Consequentialism and Deontology looks at the actions in good or bad

Deontology- an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong. Looks at
Morality
Virtue Ethics looks at the person

Two viewpoints of Morality

Teleological -based on that something purpose, the end goal of our action, effects of
our action
Deontological- Looking at the action itself, not concerned in a consequence, doesn’t
matter if the result will be a bad thing or a good thing what matters is the action itself
(We don’t have a real control over consequences we can only control our actions)

Two major consequentialists (Ethical Theories)

//Both theories are focusing on good effects of the action
Ethical Egoism- centered at self,
 Individual – everybody arounds you should do what’s good for you
 Personal- Do good for you and doesn’t care what the other people will do
 Universal- do good for yourself and same for the others they should do good for
themselves
Problems of Universal and Ethical Egoism
in native problematic because of the term itself interest
(People have too much in common of one another, they have so many more shared
interests than their differences and commonly that would create the problem)
Advantages of Ethical Egoism
It is worth for small groups of people and the larger the group become the less and less
of egoistic but more and more democratic because in egoism in a large scale will not
work
Egoism also encourages Freedom and Responsibility because there’s no one will be
blame po kasi po if may wrong well ikaw lang po may fault
Egoism- philosophical normative, prescriptive approach, an ethical theory that treats
self-interest as the foundation of morality. Belief that one should be interested in one
self rather than others.

Choose language
Utilitarianism- centered at the general welfare or the majority of people which it looks
for the consequences of our actions
Act of Utilitarianism - We cannot establish rules in advance to cover all situations of
people because some scenarios are affected by some people which it affects the
decision for the common good itself
We cannot predict everything that could happen according to the situation of you are in
and adjusting what is the common good for the majority
There enough human motivation, common values, and shared interest which formulate
the rules in order to protect those things we value together
General Rule of Utilitarianism ‘’Greatest good for the greatest number of people’’
When we think about our action, we think about what would be the greatest possible
benefit for the greatest number of people
Consequentialist ethics
Problem: Minority may be ignored and left out because the minority will not benefit a
lot.
Socrates: The theonym of the majority

Rule Utilitarianism - * example: * all of us value private property, so we created a law

to punish thieves * we have pre-established rules

Cost benefit analysis- In view of this, we frequently assess people's social worth in
risky situations. This is how we operate and how we make decisions, such as the
government's use of cost-benefit analysis when choosing policies.

Psychological Egoism
Psychological Egoism and Descriptive ethics are the same because both them are
determining on why a person is set to be selfish. They don’t judge whether the person is
good or bad they are just distinguishing why a person is acting that way

The reasons why someone is determined to be selfish are the same for both
psychological egoism and descriptive ethics. They simply point out the reasons why
someone is acting in a certain way without passing judgment on whether the person is
good or bad.
4 approaches to ethics
Descriptive
Normative
Meta
Situational

Female Philosopher & Novelist (Ayn Rand)

She advocates rational ethical egoism

Rational- Belief, the quality or state of being agreeable to reason: reasonableness.

View of Human Nature- This view agrees with the rationalistic view that human nature
is not basically self-interested.
Evolutionism- Just look how we are can develop; we cannot be who we are right now
unless somebody cared for us while were growing up. This means that if an
environment changes, the traits that enhance survival in that environment will also
gradually change, or evolve.
Existentialism- Our individual purpose and meaning is not given to us by Gods,
governments, teachers or other authorities. Is the philosophical belief we are each
responsible for creating purpose or meaning in our lives.
Feminism- This is the idea that women and men should have equal rights, sexual
autonomy, and self-determination.
Materialism- Everything is material, thus all phenomena we see are a result of material
interactions. Anything that actually exists can only be made of material.
Behaviorism- Focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction
with the environment.
Functionalism- Is the philosophy of mind is the doctrine that what makes something a
mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather
on the way it functions

Carol Giligan (Feminist Ethics)

She argues that the values we considered as justice, rights, independent, and living by
the rules are men’s moral attitude, but for carol, what we need more are the women’s
moral attitudes about generosity, harmony, reconciliation, and working to maintain close
relationship
In her view, women's moral attitudes about generosity, harmony, reconciliation, and
striving to maintain intimate relationships are more important than men's moral ideas
about justice, rights, independence, and obeying the law.

Ethics of care is an ethics grounded in voice and a relationship, in the importance of

everyone having a voice and being listened to carefully and heard with respect. It is an
ethic of care which directs our attention in needs of responsiveness in relationships.

The ethics of care are based on the value of everyone having a voice, being carefully
listened to, and having their opinions respected. It is a caring ethic that focuses our
attention on the demands of responsiveness in interpersonal interactions.

She argues that our nature is a nature of relationships of being connected, which is true
that physiologically we are actually connected with one another. she wants to maintain
our connections by giving our voice to everybody and listen to them with respect.

She contends that because we are physiologically related to one another, our nature is
one of connections and connection. She wants to keep us connected by giving
everyone a voice and treating them with respect.

Just look how we are can develop; we cannot be who we are right now unless
somebody cared for us while were growing up.

Just consider how we grow; without someone taking care of us when we were young,
we would not be who we are today.

Ethics- Deals with what is wrong in human behavior and conduct. It asks such questions as
what constitutes any person or action being good, bad, right, or wrong and how do we know
(epistemology)

Morality- principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and
bad behavior, as well as the values they place on the kinds of objects they believe are
morally good or bad.

Hedonism- the belief that pleasure, or the absence of pain, is the most important principle in
determining the morality of a potential course of action. It seems to be an empirical fact that
whatever human beings consider to be good involves happiness and pleasure in some way, and
whatever they consider to be bad involves unhappiness and pain in some way.
Amoral- Means having no moral sense, or being indifferent to right and wrong. This term can be
applied to very few people. Such people tend to be found among certain criminal types who
can’t seem to realize they’ve done anything wrong.

Nonmoral- "not falling into or existing in the sphere of morals or ethics." Thus, a nonmoral act
or action is not subject to moral judgment because morality is not taken into consideration. Either
these standards are not necessarily linked to morality. Rules in etiquette, fashions standards, rules
in video games, and rules in various houses

How does morality differ from etiquettes, law, religion, or custom?

For me, morality is an action that can attest to your good or bad behavior. For example.
For instance, laws governing manners, religion, or custom, might have an impact on a
decision for the greater good itself if you establish rules in advance to cover all
situations of people.

Which theory of Human Nature best suits your personal views? State your
reasons.
Egoism best describes my personal worldview since I occasionally enjoy being self-
centered in situations where I can succeed on my own. It inspires me to embrace my
individuality and my own duty for myself, which is simpler for me to manage than
managing a group. There are instances when it is advantageous to be self-centered
since, if something goes wrong, only you and you alone are to blame.

Which theory of Human Nature is in opposition to your personal views? State

your reasons.
Being rational is difficult from my opposing point of view since I occasionally don't know
what to believe or what the most appealing arguments in life would be. Sometimes I find
it difficult to convince myself to believe in such things, but I have strong feelings on
religion and culture despite the fact that I am unable to rationally defend them.
You have the chance to get particular about the costs associated with an advertising
campaign or the introduction of a product by doing a cost-benefit analysis. It is a useful
activity to define and list these charges since it makes you think about and assess each
future expense.

Cost-benefit analysis is an important tool that project managers

and company executives use to help them make decisions that
can influence the success of their businesses. If you're hoping to
use cost-benefit analysis for an upcoming project, it's important to
understand its advantages for the company and how to navigate
the analysis process.

Advantage: Helps You Make Rational Decisions 

Making reasonable decisions as opposed to ones based on emotion is one goal of a
cost-benefit analysis. You can avoid the need to start a business just because it appeals
to you, because you have an emotional connection to the vendor, or because you
expect a certain result, by outlining the costs you will incur, to the best of your
knowledge. You are compelled to consider these factors as impartially as you can by
the process of identifying and weighing costs and benefits.

Disadvantage: Does Not Account for All Variables

You could believe you have all the bases covered due to the apparent clarity a cost-
benefit analysis provides, but there is still so much more to learn. Just as there will
almost certainly be unanticipated costs, there may also be unanticipated rewards or an
endeavor may not provide the results you were hoping for. When you perform a cost-
benefit analysis, you could think you know what to expect and have made a clear
decision, but the outcome actually depends on several factors that will play out over
time.