Guide Questions: ( April 5,6, 2022 ) April 7 - Consultation

● How did Greek civilization help shape that of the Romans?

● What lessons can we infer from the decline and eventual collapse of the Roman empire?
● How did Greek civilization help shape that of the Romans?

Republic

Rise of Empire

Roman society and culture

Christianity

Political Philosophy

On Making a Master Plan…

I. Topic (accompanied by a brief yet substantial description and clarification of the concept)
II. Subtopic/s: no limit as long as it is necessary (determine and assure its relevance,
substance, and significance to the knowledge and understanding of the
above-mentioned topic)
III. Important Ideas, Details, and Arguments (Subtopics)
IV. While creating the III, attempt to raise questions (if necessary) and persevere the locate
the relational significance or contentions of one topic to another (if needed and
prescribed by the history’s chronology and implications)
V. While creating the III, contemplate if it needs supplementary materials (videos, images,
maps, etc.); use this format:

The Rise and Fall of Rome is… (the idea or detail)

Question/s: What is the…? Why is it important to…? How does this idea relate/differ
to…?
Supplementary Material/s:
Video:
1.
2.

Images/Maps:
1.
2.
 Audio clips:
1.
2.

VI. (If necessary) - Synthesis of related/interrelated/contentious ideas, details, etc. OR

takeaways/enlightenment

Note: Best of luck and perseverance sa atin, My!! We can ace this presentation!

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Ancient Rome: Its Rise, Glory, Complexity, and Fall

Brief Introduction
● The lessons of citizenship initially developed by the Greeks reached full maturity
within Romans.
● Ancient Rome gradually experienced two (2) distinct, and indispensable, political
episodes:
1. Power of citizenship (i.e., republican government)
● initially developed in Greece
● borrowed by and rejuvenated in Italy (ca. 509-31 BCE)
2. Imperial rule (31 BCE-476 CE)

Question/s:
1. What are the commonalities of these two political episodes (i.e., the republic and
imperial rule) in shaping and determining Roman history?
● These political episodes essentially revealed the political consequences of the
use of iron technology.
Question/s:
1. Why is the first commonality vital to the understanding of Roman history?
● Rome followed the narrative of earlier states/city-states: it
shifted from a city-state (i.e., during the republican government)
to a great empire (i.e. imperial rule) like Assyria, Persia, and
Macedonia had once been established.
● These political episodes exhibited the complexity and culmination of Western
political culture during the ancient era + power of iron (to determine the rise
and decline of civilizations) + dynamic energy of citizenship in Western history.

Aids/Supplementary Materials:

Images/Maps:
1. Roman Republic
https://cdn.britannica.com/04/184704-050-552CFB24/Cicero-Denounces-Catiline-paintin
g-Roman-Cesare-Maccari-1888.jpg
 2. Roman Empire
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cole_Thomas_The_Consu
mmation_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg/800px-Cole_Thomas_The_Consummat
ion_The_Course_of_the_Empire_1836.jpg
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Founding Ancient Rome: Through Geography or Ancient Myth?

Essential Question/s:
1. How did ancient Rome start?
2. How geography helped the birth and rise of ancient Rome?
3. What is Rome's ancient foundation myth? Why is it significant to the understanding of
Rome's origins?

Fundamental Ideas
● Rome grew from a small town on the Tiber River in central Italy, specifically on the
eastern bank of the said river.
● It was established on a group of seven hills located in present-day Lazio (Latin:
Latium) region of Italy.
● Thus, Rome features seven (7) hills:
1. Palatine - Mons/Collis Palatinus
2. Capitoline - Mons/Collis Capitolinus
3. Quirinal - Mons/Collis Quirinalis
4. Viminal - Mons/Collis Viminalis
5. Esquiline - Mons/Collis Esquilinus
6. Caelian - Mons/Collis Caelius
7. Aventine - Mons/Collis Aventinus

Aids/Supplementary Materials:

Images/Maps:
1. The Seven Hills Of Rome
http://courses.washington.edu/rome250/gallery/Rome%20Wk%201/1.4%20Copy%20of
%20seven%20hills.gif
2. The Seven Hills Of Rome (with Servian Wall)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Seven_Hills_of_Rome.svg/
400px-Seven_Hills_of_Rome.svg.png
3. The Seven Hills Of Rome (depicting human-environment interaction)
https://nsms6thgradesocialstudies.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/2/4/37241339/7613813_orig.j
pg
4. The Seven Hills Of Rome (depicting its proximity to Tiber River)
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/98/9c/53/989c5336e1c11d64b89faa5ba4306567.jpg

Sources:
1. https://www.britannica.com/place/Seven-Hills-of-Rome
Question/s:
1. What is Palatine Hill? Why is it significant to the topic?
● Palatine Hill (Italian: Monte Palatino), a four-sided plateau situated south of the
Forum in Rome, is where the ancient city of Rome was founded.

Question/s:
1. Who founded the ancient city of Rome?
● According to tradition, Romulus and Remus were the legendary founders of
Rome. The twins were sons of Rhea Silvia (daughter of King Numitor of Alba
Longa) and war god Mars.
● The twins became leaders of a band of adventurous youths, eventually killing
Amulius (King Numitor's younger brother) to restore their grandfather's authority.
● The twins founded a town on the same site where they had been saved
(Amulius once ordered the then-infants to be drowned in the Tiber River, but they
had been saved near the sacred fig tree. How did it happen? - because they
were put in a basket and thrown into the flooded river; the basket was not
washed downstream, instead moved into Lupercal’s location); a she-wolf
(Lupercal was she-wolf’s cave; located at the southwest foot of the Palatine
Hill) and a woodpecker suckled and fed them before the herdsman Faustulus
found and reared them.
● However, Romulus killed Remus when the latter jumped over the city wall that
Romulus built. Thus, Romulus consolidated his power (eventually naming the
city for him).

Question/s:
1. What happened after Romulus consolidated his power to newly-founded Rome?
● The residents of all seven hills near Tiber River would collaborate to integrate
common interests and unite in solving problems.
Settlement aggregation → proto-urban life → urbanity of Rome (due to
agricultural productivity and heightened trade activities)

Aids/Supplementary Materials:

Images/Maps:
1. Palatine Hill (with Lupercal)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_of_downtown_Rome_during
_the_Roman_Empire_large-annotated.jpg
2. The Shepherd Faustulus Bringing Romulus and Remus to His Wife, Nicolas
Mignard (1654)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mignard_-_The_Shepherd_
Faustulus_Bringing_Romulus_and_Remus_to_His_Wife.jpg/800px-Mignard_-_The_She
pherd_Faustulus_Bringing_Romulus_and_Remus_to_His_Wife.jpg
 3. Romulus and Remus (with she-wolf)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Altar_Mars_Venus_Massim
o.jpg/800px-Altar_Mars_Venus_Massimo.jpg
4. Building of Rome with the Death of Remus
http://didyouknowstuff.com/uploads/images/image_1920x_5b1eef47dd4cb.jpg
Sources:
1. https://www.britannica.com/place/Palatine-Hill
2. https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/Romes-foundation-myth
3. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Romulus-and-Remus

Synthesis/Insight:
1. According to tradition, the foundation of Rome was a product of perpetuated
mythology.
2. Agricultural productivity and heightened trade activities occurred in urbanized
ancient Rome suggests an impression: there must be a geographical feature (i.e.
river) near or beside the city that will make crops thrive and multiply and actualize
inter-city trade. Moreover, that river greatly influenced the plot of the mythological
beginning of Rome’s foundation (via Romulus and Remus). Thus, the river was
indispensable to the shape and identity of ancient Rome.

Essential Question/s:
1. What is Tiber River? What is its flow/direction?
2. How significant was the Tiber River to the birth and emergence of ancient Rome?

Tiber River
● also known as Fiume Tevere, is a historical river in Europe (second longest Italian
river after the Po; 252 miles/405 km long)
● originally known as Albula due to whiteness of flowing freshwaters emanating from
mountains; renamed Tiberis after Alba Longa king Tiberinus Silvius was said to
have drowned in the river
● Its direction generally twist southerly through a series of scenic gorges and broad
valleys, flowing through the city of Rome (the city is in eastern bank)
● It starts on the slope of Monte Fumaiolo (major summit of the Appennino
Tosco-Emiliano)
● It enters and drains into the Tyrrhenian Sea of the Mediterranean near Ostia Antica.

Question/s:
1. What is/are Tiber River's tributaries?
● Chiascio
● Nestore
● Paglia
● Nera
● Aniene
 ● The Tiber drains via a delta (i.e. formed wetland at river mouth):
● Fiumara - main channel
● Fiumicino - functioning as a distributary branch on the north side

Question/s:
1. How beneficial was the Tiber River for ancient Rome's economy and inter-island
connection?
2. What is the significance of Tiber River to the birth and emergence of ancient Rome?

Tiber River: Its Roles and Functions

● It provided accessible and systemic transportation among ancient Romans and
non-Romans
● Its broad valley supplied enormous land for agriculture
● It also served as a defense system against external attacks
● It essentially satisfied the domestic water needs for Romans, enabling communities to
thrive and survive

Synthesis/Insight:
The Tiber River was strategic and beneficial that propelled successful irrigation and
navigation among ancient Romans. Its strategic proximity to the Tyrrhenian Sea of the
Mediterranean allowed the city to trade with cities in northern Europe, North Africa, and
Greece; also provided them a chance to conquer and exploit new lands outside the Italian
peninsula.

Aids/Supplementary Materials:

Images/Maps:
1. Tiber River
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Tibre.png
2. Tiber River (image)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg/1
024px-PonteSantAngeloRom.jpg
3. Tiber River (with tributaries)/Drainage Basin
https://brewminate.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/120917-53-Rome-Roman-Tiber-Arc
hitecture.jpg
4. Tiber River's mouth (the Delta)
https://brewminate.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/120917-55-Rome-Roman-Tiber-Arc
hitecture.jpg
5. Ostia Antica (illustration)
https://www.realmofhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Ostia-2-min1.jpg?ezimgfmt
=ng%3Awebp%2Fngcb20%2Frs%3Adevice%2Frscb20-1
https://www.realmofhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Ostia-3-min.jpg?ezimgfmt=
ng:webp/ngcb20
Sources:
1. https://www.britannica.com/place/Tiber-River
2. https://www.studentsofhistory.com/geography-of-the-roman-world#:~:text=Rome%20is%
20located%20East%20of,other%20side%20of%20the%20river.
3. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-geography-of-rome.html

General Insight (Founding Ancient Rome: Through Geography or Ancient Myth?):

● As the foundation of ancient Rome can be essentially and justifiably rooted in
geography and mythology due to the expansive influence of the Tiber River,
geography flourished, the economy multiplied, and trade heightened. These favorable
developments invited people from the seven hills to integrate into forming a single,
systemized community - ancient Rome. They utilized the Tiber River as the gateway to
economic prosperity, agricultural productivity, and territorial expansion, navigating
the seas away from the Italian peninsula. They conquered and ruled other territories,
including Greece. From then, Romans gained something important - the rich Greek
influence. They turned back to ancient Rome, bringing home the diffusive element so
essential to the centuries-long future of their politics and society.
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