XJCV2660

Integrated Design Project 2

[1] STEEL-1 & 2 Scheme Design

Pingrui Zhao
Ph D. Professor. FHEA

1430, Jiuli Campus

Road and Railway Engineering Department
School of Civil Engineering
Tel: 13808045354
Email: przhao@163.com
 This session will cover
• Project requirements

• What you will need

• Points to bear in mind

• Site footprint options

• Deciding on initial shape and size

• Articulation

• Thinking about overall stability

 Project requirements
• Five storey, open plan

• Various details about levels, flat site

• Only first floor to be designed

• 2.75m clear F/C height. 75mm screed

• 300mm zone, ceiling soffit to beam soffit

• 600mm zone, ceiling soffit to slab soffit

• Four lift shafts, 3.6m x 3.6m externals

• Min. 2 escape stairs. Comply with various maximum stated travel distances.
 You will need...
• Paper – preferably unlined A3 size, for plenty of sketches.

• Somewhere quiet where you can sit and not be disturbed.

• Thick pencils, or felt-tip pens to draw with.

 Points to bear in mind
• Modular furniture and finishes - typically 600mm or 750mm. Try to fix your grid
in multiples of these dimensions.

• 6m to 8m column centres will usually allow an economic balance of member

size and reinforcement density.

• Aim to support slab edges with columns or shear walls. If slab edge is to
cantilever, provide back spans internally to counteract bending moments.
 Thoughts on treatment strategies
• If natural ventilation and natural daylighting: for clear F/C height of 2.75m,
limit room depth to around 8m. (2.5:1 to 3:1 room ratio)

• Circulation aisles around 1.5m to 2.5m wide

• Hence floor plate width around 18m to 20m

• (Facade + 8.0m + 2.5m + 8.0m + Facade)

• (If mechanically treated and artificially lit, floor plate width can be
considerably more than this).
Site Footprint Options
 Deciding on initial shape and size
• Try various plan options, e.g. -

• Long, linear nat. vent. / nat. lit. layout: 20m wide:

• If 2000m2 per floor > 100m long building.

• Linear layout wrapped around central atrium:

• If 2500m2 per floor > 60m x 45m with 24m x 9m central atrium and 18m
wide floor width (interestingly, all multiples of 3m, or 600mm, or 750mm –
magic numbers – feels good)!

• Lots of trial and error needed!

 Articulation (movement joints)
‘If the footprint of your structure is such that it should be sub-divided by
movement joints, please highlight this fact in your scheme calculation’.

But:

‘...for simplicity, completely omit any movement joints from your design’.
 Movement joints
Joints should be provided to minimize the effects of movements arising from
temperature variations and settlement. The effectiveness of movement joints
depends on their location, which should divide the whole structure into a number of
individual sections. The joints should pass through the whole structure above
ground level in one plane. The structure should be framed on each side of the joint,
and each section should be structurally independent and be designed to be stable
and robust without relying on the stability of adjacent sections.

Joints may also be required where there is a significant change in the type of
foundation, plan configuration or height of the structure. Where detailed calculations
are not made in the design, joints to permit horizontal movement of 15 to 25 mm
should normally be provided in the UK at approximately 50m centers both
longitudinally and transversely. For single-store sheeted builds it may be acceptable
to increase the spacing up to 100m with bracing centrally located between
movement joints.
Typical Movement Joint Locations
 Thinking about overall stability
• Your building must be able to resist actions in horizontal directions as well as
vertically .

• Lateral (sideways) loading, e.g. wind, is collected by the facade, then typically
is transferred into the floor plates.

• This horizontal load must be transferred to ground in an effective manner.

 Vertical Bracing
• Transfer of horizontal forces to ground
in Steel structures is achieved by
using vertical bracing. In tall steel
buildings, stability is sometimes
provided by reinforced concrete
lift/stair cores.

• Lift shafts and stair well spine walls

are good positions for locating vertical
bracing.

• Provide vertical bracing roughly at

right angles in your building, to resist
horizontal forces acting in all
directions.
 Positioning
• Spread the vertical bracing out so that it is not bunched together in one area of
the building.

• When the wind blows, the centroid of the load will form in the middle of the
facade. The line of action of the wind load will be in the direction of the wind.

• If the centre of shear stiffness of the building is offset from the centroid of load,
a horizontal torsional effect will be generated.
Positioning
Floor Beam Types
Floor Beam Types
Floor Beam Types
Floor Beam Types
Floor Beam Types
 Robustness
• Designing key elements, on which the stability of the structure depends, to
sustain a particular accidental load. The UK National Annex has accepted the
recommended value of 34kN/m2

• Designing the structure so that in the event of localized failure the stability of
the structure (or a significant part of it) would not be endangered. The UK
National Annex has accepted the recommended limits for localized failure.
These are a minimum of 100m2 or 15% of the floor area on two adjacent floors.

• Applying prescriptive design/detailing rules. e.g. tying.

Robustness
Horizontal and Vertical Tying of Structure
Fire Protection
 References
• IStructE Manual for the design of steelwork building structures to Eurocode 3

• SCI P365 Steel Building Design - Medium Rise Frames

Steel Metal Deck flooring
 Typical Bay Spacing's

Secondary Beam

Secondary Beam
Primary Beam
 References
Steel Framed Buildings

• SCI P365 Steel Building Design - medium rise braced frames.pdf

Metal Decking

• http://www.rlsd.com
Precast Hollowcore Slabs
 References
• http://www.bison.co.uk/pdf/hollowcore.pdf
 Approximate Member Sizes Steelwork (not composite)
Beams:

• For UDL: M = wl²/8, δ = 5wl4/384EI 5

E= 2.05x10 N/mm²
• For central point load: M = Pl/4, δ = Pl3 /48EI

• Choose Steel Grade - S275 or S355 (fy = 275N/mm² or 355N/mm² respectively)

W pl(Req’d) = M /fy
ed

• Select W pl(Prov) from Blue Book

• Check: Deflection due to imposed load ≤ Span/200

 Steel Member Properties
SCI Document P363 Steel Building Design Data (Blue Book).pdf

Table B-4

Table B-5
 Approximate Member Sizes Steelwork (not composite)
Columns:

• Calculate maximum ultimate column load

• Use increase loads from floor beams directly above column length being
considered to allow for any out of balance loading:

• For internal columns increase beam loads by 50%

• For perimeter columns increase beam loads by 100%

• Using Appropriate Effective Length, Select Column From Safe Load Tables (Blue
Book) (Use Class 1 or 2 Section)

• Design Axial Load NEd ≤ Design Compression Resistance, Nb,z,Rd

 Approximate Member Sizes Steelwork (not composite)
Columns (cont’d):

• Where applicable apply Imposed Load Reduction Factor, αn, where;

• αn = 1.1−n/10 for 1≤n≤5

• αn = 0.6 for 5<n ≤10

• αn = 0.5 for n >10

• Where n is the number of storeys with loads qualifying for reduction.

 Example
Consider a 4 storey high building with structural bays 7m long x 6m wide and floor
Gk=4.5kN/m , floor Qk=3.5kN/m and roof Qk=1.5kN/m . Storey heights are 4.0m.
2 2 2

• Column Gk per floor = 4.5X6.0X7.0=189.0kN

• Number of floors qualifying for imposed load reduction n = 3

• Imposed Load Reduction Factor, αn=1.1-3/10=0.8

• Column Qk per floor = 3.5X6.0X7.0 X0.8=117.7kN

• Roof Qk = 1.5X6.0X7.0=63.0kN

• Ultimate scheme design load=1.35(189.0X4)+1.5[(117.7X3.5)+63.0)]=1732.0kN

From safe load tables USE 203X203X86UKC (Nb,z,Rd=1840kN)

Columns – Compression Resistance
Vulcan House, Sheffield
 Building A
(Car Park)
Building B

Corner Buildings (Refurb)

Building C1
Building C2 (HCD)
Buildings D-G (HCD)
Building L
Building J1
 Ground Conditions
Ground Conditions

• 0m – 4m Made Ground

• 4m – 8m Sands & Gravels (Allowable GBP 225kN/m²)

• 8m – 30m Coal Measures Bedrock

 Site Remediation
• Excavate down to 2.5m

• Sort material

• Debris and contaminated material removed from site

• Concrete and brick demolition rubble crushed

• Material placed back in controlled manner to achieve 5% surface CBR

• Site capped off with 300mm crushed brick/concrete hardcore

 Substructures
• Foundation Solution Option Study

Plan Size Depth Volume Per Foundation Total Vol.

4 Pile Pilecap 2.7m x 2.7m 1.4m 20m³ (incl. 8m long piles) 588m³

Mass Concrete Pad 4.4m x 4.4m 3.0m 58m³ 1705m³

• 600 diameter piles taken ≈ 10m into bedrock

 Steel Frame
Grid Spacing

• Based on 1.5m cladding module

• Secondary Beams at 3.0m crs

• External Columns at 4.5m crs (generally)

• Main beams 9.0m span or 15m span

 Steel Frame
Option 1 – Solid Beam Max 9m span – 930T
 Services Integration
Option 1 – Solid Beam Max 9m span – 930T
 Steel Frame
Option 2 – Solid Beams Max 15m span – 1060T
 Services Integration
Option 2 – Solid Beams Max 15m span – 1060T
 Steel Frame
Option 3 – Cellular Beams Max 15m span – 980T
 Services Integration
Option 3 – Cellular Beams Max 15m span
 Steel Frame
Steel Frame Option Study

Grid Beam Type Weight

Option 1 6.0m x 6.0m/9.0m Solid 930T

Option 2 6.0m x 9.0m/15.0m Solid 1060T

Option 3 6.0m x 9.0m/15.0m Cellular 980T

 Sustainability
• Re-use of brownfield site

• Maximize developable area of site

• Ground remediation philosophy employed resulted in minimal volumes of material disposed of

off site

• Specify crushed brick/concrete for imported fill material

• Piled foundations result in less spoil off site and less concrete onto site

• Building based on modular grid assists to standardize components

• Use of modular cladding minimizes waste

• Steel Fabricated locally, thereby reducing transport costs and greenhouse gas emissions
 Sustainability
Cont’d

• Concrete composite floors provide good thermal mass characteristics

• Steel frame fully recoverable

• Running services within same zone as long span cellular beams reduces storey
heights and therefore overall height of building

• Reduced building height reduces build cost

• Reduced building height reduces building volume requiring heating/cooling

• Long span cellular beams provide adaptable open office space to readily
accommodate future client needs
The Result
The End