'10

N3(26)
marTlmsajuleba
da kanoni

Justice and Law #3(26)'10 Legal Journal

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da Justice and Law
kanoni
iuridiuli Jurnali
LEGAL JOURNAL

redaqtori
nino ZiZiguri
redaqtoris TanaSemwe
irma beqauri
nomerze muSaobdnen:
beqa Wedia
leila koSkaZe
marine vasaZe
dizaini:
besik danelia
fotouzrunvelyofa:
daviT xizaniSvili

saredaqcio sabWo:
diana berekaSvili
Tamar zambaxiZe
inga kvaWantiraZe
konstantine kublaSvili
zaza meiSvili
valeri cercvaZe akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis
gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba
Editorial Board: komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos
DIANA BEREKASHVILI mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos
TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi
INGA KVACHANTIRADZE nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI
ZAZA MEISHVILI
VALERI TSERTSVADZE

Editor:
NINO DZIDZIGURI
Assistant to Editor:
IRMA BEKAURI

The issue was prepared by:

BEKA CHEDIA
LEILA KOSHKADZE
MARINE VASADZE
gamocema momzadebulia proeqtis
Designed by `sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxardaWera~
BESIK DANELIA farglebSi, romelsac axorcielebs gaeros
ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) da
Photo support by
DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo.

gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa

ar emTxveodes gaeros ganviTarebis
English version of articles has been provided by Candidates programis (UNDP) da saqarTvelos uzenaesi
of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University
sasamarTlos mosazrebebs.

dabeWdilia Sps `formaSi~ Published by United Nations Development Programme

Printed in Forma Ltd Georgia (UNDP) and Supreme Court of Georgia within
the frame of the project” Support to Justice System”.

uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5

Views expressed in the edition belongs to its authors and
m-306
don‘t necessarily reflects the official position of UNDP and
ISSN 1512-388X Supreme Court Georgia
2
 sarCevi/CONTENTS

7 konstantine kublaSvili: `uvadod daniSnul mosamarTles

damoukideblobis da stabilurobis meti gancda aqvs~
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI: “JUDGES APPOINTED WITH LIFE TIME
TENURE HAVE HIGHER SENSE OF INDEPENDENCE AND STABILITY”.

16
maia ivaniZe
religiuri danaSauli Zveli qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebis mixedviT

RELIGIOUS CRIME ACCORDING TO ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF

GEORGIAN LAW
MAIA IVANIDZE

TinaTin CaCaniZe

22 saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba da saxelSekrulebo

samarTlianoba Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi

CONTRACTUAL FREEDOM AND CONTRACTUAL EQUITY

IN MODERN CONTRACTUAL LAW
TINATIN CHACHANIDZE

36
irma merebaSvili

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi gansjadobis institutSi

INTERNATIONAL TREATIES IN THE INSTITUTE OF COGNIZANCE

IRMA MEREBASHVILI

giorgi Tordia

mmarTvelobis naxevradsaprezidento modeli

48 saqarTveloSi mimdinare sakonstitucio cvlilebebis

WrilSi

SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL MODEL OF GOVERNANCE IN THE SCOPE OF

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS TAKING PLACE IN GEORGIA
GIORGI TORDIA

ekaterine qardava

55 mmarTvelobis cneba da kerZo da sajaro samarTlis

mimarTeba mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis procesSi

THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNANCE AND RELATION OF PRIVATE AND

PUBLIC LAW IN THE PROCESS OF ADMINISTERING THE
GOVERNANCE
EKATERINE KARDAVA
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giorgi TumaniSvili

`gaidlainebis~ marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi

gamoyenebis sakiTxisaTvis
REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE “GUIDELINES” WITHIN
THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
GIORGI TUMANISHVILI

ilona gagua
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT

75 gaTvaliswinebuli mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri

ganawilebis TaviseburebaTa analizi

ANALYZES ON THE SPECIFICATION OF THE NEW DISTRIBUTION OF

THE BURDEN OF PROVE ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL PROCEDURE
CODE OF GEORGIA
ILONA GAGUA

mixeil gabunia

96 danaSaulobis gamomwvevi mizezebis kriminologiuri

aspeqtebi

REASONS CAUSING THE CRIME CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS

MIKHEIL GABUNIA

elene gvencaZe

103 danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba kontinenturi qveynebisa

da iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebis mixedviT

COMPLICITY IN A CRIME ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL CODES OF

CONTINENTAL STATES AND JAPAN
ELENE GVENTSADZE

daviT wulaia

123 kriminologiis mniSvneloba saxelmwifosa da

sazogadoebaSi

IMPORTANCE OF CIMINOLOGY IN THE STATE AND SOCIETY

DAVIT TSULAIA

134
Temur cqitiSvili

genocidis cneba da Semadgenloba

CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE AND ITS COMPOSITION

TEMUR TSKITISHVILI

151 axali ambebi

4
Zvirfaso megobrebo!

vin, Tu ara Tqven SegiZliaT SeafasoT iuridiuli mecnierebis

ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da sa-
qarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis perioduli gamocemebis _
`marTlmsajuleba~ da `marTlmsajuleba da kanonis~ mniSvnelo-
ba. aRniSnul JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli mravalferovani sta-
tiebi sainteresoa praqtikosi Tu Teoretikosi iuristebisaTvis
da doqtorantebisaTvis, xolo aqtualuri interviu Tu sxvadas-
xva saxis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi informacias awvdis sasa-
marTlo sistemis saqmianobiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels, rasac
adasturebs Jurnalebis gamocemaze moTxovna, rogorc qveyanaSi,
aseve, mis farglebs gareT.

misasalmebelia, rom es ori Jurnali gaerTianda, Seiqmna pro-

fesionali kadrebiT dakompleqtebuli redaqcia da vfiqrobT,
kidev ufro daxvewil gamocemas miviRebT.

gvjera, rom Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~ Tqveni mxar-

daWeriTa da aqtiuri TanamSromlobiT Rirseul adgils daim-
kvidrebs sxva iuridiul gamocemaTa Soris.
pativiscemiT,

nino ZiZiguri
mTavari redaqtori

Dear Friends,

We believe that you are the  ones who can best evaluate the importance of the 
periodical law  journals “Justice” and  “Justice  and Law”, issued by the Georgian
Judges Association and by the Supreme Court of Georgia, for the development of
legal science in Georgia. Variety of the articles  published in these journals are
interesting practitioners as well as scholars and PHD students. Crucial interviews as
well as legislative novelties published in these journals provide the information update
interested persons regarding the developments within the judiciary. High demand on
the editions of the  journals within the country as well as abroad is a good prove  of
that.

Merger of these two journals has to be welcomed. Group of  highly competent
editors was formed and we believe that the new edition will be even more advanced.
We would like to believe that the journal “Justice and Law”, through your support
and active cooperation will become a solid edition among other legal editions.

Respectfuly,

NINO DZIDZIGURI
Editor in Chief

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`uvadod daniSnul
mosamarTles
damoukideblobis
da stabilurobis
meti gancda aqvs~

`vfiqrob, rom nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo

daimkvidrebs adgils sasamarTloSi da, saerTod,
samarTlis sistemaSi. qveynis ganviTarebis am etapze
marTlmsajulebaSi xalxis monawileoba
SesaZlebelia. mimaCnia, rom sazogadoebas SeuZlia
miiRos samarTliani gadawyvetileba~, _ acxadebs uzenaesi
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare konstantine kublaSvili,
romelTan interviuSic gaecnobiT sasamarTlo sistemaSi
ganxorcielebul da mosalodnel siaxleebs.

batono kote, saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asoci-

aciisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos ori gamocema ga-
erTianda da mkiTxveli miiRebs axali tipis gam-
sxvilebul erT Jurnals. ratom moxda ori Jurna-
lis gaerTianeba da ra dadebiTi Sedegi eqneba mas?

_ am gaerTianebis mizani iyo, rom samecnieri xasiaTis gamo-

cema ufro mravalferovani da saintereso gamxdariyo, miT
umetes, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos da mosamarTleTa aso-
ciaciis Jurnalebi erT wiaRSi iqmneboda da orive resur-
sis SeerTebiT bunebrivia, gacilebiT ukeTes produqts
miviRebT. Tanac, mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da uzenaesi
sasamarTlos JurnalSi profesionalebi moRvaweoben da
maTi gaerTianebiT kidev ufro daxvewil gamocemas mivi-
RebT.

7
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da kanoni
aRsaniSnavia, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos ga-
mocema Zalze popularuli iyo da warma-
tebiT vrceldeboda, amis dasturia isic,
rom mis Sesaxeb daaxloebiT 25 qveynidan
mogvivida werilebi. aseTive popularulia
asociaciis Jurnalic da miviReT gadawy-
vetileba, rom am ori popularuli gamoce-
mis gaerTianebiT erTi soliduri samecni-
ero Jurnali SevqmnaT, romelsac mkiTxve-
li weliwadSi oTxjer miiRebs.
batono kote, ar SeiZleba ar dagis-
vaT kiTxva 1 oqtomberTan dakavSi-
rebiT, roca nafic msajulTa sasa-
marTlo amoqmeddeba. Tqven yovel-
Tvis optimisturad iyaviT ganwyo-
bili am siaxlisadmi, rogor fiq-
robT, gamarTldeba Tqveni opti-
mizmi? miiRebs qarTuli sazogado-
eba am siaxles?
_ me, axlac optimisturad var ganwyobili
da darwmunebiT SemiZlia Tqma, rom es ins-
tituti warmatebiT amuSavdeba. vfiqrob,
rom iseT qveyanaSic ki, rogoric saqarT-
veloa, romelsac aranairi gamocdileba
ara aqvs am mxriv, nafic msajulTa sasamar-
Tlo daimkvidrebs adgils sasamarTloSi
da, saerTod, samarTlis sistemaSi. qveynis
ganviTarebis am etapze marTlmsajulebaSi
xalxis monawileoba SesaZlebelia. mimaCnia,
rom sazogadoebas SeuZlia miiRos samar-
Tliani gadawyvetileba.
sazogadoebaSi moxdeba Zalze seriozuli
gardatexa, moqalaqeebis marTlSegneba
amaRldeba da isini gacilebiT obieqturad
Seafaseben ara marto sasamarTloSi, saer-
Tod, qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebs. Tavad
gamocdian ra Znelia da ramxela pasuxis-
8
mgeblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli gadawyve-
tilebis miReba. es aris marTlmsajulebaSi
sazogadoebis pirdapiri monawileoba, mo-
samarTlis, advokatis, prokuraturis Ca-
revis gareSe. vfiqrob, am sistemam unda
gaamarTlos. pirvel rigSi, is moqalaqeebi-
saTvis iqneba Zalian kargi, radgan gaiTa-
viseben konkretul pasuxismgeblobas qvey-
nisa da sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sa-
kiTxebis winaSe. sazogadoebis warmomad-
genlebi mixvdebian, rom am qveyanaSi maT
ekiTxebaT da maTi gadasawyvetia bevri ram.
moqalaqe mixvdeba, rom pasuxismgebloba
qveynis winaSe ar aris mxolod sakuTar
Tavze da ojaxze zrunva.
Cven Zalian bevri gavakeTeT, rom sazoga-
doebamde migvetana sruli informacia am
siaxlis Taobaze, rasac mivaRwieT kidec. sa-
zogadoebisaTvis ukve Zalze kargadaa cno-
bili am cvlilebis Sesaxeb. amis dasturia
gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi, romelic cxadyofs,
rom mosaxleobas gaaCnia TiTqmis srulyo-
fili informacia am axali institutisa da
im pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze, romelic maT
daekisrebaT.
Cveni saqmianoba am mimarTulebiT gagrZel-
deba da sazogadoeba nebismier dros mii-
Rebs Cvengan detalur informacias, raTa
ukeT iyos informirebuli mimdinare pro-
cesebis Taobaze.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos garda
1 oqtombridan sruliad axali tipis
marTlmsajuleba amoqmeddeba, mzad
arian mosamarTleebi am siaxlisaTvis?
_ SemiZlia vTqva, rom Cven srulyofilad
mzad varT axali procesis misaRebad da
darwmunebuli var, pirvelive procesi na-
fic msajulTa monawileobiT sasamarTlo-
Si warmatebulad Catardeba.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo procesebs
sasamarTlo Zalze momzadebuli xvdeba,
ori wlis manZilze mosamarTleebi inten-
siur treningebs gadiodnen, rogorc qarT-
vel, ise ucxoel eqspertebTan. amitomac,
darwmunebuli var procesis warmarTvas
mosamarTleebi Tavs gaarTmeven, miT ume-
tes, TbilisSi, sadac Zalze maRali kvali-
fikaciis profesionali mosamarTleebi
gvyavs da am mxriv problema ar arsebobs.
axali saproceso kodeqsis miRebiT mTli-
anad icvleba sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba
da gadadis SejibrebiTobis principze.
procesi mxareebis kvalifikaciaze iqneba
damokidebuli. isini myari, argumentire-
buli mtkicebulebebiT unda gamovidnen
procesze da mosamarTle mxolod maTi mtki-
cebulebebis safuZvelze miiRebs gadawy-
vetilebas da Tu rogors, es mxareebze iq-
neba damokidebuli. saproceso kodeqsSi Za-
lian mkveTradaa gansazRvruli mxareebis
Tanaswori ufleba-movaleobebi. es iqneba
sruliad axali procesi, asi procentiT gan-
sxvavebuli Zveli procesisagan. mosamar-
Tle mxolod arbitris rolSi iqneba pro-
cesze da Seafasebs mxareebis mier ward-
genil mtkicebulebebs.
mosamarTleebma didi yuradReba zogadad,
axali wesebis mimarT unda gamoiCinon, rad-
ganac sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso
kodeqsiT faqtobrivad, yvelaferi icvle-
ba. axali kodeqsis implementacia sakmaod
rTuli procesia da mas mosamarTleebi Zal-
ze yuradRebiT unda moekidon. nebismieri
9
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da kanoni
saproceso darRvevac ki, mxarisaTvis Se-
saZloa saziano aRmoCndes. Tumca, Cveni mo-
samarTleebi maTi profesionalizmidan da
kvalifikaciidan gamomdinare, am siaxli-
saTvis mzad arian da Tavs gaarTmeven mas.
batono kote, gasuli wlis bolos,
wlis Sedegebis Sejamebisas, 2010
wlis programis prezentaciac moax-
dineT, marTalia, wlis bolomde sami
Tve darCa, magram mainc, rogor fiq-
robT, ganaxorcieleT am wlis prog-
rama?
_ mimdinare wels, ramdenime mimarTulebiT
vmuSaobdiT, pirveli, ra Tqma unda, Seexe-
boda nafic msajulTa sasamarTlosaTvis
mzadebas, axali saproceso kodeqsis amoq-
medebas da mgoni es gavakeTeT warmatebu-
lad mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, radga-
nac Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo am
etapze mxolod TbilisSi imuSavebs, axali
kodeqsi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT
amoqmeddeba.
meore mimarTuleba iyo sasamarTloebis
gaerTianeba _ sul cota xnis winaT, Seiqmna
magistrati sasamarTloebi baRdadSi, wyal-
tubosa da tyibulSi, isini quTaisis gaer-
Tianebuli sasamarTlos farglebSi imoq-
medeben.
aRsaniSnavia, rom quTaisis sasamarTlos
reitingi yovelTvis Zalze maRali iyo, Ca-
tarebuli gamokiTxvebiT, moqalaqeTa ndo-
bis maCvenebeli quTaisis saqalaqo sasamar-
Tlos mimarT 60 procentze meti iyo. darw-
munebuli var, rom am gaerTianebis Semdeg
ukeTesi situacia Seiqmneba.
10
kidev erTi mimarTuleba iyo, axali mosa-
marTleebis momzadeba. wels 4 axali mosa-
marTle davniSneT da iusticiis skolaSi
Cairicxa 6 axali kandidati. noemberSi ki-
dev Catardeba mosamarTleTa sakvalifika-
cio gamocda da vvaraudobT, rom am gamoc-
dis Sedegad SerCeuli 5-6 axali kandidati
kvlav Cairicxeba skolaSi, romelic marT-
lac saukeTeso kadrebs amzadebs. es da sxva
mimarTulebebi, romelzec vmuSaobT, Cveni
yoveldRiuri saqmianobaa, rasac kvlav
aqtiurad gavagrZelebT.
Tqven ambobdiT xolme, rom mosa-
marTleTa sruli damoukideblobis
erT-erTi garanti maTi uvadod da-
niSvnaa, sainteresoa Tqveni az-
ri sakonstitucio cvlilebasTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic mosamarT-
leTa uvado daniSvnas iTvaliswi-
nebs.
_ Cveni ori warmomadgeneli, batoni zaza
meiSvili da batoni valeri cercvaZe sakon-
stitucio komisiis wevrebi iyvnen da am
cvlilebis miRebaSi aqtiurad monawileob-
dnen. am cvlilebas komisia mxars uWerda,
is misaRebia parlamentisTvisac. msjeloba
modelze da umniSvnelo detalebze mimdi-
nareobs, Tumca, sakamaTo ar aris, rom mo-
samarTle uvadod unda dainiSnos. uvadod
daniSnul mosamarTles damoukideblobis,
principulobis da stabilurobis ufro me-
ti gancda aqvs.
kamaTi gamoiwvia 3-wliani gamosac-
deli vadis gasvlis Semdeg uvadod
daniSvnis sistemam.
_ mosamarTle sami wliT dainiSneba gamo-
sacdeli vadiT, sami wlis Semdeg ki, uva-
dod. ramdenime qveyanas msgavsi praqtika
aqvs da es sistema Zalze kargad muSaobs.
sami weli swored is droa, roca mosamar-
Tle bolomde srulyofilad Camoyalibde-
ba profesionalad. garda iusticiis umaR-
les skolaSi miRebuli unar-Cvevebisa, mis-
Tvis praqtikuli gamocdileba Zalze mniS-
vnelovania.
msgavsi praqtika moqmedebs germaniaSi, sa-
dac gamosacdel vadad miCneulia 5 weli,
aseve, iaponiaSi, rumineTSi, SvedeTSi da
ungreTSi. sxvadasxva qveynebSi gamosac-
del vadad sxvadasxva periodia dawesebu-
li _ zogan erTi, zogan 5 weli. es aprobi-
rebuli sistemaa da moqmedebs warmatebu-
lad.
dabolos, batono kote, saintere-
soa, samomavlo gegmebi, kidev ra si-
axleebis ganxorcielebas apirebT
sasamarTlo sistemaSi?
_ pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnav, rom procesebi,
romlebic mimdinareobs, unda gagrZeldes.
saubaria, mosamarTleTa sakvalifikacio
gamocdebze, ris safuZvelze SerCeuli kan-
didatebis skolaSi Caricxvasa da mosamar-
Tled daniSvnis procesze; gagrZeldeba
pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis gamsx-
vileba _ ukve gvaqvs 16 gamsxvilebuli sa-
samarTlo da am procesis dasrulebis Sem-
deg, gveqneba 22 gaerTianebuli sasamarT-
lo. garda amisa, kvlav gagrZeldeba mosa-
marTleTa intensiuri gadamzadeba; gagr-
Zeldeba mosamarTleTa uvadod daniSvni-
saTvis mzadeba da a.S
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukve moqmedebs specia-
luri sistema, romlis meSveobiTac sxdo-
maTa darbazebSi keTdeba audioCawera, am-
jerad, gadavdivarT axal sistemaze _ au-
diooqmebze, rac daaCqarebs process da ki-
dev ufro gamWvirvales gaxdis.
momavali wlidan ramdenime sasamarTloSi
amoqmeddeba saqmeTa warmoebis eleqtro-
nuli programa. am programis danergviT
aRmoifxvreba furclebiT saqmiswarmoeba.
am programis gamarTulad amoqmedebas ori
weli dasWirdeba, raTa TanamSromlebma
srulyofilad Seiswavlon sistemis muSao-
bis wesi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sistema bevr
qveyanaSi ar aris. iseT ganviTarebul qveya-
naSi rogoricaa magaliTad, norvegia, es
sistema mxolod samoqalaqo saqmeebze moq-
medebs, amerikaSi ki, zogierT StatSi.
am da sxva teqnikuri Tu sxva saxis proce-
sis srulyofilad gasamarTavad ori welia
saWiro da miviRebT ufro metad srulyo-
fil, _ kidev ufro swraf da efeqtian marT-
lmsajulebas.
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“JUDGES APPOINTED
WITH LIFE TIME TENURE
HAVE HIGHER SENSE OF
INDEPENDENCE AND
STABILITY”

“I believe that that the jury trial will be well established in the
judiciary as well as in justice system in General. Participation of
public in administration of justice at this stage of development is
quite possible and I believe that public can render fair decision,” –
statement of the Chairman of the Supreme Court of Georgia,
Konstantine Kublashvili. In this interview, you will get introduced to the
implemented and expected novelties within the judiciary.

Mr. Kote, the journals of the Judges’ Association of Georgia

and of the Supreme Court have been merged, readers shall have
one journal that will be new style and thicker. What was the
reason for that and what kind of positive affects it might have?

– The purpose of this merge was to transform this journal into more scien-
tific, diverse and more interesting. Taking into account that these two jour-
nals were prepared in the same community, merging the resources of both,
will obviously end up in a better product. Professionals contribute to both
journals, with the merge of these two – edition will be higher quality.

It is worth mentioning that, Supreme Court’s edition was extremely popular

and was successfully distributed. This was also proved in letters received
from 25 countries. The journal of the Association is similarly popular, thus
we decided to merge these two to create one solid, scientific journal that will
be issued four times a year.

12
 Mr. Kote, we have to ask the question regard-
ing October 1, when the jury trial will be en-
forced. You were always optimistic regard-
ing this novelty. Do you think your optimism
will be justified? Shall the Georgian society
accept this novelty?
– I’m still optimistic and quite confident that this insti-
tute will function successfully. I believe that even in
Georgia, when we do not have any similar experience,
jury trial will become integral part of the court system
and the entire justice. At this stage of development,
public participation in justice system is quite possible
and I believe public can render a far decision.
This will be a huge transformation in the society, the
legal education of public will increase and they will have
amore objective judgment on the processes taking place
in the courts as well as in the entire country. They will
realize how difficult and what a big responsibility it is to
make decision. This is direct participation of public in
the administration of justice, without the involvement
of a judge, prosecutor and an attorney. I believe that
this system will be successful. First of all, it will be good
for citizens, as they will sense their responsibility towards
the country and society. Public representatives will real-
ize that their opinion is counted and they can decide
many things. A citizen shall understand that responsi-
bility before the state is not only taking care of yourself
and your family.
We did a lot to provide maximum information to the
public regarding this novelty and we achieved this. Public
already knows very well what is the change about. This is
also proved in the public opinion surveys, that shows that
population has quite comprehensive information regard-
ing this institute and the relevant responsibility.
We will continue to work in this direction and public
can receive the detailed information at any time to en-
sure they are well updated on the ongoing processes.
Besides the jury trial, completely new admin-
istration of justice shall be enforced starting
October 1. Are judges ready for this?
– I can say that we are fully prepared for the new pro-
cess and I’m quite confident that the very first jury trial
shall be held very successfully.
Court is very well prepared for the jury trial, during two
years, judges were taking intensive trainings, delivered
by Georgian as well as foreign experts. Thus, I’m quite
confident that judges will handle this trail very well, es-
pecially in Tbilisi where we have very competent judges
and have no problems in this regard.
Through adopting the new Criminal Procedural Code,
the entire criminal proceeding is change and is trans-
formed into adversarial principle. The trail will com-
pletely depend on the competence of the parties. Their
evidences have to be reasoned at the trial and accord-
ingly judge renders decision based on the evidences and
this decision will be determined by the parties. The Pro-
cedural Code very clearly defined the equal rights and
duties of the parties. This will be completely new pro-
cess, 100 % different from the old one. Judge will have
the role of arbiter at the trial and will evaluate the evi-
dences submitted by the parties.
Judge should focus on the new rules because the new
Criminal Procedure Code practically changes everything.
Implementation of the new Code is quite complicated
process and judges should be very careful. Any proce-
dural violation might damage the party. However, our
judges due to their professionalism and qualification,
are ready for this novelty and will handle it well.
Mr. Kote, last year, when summarizing the
annual results, you presented the programs
of 2010. Although there are still three months
left before the end of the year, but still, do
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you think you have implemented the whole
program?
– We have been working in several directions during this
year. First, obviously was the jury trial and the relevant
preparation and enforcement of the new Procedure
Code and I believe we were successful throughout Geor-
gia. At this stage, the jury trail will be introduced in Tbilisi
only, as for the Code, it will be enforced throughout
Georgia.
The second direction was the merge of the courts –
very recently we have established the magistrate courts
in Bagdadi, Tskaltubo and Tkibuli. They will operate
under the merged court of Kutaisi.
It’s worth mentioning that the rating of the Kutaisi Court
has been always high. According to the surveys, the rate
of public trust towards the Kutaisi City Court was more
than 60%. I’m sure that after the merge, the situation
will improve.
One more direction was the preparation of judges. This
year, we appointed 4 judges and 6 candidates were admit-
ted to the High School of Justice. There will be another
qualification exam for judges held in November and we
assume that 5-6 candidates selected through this exam
will be also admitted to the School, that indeed prepares
the best cadre. This and other directions, are our daily
activities and we aim to continue it very actively.
You have stated many times that one of the
guarantees for the independence of judges
is their life-time tenure. It is interesting to
know your opinion regarding the constitu-
tional amendments in regard with the life
time appointments of judges.
– Our two representatives, Mr. Zaza Meishvili and Mr.
Valeri Tsertsvadze were the members of the Constitu-
14
tional Commission and actively participated in the in-
troduction of these change. Commission supported this
change, it is acceptable for the Parliament. Discussion is
held regarding the few details, however, it’s not disput-
able that judge should be appointed for life. These judges
will have the higher sense of independence, stability and
responsibility.
The dispute was caused with the 3 years’ pro-
bation period before the life-time appoint-
ment.
– Judge shall be appointed for probation period, after 3
years – for life. Several countries have similar practice
and it works well. Three years is the time when judge
will become the real professional. Besides the skills re-
ceived in High School of Justice, practical experience
will be very important for him / her.
Similar practice is applied in Germany, probation pe-
riod there is 5 years, as well as in Japan, Romania, Swe-
den and Hungary. The probation period in different
countries varies from 1 to 5 years. This is an established
practice and works quite well.
And finally, Mr. Kote, it is interesting to find
out about the future plans, what kind of
novelties you plan to introduce to the judi-
ciary?
– First of all, I would like to mention that the processes
that are underway should continue. I mean the qualifi-
cation exams for judges that is the basis for admitting
them in the High School of Justice and assigning them
the judges’ positions; We will continue the merger of
the first instance courts – we already have 16 merged
courts and after finalizing this process, there will be 22
merged courts. Besides, the intensive retraining of judges
shall continue; the preparation for the process of life
time appointment will continue, etc.
It is worth mentioning that the special system of audio
recording in the court rooms is already functioning. At
this stage, we aim to shift to the system of audio proto-
cols. This will speed up the process and will ensure even
higher level of transparency.

Starting next year, the electronic case management pro-

gram shall be implemented. This will be eliminate the
case management though the papers. It will take two
years before this program shall be fully implemented
and before the staff will learn the application of the
system. It has to be mentioned also that in many coun-
tries they do not have similar software. In the developed
country like Norway, such system is applied just for civil
cases, in the State – in few states only.

We need two more years to finalize this and other tech-

nical processes and as a result we will have much more
advanced system – more speedy and effective adminis-
tration of justice.

15
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religiuri
danaSauli Zveli
qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebis mixedviT
maia ivaniZe
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTle,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis asocirebuli profesori

rwmenisa da zneobis simtkice TiToeuli eris sulieri

simdidris maCvenebelia. eris sulieri siZliere ki, ama Tu
im qveynis kulturis ganmsazRvreli.
saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTdamokidebuleba
yvela sxva gaerTianebasa da calkeul pirebTan wesrigdeba
saeklesio samarTaliT, romelic obieqturi gagebiT, im
normaTa erTobliobaa, romelic dadgenilia saeklesio
urTierTobis gansazRvrisa da mowesrigebisaTvis.1
Tavad saxelwodeba, saeklesio samarTali migviTiTebs,
rom igi Tavisi SinaarsiT, axlos dgas adamianis Semecnebis
gansxvavebul saRvTismetyvelo da iuridiul sferosTan.
maT Soris kavSiri eklesiasa da saxelmwifos urTierTo-
baSi gamoixateba.2
istoriuli TvalTaxedviT, Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT sa-
eklesio samarTlis mecnieruli Seswavlis Taviseburebebs
davinaxavT, rom saeklesio samarTlis SeswavliT cnobili
iuristebi iyvnen dainteresebulni. civilizebuli qveyne-
bis saeklesio samarTlis kera bolonia yofila. aq saek-
lesio samarTali Tavisi mniSvnelobiT romis samarTals
utoldeboda da masTan erTad iswavleboda.3
saqarTveloSi saeklesio samarTali, rogorc mecnie-
reba, dasabams saeklesio Zeglebidan iRebs. religiuri da-
naSaulis Sesaxebac swored maTSi mocemul cnobebze dayr-
dnobiT SegviZlia vimsjeloT.

16
 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos mWidro urTierTobaa asaxuli qarTuli samarTlis Zegleb-
Si, romlis ZiriTadi amosavalia Semdegi sityvebi: `nu sji TvalebiT, aramed samarTliT
sajeT.~ aq RvTisa da qveynis risxvis Zala, maTi zegavlena imdenad erwymoda erTmaneTs,
rom vaxtangis samarTlis 222-e muxlis mixedviT, `vinc qveyanasa da rjuls uorgulos…
mosisxleobas Cadis da mosisxled aris Seracxuli~.4
amave samarTlis ZeglSi calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili qveynis da rwmenis Ralatis Sem-
cvel danaSaulobebs. sagulisxmoa, rom mefe da kaTolikosi erTnairi uflebebiT sar-
gebloben, vinaidan `erTi xorcis xelmwife ars da meore sulisa~, amitom `mefisa da
kaTalikozis saqme ukadrisi Tu rac ram feri, orsav swori ars~.
Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis mixedviT, mefe da kaTolikosi uzenaes mosamar-
Tled arian aRiarebulni, vinaidan mefisa da kaTolikosis `samarTali aravisgan moiSle-
bis~. `uwyodeT, rameTu, rodesac mefe samarTalsa iqms, igi araodes ar moiSleba sxvaTa
mosamarTleTagan... viTarca erTa zeda mefe yofs samarTalsa, egre samRvdeloTa zeda
_ patriarqi~.5
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom RvTisa da miwis samarTali bevr SemTxvevaSi erTna-
irad asamarTlebs, erTnairad miuzRavs, magram iseTi mniSvnelovani samarTlis sferos
mowesrigeba, rogoric sisxlis samarTalia, mxolod xelmwifes eqvemdebareba.
`sisxlis samarTali xelmwifisa ars da man unda qnas, sxvas aravis SeuZlia maTi gari-
geba~. es debuleba moxseniebulia vaxtang VI-is krebulSi Sesul somxur samarTalSi.6
saxelmwifos gazrdil uflebebze miuTiTebs agreTve, e.w. `ganweseba sjulisa~, rac
niSnavs mefis mier mowonebuli adaTis, saqmis e.w. rjulad, anu saRvTo wesad qcevas:
`romelica moewonos mefeTa da brZanos sityua, igica mtkice unda iyos da imas ewodos
ganweseba sjulisa~.
maSasadame, SesaZlebeli iyo, rom mefis mier mowonebuli sajaro, saqveyno saqme da-
kanonebuliyo rogorc saRvTo wesi.
saerTod, `sjuli aris igi, romelica mefeTa brZanes da ganaweses~.
qronologiurad Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglTagan mniSvnelovania `kaTalikozTa
samarTali~, romelic TavadTa, aznaurTa da glexTa mier episkoposis winaaRmdegobas
sastikad SeaCvenebda. `kaTalikozTa samarTlis~ me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad, `vinc kaTali-
kozs da episkoposs, mRvdelTa urigo kadros da aginos… imrigad ganipatiJos~.7
aRbuRas samarTlis mixedviT, sasuliero pirTa mimarT cudad mopyroba damnaSaves
SeaCvenebda.
rac Seexeba somxur samarTals, igi mosamarTlisa da mRvdlis Tanasworuflebianobas
qadagebda, vinaidan `vinc mRvdelsa da mosamarTles avi uTxras da ara gaugonos ra,
erTnairad ganikiTxeba~.8 samagierod, eriskaci sasuliero pirs mxolod iseTi mZime da-
naSaulisaTvis ganikiTxavda, rogoric mkvleloba iyo. sxva danaSaulisaTvis RmrTis-
msaxurni mxolod samRvdeloebis wesebis Sesabamisad isjebodnen.
metad sainteresod gveCveneba aseve, qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi moxseniebuli
faqti, Tu raoden didi iyo ara marto eklesiis, aramed saeklesio dResaswaulTa gavlena
samarTalze, rameTu didmarxvis Jams rigi danaSaulisaTvis pasuxismgebloba saerTod
ixsneboda da mxolod `mkvlelni da avazakni ganikiTxodnen~.

17
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yovlisSemZle da xelSeuvali Zala aqvs eklesias, wminda saxls, `sadac Tu kaci iara-
RiT Sekazmuli mivides, eklesiaTa moweseTa saydridam gareT gamoagdon~.
maSasadame, eklesiaSi SeiaraRebuli Sesvla gansakuTrebiT isjeboda, aseve akrZa-
luli iyo eklesiaSi urigod moqceva, misi wesebis daumorCilebloba.
mokle mimoxilvis Sedegad, SeZlebisdagvarad, warmovaCineT religiisa da samarTlis
urTierTdamokidebulebis is Taviseburi niSnebi, rac asaxulia qarTuli samarTlis
ZeglebSi da qarTvel xalxs, rogorc morwmune da maRali samarTlebrivi kulturis
erad warmoaCens.
rac Seexeba Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi asaxul uSualod rwmenis da reli-
giis xelmyof danaSaulobebs, isini TavianTi Semadgenlobis, Sinaarsis, sasjelis saxis
mixedviT TaviseburebiT gamoirCevian da qarTveli xalxis ZvelTaZvel Cveulebebs sa-
ukeTesod warmoaCenen. maTze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia imdroindel saeklesio da saxe-
lisuflebo urTierTobebze vismjeloT. wminda sasuliero xasiaTis codvisaTvis sa-
magieros eklesia uzRavda, xolo sasuliero cxovrebis simSvidisa da wesrigis damrR-
vevebs Sesabamis sasjelebs saxelmwifo ufardebda.
religiuri danaSaulis saxeebidan qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi moZiebul masalebze
dayrdnobiT, saqarTveloSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli gaxldaT iseTi danaSaulo-
bebi, rogoric iyo mkrexeloba, rjulis gardamavloba da mwvalebloba.
mkrexeloba ZiriTadad, eklesiaSi da wminda adgilebze saeklesio sagnebis, wminda
nivTebis gatacebas niSnavda. Tumca, igive Semadgenlobad iyo miCneuli eklesiis dawva,
wminda adgilebze jvarisa da xatis dazianeba-ganadgureba.
vaxtang VI-is krebulSi moTavsebuli berZnuli samarTali mkrexelobis Camdens sxva-
dasxvagvarad sjida, imisda mixedviT, dRisiT Caidenda danaSauls, Tu RamiT.
`eklesiis mkrexelni, romelnica wavlen RamiTa, wmidasa trapezsa Sevlen da mis sam-
kauls moiparaven, dabrmavdes. ukeTu siRaribiTa TvisiTa dRisiT moipara vinme, is
gamoerTvas, asi joxi dakran da gaagdon~ (mux. 257).
`kaTalikozTa samarTalSi~ sagangebod aris gamoyofili Tavi `eklesiis mkrexelTaT-
vis~, romelic mkacrad sjis:
1. `vinc eklesiasa Sigan Sevides da saqoneli gamoitanos, eklesiasa misi saqoneli
miezRos da kaci daSavdes~.
2. `vinca qurdoba qnas, rarigadac pirvelad wesi yofiliyos, isre gardaaxdevinon~.
3. `vinca eklesia gatexos da xati ganZarcos ukanonod, Zels mieces~.9
rogorc vxedavT, mkrexelobad eklesiaSi arsebuli qonebis gatacebaa miCneuli,
Tumca, iqvea ganxiluli qurdoba. saintereso faqtia, rom mkrexeloba da qurdoba
gatacebuli qonebis xasiaTis mixedviT, imTaviTve gansxvavdeboda. qurdobad iTvleboda
wminda adgilebze da eklesiaSi mibarebuli qonebis gataceba, xolo mkrexelobad _ Tavad
eklesiis kuTvnili qonebis gataceba. magaliTad, `erT kacs raime amanaTad mibarebuli
qondes rame da iman saydarSi Seinaxos, imisi qurdi eklesiis mkrexveli ar aris, aramed
qurdia~.10
vaxtangis samarTlis wignis mixedviT, saydris gatexva, jvris da xatis dazianeba mkre-
xelobad miiCneoda da amgvari saqcielis Camdeni mefisa da kaTolikosis mier unda gasa-
marTlebuliyo.

18
 mwvaleblobis Sesaxeb aseve SeiZleba vimsjeloT qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi (dab.
mux. 8) moZiebuli masalebiT, romelTac `rjulis gardamavlobisa, mwvaleblisa da rju-
lis dagdebisa~ ewodeboda.
saerTod, Zvel qarTul samarTalSi mwvalebloba da rjulis gardamavloba erTna-
irad iyo ganxiluli.
`vin Seiqnas sjulis gardamvali da mwvalebeli~. iqvea mocemuli ganmarteba, rom
mwvaleblebi `qristeanTa Tana ver daimkuidreben~.
qristians ekrZaleboda mwvalebelze daqorwineba an qalis Txova. `mwvalebelTa Tana
qristianTa SeuRlebas nurvin yofen. nurca Svilsa Sensa miscem, nurca qalsa Sensa
miscem mwvalebels~, _ aseTi Seubralebelia kanoni mwvalebelTa mimarT.
rac Seexeba rjulis gardamavlobas, igi uflis cnebebis uaryofas niSnavda da RmrTis
winaSe borotebis CadenaSi gamoixateboda. `mamakaci gina dedakaci, romelman qmnes
boroti winaSe uflisa RmrTisa Senisa da gardahxdes mcnebaTa misTa~ _ iTvleboda
`sjulis gardamavlad~ da mkacrad isjeboda. Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi moce-
muli religiuri danaSaulobebis gacnobis Semdeg SesaZlebeloba gveZleva igive dana-
Saulobebi `didi sjulis kanonis~ mixedviT ganvixiloT.
masSi mocemuli masalebi religiuri danaSaulis istoriul xasiaTs asabuTeben da
Sesabamis cnobebs gvawvdian zemoT ganxiluli Semadgenlobebis, kerZod, mwvaleblobisa
da mkrexelobis Sesaxeb.
`kanoni mamaTani konstantinepolis SekrebulTanis~ mixedviT mwvalebeli _ eresis
mimdevars niSnavs, maSasadame, Tavad wvaleba _ eress. `wvaleba ukue yovlad yovliTurT
ganWrilTa da TviT sarwmunoebiTa ucxoqmnulTa uwodes~. 11
maSasadame, mwvalebeli `sarwmunoebisagan gandgomili, `gaWrili~ pirovnebaa. amitom
misTvis `anaTema~ _ SeCveneba metad seriozulia.
`didi sjulis kanonSi~ calke nawili eTmoba `mwvalebelT~. aq mocemulia Tu `rai
ars wvalebai da rai ganxeTqilebai da rai kide _ Sesakreblobai~.
gansakuTrebiT mZimed SeaCvenebdnen im episkoposs, romelic mwvalebels aziarebda.
aseve, mkacrad isjeboda pirovneba, romelic mwvalebels mowmed daudgeboda.
sainteresoa cnobebi mwvalebelTa marTlmadideblad moqcevisa da maTi ganaTvlis Se-
saxeb.
kerZod, maTTvis, `romelnic mwvalebelTagan moiqcen marTlmadideblobad da uku-
eTu SesaZlebel ars egeviTaraT maT moyuas yofiT eklesiisai da romelni maTgani naTel
iReben anu romelTa mxolod ecxebis oden~.
kanoni `mamaTni konstantinepolis Sekrebilni~ adgens, rom mwvalebelis Sewynareba
episkoposis mier saeklesio saqmisaTvis sastikad ikrZaleba. `xolo mwvalebeli Zuelve
sadve ganyrila eklesiisagan da Semdgomad Cven mier SeCvenebula~.
rac Seexeba `ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweras~, is adgens, rom `yovelni mwvalebelni sauku-
nodmca SeCuenebul arian~. `yovelTa mwvalebelTa saukunomsca ars wyevai da dausru-
lebeli SeCuenebai~.
mkrexeloba yvela samarTlis ZeglSi ganxilulia, rogorc wminda adgilidan nivTebis
gataceba; `didi sjulis kanonSi~ calke aris moxseniebuli saflavis Sebilwva da iqvea
ganmartebuli, rom aseTi pirovneba saflavis mZarcvelia.12

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maSasadame, Zvel qarTul samarTlis ZeglebSi moZiebuli wyaroebi saerTo warmod-

genas gviqmnian imdroindeli samarTlisa da eklesiis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. maTi gan-
zogadebis Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom religiuri danaSaulis obieqti odiTganve
samarTliT daculi sarwmunoebrivi interesi iyo. qarTveli eris tradiciebidan ga-
momdinare ki, es interesi sxvadasxvagvarad iyo daculi.
religiuri danaSaulis kvleva qarTuli saeklesio samarTlis Seswavlis Tvalsaz-
risiT, mcireodeni mcdelobaa, ramdenadac qarTuli samarTlis wyaroebSi asaxuli re-
ligiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis ganzogadeba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi rogori saxisa da xasiaTis qmedeba SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli
religiur danaSaulad.

bibliografia

1. Íèêîäèì Ì. Ì., "Ïðàâîñëàâíîå öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî", Ì., 1987;

2. Êðàñíîÿñåíü. Ì., "Öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî. ñî÷èíåíèå", Ì., 1906;
3. Áåðäíèêîâ È.Ñ., "Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ïîëîæåíèå ðåëèãèè â ðèìñêî-âèçàíòèéñêîé
èìïåðèè", Êàçàíü, 1881;
4. is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali batoniSvili vaxtangisa,
Tb., 1963;
5. is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali berZnuli, Tb., 1963;
6. is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali somxuri, Tb., 1963;
7. is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali kaTalikozTa, Tb., 1963;
8. didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975.

SeniSvnebi

1
Íèêîäèì Ì. Ì., "Ïðàâîñëàâíîå öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî", Ì., 1987, c. 668.
2
Êðàñíîÿñåíü Ì., "Öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî. ñî÷èíåíèå", Ì., 1906, c. 68.
3
Áåðäíèêîâ È.Ñ., "Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ïîëîæåíèå ðåëèãèè â ðèìñêî-
âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè", Êàçàíü, 1881, ñ. 16.
4
is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali batoniSvili vaxtangisa,
Tb., 1963, gv. 539.
5
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali berZnuli, Tb., 1963, gv. 174.
6
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali somxuri, Tb., 1963, gv. 386.
7
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali somxuri, Tb., 1963, gv. 396.
8
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali kaTalikozTa, Tb., 1963, gv. 317.
9
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali kaTalikozTa, Tb., 1963, gv. 394.
10
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali berZnuli, Tb., 1963, gv. 189.
11
didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975, gv. 121.
12
didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975, gv. 533.

20
RELIGIOUS CRIME
ACCORDING TO ANCIENT
MONUMENTS OF
GEORGIAN LAW

MAIA IVANIDZE
Judge of Tbilisi Court of Appeals ,
Associated Professor Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

The current work represents a modest attempt from the perspective of

research on religious crime.
We started the generalization of research issue from the examination of
anti-religious actions depicted in the ancient monuments of Georgian law.
Based on the information retained in those monuments we can discuss
not only the concept and the essence of religious crime, but also evaluate
secular and church attitudes of those times. For instance: for the sin of purely
religious nature the church was the one to pay back, while the violators of
tranquility of religious life and order were punished by the state.
From the range of types of religious crimes blasphemy, transformation
of faith (apostate) and heresy were spread since the beginning of times.
The materials about the mentioned crimes are retained in the Great Law
of Faith, the Law of Catholicoses and the Book of Law of King Vakhtang.
Blasphemy in every document of law is defined as stealing items from a holy
place.
Desecration of graves is separately mentioned in the Great Law of Faith
and explained that such a person is the robber of graves.
Therefore, the sources found in the monuments of ancient Georgian
law provide us with a general view on religious crimes. Namely, the object
of such a crime was always a legally protected interest of faith, which in
Georgia was secured by corresponding law.

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marTlmsajuleba
kanoni

saxelSekrulebo
Tavisufleba da
saxelSekrulebo
samarTlianoba
Tanamedrove
saxelSekrulebo
samarTalSi

TinaTin CaCaniZe
samarTlis doqtori,
Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo
universitetis samarTlis fakultetis asistent-profesori

saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba da misi mniSvneloba

kerZo samarTlisaTvis

kerZo samarTlisaTvis amosavalia saxelSekrulebo Ta-

visuflebis principi, romelic, SeiZleba, Tavisi mniSvne-
lobiT rwmenis, Tavisufali gamoxatvisa da Sromis ufle-
bas SevadaroT,1 amitom misi uzrunvelyofa Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos konstituciur movaleobas ganekuTvneba.2
saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba qarTuli samoqalaqo kanon-
mdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli kerZosamarTlebrivi princi-
pia.3 `xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisufleba, rogorc kerZo
avtonomiis mniSvnelovani gamoxatuleba, aris SesaZleb-
loba dados an ar dados pirma esa Tu is xelSekruleba,
SearCios misTvis sasurveli kontrahenti da xelSekrule-
bis meore mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT Tavisuflad gansazRvros
am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi~.4

22
 saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principi gulisxmobs, rom mxareebi Tavad gansazRv-
raven, Tu ra surT da rogor miaRwion sasurvel Sedegs. amisaTvis ki, maT kanoni gark-
veul CarCoSi aTavsebs _ `saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba samarTlebriv faseulobaTa
wesrigis farglebSia SesaZlebeli~.5 kanonmdebeli imperatiuli normebiT adgens samar-
Tlebriv wesrigs. samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi imperatiuli normebis mizania uflebaTa
borotad gamoyenebisagan sxvaTa Tavisuflebis dacva.6 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeq-
si (SemdgomSi ssk) imperatiul normebs socialur funqcias aniWebs da isini gansxvave-
bul interesTa dabalansebas emsaxurebian. aqedan gamomdinare, kerZo samarTalSi im-
peratiuli normebis arseboba stabiluri samoqalaqo brunvis damyarebisa da misi Se-
narCunebis xelSewyobiT aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca, maTi roli mkacrad unda ganisazR-
vros da gamomdinareobdes mxolod aucileblobidan. roca kanonmdebeli igrZnobs, rom
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis mowesrigeba mis gareSec SesaZlebelia, man gza sa-
xelSekrulebo Tavisuflebas unda dauTmos. kerZo samarTlis farglebSi yoveli sa-
marTlebrivi sakiTxi SeiZleba da sasurvelia kidec, gadawydes konkretuli SemTxvevis
dros arsebuli konfliqturi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.7 ganzogadebuli daskvnebi
zogjer konkretul situaciaSi problemis adekvaturi an ufro efeqtiani gadawyveti-
saTvis, SeiZleba nakleb sasargeblo iyos. kontrahentTa avtonomia gamoixateba maTi
moqmedebis konkretuli situaciisaTvis yvelaze Sesabamis mowesrigebaSic. am mxriv gan-
sakuTrebiT sayuradReboa grZelvadiani valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi. kerZosamarT-
lebrivi urTierTobebis subieqtebs esaWiroebaT `moqnili saxelSekrulebo samarTali~,
romelic maT urTierTobebs moawesrigebs kidec da Tan dautovebs farTo SesaZleb-
lobas, rom dasaxul miznebs miaRwion.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principis dabadebas Tavis
mxriv, xeli Seuwyo sabazro ekonomikamac.8 am mosazrebaSi SeiZleba saxelSekrulebo
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb mcdari warmodgena an masze sabazro urTierTobebis gavlenis
gadaWarbebuli gavlena igrZnobodes. Tumca erTi ram cxadia _ saxelSekrulebo Ta-
visuflebis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia me-19 saukunesa da Tanamedrove epoqaSi. ker-
Zod, Tu adre igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda individis mier gakeTebul arCe-
vans, dRes Tanamedrove samarTali kerZo arCevanze metad yuradRebas uTmobs bazars.
am ukanasknelisaTvis xelSekruleba instrumentia, romelic bazris subieqtTa valde-
bulebebis struqturas gansazRvravs.9 bazarze konkurenciis arseboba TavisTavad
moiazrebs, rom bazris subieqtebisaTvis moqmedebis mTavari principi saxelSekrulebo
Tavisuflebaa.

saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba

amrigad, saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba aucileblobaa, Tumca misi realizebis mas-

Stabi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebulia da zogjer, `saxelSekrulebo wo-
nasworobis~ problemasac ukavSirdeba. saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba aris Tanaswo-
robis praqtikuli gamovlineba. igi mxareTa Soris ufleba-movaleobebis samarTlian

23
 N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni

gadanawilebaze miuTiTebs da warmoiSoba maSin, roca kontrahentebi Tanabari uflebe-

bisa da movaleobebis matarebelni arian. roca arsebobs saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba,
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobac myardeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saxelSekrulebo
samarTlianobisaken swrafva saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis damyarebasac gulisxmobs.
rogorc ki, irRveva ufleba-movaleobaTa ekvivalenturoba, saxelSekrulebo wonas-
worobas safrTxe eqmneba. sagulisxmoa, rom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelSek-
rulebo wonasworobis miRweva metad rTuli da zogjer, SeuZlebelicaa.
`Tanamedrove evropuli kerZo samarTali saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis uaryofiTi
Sedegebis neitralizacias saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobiT axerxebs~.10 samarTlis
amocana aris adamianTa urTierTTanacxovrebis Sedegad warmoSobili konfliqtebis
samarTlianad mowesrigeba.11 aqedan gamomdinareobs Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo sa-
marTlis amocana, uzrunvelyos praqtikaSi `saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis~ damya-
reba. agreTve, daicvas xelSekrulebis SedarebiT susti mxare, mosTxovos meore mxares
kontrahentis interesebis gaTvaliswineba da `aiZulos~ orive maTgani, TanamSromlo-
basa da gulisxmierebaze daafuZnon saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi.12 amrigad, Tanamed-
rove saxelSekrulebo samarTlis erT-erTi amocana saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis
miRwevaa.
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevis idea Tanamedrove evropul samarTalSi
distributive (ganmanawilebeli) da commutative (urTierTSemcvleli) samarTlianobis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebebs SeiZleba SevadaroT. orive midgoma yuradRebas amaxvilebda eko-
nomikuri resursebis gadanawilebis Sedegebze da socialuri keTildReobis miRwevis
gzebs eZebda. pirveli eswrafvoda mdgomareobas, roca yvela flobs misTvis saWiro
resursebs, xolo meores mizani iyo, xeli Seewyo resursebis iseTi mopovebisaTvis, roca
ar Seilaxeboda sxva pirTa Tanabari uflebebi.13 Tanamedrove evropulma samarTalma
ki, yuradReba gaamaxvila kerZo samarTlis ZiriTad uflebebTan Sesabamisobaze.14 sa-
xelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevis mizniT kontrahentebma pativi unda scen Ziri-
Tad uflebebs da ar dauSvan saxelSekrulebo debulebebiT maTi darRveva, anu kerZo
samarTlis enaze rom vTqvaT, mudmivad unda icavdnen keTilsindisierebis princips.
faqtobrivad, samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ganmtkicebuli keTilsindisierad moqmedebis qcevis
standarti sajaro samarTliT garantirebuli ZiriTadi uflebebis kerZo samarTalSi
dacvis mTavari iaraRia. mas kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebze konstituciis nor-
mebis iribi zemoqmedebis Sedegadac miiCneven.15 saxelSekrulebo TavisuflebaSi ki, ga-
moxatvis Tavisuflebis magaliTs xedaven.16
samarTlianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc gansxvavebuli interesebis mimarT
Tanabari midgoma,17 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom igi subieqturi kategoriaa da TiToeuli
individi mas gansxvavebulad aRiqvams. gulisxmierebasa da samarTlianobas sxvadasxva
xelobis Tu profesiis adamianebi araerTgvarovnad afaseben, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
zneobriv da garemoSi arsebul sxva faqtorebze.18 arsebobs mosazreba, rom gulisxmi-
erebisa da samarTlianobis samarTlebriv koncefciaze gavlenas axdenen swored is de-
terminatorebi, romlebic marTaven kulturuli faseulobebis Camoyalibebis process
ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi.19 am mosazrebas safuZvlad unda edos savinis moZRvreba, rom

24
samarTali eris suls asaxavs.20 savinis moZRvreba, SeiZleba, srulad ver exmianebodes
21-e saukuneSi mimdinare globalizaciis process, magram vfiqrobT, swored kultu-
ruli individualizmi ganapirobebs samarTlianobis cnebis gansxvavebulad aRqmas
msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi, rac yvelaze metad aisaxeba sasamarTlo praqtikasa da
xelSekrulebaTa ganmartebis procesze.

saxelSekrulebo wonasworobasa da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobaze zemoqmedi

faqtorebi

saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis miRwevis upirvelesi meqanizmi Tavad kanonmdeblo-

baSia Cadebuli. saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba ver iqneba miRweuli kanonis winaSe
kontrahentTa Tanasworobis gareSe. ssk pirvelive muxliT ganamtkicebs samoqalaqo-
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis subieqtebis Tanasworobas da mkacrad SemosazRvravs
misi mowesrigebis sferos _ kerZo xasiaTis qonebrivi, saojaxo da piradi urTierTobebi,
romelic emyareba Tanasworobas. maSasadame, mxareTa Tanasworoba, rogorc principi,
aris samoqalaqo kodeqsiT mowesrigebul urTierTobaTa fundamenti. kerZo samarTalSi
Tanasworoba iTvaliswinebs iuridiul Tanasworobas samoqalaqo brunvis subieqtebs
Soris, maT qonebriv damoukideblobas, maTi mxriv iniciativis gamoCenas, gareSe pirTa
Caurevlobas maT saqmianobaSi.21
Tanasworoba, rogorc ZiriTadi uflebac ki, arasdros aris absoluturi. `Tanaswo-
robis princips ara aqvs totaluri Tanasworobis miRwevis pretenzia. Tanasworobis
principis moqmedeba SezRudulia realuri sinamdvilis sagnobrivi moculobiT~.22 kerZo
samarTalSi Tanasworobis SezRudva SeiZleba erTi mxriv, kanonidan gamomdinareobdes
an meore mxriv, igi warmoadgendes saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis darRvevis Sedegad
damdgar faqtobriv mdgomareobas. pirvelis magaliTia, saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis
kanonmdeblismieri SezRudva, xolo meoris magaliTad SegviZlia, Tundac iseTi grZel-
vadiani xelSekrulebebi movitanoT, roca erTi mxare meore mxaris gamoucdelobas iye-
nebs da misTvis naklebad xelsayrel saxelSekrulebo pirobebs sTavazobs.23
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis procesi Tavis kvals aCens sa-
xelSekrulebo wonasworobas. kerZod, globalizacia mianiSnebs, rom ekonomikuri faq-
torebi gavlenas axdenen kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebze.24 amis Sedegia, rom sa-
xelSekrulebo wonasworobaze, upirveles yovlisa, bazari axdens gavlenas. bazari xel-
Sekrulebis meSveobiT sakuTar ierarqiul safexurebs qmnis.25
saqmosanTa wrisaTvis xelSekruleba is iaraRia, romliTac ganisazRvreba maTi urTi-
erTobebis struqtura da isini sakuTar `samarTlebriv CarCos~ qmnian.26 xelSekrulebis
subieqtebi moqmedeben saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis farglebSi, Tumca, ekonomikuri
resursebis maT Soris gadanawileba mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs maT mier dasadebi xel-
Sekrulebis Sinaarsze. saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis damyarebisaTvis swored xelSek-
rulebis dadebis moments aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. roca momavali kontrahentebi
sawarmoebi arian, Tanabari ekonomikuri resursebi aqvT da xelSekrulebis dadebis mo-

25
 N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni

mentSi ara aqvT erTmaneTze ekonomikuri zemoqmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba,

saxelSekrulebo wonasworobas safrTxe naklebad emuqreba. amgvarad, ekonomikur
uTanasworobaSia Cadebuli saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis darRvevis erT-erTi mTavari
safrTxe. xelSekrulebis dadeba Rirebulebis Seqmnas ukavSirdeba da mxareebs gacno-
bierebuli aqvT, rom xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg isini ukeTes mdgomareobaSi unda
aRmoCndnen. amitom TiToeuli maTgani Seecdeba, miRebuli `sargeblidan~ misi kuTvnili
wili iyos meti.27 mxare, romelsac meti ekonomikuri resursi aqvs, Seecdeba, `aiZulos~
misi momavali kontrahenti, rom xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris dros pasiuri
roli Seasrulos da mxolod SeTavazebul saxelSekrulebo pirobebs daTanxmdes. aseT
viTarebaSi meti ekonomikuri resursis mqone kontrahenti moipovebs upiratesobas, ro-
melsac, SeiZleba, `saxelSekrulebo upiratesoba~ vuwodoT.
`saxelSekrulebo upiratesobaze~ zemoqmedebs informaciuli uTanasworobac. zog-
jer, mxareebi erTmaneTs umalaven iseT faqts, romelmac, SesaZloa, arsebiTi gavlena
iqonios nebis gamovlenaze. Tu erT-erT mxares SeumCneveli darCa misTvis cru an auci-
lebeli informaciis miwodebis faqti nebis gamovlenamde, maSin Semdeg etapze igi Se-
iZleba sakuTar kontrahentTan SedarebiT `araTanabar~ mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes.
bazari gansxvavebulad epyroba momxmareblebsac, rasac safuZvlad udevs momxmare-
belTa gansxvavebuli finansuri SesaZleblobebi, ganaTlebis done da socialuri sta-
tusi.28 momxmarebelTa dacvis aucilebloba, tradiciulad, gamarTlebulia imiT, rom
didi da monopolisturi mwarmoeblebi reklamis meSveobiT gavlenas axdenen momxmare-
belTa nebis gamovlenaze. aRniSnuli midgoma yuradRebas amaxvilebs momxmareblis eko-
nomikur sisusteze mimwodebelTan SedarebiT.29 faqtobrivad, mwarmoebeli yovelTvis
sargeblobs ekonomikuri upiratesobiT momxmarebelTan SedarebiT da resursebi ara-
Tanabrad nawildeba bazris subieqtebs Soris.30
saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis damrRvev faqtorTa amave kategoriaSi unda movaqci-
oT bazris tipi, rac uSualod zemoqmedebs mwarmoeblis mier momxmarebelTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsze. magaliTad, konkurentuli bazari icavs momxmarebels mwar-
moeblis mier ekonomikuri Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan, roca monopoliuri
an oligopoliuri bazari `pirdapir safrTxes~ warmoadgens momxmareblisaTvis.
`saxelSekrulebo upiratesobis~ mqone kontrahentis moqmedeba SeiZleba mis `opor-
tunistul~ qmedebaSi gadaizardos. oportunizmi ar aris samarTlebrivi kategoria,
igi qcevis xasiaTs gamoxatavs. saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi oportunizmi moicavs xel-
Sekrulebis Sinaarsisa an misi miznis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas, romelic, Tu saWiro
gaxda, sicrues an SeniRbul simarTlesac ki, emyareba.31 cxadia, ar SeiZleba davuSvaT,
rom upiratesobis mqone kontrahenti yovelTvis imoqmedebs `oportunistulad~. ubra-
lod, yovelTvis iarsebebs riski, rom man amgvarad imoqmedos. `faqtobrivad, oportu-
nizmi warmoadgens keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdego movlenas. igi aris kon-
trahentTa arakeTilsindisieri qcevis saxe da gulisxmierad moqmedebis movaleobis
darRevis Sedegi~.32
ssk sacilod, baTilad miiCnevs iZulebiT dadebul garigebebs33 da mxares aniWebs
ZaladobiT an muqariT dadebuli garigebis baTilobis moTxovnis uflebas. ekonomikuri

26
uTanasworobiT warmoSobili iZuleba scildeba dasaxelebuli normis mowesrigebis
sagans. igi arc ZaladobaSi gamoixateba da arc muqaraSi. am dros `iZuleba~ informaci-
ul xasiaTs atarebs.34
ssk specialur muxls uTmobs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT dadebuli garige-
bebis baTilobas.35 kanonmdebeli 55-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT ewinaaRmdegeba araekvi-
valentur garigebebs. garigeba orive mxarisaTvis Tanabrad unda iyos sargeblis mom-
tani, Tu erTi mxare mxolod sargebels naxavs, xolo meore mxarisaTvis tvirTi iqneba,
maSin saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba ara Tu dairRveva, aramed arc warmoiSoba da Ta-
visTavad arc saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba damyardeba. ekvivalenturoba ar niSnavs
absolutur ekvivalenturobas, aramed Sesrulebis Sinaarsze mianiSnebs. `xelSekrule-
bis erTi mxare ver SeiboWeba meore mxaris iseTi moqmedebiT, rac misTvis zianis mom-
tania. dauSvebelia ormxrivi xelSekruleba, romelic erTi mxarisaTvis Tavisufleba
iqneba da meorisaTvis ki, am Tavisuflebis SezRudva~.36 magaliTad, frenSaizingis xel-
Sekrulebebis misamarTiT xSirad gaismis sayveduri, rom erTi mxare ZiriTadad, uf-
lebebiT aris aRWurvili, xolo meore mxares umetesad, valdebulebebi akisria, rac
xelSekrulebaSi Warbad CarTuli zogadi debulebebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.37
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevisaTvis sayuradReboa zneobrioba da masTan
xelSekrulebis Sesabamisoba. `zneoba arapozitiuri samarTlis wyaroc aris~38 da mis sa-
winaaRmdego garigebebs ssk baTilad miiCnevs.39 `garigeba ewinaaRmdegeba zneobas, roca
zneobiT akrZaluli moqmedebis Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebs anda abrkolebs zneobis Se-
satyvisi moqmedebis ganxorcielebas~.40 zneoba SefasebiTi kategoriaa da sazogadoebis
istoriuli ganviTarebisa da msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT gansxvavdeba damokidebuleba
am cnebisadmi.

standartuli saxelSekrulebo debulebebis gavlena saxelSekrulebo

wonasworobaze

saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis sapirispiro cnebaa saxelSekrulebo usamarTloba.

igi qarTul iuridiul doqtrinaSi samoqalaqo brunvis damabrkolebel garemoebad
miiCneva.41 usamarTlo saxelSekrulebo debulebebis gaCenis mizezi, SeiZleba, individu-
alurad gansazRvruli pirobebi an standartuli saxelSekrulebo debulebebi iyos. am
ukanasknelisgan gacilebiT meti safrTxe momdinareobs,42 gansakuTrebiT ki, Tu gaviTva-
liswinebT standartuli pirobebis esoden farTod gamoyenebad praqtikas, rac da-
naxarjTa dazogviTa43 da riskis minimalizaciiT44 aris gamarTlebuli.
nebismieri xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi moicavs rogorc mxareTa mier gansazRvrul pi-
robebs agreTve, zogad principebs, tradiciebsa da Cveulebebs, xelSekrulebaSi integ-
rirebul kanonis normebs, Tanasworobisa da gonivrulad moqmedebis Sesaxeb daTqmebs.
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi swored CamoTvlil wyaroTa kombinaciis produqts warmoad-
gens, romelTa Soris yovelTvis arsebobs garkveuli ierarqiuli damokidebuleba.45
zogjer, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi mTlianad an nawilobriv erTi kontrahentis Semoqme-

27
 N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni

debaa, xolo meore mxare mxolod aqcepts akeTebs SeTavazebul pirobebze. amgvari gziT
iqmneba standartuli saxelSekrulebo debulebebi.
faqtobrivad, qarTveli kanonmdebeli aRiarebs, rom standartuli pirobebiT dade-
buli xelSekruleba SeiZleba, meore mxarisaTvis saziano Sedegis momtani iyos. stan-
dartuli debulebebis baTilobis safuZvelTa vrceli nusxa ssk-Si swored amgvari Se-
degebis prevenciasa da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba.
maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdego stan-
dartuli debulebis baTilobis daweseba. `kanonmdebeli yvela SemTxvevas ver gaiTva-
liswinebs. amitom 346-e muxlSi ganmtkicebulia zogadi norma, romelic mosamarTles
uflebas aZlevs, baTilad miiCnios standartuli pirobebis is debulebebi, romlebic
ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdegod sazianoa xelSekrulebis me-
ore mxarisaTvis~.46 ssk-is 346-e norma socialur funqcias atarebs da misi Rirseba swo-
red zogad mowesrigebaSia. xelSekrulebis yvela mxares, romelsac daeufleba gancda,
rom misTvis SeTavazebuli standartuli piroba ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis
princips da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis darRvevis magaliTia, aqvs kanoniT ganmt-
kicebuli ufleba, sasamarTlos meSveobiT moiTxovos standartuli pirobis baTiloba
346-e muxlze miTiTebiT. aRniSnuli norma exmianeba evropul doqtrinaSi arsebul mo-
sazrebas, rom standartul pirobebs samarTlianoba moeTxovebaT da Tanabar mdgoma-
reobaSi unda ayenebdnen mxareebs.47

xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi da saxelSekrulebo

samarTlianoba

dros SeuZlia daarRvios xelSekrulebis Tavdapirveli wonasworoba.48 Secvlil

garemoebebTan xelSekrulebis misadageba swored drois msvlelobiT darRveuli sa-
xelSekrulebo wonasworobis aRdgenis ssk-iT ganmtkicebuli saSualebaa.49 igi maSin
unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, roca Sesrulebis moTxovna, Secvlili garemoebebis gamo ewi-
naaRmdegeba samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sikeTeTa samarTliani (ekviva-
lenturi) gacvlisa da keTilsindisierebis moTxovnebs.50
cxadia, martooden xelSekrulebaSi Setanili cvlilebebi ver iqneba imis garanti,
rom saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba aRdgeba. am dros gansakuTrebuli misia isev keTil-
sindisierebasa da gulisxmierad moqmedebis princips unda daekisros da cvlileba xel-
Sekrulebis SinaarsSi darRveuli saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis aRdgenas unda emsa-
xurebodes. ssk-is 398-e muxlis me-3 nawili mxareebs ar akisrebs xelSekrulebis Secv-
lili garemoebebisadmi misadagebis upirobo valdebulebas.51 aRniSnuli norma icavs
im mxares, romlis interesebic, SeiZleba Seilaxos da ganamtkicebs mis uflebas, uari
Tqvas xelSekrulebaze, Tu axali saxelSekrulebo pirobebi misTvis miuRebeli an zianis
momtani iqneba. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis institutis
mizani aris ara nebismieri cvlileba xelSekrulebis SinaarsSi, aramed ufleba-movaleo-
baTa samarTliani ganawilebis uzrunvelyofa.

28
 saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevis gzebi

absoluturi saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba, vfiqrobT, mxolod miuRwevadi ide-

alia. rogorc Tanasworobis principi ar aris totaluri, ise saxelSekrulebo samar-
Tlianoba ver iqneba yovelTvis srulad realizebuli.
Tu saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba mxolod idealia da yovelTvis ver damyardeba,
maSin ra mizani aqvs wamoyenebul ideas saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis Sesaxeb? gamo-
dis, rom igi Tavidanve safuZvels moklebulia? am kiTxvebze pasuxi dadebiTi rom iyos,
maSin saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis idea arc ki gaxdeboda yuradRebis sagani. saxel-
Sekrulebo samarTlianoba idealia, romlis miRwevac mxareebma miznad unda dasaxon _
isini unda ecadon, maqsimaluri siaxlove SeinarCunon xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansaz-
Rvris dros samarTlianobis cnebasTan. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, kerZo samarTlis
principebis dacviTa da pativiscemiT unda ganxorcieldes. amboben, rom samarTlebriv
principebs swored orientiris funqcia aqvT.52 SeiZleba, ver iqnas miRweuli absolu-
turi saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba, magram mTavaria mxareebma samarTlianobis gan-
cda SeinarCunon. Tu xelSekrulebis pirobebi arc erT mxareSi usamarTlobis gancdas
ar badebs, maSin unda miviCnioT, rom saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba myardeba. iuridi-
ul doqtrinas saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis Sedegi amgvarad warmoudgenia: xelSek-
rulebis susti mxare ufro metad iqneba daculi; orive kontrahenti valdebuli iqneba,
gaiTvaliswinos erTmaneTis interesebi da TiToeuli xelSekruleba unda gamoixatos
iseTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis saxiT, romelic moicavs TanamSromlobis, urTierT-
Tanadgomisa da gulisxmierebis movaleobas.53
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara marto mxareTa Soris uf-
leba-movaleobaTa samarTliani gadanawileba (saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba), aramed
valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis xarisxi da uflebaTa ganxorcielebis formebi. valdebu-
leba unda Sesruldes jerovnad, keTilsindisierad daTqmul drosa da adgilze. val-
debulebiTi samarTlis es norma-principi Tu srulad Sesruldeba kontrahentTa mier,
maSin saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobac miRwevadi gaxdeba. SesaZlebelia, mxareebma
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi keTilsindisierebis principze dayrdnobiT gansazRvron, mag-
ram Sesrulebis dros igi aRar gaiTvaliswinon. valdebulebis darRveva saxelSekru-
lebo samarTlianobas ara Tu safrTxes uqmnis, aramed es ukanaskneli saerTod arc
damyardeba. braleuli qmedebiT damdgari zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis kanonmdeblo-
biT miniWebuli ufleba swored darRveuli samarTlianobis aRdgenas (an dadgomas)
emsaxureba.
yoveli konkretuli xelSekruleba adamianTa urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli gamov-
lineba54 da, aqedan gamomdinare, socialuri movlenaa. sociologiaSi arsebobs xelSek-
rulebis oTxi ZiriTad maxasiaTeblis gamoyofis mcdeloba, kerZod: 1. xelSekruleba
individTa nebelobiTi kavSiria; 2. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis subieqtebs Soris
gansazRvrulia uflebamosilebis farglebi; 3. xelSekruleba yovelTvis emyareba
nacvalgebobis princips, anu mxareebi misgan sargebels moelian; 4. saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebs mboWavi xasiaTi aqvT mxareTaTvis da ara sxva pirebisaTvis.55 xelSek-

29
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marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni

rulebis aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi universaluria samarTlebriv sistemebs Soris ar-

sebuli sxvaobis miuxedavad. misTvis mTavaria, axsnas xelSekrulebis, rogorc socia-
luri movlenis arsi. faqtobrivad, mxareTa mier xelSekrulebis nebis gamoxatviT dade-
ba ukavSirdeba sargeblis miRebis molodins. nakisri valdebulebebis Sinaarsi ki, maT
warmodgenebSi Sesasrulebeli valdebulebebis ekvivalenturi unda iyos. swored es
aris saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis molodini.
urTierTobam TiToeul mxares rom moutanos sargebeli, igi unda emyarebodes mxa-
reTa Soris ndobas, rac xels Seuwyobs maT TanamSromlobas. ndoba gansxvavebulad war-
moCndeba sajaro da kerZo samarTalSi. kerZo samarTali ndobaSi moiazrebs mxareTa
samarTlebriv molodinsa da maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis xasiaTs.56 gansakuTrebul
rols ki, igi grZelvadian valdebulebiT urTierTobebSi SeiZens.57 rac ufro xangrZli-
vi vadiT warmoiSoba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi, miT ufro mniSvnelovania mxareTa
Soris ndobis arseboba. Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTali aris erTgvari kompro-
misi individualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis survilsa da xangrZlivi da mtki-
ce urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis survils Soris, ufro sworad ki _ am ukanasknelis
sasargeblod gakeTebuli arCevani.58
ndoba socialuri urTierTqmedebis iseTi Sedegia, romelsac mniSvnelovnad ganapi-
robeben manamde dadebuli xelSekrulebebi da kontrahentTa gamocdileba.59 `gansakuT-
rebuli ndoba SesaZlebelia gamomdinareobdes aseve, Sesabamisi urTierTobebis sa-
xidan~.60 ndobisa da TanamSromlobis maRali xarisxi saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobaze
mianiSnebs. roca mxareebi erTmaneTs ndobas ucxadeben da nayofierad TanamSromloben,
maT samarTlianobis gancdac euflebaT da kmayofilni arian maT mier dadebuli xel-
SekrulebiT, anu ivaraudeba, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi mxareebi xelSekrulebis pi-
robebs samarTlianad aRiqvamen.
`keTilsindisierebis principi bevrwilad dakavSirebulia moralur standartebTan.
igi Tavad aris moraluri standarti, eTikur-samarTlebrivi principi~,61 masSi SeiZleba
moiazrebodes samarTlianoba, mizanSewoniloba, eTikuroba, zneobrioba da gulwrfe-
loba.62 `keTilsindisierebis principis mravalgvarma funqciam gamoiwvia, rom samosa-
marTlo samarTalSi igi gamoyenebul iqna samarTliani Sedegebis dadgomisaTvis da,
amave dros, aSkarad usamarTlo Sedegis Tavidan acilebisaTvis~.63 germanul samarTalSi
igi miCneulia samefo normad, romelmac ufro maRali moraluri faseulobebi SesZina
mTels germanul samarTals.64 keTilsindisierad moqmedeba moralur standartadac mi-
iCneva.65 igi umetesad gulisxmobs kontrahentis interesebis gaTvaliswinebasa da mxed-
velobaSi miRebas.66 aqedan gamomdinareobs daSveba, rom xelSekrulebis subieqtTa mier
keTilsindisierebis principis dacva mxareTa samarTlianad moqmedebaSi poulobs gamo-
xatulebas.
319-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi arsebuli kidev
erTi meqanizmia saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis misaRwevad. kontrahirebis iZuleba
`miznad isaxavs im pirTa dacvas, romelTa uflebebic SeiZleba Seilaxos bazarze gaba-
tonebuli mdgomareobis mqone sawarmoebis zegavleniT~.67 `saxelSekrulebo upirateso-
bis~ mqone mxares ekisreba valdebuleba, kontrahents Tanabari pirobebi SesTavazos.

30
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba izRudeba Unidroit-is saxelSekrulebo
normebiTac, rac samuSao jgufis mier ekonomikuri miznebiT aris gamarTlebuli.68
faqtobrivad, es aris kidev erTi dadastureba im garemoebisa, rom saxelSekrulebo
samarTlianobisaTvis erT-erT mTavar winaaRmdegobas ekonomikuri uTanasworoba war-
moadgens.

daskvna

SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebis instituti Tanamedrove samoqalaqo samarTalSi Tavi-

suflebisa da samarTlianobis cnebebisagan izolirebulad ganvixiloT,69 Tumca, arse-
bobs socialuri xasiaTis problema _ saxelSekrulebo usamarTloba, romelic konkre-
tuli xelSekrulebis dros specifikurad vlindeba. utopiaa, rom kerZo samarTali
SeZlebs, srulad aRmofxvras saxelSekrulebo usamarTlobis gamomwvevi faqtorebi.
es daaxloebiT imas waagavs, rom adamianma miznad daisaxos idealuri sazogadoebis Seq-
mna, sadac mxolod sikeTe da saTnoeba imefebs. kerZo samarTali amkvidrebs saxelSek-
rulebo samarTlianobisaTvis aucilebel ZiriTad principebs, rogoricaa Tanasworoba,
kerZo avtonomia, keTilsindisierad da gulisxmierad moqmedeba. isini saxelSekrulebo
wonasworobaze uaryofiTad zemoqmed faqtorTa erTgvar `neitralizacias~ unda axden-
dnen, xolo samoqalaqo kodeqsis principebis praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba uSualod urTi-
erTobebis monawileebzea damokidebuli. kerZo samarTlis subieqtebma unda daicvan
da pativi scen kerZo samarTlis principebSi asaxul Rirebulebebs, rac SemdgomSi sa-
xelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevaSi gamovlindeba.

31
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da
N
marTlmsajuleba
kanoni

SeniSvnebi:

1
H. Kötz, A. Flessner, T. Weir, European Contract Law, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1997, p. 5.
2
l. Wanturia, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba, xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebu-
leba, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~,
Tb., 2001, gv. 57.
3
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (miRebulia 1997 wlis 26 ivniss), muxli 319,
pirveli nawili.
4
l. Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
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5
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
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6
ssk, muxli 10, meore nawili.
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B. Gomard, H. Skovgaard, The Law of Contracts and the Pools, Scnadinavian Studies in Law, Vol.
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b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
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11
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17
Æ. Äå Ëà Ìîðàíäüåð. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî ôðàíöèè, èçä. Èíàñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Ì., 1960, ñ. 29.
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B. Gomard, Law and Society, Scandinavian Studies in Law, Vol.37, 1993, p. 37.
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21
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22
g. xubua, samarTlis Teoria, gamomcemloba `meridiani~, Tb., 2004, gv. 76.
23
magaliTad, amgvari viTareba iqmneba frenSaizingis xelSekrulebis dros.
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33
ssk, muxli 85.
34
G. Eidenmüller, Exerting Pressure in Contract Negotiations, ERCL, 1/2007, p. 22.

32
35
ssk, muxli 55. 1. garigeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos baTilad, Tu garigebiT gansaz-
Rvrul Sesrulebasa da am SesrulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas
Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa da garigeba daido mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom erT-
erTma mxarem borotad gamoiyena Tavisi sabazro Zalaufleba an isargebla
xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mdgomareobiT an gamocdilebiT (gulubryvilo-
biT).
36
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 266.
37
ix.: G. K. Hadfield, Problematic Realtions: Franchising and the Law of Incomplete Contracts,
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38
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
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39
ssk, muxli 54.
40
b. zoiZe, garigebani, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni pirveli, gamom-
cemloba `samarTali~, Tb., 2002, gv. 181.
41
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb. 2005, gv. 283.
42
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expanded edition, Kluwer / Ars aequi 1998, http://webh01.ua.ac.be/storme/bindingcharactercontracts.
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46
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47
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49
ssk, muxli 398.
50
b. zoiZe, xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi, samoqalaqo
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51
mxareebi, jer unda Seecadon, rom xelSekruleba miusadagon Secvlil gare-
moebebs. Tuki SeuZlebelia, xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebe-
bisadmi, an meore mxare amas ar eTanxmeba, maSin im mxares, romlis interesebic
dairRva, SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze.
52
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57
`valdebuleba iseTi kavSiria, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs pirTa
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1995, no. 51. miTiTebulia: M. W. Hesselink, The Concept of Good Faith, The paper was published
in: A.S. Hartkamp, E.H. Hondius, C.A. Joustra, C.E. du Perron, M. Veldman (eds), Towards a Euro-
pean Civil Code, 3rd ed. (The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer Law International 2004), http://
ssrn.com/abstract=1098856 (August,2009).
67
l. Wanturia, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba. xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebu-
leba, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~,
Tb., 2001, gv. 63.
68
Unidroit Priciples of International Commercial Contracts, Rome, 2004, p. 9.
69
l. Wanturia, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia _ evropuli integraciis
wina piroba, gamoxmaureba prof. b. zoiZis wignze `evropuli kerZo samarTlis
recepcia saqarTveloSi~, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005, gv. 187.

34
CONTRACTUAL FREEDOM
AND CONTRACTUAL
EQUITY IN MODERN
CONTRACTUAL LAW

TINATIN CHACHANIDZE
Doctor of Law,
Tbilisi State University of Economic IssuesAssistant Professor

Contract is the means for satisfying individual wills. There is no defini-

tion of the Contract, that would be acceptable without arguing. However, all
legal systems agree that contract under any circumstances means that there
is agreement between the parties. No matter how isolated are the theories of
expression of will, the Common low still recognizes the contract is the result
of expressing the consented will of the parties. Accordingly, contractual free-
dom is the concept that has identical substance in number of legal systems’
doctrines. Nowadays, it became one of the major legal “means” for satisfy-
ing the interests of certain individuals. Market economy has shaped the mean-
ing of the contractual freedom in different perspective.
Modern contractual law pay special attention to the contractual equity.
Contractual freedom and contractual equity are already co-related topics. In
the presented Article, author reviews importance of the contractual equity
in the modern era, as well as outcomes of its implementation and the con-
cept of contractual equity. We consider that the contractual equity is of the
social nature and it very often depends on the distribution of the economic
resources within the parties. The Article also reviews negative factors effect-
ing the contractual equity. It analyzes general principles and norms of the
Civil Code of Georgia, including obligation of acting faithfully and what
kind of affect it may have on the contractual equity.

35
 3
da
N
marTlmsajuleba
kanoni

saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebi
gansjadobis
institutSi

irma merebaSvili
samarTalmcodneobis doqtori,
aibi evro-kavkasiuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

sasamarTlos mier samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvisas da

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis efeqtianobis Sefasebi-
sas, sayuradReboa ara mxolod saxelmwifos mier saqmis gan-
mxilveli sasamarTlo struqturebis sworad organizebis
sakiTxi, aramed konkretuli sasamarTlosadmi saqmeTa daq-
vemdebarebis srulyofili mowesrigebac. es sakiTxebi, Zi-
riTadad, regulirdeba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
saqmeTa gansjadobas Sesaxeb debulebebiT. Tumca, yvela
qveyanaSi garkveul problemebs ukavSirdeba ucxouri ele-
mentiT datvirTuli samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilva da ga-
dawyveta. cnobilia, rom qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobis gar-
da, es sakiTxebi ZiriTadad, regulirdeba saxelmwifoTa
Soris gaformebuli saerTaSoriso aqtebiT.
konkretuli qveynis sasamarTlosadmi samoqalaqo saq-
meTa daqvemdebarebisas, aRniSnuli sakiTxi SesaZloa, da-
regulirdes mxareTa SeTanxmebiTac. saerTaSoriso kerZo
samarTlis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-18 muxli gan-
sazRvravs mxareTa SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobas, rogorc sa-
qarTvelos sasamarTlos, ise ucxo qveynis sasamarTlos sa-
erTaSoriso kompetenciaze.1 amis Taobaze mecnieri T. li-
luaSvili aRniSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis
Sesaxeb kanonis Sesabamisad, mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen
saqarTvelos sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso kompetenciaze

36
maSinac, rodesac igi kompetenturi ar aris, aseTi kategoriis saqmeebis ganxilva-
ze.2
sasamarTloTa saerTaSoriso gansjadobis gansazRvrisaTvis, sxvadasxva saxelmwi-
foSi sxvadasxva kriteriumebis gamoyenebam, sruliad SesaZlebelia, Seqmnas iseTi situa-
cia, rodesac erTi da igive samoqalaqo saqme, erTsa da imave dros, sxvadasxva qveynis
sasamarTlos gansjadobas daeqvemdebaros. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, sakiTxi unda
mowesrigdes rogorc qveynis Sida, ise saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobiT.
rusi mecnieri a. p. anufrieva ayalibebs Sexedulebebs im saerTaSoriso xelSekru-
lebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic moqmedebs sasamarTloebis mier samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeTa
ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT. maTSi igi gamoyofs kategoriebs. mecnieris azriT, pirveli
kategoriis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis magaliTebia: 1952 wlis 10 maisis konvencia
zogierTi wesis unifikaciis Sesaxeb, romelic exeba sasamarTloTa Sejaxebis Sesaxeb
saqmeTa samoqalaqo iurisdiqcias; 1961 wlis 5 oqtombris konvencia arasrulwlovanTa
dacvis Sesaxeb saqmeebze gamosayenebeli samarTlisa da kompetenturi organoebis Sesa-
xeb; 1956 wlis 19 maisis konvencia saavtomobilo transportiT tvirTebis gadazidvis
saerTaSoriso molaparakebis Sesaxeb da sxva. xelSekrulebaTa meore kategoriis ricx-
vSia evrosabWos qveynebis briuselis 1968 wlis 27 seqtembris konvencia samoqalaqo da
savaWro saqmeebis gansjadobis, gadawyvetilebaTa cnobisa da aRsrulebis Sesaxeb; 1988
wlis 16 seqtembers, luganoSi dadebuli konvencia samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebze
iurisdiqciis, gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis Se-
saxeb; 1992 wlis 20 martis SeTanxmeba sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli davebis gadawyvetis wesis Sesaxeb; 1993 wlis 22 ianvars, minskSi dadebuli dsT-s
qveynebis konvencia, aseve, 1998 wlis 6 martis SeTanxmeba Tanamegobrobis wevri qveynebis
teritoriaze saarbitraJo, sameurneo da ekonomikuri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetile-
bebis urTierTaRsrulebis wesis Sesaxeb.3
am konvenciaTagan udavod did yuradRebas imsaxurebs e. w. luganosa da briuselis
konvenciebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba analogiuri suliskveTebiTa da erTnairi principe-
biT. luganos konvenciam gaimeora ra, briuselis konvenciis rigi debulebebi, daazusta
Tavisufali vaWrobis evropuli asociaciis wevr qveynebs Soris Sesabamisi urTierTo-
bebis mowesrigebis sakiTxebi.
aRniSnul konvenciebSi erovnuli sasamarTloebis kompetenciis gamijvnis TiTqmis
gabatonebul niSnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxareTa da upirvelesad, mopasuxis sacxov-
rebeli adgili. luganos konvenciam SesaniSnavi samarTlebrivi pirobebi Seqmna evropu-
li wevri-qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis, gamijna ra, samoqalaqo da sa-
vaWro saqmeebze sasamarTloTa iurisdiqcia saxelmwifoTaSoriso masStabiT; uzrun-
velyo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis urTierTaRsruleba, dadgenili wesebis dacviT;
amasTan, saxelmwifoebs aacila zedmeti formalobebi da winaaRmdegobebi oficialuri
dokumentebisa da sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebis cnobisa da erTi saxelmwifodan me-
oreSi gadacemisas.
luganos konvenciis mier wingadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos briuselis konven-
ciisagan gansxvavebuli debuleba, romlis mixedviTac, es konvencia Riaa nebismieri sa-

37
 N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni

xelmwifosaTvis misaerTeblad, romelic Tundac, ar aris Tavisufali vaWrobis evro-

puli asociaciis wevri.4
aRniSnuli konvenciebis daniSnulebaze msjelobisas, germaneli mecnieri r. kniperi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs TiToeuli saxelmwifosaTvis am konvenciaTa mniSvnelobis sa-
kiTxebze da uTiTebs, rom mesame saxelmwifos gawevrianebis Sesaxeb konvenciis xelSem-
kvrel mxareTa Tanxmobis miRebisaTvis, aucileblad dgeba sakiTxi, aqvs Tu ara pre-
tendent saxelmwifos iseTi samoqalaqo materialuri da saproceso samarTalwarmoe-
ba, romelic evropuli xelSekrulebis partnior saxelmwifoTa samarTalwarmoebiTi
sistemebis msgavsia. aqve, moiazreba mosamarTleTa korpusis saTanado profesionaliz-
mi, samarTlebrivi infrastruqtura, romelic uzrunvelyofs koreqtuli da samarT-
lebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis Cveuli sasamarTlo procesebis ganxorcielebas da moqala-
qeTaTvis evropuli donis samarTlebriv dacvas.5
aseve sayuradReboa, samoqalaqo, saojaxo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobebisa da samarTlebrivi daxmarebis minskis 1993 wlis 22 ianvris
konvencia, romelic moqmedebs dsT-s qveynebis sivrceSi. am konvenciis me-20 muxlis
mixedviT, im dawesebulebis gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic kompetenturia ganixilos fi-
zikuri pirebis dava maTi moqalaqeobis miuxedavad, aris sacxovrebeli adgili; xolo,
Tu mopasuxe iuridiuli piria, maSin ganxilvis pirobad gamoiyeneba am iuridiuli piris,
misi filialis an warmomadgenlobis adgilmdebareoba. konvenciis igive muxliT gaT-
valiswinebulia alternatiuli gansjadoba im SemTxvevisaTvis, rodesac mopasuxe ram-
denime piriTaa warmodgenili da maTi sacxovrebeli adgilic sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
teritoriazea. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, dava ganixileba romelime mopasuxis sacxovrebeli
adgilis an adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba aqvs mosarCeles.
sxva kriteriumebiT Tu mivudgebiT, am xelSekrulebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso gans-
jadobis sakiTxis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mopasuxis mier savaWro, samrewvelo an sxva
sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis an misi filialis adgilis mixedviT; davis sagnad
qceuli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilis mixedviT; saqmiani reputa-
ciis, pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis saqmeebze _ mosarCelis mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgi-
lis an adgilsamyofelis mixedviT.6
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, udavod sainteresoa, gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis
sakiTxisadmi damokidebuleba. rogorc aRiniSna, briuselisa da luganos konvenciaTa
ZiriTad wesad iTvleba debuleba, romlis mixedviTac xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoTa sasa-
marTloebis kompetencia eyrdnoba mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis princips. briuse-
lis konvenciis me-16 muxli acxadebs, rom zogierTi kategoriis davebze, Sesabamis sasa-
marTloebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli kompetencia. es debuleba gamoiyeneba piris sacxov-
rebeli adgilisagan damoukideblad. es exeba davebs, romelTa obieqtia sanivTo ufle-
bebi uZrav qonebaze an uZravi qonebis floba. am SemTxvevaSi, qonebis adgilmdebareobis
saxelmwifos sasamarTlo aRWurvilia gansakuTrebuli gansjadobiT. davebSi, romelTa
obieqtia uZravi qonebis floba kerZo moxmarebisaTvis, ara umetes eqvsi Tvisa, gansja-
doba ekuTvnis im saxelmwifos sasamarTlos, romelSic mopasuxes aqvs sacxovrebeli.
Tu orive mxare aseT urTierTobaSi fizikuri piria da erTsa da imave saxelmwifoSi

38
cxovrobs, iurisdiqcia ekuTvnis aseve mopasuxis sacxovrebeli saxelmwifos sasamar-
Tlos. im sarCelebSi, romlebSic dava gamomdinareobs ganaTlebis miRebis iuridiuli
namdvilobidan, kompaniebis an sxva iuridiuli pirebis, an iuridiuli pirebisa da
fizikuri pirebis gaerTianebis ararad cnobis an likvidaciidan _ gansjadad iTvleba
im saxelmwifos sasamarTlo, sadac mdebareobs kompania, iuridiuli piri an gaerTianeba.
xolo im sarCelebSi, romelTa obieqtia Canaweris namdviloba da sajaro reestrebi,
gansjadoba ekuTvnis im qveynis sasamarTlos, romelic awarmoebs reestrebs. sarCeleb-
Si, romlebic dakavSirebulia patentis registraciasTan an mis namdvilobasTan, savaWro
markebTan, samrewvelo modelTan an sxva msgavs uflebebTan, romlebic moiTxovs re-
gistracias, an patentis gacemas, gansjadoba aqvs im qveynis sasamarTlos, romelSic
Setanili iyo gancxadeba registraciis an dapatentebis Taobaze, moxda registracia,
an saerTaSoriso koncefciis wesebis Sesabamisad, igulisxmeba aseTi registracia. sar-
Celebi, romlebic exeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiT aRsrulebas, im qveynis
sasamarTlos gansjadia, romelSic sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sevida an unda
mosuliyo sisruleSi. briuselisa da luganos konvenciebis debulebaTa Sesabamisad,
romlebic exeba sasamarTloTa gansakuTrebul kompetencias, es sasamarTloebi upir-
velesad, valdebulni arian sakuTari iniciativiT, ganixilon TavianTi kompetenciis
sakiTxi konkretul saqmesTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic mocemulia konvenciebis me-16 mux-
lebSi. aRniSnuli debulebebidan raime saxis gadaxra ar daiSveba da igulisxmeba, rom
am wesiT gansazRvruli sasamarTlo organoebi im davisaTvis yvelaze ufro Sesabamisia.7
saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sferoSi aris kidev erTi friad mniSvnelovani aspeqti,
romelsac sasamarTlo procesebis urTierTkavSiris TvalTaxedviT, didi mniSvneloba
aqvs samarTlis sferoSi saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobisaTvis, aseve, konkretulad
calkeuli moqalaqis, iuridiuli pirisa da organizaciis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobi-
saTvis.
sasamarTlo procesebis urTierTkavSiris sakiTxs exeba zemodasaxelebuli minskis
1993 wlis dsT-s qveynebis konvencia, romlis 22-e muxlis Sesabamisad, _ im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu saqmiswarmoeba dawyebulia erTsa da imave mxareebs Soris, igive sagnis mimarT da
imave safuZvlebiT, ori xelSemkvreli mxaris sasamarTloSi, romlebic kompetenturni
arian ganixilon es saqme _ mogvianebiT CarTuli sasamarTlo, kerZod, romelmac ufro
gvian aRZra saqme, wyvets mis warmoebas.8 es problema aisaxa briuselis 1968 wlis konven-
ciaSic, romlis mixedviTac erT-erTi monawile qveynis sasamarTlom Tavi arakompeten-
turad unda gamoacxados, Tu gairkva, rom meore xelSemkvreli qveynis sasamarTloSi,
romlis kompetenturoba eWvs ar iwvevs, ukve mimdinareobs am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT
warmoeba. arakompetenturobis Taobaze erT-erTi qveynis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas
iRebs sakuTari iniciativiT an mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze. sayuradReboa, rom
konvenciis 21-e muxlis mixedviT, aseve, SesaZloa da dasaSvebia saqmiswarmoebis SeCereba
im sasamarTlos mier, romelmac sarCeli warmoebaSi ufro gvian miiRo. saqmiswarmoeba
Cerdeba, vidre ar dadgindeba im sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia, romelmac sarCeli pirvelma
miiRo gansaxilvelad. rogorc ki, am ukanaskneli sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia dadgindeba,
nebismieri meore sasamarTlo Tmobs Tavis iurisdiqcias pirvelis sasargeblod.9

39
 N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni

konvenciaTa es damokidebuleba gaziarebulia saqarTvelos kanonSi `saerTaSoriso

kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~, romlis me-19 muxli acxadebs, rom, Tu erTi da imave sarCelis
Taobaze, erTsa da imave mxareebs Soris mimdinareobs samarTalwarmoeba saqarTvelosa da
ucxo qveyanaSi da es sarCeli pirvelad ucxo qveynis sasamarTlos eqvemdebareboda,
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo aCerebs saqmiswarmoebas. sayuradReboa, rom aRniSnuli kanoni
amave muxlSi Seicavs daTqmismagvar debulebas, rodesac acxadebs, rom saqmiswarmoeba
ar SeCerdeba, Tu arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom ucxo qveynis sasamarTlo Sesabamis vadaSi
gadawyvetilebas ar miiRebs an aseTi gadawyvetilebis cnoba ar moxdeba. Tumca, ra Sesa-
bamis vadazea aq saubari, Cveni azriT, bundovan xasiaTs atarebs.10
aRniSnulTan mimarTebaSi, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba briuselis 1968 wlis konvenciaSi
im sakiTxis daregulirebas, rac xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebis moqme-
debaTa wess, SesaZleblobebsa da valdebulebebs exeba. pirvelyovlisa, sasamarTlom
unda gaarkvios procesis dawyebis momenti. es SesaZlebelia, mocemuli qveynis naciona-
luri procesualuri normebis safuZvelze. Tu SemdgomSi mocemuli sasamarTlo mizan-
Sewonilad CaTvlis, rom meore sasamarTloSi am saqmeze proceduraTa dawyebis zusti
dro gaarkvios, raTa daadginos, ori saqmiswarmoebidan romelia meore, maSin sasamar-
Tlom unda ixelmZRvanelos ara Tavisi qveynis procesualuri normebiT, aramed im qvey-
nis saproceso debulebebiT, romlis sasamarTloc saqmis ganxilvaSi meorea.
ramdenadac sxvadasxva qveynis saproceso kanonmdebloba sxvadasxvagvarad areguli-
rebs mocemul sakiTxebs, aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi yvelaze efeq-
tiani saSualebaa aseTi urTierTobebis mowesrigebisaTvis.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxareTa Soris SesaZloa davis warmoSoba, maT SeuZliaT, erTmaneTs
Soris winaswari SeTanxmebiT daadginon, Tu romel iurisdiqciaSi da romel sasamarT-
loSi unda iyos ganxiluli dava. aseTi SeTanxmeba, SesaZlebelia, daidos mxolod al-
ternatiuli gansjadobis farglebSi, anu im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxeze ara gvaqvs gan-
sakuTrebuli gansjadoba. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, aragansjadi sasamarTlo
SesaZloa gansjadi gaxdes da piriqiT, gansjadi sasamarTlodan saqme gadaeces erTi
SexedviT, aragansjad sasamarTlos. iuridiul terminologias Tu moviSveliebT, de-
rogaciuli SeTanxmebiT, sasamarTlosadmi gansjadobiT daqvemdebarebuli dava xdeba
misTvis aragansjadi, xolo prorogaciuli SeTanxmebiT sasamarTlos aragansjadi dava
gaxdeba misi gansjadi.
briuselis 1968 wlis konvenciisa da luganos 1988 wlis konvenciis me-17 muxlebi
dawvrilebiT ayalibebs gansjadobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis pirobebs. aRniSnuli muxlebis
Sesabamisad, Tu mxareebi, romelTagan erTi an ramdenime cxovrobs xelSemkvrel saxel-
mwifoSi, SeTanxmden rom mocemuli saxelmwifos sasamarTloebi aRWurvilni arian iu-
risdiqciiT ganixilon nebismieri dava, romelic gaCnda an Semdeg gaCndeba raime gan-
sazRvrul samarTalurTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT, aseTi sasamarTloebi aRWurvilni
arian gansakuTrebuli gansjadobiT. vfiqrobT, SeTanxmebiT SerCeuli sasamarTlosaT-
vis gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis miniWeba, mniSvnelovani garemoebaa iurisdiqciis sa-
kiTxis gadawyvetisas.

40
 gansjadobis dadgenaze SeTanxmeba unda daidos werilobiTi an im formiT, romelic
Seesatyviseba mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebul Cveulebebs, anda saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
im saxiT, romelic Seesabameba saerTo praqtikas, ris Taobazec mxareebs unda scod-
nodaT an ician da rac aseT vaWrobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba da regularuladaa daculi.
Tu SeTanxmeba miRweulia mxareTa Soris, romelTagan arcerTi ar cxovrobs konven-
ciaTa xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoSi, sxva xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos sasamarTloebi ar
aris aRWurvili maT Soris warmoSobil davaze iurisdiqciiT, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom
mxareTa mier arCeulma sasamarTlom an sasamarTloebma uari ar Tqves gansjadobaze.
Tu SeTanxmeba romelime sasamarTlosaTvis gansjadobis miniWebis Taobaze, dadebu-
li iyo mxolod erTi mxaris sasargeblod, es mxare inarCunebs uflebas, Seitanos sar-
Celi nebismier sxva sasamarTloSi, romelic briuselis konvenciis Sesabamisad, aRWur-
vilia iurisdiqciiT aseT saqmeebze.11
briuselis konvenciis sxva debulebebidan warmoSobili iurisdiqciisgan damouki-
deblad, xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos sasamarTlo, romelSic gamocxadda mopasuxe, iqneba
iurisdiqciis mqone. es wesi ar gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac es gamocxadeba dafiqsirda
iurisdiqciis gasasaCivreblad an rodesac am konvenciis me-16 muxlis Sesabamisad, sxva
sasamarTlos hqonda am saqmeze gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba.12
saerTaSoriso aqtebis principebis Sesabamisad, zogierTi qveynis samarTlebrivi
aqtebi detalur reglamentacias akeTebs davaTa gadawyvetisaTvis sasamarTlos SerCe-
vis an iurisdiqciis sakiTxebze. maT ricxvSi, SeiZleba, vigulisxmoT Cveni qveynis sapro-
ceso kanonmdeblobac. ase magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
21-e muxli uTiTebs, rom: `Tu ar aris dadgenili erTmniSvnelovnad gansjadi sasamar-
Tlo, maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT, SeTanxmebis gziT daadginon sasamarTlos gansjadoba.
SeTanxmeba formdeba werilobiT. aragansjadi sasamarTlo SeiZleba gansjadi gaxdes
im SemTxvevaSic Tu mopasuxe winaaRmdegi ar aris, rom saqme ganixilos aragansjadma
sasamarTlom da Tanaxmaa, monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi.~
kodeqsi imave muxlSi uTiTebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe aucileblad warmodgeni-
li unda iyos advokatiT, sxva SemTxvevaSi, mas unda mieces ganmarteba, rom konkretuli
sasamarTlo aragansjadia, aseve, ganemartos, rom ufleba aqvs aragansjadobis winaaR-
mdeg sarCelis Sesagebeli waradginos.13
rac Seexeba SeTanxmebas saerTaSoriso kompetenciis Taobaze, saqarTveloSi es sakiT-
xi daregulirebulia saqarTvelos kanoniT saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb,
romlis me-18 muxlis Sesabamisad, mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen saqarTvelos
sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso kompetenciaze im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac igi kompetenturi
ar aris. kanonis es muxli mxareebs uflebas aZlevs, kompetenciaze SeTanxmeba namdvilad
gamoacxados im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igive kanonis Sesabamisad, aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso
kompetenciis principi, kompetenciis konkretuli SemTxvevebi da saqarTvelos sasamar-
Tloebis gansakuTrebuli saerTo kompetencia irRveva.14
sayuradReboa, rom rigi evropuli qveynebis samarTali did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
SeTanxmebiTi gansjadobis sakiTxs. es gasakviri arcaa, radgan SeTanxmebis Sedegad mi-

41
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marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni

Rebuli gadawyvetileba gansazRvravs Sesabamisi sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso gansja-

dobas da aseve, gavlenas axdens ucxouri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis sazRvargareT
cnobasa da aRsrulebaze. aseve mniSvnelovania, SeTanxmebiTi da gansakuTrebuli gansja-
dobis urTierTmimarTebac, ramdenadac, mxareTa SeTanxmebas ar SeuZlia, Secvalos Se-
sabamisi saxelmwofos sasamarTlos gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba, mocemul saqmesTan
dakavSirebiT.
debulebebi, romlebic krZalaven gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis wesebis Secvlas,
gvxvdeba rogorc sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Sida samarTlis normebSi, aseve, saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebSic. briuselisa da luganos konvenciebis garda, es sakiTxi gvxvdeba dsT-s
qveynebis minskis zemodasaxelebul konvenciaSic, romlis 21-e muxlis mixedviT, xel-
Semkvreli mxareebis sasamarTloebs SeuZliaT, ganixilon saqmeebi sxva SemTxvevebSic,
rodesac arsebobs mxareTa Soris werilobiTi SeTanxmeba davis am sasamarTloebisaTvis
gadacemis Taobaze. amasTan, dadgenilia SezRudva, rom konvenciiT aRiarebuli da aseve,
xelSemkvrel mxareTa Sida kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba ar
SeiZleba Seicvalos mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. aRniSnuli konvenciis 21-e muxli uTiTebs,
rom davis gadacemis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxis gancxadebis
safuZvelze, sasamarTlo wyvets saqmiswarmoebas.15
sasamarTloTa iurisdiqciis sakiTxis Seswavlisas, uTuod seriozuli adgili eTmoba
im pirTa saqmeebis ganxilvaze kompetenciis gansazRvras, romlebic imunitetiT sargeb-
loben. diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb venis 1961 wlis konvenciis Sesabamisad,
diplomatiuri agenti imunitetiTaa daculi im qveynis samoqalaqo iurisdiqciisagan,
sadac imyofeba. konvencia akeTebs CamonaTvals, rodesac es imuniteti ar gamoiyeneba.
imunitetiT aRWurvili piri valdebulia, CaerTos yofnis qveynis teritoriaze mimdi-
nare sanivTo davaSi, Tu am kerZo uZrav qonebas is am qveyanaSi ar flobs, akreditebuli
saxelmwifos saxeliT, warmomadgenlobis mizniT; rodesac dava exeba memkvidreobis
saqmes, romelSic diplomatiuri piri gamodis anderZis Semsruleblad, qonebis meurved,
memkvidred, rogorc kerZo piri da ara akreditebuli saxelmwifos saxeliT, diploma-
tiuri warmomadgeneli, aseve valdebulia, monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi. aseTi
piri valdebulia, adgilobrivi sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis qveS moeqces, rodesac dava
exeba nebismier profesiul an komerciul saqmianobas, romelsac igi axorcielebda yof-
nis qveyanaSi, Tavisi oficialuri funqciebis miRma. aRniSnuli konvenciis 37-e muxli
iurisdiqciis farglebs zRudavs diplomatiuri agentebis ojaxis wevrebTan, aseve
warmomadgenlobaTa administraciul-teqnikuri personalisa da maTi im ojaxis wevrebis
mimarTac, romlebic maTTan erTad cxovroben da ar arian yofnis qveynis moqalaqeebi.16
igive princips amkvidrebs venis 1963 wlis konvenciac sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Se-
saxeb. Tumca, amjerad, yofnis qveynis sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis gauvrcelebloba exeba
sakonsulos Tanamdebobis pirebsa da TanamSromlebs da avtomaturad im saqmeebs, rom-
lebSic isini mxared gamodian. aRniSnuli konvenciac akeTebs daTqmebs gamonaklis Sem-
TxvevaTa CamoTvliT.17
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, ayalibebs ra, saqarT-
velos sasamarTlos iurisdiqciis mimarTebis sakiTxs diplomatiuri misiis wevrebTan

42
damokidebulebaSi, 59-e muxlSi acxadebs, rom: `saqarTveloSi moqmedi diplomatiuri
misiis warmomadgenlebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, agreTve misiebis momsaxure personali,
Tavisufldebian saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadobisagan `diplomatiur urTi-
erTobaTa Sesaxeb~ venis 1961 wlis 18 aprilis konvenciis mixedviT~. aRniSnuli kanoni
am wess avrcelebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu diplomatiuri misiis saqarTveloSi momavline-
beli qveyana am konvenciis monawile mxare ar aris. aRniSnuli kanoni igive damokidebu-
lebas aRiarebs saqarTveloSi moqmedi sakonsulo warmomadgenlobebis Tanamdebobis
pirebsa da sakonsulos mosamsaxureebis mimarT da aTavisuflebs maT saqarTvelos sasa-
marTloebis iurisdiqciisagan `sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb~ venis 1963 wlis 24
aprilis konvenciis mixedviT. am wess saqarTvelo avrcelebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu momav-
linebeli qveyana am konvenciis monawile mxare ar aris.
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, ganixilavs eqsterito-
riulobis sxva SemTxvevebsac da acxadebs, rom saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadoba
ar vrceldeba saqarTveloSi samsaxurebrivi mowveviT myof ucxo qveynebis warmomadgen-
lebze da maT Tanmxleb pirebze. `saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadoba ar vrcel-
deba pirebze, romlebic saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi wesebis an samarTlis sxva
normebis Sesabamisad, Tavisufldebian saqarTvelos gansjadobisagan.~ miuxedavad ka-
nonis 61-e muxlis me-2 punqtis am normis humanurobisa, vfiqrobT, kanoni unda azus-
tebdes zogadi wesebisa da normebidan konkretulad, ra SemTxvevebi unda iqnas miCneuli
saqarTvelos sasamarTloTa iurisdiqciisagan pirTa gaTavisuflebis safuZvlad.18
z. gabisonia uTiTebs, rom xSirad, gansjadobasa da saerTaSoriso gansjadobas Soris
mkveTri zRvaris gavleba sakmaod rTulia. sxvadasxva qveynebSi, zogjer es terminebi
erTi da igive sityvebiTac ki ixsenieba. ucxo qveynis suverenitetisadmi pativiscema
ar gulisxmobs mxolod ucxo qveynis iurisdiqciaSi SeWrisagan Tavis Sekavebas. igi mo-
icavs, aseve, qveynis SigniT saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, garkve-
uli SezRudvebis dawesebas.19
udavoa, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani, mainc samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebaa da uflebis dasacavad sasamarTloSi misuli pirisaTvis, araviTari
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra wesebsa da saSualebebs gamoiyenebs sasamarTlo am mizniT, _
misTvis, mTavari amocanaa sadavod gamxdari an darRveuli uflebis dacva an aRdgena.
aqve, SeuZlebelia ar SevniSnoT, rom Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva da sabazro
ekonomikaSi arsebuli realoba mudmivad qmnis fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis
TanamSromlobis aucileblobas, aramxolod qveynis SigniT, aramed, ucxo qveynis pireb-
Tan da sxvadasxva organizaciebTan. aRniSnul urTierTobebSi gaCenili sadavo sakiT-
xebis mogvarebisas, xSirad Cndeba problemebi, romlebic gonivrul da kanonier reguli-
rebas saWiroebs. am mimarTulebiT ki, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvidanac
naTlad Cans, Seudarebeli daxmarebis aRmoCena SeuZlia saxelmwifoTa Soris gaforme-
bul saerTaSoriso aqtebs. albaT, davasac aRar iwvevs is aucilebloba, rom droa, sa-
qarTvelom izrunos yvela im saerTaSoriso konvenciasa Tu xelSekrulebasTan mierTe-
baze, romlebic realur berketebs qmnis sasamarTloTa saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sfe-
roSi da Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeTa droul da
kompetentur gadawyvetas.

43
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faqtia, rom saqarTvelo ar aris am sferoSi bevri iseTi saerTaSoriso aqtis xel-
Semkvreli mxare, romelic xels Seuwyobs qveynebs Soris rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. saqarTvelos monawileoba msgavsi Sinaarsis
xelSekrulebebSi am etapze mxolod dsT-s qveynebiT Semoifargleba, rac uTuod ara-
sakmarisia. vfiqrobT, warmodgenili naSromidan kargad Cans, rom ganxiluli `luganos~
da `briuselis~ konvenciebi (ra Tqma unda, sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebTan paralelurad)
seriozul berketebs Seicavs qveynebs Soris samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri TanamS-
romlobis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac Cveni azriT, saqarTvelom unda gamoiyenos. aucile-
belia, moxdes yvela im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da konvenciis srulyofili Ses-
wavla, romlebic moqmedebs samoqalaqo saproceso sferoSi da uzrunvelyofil iqnas
saqarTvelos maTTan mierTeba, rac xels Seuwyobs moqnili institutebisa da normebis
arsebobas darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari samoqalaqo uflebebis sasamarTlos mier
dacvis saqmeSi, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saxelmwifoTSoris urTierTobebSi.

44
 SeniSvnebi:

1
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 18. Tb. 1998.
2
T. liluaSvili, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, Tb., 2001, gv. 134.
3
À. Ï. Àíóôðèåâà, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, ò. 3, Ì., 2001, gv. 312.
4
Êîíâåíöèÿ Î þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèâåäåíèè â èñïîëíåíèå ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì è
êîììåð÷åñêèì äåëàì, Ëóãàíî,16.09.1988, ñòàòüÿ 62. SeniSvna: briuselis konvencia ZalaSi
Sevida 1973 wlis 1 Tebervals, xolo luganos konvencia _ 1992 wlis 1ianvars.
5
r. kniperi, statia _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa cnoba(aRiareba) da aRsru-
leba evrokavSiris samarTalTan SesabamisobaSi, bremeni, 2002, saiubileo kre-
buli Tengiz liluaSvili 75, Tb., 2005, gv. 38-39.
6
Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è óãîëîâíûì
äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 20.
7
Êîíâåíöèÿ ïî âîïðîñàì þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèíóäèòåëüíîãî èñïîëíåíèÿ ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé â
îòíîøåíèè ãðàæäàíñêèõ è êîììåð÷åñêèõ ñïîðîâ. Áðþññåëü, 27.09.1968. ñòàòüÿ 16. óãîëîâíûì
äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 22.
8
Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è
9
Êîíâåíöèÿ ïî âîïðîñàì þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèíóäèòåëüíîãî èñïîëíåíèÿ ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé â
îòíîøåíèè ãðàæäàíñêèõ è êîììåð÷åñêèõ ñïîðîâ, Áðþññåëü, 27.09.1968, ñòàòüÿ 21.
10
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 19. Tb., 1998.
11
Êîíâåíöèÿ î þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèâåäåíèè â èñïîëíåíèå ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì è
êîììåð÷åñêèì äåëàì, Ëóãàíî,16.09.1988, ñòàòüÿ 17.
12
SeniSvna: briuselis da Semdeg, luganos konvenciebis Seqmnis safuZveli gaxda
evrokomisiis 1959 wlis mimarTva evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebisadmi, ro-
melSic saubari iyo am qveynebis Sida bazris Camoyalibebaze, romelic SeuZle-
belia, Sedges Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi dacvis gareSe. mimarTva samarTlianad
usvamda xazs ekonomikur cxovrebaSi darRvevebisa da garTulebebis gaCenis
saSiSroebaze, Tu ar iqneba mogvarebuli sxvadasxvagvari urTierTobebidan
gamomdinare, uflebamosilebaTa dadgenisa da realizebis samarTlebrivi me-
qanizmi; ramdenadac samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis gan-
xorcieleba wevri qveynebis iurisdiqciaSi Sedis da sasamarTlo aqtebis moq-
medeba Sesabamisi saxelmwifos teritoriiTaa SemosazRvruli, samarTlebrivi
dacva da saerTo bazris samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebac, mniSvnelovanwilad
wevri qveynebis sasamarTloebis sworad ganxorcielebul saqmianobazea damo-
kidebuli. ase rom, wevri qveynebis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa efeqti-
anoba da Tanamegobrobis mTel teritoriaze maTi aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa,
ganixileboda procesualuri samarTalurTierTobebis sferoSi integraciis
umniSvnelovanes problemad.
13
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, muxli 21, Tb., 1997.
14
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 18, Tb., 1998.
15
Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è óãî-
ëîâíûì äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 22. SeniSvna: gansakuTrebul gansjadobas konven-
ciis me-20 muxlis Sesabamisad, mikuTvnebulia sakuTrebis uflebisa da uZrav
qonebaze sxva sanivTo uflebebidan warmoSobili davis ganxilvaze qonebis ad-
gilsamyofelis sasamarTlos kompetenciis gamocxadeba; aseve, gadazidvasTan,
gadayvanasTan dakavSirebuli davebi gansakuTrebuli iurisdiqciiT eqvemde-
bareba im satransporto organizaciaTa adgilmdebareobis sasamarTloebs, ro-
melTa mimarT wardgenilia pretenzia.
16
konvencia diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, muxlebi 34-37, vena, 1961.
17
konvencia sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, vena, 1963.
18
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxlebi 59-61,
Tb., 1998.
19
z. gabisonia, qarTuli saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, Tb., 2006, gv. 368.

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INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES IN THE INSTITUTE
OF COGNIZANCE

IRMA MEREBASHVILI
JD, Associated professor of IB Euro-Caucasian University

In the process of consideration of the cases of civil nature by the court

and evaluation of the effectiveness of the administration of justice, great
attention shall be granted not only to the issue of appropriate organization
by the state of the court institutions considering the cases, but also the com-
plete regulation of subordination of cases to be considered by a specific
court. These issues are basically regulated by the provisions of the civil pro-
cedural codes which are related to the cognizance of cases, although, in each
country certain problems arise in connection with the consideration of and
decision-making in civil cases including foreign elements. As known, apart
from domestic legislation these issues are, basically, regulated by the interna-
tional acts among the states.
It is absolutely possible that applying different criteria in different states
for the purpose of defining the international cognizance of courts may lead
to the situation when one and the same civil case at one and the same time
can be subordinated to the cognizance of courts of different states. In such
a case, by no means, this issue must be resolved under the domestic, as well
as international laws.
From the range of international acts in force in this sphere, the so called
Lugano Convention and Brussels Convention are undoubtedly worth great
attention. The conventions are characterized with identical aspiration and similar
principles. Lugano Convention, reiterating certain provisions of Brussels Con-
vention, defined more accurately the issues of organizing relevant relations
among the member-states of European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

46
 In accordance with the principles of international acts, legal acts of certain states provide detailed regulation
on the issues of selection of the court for the adjudication of disputes or jurisdiction. Among them we may name
procedural laws of our country as well. As regards the agreement on international competence, in Georgia this
issue is regulated by the Law of Georgia on International Private Law
It is worth mentioning that laws of certain European countries grant solid importance to the issue of agreeable
cognizance. And this is not a surprise, as in result of agreement, adopted decision defines international cognizance
of the relevant court and also affects the recognition and execution of the decision of a foreign court outside the
country of ruling. Relation of agreeable and extraordinary cognizance is also important, as the agreement of the
parties cannot change the extraordinary cognizance of relevant state in relation to the given case.
When examining the issue of court jurisdiction, significant place shall be undoubtedly granted to the defining
of competence over the consideration of cases of persons enjoying immunity. In the process of resolving contro-
versial issues in the mentioned relations, very often problems in need of reasonable and legal regulation arise. In
this direction, as clearly showed by the above discussed issues, international acts among the states may be of
invaluable assistance. Probably, beyond dispute is the necessity that it is time that Georgia takes measures to
become party to all those international conventions or treaties that generate real leverages in the area of interna-
tional cognizance of courts and therefore, are instrumental in timely and competent review of civil cases in the
courts.
The fact is that Georgia is not a party to many such international acts that would facilitate the development of
legal, as well as economic relations among the states. Georgia’s participation in such treaties, at this stage, would be
limited only to the CIS area, which is clearly not enough. I believe, from the presented work, it is easy to see that the
discussed Lugano Convention and Brussels Convention (of course, in parallel with other international acts) incor-
porate significant leverages for the development of legal and economic relations among the states, which from my
point of view, shall be certainly used by Georgia. It is necessary to fully examine all those international treaties
and conventions in force in the area of civil procedures and ensure that Georgia becomes party to the mentioned
acts that will facilitate the flexibility of institutes and norms in the case of protecting the violated or disputed civil
rights by the court domestically, as well as internationally.

47
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mmarTvelobis
naxevradsaprezidento
modeli saqarTveloSi
mimdinare
sakonstitucio
cvlilebebis WrilSi

giorgi Tordia
kiolnis universitetis samarTlis magistranti

2004 wels, saqarTveloSi sakonstitucio cvlilebebi

ganxorcielda, ris safuZvelzec qveyana saprezidento
respublikidan naxevradsaprezidento modelze gadavida.
2004 wels sakonstitucio reformis mizani iseTi mmarTve-
lobis sistemis Seqmna iyo, rac erTi mxriv, erTian, gundur
pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebuli kolegiuri organos _
mTavrobis Seqmnas, xolo meore mxriv, prezidentis, rogorc
saxelmwifos meTauris rolis gazrdas uzrunvelyofda.
2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT, saqarTveloSi
saprezidento respublika Secvala naxevradsaprezidento
mmarTvelobis modelma da mTavroba formalurad damouki-
debeli Stos saxiT gamoiyo. SemoRebul iqna premier-minis-
tris posti, romelic gaxda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
Stos _ mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli. am cvlilebas logikurad
mohyva premier-ministrisa da prezidentis uflebamosile-
baTa gamijvnis mcdeloba. aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT, pre-
zidents gaezarda uflebamosileba _ mas mieniWa parlamen-
tis daTxovnis SesaZlebloba. sakonstitucio reformis
Sedegad, Tumca, formalurad prezidenti aRar warmoad-

48
gens aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurs, mas SeunarCunda maqsimaluri saregulacio
uflebebi: saqarTvelos prezidenti `niSnavs premier-ministrs, Tanxmobas aZlevs
premier-ministrs mTavrobis wevris _ ministris daniSvnaze~ (saqarTvelos konsti-
tucia, muxli 73, 1 punqti, b) qvepunqti); saqarTvelos prezidenti `uflebamosilia
sakuTari iniciativiT an konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSi gadaaye-
nos mTavroba, Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisuflos saqarTvelos Tavdacvis, Sinagan saq-
meTa da iusticiis ministrebi~ (muxli 73, 1 punqti, g) qvepunqti); Tavad premier-minis-
tris daniSvnasTan erTad prezidenti monawileobs mTavrobis dakompleqtebis proces-
Si, gaaCnia uflebamosileba daiTxovos mTavroba da eqskluziuri uflebamosileba Za-
lovani struqturebis ministrebis daniSvna/gadayenebisa, raSic premier-ministri ar
monawileobs.
2004 wlis miRebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sedegad mTavrobas sWirdeba prezi-
dentis Tanxmoba saxelmwifo biujetis proeqtis parlamentSi warsadgenad. amgvarad,
prezidenti monawileobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi uf-
lebamosilebis _ biujetis proeqtis Sedgenis procesSic. veneciis komisiis mier saqar-
TvelosaTvis gaweul rekomendaciebSic xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom konstituciam mkafiod
unda gamijnos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da prezidentis instituti erTmaneTisagan.
2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT prezidentis uflebamosileba gazrdilia
sakanonmdeblo organosTan mimarTebaSic. saqarTvelos konstituciis 73-e muxlis, 1
punqtis, p) qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, prezidenti `daiTxovs parlaments konstituciiT
dadgenil SemTxvevebSi da wesiT~; ase rom prezidents aqvs rogorc mTavrobis, ise par-
lamentis daTxovnis uflebamosileba.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT
naxevradsaprezidento mmarTvelobis modelis pirobebSi mkveTrad gaizarda preziden-
tis uflebamosilebebi, rasac logikurad mohyva mTavrobisa da parlamentis rolis
Semcireba saxelmwifos marTvis meqanizmSi.
saqarTveloSi, 2009 wlis politikuri krizisisa da masobrivi saprotesto aqciebis
Semdeg, qveynis xelmZRvanelobam, piradad, qveynis prezidentma miiRo gadawyvetileba
dawyebuliyo muSaoba konstituciaSi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. daisaxa mizani,
rom SerCeuliyo imgvari sakonstitucio modeli, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida moma-
valSi qveyanas Tavidan aecilebina msgavsi krizisi. am samuSaos Sesasruleblad Seiqmna
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia, romlis amocana iyo xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris
ZalTa balansis miRweva, prezidentis Zalauflebis Semcireba da misTvis arbitris funq-
ciis miniWeba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba warmovadginoT, Cveni azriT, mniSv-
nelovani nawili cvlilebebisa, rac gaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifo sakonstitucio
komisiis mier warmodgenil proeqtSi.

cvlilebebi

saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier SemuSavebuli proeqtis Tanaxmad, prezi-

denti rCeba saxelmwifos meTaurad da umaRles warmomadgenlad sagareo urTierTo-

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bebSi, magram igi saxelmwifos erTpirovnulad veRar marTavs. sagareo da saSinao poli-
tikis ganxorcielebaSi prezidenti iRebs monawileobas, Tumca, ZiriTadad, sagareo ur-
TierTobebs axorcielebs mTavroba, rogorc es poloneTisa da safrangeTis konsti-
tuciebSia gansazRvruli. saqarTvelos mTavroba iqneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
umaRlesi organo, romelic ganaxorcielebs saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikas
da pasuxismgebeli iqneba parlamentis winaSe, xolo prezidents ar eqneba uflebamosi-
leba sakuTari iniciativiT daiTxovos mTavroba da daSalos parlamenti; prezidenti
premier-ministris kandidaturas waradgens im politikuri jgufis SeTavazebiT, rome-
lic saukeTeso Sedegs aCvenebs saparlamento arCevnebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sapar-
lamento arCevnebSi pirvel adgilze gasuli politikuri partia ver agrovebs saparla-
mento umravlesobas, gaTvaliswinebulia premier-ministris kandidaturis wardgenis
Semdegi meqanizmi: arCevnebSi gamarjvebul politikur gaerTianebas eZleva 14-dRiani
vada, raTa parlamentSi Sesul politikur ZalebTan awarmoos konsultaciebi premier-
ministris kandidaturis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT, koaliciebisa Tu sxvagvari SeTan-
xmebis gziT, miiRos umravlesoba parlamentSi, rac saSualebas miscems warudginos pre-
zidents premier-ministris kandidatura. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saparlamento arCevnebSi
pirvel adgilze gasuli politikuri organizaciis mier wamoyenebul premier-ministrsa
da mTavrobis Semadgenlobas parlamenti ndobas ar ucxadebs, prezidenti 7 dRis vadaSi
premier-ministrobis kandidatad wamoayenebs parlamentis wevrTa siiTi Semadgenlobis
aranakleb ori mexuTedis mier mxardaWeril kandidaturas. Tu parlamenti am SemTxveva-
Sic ar gamoucxadebs ndobas premier-ministris kandidaturasa da mTavrobis Semadgen-
lobas, prezidenti daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs riggareSe arCevnebs. amrigad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxezea naxevradsaprezidento modelis qvetipi – premier-sapre-
zidento sistema. rogorc premier-saprezidento qvetipis SemmuSaveblebma Sugertma
da kerim gansazRvres, premier-saprezidento sistema gulisxmobs, rom premier-mi-
nistri mxolod sakanonmdeblo organos winaSea pasuxismgebeli. es niSnavs, rom rodesac
parlamenti premier ministrad irCevs prezidentTan opoziciaSi myof pirs, prezidentma
unda miiRos daniSvna. Sugertis terminologiiT, am procesis Sedegia, rom daniSnuli
kabineti, romelic saparlamento umravlesobis mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, eqvemdebareba
ara prezidents, aramed parlaments da amgvarad, prezidentsa da premiers Soris ur-
TierTobebi metad saqmiania.1 am SemTxvevaSi, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saparlamento
arCevnebSi gamarjvebas, radgan realurad am sistemis mixedviT mTavrobas eqskluzi-
urad daakompleqtebs saparlamento arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli partia, an politikur
ZalTa koalicia, romelic moipovebs saparlamento umravlesobas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier momzadebuli proeqtis
Tanaxmad, mTavrobas ekisreba eqskluziuri uflebamosileba biujetis proeqtis parla-
mentisaTvis wardgenisa, prezidentis Tanxmobis gareSe. biujetis proeqtis Sedgenisa
da parlamentisaTvis wardgenis mTavrobisaTvis uflebamosilebis srulad gadacemiT
Zlierdeba mTavrobis roli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetencia imijneba
prezidentis institutisagan, rac agreTve, veneciis komisiis rekomendaciaa. gamonak-
lisis saxiT, prezidentis Tanxmobas saWiroebs mxolod mTavrobis gadawyvetileba, sa-

50
qarTvelos prezidentisaTvis wina welTan SedarebiT gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebis Sem-
cirebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos prezidentis gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi aqtebi saWiroebs premier-
ministris kontrasignacias. kontrasignacia aris saxelmwifos meTauris aqtis premier-
ministris an/da Sesabamisi dargis ministris xelmoweriT gamyareba, rac gulisxmobs
saxelmwifos meTauris aqtis aRsrulebaze iuridiuli da politikuri pasuxismgeblobis
Tanaxelmomwer subieqtze gadatanas. kontrasignacia formalurad aixsneba imiT, rom
saxelmwifos meTauri iuridiulad ar aris pasuxismgebeli Tavis qmedebebze (prezi-
dentis SemTxvevaSi, gamonaklisia konstituciis darRveva da sisxlis samarTlis dana-
Sauli). kontrasignacia saxelmwifo meTauris uflebamosilebebis SezRudvis proce-
sualuri formaa. Tanamedrove konstituciur-samarTlebriv sistemebSi kontrasigna-
ciis instituti damkvidrebulia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqcionaluri dua-
lizmis pirobebSi, anu im saparlamento da Sereuli mmarTvelobis formis modelebSi,
romlebSic saxelmwifos meTaurs SenarCunebuli aqvs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi uflebamosileba. aseve, konstituciiT saWiroa amom-
wuravad ganisazRvros prezidentis is samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romelnic ar eqvemdeba-
rebian kontrasignacias.
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani siaxle, romelsac iTvaliswinebs aRniSnuli pro-
eqti aris undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis instituti. undoblobis konstruq-
ciuli votumi mTavrobis meTaurisadmi gamoxatuli undoblobis votumis gansakuT-
rebuli formaa. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis,
sloveniis da sxva saxelmwifoebis konstituciebiT. undoblobis konstruqciuli vo-
tumi mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad parlamentisagan moiTxovs
mTavrobis meTauris axali kandidaturis wamoyenebas. undoblobis konstruqciuli vo-
tumis meqanizmi, gansxvavebiT tradiciuli undoblobis votumisagan, warmoadgens mTav-
robis stabilurobis elements. am proceduris gansxvavebuloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
premier-ministrisadmi undoblobis gamomxatveli rezolucia miRebuli unda iqnas
axali premier-ministris kandidaturis wamoyenebasTan erTad. undoblobis konstruq-
ciuli votumis instituti is meqanizmia, romelic konstituciurad aZlierebs mTav-
robis politikur simyares, icavs im opoziciuri fraqciebisagan, romlebsac aerTianebT
mxolod premier-ministris Secvlis survili da ara alternatiuli samTavrobo prog-
rama. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi saSualebas iZleva Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
qveyanaSi xSiri samTavrobo krizisebi.
am institutis meSveobiT garda mTavrobisaTvis stabilurobis miniWebisa myar-
deba prezidentis, rogorc arbitris funqciac. parlamentis mier mTavrobisaTvis
undoblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad prezidenti dgeba arCevanis winaSe _ gadaayenos
mTavroba, Tu daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos axali saparlamento arCevnebi.
prezidentisaTvis amgvari uflebamosilebis miniWebis wyalobiT mTavroba daculia
parlamentis mier undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis xSirad gamoyenebisagan,
romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, SeiZleba qveyanaSi xSiri politikuri krizisebis wya-
ro gaxdes. parlamenti srulad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli da gaaCndes mkafio politi-

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kuri neba da unari, raTa gamoiyenos undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi, gamoucxados

undobloba moqmedi mTavrobis Semadgenlobas da airCios axali, radgan am institutis
amoqmedebasTan erTad, parlamenti sakuTar Tavsac ayenebs safrTxis qveS da dadgenili
wesiT (siiTi Semadgenlobis sami mexuTedi) mTavrobis axali SemadgenlobisaTvis ndobis
gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, ukve damokidebulia prezidentze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
qveynis meTauri uflebamosilia daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos riggareSe arCevnebi.
amrigad, `mTavari cvlileba prezidentsa da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris
urTierTobebsa da saerTo saxelmwifoebriv sistemaSi prezidentis adgilis gansazRv-
ras Seexeba. Tu dRes prezidenti realurad aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTa-
uric, am proeqtis Tanaxmad, mTavrobas, Zalovani ministrebis CaTvliT premier-minis-
tri uxelmZRvanelebs, prezidenti ki, mxolod arbitri, saxelmwifos meTauri da ramde-
nime sxva garkveuli funqciis Semsrulebeli xdeba. anu, rogorc saxelmwifo sakonsti-
tucio komisiis Tavmjdomarem avTandil demetraSvilma ganacxada, formula `prezi-
denti warmarTavs da axorcielebs sagareo da saSinao politikas~ _ aRar iarsebebs.
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier SemuSavebuli proeqtis Tanaxmad, prezi-
denti aris qveynis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli sagareo urTierTobebSi, samxedro Zalebis
umaRlesi mTavarsardali, saxelmwifos meTauri da aseve asrulebs arbitris funqcias.
Cveni azriT, umjobesi iqneboda, rom proeqtze muSaobisas ufro mkafiod Camoyalibe-
buliyo prezidentis uflebamosilebebi sagareo urTierTobebis sferoSi, riTac ufro
metad iqneboda gamoxatuli prezidentis roli da adgili sagareo urTierTobebis
asparezze. proeqtis mixedviT, prezidenti mis uflebamosilebas parlamentis daTxovnis
Sesaxeb iyenebs mxolod erTaderT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac parlamenti uunaroa Seqmnas
mTavroba. amrigad, saxeze gvaqvs naxevradsaprezidento modeli saparlamento respub-
likis elementebis siWarbiT.
sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setana
unda iyos sazogadoebrivi konsensusis Sedegi. am konsensusis Sedegad Tu miiRweva sa-
xelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier dasaxuli mizani, kerZod: krizisuli politi-
kuri viTarebebidan gamosasvlelad konstituciuri gadawyvetilebebis gansazRvra,
xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris ZalTa balansis miRweva, prezidentisaTvis arbitris fun-
qciis miniWeba, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gadadgams seriozul
nabijs, romelic kidev ufro Seuwyobs xels saqarTvelos post-sabWoTa sivrcisagan
daxsnas da evropuli stilis konstituciiT civilizebuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas.

SeniSvna:

1
Elgie Robert, Two Cheers for Semi-presidentialism, 2003, Dublin, p. 7.

52
SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL
MODEL OF GOVERNANCE
IN THE SCOPE OF
CONSTITUTIONAL
REFORMS TAKING PLACE
IN GEORGIA

GIORGI TORDIA
LLM candidate of the University of Cologne

In the centuries-old history of Georgia the phase of constitutional sys-

tem does not constitute a long period, although the 90-ies of the twentieth
century and the first decade of the twenty-first century are distinguished
with dynamic social life activity, hence, diversity of constitutional rule. In as
few as 20 years our country lived in the conditions of Soviet, quasi-constitu-
tional, organic (according to 1921 Constitution) parliamentary, presidential
and semi-presidential regimes. This clearly is not a desirable but expected
event for the country that has gained independence, trying to escape Soviet
system and establish itself as a modern state. In 1995 Georgia adopted a new
Constitution, while in 2004 a large-scale constitutional reform was under-
taken. Afterwards the authorities and personally, the President of the coun-
try created a commission that would elaborate a new version of the Consti-
tution. The main goal of the State Constitutional Commission was: to achieve
the balance of power among the branches, to decrease the presidential power
and grant the President the function of an arbiter.
On the plenary session of July 19, 2010 the State Constitutional Com-
mission of Georgia adopted a constitutional draft law of Georgia on the
amendments and additions to the Constitution that has been submitted to
the Parliament. On the basis of brief comparison, this article discusses the
2004 constitutional reform in Georgia and the draft law adopted by the State
Constitutional Commission on the plenary session of July 19, 2010.
According to the draft law elaborated by the State Constitutional Com-
mission, the President is the supreme representative of the country in for-

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eign relations, the commander in chief of the armed forces and also performs the functions of an arbiter. The
president deploys its authority to dissolute the Parliament only in one case: when the Parliament is incapable of
forming the government.
The government of Georgia will be the highest body of executive power, which will administer domestic and
foreign policy of the state and will be accountable before the Parliament, while the President will have no authority
to dismiss the government and the dissolute the Parliament upon his/her personal initiative;
According to the draft law the role of the Parliament in the mechanism of running the country is enhanced.
The parliament is granted exclusive authority to elect the prime-minister and government. The Parliament is also
granted the authority to declare non-confidence to the government and dismiss it.

54
mmarTvelobis cneba
da kerZo da sajaro
samarTlis mimarTeba
mmarTvelobis
ganxorcielebis
procesSi
ekaterine qardava
samarTlis doqtori,
saqarTvelos universitetis asocirebuli profesori

I. Sesavali

mmarTvelobis cnebis legalur definicias saqarTve-

los kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ter-
mini _ mmarTveloba Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba administ-
raciuli samarTlis mecnierebaSi. administraciuli orga-
noebis saqmianobis umetesi nawili swored mmarTvelobis gan-
xorcielebazea orientirebuli. aRniSnulidan gamomdina-
re, aucilebelia kargad gaverkveT mmarTvelobis cnebaSi,
raTa mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis dros naTeli warmod-
gena SeviqmnaT administraciuli organoebis kerZo da sa-
jaro saqmianobis Sinaarsze.

II. mmarTvelobis cnebis ganmarteba

iuridiul mecnierebaSi mmarTvelobis cnebas sxvadasxva

aspeqtiT ganmartaven. gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanax-
mad, mmarTvelobas ganixilaven pozitiuri da negatiuri
gagebiT. mmarTvelobis pozitiuri ganmarteba _ mmarTve-
loba ewodeba kanonebis aRsrulebis process, romlis

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drosac administraciuli organoebi axorcieleben sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamo-

silebebs. mmarTvelobis negatiuri ganmarteba _ mmarTveloba es aris saxelmwifos
iseTi saqmianoba, romelic arc kanonSemoqmedebaa da arc marTlmsajulebis ganxorci-
eleba (substraqciis meTodi).1 substraqciis meTodis Tanaxmad, mmarTvelobas ar war-
moadgens: zogadi xasiaTis qcevis wesebis (kanonebis) gamocema; sasamarTlos gadawyve-
tilebebi da ganCinebebi (marTlmsajuleba). mecnierebaSi aseve ganmartaven e. w. axali
substraqciis formulas, romlis Tanaxmad, `sajaro mmarTveloba materialuri gagebiT
gulisxmobs saxelmwifos iseT saqmianobas, romelic arc kanonSemoqmedebasa da marTl-
msajulebas da arc mTavrobasa da SeiaraRebul Zalebs miekuTvneba.~2
zogadad, miiCneva, rom mmarTvelobis cnebis definireba faqtiurad SeuZlebelia.
mmarTveloba SeiZleba mxolod aRwero. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mmarTveloba
sxvadasxva aspeqtiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT:

mmarTveloba materialuri gagebiT niSnavs administraciuli organoebis tipiur

saqmianobas. magaliTad, nebarTvebis gacema, policiis prevenciuli saqmianoba, so-
cialuri daxmarebebi da sxva.
mmarTveloba organizaciuli gagebiT gulisxmobs organoebs, romlebic axorcie-
leben administraciul funqciebs, anu administracia da misi organoebi. magaliTad,
meria, sakrebulo, gamgeoba.
mmarTveloba formaluri gagebiT aerTianebs administraciuli organoebis yvela
saqmianobas imis miuxedavad, exeba Tu ara igi materialuri gagebiT administraciul
saqmianobas. magaliTad, normatiuli aqtebis gamocema.

mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba aseve, SeiZleba davajgufoT materialuri SinaarsiT, anu

saqmianobis amocanisa da miznis mixedviT:
momwesrigebeli mmarTveloba: sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis winaaRm-
deg mimarTuli safrTxis Tavidan acileba (ukanono mitingis akrZalva, ukanono mSe-
neblobis akrZalva da sxva).
uflebamimniWebeli mmarTveloba: moqalaqeTaTvis uflebebis miniWeba, rac miznad
isaxavs maTi cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofasa da gamosworebas (ne-
barTvebi, socialuri daxmarebebi, subvenciebi da sxva).
finansuri mmarTveloba: saxelmwifosaTvis aucilebeli finansuri saxsrebis konso-
lideba gadasaxadebis akrefis gziT (administraciis xarjebi, gadasaxadebi, begara da
sxva).
fiskaluri mmarTveloba: saSualebebis Seqmna, romlebic aucilebelia mmarTvelo-
biTi amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad (kompiuterebis Sesyidva, administraciuli Se-
nobebis daqiraveba, miwis nakveTebis gasxviseba da sxva).

mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli aris saxelmwifo, romelic kanonebis aRsrulebas

axorcielebs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebisa da saqveuwyebo dawesebule-
bebis meSveobiT. Tavad mmarTvelobis uSualod ganmaxorcielebelia administraciuli

56
organo, romelic amyarebs administraciulsamarTlebriv urTierTobas moqalaqeebTan.
mmarTveloba uSualoa, rodesac mmarTveloba xorcieldeba uSualod saxelmwifos
mier misi centraluri an adgilobrivi organoebis meSveobiT. umetes SemTxvevaSi, uSu-
alo mmarTvelobis dros TvalsaCinoa administraciuli organoebis instanciuroba.
saxelmwifos SeuZlia mmarTveloba ara mxolod misi organoebis meSveobiT ganaxorci-
elos, aramed aseve, sxva organizaciuli warmonaqmnebis meSveobiTac. am SemTxvevaSi,
mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi SeiZleba iyvnen sajaro samarTlis iuri-
diuli pirebi, kavSirebi da fondebi, rac SualobiTi mmarTvelobaa. magaliTad, saxelm-
wifo umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi mmarTvelobas axorcielebs saxelmwifo universi-
tetebis meSveobiT, romlebic warmoadgenen sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebs. aseve,
igive ganaTlebis sferoSi, mmarTveloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes kerZo samarTlis
iuridiuli pirebis meSveobiTac. magaliTad, kerZo universitetebi.

III. administraciuli organoebis sajaro da kerZo samarTlebrivi

saqmianoba mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebisas

1. sajaro da kerZo samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis mniSvneloba

saqarTveloSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi sistemis Tanaxmad, konkretuli samarTlis

norma sajaro samarTals an kerZo samarTals ganekuTvneba. kerZo samarTali moicavs
samarTlebrivi normebis erTobliobas, romlebic awesrigeben pirTa Tanasworuflebia-
nobaze damyarebul pirad qonebriv da araqonebriv samarTlebriv urTierTobebs. maga-
liTad, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi. sajaro samarTali moicavs samarT-
lebriv normebs, romlebic awesrigeben urTierTdaqvemdebarebul, subordinaciul su-
bieqtebs Soris warmoSobil samarTlebriv urTierTobebs. magaliTad, administraciuli
samarTali. vinaidan, administraciuli organoebi axorcieleben mmarTvelobas, maT aqvT
ufleba kanonebis aRsrulebis procesSi moqalaqeebs calmxrivad daakisron sajarosa-
marTlebrivi uflebebi da movaleobebi. mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebel organoebs
kanonebis aRsrulebisa da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis garda,
ufleba aqvT iyvnen kerZo samarTlis subieqtebi da monawileoba miiRon kerZosamarT-
lebriv urTierTobebSi (samoqalqo kodeqsis 23-e muxlis me-4 nawili).
mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebis, administraciuli organoebis, ker-
ZosamarTlebrivi da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis sferoTa gamijvna aucilebelia
sxvadasxva praqtikuli Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare. kerZod: marTlmsajulebis saxis
gansazRvrisaTvis _ kerZosamarTlebrivi davebi ganixileba samoqalaqo marTlmsaju-
lebis wesiT, xolo administraciulsamarTlebrivi davebi _ administraciuli marTl-
msajulebis wesiT; saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gansazRvrisaTvis _ admi-
nistraciuli organoebis sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianoba mowesrigebulia zogadi
administraciuli kodeqsiT, xolo administraciuli organoebis kerZosamarTlebrivi
saqmianoba regulirdeba samoqalaqo kodeqsiT; saqmianobis samarTlebrivi formis

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gansazRvrisaTvis _ administraciulsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi regulirdeba

administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocemiT da administraciuli xelSekrulebis
meSveobiT, xolo samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi mxolod kerZosamarTleb-
rivi garigebebis dadebis gziT. valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis wesis gansazRvrisaTvis
_ administraciuli samarTali icnobs administraciuli organoebis mier sajarosamar-
Tlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis dros miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis
cnebas, xolo samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcie-
lebeli organos mimarT samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan gamomdinare,
ganisazRvreba samoqalaqo kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT.

2. mmarTvelobiTi amocanebis ganxorcieleba kerZo pirebis mier

rogorc wesi, mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis ganxorcieleba fizikuri pirebisa Tu kerZo

samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mier samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi normebis Sesabamisad
mimdinareobs. Tu ra samarTlebriv urTierTobasTan gvaqvs saqme am dros da ra formiT
xdeba kerZo samarTlis subieqtiebis mier mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis ganxorcieleba,
SevecdebiT TvalsaCino gavxadoT mocemuli kazusiT.
kazusi _ manjaviZe sakuTari avtomanqaniT moZraobda q. TbilisSi, faliaSvilis qu-
Caze. faliaSvilis paralelur quCaze, abaSiZeze, mimdinareobda sagzao samuSaoebi. aR-
niSnulidan gamomdinare, faliaSvilis quCaze avtomanqanebisaTvis ormxrivi moZraoba
iqna daSvebuli. sagzao samuSaoebis warmoeba da mimdinare samuSaoebis farglebSi saTa-
darigo SemovliTi gzis maCvenebeli sagzao niSnebis dadgma Tbilisis meris brZanebiT
Sps `komforts~ daevala. manjaviZe faliaSvilis quCaze moZraobis dros, romelic mas
calmxriv gzad miaCnda, daejaxa gabunias avtomanqanas, romelic sargeblobda Semovli-
Ti gziT, Sps `komfortis~ mier ganTavsebuli sagzao maniSnebeli niSnis Tanaxmad. faq-
tiurad, rogorc manjaviZisaTvis, aseve gabuniasaTvisac faliaSvilis quCaze moZraoba
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT nebadarTuli iyo. avtosagzao SemTxvevis gamo,
pasuxismgebloba manjaviZem moiTxova q. Tbilisis meriisagan im safuZvliT, rom faliaS-
vilis quCaze unda yofiliyo specialuri niSani ormxrivi moZraobis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
vis ekisreba damdgari Sedegis gamo pasuxismgebloba?
amoxsna _ manjaviZis moTxovnas q. Tbilisis meriis pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis Sesa-
xeb SeiZleba mohyves dadebiTi Sedegi, Tu igi dasaSvebi da dasabuTebulia.

I. dasaSveboba
manjaviZe moiTxovs zianis anazRaurebas avtosagzao SemTxvevis dadgomis gamo, rom-
lic moxda gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis ararsebobis gamo. pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba
dadges zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 208-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Tu dadgindeba,
rom saxezea administraciuli organos brali avtosagzao SemTxvevis dadgomaSi.

1.zianis arseboba
avtosagzao SemTxveva gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom faliaSvilis quCaze ar iyo moxsnili
calmxrivi moZraobis niSani da mis nacvlad ar iyo dadgmuli ormxrivi moZraobis maniS-

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nebeli. zogadad, moZraobis maniSneblebis ganTavseba da gzebis keTilmowyobaze kont-
roli administraciuli, mmarTvelobiTi funqciaa. manjaviZisa da gabunias avtomanqane-
bis Sejaxeba gamoiwvia swored im garemoebam, rom manjaviZis avtomanqanis moZraobis
mxridan ar iyo gamafrTxilebeli niSani calmxrivi moZraobis moxsnisa da ormxrivi
moZraobis nebadarTulobis Sesaxeb. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, saxezea ziani,
romelic dadga ara manjaviZis gaufrTxileblobiT, aramed sagzao moZraobis wesebis
arasworad ganlagebis gamo.

2. zianis dadgomaze pasuxismgebeli organo

rogorc viciT, gzebis keTilmowyoba da moZraobis wesebisa da niSnebis ganlageba
mmarTvelobiTi funqciaa. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, meriam gzis keTilmowyoba
da gamafrTxilebeli SemovliTi gzis maniSnebeli niSnis dadgma daakisra Sps `kom-
forts~. Sps `komforti~ SeiZleba iyos administraciuli organo, Tu igi akmayofilebs
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis a) qvepunqtis moTxovnebs da igi adminis-
traciuli organos cnebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba warmoadgendes funqcionaluri
gagebiT administraciul organos. aRniSnuli cnebis Tanaxmad, funqcionaluri gagebiT
administraciuli organo aris yvela piri, romelic asrulebs sajarosamarTlebriv
uflebamosilebebs kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, Sps
`komforts~ gzis keTilmowyoba daekisra meriis aqtis safuZvelze da ara kanonmdeblo-
bis safuZvelze. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Sps `komforti~ ar warmoadgens funqcio-
naluri gagebiT administraciul organos. ziani dadga ara meriis uSualo ukanono moq-
medebiT, aramed Sps `komfortis~ ukanono moqmedebiT. saxezea administraciuli orga-
nos davalebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli moqmedebiT miyenebuli ziani, rac saqar-
Tvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 208-e muxliT dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis safuZvelia.
Sedegi: manjaviZis saCivari aris dasaSvebi, kerZod, manjaviZes ufleba aqvs moiTxo-
vos meriisagan pasuxismgebloba administraciulsamarTlebrivi wesiT.

II. dasabuTebuloba
Tu kazusis amoxsnis dros dadginda, rom sarCeli ar aris dasaSvebi, ra Tqma unda,
aRar vmsjelobT mis dasabuTebulobaze.
zemoaRniSnuli kazusis Tanaxmad, manjaviZem zianis anazRaureba unda moiTxovos
administraciuli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.
kerZo pirebis mier, iqneba es fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebi, mmarTvelobiTi funq-
ciebis ganxorcieleba xdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac maT kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze,
eniWebaT sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba. am SemTxvevaSi,
isini warmoadgenen administraciul organoebs funqcionaluri gagebiT da ufleba
aqvT, kompetenciis farglebSi, gamoscen individualuri administraciul-samarTleb-
rivi aqtebi.
magaliTad: akreditaciis mqone kerZo universiteti, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas
studentis statusis Sewyvetis Taobaze, funqcionaluri gagebiT warmoadgens adminis-

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traciul organos, vinaidan mas `umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis

safuZvelze miniWebuli aqvs akreditaciis gavlis Semdeg uflebamosileba, misces stu-
dentebs umaRlesi ganaTleba.
administraciuli organo funqcionaluri gagebiT unda ganvasxvaoT im subieqtebi-
sagan, romlebic mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebel organoebTan dadebuli xelSekru-
lebis safuZvelze, exmarebian konkretul administraciul organos sajarosamarTleb-
rivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebaSi. am dros isini ar warmoadgenen mmarTvelobis
ganmaxorcielebel subieqtebs, aramed mxolod maT damxmareebad gvevlinebian.3 es aris
swored ganxiluli kazusis magaliTi.
magaliTad: evakuatori, romelsac q. Tbilisis meriasTan aqvs dadebuli xelSekru-
leba, ukanonod gaCerebuli avtomanqanebis sajarimo avtosadgomze gadayvanasTan da-
kavSirebiT. am dros evakuatori warmoadgens administraciuli organos damxmare su-
bieqts, romelic mas exmareba sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorciele-
baSi.

3. mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba administraciuli organoebis mier

administraciuli organoebi saqmianoben rogorc sajarosamarTlebrivad, aseve
kerZosamarTlebrivadac. administraciuli organoebis kerZosamarTlebrivi saqmia-
nobis uflebamosileba gamomdinareobs rogorc samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobidan, aseve
administraciuli kanonmdeblobidanac. imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis da Sinaarsis qmedeba
xorcieldeba administraciuli organos mier, ganasxvaveben administraciuli organos
saqmianobis kerZosamarTlebriv da sajarosamarTlebriv sferos.
administraciuli organos fiskaluri saqmianoba _ fiskaluri saqmianoba niSnavs
administraciuli organos kerZosamarTlebriv saqmianobas. am mimarTulebiT adminis-
traciuli organo kerZosamarTlebrivad moqmedebs, rodesac:
_ sayofacxovrebo nivTebisa da sagnebis Sesyidvis mizniT debs garigebebs (magaliTad,
sakancelario nivTebis SeZena);
_ monawileobas iRebs kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis saqmianobaSi, rogorc maTi
Tanamowile;
_ debs yidva-gayidvisa da qiravnobis xelSekrulebebs.
administraciuli organoebis aRniSnuli saqmianobis kerZosamarTlebrivi buneba
gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom am dros isini ar axorcieleben sajarosamarTlebriv uf-
lebamosilebebs.4
administraciuli organoebis mavaldebulebeli, amkrZalavi Sinaarsis saqmianoba
mimarTulia sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebisaken. magaliTad,
samarTaldamrRvevis dajarimeba, ukanonod gaCerebuli avtomanqanis sajarimo sadgom-
ze gadayvana da sxva.
administraciuli organoebis aRmWurveli Sinaarsis saqmianobis dros sajarosa-
marTlebrivi da kerZosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis gamijvnis problematika iCens Tavs.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, rTulia gansazRvra, Tu ra formiT (kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlebrivi)
imoqmeda administraciulma organom. vinaidan, administraciul organos aRmWurveli

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saqmianobis ganxorcielebis dros aqvs arCevanis Tavisufleba imoqmedos kerZosamarT-
lebrivad an sajarosamarTlebrivad. swored am dros, aucilebelia administraciuli
organoebis kerZosamarTlebrivi da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis gamijvnis krite-
riumebis moSvelieba.

1. gamijvnis Teoriebi
samecniero literaturaSi Zalian didi adgili aqvs daTmobili sajaro da kerZo
samarTlis urTierTmimarTebis problemas da Teoriebs, romlebic am ori dargis gamij-
vnas axdenen. rac Seexeba praqtikasa da kazusebis amoxsnis meTodikas, am dros gamijvnis
problematika ufro naklebmniSvnelovania. unda aRiniSnos, rom kazusebis amoxsnisas
iSviaTad, Tumca mainc iCens xolme Tavs es problema. gansakuTrebiT es aris is SemTxveva,
roca gaurkvevelia administraciulma organom kerZosamarTlebrivad Tu sajarosamar-
Tlebrivad imoqmeda. aRniSnulis naTelsayofad moviyvanoT Semdegi kazusi.
kazusi _ `sportis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad, sportuli kompleqsebis
asaSeneblad sportis kavSirebsa da gaerTianebebs Sesabamisi miwis farTobebi gadaece-
maT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier. amasTan miwis gadacema xdeba usasyidlod
da uZravi qonebis safasuri gadaixdeba raionuli biujetidan.
Telavis raionSi arsebulma sportulma kavSirma gancxadebiT mimarTa raionis gam-
geobas da moiTxova maT gamgeblobaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis gadacema sportuli
kompleqsis aSenebis mizniT. sakrebulom gadawyvita, rom daekmayofilebina sportis
kavSiris moTxovna da Semdegi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna uflebamosili piris xelmo-
weriT: `Tqvens mier moTxovnili uZravi qoneba Tqvens gankargulebaSia. gTxovT, Segvat-
yobinoT, rodis gsurT qonebis miReba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.~ roca gamgeobam raionis
sakrebulos mimarTa TxovniT gadasacemi uZravi qonebis safasuris anazRaurebis moT-
xovniT, sakrebulom uari ganacxada im motiviT, rom igi ar cnobda uZravi qonebisaTvis
dadgenil fass anu ar eTanxmeboda Rirebulebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Telavis
gamgeobam uari ganacxada qonebis sportuli kavSirisaTvis gadacemaze.
gansazRvreT, aqvs Tu ara ufleba sportul kavSirs moiTxovos qonebis gadacema?
I. dava SeiZleba iyos administraciulsamarTlebrivi xasiaTis, Tu TviTmmarTve-
lobis organos werilobiTi Setyobineba warmoadgens individualur administraciul-
samarTlebriv aqts da aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sportul kavSirs SeiZleba hqondes
qonebis gadacemis moTxovnis ufleba.
1. individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti saxezea, Tu igi akmayofilebs
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis d) qvepunqtis moTxovnebs. individualu-
ri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti erTmniSvnelovnad saxezea, rodesac Ronis-
Zieba ganxorcielda administraciulsamarTlebriv sferoSi. Tu formac ganxorciele-
buli RonisZiebisa administraciulsamarTlebrivia miuxedavad misi Sinaarsisa, saxezea
individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti. winamdebare kazusSi erTmniSvne-
lovnad administraciulsamarTlebrivi saqmianobis forma TvalnaTliv saxeze ar aris.
amitom aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT Tu ra Sinaarsis kanonis safuZvelzea ganxorci-
elebuli konkretuli qmedeba.

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2. gamgeobis werilobiTi Setyobinebis safuZvelia kanoni `sportis ganviTarebisa

da xelSewyobis Sesaxeb~, romelsac gamokveTilad, samarTlebrivi bunebis Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, verc sajaro samarTlis da verc kerZo samarTlis kuTvni-
lebad miviCnevT. rogorc viciT, zogierTi sakanonmdeblo aqti gamokveTilad an saja-
rosamarTlebrivia an kerZosamarTlebrivi. aRniSnuli kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,
vinaidan bundovania sportis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis kanonis samarTlebrivi kuT-
vnileba, unda vixelmZRvaneloT kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis Teo-
riebiT. Teoriebi, romlebic am or dargs Soris gamijvnis problematikas ase Tu ise
warmoaCens, mravalmxrivia da yvela maTganis gansazRvra Zalian Sors wagviyvans, amitom
mecniereba da praqtika mxolod sam ZiriTad Teoriaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da maT
Sinaarsze dayrdnobiT cdilobs kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis prob-
lemis gadawyvetas. es Teoriebia: a) subordinaciis Teoria; b) interesebis Teoria; g)
modificirebuli subieqtebis Teoria.
a) subordinaciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sajarosamarTlebrivi urTierToba saxezea, ro-
desac samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebi subordinaciul anu urTierTdaqvem-
debarebul subieqtebs warmoadgenen. Tanasworuflebian subieqtebs Soris warmoSobili
urTierToba miiCneva kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobad. aRniSnuli Teoria problemis
gadawyvetis universaluri saSualeba ar aris, vinaidan arc Tu iSviaTad, arsebobs SemTx-
vevebi, rodesac sajaro samarTlis urTierToba or Tanasworuflebian subieqts Soris
mimdinareobs, magaliTad or saministros Soris samarTlebrivi urTierToba da kerZo
samarTalSic saxeze gvaqvs mSoblisa da Svilis samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic
subodrinaciul Sinaarss atarebs.
mocemul kazusSi subordinaciis Teoriis principiT sakiTxis gadawyvetis SesaZleb-
loba ar arsebobs.
b) interesebis Teoria romaeli iuristis uilpianes droidan momdinareobs, romlis
Tanaxmad, sajaro samarTals miekuTvneba is samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romelic upi-
ratesad sajaro interesebs emsaxureba, xolo Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan indi-
vidualuri interesia gamoxatuli, saxezea kerZo samarTali. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom xSir SemTxvevebSi, sajarosamarTlebrivi urTierToba
ara marto sazogadoebis farTo masebis interesebs exeba, aramed konkretuli pirebis
uflebis dacvis saSualebebsac warmoadgens da piriqiT, mravali kerZosamarTlebrivi
norma sajaro interesis Semcvelia, magaliTad, mSoblis valdebuleba arCinos misi ara-
srulwovani Svili. winamdebare kazusSi sportuli kompleqsebis aSeneba da am mizniT
qonebis gamoyofa sazogadoebis interesebs emsaxureba, rac interesebis Teoriis far-
glebSi jdeba da unda vivaraudoT, rom kanoni `sportis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobis
Sesaxeb~ sajarosamarTlebrivi kanonia.
g) modificirebuli subieqtebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sajaro samarTali saxezea, Tu
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile warmoadgens aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
organos da Tu kerZo pirebs Sorisaa urTierToba, maSin saxezea kerZo samarTali. es
Teoria sajaro samarTals miiCnevs sajaro mmarTvelobis specialur samarTlad, ramde-
nadac aqcents akeTebs mis gamomyenebel subieqtze.5 aRniSnuli Teoriis problematuri

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sakiTxia, rom saxelmwifo SeiZleba iyos kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti
da gamovides urTierTobebSi rogorc kerZo samarTlis subieqti. Tu saxelmwifo orga-
noebis mier ganxorcielebul nebismier saqmianobas da samarTlebriv urTierTobas
sajarosamarTlebrivad miviCnevT, maSin saxelmwifos kerZosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis
ufleba aRar darCeba, rac ra Tqma unda, winaaRmdegobaSia samoqalaqo samarTlis nor-
mebTan da debulebebTan. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, modificirebuli subieqtebis Teo-
riis problematika Tavs iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca administraciul organos kerZosa-
marTlebrivi saqmianobis uflebac hqonda da sajarosamarTlebrivic.
gansaxilveli kazusis mimarTebaSi, subieqtebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, vinaidan samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis monawile TviTmmarTvelobis organoa, saxeze gvaqvs sajaro-
samarTlebrivi urTierToba.
aRniSnuli Teoriebis mimoxilvis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom konkretuli ka-
nonis kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlisadmi kuTvnilebis dasadgenad, aucilebelia TiToe-
uli gamijvnis Teoriis gansazRvra da urTierTSejereba, rac saboloo daskvnamde mig-
viyvans. mocemul kazusTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom `spor-
tis ganviTarebisa da xelSeywobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis samarTlebrivi buneba subordinaciis
principis Sesabamisad, gaurkveveli gaxda, subieqtebisa da interesTa Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT, gamoikveTa misi sajaro samarTlisadmi kuTvnileba.
3. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, unda dadgindes aris Tu ara TviTmmarTvelobis
organos werilobiTi dokumenti individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti.
amasTan, unda gavarkvioT, saxezea Tu ara mowesrigeba anu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
damdgeni xasiaTi. aRniSnuli saxezea, vinaidan werilobiTi dokumentis Sinaarsi TviT-
mmarTvelobis organosa da sportis kavSirs Soris qonebis gadacemis sakiTxs exeba,
rac erTmniSvnelovnad metyvelebs werilobiTi dokumentis Sinaarsis momwesrigeblur
bunebaze, anu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis damdgen xasiaTze.
4. amasTan, saxezea individualursamarTlebrivi bunebac, rogorc individualuri
administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis elementi. TviTmmarTvelobis organos werilo-
biTi dokumenti warmoadgens individualur administraciul samarTlebriv aqts, vi-
naidan igi akmayofilebs individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis kanoniT
dadgenil elementebs.
I I . mocemuli individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti SeiZleba baTi-
lad iqnes cnobili formis daucvelobis gamo. kerZod, uZravi nivTebis gasxviseba samo-
qalaqo kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saWiroebs sanotaro formas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom
sanotaro forma ZiriTadad, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebisaTvis aris dadgenili da
rodesac qonebis gadacema xdeba sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis farglebSi
sanotaro forma savaldebulo ar aris da mas cvlis administraciuli organos kanonm-
deblobis Sesabamisad gamocemuli individualuri administraciuli aqti.
kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, TviTmmarTvelobis organos mier gamocemuli indi-
vidualursamarTlebrivi aqti formis daucvelobis gamo, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT baTi-
lad, vinaidan mas hqonda uflebamosili piris xelmowera. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
sportis kavSirs ufleba aqvs moiTxovos TviTmmarTvelobis organosagan uZravi qonebis
gadacema kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

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5. dabolos, eWvis SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamijvnis Teoriebi erTmniSvnelovan an miaxloe-

bul pasuxs ver iZleva administraciuli organos kerZosamarTlebrivi, Tu sajarosa-
marTlebrivi saqmianobis formaze mecnierTa umetesi nawili miiCnevs, rom upiratesoba
sajaro samarTals unda mieniWos. mecnierTa aRniSnuli mosazreba emyareba im garemo-
ebas, rom administraciuli organoebi Seqmnilni arian sajarosamarTlebrivi ufleba-
mosilebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, axorcieleben mmarTvelobas da maTi saqmianobis
samarTlebrivi safuZveli umeteswilad sajarosamarTlebrivi normaa.

III. daskvna

statiis farglebSi SevecadeT mokled warmogveCina mmarTvelobis problematika da

mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis Taviseburebani administraciuli organos kerZosamar-
Tlebrivi da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis dros. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRvniS-
noT, rom mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa. swored
mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebazea orientirebuli saxelmwifos funqcionireba da saxel-
mwifo organoTa mier administrireba. mmarTvelobis procesis mravalferovnebisa da
misi sxvadasxva aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, administraciuli organoebis saqmianobaSi
gadamwyvetia sajaro da kerZosamarTlebrivi sferoebis gamijvna da mmarTvelobis am
kuTxiT gaazreba. samarTlebrivi praqtika da mecniereba viTardeba imgvarad, rom admi-
nistraciuli organoebis saqmianobaSi sul ufro metad vxvdebiT kerZosamarTlebrivi
institutebisa da kerZosamarTlebrivi formiT saqmianobis magaliTebs. safiqralia,
Tu ratom xdeba administraciuli organos funqciebis ufro xSiri gakerZoeba. xom ar
aris es ganpirobebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu sxva saxis garemoebe-
biT? statiis mizania, rom mkafiod warmovaCinoT dRevandeli mmarTvelobis ganxorcie-
lebis sxvadasxva formebi da aspeqtebi da xazi gavusvaT im garemoebebs, rom mmarTve-
loba administraciuli organoebis mier xorcieldeba aramxolod administraciul-
samarTlebrivi institutebis meSveobiT, aramed sul ufro intensiurad vxvdebiT kerZo
samarTlis subieqtebisa da institutebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ganxor-
cielebis magaliTebsac. Tumca, imis miuxedavad Tu ra formiT xorcieldeba mmarTve-
loba, administraciuli organoebis mTavar miznad mainc sajarosamarTlebrivi ufleba-
mosilebebis ganxorcieleba rCeba.

SeniSvnebi:

1
Hartmut Mauer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, S. 3.
2
Ulrich Battis, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 202, S.3.
3
Ossenbuehl, Staatshaftungsrecht, S. 21.
4
Pietzcker, Der Staatsauftrag als Instrument des Verwaltungshandelns, S. 362.
5
turava, wkeplaZe, zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 24.

64
THE CONCEPT OF
GOVERNANCE AND
RELATION OF PRIVATE
AND PUBLIC LAW IN THE
PROCESS OF
ADMINISTERING THE
GOVERNANCE

EKATERINE KARDAVA
JD, Associated Professor of the University of Georgia

State is a complex entity. Its activities are diverse and different legal norms
lie at the basis of the tasks the state faces and the functions it performs. The
purpose of administrative law is to examine and organize legal relations among
the state bodies and the citizens that emerge in the process of governance.
Exactly to define what is the purpose of administrative law and to dwell into
the deep of the administrative law, it is necessary to first understand the
concept of governance and the process of governance. The purpose of the
present article is to explain to the reader the concept of governance and the
opportunities for the administration of governance. In addition, the article
portrays the administration of governance based on the examples of specific
cases of administrative bodies in their performance of public-legal and private-
legal activities. Stemming from the said-above, the article will help the students
and persons interested in administrative law to come to the particulars of the
process of governance during the private-legal and public-legal activities.

65
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N
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kanoni

`gaidlainebis~
marTlmsajulebis
sistemaSi gamoyenebis
sakiTxisaTvis

giorgi TumaniSvili
samarTlis doqtori (berlinis Tavisufali universiteti)
samarTlis magistri (LL.M.), saqarTvelos universitetis
asocirebuli profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos iniciativiT, erT-

gvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis mizniT,
2007 wlis 5 Tebervals, Seiqmna sisxlis samarTlis sasamar-
Tlo praqtikis Seswavlis, ganzogadebisa da saerTo sasa-
marTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo winada-
debebis ganmsazRvreli mudmivmoqmedi komisia. imave wels,
komisiam moamzada saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da reko-
mendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis konkretul mux-
lebTan mimarTebaSi, e.w. `guidlines~. mogvianebiT ki, Se-
imuSava praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis
procesis ZiriTad sakiTxebze magistrati mosamarTleebi-
saTvis. aRniSnuli praqtikuli rekomendaciebis mTavar
funqcias sisxlis samarTlis materialur da procesular
normebTan dakavSirebiT erTiani midgomis ganviTareba da
am gziT swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis ganxorci-
elebisaTvis xelSewyoba warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom
msgavsi saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi sisxlissamarTleb-
riv normaTa erTgvarovani gamoyenebis praqtikis damkvid-
rebis uzrunvelsayofad moqmedebs, rogorc dasavleT ev-
ropis qveynebSi, aseve amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. am
ukanasknels, gansxvavebiT sxva qveynebisagan, e.w. `gaid-
lainebis~ gamoyenebis SedarebiT xangrZlivi gamocdileba
aqvs.

66
 saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, maT iu-
ristTa erTi nawili kritikulad afasebs da `gaidlainebis~ konstituciasTan Seusaba-
mobas usvams xazs. erTi SexedviT, maTi pretenzia savsebiT misaRebia, radgan saqarT-
velos konstituciis 84-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, `mosamarTle Tavis saqmianobaSi
damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxolod konstitucias da kanons~. imave muxlis me-4
nawili baTilad acxadebs yvela aqts, romelic zRudavs mosamarTlis damoukideblobas.
mosamarTlis damoukideblobis qveS moiazreba, rogorc personaluri, ise sagnobrivi
damoukidebloba. sagnobrivi damoukidebloba niSnavs, rom mosamarTle konkretul
saqmeze yovelgvari miTiTebebis gareSe damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebas. gadawy-
vetilebis miRebis procesSi igi xelmZRvanelobs mxolod konstituciiTa da kanonebiT.
zemoxsenebuli saxelmZRvanelo principebi ki, mosamarTleebs miuTiTebs, Tu ra sasjeli
unda daniSnos man ama Tu im muxliT piris msjavrdebis dros Sesabamisi garemoebebis
arsebobis an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad, amiT garkveulwilad izRudeba mosamar-
Tlis sagnobrivi damoukidebloba sasjelis gansazRvris da ganaCenis dadgenisas. mosa-
marTlis damoukideblobis principis darRveva amavdroulad samarTlebriv saxelmwi-
fos principze dafuZnebul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi konstituciursamarTleb-
rivad gaumarTlebel Carevas niSnavs.
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, Tu ramdenad misaRebia e.w. `gaidlainebis~ gamoyenebis
praqtikis danergva qarTuli marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi, saWiroa, rom saqarTvelos
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis momzadebuli saxelmZRvanelo winada-
debebi da rekomendaciebi ufro detalebSi ganvixiloT da saqarTvelos konstituciis
moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi saTanadod SevafasoT.

1. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis procesis ZiriTad sakiTxebze

magistrati mosamarTleebisaTvis

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, magistrati mosamarTleebi

pirveli instanciiT ganixilaven Suamdgomlobebs saproceso samarTlebrivi iZulebis
RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebaze da axorcieleben sasamarTlo kontrols sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeze winaswari gamoZiebis warmoebisas prokurorisa da gamomZieblis mier ganxorcie-
lebul mTel rig moqmedebebze da maT mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze, romlebic da-
kavSirebulia konstituciiT dacul da garantirebul adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvas-
Tan. im administraciul-teritoriul erTeulSi, sadac ar moqmedebs magistrati mosa-
marTle, raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos mosamarTle axorcielebs magistrati mosa-
marTlis uflebamosilebas. maSasadame, aRniSnuli rekomendaciebi gankuTvnilia ara
marto magistrati mosamarTleebisaTvis, aramed im raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos
mosamarTleebisaTvisac, romelTa teritoriazec ar arian magistrati mosamarTleebi.
praqtikuli rekomendaciebi Tavisi SinaarsiT warmoadgenen saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis normebis ganmartebas. avtori akeTebs ganmartebebs iseT
procedurul sakiTxebze, rogoric aris magaliTad, aRkveTis RonisZiebis SerCeva,

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aRkveTis RonisZiebis Secvla an gauqmeba, prokuroris an gamomZieblis Suamdgomlobe-

bis ganxilva sxvadasxva sagamoZiebo moqmedebis Catarebis Sesaxeb brZanebis gacemasTan
dakavSirebiT da a.S. praqtikul rekomendaciebSi Tavmoyrilia agreTve wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi dagrovili da Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo praqtika iseT ZiriTad da problema-
tur sakiTxebze, ramac Tavisi asaxva sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis normebSi
ver hpova, radgan SeuZlebelia kodeqsis muxlebSi mTeli rigi procesualuri sakiTxebis
detalurad gawera. rekomendaciebSi detalurad aris aRwerili rogorc mosamarTlis
SesaZlo moqmedebebi ama Tu im saxis saCivarTan an SuamdgomlobasTan dakavSirebul
saproceso (procedurul) sakiTxebze, aseve sasamarTlos aparatis TanamSromelTa (kan-
celariis, TanaSemwis, sxdomis mdivnis) valdebulebebi da SesaZlo moqmedebebi saCivri-
sa da Suamdgomlobebis sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebisa da ganxilvis sakiT-
xebze.
konstituciursamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli rekomendaciebi araviTar
problemas ar warmoSobs, vinaidan igi mosamarTles Tavis saqmianobaSi ar zRudavs da
`mosamarTlis damoukideblobis~ princips ar arRvevs. mosamarTles igi exmareba sisx-
lis samarTlis saproceso normebis Sinaarsis sworad gagebaSi da normebis saTanadod
gamoyenebaSi. mosamarTle ama Tu im procesualuri sakiTxis ganxilvisas da gadawyve-
tilebis miRebisas valdebulia daicvas saproceso normebi, romlebSic kanonmdeblis
mier maqsimalurad detalurad aris gawerili proceduruli sakiTxebi. gansxvavebiT
sisxlis samarTlis materialuri normebisagan, romlebic mosamarTles kanonis inter-
pretaciis, ganmartebis da subsumciis meTodebis gamoyenebis farTo saSualebebs aZleven,
saproceso normebi ganekuTvnebian formalursamarTlebriv normebs, romlebic impe-
ratiulad miuTiTeben mis gamomyenebels, Tu konkretul SemTxvevaSi ra moqmedeba unda
Sesruldes an rogori gadawyvetileba unda iqnes miRebuli. mocemul rekomendaciebSi
gadmocemuli sisxlis saproceso normaTa Sinaarsi maqsimaluradaa orientirebuli ka-
nonmdeblis nebaze da normis enobriv-gramatikul ganmartebaze. rekomendaciis avtoris
mizania sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis muxlebis komentirebis gziT uzrunvel-
yos mTel rig saproceso sakiTxebze erTgvarovani praqtikis Camoyalibeba, rac sabo-
lood, xels Seuwyobs swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas. gasaTva-
liswinebelia is garemoeba, rom swored magistrat mosamarTleebs evalebaT sisxlis
samarTalwarmoebis sawyis etapze pirovnebis konstituciiT dacul da garantirebul
uflebaTa SezRudvis sakiTxis gadawyveta. aRniSnul etapze procesis mwarmoebeli
piris mier daSvebuli Secdomis Sedegad SeiZleba gaumarTleblad da arsebiTad Seila-
xos pirovnebis uflebebi. amasTan, xeli SeeSalos efeqtiani sisxlis samarTlis proce-
sis ganxorcielebas, radgan kanonis darRveviT da pirovnebis konstituciur uflebebSi
uxeSad CareviT miRebuli mtkicebulebebi momavalSi veRar iqneba gamoyenebuli. amitom,
saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda uzrunvelyos, rom sisxlis samarTlis procesis sawyis
etapzeve procesis mwarmoebelma Tanamdebobis pirebma sworad da jerovnad gamoiyenon
saprocesosamarTlebrivi normebi. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis pro-
cesis ZiriTad sakiTxebze ara marto mosamarTleebs, aramed procesis sxva monawileeb-
sac (prokurori, advokati da sxva.) gauwevs TavianT saqmianobaSi did daxmarebas, rom-

68
lebsac rekomendaciebis safuZvelze winaswar ecodinebaT, Tu rogor wydeba esa Tu is
saproceso sakiTxebi konkretul saCivarTan Tu SuamdgomlobasTan mimarTebaSi, ra val-
debulebebi akisriaT sasamarTlos aparatis TanamSromlebs da procesis monawileebs.
maSasadame, konstituciursamarTlebrivi xedviT, aRniSnuli praqtikuli rekomendaci-
ebi araTu problematuri, aramed misasalmebelia, radgan igi mniSvnelovnad xels uwyobs
efeqtiani da swrafi marTlmsajulebis principis praqtikul realizacias da amcirebs
procesualuri normebis arasworad gamoyenebis gziT pirovnebis konstituciiT dacul
da garantirebul uflebebSi ukanonod Carevis albaTobas.

2. saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis

sasamarTlo praqtikis problematur sakiTxebze

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 2007 wlis 25 ivlisis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi konci-

pirebulia sisxlis samarTlis zogierT normasTan dakavSirebiT erTiani midgomis Camo-
sayalibeblad, raTa praqtikaSi daculi iqnes swrafi da efeqtiani marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebis principi. manamde arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtika cxadyofs, rom msgav-
si garemoebebis mqone saqmeebze radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sedegebi dgeboda, e.i.
arsebobs uamravi norma, romelTan mimarTebiTac sxvadasxva instanciis sasamarTloebs
sxvadasxva mosazrebebi hqondaT da sxvadasxva praqtikas misdevdnen, rac sabolood,
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa gadawyvetaze aisaxeboda da saqmeTa ganxilvis gaWianurebas
iwvevda. saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi, anu igive `gaidlainebi~ praqtikaSi yvelaze uf-
ro metad gavrcelebuli danaSaulis SemadgenlobebTan mimarTebiT iZleva samarT-
lebriv-dogmatur ganmartebebs da aseve, sxvadasxva garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT mosa-
marTles sTavazobs Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis dasaniSni sasjelis saxes da sasjelis
zomas. magaliTad, saxelmZRvanelo ssk-is 177-e muxlTan dakavSirebiT ganmartavs, Tu
ra moiazreba binis, sadgomis da sacavis cnebaSi, agreTve miuTiTebs, Tu ra pirobebis
arsebobisas warmoadgens piris qmedeba qurdobis mcdelobas an damTavrebul danaSa-
uls. amasTan, 177-e muxlis TiToeul nawilTan mimarTebiT TandarTulia dasaniSni sas-
jelebis cxrili, ris mixedviTac mosamarTles SeuZlia sasjelis Sefardebis dros
ixelmZRvanelos.
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mosamarTlem sasjelis daniSvnis dros
unda ixelmZRvanelos ssk-is 53-e muxliT (`sasjelis daniSvnis zogadi sawyisebi~) da
gaiTvaliswinos ara marto Cadenili danaSaulis simZime, aramed damnaSavis pirovnebac.
pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelis individualizaciis principidan gamomdinare, samosa-
marTleo saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad moments bralis xarisxis Sesabamisi sasjelis
daniSvna warmoadgens. bralze orientirebuli sasjelis gansazRvra ara mxolod
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli, aramed igi pirovnebis Rirsebis pa-
tiviscemis konstituciur uflebasa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos princips efuZneba.
`bralze orientirebuloba~ martooden ar niSnavs, rom pirovnebam pasuxi qmedebis bra-
leulad CadenisaTvis unda agos, aramed, aseve niSnavs, rom sasjeli unda ganisazRvros

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da kanoni

piris bralis xarisxis Sesabamisad. aRniSnulisagan gansxvavebiT, sasjelis daniSvnis

saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi (`gaidlainebi~) orientirebulia mxolod obieqtur
garemoebebze. romelime obieqturi garemoebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, gansazRvrulia
konkretuli sasjelis saxe da zoma. magaliTad, aseTi obieqturi garemoebebia gansas-
jelis mier warsulSi Cadenili danaSauli, gamoZiebasTan TanamSromloba, danaSaulis
simZime. `gaidlainebi~ sasjelis Sefardebis dros iTvaliswinebs mxolod qmedebis umar-
Tlobaze orientirebul sasjels. `gaidlainebis~ erT-erT ZiriTad uaryofiT mxared
miCneulia, rom masSi sasjelis gansazRvris masStabebs mxolod gansasjelis mier Cade-
nili qmedeba da ara pirovneba da misi bralis xarisxi warmoadgens. mniSvnelovani gansx-
vaveba sasjelis Sefardebis klasikur sistemasa da `gaidlainebs~ Soris is aris, rom
konkretuli SemTxvevis subieqtur Sefasebas, romelsac mosamarTle sxvadasxva garemo-
ebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT axdenda, axla sasjelis daniSvnis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis
avtorebi axdenen. `gaidlainebSi~ avtorebis mier pirovnebis sisxlissamarTlebriv pa-
suxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetileba abstraqtulad aris miRebuli, kon-
kretuli SemTxvevis specifikis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba em-
yareba msgavs danaSaulebriv SemTxvevebze dadgenil ganaCenTa arsebul sasamarTlo
praqtikas. gansxvavebiT `gaidlainebis~ avtorTa mier miRebuli abstraqtuli gadawyve-
tilebisagan, mosamarTlis mier damoukideblad miRebul gadawyvetilebas is upirate-
soba aqvs, rom igi ukeT icnobs gansaxilveli saqmis detalebs, gansasjels, mis pirovnul
ganviTarebas da Cadenil qmedebasTan mis damokidebulebas. mosamarTles SeuZlia cal-
keuli subieqturi garemoebebis saTanadod SefasebiT gansasjels sabolood, ufro
samarTliani sasjeli Seufardos. sasjelis daniSvnis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebze
bazirebuli sistemis pirobebSi ki, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTle iZulebuli iqneba Se-
ufardos pirs iseTi sasjeli, romelic aSkarad Seusabamo iqneba msjavrdebulis pi-
rovnebasTan.
ara mxolod e.w. `gaidlainebs~, aramed sasjelis daniSvnis klasikur sistemasac aqvs
Tavisi naklovanebebi. aRniSnuli sistemis mixedviT, sasjelis daniSvna warmoadgens
process, romlis drosac mosamarTle konkretul danaSaulebriv qmedebas afasebs da
Semdeg umarTlobisa da bralis xarisxis mixedviT gansazRvravs sasjelis saxes da zomas.
samwuxarod, sisxlissamarTlebriv dogmatikaSi dRemde ar SemuSavebula bralis xaris-
xis `gazomvis~ iseTi erTiani masStabebi, rac mosamarTles daexmareboda pirovnebis
bralis Sesabamisi sasjelis gansazRvraSi. amitom, Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTali
sasjelis daniSvnisas mosamarTlis individualur Sefasebas farTod uRebs kars, rac
ar gamoricxavs, rom erTi da imave pirovnebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis dros sxvadasxva
mosamarTleebma bralis xarisxi gansxvavebulad Seafason da Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli
sasjelebi daniSnon. vinaidan, erTgvarovani midgoma ar arsebobs imasTan dakavSirebiT,
Tu bralis konkretul xarisxs ra zomis sasjeli Seesabameba, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom
sxvadasxva mosamarTleebs gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi hqondeT pirovnebis bralze da
dasaniSn sasjelze. sasjelis daniSvnaze garkeveul zegavlenas axdens agreTve mosamar-
Tlis pirovnuli ganwyoba da emociuri damokidebuleba damnaSavisa da mis mier Cadenili
danaSaulis mimarT. sasamarTlo praqtikis araerTi empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi miuTi-

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Teben im garemoebaze, rom identur sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze sasjelis daniSvnis
dros aSkara araerTgvarovneba da uTanasworoba arsebobs. mosamarTlis mier sasjelis
daniSvnas klasikuri sistemis mixedviT, mravali gamoCenili mecnieri afasebs, rogorc
`mosamarTlis araracionalur TviTnebobas da ganwyobas~1 da akritikebs sasjelis da-
niSvnis sasamarTlo praqtikis araerTgvarovnebas2. kritikosebi miiCneven, rom aRniSnu-
li araerTgvarovneba sasjelis daniSvnis dros iuridiulad miuRebeli da `sisxlis
samarTlis dogmatikisaTvis did dartymas~ niSnavs3. marTlac, araviTari sisxlissa-
marTlebriv-dogmaturi gamarTleba ara aqvs imas, rom araerTgvarovani sasjelebi
dainiSnos identuri qmedebisaTvis, romelTac ar axasiaTebT erTmaneTisagan gansxvave-
buli sasjelis daniSvnisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sisxlis sa-
marTlis normebis araerTgvarovnad gamoyeneba normis konfuzias uwyobs xels da sa-
marTlebrivi sistemis simyares uqmnis safrTxes. garda amisa, samarTlis normebis ara-
erTgvarovnad gamoyenebis Sedegad daniSnuli sasjeli usamarTlod aRiqmeba da amiT
safrTxe eqmneba, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis socialur-fsiqologiur aRiarebas, ise
zogadad, samarTlianobis gancdas. maSin, rodesac pirovneba saxelmwifos reaqcias mis
mier Cadenl danaSaulze zedmetad mkacrad an usamarTlod aRiqvams, es xels SeuSlis
agreTve mis resocializaciasac, rac sasjelis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizania. sa-
yuradReboa, rom `sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis erTgvarovneba~
samarTlianobis principis moTxovnas warmoadgens da amitom, sasjelis daniSvnis ara-
erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtika ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnuli principis moTxovnebs.
amgvari sasamarTlo praqtika winaaRmdegobaSi modis agreTve, saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciis 14-e muxlSi aRiarebul Tanasworobis principTanac. Tanasworobis principis dar-
Rvevas swored maSin aqvs adgili, roca identuri urTierTobebi uTanasworod ganixi-
leba. amrigad, Tanasworobis principi, romelis mixedviTac, arsebiTad Tanaswori unda
ganixilos Tanasworad, dakavSirebulia konstituciur moTxovnasTan, rom danaSaulisa
da dasaniSni sasjelis SefasebisaTvis SemuSavdes praqtikaSi erTiani masStabebi. ro-
gorc ukve aRiniSna, ssk-is 53-e muxli formulirebulia Zalze zogadad da ver uzrun-
velyofs aRniSnuli miznis miRwevas.
aRniSnuli problemis gadaWris erT-erT alternatiul gzas `gaidlainebis~ SemuSa-
veba warmoadgens. `gaidlainebis~ idea swored isaa, rom moxdes sasjelis daniSvnis prin-
cipebis sistematizacia da erTiani meqanizmis SemuSaveba, rac sasjelis gansazRvris
erTgvarovan sasamarTlo praqtikas Seuwyobs xels. man unda uzrunvelyos, rom mosa-
marTleebma sasjelis daniSvnisas ixelmZRvanelon samarTlebrivad relevanturi erTi-
ani kriteriumebiT, romelebsac calkeuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas Tanabari mniSvneloba mieniWebaT. samosamarTleo praqtikaSi samarTlebrivi
Tanasworobis miRweva amavdroulad, samarTlianobis principis realizaciasac warmo-
adgens. amasTan, sasjelis daniSvnisaTvis samarTlebrivad relevanturi erTiani krite-
riumebis SemuSaveba, zemdgomi instanciebis sasamarTloebs gauadvilebda qvemdgomi
instanciis sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvlianobis Semowmeba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom `sasjelis daniSvnis erTgvarovneba~, rogorc
`gaidlainebis~ meSveobiT misaRwevi mizani, konkurirebs iseT konstituciursamarT-

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lebriv moTxovnasTan, rogoric aris `mosamarTlis Tavisufleba~ da `sasjelis indi-

vidualizacia~. Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom samosamarTleo praqtikaSi yovelTvis iden-
tur SemTxvevebs eqnebaT adgili. arc Tu ise iSviaTad, SesaZlebelia sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeze mocemuli iyos pirovnebis bralisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi garemoebebi,
romlebic `gaidlainebSi~ ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, magram misi ignorireba sasjelis
daniSvnisas gaumarTlebeli iqneboda. Tuki, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, `gaidlainebi~
mosamarTles ar miscemda misgan gadaxvevis saSualebas, maSin es ukanaskneli iZulebuli
iqneba daniSnos iseTi sasjeli, rasac igi piradad usamarTlod mZimed an msubuqad miiC-
nevs. praqtikaSi aseT SemTxvevas yovelTvis eqneba adgili, rodesac gansaxilveli sisx-
lis samarTlis saqme Tavisi specifikurobidan da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli
subieqturi da obieqturi garemoebebidan gamomdinare, imdenad gansxvavdeba manamde
ganxiluli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebisagan, rom SeuZlebeli iyo msgavsi SemTxvevis
`gaidlainebSi~ gaTvaliswineba. am mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanasworobis konsti-
tuciuri pricipi, ara mxolod arsebiTad Tanasworis TviTneburad uTanasworod gan-
xilviT irRveva, aramed arsebiTad uTanasworos TviTneburad Tanasworad ganxilviTac.
amitom, mxolod iseTi `gaidlainebi~ SeiZleba Seesabamebodes konstituciis moTxovnebs,
romlis dacvac mosamarTleebis mier ar iqneboda savaldebulo da romlebic mosamar-
Tleebs dautovebda SesaZleblobas, rom sisxlis samarTlis saqmis specifikurobis gaT-
valiswinebiT, gansasjels Seufardos sasjelis daniSvnis saxelmZRvanelo winadade-
bebSi mocemuli sasjelisagan gansxvavebuli sasjeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar SeizRudeboda
mosamarTlis damoukideblobis konstituciuri moTxovna da arc sasjelis individu-
alizaciis principi aRar dakargavda Tavis funqcias.
saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis SemuSavebul 2007 wlis 25
ivlisis saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebs da rekomendaciebs aqvT mxolod sarekomendacio
xasiaTi. igi ar warmoadgens normatiul aqts da mosamarTles ar avaldebulebs misi
moTxovnebis dacvas. misi mTavari funqciaa gauwios daxmareba mosamarTles sasjelis
daniSvnis procesSi. `gaidlainebi~ mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels problematuri sisxlis-
samarTlebriv-dogmaturi sakiTxebis garkvevaSi da amasTan, erTgvarovani sasjelebis
gansazRvraSi. marTalia, igi miuTiTebs mosamarTles komisiis mier winaswar gansazR-
vrul sasjelze, magram amavdroulad, iZleva SesaZleblobas, rom sxva iseTi mniSvne-
lovani garemoebebis arsebobisas, rac `gaidlainebSi~ ar aris mocemuli, Seamciros an
gazardos sasjeli konkretuli muxlis sanqciis farglebSi. garda amisa, `gaidlaine-
bis~ Tanaxmad, mosamarTlem cxrilebis meSveobiT sasjelis daniSvnasTan erTad, unda
gaiTvaliswinos sasjelis daniSvnasTan dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis moTxovnebi. maSasadame, mosamarTles SeuZlia Seafasos Seesabameba Tu ara
ZiriTadi niSnebiT mis mier gansaxilveli sisxlis samarTlis saqme `gaidlainebSi~ aRwe-
ril SemTxvevas. Tuki gansaxilveli sisxlis samarTlis saqme `gaidlainebSi~ gadmoce-
mul `standartul SemTxvevas~ warmoadgens, maSin igi erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praq-
tikis Camoyalibebis miznidan gamomdinare, daniSnavs sasjels TandarTuli cxrilebis
mixedviT. sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gansaxilveli saqme Tavisi specifikurobiT gamo-
irCeva sxva `standartuli SemTxvevebisagan~, sasjeli dainiSneba mosamarTlis Sexedu-

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lebiT ssk-is konkretuli muxlis sanqciis farglebSi. is rom, `gaidlainebi~ ssk-is sxva-
dasxva muxlebTan mimarTebiT iZleva samarTlebriv-dogmatur ganmartebebs, es samo-
samarTleo samarTlis nawils warmoadgens, rac samarTlis Semecnebasa da ganviTarebas
uwyobs xels. konstituciursamarTlebrivad miRebulia samosamarTleo samarTlis far-
glebSi sasamarTloebis mier mosamarTleebisaTvis savaldebulo zogadi samarTlebrivi
principebis aRiareba. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom normis ganmartebis dros
samosamarTleo samarTali arsebiTad ar unda scildebodes kanonmdeblis mizans konk-
retul normasTan mimarTebiT da ar unda cvlides mis Sinaarss da ar unda aZlevdes
normas axlebur, sruliad gansxvavebul datvirTvas da Sinaarss. am mxrivadac, saerTo
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis Seqmnili saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da reko-
mendaciebi savsebiT Tavsdebian normis ganmartebisaTvis daSvebul farglebSi. `gaid-
lainebis~ avtorebi ganmartebul sisxlis samarTlis normebs ar aniWeben gansxvavebul
Sinaarss, isini normaTa ganmartebisas iTvaliswineben kanonmdeblis nebas da wlebis
ganmavlobaSi dagrovili samosamarTleo praqtikis analizidan gamomdinare, ayalibeben
problematur samarTlebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul samosamarTleo xedvas. gamo-
ricxuli ar aris, rom samosamarTleo samarTalma droTa ganmavlobaSi konkretul
problematur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Secvalos Tavisi Zveli xedva da Camoayalibos
gansxvavebuli pozicia, rac samarTlis ganviTarebasa da Semecnebas kidev ufro Seuw-
yobs xels.
sabolood, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo
praqtikis Seswavlis, ganzogadebisa da saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis
saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis ganmsazRvreli mudmivmoqmedi komisiis mier SemuSave-
buli `praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis procesis ZiriTad sakiTxebze
magistrati mosamarTleebisaTvis~ da `saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi
sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis problematur sakiTxebze~ winaaRmdegobaSi
ar modis saqarTvelos konstituciis moTxovnebTan, radgan `mosamarTlis damoukideb-
lobis~ principi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas kvlavindeburad
ZalaSi rCeba. e.w. `gaidlainebi~ mosamarTleebs did daxmarebas gauweven mTeli rig pro-
cedurul sakiTxebTan da sasjelis daniSvnasTan mimarTebaSi. amasTan, saxelmZRvanelo
winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebas sasjelis SefardebasTan
dakavSirebiT gaxdian bevrad ufro gamWirvales da zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebis
mier advilad gadasasinjs, rac sabolood, Tavidan agvacilebs `araTanabari da TviT-
neburi sasjelebis~ sasamarTlo praqtikas da xels Seuwyobs samarTlianobisa da
Tanasworobis principze damyarebul erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyali-
bebasa da ganviTarebas.
SeniSvnebi:

1
ix.: Streng, F., strafrechtliche Sanktionen-Grundlagen und Anwendung-, 1991, 154; Stratenwerth, G.,
Tatschuld und Strafzumessung, 1972, 4; Schünemann, B., summum ius = summa iniura in der Strafzumessung,
in: Pönometrie, Rationalität oder Irrationalität der Strafzumessung, 1977, 73.
2
Henkel, H., die ,,richtige” Strafe, Gedanken zur richterlichen Strafzumessung, 1969, 3.
3
Schöch, H., kriminologische Aspekte der Strafzumessungslehre, in: C. Pfeiffer/M. Oswald, Strafzume-
ssung, empirische Forschung und Strafrechtsdogmatik im Dialog, 1989, 132.

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REGARDING
THE APPLICATION OF
THE “GUIDELINES” WITHIN
THE ADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE

GIORGI TUMANISHVILI
Doctor of Law (Free University of Berlin), LLM, Associated Professor of
the University of Georgia, Assistant Professor of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University

It is already several years since the application of the guideline principles,

so called “guidelines” are introduced in the administration of justice in
Georgia. We see “Guidelines” on the problematic issues in the practice of
administrative law cases, civil and criminal law cases. This latter became the
subject of criticism from the side of scholars as well as practitioners. Critics
believe that “guidelines” take away judges’ discretion and restrains them from
the possibility to render decision based on internal belief. Therefore,
introduction and establishment of the practice to apply the “guidelines” equals
to infringement of the constitutional right of the judicial independence.
The presented work reviews the positive and negative sides of the
“Guidelines” elaborated by the Commission that studies the case law,
generalizes it and issues these “guidelines” on the problematic issues in
administration of criminal cases in the courts. The main question author
tries to answer in the article is to what extent do the “guidelines” infringe the
level of independence of judges.

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saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
mtkicebis tvirTis
inovaciuri ganawilebis
TaviseburebaTa
analizi
ilona gagua
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti

kanonmdeblobaSi inovaciaTa danergva mis srulyofas

ukavSirdeba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi
Setanili uaxlesi cvlilebebi moicavs samoqalaqo sapro-
ceso samarTlisaTvis adre ucnob instituts. masSi moiaz-
reba axali cnebebi da kategoriebi. aRniSnuli siaxleebi
xels Seuwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos farglebSi, rac qveynisaTvis
aucilebelia.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi areguli-
rebs sasarCelo da arasasrCelo warmoebis saxeebs.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis meSvide
karSi vxvdebiT samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebisaTvis ucnob
institutebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo saproce-
so samarTliT regulirebuli uflebebis dacvis danarCeni
sasarCelo formisagan. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproce-
so kodeqsis meSvide karSi moqceuli kategoriis saqmeebi
Seexeba saojaxo, administraciuli, saxelmwifo-samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili, romelic reguli-

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rebulia saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsiT da reketuli qonebis,

Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSu-
alebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e
muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevasa da
saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis, aseve, piris okupirebul
teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul
pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmeebis ganxilvis Taviseburebebs.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis meSvide kariT regulirebuli samar-
TalwarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT daintereseba gamowveulia am
kategoriis saqmeebze mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis aratradiciuli saxis gamo, rac
naSromis kvlevaSi sakvanZo adgils ikavebs.
aRniSnul samarTalwarmoebaSi mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis gadanawilebis praq-
tikuli magaliTebis Seswavlis gziT mimovixilavT samarTalwarmoebis aRniSnuli for-
mis SesaZlo yvela mxares da maT procesualur principebTan SeTavsebis problemas.

I. mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis Tavisebureba saojaxo da

ganqorwinebis saqmeTa ganxilvisas

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali aregulirebs gansxvavebuli ufle-

bebisa da interesebis sasamarTlo dacvis wess. am saqmeebis materialursamarTlebrivi
buneba bevr SemTxvevaSi gavlenas axdens maTi ganxilvis procedurasa da formaze.
saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili saqmeTa ganxilva calke aris
gamoyofili, radgan mas garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. sxva kategoriis saqmeTa
ganxilvisagan gansxvavebiT, erT-erTi fundamenturi Taviseburebaa samZebro principis
ufro farTod gamoyeneba. marTalia, saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi kerZosa-
marTlebrivi urTierTobebis sferos ganekuTvneba, magram am urTierTobebis ganviTa-
rebiTa da simtkiciT dainteresebulia mTeli sazogadoeba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos, romelic ixilavs konkretul saojaxosa-
marTlebriv davas, miniWebuli aqvs ufleba TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT miiRos yvela
zoma, raTa daadginos saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi
da gamoitanos samarTliani da dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba. am kategoriis saqmeTa
ganxilvisas sasamarTlos SeuZlia:
a) Tavad gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, e.i. im garemoebaTa wre, romelTa dadgenis gare-
Se SeuZlebelia saqmis sworad gadawyveta;
b) Tavisi iniciativiT gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romlebzec mxareebs ar miuTiTe-
biaT, magram aqvT mniSvneloba mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebis dasadgenad.
saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvisas procesis gaWianurebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT germa-
niis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi sasamarTlos saqmiswarmoebis uflebas aZlevs. es
niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo arsebiT gavlenas axdens saqmis mimdinareobaze da procesis
Sedegze. sasamarTlom saqmis mimdinareobis nebismier etapze unda uzrunvelyos, rom

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mxareebma waradginon ganmartebebi da Sesabamisi Suamdgomlobebi. sasamarTlos akisria
valdebuleba, misces mxareebs ganmartebebi, romliTac isini gadalaxaven dispozici-
urobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare siZneleebs.
SejibrebiTobis principis paralelurad, sasamarTlos gadacemuli aqvs procesis
materialuri xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba. Tumca, aq dgeba am ori principis, mxa-
reTa SejibrebiTobisa da sasamarTlos aqtiurobis principebis proporciis sakiTxi.
sainteresoa, ra doziT unda moxdes am ori principis Serwyma da gamoyeneba saqmis gan-
xilvisas.
mxareTa SejibrebiTobis principi ar unda iqnes gagebuli ukiduresi formiT da
sasamarTlom ise unda miaRwios piris uflebebisa da interesebis dacvas, rom ar gascdes
dainteresebuli piris neba-survils, ar unda scados pirTa im uflebebis realizacia,
rac ar yofila moTxovnili.
amasTan, SejibrebiTobis principi ar unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc sasamarTlos uki-
duresi pasiuroba. saproceso kanonmdeblobiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciati-
viT Seagrovos mtkicebulebebi, Tu amas saqmis garemoebebi moiTxovs an mxareebi amis
Taobaze Suamdgomloben. mtkicebis tvirTis mxareebze ganawilebisas, sasamarTlos ar
erTmeva ufleba, SesTavazos mxareebs, warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi.
amdenad, sakiTxi unda gadawydes SejibrebiTobisa da inkviziciurobis principebs
Soris zomieri balansis sasargeblod. Sesabamisad, mxareebi arc SezRuduli iqnebian
sasamarTlos aqtiurobiT da arc daiCagrebian imis gamo, rom sasamarTlos neitraluri
roli eqneba miniWebuli saqmis garemoebebis gamokvlevaSi.
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili saq-
meebis ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebi da am
principebis paralelurad, am kategoriis saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebis gamo, agreTve, gamoiyeneba samZebro, anu inkviziciuri principi.
samZebri principis moqmedebis farglebSi saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis dros sasa-
marTlos materialuri normebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT gansazRv-
ros dasadgen garemoebaTa wre (mtkicebis sagani) da mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebis Semdeg
TviTon gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romlebzedac mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT, rac erT-
gvari inovaciaa sasarCelo warmoebaSi. ganqorwinebis saqmeTa momzadebis stadiaze sasa-
marTlo gansazRvravs mtkicebis sagans, kerZod:
_ sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebul faqtebs;
_ Sesageblis faqtebs, e.i. faqtebs, romlebsac mosarCelis mier aRZruli moTxovnebis
sawinaaRmdegod emyareba mopasuxe;
_ sxva faqtebs, romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis.
zogjer saqmis obieqturad ganxilvas sWirdeba damatebiTi masalebis Sekreba sasamar-
Tlos mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba bavSvis datoveba saTanado materialuri uz-
runvelyofis gareSe. am mizniT, ganqorwinebisa da Svilebis sasargeblod alimentis
gadaxdevinebis saqmis ganxilvisas, mosamarTlem Tavisi iniciativiT unda gamoarkvios,
monawileobs Tu ara mopasuxe Svilebis rCenaSi. Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom mopasuxe
ar asrulebs am valdebulebas saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 355-e mux-

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lis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo aRWurvilia uflebamosilebiT mxareTa Suamdgomlobis

safuZvelze, miiRos droebiTi gankarguleba (ganCinebis saxiT) saqmis saboloo ganxil-
vamde, raTa moawesrigos mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris urTierTobis sakiTxi.
saqorwino-saojaxo urTierTobebidan warmoSobil saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli Taviseburebebi aseve, moqmedebs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis institutis ga-
moyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs gamocxa-
debuli mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, mxaris dauswreblad ganixilos saqme. zo-
gadi wesis Tanaxmad, mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis dros dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis
gamotanisas sasamarTlo ar afasebs arc saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebs da arc saqmes
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. sasamarTlos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba sarCelis
dakmayofilebaze uaris Sesaxeb gamoaqvs mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis gamo da ara
saqmis masalebze dayrdnobiT. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT pirobaa
varaudi, rom mopasuxem cno sarCeli, amitom dakarga Tavis dacvis interesi.
aRniSnuli wesi saojaxo saqmeebis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas ar gamoiyeneba da kanonm-
debeli gvTavazobs gansxvavebul inovaciur wess, kerZod, sxva sasarCeli warmoebisagan
gansxvavebiT mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba sasamarTlo mTavar sxdomaze ar iZleva mis
mier sarCelze uaris Tqmis varauds. amas ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom am warmoebaSi
sasamarTlo Tavad gamoiTxovs mtkicebulebebs, romlebzedac mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT,
mxareTa gamoucxadebloba ar abrkolebs sakiTxis gadawyvetas. sasamarTlos mier Tavisi
iniciativiT mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxovis gamo, mopasuxis mTavar sxdomaze gamoucxa-
debloba ar warmoadgens sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis aRiarebisa
da sarCelis cnobis varauds. amitom sasamarTlom gamoucxadebeli mxaris gareSe, saqme-
Si arsebuli masalebis safuZvelze unda ganixilos da gadawyvitos saojaxo saqme. Tu
saqmis masalebi ar iZleva dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis SesaZleblobas,
sasamarTlom unda gamoiTxovos Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, gadados saqmis ganxilva
sxva droisaTvis da mocemul saojaxo davasTan dakavSirebiT yvela mtkicebulebis mo-
povebis Semdeg, arsebiTad gadawyvitos dava, Cveulebrivi da ara dauswrebeli gadawyve-
tilebis miRebiT.
Tavdapirvelad unda dadgindes garemoebebi, romlebic damtkicebas eqvemdebareba
mTlianad saqmeze (mtkicebis sagani), Semdeg ki, is faqtebi, romlebic unda damtkicdes
konkretuli mxaris mier (mtkicebis tvirTi).
damtkicebas daqvemdebarebuli faqtebi, gamomdinareobs materialuri samarTlis
normis dispoziciidan. aseTi norma miuTiTebs iseT faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebic
unda damtkicdes gansaxilveli kategoriis nebismier saqmeze. amasTan, yvela saqmes axa-
siaTebs Tavisi specifika, romelic sarCelidan (gancxadebidan) da Sesageblidan gamom-
dinareobs. sarCelSi (gancxadebaSi), SesagebelSi irkveva is konkretuli garemoebebi,
romlebic mocemul saqmeze unda damtkicdes.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis gan-
sazRvris mizniT unda gamoviyenoT ori wyaro:

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 a) mocemuli saqmis maregulirebeli materialuri samarTlis norma;
b) sarCelisa da Sesageblis safuZvlebi.
saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, mosamarTle gansazRvravs
Tu romel garemoebebs aqvT saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba. amasTan, sasamarTlo uflebamosi-
lia miuTiTos mxareebs (meuRleebs) mtkicebis saganSi Semavali ama Tu im garemoebebis
damtkicebis aucileblobaze.
am zogadi wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgens prezumfciis moqmedeba, romelic erT-
erT an orive mxares aTavisuflebs ama Tu im faqtebis damtkicebisagan. ase magaliTad,
saojaxo samarTalSi moqmedebs bavSvis daqorwinebuli mSoblebisagan warmoSobis faqti.
aRniSnuli magaliTi migvaniSnebs kanonismieri prezumfciis gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobaze. es ukanaskneli mosamarTles miuTiTebs, Tu riT unda ixelmZRvanelos man im
SemTxvevaSi, roca mas ar ZaluZs simarTlis garkveva. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa orien-
tiris aReba mtkicebis tvirTze. TiToeulma mxarem unda warmoadginos da daamtkicos
is faqtebi, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnasa da Sesagebels. aq igulisxmeba
is faqtebi, romlebic aucilebelia da saWiroa normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis Semad-
geneli calkeuli elementebis Sesavsebad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, kanoni cvlis am wess:
garkveuli faqtebi iTvleba miCneulad da mowinaaRmdege mxarem isini sadavo ar unda
gaxados. kanonismier prezumfciebs ori funqcia aqvT: saproceso da materialursa-
marTlebrivi. pirveli, es prezumfciebi calkeul SemTxvevaSi, cvlian saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul mtkice-
bis wess da mtkicebis tvirTs akisreben meore mxares, rac am ukanasknelisaTvis dakavSi-
rebulia riskTan, rom man SeiZleba waagos procesi, Tu mtkicebuleba ar iqna miRebuli.
meore, materialur-samarTlebrivi funqciiT normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli elementi konkretul procesTan mimarTebaSi da konkretul mxareTa Soris
maSinac mocemulad CaiTvleba, roca obieqturad ver moxerxda am garemoebis dadgena.
ganqorwinebis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilva rTul procedurasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
saWiro xdeba saqmis detalurad Seswavla, meuRleTa Soris warmoSobil urTierTobaTa
SinaarsSi garkveva, mowmeTa dakiTxva, dokumentebis gamoTxova. ganqorwinebis saqmeze
mosamarTlem unda gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, kerZod:
_ daqorwinebis faqti;
_ ganqorwinebaze erT-erTi meuRlis Tanxmobis ararsebobis faqti;
_ meuRleTa Semdgomi erTad cxovrebisa da ojaxis SenarCunebis SeuZleblobis faqti;
_ sxva faqtebi, romlebic saqmis konkretuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, Sedian
mtkicebis saganSi.
Tu ar arsebobs ganqorwinebaze erT-erTi meuRlis Tanxmoba, maSin sasamarTlos sxva
roli ekisreba, radgan kanonmdebeli adgens mxolod ganqorwinebis zogad safuZvlebs.
kerZod, sasamarTlom unda daaskvnas, rom SemdgomSi meuRleTa erTad cxovreba da ojaxis
SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia. saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis gamorkvevis dros sasamar-
Tlo ar unda dasjerdes erT romelime mtkicebis saSualebas, rameTu gansaxilveli
kategoriis saqmeebze kanonmdebeli ar adgens SezRudvebs am sferoSi.

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mtkicebis sagans Tavisi specifika aqvs, rodesac sasamarTloSi aRZrulia saqme gan-
qorwinebis moTxovniT colis orsulobis dros da bavSvis dabadebidan erTi wlis gan-
mavlobaSi. mosamarTlem msgavsi saqmis ganxilvisas mtkicebis saganSi unda Seitanos:
_ daqorwinebis faqti;
_ ganqorwinebaze meuRlis Tanxmobis arsebobis faqti.
_ meuRlis orsulobis anda bavSvis dabadebis faqti araugvianes erTi wlisa
(miuxedavad mkvdari bavSvis dabadebisa an bavSvis erT wlamde asakis miuRwevlad
gardacvalebisa).
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi problemuri sakiTxia, gavrceldeba Tu ara es wesi im SemTx-
vevaze, rodesac coli orsuladaa an mas hyavs erT wlamde asakis bavSvi sxva pirisagan.
kanoni amis Taobaze ar Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas, iseve rogorc araferia naTqvami imis
Sesaxeb, rom coli qmrisgan unda iyos orsulad. kanonis mizania ara mamakacis uflebis
SezRudva, aramed qalisa da bavSvis janmrTeloba. Sesabamisad, am kategoriis saqmeze
iuridiuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs im faqts, bavSvi warmoSobilia Tu ara daqorwinebuli
mSoblebisagan.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 354-e muxlis miznidan gamomdinare,
mosamarTlem Tavisi iniciativiT, dasadgen garemoebaTa wris gansazRvrisa da mtkicebu-
lebaTa gamoTxovisas, col-qmars unda ganumartos, rom TiToeuli maTgani valdebulia
daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac isini amyareben TavianT moTxovnebsa da Sesage-
bels.
amdenad, ganqorwinebis saqmeTa ganxilvisas moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo wesi.
sainteresoa, qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebi.
saproceso kanonmdebloba qorwinebis baTilad cnobas iTvaliswinebs mxolod sasa-
marTlos mier.
am kategoriis saqmeebze mtkicebis saganSi Sedis Semdegi faqtebi, kerZod:
_ daqorwinebis faqti;
_ faqtebi, romlebic adastureben piris uflebamosilebas aRZras saqme qorwinebis
baTilad cnobis moTxovniT da aRniSnuli SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes:
_ mSoblis uflebamosilebidan, rodesac sarCeli wardgenilia erT-erTi
arasrulwlovani meuRlis mSoblis mier;
_ sxva saqorwino urTierTobidan, Tu sarCeli wardgenilia kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
qorwinebaSi myofi sxva meuRlis mier;
_ kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan, romliTac dadgenilia
erT-erTi an orive meuRlis qmeduunaroba, daniSnulia meurve da sarCeli
wardgenilia qmeduunaro meuRlis meurvis mier;
_ sxva pirTa da dainteresebuli pirebis uflebebisa da interesebis darRvevidan,
Tu sarCeli wardgenilia am pirTa mier.
qorwinebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb warmoebul yovel konkretul saqmeze mtkicebis
sagani ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu ris safuZvelzea dayenebuli moTxovna qorwi-
nebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb.

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 qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeTa ganxilvisas moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo
wesi. kerZod, ganmcxadebeli valdebulia daamtkicos qorwinebis baTilad cnobis moT-
xovniT sarCelis aRZvris uflebamosilebis arseboba, daqorwinebis faqti da qorwinebis
baTilad cnobis safuZveli (sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebuli faqtebi). mopasuxe amtki-
cebs, im garemoebas rom qorwinebis registraciis momentSi ar arsebobda qorwinebis
damabrkolebeli garemoebebi an isini aRar arsebobs saqmis ganxilvis momentSi.
Tu meuRle, romlis uflebebic dairRva daqorwinebiT da moiTxovs sarCos daniSvnas,
materialuri an moraluri zianis anazRaurebas, maSin man pirvel rigSi unda daam-
tkicos, rom igi warmoadgens keTilsindisier meuRles, xolo Semdeg ki, unda amtkicos
moTxovnis safuZvlad miTiTebuli garemoebebi.
qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs prezumfcia. praq-
tikaSi gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca meuRleebma araferi icodnen im garemoebaTa
Sesaxeb, romlebic krZalaven qorwinebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qor-
winebis registraciis dros maT ar icodnen, rom araRviZli da-Zma yofilan, rac qorwi-
nebidan gansazRvruli drois gasvlis Semdeg gaxda cnobili. aseT SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebs
qorwinebis namdvilobis prezumfcia da qorwineba wydeba sasamarTloSi am garemoebis
dadgenis momentidan. am dromde gasuli periodisaTvis qorwineba warmoSobs yvela im
samarTlebriv Sedegs, rac namdvili qorwinebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarad, qor-
winebis namdvilobis prezumfciis Sinaarsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansakuTrebul Sem-
TxvevebSi, meuRleTa erTad cxovrebis periodSi maTTvis moulodnelad, marTalia, aR-
moCndeba maTi qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebis arseboba, rac kanonis mixedviT
qorwinebis gabaTilebis safuZvelia, magram mas, saojaxosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa
subieqtebis interesebidan gamomdinare, faqtobrivad qorwinebis gabaTileba ki ar mohy-
veba, aramed _ misi Sewyveta.
saalimento movaleobebs eTmoba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mexuTe Tavi (1182-e-
1186-e muxlebi), mesame Tavi (1212-e-1222-e muxlebi), meoTxe Tavi (1223-e-1231-e muxlebi),
romlebic Seexeba meuRleTa urTierTrCenis movaleobas, mSoblebisa da Svilebis saali-
mento movaleobebs, ojaxis sxva wevrebis saalimento movaleobebs.
am kategoriis saqmeebze moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e
muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo wesi. amdenad, TiToeuli
mxare valdebulia daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxov-
nebsa da Sesagebels.
sasarCelo moTxovnasa da SesagebelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebis dasamtkiceblad mxa-
reebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon mtkicebis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebebi yovelgvari SezRud-
vis gareSe. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom alimentis moTxovnis Taobaze
aRZrul saqmeebze mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebis umetesoba, SeiZleba dadgindes
mxolod werilobiTi mtkicebulebebiT, kerZod, sxvadasxva dokumentebiT, cnobebiT,
mowmobebiT, gadawyvetilebebiT da sxva.
kanoni amJamad, alimentis odenobis gansazRvras miakuTvnebs sasamarTlos kompe-
tencias. sasamarTlo ki, amas gansazRvravs gonivruli da samarTliani Sefasebis

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safuZvelze, Svilis normaluri rCena-aRzrdisaTvis aucilebel moTxovnaTa fargleb-

Si. am dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda mieniWos agreTve, alimentis gadamxdelis
xelfasis an sxva Semosavlis odenobas.
mSobels, romelic iTxovs alimentis daniSvnas, awevs im garemoebis dadasturebis
mtkicebis tvirTi, rom arasrulwlovani bavSvi imyofeba mis kmayofaze da meore mSobeli
monawileobas ar Rebulobs bavSvis rCenaSi an am ukanasknelis mier gaweuli materialu-
ri daxmarebis odenoba arasakmarisia.
sabolood, sasamarTlo mtkicebis procesi Sedgeba samoqalaqo samarTalurTier-
Tobis sxvadasxva subieqtebis TanamSromlobiT.
zogadad, mtkicebis procesis momwesrigebeli samarTlis normebi iyofa saerTo
normebad, romlebic Tanabrad gamoiyeneba yvela kategoriis saqmeze da specialur nor-
mebad, romlebic reglamentirebas ukeTebs mtkicebis process mxolod calkeuli kate-
goriis saqmeze. winamdebare TavSi ganvixileT konkretuli kategoriis saqmeebze mtki-
cebis procesis problematika.

II. mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis Tavisebureba reketuli qonebis,

Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris,
narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli
piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli
saqmeebis ganxilvisas

XXI saukunis dasawyisSic ki, saqarTveloSi korufciam moicva iseTi sferoebi, rogo-
ricaa ganaTleba, politika, ekonomika, xelovneba da sxva, ramac ganapiroba sazogado-
ebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im wamyvani sferoebis ara Tu ganviTareba, aramed ukan svla _
regresi.
zemoaRniSnuli saqmianobisaTvis pasuxs aravin agebda, rac gamowveuli iyo saTanado
normatiuli aqtebis ararsebobiT. saxelmwifoSi ukanono Semosavlebis zrdam ganapi-
roba mis winaaRmdeg brZolis normatiuli aqtis miReba.
msoflio kanonmdeblobasTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis Seuqce-
vadma procesma dRis wesrigSi daayena demokratiuli xelisuflebis mier antikoruf-
ciuli da antireketuli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna. 2004 wlis 24 ivniss, saqarTvelos
parlamentma miiRo kanoni `organizebuli danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb~ da Sesabamisi
cvlilebebi da damatebebi iqna Setanili saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2005 wlis 20 dekembers ZalaSi Sesuli
XLIV1 Tavi Seexeba reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris,
adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTve-
los sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavr-
debuli piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebul
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 am TavSi gansazRvrulia ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis mopovebis arasamarT-
lebrivi da arasaxelmwifoebrivi gzebis aRkveTis RonisZiebebi sasamarTlos meSveobiT.
aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis msof-
lioSi mimdinare globalizaciasTan harmonizebisa da unificirebis winapiroba gaxda.
upirvelesad, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris,
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmeva qonebis konfiskaciisagan.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sasjelTa sistemidan amoRebulia qonebis
konfiskacia. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1997 wlis 21 ivlisis gadawyve-
tilebiT, arakonstituciurad iqna cnobili sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 23-e muxlis
mexuTe nawilis pirveli punqti da amave kodeqsis 96-e muxlis meore nawilis sanqciis
is monakveTi, sadac damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qonebis konfis-
kacia.
konfiskacia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rogorc msjavrde-
bulis piradi sakuTrebis _ mTeli qonebis an misi nawilis iZulebiTi usasyidlo Camor-
Tmeva. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagani iyo konfiskacia
imgvari SinaarsiT, rodesac dasaSvebi iyo damnaSavisaTvis mTeli qonebis CamorTmeva,
Tundac igi kanonieri gziT yofiliyo SeZenili da ara korufciuli an sxvagvari danaSa-
ulis Sedegad SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi. konfiskacia, warmoadgenda sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeze gamotanili sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeniT gaTva-
liswinebuli sasjelis erT-erT saxes. Cadenil danaSaulsa da sasjelis am saxes Soris
darRveuli iyo kavSiri.
saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba gauwios kontroli anu zedamxedveloba sakuTrebis gamo-
yenebas, raTa ganaxorcielos danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola. ukanono da dausabuTebe-
li qonebis CamorTmeva miznad isaxavs saerTo saxelmwifoebriv interess _ SeizRudos
saeWvo warmoSobis qonebisa da finansuri saSualebebis samoqalaqo brunva.
saqarTvelo dRes, evropul institutebSi integraciisaken miiswrafvis, romlis
winapirobasac warmoadgens saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi sivrcis evropul standar-
tebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
sakuTrebis ufleba erT-erTi amosavali wertilia evropul samarTlebriv sivrceSi.
sakuTrebis ufleba adamianis fundamentur uflebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlis ga-
reSec SeuZlebelia demokratiuli saxelmwifos arseboba. amdenad, mniSvnelovania misi
reglamentacia _ uflebis Sinaarsi, elementebi da SezRudvis safuZvlebi.
sakuTrebis ufleba ganmtkicebulia sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, romlebic
uflebasTan erTad adgenen am uflebis SezRudvis safuZvlebsac. saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis 21-e muxlis meore punqti iZleva sakuTrebis uflebis SinaarsSi SeWris ufleba-
mosilebas. aRniSnuli muxli ar warmoadgens Semakavebel normas reketuli qonebis,
Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSua-
lebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e
muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevis SemTx-

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vevisTvis. konstituciis 21-e muxliT daculi ufleba erTi mxriv, aris sakuTrebis,
rogorc institutis garantia da meore mxriv, sakuTrebis, rogorc pirovnebis uflebis
garantia.
saqarTvelos konstituciis aRniSnuli debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakuTrebis
uflebis xelSeuxebloba damokidebulia Tavad sakuTrebis warmoSobis kanonierebaze,
sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, aRniSnuli debulebebiT daculia mxolod kanonierad mopo-
vebuli sakuTreba.
amdenad, saqarTvelos konstitucia, sxva sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi,
Tu saerTaSoriso konvenciebi icaven mxolod kanonierad mopovebul sakuTrebas.
sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis safuZvlebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa saerTa-
Soriso standartebisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli
samarTlis Seswavla. sainteresoa ganisazRvros ramdenad Seesabameba saqarTveloSi
sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi da maTi realizacia evropul
standartebs.
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis pirveli dama-
tebiTi oqmis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad, yovel fizikur da iuridiul pirs aqvs ufle-
ba mSvidobianad isargeblos Tavisi sakuTrebiT; ar SeiZleba vinmes CamoerTvas Tavisi
sakuTreba, garda sajaro interesebis, kanoniTa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis principe-
biT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebiT.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia adgens sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis da-
saSveb farglebs da iTvaliswinebs masSi Camoyalibebul uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
marTlzomieri SezRudvis SesaZleblobas saxelmwifos mier.
zemoaRniSnuli iZleva saSulebas vamtkicoT, rom sakuTrebis ufleba SeiZleba Seiz-
Rudos sajaro interesebidan gamomdinare da mis absolutur uflebad miCneva Sefarde-
biTia. amdenad, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, unda gaimijnos, ufro mniSvnelovani sa-
zogadoebrivi moTxovnilebis aucilebeli dakmayofileba, Tu konkretuli piris sakuT-
rebis ufleba.
problema gacilebiT Sors midis, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fizikuri pirisa Tu kerZo samar-
Tlis iuridiuli piris mier SeZenili qoneba aRmoCndeba reketuli, Tanamdebobis piris,
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qoneba da SemZeni am faqtis mimarT keTilsindisi-
eria.
aRniSnuli inovaciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar gaaCnia sasamarTlo praq-
tika reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaW-
ris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis
CamorTmevis imgvari samarTalurTierTobis mosawesrigeblad, rodesac saxezea SemZenis
keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb zogadi daTqma.
keTilsindisiereba warmoCindeba rogorc valdebulebiTi samarTlis ise, mTlianad
kerZo samarTlis umaRles normad da igi gamoiyeneba xelSekrulebis dadebis, misi

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namdvilobisa da xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mizniT. faqtiurad, keTilsindisierebis
qcevis standarti mTlianad kerZo samarTalze vrceldeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
monawileni valdebulni arian keTilsindisierad ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi
da movaleobani.
mTavaria qonebis mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesebis samarTliani
balansireba. samoqalaqo kodeqsi am sakiTxs wyvets aramarto brunvis konkretuli mona-
wilis interesebidan gamomdinare, aramed sajaro wesrigis stabilurobis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. doqtrinisaTvis amosavalia keTilsindisieri samoqalaqo brunva, ra-
sac safuZvels uyris moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsi. brunvis keTilsindisiereba am brun-
vis monawileTa keTilsindisierebaa, es ki, gulisxmobs brunvis monawileebisadmi sando-
obas. es sruliadac ar niSnavs urTierTobis monawileTa mxridan erTmaneTis mimarT
TvaldaxuWul ndobas. igi aucileblad gulisxmobs windaxedulobis gonivrul masS-
tabs, romlis ignorirebamac SeiZleba brunvis monawile arakeTilsindisier monawiled
aqcios da dacvis miRma datovos.
kanonmdebloba mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesTa konfliqtis
sakiTxs gansxvavebulad awesrigebs reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli
samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemw-
yobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qve-
punqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teore-
tikosebi ver xedaven problemas keTilsindisierebis principis farTod ganmartebasa
da gamoyenebaSi, praqtika normebis gamoyenebisas aseTi erTsulovani ar aris iseTi Sem-
Txvevebis mimarT, rodesac keTilsindisieri SemZenis uflebebi upirispirdeba sajaro
wesrigs.
samoqalaqo kodeqsTan sxva kanonTa normebis mimarTeba am kodeqsis me-2 muxlis meore
nawilis Tanaxmad unda moxdes da am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul zogad normebsa da
specialur normebs Soris koliziisas gamoiyeneba specialuri normebi. specialuri
kanoni specialuri urTierTobis momwesrigebeli kanonia, romelic yvelaze srulyo-
filad da realurad asaxavs am urTierTobaTa bunebas. SeuZlebelia kodeqsi ar Seivsos
axali normebiT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis. aseTi
damokidebuleba imis mauwyebelia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsSi izrdeba specialuri mowes-
rigebis funqcia. cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom specialuri kanoni ignorirebas ukeTebs
samoqalaqo kodeqss. specialuri kanonis Sefaseba mainc samoqalaqo samarTlis SigniT
xdeba da imdenadaa dasaSvebi gansxvavebuli mowesrigeba, ramdenadac amas iTmens samoqa-
laqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli principebi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `organizebuli danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb~ 2004
wlis 24 ivnisis saqarTvelos kanoni samoqalaqo kodeqsTan mimarTebaSi specialuri da
axali kanonia, romlis mizania, xeli Seuwyos organizebuli danaSaulis, qurduli sam-
yaros da reketis winaaRmdeg brZolas da Tavidan acilebas, agreTve qurduli samyaros
wevrebis winaaRmdeg brZolas kerZo, sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesebis
dasacavad. prioriteti eniWeba sajaro wesrigis dacvas. sajaro wesrigis cneba samoqa-

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laqo kodeqsSi moralur imperativebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sajaro wesrigi xels uwyobs

zneobrivi da samarTliani samoqalaqo brunvis damkvidrebas. sajaro wesrigis darRve-
viT ilaxeba aramxolod vinmes kerZo interesebi, aramed sajaro interesebi. es imitom,
rom sajaro wesrigiT daculi sikeTe sazogado faseulobisaa da misi darRveva Zirs
uTxris sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZvlebs. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 54-e
muxli baTilad miiCnevs am wesrigis sawinaaRmdego garigebas. aqedan aSkara xdeba, rom
samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisufleba SeboWilia da garkveuli sazogadoebrivi interesebis
farglebSia moqceuli. maSasadame, arsebobs urTierTobani, rac ar SeiZleba iyos mxo-
lod kerZo avtonomiis saqme. samoqalaqo brunvis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa, rom yo-
veli mxare im tvirTis matarebeli SeiZleba iyos, romlis zidvac mas SeuZlia. roca
mtkicdeba, rom igi uZluria zidos es tvirTi, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic ixsneba.
zemoT moyvanil samarTlis normebSi erTmaneTis pirispir dgas sajaro wesrigi da
keTilsindisieri SemZeni. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, maTi mdgomareoba arsebiTad gansxvave-
bulia. nivTis SemZenis bed-iRbali mTlianadaa damokidebuli gamsxviseblis samarTleb-
riv mdgomareobaze da sakuTar windaxedulobaze. umeteswilad, aq sajaro wesrigi imar-
jvebs keTilsindisirebaze da amitom orTabrZola keTilsindisieri SemZenis sasar-
geblod ar mTavrdeba.
sakuTrebis uflebis nebismieri xelyofa unda emsaxurebodes sajaro an saerTo
interesebiT ganpirobebul kanonier miznebs. amasTan, SenarCunebul unda iqnes samarT-
liani balansi sazogadoebis saerTo interesebsa da piris fundamentur uflebaTa dac-
vis moTxovnebs Soris. kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs iseT uTanasworobas, romlis Sedegadac
pirs SeiZleba TviTneburad da usamarTlod CamoerTvas qoneba meore piris sasargeb-
lod. sakuTrebis xelyofis dasaSvebad aRiarebisaTvis, is ara marto sajaro interesiT
ganpirobebul kanonier mizans unda emsaxurebodes, aramed unda arsebobdes gonivruli
proporciuloba gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da misaRwev mizans Soris. samarTlianad
unda dabalansdes sazogadoebis saerTo interesis moTxovnebi da piris fundamenturi
uflebebis dacvis moTxovnebi. danaSulebrivi gziT mopovebuli TanxebiT qonebis SeZe-
nis winaaRmdeg zomebis miReba udavod warmoadgens kontrols qonebiT sargeblobaze.
danaSaulebrivi gziT SeZenil qonebaze kontrolis mizania sajaro cxovrebis gaTavi-
sufleba kriminaluri avtoritetebis gavlenisagan da demokratiuli wyobilebis dacva.
am kategoriis saqmeebze samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT sarCels aRZravs ara
fizikuri an kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri, aramed prokurori, romelic sasamarT-
loSi gamodis rogorc saxelmwifo bralmdebeli, rac dRes moqmedi qarTuli kanonmdeb-
lobisaTvis inovaciaa. Tumca amgvari situacia kontinentur-evropuli kanonmdeblobi-
saTvis ukve inovacias ar warmoadgens.
prokuroris monawileoba samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvaSi da misTvis sarCelis aRZvris
miniWebis uflebamosileba XLIV1 Tavs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul
yvela Tavisagan gamoarCevs.
reketuli qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis Taobaze sarCeli
SesaZlebelia aRiZras ara marto reketuli dajgufebisa da reketiris mimarT, aramed
misi ojaxis wevris axlo naTesavis an reketirTan dakavSirebuli piris mimarTac.

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 prokuroris mier samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze vrceldeba xandazmuloba da eqvs
Tves Seadgens. sarCelis wardgenis xadazmuloba iwyeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT sasa-
marTlos ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan da wydeba uflebamosili piris
mier samoqalaqo sarCelis SetaniT. xandazmulobis eqvsTviani vadis gasvlasTan erTad
prokurors erTmeva ufleba waradginos samoqalaqo sarCeli.
Tanamdebobis piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis Taobaze
sarCeli SesaZlebelia aRiZras ara marto Tanamdebobis piris mimarT, aramed misi ojaxis
wevris, axlo naTesavis an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris mimarT, saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad.
Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piri aris piri, romelsac iuridiuli dokumen-
taciis safuZvelze sakuTrebaSi aqvs qoneba da arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi, rom igi mopo-
vebulia Tanamdebobis piris mier an/da am qonebiT sargeblobs, mas gankargavs (an gan-
karga) Tanamdebobis piri.
aRniSnuli normis miznebidan gamomdinare, ama Tu im piris Tanamdebobis pirTan da-
kavSirebul pirad miCnevisaTvis saWiroa kumulaciuri pirobis arseboba: a) aRniSnul
pirs (dakavSirebul pirs) iuridiuli dokumentaciis safuZvelze sakuTrebaSi unda
hqondes qoneba; b) mosarCeles unda gaaCndes safuZvliani eWvi, rom es qoneba mopovebu-
lia Tanamdebobis piris mier an/da am qonebiT sargeblobs, mas gankargavs Tanamdebobis
piri.
kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Tanamdebobis piris qonebasa da dausa-
buTebel qonebas.
Tanamdebobis piris qonebas warmoadgens Tanamdebobis piris, misi ojaxis wevris, ax-
lo naTesavis an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris Semosavali, qoneba an qonebi-
dan miRebuli Semosavali, romlis marTlzomieri saSualebebiT miRebis damadasture-
beli sabuTi an sxva mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs.
dausabuTebeli qoneba aris qoneba, agreTve am qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali, aqci-
ebi (wili), romlis/romelTa kanonieri saSualebiT mopovebis damadasturebeli doku-
mentebi Tanamdebobis pirs an dakavSirebul pirs ar gaaCnia an igi mopovebulia ukanono
qonebis gasxvisebis Sedegad miRebuli fuladi saxsrebiT.
saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris,
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis uzrunvelyofis saproceso saSualebebs.
zemomiTiTebuli qonebis CamorTmevis Sesaxeb aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa war-
moadgens materialuri kanonmdeblobiT daculi uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis
realuri ganxorcielebis swraf da efeqtian saprocesosamarTlebriv garantias.
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis instituti koncentrirebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 191-e muxlSi, kerZod, im winadadebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu arse-
bobs dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa miuRebloba gaaZnelebs
an SeuZlebels gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb.

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uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gamoyenebaze msjelobisas, sasamarTlo, pirvel rigSi,

yuradRebas amaxvilebs sarCelis uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze, kerZod, samomavlod saq-
meze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis gaZnelebis an aRusruleblobis saSiSro-
ebaze. mosarCelem unda miuTiTos im konkretuli garemoebebis arseboba, romlebic
adastureben varauds, rom uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis miuRebloba gaaZnelebs an SeuZ-
lebels gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxli Seicavs specialur danawess sarCelis
uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis savaldebulo wardgenis Taobaze, rom-
lis Tanaxmad, Tu arsebobs monacemebi, rom reketuli dajgufebis, reketiris, Tanamde-
bobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis
gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis
mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris, maTi ojaxis wevris, axlo naTesavis
an reketirTan, Tanamdebobis pirTan, qurduli samyaros wevrTan, adamianiT movaWres-
Tan, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobTan an saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT dakavSirebuli piris
mflobelobaSi arsebul qonebas gadamalaven an daxarjaven anda sxvagvarad gaasxviseben
_ prokurori valdebulia gancxadebiT mimarTos sasamarTlos qonebaze, maT Soris,
sabanko angariSebze, yadaRis dadebis Taobaze. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, kanonis norma impe-
ratiuli xasiaTisaa da gulisxmobs prokuroris valdebulebas gaataros sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis prevenciuli zomebi.
mniSvnelovania `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 53-e muxlisa da saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis urTierTmimarTeba.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 53-e muxli aqciaTa savaldebulo miyidvas
iTvaliswinebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aqciebis SeZenis Sedegad aqcioners sakuTrebaSi aqvs
saaqcio sazogadoebis xmebis 95%-ze meti. radganac kontrahirebis iZulebis ufleba
misca kanonmdebelma maJoritar aqcioners, igi valdebulia daasabuTos misi aucileb-
loba. kontrahirebis iZuleba es ar aris upirobo ufleba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maJo-
ritarma aqcionerma jerovani mtkicebulebebi unda warmoadginos, rom aqciebis gamos-
yidva aucilebelia saaqcio sazogadoebisaTvis. mokled, man unda daasabuTos, rom mino-
ratori aqcioneris arseboba an `saqmianoba~ mas uqmnis iseT problemebs, rac sakmarisia
aqciaTa gamosyidvisaTvis. winaaRmdegobebs vawydebiT im SemTxvevaSi Tu, reketuli
qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkoti-
kuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-
sis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebas Seadgens
sazogadoebis aqciaTa swored is 5%, romlis savaldebulo wesiT miyidvac ganxorci-
elda. am SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba myidvelis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba
da sajaro wesrigi. samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba sakamaod farTo SesaZleblobebs aZlevs
mxareebs gansazRvron xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi. calkeul SemTxvevebSi, es Sinaarsi SeiZ-
leba winaaRmdegobaSi modiodes kanonTan da konstituciasTanac. saWiroa erTmaneTi-
sagan gaimijnos normatiuli neba da kerZo pirTa avtonomiuri neba. marTalia, kerZosa-
marTlebriv urTierTobebSi Sesvla saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis safuZvelze xdeba,

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magram am urTierTobis normatiul safuZvels qmnis saxelmwifo. normatiuli neba,
riTac ganisazRvreba ama Tu im urTierTobis Sinaarsi savaldebuloa mxareTaTvis, Tuki
igi ar iTvaliswinebs misgan gadaxvevis kerZo iniciativas. amitomacaa, rom kerZosamar-
Tlebrivi xasiaTis normatiuli dadgenilebani iseve eqvemdebareba konstituciur kont-
rols, rogorc yvela sxva. sazogadoebis aqciaTa 5%-is SemZenis (myidvelis) bed-iRbali
mTlianadaa damokidebuli gamsxviseblis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze. Tu sazogado-
ebis aqciaTa gasxvisebeli 5% aRmoCndeba reketuli, Tanamdebobis piris, adamianiT mo-
vaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis, saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris, qur-
duli samyaros wevris qoneba, maSin myidvelis uflebebi ver iqneba daculi sakuTrebis
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli postulatiT. amdenad, myidveli xdeba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis 53-e muxliT miniWebuli uflebis gamoyenebis riskis matarebeli.
Tanamdebobis piris an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris qonebas mosamarTle
cnobs dausabuTeblad, Tu saqmis warmoebis procesSi mopasuxem ver warudgina sasamar-
Tlos qonebis an am qonebis SeZenisTvis saWiro finansuri saSualebebis kanonieri gziT
mopovebis an am qonebaze saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gadasaxadebis gadax-
dis damadasturebeli dokumentebi. rogorc vxedavT, mopasuxea valdebuli (da ara
mosarCele) sasamarTlos warudginos mtkicebulebebi Tavisi qonebis dasabuTebulobisa
da kanonierebis Sesaxeb. Tanamdebobis pirisa da masTan dakavSirebuli pirebisaTvis
dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli
samarTalwarmoebisas gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom unda imsjelos mxareTa
Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis Taviseburebaze.
aRniSnuli kategoriis davebSi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT
mtkicebis tvirTi gadanawilebulia mosarCelis sasargeblod, anu ivaraudeba, rom
mopasuxis (Tanamdebobis piris) qoneba aris dausabuTebeli da mopasuxes ekisreba mtki-
cebis tvirTi sadavo qonebis dasabuTebulobasTan dakavSirebiT.
mocemuli kategoriis davebSi mosarCeles ekisreba mxolod safuZvliani eWvis arse-
bobis dadasturebis tvirTi, xolo sapirispiro mtkicebis tvirTi sadavo qonebis dasa-
buTebulobasTan dakavSirebiT mopasuxe mxares ekisreba.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom saqme gvaqvs
mtkicebis tvirTis aratradiciul, araklasikur inovaciur formasTan da e.w. Sereuli
saxiT warmogvidgeba. erTi mxriv, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis meore
nawili mosarCeles avaldebulebs sasamarTloSi warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi mopa-
suxis qonebis reketulobis Taobaze, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e
muxlis meore nawilis miznidan gamomdinare, mtkicebis tvirTis gadatana xdeba mopa-
suxeze. mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis aratradiciuloba ganpirobebulia TviT samarT-
lebrivi davis TaviseburebiT, rac mdgomareobs qonebis, sakuTrebis arasamarTlebrivi
gziT dauflebaSi.
aRniSnul samarTalwarmoebaSi mniSvnelovania prezumfcia, rac arsebiT rols asru-
lebs mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebaSi. prezumfciebis arseboba saWiroa, raTa urTier-
Tobis monawileebi gaurkvevel, bundovan mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen da maTi samar-

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Tlebrivi statusi haerSi ar iyos gamokidebuli. prezumfcia aTavisuflebs im mxares,

romlis sasargeblodac dadgenilia prezumfcia, iseTi faqtebis damtkicebisagan, rom-
lis damtkicebac am mxares evaleboda.
prezumfciis mTavari daniSnuleba _ daudasturebeli faqtebis mowinaaRmdege mxaris
sasargeblod gadawyveta _ aRniSnul warmoebaSi gamoxatulebas ar poulobs. ramdena-
dac mtkicebis tvirTis gadakisreba xdeba mopasuxe mxareze, mas Semdeg, rac prokurori
ver daamtkicebs qonebis reketulobas, ukanonobasa da dausabuTeblobas.
zemoT ganxilul sakiTxebTan erTad, mniSvnelovania mtkicebulebaTa preiudiciuli
Zala, romelic dadgenilia samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 106-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtiT.
normis danawesiT, mxareebi Tavisufldebian mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenisagan iseTi
faqtebis dasadastureblad, romlebsac Tumca emyareba mxaris moTxovnebi Tu Sesage-
beli, magram damtkicebas ar saWiroebs. esenia faqtebi imis Sesaxeb hqonda Tu ara moq-
medebas adgili da Caidina Tu ara es moqmedeba im pirma, rac dadgenilia sisxlis samarT-
lis saqmeze gamotanili kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos ganaCeniT, roca saqmes
ixilavs sasamarTlo im piris moqmedebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi Sedegebis Sesaxeb,
vis mimarTac gamotanilia ganaCeni.
debuleba mtkicebulebaTa preiudiciuli Zalis Sesaxeb gamoiyeneba reketuli qone-
bis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli
saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e
muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da
saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli warmoebisas. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze
gamotanili ganaCeni iZens preiudiciul Zalas e.i faqti, romelic Sedis mtkicebis sagan-
Si garkveuli mosazrebis gamo ar saWiroebs damtkicebas da amitom mxareebi Tavisuf-
ldebian am faqtebis damtkicebis valdebulebisagan.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba Tamamad davaskvnaT, rom ganxilul samar-
TalwarmoebaSi saqme gvaqvs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobisaTvis
ucxo samarTlebriv institutTan, romlis Taviseburebac mdgomareobs mtkicebis tvir-
Tis araTanabarzomier ganawilebaSi.

III. mxareTa Soris mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis Tavisebureba piris

okupirebul teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis
ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis
Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT

mocemuli Tavis sakvlevi obieqti gaxlavT samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2008 wlis
19 dekembers ZalaSi Sesuli XLIV2 Tavi, romliTac regulirdeba piris okupirebul te-
ritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul
pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli warmo-
eba. rac Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia 2008 wlis agvistos cnobil movlenebTan. kerZod,

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ruseTis mier araadeqvaturi saomari moqmedebis ganxorcilebis safuZvelze, saqarT-
velos teritoriis okupaciis SedegebTan.
okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
msjavrdebuli piris definicias iZleva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 322-e
muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis
ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebuli piri aris piri, romelmac Caidina okupirebul te-
ritoriaze `okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT akrZaluli qme-
deba.
yuradsaRebia am muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagamonakliso SemTx-
vevebi, rasac dasaSvebad miiCnevs okupirebul teritoriebze am saqmianobis ganxorci-
leba mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi specialuri TanxmobiT, romelic gaicema
saqarTvelos mTavrobis samarTlebrivi aqtiT dadgenili wesiT, Tu es emsaxureba
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo interesebs, konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis, deokupaciis
an humanitarul miznebs.
okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris definicias iZleva `okupirebuli teritori-
ebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romlis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqtis miznebidan gamomdi-
nare, dakavSirebuli pirebi arian: a) piri, romelsac am muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTva-
liswinebuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel pirSi aqvs wili an aqciaTa 5%-ze meti; b)
piri, romelsac aqvs wili an aqciaTa 25%-ze meti am punqtis `a~ qvepunqtiT gansazRvrul
pirSi; g) piri, romelsac aqvs wili an aqciaTa 50%-ze meti am punqtis `b~ qvepunqtiT
gansazRvrul pirSi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtis danawesiT,
okupirebul teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris qonebas warmoadgens nebismieri qoneba an am
qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali.
amdenad, miTiTebuli samarTlis normebi iTvaliswinebs rogorc akrZaluli ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebuli pirisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevas,
ise msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris dasjasac, misTvis qonebis CamorTmevis
gziT.
piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorciele-
bisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze samoqalaqo samar-
Talwarmoebis wesiT sarCels aRZravs prokurori. igi aRWurvilia uflebamosilebiT
aRZras sarCeli, Tu okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis gan-
xorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebuli piris mimarT gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba
iTvaliswinebs jarimas an qonebis CamorTmevas da msjavrdebuli piris mimarT ver
xerxdeba aRsruleba.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis XLIV2 TaviT regulirdeba ara akrZa-
luli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi,
aramed akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan

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dakavSirebul pirad cnobis sakiTxi. amasTan, sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu msjavrdebuli piris mimarT gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba
ver xerxdeba.
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis dawyebis winapirobaa sisxlis samarTlwarmoebis
wesiT damdgari kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCenis arseboba.
sisxlis samarTlawarmoebis wesiT unda dadgindes piri, romelmac Caidina sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis 322-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba, rogoricaa okupirebul
teritoriaze `okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT akrZaluli
ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba.
prokuroris mier samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze vrceldeba xandazmulobis eqvsTvi-
ani vada. sarCelis wardgenis xandazmuloba iwyeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT sasamarT-
los ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan da wydeba uflebamosili piris mier
samoqalaqo sarCelis SetaniT. xandazmulobis eqvsTviani vadis gasvlasTan erTad pro-
kurors erTmeva ufleba waradginos samoqalaqo sarCeli.
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa, Tu rogori wesiT unda
damtkicdes damtkicebas daqvemdebarebuli faqtebi, vis awevs maTi mtkicebis tvirTi.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis meoTxe muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SejibrebiTobis
principis Tanaxmad, mtkicebis tvirTi Tanabarzomieradaa ganawilebuli mxareTa Soris,
ramdenadac rogorc mosarCele, aseve, mopasuxe mxare uSualod amtkicebs im garemoe-
bebs, razedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs Tu Sesagebels.
piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebi-
saTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan
dakavSirebul warmoebaSi mtkicebis tvirTi araTanabarzomierad nawildeba mxareTa
Soris.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad,
mosamarTle pirs cnobs okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqminobis
ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad, Tu saTanado mtkicebu-
lebaTa Sefasebis safuZvelze gairkva, rom arsebobs `okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesa-
xeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvelebi. amave muxlis mesame nawilis
Tanaxmad, mosarCele valdebulia sasamarTlos warudginos mtkicebulebebi mopasuxis
okupirebul teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Sesaxeb. aqedanac Cans mtkicebis tvir-
Tis inovaciuri ganawilebis xasiaTi. es mtkicebis tvirTTan mimarTebaSi niSnavs, rom
mosarCele sasarCelo gancxadebaSi emyareba mopasuxis braleulobas, magram ar aris
valdebuli igi daamtkicos _ arsebobs mopasuxis braleulobis prezumfcia da mopasuxe
TviTon amtkicebs mis ararsebobas. aq arsebobs mopasuxis braleulobis prezumfcia, ami-
tom mosarCelisaTvis sakmarisia daeyrdnos mopasuxis valdebulebis Seusruleblobas.
aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom saqme gvaqvs mtkicebis tvirTis ara-
tradiciul, araklasikur formasTan. igi warmogvidgeba e.w Sereuli saxiT.
aRniSnuli samarTalwarmoeba iTvaliswinebs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamota-
nis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, garkveuli gamonaklisis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac mdgomareobs

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imaSi, rom piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Sesaxeb samarTalwar-
moebaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis damabrkolebel garemoebas ar warmo-
adgens saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 233-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `g~
qvepunqtis debuleba, mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos dauswrebeli
gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb.
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba mimdinareobs SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze, rac niS-
navs, rom mxareebi Tanabrad arian uflebamosilni Seagrovon saqmeze mtkicebulebebi da
monawileoba miiRon saqmis ganxilvaSi. SejibrebiTobis principidan gamomdinare, sasa-
marTlos mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs varaudi,
rom mopasuxe aRiarebs sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebul faqtobriv garemoebebs da cnobs
sarCels. amitom, saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi miiCneva dadasturebulad.
sakiTxis aseTnairad gadawyveta mxolod maSin ar ewinaaRmdegeba SejibrebiTobisa
da dispoziciurobis principebs, Tu sxdomaze gamoucxadebeli mxare mowveuli iyo saq-
mis ganxilvaze kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.
gansaxilvel samarTalwarmoebaSi sirTules warmoadgens mopasuxisaTvis saproceso
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTlo uwyebis Cabarebis sakiTxi. okupirebul
teritoriaze am ukanasknelis misamarTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom procesis monawilisaTvis saqmis ganxilvis droisa da adgilis sa-
Tanado wesiT Setyobinebas SeiZleba mniSvnelovani saproceso Sedegi mohyves. mxolod
mxaris saTanado informireba aZlevs uflebas mosamarTles gamoitanos dauswrebeli
gadawyvetileba.
amdenad, umTvaresi mniSvnelobis mqonea saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeq-
sis 70-78-e muxlebSi Camoyalibebuli wesebi, romlebic emsaxureba mxaris iseTi sapro-
ceso uflebis ganxorcielebas, rogoricaa sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi monawileobis ufle-
ba. amitom, am erTi SexedviT, formalur sakiTxebs metad praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs
piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebi-
saTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan
dakavSirebul warmoebaSi.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu, mopasuxe mxarisaTvis ucnobia sarCelis ganxilvis TariRi (sasa-
marTlo uwyeba misTvis aravis Caubarebia), is fizikurad ver SeZlebs arCevani gaakeTos
sxdomaze gamocxadebasa da gamoucxadeblobas Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebloba
dauSveblad miiCnevs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas. amdenad, dauswrebeli
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb normis moqmedeba damokidebulia mopasuxis dabarebaze. rac
SesaZloa xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdes mopasuxis misamarTis (faqtobrivi adgil-
samyofeli) okupirebul teritoriaze arsebobis gamo. aRniSnuli garemoeba ki, safrT-
xes uqmnis dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis moqmed normad Camoyalibebas mocemul samar-
TalwarmoebaSi.

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ANALYZES ON
THE SPECIFICATION OF
THE NEW DISTRIBUTION
OF THE BURDEN OF
PROVE ACCORDING TO
THE CIVIL PROCEDURE
CODE OF GEORGIA

ILONA GAGUA
PHD Student of the Law Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

In the Seventh Cahpter of the Civil Procedure Code of Georgia we come

across the institutions that are new for civil proceedings, that are also different
from the other law suit tempaltes used for regulating protection of civil rights.
Seventh Chapter of the Civil Procedure Code of Georgia defines category
of cases and peculiarities of considering these cases in the court: family law,
administrative law, issues derived from state-legal affairs that are regulated by
the Administrative Procedure Code of Georgia as well as confiscation of the
following property and transferring to the state: racket property, high official,
criminal (thief in law) society, human trafficking, persons involved in drug
dissemination, or convicts listed in the Article 194.3.”c” of the Criminal
Procedure Code of Georgia, as well as peculiarities of the case consideration
on the personal information of persons convicted in carrying out prohibited
economic activities on the occupied territories of Georgia.
Through studying the practical examples of distributing the burden of
prove in the mentioned case proceedings, we will review its all sides and
problems of their matching with the procedural principles.
One of the main peculiarity for deliberating the cases raisen from family
– legal relations, unlike other categories of cases, is a wider application of
investigative principle. Dispositional and adversarial principles are applied

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when considering the family legal cases and in parallel to these principles, due to their peculiarities investigative in
other workds, inquisitorial principles in also applied. Wen considering the cases of: racket property, high official,
criminal (thief in law) society, human trafficking, persons involved in drug dissemination, or convicts listed in the
Article 194.3.”c” of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia and confiscation of their property and transferring
to the state, we deal with the new legal concept that is not common for Civil Procedural Legislation of Georgia –
its main peculiarity is unequal distribution of the burden of prove.
During the case proceedings regarding the personal information of the individuals convicted in carriying out
prohibited economic activities on the occupied territories, burden of prove is unequally distributed among the
parties. It means, that plaintiff, in his / her law suit, relies on the guiltiness of the respondent, however, is not
responsible to prove it – there is presumption of guiltiness of the respondent and the respondent needs to prove
the opposite. Here, it is sufficient for the plaintiff to base the strategy on failure of the respondent to fulfill the
responsibility.
Thus, we can state that we come across the non-traditional, not classical form of burden of prove. It represents
the mixed version.

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danaSaulobis
gamomwvevi mizezebis
kriminologiuri
aspeqtebi

mixeil gabunia
samarTlis doqtori

kriminologiis mecnierebaSi, mizezobrivi kavSiris

kvlevisas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kriminologiis TiTq-
mis mTeli istoria aris Zieba im mizezebisa da faqtorebis,
romlebic ganapirobeben danaSaulobis warmoqmnas. aseTi
Ziebis procesSi warmoiSva kriminologiuri koncefciebi
da Teoriebi, mopovebuli iqna udidesi faqtobrivi masa-
lebi, romlebic adastureben an uaryofen ama Tu im mecnie-
rul hipoTezebs. sakiTxis aqtualobis warmosaCenad aRv-
niSnavT, rom danaSaulobis gamomwvevi mizezebis arcod-
niT, SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos mxridan adekvaturi socia-
luri reaqcia, socialuri kontrolis ganxorcieleba da-
naSaulobaze.
cnobilia, rom movlenaTa Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris
arsis Secnobas safuZvlad udevs materialisturi gageba,
romlis Tanaxmad, mizezobrioba aris obieqturi kavSiri
or movlenas Soris, romelTagan erTi (mizezi) garkveuli
pirobebis SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobs meores (Sedegs). mizezob-
riobis materialisturi da ideologiuri gageba arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia mi-
zezobriobis kategoriis Seswavlisa da cxovrebiseuli re-
alobis mimarT misi gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi. Zireuli gansx-
vaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mizezobriobis materialis-
turi gageba dakavSirebulia ZiriTadad, debulebasTan,

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romlis Tanaxmad, mizezobriobis Secnobis wyaros warmoadgens bunebisa da sazogado-
ebis obieqturi kanonzomierebani, xolo idealisturis mixedviT, es wyaro aris adamianis
goneba, misTvis damaxasiaTebel, apriorul (cdisagan damoukidebeli, imTaviTve arse-
buli) WeSmaritebaTa Secnobis unari. aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTi mecnieri miiCnevs,
rom mtkicebebi mizezobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb pirobiTia, subieqturia. aRniSnul pozi-
cias yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs amerikeli mecnieri t. selini, romelic ganmartavs,
rom `mecnierebam uari unda Tqvas mizezobriv koncefciaze da mas unda mimarTos mxo-
lod garkveul elementebsa da faqtebs Soris funqciuri urTierTobebis aRsaniSna-
vad~.1
gasuli saukunis mecnierebi danaSaulobis mizezebisa da xelSemwyobi pirobebis Sesa-
xeb gvTavazoben saintereso Teoriebs. profesori m. Sargorodski amasTan dakavSirebiT
werda: `danaSaulobis mizezebad, farTo mniSvnelobiT, iTvleba yvela is garemoeba,
uromlisodac is ver warmoiSoboda da ver iarsebebda, magram yvela es garemoeba erTi
da igive rols ki ar asrulebs, aramed zogi maTgani danaSaulebrivi motivebis mxolod
realur SesaZleblobas qmnian, meoreni ki, am SesaZleblobas realobad aqceven. amitom
pirvelni unda ganvixiloT rogorc pirobebi, meoreni ki, rogorc mizezebi. danaSau-
lobis mizezebi, rogorc saerTod mizezebi, is aqtiuri Zalebia, romlebic Tavisi qmede-
biT warmoSoben mis arsebobas. amrigad, konkretuli danaSaulis mizezebia is aqtiuri
Zalebi, romlebic iwveven individSi interess da motivebs mis gansaxorcieleblad~.2
profesori n. kuznecova aRniSnavda, rom `danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi da xelSem-
wyob faqtorebSi erTiandebian ekonomikis, politikis, fsiqologiis, iurisprudenciis
da socialuri praqtikis elementebi. xolo danaSaulobis mizezebis gaSifvriT SesaZ-
lebeli gaxdeba mecnierul safuZvelze SevimuSaoT da ganvaxorcieloT efeqtiani zo-
mebi danaSaulobasTan, am negatiur-socialur movlenasTan sabrZolvelad~.3
amerikeli da ingliseli sociologebi danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi, upirveles
yovlisa, gamoyofen socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebs, romelTa umniSvnelovanes as-
peqts danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi ekonomikuri faqtoris wamoweva warmoadgens.
upirvelesad, aRniSnul garemoebas mecnierebi xsnian imiT, rom sazogadoebaSi mkveTri
sxvaobaa mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, xolo es sxvaoba mZlavrad moqmedebs danaSa-
ulebrivi midrekilebis warmoqmnaze. socialur-ekonomikuri mimarTulebis damsaxu-
rebaa, rom misi mimdevrebi (turati, bongeri) samarTlianad akritikebdnen sxva Teo-
riebs, romelTac ar surdaT danaSaulobis mizezebis danaxva socialur sinamdvileSi
individis, misi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis sazRvrebs gareT.4
mocemuli mosazrebis safuZvelze, SesaZloa gakeTdes daskvna, rom ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebi aris is sawyisi, rac warmoSobs danaSaulobas mTlianad da mis konkretul
saxeebs. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom ekonomikuri mizezebiT gamowveuli Zaladobrivi
danaSaulobis zrda msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si, am
niadagze, ganzraxi mkvlelobebis raodenoba 1994 wlidan gaizarda 3.2%-iT, ruseTSi _ 10.5%-
iT, xolo yvelaze ufro maRali piki aRiniSna italiasa da saberZneTSi _ 49% da 33%.5
danaSaulobas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iwveven saxelmwifos mier dadgenili an sanqcire-
buli qcevis wesebi, romelnic sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi pouloben asaxvas. Sesaba-

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misad, kriminologiis winaSe dgas amocana _ gamoikvlios sakanonmdeblo danaSauloba,

kanonis kriminogenuroba da danaSauloba; fiqcia, romlis Tanaxmad, kanoni xdeba danaSa-
ulobis warmoSobis mizezi; danaSaulobis iuridiuli da kriminologiuri Semecnebis
Tanafardoba, aseve, Seafasos kanonis kriminologiuri SesaZleblobebi danaSaulobaze
socialuri kontrolis TvalsazrisiT. `kanonis kriminologiis~ Seswavla, SesaZleb-
lobas mogvcems davadginoT, rogor qmnian kanonebi danaSaulobas da TviTonve rogor
ewinaaRmdegebian mas. kanonmdebeli xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganapirobebs danaSaulTa warmoq-
mnas, rodesac ama Tu im qmedebas sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadad acxadebs. magali-
Tad, ase iyo aSS-Si, rodesac xelisuflebam SemoiRo e.w. `mSrali kanoni~ da dasjadad
gamoacxada alkoholuri sasmelebis yidva-gayidva. aRniSnulma garemoebam gamoiwvia
danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis warmoqmna, maT Soris, rogoric aris da dRemde moqmedebs
`koza-nostra~; analogiuri SeiZleba iTqvas yofil sabWoTa kavSirze, rodesac 1936-
1954 ww. sisxlis samarTlis wesiT aikrZala qalebis mier abortebis gakeTeba, ramac
gamoiwvia mzardi tempebiT axalSobilTa mkvlelobebis gaxSireba sakuTari dedebis mi-
er.6 amdenad, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tuki sxvadasxva saxis kanonproeqtebi, SemuSavebis
stadiaze, winaswar gaivlian kriminologiur eqspertizas, im mizniT, rom dadgindes,
xom ar gamoiwvevs konkretuli kanoni momavalSi danaSaulebrivi qcevis provocirebas.
mizezTa Soris, romlebic iwveven adamianTa mZafr reaqcias, SesaZloa, aseve, miviCni-
oT politikuri interesebi da maT niadagze warmoSobili konfliqtebi. mniSvnelovan
rols ganwyobis formirebaze asrulebs ucxour ideologiaTa zegavlena, romelic,
mniSvnelovnad cvlis adamianTa fsiqologias da arwmunebs maT saxelmwifoSi arsebuli
politikis usamarTlobaSi, aqtiurad ubiZgebs mosaxleobis garkveul fenebs politi-
kuri brZolisaken (yirgizeTis magaliTi). danaSaulobaTa statistika, romelic Cadeni-
lia politikur niadagze, mowmobs, rom gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia mosaxleobis
ideologiuri darwmuneba arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobisa da xelisuflebis mier
gatarebuli sagareo da saSinao politikuri kursis mizanSeuwonlobaSi. statistika
cxadyofs, rom politikur danaSaulobaTa 85% Cadenilia mosaxleobis ideologiuri
darwmunebis safuZvelze.7 politikur danaSaulobaTa mizezebze saubrisas, gansakuTre-
biT aRsaniSnavia e.w. `axali kriminologiis Teoria~, romelic mecnierebaSi konfliq-
tebis Teoriis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. misi fuZemdeblebi iyvnen teilori da iangi.
arsebuli Teoria savsebiT uaryofs mis winamorbed Teoriebs (biologiurs, socialuri
dezorganizaciis, anomiis, stigmatizaciis) da xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom devian-
turi qceva da maT Soris, danaSauli Segnebulad Caidineba da atarebs politikur xasi-
aTs, individebi Tavad wyveten, mimarTon Tu ara deviantur qcevas da amiT gamoxaton
TavianTi ukmayofileba sazogadoebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobisadmi. am mxriv, e.w.
`kontrkulturebis~ wevrebi, romlebic cnobilni arian sazogadoebis mier deviantebad,
axorcieleben aSkarad politikuri xasiaTis qmedebebs, mimarTuls sazogadoebrivi wes-
rigis winaaRmdeg.8 `axali kriminologiis~ Teoriis Camoyalibebam didi wvlili Seitana
kriminologiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. mis farglebSi ganxiluli iyo, aseve, iseTi sakiT-
xebi, rogoricaa socialuri samarTlianoba, xelisufleba da politika.
sakiTxis kvlevisas mizanSewonilad migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom dRes, mizezobriobis
problematikasTan mimarTebiT, ganviTarda sakmaod saintereso tendenciebi, kerZod,

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Tanamedrove kriminologiaSi upiratesoba eniWeba korelaciuri (SefardebiTi) damoki-
debulebis dadgenas da im faqtorebis gamovlenas, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen kvle-
vis obieqtze _ danaSaulobaze. aRniSnuli tendenciebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia
rig faqtorebTan, kerZod: samyaro Zalzed rTuladaa mowyobili, urTierTkavSiri sis-
temebsa da maT Semadgenel elementebs Soris metismetad mravalferovania. sakmaod
rTulia, davadginoT mizezobriv-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba Tundac, fizikuri da
biologiuri sistemebis erTobliobaSic ki, araTu socialur sistemaSi. miT umetes,
rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi `danaSauloba~ moicavs Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul qme-
debebs _ dawyebuli qurdobidan _ saerTaSoriso terorizmamde, seqsualuri garyvni-
lebidan _ ekologiur danaSaulobamde, romlebsac, kriminologiuri xedviT, ar SeiZle-
ba hqondeT saerTo warmoSobis mizezi, garda erTisa _ maTi warmoSobis mizezi aris
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba.9
socialuri deviaciebi mJRavndeba sxvadasxva deviantur qcevebSi, maT Soris iseTeb-
Si, romlebsac mikuTvnebuli aqvT `danaSaulebrivis~ statusi. SesaZlebelia, davasaxe-
loT metnaklebad Zlieri faqtorebi danaSaulobis zogierTi kanonzomierebis asaxs-
nelad. ase magaliTad, Tanamedrove kriminologiaSi aqtiurad Seiswavleba damokide-
buleba danaSaulobasa da mis calkeul saxeobebs Soris sqesis, asakis, klasisa da rasis
(eTnikuri kuTvnilebis) mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba damokidebulebas
socialur da ekonomikur uTanasworobas rogorc ganmartebiT models. mniSvnelovan
kriminogenur faqtors warmoadgens winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba adamianTa
moTxovnilebebsa da maT realur SesaZleblobebs Soris daikmayofilon aRniSnuli Se-
saZleblobebi, ekonomikuri uTanasworoba; rac ufro dabalia sazogadoebis pasuxis-
mgebloba _ misi SesaZlebloba daakmayofilos adamianTa moTxovnilebebi, miT ufro
maRalia deviaciebi, danaSaulobis CaTvliT; rac ufro didia ganxeTqileba mdidrebsa
da Raribebs Soris Semosavlebis mxriv, miT metia devianturi qmedebebisa da danaSau-
lobis done. erTi mxriv, Tu danaSaulobas ganvixilavT rogorc socialur konstruqts,
maSin danaSaulobis arsebobis axsna unda veZeboT kanonmdeblis moRvaweobaSi. meore
mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSauloba pirobiTi xelovnuri konstruqtia, igi aisa-
xeba adamianTa saqmianobis realur aspeqtebSi (sxvisi mokvla an daWra, sxvisi qonebis
marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTreba, motyueba sargeblis miRebis mizniT da a. S.). arse-
buli Teoriebis analizs mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom danaSaulobis rogori mizezebic
ar unda gamovlindes, isini erTdroulad arian deviaciuri qcevebis: alkoholizmis,
narkomaniis, TviTmkvlelobis, prostituciis, administraciuli gadacdomebis, samoqa-
laqosamarTlebrivi deliqtebisa da amoraluri qcevebis mizezebi.10 sxvagvarad Tu vit-
yviT, arseboben garemoebebi (faqtorebi) romelTa zemoqmedebiTac warmoiSvebian devi-
anturi qmedebebi, xolo Tu rogor formas miiRebs yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi aRniS-
nuli devianturi qceva _ es damokidebulia SemTxvevaze an subieqtis individualur
Taviseburebebze. yvela adamianis qmedeba, sabolood, mimarTulia ama Tu im moTxovni-
lebis dasakmayofileblad: biologiuris an vitaluris (SimSilis, wyurvilis, seqsualu-
ri urTierTobis, memkvidreobis gagrZelebis da a. S.); socialuris (statusis amaRle-
bisaTvis, prestiJisaTvis, TviTrealizaciisaTvis da a. S.); sulieris an idealuris

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(cxovrebis sazrisis povna, arsebobis miznebi, codnisadmi miswrafeba, Semoqmedeba, xal-

xisaTvis samsaxuris gaweva da a.S.). Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianebs aqvT xaris-
xiani kvebis, sufTa haerze, keTilmowyobil sacxovrebelSi cxovrebis, prestiJul
samsaxurSi muSaobis, mravalferovani dasvenebisa da a.S. moTxovnilebebi. amave dros,
surT sistematurad gaiumjobeson cxovrebiseuli pirobebi. xolo am moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebi sxvadasxvagvaria, uTanasworoa. miuxedavad imisa, rom
uTanasworobis gansazRvruli done damokidebulia individualur Taviseburebebze
(bavSvia Tu mozardi, mamakacia Tu qali, janmrTelia Tu invalidi, inteleqtualia Tu
ara). moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mTavari safuZve-
li aris socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, individis mier sazogadoebis socialur
struqturaSi dakavebuli pozicia (mosamsaxurea Tu mewarme, skolis maswavlebelia da
a.S.). socialuri statusidan da masTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli individis ekonomikuri
mdgomareobidan gamomdinareobs is SesaZlebloba, romliTac man unda daikmayofilos
Tavisi socialuri moTxovnilebebi.11
sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura hgavs piramidas, romlis mwvervalze imyofeba
xelisuflebis, ekonomikuri, finansuri, samxedro da religiuri elita. demokratiul,
civilizebul saxelmwifoebSi, sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilia saSualo fena, ro-
melic momdevno safexurze imyofeba, xolo yvelaze dabal fenas ierarqiulad Seadgenen
Raribebi, soflis meurneobis daqiravebuli muSakebi, e.w. momsaxure personali. dasa-
xelebuli socialuri struqturis miRma ki, arian usaxlkaro pirebi, alkoholizmiT
daavadebuli adamianebi, narkomanebi, meZavebi. savsebiT naTelia, rom rac ufro maRali
fenis warmomadgenelia individi, miT ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvs mas daikmayofilos
Tavisi moTxovnilebebi. Sesabamisad, dabali fenis warmomadgenlebs naklebi, SezRu-
duli SesaZleblobebi aqvT. individebis amgvari danawileba ganpirobebulia, upirve-
les yovlisa, maTgan damoukidebeli faqtorebiT _ socialuri warmomavlobiT, sazo-
gadoebrivi feniT, jgufiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom 21-e saukuneSi socialuri mobiloba
gazrdilia, statistikurad, socialuri kuTvnilebisadmi damokidebuleba igive rCeba.
socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworoba aris sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebis Sedegi.
socialuri diferencia, rogorc Sromis danawilebis gaRrmavebis Sedegi, aris obieq-
turi da mTlianobaSi progresuli procesi, Tumca, masac aqvs negatiuri Sedegebi. soci-
aluri klasebis araTanabari mdgomareoba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis sistemaSi,
ganapirobebs socialur-ekonomikur uTanasworobas. sxvaoba savsebiT arsebiTia realur
SesaZleblobebSi _ daikmayofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi, rasac ar SeiZleba ar moh-
yves Suri, daukmayofilebloba, socialuri konfliqtebi, saprotesto reaqciebi, rom-
lebic sabolood, deviantur qmedebebs da maT Soris, danaSaulobas warmoSoben.12 aqedan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom danaSaulobis genezisi unda veZeboT ara socia-
luri moTxovnilebebis daukmayofilebaSi, aramed im SesaZleblobebSi, romliTac miiR-
weva konkretuli moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. SesaZleblobis arqona individSi gana-
pirobebs kanonsawinaaRmdego saqcielis Cadenas, rac sabolood, mimarTulia ama Tu im
socialuri moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. amrigad, umTavresi kriminogenuri faq-
tori aris winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba individis socialur moTxovnilebebsa da
maTi dakmayofilebis realur SesaZleblobebs Soris.

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 gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. z. wulaia, kriminologia, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2003;

2. kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008;
3. i. goZiaSvili, kriminologia, Tb., 1998;
4. L.T. Winfree, H. Abadinsky, Understanding Crime, Theory and Practice, Chikago, 1966;
5. Maxim P., Whitehead P., Explaining Crime, Fourth Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998;
6. Í.Ô. Êóçíåöîâà, Ïðîáëåìû êðèìèíîëîãè÷åñêîé äåòåðìèíàöèè. Ì. 1984;
7. Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, Ïîä. Ðåä. À.È. Äîëãîâîé, Ì., 1997;
8. Ä.À. Øåñòàêîâ, Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, ÑÏÒ, 2006;
9. ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, ‘Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü~, ÑÏÒ, 2004;
10. À. Ãèääåíñ, Ñîöèîëîãèÿ, Ì., 2005.

SeniSvnebi:

1
ix.: z. wulaia, kriminologia, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2003, gv. 56.
2
ix.: iqve.
3
ix.: Í.Ô. Êóçíåöîâà, Ïðîáëåìû êðèìèíîëîãè÷åñêîé äåòåðìèíàöèè, Ì., 1984, Ñ. 1.
4
ix.: i. goZiaSvili, kriminologia, Tb., 1998, gv. 67-71.
5
ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008, gv. 148.
6
ix.: Ä.À. Øåñòàêîâ, Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, ÑÏÒ, 2006, Ñ. 146.
7
ix.: Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, Ïîä. Ðåä. À.È. Äîëãîâîé. Ì., 1997, Ñ. 556-558.
8
ix.: À. Ãèääåíñ, Ñîöèîëîãèÿ, Ì., 2005, Ñ. 188-189.
9
ix.: Maxim P., Whitehead P., Explaining Crime, Fourth Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998,
P.21.
10
ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, "Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü", ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.156.
11
ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, "Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü", ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.
156-157.
12
ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, ‘Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü~, ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.
247-249.

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kanoni

REASONS CAUSING
THE CRIME
CRIMINOLOGICAL
ASPECTS

MIKHEIL GABUNIA
Doctor of Law

The Article reviews criminological aspects of the reasons that cause the crime.
Given conclusions are based on the opinions of Georgian as well as foreign
scholars. The works of the Georgian and foreign lawyers and sociologists are
used as sources. The issue reviewed in the Article (causes) is important from
theoretical as well as practical importance, as it is practically impossible to
carry out social control on such negative occurrence as crime without studying
thoroughly its origin, casing factors and circumstances.

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danaSaulSi
Tanamonawileoba
kontinenturi
qveynebisa da
iaponiis sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsebis mixedviT

elene gvencaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti

danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba safrangeTis sisxlis

samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT

safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar Seicavs Ta-

namonawileobis cnebis ganmartebas da mocemulia mxolod
TanamonawileTa saxeebi. safrangeTis sisxlissamarTleb-
riv doqtrinaSi Tanamonawileoba gagebulia viwro mniSv-
nelobiT, gansxvavebiT amsruleblisa da Tanaamsrulebli-
sagan, romlebic sakuTari moqmedebiT an umoqmedobiT axor-
cieleben danaSaulebriv qmedebas. maTi maxasiaTeblebic
gansazRvrulia safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kerZo na-
wilSi, Tanamonawile aris piri, romelic aqcesorulad uer-
Tdeba aRniSnuli pirebis danaSaulebriv qmedebas, provo-
cirebs an aadvilebs mis ganxorcielebas. `Cvens samarTal-
Si, wers J. pradeli _ aRiarebulia danaSaulebrivi qmede-
bis erTianoba da monawileTa simravle. erTian danaSaulSi
Tanamonawileoba _ mxolod aqcesoruli elementia~.1
amgvarad, franguli doqtrina Tanamonawileobis aqce-
soruli bunebidan gamomdinareobs da amsruleblis mier

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Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi Tanamonawile `nasesxebia~. am Tezisidan frangi iuris-

tebi ayalibeben or mniSvnelovan debulebas, kerZod: 1. amsruleblisa da Tanamonawilis
qmedebas aqvs erTi da igive kvalifikacia; 2. Tu amsruleblis qmedeba ar kvalificir-
deba sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT, piri, romelic exmareboda danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
ganxorcielebaSi Tanamonawiled ar iTvleba. Tanamonawileobis arsebobis an ararse-
bobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas xdeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis kategoriis gaTvalis-
wineba. kanoniT, danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba yovelTvis dasjadia (ssk abz. 1, mux. 121-7).
TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi zogierT Ta-
viseburebas adgens. wamqezebloba (ssk abz. 2, mux. 121-7), yovelTvis dasjadia, im SemTx-
vevaSic ki, Tu kerZo nawilis specialur normaSi ar arsebobs miTiTeba.
piriqiT, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi daxmarebis aRmoCenisa (aide) an xelSewyobisaT-
vis (assistance), rogorc naklebad saSiSi, ar isjeba. Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi daxmareba
da xelSewyoba isjeba damoukidebeli deliqtebis saxiT. ase magaliTad, darRvevaTa
me-5 klasisadmi mikuTvnebuli ZaladobiTi qmedebebis `ganzrax Semsubuqeba, daxmarebis
an xelSewyobis momzadebis an ganxorcielebis saxiT~ aseve, dasjadia. aseTi midgoma sa-
Sualebas iZleva daisajos rogorc amsrulebeli, agreTve is piric, romelic exmare-
boda danaSaulis ganxorcielebaSi. amasTan, aRniSnuli pirebis pasuxismgebloba dgeba
im SemTxvevaSic, roca danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar iqna miyvanili bolomde amsruleblis
nebisagan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo e.i. mcdelobisas (ssk abz. 3 mux. 625-1). Tu da-
naSaulis CadenaSi damxmare an xelSemwyobi ganixileba rogorc Tanamonawile, maSin misi
sisxlis samarTlis wesiT devna SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac franguli sisxlis samarTali
ar aRiarebs TanamonawileobiT mcdelobas.
safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatis 1952 wlis
27 noembris gadawyvetilebiT, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulis CadenaSi yovelTvis das-
jadia. darRvevaTa sferoSi Tanamonawileoba dasjadia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca amis
Sesaxeb pirdapir naTqvamia normatiul aqtSi. magaliTad, mux. R 625-1 adgens pasuxis-
mgeblobas iseTi darRvevisaTvis, rogoricaa Zaladobis gamoyeneba, ramac gamoiwvia
Sromisunarianobis sruli dakargva ara umcires an ara umetes 8 dRisa, ganixileba ro-
gorc me-5 klasis darRveva da ekisreba jarima. mocemuli muxlis abz. 3 Tanaxmad, igive
sasjeli ekisreba maTac, vinc ganzrax daxmareba gauwia an Seumsubuqa danaSaulis mom-
zadeba an Cadena. msgavs magaliTad iTvleba abz. 3 mux. R 635-1, romelic iTvaliswinebs
pasuxismgeblobas ganzrax sxva piris qonebis ganadgurebis, dazianebis an gafuWebis
CadenaSi TanamonawileobisaTvis, ramac gamoiwvia mxolod umniSvnelo ziani.
ganvixiloT ZiriTadi pirobebi TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisa, romlebic
miekuTvneba danaSaulis aqtis maxasiaTeblebs. pirveli, mTavari danaSaulebrivi qmedeba
sinamdvileSi unda iyos Cadenili. Tu amsrulebelma danaSaulebrivi qmedeba bolomde
ar miiyvana da nebayoflobiT xeli aiRo mis Cadenaze, Tanamonawile pasuxismgeblobas ar
eqvemdebareba. Tanamonawileoba danaSaulis momzadebis an misi ganxorcielebis stadi-
aze, rodesac amsruleblis nebiT wydeba misi ganxorcieleba, Sedegis dadgomamde, aseve
Tanamonawileobis mcdeloba ar isjeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT. ase, magaliTad, fulis
gadacema imisaTvis, rom meore piri daiyolios mkvlelobis Casadenad, ar eqvemdebareba

104
sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, Tu amsrulebelma raime mizezebis gamo, ar
ganaxorciela danaSaulebrivi qmedeba. frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom mocemul SemTx-
vevaSi saubaria Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaze, romelic ar aris dasjadi. amasTanave,
isini miuTiTeben Tanamonawileobis _ Tanamonawileobis mcdelobisagan gamijvnis auci-
leblobaze, roca dawyebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba wydeba amsruleblis nebisagan
damoukideblad, anu sasjels daqvemdebarebuli faqtis arsebobis dros.
meore, ZiriTadi qmedeba unda eqvemdebarebodes sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeb-
lobas, anu hqondes danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi. daxmareba an wamqezebloba aradanaSau-
lebrivi qmedebisaken ar iTvleba Tanamonawileobad. ase, magaliTad, daxmareba im piri-
saTvis, romelsac TviTmkvleloba aqvs gadawyvetili ar ganixileba Tanamonawileobad,
radganac es ukanaskneli ar idevneba sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT; am wesidan aris rigi
gamonaklisebi. zogjer frangi kanonmdebeli adgens damoukidebel sisxlissamarTleb-
riv pasuxismgeblobas iseTi qmedebisaTvis, romelic iTvleba waqezebad aradanaSauleb-
rivi qmedebisaken an aseTSi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad. magaliTad, ssk mux. 223-12 sami
wliT patimrobas da jarimas iTvaliswinebs qalisaTvis materialuri daxmarebisas abor-
tis gasakeTeblad. igive sasjeli ekisreba pirs, vinc waaqezebs sxvas TviTmkvlelobisa-
ken, Tu aseTma provokaciam gamoiwvia Sedegi an TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba (ssk mux. 223-
13). sasjeli izrdeba xuT wlamde patimrobiT da jarimiT, Tu dazaralebuli arasrul-
wlovania, 15 wlamde asakis. mocemul SemTxvevebSi pirebi, romlebmac Caidines sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsiT akrZaluli qmedebebi iTvlebian damoukidebeli danaSaulis ams-
ruleblebad da ara Tanamonawileebad.
mesame, danaSaulebrivi qmedeba unda iyos obieqturad SesaZlebeli. aseTi SesaZleb-
loba ar arsebobs im SemTxvevebSi, roca sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis xan-
dazmulobis vadebi gasulia, anda qmedeba eqvemdebareba amnistias an sisxlis samarTlis
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebiT (aucilebeli mogerieba, Secdoma da a.S.) ga-
marTlebulia, anda danaSaulis gamoZieba SeuZlebelia, radgan amsrulebels icavs imu-
niteti. ase magaliTad, piri romelmac xeli Seuwyo erT meuRles meoris gaqurdvaSi, ar
eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, radganac aseTi qmedeba ar iT-
valiswinebs sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjadobas (ssk punqti 2 mux. 311-12).
amasTanave, Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis ar aris saWiro, rom danaSaulebri-
vi qmedeba iyos faqtobrivad dasjadi. frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom Tanamonawileobis
aqti dakavSirebulia danaSaulebriv qmedebasTan, magram ara amsrulebelTan, amitom
am ukanasknelis pasuxismgebloba ar abrkolebs Tanamonawilis gansjas gansazRvrul
pirobebSi. Tu amsrulebeli faqtis gamo devnilia (magaliTad, Zebnilia), anda samarTlis
ZaliT ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba (fsiqikuri aSlilobisas, sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis asaks miuRwevlobisaTvis, individualuri amnistiis da a.S.), Tanamo-
nawile SeiZleba ganisajos. safrangeTis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi,
roca Tanamonawiles ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ucnobi amsru-
leblis dros. amasTanave, gansja efuZneba mosamarTleTa konstatacias amsruleblis
danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi materialuri da legaluri elementebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
Tanamonawile eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas im SemTxvevaSi, roca amsrulebels Tumc

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ekisreboda sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, magram sabolood, gaTavisuflda

misgan raime piradi xasiaTis mizeziT (magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobis an individua-
luri amnistiis gamo). Tanamonawilis gansjas ar abrkolebs amsruleblisaTvis gamota-
nili gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, romelic kanonier ZalaSi araa Sesuli.
ganvixiloT Tanamonawileobis aqtisaTvis safrangeTis sisxlissamarTlebrivi doq-
triniT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnebi. ssk muxli 121-7 Sinaarsidan gamomdi-
nareobs, rom Tanamonawileobis aqti aerTianebs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis materialur
da moralur maxasiaTeblebs. Tanamonawileobis materialuri elementi, dasaxelebuli
muxlidan, mdgomareobs romelime qmedebis ganxorcielebaSi. amgvari qmedebebis Camo-
naTvali, romelTa daxasiaTebas ixilavT qvemoT, daxurulia, amitom danaSaulis Cadena-
Si monawileoba, gamoxatuli sxva formebiT, ar iTvleba Tanamonawileobad da mis ams-
rulebels aqcevs `ubralo, meorexarisxovan pirad~ (comparse).
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi dasaxelebulia Tanamonawileobis ori
forma: 1. daxmareba an xelSewyoba; 2. wamqezebloba (ssk muxli 121-7).
Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT Tanamonawileoba gamoxatuli daxmarebiT an xelSewyo-
biT. 1810 wlis safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, daxmarebasTan an xelSewyobas-
Tan erTad asaxelebda kidev erTs, aRniSnulTan sakmaod msgavss _ saSualebebis micemas
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad. safrangeTis moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT
es forma _ `daxmareba da xelSewyoba~ ufro farTo mniSvnelobisaa, rac marTebulia
frangi iuristebisaTvis.
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTalSi daxmareba an xelSewyoba tradiciulad, xasiaTdeba
ori mniSvnelovani momentiT: daxmareba da xelSewyoba unda gamoixatebodes moqmedebaSi
da ara umoqmedobaSi da droSi win unda uswrebdes danaSaulis aqts (daxmareba), ukidu-
res SemTxvevaSi, mis dasrulebas (xelSewyoba).
rogorc wesi, daxmareba an xelSewyoba gamoixateba aqtiur moqmedebebSi: mkvlelobis
Casadenad iaraRis miwodeba, yalbi gasaRebebi qurdobisaTvis da a.S. amasTanave, Tana-
monawilis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis ar aris saWiro, rom es sagnebi gamoyenebul iqnes
amsruleblis mier. es aixsneba imiT, rom saSualebebis micema an danaSaulis Cadenisaken
Segulianeba amsrulebels umtkicebs gadawyvetilebas da mzaobas danaSaulis Casadenad.
amgvarad, arsebobs subieqturi da obieqturi safuZvlebi Tanamonawilis sisxlissamar-
Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis.
rac Seexeba umoqmedobas, igi ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT zogadi wesiT, Tanamonawile-
obis saxiT. Tanamonawileobad ar iTvleba magaliTad, dumilis dapireba. safrangeTis
sakasacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatis 1948 wlis 15 ianvris gadawy-
vetilebiT, Tanamonawiled ar iqna cnobili piri, romelmac danaSaulis adgilze waas-
wro qurdebs da gansazRvruli jildos safasurad daTanxmda, rom ar atexda xmaurs da
ar Seatyobinebda samarTaldamcavebs amis Sesaxeb. sakasacio instanciis mier micemuli
saqme Sewyda imis safuZvelze, rom pirs ar Caudenia aranairi pozitiuri qmedebebi dam-
naSaveTa dasaxmareblad, da umoqmedobiT xelSewyoba kanoniT SeuZlebelia. amasTanave,
am wesidan praqtikaSi aris gamonaklisebic. xSirad, Tanamonawiled miuCneviaT piri, ro-
melsac ar Caudenia raime aqtiuri qmedeba, magram mainc ganaxorciela gasakicxi qceva.

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aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikaSi gamoiyofa sami saxis qceva, romlebic SeiZleba cnobil
iqnes Tanamonawileobad: 1. faqtobrivad piri Tavisi TandaswrebiT aqezebs an fsiqolo-
giurad mxars uWers amsrulebels (sayvareli eswreba misi sayvarlis orsulobis Sewy-
vetas); 2. danaSaulis Cadenamde piri amsrulebels uTanxmdeba mis Cadenaze (sabaJos
inspeqtori `Tvals xuWavs~ amsruleblis TaRliTur qmedebebze); 3. piri umoqmedodaa,
Tumca profesiuli an Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, valdebuli iyo
da SeeZlo kidec xeli SeeSala danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis (policiis agenti gulgri-
lad ekideba misi kolegis mier qurdobis Cadenis faqts).
umoqmedobiT Tanamonawileobis cnobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad sasamarTlo praqtika
gamovida sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinidan, romelic aucileblad dasjadad Tvlis
umoqmedobas im SemTxvevaSi, roca pirs kanoniT evaleboda aRekveTa danaSaulebrivi
qmedeba, SeeZlo SeeCerebina amsrulebeli dabolos, gacnobierebuli hqonda, rom am
ukanasknelma daiwyo ganzraxvis ganxorcieleba an uaxloes momavalSi daiwyebda mas.2
danaSaulis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTliT ar
iTvleba Tanamonawileobad, Tundac piri sxvis danaSaulebriv qmedebas SeuerTdes. maSa-
sadame, daxmareba an xelSewyoba unda iqnes dapirebuli mosamzadebal stadiaze, mcde-
lobisas anda danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebisas. am wess danaSaulebrivi qmede-
bebidan gamomdinare, aqvs gamonaklisi. sasamarTlo praqtika dasjadad Tvlis iseT da-
naSaulebriv qmedebasac, romlis drosac winaswar Sepirebuli Tanxmoba gankuTvnilia
danaSaulis gasaadvileblad (avtomobiliT dalodeba damnaSavis gasaqcevad). 1915 wli-
dan, winaswar Seupirebeli dafarva damoukidebeli deliqti gaxda. aseTi midgoma saSua-
lebas iZleva daisajon mfarvelebi im SemTxvevaSic, roca amsrulebeli raime mizeziT
ar eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.
ssk abz. 2, mux. 121-7-s Tanaxmad, Tanamonawiles uTanabrdeba piri, romelic saCuq-
rebiT, dapirebebiT, muqariT, moTxovniT, samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis borotad
gamoyenebiT axdens danaSaulis provocirebas an iZleva brZanebas mis Casadanad. amgva-
rad, wamqezebloba (instigation) SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori formiT: provokaciis
gziT an brZanebiT.
provokacia iTvleba Tanamonawileobad mxolod sami pirobis arsebobisas: pirveli,
mis ganxorcielebas unda axldes is saSualebebi, romlebic miTiTebulia ssk 121-7 mux-
lSi (saCuqrebi, fuli da a.S), an im saSualebebiT, romlebic dasaxelebulia (dapireba,
muqara, moTxovna da a.S). msgavsi qmedebebis Tanamonawileobad aRiarebisaTvis sakmarisia
CamoTvlili garemoebebidan erT-erTi, Tumca, xSirad sasamarTlo adasturebs maT
erTobliobas. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi provokaciad iqna miCneuli sayvarlis qmedeba,
romelic misgan daorsulebul qals agulianebda abortisaken da hpirdeboda materi-
aluri daxmarebas Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi da emuqreboda, rom uaris SemTxvevaSi miato-
vebda.3 meore piris Segulianeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad sxva saSualebebiT
an sxva garemoebebSi, provokaciad ar iTvleba (ssk muxli 121-7).
meore, frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom provokacia pirdapir unda aqezebdes danaSa-
ulebrivi qmedebis Cadenisaken da mimarTuli unda iyos uSualod amsrulebelze da
ara sxva pirebze.

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mesame, provokaciam unda gamoiRos Sedegi. mavne Sedegebis ararsebobisas, an Tundac

mcdelobisas, mTavar faqts ara aqvs adgili da es niSnavs, rom ar iqneba Tanamonawile-
obac.
amasTanave, zogierTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebi aseT provokacias miiCnevs da-
moukidebel deliqtad, romelic ssk-is 121-7 muxlis pirobebs ar axlavs. aseT deliq-
tebs miekuTvneba magaliTad, pirdapiri provokacia romelime danaSaulis Cadenisa, ro-
melsac iTvaliswinebs safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis wigni IV, Tavi `Ralati
da SantaJi~. gzadagza aRvniSnavT, rom saubaria provikaciaze, romelsac ar gamouwvevia
mavne Sedegebi amsruleblis nebisagan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo, e. i. Seumdgar
provokaciaze. aseTi deliqtis Cadenis xerxebs Soris dasaxelebulia zegavlenis moxde-
na an ZaladobiTi qmedebebi, romlebsac ssk zogadi nawili provokaciis xerxebad ar
iTvaliswinebs.
xSirad, provokaciad iTvleba iseTi `waqezebac, romelic mimarTulia ganusazRvrel
pirTa jgufze. amis magaliTad SegviZlia movitanoT provokacia, romlisTvisac pasuxis-
mgebloba gansazRvrulia ssk 223-14 muxliT. sami wliT patimrobiTa da jarimiT isjeba
iseTi produqtebis, nivTebisa da meTodebis propaganda an reklamireba, romlebic re-
komendirebulia, rogorc TviTmkvlelobis Casadeni saSualebebi. gasagebia, rom moce-
mul SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnul saSaulebebze informacias ar hyavs konkretuli adresati.
winaaRmedg SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba dadgeba sxva samarTaldarRvevisaTvis, ro-
melsac iTvaliswinebs ssk 223-13 muxli.
provokaciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos agreTve is qmedebebi, romlebmac ar gamoiRes Se-
bamisi Sedegi. zeviT ukve visaubreT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTa
provokaciaze, romelic Tavisi arsiT iTvleba Seumdgarad. es exeba rig sxva danaSau-
lebriv qmedebebs, magaliTad, waqezeba narkotikuli saSualebebis moxmarebisaken, ro-
melic eqvemdebareba dasjadobas saxalxo jandacvis kodeqsis mux. L. 630. ganxiluli
`gamonaklisi wesebidan~ mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa, rom pasuxismgebloba aseTi pro-
vokaciisaTvis dgeba, rogorc damoukidebeli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis da piri icnoba
mis amsruleblad.
provokaciisagan gansxvavebiT, brZanebis micema aris amsruleblisaTvis aucilebeli
monacemebis wardgena danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gansaxorcieleblad. mocemul SemTxve-
vaSi ar aris Zaldataneba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia provokaciisaTvis. amasTanave,
Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobis aucilebeli pirobaa, rom misi miTiTebebi da inst-
ruqciebi gamoyenebul iqna danaSaulis Cadenisas.
sasamarTlo praqtika mijnavs brZanebas im ubralo cnobebisagan, romelTa mopovebac
ar eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. Tumca, pirvelisa da meoris
gamijvna Zalian rTulia. praqtikaSi iyo SemTxvevebi, roca SemdgomSi msxverplze miRe-
buli monacemebi Sefasebul iqna, rogorc gacemuli brZaneba. 1966 wels, gasamarTlda
moqalaqe, romelmac meore pirs uTxra, rom maTi saerTo nacnobi `kargia mxolod sasikv-
dilod~. es naTqvami aRiarebul iqna brZanebis micemad dazaralebulisaTvis sicocxlis
mosaspobad. sasamarTlos mier ama Tu im Setyobinebis `ubralo cnobad wardgenis~ aRia-
reba iSviaTia. literaturaSi magaliTis saxiT motanilia mxolod erTi _ braldebulma

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misTvis dasmul SekiTxvaze upasuxa Tavis sayvarels, rom mas SeuZlia muclis moSla
ineqciiT. sasamarTlom cno, rom am SemTxvevaSi `iZuleba~ imdenad zogadi da ganusazRv-
reli xasiaTis iyo, rom es faqti saWiroa CaiTvalos `ubralo cnobis wardgenad~.
Tanamonawileobis moraluri elementis Sefasebisas, franguli doqtrinis amosava-
lia, rom Tanamonawileoba unda iyos gacnobierebuli monawileoba danaSaulebrivi qme-
debis CadenaSi. es gamomdinareobs kodeqsidan (abz. 1, muxli 121-7), sadac saubaria `Seg-
nebulobaze~ (sciemment) da imave muxlis meore abzacidan, sadac saubaria wamqezeblo-
baze, romelic aris mxolod Segnebuli aqti. piris braleulobis dadgena braldebis
mxares da mosamarTles eyrdnoba. amasTanave, praqtika Tanamonawileobas aRiarebs ro-
gorc ganzrax, ise gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi. mgzavri, romelic aqe-
zebs mZRols gadaWarbebuli siCqariT svlisaken, ris Sedegadac zaraldeba fexiT mosia-
rule, iTvleba Tanamonawiled. amasTanave, safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlo gadawyve-
tilebaSi imeorebs formulas, romelic Cawerilia 1934 wlis 14 dekembris sisxlis saq-
meTa palatis gadawyvetilebaSi: `mdgomareoba (Tanamonawileoba, ssk mux. 59, 60; 1810 w.)
atarebs zogad xasiaTs da gamoiyeneba yvela danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT da maT Soris,
gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulis drosac~.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi doqtrina aseve, cnobs Tanamonawileobis SesaZleblobas
gaufrTxileblobiT deliqtebSi. frangi mecnier-iuristebi Tvlian, rom winaswar Se-
Tanxmeba pirebisa raime saSiS qcevaze, romelic sisruleSi mohyavs erT-erT maTgans, ori-
ves pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels iZleva, ramdenadac orive acnobierebda, rom riskav-
dnen. amasTanave, doqtrinaSi aRniSnulia, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ar Rirs mivmarToT
Tanamonawileobis codnas, ramdenadac es pirebi cnobili unda iqnen Tanaamsruleble-
bad da ara Tanamonawileebad. meore piris brali (mgzavrze motanil magaliTSi) erwymis
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Semadgenel ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, amitom igi iseTive Tana-
amsrulebelia, rogorc pirveli, rasac sasamarTlo praqtika nawilobriv amtkicebs. ase
magaliTad, teqnikurad gaumarTavi satvirTo manqanis mesakuTre cnobil iqna gaufrT-
xileblobiT danaSaulis Tanaamsruleblad da ara Tanamonawiled, misi TanamSromlis
mier mesame piris sicocxlis xelyofisaTvis. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tanaamsruleblad iqna cno-
bili mZRoli, romelmac megobars, romelsac ar hqonda marTvis ufleba, gadasca avto-
manqana, ramac gamoiwvia adamianTa msxverpli.
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aranakleb problematuria Tanamonawilis qmedebis kvalifi-
kaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi amsruleblis eqscesis dros. Tanamonawileobis aqce-
soruli Teoriis Tanmimdevrul gamoyenebas mivyavarT iqamde, rom amsruleblis eqscesi
danaSaulad Seeracxeba Tanamonawilesac. Zarcvis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT, frangi mosa-
marTleebi Tanamonawileebs brals debdnen iseT damamZimebel garemoebebze, rogoricaa:
jgufuroba, satexi instrumentebis gamoyeneba, sacxovrebelSi SeRweva, romelTa Sesaxe-
bac arc icodnen Tanamonawileebma da arc hqondaT ganzraxuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
frangi mosamarTleebi adgenen amsruleblis eqscesis Semdeg sam SemTxvevas: 1. amsru-
lebeli axorcielebs absoluturad sxva qmedebas, vidre igegmeboda da warmodgenili
hqondaT Tanamonawileebs; 2. qmedeba misi ganxorcielebisas garTulda iseTi garemo-
ebebis gamo, romlebic Tavdapirvelad ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da ar SeiZleboda cno-

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bili yofiliyo TanamonawilisaTvis; 3. Tanamonawiles aqvs ganusazRvreli ganzraxva da

mzadaa miuerTdes amsruleblis qmedebas.
safrangeTis sasamarTlo praqtikas ukavia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac mxolod
pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tanamonawilis pasuxismgebloba amsruleblis eqscesisaTvis gamo-
ricxulia. danarCen SemTxvevebSi, igi srul pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs Tanamonawiles
amsruleblis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi, maSinac ki, Tu isini Tanamonawiles obi-
eqturad Seeracxeba.
safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatam, 1947 wlis
31 dekembris gadawyvetilebaSi mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTa Semdegi: `Ta-
namonawilem unda gaiTvaliswinos yvela makvalificirebeli garemoeba, romelic SeiZ-
leba mohyves Cafiqrebul danaSauls, yvela garemoeba, romlebic SeiZleba mas Tan axl-
des~. es wesi moqmedia, Sesabamisad, gamoiyeneba dResdReobiT da vrceldeba ganusazRv-
reli ganzraxviT Tanamonawileobisas.
sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi aseve iTvleba, rom Tu sxvaoba Cafiqrebulsa da faq-
tobrivad Cadenil danaSauls Soris exeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ZiriTad Semadgenel
elementebs, Tanamonawile ar isjeba amsruleblis mier Cadenili qmedebisaTvis. Tu sxva-
oba exeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis mxolod calkeul garemoebebs, magaliTad, damamZi-
mebels, Tanamonawile eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas amgvari qmedebisaTvis.4
kidev erTi problema TanamonawileTa mier danaSaulze nebayoflobiT xelis aRebas-
Tan aris dakavSirebuli. franguli kanonmdeblobiT ar isjeba, magaliTad, is vinc da-
naSaulis Casadenad micemul saSualebebs Semdeg CamoarTmevs da SemdegSi ar exmareba
amsrulebels misi ganzraxvis ganxorcielebaSi. marTalia, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba
mxolod aqtiuri qmedebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi da ara umoqmedobisas. pirma unda
gaakeTos yvelaferi, raTa danaSaulebrivi Sedegi ar dadges.
safrangeTis moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT Tanamonawile iseve eqvemdebareba
dasjadobas, rogorc amsrulebeli. amasTan, kanoni ar ixilavs pasuxismgeblobis Semsu-
buqebas an gamkacrebas calkeuli TanamonawilisaTvis maT mier Sesrulebul rolebTan
dakavSirebiT.
Tanamonawileobis Seswavlis Sesaxeb Teoria gamomdinareobs misi ori principidan _
`qmedebis gadmoReba~ da `sasjelis gadmoReba~. axalma sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsma
meore principze uari Tqva. ar SeiZleba visaubroT sasjelis gadmoRebaze, magaliTad,
im SemTxvevaSi, roca amsrulebeli iuridiuli piria, ramdenadac am ukanasknelisaTvis
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebulia specifikuri sasjelis saxeebi, romle-
bic principSi ar SeiZleba dauniSnoT fizikur pirebs (iuridiuli piris likvidacia da
a.S.).
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTalSi Tanamonawileobis institutis ganxilvasTan dakav-
SirebiT saWiroa ramdenime sityviT SevexoT iseT specifikur instituts, rogoricaa
sxvaTa qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba. aseTi pasuxesmgebloba warmoadgens samoqalaqo-
samarTlebriv instituts da pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT mSoblebs maTi arasrulwlo-
vani Svilebis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebze, Tu am qmedebebma gamoiwvies ziani (saf-
rangeTis samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi, mux. 1384). sisxlis samarTalSi gansxvavebiT

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samoqalaqo samarTlisagan moqmedebs piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi, anu TiToeuli
pasuxs agebs mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebisaTvis (ssk mux. 121-1).
amasTanave, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTali zRvrul farglebSi uSvebs sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis SesaZleblobas erTi piris danaSaulebrivi qmedebi-
saTvis, romelic sinamdvileSi sxva piris mieraa Cadenili. aseT SemTxvevebzea saubari
frangul samarTalSi sxvisi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaze
(responsabilité penal du fait d’autrui). axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis miRebiT es instituti,
romelsac franguli warmomavloba aqvs da gamyarebulia sxva saxelmwifoTa samarT-
lebriv sistemebSi, magaliTad, inglisSi (vicarious liability), rac zemoT miTiTebuli sisx-
lissamarTlebrivi principebidan gamonaklisia. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi iuristi
aq ver xedavs piradi pasuxismgeblobis principis darRvevas, ramdenadac isini Tvlian,
rom `pasuxismgebloba sxvisi qmedebisaTvis warmoadgens, sinamdvileSi pirad brals,
radgan pirma daarRvia zedemxedvelobis movaleoba amsruleblis danaSaulebriv qmede-
baze, anda es piri Tavad warmoadgens danaSaulebrivi qmedebis irib amsrulebels~5 e. i.
Cadis danaSaulebriv qmedebas mesame piris meSveobiT, romelic sinamdvileSi udana-
Sauloa.
am institutis mniSvnelobaa, rom misi meSveobiT safrangeTis sisxlis samarTalSi
ivseba xarvezi, romelic zogadi wesiT umoqmedobis dasjis nebas ar iZleva. ukanaskneli
eqvemdebareba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas mxolod maSin, roca kanonmdebeli
pirdapir iTvaliswinebs amas.
sxvisi qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis instituti iZleva saSualebas iseTi umoqme-
dobis dasjisas, romelic specialurad araa daTqmuli normatiulsamarTlebriv aqtSi.
samuSaos mimcemi, magaliTad, SeiZleba daisajos danaSaulisaTvis, rodesac ar axorci-
elebs masze dakisrebul kontrolsa da zedamxedvelobas mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofeb-
ze, an ar zemoqmedebs maT mier Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebebze, Tu pirebTan mimarTe-
baSi xelmZRvaneli axorcielebs saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebas, an rogorc frangi
iuristebi amboben, igi aris maTi qmedebebis `garanti~. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi iyo SemTx-
vevebi, roca iuridiuli piris generaluri direqtori, romelic flobda uZrav qonebas,
gasamarTlebuli iqna uxarisxo saremonto samuSaoebisaTvis, romelmac gamoiwvia mavne
Sedegebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom es samuSao davalebuli hqondaT mis specialistebs,
romlebmac arakeTilsindisierad Seasrules TavianTi movaleobebi.6 uZravi qonebis
mesakuTreebi aseve, pasuxs ageben maT mier daqiravebuli muSebis movaleobebis darRve-
vis SemTxvevaSi. Tu aseTma darRvevebma gamoiwvia adamianTa janmrTelobis dazianeba
an sxvagvari mavne Sedegebi, samuSaos mimcemebi pasuxs ageben, rogorc uSualo amsruleb-
lebi. am mesakuTreTa gansja efuZneba maT braleulobas, vinaidan ar ganaxorcieles
maTze dakisrebuli kontroli.
sxvaTa qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia sxva SemTxvevebSic. magali-
Tad, sagzao kodeqsis Tanaxmad (abz. 1 mux. L. 21-1), satransporto saSualebebis mesa-
kuTres ekisreba pasuxismgebloba deliqtisaTvis, romelic dakavSirebulia sadgomis
wesis darRvevasTan, fors-maJoruli garemoebebis SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, romelTa
damtkiceba an monacemebis wardgena sinamdvileSi samarTaldamrRvevi amsruleblis

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Sesaxeb ekisrebaT maT. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba movitanoT aseve, im iuridiuli pirebis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, romlebic maTi organoebisa da warmomadgen-
lebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis pasuxs ageben (ssk mux. 121-2).
Tanamonawileobis TvalsazrisiT, xelmZRvanelebis, mesakuTreebis, samuSaos mimce-
misa da sxva pirTa qmedebebi, romlebsac SeiZleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
loba daekisroT sxvaTa qmedebebisaTvis praqtikaSi sxvadasxvagvarad kvalificirdeba.
erT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo aseT pirebs aRiarebda Tanaamsruleblebad, sxva SemTx-
vevaSi _ Tanamonawileebad. moceul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo praqtika sak-
maod winaaRmdegobrivia. amasTanave, aRiarebulia, rom Tavisi uflebamosilebis nawilis
xelqveiTisaTvis gadacema xelmZRvanels aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan. pasuxis-
mgebloba ar dgeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu miTiTebuli pirebi daamtkiceben, rom sxva piris
mier Cadenil deliqtSi maTi piradi braleuloba (gaufrTxileblobiTac ki) savsebiT
gamoricxulia.

danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT

italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsisagan, ar Seicavs Tanamonawileobis cnebis gansazRvrebas, formebsa da Tanamo-
nawilis saxeebs. TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyvetaze italiur sisx-
lis samarTalSi mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina Tanamonawileobis frangulma aqceso-
rulma Teoriam. italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 110-e muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom
`rodesac ramdenime piri monawileobs erTsa da imave danaSaulis CadenaSi, TiToeuli
maTgani imsaxurebs sasjels am danaSaulisaTvis~. amgvarad, ar xdeba maTi dayofa amsru-
leblad, damxmared da wamqezeblad. Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 117-e muxlSi
aRniSnulia, rom pirobebis an damnaSavis pirovnebis, anda damnaSavesa da dazaralebuls
Soris urTierTobebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ romelime TanamonawilesTan mimarTebeSi icv-
leba sisxlis samarTaldarRvevisaTvis kvalifikacia, sxva yvela Tanamonawiles ki, pasu-
xismgebloba daekisrebaT am sisxlissamarTlebrivi darRvevisaTvis. es mdgomareoba
gamoxatavs TanamonawileTa Soris aqcesorul kavSirs.
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi uSvebs Tanamonawileobas gaufrTxileblobiT
Cadenil danaSaulSi. ss kodeqsis 113-e muxli gvauwyebs: `gaufrTxileblobiT danaSa-
ulSi, rodesac Sedegi gamoiwvia ramdenime piris urTierTqmedebam, TiToeuli maTgani
eqvemdebareba dasjas imis mixedviT, rac gaTvaliswinebulia mocemuli danaSaulisaT-
vis~. amgvarad, nebismieri piri, romlis qmedebac mizezobriv kavSirSi iyo gaufrTxi-
leblobiT danaSaulis Camdeni subieqtis qmedebasTan, eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas
amsruleblis Tanabrad.
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 111-e muxli gansazRvravs pasuxismgeblobas
SualobiTi amsruleblobis dros. magaliTad, rodesac piri gamoiyenebs sisxlis sa-
marTlis danaSaulis Casadenad Seuracxad pirs, romelsac garkveuli garemoebebis gamo
ar SeiZleba daekisros sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba _ pasuxismgebloba TviT
mas ekisreba. amasTanave sasjeli izrdeba.

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 italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis dros iTvalis-
winebs rig damamZimebel da Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs. ase magaliTad, ss kodeqsis
112-e muxlis 1 nawilis 1 punqtiT sasjeli izrdeba, Tu TanamonawileTa ricxvi xuTi an
metia, im pirobiT Tu kanoni sxva rames ar iTvaliswinebs. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom dana-
SaulSi xuTi an meti piris monawileobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiro ar aris imis dadgena yvela
monawile erToblivad acnobierebda Tu ara danaSaulSi monawileobis faqts. sakmarisia
xuTi an meti monawile aRmoCndes erT adgilze danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT.7
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi (muxli 112, naw. 1, pun. 2) iTvaliswinebs pasuxis-
mgeblobis gamkacrebas im pirebisaTvis, vinc organizeba gaukeTa an xelmZRvanelobda
danaSaulis Cadenas.
ss kodeqsis (muxli 112, naw. 1, pun. 3) Sesabamisad, sasjeli izrdeba im pirebisaTvis,
romlebic sargebloben saxelisuflebo, xelmZRvanelobiTi an sazedamxedvelo ufle-
bamosilebiT da aqezeben maTze daqvemdebarebul pirebs danaSaulis Casadenad.
mZimdeba pasuxismgebloba aseve pirisa, romelmac danaSaulis Casadenad daiyolia
18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovani anda fsiqikurad daavadebuli an ganuviTarebeli
(muxli 112-e. naw. 1, pun. 4). aseTi amsrulebeli ar eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas vi-
naidan Seuracxadia an sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asaks miuRwevelia. da-
naSaulis wamqezebels ki, ekisreba gazrdili pasuxismgebloba.
Tumca, danaSaulis Cadenaze daTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles SeuZlia misi mona-
wileebisaTvis gamoiyenos usafrTxoebis zomebi. danaSaulis wamqezebels SeiZleba Se-
efardos usafrTxoebis zomebi, Tu wamqezebloba warumatebeli iqna (ssk mux. 125, naw. 4).
danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi gaTvaliswinebulia
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 114-e muxlSi. am muxlis pirveli nawiliT, sasamarTlos
ufleba aqvs Tanamonawiles, romlis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi umniSvnelo xasi-
aTisaa, Seumsubuqos sasjeli. ss kodeqsis 114-e muxlis safuZvelze, sasjeli SeiZleba
Seumsubuqdes im pirebsac, romlebic daiyolia wamqezebelma, aseve, 18 wlis asaks miuR-
wevlebs, gonebrivad CamorCenilebs an fsiqikur avadmyofebs, Tu isini ar iyvnen Seurac-
xadebi.
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 116-e muxli iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas
amsruleblis eqscesis dros im SemTxvevaSi, roca Cadenilia iseTi marTlsawinaaRmdego
qmedeba, romelsac ar moicavda sxva Tanamonawilis ganzraxva, isic pasuxs agebs am da-
naSaulisaTvis, Tu Sedegi gamoiwvia misma moqmedebam an umoqmedobam. Tu Cadenili mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba ufro mZimea, vidre pirs surda, maSin sasjeli am pirTan mimar-
TebaSi iklebs.
aseTi mdgomareoba cxadyofs amsruleblis mier TanamonawileTa ganzraxvisa da maT-
Tan SeTanxmebis gareSe Cadenili qmedebis _ TanamonawileTa qmedebasTan obieqturi
Seracxvis SesaZleblobas. ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca ori piri SeTanxmda qurdobis
Casadenad. erTma gaaRo saketi da darCa gareT, xolo meore Sevida nivTebis gamosatanad.
SenobaSi Sesulma iq myofi arasrulwlovani gogona gaaupatiura da aseve, Caidina qur-
doba. italiis ss kanoniT, meore Tanamonawilemac pasuxi unda agos ara mxolod qur-
dobisaTvis, aramed gaupatiurebisTvisac, radgan misi qmedeba xels uwyobda am dana-
Saulis Cadenas, Tumca sasjeli Seumcirdeba.

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italiis ss kodeqsis 118-e muxli Seicavs specialur miTiTebebs damamZimebeli da

Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis Sesaxeb Tanamonawileobisas obieqturi Seracxvis gamo-
yenebasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac: `obieqturi garemoebebi, romlebic amZi-
meben an amsubuqeben sasjels, maSinac ki, Tu isini ar iyo cnobili yvela Tanamonawili-
saTvis (marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisas) gaiTvaliswineba maT sawinaaRmdegod an maT
sasargeblod. subieqturi garemoebebi, romlebic ar axasiaTebs danaSaulis Camdens da
amZimeben sasjels erTi monawilisaTvis, iseve gaiTvaliswineba sxva Tanamonawileebi-
saTvisac, maSinac ki, Tu maT amis Sesaxeb ar icodnen, magram xels uwyobdnen danaSaulis
Cadenas. sasjeli exeba mxolod im pirs, visTanac mas aqvs urTierToba~.
amgvarad, kanonidan gamomdinare, Tu mkvleloba Cadenilia qvena grZnobiT an arasa-
patio motiviT, rac ss kodeqsis 61-e da 576-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, mkvlelobis damamZi-
mebeli garemoebebia, mkvlelobis xelSemwyob Tanamonawiles, romelmac ar icoda
amsruleblis namdvili motivaciis Sesaxeb, ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
loba damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis.
amsruleblis qvena grZnobis an arasapatio motiviT mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeb-
loba avtomaturad vrceldeba sxva Tanamonawileebzec, romlebsac ar gaaCniT msgavsi
motivacia da ar icodnen amsruleblis am motivis Sesaxeb, exmarebodnen mas magaliTad,
megobrulad.
italiis ss kodeqsi TanamonawileobasTan erTad, Seicavs danaSaulebrivi gaerTiane-
bis iseT saxes rogoricaa _ mafia, romelic mocemulia ss kodeqsis kerZo nawilis V
ganyofilebaSi _ `sazogadoebrivi wesrigis winaaRmdeg danaSaulobebi~. ssk danaSauleb-
riv gaerTianebaSi gulisxmobs sami an meti piris SekavSirebas ramdenime danaSaulis
Casadenad. danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis organizatori erTi faqtisTvisac ki, isjeba
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 3-dan 7 wlamde (ssk 416 m. naw. 1). danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis
erT faqtSi monawileobisaTvisac ki, pirs ekisreba sasjeli Tavisuflebis aRkveTis
saxiT, 1-dan 5 wlamde (ssk 416 m. naw. 2).
Tu danaSaulebriv gaerTianebaSi gaerTianda aTi da meti piri, am TanamonawileTaTvis
sasjeli izrdeba erTi mesamediT (ssk 416 m. naw. 4).
1982 wlis 13 seqtembris # 646 kanoniT, italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss daemata
416-b muxli, romelmac ganavrco danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis _ mafiis cneba da mis
TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis reglamentacia. danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis _ ma-
fiis cnebaSi igulisxmeba iseTi organizacia, romelTa monawilenic `erTiandebian sxva
pirebis dasaSineblad, raTa moipovon urTierTTavdeboba da daicvan dumilis kanoni
danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT, pirdapiri an iribi gzebiT daeuflon Tanamdebobebs, ro-
melic saSualebas miscems maT marTon anda akontrolon ekonomika, gaanawilon konce-
siebi, gascen nebarTvebi, dadon garigebebi komunalur momsaxurebaze da aseve, moipovon
ukanono privilegiebi TavianTTvis an sxvaTaTvis~ (ssk 416-b mux. naw. 3).
sami an meti pirisagan Semdgari mafiis tipis gaerTianebis monawileni isjebian aseT
gaerTianebaSi monawileobis Tundac erTi faqtisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, 3-dan
6 wlamde (ssk 416-b mux. naw. 1).
mafiis tipis danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebis organizatorebi da wamqezeblebi isjebian
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 4-dan 9 wlamde (ssk 416-b mux. naw. 2).

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 danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT

germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawilis me-3 Tavi (§§ 25-31) eZRvneba
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis institutis samarTlebrivi regulirebis sakiTxebs. sisx-
lissamarTlebrivi doqtrina da kanonmdebeli gamoyofs Tanamonawileobis or formas:
amsrulebloba (Taetershaft) da wamqezebloba, daxmareba (Teilnahme). germaniis sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsi ar Seicavs Tanamonawileobis cnebis ganmartebas. doqtrinaSi Tanamonawi-
leoba gagebulia rogorc ramdenime piris sxvadasxva saxiT monawileoba ganzraxi da-
naSaulis CadenaSi. kanonmdebeli gamoyofs Tanamonawileobis or ZiriTad formas: 1.
amsrulebloba; 2. wamqezebloba da daxmareba. amsruleblobis instituti gansazRvru-
lia germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §25-Si. am normis analizi saSualebas gvaZ-
levs gamovyoT amsruleblis sami forma: erTpirovnuli amsrulebloba (Alleintaetersch
aft), SualobiTi amsrulebloba (Miltetxire Taeterschaft) da Tanaamsrulebloba (Mittaete rschaft).
am paragrafidanve gamomdinareobs, rom amsruleblad iTvleba is, vinc Cadis danaSa-
ulebriv qmedebas, kerZod: 1. TviTon; 2. sxvisi meSveobiT, romelic iTvleba danaSaulis
Cadenis `iaraRad~. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrina amsruleblis Semdeg ganmar-
tebas iZleva: amsruleblad iTvleba is, vinc ganzrax danaSauls Cadis uSualod sakuTa-
ri surviliT. Tu es survili aerTianebs ramdenime pirs, maSin saubaria Tanaamsruleb-
lobaze. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 25-e paragrafis 1 abz. qmnis sakanonm-
deblo safuZvels im pirTa qmedebebis samarTlebrivi SefasebisaTvis, romlebic erTsa
da imave qmedebis Semadgenlobas axorcieleben erTmaneTis paralelurad (Nabentaeter-
schaft). aseTi situacia gvxvdeba, roca ramdenime piri, romelTaganac TiToeuli axorci-
elebs qmedebis Semadgenlobas, miiswrafvis erTi da imave danaSaulebrivi Sedegisaken,
Tumca TiToeuli maTgani moqmedebs erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. magaliTad, a da b
erTdroulad esvrian g-s mosaklavad. a-m da b-m ar ician erTmaneTis arseboba. a da b
arian egreT wodebuli amsruleblebi.
Tanaamsrulebloba ganimarteba, rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ramdenime
piris mier erToblivad Cadena. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi mocemuli niSa-
ni ganixileba, rogorc Segnebuli da sasurveli urTierTqmedeba.
gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis amsruleblad iTvleba yoveli, vinc
axorcielebs qmedebis Semadgenlobas, ar acnobierebs da ar surs misi Cadena erTobli-
vad.
Tanamonawileobis meore formas warmoadgens wamqezebloba (§26) da daxmareba (§27).
am formis ZiriTadi gansxvaveba amsruleblobisagan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom wamqezebels
da damxmares, rogorc wesi, danaSaulebrivi qmedebis CadenaSi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba ki
ar gaaCniaT, aramed aqvT mxolod daqvemdebarebuli, Tumca, aratolfasovani mniSvne-
loba. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi `amsruleb-
loba moicavs mTel danaSaulebriv qmedebas~. wamqezeblobisa da daxmarebis roli sxvag-
varia.
wamqezeblad iTvleba is, vinc ganzrax agulianebs pirs ganzraxi danaSaulis Casade-
nad, xolo damxmarea is, vinc xels uwyobs sxvas ganzrax danaSaulis CadenaSi. germaniis

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sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §26 adgens, rom wamqezeblis pasuxismgebloba iseTivea,

rogorc amsruleblis. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §27-is safuZvelze damxmaris pasu-
xismgebloba damokidebulia amsruleblis pasuxismgeblobaze. am kavSiridan gamomdina-
re, SeiZleba visaubroT Tanamonawileobis aqcesorul bunebaze.
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrina wamqezeblobaSi gulisxmobs sxva piris ganz-
rax Segulianebas danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad. germaniis sasamarTlo praqtika,
rogorc wesi, mocemul situaciaSi gamodis iqidan, rom wamqezebelma unda Camouyalibos
pirs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis ganzraxva. mocemul situaciaSi wamqezeblobad
SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas aseve, pirisaTvis danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis `gamyareba~
Tu misi Cadenis ganzraxva jer kidev, bolomde ar iyo Camoyalibebuli.
amgvarad, wamqezebloba xasiaTdeba obieqturi da subieqturi maxasiaTeblebiT:
a) sul mcire, ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis mcdeloba an damTavrebuli gan-
zrax marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba; b) qmedebis Cadenisken Segulianeba, misi Cadenis
gadawyvetilebis aRZvra. wamqezeblobis subieqturi maxasiaTebelia misi ormxrivi ganz-
raxva _ Segulianeba ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Casadenad da misi Cadenis
gadawyvetilebis ganmtkiceba.
daxmareba gulisxmobs nebismieri formiT xelSewyobas danaSaulebrivi qmedebis
Casadenad. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi adgens, rom damxmare isjeba SedarebiT
msubuqad, vidre wamqezebeli (§49, abz. 1).
amgvarad, daxmareba, iseve rogorc waqezeba, xasiaTdeba obieqturi da subieqturi
maxasiaTeblebiT: a) sul mcire, ganzrax marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis mcdeloba da
damTavrebuli ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba; b) qmedebis ganxorcielebaSi
xelSewyoba. daxmarebis subieqturi maxasiaTebelia ormxrivi ganzraxvis arseboba _ dax-
mareba ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis dasadgomad da mocemuli qmedebis Cade-
naSi xelSewyoba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar Seicavs Tanamonawilis
iseT saxes, rogoricaa organizatori (gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsisagan, sadac Tanamonawilis erT-erT subieqts organizatori warmoadgens, rom-
lis danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi iTvaliswineben gansxvavebul sisxlissamarTlebriv Sefa-
sebas), rac danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis institutis specifikaa germaniis sisxlis sa-
marTalSi. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, e. w. `organizatori~ iTvleba danaSaulis sxva
Tanamonawiled, rogoricaa: amsrulebeli, wamqezebeli da damxmare. igi umetesad, dana-
Saulebrivi qmedebis amsruleblad (Tanaamsruleblad) iTvleba, anu rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, danaSaulSi amsruleblobis centraluri figuraa. germaniis sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis kerZo nawiliT gaTvaliswinebulia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
loba danaSaulebrivi da teroristuli gaerTianebebis SeqmnisTvis (§§ 129, 129 a).
Tanamonawileoba SesaZlebelia mxolod danaSaulebrivi qmedebis dasrulebamde. das-
rulebis Semdeg ki, ukve saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva saxis dafarvebTan, romlebic iTvlebian
damoukidebeli saxis danaSaulobad da romelTaTvisac sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilis Sesa-
bamisi normebiT.

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 rac Seexeba TanamonawileTa sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, SeiZleba aRv-
niSnoT, rom:
1. TiToeul Tanamonawiles sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba misi bra-
lis Sesabamisad (§ 29 ssk);
2. Tu amsruleblis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad aucile-
belia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis arseboba (§ 14, abz. 1, e.i. aqvs kanoniT gan-
sazRvruli specialuri subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi) da Tu aseTi niSnebi
ar arsebobs sxva TanamonawileebTan (wamqezeblis an damxmaris), maSin sasamarTlo
valdebulia am ukanasknelT Seumsubuqos sasjeli;
3. Tu wamqezeblobas da daxmarebas adgili aqvs Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaSi (§ 30
ssk), maSin maT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebaT danaSaulis mcde-
lobisaTvis; amasTanave, sasamarTlo umsubuqebs maT sasjels; es samarTlebrivi mid-
goma aris im pirebTan mimarTebaSic, romlebic `gamoxataven mzadyofnas danaSaulis
Casadenad, vinc iRebs sxvis winadadebas an vinc Tanxmdeba sxva pirebs Caidinos da-
naSauli an iyoliebs danaSaulis Casadenad~;
4. rig SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba adgili hqondes Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaze neba-
yoflobiT xelis aRebas, rac ar iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas (§ 31
ssk).

danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT

iaponiis sisxlissamarTlebrivi doqtrina ganixilavs Tanamonawileobis or saxes _

`aucileblobiT gamowveuli Tanamonawileoba~ da `nebayoflobiTi Tanamonawileoba~.
pirvel saxes miekuTvneba SemTxveva, rodesac danaSauli ar SeiZleba Cadenil iqnes sxvag-
varad, Tu ara TanamonawileobiT. meore saxeSi igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac danaSa-
uli SeiZleba Cadenil iqnes erTi amsruleblis mier. iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-
sis zogadi nawili moicavs mxolod `nebayoflobiT Tanamonawileobas~ da xSirad, Tana-
monawileobis xsenebisas mxedvelobaSi aqvT swored `nebayoflobiTi Tanamonawileoba~.
`aucileblobiT gamowveuli Tanamonawileoba~ aris kategoria, romelic gamomdina-
reobs kerZo nawilis normebidan da zogadi nawilis debulebebi `nebayoflobiT Tana-
monawileobis~ Sesaxeb masze ar vrceldeba.
`nebayoflobiTi Tanamonawileobis~ formebia: Tanaamsrulebloba, wamqezebloba,
daxmareba, romlebic ganixilebian sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawilis Sesaba-
mis muxlebSi (60-62). iaponeli mecnierebi sugiama da vati Tanamonawileobis `xarisxs~
am formebad dayofis kriteriumad Tvlian. `piri, romelic individualurad axorci-
elebs danaSaulebriv qmedebas, iwodeba amsruleblad, Tuki danaSauli Cadenilia ram-
denime monawilis mier, saxeze gvaqvs Tanamonawileoba. es ukanaskneli, Tanamonawileobis
xarisxidan gamomdinare, iyofa: Tanaamsruleblad, wamqezeblad da damxmared.~8
kerZo nawilis muxlebis umravlesobaSi ganixileba erTi amsruleblis mier Cadenili
danaSaulobebi. rogorc sugiama da vati aRniSnaven _ `danaSaulTa Semadgenlobebi gaT-

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valiswinebulia danaSaulTa ganxorcielebis principis mixedviT, rogorc erTi piris

mier Cadenili qmedeba~.9
`Tanaamsruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, ori an meti piri erToblivad axorcielebs danaSa-
uls (ssk mux. 60). yvelani erTad ki, amsruleblebi arian~.10
Tanaamsruleblobis Sesaxeb arsebobs ori midgoma: 1. danaSaulTa erTobliobis Te-
oria, romlis Tanaxmadac, monawileni erTad axorcieleben gansazRvrul qmedebas; 2.
qmedebis erTobliobis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, gaerTianebul monawileTagan TiTo-
euli axorcielebs Tavis qmedebas. gabatonebulad iTvleba pirveli Teoria.
arsebobs amsruleblobis subieqturi da obieqturi pirobebi. subieqturi Tvalsaz-
risiT, aucilebelia ori an meti piris saerTo danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvis arseboba.
obieqturi TvalsazrisiT ki, aucilebelia qmedebaTa erToblioba. sasamarTlo praqtika
erTobliobas farTod ganixilavs: Tu iyo SeTanxmeba, xolo qmedeba davalebuli hqonda
erTs, pasuxismgebloba TanaamsruleblobisaTvis ekisreba SeTanxmebis yvela monawiles
da isini erTad iTvlebian `erTiani ganzraxvis subieqtad~. sasamarTlo precedentad
aRiarebulia Tanaamsruleblobis kategoria SeTanxmebaSi. es kategoria niSnavs, rom im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac ramdenime piri SeTanxmda da mxolod nawilma ganaxorciela
danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, Tanaamsrulebelia yvela, vinc monawileobda SeTanxmebaSi.
precedentebi amas Teoriulad asabuTeben Semdegi miTiTebiT: adre iTvleboda, rom
SeTanxmebis gziT subieqts uyalibdeba erToblivi neba msgavsad `erT sul _ erT xorci-
sa~, magram praqtikulad, am erToblivi qmedebis subieqtad iTvleba ganxorcielebuli
qmedebis mxolod nawili, rac Sedioda SeTanxmebaSi. mogvianebiT, umaRlesi sasamarTlos
plenumis 1958 wlis 28 maisis gadawyvetilebiT `nerimas saqmesTan~ dakavSirebiT, aRia-
rebul iqna Tanaamsrulebloba SeTanxmebaSi da amis safuZvelze, gamoyenebul iqna ana-
logia iribi amsruleblobisa.
amasTan, mecnierul TeoriebSi Warbobs uaryofiTi damokidebuleba SeTanxmebaSi
amgvari Tanaamsruleblobis mimarT. es midgoma mwvave kritikas eqvemdebareba. mecniere-
baSi saTaves iRebs sapirispiro, romlis Tanaxmadac, ubralo monawileoba SeTanxmebaSi
warmoSobs waqezebas an daxmarebas.
dResdReobiT, aqtualuria `iribi amsruleblis problema, anu pirisa, romelmac gana-
xorciela danaSauli faqtis sruliad armcodne mesame piris meSveobiT. magaliTad,
eqimi, romelmac miiRo mkvlelobis nebelobiTi gadawyvetileba, agulianebs misi ganz-
raxvis armcodne eqTans, rom gaakeTos sawamlavi nivTierebis Semcveli ineqcia. am SemTx-
vevaSi, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos eqims ar Caudenia mkvlelobis aranairi qmedeba, magram
man Caidina qmedeba, gamoiyena ra eqTani iaraRad. es eqimi aris mkvlelobis iribi amsru-
lebeli~.11
es avtorebi iribi amsruleblobis analogiad ganixilaven im SemTxvevasac, roca da-
naSaulebrivi qmedebis Camdeni miiRebs gadawyvetilebas Caidinos danaSauli Seracxad
mdgomareobaSi da danaSaulis Cadenisas ki, specialurad Caigdebs Tavs Seuracxad mdgo-
mareobaSi: `magaliTad, danaSaulebrivi qmedeba Cadenili alkoholuri Trobis mdgo-
mareobaSi ar efuZneba misi Camdeni piris nebas, ar SeiZleba ewodos qmedeba da ar warmo-
Sobs danaSauls. magram iTvleba, rom emTxveva danaSaulis Semadgenlobas, vinaidan pirma

118
gadawyvita danaSaulis Cadena, romelmac isargebla situaciiT, miiRo gadawyvetileba
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad alkoholis miRebamde da ganaxorciela qmedeba
alkoholuri Trobis mdgomareobaSi. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, piri TviTon iyenebs Tavs ro-
gorc iaraRs msgavsad iribi amsruleblisa, romelsac zemoT SevexeT~.12
`wamqezebelia, vinc aqezebs pirs, aRuZravs mas danaSaulis Cadenis survils (ssk mux.
61)~. wamqezebloba ganmartebulia, rogorc mdgomareoba, romelic adamians aRuZravs
danaSaulebrivi aqtis ganxorcielebis gadawyvetilebas. misTvis sanqciis Sefardebis
ori Sexeduleba arsebobs: aqcesorobis Teoria _ wamqezebeli dasjadia, Tu aqti, rom-
liskenac igi aqezebda _ Sedga. damoukidebeli danaSaulis TeoriiT dasjadia TviT
wamqezebloba. praqtikaSic da mecnierebaSic batonobs aqcesorobis Teoria. wamqezeb-
lisa da amsruleblis sanqciebi Tanazomieria (ssk mux. 61, naw, 1; aseve, mux. 64).
amasTan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, wamqezebloba dasjadia rogorc damoukidebeli da-
naSauli. magaliTad, `saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebis
Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad (mux. 61, punqti 4), saxelmwifo da municipaluri personali
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, eqvemdebarebian dasjadobas, magaliTad, gaficvebis mowo-
debisaTvis, sabotaJisaTvis da a.S.
`damxmarea, vinc pirs exmareba danaSaulis ganxorcielebaSi an uadvilebs mis Cadenas
(ssk mux. 62)~. daxmareba ganmartebulia, rogorc sxva pirebis daxmareba maT danaSa-
ulebriv saqmianobaSi da misi gaadvileba. daxmarebis saxeobisagan (fizikuri Tu fsi-
qikuri, moqmedebiT Tu umoqmedobiT) damoukideblad igi unda Sedges danaSaulamde an
masTan erTad. amasTan, aucilebelia, rom qmedeba realurad ganxorcieldes da damx-
mares Segnebuli hqondes misi danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi. damxmare isjeba msubuqad, vidre
amsrulebeli (ssk mux. 62, 63).
iaponiaSi ar gaiziares Semdgomi daxmarebis idea. magaliTad, damnaSavis dafarva qme-
debis Semdeg, faqtebis ganadgureba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ganmartebulia ro-
gorc damoukidebeli danaSauli.
Tanamonawileobis `aucileblobiT gamowveuli~ saxeoba gulisxmobs or variants:
`gaerTianebuli tipis danaSaulobebi~ da `sapirispiro tipis danaSaulobebi~ .
`gaerTianeba~ niSnavs ori an meti piris erTi mizniT qmedebas. magaliTad, Sida ajanyeba
(mux. 77) da areuloba (mux. 106). amasTan, sasjeli diferencirebulia monawileTa kategoriebis
mixedviT (mux. 77): xelmZRvanelebi (sikvdiliT dasja an Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi
Sromis gareSe samudamod), SeTqmulebis monawileni (Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis
gareSe samudamod an ara umcires sami wlis vadiT), sxva movaleobebis Semsrulebeli pirebi
(Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis gareSe 1 wlidan 10 wlamde), rigiTi monawileni
(Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis gareSe sam wlamde).
`sapirispirod~ iwodeba ori an meti piris danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, romlebsac aqvT
Tanmxvedri kavSirebi. rig SemTxvevebSi, isjeba orive mxare, magaliTad, mravalcoli-
anobisas (mux. 184) an meqrTameobisas (mux. 179 da a.S.) sxva SemTxvevebSi _ erTi mxare ar
isjeba, magaliTad, uxamsi Sinaarsis teqstis gayidvisas (mux. 175).
ramdenadac Tanamonawileobis `savaldebulo~ tipi mxolod sisxlis samarTlis ko-
deqsis kerZo nawilSi figurirebs, amdenad sakiTxi sakamaToa _ gamoviyenoT Tu ara am

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sferoSi zogadi nawilis normebi, romlebic exeba `nebayoflobiT~ tips. gavrcelebuli

mosazrebiT _ ar unda gamoviyenoT, roca saubaria dasjad jgufur qmedebebze (`gaer-
Tianeba~); rac Seexeba `Tanmxvedr~ danaSaulobebs (`sapirispiro~), sadac dasjadia mxo-
lod erTi mxare, aq poziciebi icvleba. magaliTad, bevri Tvlis, rom norma wamqezeb-
lobaze sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawilidan gamomdinare, gamoiyeneba myid-
velis mimarT, romelic ganawyobs pirs uxamsi Sinaarsis teqstebis sayidlad. meore
mxriv, sugiama da vati miuTiTeben, rom `bunebrivia, rom `gayidvis~ zogadi cneba gulis-
xmobs yidvas an yidvaze Txovnas. amitom sasjelis obieqtad unda CaiTvalos mxolod
gamyidvelis qmedeba da igulisxmeba, rom zogadi nawilis normebi aq ar gamoiyeneba~.13

SeniSvnebi:

1
Pradel J, Droit penal, t.I, Editions Gujas, Paris, 1997, p.473.
2
Pradel J, Op. cit., P. 481-482.
3
Crim. 25.02.1942, D.A., 1942,91.
4
Pradel J., Op. cit., P. 482-483
5
Stefani G., Levasseur G., Bouloc B., Droit penal general, 15-ed, 1995, n.336.
6
Crim. 11.06.1970, B.C. N 201.
7
Cass. pen., sez. II, 6 giugno 1983. n. 5378 (ud. 30 novembre 1982). LJcciardiello // Cassazione penale.
1984. 1402.
8
ix.: sugiama, vati, iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis komentari, gv. 163;
Kîçî÷êèí È. Ä. óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ.
9
sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 163.
10
sugiama vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 164.
11
sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 163-164.
12
sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 164.
13
sugiama, vati., dasax. naSromi, gv. 253.

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COMPLICITY IN A CRIME
ACCORDING TO
THE CRIMINAL CODES OF
CONTINENTAL STATES
AND JAPAN

ELENE GVENTSADZE
PHD Student of the Law Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

The current work presents the institute of complicity in a crime according

to the examples of legal systems of continental states (France, Italy, Germany
and Japan).
The Criminal Code of France does not include the definition of the concept
of complicity in a crime, only the types of complicity are indicated. The French
doctrine stems from the accessorial nature of complicity and in the criminal
actions undertaken by the executor, the accomplice is « lent ». From this thesis
French lawyers generate two significant provisions : 1) the actions of the executor
and the accomplice have the same qualification ; 2) if the executor’s action is
not qualified in accordance with the criminal rule, the person assisting the
executor in his/her unlawful actions is not deemed accomplice. When defining
the issue of existence or absence of the accomplice, the category of criminal
act is taken into consideration. According to the law, complicity in a crime is
always punishable (Criminal Code, Art. 1.121-7).
The French accessorial theory on a complicity in a crime significantly
influenced the issue of liability of accomplices in Italian law. The Italian
Criminal Code admits the accomplice in inadvertent crimes. On September
13, 1982 by #646 law article 416-bis was added to the Criminal Code, which
expanded the term of criminal organization – MAFIA and the regulation of
its accomplices.
Chapter 3 of the General Part of the Criminal Code of Germany ($$25-
31) is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of the institute of complicity
in a crime. The criminal doctrine and the legislator distinguish two forms of

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complicity: execution (Taetershaft) and instigation, assistance (Teilnahme). The Criminal Code of Germany does
not include the definition of the term complicity; neither does it include such a type of an accomplice as an
organizer. In each specific case, the so called “organizer” is deemed as other accomplice of a crime such as:
executor, instigator and assistant. This is exactly the specific of the institute of accomplice in German criminal law.
Criminal doctrine of Japan considers two types of complicity – “complicity caused by necessity” and “voluntary
complicity”. The General Part of the Criminal Code includes only “voluntary complicity”. While “necessary
complicity” represents the category which stems from the norms of Private Part and provisions of General Part
on “voluntary complicity” do not extend to it. Nowadays the problem of indirect executor or the person, who
executed the crime via the third person totally unconscious of the fact of crime, is very actual.

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kriminologiis
mniSvneloba
saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebaSi

daviT wulaia
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti,
saqarTvelos universitetis asistent-profesori

mecnierebis iseT dargs, rogoricaa kriminologia yvela

ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs So-
ris erT-erTi wamyvani adgili ukavia. kriminologiis gan-
viTareba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas exmareba iseTi
zogadsakacobrio da yoveldRiuri socialuri probleme-
bis gaanalizebasa da daregulirebaSi, rogoricaa devian-
turi qcevebi, konkretuli danaSauli Tu danaSauloba, ro-
gorc socialuri movlena. dava, Tu ra mecnierebaa krimi-
nologia an mecnierebis romel dargs miekuTvneba _ yovel-
Tvis iyo, aris da momavalSic gagrZeldeba. TiTqmis yvela
qveyana kriminologias Taviseburad ganixilavs da gansaz-
Rvravs. ase magaliTad, Tavdapirvelad, amerikasa da evro-
pis zogierT qveyanaSi kriminologia sociologiis Semad-
genel nawilad miiCneoda da sociologias kriminologiis
deda mecnierebasac uwodebdnen1. Tumca, kriminologiis
ganviTarebam droTa ganmavlobaSi, romelic saukuneebs iT-
vlis, gamokveTa ra Tavisi kvlevis sazRvrebi, XX saukunis
80-ian wlebidan zogierT qveyanaSi ukve damoukidebel mec-
nierebad Camoyalibda. miuxedavad amisa, dResac, amerikaSi
gabatonebulia Sexeduleba, rom kriminologi aris soci-
ologi, romelic specializdeba kriminologiaSi da Seis-
wavlis socialur qcevebs. aseTi profesionali Seiswavlis
normebs (qcevis normebs) da sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli
normidan gadaxril qcevebs, deviaciebs2.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom kriminologiis yvela definicia pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs da ar

arsebobs universaluri, yvelasaTvis misaRebi gansazRvreba. aseTi mdgomareoba ki, bu-
nebriv kanonzomierebad unda miviCnioT, vinaidan igi dakavSirebulia obieqtur faqto-
rebTan da ZiriTadad, imiT aixsneba, rom yvela qveyanas gaaCnia kardinalurad an mcire-
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kultura, tradicia,
istoria, religia, geografiuli mdebareoba, buneba, klimati, da a.S., rac mocemuli
qveynis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva drosa da etapze zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebis azris
formirebaze. es ukanaskneli ki, gavlenas axdens saxelmwifos samarTlebriv sistemebze,
wyobaze da mecnierebebis ganviTarebaze. swored am sawyisebis gaTvaliswinebiT, esa Tu
is qveyana kriminologias sxvadasxva drosa da ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze miakuT-
vnebs ama Tu im mecnierebis dargs, an Tvlis mas damoukidebel mecnierebad da sxva
qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT iZleva Tavisebur gansazRvrebas.
termini kriminologi, iseve, rogorc kriminologia Sedgeba laTinuri sityvisagan
"crimen" (criminis) _ danaSauli/danaSauloba da berZnuli sityvisagan "logist", rac niSnavs
`pirs, romelic Seiswavlis an eqspertia im dargisa, rac dakavSirebulia "logy"-sTan,
anu romeliRac moZRvrebasTan~. vinaidan "crimen" niSnavs danaSauls, kriminologi sit-
yvasityviT niSnavs pirs, romelic Seiswavlis danaSauls/danaSaulobas. mokled rom
vTqvaT, kriminologiis dargis specialists ewodeba kriminologi. terminis _ krimino-
logiis analogiurad, kriminologis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva da misi roli saxelmwi-
fosa da sazogadebaSi qveynebis mixedviT sxvadasxvagvarad ganixileba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, kriminologis universaluri definiciis ararsebobac kriminologiis ana-
logiurad aixsneba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xSirad, kriminologias da kriminologebs
ratomRac aigiveben kriminalistikasTan da kriminalistebTan, rac rbilad, rom vTqvaT,
uxeSi Secdomaa Tu ara ucodinaroba, maSin rodesac kriminologiasa da kriminalistikas
Soris zRvari sakmaod TvalSisacemia araprofesionalisaTvisac. kriminalistika, ro-
gorc damoukidebeli iuridiuli disciplina aris kriminalistikuri mecnierebis erTi
mTliani dargi, romelic Seiswavlis da ikvlevs danaSaulTa gaxsnisa da Tavidan acile-
bis kvlevis meTodologias, teqnikas, taqtikasa da calkeuli saxis danaSaulTa gaxsnis
meTodikas3. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi arc Tu ise iSviaTad gaigebT, Teoretikosi
iuristebisaganac, romlebic samarTlebrivi institutebis kvlevisas sakiTxebs aSuqeben
wminda sociologiuri, fsiqologiuri Tu filosofiuri kuTxiT da TavianTi moRva-
weobis periodSic ki, arasdros umuSaviaT wminda kriminalistikur sakiTxebze, rom Tavs
uwodeben `kriminalistebs~. unda vivaraudoT, rom isini `kriminalistebs~ aigiveben
zogadad, danaSaulis problematikaze momuSave specialistebTan. vinaidan kriminalis-
tikaSi sityva `kriminal _ criminal~ inglisurad niSnavs `kriminalurs~, `danaSaulebrivs~
da `damnaSaves~ da aviwydebaT, an ver garkveulan, rom kriminalisti kriminalistikis
mecnierebis dargis specialistia, xolo imdenad ramdenadac maTi kvlevebi scildeba
iuridiuli mecnierebis sazRvrebs, igi gadadis kriminologiur kvlevaSi. aqedan gamom-
dinare, yvela is mecnieri Tu praqtikosi iuristi da ara mxolod iuristi, romelic
damnaSaveobis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT, ama Tu im samarTlebriv da ara mxolod
samarTlebriv sakiTxs ikvlevs, iyenebs sxvadasxva dargis magaliTad, samedicino,

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sabunebismetyvelo, sociologiur, filosofiur, fsiqologiur Tu sxva sazogadoeb-
rivi mecnierebis kvlevis miRwevebs, ewevian kriminologiur kvlevasa da saqmianobas.
Sesabamisad, aseTma specialistebma TavianT Tavs unda uwodon kriminologebi da ara
kriminalistebi.
migvaCnia, rom kriminologis, rogorc profesionalis praqtikuli rolis warmoCena
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi dagvexmareba kriminologis namdvili portretis
SeqmnaSi. mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaswavlad pirobiTad SeiZleba ori mimarTuleba gamov-
yoT. pirvel etapze aucilebelia davadginoT, Tu ra safexurebi unda gaiaros pirma,
rom gaxdes kriminologi da meore SemTxvevaSi, davadginoT, Tu raSi gamoixateba
kriminologis urTierTdamokidebuleba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebasTan.
pirvel etapze, imisaTvis, rom davadginoT Tu rogor gavxdeT kriminologi sul
mcire, unda gavceT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa:

I. ra ganaTleba unda miiRos pirma, rom gaxdes kriminologi?

II . romeli mimarTulebiT SeuZlia kriminologs specializacia?
I I I . rogoria kriminologis zogadi samuSao aRweriloba da vin arian kriminologiuri
kvlevebis beneficiarebi?

meore etapze unda gavceT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa:

IV. dasaqmebis ra perspeqtiva aqvs kriminologs? romel saxelmwifo uwyebebSi da

arasamTavrobo seqtorSi SeuZlia kriminologs dasaqmeba?
V. rogoria kriminologis anazRaureba?

mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT mocemul sakiTxebze analizi mogvexdina amerikis SeerTe-

buli Statebis magaliTze, imdenad, ramdenadac msoflios sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT,
kriminologia, swored am kontinentzea ganviTarebuli.

I. kriminologad gaxdomis moTxovnebSi SeiZleba pirobiTad Semdegi oTxi safexuri

gamovyoT:

1. im unar-Cvevebis SesaZenad, romelic zogadad, saWiroa yvela kriminologis karie-

ruli warmatebisaTvis aucilebelia bakalavris xarisxis mopoveba iseT dargebSi ro-
goricaa fsiqologia, sociologia, sisxlissamarTlebrivi iusticia4. bakalavris
diplomis aReba SesaZlebelia kriminologiaSic. kriminologis karieruli warmate-
bisaTvis bakalavris xarisxis mopoveba warmoadgens erTaderT da aucilebel wina-
pirobas samarTaldamcav organoSi, sasjelaRsrulebiT sistemaSi samuSaod.
2. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aucilebelia Statis an sagrafos kriminologis licen-
ziis mopoveba (zogierTi StatSi aseTi licenzia aucilebeli moTxovnaa);
3. kriminologebis umetesobas aqvs aseve, magistris xarisxi kriminologiaSi an rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa fsiqologia, sociologia da sisxlis-

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samarTlebrivi iusticia. amitom, sasurvelia, rom kriminologiiT dainteresebulma

pirebma Tavidanve Seiswavlon kriminologiasTan axlomdgomi dargebi an uSualod
kriminologia. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, muSaobam SeiZleba swavlis magivroba gaswios.
magaliTad, samarTaldamcvels an gamasworebeli dawesebulebis oficers mxolod
bakalavris xarisxi esaWiroeba, raTa kriminologis pozicia daikavos an kvalifici-
rebul iqnes kriminologad5.
kolejebSi, kriminologiis damwyeb studentebs zogadad, moeTxovebaT Semdegi sas-
wavlo kursebis gavla: mTavrobis struqtura, sisxlissamarTlebrivi sociologia
(danaSaulis sociologia), fsiqologia (kriminaluri fsiqologia, socialuri fsiqo-
logia), danaSauli, samarTali, sisxlis samarTali, sakonstitucio samarTali, marT-
lmsajuleba, kriminaluri Teoria, statistika, sisxlissamarTlebrivi iusticiis
kvlevis meTodebi da sxv6. damatebiTi swavleba, aseve, moicavs sasamarTlo eqsper-
tizas, fsiqopaTologias, gamosasworebel dawesebulebebs, adamianTa qcevebs da sxv.
zogierTi studenti irCevs iseT saswavlo kursebs, romelic ukavSirdeba samarTal-
damcav organoebs da penitencialur sistemas, probacias da pirobiT vadamde gaTavi-
suflebas da a.S. vinaidan, kriminologebma unda icodnen danaSaulobis donis anali-
zi, Tanamedrove danaSaulobis winaaRmdeg brZolis teqnologiebi da angariSebis
wera samsaxurebSi, aucilebelia gaiaron marTlweris, kompiuterisa (Sesabamisi kom-
piuteruli saofise programebi) da logikis kursebi. zemdgomi xarisxis7 mosapoveb-
lad, studentebs moeTxovebaT Seiswavlon da ganaxorcielon profesionaluri kvle-
vebi. aseTi xarisxis moTxovna aucilebelia kriminologis karieris maRali safexu-
risaTvis.
4. kriminologiaSi samecniero an pedagogiuri muSaobiT dainteresebulma pirebma unda
moipovon doqtoris xarisxi kriminologiaSi, aseve, SesaZlebelia fsiqologiaSi,
sociologiaSi da sisxlissamarTlebriv iusticiaSi8. doqtoranturis damTavrebis
Semdeg pirs eniWeba filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi. bevrs aqvs magistris an doqtoris
xarisxi iseT mecnierebebSi, romlebic adamianis qcevebs Seiswavlis (behavioural
sciences).9

II. wyaroebis analizi gvaZlevs saSualebas movaxdinoT kriminologis diferencireba

sxvadasxva niSnebiT. ase magaliTad, SeiZleba movaxdinoT Teoretikosi
kriminologebis diferencireba:

1. Teoretikosebi, romlebic mxars uWeren sikvdiliT dasjas da xangrZlivi droiT

patimrobas sazareli danaSaulobebis gamo;
2. Teoretikosebi, romlebic, mxars uWeren samarTaldamcavi organoebis mkacrad
reglamentirebul saqmianobas.
3. Teoretikosi kriminologebi, romlebic fiqroben, rom sapatimro sistema ufro unda
daitvirTos sareabilitacio mimarTulebiT, vidre amas klasikuri kriminologiis
Teoretikosebi gvTavazoben, romlebic upiratesobas dasjas aniWeben.

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 Teoretikos kriminologebs Soris aseve, arian kriminologiis sxvadasxva sferos
eqspertebi. damnaSaveebis profilirebis sfero erT-erTi magaliTia, romlis funq-
ciaa gansazRvros, magaliTad, ZaladobiTi damnaSaveebis fsiqikuri, emociuri, de-
mografiuli da avazakuri Tvisebebi. aseve, arian specialistebi, romlebic ufro
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis motivebs ikvleven. biologiuri kriminologiis Teoreti-
kosebi ikvleven Tu ra zegavlenas axdens danaSaulebriv qcevaze geni da memkvidre-
oba. sociologiuri kriminologiis eqspertebis kvlevis sagania sazogadoeba, aRz-
rda da is sociumi da garemo, romelic gavlenas axdens danaSaulebriv tendencieb-
ze10, Seiswavlon socialuri qcevebi, normebi da normidan gadaxrili is deviantur
qcevebi, romlebic sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. isini iZlevian normidan gadaxriTi qcevis
da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis Teoriul axsnas, romelic sazogadoebaSi vlindeba.
aseve, axdenen sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis analizs da danaSaul(ob)is Seswav-
liT aanalizeben damnaSavis qcevas da im meTodebs, romlebsac damnaSaveebi iyeneben
devianturi qcevebis da kanonis darRvevisas.
kriminologi SeiZleba dakvalificirdes konkretul sferoSi, magaliTad, imuSaos
garkveuli asakis jgufebze (dawyebiTi skolis, saSualo da ufrosi asakis jgufebze,
arasrulwlovnebze da srulwlovnebze), konkretuli danaSaulis saxeebze (ganzrax
mkvleloba, SeiaraRebuli Zarcva, gaupatiureba, seriuli mkvlelobebi, TeTrsaye-
loianTa danaSuli), danaSaulis prevenciaze, sisxlis samarTlis gamoZiebaze (gamo-
Ziebis daxmarebis mizniT SeuZlia daeswros danaSaulis SemTxvevis adgils an gvamis
eqshumacias; SeuZlia gamokiTxos eWvmitanili an daexmaros policias profilirebaSi
damnaSavis dasakaveblad; xeli Seuwyos sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas mowme-eqspertis
saxiT Cvenebis micemiT), sasamarTlo davaze, damnaSaveTa gamasworebel RonisZi-
ebebze, reabilitaciaze (sasjelaRsrulebisa da gamasworebel sistemaSi damnaSaveTa
reabilitaciisa da danaSaulis prevenciis programebis SemuSavebis kuTxiT), dam-
naSaveTa profilirebaze an kvleviT saqmianobaze, viqtimologiaze, dazaralebulis
uflebebze, iuvenalur samarTalwarmoebaze, sasamarTlo samedicino teqnologi-
ebze, dnm/rnm-iT 11 mtkicebulebebis mopovebaze da a.S. zogierTi kriminologi
interesdeba sazogadoebrivi sainiciativo RonisZiebebiT, programebSi da proeq-
tebSi monawileobiT.
4. komparatisti kriminologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian danaSaulobas da misi kont-
rolis meqanizmebs erovnebaTSorisi monacemebis safuZvelze, SedarebiTi meTodebis
gamoyenebiT12.
5. zesaxelmwifoebrivi kriminologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian saerTaSoriso danaSauls.

III. gamomdinare iqidan, rom kriminologis saqmianoba sakmaod mravalferovania,

amdenad, mokled SevCerdebiT iseT sakiTxebze, rac zogadad, yvelasaTvis
cnobilia.

kriminologi aanalizebs danaSaulis mizezebs da sazogadoebasa da danaSauls Soris

damokidebulebas, damnaSavis qcevas da im meTodebs romlebsac igi danaSaulisaTvis

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iyenebs. kriminologi, kvlevebis safuZvelze, SeimuSavebs damnaSavis tipologias (crimi-

nal profiling) da danaSaulebriv qcevebs, ikvlevs damnaSavis pirovnebas, mis fsiqologiur
mdgomareobas da qcevas, socialur sakiTxebs, garemo faqtorebs, ganaTlebis dones da
biologiur faqtorebs. kriminologi Seiswavlis da aanalizebs danaSaulTa da dapa-
timrebis monacemebs, msjavrdebis monacemebs da gansazRvravs im socialur mizezebs,
ramac ubiZga damnaSaveebs danaSaulis Cadena da SeimuSavebs damnaSaveTa kontrolis
praqtikul meTodebs; amuSavebs konkretuli danaSaulebrivi qcevis saxeebs, reabili-
taciis meTodebs. aqedan gamomdinare, mis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi Sedis monacemebis
Segroveba da kompiuteruli muSaoba, Cadenili danaSaulobebis SesaZlo mizezebis ka-
talogis Sedgena, danaSaulTa statistikis Sedgena da resursebis gamoyenebis gaumjo-
besebis kuTxiT, winadadebebisa da gzebis SeTavazeba.
kriminologi, aseve, CarTuli SeiZleba iyos danaSaulis SemTxvevis adgilis daTva-
lierebaSi13, an daeswros eqshumacias danaSaulis analizisaTvis mtkicebulebis da in-
formaciis mosapoveblad.
ZiriTadad, kriminologebi cdiloben upasuxon kiTxvebs, rogoricaa `damnaSaveTa
umetesoba Raribia?~ da `ratom sCadian sazogadoebis sxva wevrebi danaSauls?~
kriminologis saqmianobaSi Sedis danaSaulis axali formebis moZieba da gavrcelebis
problemaTa gadaWris gzebi, danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis prognozireba da prevencia;
samarTaldamcavi meTodebis danaSaulobis doneze zegavlenis Sefaseba; damnaSaveTa
da danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis, maT Soris, danaSaulis donisa da danaSaulTa saxeebis
geografiuli adgilmdebareobis mixedviT Sesaswavlad kriminologebi iyeneben statis-
tikas, damnaSavis pirad saqmeebs, maT istorias, oficialur dokumentacias, sociolo-
giuri dargis meTodebs.
kriminologi, damnaSavis tipologiiTa da saWiro statistikuri informaciis safuZ-
velze, SeimuSavebs danaSaulis prevenciis strategiebs, danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis
samoqmedo gegmebs da sxv.,14 rac aucilebelia samarTaldamcavi organoebisaTvis.
zogierTi kriminologi swavlobs danaSaulis istorias, Teoriebs, aanalizebs sisx-
lis samarTlis iusticiis sistemas. magaliTad, isini ikvleven damnaSaveebze dapatim-
rebisa da msjavrdebis Sedegebs. SeuZliaT gansazRvron, rom zogierTma sasjelma SeiZ-
leba gamoiwvios ukuSedegi da ara danaSaulis prevencia.
krimonologebi, romlebic dainteresebulni arian danaSaulis gaxsniT da gamovle-
niT (rac mTel rig qveynebSi kriminalistikis sferos ganekuTvneba), samxilis Sesaswav-
lad SeimuSaveben iseT mecnierul xerxebsa da meTodebs, rogoricaa, sicruis deteq-
toris testebi da a.S.
zogierTi kriminologi damnaSaveebs damoukideblad da individualurad ikvlevs,
swavlobs maT pirad istorias da avlens im garemoebebs, romlebmac zegavlena moaxdina
damnaSaveebze. kriminologebis daskvnebi aZleven rekomendaciebs riskis qveS myof
pirebs, rom gaiTvaliswinon, vidre danaSaulis gzas daadgebian.
kriminologiuri saqmianobis mniSvnelovani mxarea kriminologiuri eqpertizis Cata-
reba, sakanonmdeblo da strategiuli dokumentebis revizia, daskvnebisa da rekomen-
daciebis SemuSaveba, rac gamoiyeneba xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebis mier

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adgilobriv da federalur doneebze, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
mier, aseve, umaRlesi saswavleblebis, mecnierebis, studentebis, arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier da gansa-
kuTrebiT sisxlissamarTlebriv iusticiaSi CarTuli yvela saxelmwifo uwyebisa
(samarTaldamcavi organoebi) da maTi warmomadgenlebis mier: policieli, deteqtivi,
advokati, prokurori, mosamarTle, probaciis oficeri da a.S. raTa ukeT gaerkvnen
danaSaulobis problematikaSi, damnaSaveebze gamasworebeli RonisZiebebis Sefardebis,
danaSaulis prevenciis politikis gatarebaSi da mTel rig sakiTxebSi, romelic auci-
lebelia kriminal-politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi.

IV. kriminologiuri ganaTleba mraval karierul SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs15.

kriminologs SesaZlebloba aqvs imuSaos sxvadasxva saxelmwifos sxvadasxva
uwyebaSi, sxvadasxva doneze da mimarTulebiT16.

saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtoris Semdeg mimarTulebebSi:

_ mTavroba;
_ sakanonmdeblo organo;
_ sasamarTlo sistema;
_ samarTaldamcavi organoebi (policia, prokuratura, gamoZiebis samsaxurebi);
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis gamoZieba; sadazRvevo TaRliTobebis gamoZieba da
prevencia (Insurance Fraud Investigation & Prevention); maRaziebSi Cadenili qurdobis
gamoZieba (Retail Investigation)17;
_ sasjelRsrulebis sitema, gamasworebeli dawesebulebebi (alternatiuli sadams-
jelo RonisZiebebi18 _ Diversion Programming);
_ reabilitacia;
_ aSS-s sabaJo samsaxuri;
_ koroneris ofisSi, samedicino gamoZieba (koroneruli gamoZieba);
_ sasamarTlo eqspertiza (sasamarTlo samedicino eqsperti _ Medical Examiner (ME);
_ bankebi da safinanso samsaxurebi (finansuri TaRliTobebis gamoZieba, organo da
prevencia (Financial Fraud Investigation & Prevention);
_ specialuri uwyebebi _ dacvis samsaxurebi (aeroportis dacvis samsaxuri);
_ sadazRvevo kompaniebi;
_ kerZo sagamoZiebo organoebi _ kerZo deteqtiuri samsaxuri (Private Detective) an
dacvis samsaxuri;
_ saadvokato samsaxurebi;
_ sazogadoebrivi (arakomerciuli) organizaciebi;
_ axalgazrdobisTvis RonisZiebebi da rCevebi (intervenciis RonisZiebebi (Interven-
tion Programming)19;
_ dazaralebulTa daxmarebis aRmomCeni samsaxuri;
_ kvleva (mecnieruli, magaliTad, kvlevebi qalTa, arasrulwlovanTa da a.S. sakiT-
xebze, maT Soris, politikuri, strategiuli kvlevebi);

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_ umaRles saswavleblebSi;
_ damatebiT kariera sociologiaSi;
_ da sxva20.

federaluri mTavroba
_ narkotikuli danaSaulobebis winaaRmdeg brZolis samsaxuri (Drug Enforcement Agency);
_ qveynis SidausafrTxoebis samsaxuri (Homeland Security)21;
_ gamoZiebis federaluri biuro (Federal Bureau of Investigations);
_ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvris dacvis samsaxuri.

Statis samTavrobo uwyebebi:

_ saxelmwifo samagistralo patruli;
_ reabilitaciisa da gamasworebeli departamenti;
_ axalgazrduli sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebi (Youth Services)22;
_ sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi.

xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebi: olqi, qalaqi, municipaliteti:

_ adgilobrivi policiis ganyofilebebi;
_ sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi;
_ xazinis samsaxuri (Department of the Treasurer).23

samTavrobo uwyebebi kriminologebs qiraoben kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursebis,

kvlevebisa da Sefasebebis Casatareblad. zogadad, kriminologebis umravlesoba xdeba
policiis oficeri, gfb-s24 agenti da a.S. kriminologs SeuZlia imuSaos universitetSi,
aswavlos kriminologia, samarTali, sociologia da sxv. federaluri da Statis samsa-
xurebi kriminologebs iyeneben mkvlevar oficrebad, mrCevlebad strategiuli ganvi-
Tarebisa da politikis dargSi, dagegmarebisa da analitikur samsaxurebSi25.

V. kriminologis anazRaureba.

bakalavris xarisxis mqone kriminologis wliuri saSualo xelfasi Seadgens 30.000

aSS dolars (TveSi 2.500 aSS dolari), magistris xarisxis mqone kriminologis wliuri
saSualo xelfasi 55.000 aSS dolaria (TveSi 4.583 aSS dolari), xolo gamocdilebis
mqone kriminologis xelfasi sakmaod maRalia.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kriminologias da am dargis specialistebs didi asparezi
gaaCnia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. es gasakviri arc unda iyos, vinaidan igi gan-
pirobebulia danaSaulobis fenomenis mravalferovnebiT, misi socialuri bunebiT. am
mravalferovnebis gamo, kriminologi valdebulia, zedmiwevniT erkveodes sxvadasxva
dargSi da kriminologiuri kvlevisas problemis gaanalizebasa da gadawyvetaSi iyeneb-
des. swored codnis mravaferovnebiT, sakiTx(eb)is multidisciplinuri SeswavliT
gansxvavdeba kriminologi sxva dargis specialistebisagan da amiT aixsneba krimino-

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logiis, rogorc mecnierebis dargis unikalurobac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikuli
kriminologia Seesabameba cnobili amerikeli kriminologis edmund saTerlendis for-
mulas, romlis Tanaxmad, kriminologia aris mecnierebis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis
samarTalgadacdomas da danaSauls, rogorc socialur fenomens da Tavis farglebSi
moicavs kanonSemoqmedebis, kanondarRvevis da kanondarRvevebze reagirebis process26,
romlis implementacias kriminologi saxelmwifo struqturebSi axorcielebs, maT So-
ris, samarTaldamcav organoebSi moRvaweobiTa da sazogadoebasTan mWidro TanamS-
romlobiT.
zemoT moyvanili analizis fonze mizanSewonilad vTvliT, CamovayaliboT krimino-
logiis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli samomavlo konceptualuri sakiTxebi. saqar-
Tvelos gaaCnia kriminologiis dargis ganviTarebis mwiri istoria, Tumca, aqvs mdidari
inteleqtualuri potenciali da yvela resursi, rom qarTuli kriminologia ganviTar-
des da upasuxos Tanamedrove kriminologiis moTxovnebs. amitom aucileblad migvaCnia,
rom SemuSavdes kriminologiis ganviTarebis koncefcia, strategia da strategiis gan-
xorcielebis samoqmedo gegma, romelSic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli
iqneba Semdegi konceptualuri sakiTxebi:
_ kriminologiis specializaciis SemoReba. am mizniT aucilebelia SemuSavdes
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis paketi da cvlilebebi Sevides saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi, romelic saSualebas miscems umaRles saswavleblebs gascen
bakalavrisa da magistris diplomebi kriminologiis specialobiT da mianiWon Sesabamisi
doqtoris xarisxi kriminologiaSi;
_ sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro swavlebebi. umaRles saswavleblebSi
sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro swavlebebi unda dainergos iseTi saxiT, ro-
gorc es aprobirebulia evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis wamyvan umaRles
saswavleblebSi. amisaTvis aucilebelia ucxouri gamocdilebis gaziareba da qarTveli
profesionalebis monawileobiT Sesabamisi saswavlo programebisa da meTodologiis
danergva;
_ kriminologebis dasaqmeba. kriminologiis bakalavrisa da magistris diplomisa
da doqtoris xarisxis mqones ufleba unda hqondes da SesaZlebloba mieces imuSaos
saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorSi, rogorc es evropis qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebuli
StatebSia aprobirebuli.
dasasruls, vfiqrobT SemoTavazebuli iniciativa saintereso iqneba, rogorc qarT-
veli kriminologebis, iuristebisa Tu sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, aseve
kriminologiis dargis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli saxelmwifo uflebamosili orga-
noebisaTvisac.

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SeniSvnebi:

1
ix.: G.S. Bajpai, Criminology: An Appraisal of Present Status and Future Directions, pp. 1.
2
ix.: http://hubpages.com/hub/Careers-in-Criminology.
3
S. fafiaSvili, kriminalistika _ danaSaulTa gaxsnis taqtika, Tb., 2001, gv. 7.
4
sisxlissamarTlebriv iusticiaSi igilisxmeba, is safexurebi, romelsac damna-
Save gaivlis danaSaulis Cadenis momentidan misi post-penitencialuri Ronis-
Ziebebis CaTvliT sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis norme-
bis farglebSi. sisxlissamarTlebrivi iusticia xorcieldeba samarTaldam-
cavi, sasamarTlo da penitencialuri organoebis meSveobiT (d. wulaia).
5
igulisxmeba, rogorc sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis, aseve probaciis Ta-
namSromeli.
6
ix.: http://www.ulinks.com/aboutcriminologydegree-careerscriminologymajorsdegrees.htm.
7
igulisxmeba magistris xarisxi.
8
ix.: http://www.legal-criminal-justice-schools.com/Criminal-Justice-Degrees/How-to-Become-a-
Criminologist.html.
9
ix. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_sciences, termini `behavioural sciences~
iTargmneba, rogorc `qcevebis Semswavleli mecnierebebi~ da moicavs yvela im
disciplinas, romelic ikvlevs bunebriv samyaroSi organizmebis moqmedebasa
da urTierTmoqmedebas. igi, aseve aanalizebs da Seiswavlis adamianur da cxo-
velur qcevebs, kontrolirebadi da naturalisturi eqsperimentuli dakvir-
vebebisa da zedmiwevniT gawerili formulebis gziT (e.d. klemke, r. holingeri
da a. d. klaini (1980)).
10
www.assoiatedcontent.com.
11
genetikis ganmsazRvreli `dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava da ribonukleinis mJava~.
12
ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldacviTi sistema, mT. redaqtori g. Rlonti, Tb.,
2007, gv., 4.
13
inglisurad pirdapiri Targmani iqneboda danaSaulis SemTxvevis gamoZieba,
Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi viyenebT daTvalierebas.
14
ix.: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-criminologist.htm.
15
ix.: http://www.douglas.bc.ca/programs/criminology/careers.html.
16
ix.: http://hubpages.com/hub/Careers-in-Criminology.
17
igulisxmeba sacalo saqonliT movaWre maRaziebSi Cadenili qurdoba.
18
aseTi saxis RonisZiebebi tardeba policiis, sasamarTlos an prokuraturis
organoebis mier.
19
sareabilitacio RonisZiebebi magaliTad, mimarTuli narkomanebis mimarT.
20
ix.: http://www.douglas.bc.ca/programs/criminology/careers.html.
21
igivea rac Sinagan saqmeTa saministro.
22
aseTi samsaxurebi arsebobs aSS-Si da miznad isaxavs axalgazrdobis aqtiur
CarTulobas sazogadoebriv samuSaoebSi. aseT samuSaoebSi monawileoba Ziri-
Tadad, ar finansdeba da nebayoflobiT xasiaTs atarebs. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi,
gasamrjelo minimaluri da simboluria.
23
aSS-Si Department of Treasure warmoadgens xazinis samsaxurs, romelsac gaaCnia
finansur danaSaulebis gamoZiebis samsaxuri.
24
gamoZiebis federaluri biuro aSS-Si.
25
ix.: Marilyn Morgan, Careers in Criminology, 2000, Los Angeles.
26
ix.: http://www.uplink.com.au/lawlibrary/Documents/Docs/Doc98.html.

132
IMPORTANCE OF
CIMINOLOGY IN
THE STATE AND SOCIETY

DAVIT TSULAIA
PHD Stuednt of the Georgian Technical University
Assistant Professor of Georgian University

The Article reviews issues of public science, criminology. It analyzes the

role of criminology in the state and society on the example of United States,
it focuses on the stages of education in order to reach the success in the
career of criminology, job discription of the crimonologist and their job
opportunities in the state and private sector.
At the end of the Article, author describes his own vision for the
development of the criminology in Georgia, that includes elaboration of the
concept, startegy and implentation action plan, as well conceptual direction
for the development of the criminology as the brancj of sceince.
Article is interesting for the institutions involved in criminal justice, broader
public groups and especially for the scholars and members of diffrent
professions interested in criminology.

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 3
da
N
marTlmsajuleba
kanoni

genocidis cneba
da Semadgenloba

Temur cqitiSvili
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti

genocidi, miuxedavad imisa, mSvidobis dros xdeba YTu

omianobisas, aris danaSauli, romelic arRvevs saerTaSo-
riso samarTlis normebs da romlis winaaRmdegac genoci-
dis konvenciis xelSemkvreli mxareebi valdebulebas kis-
ruloben miiRon zomebi mis asacdenad da misi CadenisaTvis
dasasjelad.
`genocidis akrZalva iTvleba jus cogens normad da ga-
moiyeneba rogorc erga omnes.~1 es norma miekuTvneba saer-
TaSoriso samarTlis imperatiul normebs, romlebic saer-
TaSoriso-CveulebiT da saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo
samarTalTan SedarebiT ufro maRali rangisaa.2 genocidi
dasjadia miuxedavad imisa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT am
danaSaulisaTvis pasuxismgebloba aris Tu ara gaTvalis-
winebuli.
genocidi, rogorc dasjadi qmedeba pirvelad, gaerTia-
nebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam 1946
wlis 11 dekembris 96-e (I) rezoluciiT gansazRvra. 1948
wlis 9 dekembers ki, miiRes konvencia `genocidis danaSa-
ulis dasjisa da misi Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb~, romelsac
saqarTvelo 1993 wlis 18 maiss SeuerTda, xolo imave wlis
11 oqtombers saqarTvelosaTvis ZalaSi Sevida da Sidasa-
xelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis Semadgeneli nawili gax-
da.

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 saqarTvelos 1960 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi genocids saxelmwifos winaaRm-
deg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi 651-e muxliT iTvaliswinebda da Sesabamisad, saxelmwi-
fos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis kvalifikacias aZlevda. genocidis xelyofis
obieqtad ki, saxelmwifos suvereniteti, uSiSroeba da konstituciuri wyobileba miiC-
neoda.3 ramdenadac saxelmwifo interesi pirovnebis interesze maRla iyo dayenebuli
da saxelmwifo interesis xelmyofi danaSaulic ufro mkacrad isjeboda, vidre ada-
mianis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, amiT xazgasmuli iyo am danaSaulis simZime da
mniSvneloba.
genocidisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia saqarT-
velos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxliT, romelic genocids ganmartavs, ro-
gorc qmedebas, Cadenils `...SeTanxmebuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad romelime erov-
nuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri anda raime sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis
mTlianad an nawilobriv mosaspobad, rac gamoixata aseTi jgufis wevrTa mkvlelobiT,
janmrTelobis mZime dazianebiT, maTTvis cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmniT,
Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT an bavSvis iZulebiT gadacemiT erTi eTnikuri jgufidan
meoreSi~.
genocidi mimarTulia garkveuli niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis winaaRmdeg, esenia:
eTnikuri, erovnuli, religiuri, rasobrivi an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufi. saqar-
Tvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, genocidis konvencia da sisxlis
samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis mixedviT, genocidis Semadgen-
lobiT daculi jgufebia mxolod erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi da religiuri jgufi.
Ggenocidis konvenciis avtorebi Segnebulad Semoifarglnen oTxi daculi jgufiT, ram-
denadac aRniSnuli jgufebisadmi kuTvnilebas aqvs sistematuri, uwyveti da stabiluri
xasiaTi.4
`dajgufeba aris raime iseTi saerTo niSniT da xangrZlivi droiT dakavSirebuli
pirTa gaerTianeba, romelic mas danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gamoarCevs. dajgufebis
wevrTa gamaerTianebeli niSnebia magaliTad, saerTo erovneba (moqalaqeoba), eTnosi
(kultura, ena), rasa (geografiuli warmoSoba, memkvidreobiT SeZenili garegnuli niSne-
bi) da religia.~5
ruandis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalis palatam, kaiSemasa da ruZin-
danis saqmeze, `jgufi~ ganmarta, rogorc `danaSaulis CamdenTa CaTvliT sxvaTa mier
aseT jgufad identificirebadi jgufi~.6 jgufis aseTi gansazRvrebis naklovanebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom danaSauls gansazRvravs damnaSave. sakiTxisadmi aseTi mid-
gomiT damnaSave iZens kanonmdeblis an kidev mosamarTlis funqciebs. garda amisa, jgu-
fis aseTi gansazRvreba qmnis procesualur siZneleebsac.
rafael lemkini Tavis naSromSi `jgufs~ ganmartavs, rogorc erTobas, romelic
samarTlebriv dacvas saWiroebs. lemkini genocidisagan ‘daculi jgufebis~ sinonimad
xSirad, `umciresobaTa jgufebs~ iyenebs.7
`jgufze~ saubrisas igulisxmeba ara mxolod `umciresobis jgufebi~, aramed is jgu-
febic, romlebic umravlesobas Seadgenen. ama Tu im teritoriis okupirebisas genoci-
dis msxverplni SesaZloa gaxdnen erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi an religiuri

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umravlesobis warmomadgenlebic. amis magaliTia, 1972 wels burundiSi, hutus tomis

winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli genocidi. hutus tomi burundis mosaxleobis umravle-
sobas warmoadgenda.8
`erovnuloba~ gulisxmobs xalxis im jgufs, romelsac aqvs samSoblo, sadac igi aya-
libebs umravlesobas. `eTnikuroba~ moicavs xalxis im jgufs, romelsac ara aqvs samSob-
lo im saxelmwifos farglebs gareT, sadac igi umciresobas warmoadgens.9
erovnuli jgufis SemakavSirebeli elementi pirvel rigSi, aris moqalaqeoba (qveSev-
rdomoba). garda amisa, mxedvelobaSi miiReba saerTo istoria, wes-Cveuleba, kultura
da ena. erovnuli jgufis tipiur magaliTs warmoadgenen egreT wodebuli erovnuli
umciresobebi.10
eTnikuri jgufi gamoirCeva gansakuTrebiT gansazRvruli kulturuli tradiciebiT,
romelzec is aRmocenda. jgufis wevrebi saubroben erTsa da imave enaze, aqvT saerTo
adaTi da wes-Cveuleba da saerTo cxovrebis wesi. eTnikurobisaTvis saerTo `rasobrivi~
niSnebis arseboba ar aris aucilebeli.11
`erovnuloba~ da `eTnikuroba~ gansxvavdeba `rasis~ cnebisagan. `rasis~ wevri sinamd-
vileSi SeiZleba ar atarebdes im niSnebs, romelsac mas miaweren (rogorc rasis wevrs).
rasisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi memkvidreobiT gadadis. rasas ar `irCeven~, iseve,
rogorc ver Secvlian memkvidreobiT miRebul niSnebs. gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs
eTnikuri umciresobis SemTxvevaSi. eTnikuri umciresobis axladdabadebuli bavSvi Se-
iZleba momavalSi umravlesobis wevri gaxdes (an asimilaciis gziT an misi erT-erTi mSo-
beli umravlesobis warmomadgenelia).12
ama Tu im jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba subieqturia. gansazRvruli jgufisadmi
kuTvnilebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi, rom pirma icis garkveuli ena, cxovrobs gansazRv-
rul teritoriaze da misi mSoblebi warmoSobiT dakavSirebuli arian ama Tu im jguf-
Tan.
`religiuri jgufi ukve 1946 wels generaluri asambleis 96 (I) rezoluciaSi iqna
dasaxelebuli, rogorc jgufi, romelic SeiZleba gaxdes genocidis msxverpli da aR-
moCnda yvela proeqtSi qmedebis Semadgenlobis formulirebisas. genocidis konvenciis
avtorebi gamodiodnen iqidan, rom religiuri jgufi _ romlisadmi kuTvnilebac neba-
yoflobiTobas efuZneba _ eTnikuri da erovnuli jgufebis msgavsad, istoriulad
warmoiSva, mudmivi maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCeva da amgvarad stabiluri xasiaTi aqvs.~13
`religiuri erTobis wevrebs aqvT erTnairi aRmsarebloba, igive saxis sarwmunoeba,
atareben erTnair sasuliero ideebs an iyeneben religiuri wes-Cveulebis Sesrulebis
erTnair formebs.~14
germaneli mecnieri g. verle genocidis konvenciiT dacul religiur jgufs ar mi-
akuTvnebs aTeistur jgufs.15 h. zaTcgeric aRniSnavs, rom religiuri jgufi wminda
aTeistur jgufs ar moicavs, vinaidan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, misi gamijvna politikuri
da msgavsi jgufebisagan SeuZlebeli iqneboda, meore mxriv, dairRveoda „nullum crimen
sine lege” principi.16
religiur jgufTan dakavSirebiT, gansxvavebuli mosazrebac arsebobs qarTul iu-
ridiul literaturaSi: `religiuri kuTvnileba~ ar gulisxmobs, rom individi an jgufi

136
aucileblad iyos romelime religiis an rwmenis mimdevari _ sakmarisia, misi religiuri
Sexeduleba gansxvavdebodes umravlesobis religiisagan. religiur jgufad CaiTvleba
aTeisturi jgufic, romelic cxovrobs religiuri umravlesobis garemocvaSi.~17 aseTi
interpretacia ar gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi.
„sxva niSniT gaerTianebul jgufSi~, romelic saqarTvelos ssk 407-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
aseve, miiCneva genocidis SemadgenlobiT dacul jgufad, SeiZleba vigulisxmoT
politikuri, sqesobrivi, enobrivi an socialuri jgufi.
politikur jgufSi igulisxmeba politikuri SexedulebiT gaerTianebuli adamianTa
erToba.
sqesobrivi jgufia gansxvavebuli sqesobrivi orientaciis mqone pirTa gaerTianeba
(magaliTad, homoseqsualebi).
`enobrivi~ kuTvnileba moicavs rogorc dedaenas, ise tomobriv, arasamwerlobo ena-
sac. enobrivi kuTvnileba ar moicavs dialeqts.
genocidis Semadgenlobis dacvis obieqtia kacobriobis mSvidoba da uSiSroeba, swo-
red amiT aris pirobadebuli is faqti, rom genocidi gaTvaliswinebulia kacobriobis
mSvidobis, uSiSroebisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tul danaSaulTa amsaxvel TavSi.
garda kacobriobis mSvidobisa da uSiSroebisa, genocidis Semadgenlobis dacvis obi-
eqtia jgufis wevrTa sicocxle da janmrTeloba. vinaidan genocidi SeiZleba gamoixa-
tos mkvlelobaSi, janmrTelobis dazianebaSi da a. S. `amasTan, qmedebis Semadgenloba
icavs msxverplTa adamianur Rirsebasac.~18
genocidi aseve, xelyofs saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxliT garantirebul
kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis princips.
sadavo sakiTxia, icavs Tu ara genocidis Semadgenloba jgufis wevrTa individualur
interesebsac. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom jgufis wevrebi xdebian Tavdasxmis obi-
eqti maTi jgufuri kuTvnilebisa da ara sxva ramis gamo, dasmul kiTxvaze miviRebT
pasuxs: qmedebis Semadgenloba imdenad icavs jgufis wevrTa individualur interesebs,
ramdenadac isini miekuTvnebian gansazRvrul jgufs. `individualuri interesebis dazi-
aneba an safrTxeSi Cagdeba mxolod maSin iZens saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTlebriv
mniSvnelobas, rodesac TiToeuli zustad jgufisadmi maTi kuTvnilebis mizeziT gax-
deba Tavdasxmis obieqti.~19
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlis mixedviT, genocidi SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva moqmedebiT: a) mkvlelobiT, b) janmrTelobis mZime daziane-
biT, g) cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmniT, d) Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT, e)
bavSvis iZulebiT gadacemiT erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi.
mkvlelobis aRmniSvnel terminad evropis saxelmwifoTa sisxlissamarTlebriv li-
teraturaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi _ "killing" da "murder". `im dros, roca "killing" mxolod
zogadad, mkvlelobis ganzraxvas moiTxovs, ‘murder~ zogierT samarTlebriv sistemaSi
gulisxmobs mizniT determinebul ganzraxvas. ruandis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSo-
riso tribunalma kaiSemas saqmeze daadgina, `rom "killing"-sa da "murder"-s Soris araviTari
gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.~ sxva palatebis TvalsazrisiT, `cneba "killing" ganzrax da

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ganuzraxvel mkvlelobas20 moicavs, xolo `murder~ mxolod ganzrax mkvlelobas gu-

lisxmobs da ganzraxvis gareSe mkvlelobas gamoricxavs.~ es palatebi im daskvnamde
mividnen, rom 30-e muxlis Sesabamisad, mkvleloba ganzrax unda ganxorcieldes, Tumca,
ara aucileblobiTi mizniT determinebuli ganzraxviT ("premeditation"). mkvlelobis gan-
zraxvis aseT gagebas iqiTken mivyavarT, rom sakmarisi unda iyos _ ganadgurebis mizniT
_ adamianTa sicocxlis TviTimedovnebiT xelyofa, rasac saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi
samarTali da arc samarTlis safuZvlebi zogadad, ar aRiareben.~21
am danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva formiTaa SesaZlebeli: masob-
rivi mkvleloba, dajgufebis wevrebis saxlebis gadawva, infrastruqturisa da sxva
sasicocxlo mowyobilobebis moSla, agreTve, dajgufebis wevrTa moTavseba banakebSi,
rac iwvevs maT sikvdils.22
erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis
wevrTa mkvleloba SeiZleba CaiTvalos genocidad, Tu igi ganxorcielda aseTi jgufis
mTlianad an nawilobrivi mospobis mizniT. swored es mizani ganasxvavebs genocids ssk
109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT (mkvleloba rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli
an eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis gamo) gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenlobisagan.23
garda miznisa, genocidi saqarTvelos ssk 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT
gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenlobisagan gansxvavdeba sxva niSniTac. genocidi
mimarTulia ara mxolod erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri, aramed sxva niSniT
gaerTianebuli jgufis winaaRmdegac. genocidi SeiZleba Cadenil iqnes ara mxolod
mkvlelobiT, aramed sxva moqmedebiTac: erTi jgufidan meoreSi bavSvis ZaldatanebiT
gadacemiT, Svilosnobis asacileblad gamiznuli moqmedebiT.
saqarTvelos ssk 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSa-
uli mimarTulia konkretuli adamianis winaaRmdeg, xolo genocidi konkretuli niSniT
gaerTianebuli jgufis winaaRmdeg. adamianTa mkvleloba, rom saqarTvelos ssk-is 407-e
muxliT dakvalificirdes, aucilebelia im miznis arseboba, romelic am muxliT gaTva-
liswinebuli danaSaulis sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas afuZnebs _ erovnuli,
eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis mTliani an nawi-
lobriv mospoba. Tuki mkvleloba ganxorcieldeba rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli an
eTnikuri Seuwynareblobis motiviT, magram ara jgufis mospobis mizniT, qmedeba dak-
valificirdeba ara 407-e muxliT, aramed 109-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `d~ qvepunqtiT.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxli genocidis konvenciisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, iyenebs janmrTelobis mZime dazianebis da ara sxeulis seriozuli dazianebis
an gonebrivi moSlilobis cnebas.
janmrTelobis mZime dazianebis cneba mocemulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 117-e muxlis I punqtSi: `janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba, e. i. sxeulis
dazianeba, romelic saxifaToa sicocxlisaTvis anda romelmac gamoiwvia mxedvelobis,
smenis, metyvelebis an romelime organos an misi funqciis dakargva, fsiqikuri avadm-
yofoba, orsulobis Sewyveta, saxis waruSleli damaxinjeba an janmrTelobis sxvagvari
iseTi dazianeba, romelic saxifaToa sicocxlisaTvis da dakavSirebulia saerTo Sromi-
sunarianobis myar, aranakleb erTi mesamediT dakargvasTan an winaswari SecnobiT pro-
fesiuli Sromisunarianobis srul dakargvasTan.~

138
 mZime fizikur da fsiqikur zianad iTvleba fizikuri an fsiqikuri wameba, araadami-
anuri an damamcirebeli mopyroba da devna, aseve seqsualuri Zaladoba, gaupatiureba,
dasaxiCreba da dakiTxva, romelic mimdinareobs cemiT an/da sikvdilis muqariT. fizi-
kuri an fsiqikuri ziani iseTi simZimisa unda iyos, rom man dajgufebis mTliani an
nawilobrivi ganadgurebis safrTxe Seqmnas.24 fsiqikuri dazianebis TvalsazrisiT, sa-
marTlebrivi viTareba naklebad mkafioa. am danaSaulebrivi qmedebis magaliTad lite-
raturaSi asaxeleben I I msoflio omis dros, iaponelebis mier Cinel msxverplTa mimarT
narkotikebis gamoyenebas.25
cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmnaSi igulisxmeba ekonomikuri blokada, eko-
logiuri ubedurebis garemoebaTa ganzrax Seqmna, ekosistemis komponentebiT dasnebov-
neba, im saqmianobis akrZalva, romelic pirTa jgufis arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa da sxva.
es danaSaulebrivi qmedeba mimarTulia dajgufebis `neli sikvdiliT~ ganadgurebi-
saken, romelic gulisxmobs dajgufebis sakuTari saxlebidan gamodevnas, sicocxlisaT-
vis aucilebeli samedicino momsaxurebis Semcirebas, zedmeti muSaobis iZulebas an did
fizikur datvirTvas. amgvari sasicocxlo pirobebis Seqmna ar unda iwvevdes dajgu-
febis wevrTa uecar ganadgurebas. igi subieqturad iqiTken unda iyos mimarTuli, rom
ganadgurdes dajgufebis wevrebi. obieqturad, aseTi meTodebi vargisi unda iyos
dajgufebis gasanadgureblad. saqme exeba konkretul da ara abstraqtul safrTxes.26
Sobadobis ZaliT Semcirebis xerxi sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos: genuri inJineria,
iZulebiTi sterilizacia, kastracia reproduqciul asakSi, iZulebiTi kontracepcia
da sxva; aseve, saxelmwifos mier iseTi normatiuli aqtis gamocema, romelic sasjelis
gamoyenebis muqariT ukrZalavs am jgufis moqalaqeebs Svilis yolas an zRudavs maT
raodenobas.27 sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganmxilvelma palatam akaiesus saqmeze daad-
gina, rom `patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac jgufis wevroba mamis xaziT ganisazRv-
reba, jgufis SigniT SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlis magaliTia dasaxelebuli jgufis
wevris gaupatiureba sxva jgufis wevris mier im mizniT, rom man gaaCinos bavSvi, ro-
melic dedis jgufs ar ekuTvnis.~28
ufro metic, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganmxilveli palata aRniSnul sakiTxze mi-
uTiTebs: `erTi jgufis SigniT SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlisaken mimarTuli meTodebi
SeiZleba iyos fizikuri da fsiqikuri. ase, magaliTad, SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlisaken
mimarTuli meTodi SeiZleba iyos gaupatiureba, rodesac gaupatiurebuli piri bolos
uars ambobs Svilis gaCenaze. amgvarad, jgufis wevrebi muqariT da ZaladobiT SeiZleba
iqamde miiyvanon, rom uari Tqvan bavSvis gaCenaze.~29
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxli iyenebs termins _ `Sobadobis
ZaliT Semcireba~, genocidis konvencia _ `Svilosnobis asacileblad gamiznul zomebs~,
xolo romis wesdeba _ `iseTi zomebis gatareba, romelTa mizania aseT jgufSi Sobado-
bisaTvis xelis SeSla~. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, es danaSau-
lebrivi qmedeba Sedegiani danaSaulis Semadgenlobas qmnis. aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom
Svilosnobis asacileblad gamiznuli zomebis gatareba qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT
dausjeli rCeba, ramdenadac igi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas danaSaulis
momzadebisaTvisac awesebs.

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saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlis mixedviT, genocidis ganxor-

cielebis erT-erTi xerxia bavSvis iZulebiT gadacema erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi.
am mxriv saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa da genocidis konvencias Soris Se-
usabamobaa. qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, konvenciaSi sau-
baria „erTi jgufidan meoreSi~ da ara, „erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi~ bavSvis ga-
dacemaze. Tuki genocidi mimarTulia erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri an rasobrivi
jgufis winaaRmdeg, ratom ar SeiZleba am jgufis mospobis mizniT, erTi religiuri (an
erovnuli, rasobrivi) jgufidan meorisaTvis bavSvebis gadacema CaiTvalos genocidad?
bavSvis erTi jgufidan meore jgufisaTvis gadacema iTvleba Tu ara genocidis ga-
movlenis formad, iuridiul mecnierebaSi davas iwvevs. genocidis Semadgenloba emsaxu-
reba jgufis fizikuri da ara kulturuli an sxvagvari formiT arsebobis dacvas. daj-
gufebis arsebobis ara fizikuri formebi daculia adamianTa da umciresobis uflebe-
biT. amis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba dajgufebis identurobis da ara Tavad wevrebis ganad-
gurebisaken mimarTuli moqmedebani genocidad ar CaiTvalos. amgvarad SeiZleba dava-
sabuToT, rom vinaidan, bavSvis erTi dajgufebidan meore dajgufebaSi gadayvanas mivya-
varT kulturuli identurobis dakargvamde da ara am dajgufebis ganadgurebamde, ro-
melsac Tavs daesxnen, saqme exeba genocidis kulturul formas. meore mxriv, gadayvanas
jgufisaTvis SeiZleba gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi hqondes. ruandis sisxlis samarTlis
saerTaSoriso tribunalis (ICTR) palatis azriT, gadayvana miznad isaxavs ara mxolod
ZaldatanebiTi fizikuri gadayvaniT, aramed muqariT da sulieri SokiT dasjas, ro-
melic mosdevs bavSvTa Zaladobriv gadayvanas. Tu gadayvanil bavSvebs aiZuleben imuSa-
on iZulebiT, amiT dajgufebas, romelic Zaladobas ganicdis, Seeqmneba iseTi sasicocx-
lo pirobebi, rac maT fizikur ganadgurebas gamoiwvevs.30
rodesac vsaubrobT erTi jgufidan meore jgufisaTvis bavSvis gadacemaze, rogorc
genocidis ganxorcielebis xerxze, aucilebelia davazustoT, Tu vin igulisxmeba bavS-
vis cnebaSi. bavSvis uflebebis konvenciis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, `bavSvad iTvleba
18 wlamde asakis yvela adamiani, Tu im kanoniT, romelic bavSvze vrceldeba, srul-
wlovanebis ufro adreuli asaki ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~. saqarTvelos sisxlis
samarTlis kanonmdebloba ar icnobs `bavSvis~ cnebas da aRiarebs mcirewlovanis da
arasrulwlovanis cnebas. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, 18 wels miuRweveli
iTvleba arasrulwlovnad, xolo 14 wels miuRweveli _ mcirewlovnad. ibadeba kiTxva:
bavSvis cneba moicavs mxolod mcirewlovans, Tu arasrulwlovansac? am kiTxvaze SeiZ-
leba Semdegi pasuxi gaeces: bavSvis cnebis qveS moiazreba ara mxolod mcirewlovani,
aramed arasrulwlovanic. aRniSnuli daskvna gamomdinareobs konvenciis pirveli mux-
lis Sinaarsidan, romelmac srulwlovanebis asaks miuRweveli (arasrulwlovani) da
bavSvi erTmaneTTan gaaigiva.
saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv kanonmdeblobasTan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsis 407-e muxlis Seusabamoba mxolod zemoaRniSnuliT ar amoiwureba. saqarTve-
los sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis aRniSnuli muxli genocidis konvenciisagan gansxva-
vebiT, genocids ganmartavs rogorc `SeTanxmebuli gegmis~ ganxorcielebisaken mimar-
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 `SeTanxmebuli gegmis~ arseboba gulisxmobs ori an meti piris SeTanxmebas da gegmis
Camoyalibebas garkveul sakiTxze, am SemTxvevaSi, genocidis ganxorcielebaze. Tu Cven
ssk 407-e muxlis teqstis Sinaarss kargad CavukvirdebiT, mivalT daskvnamde, rom
genocidi aucilebeli TanamonawileobiT Casadeni danaSauli yofila. aseTi daskvnis
safuZvels iZleva sityvebi _ `SeTanxmebuli gegma~. e.i. genocidis Camdens unda gaaCndes
`gegma~ da Tanac vinmesTan SeTanxmebuli. sworad aRniSnavs s. kiknaZe, rom `Tu ar arse-
bobs SeTanxmebuli gegma or an ramdenime pirs Soris, igi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad, ver dakvalificirdeba genocidis danaSaulad, radgan saqarTvelos ssk-is
407-e muxlis dispoziciaSi Camoyalibebuli ganmartebidan gamomdinare, igi ar SeiZleba
erTma pirma Caidinos, rac cxadia, am muxlis sakmaod seriozuli xarvezia~.31 naTqvamis
sisworeSi kidev ufro davrwmundebiT Tu moviSveliebT ruandaSi momxdar erT faqts:
1971 wels, tutsis tomis erT erTma wevrma mokla hutus tomis 17 wevri. saxeze iyo
qmedebis Semadgenlobis obieqturi da subieqturi mxaris niSnebi _ eTnikuri jgufis
wevrTa sicocxlis mospoba, pirdapiri ganzraxva da jgufis wevrTa mospobis mizani,
magram danaSaulis amsrulebeli moqmedebda erTpirovnulad, sxvasTan SeTanxmebis
gareSe, ris gamoc, ruandis kanonmdeblobiT ver moxerxda am pirisaTvis genocidSi
braldebis wayeneba.32
Tu gavecnobiT genocidis dasjis konvenciis me-3 muxlis teqsts, kidev ufro davrw-
mundebiT zemoT ganviTarebuli azris sisworeSi. aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT, isjeba
Semdegi qmedeba:
a) genocidi;
b) SeTqmuleba genocidis Cadenis mizniT;
g) pirdapiri da sajaro waqezeba genocidis Casadenad;
d) genocidis Cadenis mcdeloba;
e) genocidSi Tanamonawileoba.
rogorc vxedavT, dasjad qmedebaTa Soris calkea gamoyofili genocidSi Tanamona-
wileoba. genocidi aucilebeli TanamonawileobiT Casadeni danaSauli rom yofiliyo,
gaxdeboda ki, saWiro dasjad qmedebaTa Soris genocidSi Tanamonawileobis calke gamo-
yofa? rogor unda gadawydes im piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, romelic gadawyvets,
rom damoukideblad, vinmesTan `SeTanxmebis~ gareSe, erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi,
religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi mospobis
mizniT ganaxorcielos amave jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba, janmrTelobis dazianeba da a. S.
zemoT ganviTarebuli mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, sa-
qarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlis Semdegi redaqciiT Camoyalibeba:
`genocidi, ese igi qmedeba, romelime erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi anda religi-
uri niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis mTlianad an nawilobriv mosaspobad, rac gamo-
ixata aseTi jgufis wevris mkvlelobiT, janmrTelobis mZime dazianebiT, cxovrebis
mZime pirobis ganzrax SeqmniT, Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT an bavSvis iZulebiT
gadacemiT erTi jgufidan meoreSi, _ isjeba...~
genocidis danaSauli damTavrebulia ssk 407-e muxlis dispoziciaSi CamoTvlili
erT-erTi qmedebis ganxorcielebis momentidan. genocidis danaSaulis damTavrebisaT-

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vis aucilebeli ar aris erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT ga-
erTianebuli jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi mospobis miznis miRweva. genocidis dana-
Sauli damTavrebulia am miznis miRwevamdec.
danaSaulis elementebis mixedviT, genocidi damTavrebulia jgufis mTliani an na-
wilobrivi ganadgurebis mizniT Tundac, jgufis erTi wevris mkvlelobisas.
Tumca, qarTul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi gamoTqmulia gansxvavebuli Sexe-
dulebac: `sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlSi miTiTebuli sityvebi `mTlianad
an nawilobriv~ miuTiTeben raodenobriv aspeqtze. msxverplis an potenciuri msxverp-
lis raodenoba mniSvnelovani unda iyos. ar SeiZleba qmedeba genocidiT davakvalifi-
ciroT, Tu jgufis ramdenime wevri iyo mokluli. farTod aris gavrcelebuli mosazre-
ba imis Taobaze, rom jgufis nawilis mospobisas es nawili unda iyos mniSvnelovani.~33
genocidis danaSauli aerTianebs SedeggareSe (e.w. formalur) da Sedegian (e.w. mate-
rialur) Semadgenlobas.34 Sedegian Semadgenlobas qmnis iseTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi,
rogoricaa: jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba, janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba, Sobadobis ZaliT
Semcireba. xolo SedeggareSe Semadgenlobas _ cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax Seqmna,
bavSvis iZulebiT gadacema erTi jgufidan meoreSi.
vis SeiZleba daekisros pasuxismgebloba genocidisaTvis? aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa da romis wesdebas Soris erTgvari
Seusabamobaa, rac gamoixateba am danaSaulisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
lobis gansxvavebuli asakis dadgenaSi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 33-e
muxlis Sesabamisad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asakia ToTxmeti weli,
romelic aseve, genocidis Camden pirsac exeba, ramdenadac raime specialur daTqmas
aRniSnul danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi ar iTvaliswinebs. romis wesdebiT, pasuxismgeblo-
bis asakad ganisazRvra 18 weli. amas garda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom danaSaulis speci-
fikidan gamomdinare, genocidis ganxorcieleba arasrulwlovanis mxridan nakleb sava-
raudoa, mivalT im daskvnamde, rom mizanSewonili iqneba saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis 33-e muxlSi cvlilebis Setana da sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasa-
marTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulebis, maT Soris, genocidis Camdeni pirebi-
saTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba 18 wlis asakidan. genocidis
Camden pirebad xSir SemTxvevaSi, gvevlinebian Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic miRweuli
arian srulwlovanebis asaks. genocidi ar miekuTvneba specialuri amsruleblobiT
Casaden danaSauls, igi SeiZleba Caidinos ara Tanamdebobis pirmac.
pirebi, romlebmac Caidines genocidi an genocidis konvenciis I I I muxlSi CamoTvlili
romelime qmedeba, unda daisajon imis miuxedavad, arian Tu ara konstituciiT pasu-
xismgebeli mmarTvelni, Tanamdebobis Tu kerZo pirebi.
romis wesdebis 27-e muxlis Tanaxmad, arc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da arc diploma-
tiuri imuniteti ar abrkolebs sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas im pirisaTvis, romelmac Caidina
genocidi. amave wesdebis 28-e muxlis mixedviT, xelqveiTis mier Cadenili genocidisaT-
vis meTaurs pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros Semdeg SemTxvevebSi, Tu:

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1. samxedro meTauris an samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmedi piris efeqtian
xelmZRvanelobas an kontrols daqvemdebarebulma Zalebma Caidines genocidis
danaSauli;
2. samxedro meTaurma an pirma, im droisTvis arsebuli garemoebidan gamomdinare, icoda
an unda scodnoda, rom es Zalebi sCadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT am danaSaulis
Cadena;
3. samxedro meTaurma an pirma ver moaxerxa mieRo yvela saWiro da gonivruli zoma
Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi, raTa Tavidan aecilebina an aRekveTa genocidis
danaSaulis Cadena an gadaeca aRniSnuli sakiTxi kompetenturi organoebisaTvis
gamoZiebis warmoebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
meTauris pasuxismgebloba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis or erTmaneTi-
sagan gansxvavebul koncefcias efuZneba: 1. pirdapiri da uSualo pasuxismgebloba,
rodesac meTauri pasuxs agebs kanonsawinaaRmdego brZanebis gacemisaTvis; 2. pasuxis-
mgebloba daqvemdebarebulis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis, romelic ar iyo
ganpirobebuli meTauris brZanebiT, Tumca, man ar SeuSala xeli daqvemdebarebuls
amgvari qmedebis CadenaSi an ar dasaja igi qmedebis Cadenis Semdgom.35
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis principi asaxulia aseve, yofili iugoslaviisa da ru-
andis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebis wesdebebSi.36
romis wesdebis mixedviT, meTaurs mis xelmZRvanelobasa da kontrols daqvemdebare-
buli Zalebis mier Cadenili genocidis danaSaulisaTvis daekisreba pasuxismgebloba,
Tu meTaurma im droisaTvis arsebuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, icoda an unda scod-
noda, rom es Zalebi sCadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT am danaSaulis Cadena (28-e muxli).
rogorc normis teqstidan Cans, meTaurs ekisreba pasuxismgebloba gaufrTxileblo-
biTi umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSic, aRniSnuli azri gamomdinareobs sityvebidan _ `unda
scodnoda~. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ki, meTaurisaTvis sisxlissamar-
Tlebriv pasuxismgeblobas SesaZleblad miiCnevs misi mxolod ganzraxi umoqmedobis
SemTxvevaSi. amaze miuTiTebs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-10 muxlis me-4 punqti da
413-e muxlis SeniSvna. ssk 413-e muxlis SeniSvna Semdegi Sinaarsis teqsts moicavs: `am
TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulisaTvis SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawile Seiara-
Rebuli Zalebis anda maTi qvedanayofebis meTauri an/da sxva xelmZRvaneli pasuxs agebs
am Tavis Sesabamisad im SemTxvevaSic, roca aRniSnuli danaSauli Caidina mis xelmZRva-
nelobas an/da kontrols daqvemdebarebulma Zalebma, rac gamowveul iyo meTauris an/
da sxva Sesabamisi xelmZRvanelis umoqmedobiT.~ ssk me-10 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad,
`gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili qmedeba mxolod maSin CaiTvleba danaSaulad, Tu amis
Sesaxeb miTiTebulia am kodeqsis Sesabamis muxlSi~. aseT miTiTebas ssk 413-e muxlis
SeniSvna ar Seicavs.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi meTauris ganzraxi umoqmedobisaTvis pasu-
xismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs mxolod maSin, rodesac daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebi
danaSauls Cadian SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawileobis dros. genocidi ki, dasjad
qmedebas warmoadgens miuxedavad imisa, mSvidobis drosaa Cadenili Tu omianobis periodSi.

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romis wesdebasa da saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss Soris aRniSnuli Seu-

sabamobis aRmosafxvrelad, saWiroa Semdegi Sinaarsis axali normis SemuSaveba, romelic
samxedro meTauris daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piris mier Cadenili genocidisaTvis
meTauris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas daawesebs gaufrTxileblobiTi umoq-
medobis drosac: `samxedro meTauris an samxedro meTauris saxiT moqmedi piris
xelmZRvanelobas an kontrols daqvemdebarebuli Zalebis mier genocidis danaSa-
ulis ganxorcieleba, Tu samxedro meTaurs an pirs, im droisaTvis arsebuli gare-
moebebidan gamomdinare, unda scodnoda, rom es Zalebi sCadiodnen an ganzraxuli
hqondaT am danaSaulis Cadena, isjeba...~
genocidisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxSi metad mniSvnelovania xelqveiTis pasu-
xismgebloba ufrosis brZanebis Sesrulebisas Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis. aRniSnul sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori Teoria: pirobiTi da absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis
Teoria.
pirobiTi pasuxismgeblobis Teoria gamoricxavs xelqveiTis pasuxismgeblobas, garda
im SemTxvevisa, roca es brZaneba an gankarguleba aSkarad ukanono iyo.37
absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis Teoriis mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobisaTvis mniSvne-
loba ara aqvs, icoda Tu ara pirma qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb.38
romis wesdeba genocidis danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis
princips aRiarebs.
brZanebis an gankargulebis Sesruleba, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis (bralis) ga-
momricxveli garemoeba, gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
37-e muxliTac, magram romis wesdebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli garemoeba
ar SeiZleba gaxdes pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis safuZveli genocidis dana-
Saulis Camden pirTa mimarT.39
genocidis danaSaulis Camden pirebze xandazmulobis vada ar SeiZleba gavrceldes.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra dro gavida danaSaulis Cadenidan, aseT pirebs sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba aucileblad daekisrebaT.40
genocidi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT, razec araoraz-
rovnad miuTiTebs ssk-is 407-e muxlis teqsti. genocidis Semadgenlobis konstituci-
uri elementia erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli
jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi mospobis mizani. swored aRniSnuli mizani afuZnebs
407-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas. e. i.
genocidi miekuTvneba e. w. `specialuri~ ganzraxviT gansaxorcielebel danaSaulTa
ricxvs. anglosaqsuri samarTlis sistemaSi `specialuri ganzraxva~ gamoiyeneba im dana-
Saulebrivi qmedebisagan gasamijnavad, romelic ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul ganzrax-
vas. `specialuri ganzraxva~ gulisxmobs `mometebul Sinagan tendencias~.41
ruandis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunali `specialur ganzraxvas~ gan-
martavs, rogorc damnaSavis calsaxa swrafvas qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorciele-
bisaken. yofili iugoslaviis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunali warmoadgens
gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss. ielisiCis saqmeSi `specialuri ganzraxva~ ganmartebulia
danaSaulis diskriminaciuli zemoqmedebis mixedviT, anu `specialuri ganzraxva~ gu-

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lisxmobs, rom adamiani genocidis msxverpli xdeba genocidis SemadgenlobiT daculi
erT-erTi jgufisadmi misi kuTvnilebis gamo42.
Tu genocidis danaSaulis CadenaSi monawile pirs ar gaaCnia jgufis ganadgurebis
mizani, maSin igi daisjeba mxolod rogorc Tanamonawile.43 damxmaris sisxlissamarT-
lebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis sakmarisia imis codnac, rom danaSaulis amsrulebels
aqvs jgufis ganadgurebis mizani.44 rodesac sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas mizani
afuZnebs, aucilebelia, rom amsrulebeli moqmedebdes am miznis gansaxorcieleblad,
xolo, damxmares SeiZleba es mizani ar hqondes da ubralod acnobierebdes mas. am SemT-
xvevaSi, amsruleblis mizani gadmova damxmarezec da amsruleblis mier Cadenili umarT-
loba bralad Seeracxeba.45
genocidis danaSauli rom ganzraxvas gulisxmobs, amaze miuTiTebs sisxlis samarT-
lis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis 30-e muxlic, romlis Tanaxmadac, `Tu
sxvagvarad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, pirs ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgebloba da daisjeba sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisaTvis, mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu obieqturi mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT igi Cadenili iyo
ganzrax da Segnebulad.~
genocidisaTvis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli mTavari problema danaSaulis
amsruleblisaTvis jgufis ganadgurebis ganzraxvis damtkicebaSi mdgomareobs. aRniS-
nuli problemis gadasaWrelad sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebi materia-
lursamarTlebrivis nacvlad ufro metad procesualur gadawyvetas gvTavazoben,
romelic iyenebs iribi mtkicebulebis SesaZleblobas, romelSic daskvnebi gamomdina-
reobs gansazRvruli arapirdapiri samxilidan, obieqturi faqtorebidan, mowmeTa
Cvenebidan da a. S.46 akaiesus saqmeze iugoslaviis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso
tribunalis amosaval wertils warmoadgenda `garkveuli raodenobis savaraudo faq-
tebi~, rogoricaa, zogadad ganxorcielebul qmedebebs Soris kavSiri, sisastikis mocu-
loba, jgufis wevrTa mimarT garkveuli damamcirebeli gamonaTqvamebi da a.S. msgavsi
motiviT daeyrdno sasamarTlo palata ielisiCis saqmeze `faqtebisa da garemoebebis
garkveul raodenobas~ da ixelmZRvanela am jgufis winaaRmdeg Cadenili qmedebebiT,
Cadenili sisastikis moculobiT da a.S. kristiCis saqmeze palata eyrdnoba, rogorc
kulturuli, ise religiuri daniSnulebis qonebaze, aseve jgufis wevrTa saxlebze
Tavdasxmas, rogorc damnaSavis genocidis ganzraxvis damamtkicebel sabuTs. zogadad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela moqmedeba, romelic daculi jgufis mimarT aris mimarTuli
da xorcieldeba garkveul dros, garkveul teritoriaze _ srebrenicaSi 7 dReSi 7000-
8000 Tavdacvisunariani bosnieli muslimani mamakacis mkvleloba _ mniSvnelovani mtki-
cebulebaa ganadgurebis ganzraxvis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad.47
genocidis danaSaulis motivia erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri Seuwyna-
rebloba. genocidis danaSaulis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba efuZneba ara mxolod
msxverplTa raodenobas (Tumca, esec mniSvnelovania da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, danaSa-
ulis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis maRali xarisxis ganmsazRvreli swored es faqtori
xdeba), aramed danaSaulis mizansa da motivs. genocidis danaSauli gansakuTrebiT mZime
da saSiSi danaSaulia ara mxolod imitom, rom igi xelyofs garkveuli niSniT

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gaerTianebuli jgufis wevrTa sicocxles da janmrTelobas, aramed am xelyofis safuZ-

veli xdeba danaSaulis msxverplTa eTnikuri, erovnuli, rasobrivi, religiuri kuTv-
nileba. swored ama Tu im jgufisadmi kuTvnilebaa is mTavari faqtori, ris gamoc adami-
anTa garkveuli erToba iqceva genocidis msxverplad.
genocidis Semadgenloba zaTcgeris mixedviT, SeiZleba gamosaxul iqnes Semdegi
sqemiT:

calkeuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi

magaliTad, jgufis wevris mkvleloba

mizani
ganzraxva jgufis, rogorc mTliani
an nawilobrivi ganadgureba

winamdebare sqemis mixedviT, genocidis Semadgenloba gulisxmobs calkeul danaSa-

ulebriv qmedebaTa (jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba, janmrTelobis dazianeba, cxovrebis
mZime pirobebis Seqmna, bavSvis gadacema erTi jgufidan meore jgufisaTvis) mimarT
ganzraxvis, xolo jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi ganadgurebis mimarT miznis arse-
bobas.

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 SeniSvnebi:

1
ix.: m. turava, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, rogorc saerTa-
Soriso humanitaruli samarTlisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instrumenti,
statiaTa krebuli, `adamianis uflebaTa dacva erovnul da saerTaSoriso
samarTalSi~, 2002, gv. 208.
2
ix.: H. Satzger, Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 2008, S. 249.
3
ix.: z. wulaia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis gansakuTrebuli nawili, pirve-
li tomi, 1996, gv. 48.
4
ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, gv. 270; K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 190.
5
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 190.
6
ix.: n. TofuriZe, z. cagareiSvili, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali, Teoria
da praqtika, 2003, gv. 52.
7
ix.: iqve, gv. 50.
8
ix.: iqve, gv. 51.
9
ix.: g. xubua, umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis konstituciursamarTlebrivi
garantiebi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, 2005, #1, gv. 10.
10
ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, S. 273-274.
11
ix.: iqve, gv. 274.
12
ix.: l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis
komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, 2005, gv. 324-
325.
13
ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, S. 275.
14
ix.: iqve, gv . 275.
15
ix.: iqve, gv. 276.
16
ix.: H. Satzger, Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 2008, S. 251.
17
ix.: l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis
komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb. 2005, gv.
325.
18
ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, gv. 268.
19
ix.: iqve, gv. 269.
20
evropis zogierTi qveynis sisxlis samarTalSi ganuzraxveloba ar gamoiyeneba
im gagebiT, rasac igi gulisxmobs qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi, aramed mas
xmaroben iseTi ganzraxvis aRmniSvnel terminad, romelic ar aris determi-
nebuli mizniT.
21
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 196-197.
22
ix.: iqve, gv. 192.
23
ix.: Êîììåíòàðèé ê óãîëîâíîìó êîäåêñó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Ïîä.ðåä. Â.È. Ðàä÷åíêî,
À.Ñ. Ìèõëèíà, 2008, ñòð. 747.
24
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 192.
25
ix.: iqve, gv. 192.
26
ix.: iqve, gv. 193.
27
ix.: sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni 2, avt. koleqtivi, 2005, gv. 349-350.
28
ix: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 193-194.
29
ix: iqve, gv. 194.
30
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S.194.
31
ix.: s. kiknaZe, genocidi, 2007. gv. 32.
32
ix.: r. RliRvaSvili, genocidi, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis
Jurnali `almanaxi~, 1999, #12, ivnisi, gv. 66.
33
ix.: m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili, pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso danaSauli-
saTvis, 2003, gv. 60.
34
T. wereTels miuReblad miaCnia Sedeggare da Sedegiani Semadgenlobis aRmniS-
vnel terminebad `formaluri~ da `materialuri~ danaSaulis gamoyeneba: `es
terminebi ver gamoxataven saqmis arsebas, vinaidan yovel danaSauls aqvs ori
mxare _ materialuri (qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba) da formaluri
(qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba).~ ix.: T. wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis proble-
mebi, I tomi, TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti, Tb.,
2007, gv. 171.

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35
ix.: T. qoCoraZe, meTauris pasuxismgebloba Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sa-
marTalSi iugoslaviisa da ruandis tribunalebis statutebis mixedviT, sa-
qarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis Jurnali `almanaxi~, 2004, #19,
Tebervali, gv. 134.
36
ix.: Äåéñòâóþùåå ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ïðàâî, â òðåõ òîìàõ, òîì ïåðâûé, Ìîñêâà, 1996. ñòð. 750.
37
ix.: i. xerxeuliZe, genocidis danaSaulis Semadgenloba saerTaSoriso mate-
rialuri sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~,
2007, #2/3, gv. 222.
38
ix.: i. xerxeuliZe, iqve, gv. 222.
39
ix.: m. turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, merve gamocema,
2010, gv. 238.
40
aRniSnuli moTxovna gamomdinareobs rogorc romis wesdebis 29-e muxlis, ise
`samxedro danaSaulisa da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulisadmi
xandazmulobis vadis miuReblobis Sesaxeb~ 1968 wlis 26 noembris konvenciis
I muxlis teqstidan.
41
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S.198.
42
ix.: iqve, gv. 199.
43
ix.: A. Schönke, H. Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, Kommentar, 1978, S. 1476.
44
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 201.
45
ix.: o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, meore
Sevsebuli gamocema, Tb., 2008, gv. 193, 203; o. gamyreliZe, sisxlissamarTleb-
rivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli, Tb.,
1989, gv. 176; T. wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, I I tomi, Tb., 2007,
gv. 200.
46
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 200.
47
ix.: iqve. gv. 200.

148
CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE
AND ITS COMPOSITION

TEMUR TSKITISHVILI
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Assistant Professor,
PHD Student of the Law Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Despite the fact that Georgia has joined the “Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide” and Charter of the Inter-
national Criminal Court, there is no full compliance between the Criminal
Code of Georgia and the above-mentioned international law acts.
According to the Convention on Genocide, the groups envisaged in the
composition of the genocide are: national, ethnic, racial and religious groups,
in the Criminal Code of Georgia broadens the composition of the genocide
and includes other groups “applying different signs”. The group protected
through the genocide may be stable group and not the one that could be
easily broke up. For example, due to the fast change of political opinions
(orientation), person may become the member of other political group. The
purpose of genocide composition is to protect the group, the membership
of which is (less dependent) not dependent on the choice of the group’s
member.
According the Article 407 of the Criminal Code of Georgia, genocide
crime is an act committed in order to implement an agreed plan, i.e. accord-
ing to the working of the Article, person shall agree with another person (or
persons). According to this, genocide is the crime to be committed through
the mandatory co-participation, whereas according to the Convention, it is
possible to commit the genocide solely.
According to the Criminal Code of Georgia, Genocide may be expressed
through “forcibly transferring a child of the group to another group”. If the
Genocide is aimed at agreed plan to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,

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ethnic, racial, religious or other group, why should not we consider a genocide when forcible transfer of a child
from one national, racial or religious group to another? The definition given in the Article 407 of the Criminal
Code of Georgia contradicts with the definition given in the Convention.
Taking into consideration all above mentioned, it is recommended to word the Article 407 of the Criminal
Code as following:
“Genocide i.e. an act committed in order to implement an agreed plan to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial,
religious or other group united on any other grounds, involving killing member of the group, causing grave bodily harm, deliberately
inflicting on the group dire conditions of life, imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group or forcibly transferring a
child of the group to another group...”
One of the major problems of the genocide is the issue of liability of the Head. International Criminal Court
considers liability of the head for negligence on the genocide committed by his / her subordinated i.e. when the
head is not aware of the crime committed by the subordinate, however, had the opportunity to know.
Criminal Code of Georgia (Article 10.4 and note of the Article 413) does not envisage liability for the head’s
incautious negligence.
Criminal Code of Georgia envisages liability of the head for the genocide committed by the subordinate
through negligence if the mentioned crime was committed during the armed conflict (note of Article 413). How-
ever, genocide may be committed not only during the armed conflict, but during the peaceful time as well and it
should be punished in the same manner.
In order to avoid contradiction between the Rome Statute and Criminal Code of Georgia and to allow punish-
ment of the head for incautious negligence as well, it is recommended to introduce the new norm of the following
substance to the Criminal Code of Georgia
“A commander in chief or/and other leader of armed forces or its units participating in an armed conflict shall be held liable for
crimes stipulated by this chapter even in the case when the crime was committed by armed forces under his/her leadership or command,
which was a result of an omission from the side of the commander when he knew or should have known according to the given
circumstances that these forces committed or intended to commit the crime...”

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axali ambebi

saerTo sasamarTloebSi axali

mosamarTleebi dainiSnen

saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos 2010 wlis 6

agvistos gadawyvetilebiT, saerTo sasamarTlos sistemaSi
dainiSna iusticiis umaRlesi skolis kursdamTavrebuli,
4 axali mosamarTle:
besik bugianiSvili _ Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo;
maia gigauri _ rusTavis saqalaqo sasamarTlo;
Salva kakauriZe _ baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo;
Tamar oniani _ Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo.
axladdaniSnulma mosamarTleebma saqarTvelos iusti-
ciis sabWos winaSe mosamarTlis fici dades. ficis dadebis
sazeimo RonisZieba saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi ga-
imarTa, romelsac saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sab-
Wos wevrebi eswrebodnen. mosamarTleebi uflebamosile-
bis ganxorcielebas ukve Seudgnen.

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iusticiis umaRlesma skolam

msmenelTa axali nakadi miiRo

iusticiis umaRlesma skolam 6 axali msmeneli miiRo,

romlebic samosamarTlo swavlebis 14-Tvian kurss gaivlian.
tradiciulad, msmenelebs saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos Tavmjdomare konstantine kublaSvili Sexvda,
romelmac isaubra mosamarTlis profesiis mniSvnelobis,
funqciisa da pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.
msmenelebi Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi gaecnen sa-
samarTlos muSaobis specifikas, rac samomavlod, xels Se-
uwyobs maT mier Teoriuli masalis aRqmasa da savaldebu-
lo staJirebis warmatebiT gavlas.
msmenelebi siRrmiseulad Seiswavlian samarTlis yvela
dargs, aseve, qarTuli samarTlebrivi sivrcisaTvis axal
instituts _ nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos.
samarTlis TiToeuli disciplinis detaluri Seswavlis
Semdeg, saseminaro muSaobis farglebSi gaimarTeba msje-
loba, romelic swavlebis mesame etaps warmoadgens, sadac
msmenelebi warmoadgenen TavianT mosazrebebs sakanonmdeb-
lo sakiTxebze. aseve, msmenelebi SeTavazebuli kazusebis
mixedviT warmoadgenen Teoriul da praqtikul gadawyve-
tilebebs.

152
 garda amisa, msmenelebi gaecnobian mosamarTlis eTikasa
da profesiuli qcevis standartebs, sasamarTlo darba-
zisa da sxdomis marTvis safuZvlebs.
Teoriuli kursis ganmavlobaSi ganxiluli iqneba sasa-
marTlosa da politikis urTierTgamijvnis sakiTxebi, sa-
samarTlosa da mediis urTierTobebi, spikeri mosamarT-
lis instituti da sasamarTlos imiji sazogadoebaSi.
swavlebis ganmavlobaSi gaimarTeba samarTlebriv Te-
matikasTan dakavSirebuli filmebis Cveneba da analizi.
msmenelebi moismenen saleqcio kurss sasamarTlo me-
nejmentis, mosamarTleTa saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
formebis Sesaxeb, aseve, sasamarTlo procesTan dakavSi-
rebul pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis aspeqtebze _ rogor
unda moaxdinos mosamarTlem jansaRi fsiqologiuri ga-
remos SenarCuneba sasamarTlo procesze.
yuradReba gamaxvildeba aranakleb mniSvnelovan unar-
Cvevebze, rogoricaa mosamarTlis gamarTuli metyveleba,
dokumentebis gamarTuli eniT wera. agreTve, ganxiluli
iqneba kompiuterisa da sxva sainformacio teqnologiebis
gamoyenebis sakiTxebi.
msmenelebi gaivlian ucxo enis intensiuri swavlebis
kurss.
iusticiis umaRles skolaSi saleqcio kurss kiTxulo-
ben rogorc mosamarTleebi, aseve TiToeuli dargis gamo-
Cenili da wamyvani specialistebi.

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saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia

JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 92 34 90

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo

THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 99 70 01

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