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Η πνευματική ιδιοκτησία αποκτάται χωρίς καμμία διατύπωση και χωρίς την ανάγκη ρήτρας απαγορευτικής των
προσβολών της. Πάντως, κατά τον Ν. 2121/1993 και τη διεθνή σύμβαση της Βέρνης (που έχει κυρωθεί με το Ν.
100/1975), απαγορεύεται η αναδημοσίευση και γενικά η αναπαραγωγή του παρόντος έργου, με οποινδήποτε
τρόπο (ηλεκτρονικό, μηχανικό, φωτοτυπικό, ηχογράφηση ή άλλο), τμηματικά ή περιληπτικά, στο πρωτότυπο ή σε
μετάφραση ή άλλη διασκευή, χωρίς τη γραπτή άδεια του εκδότη.

ISBN: 978-960-89968-6-1
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