Foundation Engineering I

Hawassa University Institute of Technology

Department of Civil Engineering
Bereket Bezabih
beackon@gmail.com
2018/19
 Chapter Four
Design of Shallow Foundations
Lecture Three
Contents
• Introduction
• Design of Foundations
• Design of Isolated Footings
• Square/Rectangular Footings
• Footing with Eccentric Loading/Moments
• Combined Footing
• Strap Footing
• Mat/Raft Footings
• References

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Introduction
• Design of Foundations
• The base are of foundations shall be proportioned tin such a way that
allowable bearing capacity will not be exceeded
• For bearing capacity, thick ness and steel requirement, ultimate limit
state load combinations shall be adopted
• For settlement considerations, serviceability load combinations shall be
adopted

• If the foundation is subjected to significant horizontal loading, the

following rule shall be adopted
• where &allowable vertical and horizontal loads
• V and H are vertical and horizontal Loads

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Introduction
• Design of Foundations
• Some structures may be susceptible to uplifting due to
lateral loads
• To ensure adequate safety, the stability calculations shall
be for loading combinations of maximum lateral loads
with minimum permanent loads i.e.
• It is recommended that the minimum cover should not
be less than 75mm for concrete cast against the ground
and 50mm fro concrete case against blinding concrete
• The concrete quality should not be less than 30N/mm2
i.e. C30/37

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Design of Isolated Footings
• Pad Footings: Square/Rectangular Footings
• Isolated pad bases are square or rectangular slabs
provided under individual columns
• They spread the concentrated column load safely to the
ground and may be axially or eccentrically loaded
• Mass concrete can be used for lighter foundations if the
underside of the base lies inside a dispersal angle of 45°
• Otherwise a reinforced concrete pad is required
• The footing for a single column may be made square in
plan, but where there is a large moment acting about one
axis it may be more economical to have a rectangular
base
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 Design of Isolated Footings
• Pad Footings: Square/Rectangular Footings
• Assuming there is a linear distribution the bearing
pressures across the base will take one of the three
forms shown, according to the relative magnitudes of
the axial load Q and the moment M acting on the base
Case A, Eccentricity

Case B, Eccentricity

Case C, Eccentricity,

𝐵
A B C 𝑌 =3 ( −𝑒)
2
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Design of Isolated Footings
• Pad Footings: Square/Rectangular Footings
• Resistance to Horizontal Loads
• Horizontal loads applied to bases are resisted by passive earth
pressure against the end of the base, friction between the base
and ground for cohesion-less soils such as sand, or adhesion for
cohesive soils such as clay
• In general, the load will be resisted by a combination of all
actions
• For cohesion less soils the passive lateral earth pressure can be
given as where
• The friction between soil and the pad is a function of

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 Design of Isolated Footings
• Pad Footings-Square/Rectangular
Footings
• The critical sections through the base for
checking shear(wide beam, punching shear
and bending are shown below
• The shearing force and bending moments
are caused by the ultimate loads from the
column and the weight of the base should
not be included in these calculations The
moment is taken on a section passing
completely across a pad footing and is due to
the ultimate loads on one side of the section
• No redistribution of moments should be
made
• The thickness of the base is often governed
by the requirements for shear resistance

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Design of Isolated Footings
• Pad Footings-Square/Rectangular Footings
• The principal steps in the design calculations are as
follows:
1. Calculate the plan size of the footing using the permissible
bearing pressure and the critical loading arrangement for
the serviceability limit state
2. Calculate the bearing pressures associated with the critical
loading arrangement at the ultimate limit state
3. Assume a suitable value for the thickness (h) and effective
depth (d). Check that the shear force at the column face is
less than where is the perimeter of the column and
4. Carry out a perimeter check for punching shear to ensure
that the footing thickness gives a punching shear stress
which is within the likely range of acceptable performance
5. Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending
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Design of Isolated Footings
• Pad Footings-Square/Rectangular Footings
• The principal steps in the design calculations are as
follows: cont.….
6. Make a final check of the punching shear,
7. Check the shear force at the critical sections
8. Where applicable, foundations and structure should be
checked for overall stability at the ultimate limit state
9. Check reinforcement details including dowel requirements

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 Design of Isolated Footings
• Pad Footings-Square/Rectangular Footings
• Distribution of Reinforcement
• Because of the greater concentration of bending
moment near the column than towards the edges,
traditionally the practice has been to concentrate the
reinforcement in a narrow width near the center
• The arbitrary rule is that if the distance from the
center line of the column to the edge of the pad
exceeds 0.75 (c + 3d), two-thirds of the required
reinforcement for the given direction should be
concentrated within a zone from the center line of the
column to a distance 1.5 d from the face of the
column
• Here c is the column width and d is the effective depth
of the base slab
• Otherwise the reinforcement may be distributed
uniformly over the entire width
• The arrangement of reinforcement is shown below
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Design of Isolated Footings
• Example 4.5: Square Footing Design
A footing is required to resist a characteristic axial loads of
1000kN permanent load and 350kN variable load from a
400mm square column. The allowable bearing capacity of
the soil is 200kPa and the characteristic strength of concrete
and steel are
Assume the weight of the footing will be 150kN

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Design of Isolated Footings
• Example 4.6: Rectangular Footing Design
• Design a rectangular reinforced concrete footing from
the following data
Permanent, kN Variable, kN
Loads 1110 1022
Column Square 450mm
Concrete Steel
Width, B 2.2m
240kP

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Design of Isolated Footings
• Eccentrically Loaded Footings
• The soil pressure under eccentrically loaded footings can be
considered to vary linearly, as discussed in the previous
sections
• Some times the footing may be subjected to horizontal loads
in addition to vertical loads and moments
• Hence the moment at the base must account for the
additional moment by the horizontal force
• The stability of the footing against sliding must also be
checked
• We may adopt the linearly varying load to compute ultimate
moment and shear forces or use an equivalen uniform
distribution can be used

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Design of Isolated Footings
• Example 4.7: Eccentrically Loaded Footing Design
• The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building
are given in table below. The proposed dimensions for the 450 mm
square column and base (3600 × 2800 mm) are shown as well. The
base supports a ground floor slab 200 mm thick. The soil is firm well
drained clay with the following properties:
,
• The materials to be used in the foundation are fck = 30 MPa and fyk =
500 MPa
Vertical, kN Horizontal, kN Moment, kNm
Permanent 770 35 78
Variable 330 15 34

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Combined Footings
• Where two columns are close together it is sometimes necessary or
convenient to combine their footings to form a continuous base
• The dimensions of the footing should be chosen so that the resultant
load passes through the centroid of the base area
• The shape of the footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal as shown
in figure below

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Combined Footings
• The trapezoidal base has the disadvantage of detailing and cutting
varying lengths of reinforcing bars; it is used where there is a
large variation in the loads carried by the two columns and there
are limitations on the length of the footing
• Sometimes in order to strengthen the base and economise on
concrete, a beam is incorporated between the two columns so
that the base is designed as an inverted T-section
• The proportions of the footing depend on many factors.
• If it is too long, there will be large longitudinal moments on the lengths
projecting beyond the columns, whereas a short base will have a larger
span moment between the columns and the greater width will cause
large transverse moments
• The thickness of the footing must be such that the shear stresses
are not excessive

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Combined Footings
• Example 4.8 Combine Footing-Rectangular
• The footing supports two columns 300 mm square and
400 mm square with characteristic permanent and
variable loads as shown in tables below. The safe
bearing pressure is 300 kN/m2 & the characteristic
material strengths are fck = 30N/mm2 and fyk= 500N/mm2
Assume a base thickness h = 850mm
Loads Column 1 Column 2
Permanent 1000kN 1400kN
Variable 200kN 300kN
Distance between Columns 3m
Distance between Column 1 and Property line 0.54m

The width of the footing cannot exceed 2300mm

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Combined Footings
• Example 4.9 Combine Footing-Trapezoidal
• Proportion and Design a trapezoidal combined footing
for the following loading conditions

Loads Column 1 Column 2

Permanent 1200kN 900kN

Variable 816kN 660kN

Columns are 460mm square

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Strap Footings

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