Bautista LabReport3

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna-JONELTA
Biñan Campus
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA – JONELTA
Binan, Laguna
College of Arts and Sciences
In Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements in
Experimental Psychology
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
Formation of Word Association and Perceptual Defense
SUBMITTED BY:
Aola Kyra B. Bautista
SUBMITTED TO:
Mary Easter Claire Perez Torres
(February 2023)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3
Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4
Method … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 7
Results … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 9
Discussion … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 16
Conclusion … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 18
Appendix … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19
References … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 22
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ABSTRACT
Association time and recognition has factors to discern the speed and time it can be acted
upon. According to recent studies, factors like initial knowledge and awareness can give either
promising results or more space of wonder about the topic. This experiment aims to test if noise
distraction is an added factor to the speed and stability of association word formation, reaction
time and word recognition. In this study, the formation of word association, perceptual defense,
and measurement of recognition will be put to test. The experiment contains two phases. The
first phase contains 99 stimulus words that needed to be responded with associated words that
both the reaction time and reaction are recorded. The second phase involves the five shortest,
longest and average reaction time of the subject. The 15 stimulus words from the record then are
shown to the subject at different exposure times for five trials. The number of recalled words is
recorded. The T-Test results of the two tests, which are 0.234644 and -0.25 respectively are both
below the t critical score. Based on the findings, it is proven that the noise disturbance does not
affect the formation of word association, perceptual defense and word recognition of an
individual. Different unintentional extraneous factors possibly affected the result but can be
easily replicated to show the reliability and validity of the study.
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INTRODUCTION
Association refers to the general psychological principle that is linked with the situation
of recollection or in memory. It stated that remembering or recalling any fragment of past
experiences would bind other events or experiences to eventually be remembered. As time
progresses, the application of this principle has reached broader scope that original sensations let
alone the cognitive topic is covered and explained by it leading to the formation of
associationism as a theoretical view enveloping psychology. According to Britannica, the
associationist theories became an explanatory principle used in psychology that had multiple
constructive criticisms. Many psychologists agree that association is one of the important and
effective principles used in active learning on any situation through empirical.
Word association is defined by Merriam Webster as a free association in which in the
process, each word serves as the stimulus object on the participant while the Cambridge
Dictionary defines it as a method used often in psychoanalysis as a test. The participant will
have to say the first word that comes to mind to the word that will be presented. This method
helps to distinguish which and how parts of the participants’ mind work or are dominant.
According to the study of Daston made in 1968, word associations have been working with
psychology for a long time now. It can even be tracked down and considered to be part of
psychology’s history. Different prominent psychologists like Wundt and Galton, Kraepelin and
Bleuler and Carl Jung have taken interest and used word association as an approach to different
studies and experimentations that resulted to more ideas, classification and structure to
psychology that is known today. Another study made by Sabater (2021) explains the way Carl
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Jung has incorporated word association that eventually lead it to be one of the most used and
notable psychological assessments that has been widely accepted for decades. Carl Jung’s Word
Association Test is a projective test based on his idea that a person’s subconscious has a means
to control the person’s conscious capabilities and will. It can also be a basis to unveil past
traumas or internal conflicts. Professionals who use this test add other useful methods for better
conclusions such as interviews.
Perceptual defense has different interpretations by different cites but leads to one point.
The American Psychological Association (APA) dictionary define perceptual defense in the
psychoanalytic theory that it is a misperception that is present when an anxiety-arousing stimuli
is distorted unconsciously. Oxford reference defines it as the process when a stimulus that has
the potential to be destructive, offensive or uncomfortable is either not perceived or distorted
especially if it only presented by a limited exposure time. The Collins Dictionary defines
perceptual defense as the psychological process to which certain stimuli are not perceived due to
its offensive and threatening nature. From the psychological review of McGinnies 1949,
perceptual defense is a theory in which people used defense in the form of perceiving when a
negative outside stimulus is present.
Noise is a sound that easily attracts the attention or mere nuisance to whoever that heard
it. It can be defined as an unwanted signal or disturbance, often referred to as static, when it is
about electronic devices. It can also be defined as an irrelevant output put along a desirable
information to a certain topic. Noises are sound waves or vibrations of air molecules that are
instantly picked up by the ear. The sound is measured by its loudness, by amplitude and pitch
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which is the frequency. The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) or the loudness of the sound is
measured by using a logarithmic unit called Decibels (dB). According to Berg & Nathanson
(2022), certain levels of exposure to noise can cause physical damage to a person. High blood
pressure and pulse rate, anxiety, fatigue, sleep deprivation, and trouble in social ability are some
of the examples of the physical damage caused by noise but the most known is on the ear.
Damages to the ear especially on the eardrums can cause to either temporary or permanent
hearing loss that according to the National Geographic, Noise Induced Hearing Loss or NIHL is
one of the most common known health problem of the world due to noise. Children are common
victims when it comes to noise that eventually damages their brain development that may lead to
impairments in memory and in attention span.
Noise pollution impacts people on a daily basis. Noise pollution refers to the excessive
sound that affects both the living and the environment. It is generally caused by factories,
facilities, construction activities and projects and simply on the road by trucks, trains and even
aircraft transportation. Noise pollution can easily disrupt people’s concentration and work.
According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, ambient noise increase
the stress level of an individual that also increases the chance of having stress-related conditions
such as high blood pressure, coronary disease, peptic ulcer and migraines. The more the person
is exposed to noise, the worse the effect can be. According to research made by Andrews in
2010, several studies have indicated that white noise exposure can lead to stress that affects the
release of the hormone that restores the homeostasis of the body which is the Cortisol. Excess of
this hormone can cause impair functions in the brain which is responsible for planning,
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reasoning and impulse control that can negatively affect the learning capability, cognitive
process, and information processing of an individual. Another study states that noise-induced
stress decreases dopamine that can also result in decrease of higher brain function, and memory
determent. Noise pollution control is therefore important to consider in both the workplace and
in the community.
Taboo is defined as words that either lie on the other end of the spectrum – too good or
too bad. As the English language progresses, the word taboo has led almost entirely as a negative
connotation or sometimes considered as forbidden or rude words if used in different settings.
Taboo words are either: Religious, Name Replacement or Sensitive Topic. In other aspects of the
subject of the study, According to the experiment made by Atkinson & Juola in 1973, the factors
that fasten reaction time and faster recognition of words are initial knowledge, familiarity, visual
recognition, extended memory, active response process, awareness, vocabulary, and target-set.
Though there are results from their experiment and from other studies that contradict, these
factors are the most mentioned and empirically speaking, is true.
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METHOD
The materials needed to conduct this experiment are the following: two pieces of short
bond paper, pencil (preferably Mongol #2), ninety-nine pieces of 3x3 stimulus cards and short
white folder to cover. This experiment is divided into two phases: the first phase is for the
measurement of reaction time and word association of the subjects. The experimenter will
shuffle all of ninety-nine cards to arrange the cards in random sequence. The sequence will then
be recorded as well as the given answer by the subjects and their reactions such laughing. The
subject will be presented with the card, and they must respond with an associated word they will
think of. This is repeated until all ninety-nine cards are associated. The reaction time will also be
recorded. There are some manifestations of complex reaction indicators for this test such as: the
subject takes longer time to respond to the stimulus word, repeating the stimulus word as their
response, failure to respond, expressive body reactors, misunderstanding the presented stimulus
word and manifesting shyness.
The second phase of the experiment focuses more on the measurement of recognition of
thresholds. From the ninety-nine stimulus words, the experimenter will narrow it down to fifteen
(five words with the quickest reaction time, five words with the slowest reaction time and five
words from the medium reaction time). The experimenter will then shuffle the cards and present
it to the subject in different exposure times. This phase has five trials (First trial exposure time: 5
seconds, Second Trial: 4 seconds, Third Trial: 3 seconds, Fourth Trial: 2 seconds and Fifth Trial
with only a second of exposure time).
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The subject will then try to remember as many words as they could, trying to recall the
fifteen stimulus words presented to them. The experimenter will then tally up the words
remembered every trial.
In this experiment, one subject will answer the tests in a peaceful, comfortable setting
(Subject A) and the other will be exposed to noise (Subject B). The voice and stance of the
experimenter is same for both subjects. The only difference is the added extraneous variable
which is noise.
This study aims to determine whether a setting full of noise distractions influences the
formation of word association and perceptual defense of the participants. Below are the two
hypotheses that were produced by the researcher.
H0: Noise Disturbance does not affect the Formation of Word Association and
Perceptual Defense of a Person
H1: Noise Disturbance does affect the Formation of Word Association and Perceptual
Defense of a Person
For the researcher to fulfill the entire study, these are the guide questions that will
directly help to fill the inadequate information. Below are the guide questions that are
necessarily needed to have an answer after conducting the experiment:
1. Why is the increase in association time accompanied by a greater difficulty of
recognition?
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2. What are the factors that fasten reaction time and faster recognition of words?
3. What does perceptual defense mean?
4. Why are some of the stimulus words considered taboo?
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RESULTS
Table 1. The Stimulus Words, Associated Words, Recorded Reaction Time and
Manifestations of Subject A and Subject B
STIMULUS ASSOCIATED WORDS (SUBJECT REACTION

WORDS A) TIME MANIFESTATIONS
DALAGA BABAE 2.17 Normal
MAGULANG MAPAGMAHAL 2.41 Normal
UTONG MAITIM 2.37 Normal
PAGKAIN MASARAP 2.05 Normal
GAHASA KRIMEN 2.65 Thought of what to say
TOMBOY KASARIAN 6.93 Panic, thought of what to say
MANIPIS KILAY 2.14 Normal
PALAYOK LUTUAN 2.02 Normal
BUHOK MAHABA 1.87 Normal
BESTIDA MAHABA 1.83 Normal
KERIDA KABIT 1.89 Normal
BATA MALIIT 2.09 Normal
MATIGAS KATAWAN 2.46 Thought of what to say
NUNAL MARAMI 2.24 Normal
MAHABA BUHOK 2.28 Normal
DAMUHAN MADAMI 3.08 Thought of what to say
DUGO KADIRI 3.37 Thought of what to say
DIWA BUHAY 2.09 Normal
SUSO MALAKI 3.1 Laughed
BABAE MAGANDA 3.15 Thought of what to say
KAHERA KAPERAHAN 1.89 Normal
BULBOL MAGULO 2.3 Smirked
HALAMAN BERDE 3.63 Thought of what to say
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TALAAN NILALAMAN 2.68 Normal

SIMBAHAN BANAL 1.1 Normal
MAKINIS MUKHA 1.99 Normal
SUPLADA BABAE 1.93 Normal
PINTUAN MATAAS 2.94 Thought of what to say
MATABA BABOY 2.31 Normal
TINGGIL ARI 2.43 Smirked
SULAT LETRA 2.71 Thought of what to say
KATAWAN PAYAT 3.75 Thought of what to say
BAHAY MALAKI 1.65 Normal
KASALAN NAGMAMAHALAN 2.65 Thought of what to say
PALAYAN BIGASAN 1.99 Normal
BITUIN NINGNING 2.59 Thought of what to say
ASAWA LALAKI 2.78 Thought of what to say
DAMIT SINUSUOT 2.24 Normal
RELO MAMAHALIN 2 Normal
SAMPAYAN DAMITAN 4.42 Thought of what to say
KAPATID BUNSO 2.14 Normal
DIGMAAN GULO 2.7 Thought of what to say
KARERA KABAYO 1.93 Normal
BATALAN BAHAY-KUBO 2.15 Normal
BINATA LALAKI 2.19 Normal
INSEKTO MALIIT 1.83 Normal
KASUNDUAN PANGAKO 3.53 Tried to find another word
HAYUP ASO 2.85 Thought of what to say
PUTA POKPOK 2.25 Normal
KAMERA LARAWAN 2.37 Normal
KWADERNO NOTEBOOK 2.37 Normal
ARAW MAINIT 2.02 Normal
GURO MASIPAG 4.44 Thought of what to say
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MARAMOT KAIBIGAN 1.56 Normal

MAPUTI KUTIS 1.96 Normal
SUMBRERO SINUSUOT 2.04 Normal
Confused, thought of what to
TAMAD MABAGAL 4.7 say
ALAHAS MAMAHALIN 1.73 Normal
SAPATOS SINUSUOT 2.45 Normal
DAMAYAN PROBLEMA 2.51 Normal
BAKLA MALIGALIG 1.37 Laughed
KAWALI MABIGAT 2.43 Normal
KUPAL KAIBIGAN 2.68 Thought of what to say
LARAWAN NAKARAAN 4.27 Thought of what to say
BIBIG MALAKI 4.62 Laughed, unsure what to say
KABAYO MABILIS 4.01 Distracted
TITI BASTOS 2.56 Laughed
BASAHAN MADUMI 2.41 Normal
GITARA MUSIC 1.89 Normal
KAKLASE MABAIT 2.44 Laughed in Disbelief
PANTALON MALUWAG 2.53 Normal
LUSLOS BAYAG 3.17 Laughed, thought of what to say
PANIS SINAING 2.46 Normal
AHIT BIGOTE 2.46 Normal
KARAYOM MANIPIS 2.44 Normal
KATULONG KASAMBAHAY 2.72 Tried to find another word
MATANDA KULUBOT 2.46 Normal
BALITA MAGULO 5.17 Do not know what to say
MABAHO BASURA 2.68 Normal
SUPOT BATA 2.09 Normal
SAPATOS SINUSUOT 3.18 Thought of what to say
PANTALON MALUWAG 1.97 Normal
BINATA PAYAT 2.78 Thought of what to say
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BULKAN MALAKI 2.31 Normal

ATAOL KABAONG 2.6 Tried to find another word
MAINIT KAPE 1.9 Normal
HALIKAN LABI 3.99 Laughed, Blushed
TINDAHAN SARI-SARI 2.33 Normal
TUHOD MAITIM 2.03 Normal
AKLATAN MARAMI 2.95 Thought of what to say
MALAKI BAHAY 7.12 Laughed, Distracted
PAA MABAHO 1.93 Normal
PATAYAN MADUGO 2.3 Normal
MAGANDA BABAE 3.41 Distracted
DIGMAAN MAGULO 2.08 Normal
SALAMIN MALABO 3.12 Thought of what to say
BULAKLAK MABANGO 1.7 Normal
PUKI MALAKI 3.83 Thought of what to say
LALAKI PAYAT 5.7 Thought of what to say
STIMULUS ASSOCIATED WORDS REACTION

WORDS (SUBJECT B) TIME MANIFESTATIONS
GURO MABAIT 2.76 Thought of what to say
MARAMOT KAIBIGAN 1.61 Normal
MAPUTI BABAE 2.18 Normal
SUMBRERO SINUSUOT 1.38 Normal
TAMAD ESTUDYANTE 2.85 Laughed, thought of what to say
ALAHAS MAMAHALIN 2.02 Normal
SAPATOS MALAKI 3.76 Thought of what to say
DAMAYAN PAMILYA 2.34 Thought of what to say
BAKLA FUNNY 3.42 Thought of what to say, Laughed
KAWALI MAITIM 1.94 Normal
KUPAL MAGNANAKAW 3.05 Thought of what to say
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LARAWAN PICTURE 2.2 Normal

BIBIG MALAKI 1.48 Normal
KABAYO MABILIS 2.18 Normal
TITI MALAKI 2.03 Normal
BESTIDA MAHABA 2.26 Normal
KERIDA MALANDI 2.18 Normal
BATA MAKULIT 1.9 Normal
MATIGAS KAHOY 3.76 Thought of what say
NUNAL MARAMI 2.11 Normal
MAHABA BOTE 4.2 Laughed, thought of what to say
DAMUHAN MAKATI 2.42 Normal
DUGO MABAHO 4.7 Confused, thought of what to say
DIWA BUHAY 2.55 Thought of what to say
SUSO MALAKI 1.88 Normal
BABAE MAGANDA 2.5 Normal
KAHERA PERA 2.8 Normal
BULBOL MALAGO 2.59 Laughed
HALAMAN BERDE 4.06 Thought of what to say
TALAAN LIBRO 5.84 Did not know the word
SIMBAHAN KATOLIKO 2.03 Normal
MAKINIS BABAE 2.74 Normal
SUPLADA BABAE 2.13 Normal
PINTUAN BROWN 1.36 Normal
MABAHO KANAL 2.06 Normal
SUPOT BATA 1.7 Normal
SAPATOS MABAHO 2.95 Normal
PANTALON MAHABA 0.96 Normal
MATABA BATA 3.5 Thought of what to say
TINGGIL MAHABA 5.32 Laughed, Distracted
Did not know what to say, helped,
SULAT LETRA 4.15 Distracted
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KATAWAN MALAPAD 2.92 Normal

BAHAY MALAKI 0.76 Normal
KASALAN MAG-ASAWA 3.05 Thought of what to say
PALAYAN MAKATI 2.5 Normal
BITUIN NINGNING 2.4 Normal
BINATA MATANGKAD 3.02 Normal
ASAWA NAGMAMAHALAN 3.28 Thought of what to say
DAMIT MAHAL 3.5 Normal
RELO MAHAL 3.95 Tried not to say the same thing
BULKAN MALAKI 3.08 Thought of what to say
ATAOL KAHOY 3.25 Thought of what to say
MAINIT ARAW 3.36 Thought of what to say
HALIKAN MASARAP 3.39 Thought of what to say, Laughed
TINDAHAN SARI-SARI 2.56 Normal
BASAHAN BASA 2.46 Normal
GITARA MUSIKA 1.38 Normal
KAKLASE MAINGAY 1.99 Normal
PANTALON MAKAPAL 1.91 Normal
LUSLOS LAWLAW 2.33 Laughed
PANIS KANIN 4.54 Laughed, thought of what to say
AHIT BIGOTE 2.29 Thought of what to say
KARAYOM MANIPIS 2.68 Thought of what to say
KATULONG KATIWALA 5.06 Distracted, thought of what to say
MATANDA KULUBOT 2.73 Thought of what to say
BALITA MASAMA 2.38 Thought of what to say
DALAGA MAGANDA 2.21 Normal
MAGULANG GINAGALANG 4.55 Thought of what to say
UTONG MAITIM 2.87 Normal
PAGKAIN MASARAP 0.91 Normal
GAHASA KRIMEN 1.71 Normal
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TOMBOY KASARIAN 3.76 Thought of what to say

MANIPIS MAKAPAL 1.57 Normal
PALAYOK MAITIM 2.13 Normal
BUHOK MAHABA 3.22 Thought of what to say
TUHOD MAITIM 2.5 Normal
AKLATAN MAKAPAL 2.05 Normal
MALAKI MALIIT 2.56 Normal
PAA MABAHO 1.22 Normal
PATAYAN BUHAYAN 2.78 Laughed
MAGANDA PANGIT 2.43 Normal
DIGMAAN DUGUAN 1.85 Normal
SALAMIN REFLECTION 2.19 Normal
BULAKLAK MAHALIMUYAK 5.02 Thought of what to say
PUKI MABAHO 2.02 Normal
SAMPAYAN DAMIT 1.48 Normal
LALAKI BABAE 2.2 Normal
KAPATID MAHAL 1.1 Normal
DIGMAAN PATAYAN 1.88 Normal
KARERA MABILIS 4.1 Distracted, thought of what to say
BATALAN KAHOY 3.96 Did not know the word
BINATA MATANGKAD 2.38 Thought of what to say
INSEKTO MALIIT 1.99 Thought of what to say
KASUNDUAN PANGAKO 2.25 Thought of what to say
HAYUP ASO 1.8 Normal
PUTA MASAMA 3.19 Laughed, thought of what to say
KAMERA PICTURE 2.5 Thought of what to say
KWADERNO NOTEBOOK 2.87 Thought of what to say
ARAW MAINIT 3.03 Thought of what to say
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Table 1 shows the stimulus words, the associated words of the subjects, reaction time and
the reactions the subjects did during the experiment. It shows that Subject A had a longer
reaction time with 7.12 seconds compared to Subject b whose longest reaction time is only 5.84.
Subject also had the fastest reaction time which is only 76 millisecond and Subject A’s fastest is
1.10 second. The average reaction time of the subjects are close to having Subject A is 2.68
while the average reaction time of Subject B is 2.66. Both the subjects also thought of the same
associated words for some stimulus words, 37 times to be exact.
In terms of their reactions on the stimulus words, Subject A had more times where she
has answered in a normal way or without reaction, tried to say other word than what she has
answered previously and smirked. On the other hand, Subject B had more time where she really
thought of what to say, got distracted more often, laughed more, got two stimulus words that she
did not know and one time that she asks for help for the answer.
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Figure 1. Reaction Time of Subject A and Subject B to 99 Stimulus Words
Figure 1 shows the line graph presentation of the reaction time of Subject A and Subject
B. It shows that all throughout the first phase of the test, Subject A had longer times to respond
to the presented reaction time. Though some reaction times are almost the same or at the same
time, it can be concluded that Subject A took more time to answer compared to Subject B that
responded quickly.
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Table 2. Measurement of Recognition of Subject A and Subject B to the Five Trial Test
Subject A
Words Trial 1 2 3 4 5 SUBJECT B TRIAL 1 2 3 4 5
MALAKI / / / / / TALAAN x / / / /
TOMBOY / / / / / TINGGIL x / / / /
LALAKI / / / / / KATULONG x / / / /
BALITA / x / / / BULAKLAK / / / / /
TAMAD / x x / / DUGO / / / / /
GAHASA / / / / / MAKINIS / / / / /
KASALAN / / / / / KARAYOM / / / / /
KUPAL / / / / / BULBOL / / / / /
MABAHO x x / / / MALAKI / / / / /
TALAAN x / / / / TINDAHAN / / / / /
BULAKLAK / / / / / PAA / x / / /
BAHAY / x / / / KAPATID / x / / /
MARAMOT / / / / / PAGKAIN x / / / /
BAKLA / / x / / BAHAY / / / / /
SIMBAHAN / / / / / PANTALON / / / / x
Table 2 shows the five-trial measurement of recognition of both Subject A and Subject
B. It shows the number of times the subjects recalled the presented stimulus words in different
time periods. According to the table, Subject A got thirteen (13) correct recall at the first trial
which has 5 seconds exposure, eleven (11) at the second trial that has 4 seconds exposure,
thirteen (13) again for the third trial that has 3 seconds exposure, and fifteen (15) for fourth and
fifth trial that has 2 seconds and 1 second exposure. Subject A also forgot to recall both the
words “Tamad” and “Mabaho” consecutively. With the same exposure time per trial, Subject B
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got eleven (11) correct recall at the first trial, thirteen (13) at the second trial, fifteen (15) at both
third and fourth trial and fourteen (14) at the fifth trial. Subject B does not have a specific word
that keeps on missing unlike Subject A.
Figure 2. Number of Recalled Stimulus Words of Subject A and Subject B
Figure 2 shows the line graph presentation of the number of recalled stimulus words of
Subject A and Subject B. It shows that Subject A struggled at the first 2 trials but eventually
recalled more and consistently recalled all fifteen words at the end. Subject B, on the other hand,
got more and consistently recalled words but failed to recall all fifteen words at the last trial.
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Table 3. Tally Scores of the Recalled Stimulus Words of Subject A and Subject B through
Five Trials
No. of Trial Subject A Subject B

1 13 11
2 11 13
3 13 15
4 15 15
5 15 14
Table 3 shows the tallied scores of recalled stimulus words by Subject A and Subject B.
It shows the number of recalled stimulus words by the subjects for each trial. According to the
table, Subject A got the score of thirteen (13) and fifteen (15) twice in the five-trial while
Subject only got fifteen (15) twice on the five trials. Their scores do not differ from each other.
The subjects also showed consistency in their recognition of the stimulus words presented.
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Table 4. T-Test Result of Subject A and Subject B on the 99 Stimulus Word Association
and Reaction Time
Subject A Subject B
Mean 2.686667 2.655555556
Variance 1.061176 0.998502494
Observations 99 99
Pearson Correlation 0.155088
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 98
t Stat 0.234644
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.407487
t Critical one-tail 1.660551
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.814975
t Critical two-tail 1.984467
Table 4 shows the t-test result from the first phase of the experiment which is the word
association and reaction time. The table shows that the mean of the two subjects is near each
other with subject A having 2.686667 or 2.69 as the mean and subject B with 2.655555556 or
2.66 as its mean. The T stat score is 0.234644 or 0.23 which is lower than t critical score of
1.660551 or 1.66 therefore accepting the null hypothesis that noise disturbance does not affect
the formation of word association and perceptual defense of an individual.
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Table 5. T-Test Result of Subject A and Subject B on the Measurement Of Recognition
Subject
A Subject B
Mean 13.4 13.6
Variance 2.8 2.8
Observations 5 5
Pearson Correlation 0.428571
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 4
t Stat -0.25
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.407451
t Critical one-tail 2.131847
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.814902
t Critical two-tail 2.776445
Table 5 shows the t-test result of the second phase of the experiment which is the
measurement of recognition of both Subject A and Subject B. The mean score of both subjects
only has a 0.2 difference with Subject A having 13.4 and Subject B having 13.6 since their
scores of recalling words are almost the same and the variance of the two subjects is the same
with the number of 2.8. The t stat score of the two subjects is -0.25 which is lower than the t
critical score of 2.131847 or 2.13 so the experimenter has to accept the null hypothesis therefore
it can be concluded that noise disturbance does not affect the formation of word association and
perceptual defense of an individual.
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DISCUSSION
Increase in association time can be accompanied by a greater difficulty in recognition.
Time pressure is one of the factors to why there is a possibility of difficulty in recognition or
recalling. The anxiety or panic reaction from time can lead to incorrectly doing the task or the
function of the cognition to not work. The mental capability of the individual can also affect the
association time and recognition. If the individual lacks focus or is dissociating, the chances of
understanding and accomplishing the task are low. Reaction time, thought process and
recognition will not give promising result as expected compared to a well prepared and alert
individual.
The interrelation between reaction time and recognition is a commonly used topic for
experimentation. Many researchers have tried different methodologies, variables, hypothesis and
models just to discover or give more validation and reliability on the results and conclusions
found about the topic. One of the most cited and replicated experiments about the factors
influencing speed and accuracy of word recognition is from the experiment of Richard Atkinson
and James Juola from Stanford University. According to the experiment made by Atkinson &
Juola in 1973, the factors that fasten reaction time and faster recognition of words are initial
knowledge, familiarity, visual recognition, extended memory, active response process,
awareness, vocabulary, and target-set. Though there are results from their experiment and from
other studies that contradict, these factors are the most mentioned and empirically speaking, is
true.
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Perceptual defense has different interpretations by different cites but leads to one point.
The American Psychological Association (APA) dictionary define perceptual defense in the
psychoanalytic theory that it is a misperception that is present when an anxiety-arousing stimuli
is distorted unconsciously. Oxford reference defines it as the process when a stimuli that has the
potential to be destructive, offensive or uncomfortable are either not perceived or distorted
especially if it only presented by a limited exposure time. The Collins Dictionary defines
perceptual defense as the psychological process to which certain stimuli are not perceived due to
its offensive and threatening nature. From the psychological review of McGinnies 1949,
perceptual defense is a theory in which people used defense in the form of perceiving when a
negative outside stimulus is present.
Taboo is defined as words that either lie on the other end of the spectrum – too good or
too bad. As the English language progresses, the word taboo has lead almost entirely as a
negative connotation or sometimes considered as forbidden or rude words if used in different
settings. Taboo words are either: Religious, Name Replacement or Sensitive Topic. Some of the
stimulus words used in this experiment are considered taboo since it is under the sensitive topic
umbrella of the taboo classification. Words like Titi and Puki are both Tagalog translation of the
male and female genital that if used in a conversation or even overheard from somewhere makes
it inappropriate and makes an individual react either in a positive or negative way.
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CONCLUSION
The two subjects of this experiment experience two different environment. Subject A
being in a comfortable setting of her choice while Subject B is in an environment where there is
noise and factors that may or may not give her a feeling of discomfort. To prove the hypothesis,
minimal risk is added that did not harm or imply injury to any of the subject. Based on the
findings in the two-part experiment, it can be concluded that noise distraction on the individuals
setting does not affect either positively or negatively the formation of word association and
perceptual defense of an individual. Through the result of the presented T-Test of the two
subjects on the first phase of the experiment which presents that the T stat score is 0.234644 or
0.23 which is lower than t critical score of 1.660551 or 1.66 therefore accepting the null
hypothesis that noise disturbance does not affect the formation of word association and
perceptual defense of an individual. The second phase of the experiment got t stat score of the
two subjects is -0.25 which is lower than the t critical score of 2.131847 or 2.13 so the
experimenter must accept the null hypothesis therefore it can be concluded that noise
disturbance does not affect the formation of word association and perceptual defense of an
individual.
From the given results on the two phases of the experiment, the experimenter can
conclude that noise distraction and uncomfortable setting are not additional factors that can
influence on the association time and recognition of an individual. The familiarity and repetition
of the words can be an extraneous variable to why the conclusion of this experiment rejected the
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hypothesis, but future involvement and different method may change the validity of the results
that showed in this two-phase experiment.
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APPENDIX
Appendix A: Letter of Consent
“I, Aola Kyra B. Bautista a student at the University of Perpetual Help System of Laguna. I’ am
inviting you to participate in a research study. Involvement in the study is voluntary, so you may
choose to participate or not. I’m going to explain the study to you and feel free to ask any
questions that you may have about the research. I will be happy to explain anything in greater
detail.
I’m interested to learn more about Extra Sensory Perception. In this test, you will guess what
symbol, Circle, Square, Cross, Waves or Star, is on the card I will pick up. There are a total of
fifty (50) cards meaning you will guess fifty times for five (5) trials. All information will be kept
anonymous and confidential. If anonymous, this means that your name will not appear
anywhere and no one except me will know your answers. I will use a made-up name for you in
any articles that are provided, and I will not expose or change specifics about where you work,
where you live, any personal information about you, and so on. By providing your information,
these risks will be reduced. If you do not intend to continue, you may withdraw from the
study at any time and without penalty.
Participant: “All of my questions and concerns about this study have been addressed. I choose,
voluntarily, to participate in this research project. I certify that I am at least 18 years of age and
have signed with the experimenter:
ALLONAH PRINCESS D. RIZALDE February 8, 2023

Name of participant Date
AOLA KYRA B. BAUTISTA February 8, 2023

Name of investigator Date
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“I, Aola Kyra B. Bautista a student at the University of Perpetual Help System of Laguna. I’ am
inviting you to participate in a research study. Involvement in the study is voluntary, so you may
choose to participate or not. I’m going to explain the study to you and feel free to ask any
questions that you may have about the research. I will be happy to explain anything in greater
detail.
I’m interested to learn more about Extra Sensory Perception. In this test, you will guess what
symbol, Circle, Square, Cross, Waves or Star, is on the card I will pick up. There are a total of
fifty (50) cards meaning you will guess fifty times for five (5) trials. All information will be kept
anonymous and confidential. If anonymous, this means that your name will not appear
anywhere and no one except me will know your answers. I will use a made-up name for you in
any articles that are provided, and I will not expose or change specifics about where you work,
where you live, any personal information about you, and so on. By providing your information,
these risks will be reduced. If you do not intend to continue, you may withdraw from the
study at any time and without penalty.
Participant: “All of my questions and concerns about this study have been addressed. I choose,
voluntarily, to participate in this research project. I certify that I am at least 18 years of age and
have signed with the experimenter:
MARY JOY M. MANE February 8, 2023

Name of participant Date
AOLA KYRA B. BAUTISTA February 8, 2023

Name of investigator Date
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Appendix B: Apparatuses
Mongol Pencil # 2 Short White Folder
2-3 pcs. of Short Bond Paper 99 pcs. 3x3” Stimulus Cards
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Appendix C: Subjects
Subject A Subject B
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REFERENCES
Website
Factors influencing speed and accuracy of word recognition. Research Gate. (n.d.). Retrieved February
21, 2023, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243693264_Factors_influencing_speed_and_accuracy_of
_word_recognition
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Apa Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological
Association. Retrieved February 21, 2023, from https://dictionary.apa.org/perceptual-defense
Perceptual defence. Oxford Reference. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2023, from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100316449;jsessionid=9
B30F27C8FA5227CA3E3C687354E0F52
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. (n.d.). Perceptual defence definition and meaning: Collins english
dictionary. Perceptual defence definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved
February 21, 2023, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/perceptual-defence
IAC Publishing. (n.d.). What is an example of perceptual defense? Reference. Retrieved February 21,
2023, from https://www.reference.com/world-view/example-perceptual-defense-e914a72865cc2b
Babbel.com, & GmbH, L. N. (n.d.). Taboo words and why we use them. Babbel Magazine. Retrieved
February 21, 2023, from https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/taboo-words
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Taboo. StudySmarter US. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2023, from
https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/english/lexis-and-semantics/taboo/
McGinnies, E. (1970, January 1). [PDF] Emotionality and Perceptual Defense.: Semantic scholar.
Psychological review. Retrieved February 21, 2023, from
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Emotionality-and-perceptual-defense.-
McGinnies/370ecb4c619981568c009fbd26d169a6535ad739
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Word association definition & meaning. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February
21, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/word%20association
Word association. Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2023, from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/word-association
Daston, P. G. (1968, January 1). Word associations and sentence completion techniques. SpringerLink.
Retrieved February 21, 2023, from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-39577-
6_9#citeas
Carl Jung's word association test. Exploring your mind. (2021, November 15). Retrieved February 21,
2023, from https://exploringyourmind.com/carl-jung-word-association-test/
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2016, June 10). association. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/association-psychology
Noise pollution. Education. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2023, from
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/noise-pollution/
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Nathanson, J. A. and Berg, . Richard E. (2022, October 20). noise pollution. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/noise-pollution
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Noise definition & meaning. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 21, 2023,
from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/noise
Rugg, M. (2010, January 1). How does background noise affect our concentration? Scientific American.
Retrieved February 21, 2023, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ask-the-brains-
background-noise/
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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna-JONELTA

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA – JONELTA

College of Arts and Sciences

In Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements in

Formation of Word Association and Perceptual Defense

Aola Kyra B. Bautista

Mary Easter Claire Perez Torres

easily replicated to show the reliability and validity of the study.

of recollection or in memory. It stated that remembering or recalling any fragment of past

experiences would bind other events or experiences to eventually be remembered. As time

associationism as a theoretical view enveloping psychology. According to Britannica, the

effective principles used in active learning on any situation through empirical.

Word association is defined by Merriam Webster as a free association in which in the

conclusions such as interviews.

psychoanalytic theory that it is a misperception that is present when an anxiety-arousing stimuli

the potential to be destructive, offensive or uncomfortable is either not perceived or distorted

negative outside stimulus is present.

impairments in memory and in attention span.

connotation or sometimes considered as forbidden or rude words if used in different settings.

factors are the most mentioned and empirically speaking, is true.

word and manifesting shyness.

with only a second of exposure time).

remembered every trial.

hypotheses that were produced by the researcher.

Perceptual Defense of a Person

necessarily needed to have an answer after conducting the experiment:

1. Why is the increase in association time accompanied by a greater difficulty of

3. What does perceptual defense mean?

4. Why are some of the stimulus words considered taboo?

Manifestations of Subject A and Subject B

STIMULUS ASSOCIATED WORDS (SUBJECT REACTION

TALAAN NILALAMAN 2.68 Normal

MARAMOT KAIBIGAN 1.56 Normal

BULKAN MALAKI 2.31 Normal

STIMULUS ASSOCIATED WORDS REACTION

LARAWAN PICTURE 2.2 Normal

KATAWAN MALAPAD 2.92 Normal

TOMBOY KASARIAN 3.76 Thought of what to say

associated words for some stimulus words, 37 times to be exact.

Figure 1. Reaction Time of Subject A and Subject B to 99 Stimulus Words

that keeps on missing unlike Subject A.

Figure 2. Number of Recalled Stimulus Words of Subject A and Subject B

No. of Trial Subject A Subject B

and Reaction Time

the formation of word association and perceptual defense of an individual.

Table 5. T-Test Result of Subject A and Subject B on the Measurement Of Recognition

perceptual defense of an individual.

Increase in association time can be accompanied by a greater difficulty in recognition.

knowledge, familiarity, visual recognition, extended memory, active response process,

psychoanalytic theory that it is a misperception that is present when an anxiety-arousing stimuli

potential to be destructive, offensive or uncomfortable are either not perceived or distorted

negative outside stimulus is present.

negative connotation or sometimes considered as forbidden or rude words if used in different

it inappropriate and makes an individual react either in a positive or negative way.

that showed in this two-phase experiment.

Appendix A: Letter of Consent

ALLONAH PRINCESS D. RIZALDE February 8, 2023

AOLA KYRA B. BAUTISTA February 8, 2023

MARY JOY M. MANE February 8, 2023

AOLA KYRA B. BAUTISTA February 8, 2023

Mongol Pencil # 2 Short White Folder

2-3 pcs. of Short Bond Paper 99 pcs. 3x3” Stimulus Cards