Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2019) 555–564

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Evolution of studies in construction productivity: A systematic literature

review (2006–2017)
Saurav Dixit a,⇑, Satya N. Mandal a, Joseph V. Thanikal a, Kinshuk Saurabh b
a
School of Construction, Faculty of Construction Project Management, RICS School of Built Environment, Amity University, Sector - 125, Noida 201313, UP, India
b
School of Finance and Management, Faculty of Financial Management, Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Nagpur, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The authors have attempted to summarize the evolution of research in Construction Productivity (CP)
Received 25 August 2018 through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) from the papers published from 2006 to 2017. The method-
Revised 28 September 2018 ology adopted for the study is to use the systematic literature review for selecting the papers published in
Accepted 16 October 2018
a few selected major journals of construction, built environment, and construction management fields. A
Available online 20 February 2019
total of eight journals selected for the SLR and 101 papers have been selected using the keyword
‘‘Construction Productivity in the title or the Keywords”. The findings of the study conclude that the
Keywords:
studies in CP are focused in seven main areas are industry-level studies, the study of factors/attributes,
Construction productivity
Construction management
measurement techniques, simulation and models, equipment and technology, issues and problems
Project associated with CP, and improvement techniques and proposed frameworks.
Construction industry Ó 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
SLR (systematic literature review) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction growth have entertained a number of researchers for many years

The construction industry is one of the most important and sig-
nificant sectors that supports the economic development of a
country. It contributes to the economy about 8–10% on an average
in different countries, and promotes growth, provides employment
to the masses, and act as a linkage between the economy and other
industries [1–3]. The construction sector is the engine of growth
for a country and creates a flow of services and goods with other
sectors [4]. Improving construction productivity (CP) enables to
save the cost of per capita and also increased the revenue of the
firms. Increase in the revenues from improved CP provides an
additional flow to the economy and as the construction industry
provides a linkage to all other industries as a part of their business
process. The measures to be done to improve the performance of
construction projects have been identified as critical and trouble-
some problems [5,6]. The construction industry faced a number
of issues including low rates of productivity growth and declining
⇑ Corresponding author.
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
[7]. The firms are aware of that issue and investing to know the
reasons for declining the productivity [8]. Productivity in the con-
struction industry has been studied and documented all around
the world and profits by more than 4 decades of research that have
studies to identify the issues and challenges in CP, measurement
techniques for CP, factors affecting CP, use of equipment, and
technology in advancement of CP, developed models, studies at
industry level, and framework to improve CP.
1.1. Construction productivity
‘‘Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio of a volume mea-
sure of output to a volume measure of input use (OECD Manual)”
[9]. The productivity could be measured at various levels, but there
are three main measures of productivity are industry or sector
level, project level, and activity or process level measurement. On
the other hand, project-based productivity comparisons (case
studies) were preferred because they help construction entities
to find out the area of improvement and they can easily link them
to their activities [10]. The financial wealth of nations is deter-
mined by their productivity growths the nations experienced
higher productivity growth translated into increases in the average
wages of the workers, which contributes to the profits and tax
revenue collection of the agencies [10]. The trend of productivity
is not consistent over time due to a number of reasons such as

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.10.010
2090-4479/Ó 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
556 S. Dixit et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2019) 555–564

Table 1
Journals selected for the study.
Sr. Journal tittle No of papers
No. selected
1 Journal of Construction Engineering and 34
Management (JCEM) – ASCE
2 Construction Management and Economics (CME) 22
3 International Journal of Construction Management 12
(IJCM)
4 Automation in Construction (AC) 12
5 Construction Economics and Building (CEB) 9 and keywords in the targeted journals. A total of 101 papers were
6 Engineering, Construction and Architectural 8 identified from the seven top-rated Journals on the basis of their
Management (ECAM)
7 International Journal of Project Management (IJPM) 4
unplanned training sessions, consistency of skill development
courses and the decrease in the number of participants [11,12].
The leading journals publishing construction productivity
papers are Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
– ASCE, Construction Management and Economics, Automation in
construction, International Journal of Construction Management,
Engineering Construction and Architecture Management,
Construction Economics and Building, and International Journal
of Project Management. The objective of the study is to analyse
the evolution of research and studies in Construction productivity
(CP) from 2006 to 2017 in selected journals using a systematic lit-
erature review. And identified the gap exists in the development of
research in the previous studies is the motivation behind this
research papers. This study identifies and summarizes the different
measurement techniques, improvement tools and proposed frame-
work in CP. There has been a number of research papers into con-
struction productivity since the last 4–5 decades, a critical review
paper with a discussion on the overall progress in the field is rarely
attempted.
2. Literature review
To fulfil the objective of the study, the author’s adopt a System-
atic literature review (SLR) focusing on the leading journals that
publish civil engineering, construction management, project man-
agement, construction economics, built environment, and architec-
tural research. ‘‘A structured literature review is defined as the
more narrative review because of its methodical approach, imply-
ing a detailed description of the steps taken to select, scan and
analyse the literature, aiming at reducing biases and increasing
transparency” [13,14]. Cook et al., firstly used [15] SLR and track
its presence in the medical and healthcare fields as well. When
we compare SLR with traditional and less systematic review
approaches, SLR is generally considered better, as other researchers
can easily verify the findings of the study. SLR enables the author’s
to cover the literature in a systematic and more comprehensive
way. It covers a specific time duration, in this paper from post-
2006 literature from authentic sources. Only full text published
articles with the terms ‘‘construction productivity” in the title
average citation score. A total of 5423 papers were published from
2006 to 2017 Fig. 2. The account for CP papers is about 1.5% of the
total published papers. The number of article were selected Journal
wise are: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
(JCEM) – ASCE (34), Construction Management and Economics
(CME) (22), Automation in Construction(AC) (12), International
Journal of Construction Management (IJCM) (12), Construction
Economics and Building (CBE) (9), Engineering, Construction and
Architectural Management (ECAM) (8), and International Journal
of Project Management (IJPM) (4) refer Table 1.
2.1. Year wise CP-related papers in selected journals
The year wise CP related papers in selected journals (Fig. 1)
provide an insight into the development and research to the topic
year-wise. The trend is upward from 2006 to 2014 and then
slightly downfall in the number of papers from 2014 to 2017.
The maximum number of papers were published in the year
2014 (15 papers), followed by 2011 (12 papers).
2.2. Findings from previous studies in construction productivity
In 2007, Lee et al., [16] conducted a case study on three infra
projects those were under construction. This study suggests opti-
mizing plan of fast-track construction approach by utilizing pre-
cast assembly units on three restoration projects and assess the
impact on the productivity of the operation. The study provides
an understanding and deeper knowledge about the productivity
of five major retrofit/rework activities (i.e., base placement, AC
paving, roadway excavation, concrete slab demolition, and con-
crete paving) implementing at the three experimental long-life
pavement rehabilitation strategies (LLPRS) projects in California.
The authors conducted a comparison of production rates of the five
activities using per/unit analysis, recorded during 55 h per week.

Fig. 1. Year-wise CP-related papers in selected journals 2006–2017.

 S. Dixit et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2019) 555–564
Fig. 2. Classification of studies in CP.
The findings of the study are: the production of a contractual work-
er’s experienced a positive shift and it significantly depending on
the material conveyance, logistics, and quality of work performed.
An improvement in the productivity and learning curve effect was
experienced in case of full rehabilitation of works compared to par-
tial rehabilitation works. The study suggests that variance shall be
taken into account while preparing the schedules for restoration
and rehabilitation works.
In 2007, Enshassi et al., [17] conducted a study to identify and
analyse the factors affecting labour productivity. The study focused
on building construction works in the Gaza strip. A total of 45 fac-
tors have been identified from the literature review and clubbed
into 10 groups using expert advice: Project, safety, quality, leader-
ship, manpower, time, material, motivation, supervision and exter-
nal factors. The researchers concluded that productivity remains a
fascinating subject and a critical issue in the construction industry,
promising cost savings, and effective utilization of assets. Con-
struction productivity should be treated as one of the significant
issues in developed and developing countries. The higher rates of
construction productivity provide an extra support to the per cap-
ita of the industry. A number of building construction projects
were under construction in Gaza Strip, as it is viewed as a recently
developed- zone, and an enormous number of projects have been
planned for the future. Low construction Productivity is an issue
of specific significance to projects within the Gaza Strip. The find-
ings of the research concluded that the factors affecting labour pro-
ductivity of building construction and ranked them as per their
relative importance. The investigation of 45 factors considered in
a review shows that the primary factors adversely influencing
labour are: material deficiency, the skills of labour, supervision,
coordination, and frequent change in orders.
In 2008, Doloi, [18] studied the application of AHP in improving
construction productivity. The researcher identified 72 factors
affecting construction productivity from literature and grouped
into nine categories using expert advice. The research aimed to
decide the optimum solution to accomplishing expanded work
productivity concentrating on various selected construction pro-
jects in Melbourne, Australia. The findings of the research have
557
given significant proof on the flow comprehension and view of
labour productivity in the industry and have given clear pathways
to industry to address the delay and flow productivity problems.
The results give a strong premise to expanded concentration and
support of the construction management division in accomplishing
higher productivity in the industry. And the findings suggest that
major significant factors are related to planning and scheduling.
The study also concludes that within cost and timely completion
of any Project is significantly dependent on the labour productivity.
In 2009, Dai et al., [19] concluded that a number of variables
affecting CP at all the times and using the learning of about 1000
of construction workers. The researchers used quantitative
research method to investigate the variables affecting construction
productivity and identified the more significant factors to be con-
sidered by craft workers affecting CP This research distinguished
83 factors influencing construction labour productivity through
18 focus group gatherings with craft workers and their prompt
supervisors on nine projects all through the USA. The findings of
the study conclude the main five factors affecting construction pro-
ductivity are tools and consumables, construction equipment,
engineering drawing management, direction and coordination,
and material.
In 2010, Moselhi and Khan, [20]investigated the labour produc-
tivity of formwork operations. The study is focused on building
construction using a field study that determines the impacts of a
group of factors on day to day or short-term labour productivity,
utilizing the artificial neural system. A neural network model
was utilized for analyses and study various elements considered
to affect labour productivity on a daily schedule. These included
temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and
height of work, gang size, kind of work and construction strategy
utilized. The findings of the study conclude that the temperature
is having the most significant effect on productivity followed by
height, the floor level, and rework respectively. This paper intends
to provide mindfulness and a better understanding of parameters
that affect labour productivity in formwork operations in building
construction.
In, 2011, Ameh and Osegbo, [21] studied the interconnection
between time overrun and construction labour productivity of con-
struction projects. The construction industry globally experienced
with a number of projects that were delayed in completion and
experienced cost overruns. While trying to turn around this pat-
tern, the researchers try to build up the connection between time
overrun and labour productivity on construction projects in Lagos,
Nigeria. Findings of the study suggest the main reason for time
overrun are inadequate funds for the project, tools and equipment,
project planning, and shortage of material at the site, while the key
elements causing low labour productivity on construction projects
are the utilization of wrong construction strategies, lacking con-
struction materials and correction in drawings respectively. The
researchers suggest that early engagement of project manager
could ensure management of both the human and material assets
that could ensure enhanced productivity and eventually controls
projects from time overruns.
In 2011, Rivas et al., [22] studied the factors influencing the pro-
ductivity of construction projects in the Chilean construction
industry. The Chilean’s construction firm’s encounters competition
from the other global participants and it is quite significant to
improve the productivity of the construction firms to sustain in
the market and provide competition to the other foreign firms
trying to enter to the Chilean construction industry. The author’s
concluded that the main factors influencing the construction pro-
ductivity are: a shortage of material, rework, tools and equipment,
accessibility for heavy vehicles and motivation level of workers.
And these factors have remained unchanged for the last 30 years
558 S. Dixit et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2019) 555–564
in the USA construction industry. The authors also conclude that
there is a consistent pattern of factors affecting construction pro-
ductivity such are tools, equipment’s, and material.
In 2013, Teizer et al., [23] studied the impact of location track-
ing and data visualization to improve the safety and productivity of
ironworkers in their training and education sessions. Construction
is an important sector in terms of contribution to GDP, and
employment of a country. It provides approx. 4.5% to the GDP of
Canada, and Singapore. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, indicate that
construction professionals contribution to employment is 7%, but it
contributes 20% in terms of major occupational related injuries.
The purpose of the paper is to propose a different approach
towards the safety training of construction workers. The proposed
framework depends on this study on following the ironwork
instructors, and trainers undergoing in the real-time in the mea-
surement of their activities and measure the safety and productiv-
ity performance. To do so few of the ironworkers was followed
over the span of a three-hour training time, which comprised of
the erection of a few auxiliary steel bars on a taunt up two-story
tall indoor steel structure. Findings of the study enable the trainee
participants to visualize and see the safety issues that might not be
possible to experience by using the normal training program, but
with the help of remote data sensing and visualization technology.
In 2014, Huges and Thorpe, [24] have identified and studied the
factors affecting construction productivity. The study is focused on
the building construction projects in the state of Queensland, Aus-
tralia. The findings of the study conclude that the top three primary
factors affecting the productivity of the Australian construction
industry were rework, poor supervision, and incomplete drawings.
And the top three secondary factors affecting the productivity in
Australian construction industry are insufficient details provided
by architect, inadequate examination of the approved drawings,
and impractical design. The author’s suggested that the CP could
be improved by systematic monitoring and controlling the primary
and secondary factors affecting the CP in the Australian
environment.
In 2014, Loosemore [25] studied improving construction produc-
tivity with respect to the subcontractors perspective. And address
the imbalances by researching the determinants of construction
productivity from a subcontractor’s point of view. Australia was on
a standard with Japan and Germany in value added per hour, per-
forming marginally better than France and the UK, yet lagging
behind the USA, Canada and Singapore. In value per employee, the
picture was comparable with Australia on a standard with Japan,
performing marginally better than the UK, Germany and France.
The Australian Industry Group found that Australian construction
productivity had improved quickly in the 1990s and in the vicinity
of 2002 and 2008 had outpaced the national all-industry average.
The current research is conducted on the sub-contractors and it is
feasible to conduct a study on productivity perspective of sub-
contractors in Australia, because of a small number of ventures as
compared to USA and India. The outcome of the research paper are
the factors affecting productivity in sub-contractors prospective
that are: An early design involvement, document control, Project
management skills, industrial relations, fair tender practices, risk
management, and scheduling and coordination.
In 2015, Alazzaz and Whyte, [26] investigated the gaps in off-
site partial factor productivity by identifying and analysing the
connection between productivity and employee empowerment.
The study is focused on two engineering manufacture yard case
studies that investigate both qualitatively and furthermore quanti-
tatively the relationship between empowerment and productivity.
Solid and significant positive relationship is found to exist in labour
inclusion, resource development, job recognition acknowledge-
ment, and process change, as they represent the off-site construc-
tion productivity. The findings of the study concluded a positive
direct relationship in off-site construction between ‘‘employee
empowerment factors” and, unequivocally manufacture yard ‘‘pro-
ductivity levels”. The ranking of the components on the basis of
correlation value are resource development, involvement, process
improvement, recognition, education and training, teamwork,
leadership, empowerment system, and measurement.
In 2016, Pheng et al., [27] studied Organizational learning (OL)
is rising as a standout amongst the most crucial and sustainable
competitive upper hands that can improve organizational perfor-
mance. This investigation investigates Singapore’s issues of low
construction productivity and concentrates on how the utilization
of OL in labour effectiveness activities, Building Information
Modeling (BIM), and Constructability Appraisal System (CAS) and
Buildable Design Appraisal System (BDAS), can prompt productiv-
ity improvement in construction.
In 2016, Safa et al., [28] studied the use of automated rebar
tying machine to improve construction labour productivity and
to reduce the probability of accidents associated with rebar yard
worker. The author concluded that rebar tying is labour concen-
trated and costly, with a high learning curve that confines capabil-
ity at the speciality to a lot of construction field involvement.
Research and building controls for rebar tying have been sensibly
constrained. The study shows that the programmed rebar tying
machine could bring down the learning curve, subsequently
decreasing preparing times and limit excess schedules. The after
effects of this study demonstrate that the programmed rebar tying
machine can possibly spare time, money, and economic liabilities
without gambling labour productivity.
In 2017, Karimi et al., [29] investigated the impact of labour
availability on construction project productivity and schedule
using the data of 97 completed projects from 2001 to 2014 in
the USA and Canada. The data utilized as a part of this research
were collected from two unique databases, which were examined
independently to validate the results and in addition to enhancing
the reliability and legitimacy of the examination. All projects were
performed and completed for the duration of 2007 and 2014. The
second data source was acquired through the CII Benchmarking
and Metrics (CII BM&M) database. The findings of the study pro-
posed a relationship between craft labour availability and project
performance, as measured by project productivity and schedule.
3. Classification of studies in construction productivity
The studies and research work in construction productivity shall
be broadly classified into seven main segments on the basis of SLR of
101 papers published during 2006–2017. Those segments are:
3.1. Studies to identify and analyses the issues and problems in
construction productivity
Issues and problems affecting CP are also one of the focused
areas of research for the research. The researcher’s identified and
analyzed new construction approaches, determinants of CP, work
and frequency relationship, the relationship between productivity
and employment, and other critical issues and provided sugges-
tions and measures to rectify them to improve CP [16,25,5,30]
(Table 2).
3.2. Single factor/multi-factor/total factor investigation of construction
productivity
The ways and means to measure and improve productivity were
studied by few researchers and concluded that there is a decline
in the total factor productivity of the majority of the countries
[32–34] (Table 3).
 S. Dixit et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2019) 555–564 559

Table 2 derived using different approaches such as: reliability importance

Studies to identify and analyses the Issues and problems in CP.
Studies to identify and analyses the Issues and problems in CP
References Findings
[1] The authors proposed and validate an accelerated construction
approach on the three rehabilitation projects
[2] The purpose of this paper is to address the imbalance by
investigating the determinants of construction productivity
from a subcontractor’s perspective.
[3] Author’s analyses and measures the effect of work and
frequency on construction productivity
[4] the author’s studied the relationship between quality
measurement and the construction productivity
[5] The authors identify and analyse the relationship between
employment and productivity improvement.
[6] Investigating the long-run equilibrium and dynamics within
construction development under a conditional frontier context
Table 3
Single factor/multi-factor/total factor investigation of construction productivity.
Single/Multi/Total factor investigations of CP
index, analytical hierarchal analysis, principal component analysis,
SOM-based models, system dynamics based approaches, and other
tools and techniques [19,35,22,36–42] (Table 4).
3.4. Studies focused on the use of equipment and technology
In the advancement of construction productivity and their
impact on CP and project performance, the role of equipment
and technology is significant in the improvement and automation
of the construction activities. The studies cover the impact of tech-
nology, automation and use of modernization to improve CP. The
author’s identified and analysed three new areas of research as
residual value, total cost of ownership, and repair cost [52], In par-
allel, building information modelling (BIM) has risen as a solution
to improve CP, indicating the incredible potential to moderate
huge numbers of the variables contrarily influencing construction
Table 5
Studies focused on the use of Equipment and technology in the advancement of CP.

[7] The study explains the total factor productivity trend in building
construction in the Hong Kong construction industry
[8] An analysis of spatial differences.
[9] The study proposed a Malmquist index method to estimate the total
factor productivity of the construction industry during the period 1990–
2007 in Australia.
3.3. Study of Factors/Attributes affecting/influencing CP
Study of factors/attributes affecting the productivity positively or
negatively, and the ranking of the factors on the basis of some statis-
tical tools. A number of researcher’s identified and analyzed the fac-
tors affecting CP in different scenarios and rank them on the basis of
their severity of impact and relative importance index values
Studies focused on the use of Equipment and technology in the advancement
of CP
References Findings
[31] The author’s develops two methods for the comparison and
estimating construction productivity of dozer operations (non-
linear analysis through neural networks and regression
analysis).
[32,33,18] The author’s identified and studied the impact of technology,
automation and use of modernizing audio-visual tech to
improve construction productivity ion different conditions.
[34] The authors identified and analysed three area of research for
productivity improvement of equipment are residual value, the
total cost of ownership and repair cost.
[28] The author’s analyses the impact of building information
modelling (BIM) to improve labour productivity.

Table 4
Study of Factors/Attributes affecting/influencing CP.

Study of Factors/Attributes affecting/ Findings as per their ranking

influencing CP
References 1 2 3 4 5
[10,11] Tools and Coordination Drawing Construction Material availability
consumables management equipment
[12] Materials Tools rework equipment truck availability
[13,14] Management technology labour climate education and experience
availability
[15] Rework Lack of corporation and Financial status labour experience Availability of materials
coordination
[16] Labour skills coordination supervision Drawings delay in response to
errors information
[17] Temperature height
[18] The findings of the study suggest that craft labour productivity shall be improved using material tracking technologies.
[19] The authors proposed and validate a SOM-based model to analyse the relationship between crew productivity and various
factors.
[20] The authors identify and measure a four-component decomposition of the temporal changes in construction labour
productivity, including technology, technology-utilization efficiency, the capital-labour ratio and production capacity.
[21] The findings of the study suggest a consistent decline in the productivity of output /labour/hour
[22] The findings of the study suggest that high sustainable productivity shall be achieved under good management practices
[23] The findings of the study showed the main factors vary between the respective context-specific models have better
estimation accuracy than the generic models.
[24] The paper introduces an engineering concept to document, control, predict and improve the contractor’s labour
productivity.
[25] The authors identify and analyse the impact of construction equipment management have the capacity to improve the
productivity in building construction.
[26] The authors proposed and validate the framework for estimating the labour productivity and applying it on the single
worker, sequential construction and labour intensive jobs.
[27] the author’s proposed system dynamics (SD)-based approach to model labour productivity.
[28] The author’s analyses the impact of building information modelling (BIM) to improve labour productivity.
[29] The author’s analyses the impact of the recent global crisis on construction productivity using an econometric approach.
[30] Proposed a relationship between craft labour availability and project performance, as measured by project productivity and
schedule.
560 S. Dixit et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2019) 555–564

Table 6 3.5. Simulation and models to analyse and predict construction

Development of simulation and models to predict CP. productivity
Development of simulation and models to predict CP
References Findings A number of author’s developed models and forecast productiv-
ity using certain kind of simulation techniques. The mainly used
[31] The author’s develops two methods for the comparison and
estimating construction productivity of dozer operations (non-
models are artificial neural network models, data envelopment
linear analysis through neural networks and regression analysis based Malmquist productivity index, self-organization
analysis). maps, FFBP, GRNN, neural network driven fuzzy reasoning, discrete
[35] Author’s used data envelopment analysis (DEA) based event and continuous simulation approaches, system dynamics
Malmquist productivity index to measure the change in
based models, and others [53,55,42,56–58] (Table 6).
productivity over time
[19] The author’s proposed self-organisation Maps (SOM) that
represents high dimensional data in the low dimensional form.
[36] The author’s developed a four-staged predictive model to
estimate the impact of technology on productivity. 3.6. Industry/sector level studies on CP
[37] The author’s proposed agent-based modelling to represent the
construction site as an interaction of complex operations and Studies at industry level or sector level studies on construction
processes.
productivity. The researchers identified and analyzed the factors,
[38] Author’s describe and validate the intelligent construction video
interpretation method. issues and problems at the industry level in various countries
[39] The authors compare the performance of different models such including Australia, the USA, Iran, Kuwait, UK, Europe, Oman, Sin-
as FFBP, GRNN and SOM to predict the productivity of the gapore, and China. And the majority of the findings are reworked,
construction workforce. poor supervision, incomplete drawings, material shortage, and skill
[40] The authors proposed and validate a labour productivity model
of labour, communication, and proper management [63,64]. The
based on multilayer feedforward neural networks for mapping
the factors to labour productivity. researchers explored and studied the decline in CP, the relation
[41] The author’s used Neural-Network-Driven Fuzzy Reasoning between productivity and trust, skill development, management,
(NNDFR) to measure the effect of qualitative and quantitative quality, other parameters [63,65,24,39] (Table 7).
variables on construction productivity.
[42] Implementation of lean concepts through combined discrete-
event and continuous simulation approaches with the aim of
increasing the productivity of a modular construction element.
3.7. Improvement techniques and proposed frameworks for further
[24] Introduces an engineering concept to document, control, predict
and improve the contractor’s labour productivity. development in construction productivity
[27] the author’s proposed system dynamics (SD)-based approach to
model labour productivity. This is one of the significant and critical segments of the devel-
opment and studies in CP and has been explored by a few research-
ers. The primary development has been the use of different tools
productivity. Without a doubt, researchers are progressively inves-
and techniques to measure CP and suggest a framework to
tigating the effect of BIM on project execution. Enhancing con-
improve. The proposed frameworks are method based on basic
struction productivity, labour productivity specifically, is one of
statistical technique to determine the baseline, and others
the generally revealed benefits [50] (Table 5).
[55,18,81–85] (Table 8).

Table 7
Industry/sector level studies on CP.

Industry/sector level studies on CP

References Findings
[43–45,16] The factors significantly impacting construction productivity are reworked, poor supervision, incomplete drawings, material shortage, weather, and
equipment breakdown, the skill of labour, changing in orders, communication, and management.
[48] Improvement in the labour productivity, while value-added content declining.
[47] Studied the government policies and their impact on CP
[48] The study emphasises the association and relationship between construction productivity and trust.
[13,30] The findings of the study proposed and validate a relationship between labour productivity and project performance
[29] The author’s analyses the impact of the recent global crisis on construction productivity using an econometric approach.
[49] The author’s analysed 41 projects and suggests that projects with advanced management programmes experienced significant improvement in the
mechanical productivity of projects with weak management administrations.
[50] Explains the concept of a dedicated construction productivity improvement officer (CPIO) on construction projects.
[51,52] The authors investigate the role of skill development and training to improve the productivity of the UK’s construction industry
[51,53] The author’s concluded that there is a slowdown in construction labour productivity in major OECD countries and discuss the trend of productivity between
the countries
[54] The findings of the study suggest that the use of ICT shall improve the labour skill usage and improvement in TFP
[55] The author’s analyses the different techniques to measure construction productivity and conclude that they don’t measure construction productivity
preciously and accurately because they used different monetary values on different projects and in different countries.
[56] China has experienced significant growth in construction productivity from a low base in 1995.
[57] This paper identifies the area of future research as construction prices and costs and productivity measurement. The findings of the study provide insight into
the estimation and impact of shadow economy on the productivity growth in Australia’s construction industry
[58] The author’s analyses the loss in productivity, because of smoking breaks by the crafts and labours and conclude that it contributes about 15.2% loss of
productivity.
[59] The study provides an understanding of how behavioural and organisation structures shall impact the ability of construction firms to expand their business.
[60] The authors provides a relationship model between the variations in the business cycle and the degree of productivity change in the construction industry.
[61] The author comments on the assumptions on the basis of case studies and interviews.
[47] The author’s attempt to analyse the change in quality and productivity trend in Sweden housing construction.
[62] This study looks into Singapore’s issues of low construction productivity and focuses on how the use of OL in labour efficiency initiatives.
[63] The author’s identified and analyse the investment into tangible and intangible assets in construction projects and conclude that the investment might be
higher in intangibles if incorporating spending on a broad range of knowledge-based assets.
 S. Dixit et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2019) 555–564 561

Table 8
Improvement techniques and proposed frameworks for development in CP.

Improvement techniques and proposed frameworks for development in CP

References Findings
[64,35,65,66] The author’ss proposed and validate different tools and
techniques to measure and improve construction productivity
such as DEA, AHP, ITC, and misc.
[67] The author’s identified and studied the factors affecting
construction productivity such as adequate funds, planning,
material delivery, hidden quality changes, building floor and
productivity.
[68] The author’s proposed a method based on basic statistical
techniques to determine a baseline that represents the
contractor’s normal operating performance.
[69,70,71] The authors analyse and review the previous research in the
construction productivity and identified the gap for the future
research.
[72] The author’s measure and analyse the variability in the
productivity rates achieved in the erection of a high rise
residential building and the factors affecting such variability.
[73] The author’s analyses the relationship between task level
productivity and physical strain.

4. Discussion and conclusion

The author’s attempt to summarize the evolution of research in

CP through an SLR from the papers published from 2006 to 2017.
By analyzing the literature review it has been observed that the
CP is one of the crucial and significant parameters to measure
and analyze the performance of projects, and the majority of the
countries are facing the issue of decline and low productivity
trends, and Poor productivity of skilled workforce is a standout
amongst the most critical human resource issues in developing
and developed countries, which impacts the development and eco-
nomic growth of a nation. The studies in CP varies from process/
activity level studies to industry level studies, covering different
projects and different countries. A majority of the researchers
studied the factors and issues impacting CP and ranking them on
the basis of different tools and techniques, few of them are analytic
hierarchal process (AHP) [18,89–95], relative importance index
(RII) [8,37,39,65,96–98,47], factor analysis [6,99,72], Pearson corre-
lation analysis, one sample regression model, artificial neural net-
works and other qualitative techniques for analysis. The author’s Fig. 3. Flow chart of methodology adopted.
observed that the studies were conducted in the last 10 years can
be grouped in 7 major areas are industry-level studies, the study develop a framework to improve the productivity. The manage-
of factors/attributes, measurement techniques, simulation and ment also needs to come with plans to control the factors affecting
models, equipment and technology, issues and problems associ- the productivity of construction projects [16,23,86,105,106,87].
ated to CP, and improvement techniques and proposed frameworks The authors also observe a trend in the previous studies i.e. few
Fig. 3. Labour productivity or the output every hour-worked is topics were analysed and studied a number of times throughout
viewed as a best amongst other measures of production efficiency. the world. For example the factors affecting CP in Australian con-
A definitive objective of each sector in the country, including con- struction industry by Huges and Thrope, factors influencing CP in
struction, is to improve productivity. The descriptive statistics state of Qatar by Jarkas et al., factors affecting CP in Bahrain’s con-
revealed that the maximum number of researchers attempted to struction industry, factors affecting CP in UK’s construction indus-
identify and analyse the factors affecting CP, which is followed try by Wahab et al, factors affecting CP in Gaza strip by Enshassi
by studies at the industry level, and study of issues and problems et al., in Jordan, USA, Singapore, and so on. The maximum number
in CP. of studies are in the finding of the factors that impact/influence/
The findings of the study concluded that construction produc- affect CP in different projects/countries, and the findings were also
tivity is one of the significant aspects that need to be measured, different in the majority of the cases. The above observation
evaluated, and discussed in different studies around the world. concludes the statement that each and every project is unique in
And the factors affecting construction productivity in the majority nature and a number of stakeholders associated with each project.
of the studies are tools and consumables, coordination, drawing There are situations that in one project may influence negatively
management, material availability, labour skills, training, and and in the other project, it may help the project. So it is not possi-
rework [8,22,38,39,99–104]. The majority of the research projects ble to provide a generalised list of factors for all the construction
to improve construction productivity suffers from the availability projects in a country. This may be resolved by dividing the scope
of cash flow and manpower requirements. The study also con- into building construction, infra construction, commercial con-
cluded that the previous author’s had identified the crucial factors struction, and any other special construction. Now the second
impacting the productivity of construction projects and needs to point is the factors that affect a project has an impact and probabil-
562 S. Dixit et al. / Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2019) 555–564
ity of happening, and this impact and probability of happening is
changes from nation to nation, because of policy differences, cul-
tural differences, technological differences, and many other differ-
ences. So it shall be concluded that a specific study is required to
identify the factors in different countries, with respect to time.
To explore the concept of CP in a structured and holistic way the
following sequence to be followed in each country to provide a
deep and comprehensive understanding of the topic are i.e. to
identify and analyse the issues and problems in CP, followed by
techniques to accurately measure CP, studies to identify the factors
affecting CP, studies focus on the use of tools, and technique to
improve CP, development of simulation and models to forecast
CP, studies at industry/sector level, and last but not the least is
to proposed framework to improve CP.
The SLR also revealed that the studies in construction productiv-
ity are the area of interest around the world and a number of
researchers working in the field. The development of studies is dom-
inated by a few countries such as the USA, Australia, Canada and the
UK contributing about 50% of the research papers. And the top three
author’s’ in construction productivity studies are The University of
Colorado at Boulder (USA), the University of Texas at Austin (USA)
and the University of Waterloo (Canada). The top three affiliations
in construction productivity studies are the University of Kentucky,
The University of Texas at Austin, and The University of Waterloo
published 10, 8, and 7 papers respectively.
By utilizing a systematic literature review and descriptive sta-
tistical analysis the authors concluded the following statements:
The construction productivity is one of the best measures of the
growth and development at the sector level [96]. And there is a
direct linkage between the construction sector and the economic
development of the countries, which conclude that the construc-
tion productivity having a significant impact on the economy/
GDP of the nation’s [74,86,80]. The majority of the countries expe-
rienced the issue of low and declining construction productivity
[39,105,107–110]. The studies in construction productivity are
not explored evenly throughout the world, only 1.5% of the total
papers were related to construction productivity. The studies in
construction productivity have been dominated by a few countries
and mostly by developed countries like USA, Australia, Canada and
the UK. And one of the main reason behind this is the amount of
money provided to established research centres and to promote
research into construction productivity by those countries (20
research centres in the USA). There were only a few papers on the
‘‘framework to improve on-site construction productivity”. And it is
one of the potential areas of future research. On the country wise rank-
ing of studies in construction productivity, India is on the 17th position
and only one paper is published from 2006 to 2017 in selected jour-
nals. So there is a big gap for research and development in construc-
tion productivity in India.
Future scope of the study
The findings conclude that there is a gap in the research devel-
opment in CP and it has not been explored in India. These findings
motivate the researchers to go for further research in CP i.e.
‘‘Framework for improving on-site construction productivity:
Indian scenario”
Limitations of the study
For this study, a SLR technique is used which might have few
limitations such as may not represent the studies in CP in totality,
only selected journal publications were considered for the study.
i.e. the conference papers and other sources of information were
not considered for the study.
Acknowledgements
This research project is partially funded by RICS School of Built
Environment Noida. Grant number: PhD Scholarship fund (full-
time PhD Scholar: Mr Saurav Dixit/ 2017-2019) at RICS SBE Noida.
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Saurav Dixit is currently working as PhD Scholar
(Research Scholar) with RICS School of Built Environ-
ment, Amity University Noida. He is having an experi-
ence of more than 6 years including industry and
academia. He has been published more than 20 papers
in national journals and conferences, and 15 papers in
international journals. He is an active reviewer for
Journal of Cleaner Production, International Journal of
Construction Management, and other journals. His area
of expertise is Construction management, construction
productivity, lean construction, smart cities, built envi-
ronment studies, sustainability studies, economic
development, and project management studies.