POD PUTTING PHYSICS IN CONTEXT Tasein er eae like energy Chapter) or moment Guvie, Feel epsin in Secon Te Te on hat chore see reson clare Coulee forthe laces BES en Rem ese acca toe mated Cheer ut with POS cH Die dene one ihr A fn oa faces marcia aaa orvector addon ‘enn finduse in Sections 185 14 and we. 19-1 ELECTRIC CHARGE Electric charge is one ofthe fundamental properties of matter. Electrons have a negative charge, ~e, and protons have a positive charge, +e. An obpect with zero net charge, like a neutron, is said fo be electrically neutral. Magnitude of an Electron’ Charge ‘The charge on an electron has the following magnitude: = Le x 10-C 4 ‘The SI unitof charge isthe coulomb, C ‘charge Conservation ‘The total charge inthe universe is constant. ‘Charge Quantization Charge comes in quantized amounts that are always integer multiples ofc 19-2 INSULATORS AND CONDUCTORS An insulator does not allow electrons within it to move ftom atom to atom. In conductors, each aiom gives up one or more electrons thet are then free to move throughout the material. Semiconductorshave properties that are intermediate between those of insulators and conductors. 19-3 COULOMB'S LAW Electric charges exert forces on one another along the line connecting them: Like charges repel, opposite charges attract. Coulomb's Law ‘The magnitude of the force between two point charges, q\ and qa separated by a distance ris jailig z Fe ‘The constant kin this expression is k= 899 x Nm /C Be LOOKING AMEAD. “Tha wide force is cnuerealive and hence it hasan anociated elacei ee ae this potential energy Vic will abo point out he close analogy between the dectric potential energy Seema or chapter t2 When electric charge flows from one location to another, it produces an electric current. We consider electric circuits with direct current (dc) in GREER on cies ag alternating current oc) Coulomb's law comes up again in ‘tome physics, where i plays a key role in the Bohr model ofthe hydrogen atom in Section 31-3Superposition The electric force on one charge due to two oF mote other charges isthe vector sum of each individual force. ‘Spherical Charge Distributions A spherical distribution of charge, when viewed from ouside, behaves the same 1 an equivalent point charge atthe center of the sphere, 19-4 THE ELECTRIC FIELD ‘The electric field is the force per charge ata given location in space. Beas ree To E points inthe cretion ofthe force experienced by a posi test charge Cortt Point charge a The electric field a distance r froma point charge g has a magnitude given by ies aS al Superposition The total electric field due to two or more chargesis given by the vector sum of the fields due to each charge individually. 19-5 ELECTRIC FIELD LINES The electric felel ean be visualized by drawing lines acconing toa given set of F field tines rules. Rules for Drawing Electric Field Lines _ Electric field lines (1) point in the direction of the electric field vector E ata points; (2) start at + charges or infinity: (3) end at ~ charges or infinity: and (@) are more donse the greater the magnitude of E Parallel-Plate Capacitor A parallel-plate capacitor consists of two oppositely charged, conducting paral- lel plates separated by a finite distance. The field between the plates is uniform in direction (perpendicular tothe plates) and magnitude. 19-6 SHIELDING AND CHARGING BY INDUCTION Weal conductors have a range of interesting behaviors that arise because they field ines have an enormous aumber of electrons thal are fee to move. Excess Charte Any excess charge placed on a conductor moves to its exterior surface. ore Field in & Conductor The electric field within a conductor in equilibrium is zero. Shielding. ‘A conductor shields a cavity within it from external electric fields. Electric Fields at Conductor Surfaces Electric field lines contact conductor surfaces at right angles, ‘Charging by Induction A conductor can be charged without direct physical contact with another charged object. This is charging by induction. Grounding Connecting conductor to the ground is referred © as grounding, The ground itself is a geod conductor, ané Itcan give up or recelve an unlimited number of electrons F fle lines 19-7 ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS’S LAW Gauss's law relates tho charge enclosed by a given surface te the electric flax through the surface Electric Flux _ fan area Ais tilted at an angle # to an electric feld E, the electric flux through Aa the area is, = EA cos wtGauses Law ‘Gauss’s law states that if a chargeq is enclosed by a surface, the electric flux through the surface is ws The constant appearing in this equation is the permittivity of free space, ey a ak Gouss's law is used ta calculate the lactric eld in highly symmetric systems, “prontenssouvine suwMaRy 85 1072 CN me wn Type ct Problem Relevant Physical Concepts Related Examples Find the electri force exerted by “The magnitude of the cestric force between point changes | amples 1951, 1922, oe imraaore poli anges BSF = Hah liqal the direction of the force glvenby he Te expression “opposites attract, kes repel” When more than Activ@EYainplés 1951, one charge exerts a force ona given charge, the netforce is W=2_ the vector sum ofthe individual forces. Fin the eletre force due w a Fer points outside aspherical dstrbution of charge, the AVE EaMNple 192 spherical distribution of charge. spherical distribution behaves the same as a point charge of the same amount atthe cenlerof the sphere, Calculate the force exerted An deatre fet, E, pruduces a force, F = gE, ona pont Beample 9-4 byan electric fee charge g The diectiom ofthe force is in the diectien of the field if the chargeis positive and opposite to the Fld i the chargeis negative Find the electric field due toone ‘The electric feld due to apoint charge qhasamagnitude Example 9 or more point charges. given by £ = k|q| /r°. The direction of the field is radially ‘Outward ifqis positive, and radially inward iq is negative. ‘When a group of point charges isbeing considered, the total electric field isthe veclorsum ofthe inlvidual fields. Cateulate the electric fee The elestnc eld can be found by setting the electric ux Atv Exple 193 through a given surface equal to the charge enclosed by the surface divided by «. “CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS | forinsructorasignedhomework. 0 to ww masteringshyicscom (MP) (Answers to.0dd-numbered Conceptual Questions canbe found In the back ofthe book). using Gauss's law, 11. When an object that was neutral becomes charged, does the total charge ofthe universe change? Explain. 2. The fact thatthe clectron has a negative charge and the proton basa positive chorge is duc to « convention established by Ben jamin Frenklin. Would there have been any significant conse {quences if Franklin had chosen the opposite convention? Is, there any advantage to naming charges plus and minus as op- posed to, say, A and B2 3. Explain why a comb that has been rubbed through yourhair 2t- tracts small bits of paper, even though the paper is uncharged. 4, Small bits of paper are attmcied toan electrically charged comb, butas soon as they touch the comb they ate stiongly repelled Fxplain thisbehavior 5. A charged rod is brought neara suspended object which is pelled by the rod. Can weconclude that the suspended objects charged? Explain 6, A charged rod is brought near a suspended object, which is at tracted to the red.Can weconchuce thatthe suspended objects, charged? Explain 7. Describe some of the similarities and differences between Coulomb's law and Newton’ law af gravity 8. Apointcharge Qi fixed at a height H above the ground. Di rectly below this charge isa small ball with a charge —9 and 3 sass it. When the ball is ata height above the ground, the net force (gravitational plus electrical) acting on Its zero Is this 2 stable equilibrium forthe ebject? Explain. 9, Four identical point charges are placed at the corners of a square. A fifth point change placed at the center of the square experiences zero net Force. Is this a stable equilibrium jor the fifth cherge? Explain. 10, A proton moves ina region af constant electric field. Does itfol low that the proton's volecty is parallel vo the electric field? Dove it follow that the proton’s acceleration is parallel to the clectric field? Explain, 11. Describe some of the differences between charging by induce ton and charging by contact 12, Asystem consists of two changes of equal magnitude and op- pposite sign separated by & distance d. Since the total electric