Solved Example on Design of Slender Columns According to EC21.0 Introduction Loads from slabs and beams are transferred to the foundations through the columns. In typical cases, columns are usually rectangular or circular in shape. Normally, they are usually classified as short or slender depending on their slenderness ratio, and this in turn influences their mode of failure. Columns are either subjected to axial, uniaxial, or biaxial loads depending on the location and/or loading condition. Eurocode 2 demands that we include the effects of imperfections in structural design of columns. Column design is covered in section 5.8 of EC2.2.0 Column Slenderness in EC2 Clause 5.8.2 of EN 1992-1-1 deals with members and structures in which the structural behaviour is significantly influenced by second order effects (e.g. columns, walls, piles, arches and shells). Global second order effects are more likely to occur in structures with a flexible bracing system. Column design in EC2 generally involves determining the slenderness ratio (A), of the member and checking if it lies below or above a critical value Ajim. If the column slenderness ratio lies below (Ajj), it can simply be designed to resist the axial action and moment obtained from an elastic analysis, but including the effect\ __ ist the axial action and moment obtained from an elastic analysis, but including the effect of geometric imperfections. These are termed first order effects. However, when the column slenderness exceeds the critical value, additional (second order) moments caused by structural deformations can occur and must also be taken into account. So in general, second order effects may be ignored if the slenderness A is below a certain value Ajim.Dim = (20.A.B.C)/¥n ——-——- (1) Where: A= 1/(1 + 0.2de8) (if bes is not known, A = 0.7 may be used) B = 1+ 2w (if w is not known, B = 1.1 may be used) C=1.7 - tm (if tm is not known, C = 0.7 may be used) Where; Per = effective creep ratio (0.7 may be used)W = Agfya / (Acfea); mechanical reinforcement ratio; Ag is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement n= Neg / (Acfeq); relative normal force Tm = Mo1/Mo2; moment ratio Mo1, Mog are the first order end moments, |Mgo| = |Mo1|If the end moments Mo; and Mo give tension on the same side, rj, should be taken positive (ie. C s 1.7), otherwise negative (i.e. C > 1.7). For braced members in which the first order moments arise only from or predominantly due to imperfections or transverse loading rm should be taken as 1.0 (i.e. C = 0.7). Also, clause 5.8.3.1(2) says that for biaxial bending, the slenderness criterion may be checked separately for each direction. Depending on the outcome of this check, second order effects (a) may be ignored in both directions, (b) should be taken into account in one direction, or (c) should be taken into account in both directions.3.0 Solved Example Let us consider the structure shown below. The effects of actions on column member BC is as shown below. It is required to design the column using the following data; feck = 25 N/mm?, fy, = 460 N/mm?, Concrete cover = 35mm3500 KN & a By 371 kNm 30 60 (= ee mY 210 kNm i 3500 kN Second moment of area of beam AB = (0.3 x 0.6°)/12 = 0.0054 m* Stiffness of beam AB (since E is constant) = AI/L = (4 x 0.0054) / 6 = 0.0036Second moment of area of column BC = (0.3 x 0.6°)/12 = 0.0054 m* Stiffness of column BC (since E is constant) = AI/L = (4 x 0.0054)/7.5 = 0.00288 Remember that we will have to reduce the stiffness of the beams by half to account for cracking; Therefore, k; = 0.00288/0.0018 = 1.6Since the minimum value of k; and ko is 0.1, adopt k; as 1.6. Let us take ky as 1.0 for base designed to resist moment. Take the unrestrained clear height of column as 7000mm lo = 0.5 x 7000V[(1 + (1.6/(0.45 + 1.6))) x (1+ (1.0/(0.45+ 1.0)))] = 6071 mmRadius of gyration i = h/V12 = 600/v12 = 173.205 Slenderness ratio A = 6071/173.205 = 35.051 Critical Slenderness for the x-direction

Mim = (20.A.B.C)/vn A=0.7 B=1.1 C = 1.7 — Mo1/Mog = 1.7 — (-210/371) = 2.266n=Neg/ (Ac fea) Neg = 3500 x 10°N Ac = 300 x 600= 180000 mm? fea = (Ace fcx)/1-5 = (0.85 x 25)/1.5 = 14.167 N/mm? n = (3500 x 10°) / (180000 x 14.167) = 1.3725 Mim = (20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 2.266 )/V1.3725 = 29.786 Since 29.786 < 35.051, second order effects need to be considered in the designDesign Moments Mot = 210 KNm, Mrop = 371 KNm @\ is the geometric imperfection = (6; Io/2) = [(1/200) x (6071/2)] = 15.1775 mm e\Neg = 15.1775 x 10° x 3500 = 53.121 KNm First order end moment Moi = Mpot + @iNeg = -210 + 53.121 = -156.879 KNm Moz = Mop + @iNeg = 371 + 53.121 = 424.121 KNmEquivalent first order moment Moca Moca = (0.6Mo2 + 0.4Mo1) 2 0.4Mo2 = 0.4 x 424.121 = 169.648 KNm Moga (0.6 x 424.121 ~ 0.4 x 156.879) = 191.721 KNm Nominal second order moment M2 Specified concrete cover = 35mm. Diameter of longitudinal steel = 32 mm Diameter of links = 10 mm Thus, the effective depth (d) = h — Crom - 0/2 -— Pinks d= 600 - 35- 16-10=539mmNominal second order moment M2 Specified concrete cover = 35mm Diameter of longitudinal steel = 32 mm Diameter of links = 10 mm Thus, the effective depth (d) = h — Chom — )/2 - inks d=600- 35- 16-10=539mm 1/t 9 = &ya/(0.45 d) £yq = fyg/Es = (460 /1.15) / (200 x 103) = 0.002 1/to = 0.002/(0.45 x 539) = 8.2457 x 10°B = 0.35 + f,,/200 — A/150 (A is the slenderness ratio) B = 0.35 + (25/200) — (35.051/150) = 0.2413 Kd = 1 + Ber = 1.0 (Per is the effective creep ratio, assume 0.87) Ko = 1 + (0.2413 x 0.87) = 1.2099 2 1.0 Assume Kr = 0.8 1/t = Kr.K&. 1/ro = 0.8 x 1.2099 x 8.2457 x 10° = 7.981 x 10%ep is the deflection = (1/r) (Io?) / 10 = 7.981 x 10° © x 60717/ 10 = 29.415 mm Mo = Neg.@9 = 3500 x 29.415 x 103 = 102.954 KNm Design Moment Meg Meg = maximum of {Moca + M2; Moz) Mo + 0.5M2} Meg = maximum of {191.721 + 102.954 = 294.675 KNm; 424.121 kNm; -156.879 + (0.5 x -102.954) = -208.356 kNm}Longitudinal Steel Area dp = Chom + /2 + inks dy = 35416 +10 = 61mm da/h = 61/600 = 0.1016 Reading from chart No 2; dy/h = 0.10; Niohf 10 0 Om 00 O08 0% 075 0% 0.85 roti O45Med/(fox bh?) = (424.121 x 10°) / (25 x 300 x 6002) = 0.1571 Nea/ (fox bh) = (3500 x 10%) / (25 x 300 x 600) = 0.777 From the chart, (AsFyx)/(bhfcx) = 0.53 Area of longitudinal steel required (As) = (0.53 25 x 300 x 600)/460 = 5185 mm? Provide 6X32 + 2X20 (Agproy = 5452 mm?) Agmin = (0.1 Nea)/fya = (0.1 x 3500 x 1000) / 400 = 875mm, 0.002bh = 0.002 x 300 x 600 = 360 mm? Asmax = 0.04bh = 0.04 x 300 x 600 = 7200 mm?Links Minimum size = 0.25 = 0.25 x 32 = 8mm < 6mm We are adopting X10mm as links Spacing adopted = 300mm less than {b, h, 20d, 400mm} Provide Y10 @ 300 mm links