Demokratiuli Tendenciebi PDF

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis instituti


programa `logosi~
publikaciebi da RonisZiebebi klasikuri filologiis,
bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis sferoSi
logosi
Tbilisi 2012
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qeTevan gardafxaZe, levan gordeziani,
Tea dulariZe, Tamar TarxniSvili,
qeTevan nadareiSvili, manana fxakaZe
demokratiuli tendenciebi:
antikuri samyaro da saqarTvelo
(enciklopediuri cnobari)
redaqtori qeTevan abesaZe
Tbilisi 2012
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proeqti ganxorcielebulia fondi `Ria sazogadoeba-saqarTvelos~
finansuri mxardaWeriT
The Democratic Tendencies: Ancient World and Georgia

(Encyclopedy)
mxatvari: guga kotetiSvili
ydis kompiuteruli damuSaveba: aleqsandre jiquriZe
dakabadoneba: irine stroganova
poligrafiuli uzrunvelyofa: goCa kevliSvili, daviT mujiri
ISBN 978-9941-437-39-7
© sagamomcemlo programa `logosi~, 2012

© qeTevan gardafxaZe
© levan gordeziani
© Tea dulariZe
© Tamar TarxniSvili
© qeTevan nadareiSvili
© manana fxakaZe
programa `logosi~
ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 13, Tbilisi 0179
tel. 225-02-58, faqsi 222-11-81
el. fosta: logos@greekstudies-tsu.ge
garekanze: peiTo da erosi, pompeis freska, ax. w. I s., neapolis arqeologiuri muzeumi
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sarCevi
winasityvaoba............................................................................................................7
Sesavali.........................................................................................................................9
1. sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo mowyoba...............................15
1.1. wodebrivi da Tanamdebobrivi diferenciacia....................19

1.2. marTvis koleqtiuri organoebi.......................................................21
2. ekonomika / ekonomikuri struqturebi

da instituciebi................................................................................................32
3. kanonmdebloba, kanonSemoqmedeba
da samarTalwarmoeba............................................................................... 47
4. qali da ojaxi.................................................................................................65
5. demokratiuli reformebi da reformatorebi................ 80
enciklopediuri cnobari............................................................................ 92
ilustraciebi................................................................................................................336
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winasityvaoba
oc weliwadze metia saqarTvelo cdilobs demokratiis gzaze siaruls. am gzaze gvqonda

warumateblobebic da miRwevebic. warmatebad namdvilad ver CaiTvleba gadatrialebebi
da revoluciebi, sazogadoebis gauTavebeli swrafva beladisa Tu `keTili mefisken~, ro-
melic `mama da marCenali~ unda iyos da sazogadoebis keTildReoba martom uzrunvelyos,
lideris garemocvis mudmivi mcdeloba aRadginos sabWoTa droidan kargad nacnobi erT-
partiuli mmarTveloba. samagierod TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda saxelmwifo Tu sazoga-
doebrivi instituciebi da, rac mTavaria, erTxel mainc moxerxda xelisuflebis Secvla
arCevnebis gziT, ramac sagrZnoblad dagvaaxlova civilizebul samyaros. magram demokra-
tia stabiluri da Seuqcevadi procesi rom iyos, igi ar unda efuZnebodes wamxedurobas an
mmarTvelis keTil nebas da moqalaqeTa cxovrebis wesad unda iqces. amisaTvis warmate-
buli praqtikuli gamocdilebis gverdiT saWiroa samoqalaqo ganaTleba. samoqalaqo ga-
naTleba, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs ufro meti saxelmZRvanelo literaturis Seqmnas, kla-
sikuri Tu Tanamedrove naSromebis Targmnas, romlebic demokratiuli sazogadoebis ide-
aTa gavrcelebas Seuwyobs xels. bunebrivia, am tipis literaturis gaazreba SeuZlebelia
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis safuZvlebis, misi fundamenturi principebisa Tu instituc-
iebis Seswavlis gareSe. meore mxriv, nebismier sociumSi Ria sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa
damkvidrebisa da gavrcelebisaTvis aucilebelia imis codna, Tu ramdenad mzadaa sazoga-
doeba am ideaTa SesaTviseblad.
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, samoqalaqo ganaTlebis xelSewyobis pro-
cesi saqarTveloSi gulisxmobs rogorc klasikuri demokratiuli modelebis, misi insti-
tutebisa Tu principebis popularizacias sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi, aseve imis kvleva-
sa da analizs, Tu romeli demokratiuli institutebi, modelebi, Rirebulebebi gvxvdeba
saqarTvelos politikur da socialur struqturebSi, qarTul samarTalwarmoebaSi, qar-
Tul adaTebSi, rogoria am institutebis demokratiulobis xarisxi, ramdenad organulia
isini qarTuli mentalobisaTvis.
Tanamedrove civilizebuli samyaros safuZvelTan, antikur demokratiasTan dakav-
Sirebuli problemebi kargadaa Seswavlili rogorc specialur, ise samecniero-popu-
larul literaturaSi. Tumca mecnierTa interesi ZiriTadad aTenuri demokratiis Ses-
wavlisken aris mimarTuli. farTo publikisaTvis SedarebiT naklebadaa cnobili is gza,
romelic berZnulma sazogadoebam gaiara demokratiis klasikur mwvervalebamde, aseve,
Zv. w. V-IV ss-is aTenis mezobelTa sazogadoebrivi wyoba, anu is istoriuli konteqsti,
romelSic klasikuri aTeni imyofeboda. amis mizezi, nawilobriv, isaa, rom Tavad berZnebi
`demokratias~ mxolod xalxis pirdapir mmarTvelobas, e. i. aTenur models uwodebdnen.
rac Seexeba qarTul realobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul eTnografiaSi, folklor-
Si, istoriografiaSi safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili qarTuli mTisa Tu baris socialuri in-
stitutebi, saxelmwifo struqturebi, samarTlis warmoebis wesebi, CveulebiTi samarTlis
normebi (iv. javaxiSvili. v. bardaveliZe. m. kekelia, i. doliZe, g. nadareiSvili, r. xaraZe,
g. gasviani. s. makalaTia, T. oCiauri, m. kandelaki, b. niJaraZe da sxv.), dRemde es masala
araa kompleqsurad Seswavlili masSi demokratiuli elementebisa Tu tendenciebis Ziebis
TvalsazrisiT. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan sabWoTa kavSiris ideologiuri wnexis piro-
bebSi winaswar iyo gansazRvruli, rom mTaSi pirvelyofil–Temuri wyobis gadmonaSTebi
unda mogveZia, barSi ki garkveuli momentidan – feodaluri urTierTobebi. `ganviTare-
buli monaTmflobeluri demokratiis~ elementebis Zieba ùfrosi Zmisadmi~ upativcemu-
lobad CagveTvleboda – Tu rusebs ar hqondaT sakuTari antikuroba, Cven ratomRa unda
gvqonoda? cxadia, rom Cven arc gvqonia Cveni aTeni Tu romi, magram erTi SexedviTac ki
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sakmaod sayuradRebo msgavsebebia zogadad antikur samyarosa da qarTul masalas Soris.
am msgavseba-gansxvavebaTa SedarebiT neitralurad, obieqturad warmoCenis saSualebad
miviCnieT enciklopediuri cnobaris formati.
amasTanave, gansakuTrebiT unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba imaze, rom dRemde ar arse-
bobs arc qarTul da, sxvaTa Soris, arc evropul enebze enciklopediuri cnobari, ro-
melic dainteresebuli sazogadoebis farTo fenebs gaacnobda Tundac mxolod antikuri
samyaros demokratiul institutebsa da principebs. arada, aseTi tipis enciklopediuri
cnobaris Seqmna erTob saSuri saqmea rogorc warsulis sworad Sesafaseblad, aseve,
garkveulwilad, dRevandeli problemebis gadasaWreladac.
proeqtis farglebSi gamosacemad momzadda enciklopediuri cnobari, romelic moicavs
demokratiis Casaxva – ganviTareba – funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebul mravalricxovan
cnebas, instituts, termins (antikur samyarosa da saqarTveloSi). qarTuli sazogadoebri-
vi cxovrebis demokratiuli elementebis ganxilva berZnul-romauli analogebis fonze
dagvexmareba rogorc calkeuli instituciebis, aseve zogadad qarTul sazogadoebaSi
demokratiuli tendenciebis gansazRvraSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, demokratiis mSeneblobis
saqmeSi praqtikuli mniSvneloba eqneba.
enciklopediuri cnobari, Tavisi formatisa da struqturidan gamomdinare, mkiTxvelTa
farTo fenisaTvisaa gankuTvnili. avtorebs imedi aqvT, rom is SeiZleba gamodges agreTve
damxmare saxelmZRvanelod sxvadasxva humanitaruli Tu sazogadoebrivi dargebis Sem-
swavlelTaTvis.
cnobaris ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens saenciklopedio statiebi, romlebic eZRvneba
socialur fenebs, Tanamdebobebebs, sazogadoebriv da politikur instituciebs, istoriul
figurebs, romlebsac garkveuli Sexeba aqvT sazogadoebriv mowyobasTan, socialur urT-
ierTobebTan, demokratiul tendenciebTan da maT ganviTarebasTan. amas win uZRvis Ses-
avali da ganmazogadebeli statiebi, romlebSic Sedarebulia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani sfero antikur saberZneTSi, romSi da saqarTveloSi. cxadia, es Sedar-
ebiTi analizi ar Seicavs Sorsmimaval daskvnebs, miT ufro, konkretul rekomendaciebs
politikosebisaTvis. Cven vifarglebiT informaciiT, romelsac, garkveuli formiT dal-
agebuls, warvudgenT sazogadoebas gansjisaTvis.
berZnuli da laTinuri terminebi umTavresad mocemulia saxelobiTi brunvis formiT.
calkeul SemTxvevebSi xarks vuxdiT tradicias (mag., arqoni/arqonti). berZnuli termi-
nebi gadmocemulia erazmuli wakiTxviT, laTinuri terminebisTvis viyenebT tradiciul
formebs SeTvisebuls Suasaukuneebis laTinuridan.
samuSao avtorebs Soris amgvarad gadanawilda:
saenciklopedio statiebi: saberZneTi – qeTevan nadareiSvili; romi – manana fxakaZe da
qeTevan gardafxaZe; saqarTvelo – Tamar TarxniSvili da Tea dulariZe.
ganmazogadebeli statiebi: sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo mowyoba – Tamar TarxniS-
vili da levan gordeziani; ekonomika – Tea dulariZe; kanonmdebloba, kanonSemoqmedeba
da samarTalwarmoeba – qeTevan gardafxaZe; qali da ojaxi – qeTevan nadareiSvili; de-
mokratiuli reformebi da reformatorebi – manana fxakaZe; Sesavali – levan gordeziani.
avtorebi did madlobas uxdian kolegebs: qeTevan abesaZes, gia gelaSvils, rismag gor-
deziansa da gia JorJolians ideis mxardaWerisa da sayuradRebo SeniSvnebisaTvis, agreTve
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis klasikuri filolo-
giis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis institutsa da sagamomcemlo programa `logoss~
proeqtis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis da, gansakuTrebiT, fonds `Ria sazogadoeba –
saqarTvelo~ proeqtis dafinansebisaTvis.
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Sesavali
demokratia, rogorc cnobilia, berZnuli sityvaa da `xalxis mmarTvelobas~ niSnavs.

dRes civilizebul samyaroSi igi miCneulia saxelmwifosa Tu sazogadoebis marTvis op-
timalur formad da qveynebis umravlesoba, damoukideblad imisagan, rogor aRiqvams
mas danarCeni samyaro, Tavs demokratiuls uwodebs. maT ricxvSia amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebic, romelic bevrisaTvis Tanamedrove demokratiis etalonia, sxvebisaTvis ki –
msoflio batonobaze pretenziis mqone imperia, agreTve koreis saxalxo demokratiuli
respublika, romelic Tavs aseve demokratiis mwvervalad miiCnevs, msoflioSi ki yvelaze
mZime diqtatorul reJimadaa aRiarebuli. demokratiis sakmaod Taviseburi forma iyo
sabWoTa kavSirSi da mis satelit qveynebSi, rac garkveuli TvalsazrisiT ganapirobebs
xalxis ganwyobilebebsa da saxelmwifo mowyobas postsabWoTa sivrceSi.
demokratiis esoden gansxvavebuli gageba damokidebulia, erTi mxriv, politikur
miswrafebebsa da gemovnebaze – yvelas unda saukeTeso iyos da sakuTari modeli Tu
gulwrfelad ar moswons, mis gamarTlebas mainc cdilobs. meore mxriv, Tavad terminis
definicia iZleva aseT saSualebas. saerTod, is terminebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac, erTi
SexedviT, TavisTavad cxadia, Znelad eqvemdebarebian zust gansazRvras. f. nicSes sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT, ganmartebadi mxolod is aris, rasac istoria ara aqvs. marTlac, sazoga-
doebrivi cxovrebis amsaxveli ZiriTadi cnebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad
icvlebodnen da, miuxedavad imisa, rom met-naklebad inarCunebdnen pozicias semantikuri
velis farglebSi, maTi konkretuli gamovlinebebi erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavdebian.
gansakuTrebiT Znelia am cnebebis mniSvnelobis zusti sazRvrebis dadgena.
berZnebi yoveldRiuri, operatiuli gadawyvetilebebis mimRebis vinaobisa Tu rao-
bis mixedviT ganasxvavebdnen mmarTvelobis formebs: monarqia, tirania, aristokratia,
timokratia, oligarqia, demokratia. aRsaniSnavia, rom berZnebis saxelmwifoebrivi mo
wyobis ZiriTadi forma – polisi, pirvel rigSi, Tavisufali adamianebis gaerTianeba iyo
da am erTobaSi umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebi xalxis mier miiReboda (rogorc wesi,
saxalxo krebaze). berZnebs es faqti kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli da isini mijnavdnen
elinebs, civilizebul xalxs, romelic bunebrivi sazogadoebriv-politikuri mowyobis pi-
robebSi anu polisebad cxovrobs, barbarosebisagan, romelTa cxovrebis wesic gansxvave-
bulia.
demokratiis dRevandeli gagebidan gamomdinare, Cven SegviZlia yvela polisi arsebi-
Tad demokratiulad ganvixiloT.
magram Tavad berZnebi demokratias uwodebdnen mxolod xalxis uSualo mmarTvelobas,
romelic aTensa da mis mokavSire zogierT polisSi ganxorcielda. aTenSi mmarTvelobis
es forma daaxloebiT saukune-naxevars funqcionirebda met-naklebad warmatebiT, sxvagan
ki kidev ufro mokle xnis manZilze.
demokratiis ganvrcobil da pozitiur daxasiaTebas gvTavazobs Tukidide, romelic am
sityvebs perikles aTqmevinebs omSi daRupul gmirTa dakrZalvaze (2. 37-41):
`Cveni saxelmwifo ucxo nimuSis mixedviT ar mogviwyvia. piriqiT, umal Cven varT sxvi
sTvis samagaliTo. da radgan Cven qveyanas marTavs ara adamianTa mcire jgufi, aramed
xalxis umetesoba, am wyobas demokratia hqvia. kerZo saqmeebSi yvela Tanasworia kanon-
is winaSe. xolo rac saxelmwifo saqmes Seexeba, sapatio Tanamdebobebze virCevT gamor-
CeulT, ara romelime wodebisadmi kuTvnilebis mixedviT, aramed piradi Rirsebebis gamo.
Tu kacs qveynis samsaxuri SeuZlia, mas amaSi xels ver SeuSlis siRaribe, mdabio warmoSoba
an dabali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba. Cven Tavisuflad vcxovrobT da yoveldRiuroba-
Si mezobelsac ar vawuxebT zedmeti eWviTa da Wkuis darigebiT. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
vicavT kanonebs, maTi pativiscemis gamo, vemorCilebiT xelisuflebasa da kanons, gansa-
kuTrebiT CagrulTa dasacavad dadgenils da dauwerel wesebs, romelTa darRvevac saT-
akilod iTvleba.
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Cven gasarTobi gvaqvs, raTa kacma Sromisa da sadardelisgan daisvenos, vawyobT
TamaSebsa da dResaswaulebs, xolo ojaxuri siTbo aqarvebs yoveldRiur sazrunavs. Cveni
qveynis bazarze mTeli msofliodan moedineba yvelaferi, rac gvWirdeba da ucxo nawarmiT
iseve Tavisuflad vsargeblobT, rogorc sakuTariT.
samxedro saqmeSic mowinaaRmdegisagan gansxvavebuli wesebi gvaqvs. Cven yvelas vuSvebT
Cvens qveyanaSi da ar vuSliT ucxoelebs mis gacnobas imis SiSiT, rom Cvens saidumlos
gaigeben. Cven xom ZiriTadad sakuTar simamaces veyrdnobiT da ara samxedro eSmakobebs.
Cveni mowinaaRmdege Tavisi aRzrdis sistemiT cdilobs bavSvobidan mkacri discipliniT
gamoumuSavos ymawvils vaJkacoba, Cven ki Tavisuflad vcxovrobT, amgvari simkacris ga-
reSe da mainc mxned vebrZviT Tanaswor metoqes. ai dasturic: lakedemonelebi marto ki
ar iWrebian Cven miwaze, aramed mokavSireebTan erTad, Cven ki martoni vesxmiT Tavs maT
mezoblebs da iolad vZlevT maT, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini sakuTari qonebis dasacavad
ibrZvian. mteri jer ar Sexvedria mTel Cvens samxedro Zalas, radgan Cven erTdroulad
gviwevs xomaldebis aRWurvac da xmeleTzedac sxvadasxva adgilas razmebis gagzavna. erT
razmTan SetakebaSi Tu miaRweven warmatebas, Tavi ise moaqvT, TiTqos aTenelTa gaer-
Tianebul laSqars sZlies, marcxis SemTxvevaSic irwmunebian, rom mTel Cven ZalebTan
damarcxdnen. Cveni upiratesoba imaSia, rom xifaTs ar gavurbivarT ara mZime varjiSis
Cvevisa da kanonis moTxovnaTa gamo, aramed sicocxlis xalisisa da Tandayolili simama-
cis gamo. Cven ar gvadardebs momavali safrTxe, rTul mdgomareobaSi ki aranakleb vaJka-
cobas viCenT, vidre is, vinc mZime SromiT mudmivad amisTvis emzadeba. sxvaTa Soris, Cveni
qveyana amiTac iwvevs gaocebas.
mSvenierebas veswrafviT mflangvelobis gareSe da Cveni gataceba mecnierebiT ar vnebs
sulier Zalas. simdidres imitom vafasebT, rom misi gonivrulad gamoyeneba SeiZleba.
siRaribe ar aris CvenTan samarcxvino, magram saTakiloa, Tu kaci ar cdilobs Tavisi
SromiT daZlios igi. Cveni xalxi kerZo da sazogado saqmiT erTdroulad aris dakave-
buli. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela sakuTar saqmeSia gawafuli, TiToeuli moqalaqe kar-
gad erkveva politikaSi. radgan mxolod Cven miviCnevT sazogadoebriv saqmeTagan Sors
mdgom kacs ara saimedo moqalaqed, aramed usargeblo uqnarad. Cven ar vfiqrobT, rom
sazogado saqmes avnebs sajaro ganxilva. piriqiT, arasworad migvaCnia mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebebis moumzadeblad, gansjis gareSe miReba. miuxedavad imisa, rom mamacni
varT, Cven jer kargad davgegmavT da Semdeg CavigdebT Tavs safrTxeSi, sxvebSi ki ume-
cari SezRudulobaa gambedaobis mizezi, xolo saRi gansja – gadauwyvetelobis. namdvil
vaJkacad mxolod is SeiZleba miviCnioT, vinc mwarec icis da tkbilic da swored amis gamo
ar gaurbis xifaTs. gulkeTiloba Cven gansxvavebulad gvesmis, vidre adamianebis umrav-
les nawils: megobrebs viZenT ara imis mixedviT, rasac viRebT maTgan, aramed imiT, Tu
ra megobrobas viCenT maT mimarT. ufro sando megobari swored is aris, vinc samsaxurs
uwevs meores da damsaxurebul madlierebas amagrebs Semdgomi samsaxuriT. nakleb san-
doa kaci, romelic keTil saqmes valdebulebis gamo akeTebs da ara wrfeli guliT. Cven
erTaderTi varT, vinc sxvas uangarod exmareba.
mokled, me vamtkiceb, rom Cveni qveyana sanimuSoa mTeli eladisaTvis da TiToeul Cven-
gans SeuZlia kargad warmoaCinos Tavi sruliad gansxvavebul viTarebaSi. Cemi sityvebis
simarTles adasturebs Cveni qveynis Zlevamosileba, romelsac swored Cveni wyobis meSve-
obiT mivaRwieT. Tanamedrove qveynebidan mxolod Cveni aris sinamdvileSi imaze Zlieri,
ra saxelic mas aqvs. mxolod mis mters ar Sercxveba misgan marcxi, xolo misi qveSevrdomi
ver daiCivlebs mmarTvelTa araraobas. Cven didi saqmeebiT davadastureT Tanamedrove-
Ta da STamomavlobis gasaocrad Cveni qveynis Zlevamosileba. Cven gansadideblad ar
gvWirdeba homerosi. Cvenma simamacem gadagviSala zRvac da xmeleTic da yvelgan samudamo
Zegli dagvidga. swored aseTi qveynisaTvis dades Tavi am meomrebma da cocxlad darCe-
nilebic yvelani sixaruliT SevewirebiT mas.~
aq demokratia Zalze mimzidveladaa warmodgenili da, cxadia, misi funqcionirebis de-
talebi araa CamoTvlili. magram aSkaraa mTavari: qveyanas marTavs xalxi da es xalxi
aris ara usaxuri masa, aramed Tavisufal individTa erToblioba.
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Tavad am striqonebis avtori Tukididec, agreTve platoni, aristotele da sxva moaz-
rovneebi, vinc optimalur saxelmwifo mowyobaze dafiqrebula, ar iyvnen aRtacebuli aTe
nuri usazRvro demokratiiT. mTeli xalxis monawileoba saerTo saqmeebis gadawyvetaSi
seriozul problemebs qmnida eqstremalur situaciebSi, ramac gansakuTrebiT pelopone-
sis omis dros iCina Tavi. SeiZleba gavixsenoT saxalxo krebis ori urTierTgamomricxve
li gadawyvetileba mitilenes moqalaqeTa dasjis Sesaxeb, rodesac mxolod iRbalma Seu-
narCuna sicocxle mTeli qalaqis mosaxleobas, an alkibiadesisa da demokratiuli insti-
tutebis rTuli urTierTobebi, romlebmac aTens Zlier avno am omis meore etapze.
ukve Zv. w. V s-is miwuruls berZnebSi momwifda idea, rom saxelmwifos marTvaSi Seza-
vebuli unda iyos demokratiuli (saerTo saxalxo), oligarqiuli (elitis mcire jgufisa)
da erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis elementebi. berZnuli polisebis samyaroSi am ideis re-
alizaciasTan yvelaze axlos, albaT, sparta mivida. magram, gamomdinare spartis Tavise-
buri saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi mowyobidan da saukuneebis manZilze ucvleli mkacri
kanonmdeblobidan, is am tipis magaliTad, rogorc wesi, ar moixsenieba. berZen moazrov-
neTa Soris sparta miCneuli iyo oligarqiul polisad, radgan qveynis operatiuli mar-
Tva uxucesTa sabWosa da eforebis xelSi iyo.
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formis elementebis qmediTi Serwyma damaxasiaTebelia ro-
mis respublikisaTvis. laSqris saerTo kreba (agreTve komiciebis, centuriebisa Tu tri-
bebis krebebi) romSi xalxis mmarTvelobis meqanizmi iyo, senati warCinebulTa jgufuri
organo, xolo magistratebi, pirvel rigSi, konsulebi erTpirovnul operatiul marTvas
axorcielebdnen. romSi vxedavT agreTve xelisuflebis danawilebas Stoebad – sakanon-
mdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo. ideis saxiT es warmodgenilia ukve polibiosTan,
rac atacebul da daxvewil iqna ganmanaTleblebisa (pirvel rigSi, monteskie) da amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebeli mamebis mier.
berZnuli polisi ase Sors ar wasula, pirvel yovlisa, misi zomis – mosaxleobis ra-
odenobisa Tu teritoriis gamo. yvelaze didi polisebic ki mxolod ramdenime aTeuli
aTasi moqalaqisagan Sedgeboda. bevri maTganis moqalaqeTa ricxvi aTassac ki ar aRw-
evda. aseTi raodenobis xalxis Sekreba SesaZlebeli iyo Tundac yoveldRiurad, maT ar
gauWirdebodaT arc sakuTari saxlidan centralur moednamde misvla. moqalaqeTa mcire
ricxvisa da xSiri Sexvedrebis pirobebSi arc funqciaTa mkafio gadanawileba an ama Tu im
funqciis aRsasruleblad specialuri momzadeba iyo saWiro.
did saxelmwifoSi viTareba radikalurad icvleba. aq pirdapiri demokratia – yvelas
monawileoba yvela problemis gadawyvetaSi ubralod SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, Cndeba
funqciaTa mkafio danawileba, funqciis matarebels sWirdeba specialuri codna da mas ga-
moarCevs specialuri garegnuli niSnebi – Cacmuloba, amalis Semadgenloba da aRWurvi-
loba da sxva. paralelurad Cndeba koleqtiur gadawyvetilebaTa fragmentaciis praqtika.
mcire jgufis Sekrebaze ganixileboda sakiTxi da irCeodnen warmomadgenelebi, romle-
bic saerTo Sekrebaze gamoxatavdnen Tavisi jgufis interesebs da icavdnen mis pozicias.
am procesebs SeiZleba gavadevnoT Tvali romSi da es niSnebi damaxasiaTebelia dRevan-
deli civilizebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis. romauli praqtikidan SeiZleba gavixsenoT
magistratebisa da senatorebis Cacmuloba, mosasxamis feri, maTi Tanmxlebi pirebis, mag-
aliTad, liqtorebis raodenoba da uniforma, kuriebis, centuriebis Tu tribebis krebebi,
Tundac imperatorTa arCeva jaris mier. dRevandelobaSic vxedavT uniformasa da sax-
elmwifo simbolikis gamoyenebas, saxelmwifo dacvasa da ganmasxvavebel niSnebs satrans-
porto saSualebebze. gansakuTrebiT daixvewa da yovlismomcveli gaxda sxvadasxva donis
arCeviTi kolegiebi, soflis TviTmmarTvelobiT dawyebuli da qveynis parlamentiT das-
rulebuli. arqaul warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasTan gansakuTrebul msgavsebas avlens
amerikuli saprezidento arCevnebis sistema. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebiT aTenuri `pirdapi-
ri demokratiisagan~, dRevandel demokratias, romelic ufro romaulidan iRebs saTaves,
`warmomadgenlobiTi~ SeiZleba vuwodoT.
ramdenad koreqtulia qarTuli masalis, faqtobrivad, qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos
Sedareba aTenis demokratiasa da romis respublikasTan demokratiulobis TvalsazrisiT?
11
erTi SexedviT, es Zalze ucnauri ideaa da amis dasturad isic kmara, rom amgvari Se-
darebis survili adre arc gaCenila.
magram dRes, rodesac Cvenma qveyanam mtkiced gadawyvita daadges demokratiuli ganvi-
Tarebis gzas, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Zalze aqtualuri xdeba Cveni sazogadoebis, misi war-
sulis Seswavla im kuTxiT, rom aRmovaCinoT mimarTebebi demokratiasTan, mis calkeul
elementebTan Tu tendenciebTan. am interesidan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, Sevada-
roT qarTuli masala msoflio demokratiis mwvervalebs Soreul warsulsa Tu dRevand-
elobaSi, sworeba xom maTze unda moxdes. magram isic sruliad bunebrivia, rom demokra-
tia maqsimalurad farTo gagebiT unda iqnas ganxiluli, raTa es Sedareba Sedegiani iyos.
dRes SedarebiT farTodaa miRebuli maqs veberis gansazRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
saxelmwifo aris iZulebiTi politikuri gaerTianeba centralizebuli mmarTvelobiT,
romelsac aqvs Zalis gamoyenebis monopoliuri ufleba garkveul teritoriaze. amavdrou-
lad, jer kidev aristotelesa da Semdgom ganmanaTlebelTa naSromebSi vxvdebiT azrs,
rom saxelmwifo aris/unda iyos àdamianTa mier saerTo sikeTisaTvis Seqmnili erToba~.
marTlac, erTi mxriv, nebismieri, ragind demokratiuli saxelmwifo mimarTavs legalur
Zaladobas Tavis calkeul wevrze, meore mxriv ki, nebismieri, Tundac uaRresad despoturi
saxelmwifo ver iqneba mdgradi, Tu mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili ver axerxebs masSi
sakuTari interesis garkveulwilad dacva-dakmayofilebas da ver egueba mas. Sesabamisad,
dawerili Tu dauwereli `socialuri kontraqti~ raRac doziT gulisxmobs demokratias –
Tu xalxis mmarTvelobas ara, mmarTvelobas xalxis Tundac Cumi TanxmobiT mainc.
Cvens gamokvlevaSi, cxadia, ar wavalT ise Sors, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo met-nak-
lebad demokratiulad gamovacxadoT. es, sxva Tu araferi, azrs daukargavda Catarebul
samuSaos. Cveni mizandasaxulebidan gamomdinare, Cven vixrebiT iqiT, rom davadginoT
garkveuli, maqsimalurad farTo farglebi, romlebSic sazogadoebas demokratiuli ewo-
deba, anu romelsac marTavs xalxi – Tavisufal adamianTagan Semdgari erToba.
demokratiuli institutebisa da tendenciebis gamosavlenad ganvixilavT rogorc xalx-
is mmarTvelobas, xalxis mier arCeul moxeleebsa da koleqtiur/warmomadgenlobiT or-
ganoebs, aseve im meqanizmebsa da organoebs, romlebic xalxis interesebis dadgenisa da
dacvisken iyvnen mimarTulni. saboloo jamSi demokratiul, saxalxo saxelmwifod unda
CaiTvalos xalxis interesebSi moqmedi, samarTliani saxelmwifo, damoukideblad imisa-
gan, ra konkretuli institutebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba xalxis monawileoba qveynis
marTvaSi.
Tu sakiTxs ase SevxedavT, qarTuli da antikuri masalis Sedarebas ara marto azri aqvs,
aramed am Sedarebis sakmaod saintereso Sedegebic ikveTeba.
saxelmwifo mowyobis doneze msgavsebebi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT adreul polisebsa da qa-
rTul Tems Soris, romelic SeiZleba aRvadginoT antikuri wyaroebisa Tu qarTuli eTno-
grafiuli masalis mixedviT. saxalxo krebis, arCeuli moxeleebisa Tu saTaTbiro-sabWoebis
funqciebi aTenSi, romSi da qarTul mTaSi TiTqmis identuria. garkveuli etapidan antikur
centrebSi ixveweba procedurebi da rTuldeba mmarTvelobiTi struqturebi, samoxeleo
aparati. aTenSi texils solonis reformebi warmoadgens, romSi analogiuri cvlilebebi
servius tuliuss miewereba, Tumca, realurad, amaze gviani respublikis droidan SegviZlia
saubari. magram, saxalxo mmarTveloba principulad imave sqemiT xorcieldeba.
qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifo nawilobriv inarCunebs mTiani regionebis Tu qa-
laqebis TviTmmarTvelobas, mis calkeul elementebs, rac adgilobriv tradiciasac Sei-
Zleba efuZnebodes da berZnul-romaul-bizantiur gavlenasac.
samoxeleo aparati yvelaze ganviTarebuli saxiT, cxadia, romSia warmodgenili. es exe-
ba rogorc moxeleTa raodenobas, maT nairsaxeobebs, aseve maTi funqciebis zust gaweras,
maT qmedebaTa daxvewil reglamentacias. romael moxeleTa Soris warmodgenili arian
sxvadasxva donis arCeviTi da daniSvniTi Tanamdebobis pirebi. berZnuli polisebis sa-
myaroSi Warboben arCeviTi moxeleebi, xolo daniSnuli Tanamdebobis piri, rogorc wesi,
meorexarisxovan rols asrulebda da xSirad misi SerCeva xdeboda aramoqalaqeTa wri-
12
dan. qarTul sinamdvileSi, feodalur samefoSic ki, vxvdebiT rogorc daniSvniT, aseve
arCeviT Tanamdebobis pirebs. am ukanasknelT antikuri samyaros arCeviTi magistratebis-
agan ganasxvavebs vada, ufro sworad, Tanamdebobaze yofnis vadis reglamentaciis ararse-
boba.
Zalze sainteresoa msgavsebebi socialuri fenebis doneze, pirvel rigSi, maTi saxel-
debis principi. erTi SexedviT, antikur samyaroSi adamianTa ZiriTadi dayofa, Zveli aR-
mosavleTis msgavsad, iyo Tavisufalsa da araTavisufals Soris. magram Tavisufali ada-
mianebi, miuxedavad erTgvari Tanasworobisa politikuri uflebebis TvalsazrisiT, anti-
kur polisebSi iyofodnen saxeldebul fenebad, wodebebad. adamianis kuTvnileba ama Tu im
fenisadmi ganisazRvreboda misi warmomavlobiTa da qonebrivi mdgomareobiT. ojaxze, mis
tradiciebsa da finansur SesaZleblobebze iyo damokidebuli ramdenad kargad gawvrT-
nili da aRWurvili gamovidoda igi omSi, Sesabamisad, misi Rirebuleba TanamoqalaqeTaT-
vis. Sesabamisad fasobda misi sityvac xalxis winaSe da Sesabamisi `saero~ Tanamdeboba
SeiZleboda mieRo mas xalxisagan. rig SemTxvevaSi, mag., solonis aTenSi Tu respublikur
romSi, kanoni qonebriv cenzTan akavSirebda piris politikur uflebas – misi xmis `wonas~
Tu Tanamdebobaze misi arCevis SesaZleblobas. aTenSi ukve Zv. w. VI s-is miwuruls damyar-
da isonomia – yvela moqalaqe gaTanabrda politikur uflebebSi, magram kidev didxans,
TiTqmis mTeli saukunis manZilze mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze metwilad warCinebuli
gvaris warmomadgenlebs irCevdnen. es gasagebicaa: maT xalxi ukeT icnobda, maT hqondaT
gamocdileba, Svilis kargad aRzrdis SesaZlebloba da, rac aseve mniSvnelovania, qoneba,
romelsac xSirad saerTo keTildReobas axmardnen. mdgomareoba Seicvala mxolod mas
Semdeg, rac bevr Tanamdebobaze xmis micemiT arCeva kenWisyriT SerCevam Caanacvla. mxo
lod am siaxlem gauxsna ugvaro da uqoneli fenebis warmomadgenlebs gza Tanamdebobebi-
saken.
antikur qveynebs, maT Soris, polisebamdel mikenur samyarosac, saxeldebuli fenebis,
wodebebis arseboba aaxlovebs qarTul Tu evropul feodalur sazogadoebebTan da mkve-
Trad mijnavs ZvelaRmosavluri saxelmwifoebisagan, sadac `Tavisufal kacTa~ dayofa mx-
olod mefis karze misi TanamdebobiT xdeboda.
garda sxvadasxva iracionaluri axsnisa, rac SeiZleba eTnikur/erovnul Tavisebure-
bebad ganzogaddes, amgvari praqtika am xalxebis Tu sazogadoebis saarsebo garemosa da
Sesabamisi ekonomikuri sistemebis gansxvavebulobiTac SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli.
Zvel aRmosavleTSi, gansakuTrebiT e.w. `didi mdinareebis civilizaciebSi~, geografi-
uli garemo, kerZod, mdinareTa perioduli adideba uzrunvelyofs mimdebare miwebis
nayofierebas da maTze weliwadSi ramdenime mosavlis mowevis saSualebas iZleva. kargad
organizebuli, darazmuli SromiT adamiani ukve Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi axerxebda mdi-
nareebis maxloblad iseTi sairigacio sistemebis agebas, romlebic uzrunvelyofda sar-
wyavi wyliT maqsimalurad did teritorias da icavda dasaxlebebs wyaldidobisgan. aseT
samuSaos sWirdeboda organizatori, romelsac eqneboda, erTi mxriv, xalxis didi masis
marTvisa da rTuli sainJinro nagebobebis Senebis gamocdileba, meore mxriv, iZulebis
efeqturi meqanizmebi. aseT sazogadoebebSi sakmaod adreul etapze Camoyalibda central-
izebuli biurokratiuli mmarTveloba. es mmarTveloba uzrunvelyofda adamianis Zireul
sasicocxlo moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebas, Sesabamisad, ereoda kidec cxovrebis TiTqmis
yvela sferoSi da adamianis piradi TavisuflebisaTvis minimalur sivrces tovebda.
amis sapirispirod, im regionebSi, sadac adamians an ojaxs damoukideblad SeeZlo Ta-
vis gamokveba, adamianis piradi Tavisufleba da kerZo sakuTreba metad fasobda, sazoga-
doebrivi Tu saxelmwifo institutebi ki ufro mokrZalebul rols sjerdebodnen da Se-
darebiT demokratiulad funqcionirebdnen.
calkeul detalSi antikuri da qarTuli ekonomikebis Sedareba sxvadasxva suraTs gva-
Zlevs, magram msgavseba ekonomikis safuZvelSia – kerZo sakuTreba da kerZo iniciativa.
samarTlis sferoSi antikurobam kacobriobis istoriaSi revolucia moaxdina. Zvel
samyaroSi samarTali RmerTebis mier dadgenili samyaros wesrigis farglebSi moiazre-
13
boda. Sesabamisad, nebismieri cvlileba mkrexelobad miiCneoda da seriozul legitima-
cias saWiroebda. rogorc wesi, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi an Zveli, miviwyebuli wesri-
gis aRdgenis formiT tardeboda an RmerTis mier `sakuTari nebis gamocxadebis~ Sedegad.
berZnebma daadgines, rom adamianebs aqvT ufleba, icxovron im wesebis mixedviT, romleb-
sac TviTon SeimuSaveben da SeaTanxmeben. `kanonSemoqmedebis ufleba~ orlesuli iara-
Ria – erTi mxriv, is iZleva saSualebas, rom sazogadoeba Seicvalos drois moTxovnaTa
Sesabamisad, meore mxriv, wesebis xSiri cvla destabilizaciisa da kanonis borotad, us-
amarTlod gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aCens. romaelma iuristebma ara mxolod daxvewes
kanonebi, aramed SeimuSaves samarTlis universaluri safuZvlebi da procedurebi, ris
gamoc romauli samarTali dRevandeli civilizebuli samyaros samarTlebriv sistemebis
amosavali gaxda.
qarTuli samarTali Tavisi daxvewilobiT, cxadia, ver mova romaulTan, magram Sei-
Zleba davinaxoT seriozuli msgavsebebic. mTis CveulebiTi samarTali principebis doneze
sakmaod axlosaa romauli samarTlis principebTan ori mizezis gamo: 1. orive sazogadoe-
ba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, efuZneba pirovnebisa da misi sakuTrebis pativiscemas; 2. Cveule-
biTi samarTali, faqtobrivad, is universaluri principebia, romelTa Seswavla-damuSave-
biT SeimuSaves romaelebma samarTlis safuZvlebi. rac Seexeba qarTuli feodaluri same-
fos samarTals, is garkveul msgavsebas iCens ZvelaRmosavluri Tu salikuri, SedarebiT
`primitiuli~ samarTlis ZeglebTan, magram aSkarad sazrdoobs romauli samarTliTac
– qristianuli da bizantiuri tradiciis meSveobiT.
qali da ojaxi – am sferoSi Sedarebisas qarTuli sazogadoeba ar gamodis Sercxveni-
li. paradoqsia, magram yvelaze uuflebo mdgomareobaSi qali yvelaze Tavisufal da de-
mokratiul aTenSi iyo. Tumca, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sazogadoebaSi, sadac omi
erT-erT ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda, xolo sazogadoebis umcires ujredad mainc
ufro ojaxi ganixileboda, vidre pirovneba, qalisa da mamakacis ufleba-movaleobebi
sxvagvarad aRiqmeboda, vidre dRes aris miCneuli normad (an ufro, sasurvel orienti-
rad).
demokratiuli reformebi antikur samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze mimdinareobda, sa-
nam xalxis mmarTveloba aTensa Tu romSi Tavis klasikur, magram ara dasrulebul saxes
miiRebda. srulyofili demokratia, albaT, arc arsebobs, radgan es, pirvel rigSi, pro-
cesia. qarTul feodalur monarqiaSi vxvdebiT araerT moRvawes, romlis saxelmwifo Tu
religiuri reformebi Seicavda demokratiul elementebsa Tu xalxis interesebis gaTval-
iswineba-dacvis meqanizmebs.
pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave, 1918 wels qarTulma sazogadoebam moiwona da nawilo-
briv gaatara demokratiuli reformebi, romlebic mravali TvalsazrisiT mowinave iyo im
drois civilizebuli samyarosaTvis da mas merec araerTxel gamoTqva survili gamxdari-
yo dasavluri civilizaciis organuli nawili. rogorc qvemoT motanili masala aCvenebs,
es aris ara mxolod iracionaluri swrafva im sivrcisaken, romelic dRes warmatebulad
gamoiyureba, aramed savsebiT logikuri grZnoba erTobisa samyarosTan, romelTanac
aTaswleulTa manZilze gvakavSirebda ideologia, sazogadoebrivi, sameurneo da samarT-
lebrivi mowyobis principebi. Sesabamisad, demokratiuli elementebi Tu tendenciebi ucxo
ar iyo qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, rac imis imeds iZleva, rom saqarTveloSi WeSmariti
demokratiis damkvidreba mxolod ocnebad ar darCeba.
14
1. sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo mowyoba
klasikuri xanis berZnul-romauli samyaros sazogadoebrivi mowyobis safuZveli jer

kidev wina epoqaSi Caisaxa. meurneobaSi centraluri figura Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedi
gaxda, xolo politikur cxovrebaSi – polisi, Tavisufal adamianTa gaerTianeba. polisi,
rogorc wesi, qalaq-saxelmwifod iTargmneba, magram mxolod imitom, rom Tanamedrove
politikur terminologiaSi misi ufro zusti Sesatyvisi ver moiZebna. polisi qalaqs
imiT waagavs, rom mas aqvs akropolisi, gamagrebuli borcvi Temis mfarveli RvTaebis
samlocveloTi da mis wevrTa TavSeyris adgiliT. aq cvlidnen saqonels da wyvetdnen
saWirboroto sakiTxebs, borcvis garSemo ki xalxi saxldeboda. polisTa umravlesobas
soflis tipis dasaxleba hqonda da qalaqi saerTod ar gaaCnda, zogic ramdenime qalaqs
moicavda.
saxelmwifoc mxolod pirobiT SeiZleba poliss vuwodoT – misi miwa aris ara sa
xelmwifos teritoria, aramed mis wevrTa, `moqalaqeTa~ individualur Tu koleqtiur
sakuTrebaSi myof nakveTTa krebuli, TviTon polisic berZenTa mier, pirvel yovlisa,
`moqalaqeTa~ erTobliobad aRiqmeboda. didi saxelmwifoebisagan gasxvavebiT, polisis
interesebi ZiriTadad `moqalaqeTa~ interesebis jams warmoadgenda, ris gamoc calkeul
adamianebs sazogadoebrivi saqme piradze naklebad ar ainteresebdaT. berZnebis `kole-
qtivizmi~ polisis garegnul saxeSic gamovlinda – xalxi sada da primitiul saxlebSi
cxovrobda, magram ubrwyinvales sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebs, pirvel rigSi,
taZrebs aSenebda.
rogorc moqalaqeTa gaerTianeba da maT interesTa gamtarebeli warmonaqmni, polisi
Tavisi arsiT demokratiulia. magram Tavad berZnebi, mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT ga-
nasxvavebdnen ramdenime politikur sistemas:
monarqia – èrTmmarTveloba~, mefis anu erTi pirovnebis mmarTveloba, romelic ar
efuZneba arCevis princips da memkvidreobiT gadaecema. dinastiuri monarqia, rogorc
politikuri sistema Zv. w. I aTaswleulis saberZneTSi sakmaod iSviaTi movlenaa. is ufro
TqmulebebSi asaxul sazogadoebas ekuTvnis da poetTa simpaTiiTac sargeblobs.
oligarqia – `mcireTa mmarTveloba~. es forma saberZneTSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo
da gulisxmobda, rom realur mmarTvelobas ganaxorcielebda sazogadoebis elitaruli
anu mcire nawili. misi gamoyofa xdeboda an aristokratiuli principiT, anu mmarTvelo-
bas asrulebdnen didgvarovanni, an timokratiuli principiT, rodesac mmarTvelobas
axorcielebdnen is pirebi, romlebic TavianTi realuri mdgomareobiT (qonebiT) iyvnen
gamorCeulni sazogadoebaSi. es politikuri sistema saberZneTis araerT polisSi moq-
medebda.
tirania agreTve erTmmarTvelobas niSnavs, magram ara RvTis wyalobiT, aramed xalxis
risxviT gaCenils. polisSi saxalxo mRelvarebis Sedegad erTpirovnuli xelisufleba
xSirad am gamosvlebis erT-erT Tavkacs gadaecemoda. araordinaluri situacia da sax-
alxo mxardaWera mas xSirad SeuzRudav uflebebs aZlevda, bevrad mets, vidre es dinas-
tiur monarqs Tu warCinebulTa jgufs gaaCnda.
mmarTvelobis es forma mravalma polisma gamoscada. xSir SemTxvevaSi tiraniam
garkveul etapze bevri sikeTec moutana xalxs, pirvel rigSi, qalaqis ganaSenianebis,
saxelmwifo struqturebisa da sagareo kontaqtebis gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT. bevr ti-
rans xalxi pativs miagebda, rogorc brZen da Rirseul mmarTvels, magram erTsulovani
iyo berZnebis uaryofiTi azri tiraniis, rogorc mmarTvelobis formis mimarT, radgan
xalxisa da qveynis bedis damokidebuleba erTi kacis nebasa Tu pirovnul Tvisebebze didi
xifaTis Semcvelia.
demokratia – `xalxis mmarTveloba~. Cvengan gansxvavebiT, Zveli berZnebi, visganac
momdinareobs es termini, ase mxolod im politikur sistemas moixseniebdnen, sadac xalxi,
demosi pirdapir mmarTvelobas axorcielebda: yoveldRiurad ikribeboda mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, pirdapir irCevda yvela rangis moxeles. berZnuli polisis
15
zoma da mosaxleobis raodenoba iZleoda amgvari marTvis SesaZleblobas. demokratiis
saukeTeso nimuSs aTeni warmoadgens. aTenis modeli warmatebuli iyo TiTqmis saukunis
manZilze da xarvezebi mxolod peloponesis omSi, uaRresad kritikul viTarebaSi gamoav-
lina.
berZen filosofosTa umetesoba am sistemaTagan arc erTs ar miiCnevda optimalurad.
platoni Tavis `saxelmwifoSi~ gvTavazobs im models, sadac specialurad SerCeuli da
aRzrdili filosofosebi ganageben qveyanas, xolo Tukidide erTgvarad Sereuli mode
lisken ixreba, romelic garkveuli saxecvlilebiT ganxorcielda romSi da dRevandel
demokratiul qveynebSi.
Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi saberZneTSi mravali qalaq-saxelmwifo, polisi iyo.
maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili spartasa da aTens ekavaT. isini iyvnen ara marto
Tavisi drois mniSvnelovani politikuri erTeulebi, aramed maT waruSleli kvali da-
toves msoflio istoriaSi.
sparta Seiqmna momxduri dorielebis mier peloponesis didi nawilis dapyrobis Sede-
gad. adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT ricxobrivad aTjer naklebi dorielebi
samxedro elitad iqcnen da dapyrobil-daymevebuli xalxis, helotebis Sromis xarjze
cxovrobdnen. Zv. w. IX s-dan SeiZleba spartaSi met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifos
arseboba vivaraudoT. ori xangrZlivi da sisxlismRvreli omis Sedegad (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.)
spartam daimorCila mesenia, riTac saberZneTis yvelaze didi polisi gaxda. xsenebuli
omebis dros sabolood Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi wyoba, romelsac tradicia legenda-
ruli kanonmdeblis, likurgosis saxels ukavSirebda da, romelmac seriozuli cvlile-
bebis gareSe ramdenime saukune iarseba. yovel spartels saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi myofi
lakoniisa da meseniis miwa glexebiTurT Tanabrad daunawilda droebiT mflobelobaSi.
maTi Tanasworoba sxva zomebiTac iyo ganmtkicebuli: idealuri mebrZolis aRsazrdelad
mimarTuli wvrTna, cxovrebis yvela sferos umkacresi reglamentacia, fulis, sameurneo
saqmianobisa da sagareo kontaqtebis SezRudva.
spartelTa cxovrebis wesi aisaxa maT arqiteqturaSic – doriuli kapiteli iseve gan-
sxvavdeba ioniurisgan, rogorc pirquSi sparteli jariskaci laRi da ganebivrebuli ion-
ieli moqalaqisgan. sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia spartelTa laparakis xelovneba. maTi
mokle da saqmiani frazebi imdenad STambeWdavi iyo, rom azris gamoTqmis es stili dResac
spartelTa mSobliuri mxaris saxelwodebis mixedviT lakonurad iwodeba.
spartas saTaveSi ori mefe edga, romlebic sardlis, mosamarTlisa da qurumis fun-
qciebs asrulebdnen. umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa gadawyvetaSi monawileobda uxucesTa
sabWo – gerusia da apela (saxalxo kreba), magram realurad xelisufleba xuTi arCeviTi
eforisagan Semdgar kolegias hqonda – is akontrolebda likurgosis kanonebis ganuxrel
Sesrulebas nebismieri spartelis mier. polisis meurneoba emyareboda sruliad uufle-
bo helotebsa da pirovnulad Tavisufal, magram politikur uflebebs moklebul pe
rioikosebs. helotebi mosavlis meeqvseds aZlevdnen saxelmwifos, xolo perioikosebi
miwaTmoqmedebis garda, vaWrobiTa da xelosnobiT iyvnen dakavebuli da rig SemTxvevaSi
maT samxedro samsaxuric ekisrebodaT. spartasTan miaxloebuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba
damyarda dorielebis mier dakavebul zogierT olqSi: kreta, argosi, Tesalia.
atikis dedaqalaqi aTeni jer kidev mikenur xanaSi daarsda. is gadaurCa dorielTa Se-
mosevas da saberZneTis Zveli mosaxleobisaTvis erTgvar centrad Tu TavSesafrad iqca.
aTeni Zalze dinamiurad viTardeboda, misi moqalaqeebi dausruleblad axlis, sru-
lyofis ZiebaSi iyvnen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. aTenis saxels ukavSird-
eba klasikuri berZnuli kulturis umTavresi warmatebebi literaturis sxvadasxva Jan-
ris, Teatris, arqiteqturis, skulpturis sferoSi. aTenSi gaCnda da daixvewa saxelmwifos
marTvis is forma, romelSic xalxi maqsimaluradaa CarTuli – demokratia. demokratiis
xarisxi aTenSi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, miuRwevel standartad rCeba dRevandeli ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebisTvisac ki.
demosis, xalxis erT-erTi pirveli gamarjveba kanonebis Cawera iyo. aTenSi xalxis
amboxebisa da tiraniis damyarebis pirvel uSedego mcdelobas mohyva drakonis kanone-
16
bi (Zv. w. 624 w.). marTalia, pirveli werilobiTi kanonebi tradiciuli samarTlis fiqsa-
cias ar gascdenia da aTasi wliT ufro adreul Suamdinarul kanonebTanac SedarebiT
primitiulad gamoiyureboda, maT gaCenas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. SeizRuda warCinebul
mosamarTleTa TviTneboba. kanonebis Caweris, gansakuTrebiT ki axalSeqmnil koloniebSi
maTi Sedgenis procesSi berZnebma aRmoaCines, rom kanoni erTxel da samudamod dadgenili
ki ar aris RmerTebis mier, aramed, iseve rogorc nebismieri praqtikuli gadawyvetileba,
moqalaqeTa SeTanxmebis Sedegia. amas mohyva fiqri kanonmdeblobis, samarTlis princi-
pebze, sazogadoebisa Tu samyaros kanonzomierebebze. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom am dros
cxovrobda `Svidi brZeni~, romelTac xalxma ama Tu im formiT winamZRoloba Caabara: ko-
rinTos tirani periandrosi, aTeneli soloni, qilon sparteli, mileteli Talesi, brias
prieneli, pitakos mitileneli, kleobulos lindoseli.
brZeni mmarTvelis moRvaweobis saukeTeso magaliTia solonis reformebi. Zv. w. 594 w-s
socialuri afeTqebis zRvarze myof aTenSi gamosavlis moZebna solons miandes. xalxis
ZiriTadi satkivari savalo kabala iyo. aTenelTa didi nawilis miwebi valebis gadauxde-
lobis gamo warCinebulebis, evpatridebis xelSi aRmoCnda. yofili mesakuTreebi sakuTar
miwaze moijaradeebad muSaobdnen, zogi monadac gaiyida. solonma gaauqma valebi (sei-
saxTeia) da aTenelTa Selaxuli uflebebi aRadgina. aikrZala valebis gamo Tavisufali
adamianis monad gayidva. Seicvala meurneobis orientacia sasaqonlo warmoebis sasarge-
blod, rasac saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi aTenelTa odnav dagvianebuli, magram aqtiuri
CarTva mohyva. evpatridebis politikur privilegiebs didi dartyma miayena mmarTvelo-
bis sistemis reformam. gaizarda saxalxo krebis (eklesia) mniSvneloba, Seiqmna arCeviTi
organo – oTxasTa sabWo (bule), romelic krebebs Soris mimdinare sakiTxebs wyvetda. mo-
qalaqeebi qonebrivi cenzis (da ara warmoSobis) mixedviT gaiyvnen oTx jgufad, rac gansaz-
Rvravda maT adgils jarSi da maT uflebas, daekavebinaT esa Tu is Tanamdeboba. solonis
reformebma aTeni saxelmwifod aqcia, erTi mxriv, uzrunvelyo moqalaqeTa piradi Tavi-
suflebis xelSeuxebloba da, meore mxriv, gza gauxsna nayidi ucxoeli monis Sromis far-
To gamoyenebas. `brZenma mmarTvelma~ es yovelive misi arqontad yofnis erT weliwadSi
ganaxorciela da aqtiur politikas CamoSorda.
Zv. w. 509 w-s klisTenesis mier gatarebulma reformam sabolood daamkvidra demok
ratia. gaTanabrda moqalaqeTa politikuri uflebebi (isonomia), SemoRebul iqna polisis
axali teritoriul-administraciuli dayofa, Sesabamisad, Seicvala bules Semadgenloba
da formirebis principebi.
berZen-sparselTa omebis dros aTenma Temistoklesis TaosnobiT Seqmna Zlieri samxed
ro floti, ramac ganapiroba misi sagareo-politikuri warmatebebi mTeli saukunis man-
Zilze, magram aseve gaaRrmava demokratia. Tu adre samxedro saqmeSi da, Sesabamisad, sa-
jaro saqmeebSic ZiriTadad SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi fasobdnen, radgan maT mZimed SeWur-
vili mxedris an qveiTis – hoplitis gamoyvana SeeZloT, flotTan erTad gaizarda Rari-
bebis roli – xomaldze meniCbed an msubuqad SeWurvil qveiTad yvelas SeeZlo samsaxuri.
aTenis sazRvao imperiad Camoyalibebam misca mas saSualeba moqalaqeebi gaeTanabrebi-
na maRal, aristokratiuli standartebis doneze. Sesabamisad SeizRuda moqalaqeTa wreSi
axali wevrebis miReba. aTenis demokratiis dasaxasiaTeblad mravlismTqmelia is faqti,
rom periklem, romelic mravali wlis manZilze faqtobrivad aTenis mmarTveli iyo, ver
moaxerxa Tavisi colisa da, Sesabamisad, SvilebisTvis aTenis moqalaqeoba mieca.
romic Tavdapirvelad poliss warmoadgenda. romis saxelmwifo mowyoba SeiZleba op-
timalurad CaiTvalos Zveli samyarosaTvis. masSi Sezavebuli iyo demokratiis, oligarq-
iisa da erTmmarTvelobis niSnebi, rac sxvadasxva fenebsa da interesebs Soris balanss da
mTeli sistemis mdgradobas ganapirobebda.
Tavdapirvelad romSi pirveli piri iyo mefe, romelic, tradiciis Tanaxmad, Tavad
RmerTis nebiT iRebda xelSi Zalauflebas da erTdroulad iTvleboda uzenaes mTa-
varsardlad, qurumad da msajulad. saTaTbiro organo iyo uxucesTa sabWo anu senati,
romelic Sedgeboda 300 warCinebuli ojaxis meTaurebisgan.
17
saxalxo anu laSqris kreba ki yvela meomars aerTianebda, romlebic sam tomad (tri
bad) da 30 kuriad iyvnen danawilebuli. laSqari iRebda umniSvnelovanes gadawyvetile-
bebs romis mTeli istoriis manZilze. gansakuTrebiT didi iyo saxalxo krebis roli re-
spublikis xanaSi.
samefo xelisuflebis gauqmebis Semdeg saxalxo kreba iRebda kanonebs da irCevda yve-
la donis moxeles. xmis micemis sistemas ver davarqmevT demokratiuls. mebrZolis xmis
fasi ganisazRvreboda misi roliTa da fasiT brZolis velze. kenWisyra centuriebis –
aseulebis mixedviT xdeboda. es aseuli pirobiTi erTeuli iyo. is aerTianebda 100 mZimed
SeWurvil qveiTs an mis Sesatyvis samxedro Zalas. Sesabamisad, mZimed SeWurvili mxedari
centuriaSi mxolod ori an sami aTeuli iyo, xolo cudad SeiaraRebuli an SeuiaraRebe-
li qveiTi – ramdenime aTasi. ramdenadac aRWurviloba Tavad meomris finansur SesaZle-
blobebze iyo damokidebuli, es sistema icavda SeZlebuli da saSualo fenis uflebebsa da
qonebas Raribi umravlesobis mxridan xelyofisagan da revoluciuri gadanawilebebisgan.
kanonebis momzadeba da maT aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba, agreTve moxeleebis konsul-
tireba da Sesabamisi dokumentebis gamocema senatis funqciebSi Sedioda. senatorTa ra-
odenoba TandaTan izrdeboda. 300 warCinebuls ematebodnen yofili konsulebi da uazno
gvarebis (plebeebis) aRzevebuli warmomadgenlebi.
romSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba arCeuli moxeleebis – magistratis xelSi iyo. mox-
eleebs irCevdnen erTi wliT. erT Tanamdebobaze irCevdnen or pirs Tanaswori uflebe-
biT, rac ganapirobebda maT kolegialur moqmedebas da gamoricxavda Zalauflebis uzur-
pacias.
marTalia, moxeleTa Soris garkveuli ierarqia iyo dadgenili da maRali Tanamdebo-
bis dakaveba mxolod garkveuli asakis miRwevisa da SedarebiT dabal Tanamdebobebze muS-
aobis Semdeg iyo SesaZlebeli, magram Tanamdebobis piri emorCileboda mxolod kanons,
xalxsa da senats da ara sxva, Tundac umaRlesi, Tanamdebobis pirs.
romis respublikuri wyobis ZiriTadi institutebi SenarCunebuli iyo imperiis ar-
sebobis pirveli saukuneebis manZilze, e.w. principatis epoqaSi. imperatori iyo qveynis
pirveli piri formalurad pirveli senatoris, faqtobrivad ki mTavarsardlis rangSi.
funqciebis mkafio gamijvna xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stosa – saxalxo kreba, senati,
magistrati, da sxvadasxva Tanamdebobis pirs Soris Zalian qmediTi aRmoCnda romisTvis
da sanimuSo axali drois civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis.
garda saxelmwifo mowyobis principebisa, dRevandeli demokratiuli qveynebi emya
rebian romaelTa mier SemuSavebul samarTlis principebs, ZiriTad cnebebsa Tu saqmis
warmoebis ZiriTad procedurebs. Cvenamde moRweulia mravalferovani iuridiuli li
teratura, cnobil iuristTa gamosvlebi sasamarTloSi, romelTaganac gansakuTrebuli
aRniSvnis Rirsia markus tulius ciceronis naSromebi (Zv.w. I s.). samarTalTan dakavSire-
bul Zalze mdidar masalas Tavi mouyara imperatorma iustinianusma ax. w. VI s-Si.
kargad organizebuli saxelmwifo, Zlieri jari da moqnili sagareo politika gaxda
romis warmatebebis sawindari. romi TandaTanobiT zrdida Tavis gavlenas mezoblebze,
rigrigobiT amarcxebda da imorCilebda maT. romaelTa saxels ukavSirdeba gamoTqma
`dayavi da ibatone~, rac zustad asaxavs maT politikas italiuri qalaqebis mimarT da
ramac SeaZlebina erT qalaq-saxelmwifos Tavisi toli qalaqebis an bevrad didi erTo
bis, magaliTad, etruskebis dapyroba.
romi odiTganve militaristuli saxelmwifo iyo. mas yovelTvis gamoarCevda mamaci da
kargad organizebuli jari. mezoblebTan mravalsaukunovani brZolis Sedegad romi mci-
re qalaq-saxelmwifodan did regionalur Zalad iqca da TiTqmis mTel italias daeufla.
sisxlismRvrel omebs karTagenTan, makedoniasTan da sxva elinistur saxelmwifoebTan
mohyva mTeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTis dapyroba. demokratiuli Tu respublikuri wyoba
dedaqalaqSi garkveul disonanss hqmnida dapyrobili miwebis faqtobrivad imperiul
mmarTvelobasTan. romaelTa mTel sagamgebloSi demokratiis damyarebaze ufro real-
uri romSi erTmmarTvelobis SemoReba aRmoCnda. ramdenime samoqalaqo omis Sedegad
18
asec moxda. Tavdapirvelad sulam sZlia mariussa da mis partias da uvado diqtatura daa-
myara, Semdeg ki galiidan dabrunebulma keisarma daamarcxa pompeusi da roms daeufla.
iulius keisris mkvlelobis Semdeg senats respublikis aRdgena undoda, magram saa-
miso resursi praqtikulad amowuruli iyo. jarma keisris memkvidresa da mis sardlebs
dauWira mxari. keisris memkvidred misi dis SviliSvili oqtavianus avgustusi gamocxadda.
avgustusma aRadgina wesrigi romSi, Semdgom (Zv. w. 31 w-s) sZlia markus antoniuss, ro-
melic, egviptis dedofal kleopatrasTan erTad, mas aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi
ecileboda da erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba daamyara.
keisrisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac bolo dros romSi Tavisi swori aRaravin egule
boda da romelic, Sesabamisad, sakmaod xistad iqceoda, oqtavianusma didi politikuri
alRo gamoavlina da romauli elitis realuri interesebis, respublikuri tradiciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT sakmaod moqnili politikuri sistema Seqmna, romelic aTavsebda respub-
likur da monarqiul mmarTvelobas da romelic saukuneebis manZilze sicocxlisunariani
aRmoCnda. romma SeinarCuna senati, arCeviTi samoxeleo aparati da respublikis zogi sxva
niSan-Tviseba. realuri xelisufleba ki iyo jaris mTavarsardlis, imperatoris xelSi.
formalurad mis pirvelkacobas gansazRvravda pirveli senatoris, princepsis Tanamde-
boba, ris gamoc am wyobas principati ewodeba.
saxelmwifo mowyobis doneze msgavsebebi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT adreul polisebsa da
qarTul Tems Soris, romelic SeiZleba aRvadginoT antikuri wyaroebisa Tu qarTuli
eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT. Semdgom ganviTarebis gzebi gaiyo: antikur samyaroSi
Temebi polisebad Camoyalibdnen, saqarTveloSi ki isini feodalur monarqiebSi gaer-
Tiandnen. garkveuli tipologiuri daaxloveba SeimCneva gviandel romis imperias, gansa-
kuTrebiT, mis memkvidre bizantiasa da erTian qarTul monarqias Soris.
1.1. wodebrivi da Tanamdebobrivi diferenciacia
samoxeleo aparati yvelaze ganviTarebuli saxiT, cxadia, romSia warmodgenili. es exe-

ba rogorc moxeleTa raodenobas, maT nairsaxeobebs, aseve maTi funqciebis zust gaweras,
maT qmedebaTa daxvewil reglamentacias. romael moxeleTa Soris warmodgenili arian
sxvadasxva donis arCeviTi da daniSvniTi Tanamdebobis pirebi.
romael moxeleTagan SeiZleba gamovyoT:
respublikis umaRles Tanamdebobad miCneulia konsuli. konsulebi sardlobdnen
laSqars omSi, ganagebdnen finansebs. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad, omis dros,
konsulebidan irCeoda diqtatori, romelsac ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba eniWeboda, ara
umetes eqvsi Tvis vadiT.
konsulis Tanamdebobaze yofnis Semdeg romaeli moqalaqe SeiZleboda aerCiaT cen-
zorad. mis funqciebSi Sedioda adaTebisa da qonebrivi cenzisaTvis Tvalyuris devneba,
moqalaqeTa gadanawileba qonebriv jgufebSi da maTi dasja zneobis normebis darRve
visaTvis. es uflebebi cenzors, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, konsulebsa da senatorebze maR
lac ayenebda.
pretorebi ZiriTadad mosamarTleobdnen, Tavdapirvelad ganixilavdnen davebs romis
moqalaqeTa Soris, Semdeg ki agreTve davebs ucxoelTa monawileobiTac.
kvestorebi pasuxismgebelni iyvnen xazinaze, edilebi ki – qalaqis samsaxurebze.
diqtatorebs, konsulebs da pretorebs ganusazRvreli uflebebi hqondaT TavianT sfe
roebSi (magistratus cum imperio), sxva moxeleebs ki – SezRuduli.
berZnuli polisebis samyaroSi Warboben arCeviTi moxeleebi, xolo daniSnuli Tana
mdebobis piri, rogorc wesi, meorexarisxovan rols asrulebda da xSirad misi SerCeva
xdeboda aramoqalaqeTa wridan, radgan moqalaqis ideali piradi Tavisufleba da pirov
nebis harmoniuli ganviTareba iyo. rame umniSvnelo funqciis stabiluri aRsruleba, Tun-
dac xelobis, profesiis qona moqalaqisaTvis Seufereblad miiCneoda.
19
aTenSi umaRles Tanamdebobis pirebs arqontebi warmoadgendnen. cxra arqonts Soris
funqciebi sakmaod mkafiod iyo gamijnuli. TiToeuli maTgani Tanamdebobas erTi wliT
ikavebda. xelaxla arCeva mxolod arqont-strategosis – sardlis Tanamdebobaze SeiZle-
boda, radgan niWier sardals berZnebi iolad ver Seeleodnen, sxva poziciaze ki sagange-
bo talanti ar iyo imdenad arsebiTi, rom monacvleobis sikeTe gadaewona. swored strat-
egosad mravali wlis manZilze arCeviT miaRwia periklem demokratiis pikSi myofi aTenis
realuri mmarTvelis mdgomareobas.
spartis saTaveSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, idga ori mefe, romlebic heraklidebad, he
rakles STamomavlebad iyvnen miCneuli. isini ZiriTadad sardlis funqcias asrulebdnen,
xolo kanonis Sesrulebaze zedamxedveloba da saero saqmeebis realuri gamgebloba
eforTa xelSi iyo.
qarTul sinamdvileSi, feodalur samefoSic ki, vxvdebiT rogorc daniSvniT, aseve
arCeviT moxeleebs. am ukanasknelT antikuri samyaros arCeviTi magistratebisagan ga-
nasxvavebs vada, ufro sworad, Tanamdebobaze yofnis vadis reglamentaciis ararseboba.
rogorc antikur, aseve qarTul samyaroSi ama Tu im piris Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli socialur statusTan. qarTul feodalur saxelmwifoSi
umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi mxolod uwarCinebulesi gvarebis warmomadgenlebs eZleodaT.
xSirad erTi sagvareulo tradiciulad flobda romelime saxelos, rac aisaxa kidec
Tanamdebobis saxelwodebis gvarad gadaqcevaSi – amilaxvari, amirejibi, erisTavi da
sxv.
aTensa Tu romSi adreul stadiaze umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi warCinebulebis – evpat-
ridebisa da patriciebis xelSi iyo. amiT antikuri polisebi garkveul siaxloves iCenen
adrefeodalur sazogadoebasTan. droTa ganmavlobaSi am Tanamdebobebis dakaveba nebad-
arTuli gaxda moqalaqeTa sxva fenebis warmomadgenlebisTvisac, Tumca es faqti SeiZleba
davukavSiroT ara imdenad sazogadoebis demokratizacias, ramdenadac cvlilebebs eli-
tis SemadgenlobaSi. Tu sawyis etapze elita aristokratiuli iyo, mogvianebiT adamianis
adgili sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreboda misi qonebrivi mdgomareobiT. evpatridebisa da
patriciebis magivrad mogvianebiT socialuri kibis TavSi vxedavT pentakosiomedimnos-
ebis da senatorTa wodebebs, romlebic qonebrivad jer kidev Zlier warCinebulebsa da
gamdidrebul uaznoebs moicavdnen. `gandidebuli mdabios~, `mesame wodebis~ integracia
elitarul wreebSi gvagonebs procesebs axali drois dasawyisis evropaSi, gadasvlas
feodalizmidan kapitalizmze. saqarTveloSi es procesi Zalze Seferxda da mxolod XIX
saukunidan warimarTa ukve ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi qarTuli samefo-samTav-
roebis moqcevis Semdeg, ris gamoc process wminda qarTulad ver CavTvliT da winamde-
bare naSromSi igi arcaa asaxuli.
garkveuli paralelebi saxelmwifo mowyobaSi, socialuri fenebisa da ekonomikis fun-
qcionirebis sakiTxSi antikur da axali drois dasavlur samyaros Soris daedo safuZv-
lad antikuri kapitalizmis Teorias, romelic Zalze popularuli iyo XIX-XX saukuneTa
mijnaze.
amis gverdiT, amerikuli abolicionisturi moZraobis fonze, antikurobis Seswavlisas
didi yuradReba mieqca antikur monobas. marqsisa da engelsis mier antikuri samyaros so-
cial-ekonomikuri wyoba ganisazRvra rogorc monaTmflobeluri, rac sabWoTa kavSirsa
da aRmosavleTis blokis qveynebSi ukve oficialur dogmad gadaiqca.
marTlac, monobas antikur samyaroSi, gansakuTrebiT, klasikuri xanis aTensa da romSi,
gviani respublikidan moyolebuli, mniSvnelovani adgili eWira sazogadoebriv cxovre-
baSi. magram, rogorc ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze warmoebuli kvleva aCvenebs, monuri
Sroma ar iyo wamyvani ekonomikis ZiriTad sferoebSi. Sesabamisad, Tavad marqsistuli
meTodologiiT, antikuri samyaro monaTmflobelurad ver CaiTvleba.
garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela is adamiani, vinc antikur teqstebSi dou'lo" da
servus terminebiT moixsenieba, namdvilad ver CaiTvleba monad Tanamedrove sazogadoe-
brivi mecnierebebis TvalsazrisiT. es terminebi asaxaven zogadad msaxuris mdgomareobas,
20
statuss da droTa ganmavlobaSi icvlidnen mniSvnelobas. mikenur samyaroSi Tu patri-
arqalur TemSi am statusis xalxi batonis saxlSi, oikosSi dasaqmebuli msaxureuli per-
sonalia, maT Soris piradad Tavisufalnic da tyveebic. garkveuli etapidan, (mag., saberZ
neTSi Zv. w. VI s-dan) `Tavisufleba~ da àraTavisufleba/monoba~ samarTlebriv statusad
iqca da es terminic iuridiulad araTavisufali xalxis farTo fenebze gavrcelda. maT
Soris iyvnen sparteli helotebic, romlebic ufro saxelmwifo Tu aristokratiis kole-
qtiur sakuTrebaSi myof yma-glexebs warmoadgendnen, nayidi skviTebic, romlebic aTenSi
policiur funqciebs asrulebdnen da namdvili monebic – sxvis sakuTrebaSi myofi sruli-
ad uuflebo da uqoneli pirebic.
qarTul sinamdvileSi gaWirdeba klasikuri aTenisa Tu romis monebis analogiuri
farTo socialuri jgufis moZebna, Tumca antikuri samyaros araTavisufalTa nairgvar
jgufebs SeiZleba moeZebnos qarTuli analogebi, ymebisa Tu sxva araTavisufali, Tavisu-
flebaSekvecili xalxis saxiT.
antikur samyaroSi saxeldebuli fenebis, wodebebis arseboba aaxlovebs mas qarTul Tu
evropul feodalur sazogadoebebTan da damatebiT arguments gvawvdis antikuri da qar-
Tuli masalis Sedarebis marTlzomierebisaTvis.
1.2. marTvis koleqtiuri organoebi

saxalxo kreba
rogorc cnobilia, demokratiam, rogorc mmarTvelobis formam saberZneTSi Zv. w. V s-Si

sakmaod ganviTarebuli saxe miiRo. Tanamedroveobis gadasaxedidan antikurobis yvelaze
mowinave qveynisTvis es ar aris gasakviri, magram rogorc mecnieruli kvleva gviCvenebs,
demokratiis elementebs ufro dabali socialuri ganviTarebis eTnosebSic vxvdebiT, TviT
patriarqaluri sazogadoebis wiaRSic.
qarTvel mTielTa sociumis cxovrebaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda saxal
xo kreba, romelsac problemuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, rogorc yvelaze ufro avto-
ritetuls, eniWeboda saboloo sityva.
vinaidan saxalxo kreba xalxis monawileobas gulisxmobs, amdenad igi demokratiis
niSnebis mqonea. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, Tu ra mimarTeba SeiZleba arsebobdes
qarTvel mTielTa e.w. demokratiasa da berZnul-romaul demokratias Soris. am Sedar-
ebis safuZvelze gvinda warmovaCinoT demokratiis principebidan, erTi SexedviT, esoden
daSorebul sazogadoebaSi ra formiTa da ra doziT iyo daSvebuli xalxis monawileoba
sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
aTenSi mmarTvelobis umaRles organod saxalxo kreba miiCneoda, romelic Sedgeboda
20 an zogierTi wyaros mixedviT 30 w-s gadacilebuli aTenis sruluflebiani moqalaqee-
bisagan. krebaze daswreba SeeZloT, magram xmis ufleba ar hqondaT moqalaqeobamiRebul
20-dan 30 wlamde axalgazrdebs. Tumca aristoteles dros, am siaSi 18 wlis is mamakaci Se-
hyavdaT, romelic orwlian samxedro samsaxurs gaivlida. amiT iRebda is moqalaqeobis
uflebas. kreba ar cnobda metekebs (aTenSi mudmivad mcxovreb ucxoelebs). Znelia aTenis
saxalxo krebis monawileTa ricxvis dadgena, mecnierTa gamoTvliT, es ricxvi 20-30 000
moqalaqes Soris meryeobda. sxvadasxva mizezis gamo calkeuli pirovnebisTvis SesaZloa
saxalxo krebaSi monawileobis ufleba CamoerTmiaT. krebidan misi gaZevebis mizezi Sei-
Zleba yofiliyo xazinis vali, amoricxva demosis reestridan, prostitucia, mSoblebis
upativcemuloba, maT Senaxvaze uaris Tqma da sxva.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mTianeTs, svaneTsa Tu xevsureTSi, krebaSi monawileTa asa-
ki ar yofila gansazRvruli. rodesac saqme saTemo yrilobas Seexeboda, komlze TiTo
mamakaci valdebuli iyo, gamocxadebuliyo krebaze, rac ar unda piradi saqmeebi hqono-
da. aTenis saxalxo krebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac qalebs politikur cxovrebaSi CarTva
ekrZalebodaT, svaneTSi maTac hqondaT krebaze daswrebis ufleba. metic, Tu ojaxSi qali
21
jobda sibrZniT mamakacs, upiratesobac mas eniWeboda. Tumca es mxolod svan qalebze
vrceldeba, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, xevsuri qalebis mdgomareoba Zalian mZime iyo
da aq raime uflebebis miniWebaze zedmetia saubari (mag., xevsur qals ekrZaleboda cxenze
jdoma, is, rac ar unda moxuci yofiliyo, fexiT mihyveboda cxenze amxedrebul mamakacs).
mTaraWaSi qalis misvla mamakacTa TavSeyris adgilas uxerxuli iyo, Tumca zemo da qvemo
raWaSi aseTi zRvari ar arsebobda da iq bavSvebic ki daiSvebodnen.
romSi saxalxo krebis, komiciis ramdenime tipi arsebobda: kuriis, centuriisa da tri-
bis krebebi. kuriis kreba romSi saxalxo krebis uZveles formas warmoadgenda. arsebobda
30 kuria, romelic samasi gvarisagan Sedgeboda. TiToeul kurias TiTo xma hqonda. faqto-
brivad, saqarTvelos mTianeTis msgavsad, krebebze mTeli romaeli xalxi iRebda monaw-
ileobas.
centuriis kreba ewodeboda saxalxo krebas romSi im moqalaqeebisa, romlebsac jarSi
samsaxuris ufleba hqondaT. romis mosaxleoba daiyo klasebad qonebrivi cenzis mixed-
viT. TiToeul klass hqonda valdebuleba gamoeyvana gansazRvruli raodenobis centuria
_ sajariso aseuli. sul 193 centuria iyo. krebaze pirvelad xmis micemis privilegiiT
mxedrebi da I klasis centuriebi sargeblobdnen. centuriis komiciaze didi wona hqonda
asakiT ufrosi moqalaqeebis xmas.
mogvianebiT iqmneba ukve tribis krebebi, Tavisi damoukidebeli arCevnebiTa da Tanam-
debobis pirebiT, romelic met-naklebad yvelaze demokratiul organos warmoadgenda.
Tavdapirvelad triba mxolod plebeebis krebas warmoadgenda, magram mogvianebiT mis-
ma dadgenilebebma saerTo kanonis saxe miiRo da masSi plebeebTan erTad monawileobas
iRebdnen patriciebic. mis funqciebSi Sedioda qalaqis momaragebisa da keTilmowyobis
sakiTxebi, plebeebis magistratebis _ saxalxo tribunebisa da edilebis arCeva, sasamarT-
lo uflebamosileba sisxlis samarTlis kuTxiT.
aTenis saxalxo kreba tradiciulad pniqsis borcvis wverze, Ria cis qveS imarTeboda.
amitom wvimis, Weqa-quxilis, miwisZvris, daRamebis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda misi gadadeba meo-
re dRisTvis. Sexvedris dRes specialurad daniSnuli moxeleebi borcvis asasvlelTan
jebirebs dgamdnen, raTa krebis wevrebi gaemijnaT im moqalaqeebisagan, romlebic krebis
sayureblad iyvnen Sekrebilni. prof. r. gordezianis TqmiT, `dRes, Tuki oratorTa tri-
bunebs ar CavTvliT, aq Zalze cota ram mogvagonebs saxalxo krebis Casatarebel arenas.
sul cota 5000 moqalaqe mainc unda Sekrebiliyo, rom krebis kvorumi sakmarisad mieCniaT.
dRes Znelia imis dabejiTebiT Tqma, Tu sad da rogor ganlagdeboda xolme krebis aTaso-
biT monawile.~ calkeul SemTxvevebSi saxalxo kreba dionises taZarSic imarTeboda.
romSi krebis mowvevis adgili marsis veli iyo. komiciebis Catareba mxolod komiciur
dReebSi xdeboda, romlebsac qurumebi adgendnen. weliwadSi daaxloebiT 190 aseTi dRe
iyo. Zv. w. 287 w-dan komiciebi dResaswaulebzec ikribeboda.
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ki saxalxo krebisTvis erTi konkretuli adgili ar arse-
bobda. xalxis Sesakrebad gankuTvnili iyo sasoflo moednebi, romelTac raWaSi sanax-
Sos uwodebdnen, TuSeTSi _ saanjmnos, bexvnes, xevsureTSi safixvnos, xevSi _ saerobos,
aWaraSi _ jamikars, (daRestanSi jamaaTs, oseTSi _ nixass. rogorc Cans, sasoflo moednebi
soflis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes elements Seicavda zogadad kavkasiis
mTianeTSi), svaneTSi ki _ svifebs. mniSvnelovani saWirboroto sakiTxebis mosagvareblad
svaneTs daniSnuli hqonda sami adgili: lalveri, lalxori da simoni.
rogorc wesi, TiTqmis yvela Sekrebis adgili naxevrad Ria nagebobas warmoadgenda da
kreba ZiriTadad SemaRlebul garemoSi imarTeboda, iqneboda es soflis centri (svane-
Ti), dasawyisi Tu soflis gareT (fSav-xevsureTi), sadac soflis mosaxleoba yvela mniS-
vnelovani problemis mosagvareblad ikribeboda.
aTenSi Zv. w. V s-Si saxalxo krebas iwvevdnen pritanisebi. Tu xmis micema romelime
sakiTxze kenWisyriT (ix. arCevnebi, kenWisyriT) warmoebda, maSin pritanisebi kenWebs
arigebdnen. Semdeg ukve maTive rigebidan wilisyriT irCevdnen krebis Tavmjdomares _
epistatess, romelic am movaleobas mxolod erTi dRiT asrulebda. yovel axal kreba-
22
ze axali Tavmjdomare irCeoda. aristoteles droisTvis krebis mowvevis da Catarebis
procedura garTulda. bules Tavmjdomare _ epistatesi TiToeuli SekrebisTvis 9 pro-
edross niSnavda. isini bules im wevrebidan iyvnen SerCeulni, romelnic im momentisTvis
pritanisebad ar msaxurobdnen. Semdgom proedrosebidan irCeoda sxdomis Tavmjdomare
_ epistatesi. proedrosebi warmarTavdnen sxdomebs _ wyvetdnen, rodis unda daeyenebinaT
esa Tu is sakiTxi xmis misacemad da rodis unda SeewyvitaT diskusia. saxalxo kreba aseve
irCevda gramatevss, romelsac dokumentebi xmamaRla unda waekiTxa.
saberZneTis meore mniSvnelovan qalaq-saxelmwifoSic arsebobda saxalxo kreba _
apela, romlis uflebamosileba sakmaod SezRuduli iyo. qveynis politikur cxovrebaze
gavleniT igi aTenis saxalxo krebas ver Seedreboda. apela, savaraudod, yovelTviurad
iyo mowveuli da mas arqaul xanaSi mefe da gerusia Tavmjdomareobdnen, klasikuri peri-
odidan ki _ eforosebi. krebaze daswreba SeeZloT 30 wlis moqalaqeebs, magram sxdomaze
sityviT gamosvlis ufleba mxolod Tanamdebobis pirebs hqondaT. rigiTi spartelebi,
krebis muSaobaSi monawileobas ar iRebdnen, maT mxolod xmis micema evalebodaT. apelas
evaleboda mieRo an uareyo mis winaSe warmodgenili winadadebebi. Tavis nebas apela
xmauriani SeZaxilebiT gamoxatavda.
romis kuriis komicias pontifeqs maqsimusi xelmZRvanelobda, centuriul komicias _ mag-
istrati, romelic imperiums flobda, xolo tribis krebas erT-erTi pontifeqsi iwvevda.
rac Seexeba svaneTs, aq mecnierebi ramdenime tipis saxalxo krebas afiqsireben. erTi
konkretuli soflis yrilobas uwodeben `soflobas~, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs `soflis
maxvSi~. am krebaze mxolod im erTi soflis saWirboroto sakiTxebi wydeboda. Tumca, r.
xaraZis azriT, soflis SigniT arsebuli saqmeebis mosawesrigeblad da Cadenili danaSau-
lis gamosaaSkaraveblad sofeli Tavis yrilobaze sagangebod irCevda xevisTavs sami wlis
vadiT. sofeli irCevda erTs an met xevisTavs imis mixedviT, Tu ra sididis iyo sofeli.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xevisTavebi erTad ikribebodnen da irCevdnen xuTi kacisgan Semd-
gar sabWos, romelsac morual ewodeboda. es sabWoc aseve sami wliT irCeoda.1 arsebobda
aseve saTemo yriloba, romelic ramdenime soflis kavSirs Seadgenda da masac hyavda Ta-
visi Temis maxvSi. saTemo yrilobis mier arCeuli maxvSi saWiroebisda mixedviT iwvevda
saTemo yrilobas. mas winaswar calke gahyavda Wkviani, gamocdili da patiosani pirebi,
maTTan TaTbirobda anu `vazirobda~, maTTan SeTanxmebiT gamohqonda Tavisi daskvna ama
Tu im sakiTxze, romelsac Semdeg is gaacnobda yrilobas, romelic an adasturebda mis
azrs an raime cvlileba Sehqonda an ar eTanxmeboda da arRvevda mas.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom jer kidev strabons aqvs cnoba, rom svaneTs 300 kacisgan Semdgari
sabWo ganagebda. s. janaSia da r. xaraZe miiCneven, rom straboni gvarovnul safexurze Se-
qmnil saxalxo sabWosa da saxalxo krebas gulisxmobda.2 Semdegdroindel sabWoSi ki ukve
Sediodnen soflis Temebis mier garkveuli vadiT arCeuli warmomadgenlebi, romelTac
lgTiS mares (Cenilebs) uwodebdnen. lgTiS mareni saxeo yrilobas xelmZRvanelobdnen
da maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba savaldebulod iTvleboda. sam weliwadSi erTxel
mTel xevs fici unda daedo xevis erTgulebasa da arCeuli kacebis mier gadawyvetilebis
miRebis ndobaze. saxalxo samarTlis warmoeba, saojaxo saqmeebisa Tu sxva raime sakiTxebis
mogvareba maT uSualo movaleobaSi Sedioda. lgTiS mareTa Semadgenlobidan gamoyofil
moruals anu bWeebs unda gamoetanaT saTanado gadawyvetileba.
ienaSis mcxovrebi Savxan piris Ze farjianis gadmocemiT, xevis kreba sam weliwadSi
erTxel ikribeboda. ramdenad sistematuri xasiaTi hqonda sinamdvileSi krebis mowvevas,
am sakiTxzec azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. Tanamedrove mecniereba Tvlis, rom kreba saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi ikribeboda da misi warmarTva asakovan an gamocdil da Wkvian pirs evale-
boda, maT Soris qalsac.
saqarTvelos danarCen regionebSi saxalxo kreba imarTeboda saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
romelsac xevisberi xelmZRvanelobda (fSav-xevsureTi). Satilis fexons (safixvno _ adgi-
1
xaraZe r., saxalxo mmarTvelobis sistema svaneTSi, mse VI, Tb., 1953.
2
janaSia s., saqarTvelo adrindeli feodalizaciis gzaze, Tb., 1937, gv.14.
23
li) erTi konkretuli xelmZRvaneli ar hyolia. fexoni warmoadgenda srulwlovan mamak-
acTa yrilobas, sadac soflis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis saWirboroto sakiTxebi ismeboda.
garda sadavo da saTemo problemebis mogvarebisa, safixvnoSi erToblivi sazogadoebri-
vi Tu saojaxo saqmianobac ewyoboda (tyavis damuSaveba, qalamnis amosxma, muSis dagrexa,
Tofis wamlis damzadeba da sxv.). roca sofels mteri SemoseviT emuqreboda, an sofeli
TviTon apirebda galaSqrebas, safixvnoSi ikribebodnen da Tofis wamals koleqtiurad
amzadebdnen. g. CaCalaSvilis azriT, `fexonis saxiT Semonaxuli iyo `samxedro demokrati-
is~ rigis, anu klasobriv sazogadoebaSi gardamavali safexuris erT-erTi konkretuli
gadmonaSTi.~3
raWul soflobas raime vadiT arCeuli xelmZRvaneli ar hyolia. yovel Sekrebaze
xalxi romelime gonier kacs miandobda da is laparakobda yvelas saxeliT. Sekrebis
Sesaxeb ki xalxs atyobinebda specialurad arCeuli axalgazrda, romelsac `damZaxebels~
uwodebdnen. svaneTSi ki bukiTa da sayviriT xdeboda xalxis mogroveba. romSi magistra-
tis brZanebiT auwyebdnen xalxs komiciis Sesaxeb. Semdeg xalxi cenzis mixedviT iyofoda
da ukve mowesrigebul xalxs magistrati miuZRvoda marsis velze.
xevs Zvelad uxucesi kacebisagan Semdgari sabWo ganagebda, romelsac Temiskacebi (bWee-
bi) xelmZRvanelobdnen. xevis sabWo saTemo xasiaTis TviTmarTvelobis niSnebs Seicavda
da garkveulwilad suverenitetiT sargeblobda. gvarovnuli wyobilebis dros saTemo
gaerTianebas gvaris uxucesTa sabWo xelmZRvanelobda, xolo Semdeg es sabWo teritori-
aluri Temis warmomadgenlebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebic xalxis mier dadgenili norme-
biT amyarebdnen Temis SigniT wesrigs. bWeebi xalxuri samarTlis warmoebis dros sanimu-
Sod xSirad mimarTavdnen andrezebs.
Temuri mmarTvelobis Sesustebisas rogorc xevis, ise svanuri saTemo sabWoc daiSala
da Sewyda saxalxo krebis mier Temiskacebis garkveuli vadiT arCeva. miuxedavad amgvari
cvlilebebisa, moxeveebisa da svanebis, iseve rogorc qarTveli mTielebis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi sakiTxebi mainc xalxur zne-Cveulebebze damyarebiT wydeboda. amitom Tems Ta-
visi Tavkacebi mainc hyavda, romlebic mudmivad dawesebuli sabWos wevrebad aRar iTvle-
bodnen, aramed mxolod saWiroebis dros, Temisve moTxovniT ikribebodnen. faqtobrivad,
xevis saxalxo mmarTveloba, garkveuli suverenitetiT, xelisuflebas mxolod nawilo-
briv emorCileboda. mxolod xevis Temobas SeeZlo gamoetana gadawyvetileba mama-papa-
Tagan darCenili romelime wes-Cveulebis Secvlis Sesaxeb.
aTenis saxalxo kreba irCevda 500-Ta sabWos – bules, romelic mniSvnelovani organo
iyo da uSualod ukavSirdeboda krebas. yvela dekrets saxalxo kreba iRebda. calkeul
SemTxvevebSi mas SeeZlo bules gareSec emoqmeda. magram umTavresad, saxalxo kreba da
bule erToblivad moqmedebdnen. saxalxo krebas ar SeeZlo kenWi eyara im sakiTxebisT-
vis, romlebic pritanisebs ar hqondaT dRis wesrigSi Setanili da, Tavis mxriv, arc pri-
tanisebs SeeZloT bules gareSe warmoedginaT esa Tu is problema. bules unda daemtkice-
bina probulevma _ rezolucia, Semdeg ki igi saxalxo krebisTvis unda gaegzavna. saxalxo
krebaze es rezolucia xdeboda fsefisma, romlisTvisac xma unda miecaT.
krebis muSaoba wlis ganmavlobaSi dayofili iyo 10 ciklad _ pritanead. TiToeuli pri-
tanea 36 dRisgan Sedgeboda, romlis ganmavlobaSi kreba oTxjer iyo mowveuli. oTxidan
erT krebas umaRlesi kreba (kuriva ejkklhsiva) ewodeboda. am krebaze ganixilavdnen arsebuli
magistratebis Tanamdebobaze damtkicebas, sakvebiT momaragebisa da TavdacviT sakiTxebs
da a.S. kreba irCevda aseve xazinadrebs, xomaldTa arqiteqtorebs, zedamxedvelebs, msxver-
plSewirvaTa Catarebaze pasuxismgebel pirebs. amas garda, calkeuli krebebi konkretuli
sakiTxebis gadawyvetisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. krebis roli Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo. aq
ganixileboda omisa da mSvidobis, finansebisa Tu marTlmsajulebis nebismieri sakiTxi.
kenWisyra farulad mimdinareobda, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac saqme samxedro
Tanamdebobebis arCevnebs exeboda. TiToeul moqalaqes SeeZlo azris gamoTqma da kanon-
3
CaCalaSvili g., xalxuri mmarTvelobis istoriidan xevsureTSi. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografii-
dan, VII, Tb., 1955.
24
proeqtis Setana an gauqmeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es kanonproeqti demokratiul tendenciebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda.
saxalxo kreba gansazRvravda saxelmwifos sagareo politikas, irCevda elCebs, ganixi-
lavda sxva saxelmwifosTan Catarebul molaparakebaTa Sedegebs. aqve miiReboda omis
dawyebisa Tu zavis dadebis gadawyvetilebebi. kreba uflebamosili iyo araaTenelisaTvis
moqalaqeoba mieniWebina, SeeZlo moqalaqe gadasaxadebisagan gaeTavisuflebina. kreba ga-
nixilavda aseve religiasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. mis funqciebSi finansuri sferoc
Sedioda. mTavar sasamarTlo saqmeebs ki ganixilavda calke organo _ heliaia (ix. dikas-
terioni).
ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda spartelebisTvis apelas, Zneli saTqmelia.
istorikosebis azriT, apela mxolod amtkicebda mefisa da gerusiis (uxucesTa sabWo) mier
SeTavazebul dadgenilebebs. es debuleba gamyarebuli iyo e.w. didi retras arsebobiT.
Tumca isic cnobilia, rom saxalxo krebas SeeZlo gadaewyvita taxtis gadacemasTan daka-
vSirebuli sadavo sakiTxebi, daeniSna samxedro meTaurebi, aerCia eforosebi, sxva magis-
tratebi da gerusia; gadaewyvita zavis dadebis, omis dawyebisa da samokavSireo xelSek-
rulebaTa gaformebis sakiTxebi. apelas Tanxmobas aseve saWiroebda kanonmdeblobaSi
dagegmili cvlilebebis Setana.
centuriis kreba iRebda axal kanonebs, irCevda umaRles magistratebs. wyvetda omis
sakiTxebs da aniWebda romis moqalaqeobas, ganixilavda moqalaqis sarCels magistratis
gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT (sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni). Tavidan kenWisyra zepi-
rad tardeboda, mogvianebiT SemoiRes dafebi, romlebzec werdnen A an C asoebs (vamtyu
neb _ vamarTleb). tribis krebebis funqciebSi ki dabali rangis magistratebis arCeva, sa-
samarTlo davebisa da religiuri sakiTxebis ganxilva Sedioda. kuriis krebebi irCevdnen
mefeebs, aniWebdnen maT imperiums, gamohqondaT ganaCeni provokaciis SemTxvevaSi. krebaze
ganixileboda ojaxuri urTierTobebic: anderZis, Svilad ayvanis da a.S. amdenad, es iyo
umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo. servius tuliusis reformebTan erTad kuriis kreba
CamoTvlil funqciaTagan bevrs daemSvidoba da darCa: 1) ufleba ganexila da gadaewyvita
ojaxuri urTierTobebi; 2) imperiumis miniWebis ufleba; 3) centuriis krebebze miRebuli
dadgenilebis damtkiceba.
komicia ganixilavda da amtkicebda senatis mier miRebul kanonproeqts da gadawyvetile-
bebs. komiciis damtkicebis gareSe kanoni ZalaSi ver Sevidoda. aseve, saxalxo krebasac
SeeZlo waredgina kanonproeqti, romelsac senatis Tanxmoba sWirdeboda.
qarTul sinamdvileSi ki saTemo yriloba erTad warmoadgenda Temis yofa-cxovrebaSi
sruluflebian sakanonmdeblo, iuridiul da politikur organos, romelic sabolood
wyvetda sazogadoebis saqmeebs da Tavisi moqmedebebis gamo angariSs aravis abarebda.
xevis yriloba wyvetda im sakiTxebs, romlebic mTel svaneTs exeboda, mag., mezoblebTan
omis gamocxadeba, laSqris mowveva, laSqrisTvis mTavarsardlis daniSvna, zavis pirobebis
ganxilva, mosaxleebis dabegvra da a.S. am saerTo sabWos gadawyvetileba gasaCivrebas ar
eqvemdebareboda. es sabWoebi ar ereodnen svaneTis Sida mmarTvelobaSi, anu TiToeuli
sazogadoeba Tavad wyvetda Tavis saqmeebs.
TemTa yrilobis uflebebi ganusazRvreli iyo. mas SeeZlo aeyara da gaeZevebina komli-
dan mosaxle, gaenadgurebina, qoneba CamoerTmia an sikvdiliTac daesaja Temis moRalate.
Temis yrilobas gamohqonda dadgenilebebi Semdeg sakiTxebze: rodesac mezobel tome-
bze apirebdnen Tavdasxmas, an mezoblebTan Tu sxva TemebTan kavSiris damyareba undodaT.
aseve mis funqciebSi Sedioda worisa Tu saxsris gadaxda. aseve isjeboda is, vinc yrilo-
bis nebis gareSe ucxo qveyanaSi wavidoda, radgan SeiZlebda iqidan avi seni Semoetana.
yrilobis dadgenilebiT Temi ifarebda sxva Temidan gamoqceul pirs da icavda mas
mtrisgan.
mas ufleba hqonda daesaja qurdebi, qrTamis amRebi da a.S. mis funqciebSi Sedioda uwe-
sobaSi gamovlenili samRvdelo piris (bapis) Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba.
xevSi Temis kacebis funqciebSi Sedioda sisxl-mesisxleTa Serigeba. aq asamarTlebdnen
momCivrebs da vercerTi moxeve ver bedavda winaaRmdegobis gawevas.
25
rac Seexeba fSavs, saxalxo yriloba awesebda umaRles sasjels, damnaSavis Caqolvas an
Temidan mokveTas. magram Cveulebrivi sadavo samoqalaqo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad fSav-
xevsuri samediatori sasamarTlos da Suamavlebis meSveobiT arCeul pirebs mimarTavda
(ix. bWe).
qarTvel mTielTa saxalxo krebebs aseve mniSvnelovani aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia ekis-
reboda. krebaze daswreba SeeZloT axalgazrdebs, romlebsac xmis ufleba ar hqondaT. es
maTTvis skolas warmoadgenda, romlis meSveobiTac isini eziarebodnen tradiciebsa da
zneobriv normebs.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi saxalxo krebebi maTi legitimurobis gansamt-
kiceblad umravles SemTxvevaSi tardeboda eklesiis ezoSi an romelime sakulto adgilis
maxloblad.
rogorc warmodgenili masalidan Cans, saxalxo krebebs warmmarTveli roli ekisre-
boda saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobis politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli principebi mTel saberZneTsa da romSi moqmedebda, Tumca
unda aRiniSnos, rom romSi demokratiis roli mainc ufro mcire iyo, vidre Zvel aTenSi.
es albaT imiT iyo gapirobebuli, rom romSi, faqtobrivad, sami saxalxo kreba arsebobda,
rac maT funqciebs met-naklebad amcirebda. mmarTvelobis sadaveebi mTeli respublikis
periodSi mainc senats epyra, romelic uZvelesi uxucesTa gvarovnuli sabWodan TandaTan
umaRlesi oligarqiuli mmarTvelobis instrumentad gadaiqca.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi ase mkveTrad gamoxatuli demokratia ar arse-
bobda, mTaSi saxalxo krebebis funqcionirebaSi vxedavT mis aSkara niSnebs. amis mizezi
ki albaT is iyo, rom mTis xalxi, baris mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebiT, meti TavisuflebiT
sargeblobda.
saTaTbiro/sabWo
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis nebismieri formis dros, iqneboda es monarqia Tu respub-

likuri wyoba, saTaTbiroebi garkveuli funqciebis matarebeli iyo. im gansxvavebiT, rom
monarqiis dros saTaTbiro mefis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo, respublikuri wyobis dros ki
saxalxo krebebi da sabWoebi mmarTvelobis umaRles organoebs warmoadgendnen.
SevecdebiT, mokled mimovixiloT, Tu ra roli ekisreboda saTaTbiroebs saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobisa Tu xalxisTvis saberZneTSi, romsa da saqarTveloSi monarqiidan moyole-
buli demokratiuli wyobis CaTvliT da ramdenad pasuxobda es organoebi demokratiul
principebs, gamovkveToT maT Soris msgavseba – gansxvaveba.
saberZneTsa da romSi saxelmwifo marTvis struqtura Sedgeboda saxalxo krebisa da
sabWosgan (gerusia, areopagi, bule da senati). saqarTveloSic kolegialuri organoebis
arseboba odiTganve dasturdeba. mTaSi mmarTvelobis mniSvnelovan organos saxalxo
kreba/sabWo warmoadgenda, feodalur saqarTveloSi ki samefo karTan arsebuli saTaT-
biro, romlis saTaveSic idga mefe.
rogorc aRvniSneT, monarqiis periodSi ukve arsebobda sabWoebi, rogorebic iyo aT-
enSi areopagi, romSi senati, saqarTveloSi ki darbazoba, veziroba. es kolegialuri or-
ganoebi aTensa da romSi respublikis periodSic agrZeleben arsebobas saxecvlili fun-
qciebiT. maT paralelurad iqmneba sxvadasxva demokratiuli instituti, romelTac sax-
elmwifo marTvaSi mniSvnelovani roli ekisrebaT.
saberZneTSi uZvelesi droidan aresis borcvze ikribeboda sabWo – areopagi, romlis
saxelwodebac Sekrebis adgilidan momdinareobs. monarqiis periodSi areopagis sabWos
mefe iwvevda da Tavad Tavmjdomareobda. misi Tavdapirveli funqcia mefis mrCevloba iyo
(iseve, rogorc senatisa). monarqiis periodSi sabWo mTlianad evpatridebisgan Sedgebo-
da, solonis Semdeg ki mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda yvela arqoni rwmunebulobis vadis
amowurvis Semdeg. Sesabamisad, areopagis sabWo 200 an 300 kaciTac ki ganisazRvreboda.
26
areopagis msgavsad romSi monarqiis drosve arsebobda uxucesTa sabWo – senati. romu-
lusis dros mis SemadgenlobaSi 100 ojaxis ufrosi Sedioda, Semdeg maTi ricxvi 200-mde
gaizarda, respublikis periodSi sabWo 300 kaciT ganisazRvreboda, imperiis periodSi ki
maTi ricxvi 1000/600-dan 200-mde meryeobda. senatorebis asarCevad Tavdapirvelad aqac
patriciuli warmomavloba iyo saWiro, magram servius tuliusis reformis Semdeg maT
Rirseuli plebeebisganac irCevdnen. senats, iseve rogorc areopags, mefe iwvevda. mogvia
nebiT senatis mowvevis ufleba gadavida konsulebsa da konsulis tribunebze, aseve saxal
xo tribunebze da magistratebze.
darbazi mefesTan arsebuli feodalebis saTaTbiro organo iyo, romelic XI-XVIII ss-is
saqarTveloSi arsebobda. mis saTaveSi idga mefe da Tavad xelmZRvanelobda TaTbirs. dar-
bazis wevrebi or jgufad iyofodnen: xelosanni, e.i. saxelmwifo moxeleebi (mwignobari,
ejibi, amirejibi, meWurWle, saWurWlis nacvali da sxva) da uxeloni, romelTac saxel
mwifo Tanamdeboba ar ekavaT. vezirebi gansakuTrebuli upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen
darbazobaSi, mogvianebiT, saveziro upirispirdeba darbazobas. mefe maTi daxmarebiT cdi-
lobda darbazis `naxevar-xelmwifeTa~ damorCilebas.
saqarTveloSi XII saukuneSi saveziro, rogorc mmarTvelobis organo, ar arsebobda.
mis funqciebs, rogorc aRvniSneT, `darbazis rigis~ maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi asrule-
ben mwignobarTuxuces Wyondidelis meTaurobiT. daviT aRmaSeneblis dros ki iqmneba Se-
darebiT mwyobri da daxvewili aparati, romelic XIII s-Si saveziros saxiT Camoyalibda.
saveziros warmoSobamde veziri piradad moaxsenebda mefes saganmgeblo uwyebaSi arsebu-
li mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. vezirTa raodenobis zrdasTan erTad gaCnda moTxovnileba az-
rTa SeTanxmebuli muSaobisa da erTiani politikis gatarebisa. swored am mizniT Seiqmna
saveziro, romelic uzrunvelyofda mefisTvis vezirTa mxriv koleqtiur moxsenebas da me-
fis umaRlesi gankargulebis Tanaxmad vezirTa mxridan qveynis SeTanxmebul marTvas.
saqarTveloSi darbazis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen maRali klasis warmomadgenlebi
(feodalebi) da miuxedavad imisa, rom saboloo gadawyvetilebas mefe iRebda, Tavad sa-
TaTbiroebis arseboba ukve aris demokratiulobis niSani, radgan igi sakiTxebis ganx-
ilvaSi mravalTa monawileobas efuZneba. rogorc vxedavT, sawyis etapze saberZneTsa da
romSic ZiriTadad saTaTbiroebi zeda fenebiT arian warmodgenilni, magram maTi princi-
pebi bevrad ufro demokratiuli iyo, radgan maTSi garkveulwilad plebeebic _ dabali
fenis warmomadgenlebic monawileobdnen.
monarqiis daqveiTebasTan erTad izrdeba rogorc areopagis sabWos, aseve senatis gav-
lenac.
aTeneli politikosi da kanonmdebeli soloni (Zv. w. VII-VI ss.) qmnis oTxasTa sabWos,
romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda 100 kaci TiTo filedan. Tumca, arsebobs, varaudi, rom
oTxasTa sabWo solonamdec funqcionirebda. solonma aseve SeinarCuna areopagi, romlis
funqciebSi Sedioda: 1) sabWosa da saxalxo krebis yvela dadgenilebis mimarT vetos ufle-
ba; 2) umaRlesi sasamarTlos uflebebi da 3) moqalaqeTa zneobis meTvalyureobis ufleba.
oTxasTa sabWo amzadebda saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebebs da, faqtobrivad, areopagTan
erTad akontrolebda mas. oligarqiul reJimTa dros bules zogjer SeeZlo saxalxo
krebisgan damoukideblad emoqmeda.
areopagis es roli grZeldeboda Zv. w. 462 w-de.
efialtesis reformebis Semdeg areopagma dakarga politikuri mniSvneloba. misi priv-
ilegiebi gadaeca Zv. w. 507 w-s klisTenesis reformiT Seqmnil 500-Ta sabWos anu bules,
nawilobriv saxalxo krebasa da sasamarTloebs. mas CamoerTva kanonebis damcvelis fun-
qcia da igi saxalxo krebam bules mianiWa. areopagi ki gadaiqca sasamarTlod, romelSic
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa garkveuli nawili _ umTavresad mkvlelobis an mkrexelobisa
da sxeulis dazianebis saqmeebi ganixileboda. SeizRuda misi iurisdiqciac.
oTxasTa sabWos (bules) wevrebs oligarqTa mmarTvelobisas, savaraudod, xmis mice-
miT irCevdnen an maT es Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiT hqondaT. bules wevrebad isini an
ramdenime wlis manZilze an mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi msaxurobdnen. ukve demokra-
27
tiuli reJimis pirobebSi ki bules wevri moqalaqe kenWisyriTi arCevnebis Sedegad xde-
boda da maTi samsaxureobrivi vada erTi wliT Semoifargleboda, meore vadiT msaxureba
mxolod garkveuli Sualedis Semdgom iyo SesaZlebeli. romis senatSi Semavali yofili
magistratebi sicocxlis bolomde aRasrulebdnen am movaleobas.
klisTenesis dros oTxasTa sabWos cvlis xuTasTa sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobSi Se-
dioda 50 wevri TiTo filedan (10X50). saTaTbiros wevri SeiZleba gamxdariyo 30 w-s ga-
dacilebuli nebismieri moqalaqe (maT Soris, Tetebis fenidanac).
romis senatSi monawileTa asakic gansazRvruli iyo. senators unda hqonoda gansaz-
Rvruli qonebrivi cenzi da unda yofiliyo ufrosi asakis, 46 w-s zemoT, Tumca Zv. w. II s-Si
sulam senatorTa asaki 30 w-de (an 27) Camowia. ar gvaqvs informacia, iyo Tu ara dadge-
nili saqarTveloSi krebis/sabWos wevrTa asakobrivi zRvari.
spartaSic arsebobda uxucesTa sabWo _ gerusia. igi 28 geronisa da 2 mefisagan Sedge-
boda. geronebi 60 w-s gadacilebuli mamakacebi iyvnen, romelTac moxucebulobis gamo sam
xedro samsaxuri aRar SeeZloT. isini aristokratuli ojaxebis SezRuduli wridan iyvnen
warmodgenilni. eforosebis msgavsad, maTac xmis micemiT (SeZaxilebiT) irCevdnen. Zv. w. V
s-Si geronebs Tanamdeboba sicocxlis bolomde ekavaT.
gansxvavebuli iyo yvelgan sabWos Sekrebis dReebi. aTenSi bule, garkveuli dResas-
waulebis garda, yoveldRiurad ikribeboda. romis senatis sxdomebisTvis ki irCevd-
nen Semdeg dReebs: kalendebs, nonebs, idebsa da sadResaswaulo dReebs. sxdoma msxver-
plSewirviTa da misnobiT iwyeboda. msxverplSewirva savaldebulo rituali iyo aTen-
Si areopagis sabWos sxdomis dasawyebad da aseve saxalxo krebis winac. amasTan, ficsac
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda senatis, areopagisa da saxalxo krebis SemTxvevaSi. fics
debdnen imis dasturad, rom sxdomas SecdomaSi ar Seiyvandnen da simarTles ityodnen.
msgavs tradiciebs vxvdebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi svanebis mier marTlmsajulebis aR-
srulebis dros.
senatis sxdomebisTvis gankuTvnili iyo taZrebi, aTenSi ki bule ikribeboda winaswar
gansazRvrul bulevterionebSi, romlebic ZiriTadad bazris moednebze mdebareobda.
vinaidan senatis sxdomebi yoveldRiurad ar imarTeboda, mas Sikrikebis meSveobiT an
gancxadebebiT iwvevdnen. mowvevis aseTi forma arc saqarTvelos mTianeTisTvis yofila
ucxo. raWaSi Sekrebis (saxalxo krebis) Sesaxeb xalxs atyobinebda specialurad arCeuli
axalgazrda, romelsac `damZaxebels~ uwodebdnen. svaneTSi ki bukiTa da sayviriT xdebo-
da xalxis mogroveba. barSi ki darbazobis gamarTvis brZanebas Tavad mefe gascemda.
monarqiis gadavardnis Semdeg aTenSi sabWos saqmianobas mefis nacvlad warmarTavda
pritanisebisgan Semdgari 50 kaciani komiteti, romelsac garkveuli periodis Semdeg ax-
ali wevrebisgan Semdgari komiteti cvlida (wlis saqmianoba 10 ciklad _ pritanead iwo-
deboda. erTi komiteti bules saqmianobas wlis 1/10-is manZilze uZRveboda). Zv. w. V s-Si
pritanisebi yoveldRiurad irCevdnen TavianTi rigebidan Tavmjdomares – epistatess,
romelic saxalxo krebasac Tavmjdomareobda, Tuki saxalxo kreba im dRes iyo mowveuli.
Semdgom xanebSi Tavmjdomares proedrosebidan irCevdnen.
senatorebi iyofodnen 10 kacian jgufebad, am dajgufebis meTauri iyo pirveli senato-
ri – princeps senatus (Sdr. pirveli veziri). Tu arcerTi konsuli ar iyo romSi, maSin uzenae-
si magistrati asrulebda maT funqciebs. mxolod pirvel senatorebs hqondaT senatSi si-
tyvis warmoTqmis ufleba. amasTan, mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli, Tu vis da rodis unda esa
ubra. patricieli senatorebi yovelTvis ufro adre saubrobdnen, vidre plebeebi da Tan
maTi xmac ufro mniSvnelovani iyo kenWisyrisas. rogorc vxedavT, warmomavlobas mainc
eZleoda upiratesoba, rac bunebrivia am epoqisTvis.
Tu rogor warimarTeboda qarTuli darbazoba, amas mefe gansazRvravda da sabWosac,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tavadve xelmZRvanelobda. ierarqia aqac daculi iyo. darbazis
wevrTa adgilebis ganlageba mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli, Tumca epoqebis mixedviT icv-
leboda kidec. bagrat IV-is dros darbazis wevrebi mefis pirdapir sxdebodnen, xolo
Tamar mefis dros moxeleebi mefis orive mxridan dausvamT. rac ufro sapatio iyo dar-
bazis wevri, miT ufro axlos ijda is mefesTan. skamebic gansxvavebuli iyo. yvelaze sa-
28
patio pirebs – vezirebsa da erisTavTerisTavebs hqondaT oqroWedili selebi, romle-
bzec gadafenili iyo nati (xaliCa) da baliSi, naklebad sapatio wevrebs mxolod nati,
ubaliSod, xolo ufro dabali rangis pirebis skamebi unato da ubaliSo iyo. darbazo-
bis monawileTa nawili fexze idga. isini darbazis wevrebi ar iyvnen, aramed darbazobis
saWiro wesrigis, ceremonialis damcveli an saqmis warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli moxeleebi
iyvnen. darbazis yoveli wevris dawinaurebas misTvis kuTvnili dasajdomi adgilis Secv-
lac mosdevda.
xelmwifis karis garigebis mixedviT, saveziros sxdoma mtkiced reglamentirebuli iyo.
roca saveziros mefe eswreboda, maSin sxdoma mas mihyavda, Cveulebriv, ki misi Tavmjdo-
mare vezirTa upirvelesi mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli iyo (Sdr. pirveli senatori),
romelsac yvelanair saqmeze miuwvdeboda xeli, maT Soris samxedro, safinanso da saekle-
sio saqmeebzec.
marTvis operatiulobisTvis calke iyo gamoyofili `samTa vazirTa jgufi~ (aTabagi,
amirspasalari da mandaturTuxucesi) da òrTa vazirTa~ (meWurWleTuxucesi da msaxurT
uxucesi). `samTa vazirTa~ jgufi meti gavleniT sargeblobda da rogorc Cans, qveynis
sagareo politikuri, samxedro da saSinao saqmeebis ganxilva am viwro wreSi xdeboda.
SedarebiT gvian unda iyos Seqmnili òrTa vazirTa~ jgufi, romelic ZiriTadad qveynis
safinanso-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze zrunavda.
senatis sxdomas xsnida mTavari damswre (konsuli, pretori, tribuni), romelic Sekre-
bilebs saqmis arss gaacnobda. amis Semdeg xmis uflebis mqoneT mkacri TanmimdevrobiT
iZaxebdnen. qarTuli darbazobis dros am funqcias (sxdomis gamocxadebis) msaxurTuxucesi
iTavsebda. mas Semdeg, rac sxdomas gaxsnida sityviT `brZaneT~, pirveli sityva mwignobarT
uxucess gadaecemoda.
senatisa da bules Sekrebebs sajaro xasiaTi hqonda. darbazoba ki sasaxleSi daxurul
kars miRma mimdinareobda. mxolod mcire darbazoba, sazeimo sxdoma imarTeboda saja-
rod. aseT darbazobaze iseTi saqmeebi irCeoda, romelTa Sesaxeb sajarod msjeloba, sax-
elmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiT, saxifaTo ar iqneboda.
am SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, Znelia demokratiulobaze saubari. vezirTa aseTi vi-
wro wre TavisTavad gamoricxavs sxvaTa monawileobas TaTbiris procesSi. saxelmwifo
saidumloebis dacvis garda, vezirTa limitirebuli raodenoba mefis xelisuflebis ga-
Zliereba-ganmtkicebiTac iyo gapirobebuli.
bules kompetenciis sferoSi saTaTbiro, administraciuli da samosamarTlo funqciebi
Sedioda. saxalxo krebaze gamosatani nebismieri sakiTxi winaswar buleSi unda ganxilu-
liyo, rasac winaswari dadgenilebis – probulevmas Sedgena mosdevda. mxolod saxalxo
krebaze ganxilvis Semdeg xdeboda probulevma fsefisma anu dadgenileba.
romSi saxalxo krebisa da senatis funqciebic gadajaWvuli iyo erTmaneTTan. senatis
funqciebSi sakanonmdeblo proeqtebis SemuSavebac Sedioda. am proeqtebis ganxilva da
damtkiceba saxalxo krebas evaleboda. Tu saxalxo kreba ar moiwonebda kanonproqts, igi
kanonad ver iqceoda. saxalxo krebasac SeeZlo kanonproeqtis wardgena, magram senatis
mowonebis gareSe verc es iqceoda kanonad. rogorc aTensa da romSi, aseve feodalur
saqarTveloSic darbazis anu saTaTbiros roli sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvanairi iyo.
mag., daviT aRmaSeneblis dros darbazi mefes emorCileboda, giorgi II-is dros ki mefe
iyo misi morCili.
saveziroSi ukve winaswar ganixilavdnen im sakiTxebs, romlebic sxvadasxva uwyebas exe-
boda da SeimuSavebdnen erTiani politikis xazs. am mxriv swored saveziro uaxlovdeba
im sistemas, romlis Tanaxmadac saxalxo krebebi da sabWoebi SeTanxmebulad moqmedebdnen
aTensa da romSi.
bules funqciebSi aseve Sedioda magistratTa sxvadasxva kolegiis saqmianobis zedamxed-
veloba, saxalxo krebaze ucxoeli stumrebis miReba, xelSekrulebaTa monaxazebis ga-
keTeba, flotis meTvalyureoba. finansuri movaleobebic mas ekisreboda, iqneboda es
gadasaxadebi, sesxis aReba da dabruneba, Tanxis gacema da a.S. sabWo Tvalyurs adevnebda
sazogadoebrivi Senobebisa da sakurTxevlis agebas, sajaro dResaswaulebis Catarebas da
29
a.S. bules samosamarTlo kompetenciebSi Sedioda dokimasiaTa sxvadasxva saxeoba. areopa
gisagan bules gadaeca uflebamosileba, gamoeZia Tanamdebobis pirTa ukanono qmedebani.
mas xelewifeboda damnaSavisTvis daekisrebina 500 draqmis jarimis gadaxdis valdebule-
ba. ufro mkacri sasjelis SemTxvevaSi mas saqme gansaxilvelad saxalxo krebis an dikaste-
rionebisTvis unda gadaeca.
senatSic religiuri da finansuri sakiTxebi wydeboda, ganixileboda Tanamdebobis pir-
Ta saqmianoba. mas exeboda sagareo saqmeebis warmoeba, omisa Tu sxva qalaqebis politi-
kis gatarebis sakiTxebi. senatis samosamarTlo Zalaufleba gamoixateboda Tanamdebobis
pirTa, mokavSireeebisa Tu ucxoelebis, romis moqalaqeebis dasjaSi. rogorc aRvniSneT,
sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebs damoukideblad, saxalxo krebis gareSe ver wyvetdnen.
spartis gerusias rogorc saTaTbiro, aseve samosamarTlo funqciebi hqonda. is ganixi-
lavda saxalxo politikis sakiTxebs da amzadebda apelasTvis winadadebebs. gerusia is-
menda sikvdilTan, gaZevebasaTan da atimiasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs. mas hqonda mefeebis
gansjis uflebac.
feodalur saqarTveloSi darbazi ikribeboda rogorc mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo saq-
meebis gansaxilvevlad da gadasawyvetad, aseve sadResaswaulo zeimisTvisac. faqtobrivad,
darbazi ganixilavda yvela im sakiTxs, romelTa ganxilvac aTensa da romSi sabWosa da
saxalxo krebebze, an garkveul organoebze nawildeboda. darbazobisas ganixileboda:
kanonmdebloba da uzenaesi marTlmsajuleba, omis gamocxadebis, dazavebis, did xelisu-
falTa arCevisa Tu daniSvnis, Semdgom maTi dalocva-xeldasxmis sakiTxebi, agreTve,
laSqris Sin dabrunebisa da despanis gagzavnis Temebi. Tamaris dros yovel mniSvnelovan
samxedro moqmedebas darbazis TaTbiri da bWoba uZRoda win.
funqciebis gadanawilebas iwyebs daviT aRmaSenebeli, rodesac qmnis calke sasamarTlo
organos – saajo kars (Sdr. heliaia; dikasterioni), sadac samarTalwarmoeba mimdina
reobda. Tumca garkveuli sasamarTlo sakiTxebis ganxilva darbazis uflebamosilebaSi
kvlav Sedioda.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mTianeTs, sabWo da saxalxo kreba imdenad aris organulad
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, faqtobrivad, erT cnebad moiazreba. nebismieri saSinao Tu
sagareo problema mTaSi saxalxo krebaze wydeboda. es organoebi ufro metad damoukide-
beli iyo da mefes naklebad emorCileboda.
saxelmwifos marTvaSi saveziro sauwyebo sistemis SemoRebas niSnavda da darbazis
sawinaaRmdegod xels uwyobda mefis xelisuflebis gaZlierebas da mmarTvelobis cen-
tralizacias. am mxriv, darbazobasTan SedarebiT, igi progresuli dawesebuleba iyo.
romSi iqmneba droebiTi samTavrobo kolegia – decemviri, romelic 10 kacisagan Semd-
gar kolegias warmoadgenda. decemvirebis arCeva romSi kanonebis Seqmnis mizniT moxda.
kolegiebi funqciebis mixedviT nawildeboda: 1) decemvirebi, romelTa movaleoba sajaro
miwebis xalxisTvis ganawileba iyo; 2) decemvirebi (decemviri legibus scribendis), romelsac
kanonmdebloba unda Seeqmna. es iyo saukeTeso saSualeba, rom plebeebi da patriciebi
gaTanabrebuliyvnen. am dros yvela sxva samTavrobo Tanamdeboba droebiT wyvets arse-
bobas. am dros iqmneba XII dafis kanoni; 3) uZvelesi sasamarTlo kolegia, romelic mo-
qalaqis uflebebs ganixilavda. aq plebeebis uflebebic daculi iyo, maT decemvirTa sa-
samarTlos Tavmjdomaredac niSnavdnen; am sasamarTlom respublikis dasasrulamde iar-
seba. 4) decemvirebi, romlebic religiur sakiTxebs ganixilavdnen.
arsebobda aseve saxalxo tribunis instituti, romelic Zv. w. 494 w-s SemoiRes. tribu-
nis funqcia plebeebis dacvaSi mdgomareobda. tribunebs irCevdnen yovelwliurad. Tavda-
pirvelad irCevdnen or an xuT tribuns, Zv. w. 457 w-dan ki maTi ricxvi 10-mde gaizarda.
erTi da igive piri orjer ar unda arCeuliyo. maT ufleba hqondaT Careuliyvnen ro-
gorc samoqalaqo, ise sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi, yvela administraciuli RonisZiebis
mowyoba da Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevis sakiTxsac isini wyvetdnen. Tavdapirvelad se
natTan mimarTebaSi tribunebi aranairi uflebiT ar sargeblobdnen, Tumca mogvianebiT
senatSi daswrebis uflebac moipoves. metic, maT miiRes tribaTa krebis mowvevis ufleba.
30
SeeZloT daeniSnaT jarima daumorCileblobisTvis an daepatimrebinaT kidec, miiRes aus-
piciebis Catarebis uflebac. Zv. w. 421 w-de tribunati plebeebisTvis erTaderTi xelmisawv-
domi dawesebuleba iyo. gviani respublikis epoqaSi ki patriciebmac daiwyes kenWisyra am
Tanamdebobaze.
XII s-Si saqarTveloSi meWurWleTuxucesi yuTlu arslani, romelic gamdidrebuli uaz
no iyo, moiTxovda samefo karis gverdiT axali dawesebulebis – karavis Seqmnas, romelic
samefo xelisuflebisagan sruliad damoukidebeli organo iqneboda. karavis dadgma man
isnis velze, sasaxlis maxloblad moiTxova. amiT igi upirispirdeboda samefo kars. kara-
vis SemadgenlobaSi msxvil feodalebTan erTad unda yofiliyvnen qalaqis zeda fenis war-
momadgenlebi. karavi xelSi iRebda saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sadaveebs, mas unda ganego
qveynis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi, maT Soris sxvadasxva samoxeleo Tanamdebobis pirTa
wyaloba, damnaSave Tanamdebobis pirTa dasja, e. i. uzenaesi marTlmsajulebis aRsrule-
ba. mefes `karavis~ muSaobaSi monawileoba ar unda mieRo, saqmeebis garCevaSi ar unda Ca-
reuliyo. yuTlu-arslanis politikuri programis mixedviT, mas mxolod ukve dadgenil
sakiTxebs acnobebdnen, mas ki sisruleSi unda moeyvana `karavis~ gadawyvetileba. yuTlu-
arslanis gegma ver ganxorcielda. Tumca darbazis fuqciebi sakmaod gaizarda.
rogorc vxedavT, XII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi Cndeba parlamentis msgavsi organos Se-
qmnis idea, romelic demokratiuli mmarTvelobis garkveul saxes warmoadgens. igi ver
ganxorcielda, radgan mkveTrad upirispirdeboda samefo xelisuflebas da mis ufle-
bebis Sekvecas miznad isaxavda. magram sayuradReboa, rom yuTlu-arslanisa da misi dasis
mier SemuSavebuli karavis struqtura da principebi cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula.
mas safuZvlad unda dasdeboda jer kidev XI saukuneSi TbilisSi vaWrebisagan Semdgari
Tbileli berebis TviTmmarTvelobis organo.
darbazisa da savezirosgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic monarqebis periodSi funqcionire-
ben, XI saukuneSi droebiT Cndeba Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba, romlis Semadgen-
lobaSi qalaqis uxucesebi Sediodnen da romlebic Tbileli berebis saxeliT arian cno-
bilni. Tbilisis berebs moqalaqeTa zeda fenebidan irCevdnen. isini gansakuTrebiT amiras
xelisuflebis dasustebis Semdeg gaZlierdnen. swored uxucesTa 12 kacian sabWos ebara
qalaqis kliteni, Tbilisis mcvelTa razmis meTauroba, samarTalwarmoeba, mosaxleobis
sursaT-sanovagiT momarageba, xolo amira jafar alisZis gardacvalebis Semdeg qalaqis
mfarvelad bagrat IV miiwvies, romelic 1051 w-s iZulebuli gaxda Tbilisi daetovebina,
ris Semdegac berebi 10-12 wlis manZilze marTavdnen qalaqs. am periodidan Tbilisi da-
moukidebeli qalaqi iyo da mas 12 kaciani sabWo ganagebda, romlis wevrebic TiTo TviT,
rigrigobiT marTavdnen qalaqs.
rodesac erTmaneTs vadarebT saberZneTisa da romis demokratiul institutebs da saqa-
rTveloSi arsebul saTaTbiroebs samefo xelisuflebis arsebobis periodSi, demokrati-
aze saubari mainc pirobiTia. aq umTavresad saqme gvaqvs demokratiis niSnebTan da feo-
dalur-monarqiul sistemaSi amaze met demokratiulobas arc unda movelodeT, magram am
drois saqarTveloSi aseTi raodenobiT demokratiuli niSnebis arseboba mniSvnelovani
movlenaa (mTis regionze aq ar SevCerdebiT, ix. saxalxo kreba). es imis damadasturebelia,
rom mmarTvelobis yoveli forma, TviT erTpirovnulic, mxolod maSin aris sicocxlisu-
nariani, Tuki igi raRac odenobiT mainc iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis moTxovnebsa da in-
teresebs.
31
2. ekonomika / ekonomikuri struqturebi da instituciebi
ekonomikuri struqturebi uZvelesi civilizaciebis ganviTarebasTan erTad yalibde-

boda. didi xniT adre, vidre qalaq-saxelmwifoebi warmoiqmneboda, calkeul mosaxlesa
Tu qalaqebs Soris warmoebda savaWro gacvla, rac xels uwyobda savaWro urTierTobebis
da Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri instituciebis Camoyalibebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel ber-
Znebsa da romaelebs ar hqondaT enaSi Tanamedrove terminis _ ekonomikis ekvivalenti,
maT mainc SeZles ganeviTarebinaT is saqmianoba da mimarTulebebi, romlebic dRes Sei-
Zleba am struqturis Semadgenel umTavres nawilebad moviazroT. masSi vgulisxmobT mi-
wis mesakuTreobas, soflis meurneobas, savaWro urTierTobebs, saxelmwifo xazinas, ga-
dasaxadebs, Semosavlebs, anazRaurebas, bankebs, mevaxSeobas, sagareo da saSinao bazars da
a. S. swored am saqmianobaTa safuZvelze Zvel berZnul enasa da laTinurSi damkvidrda
specialuri terminologia, romelic maSindeli ekonomikis ganviTarebasTan erTad epo-
qebis mixedviT ixveweboda.
ekonomikis warmoSobisa da kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb pirvelad kvleva aristotelem
daiwyo, romelsac zogjer pirvel ekonomistsac ki uwodeben. aristotelem daayena
sakiTxi, romelic mTavar problemad rCeboda aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi _ ra kriteri-
umiT isazRvreboda saqonlis gacvlis proporciebi da ra qmnida saqonlis Rirebulebas?
aristotelem Caatara kapitalis analizi, romelic savaWro da finansur kapitalad dayo.
igi cdilobda, gaerkvia `WeSmariti Rirebulebis~ sakiTxi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ekonomikur
da eTikur sakiTxebs aristotele cal-calke ar ganixilavda Zveli romaeli moazrovnee-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic calsaxad damoukideblad ganixilavdnen maT. Zvel rom-
Si akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor warimarTeboda ufro efeqtianad soflis meurneoba da ra
gansazRvravda racionalurad warmoebis faqtorebs.
Tanamedrove termini ekonomika (ix. ekonomika, saberZneTi) momdinareobs berZnuli
sityvidan oijkonomiva, rac kerZo meurneobis (ojaxis) _ oi\ko"-is gaZRolas niSnavda da ara
erovnuli ekonomikisa. Tavdapirvelad es termini qsenofonTan gvxvdeba im Txzulebis
saTaurad, romelic saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis wesebsa da miwaTmoqmedebas exeba.
TiToeuli berZnuli ojaxi ideologiuri da politikuri miznebidan gamomdinare, cdi-
lobda ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo gaefarTovebina da kidev ufro daewinaurebina sao-
jaxo meurneoba, rac maTi keTildReobisa da gavlenis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani garanti
iyo. saojaxo ekonomika saberZneTSi, upirveles yovlisa, sasoflo sameurneo ekonomika
gaxldaT, radgan namdvili qalaqebisa Tu utyuarad urbanuli samosaxlo centrebis ricx-
vi aq erTob mcire iyo.
im faqtma, rom berZnebsa da qarTvel tomebs Soris garkveuli urTierToba arsebobda,
Zvel kolxeTSi argonavtebis laSqrobac adasturebs. garda miTebisa, herodotem araerTi
mniSvnelovani cnoba dagvitova qarTveli tomebis Sesaxeb. adgilobriv mosaxleobas sak-
maod mWidro kavSiri hqonda berZenTa axalSenebTan. strabonis gadmocemiT, maSin xomal-
debi mdinare rionze Sorapnis cixemde adiodnen, xolo am ukanasknelidan moyolebuli
iberiis sazRvramde oTxi dRis savali saurme gza midioda. im dros saqarTveloSi mar-
Tlac gzebis kargi qseli arsebobda, rasac straboni gvidasturebs iberiis geografiis
aRwerisas. igi asaxelebs mis sazRvrebs da Semosasvlel gzebze mdebare cixe-simagreebs
(XI, 3). erTi kolxuri cixe-simagre Sorapanze da masTan arsebul viwrobebze mdebareob-
da, romelTa gavliT mdinare kolxeTSi miedineboda. masze 120 xidiT SeiZleboda gadas-
vla, radgan gza mixveul-moxveuli iyo (XI, 3, 4). berZenTa axalSenebs kolxeTSi sazoga-
doebrivad da kulturulad sakmaod ganviTarebuli tomebi daxvdnen da rogorc mosulma,
aseve damxvdurma xalxebma urTierTze aSkarad didi zegavlena iqonies. ufro gvian pom-
peusis laSqrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi romaelebis gavlena damyarda. qarTlis damor-
Cilebis Semdeg pompeusi kolxeTSi gadavida, gzadagza daipyro mdinare rionis sanapiro
cixe-simagreebi da Cavida q. fasisSi. kolxeTi romis provinciis _ biTviniisa da pontos
SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos periodulad axlo ur
32
TierTobebi hqonda Zvel saberZneTTan da romTan, ramac garkveulwilad gansazRvra am
qveynebs Soris savaWro, ekonomikuri da socialur-politikuri kavSirebi. Cven Sevec
debiT, davaxasiaToT TiToeuli qveynis ekonomikuri mimarTulebebi da instituciebi, da
aRvniSnoT is mniSvnelovani msgavsebebi, romlebic antikur samyaros saqarTvelosTan
akavSirebda.
miwa da miwaTmoqmedeba. berZnebi patara qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi _ polisebSi cxov-
robdnen, sadac hqondaT sakuTari mmarTveloba da tradiciebi. Zv. w. 750 wlisaTvis sa-
berZneTi ramdenime aseul polisad iyo dayofili. TiToeuli polisi sakuTriv qalaqi-
sa da mimdebare miwebisagan Sedgeboda. polisis moqalaqeobis ZiriTadi kriteriumi mi-
wis sakuTari nakveTis flobis ufleba iyo. mxolod miwaTmflobels SeeZlo yofiliyo
sruluflebiani moqalaqe da mxolod moqalaqe SeiZleboda yofiliyo miwaTmflobeli.
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom garkveuli polisi dayofili iyo miwis na-
kveTebad imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdeni moqalaqe hyavda mas. berZenTa umetesobas ama Tu
im tipis glexoba Seadgenda. glexi ramdenime heqtar miwas amuSavebda. nakveTze daTesi-
li iyo sxvadasxva saxeobis marcvleuli _ umTavresad, qeri, xorbali da qserofitikuli
kulturebi _ zeTisxili, yurZeni, leRvi. wvrilfexa rqosani saqoneli, gansakuTrebiT ki
cxvari da Txa berZnuli agrokulturis aucilebel Semavsebel nawils warmoadgenda. zo-
gierT adgilebSi sasoflo sameurneo kulturebi iyo gaSenebuli, zogan ki ufro metad
mecxoveleobiT irCendnen Tavs. sanapiro raionebSi meTevzeobas misdevdnen, magram Tu
ar CavTvliT Sav zRvas, saberZneTis wylebi advilad dasaWer TevzTa gundebisaTvis gan-
sakuTrebiT xelsayreli ar iyo. Tevzi, garkveulwilad, berZeni glexis sakveb racionSi
fufunebis produqtad rCeboda `mediteranul triadasTan~ (marcvleuli, Rvino, zeiTunis
zeTi) SedarebiT.
polisebis sasoflo meurneoba da sxvadasxva fenis mdgomareoba epoqebis mixedviT icv-
leboda. Zv. w. VI s-Si sakmaod mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda glexoba. mdidar evpatridTa
(warCinebulTa) umetesoba flobda sagvareulo miwebs, romlebsac monebi da Tavisufali
glexebi amuSavebdnen. glexebs mxolod umniSvnelo nakveTebi hqondaT, ris gamoc TiTqmis
aRar SeeZloT sakuTari ojaxebis gamokveba. mravali glexi iZulebuli iyo, mietovebina
kuTvnili miwis nakveTi. solonma glexebs valis gamo dakarguli miwebi daubruna. solo-
nis reformas, seisaxTeias ukavSirdeba agreTve miwismflobelobis maqsimumis daweseba da
zedmeti nawilis konfiskacia. es reforma im mizans emsaxureboda, rom wvrili mesakuTree-
bi daecva SeZlebuli pirebis mier maTi mamulebis Sesyidvisagan da saerTod xeli SeeSala
miwis sakuTrebis ramdenime adamianis xelSi koncentraciisaTvis. aristoteles gadmoce-
miT, maqsimumis dawesebis cdas adgili hqonda ara marto atikaSi, aramed saberZneTis sxva
adgilebSic, Tumca ucnobia, ra daniSnuleba mieca konfiskaciaqmnil miwebs. sainteresoa,
rom solonis mier qonebrivi jgufebis klasebad dayofas safuZvlad miwis cenzi daedo.
garda amisa, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saqoneli da Semosavali fuliT: 1 medimni = 1 cxvars
= 1 draqmas. solonma pirvel klass miakuTvna is pirebi, romlebsac 500 medimni puri, an
500 sawyao zeTisxili Tu Rvino mosdioda sakuTar mamulSi. maT ewodaT xuTasmedimniane-
bi (pentakosiomevdimnoi _ pentakosiomedimnosebi); meores _ 300 medimnianebi _ mxedrebi (iJp-
pei'"); mesames Semosavali 300-dan 200 medimns Soris meryeobda. eseni iyvnen Zevgitebi; ati-
kis danarCeni mosaxleoba warmoadgenda Tetebs (qh'te"). pirdapiri gadasaxadebisagan mo-
qalaqeebi Tavisufali iyvnen, radgan rogorc saberZneTSi, aseve romSic, Tavisufali mo-
qalaqeebis mimarT es faqti uRirs zomad iTvleboda. qonebrivi cenzis SemoRebiT solon-
ma e. w. timokratiuli wyoba daamyara, romelSic warmoSobis privilegia _ qonebrivi da
sazogadoebis samsaxuris privilegiiT _ timokratiiT Secvala.
klasikur epoqaSi miwis gasxvisebis SemzRudveli pirobebi da kerZod, gvaris wevrebis
mier gamosyidvis ufleba Semcirda. peloponesis omis Semdeg am movlenas berZnul
polisebSi miwis mflobelobis odenobis gazrdis SesaZlebloba mohyva. Tumca msxvil
savaWro centrebSi _ korinTosa da aTenSi, Tavisufali fuladi Tanxebi ufro savaWro
operaciebs xmardeboda, vidre mamulebis SeZenas. miuxedavad amisa, atikaSi gvxvdeba msxvi
33
li sasoflo meurneobis Seqmnis erTgvari tendencia. perikles reformebis Tanaxmad,
aTenis kavSirSi Semaval saxelmwifoebSi unda daarsebuliyo aTenuri dasaxlebebi, sa-
dac yovel aTenels SeeZlo, mieRo miwis nakveTi. am dasaxlebebiT atikis farglebs gareT
iqmneboda garnizonebi da ubralo xalxs mdgomareoba umsubuqdeboda. plutarqosis gad-
mocemiT, perikle mTlianad yidda wliur mosavals da Semdeg bazarze yidulobda yvela
saWiro produqts. aTenisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebeli iyo mamulebis daqucmacebisa da mi-
wis wvrili sakuTrebis gavrcelebis procesi. spartasa da aTens Soris hegemoniisaTvis
brZolis dros erT talantad Rirebuli miwa ukve did mamulad iTvleboda.
romSi saxelmwifo miwa _ Ager Publicus _ nakveTebad iyideboda romis moqalaqeebze.
am tipis nakveTebs ewodeboda agri quaestorii, radgan misi gayidviT dakavebuli iyvnen kves-
torebi. saxelmwifo miwis sxva nawili taZrebsa da qurumTa kolegiebs gadaecemoda ro-
gorc sakuTrebaSi, aseve droebiT sargeblobaSi. am miwis nakveTs agri consecrati ewodeboda.
zogjer miwis nakveTs sasyidelis gareSe gadascemdnen moqalaqeebs, rodesac calkeuli
pirebi an axali koloniis Temi (ix. kolonia, Temi) iRebda miwebs. miwis gacemis am tips 3
an meti pirisagan Semdgari komisia kurirebda. miwa, romelic gadaecemoda mflobels sena-
tis provinciaSi, ibegreboda stipendiumiT (stipendium), xolo am tipis gadasaxadis gadamx-
delebi iwodebodnen stipendiarebad (stipendiarii). magram unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo
miwis udidesi nawili saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi rCeboda da sxvadasxva saxiT xdeboda
misi gamoyeneba. bevri nakveTi dapyrobis Semdeg ubrundeboda Zvel mepatrones (agri reddi-
ti), xolo maT Tavis mxriv zustad unda gadaexadaT gadasaxadi. iseTi miwis nakveTebs, rom-
lebic kerZo pirebs gadaecemodaT dasamuSaveblad, possessiones ewodeboda. mflobels See-
Zlo es miwebi memkvidreobiT gadaeca an gaeyida, Tumca WeSmarit kerZo sakuTrebas es miwa
mainc ar warmoadgenda, radgan saxelmwifos nebismier dros hqonda misi ukan gamoTxovis
ufleba. miwis mflobelebi saxelmwifos begaras uxdidnen. romaelebi daumuSavebel miwebs
saZovrebisTvis iyenebdnen da misi gadacema droebiT sargeblobaSi minimaluri dabegvriT
(possessiones relictae, loca relicta) xdeboda. mefeebis epoqaSi moqalaqeebs daurigdaT miwis na-
kveTebi kerZo sakuTrebaSi. servius tuliusma didi raodenobiT miwebi dauriga plebee-
bsac. respublikis xanaSi ki am mxriv situacia Seicvala. plebeebi mudmivad iTxovdnen mi-
wis gadacemas imis safuZvelze, rom axali miwebis dapyroba sakuTari sisxliT uwevdaT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom patriciebs ar hqondaT saxelmwifo miwis gamoyenebis ufleba, faq-
tobrivad, isini flobdnen mas, vinaidan isini warmoadgendnen xalxs (populus) servius tu-
liusis kanonmdeblobamde. swored maT hqondaT saSualeba materialuri dovlaTis gamo
daemuSavebinaT miwis didi nakveTebi. amasTanave TavianTi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT
patriciebs axlo urTierToba hqondaT sardlebTan da mmarTvelebTan, romlebic gadas-
cemdnen maT am miwebs. Tumca isini mainc cdilobdnen, xelSi CaegdoT plebeelTa nakveTebic.
miwis gayofa-gacema patricielTa da plebeelTa Soris arsebuli xangrZlivi davis sagani
iyo iseve, rogorc saberZneTSi evpatridebsa da glexebs Soris. situacia kanonTa ganaxle-
bas moiTxovda. tribunebi gamodiodnen kanonproeqtebiT miwis Sesaxeb (leges agrariae). am
kanonebSi igulisxmeba yvela kanoni, romelic exeba miwis gadacemas rogorc mTeli kolo-
niis, aseve calkeuli pirebisadmi. konsuli kasius viscelinusi (Lex Cassia) axaldapyrobili
da arsebuli miwebis axal ganawilebas sTavazobda sazogadoebas. unda momxdariyo saxelm-
wifo miwis (ager publicus-is) gamijvna sakuTrebisagan (privatus-sagan). Semdeg saxelmwifo mi-
wis nawili unda daeyoT nadelebad da gaenawilebinaT. meore nawili ki, dabegvras unda
daqvemdebareboda. Tumca patriciebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen xeli SeeSalaT senatis dad-
genilebis aRsrulebisaTvis.
didi plebeeli kanonSemoqmedis gaius licinius stolonis saxels ukavSirdeba axali
etapi miwis reformis saqmeSi. vfiqrobT, man gaiTvaliswina solonis mier saberZneTSi
gatarebuli reformebi, romlebsac efeqtiani Sedegi mohyva da liciniusmac berZenTa
gamocdilebiT miwis maqsimumi daawesa. misi kanoni gulisxmobda: 1) aravis hqonda ufle-
ba saxelmwifo miwebidan 500 iugerze meti farTi hqonoda; 2) sazogadoebriv saZovarze
ikrZaleboda 100-ze meti msxvilfexa da 500-ze meti wvrilfexa saqonlis Senaxva; 3) kanonis
34
damrRvevs ekisreboda fuladi jarima multa (multa). kanoni miwis sargeblobisaTvis awe-
sebda fass puris mindvrebze 1/10-is odenobiT, xolo venaxebisa da zeTisxilis planta-
ciebze 1/5-is odenobiT. sazogadoebrivi miwebiT sargeblobis ufleba ki Tanasworad eni-
Weboda rogorc patriciebs, ise plebeebs. mniSvnelovania isic, rom apius klavdiusma mi-
wis cenzi fuladi cenziT Secvala. es faqti ki demokratiuli jgufebis interesebs Seesabam-
eboda, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyvnen vaWrobasTan, xelosnobasTan da saerTod sasaqon-
lo-fulad meurneobasTan. amis Semdeg romSi grakqusebamde siwynare iyo. savaraudod
imitom, rom plebsi dampyroblur omebSi iyo CarTuli da amave dros mravalma Raribma
ipova TavSesafari koloniebSi. am periodisTvis cnobilia, mxolod Lex Flaminia (Zv. w.
228-224 ww.), romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo miwebi Crd. italiisa da arimanis gareubanSi
ganawilda uqonel moqalaqeTa Soris. mas Semdeg, rac romma omebisagan moicala, qveynis
SigniT isev gaCaRda brZola Raribebsa da mdidrebs Soris. II punikuri omis dros mraval-
ma maTganma saerTod miatova miwaTmoqmedeba. grakqusebma gadawyvites miwaTmoqmedebis
aRorZinebiT RaribTa mdgomareoba gaeumjobesebinaT. es garkveulwilad azaralebda mi-
waTmflobelTa interesebs. Tavdapirvelad tiberius grakqusma Zv. w. 134 w-s gamosca agra-
ruli kanoni, romelsac safuZvlad liciniusis kanoni daudo: vinc flobda 500 iugerze met
miwas, mas ukan unda daebrunebina saxelmwifosTvis, ris Semdegac isini jildos miiRebdnen
qveynisagan. gaTavisuflebuli miwa gadanawildeboda Rarib mosaxleobaze. isini Tavis
mxriv saxelmwifosagan garkveuli gadasaxadiT daibegrebodnen. triumvirebs yovelw-
liurad unda gamoekvliaT saqmis msvlelobis viTareba. senatis umravlesoba winaaRmde-
gobas uwevda reformas. sabolood reformas veto daedo. saxalxo krebam kenWisyriT xe-
lisuflebas CamoaSora saxalxo tribuni (pirvelad romis istoriaSi). Zmebi grakqusebis
Semdeg agrarul kanonTa grZel wyebaSi pirveli adgili uWiravs 111 w-s miwis kanons (lex
agraria), romelic Tavs uyrida wina wlebis kanonebs italiasa da provinciebs Soris saa-
dgilmamulo sakiTxebze. sulas agraruli reforma samxedro koloniebis daarsebas uka-
vSirdeboda. iulius keisris mier gatarda ori agraruli reforma, romelTa mixedviTac
Zveli sakuTreba (possessiones) xelSeuxebeli rCeboda, magram dawesda miwis dayofis axali
sqema. arsebuli saxelmwifo miwa, garda kampaniis olqisa, unda danawilebuliyo, danar-
Ceni ki SeesyidaT mflobelebisagan dawesebul safasurad. kampaniis olqis miwebi rCebo-
da maTTvis, visac sami an meti Svili eyoleboda. gvianantikur epoqaSi miwaTmoqmedebidan
monuri Sroma mTlianad gandevna pirovnulad Tavisufal moijareTa Sromam. keisarTa
kanonmdeblobiT, isini myarad daukavSirdnen miwis nakveTebsa da sameurneo saqmianobas.
miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis ZiriTad birTvs Zveli qarTlis istoriis mTel manZilze,
rogorc Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi, Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedni qmnidnen. strabonis Tanax-
mad, amave dros es miwaTmoqmedni meomrebic iyvnen. Zvel qarTulSi eri rogorc xalxs,
ise jars aRniSnavda. `mkvidri~ unda yofiliyo rogorc sasoflo, ise saqalaqo Temis sru-
luflebian wevrTa aRmniSvneli termini. mkvidri Tavisi statusiT SesaZlebelia Sevada-
roT berZen evpatridebs. Tavisi socialuri mdgomareobiT mona, mxevali, glaxaki, tyue,
mwiri upirispirdeboda `mkvidrs~, iuridiulad sruluflebian Tavisufal mosaxleobas,
qalaqisa da soflis Temebis `sruluflebian~ wevrebs da warmoadgenda qarTlis araTavi-
sufal mosaxleobas iseve, rogorc antikur samyaroSi Tetebi da plebeebi.
Zvel qarTulSi vxvdebiT terminebs, romlebic rogorc qarTlSi, ise mezobel qveyneb-
Si aRniSnavda kerZo sakuTrebaSi myof meurneobas. miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis erT-erT
kategorias qarTlSi laoi (laoiv) _ `samefo monebi~ warmoadgendnen, romelTac SesaZloa
adgilobrivad `glexni~ ewodebodaT. xolo miwa, romelsac amuSavebdnen, strabonis cno-
biT, iberiaSi ganixileboda `samefo miwad~ _ (cwvra basilikhv) – elinisturi aRmosavle-
Tis terminologiis mixedviT. bibliis ZvelqarTul TargmanSi `sofeli~ gamoyenebulia
berZnuli perivcwra, perivcwron-is Sesatyvisad.4 mecnierebi varaudoben, rom sofeli unda
yofiliyo qarTlis tomebis uZveles teritoriul gaerTianebaTa saxelwodeba. vinaidan
qarTlis uZvelesi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sataZro tipis Temebis arse-
4
saqarTvelos istoria, t. I, Tbilisi, 2012, 221.
35
boba, SesaZlebelia termin sofelSic amgvari Temebis saxelwodeba davinaxoT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mTis mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda baris mosaxleobas, barSic, qarT-
lis samefoSi erTnairad ar mimdinareobda sataZro miwaTmflobeloba da sataZro meur-
neobis ganviTareba. Zvel qarTlSi amgvari didi sataZro mamulebis arsebobis Taobaze
SegviZlia vimsjeloT mosxebis qveyanaSi levkoTeas mdidari taZris Sesaxeb strabonTan
daculi cnobebis mixedviT. garda vrceli miwebis flobisa, maT gankargulebaSi hyavdaT
hierodulebi (iJerovdoulo") _ sataZro monebic. sayuradReboa agreTve hierodulebis aRsan-
iSnad sinonimis _ iJeroi; pai'de" gamoyeneba, rac SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos barSi feoda-
lur xanaSi damowmebul `saydris Svilisa~ Tu `xatis Svilis~ instituts ukavSirdebodes.5
sataZro gaerTianebebSi arsebuli miwebi SesaZlebeli iyo gaecaT nadelebad garkveuli
pirobiT. rogorc aRvniSneT, romSi miwis im nawils, romelic taZrebsa da qurumTa kol-
egiebs gadaecemoda agri consecrati ewodeboda.
saTemo da sataZro miwis mflobelobis, agreTve samefo miwaTmflobelobis gverdiT,
Zvel qarTlSi arsebobda msxvili kerZo miwaTmflobelobac. es iyo ZiriTadad samefo
sagvareulosa da samxedro-samoxeleo aristokratiis warmomadgenelTa miwis nakveTebi,
romlebic maT micemuli hqondaT samsaxuris gasamrjelod saTemo an samefo miwis fondi-
dan. miwis amave kategorias qmnida yidva-gayidvis Sedegad mopovebuli miwis nakveTebic.
kerZo sakuTreba miwaze Tavdapirvelad baR-venaxebze gaCnda da Semdeg saxnav-saTes miwe-
bzec gavrcelda. miuxedavad imisa, rom miwis nasyidobis uZveles faqts mxolod VI s-iT
aTariReben, mecnierebi varaudoben, rom `nasyidi~ saqarTveloSi didi xniT adre arse-
bobda. romSi im miwis nakveTs, romelsac yidulobda kerZo mesakuTre saxelmwifosagan
ager privatus vectigalisque ewodeboda. sainteresoa, rom SeZenis Semdeg es miwa mesakuTris
xelSi samudamod gadadioda. erT-erT uZveles qarTul dokumentSi Semwirvelma sagange-
bod aRniSna, rom salocavisadmi `nasyidev~ miwas wiravda, vinaidan Sewirvis aseTi forma
momavalSi gaugebrobebisagan da maT Soris `gamowirvisagan~ iyo dazRveuli. feodaluri
sakuTrebis specifikuri da mniSvnelovani forma iyo `Sewirulic~. am kategoriis miwebis
mflobelebi eklesia-monastrebi iyvnen. s. janaSias azriT, am dros qarTlSi feodaluri
msxvili miwaTmflobeloba ukve arsebobda memkvidreobiTi myari memamuleebis saxiT.6
kerZo mflobelobaSi Sesul miwas saqarTveloSi agaraki ewodeboda, rac SesaZlebe-
lia kerZo miwas (ager privatus) SevadaroT. mflobels am miwis nakveTze Tavisufali gankar
gulebisa da yidva-gayidvis ufleba hqonda, rogorc Zvel romSi. agarakad SeiZleboda
qceuliyo agreTve ùSeni~, ùxmari~ da sxv. amave kategoriis miwas qmnidnen `nasyidevi
qveynebic~. kerZo, samflobelo miwis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda agreTve `mamuli~, ro-
melic mamisagan memkvidreobiT miRebul uZrav sakuTrebas aRniSnavda. romSi aseT miwas
ager genticius ewodeboda, romelic sabolood gvaris sakuTrebaSi myofis miwis mniSvn-
elobiT damkvidrda. Tumca saqarTveloSi mamiseuli uZravi qoneba Tavisi warmoSobiT
SeiZleboda sxvadasxvagvari yofiliyo: mkvidri, nasyidi, naSoebi, monagebi, nawyalobevi,
namziTvi, samsaxuris sanacvlod gacemuli da sxv. amrigad, agaraki da mamuli iyo kerZo
miwaTmflobelobis ori ZiriTadi kategoria, romelic IV-V ss-Si ukve feodaluri saa-
dgilmamulo sakuTrebis ZiriTad obieqtebsac aRniSnavda. antikuri xanis agarakma saxe
icvala da is feodalur mamuls Seerwya.7 unda aRiniSnos, rom samefo saxli saxelmwifos
mTeli miwebis uzenaes mesakuTred gamodioda, rac sxvadasxva formiT iyo SezRuduli. an-
tikur saberZneTsa da romSic, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobda miwis kerZo mesakuTreoba,
saxelmwifos nebismier dros hqonda misi ukan gamoTxovis ufleba. saqarTveloSi saTemo
miwis mflobeli an mefe, an feodali (saero Tu sasuliero) iyo, xolo feodalis sakuTre-
baSi Sedioda memkvidreobiTi sakuTrebisa da samsaxuris sanacvlod miRebuli miwebi. im
provinciis miwebs, romlebic kerZo sakuTrebas ar warmoadgenda da ekuTvnoda an ro-
mael xalxs an imperators ager provincialis _ fundus provincialis ewodeboda.
5
saqarTvelos istoria, t. I, Tbilisi, 2012, 220.
6
janaSia s., Sromebi, I, 1949, 289.
7
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, 1973, 335.
36
samefo miwa-wyali Sedgeboda `samamasaxliso samsaxureblisa~ da dapyrobili terito-
riisagan. `samamasaxliso samsaxurebeli~ aRniSnavda im fonds, romelic `mamasaxlisis sam-
saxuris~ asanazRaureblad iyo Temis mier gamoyofili. romSi im dapyrobil miwebs, rom-
lebic romis saxelmwifo teritoriis nawili xdeboda, ager captivus ewodeboda.
pirobiTi miwismflobeloba saqarTveloSi samsaxurTan (ZiriTadad samxedrosTan) iyo
dakavSirebuli. aseTi samsaxurisTvis gacemuli miwis aRsaniSnad ixmareboda termini `sa-
kargavi~, xolo im samefo karis moxeles mosakargave erqva. miwebis pirobiT gacema, Tavis
mxriv, ukavSirdeba feodaluri wyalobis instituts. wyaloba-Sewyaleba rogorc feodal-
uri instituti, romelic evropuli feodaluri sinamdvilis komendaciasa da beneficiums
ukavSirdeba, saqarTveloSi feodaluri urTierTobis adreul safexurzeve Cans, xolo
IX-X ss-Si Sewyaleba da wyaloba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo saqarTveloSi.
fuli da saxelmwifo xazina. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom fulis is sistema, romelic
monetebis SemoRebasTan aris dakavSirebuli da romelmac Zveli samyaros finansuri mxa
re garkveulwilad moawesriga, Zv. w. VII s-Si dasavleT mcire aziis berZnul polisebSi
unda warmoqmniliyo. efesosSi mdebare artemisis taZris bazisSi aRmoCenilia uZvelesi
monetebi, romlebic dasavleT anatoliaSi daaxloebiT Zv. w. 600 w-Tvis unda daemzadebi-
naT. herodotes gadmocemiT, pirvelad lidielebma moWres oqrosa da vercxlis fuli da
isini iyvnen wvrili saqonliT pirveli movaWreni (I, 94). aqedan moyolebuli fuli aqtiu-
rad damkvidrda Zvel samyaroSi da monetebis moWra antikurobis ekonomikuri cxovrebis
organul nawilad iqca. antikuri samyarosTvis ucxo iyo e. w. `qaRaldis fuli~, xolo
liTonis moneta ki, ZiriTadad, metalis wonis Sesabamis Rirebulebas Seicavda. sxvadasx-
va polisis mier moWril fuls TiTqmis mTel elinur samyaroSi hqonda gasavali. saber-
ZneTSi cnobili fuladi erTeulebis amgvari sistema Camoyalibda: 1 talanti = 60 mina = 3
000 didraqma = 5 000 draqma = 36 000 oboloni. fulis romaulma sistemam, ZiriTadad, ber-
Znuli gavleniT daiwyo Camoyalibeba, romelmac imperiis epoqaSi sakmaod masStaburi xa-
siaTi miiRo. Zv. w. VI s-is meore naxevarSi romSi spilenZis (aes) monetebis moWra daiwyes.
maT aes grave ewodebodaT, romelic yvelaze mcire erTeuli gaxda. fulad angariSswore-
baSi ZiriTad erTeulad sesterciusi iTvleboda, romelsac ubralod monetas (nummus)
uwodebdnen. xolo rodesac imperatorma konstantinem oqros moneta (solidus – magari, ma-
siuri) SemoiRo, is iqca romSi ZiriTad fulad erTeulad. fulad erTeulebs Soris stabi-
luri mimarTebis damyareba avgustusis safinanso politikis damsaxurebaa da met-naklebi
warmatebiT SenarCunda mTeli principatis epoqis ganmavlobaSi. ax. w. III s-is finansuri
krizisis Semdeg, fuladi erTeulebis axali sistema Camoyalibda. umTavresi nominalebi
iyo: solidus, semissis, tremissis da a. S. arsebobda oqros, vercxlis, TiTberisa da spilenZis
monetebi Sesabamisi nominalebiT.
berZnuli axalSenebis daarsebam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli SavizRvispireTis mo-
saxleobis antikur samyarosTan kulturul-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom savaWro urTierTobebi ormxrivi iyo. gare samyarosTan kolxeTis
savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa intensiurobas adasturebs adreantikuri xanis mone
tebi, romlebic kolxeTsa da mis farglebs gareTaa aRmoCenili, maT Soris trapezuntis
midamoebSi. kolxuri vercxlis monetebze erT mxares adamianis Tavia gamosaxuli, meore
ze ki _ xaris, iSviaTad lomis. es monetebi Zv. w. VI-IV ss-is kolxuri gaerTianebis farg
lebSia moWrili. zogierTi mkvlevari imasac varaudobs, rom monetebs zRvispira berZnul
qalaqebSi Wridnen, pirvel yovlisa, fasisSi. Tumca udavoa, rom am saxis monetebi Sinaur,
kolxeTis bazars emsaxureboda. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom zRvispira berZnuli
samosaxloebi kolxeTis samefos organul Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda da misi ri-
giTi savaWro centrebi iyo.
marTalia, antikur samyaroSi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi ar arsebobda Camoya-
libebuli finansuri dagegmvis praqtika, romelic finansur politikas gansazRvravda, ma-
gram es imas ar niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos am sferoSi ar gaaCnda Tavisi politika. fuli
TandaTan xdeboda simdidris erT-erTi yvelaze prestiJuli forma. mas Semdeg, rac sa-
berZneTSi polisma Tavis Tavze aiRo armiisa da flotis Senaxva, grandiozuli samSene-
37
blo programebis ganxorcieleba, masobrivi dResaswaulebisa Tu festivalebis Catare-
ba, saxelmwifo xazinis Sevseba politikosTa zrunvis seriozuli sagani gaxda. biujetis
formirebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi iyo arendis Semosavali, sabaJo gadasaxadebi, begara da
sxvadasxva xasiaTis mosakreblebi. specifikuri xasiaTi hqonda aTenis xelmZRvanelobiT
sazRvao kavSiris Seqmnas, romlis biujets kavSiris Semadgeneli polisebis Sesatanebi
qmnida. Tavdapirvelad saerTo xazina kunZul delosze mdebareobda, magram Semdeg igi
aTenSi gadaitanes da finansebis ZiriTadi gamgebeli, met-naklebad sakuTari interesebi-
saTvis, Tavad aTeni iyo. aq xazinas umaRles finansur moxeleebad arCeuli tamiasebi ga-
nagebdnen. aTenSi am titulis matarebelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalRmerT aT-
enas tamiasebi (10 tamiasi) gaxldnen. isini yovelwliurad wilisyriT iyvnen daniSnulni,
TiToeuli _ TiTo filedan. delosis ligaSi Semavali qalaqebidan xarks helenotamia-
sebi (berZenTa xazinadarebi) apodeqtesebis meSveobiT Rebulobdnen. apodeqtesebis Tanam-
deboba klisTenesma SemoiRo. isini bules zedamxedvelobiT yvela gadasaxadTa Semkreb
uwyebaTagan fuladi saxsrebis miRebas awarmoebdnen da Semdgom uxdidnen maT xarjviT
uwyebebs. tamiasebi iyvnen akropolisze mdebare aTena poliasis, aTena nikesa da hermesis
saganZurTa zedamxedvelebi. Tanxa opisTodomosad wodebul SenobaSi inaxeboda. tamia-
sebi ara marto religiuri msaxurebisaTvis gascemdnen Tanxebs, aramed samxedro da sxva
samoqalaqo xarjebisaTvis. SemorCenilia maTi Canawerebi, romlebic aTenis finansebis
Taobaze mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. helenotamiasebis Tanamdebobis gauqmebis
Semdeg sxva tamiasebi daniSnes da maT sxvadasxva fondi Caabares: aseTni iyvnen saxalxo
krebis tamiasi, triremTa sabWos tamiasi, samxedro fondis zedamxedveli tamiasi da a. S.
sainteresoa, rom aTenSi saxalxo auditebi arsebobdnen da am saqmianobis mwarmoeblebs
logistebi ewodebodaT. Zv. w. V s-Si maTi ricxvi ocdaaTs Seadgenda, Tumca Zv. w. IV s-Si
Semcirda da aTs aRar aRemateboda. varaudoben, rom aTenis imperiis dasrulebasTan er-
Tad logistebs naklebi saqme hqondaT, ramac maTi Semcireba gamoiwvia. logistebis mTa-
vari funqcia evTines Catareba iyo. isini swavlobdnen saxelmwifo Tanxebis gankargvasTan
dakavSirebul yvela magistratis angariSebs da movaleobis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi
magistratis saqmes gansaxilvelad sasamarTlos gadascemdenen. bunebrivia, isini saxalxo
krebasa da bules gadawyvetilebebs emorCilebodnen. solonis droisaTvis ukve cnobilni
iyvnen aTeneli magistratebi _ poletesebi, romlebic saxelmwifo qonebis gasxvisebas an
gayidvas awarmoebdnen. saxelmwifo qoneba moicavda ara marto miwasa da Senoba-nagebo-
bebs, aramed im moqalaqeebsac, romlebsac sasjelis saxiT monoba hqondaT miRebuli. po-
letesebi aseve uflebamosilni iyvnen gaecaT maRaros amuSavebis, gadasaxadTa Segrovebi-
sa da msgavsi nebarTvebi. saxelmwifo qonebis gasxviseba Tu gayidva bules TandaswrebiT
auqcionis wesiT xdeboda, rasac poletesebi warmarTavdnen. saxelmwifo struqturebis
Secvlis kvaldakval, finansuri saqmis organizacia garkveul transformacias ganicdis
elinistur saxelmwifoebSi, Semdeg ki _ romSi.
respublikis epoqis dasawyisamde romSi mTavar saxelmwifo salaros anu saganZurs
erariumi warmoadgenda (aerarium Populi Romani) (ix. saxelmwifo meurneoba; xazina). igi gan-
Tavsebuli iyo saturnusis taZarSi romis forumze. saxeli mas ewoda laTinuri sityvi-
dan aes, aeris _ brinjao, radgan salaroSi Tavdapirvelad mxolod brinjaos monetebi
inaxeboda. erariumSi Sedioda saxelmwifo Semosavlebi, upirveles yovlisa, gadasaxade-
bi romaeli moqalaqeebisagan _ tributumi (tributum ex censu) da specialuri gadasaxadebi,
romlebsac ixdidnen erariebi (aerarii), uSviloebi, gauTxovari qalebi da qvrivebi. Tavda-
pirvelad tributumi SehqondaT suladobiT da ara qonebisda mixedviT, vidre servius tu-
liusma ar Semoitana ex censu. es qonebis mixedviT gamosaRebi mxolod samxedro miznebs
emsaxureboda, gansakuTrebiT ki jariskacebis xelfass. omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg damar-
cxebul mters unda gadaexada samxedro danaxarjebi, romelTaganac moqalaqeebi iRebdnen
Tavis tributums ukan, amdenad mas SeiZleba vuwodoT iZulebiTi sesxic. Tu xazinaSi iyo
sakmarisi fuli, tributums ar iTxovdnen. erariumSi aseve Sedioda provinciis mosaxle-
obidan stipendiumi (stipendium) da veqtigali (vectigal), Semosavlebi saxelmwifo miwebidan,
maRaroebidan, sabaJodan, Tesaurusi, vikesima (vicesima manumissionum) _ samxedro alafi da
38
ganZi. Tavdapirvelad stipendiumi erqva xelfass, romelsac jariskacebs uxdidnen ara
yovelTviurad, aramed erTbaSad mTeli laSqrobisaTvis. mogvianebiT ki stipendiumi iyo
gadasaxadi, romliTac ibegreboda provinciebi. miwis mflobelebi uxdidnen saxelmwifos
begaras, xolo daumuSavebeli miwebi saZovrebs warmoadgenda da minimaluri dabegvriT
xdeboda maTi gadacema.
erariums senati gankargavda, xolo aRsrulebis pasuxismgebloba kvestorebs (qaestores
aerarii) ekisrebodaT. maT mxolod konsulis brZanebiT SeeZloT Tanxis gamotana. saxelm-
wifo xazina agreTve warmoadgenda mTavar saxelmwifo arqivs (aerarium tabularium), sadac
inaxeboda miRebuli kanonebi, senatis dadgenilebebi, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi aqte-
bi da saxelmwifo dokumentacia (tabulae publicae da tabulae censoriae). principatis xanaSi xazina
pretorebis zedamxedvelobis qveS iyo (praetores aerarii), romelTac imperatori niSnavda,
mogvianebiT ki isev kvestorebis xelSi gadavida. droTa ganmavlobaSi, jer kidev respub-
likur romSi daiwyo kerZo salaroebis, fiskusebis (fiscus) gaxsna, romlebic lokalur
safinanso saqmianobas axorcielebdnen. avgustusis epoqidan moyolebuli romaeli xalxis
erariumi TandaTanobiT kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas, uSualod keisris daqvemdebarebaSi
myofi fiskusis gaZlierebiT. es ki finansebis gankargvis funqcias, ZiriTadad keisars ani-
Webda. princepsis xazina Tanxas sakuTariviT ganagebda. igi aravis winaSe ar iyo angariS-
valdebuli, magram amave dros iyenebda mas saxelmwifo xarjebis yvela saxeobis dasafa-
rad. male fiskusma ufro mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula, vidre erariumma, principatis
bolos ki gaxda erTaderTi saxelmwifo xazina, romelic aseve iwodeboda sacrae largitiones.
Zvel saqarTveloSi gaerTianebuli samefos xanaSi saxelmwifo salaro erTgvari xe-
luxlebeli xazina iyo, sadac `Sekruli~ ido iseTi ganZeuloba, òqros WurWeli, anu
vercxlisa~, romelic `saჴmareblad saniadagod~ ar iyo gankuTvnili. arsebobda moZra-
vi salaroc, romelic Tan mihqondaT mefis mogzaurobis dros. `salaros winaT iarebis
sikistroni...~ saWurWlesgan gansxvavebiT, salaro meWurWleTuxucess ar eqvemdebareboda.
salaros gamgebels molareTuxucesi ewodeboda. misi damxmare moxeleebi iyvnen salaros
molareebi, romlebic X s-dan ixseniebian wyaroebSi. salaro Tavis moxeleebTan erTad
msaxurTuxucess eqvemdebareboda. molareTuxucess Tanamdebobis niSnad beWedi hqonda.
arsebobda agreTve salaros muSribi da Tavildari anu nivTebis Semnaxav-gamcemi moxele.
rogorc cnobilia, gviandel feodalur periodSi salaroSi sxvadasxvagvari nivTebi, mag-
aliTad, saxarjavi fuli, tansacmeli, samkauli, nadirobis mowyobilobac inaxeboda. vaxuS
ti batoniSvili `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ ganmartavs, rom `raica mefis TeTrni anu larni
TvisTa sakuTarTa zeda anu quelis saqmisad uxmda, da mis queSe dawesebulni molareni~
(qarTlis cxovreba, 22, 21-23). cnobilia, rom salaroSi yovelTvis ido samarTlis wig-
ni, maT Soris, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis oficialuri egzemplari, romelsac saqmis
ganxilvisas iyenebdnen. vaxtang VI did mniSvnelobas aniWebda fulis moWras saxelmwifoe-
briobis simyarisaTvis, Sesabamisad, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda misi iniciativiT
gaxsnil zarafxanas, sadac qarTuli monetebi iWreboda. qarTuli kanonmdebloba mkacrad
gansazRvravda salaros usafrTxoebis wesebs. bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis mixedviT,
`didi salaros~ gamtexi `TvalTa dawviT~ isjeboda. gaerTianebuli samefos xanaSi termi-
ni saWurWle salarosagan gansxvavebul, saniadagod saxmar-saxarjav saxelmwifo xazinas
aRniSnavda, romlis calkeuli patara saWurWleebi saganZurebad iwodebodnen. saWurWle-
Si fuli, `lari da WurWeli oqrosi da vercxlisa, Cinuri da qaSanuri usaRvino~, mefisaT-
vis `SemoZRunebuli~ `Tualni da margalitni~ inaxeboda. saWurWle erTian dawesebulebas
warmoadgenda, Tumca saganZurebi sxvadasxva adgilze iyo ganTavsebuli. qveynis mTavari
saWurWle sataxto qalaqSi _ jer quTaisSi (`quTaissa saWurWle~), Semdeg ki 1122 w-dan
TbilisSi iyo. rodesac daviT aRmaSenebelma 1122 w-s Tbilisi amiras mpyrobelobisagan
gaaTavisufla, man `qalaqi tfilisi... daumkvidra ZeTa TvisTa saWurWled da saxlad sauku-
nod~ (qarTlis cxovreba, 161, 2). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Tbilisis garda, sxvaganac iyo
saxelmwifo saganZurebi. magaliTad, àtenisa saWurWle~, `cixesa Sina ujarmisasa~. saWur-
Wle meWurWleTuxucess eqvemdebareboda. samoxeleo aparats Seadgendnen saWurWlisa da
meWurWleTuxucesis nacvali da meWurWleni, saWurWlis uxucesi, muqibi, muSribi da mwigno-
39
bari. saWurWlis Semosavlebs mefe ganagebda. Znelia imis dazusteba, Tu romauli erari-
umi riTi gansxvavdeboda saWurWlesagan an salarosgan, Tumca faqtia, rom fuli rogorc
antikur samyaroSi, aseve saqarTveloSi oficialurad saxelmwifo xazinaSi inaxeboda da
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qveynis ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi. xazinaSi
momuSave moxeleebi ki _ helenotamiasebi, tamiasebi, erariebi, kvestorebi, molareebi Tu
meWurWleebi erTsa da imave funqcias aRasrulebdnen. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom maT So-
ris sakmaod didia niuansuri sxvaoba droisa Tu masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT. berZnul-
romauli da qarTuli xazinis msgavsebas kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori aerTianebda
_ yovelgvari gadasaxadi, baJi Tu Semosaval-gasavali saxelmwifo xazinaSi iyrida Tavs.
bizantiaSi qarTveli meWurWleTuxucesis Sesabamis Tanamdebobas, ivane javaxiSvilis az-
riT, `didi sakellari~ an zogadad `sakellari~ erqva, romelic yvela saWurWlis anu xa-
zinebis zedamxedveli iyo. erT am xazinaTagans erqva `saerTo saqmis sekretoni~ (oJ genikov",
Logoqevth" oJ genikov", Logoqevth" tou' genikou'), meores _ `mefis xazinis sekretoni~, xolo mesa-
mes `samxedro logoTetis sekretons~ eZaxdnen, romelic laSqrisa da samxedro xomal-
debis Sesanaxad saWiro fuls inaxavda da xarjs eweoda.8 marTalia, qarTuli xazina nawi-
lobriv hgavs bizantiurs, magram sruli msgavseba arc am safinanso dawesebulebebs Soris
yofila.
Zvel saqarTveloSi muSribs Semosavlis gansakuTrebuli dargi, baJi da savaWro ga-
dasaxadebi ebara. rogorc saberZneTsa da romSi, aseve saqarTveloSic Semotanil saqon-
elze gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadi iyo dawesebuli. muSribi Semosavals saWurWlis uxu-
cess angariSiTurT abarebda. aTenSi perikles epoqaSi saqonelze misi Rirebulebis 2%
iyo dadebuli. navsadgur pirevsSi ki saqonliT datvirTuli xomaldebi Semodioda, risi
sabaJo gadasaxadic did Semosavals aZlevda xazinas. romSi sabaJo gadasaxadi sakmaod
soliduri TanxiT iyo warmodgenili. importul saqonelze igi Seadgenda 2 1/2 %-s, xolo
fufunebis sagnebze, romlebic indoeTidan mohqondaT _ 25%-s. avgustusma daadgina sabaJo
gadasaxadi yvela nivTze (centesima rerum venalium), romelic gasayidad gamohqondaT romsa
da italiaSi. romaelebi baJis gadasaxads krefdnen navsadgurebidan (portoria), xidebidan da
gzebidan. navsadguris gadasaxadi im droidan moqmedebda, rodesac daarsda ostiis navsad-
guri da gadasaxadi dawesda marilze.
saqarTveloSi samefo xelisufleba, samefo miwebze msxdomi miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleo-
bis garda, saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis akrefis gziT begaras uwesebda agreTve mosaxleo-
bis sxva fenebs, Tavisufal meTeme-miwaTmoqmedebs, xelosnebs da a. S. gadasaxadebs axde
vinebdnen vaWrebsac. IX-X ss-Si begara gulisxmobda rogorc naturalur gadasaxads, aseve
SromiT valdebulebas. SromiT valdebulebas ki feodali ZiriTadad iyenebda sabatono
meurneobasa da samSeneblo samuSaoebze, xolo naturaluri gadasaxadi saglexo meur-
neobaze iyo gadakveTili.9 feodalis samflobeloSi mis mier dapyrobili Temic Sedio-
da, romelic Cveulebriv pasuxismgebeli iyo saxelmwifosaTvis gadaexada gadasaxadebi
da sxva dakisrebuli valdebulebebic aResrulebina mis winaSe. Zvel qarTulSi Tavda-
pirvelad begara SromiTi valdebulebis aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneboda. Tumca qarTul Zeg-
lebSi mogvianebiT es termini zogadi mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba. XI saukunis nikorwmindis
sigelSi ixsenieba nasyid miwaze (agarakze) glexis dasaxleba da aRniSnulia, rom glexi
gadaixdis begaras. meore adgilas gadmocemulia, rom miwis nakveTi mieca glexs `sabega-
rod~. amrigad, begara gulisxmobda sxvisi miwiT sargeblobas garkveuli valdebulebis
Sesrulebis pirobiT. aseve ar iyo ucxo termin xarkis gamoyeneba SromiTi valdebulebis
aRsaniSnad Zveli qarTuli literaturisaTvis. xarki, iseve rogorc begara iranulidan
momdinareobs, romelic qarTulSi ara marto gadasaxadis, aramed SromiTi valdebulebis
aRsaniSnadac ixmareboda. wyaroebidan Cans, rom xarks ixdida qarTlis samefo Semadgen-
lobaSi Semavali mTielTa Tavisufali Temebis mosaxleobac. mTielebi xarks uxdidnen
`mcxeTis pirvel mefes~ azons. mefe mirianma (IV s.) xarki gaudida im mTielebs, romelTac
8
javaxiSvili i., Txzulebani, t. VI, 1982, 308.
9
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II, 1973, 336-337.
40
qristianobis miRebaze uari ganacxades (qarTlis cxovreba, I, 125-126). am SemTxvevaSi xarkis
dadeba dapyrobis Sedegad moxda. Tumca gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac pirovneba
an sofeli garkveuli mizezis gamo nawilobriv gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadebisagan, Tum-
ca es saxelmwifo cxovrebis sazogado movlenas ar warmoadgenda. gadasaxadebis Seuvalo-
ba umetesad saeklesio da samonastro ymebs hqondaT miniWebuli. tolerantobis erT-erT
saukeTeso nimuSad unda miviCnioT is faqti, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma SedarebiT mcire ga-
dasaxadi dauwesa sxva erebs. saqarTveloSi marTlmsajulebisa da gadasaxadebis gawerisa
da akrefis ufleba mefes epyra mtkiced.10 gviandel feodalur saqarTveloSi arsebobda
agreTve saxelmwifo komlobrivi gadasaxadi, romelsac maxta ewodeboda. maxtas ixdidnen
moqalaqeebi, qalaqSi mcxovrebi saxelmwifo glexebi da saqarTvelos mahmadianuri mo-
saxleoba. gadasaxads gadamxdelTa qonebrivi mdgomareoba gansazRvravda. iseve, rogorc
miwis nakveTis sakomlo gadasaxadi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sxvadasxva raodeno-
bis iyo. sakomloSi igulisxmeboda savenaxe, baR-bostani, saTibi, sasare da sxv.
romSi saxelmwifo miwidan (ager publicus) Sesuli Tanxa Tavisuflad faravda saxelfaso
xarjebs. yvela dapyrobili xalxi valdebuli iyo gadaexada xarki, amasTanave TavianTi
saZovrebidan da tyeebidan gaeca meaTedi (decuma) da specialuri gadasaxadi skriptura
(scriptura). am gadasaxadebs agrovebdnen publikanebi (publicani). xarkis dawesebas indiqcio
(indictio) ewodeboda. Tumca yvela provincias erTnairi gadasaxadi ar hqonda dakisrebuli.
zogi maTgani saadgilmamulo da suladi xarkis garda, gansakuTrebul veqtigalias (vectiga-
lia) ixdida. droTa ganmavlobaSi naturiT gadasaxadi TiTqmis mTlianad Caanacvla fulad-
ma gadasaxadma. mxolod egvipte da afrika iyo valdebuli moewodebinaT romisTvis xor-
bali gansazRvruli raodenobiT. miwis gadasaxadi udrida Semosavlis 2-5%. vespasianusma
gazarda gadasaxadi, xolo zogierT provinciaSi gaaormaga kidec.
fulis meurneobisa da urTierTobis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT cvlilebebi gani-
cada sagadasaxado sistemam saberZneTSi. aTenSi Zv. w. 378-377 ww-Si gatarda timema, rac
sagadasaxado mizniT aTenis moqalaqeTa mamulebis, saxlebisa da sxva qonebis Sefasebas
gulisxmobda. am Sefasebis mixedviT, gadasaxadebis Segrovebis mowesrigebisaTvis moqa-
laqeebi daaxloebiT Tanaswori SeZlebis sagadasaxado jgufebad, amxanagobebaT anu si-
moriebad (summoriva) dauyviaT. gadasaxdeli Tanxa simoriebs Soris Tanasworad gaunawile-
biaT; xolo Semdgom yoveli simoriis hegemonis xelmZRvanelobiT xdeboda misi danawile-
ba wevrebs Soris TiToeulis SeZlebisa Tu sagadasaxado Tanxis mixedviT. am reformis
Sesaxeb demosTene aRniSnavs, rom mamisagan datovebuli 15 talantad Rirebuli qonebidan
sami talanti Seadgenda timemas, romlisganac unda yofiliyo gaRebuli eisfora. timemis
saerTo Tanxa ki mTel atikaSi 6 000 talants udrida. qarTul wyaroebSi xSirad gvxvdeba
iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac ama Tu im soflis glexebs ekisrebodaT garkveuli gadasaxa-
di, romelic Semdeg nawildeboda umetes wilad komlebs Soris. XIII s-Si xovlel glexebs
(42 komli) sxva valdebulebebTan erTad daekisraT 340 TeTris gamoReba eklesiisaTvis.
TiToeul komls 8 TeTris gaReba uwevda.11
gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebiT garkveul interess iwvevs termini `saglexo~. xevsurebis
calkeul Temebs Soris ganuwyveteli omianobis procesSi xdeboda erTi Temis mier meo-
ris damorCileba. maSin damorCilebuli Temi gamarjvebuli Temis `saymo-saglexos~ war-
moadgenda, romelic nawilobriv kabalur mdgomareobaSi eqceoda _ ixdida yovelwliur
gadasaxads. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca damorCilebul Tems ekisreboda agreTve SromiTi val-
debuleba, saxelosno samuSaoebis Sesruleba da a. S. zogjer susti Temebi `nebayoflobiT~
Sediodnen Zlieri Temis mfarvelobaSi da uxdidnen xarks.
wisqvili soflis aucilebel Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. rodesac xdeboda sof
lis gayidva, boZeba Tu Sewirva, saTanado sabuTSi am soflis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris
wisqvili ueWvelad aRiniSneboda. giboZeT sofeli `mTiTa, bariTa, tyiTa, veliTa, wyliTa,
wisqviliTa da yovliTa mimdgomiTa misiTa~. wisqviliT sargeblobisas glexi valdebuli
10
javaxiSvili i., Txzulebani, VI, Tbilisi, 1982, 254.
11
doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, 1965, 59.
41
iyo safqvavis garkveuli nawili daetovebina mewisqvilesaTvis, romelic mis gansazRvrul
odenobas wisqvilis mepatrone feodals uxdida. wisqvilis eqspluatacias feodalisaTvis
sagrZnobi Semosavali mohqonda.
mevaxSeoba. monetis SemoRebasa da fulze gacvla-gamocvlis ganviTarebasTan erTad
Zveli berZnebis sameurneo cxovrebaSi TandaTan gafarTovda fuladi operaciebi da mevax-
Seoba. sesxs aZlevdnen miwis dawindrebiT (miwis krediti), qalaqis saxlebis dagiravebiT
(saqalaqo krediti) da xomaldebisa da maTi saqonlis sawindriT (sazRvao krediti). aseT
sesxs aZlevdnen aTenelebic da aTenSi mcxovrebi ucxoelebic, rogorc vaWrebi, ise is pire-
bic, romelTac vaWrobas Tavi daanebes da specialurad sakredito operaciebiT irCendnen
Tavs. sesxis gacemas awarmoebda Cveulebrivad ramdenime pirisagan Semdgari amxanagoba,
romelsac sando pirebi hyavda ucxo qveyanaSi saTanado meTvalyureobis gasawevad, anda
specialurad monebs agzavnida am mizniT. magram movaleebi, rogorc dokumentebidan Cans,
xSirad ar asrulebdnen dakisrebul pirobas da aiZulebdnen kreditorebs sasamarTlos
saSualebiT ezrunaT gasesxebuli Tanxebis ganaRdebaze. saxelmwifos winaSe aRebuli mova-
leobis Seusruleblobis gamo pirs samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudva, qonebis konfiskacia
da dapatimreba eloda.
rac ufro izrdeboda da farTovdeboda saberZneTSi vaWroba, miT ufro saWiro xde-
boda movaWreebisaTvis Tanxebis mopoveba. Tavdapirvelad taZrebi gascemdnen Tanxebs
procentebiT, Tumca male maTi Tanxebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda da Zv. w. IV s-is dasawyis-
Si warmoiSva bankebi, e. w. trapezitebi (trapezivtai). TavisTavad cxadia, antikur samyaroSi
sakmaod gansxvavebulad funqcionirebda banki, vidre dRevandel dRes. antikuri bankebi
SeiZleba ganvixiloT ufro metad rogorc ubralod gaformebuli fulis gadamcvlele-
bi da mevaxSeebi, vidre sarisko sesxebis gamRebi instituti produqtiuli ekonomikuri
investirebisaTvis. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove bankebis msgavsad maTi meS-
veobiT moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva finansur operacias axorcielebdnen. bankebi gascemdnen
kreditebsac, magram gansakuTrebiT maRali riskis RonisZiebisas sakmaod did saprocento
ganakveTebs iTxovdnen. isini fuls axurdavebdnen, inaxavdnen kerZo pirebis fuls, rasac
gansakuTrebul wignebSi aRniSnavdnen, awarmoebdnen sxvadasxva pirebs Soris angariSis
sworebas, xsnidnen mimdinare angariSs da a. S. aTenis bankirTa Soris cnobili iyo pasio-
ni, romlis saoperacio Tanxa 50 oqros talants Seadgenda.
aRsaniSnavia reformebi solonisa, romelmac yuradReba miaqcia savalalo mdgomareoba-
Si Cavardnil xalxs. man sabolood akrZala sesxis aReba sxeulis dawindrebiT (daneivzei ejpiv
toi'" swvmasin) da gaauqma srulad valebi (crew'n ajpokophv). movaleebi heqtemorebad da Tetebad
iwodebodnen. vinc sxeulis sawindriT iRebda mdidrebisagan sesxs, gamsesxebel mevaxSeebs
SeeZloT an TavisTvis daetovebinaT monad is, anda ucxo qveyanaSi gaeyidaT. solonis re-
formebis Sedegad atikaSi bevri mona gaTavisuflda da, rogorc gadmogvcemen, dabrundnen
gayiduli, Tu valebis gamo gaqceuli aTenelebi, romelTac sxva qveynebSi xangrZlivi xetia-
lis gamo ukve daviwyebulic ki hqondaT atikurad metyveleba. solonis aseT aqts seisaxTeia
(seisacqeiva _ tvirTis moxsna) uwodes. arCeulma solonma Seqmna kanonebi, romlebmac ara
marto aTenis, aramed saerTod evropuli kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebas Seuqmna soliduri
baza. solonis kanonebma aTenSi stimuli misca demokratiul azrovnebas da spartisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, politikosTa sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi Cveulebriv movlenad aqcia.
romSi valis uZveles saxeobas neqsumi ewodeboda, romelsac Tan erTvoda damatebiTi
molaparakeba procentebze (fenus unciarium). Tu movale plebei droulad ar daabruneb-
da vals, igi kredit-patriciis gankargulebaSi gadadioda. mas ki, Tavis mxriv, SeeZlo
borkilebi daedo, moekla an monad eqcia igi, vidre ar gamoimuSavebda Tavis vals. neqsumi
mevaxSeebis mZime procentebiT datvirTul plebeebs aRaribebda da monebad aqcevda. maT
roms atovebinebdnen da aiZulebdnen romis sazRvrebs miRma gaeyidaT _ trans Tiberium. unda
aRiniSnos, rom Zv. w. IV s-is bolos gamoica Lex Poetelia, romelmac Searbila movaleobis es
forma da SedarebiT demokratiul CarCoebSi moaqcia.
romauli sakredito operaciebis mTavar instituts agreTve mutuumi (mutuum) warmoad-
genda. mutuumi, faqtobrivad, uprocento sesxis forma iyo, Tumca SesaZlebeli iyo calke
42
SeTanxmeba procentebis Taobazec. kreditors valis daubruneblobis SemTxvevaSi sarCeli
Sehqonda sasamarTloSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeTanxmeba xSir SemTxvevaSi sityvieri iyo.
romaeli bankirebi (argentarii, mensarii, numularii) berZeni mevaxSeebis msgavsad axurdav-
ebdnen da inaxavdnen fuls (depositum), aZlevdnen fulad kreditebs (creditum) qalaqebs,
sazogadoebebs da kerZo pirebs da kisrulobdnen yvela fuladi operaciis warmoebas. ar-
gentariebs hqondaT mimdinare angariSebi TavianTi klientebisa da maTi davalebiT uxde-
bodaT fulis gacema-gadaxda da miReba. warmoebuli fuladi operaciebi (praescriptiones) Se-
hqondaT calke saangariSo davTrebSi klientis debetad (debet) an kreditad (credit). klients
SeeZlo nebismier dros mieRo zusti cnobebi Tavisi angariSis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (ratio).
argentariebi da numulariebi gamodiodnen agreTve savaWro Suamavlebad. fuladi opera-
ciebis, auqcionebisa da savaWro garigebaTa centrs qalaqi romi warmoadgenda. sabankiro
kantorebi ganTavsebuli iyo forumze kastoris taZarTan gansakuTrebul SenobebSi.
marTalia, Zvel saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda im saxis bankebi, rogorebic Zvel saber-
ZneTsa da romSi funqcionirebda, magram mevaxSeobis instituti sakmaod gavrcelebuli
iyo. saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT maSin gavrcelda mevaxSeoba, rodesac yovelwliurad
mosaxleobisagan didi fuli gadioda xarkad dampyrobel qveynebSi da saxelmwifo sala-
roc sakmaod gaRaribebuli iyo. am garemoebam fulis mniSvneloba Zalze gazarda, xolo
miwis fasi ki Seamcira (`mas Jamsa dia qveyanani daisyidnes xarkobisagan, oqro Zvirad iy-
vis da sofeli iafado~ _ 1259 w.). amrigad, umiwawylod rCeboda ara marto glexi, aramed
TviT memamule-feodalic. sabolood ki soflis meurneoba zaraldeboda, romelic Tan-
daTan kargavda sawarmoo saSualebas, miwas. rogorc wyaroebi gadmogvcems, Zvelad saqa-
rTveloSi arsebula specialuri sakredito gamsesxebel-damgiravebeli da savaWro amx-
anagobani, romelTa wevrs ortaRi ewodeboda. gasakviri araa, rom valSi dagiravebuli
mamulebi aseTi gaWirvebisas gamousyideli rCeboda. es miwebi patrons ekargeboda, xolo
vaWar-ortaRebi mas yiddnen da sabolood msxvil memamules rCeboda. erT-erT dokument-
Si moTxrobilia, rom feodalma kaxa Torelma ortaRTagan fuli isesxa (lari da TeTri)
da am fuliT baRdadSi uamravi Zvirfaseuloba SeiZina. saqarTveloSi mas es ganZi gauy-
idia da aRebuli fuliT sesxi gaustumrebia. garda amisa, mas sofelic uyidia imave ortaR-
vaWrebisagan, Tumca naTqvamia, rom feodals am ganZis gayidva Zalian gaWirvebia.
daxmareba. sainteresoa, rom rogorc antikur saberZneTSi, aseve romSic saxelmwifo xa-
zinaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo garkveuli tipis daxmarebebi. perikles reformas ukavSird-
eba saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis gasamrjelos daweseba. Tavdapirvelad saxal
xo samsajavros nafic msajulebs, Semdeg ki sxva Tanamdebobis pirebsac sazogadoebrivi
samsaxurisTvis eZleodaT sazRauri. magram gasamrjeloiani Tanamdeboba yoveli Raribi
moqalaqisaTvis rodi iyo xelmisawvdomi. maTi mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad periklem
sabWos SesTavaza, yovelwliurad zRvaze gaegzavnaT 60 trieri, romlis ekipaJic 6 Tvis man-
Zilze miiRebda safasurs. axalgazrdebi unda dauflebodnen sazRvao saqmes, romlis cod-
nac omis dros gamoadgebodaT. aTenSi darCenil RaribTa gasarTobad perikle xSirad
awyobda saerTo saxalxo nadimebs, sazeimo svlebsa da Teatralur sanaxaobebs. Teatrs
imdenad didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, rom perikles winadadebiT, sadResaswaulo dReebSi
Ratakebs fulsac ki urigebdnen, raTa maTTvis warmodgenebze daswrebis SesaZlebloba
miecaT. uRaribesi moqalaqeebisaTvis micemul subsidias Teorikoni ewodeboda. TiToeu-
li adamianisaTvis TiTo warmodgenaze ori oboloni iyo gamoyofili. mogvianebiT subsi-
diebi sxva RonisZiebebzec gaica. Zv. w. IV s-Si SemoiRes kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, saxelm-
wifos mTeli namati Tanxa TeorikonisTvis unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, omis periodis
garda. Teorikonis ganmkargveli moxeleebi arCeuli magistratebi iyvnen, romlebsac sak-
maod didi Zalaufleba hqondaT aTenis finansur administraciaSi.
romis saxelmwifo xazinac iTvaliswinebda RaribTa mdgomareobas da maTTvis garkveul
daxmarebas iTvaliswinebda. maT urigdebodaT Rvino, zeTi da sxva saCuqrebi, mogvianebiT
ki saxelmwifo xazinidan fuladi daxmarebac gamoiyo, rasac kongiariumi erqva. romSi ar-
sebobda misilia mcire saCuqrebisa da fulis saxiT, romelsac dResaswaulis dros isrod-
nen xalxSi. garda amisa, imperatoris inauguraciisas triumfis dros dawesebuli iyo do-
43
nativumi, romelic riggareSe saCuqars warmoadgenda. aqve unda movixsenioT is daxmare-
bac, romelsac saxelmwifo uniSnavda warCinebul, Tumca gaRaribebul ojaxebs. erTader-
Ti pirdapiri informacia, romelsac vpoulobT svetoniusTan da romelic vespasianusis
dros saxelmwifo xarjebs aRricxavs, aRwevs 40 000 milion sestercs = or miliard oqros,
Tumca es cnoba, mecnierebis mosazrebiT, sando ar unda iyos da zogierT mkvlevars is 2
milionze Camohyavs.
glaxakTa ricxvi imdenad izrdeboda batonymuri urTierTobis ganmtkicebis periodSi
saqarTveloSi, rom bagrat I kurapalatma jer kidev IX s-is bolos glaxakTa dasaxmarebe-
li, saxelmwifo saqvelmoqmedo Tanxa `glaxakTa nawili~ daawesa. agreTve cnobilia, rom
XII-XIII ss-Si mTeli saxelmwifo Semosavlis meaTedi `naaTali~ glaxakTaTvis iyo gankuT-
vnili. qarTlis cxovrebaSi aRniSnulia, rom vaxtang VI `... quriv-obolTa da glaxakTa mim-
cemeli, uRonoTa Sembrale..., mowyale~ iyo (481, 6). miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvel mefeTa
umravlesobis daxasiaTebisas istorikosebi maTi mxridan glaxakTa mowyalebis gaRebis
araerT SemTxvevaze migviTiTeben, saqarTveloSi dadgenili da stabiluri subsidia ar
arsebobda. igi mxolod periodul da istoriuli viTarebidan gamomdinare erTjerad xa-
siaTs atarebda.
vaWroba. soflis meurneobis ganviTareba sxvadasxva saxis ekonomikur gacvlas moiT
xovda, Tumca savaWro urTierTobebi Tavdapirvelad, rogorc wesi, mezoblebs an erTo-
bis wevrTa Soris imave qalaqis bazarSi warmoebda. agoraze homerosis epoqaSi religiu
ri kultmsaxureba, saxalxo krebebi da basilevsebis mier samarTali ganisjeboda. Zv. w.
V s-dan ki agora TandaTanobiT propileebiani kolonadiT garSemortymuli simetriuli
moedani gaxda, romelic savaWro garigebebis adgilsa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis cen-
trs warmoadgenda. vaWrobisa da warmoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad polisi da warCinebu-
li gvarebis mimdebare mosaxleoba male garemocul iqna saxelosno da savaWro ubnebiT.
berZnuli polisis ekonomika Tavisi struqturiT sakmaod gansxvavdeboda ZvelaRmosav-
luri da aqeuri ekonomikisagan. igi gamoirCeoda Tavisi dinamizmiT, saxelosno warmoebis
moculobiT da kerZo meurneobis siWarbiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo, faqtobrivad,
ar ereoda sameurneo urTierTobebSi, ramac klasikur xanaSi berZnuli demokratia (Zv.
w. V-IV ss.) ganviTarebis maRal safexurze aiyvana. polisma mkveTrad gamijna sazogado da
privatuli sivrceebi, rasac mohyva kerZo da sazogado qonebis subordinacia. berZnuli
polisi, rogorc damoukidebeli patara qalaq-saxelmwifo Tavisi specifikuri socialur-
ekonomikuri da politikuri struqturiT uzrunvelyofda warmoebis swraf ganviTarebas.
Tu adre saberZneTSi rkinisa da spilenZis maRaroebis damuSaveba adgilobrivad ar war-
moebda da am liTonebis saWiro natexebs berZnebi ucxoeli vaWrebisagan iZendnen, mogvi-
anebiT ukve rkinis maRaroebi saberZneTis mraval adgilas gaCnda. amoRebuli madnis
dasamuSaveblad gamoigones agreTve patara Rumelebi. cnobilia, rom aTenis saxelmwifos
ekuTvnoda lavreionis vercxlis maRaroebi. maT damuSavebas nawilobriv TviTon saxel
mwifo awarmoebda da nawilobriv ijariT gascemda. moijareebi umetesad moqalaqeebi
iyvnen da iSviaTad metekebi. gadmocemiT, moijareTa maRaroebSi 20 000-mde mona muSaobda.
aseve romSic saxelmwifo maRaroebi gansazRvrul Tanxad ijariT gadaecemodaT. axali
karTagenis maRaroebi yoveldRiurad iZleoda daaxloebiT 25000 draqmas, oqros maRa-
roebi (halisiis, asturiis, luzitaniis) yovelwliurad 4 1/2-5 1/2 mil. gadasaxads iZleod-
nen. liTonebis gadasamuSavebeli saxelosnoebidan sakmaod mniSvnelovani Semosavali
Sedioda xazinaSi. pasions Zv. w. IV s-Si ijariT gaucia 1 talantad farebis saxelosno,
romelic wliurad Semosavals _ 100 minas iZleoda. gaixsna iseTi safeiqro saxelosnoe-
bi, romlebic gasayidad amzadebdnen nairferad SeRebil qsovilebs. safeiqro warmoeba
mecxvareobis farTo ganviTarebas moiTxovda. miletma marTlac gaiTqva saxeli Tavisi
maRalxarisxiani nazi matyliT. selis nazi qsovilebiT ki ganTqmuli iyo kunZuli amora.
keramikulma warmoebam aTenis ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. amas amt-
kicebs is faqtic, rom qalaqis saxelosno nawils keramikosi ewodeboda. Zv. w. VI sauku-
nisaTvis arsebobda msxvili keramikuli saxelosnoebi, sadac ZiriTadad monebi iyvnen
dasaqmebulni. Tixis WurWlis moxatuloba sakmaod vrclad gvisuraTebs keramikul saxe
44
losnoebSi muSaobis process. savaWro gacvla warmoebda an imave saxis saqonlis barte
riT, anda fuladi erTeulis saSualebiT. aTens hqonda TiTqmis unikaluri saSualeba
amgvari importis safasuri vercxliT gadaexada. Zv. w. V saukunisaTvis aTeni gaxda mTa-
vari savaWro centri xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT da dasavleT napirebs Soris, mdi-
dari qalaqi, sadac, isokrates TqmiT, yvelafris Sovna SeiZleboda, xolo navsadgur
pirevsSi yoveli mxridan iyrida Tavs gemebi. yovel Semotanil da gatanil saqonelze
pirevsis navsadgurSi axdevinebdnen baJs, romelic saqonlis Rirebulebis 1/50-s udrida
(penthkosthv).
aqve unda aRiniSnos solonis reformebi vaWrobisa da xelosnobis saqmeSi. TiToeuli
moqalaqe, romelsac Semosavlis sxva wyaro ar gaaCnda, valdebuli iyo Tavisi Svilebi-
saTvis eswavlebina raime xeloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas ufleba ar hqonda, moeTxova
maTgan movla-patronoba moxucebulobisas. arsebobs cnoba, rom radganac atika naklebad
mosavliani iyo, solonma akrZala purisa da saerTod sanovagis gatana misi sazRvrebidan.
Tumca es akrZalva ar vrceldeboda zeTisxilze. zeTisxilis eqsporti atikaSi oficialu-
rad ukve Zv. w. 600 w-dan iwyeba. adgilobrivi puri konkurencias ver uwevda im iaf xor-
bleuls, romelsac uxvad ezidebodnen siciliidan, egviptidan da Crd. SavizRvispireTidan.
es garemoeba ki xels uSlida saberZneTSi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas. damuSavebuli
miwis farTobi mcirdeboda da mosaxleobis puriT dakmayofilebis sakiTxi rTuldeboda.
atikaSi adgilobrivad modioda daaxloebiT 400 000 medimni puri, xolo SemohqondaT
800 000 medimni. miwis damuSavebis SemcirebasTan erTad farTovdeboda sxvadasxva sa-
sargeblo mcenaris kulturebi, romelTac ufro nayofierad SeeZloT aenazRaurebinaT
gaweuli Sroma. es mcenareebi iyo zeTisxilisa da leRvis xeebi da venaxebi.
perikles xanaSi aTeni flobda CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis xorbleulis eqsports,
gansazRvravda mis ganawilebas mokavSireTa Soris da sruli saSualeba hqonda yovel urC
mokavSires misi miwodebis akrZalviT damuqreboda. puris transportis meTvalyureoba
dakisrebuli hqonda `helespontis mcvelebs~ ( JEllhspontofuvlake"). SegviZlia vigulisxmoT,
es Tanamdeboba umTavresad peloponesis omis dasawyisSi iqna SemoRebuli da garegnulad
TiTqos samxedro zomas warmoadgenda, Tumca arsebiTad mokavSireebis mimarT aTenis
ekonomiur batonobas ganasaxierebda. aTeni tranzitis farTo bazrad iqca. Tumca is ara
marto tranzitis adgili iyo, aramed TviT qmnida sxvadasxva produqcias eqsportisTvis.
aTenSi arsebobda xelosanTa ubani, romelic aRmosavleTiT areopags da dasavleTiT
pniqss ekvroda.
wyaroebSi gadmocemuli informaciis Tanaxmad, arsebobda vaWarTa sxvadasxva tipi:
zogi TviTon iyo xomaldebis mepatrone, zogi ki sxvebis gemebiT ezideboda saqonels. maT
garda, mravlad iyvnen wvrili vaWrebi, mewvrilmaneebi, fardulebSi movaWreni da a. S.
aTensa da miletSi vaWroba garkveul adgilebSi _ savaWro rigebSi mimdinareobda. baz-
rebSi mudmivad xmauri iyo. wvril movaWreTa Soris iyvnen ara marto mamakacebi, aramed
qalebic, romlebic xmamaRla mouwodebdnen gamvlelebs, eyidaT zeTi, Rvino, Zmari, Roris
xorci, puri da a. S. aristofanem Tavis komediebSi kargad Semogvinaxa maSindeli aTenis
bazris suraTebi.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros napovni berZnuli da aRmosavluri warmoebis nivTebi
adasturebs romis savaWro kavSir-urTierTobas samxeT italiur saberZneTTan, etruriasa
da karTagenTan. romSi mTavari quCebis gadakveTaze mdebare romauli forumic, elinistu-
ri qalaqebis sabazro moednebis msgavsad warmoadgenda taZrebiT, sazogadoebrivi dani
Snulebis nagebobebiT, SadrevnebiT, oratorebis tribunebiT, qandakebebiTa da portike-
biT Semkul moedans. tradiciis Tanaxmad, numa pompiliusis dros romSi ukve arsebobda
xelosanTa kavSirebi _ kolegia (collegia). yovel mecxre (nundinae) dRes soflis mcxovrebni
modiodnen qalaqSi bazrobebze, religiur dResaswaulebsa da saerTo Sekrebebze.
romisa da mis mezoblad arsebul laciumis qalaqebis ekonomiur ganviTarebas Zv.w. VII-
VI ss-Si adasturebs sarwyavi arxebis naSTebi, gvirabebi, akldamebi, Senobebi da a. S. ro-
mis mexuTe mefes, tarkviniuss, romlis drosac aigo kloaka maqsima (cloaca maxima _ kanali-
zaciis sistema Zvel romSi), sabazro moednis (macellum) gamarTvac miewereba.
45
ufro gvian flaminiusi ara marto soflis, aramed qalaqis savaWro-samrewvelo
jgufebis interesTa dasacavadac gamodioda. flaminiusis daxmarebiT saxalxo tribunma
klavdiusma gaatara kanoni nobilebis savaWro operaciaTa SezRudvis Sesaxeb. romael vaW-
rebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili eWira rabirius postumuss, romelsac sakuTari savaWro
gemebi hyavda. ciceronis gadmocemiT, rabiriusis gemebi savse iyo selis, SuSisa da bambeu-
li nawarmiT, romelic puteolis navsadgurSi idga.
qarTlis mWidrod Cabmas saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi numizmatikuri masalac migviTiTebs.
ax. w. I-III ss-is qarTlis teritoriaze mravladaa aRmoCenili im drois saerTaSoriso vaW-
robaSi farTod gamoyenebuli ucxouri monetebi. qarTlSi iWreboda am fulis minabaZebic
_ romauli da parTuli monetebis _ avgustusis dinarebisa da gotarzis draqmebis minaba-
Zebi, aRmoCenilia didZali importuli saqonelic, umTavresad fufunebis sagnebi.
didi mniSvneloba hqonda aseve vaWrobisa da savaWro gzebis faqtors, romelTa gareSe
warmoudgeneli iyo maTi srulfasovani funqcionireba. am gzebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
sakvanZo punqts qarTlis (iberiis) dedaqalaqi mcxeTa warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos didi
saerTaSoriso savaWro gza aRmosavleTs (CineTi, indoeTi, Sua azia) dasavleTTan (evro-
pa). xolo samxreTSi, somxeTSi gamaval analogiur magistralTan akavSirebda. ekonomi-
kur dawinaurebaze gzebisa da xidebis simravle miuTiTebs. keTilmowyobili gzebi, xidebi
xels uwyobda saqarTvelos calkeuli raionebis erTmaneTTan daaxloebas da saSinao Tu
sagareo savaWro urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas. strabonis Tanaxmad, dioskuriaSi 70 tomi
iyrida Tavs, xolo fasisi warmoadgenda `kolxTa savaWro adgils~. antikuri samyaros
centrebidan kolxeTSi Semodioda maRali xarisxis Rvino, sxvadasxva xelosnuri nawarmi,
zeiTunis zeTi da sxv. straboni soanebis (svanebis) daxasiaTebisas aRniSnavs, rom zamTris
niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, romelsac barbarosebi daxvretili varclebiTa da banjgvliani
tyavebiT agroveben da aqedan warmoiSva miTi oqros sawmisis Sesaxebo (XI, 2, 19). nodar
lomouris azriT, es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom kolxeTis oqroc berZnebis interes-
Ta sferoSi Sedioda.12 berZeni istorikosebis Tanaxmad, Zv. w. VI s-dan kolxeTSi iWreboda
moneta, e. w. `kolxuri TeTri~. varaudoben, rom kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebSi xdeboda
berZen da kolx xelosanTa sawarmoo TanamSromloba, rac kolxuri xelosnobis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtori unda yofiliyo. aTenSi napovnia Tasi, romelic Zv. w.
540 w-iT TariRdeba. masze SerCenilia berZnuli warwera: `kolxma me gamakeTa~. berlinis
muzeumSi daculia agreTve aTenSi napovni amfora berZnuli warweriT èvqsiTeosma ga-
makeTa, kolxma momxata~,13 rac kidev erTxel adasturebs saqarTvelosa da antikuri sa-
myaros mWidro urTierTobebs.
amrigad, Cvens naSromSi SevecadeT warmogveCina Zveli saberZneTis, romisa da saqarT-
velos ekonomikuri struqturebi da instituciebi. TiToeuli qveynis ekonomikas, upir
veles yovlisa, politikuri mowyobis specifika gansazRvravda. miuxedavad gansxvavebuli
masStabebisa da epoqisa, maT ekonomikur zrdas erTi saerTo tendencia ganapirobebda _
rac ufro demokratiuli da damoukidebeli iyo saxelmwifos mxridan kerZo meurneoba
da daculi sakuTrebis uflebebi, miT ufro viTardeboda ekonomikuri mimarTulebe-
bi. agreTve sayuradReboa, rom omianoba da arastabiluroba yvelgan zrdida glaxakTa
ricxvs da Sesabamisad, gaRaribebul saxelmwifoSi cxovrebis done sagrZnoblad ecemoda.
savaWro sivrcis gafarToebasTan erTad mdidrdeboda rogorc kerZo piri, aseve saxelm-
wifoc, radgan sagareo vaWrobis ganviTarebasTan erTad TandaTan ixveweboda sabaJo da
sagadasaxado sistemebi. yovelive amas ki Tan axlda saxelmwifo xazinis gamdidreba, qvey-
nis ekonomikis gaZliereba da amonagebi Tanxebis investireba samrewvelo Tu sasoflo
sameurneo saqmianobaSi. Tanamedrove ekonomistebi ar daoben imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebis SezRudva da saxelmwifos uxeSad Carevis Sem-
Txvevebi sakmaod azaralebs ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivas. aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev
antikur samyaroSi Zvelma berZnebma gaikvlies gza demokratiisaken, romlis daxvewasa da
ganviTarebas dResac cdilobs civilizebuli kacobrioba.
12
lomouri n., kolxeTis sanapiros berZnuli kolonizacia, Tbilisi, 1962, 46-52.
13
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, 1970, 410.
46
3. kanonmdebloba, kanonSemoqmedeba da samarTalwarmoeba
saxelmwifos demokratiulobis xarisxis gansazRvrisas erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan

sakiTxs warmoadgens qveynis kanonmdeblobis, kanonSemoqmedebis da samarTalwarmoebis
analizi: ramdenad iTvaliswinebs kanonSemoqmedeba da samarTalwarmoeba saxelmwifoSi
mcxovrebi adamianebis CarTulobas (pirdapiri Tu iribi gziT) am procesSi. am kuTxiT ga-
vaanalizebT Zvel saberZneTSi, romsa da feodalur saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebs
samarTalSemoqmedebis da samarTalwarmoebis sferoSi. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifoze msjelobisas, romlisTvisac feodaluri formaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela
politikur-socialur-samarTlebrivi norma organuli iyo, Cven ver visaubrebT samarT-
lis sferos marTvis demokratiul principze, am terminis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, ufro
metad gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas kolegialobis, moTaTbirebis institutze, romelic
aSkarad saxezea rogorc gaerTianebuli ise gvianfeodaluri saqarTvelos samarTlebriv
sistemaSi.
rac Seexeba adaTobriv samarTals, romelic winasaxelmwifoebriv xanaSi iRebs saT-
aves da saqarTvelos mTianeTSi garkveuli formiT dResac agrZelebs funqcionirebas,
bunebrivia, samarTalwarmoebis procesSi xalxis uSualo monawileobis xarisxi bevrad
maRalia da aSkara paralelebis daZebna xerxdeba rogorc aTenis, ise romis respublikis
samarTalwarmoebaSi arsebul normebTan.
kanonmdebloba da kanonSemoqmedeba
aTenis kanonSemoqmedeba am sferos demokratiulobis uprecendento magaliTs war-

moadgens. masSi berZnuli demokratiis yvela ZiriTadi institutis garda (saxalxo kreba,
bule, nomoTetesebi, TesmoTetesebi) monawileobis miReba SeeZlo aTenis rigiT moqa-
laqes. Tu kanoni ar akmayofilebda sazogadoebis moTxovnebs, moqalaqes hqonda ufle-
ba axali kanonproeqti warmoedgina xalxis winaSe. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom
moqalaqes mxolod cvlilebis iniciativiT Semosvla ar SeeZlo. mas aucileblad unda
waredgina dawesebuli kanonis axali varianti. kanonproeqtis warmodgenis Semdeg bules
es sakiTxi Sehqonda saxalxo krebis dRis wesrigSi. amis Semdeg kreba ganixilavda, Tu ram-
denad Rirda axali kanonproeqtis nomoTetesebis (kanonmdeblebis) winaSe wardgena. no-
moTetesebis Sekrebaze damtkicebis Semdeg kanonproeqts kanonis Zala eniWeboda.
rac Seexeba romis respublikas, aq SedarebiT gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs. Tu berZnul
samarTalSemoqmedebas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos absoluturad Ria moqalaqis iniciativi-
saTvis, ramdenadac nebismieri adamiani pirdapir iRebda monawileobas kanonSemoqmede-
baSi, romSi sakanonmdeblo funqciiT aRWurvilni iyvnen umaRlesi magistratebi _ magistra-
tus maiores (diqtatori, konsuli, pretori) da saxalxo tribunebi _ tribuni plebis. ramdenadac
tribunebi xalxis interesebis damcvelebs warmoadgenen, maTi ufleba kanonSemoqmedebis
sferoSi SeiZleba garkveulwilad kanonSemoqmedebaSi romaeli xalxis arapirdapir
(irib) monawileobad Sefasdes.
feodalur saqarTveloSi kanonSemoqmedebaSi iniciatoris uflebiT mxolod mefea aR-
Wurvili, razec mogvianebiT ufro detalurad visaubrebT.
mniSvnelovania isic, Tu ramdenad xelmisawvdomi iyo kanonebi moqalaqeebisaTvis, ram-
denad hqondaT maT saSualeba scodnodaT kanonebi, gascnobodnen maT. aTenSi kanonTa
codna elitis prerogativas ar warmoadgenda. kanonebi sajarod iyo gamofenili aTenis
centrSi eponim gmirTa qandakebebis irgvliv da yvelas SeeZlo maTi gacnoba (`yvela mo-
qalaqes Tvalwin erTi da igive kanonebi aqvs, martivi da naTeli wasakiTxad da gasagebad~
(demosTene, 20, 93)).
am mxriv romSic identur suraTs vawydebiT. XII dafis kanonebi, romlebic romauli
sakanonmdeblo sistemis bazisad iqca, amotvifres dafebze da Cveulebis Sesabamisad, sazoga-
doebis TavSeyris adgilas gamofines, raTa maT xalxi gascnoboda. aseTi iyo tradicia Zv.
47
w. V s-mde da grZeldeboda Semdegac. kanonproeqtis avtors winaswar unda warmoedgina,
gamoefina (promulgatio) igi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi (araumetes sami kvirisa). mo-
qalaqeebs SeeZloT SeeswavlaT kanonproeqti da SeetanaT masSi cvlilebebi. xmis micemis
dRes magistrati krebaze kiTxulobda kanonproeqts, romelic ukve aRar eqvemdebareboda
cvlilebebs da Semodioda xmis micemis winadadebiT, romelic Semdegi wesiT tardeboda:
UR (uti rogas _ rogorc Sen SemogvTavazeb = dadebiTi xma) da A (absolvo _ uars vambob axal
winadadebaze = uaryofiTi xma). Tu kreba kanons miiRebda, magistrati brZanebas gamoscem-
da, rom sazeimod gaexmovanebinaT igi (renuntiatio _ xmis micemis Sedegebis gamoqveyneba). amis
Semdeg kanoni ZalaSi Sedioda. aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda kanonis senatis mier
damtkiceba (auctoritas patrum), romelic Lex Publilia 3-is mixedviT winaswar gaicemoda. miRe-
buli kanonis teqsti inaxeboda saxelmwifo arqivSi (xazina _ aerarium populi Romani).
rogorc ukve vTqviT, saqarTvelos mefes hqonda sakanonmdeblo funqcia, magram igi ar
gulisxmobda erTpirovnulad kanonebis miRebis uflebas, aramed darbazis erTa Tanam-
SromlobiT da ganCinebiT. bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis wignSi vkiTxulobT: `pirve-
lad... meufisa brZanebiTa da merme episkopozTa, didebulTa da aznaurTa da Wkvian kacTa
mefeTa winaSe gaCenili~. feodalur sazogadoebaSi moqmedi normebis Tanaxmad, kanonTa
Semoqmedebaze xalxs xeli ar miuwvdeboda, Tumca wyaroebma Semogvinaxa informacia, rom
zog SemTxvevaSi axali sakanonmdeblo aqtis Seqmnis procesSi saxelmwifo moxeleebTan
erTad CarTulni iyvnen xolme xevisberebic, romelTa saSualebiTac marTalia iribad,
magram im regionis xalxic iRebda kanonTa SeqmnaSi monawileobas (`Zeglis dadeba mefeT-
mefis giorgis mier~).
saxelmwifo mudmivad zrunavda sakanonmdeblo sferos daxvewaze, amaze naTlad metyve-
lebs is faqtic, rom aTenSi oligarqiuli gadatrialebis Semdeg Zv. w. 410 w-s demokra-
tiuli xelisuflebis pirveli nabiji iyo e. w. `kanonTa gamomqveynebelTa~ sabWos Seqmna
(ajnagrafei'" tw'n novmwn), romelsac arsebuli kanonebis safuZvelze daevala kanonTa kor-
pusis Camoyalibeba, rasac eqvsi weli dasWirda. kanonebi qalaqis centrSi, agoraze stoa
basileas kedlebze amoitvifra xalxis gasacnobad. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zv. w. 404 w-s demokra-
tiuli mmarTvelobis droebiTi gadagdebis dros qvebze dawerili kanonebi agoridan gai-
tanes. axalma demokratiulma mmarTvelobam iseve yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia kanonmde-
blobis mowesrigebis sakiTxi da iqmneba nomoTetesebis sabWo (kanonSemoqmedni), riTac
axali etapi iwyeba aTenur kanonSemoqmedebaSi _ kanonis Semoqmedebis ufleba CamoerTva
saxalxo krebas da igi nomoTetesebis xelSi gadadis.
saxelmwifos mxridan am sferosTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWebaze metyvelebs isic,
rom yovelwliurad xdeboda aTenis kanonebis mTeli korpusis revizia. wlis I saxalxo
krebaze xelis aweviT uaryofili kanonebi im Tvis bolo krebaze ganixileboda, sadac dge-
boda sakiTxi nomoTetesebis Sekrebis, maTi saxelfaso fondis Sesaxeb. Tanxmdebodnen im
vadaze, romelic dasWirdeboda maT kanonebis Sesaswavlad. mniSvnelovania isic, rom kano
nis gauqmeba da axliT Canacvleba xelaRebiT ar xdeboda, piriqiT, am proceduras saxel
mwifo Zalian seriozulad ekideboda. amis dasturia imave saxalxo krebaze xuTi kacis
arCeva, romelTac gasauqmebeli kanonebis dacva evalebodaT da grafe paranomoni (grafh;
paranovmwn) _ samarTlebrivi devna im pirTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic iseT axal kanonpro-
eqts warmoadgendnen, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modioda arsebul kanonmdeblobasTan. am
danaSaulSi samjer mxilebuli pirovneba moqalaqeobas kargavda, pirveli ori SemTxveva
ifargleboda jarimiT.
kanonebis yovelwliuri revizia TesmoTetesebsac evalebodaT. am reviziis mizans ara
qmediTunariani da kanonmdeblobasTan winaaRmdegobaSi myofi kanonebis gamovlena war-
moadgenda, rasac mohyveboda kanonis damtkicebis tradiciuli safexurebis gavla (gamofe
na, saxalxo krebis mowveva, nomoTetesTa mowveva da kanonis kenWisyra).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aTenis saxelmwifo, erTi mxriv, mudmivad akontrolebda, reviz-
ias utarebda kanonmdeblobas da orientirebuli iyo mis daxvewaze, magram, meore mxriv,
man Camoayaliba samarTlebrivi meqanizmi (grafh; paranovmwn), romlis saSualebiTac xde-
boda sakuTari kanonebis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofa.
48
aTenelebi sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi or cnebas ganarCevdnen novmo" (kanoni) da yhvfisma
(dekreti). Zv. w. IV s-mde isini erTi da imave mniSvnelobis matareblebi iyvnen. mogvianebiT
maT damtkicebas Tan axlda gansxvavebuli procedura: dekretebi miiReboda saxalxo kre-
baze kenWisyriT. kanonebi gansazRvravda, Tu romeli dekretis miRebis ufleba hqonda sax-
alxo krebas. Sesabamisad, aTenur kanonmdeblobaSi kanoni aRemateboda dekrets.
aTenuri kanonebi Tematurad iyofoda:
1. sabWosTan dakavSirebuli kanonebi (nomoTetesebis Sekreba, kanonSemoqmedebiTi pro-
cedurebi).
2. kanonebi, romlebic yvela aTenels miemarTeboda (tw'n koinw'n).
3. 9 arqonis kanonebi.
4. kanonebi, romlebic sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs miemarTeboda (tw'n ajllw'n ajrcw'n).
gansxvavebuli suraTia romSi. romis kanonmdeblobis daxvewasa da ganviTarebaze pirve-
li seriozuli zrunva ukavSirdeba servius tuliusis reformas (Zv. w. 509 w.) tacitusis
mixedviT, pirvel kanonmdeblad saxeldeba servius tulusi, ramdenadac misi winamorbed-
ni ifarglebodnen mxolod calkeuli kanonebis da dadgenilebis gamocemiT. mefeebis gan-
devnis Semdeg gamoica mxolod calkeuli kanonebi patriciebis gavlenis Sesamcireblad.
sabolood, Zv. w. 451-450 ww-Si decemvirTa mier SemuSavda aTenis kanonmdeblobiTi tradi-
ciis (solonis kanonmdebloba) gaTvaliswinebiT XII dafis kanonebi, romelmac safuZveli
Cauyara romaul kanonmdeblobas. stolonis kanonebma (ix. gaius licinius stoloni) Zv.
w. 366 w-s uzrunvelyo plebeebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis met-naklebi gaTanabre-
ba patriciebTan. Semdgomi ori saukune, romelic aRsavse iyo ganuwyveteli omebiT sxva
xalxebTan, ar gamoirCeoda kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebiT. piriqiT, stolonis kanonebi
daviwyebas mieca. Semdgom aRzevebad kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi SeiZleba
CaiTvalos Zmebi grakqusebis (ix. gaius sempronius grakqusi, tiberius sempronius grakqu-
si) moRvaweoba. sulas arademokratiuli kanonebi (Leges Corneliae Zv. w. 87 w.) mimarTuli iyo
saxelmwifos sruli reorganizaciisaken aristokratiis gaZlierebis kuTxiT (ix. kanonmde-
bloba, romi), sulas sikvdilTan erTad (Zv. w. 78 w.) isev Cndeba demokratiuli opozicia,
romelic calkeuli kanonebiT cdilobs saxelmwifoSi mdgomareobis daregulirebas. kei-
sarsa da pompeuss Soris mimdinare brZolis pirobebSi kanonmdebloba brZolis iaraRad
iqca, sadac kanonebs cvlidnen da axals gamoscemdnen ZiriTadad sakuTari interesebidan
gamomdinare. avgustusma SeZlo kanonebis saSualebiT aRedgina wesrigi qveyanaSi, Tumca
mis mier Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi institutebi mogvianebiT piradi interesis dac-
viT iyo dakavebuli.
respublikis xanaSi kanonebs Rebulobdnen saxalxo krebebi (kuriis, centuriis, tribis
komiciebi). imis mixedviT, Tu sad uyridnen kenWs kanons, kanonebi iyofoda leges curiatae, le-
ges centuratae da leges tributae. imperiis periodSi saxalxo krebis roli daeca da kanonebis
gamocemis ufleba miisakuTra imperatorma (ix. konstituciebi).
kanoni Tavis saxelwodebas iRebda avtoris gvaris mixedviT. kanoni Sedgeboda sami
nawilisagan: kanonis Sesavali nawili (praescriptio legis), kanonis uSualo gadmocema, rome
lic SeiZleba Tavebad iyos dayofili (rogatio legis) da kanonis is nawili, sadac gadmocemu-
lia, Tu ra mohyveba am kanonis darRvevas (sanctio). erTsa da imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
xSirad ramdenime kanoni gamoicemoda, radgan ar xdeboda miRebuli kanonis dacva, amis
gamo Camoyalibda kanonTa msxvili jgufebi: leges agrariae, leges de alea, leges de ambitu, leges de
maiestate, leges de provocatione, leges de sacerdotis, leges de sponsu, leges de fenebres, leges frumentariae,
leges iudicariae, leges repetundariae (ix. kanonmdebloba, romi).
kanonebi arsis mixedviT or tipad iyofoda: leges privatae, romlebic kerZo pirTa,
calkeul moqalaqeTa interesebs icavda da aregulirebda maT Soris urTierTobebs da
leges publicae, romlebic icavda romaeli xalxis suverenitets.
kanonebis (leges) gverdiT romSic moqmedebda magistratebis (ix. pretori, cenzori, kon-
suli, edili, kvestori, saxalxo tribuni, diqtatori) ediqtebi, romelTac kanonis Zala
hqonda. ediqti iyo sajaro gancxadeba, brZaneba. yvelaze didi mniSvneloba hqonda preto-
49
ris ediqtebs. magistratebis brZanebebi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebda, Tumca es ar
Seexeboda pretoris ediqtebs, romelTac xangrZlivi moqmedebis vada axasiaTebda.
romauli kanonebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi didi roli Seasrules iuristebma. iuridiul
samsaxurs romSi safuZveli Caeyara Zv. w. III s-Si. pirvel iuristad asaxeleben tiberius ko-
runkaniuss, Tumca mecnierebi varaudoben, rom korunkaniusamdec moRvaweobdnen iuriste-
bi. maTi moRvaweoba ramdenime mimarTulebas Seicavda: 1) iuridiul moqmedebaTa Sesatyvi-
si formulirebis Camoyalibeba (formulebis Sedgena), 2) iuridiul sakiTxebSi moqalaqee-
bisaTvis, saxelwifo maRvaweebisaTvis konsultaciis gaweva, 3) sasamarTloSi mosarCelis
an mopasuxis mxareze gamosvla misi interesebis dacvis mizniT.
aTenisa da romisagan gansxvavebiT, Cven ar vflobT informacias imis Taobaze, Tu ro-
gor iqmneboda pirveli saxelmwifo kanonebi saqarTveloSi, Tumca feodaluri (gaer-
Tianebuli da gvianfeodaluri) saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sferos Sesaxeb ukve Segvi-
Zlia vTqvaT, rom igi, CveulebiT samarTalTan erTad, romelic nebismieri qveynis uZve-
lesi samarTlis baziss warmoadgens, efuZneba saeklesio (naTargmni da qarTuli saekle-
sio kanonmdebloba) da saero kanonmdeblobas (xelmwifis karis garigeba, dasturlamali,
bagrat kurapalatis kanonebi, giorgi brwyinvalis samarTlis wigni, beqasa da aRbuRas
kanonebi, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli da sxv.) (ix. kanonSemoqmedeba da samar-
Talwarmoeba, saqarTvelo).
qarTveli mefeebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen samarTalSemoqmedebis sferos mowes-
rigebis sakiTxs, razec naTlad metyvelebs Tundac giorgi brwyinvalis mier axali samar-
Tlis wignze muSaobis dawyebis mizezi. mas Semdeg, rac giorgi brwyinvalem gaaerTiana
qveyana, misi yuradRebis centrSi moeqca mTiuleTi, sadac Zveli adaTobrivi normebi ve-
Rar aregulirebdnen adamianTa Soris samarTlebriv urTierTobas, moSlili iyo saxel-
wifo aparatis normaluri funqcionireba. swored amis gamo iwyeba mefis davalebiT axal
samarTlis wignze muSaoba. aucileblad unda gavusvaT xazi imas, razedac adrec SevCerdi,
rom kanonebis SeqmnaSi monawileobas specialur moxeleebTan erTad iRebdnen mTiule-
Tis xevisberni, rogorc regionis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa saSualebiTac, xalxic, mar-
Talia, iribad, magram CarTuli iyo am procesSi. samarTlis wignebi (kanonebi) iqmneboda
samarTlis mcodne pirTa mier da Semdeg ukve mtkicdeboda saTaTbiro organoSi. vax-
tang VI `swavlul kacTa~ komisias avalebs Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglTa Sekrebas,
ucxouri Zeglebis Targmnas (moses samarTali, samarTali berZnuli, samarTali somxuri),
TviTonac qmnis kanonTa korpuss. miRebul samarTlis Zegls amtkicebs darbazi, romelsac
sxva bevr funqciasTan erTad kanonmdeblobis miReba da uzenaesi marTlmsajulebis gan
xorcieleba evaleboda.
Sesabamisad, sakanonmdeblo aqtis SeqmnaSi mravali adamiani iRebda qarTul sinamd-
vileSic monawileobas _ saqmis mcodneni, saxelmwifo moxeleni, mefe da sabolood kanoni
mtkicdeboda saTaTbiroze. gansxvavebuli xasiaTis iyo qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi
moqmedi meore norma _ dadgenileba, brZaneba, romelsac kanonis Zala hqonda, magram gan-
sxvavebiT kanonisagan mas mefe erTpirovnulad iRebda.
saqarTveloSic kanoni or sferos moicavda, iyo kanonebi, romlebic moqalaqeTa Soris
urTierTobas aregulirebdnen da kanonebi, romlebic mefisa da qveynis xelSeuxeblobas
icavdnen (gandgoma da Ralati; mefis Seuracxyofa; RavRavi _ SeTqmuleba, romelsac awyobda
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi damarcxebuli mosaxleoba (mahmadianebi); saxelwifo gadatria
leba, romelic zogierT wyaroSi sainteresi terminiT _ ucxod mosagonebeli _ aris gad-
mocemuli).
aTenis yvela moqalaqe Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobda kanonis winaSe gansxvavebiT
ucxoelebisagan, romelTa samarTlebrivi uflebebic garkveulwilad SezRuduli iyo.
romSi kanonis winaSe piris uflebamosilebas ewodeboda statusi (status) da aerTianebda
sam elements: 1) Tavisuflebis statusi (Tavisufali da araTavisufali moqalaqeebi). 2) mo-
qalaqeobis statusi (romaeli moqalaqeebi da araromaelebi _ laTinebi, peregrinebi).
3) saojaxo statusi (romaeli moqalaqis mdgomareoba ojaxSi). samarTlebrivi statusis
es samive elementi muSaobs aTenSic.
50
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa uflebebi feodaluri formaciis
socialur-samarTlebrivi normebiT regulirdeboda. wodebrivi gansxvaveba pirdapir
aisaxeboda moqalaqis uflebebze kanonis winaSe, rac metad sagrZnobia gansakuTrebiT
samarTalwarmoebaSi da razedac mogvianebiT visaubrebT. bunebrivia, es SezRudva ar mo-
qmedebda adaTobriv samarTalSi, sadac Temis yvela wevri Tanabaruflebiani iyo kanonis
wimaSe.
rogorc vxedavT, romauli kanonmdebloba ganviTarebiT gacilebiT Sors wavida aTen-
ur kanonmdeblobasTan SedarebiT. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom demokratiulobis Tvalsaz-
risiT aTenma gauswro roms. saxelwifos ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze romSi kanonmde-
bloba politikuri suraTis mixedviT icvleboda, iRebdnen metad xalxze orientirebul,
an, piriqiT, iseT kanonebs, romlebic aristokratiis gaZlierebisaken iyo mimarTuli.
feodaluri saqarTvelos kanonSemoqmedeba mimarTuli iyo pirvel rigSi, formaciis Ta-
viseburebidan gamomdinare, centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebisaken da ufro metad
mmarTveli klasis interesebs icavda. kanonSemoqmedebis procesSi xalxis CarTulobis
xarixi (warmomadgenlobiTi, mag., xevisberebi) ar Seedreba, magram mainc met siaxloves
gviCvenebs romaul kanonSemoqmedebasTan (tribuni plebis _ ufleba axali kanonis warmodge-
nis).
aTenis kanonSemoqmedebas romaulisa da feodaluri saqarTvelos kanonSemoqmedebis-
gan misi moyvaruli xasiaTic gamoarCevs.
nomeTetesebs msajulebisagan _ dikastesebisgan irCevdnen. dikastesad msaxureba ki 30
w-s miRweul mamrobiTi sqesis nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo, rom araferi vTqvaT, aTenel-
Ta uSualo monawileobaze kanonproeqtis Seqmnis saqmeSi. am mxrivac feodaluri saqarT-
velo romaulTan ufro miaxloebul suraTs gvaZlevs. qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi
kanonebs `swavlulni kacni~ anu samarTlis saqmis specialistebi qmnidnen. aRsaniSnavia,
rom ukve X s-is Sua ww-Si Cndebian qarTul kanonSemoqmedebaSi iuristebi àznaurni mec-
nierni sabWoTa saqmeTani~, romlebsac bagrat IV rTuli samarTlebrivi saqmeebis gada-
sawyvetad iwvevs darbazSi saTaTbirod.
samive qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi samarTlis ori forma moqmedebs – kanoni (novmo", lex)
da brZaneba, dadgenileba (yhvfisma, edictum). aTenisagan gansxvavebiT, romis da feodaluri
saqarTvelos samarTalSemoqmedeba identur suraTs gvaCvenebs: gansxvavebiT kanonisagan,
dadgenilebis miRebas erTpirovnuli xasiaTi aqvs.
amasTanave, isic unda aRiniSnos aucileblad, rom aTenuri kanonmdebloba miemarTebo-
da yvela aTenels, rac niSnavs imas, rom individze ar xdeboda kanonis morgeba. ver damt-
kicdeboda kanoni, romelic individis winaaRmdeg an piriqiT, mis sasargeblod iqneboda
gamosayenebeli, garda iSviaTi gamonaklisisa, romlis damtkicebasac 6000-kaciani saxalxo
krebis faruli kenWisyra sWirdeboda. maSin, roca romis respublikis xanaSi xSirad xde-
boda kanonebis Sedgena-damtkiceba piradi miznebis mixedviT da isini politikuri brZo-
lis iaraRad gamoiyeneboda.
samarTalwarmoeba
marTlmsajulebis birTvs warmoadgens sasamarTlo da is samarTaldamcavi institute-
bi, romlebic aregulireben pirovnebaTa Tu pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris samarT-
lebriv urTierTobas.
aTenSi Zv. w. VI s-is dasawyisamde ganaCeni gamohqondaT an magistratebs (arqoni) an areo
pags an efetesebs. soloni afuZnebs moqalaqeTa krebas (heliaia), romelic ikribeboda:
1) magistratebis ganaCenTa winaaRmdeg apelaciis (efesisi) mosasmenad da 2) im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac saWiro iyo zRvars gadacilebuli sasjelis sanqcireba. apelaciam imdenad xSiri
saxe miiRo, rom marTlmsajuleba krebis xelSi gadavida. krebac veRar audioda saqmeebis
ganxilvas da iqmneba dikastesebis (msajulTa) sistema, romelic moqalaqeTa gaerTianebas
warmoadgens da ganixilavs moqalaqis mier aRZrul saqmeebs. Zv. w. V s-dan dikastesebis
instituti Semdegnairad funqcionirebda: Sekrebili moxaliseebisagan, romlebic msaju-
51
lad yofnis survils gamoxatavdnen, dgeba 6000-kaciani sia. isini mcire anazRaurebas dRiu-
rad iReben (gasamrjelos micema msajulebisaTvis periklem SemoiRo). TiToeul saqmes ga-
nixilavs dikastesTa kolegia, romlis wevrTa raodenobac saqmis xasiaTs ukavSirdeboda.
rogorc wesi, saqmis ganxilvaSi ramdenime aseuli kaci (msajuli) iRebda monawileobas.
maTi raodenoba aucileblad kenti unda yofiliyo, kenWisyris dros xmebis Tanabari rao
denobis Tavidan asacileblad.
msajulad msaxureba SeeZlo 30 wels miRweul nebismier aTenel mamrobiTi sqesis mo-
qalaqes da mas erTi wliT irCevdnen. Zv. w. IV s-mde msajulebi erTsa da imave sasamarT-
loSi msaxurobdnen, Semdeg es wesi Caanacvla alalbedze SerCevis sistemam (ix. samarTal-
warmoeba, aTeni), romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvreboda, romeli msajuli romel saqmes
ganixilavda, ramden dRes imsaxurebda, romeli msajuli gaakontrolebda gamomsvlelTa
reglaments (ix. klefsidra), romeli maTgani gadauxdida msajulebs dRiur gasamrjelos.
sasamarTlo ganxilvas xelmZRvanelobda magistrati an magistratTa jgufi. magis-
tratebs Tematurad hqondaT saqmeebi gadanawilebuli (ix. dikastesi).
Zv. w. V-IV ss-is I naxevarSi TiToeuli magistrati erTsa da imave sasamarTloSi msaxu-
robda. aristoteles droisaTvis msajulTa msaxurebis es wesi Seicvala da magistratTa
gadanawileba sasamarTloebSi kenWisyriT xdeboda. dikastesTa kolegia ricxobrivad
yvelaze patara kolegiidan (201 kaci) zogjer 2000 wevramde aRwevda.
am sasamarTloebisagan gansxvavdeboda areopagi da is sasamarTloebi, romlebic mkv-
lelobis saqmeebs ganixilavdnen (efetesebi _ Zv. w. V s-Si 50 wlis moqalaqeTagan irCevd-
nen 51 kacs. isini im mkvlelobebs ganixilavdnen, romlebic ar iyo miCneuli imdenad mniS-
vnelovnad, rom areopags moesmina).
romaul sasamarTlosac saxalxo saxelwodeba da xasiaTi hqonda, oRond igi Tviso-
brivad gansxvavdeboda aTenSi warmodgenili suraTisagan. romaul saxalxo sasamarTlo-
Si sami periodi gamoiyofa:
1) kuriis komiciis sasamarTlo servius tuliusamde. kuriis komiciis sasamarTlo if-
argleboda patriciebis provokaciiT (provocatio ad populum), risi gakeTebac maT mefis
gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdegac SeeZloT.
2) II periodi moicavs im dros, roca moqmedebda centuriis komiciebi. servius tuliusma
am komiciebs provokaciis SemTxvevaSi uzenaesi ufleba mianiWa, rac adre hqondaT kuriebs:
sisxlis samarTlis yvela procesis ganxilvis ufleba, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo Ra-
latisa (perduellio). es periodi sruldeba Zv. w. 494 w-iT, roca orma saxalxo tribunma (iuni
us brutusma da iciliusma) gaatara kanoni, romlis mixedviTac saxalxo tribunis Seura-
cxyofis saqmis ganxilva tribis komiciaSi unda gadasuliyo gansaxilvelad, romelic
uflebamosili iyo ukiduresi sasjeli _ sikvdilic gamoetana. amis Semdeg samarTalwar-
moebis mxriv Zalaufleba tribis komiciaSi gadadis.
3) III periodi moicavs dros Zv. w. 494 w-dan respublikis xanis dasasrulamde, rodesac
tribis komicia ganixilavda ara marto saxalxo tribunis Seuracxyofis, aramed saxalxo
Ralatis, gaflangvis, kudianobis, meqrTameobis, sisxlis aRrevis, religiuri movaleo-
bebisa da adaTebisadmi udieri damokidebulebis saqmeebs. Zv. w. II s-is dasawyisSi saxalxo
krebis mier yalibdeba eqstraordinaluri sasamarTloebi (quaestiones extraordinariae). am sa-
samarTloebis Tavmjdomares senati niSnavda da maT mier gamotanili dadgenileba ar
saCivrdeboda. romis respublikis xanis II naxevarSi iqmneba mudmivi sasamarTloebi _ quaes-
tiones perpetuae. es iyo pretoris sasamarTlo, romelic idga mis saTaveSi da mosamarTlee-
bsac TviTon irCevda 1 wlis vadiT. TviToeuli saqmis ganxilvas mosamarTleTa sxvadasx-
va raodenoba warmarTavda. am sasamarTloSi moxvedra iyo rogorc prestiJis, ise Se-
mosavlis wyaroc, amitom iq mosaxvedrad ibrZodnen senatorebi, mxedrebi, SeZlebuli
moqalaqeebi. specialuri sasamarTlos SeqmniT saxalxo krebebs CamoerTva saqmeebis
ganxilvis funqcia da isini mxolod saxelmwifo Ralatis saqmeebs ganixilavdnen, rodesac
saqme sikvdiliT dasjas exeboda. pirveli mudmivi sasamarTlo Zv. w. 149 w-iT TariRdeba,
romelsac safuZveli Caeyara Lex Calpurnia repetundarum-iT, rasac kidev ramdenime mudmivi
sasamarTlos Seqmna mohyva. sulam sasamarTloebis raodenoba gaizarda, xolo ciceronis
52
droisaTvis ukve 8 mudmivi sasamarTlo moqmedebda. sasamarTloze msajulTa raodenobas
kanoni gansazRvravda da maT saxelebs iRebdnen mosamarTleTa siebidan (album iudicium),
romelsac pretori ara kenWisyriT, aramed Tavisi survilis mixedviT irCevda.
samarTalwarmoeba umaRlesi magistratebis imperiums warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad
es iyo mefe, Semdeg konsulebi, pretorebi. edilebis gansaxilveli saqmeebi Semoifargle-
boda policiis saqmeebiT. italiis qalaqebSi sasamarTlos marTavdnen duumvirebi, kvatu
ovirebi, provinciebSi _ provinciis gamgeblebi.
mudmivi sasamarTloebis gaCenamde namdvili mosamarTleebi (iudices) ar arsebobdnen.
senati senatis dadgenilebis mixedviT, avalebda tribunebs waredginaT xalxisTvis sa-
samarTlo da aerCiaT sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare. Tavidan mosamarTleebi SeiZleba yo-
filiyvnen marto senatorebi. Semdeg iwyeba aqtiuri brZola fenebs Soris mosamarTlis
Tanamdebobis mosapoveblad. gaius grakqusma CamoarTva sasamarTlo senatorebs da ga-
dasca im moqalaqeebs, romlebic mxedrebis cenzs uTanabrdebodnen. Zv. w. 106 w-s Lex Servilia
senatorebs ubrunebs mosamarTleobis uflebas, romelic Semdeg isev mxedrebis xelSi ga-
dadis. lex Plautia-s mixedviT, mosamarTlis arCevis ufleba gadaeca xalxs _ TiToeuli tri-
bidan irCevdnen 15 mosamarTles (senatorebi, mxedrebi, plebeebi). es kanoni Zalian mokle
drois ganmavlobaSi moqmedebda da maleve Lex Cornelia iudicaria (Zv. w. 81 w.) sasamarTlo
Zalauflebas senatorebs ubrunebs. Zv. w. 70 w-s irCeven 3 sasamarTlo dekurias (Lex Aure
lia) senatorebis, mxedrebis, saxazino tribunebisagan. keisari Zv. w. 46 w-s am Tanamdebo-
bas CamoaSorebs saxazino tribunebs. avgustusi qmnis IV dekurias SedarebiT umniSvnelo
saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis. kaligula amatebs V dekurias. mosamarTlis asaki, svetoniusis
mixedviT, 25 wliT da maTi mosamarTled yofnis vada 1 wliT ganisazRvreboda.
rogorc vxedavT, aTenis sasamarTlo organo romaulisagan gansxvavebiT, moqalaqeTa-
gan arCeuli dikastesebiT SinaarsiT Tanamedrove nafic msajulTa instituts uaxlovde-
ba. sruliad araordinaluria procesze msajulTa raodenobac da maTi arCevis principi,
romelic yovelgvar mikerZoebas gamoricxavda saqmis ganxilvisas. aTenSi am magistratebs
mxolod sasamarTlos warmoeba evalebodaT, razec Semdeg SevCerdebi. rac Seexeba roms,
samarTalwarmoeba umaRlesi magistratebis xelSi iyo. marTalia, saqme saxalxo krebaze
ganixileboda, rac miuTiTebs sazogadoebis CarTulobaze marTlmsajulebis procesSi,
magram mosamarTleTa Tanamdeboba (miuxedavad imisa, rom maT tribunebi warudgendnen
xalxs sasamarTlos TavmjdomaresTan erTad) ZiriTadad mmarTveli klasis xelSi iyo da
mxolod periodulad axerxebda plebsis warmomadgeneli iq SeRwevas. es, ra Tqma unda,
xSir SemTxvevaSi saqmis warmoebis subieqtur warmarTvaze hpovebda asaxvas.
gansxvavebul da xalxis marTlmsajulebaSi CarTulobis sxvadasxva xarisxs gviCvenebs
6000-kaciani siidan aTenSi msajulTa arCevis principi da romSi, marTalia mogvianebiT,
albumidan ara kenWisyriT, aramed pretoris survilis mixedviT Sedgenili mosamarTlee-
bis sia. imasac unda gaesvas xazi, rom romSic, aTenis msgavsad samosamarTleo moRvaweo-
bis 1 wliT gansazRvra mimarTuli iyo marTlmsajulebis sferos samarTlebrivi mowyo-
bisaken.
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saberZneTSi, romisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac, ro-
gorc ukve vTqviT, mosamarTleoba prestiJTan erTad Semosavlis wyaro iyo da SeZle-
buli moqalaqeebi eswrafodnen am Tanamdebobas, mosamarTlis jamagirs simboluri Sei-
Zleba ewodos, ramdenadac igi ufro mcire iyo, vidre fizikuri Sromis asanazRaurebeli
dRiuri gasamrjelo. Sesabamisad, msajulebi saberZneTSi, savaraudod, ZiriTadad Rarib
fenas miekuTvnebodnen.
ra suraTi gvaqvs am mxriv feodalur saqarTveloSi?
qarTuli samarTalwarmoebis uZveles formas samediatoro sasamarTlosTan erTad,
razec qvemoT visaubrebT, warmoadgenda saxalxo krebebi (yrilobebi). saxalxo krebis
funqciebi mravalferovani iyo. aq ganixileboda sazogadoebaSi wamoWrili yvela mwva
ve problema (omi, zavi, ekonomikuri sakiTxebi), maT Soris sasamarTlo davebic. saqmis
ganxilvaSi mTeli Temi iRebda monawileobas. xevisberis (xevis gaga), maxvSis, Tu Suamav-
lebis mier arCeuli msajulebi xalxis winaSe ganixilavdnen saqmeebs. xevsureTSi msajul-
53
Ta ricxvs sasamarTloze Suamavlebi gansazRvravdnen. ramdenadac msajuls saqmis ganx-
ilva-dasrulebis Semdeg gasamrjelos uxdidnen (didi sadavo mamulis saqmis ganxilvaSi
bWeebs 9-9 cxvari ergebodaT, mcire mamulis davis gadawyveta 1 cxvriT iyo Sefasebuli)
modave mxareebs xarjis Sesamcireblad SeeZloT bWeTa raodenoba SeemcirebinaT (ix. bWe).
saxalxo yrilobas svaneTSi maxvSi xelmZRvanelobda. mas uvadod irCevdnen. arCevnebSi
monawileobis miReba nebismier srulwlovan adamians SeeZlo. maxvSis funqciebSi Sedioda
sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis, saero sakiTxebis mogvareba. igi gadawyvetilebas erT-
pirovnulad ar iRebda da bolomde sazogadoebis interesebis damcveli unda yofiliyo.
igive funqcia hqonda aRm. mTianeTSi xevis gagas, romelic bWedufrosad iTvleobda da
misi uflebebi adaTiT ganmtkicebuli kanonebiT ganisazRvreboda. xevis gaga ZiriTadad
rva bWesTan erTad iRebda sasamarTloSi gadawyvetilebas.
rogorc vxedavT, saxalxo krebis sasamarTlo Tavisi SinaarsiT da formiT mTlianad
demokratiul principzea agebuli da mis mTavar mizans xalxis _ mTeli sazogadoebis in-
teresebis dacva warmoadgens.
gaerTianebul feodalur saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo daxvewil da Camoyalibebul for
mas iRebs. am periodSi ori sasamarTlo uwyeba funqcionirebda: sakaTalikoso sasamarT-
lo (sasjulo samrebloi) da samefo sasamarTlo (samarTali sameufeo). saero samarTal-
warmoebaSi
a) umaRlesi mosamarTle iyo mefe, romelic TviTon an specialur pirTa (`kacni marT-
lad mcnobelni da ganmkiTxavni~) meSveobiT ganixilavda saqmeebs.
b) sasamarTlo funqciiT aRWurvili iyo darbazi. mefe gansakuTrebiT rTuli saqmeebis
ganxilvisas iwvevda darbazis sxdomas da saqmis warmoebas `mecnierni sabWoTa saqmeTani~-s
meSveobiT axorcielebda.
g) saajo kari _ uzenaesi sasamarTlo, romelsac mwignobarTuxucesi _ Wyondideli xelmZ-
Rvanelobda da sadac ufro dabali instanciis sasamarTloSi moRebuli gadawyvetilebebi
ganixileboda. saqmeebi kolegiurad irCeoda, mwignobarTuxucesi sawolis mwignobarsa
da zardaxnis mwignobarTan (ix. zardaxana) erTad ganixilavda davebs (daaarsa daviT aR-
maSenebelma).
d) `samparavTmZebneli~ sasamarTlo, romlis funqciasac qurdebis moZebna da gasamar-
Tleba evaleboda. es sasamarTlo instituti giorgi III-is 1170 w-is sigelSi moixsenieba.
qurd damnaSaveTa gamoaSkaraveba specialur moxeleTa _ `CenilTa~ kompetencia iyo. isini
asamarTlebdnen qurdebs da sisruleSi mohyavdaT ganaCenic. am institutis maRali rangis
moxeleebs mparavTmZebnelni warmoadgendnen, Cenilebi ufro dabla dganan maTze rangiT.
e) bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis me-100 muxlis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi moqmedebda
wodebrivi sasamarTloebi.
v) arsebobda calkeul feodalTa sasamarTloebi, sadac TviTon feodalebi sakuTari
moxeleebis saSualebiT axorcielebdnen marTlmsajulebas.
gvianfeodalur xanaSi mefe an TviTon arCevda saqmeebs (omis, mefis Ralatis, mefis sal-
aros, saydris gatexa, warTmeuli an ganadgurebuli sigelebi, qmris mier colos tanjvis
saqmeebi) an darbazTan erTad. darbazis Semadgenloba saqmis xasiaTze iyo damokidebuli.
darbazs mefe Tavmjdomareobda, Tumca zogjer mis gareSec ganixileboda saqmeebi. mefis
mier gamitanili ganaCeni ar eqvemdebareboda gadasinjvas, TviTon mefes ki ufleba hqonda
nebismieri sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCeni ganexila da Seecvala.
sainteresoa, rom gvian periodSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis funqciiT aRWurvili iyo
dedofalic. dedofals ar SeeZlo sisxlis samarTlis davebi ganexila, igi mxolod samo-
qalaqo saqmeebiT ifargleboda. batoniSvilebi ganixilavdnen rogorc saero, ise sasuli-
ero xasiaTis davebsac, Tuki mefis nebarTva eqnebodaT.
2) gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda gansakuTrebuli sasamarTloebi. am ti-
pis sasamarTlos iwvevda mefe da igi Sedgeboda rogorc saero, ise sasuliero pirebisagan:
1) mdivanbegTa sasamarTlo (`samdivno saxli~) gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi marTlm-
sajulebis ZiriTadi rgolia. mdivanbegi gansxvavebiT sxva zemoTCamoTvlil moxeleTagan
mxolod marTlmsajulebis funqciiT aris aRWurvili, igi sasamarTlo moxelea, romlis
54
Tanamdebobac saqarTveloSi XVII s-dan Cndeba. mdivanbegTa sasamarTlo kolegialuria.
mdivanbegi ewodeba sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen msa-
julebi _ mosamarTleebi da mdivani, romelic sasamarTlo Canawerebs akeTebda. am tipis
sasamarTloTa ricxvi droTa ganmavlobaSi matulobda da XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebisaTvis
igi ukve 28-s aRwevs.
2) gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi feodali isev rCeba mosamarTlis uflebiT aRWurvil
pirad (feodaluri sasamarTlo). feodalis samosamarTlo sferos aregulirebda feo-
daluri ierarqia _ feodals ar hqonda ufleba Tavisze maRali rangis feodali gaesa-
marTlebina, Tumca mefis brZanebiT SeeZlo Tavisze wodebiT dabla mdgari feodalis saq-
meebi gaerCia.
3) mouravi dabali rangis mosamarTle iyo, romelic umniSvnelo xasiaTis sisxlis da
samoqalaqo saqmeebs ganixilavda. mouravis sasamarTlo erTpirovnuli ar iyo. masTan
erTad procesze saqmes arCevda ramdenime (3-4) `sarwmuno moqalaqe~, romelTac mouravi
sakuTari survilis mixedviT arCevda.
4) meliq-mamasaxlisis samosamarTlo funqciebSi Sedioda mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof te
ritoriaze vaWarTa da mamulTan dakavSirebuli davebis gadaWra (sakuTrebis uflebasTan
dakavSirebuli davebi, valebi). mamasaxlisis sasamarTlos wevrebi iyvnen qedxudebi. qedxu
debis instituti XVIII s-is II naxevarSi aRmocenda aRm. saqarTveloSi. es iyo Sua rgoli
saxelmwifosa da mosaxleobas Soris. qedxudis Tanamdeboba iyo arCeviTi. isini sxvadasxva
socialuri fenis (vaWrebi, xelosnebi, glexebi) warmomadgenlebi arian da sasamarTlo ko-
legiaSi msaxuroben. qedxudebi umniSvnelo samoqalaqo davebs ganixilavdnen.
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis III muxliT mosamarTle unda yofiliyo `... didad mCxrekeli,
momxudari, gamomeZiebeli, gonebaauCqarebeli, dawynarebuli, gamgone, saCivris yuris
mimgdebi, gamsinjveli, moCivris moadis momcemeli da sxvisac mkiTxveli, Tu amisi samar-
Tali Tqvengan rogor isinjvis, mowmis maZebari iyos, uqrTamo, RvTismoSiSi~. mosamarT-
lis asakad dadgenilia imave Zeglis mixedviT (215-e muxli) 40 weli da amasTanave xazgas-
mulia, rom mosamarTle ar unda yofiliyo Raribi.
rogorc vxedavT, yvela samosamarTlo uwyeba feodalur saqarTveloSi kolegialo-
bis principzea agebuli, anu ar xdeboda erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebis miReba (gamona
kliss, ra Tqma unda, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi warmoadgens mefe). magram yvela sasamarTlo
rgolidan (saubaria saxelwifo sasamarTloze da ar vgulisxmobT CveulebiT samarTalze
agebul sasamarTlos, romelic, ra Tqma unda, mTlianad demokratiul principzea agebu-
li) xazi unda gavusvaT qedxudebis instituts. qedxudebi, rogorc vTqviT, sazogadoebis,
xalxis warmomadgenlobaa, romelic mis interesebs icavs sasamarTloSi. am institutis de-
mokratiul xasiaTze naTlad metyvelebs qedxudis Tanamdebobis arCeviToba.
saqarTvelos samarTalwarmoeba Tavisi ukve garTulebuli da mravalrgoliani sa-
samarTlo sistemebiT ufro met siaxloves gviCvenebs romaul marTlmsajulebasTan. amas-
Tanave, feodaluri formaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wodebrivi Tu socialuri ierar-
qia, ra Tqma unda, TavSive gamoricxavda mTlianad demokratiul marTlmsajulebas. mniS-
vnelovania albaT isic, rom mosamarTlis im TvisebebTan erTad, romelsac kanonmdebeli
mefe CamoTvlis, razedac ukve SevCerdiT, xazgasmiT xdeba aRniSvna imisa, rom mosamarTle
unda iyos materialurad uzrunvelyofili. rogorc Cans, am punqtis CarTva kanonmde-
blobaSi aucilebeli iyo, raTa sajaro moxeles (am SemTxvevaSi mosamarTles) ar hqono-
da cduneba da materialuri keTildReobis Ziebis gamo ar eRalata samarTlianobis prin-
cipebisaTvis (Tanamedrove saxelmwifo mowyoba xom mTlianad iziarebs sajaro moxelee-
bTan dakavSirebiT am debulebas).
samarTalwarmoebaze saubrisas, aucileblad unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba aTensa da
romSi arsebul apelaciis proceduraze _ efesisi da provokacia _ provocatio ad populum,
romelic erTgvar muxruWs warmoadgenda sajaro moxeleebisaTvis ganaCenis gamotanisas
_ moqalaqes ufleba hqonda gaesaCivrebina sasamarTlos mier gamotanili verdiqti.
solonis periodSi (Zv. w. 590 w. èfesisi dikastesebis mimarT~) efesisi identuria ter-
min apelaciis Tanamedrove mniSvnelobis, Tumca mogvianebiT Zv. w. 400 w-dan es iyo ukve
55
ara ukmayofilo modave mxaris, aramed mosarCelis mier mimarTva sasamarTlosaTvis, Ta-
vidan daewyo saqmis xelaxali ganxilva.
respublikis xanaSi moqalaqes SeeZlo gaesaCivrebina magistratis dadgenileba komi-
ciaSi (centuriis komiciaSi saCivrdeboda sikvdiliT dasja, tribis komiciaSi _ fuladi
jarima). provokacio ar vrceldeboda diqtatoris, decemviris dadgenilebebze da senatis
specialur dadgenilebaze (senatus consultum ultimum). mas Semdeg, rac saxalxo krebebs Camo-
erTva saqmeebis ganxilvis ufleba da igi mudmivi sasamarTloebis xelSi gadavida, am pro-
ceduram, romelic marTlmsajulebis winaSe moqalaqis xelSi damcav instruments warmoad-
genda da marTlmsajulebis sistemis demokratiul xasiaTs usvamda xazs, Sewyvita arseboba.
apelacia _ `sasamarTloSi meored Sesvla~ ucxo ar iyo arc qarTuli samarTalwar-
moebisaTvis. es procedura gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo gvianfeodalur marTlmsa-
julebaSi. gasaCivrebul saqmeTa process, rogorc wesi, mefe, rogorc uzenaesi mosamar-
Tle, xelmZRvanelobda. Tumca mefes SeeZlo saqmeebi gadaemisamarTebina dedofalze,
batoniSvilebze, saeklesio davebi kaTalikosze, romlebic mdivanbegTa sasamarTloSi
ganixilavdnen saqmeebs. apelacia qarTul samarTalwarmoebaSi uaxlovdeba romSi, mud-
mivi sasamarTlos arsebobis pirobebSi moqmed gasaCivrebis princips, sadac gasaCivrebis
procedura qveda instanciidan ufro maRalSi gadainacvlebda xolme gansaxilvelad.
ganxiluli sasamarTloebis gverdiT saberZneTsa da romSi funqcionirebda arbitra-
Jis instituti. orive qveyanaSi gvxvdeba arbitris ori tipi _ kerZo da sajaro arbitri.
kerZo arbitrs (diaiththv", arbiter ex compromisso) modave mxareebi mimarTavdnen saqmis gansax-
ilvelad, rac orive mxaris Tanxmobis safuZvelze xdeboda. mxareebi Tanxmdebodnen ima-
zec, rom daemorCilebodnen arbitris mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebas. orive qveynis
marTlmsajulebaSi kerZo arbitri mediatorad, Suamavlad unda iqnes ganxiluli. romSi
Tu arbitri Tavs aaridebda dakisrebul movaleobas gadaewyvita dava, pretors SeeZlo
fuladi jarima daekisrebina misTvis.
sajaro arbitraJi aTenSi Zv. w. 400 w-s dafuZnda. yvela moqalaqe, romelsac samxedro
samsaxurSi gawvevis vada asakiT (59 w.) amoewureboda, valdebuli iyo sajaro diaitetesad
emsaxura. sasamarTlos gantvirTvis mizniT maT gansaxilvelad is kerZo davebi gadaece
moda, romelTa safasuric ar aRemateboda 10 draqmas. diaitetesebi saqmis warmoebisas
samarTlebriv normebze maRla samarTlianobas ayenebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom arbitraJma
aTenSi saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobis daregulirebis funqcia itvirTa. mecnierTa
mixedviT, SesaZloa, berZnebma es meqanizmi SeimuSaves im mizniT, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT
omebi (ix. arbitraJi, berZnuli).
sajaro arbitrebi romSi mesame mosamarTlis funqcias asrulebdnen. ar iyvnen SezRudu-
li mkacri iuridiuli formebiT da SeeZloT ekvitasis (aequitas) safuZvelze ewarmoebinaT
saqme. marTlmsajuleba am meqanizms maSin mimarTavda, rodesac arastandartuli saqme iyo
gansaxilveli da samarTlis norma masTan winaaRmdegobaSi modioda. Sesabamisad, yvela
sasamarTlo procesi, romelic mkacrad gansazRvruli formulis gareSe midioda iwode-
boda arbitriumad (arbitrium).
erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac aSkara xdeba, rom arbitraJis instituti saberZneTsa da
romSi Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs. mis mizans warmoadgens Searigos da SeTanxmebamde mii
yvanos modave mxareebi. rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro arbitraJic xelmZRvaneloben samar-
Tlianobis principiT _ ekvitasiT. Sesabamisad, saarbitraJo sasamarTlos praqtikis sa-
SualebiT meTodurad xdeboda sasamarTlo normebis adaptacia sazogadoebriv cxovre-
baSi mimdinare social-politikur-ekonomikur Tu eTikur cvlilebebTan. samediatoro
sasamarTlo, romelic sasamarTlos uZveles formas warmoadgens, Zalian didxans moq-
medebda rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. iseve rogorc aTensa da rom-
Si, Suamavlad arCevis mTavar pirobas orive mxaris SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda. samediato-
ro sasamarTlos ZiriTad funqcia mxareebis Serigeba iyo. gansxvavebiT saberZneTisa da
romisagan feodalur saqarTveloSi sajaro arbitraJis arseboba ar dasturdeba.
modave mxareebis mier arCeuli bWe-mediatori mxolod adaTobrivi samarTlis mixedviT
ganixilavs saqmes. svaneTSi msajul-mediators ewodeboda morvar. morvarad yofna SeeZ-
56
lo nebismier moqalaqes, Tuki orive mxaris mier iqneboda arCeuli. morvarTa raodenoba
saqmis sirTulis mixedviT meryeobda 2-dan 12-mde. Zalian iSviaTad mZime saqmeebis ganxil-
visas es ricxvi aRemateboda 12-s. morvaroba sapasuxismgeblo saqme iyo da xSirad pirovne-
ba sxvadasxva xerxiT cdilobda am movaleobis Tavidan acilebas, Tumca arsebobda apro-
birebuli sqema morvarobaze pirovnebis dayoliebisa (ix. morvar). mediatoris funqciis
matarebeli iyo lufxvilobis institutic _ Suamavali, romelsac daCagruli mxare irCev-
da 1-dan 20 kacamde (ix. morigeba, svaneTi). lufxulobiT morigebas im dros mimarTavdnen,
rodesac umizezod miayenebda damnaSave pirovnebas Seuracxyofas da Tavis gasamarTlebe-
li mizezi ar hqonda. lufxvils asaxelebda daCagruli, xolo misi dayolieba damnaSavis
saqme iyo. aRmosavleTis mTaSi Suamavali unda yofiliyo Rirseuli pirovneba da aranairi
naTesaoba ar unda hqonoda mxareebTan. igi kargad unda erkveodes CveulebiT samarTalSi.
Suamavali Tavad irCevs bWeebs da maT ricxvsac TviTon adgens. bWeebisaTvis gankuTvnili
gadasaxadidan Suamavalsac ekuTvnoda Tavisi wili.
bWe-mediatorTa gadawyvetileba ar eqvemdebareba gasaCivrebas. maT sasamarTlos ze-
piri xasiaTi hqonda.
saberZneTSi, iseve rogorc romSi, sasamarTlo saqmeebi or tipad: kerZo (divkh, ius priva-
tum) da sajaro (grafhv, ius publicum) braldebis saqmeebad iyofoda.
kerZo braldebis samarTali aregulirebda calkeul pirTa Soris davas da icavda maT
interesebs, xolo sajaro braldebis samarTali mimarTuli iyo saxelmwifo da sazoga-
doebis interesebis dacvisaken.
sajaro samarTlis regulirebis sfero Zvel romSi gansxvavebuli iyo terminis Taname-
drove gagebasTan mimarTebaSi: religiis wesebis dacva, qurumTa, magistratebis ufleba-
movaleobebi, saxelmwifos Ralati da sxva. sajaro samarTali sisxlis samarTlis sfero-
sac moicavda deliqtebis (iniuria, furtum, rapina, damnum, iniuria a datum) garda, Tumca imperiis
periodidan Zarcva (rapina) saxelmwifo danaSaulad gamocxadda.
marTlmsajulebis orive sistemaSi kerZo braldebis saqmis aRZvra SeeZlo uSualod
dazaralebul mxares, xolo sajaro braldebis saqmis wamoyeneba _ nebismier moqalaqes.
kerZo braldebis saqmis SemTxvevaSi gamotanili ganaCenis mixedviT sajarimo sanqcia
miemarTeboda dazaralebul mxares moraluri Tu materialuri zianis kompensaciisaTvis.
sajaro braldebis saqmis ganxilvisas dawesebul jarimas pirovneba saxelmwifos uxdida.
saqmis warmoebis mxriv feodalur saqarTveloSic aTenisa da romis msgavsad saqmeebi or
tipad _ kerZo da saxelmwifo braldebis saqmeebad iyofoda. Sesabamisad, sajaro sanqciac
an pirovnebis an saxelmwifos zaralis anazRaurebas miemarTeboda. sajaro braldebis
saqmeTa wre feodalur saqarTveloSi ufro vrcelia. Tu romSi deliqtebi, maT Soris
qurdoba kerZo braldebis saqmed ganixileba, saqarTveloSi is sajaro braldebis saqmeTa
rigs miekuTvneba. Sesabamisad, qurdobis SemTxvevaSi dazaralebuls ubrundeba naqurdali
an misi fasis Sesabamisi raodenobis fuli, xolo xelisuflebisaTvis, saxelmwifosaTvis
damnaSaves moparuli nivTis Svidmagi Rirebuleba unda gadaexada.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom saberZneTSi moqalaqeobrivi gancdis stimulirebisaTvis garkveu-
li tipis sajaro braldebis saqmis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi (ix. apografe, fasisi) dawesebu-
li iyo fuladi jildo, rasac, meore mxriv, uaryofiTi efeqtic hqonda. is aqezebda adami-
anebs da maT profesional dambezReblebad aqcevda (ix. sikofantebi), Tumca sikofantebis
winaaRmdeg aTenurma marTlmsajulebam sakmaod efeqturi damcavi meqanizmi Seqmna _ fu-
ladi jarima 1000 draqmis odenobiT, Tu braldebuli sasamarTloze xmebis 1/5 mainc ver
miiRebda. rasac Tan erTvoda moqalaqis uflebebis nawilobrivi CamorTmeva (ix. atimia).
aseTi mkacri sanqciebi kerZo saqmeze ar vrceldeboda.
dambezRebelTa gansxvavebul instituts vxvdebiT qarTul sasamarTlo procesze _
`mTxrobeli~, pirovneba, romelic danaSaulis TviTmxilvelia da ambavi miaqvs dazarale-
bulTan, anu bralmdebelia. misi informaciis safuZvelze brali edeba pirovnebas da iw-
yeba sasamarTlo procesi. informaciis miwodebisaTvis mTxrobels ergeboda `samTxro-
belo~ anazRaureba. mTxrobeli valdebulia procesze mowmis statusiT gamovides (kanoni
gamoricxavs mTxrobelis subieqtur (uaryofiT) urTierTobas braldebulTan, rac Sei-
57
Zleba bralis wayenebis winapiroba iyos). is, vinc `mTxrobelis~ statusiT wardgeboda sa-
samarTloze tyuili CvenebiT, ekisreboda sasjeli, rac mimarTuli iyo imisken, rom ada-
mianebi gasamjelos gamo ar wasuliyvnen cru Cvenebaze.
sikofantebisagan gansxvavebiT `mTxrobeli~ kerZo saqmis ganxilvaSic iRebda mona
wileobas.
rac Seexeba saqmis aRZvris proceduras, aTenSi is mTlianad kerZo iniciativas emyare-
boda. pirovnebas TviTon unda daewera braldeba, Tavad waeRo magistratTan, iseve ro-
gorc masve unda gadaeca mowinaaRmdege mxarisaTvis sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis uwyeba.
magistratis mier daniSnul dRes orive mxare unda misuliyo masTan da mTavar sasamarT-
lo sxdomamde imarTeboda winaswari mosmena _ anakrisisi. swored aq xdeboda yvela im
dokumentis wardgena, romelic mxareebs Tavisi simarTlis dasamtkiceblad sWirdebodaT.
es dokumentebi specialur qoTanSi ideboda da iluqeboda. magistratis movaleobaSi ar
Sedioda an uaris Tqma saqmis ganxilvaze, an raime mimarTulebis micema momavali samar-
TalwarmoebisaTvis.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom samarTaldamcavi institutis arsebobis pirobebSi moqalaqes See-
Zlo `cxel kvalze~ daekavebina damnaSave, Tu is quCis kriminali iyo (ix. apagoge) da specia
lur magistratTan (ix. Termetni) waeyvana. dazaralebuli iSviaTad mimarTavda magistrats
daxmarebisaTvis, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tavad ver axerxebda qurdis dakavebas (ix. efe-
gesisi). mowmeebis moZebna da eWvmitanilis saxlis gaCxrekac dazaralebuls evaleboda.
saqmis aRZvris procedura, iseve rogorc mTeli samarTalwarmoeba, romSi gacilebiT
ganviTarebulia da Sesabamisad, garTulebulic. amasTanave, moqalaqe, arc mosarCele da
arc mopasuxe, mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedad ar rCeba marTlmsajulebis winaSe, rasac
daxvewili, TanamedroveobasTan adaptirebis unariT aRWurvili sistema uzrunvelyofda.
saberZneTis sasamarTlosagan gansxvavebiT, romelic absoluturad Ria, miukerZoebeli
da demokratiuli iyo am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, romauli marTlmsajuleba ZiriTa-
dad mmarTveli klasis xelSi iyo, rac aisaxeboda kidec xSirad saqmis warmoebaze da mis
araobieqturobaze metyvelebda.
procesualur doneze romis marTlmsajulebam sxvadasxva etapi gaiara, vidre Tavis
saboloo saxes miiRebda. davis gadawyvetis uZveles formas legisaqciuri procesi war-
moadgenda, romelic yvelaze met siaxloves aCvenebs aTenur marTlmsajulebasTan.
romis moqalaqe magistratis winaSe akeTebda gancxadebas, romelic zust Sesabamiso-
baSi unda yofiliyo kanonebTan. magaliTad, Tu mosarCle sarCelSi vazis gaCexvas daasa
xelebda, is saqmes agebda, radgan XII dafis kanoni moixseniebs ara vazs, aramed _ xes. mo-
sarCeles mopasuxe unda moeyvana magistratTan sasamarTloSi, Tu igi winaaRmdegobas
gauwevda, mosarCeles unda miemarTa mowmeebisaTvis (antestari) da XII dafis kanonebis Se-
sabamisad, ZaliT waeyvana igi sasamarTloSi. mopasuxe ar iyo valdebuli maSinve gahyo
loda mosarCeles. Tu is gadawyvetda sasamarTloSi wasvlas, igi uSvebda an Tavmdebs, an
pirovnebas, romelic mas warmoadgenda (Tavmdebi, vindex).
orive piris misvlisas sasamarTloSi iwyeboda saqmis warmoeba in iure. orive mxare da
pretori warmoTqvamdnen sazeimo sityvebs (ix. samarTalwarmoeba, romi).
amis Semdeg magistrati akeTebda gancxadebas (diei actio), rom gansazRvrul dRes brals
dadebs konkretul pirovnebas da winaswar acnobs mosalodnel sasjels. gancxadebas
ramdenjerme imeorebdnen. namdvil sasamarTlomde braldebuls an TavdebiT aTavisu-
flebdnen giraos saSualebiT, an SeiZleba daeWiraT kidec (cixe _ carcer). Tu procesi ar
Sewydeboda (sasamarTlo sxdomis gadavadeba _ exilium, tergiversatio), braldebuli Tavis
axloblebTan erTad icvamda traurs (glova _ luctus) da daTqmul dRes cxaddeboda sa-
samarTloSi. Tu braldebuli sasamarTlomde gaiqceoda, mas mokveTdnen sazogadoebidan
(mokveTa, romi _ interdictio aquae et ignis). Tu mis argamocxadebas obieqturi mizezi hqonda,
sasamarTlos gadaavadebdnen.
legisaqciuri procesis dros, rogorc vxedavT, aTenis samarTalwarmoebis msgavsad ini-
ciativa moqalaqis xelSia. Zalis gamoyenebiT braldebulis moyvanis praqtikac orive qveya-
58
naSi moqmedebda. legisaqciuri procesi, romlis mTavar minuss misi mouqneloba warmoad-
genda, Tanac am procesiT ver sargeblobdnen peregrinebi, adgils uTmobs formularul
process. saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba formulas (formula), instruqcias, romelsac magistrati
aZlevda mosamarTles. aTenis samarTalwarmoebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac magistratis kom-
petenciaSi arc saqmis msvlelobis SeCereba da arc instruqciis micema Sedioda, am SemTx-
vevaSi magistrati iZleoda instruqcias, formulas, rac sarCelis saxeobaze iyo damokide-
buli. magistratis mier Sedgenil dokuments brZanebis forma hqonda da iq gaTvaliswinebu
li unda yofiliyo 1) mosamarTlis dasaxeleba; 2) mosarCelis pretenziebi; 3) mosamarT
lisaTvis im uflebebis miniWeba, romlis mixedviTac igi aniWebda mosarCeles sakuTrebis
uflebas; 4) miTiTeba mosamarTlis mimarT msjavri dados an gaaTavisuflos mopasuxe pa-
suxismgeblobisagan; 5) miTiTeba im gansakuTrebul garemoebaze, romelic mosamarTlem saq-
mis ganxilvisas unda gaiTvaliswinos; 6) mopasuxis sityvis Seswavla, sabuTebis Semowmeba,
axali faqtebis aRmoCena, ramac SeiZleba saqmes Seucvalos msvleloba.
formularuli procesi sarCelis 4 tips ganasxvavebs. amasTanave formaluri proce-
sis pirobebSi pretori gamoscemda savaldebulo ediqtebs, rac uzrunvelyofda valdeb-
ulebis Sesrulebas (ix. samarTalwarmoeba, romi).
formularuli procesis dros mosarCele TviTon aRar mimarTavda magistrats aTenu
ri da legisaqciuri procesisagan gansxvavebiT. igi akiTxavda iurists da misi daxmarebiT
adgenda sasarCelo gancxadebas. sasarCelo gancxadebas acnoben mopasuxes, rom isic moem
zados Tavis mxriv procesisaTvis. magistrati TavisTan ibarebda mopasuxes da Tu is ar
gamocxaddeboda, edeboda fuladi jarima. sasamarTloSi gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi
mopasuxis qoneba mosarCelis xelSi gadadioda. magistratis winaSe mosarCelis da mopa-
suxis garda SeiZleba daebarebinaT mxareTa mier dasaxelebuli pirebi, romlebic mxare-
Ta moTxovnebs asabuTebdnen (ix. kognitori, prokuratori), Tumca sasamarTlos ganviTa-
rebis I etapze mxareebi (actor, petitor) TviTon warmarTavdnen process.
rogorc vxedavT, aTenuri sasamarTloebis damaxasiaTebeli mTavari Strixi _ samar-
Talwarmoebis moyvaruli xasiaTi da kerZo iniciativa, romelsac aSkara paraleli eZeb-
neba legisaqciur procesTan, formularul procesSi aRar gvaqvs. saqmis warmoebaSi erT-
vebian profesionalebi (iuristebi). amasTanave mosarCeles Tavad aRar uwevs mopasuxes-
Tan urTierToba da am funqcias samarTaldamcavi struqtura iRebs Tavis Tavze.
kidev ufro Sors midis eqstraordinaluri procesi. am SemTxvevaSi mopasuxis sasamarT-
loSi mowvevas ukve sasamarTlos kancelaria aregulirebs, romlis xarjebi sasamarTlo
da saadvokato gasamrjelos xarjebTan erTad mZime tvirTad awveboda xalxs da rac xSir
SemTxvevaSi iyo imis mizezi, rom isini aRar mimarTavdnen sasamarTlos.
mudmivi sasamarTloebis SeqmnasTan erTad (respublikis xanis II naxevarSi) saqmis aRZv
ris procedurac saxes icvlis. nebismier miqalaqes SeuZlia aRZras saqme, magram amisTvis
sWirdeba pretoris (mudmiv sasamarTlos pretori edga saTaveSi) nebarTva. Tu piri am
uflebas moipovebda, igi warmoadgenda braldebas im piris TandaswrebiT, romlis wi-
naaRmdegac aRiZvreboda saqme. im wuTidan es piri xdeboda braldebuli da Tu ekava raime
Tanamdeboba, kargavda mas.
feodalur saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad sasamarTlo procesis uZvelesi forma _ sabral-
debo procesi gvxvdeba. mosarCele da mopasuxe mxareebs saqmis warmoebisas Tanabari
uflebebi hqondaT. TviTon mxare iyo saqmis dawyebis iniciatori. TviTonve agrovebda
damamtkicebel sabuTebs da mosamarTlesTan mihqonda saqmis gansaxilvelad. mtkicebule-
baTa SegrovebaSi mosamarTle ar monawileobs, igi mxolod saqmis viTarebas Seiswavlis
da gamoaqvs ganaCeni. am tipis sasamarTlosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo saqmis warmoebis
zepiri xasiaTi da da sajarooba _ Ria sasamarTlo.
sabraldebo procesis gverdiT feodalur saqarTveloSi saqmis warmoebis sxva formac
gvxvdeba _ samZebro, romlis drosac saxelwifo Tavisi moxeleebis saSualebiT, iwyebs
gamoZiebas, agrovebs mtkicebulebebs. samarTlis zepir formas werilobiTi anacvlebs.
giorgi III-is 1170 w-is sigelSi moxseniebuli `samparavTmZebneli~ sasamarTloc samZebro
59
process ganekuTvneba. am sasamarTlos `mparavTmZebnelTa~ (ufrosi moxele) movaleobas
swored qurdebis moZebna da gasamarTleba warmoadgenda, xolo dabali rangis moxelee-
bi `Cenilebi~ iWerdnen damnaSaveebs da sisruleSi mohyavdaT ganaCeni.
mogvianebiT samZebro procesi anacvlebs sabraldebos. saqmes sasamarTloSi aRZravda
dazaralebuli da Zalian iSviaTad saqmis aRmZvrelis funqciiT gamodis saxelmwifo, Tum-
ca XVIII s-is II naxevarSi am tipis saqmeebis raodenoba Zalian izrdeba.
masarCele mimarTavs mefes (dedofals, batoniSvilebs) an mosamarTles, Semdeg isini
gansazRvraven, Tu vis unda ganexila saqme da asaxelebdnen mosamarTleebs. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu mopasuxe ar movidoda sasamarTloze, werils ugzavnidnen da iTxovdnen mis gamocxade-
bas an avalebdnen konkretul pirovnebas uzrunvelyo mopasuxis gamocxadeba sasamarT-
loSi. gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe saqmis ganxilvis gareSec agebda saqmes.
sasamarTlo procesi dazaralebulis sarCelis mosmeniT iwyebda. mopasuxe winaswar ec-
noboda sarCels da saSualeba hqonda Tavi emarTlebina sasamarTloze.
feodaluri saqarTvelos sabraldebo procesi Tavisi xasiaTiT uaxlovdeba aTenis
da romis legisaqciur process, sadac saqmis ZiriTadi iniciatorebi TviTon subieqtebi
iyvnen. samive qveyanaSi dazaralebuli mimarTavs saxelmwifo moxeles (magistrati, mefe,
dedofali, batoniSvili). magram gansxvavebiT aTenisagan, sadac sasamarTlos arCeva sru-
liad demokratiuli iyo da romis saxalxo sasamarTloebisgan, romelSic xalxi iribad
mainc iRebda monawileobas, qarTuli sasamarTlo procesi uaxlovdeba pretoris sa-
samarTlos, sadac pretori, rogorc viciT, marTalia albumidan, magram ara kenWisyriT,
aramed Tavisi survilis mixedviT irCevda mosamarTleebs. feodalur saqarTveloSic
mefe wyvetda, Tu romel sasamarTlos da vis unda ganexila saqmeebi.
aTenSi sasamarTlo sxdomaze modave mxareebi dikastesebis winaSe wardgebodnen. isini
TviTon gamodiodnen sityviT, Tumca sakuTari salaparako drois nawili SeeZloT daeT-
moT sinegorosisaTvis (Tanamolaparake), romelic, marTalia, mxardamWeris funqcias as-
rulebda, magram formalurad iyo Tanamolaparake, riTac daculi iyo kanoni, romelic
krZalavda procesze advokatis CarTvas. gamomsvlelebi logografosTa mier dawerili
sityviT sargeblobdnen, Tumca gamodiodnen zepirad, improvizebul saxes aZlevdnen sity-
vas da gamosvlisas, raTa ar daedanaSaulebinaT sikofantobaSi, xazs usvamdnen sakuTar
gamoucdelobas sasamarTlo procesTan mimarTebaSi. procesze sityvas pirvelad iRebda
bralmdebeli, mere _ braldebuli. Tanamedrove sasamarTlosagan gansxvavebiT, aTenis
sasamarTloSi ar moqmedebda protestis gamoTqmis praqtika (ZiriTadi Temisagan gadaxve-
vis SemTxvevaSi). aTenuri marTlmsajuleba ar iyo precedentuli samarTlis sistema, rac,
pirvel rigSi, iman ganapiroba, rom ar arsebobda dikasterionis (sasamarTlo) Canawerebi.
sasamarTlo procesze xdeboda mowmeTa mowveva, rac saSualebas aZlevda mosamarTles
moewyo jvaredini dakiTxva. mowme ficis qveS gamodioda. crumowmeoba kanoniT isjeboda.
monebs (maTi Cveneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miReboda mxedvelobaSi, Tu wamebis dros iyo
micemuli) da qalebs ar SeeZloT mowmed gamosvla. romis saxalxo sasamarTloze mosama
rTle _ magistrati kiTxulobda braldebas, ris Semdegac braldebuli an TviTon icavda
Tavs an amas miandobda advokats an patrons. rogorc vxedavT romaul samarTalwarmoe-
baSi ganviTarebis adreul etapzeve berZnuli sistemisagan gansxvavebiT vxvdebiT advokats.
aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi sasamarTlo procesze monawileobs `me-
oxi~, romelsac ivane javaxiSvili advokatis funqciiT aRWurvil pirTan aigivebs. respub-
likis xanaSi advokati sruliad usasyidlod iRebda monawileobas sasamarTlo procesSi,
mxolod imperiis epoqaSi ganesazRvraT maT honorari. patroni procesze, rogorc ora-
tori gamodioda, rac garkveuli paralelis gavlebis saSualebas iZleva sinegorosTan.
formaluri sasamarTlo procesi iwyeboda imiT, rom orive mxare warudgenda mosamar-
Tles formulas, instruqcias, Tu rogor unda waremarTa mas saqme da gamoetana ganaCeni.
amasTan imeorebdnen sityvebs si paret, absolve (Tu naTelia, gaamarTle), an si non paret, con-
demne (Tu ar aris naTeli, gaamtyune). mxareTa sityvebs mohyveboda mtkicebulebebis mox-
moba, romelsac Tan axlda fici utyuari mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb. erTi mowmis Cveneba ig-
60
norirebuli iyo (testis unus, testis nullus). mowmed ver gamovidoda sasamarTloze arasrulw-
lovani, mona, Wkuasusti, qali da infamisi (infamis).
is, rom erTi mowmis Cvenebas ganaCenis gamotanisas sasamarTlo ar iTvaliswinebda,
miuTiTebs, rom marTlmsajuleba cdilobda Tavidan aecilebina mikerZoebuli ganaCenis
gamotana. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsad aTenisa, romSic sajaro braldebis saqmeebis
ganxilvas ufro meti sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen, razec is detalic miuTiTebs, rom am tipis
saqmeTa ganxilva mowmeTa met raodenobas moiTxovda. cru Cvenebis micemisaTvis zogjer
sikvdiliTac ki sjidnen.
feodalur saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo procesi iwyeboda dazaralebulis (moCivari,
Semwamebeli, Semsmeneli) sarCelis mosmeniT. sasamarTlo procesi, rogorc wesi, zepir
xasiaTs atarebda, Tumca vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignidan vgebulobT, rom sasamarTlo
oqmebs mdivanbegis sasamarTloSi aformebs mdivani. mopasuxes (moade, Sewamebuli, Sesme-
nili) winaswar acnobdnen sarCels da saSualeba hqonda Tavi emarTlebina procesze. amas-
Tanave, mopasuxes davis procesSi SeeZlo braldeba wamoeyenebina mosarCelis mimarT, Se-
sabamisad mxareebi erT procesze mopasuxenic iyvnen da mosarCelenic. sasamarTloze saqa-
rTveloSi mxareebi warmoadgendnen mowmeebs. IX-XIV ss-Si, rogorc mecnierebi fiqroben,
mowmis Cvenebas Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda saqmis warmoebisas. Semdgom xanaSi
mowmis mniSvneloba sasamarTlo procesze qveiTdeba, rac kargad Cans vaxtang VI-is samar-
Tlis wignSi, sadac mowmis Cvenebas sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa Soris mxolod mexuTe
adgili ukavia ficis da ordalebis Semdeg (ix. kanonmdebloba, samarTalwarmoeba, saqarT-
velo). vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni ZiriTadad qarTul adaTobriv samarTals efuZneba,
romlis mixedviTac sisxlis samarTlis procesze (anu iseTi saqmis ganxilvaze, romelic
sisxlis aRebas iTvaliswinebs) mowmis gamosvla dauSvebelia. mowme gvxvdeba mxolod zo-
gierTi saqmis warmoebisas (qurdoba, fulis sesxeba da a.S.). miuxedavad amisa, vaxtang VI-is
samarTlis wignic mowmis faqtors arsebiTad miiCnevs saqmis gadawyvetisas da XIII muxlSi
gansazRvravs kidec mowmis Tvisebebs: patiosani, Wkviani, RvTismoSiSi. aqve miTiTebulia
procesze mowmeTa raodenobac, erTi mowmis Cveneba qarTul sasamarTloSic mxedvelo-
baSi ar miiReboda.
rogorc viciT, Zvel aTensa da romSi sasamarTlo procesze fics debdnen msajulebi,
mosamarTleebi, mowmeebi, rom simarTles ityodnen da obieqturad warmarTavdnen saqmes.
qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi fics mimarTavdnen, rogorc sasamarTlo mtkicebulebas,
rogorc adaTobriv, ise saxelmwifo sasamarTloSi. adaTobrivi sasamarTlosaTvis ficis,
rogorc mtkicebulebis, mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs misi raodenobrivi mravalferovneba
(svanur samarTalSi ficis sami forma dasturdeba: (erTgulebis fici, Tanasworobis fici,
gamarTlebis fici), aRm. mTianeTSi _ droSiT daficeba, xalxSi daficeba, monaTesave kacis
fici, daficeba keWnaobis dros da a.S.) (ix. kanonmdebloba, samarTalwarmoeba, saqarTvelo).
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis mixedviT, fics im SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdnen, roca sxva mtkicebu
leba ar hqondaT xelT da ZiriTadad qonebaze davisas gamoiyeneboda. ficis dakisreba ar
SeiZleboda gonebrivad CamorCenili, arasrulwlovani adamianisTvis. ficis dadeba ar
SeuZlia qals, mis nacvlad unda daificos qalis uaxloesma mamrobiTi sqesis naTesavma _
Zmam, qmarma, Svilma da a.S. (ix. kanonmdebloba, samarTalwarmoeba, saqarTvelo).
moficarTa raodenoba saqmis simZimeze iyo damokidebuli da amasTan erTad, ramdenadac
feodaluri saqarTvelos samarTali am formaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela zneobriv-
samarTlebriv normas iziarebda, TanamoficarTa socialur mdgomareobaze. vaxtang VI-is
samarTlis mixedviT, ori didebuli Tavadis fici 20 saSualo da 60 dabali rangis Tavadis
da aznauris ficTan iyo gaTanabrebuli. Sesabamisad, Tavadis, aznauris da miTumetes, gle
xis Cvenebebs Soris, mkacri rangireba arsebobda samarTlebrivi mniSvnelovnebis kuTxiT.
sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa Soris aseve gamoiyeneboda ordali da codvis mokideba
(ix. kanonmdebloba, samarTalwarmoeba, saqarTvelo).
ganaCenis gamotanis procedura iseve rogorc saqmis warmoebis mTeli procesi aTenSi
iyo gamWvirvale, demokratiuli da samarTliani. mxareebis gamosvlis Semdeg msajulTa
61
biuletenebi iyreboda kalaTaSi (ix. samarTalwarmoeba, aTeni), rac niSnavs, rom kenWis
yras faruli xasiaTi hqonda, rac Tavis mxriv kidev met Tavisuflebas aniWebda msajuls
obieqturi ganaCenis gamosatanad.
kenWisyriTve gamohqondaT ganaCeni romSi. uZveles droSi am proceduras zepiri xasi-
aTi hqonda, Semdeg ukve werilobiTi _ leges tabellariae.
orive qveynis marTlmsajulebaSi xmis daTvlis proceduris dasrulebasTan erTad
xdeboda ganaCenis gamotana. saberZneTSi, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT solonis periods (efe-
sisi), apelacia am terminis Tanamedrove gagebiT ar arsebobda, Tumca modaves SeeZlo
arapirdapiri gziT emoqmeda: aReZra saqme crumowmeobis braldebiT, an wamoewyo axali
saqme, romelic sxva incidents moicavda. romSi apelaciis namdvilad demokratiuli pro-
ceduris _ provocatio ad populum _ gauqmebis Semdeg apelacia ganagrZobs arsebobas. formu-
laruli procesis dros apelacia miemarTeboda mxolod magistratis da ara mosamarT-
lis gadawyvetilebas. es praqtika mxolod avgustusis epoqidan Cndeba. rac Seexeba eqs-
traordinalur process, aq SesaZlebeli iyo yvela gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba, garda
imperatoris gadawyvetilebisa. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganaCenis gasaCivrebis praqtika
`sasamarTloSi meored Sesvla~ qarTul samarTalwarmoebaSic Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo.
amaze aRar SevCerdebi. faqtia, rom saqmis xelaxla gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba samarTal-
warmoebaSi metyvelebs mis samarTlian xasiaTze. berZnulma marTlmsajulebam es rgoli
romaulisagan gansxvavebiT ar ganaviTara, Tumca demokratiulobis xarisxis mixedviT
provocatio ad populum-Tan SedarebiT sasamarTlo apelacia romSic da gvianfeodalur saqa-
rTveloSic ukan gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. sasamarTlo procesze mosarCelis argamocxade-
ba romSi aRiqmeboda, rogorc sarCelis ukan gatana da moqalaqe jarimdeboda. mopasuxis
argamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi, saqmis warmoeba mis gareSec grZeldeboda.
rogorc ukve vTqviT, feodaluri saqarTvelos samarTalwarmoeba adreul period-
Si zepiri iyo, ganviTarebis mogviano etapze SeiZina man werilobiTi forma. amis Semdeg
sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebas werilobiTi saxiT aZlevda orive mxares. ganaCenSi
aucileblad unda mieTiTebinaT samarTlis wignis is muxli, romelic Seufardes mocemul
konkretul SemTxvevas da romlis safuZvelzec gamoitanes ganaCeni. procedura kanon-
mdeblis ganmartebiT xorcieldeboda, raTa gamtyunebul mxares ganaCeni usamarTlod
gamotanilad ar CaeTvala. es procedura ganaCenis samarTlianobis da utyuarobis gamov-
linebad unda CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba adaTobriv samarTals, saxalxo krebebze (yrilobe-
bze) bWeebs, maxvSs, xevis gagas da a.S. kenWisyriT gamoaqvT gadawyvetileba moTaTbireebis
safuZvelze, rac, ra Tqma unda, siaxloves gviCvenebs Zveli aTenis sasamarTlo procesTan.
aTenSi, iseve rogorc romSi, marTlmsajulebis adreul periodSi ganaCenis aRsrule-
ba saxelmwifo organoebs ar evalebodaT. Tu mopasuxe ar daemorCileboda sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebas, mosarCeles SeeZlo axali sarCeli Seetana. mag., romSi Tu movale vals
ar gadaixdida, mosarCeles mier aRZruli axali saqmis mixedviT, misi vali ormagdebo-
da. kreditors eniWeboda ufleba rogorc movalis qonebaze, ise mis pirovnebaze, SeeZlo
gaeyida is saxelmwifos farglebs gareT an hyoloda pirad patimrobaSi, rac Zv. w. 326 w-s
aikrZala kanonis mixedviT. mogvianebiT, eqstraordinaluri procesis pirobebSi, Tu mo-
pasuxe ar aasrulebda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, saxelmwifo 2 Tvis Semdeg Tavisi
mixeleebis saSualebiT iZulebiT iwyebda sasamarTlo procesis aRsrulebas.
ganaCenis aRsrulebis mxriv, gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi, mTavari sasamarTlo aR-
masrulebeli iyo iasauli. iasauli saqmis aRsrulebisaTvis iRebda gasamrjelos. mas
saqmis aRsrulebis dros aucileblad unda hqonoda ganaCeni an iasaulobis uflebis aRm-
Wurveli oqmi. saqmis viTarebidan gamomdinare SesaZloa, daniSnuliyo ori, sami an meti
iasaulic.
XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi sasamarTlo aRmasruleblad iniSnebodnen eSikaRasbaSi da
nasaRCibaSi. eSikaRasbaSi politikur _ administraciuli aparatis xelmZRvaneli iyo. aRm.
saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo ganaCenis aRsruleba mas da mis xelqveiTebs evalebodaT. rac
Seexeba nasaRCibaSs, mas damasaxiCrebeli sasjelis aRsruleba evaleboda.
62
ganaCenis aRsrulebaSi moyvana policiis saqmianobis erT-erT funqcias warmoadgens.
Sesabamisad, feodalur saqarTveloSic es rgoli iyo dakavebuli am saqmianobiT. daviT
aRmaSenebeli ayalibebs sami saxis sapolicio aparats: samoqalaqo policia, romelsac
mandaturTuxucesi edga saTaveSi; kriminaluri policia _ mparavTmZebnelis aparati
(mparavTmZebnelni da Cenilni); faruli policia _ mstovarTa instituti. naTelia, rom da-
viT aRmaSeneblis qarTuli sapolicio aparati Zalian uaxlovdeba Tanamedroves.
gaerTianebul feodalur saqarTveloSi policielis funqciebs asrulebda argnosani
(xelargnosani). boqaulis samosaxeleo Tanamdeboba XVI s-dan Cndeba. es aris sapolicio-
administraciuli aparatis dabali moxele gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi da igi iasaulis
funqciebs inawilebs.
gansxvavebiT feodaluri saqarTvelos sapolicio uwyebisagan Tavisi SinaarsiT da fun-
qciebiT sapolicio rgoli aTensa da romSi Zalian uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs da gansxvavdeba
terminis Tanamedrove gagebisagan. aTenSi yovelwliurad arCeul kolegiebs (astinomose-
bi, agoranomosebi) quCebSi sisufTavis dacva, bazris savaWro mimoqcevis zedamxedveloba,
marcvleulis fasis kontroli evalebodaT. amis garda moqmedebda TerTmetTa kolegia,
romelsac kenWisyriT irCevdnen da maT kriminalis garkveuli saxeobis zedamxedveloba
evalebodaT (tusaRTa meTvalyureoba, sikvdiliT dasja, zog SemTxvevaSi dapatimreba).
aTenis policiur Zalas warmoadgendnen skviTi mSvildosnebic, romlebic mcvelebis da
yaraulebis funqcias inawilebdnen (ix. policia).
sainteresoa, rom aTenSi e.w. finansuri policiis Canasaxs vawydebiT (astinomosebi, ag-
oranomosebi).
romSi edilebi (aediles curules) bazris davebs aregulirebdnen da kurirebdnen TamaSebs.
qalaqis kohorta (cohortes urbanae) warmoadgenda policiis korpuss, romelsac qalaqis
prefeqti (praefectus urbi) xelmZRvanelobda. es iyo sami kohorta, romelsac qalaqSi Ramis
guSagoba da saxanZro samsaxuri evaleboda.
funqciurad orive sapolicio sistema (aTeni, romi) iTavsebda sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
dacvis funqcias, magram jaSuSobis funqcias (am funqciiT aRWurvilia Tanamedrove sapo-
licio sistema) aTeni saerTod ar icnobs, romSi ki igi ukve gvian dominatis xanaSi Cndeba
(agentes in rebus – policieli jaSuSebi).
rac Seexeba sasjels, saberZneTsa da romSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli iyo sasjelis
forma _ fuladi jarima. amasTan erTad funqcionirebda sazogadoebidan mokveTa da
sikvdiliT dasja. orive qveyanaSi sasjelis ukiduresi zomis saqmeebs specialuri sa-
samarTloebi ganixilavda. orive qveyanaSi cixe _ rogorc sasjelis forma iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba (romSi ufro metad mas winaswari dakavebis mizniT mimarTavdnen).
sasjelis samive formas mimarTavdnen saqarTveloSic. gaerTianebul feodalur saqa-
rTveloSi gvxvdeba sasjelis Semdegi formebi: sikvdiliT dasja, sxeulis damasaxiCre-
beli sasjelebi, mokveTa sazogadoebidan, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. qonebis konfiskacia
(`mamulis daWirva~), moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis droebiTi an samudamo CamorTmeva, qone-
brivi sasjeli, dakrulva da sxva saeklesio sasjelebi. Tavisuflebis aRkveTas rogorc
sasjelis formas, iseve rogorc aTensa da romSi qarTul marTlmsajulebaSic Zalian iS-
viaTad mimarTavdnen. vaxtang VI-is ZeglisdebaSi ori muxli eZRvneba sasjelis am formas
(177 da 64): `magram kaci rom cols stanjvides da upatiurad epyrobodes, urigos uSure-
bodes, mefem is kaci daabas, datuqsos da kaTalikosmac asre uyos.~ ufro vrclad exeba
Tavisuflebis aRkveTas (`Sepyrobai~) bagrat kurapalatis wigni (muxlebi 101-104).
rogorc vnaxeT, absoluturi monarqiis pirobebSi, feodaluri saqarTvelos samarT-
lebrivi mowyoba demokratiuli marTvis garkveul tendeciebs amJRavnebs, ramdenadac amis
saSualebas iZleoda feodalur formaciaSi moqmedi social-politikur-samarTlebrivi
normebi: marTalia, sakanonmdeblo iniciativa mefes ekuTvnoda, magram igi erTpirovnu-
lad ar axorcielebda cvlilebebis Setanas kanonmdeblobaSi. sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs
ganixilavdnen saqmis profesionalebi, sajaro moxeleebi, xalxis warmomadgenlebi (xe-
visberni, xevisTavni). axali kanonmdebloba ganxilvis Semdeg mtkicdeboda saTaTbiroSi _
63
darbazSi. mefe iyo uzenaesi mosamarTle, magram arc samarTalwarmoebisas ar moqmedebda
igi erTpirovnulad, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, mxolod msajulebTan erTad, moTaTbi-
rebis safuZvelze. amis naTel nimuSs warmoadgens erekle meoreze Tavdasxmis saqme, ro-
melic mefem TviTon gamoiZia, magram gansaxilvelad darbazs gadasca. qarTul samarTal-
warmoebaSi SezRudulad, magram mainc funqcionirebda warmomadgenlobiTi sasamarTlo,
romlis mosamarTleebsac kenWisyriT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenidan irCevdnen (qedxu
debi).
es rac Seexeba oficialur, saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobasa da samarTalwarmoebas, rom-
lis gverdiTac, rogorc viciT, funqcionirebda adaTobriv samarTalze dafuZnebuli
saxalxo sasamarTloebi (saxalxi kreba (yriloba), samediatoro sasamarTlo), romlis
kanonmdebloba da samarTalwarmoeba demokratiuli marTvis principebs efuZneboda _
xalxis rCeulni xalxis TandaswrebiT ganixilavnden sasamarTlo davebs da kenWisyris
safuZvelze gamohqondaT ganaCeni.
am kuTxiT feodaluri saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo da samarTalwarmoebis sferos
analizi imisTvis gvWirdeba, rom Segveqmnas warmodgena, ramdenad organuli iyo istori-
ulad qarTuli saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sferosTvis demokratiuli marTvis princi-
pebi.
radganac naTeli xdeba, rom demokratiuli tendeciebi qarTuli samarTalwarmoebis
da kanonSemoqmedebis ganviTarebis yvela etapze (gaerTianebuli feodaluri saxelmwifo
da gvian feodaluri) SeiniSneba, es iZleva imis winapirobas, darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom
Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis pirobebSi miT ufro martivad
SesaZlebelia samarTlebrivi sivrce iyos demokratiuli mowyobis, xalxze orientire-
buli da xalxis interesebis dacvisken mowodebuli. amas, pirvel rigSi, kanonis uzenae-
sobis aRiareba uzrunvelyofs, rasac zustad mixvdnen Tavis droze Zveli berZnebi: `Tu
romelime Tqvengans surs daazustos, ra aris mizezi imisa, rom ikribeba saxelmwifo sab-
Wo, xalxi midis saxalxo krebaze, sasamarTloebi gavsebulia msajulebiT, rom wina wlis
xelisufleba nebayoflobiT uTmobs adgils axals, keTdeba yvelaferi polisis SenarCu-
nebisTvis; Tu vinme dainteresdeba, aRmoaCens, rom amisi mizezi gaxlavT kanonebi da is,
rom maT yvelaferi emorCileba. da marTlac, Tu gavanadgurebT kanonebs, am SemTxvevaSi
daiRupeba ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed ganadgurdeba Cveni cxovrebac, radgan is mxecTa
cxovrebas daemsgavseba~ (demosTene, 25, 20).
64
4. qali da ojaxi
zogadad patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi, iqneba es antikuri samyaros demokratiuli re-

Jimebi _ klasikuri epoqis saberZneTi an romis respublika, Tu Suasaukuneebis feodal-
uri saqarTvelos monarqia misi mTis specifikuri social-politikuri mowyobiT, qalis
mdgomareoba arsebiTad daqveiTebulia. Cven xazs gavusvamT sityvas àrsebiTad~, radgan,
bunebrivia, cneba `qalis mdgomareoba~ erTi gayinuli, ucvleli sidide ar aris da misi
sxvadasxva aspeqti drois Sesabamisad diaqronul cvlilebebs ganicdis. ras vgulisxmobT
qalis arsebiT daqvemdebarebaSi? pirvel rigSi, sajaro sivrceSi mis legalur uuflebo-
bas. antikur samyaroSi, rogorc klasikuri periodis saberZneTSi, ise romSi (romaeli
qalis legaluri uflebebis Tu misi socialuri rolebis Cven mier ganxiluli sakiTxebi
umTavresad respublikis xanasa da calkeul SemTxvevaSi adreuli principatis periods
moicavs) qalis samoqalaqo uflebebi SezRuduli iyo. mas ar gaaCnda politikuri ufle-
bebi, anu qals ar SeeZlo daswreboda saxalxo krebas an xma mieca masze, mas ar SeeZlo
daekavebina aranairi Tanamdeboba, ar SeeZlo emsaxura rogorc msajuls, senators da a.S.
qals saberZneTSi (dasaxelebul periodSi) da romSi umetes periodebSi ar hqonda ufle-
ba sasamarTloSi sityviT gamosuliyo, ar SeeZlo mowmed gamosvla. romSi man mxolod
mogvianebiT miiRo anderZis daweris ufleba. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi sazogadoebriv
sarbielze qalis monawileobas, feodaluri sazogadoebis mowyobisa da principebis ar-
sebiTi gansxvavebis miuxedavad antikuri samyaros sazogadoebis mowyobisa da principebi-
sagan (am arsebiT gansxvavebaSi, pirvel rigSi, antikur sazogadoebaTa metad Tu naklebad
egalitarul xasiaTs vgulisxmobT), unda ganvacxadoT, rom saqarTveloSic am mxriv imave
suraTs vxvdebiT _ qali sajaro sivrceSi ar aris CarTuli. bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi,
iseve rogorc sxva feodalur monarqiebSi, gansakuTrebuli viTarebis dros qali umaR-
les saxelmwifo Tanamdebobas ikavebs, magram amgvari movlena gamonakliss warmoadgens.
cnobili aforizmi `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos Tundac xvadia~ ara sazogadod qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanasworobaze, aramed saxelmwifos umaRles safexurze (risi simbolu
ri gamoxatulebaa cxovelTa mefe lomi) qalisa da mamakacis SesaZlo Tanasworobaze
miuTiTebs. amave rangSi gadis gvianfeodalur xanaSi dedoflis warmodgena sasamarTlo
konteqstSi. kerZod, dedofals SeuZlia ganixilos yvela tipis samoqalaqo dava, oRond
ar SeuZlia CaerTos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa gadawyvetaSi. qals saqarTveloSi ver
vxvdebiT moxelis rangSi _ iqneba es samefo karis farglebSi, sasamarTloSi, Tu sxva
ufro dabali donis administraciul struqturebSi. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan feodaliz
misTvis sazogadod ar aris damaxasiaTebeli qalisa da mamakacis sruli Tanasworufle-
bianoba. qalis samoqmedo asparezi am formaciis pirobebSi Zalze SezRudulia da mxolod
erTeulebs Tu argunebs xvedri imas, rom Tavi gamoiCinon sazogadoebriv Tu politikur
sarbielze. saberZneTsa da romSi sajaro sivrceSi qalis monawileoba religiuri msaxu
rebiT amoiwureboda, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom religiaSi qals sakmaod mniSvnelovani
roli ekisreboda14.
qristianul RvTismsaxurebaSi qalis moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi iseTsave xasiaTs at-
arebda, rogorsac sxva marTlmadideblur qristianul qveynebSi. religiuri aqtivobis
meore mxarea saxalxo dResaswaulebi, romlebSic qalebi aqtiurad figurireben. amasTan,
saqarTveloSi, saberZneTis msgavsad, arsebobda iseTi religiuri dResaswaulebi, romleb-
Sic mxolod qalebi monawileobdnen. aseTi iyo nayofierebis kultTan dakavSirebuli rit-
ualuri qmedebani _ `wylis xvna~ gvalvis gamosawvevad, aseve `lamarias kulti~ svaneTSi.
qalis CaurTveloba sajaro sivrceSi, albaT, yvelaze gasaocari klasikuri epoqis
saberZneTSi _ Zv. w. V-IV ss-Si unda iyos, rodesac aTenSi demokratiuli reJimi Tavis
umaRles gamoxatulebas poulobs, rodesac Camoyalibda da ganviTarda is institutebi,
principebi da idealebi, romlebic Semdgom saerTod demokratiisTvis paradigmatul
14
radgan Cven saberZneTisa da romis istoriis zemoT dasaxelebul periodebs ganvixilavT, amitom Semd-
gomSi yovel jerze Cven am periodebs aRar mivuTiTebT.
65
principebad Tu modelebad iqca. magram es erTi SexedviT paradoqsi logikur axsnas
eqvemdebareba. polisi _ berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifo individualur ojaxebs (oikosebs)
efuZneboda. moqalaqeobis safuZvelic oikosi iyo. pirovneba moqalaqe mxolod rogorc
oikosis warmomadgeneli xdeboda. Sesabamisad, ojaxis mouSleloba demokratiuli poli-
sis funqcionirebis qvakuTxedi gaxldaT. ojaxs rom normalurad efunqcionira, saWiro
iyo, rom oikosis aucilebel komponents _ qals pirnaTlad Seesrulebina Tavisi funqcie-
bi _ gaeCina kanonieri memkvidre, raTa ojaxs miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba SeenarCunebina
da gaTxovebisas erTi ojaxis sakuTreba meorisaTvis gadaeca. misi es funqciebi Zireuli
mniSvnelobis iyo polisisaTvis. Sesabamisad, qali aucileblad unda yofiliyo daculi,
unda hyolodaT mkacri kontrolis qveS da amasTan unda SeezRudaT imitom, rom saxelm-
wifos am saWiroebisaTvis misi samsaxuri yovelTvis garantirebuli hqonoda. bunebrivia,
am samma faqtorma _ gakontrolebam, dacvam, SezRudvam qalis mdgomareobis daqveiTeba
gamoiwvia, daqveiTeba rogorc socialur-politikuri, ise kulturuli TvalsazrisiT.
amas garda, klasikuri periodis aTeni am mxriv kidev erTi specifikurobiT xasiaTdeba.
polisma mkveTrad gamijna sazogado da privatuli sivrceebi. mamakaci upirobod sazoga-
dos, qali ki privatul sivrces miakuTvnes, ramac sqesTa mkveTri diqotomizacia gamoi-
wvia. qalebs daekisraT TavianTi kulturuli roli, mamakacebs ki _ TavianTi. amiT unda
aixsnebodes zemoT naxsenebi paradoqsi _ demokratias Tan mohyva qalebis legaluri da
kulturuli subordinacia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sajaro sivrceSi moRvaweoba arc spartel qals SeeZlo, sparte-
li qaliSvili aTeneli qalis msgavsad saxlSi ar iyos gamoketili. kanonmdebelma likur-
gosma is ara marto saxalxo dResaswaulebze aqtiur daswrebas, aramed, plutarqosis gad-
mocemiT, jeeli biWebis Tvalwin dediSobilad cekvasa da simRerasac miaCvia (plutarqosi,
likurgosi, 15). amasTan erTad garkveuli inteleqtualuri wvrTna maT sajaro sivrceSi
Tavisuflad laparakis siTamamesac aZlevda15.
romauli sazogadoeba, rogorc mkvlevarebi acxadeben, sazogadod, ar xasiaTdeboda
sqesTa dimorfizmis aseTive xarisxiT. Sesabamisad, romaeli qalebis sazogadoebrivi md-
gomareoba iyo ukeTesi, vidre berZeni qalebisa. wyaroebSi isini CvenTvis ufro individu-
alizebulad arian warmodgenilni, vidre maTi berZeni mewyvileebi16. bunebrivia, calkeu-
li individebi _ rogorc berZeni, ise romaeli qalebi, warmodgenilni arian sazogado
sarbielze, magram es vrceldeba mxolod calkeul pirovnebebze da, samwuxarod, ar qmnis
qalTa cxovrebis zogad suraTs. sazogado sarbielze moRvawe qalebis moRvaweobis ganx-
ilva amJamad Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens17. da radgan sajaro sivrce rogorc berZeni, ise
romaeli da qarTveli qalebisTvis, faqtobrivad, daketili iyo, Cven umTavresad maTi re-
alizaciis mTavar sivrceze _ ojaxSi qalis mdgomareobaze visaubrebT.
aTenis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, qali avtonomiuri arseba ar iyo. igi ar gaxldaT
registrirebuli demosis reestrSi. aTenur sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda raime dokumen-
ti, sadac qalis pirovneba oficialurad iqneboda dadasturebuli. oratorTa sityvebSi
da saflavis warwerebSi iSviaTad moixsenieben moqalaqe qalis saxels. am statusis qali
ubralod qmris an mamis saxelidan gamomdinare saxeldeboda. sayuradReboa am mimarTe-
biT romaeli qalis saxeldebis principi. romael qals mxolod erTi saxeli hqonda _ ma-
mis gentilicium-is (sagvareulo saxeli) mdedrobiTi forma. mas es saxeli saziaro hqonda
Tavis debTan, biZaSvilebTan da mamidebTan (mamis mxridan) da ar icvlida qorwinebis Sem-
deg.
saqarTveloSi qali, rogorc meuRle, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqts warmoad-
genda. mas SeeZlo damoukideblad ganekarga sakuTari qoneba da qmarTan sxvadasxva saxis
15
unda aRiniSnos, rom monacemebis simwiridan gamomdinare, mecnierebaSi ar aris calsaxa pozicia spar-
teli qalebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Tu maT socialur statusTan dakavSirebiT. ix. Cartledge P.,
`Spartan Wives: Liberation or Licence?~, Classical Quarterly 31, 1981, 84-105.
16
Arthur M., `Review Essay: Classics~, Signs, Winter, 1976, 399.
17
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. tonia n., nadareiSvili q., antikuri samyaros qalTa portretebi, Tbilisi, 2003.
66
qonebriv garigebaSi Sesuliyo (amaze qvemoT visaubrebT). saqarTvelosTvis ucxo iyo is-
lamuri aRmosavleTis qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli colis sruli uufleboba.
radgan ojaxisgan damoukideblad berZeni qali pirovnebas ar warmoadgenda, ami-
tomac igi aucilebeli pirobiT oikosis struqturaSi unda yofiliyo CarTuli. aTenur
sinamdvileSi meurvis, anu kiriosis instituti moqmedebda, rac imas niSnavda, rom aTeneli
qali mTeli cxovreba uaxloesi mamakaci naTesavis zedamxedvelobis qveS unda yofiliyo.
gaTxovebis Semdeg qalis meurve ukve qmari xdeboda, Tumca mama masze mainc inarCunebda
garkveul uflebebs. daqvrivebuli an ganqorwinebuli qali, Tu mas Svilebi ar hyavda, Ta-
vis yofil meurvesTan brundeboda. kiriosis movaleobas qalis ekonomiurad da socialu-
rad dacva warmoadgenda. qals sazogado sivrceSi swored kiriosi warmoadgenda. rac Se-
exeba spartas, monacemTa simwire ar gvaZlevs danamdvilebiT Tqmis saSualebas, arsebobda
Tu ara iq kiriosis instituti. Tumca is garemoeba, rom arc spartel qaliSvils ar hqonda
saqmros arCevis Tavisufleba, spartaSi am institutis sasargeblod unda metyvelebdes.
romSi gauTxovari qalis kiriosi ojaxis ufrosi _ paterfamilias iyo, romlis Zalaufle-
ba, gansakuTrebiT adreul periodebSi, SeuzRudavi gaxldaT. gaTxovebis Semdeg, Tuki es
qorwineba qmris ZalauflebaSi/xelSi gadamsvleli qorwineba, anu in manu qorwineba iyo,
qalis meurve misi qmari xdeboda da igi qmris ojaxSi filiae loco-s statuss iRebda. im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu qali qorwindeboda qmris ZalauflebaSi/xelSi gadasvlis gareSe, anu sine
manu (ris Sesaxebac Cven qvemoT visaubrebT), maSin is rCeboda mamis Zalauflebis qveS, es
ki imas niSnavda, rom mas sWirdeboda mamis Tanxmoba nebismieri mniSvnelovani finansuri
transaqciis sawarmoeblad, mamas aseve SeeZlo Seewyvita misi qorwineba miuxedavad imisa,
undoda Tu ara es qals. Tu qals, romelic amgvari qorwinebiT iyo gaTxovili, mama gar-
daecvleboda, mas ukve oficialuri meurve – tutela mulierorum unda daniSvnoda. am statusiT
igi ukve sui iuris qveS iyo (es niSnavs, rom iyo subieqti, romelic ar iyo arc mamis da arc
qmris Zalauflebis _ manus-is qveS). droTa manZilze meurvis (tutela-s) instituti romSi
TandaTanobiT kargavs Tavis Zalmosilebas da principatis dasawyisisTvis praqtikulad
mxolod gaazatebuli qalebisa (libertines) da emansipirebulebisTvis gamoiyeneba (ix. emansi-
pacia).
da mainc, Tu aTeneli qalisTvis sruliad gamoricxuli iyo meurvis gareSe arseboba,
romSi amis precendenti arsebobda. damoukidebel iuridiul subieqts warmoadgenda is
qvrivi qali, romelsac sami Svili hyavda da romelic 50 wels iyo gadacilebuli (igu-
lisxmeboda, rom igi aRar gaTxovdeboda da gaaCenda Svilebs). damoukidebeli xdebodnen
am statusis gaazatebuli qalebic – libertines, oRond maT ukve oTxi Svilis yola moeTxove-
bodaT.
saqarTvelos patriarqalur ojaxSi, romelSic warmmarTvelia sqesobriv-asakobrivi
definicia da ierarqia, qali ojaxis ufrosi mamakacis daqvemdebarebis qveS imyofeboda,
anu gauTxovari qali _ mamis, gaTxovili ki _ qmrisa. ojaxSi yvelafris meTauroba ufro-
sis saqme iyo, masve evaleboda qalis gaTxovebasTan dakavSirebiT yvela saqmis mogvareba.
amasTan, rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi qali samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti
gaxldaT. srulwlovani qali, rogorc meuRle, damoukideblad ganagebda sakuTar qone-
bas da qmarTan sxvadasxva saxis qonebriv garigebaSi Sedioda.
aTeneli qalis cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena qorwineba iyo. saerTod,
berZnebi Tvlidnen, rom qalis gauTxovroba did ubedurebas warmoadgenda da amitom
mistirodnen isini upirvelesad gauTxovari qalis gardacvalebas – qali xom saiqioSi
Tavisi umTavresi movaleobis Seusruleblad midioda.
saberZneTSi qorwinebis yvelaze adreul formas qalis meurvisgan misi yidva, syid-
viTi qorwineba warmoadgenda. qalis Tanxmoba saWiro ar iyo, rameTu igi yidva-gayidvis
obieqti gaxldaT. am dros sasiZo qalis mamas e{dna-s _ saqorwino saCuqars aZlevda. Tu
Tavdapirvelad `hedna~ namdvilad iyo qalis Sesyidvisas gadaxdili fasi, mogvianebiT
igi fiqtiur safasurad iqca, radgan qalis mama am saCuqars pirdapir gadascemda sapatar-
Zlos, anda qmari uSualod aZlevda cols misi mamis Carevis gareSe. es adreuli forma
67
qorwinebisa _ qalisTvis safasuris gadaxda romSiac arsebobda. mogviano romauli qor-
winebis erT-erTi formis saxelwodeba coemptio _ Sesyidvas niSnavs. is ukve iyo imitacia
colis yidvisa da Zvel romSi gavrcelebul colis yidvis tradicias ukavSirdeboda.
qorwinebis es uZvelesi forma dasturdeba adreuli periodis saqarTveloSi (`SuSani-
kis wameba~). amgvari qorwinebis dros siZis ojaxs sapatarZlos mSoblebisaTvis saqor-
wino gadasaxadi _ urvadi unda mietana (ix. qorwineba, saqarTvelo; urvadi). es Cveuleba
samegreloSi mogviano xanebSic gvxvdeba, rogorc amas arqanjelo lambertis (XVII s.) da
Tedo saxokias (XIX s.) Canawerebi aCvenebs. eTnografiuli masaliT, saqorwino sauravis
gadaxdis wesi naTladaa gamokveTili xevsa da svaneTSi. svaneTSi am misatans `naWvlaSi~
ewodeboda. igi Zvel droSi gansazRvruli iyo da morigebas didi dro ar sWirdeboda (ix.
naWvlaSi; muya).
qorwinebas aTenSi ori umTavresi winapiroba hqonda. erTi maTgani niSnoba gaxldaT.
niSnoba qalis meurvesa da sasiZos (an mis meurves) Soris sityvieri SeTanxmebis dadebas
niSnavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom werilobiTi aqti ar dgeboda, garkveuli periodidan
moyolebuli mas oficialuri xasiaTi hqonda da aucileblad mowmeTa TandaswrebiT tar-
deboda. Tumca niSnoba ar boWavda mxareebs da SesaZlebelia is qorwinebaSi ar gadaz-
rdiliyo (ix. niSnoba, saberZneTi).
romSic niSnoba Cveulebriv win uZRoda qorwinebas, magram aucilebeli winapiroba ar
iyo. niSnoba iyo sasiZosa da sapatarZlos mxareTa (upiratesad mamaTa) garkveuli garige-
ba, romlis drosac mamebi orive mxridan sazeimo dapirebas warmoTqvamdnen. adreuli re-
spublikis xanaSi garigebis damrRvevi mxare valdebuli iyo zarali aenazRaurebina (actio
ex sponsu). droTa ganmavlobaSi am institutma cvlilebebi ganicada, man dakarga oficial-
uri xasiaTi da misi darRvevisTvis dawesebuli jarima, faqtobrivad, aRar muSaobda. rom-
Sic niSnoba mxareebs ar boWavda (ix. niSnoba, romi; qorwineba, romi).
saqarTveloSi niSnoba aseve iyo qorwinebis aucilebeli winapiroba. amasTan igi samar-
Tlebriv qmedebas warmoadgenda, mxareebs valdebulebas akisrebda da mis damrRvevs
iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. ase rom, saqarTveloSi niSnobis iuridiuli
Sedegebi ufro mkacri iyo da mravali aspeqtiT uaxlovdeboda kidevac qorwinebis Sede-
gebs, rac saerTo movlena gaxldaT qristianul ideologiaze dafuZnebuli qristianuli
ojaxisaTvis. sxvadasxva kuTxeSi niSnobis Taviseburebebis miuxedavad, mas saerTo mo-
mentebi hqonda: moyvrobaze SeTanxmebis iniciatori sasiZos mxare iyo; vaJis ojaxs qal-
isTvis samkaulebi unda mietana, zogjer mas sursaT-sanovagec mihqonda, Tumca umTavresi
niSnis/windis _ anu saqorwino beWdis mitana iyo. gadamwyveti niSnobisas mSoblebis azri
gaxldaT. saqarveloSi niSnobas mTeli rigi qmedebani uZRvoda win: colis SerCeva, maWank-
loba, sasiZos Sesaxeb cnobebis Segroveba (ix. niSnoba, saqarTvelo; niSnoba, mTa).
qorwinebis meore, aucilebeli winapiroba gamziTveba gaxldaT. romSi es ufro mamis
moraluri vali iyo, vidre qorwinebis aucilebeli winapiroba. aTenSi mziTvze qalis
kirioss unda ezruna. mamisTvis didad samarcxvinod iTvleboda, Tuki igi zrdasrul qa-
liSvils mziTvs ver miscemda. am SemTxvevaSi saqmeSi ojaxis naTesavebi unda Careuli-
yvnen. romSi Tavdapirvelad mziTvi qmris qonebas erwymoda, rac Semdeg kardinalurad
Seicvala. rogorc Cans, institutis saxiT mziTvi romSi Zv. w. III s-dan yalibdeba da aqedan
moyolebuli is iRebs imgvar saxes, rogoric mas principSi aTenSi hqonda _ anu mziTvi
moiazreba, rogorc qalis materialuri uzrunvelyofis meqanizmi, qalis mier mamiseuli
sakuTrebis flobis specifikuri forma. specifikuri ki is gaxldaT imitom, rom qals, gan-
sakuTrebiT aTenSi, ar SeeZlo mziTvis gankargva, metic, misi gaflangva arc mis qmars ar
xelewifeboda. aTenSi qmars mziTviT gamoxatuli kapitaluri Tanxis investireba unda mo-
exdina da amonagebi TanxiT uzrunveleyo colis Senaxva. mziTvis faqtobrivi mesakuTre ki
maTi Svili xdeboda. romSi qmars hqonda ufleba ganekarga mziTvi, Tumca samarTlebrivad
is qals ekuTvnoda. mziTvis Sesaxeb molaparakebas mxareebi detalurad awarmoebdnen.
gayris SemTxvevaSi, rogorc saberZneTSi, ise romSi, mziTvi qals aucileblad ukan unda
dabruneboda. Tu qmari uars ityoda amaze, maSin qalis mxare mis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo-
68
Si samarTlebriv davas iwyebda. mziTvisagan damoukideblad aTenSi qals SeeZlo qmris
saxlSi patara qoneba waeRo, rac, solonis kanonmdeblobiT, erTob mcire iyo da ramden-
ime kabiT Semoifargleboda (ix. mziTvi, saberZneTi; mziTvi, romi).
mziTvis, da saerTod, qalis qonebrivi uflebebis sakiTxi sakmaod gansxvavebuli Cans
spartis sinamdvileSi. ase magaliTad, aristoteles gansakuTrebiT ar moswonda, rom
sparteli qalebi didZal sakuTrebas flobdnen da rom maT did mziTvs aZlevdnen (aris-
totele, politika, II, 9 1269a -1271b19 ). Tumca gamomdinare wyaroTa monacemebidan, romle-
bic spartaSi mziTvis ararsebobis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben, mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom is,
rasac aristotele am pasaJSi mziTvs uwodebs, qorwinebisas mxareTa Soris qonebis Tao-
baze dadebuli SeTanxmeba unda yofiliyo.18
mziTvis instituti, rogorc qorwinebis winapiroba, dasturdeba saqarTveloSic, Tumca
Cven ar viciT, Tu ra droidan iwyebs es instituti funqcionirebas (termini IX s-is ZeglSia
moxseniebuli). mziTvi iyo qoneba, romelic qals gaTxovebisas eZleoda da romelic mas
qmris ojaxSi mihqonda. mziTvi uZravi da moZravi qonebisagan Sedgeboda. iseve rogorc
aTenSi, saqarTveloSic qmars ufleba ar hqonda es faseulobani ganekarga (ix. mziTvi,
saqarTvelo; qorwineba, mTa).
mkvlevarTa azriT, gamziTvebas saqarTveloSi barSi ufro meti yuradReba eqceoda,
vidre aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, sadac nivTieri qonebis nacvlad arsebobda
saqonlis gatanebis wesi, romelsac saTavno erqva (ix. saTavno, mTa). ase magaliTad, fSav-
Si da xevsureTSi saTavnod qals pataraobidanve aZlevdnen saZroxe Zroxasa da sanaSeno
cxvars, romelTac qali TviTonve uvlida, amasTan nawvelsa da matyls yidda da sarge
belSi asesxebda. qalis saTavno xeluxleblad iTvleboda da misi daxarjva ar SeiZle-
boda. saTavno gaTxovebis Semdegac qalis sakuTreba iyo. Tu qmari mas daxarjavda, unda
aenazRaurebina kidec.
am mxriv gansxvavebuli viTareba dasturdeba svaneTSi, sadac qals qorwinebis dResve
aZlevdnen garkveul qonebas _ mziTvs, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg qals mSoblebisagan eku
Tvnoda aseve gansazRvruli raodenobiT saqoneli da erTi zanduki. svaneTSi qals mami
seul qonebaSi aSkarad ufro meti wili aqvs. yovel weliwads ojaxi Tavisi materialu
ri SesaZleblobis farglebSi qaliSvils erTi maneTidan dawyebuli Zroxa-xar-cxenis
CaTvliT damTavrebuli aZlevda da, rac yvelaze sayuradReboa, gaTxovili qali ded-ma-
mis ojaxSi TiTqmis iseTive uflebiT sargeblobda, rogoriTac misi rigiTi wevri, rac
gamonaklis SemTxvevas warmoadgens qarTuli qorwinebis konteqstSi (ix. mziTvi, svaneTi).
gayris SemTxvevaSi, saqarTveloSi, saberZneTisa da romis msgavsad, cols mziTvi unda
dabruneboda. vfiqrobT, qarTul sinamdvileSi paraleli daeZebneba aTeneli qalis mier
saxlSi waRebul mcire pirad sakuTrebasac. termin `saTavnos~ zemoT ganxiluli mniSvn-
elobis garda (mTaSi igi, faqtobrivad, qalis mziTvia), saTavnos barSi qalis pirad qone-
bas uwodebdnen, romelzedac winaswari SeTanxmeba ar xdeboda da misi micema qalis mSo-
blebis neba iyo.
aTeneli qalis daqvemdebarebul statuss adasturebs is garemoeba, rom qali saqmros
Tavad ar irCevda. romSi adreul periodSi qorwinebas ojaxis mama awyobda. mogvianebiT,
roca romaelma qalma meti Tavisufleba moipova, qorwinebaze mamis Tanxmoba mainc aucile-
beli iyo, Tumca, Tu qaliSvils mama urCevda qmars, qaliSvilis Tanxmobac aseve saWiro
gaxldaT. qaliSvils SeeZlo uari eTqva mamis SerCeul sasiZoze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamis
arCevani moraluri TvalsazrisiT miuRebeli iyo, an Tu mas zurgis gasamagreblad naTe-
savebisa da mezoblebis mxardaWeris mopoveba SeeZlo (digestebi, 23. 2. 2). am mxriv imave
mdgomareobas vxedavT saqarTveloSic. sacolis arCeva vaJis mSoblebze iyo damokidebu-
li da meqorwineTa survili mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. mxolod mogvianebiT Rebulobs
vaJi sacolis `gansjaSi~ garkveul monawileobas. SedarebiT meti ufleba am mxriv svan
qals aqvs. bunebrivia, roca qaliSvili adreul asakSi qorwindeboda, mas mSoblebi mis-
da damoukideblad aTxovebdnen. mozrdil svan qals ki SeeZlo damoukidebladac mieRo
18
Cartledge, 1981, 98. spartaSi mziTvis ararsebobis Sesaxeb ix. hermiposi fr. 87; plutarqosi, moraliebi,
227F; eliane, nair-nairi ambebi VI. 6;
69
gadawyvetileba. Tu qaliSvili mSoblebis nebis winaaRmdeg gaTxovdeboda, urCobis miuxe-
davad mSoblebi mainc urigdebodnen Svils da wils ar ukargavdnen.
aTenur qorwinebas garkveul dromde oficialuri mxare ar hqonda da igi ubralod
colisa da qmris TanacxovrebaSi gamoixateboda. ufro gvian, oficialuri qorwineba
aucilebeli gaxda, savaraudod, Zv. w. 451 w-dan, rodesac perikles moqalaqeobis kanon-
is mixedviT, Svilis moqalaqeobisTvis orive mSoblis moqalaqeoba gaxda aucilebeli.
meuRleebis kanonieri moqalaqeobis eWvi rom aravis gasCenoda, qorwineba oficialurad
unda gamarTuliyo, amasTan igi qmris fratriis wevrebTan unda yofiliyo registrireb-
uli. rac Seexeba saqorwino ceremoniebs, is saberZneTsa da romSi uZvelesi xanidan das-
turdeba da ar ukavSirdeba qorwinebis oficialur Tu araoficialur xasiaTs.
qorwinebis sakmaod ucnauri forma gvxvdeba spartaSi. plutarqosis gadmocemiT, qor-
wineba spartaSi sakmaod pirquSi pirveli Ramis ritualiT iwyeboda. kerZod, Tmamokve-
cili da mamakacis tansacmelsa da fexsamosSi gamowyobili patarZali bnel oTaxSi Cali
sgan gamzadebul loginze martodmarto iwva da nefes ucdida. xanmokle saqorwino Ramis
Semdeg nefe sxva oTaxSi gadioda da ymawvil kacebTan erTad iZinebda. SemdgomSic qmari
dResa da Rames saxlis gareT atarebda, colTan ki malulad dadioda. es sakmaod didxans
grZeldeboda da zog spartels Svili ise uCndeboda, rom sakuTari coli dRisiT arc ki
hyavda nanaxio (plutarqosi, likurgosi, 15).
romauli qorwinebis ZalaSi Sesasvlelad araviTari formaloba ar iyo saWiro: cere
moniebs, romlebic Cveulebriv mas Tan sdevda, iuridiuli xasiaTi ar hqonda. saWiro iyo
mxolod qalisa da mamakacis Tanacxovrebis faqti im mizniT, rom maT daemyarebinaT samu-
damo kavSiri (affectio maritalis), romelsac Tan erTvoda qorwinebis socialuri Sedegebi _
pativiscema saqorwino partnioris mimarT (honor matrimonium). ceremoniali _ deductio in
domum mariti am ganzraxvis naTelyofas warmoadgenda19. romauli qorwinebis amgvar daxa-
siaTebas iziarebs bartoSeki, romauli samarTlis avtoritetuli mkvlevari. misi azriT,
romauli qorwineba meuRleTa Tanacxovrebis sazogadoebriv faqts warmoadgenda da ara
formalur samarTlebriv aqts20.
Sua saukuneebis feodalur saqarTveloSi qorwinebis arsi, bunebrivia, qristianuli
moZRvrebiT iyo gansazRvruli da, rogorc xelSekruleba, samarTlebriv aqts warmoad-
genda, romelic srul TanafardobaSi iyo Sua saukuneebis qristianuli qveynebis saojaxo
samarTlis principebTan. qristianobam qorwinebisas saeklesio gvirgviniT kurTxeva
qorwinebis aucilebel pirobad gaxada, Tumca, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, praq-
tikaSi jvardauwereli qorwinebebic sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena yofila. wyaroebi
gvawvdian cnobebs jvardauwereli kacisTvis colis daorsulebis gamo sasjelad jari-
mis dawesebis Taobaze21. saqarTveloSic qorwinebas qorwinebad xdida mTeli rigi wina
saqorwino qmedebebis Sesrulebisa da saqorwino lxinis _ qorwilis Semdeg colisa da
qmris Tanacxovrebis faqti.
berZnuli qorwineba umTavresad farTo komlis _ anqisteis SigniT imarTeboda. Zalze
xSiri iyo biZasa da Zmiswuls, naxevarZmebsa da naxevardebs (mamiT), biZaSvilebs Soris
qorwineba. amgvari qorwinebisagan gansxvavebiT, romSi qorwineba garkveuli naTesau-
ri wris SigniT nebadarTuli ar iyo (kerZod, biZasa da Zmis Svils, biZaSvilebs Soris
da a. S.). qristianul moZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli qorwinebisTvis arsebiT dabrkolebad
iTvleboda wyvilTa Soris naTesauri kavSiri. bunebrivia, es damabrkoleblad miiCneo-
da saqarTveloSic. zustad iyo gansazRvruli naTesavTa is wre, romelTa daqorwineba
gamoricxuli iyo. ase magaliTad, qristianulma religiam akrZala: mamis Zmiswulis an
dedis Zmiswulis SerTva, aseve mamis an dedis diswulis SerTva. aikrZala mamisa da Svi-
lis daqorwineba debze, an mamisa da Svilis daqorwineba dedasa da mis qaliSvilze da a. S.
19
The Oxford Classical Dictionary, ed. by Hammond N. G. L. and Scullard H. H., 19702, SemdgomSi OCD, statia `Mar-
riage, Law of, Roman~ , 649.
20
Бартошек М., Римское Право, Москва, 1989, statia Matrimonium, gv. 213-214. Tumca sxvebi ar iziareben ro-
mauli qorwinebis amgvar daxasiaTebas (ix. iqve, 214).
21
iv. javaxiSvili, Txz. t. VI, Tb., 1982, 146.
70
amasTan, iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, Zv. qarTul wyaroebSi samefo sagvareulos farglebSi
maxlobel naTesavTa Soris qorwinebac, anu endogamiuri qorwinebebic dasturdeba. Tumca
amgvari qorwineba sxva fenebSi gavrcelebuli ar yofila22 (ix. qorwineba, saqarTvelo).
aTenSi axali ojaxis Seqmnisas qorwinebis momwyobTaTvis mniSvnelovani dasanaTesave-
beli ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, zogjer ki politikuri kavSirebic iyo. romSi
upiratesi mniSvneloba, am mxriv, ojaxisaTvis saWiro politikur kontaqtebs eqceoda. bu
nebrivia, am sazogadoebebSi, romlebSic ojaxi Zalze mgrZnobiare erTeuli iyo, qal-vaJis
grZnobebi da maTi emociebi gaTvaliswinebuli ver iqneboda.
rogorc saberZneTSi, ise romSi qaliSvilebi Zalze adre Txovdebodnen, ZiriTadad,
moyolebuli 14 wlidan. aseTi adreuli qorwinebis mizezi is iyo, rom saqorwino ideali
fizikurad ubiwo da sulierad wminda sapatarZlos moiTxovda. da radgan miiCneoda, rom
gogonas seqsualuri ltolva ukve pubertetis asakidan uCndeboda, romlis moTokvac mas
Zalian uWirda, amitom zedmeti garTulebis Tavidan asacileblad mSoblebi mis adreul
asakSi gaTxovebaze zrunavdnen. amasTan, mkvlevarTa azriT, romaeli qaliSvilebi, rom-
lebic ar iyvnen karCaketilad gazrdilni, qorwinebisaTvis ufro metad unda yofiliyvnen
mzad, vidre qsenofonis òikonomikosSi~ daxatuli isomaqosis meuRle (qsenofoni, oiko-
nomikosi, 3. 11 Smdg., 4, 7 Smdg.), romelsac Tavisi cxovrebis 15 wlis manZilze rac SeiZleba
naklebi hqonda nanaxi, gagonili Tu naTqvami da romelic dedam qorwinebis win ase daari-
ga: ìyavi kargi~23.
saqarTveloSic qaliSvilebis saqorwino asaki Zalze dabali iyo da misi dasaSvebi
qveda zRvari 1003 w-s ruis-urbnisis krebis dadgenilebiT 12 wliT ganisazRvra. saqarT-
velos mTianeTSi qalTa saqorwino asaki ufro maRali iyo. ase magaliTad, xevsureTSi
qals oc wlamde ar aTxovebdnen. gasaTxovari qalis qaliSvilobas saqarTveloSic didi
mniSvneloba hqonda. arsebobda iseTi garigebac, rodesac qaliSvilis deda sasiZos ojaxs
Tavisi Svilis ubiwobis Taobaze pirobas udebda. Semdeg mis Sesamowmeblad mTeli rigi
ritualebi tardeboda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sapatarZlo qaliSvili ar aRmoCndeboda, igi
mSoblebs ubrundeboda da mTel ojaxs samarcxvino laqa ecxeboda24.
rogorc zemoT mokled aRvniSneT, romSi qorwinebis ori forma arsebobda. am sakiTxze
mkvlevarTa mosazrebebis sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, ZiriTadad mainc gaziarebulia
Tvalsazrisi, rom adreul periodSi romSi qorwinebis forma iyo qorwineba cum/in manu,
romlis drosac qali mamis Zalauflebidan qmris ZalauflebaSi/xelSi gadadioda25. ro-
gorc Cans, amgvari qorwinebis dros qalis mdgomareoba ufro mZime iyo. qali (coli, qa-
liSvili) ar flobda sakuTrebas26. es qorwineba `daurRvevel kavSirad~ iTvleboda, rac
imas niSnavs, rom gayra Zalze Zneli gaxldaT. respublikis periodis dasasrulisTvis
qorwineba cum manu-Ti icvleba sine manu-Ti qorwinebiT. sainteresoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi
qaliSvili mamis ZalauflebaSi rCeba. mas rig sakiTxebSi mamis Tanxmoba esaWiroeba. aq
kargad ikveTeba, Tu ra didi ufleba aqvs qalis mamiseul ojaxs qalze. qalis mama akon-
trolebs mziTvis saxiT misi ojaxidan gasul fuls, mas SeuZlia uproblemod Sewyvitos
qalis qorwineba, aqtiurad Caerios qaliSvilis pirad cxovrebaSi. mamis interesebis upi-
ratesobas aRiarebda avgustusis mier adulteris (Ralatis) Sesaxeb SemoRebuli kanonebic.
meore mxriv, am qorwinebisas qals ufro meti Tavisufleba hqonda, kerZod, mamis sikvdi-
lis Semdeg is samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti _ sui iuris xdeboda.
qorwinebis formam arsebiTi evolucia ganicada saqarTveloSic. iv. javaxiSvilis
mixedviT, saqarTveloSi qorwinebis Tavdapirveli forma eqsogamiuri qorwineba iyo da
igi `mamamZuZeobas~ eyrdnoboda. eqsogamiuri qorwineba niSnavda, rom mamakacs qali sxva
sagvareulodan unda moeyvana, magram amasTan erTad mamamZuZeobis wesis mixedviT, siZe
Sedioda colis gvarSi Svilis gaCenis mizniT. colis gvarSi gaCenili Svili izrdeboda
22
23
Clark G., `Roman Women~ in: Greece and Rome Studies, Woman in Antiquity, ed. I. McAuslan and P. Walcot, Oxford,
1996, 44.
24
Hans Schiltbergers, Reisebuch, Tübingen, 1885, 98-99.
25
bartoSeki romSi qorwinebis ori formis arsebobas ar iziarebs. ix. Бартошек , 1989, 214.
26
OCD, statia „Woman, position of ~, 1139.
71
dedis ojaxSi, sadac dedis uaxloesi mamrobiTi sqesis naTesavi iyo misi aRmzrdeli da
mfarveli. is mxolod mozrdili Sedioda Tavisi mamis ojaxSi27. anu `mamamZuZeobis~ ada-
Ti patriarqaluri qorwinebis erT-erTi maxasiaTeblis _ patrilokaluri dasaxlebis
(coli dasaxlebulia qmris gvarSi) sapirispiro movlenas warmoadgens. vfiqrobT, rom
qorwinebis es forma qalis qorwinebaSi misi mamiseuli ojaxis did rolze miuTiTebs.
sayuradReboa aseve saqarTveloSi arsebuli qorwinebis adreuli wesi. es qalis mo-
tacebiT qorwineba iyo, romelic Semdeg mSvidobiani molaparakebis gziT zemoT ganxil-
uli winasaqorwino aqtivobebiT da niSnobiT dagvirgvinebuli qorwinebiT Seicvala (ix.
motaceba qalis). qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi qalis motaceba, rogorc daqorwinebis sa-
Sualeba, ar dasturdeba, misi kvali eTnografiul masalebSi Cans (ix. qorwineba, saqarT-
velo). saTemo rjulis mixedviT, Tavisi Temis qalis motacebis da colad SerTvis ufleba
kacs ar hqonda. igi moRalated iTvleboda da xatSi ar uSvebdnen. Tumca arsebobda masTan
Serigebis wesebic. Serigebis gareSe saerTod motacebuli qalis colad moyvana ar Sei-
Zleboda (ix. banze Sextoma).
zogadad saberZneTSi qalis daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis miuxedavad, qalis roli
ojaxSi gansxvavebuli Cans aTensa da spartaSi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom sparteli mamakaci
niadag salaSqrod iyo, saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da dovlaTze kontroli spartel
diasaxliss ekisreboda. Tu amas sparteli qalis mier sakuTrebis flobasac davumatebT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aTenel qalTan SedarebiT, sparteli qalis statusi ufro maRali
iyo. swored maT rolTa Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba iyo albaT imis mizezi, rom aris-
totele spartel qalTa statuss qalisTvis Seufereblad maRal statusad moiazrebda. am
mxriv, spartaSi arsebuli situacia misTvis sruliad miuReblad moCanda da amas qalebis
mxridan Tavawyvetilobad da mbrZaneblobad, kacebis mxridan ki qalebisaTvis sruli Ta-
visuflebis micemad da maTTvis zomaze met pativiscemad ganixilavda (plutarqosi, likur-
gosi, 15).
zogadad qalis daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis miuxedavad, gansxvavebulia qalis
roli romaul ojaxSi. es gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT gviandeli periodis maRali wris
romaul ojaxSi Cans.
kornelius neposi xazs usvams romauli da berZnuli ojaxebis adaT-wesebs Soris arse-
bul erT TvalSisacem gansxvavebas. kerZod imas, rom romSi ojaxis diasaxlisi (materfamili-
as) ojaxis socialuri cxovrebis centrSia. igi iRebs stumrebs, esaubreba maT, dadis sayid
lebze, stumrad megobrebTan midis taZarSi, TeatrSi, eswreba TamaSobebs. savaraudod, mas
qaliSvilebic dahyavs wveulebebze (kornelius neposi, 6; ix. aseve ovidiusi, trfobani, 3.
633Smdg.; tibulusi, 1.6.15Smdg.; marcialisi, 11.7; ovidiusi, siyvarulis xelovneba, 1.565).
amisi upirvelesi mizezi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rasakvirvelia, is gaxldaT, rom romau-
li sazogadoeba ar axdenda qalebis gancalkevebas. bunebrivia, sazogadoeba, romelic afa
sebda qals (cols) rogorc sasiamovno saurTierTo subieqts, saqorwino cxovrebas ufro
sasiamovnos xdida, vidre klasikuri aTenis adaT-wesebi. marTlac, aTenSi kulturuli
ideali gaTxovili qalis mamakacebisagan gancalkevebuli cxovrebis nirs moiTxovda. re-
speqtabeluri aTeneli qali ar dadioda sayidlebze, ar midioda qmarTan erTad wveule-
baze. dauSvebeli iyo isic, rom igi sakuTar saxlSi gamarTul nadimze gamosuliyo. metic,
ucxo mamakacTan mas Tavis saxlSic ki aranairi kontaqti ar unda hqonoda. mecnierebi ver
Tanxmdebian im sakiTxze, dadiodnen Tu ara aTeneli qalebi TeatrSi. umetesobas miaCnia,
rom isini eswrebodnen Teatralur sanaxaobebs. bunebrivia, yovelive es ar niSnavs imas,
rom isini saxlSi iyvnen gamoketilni. aTeneli qalebi moaxleebis TanxlebiT gadiodnen
saseirnod, urTierTobdnen mezoblebTan. socialur kontaqtTagan umTavresi saojaxo
ritualebsa da religiur dResaswaulebSi monawileoba iyo. or umTavres saojaxo ritu
alSi _ dakrZalvisa da qorwinebis ceremonialebSi aTeneli qali mniSvnelovan rols as-
rulebda.
saqarTveloSi, rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSneT, ojaxSi mamakacs gabatonebuli mdgo-
mareoba hqonda colze, xolo mamas _ Svilebze, maT Soris vaJiSvilebze, rac srul Tana-
27
72
fardobaSi iyo Sua saukuneebis qristianuli qveynebis saojaxo samarTlis principebTan.
qmars SeeZlo fizikurad daesaja coli daumorCileblobisaTvis, mruSobis SemTxvevaSi
ki fizikurad gaenadgurebina igi. aRvniSneT isic, rom qali TviTonve iyo samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis subieqti da ganagebda sakuTar qonebas. amasTan, rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva regionSi qalis roli ojaxSi gansxvavebulia. SegaxsenebT, rom svaneTSi gaTxo-
vili qali mamiseul ojaxSi TiTqmis imave uflebebiT sargeblobda, romlebiTac ojaxis
rigiTi wevri. amasTan, col-qmars Tanabrad ekisrebodaT movaleobebi. coli qalis saqmes
akeTebda, qmari _ mamakacisas. sayuradReboa isic, rom garkveul SemTxvevebSi coli qm-
ris movaleobebs iTavsebda. Tu qmari cols Seuracxyofas miayenebda, an galaxavda, cols
SeeZlo ded-mamasTan wasuliyo da ar dabrunebuliyo, vidre qmari bodiSs ar moixdida.
colis mokvlis Tu daWris ufleba qmars ar hqonda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi colis ax-
loblebi mas sisxliTve azRvevinebdnen. vfiqrobT, qalis amgvari rolisa da gavlenis sa-
pirispiro suraTs xevsureTis cxovrebaSi vxvdebiT. iq qali `Sromis monad~ moiazreba,
romlis gagdebac qmars nebismier dros SeeZlo, Tu igi ver asrulebda Tavis movaleobas.
ojaxSi yvela saqmes qali akeTebda, metic, igi qmars Sveloda yvelaferSi _ mkaSi, lewvaSi.
tvirTis zidva da zurgiT motana ufro qalis saqmed iTvleboda, vidre kacis. mas yovel-
gvari mxiaruleba da siamovneba akrZaluli hqonda (ix. ojaxi, mTa). gansakuTrebiT mZime
pirobebSi xevsuri qali mSobiarobis dros iyo. qali soflis boloSi specialurad mowy-
obil fanCaturSi an sanexveze mSobiarobda, sami dRis Semdeg ki boselSi Sesvlis ufle-
ba eZleoda. mas ori kviris ganmavlobaSi arc kaci da arc qali xmas ar scemda, vinaidan
igi uwmindurad iTvleboda. qals saWmel-sasmels boslis banidan awvdidnen (ix. boseli,
bosloba). miuxedavad amisa, xevsureTSi diasaxlisis roli dafasebuli iyo. diasaxlisi
warmarTavda saojaxo cxovrebas da aregulirebda ojaxis wevr sxva qalebTan urTier-
Tobas. garda amisa, qals yovelTvis Temi mfarvelobda da Tu qmari raimes Cveulebis wi-
naaRmdeg Caidenda, mas Temi gansjida. qalis zemoT aRniSnul uuflebobasTan erTad qals
garkveuli roli akisria sazogadoebrivi dapirispirebis dros. Temi did pativs scems
qalis mandils da miCneulia, rom qalis mandilic Tems mfarvelobs. ori Temis SuRlis
dros qalebi mandiliT wyveten davas.
kanonieri qorwinebis gverdiT, romSi, gansakuTrebiT mogviano periodSi, qalisa da
mamakacis Tanacxovrebis Zalze gavrcelebuli forma konkubinati gaxldaT. aq gamoricx-
uli iyo rogorc col-qmris neba-survili samudamod erTad cxovrebisa, ise pativiscema
qorwinebis partnioris mimarT. konkubinasTan erTad qmars SeiZleboda kanonieri colic
hyoloda.
qmrisadmi colis Ralati, adulteri klasikuri periodis aTenSi Zalian mkacrad isje-
boda. qalis moraluri saxis mimarT damokidebuleba am periodSi gacilebiT mkacri iyo
winamorbed periodebTan SedarebiT. mizezi amisa is gaxldaT, rom demokratiul polisSi
Ralati ara marto meuRlisaTvis miyenebul Seuracxyofad, aramed sajaro Seuracxyofad
moiazreboda, radgan igi saeWvos xdida memkvidris kanonier statuss, safrTxes uqmnida
oikosis SenarCunebas da, Sesabamisad, mTel sazogadoebas ayenebda dartymis qveS. ro-
gorc aTenSi, ise romSi, da saerTod, patriarqalur sazogadoebebSi gamefebuli iyo òr-
magi morali~, romelic colisTvis da qmrisTvis sruliad gansxvavebul cxovrebis nirs
gulisxmobs. qalebs mxolod erT kacTan _ meuRlesTan hqondaT seqsualuri urTierTo-
bis ufleba, maSin, rodesac mamakacs SeeZlo sxvadasxva statusis qalTan hqonoda kavSiri
erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisiT _ mas ekrZaleboda kavSiri im qalTan, romelic sxva
mamakacis meurveobis qveS imyofeboda. avgustusis dros miRebuli kanonebiT isjeboda ara
marto is mamakaci, romelic sxvis colTan daamyarebda kavSirs, aramed isic, romelic sa
xels gautexda (stuprum) gauTxovar qals.
aTenuri kanonis mixedviT, Tu qmari danaSaulis adgilze waaswrebda colsa da mac-
dunebels, mas ufleba hqonda moekla kaci. Tumca am praqtikas aTenSi mainc iSviaTad mimar-
Tavdnen da ufro xSirad finansuri kompensaciis moTxovniT kmayofildebodnen. romSi
moRalate colis sikvdiliT dasjas kanoni ar moiTxovda. aTenisgan gansxvavebiT, romSi
73
adaTobrivi samarTlis mixedviT, qmars, romelic danaSaulis adgilze waaswrebda cols,
ufleba hqonda moekla qali, an daesaja igi rogorc maSinve, ise mogvianebiT, ojaxuri sa-
samarTlos Semdeg (iudicium domesticum). amave dros aucilebeli iyo, rom am sasamarTloze
qmars colis naTesavebi moewvia ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra saxis qorwinebaSi imyofeboda
qali _ in manu-Ti Tu sine manu-Ti.
rogorc aTenSi, ise romSi kanoni avaldebulebda moRalate colis qmars, rom cols
aucileblad gayroda. romSi, Tu kaci maSinve ar gaeyreboda cols, igi danaSaulis Tana-
monawiled aRiqmeboda da isjeboda mkacrad, imave kanonebiT, romlebiTac idevneboda
leno (iTargmneboda rogorc maWankali, Tumca romSi is mTlianad negatiuri fenomenia).
qmris garda moRalate qalis dasjis ufleba mamasac hqonda. Tu gauTxovar qals mama ma-
makacTan waaswrebda, solonis kanonmdeblobiT, mas SeeZlo qaliSvili monad gaeyida.
Tumca praqtikaSi es aTenSi naklebad xorcieldeboda. Cveulebriv, amgvar qaliSvils
saxlSi gamoketavdnen da ar aTxovebdnen. romSi kanoni kidev ufro mkacri iyo. mamas, Tu
igi qaliSvils siZvisas Tavis an siZis ojaxSi waaswrebda, SeeZlo moekla orive damna-
Save _ qaliSvilic da misi macdunebelic. detalurad ganixilavdnen adulters avgustu-
sis mmarTvelobis periodSi SemoRebuli kanonebi _ lex Iulia 23 da 45, romlebic respub-
likis bolos sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli uzneobis winaaRmdeg iyo miRebuli. moRalate
qali sajarod dadanaSaulebis subieqti xdeboda. aTenSi RalatSi dadanaSaulebul qals
ekrZaleboda religiur dResaswaulebSi monawileobis miReba da Tu igi amas mainc gabe-
davda, nebismier pirs ufleba hqonda sajarod tansacmeli Semoexia misTvis an raime sxva
Seuracxyofa mieyenebina.
sainteresoa, rom rogorc Ralatis mimarT damokidebuleba, ise moRalate subieqtebis
dasjis praqtika saqarTveloSi Zalian axlo mimarTebaSia am faqtisadmi saberZneTsa da
romSi arsebul damokidebulebebsa da damnaSaveTa dasjis wesebTan. qarTuli sinamdvili
saTvis amosavali, bunebrivia, qristianobis zneobrivi principebi gaxldaT, romlisTvisac
ojaxis daSla erTgvar anomalias warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, igi mkacrad sjida adul
ters, rogorc ganqorwinebis erT-erT safuZvels. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva
marTlmadideblur qveynebSi, Ralatis _ mruSobis (ix. mruSoba) SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda
ara marto ganqorwinebas, aramed sxvadasxva saxis sasjelsac, Tumca aqac moqmedebda zemoT
naxsenebi òrmagi morali~. Sesabamisad, aqac, iseve rogorc aTensa da romSi, kacisTvis
siZva mxolod gaTxovil qalTan kavSiris daWera iyo, mxolod es SeiZleboda gamxdari
yo ganqorwinebisa da dasjis safuZveli. rac Seexeba colis qmrisadmi Ralats, igi qmris
Rirsebis damcirebad, Seuracxyofad miiCneoda da qalisTvis 15 wliT uziareblobas
awesebda. amas garda, adulteri adaTobrivi samarTlis mixedviTac isjeboda. moRala
te cols sofeli sajarod sjida. qals gamoiyvandnen soflis SuagulSi, mowmeni daadas
turebdnen qalis danaSauls, moxsnidnen mandils, Sesvamdnen virze pirukuRma da kardakar
Camoatarebdnen. qals yvela Tavze lafs asxamda da afurTxebda. amis Semdeg sxva qalebis
saxlis karebi misTvis daketili iyo, sanam dro ar gavidoda da Tavisi kargi saqcieliT
warsul ambavs sxvebs ar daaviwyebda. amasTan, rogorc romSi, saqarTveloSic samarTali
nebas aZlevda qmars, moRalate coli adgilze moekla. eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT,
xevsureTSi Ralatis SemTxvevaSi qmari cols asaxiCrebda anu `gaaxaibrebda~ _ mosWrida
mas cxvirs an xels, rom aravis moswoneboda.
meuRleTa ganqorwineba saberZneTsa da romSi ar iyo legaluri procesi da igi meuR-
leTa cal-calke cxovrebis faqtis konstantirebas warmoadgenda. gayris calkeuli
aspeqtebTan mimarTebiT, romauli da berZnuli praqtika erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebo-
da. romSi adreuli respublikis xanaSi gayra iSviaT movlenas warmoadgenda. ùrRvevi
qorwineba~, rogorc Cans, romaelTaTvis rogorc ideali, ise norma unda yofiliyo.
aTenSi, piriqiT, gayra arc rTuli da arc samarcxvino movlena ar gaxldaT. qalis ram-
denjerme gaTxovebas aq xSirad hqonda adgili. bunebrivia, es qalis survilebidan ar
gamomdinareobda, piriqiT. roca ojaxis saWiroeba moiTxovda (mag., ojaxs daeRupeboda
mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidre), qalis mamas yovelTvis hqonda ufleba Seewyvita qorwineba
imisda miuxedavad, surda Tu ara mis qaliSvils qmars gayroda. aTenSi gayra ZiriTadad
74
ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT xdeboda da misi iniciatori orive mxare SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
romSi qorwinebis tipis Secvlis da sine manu-Ti qorwinebis dros gayris procesi gaad-
vilda. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom gviani respublikis saqorwino kanonma qalebs gan-
sakuTrebuli Tavisufleba da Rirseba mianiWa. Sulcis mixedviT, `civilizaciis istoriaSi
pirvelad... kanoni qorwinebis humanistur ideas efuZneboda, is ori Tanaswori partnior-
is Tavisufali da Tavisuflad Sewyvetadi kavSiri iyo~28. Tumca es mainc ar niSnavs imas,
rom qalebs Tavisufali arCevani hqondaT. sine manu-Ti qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi ar unda
dagvaviwydes is uflebebi, romlebic qalis mimarT mis mamas hqonda. gayris Semdeg ro-
gorc aTenSi, ise romSi, bavSvebi mamis ojaxSi rCebodnen (ix. ganqorwineba, saberZneTi;
ganqorwineba, romi).
saqarTveloSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganqorwinebis erT-erTi safuZveli colis
siZva iyo (RalatisTvis dawesebuli sasjelisaTvis ix. zemoT). ganqorwinebis safuZvelad
aseve iTvleboda colis avadmyofoba; qorwinebamde colis orsuloba; colis qeifi ucxo
mamakacTan; abanoSi colis ucxo mamakacTan yofna; qmris nebarTvis gareSe sacirko sanaxa
obaze daswreba; erTi meuRlis mier meoris mowamlvis mcdeloba da aseve e. w. sodomuri
codvebi (ix. mamaTmavloba). amasTan damnaSave mxares sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva
sasjeli ekisreboda( ix. ganqorwineba, saqarTvelo).
vaxtang VI-is kanonmdeblobidan aSkarad Cans, rom ganqorwinebis iniciativa mamakacs
ekuTvnoda, qals ar hqonda am sakiTxis dasmis ufleba. magram am kanonmdeblobasTan er-
Tad, col-qmris ganqorwinebis _ gayris dros moqmedebda adaTobrivi samarTlis normebi,
romlebic sxvadasxva kuTxis mixedviT gansxvavebuli iyo. ase magaliTad, svaneTSi qmars
ar SeeZlo gaegdo, e. i. gayroda cols, es danaSaulad iTvleboda da isjeboda colis na-
TesavTagan sisxliT an materialuri jarimiT, romelsac `nacvrier~ ewodeboda. bunebri
via, rom arc cols hqonda qmrisagan gaqcevis (sxvasTan wasvlis) ufleba. sainteresoa, rom
am SemTxvevaSi momtacebeli da qalis mSoblebi imave samarTlebriv normas eqvemdebare-
bodnen, romelsac mimtovebeli qmari. saerTod, arc qalis da arc kacis uSviloba vaxtang
VI-is kodeqsiT ganqorwinebis safuZveli ar iyo. Tumca Tu svans uSvilo coli Sexvdeboda
an marto qaliSvilebi SeeZineboda, colisa da mSoblebis nebarTviT mas SeeZlo meore
coli moeyvana an bavSvi gaeCina sxva qalisagan. magram aseTi SemTxvevebi iSviaTi iyo. xev-
sureTSi Tu kaci cols uSvilobis gamo gaeyreboda, risi uflebac ar hqonda, mas `samwuno-
bros~ _ Teqvsmeti Zroxis gadaxda ekisreboda, amasTan igi ixdida `namaSvrals~, anu qals
imden Zroxas aZlevda, ramdeni welic maT erTad hqondaT nacxovrebi, oRond pirveli da
bolo wlis gamoklebiT (ix. ojaxi, mTa).
saqarTvelos aRmosavleT mTaSi sainteresoa qalis mxridan qmarTan gacilebis erTi
wesi, romelsac `kveTilSi Casma~ ewodeba. am SemTxvevaSi, xevsureTsa da fSavSi qmrisgan
wasul qals qmrisTvis piroba unda mieca, rom saukunod uqmrod darCeboda da Tu igi pi-
robas daarRvevda, mas sikvdili ar ascdeboda. arsebobda `kveTilSi Casmis~ sxva mizeze-
bic (ix. kveTilSi Casma).
dauqorwinebeli mSoblebisagan gaCenili bavSvebi, rogorc saberZneTSi, ise romSi
ukanonod iTvlebodnen. Tumca maT Soris iyo erTi specifikuri gansxvaveba. Zv. w. 451 w-is
perikles kanonis Semdgom, Tu aTeneli mamakaci araaTenels moiyvanda colad, es qorwine-
ba kanonierad ar miiCneoda, Sesabamisad, am qorwinebisagan gaCenili Svilebic ukanonod
iTvlebodnen. isini, bunebrivia, ver miiRebdnen moqalaqis statuss, magram amasTanave maT
arc memkvidreobis ufleba hqondaT. rac Seexeba Svils iseTi aTeneli mSoblebisa, romle-
bic qorwinebaSi ar imyofebodnen, mas memkvidreobis ufleba ar hqonda, Tumca, SesaZle-
belia, hqonoda moqalaqeoba. romSi dauqorwinebeli mSoblebisagan gaCenil bavSvebs ar
hqondaT memkvidreobis ufleba, magram isini moqalaqeebi iyvnen, Tu maT dedas hqonda
romis moqalaqeoba, radgan aseTi bavSvebi romSi naTesauri kavSiriT mxolod dedasTan
iyvnen dakavSirebuli. romSi ukanono bavSvebis ramdenime saxeoba arsebobda, romelTa
Sorisac mogviano xanebSi yvelaze meti privilegiebi konkubinatSi gaCenil bavSvebs hqon-
28
Schulz F., Roman Classical Law, Oxford, 1951, 103.
75
daT (ix. ukanono bavSvi, romi). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom ukanono bavSvTa ramdenime sta-
tusis arseboba gamowveuli iyo im SezRudvebiT, romlebic romaeli moqalaqeebisTvis
qorwinebaSi Sesasvlelad iyo dawesebuli (ix. qorwineba, romi).
saqarTveloSi qorwinebis gareSe gaCenil bavSvs, anu `siZviT Sobils~ nabiWvari ewo-
deboda da misi uflebebi gansazRvruli iyo mamis wodebrivi uflebebiT. igi mSoblebis
uZravi qonebis kanonier memkvidred ar iTvleboda (ix. nabiWvari).
antikur sazogadoebebSi qalis uflebebis kuTxiT sayuradReboa memkvidreobis sakiTxi.
klasikuri epoqis aTenSi arsebobda specifikurad berZnuli instituti _ epiklerosi.
ojaxSi, romelsac mamrobiTi memkvidre ar hyavda, sagvareulo xazi qaliSvils unda gae-
grZelebina. swored qaliSvils ewodeboda èpiklerosi~, rac sityvasityviT `sakuTre-
basTan myofs~ aRniSnavs. marTlac, epiklerosi TiTqos iyo mamiseuli qonebis memkvidre,
magram realobaSi namdvili memkvidre misi vaJiSvilebi iyvnen. epiklerosi mkacrad iyo
valdebuli ojaxis uaxloes naTesavs gahyoloda. Tu qali epiklerosi ukve gaTxovebis
Semdeg gaxdeboda, igi iZulebuli iyo qmars gascileboda da mamiseul ojaxSi dabrunebu-
liyo, raTa Semdeg ukve epiklerosisaTvis dadgenili wesebis Tanaxmad gaTxoviliyo da
mamiseuli saojaxo xazi gaegrZelebina. qorwinebis aRmniSvnel berZnul termins èkdo-
siss~, romelic sityva-sityviT `sesxebas~ niSnavs, yvelaze ukeT swored es _ epiklerosis
instituti gamoxatavs. qali marTlac iyo is nivTi, romelsac mama sxva ojaxis kirioss
asesxebda, raTa qals Tavisi movaleoba, viTarca colsa da dedas, im ojaxSi Seesrulebina.
magram qalis kirioss ufleba hqonda gasesxebuli nivTi ukan gamoeTxova. amis saWiroeba,
upirveles yovlisa, swored ojaxis SenarCunebis dros dgeboda. roca mamiseul ojaxs
es esaWiroeboda, epiklerosi sagvareulo xazis gamgrZeleblad unda dabrunebuliyo da
aravin ekiTxeboda, undoda Tu ara mas es. epiklerosis es specifikurad aTenuri insti-
tuti naTeli magaliTia imisa, rom qali valdebuli iyo Tavisi generaciuli funqcia up-
irvelesad mamiseuli ojaxis winaSe Seesrulebina.
qalis qonebrivi uflebebis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebul suraTs vxedavT spartaSi. aq
memkvidre qali _ patrou'co" realurad warmoadgenda mamiseuli samkvidros mflobels,
anu mas damoukideblad xelewifeboda Tavisi sakuTrebis gankargva _ survilisamebr Cuqe-
ba Tu daxarjva. Tumca aTeneli epiklerosis msgavsad isic valdebuli iyo colad imas ga-
hyoloda, visac mas am sferoSi uflebamosilni pirni daudgendnen. spartaSi patruxosebis
beds mefeebi gankargavdnen.
romaeli qalis memkvidreobis ufleba, rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva periodSi gansxvavebu-
li iyo. adreul xanaSi ojaxis ufrosis _ paterfamilias-is coli (iseve rogorc misi Svilebi)
sakuTrebas ar flobdnen. in manu-Ti qorwinebis qveS myofi colebi qmris ojaxSi mxolod
filiae loco-s maTeuli statusiT iyvnen daculni29. mogvianebiT, garkveuli periodis manZilze
maT ar hqondaT ufleba I klasis memkvidreni yofiliyvnen (ix. Lex Voconia Zv. w. 169 w.). ro-
gorc Cans, kanoni romaeli qalebis memkvidreobis uflebas zRudavda. ase magaliTad, Tu
qmars anderZi dawerili ar hqonda, cocxlad darCenil meuRles samkvidro im SemTxveva-
Si eZleoda, Tu wina rigis memkvidreebi ar arsebobdnen. qali SezRuduli iyo anderZis
daweraSi. man mxolod mogvianebiT miiRo es ufleba, oRond amisaTvis mas unda `Seecvala
ojaxi~ (legaluri formaloba). gviandel periodSi bevri romaeli qali did sakuTrebas
flobda, Tumca ojaxebi gansxvavdebodnen imis mixedviT, Tu ra masStabiT SeeZlo qals
sakuTreba ganekarga. romaeli matronas sakuTreba moicavda tyeebs, gaqiravebul ager pu
blicus-s, sasoflo dasaxlebebsa da saijaro miwebs. calkeul SemTxvevebSi, rTuldeba imis
dadgena, esa Tu is konkretuli qali mxolod ama Tu im qonebis menejments awarmoebda, Tu
TviTon iyo mesakuTre.
saqarTveloSi qals hqonda memkvidreobis ufleba. mas Semdeg rac iustinianusma spe-
cialuri kanoni miiRo qalis memkvidreobiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb, es kanoni, rogorc
Cans, saqarTveloSic gavrcelda. qali saqarTveloSi qonebrivi urTierTobis subieqts
warmoadgenda. IX-X ss-is werilobiTi Zeglis mixedviT, mas aqvs mamulis memkvidreobis
29
OCD, statia `Women, position of ~ , 1139.
76
miRebis ufleba. is faqti, rom mis qmars ar SeuZlia misi mziTvis gankargva, mecnierebs
afiqrebinebs, rom qals ojaxSi sakuTrebis mxriv maRali uflebrivi mdgomareoba hqonda.
sazogadod, saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo Sua saukuneebis civilizebuli qvey-
nebSi (bizantia) moqmedi meuRleebis qonebrivi urTierTobis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba.
da bolos, sanam saberZneTSi aramoqalaqe qalebis cxovrebis wess SevexebodeT, sparte-
li qalebis socialur statuss SevajamebT. zemoT Cven aTenel qalebTan SedarebiT spar-
teli qalebis maRal socialur statusze vmsjelobdiT, Tumca aRvniSneT isic, rom termin
`maRal statuss~ am konteqstSi mxolod relevanturad Tu gamoviyenebT. spartel qals,
iseve rogorc mamakacs, mkacrad evaleboda Svilebis gaCena. amgvarad, Svilosnoba saxelm-
wifos upirvelesi sazrunavi iyo. am miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifom daadgina, rom yvela
mamakaci valdebuli iyo coli moeyvana. amas garda, axalgazrda colis patron moxucebul
kacs ufleba eZleoda, Tuki vinme lamazi Wabuki moewoneboda, Tavis colTan mieSva, raTa
am ukanasknelT Svilebi gaeCinaT, romelTac Semdgom igi sakuTar Svilebad aRiarebda.
aseve keTilSobil Wabuks, romelsac sxvisi coli moewoneboda, SeeZlo qmrisTvis mis
colTan urTierTobis neba eTxova, raTa am qalisagan keTilSobiluri sisxlis Rirseuli
memkvidreebi gaeCina (plutarqosi, likurgosi, 15). cxadia, rom Tavad qals aravin ekiTxe-
boda, ramdenad undoda mas `gasesxebuli~ yofiliyo, raTa qorwinebis gareT Svilebi
gaeCina. Svilosnobas, ufro zustad ki saukeTesoTa jiSis gamravlebas, emsaxureboda
sparteli qaliSvilebis aRzrdis, erTi SexedviT, ucnauri aspeqti _ gansakuTrebuli yu-
radReba qaliSvilebis fizikuri sijansaRis mimarT. Wabukebis msgavsad, spartel qaliSvi-
lebs sirbils, Widaobas, Subisa da diskos tyorcnas aswavlidnen. Zvelebs miaCndaT, rom
amgvarad aRzrdili qaliSvilebi saxelmwifos Zlier da jansaR naSierT gauCendnen. yove-
live amis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sparteli qali aranakleb, Tu ara metad,
idga saxelmwifos samsaxurSi da rom saxelmwifo aqac gansazRvravda misi Tavisuflebis
xarisxs. qalis Tavisufleba ki im masStabis iyo, ra masStabic saxelmwifos ideologiisa
da misi social-politikuri mowyobisaTvis xelisSemSleli ar iqneboda.
saberZneTSi aramoqalaqe qalebs moqalaqe qalebisagan gansxvavebuli cxovrebis niri
hqondaT. popularuli profesia meZaoba iyo, romelsac sxvadasxva fenis qalebi eweodnen
_ monebi, gaazatebulebi da Tavisufali aramoqalaqe qalebi. arcTu iSviaTad mona-meZavi
axerxebda Tavisufleba moepovebina, ris Semdegac am sferoSi bizness Tavad iwyebda. aT-
enSi macxovrebel qalTagan ase Tu ise mniSvnelovani Tanxis gankargva mxolod maT See-
ZloT.
socialurad yvelaze maRal safexurze mdgom meZavebs heterebi ewodebodaT da maTi
funqcia mamakacTa garToba iyo. amisaTvis maT inteleqtualurad wvrTnidnen, aswavlidnen
poeziasa da musikas. aki ambobs kidec demosTenes oratori, rom heterebi siamovnebis misa
Rebad gvyavso (demosTene, LIX, 122). heteraTa Soris iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic TavianTi
drois inteleqtualur elitasTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni.
aseve gansxvavdeboda sxvadasxva socialuri fenis romael qalTa cxovreba. mona qali
batonis saxlSi Sinamosamsaxuris (ancilla) movaleobas asrulebda. zogierTi mona qali
garkveuli unarebiT _ kervis, qsovis, Tmis davarcxnis da a. S. iyo dajildovebuli da am
saqmianobas misdevda. zogierTi maTgani patara sawarmoSi muSaobda. sxvebi ZiZis movaleo-
bebs asrulebdnen. romSi zogierTi saxli saroskipo gaxldaT, iseve rogorc zogierTi
saWmel-sasmeli dawesebuleba. aq mcxovrebi mona qalebi Sesabamis saqmianobas eweodnen.
iseve rogorc saberZneTSi, mona gogonaTa nawils romSic wvrTnidnen da maTac aswavlid-
nen cekvas, simReras, msaxiobobas. ganTavisuflebuli mona qalis _ libertina-s perspeqtivebi
didi ar gaxldaT: is SeiZleba gamxdariyo meZavi (meretrix, mulier quaestuaria), msaxiobi-mocek-
vave (mima), an Tu mas gaumarTlebda, SeeZlo Seeqmna ojaxi, oRond ekrZaleboda senato-
ris ojaxis mamakacTan qorwineba. mas SeeZlo mxolod misi konkubina yofiliyo.
amdenad, qalis iuridiuli da socialuri statusis mimoxilvam klasikuri epoqis aTenis
da spartis, romis respublikisa da Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos feodaluri monarqiis
konteqstebSi kidev erTxel cxadyo, Tu raoden daqvemdebarebuli iyo qalis mdgomareo-
77
ba patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi. qali demokratiul aTenSic ki erTob, rom ara vTqvaT
yvelaze metad (vgulisxmobT Cven mier ganxilul sivrceebs), uuflebo subieqtad, legalu-
rad araavtonomiur arsebad gvevlineba. mizezi am gansakuTrebuli uuflebobisa, rogorc
vnaxeT, berZnuli polisis politikuri mowyobis specifika, saxelmwifoebrivi intere-
sebi gaxldaT. saerTodac, qalis mdgomareobas sxvaganac sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo
mowyoba da ideologiis mTliani konteqsti ganapirobebda. saqarTveloSic qalis daqvem-
debarebuli statusi da misi samoqmedo sivrcis siviwrove gamomdinareobda, erTi mxriv,
Sua saukuneebis feodaluri mowyobis principidan, romlisTvisac ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli
qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba, xolo, meore mxriv, qristianuli moZRvrebi-
dan, romelic mamakacs dedakacis gonad miiCnevda (pavle mociquli).
amasTan, sami sxvadasxva epoqis miuxedavad, erTob sagulisxmo paralelebi gamovlinda
qalTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi institutebis da socialuri rolebis kuTxiT (ga
momdinare iqidan, rom qali am sazogadoebebSi sajaro sferoSi ar iyo warmodgenili, yu-
radReba mTlianad saojaxo sivrceSi qalis funqcionirebas daeTmo). ase magaliTad, sami-
ve sazogadoebaSi konceptualurad msgavsia saqorwino institutebi (niSnoba, mziTvi. met-
naklebad specifikur situacias am mxriv spartaSi vxvdebiT), qali SezRudulia partnior-
is arCevaSi, mas adreul asakSi aqorwineben, gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilebulia yuradReba
sapatarZlos qalwulobaze. rogorc aTensa da romSi, ise saqarTveloSi gabatonebulia
e. w. òrmagi morali~, Zalian mkacria colis qmrisadmi Ralatis mimarT damokidebuleba,
gasaocrad msgavsia moRalate colis dasjis praqtika rogorc sakanonmdeblo doneze, ise
adaTobrivi samarTlis normebis mixedviT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs mamis,
da saerTod, mamiseuli ojaxis, farTo uflebamosileba gaTxovil qalze. am mxriv saqa-
rTveloSi erTob sainteresoa adreul periodSi dadasturebuli qorwinebis is forma,
romelSic mamamZuZeobis tradiciis mixedviT, qalis vaJiSvili saerTodac qalis ojaxSi
izrdeboda. mamiseuli ojaxis did uflebebs adasturebs qorwinebis aRmniSvneli qarTuli
da berZnuli terminebi: berZnuli èkdosisi~ sesxebas niSnavs, qarTulad ki qalis daqor-
winebas `gaTxoveba~ ewodeba da amdenad, orive maTgani aRniSnavda qalis mamis mier qa-
lis Txovebas/sesxebas sxva ojaxis meTaurisTvis, raTa qals iq Tavisi funqciebi rogorc
meuRlesa da dedas Seesrulebina.
bunebrivia, qristianuli normebi da Sua saukuneebis saojaxo samarTlis principebi
garkveulwilad gansxvavebuls xdis qalTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv instituciebs.
amasTan, saqarTveloSi, gansxvavebiT aTenisagan (da garkveulwilad romisaganac), qali
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqts warmoadgens. aq ufro maRalia qalis qonebrivi da
memkvidreobiTi uflebebi, rasac ganapirobebda, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi
moqmedi Sua saukuneebis civilizebuli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qonebrivi urTi
erTobis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis meqanizmebi. gacilebiT rTulad misaRwevi xdeba
saqarTveloSi ganqorwineba, rac upirvelesad, qristianuli moZRvrebis mixedviT ojaxis
daSlis anomaliad gaazrebas efuZneboda. vfiqrobT, paralelebi, iseve rogorc konkretu
li konteqstis mier ganpirobebuli gansxvavebebi kidev SeiZleba daiZebnos, raSic mkiTxve
li, albaT, konkretuli statiebis kiTxvis dros darwmundeba. amJamad Cven yuradReba mxo
lod arsebiT momentebze gavamaxvileT.
da bolos, ra SeiZleba iTqvas sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi arsebuli kliSeebis Tao-
baze qalis amgvar daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT, qalebisa, romle-
bic, aristoteles TqmiT, mTeli Tavisufali mosaxleobis naxevars qmnidnen da romelTa
Rirseulad yofna saWiro unda yofiliyo im saxelmwifosTvis, romelic Rirseuli
mowyobisaken miiswrafvoda? (aristotele, politika, 1260b16). berZnul cnobierebaSi am
mxriv ori mimarTuleba iyo gamokveTili. erTi, e. w. qalTmoZuleobiTi, romelic qalis
amgvar daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas amarTlebda _ igi qals misi bunebiT ganpirobe-
buli uaryofiTi niSan-TvisebebiT amkobda da aqedan gamomdinare kacobriobis udidesi
monapovris _ civilizaciis mtrad ganixilavda. meore damokidebuleba, romelic klasi-
kur epoqaSi iRebs dasabams, rogorc Cans, am tradiciul ideologiaSi sust wertilebs
poulobda, an sulac upirispirdeboda mas. qali mamakacs pirovnul doneze pirvelma so-
78
foklem gauTanabra (mis personaJ qalebs igive idealuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvT, rac mis ma-
makac gmirebs). evripide ki dauRalavad amtkicebda qaluri Rirebulebebis aucileblobas,
rogorc saojaxo, ise sajaro sivrceebSi. gansakuTrebiT radikaluri qalis funqciisa
da rolis gaazrebis kuTxiT platoni aRmoCnda. igi Tvlida, rom saxelmwifos ar unda
ugulebeleyo qalebis samsaxuri, radgan Tu qalebs mamakacebis msgavs aRzrda-ganaTlebas
mivcemdiT, isinic SeZlebdnen saxelmwifosTvis imave funqciebis Sesrulebas, romlebsac
mamakacebi aRasrulebdnen. marTalia, qalis rolis Secvlisas platoni calsaxad saxelm-
wifos interesebidan amodioda, magram faqtia, sajaro sivrceSi CarTviT igi qals TviT-
realizaciis axal asparezs uxsnida.
romSi, sadac sqesTa dimorfizacias amgvarad gamokveTili xasiaTi naklebad hqonda, qa-
lis uaryofiTi gaazreba qalTmoZuleobiTi ideologiis doneze ar Camoyalibebula. Tum-
ca romaelTa gaazrebiTac qalebi iyvnen emociurni, iracionalurni, inteleqtualurad
mamakacze dabal doneze mdgarni da a. S. anu aqac mravlad moipoveboda is argumentebi,
romlebic qalisTvis sajaro sivrcis daketvas gamarTlebulad miiCnevdnen.
amasTan, romSic gaismoda saprotesto xmebi qalis amgvari gaazrebis winaaRmdeg. ase
magaliTad, stoikosi musoniosi aRiarebda qalebis gonierebasac da siqvelis mimarT maT
midrekilebasac. `Cemi azriT, yvela adamianuri saqmianoba saerToa qalebisa da kacebi-
saTvis da araferi ar aris aucileblobis ZaliT an erTis, an meorisaTvis eqskluziuri.
Tumca, zogierTi saqmianobebi, ufro metad misadagebulia erTis bunebisaTvis, sxvani ki _
meorisaTvis~, _ werda filosofosi (musoniusi, 13 Smdg.). senekac principSi bunebis mier
qalisTvis miniWebul unarebs aRiarebda.
qalis gaazreba qarTul cnobierebaSi, misi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis axsna Tu
gamarTleba jer kidev kvlevis sawyis etapzea30. rac Seexeba qarTveli qalis ideals, es
ideali srul SesatyvisobaSi iyo qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT Camoyalibe-
bul qalis xatTan da, principSi, `maradiuli qalurobis~ zogad maxasiaTeblebTan. qali
unda yofiliyo nazi, lamazi, rbili, alersiani, pasiuri da umweo, mijaWvuli ojaxze. amas-
Tan, l.surmaniZis dakvirvebiT, qarTuli cnobierebis umTavresi idea _ samSoblosaTvis
Tavdadeba qalisagan moiTxovda, rom mas aRezarda Tavisi qveynisTvis Tavganwiruli,
qristianuli moralis matarebeli vaJkacebi. sainteresoa, rom qalis sust da umweo ar-
sebad gaazrebasTan erTad, qalis aRmniSvnel semantikur velSi sapatio adgils ikavebs
termini `dedakaci~, rac gasakviri araa saqarTvelos politikuri konteqstidan gamomdin-
are. mudmivi Znelbedobis gamo qali ojaxSi xSirad mamakacis funqciasac iTavsebda, ramac
gamoiwvia misi aRqma rogorc srulfasovani wevrisa saojaxo uRlis gamwev wyvilSi31. da
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalis amgvari gaazreba TiTqosda winaaRmdegobaSia `maradiuli qa-
lurobis~ maxasiaTeblebTan, dedakacis fenomens qarTul cnobierebaSi mxolod dadebiTi
Sinaarsi aqvs. amasTan, calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda, kulturul konteqstSi aSkarad
ar ikveTeba qalTmoZuleobiTi tendencia. vfiqrobT, qarTulma xasiaTma sainteresod
daZlia qalis mimarT SiSi _ qalTmoZuleobiTi tendenciis safuZveli. man Seqmna dedis
idealizirebuli xati, anu rogorc fsiqologebi amboben, saqarTveloSi moqmedebda ara
qalis, aramed dedis kulti, fasobs deda, romelic asrulebs swored im movaleobebs da
funqciebs, romlebic misgan sazogadoebas sWirdeba. Tumca amis paralelurad qarTul
konteqstSi qalis mimarT sxva Zalian sayuradRebo tendenciebic vlindeba, rac samomavlo
gamokvlevaTa sagania.
30
unda aRiniSnos, rom 90-iani wlebis Semdeg nel-nela iwyeba am sakiTxis kvleva. gamoqveynebul iqna
d. kizirias, g. niJaraZis, l. surmaniZis da sxva mecnierTa sayuradRebo gamokvlevebi. saqarTveloSi
muSaobda gaeros proeqti `qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~ da sxv.
31
ix. surmaniZe l., qali qarTul mentalitetSi, gaeros proeqti `qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, Tbi
lisi, 1998.
79
5. demokratiuli reformebi da reformatorebi
demokratiis ganviTarebis, demokratiuli faseulobebis damkvidrebaSi didi wvlili

Seitanes antikurobis didma kanonmdeblebma da reformatorebma.
aTenis demokratiul ganviTarebas safuZveli daudo solonis (Zv. w. VI s.) politi-
kurma da sameurneo reformebma. magram solons winamorbedic hyavda – drakoni _ aTenis
pirveli kanonmdebeli (Zv. w. VII s.). arqonma drakonma moqmedi samarTlis normebi Cai-
wera, man kanonmdeblobaSi CarTo ara mxolod Zveli drois samarTali, aramed axali
normebic, romlebic Zv. w. VII s-is aTenis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas asaxavda.
aristoteles TqmiT, drakoni is politikuri reformatoria, romelmac yvela aTenelis,
romelsac SeeZlo Tavisi xarjiT mZimed SeiraRebuli meomari yofiliyo, politikuri
sruluflebianoba aRiara. drakonma, pirveli dawerili kanonis Semomtanma, moqalaqeebi
qonebisa da Tanamdebobebze arCevis uflebis mixedviT klasebad dayo, rac Semdgom solon-
ma daasrula. Tumca drakoni aristokratTa interesebs icavda (mZime sasjeli edeboda sa-
kuTrebis xelmyofebs – mwvanilis moparvisTvisac ki qurdi sikvdiliT isjeboda), magram
qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT klasebad dayofa met moqalaqes aZlevda saSualebas politi-
kuri aqtiuroba gamoevlina, rac udaod ramdenadme demokratiulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
drakonis mkacri kanonebi solonma Secvala, Caatara reforma, romelic mimarTuli
iyo evpatridebis (msxvili miwaTmflobelebi) winaaRmdeg.
Zv. w. 594 w-s aTenSi soloni arqonad airCies da mas politikuri da ekonomikuri re-
formebis Catareba miandes. igi zomieri politikis gamtarebeli iyo. mas yvela: mdidrebi
– simdidrisaTvis, Raribebi ki patiosnebisaTvis – emadliereboda da aseve yvelas hqon-
da mis mimarT pretenzia, magram solonma mainc daiwyo sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo
wyobis reformireba. xeli Seuwyo ekonomikis gamococxlebas, miwaTmoqmedebis, savaWro
operaciebis gafarToebas, saxelmwifo wesrigis damyarebas, politikur cxovrebaSi mo-
saxleobis farTo masebis CarTvas da Sesabamisad, demokratizacias.
solonma ganaxorciela socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis farTo
programa, romlis saboloo mizani iyo demokratiis safuZvlebis formireba, brZola
sagvareulo wyobis naSTebTan da polisuri sazogadoebis gaerTianeba.
upirveles yovlisa, solonma Tanamoqalaqeebi gaaTavisufla valisgan, Caatara savalo
urTierTobis radikaluri reforma, solonis kanoni `seisaxTeia~ – `tvirTis moxsna~ iT-
valiswinebda miwis valis gauqmebas. man kanoniT akrZala miwis valis gadauxdelobis Sem-
TxvevaSi adamianis monad gayidva; man ara marto akrZala monebad gayidva, aramed samSob-
loSi daabruna, `gamoisyida~ monebad gayiduli moqalaqeebi.
solonma moqalaqeebi ara maTi warmoSobis, aramed qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT oTx
klasad dayo. moqalaqeTa politikuri uflebebis ganmsazRvreli gaxda wliuri Semosav-
lis odenoba da ara maTi warmomavloba. qonebrivi cenzis dawesebam samxedro valdeb-
ulebebic gansazRvra:
I klasi – msxvili monaTmflobelebi, msxvili vaWrebi, xuTasmedimnianebi, e.w. pentakosi-
osmedimnosebi (moqalaqeni, romelTa wliuri Semosavali Seadgenda 500 medimns), maT See-
ZloT yvela Tanamdebobis dakaveba, ekisrebodaT maRali saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi, omis
dros sakuTari xarjiT samsaxuri;
II klasi – SeZlebuli glexoba da vaWrebi, romelTac ekisrebodaT cxenosan jariskacad
kavaleriaSi samsaxuri, e.w. mxedrebi. masSi Semaval pirTa Semosavali 500-dan 300 medimn
xorbals (an sxva produqtSi mis ekvivalents Tu fulad Tanxas) Soris meryeobda. mxedre-
bi TiTqmis imave privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen, riTac moqalaqeTa pirveli klasi. gam-
onakliss arqonebisa da xazinadrebis Tanamdebobebi warmoadgenda, romelTac garkveuli
periodi mxolod pirveli klasidan irCevdnen;
III klasi – Raribi glexoba, xelosnebi da meTevzeebi, orasmedimnianebi; SeeZloT saSu-
alo rangis Tanamdebobis dakaveba, saxalxo krebaSi monawileoba; evalebodaT sakuTari
saxsrebiT mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTebis, `hoplitebis~ gamoyvana, e.w. Zevgitebi;
80
IV klasi _ daqiravebuli muSebi, uufleboebi, 200 medimnze naklebi Semosavlis an saer-
Tod arafris mqoneni. SeeZloT mezRvaurebad flotSi da msubuqad aRWurvil jariskacebad
samsaxuri, saxalxo krebaSi monawileobis miReba, e.w. Tetebi;
solonis mier qonebisa da Semosavlis mixedviT moqalaqeebis dayofa Zalauflebis
kontrolsa da mmarTvelobaSi am klasebis rolisa da monawileobis gadanawilebas niS-
navda. solonis reformamde aTenSi mTel Zalauflebas evpatridebi flobdnen, xalxi sa
xelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobas ar iRebda, qonebrivi cenzis SemoRebiT gza gaexsna ara
mxolod warCinebul, aramed ubralo warmoSobis SeZlebul adamianebsac, gvarovnulma
aristokratiam ki dakarga Tavisi privilegiebi da rigiT moqalaqed iqca.
solonma gaaZliera aTenis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos – saxalxo krebis mniSvne
loba. saxalxo krebas ufro xSirad iwvevdnen da masze umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifo saq-
meebs ganixilavdnen, iRebdnen kanonebs, irCevdnen Tanamdebobis pirebs. saxalxo krebis
Tvis aseve yvela aTenels samarTlis mosaZiebad SeeZlo miemarTa. aTenis demokratiis
formirebisaTvis es umniSvnelovanesi reforma iyo – yvela Tavis wamowyebas soloni
saxalxo krebaze amtkicebda, riTac ara marto sayovelTao saxalxo mxardaWeras, aramed
Tavisi Canafiqris ganxorcielebis umaRles sanqcias iRebda.
kanonebis winaswari ganxilvisaTvis solonma Seqmna oTxasTa sabWo (bule), yoveli
filedan 100 kaci (pirveli sami klasidan). oTxasTa sabWo saxalxo krebisTvis amzadebda
sakiTxebs, Tumca mecnierTa varaudiT, am meore sabWos _ bules Seqmnas ar unda CamoerT-
mia areopagisaTvis (uwindeli sabWosTvis) probulevtikuri funqciebi.
meore mxriv, kanonTa kodifikaciam areopagis iurisdiqcia naklebad TviTneburi gaxada.
solonma werilobiT daadgina areopagis uflebebi da amiT garkveulwilad SezRuda is.
tradiciis mixedviT, anderZi atikur kanonmdeblobaSi solonma Semoitana. igi nebadar-
Tuli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo, roca anderZis damwer pirs vaJiSvilebi ar hyavda.
soloni moqalaqeobis uflebas arTmevda maT, vinc Tavis moqalaqeobriv pozicias ar
gamoxatavda da neitralitets inarCunebda, ase magaliTad, Sinauri mRelvarebisas aT-
enels, romelic arc erT mxares ar miemxroboda, moqalaqeobis ufleba CamoerTmeoda.
aseve solonma akrZala atikidan puris gatana. amiT man brZola gamoucxada gvarovnul
aristokratias, romelic flobda nayofier miwebs da atikis gareT xorblis gataniT awe-
sebda TviTnebur fasebs Sida bazarze, demoss ki neba darTo, zeTisxili gaetana, rom dama
tebiTi Semosavali hqonoda.
solonis reformebi Seexo aTenis sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela mxares: ekonomikur
urTierTobebs, socialur struqturas, samxedro saqmes, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas.
solonis demokratiuli kanonmdebloba tiran pisistratosamde moqmedebda. Zv.w. 561 w-s
aTenSi pisistratosis tirania damyarda. pisistratosma, erTi mxriv, SeinarCuna solonis
kanonebi, meore mxriv, gaatara axali reformebi: CamoarTva miwebi didebulebs, upovrebs
gaunawila is da iafi sasoflo-sameurneo krediti misca, xelmokle glexebs inventariT,
marcvliT, pirutyviT xeli gaumarTa. Seecada Raribebis interesebi gaeTvaliswinebina,
`soflis mosamarTleebi~ (momrigebeli mosamarTleebi) daayena, rom miwaTmoqmedT dro
ar daekargaT qalaqSi siaruliT, omSi dasaxiCrebulebi uzrunveleyo; Raribebis dasa-
saqmeblad mSeneblobebi wamoiwyo (pirevsis navsadguri, akropolisze aTena palasisa da
zevsis taZrebi, elevsinSi demetres taZari, wyalgayvaniloba, bazari, Sadrevnebi da a. S.)
man daawesa ori axali saxalxo dResaswauli; didi panaTeneebi da saqalaqo dionisiebi. pi-
sistratosi didad arad dagidevda kanonebs an tradiciul institutebs (sabWoebi, saxalxo
kreba da a.S.). Tavisi Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas da mosaxleobis gulis mogebas saCuqrebis
darigebiTa da ufaso gamaspinZlebiT cdilobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom pisistratosi war-
CinebulebTan dapirispirebisas cdilobda xalxi Tavisken miemxro, is mainc ver CaiTvleba
demokratiuli reformebis did gamtareblad, pisistratosis dros aTenelebi uCveulod
did gadasaxads (Tavisi Semosavlis erT meaTeds) ricxavdenen tiranis xazinaSi mSeneblo-
bebisa da sxva saWiroebisaTvis. pisistratosis Svilma, hipiasma mamis zomier politikas
gadauxvia da Zaladobaze gadavida, igi gaaZeves da aTenSi tiraniac daemxo, ris Semdegac
gatarda klisTenesis reformebi.
81
solonis demokratiuli gzis gamgrZelebelma klisTenesma arsebuli struqturebis
(file, fratriebi) axleburad organizacia ganaxorciela. man oTxi file da sxva Zveli
erTeulebi datova, Tumca maT politikuri mniSvneloba gamoacala. amieridan TiToeuli
moqalaqe 139 adgilobrivi erTeulidan erT-erTis wevri unda yofiliyo. am erTeulebs
demosebi ewodeboda da isini imgvarad iyvnen dajgufebulni, rom 30 axali tritia _ `mesa-
medebi~ da 10 axali file SeeqmnaT. swored am erTeulebze unda yofiliyo dafuZnebuli
atikis moqalaqeoba, politikuri da samxedro mowyoba (mag., soloniseuli 400-Ta bule
gaxda 500-Ta bule, romelSiac TiToeuli filedan 50 wevri Sedioda, xolo calkeuli de-
mosi saarCevno olqad warmogvidgeboda). aristoteles TqmiT, `klisTenesma atikis mTeli
mosaxleoba aria~, ugulebelyo misi tradiciuli da religiuri kavSirebi. amiT man sami
mniSvnelovani problema gadaWra: 1. konservatoruli aTenis demosi gaaTavisufla Zveli
sagvareulo tradiciebisagan, romelsac warCinebulTa politikuri gavlena eyrdnoboda;
2. aRmofxvra sxvadasxva sagvareulo kavSirebs Soris xSirad wamoWrili SuRli, romelic
aTenis Sida erTianobisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgenda; 3. politikur cxovrebaSi CarTo
isini, vinc fratriebsa da fileebSi ar iyo gaerTianebuli da Sesabamisad moqalaqeobrivi
uflebebiTac ar sargeblobda;
klisTenesma SemoiRo ostrakismosis instituti.
solonis reformebma warCinebulTa ekonomikuri siZliere Searyia, klisTenesisam
ki – politikuri. klisTenesis reformebma aTenis demosi politikurad gaaZliera, sa
xalxo krebaze gamoTqmulma demosis nebam kanonis mniSvneloba SeiZina; yvela sajaro
moxele (arqonebi, strategosebi) airCa da isini valdebulni iyvnen angariSi Caebarebi-
naT xalxisTvis, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, Seuferebeli qmedebisaTvis SeeZlo daesaja isini.
klisTenesis bule winaswar ganixilavda winadadebebsa da proeqtebs da Semdeg warudgen-
da saxalxo krebas. amitom saxalxo krebis dekretebi ase iwyeboda: `daadgina sabWom da
xalxma~ (e[doxen th'i boulh'i kai; tw'i dhvmwi). yvela moqalaqes SeeZlo heliaiasTvis sajaro
moxeleebze saCivriT miemarTa. saxalxo kreba, bule, heliaia is demokratiuli organoebi
iyo, sadac, areopagisagan gansxvavebiT, yvela moqalaqisaTvis gza xsnili iyo.
klisTenesis umcros Tanamedroves, berZen-sparselTa omebis gmir Temistokless (daaxl.
Zv. w. 524-459 ww.), lamis demokratiis `mamad~ ixsenieben. rogorc demokrati, igi gamoxa
tavda msxvili vaWrebis interesebs da aTenis savaWro bazris gafarTobiT iyo daintere-
sebuli. igi kargad grZnobda sparseTis mxridan saSiSroebas da samxedro flotis Seqmnas
eswrafvoda. misi politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi msxvili miwaTmoqmedebi, pirvel rigSi,
SiSobdnen, rom flotis Seqmna demokratebs gaaZlierebdaT da amitom saxmeleTo jaris
gafarToebas moiTxovdnen. Temistoklesis politikurma reformebma (Zv.w. 487-486ww.) xeli
Seuwyo aTenis saxelmwifo wyobis Semdgom demokratizacias. misi reformiT, arqonebi
wilisyriT unda aerCiaT, mxedrebs SesaZlebloba miecaT, daekavebinaT es Tanamdebobebi,
strategosebis kolegia gaTavisuflda areopagis kontrolisagan, gafarTovda pirevsis
porti, lavrionis vercxlis sabadoebidan Semosuli Semosavali samxedro flotis Seqmnas
moxmarda, ramac sabolood demokratiis gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli.
aTenis saxelmwifos politikuri sistemis Semdgomi demokratizacia dakavSirebuli iyo
efialtesisa da perikles saxelebTan. efialtesi saxelmwifo wyobis Semdgomi demokra-
tizaciis momxre iyo da aristokratiis dasayrdenis – areopagis politikuri mniSvnelo-
bis gauqmebas moiTxovda.
efialtesma Zv. w. 462 w-s gaatara areopagis reforma, romliTac am ukanasknelma yovel-
gvari politikuri gavlena dakarga. misi privilegiebi gadaeca bules, nawilobriv sa
xalxo krebas da sasamarTloebs (ix. dikasterioni). mas CamoerTva `kanonebis damcvelis~
_ nomofulakiva-s funqcia da igi saxalxo krebam bules mianiWa. amieridan swored es institu-
ti zrunavda kanonebis dacvaze. areopagi gadaiqca sasamarTlod, romelSic sisxlis samar-
Tlis saqmeTa garkveuli nawili _ umTavresad mkvlelobis saqmeebi da sxva saqmeebi (mag.,
mkrexelobasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi) ganixileboda. Sesabamisad, SeizRuda misi iuris-
diqciac. reformamde areopagis (konservatoruli gavlenis centri) funqcia Tanamdebobis
pirebis samsaxuris vadis gasvlis Semdeg maTi angariSebis mosmena gaxldaT. efialtesma
82
korufciis aRmofxvris mizniT gaarTula angariSis Cabarebis sistema, gaxada igi ufro Ria
da demoss Tanamdebobis pirebis moqmedebaze kontrolis saSualeba misca.
efialtesis reformiT, magistratebs unda warmoedginaT angariSi 10 logistisaTvis,
romlebic xuTasTa sabWos wevrebidan irCeodnen. logistebis mTavari funqcia evTines
Catareba iyo. evTinosebTan (am saqmisTvis gankuTvnil specialur moxeleebTan) erTad
isini Seiswavlidnen saxelmwifo Tanxebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebul yvela magistratis
angariSebs da movaleobis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi magistratis saqmes gansaxilve-
lad sasamarTlos gadascemdnen.
efialtesma daawesa yvela dokumentis (dekretebi, dadgenilebebi) agoraze sajarod
gamodgma, rac aseve demokratizaciis ganviTarebas uwyobda xels.
efialtesis saqme periklem gaagrZela. perikles mizani demokratiis ganmtkiceba, saSua-
lo fenisaTvis didad momgebiani aTenis sazRvao Zlierebis gazrda da savaWro kavSirebis
gafarToeba, aTenis kulturul centrad gadaqceva iyo.
misi mcdelobiT uzenaesi Zalaufleba mieniWa saxalxo krebas, romelsac yvela sxva or-
gano emorCileboda; samarTals ganagebda moqalaqeTagan kenWisyriT arCeuli msajulebis
_ dikastesebis sasamarTlo, romlis wevrebi yoveldRiurad samsaxurisTvis gasamrjelos
iRebdnen.
wilisyriT (nacvlad odindeli xmis micemisa) irCeodnen maRali Tanamdebobis pirnic,
romelTac arCevis Semdeg eniSneboda xelfasi saxelmwifo xazinidan, rac uRaribes moqa-
laqeebsac ki realuri politikuri moRvaweobis SesaZleblobas aZlevda.
perikles reformebi Tavisufal moqalaqeebs Soris (maT ricxvSi ar Sediodnen monebi,
qalebi) Zalauflebis Tanabar ganawilebas gulisxmobda.
aTenis demokratia moqalaqeebis monawileobisTvis saxelmwifo saqmeebSi xelsayrel
pirobebs qmnida, Raribebi sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi monawileobisaTvis saxelmwifo xazi
nidan gasamrjelos iRebdnen.
aristotele perikles or mniSvnelovan kanons aRniSnavs: perikles moqalaqeobis
kanonsa da mosamarTleebisaTvis xelfasis dawesebas. am siaxliT – mosamarTleebisTvis
jamagiris daniSvniT periklem gza gauxsna bevr aTenels, maT Soris uqonlebsac, monawi
leoba mieRoT saxelmwifo saqmeebSi.
perikles moqalaqeobis axali kanoniT pirovneba mxolod maSin CaiTvleboda aTenel
moqalaqed, Tu mas mamac da dedac aTeneli moqalaqe eyoleboda. kanonis miRebamde ucxoe-
li colis yola aTenelisTvis arc Tu iSviaTi iyo. perikles kanonis Semdeg situacia
Zireulad Seicvala. aramoqalaqe qalisagan gaCenili Svili aTenelad aRar iTvleboda
da igi aramoqalaqe _ xevno" xdeboda.
aristoteles TqmiT, am kanonis miRebis mizezi iyo didad gazrdili moqalaqeTa sazoga-
doeba, maSin roca moqalaqeobas yovelTvis ganixilavdnen rogorc saxelmwifo organiz-
mis warmatebuli funqcionirebis pirobas. Sesabamisad, perikles samoqalaqo reforma
miznad isaxavda yvelaze optimaluri raodenobis samoqalaqo koleqtivis formirebas,
raSic aTenis demosi iyo dainteresebuli.
perikles mmarTvelobisas Zalauflebis ufro mkveTri gamijvna moxda: sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba gadaeca saxalxo krebas, aRmasrulebeli _ 500-Ta sabWosa da magistratebs,
sasamarTlo _ dikasterions.
demokratiis yovladZliereba absoluturad iqca. kanonmdebeli umravlesobis saxiT
kanonze maRla dadga da Seecada Tavisi gadawyvetilebebiT, romlebsac demosi savaWro
moedanze iRebda, samxedro moqmedebebi emarTa, brZolebSi damarcxebisaTvis sikvdili
miesaja mxedarTmTavrebisaTvis.
gaxSirda Raribebis Surisgeba mdidrebze, sxvagvarad moazrovneebis devna. antide-
mokratiulobaSi msjavrdadebulma sokratem Sxami dalia, perikle sicocxlis bolo
wlebSi msjavrdadebuli iyo, fidiasi sikvdils cixeSi Sexvda da a.S.
umravlesobis yovladZliereba aTenis demokratias Zlier despotur da totalitalur
tendenciebian mmarTvelobad aqcevda. araefeqturi mmarTveloba, korufcia, Zaladobrivi
damokidebuleba umciresobis mimarT, araaTenelebis moqalaqeTa siidan amoricxva, de-
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mokratiisadmi undoblobasa da politikuri opoziciis banaks aZlierebda. Zalauflebi-
saTvis brZolam aiZula aTenelebi Zv. w. 410 w-s demokratiis mtrebisTvis sikvdilis mis-
jisa da qonebis CamorTmevis kanoni mieRoT.
magram demokratiis gadarCena ver moxerxda, Zv. w. 411 w-s oligarqiulma gadatrialebam
aTenis mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formebis TandaTanobiT mospobas daudo dasabami.
berZnulma demokratiam didxans ver iarseba, gauTavebelma omebma Zala gamoacala
polisebs da aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis daSlis Semdeg is TandaTanobiT gaqra.
spartas mTeli eladisagan gansxvavebuli saxelmwifo sistema hqonda – aristokratuli
da saxalxo mmarTvelobis gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic agvarebda spartis sazoga-
doebis yvela interess da amasTanave es sazogadoeba mkacr saxelmwifo kontrols eqvem-
debareboda.
Zv. w. VI s-Si spartaSi socialurma mdgomareobam maqsimalur daZabulobas miaRwia,
gaizarda demokratiuli moZraoba, romlis erT-erTi moTxovna spartiatebis (sparteli
mebrZoli miwaTmflobelebi, romelTa miwebs spartelebis mier damorCilebuli lako-
niisa da meseniis mcxovrebni – helotebi amuSavebdnen) sayovelTao politikuri da qone-
brivi Tanasworoba iyo. likurgosma gaatara reformebi, romlebic miznad isaxavda spar-
tis sazogadoebis erTianobas.
spartis winamdebare kanonebidan man marto ormefoba (isic omianobisas) datova.
man daawesa uxucesTa 30 kaciani sabWo _ gerusia, romelic yvela saqmes wyvetda, mniS-
vnelovani saqmeebis gadawyvetisas samefo ZalauflebasTan erTad sabWos Tanabari xmis
ufleba hqonda.
likurgosma yovelTviuri saxalxo kreba _ apela Seqmna yvela 30 wels gadacilebuli
mamakacisgan, romelsac ufleba hqonda mieRo an uareyo gerusiis gadawyvetileba (Tum-
ca gerusias arasaxarbielo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas SeeZlo daeSala apela), aerCia
geronebi (uxucesebi) da sxva Tanamdebobebis wevrebi. Tavis nebas apela xmauriani mxar
daWeriT gamoxatavda.
likurgosma gaatara umniSvnelovanesi agraruli reforma, mTeli miwa dayo da
TiToeulma ojaxma (9 an 10 aTasma) Tanabari wili miiRo, rasac ara marto socialuri,
aramed politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda. likurgosma amiT `Tanasworebis~ sazogadoe-
bis materialuri safuZveli Seqmna. uTanasworobis mosaspobad man kerZo sakuTrebac
gadaanawila, ris Sedegadac spartaSi qurdoba aRar iyo.
agrarul reformasTan mWidro kavSirSi iyo fulis reforma, romliTac likurgosma
oqrosa da vercxlis moneta akrZala da maT nacvlad rkinis fuli SemoiRo. rkinis fuli
sinamdvileSi winaswar ZmarSi Cambali yovlad gamousadegari rkinis wknelebi iyo. rkinis
fulis SemoRebam sxva berZnul polisebTan yovelgvari urTierTobis Sewyveta gamoiwvia,
es fuli aravis sWirdeboda. magram am fulis reformam mizans miaRwia: spartaSi qonebriv
da socialur fenebad dayofa Sewyda.
likurgosma Tanasworoba qorwinebazec gaavrcela. qalebi kacebs sportsa da samxedro
saqmeSi TiTqmis gautoldnen. likurgosma araqorwinebiTi kavSirebic waaxalisa.
TanasworobisTvis SemoiRo likurgosma saerTo sadili (sisitiebi) ubralo saWmeli-
Ta da WurWliT, risTvisac spartelebs mcire sazRauri unda SeetanaT. spartelebi erTad
sadilobdnen, saubrobdnen da Tvalyurs adevnebdnen, rom aravin yofiliyo gamorCeuli
sakvebiT, tansacmliT, ulvaSiT, wveriTa da a.S. am kontrols unda uzrunveleyo `Tanas-
worebis~ sazogadoebis erTianoba.
likurgosma Semoitana aseve ymawvilebis Tanaswori, aucilebeli da mkacri aRzrda da
swavleba, romelSic umniSvnelovanesi fizikuri momzadeba da samxedro saqme iyo. saxelm-
wifom yvela bavSvis aRzrda ido Tavs. bavSvebis aRzrda miznad isaxavda, spartiatebisagan
Zlieri meomrebi gaezarda.
likurgosma akrZala xelosnoba, xelovneba, miwaTmoqmedeba, vaWroba; aravis hqonda
ufleba ecxovra ise, rogorc surda; yvela emorCileboda kanonebs da saxelmwifosTvis
im sasargeblo saqmeebs akeTebda, romlebic maT hqondaT dawesebuli.
likurgoss miewereba fufunebis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva zomis miReba.
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spartuli cxovrebis wess bevri akrZalva hqonda ucxoelebTan urTierTobisas, maTi
laparakic ki lakoniuri unda yofiliyo.
likurgosis gatarebuli reformebi miznad isaxavda spartuli sazogadoebis demokra-
tizacias da mTeli saxelmwifos gadaqcevas samxedro banakad, romelsac SeeZleboda
helotebis amboxebis saSiSroebas aRdgomoda win.
likurgosis reformebis Sedegi spartisTvis mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda.
demokratiis ganviTareba spartaSi SeuZlebeli gaxda, radgan likurgosis reforme-
bi Tanasworobasa da maT ucvlelad SenarCunebas isaxavda miznad. aq ar viTardeboda
sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebi da aseve vaWar-xelosanTa fenac, romelic is-is iyo
iwyebda formirebas. Sesabamisad, sparta ekonomikurad erT-erT yvelaze ufro CamorCe-
nil saxelmwifod iqca. demokratiulma Canasaxebma militarizmis, mkacri samxedro disci-
plinisa da subordinaciis pirobebSi ganviTareba ver moaxerxes.
romi
Zvel romSi Zalaufleba gadanawilebuli iyo samefo xelisuflebasa da senats (sagva-
reulo didebulebi) Soris. TavisTavad Zvel romSi (mefeebis xanaSi) senatis arseboba de-
mokratiis dasawyisad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
meeqvse mefem servius tuliusma ki, romelic berZeni solonis msgavs politikas eweoda,
SezRuda romis mmarTveli saxlebis (gvarebis) Zalaufleba da zogierTi politikuri ufle-
ba plebss mianiWa. serviusis kanonmdeblobiT, moqalaqeebi qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT dai-
yo. gairkva, rom romSi iaraRis matarebeli 25 000 moqalaqe cxovrobda. moqalaqeebs Soris
movaleobebis Tanabari ganawilebisaTvis servius tuliusma romis sazogadoebaSi plebsi
Seiyvana. man romis mTeli mosaxleoba solonis msgavsad qonebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT
5 qonebriv klasad dayo, romelSic gaerTianda 170 centuria (centuriae peditum _ qveiTTa cen-
turiebi), am 170 centurias win uswrebda mxedarTa 18 centuria (centuriae equitum). maT emate-
boda xelosnebis 4 centuria. sul 192 centuria, romelTac komiciebSi daemata 193-e.
I klasi – moqalaqeTa qoneba Seadgenda 100 000 ass (romauli fulis erTeuli) da mas
unda gamoeyvana 80 centuria;
II klasi – qoneba – 75 000 asi, unda gamoeyvana 22 centuria;
III klasi – qoneba – 50 000 asi, unda gamoeyvana 20 centuria;
IV klasi – qoneba – 25 000 asi, unda gamoeyvana 22 centuria;
V klasi – qoneba – 11 000 asi, unda gamoeyvana 30 centuria;
VI klasSi iricxebodnen cxenosnebi, romlebsac 18 centuria unda gamoeyvanaT. garda
amisa, daarsda 5 centuria – 2 musikosebis, 2 xelosnebis da 1 centuria unda gamoeyvana im
xalxs, romelsac ar hqonda imdeni qoneba (11000 asi), rom V klasSi Caricxuliyo. am cen-
turias ewodeboda proletarebis centuria. ama Tu im klasSi gaerTianeba Tavdapirvelad
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis farTobs ukavSirdeboda (ara umcires 20, 15, 10, 5 an 2 iuger-
isa), apius klavdiusidan moyolebuli ki – qonebis Rirebulebas asebSi. gansakuTrebiT
gavleniani iyo 1 klasis 18 centuria da 2 klasis 18 centuria: iseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu rome-
lime sakiTxze isini erTnair xmebs aZlevdnen, sxva centuriaTa azrs ar iziarebdnen. zogi-
erTi istorikosi miiCnevs, rom proletarebi da Raribebi gamoyofilni iyvnen calke me-6
klasSi, qmnidnen 1 centurias xmis micemis uflebis gareSe da samsaxuric ar evalebodaT.
amrigad, Seiqmna mdidari aristokratia gvarovnuli aristokratiis nacvlad da gvarovnu-
li tribebi teritoriuliT Seicvala.
patriciebs, bunebrivia, es ar moewonaT, SeTqmuleba moawyves mis winaaRmdeg da mokles.
servius tuliuss miewereba fulis reformac, man pirvelma moWra vercxlis moneta.
servius tuliusi sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis zrunavda: igi aTeneli soloniviT
upovrebs monobidan, klientebs patronebis damokidebulebidan ixsnida da aTavisufleb-
da. amitomac servius tuliuss `saxalxo~ mefed miiCnevdnen.
senatis winaaRmdeg brZolasa da moqalaqeebis demokratiuli uflebebis gafarToe-
bisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo saxalxo tribun gaius licinius stolonis (Zv. w. 376-367 ww.)
85
reformebi. igi ibrZoda plebsis socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, cdilobda
plebsisTvis patriciebis Tanabari uflebebi mieniWebinaT. senati winaaRmdegi iyo misi re-
formisa, magram iZulebuli iyo daeTmo, ris Sedegadac gavida kanoni – lex Liciniae Sestiae,
romelic Zalian xelsayreli iyo movaleebisaTvis da zRudavda mdidarTa uflebebs ager
publicus-Tan mimarTebaSi. aTwliani brZolis Semdeg Zv. w. 366 w-s miRweul iqna kompro-
misi, romlis mixedviTac, plebeebs miecaT ufleba kenWi eyaraT konsulis Tanamdebobis
arCevnebSi. Zv. w. 364 w-s liciniusi airCies konsulad, meored – Zv. w. 361 w-s. is patriciebi,
romelTac sZuldaT liciniusi Tavisi kanonebisa da moRvaweobis gamo, daupirispirdnen
mas da daadanaSaules Tavisive kanonis (agraruli kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, 500 iugerze
meti miwis floba akrZaluli iyo. liciniusis miwa 1000 iugers Seadgenda) darRvevaSi, ris
gamoc Zv. w 357 w-s mas fuladi jarima daakisres.
romis cnobilma politikurma moRvaweebma da reformatorebma, tiberius da gaius
grakqusebma didi wvlili Seitanes romauli sazogadoebis demokratizaciis saqmeSi.
tiberius grakqusma (Zv. w. 162 _ 133 ww.), Zv. w. 133 w-s saxalxo tribunad arCeulma, gaiT-
valiswina qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareoba (Tavisufali glexebis ukiduresi siRari-
be, miwis gareSe darCenili moqalaqeebis ricxvis katastrofuli zrda, did latifundiebSi
monaTa siWarbe, dasustebuli armia) da Semoitana uZvelesi agraruli kanonis aRdgenis
kanonproeqti. tiberiusis mier SemoTavazebuli kanonproeqti ukrZalavda moqalaqes ager
publicus-idan mieRo 500 iugerze meti miwis farTobi. imisaTvis, rom gamoeTavisuflebinaT
glexebisaTvis miwebi, reforma iTvaliswinebda mflobelisaTvis dadgenil normaze meti
miwis CamorTmevas da Raribi da miwis gareSe darCenili moqalaqeebisaTvis arendis um-
niSvnelo safasurad mis gadanawilebas. arenda memkvidreobiT gadacemas iTvaliswinebda.
tiberiusma kanonproeqti SeaTanxma im latifundistebTan, romlebic mxars uWerdnen meur-
neobis intensiuri ganviTarebis gegmas. senatis umravlesobam didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia
reformas. tiberiuss mxari ar dauWira misma kolegam tribunatSi da kanonproeqts veto
daado. tiberiusma Tavis kolegas am sityvebiT mimarTa: `vinc demokratias amxobs, is tri-
buni aRar aris. gadawyviteT, SeuZlia Tu ara markus oqtaviuss ekavos tribunis Tanamde-
boba, roca igi ewinaaRmdegeba kanons, romliTac romaeli xalxi miiRebs Wers, pursa da sa-
muSaos.~ Tavad tiberiusi ki mTeli cxovreba cdilobda plebsis mdgomareobis gaumjobe-
sebas, romis mmarTvelobis demokratizacias da kidec Seewira am saqmes. saxalxo krebaze
kenWisyris Semdeg tiberiuss Zalaufleba CamoarTves (pirvelad romis istoriaSi). Seiqm-
na sami kacisagan Semdgari komisia, romelsac miwebi unda gadaenawilebina. imisaTvis, rom
dawyebuli reforma bolomde mieyvana (sasamarTlo reforma, samxedro samsaxuris vadis
Semcireba) tiberiusma saxalxo tribunis Tanamdebobaze meored wamoayena sakuTari kandi-
datura. arCevnebis dRes senatma mis winaaRmdeg gamoitana consultum ultimum (sagangebo mdgo-
mareoba). Tavis momxreebTan erTad tiberiusi mokles senatorebma, romelTac pontifeqsi
kornelius scipioni nazika xelmZRvanelobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom tiberiusis reforma
ZalaSi darCa, praqtikaSi misi gatareba Zalian garTulda. gaius sempronius grakqusi, ti-
berius grakqusis Zma Zv. w. 123 da 122 ww-Si arCeuli iyo saxalxo tribunad imisTvis, rom
Zmis dawyebuli reforma gaegrZelebina. grakqusi gaius semproniusi miwebis ganawilebis
sakiTxebiT dainteresda da Tavisufali moqalaqeebis mxardaWeris Ziebas Seudga. gaius
grakqusma gaiTvaliswina ufrosi Zmis gamocdileba. miwis axali gadanawilebisaTvis igi
Seecada ara mxolod glexebs, aramed mxedrebsa da miwaTmoqmedebs, romlebic saxelmwi-
fos marTvaSi ar monawileobdnen da aseve mosaxleobis dabal fenebs dayrdnoboda. gaiu-
sis mniSvnelovani kanonebi aristokratebis winaaRmdeg mosaxleobis yvela klasis gaer-
Tianebas cdilobda:
1) puris kanoni (lex frumentaria), iafi puris gayidva romis Raribi mosaxleobisaTvis.
puris kanonis mniSvneloba didi iyo. am kanoniT romSi pirvelad Setanili iqna fasebis
regulireba, romelmac uRaribesi fenebis mdgomareoba Seamsubuqa. am kanonma romSi Sei-
tana antikuri polisis ZiriTadi principi – koleqtiuri saxelmwifo sakuTrebis princi-
pi, romlis Tanaxmadac, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela wevrs saxelmwifos Semosavlidan
unda hqonoda Tavisi wili. puris kanonma plebsi mis mxareze gadaiyvana;
86
2) gzebis kanoni (lex viaria) wvrili miwismflobelebis, romlebic tiberius grakqusis
agrarulma kanonma warmoSva, dasakavSireblad. mosaxerxebeli gzebis mowyobas didi
mniSvneloba hqonda glexebisa da mxedrebisaTvisac. gaRaribebuli soflisa da qalaqis
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma nawilma miiRo samuSao da Sesabamisad, cxovrebis saSuale-
bebic;
3) sasamarTlo kanoni (lex iudiciaria), romlis mixedviTac mosamarTleTa siaSi, romelSic
adre mxolod senatorebi Sediodnen, axla aseve CarTuli iyo imdenive mxedari, ramdenic
senatori iyo. Zv. w. III s-dan mxedrebi gadaiqcnen senatorebis Semdeg meore fenad. mxed
rebi flobdnen miwis did nakveTebs, hqondaT maRali qonebrivi cenzi, Tumca mxedrebis
politikuri gavlena patriciebisaze bevrad ufro susti iyo.
gaius grakqusis reformebis wyalobiT mxedrebi provinciebSi gamoZalvis saqmesTan
dakavSirebul sasamarTloebs xelmZRvanelobdnen. es maT provinciebis nacvlebze met Za-
lauflebas aZlevda. sasamarTlos mxedrebis xelSi gadasvliT gaiusma realuri kontro
li daawesa nacvlebis saqmianobaze, ramac nobilitets mZime dartyma miayena da Sesabami
sad, gaaZliera romis demokratia;
4. samxedro kanonma (lex militaris) Raribebs gauadvila samxedro samsaxuri. kanoni krZa-
lavda Cvidmet wlamde moqalaqeebis samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevas, aseve saxelmwifos
xarjze meomrebis Cacma-daxurvas;
5. kanoni sakonsulo provinciebze (lex de provinciis consularibus) awesebda provinciebis kon-
sulebs Soris ganawilebis ufro demokratiul wess provinciebi konsulebis arCevamde
unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli da ara konsulebis arCevis Semdeg senatis mier ganawile-
buli `Tavisianebis~ sasikeTod;
6. samxreT italiaSi axali samiwaTmoqmedo koloniebis daarseba (lex de coloniis deducendis).
glexebs Soris sazogadoebrivi miwis ganawilebis Semdeg italiaSi miwis maragi Semcirda.
dRis wesrigSi dadga axali miwebis sakiTxi. italiis gareT romauli koloniebis daarse-
ba xels Seuwyobda glexebis nawils, mieRo miwa da gaeumjobesebina Tavisi mdgomareoba.
rogorc Cans, am koloniebs savaWro-samrewvelo centrebis funqciac unda SeeTavsebinaT
da Sesabamisad, qalaquri demokratiac gaefarToebina;
gaiusis winadadebam _ romis moqalaqis uflebebis gavrceleba mokavSireebze _ mas bev-
ri Tanamzraxveli CamoaSora. romis plebss esmoda, rom rac ufro meti moqalaqe iqne-
boda, ganawilebisas miT ufro naklebi Sexvdeboda. optimatebi opoziciaSi Caudgnen gaius
grakquss da cdilobdnen yvela saSualebis gamoyenebiT xeli SeeSalaT misi kidev erTxel
tribunad arCevisaTvis. winaaRmdegobis sxva xerxebs Soris gamoiyenes markus druzusis
demagogiuri kanonebic. Zv. w. 121 w-s gaius grakqusi tribunad (tribunus plebis) aRar airCies.
igi Tavis momxreebTan erTad wavida aventinusze da iq sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daas-
rula. gaius grakqusis reformebi aristokratiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.
Zmebma grakqusebma didi gavlena moaxdines romis istoriaze, xolo maT mier Catare-
bulma reformebma xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifo miwebis ganawilebas, gzebis mowyobas, kol-
oniebis gayvanas, kerZo sakuTrebis, fuladi meurneobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebas.
Zmebis moRvaweobis Sedegad dadga sakiTxi italikebis CarTvisa romis moqalaqeebis
SemadgenlobaSi da daisaxa gzebi maT gadasaWrelad.
Zmebis reformebma mxedrebi nobilitetidan sabolood gamoarCia da maT politi-
kuri da ekonomikuri siZliere moutana. grakqusebma administraciuli da konstituci-
uri reformebiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes romis saxelmwifo aparatis gaumjobe-
sebaSi. maTi moRvaweobis periodSi romis demokratiam ayvavebas miaRwia. apianes azriT,
grakqusebis agrarulma reformam gamoiwvia samoqalaqo omebi.
saxalxo tribunma livius druzusma (Zv. w. 91 w.) ganaaxla grakqusebis kanonwinadadebe-
bi, romlebic Seexeboda mindvrebis ganawilebas, puris darigebasa da a.S.; wamoayena wina-
dadeba, samarTalwarmoeba CamoerTmiaT mxedrebis fenisaTvis da kvlav gadaecaT senati-
saTvis, romelsac 300 mxedris SeyvaniT gaadidebdnen, aseve mokavSireebisaTvis miecaT ro-
mis moqalaqeobis ufleba. sasamarTlos gardaqmniT livius druzusma aimxedra mxedrebis
fena, bevri senatoric ukmayofilo iyo reformiT, xolo winadadebiT _ miecaT romis
87
moqalaqeobis ufleba mokavSireebisaTvis _ man yvela partia gadaimtera. xalxis keTil-
ganwyobis gamo didi gavlenis mqone livius druzusma puris darigebisa da koloniebis
daarsebis winadadeba gaatara, magram italiki mokavSireebisaTvis romis moqalaqeobis
uflebis micemam igi daRupa (sakuTar saxlSi mokles). misi kanonebi gaauqmes, italikma mo-
kavSireebma ki omi daiwyes.
romSi aristokratuli ojaxebis mxridan opoziciis zrdam samefo xelisufleba mospo.
romSi respublikuri wyoba da saxelmwifos organizaciis polisuri sistema damyarda.
magram adrerespublikur periodSi polisisTvis damaxasiaTebelia demokratiuli poten-
ciali, romelic uSualo demokratiis elementebs (saxalxo kreba) gulisxmobda, srulad
ver ganviTarda. politikurad gamoucdelma xalxma yvela antikur polisSi praqtikulad
mmarTveloba gvarovnul, qurumTa da axalgamdidrebul aristokratias dauTmo.
politikuri cxovrebis Semdgomi demokratizaciis process antikur qalaq-saxelmwi-
foebSi aristokratiasa (romelic cdilobda polisis Zveli wesebi daekonservebina) da
demoss (romelic sul ufro da ufro acnobierebda Tavis moqalaqeobriv erTianobas)
Soris brZolis gamZafreba sdevda Tan. am brZolis (evpatridebisa da demosis aTenSi;
patriciebisa da plebsis romSi) Sedegi iyo sakanonmdeblo reformebi, romlebic sa
xelmwifo organoebSi aristokratiis monopolias uTxrida Zirs da safuZvels qmnida de-
mokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
Zveli saberZneTis da Zveli romis politikur wyobaSi principulad mniSvnelovani iyo
`saxalxo mmarTveloba~, saberZneTSi – demokratia, romSi – respublika.
saqarTveloSi, rasakvirvelia, msgavsi movlena arc iyo da arc SeiZleba yofiliyo
monarqiis pirobebSi, magram met-naklebad xalxis garkveuli raodenobis monawileoba
ama Tu im formiT mmarTvelobaSi, Zvelis Secvla da ufro progresuli mmarTvelobis
formebis SemoReba mefe-reformatorebis drosac SeiniSneba.
ase mag., qarTlis mefem, vaxtang I gorgasalma (442 – 502 ww.) eklesiis reorganizacia
Caatara. mefis survils, wesrigi daemyarebina eklesiaSi, win aRudga mTavarepiskopo-
si miqaeli. man mefes cili daswama, TiTqos igi uaryofda qristianobas da cecxlTayva-
nismcemlobas aRiarebda. mefem konstantinopolis patriarqs sTxova, qarTlSi petre
kaTolikosi da Tormeti episkoposi gamoegzavna. antioqiis patriarqis kurTxeviT, isini
saqarTveloSi Camovidnen. Sesabamisad, qarTlis eklesiis meTaurad episkoposis nacvlad
kaTolikosi daawesa, eklesia samefo kars dauqvemdebara, gaaZliera kavSiri konstanti-
nopolTan (Sesabamisad evropasTan), rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda iranis winaaRmdeg
momavali brZolisaTvis, Secvala zogierTi Zveli episkoposic.
kaTolikosobis daweseba, Tavis mxriv, niSnavda qarTuli eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis
mopovebas, rac udidesi movlena iyo qarTveli eris istoriaSi.
kaTalikosobis dawesebiT vaxtang mefe ramdenime miznis miRwevas cdilobda. upirveles
yovlisa, eklesiis TviTmwysoba, cxadia, aZlierebda qveynis damoukideblobas. Semdeg,
samefo xelisufleba, ueWvelia, met gavlenas iZenda mRvdelmTavarze, romlis arCevaSi
mefes meti xma eZleoda.
eklesiis reorganizacia vaxtangma garegnulad dogmatikur sakiTxebTanac daakavSira.
es reorganizacia ufro politikuri xasiaTisa unda yofiliyo, vidre wminda saeklesio.
bevrad did reformatorad warmogvidgeba mefe daviT IV, daviT aRmaSenebeli (1073-
1125 ww.), man saxelmwifos damcveli Zalis mqone mravali struqtura Seqmna da aamoqmeda.
administraciuli reforma gamoixata biurokratiuli aparatis reorganizaciiT, vezirTa
institutis mniSvnelobis gazrdiT. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da erTiani qarTuli feo-
daluri monarqiis SeqmnasTan erTad daiwyo saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erTiani sistemis
Camoyalibeba – Seiqmna veziris instituti. mmarTvelobis centralizaciis mizniT daviT aR-
maSenebelma ZiriTadi uwyebebi (saSinao, finansTa, samxedro) gamoyo sxva dargebisagan da
isini uSualod mefis vezirs, mwignobarTuxucesWyondidels dauqvemdebara. maTi meTaure-
bi ki (mandaturTuxucesi, meWurWleTuxucesi, amirspasalari, msaxurTuxucesi da a. S.) win
wamoswia sxva ùxucesebTan~ SedarebiT da maT garkveuli uwyeba Caabara.
88
ganaxorciela sasamarTlo reforma – e. w. `saajo karSi~ – umaRles saapelacio sa-
samarTloSi daviT aRmaSeneblamde samarTals mefe sjida, man ki `saajo karSi~ sami
mosamarTle dasva: mwignobarTuxucesi, (ufrosi) sawolisa da zardaxnis mwignobarni (ix.
zardaxana). es sameuli sasamarTloSi Semosul saqmeebs iZiebda. `saajo karis~ mizani mom-
CivanTa, daWirvebulTa da mimZlavrebulTa gankiTxva da kurneba iyo. sasamarTlo rom
marTva-gamgeobisagan gancalkevebuli gaxda da gansakuTrebul dawesebulebad iqca, es qa-
rTuli samarTlis did warmatebad unda CaiTvalos.
reformatori mefis erT umniSvnelovanes RonisZiebad miCneulia sagareo da Sinagani
dazvervis didad efeqturi samsaxuris, e. w. mstovarTa institutis Seqmna, romelic (dazver-
visa da kontrdazvervis samsaxuri) saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovan garantad iqca.
daviT IV ebrZoda saxelmwifos centralizaciis mowinaaRmdege didgvarovan feoda-
lebs. Zlieri saerisTavos gauqmebiT man mniSvnelovnad daasusta opozicia da gaaZliera
samefo xelisufleba (ix. erisTavi). daviT IV-m ucnobi adamianebi gamoiyvana saxelmwifo
asparezze, misca maT SesaZleblobaTa realizebis saSualeba.
daviT aRmaSenebelma SeimuSava Tvisobrivad axali samxedro taqtika, Seqmna axle-
burad organizebuli da gawvrTnili laSqari. am gardaqmnebis wyalobiT SesaZlebeli
gaxda momTabareTa damarcxeba da `gasxma~ sazRvrebs gareT, ramac, ara marto eTnikuri
katastrofisagan ixsna saqarTvelo, aramed es samxedro warmateba qarTuli saxelmwifos
gaZlierebis safuZveli gaxda.
XII saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi metad efeqturi samxedro struqtura Seiqmna: da-
viT aRmaSenebelis dros jari oTxi saxeobisagan Sedgeboda: mona-spa anu, mefis gvardia,
mecixovneni _ sazRvris mcvelebi, feodaluri laSqari – romelic sagangebod ikribeboda
omis dros da roqis spa – Semdgari daqiravebuli meomrebisagan.
daviTma saqarTvelos saxelmwifos laSqari gastumrebis axal wesze gadaiyvana. manamde
molaSqreebi samxedro alafs inawilebdnen, daviTma es akrZala da laSqris gastumreba
ulufiTa da sargoTi (jamagiriT) saxelmwifos daevala. daviT aRmaSenebelma laSqris
kvebis srulyofili sistema SeimuSava. rogorc organizaciulad, aseve SeiaraRebiTa da
sabrZolo TvisebebiT, saqarTvelos jars nebismieri samxedro amocanis Sesrulebis
Zala Seswevda.
saero didgvarovnebTan erTad mefe centraluri xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege saekle-
sio feodalebsac ebrZoda. 1103 w-s mefis TaosnobiT moiwvies ruis-urbnisis saeklesio
kreba, romelmac samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da saeklesio cxovrebis mosawes-
rigebeli dadgenilebebi miiRo.
saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda Wyondidli-
sa da mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamdebobebis gaerTianebas mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidelis
Tanamdebobis Seqmnas (savaraudebelia 1103-04 ww.). mwignobarTuxucesi – mefis kancelariis
ufrosi iyo, xolo Wyondideli – erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani episkoposi. mwignobar-
Tuxuces-Wyondidelis Tanamdebobaze myof adamians SeeZlo rogorc saero, aseve sasulie
ro saqmeebSi Careva. mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis Tanamdebobis gavlenas isic zrdida,
rom mefem umaRlesi sasamarTlo – saajo kari mas dauqvemdebara.
am Tanamdebobis piri erTsa da imave dros maRali samoqalaqo da saeklesio mmarTve-
li iyo.
daviT IV-m mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi gaatara samoneto saqmis mosawesrigeblad. moWra
monetebi rogorc qarTuli, ise arabuli zedweriliT da ramdenadme Secvala monetis tipi.
daviT IV didad uwyobda xels vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebas. man SeRavaTiani
pirobebi Seuqmna vaWrebs, aago xidebi, gzebi, aaSena fundukebi, sadac sxvadasxva qveynis
vaWrebs ufasod SeeZloT RamisTeva.
daviT aRmaSenebelma scada SeeCerebina glexTa miwaze damagrebis procesi, `Sewyalebis
institutiT~ gaafarTova pirobiTi miwaTmflobeloba.
Tamar mefemac (1184 _ 1213 ww.) samefo darbazs uflebebi gaufarTova da Sehpirda, umniS-
vnelovanes sakiTxebs `darbazis TanadgomiTa da erTnebaobiT~ gadavwyvetTo.
89
mefe giorgi V brwyinvalem (1286 _ 1346 ww.) aRadgina saxelmwifos marTvis tradiciuli
wesebi da tradiciuli sameurneo dargebi.
XIV saukunis 30-ian ww-Si giorgis iniciativiT mowveuli iqna saeklesio kreba da mon-
RolTa batonobis Semdeg wesrigi daamyara eklesiaSi (ix. saeklesio samarTali).
giorgi V-is iniciativiT Seiqmna samarTlis wigni `Zeglis deba~. axali mkacri kanon-
mdebloba – `Zeglis deba~ aRadgenda da ganamtkicebda tradiciul qarTul samarTals,
sjulsa da zneobas.
amave periodSi Seiqmna saxelmwifo samarTlis mniSvnelovani wigni ,,xelmwifis karis
garigeba~ – qarTuli samefo-samarTlebrivi `konstitucia~. masSi gansazRvruli iyo sa
xelmwifo karis etiketi, sxvadasxva moxelis uflebebi da movaleobebi.
giorgi V-m gaatara finansuri reforma. monRoluri fuladi erTeuli, `yazanuri Te-
Tri~ Secvala axali, sakuTari vercxlis monetiT – `giorgauli TeTriT~ (ix. qarTuli
TeTri).
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda savaWro urTierTobebi evropas-
Tan.
qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI (1675 _ 1737 ww.) ibrZoda qveyanaSi wesrigis aRdgenisa da cen-
traluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebisaTvis. man feodalTa TviTneboba alagma. 1704-1708 ww.
eklesias daubruna feodalebis mier warTmeuli miwebi, gaauqma qveyanaSi fexmokidebuli
iranul-yizilbaSuri wesebi, aRadgina qarTul-erovnuli wes-Cveulebebi.
vaxtangma `mcvelTa jari~ anu samefo gvardia Seqmna, romelic Sedgeboda vaxtangis
erTguli TavadiSvilebis (ix. Tavadi), aznaurebisa da msaxurebisagan. maT jamagiri samefo
xazinidan eZleodaT da garkveuli privilegiebic hqondaT. am jars mxolod saSinao dan-
iSnuleba hqonda da urCi Tavadebis dasasjelad gamoiyeneboda. vaxtangma yuradReba miaq-
cia qveynis meurneobis aRdgenas _ qarTlis gaukacrielebuli adgilebi xelaxla daasax-
la. ganaaxla didi xnis win moSlili sarwyavi arxebi, specialuri normebi SeimuSava sar-
wyavi ruebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb, aaSena da aRadgina bevri gza, xidi, qarvasla, sasaxle,
eklesia-monasteri. xeli Seuwyo soflis meurneobis, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis ganviTare-
bas. vaxtangma gaaumjobesa fulis moWris saqme.
vaxtang VI-is TaosnobiT Segrovebuli iqna 1705-1708 ww. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi
da SemuSavda saxelmwifo administraciuli da sameurneo samarTlis wigni, kanonTa kre-
buli `dasturlamali~, romelmac saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis moxeleTa uflebebi da
funqciebi gansazRvra (ix. `samarTali batonisSvilis vaxtangisa~). `dasturlamali~ miznad
isaxavda `batonymuri rigis~ mowesrigebas, feodalTa Zaladobis SezRudvas, mebatoneTa
TviTnebobis aRkveTas da mwarmoebelTa minimaluri uflebebis dacvas, maTi SromisaTvis
aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmnas.
saqarTveloSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan demokratiul cvlilebad erekle II-s reformebi
(1720-1798 ww.) unda CaiTvalos.
qveynis ganviTareba-ganaxlebisaTvis pirvel rigSi centraluri aparatis gaZliereba
iyo saWiro. Teimuraz II-m da ereklem jer kidev 1743 _ 1744 ww-Si gaauqmes aragvisa da qsnis
saerisTavoebi. ereklem gaanadgura feodaluri opozicia, man samefo darbazi saTaTbiro
organodan mefis mudmivmoqmed dawesebulebad aqcia. umaRlesi Tanamdebobis dakavebis
dros adre gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda wodebriv mdgomareobas, gvars, qonebas,
ereklem ki Zveli Tanamdebobebis erisTavebis, gamgeblebis, cixisTavebis nacvlad SemoiRo
bevrad ufro misaRebi da garkveulwilad ufro `demokratiuli~ _ mouravi, mamasaxlisi,
nacvali, gziri, meliqi, qevxa, taruRa. ereklem Tavaduri mmarTveloba Secvla saxelmwifo
biurokratiuli aparatiT.
am evropulad `gardaqmnas~ imdroindel batonymur saqarTveloSi, upirveles yovli-
sa, saTavadoTa sistemis Sesusteba da mmarTvelobis dargobrivi danawileba mohyva; isini
mkveTrad gaimijna erTmaneTisagan:
qveynis Tavdacvis ganmtkicebisaTvis ereklem Seqmna morige jari, rac regularul
jarze gadasvlis gardamaval safexurs warmoadgenda. reformiT wesdeboda sayovelTao
samxedro begara, romlis mixedviT yoveli mamakaci, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, wodebisa
90
da sarwmunoebisa, valdebuli iyo sakuTari iaraRiT, tyvia-wamliTa da sakvebiT wasuli-
yo erTi TviT jarSi. Tu glexi Raribi iyo, misTvis saWiro xarjebi mis mebatones unda
gaeRo. vaWrebs, mwyemsebs, mebaReebs, xabazebs, mzareulebs, mewisqvileebs, guTnisdedebs
SeeZloT Tavisi magieri kaci gaegzavnaT, yovelgvari monacvlis gareSe ixdidnen samx-
edro begaras mefe da misi ojaxis wevrebi. samxedro begarisagan Tavis aridebisaTvis
mkacri sasjeli iyo dawesebuli.
sapolicio reformiT ereklem sasaxlis gvardias meTaurad yulaRarasi (mefis Semdeg
umaRles samxedro Tanamdeboba) da xelqveiTebad uzbaSebi da meTofeni daayena. meTofeni
danawilebuli iyvnen wodebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT. amgvaradve iyo ganawilebuli
meTofeTa jamagiri da ulufa.
ekonomikur-safinanso reformiT Teimurazma da ereklem mimarTes sagangebo RonisZie-
bas _ `myrelobas~. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Cadiodnen sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da qa-
rTlidan gaqceul glexebs ukan abrunebdnen. axladdasaxlebulebs ramdenime wliT saga-
dasaxado SeRavaTebs uwesebdnen. amasTan erekle moiTxovda ar darRveuliyo `batonymuri
rigi~ _ mebatoneebs usamarTlo gadasaxadebiT ar daemZimebinaT yma-glexis mdgomareoba.
erekles dros masobrivad xdeboda lekianobis Sedegad gatacebuli tyveebis gamos
yidva.
mwarmoebeli Zalebis gamravlebis mizniT erekle ar erideboda araqarTveli mo-
saxleobis iZulebiT mozidvasac.
moqalaqeebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebis mizniT erekle mefem 1770 w-s aRadgina jer
kidev vaxtang VI-is mier miRebuli kanoni _ uSvilod gardacvlil moqalaqeTa qonebis
maTive naTesavebisaTvis datovebis Sesaxeb. erekle dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris
satranzito gzis funqciis aRdgeniT dainteresebuli iyo, magram mondomebis miuxedavad,
srulad aRdgena ver moaxerxa.
erekles dros aSenda cixesimagreebi, sarwyavi arxebi, damuSavda auTvisebeli miwebi,
fabrika-qarxnebi, gaizarda naTesebi, Catarda puris gasaiafebeli RonisZiebebi, ganviTar-
da samTamadno warmoeba, gaCnda Saqris, minis, Saleulis, iaraRis sawarmoebi, ganviTarda
vaWroba, mrewveloba, saqalaqo cxovreba, rac qveynis demokratizacias uwyobda xels.
1749 w-s mefis iniciativiT TbilisSi saeklesio kreba Catarda, romelmac am mxriv um-
niSvnelovanes RonisZiebebs daudo saTave. 1767 _ 1768 ww-Si mefem da kaTalikosma erTob
livad SeimuSaves ganCineba, romelic emsaxureboda Selaxuli sarwmunoebisa da eklesiis
moSlili saqmeebis mowesrigebas. ganCineba Seexeboda sasuliero pirTa swavlebas, moR-
vaweobas, eklesia-monastrebis movla-patronobas, gamoyenebasa da qonebis gankargvas.
mkacrad gansazRvravda qristianuli normebis, vadebisa da Sesrulebis wesebs da sxv. amas
mohyva praqtikuli RonisZiebebi, ris Sedegadac eklesia gaiwminda uRirs msaxurTagan. aR-
dga marTlmadidebluri hegemonia, uamravi gamahmadianebuli didgvarovani daubrunda
mama-papiseul sarwmunoebas.
qarTvel reformatorebs iseTi saxis demokratiuli reformebi, rogorebic Zvel sa-
berZneTsa da romSi tardeboda, bunebrivia, ar ganuxorcielebiaT. magram demokratiis
elementebi anu xalxis ufro farTo masebis CarTva mmarTvelobaSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniS-
neT, arc qarTveli reformatorebisaTvis iyo ucxo.
91
enciklopediuri cnobari
a mdeblobamde, isini warmoadgendnen xalxs

(populus) da meorec, maT xelSi arsebuli
Ager Publicus (ager populi Romani) – saxelm- materialuri dovlaTis gamo. swored maT
wifo miwa. saxelmwifo miwa nakveTebad hqondaT saSualeba daemuSavebinaT miwis
iyideboda romis moqalaqeebze. am tipis didi nakveTebi. amasTanave TavianTi mdgo-
nakveTebs ewodeboda agri quaestorii, ram- mareobis gamo axlo urTierToba hqondaT
denadac misi gayidviT dakavebuli iyvnen sardlebTan da mmarTvelebTan, romlebic
kvestorebi. saxelmwifo miwis sxva nawili gadascemdnen maT am miwebs. miuxedavad ami-
gadaecemoda taZrebs, qurumTa kolegiebs sa, isini ar kmayofildebodnen arsebuli
rogorc sakuTrebaSi, ise droebiT sarge- sakuTrebiT da cdilobdnen xelSi CaegdoT
blobaSi. am miwis nakveTs ewodeboda agri plebeelTa axlos mdebare nakveTebic. miwis
consecrati. zogjer saxelmwifo miwis nakveTs gayofa-gacema patricielTa da plebeelTa
sasyidlis gareSe gadascemdnen moqalaqeebs, Soris arsebuli xangrZlivi davis sagani
rodesac calkeuli pirebi an axali kolo- iyo. tribunebi gamodiodnen kanonproeqte-
niis Temi iRebdnen miwebs. miwis gacemis am biT miwis Sesaxeb (leges agrariae). am kanonebis
tips kurirebda 3 an meti kacisagan Semdgari qveS igulisxmeba yvela kanoni, romlebic
komisia. saxelmwifo miwis udidesi nawili exeba miwis gadacemas rogorc mTeli kolo-
saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi rCeboda da niis, aseve calkeuli pirebisadmi. Lex Cas
sxvadasxva saxiT xdeboda misi gamoyeneba. sia (Zv. w. 486 w.) – konsuli kasius visceli-
teritoriebis dapyrobebis Sedegad bevri nusi axaldapyrobili da arsebuli miwebis
nakveTi ubrundeboda Zvel mepatroneebs axal ganawilebas sTavazobs sazogadoebas.
(agri redditi), xolo maT Tavis mxriv zustad patriciebma dro moiges imiT, rom dainiSna
unda gadaexadaT gadasaxadi. miwis sxva na- 10 kaci, romelTac unda gaemijnaT saxelm-
kveTebi dasamuSaveblad gadaecemoda ker- wifo miwa kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
Zo pirebs (in possessionem tradita an concessa). nakveTebisagan. Semdeg saxelmwifo miwis
am tipis nakveTebs ewodeboda possessiones. nawili daeyoT nadelebad da gaenawile-
mflobels SeeZlo es miwebi memkvidreobiT binaT. meore nawili ki dabegvras unda
gadaeca an gaeyida, Tumca WeSmarit kerZo daqvemdebareboda. patriciebi yvelanairad
sakuTrebas es miwa mainc ar warmoadgen- cdilobdnen xeli SeeSalaT senatis dadge-
da, radgan saxelmwifos 100 wlis Semdegac nilebis aRsrulebisaTvis. didi plebeeli
hqonda misi ukan gamoTxovis ufleba. miwis kanonSemoqmedis gaius licinius stolonis
mflobelebi uxdidnen saxelmwifos begaras. (Zv. w. 377-367 ww.) saxels ukavSirdeba axali
daumuSavebeli miwebi saZovrebs warmoad- etapi miwis reformis saqmeSi. misi kanoni
genda da droebiT sargeblobaSi xdeboda gulisxmobda: 1) aravis aqvs ufleba saxelm-
maTi gadacema minimaluri dabegvriT (pos- wifo miwebidan 500 iugerze meti farTis flo-
sessiones relictae, loca relicta). mefeebis epoqaSi bisa. 2) sazogadoebriv saZovarze ikrZaleba
moqalaqeebs daurigdaT miwis nakveTebi 100-ze meti msxvilfexa da 500-ze meti wvril-
kerZo sakuTrebaSi. servius tuliusma didi fexa saqonlis Senaxva. 3) vinc daarRvevda am
raodenobiT miwebi dauriga plebeebs. res kanons, ekisreboda fuladi jarima – multa
publikis xanaSi situacia Seicvala. plebee- (multa). amis Semdeg grakqusebamde siwynare
bi mudmivad iTxovdnen miwis gadacemas imis iyo, savaraudod imitom, rom, erTi mxriv,
safuZvelze, rom axali miwebis dapyroba plebsi dampyroblur omebSi iyo CarTuli,
sakuTari sisxliT uwevdaT. miuxedavad imi- meore mxriv, mravalma Raribma TavSesafari
sa, rom patriciebs ar hqondaT saxelmwifo ipova koloniebSi. am periodidan cnobilia
miwis gamoyenebis ufleba, faqtobrivad, mxolod Lex Flaminia. mas Semdeg, rac rom-
isini mainc sargeblobdnen am uflebiT jer ma omebisagan moicala, qveynis SigniT isev
erTi imitom, rom servius tuliusis kanon- gaCaRda brZola Raribebsa da mdidrebs
92
Soris. mcire qonebis patronebi Zalian ti, romelic jariskacebisaTvis nadelebis
dazaraldnen II punikuri omis dros. mra- darigebas iTvaliswinebda. sulas agraru-
valma maTganma saerTod miatova miwaTmo- li reforma samxedro koloniebis daarse-
qmedeba. saSualo fenam arseboba Sewyvita. bas ukavSirdeboda. iulius keisris mier
grakqusebma gadawyvites miwaTmoqmedebis gatarda 2 agraruli reforma, romelTa
aRorZinebiT RaribTa mdgomareoba gaeum- mixedviTac, Zveli sakuTreba xelSeuxebeli
jobesebinaT. es garkveulwilad azaraleb- rCeboda, magram dawesda miwis dayofis axa-
da miwaTmflobelTa interesebs. Tavdapir- li sqema. arsebuli saxelmwifo miwa, garda
velad tiberius sempronius grakqusma Zv. w. kampaniis olqisa, unda danawilebuliyo, da-
134 w-s gamosca agraruli kanoni, romelsac narCeni ki SeesyidaT mflobelebisagan da
safuZvlad liciniusis kanoni daudo: vinc wesebul safasurad. kampaniis olqis miwebi
flobda 500 iugerze met miwas, mas igi ukan rCeboda rezervSi imaTTvis, visac 3 an meti
unda daebrunebina saxelmwifosaTvis, ris Svili eyoleboda.
Semdegac isini jildos miiRebdnen. gamoTa-
visuflebuli miwa gadanawildeboda Rarib agnatebi (agnati) – naTesavebi, romlebic
mosaxleobaze. isini Tavis mxriv saxelmwi- erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian imiT,
fosagan garkveuli gadasaxadiT daibegre- rom erTi ojaxis ufrosis Zalauflebis
bodnen. triumvirebs yovelwliurad unda qveS erTiandebian. es aris naTesauri kav-
gamoekvliaT saqmis msvlelobis viTareba. Siri mamakacis xaziT. Sesabamisad, da da Zma
senatis umravlesoba winaaRmdegobas uwev arian agnatebi, magram disSvilebi agnatebis
da reformas. grakquss mxari ar dauWira wreSi aRar Sedian, ramdenadac isini sxva
misma kolegam tribunatSi da proeqts ojaxis ufrosis Zalauflebas eqvemdebare-
veto daado. saxalxo krebam kenWisyriT bian. agnati aris ayvanili vaJic, ramdena-
xelisuflebas CamoaSora saxalxo tribu- dac is gamoeyo Zvel da gadavida axali
ni (pirvelad romis istoriaSi). grakqusma ojaxis daqvemdebarebaSi. Agnatus proximus
xelmeored daayena Tavisi kandidatura ewodeboda uaxloes naTesavs agnatebs So-
tribunis Tanamdebobaze, magram arCevnebis ris. agnatebis uflebas icavda ius agnationis
dRes senatma mis winaaRmdeg gamoitana Con (agnatobis samarTali). XII dafis kanonebSi
sultum ultimum (sagangebo mdgomareobis memkvidreobis gayofis mxriv agnatebs kog-
gamocxadeba) tiberius sempronius grakqu- natebTan SedarebiT upiratesi mdgomareoba
si Tavis momxreebTan erTad senatorebma hqondaT, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba
mokles. Zv. w. 123-122 ww-Si saxalxo tribu- kognatebis rolis mniSvnelovnad gazrda
nad airCies gaius sempronius grakqusi, ti- memkvidreobis gadacemisas.
beriusis umcrosi Zma, romelmac gadawyvi-
ta Zmis reforma gaetarebina. senatorebma agoranomosebi (ajgoranovmoi) _ bazris zeda
Tavis mxares gadaibires livius druzusi, mxedveli moxeleebi. es Tanamdeboba 120-ze
romelmac Tavisi demagogiuri agraruli met berZnul qalaqSi arsebobda. klasikur
kanoniT ukan Camoitova grakqusi da xal xanaSi agoranomosebi Cveulebriv wilis
xis mxardaWera daakargvina. grakqusma re- yriT iyvnen arCeulni. aTenSi aTi agorano-
forma ver gaatara, liviusis mier SemuSave- mosi msaxurobda, xuTi sakuTriv qalaqSi da
buli proeqtis realizacia aravis ufiqria, xuTic _ pirevsSi. maT unda daecvaT wesrigi
piriqiT gamoCnda ramdenime reaqciuli bazarSi, SeemowmebinaT saqonlis xarisxi
kanoni, romelTa Soris unda gamovyoT Lex da wona da SeekribaT bazris mosakrebeli.
Thoria (Zv. w. 107 w.), romelmac gaauqma cota agoranomosebs SeeZloT maT kompetenciaSi
xniT adre erT-erTi tribunis mier gamoce- Semavali wesebis msubuqi darRvevisaTvis
muli kanoni. igi arTulebda miwis dayofas daejarimebinaT esa Tu is piri. swored am
lex Sempronia-s mixedviT, saxelmwifo miwis gziT Sekrebili TanxebiT isini ara marto
mflobelebs begravda gadasaxadiT, miwas inaxavdnen da uvlidnen bazrobis Senobebs,
Raribebs Soris anawilebda. Zv. w. 104 w-s aramed axlebsac aSenebdnen. ufro mZime da-
l. marcius filiposusic marcxs ganicdis naSaulTa SemTxvevaSi agoranomosebi aRZ-
Tavisi axali kanonproeqtiT, ver ganxor- ravdnen samarTlebriv devnas da Tavmjdo-
cielda verc apuleus saturninusis proeq- mareobdnen sasamarTlo procesebs.
93
advokati (advocatus) – respublikis epoqaSi rom am SemTxvevaSi religiuri mosazrebani
uwodebdnen adamians, romelsac erT-erTi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda _ unda ga-
mxare iwvevda sasamarTlo procesze kanon- grZelebuliyo saojaxo kultmsaxureba da
ier damcvelad. advokati ara marto iurid- ojaxis sagvareulo xazi.
iul rCevebs aZlevda Tavis klients, aramed arsebobs miniSnebebi, rom calkeul SemTxve-
procesze Tavisi daswrebiT aZlierebda mis vebSi adofcia niSnavs imas, rasac Cven ufro
pozicias. advokatebi Tvisobrivad gansx- gaZiZebas vuwodebT. aseve SesaZlebelia,
vavdebodnen patronebisagan (Patronus causae), rom is saswavleblad gagzavnis raRac saxe-
romlebic rogorc sasamarTlo oratorebi obad iqnas moazrebuli (hipokratesis ficSi
gamodiodnen sasamarTloSi. imperiis xana Svilad ayvana saeqimo praqtikasTan mimar-
Si gansxvaveba patronisa da advokatis TebiT aris moxseniebuli).
funqc
iebs Soris sasamarTloSi mTlianad sul mcire, romauli imperiis gariJraJze
iSleba. advokati Tavis klients icavs ro- arsebobda praqtika, romliTac qalaqs an
gorc pretoris, ise mosamarTleebis wina- adamianebis garkveul jgufs SeeZlo Svilad
Sec. respublikis xanaSi advokatebi sru- aeyvanaT piri, rogorc qalaqis Svilobili
liad usasyidlod iRebdnen monawileobas _ uiJo;" (qugavthr) th'" povlew". amgvar adofciad
sasamarTlo procesebSi, imperiis epoqaSi SeiZleboda moazrebul iyos is privilegie-
klavdiusis droidan moyolebuli kanonma bi, romlebic Zv. w. V s-Si omSi daoblebulT
maT misca ufleba aeRoT honorari (hono- mianiWes (Tukididesi, 2. 46), Tumca erTobis
rarium) saqmianobisaTvis. maqsimaluri hono mier Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb yvelaze adreu-
rari ganisazRvra 10000 sesterciiT. li damowmeba Zv. w. II s-s ganekuTvneba.
adofcia, saberZneTi _ Svilad ayvanis adofcia, romi (adoptio) – Svilad ayvanis erT-
(adofciis) Sesaxeb detalur informacias erTi forma, romlis mixedviTac bavSvebi
pirvelad gortinis kanonebSi vxvdebiT. aq Tavisufldebodnen ojaxis ufrosis (Pater-
adofcias cocxalTa Soris (inter vivos) aqvs familias) Zalauflebisagan da qalaqis pre-
adgili; mama, romelsac Svili ahyavda, Ta- toris TandaswrebiT gadaecemodnen sxva
vad ayvanili Svili ar unda yofiliyo. sxva ojaxs. Tavidan am uflebas flobdnen mxo-
SemTxvevaSi mas Tavisuflad SeeZlo Svili lod kacebi, mogvianebiT imperiis epoqaSi
aeyvana, ganurCevlad imisa, hyavda Tu ara igi gavrcelda qalebsa da gaTavisuflebu-
sakuTari Svilebi. lebze (libertusi). adofciis mizezi gansxva-
Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb didZali cnobebi aTe- vebuli iyo, magram umTavress memkvidris
nuri dokumentebidan mogvepoveba (Zv. w. IV ararsebobis pirobebSi gvaris gagrZele-
s-is oratorTa sityvebi), Tumca yovelTvis bis survili warmoadgenda. adofcia xSirad
es informacia zusti araa. Tavdapirvelad ojaxebs Soris kavSiris ganmtkicebas da
adofciis mizans warmoadgenda memkvidris politikur miznebs emsaxureboda. adofcia
arCevis uflebis micema im moqalaqisaTvis, sakmaod rTuli iuridiuli procedura iyo
romelsac vaJi ar hyavda. memkvidris arda XII dafis kanonebs (duodecim tabularum)
Ceva, umeteswilad, naTesauri wris SigniT emyareboda. mama samjer gadascemda vaJs
xdeboda. didi unda yofiliyo araformalu- sxva ojaxs (qaliSvilisa da SviliSvili-
ri adofciebis wili saberZneTis istoriis saTvis erTxel gadacemis aqtic sakmarisi
yvela periodSi. araformaluri adofcie- iyo). mimRebi pirveli da meore mancipaciis
bi ayvanil Svilebs imave iuridiul da fi- (mancipatio) Semdeg yovel jerze aniWebda mas
nansur privilegiebs ar aniWebda. iseosis Tavisuflebas, ris Semdegac vaJi ubrundebo-
droisTvis Svilad ayvanis sami etapi arse- da mSobel mamas. mesame gadacemis Semdeg ma-
bobda: a) cocxalTa Soris; b) anderZismieri; mobili iyvanda vaJs Tavisi zedamxedvelo-
g) sikvdilis Semdgomi. am SemTxvevaSi memkvi- bis qveS da misi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda
dris armyol mamakacs sikvdilis Semdeg Svilad ayvanilze. amis Semdeg naSvilebis
akuTvnebdnen vaJs, raTa am ukanasknels samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba icvleboda
ojaxuri xazi gaegrZelebina. saberZneTSi Zvel da axal ojaxTan mimarTebaSi. amasTan
Cveulebrivi praqtika iyo qaliSvilis qmris naSvilebi Zvel gvars itovebda meore cog-
Svilad ayvana. iseosi imeorebs mosazrebas, nomen-ad daboloebiT _ anus. bevri patrici
94
uflebas aZlevda plebsis warmomadgenels, tuss, rac safrTxes uqmnida individualur
rom Svilad aeyvana igi im mizniT, rom mas oikoss. saeWvo SemTxvevebSi swored qals
saSualeba hqonoda momavalSi kenWi eyara unda daemtkicebina, rom bavSvis mama misi
saxalxo tribunis Tanamdebobaze. Svilad qmari iyo. Tu es ar damtkicdeboda, maSin ga-
ayvanis ufleba hqondaT mxolod damou- modioda, rom ojaxs xelSi arawevri _ ucxo
kidebel moqalaqeebs da amasTan maT ar SeaCeCes. es ki gamoiwvevda imas, rom amaSi
unda hyolodaT mamrobiTi sqesis sisxliT CaTreuli iqneboda mTeli sanaTesao wre
memkvidre. Svilad amyvans Tuki hyavda qada maTi sakulto kavSirebi.
liSvili, naSvilebi, rogorc wesi, misi qma- saxelmwifom gansazRvra moqalaqe qalebis
ri xdeboda. literaturuli wyaroebi (ara seqsualuri cxovrebis niri. aTenur sazo-
iuridiuli) gvawvdian informacias adoptio gadoebaSi erTmniSvnelovnad gamefebuli
testamentaria-s Sesaxeb (Svilad ayvana ander- iyo ormagi morali, rac qalisa da kaci-
Zis safuZvelze). aseTi forma hqonda iulius saTvis sruliad gansxvavebuli seqsualuri
keisris mier avgustusis Svilad ayvanas, ro- cxovrebis nirs gulisxmobda. qals mxolod
melmac mogvianebiT, damtkicda ra komicieb- erTi kacis yolis ufleba hqonda _ qmrisa,
Si, miiRo adrogaciis (adrogatio) forma. aTenel kacs ki Tavisuflad SeeZlo qorwi-
nebis gareT sxvadasxva qalTan daemyarebina
urTierToba. mas mxolod im qalebTan ekr-
adrogacia (adrogatio) – Svilad ayvanis for-
Zaleboda sasiyvarulo urTierToba, rom-
ma, romlis mixedviTac srulwlovani piri
lebic sxva mamakacis meurveobis qveS imyo-
(sui iuris) mTel Tavis ojaxTan da qonebasTan
febodnen. aseTi iyo kulturuli ideali.
erTad gadadioda Svilad amyvanis xelSi.
Ralati mkacrad isjeboda. kanoni sjida ro-
uZvelesi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, adro-
gorc mamakacs, aseve qals. kirioss (qalis
gacia unda moewvia pontifeqsebis kolegias
meurves) ufleba hqonda qalis macdunebeli
(collegium pontificum) da sazeimod Sesrulebu-
adgilzeve moekla. mas aseve SeeZlo damnaSa-
liyo kuriis komiciebSi (comitia curiata) pon-
visTvis fizikuri Seuracxyofa mieyenebina.
tifeqsebis xelmZRvanelobiT. Svilad ayva-
kanoni nebas rTavda kirioss damnaSave cixe-
nils Tanxmoba unda ganecxadebina Svilad
Si Caesva da misgan zaralisTvis finansuri
ayvanaze, ris Semdegac xalxs unda ganecxa-
kompensacia mieRo. rasakvirvelia, macdune-
debina Tanxmoba am faqtTan dakavSirebiT
blis adgilze mokvla friad sarisko saqme
(auctoritas populi). naSvilebi sazeimod uars
gaxldaT, rameTu moklulis mxares SeeZlo
ambobda Tavis yofil ojaxze (detestatio sa-
mkvlelis mimarT saqme aReZra. klasikuri
crorum). am ritualis Catarebis Semdeg masSi
periodis aTenSi macdunebels iSviaTad Tu
monawile adamianebis samarTlebrivi mdgo-
klavdnen danaSaulis adgilze. amis nacvlad
mareoba icvleboda. Svilad amyvani yvela
meurveebi saqmes sasamarTloSi _ dikaste-
uflebas flobda naSvilebze, Tumca misi
rionSi aRZravdnen da damnaSavisagan finan-
valebis, maTi arsebobis SeTxvevaSi, anuli-
sur kompensacias iRebdnen.
reba xdeboda. adrogacia vrceldeboda qa-
moRalate qalis sikvdiliT dasjas kanoni
lebzec. amasTan mogvianebiT TviTon qalsac
ar moiTxovda. magram imas ki moiTxovda,
SeeZlo moepovebina adrogaciis ufleba.
rom qmari mas gayroda. amgvar qals ekr-
droTa ganmavlobaSi gamartivda adroga-
Zaleboda, monawileoba mieRo religiur
ciis procedura. komiciebis magivrad sakma-
msaxurebaSi. Tu igi amis gakeTebas mainc
risi iyo Svilad ayvana 30 liqtoris Tan-
Seecdeboda, nebismier mamakacs ufleba
daswrebiT Catarebuliyo.
hqonda misTvis tansacmeli saxalxod Semoe-
xia da fizikuri Seuracxyofa mieyenebina. Tu
adulteri, saberZneTi – col-qmruli Rala-
meurve gauTxovar qals seqsualuri aqtis
ti. saberZneTSi col-qmrul Ralats mxolod
dros waaswrebda, solonis kanoni nebas
kerZo xasiaTi ar hqonda, igi imavdroulad rTavda mas qali monad gaeyida. magram ora-
qalaqisa da sazogadoebis Seuracxyofac torebis epoqis aTenSi es kanoni ukve aRar
iyo. amgvar mZime danaSaulad misi gaazre- moqmedebda. qals imiT sjidnen, rom saxlSi
bis upirvelesi mizezi is gaxldaT, rom igi gamoketavdnen da ar gaaTxovebdnen.
saeWvos xdida memkvidris kanonier sta-
95
adulteri, romi (adulterium) – mruSoba, oda, mxolod maSin Seudgebodnen saqmes.
col-qmruli urTierTobis Ralati (adulter, avgurebis kolegia imperiis epoqamde Se-
adultera). adaTobrivi samarTlis mixedviT, morCa, magram TandaTanobiT avgurebis wi-
qmars, romelic danaSaulis adgilas (in naswarmetyveleba formalur procedurad
flagranti) waaswrebda cols, ufleba hqonda iqca. rogorc ciceroni gadmogvcems, mis
moekla is an daesaja maSinve an mogviane- dros avgurebi mkiTxaobisas sicils ver
biT, ojaxuri TaTbiris Semdeg (iudicium do- ikavebdnen, radgan ar sjerodaT misi. aqe-
mesticum). mruSi qalis mamas, Tu qaliSvils danaa gamoTqma àvgurebis Rimili~.
sakuTar an siZis saxlSi waaswrebda dana-
Saulis adgilas, SeeZlo orive moekla. qma- avgustusi Augustus C. Julius Caesar Octavianus
ri maSinve unda gahyroda cols, winaaRmdeg (Zv. w. 63 w. – ax. w. 14 w.) _ Zv. w. 27 w-dan romis
SemTxvevaSi, is danaSaulis Tanamonawile imperatori, principatis damfuZnebeli. iu-
xdeboda da isjeboda mkacrad, sajarod lius keisris dis SviliSvili, keisars axl
braldebuli imave kanonebiT, romliTac da espaneTSi laSqrobisas da Tavi gamoiCi-
idevneboda maWankloba (lenocinium, crimen na brZolaSi. keisarma anderZiT Tavis mem-
lenocinii). avgustusma respublikis xanis bo- kvidred datova. avgustusma daiwyo brZola
los sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli uzneo- antoniusis winaaRmdeg, magram SemdgomSi
bis winaaRmdeg gamosca Lex Iuliade adulteriis, masTan da lepidusTan erTad Seqmna meore
romlis mixedviTac mkacrad isjeboda ara triumvirati. proskripciebis meSveobiT
marto adulteri, aramed stuprumi (stuprum sastikad gausworda politikur mowinaaRm-
_ saxelis gatexva _ Tu kaci seqsualur ur- degeebs (moklulTa Soris ciceronic iyo).
TierTobas daamyarebda metad an naklebad triumvirebma Zv. w. 42 w-s gaimarjves keisris
warCinebuli gvaris gasaTxovar qalTan, mkvlelebze _ brutussa da kasiusze. imperi-
maSin stupratorisTvis da qalisaTvis (im is gayofisas brundiziumis zavis Tanaxmad,
SemTxvevaSi, Tu kacs ZalisaTvis ar miumar- avgustusma miiRo saxelmwifos dasavleTi
Tavs) qonebrivi sasjeli gamohqondaT) da nawili, antoniusma – aRmosavleTi, lepi-
maWankloba (Lena – maWankali, saroskipos dusma ki – afrikuli provinciebi. Zv. w. 37 w-s
patroni, romelic prostituciisagan miRe- triumvirati xuTi wliT gagrZelda. lepi-
bul Semosavalze cxovrobda). savaraudod, dusis xelisuflebidan Camocilebis Semdeg
es kanoni Lex Iulia 26, 45-is erT-erT Tavs avgustusma daiwyo brZola antoniusis wi-
warmoadgenda. amave kanonSi SezRuduli iyo naaRmdeg. mas CamoarTva yvela Tanamdeboba
Zveli kanonebiT gansazRvruli sasjeli. pa- da wodeba, xolo mis mokavSires, egviptes
ralelurad dainerga qonebrivi jarima da dedofal kleopatras omi gamoucxada. ak-
mokveTa sazogadoebidan. ciumTan sazRvao brZolis Semdeg erTpi
rovnuli mmarTveli gaxda. senatma Zv. w. 35
avgurebi _ romaeli qurumebi, romelTa w-s avgustuss 10 wliT prokonsulis ufle-
ritualebi Tavdapirvelad nayofierebis bamosileba gadasca yvela provinciaSi,
RvTaebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. avgurebi romlebsac samxedro dacva esaWiroeboda.
RvTaebaTa niSnebs gamoicnobdnen da gan provinciebi dayofili iyo senatis da im-
martavdnen maT; droTa ganmavlobaSi avgur- peratoris provinciebad. romis ZiriTadi
Ta mTeli mecniereba Camoyalibda. avgurebi jari imperatoris provinciebSi iyo kon-
winaswarmetyvelebdnen atmosferuli mov centrirebuli. Sesabamisad, oqtavianusma
lenebiT (Weqa, elva, ciali da a.S.), Citebis miiRo jaris meeqvsedis xelmZRvaneloba.
freniTa da xmebiT, wminda frinvelebis Wa- Zv. w. 27 w-s mas avgustusis sapatio tituli
miT, gareul cxovelebTan SexvedriT, xme- mieniWa da konsulis Zalaufleba sicocxlis
bis gamoZaxiliTa da sxva. gansakuTrebuli bolomde gadaeca. misi prokonsulis Zalau-
mniSvneloba eniWeboda winaswarmetyvele- fleba romzec gavrcelda da mas daeqvemde-
bas frinvelebis frenaze (auspicia). romis barnen provinciis nacvlebi. amrigad, pirve-
saxelmwifo moRvaweebs yoveli mniSvnelo- li princepsis da misi yvela memkvidris sax-
vani politikuri Tu samxedro qmedebis (ar- elmwifo-samarTlebrivi safuZveli Seiqmna.
Cevnebi, brZolebi) win unda miemarTaT aus imperatoris Zalauflebas misi avtoriteti
piciisaTvis da Tu is sasikeTo niSans iZle- da mis mier Sesrulebuli sakraluri funq
96
cia amyarebda. rogorc `RmerTad Seracx- moRvaweobis CamonaTvaliT: `RvTaebrivi
uli keisris Ze~ avgustusi xalxSi gaRmer- avgustusis saqmeni~ (`Res gestae Divi Augusti~).
Tebuli iyo, ramac sabolood imperatoris napovni iqna am dokumentis ramdenime frag-
kultis warmoSoba gamoiwvia. igi aseve iyo menti, maT Soris ànkiruli Zegli~ (`Monu-
umaRlesi qurumi da mamulis (samSoblos) mentum Ancyranum~).
mama (Pater Patriae). sagareo politikaSi av-
gustusma romis gasaZliereblad axal dapy- avtonomia (aujtonomiva) _ berZnuli polisis
robebze uari Tqva. romma bevri provincia erT-erTi mTavari idea. is ara mxolod
SemoierTa. bevric klientad daiqvemdebara. TviTmmarTvelobis uflebas niSnavda, ara
Sida politikaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda med sakuTari kanonisa da mowyobis gamo
senatis Semadgenlobis ganaxlebas, yovlis- yenebis SemZleobas. aqedan gamomdinare
momcvel reformebs (organizacia samsax- acxadebda swored sparta, rom is berZnuli
ureobrivi aparatis, romelic Sedgeboda saxelmwifoebis avtonomiisaTvis ibrZoda,
senatorebis, mxedrebisa da azatebisagan). romlebic aTenis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
am reformebma imperiis finansuri mdgo- myofni iZulebulni iyvnen, rom TavianT
mareoba gaaumjobesa, keTilmyofeli gav- qveynebSi demokratiuli mmarTveloba daem
lena moaxdina romSi wesrigis damyarebaze yarebinaT. avtonomia umeteswilad dakav-
(mSenebloba, saxanZro samsaxuri da poli- Sirebuli iyo Tavisuflebis ideasTan. av-
cia, xorbliT momarageba da sxv.), Seqmna tonomia idealSi aseve moiTxovda ekonomi-
mudmivanazRaurebadi jari. kuri TviTkmarobis _ avtarkeias sakmaod
avgustusma kanonmdeblobasa da samarTalSi maRal xarisxs. miuxedavad imisa, rom avto-
mravali reforma gaatara (lex Iulia); Tumca nomia umTavresad TiToeuli polisis Sida
saeWvoa, rom qorwinebisa da fufunebis Sesa mowyobasa da mis kulturul cxovrebasTan
xeb kanonebs bevri momxre hyoloda. iyo mimarTebaSi, igi berZenTa Soris poli-
saSinao da sagareo politikis warmatebu- tikuri erTobis Seqmnis yvela mcdelobis
li gatareba SeuZlebeli iyo Tavisi saqmis CaSlis mTavar mizezad gvevlineba.
mcodne TanaSemweebisa da Wkviani mrCev-
lebis gareSe, romelTa Soris gamoiyofo- aznauri _ feodaluri sazogadoebis dawi
da agripa da mecenati. xelovnebisa da mec- naurebuli fenis warmomadgeneli. Tavda-
nierebis ayvaveba metwilad maTi damsaxure- pirvelad Zvel qarTul naTargmn litera
baa. imperatorsa da mis dros adidebdnen turaSi (Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi)
horaciusi, properciusi da vergiliusi. àznauri~ da àznaurebaÁ~ Tavisufals da
liviusma dawera romis istoria, mecnieri Tavisuflebas niSnavda. korinTelTa mi
higinusi palatinis borcvze daarsebul bib- marT me-2 epist.: `sada suli uflisa, mun az
lioTekas xelmZRvanelobda. romSi aSenda naureba ars~ (Tavi 2, 17). àznaureba~ berZnu-
SesaniSnavi arqiteqturuli nagebobebi: im- li èlevTerias~ Targmans warmoadgenda
peratoris sasaxle da forumi, mzis saaTi, da a. S. Sesabamisad, `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ (ax.
avgustusis zavis sakurTxeveli, mavsoleumi w. V s.) àznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qar-
marsis moedanze, gzebi, wyalgayvaniloba, Tlisani~ SesaZlebelia gavigoT, rogorc
taZrebi, biblioTekebi, Sekrebebis saxlebi, Tavisufal da araTavisufal qarTlis mkvi-
skolebi da sxv.; axali qalaqebi da moqala drTa mniSvnelobiTac. Tumca aRsaniSnavia
qeobis uflebebis gafarToeba xels uwyobda isic, rom termini àznaurni did-didni~
romis kulturisa da civilizaciis gavrcele- TavisTavad Cveulebrivi aznauris arsebo-
bas. basac gulisxmobs. amrigad, aznauri V s-Si
avgustusi gardaicvala ax. w. 14 w-s. misi ukve wodebis aRmniSvneli termini unda yo-
gardacvalebis Tves agvisto uwodes. man filiyo. IX-XIII ss. aznauris statusma Tan
memkvidris problema gardacvalebamde 10 daTan saxe icvala da sxvadasxvagvarad
wliT adre gadaWra. ax. w. 4 w-s iSvila ti- Camoyalibda. giorgi merCulis Txzuleba
berius klavdius neroni, mesame colis vaJi `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ gviCvenebs,
pirveli qorwinebidan. rom gabriel dafanCuli, romelic iyo di
avgustuss sikvdilis Semdeg darCa statis- debuli aznauri aSot kurapalatisa, mefis
tikuri narkvevi romauli imperiis da misi winaSe damsaxurebiTac yofila gamorCeu-
97
li aznaurTa Soris. `didebuli aznauri~ im faqts, rom piradi RirsebiTa da msaxure-
didi mamulisa da mravalricxovan ymaTa biT SeiZleboda dawinaureba da gadasvla
mflobeli iyo; mas sakuTari cixec hqonda. dabali wodebidan ufro maRali wodebis
amdenad, `didebuli aznauri~ da `cixovani~ safexurze, juanSeris sityvebic amtkicebs:
anu `cixis ufali aznauri~ TiTqmis erTi arCilma Tavisi taZreulni àznaur yuna~.
da igive iyo. iyvnen agreTve ùcxoni aznau- wodebriv amaRlebas àRzeveba~, xolo dawi-
rni~ _ saSualo da wvrili aznauroba. zogi naurebulebs aRzevebuli ewodeboda.
iyo `naTesaviT aznauri~ anu CamomavlobiT
aznauri da ara mefis wyalobiT aRzevebuli. aznauri samefo – mefis uSualo vasali feo-
CamomavlobiT aznauri iyo swored `guari- dali Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. adrin-
ani~, misi wodebrivi Rirseba gvaris aznau- del feodalur xanaSi samefo aznaurebSi
robas efuZneboda da mxolod gvariSvilo- Sediodnen mTlianad feodaluri klasis
biT hqonda aznauroba miRebuli. IX-X ss-Si warmomadgenlebi, XI s-dan _ misi dabali
politikur cxovrebasa da brZolaSi azna wodebis warmomadgenlebi. samefo aznaure-
urTa wodebis maRali wre aqtiurad iyo bi raodenobrivad aRematebodnen saekle-
CarTuli, xolo XI-XIII ss-Si mxolod dide- sio da saTavado aznaurebs. samefo aznau-
bulebi da warCinebulebi wyvetdnen qveynis rebis socialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareoba
beds. TavadTa xelSi politikuri Zalauf mefis siZlieresa da mTlianad qveynis mdgo
lebis gadasvlis Semdeg aznaurTa wodeba mareobaze iyo damokidebuli. samefo azna
SedarebiT dakninda, Tumca XVI-XVII ss-dan urs dawinaurebis ufro meti SesaZlebloba
aznaurobas TandaTan Camouyalibda myari hqonda, vidre saTavado da saeklesio azna
urTierTobebi samefo saxlTan, eklesiasa urs. zogierTi samefo aznauri XVII-XVIII
da TavadebTan. samefo aznaurebi meti privi- ss-Si Tavisi siZlieriT Tavads ar Camou-
legiebiT sargeblobdnen, vidre saeklesio vardeboda (saakaZe, SanSiaSvili, gabaSvili,
da saTavado aznaurebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi TurqistaniSvili, yorRanaSvili da a. S.).
mciremamulianobis an umamulobis gamo isi- erekle II-m sakmaod gaafarTova samefo azna
ni iZulebulni iyvnen msxvil saeklesio Tu urTa wre. 1783 wlis traqtatze darTuli
saero miwismflobelTa mfarvelobisaTvis siis Tanaxmad, imdroindel qarTlSi iyo 82
miemarTaT. aznaurebi sam xarisxad iyofod- samefo aznauris saxli, xolo kaxeTSi _ 36
nen, umTavresad, mamulis sididisa da ymaTa aznauri. ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg saqar
ricxvis mixedviT, nawilobriv ki _ STa Tvelos samefo aznaurebi Cairicxnen saxazi-
momavlobis mixedviTac. sisxlis fasis mxriv no uwyebaSi da TavadebTan erTad ruseTis
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni icnobs did `dvorianstvos~ gauTanabrdnen.
(anu gadidebuls), Suasa da calmxriv azna
urs, pirvelis sisxls afasebs 192, meorisas
_ 96, mesamisas _ 48 Tumnad. aznauris yma _ yma-glexi feodalur saqarT-
Camomavlobasa da wodebrivi Rirsebis gar veloSi. XI s-dan TandaTan mdabioTagan um-
da, saqarTveloSi pirad Rvawlsa da dam ravlesobas ymobis uReli daedo da àznau-
saxurebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ris ymad~ iqca. Tamar mefis istorikosi wo-
eniWeboda. rodesac adamiani piradi Rirse- debriobisa da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareo-
biT `saCinoÁ kaci~, `ganTqmuli da saCino bis dabal safexurze mdgom glexTa aRsan-
kaci~ iyo, misi wodeba maRldeboda, xolo iSnad swored am termins, àznauris ymas~
`samsaxuri~ Sesaferisad jildovdeboda. gamoiyenebs. rasakvirvelia, glexebi marto
maSin is marto `guariani~ ki aRar iyo, ara aznaurebs ar hyavdaT ymebad, TviT mefesac
med mas da mis ojaxs `msaxureuli saxlis~ da eklesiasac, magram àznauris yma~ Rirse-
saxelganTqmulobac emateboda, igi `didad biT mefisa da eklesiis ymebze dabla idga.
sapatio da namsaxuri~ da `sapatio aznauriS- glex-ymaTa mdgomareoba sxvadasxvagvari
vili~ xdeboda. yma-glexsac SeeZlo Tavisi iyo, romelTa uflebebica da sazogadoe-
damsaxurebiT dawinaureba. igi ara ubralo brivi mdgomareobac arsebiTad ganirCeoda.
yma, aramed `vargi da sacnauri aznauris yma-glexsac SeeZlo Tavisi damsaxurebiT
yma~ xdeboda. sayuradReboa, rom svanurSi dawinaureba. igi ara ubralo yma, aramed
`varg~ aznaursac ki niSnavs. `vargi da sacnauri aznauris yma~ xdeboda.
98
aTabagi _ saqarTveloSi ìyo vaziri karsa qonebac 11000 ass aRwevda, misces cenzi da
mefisasa~, darbazis karis xelisufali. 1212 am cenzTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebic
wlamde es Tanamdeboba àra yofila saqa- unda SeesrulebinaT. isini TavianTi mdgo
rTvelos mefeTa winaSe~. mareobiT proletarebze maRla idgnen, ma-
Tamar mefem ivane mxargrZelis TxovniT gram Camouvardebodnen rorariebs (msub-
àxali pativi~ _ aTabagoba daawesa saqarT uqad SeiaraRebuli jariskacebi), romlebic
veloSi da pirvel aTabagad ivane mxargr V klass miekuTvnebodnen. 1) maTi samxedro
Zeli daniSna. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tamar valdebuleba Zalian dabali iyo. msubuqad
mefisagan àTabagoba gandidebuli~ iyo iyvnen SeiaraRebuli SurduliT da rkinis
da àTabagi didi da sapatio xelisufali~ qvebiT. 2) samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi akensusi
brZandeboda, mainc mwignobarTuxucesze hyavda yvela konsuls, rogorc damatebiTi
dabla idga. mefis kurTxevis wesis Tanax- persona an liqtorTa TanaSemwe. mas kon-
mad, mxolod mwignobarTuxucesisa da Wyon suli TviTon irCevda, rogorc wesi, Tavisi
didelis Semdgomi adgili eWira mas. mefes libertusebisagan, Tuki maT hqondaT ufle-
taxtze asvlasa da kurTxevas rom miulo- ba esargeblaT romis moqalaqis uflebe-
cavdnen, aTabagi mxolod vezirTa upirve- biT. akensebi jamagirs iRebdnen xazinidan,
lesis mere unda misuliyo misalocad. vazi- magram konsulis sxva msaxurTagan gansx-
robisa da darbazobis drosac umaRles xe- vavebiT (aparitorebi), ar iricxebodnen
lisufalTa Soris upiratesoba ara aTabags, saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da maTgan gansxvave-
aramed mwignobarTuxucess ekuTvnoda. saqa- biT ar ayalibebdnen amxanagobebs. konsuls,
rTvelos politikuri daSlis Semdeg aTa- romelic ar flobda faskebs, Zveli tradi-
bagoba, rogorc vaziroba gauqmda, Tumca es ciis mixedviT win miuZRoda akensusi, xolo
wodeba samcxis mTavarTa titulad iqca (sam- liqtorebi mis Semdeg modiodnen. amdenad,
cxe-saaTabago). yvela is piri, romlebsac ufleba hqondaT
liqtorebTan erTad gadaadgilebuliyvnen
aidesisi (ai[desi") _ aTenuri samarTlis (konsulebi, prokonsulebi, diqtatori, de-
mixedviT, mkvleloba piradi devnis sagani cemviri, pretorebi, propretorebi) xalxSi
iyo, amitom gardacvlilis naTesavebs, ro- akensusTan erTad Cndebodnen. akensebi ker-
gorc bralmdeblebs, garkveul SemTxveveb- Zo pirebTanac xSirad gvxvdeba, ramdena-
Si SeeZloT (anda maTgan moelodnen), rom dac mogvianebiT maTac miecaT ufleba liq-
mkvlelisaTvis patieba eboZaT. amis Semdeg torebis yolisa, mag., TamaSebis momwyobebs.
mkvleli Semdgomi devnisagan daculi iyo. imisda mixedviT, Tu visTan msaxurobda ak-
terminis warmomavloba araa dazustebuli. ensusi, misi funqciebic gansxvavebuli iyo.
is danamdvilebiT kavSirSia zmna aijdevomai- konsulTan igi xSirad cvlida macnes (prae-
sTan (mrcxvenia, pativs mivageb). SesaZloa, co) centuriis krebis mosawvevad. pretori
es zmna gamoiyeneboda `sxvisi ubedurebis misi saSualebiT auwyebda sazogadoebas sa-
pativiscemis~ aRsaniSnavad da Semdgom ga- samarTlo procesis gamarTvis dros da a. S.
daiqca `masTan Serigebis~ gamomxatvelad.
magram termin Serigebisagan gansxvavebiT, akilius glabrioni (M. Acilius Glabrio) – Zv.
aidesisi mxolod dazaralebuli mxaris w. 70 w-s pretori, Zv. w. 67 w-s kalpurnius
qmedebas aRniSnavda. pizonTan erTad konsuli, maT gamosces
kanoni samsaxurebrivi Tanamdebobis boro-
akensebi (accensi) – adamianTa damatebiTi tad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (Lex Acilia Calpurnia
klasi. romis saxelmwifo mowyobaSi es cneba de ambitu); akiliusi pompeusis winaaRmdeg
pirvelad Cndeba servius tuliusis epoqaSi gamovida, roca gabiniusma moiTxova pompeu-
da, savaraudod, aRniSnavs damatebiT jaris- sisTvis zRvis mekobreebTan sabrZolvelad
kacebs, romlebic materialurad SedarebiT SeuzRudavi uflebebi miecaT. meTaurobda
ukeTes mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, magram ver mi- miTridates winaaRmdeg oms, magram mcire
eRwiaT bolo, V klasis cenzisTvis. Sesaba xniT, senatma igi pompeuss dauqvemdebara.
misad, radganac ar hqondaT cenzi, ar hqon- Zv. w. 63 w-s senatSi katilinas momxreebis
daT xmis ufleba da ar hqondaT samxedro sikvdiliT dasjas dauWira mxari, Zv. w. 57
valdebuleba. magram maT Soris imaT, visi w-s iyo pontifeqsi.
99
aklamacia (aclamatio) – 1) mowonebis an ukmayo 2) valdebuleba patronisa izrunos gaTavi-
filebis gamomxatveli SeZaxilebi senatis suflebulze (libertusi) (extraordinaria cog-
sxdomis dros, romlebic SehqondaT oqmSi nito). alimentis raodenobis gansazRvrisas
da xmis micemis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis mniSvneloba hqonda im pirovnebis qonebis
formas warmoadgenda. garkveul viTareba- gansazRvras, romelic valdebuli iyo ezru-
Si aklamacia formalur xasiaTsac atareb- na Svilze, naTesavsa Tu gaTavisuflebulze
da, magaliTad, imperiis xanaSi, rodesac (facultas alimenta). imperator nervas saxels
romelime magistrati warmoadgenda Senatus ukavSirdeba mzrunveloba Tavisuflad da
consultum ultimum-s (senatis mier sagangebo badebul Rarib bavSvebze (alimentarii pueri et
mdgomareobis gamocxadeba), ramdenadac am puellae). swored amis gamo Seiqmna imperato-
winadadebis ukan, rogorc wesi, imperatori ris qandakeba warweriT tutela Italiae (itali
idga, an igi TviTonve gamodioda senatSi siis zrunva). es wamowyeba gaagrZeles misma
tyviT (oratio principis), senati avtomatur re memkvidreebma. alimentariebi ewodebodaT
JimSi iwonebda winadadebas da iRebda gada bavSvebs, romlebsac mSoblebi cocxali
wyvetilebas aklamaciiT. 2) aklamaciiT, sa hyavdaT, magram materialuri mdgomareobis
zeimo SeZaxilebiT xvdebodnen sardlis ar gamo garkveul asakamde (adrianes dros es
Cevas, imperatoris sazogadoebriv adgilas asaki ganisazRvra biWebisaTvis 18, xolo go-
gamoCenas, axali kanonis gamocxadebas. 3) goebisaTvis 14 wliT) iRebdnen yovelTviur
sazogadoebrivi azris gamoxatva TamaSebis daxmarebas saxelmwifosagan – biWebi 10 ses-
dros. tercs, gogoebi – 12 sestercs. specialurad
Seqmnili fondiT xdeboda am Tanxis uzrun-
albumi (album) – TeTri, TabaSiriT dafa- velyofa. calkeul TemSi bavSvTa raodeno-
ruli dafa, romelzedac sazogadoebisTvis bis aRricxviT dakavebulni iyvnen kvestore-
gankuTvnili informacia iwereboda Savi bi (quaestor alimentorum, questor pecuniae alimen-
da wiTeli feriT. 1) album praetoris – Sei- tariae), xolo mTeli am institutis muSaobas
cavda wiTeli feriT Sesrulebul warw- ganagebda prefeqti (praefectus alimentariae),
eras (rubricae), romelSic gansazRvruli iyo romelic ZiriTadad investiciebis mozid-
pretorebis movaleobebi, xolo adrianes viT iyo dakavebuli. mogvianebiT qveyana
epoqidan pretoris ediqti iwereboda (edic- daiyo alimentirebis mixedviT regionebad,
tum perpetuum). vinc winaswari ganzraxviT romelTac meTvalyureobas kuratorebi
daazianebda albums, isjeboda. msgavs al- (curatores viarum) uwevdnen an specialurad
bumebs aqveynebdnen edilebi (aediles curules), daniSnuli prokuratorebi (procuratores ali-
provinciebis mmarTvelebi da kvestorebi. mentorum).
2) album senatorium – avgustusis periodidan
moyolebuli iwereboda sia senatorebisa. alkibiadesi (Zv. w. 450-404 ww.) _ aTenis sa
senatorobis rangidan gamosvlis SemTx- xelmwifo moRvawe. gaizarda biZis, perikles
vevaSi xdeboda albumidan gvaris amoSla ojaxSi. sokrates megobari da mowafe. wi-
(albo senatorio eradere). 3) nafic msajulTa naaRmdegobebiT aRsavse adamiani _ pativ-
sia (album iudicum). 4) album pontificis – sadac moyvare, amoraluri, samSoblosa da megob
iwereboda wlis mniSvnelovani movlenebi rebis moRalate, romelic samSoblos wi-
da magistratTa saxelebi. naaRmdeg ufro xSirad ibrZoda, vidre mis
dasacavad da amave dros iyo niWieri mxe
alimenti (alimentum) – gaRaribebuli adami- darTmTavari, SorsmWvreteli politikosi,
anebis gamokveba saxelmwifos mier. alimen- oratori, mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebu
tis institutis daarseba II punikuri omis li. Zv. w. 422 w-s kleonis sikvdilis Semdeg
Semdgom periods ukavSirdeba, rodesac mo- igi radikalur demokratebs Caudga saTaveSi
saxleobis didi umravlesobis materialuri da spartisagan izolaciis politikas daad-
mdgomareoba gauaresda. avgustusis epoqaSi ga. misi iniciativiT Seiqmna peloponesis
daiwyo zrunva mravalSvilian ojaxebze, rac polisTa axali koalicia (argosi, mantinea
mogvianebiT samarTlebrivad gaformda: 1) da elea), romelmac aTenis mxardaWeriTa da
valdebuleba materialuri mxardaWerisa, waqezebiT Seutia lakedemons, magram damar-
romelic sisxliT naTesaobas emyareboda. cxda mantineasTan (Zv. w. 418 w.). alkibiadesi
100
daJinebiT moiTxovda siciliis eqspediciis SeTqmulebis CaxSoba da am dros gamoCe-
warmarTvas, rasac sastikad ewinaaRmdege- nili mkrexelobis gamo alkmeonidTa gva-
boda nikiasi. (eqspedicia aTenelTa damar- risTvis samaradiso wyevlis Tavs datexva
cxebiT dasrulda (Zv. w. 413 w.) flotis sici- ukavSirdeba. am saqciels maT araerTxel
liaSi Casvlis Semdeg, mokle xanSi, aTenel- moagonebdnen Semdgom, gansakuTrebiT ki
ebma mkrexelobaSi (elevsinis misteriebis Zv.w VI s‑is dasasruls da peloponesis omis
parodirebaSi) dasdes brali alkibiadess dasawyisSi. aRniSnuli movlenis gamo al-
da sasamarTlos winaSe warsadgomad aT- kmeonidTa gvari, romelmac imdroindeli
enSi mouxmes. igi spartaSi gaiqca. swored gagebiT qalaqs RvTis risxva Tavs daatexa,
misi rCeviT, Zv. w. 413 w-s spartelebma dai- gaZevebul iqna aTenidan. ojaxis gavlena
kaves atikis qalaqi dekelea, raTa mudmivi gaZlierda arqon megaklesis SviliSvilis,
safrTxe SeeqmnaT aTenisTvis. aTenSi al- aseve megaklesis, mecadineobiTa da misi
kibiadesi moRalated gamoacxades da daus- politikuri kavSirebiT. man colad Seir-
wreblad sikvdili miusajes. oligarqebi, To sikionis cnobili tiranis, klisTenesis,
romlebmac Zv. w. 411 w-s aTenSi saxelmwifo erTaderTi qaliSvili agariste da colTan
gadatrialeba moawyves, gaemijnen alkibi- erTad aTenSi uzarmazari qonebiT dabrunda.
adess. demokratiuli partiis erTgulma megaklesi aTenSi gaCaRebul saxifaTo poli-
flotma alkibiadesi airCia meTaurad kun- tikur brZolaSi Caeba. igi atikis sami poli-
Zul samosze. alkibiadesma aTenis flots tikuri partiidan erT‑erTis _ paraliebis
didi gamarjvebebi moupova ioniaSi (Zv. w. meTauri iyo. megaklesma waago politikuri
411-408 ww.). Zv. w. 407 w-s igi aTenSi dabrun- brZola diakriebis partiis meTaurTan _ pi-
da, sadac mas gansakuTrebuli Zalaufleba sistratosTan, romelic Zv. w. 560 w‑s aTenis
mianiWes. notiumTan aTenelebis damarcxebis tirani gaxda. tiranTan SeTanxmebis mizniT
Semdeg alkibiadesi Camoaciles xelisufle- megaklesma pisistratoss Tavisi qaliSvili
bas. Zv. w. 404 w-s aTeni sabolood danebda miaTxova im gaTvliT, rom am qorwinebis nay-
mters. spartelebis daxmarebiT damyarda 30 ofi momavalSi xelisuflebis meTauri Seiqm-
tiranis oligarqiuli reJimi. oligarqebma neboda. magram pisistratosma axal colTan
demokratebis devna daiwyes da spartelebs Svili ar gaaCina da mizezad alkmeonidebis
sTxoves, alkibiadess gasworebodnen. al- sagvareulo wyevla daasaxela. meore ga-
kibiadesi TavSesafris ZiebaSi jer Trakia- dasaxlebis Semdeg alkmeonidebi unda dab
Si, mere biTviniaSi, Semdeg ki frigiaSi Ca runebuliyvnen aTenSi megaklesis Svilis,
vida, iq misi saxli migzavnilma mkvlelebma klisTenesis, arqonobamde (Zv. w. 525/524 w.),
dawves da alkibiadesi mokles. magram Semdeg isev iqnen gaZevebulni hi-
piasis mier. alkmeonidebma scades ZaliT
almania (almanis gaReba), yisti, fSavi _ daebrunebinaT xelisufleba da delfodan
Cveuleba, romlis mixedviT moklulis na- atikaSi SeiWrnen. isini imedovnebdnen, rom
Tesavs ufleba hqonda mkvlelisgan, Tav- xalxi maSinve miemxroboda maT da samxedro
sisxlis garda, moeTxova is nivTi, romelic banaki leipsidrionTan dasces. magram maT
mas moewoneboda. rodesac erT Tems meore mxareze gadmosulTa ricxvi mcirericxovani
Temis sisxli emarTa, almaniad mamulsac aRmoCnda. alkmeonidebma gaqceva moaxerxes.
ki arTmevda. almaniidan gaTavisuflebuli maSin alkmeonidTa gvaris meTaurma, klisTe-
iyo is iaraRi, romelic omSi an laSqrobaSi nesma, ganizraxa mokavSireebi moeZebna da
patrons asaxelebda. aseTi iaraRis warT- amasTan, fuli moegrovebina. delfos axali
meva anu yistad modeba aravis SeeZlo. al- sakurTxevlis mSeneblobis saTaveSi myofma
maniisgan gaTavisuflebuli iyo sakuTari klisTenesma didZali fuli iSova da spar-
naTesavis (gvaris) mkvleli. tasTan kavSiri daamyara. leipsidrionTan
damarcxebidan oTxi wlis Semdeg Zv. w. 510 w‑s
alkmeonidebi (!Αλκmaiwnivdai) _ keTilSo- tiran hipiasis winaaRmdeg koalicia Seiqmna.
bili aTenuri ojaxi, romelmac didi roli spartis mefe kleomenesis meTaurobiT mox-
iTamaSa aTenis politikur istoriaSi. misi da aTenis intervencia, hipiasi gaiqca. aTenSi
pirveli cnobili warmomadgeneli arqo- gaCaRebul Sinapartiul brZolaSi alkmeo
ni megaklesi gaxldaT, romelsac kilonis nidTa mowinaaRmdege isagorasma gaimarjva.
101
gamarjvebulebma Suri iZies mowinaaRmde- kur asparezze. periklem, qsanTiposisa da
geebze da 700 ojaxi atikidan gaaZeves, maT agaristes vaJma, moaxerxa ugulebeleyo Zv.
Soris klisTenesic. magram isagorasis xe- w. 432/1 w‑s alkmeonidTa sagvareulo wyev-
lisufleba droebiTi iyo da misi gaZevebis laze spartelebis apelireba. rac Seexeba
Semdeg klisTenesi atikaSi dabrunda. man Zv. alkibiadess, romelsac aseve alkmeonidi
w. 508/507 w-Si warmatebulad ganaxorciela deda hyavda, misTvis mowinaaRmdegeebs gva-
reformebi, magram swored am dros spartis ris ubedureba ar SeuxsenebiaT.
mefe kleomenesma, romelsac misi politi-
kuri platforma ar moswonda, klisTenesis ambitusi (ambitus) _ 1) saxlebs Soris da-
winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. man isev gauxsena alk- tovebuli 2,5 futis miwis nakveTi, romlis
meonidebs sagvareulo wyevla da aTenelebs gaSenebasac krZalavda XII dafis kanoni,
sibilwisgan qalaqis ganwmenda mosTxova. Tumca mogvianebiT es norma xSirad ir-
klisTenesma qalaqi datova. sasamarTlom Rveva. 2) magistratis Tanamdebobaze kandi-
maT xelaxla daatexa Tavs wyevla. magram datis winasaarCevno propaganda. 3) crimen
klisTenesis Catarebul reformebs Sedegi ambitus _ winasaarCevno korufciis yvela
ukve gamoRebuli hqonda, maT xalxi emxro- saxeoba (gamaspinZleba, garToba, qrTami,
boda. axladSeqmnilma bulem uari Tqva mosamarTleTa mosyidva). gviani respubli-
Seesrulebina dampyrobelTa moTxovnebi. kis xanaSi ambitusi, rogorc nobilitetis
kleomenesma da isagorasma akropoliss Sea- mxridan kanondarRveva, romis sazogadoeb
fares Tavi, magram samdRiani alyis Semdeg rivi cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda,
danebdnen. klisTenesi dabrunda qalaqSi, ris gamoc mis winaaRmdeg amoqmedda Zalian
raTa bolomde mieyvana Cafiqrebuli re- bevri kanoni (leges de ambitu).
formebi.
SemdgomSi alkmeonidebi miltiadess da amiraxori _ didi xelisufali feodalur
upirispirdnen. mis winaaRmdeg saqme sasa saqarTveloSi. amiraxorobis Semdgom sa
marTloSi qsanTiposma, megaklesis dis _ fexurad amirspasalaroba iyo. moxeleTa-
agaristes qmarma aRZra. miltiadess qer- gan mxolod mas hqonda ufleba vezirTa
sonesSi tiranul mmarTvelobaSi adana- bWobas daswreboda. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom
Saulebdnen. alkmeonidTa gaTvlis miuxeda- misi movaleobebi SedarebiT SezRuduli
vad, sasamarTlom miltiadesi gaamarTla. iyo. amiraxors mxolod saTaTbiro ufleba
sami wlis Semdeg ki Zv. w. 490 w‑s miltiades- hqonda da ara gadamwyveti. `karis garige-
ma strategosis posti daikava da maraTonis baSi~ aRniSnulia, rom àmiraxors~ iseTive
brZolaSi sparselebi daamarcxa. alkme- pativiscema da upiratesoba eniWeboda me-
onidebis sagvareulos mdgomareoba kvlav fisagan, rogoric meWurWleTuxucessa da
rTuli aRmoCnda. maT sparseTis mokavSire- msaxurTuxucess. garda amisa, amiraxors
obaSi adanaSaulebdnen (ambobdnen, TiTqos amirspasalariviT, rogorc samxedro uw-
maraTonis brZolis win maT niSani misces yebis warmomadgenels `xmali~ ekuTvnoda.
sparselebs). magram isini kunZul parosTan mas ara marto mefis kurTxevis dros hqonda
(Zv. w. 489 w‑s) miltiadesis sastikma marcxma ufleba `Ãrmal-Semortymuli~ yofiliyo,
da, Sesabamisad, miltiadesis gavlenis dace- aramed darbazobis drosac. darbazobisas
mam gadaarCina. alkmeonidebma isev aRZres amiraxors Tan axldnen misi xelqveiTni
saqme miltiadesis winaaRmdeg. sasamarTlom meabjreni. amiraxorsa da meabjreTuxucess
miltiadess uzarmazari jarimis gadaxda eqvemdebareboda agreTve zardaxana, rome
daakisra. lic yovelgvari abjar-iaraRisa da samxed
ostrakismosis erT‑erTi pirveli msxver- ro aRWurvilobis sawyobi iyo.
plni alkmeonidTa gvaris imJamindeli
meTauri _ megaklesi (Zv. w. 486 w.) da misi amirejibi _ mandaturTuxucesis TanaSemwe
siZe, qsanTiposi (Zv. w. 484 w.) gaxdnen. Zv. iyo. amirejibi darbazobis wesis aRsrule-
w. V s‑is Semdgom ww-Si demokratiis ganvi- basa da purobis dros iRebda monawileo-
Tarebis kvaldakval alkmeonidTa gvaris bas. purobis wesidan Cans, rom amirejibi da
gavlena Semcirda, Tumca ojaxis calkeuli ganmgeTuxucesi mandaturTuxucesis qveSevr-
wevrebi kvlav asrulebdnen rols politi- domebi iyvnen. rodesac mefe ubrZanebda man-
102
daturTuxucess `puri moiReo~, am brZanebis runavi `salaSqroni saqmeni~ unda yofili
aRsasruleblad amirejibi da ganmgebel- yo. Tu mefe omSi ar brZandeboda, jaris
Tuxucesi gadiodnen xolme. winamZRoloba amirspasalars evaleboda.
amirejibs mefisgan gansakuTrebuli ufle- amirspasalari `sapatio vaziri~ iyo. saqarT-
ba hqonda miniWebuli _ mas yovelTvis da velos samefos mTeli jari or mTavar jgu-
yvelgan SeeZlo mefis naxva da moxsenebis fad iyofoda: erTi iyo `queiTni laSqarni~,
wardgena, Tumca rogorc damoukidebeli meore `mxedarni laSqarni~. aseve masSi er-
xelisufali da veziri arc saistorio da Tiandebodnen qalaqisa da cixeebis mcvelni
arc samarTlis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. miuxeda- da mefisa da mTavarsardlis Tanamyofeli
vad amisa, im sam moxeles Soris, romelTac molaSqreebic. Tumca mTeli laSqari amir-
aravazirTagan vazirobis dros savaziro spasalars emorCileboda. rodesac qveyana
darbazSi yofnis ufleba hqondaT, amire- saomrad emzadeboda, mefe didebul xelisu-
jibic yofila, mas arc saqmis gadawyvetaSi, flebs da darbazs moiwvevda da TiToeuls
arc TaTbiris dros monawileobis miRebis azrs ekiTxeboda. saqmeTa ganxilvisas mefis
ufleba ar hqonda, aramed SeeZlo mxolod Semdeg pirveli sityva amirspasalars ekuT-
ùtyvi damswre yofiliyo~. vnoda. Tu darbazoba omis gadawyvetilebas
ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, amirejibi Tavda- miiRebda, mefe brZanebas gascemda da iwye-
pirvelad ejibebis ufrosi unda yofiliyo. boda `wueva laSqrisa~. amirspasalars Ta-
èjibi~, kerZod, `Sinauri ejibi~, ixsenieba visi samxedro Tanamdebobis niSnad `Ãrmali~
Tamar mefis dros. amirejibi arc giorgi hqonda, romlis tarebis uflebac didi dar-
III-isa da arc Tamaris dros ar aris moxse- bazobis drosac eniWeboda. garda amisa, mefis
niebuli. pirvelad Cndeba XIII s-Si rusuda- kurTxevamde `samefo Ãrmali~ mis xelT iyo.
nis mefobisas. rodesac mefis saeklesio kurTxeva dasrul-
deboda da mefe sakurTxevlis karidan Camov-
amirspasalari _ gaerTianebuli feodaluri idoda, amirspasalars xmali unda Semoertya
saqarTvelos veziri, mTavarsardali da spis axladkurTxeuli mefisaTvis.
winamZRoli `mxedarTmTavari... ars amirspa amirspasalari vezirTa pirvel sameulSi
salari~. es sityva pirvelad giorgi III-isa Sedioda aTabagsa da mandaturTuxucesTan
da Tamar mefis istorikosis TxzulebaSi gvx- erTad.
vdeba. SesaZlebelia, rom amirspasalari XII
s-Si ewoda mxedarTmTavars. daviT aRmaSeneb amirCqari _ amirspasalaris uwyebis moxe-
lis istorikosi moixseniebs `spasalars~, le, malemsrbolTa ufrosi. rodesac amir-
romelic adgilobriv samxedro saqmeebs spasalari Tavisi TanamSromlebiTurT sa-
ganagebda. Tumca am Tanamdebobis arseboba laSqro saqmes ìurvoda~, aCuxCi, amirCqari
savaraudoa im droidan, rodesac daviT aR- da meremeTuxucesi (ix. mereme), wesis Tana
maSenebelma reformebi gaatara da mudmivi xmad, win midiodnen. amirCqars evaleboda
jari Seqmna. ufro gvian, spaspeti ara mTa- mefis dacva da Sikrikebis xelmZRvaneloba
varsardals, aramed saerTod mxedarTmTa- (maTi gagzavna, miReba da a. S.).
vars aRniSnavda. arc leonti mrovelisa da
juanSeris TxzulebebSi moipoveba àmirspas- amnistia (ajmnhstiva) _ sajaro amnistiaTa
alari~. maTi gadmocemiT, farnavazisa da vax- ricxvi berZnul wyaroebSi sakmaod mci-
tang gorgaslis dros saqarTvelos jarebis rea. yvelaze adreuli amnistia solonis is
ufross `spaspeti~ ewodeboda. ivane javaxi kanoni unda iyos, romliTac, savaraudod,
Svilis azriT, jaris winamZRolis ufle- moqalaqis uflebebi yovel im adamians
bebi SedarebiT SezRuduli unda yofiliyo, aRudga, romelTac es uflebebi dakarguli
vinaidan mefeebi Tavad iyvnen saxelmwifos hqondaT. am pirTa Soris moqalaqeoba mxo
mTavarsardlebi da omSi winamZRolobas lod imaT ar aRudgines, romelTac es ufle-
Tavad uwevdnen brZolaSi jars. mxolod ba tiraniaSi braldebis an mkvlelobis gamo
Tamar mefis dros, sanam Tamari qmars moi- hqondaT CamorTmeuli.
yvanda, mieniWa amirspasalars gansakuTrebu sazogado Serigebis meore aqts warmoadgen-
li mniSvneloba. Tamar mefis istorikosis da Zv. w. 403 w-s demokratiis aRdgenis Semdeg
Txzulebidan Cans, rom amirspasalaris saz- aTenis saxalxo krebis dekreti, romelmac
103
yvela Seiwyala da mxolod ocdaaTi tirani anu mTeli qonebis erTianoba, awindelis
da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamzrax- da momavlis, aqtiuris da pasiuris (soci-
velebi gaaZeva aTenidan. aristotele mis etas omnium bonorum), gaTvlili yvelanair
mTavar pirobas imowmebs: mhdevni pro;" mhdev- wamowyebaze (mewarmeobaze) mogebis miRebis
na mnhsikakei'n. plutarqosis dromde sityva mizniT, aseve specializirebuli, gaTvlili
ajmnhstiva am qmedebis aRsaniSnad ar gamoiy- garkveul moRvaweobaze (societas alicuis nego-
eneboda. misi pirveli damowmebuli moxse- tiationis) da calkeuli erTjeradi saqmis Ses-
nieba miletis warwerebSi gvxvdeba (Zv. w. II rulebaze (societas unius rei);
s. SIG 633. l. 36). 3) Tanxmoba, romlis gamovlena nebismieri
saSualebiT SeiZleboda, magram gansxvave-
amxanagobebi (societates) _ berZnul poliseb- biT sxva konsensualuri xelSekrulebebisa,
Si Tavisufali politikur-ekonomikuri da Tavdapirveli Tanxmoba sakmarisi ar iyo,
aseve megobruli da naTesauri gaerTiane- saWiro iyo samudamo Tanxmoba. amitom amx-
bebi. anagoba ara marto saerTo gadawyvetile-
romis imperiaSi amxanagobebi mniSvnelovan biT, aramed erT-erTi amxanagobis wevris
rols TamaSobdnen sxvadasxva sferoSi. uaris safuZvelze wyvetda arsebobas; magram
kerZo samarTalSi amxanagobebi, ramdenime Tu uari aradrouli iyo, amxanagobis es
piris (socii) qonebis (an Sromis) gaerTianeba wevri danakargebisagan ara, magram mogebi-
saerTo miznis misaRwevad. amave dros amxa sagan ki Tavisufldeboda. erT-erTi amxana-
nagobebis ekisrebodaT garkveuli valdebu gobis wevris uari an sikvdili, gakotreba
lebebi. amxanagobis wevrebs amxanagobisagan an qonebis konfiskacia aseve wyvetda amxa
da erTmaneTisagan dasacavad hqondaT e.w. nagobas, romelsac SeeZlo gaegrZelebina
amxanagobis saqme (actio pro socio). uamravi (formalurad) axali, anu sxva amxanagoba
kerZo amxanagobis garda (mag., komerciuli (nova societas);
kompaniebi), iyo saxelmwifo moijare-Sems TiToeuli amxanagobis wevri yvela danar
yidvelebis (publicani) sazogadoebebi. Cens ise unda moqceoda, rogorc amas ke
Zvelromaulma samarTalma icoda mxolod Tilsindisiereba (bona fides) iTxovda, anu
qonebis erTianoba (consortium). saerTaSori Seetana dapirebuli Senatani (samuSao Ta-
so vaWrobis ganviTarebis procesSi respub- vad unda Seesrulebina), gaenawilebina amxa
likis periodis dasawyisSi warmoiSva me- nagobis mogeba da wageba da aenazRaurebina
warmeTa amxanagoba, romelSic gaerTianeba misiT miyenebuli danakargi.
peregrinebsac (Tavisufali araromaeli mo-
qalaqeebi, romlebmac didi roli iTamaSes anakrisisi (ajnavkrisi") _ winaswari mosmena im
romis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi) SeeZloT. am sajaro moxelis winaSe, romlis winaSec sa-
ori fesvidan amoizarda klasikuri amxana- samarTloSi (ix. dikasterioni) saqme mogvi-
gobebi: misi ZiriTadi rekvizitebi iyo: anebiT iqneboda ganxiluli. sityvasityviT
1) Senatani, romelic nebismier qonebas gu- `gamocda~. is ar unda iqnes gaigivebuli
lisxmobs (res anu uZrav qonebas, saqonels, samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis sistemaTa sa
fuls da a.S.), an profesiul an inteleqtua- gamoZiebo instruqciasTan (miTiTebasTan).
lur moRvaweobas (operae), an erTsac da meo- aTeneli magistratis moqmedebis Tavisuf
resac. ar iyo aucilebeli calkeuli amxa leba Zalze SezRuduli iyo. diaitetesisgan
nagis Senatani erTnairi yofiliyo, maTi (arbitrisagan) gansxvavebiT mas ar SeeZlo
qonebis erTianobasac SeiZleba sxvadasxva- saqmis gadawyveta. samwuxarod, am proce-
nairi forma mieRo; amxanagobis Seqmnisas duris Sesaxeb cota ram viciT. savaraudod,
calkeuli adamianebis qoneba SesaZlebeli modave mxareebs anakrisisis dros yvela
iyo yvelas saerTo sakuTreba gamxdariyo dokumenti, rogorebic iyo kontraqti, an-
(communio); derZi, kanonebi, romelTa gamoyenebasac
2) mizani, romelsac eqneboda qonebrivi xa- isini sasamarTlo sxdomaze apirebdnen, da-
siaTi da sasargeblo iqneboda amxanagobis luqul qoTanSi unda CaedoT. SesaZlebelia,
yvela wevrisaTvis. es winaswari mosmena modave mxareebs sa-
amxanagobebis saxeli misi mizniT ganisaz- samarTlo sxdomisaTvis mosamzadeblad ex-
Rvreboda: iyo generaluri amxanagobebi, mareboda imiT, rom maT SeeZloT TavianTi
104
mowinaaRmdegis mtkicebulebaTa winaaRmdeg boda, Tu patrons kanonieri memkvidre ar
mieRoT zomebi. (ix. samarTalwarmoeba, aT- hyavda. XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, ander-
eni). Zv. w. IV s-Si Zalze mcireTanxiani kerZo Zis Sedgenis mizans iribad emsaxureboda
braldebis saqmeTa didi nawili anakrisisis mancipacia, romlis saSualebiTac moander-
Semdeg uSualod moxeles mier wydeboda. Ze rwmunebul pirs (familiae emptor) gadas-
cemda Tavis qonebas im mizniT, rom igi mas
analebi (Annales) _ Zvel romSi uZvelesi pe- gaufrTxildeboda da moanderZis sikvdi-
riodidan qurumebi RirsSesaniSnavi movle- lis Semdeg, anderZis Tanaxmad, gaanawileb-
nebis aRweras awarmoebdnen. am movaleobas da mas memkvidreebs Soris. mancipaciidan
asrulebdnen pontifeqsebi (Pontifices), gansa- ganviTarda romauli anderZis ZiriTadi
kuTrebiT mTavari qurumi (Pontifex maximus). forma – testamentum per aes et libram. mancipa-
amitom am yovelwliur Canawerebs ewode- cia mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebda
boda pontifeqsTa analebi (Annales Pontifi- da rwmunebuli piri iyo mxolod mowme
cum). umaRlesi qurumis rezidenciis win (mowmeTa raodenoba iyo gansazRvruli –
gamoidgmeboda xis dafebi, romlebzedac 7 pirovneba), xolo memkvidre xdeboda is
mniSvnelovani movlenebi (mzis, mTvaris piri, romelic dasaxelebuli iyo anderZSi.
dabneleba, mogvianebiT fasebis zrda, omebi moanderZis ukanaskneli nebis gamocxadebas
da a.S.) iyo dafiqsirebuli. savaraudod, Zv. ewodeboda heredis nuncupatio, romelsac zepi-
w. 130 da 144 ww-s Soris es Canawerebi gadaa- ri forma hqonda, Tumca klasikur epoqaSi
muSaves 80 wignad (Annales maximi). analebma igi TiTqmis Caanacvla anderZis werilo-
Cauyara safuZveli romaul istoriogra- biTma formam, romelic saSualebas aZlevda
fias. moanderZes anderZis Sinaarsi saidumlod
Seenaxa (testamentum per scripturam factum). an-
anderZi (testamentum) – anderZis datoveba derZis gacnobis Semdeg mowmeebi Tavis be-
SeeZlo mxolod im pirovnebas, romelsac Weds asvamdnen dokuments (testamentum septem
hqonda vaWrobis (commercium) da, Sesabami signis signatum) da awerdnen xels (adscriptio).
sad, anderZis Sedgenis ufleba (testamenti imisaTvis, rom anderZs (zepiri, werilo-
factio). mSoblebTan mcxovreb vaJebs, monebs, biTi) iuridiuli Zala miniWeboda, saWiro
ucxoelebs, arasrulwlovnebs ar SeeZloT iyo mTeli ritualis zedmiwevniT Catareba.
anderZis datoveba. anderZis mixedviT, mem- anderZisaTvis iyenebdnen xis dafebs, Semdeg
kvidred ar SeiZleboda ucxoelebis, qa- maT axvevdnen da Sesanaxad mihqondaT an
lebis da droTa ganmavlobaSi lex Iulia et moanderZis megobarTan, an abarebdnen ta-
Pappaea-s mixedviT dauojaxebelTa da uS- ZarSi (ZiriTadad vestas qurumebTan), mogvi-
viloTa dasaxeleba. qalebs ar SeeZloT an- anebiT qalaqis arqivSi. pretorul samar-
derZis Sedgena, magram mogvianebiT miiRes Tals, principSi, anderZis axali forma ar
es ufleba (coemptio testamenti faciendi gratia _ SemouRia, ubralod, aucilebeli aRar iyo
anderZis Sedgenis uflebis miniWeba), adri- mancipacia da memkvidreoba pirdapir gadae-
anes droidan ki isini ukve damoukideblad cemoda anderZSi dasaxelebul memkvidres
an meurvis saSualebiT adgenen anderZs. mo- im SemTxvevaSi, Tu anderZi 7 mowmis mier iyo
nis dasaxeleba anderZSi mxolod im SemTx- dabeWdili. specifikuri anderZebis Sedgeni-
vevaSi SeiZleboda, Tu anderZis mixedviT, sas testamentum muti (munji), testamentum caeci
amasTan erTad mas eniWeboda Tavisufleba. (brma), testamentum surdi (yru) aucilebelia
anderZis uZvelesi forma iyo testamentum notariusis (tabularius) an 8 mowmis arseboba.
calatum an calatis comitiis factum, romelsac epidemiis dros ar iyo aucilebeli yvela
patriciebi kiTxulobdnen saxalxo krebis mowmis gamocxadeba (testamentum pestis tempore
win. anderZis uZvelesi formaa da gamoiy- conditum) da a. S. sruliad gansakuTrebuli
eneboda gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi testamentum xasiaTi aqvs testamentum militis (jariskacis
in procinctu (anderZi ikiTxeboda sardlis anderZi), romelic konkretuli socialuri
uflebiT mwkrivSi Camdgari jariskacebis fenisaTvis daSvebul privilegiad unda aR-
win brZolis dawyebamde). anderZis orive viqvaT. am tipis anderZi ZalaSi rCeboda ja-
forma samoqalaqo samarTlis xasiaTs at- ridan sapatio daTxovnidan 1 wlis ganmav-
arebda da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi srulde- lobaSi. iustinianusis mier testamentum militis
105
daSvebuli iyo mxolod saomar viTarebaSi. bi (aediles), gviani respublikis periodidan
Tu libertusi anderZis gareSe wavidoda am kuratorebi (curatores annonae). am sferos
qveynidan, mis pirdapir memkvidreebs (heres mTavari meTvalyure iyo prefeqti (praefectus
sui) gadaecemoda qoneba. maTi ararsebobis annonae). grakqusebamde saxelmwifo zomier
SemTxvevaSi ki mis patrons. Tu isic ar iyo, fass inarCunebda marcvleulze. grakqusebis
maSin patronis Svilebs, maTi ararsebobis xanidan marcvleuli ufasod urigdeba mo-
SemTxvevaSi patronis naTesavebs (gentiles). saxleobis im nawils, romelic Seyvanili
anderZSi moanderZes SeeZlo gverdi aevlo iyo specialur siebSi socialuri mdgo-
Tavisi uaxloesi naTesavebisaTvis. cicero- mareobis mixedviT. marcvleulis darigeba
nis droidan aucilebeli gaxda anderZSi im arCevnebis dros propagandis Zlier saSu-
Svilebis saxeldebiT moxsenieba, romelTac alebas warmoadgenda.
moanderZe memkvidreobis gareSe tovebda
da im mizezebis dasaxeleba, ris gamoc arT- antidosisi (ajntivdosi") _ sityvasityviT `sa
mevda maT am uflebas. sxva naTesavebTan nacvlod micema~. pirs, romelsac evale-
mimarTebaSi aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobda. boda liturgiis Catareba, SeeZlo Tavidan
imisTvis, rom anderZi srulyofilad CaT- aecilebina es valdebuleba, Tuki igi daa
vliliyo, aucilebel pirobas warmoadgen- saxelebda am saqmis Sesasruleblad ufro
da moanderZis normalur mdgomareobaSi mdidarsa da ufro kvalificirebul moqa
yofna. suliT avadmyofis, mflangvelis, zo- laqes. Tu dasaxelebuli piri daeTanxmebo
gierT danaSaulSi nasamarTlebi pirebis da damsaxelebels, rom igi marTlac ufro
anderZi baTildeboda. romis samarTali mdidari iyo, maSin mas unda aResrulebi
iTvaliswinebda iseT viTarebasac, rodesac na liturgia. Tuki igi ganacxadebda, rom
moanderZem marTalia dautova memkvidreo- damsaxelebelze Raribi iyo, maSin am uka
ba kanonier memkvidres, magram Zalze mcire nasknels Tavisi ganacxadis gamosacdelad
moculobiT, arasrulad. aseT SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo maTi qonebis erTmaneTSi gacvla
kanonier memkvidres SeeZlo sarCeli Seeta- moeTxova. am SemTxvevaSi Tavad ganacxadis
na sasamarTloSi savaldebulo wilis mis- warmomdgens unda aResrulebina litur
aRebad (hereditatis petitio). gia, rogorc ufro didi qonebis axal me-
sakuTres. gacvlis es procesi iwodeboda
anona (annona) _ momdinareobs annus-dan antidosisad. demokratiuli TvalTaxedvi-
(wliuri Semosavali), mogvianebiT sakvebi dan am sistemis sargeblianoba imaSi mdgo-
produqtis marags aRniSnavs, gansakuTrebiT mareobda, rom igi aqezebda mdidrebs erT-
marcvleulis marags, moTxovnilebas marcv- maneTis mimarT yofiliyvnen eWvianni, nacv-
leulze, romis da municipiebis momaragebas lad imisa, rom maT mtroba saxelmwifos
marcvleuliT wlis ganmavlobaSi. kidev uf winaaRmdeg waremarTaT.
ro mogvianebiT anona sabazro fasia, rome
lic Semosavlebisa da moTxovnilebis mixed- anqistea (ajgcisteiva) _ farTo komli. naTe-
viT ganisazRvreba. fasis gansazRvra saxelm- sauri jgufi, romelic moicavda naTesaur
wifo zrunvis sferos warmoadgenda. sabo kavSirebs gare biZaSvilebis CaTvliT. aT-
lood anona aRniSnavda: 1) provinciebidan enSi anqistea saojaxo kanonmdeblobis
Semodinebul naturalur produqcias, ro- baziss warmoadgenda. mas aseve suggenei'"-i
melic provinciaSi myofi jaris nawilebis ewodeboda. Tu anqisteis wevrs moklavdnen,
da Cinovnikebis Sesanaxad gamoiyeneboda devnas am jgufis uaxloesi mamrobiTi sqe-
(annona militaris); 2) gansazRvruli provin- sis naTesavi axorcielebda. memkvidreobis
ciebidan Semosul produqcias dedaqalaqis sadavo SemTxvevebSi, memkvidreobaze pre-
Sesanaxad (annona civica). saxelmwifo xazina tenzia anqisteaSi Semaval uaxloes mamr
romis gareubnidan Seisyidda mtkice fasebSi naTesavs hqonda. mamis mxridan naTesavebs
xorbals da mousavlianobis dros (gaZvi- dedis mxridan naTesavebze eniWebodaT upi-
rebis SemTxvevaSi) dabal fasad yidda ro- ratesoba.
mis mosaxleobaze. anonasTan dakavSirebuli
saqmeebiT (fasi, gadasaxadi, administraci- apagoge (ajpagwghv) _ sityvasityviT `waTreva~
uli problemebi) dakavebuli iyvnen edile- Sesaferis magistratTan. sajaro braldebis
106
_ grafes erT-erTi saxeoba. bralmdebeli gvxvdeba termini mikra; ejkklhsiva (qsenofoni,
saqmes iwyebda imiT, rom akavebda bralde- helenika, 3. 3. 8), romelsac, rogorc Cans,
buls da mas Sesaferis magistrats gadas- gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi iwvevdnen.
cemda, Cveulebriv e. w. TerTmets. myisierad
dakaveba nebadarTuli iyo kriminalTa apelacia (appelatio) – sasamarTlos mier
garkveuli kategoriis mimarT, rogorebic gamotanili ganaCenis gasaCivreba. formu-
iyvnen qurdebi da is pirebi, romlebic am- laruli samarTalwarmoeba am procedu-
etebdnen maTTvis miniWebul uflebebs. im ras Tavidan krZalavda. mxolod avgustu-
SemTxvevaSi, Tu braldebuli aRiarebda sis epoqidan gaxda SesaZlebeli apelacia.
Tavis danaSauls magistratis winaSe, is ma- Tavdapirvelad apelacia SesaZlebeli iyo
Sinve sikvdiliT isjeboda. magram Tu is ga- mxolod magistratis dadgenilebis, mogvi-
nacxadebda, rom iyo udanaSaulo, mis mimarT anebiT ki, klavdiusis droidan, sasamarT-
saqmes aRZravdnen (ix. aseve efegesisi). lo ganaCenis winaaRmdegac. apelacia Se-
dioda ufro maRal instanciaSi (adgilo-
aparitorebi (apparitores) _ dabali rangis brivi sasamarTlos ganaCeni saCivrdeboda
momsaxure teqnikuri personali, romelic gamgebelTan, romSi _ qalaqis prefeqtTan).
umaRles magistratTan msaxurobda (liq- princepsis, senatis, pretoriis prefeqtis
torebi, nomenklatori, macne, gadamweri (praefectus praetorio) mier gamotanili ganaCe-
da a.S). ramdenadac aparitorebi didi xnis ni gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda. domi-
ganmavlobaSi msaxurobdnen magistratTan, natis epoqaSi I instancias warmoadgenda
isini sargeblobdnen imunitetiT da didi provinciis reqtori rogorc mosamarTle,
gavleniT, gansakuTrebiT imperiis xanaSi. II – vikariusi (administraciis ufrosi),
aparitorebs hqondaT Tavisi organizaciebi III _ pretoriis prefeqti. Tu gvianklasi-
(ix. kolegia). kur saqmiswarmoebaSi miiRebdnen werilo-
biT apelacias (libelli appellatorii), igi gada
apela (ajpevlla) _ saxalxo kreba spartaSi. misamarTdeboda zemo instanciaSi da Tan
misi procedura likurgosis retraTi iyo aucileblad unda darTvoda am apelaciis
gansazRvruli. apelaze daswrebis ufleba Taobaze I instanciis mier warmodgenili
yvela spartiats hqonda. apela, savarau- mosazreba. axal ganaCens SeiZleba gaeuqme-
dod, yovelTviurad iyo mowveuli. saxalxo bina Zveli dadgenileba an Seetana masSi
krebas Tavdapirvelad mefeebi da gerusia cvlilebebi. Zvelad sisxlis samarTali ic-
Tavmjdomareobdnen, mogvianebiT ki (Zv. w. nobda apelaciisaTvis termins – provoka-
V s.) eforosebi. apelas evaleboda mieRo an cia. mogvianebiT es ori termini sinonimuri
uareyo mis winaSe warmodgenili winadade- mniSvnelobis xdeba.
bebi. retraSi Setanili damatebiT, spartis
saxalxo krebas CamoerTva kanonmdeblobis apografe (ajpografhv) _ sajaro braldebis
inicirebis Tu misi Sesworebis ufleba. Ta- erT-erTi saxeoba. braldebuli CamoTvli-
vis nebas apela xmauriani mxardaWeriT da qonebas, romelsac, misi azriT, saxelmwi-
gamoxatavda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki es garkve- fos kuTvnileba iyo da braldebulis mier
viT ar Canda, maSin formaluri kenWisyra ukanonod iyo miTvisebuli. saqmis mogebis
imarTeboda. saxalxo krebis kompetenciis SemTxvevaSi mas am qonebis 3/4 gadaecemoda.
masStabi dazustebiT araa cnobili. ramde- demosTenes sityva `nikostratosis winaaR-
nadac CvenTvis cnobilia, saxalxo kreba mdeg~ da lisiasis sityva àristofanes mem-
uflebamosili iyo gadaewyvita sadavo Sem- kvidreobisTvis~ am tipis saqmeTa gamo aris
Txvevebi, romlebic taxtis gadacemas ukav- dawerili.
Sirdeboda; daeniSna samxedro meTaurebi;
aerCia eforosebi, sxva magistratebi da apodeqtesebi (ajpodevktai) _ aTenSi aTi ma
gerusia; gadaewyvita zavis dadebis, omis gistratisagan Semdgari sabWo, romelic
dawyebis da samokavSireo xelSekrulebaTa bules zedamxedvelobis qveS awarmoebda
gaformebis sakiTxebi. apelas Tanxmobas gadasaxadTa Semkreb uwyebaTagan fuladi
aseve saWiroebda kanonmdeblobaSi dagegmi- saxsrebis miRebas da uxdida maT xarjviT
li cvlilebebis Setana. mis gverdiT aseve uwyebebs. es Tanamdeboba klisTenesma Se
107
moiRo. perikles droidan maT wilisyriT foTa Soris urTierTobis sferoSi hqonda.
niSnavdnen (ix. arCevnebi kenWisyriT). dRes Znelia vilaparakoT imaze, SeimuSaves
Tu ara berZnebma es meqanizmi imisTvis, rom
apofasisi (ajpovfasi") _ sityvasityviT `Cvene- Zala samarTlianobis principiT Caenacv-
ba, gancxadeba~. procedura, romelic Zv. w. lebinaT. Tumca, erTi faqtia, swored maT
IV s-is Sua ww-Si iqna SemoRebuli. saxalxo gaxades saarbitraJo sasamarTlo omebis
krebis mowodebiT an sakuTari iniciativ- Tavidan acilebis im saSualebad, romelsac
iT, areopagi uflebamosili iyo Seeswavla sakmaod xSirad mimarTavdnen da romel-
nebismieri SemTxveva, romelic sajaro us- mac farTo aRiareba moipova. arbitraJis
afrTxoebas exeboda da waredgina gancxade- gamoyenebis adreuli magaliTebi, rogori-
ba (apofasisi) saxalxo krebisaTvis. am caa spartis Suamavloba salaminis Taobaze
gancxadebaSi igi saxalxo krebas konkre- aTenisa da megaris dapirispirebaSi, CvenT-
tuli saqmianobis rekomendacias aZlevda, vis mxolod naxevradlegendaruli tradi-
ase magaliTad, dasaxelebuli piris samar- ciiTaa cnobili. Tumca arsebobs original-
Tlebrivi devnisaken mouwodebda. uri Canaweri, romlis mixedviTac argosi
eswrafvoda Tavis or kolonias _ knosossa
arbitraJi, berZnuli (diaitiva) _ davis gansax- da tiloss Soris uTanxmoeba moegvarebina
ilvelad wardgena neitraluri pirovnebis da momavalSi Tavidan aecilebina maTi gan-
an organizaciisaTvis, romelTa ganaCenis meoreba. es gadawyvetileba daaxloebiT Zv.
cnobis Sesaxebac modave mxareebi winaswar w. 450 w-s iyo miRebuli. Zv. w. 450 w-is Sem-
debdnen pirobas. saarbitraJo sasamarTlo dgom sazavo xelSekrulebebi Cveulebriv
berZnebisaTvis cnobili iyo adreuli pe- Seicavdnen klauzulas, romelic avalde-
riodidan. amgvari sasamarTlos arseboba bulebda xelis momwer mxareebs, rom maT
dasturdeba spartaSi, gortinaSi, efesossa yvela dava, romelic ki SesaZloa warmoSo-
da lampsakosSi, Tumca maTi funqcionirebis biliyo, arbitraJisaTvis gadaecaT. rogorc
detaluri aRwera Cven mxolod aTenis Cans, am praqtikas xSirad mimarTavdnen, Tum-
praqtikidan mogvepoveba. iq xSirad qirao- ca, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, Sesaferisi arbi-
bdnen kerZo diaitetesebs, romlebic davis tris povnasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi
mogvarebis dros samarTlebriv normebze da mosaxleobis gamwvavebuli ganwyoba ar
metad samarTlianobis principiT xelmZR- aZlevda mxareebs saSualebas arbitraJisT-
vanelobdnen. kerZo diaitetesebis gverdiT vis miemarTaT. aTenis sazRvao kavSiris ar-
sajaro diaitetesebic arsebobdnen. miuxe- sebobis periodSi mas hqonda pretenzia, rom
davad imisa, rom diaitetesis ganaCeni le- imperiis wevrebs Soris warmoqmnili davis
galuri TvalsazrisiT savaldebulo iyo, dros arbitri yofiliyo. mogvianebiT, ber-
modaveebs ufleba hqondaT apelacia _ efe- Znuli ligebi imave saSualebiT iswrafvod-
sisi sasamarTloSi SeetanaT. nen, rom uzrunveleyoT kavSiris SigniT ar-
saberZneTSi, gansakuTrebiT elinistur pe sebuli wonasworoba.
riodSi, saarbitraJo sasamarTlo sxva Sem moRweuli warwerebi cnobebs gvawvdian: ar-
TxvevaSic gamoiyeneboda. kerZod, ama Tu bitraJis moqmedebis meqanizmis, misi sididis,
im saxelmwifos SeeZlo SeeTavazebina me kompoziciis, proceduris, mosamarTleTa
gobari saxelmwifosTvis, rom mas gamoeg- daniSvnis Sesaxeb. aqve vecnobiT mosamarTle-
zavna misi mosamarTleebi. es ukanasknelni Ta winaSe wardgenil CvenebaTa xasiaTs Tu
ganixilavdnen maspinZeli saxelmwifos mo maT mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebebs, aseve
qalaqeebis samoqalaqo da, calkeul SemTxve gadawyvetilebaTa darRvevasTan dakavSire-
vebSi, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs. mowveuli bul jarimebsa da sasazRvro komisiebis mier
mosamarTleebi, upirvelesad, iRvwodnen gatarebul sazRvris gancalkevebis praqti-
dava `sasamarTlos gareSe~ moegvarebinaT, kas (ix. dikasterioni; samarTalwarmoeba,
Tumca, rodesac Serigebis mcdeloba waru- aTeni).
mateblad mTavrdeboda, maT ufleba hqondaT
sasamarTlo ganxilvis Taobaze gaekeTebi- arbitri (arbiter) – pretoris mier moxmobi-
naT ganacxadi. li eqsperti, romelic Suamavlis an mesame
arbitraJs yvelaze didi gavlena saxelmwi- mosamarTlis funqcias asrulebda. ar iyo
108
SezRuduli rogorc mosamarTle, mkacri areopagis, rogorc uZvelesi saxelmwifoeb
iuridiuli normebiT da SeeZlo ekvitasis rivi warmonaqmnis, istoria mWidrod ukav-
(samarTlianobis) safuZvelze ewarmoebina Sirdeba aTenis politikur istorias da
saqme. amitom, yvela Tavisufal sasamarTlo naTlad warmoaCens demokratiul da anti-
process, romelic mkacrad gansazRvruli demokratiul ZalTa Soris arsebul daZa
formulis gareSe mimdinareobs, ewodeba ar- bulobas.
bitriumi (arbitrium). arbitrebs xSirad vxvde monarqiis periodSi areopagis sabWos mefe
biT im procesebze, romlebic sazRvrebis da- iwvevda da Tavad Tavmjdomareobda mas. are
vas Seexeba. arbitrs zogjer uwevda fuladi opagis Tavdapirveli funqcia mefis mrCev-
jarimis gansazRvrac, amitom mosamarTles lis funqcia unda yofiliyo, mefisa, ro-
(iudex) xSirad uwodeben arbiter datus-s, pirs, gorc winamZRolisa, qurumisa da msajulis.
romelsac iwvevda sasamarTlo magistrati monarqiis daqveiTebasTan erTad izrdeba
da avalebda sasamarTlo procesisaTvis areopagis sabWos gavlena. argumentirebuli
mniSvnelovani saqmianobis gawevas. didi Cans tradicia, romlis mixedviTac Zv. w. VII
sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba hqonda aseve s-Si xelisufleba, faqtobrivad, areopags
arbitrs, rogorc ara sasamarTlo, aramed emorCileboda (ix. aristotele, aTenelTa
kerZo Suamavals (arbiter ex compromisso). ker- saxelmwifo wyobileba, 3. 6). monarqiis da
Zo Suamavlis mowveva orive mxaris Tanxmo- aristokratiuli xanis umetes periodebSi
bis safuZvelze xdeboda da mxareebi kisru- sabWo mTlianad evpatridebisagan Sedgebo-
lobdnen valdebulebas, gadaexadaT fuladi da. maTi SerCevis wesis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar
jarima. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Suamavali Tavs aris SemorCenili.
aaridebda dakisrebul movaleobas, gadae- areopagis sabWos axali mowyobis dros (sa-
wyvita dava, pretors SeeZlo mxolod fu- varaudod, yvelaze gvian es solonis moR-
ladi jarima daekisrebina misTvis (multa – vaweobis dros unda yofiliyo gatarebuli)
magistratis brZanebiT dakisrebuli jarima am sabWos SemadgenlobaSi warmodgenili
daumorCilebeli moqalaqis mimarT). iyo yvela yofili arqoni. isini TavianTi
rwmunebulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg
argnosani _ moxele gaerTianebul feoda- areopagis wevrebi xdebodnen. areopagis
lur saqarTveloSi. asrulebda sapolicio sabWoSi cxra wevris yovelwliuri Sesvla
xasiaTis funqciebs. argani (sabjeni joxi) mas 200-300 wevrisagan Semdgar institutad
misi samoxeleo niSani iyo. saqarTvelos xdida. axali wevrebis Sekrebis am sistemiT,
samefo-samTavroebad daSlis Semdeg ar- areopagi TandaTan kargavda Tavis eqsklu
gnosans xeljoxians an xelargnosans uwo- ziurad aristokratul xasiaTs. garkveuli
debdnen. drois manZilze igi qonebrivad mdidar
moqalaqeTa fenas warmoadgenda, Semdeg ki
areopagi _ areopagze an aresis borcvze aT- nel-nela yvela klasis momcvel institutad
enSi uZvelesi droidan ikribeboda sabWo _ gadaiqca (ix. Tetebi).
boulhv, romelsac mogvianebiT, meore sabWos efialtesis mier gatarebul reformamde
_ bules Seqmnis Semdeg, Sekrebis adgilis sabWos moqmedebis mTavari sivrce ucvleli
mixedviT areopagis sabWo _ hJ ejx jAreivou unda darCeniliyo, Tumca kanonTa kodifika-
pavgou boulhv, an mokled areopagi ewoda. mis ciam areopagis iurisdiqcia naklebad TviT-
wevrebs areopagitebi erqvaT. neburi gaxada. solonma werilobiT daad-
areopagi uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi insti- gina areopagis uflebebi da amiT garkveul-
tuti iyo. misi istoria saTaves miTologi- wilad SezRuda is. mosazreba imis Taobaze,
uri xanidan iRebs. gadmocemiT, poseidonis rom solonis reformamde areopagi irCev-
vaJis, halikotisesis mkvlelobis gamo are- da arqonebs, mecnierebaSi dResdReobiT
si gasamarTlebul iqna. im borcvs, romelze- araa gaziarebuli. mecnierebis varaudiT,
dac sasamarTlo Catarda, mogvianebiT amis meore sabWos _ bules Seqmnasac ar unda
gamo àresis borcvi~ anu àreos pagosi~ CamoerTmia areopagisaTvis probulevti-
ewoda. am sabWos ki aresis sasamarTlo pro- kuri funqciebi, gamomdinare iqidan, rom
cesis Semdeg mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebul es solonamde arsebuli saxelmwifosaTvis
saqmeTa ganxilvis ufleba mieniWa. saWiro ar iyo. amasTan, areopagis funq-
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cia generaluri xasiaTis rCevebis micemisa gadaiqca sasamarTlod, oRond sasamarT-
SenarCunebuli unda yofiliyo im dromde, lod, romelSic sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa
vidre arqonebi saxelmwifoSi mTavar moxe garkveuli nawili _ umTavresad mkvlelo-
leebad rCebodnen. bis saqmeebi da sxva saqmeebi (mag., mkrexelo-
tiraniis periodSi areopagi mTlianad ti- basTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi) ganixilebo-
ranis momxreebisagan Sedgeboda. Sesabami da. Sesabamisad, SeizRuda misi iurisdiqciac.
sad, tiraniis dacemis Semdeg areopagi Zv. w. 403/2 w-Si gamocemuli dekreti imis
garkveulwilad diskreditirebuli unda Taobaze, rom areopagis, rogorc `kanonis
yofiliyo. Tumca, SesaZloa, klisTenesis damcvelis~ funqcia aRdgeniliyo, rogorc
reformis Semdgom areopagma garkveuli Cans, praqtikulad ar ganxorcielebula.
cvlilebebi ganicada. Zv. w. 507/6 w-dan Zv. areopagis sasamarTlos Zv. w. IV s-Si Zalze
488/7 wlamde igi axali wevrebis SerCevas maRali reputacia hqonda. antikurobis ga-
xalxis mier arCeuli arqonebidan axdenda. moCenili moRvaweni _ demosTene, lisiasi,
am arqonTa ricxvSi Temistoklesi da aris- esqine da sxv. erTxmad laparakoben am in-
tidesic iyvnen. aman da areopagis mier Zv. stituciis mimarT arsebuli Rrma pativisce-
w. 490 w-sa da 480/79 wlebis krizisis dros mis Sesaxeb. areopagi arqonad namsaxurebi
Sesrulebulma rolma (areopagma uxelmZ- pirebisagan Sedgeboda, es ki imas niSnavda,
Rvanela atikis mosaxleobis salaminsa da rom misi TiToeuli wevri demokratiuli xe-
peloponesSi evakuacias) garkveuli gavle- lisuflebis moxeleTa mier gamowvlilviT
na iqonia misi gavlenis aRorZinebis saqmeSi. iyo Seswavlili: yoveli arqoni gadioda
magram zRvaosanTa fenisa da demokratiuli TesmoTetesebis mier Catarebul gamoZiebas
institutebis swrafi zrdis pirobebSi ar- _ dokimasias, vidre isini TavianTi Tanam-
eopagis xelSi moqceuli didi Zalaufleba debobrivi movaleobis aRsrulebas Seudge-
ukve aRar Seesabameboda arsebul situacias. bodnen. TavianTi erTwliani msaxurebis das-
Zv. w. 487/6 ww-is Semdeg misi wevrebis Tanmim- rulebis Semdeg ki isini gadiodnen saxalxo
devrobiTma gaqrobam politikuri aspare- audits _ evTines. areopagitebi mxolod im
zidan areopagis Zala Seasusta. arqonebs SeeZloT gamxdariyvnen, romle-
areopagis funqciebis SecvlaSi kardinal- bic am gamocdas warmatebiT gaivlidnen (ix.
uri roli Zv. w. 462 w-s demokratiuli par- arqoni). es Tanamdeboba erTaderTi iyo,
tiis lideris _ efialtesis mier gatareb- romelic aTenel moxeles mTeli sicocxlis
ulma reformam iTamaSa. man areopagi bule- ganmavlobaSi ekava (aristotele, aTenelTa
sa da saxalxo krebis winaSe daadanaSaula. saxelmwifo wyobileba, 3. 6). amisda miuxeda-
im momentisTvis saxalxo krebis Semadgen- vad, areopagis wevrebi isev gadiodnen au-
lobaSi mZlavrobda Rarib moqalaqeTa dits _ evTines.
fena (aTeni ar awarmoebda am periodisTvis areopags aucilebeli da sxva sasamarTloe-
aranair sazRvao oms da amdenad, zRvaos- bisgan gansxvavebuli procedurebi hqonda.
nebi ZiriTadad qalaqSi iyvnen. efialtesis erTi umTavresi procedura ficis micema
mowinaaRmdege kimoni da hoplitebi sparta- iyo. bralmdebeli sazeimod warmosTqvamda
Si laSqrobdnen), romlebic demokratebis fics, romliTac igi ganadgurebas atexda
mgznebare mxardamWerebi iyvnen. saxalxo Tavis Tavs, Tavis ojaxs da Tavis STamoma-
krebam miiRo efialtesis SemoTavazebuli valT, Tu simarTles ar ityoda. amis para-
kanonproeqti areopagis Sesaxeb. am kanoniT, lelurad specialuri moxeleebi cxovelTa
aristoteles TqmiT, areopags CamoerTva (xari, iremi) msxverplSewirvas atarebdnen.
`movlenaTa warmarTvis privilegia~, rac imave fics warmosTqvamda braldebulic,
imas niSnavs, rom areopagma yovelgvari misi uflebebi gansakuTrebiT daculi iyo.
politikuri gavlena dakarga. misi privil- Tu igi saqmes waagebda da damnaSaved iqne-
egiebi gadaeca bules, nawilobriv saxalxo boda miCneuli, mosarCeles ar hqonda
krebas da sasamarTloebs (ix. dikasterio- ufleba dasja Tavad ganexorcielebina.
ni). mas CamoerTva `kanonebis damcvelis~ _ mkvlelobis saqmeTa SemTxvevaSi areopagi
nomofulakiva-s funqcia da igi saxalxo krebam uflebamosili iyo mkvlelobaSi damnaSave
bules mianiWa. amieridan swored es insti- jalaTisaTvis gadaeca. sxva saqmeTa dros,
tuti zrunavda kanonebis dacvaze. areopagi ase magaliTad, mkrexelobasTan dakavSire-
110
bul SemTxvevebSi, areopags ar SeeZlo dam- melic anTesteriis dResaswaulze basili
naSave daesaja. braldebuls, demosTenes nas wminda da saidumlo msaxurebas aRas-
gadmocemiT, kidev erTi mniSvnelovani rulebda ar iyo ra Tavad moqalaqe (demo-
ufleba gaaCnda. mas ufleba hqonda, rom Ta- sTene, 59). areopagis movaleobaSi Sedioda
visi pirveli sityvis warmoTqmis Semdeg sa- atikis zeTisxilis wminda xeebis dacvis
samarTlo sxdoma daetovebina (demosTene, kontroli. is, visac wminda xis moWraSi
23. 69). varaudoben, albaT im mizniT, rom daadanaSaulebdnen, areopagis winaSe unda
aTenidan wasuliyo. warmdgariyo. danaSaulis damtkicebis Sem-
areopagitebi, rogorc antikuri moRvaweni TxvevaSi, igi kanoniT sikvdiliT isjeboda.
ambobdnen, sxva msajulebze gacilebiT ga- aristoteles droisaTvis sikvdiliT das-
mocdilni iyvnen, ris gamoc oratorebs maTi jas qonebis konfiskacia anda gaZeveba Cae-
SecdomaSi Seyvana uZneldebodaT. nacvla.
arqon basilevsi saqmis gamcnobis funqcias Zv. w. V s-is bolosTvis, sasamarTlo Zalau-
asrulebda, Tumca ar monawileobda gana- flebis tradiciuli rolis gverdiT areo
Cenis gamotanaSi. ganaCeni mxolod moqmed pags sxva Zalauflebac hqonda. saxalxo kre-
wevrebs gamohqondaT. areopagitebi modave bas an bules SeeZlo areopagisTvis daeva-
mxareebs ar rTavdnen nebas, saqmesTan lebina sajaro braldebis calkeul saqmeTa
mimarTebaSi armqone informacia warmoedgi gamoZieba da moxsenebis xalxisTvis wardge-
naT. amiTac areopagi aTenis sxva sasamarT- na. ase magaliTad, cnobilia, rom areopags
loebisgan gansxvavdeboda. Tu gamsvlels pniqsis borcvze aRmarTuli zogierTi Seno-
crumowmeobaSi daadanaSaulebdnen, mis wi- bis Taobaze gamoZiebis Catareba daavales
naaRmdeg samarTlebriv devnas TesmoTete- (esqine, 1. 81). amasTan, rodesac areopagitma
sebi aRZravdnen. am gamoZiebis Sesaxeb xalxs moaxsena, man
areopagi mkvlelobis yvelaze mZime saxe- gansakuTrebiT Seaxsena sazogadoebas, rom
obebs ganixilavda _ es iyo ganzrax mkv- àreopagitebi ar iyvnen uflebamosilni
lelobis, sxeulis dazianebis, mowamlvis, daedanaSaulebinaT an daecvaT vinme, radgan
gadawvis saqmeebi. araganzrax Cadenil mkv- es maTi tradiciuli saqmianoba ar iyo~ (es-
lelobas, metoikosis, ucxoelis an monis qine, 1. 83).
mokvlis SemTxvevebs sxva sasamarTlo, saxe- Zv. w. 340-iani wlebis Semdeg SemoRebul
lad paladiumi gansjida, mkvlelobis kidev iqna gamoZiebis specialuri saxeoba apofa-
sxva saxeobebi delfiniumSi iyo ganxiluli. sisi, romelic areopagis, saxalxo krebis
areopagi aseve ismenda im saqmeebs, romle- da sasamarTloebis erTobliv saqmianobas
bic Tavdasxmas da sxeulis dazianebas exebo- moicavda.
da. areopags ufleba hqonda Tavdamsxmelis ramdenime cnoba, romlebic Zv. w. 338 w-is
damxmare pirebic daesaja. Semdgom periods ganekuTvneba, areopagis
varaudoben, rom garkveul SemTxvevebSi mier saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebis anu-
areopagitebi Tavad awarmoebdnen mkvle lirebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. ase magali-
lobis da Tavdasxmis saqmeTa gamoZiebas. ase Tad, plutarqosis gadmocemiT, areopagma
magaliTad, Tu Tavdasxmis msxverpli sare- saxalxo krebis mier mTavarsardlad ar-
cels iyo mijaWvuli, maT SeeZloT dazara- Ceuli qaridemosis nacvlad qalaqis bedi
lebuli saxlSi gamoekiTxaT. fokions Caabara (plutarqosi, fokioni, 16.
areopagis winaSe wardgoma erTob serio- 4). ix. aseve demosTene, 18. 132-4.
zuli ram iyo. areopagis wesebis mixedviT, Zv. w. 337/6 w-s miiRes kanoni tiraniis wi-
braldebuls arCevani hqonda _ mas SeeZlo naaRmdeg, romlis Tanaxmadac kanongar-
sasamarTlos winaSe gamosuliyo, an Tavisi eSed cxaddeboda areopagiti, romelic de-
nebiT daetovebina aTeni. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mokratiis damxobas scnobda, Tumca CvenT-
igi qalaqs datovebda, arqonTa Tanxmobis vis araa cnobili, iyo Tu ara realobaSi
Semdeg mis qonebas specialuri moxeleebi _ amgvari qmedebis SemTxvevebi.
poletesebi gayiddnen.
areopagis kompetenciaSi Sedioda mkrexe arza _ xelisuflisadmi mimarTuli weri-
lobis zogierTi saxeobis ganxilvac. cno- lobiTi Txovna an saCivari feodalur
bilia, arqon Teogenesis colis saqme, ro- saqarTveloSi. XVIII s-Si amgvar sabuTs
111
aja ewodeboda. àrziT saCivari~ jerovnad aristidesi, 7) Zv. w. 480 w-s, rodesac qser-
unda yofiliyo dasabuTebuli, zogjer dama qsem saberZneTisken daZra jari, aTeneleb-
tebiTi mtkicebulebiT gamyarebuli. arzaze ma aristidesis gaZevebis kanoni gaauqmes da
TariRic aRiniSneboda. igi berZenTa jaris erT-erT meTaurad da
niSnes. salaminis brZolis dros igi xelmZ-
aristidesi (!Aristeidhv") _ aTeneli saxelm- Rvanelobda aTeneli meomrebis brZolas
wifo moRvawe (Zv. w. V s.). lisimaqosis Ze. sparsTa desantis winaaRmdeg kunZul fsi-
aristidesi iyo kaliasis naTesavi, daax- taliaze. am operaciis warmatebiT dasrule-
loebuli iyo klisTenesTan. aristidesma bam didi roli Seasrula berZenTa saboloo
cxovreba siRaribeSi gaatara da sikvdilis gamarjvebaSi. Semdgom igi exmareboda Te
Semdeg ojaxi usaxsrod datova. aristidesis mistokless, romelic aTenis aRSenebasa da
adreuli moRvaweobis Sesaxeb araferi vic- pirevsTan qalaqis grZeli kedlebiT daka-
iT. maraTonis brZolis dros (Zv. w. 490/89 w.) vSirebas warmarTavda. Zv. w. 478 w-s aris-
igi iyo berZenTa jaris erT-erTi stratego- tidesi xelmZRvanelobda aTenelTa sazRvao
si. miltiadesis Semdeg aristidesi yvelaze Zalas mokavSireebis samxedro eqspedicia-
didi gavleniT sargeblobda. igi mxars uWer- Si. igi yovelmxriv cdilobda, rom lakede-
da brZolis warmoebis Sesaxeb miltiadesis monelTaTvis hegemonia gamoecala xelidan.
mosazrebas. Zv. w. 489/88 ww-Si aristidesi ar- misi SemweobiT, mcireazieli da kunZuleli
qoni iyo. wyaroebi mogviTxroben aristide- berZnebi gamoeyvnen spartel mokavSireebs.
sisa da Temistoklesis qiSpobisa da mtro- aristidesis uSualo meTaurobiT daarsda
bis Sesaxeb. ar SeiZleba dazustebiT iTqvas, delosis axali kavSiri, romelic, faqto-
es mtroba pirovnul xasiaTs atarebda, Tu brivad, aTenis imperias warmoadgenda (Zv.
maTi dapirispireba maTi gansxvavebuli w. 477 w.). aristidesma misTvis damaxasiaTe-
ideologiur interesTa Sejaxebidan momdi- beli obieqturobiT daadgina am kavSiris
nareobda. zogierTi mecnieri aristidess e. TiToeuli wevris gadasaxadis odenoba.
w. `saxmeleTo partiis~ (partiisa, romelic misi sikvdilis Sesaxeb ramdenime versia
omis taqtikis gamomuSavebisas agraruli arsebobs. erTi versiis mixedviT, aris-
fenis interess gamoxatavda) meTaurad mi- tidesi pontoSi gardaicvala, meores mixed-
iCnevs da mas Temistokless _ `sazRvao par- viT _ aTenSi (daaxl. Zv. w. 467 w-s), mesame ki
tiis~ winamZRols upirispirebs. sxvebi amt- mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor gaaZeves aristide-
kiceben, rom aristidesi aristokratiuli si xelmeored sikvdilis win ioniaSi.
saxelmwifo wyobis momxre iyo. aristeon Tavisi samarTlianobiT, samSoblosad-
keoselis gadmocemiT ki, Temistoklesa da mi Tavdadebuli da uangaro samsaxuriT,
aristidesis mtrobis mizezi is iyo, rom diplomatiuri da samxedro niWierebiT
orives usazRvro vnebiT uyvarda keoseli aristidesma didi saxeli da avtoriteti
Wabuki stesileosi. antikuri tradicia xaz moipova. ase axasiaTebs mis moRvaweobas
gasmiT upirispirebs erTmaneTs maT xasi plutarqosi: `platoni aTenis didad gamo-
aTsac. plutarqosis mixedviT, àristidesi Cenil da saxelovan pirTagan mxolod aris-
xasiaTiT iyo mtkice, samarTliani saqmisaT- tidess acxadebs moxseniebis Rirs vaJkacad.
vis Tavdadebuli da sicrues, oinbazobasa Temistoklesma, kimonma da periklem qalaqi
da TaRliTobas xumrobiTac ki ver itanda~ svetebiT, fuliT da sxva fuWi ramerumeebiT
(plutarqosi, aristidesi). Zv. w. 482 w-s aris- gaavses, aristidesi ki Tavisi gamgeblobiT
tidesi ostrakismosiT gaaZeves aTenidan. zneobrivi srulyofilebisaken warmarTav-
farTodaa cnobili gadmocema, Tu rogor da mas~ (plutarqosi, aristidesi, 25).
uyara kenWi erT-erTma glexma aristidesis
gaZevebas mxolod imitom, rom mobezrda aristokratia (ajristokrativa) _ `saukeTesoTa
imis mosmena, aristidesi samarTlianiao. Zalaufleba~. Tavdapirvelad saukeTesoTa
aristidesis pirovnebas kargad axasiaTebs Zalaufleba keTilSobilTa mmarTvelo-
fraza, romelic mas aTenis datovebis Jams bas warmoadgenda. Tu ramden xans iarseba
warmouTqvams: `dae, nu daudgebaT aTene- aristokratiulma samefo karma, ar aris
lebs iseTi mZime Jami, romelic aiZulebs cnobili. homerosi warmogvidgens mefis
maT, aristidesi gaixsenon~ (plutarqosi, avtoritets da mis sapirwoned saxalxo
112
krebis mniSvnelovanebas gvixatavs, romelic dasaxelebuli sami arqonis Tanamdeboba
keTilSobil ojaxTa meTaurebiT iyo moq- aTwliani gaxda, Zv. w. 683 w-dan ki mxolod
ceuli sazRvrebSi. keTilSobilebi polisis erTwliani. amasTan, medontidTa uflebe-
_ qalaq-saxelmwifos mmarTvel fenas war- bic mTlianad iqna gauqmebuli. amis Semdeg
moadgendnen. isini iyvnen miwaTmflobelni, cota xanSi eqvsi TesmoTetesis damatebiT
hyavdaT saqoneli, umTavresad cxovrobdnen arqonTa ricxvi cxramde gaizarda. arqonis
qalaqebSi da gamoirCeodnen TavianTi war- Tanamdeboba, romelsac xalxi irCevda, sax-
moSobiT, simdidriT da, agreTve pirovnu- elmwifos mTavari moxelis Tanamdebobas
li simamaciTa da siqveliT. maT Seqmnes mxe- warmoadgenda. cxra arqonTagan yvelaze
darTa (iJppeι'") fena, romlebic erTmaneTTan mTavari arqon eponimosi iyo, radgan misi
keTilSobilebis dauwereli kanonebiT, to- movaleobaTa sfero yvelaze farTo speqtrs
mis Zveli socialuri da religiuri erTo- moicavda. Zv. w. VII da VI ss-Si, pisistrato-
bebiT, ZmobiT da ojaxebiT iyvnen dakavSire- sis tiraniis damyarebamde, politikuri br-
bulni (ix. file, genosi). nobiliteti qalaqs Zolebi umTavresad am Tanamdebobebis ir-
sabWos meSveobiT marTavda, magram Zv. w. VIII gvliv warimarTeboda. pisistratosma daad-
s-Si samxedro taqtika Seicvala da mxedrebi gina, rom arqonis posti erT-erT misians an
mZimed SeiaraRebulma qveiTma danayofebma mis memkvidres unda sWeroda. savaraudod,
(hoplitebma) Caanacvles. Semdgomi ekonomi- arqonebis wilis yriT daniSvnis meTodi
kuri ganviTarebis Sedegad simdidris axa- Zv. w. 487 w-s SemoiRes. Tavdapirvelad maT
li wyaroebi warmoiqmna, romlebic keTil- 500-Ta buledan irCevdnen, Semdeg ki gadar-
SobilebTan erTad sxva fenebis mierac iyo Ceuli asi magistratisagan. am periodidan
gamoyenebuli. am pirobebSi aristokratiam moyolebuli maTi politikuri mniSvneloba
nel-nela icvala saxe da nobilitetis poli- dasasruls miuaxlovda. Tu Zv. w. 487 w-mde
tikuri gavlenis dones araaristokratebmac arqonebi soloni, hipiasi, Temistoklesi
miaRwies. savaraudod, aranobilitetis war- da aristidesi iyvnen, Zv. w. 487 w-s Semdeg
momadgenelTaTvis SesaZlebeli gaxda mci- arc erT gavlenian politikur moRvawes es
re erTobebSi, gansakuTrebiT fratriebSi Tanamdeboba ar sWeria.
Sesvla, anda axali erTobebi iqna dafuZne cxra arqoni da TesmoTetesTa mdivani _
bulni imave uflebebiT. aristokratia iqca TiToeuli TiTo filedan airCeoda. arqo-
oligarqiad, Tumca nobilitetis moraluri nis Tanamdebobis dakaveba ori umaRlesi
Rirebulebebi da politikuri meTauroba qonebrivi cenzis mqone moqalaqeTa klasi-
kidev karga xnis manZilze iyo politikuri dan iyo SesaZlebeli. Zv. w. 457 w-s arqonoba
sazogadoebis warmmarTveli. mogvianebiT ZevgitTa fenisTvisac dauSves.
aristokratia filosofiis politikuri da msaxurebis vadis amowurvisa da evTines
moraluri ideali gaxda rogorc saukeTeso gavlis Semdeg arqonebi areopagis wevrebi
da yvelaze brZen adamianTa mmarTveloba. xdebodnen, rac arqonis Tanamdebobis mniS-
vnelobas sagrZnoblad zrdida.
arqoni/arqonti (a[rcwn) _ saxelmwifos umaR- sxva sajaro samsaxurebis msgavsad, arqonis
lesi Tanamdebobis piri. arqonebs vxvdebiT Tanamdeboba farTo speqtris sasamarTlo
centraluri saberZneTis umetes saxelmwi- da aRmasrulebel movaleobebs moicavda.
foebSi, aTenSi da im berZnul polisebSi, adreul periodSi cxra arqoni sasamarTlo
romlebic aTenis gavlenis qveS imyofebod- saqmeebs Tavidan bolomde Tavad ganixi-
nen. lavda (gamonaklisi sicocxlis xelyofasa
Tavdapirvelad aTenSi sami arqoni iyo _ da samoqalaqo uflebebTan dakavSirebuli
arqon basilevsi, arqon polemarqosi da saqmeebi iyo). gaurkvevelia, Tu ra saxis
arqon eponimosi. medontidTa samefo gvari urTierToba arsebobda arqonebsa da heli-
polemarqosisa da arqon eponimosis Tanam- aias Soris Zv. w. VI s-Si. ganviTarebuli de-
debobaTa SemoRebis Semdegac (eseni um- mokratiis pirobebSi arqonebs evalebodaT,
Tavresad arCeviTi Tanamdebobebi iyo) mem- gadaewyvitaT, SeiZleboda Tu ara saerTod
kvidreobis wesiT basilevsis Tanamdebobas esa Tu is saqme sasamarTlosTvis waredgi-
mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi inarCuneb- naT da Tu SeiZleboda, gaerkviaT konkre-
da. mogvianebiT, daaxl. Zv. w. 750 wlisTvis tulad romel sasamarTlos unda ganexila
113
igi. maT aseve evalebodaT mtkicebulebaTa polemarqosi Tavis movaleobas erTi wlis
Sekreba da procesze Tavmjdomaris funqci- manZilze asrulebda. misi saxelwodeba cxad
is aRsruleba (ix. dikasterioni). yofs, rom polemarqosis Tavdapirveli mova-
leoba jaris mTavarsardloba iyo. polemar-
arqon/arqont basilevsi (a[rcwn basileuv") _ qosis Tanamdeboba umTavresad imitom Seiqm-
arqon basilevss garkveul religiur mova- na, rom mefisaTvis jaris mTavarsardloba
leobaTa aRsruleba ekisreboda. amavdrou- CamoerTmiaT. polemarqosi kalimaqosi
lad igi areopagis sasamarTlos Tavmj- maraTonis brZolisas aTenelTa winamZRo-
domarec gaxldaT. kerZod, mas ekisreboda li unda yofiliyo (Tumca herodotes gad-
pasuxismgebloba leneebis da misteriebis mocema (herodote, VI) aris bundovani da
Catarebaze, da, sazogadod, evaleboda ad sxvadasxvanairad interpretirebuli). mas
rindel mefeTa religiur movaleobaTa aR- Semdeg, rac Zv. w. 487/6 w-dan moyolebuli ama
sruleba. mis kompetenciaSi aseve Sedioda am Tu im piris arqon polemarqosad daniSvna
dResaswaulebis mimdinareobis dros war- wilis yriT daiwyes, jaris mTavarsardloba
moqmnil davaTa sasamarTlo ganxilvebis strategosebs gadasces, gamomdinare iqidan,
zedamxedveloba. arqon basilevsi ganixi- rom yvela polemarqosad daniSnuli adamia
lavda aseve im braldebebs, romlebic ara- ni kompetenturi samxedro xelmZRvaneli ver
RvTismoSiSobasa da mkvlelobasTan dakav iqneboda (ix. arCevnebi kenWisyriT).
SirebiT iyvnen wamoyenebulni (mkvlelo- polemarqosis sxva funqciebi umTavre
basTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi mas exeboda sad religiur da samarTlebriv sfero
imdenad, ramdenadac naTesauri sisxlis ebs moicavda. igi warmarTavda msxverpl
damRvrels ganwmendamde wminda adgilebSi Sewirvis calkeul ritualebs da xelmZR-
yofna ekrZaleboda) (ix. arqoni). vanelobda omSi moklulTa samgloviaro
procesias. mas aramoqalaqeTa sasamarT-
arqon/arqont eponimosi (a[rcwn ejpwvnumo") _ lo saqmeebi exeboda: erTi jgufis saqmeTa
cxra arqonTagan mTavari. aTenSi weliwadi ganxilvis dros igi sasamarTlo procesze
saxels arqon eponimosis saxelis mixedviT pasuxismgebeli magistrati iyo, sxva saqmeTa
iRebda. Zv. w. 683 w-dan moyolebuli eponimos SemTxvevaSi mas arbitraJsa da TavdebasTan
arqonTa sia mudmivad dgeboda, Tumca ter- dakavSirebuli funqciebi ekisreboda.
mini èponimosi~ romis imperiis epoqamde
oficialurad ar gvxvdeba. igi saxelmwifos arCevnebi kenWisyriT (klhvrwsi") _ kenWisyriT
mTavari magistrati iyo Zv. w. 487 w-mde da arCevnebi berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi
SemdgomSic rCeboda saxelmwifos nomina momsaxureTa daniSvnis meTodi iyo, mas gan-
lur meTaurad. arqon eponimosoba samoqa- sakuTrebiT demokratiul xelisuflebaSi
laqo Tanamdeboba gaxldaT da umTavresad vxvdebiT. is Tanasworobis ideas efuZne-
sakuTrebis dacvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. boda da gareSe zegavlenebis ricxvs amci-
Tanamdebobis dakavebis win arqon eponimo- rebda. aTenis garda kenWisyriT arCevnebis
si debda fics, rom wlis bolos TiToeuls Sesaxeb mcireodeni cnobebia moRweuli.
is sakuTreba eqneboda, romelic wlis da- gaurkvevelia am meTodis SemoRebis TariRi.
sawyisSi hqonda rac imas niSnavda, rom mas gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom igi, SesaZloa,
unda uzrunveleyo moqalaqeTa dacva ro- solonis dros ukve iyo praqtikaSi. Zv. w.
gorc uwesrigobis, ise maT mimarT ganxor- 487/6 w-dan arqonebs am Tanamdebobaze nomi-
cielebuli ukanono qmedebebisgan. arqonis nirebuli kandidatebidan (provkritoi) kenWis
movaleobaSi Sedioda memkvidreobasTan da- yriT arCevis Semdeg niSnavdnen. Semdeg es
kavSirebuli sakiTxebi da ojaxis dacva (gan- ormag kenWisyrad iqca. kenWisyriT arCevis
sakuTrebiT oblebisa da epiklerosebis). Semdeg arqonis Tanamdebobam saxelmwifo
arqon eponimosi zedamxedvelobas uwevda politikuri winamZRolobis mniSvneloba
calkeul religiur dResaswaulebsac, um- dakarga. Tumca yvela Cveulebrivi magis-
Tavresad qalaqis dionisiebs (ix. arqoni). trati mcireodeni gamonaklisebis garda,
Tanamdebobebze am wesiT iyvnen daniSnulni.
arqon/arqont polemarqosi (a[rcwn polev- es meTodi bules wevrebsa da dikastesebze
marco") _ erT-erTi cxra arqonTagan. arqon (Zalze rTuli proceduriT) vrceldeboda.
114
amasTanave kenWisyra politikuri da so- ciisgan gansxvavebiT, astinomoss danaSau-
cialuri cxovrebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis lis gamoZieba ar evaleboda. aseve didad ar
gadawyvetis saSualeba iyo. kenWisyra da xe- exeboda mas danaSaulebSi braldebulis Tu
laxali arCevis akrZalva, an yovel SemTx- gasamarTlebuli borotmoqmedis dapatim-
vevaSi mkacri SezRudva, Tanamdebobis piris reba Tu dasja.
rotaciis (monacvleobis) SesaZleblobas
qmnida, riTac saarCevno bataliebs Tavidan atimia (ajtimiva) _ sityvasityviT `pativis da-
icilebdnen. metic, moxeleebis SezRuduli kargva~. samoqalaqo uflebebis sruli an
uflebamosileba saxalxo krebis uzenaeso- nawilobrivi dakargva berZnul qalaqebSi.
bis garantias warmoadgenda. kenWisyriT Tavdapirvelad atimia, rogorc Cans, kanon-
arCevnebi berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi gareSe yofnas, uflebaTa totalur dakarg-
SesaZlebeli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac TiTq- vas niSnavda imdenad, rom moqalaqes SeeZ
mis yvela moqalaqes gaaCnda politikuri ga- lo moekla àtimosi~ da es ar iqneboda
mocdilebis minimumi. amasTan, esa Tu is piri sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli. Semdgom,
arCeuli ver iqneboda, Tu igi sakuTari Ta- klasikur epoqamde, atimiis moqmedebis
vis warmodgenas ver uzrunvelyofda. teqni- veli daviwrovda da is aRniSnavda mxolod
kuri, gansakuTrebiT finansuri da samxedro pirovnebis samoqalaqo uflebebis srul an
sferos mosamsaxureni Tanamdebobebze xmis nawilobriv dakargvas. atimia SeiZleboda
micemiT arCevnebis Sedegad iyvnen daniS- yofiliyo samudamo an droebiTi, magali-
nulni. mcirericxovan kritikosTa garda, Tad, saxelmwifosTvis gadauxdeli valis
romelTa ricxvSi sokrate Sedioda, kenWis SemTxvevaSi, rac avtomaturad Sewydeboda,
yris principi davis sagnad ar gamxdara. es Tuki piri vals gadaixdida. yvela uflebis
namdvilad demokratiuli polisis aucile- samudamo warTmeva iyo sasjeli Semdegi
beli da fundamenturi elementi iyo. danaSaulebisaTvis: RalatisTvis, magistra-
tis mosyidvisaTvis, mtris winaSe SiSis
asasi _ (arab. asas _ daraji, moTvalTvale) gamovlenisaTvis, sasamarTloSi crumow-
sapolicio funqciebis aRmasrulebeli moxe meobisaTvis (samjer mxilebis Semdgom) da
le feodalur saqarTveloSi. igi Tvalyurs agreTve moqalaqeobis kanonis zogierTi
adevnebda qalaqSi wesrigs, `patrulirebda~ darRvevisaTvis. calkeul uflebaTa samuda-
RamiT da momxdari danaSaulisa Tu borot- mo warTmeva xdeboda: 1) Tu pirma Semoitana
moqmedebis Sesaxeb atyobinebda qalaqis grafe da a) Semdeg waago igi; b) ver SeZlo
mouravs, romlis uSualo daqvemdebareba- sasamarTloze (ix. dikasterioni) xmebis 1/5-
Sic Sedioda. mouravi da qalaqis moxeleebi is Segroveba; 2) Tu pirovneba grafe para
asasebisa da maTi ufrosebis _ asasbaSebis nomonSi samjer iqneboda mxilebuli; 3)
saSualebiT axorcielebdnen TavianT funq- garkveuli moraluri xasiaTis danaSaulis
cia-movaleobas. SemTxvevaSi.
sruli atimiis subieqts ar SeeZlo sajaro
asasi (afx. _ stumari) _ afxaz glexTa kate adgilebSi gamoCena, sajaro cxovrebaSi
goria, romelic Seesabameboda qarTvel monawileobis miReba, sasamarTloSi misv-
xizans, `mindobils~. garda amisa, afxazeTSi la. Tu igi romelime am SezRudvas daarRvev-
asasebs uwodebdnen feodaluri klasis im da, igi eqvemdebareboda apagoges, SeeZloT
warmomadgenlebsac, romlebic sxva feoda- misi mokvlac. Tumca is inarCunebda Tavis
lis miwa-wyalze saxldebodnen da misi qve- kerZo uflebebs, rogorc moqalaqe: misi
Sevrdomni xdebodnen. mokvla moiazreboda mkvlelobad; is ar
iyo gaZevebuli; is agrZelebda sakuTrebis
astinomosi (ajstunovmo") _ sityvasityviT ìs, flobas. nawilobrivi atimiis subieqti kar-
vinc aregulirebs qalaqis saqmeebs~. astino- gavda an konkretul uflebas/uflebebs, anda
mosi iyo sajaro moxele, romelsac zoga- SemZleobas gamoeyenebina Tavisi ufleba
dad zedamxedvelobis movaleoba hqonda konkretul situaciaSi: ase magaliTad, kar-
dakisrebuli. astinomosis movaleobebi, gavda SemZleobas ganexorcielebina samar-
garkveulwilad, dRevandeli policiis fun- Tlebrivi devnis garkveuli saxeobani (ix.
qciebs SeiZleba davukavSiroT, Tumca poli- moqalaqeoba, berZnuli).
115
aqsonebi (ajxovne") _ xis firfitebi, romleb bavSvTa migdebis Sesaxeb, Znelia ganvsazRv-
zec kanonebi iyo Cawerili. es firfitebi roT, Tu ramdenad xSiri iyo bavSvis migdeba
vertikaluri RerZis irgvliv trialebda. realur cxovrebaSi. maRali riskis jgufs
aqsonebi aTenis pritaneumSi idga. maT miekuTvnebodnen gonji gogonebi, ukanono
ze Cawerili iyo solonisa da drakonis bavSvebi da monaTa naSierni. savaraudod,
kanonebi. TiToeul aqsons _ anu firfitas, gogonebs ar aZlevdnen sakvebs, iyvnen ra
romelzedac kanoni iyo dawerili, Tavisi isini biWebze nakleb `popularulebi~. Cven
ricxvi hqonda. Sesabamisad, kanonebs aqso- ar viciT, Tu ramdenad iwvevda es sagrZnob
nis ricxvis mixedviT imowmebdnen. aqsonebs disbalanss sqesTa Soris, rogorc amas
Tavdapirvelad xisagan amzadebdnen, Tumca calkeuli mecnieri amtkicebs.
maTi aslebi qvis filebzec iyo gamoqvey- monis msgavsad, biWi marginalur figuras
nebuli. ar viciT, Tu ramdenad ewodeboda warmoadgenda, magram monisagan gansxvave-
kvirbebi qvis filebs. qiosze aRmoCenili biT misi marginaloba mxolod droebiTi
qvis filis fragmenti cxadyofs, rom msgav- iyo. gogonebi ki kiriosis _ mamakaci meur-
si moZravi filebi aTenis garda sxvaganac vis zedamxedvelobis qveS maSinac rCebod-
gamoiyeneboda. nen, rodesac zrdasrul asaks miaRwevdnen.
aTenSi specialuri ceremoniali _ amfidro-
àxali adamiani~ (homo novus _ axali, aqam mia bavSvis gaCenidan, savaraudod, mexuTe
de ucnobi adamiani) _ Tavdapirvelad ro- dRes imarTeboda da bavSvis ojaxSi Sesv-
mauli nobilitetis wreSi damcinavi saxeli las gvauwyebda. amis Semdgom, cota xanSi,
mxedrebis wridan an plebsidan gamosuli biWebi sagvareulo gaerTianebaSi iyvnen
yoveli adamianis, romelmac Tavisi gvari- registrirebulni, romlebsac fratriebis
dan pirvelma piradi RirsebebiT miaRwia saxeliT vicnobT. biWebi da gogonebi 6
umaRles Tanamdebobas (konsulobas an ma wlamde TavianTi cxovrebis umetes nawils
gistratobas da Sesabamisad mmarTvel fe- qalTa nawilSi _ ginekeumSi atarebdnen. am
namde amaRlda). mogvianebiT nebismieri wi- asakSi biWebi spartaSi tovebdnen ojaxs da
namaswara (metiCara). yvelaze cnobili àxa- saxalxo saganmanaTleblo sistemis _ ago-
li adamiani~ ciceroni iyo. ges wevrebi xdebodnen, romlis mizani kar-
gad disciplinirebuli jaris Seqmna iyo.
aja _ Zvel saqarTveloSi xelisuflisadmi berZnul samyaroSi iniciaciis sxvadasxva
mimarTuli Txovna samarTlis an raime wya- rituali mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis bavSvobis
lobis misaRebad. samarTlis mTxovnelis damTavrebas aRniSnavda.
ajas anu saCivars (gviand. arza) ganixilav- Znelia, dazustebiT iTqvas, arsebobda Tu
da saTanado xelisufali an sasamarTlo ara saberZneTSi pubertetuli ritualebi
dawesebuleba (erT dros saajo kari). ajis gogonebisTvisac. Tumca gamoTqmulia mosaz-
Sedegad wyalobis miReba sagangebo miniS- reba, rom arqtea aTenSi swored aseT ini-
nebiT aisaxeboda sabuTSi (mag., `...mamulis ciacias warmoadgenda.
wignsa gveajeniT, vismineT aja da moxseneba mecnierTa varaudiT, Svilis yolis mZlavri
Tqueni... SegiwyaleT da giboZeT...~). wyalo- survili (es Cans rogorc literaturaSi,
bis sigelis im nawils, sadac Txovnis mokle ise imaSic, rom xSiri iyo adofcia _ Svilad
Sinaarsi iyo gadmocemuli, haja-moxseneba ayvana) nawilobriv realobis pragmatu-
ewodeboda. li gacnobierebis Sedegi iyo. asakSi mSo-
belTa didi raodenoba sarCenad Svilze
iyo damokidebuli. berZenTa SemTxvevaSi
b mSoblisadmi Svilis movaleoba legaluri
moTxovnis saxes iRebda _ Svili valdebuli
bavSvebi (pai'de") _ saberZneTSi umTavresad iyo moxuci mSoblebi erCina. aseTi kanoni
mama wyvetda, aRezarda Tu ara bavSvi. gamo romaul samyaroSi ax. w. II s-mde ar arse-
naklisi iyo sparta, sadac tomTa uxucesebs bobda.
evalebodaT, ganecxadebinaT, rom bavSvi aRz- ZiZa da pedagogi (an bavSvze mzrunveli),
rdisaTvis gamosadegi iyo. miuxedavad imisa, orive mona, bavSvis aRzrdisas mniSvnelovani
rom antikuri mwerlebi xSirad gviyvebian figurebi iyvnen. rameTu asakobrivi sxvaoba
116
mamasa da Svils Soris daaxloebiT 30 weli arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas bevri bazris
iyo, bavSvTa umetesoba meurvis zedamxed- kvali iqna aRmoCenili aTenSi, miletSi,
velobis qveS izrdeboda. berZnebi da ro- romsa da pompeiSi.
maelebi Tvlidnen, rom inteleqti asako-
brivi kategoria iyo da, aqedan gamomdinare, banze Sextoma, xevsureTi _ Serigeba qalis
imisken ixrebodnen, rom bavSvi inteleqtua- motacebisTvis. Serigebis gareSe motacebu-
lurad dabal safexurze mdgomad mieCniaT. li qalis colad moyvana ar SeiZleboda.
bavSvebi religiaSi mniSvnelovan rols um- qalis mamisTvis Zalian didi sircxvili iyo
Tavresad TavianTi ritualuri siwmindis banze Sextoma. Sextomis neba hqondaT mota-
gamo TamaSobdnen, mRerodnen qoroSi da cebuli qalis Zmas, biZaSvilebsa da mis me-
qurumebadac ki msaxurobdnen. gansakuTrebu- zoblebs. banze Semxtarni momtaceblis sax-
lad wmindad am SemTxvevaSi is bavSvi iTv- ls ar moeSvebodnen, sanam damnaSave qalis
leboda, romlis orive mSobelic jer kidev ojaxs ar Seurigdeboda. am SerigebisTvis
cocxali iyo da amdenad igi mkvdrebTan kon- damnaSave saklavs klavda, samCareqian qvab-
taqtiT ar iyo Sebilwuli. sa da ori-sami wlis kurats uZRvnida banze
antikur samyaroSi bavSvis Cveneuli war- msxdomareT. mxolod amis Semdeg Camoxte-
modgena TiTqmis mTlianad efuZneba ufrosi bodnen banidan `Semxtarni~. Tu damnaSavis
Taobis iseTi aratipuri warmomadgenlebis saxloba banze Semxtarebs ar Seurigdeboda,
mosazrebebs, rogorebic iyvnen platoni (sa- qalis ojaxs ufleba hqonda, motacebuli
varaudod uSvilo) da aristotele. ase mag- Tan waeyvana. Tu qali mainc darCeboda saku-
aliTad, platonis `kanonebSi~ TamaSis kon- Tari nebiT, igi moikveTeboda saxlidan da
cefcias didi yuradReba eTmoba. platoni mamis ojaxs erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ver ga-
Tvlida, rom TamaSi pirovnebis Camoyali- ekareboda. es saqme bolos mainc ar mTavr-
bebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. deboda Seurigeblad. gamtacebels saklavi
berZnul TamaSobaTa Sesaxeb cnobebi umetes- unda daekla, nadimi gaemarTa, kacebi mieg-
ad mogviano leqsikografiuli wyaroebi- zavna qalis ojaxisTvis da Serigeboda. zo-
dan momdinareobs. berZnul xelovnebaSi gjer banze Sextomis gareSec gvardeboda
bavSvebis asaxva Zv. w. V s-is dasasrulidan saqme. roca motacebuli qalis naTesavebi da
iwyeba. mezoblebi banze Sesaxtomad mieSurebodnen,
gzaSive egebebodnen gamtaceblis naTesavebi
bazari _ ara marto savaWro garigebebis saklaviT da Serigebas sTxovdnen. saklavi
adgili, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gzaze ikvleboda, magram mas banze Sesaxto-
centric iyo. bazris moedani antikuri qa- mad wasulebi ar Wamdnen, isini saxlSi brun-
laqis centrSi mdebareobda. homerosis debodnen. meore an mesame dRes saqmros Zmas
epoqis Ria, daugegmavad gaSenebul berZnul an sxva axlo naTesavs motacebuli qali ma-
agoraze religiuri kultmsaxureba, saxal mis saxlSi mihyavda, saklavs klavdnen da
xo krebebi da sasamarTlo imarTeboda. rigdebodnen. qali mamis ojaxSi rCeboda
Zv. w. V s-dan bazari TandaTanobiT (pirve- qorwilamde.
lad mcire aziis qalaqebSi) propileebiani
kolonadiT garSemortymuli simetriuli baJi _ saxelmwifo fuladi mosakrebeli,
moedani gaxda. riTac ibegreba Semotanili, gatanili da
mTavari quCebis gadakveTaze mdebare ro- tranzituli saqoneli, qoneba da sxvadasxva
mauli forumic, elinisturi qalaqebis Rirebuli nivTi. qarTul wyaroebSi termi-
sabazro moednebis msgavsad, taZrebiT, ni baJi pirvelad XI s-Si ixsenieba giorgi
sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebiT, II-is sigelSi SiomRvimis monastrisadmi. sa-
SadrevnebiT, oratorebis tribunebiT, qan- xarebis qarTul TargmanebSi baJs ewodebo-
dakebebiTa da portikebiT Semkuli moedani da zueri (zveri). XI-XIV ss-Si saqarTveloSi
iyo. adridanve (amas jer kidev aristotele gaZlierda saSinao da gansakuTrebiT saga-
moiTxovda) cdilobdnen saxalxo krebebis reo vaWroba siriasTan, egviptesTan, bizan-
Catarebisa da produqtebis gasayidi saba- tiasTan, ruseTTan, indoeTTan da a. S. saba-
zro moednebi (e.w. romauli makelumi) erT- Jo saqmes sagangebo moxele _ burta, xolo
maneTisagan gaemijnaT. ufro gvian meWurWleTuxucesi ganagebda.
117
begara _ mkvidri glexis mier miwis Weras- ver moxerxda, magram Seicvala gadasaxadis
Tan dakavSirebuli gamosaRebi rogorc na- gadaxdis sqema. gaTavisuflebis fuli fisku-
turaluri, ise fuladi. amasTan igi SromiT sidan unda Semosuliyo.
valdebulebasac gulisxmobda. sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi begara gansxvavebuli iyo, radgan
beneficiumi (beneficium) _ gansakuTrebuli
sxvadasxva kuTxes Tavisi komlobrivi gada-
samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic icavda kano-
saxadi hqonda. zogierTi begara sapatiod
nis simkacrisagan adamianTa garkveul kate-
iTvleboda _ mefis samsaxuri, laSqrobaSi
gorias. gvianklasikur xanaSi es iyo aseve
xleba da a. S., zogi begara _ Cveulebrivad
specialuri SeRavaTi, romelsac aZlevda
_ xvna, Tesva, venaxSi muSaoba, rasac SromiT
imperatori konkretul pirovnebas an pi-
begaras uwodebdnen da arsebobda damamci-
rovnebaTa jgufs, provinciebs gansakuTre-
rebelic, magaliTad, zurgiT tvirTis zidva.
buli damsaxurebebisaTvis.
sapatio naturaluri begara iyo ZRveni da
1) beneficium abstinendi – (ius abstitendi) – uf-
samaspinZlo. naturaluri begara batonis
leba uari Tqva memkvidreobaze. am ufle-
sasargeblod ganisazRvreboda. SeRavaTia-
biT aRWurvili iyo pirdapiri da uSualo
ni begara ekisreboda privilegirebul gle-
memkvidre (heres suus) da arasrulwlovani.
xebs, zogjer Rarib _ `SeuZlo~ glexebsac.
gansxvaveba maT Soris imaSi mdgomareobda,
qveynis sasaqonlo-fulad urTierTobaTa
rom am SeRavaTiT srulwlovans arasrul-
ganviTarebis Sesabamisad xdeboda fuladi
wlovanisagan gansxvavebiT mxolod im Sem-
begaris zrda.
TxvevaSi hqonda sargeblobis ufleba, Tu
ar CaerTveboda memkvidreobis saqmis war-
beneficiariusi (miles) – jariskaci, rome- moebaSi.
lic Tavis gamoCenisaTvis jildod iRebda 2) beneficium aetatis – (venia aetatis) _ asakobri-
vacatio munerum castrensium _ misi gagzavna vi SeRavaTi.
SeiZleboda mxolod brZolaSi da ara jar- 3) beneficium competentiae _ movalis ufleba,
Si meorexarisxovani samuSaos Sesasruleb- pasuxismgebeli iyos mxolod im qonebiT,
lad (momarageba, Cveulebrivi patrulireba romelic gaaCnia. misi pirovneba xelux-
da a. S.). keisarma Seqmna maTgan specialuri lebeli unda darCes sxvadasxva Seura-
razmi sakuTari mcvelebisa, aZlevda maT cxyofisagan da Tavisufali unda iyos sxva
jildoebs da isini sxvebTan SedarebiT sasjelisagan. II s-dan kanoni valis amoRebis
privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen. sa- Sesaxeb ufro lmobieri gaxda, iustinianusis
bolood es iqca centurionebis gamdidrebis droidan ki movales utovebdnen aucilebel
wyarod. isini saSinlad eqceodnen jariska- saxsars arsebobisaTvis. beneficium competen-
cebs iqamde, sanam jarSi momsaxure ar iyid- tiae-s iRebdnen naTesavebi aRmavali xaziT
da beneficiumis uflebas (es iyo commeatus daRmavali xazis naTesavebis winaaRmdeg,
_ Svebuleba jariskacisaTvis, raTa ojaxu- meuRleebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg, jaris-
ri saqmeebi moegvarebina an Tundac daes- kacebi nebismieri kreditoris winaaRmdeg.
vena da vacatio _ gaTavisufleba damatebiTi 4) beneficium inventarii _ es iyo iustinianusis
datvirTvisagan jarSi). visac fuli hqonda, mier Semotanili siaxle, romelic Taname-
beneficiumis uflebas fuliT yidulobda, drove kodeqsSic gadavida da gulisxmobs
sxvebi ki sxvadasxva saSualebiT axerxebd- memkvidris dacvas im memkvidreobis winaSe,
nen amas (qurdoba, yaCaRoba an Tavisufali romelic damZimebuli iyo valebiT. Tu mem-
jariskacis RirsebisaTvis Seuracxmyofeli kvidre 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi (aTvla iwyeba im
davalebebis Sesruleba). aman sagrZnoblad dRidan, rodesac is Sedis memkvidreobaSi)
Seasusta disciplina jarSi. zogjer bene- mTel qonebas aRwers notariusis da 3 mow-
ficiariusebi jaris saerTo raodenobis mis TandaswrebiT, maSin igi pasuxismgebeli
meoTxeds Seadgendnen, isini gadaCveulni rCeba movalis winaSe mxolod im qonebis
iyvnen mZime Sromas, xSirad winaaRmdegobas farglebSi, romelic gadaeca. Tu memkvi-
uwevdnen centurions da ar asrulebdnen mis dre Segnebulad damalavs memkvidreobis
brZanebebs. amis gamo dRis wesrigSi dadga nawils, mas amisTvis moeTxoveba damaluli
beneficiumis gauqmeba, Tumca es bolomde qonebis gaormagebuli safasuri.
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boseli, bosloba, xevsureTi _ patara sad- xevsurs naboslari qali mxolod imitom mi-
guri, sadac qali dedaTa wesis da mSobiaro- aCnda uwmindurad, rom ase ubrZanebda xati.
bis dros calke cxovrobda. qali soflis ga-
reT, specialurad mowyobil fanCaturSi an bule (bouvlh) _ berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoeb-
sanexveze mSobiarobda da mxolod sami dRis Si bule Tavdapirvelad keTilSobilTa sab-
Semdeg eZleoda ufleba boselSi Sesvlisa. Wos aRniSnavda. maT mefe rCevis misaRebad
boseli saxlidan moSorebiT mdebareobda. iwvevda; mogvianebiT bule warmoadgenda
`naboslari~ qali uwmindurad iTvleboda, specialurad daniSnul sabWos, romelsac
Sesabamisad, uwminduri iyo boselic. bo- moqalaqeTa saxeliT saxelmwifos yovel-
selSi myof qals kaci ver miekareboda, xa- dRiuri saqmeebis warmarTva unda etvirTa.
tis kaci ki Soridanac erideboda mas. mSo- misi kompetenciis xarisxi saxalxo krebis
biare qals ori kviris ganmavlobaSi arc kompetenturobis tolfasi iyo. oligarqi-
kaci da arc qali xmas ar scemda, dekanozi ki ul reJimTa dros bules zogjer, SesaZloa,
erT Tvesac ar elaparakeboda. zogjer qali saxalxo krebisagan damoukidebladac emo-
boselSi 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi rCeboda. qmeda _ ase magaliTad, igi uflebamosili
sasmel-saWmels boslis banidan awvdidnen, iyo saxalxo kreba survilisamebr moewvia.
aravin ar unda Sesuliyo boselSi. sakuTar demokratiuli xelisuflebis pirobebSi
Svilebsac ekrZalebodaT dedasTan misvla, bule saxalxo krebisadmi daqvemdebarebul
masTan mxolod Cvili bavSvi iyo. Tumca organos warmoadgenda. oligarqTa mmarTv-
boslis banze iaraRasxmuli xevsuri idga elobisas bules wevrebs, savaraudod, an xmis
eSmakisgan bavSvis dasacavad, radgan misi micemiT irCevdnen (moqalaqeTa SezRuduli
azriT, eSmaki emtereboda axaldabadebuls. wridan) an maT es Tanamdeboba memkvidreo-
rac naboslar qals Tan hqonda, yvelaferi biT hqondaT miRebuli. bules wevrebad isini
uwminduri iyo. amitom boslobis Semdeg, an ramdenime wlis manZilze, an mTeli sicocx-
roca qali brundeboda saxlSi, unda gan- lis ganmavlobaSi msaxurobdnen. demokra-
baniliyo, tanisamosi gaerecxa da sami-oTxi tiuli reJimebis pirobebSi ki bules wevri
dRe gafenili hqonoda, mxolod mere SeeZ- moqalaqe ZiriTadad kenWisyriT arCevnebis
lo Caecva. aucilebeli iyo akvnis gawmenda Sedegad xdeboda. maTi samsaxureobrivi vada
da garecxvac. erTi wliT Semoifargleboda. bule ama Tu im
ara marto naboslari, misi ojaxic ki uw- saxiT yoveli konstituciuri wyobis (monar-
mindurad iTvleboda. mSobiarobis dros qia, oligarqia Tu demokratia) aucilebeli
mTeli saxleuloba xatSi ver midioda. am Semadgeneli nawili iyo.
uwmindurobis mosacileblad aucilebeli solonis saTaTbiro (bule) klisTenesis
iyo ganaTvla, rac xatis kacis movaleobaSi saTaTbirom Secvala, romelmac garkveu-
Sedioda. mSobiarobidan ori kviris Semdeg li saxecvlilebebiT romauli periodis
saklavi unda daeklaT saxlis banze, saxli ki dasasrulamde iarseba. klisTenesis bule
sisxliT unda epkurebinaT, rasac sanaTlos 500 wevrisagan Sedgeboda. mas klisTene-
uwodebdnen. ojaxSi dabrunebis dros qalis sis mier Seqmnili aTi filedan irCevdnen,
sakuTrebidan meored unda dakluliyo sak- TiToeuli filedan bules 50 wevrs. wyaro
lavi. sisxls jamSi agrovebdnen da Semdeg ebSi klisTenesis saTaTbiro moixsenieba
asxurebdnen boZebsa da kedlebs. mxolod ubralod hJ boulhv-d, calkeul SemTxvevebSi
amis Semdeg gainaTleboda saxli, da qals ki areopagisagan gasarCevad naxsenebia ro-
ufleba eZleoda ojaxSi dabrunebisa. gorc hJ boulh; oiJ pentakovsioi. Zv. w. 307/6 w-is
dedaTa wesis dros qalebi boselSi erT Semdgom bules wevrTa ricxvi axali files
kviras rCebodnen. mSobiareebisgan gansxva Seqmnisa Tu arsebulis gauqmebis Sesabam-
vebiT, maT elaparakebodnen, mxolod de isad icvleboda. bules wevrebi erTi wliT
kanozebi da xatis kacebi ar scemdnen xmas. iyvnen arCeulni _ meore vadiT msaxureba
am dros qalebi muSaobdnen kidec da ufle- mxolod garkveuli Sualedis Semdgom iyo
ba hqondaT saojaxo saqmezec gasuliyvnen, SesaZlebeli. saTaTbiros wevri ocdaaT
mxolod sxvebisgan moSorebiT. magram xa- wels gadacilebuli nebismieri moqalaqe
tis mamulSi ver Sevidodnen da verc saxato SeiZleboda gamxdariyo, maT Soris Tetebis
saqmes gaakeTebdnen. fenidanac (yovel SemTxvevaSi Zv. w. V s-is
119
dasasrulidan mainc). maT demosebidan Ser- krebaze wardgenamde ucxoeli elCebis mi
Ceuli nominantebisagan (provkritoi) kenWisy- Reba; xelSekrulebaTa monaxazebis gakeTeba;
riT irCevdnen. kenWisyriT SerCeul pirs axal triremTa agebasa da flotis Senaxvaze
dokimasia unda gaevlo. perikles droidan meTvalyureoba; mravalricxovani iyo bules
moyolebuli bules wevrebs gasamrjelos finansuri movaleobanic: poletesebisa da
uxdidnen. Zv. w. IV s-is bolosTvis maTi ga apodeqtesebis meSveobiT igi zedamxedvelob-
samrjelo dRiurad 5 obols Seadgenda. da saxelmwifo sakuTrebidan gadasaxadebis
sabWo yoveldRiurad ikribeboda. gamonak akrefis saxelmwifo kontraqtebis gamo-
lisi dResaswaulebi da e. w. ùbeduri dRee- cemas, aseve meTvalyureobas uwevda kont-
bi~ gaxldaT. mis saqmianobas warmarTavda raqtorebisagan saxelmwifo wliuri Semo-
50 wevrisagan _ pritanisebisagan Semdgari savlis miRebas. Zv. w. V s-Si amas emateboda
komiteti, romelic garkveuli periodis delosis ligis wevrebisagan forosis (ga-
Semdeg axali wevrebisagan Semdgari meore dasaxadis) miRebaze kontroli. bule aseve
komitetiT icvleboda. erTi komiteti bules Tvalyurs adevnebda sataZro saganZure-
saqmianobas wlis 1/10-is manZilze uZRvebo- bidan sesxis aRebasa da dabrunebas, wlis
da. es periodi pritanead iwodeboda. Zv. w. V bolos xazinadarTa ama Tu im kolegiidan
s-Si pritanisebi TavianTi rigebidan yovel- misi Semcvleli jgufisaTvis Tanxis gadace-
dRiurad irCevdnen Tavmjdomares, ro- mas. masve evaleboda, gaekontrolebina ma
melic saxalxo krebasac Tavmjdomareobda, gistratebis mier warmodgenili angariSebi
Tuki saxalxo kreba im dRes iyo mowveuli. maTTvis Cabarebuli saxelmwifo saxsrebis
Semdgom xanebSi Tavmjdomares proedrose- gankargvis Sesaxeb (ix. evTine, logistebi).
bidan irCevdnen, romlebic imavdroulad xuTasis sabWo Tvalyurs adevnebda sazoga-
bules wevrebic iyvnen. sabWos Tavdapirve- doebrivi Senobebisa da sakurTxevlebis
lad erTi, mogvianebiT ki ramdenime mdivani agebas, sajaro dResaswaulTa Catarebas da
hyavda. rigiT moqalaqeebs da magistratTa a. S. bules samosamarTlo kompetenciebSi
umravlesobas sabWosTan urTierToba mx- Sedioda dokimasiaTa sxvadasxva saxeoba, ei-
olod pritanisebis meSveobiT SeeZloT. sangelias braldebiT aRZrul saqmeTa gan
amiT sabWo garegani Tu Sinagani zemoq- xilva da sxv. areopagisagan bules gadaeca
medebisagan daculi xdeboda. am wesidan uflebamosileba gamoeZia Tanamdebobis
gamonakliss strategosebi warmoadgendnen, pirTa ukanono qmedebani. zogierT SemTx-
rameTu maT ufleba hqondaT daswrebodnen vevaSi bules xelewifeboda daepatimrebina
bules Sexvedrebs da mosazrebebi wamoey- sasamarTlos molodinSi myofi damnaSaved
enebinaT. saTaTbiro, Cveulebriv, bulevte- miCneuli piri, moqalaqeebisaTvis daekisre-
rionSi ikribeboda. Sekrebebs sajaro xasi- bina 500 draqmis jarimis gadaxdis valdeb-
aTi hqonda, Tumca isini saidumloc SeiZle- uleba. ufro mkacri sasjelis SemTxvevaSi
ba yofiliyo, Tuki saTaTbiro ase miiCnevda mas saqme gansaxilvelad saxalxo krebis an
saWirod. dikasterionisaTvis unda gadaeca.
bules kompetenciis sferoSi saTaTbiro, amgvarad, bule demokratiuli saxelmwifo
administraciuli da samosamarTlo saqmi- mmarTvelobis centraluri organo gaxldaT.
anoba Sedioda. saxalxo krebaze gamosatani politikis formirebasa da mis gatarebaSi
nebismieri sakiTxi winaswar buleSi unda bules daxmarebis gareSe saxalxo kreba ver
yofiliyo ganxiluli, rasac winaswari dad- ifunqcionirebda, rogorc umaRlesi saxe
genilebis _ probouvleuma-s Sedgena mosdevda. lisuflebo organo ase efeqturad da brZnu-
mxolod saxalxo krebaze sajaro ganxilvis lad. is, rom aseTi farTo uflebamosilebis
Semdeg xdeboda probulevma fsefisma (dad- miuxedavad bule ar warmoadgenda saxelm-
genileba) (ix. saxalxo kreba). wifos, ganpirobebuli iyo: a) misi wevrebis
bule magistratTa sxvadasxva kolegiis yovelwliuri SecvliT; b) saxalxo krebis
saqmianobas zedamxedvelobda da am kole- uflebamosilebiT Seesworebina an uareyo
giaTa saqmianobis koordinacias awarmoe- saTaTbiros mier wardgenili probulevma
bda, riTac mTel administraciul siste- (winaswari dadgenileba). amasTan, mosaxle-
mas aerTianebda. mas movaleobaTa farTo obis udidesi umravlesoba bules wevrad
speqtri ekisreboda, maT Soris, saxalxo cxovrebis romelime etapze msaxurobda,
120
gamomdinare iqidan, rom esa Tu is moqalaqe boda da swrafad unda moTavebuliyo. rac
bules wevri mxolod orjer SeiZleboda ar unda mZime saqme yofiliyo, 2-3 dReze
yofiliyo. meti ar grZeldeboda. bWobis dros bWeebi
Zv. w. 411 w-is oligarqiuli gadatriale- wils yridnen, romel mxaresac ergeboda
biT, klisTenesis bule droebiT 400-Ta sab- wili, moCivarsa Tu mopasuxes, pirvelad is
Wom Secvala. aseve Seqmnes TavianTi sabWo laparakobda. rogorc ki daasrulebda sit
ocdaaTma tiranma. maTi sabWo 500 wevrisa- yvas, Tavad bWeni acilebdnen, raTa moda
gan Sedgeboda da maTi moqmedeba revolu- vesTan Sexvedra da SuRli aecilebinaT
ciuri tribunalis moqmedebas Camohgavda. Tavidan. amis Semdeg meore mxare iwyebda
ocdaaTi tiranis reJimis gadagdebisa da laparaks. sabWo samarTalma dapirispireba
demokratiis aRdgenis Semdeg bule isev ar icoda. Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi aucile-
asrulebda mniSvnelovan rols kanonebis beli iyo es dapirispireba. amisTvis bWeni
gadaxedva-SesworebaSi. modaves iwvevdnen mas Semdeg, rac erTi mxa
re laparaks daamTavrebda da yvelafers
bWe, xevsureTi _ saxalxo marTlmsajule- dasabuTebulad warmoadgenda.
ba, xalxis zne-Cveulebebze aRmocenebuli sabWo samarTali sityvieri samarTali iyo
da masze damyarebuli. xevsuri yvela dada werilobiT sabuTs ar iTxovda.
vas, adaTs, saCivars, mZime danaSaulsac ki zogierTi saqmis gadasawyvetad saWiro iyo
bWobiT awesrigebda da iSviaTad mimarTav- mowme, romlis zneobis gansazRvra da meT-
da mTavrobis sasamarTlos. xevsuris az- valyureoba bWeebis movaleobas Seadgenda.
riT, marTlmsajuleba uzenaesi Zalaa, bWe ki bWeTa funqciebSi Sedioda mamulze davis
RvTiuri madliT aRsavse, rCeuli kacia. bWe sakiTxic. droSiT daficebis dros bWeebis
aucileblad Zalian Wkviani unda yofiliyo daswreba aucilebeli iyo (ix. fici, mTa).
da xalxis Cveulebis mcodne. TiToeuli Temi mamulis davis dros moCivarsa da mopasux-
Tavis bWes irCevda. erT Tems SeeZlo meore es cxra-cxra cxvari unda mieca TiToeuli
Temidan moewvia bWeebi. magram arc moCi- bWisTvis (cxvari eqvsi abazia), mowmesac
varsa da arc mopasuxes ar hqondaT neba, Ta- `fexis qalamani~ ergeboda, dReSi abazi.
vad aerCiaT isini, maT Suamavalni irCevd roca sadavo mamuli patara iyo, bWes erT
nen. bWeebis ricxvi saqmis viTarebaze iyo cxvars aZlevdnen, mowmeebs ki _ arafers.
damokidebuli. Tu mZime saqme iyo, aTidan rodesac braldebuls gadasaxadi daekisre-
TxuTmetamde bWe iyo saWiro, roca msubuqi boda, misi gadaxdis vadebs bWeebi adgendnen
saqme irCeoda, magaliTad, qurdoba, valis (ix. mZevali, xevsureTi). keWnaobis dros
gadaxda, diacis saxelis SebRalva da sxva, daWrilis sikvdilis saqmesac bWeebi ga-
maSin samidan eqvsamde bWec sakmarisi iyo. nixilavdnen. es saqme bevr bWes moiTxovda.
maTi ricxvis gansazRvrac Suamavlebis saqme Tavad saqme ki damnaSavis daficebiT unda
iyo. Tumca moCivarsa da mopasuxes ufleba gadawyvetiliyo (ix. fici, mTa). es fici erT-
hqondaT, naklebi xarjis gasaRebad bWee- droulad Serigebasac warmoadgenda.
bis ricxvi SeemcirebinaT. bWeebs da Suamav-
lebs orive mxare kargad unda gamaspinZle-
boda. garda am xarjisa, sasisxlo saqmeSi g
TiToeul bWes sabWo gadasaxadi eZleoda
_ erT Zroxaze oTxi abazi, cxvarze _ erTi gaiusi (Gaius) (ax. w. 117/138-180/192 ww.) _ kla-
abazi. am gadasaxadSi Suamavlebsac hqondaT sikuri periodis cnobili iuristi; sruli
wili. mZime saqme, magaliTad, mkvleloba, 80 saxeli da dabadebis zusti TariRi cnobili
Zroxad iyo Sefasebuli. ar aris, savaraudoa, rom igi iyo maswavlebe-
bWoba aucileblad Sua adgilas imarTeboda, li, mwerali da arcTu mniSvnelovani mkvle
roca modaveni sxvadasxva soflidan iyvnen, vari, magram werda naTlad da gasagebad.
sabWo adgili am or sofels Sua iyo, Zi gaiusis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba imiT
riTadad WalaSi, wylis pirze an mTis wver- aixsneba, rom TiTqmis ucvlelad SemogvrCa
ze. xolo Tanasoflelebs xatSi asamarT samarTlis safuZvlebis saxelmZRvanelo
lebdnen. TviT sofelSi da soflis axlos (Institutiones _ Zv. w. 161 w.), romelic gaiusma,
bWoba ar SeiZleboda. bWoba RamiT imarTe- SesaZloa, araerTgzis gadaamuSava, magram
121
bolomde ver miiyvana da amitom misma rome- iT. avgustusis kanonmdeblobam daadgina am
liRac mowafem gamoaqveyna. damwyebTaTvis dros Svidi mowmis winaSe sazeimo ganacxa-
advilad aRsaqmel naSroms samarTlis sko- dis gakeTeba, Tumca, savaraudod, es im kerZo
lebSi iyenebdnen da saukuneebis manZilze SemTxvevebs exeboda, rodesac ganqorwineba
leqciebis safuZvlad gamoiyeneboda. (repudium) colis RalatiT iyo gamowveuli.
es Txzuleba Seicavda romis samoqalaqo gayrisas damnaSave mxaris dadgena maSin
samarTlis mecnierulad ganawilebul mimo iyo aucilebeli, Tu ganqorwinebis dadge-
xilvas, saxeldobr, pirvel wignSi – oja nilebaSi finansuri jarima moiazreboda
xuri urTierTobis swavlebas, meore da (moRalate colisTvis an meuRlisTvis, ro-
mesame wignebSi – swavlebas qonebaze, me melic wamoiwyebda gayras). rasakvirvelia,
oTxeSi – davebs. garkveuli finansuri gaurkvevloba iqmne-
gaiusma saswavlo miznebisaTvis aseve dawe boda mziTvis ukan dabrunebasTan dakavSire-
ra elementaruli saxelmZRvanelo _ `yo biT, iseve rogorc erToblivi cxovrebis
veldRiuri (Cveulebrivi) saqmeebi~ (Res cot- dros Seqmnili qonebis daxarisxebasTan
tidianae an Aurora) da sxva Txzulebebi. mimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, safiqre-
belia, rom SedarebiT Rarib moqalaqeTa
ganqorwineba, saberZneTi (ajpoleivyi") – kla- fenebSi mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen saqorwino
sikuri epoqis aTenSi ganqorwineba colisa SeTanxmebebs. am ekonomikur fenaSi Znelad
da qmris erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebiT Tu vipoviT ganqorwinebis damadasturebel
cxovrebas gulisxmobda da legaluri pro- mowmobas. Tumca maRali wris ojaxebSi le-
cedura aq naklebad iyo mniSvnelovani. galuri gaurkvevloba, iseve rogorc didi
ganqorwineba klasikur aTenSi sirTules ar valebi gayrisaTvis Semaferxebel garemoe-
warmoadgenda. col-qmari erTmaneTs scil- bas ar warmoadgenda. qmris ZalauflebaSi
deboda ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT, qmris inici- gadasvlis gareSe qorwinebaTa (sine manu)
ativiT, anda colisa da misi ojaxis survi finansuri aspeqtebi mdidrul ojaxebSi
liT. yvelaze sayuradReboa, rom gayra ber-
cxadyofs, rom mxareebi momzadebulni iyvnen
Znebs samarcxvino movlenad ar miaCndaT. Se-
qorwinebis Sesawyvetad.
sabamisad, igi arc qals da arc kacs Cirqs ar
adreuli respublikis periodSi ganqor-
scxebda. rodesac gayras qmari wamoiwyebda,
wineba friad iSviaTi movlena iyo. qmris
mas ubralod moeTxoveboda, rom coli
ZalauflebaSi gadamsvleli qorwinebis (in
saxlidan gaeSva. Tu gayra qals surda, mas
manu) dros saWiro iyo manus-is Sewyveta,
ganqorwinebis registracia arqonTan unda
moexdina. qali am dros kiriosis meSveobiT rac xdeboda an qalis meurvesTan (ix. tute-
moqmedebda. qalis mamas hqonda ufleba qa la) mansipaciiT, an Tuki es qorwineba con-
liSvilis ganqorwineba maSinac moeTxova, farreatio in manu-s warmoadgenda, misi sapi
Tu misi qaliSvili amis winaaRmdegi iyo. rispiro proceduris _ diffareatio-s Catare-
aTenSi gayris iniciatorad qali iSviaTad biT (ix. conventio in manum).
gvevlineba. Zv. w. I saukunisTvis gayra romSi Cveulebri-
gayris Semdeg Svilebi mamis ojaxSi rCebod- vi movlena gaxda, romlis erTaderT Sema-
nen. berZnebi gaSorebuli qalis xelaxal kavebel garemoebas mziTvis dabrunebasTan
gaTxovebas savsebiT bunebrivad aRiqvamdnen. dakavSirebuli regulaciebi warmoadgenda.
ormxrivi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi gayrisas
ganqorwineba, romi (divortium) _ romauli jarimis gadaxda ar xdeboda manam, vidre
qorwinebis Sewyveta erT-erTi an orive iustinianusma ar akrZala gayra, Tumca es
mxaris Tavisufali nebidan gamomdinare iyo akrZalvac misi sikvdilidan xuTi wlis Sem-
SesaZlebeli. aqac, iseve rogorc qorwinebis deg gauqmebul iqna.
SemTxvevaSi, saWiro iyo ganzraxvis raRac gayris SemTxvevaSi Svilebi mamis ojaxSi
saxiT naTelyofa, Tumca ar iyo saWiro rCebodnen (ix. mziTvi, romi).
qorwinebis Sewyvetis mtkiceba. calmxrivi
ganqorwinebis (repudium) dros mxareebi ganqorwineba, saqarTvelo _ uZveles peri-
erTmaneTTan Suamavlis meSveobiT urTier- odSi, rodesac syidviT qorwinebas hqonda
Tobdnen, mogvianebiT ki _ werilobiTi sax- adgili, saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sx-
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vagan, ganqorwineba mamakacis nebaze iyo winebis kanonieri safuZveli iyo saqorwino
damokidebuli, romelic survilis SemTx- TanacxovrebisTvis uvargisoba anu impoten-
vevaSi cols eyreboda. cia; erT-erTi meuRlis mier meoris mowam-
ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb cnobebi qarTul wya vliT mokvlis mcdeloba da aseve zneobis
roebSi qristianobis periodidan gvaqvs. damrRvevi danaSaulebi, e. w. sodomuri cod-
saqarTveloSi ganqorwinebis wesebi da vebi. arc qalis da arc kacis uSviloba vax-
safuZvlebi qristianuli religiis normebis tang VI-is kodeqsiT ganqorwinebis safuZve-
Sesabamisi iyo da am normebiT regulirde li ar aris. vaxtang VI-is kanonmdeblobidan
boda. qristianoba ganqorwinebas erTgvar aSkarad Cans, rom ganqorwinebis iniciativa
anomaliad Tvlida da yovelgvar zomebs ekuTvnis mamakacs. dedakacs ganqorwinebis
atarebda mis winaaRmdeg. Tumca iyo SemTx- sakiTxis dasmis uflebac ki ar hqonda.
vevebi, rodesac ojaxis SenarCuneba arc sa ganqorwinebas adgili aqvs colis motacebis
xelmwifos da arc eklesias ar SeeZlo. gan- SemTxvevaSi. `wagvra~, motaceba SeiZleba
qorwinebis erT-erTi safuZveli iyo colis momxdariyo colis TanxmobiT, an misi Tanx-
mruSoba, romelic qmris Rirsebis damci- mobis gareSe. Tu ojaxi colis TanxmobiT
rebad, Seuracxyofad iyo miCneuli (ix. mru- ingreva, anu Tu igi Tavisi nebiT mihyveba
Soba). rac Seexeba mamakacis mruSobas, anu sxvas, maSin dazaralebul mxares (pirvel
adulters, saqarTveloSic, rogorc yvela qmars) axalma qmarma unda gadauxados axa-
patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi, moqmedebda li qmris gvaris ormagi sisxli da mas unda
ormagi morali. mamakacisTvis mruSobad daematos pirveli qmris sisxlis fasi. meore
iTvleboda da ganqorwinebis safuZveli SemTxvevaSi momtacebels pirveli qmrisT-
SeiZleba gamxdariyo mxolod gaTxovil vis ormagi sisxlis fasi unda gadaexada,
qalTan misi kavSiri. uqmro qalTan misi garda amisa, mixdomisa da Zalad wayvanisaT-
kavSiri ar iTvleboda mruSobad da cols vis kidev erTi mTeli sisxli (ix. qorwineba,
ar hqonda safuZveli masTan ganqorwinebi- saqarTvelo).
sa. qmars SeeZlo moRalate coli adgilze
moekla, Tu igi waaswrebda mas sxvasTan da gaficvis adaTi, fSavi _ ama Tu im TemSi ucxo
amisTvis igi ar isjeboda. piris miReba. amisTvis xizans saklavi unda
qarTuli adaTobrivi samarTlis mixedviT, mieyvana xatSi, sadac mas xevisberi aficebda
qmars ufleba hqonda mruSobaSi mxilebuli xatisa da Temis erTgulebaze. ficis miRebis
coli virze Seesva da ise gaegzavna mis mSob Semdeg igi xatis ymad da Temis srulufle-
lebTan. es umkacres Seuracxmyofel sasje- bian wevrad iTvleboda. am ficis gatexa Te-
lad iTvleboda. mis Ralats niSnavda da xizanze Temi Surs
qmars ufleba hqonda cols am ukanasknelis iZiebda.
avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi gayroda. amasTan,
kanoni ganasxvavebda, Tu rodis moxda qalis gaZeveba (exilium) _ samSoblos sakuTari
dasneuleba, qorwinebamde Tu qorwinebis nebiT mitoveba, romlis saSualebiTac ro-
Semdeg. Tu qali avad qorwinebamde iyo, maeli moqalaqe Tavs aridebda sikvdiliT
qmari mas Zalze iolad gaeyreboda. xolo dasjas an gasamarTlebas. gaZevebis Tanam-
Tu igi daavadda qorwinebis periodSi qmar- devi aucilebeli procedura iyo moqalaqe-
Tan yofnisas, maSin qmars unda daemtkice- obis CamorTmeva da qonebis konfiskacia.
bina, rom siZulviliT ar epyroboda mas da gaZevebas sxva mizezebis gamoc mimarTavdnen,
naxevari sisxlis fasic unda gadaexada co- magaliTad, didi valebis arsebobac SeiZle-
lis mxarisTvis. ba gamxdariyo amis mizezi. gviani respub-
mecnierebi qarTul samarTalSi ganqor- likis xanaSi sikvdiliT dasjaSi gaZevebac
winebis safuZvlad qorwinebamde orsulo- igulisxmeboda, amitom gaZevebam sasjelis
basac miiCneven, oRond es ar vrceldeboda forma miiRo. mogvianebiT samarTalwar-
im qvriv an naqmarev qalebze, romlebic erT moebaSi gaZevebis mniSvneloba icvleba. igi
welze naklebi xnis ganmavlobaSi xelaxla Sordeba sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCens: Se-
iyvnen gaTxovilni, da aseve im SemTxvevebze, sabamisad, gaZeveba SeiZleba yofiliyo ara
rodesac qmarma icoda colis orsulobis mudmivi, aramed droebiTi xasiaTis, ris
Sesaxeb, an TviTon daaorsula igi. ganqor- Sedegadac Cndeba mokveTis xarisxebi.
123
geliusi avlusi (Avlus Gelius) _ servius sul- yvanad, romlebic arsebuli wevrebis Svile-
picius rufusis mowafe, misi warmoSobis bi unda yofiliyvnen. gvarSi miReba, rogorc
Sesaxeb cnobebi ar SemogvrCa (ax. w. II s-is II Cans, fratriaSi miRebasac gulisxmobda. uar-
nax.), magram ganaTlebuli Cans. mis Txzule- is gaprotesteba sasamarTloSi SeeZloT. ge-
baSi àtikuri Rameebi~ (Noctes Atticae libri netesebi, iseve rogorc fraterebi, suggenei'"
XX – varaudoben, rom atikuri grZeli za- da demotesebi (ix. demosi) sasamarTloSi
mTris Rameebis dros daiwyo wera) Sesulia mowmeebad iyvnen xolme moxmobilni.
amonaridebi berZeni da romaeli mwerlebis aTenuri aristokratiuli gvarebi, savarau-
Txzulebebidan, Tanamedrove mecnierebTan dod, postmikenur periodSi unda Camoyali-
saubrebis mokle SeniSvnebi enaze, siZveleeb bebuliyvnen. solonis epoqamde isini, faq-
ze, sityvierebis istoriaze; Txzuleba samar- tobrivad, warmarTavdnen sazogadoebriv
Tlis sferodan mdidar masalasa da bevr cxovrebas. maTi prerogativa iyo arqonoba
mniSvnelovan citatasac Seicavs. (ix. evpatridebi). calkeul gvarebs hqondaT
qurumobis privilegiebic. solonma gvarebs
genosi (gevno") _ gvari. pirTa jgufi, romle- waarTva ufleba, rom mxolod maT daekavebi-
bic acxadebdnen, rom mamrobiTi xaziT erTi naT esa Tu is Tanamdeboba. samoqalaqo or-
winaprisgan momdinareobdnen. ufro mcire ganizmis reorganizaciis klisTenesiseulma
erTeuli, vidre fratria. Tavis mxriv, geno- reformebma evpatridTa politikuri gavle-
si Sedgeboda ojaxebisagan. mis wevrebs erq- na kidev ufro Seamcira (ix. demosi, file).
vaT genetesebi _ gennh'tai an patriw'tai. keTil- Tumca maTi privilegia, daekavebinaT quru-
SobilTa gvarebi, Cveulebriv, Tavs RvTae- mis Tanamdeboba xelSeuxebeli darCa. maTi
brivi winapris STamomavlebad acxadebdnen wridan kvlav gamodiodnen politikuri li-
da saxeldeba patronimuli formiT hqon- derebi.
daT. aseTi gvarebi yvela berZnul qalaqSi miuxedavad imisa, rom gvarTa erTi nawi-
arsebobda. fratriebis msgavsad, genosebi li omebis Sedegad moispo, keTilSobilTa
winaprebis kultmsaxurebas aRasrulebdnen. gvarebi aTenuri cxovrebis gamokveTil
aTenSi keTilSobili genosebi evpatridebi maxasiaTeblad darCnen da bevrad ufro met
iyvnen. daaxloebiT 60 aseTi genosia cno- xans iarsebes, vidre fratriebma. zogierT
bili. maT umravlesobas patronimuli sax- gvars ax. w. III s‑Sic ki vxvdebiT.
elebi aqvT. dabali fenebi genosebSi ar
unda yofiliyvnen gaerTianebulni. is ada- gerusia (gerousiva) _ uxucesTa sabWo sparta-
mianebi, romlebsac solonma da klisTe- Si. igi 28 geronisa da 2 mefisagan Sedgebo-
nesma moqalaqeoba misces, albaT ukve arse- da. geronebi 60 w-s gadacilebuli mamakace-
buli gvaris wevrebi ver gaxdebodnen. maT, bi iyvnen, romelTac moxucebulobis gamo
savaraudod, arc axal gvarebs Seuqmnidnen. samxedro samsaxuri aRar SeeZloT. isini
yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis Taobaze araviTari aristokratuli ojaxebis SezRuduli wri-
gadmocema ar dasturdeba. zogi moqalaqe ge- dan iyvnen warmodgenilni. iseve, rogorc
netesi ar iyo. Zv. w. IV s‑is oratorebi cxad eforosebs, maTac xmauriani Tanxmobis Se-
yofen im faqts, rom maSin, rodesac yvela degad irCevdnen, rasac aristotele `raRac
moqalaqes hyavda fraterebi da naTesavebi bavSvur sistemas~ uwodebda (aristotele,
(suggenei'"), zogierTs genetesebi ar hyavda. politika, 2. 1271). gerusias, rogorc saTaT-
aqedan momdinareobs farTod gaziarebuli biro, ise sasamarTlo funqciebi hqonda _ is
mosazreba, rom aTenuri gvarebi mTlianad ganixilavda saxalxo politikis sakiTxebs
aristokratulni iyvnen Tavisi xasiaTiT. da amzadebda apelasTvis winadadebebs. mas
fratriebis msgavsad, gvarebs hqondaT Ta SeeZlo garkveul SemTxvevebSi ar gaeTva
vianTi mowyoba da hyavdaT arCeuli moxe liswinebina saxalxo krebis neba-survili.
leebi arqonis CaTvliT. eponimi winapris gerusia ismenda sikvdilTan, gaZevebasTan an
garda, isini Tayvans scemdnen apolon mami atimiasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs. mas hqon-
seuls da saxlis damcvel zevss, aTenelTa da mefeebis gansjis uflebac. im SemTxvevaSi,
titularul RvTaebebs. isini ikribebodnen rodesac eforosebi mis winaSe vinmes brals
weliwadSi erTxel moxeleTa asarCevad, sdebdnen, gerusia maT ganaCenis gamotanaSi
dekretTa misaRebad, axali wevrebis Sesa uerTdeboda. gamomdinare iqidan, rom geru
124
sia warmoadgenda aristokratiul elitas, gziri _ gviandel feodalur saqarTveloSi
romelsac drois sakmaod did monakveTSi adgilobrivi administraciis dabali mox-
cvlilebebi ar Sexebia, marto prestiJiT ele, soflis mamasaxlisis xelqveiTi. mis
mopovebuli misi gavlena aRemateboda yo- funqciebSi brZanebisa da gankargulebis ga-
velive imas, rasac mas konkretuli Zalau- dacema an gamocxadeba Sedioda. mas erTi ad-
fleba aZlevda. gilidan meore pirTan danabarebisa Tu in-
formaciis gadatana evaleboda. istoriuli
gvari (gens) _ sagvareulo kavSiri, pirvel wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom erisTavTeris
yofili (gvarovnuli) wyobis ZiriTadi Tavebsa da erisTavs moxeleebad hyavdaT
birTvis romamdeli varianti. Tavdapirve- cixisTavni, xelisufalni, mamasaxlisni da
lad isini dedis uflebis safuZvelze iyvnen gzirni. grigol qarTlis erisTavTerisTavs
organizebuli (matriarqati). Sromis dana Tavis SiomRvimis monastrisadmi mirTmeul
wilebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis warmoSobi- 1227-1230 w. Sewirulobis wignSi aRniSnuli
sas ganviTarda patriarqati. aqvs, rom begaris an sxva Sesawevaris, an ZR-
gvari Tavis warmoSobasa da saxels legen venis asakrefad da zogadad erisTavTeri-
daruli winaprisagan (pater gentis – gvaris sTavis brZanebis aRsasruleblad xelisu
mamisagan) iRebda. gvaris wevrebi iyvnen mxo falni, cixisTavni, msaxurni, mamasaxlisni
lod Tavisufali e.w. gentiles (imperiis epo- da gzirni yofilan ganCenilni; isini mas
qaSi ase uwodebdnen sasazRvro raionebis emorCilebodnen, rogorc TavianT ufross.
mcxovreblebs), romlebsac TiTqmis iseTive
mdgomareoba hqondaT, rogoric letebs _ giorgi V brwyinvale (ax. w. 1286-1346 ww.) _
laeti (ucxoelebi, romlebmac saxelmwifodan saqarTvelos mefe 1314-1346 ww-Si, demetre II
dasamuSaveblad miiRes miwa da amiT saxelm- Tavdadebulis Ze.
wifoze damokidebulni gaxdnen) da agnatebs aRizarda samcxeSi, misi papis (dedis mxare)
_ agnati (namati, mamis mxridan naTesavi). gen- beqa I jayelis (mandaturTuxucesi) karze.
tilebidan TiToeul calkeul pirs gvaris 1299 w-s yazan-yaenma mcirewlovani gior-
mimarT Semdegi uflebebi hqonda: gaWirve- gi sakuTari Zmis daviT VIII-is winaaRmdeg
baSi daxmarebis, Tanadgomisa da qomagobis; brZolaSi Caaba _ mefed daniSna, magram
hqonda saerTo miwis samflobelo, saerTo misi uflebebi Tbiliss ar scildeboda
saxeli, gvaris wevrobis memkvidreobiT da amitom `Tbilisis mefes~ uwodebdnen.
miRebis ufleba, dakrZalvis saerTo adgili giorgi V-s samemkvidrod ekonomikurad
da sakulto wes-Cveuleba. dasustebuli, politikurad ki wlebis man-
Tavis mxriv gvarsac calkeuli piris mimarT Zilze monRolTa Semosevebisagan daSlili
hqonda valdebuleba. calkeuli piri Tavisi qveyana ergo.
gvaris interesebis gamo sakuTar uflebebSi giorgi V-m qveynis gaerTianeba daisaxa miz
SezRuduli iyo. ase mag., gvari dazRveuli nad. igi Wkviani politikosi iyo. giorgi V-m
iyo Tavisi wevris qonebis dakargvisagan sayaenoSi daimegobra monRoli didebuli
da amitom araviTari anderZi, Sviloba ar Coba noini, romelic sayaenoSi, faqtobrivad,
SeiZleboda gvaris Tanxmobis gareSe. aseve pirveli kaci iyo. 1318 w-s Coba noinis sur-
gvars hqonda ufleba Tavisi wevris qone- viliT giorgi V-s dauqvemdebares sxva mefe
baze, Tu igi ar datovebda anderZs an ar mTavrebi. is mefe gaxda (1318-1346 ww.).
hyavda uaxloesi naTesavi. gvaris dekreti saSinao politika:
calkeuli wevrisaTvis kanoni iyo. qveyanaSi Zalze did problemebs qmnidnen
gvaris urTierToba saxelmwifosTan mxo Camosaxlebuli osebi, saqarTvelos mefeebs
lod patriciul gvars exeboda. saxelmwi- maTTan brZola ar SeeZloT, osebs zurgs
fos Seqmnisas igi mxolod gvarebisagan (gen- monRolebi umagrebdnen. giorgi V-m maT wi-
tes) Sedgeboda da mxolod imas hqonda moqa- naaRmdeg brZola daiwyo, aiRo gori da ga
laqeobis ufleba (xmis ufleba komiciebSi damTielebi saqarTvelodan gaaZeva (1320 w.).
da a. S.), vinc romelime gvars ekuTvnoda. ufro metic, saqarTvelos mefis xelisufle-
servius tuliusma Secvala es wesi da roba Crdiloel osebzec gavrcelda.
maelTa samoqalaqo da samxedro cxovrebis 1327 w-s yaen abu-saidis brZanebiT mokles
safuZvlad cenzi daawesa. Cobanoini, ris Sedegadac sayaenoSi daiwyo
125
Sida omebi, monRolTa batonobam formalu giorgi V-m gaatara finansuri reforma. mon-
ri xasiaTi miiRo. Roluri fuladi erTeuli, `yazanuri TeTri~
1329 w-s giorgim isargebla quTaisis sasaxlis Secvala axali, sakuTari vercxlis monetiT
karze atexili areulobiT, saswrafod jariT – `giorgauli TeTriT~ (ix. qarTuli TeTri).
gadavida da dasavleT saqarTvelo – imereTi, sagareo politika:
guria, samegrelo, afxazeTi – yovelive nikof- saSinao problemebis mogvarebis Semdeg
siamde, kvlav tfilisis taxts daumorCila. giorgi V-m aqtiuri sagareo politika
mas ukan, mesxeTic Semoimtkica (1334 w.). dasav- warmarTa. saqarTvelos mefes intensiuri
leT saqarTvelos mefe Sorapnis erisTavad urTierToba hqonda egviptis sulTanTan.
daniSna, dasavleT saqarTvelo erTiani mefis 1316-1317 ww-is elCobiT egviptis sasulT-
xelisuflebas daeqvemdebara. noSi molaparakebis Semdeg saqarTvelos
samcxis SemoerTebisas giorgi TviTon Cavi daubrunda jvris monastri. giorgi V-m ara
da samcxeSi da samcxis mTavrad yvaryvare I marto meCeTadqceuli jvris monastris
daniSna, uboZa mas aTabagoba da CamoarT- dabruneba da qarTvelebisaTvis `kliteni
va erTgulebis fici. mefem kaxeTSi civis ierusalimisanis~ gadacema moaxerxa, ara
mTaze Sekriba hereTisa da somxiTis urCi med moipova ufleba, ierusalimSi mxolod
erisTavebi, romlebsac zurgs monRolebi qarTvelebs evloT cxenze amxedrebulebs
umagrebdnen da daundoblad gausworda maT. erovnuli droSebis frialiT.
amrigad, saqarTvelos mTlianoba aRudgina saqarTvelos mefes aqtiuri urTierTobebi
da Sesabamisad samcxeze saqarTvelos mefis hqonda romis pap ioane XXII-Tan. giorgi
gavlena gaavrcela. V-s urTierTobebi hqonda safrangeTis mefe
1335 w-s giorgi V-m monRolebs xarki Seuw filipe VI valuasTan, romelsac wminda mi-
yvita, maTi damsjeli razmic advilad uku- wis dasaxsnelad 30 000-iani armiiT daxmare-
agdo da uReltexilebi Caketa, imave wels bas hpirdeboda.
mefe giorgi V-m saqarTvelos moaSora asw- saqarTvelo aqtiurad Caeria trapizonis im-
lovani monRol-TaTruli uReli. periis saqmeebSi. giorgi V-m scada qarTvel-
giorgi V-m aRadgina saxelmwifos marTvis Ta gavlenis aRdgena trapizonis samefoSi.
tradiciuli wesebi da tradiciuli sameur- saqarTvelos axal mters – osmal-Turqebs
neo dargebi. Seegeba giorgi klarjeTis sazRvarTan, See-
giorgi aSenebda da aRadgenda nangrev-nao ba, kvlavac brwyinvaled gaimarjva da gaaq-
xar qalaqebs, dabebs, soflebs, cixesimagre cia mteri. 1340-1341 ww-Si giorgim jarebi
ebs, eklesiebs, gzebs, arxebs da duqnebs. ga- Seiyvana pontoSi da iq, trapizonis sasax-
naaxla daqceuli taZrebi – dadabnis, fita- leSi Zveli, Tamaris droindeli qarTuli
reTis, wuRruRaSenis, kazreTis, dmanisis. xelisufleba aaRorZina. saqarTvelos eko-
XIV s-is 30-ian ww-Si giorgis iniciativiT nomikis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda savaWro
mowveuli iqna saeklesio kreba. monRolTa urTierTobebi veneciasTan da genuasTan.
batonobis Semdeg wesrigis damyareba ekl- memkvidreobad giorgi V-m miiRo daqceuli
esiaSic iyo saWiro. qveyana – ekonomikurad daZabunebuli, poli-
giorgi V-is iniciativiT Seiqmna samarT- tikurad daSlili, sulierad dakninebu
lis wigni `Zeglis deba~. es wigni gankuT- li. saqarTvelos samefos gaZlierebisa da
vnili iyo qarTveli mTielebisTvis. igi qveynis winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis STamoma-
awesrigebda mTielebis cxovrebas (giorgi vlobam giorgi V-s `brwyinvale~ uwoda. 24
V ebrZoda mTielTa Camowolas barSi). axa w-is gamefda, 32 weliwadi imefa, 1346 w-s 56
li mkacri kanonmdebloba – `Zeglis deba~ w-is aResrula. daikrZala gelaTs.
aRadgenda da ganamtkicebda tradiciul qa-
rTul samarTals, sjulsa da zneobas. giravnoba _ samoqalaqo samarTalSi val-
amave periodSi Seiqmna saxelmwifo samarT- debulebis uzrunvelyofis saxeoba, romlis
lis mniSvnelovani wigni `xelmwifis karis drosac movalis valdebulebis Seusruleb
garigeba Zeglis deba~ – qarTuli samefo- lobis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda dagiravebuli
samarTlebrivi konstitucia. masSi gansaz qonebis Rirebulebidan daukmayofilebeli
Rvruli iyo saxelmwifo karis etiketi, sxva moTxovnis ganaRdeba. qarTul samarTalSi
dasxva moxeleTa uflebebi da movaleobebi. `girao~ XVII s-dan Cans, Tumca kerZo sa-
126
kuTrebis arsebobasTan erTad es instituti vevaSi glexis ojaxis wevrebi àlsa mas Sina
bevrad adrindelia, romelic `windisa~ da siglaxakisasa SeTxeulni~ iyvnen. ivane ja
`windulobis~ saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. vaxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom Zvel qarTul wya
XIV s-Si ukve kanoniT iyo mowesrigebuli. roebSi xSirad `yma~ glexis nacvlad ixmare
boda da `glexi~ ymas niSnavda.
glaxaki _ sazogadoebis deklasirebuli mdabioTagan Tavisufalnic yofilan, ro-
fena feodalur saqarTveloSi. glaxaki an goric iyo serapion zarzmelis mama, Tumca
glexTa an aznaurTa rigebSi gadadioda. XI s-dan glexTa umravlesoba Tavisuflebas
glaxaki iyo Tavisufali piri, romelsac kargavda da àznauris ymad~ iqca. glexebi
dakarguli hqonda miwa da iZulebuli iyo ara marto aznaurebs hyavdaT ymebad, aramed
sxvisi miwa daemuSavebina. amasTan, misi pira mefesac da eklesiasac, Tumca aznauris yma
di Tavisufleba mudam safrTxis qveS idga. yvelaze dabla idga RirsebiT.
amitom bevri maTgani saerTod gamoeTiSa patronymuri damokidebuleba uflebrivad
feodalur urTierTobas da maTxovroba da qonebrivad sxvadasxvagvari iyo. ymebi
daiwyo. maTi ricxvi imdenad izrdeboda ba- saxeliTac gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisa-
tonymuri urTierTobis ganmtkicebis peri- gan: zogi iyo `Sewiruli~, zogi `nebieri~,
odSi, rom bagrat I kurapalatma jer kidev zogi kidev `siglosani~. maT garda, kidev
IX s-is bolos glaxakTa dasaxmarebeli, sa ymaTa sxva jgufebic arsebobda.
xelmwifo saqvelmoqmedo Tanxa `glaxakTa miwis patrons Tavis miwaze yma-glexis dasma
nawili~ daawesa. XII-XIII saukuneebSi mTeli maSin SeeZlo, rodesac mas Tavisufali, ukac-
saxelmwifo Semosavlis meaTedi `naaTali~ rieli miwa hqonda. glexis amgvar dasaxlebas
glaxakTaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. `miwasa zeda dasma~ an `dasaxleba~ ewodebo-
da. `Tu miwaÁ daukacrdebodes~, naTqvami aqvs
glexi _ wodebriobis yvelaze dabal safe kaxa erisTavTerisTavs 1258 wlis sigelSi,
xurze mdgomi piri feodalur saqarTvelo- amovardnili yma-glexis magier `sxuaÁ glexi
Si. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis gad- daismodes zeda~. vaxtang VI-is kanonebSi sa-
mocemiT: `glexTa, ixilemca, odes arabTa gangebodaa aRniSnuli, rom rodesac glexs
mefeni mohyuandes tyued~. arabTa umaRlesi surda romelime mebatonis yma gamxdariyo,
pirebi qarTvelTa wodebrivi wyobis umdab Tavad unda mosuliyo da ganecxadebina: `Sen
les safexurze mdgom glexTa mier iyvnen gymobivaro~. amasTanave saymod micemuli mi-
datyvevebulni. es yvelaze did gamarjvebad wac `mkvidrad da samudamod~ eZleoda xolme
miaCnda istorikoss. termini glexi arc gior- ymas miwis da ymis patronisagan.
gi merCulis, arc zarzmelis da arc sxva Zve-
li avtorebis TxzulebebSi gvxvdeba. giorgi glexi nasyidi _ ymaTa anu glexTa erT-erTi
merCule gamoiyenebs `msoflioni eris kac- jgufi feodalur saqarTveloSi. igi dabla
nis~ da `mdabios~ `matiane qarTlisaÁSi~. unda mdgariyo uflebrivad nebier glexTan
glexobis aRsaniSnavad `wurili eri~ weria. SedarebiT, vinaidan igi ara Tavisi nebiT,
sumbat daviTis Ze amave cnebisaTvis xmarobs aramed `patronis~ mier iyo nayidi. zogi-
èrni msoflioni~. aqedan gamomdinare, Se erT nayid glexs sakuTari mamuli hqonda
saZlebelia vifiqroT, rom es termini Tavda- da `patroni~ maT mamulianad yidulobda.
pirvelad ar yofila qarTul mwerlobaSi Tumca `nasyid~ yrmaTa Soris umamulonic
da gviandelia. vinaidan glexebi soflis iyvnen, romlebic sxvebze uares uflebriv
mudmivi mkvidrni iyvnen da maTi erTaderTi mdgomareobaSi iyvnen. yidvis dros xSirad
sacxovrebeli da marCenali miwismoqmedeba sagangebo piroba ideboda da mizanic gansaz-
iyo, amitomac maT `queyanisa moqmedni~ ewo- Rvruli iyo, Tu risTvis yidulobdnen
debodaT. `msoflioni eriskacni~, anu `mda- ama Tu im pirs. zogjer patrons xelosani
bioni~ TavianTi SromiT irCendnen Tavs. sWirdeboda, an raime xelobis mcodne kaci.
maTi yofa-cxovreba martivi iyo, qonebrivi rodesac msaxurTuxucesma grigol sura-
avladidebiT isini `litonad cxovrebulTa~ melma mRvimelT `wisquilni auSenna~, man am
wres ekuTvnodnen. sanam ojaxis burji muSa wisqvilisaTvis `glexi iyida mewisqviled~
obda, mis ojaxs samyofi sarCo-sabadebeli da maTve, `mRuimelTa Seswira~ (1250 w.). ma-
hqonda, magram misi gardacvalebis SemTx- Sasadame, es yma mewisqviled iyo nayidi da
127
Cveulebisamebr, misi STamomavlobisga- locva-aRapisaTvis xeli Seewyo, amitom
nac erT-erTi mewisqviled unda yofiliyo `Sewiruli~ ymebi rac SeiZleba kargsa da
gawvrTnili da wisqvilSi emsaxura. xelsayrel pirobebSi CaeyenebinaT, raTa
maTac TavianTi yofili `patronis~ saxeli
daelocaT da RmerTs mis cxonebas Sevedre-
glexi nebieri _ ymaTa anu glexTa erT-erTi
bodnen. amitom iyo, rom ymasa da saymo miwas
jgufi feodalur saqarTveloSi. `nebieri~
Sewiruli yovelTvis àlal~, Tavisi piradi
iseT glexs ewodeboda, romelic Tavisi
SromiT SeZenili fuliT yidulobda. swored
nebiTa da surviliT eymoboda `patrons~.
amitom iyo, rom `saaRaped~ Sewirul ymas
mas sapatronymo pirobis dadebis dros
`patroni~ gansakuTrebul da SeRavaTian pi-
aRniSnuli hqonda, rom garkveul SemTx-
robebSi ayenebda. igi yovelgvari sabatono
vevaSi SeeZlo ymobisagan Tavis daRweva da
samsaxurisa da gamosaRebisgan aTavisufleb-
patronisgan wasvla.
da, amasTanave patroni mudam cdilobda Ta-
visi `Sewiruli~ ymisaTvis mTavrobisganac
glexi siglosani _ ymaTa anu glexTa erT-
wyaloba moepovebina da samefo da samoxe
erTi jgufi feodalur saqarTveloSi. ter-
leo gadasaxadebisganac gaeTavisuflebina.
minidan gamomdinare am glexs `sigeli~ unda
Semwirvelive sazRvravda Sewiruli ymis
hqonoda. varaudoben, rom `siglosanad~
ufleba-movaleobas. arc monasters da arc
swored is yma unda yofiliyo cnobili,
sxva vinmes ar SeeZlo Semwirvelis piro-
romelic Tavisi nebiT eymoboda `patrons~
bis Secvla da saymo movaleobebis damZime-
da am dros `ymobis sigels~ daadebinebda,
ba. ymas dakisrebuli hqonda gansazRvruli
sadac mkafiod iqneboda gansazRvruli `pa-
purisa da Rvinis, agreTve weliwadSi erT
tronisa~ da ymis patronymuri ufleba-mova-
xel an orjer sxva yvelafris mitana monas-
leobani. kaxa erisTavTerisTavis 1258 wlis
trisaTvis, rac saWiro iyo sulis mosaxsene-
sigelSi naTqvamia, rom sofel xovlebSi
beli wirva-locvisaTvis, aseve monastris
mcxovrebi glexebi `Sewiruli, nebieri da
Zmobisa da glaxakTaTvis aRapis mosamzade-
siglosani erTob yuelaÁ miyidia~. maSasa- blad. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac eklesiisa da
dame, `siglosanis~ yidvac SesaZlebeli yo- monastrisadmi Sewiruli yma miwaTmoqmedi
fila. XIII s-is sigelidan vigebT, rom sig ar iyo, aramed xelosani, an vaWari, an sxva
losanni marto glexebi ki ar yofilan, ara raime xelobis adamiani, maSinac Sewirvis
med mRvdlebic. ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, dros misi movaleobac garkveviT iyo aRniS-
ymebi iyvnen siglosanni da arasiglosanni. nuli. vinaidan Sewiruli ymis yvela ufleba
pirvelTa patronymobis ufleba-movaleo- da movaleoba sigelSi iyo gansazRvruli da
bani werilobiT iyo gansazRvruli `sigel- werilobiT isazRvreboda, maTi mdgomareo-
Si~, xolo meore nawilis ymoba sityvierad ba mtkice da ucvleli unda yofiliyo `miu-
iyo dadebuli da Cveulebaze iyo damyare- kunisamde~. aqedan gamomdinare, `Sewiruli~
buli. yma an glexi imavdroulad `siglosanic~
iyo, Tumca cxadia, yoveli `siglosani~ yma
glexi Sewiruli _ ymaTa anu glexTa erT- `Sewiruli~ ar iyo da es ori termini erTsa
erTi jgufi feodalur saqarTveloSi. ro- da imave cnebas ar gamoxatavda.
gorc TviT saxeli amtkicebs `saaRaped~
Sewiruli glexebi iyvnen. Cvenamde moRweu- glova (luctus) _ meuRlis sikvdilis Semdeg
li `Sewirulobis wignebi~ amtkicebs, rom 10 Tvis ganmavlobaSi qvrivi valdebuli
mravali sxvaobis miuxedavad, `Sewirul iyo etarebina ZaZa da ar hqonda ufleba
ymaTa~ mdgomareoba saerTo StrixebiTa da xelmeored gaTxoviliyo, winaaRmdeg Sem-
mimarTulebiT xasiaTdeboda. vinaidan mo TxvevaSi, is avtomaturad xdeboda infamisi.
nastrisadmi Sewiruli ymebi `sulTa saoxad~ am kanonis mTavar safuZvels warmoadgenda
iyvnen gankuTvnilni, rom Semwirvels aRa- turbatio sanguinis (sirTule, rac axlda Tan
pisaTvis `Sewirul ymas~ saWiro puri, Rvino im bavSvis mamis gansazRvras, romelic ma-
da sxva yovelgvari saxmari yovelwliurad mis sikvdilis Semdeg daibadeboda). impera-
monastrisTvis mierTmia da codvaTa mier torebma es vada 1 wlamde gazardes da gan-
damZimebuli sulis cxonebis savedrebeli qorwinebazec (divortium) gaavrceles.
128
grakqusi gaius semproniusi (Gaius Sempro- gamomdinare (Tavisufali glexebis daqceva,
nius Gracchus) (Zv. w. 153-121 ww.) – tiberius miwis gareSe darCenili moqalaqeebis ricx-
grakqusis umcrosi Zma. igi aRemateboda Ta- vis katastrofuli zrda, did latifundiebSi
vis Zmas mWevrmetyvelebaSi da did STabeW- monaTa siWarbe, dasustebuli armia), gamo-
dilebas axdenda msmenelze. Tavi gamoiCina dis winadadebiT, aRdges uZvelesi agraru-
kunZul sardiniaze brZolaSi. sruliad li kanoni (liciniusis da seqstiusis kano
axalgazrda Zv. w. 133 w-s Sedis triumvi- nis nawili _ Zv. w. IV s.). tiberiusis mier
ratSi (triumviri) da dakavebulia miwebis SemoTavazebuli kanonproeqti ukrZala-
ganawilebis sakiTxebiT. mogvianebiT igi vda moqalaqes ager publicus-idan mieRo 500
kvestoris rangSi ganagebs sardinias da iugerze meti miwis farTobi. imisaTvis, rom
did pativiscemas moipovebs. Zv. w. 123 da 122 gamoeTavisuflebinaT glexebisaTvis miwe-
ww-Si arCeuli iyo saxalxo tribunad im- bi, reforma iTvaliswinebda mflobelisaT-
isTvis, rom Zmis dawyebuli reforma gae- vis dadgenil normaze meti miwis CamorTme-
grZelebina. man daiwyo mxardaWeris Zieba vas da Rarib da miwis gareSe darCenili mo-
yvela Tavisufal moqalaqesTan. misi kanon- qalaqeebisaTvis mis gadanawilebas ijaris
proeqtebi pirvel rigSi sasamarTlosa umniSvnelo safasurad. ijara memkvidreo-
da koloniebis daarsebis problemebs exe- biT gadacemas iTvaliswinebda. tiberiusma
boda. gaiusma ufleba misca mxedrebs nafic kanonproeqti SeaTanxma im latifundis-
msajulTa kolegiebSi mieRoT monawileo- tebTan, romlebic mxars uWerdnen meurneo-
ba da ase gaekontrolebinaT senatorebi, bis intensiuri ganviTarebis gegmas. senatis
romlebic ganagebdnen provinciebs. misca umravlesobam didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia
maT seriozuli Semosavlis garantia (aziis reformas. tiberiuss mxari ar dauWira misma
mdidari provinciebis eqspluatacia) da gav- kolegam tribunatSi da veto daado kanon-
lenis gazrdis perspeqtivas dahpirda. gai- proeqts. saxalxo krebaze kenWisyris Semdeg
usma fasi daagdo xorbalze da ase Seecada tiberiuss Zalaufleba CamoarTves (pirve-
plebsi Tavis mxares gadaebirebina, magram lad romis istoriaSi). Seiqmna sami kacisa-
im winadadebam, romelic gulisxmobda ro- gan Semdgari komisia, romelsac miwebi unda
mis moqalaqis uflebebis gavrcelebas mo- gadaenawilebina. imisaTvis, rom dawyebuli
kavSireebze, mas bevri Tanamzraxveli Ca- reforma bolomde mieyvana (sasamarTlo
moaSora. optimatebi opoziciaSi Caudgnen reforma, samxedro samsaxuris vadis Sem-
gaius grakquss da cdilobdnen yvela sa- cireba), tiberiusma meored wamoayena sa-
Sualebis gamoyenebiT xeli SeeSalaT misi kuTari kandidatura saxalxo tribunis
kidev erTxel tribunad arCevisaTvis. Zv. Tanamdebobaze. arCevnebis dRes senatma mis
w. 121 w-s gaius grakqusi tribunad (Tribunus winaaRmdeg gamoitana consultum ultimum (sa-
plebis) aRar airCies. igi Tavis momxreebTan gangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadeba). Tavis
erTad wavida aventinusze da iq sicocxle momxreebTan erTad tiberiusi mokles sena-
TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula. mdinare tib torebma, romelTac pontifeqsi kornelius
ris marjvena sanapiroze ipoves gaiusis da skipioni nazika xelmZRvanelobda. miuxeda-
misi msaxuris cxedrebi. rogorc Cans, monam vad imisa, rom tiberiusis reforma ZalaSi
jer igi mokla da mere Tavi moikla. misi darCa, praqtikaSi misi gatareba Zalian gar-
3000 momxre gaanadgures. monaTmflobelu- Tulda.
ri meurneobis pirobebSi grakqusebi Tavi-
sufal glexobas eyrdnobodnen, ris gamoc grafe (grafhv) _ samarTlebrivi devnis saxe-
maTi saqmianoba kraxiT dasrulda. romis oba aTenis samarTalwarmoebaSi, sajaro
imperiis epoqaSi orive Zmis moRvaweoba braldeba. sityvasityviT `wera~, aqedan `we
did demokratiul moZraobad ganixileba. rilobiTi braldeba~. saxelwodeba sava
raudod gulisxmobs, rom Tavdapirvelad,
grakqusi tiberius semproniusi (Tiberius roca es procedura iqna SemoRebuli, mas
Sempronius Gracchus) – (Zv. w. 162-133 ww.) ple- werilobiTi xasiaTi hqonda, maSin, rodesac
beuri gvaris warmomadgeneli. 146 w-s ibrZ- sxva proceduraTa SemTxvevebSi braldeba
vis afrikaSi. 133 w-s xdeba saxalxo tribuni. zepirad iyo wardgenili. igi solons unda
qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobidan SemoeRo Zv. w. 590-ian ww-Si. Zv. w. V s-isTvis
129
braldebaTa sxva saxeobebic werilobiTi acxadebs, rom misaniWebeli pativi ama Tu
gaxda, Tumca saxeli `grafe~ mainc Cveulebriv im pirovnebas damsaxurebuli ar hqonda.
sajaro braldebis saqmeTa mimarT gamoiy- rogorc Cans, Zv. w. 403 w-mde grafe parano-
eneboda apagogesa da fasisis gamoklebiT, moni rogorc kanonebis, ise dekretebis
romlebic saqmeTa specifikuri saxeobebi mimarT gamoiyeneboda, magram Zv. w. 403 w-dan
iyo. grafes aRZvra nebismier moqalaqes See- moyolebuli, rodesac pirvelad gaivlo
Zlo, maSin rodesac ufro adreuli proce- sademarkacio xazi kanonsa da dekretis (fse-
durisTvis _ dikesTvis mxolod dazarale- fismas) statuss Soris, grafe paranomons
bul mxares SeeZlo miemarTa (ix. dike). mxolod Semotanili dekretebis winaaRmdeg
iyenebdnen.
grafe paranomoni (grafhv paranovmwn) _ aT-

enSi moqmedebda samarTlebrivi devna im
pirTa winaaRmdeg, romlebsac saxalxo kre-
d
basa Tu buleSi arsebuli kanonis sawinaaR- daviT IV aRmaSenebeli (1073-1125 ww.) _ saqar
mdego kanonproeqti Tu dekreti hqondaT Tvelos udidesi xelmwife (1089 _ 1125 ww.),
Setanili. sityvasityviT es termini `kano giorgi II-is Ze, ubrwyinvalesi mxedarTmTa-
nis sawinaaRmdegos~ aRniSnavs. mas Semdeg, vari, mravalmxrivi reformatori da orga-
rac bralmdebeli warmosTqvamda fics, rom nizatori.
igi kanonproeqtis Semomtanis winaaRmdeg daviT IV-m 1104 w-s SemoierTa hereTi da
grafe paranomonis amoqmedebas apirebda, kaxeTi. mTeli misi moRvaweoba emsaxurebo-
imisda miuxedavad hqondaT Tu ara kanon- da feodaluri saqarTvelos gaZliereba-
proeqtisaTvis kenWi nayari, misi moqmedeba centralizacias.
sasamarTlo ganxilvis periodSi SeCerebu- mefem moaxerxa Turq-selCukTa qveynidan
li iyo. am saqmes sasamarTloSi gansjidnen gandevnda. 1121 w-s agvistoSi daviT IV-is
(ix. dikasterioni). sxdomas TesmoTetesebi meTaurobiT qarTvelebma didgorTan Zle
Tavmjdomareobdnen. Tuki dikastesebi (msa- vamosili omi gadaixades muslimanTa koa
julebi) daadanaSaulebdnen kanonproeqtis liciuri laSqris wiaaRmdeg. 1121 w-s did-
Semomtans, kanonproeqti gauqmdeboda, misi goris omSi mniSvnelovani gamarjvebiT
Semomtani ki fulad jarimas ixdida. piri, qveyanam sruli damoukidebloba moipova.
romelic msgavs danaSaulSi samjer iyo mxi Turq-selCukTa alagmvis Semdeg daviT IV
lebuli, moqalaqeobas kargavda (ix. atimia). Seudga qarTuli miwa-wylis sruli gaerTi
Tu kanonis miRebidan erTi weli mainc iyo anebisaTvis brZolas. am droidan daiwyo
gasuli, misi Semomtanis winaaRmdeg samarT- saqarTvelos ekonomikuri da kulturuli
lebrivi devna aRar iyo SesaZlebeli, Tumca aRmavloba.
msgavsi proceduriT Tavad kanonis gauqmeba 1122 w-s daviT IV-m Tbilisi SemouerTa sa
isev dasaSvebi gaxldaT. qarTvelos samefos. 1123 w-s daviT IV-m som
grafe paranomonis SemoRebis TariRi ucno- xeTis mravali qalaqi aiRo. 1124 w-s daviT
bia. misi yvelaze adreuli dadasturebuli IV-m Sirvani Tavis gavlenas daumorCila.
SemTxveva Zv. w. 415 w-iT TariRdeba. am peri- mefis mier mmarTvelobis sistemaSi da armi-
odisaTvis ostrakismosi ukve aRar gamoiye aSi gatarebulma reformebma SesaZlebloba
neboda da mis nacvlad grafe paranomoni misca, qveyana gaeerTianebina da mTeli kav-
cnobil politikosebze Tavdasxmis saukeTe- kasiis miwebis saqarTvelos daqvemdebareba-
so saSualebad iqca. Si Semoeyvana.
grafe paranomoni aTenis samarTlebriv daviT IV aRmaSenebelma ver SeZlo Tavisi
proceduraTagan yvelaze xSirad damow- gegmis srulad ganxorcileba, igi 52 w-is
mebuli proceduraa da amasTan erT-erTi asakSi gardaicvala, dakrZales mis mier
yvelaze metad aSkarad politikuri xasia- aSenebul gelaTis taZarSi.mi
Tis matarebeli, Tumca Cvenamde moRweul am reformebi:
proceduraTa umetesoba sapatio wodebebis saxelisuflo _ daviT IV-m biurokratiuli
mimniWebel dekretTa winaaRmdeg mimarTu- aparatis reorganizacia Caatara. saqarT-
li Cans. maTSi bralmdebeli umTavresad velos gaerTianebisa da erTiani qarTuli
130
feodaluri monarqiis SeqmnasTan erTad daviTma ilaSqra CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da
daiwyo saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erTiani ovsebi ymadnaficobiT daimorCila. daviT
sistemis Camoyalibeba _ Seiqmna veziris aRmaSeneblis dros kidev ufro gaZlierda
instituti. mmarTvelobis centralizaciis qarTvelTa gavlena CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.
mizniT daviT aRmaSenebelma ZiriTadi uwye iq gavrcelda: qarTuli damwerloba, kul-
bebi (saSinao, finansTa, samxedro) gamoyo tura, qarTuli ena, qristianoba. daviTma
sxva dargebisagan da isini uSualod me- tolerantoba saxelmwifo politikis rang-
fis vezirs, mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidels Si ayvana.
dauqvemdebara (ix. mefe, mwignobarTuxuce- samxedro _ feodaluri laSqris principze
si). maTi meTaurebi ki (mandaturTuxucesi, agebuli jari Sinagan erTobas moklebuli
meWurWleTuxucesi, amirspasalari, msaxur- iyo. mtris saboloo daZlevisaTvis saWiro
Tuxucesi da a. S.) win wamoswia sxva ùxuce- iyo qveynis SeiaraRebul ZalTa gardaqmna.
sebTan~ SedarebiT da maT garkveuli uwyeba daviT IV-m Caatara samxedro reformebi:
Caabara. uxucesTagan pirveli veziri mwigno- jari sagangebod gawvrTna da iq mtkice
barTuxuces-Wyondideli iyo, ukanaskneli _ disciplina daamyara, gardaqmna brZolis
msaxurTuxucesi. taqtika. amasTan, 1118-1120 ww-Si CrdiloeT
ganxorcielda sasamarTlo reforma, e. w. kavkasiidan gadmoiyvana da saqarTveloSi
`saajo karSi~ _ umaRles saapelacio sasa (varaudiT qarTlSi) daasaxla yivCaRTa 40
marTloSi daviT aRmaSeneblamde samar- aTasi ojaxi, misca miwis nakveTebi, miuCina
Tals mefe sjida, man ki `saajo karSi~ sami sazafxulo da sazamTro saZovrebi, uzrun-
mosamarTle dasva: mwignobarTuxucesi, (uf velyo ekonomikurad, ris sanacvlodac
rosi) sawolisa da zardaxnis mwignobarni. TiToeul ojaxs erTi SeiaraRebuli molaS-
es sameuli awarmoebda sasamarTloSi Semo- qris gamoyvana daevala. maTgan mefem Seqmna
sul saqmeTa gamoZiebas. `saajo karis~ mizani mudmivi jari – ormociaTasiani laSqari,
momCivanTa gankiTxva da kurneba iyo. `saajo erTgul molaSqreTagan ki Seadgina xuTi-
karis~ muSaobas mefe meTvalyureobda da aTasiani piradi gvardia – `mona-spa~.
warmarTavda ise, rogorc amas saxelmwifoe- daviT aRmaSenebelma SeimuSava Tvisobrivad
brivi interesebi moiTxovda. sasamarTlo axali samxedro taqtika, Seqmna axleburad
rom marTva-gamgeobisagan gancalkevebuli organizebuli da gawvrTnili laSqari. am
gaxda da gansakuTrebul dawesebulebad gardaqmnebis wyalobiT, SesaZlebeli gaxda
iqca, es qarTuli samarTlis did warmatebad momTabareTa damarcxeba da `gasxma~ saz-
unda CaiTvalos. Rvrebs gareT, ramac, ara marto eTnikuri
reformatori mefis erT umniSvnelovanes katastrofisagan ixsna saqarTvelo, aramed
RonisZiebad sagareo da Sinagani dazver- es samxedro warmateba qarTuli saxelmwi-
vis efeqturi samsaxuris, e. w. mstovarTa fos gaZlierebis safuZveli gaxda.
institutis Seqmna miiCneva. es uzarmazari XII saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi me-
sameTvalyureo sistema Seuferxeblad muSa tad efeqturi samxedro struqtura Seiqm-
obda. mstovarTa instituti (dazvervisa da na: daviT aRmaSeneblis dros jari oTxi
kontrdazvervis samsaxuri) saxelmwifos saxeobisagan Sedgeboda: mona-spa anu, mefis
usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovan garantad iqca. gvardia, mecixovneni _ sazRvris mcvelebi,
daviTma bizantiur titulebze (magistrosi, feodaluri laSqari _ romelic sagangebod
kurapalati, sevastosi,) uari Tqva da iwo- ikribeboda omis dros da roqis spa _ daqi-
da `mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da ravebuli meomrebisagan Semdgari.
kaxTa TviTmpyrobeli~. mefeTa titulatur- daviTma saqarTvelos saxelmwifos laSqari
aSi bevris mTqmeli siaxlec gaCnda, kerZod, gastumrebis axal wesze gadaiyvana. manamde
mefe iwodeboda `mesiis maxvilad~. molaSqreebi samxedro alafs inawilebdnen,
daviT IV ebrZoda saxelmwifos central- daviTma es akrZala da laSqris gastumreba
izaciis mowinaaRmdege didgvarovan feo- ulufiTa da sargoTi (jamagiriT) saxelmwi-
dalebs. Zlieri saerisTavos gauqmebiT man fos daevala.
mniSvnelovnad daasusta opozicia, gaaZlie- daviT aRmaSenebelma laSqris kveba sru-
ra samefo xelisufleba da ucnobi adamian- lyofil sistemad dayo, romelic `mSvido-
ebi gamoiyvana saxelmwifo asparezze. biani periodis laSqris kvebis~, `saomari
131
moqmedebis dros kvebis~ da `brZoliswina mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba moexdina (ix.
kvebis~ reJimisgan da a. S. Sedgeboda. ro- saeklesio samarTali).
gorc organizaciulad, aseve SeiaraRebiTa ekonomikuri reforma _ daviT IV-m mTeli
da sabrZolo TvisebebiT, saqarTvelos rigi RonisZiebebi gaatara samoneto saqmis
jars nebismieri samxedro amocanis Ses- mosawesrigeblad. moWra monetebi rogorc
rulebis Zala Seswevda. qarTuli, ise arabuli zedweriliT da ram-
saeklesio reforma _ saero didgvarianeb denadme Secvala monetis tipi. reformis
Tan erTad mefe centraluri xelisuflebis Sedegad ganmtkicda fulis kursi.
mowinaaRmdege saeklesio feodalebsac ebr- daviT IV didad uwyobda xels vaWrobisa da
Zoda. vinaidan iq iyo fexmokidebuli is aris- xelosnobis ganviTarebas. man SeRavaTiani
tokratia, romelmac X-XI ss-Si saeklesio pirobebi Seuqmna vaWrebs, aago xidebi, gzebi,
Tanamdebobebi memkvidreobiT daisakuTra. aaSena fundukebi, sadac sxvadasxva qveynis
maTi didi nawili politikur dasayrdens vaWrebs ufasod SeeZloT RamisTeva.
qmnida mefis opoziciisaTvis, Cans, isini ganaTleba _ sagangebo yuradReba mieqca
keTilsindisierad saeklesio saqmeebsac ver umaRles ganaTlebas, daviTma daaarsa qar-
agvarebdnen da ver gamoadgebodnen mokav- Tuli kulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
Sired da mxardamWerad gaZlierebis gzaze kera _ gelaTis akademia.
Semdgar samefo xelisuflebas. 1103 w-s mefis mefem bizantiaSi gaagzavna axalgazrdebi
TaosnobiT moiwvies ruis-urbnisis saekle- codnis misaRebad; calke saxli augo mah-
sio kreba, romelmac samefo xelisuflebis madian mecnierebs, filosofosebsa da poet-
ganmtkicebis RonisZiebebi gaatara. krebam ebs, romlebsac nivTieradac exmareboda da
uRirsi saeklesio pirebi Tanamdebobebidan sazeimo darbazobasac umarTavda.
gadaayena da maT nacvlad Rirseuli mRvdle- daviT IV-is saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli ge-
bi daniSna. amave dros miiRo saeklesio laTis taZris mSenebloba (daiwyo 1106 w-s).
cxovrebis mosawesrigebeli dadgenilebebi. daviT IV-is gankargulebiT aages RvTismSob-
es RonisZiebani Camoyalibebulia krebis lis saxelobis eklesia SiomRvimeSi.
mier miRebul dokumentSi `ZeglisweraÁ sameurneo _ daviT aRmaSenebelma scada See-
ruis-urbnisis krebisaÁ~. Cerebina glexTa miwaze damagrebis procesi,
mefe aSenebda da zrunavda eklesia-monas- `Sewyalebis institutiT~ gaafarTova piro-
trebze da SeRavaTebasac aZlevda maT; swi- biTi miwaTmflobeloba, magram mosakargave
ravda mamulebs eklesia-monastrebsa da aznaurebi ukve meore TobaSi tipur memamu-
sagadasaxado Seuvalobasac aniWebda. leebad gadaiqcnen.
saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda Wyondidli- darbazi _ mefis karze arsebuli saTaTbiro
sa da mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamdebobebis organo XI-XVIII ss. saqarTveloSi. darbazo-
gaerTianebas mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondid- ba ewodeboda rogorc samefo sasaxles, ise
lis Tanamdebobis Seqmnas (savaraudebe- samefo sabWos, darbazobis wevrebs _ `dar-
lia 1103-04 ww). mwignobarTuxucesi mefis bazis erni~, darbazis sxdomas ki _ `darba-
kancelariis ufrosi iyo, xolo Wyondideli zoba~. darbazoba ornairi iyo: ùmcrosiTa
erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani episkoposi. wesiTa~ da `didis wesiTa~. darbazobas mxo-
mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidelis Tanamdebo- lod `darbazis erni~ eswrebodnen, radgan
baze myof adamians SeeZlo rogorc saero, aseT saqmian Sexvedrebze qveynisTvis mni-
aseve sasuliero saqmeebSi Careva. mwigno- Svnelovani sakiTxebi wydeboda. yovelTvis,
barTuxuces-Wyondidlis Tanamdebobas zr- rodesac saqarTvelos mefe da samefo mter-
dida kidev is faqti, rom mefem umaRlesi sa- Tan saomrad emzadeboda, omis dawyebamde
samarTlo _ saajo kari dauqvemdebara mas. an zavis dadebamde mefe xelisuflebis di-
pirveli mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli gax- debul wevrebs moiwvevda da darbazis ers
da daviT mefis aRmzrdeli giorgi mwigno- azrs ekiTxeboda. Tamar mefis istorikosis
barTuxucesi. gadmocemiT, yovel mniSvnelovan samxe-
am Tanamdebobis piri erTsa da imave dros dro moqmedebas darbazis TaTbiri da bWo-
maRali samoqalaqo da saeklesio mmarTve- ba uZRoda win. Tu darbazi laSqrobas da
li iyo da mefes mieca saSualeba eklesiaze oms `daaskvnida~, amis Semdgom iwyeboda
132
`wueva laSqrisa~ anu `spaTa~. im SemTxveva- zobis dros mkacrad gansazRvruli iyo, Tum-
Sic ki, rodesac mefe omSi ar midioda, mefe ca epoqebis mixedviT icvleboda kidec: ba-
saxelmwifo droSas sasaxlidan gamoatani- grat IV-is dros darbazis wevrebi mefis pir-
nebda, dalocavda jars da droSas amirspa- dapir sxdebodnen, xolo Tamar mefis dros
salars Caabarebda. laSqrobidan dabrune- moxeleebi mefis orive mxridan dausvamT.
buli jari mefes jer maxarobels aaxlebda. umaRles pirebs SedarebiT axlos hqondaT
rodesac laSqari da didebulebi qalaqs adgilebi mefesTan. vazirebsa da erisTavTe-
miaRwevdnen, maSin darbazoba imarTeboda risTavebs oqroWedili selebi (savarZlebi)
da amirspasalari, rogorc jaris mTava- edgaT, romlebzedac xaliCa da baliSi iyo
ri warmomadgeneli, danarCen mxedarTmTa- dafenili. SedarebiT dabali rangis moxe-
vrebs SeuZRveboda, mefes omis ambavs moaxse- leebs mxolod nati (xaliCa) efinaT, xolo
nebda da ZRvens miarTmevda xolme. kidev ufro dabali rangis pirebis skamebi
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis Tanaxmad, unato da ubaliSo iyo. darbazobis zogier-
vezirebi darbazobisa da vazirobis dros Ti moxele fexze idga. isini wesrigs icavdnen
selebze isxdnen. seli dasakeci umisayrdno- an saqmes awarmoebdnen, romlebsac Tavian-
bo skami iyo. Tamar mefis istorikosis ga Ti adgili hqondaT miCenili `wesisaebr
dmocemiT, es `sajdomebi~ oqroWedili sele- siaxloisa~. darbazis romelime wevris da-
bi yofila; saqarTvelos mefe `taxtsa zeda winaurebas misTvis kuTvnili dasajdomi
oqro Wedilsa~ ijda. mefesa da vazirebs win adgilis Secvlac mosdevda. darbazi ikri-
`sufra~, xis magida edgaT, romelzec `sufris beboda rogorc mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo
noxi~ iyo gadafenili. sxdomis dawyebamde, saqmeebis gansaxilvelad da gadasawyvetad,
wesis Tanaxmad, msaxurTuxucess unda eTqva ise sadResaswaulo zeimebisTvisac. darba-
`brZaneTo~. amis Semdeg mwignobarTuxucesi zobisas Semdegi sakiTxebi ganixileboda: ka-
ityoda pirvel sityvas. `savaziro~ darbazs, nonmdebloba da uzenaesi marTlmsajuleba,
sadac bWoba da vaziroba imarTeboda, mra- omis gamocxadebis, dazavebis, did xelisu-
valricxovan moxeleTa `daraja~ icavda. falTa arCevisa Tu daniSvnis, Semdgom maTi
mcvelebis garda, savaziros gareT iyvnen `dalocva-xeldasxmis~ sakiTxebi, agreTve
da brZanebas ucdidnen darbazis karsa myo- gamarjvebuli laSqris Sin dabrunebisa da
fi moxeleni, romlebsac ufleba ar hqondaT despanis gagzavnis Temebi.
vazirobas daswrebodnen. vaxtang VI-is Tanaxmad, `dasturlamalSi~
wyaroebSi gvxvdeba agreTve `didi darbazo- dadebulia `wesi da gangeba samefo darba-
ba~, romelic darbazis sazeimo sxdomas aR- zobisa~ da amasTanave dawesebuli da gange-
niSnavda, sadac mravalricxovani moxelee- bulia `yovelni xelisufalni da moqmedni
bi da `darbazis ymani~ eswrebodnen; aseT darbazis rigisani~, rogor unda ìqceodnen
dros iseTi saqmeebi irCeoda, romelTa Se- da ganagebdnen... saxeliTa TÂsTa~. Tumca mas
saxeb sajarod msjeloba saxelmwifoebrivi win uZRoda XVII s-is xelnaweri `garigeba
TvalsazrisiT saxifaTo ar iqneboda. dar- xelmwifis karisa~, romelic saqarTvelos
bazobas hqonda Tavisi dadgenili wesi _ e. samefos darbazobisa da vazirobis wesis
w. `darbazobis wesi~. darbazobis gamarTvis aRwerilobas da moxeleTa ufleba-movale-
brZanebas mefe gascemda, swored mefe gan- obas aRnusxavda.
sazRvravda, Tu rogori wesiT warimarTe- darbazis roli epoqebis mixedviT icvlebo-
boda da ra Tqma unda, Tavad mefe warmar- da. daviT aRmaSeneblis dros darbazi mefes
Tavda darbazobasac. `garigeba xelmwifis emorCileboda, xolo giorgi II-is dros ki
karisa~ saqarTvelos samefos darbazobisa mefe iyo darbazis morCili. daviT aRmaSe-
da vazirobis wesis aRwerilobas da moxe- neblis droidan darbazs daupirispirda sa-
leTa ufleba-movaleobas aRnusxavs. vaziro, romelic ufro progresuli dawe-
roca mefes sxva saxelmwifos warmomadgene- sebuleba iyo, radgan xels uwyobda qveynis
li estumreboda, amas `darbazobad mosvla~ centralizacias. darbazi ki erisTavTa, ad-
erqva. am vizits win uZRoda `Txova darbazo- gilobriv gamgebel moxeleTa dawesebule-
bisaÁ~. Tu mefe dapatiJebda sxva saxelmwifo ba iyo. mefe cdilobda savaziros gziT `mou-
meTaurs, amas `darbazobad moyvanas~ uwo- xeSavi darbazobis, am naxevar-xelmwifeTa
debdnen. darbazis wevrTa adgilebi darba- krebulis damorCilebas~. am mizniT samefo
133
xelisuflebam XII s-is bolos vazirs eri- mcire raodenobiT eswreboda, amitom pata-
sTavTerisTavoba SeuTavsa. es iyo pirveli ra dasturi am dRisTvis sruliad sakmarisi
konstituciuri Seteva erisTavebisa darba- iyo.
zis winaaRmdeg. ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, didsa da patara dasturebs saqmeebi gana-
Tamaris mefobisas yuTlu-arslanis dasis wilebuli hqondaT da erTmaneTs ar Sve-
gamosvlas mohyva darbazis uflebaTa ga- lodnen. pirovnebas did dasturobamde
farToeba da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi jer patara dasturoba unda gaevlo. Tavisi
èrTneboba-Tanadgomis~ (e. i. mefis mier di- siwmindiT dasturi Sultaze maRla idga. mas
debulebTan erTad saxelmwifos gangebis) `darbazSi~ xucesisa da dekanozis gverdiT
principis dakanoneba (javaxiSvili i., t. VI, ekava adgili. garda amisa, zvarakzec xeli
1982, 221). S. mesxia varaudobda, rom yuTlu- miuwvdeboda. Tavad patronic ki ver mieka-
arslanis dros gamosvla miznad isaxavda reboda msxverpls dakvlis dros. dasturs
axali tipis darbazis daarsebas, romelic ki ufleba hqonda fexebi daeWira cxove-
daicavda ara marto didgvarovan feodal- lisTvis, roca xucesi msxverpls klavda.
Ta, aramed _ mesame wodebis (didvaWarTa, dasturi unda morideboda `naboslar~ qals,
moqalaqeTa zeda fenis) interesebsac (mesxia bosels. didi xatobis win, erTi TviT adre
S., 1962). es gamosvla marcxiT dasrulda, qals, cols ar unda gahkareboda.
Tumca Sedegi is iyo, rom darbazis Semadgen- dasturi, SultasTan erTad, ganagebda xa-
lobaSi Sevidnen didvaWrebi da moqalaqeTa tis qonebis Semosaval-gasavlis saqmes. maT
zeda fenis warmomadgenlebi. ekiTxebodaT Semosavlis moxmareba. isini
e.w. xatis mouravebi iyvnen.
darbazis erni _ samefo sabWos _ darba-
zis wevrebi XI-XVIII ss-is saqarTveloSi. dasturlamali _ qarTuli saxelmwifo sa
isini or jgufad iyofodnen: erT jgufSi marTlis Zegli, romelic vaxtang VI-m Sead-
Sediodnen `xelosanni~, e. i. saxelmwifo gina XVIII s-is dasawyisSi. Tavad kanonmde-
moxeleebi, xolo meoreSi _ ùxeloni~, beli winasityvaobaSi aRniSnavs, rom da-
romlebsac saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba ar eka- sturlamali warmoadgens `sjulis debasa
vaT. darbazis karze myof moxeleebs vaxtang saÃelmwifoTasa~, romelSic `samefo dar-
VI-is sasamarTlo wignSi `karzed gamgeni~ bazobis~ wess, TiToeuli xelisufalisa da
ewodeboda. `darbazis rigis~ moxeleTa ufleba-mova-
leobas aRnusxavs. dawvrilebiTi cnobebia
dasturi, xevsureTi _ ludis mxarSavi, xa- mocemuli xalxis aRwerisa da Semosavle-
tis mzareuli. dasturebs sofeli irCevda bis Sedgenis (`qarTlis aRwerisa~, `sama-
wiliT, Tumca zogierT adgilas maT qadagi spinZlos Sewerisa~...), saqalaqo dawese-
ayenebda. es samsaxuri rigiTi da savaldebu- bulebaTa da weswyobilebis, Semosavlisa
lo iyo. araTu soflis xatis, aramed saTemo da gadasaxadebis akrefis, gzebis Senaxvis,
xatis dasturobis acilebac ar SeiZleboda. sasamarTlo dawesebulebisa da warmoebis
dasturis movaleoba iwyeboda mas Semdeg, Sesaxeb. rusi iuristi frenkeli aRniSnavda,
rac Sulta beRlidan qers arwyavda. mas rom XVIII s-is dasawyisSi Sedgenili vaxtang
saludeSi qeri unda mietana da Sedgomoda mefis samarTlis wigni ufro humanuri iyo,
ludis gamoxdas. saxato tyeSi, romelic mas vidre imdroindeli evropis saxelmwifo
ebara, SeSa unda daemzadebina, ludisTvis samarTlis kodeqsebi (saqarTvelos isto-
svia Tavisi xarjiT unda mietana. ria, t. III, 2012, 289). amitomac uwoda xalxma
xatobis dros xucesebsa da dekanozebs da- vaxtang VI-s `rjulmdebeli~. misi kanon-
sturi umzadebda saWmels da emsaxureboda Ta wigni mTavari iuridiuli kodeqsi iyo
maT. aseve dasturebi umaspinZldebodnen xa- mTel saqarTveloSi TiTqmis ori saukunis
tobaze misul yvela adamians. ganmavlobaSi. am Zeglidan Cans, rom da-
dasturebSi moqmedebda ufros-umcrosoba. sturlamalis zogierTi nawili `pirvel
didi dasturi didi dReobisTvis iyo dayene mefis giorgisagan~ ganwesebuli yofila da
buli, radgan xatobas bevri ludi ismeoda vaxtangs mxolod ganuaxlebia, zogi kidev
da didi samzadisi sWirdeboda, xolo patara ufro adre yofila dawesebuli, arsebobda
dReobebi erT dRes grZeldeboda, xalxic `Zveladgan... damtkicebuli~ sabuTebi, Tum-
134
ca umTavresi Rvawli mis SedgenaSi vaxtang gacnobierebuli. daCagruli da gawamebu-
VI-s miuZRvis. li mosaxleoba TavianT winamZRolebs Zv.
w. VI-V ss-Si kanonmdeblebsa da tiranebSi
dekanozi, xevsureTi _ xucesis msgavsad, de poulobdnen. Zv. w. VI s-is bolosTvis, rode-
kanozs irCevda qadagi. misi dekanozad daye- sac Raribi mosaxleobis mdgomareobis uki-
nebis sababi avadmyofoba iyo. RvTis nebis duresad garTulebis gamo atikaSi social-
gasagebad saklavi unda dakluliyo, Tu meo politikuri viTareba Zalze daiZaba, aTe-
re dRes avadmyofi ar ganikurneboda, e.i. nelebma krizisis gansamuxtad da arsebuli
xati mas ar iRebda da avadobis mizezi sxva kanonebis Sesacvlelad soloni daasaxeles.
rame iyo. dekanozi xucesis morCili da misi miuxedavad imisa, rom imgvari radikaluri
TanaSemwe iyo, ritualis aRsrulebis dro- demokratia, romelic aTenSi mogvianebiT
sac mudam masTan imyofeboda, eWira sakla- iqna damkvidrebuli, solonis kanonebis
vis fexebi, xalxs amwyalobebda. roca didi safuZvelze ar Seqmnila, mis mier miRebu-
xatoba moaxlovdeboda, erTi kviriT adre li kanonmdebloba, rogorc wesi, Semdgomi
dekanozi muSaobas Tavs anebebda, ganibane- aTenur mmarTvelobaTa modelad ganixile-
boda da siwmindiT cxovrobda. dekanozi bo- boda. marTlac, momdevno 200 wlis manZilze
sels, naboslar qalsa da im gzas, romelzec, aTenelebi, Cveulebriv, TavianT mimdinare
SesaZloa, qals gaevlo, ar unda gakareboda sakanonmdeblo inovaciebs sworedac rom
(ix. xucesi). solonis kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamiso-
bisa da mis arsTan erTgulebis konteqstSi
dekreti (decretum; decernere _ gadawyveta) _ moiazrebdnen. solonma social-ekonomiku-
dadgenileba, gadawyvetileba, brZaneba, rori mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gata-
melic gamohqonda sasamarTlo magistrats rebuli e.w. `seisaxTeias~ paralelurad um-
samarTalwarmoebisas. dekretis winaaRmdeg niSvnelovanesi samarTleblivi reformebi
ar daiSveboda apelacia, mxolod interke- ganaxorciela. man yvela aTenels msajulTa
sia (Intercessio). winaSe apelirebis ufleba mianiWa, riTac,
Decreta Principum – saimperatoro sasamarT faqtobrivad, kanonis interpretirebis uze-
los dadgenileba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis naesi Zalaufleba cxra arqons CamoarTva
safuZvelze. rogorc I instanciaSi, ise saa- da msajulTa korpuss, ufro demokratiul
pelacio sasamarTloSi es dadgenileba ar institucias, gadasca (ix. dikasterioni; sa-
eqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas. princepsi marTalwarmoeba, aTeni). amasTan, Tu aqamde
samarTlis arsebuli dogmebis safuZvelze yofili arqonebisagan Semdgari areopagis
an am dogmebis gverdis avliT iRebda ga- sabWo yovelwliurad Tavad irCevda cxra
dawyvetilebas, romelic mxolod mocemul arqons (es gaxldaT erTgvarad Caketi-
konkretul SemTxvevasTan modioda Sesaba- li sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofda, rom
misobaSi, Tumca es dadgenileba momavli- arqonis Tanamdeboba mudam aristokratebs
saTvis warmoadgenda mniSvnelovan prece- sWerodaT), solonma yvela aTenels mi-
dents, romelsac sxva sasamarTloebic iTva- sca saSualeba, rom arqonobis kandidatTa
liswinebdnen. mokle siis SedgenaSi mieRo monawileoba,
romelTagan SemdgomSi cxra arqoni ukve
demokratia (dhmokrativa) – xalxis mmarTve- kenWisyriT iqneboda arCeuli. miuxedavad
loba. termini pirvelad ganxilulia hero- imisa, rom arqonis Tanamdebobaze arCeva mis
dotesTan (herodote, III, 80; VI, 43; VI, 131). mierve qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT dayofili
saberZneTis istoriaSi odiTganve hqon- mosaxleobis garkveuli klasebidan iyo Se-
da adgili mosaxleobis dabali fenebis saZlebeli, dasaxelebuli kanoni demokra-
gamosvlebs keTilSobilTa da mdidarTa tiis mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli seriozuli
mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg (gavixsenoT Ter- nabiji gaxldaT, radgan arqonoba ukve aRar
sitesi ìliadidan~ II, 212), raTa moqalaqe- iyo ramdenime keTilSobili ojaxis pre-
obis sruli uflebebi, maT Soris mmarTve- rogativa. amdenad, solonis mier gaweril
lobaSi monawileobis ufleba, moepove- saxelmwifo mowyobis sistemaSi ukve Semovi-
binaT. demokratiisken swrafva, SesaZloa, da bevri iseTi elementi, romelic Semdgom
pirvelad hesiodesa da solonis mier iyo radikaluri demokratiis organuli nawili
135
gaxda _ demokratiuli msajulebi, saxalxo maTi gadaadgilebis Sedegad ar icvleboda,
kreba da bule, magistratebis arCevnebi, rameTu Tavdapirveli registraciis Semdeg
romlebic ufro kenWisyriT, vidre xmis mice- wevroba memkvidreobiTi xdeboda da aRar
miT tardeboda. Tumca, solonis saxelmwifo iyo damokidebuli sacxovrebel adgilze.
mowyobis modeli inarCunebda araerT oli- yvelaze didi demosi aqarne iyo, romelsac
garqiul elementsac mosaxlebis qonebrivi buleSi 22 warmomadgeneli hyavda.
cenziT dayofisa da jer kidev Zlevamosili TiToeuli demosi TviTmmarTvelobis er-
areopagis sabWos saxiT. rac Seexeba e.w. ti- Teulebs ganasaxierebda, romelTac hqon-
ranebs, isini Zv. w. VI s-is berZnul samyaro- daT TavianTi mamulebi, salaro, kulti.
Si Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgendnen da hyavdaT TavianTi moxeleebi da demarqosis
xelisuflebis saTaveSi xalxis interesebis meTaurobiT awarmoebdnen moqalaqeTa siis
damcvelis saxeliT modiodnen (ix. tirania; Sedgenasa da sxva adgilobrivi saqmeebis
pisistratosi). mowesrigebas. yoveli moqalaqe, raTa misi
samoqalaqo uflebebi ecnoT, demosis rees
demosebi (dh'moi) _ sazogadod niSnavs so- trSi unda yofiliyo gatarebuli. demosSi
flebs, iseve rogorc kw'mai, magram aTen- aseve awarmoebdnen Canawerebs maT terito-
sa da sxva saxelmwifoebSi, ase magaliTad, riaze arsebuli yvela saxis sakuTrebis Ta-
eretriaSi, kosze, rodosze, sadac maTi xSi- obaze. demosSi dgeboda metoikosebis sie-
ri damowmeba gvxvdeba, isini aseve wvril bic, radgan metoikosebi, moqalaqeebisagan
politikur danayofebs warmoadgendnen. es gansxvavebiT, TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgi-
roli maT klisTenesis reformis Semdeg lis mixedviT mkacrad iyvnen aRwerilni. de-
miiRes. mosaxleobis fundamentaluri gada- mosebi warudgendnen saxelmwifos informa-
nawilebisas klisTenesma demosebs am axa- cias, rogorc mosaxleobis aRweris, ise sa-
li sistemis qvakuTxedi roli miakuTvna. kadastro monacemTa Sesaxeb, rac saxelmwi-
upirvelesad, klisTenesma waarTva 4 Zvel fos garkveuli instituciebis funqcionire-
files yovelgvari politikuri daniSnu- bisaTvis iyo aucilebeli.
leba, amasTan, Seqmna 10 axali file, ro-
melTac ZvelebTan saxelis garda araferi demosTene (Dhmosqevnh") _ aTeneli oratori
hqonda saerTo. Semdeg man atikis savsebiT (Zv. w. 384-322ww.). demosTenes mama pativde-
axali teritoriuli gadanawileba gaatara, bul da mdidar moqalaqeTa ricxvs miekuT-
gamohyo atikaSi sami garkveuli nawili: qa- vneboda. zedwodeba `medane~ mas albaT imi-
laqi (a[stu), sanapiro (paraliva) da Sida mxa- tom Searqves, rom igi iaraRis sawarmoTa
re (mesovgeo") da TiToeuli maTgani Tavis mepatrone iyo. 7 wlis asakSi demosTenes
mxriv 10 tritiad (trittuve") dahyo. am gziT mama gardaecvala. man sakmaod soliduri
yoveli axali file Sedgeboda 3 tritiisa- qoneba dautova vaJiSvils, magram meurveeb-
gan, romelTagan erTi qalaqSi, meore sana- ma ugulisyuro damokidebulebiT saxsrebis
piroze da mesame Sida mxareSi mdebareobda. didi nawili gaflanges, ris gamoc demosTe-
tritiebi Semdeg klisTenesma demosebad nem Sesaferisi aRzrda-ganaTleba ver miiRo.
dahyo. demosTa ricxvi 150, mogvianebiT ki amas xels uSlida misi fizikuri sisustec.
170‑mde iyo. demosebis TiToeuli filesad- demosTenes mWermetyvelebis maswavlebeli
mi mikuTvneba wilisyriT xdeboda. amdenad, cnobili oratori iseosi iyo. rodesac de-
TiToeuli demosi mTlianad teritoriul mosTene srulwlovani gaxda, man sasamarT-
danawilebas warmoadgenda, file ki aseT loSi uCivla Tavis meurveebs. wlebis man-
xasiaTs moklebuli iyo. igi aerTianebda Zilze werda demosTene sityvebs maT winaaR-
sxvadasxva landSafturi da socialur‑po- mdeg, vidre sabolood ar moigo procesi.
litikuri mdgomareobis mosaxleobas. mogebis miuxedavad, mas mcire Tanxa ergo
demosebi erTmaneTisagan mosaxleobis rao- qonebidan, magram moipova ostatoba da
denobiT gansxvavebulni iyvnen. es gansxvave- oratorobis Zala. demosTenem daiwyo saa-
ba buleSi _ 500‑Ta sabWoSi _ iyo asaxuli, ro- dvokato saqmianoba, anu rogorc mas maSin
melSic TiToeuli demosi Tavisi mosaxle- ewodeboda `logografosoba~. TandaTano-
obis ricxovnobis mixedviT iyo warmod- biT demosTenem iseTi saxeli moipova, rom
genili. demosis warmomadgenelTa ricxvi kerZo braldebis saqmeebidan sajaro bral-
136
debis saqmeebze gadavida. Tavdapirvelad ise, rom arc ki waakiTxes mosazrebebi. am
igi sxvebisTvis werda sityvebs da Tavad ar dRidan demosTenem aqtiurad daiwyo brZo
warmoTqvamda. maTi nawili mimarTuli iyo la zavis dasarRvevad. Zv. w. 342 w-s filipe
saxelmwifo kanonebis xelmyofTa winaaRm- II uSualod saberZneTSi SeiWra. am periodi-
deg. Zv. w. 354 w-s warmoTqmul sityvaSi `sidan moyolebuli demosTenes samoqmedo as-
moriebisaTvis~ demosTenem gailaSqra imaT parezi gafarTovda. igi gaxda saxelmwifo
winaaRmdeg, vinc sparseTis mxridan mosa- politikis faqtobrivi warmmarTveli. Zv.
lodnel safrTxes azviadebda. igi amtkiceb- w. 341 w-s demosTenem warmoTqva `mesame si-
da, rom qalaqi omisTvis ar iyo mzad, riTac tyva filipes winaaRmdeg~, romelSiac igi
daupirispirda omis momxreTa jgufs. Zv. w. ganumartavda aTenelebs, rom filipe mxo
353 w-s gailaSqra evbulosis politikis wi- lod sityviT icavda mSvidobas, saqmiT ki
naaRmdeg, romlis mixedviTac namati e. w. mraval usamarTlobas Cadioda. demosTenem
`Teorikonis~ fondSi unda gadaricxuliyo. sityvas saqme miayola da imogzaura Tra-
partiaTa mZafr politikur brZolaSi Cab- kiaSi, iliriaSi, Tesaliasa da peloponesSi,
muli demosTene Tavdapirvelad ver aRwev- raTa aemxedrebina mosaxleoba filipes wi-
da sasurvel mizans da mis sityvebs raime re- naaRmdeg. man miaRwia kidec garkveul Sedegs.
aluri politikuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. Zv. aTenelebma dalaSqres evbea da gaimarjves.
w. 351 w-s demosTenem warmoTqva Tavisi cno- sazRvao brZolaSi mokavSireTa flotma
bili `pirveli sityva filipes winaaRmdeg~, (aTenis, bizantionis, qiosis, rodosis) daa-
romelSic oratorma aSkarad warmoaCina is marcxa makedoniis floti da Zv. w. 339 w-s
safrTxe, romelic aTens makedoniis eqspan- filipe II-m bizantions alya moxsna. filipes
siis mxridan emuqreboda. saqme is iyo, rom warumateblobam gazarda saberZneTSi anti
filipe II makedonelma am periodSi daikava makedonuri ganwyoba. magram gadamwyvet
Tesalia, Caayena Sig makedonuri garnizone- SetevaSi qeroneasTan (Zv. w. 338 w.) mokav-
bi da Termopoles aReba daapira. aTenel- SireTa gaerTianebuli laSqari damarcxda.
Ta drouli daxmarebis wyalobiT, filipem Zv. w. 336 w-s SeTqmulebma filipe II mokles.
ver moaxerxa Termopiles aReba. Tavis si- es ambavi aTenelebs demosTenem amcno, ma-
tyvebSi demosTene cdilobda gaemxnevebina gram ar gamarTlda oratoris imedi, rom
gunebawamxdari aTenelebi, gaeqarwylebina filipes sikvdilTan erTad bolo moeRe-
maTi sasowarkveTa da Tanac mieca konkre- boda makedoniis eqspansias. misma vaJiSvil-
tuli rCeva, Tu ra gziT waremarTaT omi. am ma aleqsandrem male Seutia saberZneTs da
sityvis Semdeg pasiuri politikuri ritor- Zv. w. 335 w-s miwasTan gaaswora Tebe. demo-
ikidan 33 wlis demosTene aqtiur brZolaze sTenes elCobaSi unda mieRo monawileoba,
gadavida da erTxel arCeuli gzisTvis _ magram SeSinebuli Sua gzidan gamobrunda.
antimakedonuri politikis gatarebisaT- politikur asparezze demosTenes gavlena
vis arasodes uRalatia. Zv. w. 349 w-s mie- daeca. amiT isargebla esqinem da ganaaxla
kuTvneba demosTenes cnobili sami sityva brZola Zveli metoqis winaaRmdeg. man bra-
òlinToselTaTvis~. agrZelebda ra saber- li dasdo ktesifons (romelmac Zv. w. 336 w-s
ZneTis eqspansias, filipe II-m Zv. w. 349 w-s qa- Seitana winadadeba demosTenes gvirgviniT
lkidikis naxevarkunZulze aiRo ramdenime Semkobis Sesaxeb) rogorc ukanonod mo-
gamagrebuli punqti da olinToss Seutia. qmeds da moiTxova ktesifonis gasamarTle-
aTenelebma olinToss damxmared moqirav- ba. mopasuxed gamovida demosTene. man war-
neTa laSqari gaugzavnes, magram daxmareba moTqva sityva `gvirgvinisaTvis~ (Zv. w. 330
ukve nagvianebi gamodga (Zv. w. 348 w-s fili- w.), romelsac samarTlianad miiCneven misi
pem aiRo da miwasTan gaaswora olinTosi). Semoqmedebis mwvervalad. sasamarTloze
Zv. w. 347/346 ww-Si demosTene esqinesTan er- demosTenem brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova.
Tad monawileobda aTensa da makedonias Zv. w. 323 w-s areopagma daadanaSaula demos-
Soris mimdinare molaparakebaSi da zavis Tene 20 talantis miTvisebaSi da cixeSi Cas-
dadebaze piradad iyo pasuxismgebeli. ma- va, magram oratorma cixidan gaqceva moax-
gram filipe II-m zavis pirobebi daarRvia da erxa. amasobaSi gardaicvala aleqsandre da
fokidaSi SeiWra. maSin ganrisxebulma aT- demosTene kvlav aqtiurad Caeba politikur
enelebma demosTene tribunidan Camoagdes brZolaSi. madlierma aTenelebma daadgines
137
demosTenes aTenSi dabruneba. mTeli qa- ibrZoda perikleseuli aTenis asaRorZine-
laqi aRfrTovanebuli Seegeba demosTenes. blad, romelsac Tavisi SesaZleblobani ukve
magram demosTenes sixaruli xangrZlivi amowuruli hqonda, amitomac, demosTenes
ar gamodga. rodesac aleqsandres mefis- brZola axal viTarebaSi imTaviTve iyo gan-
nacvali _ antipatrosi aTenisaken daiZra, wiruli.
demosTene da misi TanamebrZolni qalaqi-
dan gaiqcnen (Zv. w. 322 w.). orator demade- defenzori (defensor) _ Tanamdebobis piri,
sis winadadebiT mas sikvdili miusajes. de- romelic ganagebda qalaqis an korporaci-
mosTenem Tavi Seafara kunZul kalavriaze is saqmeebs, rogorc prokuratori. mogvi-
poseidonis taZars. iq miagno mas msaxiobma anebiT es iyo Tanamdeboba, romlis mflo-
arqiasma, romelmac mosTxova warmdgariyo belic valdebuli iyo daecva dabali fenis
antipatrosis winaSe. gadmogvcemen, rom dem- mosaxleoba gavleniani fenisagan (defensor
osTenem daReWa winaswar sagangebod moSxa civitatis plebis). droTa ganmavlobaSi defenzo-
muli lerwmis kalami da Tavi moikla (Zv. w. ris movaleobas dabali rangis Cinovnikebis
322 w.). kontrolic daemata. defenzori icavda mopa-
aTenelma xalxma Rirseuli pativi miago de- suxis uflebas rogorc sasamarTloSi misi
mosTenes. aRmarTa brinjaos qandakeba, rom- gamocxadebis, ise gamoucxadeblobis SemT
lis kvarcxlbekze amotvifruli iyo yvela- xvevaSi (defensor absentis). defenzori unda
saTvis cnobili warwera: `rogoric iyav misuliyo sasamarTloSi, pasuxi gaeca kiTx-
gonieri, iseTive Ronieric rom yofiliyav, vebisaTvis da warmoedgina aucilebeli ga-
Sen, demosTene, maSin eladas makedoniis rantiebi.
omis RmerTi ver daipyrobda~ (plutarqosi,
demosTene). decemviri (decemviri) – samTavrobo kolegia,
demosTene berZnuli oratoruli skolis romelic Sedgeboda 10 kacisagan. kolegiebi
erT-erTi brwyinvale warmomadgenelia. ci- funqciebis mixedviT nawildeboda: 1) decem-
ceroni ayenebda demosTenes yvela berZen viri agris diviundis – es iyo droebiTi komisia,
oratorze maRla da mas `srulyofil ora- romlis funqciasac saxelmwifo miwasTan
tors~ uwodebda. Cvenamde moaRwia demo- dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mogvareba war-
sTenes 60-mde sityvam, Tumca yvela maTgans moadgenda. 2) decemviri legibus scribundis an
originalurad ar miiCneven. ferendis. es komisia Seiqmna Zv. w. 451 w-s tri-
demosTenes, rogorc politikuri figuris bun terentilius arsis kanonis mixedviT.
Sefasebas antikurobidan moyolebuli, mudam patriciebisagan amoirCa 10 kaci, romelTac
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba sdevda Tan. kritikuli kanonebi unda werilobiTi formiT war-
azri demosTenes ukiduresi idealizaciidan moedginaT da am meTodiT aRekvecaT sa-
mis daundobel gankicxvamde meryeobda. erTi samarTlo konsulebis Tavgasuloba. amas-
mxriv, mas elinTa Tavisuflebis damcvelad, Tanave, es iyo saukeTeso saSualeba orive
moqalaqisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis idealad fena, patriciebi da plebeebi, gaTanabrebu-
miiCnevdnen. XIX s-Si warmoiSva sapiris liyvnen kanonis winaSe. sxva yvela samTav-
piro Sexeduleba, romelic aidealebda ra robo Tanamdebobam droebiT Sewyvita fun-
makedonias da mis dapyrobaTa mniSvnelo- qcionireba (tribunatebmac). am 10 kacidan
bas saberZneTisTvis, demosTenes reaqciul erTi dakavebuli iyo saxelmwifos marTviT.
moRvawed Tvlida. Tanamedrove mecniere- maT erTi wliT irCevdnen da aRWurvilni
baSi ZiriTadad miRebulia azri, rom Tumca iyvnen konsulis uflebebiT. danarCenebi
TavisuflebisaTvis demosTenes Tavdadeba adgendnen kanonebs. gadmocemis mixedviT,
Tavad iyo Tavisuflebis udidesi himni, misi kolegia ewvia saberZneTs solonis kanon-
meTodebi da politika ar iyo saukeTeso gza mdeblobis ukeT gasacnobad da moRvaweobis
am miznis misaRwevad. demosTene ver xedavda I w-s momzadda kanonTa 10 dafa. maT Sedge-
imas, rom makedoniis uZlieresi eqspansiisa- naSi monawileoba miiRo efeselma filoso-
gan elinTa Tavisuflebis dasacavad aucile- fosma hermogenesma. momzadebuli kanonebs
beli iyo berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis ganixilavdnen, SehqondaT Sesworebebi da
gaerTianeba. rogorc Cans, am politikas mxolod Semdeg xdeboda maTi damtkiceba
ufro misi mowinaaRmdegeni atarebdnen. igi centuriis komiciebSi. Semdeg isini itvifre-
138
boda spilenZis dafebze da ifineboda. aR- ze modave mxareebs yovelTvis SeeZloT
moCnda saWiroeba kidev 2 dafis Seqmnisa, ris kerZo samarTalwarmoebis SemTxvevebSi
gamoc decemvirebs erTi wliT gaugrZel- arbitraJisTvis miemarTaT. Teoriulad,
daT moRvaweobis vada (XII dafis kanonebi), kerZo arbitris gadawyvetileba savalde-
magram vadis gasvlis Semdegac decemvirebi bulod iTvleboda, gansakuTrebiT imitom,
ar iyvnen ganwyobilebi imisaTvis, rom uari rom modaveni saqmis ganxilvis win Tavisi
eTqvaT TavianT uflebebze da ukanonod neba-surviliT acxadebdnen, rom daeTa-
inarCunebdnen Zalauflebas patriciebis nxmebodnen miRebul gadawyvetilebas. di-
TanadgomiT, romelTac jer kidev sZuldaT aitetesebi davis mogvarebis dros samar-
saxalxo tribunebi. plebsis sekesiom (se- Tlebriv normebze metad samarTlianobis
cessio) daasrula decemvirTa xelisufleba principebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. daax. Zv.
da yvelaferi Zvel kalapotSi Cadga: ori w. 400 w-s sajaro arbitraJic iqna SemoRe-
konsuli da tribunebi ganagebdnen qveyanas. buli. yoveli moqalaqe, mas Semdeg, rac mas
apiusma da opiusma Tavi moikles, danarCeni samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis vada asakiT
decemvirebi gaxdnen ltolvilebi. maT qone- amoewureboda (es 59 wlis asakSi xdeboda),
bas gaukeTes konfiskacia. 3) decemviri stlitibus valdebuli iyo sajaro arbitrad emsaxura.
iudicandis – uZvelesi sasamarTlo kolegia, maT im kerZo davebs gadascemdnen, romelTa
romelic ganixilavda moqalaqis uflebebs. safasuri 10 draqmas aRemateboda, raTa
Lex Valeriae Horatiae-s mixedviT, isini tri- amiT diaitetesebs erTgvarad ganetvirTaT
bunebis da plebeeli edilis Tanabari ufle- saxalxo sasamarTloebi. mas Semdeg, rac
bebiT sargeblobdnen, Sesabamisad, plebsis orive mxare miiRebda diaitetesis ganaCens,
sakiTxebs ganixilavdnen. avgustusma isini legaluri TvalsazrisiT ganaCeni saval-
decemvirTa sasamarTlos Tavmjdomared debulo xdeboda, Tumca modaveebs ufleba
daniSna, iyvanda maT ekvitebisagan. 4) decem- hqondaT apelacia _ efesisi dikasterion-
viri sacrorum – 5 warmomadgenels irCevdnen Si (sasamarTloSi) SeetanaT. amdenad, di-
patriciebisagan, xolo 5 _ plebsidan. isini aitetesebi ufro mediatorebad unda iqnen
Tavisufalni iyvnen yvela sxva movaleobis- ganxiluli, vidre arbitrebad am sityvis
agan. senatis brZanebiT, mTavrobis Tandas- mkacri gagebiT. aristoteles mixedviT, ar-
wrebiT wminda wignebis saSualebiT unda bitris (rogorc kerZo, ise sajaros) saqmi-
seriozuli gadawyvetilebebi gamoetanaT, anoba dikastesis (mosamarTlis) saqmiano-
ewinaswarmetyvelaT (prodigia). bisagan ramdenime aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba: is
unda ecados gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde
diadikasia (diadikasiva) _ kerZo braldebis moarigos modave mxareebi. igi Tavisufa-
_ dikes gansakuTrebuli saxeoba iyo dia- lia, gamoitanos gadawyvetileba modaveTa
dikasia. sityvasityviT is niSnavs `gansjas moTxovnebis ganxilvis Sua procesSi; misi
or adamians Soris~. igi gamoiyeneboda im ganaCeni unda iTvaliswinebdes ufro metad
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac garkveuli ufleba samarTlianobis principebs, vidre samarT-
(pretenziis gancxadeba memkvidreobaze), an lis – dikes normebs.
valdebuleba (magaliTisTvis trierarqiis
diasaxlisi, mTa
aRsruleba) or (an met) adamians Soris da-
vis sagani xdeboda. misi specifikuri maxasi-
xevsureTi _ xevsuris cxovrebaSi di-
asaxliss sapatio adgili eWira. mis xelT
aTebeli iyo is, rom am SemTxvevaSi ar arse-
iyo saojaxo cxovrebis wesebiT warmarTva.
bobda bralmdebeli da braldebuli: yvela
diasaxlisoba dedamTils ekuTvnoda, Tu
pretendenti Tanabar pirobebSi iyo. rode-
ojaxSi dedamTili ar iyo an Rrmad moxuce-
sac memkvidreobis miRebaze mxolod erTi
buli iyo, maSin es movaleoba ojaxSi ufros
adamiani acxadebda pretenzias da, Sesabami
qals gadaecemoda. yvelaferi, rac saojaxo
sad, sasamarTlo ganxilva ar iyo saWiro,
saqmes ekuTvnoda, gasayidi iqneboda, Tu
pretendentis mimarT gancxadebul oficial-
stumrisTvis gasamaspinZlebeli, mis ukiTxa-
ur gadawyvetilebas epidikasia ewodeboda.
vad ar Caivlida.
diasaxlisi Cxubisa da usiamovnebis dros
diaitetesi (diaiththv") _ arbitri. aTenu
rZlebsa da ojaxis qalebs asamarTlebda,
ri kanonSemoqmedebis istoriis manZil-
139
tuqsavda, ujavrdeboda, akontrolebda maT Zv. w. V s-sa da Zv. w. IV s-is I naxevarSi TiToeu-
zneobas. mas ufleba hqonda, urCi rZali li magistrati erTsa da imave sasamarTloSi
gaegdo saxlidan. vinaidan ojaxis meTvaly- msaxurobda. heliaia iyo TesmoTetesebis sa-
ureobas dro sWirdeboda, igi sxvagvari saq- samarTlo, to; Paravbuston _ e. w. TerTmetTa
meebisgan gaTavisuflebuli iyo. mas yvela sasamarTlo. arsebobda sxva sasamarTloe-
emorCileboda da yvelaferi misi survil- bic. aristoteles droisTvis msajulTa
isamebr keTdeboda. msaxurebis es wesi Seicvala da kenWisyris
fSavi _ fSavSi diasaxliss (deda saxld) principiT TiToeuli dikastesi sxvadasxva
irCevdnen maSin, rodesac ojaxSi bevri qali sasamarTloSi ganixilavda saqmes. am sa-
iyo. misi movaleoba iyo saxlis dagva, daw- samarTloTagan gansxvavdeboda areopagi
menda, puris dafqva, sasmel-saWmlis momza- da is sasamarTloebi, romlebic mkvlelobis
deba, stumris daxvedra da gamaspinZleba da saqmes ganixilavdnen (ix. efetesebi).
sxva. diasaxliss erTi wlis vadiT irCev aTenuri sasamarTlos mTavari nakli is
dnen. iyo, rom msajulebis SecdomaSi Seyvana
gamocdil orators advilad SeeZlo. msa-
dikasterioni (dikasthrivon) _ berZnuli ter- julTa umetesoba ar iyo specialurad gan-
mini sasamarTlos aRsaniSnavad. Zv. w. VI s-is swavluli. da mainc, mcodneTa rCevis Tu
dasawyisamde aTenSi ganaCeni gamohqondaT instruqciis arqonis miuxedavad, msajulebs
an magistratebs (ix. arqoni), an areopags unda gaerCiaT marTali da mtyuani, mniSvne
an efetesebs. rogorc Cans, solonma daaf- lovani da umniSvnelo argumentebi, maT
uZna moqalaqeTa kreba (ix. heliaia), ro- unda moexdinaT kanonis interpretacia da
melic moismenda apelaciebs magistratebis gadaewyvitaT faqtebi. am sistemis upirate-
mier gamotanili verdiqtebis winaaRmdeg. soba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom msajulTa
safiqrebelia, rom TandaTanobiT apelacie- didi ricxvi maT mosyidvasa Tu daSinebas
bi iseTi Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda, rom arTulebda. amasTanave sasamarTloebi da
magistratebma Sewyvites ganaCenTa gamo- xalxi, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, identu-
tana. amasTan arc krebas hqonda dro, rom ri iyvnen imdenad, rom braldebuls hqonda
yvela saqme ganexila. swored amisTvis iqna gancda, rom mas mTlianad aTenis sazoga-
SemoRebuli dikastesebis (msajulTa) siste- doeba gansjida da ara ubralod saxel
ma. msajulebi warmoadgendnen moqalaqeTa mwifo moxele ama Tu im dawerili kanonis
gaerTianebas, romlebic ganixilavdnen mixedviT.
nebismieri moqalaqis mier aRZrul saqmes.
daaxloebiT Zv. w. V s-is Sua wlebidan dikastesi (dikasthv") _ mosamarTle/msajuli.
moyolebuli msajulTa sistema ase funq- Tanamedrove enebSi Cven berZnul termin di-
cionirebda: yoveli wlis dasawyisSi ikri- kasthv" zogjer msajulad (juror) da zogjer
bebodnen moxaliseebi, romlebsac msa- mosamarTled (judge) vTargmniT, Tumca arc
julebad msaxureba surdaT, dgeboda sia, erTi maTgani am terminis zusti Sesatyvisi
romelSic 6000 dikastesi Sedioda. maT yove- ar aris, rameTu es moxeleebi asrulebdnen
li dRis samsaxurisTvis mcire gasamrjelos rogorc Tanamedrove mosamarTlis, ise
aZlevdnen. dikastesTa kolegiaSi Semaval Tanamedrove msajulis msgavs funqciebs.
msajulTa raodenoba gansaxilveli saqmis aTenis sasamarTlo ar icnobs im tipis pro-
xasiaTidan gamomdinare icvleboda, Tum- fesional mosamarTles, romelic Taname-
ca Cveulebriv ramdenime aseul msajuls drove sasamarTlo sxdomaze msajulebs
moicavda. Zv. w. IV s-Si kolegiebSi Semavali Sesabamis kanonze miuTiTebs da romelic
msajulTa ricxvi kenti iyo (mag. 501), raTa mxareTa gamosvlis Semdeg ajamebs maT na-
ganaCenis gamotanisas Tavidan aecilebinaT laparakevs.
xmaTa Tanabari ganawileba. aTeneli msajulebi didi ZalauflebiT
sasamarTlo sxdomas magistrati an magis- iyvnen aRWurvilni. miuxedavad Cveni war-
tratTa jgufi Tavmjdomareobda. sxvadasxva modgenisa, rom aTeneli oratorebi aRmate-
magistrats sxvadasxva tipis saqmis ganxilva bulad agviwerdnen msajulTa Rirsebebs,
evaleboda. SesaZloa, arc ise gazviadebuli iyos de-
140
mosTenes 57-e sityvis oratoris mimarTva qanis (Slot machine) msgavs meqanizmebs Savi
dikastesebisadmi: `me mogmarTavT Tqven, da TeTri burTebiT da joxebs, romlebic
aTenelebo, rameTu vxedav, rom sasamarT- sxvadasxva sasamarTlo darbazis karebisa
loebs aqvT demosis amomrCevelebze didi Tu fanjrebis zRudarebis Sesabamisad iyo
avtoriteti... ufro didi, vidre bulesa da Seferadebuli (im ganzraxviT, rom joxebis
saxalxo krebas da sworedac aqvT, radgan Seferiloba misadageboda zRudarebisas). es
Tqveni gadawyvetilebebi yvela SemTxvevaSi sistema gansazRvravda ara marto imas, Tu
yvelaze samarTliania~ (demosTene, 57. 56). romel msajuls romel dRes unda emsaxura,
sasamarTlo ganxilvebis garda, dikastesebi aramed imasac, Tu romel msajuls romeli
wyvetdnen imasac, ramdenad Seesabameboda saqme unda moesmina, romels unda Seexsene-
saxalxo krebis mier miRebuli kanoni Tu bina gamomsvlelTaTvis salaparako dro
dekreti konstitucias. Zv. w. 403 w-s Semdeg wylis saaTze _ klefsidraze miTiTebiT da
saxalxo krebas mxolod dekretis miReba romels unda gadaexada dRiuri gasamrjelo
SeeZlo. yvela axali kanoni nomoTete- msajulTaTvis. rogorc Cans, es sistema Se-
sebisagan (kanonmdeblebisagan) moiTxovda moRebuli iyo mosyidvisagan msajulTa da-
ratifikacias. nomoTetesebi ki swored msa- sacavad, Tumca TandaTanobiT is STambeWdav
julTa 6000 kaciani kolegiisagan iyvnen ceremoniad gadaiqca, romelic am movlenis
arCeulni. amgvari farTo uflebamosileba, seriozulobas da mniSvnelovanebas usvamda
bunebrivia, aucilebels xdida imis codnas, xazs.
Tu vin iyvnen msajulebi, ra mimarTeba hqon- TiToeul sasamarTlo ganxilvas erTi magi
daT maT konkretul saqmeebTan, romelTa strati an magistratTa jgufi xelmZRvane
ganxilvac maT daavales da rogor aRas- lobda. sxvadasxva magistrats sxvadasxva
rulebdnen isini TavianT movaleobebs. tipis saqmeebi exeboda. arqon eponimosis
msajulad msaxureba 30 w-s miRweul mam- movaleobaSi ojaxTan da memkvidreobasTan
robiTi sqesis nebismier aTenel moqalaqes dakavSirebuli saqmeebis ganxilva Sedioda.
SeeZlo. rogorc wesi, msajulebad 30 welze arqon basilevsi umeteswilad religiasTan
bevrad asakovnebi muSaobdnen. savaraudod, dakavSirebul sakiTxebs ganixilavda. arqon
msajulebi moqalaqeTa Rarib fenas miekuT- polemarqosis kompetenciaSi araaTenelTa
vnebodnen, radgan dabali anazRaurebiT saqmeebis warmoeba Sedioda. TesmoTete-
kmayofildebodnen. maTi gasamrjelo ufro sebis ganxilvis sfero ufro farTo iyo da
mcire iyo, vidre fizikurad jansaRi adami- sajaro braldebis bevr saxeobas moicav-
ani dRiuri SromiT gamoimuSavebda. da. strategosebs evalebodaT samxedro
msajulTaTvis gasamrjelos micema perik samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi, TerT-
lem SemoiRo. Tavdapirvelad es Tanxa 2 mets ki qurdobisa da amis msgavs danaSaulTa
obols Seadgenda da mxolod Zv. w. 425 w-s gansja. arsebobda magistratTa ufro mcire
gaizarda 3 obolamde. kolegiebic, romlebic ufro konkretul
aseTi anazRaurebis miuxedavad, dikastesad saqmeebs ganixilavdnen. ix. apodeqtesebi.
saqmianoba sakmaod konkurentunariani iyo.
msajulad momsaxureTa ricxvi gacilebiT
meti iyo, vidre es sasamarTlos SeeZlo dae- dike (divkh) _ zogadad `saqmis~ aRsaniSnavi
tia. dikasterionSi warmodgenili msajulTa termini aTenur samarTalwarmoebaSi. aT-
kolegiebi Cveni standartebiT Zalian mrav- enis sasamarTlo sistemaSi sajaro bral-
alricxovani gaxldaT. Cveulebriv es kole debisa (divkai dhmovsiai) da kerZo braldebis
giebi ramdenime aseuli kacisagan Sedgeboda. (divkai ijdv iai) saqmeTa Soris principuli gan-
Tu adre esa Tu is dikastesi erT konkretul sxvaveba iyo. Tumca xSirad termini `dike~
sasamarTloSi msaxurobda, Zv. w. IV s-Si es dakonkretebis gareSe mxolod kerZo bral-
wesi radikalurad Seicvala. SemoRebul debis mimarT ixmareboda grafes sapirispi-
iqna mravaljeradi, alalbedze SerCevis rod.
sistema. amisTvis iyenebdnen xis an brinjaos kerZo da sajaro braldebis saqmeTa Soris
bileTs, romelic msajulebs Tan mihqondaT Semdegi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba arsebobda: a)
sasamarTloSi, Tanamedrove avtomati man- kerZo braldeba exeboda kerZo pirisaTvis
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miyenebul zarals an usamarTlobas. sajaro rius Augustus) – romaeli imperatori (ax. w.
braldeba ki im danaSaulis mimarT iyo aR- 284-305 ww.), iwodeboda Tavisi mSobliuri
Zruli, romelsac mTlianad sazogadoebis qalaqis saxeliT (dalmaciis qalaqi dio-
mimarT Cadenil danaSaulad miiCnevdnen. klea) SesaniSnavi mxedarTmTavari da or-
iseTi danaSaulis mimarT, romelic rogorc ganizatori, romis absoluturi monarqiis
sajaro, ise kerZo danaSaulad SeiZleba (dominanti) fuZemdebeli.
CaTvliliyo, legalurad dasaSvebi iyo romis sazRvrebis dasacavad diokletianusma
orive tipis braldebis aRZvra. SemoiRo Zalauflebis administraciuli da
b) kerZo braldebis aRZvra SeeZlo uSualod teritoriuli dayofa – tetrarqia (maqsimi-
dazaralebuls an mis ojaxs am ukanasknelis anusTan, galeriusTan da konstantiusTan
sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi. sajaro braldebis erTad). Tumca romi rCeboda imperiis nom-
dayeneba ki nebismier moqalaqes xelewife- inalur dedaqalaqad, tetrarqosebi mar-
boda. Tavdnen sasazRvro qalaq-rezidenciebidan.
g) kerZo braldebis SemTxvevaSi kompensa- amiT momzadda saxelmwifos danawevreba.
cia Tu zarali SesaZloa bralmdeblisaTvis mmarTvelobis reformisas imperiis mmarT-
miekuTvnebinaT. sajaro braldebis dros veloba dayofil iqna 12 diocezad (admi
nebismier jarimas Tu gadasaxads saxelmwi- nistraciuli erTeuli) da daaxloebiT 100
fos uxdidnen. Tumca, raTa moqalaqeebs sax- provinciad, provinciebis dayofa senatisa
elmwifos interesebis dasacavad aReZraT da saimperatoro provinciebad gauqmebul
saqmeebi, sajaro braldebaTa garkveul sax- iqna. samoqalaqo Zalauflebis gamoyofam
eobebSi (ix. fasisi da apografe) warmatebu- samxedrodan saTave daudo armiis axal
li bralmdeblebisTvis fuladi jildoebic organizacias. jarze senatis gavlenis asaci
iyo dawesebuli. meore mxriv, amas Tavisi leblad keisrebis Zalaufleba gaZlierda
ukuefeqtic hqonda, rameTu sikofantebs e. w. Cinovnikebis mravalricxovani aparatiT
_ `profesional dambezReblebs~ aqezebda. da aRmosavluri tradiciis karis ceremo-
d) sikofantebis dasaSineblad umetes sa- niis SemoRebiT. 297 w-dan miwismflobelo-
jaro braldebebSi jarimebi iqna SemoRe- bis ZiriTad gadasaxadad amoiReboda natu-
buli, Tuki bralmdebeli xmebis 1/5-s mainc riT regularuli gadasaxadi (anona). aman
ver miiRebda. aseT dros igi valdebuli gamoiwvia kolonebis damuSavebul miwas-
xdeboda jarima _ 1000 draqma gadaexada. Tan mimagreba, rac mogvianebiT kanonmde-
amas garda moqalaqis uflebebic nawilob blobiT konstantinem gaaforma. bevri pro-
riv erTmeoda. (ix. atimia). kerZo bral- fesia memkvidreobiTi gaxda. mag., xelosnebi
debaTa SemTxvevaSi aseTi tipis jarima ar ZaldatanebiT gaaerTianes kolegiebSi.
arsebobda. 301 w-s diokletianusma (fasebze gankar-
braldebis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba iyo gulebaSi) daadgina fasebi sasicocxlo
diadikasia. Tu memkvidreobaze pretenzias aucileblobisa da fufunebis saqonelze,
mxolod erTi piri acxadebda, pretendenti- aseve maqsimaluri anazRaureba xelosnebisa
saTvis amis formalurad miniWebas epidika- da medReureebisTvis. am maqsimalur tarifs
sia ewodeboda. unda Seekavebina fasebis zrda mTel saxelm-
mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi wifoSi, magram male es tarifi gauqmda pro-
gansxvavebul ganxilvas eqvemdebareboda. vinciebis gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis donis
moklulis naTesavebs mkvlelis devnas ka gamo, rac spekulaciis zrdas uwyobda xels.
noni avaldebulebda. devnas mohyveboda romauli tradiciis damcveli diokletianu-
mowodebaTa gadacemis specialuri procesi biurokratiuli saxelmwifos ideologi-
dura, winaswari mosmena, ficis dadeba. saq- uri gaZlierebis mizniT xels uwyobda mTe-
mis ganxilva ar mimdinareobda Cveulebriv li imperiisaTvis saerTo iupiteris kultis
sasamarTloSi. am tipis saqmeTa moZieba Ria gavrcelebas da Tavadac iovi dairqva.
cis qveS ganlagebul specialur sasamarT- diokletianusi uSedegod cdilobda qris-
loSi warmoebda. (ix. areopagi da efetesebi). tianobis gavrcelebis SeCerebas da 303 w-
dan devnida mas. 305 w-s diokletianusma
diokletianusi avrelius valerius avgus- uari Tqva taxtze da mebaReobas mihyo xeli.
tusi (Diocletianus imperator Caesar Aurelius Vale- TanammarTvelebi pativs scemdnen mas tax-
142
tze uaris Tqmis Semdegac, magram is ar eqstremalur viTarebaSi (es SeiZleba yo-
uyvardaT qristian mwerlebs, romlebic mas filiyo rogorc qveynisaTvis saSiSi sagareo
ar uviwyebdnen 303/304 ww-is qristianebis safrTxe, aseve qveynis SigniT arsebuli
devnas. Tumca warmarTi mwerlebic kicxa daZabuli viTareba). diqtatori iniSneboda
ven mis siZunwesa da aRmosavluri fufnebi- 6 Tvis vadiT. Tavdapirvelad diqtatori
sadmi swrafvas, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi flobda absolutur Zalauflebas (summum
cdilobda SeenarCunebina warmarToba, ro- imperium), am Zalauflebis simbolos jer
gorc gabatonebuli religia. es azri _ taxti 12, mogvianebiT 24 liqtori warmoadgenda,
religiaze daemyarebina _ safuZvlad daedo romlebic wknelebiT xelSi Tan dahyvebod-
qristianebis devnas. nen mas. diqtatori xelmZRvanelobda jars,
diokletianusis religiurma politikam flobda ganusazRvrel sakanonmdeblo, aR-
kraxi ganicada. diokletianusis reforme- masrulebel da sasamarTlo Zalauflebas.
biT daiwyo dominatis xana, romelmac Ta- mis winaaRmdeg ar moqmedebda provokacia
vis formebze ganicada aRmosavluri gvi- (provocatio ad populum), Tumca mas unda daeniS-
anantikuri absoluturi monarqiisa da na mxedarTa xelmZRvaneli (magister equitum),
sparselebis gavlena (garegnuli sazeimo romelic misi umcrosi kolega (collega minor)
elferiT). xdeboda. igi valdebulebas iRebda damor-
284 w-s diokletianusis saxeliT wodebuli Cileboda diqtators. sxva magistratebi ga-
era daiwyo. nagrZobdnen funqcionirebas, magram mTli-
diokletianusi cdilobda samarTlis stabi anad emorCilebodnen diqtators (garda
lurobis miRwevas saukeTeso iuristebis saxalxo tribunisa, Tumca arc maT hqondaT
daxmarebiT, romlebic biurokratiuli ufleba gamoeyenebinaT diqtatoris mimarT
aparatis anonimurad momuSave TanamSrom- ius intercedendi (interkesia). moklevadiani
lebi iyvnen. Tumca maTi mravalricxovani problemebis gadasaWrelad iniSneboda dic-
reskriptebi arc Tavisi formiT, arc iurid- tator imminuto iure, saxalxo krebis mosawvevad
iuli RirsebebiT ar Camouvardebian klasi- dictator comitiorum habendorum causa, religi-
kuri drois reskriptebs. diokletianusma uri ritualebis Casatareblad dictator clavi
imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi laTinuri figendi, dResaswaulTa organizebisaTvis –
oficialuri enad Seitana. mis mier SemoReb- dictator ludorum faciendorum gratia da a. S. maTze
uli saxelmwifo mowyobis sistema, romelic mindobili problemebis mogvarebis saqmee-
ramdenime erTmaneTTan daqvemdebarebuli bSi es diqtatorebic ganusazRvreli Zalau-
mmarTvelis xelmZRvanelobas gulisxmobda flebiT sargeblobdnen (summum imperium).
mxolod iqamde amarTlebda, vidre Tavad bolo diqtatoris arCeva TariRdeba Zv. w.
idga saxelmwifos saTaveSi. 220 w-iT. sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo Tvi-
sobrivad is diqtatura, romelic gvxvdeba
diomosia (diwmosiva) _ specialuri fici war- Zv. w. I s-Si. sula respublikuri kanonebis
moTqmuli mkvlelobis saqmeTa ganxilvis uxeSi darRveviT (lex Valeria 9) Zv. w. 82 w-s
dros. yvela sxva saqmeTa SemTxvevaSi fics dainiSna diqtatorad ganusazRvreli va-
_ antimosias (sityvasityviT òri adamianis diT. Tanamdeboba mas uflebas aZlevda sis-
fici mimarTuli erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg~) ruleSi moeyvana yvela Tavisi survili. mas
mxolod mosarCele mxareebi debdnen. mkv- undoda aRedgina senatis batonoba, iyeneb-
lelobis saqmeTa ganxilvisas yvela mowme da proskripciebs, romelTa saSualebiT
unda SeerTeboda fics, romelic amis gamo Tavidan iSorebda TavisTvis arasasurvel
cnobili iyo rogorc diomosia anu `fici pirebs. keisarma Zv. w. 47 w-s Tavi dainiSna
dadebuli (orze met pirTa) Soris~. diqtatorad ganusazRvreli vadiT (dictator
perpetuus). keisris mkvlelobis Semdeg anto-
diqtatori (magister populi) – es Tanamdebo- niusma diqtatoris Tanamdeboba specialuri
ba pirvelad gaCnda mefobis gauqmebidan 9 kanoniT gaauqma (lex Antonia 5).
wlis Semdeg da amis mere xSirad mimarTavd-
nen xolme mas. diqtators niSnavda senatis dokimasia (dokimasiva) _ aTenSi Tanamdebo-
TanxmobiT konsuli an saxalxo tribuni, robis dakavebis win kandidatTa Semowmeba. es
melic aRWurvili iyo konsulis uflebebiT, umeteswilad TesmoTetesTa winaSe warmoe-
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bda. gamonaklisni iyvnen bules wevrobis totele, aTenelTa saxelmwifo wyobileba,
kandidatebi, romelTac im bulevtTa winaSe 4). Tumca Tanamedrove mecnierebi am mona-
uwevdaT gamosvla, romelTac Tanamdebo- cems umTavresad yalbad, savaraudod, Zv. w.
bis vada ewurebodaT. xmis micemiTa da ken- V s-is oligarq propagandistTa gamonago-
WisyriT ukve arCeul pirebs (ix. arCevnebi nad miiCneven. amasTan man garkveuli Tanam-
kenWisyriT), upiratesad am ukanasknelT, debobebis dasakaveblad gansazRvruli Se-
dokimasiis dros unda epasuxaT garkveuli mosavlis qona daawesa.
SekiTxvebisaTvis imis Tobaze, Tu ramdenad drakonis kanonebiT sisxlis aReba aekrZala
akmayofilebdnen isini ama Tu im Tanamdebo- sagvareulo aristokratias, sadamsjelo
bisaTvis arsebul moTxovnebs. amiT, rogorc funqciebi areopags gadaeca. kanonebis kod-
Cans, aTenelebi fiqrobdnen, rom garkveul- ifikaciam, sazogadod, SezRuda sasamarTlo
wilad gamoasworebdnen kenWisyriT arCevis ganaCenis TviTneboba. rogorc Cans, dra-
procesis naklovan mxareebs. dokimasiisas konma aTenis samarTlSi ganasxvava ganzrax
dasmul kiTxvebs ganekuTvneboda: iyvnen Tu da uneblie mkvleloba, gansazRvra piro-
ara isini Sesaferisi asakis Tanamdebobis bebi, romlis drosac am saqmis Camdeni ar
dasakaveblad anu 30 wlisa; miekuTvnebod- isjeboda da iTvaliswinebda mkvlelisa da
nen Tu ara garkveul qonebriv klass (es msxverplis axloblebis Serigebas.
exeboda garkveul periodebSi garkveul gabatonebuli klasis kerZo sakuTrebis
Tanamdebobebs, ase magaliTad, arqonis dacvis mizniT mZime sasjeli edeboda sa-
Tanamdebobas); xom ar ekavaT es konkretu- kuTrebis damrRvevebs (mwvanilis, xorblis
li Tanamdeboba uwin, an xom ar ekavaT imav- da a.S. moparvisaTvis qurdi sikvdiliT is-
droulad sxva Tanamdeboba, rac maTTvis am jeboda). saxalxo mRelvarebaTa Tavidan
konkretuli Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis asacileblad solonma Secvala drakonis
xelisSemSleli garemoeba iqneboda; iyvnen kanonebi, Tumca datova is kanonebi, rom-
Tu ara isini sruluflebiani moqalaqee- lebic mkvlelobis SemTxvevebs exeboda.
bi, anu xom ar vrceldeboda maTze atimiis tradiciis Tanaxmad, isini Zv.w. IV s-Sic mo-
raime forma; ramdenad iyvnen isini keTil qmedebdnen.
morCili moqalaqeebi – anu asrulebdnen Tu
ara samxedro valdebulebebs, ixdidnen Tu
duumvirebi (duumviri) – romis municipieb-
ara gadasaxadebs da asrulebdnen Tu ara
sa da koloniebSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobis
mSobelTa winaSe Svilebis movaleobas.
pirebi, romelnic yovelwliurad icvle-
bodnen. maTi sruli tituli iyo duumviri
dominati (dominatus) _ Zvel romSi princi-
iuri dicundo. duumvirTa movaleobebi ro-
patis Semdgomdroindeli diokletianusis
mis konsulTa movaleobebis mikromodels
dawesebuli mmarTvelobis forma (ax.w. IV- warmoadgenda. isini iyvnen qalaqis umaR-
VI ss.). lesi mosamarTleebi, qalaqis senatis Tavm-
jdomareebi da mTeli qalaqis ganmgebloba
donativumi (donativum) _ warmoadgenda rig- maT ekuTvnodaT. duumvirebi atarebdnen
gareSe saCuqars jariskacebisaTvis trium- wiTel togas (praetexta) da moZraobdnen 2
fis dros imperatoris inauguraciisas. liqtorTan erTad, romelTac xelSi eka-
vaT wknelebi. imperiis xanaSi duumvirebs
drakoni _ aTenis pirveli kanonmdebeli irCevda municipaluri senati, adre munici-
(Zv. w. VII s.), aristokratuli warmoSobis. paluri komiciebi. imperiis xanaSi duumvir-
Zv. w. 621 w-s Seqmna daweril kanonTa imde- Ta iurisdiqcia nelnela Sesustda. duumviri
nad mkacri korpusi (Zv. w IV s-dan mas `sisx- iuri dicundo-s gverdiT iyvnen aediles – edilTa
liT dawerils~ uwodebdnen), rom drako- municipaluri analogi. Duumviri navales Zv.
nuli zomebi SemdgomSi umkacres sasjelad w. 311 w-dan kurirebdnen samxedro flots;
aRiqmeboda. duumviri perduellionis – jer kidev mefeebis
aristoteles mixedviT, drakonma yvela xanidan ganixilavdnen saxelmwifo Rala-
aTenels, romelsac SeeZlo Tavisi xarjiT tis saqmeebs – umaRlesi tribunali; duumviri
mZimed SeiraRebuli meomari yofiliyo, mi- sacris faciundis – qurumebi, romlebic daka-
aniWa arCevanis _ xmis micemis ufleba (aris- vebulni iyvnen sibilas wignis ganmartebiT
144
da akvirdebodnen ucxoelTa kultmsaxure- nebdnen. provinciebSi nacvlebi gamoscemd-
bas. mogvianebiT maTi ricxvi gaizarda da nen specialur provinciis ediqts (edictum
10-dan 15-s miaRwia. duumviri viis extra urbem provinciale), romelic emsgavseboda qalaqis
purgandis – maT movaleobas Seadgenda romis pretoris ediqts.
sazRvrebs gareT gzebis movla-patronoba, magistratis mier Tanamdebobis dakavebisas
wesrigis dacva. ediqti xeze, qvaze an brinjaoze ikveTeboda
da saxalxod gamoidgmeboda.
magistratebis ediqtebidan mniSvnelovani
e iyo sasamarTlo magistratebis dadgenile-
edili (aediles, – aedes – taZari) – qalaqis bebi, rogorc samarTlis sruliad origi-
magistrati. Tavdapirvelad Zv. w. 491 w-dan naluri da erTaderTi wyaro, romelic sxva
saxalxo tribunebis damxmareebi. arc erT kanonmdeblobaSi ar gvxvdeba.
aediles plebis – plebeuri taZrebisa da sagan-
Zurebis damcvelebi, SemdgomSi plebeebis- ediqti pretoris (edictum praetorium, praetoris
gan (tribuni plebis) arCeuli ori gavleniani urbani) – qveyndeboda Tanamdebobis dakavebi-
Tanamdebobis piri. tribunatis Seqmnam edi- sas da Seicavda pretoris moRvaweobis moq-
lebs funqciebi Camoacila da axali ufle- medebis programas misi samsaxuris period-
bamosileba SesZina. liciniusisa da seqstiu- Si. am ediqtis safuZveli iyo yvelaferi is,
sis mmarTvelobisas (Zv. w. 367 w.) gamocemuli rac pretorma Tavisi winamorbedidan gad-
kanonebiT edilebs daemataT patriciebisgan moiRo; amasTanave yovel pretors ufleba
amorCeuli 2 edili (aediles curules – cota hqonda daematebina axali debuleba (nova
xanSi plebeebsac SeeZloT am Tanamdebobis clausula – axali klauzula, novum edictum –
dakaveba). maT zedamxedveloba unda gaewiaT ramdenadac gamoTqma ediqti aRniSnavda ara
mSeneblobisTvis, quCebis, taZrebisa da baz- marto mTlianad pretoris ediqts, aramed
rebis mdgomareobisaTvis, aseve maT unda TiToeul debulebasac); gansakuTrebul Sem-
daerigebinaT puri, gaemarTaT sazogadoe- TxvevaSi (moulodneli da mwvave sababisas)
brivi TamaSobebi da daecvaT saxelmwifo pretori avsebda Tavis ediqts mTeli wlis
xazina. sazogadoebrivi TamaSobebis Cat- ganmavlobaSi. igi Tavisufali iyo Tavisi
areba damatebiT sakuTar xarjebs iTxovda movaleobebis Sesrulebisas da ediqtiT
da edilebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen, rom mxolod zneobrivad iyo SeboWili. samar-
Semdgom arCevnebSi xmebi mieRoT. sakuTari Tlebrivad mas mxolod lex Cornelia zRudav-
xarjebis gaReba da moZieba ki korufcias da. pretorebis ediqti romauli samarTlis
uwyobda xels. SesaniSnavi nimuSia, igi iqmneboda Zv. w. 250-
aediles curules damatebiTi privilegiebic 80 ww-Si; imperator adrianes davalebiT ki
hqondaT, pretorebisagan maT xelSi bazar- iulianusma misi saboloo varianti Seqmna
Si amtydari kamaTis gadawyveta gadavida. (edictum perpetuum Hadriani). amis Semdeg igi
keisarma puriT ukeT momaragebis mizniT ucvleli darCa, cvlilebebis Setana mxo
ori Tanamdeboba SemoiRo (aediles ceriales lod imperatoris nebarTviT SeiZleboda
– puris edilebi). imperatorebis epoqaSi da man SeinarCuna kidevac Tavisi mniSvne
edilebma TandaTanobiT dakarges Tavisi loba, vidre iustinianusma ar gaauqma igi.
mniSvneloba. msgavsadve Seiqmna ediqtebi peregrinebis
pretoris moRvaweobisTvis (edictum peregri-
ediqti (edictum _ brZanebuleba) — mraval- num), provinciis nacvlisaTvis (edictum pro-
ferovani Sinaarsis sajaro gancxadeba, vinciale, edictum praesidis) da kurulebis edi-
miTiTeba an brZaneba, romliTac umaRlesi lebisaTvis (edictum aedilicum). msgavsi for-
magistratebi (magistratus maiores) Tavisi ga- ma, magram sruliad sxva Sinaarsi hqondaT:
mocxadebis uflebis (ius edicendi) safuZvelze edicta principium, edictum imperatorum. masSi
mimarTavdnen mTel mosaxleobas. ediqti, princepsi Tavisi mmarTvelobis nebismier
vidre magistrati Zalauflebas flobda, dros metnaklebad farTo wres acnobda
ZalaSi rCeboda. romaeli magistratebi romelime zogadi, umeteswilad sajaro
Tanamdebobis dakavebisas ediqtSi Tavisi samarTlis sakiTxis gadawyvetis Sesaxeb. es
movaleobebis Sesrulebis principebs aqvey- gadawyvetileba aucilebeli iyo maTTvis,
145
visac ediqti exeboda. kerZo samarTalSi ki winadadebas Seitanda, rom `Teorikonis~
edicta principum-s cota siaxle Sehqonda – am Tanxa samxedro miznebs moxmareboda.
mizans emsaxureboda kanonebi, romelTac sagareo politikis sferoSi evbulosi aq-
komiciebi iRebdnen da senatis dadgenile- tiurad moRvaweobda, cdilobda berZnuli
bebi. edicta principum Zalas inarCunebda ara qalaqebi saerTo zaviT gaerTianebuli-
mxolod imperatoris mmarTvelobis peri- yvnen. demosTene ebrZoda evbulosis ro-
odSi, aramed misi sikvdilis Semdegac, Tu gorc sagareo, ise safinanso politikas,
mas memkvidre ar gauuqmebda. mniSvnelovan gansakuTrebiT daJinebiT ki im kanonTa
edicta principum-s ganekuTvneba constitutio An- gasauqmeblad ibrZoda, romelic `Teoriko-
toniana, romlis mixedviTac romis imperiis nis~ Tanxebis samxedro miznebisaTvis gamo-
yvela Tavisufali moqalaqes romis moqa- myenebels sikvdiliT sjida. sxva aTenel
laqis uflebebiT sargebloba SeeZlo. moRvaweebTan erTad Zv. w. 346 w-s evbulosma
filokratesis zavi miiRo. demosTenesagan
gansxvavebiT evbulosi cdilobda Tavisi
Edictum Diocletiani (Zv. w. 301 w-s imperatorma
finansuri politika zavis SesanarCuneblad
diokletianusma gamosca ediqti spekula-
waremarTa. Zv. w. 344 w-dan demosTenes gav-
ciisa da mevaxSeobis winaaRmdeg. ediqtiT
lenis gazrdam Seasusta evbulosis pozicia.
maqsimaluri fasi dawesda sursaTsa da fu-
qeroneasTan brZolis Semdgom evbulosis
funebis sagnebze, aseve xelfasis myari ga-
saxeli aRar figurirebs, SesaZloa, am pe-
nakveTi xelosnebsa da medReurebze. miuxe-
riodSi igi aqtiur politikas Camoscilda
davad mkacri sanqciebisa, ediqtma finansur
kidec.
spekulaciebs Seuwyo xeli da sasurvel
Sedegs ver miaRwia.
evTine (eujquvnh) _ Tanamdebobrivi vadis
amowurvis Semdeg sajaro moxelis mier
evbulosi (Eu[boulo") _ berZeni finansisti wardgenili angariSis ganxilva. es pro-
aTenidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 405-335 ww.). Zv. w. 355- cedura upirvelesad mimarTuli iyo imis
342 ww-Si evbulosi iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad sworad gankar-
TvalsaCino saxelmwifo moRvawe. misi saqmi- ga moxelem saxelmwifo finansebi. rogorc
anobis mTavar mizans aTenis ukiduresad wesi, aTenSi evTines 10 logisti da evTino-
mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili finansuri sebi axorcielebdnen. Tumca nebismier mo-
mdgomareobis gamosworeba warmoadgen- qalaqes SeeZlo angariSis ganxilvis nebis-
da. Zv. w. 355-350 ww-Si evbulosi `Teoriko- mier etapze moxelesTvis braldebis ward-
nis~ salaros ganagebda, magram mas mTeli gena. yvela SemTxvevaSi magistrats unda
saxelmwifo finansebi eqvemdebareboda. mieRo imis dasturi, rom Tavisi Zalaufleba
misi moRvaweobis Sedegad TandaTanobiT man sworad gamoiyena.
sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda aTenis finans- Tu magistratis angariSi logistebs ar
uri mdgomareoba da im dones miaRwia, rom- daakmayofilebda, anda romelime moqalaqe
lis miRwevac Semdgom epoqebSi SeuZlebeli waradgenda braldebas mis winaaRmdeg, maSin
Seiqmna. aTenis wliuri Semosavali Zv. w. 347- logistebs saqme dikasterionisTvis unda
346 ww-Si 400 talants Seadgenda. evbulosi gadaecaT da amasTan, procesze Tavmjdoma-
mravalmxriv finansur politikas atarebda, reni yofiliyvnen. magistrati gamarTlebis
magram ZiriTad warmatebas man im kanonis SemTxvevaSic ki ar iyo bolomde Tavisufa-
meSveobiT miaRwia, romelic ukrZalavda li. saqmis ganxilvidan 30 dRis Semdeg ukve
bules saxelmwifos mimdinare Semosavle- evTinosebs (isini bules wevrebidan iyvnen
bidan daefinansebina araaucilebeli samx- kenWisyriT arCeulni) evalebodaT ganexi-
edro operacia. am kanonma saSualeba misca laT am magistratis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmu-
evbuloss, rom wliuri namati sazogado sa- li nebismieri pretenzia da Tu es pretenzia
muSaoebis programisTvis gadaericxa, Sesa- argumentirebuli iqneboda, igi sasamarT-
Zlebeli gaxda mravali umuSevari xelos- losTvis waredginaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
nisa da muSis sazogadoebriv samuSaoebSi evTines xSirad formaluri xasiaTi hqonda,
Cabma. evbuloss miaweren kanons, romelic demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi igi aRmasru-
sikvdiliT dasjiT emuqreboda yvelas, vinc lebeli xelisuflebis kontrolis yvelaze
146
efeqturi saSualeba iyo. amasTan, evTine droebiT tovebda posts. eisangeliis gam-
Zlieri iaraRi iyo sikofantebis xelSic. oyeneba SeeZloT aseve nebismieri politi-
kuri lideris winaaRmdegac, Tu mas saja-
evpatridebi (eujpatrivdai) _ erT‑erTi termini ro ganacxadi hqonda gakeTebuli. rogorc
dabadebiT keTilSobilTa aRsaniSnavad (ase- Cans, saqmes waradgendnen rogorc saxalxo
ve gamoiyeneboda terminebi: eujgenei'", gennai'oi, krebis, ise bules winaSe. saboloo mosmena
gnwvrimoi). maT TavianTi warmoSoba gmirTa imarTeboda an saxalxo krebaze, an dikas-
epoqamde ahyavdaT. aristokratiis batonobis terionis sxdomaze. Zv. w. 360 w-is Semdeg ei-
periodSi xelisufleba mTlianad maT xelSi sangeliis yvela cnobili SemTxveva dikas-
iyo. ZiriTadad, isini msxvili miwaTmoqme- terionze iyo warmodgenili.
debi iyvnen. Zv. w. VI s‑Si aTenis moqalaqeebi eisangelia gamoiyeneboda saxelmwifos Ra-
oTx klasad iyvnen dayofilni: evpatridebad, latSi braldebis, an sxva mZime danaSaulTa
miwaTmoqmedebad, xelosnebad (demiurgebad) SemTxvevaSi, romelTaTvisac kanoniT ar
da Tetebad. evpatridebs xelisuflebisaTvis iyo gawerili gansxvavebuli procedura.
brZolaSi Zv. w. VI saukuneSi miwaTmoqmedebi umTavresad es iyo procedura uprecenden-
da xelosnebi upirispirdebian (ix. arqoni, to an eqstraordinaluri borotmoqmedebi-
areopagi). Zv. w. 580/79 w‑s droebiTi kompro- saTvis. Tumca Zv. w. V s-is bolosTvis ukve
misis Sedegad mTavari arqonoba aTTa komi- kanoniT gansazRvres danaSaulTa ricxvi,
tetma Secvala, romelTaganac mxolod xuTni romlebic eisangeliis proceduras eqvem-
iyvnen evpatridTa klasidan. solonma wer- debarebodnen: es iyo saxelmwifo Ralati,
tili dausva am konfliqts. man Tanamdebobis demokratiis damxoba, konspiraciuli or-
dasakaveblad mTavar kriteriumad simdidre ganizaciebis Seqmna; saxelmwifosTvis mice-
miiCnia da ara warmomavloba an saqmianoba, muli pirobebis darRveva, qrTamis micema,
Tumca evpatridi ojaxebi kvlavac inarCu- raTa saxelmwifos interesebis sawinaaRm-
nebdnen didZal gavlenas, eWiraT qurumTa degod gakeTebuliyo gancxadeba. amasTan
garkveuli Tanamdebobebi da msaxurobdnen es procedura SeiZleba sxva danaSaulis
religiur kanonTa interpretatorebad (ix. SemTxvevaSic yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. Zv.
eqsegetebi). w. IV s-Si eisangelias sruliad trivialur
braldebebis drosac vxvdebiT.
ezosmoZRvari _ mefis sasaxlis gamgebeli eisangeliis cnobili magaliTebia: alkibi-
sameurneo da safinanso sakiTxebSi Zv. w. bo- adesis winaaRmdeg Setanili eisangelia,
losa da ax. w. pirveli saukuneebis saqarT- rodesac mas misteriebis profanaciaSi das-
veloSi. damowmebulia armazis bilingvis des brali (Zv. w. 415 w.) da arginusasTan me-
arameul teqstSi, sadac `Zlevamosilad da brZoli mTavarsardlebis gasamarTleba
mravali gamarjvebis mompoveblad~ iwode- eisangeliaTi (Zv. w. 406 w.).
ba. am orenovani warweris berZnul teqstSi
mas Seesatyviseba èpitroposi~, romelic ekvitasi (aequitas) – samarTlianoba. romis
saxlis mmarTvels, prokurators niSnavda samarTalSi moqmedi mTavari Semoqmedeb-
Zvel romSi. armazis bilingvidan Cans, rom iTi principi. mis amosaval wertils war-
ezosmoZRvris Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiT moadgenda moqalaqeTa formaluri Tanas-
gadaecemodaT. woroba kanonis winaSe. ekvitasis Semoq-
medebiTi xasiaTis principi mxolod maSin
eisangelia (eijsaggeliva) _ sajaro dada- vlindeboda, rodesac samarTlis norma
naSaulebis aqti. sityvasityviT `sajaro winaaRmdegobaSi modioda konkretul aras-
gancxadeba, informaciis dadeba~. zogad tandartul saqmesTan. ekvitasis saSualebiT
xazebSi amerikuli impiCmentis Sesatyvisi. xdeboda sadavo SemTxvevis gadawyvetisas
misi gamoyeneba SeiZleboda nebismieri sa- axali gonivruli gamosavlis migneba. Se-
jaro moxelis winaaRmdeg rogorc misi sabamisad, ekvitasi dgeba samarTlis (ius)
msaxurobis periodSi, ise Tanamdebobrivi gverdiT, akontrolebs da garkveulwilad
vadis amowurvis Semdeg. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arbilebs mas. ekvitasis saSualebiT xdebo-
pirs eisangeliis wayenebis dros Tanamde- da sasamarTlo normebis adaptacia sazoga-
boba ekava, sasamarTlo Ziebis dros igi doebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare socialur-
147
politikur-ekonomikur da eTikur cvlile- nen umaRlesi mxedarTmTavrebi, imperators
bebTan. maTi rigebidan hyavda megobrebi, Tanamoaz-
reebi, mrCevlebi da sxva.
ekvitebi (equites – mxedrebi, equus – cxeni) – imperatori tituls equites equo publico dam-
mxedrebis fenis warmomadgenlebi. saxurebul oficrebs jildod aniWebda;
1) romulusidan grakqusamde ekvitebi war- 2) equites legionis; equites equo privato– romleb-
moadgendnen romauli jaris nawils da misi sac Tavad unda SeeZinaT cxenebi da Tavisi
Semadgenloba mudmivad icvleboda. is, vinc xarjiT SeenaxaT. isini msaxurobdnen yvela
asrulebda samxedro samsaxurs, tovebda legionsa da sacxenosno qvedanayofSi da ar
ekvitebis rigebs. romulusma Camoayaliba hqondaT aristokratuli privilegiebi;
es razmi – amoarCia 3 uZvelesi tribidan 3) finansuri aristokratia – Zv. w. IV-III
(ramnebi, titiebi, lukerebi) 100 ekviti, 30 ss-Si ganviTarda ekvitebisa da warmate-
kuriidan – 10 ekviti. 100 mxedari Seadgenda buli plebeuri vaWrebisa da mewarmeebi-
centurias da atarebda im tribis saxels, sagan. TandaTanobiT maT xelSi gadavida
romelsac is ekuTvnoda. mxedrebs xelmZR- mogebis yvelaze ufro sarfiani wyaro
vanelobda mxedrebis tribuni (tribunus ce- (gansakuTrebiT sabanko da savaxSo opera-
lerum). gadmocemis mixedviT, tulius hos- ciebi miwis nakveTebisa da sawarmoebis
tiliusma romulusis 300 mxedars daamata ijariT, armiis momaragebiTa da provin-
kidev albas 300 Zveli mkvidri mxedari, rom- ciebis yovelmxrivi eqspluataciiT) da no-
lebic unda gadasaxlebuliyvnen romSi, ma- bilitetTan erTad gaxda meore mmarTveli
gram amasTanave ar SeecvalaT centuriebis fena romis imperiaSi. maT ricxvs mikuTvneba
raodenoba. savaraudod, es cnoba asaxavs upirveles yovlisa finansistebi (argentarii);
lukerebis SeerTebas ramnebsa da titiebis vaWrebi (mercatores); komersantebi (negotiato-
centuriebTan. tarkvinius priskusma, gadmo res); moijaradeebi (publicani).
cemis mixedviT, ekvitebis raodenoba orjer 1-sa da me-3 ekvits Soris zRvari xSirad
gazarda – 1200 ekviti (400 ramni, aqedan 200 waSlili iyo, mravali mxedarTmTavari
wina (priores), 200 Semdegi (posteriores). savarau- erTdroulad warmatebiT axorcielebda
dod, tarkvinius priskusma gaaormaga mxo savaWro operaciebs, finansistebs ki, Tavis
lod 300 mxedari, amgvarad am droidan ar- mxriv, armiaSi xSirad eWiraT maRali Tanam-
sebobda 200 ramni (100 – wina, 100 – Semdegi). debobebi. garda amisa, maT mravalmxrivi
am 1200 (savaraudod, 600) ekvitidan servius privilegiebi aerTianebdaT gansakuTrebul
tuliusma Seadgina 6 centuria da daamata 12 Sekrul fenad (mxedarTa fena – ordo equester),
centuria, romelic axali da plebeeuri war- romelic mravalmxrivi naTesauri kavSiriT
moSobis mxedrebiT Seivso, maTi ricxvi 2400 dakavSirebuli iyo nobilitetTan (orive es
(savaraudod, 1200) kacs Seadgenda. Sesabamis- fena mcirericxovani iyo, magram gansxvavde-
ad, maTi ricxvi iyo ara 3600, aramed 1800 da boda plebsisagan Tavisi ekonomikuri da
es raodenoba ufro didxans darCa ucvle politikuri gavleniT).
li. servius tuliusis droidan imisTvis, roca Cagruli masebi romauli sazogadoebis
rom adamiani mxedari gamxdariyo, saWiro winaaRmdeg ajanydnen, nobiliteti da mxe-
iyo cenzis floba, romelic 10-jer aRemate- drebi, miuxedavad maT Soris ganxeTqilebisa
boda I klasis minimalur cenzs. yvela, vinc (gamowveuli specifikuri, xSirad sawinaaRm-
Seadgenda 18 centurias, Tavidan iniSneboda dego interesebiT), erTad moqmedebdnen.
konsulebis, Semdeg cenzorebis mier (yovel formaluri (magram ara erTaderTi) piro-
5 weliwadSi erTxel cenzis gansazRvrisas). ba am fenaSi mosaxvedrad iyo mniSvnelovani
1) equites equo publico – patriciuli cxenosani qoneba, minimaluri cenzi Seadgenda 400000
jari, misi pirveladi birTvi, SemdgomSi 18 sestercias (rosciusis kanoni 1, romlis
damoukidebeli patriciul-plebeuri centu- mixedviTac aseve Zv.w. 67 w-is plebiscitiT
ria. es patriciuli cxenosani jari saxelm- mxedrebs TeatrSi 14 rigis adgilebi ekuT-
wifosagan iRebda cxensa da fuls mis Sesa- vnodaT), amitom mxedarTa fenaSi moxvedra
Zenad da Sesanaxad. amave dros eseni iyvnen SeeZloT mxolod Zalian mdidrebs.
didgvarovnebi, romlebic armiaSi wamyvan principatis dros ekvitebis (maTi rigebi
rols TamaSobdnen, maTi rigebidan gamovid- intensiurad izrdeboda municipiebidan da
148
umTavresad provinciebidan) mniSvneloba isini upirvelesad TavianTi ekonomikuri
sul ufro izrdeboda. imperatorebi maT meqanizmebis bunebiT gamoirCeodnen.
andobdnen zogierT Zalian mniSvnelovan Tanamedrove termini èkonomika~ momdin-
posts. Tavis karieras ekvitebi iwyebdnen areobs berZnuli sityvidan oijkonomiva, rac
samxedro meTaurebad (prefeqti, tribuni), kerZo meurneobis (ojaxis) _ oi\ko"-is gaZRo-
Semdeg winaurdebodnen samoqalaqo samsax- las niSnavda da ara erovnuli ekonomikisa.
urSi (prokuratori, damcveli), maT hqon- keTilgonierebidan, iseve rogorc ide-
daT Sansi umaRlesi TanamdebobisaTvis ologiuri, moraluri da politikuri mize-
mieRwiaT (praefectus vigilium, praefectus an- zebidan gamomdinare yoveli `Cveulebrivi~
nonae, praefectus Aegypti, praefectus praetorio); berZnuli saojaxo meurneoba miiswrafvo-
maT rangs Seesabameboda titulebi. ekvitebs da ramdenadac SeiZleboda TviTkmari yo-
dominatis dros datovebuli hqondaT zo- filiyo. saojaxo ekonomika saberZneTSi
gierTi sakulto funqcia [mag. auspiciebi – upiratesad sasoflo-sameurneo ekonomika
winaswarmetyveleba Citebis qcevaze (frena, gaxldaT, radgan namdvili qalaqebisa Tu
yvirili, Wama) dakvirvebiT]. utyuarad urbanuli samosaxlo centrebis
mxedrebis gansxvavebuli niSani iyo: 1) mo- ricxvi aq erTob mcire iyo.
sasxami wiTeli kantiT (trabea); 2) tunikaze `Cveulebriv~ erTobebSi mcxovreb ber-
wiTeli kanti (angustus clavus); 3) oqros be- ZenTa umetesobas ama Tu im tipis glexoba
Wedi (annulus aureaus); 4) quatuordecim sedes Seadgenda. glexi ramdenime heqtar miwas
(TeatrSi gansakuTrebuli adgili); amuSavebda. nakveTze daTesili iyo sx-
mas Semdeg, rac konstantinem bizantiaSi ga- vadasxva saxeobis marcvleuli (umTavres-
daitana rezidencia, mxedarTa fenam arse- ad qeri, garkveulwilad xorbali) da qse-
boba Sewyvita. rofituli kulturebi (zeTisxili, yurZeni,
leRvi yvelaze metad). wvrilfexa rqosani
saqoneli, gansakuTrebiT ki cxvari da Txa
ekonomika, saberZneTi _ mecnierebis Taname- berZnuli agrokulturis aucilebel Sema-
drove etapze saberZneTis ekonomikas ar vsebel nawils Seadgenda. zogierT adgi-
moiazreben rogorc erT mTlians, ramde- lebSi specifikuri sasoflo-sameurneo
nadac Tavad saberZneTi antikur periodSi kulturebi iyo gaSenebuli, anda iq mecxove-
aseulze met calke aRebul erTobaTa da- leobas ufro didi xvedriTi wili hqonda.
jgufebas warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, mec- sanapiro raionebSi meTevzeobas misdevd-
nierebi ganixilaven berZnul ekonomikur nen, magram, Tu ar CavTvliT Sav zRvas, sa-
sistemebs da ara erT cnebas _ saberZneTis berZneTis wylebi advilad dasaWer TevzTa
ekonomikas. amasTan, mecnierebi kamaToben didi gundebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xel-
imazec, arsebobda Tu ara saerTod èko- sayreli ar iyo. Tevzi, garkveulwilad,
nomika~ antikur saberZneTSi (ix. kapital- berZeni glexis sakveb racionSi fufunebis
izmi). sakiTxis gamartivebis mizniT, mkvl- produqtad rCeboda `mediteranul tria-
evarebi berZnul ekonomikur sistemebs sam dasTan~ (marcvleuli, Rvino, zeiTunis zeTi)
etapad hyofen. pirveli es gaxlavT àrqa- SedarebiT.
uli~ tipis ekonomika, romlis saukeTeso praqtikaSi, TviTkmari meurneoba ufro
magaliTs sparta warmoadgenda. mis sapir- ideali iyo, vidre realoba. sxvadasxva sa
ispirod, rogorc wesi, ganaTavsebdnen aT- xis ekonomikuri gacvla aucilebeli iyo,
enis ekonomikas, romelic gamorCeuli iyo magram gacvla-gamocvlebi, rogorc wesi,
ara marto ekonomikuri transaqciebis gan- mezoblebs an erTobis wevrTa Soris imave
sakuTrebuli simravliT, aramed ekonomi- sofelsa Tu imave qalaqis bazarSi warmoeb
kuri institutebis gansakuTrebuli daxvewi- da an uSualod, an am saxis barteriT, anda
lobiTac. aTenisa da spartis ekonomikuri fuladi erTeulis meSveobiT. saberZne-
sistemebis Sua aTavseben mravalricxovani Tis qalaqebis am ZiriTadi praqtikisagan
`normaluri~ berZnuli qalaqebisa Tu er- sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda aTeni, rame
Tobebis ekonomikas. maT aTenis ekonomi- Tu misi ekonomika sisxl-xorceulad iyo
kuri institutebisagan umTavresad masStabi damokidebuli misi umTavresi produqtis _
ganasxvavebda, spartis ekonomikisagan ki xorblis eqsportze, romelic Sor manZil-
149
ze vaWrobiT xorcieldeboda. aTens hqon- Semdeg rwmunebuli piri (pater fiduciaries)
da TiTqmis unikaluri saSualeba amgvari ukan ubrunebda Svils mSobels, raTa mama
importis safasuri vercxliT gadaexada. gamxdariyo mamis Zalauflebisagan Svilis
vercxls igi atikis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi gamaTavisuflebeli (parens manumissor). eman-
mdebare lavrionis sabadoebSi moipovebda. sipirebuli Svili xdeboda samarTlebrivi
maRaroebis muSaoba umTavresad monebis urTierTobis subieqti (persona sui iuris), Tum-
Sromaze iyo damyarebuli. aTenis ekonomi- caRa emansipacia mis Svilebze ar vrcel-
kur warmatebas aseve ganapirobebda misi deboda. emansipacia icavda mamuls danaw-
niadagi da klimati, romlebic erTob xel- evrebisagan. mSobeli erT-erT vaJs utoveb-
sayreli iyo zeTisxilis kulturisaTvis. da mamuls memkvidreobiT, xolo danarCen
zeTisxilis eqsporti atikaSi oficialurad Svilebs aZlevda saSualebas damoukide-
ukve Zv. w. 600 w-dan iwyeba. blad emarTaT sakuTari qoneba. amisTvis
Zv. w. V s-Si am faqtorebma atikaSi WeSmari- maT eZleodaT mamisagan pekulia (Tavda-
tad urbanuli seqtoris ganviTareba gana- pirvelad es iyo wvrilfexa saqonlis naxi-
pirobes pirevsis portis garSemo. Tumca ri, mogvianebiT ki nebismieri tipis qoneba,
pirevsis vaWrobaSi CarTuli mosaxleobis romelsac ojaxis ufrosi aZlevda vaJs an
didi wili, iseve rogorc aTenis ekonomi- monas meurneobis damoukideblad warmarT-
kis aramiwaTmoqmedebiTi seqtoris umetesi vis mizniT). konstantines epoqidan mamas
nawili araberZnul mosaxleobas warmoad- hqonda ufleba Svilis umaduri saqcielis
genda. maT Soris iyvnen rogorc rezidenti gamo gaeuqmebina emansipacia. emansipaciis
ucxoelebi (Tavisufali metoikosebi da Semdeg mama xdeboda Svilis patroni.
monebi), ise droebiT Camosulebi. ucxoelTa
xvedriTi wili gacilebiT didi iyo aTenis endeiqsisi (e[ndeixi") _ sajaro braldebis
mosaxleobaSi, vidre sxva nebismier ber- erT-erTi saxeoba. es procedura apagoges
Znul dasaxlebaSi. Camogavs. bralis damdebi moqalaqe Tavis
sparta ekonomikurad aTenis sapirispiro braldebas ganucxadebda magistrats, ro-
poluss warmoadgenda. spartelebi regu- melic Semdgom braldebuls apatimrebda.
larulad awarmoebdnen ekonomikur gacv- es procedura gamoiyeneboda im pirTa
lebs, magram es gacvlebi mimdinareobda mimarTac, romlebic ametebdnen TavianT
ufro metad maTive teritoriis SigniT uflebebs da aRasrulebdnen im saqmianobas,
politikurad maTdami daqvemdebarebul Ta- romlis uflebamosilebac maT ar gaaCndaT.
visufal mosaxleobasTan _ perioikosebT- andokidesis sityva `misteriebis Sesaxeb~ am
an. soflis meurneobisa da mecxoveleobis tipis braldebis yvelaze cnobili magali-
warmoebas spartelebi maTdami damorCile- Tia.
bul mosaxleobas _ helotebs aiZulebdnen.
Tavad spartiatebi araviTar ekonomiku- epiklerosi (ejpivklhro") – memkvidre qalis
rad produqtiul saqmianobas ar eweodnen. saxelwodeba. epiklerosi aTenuri sazoga-
amgvari koleqtiuri xasiaTisa da monis doebis gansakuTrebuli fenomenia. TviT
statusis samuSao Zalas aseve iyenebdnen termini ejpivklhro", romelic sityvasityviT
zogierTi sxva berZnuli erTobebi, Tumca `sakuTrebasTan mierTebuls~ niSnavs, mis
arsad sxvagan es eqspluatacia ar iyo Ser- arss kargad gamoxatavs. es iyo qaliSvilis
wymuli arasamxedro saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxelwodeba im ojaxSi, romelsac mamro-
formaTa spartelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel biTi sqesis memkvidre ar hyavda da romel-
ugulebelyofasTan. sac ojaxis xazi unda gaegrZelebina. magram
epiklerosis `memkvidred~ Targmna ar aris
emansipacia (emancipatio) – Svilebis an Svili swori. qali uSualod ar xdeboda mamiseuli
Svilebis gaTavisufleba mamis Zalauflebi qonebis memkvidre, memkvidreobas iRebdnen
sagan. emansipacias Tan axlda iseTive rTu mamakacebi masTan qorwinebiT, ufro swo-
li procedura, rogorc adofciaa. gansx- rad ki maTi vaJiSvilebi. epiklerosi mami-
vaveba mdgomareobda mxolod imaSi, rom seuli oikosebis SenarCunebaSi, Sesabami-
mesame mancipaciis (qaliSvilis da SviliS- sad, legitimuri memkvidris gaCenaSi iyo
vilis SemTxvevaSi, pirveli mancipaciis) pasuxismgebeli. epiklerosis qorwinebis
150
wesebi sakmaod mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli epiklerosis fenomeni naTeli magaliTia
da amasTan maTi dacva savaldebulo iyo. imisic, Tu rogor mWidrod iyo dakavSire-
Tu epiklerosis mamas vaJiSvili ayvanili buli qali im ojaxTan, romelSic is daibada
hyavda, es ukanaskneli epiklerosze unda (ix. qorwineba, saberZneTi; memkvidreoba).
daqorwinebuliyo, mxolod am SemTxveva-
Si xdeboda igi oikosis uSualo memkvidre. epistatesi (ejpistavth") _ bules da saxalxo
sxva SemTxvevebSi epiklerosis saqmros krebis Tavmjdomare aTenSi Zv. w. V s-Si.
anqisteis SigniT imave rigiT arCevdnen, ra saxalxo krebaze pritanisebis epistatess _
TanmimdevrobiTac aramemkvidre qaliSvi- Tavmjdomares wilis yriT irCevdnen pri-
lebs urCevdnen saqmroebs. eseni upirvele- tanisTa rigebidan erTi dRis vadiT, rom-
sad iyvnen mamis Zmebi, Semdeg biZaSvilebi lis ganmavlobaSic mas saxelmwifos beWedi
mamis mxridan da a.S. sakamaToa, amaT Semdeg da gasaRebi ebara. aristoteles droisTvis
vis ergeboda upiratesoba. Tuki sasiZo re- (Zv. w. IV s-is Sua wlebi) bules Tavmjdomare
produqciis asakisa iyo, mis wlovanebas mni- epistatesi TiToeuli saxalxo krebisaTvis
Svneloba ar eniWeboda. xdeboda isec, rom wilisyriT arCevda 9 proedross. isini bu-
mamis sikvdilis momentisaTvis epiklerosi les im wevrebisgan iyvnen SerCeulni, rom-
ukve iyo daqorwinebuli mamakacze, rome- lebic im momentisaTvis pritanisebad ar
lic mis uaxloes naTesavs ar warmoadgen- msaxurobdnen. Semdgom am cxra proedro-
da. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tuki epikleross vaJi- sisgan irCeoda epistatesi, mas ejpistavth" tw'n
Svili ar hyavda, misi qorwineba SeiZleba proevdrwn ewodeboda da igi Tavmjdomare-
Sewyvetiliyo. Tuki epikleross hyavda obda krebas.
vaJiSvili, swored es ukanaskneli xdeboda
qalis memkvidre. meore mxriv, Tuki mamaka- erariebi (aerarii) – servius tuliusis saxel
ci, romelsac rigis Tanaxmad epiklerosis mwifo mowyobis mixedviT, erariebi iyvnen
Txovna ekuTvnoda da romelsac amisi pre- adamianebi, romlebic ar iyvnen gaerTia-
tenzia hqonda, ukve iyo daqorwinebuli, igi nebuli klasebSi da centuriebSi, Sesabami-
an cols unda gahyroda anda pretenziaze sad, moklebulni iyvnen xmis uflebas da ar
uari ganecxadebina. msaxurobdnen jarSi. es adamianebi SesaZloa
Tavad epikleross, rogorc aRvniSneT, sa- yofiliyvnen materialurad sakmaod welSi
kuTrebaze ufleba ar hqonda. epiklerosis gamarTuli, magram arsebobda mizezi, ris
qmars SeeZlo mxolod mTavari Tanxidan gamoc maT uars eubnebodnen am uflebebze.
amogebuli SemosavliT esargebla, saku- isini iyvnen axladdapyrobili erebis war-
Trebis ZiriTadi nawili maTi vaJiSvilebis momadgenlebi da garkveul safrTxes war-
iyo. amasTan epiklerosis qmars sxva saxis moadgndnen saxelmwifosaTvis. TumcaRa
valdebulebac ekisreboda. solonis ka- proletarebisagan (proletarii) gansxvavebiT,
nonmdeblobiT `kanoni Txoulobs, qmarma isini ar iyvnen gaTavisuflebuli gadasaxa-
epiklerosTan sul cota TveSi samjer mainc debisagan, romlebic maT ekisrebodaT ara
Seasrulos Tavisi movaleoba~. amasTan `ka- cenzuris mixedviT, ramdenadac isini ar-
noni nebas rTavs mdidar qals, icxovros cerT cenzs ar eqvemdebarebodnen, aramed
qmris axlo naTesavTan, Tu qmari, romelic qonebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT (tributum
kanonis ZaliT misi batoni da ufali gaxda, in capita). erariebis saxelebi cenzorebs
cvedani aRmoCnda~ (plutarqosi, soloni, SehqondaT specialur siebSi, romelTac
20. 2-3). plutarqosis SeniSvniT, es kanoni caeritum tabulae ewodeboda, ramdenadac era-
Zalian samarTliani iyo, radgan im kacebis riebis ZiriTadi nawili qalaq ceres mo-
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, romelTac qal- saxleobas Seadgenda. am uflebrivi mdgoma-
Tan cxovreba ar SeeZloT da didi memkvi- reobiT erariebs ar hqondaT xmis uflebis
dreobis mqone qali mxolod simdidris gu- perspeqtiva, riTac isini gansxvavdebodnen
lisTvis mohyavdaT. proletarebisagan, romelTac mogvianebiT
epiklerosis qorwinebis wesebi ufro mka- mieniWaT es ufleba. cenzis mqone adamianebs,
cri da mZime iyo, ramdenadac epikleross Cadenili danaSaulis gamo zogjer sjidnen
individualuri oikosebis SenarCunebaSi im meTodiT, rom SehyavdaT erariebis siaSi
ufro mniSvnelovani roli ekisreboda. (aerarium facere, tribu movere, in caeritum tabu-
151
las referre). dakisrebuli gadasaxadi qonebi- darTmTavri, mamaci mebrZoli, politikosi
dan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, sakmaod didi gardaicvala. dakrZalulia sveticxovlis
yofiliyo. cenzorebi xandaxan am uflebas taZarSi.
borotad iyenebdnen. maT gadawyvetilebas sagareo politika
auqmebda xolme mogvianebiT momdevno cen- 1748 w-s saqarTvelom ukanasknelad gadauxa-
zori. sasjelis gazrdis mizniT zogjer maT da irans xarki.
agzavnidnen samxedro samsaxurSi damamci- 1751-1752 ww-Si Teimurazma da ereklem mo
rebeli movaleobebis Sesasruleblad se- TareSe xanebi moigeries, Semdeg Tavad gada-
natis gadawyvetilebis (Senatus Consultum) vidnen ieriSze da qarTl-kaxeTs SemouerTes
safuZvelze. yazaxisa da SamSadilis provinciebi, xarki
daades erevnisa da ganjis xanebs, xolo
erekle II (1720-1798 ww.) _ Teimuraz II-is Ze, yarabaxis xani mefeebis ymadnaficad gaixa
kaxeTis mefe 1744-1762 ww-Si, qarTl-kaxeTis des. Teimurazi da erekle gamudmebiT ibr-
mefe 1762-1798 ww-Si, saqarTvelos erT-erTi Zodnen lekebis winaaRmdeg, ereklem isini
ukanaskneli mefe. bevrjer daamarcxa; lekTa TareSi Sesustda,
XVIII saukune mudmivi omebiT dasustebuli, magram ar Sewyda.
daqucmacebuli saqarTvelosTvis erT-erTi 1761 erekle II w-s iranis taxtis dakaveba-
umZimesi periodi iyo. Si qerim-xans daexmara, metoqe Camoacila.
1747 w-s ereklem sabolood gawminda Tbi- qerimma cno qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod
lisi dampyrobelTagan. gaerTianeba da erekles ufleba ganja-erev-
1773 w-s ereklesa da imereTis mefis solonis saxanoze.
mon I-is jarebi gorSi Seiyarnen da javaxeT- 1772 w-s ruseT-TurqeTis omis dasasruls,
Si erTad gailaSqres. ereklem anton kaTalikosi da levan ba-
1774 w-s erekles CareviT dadianma uari toniSvili peterburgSi gaagzavna diploma-
Tqva imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg axalcixis tiuri misiiT. am elCobas saqarTvelosaT-
faSis mier organizebul laSqrobaSi mona- vis konkretuli Sedegi ar mohyolia, Tumca
wileobaze. elCobis mier Camoyalibebuli punqtebi Sem-
sparseTis Sahma 1744 w-s ereklesa da mis dgom Sevida 1783 w-is traqtatSi.
mamas, Teimurazs qarTlisa da kaxeTis same- ruseTTan kavSirma erekles urTierToba
foebi uboZa. mama-Svilis urTierTSeTanx- gaum wvava mezoblebTan. osmaleTi erekles
mebuli politikis wyalobiT es samefoebi `gauwyra~ da lekTa beladebi kvlav waaqeza
faqtobrivad gaerTianebuli iyo, Tumca qarTl-kaxeTis sarbevad. ereklesac gautyda
erekles mis SesanarCuneblad mainc brZola guli ruseTze.
dasWirda. 1676 w-s ereklesa da axalcixis faSis warmo-
1789 w-s imereTis mosaxleobis umetesobis, madgenelTa saidumlo misia gaigzavna stam-
guriisa da odiSis mTavrebis moTxovniT bolSi _ amjerad ereklem samcxe-saaTaba-
erekles erTmefobis aRdgena SesTavzes. gos dabruneba Tavad osmaleTis gziT scada.
mefem sakiTxi samefo darbazze gaitana, 1778-1780 ww-Si ereklem araerTxel ilaS-
umravlesoba darbazis wevrebisa SeerTebis qra ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebis xelaxla
momxre iyo (ix. darbazi). magram ereklem ar dasamorCileblad.
miiRo es SeTavazeba. 1781-1782 ww-Si ereklem evropis xelmwifee-
1795 w-s 35-aTasiani laSqriT aRa mahmad-xani bTan scada kavSiris gabma. veneciis senatTan
Tbiliss mouaxlovda. erekles gankargule- da avstriis imperatorTan kaTolike misio-
baSi mxolod 5 aTasi mebrZoli iyo. krwani- nerebis xeliT gaagzavna werilebi, romleb-
sis velze erekle sastikad damarcxda. mter- Sic regularuli jaris gasawyobad (èrTi
ma Tbilisi aaoxra. polki~), Tanxas iTxovda. werilebs adresa-
1797 w-s aRa mahmad-xani meored wamovida tebamde ar miuRwevia.
saqarTveloze, magram saqarTvelomde ver 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mefem politikuri
moaRwia, SeTqmulebma karavSi mokles. arCevani isev ruseTze SeaCera. 1783 w-is cixe-
sicocxlis ukanaskneli 3 weliwadi ereklem simagre georgievskSi ruseT-saqarTvelos
TelavSi gaatara. 1798 w-s mefe erekle, Soris `megobrobis pirobas~ moewera xeli.
xelmwife-reformatori, brwyinvale mxe- 1784 w-is ereklem traqtats xeli moawera.
152
1784 w-s ereklem ruseTis imperatorisadmi cio samsaxuris wesdebas. qarTlSi ereklem
erTgulebis fici dado. ruseTTan kavSir- sasaxlis gvardias meTaurad yulaRarasi
ma erekles da misi momxreebis imedebi ar (mefis Semdeg umaRles samxedro Tanamde-
gaumarTla. boba) da xelqveiTebad uzbaSebi da meTofe-
ereklem kvlav daiwyo mSvidobiani urT- ni daayena. yulaRarasi xelmZRvanelobda
ierTobebis aRdgena mezoblebTan: axal- yulebs, mefis pirad mcvelebs, romlebic
cixis safaSosTan, azerbaijanis gavlenian Tavze edgnen da emsaxurebodnen mefes.
mflobelTan faTali-xanTan. 1795 moxucma sasamarTlo umaRles saxelmwifo samar-
ereklem aRadgina Tavisi batonoba ganjaze, Tals divani ganaxorcielebda (arabu-
magram qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareoba amiT ar lad samsjulo). mosamarTled _ sabWos
gamosworebula. uzenaes msajulad xan mefe, xan mdivanbegi
saSinao politika ijda. mosamarTleTa raodenoba ar yo-
mmarTveloba fila mkacrad gansazRvruli. mdivanbegi
qveynis ganviTareba-ganaxlebisaTvis pir valdebuli iyo mefisTvis Seetyobinebi-
vel rigSi, centraluri aparatis gaZliereba na da saqme ise gadaewyvita. mdivanbegis
iyo saWiro. Teimurazma da ereklem jer ki mier gamotanil ganaCens mefe amtkicebda.
dev 1743-1744 ww-Si gaauqmes aragvisa da qsnis mdivanbegs, rogorc mosamarTles, um-
saerisTavoebi. ereklem gaanadgura feod a Tavresad sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi exe-
luri opozicia. ereklem samefo darbazi boda. samoqalaqo da saojaxo samarTali ki
saTaTbiro organodan mefis mudmivmoqmed sxvadasxva adgilobriv sasamarTlo dawe-
dawesebulebad aqcia. mmarTvelebi or jgu- sebulebebsa da kerZo feodalur moxele-
fad iyofodnen: darbazis rigis moxeleebad mosamarTleebs Soris iyo gadanawilebuli.
da saqveyno gamrigeebad. im moxeleebs, sasamarTlo Sedgeboda 3 mosamarTlisagan,
romelTac samefo karze uxdebodaT samsaxu radgan ors SeiZleboda mikerZoeba gamoe-
ri, `darbazis rigis moxeleni~ da `karis Cina, an azri Suaze gayofiliyo.
gamrigeni~ erqvaT. isini mefes saxelmwifo ekonomikur-safinanso _ omianobis gamo
marTva-gamgeblobaSi Svelodnen. feoda- ayrili mosaxleobis soflebSi dasabrune-
lur principze agebuli qarTlis samefos blad Teimurazma da ereklem mimarTes sa-
samoxeleo wyoba (erisTavebi, gamgebele- gangebo RonisZiebas _ `myrelobas~. ukan da-
bi, cixisTavebi) Seicvala samefo xeli- brunebulebs ramdenime wliT sagadasaxado
suflebisTvis bevrad ufro misaRebi da SeRavaTebs uwesebdnen. erekle moiTxovda
garkveulwilad ufro `demokratiuli~ ar darRveuliyo `batonymuri rigi~ _ meba
mouraviT, mamasaxlisiT, nacvliT, gziriT, toneebs usamarTlo gadasaxadebiT ar da
meliqiT da a.S. ereklem Tavaduri mmarTve- emZimebinaT yma-glexis mdgomareoba. erek
loba Secvla saxelmwifo biurokratiuli les dros lekebis gatacebul tyveebsac ga-
aparatiT. moisyiddnen.
am evropulad `gardaqmnas~ imdroindel ba- mwarmoebeli Zalebis mosazidad erekle
tonymur saqarTveloSi, upirveles yovlisa, xels uwyobda osebis, somxebisa da Turq
saTavadoTa sistemis Sesusteba da mmarTve- menebis Camosaxlebas. moqalaqeebis keTil-
lobis dargobrivi danawileba mohyva; isini dReobis gaumjobesebis mizniT 1770 w-s aRad-
mkveTrad gaimijna erTmaneTisagan: gina jer kidev vaxtang VI-is mier miRebuli
samxedro _ qveynis Tavdacvis ganmtkicebi- kanoni _ uSvilod gardacvlili moqalaqe-
saTvis ereklem Seqmna morige jari, rac Ta qonebis maTive naTesavebisaTvis dato-
regularul jarze gadasvlis gardamavali vebis Sesaxeb.
safexurs warmoadgenda. reformiT wesde- erekle cdilobda dasavleTsa da aRmosav-
boda sayovelTao samxedro begara, rom- leTs Soris satranzito gza aRedgena.
lis mixedviT yoveli mamakaci, ganurCevlad erekles dros aSenda cixesimagreebi, sarwya-
erovnebisa, wodebisa da sarwmunoebisa, vi arxebi, fabrika-qarxnebi, damuSavda auTvi
valdebuli iyo sakuTari iaraRiT, tyvia- sebeli miwebi, gaizarda naTesebi, Catarda
wamliTa da sakvebiT wasuliyo erTi TviT puris gasaiafebeli RonisZiebebi, ganviTar-
jarSi. sapolicio _ 1748 w-s ereklem aTar da madnis warmoeba, gaCnda Saqris, minis,
gmnina da kargad gaecno germanuli sapoli- Saleulis, iaraRis sawarmoebi, ganviTarda
153
vaWroba, mrewveloba, saqalaqo cxovreba. saqarTveloSi yofilan svanTa, raWis, odi-
XVIII s-is II naxevridan Tbilisis zarafxanam Sis, qarTlis, kaxeTis, hereTisa da samcxis
Tavi daaRwia iranis samoneto hegemonias. erisTavebi. am did erisTavebs erisTavTer-
mas jer SemoklebiT daewera qarTvel mefe- isTavTa titulic hqondaT. erisTavs hqonda
Ta saxelebi, Semdeg – gaSlilad, 1757 w-dan xelisuflebis insigniebi _ droSa, beWedi,
ki Sahis saxeli saerTod gaqra monetebidan. sayure, gamorCeuli samosi. erisTavi flob-
saeklesio da sagvareulo monastersa da cixe-darbazs.
1749 w-s mefis iniciativiT TbilisSi saekle-
sio kreba Catarda, romelmac am mxriv um-
efesisi (e[fesi") _ uaris gancxadeba magistra-
niSvnelovanes RonisZiebebs daudo saTave.
tis an pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos
1767-1768 ww-Si mefem da kaTalikosma er-
mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaze, rasac
Toblivad SeimuSaves ganCineba, romelic
Tan erTvoda zemdgom instanciaSi saqmis
emsaxureboda Selaxuli sarwmunoebisa da
ganxilvis moTxovna. wyaroebis mixedviT,
eklesiis moSlili saqmeebis mowesrigebas.
solons Zv. w. 590 w-s miuRia èfesisi dika-
ganCinebas mohyva praqtikuli RonisZiebebi
sterionis mimarT~, rogorc erTgvari Sema-
_ eklesia gaiwminda uRirs msaxurTagan. aR-
kavebeli zoma sajaro moxeleebis mimarT,
dga marTlmadidebluri hegemonia, uamravi
romlebic myisier iurisdiqcias axorcie-
gamahmadianebuli didgvarovani daubrunda
lebdnen. Zv. w. 400 wlisaTvis efesisis ofi-
mama-papeul sarwmunoebas.
cialuri SemoRebis Semdeg saxalxo arbitr-
ereklem Tavis Tanamzraxvel anton I kaTali
Ta gadawyvetilebebic aseve daeqvemdebara
koss miando dakninebuli eklesiis aRorZine-
efesiss. tradiciulad efesiss àpelaciad~
ba da saskolo ganaTlebis saqme. 1756 w-s
Targmnian, Tumca amgvar interpretacias
gaixsna Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria, 1782
garkveuli uzustoba axlavs. ase magaliTad,
w-s _ Telavis seminaria.
ganaTleba _ erekles xelSewyobiT daarsda inglisis sasamarTloSi apelacias aRZravs
qarTl-kaxeTSi saxelmwifo skolebi, 1749 daukmayofilebeli mosarCele (sisxlis sa-
w-dan muSaoba ganaaxla stambam, romelic marTlis saqmeTa SemTxvevaSi gasamarTle-
jer sapatriarqosTan, Semdeg ki mefis sa- buli braldebuli) mas Semdeg, rac pirve-
saxlesTan arsebobda. TbilisSi mdidari li instanciis sasamarTlo mis winaaRmdeg
biblioTekebi daarsda, daiwera wignebi, miiRebs gadawyvetilebas. mis movaleobas
iTargmna evropuli literatura, daidgma warmoadgens, daarwmunos saapelacio sa-
speqtaklebi da a. S. samarTlo, rom gadawyvetileba Secvalos.
tolerantoba 1747 w-s Tbilisis aRebis procesis mimdinareobis dros, garkveulwi-
Semdeg mterTagan arc erTi gadarCenili lad, igi Tavad xdeba mosarCele. aTenSi ki
mefes ar dausjia. piriqiT, maT dedaqalaqSi sul mcire iyo iseTi SemTxvevebi, romlis
dasaxlebis, cxovrebisa da muSaobis neba mis- drosac efesiss, SesaZloa, qvemdgom instan-
ca. erekle ar zRudavda sxvaTa sarwmunoebas. ciaSi ganaCenis gamotanamdec hqonoda adgi-
TbilisSi Camosul oficialur stumrebsa Tu li. es iyo Tavdapirveli mosarCeles mova-
meqaravne-vaWrebs yovelTvis hqondaT Tavi- leoba (da ara ukmayofilo modave mxaris),
anT salocavebSi locvis saSualeba. mefe mka- daerwmunebina sasamarTlo, rom emoqmeda
crad sjida mebatoneebs glexTa Seviwroebi- (es ki imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo Tavi-
sa da SeuracxyofisaTvis. dan iwyebda saqmis xelaxal ganxilvas da
ara imas, rom igi axdenda ukve miRebuli
gadawyvetilebis gadaxedvas). SesaZloa, so-
erisTavi _ saxelmwifo moxele Zvel saqa- lonTan dakavSirebuli efesisi saqmis avto-
rTveloSi. leonti mrovelis cnobiT, qar- maturad Tavidan ganxilvas warmoadgenda
Tlis mefem farnavazma (Zv. w. III s.) ganawesa da sulac ar yofiliyo damokidebuli ro-
7 erisTavi da erTi spaspeti. erisTavebs melime modave mxaris iniciativaze.
eqvemdebarebodnen spasalarebi, xolo
spasalarebs _ aTasisTavebi. droTa ganma- efetesebi (ejfevtai) _ msajulTa saxelwodeba
vlobaSi erisTavebma es moxeleoba samem- aTenSi. efetesebis ricxvi 51 iyo. ucnobia, Tu
kvidreod gaixades. Tamaris mefobis dros ra funqcia hqondaT efetesebs aTenis isto-
154
riis adreul periodSi, Tumca Zv. w. V s-Si efialtesma daawesa yvela dokumentis
efetesebi wilisyriT SeirCeodnen 50 w-s (dekretebi, dadgenilebebi) agoraze saja
gadacilebul moqalaqeTagan. rogorc Cans, rod gamodgma. Zv. w. 461 w-s efialtesi mok
maT mxolod mkvlelobis gamoZieba evale- les, misi Tanamzraxveli da memkvidre pe
bodaT. arqon basilevsis TavmjdomareobiT rikle gaxda.
gamarTul areopagis sxdomaze isini ganixi-
lavdnen im pirTa saqmeebs, romlebsac ara- eforosebi/eforebi (e[foroi) _ ramdenime do-
ganzrax Cadenil mkvlelobaSi edebodaT riuli saxelmwifos (sparta, Tera, kirene,
brali. maT kompetenciaSi Sedioda agreTve evesperidesi) magistratebi. gansakuTrebiT
monis, metoikosis an ucxoelis mkvlelobis cnobilia xuTi eforis kolegia spartaSi.
saqmeTa gasamarTleba. am SemTxvevaSi ar isini yovelwliurad arCeul sagangebo
hqonda mniSvneloba iyo esa Tu is mkvlelo- kvalifikaciis meTvalyureebs warmoad-
ba ganzrax Cadenili Tu ara. delfinionSi gendnen. weliwads saxeli ufrosi eforosis
efetesebi usmendnen im braldebulT, rom- mixedviT eZleoda. maTi moqmedebis sfero
lebic Tvlidnen, rom mkvlelobis Cadeni- moicavda aRmasrulebel, sasamarTlo da
sas maT kanoni ar hqondaT darRveuli. fre- sameTvalyureo saqmianobas. Zv. w. V s-Si
toSi efetesebi ganixilavdnen ganmeorebiT isini spartis umaRles xelisuflebas war-
mkvlelobaSi dadanaSaulebulT, romlebic moadgendnen. maT kompetenciaSi Sedioda
pirveli mkvlelobis gamo adre gaZevebu- kontroli spartis yvela saxelmwifo dawe-
li iyvnen. ase rom, efetesebi, faqtobrivad, sebulebasa da TviT mefeebzec ki. yovelTvi-
imgvari mkvlelobis saqmeebs ganixilavdnen, urad eforosebi da mefeebi, ase vTqvaT, erT-
romlebic ar iyvnen miCneulni imdenad mni- maneTSi fics cvlidnen. mefe ificeboda, rom
Svnelovnad, rom isini areopags moesmina. daemorCileboda kanonebs, eforosebi mefis
efetesebi agreTve monawileobas iReben mxardaWeras ificebodnen. eforosebma xel-
im pirTa Sewyalebis aqtSi, romlebic ara- Seuxeblad datoves spartis mefeTa gareg-
ganzrax mkvlelobisTvis iyvnen gaZevebul- nuli pativi da Rirseba, magram arsebiTad
ni, oRondac maTi Sewyaleba mxolod maSin SezRudes maTi Zalaufleba. isini Tvaly-
iyo SesaZlebeli, Tu moklulis naTesavebi urs adevnebdnen mefeTa saqmianobas, maT
cocxlebi aRar iyvnen. mecnierTa nawilis SeeZloT daedanaSaulebinaT mefe gerusiis
azriT, Zv. w. V s-is bolosTvis 51 efetesi winaSe, ufleba hqondaT gadaewyvitaT maT
imave saxelwodebis qveS heliaias msaju- Soris warmoqmnili konfliqtebi da aseve
lebma Secvales, Tumca es mosazreba araa SeeZloT eiZulebinaT mefeebi gamocxadebu-
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli. liyvnen maTi kolegiis win. am ukanasknelT
SeeZloT orjer ar gamocxadebuliyvnen, ma-
efialtesi (Zv. w. V s.) _ aTenis saxelmwifo gram mesamed valdebulni iyvnen es moTxov-
moRvawe. Raribi, arakorumpirebuli da na SeesrulebinaT. ori eforosi Tan axlda
mizanswrafuli igi mosaxleobis demokra- mefeebs laSqrobisas. eforosebi awarmoe-
tiuli wreebis interess gamoxatavda. man bdnen molaparakebebs sxva saxelmwifoTa
Secvala Temistoklesi. efialtesis umTavre- warmomadgenlebTan, iwvevdnen gerusias da
si mowinaaRmdege iyo kimoni. saxelmwifo saxalxo krebas _ apelas, iyvnen maTi Tav
wyobis Semdgomi demokratizaciis momxre mjdomareebi, gascemdnen jaris mobiliza-
efialtesi aristokratiis dasayrdenis _ ciisa Tu daSlis gankargulebebs.
areopagis politikuri mniSvnelobis gau- eforosebs aseve xelewifebodaT gaeTa-
qmebas moiTxovda. isargebla ra kimonis da visuflebinaT saxelmwifo moxeleebi da
mis momxreTa aTenSi aryofniT, efialtes- maT mimarT samarTlebrivi devna aReZraT.
ma Zv. w. 462 w-s gaatara reforma, romlis isini Tavmjdomareobdnen gerusiis winaSe
mixedviTac areopags funqciebi SeezRuda. mowyobil sasamarTlo ganxilvebs da amas-
mas mxolod sasamarTlo uflebebi darCa, Tanave sisruleSi mohyavdaT ganaCeni. efo-
sisxlis samarTlis, kerZod, mkvlelobis rosebma cxovrebaSi gaatares moqalaqeebi-
saqmeebis ganxilva daekisra. am reformam saTvis dadgenili likurgosiseuli wesri-
aristokratTa guliswyroma gamoiwvia. gi saxelmwifo ganaTlebaze zedamxedvelo-
155
bis CaTvliT. perioikosebs da, miT ufro, yalibebuli iyo moxeleTa kasta: assessores
helotebs, isini TavianTi neba-survilis da consilarii, romlebic amzadebdnen saqmeebs.
mixedviT epyrobodnen. kleomenes III mier sasamarTloebTan yalibdeboda advokatTa
droebiT (Zv. w. 227-222ww.) gauqmebulma am korporaciebi. advokatebi iuridiuli gana-
institutma sul mcire ax. w. 200 w-mde iar- Tlebis mqone pirebi iyvnen. mag., romis pre-
seba. eforatis warmoSobis Sesaxeb mec- toriis prefeqturasTan arsebul advokat-
nierebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. Ta korporaciaSi 150 advokati iricxeboda.
antikur mweralTa umetesoba mis warmoqm- imisTvis, rom saqmes msvleloba miscemoda,
nas likurgoss an mefe Teopomposs miawers dawesda sasamarTlo, sakancelario, advo-
(daaxl. Zv. w. 700 w.) miuxedavad imisa, rom katis gasamrjelo gadasaxadebi, romlebic
arsebobs eforosebis sia, romelic Zv. w. mZime tvirTad awveboda xalxs da rac xSir
755/54 w-iT iwyeba, mecnierTa azriT, es sia SemTxvevaSi iyo mizezi imisa, rom isini aRar
gayalbebuli unda iyos. eforosebis ricxvi mimarTavdnen sasamarTlos.
(5) spartis Semadgenel 5 sofels unda Seesa- saqme sajarod ar ganixileboda. process
bamebodes. Tavdapirvelad isini am sofel- eswrebodnen dainteresebuli mxareebi da
Ta mamasaxlisebi unda yofiliyvnen. ramdenime piri. Tu mosarCele sasamarT-
loze ar gamocxaddeboda, saqme iqve wydebo-
eqsegetesi (ejxhghthv") _ sityvasityviT `ganmar da, mopasuxis argamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi
tebis mimcemi~. eqsegetesebi ganmartavdnen, saqmes mis dauswreblad ganixilavdnen.
Tu rogori iyo procedura im SemTxvevebSi, procesi iwyeboda mosarCelis gancxadebiT,
rodesac religiis kanonis interpretaci- romelsac igi gadascemda magistrats. magis-
isas garkveuli SekiTxvebi aRiZreboda. aT- trati sasamarTlos saxeliT informacias
enSi daaxl. Zv. w. 400 w-dan arsebobdnen ofi- awvdida mopasuxes da iwvevda saqmis gansax-
cialuri eqsegetesebi _ wminda da winaparTa ilvelad. mopasuxis sasamarTloSi mowve-
kanonTa ganmmartavebi. daudgenelia maTi vas kancelariis samsaxuri aregulirebda.
ricxvi da zusti funqciebi. miuxedavad imi- mosarCelis gancxadebaze mopasuxes Sehqon-
sa, rom eqsegetesebs umTavresad dauwerel da sasamarTloSi kontrargumentebi. orive
kanonTa ganmarteba evalebodaT, xSirad isi- mxaris warmomadgeneli debda procesze
ni gamoTqvamdnen TavianT mosazrebebs seku- fics, advokatebi gamodiodnen iuridiulad
larul da im sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebze, dasabuTebuli argumentebiT.
romlebic ar iyvnen SexebaSi kanonebTan Tu sasamarTloze ganixileboda damamtkicebe-
religiur qveteqstebTan. li sabuTebi, iwvevdnen mowmeebs. erTi mow-
mis Cveneba ignorirebuli iyo (testis unus,
eqstraordinaluri procesi _ eqstraor- testis nullus _ erTi mowme, aramowme). eqs-
dinaluri procesi uceb ar gaCenila. for- traordinaluri procesis Taviseburebas
mularuli procesis gverdiT Cndeba iseTi warmoadgenda is, rom, Tu mosamarTle ver
sasamarTlo procesebi, romelTac ara na- Camoyalibdeboda saboloo daskvnis gamo-
fici msajuli da daniSnuli mosamarTle, satanad, mas hqonda ufleba ar gamoetana
aramed magistrati uZRveba da wyvets davas ganaCeni da saqme zemdgom instanciaSi igza-
moqalaqeebs Soris. mogvianebiT eqstraor- vneboda.
dinaluri procesi mTlianad devnis formu- Tu mopasuxe ar asrulebda sasamarTlo
larul process. gadawyvetilebas, saxelmwifo 2 Tvis Semdeg
princepsi Tavisi imperiumis ZaliT ufle- Tavisi moxeleebis saSualebiT iZulebiT
bas aZlevs moxeleebs, ganixilon sasamarT- iwyebda sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aR-
lo saqmeebi. es moxeleebi qalaqebSi arian srulebas.
qalaqis prefeqti - praefectus urbi, provin- eqstraordinaluri procesis mixedviT, mag.,
ciebSi saqmeebs ganixilavdnen provinciis kreditors ufleba hqonda daekavebina mov-
nacvlebi. naklebad mniSvnelovan saqmeebs ale, magram formularuli procesisagan
ixilavdnen advokatTa rigebidan arCeuli gansxvavebiT, ar SeeZlo misi dapatimreba,
mosamarTleebi. amas akeTebda saxelmwifo.
xSirad imperatorebi uSualod ganixilavd- eqstraordinaluri procesis pirobebSi
nen davebs. TiToeul sasamarTlosTan Camo SesaZlebeli iyo yvela gadawyvetilebis
156
gasaCivreba, garda imperatoris gadawyve am wignSi romaeli xalxis istoriis, misi
tilebisa. gasaCivrebis Semdeg mimarTavdnen kulturis, religiisa da wes-Cveulebebis
apelacias, rac saqmis Tavidan ganxilvas gu- kvlevis Sedegebia warmodgenili. varonis
lisxmobda. Txzulebebis ricxvi, savaraudod, 600-ze me-
ganaCenis gasaCivrebis vada 2-3 dRe iyo. tia. mis kalams ekuTvnis Sromebi samarTal-
dominatis periodSi igi 10 dRemde gaizar- warmoebaSi (samoqalaqo samarTlis Sesaxeb
da. saCivari unda gamtkicebuli yofiliyo – De iure civili), xelovnebaSi, gramatikaSi
myari argumentebiT. usafuZvlo saCivri- (laTinuri enis Sesaxeb – De lingua Latina),
saTvis momCivani jarimdeboda sarCelis literaturis istoriaSi (saxeebi – Imagines
1/3 RirebulebiT. mogvianebiT amas daemata – 700 berZenisa da romaelis literaturu-
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobac. li portreti). SemogvrCa traqtati `soflis
meurneobaze~ (De re rustica) 3 wignad, ro-
ejibi _ moxele feodalur saqarTveloSi. melic bevr praqtikul sasoflo-sameurneo
ejibi, kerZod, `Sinauri ejibi~, ixsenieba rCevasTan erTad Zvirfas cnobebs Seicavs
Tamar mefis dros. ejibs saqarTveloSi did samarTalzec. varonma didi gavlena moax-
pativs scemdnen. mas ufleba hqonda darbazo- dina Semdgomdroindel mecnierebaze.
bis dros Sesuliyo mefesTan da Tayvani eca
misTvis. Tayvaniscemis Semdgom ejibi ùku- vaxtang I gorgasali (442-502 ww.) _ qarTlis
dges da marjveniT axlos~ idga mefesTan. mefe, politikuri moRvawe da sardali, gam-
ejibs darbazSi Sesvlis gansakuTrebuli Wriaxi politikosi, diplomati, saxelmwifo
ufleba hqonda da mefisadmi mTxovnelTa moRvawe, reformatori, guladi meomari,
survilis momxsenebelia. atarebda sabrZolo muzarads, romelzec
Zvel saqarTveloSi ejibi ara marto mefes, mglis Tavi iyo gamosaxuli, amitomac `gor-
aramed didebulebsac hyoliaT, maT Soris, gasali~ (sparsulad _ mgelTava) Searqves.
didebul mandilosnebsac. vaxtang I V s-is ormocian wlebSi unda
gamefebuliyo.
ejibi _ (eTnogr.) qarTul saqorwino cer- vaxtangi ibrZoda iranelTa uRlisagan qa-
emonialSi vaJis mayrebis ufrosi, romelic rTlis gaTavisuflebis, qveynis damoukide-
mefis warmomadgeneli da neba-survilis blobis, feodaluri Zalebis, qveynis cen-
aRmsrulebeli iyo. mTiuleTSi ejibi sa- tralizaciisa da SeuzRudavi samefo xelisu-
siZos mkvidri biZaSvili unda yofiliyo. flebis SeqmnisaTvis.
misi erT-erTi mTavari funqcia jvardawer- vaxtang I-ma xelT igdo kavkasionze gadmo-
ili nefe-dedoflisTvis gvirgvinis moxda sasvlelebi, romlebic manamde iranelebs
iyo. eWiraT da daukavSirda Crdilokavkasiel
hunebs. ajanyebis pirvel wels moxerxda
mtris gandevna qarTlidan, magram mefes ar
v daexmarnen hunebi, rasac SinaaSlilobac mo-
hyva da 483 w-s qarTvelTa da somexTa gaer-
varoni markus terenciusi (Marcus Varro Tianebuli laSqriT SeebrZola sparselebs,
Terentius) (Zv. w. 116-27 ww.) – nayofieri mecn- magram sabolood somexTa erTi nawilis Ra-
ieri-enciklopedisti da mwerali. mxedrebis latis gamo, mokavSireebi damarcxdnen. vax-
fenidan gamosul varons bevri politikuri tang gorgasali amis Semdegac ganagrZobda
da samxedro Tanamdeboba eWira; samoqa- ama Tu im formiT brZolas iranelebis wi-
laqo omSi (Zv. w. 49 w.) keisris winaaRmdeg naaRmdeg. am brZolas Seewira misi sicocx-
gamodioda, magram 47 w-s keisarma didad le _ iranTan morigi omis dros moRalatis
ganswavlul varons romSi biblioTe- mier nasrolma isarma sasikvdilo Wriloba
kis mowyoba da xelmZRvaneloba Caabara. miayena mefes. vaxtang I gardaicvala ujar-
filologi, istorikosi sicocxleSive didi maSi 60 wlis asakSi.
avtoritetiT sargeblobda. varonis mniS- vaxtangis reformebi:
vnelovani Txzuleba àdamianuri da RvTae- vaxtang I-ma eklesiis reorganizacia Caata-
brivi siZveleebi~ (Anitiquitates rerum humana- ra. mTavarepiskoposma miqaelma mefes cili
rum et divinarum) 41 wignad (ar SemorCenila). daswama, TiTqos igi uaryofda qristiano-
157
bas da cecxlTayvanismcemlobas aRiareb- ricxovani amala bevrs ecada ruseTis dax-
da. mefem gadaayena miqaeli da patriarqs marebiT Tavisi qveyana ucxoel dampyrob
sTxova, qarTlSi kaTolikosi da Tormeti Tagan gaeTavisuflebina, magram amaod.
episkoposi gamoegzavna. vaxtangma qarTlis axali qarTuli literaturis erT-erTi
eklesiis meTaurad episkoposis nacvlad fuZemdebeli vaxtang VI gardaicvala ast-
kaTolikosi daawesa, eklesia samefo kars raxanSi, dasaflavebulia miZinebis taZarSi.
dauqvemdebara, gaaZliera kavSiri konstan- sagareo politika
tinopolTan (Sesabamisad, evropasTan), vaxtang VI-m samxedro-politikuri kavSiri
rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda iranis wi- gaaba petre I-Tan. vaxtangis evropuli orien-
naaRmdeg momavali brZolisaTvis, Secvala tacia ki misma biZam (giorgi XI), mamam (levani)
zogierTi Zveli episkoposic, maT magier da aRmzrdelma sulxan-saba orbelianma
Tavisi erTgulebi daniSna da axali saepis- gansazRvra. vaxtangi jer kidev giorgi XI-is
koposoebic Seqmna. es reorganizacia ufro mefobis dros dauaxlovda kaTolike misio-
politikuri xasiaTisa unda yofiliyo, vi- nerebs, kerZod ki kapucinelebs (es siaxlove
dre wminda saeklesio. iranis Sahs ar moswonda). vaxtangma kaTo-
vaxtangma gaanadgura Sida opozicia. likoba iranSi, tyveobaSi miiRo.
centraluri xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis, 1714 w-s vaxtang VI-m sulxan-saba evropaSi
qveynis samxedro Zlierebis gazrdas isa (safrangeTi, italia-vatikani) gagzavna dax-
xavda miznad didi aRmSeneblobiTi muSa marebis saTxovnelad. vaxtangi iTxovda:
oba. vaxtangma daiwyo axali dedaqalaqis, 1) saqarTveloSi misionerebis gagzavnas;
Tbilisis Seneba, aRadgina darialis cixe, 2) saqarTvelos teritoriis savaWro gzad
mcxeTaSi, Zvel wminda ninosa da mirian mefis gamoyenebas; 3) vaxtangis tyveobidan gaTavi-
droindeli xis eklesiis adgilze wamoiwyo suflebas; 1715 w-s sulxan-saba gawbilebuli
qvis didi sionis mSenebloba, daasrula axa- dabrunda.
li rezidencia ujarma, aaSena saepiskoposo saSinao politika _ saxelisuflo
eklesiebi niqozs, ninowmindas, Weremsa da vaxtangi ibrZoda qveyanaSi wesrigis aR-
CeleTs, gaamagra Zveli cixeebi da qalaqebi. dgenisa da centraluri xelisuflebis ga-
vaxtang gorgasalma laSqris reorga- ZlierebisaTvis. man feodalTa TviTneboba
nizacia moaxdina da maT kvebazec izruna, igi alagma. 1704-1708 ww-Si eklesias daubruna
laSqars mxolod erwo-TianeTis sanaxebSi feodalebis mier warTmeuli miwebi, gaauq
moyvanili xorblis unikaluri, qarTuli ma qveyanaSi fexmokidebuli iranul-yizil-
endemuri jiSebis (`xulugo~, `TavTuxi~, ìf- baSuri wesebi, aRadgina erovnuli wes-
qli~, `maxa~, `dika~) purs aWmevda. Cveulebebi.
vaxtangma `mcvelTa jari~ anu samefo gvard-
vaxtang VI (1675-1737 ww.) _ qarTlis gamge- ia Seqmna. `mcvelTa jars~ jamagiri samefo
beli 1703-1714 ww-Si, qarTlis mefe 1716-1724 xazinidan eZleoda da garkveuli privil-
ww-Si. giorgi XI-is Zmis levanis Ze, sulxan- egiebic hqonda. am jars mxolod saSinao
saba orbelianis aRzrdili. daniSnuleba hqonda da urCi Tavadebis
ganaTleba da samxedro wvrTna vaxtangma dasasjelad gamoiyeneboda.
biZis, giorgi XI-is karze miiRo. ekonomikuri: vaxtangma yuradReba miaqcia
vaxtang VI iranis Sahma qarTlis samefo qveynis meurneobis aRdgenas, qarTlis gau-
taxtze dasamtkiceblad ispahanSi daibara kacrielebuli adgilebi xelaxla daasaxla.
da mahmadianobis miReba mosTxova, magram ganaaxla didi xnis win moSlili sarwyavi
qristiani mefe ar dasTanxmda. vaxtang VI arxebi, specialuri normebi SeimuSava sar-
qirmanSi gadaasaxles. iq man 1719 w-mde da- wyavi ruebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb, aaSena
hyo, manamde (1716 w.) formalurad gamahmadi- da aRadgina bevri gza, xidi, qarvasla, sasax-
anebuli vaxtang VI qarTlis mefed daamt- le, eklesia-monasteri. xeli Seuwyo soflis
kices da samSobloSi daabrunes. meurneobis, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis ganvi-
1723 w-s aRmosavleT saqarTvelos osmalebi Tarebas. vaxtangma gaaumjobesa fulis moW-
daepatronen. 1724 vaxtang VI Tavisi amaliT ris saqme (ix. salaro; samarTlis wigni).
(1200 kaci) ruseTs gaemgzavra. ruseTSi sakanonmdeblo: vaxtang VI-is TaosnobiT Se-
emigrirebuli vaxtang VI da misi mraval- grovebuli iqna 1705-1708 ww-is sasamarTlo
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gadawyvetilebebi da SemuSavda saxelmwifo bagi, amirspasalari da mandaturTuxucesi,
administraciuli da sameurneo samarTlis xolo meWurWleTuxucesi da msaxurTuxu-
wigni, kanonTa krebuli `dasturlamali~, cesi `vazirTa orTa~ jgufs miekuTvnebod-
romelmac saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis nen. msaxurTuxucesi mxolod rusudan mefes
moxeleTa uflebebi da funqciebi gansazRvra. Seuyvania savaziroSi. amgvarad, Tamar mefis
nayofieri sakanonmdeblo moRvaweobisaT- dros mxolod oTxi vaziri unda yofiliyo,
vis vaxtang VI-s `sjulmdebeli~ uwodes. xolo 1212-1213 ww-Si Tamar mefis mier aTa-
kulturuli ganviTareba: vaxtang VI-is me- bagobis dawesebis Semdeg, xuTi veziri gaxda
fobis wlebi gamoirCeva qveynis didi kul- saqarTveloSi, xolo rusudanis mefobisas
turuli aRorZinebiT. _ eqvsi veziri.
kapucinelebis daxmarebiT 1709 w-s vaxtangma vezirTa institutis arseboba damowmebulia
moaxerxa TbilisSi pirveli stambis daarse- giorgi V-is samarTalSi (`Zeglis dadeba
ba (Cvenamde moaRwia am stambaSi dabeWdilma mefeT-mefe giorgis mier~). XVI s-dan vezirs
20 wignma). am stambaSi daibeWda pirvelad ukve orgvari mniSvneloba aqvs. veziri ewo-
`vefxistyaosani~ (1712 w.) safuZvliani kri- deba mmarTvelobis centraluri aparatis
tikul-mecnieruli gamokvleviTurT. yvela moxeles da amasTan, saqarTvelos
vaxtangma Tavis garSemo Semoikriba poeti- samefo-samTavroebSi mefisa Tu mTavris
literatorebi, mecnier-istorikosebi, sax- karze dawesebuli veziris Tanamdebobebs,
elmwifo da sazogado moRvaweebi. vaxtang romelic mefis pirveli moxele iyo. XVII-
VI dros didi yuradReba mieqca swavla-aR- XVIII ss-is mijnaze veziri, vaxtang mefis
zrdis saqmes. dasturlamalis mixedviT, iranis xelisu-
flebis moxelea qarTlis samefo karze.
veziri/vaziri _ xelisufalTa Soris pirve- XVIII s-Si qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebis Sem-
li adgili saqarTveloSi vazirebs eWiraT. deg am Tanamdebobam dakarga TandaTan fun-
sayuradReboa, rom sityva `vaziri~ Tamar qciuri mniSvneloba da saerTod gauqmda.
mefisa da giorgi III-is istorikosis garda,
arc erT sxva mematianes ar aqvs gamoyeneb- vespasiane titus flaviusi (Titus Flavius Vespa-
uli. aqedan gamomdinare, savaraudoa, rom sianus) (ax. w. 9 – 79 ww.) – romis imperatori
swored giorgi III-isa da Tamar mefis dros (pirveli warmomavlobiT arasenatori im-
Semovida es termini qarTulSi. wyaroebSi peratori), energiuli da niWieri mmarTve-
moxseniebuli `Tanavaziroba~ da `vaziri~, li. reinis legionis erT-erTi meTauri,
udavod, TanaSemweobasa da TanaSemwes niS- monawileobda samxreT britaniis dapyroba-
navda. Si. 51 w-s iyo konsuli, 67 w-s neronma daavala
XII s-is saqarTveloSi vezirs gansakuTreb- iudeis ajanyeba CaexSo. 69 w-s aRmosavleTi
uli mniSvneloba eniWeboda, Tumca arabTa provinciis legionebma vespasiane impera-
saxalifosa da sparseTisagan gansxvavebiT, torad airCies da senatmac mxari dauWira.
ara erTi, aramed ramdenime veziri yofila vespasianem samoqalaqo omiT moSlil impe-
mefis karze miRebuli (`Sekrbes Tamaris wi- riaSi wesrigi aRadgina, pirvel rigSi fi-
naSe yovelni vazirni da spani~; `dimitri nansur sferoSi (mag. SemoiRo gadasaxadi
Tavdadebuls `vazirTa mefisaTa... hrqves...~; sazogadoebriv sapirfareSoebze, aqedan mo-
`ganezraxa vazirTa, ukeTu warvide urdosa? dis gamoTqma `fuli ar yars~ – Pecunia non
daamtkices vazirTa warsvlao~). olet), aseve samarTalwarmoebasa da jarSi,
saqarTveloSi vezirebad mwignobarTuxuce- bevri kanoni gamosca simSvidisa da wesrigis
si, amirspasalari, meWurWleTuxucesi, man- aRsadgenad, saxelmwifo Semosavlebi gazar
daturTuxucesi da msaxurTuxucesi iTvle- da da moawesriga, senatis Semadgenloba
bodnen. amaTgan mwignobarTuxucesi pirve- Seavso italiisa da dasavleT provinciis
li veziri iyo. sxva vezirebi or mTavar aristokratiis warmomadgenlebiT. espane-
jgufad iyvnen dayofilni. erTi iyo `samTa Tis qalaqebma miiRes laTinTa samoqalaqo
vazirTa~ jgufi, meore òrTa vazirTa~ jgu- uflebebi. 74 w-s italiidan gaZevebuli iqnen
fi. pirvel jgufs didi darbazis, vazirobisa opoziciuri ganwyobis stoeli filosofose-
da purobis dros meti upiratesoba eniWebo- bi. TanammarTvelad vespasianem amoiyena Ta-
da. `samTa vazirTa~ jgufs Seadgendnen aTa- visi Ze titusi, romelmac iudeis omi daasru-
159
la. Tavad imperatori ubralod cxovrobda, meurveos Soris mTeli ojaxis interesebi-
xalxi mas siZunwes abralebda, saxelmwifo dan gamomdinare. droTa ganmavlobaSi man
damnaSaveebis mimarTac ki lmobieri iyo da miiRo forma sxvisi qonebis dacvaze zrun-
arasdros piradi SeuracxyofisaTvis aravis visa. urTierTobas kuratorsa da sameur-
azRvevinebda. siamovnebiT atarebda dros veo pirs Soris aregulirebda actio nego-
megobrebSi. tiorum gestorum, iustinianusis samarTlis
vespasianes dros aSenda bevri cnobili mixedviT, actio negotiorum gestorum utilis icavs
nageboba romsa (mag. koloseumi) da provin- mesakuTris uflebebs, Tuki meurve Tavis sa-
ciebSi (gzebi). yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals sargeblod ganagebs mis qonebas. XII dafis
provinciebis mmarTvelobis mowesrigebas. kanonebis Tanaxmad, zrunvis uZvelesi for-
mebi iyo: cura furiosi (sulierad avadmyofebi),
cura prodigi (mflangveli). kanonieri memkvid-
z re xdeba uaxloesi agnati. misi ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi _ naTesavi (gentiles), Tu aseTic
zardaxana _ abjar-iaraRisa da samxedro ar hyavs pirs, maSin magistrati TviTon niS-
aRWurvilobis sawyobi. am dawesebulebaSi navda Sesaferis pirovnebas (curator honorari-
inaxeboda `...jaWvi, muzaradi, Ãrmali, qafa, us). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kuratori ver an ar
sabarkuli, mSÂld-kaparWi, laxti, Subi, sru- Seasrulebs Tavis movaleobas keTilsindi-
liad yovelive unagiri moWedili da xami sierad, an im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac proble-
akazmuloba, rac zed abia, da rac sacxene ja- ma aRmoifxvreba (mflangveli gamosworde-
vSani, manjuvebi abreSumisa, cxenis yelsabami ba, sulierad avadmyofi gamojanmrTelde-
moWedili, kanjris kudi da masTan yvela, ba), zrunva wydeba. mogvianebiT (lex Plaetoria
didi droSa, dabarCamni ornive TavgadaWed- 242 Zv. w.) Cndeba zrunvis forma, romelic
ilni, erTi TeTri da erTi Savi, Subi sefe vrceldeba arasrulwlovnebze (cura mino-
almiTa~ (karis garigeba _ 9, 196-10, 204). rum). Tavdapirvelad magistrati meurve-
`zardaxnis~ saTaveSi idga gamge, romelsac obas awesebda arasrulwlovanis TxovniT
`zardaxnis uxucesi~ ewodeboda. amis garda, da gansakuTrebuli mizniT. markus avreli-
arsebobda agreTve `zardaxnis molare~, usis xanidan zrunvis es forma ufro did
`zardaxnis mejinibe~, `misratulT-uxucesi~ masStabs iRebs da sabolood yvela aras-
da `zardaxnis mwignobari~. saxelmwifos rulwlovans hyavs meurve, romlis mova-
rogorc sxva dawesebulebebSi, aseve zarda leobaSic Sedis arasrulwlovanis qonebis
xanSic yoveli danaxarjis angariSi weri- gangeba, amasTanave sameurveo pirs raRac
lobiT unda yofiliyo aRnusxuli, xolo konkretuli saqmis gadawyvetisas sWirdeba
weliwadSi erTxel saboloo angariSi unda meurvisagan Tanxmobis aReba. gansakuTrebu-
moexdinaT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania li forma zrunvisa iyo damkvidrebuli im
`saangariSo godori~, romelSic zardaxnis adamianebis mimarT, romelTac qronikuli
yovelwliuri angariSi da Semowmebis sabu avadmyofobis an fizikuri naklis gamo ar
Tebi inaxeboda. amgvari `saangariSo go- SeeZloT zrunva damoukideblad Tavis Ta-
dori~ anu saangariSo sabuTebis sacavi, ro- vze curator surdi (smenadakarguli), curator muti
gorc irkveva, saqarTvelos samefos yvela (munji). zrunvis am ZiriTadi formebis gar-
mTavar dawesebulebaSi yofila. da magistrati niSnavda qonebis meurves imis
gauTvaliswineblad, hqonda Tu ara momaval
zrunva (cura) – samoqalaqo (kerZo) samar- meurves kavSiri im pirTan, romelsac qone-
TalSi es aris zrunva imaT qonebaze, visac ba ekuTvnoda. mag., im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qone-
amis gakeTeba TviTon ar SeuZlia, an im bis patroni ar iyo adgilze, tyved iyo Ca-
qonebis gangeba, romelic droebiT aravis vardnili da a. S., iniSneboda curator absentis.
sakuTrebas ar warmoadgens. cura ganviTar- jer ardabadebuli bavSvis interesebs icav-
da tutela-dan (meurveoba) da misTvis damaxa- da curator ventris, gadaucemeli memkvidreobi-
siaTebeli bevri niSani SeiTvisa. Tavdapir- sas – curator hereditatis da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi
velad zrunva warmoadgenda Zalauflebaze meurvis movaleoba iyo ara qonebis gangeba,
damyarebul urTierTobas meurvesa da sa- aramed misi xeluxleblad SenarCuneba. sa-
160
xelmwifo administrirebaSic am instituts irispirdeboda kreditors sasamarTloSi.
mniSvnelovani adgili ekava (kuratori). saqmis wagebis SemTxvevaSi Tavmdebi ormagi
TanxiT jarimdeboda. Sesabamisad, Tavmdebi
zRurblis dalaxva, saxeloSi Cadgoma, xev- materialurad sakmaod uzrunvelyofili
sureTi _ xelosnad gaxdomis erT-erTi eta- unda yofiliyo.
pi. zRurblis dasalaxad axalmisulis ojaxs
unda gamoeyo sami fuTi qerisagan damzade-
Tavsisxli, fSavi _ sazRauri, romelsac
buli ludi da sami samsxverplo saklavi:
mkvleli Sesarigeblad uxdida moklulis
kureti an xari, cxvari da batkani. kureti
an daWrilis naTesavebs. sruli sisxli, anu
an xari mesaxeloes mosanaTlad ikvlebo-
Tu kaci sxeulis dazianebiT mokvdeboda,
da, batkani da cxvari _ mis samxvewrod. Tu
Sefasebuli iyo 80 Zroxad an 360 cxvrad.
ojaxs ar hqonda wesis SesrulebisTvis eko-
sxeulis TiToeul asos Tavisi Rirebule-
nomiuri SesaZlebloba, xelosnad mimsvle-
ba hqonda. mTeli xelisTvis gadasaxadi 15
li mxolod gainaTleboda, oRond ara ku-
Zroxas Seadgenda, neki erTi Zroxa Rirda,
retis sisxliT, aramed cxvars miiyvanda da
araTiTi _ ori, Sua TiTi _ sami, maCvenebeli
imas Seswiravda msxverplad.
_ oTxi, xolo ceri 5 Zroxad iyo Sefasebu-
ganaTvlis Semdeg klavdnen meore saklavs,
li. saxis dazianeba (daWriloba) marcvlebiT
romelsac zRurblis samlaxao ewodeboda.
izomeboda (erT marcvals sigrZeze debdnen,
zRurblis samlaxao saklavs jvaris darba-
danarCens gardigardmo da a. S.). moklulis
zis zRurblTan klavdnen. axlamimsvleli
naTesavs ufleba hqonda mkvlelisgan, Tav-
daklulis oTxive fexs xelSi daiWerda, as-
sisxlis garda, moeTxova is nivTi, romelic
wevda da zRurblisken gadaiqnevda, zRur-
mas moewoneboda. damnaSaves uaris Tqma ar
bls `sisxls uwevda~. darbazis zRurblis
SeeZlo. Tavsisxlis zRvevisgan gaTavisu-
ganaTvlis Semdeg axal xelosans darbazis
flebuli iyo sakuTari naTesavis (gvaris)
zRurblze fexis dadgomisa da darbazSi
mkvleli.
Sesvlis ufleba eZleoda. darbazSi Sesuli
ukve sisxls uwevda mis kedlebs, jvris wi-
Tamari _ saqarTvelos mefe. 1184 w-dan
naSe fics debda. igi ufros morigeebs emsa-
(giorgi III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg) Tama-
xureboda da tablas udgamda. zRurblSi da-
rma daiwyo erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba
laxva lxiniT sruldeboda.
(1184-1213 ww.). saqarTvelos istoriaSi qvey-
nis mmarTveli pirvelad gaxda qali.
T daviT aRmaSeneblis da giorgi III-is dros Za-
lauflebadakargulma didebulebma scades
Tavadi _ warCinebuli fenis warmomadgene- aRedginaT TavianTi Zliereba. didebulebma
li feodalur saqarTveloSi. Zvel xanaSi Tamari xelmeored akurTxes mefed, raTa
Cans, rom Tavadebi aznaurTa sagvareuloe- amiT xazi gaesvaT TavianTi gavlenisaTvis.
bis Tavkacebi iyvnen, magram XIV-XV ss-Si maT giorgi III-is dros dawinaurebul daba-
ukve calke wodebad Camoyalibdnen, romle- li socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi amir-
bic feodalur ierarqiaSi aznaurebze maR- spasalar yubasari da msaxurTuxucesi afri-
la moeqcnen. TavadTa xelSi politikuri doni Tamars gadaayenebines. am movlenidan
Zalauflebis gadasvlis Semdeg aznaurTa cota xnis Semdeg meWurWleTuxucesma yuTlu
wodeba SedarebiT dakninda. arslanma samefo xelisuflebis SezRud-
vis da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis refor-
Tavmdebi (vindex) _ pirovneba, romelic Tav mis gegma wamoayena _ mefis sasaxlis gver-
mdebSi udgeboda movales 1) rom igi gan- diT isanSi sagangebo sasaxle, isnis karavi
sazRvrul dRes wardgeboda sasamarTloze, Seiqmnas da swored man gadawyvitos qveynis
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tavmdebis winaaRm- bedi – miiRos kanonebi, gasces wyaloba da
deg aRiZvreboda saqme zianis anazRaurebis gadauwyvitos Serisxvao. karavSi Sekrebili
Sesaxeb (actio in factum). 2) pirovneba, ro- didebulebs unda gadaewyvita qveyanaSi ar-
melic movales aTavisuflebda kredito- sebuli yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxi da amis
risagan, TviTon ixdida vals an Tavad up- Semdeg ecnobebinaT mefisaTvis. mefes mxo
161
lod gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis ufleba rTveli xalxis saTayvanebel pirovnebad.
eqneboda. Tamars ar SeeZlo yuTlu ar- qarTulma eklesiam Tamari wmindanad Se-
slanis winadadebis miReba, am SemTxvevaSi racxa.
mefis xelisufleba Zalzed SeizRudeboda. sxvadasxva cnobiT, Tamari an gelaTSi, an
yuTlu arslani daapatimres. meWurWle- ierusalimis jvris monasterSi aris da-
Tuxucess mravali momxre hyavda. maT Tavi- krZaluli. saqarTvelosTvis mefe Tamaris
anTi meTauris gaTavisufleba moiTxoves. moRvaweobis periodi oqros xanad iTvleba.
saomrad gamzadebul moqiSpeebTan Tamarma
gagzavna keTilSobili mandilosnebi – xva- Tamasuqi _ kanoniT dadgenili savalo do-
Saq coqali da kravai jayeli. swored maT kumenti, romlis drosac pirovneba iRebda
moaxerxes amboxebulTa daSoSmineba. Tama- valdebulebas daTqmul vadaSi gadaexada
rma ki aRuTqva samefo darbazis uflebaTa fuladi Tanxa. qarTul samarTalSi XVII
gafarToeba – umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs s-dan ixmareba. gvxvdeba CveulebiTi samar-
`darbazis TanadgomiTa da erTnebaobiT~ Tlis krebulsa da vaxtang VI-is samarTal-
gadavwyvetTo. Tamarma yuTlu arslani Si, sadac gansazRvrulia misi aucilebeli
gaaTavisufla. samefoSi mSvidoba damyarda. valdebulebebic (m. 143). ufro Zvelad aseT
1185 w-s vladimir-suzdalis mTavris, andrei sabuTs `valis wigni~ erqva.
bogolubskis Ze iuri (giorgi rusi) saqa- Temi, Temoba, svaneTi _ (berZn genos, romauli
rTveloSi Camoiyvanes da Tamarze daaqor- gens). xeobisa da soflebis Semdeg Temi Sead-
wines. 1187 w-s giorgi rusi uzneo qcevis gamo genda mesame sazogadoebriv msxvil sxeuls.
saqarTvelodan gaaZeves. erTi wlis Semdeg Temi iyo gvareuloba, STamomavloba saer-
1188 w-s, Tamarma xelmeored iqorwina daviT To winaprebisa. erTi gvareulobis wevrebi,
soslanze. rac ar unda Ziridan daSorebulni yofili-
Tamarma aqtiuri sagareo politikis gatare- yvnen, mainc icavdnen da inaxavdnen mWidro
ba daiwyo. 1195 w-s SamqorSi qarTvelebma kavSirs erTmaneTTan. TiToeuli Temis
sastikad daamarcxes azerbaijanis aTabagi wevris saRmrTo movaleoba iyo gaWirvebisa
abubeqri. qarTvelebma SemoierTes somxe- Tu Cxubis dros erTmaneTis Svela, dacva da
Tis mniSvnelovani qalaqebi anisi da dvini. mtrisTvis samagieros gadaxda (mokvliT,
saqarTvelos xelSi aRmoCnda amierkavkasi- daWriT, daWeriT) SeuracxyofisTvis. Temis
is umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqtebi. romelime wevris sircxvili Tu sapatio sax-
rumis sulTani ruqn adinic saqarTvelos eli saerTo iyo mTeli TemisTvis. amitom Tu
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad moemzada. TemSi vinmes mteri moklavda, moklulis Te-
qarTvelTa jari daviT soslanis meTauro- mis wevri SexvedrisTanave klavda, daWrida
biT daiZra mtris winaaRmdeg. 1202 w-s ba- an daatyvevebda mkvlels. CveulebiTi samar-
sianSi gaimarTa gadamwyveti brZola. mteri Tlis mixedviT, morigeba ase xdeboda: Tu
sastikad damarcxda. qarTvelebma didi na- moCxubrebma Tanabari ziani, vneba miayenes
davli igdes xelT. basianis brZolis Semdeg erTmaneTs, maSin maTi saqme erTgulebis
qarTvelebma mainc ganagrZes Setevebi. 1204 ficiT mTavrdeboda; Tu erTma mxarem ufro
w-s qarTvelebma aiRes umniSvnelovanesi qa- meti ziani miayena meores, maSin mas misaz-
laqi kari. Rvevi jarima ekisreboda. Tu Cxubis amtexi
1206 w-s gardaicvala daviT soslani, Tama- Raribi iyo, gadasaxads mTeli Temi ixdida,
rma imave wels Tanamosaydred dasva la- Tu arada, Tavad unda ezRo mTeli jarima.
Sa-giorgi. 1210 w-s iranSi laSqrobisas qa- Cxubis wevri exmareboda Tavisianebs, Tun-
rTvelebma aiRes Tavrizi, yazvini da sxva dac mowinaaRmdege misi axlobeli naTesavi
qalaqebi da iranis Suagulamde miaRwies. yofiliyo. Tu Temis wevrs mterTan morige-
alafiT da nadavliT damZimebulma jarma ba surda, Temisgan unda aeRo Tanxmoba.
winsvla veRar SeZlo da ukan gamobrunda. morigebas Temis yoveli mosaxlidan TiTo
1213 w-s gardaicvala Tamari. wevri unda daswreboda, rom mtrisTvis
Tamaris mefobis dros aSenda xidebi, gzebi, saerTo pasuxi gaecaT. TemobaSi, sikvdilis,
cixesimagreebi, sasaxleebi, eklesia-monas- mZimed daWrisa da colis warTmevis garda,
trebi. swavla-ganaTlebisa da xelovnebis yvelafers Seundobdnen xolme erTmaneTs. am
ganviTarebas uwyobda xels. Tamari iqca qa- sami danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi Temive wyvetda
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yvelafers, gareSe pirebis Caurevlad. Temis samxedro flotis Seqmnas moaxmara. misi
daCagrul wevrs miesjeboda im jarimis naxe- mcdelobiT aTens 180 samxedro gemi hqonda
vari, romelic gareSe moCxubar pirT Soris da am gemebis ekipaJi Sedgeboda Tetebisagan,
iyo gansazRvruli CveulebiTi samarTliT. romlebic aTenSi demokratebis gavlenas
TemobaSi akrZaluli iyo erTmaneTisTvis aZlierebdnen. Zv. w. 480 w-s aTenis flotma
qalis miTxoveba. Tems hqonda saTemo sa- Temistoklesis winamZRolobiT artemisiis
locavi, sasaflao adgilebi, dResaswaulebi koncxTan sparselebze gaimarjva. man um-
da sxva. lxinis dros Temis wevri yvelaze niSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa salaminTan
pirvels Tems iwvevda, mas gareT da uyur- gadamwyveti brZolis warmoebaSi, romelic
adRebod arasdros tovebdnen. WirSic ki aTenelTa brwyinvale gamarjvebiT dagvir-
Tems pirveli adgili ekava. Tuki TemSi vinme gvinda. Temistoklesma didi roli Seasru-
gardaicvleboda, yvela mamakaci wvers ipar- la delosis kavSiris SeqmnaSi.
savda da Wirisuflad sxdeboda. uZrav da Zv. w. 470 w-s man winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia Ta-
moZrav qonebas Temis wevri Temisve daswre- vis Sida politikur metoqe kimonsa da spar-
biT da TanxmobiT iZenda. Temis romelime tis zewolas. Temistoklesi ostrakismosiT
wevris uZravi qonebac Temsve unda Seesyida. aiZules aTeni daetovebina. igi argosSi
gadavida sacxovreblad. spartas SeeSinda,
Temistoklesi (daaxl. Zv. w. 528-462 ww.) _ rom Temistokless, romelic peloponesis
aTenis saxelmwifo moRvawe da berZen- qalaqebs periodulad stumrobda, maTSi
sparselTa omebis mxedarTmTavari, aTenis demokratiuli ganwyoba ar gaeZlierebina
demokratiis erT-erTi `mama~. Zv. w. 493-492 da ganacxada, rom Temistoklesi pavsania-
ww-Si ekava umaRlesi _ arqonisa da stra sTan erTad sparselebTan molaparakebas
tegosis Tanamdebobebi. awarmoebda (daax. Zv. w. 468 w.). aTenSi mas
Temistoklesi, rogorc demokrati, msxvili samSoblos Ralati dasdes bralad da daus-
vaWrebis interesebs gamoxatavda da aTenis wreblad sikvdili miusajes, magram Temis-
savaWro bazris gafarTobiT iyo daintere- toklesma moaxerxa gaqceva da sparseTis
sebuli. igi kargad grZnobda sparseTis mefe artaqserses miaSura. mefem igi magnesi-
mxridan saSiSroebas da samxedro flo is mmarTvelad daniSna, sadac Temistoklesi
tis Seqmnas eswrafvoda. misi politikuri gardaicvala.
mowinaaRmdegeebi, msxvili miwaTmoqmedebi,
pirvel rigSi ki miltiadesi, SiSobdnen, rom Teorikoni (to; qewrikovn) _ saxelmwifos mier
flotis Seqmna demokratebs gaaZlierebdaT uRaribesi moqalaqeebisaTvis micemuli sub-
da amitom saxmeleTo jaris gaZlierebas sidia Teatralur sanaxaobaze dasaswrebad.
moiTxovdnen. gadmocemiT, is perikles SemouRia. TiToeu-
Temistoklesis politikurma reformebma li adamianisTvis, romelic am mizniT spe-
(Zv. w. 487-486 ww.) xeli Seuwyo aTenis saxel cialur siaSi iyo Seyvanili, TiTo war-
mwifo wyobis Semdgom demokratizacias. Te modgenaze dasaswrebad ori oboli iyo
mistoklesis reformebis mixedviT, arqone- gamoyofili. mogvianebiT, subsidiebi sxva
bi wilisyriT unda aerCiaT, mxedrebs Sesa- RonisZiebebzec gaica. Zv. w. IV s‑Si SemoRe-
Zlebloba miecaT daekavebinaT es Tanamde- bul iqna kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelm-
boba (arqonis). aman, Tavis mxriv, samxedro wifos mTeli namati Tanxa TeorikonisTvis
winamZRoloba strategosTa xelSi moaqcia unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli (omis peri-
(romelTa xelaxla arCevac SesaZlebeli odis gamoklebiT). amasTanave, arsebobda
iyo, riTac isini gamocdilebas iZendnen), kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac sikvdiliT unda
ramac droTa msvlelobaSi aseve ganapiroba dasjiliyo nebismieri pirovneba, romelic
eqs-arqonebisgan rekrutirebuli konserva- mSvidobianobis dros TeorikonisTvis
toruli areopagis gavlenis Semcireba. ga- gamoyofili Tanxis samxedro miznebisTvis
farTovda da gamagrda pirevsis navsadguri. gamoyenebis winadadebas Semoitanda. Teo-
Zv. w. 487 w-is Semdgom Temistoklesma moa rikonis ganmkargveli moxeleebi arCeuli
xerxa Tavisi ZiriTadi politikuri mowi- magistratebi iyvnen, romlebsac sakmaod
naaRmdegeebis Seviwroeba. lavrionis ver- didi Zalaufleba hqondaT aTenis finansur
cxlis sabadoebidan Semosuli Semosavali administraciaSi.
163
TerTmetni (oiJ e{ndeka) _ wilisyriT daniSnuli sanqcias adebdnen im pirTa sikvdiliT das-
aTeneli moxeleebi, romlebic sapatimroeb- jas, romlebic adre Cadenili mkvlelo-
sa da sikvdiliT dasjas meTvalyureobdnen. bis gamo atikidan iyvnen gaZevebulni da
maT patimrobaSi ahyavdaT qurdobaSi da romelTac isev atikaSi waawydebodnen. Zv. w.
zogierT sxva borotmoqmedebaSi dadana- IV s-Si maT evalebodaT ganexilaT kanonebi
Saulebuli pirebi. Tu gansasjeli aRiareb- _ xom ar iyvnen isini araTanmimdevrulni an
da danaSauls, TerTmetni mas sasamarTlo arabunebrivni. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zogierTi
ganxilvis gareSe sikvdiliT sjidnen. Tuki kanoni aseTad warmoCindeboda, TesmoTete-
dakavebuli uaryofda braldebas, TerT- sebi moiTxovdnen nomoTetesebis daniSvnas.
metni gvevlinebodnen Tavmjdomareebad im amasTan, TesmoTetesebs unda gadaenawile-
dikasterionSi, romelSic am ukanasknelis binaT (kenWisyriT) magistratebi sasamarT-
sasamarTlo procesi warimarTeboda. isini loebis mixedviT da daedginaT sasamarTlo
amasTan sikvdiliT dasjili borotmoqme- procesis TariRi. es movaleoba maT mas Sem-
dis qonebas saxelmwifos gadascemdnen (ix. deg daekisraT, rac gauqmda kanoni ama Tu
dike, samarTalwarmoeba, aTeni ). im magistratis mudmivad erTsa da imave sa-
samarTloSi msaxurebis Sesaxeb.
Tesaurusi (thesaurus) _ miwaSi Cafluli ganZi.
Tetebi (qh'te") _ daqiravebuli muSaxeli,
romauli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, ganZis
berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoSi Tavisufal
mpovnels da miwis mepatrones unda gaeyoT
moqalaqeTa yvelaze dabali socialuri
miwaSi napovni ganZi (norma adrianes epo-
fena. aTenSi solonis mier qonebrivi cenzis
qidan moyolebuli moqmedebda). es rac See
mixedviT oTx klasad dayofil moqalaqeTa-
xeba sxvis miwaze ganZis povnas, magram Tu
gan Tetebi yvelaze dabal safexurze mdgom
adamiani Tavis miwaze aRmoaCenda ganZs, is
mosaxleobas warmoadgenda. maTi yovel
mTlianad mas rCeboda. zogierTi imperato-
wliuri Semosavali 200 medimnos purze (an
ri fiskusis pretenzias acxadebdnen ganZze,
sxva produqtSi mis ekvivalentze, an fulad
yovel SemTxvevaSi mis nawilze mainc.
Tanxaze) naklebi iyo. solonma ufleba mis-
ca Tetebs monawileoba mieRoT saxalxo
TesmoTetesi (qesmoqevth") _ cxra arqonTagan krebaSi da aseve heliaiaSi (saxalxo sa-
eqvsis saxelwodeba. TesmoTetesis Tanamde- samarTloSi). magram amave solonis refor-
boba araugvianes Zv. w. VII s-Si unda Semoe miT Tetebs ar SeeZloT arc buleSi da arc
RoT, Tumca Znelia dazustebiT iTqvas, Tu sxva saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze msaxureba.
ra funqciebi ekisrebodaT maT im dros. miuxedavad imisa, rom es SezRudvebi forma
mogvianebiT maT umTavresad sasamarTlo lurad arasdros ar yofila gauqmebuli,
movaleobebi unda aResrulebinaT. rogorc Zv. w. VI s-is dasasrulisTvis maT naklebad
kolegias, TesmoTetesebs pasuxismgebloba aqcevdnen yuradRebas. Tetebi ar Sediodnen
sxvadasxva procesualuri tipis saqmeebze hoplitTa ricxvSi, rameTu maT ar SeeZloT
ekisrebodaT, umeteswilad sajaro bral- TavianTi TanxebiT SeeZinaT Sesaferisi
debaTa – grafeTa saxeobebze, rogorebic samxedro aRWurviloba. mas Semdeg, rac aTe
iyo mag., eisangelia, probole, dokimasia. nis umTavresi samxedro Zala floti gaxda,
amasTan isini kerZo braldebis (dikes) Tetebi saxelmwifo samxedro samsaxurSi
calkeul saxeobebzec iyvnen pasuxismgebel- Seiyvanes. isini msaxurobdnen meniCbeebad,
ni. TesmoTetesTa sasamarTlo heliaia iyo. mezRvaurebad, flotis oficrebad. maT aR-
TesmoTetesebi aseve Tavmjdomareobdnen im Wurvilobaze xarjebs saxelmwifo gamoyof-
msajulebs, romlebic aTenis sasargeblod da. saxmeleTo danayofebSi Tetebi msubuqad
aTensa da sxva saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWro- SeiaraRebul qveiTebswarmoadgendnen.
bis samarTlebrivi regulaciis ratifika-
cias axdendnen. amis paralelurad TesmoTe- XII dafis kanonebi (leges duodecim tabularum)
tesebi ganixilavdnen am regulaciis dros – Sedgenilia V saukuneSi (Zv. w. 451-450ww.)
warmoqmnil davebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi decemvirTa komisiis mier. XII dafis kanone-
maT msajulTa gareSec SeeZloT sasjelis bi iqca romauli sakanonmdeblo sistemis
dadeba. sasamarTlo ganxilvis gareSe isini bazisad. gadmocemis mixedviT, saberZneTSi
164
gaigzavna delegacia, romelmac Seiswavla i
solonis kanonmdebloba da Tavisi moR-
vaweobis pirvel wels decemvirebma war- imuniteti (immunitas) – didi ubedurebisas
moadgines kanonTa 10 dafa. momzadebul calkeuli piris, fenebisa da mTeli Temis
kanonebs ganixilavdnen, SehqondaT Ses- sazogadoebrivi begarisagan (mag., samxedro
worebebi da mxolod Semdeg xdeboda maTi samsaxuri, meurveoba da sxv.) droebiT an
damtkiceba centuriis komiciebSi. Semdeg samudamod gaTavisufleba, dafuZnebuli an
kanonebi itvifreboda rkinis dafebze da kanonier gamamarTlebel safuZvelze (excu-
ifineboda. 10 dafis damtkicebasTan erTad satio – gamarTleba) an privilegiebze.
naTeli gaxda, rom kanonebs hqonda xarve-
zebi da maT aRmosafxvrelad saWiro iyo imperiumi (imperium) – umaRlesi romaeli
kidev 2 dafis Seqmna, ris gamoc decemvirebs magistratebis Tanamdebobrivi Zalaufleba,
gaugrZeldaT moRvaweobis vada erTi wliT. romis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis mTava-
sabolood Seiqmna sul kanonTa 12 dafa. ri maxasiaTebeli. imperiumi aris umaRle-
Tormeti dafis kanonebi ZiriTadad sisxlis si magistratis samxedro, samarTlebrivi,
da samoqalaqo samarTlis Sesaxeb Seqmnili politikuri SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba. am
kanonebis krebulia, romelSic pirvelad ZalauflebiT aRWurvilni iyvnen Tavdapir-
aris gatarebuli moqalaqeTa Tanasworo- velad mefeebi, Semdeg pretorebi, konsule-
bis idea. misi mTavari daniSnuleba iyo bi. respublikis xanaSi Tavidan imperiumis
daecva plebeebi patricielTa Tavgasuli SezRudva daiwyo provokaciiT (provocatio ad
moqmedebisagan. XII dafis kanonTa ZiriTad populum). imperiumis mflobelis Zalaufle-
wyaros adaTebi da adaTobrivi samarTali bis simbolos warmoadgenda misi Tanmxlebi
warmoadgens. samwuxarod, Zegli pirvelwya liqtorebi, romelTac xelSi wknelebi da
ros saxiT SemorCenili ar aris. igi daiwva zog SemTxvevaSi najaxic ekavaT. imperiumis
Zv. w. 387 w. galebis Semosevis dros da mis ZalauflebiT aRWurvili xelisufalni Zi-
Sesaxeb gviandeli avtorebis mier mowo- riTadad erTi wlis vadiT iyvnen arCeuli
debuli informaciis mixedviT vmsjelobT kolegialobis sqemiT. irCevdnen im saxal-
(ciceroni, pomponiusi, titus liviusi, dio- xo krebaze (komicia), romelic adre comitia
dorosi da sxv.). amasTanave, gasaTvaliwine- centuriata-s warmoadgenda, Tumca kandidats
belia, rom XII dafis kanonebs xSirad mimar- unda miemarTa amasTan erTad uZvelesi
Tavdnen politikuri brZolis dros, amitom saxalxo krebisaTvis, romelic kuriebis
cnobebs mis Sesaxeb didi sifrTxiliT unda mixedviT iyo organizebuli (comitia curiata).
movekidoT. rac Seexeba XII dafis kanonTa xelisuflebis aTvla, romelic imperium-
klasifikacias, igi xelovnuri sistematiza- iT iyo aRWurvili, iwyeba daaxloebiT Zv.
ciis nayofs warmoadgens: 1) I, II da III dafebSi w. 367 w-dan 2 konsuli da erTi sasamarT-
mocemulia samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi. lo pretori, romelTac Zv. w. 241 w-s kidev
2) IV da V dafebi eZRvneba saojaxo da mem- erTi pretori daemataT (igi ganixilavda
kvidreobiTi samarTlis sakiTxebs, mSo- romis moqalaqeebs da ucxoelebs Soris ar-
blebsa da Svilebs Soris urTierTobas, sebul davebs) – praetor peregrinus. pretorTa
meuRleTa pirad da qonebriv uflebebs, ricxvi mogvianebiT 4, 6, 8, 16 aRwevs. sulas
memkvidreobis gadacemis wesebs da a. S. 3) VI periodidan pretorebi mosamarTle magist-
da VII dafebSi mocemulia sanivTo da val- ratebi arian, Tumca maT xSirad andobdnen
debulebiTi samarTlis sakiTxebi. aq ganxi- xolme samxedro da gansakuTrebiT mniSv-
lulia sakuTrebis, giraos, servitutebis an nelovani saxelmwifo saqmeebis ganxilvas.
sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis uflebebis, sx- yovel pretors saqmianobis Tavisi sfero
vadasxva saxis xelSekrulebis Tu garigebis hqonda, romelic an kenWisyris, an SeTanx-
sakiTxebi. 4) VIII da IX dafebSi mocemulia mebis safuZvelze dgindeboda (sortitio pro-
sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebi, CamoTvlil- vinciarum). maT erTmaneTis winaSe Tanabari
ia sasjelTa calkeuli saxeebi. 5) X dafa uflebebi hqondaT da SeeZloT interkesiis
sakraluri samarTlis sakiTxebs exeba. 6) XI (intercessio) gamoyeneba. imperiis teritoria-
da XII dafa Seicavs damatebiT muxlebs wina ze imperiumi izRudeboda kanonebiT da sxva
10 dafis xarvezebis Sesavsebad. konstituciuri organoebis uflebamosile-
165
biT (komicia, provokacia, senati). imperiis 1) interdictum de cloacis _ exeboda sazogadoe-
sazRvrebs gareT Zalaufleba SeuzRudavi brivi da kerZo arxebis gawmendas, rac mo-
iyo da samxedro Zalauflebasac gulisx- saxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze
mobda (imperium militae). ufro maRali rangis zrunviT iyo nakarnaxebi.
magistrats hqonda imperium maius, mag., kon- 2) interdictum de fluminibus publicis _ exeboda
sulis imperiumi ufro didi iyo, vidre pre- mdinareze curvas da krZalavda mdinareze
toris (imperium minus). erTi rangis magist nebismieri nagebobis aSenebas, romelic
ratebs Tanabari Zalaufleba hqondaT – par xels SeuSlida naosnobas.
imperium. yvelaze didi Zalaufleba hqonda 3) interdictum de itineribus publicis _ sazogadoe-
diqtators – imperium summum. gamonaklisis briv gzebs, maT mowyobas, gamoyenebas da
saxiT senati gamoCenil kerZo pirebs ani- SekeTebas emsaxureboda.
Webda gansakuTrebul Zalauflebas, rome 4) interdictum de locis publicis _ icavda sazoga-
lic droSi reglamentirebuli ar iyo – im- doebriv adgilebs dazianebisagan da iseTi
perium proconsulare. nagebobebis aSenebisagan, romlebic xels
SeuSlida maT racionalur gamoyenebas da
a.S.
interdiqtumi (interdictum) _ sasamarTlo ma
gistratis brZaneba, romelic orive mxaris
interdiqcia (interdictio) _ akrZalva, romel
interesebs iTvaliswinebs da emsaxureba saq-
sac Sesabamisi instancia awesebda. 1) qonebis
mis swraf gadawyvetas. interdiqtums hqonda
gangebis akrZalva pirovnebis mflangvelad
droebiTi administraciuli aqtis xasiaTi
gamocxadebiT (aere commercioque, interdictio
(mowmeebis dakiTxvis da saqmis detaluri
bonorum, interdictio prodigi). Tavdapirvelad
kvlevis gareSe). mis safuZvels warmoad-
interdiqcia icavda mflangvelis Svilebs
genda mosarCelis mtkicebuleba, romelsac
da exeboda mxolod im qonebas, romelic
magistrati, savaraudod, winaswarve simarT
memkvidreobiT unda gadasuliyo Svilebze.
led aRiarebda. interdiqtumi miemarTeboda
mogvianebiT interdiqciis xasiaTi Seicvala
an braldebuls, an orive mxares da Seicavda
da akrZalva vrceldeboda memkvidreobiT
brZanebas, romlis mixedviTac unda emoqme-
miRebul qonebazec, rac ara marto mflangve-
daT, an Tavi SeekavebinaT garkveuli moq-
lis Svilebs, aramed TviTon mflangvelsac
medebebisagan. unda aRiniSnos, rom umravles
icavda.
SemTxvevaSi interdiqtumi sabolood wyvet-
akrZalva wyalsa da cecxlze (interdictio aquae
da sakiTxs. amitom samarTalwarmoeba aRar
et ignis), anu uaris Tqma TanamoqalaqeebTan
grZeldeboda. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
Tanacxovrebaze, rasac avtomaturad qonebis
romelime mxare ar daemorCileboda inter-
da moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva mohyveboda im
diqtums, saqmis kvleva da warmoeba grZelde-
moqalaqisaTvis, romelic sakuTari sur-
boda da pirvel rigSi iZiebdnen im sakiTxis
viliT tovebda qveyanas. ukan dabrunebis
samarTlianobas, romlis safuZvelzec gamoi-
SemTxvevaSi nebismiers SeeZlo misi mokvla
tana magistratma interdiqtumi.
da es danaSaulad ar iTvleboda.
Sinaarsis mixedviT interdiqtumi sam jgu-
gansazRvrul teritoriaze Sesvlis an teri-
fad iyofa:
toriidan gasvlis akrZalva (interdictio loco-
1) yvelaze Zvel formad iTvleba akrZalvi-
rum).
Ti interdiqtumi (interdictum prohibitoria).
2) aRdgeniTi interdiqtumi (interdictum resti-
interkesia (intercessio) – 1) magistratis uf
tutoria) _ brZaneba pirovnebisadmi, raTa mas
leba gauqmebulad gamoacxados sxva maRa
daebrunebina nivTi an aRedgina Zveli mdgo-
li Tanamdebobis piris mier ukve miRebu
mareoba.
li gadawyvetileba. mag. saxalxo tribuns
3) wardgeniTi interdiqtumi (interdictum exhib-
ufleba hqonda gaeuqmebina konsulis ga
itoria) _ uwesebdnen pirs, rom man warmoadgi-
dawyvetileba. interkesia moqmedebda kanon-
nos nivTi an moiyvanos vinme sasamarTloSi.
proeqtebsa da gansaxilvelad gamotanili
sxva jgufebi, romlebSic Tavis mxriv ram-
sakiTxebisa da ara im kanonebis mimarT, rom-
denime interdiqtumi erTiandeba, icavs sx-
lebic ukve damtkicebuli iyo kenWisyris sa-
vadasxva interesebs, ZiriTadad sazogadoe-
SualebiT. xelaxali ganxilvis Semdeg saqme
bisas:
166
isev imave magistratTan brundeboda, Tumca buli Rirsebis Selaxva (gansxvavebiT cudi
ar SeiZleboda magistratis iZuleba, mie- reputaciisagan – turpitudo), da Tan axlda
Ro sxva gadawyvetileba (magram es SeeZlo uflebrivi SezRudva, mag., feminae probrosae –
gaekeTebina mis kolegas an moadgiles). in- cudi reputaciis qalebi, roskipebi da msax-
terkesiis (Careva) gamoyeneba ar SeiZlebo- iobebi). amave kategoriaSi gadioda intes-
da erTaderTi diqtatoris gadawyvetilebis tabilisi – intestabilis – pirovneba, romelsac
winaaRmdeg. 2) gadasaxadebis Zalismieri Tavad CamorTmeuli aqvs mowmis ufleba da
meTodebiT amoReba (intercessio militaris igive verc sakuTar mowmed moiwvevs vinmes. ram-
executio). 3) sakuTar Tavze sxvisi valdeb- denadac intestabiliss CamorTmeuli hqon-
ulebis aReba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom da mowmis ufleba, mas anderZis datovebac
movale TviTonve gauswordeba mevales. qa- ar SeeZlo.
lTa interkesia aikrZala principatis xani-
dan (avgustusis da klavdiusis ediqtebi). isopoliteia (ijsopoliteiva) _ axali moqa-
akrZalva ar vrceldeba gansakuTrebul laqeebisaTvis moqalaqeobis boZeba Zveli
SemTxvevebze: mziTvis dadgenisas da rode- moqalaqeebis Tanabari uflebebiT. es ter-
sac qali moqmedebs saqmis viTarebis sruli mini umTavresad pirovnebaTaTvis moqa-
gaazrebiT. qalis interkesia mxolod im laqeobis boZebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenebo-
SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi, Tu warmodgenilia da, Tumca TandaTanobiT is aseve teqnikuri
dokumenturad da mas xels awers sami mowme. termini gaxda da aRniSnavda saxelmwifos
moqalaqeTa mTeli korpusisaTvis moqala
infamisi (infamis) – cudi avtoritetis mqone qeobis boZebas. amasTan gamoiyeneboda or
pirovneba. infamia – cudi saxeli. pretoris saxelmwifos Soris moqalaqeobis ormxri-
ediqtiT ignominiosusi (ignominiosus) iyo vi miniWebis aqtis aRsaniSnavad. moqalaqeo-
uweso pirovneba, romelic cenzoris mier bis calmxrivi Cuqebis aqti Cndeba Zv. w. 405/4
gakicxuli an dasjili iyo da procesualur w-s (aTenis mier samoselTaTvis aTenis mo-
warmoebaSi SezRuduli uflebebiT sarge- qalaqeobis miniWeba). Zv. w. IV s-Si ormxrivi
blobda. infamisi moklebuli iyo arCevneb- Cuqebis SemTxvevebi dasturdeba. amasTan aR-
Si monawileobis uflebas (ius suffragii) da saniSnavia, rom isopoliteiaTi dakavSire-
kenWs ver iyrida Tanamdebobaze (honorum), ar buli qalaqebi ar iyvnen gaerTianebulni,
hqonda ufleba sasamarTloSi gamosvlisa, isini damoukidebel qalaqebad rCebodnen.
verc sxvas warmoadgenda sasamarTloSi. mas ijsopoliteiva mokavSireobis sxvadasxva xelSek-
uwesdeboda SezRudvebi qorwinebisas da a. S. rulebaSi iyo Setanili. sanacvlod, erTi
savaraudod, is samxedro samsaxurisaganac saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi meoris potenci-
gaTavisuflebuli iyo. infamia warmoadgen- uri moqalaqeebi xdebodnen. imisaTvis, rom
da an uweso qcevis da samarcxvino saqmiano- isini moqmedi moqalaqeebi gamxdariyvnen,
bis (glovis adaTis darRveva, ormagi daniSv- sacxovreblis dafuZneba da daregistrire-
na an qorwineba, garyvnileba, TamaSi scenaze ba iyo saWiro. iyo sxva privilegiebic, ro-
an arenaze gareul cxovelebTan brZola da goric iyo miwis flobis ufleba, epigamia
a. S.) an danaSaulis Sedegs, romelsac Tan _ qorwinebis ufleba, vaWrobis ufleba im-
axlda saqmis gamoZieba da sasjeli. cicero- portisa da eqsportis gadasaxadTa gareSe.
nis dros infamia mosdevda sisxlis samar-
Tlis nebismier danaSaulSi msjavrdebuls, iulianus oqtavius kornelius emilianusi
manamde ki mxolod im danaSaulis Cadenas, (Iulianus Octavius Cornelius Salvius I Aemilianus)
romelic zustad iyo miTiTebuli kanonSi. (daaxl. ax. w. 100 w. – ?) – erT-erTi umniS-
infamia eloda im pirebsac, romlebic ker- vnelovanesi iuristi CrdiloeT afrikidan,
Zo samarTaldarRvevaSi iyvnen mxilebulni eWira maRali saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi
(qurdoba, Zarcva, tyuili, im movaleobebi- (iyo nacvali germaniaSi, espaneTsa da afri-
saTvis Tavis arideba, romlebic gansa- kaSi), konsuli (148 w.), hadrianusis, antoni-
kuTrebulad wmindad iTvleboda. mag. meur- nus piusis, markus avreliusis da lucius
veoba). iustinianusis samarTalma Seqmna verusis mrCeveli, sabinelebis ukanaskneli
specialuri iuridiuli instituti infamia, meTauri. samarTalSi Tavisi gamorCeuli
sadac samarTlebrivad iyo reglamentire- gonierebisa da codnis wyalobiT sarge-
167
blobda didi avtoritetiT, aseve hadrianu- da aRedgina tradiciebi, laTinuri gaxada
sis gansakuTrebuli ndobiT, romlis dava- oficialur enad da brZana, romauli samar-
lebiTac Seagrova respublikis droindeli Tlis faseulobebis SesanarCuneblad maTi
pretorebis ediqtebi da ganalaga isini damuSaveba.
garkveuli rigiT (edictum perpetuum Hadriani). iustinianusi eyrdnoboda saSualo miwaT-
iulianusma Seqmna klasikuri samarTalwar- moqmedebis farTo fenas da kurialebs
moebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebi (kuriis wevrebs). gadasaxadebis gazrda up-
digestebi – iuridiuli krebulebi – (Di- irveles yovlisa glexebs aviwrovebda, ma-
gesta) 90 wignad, gansjani (responsa) romauli gram qalaqis mosaxleobaSic didi mRelva-
samarTlis yvela saxisa da yvela sferodan, reba gamoiwvia. mZlavrma ajanyebam, saxelad
romelTagan mravalricxovani amonaride- `nika~ anu `gaimarjva~, konstantinopolis
bi iustinianusis digestebma Semogvinaxa); mTeli mosaxleoba moicva (532 w.), magram
iulianusi avtoria komentarebisa minikiu- iustinianusis brZanebiT CaxSobil iqna.
sisadmi (Ad Minicium); SesaZloa, mis kalams iustinianusis dros yvaoda literatura
ekuTvnodes òrazrovnebis Sesaxeb~ (De am- da xelovneba (arqiteqtura, gansakuTrebiT
biguitatibus); eklesiebis (wm. sofias) mSenebloba da mo-
zaikis xelovneba). magram iustinianusis
iustinianusi (Iustinianus I) (ax. w. 482-565 ww.) wamowyebulma romis imperiis restavraciis
– aRmosavleT romis imperiis imperatori cdam saxelmwifos ekonomikuri resursebi
(527-565). Teofiles xelmZRvanelobiT mi- gamofita (man carieli xazina datova) da
iRo kargi iuridiuli ganaTleba. xalxis iustinianusis samflobelo misi memkvidree-
keTilganwyoba konsulobisas (530 w.) jer bisas daingra. iustinianusi mxars uWerda
kidev Tavisi biZis, iustinusis sicocxleSi orTodoqsul qristianul eklesias, ibr-
daimsaxura da mis sikvdilamde igi impera- Zoda monofizitebis winaaRmdeg da 529 w-s
torad (527 w.) gamoacxades. daxura aTenis filosofiuri skola (aTenis
iustinianusi imperatorobis sakmaod akademia), neoplatonizmis sayrdeni.
didi xnis manZilze ebrZoda saxelmwifos
mtrebs diplomatiuri xelovnebiT, mosyid-
viT, aseve omebiT. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
k
omebi gadaixada italiaSi vandalebisa da kalaTi, svaneTi – xorageuloba, puri da
ostgotebisa da sparselebis winaaRmdeg. arayi, 30-40 kacis samyofi vaxSmidan dilamde,
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda iustinianusis romelic sacolis mSoblebs mihqondaT sasi-
iniciativiT moqmedi romauli samarTlis Zos saxlSi da umaspinZldebodnen rogorc
kodifikacias (529 w.). tribonianusis xelmZ- TavianT mayrebs, ise sasiZos stumrebsac,
RvanelobiT, upirveles yovlisa, SeaerTes romelTa ricxvi yovelTvis aRemateboda
saimperatoro samoqalaqo samarTlis dad- sacolisgan mipatiJebul stumar-mayrebs.
genilebebis korpusi (Constitutiones Corpus uSgulis sazogadoebaSi kalaTi 30 puriT
iuris civilis) 12 wignad, Semdeg ki Digesta-Si 50 Semoifargleboda. `kalaTi~ saqmros saxl-
wignad iuristebis Txzulebebidan amona- Si mihqondaT xar-marxiliT, romelsac sa-
ridebi da daamuSaves axali saxelmZRvane- coles misvlamde unda mieRwia.
lo dadgenilebebi (Institutiones) 4 wignad.
Semdeg amas daemata sakanonmdeblo damate- kandidati (candidatus) _ pretendenti magi-
bebi (Novellae) berZnul enaze. stratis Tanamdebobaze icvamda TeTr togas
iustinianusi cdilobda aRmosavleT romis da megobrebiTa da monebiT (nomenclatores)
saxelmwifos ekonomikur da politikur garSemortymuli arCevnebis win dadioda
stabilizaciasa da romis imperiis aRdge- qalaqSi, cdilobda amomrCevlis gulis mo-
nas mis adrindel sazRvrebSi. energiul, gebas (lex Pompeia 5). ukve gviani respubli-
mamac mmarTvels, SesaniSnav organizators kis xanaSi winasaarCevno kampanias Tan axl-
SeeZlo SeerCia kargi kandidaturebi umaR- da intrigebi, mosyidvebi. principatis xanaSi
lesi saxelmwifo TanamdebobebisaTvis. oc- imperatoris mier wamoyenebuli kandidatis
nebobda, aRedgina romauli imperia misi damtkicebas senatis mxridan formaluri xa-
mTeli brwyinvalebiT. iustinianusi Seeca- siaTi hqonda.
168
kanoni, aTeni (novmo") _ rogorc Cans, Zv. w. arCeulni rigiTi moqalaqeebisagan. Tumca
V s-Si aTenelebi sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi kanonebi ar moicavda yvela SemTxveviTo-
or cnebas _ novmo"-s da yhvfisma-s erTmaneTis bas. ase rom, naTeli kanonis ararsebobis
monacvleobiT iyenebdnen im odenobis aRsa- SemTxvevaSi, msajulebi Tavisufalni iyvnen
niSnavad, romelsac Cven `kanons~ vuwodebT. xma miecaT an dauwereli kanonebis, an sa-
Zv. w. IV s-Si cnebebma _ novmo"-ma da yhvfisma- marTalis maTeuli gagebidan gamomdinare.
m gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina: novmo"
iyo `kanoni~, xolo yhvfisma _ `dekreti~. (Zv. kanonmdebloba, romi _ romis samarTlis
w. V s-Si am terminebis met-naklebad ekviva- safuZvels warmoadgens:
lenturi gamoyenebisaTvis ixileT qsenofo- 1) adaTobrivi samarTali – adaTebi Serwymu-
ni, helenika, 1. 7. 20-22). Zv. w. IV s-Si kanonebi li iyo religiur da moralur normebTan
miiRebodnen kanonSemoqmedebis specialuri (mores maiorum). saxelmwifos ganviTarebas
procesis meSveobiT, maSin rodesac dekret- Tan erTad adaTobrivi samarTali veRar
Ta miReba saxalxo krebaze kenWisyriT xde- akmayofilebda saxelmwifos samarTlebriv
boda. aTenur samarTalwarmoebaSi kanonebi moTxovnebs, amitom adaTi adgils uTmobs
aRemateboda dekretebs. 2) kanonebs. pirveli kanonebi saTaves iRebs
kanonebi gansazRvravdnen, Tu ra saxis dekre- Zv. w. VI s-dan. servius tuliusis reforma
tebis miReba SeeZlo saxalxo krebas. ase ma- SeiZleba CaiTvalos pirvel kanonebad (Zv.
galiTad, arsebobda kanoni, romelic nebas w. 509 w.). servius tuliusi rigiT VI mefea
rTavda saxalxo krebas, mieRo moqalaqi- (rex), romelic roms marTavda VI saukunis
saTvis pativis mimniWebeli dekreti, magram SuaxanebSi (Zv. w. 578- 533ww.). tacitusis mi-
igive kanoni zRvars udebda aseTi pativis mi- xedviT, pirvel kanonmdeblad swored ser-
Rebis pirobebs. sasamarTloebs (ix. dikaste- vius tuliusi iTvleba, ramdenadac misi wina-
rioni) kanonebze dayrdnobiT SeeZloT ama morbedebi mxolod calkeuli dadgenilebe-
Tu im dekretis gauqmeba. dekreti Semdegi bis da kanonebis gamocemiT ifarglebodnen.
formulirebiT iwyeboda: `xalxma gadawyvi- mefeebis gandevnis Semdeg gamoica mxolod
ta, rom...~, an `bulem da xalxma gadawyvites, calkeuli kanonebi patricielTa gavlenis
rom...~ (IG II2 206 4-5; IG II2 206 28-30); kanoni Sesamcireblad. sabolood Zv. w. 451 - 450 ww.
ki iwyeboda formulirebiT: `nomoTetesebma decemvirTa mier SemuSavda XII dafis kano-
gadawyvites, rom...~ (SEG 12 87. 607). nebi. XII dafis kanonebma safuZveli Cauyara
aTenelebs ar hqondaT aSS-is msgavsi for- romaul kanonmdeblobas. leges Liciniae Sex-
maluri konstitucia, anu kanonTa korpusi, stiae (ix. gaius licinius stoloni) Zv. w. 366
romelic fundamentalurad gansazRvravs w-s uzrunvelyo pleebeebis samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifos. Tumca, zogierT kanons hqon- mdgomareobis met-naklebi gaTanabreba pa-
da damatebiTi punqtebi, romlebic arTu- triciebTan. ori Semdgomi saukune, romle-
lebdnen kanonis Secvlas. bic aRsavse iyo ganuwyveteli omebiT sxva
aTenis kanonmdeblobis sami umTavresi xalxebTan, ar gamoirCeoda kanonmdeblo-
principi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: a) aTenis bis ganviTarebiT, piriqiT, liciniusis kano-
kanonebi exeboda yvela pirovnebas; b) aTe- nebi daiviwyes. Semdgom aRzevebad kanonmde-
nis kanonebi ufro avtoritetulebi iyvnen, blobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi SeiZleba
vidre dekretebi; g) Zala mxolod daweril CaiTvalos Zmebi grakqusebis moRvaweoba.
kanonebs hqondaT. sulas reformebi (leges Corneliae) (Zv. w. 87 w.)
rodesac solonma Zv. w. VI s-Si aTenuri ka- mimarTuli iyo saxelmwifos sruli reor-
nonebis revizia moaxdina, axali kanonebi ganizaciisaken aristokratiis gaZlierebis
man xis dafebze _ aqsonebze Cawera. dafebze kuTxiT. am kanonebis gamocemis Tanmimde-
Tu qvaze kanonTa CaweriT da maTi sajaro vroba bolomde garkveuli ar aris. Tema-
adgilze moTavsebiT (gamoqveynebiT) kanoni turad isini SeiZleba daiyos blokebad: a)
yvela moqalaqisaTvis da ara mxolod eli- saxelmwifo mowyoba: 1) de comitiis centuriatis
tis mcire nawilisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. – am kanonis mixedviT aRdga centuriis ko-
kanonTa codna mniSvnelovani iyo gamomdi- miciebis muSaoba, Tumca maleve isev gauqmda.
nare iqidan, rom sasamarTloSi (ix. dika- 2) de magistratibus – daamtkica TanamdebobaTa
sterioni) msajulebi (ix. dikastesi) iyvnen Zveli Tanmimdevroba. 3) de tribunicia potestate
169
– am kanonma TiTqos mTlianad gaanadgura anu imperatoris gadawyvetilebebi masTan
tribunatis mniSvneloba, SezRuda ius cum Sesul sadavo saqmeebze.
plebe agendi im donemde, rom tribis komicieb- 3) magistratebis (pretori, cenzori, kon-
Si gansaxilvelad Sesatan kanonproeqtebs suli, edili, kvestori, plebsis tribuni,
adgenda senati. 4) de octo praetoribus – pre- diqtatori) ediqtebs kanonis Zala hqonda.
torTa raodenoba gaizarda 8 kacamde. 5) de ediqti iyo sajaro gancxadeba-brZaneba.
XX questoribus – kvestorTa raodenoba gaiz- yvelaze didi mniSvnelobis iyo pretoris
arda 20 kacamde. 6) de sacerdotis – gauqmda (lex ediqtebi. magistratebis brZanebebi erTi
Domitia (Zv. w. 103w.). sulam gaauqma es kanoni, wlis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebda. Tumca es ar
xolo mogvianebiT aRadgina igi lex Atia-m (Zv. exeboda pretoris ediqtebs, romlebsac xan-
w. 63 w.). 7) de provinciis ordinandis – mianiWa se grZlivi moqmedebis vada axasiaTebda.
nats ufleba daeniSna Tanamdebobis pirebi 4) rogorc respublikis, ise imperiis xana-
konsulis da pretoris provinciebSi. amas- Si didi roli Seasrules kanonmdeblobis
Tanave SemoiRo kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, ganviTarebis saqmeSi romaelma iuristeb-
Cinovnikebs samsaxurebrivi vadis amowurvis ma. iuridiul samsaxurs romSi safuZveli
Semdegac 1 wliT ugrZeldebodaT imperiumi Caeyara Zv. w. III s-Si. pirvel iuristad
da igzavnebodnen provinciaSi. b) sisxlis asaxeleben taberius korunkaniuss (garda-
samarTlis sfero da samarTalwarmoeba. mas icvala Zv. w. 236 w-s), Tumca zogierTi mec-
Semdeg, rac sulam mosamarTlis wodeba sen- nieri varaudobs, rom korunkaniusamdec
atorebs uboZa, daakanona saqmeebis ganxil- moRvaweobdnen iuristebi. iuristTa moR-
va quaestiones perpetuae-s mier (mudmivmoqmedi vaweoba ramdenime mimarTulebas Seicavda:
sasamarTlo sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis 1) iuridiul moqmedebaTa Sesatyvisi for-
gansaxilvelad. man Caanacvla komiciebSi mulirebis Camoyalibeba (cavere – formu-
saqmis ganxilva). arademokratiuli re- lirebis Sedgena). 2) iuridiul sakiTxebSi
formebi gatarda policiis sistemaSi da moqalaqeebisaTvis, saxelmwifo moRvawee-
kanonmdeblobaSi. sulas sikvdilTan erTad bisaTvis konsultaciebis micema (respondere).
(Zv. w. 78 w.) isev Cndeba demokratiuli opozi- 3) sasamarTloSi mosarCelis an mopasuxis
cia, romelic calkeuli kanonebiT cdilobs mxareze gamosvla misi interesebis dacvis
saxelmwifoSi mdgomareobis daregulire- mizniT (agere).
bas. keisarsa da pompeuss Soris mimdinare romaeli iuristi ulpianusi (ax. w. III s.) erT-
brZolis pirobebSi kanonmdebloba brZo- maneTisagan ganasxvavebs kerZo (ius privatum –
lis iaraRad iqca, sadac kanonebs cvlidnen aregulirebda calkeul pirTa Soris davas
da gamoscemdnen axals ZiriTadad sakuTari da icavs maT interesebs) da sajaro samar-
interesebidan gamomdinare. avgustusma SeZ- Tals (ius publicum – icavda saxelmwifos da
lo kanonebis saSualebiT aRedgina wesrigi sazogadoebis interesebs).
qveyanaSi, Seqmna mstovarTa Zlieri insti- kanonis winaSe romSi yvela adamiani ar iyo
tuti (delatores). Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi Tanabaruflebiani. pirTa uflebamosilebas
mstovrebi ara saxelmwifo, aramed sakuTari ewodeboda statusi (status) da aerTianebda
interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebdnen. sam elements: 1) Tavisuflebis statusi (status
Tu respublikis periodSi kanonebs Re- libertatis) – (Tavisufali da araTavisufali
bulobda saxalxo krebebi (kuriis, centu- moqalaqeebi). 2) moqalaqeobis statusi (sta-
ruiis, tribis krebebi). imperiis periodSi tus civitatis) (romaeli moqalaqeebi da araro-
saxalxo krebebis roli daeca da kanonebis maelebi _ laTinebi, peregrinebi). 3) saojaxo
gamocemis ufleba miisakuTra imperatorma. statusi (status familiae) – romaeli moqalaqis
imperatoris gankargulebebs ewodeboda mdgomareoba ojaxSi.
konstituciebi. isini 4 jgufis iyo: a) ediqte- romis moqalaqeTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba
bi _ mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis savaldebulo samoqalaqo samarTalSi Seicavda or ele-
gankargulebebi; b) reskriptebi – calkeul ments: 1) qorwinebis ufleba 2) komerciis
saqmeebze gamocemuli gankargulebebi; g) ufleba (qonebis SeZena – gasxvisebis ufle-
mandatebi anu imperatoris mier moxeleebi- ba). romis samoqalaqo samarTalSi didi
saTvis micemuli davalebebi; d) dekretebi mniSvneloba eniWeboda piris qmediTunari-
170
anobas (asaki da Seracxadoba). Zvel romSi iTi xma) da A ( absolvo – uars vambob axal
qmediTunarianobis SezRudvis erT-erTi pi- winadadebaze). Tu kreba kanons miiRebda, ma
roba iyo subieqtis aRiareba usircxvilod, gistrati brZanebas gascemda, rom sazeimod
usindisod, gaexmovanebinaT igi (renuntiatio – xmis mice
romaul kanonmdeblobaSi ganarCeven: I) sani- mis Sedegebis gamoqveyneba). amis Semdeg ka
vTo samarTals, romelsac ukavSirdeba ker- noni ukve ZalaSi Sedioda. SesaZlebeli iyo
Zo sakuTrebis ufleba, rac pirvelad romis kanoni ZalaSi Sesuliyo garkveuli peri-
samarTalma daamuSava. II) valdebulebiTi odis Semdeg (vocatio legis).aucilebel piro-
samarTali (obligatio) romis samarTalSi sa bas warmoadgenda kanonis senatis mier damt-
xelmwifos ganviTarebis gvian etapze Camo kiceba (auctoritas patrum), romelic lex Publilia
yalibda. es aris xelSekrulebebi (contractus). 3-is mixedviT winaswar gaicemoda. miRebuli
misi saxeebia: sesxis, Txovebis, Senaxvis, yid- kanonis teqsti inaxeboda saxelmwifo arqi-
va-gayidvis, qiravnobis, momsaxurebis, nar- vSi – aerarium populi Romani.
dobis, mindobilobis, amxanagobis da sxv. da kanoni Tavis saxelwodebas iRebda avtoris
valdebulebebi (delictum). romaeli iuristi gvaris mixedviT. konsulis mier Semotanil
gaiusi valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZv- kanonebs ewodeboda Lex consulares, saxalxo
lebs sam jgufad hyofda: 1) valdebulebani, tribunis mier Semotanils – Lex tribuniciae.
romlebic warmoiSoba xelSekrulebidan; 2) kanoni Sedgeboda sami nawilisagan: praescrip-
valdebulebani, romlebic warmoiSoba zia- tio legis (kanonis Sesavali nawili), rogatio le-
nis miyenebis an uflebis darRvevis gamo – gis (kanonis uSualo gadmocema, romelic
deliqtebi; 3) valdebulebani, warmoSobili SeiZleba Tavebad iyos dayofili) da sanctio
sxva mizezTa gamo. igive gaiusi da iustini- (kanonis is nawili, sadac gadmocemulia, Tu
anusis instituciebi icnobs valdebulebis ra mohyveba am kanonis arSesrulebas). san-
warmoSobis 4 formas : 1) xelSekrulebebi- qciis mixedviT kanonebi iyofoda Leges per-
dan warmoSobili valdebulebani; 2) kvazi fectae (kanonis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmede-
xelSekrulebebi; 3) valdebulebebi, warmo- bebi iTvleboda pirovnebisaTvis damamci-
Sobili zianis miyenebis gamo; 4) kvazideli- reblad), Leges minus quam perfectae (kanonis
qtebidan warmoSobili valdebulebani. III) darRvevas Tan axlda sasjeli, ZiriTadad
saojaxo samarTali IV) samemkvidreo samar- jarima) da Leges imperfectae (yovelgvari
Tali; V) sisxlis samarTali. sanqciis gareSe). ukanaskneli tipis kanone-
kanonebi arsis mixedviT or tipad iyo- bi kanonTa umravlesobas warmoadgenda.
foda: Leges privata, romlebic kerZo pirTa, Leges rogatae-s upirispirdeboda Leges datae,
calkeul moqalaqeTa interesebs icavda da romelTac Tavad magistrati gamoscemda,
aregulirebda. kerZo kanonTa gverdiT fun- aRWurvili iyo ra am funqciiT saxalxo
qcionirebda Leges publicae, romlebic icavda krebis Tu senatis mier. imis mixedviT, Tu
romaeli xalxis suverenitets. sad uyridnen kanons kenWs, kanonebi iyo-
kanonmdeblobiTi funqciiT aRWurvilni foda Leges curiatae da Leges tributae. erTsa
iyvnen maRali rangis magistratebi (magis- da imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT xSirad
tratus maiores), krebebze – tribunebi. kanon- ramdenime kanoni gamoicemoda, radgan ar
proeqtis avtors winaswar unda warmoedg- xdeboda miRebuli kanonis dacva, amis gamo
ina igi (gamoefina) – promulgatio garkveuli Camoyalibda kanonTa msxvili jgufebi:
periodis ganmavlobaSi (araumcires sami Leges agrariae – aregulirebda saxelmwifo
kvirisa) moqalaqeebs SeeZloT SeeswavlaT miwis ganawilebis sakiTxs da mTlianad
kanonproeqti da SeetanaT masSi cvlile- moicavda agrarul sferos. agraruli prob-
bebi. lema respublikis xanaSi patriciebsa da
xmis micemis dRes magistrati SekrebilT plebeebs Soris dapirispirebis mTavar sa-
ukiTxavda kanonproeqts, romelic axla gans warmoadgenda. am kanonTagan yvelaze
ukve aRar eqvemdebareboda cvlilebebs) da mniSvnelovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos: Lex Ap-
Semodioda xmis micemis winadadebiT, ro- puleia 3; Lex Cocceia 3; Lex Sempronia 2.
melic Cveulebrivi wesiT tardeboda: UR (uti Leges de alea – azartuli TamaSebis winaaRm-
rogas _ rogorc Sen SemogvTavazeb = dadeb- deg iyo mimarTuli (Lex Cornelia 9 – niZlavis
171
dadeba SeiZleboda mxolod aTleturi Se- provinciebis Zarcva Semosavlis ZiriTad
jibrebis dros da ikrZaleboda azartuli wyaros warmoadgenda: lex Acilia repetundar-
TamnaSebisas. imave Sinaarsis iyo lex Publicia um; lex Calpurnia de repetundis; lex Cornelia 18
9 ( 75- 50 ww.) da Lex Titia 3. de repetundis; lex Iulia 5 de repetundarum; lex Ser-
Leges de ambitu – daaxloebiT 13 kanoni, rom- vilia 1 repetundarum.
lebic aregulirebda magistratis Tanamde-
bobaze wamoyenebul kandidatTa saqciels. kanonSemoqmedeba, aTeni _ berZnuli de-
mkacri sasjeli eloda imas, vinc winasaa- mokratiis erT-erTi umTavresi sayrdeni.
rCevno intrigebSi iqneboda SemCneuli (10 demokratiuli mmarTvelobis dros aTenel-
wliT mokveTa, senatidan, magistraturidan ebi kanonebiTa (novmo") da dekretebiT (yhv-
daTxovna). miuxedavad sasjelis simkacrisa fisma) iyvnen marTulni. ìm saganTa ricxvi,
kanoni efeqturi ar iyo nobilitetis Zalau- romlebic ZiriTadad icaven Cvens demokra-
flebis pirobebSi: lex Aufidia; lex Aurelia 3; lex tias da inarCuneben Cveni qalaqis mSveniere-
Cornelia 10. 25, 28; lex Iulia 21; lex Tullia bas, samia: pirveli es aris kanonTa sistema,
leges de coloniis deducendis – kanonebi kolo meore _ msajulTa mier xmis micema da mesame
niebis daarsebis Sesaxeb. _ samarTlebrivi devnis is gza, romliTac
leges de maiestate – mimarTuli iyo imaT wi- msajulebs gansasjelad danaSauli gadaece-
naaRmdeg, vinc xelyofda avtoritetebs, maT~ (likurgosi, 1, 3-4), acxadebs oratori
leges de provocatione – am kanonebiT xdeboda likurgosi Tavis cnobil sityvaSi.
romis moqalaqeebis ZiriTadi uflebebis aTenis kanonSemoqmedebis procesSi ber-
dacva: lex Duilia; lex Sempronia 7; lex Valeria 7. Znuli demokratiis yvela mTavari insti-
leges de sacerdotis – qurumTa da wodebaTa Se- tuti _ saxalxo kreba, bule, msajulTagan
saxeb kanonebi. SerCeuli nomoTetesebi (kanonSemoqmedni),
leges de sponsu – kanonebi Tavdebad dadgomis TesmoTetesebad saxeldebuli eqvsi arqoni
Sesaxeb; lex Appuleia; lex Cicereia. iRebda uSualo monawileobas (ix. dikastesi,
leges fenebres – simwvaviT vali da saprocen- samarTalwarmoeba, aTeni), rom aRaraferi
to ganakveTi agraruli sakiTxis Semdeg me- vTqvaT rigiT, aTenis saSualo moqalaqeze.
ore adgilze idga respublikis xanaSi: lex aTenis kanonSemoqmedebas ramdenime um-
Claudia; lex Licinia de aere alieno; lex Poetelia Tavresi niSani gamoarCevda _ misi Riaoba,
Papiria 2. gamWvirvaloba, demokratiuloba, yvelas
leges frumentariae _ aregulirebda xorblis Tvis xelmisawvdomoba. imas, Tu ramdenad
darigebis proceduras: lex Appuleia 4; lex Clo- Ria iyo es procesi nebismieri moqalaqis ini-
dia 6; lex Sempronia 10. ciativisaTvis, cxadyofs aTeneli moqalaqis
leges iudicariae _ kanonebi samarTalwarmoe- ufleba, Seecvala arsebuli kanoni. Tu igi
bis, sasamarTlos organizebisa da sasamarT- miiCnevda, rom arsebuli kanoni ar vargoda,
los Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. grakqusebidan mas SeeZlo, Tavisi winadadeba SeeTavazebi-
moyolebuli es sakiTxi nobilitetsa da na. kanonSemoqmedebis procesSi moqalaqis
mxedrebs Soris mwvave dapirispirebis da uSualo CarTulobis garda, demokratiuli
brZolis sagans warmoadgenda: lex Aurelia 2; xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT zrunavda, rom
lex Cornelia 5; lex Iulia 32, 33; lex Livia 3; lex kanonTa codna yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi
Sempronia12; lex Servilia. da ara oden elitis prerogativa yofili-
leges repetundarum _ Seicavda daaxloebiT yo. amitomac aTenis kanonebi sajarod iyo
10 kanons gamoZalvis, Tanamdebobrivi gamofenili aTenis centrSi, eponim gmirTa
gaflangvis da magistratTa meqrTameobis qandakebebis irgvliv. ase rom, maTi gacno-
Sesaxeb. kanoni Tavdapirvelad provin- ba nebismier aTenels SeeZlo. demosTene,
ciis magistratebis meqrTameobas, xolo romelsac miaCnda, rom berZnuli kanonSe-
mogvianebiT yvelanair Tanamdebobriv moqmedeba erTob Ria da demokratiuli iyo,
gadacdomas iTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad acxadebda: `yvela moqalaqes Tvalwin erTi
kanonebis mier gaTvaliswinebuli mkacri da igive kanonebi aqvs, martivi da naTeli
sasjelisa, isinin araefeqturi aRmoCnda, wasakiTxad da gasagebad~ (demosTene, 20. 93).
radgan ar exeboda ZiriTad mizezs _ no- aTenis kanonSemoqmedebisaTvis sakvanZo
bilitetis mmarTvelobas, romlisaTvisac terminebi gaxldaT ori termini _ novmo" da
172
yhvfisma. Zv. w. V s-Si, rogorc Cans, es ori ufleba CamoerTva saxalxo krebas da gadae-
termini _ novmo" da yhvfisma met-naklebad ca nomoTetesebs, romlebsac unda ewarmoe-
ekvivalenturi iyo da erTmaneTis monacv- binaT kontroli imaze, rom ar momxdariyo
leobiT ixmareboda (ix. qsenofoni, heleni- moufiqrebeli, aCqarebuli da arsebulis
ka, 1. 7. 21) Zv. w. IV s-Si ki am terminebma ori sawinaaRmdego kanonebis miReba. kanonTa am
gansxvavebuli cnebis aRniSvna daiwyo: `no- reviziis da axali kanonebis Seqmnis miuxeda-
mos~ iyo kanonebi, romlebic moqmedni xde- vad, aTenelebi kvlav iyenebdnen drakonisa
boda kanonSemoqmedebis specialuri proce- da solonis kanonebs. ase magaliTad, Zv. w.
duris meSveobiT, maSin, rodesac dekretebis IV s-Si mkvlelobis saqmeTa ganxilvis dros
miRebisTvis saxalxo krebis kenWisyra iyo isev drakonis kanonebs eyrdnobodnen, mem-
sakmarisi ( ix. kanoni). kvidreobis saqmeTa gansjis SemTxvevebSi ki
Tu adreuli periodis sakanonmdeblo moZ- solonis kanonebs mimarTavdnen.
raobis Sesaxeb cnobebi ufro metad tradi- kanonSemoqmedebis axali etapi rTuli, xan-
ciiT Semonaxuli an fragmentuli xasiaTi- grZlivi da mravalsafexuriani iyo. sam
saa, Zv. w. V s-is miwurulidan moyolebuli SemTxvevaSi ikribebodnen da warmarTavd-
aTenuri kanonSemoqmedebis Taobaze araer- nen nomoTetesebi sakanonmdeblo process:
Ti wyaro gvawvdis cnobebs. ase magaliTad, 1) roca saxalxo kreba iwvevda maT kanonTa
CvenTvis cnobilia, Tu rogor moxda Zv. w. reviziisaTvis; 2) roca aTenel moqalaqes
410 w-s, oligarqiuli gadatrialebis Sem- Sehqonda winadadeba kanonSi cvlilebis Se-
deg, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis aRdgenis tanasTan dakavSirebiT; 3) roca TesmoTete-
dros kanonmdeblobis SemuSaveba. axali de- sebi awarmoebdnen kanonTa Seswavlas.
mokratiuli xelisuflebis pirveli nabiji 1. saxalxo kreba yovelwliurad, wlis I
gaxldaT swored e. w. `kanonTa gamomqvey- Sekrebaze axdenda aTenis kanonebis mTeli
nebelTa~ sabWos Seqmna, romelsac daevala korpusis revizias. Tu romelime kanoni
ukve arsebuli kanonebis, gansakuTrebiT ki xmis micemiT (xmis micema xdeboda xelis awe-
solonisa da drakonis kanonTa gamoqvey- viT) iqneboda uaryofili, maSin pritanisebs
neba, rac sazogadoebisaTvis maT gacnobaSi evalebodaT moewviaT im Tvis bolo sax-
mdgomareobda. is garemoeba, rom kanonTa alxo kreba amgvar kanonTa gansaxilvelad.
korpusis Camoyalibeba da moqalaqeTaTvis xolo proedrosebs (Tavmjdomareebs) ki
maTi gacnoba axalaRdgenili demokratiuli ekisrebodaT saxalxo krebaze daeyenebinaT
xelisuflebis pirveli aqti iyo, cxadyofs, nomoTetesebis Sekrebisa da maTi saxel-
raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen berZne- faso fondis sakiTxi, da aseve sakiTxi imis
bi kanonTa xelmisawvdomobas moqalaqeTaT- Sesaxeb, Tu ra dro unda miecaT nomoTete-
vis. rodesac eqvsi wlis muSaobis Semdeg sebisaTvis maTi saqmianobis sawarmoeblad.
kanonTa korpusi Seikriba, kanonebi qalaqis saxalxo krebis I mowvevamde nebismier aTe
centrSi, agoraze, stoa basileiosis kedle- nels, romelsac surda Seecvala kanoni/
bze amotvifres. sagulisxmo faqtia isic, rom kanonebi, sajarod unda warmoedgina Ta-
Zv. w. 404 w-s demokratiuli xelisuflebis visi winadadeba am kanonis/kanonTa Secv-
droebiTi gadagdebisas, qvebze dawerili es lis Sesaxeb. mas werilobiT unda SeeTava-
kanonebi maSinve gaitanes agoridan. erTi zebina Tavisi kanonproeqti da gamoefina
wlis Semdeg mosulma demokratiulma xe- igi eponim gmirTa qandakebebis winaSe. am
lisuflebam isev daayena dRis wesrigSi aTe winadadebaTa winaswari codna saSuale-
nis kanonmdeblobis mowesrigebis sakiTxi. bas aZlevda saxalxo krebas, ganesazRvra,
droebiT, sanam axali kanonmdebloba Seiqm- Tu ra dro dasWirdebodaT nomoTetesebs
neboda, xelisuflebam daavala pasuxismge TavianTi saqmianobisaTvis. I mowvevis sax-
bel pirebs Zveli kanonebis Sekreba da kodi alxo kreba aseve irCevda im xuT moqalaqes,
fikacia. amasTanave, man daniSna `kanonebis romelTac `nomoTetesebis winaSe wardge-
momRebTa~ anu nomoTetesebis sabWo. am sab- nili gasauqmebeli kanonebi~ unda daecvaT
Wos evaleboda yvela arsebuli kanonis (demosTene, 24. 23). Tavad nomoTetesebis
Semowmeba. nomoTetesebis sabWos SemoRebiT arCeva kanonSemoqmedebisaTvis daniSnul
aTenis kanonSemoqmedebaSi axali etapi iw- dRes xdeboda. maTi kolegia sakmaod mrav-
yeba. Zv. w. 403 w-s Semdeg kanonis qmnadobis alricxovani iyo. ase magaliTad, cnobilia,
173
rom Zv. w. 354/3 w-s timokratesis mier ward- TetesebisTvis~), xolo proedrosebs unda
genil kanonproeqts 1001 nomoTetesi ganixi- waredginaT kenWis sayrelad erTi kanonis/
lavda. nomoTetesebis Sexvedras proedro- kanonebis gauqmeba da meoresTvis xmis mice-
sebi warmarTavdnen, romelTaganac erTi ma. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vinme kanonis sawi-
iyo Tavmjdomare. Sekreba sasamarTlo naaRmdego dekrets Seitanda, an Seitanda
sxdomas Camohgavda, romelzedac arsebuli iseT kanonproeqts, romelic arRvevda ar-
kanonebis dasacavad winaswar arCeuli mo- sebul kanonmdeblobas, aRiZvreboda saqme
qalaqeebi gamodiodnen, sxvebi ki, piriqiT, saxelwodebiT grafe paranomoni (grafh;
warmoTqvamdnen sityvas arsebul kanonTa paranovmwn). es iyo saSualeba, romliTac aT-
Sesacvlelad. roca orive mxaris gamosvla enelebi TavianTi kanonebis uzenaesobas uz-
damTavrdeboda, nomoTetesebi kanons xelis runvelyofdnen.
aweviT aZlevdnen xmas. amgvarad, nomoTete- yvela am proceduris darRveva isjeboda,
sebis funqcia iyo detalurad moesminaT (ma- rac sakmaod solidur TanxaSi gamoixate-
gram, savaraudod, maT ganxilva ar evalebo- boda.
daT) argumentebi SemoTavazebuli sakanon- aTenis kanonSemoqmedebiT sistemas Tavisi
mdeblo cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg da mieRoT kritikosebi da Tavisi maqebrebi hyavda.
saboloo, avtoritetuli gadawyvetileba. aristotele akritikebda am sistemas da am-
nomoTetesebis miRebuli kanonebi gamoqvey- bobda, rom aTenSi yvelaferi `dekretebiTa
nebuli iyo eponim gmirTa qandakebebis win. da sasamarTloebiT~ wydeboda. es kritika
maT aseve xmamaRla kiTxulobdnen Semdegi marTlac ar iyo safuZvelmoklebuli, ram-
mowvevis saxalxo krebaze. denadac kanonmdeblebi _ nomoTetesebi ar-
2) im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moqalaqe gamo- Ceulni iyvnen imave adamianebisagan, rom-
dioda sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis iniciati- lisganac potenciuri msajulebi _ dikaste-
viT, mas ar SeeZlo mxolod kanonis Secvla sebi da isini debdnen imave fics, romelsac
SemoeTavazebina, mas arsebulis sapirispi- _ msajulebi. aTenelebi Ciodnen imis gamoc,
rod axali kanonproeqti unda warmoedgina. rom aTenSi bevr kanons iRebdnen, rac am
mas Semdeg, rac igi gamoakravda axali kano kanonTa qmediTunarianobas amcirebda. maT
nis miseul winadadebas, bules es sakiTxi ar moswondaT arc is, rom kanonebs zedme-
saxalxo krebis dRis wesrigSi unda Seetana. tad xSirad da zedmetad swrafad qmnidnen.
es `probulevmis (rezoluciis)~ meSveobiT aTenelebi ukmayofilo iyvnen imiTac, rom
xdeboda. bules hyavda Tavisi specialuri aTenSi Seiqmna bevri iseTi axali kanoni,
`sakanonmdeblo mdivnebi~, romlebic yvela romlebmac, marTalia, Caanacvles uwinde
kanonis asls akeTebdnen da bules yvela li dekretebi, magram amis miuxedavad, es
Sexvedras eswrebodnen. amis Semdeg saxal ukanasknelni mainc inarCunebdnen TavianT
xo kreba ganixilavda am kanonproeqts da Zalas.
wyvetda, hqonda Tu ara kanonproeqts sak- da mainc, am kritikis miuxedavad, mTliano-
marisi wona, rom igi nomoTetesebis winaSe baSi aTenelebi amayobdnen TavianTi kanon-
waredginaT gansaxilvelad. nomoTetesebis mdeblobiT, imiT, rom maTTan dekretebi da
Sexvedra imave wesiT warimarTeboda, rom- kanonebi sxvadasxva odenobas warmoadgen-
liTac 1 SemTxvevaSi. Tu kanons miiRebdnen, da. maT Zalze moswondaT, rom es sistema Ria
is eponim gmirTa qandakebebis win ikavebda da demokratiuli iyo. `Tu romelime Tqven-
adgils. gans surs daazustos, ra aris mizezi da sti
3) yovelwliurad kanonTa revizia TesmoTe- muli imisa, rom ikribeba saxelmwifo sabWo,
tesebsac evalebodaT. Tu isini erTmaneTTan xalxi midis saxalxo krebaze, sasamarTloni
winaaRmdegobaSi myof an araqmediTunar- gavsebuli aris msajulebiT, rom wina wlis
ian kanons/kanonebs aRmoaCendnen, maT aseve xelisufleba nebayoflobiT uTmobs ad
werilobiTi saxiT unda gamoeqveynebinaT gils axal xelisuflebas, rom xorcielde
TavianTi gancxadeba eponim gmirTa qanda- ba yvelaferi is, risi wyalobiTac polisi
kebaTa win. Semdeg igive procedura imarTe- SenarCunebuli da dasaxlebuli gvevlineba,
boda _ pritanisebs unda moewviaT saxalxo Tu vinmes surs amisi dazusteba, is gaarkvevs,
kreba (mowvevis saTaurad iwereboda `nomo- rom amisi mizezi gaxlavT kanonebi da is
174
garemoeba, rom yvelaferi kanonebs emor- romelTac beqasa da aRbuRas kanonTa kre-
Cileba. da marTlac, Tu movspobT kanonebs, bulSi miakvlies (99-160 muxlebi). es kano-
am SemTxvevaSi daiRupeba ara mxolod sax- nebi, rogorc mecnierebi fiqroben, bagrat
elmwifo, aramed Cven sakuTar cxovrebasac IV-s (1027-10720 ww.) unda ekuTvnodes. Zegli
gavanadgurebT, rameTu Cveni sicocxle ve- gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom
lur cxovelTa sicocxles daemsgavseba~ _ mravali muxli qarTuli samarTalwarmoe-
acxadebs demosTene (demosTene, 25. 20). bis mowyobas eZRvneba (sasamarTloebi). 2)
giorgi brwinvales samarTlis wigni anu
kanonmdebloba da samarTalwarmoeba, saqa- `Zeglis dadeba mefeT-mefis giorgis mier~.
rTvelo. qarTuli samarTlis wyaroebi or mas Semdeg, rac giorgi brwyinvale XIV s-is
jgufad iyofa: dasawyisSi aerTianebs saqarTvelos, aRmo-
I) saeklesio wyaroebi: a) ucxouri (naTargm- savleT mTiuleTSi mimdinare procesebis
ni) wyaroebi: 1) didi sjulis kanoni (Targ- adgilze gacnobis Semdeg (ukanonoba, gaxSi-
mani Sesrulebulia arsen iyalToelis mier rebuli danaSaulebebi, moSlili gamgeoba)
XII s-is dasawyisSi). igi aregulirebda ro- specialurad aRmosavleT mTiuleTisaTvis
gorc sisxlis, ise samoqalaqo, saojaxo, Seadgens ` Zeglisdebas~, romlis SeqmnaSic
samemkvidreo samarTlis sakiTxebs. ramdena- monawileobas iRebdnen rogorc xevisbere-
dac saeklesio samarTlis normebTan erTad bi, ise samefo moxeleni. 46 muxlisagan Sed-
saero samarTlis normebic iyo gadmoce- genili kanonTa krebulis Seqmnis mTavar
muli `didi sjulis kanonSi~, am gziT moxda mizans kanonierebis dacva da regionSi wes-
qarTul sinamdvileSi romauli samarTlis rigis damyareba warmoadgenda. 3) beqasa da
ideebis Semosvla-danergva (iustinianusis aRbuRas kanonebi `wigni samarTlisa kacTa
digestebi, novelebi, instituciebi). 2) mcire Secodebisa yovlisave~. Sedgenilia XIII-XIV
sjulis kanoni (Targmna, gadaamuSava da qa- saukuneebSi beqar mandaturTuxuces jayelis
rTul sinamdviles miusadaga (qarTuli ma- (1-65 muxlebi) (1295-1304 ww.) da aRbuRa aTabag-
salebis Setanis gziT) eqvTime aTonelma. es amirspasalaris (66-98 muxlebi) (1381-1386 ww.)
wyaro gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sisx- mier. beqasa da aRbuRas samarTali samcxe-
lis samarTlis problematikis kuTxiT. b) saaTabagosTvis iyo gankuTvnili. Seicavs
qarTuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba. sul sisxlis, samoqalaqo, saojaxo, samemkvidreo
arsebobs 526 sabuTi, maTgan yvelaze mniS- samarTlis normebs. bevri muxli Seexeba sa-
vnelovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1) ruis-urb- marTalwarmoebis sakiTxebs. beqa-aRbuRas
nisis 1103 wlis saeklesio krebis Zegliswera kanonebis aSkara gavlena igrZnoba Semdeg-
(mis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba miiRo giorgi droindel qarTul sakanonmdeblo Zegleb-
Wyondidelma). 2) kaTalikosTa samarTali – ze. 4) samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa –
kanonebi miRebuli XVI s-is Sua ww-Si kaTa- 1705-1709 ww-Si vaxtang VI `swavlul kacTa~
likos-patriarqis – malaqias uSualo monaw- komisias avalebs Zveli qarTuli Zeglebis
ileobiT. Sedgeba 23 muxlisagan, romelTagan Sekrebas, ucxouri samyaros samarTlis Zeg-
umetesoba sisxlis samarTals exeba. II) saero lebis Targmnas (ebrauli samarTali (moses
wyaroebi : a) saxelmwifo – samarTlebrivi samarTali), berZnuli samarTali da som-
xasiaTis Zeglebi Zalian bevria. maTgan Za- xuri samarTali). amasTan erTad vaxtang VI
lze mniSvnelovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos: 1) TviTon qmnis kanonTa krebuls (vaxtangis
xelmwifis karis garigeba (Sedgenili unda samarTlis wigni). yovelive amis safuZvel-
iyos XIV saukuneSi) – samefo karis insti- ze iqmneba `vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa
tutebis wesdeba. 2) dasturlamali – (Sead- krebuli~. praqtikaSi ZiriTadad TviTon
gina vaxtang VI-m). es aris sakmaod sruli vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni gamoiyene-
sakanonmdeblo Zegli, Seicavs mniSvnelovan boda. moses, berZnuli, somxuri samarTlis
cnobebs qarTuli saxelmwifo institutebis normebs mosamarTleebi iyenebdnen damxmare
funqcionireba-valdebuleba-movaleobebis saSualebad, gasamarTleba ki vaxtangis sa-
Sesaxeb. b) sisxlis da samoqalaqo samarT- marTlis mixedviT xdeboda. kanonTa korpu-
lis Zeglebi: 1) saero xasiaTis ZeglTagan si miRebuli da damtkicebuli iyo darbazis
uZvelesia bagrat kurapalatis kanonebi, mier da Sedgeboda 270 muxlisagan. kanonTa
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korpusi aregulirebda sisxlis, saojaxo da da zardaxnis mwignobari (zardaxana). (saa-
memkvidreobiTi samarTlis sakiTxebs. jo karis Seqmna daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels
samarTalwarmoeba. ukavSirdeba).
qarTuli samarTalwarmoeba saTaves iRebs 4) `samparavTmZebneli~ sasamarTlo, rom-
winasaxelmwifoebriv xanaSi. sasamarTlos lis funqciasac qurdebis moZebna, aRmoCena
uZveles formad unda CaiTvalos da gasamarTleba warmoadgenda (giorgi III,
1) samediatoro sasamarTlo, romelic Za 1170 wlis sigeli). damnaSaveTa gamoaSkara-
lian didxans moqmedebda da garkveulwi- veba specialur moxeleTa _ `CenilTa~ kom-
lad dResac agrZelebs arsebobas saqarTve petenciaSi Sedioda, isini asamarTlebdnen
los mTianeTSi (morigeba, morvebi, msajul- qurdebs da sisruleSi mohyavdaT ganaCenic.
mediatorebi, bWe). Suamavlad arCevis mTa- maRali rangis moxeleni iyvnen mparavT-
var pirobas kandidatebis Sesaxeb mxaree- mZebnelni, dabali rangis – Cenilni.
bis SeTanxmeba warmoadgens. samediatoro 5) bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis me-100
sasamarTlos mTavar funqcias mxareebis muxlis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi moqmedebda
Serigeba warmoadgenda. samediatoro sasa- wodebrivi sasamarTloebi.
marTloebis gverdiT saqmeebis ganxilviT 6) arsebobda calkeul feodalTa sasamarT-
dakavebuli iyo. loebi, sadac feodalebi TviTon an sakuTa-
2) saxalxo krebebi. saxalxo krebebis funq- ri moxeleebis saSualebiT axorcielebdnen
ciebi mravalferovani iyo. isini ganixila- marTlmsajulebas.
vdnen sazogadoebaSi wamoWril yvela mwva- gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi a) mefe an
ve problemas (omi, zavi, ekonomikis sakiTxe- TviTon arCevda saqmeebs (mefis mier aucile-
bi). maT Soris dakavebuli iyvnen samarTal- blad unda ganxiluliyo iseTi saqmeebi, rom-
warmoebiTac (maxvSi, xevis gaga, CveulebiTi lebic warTmeul an ganadgurebul sigelebs
samarTali fSavSi, bWe). exeboda. mefe an kaTalikosi ganixilavdnen
3) sasamarTlom daxvewili da Camoyali- omis, mefis Ralatis, mefis salaros, sayd-
bebuli forma miiRo gaerTianebul feo- ris gatexis, qmris mier colis tanjvis saq-
dalur saqarTveloSi. am periodSi ori meebs da sxva) an darbazTan erTad, darbazis
samosamarTlo uwyeba funqcionirebda: a) Semadgenloba gansaxilveli saqmis xasiaTze
sakaTalikoso sasamarTlo (sasjulo sam- iyo damokidebuli. mefe ZiriTadad im teri-
revloi) – ganixilavda qarTuli eklesiis toriuli erTeulebidan iwvevda msxvil fe-
daqvemdebarebaSi Semaval pirTa saqmeebs, odalebs, romeli teritoriis saqmec irCeo-
maT Soris samonastro ymebTan dakavSire- da. darbazis sxdomas mefe Tavjdomareobda.
bul davebs. b) samefo sasamarTlo (samar- Tumca zogjer darbazi mefis gareSec ganixi-
Tali sameufeo): lavda saqmeebs. mefis mier gamotanili gada-
1) umaRlesi mosamarTle iyo mefe, romelic wyvetileba ar eqvemdebareboda gadaxedvas,
TviTon an specialur pirTa (kacni marT- TviTon mefes ki ufleba hqonda nebismieri
lad mcnobelni da gamkiTxavni) meSveobiT sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCeni ga-
ganixilavda saqmeebs. daesinja. sainteresoa, rom sasamarTlo
2) sasamarTlo funqciiT aRWurvili iyo xelisuflebiT aRWurvili iyo dedofalic,
darbazi (saxelmwifo sabWo). mefe gansa- rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarT-
kuTrebiT rTuli saqmeebis gansaxilvelad veloSi. erekle II-is meuRle darejani mefis
iwvevda darbazis sxdomas da saqmis warmoe- Semdeg rangiT meore mosamarTle iyo. mxo-
bas `mecnierni sabWoTa saqmeTani~-is meSve- lod mefes hqonda ufleba daevalebina de-
obiT axorcielebda. doflisaTvis saqmis mosamarTleoba. dedo-
3) saajo kari – uzenaesi sasamarTlo, ro- fals ar hqonda ufleba ganexila sisxlis
melsac mwignobarTuxucesi Wyondideli samarTlis saqmeebi da mxolod samoqalaqo
xelmZRvanelobda da sadac ganixileboda davebis garCeviT ifargleboda mdivanbegTa
ufro dabali instanciis sasamarTloSi mi- sasamarTloSi mdivanbegebTan erTad an Tu
Rebuli gadawyvetilebebi. saqmis warmoeba saqme mis safeodaloSi (saxaso) wamoiWre-
kolegiuri principiT mimdinareobda, mo- boda, maSin dedofalis TavmjdomareobiT
nawileobas iRebdnen sawolis mwignobari saxlTuxucesebi ganixilavdnen saqmeebs.
176
batoniSvilebsac SeeZloT ganexilaT ro- leba Tavisze maRali rangis feodali gaesa-
gorc saero, ise sasuliero xasiaTis davebi, marTlebina, Tumca mefis brZanebiT SeeZlo
Tuki mefis nebarTva eqnebodaT. batoniSvi- Tavisze wodebiT dabla mdgari feodalis
lebi ganixilavdnen dikasteriasTan erTad saqmeebi gaerCia.
saqmeebs, romlis ganxilvis uflebasac maT 3) mouravi – dabali rangis mosamarTle –
kaTalikosi aZlevda. saqmeebs batoniSvile- figura, romelic Tavdapirvelad sameurneo
bi an marto an mdivanbegebTan erTad gani- xasiaTis funqciebs asrulebda, Semdeg mis
xilavdnen. batoniSvilebis kompetenciaSi samosamarTlo kompetenciaSi gadavida um-
Sedioda rogorc sisxlis, ise samoqalaqo niSvnelo xasiaTis sisxlis da samoqalaqo
davebis ganxilva. davebis ganxilva. mouravi arasdros ar ga-
funqcionirebda gansakuTrebuli sasamarT- nixilavda saqmeebs erTpirovnulad. saqmes
loebi, romlebsac mefe iwvevda da mis Se- masTan erTad arCevda ramdenime (3-4) pativ-
madgenlobaSi Sediodnen rogorc saero, sacemi moqalaqe. moqalaqeTa arCeva sasa-
ise sasuliero pirebi: marTlo procesisaTvis mouravis survilis
1) mdivanbegTa sasamarTlo _ `samdivno sax mixedviT xdeboda.
li~ gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi sasa 4) meliq-mamasaxlisi – mis samosamarTlo
marTlos ZiriTad rgols warmoadgenda. funqciebSi Sedioda daqvemdebarebul teri-
mdivanbegi zemoT CamoTvlil sxva moxele toriaze vaWarTa da mamulTan dakavSirebu-
Tagan gansxvavebiT mxolod marTlmsaju- li davebis gadawyveta (valis gadaxda, dave-
lebis funqciiT iyo aRWurvili. es iyo sa- bi nakveTis Sesaxeb, sakuTrebis uflebebTan
samarTlo moxele, romlis Tanamdebobac dakavSirebuli davebi). mamasaxlisebs So-
saqarTveloSi XVII s-dan Cndeba. mdivanbeg- ris yvelaze did Tanamdebobas Tbilisis da
Ta sasamarTlo kolegiuri iyo. mdivanbegi goris meliq-mamasaxlisebi flobdnen. isini
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares ewodeboda, marto ar uZRvebodnen sasamarTlos, wevre-
romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen msaju- bad hyavdaT magaliTad, qedxudebi.
lebi – mosamarTleebi, mdivani, romelic sa- 5) qedxudebis instituti XVIII s-is II naxevar-
samarTlos Canawerebs akeTebda, kiTxulob- Si aRmocenda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.
da procesze samarTlis im muxlebs, romlis es iyo Sua rgoli saxelmwifosa da mosax-
mixedviTac xdeboda saqmis ganxilva da ga- leobas Soris. qedxudebis Tanamdeboba iyo
naCenis gamotana. aseve iasaulebi, romelTa arCeviTi. isini sxvadasxva socialuri fenis
Tanamdebobas or kategorias moicavda – (vaWrebi, xelosnebi da a. S.) da soflis mac-
iasaulebi, romlebic samZebro saqmianobiT xovrebelTa warmomadgenlebi arian. mou-
iyvnen dakavebuli (marTlis mTqmelni uqr- ravis sasamarTlo kolegiaSi, rogorc vT-
Tamo iasaulni) da iasaulni (gawyromis da qviT, swored qedxudebi msaxuroben. ufro
daWeris iasaulni), romlebic iWerdnen dam- maRali rangis fenaTa warmomadgeneli qe-
naSaveebs da sisruleSi mohyavdaT ganaCeni. dxudebi monawileobas iRebdnen mdivanbeg-
mdivanbegTa sasamarTlo qarTuli marTlm- Ta da meliq-mamasaxlisTa sasamarTloSi.
sajulebis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenda qedxudebi ganixilavdnen umniSvnelo samo-
gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi. maTi ricxvi qalaqo davebs. sisxlis samarTlis saqmee-
nel-nela izrdeboda da XVIII s-is 60-iani bis ganxilva maT kompetenciaSi ar Sedioda.
wlebisaTvis maTma raodenobam 28-s miaR- 6) zemoT CamoTvlil oficialur samosa-
wia. mdivanbegi mefis moxelea. safeodalos marTlo TanamdebobebTan erTad Cveu-
Tavisi mdivanbegi ar hyavs. mdivanbegis kom- lebiTi samarTlis moqmedebis arsebobis
petenciaSi Sedioda rogorc sisxlis, ise sa- pirobebSi funqcionirebda mosamarTlis
moqalaqo davebis ganxilva. specifikuri tipi – bWe-mediatori – modave
2) gvianfeodalur xanaSi feodali isev rCe- mxareebis mier arCeuli pirovneba (ori an
ba mosamarTlis uflebiT aRWurvil pirad. orze meti), romelic mxolod adaTobrivi
igi ganixilavda Tavis samflobeloSi ate- samarTlis mixedviT ganixilavda saqmes. es
xil naklebmniSvnelovan davebs. feodalis instituti moqmedebda rogorc aRmosavleT,
samosamarTlo sferos aregulirebda feo- ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. svaneTSi msa-
daluri ierarqia – feodals ar hqonda uf- jul-mediators ewodeboda morvar. morva-
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rad yofna SeeZlo nebismier adamians, Tuki ba ar eqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas. maT
orive mxaris mier iqneboda arCeuli. maTi sasamarTlos, rogorc wesi, zepiri xasiaTi
raodenoba saqmis sirTulis mixedviT me- hqonda.
ryeobda 2-dan 12-mde. Zalian iSviaTad mZime 7) bWe-mediatoris gverdiT mosamarTlis
saqmeebis ganxilvisas es ricxvi aRematebo- funqcias asrulebda CveulebiT-adaTobri-
da 12-s. morvaroba Zalian sapasuxismgeblo vi samarTlis mixedviT moxeveebSi – xevis
saqme iyo da xSirad pirovneba sxvadasxva gaga, svaneTSi – maxvSi (lalxor, svif, sa-
xerxebiT cdilobda am movaleobis Tavidan xev). isini xalxis mier arCeuli mmarTvele-
acilebas, Tumca arsebobda aprobirebuli bi iyvnen, romlebic saxalxo krebebs Tavm-
sqema morvarad pirovnebis dayoliebisa jdomareobdnen, romlis funqciaSic TemSi
morvarebs wyvil-wyvilad unda warmoed- wamoWrili yvela saqmis ganxilva-gadawy-
ginaT orive mxare – momCivani da mopasu- veta Sedioda, maT Soris davebis. isini iT-
xe. mediatorebi cal-calke usmendnen jer vlebodnen bWedufrosebad da CveulebiTi
momCivans da saCivars Semdeg diplomati- samarTlis mixedviT ganixilavdnen sisxlis
urad damuSavebuli formiT warudgendnen da samoqalaqo xasiaTis davebs. isini erT-
mopasuxes. Semdeg pasuxs ukan ubrunebdnen pirovnulad ar iRebdnen gadawyvetilebebs
momCivans. mosmena – gadacema saCivar-pasu- da sakiTxs bWeebTan erTad saxalxo kreba-
xisa mimarTuli iyo mxareTa Serigebisa- ze (yrilobaze) wyvetdnen. maT ar eZleodaT
ken, rasac morvarebi axerxebdnen imis sa- jamagiri, magram didi pativiscemiT sar-
SualebiT, rom erTmaneTis winaSe mxareebs geblobdnen TemSi, iyvnen xelSeuxebelni.
mTxovnel-momnanieblad warmoadgendnen. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis III muxlis
morvaris arCevisas aucilebeli pirobis mixedviT mosamarTle unda yofiliyo `di-
dacva iyo saWiro, an orive mxare irCevda dad mCxrekeli, mimxudari, gamomZiebeli,
naTesavebs, an orive – gareSe pirebs, raTa gone-auCqarebeli, dawynarebuli, gamgone,
saqmis ganxilva samarTlianad warmarTu- saCivris yuris mimgdebi, gamsinjavi, moCiv-
liyo. mediatoris funqciis matarebeli iyo ris moadis momcdeli da sxvisac mkiTxveli,
lufxvilobis institutic – Suamavali, ro- Tu amisi samarTali Tqvengan rogor isin-
melsac daCagruli mxare irCevda (1-dan 20 jvis, mowmis maZebari unda iyos, uqrTamo,
kacamde). lufxulobiT morigebas im dros RvTismoSiSi~. mosamarTlis asakad dadge-
mimarTavdnen, rodesac umizezod miayeneb- nili iyo minimum 40 weli da amasTan erTad
da damnaSave pirovnebas Seuracxyofas da arsebobda kidev erTi piroba, romelic
Tavis gasamarTlebeli sabuTi ar hqonda. unda daekmayofilebina mosamarTles – igi
lufxvils asaxelebda daCagruli, xolo ar unda yofiliyo Raribi (215-e muxli).
maTi dayolieba lufxulad damnaSavis saq- sasamarTlo procesi.
mes warmoadgenda. lufxuls damnaSave ux- feodalur saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad sasa-
dida Tanxas (6 maneTi) an imave Rirebulebis marTlo procesis uZvelesi forma – sab-
nivTs sTavazobda, uTmobda sakuTar saxls, raldebo procesi gvxvdeba. mosarCele da
sadac imarTeboda mociquloba damnaSavesa mopasuxe mxare saqmis warmoebisas Tanaba-
da lufxulebs Soris maxvSis da sxva gare- ri uflebebiT sargeblobdnen. TviTon mxa-
Se pirTa saSualebiT. lufxulebi Txovd- re iyo saqmis dawyebis iniciatori. TviTon-
nen damnaSaves daesaxelebina Tanxa, riTic ve agrovebdnen damamtkicebel sabuTebs da
gamoisyidda Tavis danaSauls da iwyeboda mosamarTlesTan mihqondaT saqmis gansa-
morigebis procesi (ix. morigeba, svaneTi). xilvelad. mtkicebulebaTa SegrovebaSi mo-
aRmosavleT mTianeTSi Suamavali unda yo- samarTle ar monawileobs, igi Seiswavlis
filiyo Rirseuli pirovneba da aranairi mxolod viTarebas da gamoaqvs ganaCeni. am
naTesaoba ar unda hqonoda mxareebTan. igi tipis sasamarTlo procesisaTvis damaxasi-
kargad unda yofiliyo garkveuli Cveule- aTebelia saqmis warmoebis zepiri xasiTi da
biT samarTalSi. Suamavali win uZRvis bWo- sajarooba – Ria sasamarTlo.
bas, igi Tavad irCevs bWeebs da maT ricxvsac sabraldebo procesis gverdiT gvxvdeba fe-
TviTon adgens. bWeebisaTvis gankuTvnili odalur saqarTveloSi saqmis warmoebis
gadasaxadidan Suamavalsac Tavisi wili sxva formac – samZebro, sadac saxelmwifo
ekuTvnoda. bWe-mediatorTa gadawyvetile- Tavisi moxeleebis saSualebiT iwyebs gamo-
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Ziebas, agrovebs mtkicebulebebs. sasamarT- mosamarTles, Semdeg isini gansazRvravdnen,
los zepir formas werilobiTi anacvlebs. Tu vis unda ganexila saqme da asaxelebdnen
vaxtang VI samarTlis wignis IV muxlSi ia- mosamarTles. sasamarTlo procesze xSi-
saulis samZebro funqciaa ganxiluli. ia- rad ramdenime bralmdebeli da ramdenime
sauls mosamarTle agzavnis mtkicebulebebis mopasuxe gamodioda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mo-
Sesagroveblad, xandaxan mosamarTles ar pasuxe sasamarTloze ar movidoda, werils
akmayofilebs mtkicebulebebi da Tavad erT- ugzavnidnen da iTxovdnen mis gamocxade-
veba masalebis mogrovebis procesSi. giorgi bas an avalebdnen konkretul pirovnebas,
III-is 1170 wlis sigelSi moxseniebuli `sampa- uzrunveleyo mopasuxis gamocxadeba sasa-
ravTmZebnelo sasamarTloc~ samZebro pro- marTloSi. amoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi,
cess ganekuTvneba. am sasamarTlos `mparavT- mopasuxe saqmis ganxilvis gareSec agebda
mZebnelTa~ (ufrosi moxeleebi) movaleobas saqmes.
swored qurdebis moZebna da gasamarTleba sasamarTlo procesi iwyeboda dazarale-
warmoadgenda, xolo dabali rangis moxe- bulis sarCelis mosmeniT. rogorc vTqviT,
leebi `Cenilni~ iWerdnen damnaSaveebs da sasamarTlo ZiriTadad zepir xasiaTs ata-
sisruleSi moyavdaT ganaCeni. mosamarT- rebda, Tumca vaxtang VI samarTlis wignidan
lisgan saqmis ganxilvis procesSi mxareebs vigebT, rom sasamarTlo oqmebs aformebda
ewodebaT `moCivari~ (Semwamebeli, Semsme- mdivani. mopasuxe winaswar ecnoboda sar-
neli) – mosarCele da `moade~ (Sewamebuli, Cels da saSualeba hqonda Tavi emarTle-
Sesmenili) – mopasuxe. aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom bina sasamarTloze. amasTanave, mopasuxes
Zvel wyaroebSi sasamarTlo procesze mona- davis procesSi SeeZlo wamoeyenebina bral-
wileobs `meoxi~, romelsac iv. javaxiSvili deba mosarCelis mimarT, Sesabamisad, mxa-
advokatis funqciiT aRWurvil pirTan aigi- reebi erT procesze mopasuxenic iyvnen da
vebs. yuradsaRebia sasamarTlo procesis mosarCelenic. sasamarTloSi xdeboda mxa-
msvlelobaSi `mTxrobeli~ _ pirovneba, ro- reebis dapirispireba. isini warmoadgend-
melic danaSaulis TviTmxilvelia da ambavi nen xolme procesze mowmeebs. IX-XIV ss-Si,
miaqvs dazaralebulTan, anu bralmdebelia. rogorc mecnierebi fiqroben, mowmis Cve-
misi informaciis safuZvelze brali edeba nebas Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda
pirovnebas da iwyeba sasamarTlo procesi. saqmis warmoebisas. Semdgom xanaSi mniSvne-
informaciis mowodebisaTvis mTxrobels loba sasamarTlo procesze qveiTdeba, rac
ergeboda `samTxroblo~ anazRaureba. mTx- kargad Cans vaxtangis samarTlis wignSi,
robeli valdebulia procesze mowmis statu- sadac mowmis Cvenebas sasamarTlo mtkice-
siT gamovides (kanoni gamoricxavs mTxro- bulebaTa Soris mxolod V adgili ukavia
belis subieqtur (uaryofiT) urTierTobas ficis da ordalebis Semdeg. vaxtang VI sa-
braldebulTan, rac SesaZloa winapiroba marTlis wigni ZiriTadad adaTobriv sa-
iyos bralis wayenebisa). is, vinc `mTxrobe- marTals efuZneba, romlis mixedviTac sisx-
lis~ statusiT wardgeboda sasamarTloze lis samarTlis procesze (anu iseTi saqmee-
tyuili CvenebiT, ekisreboda sasjeli, rac bi, romlebic sisxlis aRebas iTvaliswinebs)
mimarTuli iyo imisaken, rom adamianebi ga- mowmis gamosvla dauSvebelia. mowme gvxv-
samrjelos gamo ar wasuliyvnen cru Cvene- deba mxolod zogierTi saqmis warmoebisas
baze. (qurdoba, fulis sesxeba da a. S). Tumca vax-
samZebro procesi nel-nela anacvlebs sa- tang VI zogierTi saqmis gadawyvetisas mow-
braldebo process. `dasturlamali~ ga- mis faqtors arsebiTad miiCnevs. vaxtang VI
nasxvavebs saqmeebs, romlebic ganixileba gansazRvravs mowmis Tvisebebs (XIII muxli):
danistrad da udanistrod (anu winaswari patiosani, Wkviani, RvTismoSiSi. aqve miTi-
gamoZiebiT da mis gareSe). Tebulia procesze mowmeTa raodenobac da
saqmes sasamarTloSi aRZravdda dazarale- erTi mowmis Cveneba ar miiReba mxedvelo-
buli, Zalian iSviaTad saqmis aRmZvrelis baSi. Zveli qarTuli samarTali ar icnobs
funqciiT gamodioda saxelmwifo, Tumca mowmed qals.
XVIII s-is II naxevridan am tipis saqmeebis ra- sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa Soris msof-
odenoba Zalian izrdeba. mosarCele mimar- lios yvela xalxebSi gvxvdeba fici _ da-
Tavda mefes (dedofali, batoniSvilebi) an ficeba. CveulebiTi samarTali Zalian did
179
mniSvnelobas aniWebs fics. qarTul adaTo- amasTanave daficeba, rogorc sasamarTlo
briv samarTalSi ficis mniSvnelobaze isic mtkicebuleba, yvela saqmeSi ar gamoiyene-
metyvelebs, rom igi marto ficis mayure- boda da ar iniSneboda. magaliTisaTvis, Tu
bels (pirovneba, romelic ficis warmoTq- dabali wodebis kacs asamarTlebdnen maRa-
mas eswreba) ar endoba da damatebiT damsw- li wodebis pirovnebis mkvlelobasTan da-
re mayurebels amatebs. svanur samarTalSi kavSirebiT, aseT saqmeSi ara fici, aramed _
ficis sami forma dasturdeba: a) erTgulebis ordali (ordalium _ RvTis samsjavro) iniS-
fici, b) Tanasworobis fici, g) gamarTlebis neboda. qarTuli samarTlis wyaroebi 3 ti-
fici. ficis miReba SeiZleboda erTmaneTis pis ordalebs asaxelebs: mduRare, SanTi da
sanacvlod (mama Svilis magivrad ificebda xmalSi gataneba. ordali efuZneba warmod-
an piriqiT). saqmis simZimisa da specifikidan genas, rom adamianTa Soris dava SeiZleba
gamomdinare aRmosavleT mTianeTSi ganir- RvTaebis CareviT gadawydes (mag., keTil-
Ceoda: droSiT daficeba, xatSi daficeba, 12 sindisier kacs mduRare xels ar dauwvavs.
monaTesave kacis daficeba, daficeba keWnao- `xmalSi gataneba~ gansakuTrebiT xSirad sa-
bis dros da a. S. (ix. fici, mTa). fics vaxtang xelmwifo Ralatis, eklesiis, mefis salaros
VI samarTlis wignis mixedviT im SemTxveva- gaZarcvis saqmeSi gamoiyeneboda. sasamarT-
Si mimarTavdnen, roca sxva mtkicebuleba ar loSi braldebuli unda SebrZoleboda
arsebobda. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda qone- bralmdebels). qarTuli samarTali vaxtang
bis davisas. ficis dakisreba ar SeiZlebo- VI samarTlis wignis mixedviT icnobs kidev
da gonebrivad CamorCenili, arasrulwlo erT sasamarTlo mtkicebulebas _ `codvis
vanisa da im pirovnebisadmi, romelsac ar mokideba~. am proceduras SedarebiT umniSv-
swamda ficis Zala. ficis dadeba ar SeeZlo nelo davebis gadawyvetisas mimarTavdnen.
qals. mis nacvlad mosamarTle asaxelebda `codvis mokideba~ ukavSirdeboda ritualis
qalis uaxloes naTesavs – Zmas, Svils, qmars, Catarebas, braldebuli zurgze ikidebda
romelic qalis magivrad ificebdnen. mosarCeles da warmoTqvamda fics, romlis
cru ficis dadeba iTvleboda umZimes da- mixedviTac igi tyuilis SemTxvevaSi mosar-
naSaulad. ficis damdebTan erTad qarTul Celis codvebs Tavis Tavze iRebda. sasamarT-
samarTalwarmoebaSi gvxvdeba `Tanamofi- lo procesze ukve mogvianebiT eniWeba seri-
cari~. Tanamoficari ificebs sasamarTloze, ozuli mniSvneloba werilobiT dokuments,
rom ficis damdebi keTilsindisieri pirov- rogorc sasamarTlo mtkicebulebas (wigni)
nebaa. aseve ficiT adasturebdnen saqmesTan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dokumenti yvela samarT-
dakavSirebiT mowodebul informacias. vax- lebrivi normis gaTvaliswinebiT iqneboda
tang VI-is da beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigne- Sedgenili. rogorc ukve vTqviT, feodaluri
bi ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan `Segdebul~- saqarTvelos samarTalwarmoeba adreul
`Seugdebel~ (vaxtang VI) da dasaxelebul- periodSi zepiri iyo, ganviTarebis mogvi-
dausaxelebel (beqa-aRbuRas) Tanamoficars. ano etapze SeiZina man werilobiTi forma.
Segdebul-dasaxelebul Tanamoficars asaxe- amis Semdeg sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyveti-
lebs mosarCele da avaldebulebs ficis qveS lebas werilobiTi saxiT aZlevda orive
misces Cveneba, xolo Seugdebel-dausaxe- mxares. ganaCenSi aucileblad unda mieTiTe-
lebel moficars mopasuxe TviTon irCevda. binaT samarTlis wignis is muxli, romelic
moficarTa raodenoba saqmis simZimeze iyo Seufardes mocemul konkretul SemTxvevas
damokidebuli da amasTan erTad, ramdena- da romlis safuZvelzec gamoitanes ganaCeni.
dac feodaluri qarTuli samarTali feo- procedura kanonmdeblis ganmartebiT xor-
daluri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel cieldeboda, raTa gamtyunebul mxares gana-
yvela normas iziarebda, TanamoficarTa Ceni usamarTlod gamotanilad ar CaeTvala.
socialur mdgomareobaze. vaxtangis samarT- es procedura ganaCenis samarTlianobis da
lis mixedviT, ori didebuli Tavadis fici utyuarobis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos.
20 saSualo da 60 dabali rangis Tavadis da rac Seexeba adaTobriv samarTals, saxalxo
aznauris ficTan iyo gaTanabrebuli. Sesaba- krebebze (yrilobebze) bWeebs, maxvSs, xevis
misad, Tavadis, aznauris da glexis fics So- gagas da a. S. kenWisyriT gamoaqvT gadawyve-
ris, miT umetes, mkacri rangireba arsebob- tileba moTaTbirebis safuZvelze. ganaCenis
da samarTlebrivi mniSvnelovnebis mxriv. aRsrulebis mxris, gvianfeodalur saqarT-
180
veloSi mTavari sasamarTlo aRmasrulebe- aRkveTas (`Sepyrobai~) bagrat kurapalatis
li iyo iasauli. iasauli saqmis aRsrulebi- wigni (muxlebi 101-104).
saTvis iRebda gasamrjelos. mas saqmis aRs- apelacia `sasamarTloSi meored Sesvla~
rulebis dros aucileblad unda hqonoda gansakuTrebiT gvianfeodalur saqarTve-
ganaCeni an iasaulobis uflebis aRmWurveli loSi Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo. ganxilul
oqmi. saqmis viTarebidan gamomdinare SesaZ- saqmeTa gasaCivrebis process, rogorc wesi,
loa daniSnuliyo ori, sami an meti iasaulic. mefe, rogorc uzenaesi mosamarTle, xelmZR-
XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi sasamarTlo aR- vanelobda. Tumca mefes SeeZlo gadaemis-
masruleblad iniSnebodnen eSikaRasbaSi da amarTebina saqmeebi dedofalze, batoniS-
nasaRCibaSi. eSikaRasbaSi politikur-admi- vilebze, saeklesio davebis SemTxvevaSi
nistraciuli aparatis xelmZRvaneli iyo. – kaTalikosze, romlebic mdivanbegTa sa-
aRm. saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo ganaCenis samarTloSi ganixilavdnen Semdeg saqmeebs.
aRsruleba mas da mis xelqveiTebs evale- gaerTianebuli feodaluri saqarTvelos
bodaT. rac Seexeba nasaRCibaSs, mas damasa- pirobebSi saqmeTa gadaxedva xdeboda saa-
xiCrebeli sasjelis aRsruleba evaleboda. jo karze.
ganaCenis aRsrulebaSi moyvana policiis
saqmianobis erT-erT funqcias warmoadgens. kapitalizmi _ termini, romelsac mZime
Sesabamisad, feodalur saqarTveloSic ideologiuri datvirTva aqvs. marqsisti
es rgoli iyo dakavebuli am saqmianobiT. ekonomistebisa da istorikosebisTvis es
daviT aRmaSenebeli ayalibebs sami saxis termini ukavSirdeba ganviTarebul socio-
sapolicio aparats: samoqalaqo policia, ekonomikur formacias, romelSic Rire-
romelsac mandaturTuxucesi edga saTaveSi buleba, mogeba da racionaloba dgindeba
(mandaturi); kriminaluri policia _ mpa- farTomasStabiani konkurentuli warmoebe-
ravTmZebnelis aparati (mparavTmZebnelni bisa da fasTmwarmoebluri bazrebis biznes
da Cenilni); faruli policia _ mstovarTa gaTvlebis da mentalitetis Sesabamisad. am
instituti. naTelia, rom daviT aRmaSeneb- gagebiT, saberZneTisa da romis ekonomika
lis qarTuli sapolicio aparati Zalian klasificirebuli iqneba, rogorc pre an
uaxlovdeba Tanamedroves. arakapitalisturi.
gaerTianebul feodalur saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva tipis aramarqsistebTan termi-
policielis funqciebs asrulebda argnosani `kapitalizmi~ produqtiuli ganTavsebis
ni (xelargnosani). boqaulis samosaxeleo mniSvnelobiT, rac, pirvel rigSi, uZravi Tu
Tanamdeboba XVI saukunidan Cndeba. es aris moZravi aqtivebis investirebas gulisxmobs,
sapolicio-administraciuli aparatis daba- SeiZleba Segvxvdes ufro farTo politi-
li moxele gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi kur, socialur da ekonomikur konteqstSi,
da iasaulis funqciebs inawilebs. maT Soris berZnuli da romauli samyaros
gaerTianebul feodalur saqarTveloSi konteqstebSic.
gvxvdeba sasjelis Semdegi formebi: sik- saberZneTisa da romis prekapitalistu-
vdiliT dasja, sxeulis damasaxiCrebeli rad gansazRvra, SesaZloa niSnavs imas, rom
sasjelebi, mokveTa sazogadoebidan, Ta- èkonomika~, rogorc damoukideblad Camo-
visuflebis aRkveTa. qonebis konfiskacia yalibebuli sfero, ar arsebobda klasikur
(`mamulis daWirva~), moqalaqeobrivi uf- antikurobaSi da Sesabamisad, Zvelebs ar
lebebis droebiTi an samudamo CamorTmeva, SeeZloT ewarmoebinaT ekonomikuri ana-
qonebrivi sasjeli, dakrulva da sxva saek- lizi (ix. ekonomika berZnuli); meore mxriv,
lesio sasjelebi. Tavisuflebis aRkveTas, amgvari gansazRvra SeiZleba imas gulisx-
rogorc sasjelis formas qarTul marTlm- mobdes, rom Zveli ekonomikuri institutebi
sajulebaSi Zalian iSviaTad mimarTavdnen. moCvenebiTi Tanamedrove ekvivalentebiT,
vaxtang VI-is ZeglisdebaSi ori muxli eZRv- faqtobrivad, sakmaod gansxavebulad funq-
neba sasjelis am formas (177 da 64): `magram cionirebdnen maTi Tanamedrove oreulo-
kaci rom cols stanjvides da upatiurad bisa Tu sexniebisagan _ ase magaliTad, an-
epyrobodes, urigos uSurebodes, mefem is tikuri bankebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ufro
kaci daabas, datuqsos da kaTalikosmac asre metad rogorc ubralod gaformebuli fu-
uyos.~ ufro vrclad exeba Tavisuflebis lis gadamcvlelebi da mevaxSeebi, vidre sa-
181
risko sesxebis gamcemni produqtiuli eko- romaeli xalxis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebi-
nomikuri investirebisTvis. saTvis fufunebaze gadasaxadi daawesa. ka-
isini, romlebic am mosazrebaTa sapirispi- tonis ekonomikuri politika mimarTuli
rod antikuri samyaros Tu adgilobrivi iyo soflis saSualo monaTmflobeluri
seqtorebis ekonomikas pozitiuri gagebiT meurneobebebis rentabelobis gazrdisa
kapitalisturad moiazrebs, gansxvavebas da sasoflo sameurneo Sromis srulyofi-
Tanamedrove da antikur kapitalizms Soris saken, risTvisac man Seiswavla Sesabamisi
ufro metad masStabsa da daxvewilobaSi xe- karTagenuli gamocdileba da aTargmnina
davs, vidre am cnebis Zireul bunebaSi. laTinur enaze karTageneli magonis saso-
antikur samyarosTan mimarTebaSi amgvar flo sameurneo Sroma. sagareo politikaSi
ideologiur uTanxmoebas xangrZlivi is- igi daJinebiT moiTxovda daengriaT karTa-
toria aqvs. es kamaTi ekonomikur WrilSi geni – `me mainc vfiqrob, rom karTageni unda
msoflio istoriis periodizaciis Taoba- daingres~ _ (Ceterum censeo, Carthaginem esse
ze karl biuxersa da eduard maiers Soris delendam), romelsac romis mTavar politi-
dapirispirebiT iwyeba. am dapirispirebam kur da ekonomikur konkurentad miiCnevda.
axali ZaliT ifeTqa XX s -is II meoTxedSi. katonis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi iTvalis
misi iniciatori gaxldaT anTropologiu- winebda sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTo-
ri Teoriebis gavlenis qveS myofi Teore- bis, vaWrobisa da mevaxSeobis progresuli
tikosi karl polani, romelic ufro metad meTodebis gaZlierebas, sameurneo sferoSi
maqs veberis gavlenas ganicdida, vidre konkurencias.
karl marqsis. magram mis `substantivistur~ katons literaturuli prozis fuZemdeblad
mosazrebebs daupirispirda im mecnierTa miiCneven. misi Txzuleba `warmoSoba~ (Origi-
Tanabari wonis mosazrebebi, romlebic (isi- nes) 7 wignad (mxolod fragmentebi Semogvr-
ni maincdamainc ar eTanxmebodnen polanisa Ca) moicavda romis adrindeli istoriisa
da misi mimdevrebis mier maTTvis mikrul da italikuri tomebis istorias mis dromde.
`formalistebis~ da `modernizatorebis~ SemorCenilia misi sityvebis fragmentebic.
damamcirebel iarliyebs) mainc amtkicebd- katonma dawera Tavisi SvilisTvis medici-
nen, rom Zvelebi gamokveTilad kapitalis- nis, ritorikis, samarTlis, soflis meur-
turi racionalobiT iyvnen motivirebuli neobisa da samxedro saxelmZRvaneloebi.
da am mizniT wamoiwyes dovlaTis Seqmnis srulad mxolod Txzuleba `soflis meur-
procesebi, romlebic formalurad neokla- neobaze~ (De agri cultura) (mravalricxovani
sikuri mikroekonomikuri TeoriiT SeiZle- iuridiuli formularebiT) SemogvrCa.
ba gavaanalizoT, maT Soris iseTi maTemati-
kuri xerxebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, le- keisari iulius (Gaius Iulius Caesar) (Zv. w. 100-
ontievis dabandebisa da amonagebis cxrile- 44 ww.) _ gamoCenili romaeli saxelmwifo
bi. rogorc Cans, es kamaTi uaxloes xanebSi moRvawe, mxedarTmTavari, oratori, mw-
ar gadawydeba, radgan, mecnierTa azriT, es erali. misi siymawvile daemTxva mariusisa
sarwmuno monacemTa aucilebeli raodeno- da sulas orTabrZolis periods. misi war-
bis gareSe SeuZlebelia, gansakuTrebiT ki Cinebuli naTesavebi optimatebis mxareze
im monacemTa gareSe, romlebic statistikur idgnen da mariusis momxreebis xeliT daiR-
Tu kvazistatistikur analizs eqvemdebareba. upnen, magram Tavad mariuss keisris mamida
hyavda colad da mariusma 13 wlis keisari
katoni (Marcus Porcius Cato) _ metsaxelad cen- iupiteris qurumad (flamen dialis) airCia. Se-
zori (censorius) (Zv. w. 234-149 ww.), edili (Zv. sabamisad keisari orive partiasTan axlos
w. 199 w.), konsuli (Zv. w. 195 w.), cenzori (Zv. idga, kargad icnobda maT sisusteebs da
w. 184 w.), gavleniani saxelmwifo moRvawe, cxovrebaSi did sifrTxiles iCenda, mas See-
konservatoruli politikuri moRvawe, mxe- Zlo gaurkvevel mdgomareobisas dayovneba
darTmTavari, mwerali, advokati. da xelsayrel pirobebisas Tavdasxma.
katoni ewinaaRmdegeboda romze berZnul keisarma Zv. w. 84 w-s colad SeirTo sulas
gavlenas. mowinaaRmdege cinas qaliSvili, kornelia.
Zvelromauli zne-Cveulebebis mkacrma dam- Zv. w. 82 w-s mxolod gavleniani naTesavebis
cvelma gawminda senati uRirsi xalxisgan, TxovniT sulam ar Serisxa keisari, romel-
182
mac uari Tqva diqtatorisTvis arasasurve- keisarma xelSi Caigdo mTeli galia, orjer
li meuRle gaegdo. sulas sikvdilis Sem- gadavida rainze da aseve orjer Sevida bri-
deg Zv. w. 78 w-s daiwyo misi politikuri taniaSi. amave dros ganaxlda misi kavSiri
kariera. igi cdilobda miepyro yuradReba pompeussa da krasusTan, magram krasusis
sulas momxreebis (kornelius gneus dola- (Zv. w. 53 w.) da iulias sikvdilis Semdeg Ses-
bela, gaius antoniusi) da amave dros mainc ustda kavSiri keisarsa da pompeuss Soris.
gaerida Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs kunZul ro- pompeusi dauxlovda optimatebs da Seecada
dosze. iq igi ritor molonTan swavlobda keisrisTvis Zalaufleba waerTva. romSi
da iwafeboda ritorikaSi, romlis niWi man samxedro mdgomareobis gamocxadebis Sem-
adreve gamoavlina. am mgzavrobisas igi zR- deg keisari arCevanis winaSe dadga: an Za-
vis yaCaRebs Cauvarda xelSi, magram simama- lauflebaze xeli unda aeRo, an samxedro
cis wyalobiT Tavi gadairCina, SemdgomSi es ZaliT unda gamtkicebuliyo. Zv. w. 49 w-s
yaCaRebic dasaja da romic aalaparaka. igi mdinare rubikons (sazRvari cizalpiur
monawileobas iRebda miTridates winaaRm- galiasa da italias Soris) gadavida (àlia
deg omSi (Zv. w. 74 w.), arCeul iqna kvestorad iacta est~ – `wili nayaria~) da pompeuss mniS-
(Zv. w. 68 w.). meuRle kornelias da mamida vnelovani dartyma miayena. pompeusi gaiqca,
iulias gardacvalebis gamo warmoTqmuli igi egvipteSi mokles. miuxedavad Tavisi ja-
sityvebiT man optimatebis ukmayofileba ris arasaxarbielo mdgomareobisa, man ale-
daimsaxura. am sityvebSi igi xalxis wina qsandriis brZolaSi gamarjvebas miaRwia
mZRolebis _ mariusisa da cinas xsovnas gana- da kleopatra egviptis mbrZanebeli gaxada.
didebda. Zv. w. 65 w-s keisarma colad iTxova kleopatrasgan mas Ze kesarioni gauCnda. Zv.
sulas ZmisSvili pompea. imave wels edilad w. 48 w-s afrikaSi pompeusis Zis seqstusisa
arCeulma xalxis keTilganwyoba didebuli da katonis meTaurobiT Segrovebuli pom-
sanaxaobebis mowyobiT, romis SemkobiT (ba- peusis momxreebi gaanadgura, Zv. w. 47 w. kei-
zilikebi, bazris moednebi) da mariusis Ze- sarma gailaSqra bosforis mefe farnakosis
glebis ganaxlebiT daimsaxura. Zv. w. 63 w-s winaaRmdeg da swrafad daamarcxa igi (`Veni,
keisari umaRlesi qurumi gaxda. katilinas vidi, vici~ – `mivel, vnaxe, gavimarjve~). romSi
warumatebeli saxelmwifo gadatrialebis dabrunebulma didebuli triumfi gadaixa-
Semdeg, senatSi maTi saqmis garCevisas kei- da. Zv. w. 45 w-s man sabolood mouRo bolo
sari cdilobda SeTqmulebis monawileebi pompeusis vaJiSvilebis winaaRmdegobas da
sikvdiliT ar daesajaT. romauli imperiis ganusazRvreli mbrZane-
Bona Dea-s (nayofierebis qalRmerTis) qa- beli gaxda. sazogadoebis maRali fenebis
lebis dResaswaulze keisris saxlSi Separu- warmomadgenlebis misamxrobad keisarma
li klodiusis gamo igi cols gaeyara (`keis- damarcxebulebi daindo. farsalosTan
ris cols Crdilic ki ar unda miadgeso~). gamarjvebis Semdeg igi sicocxlis bolomde
Zv. w. 62 w-s preturis (pretoris Tanamde- diqtatorad gamoacxades; mas uboZes cenzo-
boba) Semdeg espaneTis provincias marTav- ris uflebamosileba, tribunis Zalaufleba.
da, sadac man qoneba daagrova da valebic keisarma am periodSi gaatara saxelmwifo
gadaixada. Zv. w. 59 w-s igi tribunad air- wyobis reforma, politikuri da socialuri
Cies; keisarma pompeussa da krasusTan er- wesrigis gaumjobeseba, kalendris refor-
Tad pirveli triumvirati Seqmna. konsulis ma, xeli Seuwyo provinciebis romanizacias,
Tanamdebobaze keisarma senatis medgari moqalaqeoba mianiWa romis mier dapyrob-
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad SeZlo gaeta- ili qveynebis mosaxleobas, daexmara vet-
rebina ori agraruli kanoni veteranebisa eranebs da waaxalisa provinciebSi TviT-
da uqoneli moqalaqeebis dasaxmareblad. marTveloba. senatma keisars uboZa ìmpera-
mesamed keisarma iqorwina kalpurniaze, toris~ (misi STamomavlebisaTvis gadacemis
konsul pizonis qaliSvilze, Tavisi qal- uflebiT) da `samSoblos mamis~ (Pater patriae)
iSvili iulia ki pompeuss miaTxova. Zv. w. tituli. mefis wodebaze man Tavad ganacxada
54 w-mde cizalpiuri galiisa da iliriis uari, savaraudod, igi fiqrobda, elinis-
prokonsul keisars senatma transalpiuri turi monarqebiviT diadema daedga Tavze,
galiac daumata da Semdgomi vada am Tanam- magram misma yofilma momxreebma keisris
debobaze 5 wliT gauzarda. Zv. w. 58-51 ww-Si winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba moawyves da Zv. w. 44
183
w-s martis idebze mokles. senatma da xalxma arebda, vinc kveTilSi Casmuls moiyvanda
mas RvTaebrivi iuliusi (Divus Julius) uwodes. colad.
keisari senatis aristokratebis, romelTa rodesac qals ori mTxovneli gamouCnde-
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobidan CamoSoreba boda, unda gaTxoviliyo imaze, vinc sxvebs
man ver SesZlo, SeTqmulebis msxverpli gax- daaswrebda da pirveli ityoda, rom qali
da. rogorc popularebis partiis lideri misi sacole iyo an arada an samudamod
igi cdilobda, senatis Zalaufleba erTm- gauTxovari rCeboda. zogjer qali Tavis
marTvelobiT Seecvala. Tavs `Caisvamda kveTilSi~, magaliTad ma-
saSinao politikaSi misi mizani iyo saSualo Sin, roca wawlis daTmoba uWirda da sxva
da wvrili monaTmflobelebis gaZliereba ze gaTxoveba ar undoda, an mSoblebi Za-
da amiT imperiis bazisa da monaTmflobe- liT aTxovebdnen, an roca qals motacebiT
luri wyobis gafarToeba. keisarma samar- emuqrebodnen, qali midioda xatSi da aRTq-
Tlis sferoSi mniSvnelovani reformebi mas debda qalwulobaze da uars ambobda
Caaatara (lex Iulia). gaTxovebaze. amiT is Tavs xats swiravda da
keisars samxedro diqtaturiT undoda xatis `mowindari~ xdeboda. amis Semdeg qals
monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis krizisi xels ver axlebdnen. am Sewirvis gauqmeba
aecilebina Tavidan. avgustusis winamorbed- arc bWeebsa da arc xevisberebs SeeZloT.
ma principats gaukvala gza. keisris saxeli
gaigivebuli iyo ìmperatorisa~ da `mefis~ kvestori (quaestor) – Tavdapirveli funqciiT
saxelTan, mogvianebiT yvela romis impera- es iyvnen mosamarTleebi, romlebic mefee-
tori Tavad iRebda `keisris~ tituls da mas bis epoqaSi sisxlis samarTlis iseT saqmee-
Svilebsac gadascemda. bs (mkvlelobebs) ganixilavdnen, romelTa
keisris Txzulebebidan SemogvrCa `galeb ganaCeni sikvdiliT dasjas iTvaliswinebda.
Tan omis Canawerebi~ (De bello Gallico) 7 wig- Lex Valeria-s mixedviT, sisxlis samarTlis
nad, `samoqalaqo omis Canawerebi~ (De bello iurisdiqcia gadaeca centuriis komiciebs,
civili) 3 wignad. keisris nawerebi klasikuri Sesabamisad, kvestorebs es ufleba aerTvaT
stilis nimuSad miiCneva. da isini ganagebdnen finansur sakiTxebs,
Tumca jer mainc gamodiodnen bralmde-
kvatuovirebi (Quatuoviri) – municipalur Ta belTa rolSi, rogorc quaestor parricidii. re-
namdebobis pirTa oTxkaciani kolegia, ro- spublikis xanaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxva
melic Sedgeboda ori edilisa da ori samar- vebdnen qalaqis da saxazino kvestorebs
Tlis mcodne pirisagan, romlebic, erTi samxedro an provinciuri kvestorebisagan.
mxriv, pretoris delegatebs warmoadgend- Zv. w. 421 w-s or kvestors kidev ori daemata.
nen, xolo, meore mxriv, hqondaT sakuTari ori kvestori dakavebuli iyo xazinis saq-
Zalauflebac. mas Semdeg, rac romSi ganvi- meebiT, ori Tan dahyveboda konsuls omSi.
Tarda iuridiuli saqmianoba, duumvirTa samxedro kvestorebi ganagebdnen salaSqro
adgili daikaves kvatuovirebma, romlebic xazinas, yiddnen alafs, exmarebodnen konsu-
xuT weliwadSi erTxel adgendnen cenzs da lebs maTi brZanebebis aRsrulebaSi laSq
akeTebdnen Canawerebs qalaqis sakrebulos robis dros. Zv. w. 267 w-s kvestorTa rao
siebSi (album decurionum). denoba aRwevs 8-mde, sulam gazarda isini
20-mde, xolo keisarma iuliusma (Zv. w. 44
kveTilSi Casma, fSavi _ rodesac coli qmars w.) – 40-mde, mogvianebiT maTi ricxvi gan-
iwunebda da ar undoda qmarTan sareclis sxvavebuli iyo. ori kvestori rCeboda
gaziareba, qali imizezebda, rom TiTqos romSi, qalaqis kvestoris funqciiT, da
xati uSlida amis gakeTebas. qmaric aZlevda narCenebi finansur sakiTxebs ganagebdnen
nebas, sadac undoda, iq wasuliyo, mxolod italiis sazRvrebSi Tu mis gareT. Zv. w.
sxva kacTan urTierToba ekrZaleboda. am III s-dan oTxi kvestori xelmZRvanelob-
Cveulebas uwodebdnen `kveTilSi Casmas~. da flotis Seqmnas da kurirebda italiis
xevsureTSi Tu kveTilSi Casmuli pirobas Soreuli olqebis ganmgeblobas. dadginda
daarRvevda da sxvas gahyveboda colad, provinciis kvestorTa Tanamdeboba – yve-
sikvdili ar ascdeboda. imave beds gaizi- la gamgebels damxmared hyavda kvestori,
184
romelic ara marto finansebs kurirebda, bodaT senatSi imperatoris dadgenilebebis
aramed mosamarTlis uflebamosilebiT iyo wakiTxva.
aRWurvili edilTa (aediles curules) msgavsad.
maT irCevdnen Tanamdebobaze 1 wlis vadiT. kimoni _ aTeneli politikuri moRvawe, Zv.
Zv. w. 421 w-s plebeebsac gaexsnaT gza kves- w. V s. miltiadesisa da Trakiis mefis olo-
toris Tanamdebobisaken, Tumca es ufleba rosis qaliSvilis _ hegesipiles vaJi. mas
realurad mxolod 12 wlis Semdeg Sevida hyavda vaJiSvilebi _ lakedemoniusi, ele-
moqmedebaSi. kanonis mixedviT, kvestoris osi/uliosi da Tetalosi. Zv. w. 489 w-s ma-
asaki sxvadasxva avtorTan 27-30 wlebiT ga mis, miltiadesis, sikvdilis Semdeg man 50
nisazRvreboda. imperiumis niSnebi kvestors talanti jarima gadaixada. Zv. w. 479 w-s igi
ar hqonda, Tumca zogierTi avtori moixse- SeuerTda spartaSi wargzavnil elCobas
niebs kvestorTa Zalauflebis simboloebs da amis Semdeg xSirad iyo arCeuli strat-
(insignia quaestoria). romSi gansakuTrebuli egosad. Zv. w. 478 w-s kimoni aristidess dae-
uflebebiT sargeblobda quaestor pro prae- xmara zRvispireTSi mcxovrebi berZnebis de-
tore, ramdenadac isini iyvnen patara provin- losis ligaSi SeyvanaSi da Zv. 476-463 ww-Si
ciebis gamgeblebi an droebiT asrulebdnen xelmZRvanelobda am ligis mier warmoebul
maT movaleobas (gardacvalebis, sxva saqmiT samxedro qmedebebs. kimonma daipyro skiro-
datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi). Quaestor aquarius si, gandevna ra dolopielebi (mekobreebi)
kurirebda wyalgayvanilobis sistemebs, da daafuZna kleruqia. kimonis yvelaze
quaestor Ostensis – ostiis navsadgurSi saqon- didi warmateba evrimedonTan sparselebze
lis gadmotvirTvas awesrigebda. amisTanave mopovebuli gamarjveba iyo (Zv. w. 466 w.).
unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeul Tems Tavisi am gamarjvebam moitana is, rom aRmosavle-
quaestor municipalis hyavda, romelic finans- TiT ise Sors mdebare adgilebi, rogori-
uri sakiTxebis ganxilviT iyo dakavebuli. caa mag., faselisi da a. S., delosis ligaSi
imperiis xanaSi kvestorebi agrZeleben ar- gaerTiandnen. kimoni am periodSi spar-
sebobas, rogorc dabali rangis magistrate- seTTan awarmoebda molaparakebas, rasac
bi, rac Seexeba xazinis gankargva-kurirebas, misi mtrebi daupirispirdnen da zavis wi-
es sfero gadadis xazinis prefeqtis (praefec- naaRmdeg gailaSqres. kimonma daimorCila
tus aerarii) xelSi. kvestorebs unda daecvaT Trakiuli qersonesi da Zv. w. 465-463 ww-Si
senatis dadgenilebani da meTvalyureoba CaaxSo Tasosis ajanyeba. evTines safuZvel-
gaewiaT sagzao samuSaoebisaTvis. amasTa- ze mis mimarT samarTlebrivi devna daiwyo
nave, maT ekisrebodaT sakmaod mZime misia, periklem im sababiT, TiTqos kimons makedo-
cnobili adamianebisaTvis sasikvdilo ga- niis mefe aleqsandre I-sgan qrTami hqonda
naCenis Setyobineba. provinciis kvestorebi aRebuli. sasamarTloze kimoni gaamarTles.
inarCunebdnen prokonsulebTan imave fun- Zv. w. 462 w-s man daarwmuna aTenelebi, rom
qciebs, kurirebdnen finansur sakiTxebs. spartis dasaxmareblad hoplitTa jari
propretorebs, romlebic imperiis provin- gaegzavnaT. Tumca spartelebma, romlebmac
ciebs ganagebdnen, saimperatoro qonebis sa- aTenelebis `revoluciur ganzraxvebze~ mii-
buRaltro saqmis warmoebisaTvis hyavdaT tanes eWvi, aTenelebi ukan gamoabrunes. amas
prokuratori (procurator). mcire provinciebs Zv. w. 461 w-s kimonis ostrakismosi mohyva.
ganagebda mxolod prokuratori da im Sem- kimoni uxvad xarjavda fuls xalxis garTo-
TxvevaSic ki, rodesac igi ufro maRal, pre- bisa da sajaro saqmeebisaTvis, rac Temis-
toris wodebas atarebda, valdebuli iyo toklesis, efialtesisa da perikles msgavs
TviTon ewarmoebina buRalteria. magram radikalur liderebTan misi metoqeobis
Tu aucilebeli gaxdeboda prokuratoris nawili iyo. spartasTan kimonis pirovnuli
pretoris Tanamdebobamde amaRleba, maSin kavSirebisa da spartisadmi simpaTiis miuxe-
mis gankargulebaSi gadadioda ara proku- davad kimoni arc demokratiis da arc aTenis
ratori, aramed kvestori. aqedan wamovida imperiis mteri ar iyo. man ganavrco imperi-
kvestorebis axali tipi quaestor Caesaris, prin- is sazRvrebi iseve, rogorc es periklem gaa-
cipis. isini iniSnebodnen imperatoris mier keTa da iseve rogorc perikle upirispir
samomavlo vakansiebis imediT. maT evale- deboda imperiisagan gamoyofis msurvelT.
185
Zv. w. 458 w-s tanagrasTan brZolaSi kimons imperatorad airCies. klavdiusis taxtze as-
surda aTens spartis winaaRmdeg daxmare- vlisas Zalaufleba faqtobrivad misi mesame
boda. magram mas gadaWriT uTxres uari. colis mesalinasa da misi sayvarlebis xel-
misi ostrakismosis vada jer kidev ar iyo Si gadavida. klavdiusis piradi iniciativiT
gasuli, rodesac Zv. w. 450-iani wlebis dasas- ramdenime progresuli RonisZieba gatarda:
ruls igi aTenSi dabrunda. kimonma miaRwia sayovelTao amnistia (garda kaligulas
imas, rom aTenma spartasTan 5 wlis vadiT mkvlelebisa _ isini sikvdiliT dasajes),
zavi dado. igi ebrZoda sparseTs kviprosze, provinciebis romanizacia da am mizniT ara-
sadac gardaicvala kidec. italiki mosaxleobisaTvis moqalaqeobis
miniWeba, imperatoris Seuracxyofis kano
klavdius mark(c)elusi (Marcus Claudius Mar- nis gauqmeba, Setanil iqna cvlilebebi mem-
cellus) – xuTgzis konsuli (Zv. w. 223 – 208 ww.), kvidreobiT, qorwinebisa da monaTa ufle-
II punikuri omis dros erT-erTi gamoCeni- bebSi: moaxdina saxelmwifo Zalauflebis
li romaeli, berZnuli ganaTlebis mqone, centralizacia, ganamtkica administraciuli
keTilSobili qcevis, ubadlo meomari da aparati, senats pativiscemiT epyroboda;
gonieri mxedarTmTavari. hanibalTan ar- misi iniciativiT damuSavebuli iqna mra-
cerT gadamwyvet brZolaSi gamarjvebisTvis vali samarTleblivi norma, saxelmwifo
ar miuRwevia, magram bevr mcire SetakebebSi xazina daabruna kvestorebis gamgeblobaSi;
gamarjvebiT romaelTa SemarTeba gazarda daarsa bevri kolonia, daago gzebi, aago
teqnikuri nagebobebi – wyalgayvaniloba,
da amisTvis mas `xmals~ uwodebdnen. mesamed
amave periodSi romis imperias SeuerTa
(Zv. w. 214 w.) konsulad yofnisas sicilias
samxreT britania da mavritania. mesalinas
gaemarTa, samwliani alyis Semdeg (Zv. w. 212
sikvdilis Semdeg misi meuRle gaxda agripi-
w.) sirakuzi daipyro da aRadgina mSvidoba
na, romelmac Tavisi Svilis, neronis taxtze
mTel kunZulze. romSi dabrunebuls tri-
asasvlelad klavdiusi mowamla.
umfi ar gadauxades, magram ovacio (mcire
klavdiusma berZnul enaze dawera tirenel-
triumfi – sazeimo Sesvla romSi ara etliT,
ebisa da karTagenelebis istoria, laTinur
aramed cxenze amxedrebuli an fexiT) daim-
enaze ki – istoria; ciceronis dasacavi da
saxura. sirakuzelebis TxovniT isini Ta-
sxva bevri sityva, romlebsac siamovnebiT
vis mfarvelobaSi miiRo, maTi moTxovnebi
warmoTqvamda.
gaiTvaliswina da Tavi gamoiCina rogorc
keTilSobilma da gulmowyale adamianma. Zv.
klasi (classis) – servius tuliusma romis
w. 207 w-s hanibalTan brZolisas daiRupa. pi-
mTeli mosaxleoba dayo solonis msgavsad
ruTvneli, alersiani, samarTliani, zogjer
qonebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT 5 qone-
ki saWiroebisamebr mkacri da Seurigebeli
briv klasad, romelSic erTiandeba 170
markelusis sikvdili romaelebisTvis mZime
centuria (centuriae peditum), romelTac win
aRmoCnda. mark(c)elusma dawera avgurebis
uswrebs mxedarTa 18 centuria (centuriae equi-
moZRvreba (Auguralis disciplina).
tum). maT emateboda xelosnebis 4 centuria.
sul 192 centuria, romelTac komiciebSi
klavdius tiberius keisar avgustus germani-
daemata 193-e.
kusi (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germani-
I klasi – moqalaqeTa qoneba Seadgenda 100
cus) _ (Zv. w. 10 _ ax. w. 54 ww.) romis imperato-
000 ass da mas unda gamoeyvana 80 centuria.
ri (ax. w. 41 w-dan). avadmyofuri da bunebiT
susti xasiaTis klavdiusi pirvel xanebSi II klasi – qoneba _75 000 asi, unda gamoeyvana
saxelmwifo saqmeebSi ar ereoda, udrtvine- 22 centuria.
lad itanda Tavisi biZis tiberiusisa da Sem- III klasi – qoneba _ 50 000 asi, unda gamoeyva-
dgomSi kaligulas damcirebas. berZnuli da na 20 centuria.
etruskuli enebis mcodne ufro istoriuli IV klasi – qoneba – 25 000 asi, unda gamoeyva-
gamokvlevebiT iyo gatacebuli (cdilobda na 22 centuria
anbanSi axali laTinuri asoebi Semoetana). V klasi – qoneba – 11 000 asi, unda gamoeyva-
kaligulas sikvdilis Semdeg pretorianeb- na 30 centuria
ma SiSisgan damaluli klavdiusi, rogorc VI klasSi iricxebodnen mxedrebi, romleb-
klavdiusebis ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli, sac 18 centuria unda gamoeyvanaT. garda
186
amisa, daarsda 5 centuria _ 2 musikosebis, ze) iqna dafuZnebuli moyolebuli Zv. w. VI
2 xelosnebis da 1 centuria unda gamoeyvana saukunidan, gansakuTrebiT ki aTenis impe-
im xalxs, romelsac ar hqonda imdeni qoneba riis periodSi. xSirad rTuldeba Zv. w. VI
(11000 asi), rom V klasSi Caricxuliyvnen. am saukunis ama Tu im dasaxlebis kleruqiad
centurias ewodeboda proletarebis centu- gansazRvra, radgan Tavad antikuri avtore-
ria. ama Tu im klasSi gaerTianeba Tavdapir- bi kleruqiebs yovelTvis ar ganasxvavebd-
velad sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis farTobs nen sxva tipis koloniebisgan.
ukavSirdeboda (ara umcires 20, 15, 10, 5 an 2 kleruqiaSi mcxovrebTa raodenoba 4 000
iugerisa), apius klavdiusidan moyolebuli (qalkisi)-dan 250 (androsi) – meryeobda.
ki _ qonebis Rirebulebas asebSi. TiToeuli mosaxle _ klhrou'co" iRebda mi-
wis nakveTs, rac mas rogorc Zevgits amtki-
kleomenesi _ spartis mefe. mefobda daaxl. cebda. rogorc aTenis moqalaqeebs kleru-
Zv. w. 520-490 ww-Si, anaqsandridas II vaJi. igi qosebs ekisrebodaT samxedro msaxurebis
saxifaTo sagareo politikas atarebda da pasuxismgebloba. isini ixdidnen samxedro
calkeul SemTxvevebSi miznis misaRwevad sa- gadasaxads (eisforas) da monawileobdnen
Sualebebsac ar ganarCevda. misi politika aTenis religiur kultmsaxurebaSi. Tumca,
argosis ganadgurebisa da spartis gavlenis manZili aTenamde maT aiZulebda SeeqmnaT
gaZlierebisaken iyo mimarTuli. pelopone- aTenuri modelis Sesabamisi adgilobrivi
sis liga swored misi mefobis dros Seiqmna, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi. sul mcire,
TumcaRa ara mTlianad im saxiT, rogoriTac Zv. w. IV s-Si kleruqiebs aTenidan gamogzav-
es kleomeness surda. igi orjer spartisT- nili moxeleebi uwevdnen zedamxedvelobas.
vis warmatebulad Caeria aTenis saqmeebSi,
erTxel, Zv. w. 510 w-s, rodesac hipiasis ti-
klefsidra (kleyuvdra) _ wylis saaaTi, rom-
rania gadaagdes, meored Zv. w. 508 w-s, rode-
liTac sasamarTlo ganxilvaze gamomsvlel-
sac man mxari dauWira isagorass da gaaZeva
Ta sityvebi izomeboda. igi Sedgeboda wylis
klisTenesi. Tumca Zv. w. 506 w-s man ver Se-
jamisgan, romelsac ZirTan patara naxvreti
Zlo, isagorasis xelisufleba aRedgina.
hqonda gakeTebuli. naxvreti survilisame-
Zv. w. 494 w-s kleomenesma tirinTosis axlos
br SeiZleboda gaRebuliyo an daxuruliyo:
sepeasTan daamarcxa argosi. gamarjvebis
Cveulebriv ori aseTi jami iyo gamoyenebu-
Semdeg kleomenesi arazneobrivad moiqca,
li ise, rom erTisagan momdinare wyali me-
rodesac wminda samarxSi dawva ramdenime
oreSi Caedineboda da, piriqiT, raTa drois
aTasi argoseli, ris gamoc igi sasamarT-
svla gaezomaT. nebismieri tipis saqmis Sem-
los winaSe warsdga. igi gaamarTles.
TxvevaSi TiToeul gamomsvlels savse ja-
kleomenesi ar Caeria arc samosis ambebSi
mebis dadgenili ricxvi eZleoda, Tumca
(daaxl. Zv. w. 515 w.) da arc ioniur ajanye-
kanonebis wakiTxvasa da mowmeTa Cvenebebis
bas ar dauWira mxari (Zv. w. 499 w.). man daar-
periodSi wylis mdinareba wydeboda.
wmuna delfos samisno, demaratosi kanonis
gareSed gamoecxadebina, Semdeg ukanaskneli
taxtidan Camoagdo. magram misi intriga ga- klientebi (clientes) – Tavdapirvelad es iyv-
moaSkaravda da igi gaiqca, raTa arkadi- nen Tavisufali plebeebi, romelTac rome-
elebi aejanyebina. mas ukan gamouxmes spar- lime patricieli gvari (gens) aZlevda miwis
taSi, sadac man sastiki aRsasruli hpova. nakveTs droebiT sargeblobaSi (praecarium).
herodotes gadmocemiT, kleomenesma Tavi samagierod, isini am gvaris mfarvelobis
moikla. qveS gadadiodnen. am urTierTobas samarT-
lebrivad awesrigebda ius applicationis, rome-
kleruqia (klhrouciva) _ berZnuli koloniis lic emyareboda urTierTndobas (fides) da
gansakuTrebuli saxeoba, romelSic dasaxe- gansazRvravda valdebulebebs orive mxa-
lebuli pirebi Tavdapirvel moqalaqeobas risaTvis. klientebi gvaris winaSe iRebdnen
inarCunebdnen da ar qmnidnen damoukidebel SromiT, samxedro valdebulebebs, maT unda
erTobas. am terminiT aRiniSneba garkveuli ezrunaT gasaWirSi Cavardil patronsa da
aTenuri dasaxlebebi, romlebic dapyrobil mis ojaxze, gamoesyidaT igi tyveobidan da
teritoriebze (berZnulze da barbarosul- a. S. patrons, Tavis mxriv, unda daecva kli-
187
enti da misi warmomadgeneli yofiliyo sava, Tumca maT politikuri mniSvneloba ga-
samarTloSi (amasTan maT ar SeeZloT erT- moacala. amieridan TiToeuli moqalaqe 139
maneTis winaaRmdeg mowmed gamosvla da adgilobrivi erTeulidan erT-erTis wevri
braldebebis wayeneba). servius tuliusma unda yofiliyo. am erTeulebs demosebi ewo-
klientebs mianiWa moqalaqeoba, Tumca isini deboda da isini imgvarad iyo dajgufebuli,
didxans rCebodnen TavianT patronebTan mi- rom 30 axali tritia_ `mesamedebi~ da 10 axa
jaWvul mdgomareobaSi, warmoadgendnen pa- li file SeeqmnaT. swored am erTeulebze
tronis saxlis kars. diliT adre midiodnen unda yofiliyo dafuZnebuli atikis moqa-
patronTan misasalmeblad, Tan axldnen mas laqeoba, politikuri da samxedro mowyoba
forumze, marsis moedanze, raSic patronisa- (mag., soloniseuli 400-is bule gaxda 500-
gan iRebdnen fuls da sakvebs. es urTierTo- Ta bule, romelSiac TiToeuli filedan 50
ba imperiis epoqaSic grZeldeboda. cnobil wevri Sedioda, xolo calkeuli demosi saa-
romael sardlebs klientebad hyavdaT Ta- rCevno olqad warmogvidgeboda). reformis
vis mier dapyrobili xalxebi. gviani respu- mTavari mizani gavlenis Zveli sferoebi-
blikis xanaSi klientebi, romlebic ZiriTa- saTvis Ziris gamoTxra iyo (da, albaT, isic,
dad qalaqis Rarib mosaxleobas warmoad- rom alkmeonidebs axal sistemaSi privi-
gendnen, damokidebulni iyvnen mdidrebze legirebuli mdgomareoba moepovebinaT).
da materialuri daxmarebis sanacvlod rigiTi moqalaqisaTvis am sistemis momxi-
maT uWerdnen mxars. cnobilia, rom keisari blaoba, savaraudod, adgilobriv doneze
iuliusi da pompeusi politikur momxreebs politikuri struqturiT uzrunvelyofa
TavianTi uricxvi klientebisagan iZendnen. gaxldaT. am aparatis moqmedeba moqalaqee-
bs demokratiisaTvis wvrTnida. ostrakis-
klisTenesi _ aTeneli politikosi. alkme- mosis instituti klisTenesma SemoiRo.
onidTa ojaxidan. klisTenesi iyo megakle- Zv. w. V s-Si klisTeness demokratiis Semo
sisa da klisTenes sikionelis qaliSvilis mRebad miiCnevdnen, Tumca saukunis bolos
_ agaristes vaJiSvili. hipiasis mmarTv- gaCaRebul politikur kamaTSi demokrate-
elobis dros, Zv. w. 525-4 ww-Si, klisTenesi bi demokratiis SemoRebas solons ukavSi
arqoni iyo. hipiasis mmarTvelobis bolo rebdnen.
wlebSi alkmeonidebi gadasaxlebaSi wavid-
nen. delfos samisnos meSveobiT maT spar- kognatebi (cognati) – sisxliT naTesavi ro-
taze moaxdines zewola, ris Semdegac spar- gorc pirdapiri xaziT (erTi piris momdi-
telebi aTenSi SeiWrnen da tirania daamxes. nareoba meorisagan – ascendentes (winaprebi
xelisuflebis gareSe darCenil qveyanaSi aRmavali xaziT anu mama, deda, babua dedis
pirvelobisaTvis brZola klisTenesma da an mamis mxridan, bebia, didi babua, didi
isagorasma daiwyes. Zv. w. 508/7 w-s arqono- babuis mama) da descendentes (STamomavlebi
ba isagorasma moipova. maSin reformebis daRmavali xaziT – Svilebi, vaJi, qaliSvili,
programis mxardaWerisaTvis klisTenes- SviliSvili, SvilTaSvili, imis Svili da a.
ma xalxs mimarTa. isagorasma ki spartis S.) aseve gverdiTi (or pirs hyavs saerTo
mefe kleomeness uxmo. kleomenesi mcire winapari). XII dafis kanonebi mkacrad ga-
ricxovani ZalebiT aTenSi mivida, aTene nasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan kognatebs da
lebs alkmeonidTa sagvareulo wyevla agnatebs (kognatebSi igulisxmeboda mxo
gaaxsena da klisTeness da misianebs wasvla lod sisxliT naTesaoba) mag., qaliSvili,
aiZula. magram xalxma kleomeness medgari romelic gaTxovda da sxva ojaxis meurveo-
winaaRmdegoba gauwia, ris Semdegac igi Ta- bis qveS gadavida, Zveli kanonebis Tanaxmad,
vad gaxda iZulebuli gacloda iqaurobas yofil ojaxSi memkvidreobis uflebiT aRar
da Tan isagorasic waeyvana. klisTenesi dab- sargeblobs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, respub-
runda aTenSi da Tavisi reformebi warmate- likis xanis bolosaken daiwyo maTi ufle-
biT gaatara. bebis gafarToeba da pretoruli samarTali
klisTenesis mTavari miRweva arsebuli icavda kognatebis uflebebs (ius cognationis)
struqturis axleburad organizacia iyo. man maTi naTesaobis xarisxidan gamomdinare
oTxi file da sxva Zveli erTeulebi dato- (gradus cognationis).
188
kognitori (cognitor) _ warmomadgeneli sa- Rvanela, moemzadebina kanonproeqtebi da
samarTloSi, romelsac samarTlebrivi da gamoetana gansaxilvelad, Tumca mis Tanam-
sakuTrebis uflebis mqone pirovneba (domi- debobriv moqmedebaSi SeeZlo konsuls Ca-
nus litis) warudgenda mowinaaRmdege mxares in reva (interkesia _ intercessio). 2) kolegiis
iure (legisaqciuri da formularuli proce- (collegium) wevri. kolegiis Sekrebebze xmaTa
sis pirveli nawili sasamarTlo magistra- umravlesobiT xdeboda gadawyvetilebis
tis winaSe, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, miReba. 3) TanammarTveli pirovneba. mag.,
miiRos Tu ara sarCeli), ris Sedegadac imperatori Tavis kolegad irCevda xolme
kognitori sakuTar Tavze iRebs procesis sakuTar vaJs, romelsac memkvidreobiT ga-
warmarTvas da, Sesabamisad, mis Sedegsac _ dascemda Semdeg xelisuflebas.
ganaCens. kognitoris rolSi gamosvla ar
SeeZlo jariskacs, qalebs da infamiss. kolegia (collegium) _ 1) magistratebis mier
Tanamdebobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas
kolakretesi (kwlakrevth") _ aTeneli magi- aucilebeli moTaTbireba (collegia magistra-
stratis saxelwodeba, romelsac saxelm- tum). 2) qurumTa kolegiis Sekreba (collegium
wifo xazinaze ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba. augurum) – Sedgeboda Tavidan sami wevrisagan,
ucnobia, Tu rodis iqna es Tanamdeboba Se- Semdeg maTi ricxvi gaizarda da sulas peri-
moRebuli, Tumca kolakretesebi, sul mcire, odSi 15-s miaRwia. maT kompetenciaSi Sedioda
solonis epoqaSi ukve arsebobdnen. wyaroe- winaswarmetyveleba da RvTis mier mocemuli
bidan cnobilia, rom peloponesis omis pe- niSnebis gansazRvra (auspicia) ama Tu im prob-
riodSi isini isev zedamxedvelobdnen sax- lemis gadaWrisas. ramdenadac avgurebis mier
elmwifo Tanxebs da uxdidnen msajulebs arasasurveli niSnebis gansazRvriT xdeboda
gasamrjelos (ix. dikasterioni). kolakre- mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxze da mis gadaW-
tesebi aRar moixseniebian Zv. w. 411 w-s Sem- raze uaris Tqma, isini didi avtoritetiT
deg da, SesaZlebelia, rom es Tanamdeboba sargeblobdnen. auspiciis daniSvnis uflebas
am w-s iqna gauqmebuli. maTi funqciebi hele- (ius auspiciorum) xSirad borotad iyenebdnen
notamiasebma itvirTes. maRali rangis magistratebi aristokratiis
interesebis dasacavad. collegium sacerdotum
kolega (collega) – 1) saxelmwifo samsaxurSi Sedgeboda qurumebisagan da mas uvadod
TiToeul Tanamdebobaze (garda diqtato- irCevdnen. kolegiis wevrebis raodenobis
risa) ramdenime pirs irCevdnen. kolegialo- gazrda SeeZlo umaRles pontifeqss (pontifex
bis instituti romauli politikuri wyobis maximus). qurumebi Tavdapirvelad mxolod
mniSvnelovan monapovars warmoadgenda da patriciebi iyvnen, mogvianebiT SeaRwia pleb-
emsaxureboda im mizans, rom ar momxdariyo sma maT rigebSi (lex Ogulnia). Collegium pontifi-
erTi pirovnebis xelSi Zalauflebis uzur- cum – kolegia, romelic Tavidan 3, Semdeg 5,
pacia. magistrats ufleba hqonda Tavisi 9 da bolos iupiteris kultis 15 qurumisagan
kolegis nebismieri oficialuri qmedeba Seggeboda. es qurumebi ar iyvnen magistrate-
gaeuqmebina an aekrZala (interkesia, vetos bi, magram flobdnen auspiciis uflebas, spe-
dadeba), magram ar hqonda ufleba ebrZane- cialur Zalauflebas, hyavdaT liqtorebi da
bina misTvis rame. kolegebSic arsebobda magistratis zogierTi funqciiTac iyvnen aR-
gavlenisa da Zalauflebis mxriv gansx- Wurvilni. 3) kolegiebs, rogorc socialuri
vaveba. mag., qalaqis pretori iyo konsulis fenebis da profesiuli interesebis mixed-
kolega (collega minor), asrulebda konsulis viT Seqmnil korporaciebs, didi xnis isto-
brZanebebs, mis aryofnaSi iTavsebda Tanam- ria aqvs. xelosanTa kolegia moixsenieba
debobas, wyvetda davas moqalaqeTa Soris. XII dafis kanonebSi. arsebobda vaWarTa (col-
isic iyo ZalauflebiT (imperiumi) aRWur- legium mercatorum), moijareTa (collegium publi-
vili, oRond SedarebiT naklebi Zalaufle- canorum), interesTa mixedviT gaerTianebuli
biT (imperium minus). mis winac midiodnen (collegium veteranorum), dabali rangis saxelm-
liqtorebi, Tumca naklebi raodenobiT, ma- wifo CinovnikTa (liqtorebi, gadamwerebi
sac hqonda ufleba moewvia saxalxo kreba da a. S.) _ (collegium apparitorum), sakulto (col-
an Seekriba senati da sxdomisaTvis exelmZ- legium cultorum), damkrZalavi (collegium funer-
189
aticia), kolegiebi. korporaciebs erTnairi comes rei militaris – sapatio tituli, romelsac
struqtura hqonda. korporacias saTaveSi princepsi gansakuTrebuli Rvawlisa da
edga xelmZRvaneli (curator, magister, syndicus). samxedro damsaxurebebisaTvis aniWebdnen
korporaciis qoneba gamijnuli iyo korpo- pirovnebas.
raciis wevrTa qonebisagan res communis sa
xiT (qoneba, romelic saerTo kuTvnilebaa). komicia (comitia) – saxalxo kreba romSi. sena-
Zv. w. I saukuneSi kolegiebi monawileobas ti ar iyo uflebamosili mieRo erTpirovnu-
iRebdnen qalaqis plebsis socialur gamosv- li gadawyvetileba romaeli xalxis Tanxmo-
lebSi, ris gamoc senatis da keisris mxridan bis gareSe. senatis nebismieri dadgenilebis
idevnebodnen. Zalian bevri kolegia gauqmda, forma iyo Senatus populisque Romanus (senati
darCenilebi saxelmwifos mkacri kontro- da xalxi romisa). xalxis interess gamoxat-
lis qveS ganagrZobdnen arsebobas rogorc avda sakanonmdeblo organo komicia. komi-
romSi, ise provinciebSi. kolegiebis Tavda- cia ganixilavda da amtkicebda senatis mier
pirveli Tavisufleba SeizRuda Zv. w. 186 w-s miRebul kanonproeqtebs da gadawyvetile-
senatis gadawyvetilebiT (Sc. de Bacchanalibus). bebs. komiciis damtkicebis gareSe kanoni Za-
sikvdiliT dasjiT emuqrebodnen imaT, vinc laSi ver Sevidoda. komiciis uflebebSi Se-
bakqusis kults aRiarebda. Zv. w. 64 w-s kanon- dioda omis gamocxadeba, dazaveba, magistra
gareSe aRmoCnda TiTqmis yvela kolegia (Sc. tebis (konsulebi, pretorebi, cenzorebi)
collegiis), Tumca senatis mier CamorTmeuli arCeva. saxalxo krebas hqonda mowvevis xa-
uflebebi lex Clodia-s (58 Zv.w.) mixedviT aRud- siaTi, mas sxvadasxva sakiTxebis gansaxilve-
ga kolegiebs, gauqmda lex Iulia 20, romlis lad da dasamtkiceblad iwvevdnen. krebas
mixedviTac kolegiebis daarseba mxolod xelmZRvanelobda patrici magistrati (ius
senatis nebarTviT iyo SesaZlebeli. domina- agendi cum populo – magistratis ufleba moi-
tis xanaSi profesiul korporaciebSi (gan- wvios da uxelmZRvanelos krebas, Seitanos
sakuTrebiT iseTebSi, romlebic produqts winadadebebi komiciasa da senatSi. ius agendi
awarmoebdnen) gaerTianebas iZulebiTi xasi- cum patribus – principatis xanaSi am uflebas
aTic hqonda. Svilebi valdebuli iyvnen mamis imperatori flobda). msgavsi iniciativis
saqmianoba memkvidreobiT gaegrZelebinaT. uflebiT aRWurvilni iyvnen saxalxo tri-
bunebi plebsis krebaze (ius agendi cum plebe)
kolonebi (coloni) – I saukunidan miwis Ta- da Semdeg senatSic (ius agendi cum senatu) an
visufali moijareni, romlebic miwis ga- pontifeqs maqsimusi. gadawyvetileba miiRe-
dasaxads fulis an sasoflo-sameurneo boda xmaTa umravlesobiT, damtkicebis Sem-
produqtis saxiT ixdidnen. TxvevaSi (naxevarze meti xma) gadawyvetile-
ba kanonis saxes iRebda. arsebobda saxalxo
komesi (comes) – respublikis xanaSi magi- krebis sxvadasxva tipi:
stratis amalis wevri. masSi Sediodnen 1) Comitia curiata – kuriis kreba. igi war-
megobrebi da magistratis daqvemdebarebaSi moadgenda saxalxo krebis uZveles formas
myofi personali, ZiriTadad aparitore- romSi. arsebobda 30 kuria ( mTeli romaeli
bi (apparitores). dominatis xanaSi komesi as- xalxi iyofoda 300 gvarad anu 30 kuriad,
rulebda yofili kuratoris movaleobas. anu 3 tribad, rac Seadgenda mTel romael
mag., wyalgayvanilobas kurirebda comes for- xalxs – populus Romanus quirites). saxalxo
maronum, navsadgurebs – comes portus da a.S. krebaze TiToeul kurias hqonda TiTo xma.
centraluri marTvis xuTi maRali rangis sakiTxi xmaTa umravlesobiT wydeboda (16
Cinovnikis ricxvSi Sedioda: comes sacrorum wevrs unda mieca dadebiTi xma). es komiciebi
largitionum – finansTa ministri da comes rei irCevdnen mefeebs, aniWebdnen maT imperiums,
privatae, romelic kurirebda keisris pirad gamohqondaT ganaCeni provokaciis SemTx-
saqmeebs. ufro dabal rangs ganekuTvnebod- vevaSi. kuriis kreba ganixilavda ojaxur
nen is komesebi, romlebic pasuxismgeblebi urTierTobebsac (anderZi, adofcia, ad-
iyvnen keisris pirad qonebaze, sasaxleze, rogacia da a.S.). amdenad, es iyo umaRlesi
garderobsa da sajiniboze. sakanonmdeblo organo. servius tuliusis
comes Orientis – romis imperiis ukiduresi reformebTan erTad kuriis kreba CamoT-
aRmosavleTi provinciebis mmarTveli. vlil funqciaTagan bevrs daemSvidoba da
190
darCa a)ufleba ganexila da gadaewyvita asakiT ufrosi moqalaqeebis xmas (seniore-
ojaxuri urTierTobebi; b) Zalauflebis bi), ramdenadac maTi centuriebi gacilebiT
miniWebis ufleba lex curiata de imperio-s mixed- mcirericxovanni iyo axalgazrda moqalaqe-
viT; g) centuriis komiciebSi miRebuli da Ta centuriebze (iuniores). centuriis komicia
dgenilebebis damtkiceba. respublikis epo- uflebamosili iyo ganexila sisxlis samar-
qis bolos 30 kuria Caanacvla 30 liqtorma. Tlis yvela saqme lex Valeria-s (509 Zv. w.) da
Tu kuriis komicia e.w. comitia calata (mowo- XII dafis kanonTa mixedviT. komiciis verc
debuli) formiT tardeboda, mas Tavmjdo- erTi dadgenileba senatis Tanxmobis gare
mareobda pontifeqs maqsimus an mefe (rex sa- Se ZalaSi ver Sevidoda, magram es Tanxmoba
crorum). es komiciebi monawileobas iRebdnen ZiriTadad formalur xasiaTs atarebda.
religiuri wes-Cveulebebis aRsrulebaSi an centuriis komiciis mowvevas xelmZRvane
im samarTlebriv moqmedebebSi, romlebSic lobda magistrati, romelic flobda Tanam-
mkafiod iyo gamoxatuli religiuri ele debobriv Zalauflebas (imperium). marsis
menti. moedanze Sekrebili komicia iRebda axal
2) Comitia centuriata – centuriis kreba – sa kanonebs (leges centuriatae), irCevda magis-
xalxo krebis es forma saTaves iRebs servi- tratebs (magistratus maiores), wyvetda omis
us tuliusis reformidan, romlis mizansac sakiTxebs da aniWebda romis moqalaqeo-
patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris winaaRmde- bas, ganixilavda moqalaqis sarCels magi-
gobis Serbileba warmoadgenda. romis mo- stratis gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT
saxleoba daiyo klasebad qonebrivi cenzis (sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis SemTxvevaSi)
mixedviT. zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, rom (provokacia – provocatio ad populum). Tavidan
klasebad da tribebad dayofa ufro adre kenWisyra tardeboda zepirad, mogvianebiT
moxda da amas etruskuli gavleniT xsnis. SemoiRes dafebi. am dafebze werdnen A (ab-
etruskulad miaCniaT am tribebis saxelic solvo _ vamarTleb) an C (condemno _ vamtyun-
_ ramnebi, titebi da lukerebi. TiToeul eb) an N.L (non liquet – ar aris naTeli). amis
klass hqonda valdebuleba gamoeyvana Semdeg xmis damTvlelebi iTvlidnen xmebs.
gansazRvruli raodenobis centuria – saja- 3) Comitia tributa – tribis kreba. servius tu
riso aseuli anu Comitia centuriata ewodebo- liusis reformebis Sedegad romSi Semo
da saxalxo krebas romis im moqalaqeebisa, iRes teritoriuli dayofa. romis mTeli
romelTac hqondaT jarSi samsaxuris ufle- teritoria daiyo tribebad. es niSnavs, mo-
ba. romauli samxedro wyobis timokratiul- saxleobis dayofas ara eTnikuri an qone-
aristokratiuli principi centuriis komi- brivi, aramed mxolod teritoriuli niSniT
ciaSic mTlianad iyo daculi. absolutur (saxelmwifos erT-erTi niSani). tribebis
upiratesobas flobdnen pirveli ori qone- SemoRebasTan erTad (tribebis raodeno-
brivi klasis warmomadgenlebi. mxedrebi ba 35-s aRwevda), Cndeba tribebis krebebi
Seadgendnen 18 centurias; I qonebrivi klasi (Zv. w. 449 w.). tribis krebas iwvevda maRa-
_ 80, Semdegi 3 klasi _ 20-20-s, V klasi – 30, li rangis magistrati (magistratus maiores).
proletarebi _ 5 centurias. Sesabamisad, krebis funqcia iyo: 1) aerCiaT dabali ran-
sul iyo 193 centuria, aqedan mxedrebsa da I gis magistratebi. amitom am krebas comitia
klasze modioda 98 centuria, naxevarze meti, leviora (kreba, romelzec SedarebiT msubuq
amdenad, gadamwyveti umravlesoba. pirveli sakiTxebs amuSavebdnen) ewodeboda. 2) gane
xmas aZlevda yovelTvis centuria praerogativa xilaT sasamarTlo davebi (asaCivrebdnen
(pirvelad xmis micemis uflebis privilegi- jarimebs (lex Cornelia 30)), religiuri xa-
is mqone) – mxedrebi da I klasis centurie- siaTis sakiTxebi. mag., qurumebis arCeva. am
bi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini erTsulovanni kenWisyraSi monawileobas iRebda mxolod
iqnebodnen gadawyvetilebaSi, sxvebs aRa- 17 triba (comitia religiosa) da am krebas erT-
rc ekiTxebodnen azrs. centuriis komiciis erTi pontifeqsi iwvevda. gviani respubli-
uflebebSi Sedioda omis dawyebamde sab- kis xanaSi komiciebi ukve rogorc fiqcia
oloo gadawyvetilebis miReba, konsulebis, agrZelebs arsebobas. xmis micemis uflebiT
pretorebis, cenzorebis arCeva da cenzorTa ZiriTadad sargeblobda qalaqis prole-
cenzis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis ratifici- tariati, romelic warmoadgenda saTamaSos
reba. centuriis komiciaze didi wona hqonda gavleniani pirovnebebis xelSi, realu-
191
rad komiciebze gadasawyvetad gamotanili qurumTa ojaxebSi sruldeboda, radgan
sakiTxi kulisebs miRma kargad damuSave- mxolod aseTi qorwinebidan dabadebul
buli iyo winaswar. principatis xanaSi mar- adamians, an aseT qorwinebaSi myofs SeeZlo
Talia garkveuli periodi komiciebi inar- qurumis maRali Tanamdebobis dakaveba. uzu-
Cunebdnen formalur mniSvnelobas, magram si (usus – floba) conventio in manum-is for-
sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqcia gadavida ma, romelic im SemTxvevebs ukavSirdeboda,
imperatorisa da senatis xelSi. komiciebze rodesac qali da kaci erTad cxovroben
miRebuli ukanaskneli kanoni 96-98 ww-iT, rogorc col-qmari erTi wlis ganmavloba-
xolo magistratTa arCevnebi komiciebze – Si. maSin kaci iRebs masze manuss da qali ga-
III saukuniT TariRdeba. dadis mis ojaxSi. aseTi tipis urTierToba
communicatio sacrorum-is xasiaTs ar atarebda
kongiariumi (Congiarium (congius – sarwya (damaxasiaTebeli iyo mxolod konfareaci-
vi sazomi 3, 283 litri)) – qalaqis Rarib isaTvis). uzusi SeiZleba gauqmdes trinoq-
mosaxleobas urigdeboda Rvino da zeTi, tiumis SemTxvevaSi (trinoctium – Tu qali mi-
mogvianebiT fuladi an sxva saxis saCuqrebi yolebiT sami Rame miatovebs qmris ojaxs).
dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebiT.
konkubinati (concubinatus) – qalisa da mamaka
Conventio in manum – SeTanxmeba, romelic cis cxovreba qorwinebis gareSe, romlis
uZvelesi droidan Tan axlda, rogorc wesi, drosac gamoricxulia affectio maritalis (neba
matrimoniums (qorwineba, romi), meuRlis gada survili meuRleebisa samudamod erTad
dasvla qmris ojaxSi, qmris manus-Si (xeli). icxovron) da honor matrimonii (pativiscema
Sesabamisad, coli xdeba uxor (coli) in manu qorwinebis partnioris mimarT). es urTi
(materfamilias) qmarTan mimarTebaSi. conven- erToba ara ojaxis Seqmnas, aramed seqsua-
tio in manum-s 3 forma hqonda: 1) coemptio; 2) luri ltolvis dakmayofilebas emsaxure-
confarreatio; 3) usus. koemfcia (coemptio) – Se- boda. avgustusis qorwinebasTan dakavSire-
syidva, gviandeli da Semdeg ukve gavrcele- bulma mkacrma kanonebma (lex Iulia 25, 45)
buli forma conventio in manum-is, romelic xeli Seuwyves am tipis urTierTobebis dam-
yvela moqalaqisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdo- kvidreba-ganviTarebas maRal sazogadoeba-
mi da mancipaciis saxeobas warmoadgenda. Sic ki. miuxedavad amisa, konkubinats samar-
es iyo imitacia colis yidvisa, rac Zvel Tlebrivi devna ar mohyveboda. konkubina
droSi gavrcelebul tradicias ukavSirde (concubina – sayvareli qali) Tavisi partni
boda. gviani respublikis xanaSi koemfcia oris sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas ar izi-
rwmunebuli piris monawileobiT aqtiurad arebda. kacs konkubinasTan erTad SeiZleba
gamoiyeneba qalis emansipaciis ama Tu im hyoloda kanonieri colic. rac Seexeba
formisaTvis. mag., arasasurveli meurvisa- colis konkubinats – es saqcieli Sefasebu-
gan gaTavisuflebaSi. rwmunebuli aTavisu- li iyo rogorc Ralati (adulteri, romi).
flebs qals meurvisagan da TviTon xdeba principatis xanaSi konkubinati Zalian xSi-
misi (formaluri) meurve. koemfcias mimar- ri iyo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebeli
Tavdnen imisaTvis, rom qals moepovebina iyo qorwinebaSi Sesvla (qorwineba, romi).
anderZis Sedgenis ufleba (coemptio testament yvelaze xSirad amis mizezi partniorebis
faciendi gratia), arsebuli saojaxo kultis gansxvavebuli socialuri mdgomareoba iyo.
likvidaciisaTvis (coemptio intermendorum sa-
crorum causa), arasasurveli qorwinebisagan konsiliumi (consilium) – saTaTbiro organo.
(moxucebulTan qorwineba) Tavis dasaRwe mefeebis xanaSi romis senati saTaTbiro or-
vad (senex coemptionalis). konfareacia (confar- gano iyo (consilium regis), Tumca respubli-
reatio (far – xorblis saxeoba)) conventio in ma- kis epoqaSi man ara marto damoukidebeli
num-is es forma mxolod patriciebisaTvis mniSvneloba SeiZina, aramed iqca saxelmwi-
iyo xelmisawvdomi: religiuri saqorwino fos warmmarTvel organod. umaRles magis-
rituali, romelic ukavSirdeboda iupi- tratebs sakuTari mrCevlebisagan Semdgari
terisaTvis puris msxverplad Sewirvas (pa- saTaTbiro hyavdaT (consilium magistratuum),
nis farrens). ritualSi monawileobas iRebda romelic dakompleqtebuli iyo cnobili
10 mowme. mogvianebiT es rituali mxolod iuristebiT, specialistebiT, Tumca maTi azri
192
magistrats gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ar moqalaqeobas pirovnebaTa gansazRvrul
zRudavda. gansxvavebuli iyo am mxriv sisx- jgufebs, rogorc wesi, laTinebs, romlebic
lis samarTlis saqmeebis ganxilvisas nafic aSenebdnen romSi saxlebs an araumcires
msajulTa saTaTbiro (consilium quaestionis), sami wlisa misdevdnen mepureobas. magali-
romelic TviTon iRebda gadawyvetilebas TisaTvis, karakalas ediqti (Zv. w. 212 w.),
pirovnebis danaSaulisa Tu udanaSaulobis romelmac romis imperiis mTel Tavisufal
Sesaxeb. magistrati mxolod axmovanebda mosaxleobas mianiWa romis moqalaqeoba.
maT gadawyvetilebas. sisxlis samarTlis sa marTalia, am droisaTvis romis moqalaqeo-
qmeebSi nafic msajulTa monawileoba Zv. w. II bas aRar hqonda politikuri mniSvneloba,
saukunidan iwyeba (mudmivi sasamarTloebi - magram es dadgenileba xels uwyobda ro-
quaestiones perpetuae). Tavdapirvelad es iyvnen mis imperiis romanizacias. romis imperiis
senatorebi, mogvianebiT mxedrebi. maTi ra- axali moqalaqeebisaTvis romis samarTlis
odenoba 30-40 kacamde meryeobda. maT kom- yvela instituti da forma xelmisawvdo
petencias Tavdapirvelad Tanamdebobrivi mi gaxda. aRsaniSnavia Constitutiones princi-
danaSaulebis ganxilva warmoadgenda, Tum- pum – sxvadasxva xasiaTis da mniSvnelobis
ca maTi moRvaweobis sfero nel-nela far- samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic vrcelde-
Tovdeba (gansakuTrebiT sulas periodSi). boda an mTel mosaxleobaze, an adamianTa
mxareebis mosmenis Semdeg msajulebi gadiod- garkveul kategoriaze, zogjer ki mxolod
nen gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. xmas aZlevd- konkretul pirovnebebze.
nen dafebze. dafa aso A-Ti (absolvo) – vamar-
Tleb, C-Ti (condemno) _ vamtyuneb. avgustusi, konsularebi (consulares) – yofili diqta-
romelic formalurad agrZelebda respub- torebi, cenzorebi, konsulebi.
likur tradiciebs, iwvevda xolme konsili-
ums (consilium principis). am konsiliumma gan- konsuli (consul) – respublikis xanis dadgo-
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina adrianes masTan erTad gandevnili mefeebis adgils
periodSi. saTaTbiroSi mudmiv mrCevlebad (Zv. w. 510 w.) ikavebs 2 konsuli. maT Tavdapir-
monawileobdnen iuristebi, maRali Tanam- velad pretorebi (praetores) ewodebodaT, de-
debobis pirebi mxedarTa wodebidan, sena- cemviratis (decemviri _ decemviri) dafuZnebis
torebi. dominatis epoqaSi msgavsi funqciiT Semdeg _ konsulebi. konsulebs irCevdnen
iyo aRWurvili konsistoriumi (consistorium). (creare) 1 wlis vadiT centuriis komiciebSi,
amasTan Zv. w. 366 w-mde mxolod patriciaTa
konsistoriumi (consistorium) – konsistori- fenidan. Zv. w. 367 w-s lex Licinia 11-is mixedviT,
umi (consistorium sacrum) warmoadgenda im- erTi konsuli aucileblad plebeebisgan
peratoris saidumlo saTaTbiros. TaTbirs unda yofiliyo arCeuli. sakuTar saqmiano-
xelmZRvanelobda imperatori. ganixilebo- bas konsulebi iwyebdnen 1 ianvars. maT emor-
da sasamarTlo da administraciuli tipis Cileboda yvela magistrati, garda saxalxo
saqmeebi. saTaTbiros wevrebi (comites consis- tribunisa (tribunus plebis), magram maTi moR-
teriani) imperatoris piradi mrCevlebi iyvnen. vaweoba wydeboda diqtatoris arCevis Sem-
maTgan yvelaze gamorCeulebi saTaTbiros TxvevaSi. konsulis gadawyvetileba, lex de
birTvs warmoadgendnen – arcane consistorii. provocatione-s mixedviT (provokacia _ provo-
avgustusma konsistoriumis wevrebad sena- catio ad populum) SeiZleba gasaCivrebuli yo-
tisagan gamoiTxova 15 senatori, romelTac filiyo. TavianTi moRvaweobis dasasrulis
kenWisyriT irCevdnen 6 Tvis vadiT. mogvi- Semdeg, konsulebs SeiZleba pasuxi egoT
anebiT senatorTa raodenoba 20-mde adis, Tanamdebobaze yofnis dros Cadenili moq-
xolo moRvaweobis vada 1 wlamde izrdeba. medebebis Tu gadawyvetilebebis gamo. qalaq-
Tavdapirvelad konsistoriumi ewodeboda Si konsuls ar hqonda imperiumi, romelsac
im darbazs, sadac imarTeboda TaTbiri. mas aniWebda centuriis komiciebi mxolod
maSin, rodesac saomrad midiodnen. am impe-
konstitucia (constitutio) – dadgenileba, riumis saSualebiT isini flobdnen sikvdil-
kanoni. rogorc Cans, ukve respublikis xa- sicocxlis uflebas (vitae necisque). romSi
naSi arsebobda konstituciebi. zogierTi konsuls hqonda ufleba moewvia senati da
saimperatoro konstitucia aniWebda romis saxalxo kreba, exelmZRvanela maTTvis (ius
193
cum populo et patribus agenda). Lex Valeria Hora provinciebs konsulebi iyofdnen survilis
tia-s droidan (Zv. w. 449 w.) konsuls eniWeba mixedviT, sadac maTi interesebi ikveTeboda,
ufleba moiwvios tribis komiciac, radgan am iq mimarTavdnen kenWisyras (sortiri provincias).
kanonis mixedviT patriciebic iZulebulni xSirad senati cdilobda Tavisi daqvemde-
iyvnen daecvaT Tavisi interesebi xmis mice- barebisTvis daemorCilebina provinciebi.
miT. Zv. w. 366 w-s umaRlesi sasamarTlo Za- romis imperiis sazRvrebis gazrdasTan er-
laufleba, romelsac konsulebi flobdnen, Tad ori konsuli aRar iyo sakmarisi yvela
CamoerTvaT maT da gadaecaT axal magis- omis sawarmoeblad, maSin gazardes pretor-
tratebs – pretorebs, iseve rogorc Zv. w. Ta raodenoba da provinciebi daiyo consula-
443 w-s gansakuTrebuli cenzuris Camoyali- res da praetoriae (provincia), magram maTi dani
bebis pirobebSi (cenzori), konsulebi aRar Svna yovel jerze senatze iyo damokidebuli
adgendnen cenzs da aRar uwevdnen meTvaly- da radganac senati xSir SemTxvevaSi saku-
ureobas finansebs. gansakuTrebiT sapatio Tari interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedeb-
funqciebis Sesrulebisas (diqtatoris dan- da, sempronius grakqusma Semoitana kanoni
iSvna, taZris ganwmenda) Tu konsulebi ver (lex Sempronia de provinciis consilaribus), rom-
morigdebodnen, kolegebs Soris sakiTxs lis mixedviTac, provinciebi iqamde unda
wyvetda kenWisyra. qveyanaSi eqstremaluri gadaenawilebinaT (consulares, praetoriae), vi-
viTarebisas konsulebi senatisagan iRebdnen dre airCevdnen konsulebs. respublikis bo-
davalebas daeniSnaT diqtatori. mas Semdeg, los konsulebis moRvaweobis sferom didi
rac gadavarda diqtatoris instituti, sena- cvlilebebi ganicada sulas ZalisxmeviT. im
tis am dadgenilebis mixedviT, faqtobrivad, droidan konsulebi msaxurebis ganmavloba-
konsulebi xdebodnen diqtatorebi (domi Si (1 weli) rCebodnen romSi, ris gamoc Tavis
imperium atque iudicium summum). Zalian mniS- mTavar Zalas, samxedro imperiums kargavd-
vnelovani iyo is, rom konsulis Tanamdebo- nen. keisari iuliusi Zv. w. 59 w-s konsulis
ba iyo ori (par potestas), rogorc specialuri Tanamdebobaze myofi, eyrdnoboda ara kon-
winaRoba imisa, rom erTi pirovnebis xelSi sulobis, aramed triumviratis Zalauflebas.
ar moqceuliyo mTeli Zalaufleba. erT-er- pompeusi, romelic ar iyo konsuli, arCeul
Ti konsulis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi meore konsuls aRemateboda Tavisi gavleniT. keis-
konsuls saswrafod unda gaemarTa kole- ris araerTgzis konsulad arCeva da diqta-
gis (II konsulis) arCevnebi (comitia ad subro- tura mmarTvelobis formis erTi mxare iyo,
gandum an sufficiendum consulem – damatebiTi xolo meore mxares, SeniRbuls respubli-
konsulis arCevisaTvis gamarTuli komi- kuri ideebiT, warmoadgenda consul suffectus-
cia). arCeul konsuls ewodeboda consul suf- is arCeva. aRorZinda konsulobis instituti
fectus da imave Zalauflebis mflobeli iyo, kidev erTxel Zv. w. 43 w-s keisris sikvdilis
rogorc consul ordinarius. am wesis Seusrule- Semdeg, magram axalma triumviratma isev
bloba xalxs aRelvebda da Zalian iSviaTi ukana rigebSi gadaswia konsulebi. imperiis
iyo, rodesac konsuli sine collega (kolegis epoqaSi konsulis Tanamdeboba agrZelebs
gareSe) marTavda qveyanas. omSi TiToeul arsebobas, magram mas ukve formaluri mniS-
konsuls hyavda 2 legioni Tavisi mokav- vneloba aqvs mxolod, Cveulebrivi titu-
SireebiT (exercitu consularis). mTavarsardlo- lia, romelic ramdenime TviT gadaecemoda
bas orive konsuli Tanabrad inawilebda. pirovnebebs imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba
erTi dRe erTi iyo mTavarsardali, meore meti adamiani yofiliyo dajildovebuli am
dRes – meore. Tu konsuli mxolod saomari marTalia formaluri, magram mainc umaR-
moqmedebebiT iyo dakavebuli, ewodeboda lesi saxelmwifo TanamdebobiT. seriozul
consul armatus, gansxvavebiT romSi darCeni- mogebas iRebdnen viri consulares – (konsulare-
li Tavisi kolegisagan (consul togatus). sapa- bi – yofili diqtatorebi, cenzorebi, kon-
tio niSnebidan (insignia) qalaqSi konsulebs sulebi), radgan yovelwliurad 2 umdidresi
hyavdaT daniSnuli 12-12 liqtori. liqtore- provincia _ azia da afrika samarTavad or
bi win miuZRodnen im konsuls, romelic mTavar konsulars gadaecemoda.
mmarTveli iyo im momentisaTvis, meores ki
ukan mosdevdnen. uZveles droSi aseT kon- Corpus iuris civilis (CIC) – samoqalaqo kanon-
suls win mxolod erTi akensusi miuZRvoda. Ta krebuli (samarTlis kodeqsi), laTinur
194
enaze Seqmnili kanonebis Suasaukuneebis ze arsenalidan iRebdnen. maT saTaveSi edga
saxelwodeba. masSi Sedis: iustinianusis – praefectus praetorio.
kodeqsi (Codex Iustinianus); iustinianusis di- cohortes praetoriae mxedar pretorianebTan (eq-
gestebi (Digesta Iustiniani – klasikuri samar- uites praetoriani) erTad imperatoris gvardias
Tlis Txzulebebi); iustinianusis insti- qmnida.
tuciebi (Institutiones Iustiniani – iuridiuli cohortes praetoriae Tavdapirvelad princepsis
skolebis saxelmZRvanelo); iustinianusis saimedo sayrdeni iyo, Semdeg damoukide-
novelebi (Novellae Iustiniani – kanonebi); blad daiwyes politikaSi Careva;
pativmoyvare imperatori iustinianus I qalaqis kohortebi (cohortes urbanae), romSi
cdilobda aRedgina romis imperia Zveli saqalaqo policiis korpusi, 3 kohorta,
brwyinvalebiTa da erTxel da samudamod romelsac qalaqis prefeqti (praefectus urbi)
daemyarebina masSi samarTalwesrigi. samar- xelmZRvanelobda;
Tlis saqmeSi mas mSvenieri TanamSromlebi cohortes vigilium _ romSi sayarauli, xanZar-
hyavda. (ase mag., tribonianusis wyalobiT sawinaaRmdego da Ramis samsaxuri 1 000-ka-
samuSaos umokles droSi _ ax. w. 528-534 ww- ciani kohorta (or regionze TiTo kohor-
Si _ gasrulda). ta), romelsac praefectus vigilium xelmZRvane
samoqalaqo kanonTa krebuli Seicavs kla- lobda; ufro dabali rangis meTaurebi
sikurisa da klasikuris Semdgomdroin- iyvnen tribuni vigilium. 3 kohorta mudmivad
deli iuristebis samarTlis Sromebisa da romSi imyofeboda da Tavdapirvelad ro-
iustinianusis reformebis kompilacias. mis moqalaqeebis ojaxebSi, danarCenebi ki
kompilatorebi cdilobdnen, gaegrZelebi- qalaqis SemogarenSi idgnen, vidre maTT-
naT romauli tradiciebi da amasTanave praq- vis sakuTari banaki (castra praetoria) romis
tikuli miznebic gaeTvaliswinebinaT. iustin- kedlis irgvliv ar gamoyves. konstantine
ianusis kanonebis krebuli saWiro unda yo- didma es banaki, rogorc mudmivi samxedro
filiyo Tanadrouli da Semdgomdroindeli revoluciebis adgili, daangria.
sazogadoebisaTvis. amitom isini agdebdnen
dromoWmuls, amartivebdnen rTul debule- kreba (conventus) – 1) conventus collegii – kole-
bebs da amatebdnen saWiro siaxleebs. ase Se- giis Sekreba;
qmnes maT SedarebiT ioli, araformaluri 2) conventus iudicus – mTeli xalxis Sekreba
da teqnikurad sruli samarTali, romelic sasamarTlo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad;
safuZvlad daedo evropuli kontinentis 3) conventus civium Romanorum – romael moqa-
bevri qveynis iuridiul sistemas. laqeTa mudmivi organizacia provinciebSi;
kohorta (cohors SemoRobili adgili, brbo) kuluxi _ glexis venaxze dawesebuli feoda-
– Tavdapirvelad ramdenime qveiTi jaris luri gadasaxadi, ixdidnen RviniT. kuluxis
gaerTianeba erT mTlianobad. gadakveTa xdeboda venaxis farTobis, mosav-
1) kohorta, qveiTi jaris qveganayofi, le- lis an glexis SeZlebis mixedviT da meryeob-
gionis meaTedi nawili an damoukidebeli da mosavlis 1/2 –dan 1/10-mde. XIX s-dan gax-
razmi 1000 kacamde (auxilia – sabrZolo Zala); Sirda kuluxis komutaciis SemTxvevebi,
2) maRali magistratebis, gansakuTrebiT gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo glexebSi. miwis
nacvlis amala, romelSic misi megobrebi feodaluri sakuTrebis moSlasTan erTad
(cohors amicorum, cohors comitum) da misi xel kuluxma arseboba Sewyvita.
qveiTebi (apparitores) Sediodnen;
Cohortes praetoriae – pretorianebi, imperato- kuratori (curator) – saxelmwifo adminis-
ris dacva, 500-kaciani 9 rCeuli kohorta, trirebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekavaT
romelsac privilegirebuli mdgomareoba kuratorebs. mag., curator annonae (kurirebda
eWira (maRali xelfasi, umaRlesi rangi, mxo romis sanovagiT, gansakuTrebiT xorbliT
lod 16 wliani samxedro samsaxuri, maSin momaragebas), curator ludorum (policia, mogvi-
roca legionerebi 20 wels msaxurobdnen); anebiT sazogadoebrivi TamaSebis organi-
cohortes praetoriae aseve cohortes togatae-s uwo- zebiT iyo dakavebuli), curator urbis (sazoga-
debdnen, radgan samsaxuris gareT isini to- doebrivi mSeneblobebi, transporti, sax-
gebs atarebdnen da SeiaraRebas yovel jer- anZro da saguSago samsaxuri). am sferoebs
195
kurirebdnen edilebi, xolo curator morum kiriosis mTavari funqcia _ qalis dacva _
(sazogadoebis moralze meTvalyureoba) misi ekonomikuri arsebobis da keTildRe-
iyvnen cenzorebi. avgustusis periodSi am obis uzrunvelyofa gaxldaT. kiriosi iyo
saqmianobiT prefeqturac iyo dakavebuli. agreTve sazogado sivrcesTan qalis Suama-
avgustusis reformis Semdeg Cndeba admin- vali. rodesac raime saqmes dikasterionSi
istraciuli seqtori eqstraordinaluri – sasamarTloSi ganixilavdnen anda kon-
Cinovnikebisa, romlebic saxelmwifo saqmi- traqts sdebdnen, qalis interesebs swored
anobis sxvadasxva sferos uweven meTval meurve warmoadgenda. kiriosi urCevda
yureobas – e.w. kuratorebi (curatores). mag., qals saqmros, warmarTavda niSnobas. mas
saimperatoro Senobebs kurirebda curator ae- ekisreboda qalis Sesaferisad gamziTveba
dium sacrarum, tibris kalapotsa da napirebs (ix. niSnoba, saberZneTi ; qorwineba, saber-
– curator alvei et riparum Tiberis, wyalgayvani ZneTi; mziTvi, saberZneTi).
lobas – curator aquarum, romis moqalaqeTa
saqmeebs provinciaSi meTvalyureobda cura- kursus honorumi (cursus honorum) – kariera.
tor civium Romanorum, puris darigebas – cu- romis respublikaSi Camoyalibda Tanam-
rator frumenti, sazogadoebriv gzebs – curator debobrivi winsvlis gansazRvruli Tanmim-
viarum da a. S. devroba, romelic mogvianebiT samarT-
lebrivad ganmtkicda kanonebiT (lex Villia an-
nalis (Zv. w. 180 w.) da lex Cornelia Sulla (Zv. w. 80
kuria (curia) – patricielTa TiToeuli tri-
w.). kursus honorumi senatSi iwyeboda kves-
ba (ramnebi, titiebi, lukerebi) 10 kuriad
toris TanamdebobiT, romelic grZeldebo-
iSleboda. Sesabamisad, sul iyo 30 kuria.
da saxalxo tribunis an edilis movaleobis
TiToeul kuriaSi erTiandeboda 10 gvari
SesrulebiT, Semdeg pretoris da bolos
(gens). maT hqondaT sakuTari kulti da re-
sruldeboda konsulis TanamdebobiT. cen-
ligiuri niSniT erTiandebodnen. kurias sa-
zori da diqtatori iniSneboda kursus ho-
TaveSi edga kurio (curio), yvela kurias ki
norumis gareSe. Tanamdebobaze pirovnebis
kurio maqsimusi, romelic Tavdapirvelad
arCevisas gansazRvruli iyo minimaluri
iyo mefe (rex).
asaki, xangrZlivoba Tanamdebobaze yofnisa
da ramden xanSi SeeZlo imave Tanamdebobaze
kiriosi (kuvrio") – qalis meurvis saxelwo-
kenWisyraSi monawileobis miReba. es monace-
deba. gamomdinare iqidan, rom qali aTenis
mebi droTa ganmavlobaSi mudmivad icvle-
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT ar iyo avtonomi-
boda. imperatorebis epoqaSi pretoris da
uri arseba, kanonTan qalis yvela mimarTe-
konsulis wodeba aucilebeli winapiroba
bas misi meurve warmarTavda. gaTxovebamde
iyo senatSi samoqalaqo an samxedro Tanam-
qali mamis, an Zmebis (mamiT), an babuis (ma-
debobis dasakaveblad.
mis mxridan) meurveobis qveS imyofeboda.
gaTxovebis Semdeg is qmris meurveobis qveS
gadadioda, ufro zustad, ormagi meurveo-
bis qveS eqceoda, radgan mamas ufleba hqon-
l
da qorwineba daerRvia da qali isev Tavisi lalxor, svaneTi _ (berZn. agora, rom. fo
meurveobis qveS gadmoeyvana. rumi) _ sajaro adgili, sadac sazogadoeba
daqvrivebuli an ganqorwinebuli uSvilo Tavs iyrida maxvSis asarCevad, an gadasawyve-
qali kvlav Tavis meurves ubrundeboda. tad raime saqmisa, romelic saxalxo yri
Tu qvrivs mcirewlovani Svili hyavda, mas lobas exeboda. pirveli modioda sazoga-
SeeZlo qmris ojaxSi darCeniliyo. am Sem- doebis erTi romelime wevri da daukravda
TxvevaSi igi Tavisi vaJiSvilebis meur- buks xalxis Sesatyobineblad. sayviris xmaze
vis zedamxedvelobis qveS unda yofiliyo. yvela sadResaswaulo tanisamosiT Seimose-
srulwlovani vaJiSvilebi dedis meurved boda da midioda daniSnul adgilas.
Tavad iniSnebodnen. qvrivze zrunavda aseve
arqon eponimosi, romelsac ufleba hqonda lari _ Zvirfaseuloba, ganZeuloba Zvel
qalis Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi damnaSavee- saqarTveloSi. am terminidan momdinareobs
bis mimarT saqme sasamarTloSi aReZra. _ salaro, sadac Zvirfaseulobas inaxav
196
dnen. lari orgvaria: 1) Zvirfasi anu patio- emzadeboda, omis dawyebamde mefe didebul
sani qvebi, oqro-vercxli da maTgan damza- xelisuflebs da darbazs ekiTxeboda azrs.
debuli nakeTobebi; 2) teqstilis nawarmi, Tamaris istorikosi gadmogvcems, rom yo
abreSumisa da Salis (matylis) qsovilebi, vel mniSvnelovan samxedro moqmedebas dar-
`kerulni da ukerulni~. bazis TaTbiri da bWoba uZRoda win. Tu dar-
bazi gadawyvetda omis dawyebas, amis Semdeg
laSqari _ saqarTvelos samefos mTeli iwyeboda `wueva laSqrisa~. amisaTvis xelm-
jari or mTavar jgufad iyofoda: erTi iyo wife brZanebas gascemda, rom saqarTvelos
`queiTni laSqarni~, meore `xedarni laSqa- jarisTvis daegzavnaT `wignebi wuevisa~.
rni~. aseve masSi erTiandebodnen qalaqi laSqris wvevis brZanebis gacemis ufleba mx-
sa da cixeebis mcvelni da mefisa da mTa- olod mefes hqonda. laSqris `wuevisaTvis‘‘
varsardlis Tanamyofeli molaSqreebic. gansakuTrebuli moxeleebi, `kacni~ iyvnen,
rodesac saqarTvelos jari mtris qveyanas romlebsac `laSqris mwuevelni~ erqvaT.
daipyrobda, maSinve iqaur cixeebSi mcve- laSqris mwvevelebad `Sikrikni da malem-
lebs ayenebdnen xolme. meore nawili mefisa srbolni~ igzavnebodnen xolme. `wuevis
da mTavarsardlis `Tanamyofelad da mo- wignebSi~ aRniSnuli iyo vada anu `paemani~,
laSqred~ iyo (es nawili ZiriTadad moqmed rodesac jari saomrad aRWurvili unda ga-
saomar Zalas warmoadgenda). mocxadebuliyo. am Sexvedras `spaTa~ anu
saqarTvelos laSqarSi Sediodnen: 1) `same- `laSqarTa Seyra~ ewodeboda. Seyril jars
fosa spani~, romelic saqarTvelos yoveli jer mefe daaTvalierebda, Seumowmebda
kuTxidan da Temidan saaznauro da moymeTa iaraRsa da aRkazmulobas. amas ki `spaTa
jari iyo, `spani imerni da amerni~, rogorc, ganaxva~ ewodeboda, romelic erTgvari aR-
magaliTad, taos `queyanisa laSqari~ da lumi iyo.
jarebi klarjTa, SavSTa, mesxTa, Torel- Tu mefe omSi ar midioda, dalocavda jars da
Ta, somxiTarTa, qarTlelTa da sxvaTa~. droSas amirspasalars Caabarebda. laSqro-
TiToeul laSqars Tavisi `patroni~ hyav- bidan dabrunebuli jari mefes jer maxaro-
da da amis gamo SeiZleba maT sapatronymo bels aaxlebda, xolo rodesac laSqari
laSqari vuwodoT. daviT aRmaSeneblis me- da didebulebi qalaqs moaRwevdnen, maSin
fobis dasawyisSi arsebobda mxolod `mcire darbazoba imarTeboda da amirspasalari,
gundi mxedrobisa~, vinaidan selCukianTa rogorc jaris mTavari warmomadgeneli
mZlavrobisagan sakmaod dauZlurebuli danarCen mxedarTmTavrebs SeuZRveboda,
iyo. Tavad meomrebic ùcxoni, usaWurve- omis ambavs moaxsenebda da ZRvens miarT-
loni da TurqTa mimarT wyobisa yovlad mevda xolme. dasaCuqrebisa da nadavlis ga-
umecarni da friad moSiSni~ yofilan. didi nawilebis Semdgom mefe laSqars daiTxov-
Zalisxmevis Sedegad, daviT aRmaSenebelma da. amas `laSqarTa gayra~ ewodeboda.
jari mZlavr saomar iaraRad gardaqmna. 2)
yivCaRTa mudmivi jari, 40000 `wyobad ganma- legatumi (legatum) – moanderZis (anderZi)
valni~, romelic Tavdapirvelad daviT aR- gankarguleba memkvidris mimarT garkveu-
maSenebelma 1118 w-s gadmoasaxla. mefem Tavi- li Tanxis an nivTis sxvisTvis gadacemis
si axali laSqari da meomrebi cxenebiTa da Taobaze, rac memkvidreobis singularul
iaraRiT aRWurva da `daudginna spasalarni formas ayalibebda (legatarius – uaris mim-
da mmarTvelni~. Tamar mefis droidan Canan Rebi anu moanderZis gankargulebis mixed-
kidev òvsni da yivCaRni axalni~, romlebic viT memkvidre uars ambobs memkvidreobis
savaraudod, `samsaxurad~ iyvnen Camosulni. raRac nawilze). legatumi uZvelesi insti-
3) mesame jgufs `samsaxurad~ myofi kavkasi- tutia, romelsac XII dafis kanonebic ic-
is mTiulTa jari ekuTvnoda. 4) daviT aR- nobs. misi Tavdapirveli daniSnuleba iyo
maSenebelma, agreTve, daawesa mefis piradi memkvidreobis uflebas moklebuli colisa
mcveli jari `mona-spebad~ wodebuli. isini da Svilebis uzrunvelyofa (patara mamuls
iyvnen `rCeulni~ daviT aRmaSeneblisa `vi- mxolod erTi ojaxis gamokveba SeeZlo).
Tar xuT aTasi kaci, yovelni qristiane qm- arsebobda legatumis 2 ZiriTadi forma: 1)
nulni, misandoni da gamocdilni simxniTa~. memkvidreobis miRebisTanave sakuTrebis
rodesac saqarTvelo mterTan saomrad ufleba, romelic raimes mimarT hqonda
197
moanderZes gadadis memkvidreze. memkvidrem Furia 2, lex Voconia-m da gansakuTrebulad
uari memkvidreobis nawilTan an konkre lex. Falcidia-m daaregulira.
tul nivTTan dakavSirebiT unda warmoadgi-
nos laTinur enaze, garkveviT da konkretu- Leges Clodiae – (klodios pulxeri (Clodius
lad formulirebuli. sakuTrebis ufleba Pulcher) _ politikosi, demagogi, saxalxo
moanderZisagan pirdapir gadadis lega- tribuni Zv.w. 58 w.). misi kanonebi marTalia
tariusze, romelsac ufleba aqvs maSinve mimarTuli iyo senatorTa oligarqiis
aRZras rei vindicatio (pretenzia nivTTan da- winaaRmdeg, magram ar atarebda erTiani
kavSirebiT) nebismieri mflobelis mimarT. politikuri kursis xasiaTs, Sesabamisad,
am formas ewodeba legatum per vindicationem. emsaxureboda ufro metad im mizans, rom
2) Legatum per damnationem – valdebulebiTi klodiusi gamxdariyo popularuli moqa-
moqmedeba. memkvidreobis damtoveblis, le- laqeTa Soris. am kanonebidan aRsaniSnavia:
gatariusis, memkvidris qoneba, saxli, miwis 1) de censoria notione – aikrZala senatidan
nakveTi, naxiri da a. S. yvelaferi iSleba daTxova sasamarTlo warmoebis da orive
calkeul uarebad (uars ambobs qonebis cenzoris Tanxmobis gareSe.
raRac nawilze) yoveli nawilis wliuri 2) de collegiis – senatis mier Zv. w. 64 w-s gau-
Tanxa unda daifaros gansazRvrul droSi. qmda kolegiebis funqcionireba, romelic am
Legatum per damnationem-is aRsasruleblad kanonis mixedviT aRdga da mieniWa maT meti
legatariuss eZleva ufleba actio ex testamen- Tavisufleba.
to (memkvidrem unda daakmayofilos uari). im 3) frumentaria – romis Rarib mosaxleobas
SemTxvevaSi, Tu uari erTi kategoriis, anu siis mixedviT urigdeboda xorbali. sias
erTmaneTis Canacvlebis saSualebis mqone adgenda kuratori (curator annonae).
nivTebs Seexeba, amorCevis ufleba ekuTvnis
memkvidres, sxva SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba Leges Livia 3 iudicaria (Zv. w. 91 w.) _ kano
eniWeba legatariuss. garemoebebidan gamom- nis mixedviT daarsda axali sasamarT-
dinare termin legatum dotis-s (uari mziTvze) lo, romelic ganixilavda mosyiduli
SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes: mosamarTleebis saqmeebs da SemoiRo dadge
1) mziTvis dadgena – Tu qorwineba ar Sedga, nileba, romlis mixedviTac senati unda
mziTvi ekuTvnis memkvidres. 2) uari mziTvze Sevsebuliyo 300 mxedriT. es kanoni da mas-
im pirovnebis mxridan, romelsac yvela Sem- Tan erTad druzusis kidev 2 kanoni [1) agraria
TxvevaSi aqvs mziTvze ufleba (ZiriTadad _ italiis miwebi, romlebic im droisaTvis
coli). 3) uaris Tqma mziTvze imis mxridan, ar iyo ganawilebuli, daurigda uqonel mo-
visac masze (mziTvze) aqvs ufleba (meuRlis qalaqeebs. 2) frumentaria _ fasi daagdo purze,
mxridan meuRlis sasargeblod). 4) uari mzi romelic Rarib moqalaqeTa Soris unda ga-
Tvze qalis mxridan ara memkvidris, aramed nawilebuliyo] senatma imave wels gaauqma.
sxva piris sasargeblod. uari, rogorc vTq-
viT, zustad unda yofiliyo formulirebu- Leges Liciniae Sextiae – es kanonebi nawi-
li, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, legatumi Zalas lobriv zRudavda patriciebs da amiT amS-
kargavda. mogvianebiT, senatis dadgenileba videbda Rarib plebeebs. sinamdvileSi es
(Sc. Neronianum 2) uars ambobs im mkacr for- yvelaferi xels aZlevda mdidar plebeebs
malobebze, romelic Tan axlda am procedu- da gzas uxsnida maT magistraturisaken. Le-
ras. konstantines periodSi aRar iTxoven ges Liciniae Sextiae romis respublikis kon-
uarisaTvis specialur sityvier formuli- stituciis arsebiT rgols warmoadgenda. am
rebas, xolo iustinianusi ara marto am- kanonTagan aRsaniSnavia:
artivebs da erT saxeobamde dahyavs lega- 1) agraria _ is miwebi, romlebic im droisaT-
tumi, aramed mTlianad uTanabrebs mas fi- vis ar iyo ganawilebuli, gadanawilda uqo-
deikomisums. legatumis saocari popularo- nel mosaxleobas Soris (Zv.w. 91 w.).
ba gamoiwvia iman, rom maTi jamuri Tanxa 2) frumentaria – fasi daagdo xorbalze.
xSirad aRemateboda mTel memkvidreobas, 3) Iudicaria – daafuZna axali sasamarTlo
amitom memkvidre uars ambobda mis miRebaze, im mosamarTleTa saqmeebis gamosaZieblad,
ris gamoc anderZi rCeboda Seusrulebeli. romlebsac bralad edebodaT qrTamis aRe-
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli problemebi lex ba da 300 mxedriT Seavso senati.
198
Leges Valeriae Horatiae – am kanonebiT dasrul Lex Appuleia _ Zv. w. 200 w-s akanonebda ram-
da erTi etapi patricielTa da plebeelTa denime Tavdebs Soris erTgvar amxanagobas:
Soris gaCaRebul brZolaSi. XII dafis kano- Tu erTi ixdida mets, vidre mis wils Seefe
nebTan erTad es kanonebi romis respublikis reboda, mas SeeZlo Seetana sarCeli sxvebis
konstituciis qvakuTxedad iqca. konsulebis, winaaRmdeg zaralis asanazRaureblad.
valeriusis da horaciusis mier Sedgenil ka-
nonebs Soris (Zv. w. 449 w.) aRsaniSnavia: Lex Appuleia 3 (Zv. w. 100 w.) – kanoni, rom-
1) saxalxo krebaze miRebuli dadgenileba lis mixedviTac, mariusis mier galiaSi
mTel mosaxleobaze unda gavrcelebuliyo. dapyrobili miwebi veteranebs Soris unda
2) aRdga decemvirebis mier gauqmebuli ius gadanawilebuliyo (TiToeuls 100 iugeri).
provocationis (usamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
gasaCivreba).
3) saxalxo tribunebs mieniWaT imuniteti. Lex Appuleia 4 (Zv. w. 100 w.) _ am kanonma daag-
do fasi xorbalze, romelsac plebeebs So-
ris arigebdnen (6, 5 asidan 5/6- mde).
Leges Publiliae Philonis _ diqtatorma kvintus
publilius filonma (Quintus Publilius Philon),
romelic Zv. w. 337 w-s gaxda plebeuri war- Lex Atia (Zv. w. 63 w.) – am kanoniT komiciebs
moSobis pirveli pretori (mogvianebiT igi daubrunda ufleba aerCiaT qurumebi.
oTxgzis airCies konsulis Tanamdebobaze),
Tavisi kanonebiT Seasusta patricielTa Lex Aufidia de ambitu (Zv. w. 61 w.) – kano
privilegiebi, saxalxo tribunebs mianiWa
nis mixedviT, qrTamis micemis SemTxvevaSi
magistratTa Tanabari uflebebi da Sesabam-
pirovneba jarimdeboda mTeli cxovrebis
isad, magistratis gadawyvetilebis winaaRm-
manZilze yovelwliurad 3000 sestercis ga-
deg interkesiis ufleba: 1) de censore plebeio
dasaxadiT TiToeuli tribis sasargeblod.
creando – dadginda, rom erT-erTi cenzori
plebei unda yofiliyo. 2) de plebiscitis –
Lex Aurelia 2 iudicaria (Zv. w. 70 w.) _ Tanabrad
gauTanabra saxalxo krebis gadawyvetileba
gadanawilda am kanonis mixedviT vakansie-
(plebiscitum) centuriis komiciebSi miRebul
bi sasamarTloSi senatorebs, mxedrebs da
kanonproeqts, amitom kanonad gadasaqcevad
erariebis tribunebs Soris, romlebic amas-
orives senatSi damtkiceba sWirdeboda. 3) de
Tanave flobdnen mxedrobis cenzs, Sesabami
patrum auctoritate – komiciebSi miRebul pro-
sad, kanoni mxedrebisaTvis Zalian momgebia
eqts amtkicebda senati. miRebuli kanonis
ni iyo.
Tanaxmad, es procedura Seicvala senatis
winaswari TanxmobiT.
Lex Aurelia 3 (Zv. w. 70 w.) – winasaarCevno
intrigebSi SemCneul pirs 10 wlis vadiT
Leges tabulariae _ Zv. w. III-II ss. zepiri ken-
ekrZaleboda magistraturis arCevnebSi
Wisyris magivrad SemoiRes cvilis dafebiT
monawileiobis miReba.
xmis micema.
Lex Acilia repetundarum (Zv. w. 122 w.) _ am Lex Domitia (Zv. w. 103 w.) _ gauqmda qurumTa
kanonma gardaqmna provinciebSi gamoZalvis kolegiaSi pirdapiri arCevis wesi. am kanon-
procesi, gaamkacra sasjeli (zianis ormagad is mixedviT winaswar unda daesaxelebinaT
anazRaureba), mianiWa romis moqalaqeoba ramdenime kandidati (nominatio) 17 tribis
im peregrinebs, romlebic magistratebis komiciebSi asarCevad. mxolod am proce-
samarTaldarRvevaze informacias miawv- duris Catarebis Semdeg iyo SesaZlebeli
didnen saWiro organoebs. ukve kolegiis SigniT arCevnebis Catareba.
Lex Antonia 5 (de dictatore) – am kanoniT gauqm- Lex Duilia (Zv. w. 449w.) – sikvdiliT dasja
da diqtatoris Tanamdeboba. sikvdiliT das- emuqreboda imas, vinc datovebda plebeebs
ja emuqreboda diqtators da pirovnebas, tribunebis gareSe an Seqmnida magistraturas
romelic mis kandidaturas wamoayenebda. populo ad populum - is gauTvaliswineblad.
199
lex Valeria (Zv. w. 509 w.) daegiravebina qoneba. am kanoniT Zireulad
1) de candidatis – samarTaldarRveviT kon- icvleba mziTvis samarTlebrivi datvirTva.
sulis Tanamdebobis miniWebis winaaRmdeg.
2) de quaestoribus _ daawesa 2 kvestoris Lex Iulia 32, 33 iudicorum privatorum, publico
Tanamdeboba xazinis mcvelad. rum (Zv. w. 17 w.) _ es iyo 2 kanoni, romlebmac
3) de provocatio (Zv. w. 300 w.) _ pirveli sagrZnobi cvlilebebi Seitana procesual-
kanoni, romelic moqalaqes aZlevda ufle- uri samarTlis kodeqsSi:
bas gaesaCivrebina magistratis mier dadge- 1) daamata IV sasamarTlo dekuria.
nili sasjeli saxalxo krebaze. 2) gansazRvra da Seamcira sasamarTlo pro-
4) de magistratibus sine provocatione non crean cesis xangrZlivoba
dis – umaRlesi magistratebis arCeva xdeba 3) gansazRvra mosamarTlis minimaluri asa-
komiciebSi da araordinalur viTarebaSi ki 25 wliT, mxareTa SeTanxmebis SemTxveva-
iniSneba yvelaze didi 6 Tvis vadiT umaR- Si dasaSvebi iyo 20 welic.
lesi magistrati, romelic ganusazRvreli
uflebebiT sargeblobs. Lex Iulia 45 _ es kanoni exeboda matromoni-
ums: 1. romaelebi valdebulni iyvnen qor-
Lex Voconia – Zv. w. 169 w. ukrZalavda memkvi- winebaSi ecxovraT 25 wlidan 60 wlamde,
dreobis damtovebels, romelic qonebri- gaeCinaT 3 Svili; qvrivebi da gayrilebi
vi cenzis mixedviT I klass miekuTvneboda Tavidan unda daqorwinebuliyvnen; 2. romis
(minimaluri qoneba 100000 asi), 1) daeniSna moqalaqes ekrZaleboda Seuferebel (uweso)
memkvidred qali; 2) eanderZa legatumi, ro- partniorTan qorwineba; 3. is moqalaqeebi,
melic aRemateboda memkvidreobis yvela romlebic am kanonebis mixedviT xelmZR-
wils. Sesabamisad, qals SeeZlo mieRo mem- vanelobdnen qorwinebaSi, sargeblobdnen
kvidreobis naxevari. 3) memkvidreobidan sxvadasxva SeRavaTebiT da upiratesoba eni-
wilis miReba SeeZloT mxolod agnat qa- WebodaT Tanamdebobis dakavebisas.
liSvilebs da moanderZis debs. cenzis ro-
lis daqveiTeba da fideikomisumis farTod
Lex Calpurnia 2 de repetundis (Zv. w. 149 w.) _
gavrceleba saSualebas iZleoda gverdi
es iyo pirveli kanoni iseTi samarTaldar-
aevloT am kanonisaTvis.
Rvevis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, rogori-
caa gamoZalva, gaflangva, meqrTameoba.
Lex Iulia sasjelis formas warmoadgenda ukanonod
1) 5 de repetundarum (Zv. w. 59 w.) _ es kanoni dagrovili qonebis ukan dabruneba, Tumca
moicavda Tanamdebobrivi uflebebis boro- isic aRsaniSnavia, rom senators asamar-
tad gamoyenebis yvela SemTxvevas da sakmaod Tlebdnen senatorebi, xalxs ki ar SeeZlo
mkacri iyo sasjelis mxriv, rac, upirveles gaekontrolebina magistratebis moqmedeba
yovlisa, ukanonod SeZenili qonebis kon- italiaSi, miT ufro provinciebSi.
fiskaciaSi aisaxeboda.
2) 6 De pecuniis mutuis (Zv.w. 49 w.) – Seicavs Lex Claudia de aere alieno (47) _krZalavs da
garkveul SeRavaTebs movaleebisaTvis da jarimiT dasjiT emuqreba pirs, romlebic
pirvel rigSi gaauqma bolo ori wlis pro- vals iReben im pirobiT, rom mamis sikvdi-
centi. lis Semdeg gadaixdian.
3) De provinciis (Zv. w. 46 w.) – daadgina, rom
propretors SeuZlia provincia ganagos
Lex Cicereia (Zv. w. 173 w.) – avaldebulebda
erTi, prokonsuls – ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
kreditors, gamoecxadebina valis mocu-
loba da TavmdebTa raodenoba, romelTac
Lex Iulia 21 (Zv. w. 18 w.) amomrCevlis mosy- is warmoadgenda (praedictio ex lege Cicereia)
idva ganixileboda rogorc Zaladoba amom- winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tavmdebad myofebs
rCevelze da isjeboda jarimiT. SeeZloT gaTavisufleba movaleobisagan.
Lex Iulia 25 _ kanoni ukrZalavda qmars Lex Cocceia 3 _ ukanasknel komiciaze miRe-
meuRlis nebarTvis gareSe gaesxvisebina an bul kanonTagan erT-erTi, romlis mixed-
200
viTac, upovar moqalaqeebs unda gadascemo- Lex Plaetoria de minoribus (Zv.w. 192 w.) – icav-
daT miwis nakveTebi. da arasrulwlovnebs TaRliTebisagan (igu-
lisxmeba, pirvel rigSi, memkvidreobis da
Lex Cornelia Sulla – de magistratibus – (Zv.w. 82 qonebis dacva).
w.). am dadgenilebiT dakanonda aucilebeli
aTwliani Sesveneba erTsa da imave Tanamde- Lex Poetelia Papiria (2) (Zv. w. 326 w.) _ am kanon-
bobaze asarCevad. romis respublikaSi Cam- ma Seamsubuqa egzekucia im principis Tanax-
oyalibda Tanamdebobrivi winsvlis gansaz- mad, rom movale pasuxismgebelia Tavisi
Rvruli Tanmimdevroba (kursus honorumi qonebiT da ara Tavisi pirovnebiT. aikrZala
_ cursus honorum) da dadginda minimaluri wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac kreditors SeeZlo
asaki Tamadebobis dasakaveblad. mag., kves- movale hyoloda pirad patimrobaSi, vidre
torisaTvis – 40 weli, konsulisaTvis – 43 igi an fuliT an gamomuSavebiT ar Camoiw-
weli. erda vals. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo im we-
sis akrZalva, romlis mixedviTac, SeeZloT
Lex Cornelia 5 (Zv. w. 82 w.) iudicaria _ am kan- moeklaT an gaeyidaT movale monad XII dafis
onis mixedviT samarTalwarmoeba mTlianad kanonebis Tanaxmad. es iyo principulad ax-
senatorebis xelSi dabrunda. rigiT moqa- ali kanoni, romelmac plebeebis axal Tavi-
laqeebs SeeZloT mosamarTlis mxolod suflebas daudo safuZveli da Tvisobrivad
sami kandidaturis wamoyeneba, senatorebze gansxvavdeboda neqsumisagan.
es SezRudva ar vrceldeboda.
Lex Sempronia 2 – krZalavda saxelmwifo
Lex Cornelia 10, 25, 28 – imeorebs Lex Aurelia miwebis Semdgom mitacebas. erT pirs See-
3-s, sasjelis formebic identuria – mokveTa Zlo mflobelobaSi hqonoda araumetes 500
(25-e miiRes Zv. w. 181 w.; 28-e _ Zv. w. 159 w.). iugerisa, zrdasrul vaJebze – 250 iugeri,
ise, rom mTlianad miwis saerTo farTobi
Lex Cornelia 18 de repetundis (Zv. w. 82 w.) _ am ar SeiZleba, rom 1000 iugerze meti yofi
kanonis mixedviT dadginda sasjelis Sem- liyo. zedmeti farTobi gansazRvrul safa-
degi forma _ damnaSaves unda CamorTmeoda surad mihqonda saxelmwifos imisTvis, rom
ukanonod SeZenili qonebis 1/3. yovelwliurad dabali gadasaxadis piro-
bebSi gaeca (araumetes 300 iugeri).
Lex Flaminia (Zv. w. 228-224 ww.) – am kanonis
mixedviT, saxelmwifo miwebi Crd. italiisa Lex Sempronia 7 – (Zv. w. 123 w.) lex de capite
da arimanis gareubanSi ganawilda uqonel civis Romani aukrZala senats da gadasca sa
moqalaqeTa Soris. xalxo krebas (komicia) iseTi rTuli saqmee-
bis ganxilva, romlebic sikvdiliT dasjas
Lex Licinia (10) de aere alieno _ daadgina, rom ukavSirdeboda.
movales aqvs ufleba kreditors sam Tana-
bar nawilad gadauxados vali wlis ganma-
Lex Sempronia 12 iudicaria (Zv. w. 123 w.) _ am
vlobaSi da rom gadaxdili procentebiT
kanonma gamoTiSa senatorebi sasamarTlo
mcirdeba Ziri vali.
procesidan da mosamarTleoba gadasca
mxedrebs.
Lex Manilia de libertinorum suffragiis (Zv. w.
67 w.) – ufleba mianiWa am kanonma Tavisu-
flebaminiWebulebs (libertinusebs) xma Lex Sempronia 10 frumentaria (Zv. w. 123 w.) _
miecaT TavianTi patronebis tribaSi (Tumca gaius sempronius grakqusis kanoni, rom-
sami dRis Semdeg senatma gaauqma es kanoni). lis mixedviTac, romis upovar mosaxleo-
bas mieca ufleba eyida 52,5 litri xor-
Lex Ogulnia – (Zv. w. 300 w.) am kanoniT ponti bali TveSi 6,33 assad litri. es fasi bevrad
feqsebis raodenoba gaizarda rvamde, av Camouvardeboda produqtis gasayid fass
gurebis – cxramde. saerTo raodenobidan duqanSi. am kanonidan dawyebuli uqoneli
plebeebs daeTmo oTxi adgili. am kanonis mi moqalaqeebis Senaxva saxelmwifos valdeb-
Rebamde qurumebi mxolod patriciebi iyvnen. ulebad iqca.
201
Lex Servilia 1 repetundarum _ (Zv. w. 111 w.) – romelic mas warmoadgenda. rodesac orive
gamoZalva-gaflangva-meqrTameobasTan dapiri wardgeboda sasamarTlos winaSe, iwye-
kavSirebiT arsebul sasjelTa paralelu- boda saqmis warmoeba in iure. orive mxare da
rad kanoniT dadginda, rom zemoT naxseneb pretori warmoTqvamdnen sazeimo sityvebs.
samarTaldarRvevaSi SemCneul pirovnebas mosamarTlisadmi mimarTvis gavrcelebuli
unda CamorTmeoda politikuri karieris formebi iyo:
gagrZelebis ufleba. 1) legisactio per sacramentum _ am formas iye
nebdnen sakuTrebis uflebaze davis gada-
Lex Servilia 2 Caepionis repetundarum (Zv. w. sawyvetad. mxareebi midiodnen magistratTan
106 w.) _ Tanabrad ganawilda adgilebi sada mihqondaT sadavo nivTi. Tu misi mitana
samarTloSi senatorebsa da mxedrebs So- SeuZlebeli iyo (mag., miwis nakveTi), sim-
ris. bolurad mihqondaT miwa. mosarCeles xelSi
ekava joxi, adebda sadavo nivTs da ambobda:
Lex Sulpicia de novorum civium libertinorumque me vamtkiceb, rom es nivTi Cemia, Tu mopasuxe
suffragiis (Zv.w. 88 w.) – TavisuflebaminiWebu- gaCumdeboda an daeTanxmeboda mosarCeles,
lebs (libertinusebs) da italikebs miecaT saqme amiT mTavrdeboda. im SemTxvevebSi, Tu
ufleba xma miecaT 35 tribidan nebismierSi. igi ar eTanxmeboda mosarCeles, imave moq-
medebas imeorebda. maSin magistrati gaaS-
Lex Tullia (Zv. w. 63 w.) – am kanoniT gamkacrda velebda mxareebs da mouwodebda maT dae-
Zveli dadgenilebebi kandidatTa winasaa- tovebinaT nivTebi. mosarCele svamda axal
rCevno intrigebTan dakavSirebiT (mokveTa kiTxvas da iTxovda mopasuxisagan pasuxs
10 wlis vadiT, sasjeli im mosamarTlee- imaze, Tu ris mixedviT acxadebda nivTze
bisaTvis, romlebic Tavs aarideben aseTi pretenzias. mopasuxe nivTs kvlav adebda
xasiTis process da a.S.). joxs da ambobda, rom igi iqceoda kanonis
Sesabamisad. mosarCele ki sTavazobda mopa-
Lex Hortensia (Zv. w. 287 w.) _ kvintus horten- suxes giraod Caedo 50 an 500 asi, radganac
ziusi (Quintus Hortensius) – diqtatori Zv. w. 286 igi kanonsawinaaRmdegod iqceoda. am Tanxas
w-s ukan daabruna romidan protestis niSnad ewodeboda sakramentumi (sacramentum). orive
gasuli mosaxleoba. Lex Hortensia-m kanonis mxares Sehqonda fuli imis dasamtkiceblad,
Zala mianiWa saxalxo krebis gadawyvetile- rom marTalni iyvnen kanonis winaSe. iwye-
bebs – plebiscitum, romlis gaTvaliswineba boda saqmis garCeva. im mxares, romelsac
ukve patriciebsac evalebodaT. am kanonma magistrati damnaSaved scnobda, CamoerT-
daasrula brZola patriciebsa da plebeebs meoda Setanili Tanxa. adreul periodSi es
Soris, romelic saukune mimdinareobda. Tanxa SehqondaT qurumebTan, mogvianebiT _
xazinaSi. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanxis Se-
legisaqciuri procesi (legis actio) _ moqa- tana gadawyvetilebis Semdegac SeiZleboda.
laqeebs Soris davis gadawyvetis uZvelesi xdeboda xolme saqmis ganxilvis gadadebac
forma. romis moqalaqes unda gaekeTebina (mag., avadmyofobis mizeziT).
magistratis winaSe gancxadeba, romelic 2) legis actio per manus iniectionem _ es pro-
zust SesabamisobaSi unda yofiliyo kanon- cesi valis gadaxdis wesebs da pirobebs
Tan. mag., Tu mosarCele sarCelSi vazis gaCe exeboda. Tu movales sasamarTlo daakis-
xvas asaxelebda, igi saqmes agebda, radgan rebda gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdas, an Tu
XII dafis kanoni ar moixseniebs vazs, aramed mopasuxe Tavs damnaSaved cnobda magistra-
iq saubari iyo xeebze. mosarCeles mopasuxe tis winaSe, maSin kreditori 30 dRis Semdeg
unda mieyvana sasamarTloSi, Tu igi winaaR- magistratis TandaswrebiT xels adebda
mdegobas gauwevda, maSin mosarCele mimar- movales da mihyavda. movale TviTon ver
Tavda mowmeebs da XII dafis kanonebis Sesa- upasuxebda, magram mis magivrad romis sxva
bamisad, ZaliT mihyavda mopasuxe sasamarT- moqalaqes SeeZlo gamosvla sityviT (Tavm-
loSi. Tumca mopasuxe ar iyo valdebuli debi _ vindex).
maSinve gahyoloda mosarCeles. Tu mopa- iwyeboda dava kreditorsa da Tavmdebs So-
suxe Tanxmdeboda mosarCeles, is an Tavm- ris, Tu Tavmdebi saqmes waagebda, mas ekisre-
debs uSvebda Tavis magivrad an pirovnebas, boda ormagi pasuxismgebloba. mogvianebiT
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TviTon movalesac SeeZlo Tavi daecva sa- miekuTvneboda moqalaqe. libertinusebi
samarTloSi. iyofodnen klasebad: 1) cives 2) Latini Juni-
3) legis actio per iudicis postulationem _ am pro- ani 3) dediticii 4) statu liberi. Latini Juniani Ta-
cesis mixedviT mosarCeles misi moTxovnis visuflebaminiWebuli klasia, romelsac Lex
Sesabamisad unda daniSnoda mosamarTle. Junia Norbana-s mixedviT tiberiusis xanaSi
procesis am formas saerTo qonebis ga- mieniWa gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi
nawilebisas mimarTavdnen. mdgomareoba. maT ar hqondaT politikuri
4) legis actio per condictionem _ procesis uflebebi, arc qorwinebis (ius conubii), arc
es forma im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda, anderZis ufleba (testamenti factio), nawilo-
rodesac mosarCele edaveboda mopasuxes briv mieniWaT vaWrobis ufleba (ius comercii).
nivTebis raRac raodenobas an garkveul sxva mxriv, Tavisi uflebrivi mdgomareo-
Tanxas da mopasuxe Tavs ar cnobda damna- biT utoldebodnen peregrinebs. Dediticii –
Saved. mosarCele acxadebda, rom mopasuxe gaTavisuflebulTa erT-erT dabal klass
30 dRis mere unda misuliyo mosamarTlis ewoda Lex Aelia Sentia- s droidan. isini verc
dasaniSnad. moqalaqeebi gaxdebodnen, verc laTinebi,
5) legis actio per pignoris capionem _ procesis es radgan monad yofnis periodSi Rirsebis
forma magistratis gareSe, mxareebis mier amyreli sasjeli hqondaT misjili. Sesa-
xorcieldeboda. kreditori movalis nivTs bamisad, unda gaeZloT mZime samarTlebrivi
iRebda da giraos saxiT iqamde eqneboda mdgomareobisaTvis. libertinuss, romelic
mflobelobaSi, vidre movale ar gadaixdi- xdeba moqalaqe, iReben tribaSi da centu-
da fuls. giraod aRebul nivTs ewodeboda riaSi sruli xmis uflebiT, Tumca maTi
pignusi (pignus). nivTis aRebas Tan axlda si- gavlena umniSvnelo iyo saerTo suraTze,
tyvis warmoTqma. procesis am formas maSin ramdenadac qalaqis triba gadavsebuli
mimarTavdnen, Tu piri isesxebda Sesawir iyo, centuriis komiciebSi ki Tavisi qonebis
pirutyvs, ar daabrunebda, ar gadaixdida mixedviT udables klasSi aerTianebdnen.
gadasaxads. cenzorma apius klavdiusma Zv. w. 312 w-s didi
legisaqciuri procesiT ver sargeblobdnen gadatrialeba moaxdina im gadawyvetilebiT,
peregrinebi. amis gamo maTTvis pretoris romlis mixedviTac, libertinusebs ufleba
dadgenilebebis ZaliT procesis axali miecaT Caweriliyvnen nebismier tribaSi.
forma Semovida. droTa ganmavlobaSi qa- Zv. w. 304 w-s saxelmwifosaTvis saSiSi es
laqebis pretorebmac daiwyes dadgenile- gadawyvetileba Seicvala im mxriv, rom li
bebis gamocema, riTic axal, formularul bertinusebi daubrunes qalaqis 4 tribas. es
process Caeyara safuZveli. gadawyvetileba Zv. w. 220 w-s kidev erTxel
damtkicda, ganmtkicda Zv.w. 115 w-s lex Sulpicia,
lerqvaSi, svaneTi – erTgvari gasamrjelo, Manilia, Clodia-Ti. libertinusebs ar hqondaT
sami maneTis Rirebulebis nivTi, romelsac ufleba daekavebinaT sapatio Tanamdebobe-
Rebulobdnen morvebi ganaCenis dadgenis bi. vaWrobis uflebis mxriv, libertinusebi
Semdeg. lerqvaSs aZlevdnen aseve myidvele- sxva moqalaqeebs uTanabrdebodnen. rac
bi saxl-karis gamyidvels yoveli axali Seexeba ius conubii (qorwinebis ufleba), am
wlis meore-mesame dRes. mxriv, qorwineba Tavisuflad Sobils (in-
genuus) da libertinuss Soris pirvelisaT-
libertinusi (libertinus) – Tavisuflebamini- vis ignominia-d (keTili saxelis dakargva)
Webulni. socialuri fena. Tavisuflebis iTvleboda.
miniWeba xdeboda manumisio-s saSualebiT da
gaTavisuflebuls eniWeboda moqalaqeoba. libertusi (libertus) – mona, romelsac mieni-
amasTan igi iRebda Tavisi patronis gvars, Wa Tavisufleba da aRar imyofeba patronis
saxels, kognomens (moqalaqis saxeli Sedge- daqvemdebarebaSi. maT urTierTobas aregu-
boda Tavidan saxelisagan, ojaxis an gvaris lirebda patronatis samarTali (ius patrona-
saxelisa da metsaxelisagan – praenomen, no- tus). libertusi valdebuli iyo saTanado pa-
men, cognomen). respublikis xanis bolosa tiviscema gamoexata Tavisi patronis mimarT,
da imperiis dasawyisSi mas kidev miemata ma- mierTmia misTvis saCuqrebi. es urTierToba
mis saxeli da tribis dasaxeleba, romelsac mtkicdeboda ficiT (iurata promissio operarum),
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romelsac iuridiuli datvirTva hqonda da likurgosi (Zv. w. IX-VIII s.) spartis leg-
misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi patrons hqonda endaruli kanonmdebeli. likurgosi samefo
ufleba saqme aReZra sasamarTloSi. patro- gvarisa unda yofiliyo. imogzaura kretaze,
ni libertusis kanonieri warmomadgenelia, Seiswavla iqauri Zv. w. IX-VII ss-is saxelm-
kanonieri memkvidre da kanonieri meurve wifo sistema da samSobloSi dabrunebulma
(tutor legitimus). patrons da libertuss ali- TiTqosda delfos orakulis miTiTebiT
menturi urTierToba akavSirebT. patronis gaatara Tavisi kanonebi. spartaSi likur-
sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi patronobis ufleba goss eTayvanebodnen. tradiciis mixedviT,
gadadis misi memkvidreebis xelSi. meore likurgoss samxedro mowyobaze orientire-
mxriv, patroni valdebulia izrunos liber- bul spartis sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis,
tusze. libertusis uflebebis dacvas aregu- misi instituciebis Seqmnas miaweren. (ix. ape-
lirebda samarTali im SemTxvevaSi, roca la; gerusia)
patroni uCioda libertuss movaleobebis gadmocemiT, spartis winamdebare kanonebi-
Seusruleblobis gamo da es movaleobebi dan man marto ormefobianoba da isic mxo
kanoniT dadgenili normis CarCoebs scil- lod omianobisas datova.
deboda (exceptio libertatis onerandae causa). likurgosma saxelmwifos mTeli miwa dayo
pirovnebebs Tavisufleba zog SemTxvevaSi da TiToeulma ojaxma Tanabari wili mii
anderZis mixedviT eniWeboda (libertus orcinus). Ro, rasac ara marto socialuri, aramed
iyvnen princepsis mier TavisuflebaminiWe- politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda. uTanas-
bulebi (libertus principis). gaTavisuflebul worobis mosaspobad man kerZo sakuTrebac
qals ewodeboda liberta (liberta). gadaanawila, ris Sedegadac spartaSi qur-
doba aRar iyo. Tanasworoba qorwinebazec
gavrcelda. qalebi kacebs TiTqmis gautold-
livius druzusi (Marcus Livius Drusus) (Zv. nen fizikur aRzrdaSi. araqorwinebiTi kav-
w. II-s.) _ brwyinvale oratori. mfarvel- Sirebic waxalisda. saxelmwifo Svidi wlis
obda optimatebs da cdilobda aemaRlebina asakidan moyolebuli yvela mamrobiTi sqe-
senatis dacemuli Zalaufleba, magram amas- sis bavSvis aRzrdas iRebda Tavis Tavze. Svi-
Tanave xalxis keTilganwyobis mosapove- di wlis ymawvili saxlidan sakmaod mkacri
blad maT daxmarebsac cdilobda. saxalxo pirobebis samxedro danayofSi mihyavdaT,
tribunad yofnisas (Zv. w. 91 w.) man ganaaxla sadac erTnairad da Tanasworad wvrTnid-
grakxusebis kanonwinadadebebi, romlebic nen saxelmwifos samsaxurisTvis (e.w. agoge).
Seexeboda mindvrebis ganawilebas, puris Zvelebis azriT, spartelebis sazogadoebriv
darigebasa da a. S.; wamoayena winadadeba, cxovrebaSi likurgosma Seitana aucilebe-
samarTalwarmoeba CamoerTvaT mxedrebis li monawileoba samegobroebSi, romlebic
fenisaTvis da kvlav gadaecaT senatisaT- jaris qvedanayofs warmoadgenda, saerTo
vis, romelsac 300 mxedris SeyvaniT gaa- sadili (e.w. sisitia) ubralo saWmliTa da
didebdnen, aseve mokavSireebisaTvis miecaT WurWliT, risTvisac spartelebs mcire ga-
romis moqalaqeobis ufleba. sasamarTlos dasaxadi unda SeetanaT.
gardaqmniT man aimxedra mxedrebis fena, likurgoss miewereba fufunebis winaaRm-
aseve bevri senatoric ukmayofilo iyo re- deg sxvadasxva zomis miReba (saxlis Seneba
formiT, xolo mokavSireebisaTvis moqa- mxolod najaxisa da xerxis meSveobiT, rom
laqeobis uflebis micemis winadadebiT _ dasamSvenebelsa da mosarTavs ar gadahy-
man yvela partia gadaimtera. xalxis keTil- olodnen), oqrosa da vercxlis monetis
ganwyobis gamo didi gavlenis mqone livius akrZalvac ki da maT nacvlad rkinis Se-
druzusma gaatara sasamarTlos kanoni (lex moReba (Tumca eWviT SeiZleba movekidoT
iudicaria), puris darigebisa da koloniebis am cnobas, radgan saberZneTSi vercxli Zv.w.
daarsebis winadadeba, magram italiki mo- VIII s-Si Sedis, oqro ki _ ufro gvian).
kavSireebisaTvis romis moqalaqeobis likurgosis kanonebi gamoTqmuli (da ara
uflebis micemam igi daRupa (sakuTar saxl- Cawerili) iyo e. w. retrebSi _ apolonis
Si mokles). misi kanonebi gaauqmes, italikma pasuxebSi mefis kiTxvebze. retrebis Rv-
mokavSireebma ki omi daiwyes. Taebrivi Sinaarsi saukuneebis manZilze
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maTi SenarCunebis garanti unda yofiliyo. rom, termini `liturgia~ gaxda ufro daba-
kanonmdeblis azriT, spartis stabiluroba li rangis TanamdebobaTa aRmniSvneli, rom-
unda ganesazRvra xalxis znes, cxovrebis lebic iyvnen sapativcemulo Tanamdebobebi,
wess, saxelmwifo institutebs. erT-erTi magram ar hqondaT didi Zalaufleba.
retra ase mTavrdeboda: `mbrZanebloba da
Zalaufleba de xalxisa iyos~. liqtorebi (lictores) – umaRlesi Tanamdebo-
bis pirebis sapatio dacva, romelsac mis
liturgia _ Zv. w. V_ IV ss-Si garkveuli win faskebi mihqonda. Tavisi rangiT liq-
sazogadoebrivi movaleobebi da funqciebi torebi mosdevdnen gadamwerebs (scribae) da
iZulebiT ekisrebodaT mdidar moqalaqeeb- magistratis msaxurebs, magram win idgnen
sa (pentakosiomedimnosebs) da metoikosebs. Sikrikebsa (viatores) da macneebze (praecones).
amas ewodeboda liturgia. am liturgiaTa- ZiriTadad isini iyvnen gaTavisuflebulTa
gan zogierTi, magaliTad trierarqia iyo fenidan da qalaqSi daxurul korporaciebSi
perioduli, sxvebi _ regularuli, rota- erTiandebodnen. es korporaciebi iyofoda
ciis dadgenili Tanmimdevrobis Sesabamisi. dekuriebad. 3 dekuria iyo umaRlesi Tanam-
liturgiis saxeobebi iyo qoregia (qoros debobis pirebis liqtorebis (TiToeuli 24
momzadeba dramatuli da musikaluri fes- liqtors moicavda), I dekurias is liqtore-
tivalebisaTvis), gimnasiarqea (sazogadoe- bi Seadgendnen, romlebic msxverplSewir-
brivi TamaSebis mowyoba erovnuli dRe- vis ritualSi iRebdnen monawileobas (lic-
saswaulebis dReebSi), hestiasisi (eJstivasi", tores curiatii). isini komiciebSi XXX kurias
files wevrebisTvis gamarTuli lxini warmoadgendnen. Zv. w. 40 w-dan umaRles
zeimebis dros), arqiTeoria (sazogadoe- qurums (Flamen Dialis) da vestas msaxurebsac
brivi delegaciis xelmZRvaneloba ucxour (vestas qurumi qalebi) hyavdaT TiTo liq-
dResaswaulze), hipotrofia (iJppotrofiva, cx- tori. liqtorebi Tan axldnen magistrats
enTa moSeneba mxedrebisTvis). yvelgan, uTavisuflebdnen gzas, zrunavd-
zogierTi liturgiis aRmsrulebels asax- nen, rom maTTvis jerovani pativi miegoT,
elebda magistrati, mag., tragikuli qoros yaraulobdnen derefanSi, aRasrulebdnen
qoregoss asaxelebda arqoni, sxvebs niS- sikvdiliT dasjas. liqtors, romelic uSu-
navda file, magaliTad, kiklikur qoregoss alod magistratis win midioda, ewodeboda
da hestiasisis aRmsrulebels. daniSnul liqtor proqsimusi (lictor proximus), yvelaze
pirs SeeZlo daesaxelebina sxva piri, ro- pirvels ki – liqtor primusi (lictor primus).
melic, misi azriT, ukeT SeZlebda xarjis liqtorebi miekuTvnebodnen aparitorebs
gawevas. am ukanasknels an unda aResrule- (apparitores – umaRlesi magistratebis dabali
bina liturgia, an gaecvala Tavisi sakuTre- rangis teqnikuri msaxurebi) da radganac,
ba damsaxelebeli pirisTvis, anda eCivla rogorc wesi, didxans msaxurobdnen magis-
sasamarTloSi (ix. antidosisi). liturgia tratTan, sargeblobdnen imunitetiT (immu-
gulisxmobda rogorc dasaxelebuli piris nitas – privilegia, romelic aTavisuflebda
pirad CarTulobas (Tumca mas SeeZlo dae- pirovnebas gadasaxadisa da sazogadoebri-
qiravebina warmomadgeneli), ise fuladi vi valdebulebebisagan) da hqondaT sakmaod
saxsrebis daxarjvas. didi gavlena magistratebze, gansakuTrebiT
elinistur epoqaSi ukve aRar arsebobs imperiis epoqaSi.
mkveTri sademarkacio xazi administraciul
Tanamdebobebsa (ajrcaiv) da liturgiebs So- logistebi (logistaiv) _ saxalxo auditebi
ris. Teoriulad arc erTs ar ekisreboda aTenSi. Zv. w. V s-Si isini ocdaaTni iyvnen.
savaldebulo xarjis gaweva, magram, faq- Zv. w. IV s-Si ki maTi ricxvi aTs ar aRemate-
tobrivad, orive moicavda mZime pirad xar- boda, SesaZlebelia imitom, rom mas Semdeg
jebs. orivesTvis SesaZloa iZulebiT dae- rac aTenis imperiam daasrula Tavisi ar-
kisrebinaT Tanxis gaReba. am epoqaSi xSirad seboba, logistebs naklebi saqme hqondaT.
uwyalobebdnen pirovnebas gaTavisuflebas maT Tavad bules wevrebi niSnavdnen Tavi-
ara marto liturgiis aRsrulebisgan, ar- sive rigebidan. logistebis mTavari funq-
amed magistraturis dakavebisaganac. ase cia evTines Catareba iyo. evTinosebTan (am
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saqmisTvis gankuTvnil specialur moxelee- saklavs klavda, ganaTlavda jvaris ganZs
bTan) erTad isini Seiswavlidnen saxelm- da TviTonac gainaTleboda. mudmivi magan-
wifo Tanxebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebul Zuri ki jvars sikvdilamde emsaxureboda,
yvela magistratis angariSebs da movaleo- SeiZleboda Zalian moxucebuli xelosno-
bis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi magistra- bidan gaTavisuflebuliyo. aseT SemTxveva-
tis saqmes gansaxilvelad sasamarTlos ga- Si igi maganZurobidanac Tavisufldeboda.
dascemdnen. aTenis imperiis funqcionirebis am dros igi kvlav saklavs klavda da imave
periodSi logistebi asrulebdnen sxvadasx- wess asrulebda.
va saqmianobas, romlebic mokavSireTa mier
Sesatan gadasaxadTa angariSebs ukavSird- magistrati, saberZneTi _ berZnul qalaq-
eboda. saxelmwifoSi magistratis/moxelis insti-
tucia memkvidre iyo Zveli monarqiisa,
logografosi (logogravfo") _ `sityvis dam- romelic mxolod ramdenime qalaq-saxelm-
weri~. sasamarTloSi (ix. dikasterioni) wifoSi agrZelebda arsebobas (sparta, ki-
modave mxareebisaTvis sityvebis profe- rene). berZnuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, Tavda-
sionali damwerni. axlaxans gamoiTqva mo- pirvelad saxelmwifos meTaurobda erTi an
sazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac logografos- ramdenime magistrati, romelsac mmarTveli
ebi Cveulebriv ufro exmarebodnen modave klasi irCevda. samxedro, sasamarTlo da
mxareebs sityvis momzadebaSi, vidre Tavad religiuri funqciebi ukve adreul safex-
werdnen mas. urze iqna gamijnuli. religiur movaleoba-
Ta erTi nawili gadaeca Tanamdebobis pirs,
romelic inarCunebda samefo tituls. mom-
m devno etapze SeizRuda Tanamdebobis daka-
vebis xangrZlivoba, Tanamdebobrivi Zalau-
maganZuri, xevsureTi _ jvaris xelosani. fleba gadanawilebul iqna ramdenime mosam-
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos jvar-xatebi saxures Soris. TandaTanobiT saxelmwifos
flobdnen didi raodenobiT ganZs, romelic mmarTvelebma wmindad aRmasrulebeli xe-
fulTan erTad Cabarebuli hqonda magan- lisuflebis funqciaTa Sesruleba daiwyes.
Zurs. maganZuri meore piri iyo jvarSi. politikur da samxedro moxeleTa gver-
jvaris darbazSi xucesis Semdeg meore ska- diT berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi arse-
mi swored mas ekuTvnoda. maganZuri aqtiur bobdnen mosamsaxureni, romlebic specifi-
monawileobas iRebda jvarisa da saTemo kur saqmianobebs, ase magaliTad, safinan-
saqmeebis garCevisa da gadawyvetis dros. so an sazogadoebriv saqmianobebs aRas-
maganZuri aucileblad im jvaris xelosani rulebdnen, Tumca, Cveulebriv, pirovnebebs
iyo, romelSic maganZurad dgeboda. jvaris Tanamdebobeze specifikuri kvalifikaciis
xelosanTagan maganZurTa dayenebis sami mixedviT ar irCevdnen, gamonaklisi samx-
ZiriTadi wesi arsebobs: 1) rigiTi, wilisy- edro Tanamdebobebi iyo. mosamsaxureebs,
riT droebiT msaxurad; 2) qadagiT arCeuli rogorc wesi, sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi
mudmiv msaxurad da 3) memkvidreobiT, aseve irCevdnen. isini xelfass ar iRebdnen. zogi-
jvaris mudmiv msaxurad. erTi Tanamdebobis dakaveba mxolod Zalze
maganZurad mimsvleli xelosani erTi sak- mdidar adamians Tu SeeZlo. yvela moxele
laviT `xelmxars gainaTlavda~ da xatis Tanamdebobis dakavebamde Semowmebas _ do-
ganZsac ganaTlavda saklavis sisxliT. kimasias gadioda. magistratTa ricxvi gaiz-
maganZurad dadgoma SeeZloT mxolod arda demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi. Sesabam-
zRurbldalaxul (ix. zRurblis dalaxva) isad, Semcirda magistratTa Zalmosileba.
xelosnebs. maganZurs, rogorc jvarionTa gacilebiT Cveulebrivi movlena iyo sami,
warmomadgenels, wili hqonda jvaris Se- xuTi, an meti mosamsaxurisagan Semdgari ko-
mosavalSi. Tu maganZuroba rigiTi iyo, legiebi, vidre erTeuli mosamsaxure. magis-
maSin vadis gasvlis Semdeg igi kvlav xe- tratTa Tanamdebobrivi vada arasodes ar
losanTa rigebs ubrundeboda da igive xe- aRemateboda erT weliwads da Cveulebriv
losani axla ukve medroSed, mezared da a.S. adamiani amave postze ar SeiZleboda Tavi-
dgeboda. vadis gasvlisas maganZuri kvlav dan arCeuliyo. calkeul teqnikur Tanamde-
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bobaTa garda, arCevnebi warmoebda kenWisy- unda yofiliyo 43 wlis, pretori – 40-is,
riT (ix. arCevnebi kenWisyriT). yovel mox- kurulis edili – 37-is, kvestori – 30-is;
eles Tavisi Tanamdebobrivi vadis amowur- Tumca zogjer zogierT kandidats senati
vis Semdeg angariSi unda waredgina (ix. evda xalxis aTavisuflebda am kanonis (lex
Tine). dabali rangis moxeleTa umetesoba annalis-asakobrivi kanoni) moqmedebisagan; 3)
mcire dRiur gasamrjelos iRebda. zogadad, srulyofili aRnagoba; 4) garkveuli wesri-
berZnuli samoxeleo institucia warmogvid- gi da Tanmimdevruloba Tanamdebobebis Ses-
genda yvela moqalaqis monawileobas poli- rulebisas, saxeldobr – jer kvestura (edi-
tikaSi da aseve maT Tanasworobas. Tanamde- lebi), Semdeg pretura da bolos konsuloba
bobis dasakaveblad saberZneTSi arc ierar- (sulam es kanoniT daadgina); 5) sxvadasxva
qiuli safexurebi da arc cursus honorum ar magistraturebs Soris garkveuli drois
arsebobda. gasvla; plebiscitiT (Zv. w. 412 w.) 10 welze
adre aravis SeeZlo daekavebina erTi da
magistrati (magistratus-dan Tanamdeboba, igive Tanamdeboba; Tumca gamonaklisebic
Tanamdebobis piri, xelmZRvaneli) _ ro- xdeboda.
maeli xalxis magistrati (magistratus populi magistrati uflebamosili iyo: moewvia xal
romani) umaRlesi Zalauflebisa da mmarT- xi krebaze (contio), gamoeca ediqtebi da dek
velobis respublikuri organo, romelic retebi, senatSi Seetana wardginebebi (refere
saxalxo krebasa da senatTan erTad saxelm- ad senatum), daekisrebina fuladi jarima da
wifos mTavar sayrdens warmoadgenda, gan- a. S.
viTarda mefis Zalauflebis dasustebis Sem- magistrati maiores (umaRlesi magistratebi)
deg. 1) respublikis periodSi aucilebeli omSi winamZRolebi iyvnen, rasac maT gan-
magistratebi iyvnen: konsulebi, cenzorebi, sakuTrebuli kanoni (lex curiata de impe-
pretorebi, edilebi, kvestorebi, saxalxo rio) avaldebulebda, maT aseve marTlmsa-
tribunebi; iyo aseve sagangebo, mxolod julebis warmoebis, senatisa da komiciebis
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi arCeuli mag- mowvevis ufleba hqondaT.
istratebi: diqtatori, cxenosani jaris magistratus designati – ukve arCeuli, magram
ufrosi (magister equitum), praefectus urbi, de- Tanamdebobis movaleobis jer ar aRmsru
cemviri legibus scribundis, tribuni militum da a. S.; lebeli magistratebi;
magistratebi iyvnen kurulebi (konsulebi, magistratus suffecti – raRac mizeziT gadadmd-
cenzorebi, pretorebi, kurulis edilebi, gari magistratebis nacvlad arCeulebi;
diqtatori, cxenosani jaris ufrosi) da magistratus municipales – administraciuli mo
ara kurulebi (kvestorebi, kerZod, tribuni valeobebis Sesasrulebad arCeuli munici-
plebis, aediles plebis, ocdaeqvsi kaci (viginti sex paluri senatis wevrebi;
viri), sxvadasxva mzrunveli (curatores), imisda magistratad gaxdoma nebismier romael mo-
mixedviT, hqondaT Tu ara maT ufleba ku- qalaqes SeeZlo, magram maRali Tanamdebo-
rulis savarZelze (sella curulis). umaRlesi bisaken savali gza did xarjs moiTxovda
magistratebi (magistratus maiores) patricie- da praqtikulad magistratebad SeZlebuli
bidan iyvnen manamde, vidre plebeebi Se- ojaxis wevrebi xdebodnen; iSviaTi gamonak-
Zlebdnen am Tanamdebobis dakavebas. maT, lisi iyo àxali adamiani~. akrZaluli iyo
diqtatoris garda, centuriaTa komiciebSi ramdenime magistratis erTdroulad dakave-
irCevdnen. magistratus minores – ara kurulebs ba. magistratis Tanamdebobze pirovnebas Ta-
ki tributebis komiciebSi. ordinarul ma vad unda wamoeyenebina Tavisi kandidatura;
gistratebs, rogorc wesi, erTi wliT irCev- umaRles magistratebs uSualo Zalaufle-
dnen da am movaleobas ori kaci asrulebda bas aniWebda lex curiata de imperio. magistrats
(kolegialuri principi). mefeTa gandevnis yoveli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis win
Semdeg (Zv. w. 500 w-mde) respublikas saTaveSi auspicia (winaswarmetyveleba frinvelebis
edga ori magistrati umaRlesi patriciebi qcevaze dakvirvebiT) unda Caetarebina.
dan. Tanamdebobis aRsrulebis dawyebisas unda
Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad aucilebeli daeficebina, rom kanonebs daicavda (iurare in
iyo: 1) piradi gancxadeba; 2) kanoniT dad- leges), Tavisi uflebamosilebis gasvlisas ki,
genili asaki – ciceronis dros konsuli rom is asec iqceoda (eiurare).
207
samarTaldarRvevis ufleba mxolod magis diqtators, romelic mas am Tanamdebobaze
tratebs hqondaT (dabali rangis magis- niSnavda da diqtatorTan erTad tovebda
trats pativiscema unda gamoevlina maRali Tanamdebobas. es Tanamdeboba sapatio iyo,
magistratis mimarT, magram mas ar unda mas ekuTvnoda kurulis savarZeli (sella cu-
daqvemdebareboda). magistratis uflebebs rulis), praetexta (mosasxami) da 6 liqtori.
senati zRudavda; magistrats hyavda mcire magister militum an militiae _ samxedro Tanam-
ricxovani moxeleebis Stati. deboba, konstantine didis droidan es iyo
romaeli magaistratisTvis damaxasiaTebe- tituli imperatorebis mxedarTmTavrebisa
li sami principi: da legatebis, romlebsac umaRlesi sam
1) samsaxuris 1 weli (gamonaklisi iyo _ xedro Zalaufleba hqondaT. konstantinem
diqtatori, cenzori); es vada iSviaT Sem- daniSna erTi magister equitum da erTi ma-
TxvevaSi SeiZleba gagrZelebuliyo. magis- gister peditum samxedro uwyebis ufrosebad.
trats igive Tanamdeboba SeeZlo daekave- magistri xelmZRvanelobda meTaurebs (35,
bina mxolod 10 wlis gasvlis Semdeg; romelTagan 10 umaRlesi adgilisas hqonda
2) kolegialoba; diqtatoris garda yvela tituli comites). dasavleT romis imperiaSi
magistrati kolegialuri iyo; magistrati magistrebis ricxvi _ 3-s, aRmosavleTSi ki
flobda srul Zalauflebas, romlis Sez- 5-s aRwevda.
Rudva mxolod kolegias SeeZlo _ gaeuqme- magister morum _ zneobis magistri igivea,
bina an aekrZala misi nebismieri qmedeba rac cenzori;
(interkesia); magister officiorum _ kancelariis ufrosi, im-
3) Semdgomi pasuxismgebloba _ Tavisi sam- peratoris karis ministri. Tanamdeboba, ro-
saxurebrivi qmedebebisaTvis magistrati melic konstantinem Semoitana; audienciebis
pasuxismgebeli iyo mxolod Tavisi ufle- dros ganagebda ceremonials da karis yve-
bamosilebis Cabarebis Semdeg. magram es pala msaxuri mas emorCileboda.
suxismgebloba iluzoruli iyo, radgan igi magister populi _ diqtatori;
Tavisive klasis warmomadgenlebs, yofil magister scriniorum _ imperatoris yvela
magistratebs unda ganesajaT; kancelariis ufrosi; mis gamgeblobaSi Se-
principatis dros magistratma Tavis mniSv dioda: scrinia memoriae, epistularum, libellorum
neloba dakarga, is realuri politikuri da dispositionum (sacavi cnobebis, werilebis,
wignebisa da gankargulebebis); TiToeul am
Zalauflebis gareSe sapatio Tanamdebobad
kancelarias gansakuTrebuli magistri ga-
iqca.
nagebda.
respublikuri magistratis adgili prin-
magister vestis lineae an linteae _ imperatoris
cepsma da misma moxeleebma daikaves.
tansacmlis magistri, romelic mis TeT-
reulsac ganagebda;
magistri (magnus, magis _ ufro didi, meTau- 2) meTaurebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebis
ri, maswavlebeli) _ romSi saxelwodeba saero da sasuliero korpo-
1) Tanamdebobebis aRmniSvneli saxeli: raciebSi:
magister ab epistulis _ imperatoris ediqtebisa magister collegiorum _ kolegiebis meTauri,
da gankargulebebis gavrcelebis ufrosi; mag. xelosnebis (fabrorum), durglebis (tig-
magister a rationibus _ imperiis xazinis mmarT nariorum), memaudeebis (fullonum) da sxv.;
veli; magister municipiorum, pagorum da vicorum
magister admissionum _ imperatoris karis _ TviTmarTveli qalaqebisa da Temebis
gamrige; mmarTvelebi;
magister aeris, igive rationalis _ molare, meWur- magister qurumTa kolegiebis: augurum (frin-
WleTuxucesi; velTmisnebis), decemvirorum (aTwevriani ko-
magister census _ qalaqis gamosaRebebis uf legiis), sacrorum (RvTismsaxurebis), fratrum
Arvalium (arvalis Zmebis), Saliorum (saliebis
rosi, romelic gamosaRebis Sesakrebelsa
Zmebis), sacerdotum (qurumebis), romlebic ko-
da Ralis akrefas xelmZRvanelobda;
legiebis ufrosebi iyvnen;
magister equitum _ cxenosani jaris ufrosi,
3) saxeli, romelic gvxvdeba samoqalaqo sa-
diqtatoris damxmare da moadgile; igi
marTalsa da yoveldRiurobaSi:
valdebuli iyo usityvod damorCileboda
magister auctionis an bonorum ewodeboda pirs,
208
romelsac irCevda gakotrebuli mevalis mamasaxlisi _ saxlis, gvaris an Temis meTau-
kreditori Tavisi wridan da igi movalis ri. pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis pe-
qonebis gayidvas warmarTavda; riodSi mamasaxlisi gvaris uxucesi iyo.
magister an rex convivi _ Tamada, nadimis gvarovnuli wyobilebis elementebi, misi
warmarTveli, romelsac kamaTlebiT irCev- gadmonaSTebi mamasaxlisobis institutma
dnen da romelic gansazRvravda Tasebis si- gviandel feodalur periodSic SeinarCu-
didesa da raodenobas; na. soflis mamasaxlisi ZiriTadad glexTa
magister navis _ gemis kapitani; wres ekuTvnoda. igi iyo administraciuli
magister operum singulorum officiorum _ muSaxe- funqciebis mqone dabali moxele, romelsac
lis zedamxedveli; evaleboda ecnobinebina soflisaTvis cen-
magister scripturae an societatis _ moijare-Semsy- tralur organoTa brZanebebi, gaerCia sisx-
idvelTa ufrosi; lisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis wvrili saq-
meebi, daxmareboda moxeleebs gadasaxadebis
mamaTmavloba _ Zvel qarTul samarTalSi akrefaSi da a. S. glexebi mamasaxlisis sa-
`sodomuri codva~ sam jgufad iyofoda. ga- sargeblod gadasaxads ixdidnen, Tavad
nasxvavebdnen `subuq~, `mZime~ da ùmZimes~ mamasaxlisi ki gadasaxadebisagan gaTavi-
mamaTmavlobas. pasiur mamaTmavlobas `ma- suflebuli iyo. vaxtang VI-is dasturlama-
maT dedlobai~ ewodeboda. erekle II-isa da lis mixedviT, saxaso mamulebSi mamasaxliss
anton kaTalikosis ganCineba 1767-68 ww-Si mefe niSnavda. TavianTi mamasaxlisebi hyav-
mamaTmavlobisTvis `Zaliani da saandazos daT agreTve msxvil feodalebsac. qalaqis
jajaebiT~ sikvdils iTvaliswinebda. mamasaxliss mouravTan, meliqsa da nac-
valTan erTad bazris, vaWrobis saqmeebi
mamamZuZeoba _ (mamamZuZe _ gamzrdeli) eqvemdebareboda; igi axorcielebda admi
sxvis ojaxSi Svilis gasazrdelad gabarebis nistraciul funqciebs qalaqis mosaxleobis
Cveuleba, romelic mraval xalxSi iyo mimarT, monawileobda sasamarTlo saqmee-
gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi V s-dan ixse- bis garCevaSi da sxv. Tbilisis mamasaxlisi-
nieba wyaroebSi (`SuSanikis wameba~). juan- sa da meliqis Tanamdebobebi XVIII s-Si erTi
Seris sityviT, vaxtang gorgaslis dros piris xelSi gaerTianda.
`wesi iyo, rom Svilni mTavarTani warCineb- mamasaxlisi erqva agreTve samonastro Zmo-
ulTa saxlsa aRzardian~. am periodSi mama- bis ufross, winamZRvars. sasuliero dawe-
mZuZeoba mxolod warCinebulTa wris far- sebulebaTa mamasaxlisebs, garda sarwmu-
glebSi eqceoda. tradiciis Tanaxmad, bavSvi noebrivi sakiTxebisa, yovelgvari adminis-
sakuTari mamis saxlSi ar izrdeboda. bavSvis traciuli da sameurneo xasiaTis saqmeebic
deda ara Tavisi qmris, aramed Tavis sagva- exebodaT.
reulo ojaxSi zrdida bavSvs. colis gvarSi
gaCenili Svili izrdeboda dedis ojaxSi, mamfali _ feodalur saqarTveloSi `patro-
sadac dedis uaxloesi mamrobiTi sqesis na- nis~ Sesatyvisi termini, feodali mTavrebis
Tesavi iyo bavSvis aRmzrdeli da mfarveli. saxelwodeba. termini mamfali piradi da
is mxolod mozrdili Sedioda Tavisi mamis saadgilmamulo urTierTdamokidebulebis
ojaxSi. aRzrdis es forma qalis mamiseuli gamosaxatavad farTod damkvidrda VIII s-is
ojaxis mniSvnelovan rolze migviTiTebs. II naxevarSi. IX-X ss-Si, roca amave mniS
feodaluri urTierTobis daSlis Semdeg ma- vnelobiT sayovelTaod gavrcelda `patro-
mamZuZeobis tradicia TiTqmis Sewyda. Tumca ni~, termini `mamfali~ feodali mTavris aR-
glexis ojaxebSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saniSnavad kidev gamoiyeneboda. Tumca igi
saqarTveloSi mainc nawilobriv SemorCa. male gamovida xmarebidan.
dadasturebulia zemo raWaSi `sxvisiSvilo-
ba~, romelic `kerZmokeTeobasTan~ anu ara- mandatumi/mandati (mandatum _ saxelSek-
sisxliT naTesaobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ruleblo valdebuleba) _ 1) kontraqti,
am Cveulebis Tanaxmad, aRsazrdelisa da romelSic mavani iRebs valdebulebas aiRos
aRmzrdelis ojaxis wevrebs Soris myarde- sxvisi saqmis warmoeba gasamrjelos gar-
boda e. w. ZuZuTi naTesaoba, rac maT Soris eSe; romaul kerZo da saxelmwifo samar-
saqorwino urTierTobas krZalavda. TalSi am terminiT aRiniSneboda qmedeba,
209
romelsac erTi mxare meores nacvlad asli iyo xevsuris cxovrebaSi. SuRlis dros
rulebda. mandatumi urTierTndobas efuZne- TviT Zlieri Temic ki muxls iyrida qalis
boda da wydeboda, Tu valdebulebas rome- mandilis winaSe.
lime mxare Tavidan icilebda an kvdeboda.
mandatumi vaWrobis ganviTarebasTan erTad mancipacia/mankipacio (mancipatio – manu capere
saerTaSoriso samarTlis (iuris gentium) in- – sakuTrebaSi gadacema) – romauli kanon-
stitutad yalibdeba romaelebis mier dapy- mdeblobiT samarTeblivi garigeba, romlis
robil qveynebSi. 2) imperatoris brZaneb- drosac samarTlis erTi subieqti meores
uleba instruqciis formiT; gadascemda Tavis sakuTrebas an uflebas
ganekarga garkveuli pirebi da an sagnebi
mandaturTuxucesi _ veziri feodalur saqa- (gayidva, krediti, mziTvi, saCuqari) 5 mowmi-
rTveloSi, romlis `pativi misi (amirspasal- sa (Tavdapirvelad srulwlovani romaeli
arisa) da mandaturTuxucesisa swori aris~. moqalaqeebi, SemdgomSi sxva laTinebic) da
qarTul saistorio TxzulebebSi pirvelad erTi sasworiT amwonis (libripens) Tandaswre-
giorgi III-is dros aris moxseniebuli. `ma- biT. mancipaciiT sakuTrebaSi gadaicemoda
daturni~ saqarTveloSi ukve XI s-dan arse- monebi, miwis nakveTebi, saqoneli. SemZeni
bobdnen da bagrat IV-is dros giorgi mTaw- xelSi iRebda gadacemul sagans, warmoTq-
mindelis cxovrebaSi da giorgi II-is 1072 vamda sazeimo formulas (`me vamtkiceb, rom
wlis sigelSi arian moxseniebulni. Tamar es sagani kvirituli uflebiT Cemia, igi na
mefes mandaturTuxucesisaTvis vezirad yidia am sasworze awonili am spilenZiT~),
daniSvnis dros oqros argani miucia, ro- dakravda daumuSavebel spilenZs (rauduscu-
melic mandaturTuxucesobis sagangebo ni- lum) saswors da gadascemda spilenZs gam-
Sani unda yofiliyo. `samandaturo argans~ sxvisebels, romelic mas iRebda (gestum aes
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda da et libram). Tavdapirvelad mancipacia iyo
Tanamdebobis piris erT-erT mniSvnelovan naRd fulze (spilenZis) gayidva, SemdgomSi
atributs warmoadgenda. mandaturTuxucess istoriul periodSi fiqtiur gayidvad iqca
moxeleebad mandaturni unda hyoloda. dar- (imaginaria venditio – warmosaxviTi gayidva).
bazobisa da purobis drosac mandaturTuxu- mancipacia xorcieldeboda mxolod romael
cess xelT argani epyra. mandaturTuxucess moqalaqeebs an vaWrobis uflebis (ius com-
imier-amier saqarTvelos mandaturni eqvem- mercii) mqone ucxoelebs Soris, misi sagani ki
debarebodnen. vazirobis dros savaziro iyo gasxvisebuli nivTebi (res mancipii). sim-
oTaxs gareT `mandaturni~ ucxos aravis boluri, fiqtiuri mancipacia – erTi moneta
uSvebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, mandaturebs (nummo uno) SeiZleba gamoiyeno nebismieri
mcvelebis movaleobac hqondaT, Tumca erT- daSvebuli miznisTvis (kreditis gacema, Cuqe-
erTi wyaros Tanaxmad, mandaturi sapatio ba, mamis uflebis daweseba an Sewyveta da a.S.).
kacis gamyolia mgzavrobaSi. mandaturebs mancipacia colis qmris ZalauflebaSi gadas-
zvris muSaTa zedamxedvelobac evalebodaT. vlasac emsaxureboda da maSin ewodeboda
mandaturTuxucesis Tanxmobis gareSe an mis yidva (coemptio), pirovnebaze Zalauflebis
daumowmeblad ar SeiZleboda sigelis gace- gadasvlisas: Svilobisas – (adofcia); eman-
ma. garda mandaturebisa, mandaturTuxucess sipaciisas – Svilebis gaTavisufleba mamis
amirejibi da ganmgeTuxucesic eqvemdebare- Zalauflebisagan; mancipacia memkvidreobis
bodnen. uflebis damtkicebisas da valdebulebebis
uflebebSi Sesvlisas gamoiyeneboda; manci-
mandili, xevsureTi _ Temi did pativs scem- pacia Sewyda ax. w. IV s-Si.
da qalis mandils. Tu Temi qalis mfarve-
li iyo, qalis mandilic Tems icavda. roca manumisia/manumisio (manumissio – manu-mittere
raime mizezis gamo ori Temi erTmaneTs – xelidan gaSveba) – monebis gaTavisufle-
daupirispirdeboda da daSnebiT SeewinaaR- ba, iuridiuli aqti, romlis Sedegad mona –
mdegeboda erTmaneTs, qalebi ereodnen gaazatebuli, misi batoni ki patroni xdeboda.
SuRlSi da mandiliT wyvetdnen davas. man- azatis damokidebulebas patronze reglamen-
dilis moxda da SuRlis mospoba gaigivebu- tacias uwevs patronis ufleba (ius patronatus).
210
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT manumisia pa- manus (xeli) – farTo mniSvnelobiT es si-
tronisaTvis xelsayreli iyo, radganac igi tyva niSnavda Zalauflebas (potestas) da pa
mdidar gamosasyids (gansakuTrebiT Tu mona terfamilias absolutur Zalauflebas jalabsa
Tavs isyidda Tavisi sakuTrebis meSveobiT) da maT qonebaze (mancipium), viwro mniSvn-
da axal SesaZleblobas iRebda, gamoeyenebi- elobiT ki – ojaxSi qmris Zalauflebas
na yofili monebis Sroma ara ZaldatanebiT, colze, roca maT Soris qorwineba ara mxo
aramed ufro efeqturi meTodebiT. srul lod yvela wesis Tanaxmad, aramed nakleb
Tavisuflebad (romelic ara marto Tavi- sazeimodac sruldeboda.
suflebas, aramed romis moqalaqeobasac
aZlevda) samoqalaqo samarTliT iTvle- mariusi gaius (Gaius Marius) (Zv. w. 156-86 ww.)
boda mxolod manumissio vindicta: sxva piris _ àxali adamiani~, brwyinvale mxedarTm-
fiqtiuri saCivris safuZvelze, romelic Tavari da politikosi, Svidgzis konsuli,
amtkicebda, rom gasaTavisuflebeli Tavi- popularebis beladi (Zv. w. 107-86 ww.), sulas
sufali adamiania da ara mona, momCivani mowinaaRmdege.
magistratis (adsertor libertatis – Tavisuflebis ubralo ojaxis Svili, gaunaTlebeli, ma-
gamommcxadebeli) TandaswrebiT monas Tavze gram fizikurad da suliTac Zlieri. jarSi
adebda wknels (festuca) da amtkicebda, rom is Sevida da samxedro moRvaweoba espaneTSi
Tavisufalia; ramdenadac monis batoni amas daiwyo, Tavis Semdegdroindel mowinaaRm-
ar ewinaaRmdegeboda, magistrati sazeimod dege iugurTasTan erTad Seiswavla samxed
gamoacxadebda monas Tavisuflad. ro saqme da SesaniSnavi mxedarTmTavari
manumissio censu – batonis uflebamosilebiT dadga. erTxel, roca is xis qveS iwva, mas
mona midioda cenzorTan, rom igi Seeyvana Tavze arwivis bude daeca Sig Svidi marT-
romis moqalaqeTa siaSi; veTi, rac misanTa axsniT, mas didebul moma-
manumissio testamento – pirdapiri brZanebiT vals da bednierebas uqadda (Svidi marTve
anderZSi mona Tavisufldeba, rogorc ki Svidjer konsulobas niSnavda). Zv. w. 119 w-s
dadgenili memkvidre iRebs memkvidreo- igi saxalxo tribunad airCies; am dros man
bas da anderZiT an pirobiT (manumissio sub gaatara kanoni, romelic arCevnebisas mos
condicione) gaTavisuflebuli (libertus orci- yidvas zRudavda.
nus) xdeba: megobrebis (inter amicos), rogorc keisris mamida iuliaze daqorwinebam mas
mowmeebis TandaswrebiT; an werilobiTi gza gauxsna pretorad, mere ki espaneTSi
(per epistulam) ganacxadiT, an sufrasTan (per nacvlad daniSvnisaken. espaneTSi man kargi
mensam) an sasikvdilo sarecelze; ase gaT- saxeli moipova.
avisuflebul monebs mxolod faqtobrivi gansakuTrebul sabrZolo warmatebas ki iu-
Tavisufleba aqvT (anu pretori nebas ar gurTasTan brZolaSi miaRwia. mariusi op-
rTavs, rom yofilma batonma Tavisi Zalau- timatebis dauZinebeli mteri iyo, plebssa
fleba aRadginos maTze), magram maTi sikvdi- da jariskacebs ki igi uyvardaT. Zv. w. 107
lis Semdeg maTi sakuTreba batons rCeba; w-s igi konsulad airCies, legionebis gasa-
principatis dros gavrcelebuli iyo manu- Zlierebelad miiRo yvelaze Raribebi da
missio fideicommissaria – moanderZis TxovniT umdablesi fenis warmomadgenlebi, rac
memkvidre an legatariusi (anderZis warmom- uCveulo iyo. mariusi Zv. w. 104 w-sac kimbreb-
dgeni) aTavisuflebs monas da Tavad xdeba sa da tevtonebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
misi patroni, dominatis dros konstantines konsulad da momdevno sami wlis manZilzec
mier aRiarebuli iyo manumissio in (sacrosanc- konsulad airCies, rac romisTvis uprece-
tis) ecclesiis, manumissio in ecclesia: mRvdlisa da dento movlena iyo. mariusma pirvel rigSi
morwmuneebis TandaswrebiT batoni gamoTq- jariskacebi miaCvia, SiSis gareSe ecqiraT
vamda survils, gaeTavisuflebina mona; banakSi gamagrebuli veluri kimbrebisa
manumissio servi communis-as aucilebelia da tevtonebisaTvis. mariusma daamarcxa
saerTo monis gaTavisufleba yvela mesaku- isini da igi mexuTed airCies konsulad,
Tris mier. akrZalulia manumisia kredito- gadauxades triumfi da meore romulusic
risTvis vnebis ganzraxviT (manumissio credi- uwodes. aseTi warmatebebiT Tavbrudaxveu-
torum fraudandorum causa); li pativmoyvare adamiani konsulad (Zv. w.
211
100 w.) kvlav airCies. mariusma veragulad lebiT, romelic axasiaTebda SedarebiT
CamoiSora ara mxolod Tavisi mowinaaR- mSvidi principatis epoqis dasasruls. ax.
mdegeebi, aramed mokavSireebi da plebsis w. 162 w-s CaxSobil iqna ajanyeba britaneT-
ukmayofilebac ki daimsaxura. am dros daw- Si, magram brZolebi xaTebTan germaniaSi
yebul marsiis brZolaSi mariusma gaimar- gagrZelda.
jva. magram asakis gamo Camoscilda poli- parTelebTan omis Semdeg (ax. w. 162-166 ww.)
tikas, Tumca roca miTridate pontoelTan armenia da mesopotamiis Crdilo-dasavle-
omi daiwyo, man moisurva mxedarTmTavroba, TiT mdebare osroena romze damokidebuli
romelic mis Zvel metoqe sulas gadasces. gaxda. laSqrobidan dabrunebulma jarma
Zv. w. 88 w-s sula konsulad airCies da mas da imperiaSi Seitana Savi Wiri, romelic ax. w.
mariuss Soris Ria dapirispireba daiwyo. 189 w-mde boboqrobda.
sula romisken daiZra, mariusi vaJiSvilTan markomanebisa da kvadebis (ax. w. 166-167 ww.)
erTad gaiqca, bevri ixetiala, bolos icnes SemoWra dunais sazRvarze xangrZliv Tav-
da sikvdiliT dasja miusajes, magram am ga- dacviT brZolaSi gadaizarda. ax. w. 168-172
naCenis aRsruleba veravin gabeda, piriqiT, ww-Si romaulma jarma markus avreliusis
gaapares kidec da igi bevri xifaTis Semdeg xelmZRvanelobiT Seaviwrova germanuli
karTagenSi (afrika) moxvda. mariusma Zala da sarmatuli tomebi zemo italiidan, reci-
moikriba da romisken daiZra, sastikad idan, norikidan, panoniidan da balkaneTis
gausworda sulas momxreebs, Tavad sula provinciidan.
ki Serisxa. mxcovanma mariusma bolo xnis ax. w. 172 w-dan romaelebi Setevaze gadavid-
aseT boboqar cxovrebas ver gauZlo da 71 nen, magram maT mxolod mcire xniT SeZles
wlis asakSi gardaicvala (Zv. w. 86 w.). sulam kontrolis daweseba Tanamedrove CexeTisa
Seuracxyo misi gvami, mdinareSi gadaagdo. da aRmosavleT ungreTis teritoriis na-
mariusma mkveTri reformebiT ara marto wilze. ax. w. 171-175 ww-is markomaniis omis
romauli armiis brZolisunarianoba gazar- epizodebi aRbeWdilia romSi markus av-
da, aramed daasrula gadasvla laSqridan reliusis 30 metrian bareliefze. egvipte-
profesiul jarze. am reformis gamo samo- Si siriis nacvlis mier umaRlesi Zalauf-
qalaqo omebis dros gviani respublikis lebis uzurpaciis mcdelobam ax. w. 175 w-s
periodSi mdidar da gavlenian politikur kvlav daZaba Sidapolitikuri situacia. ax.
moRvaweTa Soris ZalauflebisaTvis brZo- w. 176 w-s markus avreliusma Tavisi Ze komo-
laSi armia iaraRad iqca. samoqalaqo omSi, dusi gamoacxada TanammarTvelad da omis
romelmac respublikur wyobis krizisi damTavrebamde cota xniT adre Wirisagan
gamoiwvia da gza gaxsna erTpirovnuli Za- daiRupa vindobonaSi.
lauflebis damyarebisaTvis, mariusi opti- imperatoris Sida politikisaTvis damaxa
matebis mowinaaRmdegebis beladi iyo. siaTebeli iyo Tanxmoba senatTan da imav
droulad imperiis saxelmwifo aparatis
markus avreliusi (Marcus Aurelius) (ax. w. 121- gaZliereba da misi funqciis gafarToeba.
180 ww.) _ romaeli imperatori ax. w. 161 w- markus avreliusi tyve barbarosebs mone-
dan. gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe, didad bad ar aqcevda, aramed kolonebis saxiT sa-
ganaTlebuli da niWieri. daibada espanuri sazRvro dasaxlebaSi tovebda.
warmoSobis senatoris ojaxSi. ax. w. 138 w-s markus avreliusi gaxda ekleqtikuri stois
iSvila biZa antoninus piusma, ax. w. 145 w-s erT-erTi gamorCeuli warmomadgeneli.
colad SeirTo misi qaliSvili faustina da epiqtetosis swavlebis gavleniT wamyvani
ax. w. 146 w-s TanammarTvelad gamocxadda. adgili mis filosofiur gansjaSi daikava
markus avreliusi frontonsa da herode eTikam. igi mouwodebda, uangarod yvarebo-
atikusTan swavlobda ritorikas da ax. w. daT axloblebi da zneobriv srulyofaze
146 w-dan gamoavlina interesi filosofi- ezrunaT. misi azriT, bedniereba miiRweva
isadmi. ax. w. 161 w-s taxtze avida da ax. w. 169 samyaros warmarTveli bunebrivi kanonebis
wlamde marTavda Tavis Zmad wodebul lu- SecnobiTa da misi gonierebis imediT. ada-
kius verusTan erTad. mianis goneba RvTaebrivia da amitom yvela
markus avreliusi mmarTvelobis xana ga- adamiani Tanabaria. ramdenadac markus av-
moirCeva gamZafrebuli TavdacviTi brZo- reliusis moiTxovda, rom TiToeuls Sees-
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rulebina bediT gankuTvnili Tavisi roli, sajaro adgilas, romelsac sxvadasxva sa-
amdenad igi arsebuli wyobis apologetad zogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli saxeli hqonda.
gamodioda. Zveli stois filosofiisagan esenia: lalxor, svif da saxev. pirveli mo-
gansxvavebiT, igi ganacalkevebda RmerTs dioda sazogadoebis erTi romelime wev-
bunebisagan da platonis Tavalsazriss uax- ri da daukravda buks xalxis Sesayrelad.
lovdeboda. sayviris xmaze yvela sadResaswaulo tani-
dunais sazRvarze omisas man dawera traqta- samosiT Seimoseboda da midioda daniSnul
ti `Tavis TavTan~ (`fiqrebi~), romelic Semd- adgilas. aqve wamodgeboda maxvSobis kandi-
gomSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda. dati, romelic xalxs jer kidev wina maxv-
markus avreliusma ganaxorciela zogierTi Sis sicocxleSi hyavda Segulebuli maxvSis
administraciuli reforma, xSirad cvlida moadgiled misi dadebiTi Tvisebebis gamo.
samarTlis normebs. imperatoris arqivSi Sesabamisad, maxvSi didi xniT adre iyo ar-
Seadgines misi reskriptebis krebuli sa- Ceuli winaswar da xalxi mxolod imisTvis
xelwodebiT `naxevarmTvareebi~ (Semestria). ikribeboda aq, rom sajarod Caebarebina
misTvis Tanamdeboba. am ceremonialze erT-
maWankali _ meqorwine mxareTa Suamavali, erTi oratori kandidats maxvSobis mova-
romelic gasamrjelos miRebis pirobiT leobas axsenebda da locavda mas. maxvSic
dasaqorwinebelTa davalebebs asrulebda. ufals SesTxovda, mieca Zala, Rirseulad
istoriulad maWankloba ganviTarda Sua- etarebina es tvirTi.
kacTa institutidan, rac arqauli droidan maxvSis funqciebSi Sedioda sisxlis samarT-
iyo cnobili saqorwino urTierTobebSi. am lisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis, sasulie-
saqmes ZiriTadad misdevdnen asakovani qa- ro da saero sakiTxebis mogvareba. Tumca
lebi, romlebic umTavresad qvrivebisa da yrilobis morCili iyo da mis daukiTxavad
materialurad dainteresebulTa saqorwi- ar iRebda gadawyvetilebas. mxolod maSin
no urTierTobebs arigebdnen. hqonda gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, Tu
xevsureTi _ meqorwine mxareTa saqmis momg- darwmunebuli iyo, rom sazogado interese-
vareblad, maWanklad irCevdnen sando pirs, bi mtkiced iyo daculi. maxvSis ufleba hqon-
romelsac Suamavlobas avalebdnen dasa- da dResaswaulis dros xalxisTvis iaraRi
niSn qalTan (ix. niSnoba) da niSnad atandnen aeyara, raTa simTvraliT gamowveuli areu-
erT abazs an erTi abazis Rirebulebis raime loba aecilebina. mis movaleobaSi Sedioda
nivTs. daniSvnac Zalian martivad xdeboda. sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris mSvidobiano-
niSnad ubralo nivTis mitana icodnen, Zi- bis dacva, morigeba (ix. morigeba, svaneTi)
riTadad abzinda, saTiTe mihqondaT. am nivTs moCxubarTa da moZuleTa Soris.
Tan miayolebdnen erT-or Tung arays, an erT maxvSis aranairi jamagiri ar eZleoda, sa-
manaTs, an manaTis Rirebulebis farCas. magierod, pirveli da sapatio adgili ekava
sazogadoebaSi. igi CveulebiTi samarTlis
maxvSi, svaneTi _ (svanurad ufrosi, meufro- ZaliT xelSeuxebeli iyo, mas verc fizikur
se) mamasaxlisi, sasoflo yrilobis Tavmj- Seuracxyofas miayenebdnen da verc daapa-
domare svaneTSi. maxvSs irCevdnen uvadod, timrebdnen.
Tumca SesaZlebeli iyo, SeewyvitaT statu- qora maxvSi _ ojaxis ufrosi. svanuri Cveu-
si misTvis, Tu igi ver Seasrulebda kargad lebiT, ojaxis ufrosoba xniT yvelaze
Tavis movaleobas. maxvSis arCevnebSi mona- ufross ekuTvnoda, magram Tu igi ar iyo
wileobis ufleba hqonda nebismier srul- Sesaferisi am TanamdebobisTvis, maxvSo-
wlovan (xandazmul) adamians, rogorc ma- ba anu ufrosoba masze SedarebiT umcros
makacs, aseve qalsac (Tumca, mandilosanTa Zmaze an Svilze gadadioda. qora maxvSi
ricxvi yovelTvis naklebi iyo arCevnebSi). sruluflebiani baton-patroni iyo Tavisi
SesaZlebeli iyo erTdroulad erTi oja- ojaxisa da yvela mas emorCileboda. winaT
xis ramdenime wevric ki yofiliyo maxvSo- swored maxvSi arCevda sakuTari ojaxidan
bis kandidati. omSi wamsvlelebsa Tu Suris maZieblebs
maxvSi unda yofiliyo mamaci, gamocdili, garkveuli saqmisTvis. mociquloba da sar-
patiosani, gonieri da sazogadoebis erTgu- Cel-saCivaris ganawilebac mis movaleoba-
li. maxvSis arCevis procesi mimdinareobda Si Sedioda. ojaxis fulsac is gankargavda
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da yvelanair zvaraksac Tavad swiravda sasamarTlos eswreboda mdivani, romlis
RmerTs. ojaxis wevrTa gayofac mxolod movaleobas warmoadgenda mxareTa Cvenebis
misi nebarTviT xdeboda. Cawera, samarTlis wignis saTanado muxlis
pativiscemis niSnad, maxvSis calke hqonda moZebna. mdivnebi sasamarTlos wevrebadac
gamoyofili CuqurTmebiT Semkuli skami, iTvlebodnen da monawileobas iRebdnen
romelsac `sakarcxuls~ uwodeben. maxvSi saqmeebis garCevaSi. mdivanbegis sasamarT-
iSviaTad uTmobda mas sapatio stumarsac ki. los eqvemdebarebodnen iasaulebi, romel-
sadilobisa da vaxSmis dros win udgamdnen Tagan erTi jgufi sagamoZiebo, meore ki aR-
specialurad gankuTvnil samfexian mrgval masrulebeli xasiaTis funqcias asrulebda.
sufras _ fiCqs. saklavis Tavic maxvSis auci- sajaro xelisuflebis iniciativiT mxolod
lebel da sapatio ulufas Seadgenda. arayic mniSvnelovani sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis
misTvis gansakuTrebul kaTxaSi isxmeboda. Zieba iwyeboda. mxareebi procesSi Tanas-
gayofis dros maxvSis eZleoda `namxoSie- wori uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, Tu isini
ri~ _ saufrosod erTi dRiuri yana, xolo feodaluri ierarqiis erT safexurze idg-
danarCens yvela Zma Tanabrad inawilebda. nen. sasamarTlo ismenda mxareebis Cvenebas,
amowmebda maT da kiTxavda mowmeebs.
maxsovari _ sasamarTlos erTgvari mow- mdivanbegs gansakuTrebuli adgili hqon-
me, `saqmis mcodne~ da `TanameJame~ Zvel da feodal moxeleebs Soris _ igi mefis
saqarTveloSi. wyaroebSi maxsovari zogjer saxelmwifo mosamarTle iyo. mdivanbegis
ùfros kacad~ an `maxsovar kacad~ iwodeba iurisdiqcia farTovdeboda feodalTa sa-
da mowmis gverdiT moixsenieba. maxsovaris samarTlo imunitetis Seviwroebis xarjze.
Cvenebis safuZvelze sadavo saqme ficis ga- mdivanbegi ar hyavda arc erT feodals ma-
reSe SeiZleboda gadawyvetiliyo. vaxtang Sin, rodesac centraluri aparatis sxva sa-
VI-is samarTlis wignis 206-e muxlis Tanax- xeloTa Tanamosaxele Tanamdebobani cal-
mad, ukeTu `mamulisa Tu rasac feris gana- keul safeodaloebSic arsebobda.
Ceni~ sadavo gaxdeboda da `maxsovari aRar XVII s-sa da XVIII s-is I naxevarSi qarTlis
cocxal iyos~, saqme ficiT wydeboda, xolo samefoSi 4 mdivanbegze naklebi ar unda
rodesac modave mxares `maxsovari eSoebis yofiliyo. XVIII s-is II naxevridan qarTl-
da swore Seityobis, is ar moiSlebis~. do- kaxeTis samefoSi mdivanbegTa raodenoba
kumentebSi `soflebis ufrosni da maxsovar- ramdenjerme gaizarda. mdivanbegis Tanamde-
ni kacni~, rogorc wesi, xSirad gvxvdeba. boba agreTve arsebobda imereTis samefoSi,
samegrelosa da guriis samTavroebSi.
maxta _ saxelmwifo komlobrivi gadasaxadi
gviandel feodalur saqarTveloSi. igi ar- meabjre, abjris mtvirTveli _ sagangebo mo-
sebobda rogorc fuladi, ise naturaluri. xele, romelsac abjari eWira da omSi Tavis
maxtas ixdidnen moqalaqeebi, qalaqSi mc- patrons exmareboda. abjris mtvirTvels sa-
xovrebi saxelmwifo glexebi da saqarTve- gangebo wvrTna unda gaevlo, vinaidan es mo-
los mahmadianuri mosaxleoba. gadasaxads valeoba martivi ar yofila. am Tanamdebo-
gansazRvravda gadamxdelTa qonebrivi md- bis kaci Cveulebriv àRzrdili iyo abjris
gomareoba. mtvirTvelad~. miuxedavad imisa, rom mefis
abjris mtvirTveli wyaroebSi moxseniebu-
mdivanbegi _ ufrosi mosamarTle, msajul- li ar aris, ivane javaxiSvili varaudobs,
Tuxucesi, sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare. mdiv- rom ar SeiZleboda mefes abjris mtvirT-
anbegobis Tanamdeboba saqarTveloSi XVII veli ar hyoloda, radgan am Tanamdebobis
s-dan Semovida. mdivanbegi mosamarTlis kaci samcxis mTavarsac ki hyavda. mefis kur-
aRmniSvneli sxva terminebis _ `msajulis~, Txevis dros, mefis abjris mtvirTvelobis
`mosamarTlisa~ da `bWis~ paralelurad movaleobas meabjreTuxucesi asrulebda da
ixmareboda. mdivanbegis kompetenciaSi Se- samefo fari, laxti da qarqaSi mas eWira. aR-
dioda mniSvnelovani sisxlisa da samo- saniSnavia, rom yvela meabjres darbazobis
qalaqo samarTlis saqmeebi. mdivanbegis dros jaWvi ecva, rogorc es `karis garige-
sasamarTlo Cveulebriv kolegiuri iyo. baSia~ naTqvami.
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memamuleebi _ erT-erTi gabatonebuli fena vanas isev hqonda praqtikaSi adgili da
feodalur saqarTveloSi. feodalur mi- garkveuli masStabiT maT anderZis msgavsad
waTmflobelobasTan erTad VI_VIII ss-Si moiazrebdnen. anderZs, Cveulebriv, weri-
gaCnda memkvidreobiTi `mamuli~. wyaroebis lobiTi saxe hqonda da igi mowmeTa Tandas-
Tanaxmad, ganasxvavebdnen `mkvidrad~ nabo- wrebiT iyo Sedgenili. kanonieri Svilebi
Zeb, namziTv, nasyid da sxv. mamuls. swored memkvidreobas yovelgvari formalobis
mamulidan warmoiSva termini memamule, ro- gareSe iRebdnen da maT ufleba ar hqondaT
melic memkvidres, mesakuTres aRniSnavda. memkvidreobaze uari ganecxadebinaT. sxva
mas CamomavlobiT ekuTvnoda raime ufleba. naTesavebs ki amisTvis oficialuri avtori-
bagrat IV-m moiwvia `memamule~ anu tfili- zacia esaWiroebodaT.
sis amiraTa STamomavali, romelsac ufleba
hqonda memkvidreobiTi amiroba mieRo. Ta- memkvidreoba, romi (hereditas) – memkvidreo-
mar mefis istorikosic kanonieri memkvid- bis gadacema xdeba anderZiT (hereditas testa-
ris mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebs `memamules~. mentaria) an kanonis mixedviT (hereditas legit-
varaudoben, rom àznaurni memamuleni~ ima). XII dafis kanonebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
iseT aznaurebs erqvaT, romlebsac aznauro- adamiani kvdeba ise, rom ar aqvs Sedgenili
ba memkvidreobiT ekuTvnodaT. anderZi an misi anderZi gabaTilda (ab in-
testate), memkvidreebs agnatebs Soris eZebs,
memkvidreoba, kanoni, saberZneTi _ berZ- romlebic 3 jgufad iyofa: 1) sui heredes – misi
nul kanonmdeblobaSi (rogorc mag., aTensa memkvidre 2) proximus agnatus – uaxloesi na-
da gortinaSi) memkvidreoba upiratesad ar Tesavi (memkvidreTa pirvel kategorias
iyo anderZiT gansazRvruli. gardacvlilis warmoadgenen Svilebi, naSvilebebi, gar-
pirveli rigis memkvidreebi vaJiSvilebi da dacvlili vaJebis Svilebi. Tuki aseTebi ar
mamrobiTi sqesis STamomavlebi iyvnen. maTi iyvnen, mimarTavdnen agnatebis meore rigs –
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi memkvidreobas Zmebi, debi da deda gardacvlilisa). 3) gens
gardacvlilis Zmebi da misi mamri STamo- (gentiles) – mogvareebi. cocxlad darCenil
mavlebi iRebdnen, mesame rigis memkvidreebs meuRles samkvidro eZleoda im SemTxveva-
ki papis vaJebi da misi mamrobiTi sqesis STa- Si, Tu wina rigis memkvidreebi ar iyvnen sa-
momavlebi warmoadgendnen. Tu STamomavle- xeze. libertusis kanonier memkvidred misi
bi cocxalni iyvnen, winaprebi gamoiricxe- patroni iTvleboda, Tu is aRar iyo cocxa-
bodnen memkvidreTa siidan: ase magaliTad, li, maSin patronis agnatebi. emansipire-
gardacvlilis Zma gamoricxavda mamas, biZa bulis (emansipacia) memkvidreebi arian sui
– papas. naSvilebi bavSvebi biologiuri heredes, maTi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi parens
Svilebis uflebebiT sargeblobdnen. vaJiS- manumissor (mama, romelic Tavisi gavleni-
vilebis pretenziebi mamis anderZismieri sagan aTavisuflebs Svils). igi xdeba eman-
gancxadebebiT ar uqmdeboda. erTi da imave sipirebulis patroni. anderZSi memkvidred
naTesaur jgufSi mamakacebi qalebs gamo- SeiZleba dasaxelebuli yofiliyo erTi an
ricxavdnen. qali memkvidre xdeboda mxo- ramdenime piri (heredis institutio – anderZis
lod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gardacvlilis va- ZiriTadi nawili, romelic anderZis TavSi
Jebi an maTi STamomavlebi ar arsebobdnen unda yofiliyo warmodgenili brZanebis
(ix. epiklerosi). formiT laTinur enaze. mxolod 339 w-dan
tradiciis mixedviT, anderZi atikur kanon- dauSves berZnul enaze Cawera. anderZSi zu-
mdeblobaSi solonma Semoitana. igi neba- stad unda yofiliyo formulirebuli moan-
darTuli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo, roca derZis survili). anderZSi dasaxelebuli
anderZis damwer pirs vaJiSvilebi ar hya- yvela memkvidre ZiriTad memkvidred iTv-
vda. memkvidreobis gauqmeba mxolod mamis leboda da iRebda anderZis Tanaxmad Sesa-
sicocxleSi, seriozuli ganacxadis safuZ- tyvis wils. sazom erTeulad iRebdnen ass,
velze iyo SesaZlebeli. solonis period- gayofils 12 unciad (asis meTormetedi iyo
amde adofciebs (Svilad ayvanas) im mizniT uncia). amitom erTaderT memkvidres ewo-
mimarTavdnen, romelic Semdgom anderZiT deboda heres ex asse; coheredes ewodebodaT
gaxda SesaZlebeli. SemdgomSic Svilad ay- memkvidreebs TavianTi wilis mixedviT. mag.,
215
heres ex trente anu visac memkvidreobis mesa- bulis qoneba rCeboda mis uaxloes naTesavs:
medi ergeboda, ex deunce – meTerTmetedis Zmas, Zmiswulebs, biZas, biZaSvilebs, Tems an
memkvidres da a.S. qonebis dayofis Tavidan sofels. axali mflobeli am qonebisa val-
acileba SesaZlebeli iyo legatumis dadebuli iyo, ezruna da Wirisufloba gaewia
niSvniT. memkvidres unda hqonoda vaWrobis im ojaxSi darCenili qaliSvilebisTvis,
ufleba, Sesabamisad, ucxoelis dasaxeleba rogorc gaTxovilebisTvis, ise gauTxovre-
memkvidred ar SeiZleboda. mas SeeZlo mie- bisTvis. uSvilo qvrivs qmris qoneba ar
Ro mxolod fideokomisumi. memkvidreobis rCeboda. saxlSive iqmrobda micvalebuli
ufleba CamorTmeuli hqondaT qalebs (lex qmris naTesavs, mas ufleba hqonda darCe-
Voconia Zv. w. 169 w.). anderZSi dasaxelebul niliyo yofili qmris qonebaze. Tu qvrivi
memkvidreebs aucileblad unda mieRoT sxvagan gaTxovdeboda, waiRebda mziTevs,
memkvidreoba. mogvianebiT, pretoruli sa- mis mier SeZenils, sxvas verafers. ander-
marTlis mixedviT, maT mieniWaT ufleba, ZiT samkvidreblis datoveba CveulebiTma
uari eTqvaT memkvidreobaze (abstinendi ben- samarTalma ar icis.
eficium), sxva memkvidreebs unda ganecxade-
binaT Tanxmoba memkvidreobis miRebaze an mereme _ saremos (sajinibos) moxele, cxe-
gancxadebis formiT (cretio), an mdumared (pro nis jogis mwyemsi gaerTianebul feodalur
herede gestio-s saSualebiT – mag., daefaraT saqarTveloSi, romelic meremeTuxucess
moanderZis vali). memkvidreobis miRebis emorCileboda. meremeTuxucesi amirspasa-
SemTxvevaSi memkvidre memkvidreobasTan laris uwyebaSi Sedioda.
erTad iRebda mis valebs da sacra (ojaxisa
da gvaris religiuri valdebulebebi da ri- mesangreebi _ romis armiaSi Seqmnili xe-
tualebi sacra familiaria, sacra gentilicia, romle- losnebis qvedanayofi, romelic poziciis
bic miwisqveSeTis (manes) da keriis (genius, arCevas, gasamagrebel mSeneblobas, banakis
lares, penates) RvTaebaTa kults ukavSirdebo- Tavdacvasa da sakomunikacio saSualebebs
da. Sacra familiaria mWidrod iyo memkvidreo- uzrunvelyofda. mesangreebi qvedanayofi
basTan dakavSirebuli da garkveul tvirTs Sesabamis prefeqts emorCileboda (praefectus
warmoadgenda memkvidrisaTvis. amitom fabrorum/fabrum), romelic manqanebsa da sas-
memkvidreebi cdilobdnen Tavi daexsnaT rol iaraRs, alyis Semortymisas minerebs
misgan sxvadasxva xerxiT. mag., Tavisuflebas (cunicularii) xelmZRvanelobda da oboze (calo-
aniWebdnen memkvidreobiT miRebul monas nes da lixae) wesrigs icavda.
(monebi) imis fasad, rom mas unda Seesrule-
bina sacra familia memkvidris nacvlad (manu- mesisxleoba, xevsureTi _ sisxlis aReba
missio sacrorum causa)). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gavrcelebuli Cveuleba iyo xevsurebisT-
memkvidrisaTvis memkvidreobis miReba ar vis. yoveli SemTxveviTi Tu ganzrax mkvle-
iyo sasurveli, mas SeeZlo uari eTqva masze. loba mkvlelobiTve isjeboda. droTa gan-
memkvidreobis uflebis CamorTmevas ewode- mavlobaSi sastiki tradicia rbildeba da
boda exheredatio. pirs, romelsac ar undoda TandaTan mkvidrdeba danaSaulis gamosyid-
uaxloesi naTesavebisaTvis memkvidreobis va. mkvleli moklulis naTesavebs aZlevda
gadacema, SeeZlo maTTvis gverdi aevlo erTgvar gamosasyids. dawesebuli iyo or-
anderZSi (praeterire – anderZSi ar moxsenie- nairi sasyideli: fexiTi da xeliTi. fexiTi
ba). ciceronis droidan damkvidrda wesi, danaSauli ZroxebiT gamosyidvas gulisx-
anderZSi im mizezebis dasaxelebisa, ris moda, xeliTi ki _ nawilobriv ZroxebiT,
gamoc mama uars eubneboda Tavis Svilebs nawilobriv ki sxva raime nivTiT an naR-
memkvidreobaze. sxva naTesavebis mimarT mi- di fuliT. aseTi gamosasyidis raodenobas
zezebis gansazRvra aucilebeli ar iyo. `rjuli~ anu xucesTa samsajulo wyvetda.
sisxlis aReba rogorc mkvlelze, aseve mis
memkvidreoba, svaneTi _ pirdapiri da ka- axlo naTesavebzec vrceldeboda. magram Su-
nonieri memkvidre mamis uZrav-moZravi qo- risZieba arc qals da arc 90 wels gadacile-
nebisa iyo vaJiSvili. kanonieri memkvidris bul moxucebuls ar exeboda. Tu mkvlelis
sakuTrebas Seadgenda adgilebi: saxnav-sa- ojaxi amowydeboda, SurisZieba STamomav-
Tesi, saTibi, tye, sabalaxo. uZeod gadaSene- lobaze gadadioda.
216
Tu mkvleli sasikvdilo Wrilobas miayeneb- lis ojaxs da Serigebas sTxovdnen. uaris
da vinmes, magram daWrili jer kidev cocxa- SemTxvevaSi garkveuli drois Semdeg ukve
li iyo, damnaSave dazaralebulis Wirisuf- xalxi ibarebda moklulis mSoblebs ufro
lebs Suakacebs miugzavnida da danaSaulis Zlier da saTayvano xatSi. mxolod amis Sem-
gamosasyidlad nivTier sazRaurs sTavazob- deg moibrunebda guls Wirisufali.
da. Serigebis SemTxvevaSi damnaSave dazara- erTi kviris Semdeg xalxis TandaswrebiT
lebul ojaxs 30 sul msxvilfexa saqonels samlocveloSi RamiT xdeboda mesisxleTa
aZlevda. Tu ojaxi Serigebas ar daTanxmde- Serigeba. moklulis naTesavebs da iq dams-
boda, mkvleli da misi naTesavebi Tvalyurs wreebs Cxrekdnen winaswar amorCeuli mama-
adevnebdnen daWrilis mdgomareobas, raTa kacebi.
misi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi mTeli ojaxobi- moklulis mSoblebsa da naTesavebs calke
Ta da naTesaobiT moeswro gaqceva. adgils miuCendnen samlocvelos Sesasv-
gaxizvnis Semdeg damnaSave valdebuli iyo, lelTan. mkvleli da misi mSoblebi da bi-
Suakacebi miegzavna dazaralebulis oja- ZaSvilebi meore mxares iCoqebdnen. maT
xisTvis da samarxi xarjebi (ix. saqonlis SuaSi ki xalxi idga uxucesis meTaurobiT,
aReba, samarxi xarjebi) gaeRo. romelic mesisxleTa Serigebis adaTs asru-
damarxvis Semdeg mkvelis naTesavebi sTxovd lebda. iqve mzaddeboda saRvTo Sewirvac.
nen Wirisufals, damnaSavisTvis saxlSi da- ceremoniis Semdeg mkvlelis Zmani da Zmis
brunebis neba mieca. dasturis SemTxvevaSi, Svilebi isev daCoqilni rCebodnen. mkvle-
dazaralebulis ojaxs ugzavnidnen 20 cxvars li ki oTxi Suakacis TanxlebiT cxvriT mi-
da ayenebdnen adgilobrivi qeris luds. Sem- dioda moklulis ojaxSi. saxlSi Suakacebi
deg mkvlelisa da moklulis naTesavebi yve- Sediodnen, mkvleli ki karebTan daCoqi-
lani samlocveloSi midiodnen Sesarigeb- li idga. ojaxidan gamodiodnen moklulis
lad. deda, coli an dedida da saxlSi SehyavdaT
mkvlelis naTesavebs xmis ufleba ar hqon- mkvleli. mas ludiT da aryiT moklulis
daT arc sazogado TavyrilobaSi, arc xato- Sesandobari unda daelia. Suakacebi cxvars
baSi, qorwilsa Tu sxva dReobaSi. maT akrZa- daklavdnen, ris Semdegac mkvlels isev Cu-
luli hqondaT cekva, simRera da lxini (ix. mad gaaparebdnen soflidan. danarCeni Sua-
jurumi). kacebi isev samlocveloSi brundebodnen.
dazaralebuli cdilobda, Suri eZia. upirve moklulis naTesavebi damnaSavis daCoqil
lesad devnida Tavad mkvlels, Semdeg mis axloblebs sasmels sTavazebobdnen. maT si-
Zmas. Tu mkvlels biZaSvili ar hyavda, Su- tyvis Tqmis ufleba ar hqondaT.
risZieba gadadioda mkvlelis ojaxis sxva am tradiciuli adaTis asrulebis Semdeg
axlo wevrze. mkvlelis Zmebsa da ZmiSsvilebs sofelSi
Seurigeblebi rCebodnen mxolod mkvle- dabrunebis ufleba eniWebodaT. mkvlels ki
li da misi RviZli Zmebi. mkvlelobis wlis amis ufleba ar hqonda. misi saxl-kari da
Tavze mkvleli ramdenime piris TanxlebiT mTeli qoneba gamouyenebeli rCeboda, mika-
farulad miipareboda soflis samlocve- rebisa da movlis ufleba aravis hqonda.
loSi, Tan miiyvanda kuratsa da cxvars, Zalian iSviaTi iyo, rom mkvlels sab-
saRvTos daklavda da xats vercxlis badias olood moexerxebina mesisxlesTan Serige-
Seswiravda. saRvTos Semwirvelis gaugeb ba. Tu dabruneba SeeZlo, igi valdebuli
rad Cumad daibarebdnen dekanozs. yoveli- iyo yovelwliurad TiTo saklavi da TiTo
ve amis Semdeg aseve farulad gaaparebdnen vedro arayi gaegzavna dazaralebulisTvis.
damnaSaves. kurats gaatyavebdnen, cxvars ki ase unda moqceuliyo im SemTxvevaSic, Tu
daukvlelad tovebdnen. diliT iq damswre moklulis romelime naTesavi gardaicv-
uxucesTagani moklulis ojaxs miuyvanda cx- leboda. dabrunebul mkvlels yvelanairi
vars da gaumJRavnebda, rom mkvlelma faru- ufleba CamorTmeuli hqonda.
lad dakla saRvTo samlocveloSi. amis Sem- saboloo Serigeba Zalian iSviaTad xde-
deg xatis risxvis SiSiT Wirisufali anu me- boda. Tu mainc moxdeboda, damnaSave Zalian
sisxleni xels iRebdnen mkvlelis devnaze. did sazRaurs ixdida _ 16 an 20 msxvilfexa
4-5 wlis Semdeg mkvleli da misi gaxiznuli saqonels, uamrav luds da, garda amisa, sa-
Zmebi kvlav Suakacebs miugzavnidnen moklu- locavSi saRvTo _ ori cxvari unda dae-
217
kla mTeli soflisTvis da mietana ver- unda gadaexada yovelwliuri gadasaxadi
cxlis an spilenZis Tasebi xalxisTvis. metoikoni. metoikosebs ar hqondaT aTenis
Semdeg gamokvanZavdnen dagrexil balaxs, moqalaqeebTan kanonieri qorwinebis ufle-
romelzec yvela damswre fexiT unda Semd- ba. isini ver iqnebodnen saxlebis an miwis
gariyo. bolos daadgmevinebdnen fexs mok mepatroneni, Tu Tavisi qveynis gareT uZra-
lulis ojaxs, romelic sajarod warmoTq- vi qonebis flobis specialuri nebarTva ar
vamda. rom patiobda damnaSaves. hqondaT miRebuli (enktesisi _ e[gkthsi"). am
uuflebobis gverdiT metoikosebs SeeZloT
mesulTane, xevsureTi _ sulTan molaparake. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mieRoT monawi
igi aucileblad qali unda yofiliyo, aranak- leoba, hqonodaT daculoba sasamarTlo-
leb 8-9 wlisa. mesulTane sulisgan ityobda, sagan, Tumca ar aris garkveuli dazuste-
sikvdili da avadoba Tu iyo mosalodneli biT, Tu ra rols asrulebda misi mfarveli
sofelSi. `sulSi wasvlis~ dros mesulTane aTeneli moqalaqe sasamarTlo sxdomaze.
saxlSi miwaze wveboda, miiZinebda, feri metoikosebisaTvis boZebuli privilegiebi
wauvidoda, Tavs imkvdarunebda da raRacas moicavda: enktesiss, finansuri SezRudvebis
butbutebda _ sulebs elaparakeboda. sulSi gauqmebas, finansur sakiTxebSi moqalaqee-
wasvla xatobas ar SeiZleboda. Tu xevsurs bTan Tanasworobas da jarSi moqalaqis
erTi-ori wlis bavSvi gauxdeboda avad, me- Tanabrad msaxurebis uflebas. metoikosTa
sulTanes mimarTavda, romelic ikvlevda, Tu roli umTavresad vaWrobasa da mrewvelo-
romeli sulisgan iyo avad da aucilebeli baSi iyo mniSvnelovani.
iyo, im sulisve saxeli darqmeoda avadmyof
bavSvs. sami wlis mere bavSvisTvis saxelis meurveoba, saberZneTi – saberZneTSi meur-
axda (Secvla) aRar SeiZleboda arc sulisa veobis kanonis ganviTarebaze gavlena iqo-
da arc sxva mizezebis gamo. asakiT ufross nia Tavad meurveobis koncefciis cvlile-
mesulTane avadobis mizezs ver gaugebda, bam _ Tavdapirvelad meurveoba niSnavda
amisTvis qadagi iyo ukve saWiro. meurveobaSi myofi piris sakuTrebis Senax-
mesulTanis movaleobaSi Sedioda aseve vasa da dacvas mTeli naTesauri jgufis in-
saxelis dadeba. xevsurebis azriT, saxelis teresebis gaTvaliswinebiT (am SemTxvevaSi
dadeba isaa, roca jalaboba romelime mkv- sanaTesao ganixileboda rogorc meurveo-
dris suls karg saWmels umzadebda. baSi myofi piris SesaZlo memkvidre), Sem-
mesulTanec wminda unda yofiliyo. saklavi deg meurve gaxda mxolod meurveobaSi myo-
unda daekla xatisTvis, weliwadSi ori-sami. fi piris interesebisaTvis moqmedi. swored
`sulSi wasvlisTvis~ mas aranairi sarge- es cvlileba gvixsnis im SezRudvebs, romle-
beli da Semosavali ar hqonda. Tumca didi bic meurvisTvis misi meurveobis qveS myofi
pativiT sargeblobda xalxSi. mas qalebSi piris sakuTrebaze zedamxedvelobisas iqna
yovelTvis pirveli adgili eWira, sufris dawesebuli. amiTve aixsneba saxelmwifos
TavSi jdeboda, sasmeli da saWmeli uxvad mzardi kontroli meurvis saqmianobebze.
mosdioda sufraze, saxlSi araysac ki atand- saberZneTSi meurve iyo, erTi mxriv, biWe
nen. bisa da gogonebis aRmzrdeli _ ejpivtropo"-i,
vidre isini gaizrdebodnen (biWebis Sem-
metoikosebi/metekebi (mevtoikoi) _ berZnul TxvevaSi 18 wlamde), an qalis kuvrio" (ix.
qalaqebSi metoikosebi rezidenti ucxoele- kiriosi) mis gaTxovebamde an mTeli misi
bi iyvnen. maT miRebuli hqondaT garkveuli sicocxlis manZilze. meurveebi mamis nebis
statusi, rac maT sxva ucxoelTagan gamo- Sesabamisad iyvnen daniSnulni. im SemTxve
arCevda. sazogadod, ucxoelTa sami jgufi vebSi, rodesac anderZismieri monacemebi
arsebobda: droebiTi stumrebi; ufro xan- ar arsebobda, uaxloesi naTesavebi _ Zma
grZlivi droiT macxovrebeli ucxoelebi, an biZa meurvebaze uflebamosilni xdebod-
romelTac ar hqondaT miRebuli metoikosis nen; am ukanasknelTa ararsebobis dros
statusi da metoikosebi. aTenSi TiToeul saxelmwifo moxele (aTenSi am movaleo-
metoikoss unda hyoloda mfarvelad aTene- bas mTavari arqoni aRasrulebda) niSnavda
li moqalaqe, unda yofiliyo registrire- meurves. meurves evaleboda uzrunveleyo
buli im demosSi, romelSic cxovrobda da meurveobaSi myofi piris ganaTleba, war-
218
moedgina igi sasamarTlo sferoSi da emo- ar iyo srulfasovnad Sedgenili). Lex Atilia-
qmeda misi interesebis Sesabamisad. plato- s (Zv. w. 188 w.) mixedviT, magistrati TviTon
nis mixedviT, meurves iseTive mzrunveloba niSnavs meurves (tutor Atilianus). Tavdapir-
unda gamoeCina am bavSvis mimarT, rogori- velad amas akeTebda pretori, klavdiusis
Tac igi sakuTar Svilze zrunavda (platoni, droidan – konsulebi, markus avreliusis
kanonebi 11. 928). imas, Tu rogor ganagebda periodidan – pretor tutelariusi, pro-
meurve misi meurveobis qveS myofi piris sa- vinciebSi – nacvali (lex Iulia 47-is mixedviT).
kuTrebas, magistratebi amowmebdnen. Tu igi meurve SeiZleba yofiliyo ramdenime piri
zarals miayenebda meurveobis qveS myofi da maT erTad unda emeurvevaT. meurve uz-
piris sakuTrebas, am ukanasknels SeeZlo runvelyofda sameurveo piris ganaTlebas,
mis winaaRmdeg saqme aReZra meurveobis va- Senaxvas, mis qonebaze zrunvas, sameurveo
dis amowurvidan 5 wlis gasvlis Semdeg. piris saxeliT procesebis warmarTvas.
meurveobaSi Sesvlis win meurves unda aRe-
meurveoba, romi (tutela) – im adamianebze _ wera sameurveo piris qoneba da pasuxismge-
arasrulwlovnebsa da qalebze _ meurveoba, bloba aeRo mis xeluxlebel SenarCunebaze.
romelTac ar SeeZloT sakuTari Tavis dac- gasxviseba SeiZleboda mxolod usargeblo
va. 1) tutela impuberum – meurveoba arasrul- da gafuWebuli nivTebisa. sameurveo pirsa
wlovanze. (meurve – tutor, sameurveo piri – da meurves Soris urTierTobas samarTali
pupillus). am institutma ganviTarebis grZeli aregulirebda (actio negotiorum gestorum utilis).
gza gaiara. respublikis xanaSi arasrulw- Tuki meurve gaflangavda sameurveo piris
lovnebis meurveobas sameurveo piris dac- qonebas, es qmedeba sisxlis samarTlis da-
vis funqcia hqonda, droTa ganmavlobaSi man naSaulad iTvleboda. meurveoba arasrul-
valdebulebis forma miiRo da gvian impe- wlovanze wydeboda, rodesac igi gaxde-
riis xanaSi tvirTad iqca meurveebisaTvis. boda srulwlovani. 2) meurveoba qalebze
meurveobis am tipis uZveles formas war- (tutela mulierum). qvrivebs an gasaTxovar
moadgenda tutela legitima. XII dafis kanonebis qalebs (vestas qurumebis garda) eniSnebo-
mixedviT, meurve xdeba uaxloesi agnati. daT meurve Tavisi uaxloesi agnatebisagan
misi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi naTesavi (gen- im SemTxvevaSi, Tu anderZis mixedviT (ma-
tiles). libertusis kanonier meurved iTvleba mis an qmris anderZi) ar iyo dasaxelebuli
misi patroni. am SemTxvevaSi pirovneba av- vinme konkretuli pirovneba meurved, an
tomaturad xdeba meurve da mas daniSvna ar maT eZleoda ufleba, rom TviTon airCiaT
sWirdeba. uaris Tqma meurveobaze ar Sei- meurve. meurves aranairi ufleba ar hqon-
Zleboda, mxolod Zalian mogvianebiT xde- da arc qalis pirovnebis, arc misi qonebis
ba SesaZlebeli am movaleobisaTvis Tavis mimarT. mxolod zogierTi sapasuxismgeblo
arideba seriozuli mizezebis dasaxelebis iuridiuli sakiTxis mogvarebisas saWiro
safuZvelze (excusatio tutelage – meurvis mova- iyo misi Tanxmoba. qalebze meurveoba dro-
leobisagan gaTavisufleba. mizezebi: asaki, Ta ganmavlobaSi kargavs funqcias da form-
avadmyofoba, sxva meurveoba, mravalS- alurad agrZelebs arsebobas. ukve adreuli
vilianoba, sazogadoebrivi an samxedro respublikis xanaSi qals TviTon SeuZlia
samsaxuri da a. S.). SedarebiT gviandel airCios meurve, gviani respublikis xanaSi
formas meurveobisa warmoadgens tutela testa- SeuZlia aiZulos is misces mas Tanxmoba sx-
mentaria, romelic aseve reglamentirebulia vadasxva sakiTxebis mogvarebisas. avgustu-
XII dafis kanonebiT. meurvis dasaxeleba sis periodSi qalebze meurveoba praqtiku-
xdeba anderZSi saxeldebiT im SemTxvevi- lad mxolod libertusebis da emansipireb-
saTvis, Tu moanderZis sikvdilis Semdeg ulebis (emansipacia) mimarT gamoiyeneba.
arasrulwlovani memkvidre iqneba piri
sui iuris (samarTlebrivad sruluflebiani mefe, saberZneTi (basileuv") _ is, Tu ram-
piri). meurve pirovnebis mier memkvidreo- denad asaxavs homerosis eposi mikenuri
bis gadabarebisTanave unda Seudges Tavisi periodis saxelmwifo mowyobis formebs,
movaleobis Sesrulebas. mxolod gamonak- iseve rogorc umaRlesi xelisuflis mdgo-
lis SemTxvevaSi sWirdeba mas magistratis mareobasa da funqciebs, mecnierebSi cal-
dasturi (confirmare tutorem _ mag., Tu anderZi saxad gadawyvetili ar aris. mecnierTa
219
nawilis azriT, homerosiseuli basilevsi Sto iyo tomis yvela mozrdili mamakacis
suverenuli monarqia, romelic warCineb- saerTo kreba, romelsac basilevsi mniS-
ulTa sabWosTan TanamSromlobiTa da vnelovani movlenebis dros iwvevda. igi
dauwerel kanonebze dayrdnobiT marTavs valdebuli iyo aseve gvarebis uxucesebis az-
saxelmwifos, Tumca homerosis poemebis ric moesmina, rac erTgvarad mesame instan-
poeturi enis Targmna Tanamedrove saxelm- ciad _ saTaTbirod (buled) warmodgeboda.
wifoebriv-samarTlebriv definiciebsa Tu basilevsebs saTemo miwebidan eZleodaT
kategoriebze garkveul sirTuleebs warmo- saxnavi da savenaxe miwis saukeTeso nakveTi,
Sobs. ase magaliTad, ìliadaSi~ basilevsi agreTve ZRveni, pativi, xolo omSi nadav-
agamemoni moixsenieba à[nax ajndrw'n~ (xalx- lis gansakuTrebuli wili. garkveuli pe-
Ta mefed) (iliada, IX, 98), romelsac zevsis- riodis ganmavlobaSi izrdeba saTaTbiros
gan aqvs boZebuli skiptra da dauwereli mniSvneloba da farTovdeba basilevsebis
kanonebi. igi Tavis TavSi, rogorc umaRlesi xelisufleba, romelic TiTqmis memkvidre-
RmerTis saxeba, aerTianebs religiur, samx- obiT (bunebrivia, sicocxliseul) xasiaTs
edro da samarTlebriv movaleobaTa aRmas- Rebulobs, vidre aristokratiuli gvarebis
rulebels. homerosi mas amkobs epiTetiT mzardi zegavlena maT avtoritets bolos ar
ùmefuresi~ (basileuvtato"). meore mxriv, po- mouRebs. saxalxo krebas iSviaTad iwveven,
emaSi arseboben sxva mefeebic da Sesabamis- bolos is qreba kidec. Zv. w. VII-VIII ss-Si sa-
ad, mecnierebaSi kamaTi warmoebs imaze, Tu berZneTSi mimdinare axalma ekonomikurma
ramdenad aris agamemoni erTmmarTveli _ procesebma, kerZod vaWrobisa da xelos-
absoluturi ZalauflebiT aRWurvili xe- nobis ganviTarebis maRalma tempma, romel-
lisufali. marTalia, homerosi agamemons mac mosaxleobis qalaqebSi dasaxlebas Seu-
`mefeTmefed~ warmogvidgens, romelic wyo xeli, iseve rogorc mis ekonomikur da
didebiTa da pativiT sxva mefeebs aRemateba, politikur gaZlierebas, didwilad ganapi-
romelic yvelaze mdidaria da romelsac roba monarqiis daRmasvla. memkvidreobiTi
yvelaze didi jari hyavs, magram amave dros basilevsebis adgils TandaTanobiT ikaveben
mas ar aqvs arc samarTlebrivi ufleba da arCeuli meTaurebi, magaliTad, pritanisi
statusi da arc SesaZlebloba sxva mefeebze korinToSi da mcire aziis qalaqebSi, arqoni
moaxdinos gavlena _ ver gankargavs sxva aTenSi da sxva (ix. arqoni).
mefeTa jarebs. saboloo gadawyvetileba aristotele ganasxvavebs mefobis _ basileiva-s
ar aris erTpirovnuli da TaTbiris Sede- oTx saxes (ix. monarqia), romelTaganac `ba
gad miiReba. asevea odisevsis SemTxvevaSic. sileias~ meoTxe saxeoba aris is, romelic
odisevsi iTakis umaRlesi mmarTvelia, ma- arsebobda spartaSi uZvelesi droidan da
gram ar aris erTaderTi ganmgebeli, sa- romelic SemorCa klasikur periodSic.
siZoTagan ori _ antinoosi da evrimaqosi spartis saxelmwifos uZvelesi droidan sa
aseve moxseniebuli arian basilevsebad. ami- TaveSi edga mefe, romelic iyo umaRlesi
tom mefe odisevsi ufro TanasworTa Soris mTavarsardali, umaRlesi qurumi da mo
pirvelad unda iqnas moazrebuli. sayur- samarTle. is, iseve rogorc sxvagan, ganixi-
adReboa kidev erTi garemoeba _ miuxedavad lavda uxucesebTan erTad Temis saqmeebs da
imisa, rom homerosTan mefes legitimacia iwvevda saxalxo krebas. spartaSi specifi-
uzenaesi RmerTisgan aqvs boZebuli, mas re- kuri iyo is, rom iq ori mefe da ori sagva-
alur legitimacias xalxi aZlevs: ase mag- reulo dinastia arsebobda. saberZneTis
aliTad, RvTaebrivi Serigebis Semdeg odi- sxva mxareebisagan gansxvavebiT, spartis
sevsis mefoba xalxma ficiT unda gaamyaros saxelmwifos istoriaSi ar warmoqmnila
(g. ugulava). iseTi momentebi, romlebmac sxva qveynebSi
mikenuris Semdgomi periodis sazogadoeba, mefobis TandaTanobiTi dacema da gauqmeba
romelic gvarebad, fratriebad da fileebad gamoiwvia, upirvelesad albaT imis gamo,
iyo dayofili, xelisuflebis ramdenime rom polisi, am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelo-
StoTi warmodgeba: files saTaveSi idga biT, spartaSi arc ganviTarebula. Tumca
winamZRoli _ filobasilevsi. mis ZiriTad droTa viTarebaSi aqac gaZlierda saxelm-
funqcias samxedro winamZRoloba da quru- wifo moxeleebis ricxvi da mniSvneloba da
mis movaleobis Sesruleba Seadgenda; meore mefis gverdiT eforosTa gansakuTrebuli
220
kolegia warmoiqmna, romelmac didad Sez- torebs da maT Svilebs meZavebTan qorwine-
Ruda mefis xelisufleba. ba ekrZalebodaT. meZavebs unda gaevloT
registracia, isini ixdidnen specialur ga-
mefe, romi (rex) – tradiciis mixedviT, Zv. w. 509 dasaxads. meZavTan kavSiri ar isjeboda ro-
w-mde roms ganagebdnen mefeebi, romelTac gorc saxelis gatexva (stuprum) (ix. aseve lex
Tavdapirvelad irCevdnen titiebis da ram- Iulia 45).
nebis gvaridan (Tities, Ramnes), mogvianebiT
lukerebisganac (Luceres). mefeebi Semdegi mefe, saqarTvelo _ monarqiuli saxelmwi-
TanmimdevrobiT ganagebdnen roms: romu- fos meTauris qarTuli wodeba. ivane javax-
lusi, numa pompiliusi, tulus hostiliusi, iSvili strabonis wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
ankus marciusi, tarkvinius priskusi, ser- aRniSnavda, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelo-
vius tuliusi, tarkvinius amayi (superbusi). Si mefis xelisuflebis memkvidreobis wesi
mefis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, axali mefis pirdapiri memkvidreobis wesi ki ar yofila,
arCevamde, irCevdnen interreqss _ droe- aramed uxucesobis kanonze iyo damyarebu-
biT mefes. am Tanamdebobas ikavebdnen sena- li. kerZod, mefis xelisufleba ara Tavis
torebi rigrigobiT, kenWisyris Sedegad. memkvidres, aramed mis naTesaobaSi yvelaze
interreqsi ganagebda saxelmwifo saqmeebs uxuces pirs gadaecemoda. amrigad, iberi-
da pirvel rigSi, amzadebda mefis arCevnebs. is saTaveSi samefo sagvareulo idga. wya
droebiT mefes irCevdnen 5 dRiT, magram Tu roebis Tanaxmad, sruluflebian xelisu
es vada sakmarisi ar iqneboda mefis arCev- fals qarTulad `xelmwife~ ewodeboda.
nebis mosamzadeblad, Semdeg 5 dRes ukve sxva ax. w. VI s-Si sparselebma da bizantielebma
magistrati ikavebda am Tanamdebobas da ase saqarTveloSi mefis xelisufleba gaauqmes.
grZeldeboda mefis arCevamde. respublikis IX s-is dasasruls `qarTvelTa mefis~ titu
xanaSi imave sqemiT sargeblobdnen im SemTx- li pirvelad adarnase II bagrationma mii
vevaSi, Tu orive konsuli daiRupeboda. iyo Ro. feodaluri saqarTvelos ganviTare-
SemTxvevebi respublikis xanaSi, roca inter- basa da gaerTianebasTan erTad Camoyali-
reqsebis raodenobam 14-s miaRwia (liviusi, bda qarTvel mefeTa wodeba _ `mefeTa-mefe,
8, 23). senatis mier arCeuli mefe unda dae- mefe afxazTa, qarTuelTa, ranTa da kaxTa~.
mtkicebina kuriis komicias. Semdeg avguri mefis xelisufleba saqarTveloSi XIX s-is
akvirdeboda RvTiur niSnebs (auspicia) da dasawyisamde, ruseTTan SeerTebamde arse-
akurTxebda mefes (inauguracia). mxolod bobda.
amis Semdeg iTvleboda igi RvTis mier aRi-
arebul mefed. Semdgom kuriis axal komici- meWurWleTuxucesi _ `meWurWleTa~ ufrosi,
aze aniWebdnen mefes Tanamdebobriv Zalau- erT-erTi sapatio veziri gaerTianebul feo-
flebas (imperiumi). mefis funqciaSi Sedioda dalur saqarTveloSi, romelsac saxelm-
axali kanonebis iniciativiT Sesvla, jaris wifo xazinis marTva evaleboda (ix. saWur-
mTavarsardloba, omis, zavis sakiTxebis Wle). wyaroebSi XII s-dan gvxvdeba, Tumca,
gadawyveta. mefe iyo uzenaesi mosamarTle rogorc varaudoben, meWurWleTuxucesoba
da qurumi, Tumca misi Zalaufleba ar iyo gacilebiT adre arsebobda. mas saWurWlisa
SeuzRudavi (saxalxo kreba, senati) da arc da qveSevrdomi moxeleebis garda, agreTve
memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. mefes yovelT- `Zveli qalaqni, vaWarni, savaWro~ da `qa-
vis Tan axlda 12 liqtori. romelTac xel- laqis amirani~ eqvemdebarebodnen, magram
Si faskebi epyraT. wiTeli toga, gvirgvini, salaro ar emorCileboda. meWurWleTuxu-
skiptra, spilos Zvlis savarZeli (sella curu- cesi msaxurTuxucesTan erTad vezirTa meo-
lis) samefo atributikas warmoadgenda, raSic re jgufSi Sedioda. gadmocemiT, mas Tavisi
mecnierebi etruskul gavlenas xedaven. samoxeleo beWedi hqonda.
meZavi (prostituti), romi (meretrices, mulieres mexsierebiT dasja (damnatio memoria) – sena-
quaesturiae – prostituciiT dakavebuli qale- tis mier gamocxadebuli mtrebis mexsiere-
bi cudi reputaciis pirebad (persona turpes) bidan waSlis cda (maTi qandakebebis mo-
iwodebodnen (ix. aseve infamisi), sanam isini spoba da a. S.); mexsierebidan amoSla piris,
kanonier qorwinebaSi ar Sevidodnen. sena- romelmac gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauli
221
Caidina. igivea, rac sikvdilis Semdeg sax- daecva molaparakebis Sedegad dadgenili
elis miviwyeba (ignominia post mortem). wesebi (ar SeiZleboda colis materialu-
ri mdgomareobis gauareseba an qmrisaTvis
mziTvi, romi (dos = res uxoria) _ mziTvad Zvel am qonebidan miRebul Semosavalze uaris
romSi iTvleboda yvelaferi, riTac qor- Tqma). qmars ufleba hqonda qorwinebis pe-
winebis Semdeg coli zrdida meuRlis qone- riodSi ganekarga mziTvi, mieRo Semosava-
bas. es Seexeboda ara marto materialuri li, magram ar hqonda ufleba misi gasxvi-
Rirebulebis mqone nivTebs, miwis nakveTs, sebisa lex Iulia 25-is mixedviT. qorwinebis
fuls, aramed sxvadasxva valebisagan gaTa- Sewyvetis pirobebSi, aseTi xelSekrulebis
visuflebasac. mziTvi qmrisaTvis gankuT- ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic cols ufleba
vnil saCuqars ar warmoadgenda, Sesabamis- hqonda ukan daebrunebina mziTvi. Tu qmris
ad, masze ar vrceldeboda donatio-s (Cuqeba) mxridan coli mziTvis dabrunebasTan da-
dasaregulireblad moqmedi kanonebi. pa- kavSirebiT iRebda uars, mas hqonda ufleba
tarZals ar hqonda samarTlebrivi ufleba daewyo samarTlebrivi brZola (edictum de
mziTvze, magram mziTvis micema qalisaTvis altertudo). iustinianusis periodidan qalis
ojaxis ufrosis da uaxloesi naTesavebis uflebebs icavda exceptio non numeratae dotis.
moralur movaleobas warmoadgenda. mxo aRsaniSnavia isic, rom rom sasamarTlo iT-
lod iustinianusis dros moxda mamis (gamo valiswinebda im xarjebsac, romlebic qmars
naklis SemTxvevaSi dedis) samarTlebrivi hqonda gaRebuli mziTvis SesanarCuneblad
davaldebuleba mziTvis micemis Taobaze. (impensae dotales). colis sikvdilis an gayris
Tavdapirvelad mziTvi meuRlis qonebas SemTxvevaSi qmris uflebebs icavda retentions
erwymoda. amasTanave iyo imis gamocdile- dotales propter liberos. sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi
bac, rom kacs uari eTqva sacolis mziTvze colis qonebidan yovel bavSvze 1/5, xolo
(dos relegata) an mieca werilobiTi garantia gayris SemTxvevaSi – 1/6 gadadioda qmris
mziTvis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. mziTvis xelSi.
micema – rogorc damoukidebeli samarT-
lebrivi instituti – Camoyalibda Zv. w. III
mziTvi, saberZneTi (proivx) – mziTvi klasi-
saukunidan. ekonomikis ganviTarebasTan
kuri periodis (Zv. w. V-IV ss.) berZnuli
erTad gaxSirda rogorc qorwinebebi con
qorwinebis aucilebeli komponenti iyo.
ventium in manum-is gareSe, ise ganqorwine-
mziTvis Sesaxeb yvelaze meti cnobebi Cven
bebi. am droidan mziTvi ganixileba rogorc
aTenuri wyaroebidan gvaqvs. aTeneli mamebi
qorwinebis (qorwineba, romi) periodSi
imden qaliSvils zrdidnen, ramdenis Sesafe-
arsebuli qoneba da qorwinebis Sewyvetis
risad gamziTvebac maT SeeZloT. mziTvis si-
SemTxvevaSi, igi ubrundeba qals, raTa mas
dide kanoniT ar iyo gansazRvruli. mziTvi
mieces saSuleba axal qorwinebaSi Sevi-
daaxloebiT 10 mnidan ramdenime talantam-
des sxvasTan. respublikis periodSi qalis
de meryeobda. mziTvis sidide kiriosis Tvi-
uflebas mziTvze icavda actio rei uxoria. kla-
TRirsebis da prestiJis gamomxatveli iyo.
sikur epoqaSi qmari formalurad rCeboda
demosTenes azriT, ori talantisa da rva
mziTvis mepatrone da colis mier sarCelis
mnis odenobis mziTvi mamis simdidreze mi-
Setanis pirobebSi (qorwinebis gauqmebis
uTiTebda. miuxedavad gamziTvebis aseTi au-
SemTxvevaSi) mziTvi colis xelSi gadadio-
cileblobisa, wyaroebSi dadasturebulia
da. am qonebis daniSnulebas warmoadgenda
SemTxvevebi, roca meurve Tavisi windauxe-
colis da misi Svilis materialuri uzrun-
daobis gamo qalis gamziTvebas ver axerxeb-
velyofa. Sesabamisad, mziTvi aris qoneba,
da. aseT dros sxvebi _ mdidari naTesavebi
romlis gankargvis uflebac hqonda qmars,
da megobrebi afinansebdnen qaliSvilis
magram samarTlebrivad igi colis sakuTre-
gaTxovebas. zogjer qaliSvils qalaqi am-
bas warmoadgenda. mziTvs iZleoda, rogorc
ziTvebda. es iyo pativiscemis gamoxatuleba
vTqviT, ojaxis ufrosi an axlo naTesavi.
maTi mamebisadmi, romelTac qalaqisTvis
xdeboda mziTvis Sefaseba (aestimatio dotis).
gansakuTrebuli samsaxuri hqondaT gaweu-
mxareebi detalurad moilaparakebdnen pi-
li. gamonaklisis saxiT iyo umziTvo qor-
robebze, vadaze da ideboda xelSekruleba
winebis magaliTebic. mziTvis gareSe darCe-
(pactum dotale). amasTanave orive mxares unda
nil qaliSvils xarWad gaxdoma emuqreboda.
222
mziTvi upiratesad Tanxis, an garkveul boda. mdgomareoba araa mTlad garkveuli
Tanxad Sefasebuli uZravi qonebisagan (sax- im SemTxvevaSi, roca qals mxolod qaliSvi-
li, aveji) Sedgeboda. patarZals ufleba li hyavda.
hqonda mziTvisagan damoukideblad qmris mziTvis institutTan dakavSirebiT udavod
saxlSi mcireodeni qoneba waeRo, rac so- specifikuri iyo isic, rom qali realurad
lonis kanonmdeblobiT sami kabiTa da ram- ar flobda imas, rac memkvidreobiT mii-
denime arcTu maincdamainc Zvirfasi nivTiT Ro. igi ubralod mamakaci memkvidrisTvis
Semoifargleboda (plutarqosi, soloni 20. sakuTrebis gadamcem instruments warmoad-
4). es rCeboda qalis sakuTrebaSi, rogorc genda. mziTvTan dakavSirebuli wesebis Ses-
misi piradi qoneba. amis garda qorwilisas rulebaze Tavad sazogadoeba zrunavda da
megobrebi sapatarZlos saqorwino saCu- legaluri TvalsazrisiT, es arqon eponi-
qrebs aZlevdnen. qvrivebi xelaxali qor- mosis pasuxismgeblobis qveS iyo. TiToeuli
winebis dros iseTsave mziTvs iRebdnen, ro- ojaxis sakuTrebis SenarCunebasa da dacvas
gorsac dauqorwinebeli qaliSvilebi. aTenuri sazogadoebisTvis didi mniSvnelo-
mziTvi qalisTvis sakuTrebis yvelaze mniSv- ba hqonda. zrunavdnen ra qalebze, rogorc
nelovani forma iyo. es gaxldaT mamiseuli sakuTrebis gadamcem saSualebebze, isini
qonebidan misTvis gankuTvnili wili, ro- amiT, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad sakuTrebas
melsac igi qorwinebis dros iRebda. upirve- icavdnen. qorwinebisa da mziTvis Sesaxeb ar-
lesad igi qalis ekonomikuri Senaxvis meqa- sebuli kanonebi gulisxmobda rogorc aTe-
nizmi iyo. Tavad qals misi ganawilebis uf- neli qalis socialuri uflebebis dacvas,
leba ar hqonda. qmars _ mis axal meurves, ise samoqalaqo koleqtivis gansakuTrebu-
am fulis investireba unda moexdina da ze- lobis SenarCunebas (ix. qorwineba, saberZ-
damxedveloba unda gaewia am gziT miRebuli neTi; ganqorwineba, saberZneTi).
Semosavlis gamoyenebisTvis. igulisxmeba,
rom investirebuli kapitalidan miRebuli mziTvi, saqarTvelo _ qals gaTxovebisas
Tanxa qalis Senaxvis meqanizmi unda yofi- eZleoda qoneba _ mziTvi. termini `mziTvi~
liyo. varaudoben, rom wliurad es Tanxa IX saukunis werilobiT ZeglebSi ixsenieba.
bazisuri Tanxis 18%-s Seadgenda. kapitalur es qoneba qals qmris ojaxSi mihqonda. mziT-
Tanxas qmari iSviaTad Tu kidebda xels yo- vi, pirsanaxavi da niSani samive ekuTvnoda
veldRiuri moxmarebisaTvis. cols da qmars ufleba ar hqonda es faseu-
am funqciis garda, mziTvi qalis damcav meqa- lobani ganekarga. mziTvi moZravi da uZra-
nizms warmoadgenda. gayris SemTxvevaSi qma- vi qonebisagan Sedgeboda. misi moculoba da
ri valdebuli iyo mziTvi uwindeli meurvi- Semadgenloba qalis ojaxis social-ekono-
saTvis daebrunebina. Tu mas am droisaTvis mikur mdgomareobaze, memkvidreobis wesze
ukve daxarjuli hqonda mziTviT gamoxatuli iyo damokidebuli. visac mziTvad sxva qo-
Tanxa, es fuli mas valad edeboda da wli- nebasTan erTad mamulsac atandnen, is mziT-
urad procentebi unda exada. varaudoben, vian-mamulianad iTvleboda; visac mamuli
rom yovelwliurad es Tanxa 18% Seadgenda. ar hqonda da sxva saxis qoneba ki mravlad
Tu igi amas ar Seasrulebda, mis winaaRmdeg gaaCnda, mas mziTviani erqva. xolo is qali,
saqmes sasamarTloSi aRZravdnen. amdenad, is visac mxolod logini an sxva umniSvnelo
piroba, rom qmars mziTvi unda daebrunebi- qoneba hqonda, umziTvod iwodeboda.
na, erTgvarad icavda qals qmris iniciati- mziTvis raodenobas, romelic mziTvis wign-
viT wamowyebuli gayrisagan. amasTan qmris Si iyo aRnusxuli, qorwilSi acnobdnen
borotad moqcevisagan qals icavda misi oja- damswreebs. mziTvis micema xdeboda an qor-
xis uflebac, Seewyvita qorwineba da mziTvi wilis win an qorwilSi. col-qmris gayris
ukan gamoeTxova. qmars mziTvi im SemTxveva- SemTxvevaSi moZravi qonebis saxiT waRebu-
Sic unda daebrunebina, roca ganqorwineba li mziTvi qals ubrundeboda rogorc misi
qals hqonda wamowyebuli. ufro meti, qmari piradi sakuTreba. xolo Tu qali Tavisi
mziTvs maSinac abrunebda, roca igi cols am nebiT datovebda qmris ojaxs, misi namziTvi
ukanasknelis Ralatis gamo Sordeboda. Tu mamuli qalis mSoblebis ojaxSi gadadioda.
qmari gardaicvala da ojaxs Svili ar hyav- qali mas ver waiRebda, Tu igi sxvas gahyva.
da, mziTvi qalis uwindel meurves ubrunde- im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qali Tavisi nebiT gahyva
223
sxva qmars, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis miltiadesi (Miltiavdh") _ aTeneli mxeda
mixedviT, `saqoneli~ an `pirutyvi~, romel- rTmTavari. daaxl. Zv. w. 550-489 ww. aTenuri
Tac qali Tan waiRebda, mas ekuTvnoda da aristokratiuli gvaris _ filaidebis erT-
qmaryofils misi ukan gamoTxova ar SeeZ- erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. Zv. w.
lo. xolo Tu qali sxva qmarTan wasvlisas 584 w-s hipiasma igi Trakiis qersonesSi aT-
saxlidan arafers waiRebda, igi SemdgomSi enelTa axalSenis mmarTvelad gagzavna mas
verafers ver miiRebda. qalis sikvdilis Semdeg, rac stesagorasi _ miltiadesis Zma
SemTxvevaSi mziTvi mis Svilebs rCeboda. da axalSenis uwindeli mmarTveli brZolis
mkvlevarTa azriT, qarTuli sakanonmde- dros mokles. miltiadesma Suri iZia Zmis
blo Zeglebidan Cans, rom qalis mziTvi da- mkvlelebze, qersonesis mmarTvelebi Sea-
culia im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu qali mruSo- borkina da tirania daamyara.
bisTvis iyo gagdebuli. miltiadesma colad SeirTo Trakieli mefis
qalis gamziTvebas saqarTvelos barSi Seda- _ ilorosis qaliSvili _ hegesipile, ro
rebiT meti yuradReba eqceoda, vidre mTi- melmac mas kimoni gauCina. sxva Svilebi mas
aneTSi. mTielTa yofaSi nivTieri qonebis aTenel qalTan wina qorwinebidan hyavda.
nacvlad arsebobda saqonlis gatanis wesi, garkveuli periodi miltiadesi iZulebu-
rasac saTavno erqva. amasTan saTavno ewo- li iyo daetovebina qersonesi. herodotes
deba qalis pirad qonebasac, romelic mas mixedviT, es miltiadesis qersonesSi misv-
qmris saxlSi miaqvs (ix. qorwineba, saqarT- lis mesame wels skviTebis eqspansiiT iyo
velo; ganqorwineba, saqarTvelo). gamowveuli. skviTebis wasvlis Semdeg is
mziTvi, svaneTi _ svaneTSi qals qorwilis Trakielebma ukan daabrunes.
dResve aZlevdnen axalTaxal tanisamossa dariosis evropaSi Sesvlis dros miltia-
da fexsacmels, vercxlis sayureebsa da ver- desi mis xelqveiTad gvevlineba da skviTeb
cxlisave gulze Camosakidebel samkauls, Tan laSqrobisas Tan axlavs (Zv. w. 512 w.).
aseve qveSsagebs SeZlebisdagvarad. erTi herodotes cnoba, romlis mixedviTac mil-
wlis Semdeg qals mSoblebisgan ekuTvnoda tiadesi urCevda dariosis mier xidis dam-
erTi Zroxa, sami cxvari, ori nezvi Rori, cvelad dayenebul ionielebs, es xidi dae-
dedal-mamali Txa da erTi zanduki. ngriaT da amiT sparselebisTvis ukan dab-
garda amisa, qals ufleba hqonda, Tavis sa- runebis saSualeba moespoT, Tanamedrove
sargeblod ded-mamis saxlSi oTxfexa saqo- mecnierebaSi ar aris erTmniSvnelovnad
neli gaeSenebina. yovel axal weliwads gaziarebuli, radgan darioss miltiadesi
gaTxovil qaliSvils, mis qmarsa da Svilebs ar dausjia. ufro metic, rodesac misi vaJi
materialuri SesaZleblobis farglebSi finikielebma tyved Caigdes da darioss
aZlevdnen 1 maneTidan ZroxiT, xariTa Tu dasasjelad gadasces, sparseTis mefem Sei-
cxeniT damTavrebuli. yoveli lxinis dros wyala da TavisTan keTildReobaSi acxovra.
qaliSvils qmarSvilebianad ded-mamis sax- miltiadesi monawileobas iRebda ionielTa
lSi patiJebdnen. Tu qals Raribi qmari hya- ajanyebaSi. roca man Seityo, rom sparseTis
vda, mSoblebi valdebulni iyvnen, Svili mokavSire finikielebi tenedosze iyvnen, igi
CaecvaT-daexuraT, gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi maT gaeqca da aTenSi gaemarTa. imbrosTan
qaliSvilis Svilebianad rCenasac mSoble- misi trieri Zlivs dausxlta xelidan fini-
bi kisrulobdnen. zogierT sazogadoebaSi kielebs, Tumca maT moaxerxes, rom misi vaJi
ded-mamam qaliSvili, qmari da erT-erTi tyved CaegdoT.
Svili weliwadSi oTxjer unda dapatiJos. aTenSi Camosvlis Semdgom miltiadesi aq-
rodesac mSoblebis saxlSi msxvili oTxfexa tiurad gamodis politikur arenaze da im
saqoneli daikvleboda, tyavidan qaliSvils dros erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian gvars _
saqalamnes aZlevdnen. gaTxovili qali ded- alkmeonidebs upirispirdeba. politikurma
mamis ojaxSi TiTqmis iseTive uflebiT sar- mowinaaRmdegeebma miltiadess brali das-
geblobda, rogorc erT-erTi wevri. Tu qals des, rom man qersonesSi tirania daamyara.
stumari mouvidoda da qmris saxlSi ver magram sasamarTloSi igi gamarTlebul
umaspinZldeboda, magaliTad, Tu ar hyavda iqna, ris Semdegac politikur sarbielze
wvrilfexa saqoneli da sxva ram, mSoblebis miltiadesi erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani
saxlidan mohqonda yvelaferi. figura gaxda.
224
am dros saberZneTSi sparseTis eqspansia Ager arcifinus, ager arcifinalis – miwis nakveTi,
iwyeba. aTenel politikosTa winaSe aTenis romelsac aqvs bunebrivi sazRvrebi (mdina-
dacvis sakiTxi dgeba. miltiadesi miiCnevda, re, mTa da a.S.).
rom aTenelebs saxalxo laSqari unda Se- Ager colonicus – romis saxelmwifo miwebis
eqmnaT. amiT igi Temistokless upirispirde nawili, romelic gadaecemoda romael mo-
boda, romelic sazRvao Zalas aniWebda upi- qalaqeebs an mokavSireebs koloniis daar-
ratesobas. maraTonis velze sparselebis sebis SemTxvevaSi.
dabanakebis Semdeg miltiadesi moiTxov- Ager compascus – saxelmwifo miwis is nawi-
da dauyovnebliv SebrZolebodnen mters, li, romelic miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis ar ga-
radgan eSinoda, rom nebismieri dayovneba moiyeneboda, ZiriTadad Temis saZovrebi.
gaaZlierebda persofiluri elementebis Ager decumanus – miwis nakveTi, romelic ibe-
aqtivobas sakuTriv aTenelebSi da maT greboda gadasaxadiT (decuma _ naturaluri
katastrofamde miiyvanda. istorikosTa gad- produqtis 1/10).
mocemiT, brZolis dauyovnebliv gamarTvis Ager desertus – miwebi, romlebic mepatronee-
Taobaze strategosTa azri orad gaiyo. bis mier aris mitovebuli.
xuTi maTgani miltiadess uWerda mxars, xu- Ager genticius – gvaris sakuTrebaSi myofi
Tic sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas icavda. maSin miwa.
man mouxmo meTerTmetes _ polemarqos ka- Ager limitatus – miwis nakveTi, romelic mozo-
limaqoss, romelic mxedarTmTavris Tana- mili aris miwismzomelis (agrimensores) mier,
bari uflebiT iyo aRWurvili, moaxerxa misi gansxvavebiT ager arcifinus-isgan.
mimxroba, ris Semdegac brZolis gamarTvis Ager locatus ex lege censoria – saxelmwifo miwa,
sakiTxic miltiadesis sasargeblod gadawy- romelsac cenzorebi ijariT aZlevdnen im
da. maraTonTan berZnebis mier mopovebul- pirs, romelic ufro momgebian winadadebas
ma gamarjvebam igi ara marto berZnul-spar- warmoadgenda.
suli omebis, aramed, saerTod, saberZneTis Ager occupatorius – saxelmwifo miwa bune-
istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino brivi sazRvrebiT, romelsac tradiciulad
figurad gaxada. ar amuSavebdnen. am tipis nakveTebi Tavisu-
amgvari damsaxurebis fonze erTob sava- flad SeiZleboda gadacemodaT patriciebs
lalod moCans miltiadesis politikuri droebiT sargeblobaSi, Tumca garkveuli
karierisa da cxovrebis dasasruli. rode- periodis Semdeg es nakveTebi kerZo sa-
sac Zv. w. 489 w-s misi winamZRolobiT aTenel- kuTrebaSi gadadioda.
Ta sazRvao eqspedicia marcxiT damTavrda, Ager captivus – dapyrobili miwebi, romlebic
miltiadesis mtrebma mis winaaRmdeg saqme romis saxelmwifo teritoriis nawili xde-
sasamarTloSi aRZres da mas aTenelTa mo- boda.
tyueba daabrales. brZolis dros daWrili Ager optimo iure privatus – kerZo sakuTrebaSi
mTavarsardali imdenad cudad iyo, rom sa- arsebuli miwis nakveTi, romelic Tavisufa-
samarTlo procesze laparakic ar SeeZlo. lia gadasaxadebisagan.
miltiadess misi megobrebi icavdnen da aT- Ager privatus – kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
enelebs mis damsaxurebebs _ maraTonTan miwis nakveTebi saxelmwifo miwisagan (ager
gamarjvebas da maTTvis lemnosis gadacemas publicus) gansxvavebiT.
axsenebdnen. miltiadesi sikvdiliT dasjas Ager privatus vectigalisque – miwis nakveTi,
gadaurCa, Tumca sasamarTlom 50 talantiT romelsac yidulobs kerZo mesakuTre sax-
daajarima. jarimis gadaxda mas ar dascal- elmwifosagan. amasTanave SeZenisas mesaku-
da, radgan male parosze miyenebuli Wrilo- Tris xelSi samudamod gadadis es nakveTi,
bebisagan gardaicvala. Tumca unda gadaixados saijaro gadasaxadi
_ veqtigali (gardamavali safexuri sazoga-
misilia (missilia) – wvrili saCuqrebi, Zi-
doebriv da kerZo sakuTrebas Soris).
riTadad fuli, romelsac dResaswaulis
Ager provincialis – fundus provincialis – provin-
dros isvrodnen xalxSi da vinc daeufle-
ciis miwebi, romlebic kerZo sakuTrebas ar
boda mas, imis sakuTrebaSi rCeboda.
warmoadgenda, ekuTvnoda an romael xalxs
an imperators.
miwa (ager) – miwa romSi sxvadasxva katego-
riad iyofoda:
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Ager Romanus – romis saxelmwifo miwebi, _ saTemoSi. saTibi da sabalaxo adgilebiT
gansxvavebiT mokavSireTa miwebisagan. sargeblobas erTmaneTs veravin dauSlida.
Ager scripturarius – saerTo saZovrebi, romle-
bic kerZo pirebs gadaecemodaT.
mkvleloba (parricidium) _ mkvleloba, mogvi-
Ager stipendiarius – saxelmwifo miwa senatis
anebiT ZiriTadad mamis an sxva winapris
provinciaSi, romelic gadaecemoda mflo-
mokvla, erT-erTi uZvelesi forma sazoga-
bels da ibegreboda specialuri gadasaxa-
doebrivi danaSaulisa. es danaSauli Zalian
diT stipendiiT.
Ager tributatius _ saxelmwifo miwebi princeps- mkacrad isjeboda. braldebuls Casvamdnen
is provinciaSi, romelic tributumiT (tribu- tyavis tomaraSi im cxovelTan erTad (gve-
tum) ibegreboda (1% Semosavlidan). li, maimuni, mamali, ZaRli), romelTac mo-
Ager trientabulis fruendus datus – saxelmwifo hqondaT ubedureba da gadaagdebdnen mdina-
miwebi, romlebic saxelmwifoSi arsebuli reSi an zRvaSi.
mZime finansuri mdgomareobis dros re-
moadi _ sasamarTlo procesis monawile
aluri fasis mesamed TanxaSi gadaecemoda
mxare _ momCivani an mopasuxe XVI-XVIII ss-
kerZo pirebs, magram iTvaliswinebda ukan
is saqarTveloSi. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis
gamosyidvis SesaZleblobas.
mixedviT, mosamarTleebi orive modave mx-
Ager vectigalis – saTemo an saxelmwifo miwebi
ares ibarebdnen. jer erT mxares usmendnen
uvadod gadacemuli ijariT.
da mis saCivars iwerdnen, Semdeg ki meore
miwis mflobeloba, svaneTi _ kanonieri moads alaparakebdnen da naTqvams iniSnavd-
memkvidris sakuTrebas Seadgenda adgilebi: nen (muxli 24, 143, 216).
saxnav-saTesi, saTibi, tye, sabalaxo. patrons
mokveTa, saqarTvelo _ sasjelis saxe
ufleba hqonda adgilis gayidvisa. gayid-
Zvel saqarTveloSi, romelic damnaSavis
vis SemTxvevaSi igi valdebuli iyo adgili
sacxovrebeli adgilidan gaZevebas iT-
mieyida TemisTvis. Tu TemSi veravin SeZleb-
valiswinebda. marTlmsajulebis Tanaxmad,
da gasayidad gansazRvruli fasis gadaxdas,
mokveTa ekisrebodaT Ralatis, amboxebis,
patrons neba hqonda mieyida axlobeli
mevaxSeobisa da sxva mZime danaSaulisaT-
naTesavisTvis an Tundac ucxo pirisTvis.
vis. mTielTa CveulebiTi samarTali Temi-
Temis romelime wevris saxl-kari aucile-
dan mokveTas awesebda. aseve dasaSvebi iyo,
blad TemSive unda gayiduliyo. Tu erTi
rom monaniebuli da gamosworebuli damna-
mosaxle ver gaswvdeboda fass, mTlianad
Save Tems kvlav Tavis wevrad mieRo.
Temi agrovebda fuls da yidulobda. Temis
Semdeg saxl-kari SeeZlo eyida gamyidvelis
siZeebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu siZeebi da saxlis molare _ salaros dabali moxele Zvel
patroni erT sofelSi cxovrobdnen. sxva saqarTveloSi. molareebi emorCilebodnen
soflels, Tundac siZeebs, Temi ar aZlevda molareTuxucess, romelsac salaros mTa-
yidvis nebas. nayidi adgili myidvelis sau- vari yuTi ebara. mefis saCuqari stumrisaT-
kuno sakuTrebad iTvleboda. arc werilo- vis molareebs unda mierTmiaT. maT sargos
biTi sabuTi da arc mowmeebi adgilis yid- Seadgenda stumarTagan miRebuli saCuqari,
visTvis saWiro ar iyo. nasyidobis darRveva `rac stumars enamusebodes~ da salaroSi
da moSla ar SeiZleboda. adgilis myidveli Sesuli saCuqrebis salarodan gacemuli
valdebuli iyo, gamaspinZleboda gamyid- jamagiris wili. molareebi hyavda rogorc
vels ojaxiTurT da yoveli axali wlis mefes, aseve dedofalsa da feodalebs.
meore-mesame dRes mieca TiTo lerqvaSi.
svaneTSi saxnavi miwa saerTo mflobelo- monarqia (basileiva) _ berZnuli monarqia
baSi ar iyo. sazogado, sasoflo da saTemo moicavs ramdenime erTmaneTisgan gansx-
mflobelobas warmoadgenda samwyemso saZ- vavebul instituts. `gmirTa epoqis~ me-
ovari adgilebi, saTibebi mTebSi da zogi- foba aRniSnavs mikenuri periodis samefo
erTi tye. sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs xelisuflebas, iseve rogorc homerosis
sazogado adgilebSi Tanaswori ufleba poemebisa da legendaruli mefeebis samefo
hqonda, soflisas _ sasofloSi da Temisas xelisuflebas. misi RerZi iyo samxedro
226
winamZRoloba, magram mikeneli mefeebi im- Saos asrulebda patronis meurneobaSi.
ave dros mefe‑qurumebi da daxvewili same- mikenur teqstebSi tyveebs, SesaZloa, aR-
fo karis meTaurebic iyvnen. migraciaTa niSnavda termini ra-wi-ja-ja, xolo `monis~
axali talRis pirobebSi mefe kvlav tomis aRmniSvneli termini saerTod ar gvxdeba.
samxedro meTaurad rCeboda. sparteli da, do-e-ro / dou'lo" aq mxolod `msaxurs~, sxvis
ufro metad, makedoneli mefeebi mefobis samsaxurSi myof pirs niSnavs, ganurCevlad
am tipis gadmonaSTad gvevlinebian. es iyo misi piradi Tavisuflebis xarisxisgan. ter-
memkvidreobiTi mefoba. mefis Zalaufleba mini dou'lo" homerosis eposSi ar gvxvdeba,
SezRuduli iyo sxva `mefeebiT~, e. i. aris- magram eWvs ar iwvevs, rom poetisaTvis es
tokratiuli gvarebis meTaurebiTa da maTi sityva ucxo ar iyo. am mtkicebis safuZvels
sabWoebiT. iZleva imave Ziridan nawarmoebi termine-
berZnuli monarqiis meore tips warmoad- bis (douvlh, doulosuvnh, douvl(e)io") moxsenie-
genda is, rasac berZnebi tiranias uwodebd- ba. maTi zusti mniSvnelobis dadgena Wirs.
nen _ individualuri da xalxis fenebze douvlh mxolod orjer gvxvdeba gamorCeuli
dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba, romelic aris- tyve qalebis mimarT da SeiZleba ùkanono
tokratiuli polisidan iyo aRmocenebuli. coladac~ iTargmnos, xolo ori danarCeni
monarqiis mesame saxeoba ufro Teoriuli zogadad `gaWirvebul mdgomareobad, ube-
xasiaTisa gaxldaT. Zv. w. V s‑is berZnebi durebad~, magram TiTqos aSkaraa, rom es
monarqias umTavresad barbarosuli des- terminebi swored Tavisuflebadakargul
potizmis saxiT icnobdnen. sofistebisa da adamianTa mZime xvedrs asaxaven.
sokratuli skolis politikurma filoso- klasikuri xanis berZnulSi dou'lo" ixmareba
fiam, romelic demokratias ebrZoda, Ca- àraTavisufalTa, monaTa~ erT-erT Ziri-
moayaliba yvelaze Zlieri Tu saukeTeso Tad aRmniSvnel terminad. hesiodesTan igi
kacis mmarTvelobis ideali, mmarTvelisa, ar aris dadasturebuli, arqaul lirikaSi
romelic mmarTveli bunebiT iyo. qsenofon- iSviaTad gvxvdeba (pirvelad, albaT, arqi-
sa da isokratesze didi gavlena moaxdina loqosTan), SemdgomSi ki _ sakmaod xSirad,
monarqiis dafuZnebis zogierTma realurma savaraudoa, àraTavisufalTa~ zogadi, sa-
mcdelobam (mag., sirakusis axali tirania, marTlebrivi maxasiaTeblis rolSi. ro-
kviprosis mefeebi, karieli mavsolusi). gorc iuridiul aqtebSi, mag., gortinis ka-
berZnuli qalaq‑saxelmwifoebisa da fil- nonebSi, aseve sxvadasxva Janris teqstebSi
ipe makedonelis konfliqtma asaxva hpova swored is upirispirdeba `Tavisufals~.
demokratiuli da monarqistuli ideebis terminebi, romlebsac homerosi `monebis~
dapirispirebaSi. elinisturma monarqiam aRsaniSnavad iyenebs, ar warmoadgenen sino-
gaaerTiana makedoniis saxalxo mefoba, ber- nimebs, an erTi rigis cnebebs da sxvadasxva
Zeni `samefo kacis~ individualuri ambicie- semantikur vels ganekuTvnebian.
bi da Teokratiuli despotizmis aRmosav- a) homerosis ajndravpodon, iseve rogorc kla-
luri tradiciebi. sikuri xanisa, saomar nadavls aRniSnavs,
qonebis nawils. am kategoriis xalxis sru-
monebi (dou'loi), monoba (douleiva) saberZneTi _ liad uuflebo mdgomareoba eWvs ar iwvevs.
mona moklebulia rogorc pirad uflebebs, b) homerosTan dmw'", ajmfivpolo", oijkeuv", kla-
aseve qonebas da TviTon aris sakuTrebis sikuri oijkevth", qeravpwn-is msgavsad, aRniSna-
obieqti, anu sxvisi sakuTreba. Tavdapir- ven, ZiriTadad, araTavisufal, zogjerac,
velad monebis wyaro omis an mekobreobis albaT, Tavisufal msaxurebsa da saxlis,
Sedegad mopovebuli nadavli iyo. berZne- ojaxis wevrebs, sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul
bi kacebs xocavdnen, qalebsa da bavSvebs situaciebSi. maTgan yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba
atyvevebdnen. tyveebs, warmomavlobis, ga- dmw'". es termini homerosTan da hesiodesTan
regnobis, ganswavlulobis mixedviT sxva- àraTavisufalTa~ Tu `naxevradTavisufal-
dasxva bedi eloda. zogi mZevlad rCeboda Ta~ ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad gvevlineba.
gamosyidvamde an ganTavisuflebamde, zogi ajmfivpolo" maTgan gamorCeuli, privilegire-
axali patronis ojaxis wevri Tu megobari buli, magram mainc garkveulwilad Tavisu-
xdeboda, umravlesoba ki monad iqceoda da flebaSezRuduli msaxuria.
sxvadasxva Sav Tu naklebadprestiJul samu- am semantikuri velis terminebis Secvla ho-
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merosis epoqidan klasikur xanamde erTgva- `monobis~ yvelaze mZime formad esaxebodaT.
ri fsiqologiuri meqanizmiTac SeiZleba spartisadmi keTilad ganwyobili berZeni
aixsnas: yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi `monebis~ avtorebic ki ver malaven, rom lakonii
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda neitraluri sa da meseniis mosaxleobis udidesi nawi-
terminebi, romlebic zogadad saxlisad- lis (helotebi ricxviT spartelebs aTjer
mi kuTvnilebas gamoxatavdnen da ar moi- mainc aRematebodnen) morCilebis Sesanar-
cavdnen aucileblad araTavisuflebis gage- Cuneblad sparta permanentul represiebs
bas. mas mere, rac aseTi sityvis mniSvneloba mimarTavda. saocaria, magram helotebis
daviwrovdeboda da is ukve `monis~ sinoni- erT nawils naturaluri gadasaxadis garda,
mi xdeboda, mas enacvleboda semantikurad damxmare samxedro samsaxuric ekisreboda.
msgavsi sxva neitraluri termini, rac saxl- rogorc wesi, omSi mimaval spartels mo-
Si myofi monis an ymis pirovnuli Rirsebis samsaxured ramdenime heloti mihyveboda.
grZnobisaTvis angariSis gawevis Sedegi gansakuTrebuli gasaWiris Jams helotebs
unda yofiliyo. Tumca, cxadia, rom sauku- brZolaSic rTavdnen, risTvisac maT Ta-
neTa manZilze arsebiTi cvlilebebi moxda visufleba eZleodaT. amdenad, miuxedavad
monobis, araTavisuflebis institutis ganvi- cxovrebis umZimesi pirobebisa, helotebs,
TarebaSi, rac terminologiaSic aisaxa. romlebsac saxli, miwa da garkveuli samxe-
polisebis umravlesobaSi Tavis miwaze dro valdebulebebi hqondaT, ver CavTvliT
TiToeuli ojaxi damoukideblad eweoda `monebad~. dorielTa mier damorCilebuli
meurneobas, sakuTar mosavalsa da sakuTar mosaxleobis realuri statusi sakmaod zu-
naxelavs sjerdeboda. karCaketili, martivi stad gansazRvra jer kidev ax.w. II s-Si po-
meurneoba mwir miwaze ar qmnida pirobebs luqsma: `TavisufalTa da monaTa Soris~ _
sxvisi Sromis farTo eqsploataciisaTvis. metaxu; ejleuqevrwn kai; douvlwn.
hesiode gvamcnobs, rom beotiel glexs gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTa àraTavi-
SeiZleboda oriod yma (dmw'") hyoloda suflebis~ institutis ganviTareba aTenSi.
damxmared. sakveb racionebze msjelobisas Tavdapirvelad, Temis Tavkacebi, Tundac ba-
(samuSaoni da dReni, 550-1) saqoneli da ymebi silevsebi sameurneo TvalsazrisiT didad
erTad moixseniebian, ramac monisadmi ufro ar gamoirCeodnen sxvaTagan da realurad
gviandeli damokidebuleba SeiZleba mogva- SeZlebuli da pativcemuli glexebi iyvnen.
gonos. am STabeWdilebas exmianeba nayidi maT oikosur meurneobebSi, saxlis Tavisufal
adamianebis gamoCena eposSi: homerosTan _ wevrebTan erTad, savaraudoa, muSaobdnen
evmeosi da evriklea, hesiodesTan _ glexis omSi mopovebuli an finikiel mekobreTagan
nakveTSi momuSave mxevali (samuSaoni da SeZenili tyveebic, magram mcire raodenobiT.
dReni, 405-7). marTalia, monebiT vaWroba Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-Si, sameurneo aRmavlobisa
ukve dasturdeba Zv.w. VIII s-Si, magram is ar da socialuri diferenciaciis gaRrmavebis
iyo am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. TviT pirobebSi SesaZlebeli gaxda araTavisufa-
berZeni avtorebis azriT, es movlena Zv.w. VII li Sromis SedarebiT farTod gamoyeneba.
s-Si iRebs saTaves, xolo `monobis~ (douleiva) drakonis kanonebSi (Zv. w. 624 w.) SeiZleba
Zveli forma dorielTa mier dapyrobili ukve davinaxoT miniSneba aTenSi monebis
teritoriebis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis arsebobaze. am droisaTvis berZnebi Caebnen
daymeveba iyo. miwa gamarjvebulTa saku- monebiT vaWrobaSi. magram araTavisufali
Trebad gamocxadda, magram dasamuSaveblad samuSao Zalis ZiriTadi wyaro savalo kaba-
yofil patronebs gadaunawilda. sxvadasxva la iyo. wvril glexur meurneobebs gauWir-
regionebSi damorCilebuli mosaxleobis daT axal ekonomikur situaciasTan Segueba.
bedi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli iyo. Te- glexebis nawili evpatridebisagan valebs
salieli penestebisa (penevstai) da kreteli iRebda. gadauxdelobisaTvis isini miwas
klarotebis (klarw'tai) uReli ar unda yo- kargavdnen da sakuTar nakveTebze mevalis
filiyo gansakuTrebiT mZime. maTi piradi moijaradeebad (eJkthmovroi) muSaobdnen. maTi
qoneba da garkveuli adamianuri uflebebi piradi Tavisuflebac safrTxeSi iyo. mra-
kanoniTac iyo daculi. amis sapirispirod, vali maTgani ucxoeTSi gaiyida monad. sava-
principulad imave tipis araTavisufalTa, lo kabalaSi Cavardnili glexebis, hekte-
sparteli helotebis (eiJlwvtai) bedi berZnebs morebis mdgomareobas soloni aRniSnavs
228
terminiT doulosuvnh, Tumca `monebad~ maTi g) hipokrates fici avaldebulebs eqims Ta-
mxolod umniSvnelo nawili Tu iqca. Zv.w. nabrad umkurnalos Tavisufalsac da mona-
594 w-s solonma gaauqma valebi (seisaxTeia) sac;
da aTenelTa Selaxuli uflebebi aRadgi- d) patroni valdebuli iyo daemarxa mkvda-
na. aikrZala valebis gamo Tavisufali ada- ri mona;
mianis monad gayidva. Seicvala meurneobis e) monebi TavisuflebTan erTad monawile-
orientacia sasaqonlo warmoebis sasarge- obdnen saojaxo kultmsaxurebaSi da miste-
blod, rasac saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi aTe- riebSi.
nelTa odnav dagvianebuli, magram aqtiuri `klasikuri monobis~ instituti Tavisi
CarTva mohyva. solonis reformebma, erTis ganviTarebis mwvervals Zv. w. V-IV ss-Si
mxriv, uzrunvelyo moqalaqeTa piradi Tavi- aRwevs. igi mniSvnelovani faqtoria aTenis
suflebis xelSeuxebloba da, meores mxriv, (da zogierTi sxva demokratiuli polisis)
gza gauxsna nayidi ucxoeli monis Sromis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. dou'loi, albaT,
farTo gamoyenebas. solonis droisaTvis polisis mTeli mosaxleobis 20-25%-s Se-
`Tavisufali-araTavisufali~ dapirispire- adgendnen. maTgan arcTu umniSvnelo nawi-
ba ara marto arsebobs, aramed gaazrebu- li mdidar moqalaqeTa Sinamosamsaxureebi
lic aris da terminologiurad gaformebu- (oijkevth") iyvnen, rac mxolod tvirTad awva
lic. swored aqedan moyolebuli SeiZleba qveynis ekonomikas. meurneobis dargebidan
aTenSi `monobis~ mzard mniSvnelobaze sau- mxolod samTamadno iyo ZiriTadad monur
bari. savaraudoa, rom Zv.w. VI s-Si nayidi Sromaze damyarebuli. lavrionis vercxlis
monebis ricxvi swrafad matulobda. pisi- sabadoebSi aTasobiT kerZo Tu saxelmwi-
stratosis memkvidreTa tiraniis damxobi- fo mona muSaobda umZimes pirobebSi. kerZo
sas gaweuli TanadgomisaTvis klisTene- saxelosnoebSi Tu sajaro mSeneblobebze
sma, aristoteles cnobiT (politika, 1275b TavisufalTa da monaTa Sroma Tanabrad
34ff.), metekebsa da ganTavisuflebul monebs gamoiyeneboda, xolo ekonomikis wamyvan
moqalaqeoba misca. brZolis win ganTavisu- dargSi – soflis meurneobaSi – umTavre-
flebuli monebi exmarebodnen aTenelebs sad Tavisufali glexi iyo dasaqmebuli.
maraTonis velzec (pavsaniasi, I 32, VII 15). monebis mdgomareoba ar iyo erTnairi. Si-
`monis ganTavisuflebis~ aqti utyuari sabu- namosamsaxureebi, specialistebi da samuSao
Tia imisa, rom àraTavisufleba~ iuridiul razmebis zedamxedvelebi privilegirebul
statuss warmoadgenda. `ganTavisuflebas~ kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen, memaRaroebi
pirvelad Zv.w. VI s-is miwuruls vxvdebiT, ki yvelaze daCagruls.
rac àraTavisuflebasTan~ dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo `monebi~ (dhmosivoi dou'loi) warmo
iuridiuli normebis gaCenis TariRze unda adgendnen wvril saxelmwifo moxeleebs,
migviTiTebdes. romlebsac moqalaqeTa ricxvidan arCeu-
aseTi kanonis teqsts Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. li piris xelmZRvanelobiT sxvadasxva
mravalferovani masalidan Cans, rom aTen- sazogadoebrivi samsaxuri ekisrebodaT.
Si àraTavisufali~ samarTlis obieqti maT ricxvs ekuTvnodnen skviT `monaTa~
iyo, magram gaurkvevelia, hqonda Tu ara razmebi _ aTenis policia. dhmosivoi dou'loi,
mas adamianur uflebaTa minimumi. aristote- romlebic sakuTar saxlebSi cxovrobdnen
les msjeloba `bunebiT monaze~ da `cocxal da saxelmwifo samsaxurisaTvis xelfass
xelsawyoze~ TiTqos monis adamianad aRqmis iRebdnen, mxolod pirobiT Tu CaiTvlebian
sawinaaRmdego arguments unda warmoadgen- monebad. aseve Wirs uwodo `mona~ im mewar-
des, magram vxvdebiT sapirispiro xasiaTis mesa Tu bankirs, vinc patronis nebarTviT
cnobebsac: damoukideblad warmarTavda saqmes da
a) gaurkvevelia, isjeboda Tu ara patroni sakmaod did qonebas iZenda.
monis mkvlelobisaTvis, magram sakralur klasikur aTenSi termini dou'lo" aRniSnavda
ganwmendas ki saWiroebda. sxvisi monis araTavisufalTa sakmaod farTo speqtrs,
mkvleli isjeboda; romlis erT socialur klasad aRqma ar
b) patronis sisastikis sawinaaRmdegod mo- unda iyos gamarTlebuli. termini kidev
nas SeeZlo `TavSesafris ufleba~ gamoeye- ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda
nebina; rogorc metaforulad, aseve im SemTxveveb-
229
Sic, rodesac aTeneli sxva tipis sazogadoe- Zvelebic gamoiyeneboda. maTi mniSvnelobe-
bis damokidebul fenebs aRwerda, iqneboda bi nawilobriv airia, nawilobriv dascil-
es spartis helotebi, Tu axloaRmosavlur da klasikur mniSvnelobebs. amis saukeTeso
saxelmwifoTa mTeli mosaxleoba. es faqti da kargad cnobili ilustraciaa dou'lo"-is
amgvarad ixsneba: dou'lo" aris wodebrivi, laTinuri Sesatyvisis – servus-is gamoyeneba
samarTlebrivi maxasiaTebeli araTavisu- Tanamedrove evropul enebSi. rogorc cno-
fali fenebisa da mxolod zogierT polis- bilia, igi msaxurs aRniSnavs, xolo moni-
Si xdeba is `monis~ TiTqmis identuri, sxva saTvis axali termini gaCnda, rac imaze unda
tipis araTavisufalTa am polisebSi arar- miuTiTebdes, rom gvianantikuri `mona~ ro-
sebobis (an mcirericxovnebis) gamo. mis imperiaSi SeWrili barbarosebis mier
rogorc antikuri monobis ganviTarebaSi, ase- ver aRiqmeboda monad. magram kidev ufro
ve termin dou'lo"-is mniSvnelobis transforma- STambeWdavia gansaxilveli terminis gamo-
ciebSi elinisturi xanidan, garkveuli Tval- yeneba Tanamedrove berZnul enaSi: aq erTi
sazrisiT, ukuprocesi iwyeba, romelic Tavis mniSvneloba klasikuri xanis Tanamedrove
kulminacias gvianantikurobaSi aRwevs. mar- gagebas asaxavs (douvlo", douleiva _ mona, mo-
Talia, `monis~ iuridiuli statusi da dapiri- noba), meore ki mikenur periods exmianeba
spireba `Tavisufali-araTavisufali~ iusti (douleiav _ samsaxuri).
nianusis drosac ki arsebobs, magram ufro
rogorc klasikuri memkvidreoba samarTlis monebi (servi) – romaeli monebis zogadi
TeoriaSi. formalurad antikur sazogadoe- saxeli; msaxurebs ewodebodaT famuli (aqe-
baSi `monoba~ ar gauqmebula, sinamdvileSi ki dan familia – is, vinc cnobil ojaxs ekuTv-
sazRvari Tavisufal qvedafenebsa da araTa- nis), SinaurobaSi – pueri, rogorc cocxali
visufalTa Soris TiTqmis waiSala, nawilo- qoneba – mancipium.
briv am ukanasknelTa mdgomareobis gaumjo- monebad xdebodnen: 1) mona qalisagan gaCe
besebis gamo. amis ZiriTad mizezebad SeiZleba nilebi; 2) Tavisuflebadakargulebi: a) omSi
Semdegi dasaxeldes: tyved Cavardnilebi, romlebic iyidebod
1) Zlieri wodebrivi diferenciacia jer nen Tavze gvirgviniT (sub hasta an sub co-
elinistur samefoebSi, xolo Semdeg ro- rona); b) imis gayidvisagan, vinc cenzs an
mis imperiaSi, gansakuTrebiT tetrarqiis samxedro samsaxurs Tavi aarida (incensus);
droidan. es sazogadoeba principulad mike- g) mevalis gayidvisagan (manus iniectio); d)
nurs ufro hgavs, vidre klasikuri aTenisas. sikvdilmisjili, radgan yvela sikvdilmis-
2) ganviTarebis tendenciebisa da tem jili Tavisufali moqalaqe monad xdeboda.
pis gaTanabreba imperiis sxvadasxva pro monobisagan Tavisufldeboda sasamarTlos
vinciebSi, rac spobs `klasikuri monaT gadawyvetilebiT (magaliTad danaSaulis
mflobelobisaTvis~ xelsayrel pirobebs. SetyobinebisaTvis);
3) mniSvnelovani ideologiuri cvlilebebi, batons, romelsac dabadebidan ekuTvnoda
pirvel yovlisa, qristianobis gavrceleba. mona an yidulobda monebis gamyidvelebidan
marTalia, `monobis~ oficialurad gauqmeba – mangones, SeeZlo is gaeyida, daesaxiCrebi-
arc qristianobas mouTxovia, magram monis na, moekla, vidre petroniusis kanonma (lex
adamianad aRqma da misdami lmobieri damo Petronia _ Zv. w. 187 w. – ukrZalavda patronebs
kidebuleba garkveulwilad qristes moZRv monebi aeZulebinaT ebrZolaT mxecebTan
rebis gavrcelebis Sedegic iyo. amfiTeatrSi) da antonius piusis ramdenime
`monoba~ Tanamedrove sociologiis gage- kanondebulebam ar SezRudes monaTmfle-
biT gvianantikurobisaTvis ar iyo damaxa- belebis Tavgasuloba (monis mokvlisTvis
siaTebeli. monebis Sroma Secvala nawilo- patroni isjeboda).
briv sxva damokidebulTa, araTavisufalTa, monis monagari batons ekuTvnoda, garda
nawilobriv `naxevradTavisufalTa~ Sro- pekuliisa; monis danaSauls jer batoni gan-
mam. `monaTa~ samarTlebrivi mdgomareobac sjida (dasjad iTvleboda misi gagzavna so-
gamyarda zogierTi kanonis miRebiT. damo- flad samuSao saxlSi _ ergastulum, wisqvilSi
kidebulTa axladgaCenili fenebis aRsa- muSaoba _ pistrinum, garozgva an gaSoltva,
niSnavad axali terminebic Seiqmna, magram dadaRva, jvarze gakvra an sastiki wameba);
230
mogvianebiT monis ufro mniSvnelovan daan vilis mmarTveli), dispensator (xazinadari),
naSauls saxelwifo gansjida. artiensis, romelic Zvelad qonebis mmarTve-
Sesabamisad monebis mdgomareoba Zalian lis (procurator) da xazinadris (dispensator)
mZime iyo, magram mogvianebiT gaiolda – Tanamdebobaze iyo;
cenzori sjida mas, vinc monebs cudad epy- maT ricxvs ekuTvnoda cellarius anu sanovagis
roboda. mmarTveli, negotiatores, romlebic provin-
monebi xSirad saxels dabadebis adgilis ciebSi batonis savaWro saqmeebs warmarT-
mixedviT (sirusi, friqsusi) iRebdnen; maT an vdnen, insularii, gaqiravebuli saxlebidan
Zveli gmirebis (aqilevsi, priamosi, da a.S.), (insula) fulis amkrebni da bolos samec-
an mcenareebisa an qvebis saxelebsac uwo- niero da mxatvruli ganaTlebis mqone
debdnen (sardoniqsi..). adre monebs patro- monebi, romelic zrunavdnen saxlebis
nis saxelebs eZaxdnen. aSenebasa da morTvaze (fabri – xelosnebi,
monebis umetesoba galebi, espanelebi, ber- tectores – mRebavebi, pictores – fermwerebi,
Znebi, eTiopelebi iyvnen. caelatores – mTegavebi, statuarii – moqandakee-
uZveles droSi monebi batonebTan erTad bi, topiarii – mebaReebi, viridarii – metyeveebi,
sadilobdnen, mogvianebiT isini yovelT- sculptores – moqandakeebi da a. S.), isini, vinc
viurad an yoveldRiurad puris, leRvis, biblioTekas da Tavisi batonis korespo-
zeTisxilis, Rvinisa da Zmris garkveul ra- dencias awesrigebdnen (literati – swavlule-
odenobas iRebdnen (demensum). maTi tansac- bi, anagnostae – wamkiTxvelebi, amanuenses
meli arafriT gansxvavdeboda Raribi moqa- – mdivnebi, librarii – gadamwerebi da a. S.),
laqeebis tansacmlisagan da Sedgeboda muqi bavSvebis aRmzrdelebi (paedagogi – pedago-
feris uxeSi tunikisagan. gebebi) da ojaxis eqimebi (medici).
Zveleburi damokidebuleba (urTierToba, monebi, romlebic gasarTobad hyavdaT, ze-
siyvaruli) da erTguleba, rac monebs bevr modasaxelebulebze ufro dabla idgnen,
ojaxSi maT batonebTan akavSirebdaT, znis mag. musikosebi (symphoniaci), gladiatorebi
waxdenasTan erTad sul ufro iSviaTad gvx- (gladiatores), mimebi (mimi), msaxiobebi (actores),
vdeboda; monebi xSirad batonebis winaaRm- ekvilibristebi (petauristae), muSaiTebi (fu-
deg ajanyebebsa da amboxebebs awyobdnen. nambuli), maxinji masxarebi (moriones) da ju-
Tu mona Tavis batons moklavda, Zveli jebi (nani).
adaTiT, (an konsulis gadawyvetilebiT), 2) vulgares asrulebdnen Sav samuSaos ro-
yvela mona, romelic mokvlisas iq imyofe- gorc Sin, ise gareT, mag. yaraulebi (ianitor)
boda, sikvdiliT isjeboda. an kariskacebi (ostiarius), mesawoleebi (cu-
monebis sxvadasxva klasebi: uZveles droSi bicularii), romlebic stumrebis mosvlas auw-
monaTa ricxvi didi ar iyo, mogvianebiT yebdnen, mravalricxovani monebi, romlebic
cnobil sagvareuloebs uamravi mona hyav- mihyvebodnen batons gareT (pedisequi) _ gzis
da, maT aTeulebad (dekuriebad) hyofdnen gamkvlevebi (anteambulones), mzidavebi (lec-
da aucilebeli iyo iseTi mona, romelsac ticarii), mswrafmavlebi (cursores) da a. S.; Sin
hqonda kargi mexsiereba da batons yvelas muSaobdnen sufraze mzrunvelebi _ xabazebi
saxels usaxelebda (nomenklatori). (pistores), mzareulebi (coqui), mefrinveleebi
imisda mixedviT, Tu sad muSaobdnen monebi – (fartores), sufris gamwyobebi (structores), saWm-
qalaqad Tu soflad mamulebSi (latifundium), lis gamnawileblebi (scissores), meriqifeebi
isini iyofodnen qalaqis (urbani) d soflis (pocillatores) da isini, visac evaleboda gar-
(rustici) monebad, mdgomareobisa da saqmiano- derobi, batonis morTva da masze zrunva
bis mixedviT 3 klasad: _ feiqrebi (textores), mkeravebi (vestifici),
1) Ordinarii iyvnen batonis ndobiT gamorCeul- mrTvelebi (lanificae), meWurWleebi (custodes
ni, romlebsac meTvalyureoba unda gaewiaT auri), pirisfareSebi (ornatrices), dalaqebi
saojaxo meurneobis, xazinisa da a. S. (tonsores), Tmis daxvevis ostatebi (ciniflones an
maT hyavdaT sakuTari monebi – damxmareebi, cineraria), menelsecxebleebi (unctores), parfi-
romlebic maT exmarebodnen (vicarius), ordi- umerebi (unguentarii), meqiseebi (balneatores);
nariebs Soris yvelaze maRla idga procurator 3) Savi samuSaos Semsrulebeli monebi (me-
(qonebis, meurneobis mmarTveli), mas mos- diastini), rogorc Cans, umdablesi fena (vul-
devda actor (igive, rac villicus, zedamxedveli gares) iyo; isini fqvavdnen, asufTavebdnen
231
da amdagvar samuSaoebs asrulebdnen; am saeklesio nivTs, Tundac klites, Sedioda
kategorias SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aseve me- samorave kacis saxlSi da yvelanairad cdi-
saflaveebi (pollinctores da libitinarii) da meqi- lobda morave xeliT Sexeboda am nivTs, ris
seebi (balneatores) sazogadoebriv abanoebSi. Semdegac uaris Tqma yovlad SeuZlebeli
saxelmwifo monebi (servi publici) – monebi, iyo. amiT igi, svanis azriT, RvTis risxvas
romlebic romis saxelmwifos an sazoga- gamoiwvevda.
doebas (koloniebs, municipalur qalaqs) morvebis ricxvi aranakleb orisa da arau-
ekuTvnoda da romlebic Temma iyida. aseve metes Tormetisa unda yofiliyo (Zalian
is samxedro tyveebi, romlebsac saxelm- iSviaTad, mxolod didi da rTuli saqmis
wifo ar yidda, magram itovebda sazoga- SemTxvevaSi aRemateboda Tormets), mTava
doebrivi samsaxurisTvis, xdebodnen servi ria, morvebi wyvil-wyvilad yofiliyvnen.
publici. saxelmwifo monebis mdgomareoba ZiriTadi ricxvi mainc eqvsi iyo: sami mom-
kerZo pirebis monebis mdgomareobasTan Civanisa da sami mopasuxis mxridan. Tumca
SedarebiT, bevrad ukeTesi iyo, radganac iyo SemTxvevebi, roca orive mxare dama
maT yovelTvis SeeZloT SeeZinaT pekulia. tebiT kidev erT romelime kacs irCev-
sakvebsa da sacxovrebels isini, bunebrivia, da. pirvelad morvebs momCivani unda ga
Temisgan iRebdnen. maTi movaleobebi mra- maspinZleboda sakmaod uxvad. mxolod
valferovani iyo: a) zogierTi umaRlesi mesame sasmisis Sevsebis Semdeg moaxsenebda
Tanamdebobis pirebs exmareboda (accensi da maspinZeli `sarCels~ morvebs. maspinZeli
apparitores) an cvlida kidec maT; b) zogierTi kaTxiT xelSi, qudmoxdili jer mouwodeb-
taZarSi msaxurobda da msxverplSemwirve- da RmerTs, rogorc yvelaze WeSmarit msa-
lebs exmareboda; g) zogierTi saxelmwi- juls, Semdeg ki morvebs sTxovda, sindisiT,
fosTvis sxvadasxva samuSaos asrulebda. sworad gadaeWraT sakiTxi. gansakuTrebiT
mag. xazinaSi (servus aerarius) an sxva dawesebu yuradRebiT usmenda ori moravi, romelTac
lebebSi, mag. wyalsadenebis zedamxedveli sityva-sityviT unda gadaecaT saCivari mo-
(aquaria); pasuxisTvis. morvebi aimedebdnen momCivans
im monebis mdgomareoba, romlebic maRaroe- da amis Semdeg clidnen kaTxebs, romlebic
bSi, qvis samtexloebSi da msgavs adgilebSi aqamde xelSi eWiraT. meore dRes morvebi
msaxurobdnen, yvelaze mZime iyo. xSirad mopasuxesTan midiodnen, sadac aseve uxvad
saxelmwifo monebi (servi publici) Sromis saz- umaspinZldebodnen. aqac orjer aryiT savse
Raurad Tavisuflebas iRebdnen. kaTxas Camourigebdnen da mxolod mesames
Sevsebis Semdeg gadascemda ori moravi saCi-
morvar/morav, svaneTi _ msajul-media- vars. danarCeni moravebi mxolod im Sem-
torebi. morvebi ar iyvnen arCeulni arc TxvevaSi ereodnen, Tu im ors raime daavi-
mudmivad da arc konkretuli vadiT. mor- wydeboda. maTi movaleoba iyo, ise rbilad
vad yofna SeeZlo nebismier adamians, maT da diplomatiurad gadaecaT saCivari mo-
irCevdnen rogorc momCivanni, aseve mopa- pasuxe-momCivnisTvis, rom orive erTmane-
suxeni. morvebi kargad unda yofiliyvnen Tis winaSe mTxovnelad, momnanieblada da
Caxedulni arsebuli saqmis viTarebaSi. simarTlis meZieblad waredginaT. saCivris
erTi piroba ki aucileblad unda daecvaT: mosmenis Semdeg mopasuxe imave wesiT, ro-
momCivan-mopasuxes an orives TavianTi na- gorc momCivani, pasuxs moaxsenebda morvebs.
Tesavebi unda aerCia, an orives _ gareSe aqac pasuxis damaxsovreba gansakuTrebiT
piri, raTa gadawyvetileba samarTliani ori moravis movaleoba iyo.
yofiliyo. morvebi Zalian didi pativiTa Semdeg dRes morvebi kvlav momCivanTan mid-
da ndobiT sargeblobdnen. morvebic cdi- iodnen pasuxis gadasacemad. Tuki igi rames
lobdnen, samarTali ar daerRviaT da fici daamatebda, kvlav mopasuxes gadaecemoda
ar gaetexaT. es Zalian wminda da rTuli da ase xdeboda ori-sami dRis ganmavloba-
aRsasrulebeli iyo, amitom xSirad, Tavi- Si. mosmena-gadacemis damTavrebis Semdeg
dan icilebdnen am movaleobas sxvadasxva Tu saWiro Seiqmneboda, dakiTxavdnen mow-
xerxiT. Tumca svanebs garkveuli meTod- meebs ficis qveS, Tumca svanebs samowmod
ic hqondaT SemuSavebuli morvobis dasa- saqme Zalian iSviaTad hqondaT. rodesac
Tanxmeblad. mZebneli moipovebda raime msajul-mediatorebi mowmeebis dakiTxvas
232
daamTavrebdnen, yvelafers Seajamebdnen da iyo. lufxulebis Sovna ki Zalian rTuli
iwyebdnen ganCinebis dadgenas (ix. sasamarT- iyo. damnaSaves lufxulisTvis unda gadae-
lo warmoeba). xada TiTo àcsiSi~, romelic eqvsi maneTis
tolia, an unda mieca raime nivTi amave Ri-
morigeba, svaneTi _ damnaSaves yovelgvari rebulebisa. lufxulebis gamokvebisa Tu
danaSauli imave sawyauliT miezRveba. sxva xarjic mxolod damnaSaves ekisrebo-
moklulis Wirisuflebs ufleba hqondaT da. lufxulebis misvlisTanave damnaSave
moeklaT mkvleli, misi ojaxisa da Temis sakuTar saxls uTmobda maT da an meore
wevri, magram mis colsa da mcirewlovan va- saxlSi gadaixizneboda an droebiT mezo-
JiSvilebs xels ver axlebdnen. mkvlels See- belTan afarebda Tavs. ojaxidan gaxizvnis
Zlo mtrisTvis Serigeba da `sisxlis~ (wor) Semdeg imarTeboda mociquloba damnaSave-
miReba moeTxova. nivTierad sisxlis amRebs sa da lufxulebs Soris maxvSisa da gar-
svanebi ùWmelis mWamels~ uwodebdnen da sa- eSe pirebis saSualebiT. lufxulebi moci-
marcxvino saqmed miaCndaT. uneburad mokvla qulebis piriT SeuTvlidnen damnaSaves, ae-
ganzrax mkvlelobas udrida da Cveulebriv wona sakuTari danaSauli da daesaxelebina
moiTxovda samagieros gadaxdas, mokvlas daCagrulisaTvis misazRvevi jarimis ode-
an sisxls. mkvleli, misi ojaxisa da Temis noba (jarima SeiZleba yofiliyo tye, yana,
wevrebi valdebulni iyvnen, morigebamde iaraRi da sxva). Tu jarima ecotavebodaT,
moridebodnen mters. Tu or Tems Soris kvlav mociqulebis piriT SeuTvlidnen ga-
Cxubis Sedegad orivesgan TiTo-TiTo kaci dasaxadis momatebis Taobaze. ase grZel-
mokvdeboda, Temebi erTgulebis ficiT urigdeboda, sanam saboloo gadawyvetilebas
debodnen erTmaneTs. CveulebiTi samarT- ar miiRebdnen. sabolood, yvelani ekle-
lis mixedviT, yovel ojaxs SeeZlo Seefara siis karze ikribebodnen erTgulebis ficis
mkvleli da sxva damnaSave, Tu igi mtris dasadebad. pirvelad lufxulebi aZlevdnen
wamowevamde Seaswrebda masTan saxlSi. Se- daCagruls Tanasworobis fics, Semdeg ki
farebisa da Sexvewnis niSnad mtrisgan devni- momCivani debda erTgulebis fics damnaSa-
li damnaSave ojaxis keras an naWas hkidebda vis mimarT. bolos, maxvSi gamoucxadebda
xels. damnaSaves aseve ixsnida, Tu igi ekle- daCagruls, Tu ramdeni ergo damnaSavis-
siiasa da mis galavanSi moaswrebda Sesvlas. gan. momCivani saxlSi midioda, maxvSi da
svaneTSi arsebobda, aseve, morigebis sxvada lufxulebi damnaSavesTan, raTa maTgan
sxva forma, magaliTad, daCagrulis SeZRo gamaspinZleba mieRoT. misjils damnaSave an
la lufxulebiT an ulufxulod. maSinve Caabarebda lufxulebs, Tu nivTi da
lufxvili iyo TiTiT amorCeuli moficari, saqoneli iyo, an umokles vadaSi gadascemda
romelsac mxolod daCagrulis mxare ir maxvSis xeliT momCivans.
Cevda. maTi ricxvi erTidan ocamde adioda, lufxulebis gareSe morigeba mcire dana-
Tumca didi raodenobiT mxolod didi da Saulis dros xdeboda. braldebuli maxv-
mZime saqmis dros irCevdnen. lufxulebi Sis piriT sTxovda daCagruls, mis saxlSi
Tanasworobis fics aZlevdnen mxolod da- mibrZanebuliyo Tavisi saxleulobiT (ma-
Cagruls da eubnebodnen, rom im gadasaxads makacebiT) an naTesaobiT. es mipatiJeba imis
sTavazobdnen, romelzec Tavadac iqnebodnen niSani iyo, rom damnaSave misTvis danaSau-
kmayofilni. damCagvrelTan ki aranair fics lis Sesaferisi sazRauris micemas apirebda.
ar debdnen. amitom SeeZloT saWiroze meti am mopatiJebaze daCagruli iSviaTad Tu
gadasaxadic daekisrebinaT damCagvrelisT ityoda uars. Tu daTanxmdeboda momCivani,
vis, Tumca, rogorc wesi, usamarTlo ga igi saxleulobiTa Tu naTesaobiT midioda
dawyvetilebisgan TiTqmis yovelTvis ika damnaSavesTan, maT win sazogadoebis maxvSi
vebdnen Tavs. lufxulebiT morigebis dros miuZRodaT. damnaSaves xarji (sufra) mzad
orive mxaris Tanxmoba iyo saWiro. dam hqonda. Tumca Wamas aravin iwyebda. jer Ca-
Cagvreli mxolod maSin moiTxovda lufxu moarigebdnen TiTo kaTxa arays, romelic
lebiT morigebas, roca umizezod miayenebda xelSi eWiraT. damnaSave savse WiqiT mid-
Seuracxyofas daCagruls da gasamarTlebe- ioda maxvSisa da damnaSavis winaSe da iCo-
li sabuTi ar hqonda. lufxulebs daCagru- qebda. damnaSave jer sinanuls gamoTqvamda
li asaxelebda, xolo Sovna ki maTi saqme da aRiarebda danaSauls, Semdeg asaxelebda
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sazRaurs, romlis gadaxdasac apirebda, bo- kuTari survilis mixedviT. grakqusebamde
los ki Serigebas sTxovda momCivans. Tuki mosamarTleebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen
momCivansa da misianebs sazRauri ecotavebo- marto senatorebi, Semdeg iwyeba aqtiuri
daT, isini sufras pirs ar akarebdnen. es ki brZola fenebs Soris mosamarTlis Tanam-
imis niSani iyo, rom damnaSaves gadasaxadi debobis mosapoveblad. gaius grakqusma
unda gaezarda. damnaSavec iZulebuli iyo, senatorebs CamoarTva sasamarTloebi da
damorCileboda am Txovnas, radgan mipati- gadasca im pirebs, romlebic flobdnen
Jebulis mourigeblad gamoSveba meore da- 400000 sestercs (mxedrebis cenzi im drom-
naSaulis tolfasi iyo. Tuki momCivani saz- de). w. Zv. w. 106 w-s gamosuli kanoni (lex Ser
Raurze daTanxmdeboda, daCagruli bral- vilia) Seecada senatorebisaTvis daebrune-
debuls adgomis nebas rTavda, gamoclidnen bina mosamarTleobis ufleba. imave wels
erTad kaTxebs, kocnidnen erTmaneTs da gamosuli sxva kanoni, romelic servilius
sxdebodnen TavTavianT adgilebze. danar- glavkuss ekuTvnoda, gadascems sasamarT-
Cenebic iwyebdnen sma-Wamas. vaxSmis mere loebs mxedrebs. marTalia es kanoni ar
(naxarjevs) saCuqars anu sazRaurs maSinve aris cnobili, magram mecnierebi varaudo-
atandnen momCivans, xolo uZravi qonebis ben, rom is namdvilad arsebobda, ramdena-
SemTxvevaSi, roca SeZlebdnen (magaliTad, dac markus livius druzuss Zv. w. 91 w-s aqvs
yanas, saTibs gazomva sWirdeboda, da Tu za- ra survili, sasamarTlo xelisufleba se
mTarSi iyo morigeba, maSin gazomva ar Sei- nats daubrunos, 300 mxedari Sehyavs senat-
Zleboda). meore dRes maxvSi eklesiis kar- Si. es kanoni imave wels gauqmda lex Plautia-s
ze erTgulebis fics miaRebinebda da amiT mixedviT. Zv. w. 89 w-s mosamarTlis arCevis
mTavrdeboda morigeba. ufleba gadaeca xalxs. xalxi TiToeuli
tribidan irCevda 15 mosamarTles (sena-
mosakargave _ XI-XIII ss-is saqarTveloSi torebi, mxedrebi, plebeebi), magram es
umTavresad samefo karis moxele, romelsac kanoni Zalian mokle drois ganmavlobaSi
eZleoda `sakargavi~ _ pirobiT mflobelo- moqmedebda _ maleve sasamarTlo xelisu-
baSi micemuli miwis nakveTi, an zogjer mis fleba mxedrebis xelSi gadadis. sabolood
sanacvlod fuli. sula Tavisi kanoniT (lex Cornelia iudicaria Zv.
w. 81 w.) sasamarTlo xelisuflebas ubrunebs
mosamarTle (Iudex) _ 1) aRniSnavda Tanam- senatorebs. am mosamarTleebis mier Tanam-
debobis piri, romelic rogorc romis re- debobis borotad gamoyenebis precedenteb-
spublikis pirvel xanebSi (konsulebic ki ma biZgi misca axali kanonis Seqmnas _ lex
mosamarTleebad moixsenieboda), ise impe- Aurelia (Zv. w. 70 w.), romlis mixedviTac 3
riis periodSi; am periodSi ganasxvavebdnen sasamarTlo dekuria unda amoerCiaT sena-
iudices civiles (samoqalaqo mosamarTle) da torebis, mxedrebis da saxazino tribunebi
militares (samxedro mosamarTle). 2) pirovne- sagan. keisarma Zv. w. 46 w-s saxazino tribune-
ba, romelsac evaleboda samoqalaqo da bi CamoaSora am Tanamdebobas, xolo 2 wlis
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa gamoZieba da Semdeg gaius antoniusma es dekuria Caanacv-
ganaCenis gamotana _ mosamarTle: la jariskacebis da centuriis dekuriiT. es
a) Iudex, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis saqme- dadgenileba Zv. w. 43 w-s senatma gaauqma.
Ta mosamarTle. mudmivi sasamarTloebis avgustusma 3 sasamarTlo dekurias daumata
(quaestiones perpetuae) gaCenamde ar arse- meoTxe, romlis valdebulebasac naklebad
bobdnen namdvili mosamarTleebi. senati mniSvnelovani saqmeebis ganxilva warmoad-
avalebda senatis dadgenilebis saSuale- genda. kaligulam daamata mexuTe dekuria.
biT tribunebs, waredginaT xalxisaTvis rac Seexeba mosamarTlis asaks, svetoniusis
sasamarTlo da aerCiaT sasamarTlos mixedviT, igi 25 wliT ganisazRvra. mosamar-
Tavmjdomare. Zv. w. 149 w-s, mas Semdeg, rac Tled yofnis xangrZlivoba iyo erTi weli.
pirveli mudmivi sasamarTlo Seiqmna lex sxvadasxva dros mosamarTleTa raodenoba
Calpurnia repetundarum-is mixedviT, pre- gansxvavebuli iyo. Lex Plautia -s mixedviT,
tor urbanusi (praetor urbanus) yovel wels mosamarTleTa raodenoba nebismieri saqmis
adgenda mosamarTleTa kandidatebis sias warmoebaSi 525 kacia, maSin roca lex Servilia
(album iudicum) ara kenWisyriT, aramed sa- (Glaucia) gamoZalvis saqmeebis gamoZiebi-
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sas mosamarTleTa raodenobas 450 kaciT mis qali moetaca da colad SeerTo. aseTi
gansazRvravs. Zv. w. 52 w-s pompeusma Ta- kaci Temis moRalated iTvleboda da unda
visi saqmeebisaTvis 360 mosamarTle dan- moekveTaT, mas xalxSi aRar miesvleboda,
iSna. avgustusma mosamarTleTa raodenoba xatSi ar uSvebdnen. misi saqonelic ki cal-
4000-mde gazarda da mosamarTleebis mZime ke Zovda da sasoflo naxirSi ver ereoda.
Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebis Sesamsubuqe- mokveTilis Serigebac SeiZleboda. amisTvis
blad daniSna orTviani ardadegebi, amasTa- mas saTemo salocavisTvis, xatisTvis erTi
nave TiToeul 4 dekurias rigrigobiT unda qvabi da vercxlis Tasi unda Seewira, dae-
gamoeTavisuflebina erTi weli, romelic kla msxverplad xari da ludi gamoexada.
Tavisufali iqneboda samosamarTlo saqmi- motacebiT colis SerTva orgvari iyo: er-
anobisagan. mosamarTleebi yoveli proce- Tia, rodesac qalic Tanaxma iyo, ubralod
sisaTvis kenWisyriT airCeoda. kaci mainc itacebda qals sxvebis dasanaxad
b) Iudex _ samoqalaqo samarTlis mosamar- da qalis pativis dasacavad. meore ki ZaliT
Tle. jer kidev uZvelesi droidan mag- motaceba iyo. ZaliT motacebis SemTxveva-
istratebi avalebdnen kerZo pirs saqmis Sic, colad mainc ver moiyvanda xevsuri, Tu
gamokvlevasa da gadawyvetas. mogvianebiT qali uarze iqneboda. am dros qmari iZule-
aRmocenda eqstraordinaluri sasamarT- buli iyo, qali mamis saxlSi daebrunebina.
lo, romelsac TviTon Tanamdebobis piri Tu saqmro motacebul qals gaapatiureb-
xelmZRvanelobda. Tavidan mosamarTleebi da, pasuxs ar agebda da arc mis naTesavebs
iyvnen senatorebi, mogvianebiT maT irCevd- uxdida jarimas. Zvelad momtacebeli ka-
nen sxvadasxva fenidan, zogjer mosamarTle- cis dawuneba did sircxvilad iTvleboda.
Ta siidan (album), rac daakanona avgustusma. qalis ojaxs dawunebulisTvis Teqvsmeti
Tanamdebobis pirs mosamarTled SeeZlo Zroxa unda mieca, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
daeniSna mxolod iseTi pirovneba, romlis qali saerTod ver gaTxovdeboda. droTa
mimarTac ndobas orive mxare gamoxatavda. ganmavlobaSi es Cveuleba moispo. motaceba
daniSnul mosamarTles SeeZlo aeyvana mxolod uqmro qalis SeiZleboda. qmriani
TanaSemweebi (assessores, consiliarii). mosamar- qalis momtacebeli sikvdiliT isjeboda.
Tle valdebuli iyo fici daedo. mosamar- daniSnuli qalis motacebisTvis ki jarima
Tle ver gaxdeboda yru-munji, sulierad iyo dawesebuli. radgan motaceba danaSau-
avadmyofi, qali da infamisi. lad iTvleboda, damnaSave unda Serigeboda
Iudex pedaneus _ imperiis epoqis termini, motacebulis ojaxs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
romliTac aRiniSneboda mosamarTlis damx- qals colad ar moayvaninebdnen (ix. banze
mare, romelsac miandobdnen naklebad mniS- Sextoma).
vnelovani saqmeebis ganxilvas. Iudex quaestio-
nis ewodeboda mudmivi sasamarTlos Tavmj- mouravi _ adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
domares, romelic ar iyo Tanamdebobis piri. moxele Zvel saqarTveloSi. mouravi as-
rulebda sameurneo, administraciul da
motaceba qalis _ danaSauli, romelic sasamarTlo funqciebs. igi iyo mebatonis
xelyofs qalis qorwinebis Tavisufal ar- mamulebis mmarTveli, provinciis, qalaqis,
Cevans. qarTul sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSi soflis gamge. yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
qalis motaceba, rogorc qorwinebis kano- iyo qiziyis, yazaxisa da aragvis mouravoba.
nieri forma, ar ixsenieba. Zveli qarTuli farTod iyo gavrcelebuli soflis moura-
saqorwino ritualis Tanaxmad, rodesac voba. qalaqTa mouravebidan pirveli adgi-
axaldaqorwinebuli da gvirgvinnakurTxi li eWiraT Tbilisisa da goris mouravebs.
col-qmari eklesiidan gamodioda, siZis eji- mouravi qalaqis upirvelesi moxele iyo.
bi da patarZlis mayrebi xmlebs miabjendnen mas emorCilebodnen qalaqis moxeleebi _
eklesiis karebze. ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, meliqi, mamasaxlisi, nacvali da asasebi. Ta-
es qalis motacebis Zveli Cveulebis simbo- vis sasamarTlo funqciebs mouravi meliqis,
luri gamoxatuleba iyo. mamasaxlisis, agreTve 3-4 `sarwmuno moqa-
laqis~ (msxvili vaWris) TandaswrebiT as-
motaceba qalis, xevsureTi _ saTemo rjulis rulebda. mouravoba imdenad Semosavliani
mixedviT, kacs ar hqonda ufleba Tavisi Te- da sapatio Tanamdeboba iyo, rom batoniS-
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vilebic ki ar ambobdnen uars am saxeloze. ba, jvarze gakvra); 2) pirad cxovrebaSi: a)
magaliTad, iese batoniSvili erT dros conubium _ samoqalaqo wesiT qorwineba;
Tbilisis mouravi iyo. b) commercium _ ufleba SeeZinaT romauli
sakuTreba. moqalaqe gaxdeboda, Tu mSo-
moqalaqeTa siebi, saberZneTi _ antikur blebi romaeli moqalaqeebi iyvnen, gaaza-
saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeTa siebis Sedgenis tebulni (ix. libertinusi) da gansakuTre
mizezi iyo xeli SeeSalaT moqalaqeobis buli kanoniT an saxalxo gadawyvetilebiT
uflebis armqone xalxisTvis mieRoT mo- (plebisciti) moqalaqeobamiRebulebi. moqa-
qalaqeoba da, Sesabamisad, samarTlebli- laqeobis uflebas jer aniWebdnen romaeli
vi uflebebic. moqalaqeTa siebis Sedgena mefeebi, SemdgomSi komiciebi da centuriebi.
polisebSi saxelmwifo ierarqiis dabali pirvel xanebSi moqalaqeoba Zalian frTxi-
danayofebis saqme iyo. siebSi SehyavdaT srulad eZleodaT maT, vinc romSi gadmosax-
luflebiani moqalaqeebis srulwlovani lda, SemdegSi es ufleba mTel qalaqebsa da
vaJiSvilebi da moqalaqeobis uflebamiRe- xalxebs eniWeboda. imperatorma karakalam
buli kacebi. qalebi da arasrulwlovanebi, saxelmwifo xazinis Sevsebis mizniT romaeli
rogorc politikurad uufleboebi, siebSi moqalaqis ufleba gaavrcela mTeli romis
ar SehyavdaT. TiTqmis aseve SenarCunda imperiis Tavisufal adamianebze. moqalaqe-
elinistur saxelmwifoebSi. magram Zv. w. II obis ufleba wydeboda gaZevebis, monad gay-
s-dan moqalaqeTa siebSi qalebic SehyavdaT. idvisa an nebayoflobiTi gaZevebis Sedegad.
romi _ romis respublikaSi moqalaqeTa
siebi dgeboda Catarebuli cenzis mixedviT moqalaqeoba, saberZneTi (politeiva) – sityva,
da warmoadgenda srulwlovani moqalaqe romelic aseve aRniSnavs: 1) moqalaqeTa ko-
mamakacebis sias, romelsac hqonda an saer- rpuss; 2) saxelmwifo wyobilebas. berZnul
To cenzis siis saxe (gadasaxadis dawesebisa qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeoba aRniS-
da omSi gawvevisaTvis saWiro), an iyo ori navda im faqtobriv garemoebas, rom polisi
damoukidebeli sia _ gadamxedelebis ga- Tavisufal adamianTa erTobas warmoadgen-
dasaxadis Tanxisa da samxedro valdeb- da, Tumca moqalaqeoba Tavdapirvelad in-
ulebis miTiTebiT. qalebi da bavSvebi maTSi dividualuri ufleba ar iyo; igi religiur
ar Sediodnen. gaurkvevelia sakiTxi, rogor an socialur erTobaTa wevrobas niSnavda
da ra formiT adgendnen moqalaqeTa siebs (ix. polisi). sruluflebian moqalaqeTa
romis imperiaSi da rogor Seesabameboda naSieri yvela SemTxvevaSi moqalaqis sta-
igi gadamxedelebisa da samxedro valdeb- tusis mqone piri iyo, amasTanave igi ufro
ulebulebis sias. mcire erTobebis _ ojaxis, genosis da frat-
riis wevrs warmoadgenda. demokratiuli
moqalaqeoba, romi (civitas _ saxelmwifo) _ reJimebis dros moqalaqeobisaTvis aucile-
romis saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis saerTo beli moTxovna (ix. perikles moqalaqeobis
saxelwodeba. kanoni) cxovrebaSi yovelTvis mkacrad ar
servius tuliusamde moqalaqeebi mxolod iyo gatarebuli. mosaxleobis sxvadasxva
patriciebi iyvnen, am mefis Semdeg ki ple- segments samoqalaqo uflebebis sxvadasxva
beebic. moqalaqeebs hqondaT ufleba: 1) sa wili hqonda. ase magaliTad, qalebs Sez-
zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi: a) ius suffragari Ruduli samoqalaqo uflebebi gaaCndaT (ix.
_ komiciebSi xmis ufleba; b) ius honorum _ qali, samoqalaqo uflebebi). saberZneTSi
ufleba mieRoT yvela saxelmwifo Tanamde- socialur fenaTa Soris gansxvavebebi sru-
boba; am uflebis miRebas plebsi brZoliT liad gauqmebuli arasodes yofila, TviT
cdilobda da Zv. w. 337 w-dan ki srulad mii radikaluri demokratiis drosac ki, Tumca
Ro; g) lex Valeria-s (Zv. w. 509 w.) gamoqveynebis maTi politikuri uflebebi SesaZloa Tana-
Semdeg apelaciis ufleba xelisufalTa mier bari yofiliyo.
sasikvdilo ganaCenis winaaRmdeg; es ufle- saxelmwifo uflebamosili iyo kerZo
ba SemdgomSi gavrcelda fulad sauravzec, pirisTvis mieniWebina an CamoerTmia moqa-
romelsac xelisufleba awesebda; d) leges laqeoba. moqalaqeobis boZeba adreul pe-
Porciae-s miRebis Semdeg Rirsebis Semlax- riodSi xSir movlenas ar warmoadgenda.
veli yvela dasjis winaaRmdeg (gamaTraxe- tiraniis epoqaSi tiranebi an sxva lidere-
236
bi TavianT momxreTa ricxvis gasazrdelad ditione): misi mxridan es iyo nebayoflobiTi
drodadro moqalaqeobas aramoqalaqeT an- megobruli daxmareba, mas ver aiZulebdi,
iWebdnen. Zv. w. IV s-is Semdgom moqalaqeobis mieca Cveneba; magram is, vinc mowmed monawi
miniWeba xSiri gaxda. droTa ganmavlobaSi leobas iRebda romelime sadResaswaulo
moqalaqeoba cariel pativad gadaiqca, rom- aqtSi, xolo Semdeg uars ambobda mowme yo-
lis mopoveba qvelmoqmedebiT an yidviTac filiyo, cxaddeboda cudad da uRirsad (im-
gaxda SesaZlebeli. adamianebi xSir SemTx- probus intestabilisque), anu ufleba aRar hqonda
vevebSi or an met moqalaqeobas iRebdnen. mowme yofiliyo da mowmeebi dasaxmare-
moqalaqeobis dakargva atimiaTi da gaZeve- blad moexmo. yovel mxares Tavad mohyavda
biT xdeboda. moqalaqeobaminiWebul pirs Tavisi mowmeebi da Tavad gamohkiTxavda
umeteswilad igive uflebebi hqonda, rac sasamarTloSi: TiToeuli mowme erTxel
moqalaqed dabadebuls. elinistur ligebSi gamodioda, dasawyisSi _ mosarCelis mow-
wevri-qalaqis yvela moqalaqe, Cveulebriv, meebi, Semdeg _ mopasuxis mowmeebi. sisxlis
meore moqalaqeobas – ligis moqalaqeoba- samarTlis saqmeebSi mowmeebis didi ricxvi
sac iRebda. iyo saWiro, samoqalaqo saqmeebSi sakmarisi
iyo ori mowme, erTi ki _ arasdros. mowmes
moSToba _ sicocxlis mospoba yelSi sab- anderZis Sesrulebisas unda daekmayofile-
lis waWeriT an wyalSi gagudviT. moSTo- bina gansazRvruli moTxovnebi: mas unda
bis tradicia monRolebidan momdinareobs. hqonoda mowmis ufleba (testamenti factio),
saqarTveloSi ki igi, rogorc sasjeli, sak- unda yofiliyo mowveuli (testis rogatus), ax-
maod gavrcelebuli iyo XVI-XVIII ss-Si. mo- los unda ecxovra anderZis damwerTan,
STobiT umetesad gamcemlebi isjebodnen. unda yofiliyo anderZis gaxsnisas (apertura
testamenti) da daedasturebina Tavisi beWdis
moZRvarTmoZRvari _ maswavlebelTa mas- utyuaroba. Sesaferisi mowme (testis idoneus)
wavlebeli, umaRlesi saswavleblis reqto- sxvis saqmeSi SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri
ris aRmniSvneli termini Zvel saqarTvelo- srulwlovani romaeli moqalaqe (garda
Si. gelaTis akademias xelmZRvanelobda zogierTi naTesavis, uRirsi adamianisa da
specialuri Tanamdebobis piri, romelic msjavrdadebulisa); araSesaferisi mowme
moZRvarTmoZRvris tituls atarebda, gansx- iyo Tavisi saqmis mowme (testis in re sua).
vavebiT `winamZRvrisgan~, romelic gelaT- romaul samarTalwarmoebaSi mowmeebi
Si samonastro saqmes ganagebda. qarTuli Cvenebas yovelTvis ficis dadebiT aZlevd-
istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, moZRvar- nen, magram mosamarTle maT Cvenebebs Ta-
TmoZRvari metad ganaTlebuli da pativce- visi Sexedulebisda mixedviT afasebda. jer
muli piri iyo. misTvis upiratesi uflebebis kidev konstantines dros mowmis Cvenebebs
miniWeba eTanxmeboda gelaTis akademiis iseTive fasi hqonda, rogoric werilobiTs,
did sazogadoebriv-kulturul mniSvnelo- magram SemdgomSi aRmosavluri samarTlis
bas. Semdgomi drois dokumentebSi moZ- gavleniT dokuments mieniWa upiratesoba.
RvarTmoZRvari ukve zogierTi monastris
winamZRols erqva, savaraudod imitom, rom mowme, xevsureTi _ mowmes iwvevdnen sa-
am monastrebTan garkveuli saxis saganmana- samarTloSi, Tu saqme exeboda qurdobas,
Tleblo saswavleblebi arsebobda. es ter- fulis sesxebas da a.S. bWeebi yvela mowmes
mini XIX saukunemde gvxvdeba. ar endobodnen. bWeebi unda darwmunebuli-
yvnen, Rirsni iyvnen Tu ara isini mowmed
mowme, romi (testis) _ mowme ar SeiZleba yo- yofnisa. TiToeul mowmes rigiT dakiTx-
filiyo: mona, arasrulwlovani, Wkuasusti, avdnen da ara wiliT. magram yvela mowmis
qali (ufro Zvel droSi), uRirsi adamiani, dakiTxva ar xdeboda ficis qveS. `fici dae-
Svili mSoblebis winaaRmdeg an piriqiT da deboda~ mxolod im mowmeebs, romlebsac
vinme sakuTar saqmeSi. mowmeebi iyvnen an saqmis gadawyvetisas didi gavlena hqondaT
moxaliseebi (voluntarii) an gamoZaxebulebi. da romlebic saqmis viTarebas utyuarad
mowme sasamarTloSi iZleoda Cvenebas imis warmoaCendnen. igi iyo saqmis sinamdvilis
Sesaxeb, rac Tavad gaigona da naxa (ar miiRe- mnaxveli da maRirebeli. kacis kvlasa da da-
boda yurmokruli Cveneba _ testimonium ex au- keWvnaze mowme saWiro ar iyo. winaT mowme
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xuT Zroxas gamoiyvanda da ar daificeb- misi mokvlis ufleba ar hqonda. glexis ga-
da, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala dayvana mojalabis kategoriaSi sasjelis
tradicia da roca bWeni daadgendnen, maSin erT-erT umZimes zomad iTvleboda. mojal-
unda daefica mowmesac da uarsac ver ityo- abe saglexo reformis Semdeg gaTavisufl-
da. ficis miRebisTvis calke vada iniSnebo- da ymobidan sxva glexebTan erTad.
da. mowmis daficvas arc bWeebi da arc mofi-
caris damniSvneli ar eswreboda. daficebis mruSoba/mruSeba _ `meuRlianis bozoba~ (sa
dros mxolod `ficis mayurebeli~ imyofeba). saeklesio samarTali mruSobisTvis sas
boda, romelic mowinaaRmdegis naTesavi jelad 15 w-s uziareblad yofnas awesebda.
iyo. daficeba xatSi unda momxdriyo. dro- saero samarTliTa da zneobiT mruSoba
SiT daficebis dros mowmeebis daswreba qmars did danaSaulad ar eTvleboda; moRa-
aucilebeli iyo, radgan swored maTi fici late cols ki qmari gaeyreboda da mis say-
uZRoda win am rituals (ix. fici, mTa). varel mamakacze Surs iZiebda. (ix. siZva; gan-
qorwineba, saqarTvelo)
moxele _ Tanamdebobis piris zogadi saxel-
wodeba Zvel saqarTveloSi. es termini mom- msaxurTuxucesi _ saxelmwifos maRali
dinareobs sityvisagan `xeli~, rac Zvelad Tanamdebobis piri feodalur saqarTvelo-
niSnavda Zalauflebas, Tanamdebobas, sa- Si. pirvelad XII s-Si _ giorgi III-is mefobis
kuTrebas, miwaze sakuTrebis uflebis maniS- xanaSi ixsenieba, magram safiqrebelia, rom
nebel niSans. moxelis kompetencias saxelo msaxurTuxucesoba ufro Zveli Tanamdeboba
ewodeboda. brZanebis uflebiT aRWurvili iyo. Tavdapirvelad msaxurTuxucesi xel-
moxele `xelisuflad~ iwodeboda, xelisu- Sinaur moxeled iTvleboda, Tumca qveynis
flebis aRmasrulebel moxeles ki `saqmis gaerTianebasTan erTad mefis msaxurTuxu-
moqmedi~ erqva. arsebobdnen `didni saqmis- cesi TandaTan sajaro samarTlis moxeled
moqmedni~ da `mcireni saqmis-moqmedni~. iqca. XIII s-Si rusudan mefem msaxurTuxucesi
samefo karze myofi didi Tanamdebobis myo- savaziroSi Seiyvana da am droidan igi vezi-
fi pirebi Seadgendnen `darbazis rigis~ mo rad iTvleboda. msaxurTuxucesi meWurWle-
xeleebs. maT zogadad `veqil-vezirebs~ (ix. TuxucesTan erTad òrTa vazirTa~ jgufSi
veziri) eZaxdnen. umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi iyo da darbazobis dros meWurWleTuxu-
didebulebs ekavaT. naklebad mniSvnelovan cesis Tanaswori pativiscemiT sargeblob-
Tanamdebobaze mefis aznaurebi da msaxurebi da. am moxelis movaleobaTa Sesaxeb ukeT
iniSnebodnen. administraciul-teritoriul `karis garigebaSia~ Semonaxuli cnobebi.
erTeulebSi daniSnul moxeleebs `saqvey- msaxurTuxucess araerTi funqcia ekisrebo-
nod gamrige moxele~ ewodeboda. feodalur da. igi sam sferos _ salaros, mefis sawols,
saqarTveloSi moxelis instituti sakmaod missave kerZo meurneobasa da sxvadasxva
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. `safareSons~ moicavda. amitomac iyo, rom
fareSTuxucesi, cicxvTuxucesi da mexile-
mojalabe _ yma-glexTa umdablesi katego- Tuxucesi misi daqvemdebarebis qveS iyvnen.
ria XVII-XIX ss-is dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mis erT-erT movaleobad iTvleboda `Seka-
dokumentebSi mojalabe zogjer iwodeba me- zmva mefisa~. msaxurTuxucess eqvemdebare-
sadgomed an mosasaxled (megr. dolmaxare). bodnen agreTve `msaxurni mefisa~ _ mola
mojalabe iyo tyve, namziTvis an nasyidi reTuxucesi da mesawoleTuxucesi.
adamiani. mas sakuTari miwa da kar-midamo
ar hqonda, Tavisi ojaxiT mebatonis karze msajulTuxucesi _ mTavari msajuli, sasa
cxovrobda, mis srul gankargulebaSi iyo marTlo uwyebis ufrosi feodalur saqarT-
da yvelaze mZime da saTakilo samuSaosac veloSi, romelsac rostom mefis administ
asrulebda (Roris mwyemsva, SeSis damzade- raciuli reformis Semdeg mdivanbegi ewoda.
ba, Romis cexva). batons SeeZlo mojalabis vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tanaxmad, msajul-
ojaxi cal-calke gaeyida, aseve ufleba hqon- Tuxucesis `xelisa iyvnen yovelni msajulni,
da qaliSvilisTvis gaTxovebac ki aekrZala. bWeni, xevisberni, xevisTavni, da ese sjida
mojalabe TiTqmis monur mdgomareobaSi sabrZanosa mefisasa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t.
iyo, Tumca monisagan gansxvavebiT batons IV, 21).
238
msajulTSekrebuloba _ qarTl-kaxeTis sa loSi, saqmes ganixilavdnen mis gareSe. saq-
mefoSi mdivanbegTa kolegiuri sasamarT- mis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo ismenda bral-
los saxelwodeba XVIII s-dan. igi centra debulis, misi warmomadgenlis, advokatis
luri xelisuflebis mosamarTleebis ufle mosazrebebs, ganixilavda damamtkicebel
bamosilebis ganmtkicebas gamoxatavda. sabuTebs, mowmeTa Cvenebebs. ganaCenis gamo-
msajulTSekrebuloba `saqarTvelos msa- tana mosamarTlis mier kenWisyriT xdebo-
julTSekrebulobadac~ iwodeboda. msajul da. TiToeuli mosamarTles aZlevdnen ba-
TSekrebulobas SeeZlo yovelgvari saqmisT- raTebs, tabulebs, romelzedac iyo warwera
vis gadaexeda. igi saqmeebs ganixilavda sa- A (absolvo) _ vamarTleb da C (condemno) _
kuTari iniciativiT da mefis, dedoflis an vamtyuneb.
batoniSvilebis davalebiT. msajulTSekre- sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCeni iyo
buloba gasaCivrebul saqmeebsac xelaxla saboloo da ar eqvemdebareboda gasaCivre-
ganixilavda da igi zemdgomi instanciis sa- bas.
samarTlosac warmoadgenda. pirveli mudmivi sasamarTlo Zv. w. 149 w-s
TariRdeba, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara lex
mudmivi sasamarTloebi (quaestiones perpetuae) Calpurnia repetundarum-iT romelsac kidev
_ respublikis periodis II naxevarSi iqmneba ramdenime mudmivi sasamarTlos Seqmna mo-
mudmivi sasamarTloebi. maT kompetenciaSi hyva.
Sedioda Tavdapirvelad meqrTameobasTan imperiis xanaSi sisxlis samarTlis saqmis
dakavSirebuli saqmeebis ganxilva, Semdgom- warmoebam sxva forma miiRo. mosamarTlis
Si es sasamarTlo ukve sxva tipis saqmeebsac xelSi gaerTianda sagamoZiebo da sasamarT-
wyvetda. lo funqciebi. saqme iwyeboda dasmeniT an
am sasamarTloebs saTaveSi edgnen pre- danaSaulis Sesaxeb miRebuli cnobis safuZ-
torebi, xolo sasamarTlos wevrebi iyvnen velze. sasamarTlo moxele iwyebda saq-
pretorebis mier arCeuli mosamarTleebi mis gamokvlevas, agrovebda damamtkicebel
300-470 kaci. maT irCevdnen 1 wlis vadiT. sabuTebs, awyobda mowmeebis dakiTxvas. es
TiToeuli saqmis gansaxilvelad iwvevdnen moxele iyo gamomZiebelic, bralmdebelic
30-40 mosamarTles. mudmiv sasamarTloSi da mosamarTlec. misi ganaCenis gasaCivreba
monawileoba erTi mxriv iyo prestiJis SesaZlebeli iyo imperatorTan. sasamarT-
saqme, xolo meore mxriv Semosavlis serio- lo xelisuflebis mTavari organo iyo im-
zul wyaros warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, sa- peratori. igi iyo kanonmdebeli, umaRlesi
samarTloSi mosamarTled moxvedrisaTvis mosamarTle. imperatori gamoscemda dad-
ibrZodnen rogorc senatorebi, ise mxedre- genilebebs, romelTa ZaliTac mas hqonda
bi da SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi. ufleba piradad gadaewyvita ama Tu im saq-
mudmiv sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilva pro- mis Sedegi. igi ar izRudeboda kanoniT. im-
cesualurad Semdegi sqemis mixedviT war- peratori eyrdnoboda Tavis umaRles mox-
moebda. saqmis aRZvra SeeZlo romis nebis- eleebs: qalaqis, pretoriis prefeqtebs,
mier moqalaqes, magram amisTvis aucilebe- provinciis nacvlebs. isini iyvnen adminis-
li iyo pretoris nebarTva. im SemTxvevaSi, traciuli moxeleebi da amave dros ganixi-
Tu piri miiRebda uflebas pretorisagan, lavdnen sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebsac.
rom bralmdeblad gamosuliyo, igi war-
moadgenda braldebas (libellus inscriptionis) im mukius skevola pontifeqsi (Mucius Scaevola
piris TandaswrebiT, romlis winaaRmdegac Pontifex) (daaxl. Zv. w. 140-82 ww.) _ konsuli
aRiZvreboda saqme. braldebis wayenebis wu- (Zv. w. 95 w.), brwyinvale iuristi, saxelmwifo
Tidan es piri xdeboda braldebuli da kar- moRvawe, oratori da pedagogi; Tavis samo-
gavda Tanamdebobas. qalaqo samarTalSi, igi pirvelad Seecada
mas Semdeg, rac procesi momzaddeboda, iw- dialeqtikuri meTodiT aego samoqalaqo
yeboda saqmis mosmena. sasamarTlo procesi samarTlis sruli sistema, romelic iqca
wydeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bralmdebeli respublikuri samarTalmcodneobis ara
ar gamocxaddeboda sasamarTloSi. am Sem- mxolod udides qmnilebad, aramed mTeli
TxvevaSi mas ekisreboda fuladi jarima. Tu dasavleTevropuli samarTlis mecnierebis
braldebuli ar gamocxaddeboda sasamarT- qvakuTxedad. man Rrma kvali daaCina misi
239
mimdevrebis Semoqmedebas, magram mukiusis bis (laTinuri da saSualoitalikuri), Sem-
komentireba mxolod ax. w. II s-is iuristebma dgomSi – laTinuri kavSiris TiTqmis yvela
daiwyes. garda amisa, mukius skevolam war- qalaqi, romlis umaRlesma xelmZRvaneleb-
moTqva da dawera bevri sasamarTlo sityva, ma romis nobilitetSi SeaRwies.
mas agreTve miewereba gansazRvrebebis kre- 2) municipium (civitas) sine suffragio _ srulad
buli `drois Sesaxeb~. SeinarCuna TviTmarTveloba, magram mis
moqalaqeebs ar hqondaT ufleba mieRoT
multa (multa) – Tavdapirvelad jarima pi- monawileoba romSi xmis micemasa da arCev-
rutyvis mokvlisaTvis, SemdgomSi fuladi nebSi; dapyrobaTa kvaldakval municipiumis
jarimis saxeoba. mas akisrebdnen Tanam- ricxvi gaizarda da Sesabamisad maTi mdgo-
debobis pirebi (magistratebi) Tavis im- mareoba gauaresda da mmarTveloba gada-
periumze dayrdnobiT. multa iniSneboda vida qalaqis prefeqtis xelSi (praefecti iuri
kanonis an komiciebze xalxis mier miRebu- dicundo); aqedanaa saerTodmiRebuli maTi
li gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad. rogorc aRniSvna: prefeqtura (praefectura).
wesi, jarima iniSneboda kanonis Seusrule- muncipia Latina _ zogierTi laTinuri qalaqi,
blobis, misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. ja- romelTac laTinuri kavSiris daSlis Sem-
rimis dakisrebis ufleba hqondaT mefeebs deg (Zv. w. 338 w.) SenarCunebuli hqondaT
(rex), Semdeg konsulebs. jarima gansxvavde- damoukidebloba; magram maT samxedro dax-
boda imis mixedviT, pirvelad arRvevda mareba unda gaewiaT romisTvis da uari eTq-
adamiani kanons Tu kanondarRveva meorde- vaT damoukidebel sagareo politikaze.
boda. ganmeorebiTi kanondarRvevis SemTx-
vevaSi jarima SeiZleba Zalian maRali yo-
munSi _ moxele gviandel feodalur saqarT-
filiyo (suprema multa). jarimis dawesebis
veloSi. vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tanaxmad, mun-
uflebiT xSirad sargeblobdnen cenzore-
Sis Tanamdeboba rostom mefis dros (XVII
bic, edilebi, pretorebi da gansakuTrebiT
s.) dawesda. igi iyo iranis moxele vasaluri
saxalxo tribunebi, romlebic sul ufro
qarTlis mefis karze da rogorc iranis Sahs,
metad ikrebdnen Zalas. Tuki jarima suprema
ise qarTlis mefes emsaxureboda. qarTlis
multa-s aRemateboda, adamians hqonda ufle-
mefis, vezirisa da mustofis davalebiT igi
ba gaesaCivrebina igi tribaSi, romelic
muSaobda sparsuli sabuTebis, angariSebisa
komiciis krebaze (multae certatio) an amtkiceb-
da werilebis Sedgenaze. veziri da mustofi
da jarimas, an auqmebda. jarimis dakisreba
munSis iyenebdnen TavianT sakontrolo
SeeZlo municipalur xelisuflebas da pro-
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiTac.
vinciis nacvalebs. jarimis saxiT amoRebuli
fuli Tavdapirvelad ixarjeboda religi-
uri mizniT (iqmneboda RvTis gamosaxule- mustofi _ moxele gviandel feodalur saqa-
bebi, Sewirulobani), TamaSobebis mosawyo- rTveloSi. vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tanaxmad,
bad, mogvianebiT ki es fuli midis xazinaSi, mustofis Tanamdeboba rostom mefis dros
Semdgom fiskusSi. (XVII s.) dawesda. igi iyo iranis moxele va-
saluri qarTlis mefis karze da sakontro-
municipiumi/munikipiumi (munera capere _ val- lo funqciebi ekisreboda. igi erTdroulad
debuleba romis sasargeblod) _ municipium qarTlis mefis moxeledac iTvleboda. mus-
civium Romanorum romis mier damorCilebu- tofi monawileobas Rebulobda samefo mar-
li italiis TviTmmarTveli qalaqi, romlis Tva-gamgeobaSi, akvirdeboda Semosavalsa da
moqalaqeebi romaeli moqalaqis SezRudu- gasavals da saTanado moxsenebas waradgen-
li uflebebiT sargeblobdnen. municipiebis da iranSi. mustofis Tanamdebobaze qarTlis
samarTeblivi mdgomareoba gansxvavebuli mefe sparsuli warmoSobis pirs niSnavda.
iyo, ZiriTadi iyo ori tipi:
1) municipium (civitas) cum suffragio et iure ho- mutuumi (mutuum) _ vali. mutuumi romauli
norum _ inarCunebda adrindel politikur sakredito operaciebis mTavar instituts
organizacias, mis wevrebs hqondaT sru- warmoadgenda. misi mTavari rekvizitebi iyo:
luflebiani romauli moqalaqeoba – maT 1) datio rei _ nivTisa an fulis movalis mflo-
ricxvs miekuTvneboda uZvelesi municipie belobaSi araformaluri gadacema (traditio).
240
2) conventio _ nivTis, fulis ukan dabrunebis sawyevaragebuli mZevali xatSi veRar mi-
Taobaze mxareebis SeTanxmeba. xSirad Se- vidoda, mkvdars rigiT ver damarxavda da
Tanxmeba mxolod verbalur xasiaTs atareb- mTel TemSi Sercxvenilad iTvleboda. Tum-
da (stipulatio), Tumca kreditors nivTis ukan ca am sawyevaris axsna SeeZlo, Tu modaves
daubruneblobis SemTxvevaSi ufleba aqvs gauswordeboda da misacems Caabarebda.
sarCeli Seitanos movalis winaaRmdeg (que- SerigebisTvis, axsnisTvis saklavis dakvla
rella non numerate pecuniae). mutuumi principSi iyo saWiro. saklavi imas unda daekla, vinc
uprocento sesxis formaa, Tumca SesaZlebe- sawyevari aago.
li iyo calke SeTanxmeba procentebis Tao- mZevals samZevloSi erTi cxvari ergebo-
baze (stipulatio usurarum). Tu movale droulad da. aseve, roca mZevali iZulebuli iyo, ga-
ar daabrunebda vals, kreditors mis winaaR- dasaxadi gadaexada, Tavis damsaxelebels ga-
mdeg sarCeli Sehqonda sasamarTloSi. dasaxads Svidmagad axdevinebda. Tu mZevals
samZevlod ar gauxdeboda saqme, mZevali
muya, svaneTi _ (mimyvani, momyvani) moci- samZevlos erTi-orad axdevinebda. roca
qulebi naWvlaSze morigebisa da qorwilis mZevali samZevlos gadaixdida da mopasuxe
dros. naWvlaSze samociqulod midiodnen mas ar aZlevda, mZevali ukve sxva mZevals
saqmros siZeebi, maTi colebi da Svilebi. aiyvanda. meore mZevals mesamis daWera See-
maTi vali iyo, sasiZos ojaxidan sarZlos Zlo da amiT Tavdeboda saqme. sami mZevlis
ojaxisTvis gadaecaT qalis mSoblebis metis ayvana ar SeiZleboda. TiToeulis ay-
mier dadgenili `naWvlaSi~. maT funqciebSi vanas bWeebi eswrebodnen. pirveli meores da
Sedioda aseve patarZlis wamoyvana siZis meore mesames Svidmagad axdevinebda. bolos
ojaxSi. isini gasamrjelod sarZlos ded- mTeli es gadasaxadi saqmis wamgebels awve-
mamisgan iRebdnen TiTo maneTs. boda, e. i. imas, vis gamoc daiwyo mZevloba.
mZevali, xevsureTi _ Tavmdebi. rodesac mwignobarTuxucesi _ mwignobarTa ufrosi,

braldebuls gadasaxadi daekisreboda, igi samefo karis samdivnos meTauri feoda-
valdebuli iyo mopirispiresTvis gadae- lur saqarTveloSi. igi pirvelad X_XI ss-
xada, magram Tu braldebuls ganaCenis aR- is ZeglSi ixsenieba; daviT aRmaSenebelma
sruleba ar SeeZlo an ar surda, am SemTx- centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis
vevaSi mZevali iyo saWiro. ucilebeli iyo, mizniT mwignobarTuxucesoba Wyondidelo-
rom mZevlebi bWeebis TandaswrebiT aeyva- bas SeuerTa.
naT da daesaxelebinaT. garda amisa, mZevlis
amyvans TiToeuli bWisTvis yurze xeli unda mwignobari _ moxele feodalur saqarT-
moekida, riTic adasturebda bWeebis mowmed veloSi, romelsac evaleboda saqmis war-
yofnas. mxolod amis Semdeg eZleoda mZev- moeba da mwignobrobaSi iyo gawvrTnili.
lobas iuridiuli Zala. mZevlis ayvanis an mwignobari mwignobarTuxucess eqvemde-
dasaxelebis dros misi yofna ar iyo saWiro. bareboda. igi adgenda sigelebs, brZanebebs,
mZevali sxva Temis SeiZleba yofiliyo, ma- sxvadasxva dokuments da a. S. xelmwifis
gram ara Soreuli. mas materialuri SeZle- karis garigebis Tanaxmad, 26 mwignobari
bac unda hqonoda. dasturdeba. TanamdebobiT yvelaze ufrosi
ganaCeni SeiZleba maSinve aRsrulebuliyo, iyo sawolis mwignobari, romelic mwigno-
an gadaedoT. vadebs bWeebi adgendnen. Tu barTuxuces-Wyondidelis moadgiled iTv-
vadas gadascildeboda ganaCenis aRsrule- leboda da savaziros sxdomasac eswreboda.
ba, swored maSin unda gadaexada mZevals `moCivarTa gankiTxvis~ dros mwignobar-
dakisrebuli gadasaxadi, vadamde mZevals Tuxuces-Wyondidels sawolis mwignobar-
araferi moekiTxeboda. amiT gansxvavdeba Tan erTad Tan axlda zardaxnis mwignobari.
igi Tavdebisagan. mZevlobaze uaris Tqma arsebobda agreTve saWurWlis mwignobris
didi sircxvil warmoadgenda. garda amisa, Tanamdebobac. mwignobrebs hqondaT gansa-
vinc mZevlobaze uars ityvoda, is mZevlad kuTrebuli samoxeleo niSani, e. w. `sawere-
damyeneblis TemSi veRar gaivlida. Tu mZe- li~. mwignobarTuxucesi pirvelad X_XI ss-
vali daniSnul vadamde ar gadaixdida ga- is ZeglSi ixsenieba; daviT aRmaSenebelma
dasaxads, sofeli mas `sawyevars~ augebda. centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis
241
mizniT mwignobarTuxucesoba Wyondidelo- vnelobiT `buSi~, `biWi~, `codvisSvili~ da
bas SeuerTa. `mxevlis Svilic~ ixmareboda. mas kanonieri
anu `marTali Svili~ upirispirdeboda.
mxatvarTuxucesi _ mTavari mxatvari Zvel yma qalis nabiWvari mis batons ekuTvnoda.
saqarTveloSi. samTavroSi aRmoCenil ber- `didebulisa Seqmnil~ nabiWvars aznauroba
Znul warwera-epitafiaSi (IV-V ss.) moxse- eniWeboda. nabiWvari ar iTvleboda Tavisi
niebulia mxatvarTuxucesi (arqiZografo- mSoblebis uZravi qonebis kanonier memkvi-
si) da xuroTmoZRvari avrelius aqolisi. dred. nabiWvar vaJs SeeZlo damdgariyo
rogorc Cans, im dros mcxeTaSi arsebobda ZmebTan èrTis ymis alags~ an sxvisi yma yo-
mxatvarTuxucesisa da arqiteqtoris Tanam- filiyo. qali ki mamas unda gaeTxovebina da
deboba, rac qarTlSi adridanve saqalaqo gaemziTvebina.
cxovrebis maRal ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa strabo-
navkraria (naukrariva) _ navkrariebi atikis
nis cnoba, romelic iberiaSi arqiteqturu-
teritoriuli danawilebis pirvel Canasaxs
li wesiT aSenebuli saxlebis arsebobis Ses-
warmoadgendnen. aristoteles mixedviT,
axeb miuTiTebs Zv. w. I s-Si. s. yauxCiSvilis
TiToeul oTx Zvel fileSi 12 navkraria
Tanaxmad, termini àrqiZografos~ berZnul
arsebula (aristotele, aTenelTa saxelm-
mwerlobaSi XII s-mde ar gvxvdeba. is qarTu-
wifo wyobileba, 8.3). amdenad, aTenSi sul 48
li terminis berZnuli Targmani unda iyos
navkraria iyo. Tavdapirvelad TiToeuli
adgilobrivi Tanamdebobis gamosaxatavad.
maTgani valdebuli iyo aTenis flotisTvis
mxedrebi (iJppei'") – berZnul qalaq-saxelmwi- erTi xomaldi gaemzadebina. navkrariebis
foTa umetesobaSi cxenebis yola da movla- saTaveSi idgnen navkrarosebi, romelnic
patronoba maRali klasisadmi kuTvnilebis TavianTi navkrariebis mier gamzadebul
niSani iyo, klasisa, romelic oligarqiuli xomaldebs meTaurobdnen. mogvianebiT, ti-
mmarTvelobis SenarCunebas uwyobda xels. raniis epoqaSi, navkrariebs administraci-
zogierT qalaq-saxelmwifoSi, mag., ere- uli movaleobebi gadaecaT, maT Soris, ga-
triaSi mmarTveli oligarqebi mxedrebad dasaxadTa akrefa. erT‑erTi gadmocemis
(hipeisebad) iyvnen cnobilni; Sdr. hipobo- mixedviT, klisTenesma maTi ricxvi 50‑mde
tosebi qalkisSi. aTenSic umaRlesi klasis gazarda, raTa isini mis mier Camoyalibe-
erT-erTi saxelwodeba mxedrebi (hipeisebi) bul axal fileTa ricxvTan SesatyvisobaSi
iyo. (ix. evpatridebi). solonma Tavisi re- yofiliyvnen. Tumca Znelia Tqma, Tu rogor
formiT mxedrebi meore qonebriv klass mia- SeiZleboda atikis 50 navkrariad dayofas
kuTvna. masSi Semaval pirTa Semosavali 500- am mxaris 30 tritiad dayofis paralelurad
dan 300 medimnos xorbals (an sxva produqt- earseba. aristoteles ganacxadiT, klisTe-
Si mis ekvivalents Tu fulad Tanxas) Soris nesma navkrariebi, rogorc administraciuli
meryeobda. mxedrebi TiTqmis imave privile erTeuli, demosebiT Caanacvla. yvela SemTx-
giebiT sargeblobdnen, riTac moqalaqeTa vevaSi sazRvaosno miznebisTvis navkrariebis
pirveli klasi. gamonakliss arqonebisa da nacvlad trierarqiis SemoReba Zv. w. 483 w‑is
xazinadrebis Tanamdebobebi warmoadgenda, axlo xanebSi unda momxdariyo, rodesac
romelTac garkveuli periodi mxolod Temistoklesis TaosnobiT aTenis flotis
pirveli klasidan irCevdnen. masobrivi reorganizacia daiwyo.
mxevali _ mona qalis aRmniSvneli uZvelesi naibi _ Sua saukuneebis muslimanur saxelm-
qarTuli socialuri termini. bibliis Zvel wifoebSi provinciis gamgebeli. osmanTa im-
qarTul TargmanebSi mxevlis mniSvnelobiT periaSi _ SariaTis sasamarTlos mosamarT-
ixmareba Simunvaric. le, umaRlesi mosamarTlis moadgile, yadis
TanaSemwe. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi XVII-
XVIII ss-Si naibi saero Tu sasuliero xeli-
n suflis moadgile, nacvali iyo. naibi hyav-
nabiWvari _ qorwinebis gareSe gaCenili daT centraluri xelisuflebis moxeleebs
Svili Zvel saqarTveloSi. nabiWvris mniS- _ eSikaRasbaSs, yoriasaulbaSs, qeSiqCibaSs,
242
nasaRCibaSs, agreTve Tbilisisa da goris moxele da mouravis nacvali saqmianobda.
meliqebs da mdevarTa jaris ufrosebs. Tbilisisa da goris meliqebis, eSikaRasba-
Sis, yoriasaulbaSis da zogierTi sxva mox-
namaSvrali, xevsureTi _ jarimis msgavsi elis nacvalT naibebi ewodebodaT. qalaqis
gadasaxadi colis gagdebisTvis. roca qma- nacvali mouravTan erTad ganixilavda mci-
ri cols saxlidan agdebda, imdeni Zroxa redmniSvnelovan davas, meTvalyureobda
unda mieca, ramdeni welic masTan ucxovria, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvas da a. S.
oRond pirveli da bolo wlis gamoklebiT.
namaSvrali xangrZlivi cxovrebisTvis iyo nacvali, romi (praeses _ meTauri, xelmZR-
dawesebuli. Tu qmari cols pirvelive wlis vaneli) _ xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli
bolos gaagdebda, `saupatiuros~ ixdida jer mxolod romaul provinciaSi (praeses
sam Zroxas, isic Tu gaupatiurebuli coli provinciae), SemdgomSi senatis provinciebSic.
moiTxovda. maT xelT iyo samarTalwarmoeba da pro-
vinciis jaris umaRlesi mmarTveloba.
nasaRi _ sasjelis saxeoba XVIII s-is saqa- romSi respublikis dros nacvali iniSne-
rTveloSi. `nasaRi~, `nasaRisqna~, `nasaRiT boda konsulTa ricxvidan wilisyriT (aseT
gardaxdevineba~ damnaSavis dasaxiCrebas nacvals ewodebodaT prokonsuli) da pre-
da mkacrad dasjas gulisxmobda. arsebobda torebidan magistraturis vadis gasvlis
moxele nasaRCibaSi, romelsac sasamarTlos Semdeg. imperiis dros nacvals imperatori
ganaCenisa da miRebuli gadawyvetilebis sis- niSnavda.
ruleSi moyvana da aRsruleba evaleboda. dominatis dros nacvali ukve aRar meTau-
robda jars, samarTalwarmoebisas ki mxo
natamali _ Zveli qarTuli termini, romelic lod pirvel instancias warmoadgenda (Sei-
aRniSnavda: 1) STamomavals, naTesavs, Tvis- Zleboda imperatorTan apelacia).
toms; 2) ezo-garemos, kar-midamos, samkvidro
adgil-mamulsa da samflobelos. natamali nacvrieri, svaneTi _ nivTieri jarima co-
naoxaris, nasaxlaris mniSvnelobiTac ix- lis mitovebisTvis.
mareboda. wyalobisa Tu boZebis iuridiuli
formulis erT-erT komponentsac warmoad-
naWvlaSi, svaneTi _ e. w. misatani (pretium nup-
genda `dagimkuidreT... yovlis maTis samar-
tialae), saqmros mxridan misacemi ZRveni saco-
Tlianis samZRvriTa da natamliTa~.
lis mSoblebisadmi. naWvlaSi Zvel droSi
gansazRvruli iyo da morigebas didi dro
naydanviri, naydanuri, svaneTi _ ZRveni, e.
ar sWirdeboda. magaliTad, enguris xeoba-
w. dasakavebeli, romelic unda gaeRo daniS-
Si ori cali xari da erTi Zroxa iyo, ro-
nuli sarZlos mSoblebs sasiZos mSoblebi-
melic bolo xanebSi 4-5 xaramde gaizarda.
sTvis. rogorc wesi, sarZlos mSoblebi
cxeniswylis xeobaSi ki Tavidanve 4 xari da
jer wvril oTxfexa saqonels (cxvari, Txa,
erTi Zroxa iyo gansazRvruli. am dadgenil
Rori) Cuqnidnen sasiZos, xolo cota xnis
naWvlaSze saqmros ded-mama verafers ityo-
Semdeg xars an Zroxas ugzavnidnen maT.
da da iZleoda wesebis dacviT. naWvlaSis
naydanurs aZlevdnen aseve ucolo Zmas
miRebis vada sxvadasxvanairad iyo daTqmu-
gayris dros, im raodenobiT, ramdenic
li. zogan erTi wliT adre iRebdnen qaliS-
TiToeul Zmas hqonda gadaxdili Tavis
vilis mSoblebi, zogan ki imave Rames, roca
sacoleSi.
qals saqmrosTan istumrebdnen.
naWvlaSs aZlevdnen aseve ucolo Zmas gayris
nacvali, saqarTvelo _ 1) veziris moadgile
dros, im raodenobiT, ramdenic TiToeul
gaerTianebul feodalur saqarTveloSi. 2)
Zmas hqonda gadaxdili Tavis sacoleSi.
gviandel feodalur saqarTveloSi admi
nistraciul-sapolicio moxele. nacvali ro-
gorc saero, ise sasuliero xelisuflebis neroni klaudius keisar avgustus germani-
warmomadgenlebs hyavdaT. arsebobda qa- kusi (Claudius Nero Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
laqis da soflis nacvlis Tanamdebobebi. (ax. w. 37-68 ww.) _ romis imperatori (ax. w.
TbilisSi erTdroulad 2 nacvali _ mefis 54 w-dan).
243
senator gneus domicius ahenobarbusisa da sityvebi iyo – `ra msaxiobi viRupebi~ (Qua-
agripinas vaJiSvili; agripina colad gahyva lis artifex pereo).
imperator klavdiuss da man neroni iSvila
(ax. w. 50 w.), neronma ki klavdiusis qaliSvili neqsumi (nexum – nectare) – valis uZvelesi
oqtavia colad (ax. w. 53 w.) iTxova. agripinas saxeoba (amasTanave saxelSekrulebo val-
mier klavdiusis mowamvlis Semdeg pretori- debuleba), romelic aqtis saxiT formde-
anebis daxmarebiT imperatori gaxda. ax. w. 62 boda (per aes et libram). rogorc wesi, mas
w-mde ymawvili imperatori pretorianebis Tan erTvoda damatebiTi molaparakeba (lex
meTauris buruss da maswavleblis senekas mancipatio dicti) procentebze (fenus unciarium).
gavleniT moqmedebda. Sidaojaxurma brZol- Tu movale (nexus) droulad ar daabrunebda
am ZalauflebisaTvis britanikusi, klavdiu- vals, igi kreditor-patricis gankarguleba-
sis vaJi (ax. w. 55 w.), mogvianebiT ki dedac, Si gadadioda (manus iniectio), romelsac See-
agripinac (ax. w. 59 w.) Seiwira. Zlo borkilebi daedo misTvis, moekla an
neronis mmarTvelobis pirveli xuTi weli monad eqcia, vidre ar gamoimuSavebda Tavis
(quinquennium Neronis) imedismomcemi iyo – am vals. neqsuss am movaleobisagan Tavis daR-
periodSi Seicvala finansuri sistema da weva SeeZlo mxolod sxva aqtis (actus contrar-
samarTalwarmoeba, gaizarda romis kol- ies) Sedgenisa da am SedgenasTan dakavSire-
oniebis ricxvi. burusis sikvdilis Semdeg buli formalobebis gavlis Semdeg. am aqts
seneka Camocilda saxelmwifo saqmeebs da ewodeboda nexi liberatio – neqsumisgan gaTa-
axali meTauris sofronius tigelenusis visufleba. neqsumi mevaxSeebis mZime pro-
daniSvniT daiwyo neronis despoturi mar- centebiT datvirTul plebss aRaribebda da
Tvis xana – Ramis orgiebiT, quCebSi Cxu maT monebad aqcevda. erT-erT mizezs fenebs
bis atexviT, sanaxaobebiT, gladiatorTa Soris arsebuli daZabuli brZolisa mova-
brZolebiT, senatorebis cirkis arenaze ga leobis es forma warmoadgenda. mxolod
moyvaniT da a.S.; Zv. w. IV s-is bolos gamoica lex Poetelia 2,
neronma pativmoyvare lamazi popea sabinas romelmac Searbila movaleobis es forma.
colad SerTva moindoma da amitom gadaas- wyaroebis simciris gamo movaleobis Zveli
axla da Semdeg moakvlevina Tavisi coli formis warmoSobis, arsebobis da evoluci-
oqtavia. imave wels mdidari senatorebis is sakiTxi ar aris mecnierebaSi sabolood
qonebis konfiskaciis mizniT ganaxlda sa- dadgenili. savaraudod, uZveles droSi
samarTlo devna ìmperatoris saxelis movale wes-Cveulebis mixedviT, iRebda
SeuracxyofisaTvis~. Senobebi da TamaSobe- spilenZis naWers, rac mas valdebuls xdida
bi did Tanxebs iTxovda. garkveul droSi ukan dabrunebina es Tanxa.
ax. w. 65 w-s pizonis SeTqmuleba imperiis mogvianebiT spilenZi, bunebrivia, Seicvala
èlinisturi~ mmarTvelobis gamo senator- fulis erTeuliT. monad qceul movales
Ta protestis gamovlena iyo. senekam, lu- romSi ar tovebdnen, igi romis sazRvrebs
kanma, petroniusma neronis brZanebiT Tavi miRma _ trans Tiberium _ unda gaeyidaT.
moikles.
ax. w. 64 w-s romSi xanZari gaCnda, TiTqmis niSnoba, mTa
mTeli romi daiwva. eWvi rom Tavidan aeci- svaneTi _ Zalian xSirad sacoles muclad
lebina, neronma ebraelebi da qristiane- yofnisas niSnavdnen, rac, savaraudod,
bi (qristianTa pirveli devna) daadana- svanebSi qalTa sqesis naklebobiT iyo
Saula. romis aRdgenisas gansakuTrebiT gamowveuli. orsuli colebis qmrebi jer si-
didi Tanxa imperatoris òqros saxlis~ tyvierad uTanxmdebodnen erTmaneTs, bavS-
aSenebisaTvis daixarja. neroni ax. w. 64 w- vebis dabadebis Semdeg ki vaJis mamas qalis
dan cirkis arenaze mReroda, msaxiobobda, mSoblebTan mihqonda finTixi (Tofis tyvia),
jiriTSi monawileobas iRebda. neroniT rac imis gamafrTxilebeli niSani iyo, rom
ukmayofilebi ajanydnen britaniaSi, iudea- daniSnul qals mama sxvaze veRar gaaTxoveb-
Si, galiaSi, espaneTSi. pretorianTa gvard- da da verc sxva ver moitacebda. erTi wlis
iis Ralatma da senatis Serisxvam neroni Semdeg qalis mSoblebi miipatiJebdnen sa-
aiZula Tavi moekla (ax. w. 68 w.). misi bolo siZos dedasTan erTad `fexis asaxsnelad~
244
(WixSi lifSdune), e. i. sasiZo pirvelad Se- RviniT savse gobs. xevisberi gobze sanTels
dioda coleulis saxlSi. sacolesTan misv- miakravda, Rvinos stumrebs miawodebda da
lis win, ZuZumwovar bavSvs akvanSi Sublze daniSnulebs amwyalobebda.
naxSirs usvamdnen, TavqveS aseve naxSirs da amis Semdeg irCevdnen or `myefars~ _ erTs
raime rkineulobas udebdnen. maspinZels sarZlos mxridan, meores _ sasiZodan, rom-
aZlevdnen erT `CaflaSs~ (raimes erTi aba- lebsac `sanaweo~ saCuqari unda moegrovebi-
zis Rirebulebisa). sasiZo sacoles saxlSi naT, Tan SeeqoT, bodiSi moexadaT da eoxun
RamiT mihyavdaT, sadac dedasTan erTad jaT. myefari sanaweos sarZlos gaSlil
erTi kvira rCeboda. sasiZosa da sarZlos xelsaxocze dadebda da axla meore arTmev-
akvnebs gverdigverd dgamdnen momavali da sanaweos da isev oxunjobda.
siyvarulisa da erTgulebis sawindrad. sarZlos sanaweos momtanisTvis erTi wyvi-
sacolis mSoblebi valdebulni iyvnen, gas- li Wreli winda unda eCuqebina, myefarsac
tumrebisas sasiZos mSoblebisTvis gaeRoT eZleoda erTi wyvili winda. am dRidan sar-
naydanviri (aseve iqceoda sasiZos ded-mamac Zlo Sin miyvanil colad iTvleboda da misi
daniSnuli sarZlos mSoblebis mimarT). SerTva aRaravis SeeZlo. magram sapatar-
qals xelmeored niSnavdnen saqmros an Zlos kidev unda ecada, sanam sanaweodan da
qmris sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi. am dros saco- saTavnodan bargs moimzadebda.
lis daniSvna daswrebaze iyo. mucelSi dani
Snulisgan gansxvavebiT, es qalis neba-sur- niSnoba, romi (sponsalia) _ qorwinebas Cveu-
vilzec iyo damokidebuli, Tumca mSoblebis lebriv win uZRoda niSnoba, Tumca es aucile-
azri da ufleba xSirad aqac gadamwyveti blobas ar warmoadgenda. adreuli peri-
iyo (isini cdilobdnen, SvilisTvis Zlieri odis kanonmdeblobiT qorwinebis am or-
Temisa da mdidari ojaxis qali SeerToT). mxriv (or mxares Soris) dapirebas momava-
fSavi _ maWanklis elCoba da misvla-mosvla li meuRleebis saxeliT maTi mamebi debdnen.
fSavSi or wlamde grZeldeboda. bolos es gamoixateboda sazeimo dapirebis (sponsio)
maWankali qalis mSoblebisgan iRebda `dai- formiT. aqedan am aqtis saxelwodeba sponsa-
medebas~, romelsac swrafadve mohyveboda lia (aseve terminebi sponsus, sponsa). adreuli
àgreobis Tqma~ anu Tanxmoba. am mizniT respublikis xanaSi niSnobis damrRvevi mx-
mTxovneli sarZlosTan ZRveniT midioda. are iZulebuli iyo zarali aenazRaurebina
qalis mSoblebi kidev erTxel gainazebodnen (actio ex sponsu). mogvianebiT niSnobas aRar
da qalis daniSvnaze uars ambobdnen. imarTe- hqonda oficialuri xasiaTi da igi ar aval-
boda TaTbiri. bolos qalis mSoblebi Tanx- debulebda mxareebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
mdebodnen da mTxovnelis pur-Rvinos miirT- niSnobas, qorwinebis msgavsad, zogierTi
mevdnen. orive mxare erTmaneTs Tanxmobas Tanamdevi legaluri qmedebebi miewera (ase
etyoda da niSnad mTxovneli qalis mSoblebs magaliTad, qorwinebisaTvis dabrkolebis
5-15 maneTs gadaulocavda, rasac `liSnis Seqmna daniSnulis naTesavTan mimarTebiT)
daWera~ ewodeba. amis Semdeg qali vaJis dan- (ix. qorwineba, romi).
iSnulad iTvleboda da uaris Tqma aRar See-
Zlo. Tu qals sxva mTxovneli gamouCndeboda niSnoba, saqarTvelo _ mSvidobiani mo-
an mSoblebi azrs Seicvlidnen, saqmes bWeebi laparakebis gziT qorwinebis aucilebeli
iZiebdnen. Tu qalis mSoblebisgan Tanxmoba Semadgeneli nawili. Tavis mxriv, niSno-
naTqvami iyo, qali masze unda gaeTxovebinaT. basac win uZRvoda garkveuli socialuri
an Tu qals ori mTxovneli gamouCndeboda, aqtebi, mag., sacolis SerCeva, maWankloba,
qals bWeebi imas akuTvnebdnen, visac misTvis Suakacoba da sxv. sacolis arCevaSi, rogorc
àgreoba~ hqonda naTqvami. wesi, mSoblebi aqtiurobdnen. sacolis Ser-
garkveuli xnis Semdeg mTxovnels qalis Ceva xdeboda mSoblebisa da axloblebis
ojaxSi mihqonda `saxlis sanaxavi~ ZRveni: gakiTxviT, aseve saxalxo da religiur dRe-
puri, saklavi, sasmeli da sxva. qalis pa- saswaulebze qalis daTvalierebiT.
tronic samzadisiT xvdeboda. lxini or sacolis daTvalierebis Semdeg qalis ojax-
dRes grZeldeboda. meore dRes sarZlo- Si igzavneboda Suakaci, romelic vaJis ojax-
sasiZos erTad svamdnen da win udgamdnen is survils atyobinebda, ris Semdegac qalis
245
ojaxi, Tavis mxriv, sasiZos Sesaxeb cnobebis odenobasac. araa cnobili, Tu ramxela iyo
Segrovebas iwyebda. meqorwineTa survili Sualedi niSnobasa da qorwinebas Soris.
mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. mogvianebiT daniSnulebi umeteswilad maleve qorwinde
sacolis `gasinjvaSi~ garkveul monawileo- bodnen, Tumca wyaroebi mogviTxroben iseT
bas sasiZoc Rebulobs. SemTxvevebze, rodesac wyvilebi niSnobidan
maWankali Tu Suakaci Tavis movaleobas ramdenime wlis Semdeg daqorwindnen. niSno-
usasyidlod asrulebda. mogvianebiT, maWa- ba sasiZos ar boWavda da qorwinebamde mas
nkloba sasyidliani da dasaZraxi gaxda da yovelTvis SeeZlo ukan daexia. bunebrivia,
kanoniT jarimis (sisxlis naxevris) gadax- Tuki mas mziTvi ukve hqonda aRebuli, is qa-
da daekisra. niSnobis es winare qmedebani lis ojaxisTvis unda daebrunebina. saka-
samarTlebriv qmedebad ar ganixileba, niS- maToa isic, Tu rodidan Semovida niSnobis
nobisagan gansxvavebiT. adaTi. niSnobis yvelaze adreul damowmebad
niSnobis warmoSoba saqarTveloSi qris- iTvleba agaristes qorwineba megaklesTan
tianobis Casaxva-ganviTarebas gasdevs. niS- (daaxl. Zv. w. 575 w.). agaristes qorwineba mega-
nobis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi regulirdebo- klesTan oficialurad gaformda, mas Semdeg,
da rogorc saero sakanonmdeblo ZeglebiT, rac mamam pirobiT SeakavSira (e. i. daniSna)
ise adaTobrivi samarTlis normebiT. igi qaliSvili megaklesTan àTenuri kanonebis
atarebda samarTlebrivi garigebis, xelSek- Sesabamisad~ da sasiZos mier pirobis miRebis
rulebis saxes, romlis darRvevis SemTx- safuZvelze. oratorebis epoqis aTenSi es
vevaSi pirs iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba adaT-wesi ukve Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo.
ekisreboda.
momavali meuRleebis daniSvnis asaki, Ses- niWi _ saCuqari, saboZvari Zvel saqarT-
aZlebelia, Zalze adreuli yofiliyo. eT- veloSi. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmarte-
nografiuli masalebiT, Cvilebis daniSvna biT, niWi ùfalTa mier saboZvars~, ùaRre-
jer kidev muclad yofnis drosac ki xde- sisagan udaresis minacems~ warmoadgenda.
boda. aseve xSiri iyo akvanSi daniSvnis Sem- Cuqebas, boZebas aRniSnavda `niWeba~, `mini-
Txvevebi. Weba~, `moniWeba~, gaCuqebas _ `ganiWeba~,
niSnobaze specialuri rituali tardeboda. mboZebels _ `momniWebeli~ da a. S. beqas da
vaJis ojaxs qalisaTvis samkaulebi unda mi- aRbuRas samarTalSi (muxli 34) saqorwino
etana, zogjer sursaT-sanovagec, Tumca um- Sesawevris mniSvnelobiT ixsenieba sani-
Tavresi niSani windis _ anu saniSno beWdis Wari, romelic gvianobamde SemorCa mesxeT-
mitana iyo. javaxeTis eTnografiul yofaSi.
niSnoba, saberZneTi (ejgguvh) – qorwinebis erT- nobiliteti (nobilitas — dideba, gvariSvi-

erTi Semadgeneli nawili. klasikuri peri- loba) – warCinebulTa mmarTveli fena,
odis aTenis kanonmdeblobiT niSnoba qor- romelic Zv. w. IV-III s-Si Camoyalibda. no-
winebis aucilebeli winapiroba gaxldaT. bilitetis ekonomikur baziss uzarmazari
daniSvna gulisxmobda qalis kirioss da sa- saadgilmamulo qoneba (miwa) Seadgenda
siZos (an sasiZos kiriosis) Soris sityvieri (ager publicus; latifundia), mTavar politikur
SeTanxmebis dadebas. meurve wyvils ficiT sayrdens ki – senati; umaRlesi qurumebi
SeakavSirebda. sayuradReboa, rom niSnobis da magistratebi ZiriTadad maTi rigebidan
dros werilobiTi aqti ar dgeboda. gamodioda; konsulatoba misi monopolia
niSnobas oficialuri xasiaTi hqonda da iyo, romelsac xandaxan àxali adamiani~
orive mxridan mowmeebi unda yofiliyvnen arRvevda. nobiliteti yvelaze did mogebas
warmodgenili. im SemTxvevaSi Tu momavalSi teritoriebis dapyrobebidan, xolo mere
mxareTa Soris raime pretenzia gaCndeboda, maTi mmarTvelobidan iRebda. nobiliteti
an saWiro gaxdeboda memkvidris kanonierebis mosaCveneblad ugulebelyofda finansur
damtkiceba, swored mowmes moeTxoveboda saqmeebs, sinamdvileSi ki am saqmes sxva
daedasturebina, rom niSnoba oficialurad pirebis meSveobiT warmarTavda.
Catarda. sasamarTlo sityvebSi mowinaaRm- nobiliteti cdilobda adrindeli privil-
dege mxareebs xSirad mohyavdaT mowmeebi. egiebis SenarCunebas da amitom konserva-
niSnobis dros gansazRvravdnen mziTvis torul reaqciul politikas atarebda, ma-
246
gram nobilitetis SigniT mravalricxovani arebs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es gadmocema
Zalovani dajgufebebi da Zlieri pirovne- sinamdviles Seesabameba, es Tanamdeboba
bebic (Zv. w. I s.) nobilitetis privilegiebs xangrZlivad arsebuli Tanamdeboba ar unda
asustebdnen, rac romis respublikis dacemis yofiliyo, ramdenadac demosTenesa da ar-
erT-erTi mizezi gaxda. principatis dros istoteles droisTvis nomofilakebis funq-
nobilitetis garegnuli brwyinvaleba ara cionireba ar dasturdeba. rogorc Cans, Zv.
misi siZlieris, aramed princepsis wyalo- w. 320 w-saTvis nomofilakis posti Tavidan
bis Sedegi iyo. ax. w. II s-Si Zveli warCineb- iqna SemoRebuli. im periodSi aTenSi Svidi
ulebis mxolod ramdenime ojaxi SemorCa. nomofilaki msaxurobda. maT ZiriTad mova-
leobas bulesa da saxalxo krebaze daswre-
nomenklatori (nomenclator) – mona, romlis ba da im qmedebebsa Tu mosazrebebze vetos
valdebulebaSic Sedioda Tavisi patron- dadeba warmoadgenda, romlebic maT aTenis
isaTvis moqalaqeTa saxelebis dasaxeleba. es interesebis sawinaaRmdegod an ukanonod
exeboda ZiriTadad moqalaqeTa im kategori- miaCndaT. nomofilakebi uflebamosilni
as, romlebic didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen iyvnen, SeemowmebinaT ukanonod moqmedi
saxelmwifoSi. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri magistratebi. amas garda, maT garkveuli re-
iyo es saarCevno kampaniis periodSi. ligiuri funqciebic ekisrebodaT.
nomoTetesi (nomoqevth") _ `kanonis Semqmne- noticia dignitatumi (`Notitia Dignitatum~)

lis~ aRmniSnavi zogadi termini, Tumca aT- _ Zv. w. V s-is saxelmwifo cnobari, yvela
enSi is umTavresad gamoiyeneboda kanonSe- samxedro da samoqalaqo Tanamdebobebis
moqmedTa im sabWos aRsaniSnavad, romelic Semcveli krebuli, romelic romis saxmele-
axal kanonTa SesamuSaveblad da Zvel To jaris organizaciasac aRwerda. romis
kanonTa reviziisaTvis iyo Seqmnili. nomo- imperiis istoriis mniSvnelovani wyaro,
Tetesebi iyvnen SerCeuli im aTenelTagan, romelic gviCvenebs dominatisas biurokra-
romelTac dikastesis fici hqondaT mice- tiuli aparatis gafarToebas, Tumca ufro
muli. Zv. w. IV s-Si saxalxo kreba yoveli adreuli periodis _ Zv. w. III s-mde _ mona-
wlis dasawyisSi uyrida kenWs imas, Tu ram- cemebsac Seicavs.
denad iyvnen damakmayofilebelni arsebuli
kanonebi. Tu is gadawyvetda, rom zogierTi
numa pompiliusi (Numa Pompilius) _ tradici-
kanoni Sesacvleli iyo, kreba niSnavda no-
is Tanaxmad, romis meore mefe, warmoSobiT
moTetesebis kolegias (ix. kanonSemoqmede-
sabini, gonieri, patiosani da samarTliani,
ba, aTeni). nomoTetesTa kolegia ricxo-
Tavad saxelic `nomos~ _ kanonieri, wesri-
brivad sakmaod didi iyo. iyo SemTxvevebi,
gis damamyarebeli _ amaze miuTiTebs. mSvi-
rodesac igi 1001 wevrisagan Sedgeboda.
dobismoyvare mefem religiuri kultisa da
Zv. w. IV s-Si TesmoTetesebsac evalebodaT
kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli,
kanonTa yovelwliuri Seswavla da Tu isi-
aaSena taZrebi, mosaxleoba fenebad dayo,
ni aRmoaCendnen kanonTa SeuTavseblobas da
daawesa qurumTa da xelosanTa kolegiebi.
maT erTmaneTis mimarT winaaRmdegobas, maT
unda moeTxovaT saxalxo krebisagan, rom
mas nomoTetesebi kanonTa gansaxilvelad
daeniSna. nomoTetesebs TavianTi qmedebis o
ganxorcieleba mxolod maSin SeeZloT, Tu
amas saxalxo kreba moiTxovda. oligarqia (ojligarciva) _ `mcireTa mmarTv-
eloba~. aristokratiis wiaRidan misi war-
nomofilakebi (nomofuvlake") – nomofilakebi moSobis Sesaxeb ix. aristokratia. mTavari
ramdenime berZnul polisSi iyvnen cnobil- gansxvaveba maT Soris is iyo, rom aris-
ni. filoqorosis Tanaxmad, es Tanamdeboba tokratiis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli iyo
aTenSi mas Semdeg iqna SemoRebuli, rac Zv. warmomavlobiT gamorCeuloba, oligar-
w. 462/1 w-s efialtesma sagrZnoblad Sekveca qiis ki _ simdidriT. Zvel keTilSobilTa
areopagis uflebebi. Tanamedrove mecni- da axladgamdidrebul moqalaqeTa Soris
erTa nawili filoqorosis cnobas ar izi- konfliqtebi sabolood oligarqiis gamar-
247
jvebiT dasrulda. es aseve tomobriv orga- spublikis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen, popu-
nizaciaze urbanuli organizaciis gamarjve- larebi ki mxedrebis, provincialebisa da
basac niSnavda. plebsis interesebs gamoxatavdnen.
oligarqiis pirobebSi politikuri Zalau-
fleba moqalaqeTa mcire nawils hqonda. mo-
ostrakismosi (ojstrakismov") _ Tixis WurW-
saxleobis umetesoba, marTalia, moqalaqeni
lis natexebis _ ostrakonebis sasamarTlo.
iyvnen, magram yvela politikuri ufleba
xmis micema, romlis drosac biuletenebad
ar gaaCndaT. qalaqebis mixedviT `mcireTa~
gamoyenebuli iyo ostrakoni. Zv. w. V s‑is
SerCevis meTodi gansxvavebuli iyo. umetes
aTenSi ostrakismosis saSualebiT qalaqi-
qalaqebSi politikuri upiratesoba miwaT-
dan aZevebdnen im cnobil politikur moR-
mflobelebs hqondaT, Tumca droTa ganmav-
vaweebs, romelTa politikuri gavlenis Sez-
lobaSi oligarqTa moZravi qoneba gaTanabr-
Rudvac aucileblad miaCndaT. gaZeveba aTi
da. amas daemata isic, rom mmarTvelTa es mci
wliT xdeboda. yovelwliurad VI pritaniaze
re ricxvi calke aRebul qalaqisaTvis fiq-
saxalxo kreba ayenebda sakiTxs, unda Caeta-
sirebuli gaxda, oRond sxvadasxva qalaqSi
rebinaT Tu ara im weliwads ostrakismosi.
gansxvavebuli iyo. zogierT qalaqSi mmarTv-
Tu xalxi saWirod CaTvlida mis gamarTvas,
elobaSi moqalaqeTa sxvadasxva fenis warmo-
ostrakismoss maleve, VIII pritaniis dros
madgenelni Sediodnen. es fenebi gansxvavde-
atarebdnen. ostrakismosi agoraze, arqoneb-
bodnen qonebiT da Sesabamisad, politikuri
isa da bules zedamxedvelobiT imarTeboda.
uflebebiT (timokratia). oligarqiis dros
TiToeuli moqalaqe, romelsac kenWisyraSi
politikuri Zalaufleba ZiriTadad sabWo-
monawileobis miReba surda, Tixis natexze,
Si iyo koncentrirebuli. im qalaqebSi, rom-
ostrakonze, im kacis saxels werda, romlis
lebSic moqalaqeTa ricxvi mcire iyo, saxal
xo krebas SeeZlo realuri Zala yofiliyo. gaZevebac mas undoda. xmis micemis dasruleb-
zogierT SemTxvevaSi Zneldeba saxalxo is Semdeg ostrakonebs iTvlidnen.
krebisa da sabWos erTmaneTisagan gamijvna sul mcire 6000 biuleteni iyo saWiro, rom
(ase magaliTad masiliaSi). sabWos wevroba xmis micema Semdgarad CaeTvalaT. gaZevebas
Cveulebriv arCeviT xdeboda da sicocxlis eqvemdebareboda is moqalaqe, romlis saxe
bolomde grZeldeboda. zogjer, magaliTad, lic yvelaze xSirad iyo warwerili Tixis
areopagis SemTxvevaSi, sabWo umaRlesi ran- natexebze. mas aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi unda
gis moxeleebisagan Sedgeboda, romlebsac daetovebina qalaqi da aTi weli yofiliyo
amowuruli hqondaT TavianTi Tanamdebo- gadasaxlebaSi, Tumca igi arc moqalaqeobas
brivi vada (es moxeleebi, kerZod arqonebi, da arc Tavis qonebas ar kargavda.
Tavis mxriv, saxalxo krebis mier iyvnen ar- ostrakismosis SemoRebis TariRis Sesaxeb
Ceulni). oligarqiis zogierTi saxasiaTo mecnierebaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi
niSani Cans spartaSi, romelic yovelTvis am arsebobs. Cveulebriv, varaudoben, rom igi
klisTenesma Zv. w. 508/7 w‑s SemoiRo, magram
wyobis damcvelad gvevlineba. magram sparta
pirveli ostrakismosi realobaSi mxolod
warmoadgenda saxelmwifos specifikur wyo-
Zv. w. 487 w‑s Catarda. am mosazrebisgan gansx-
bas da misi institutebi tipur oligarqiul
vavebiT, sxvebi Tvlian, rom ostrakismosis
institutebad ar unda iqnan ganxiluli (ix.
bule). Sesaxeb kanoni ar SeiZleba pirveli ost-
rakismosis Catarebidan bevrad adre yo-
filiyo miRebuli, Sesabamisad, misi avtori
optimatebi (optimates – saukeTesoebi) –
klisTenesi ver iqneboda.
araoficialuri saxeli senatorebis kon-
Zv. w. 487 w‑s gamarTuli pirveli ostrakis-
servatuli, agresiuli da Zlier gavleni-
mosis msxverpli qarmosis Svili, hiparqosi
ani frTisa, romelic respublikis dacemisas
iyo, yofili tiranis, hipiasis, naTesavi. mas
ZaluflebisaTvis popularebTan brZolaSi mohyva Semdeg megaklesi, erT‑erTi alkmeo-
Caeba (gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es ori po- nidi, Semdeg perikles mama qsanTiposi. maTi
laruli sazogadoebrivi dajgufeba ar war- arapopularulobis mizezi is iyo, rom aTe
moadgenda Tanamedrove gagebiT politikur nelebi am adamianebs sparseTis momxreebad
partias); optimatebi aristokratiuli re- da tiraniis aRdgenis mosurneebad Tvlid-
248
nen. sxva cnobili moRvaweni, romlebic ost- aTenis elCobam miiRo maTi pirobebi da Zv.
rakismosis subieqtebi Seiqnen, iyvnen: Temis- w. 404 w-is aprilSi lisandrosi pirevsSi
toklesi daaxloebiT Zv. w. 470 w‑s, kimoni _ Sevida. aTenSi gaimarTa saxalxo kreba,
Zv. w. 461 w-s, melesiasis vaJi Tukididesi _ romelzec lisandrosma mxari dauWira
Zv. w. 443 w-s ostrakismosi bolojer, zogis Teramenesis winadadebas `qalaqi ocdaaTi
varaudiT, Zv. w. 417 w‑s, sxvebis azriT, ki Zv. mmarTvelisTvis CaebarebinaT~. ase, lakede-
w. 416 Tu 415 ww‑Si gaimarTa. igi Zv. w. IV s‑Si monelTa uSualo monawileobiT, daemxo aT-
grafe paranomonma Secvala. enSi demokratiuli wyoba da damyarda `30-
xSir SemTxvevaSi dazustebiT ver vityviT, Ta mmarTveloba~, romelmac mogvianebiT
Tu ratom gaxda esa Tu is politikosi ost- òcdaaT tiranTa~ mmarTvelobis saxel-
rakismosis msxverpli. zogjer amisi mizezi wodeba miiRo. Tavdapirvelad am komisiis
am moRvawis politikuri platforma gaxl- Seqmnis mizani Zveli konstituciis (mamaTa
daT. magram calkeuli moqalaqeebi xSirad naanderZevis) mixedviT axali konstituciis
apolitikuri motivebiTac moqmedebdnen, Camoyalibeba iyo. magram sinamdvileSi maT
Tundac pirovnuli antipaTiidan gamomdin- xelSi Caigdes saxelmwifo Zalaufleba da
are. TavianTi neba-survilis mixedviT daiwyes
aTenis agoraze warmoebuli gaTxrebis marTva-gamgeoba. `30-Ta komisiaSi~ oligar-
dros mravali aseuli ostrakoni iqna aR- qTa ori frTa iyo warmodgenili _ erTi
moCenili, maT Soris ostrakonebi, romle- e. w. ukiduresi mimarTulebis oligarqebi,
bzedac Temistoklesis saxelia wawerili. romelTac kritiasi meTaurobda, meore _
ostrakismosi moqmedebda agreTve argosSi, zomieri oligarqebi, romelTa saTaveSi
megaraSi, miletosSi. sirakusaSi am process im periodis sakmaod cnobili politikuri
`petalizmi~ erqva, gamomdinare iqedan, rom moRvawe _ Teramenesi idga. 10-10 kaci axal
gaZevebul pirovnebaTa saxelebi zeTisxi- mmarTvelobaSi am dajgufebas warmoad-
lis foTlebze (pevtala‑ze) iyo dawerili. genda, 10-ic lisandrosis winadadebiT iyo
Seyvanili. axsovdaT ra warsuli Secdomebi,
ocdaaTi tirani (triavkonta tuvrannoi) _ Zv. w. `30-ma~ gadawyvita mosaxleobaSi TavianTi
405 w-s egospotamosTan aTenelTa floti mmarTvelobis sayrdeni baza Seeqmna. kri-
sastikad damarcxda. am brZoliT pelopo- tiasis rwmeniT, yvela politikuri ufle-
nesis omis bedic faqtobrivad gadawyda, biT mxolod 3000 aTenels unda esargebla.
radgan aTenelebs axali flotis ageba aRar aqedan 500 kaci maT Seiyvanes buleSi, 500
SeeZloT. sruteebis gadaketvis Semdeg maT daniSnes sxvadasxva saxelmwifo Tanamde-
pontodan xorblis Semotanis saSualeba bobebze, 2000-s ki daakisres sasamarTlo
moespoT da male spartelTa jaris mier saqmeTa warmoeba, gaauqmes ra uwindeli
xmeleTidan da zRvidan alyaSi moeqcnen. sasamarTloebi (dikasterionebi). faqto-
Tavdapirvelad aTenelebi cdilobdnen brivad, mmarTvelobis ZiriTad meTodad
yvelanairi saSualeba gamoeyenebinaT, raTa terori iqca. `30-is~ gadawyvetilebiT,
Tavidan aecilebinaT sruli kapitulacia. dasaxelebuli 3000 aTenelis garda yvelas
magram SimSilis gaZlierebasTan erTad mo- CamoerTva sasamarTloSi gansjis ufleba,
saxleobaSi gaCnda ganwyoba daewyoT saza- maTi sikvdiliT dasjac ki sasamarTlos ga-
vo molaparakeba spartasTan. es ganwyoba reSe SeiZleboda. `30-s~ kanonTa mixedviT,
xels aZlevda oligarqebs, romelTac lak- TiToeul maTgans xelewifeboda daepatim-
edemonelTa daxmarebiT demokratiuli wy- rebina erTi metoikosi da misi qoneba mieT-
obilebis damxoba da oligarqiuli mmarT- visebina. Tu Tavdapirvelad terori siko-
velobis damyareba surdaT. peloponesis fantebis dasjis lozungiT daiwyo, is male
kavSiris saerTo krebaze aTenis elCobas sruliad udanaSaulo adamianebis tanjva-
metad mZime pirobebi wauyenes: aTenelebs wamebaSi gadaizarda. `30-is~ amgvari qmede-
unda daengriaT grZeli kedlebi da TiTqmis ba sul ufro da ufro mzard ukmayofilebas
mTeli floti spartisTvis gadaecaT. aTeni iwvevda mosaxleobaSi. TviTon komisiaSic
unda gamxdariyo lakedemonelTa mokavSire ar iyo erTsulovneba. zomieri oligarqebi
da damorCileboda mis hegemonias. ar iziarebdnen radikalTa ganukiTxav par-
249
paSs da Teramenesis meTaurobiT moiTxovd- Temi ki mSoblebisa da maTi daojaxebuli
nen SeemuSavebinaT axali konstitucia. vaJiSvilebis individualuri ojaxebi-
Teramenesisa da kritiasis dapirispire- sagan Semdgari socialuri erTeuli iyo.
ba Zalis gamoyenebam gadawyvita da mra- saqarTveloSi saojaxo Temi nuklearuli
vali Tanamoazris miuxedavad kritiasma ojaxebis gverdiT gviandeli feodalizmis
Teramenesi TviTneburad amoaSlevina 3000- drosac ganagrZobs arsebobas. mis yofas
is siidan da sikvdiliT dasaja. ganapirobebda meurneobis organizaciis
magram `30-is~ tiranias ukve didi dRe aRar moTxovnebi da ZmaTa qonebis erTianobis
ewera. maT daupirispirda yofili strate meti ekonomikuri efeqti. orive tipis ojaxi
gosi Trasibulosi, romelmac pirevsi aiRo. saqarTveloSi patriarqaluri iyo. patri-
gadamwyvet brZolaSi muniqiasTan ukidure- arqaluri ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo
si mimarTulebis oligarqebi damarcxdnen, patrilokaluri dasaxleba (anu roca coli
kritiasi brZolis velze daeca. amis Semdeg dasaxlebulia qmris gvarSi), memkvidreobis
mmarTvelobis saTaveSi zomieri oligarqe- mamis xaziT gadacema da qalis morCileba ma-
bi aRmoCndnen, magram maT mmarTvelobasac makacisadmi. yovelive es ganmtkicebuli iyo
ar ewera xangrZlivi sicocxle. aTenisa da mamakacis sameurneo da ekonomikuri rolis
pirevsis dajgufebaTa SetakebebSi spartis zrdiTa da Sesabamisad, qalis sazogadoe-
mefe pavsaniasi da lisandrosi Caebnen da brivi rolis SemcirebiT. patriarqalur
meomar partiebs zavis dadeba mosTxoves. ojaxSi warmmarTveli iyo sqesobriv-asako-
zavis pirobebi orive mxarem miiRo. aTenSi brivi diferenciacia da ierarqia. patriar-
aRdga demokratiuli mmarTveloba. elev qaluri ojaxi arsebiTad monogamiuri iyo.
sineli oligarqebi kidev cdilobdnen ga zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, patriarqal-
laSqrebas, magram Zv. w. 401 w-s maTi strate uri ojaxi mkacrad monogamiuri mxolod
gosebi sikvdiliT iqnen dasjilni. qalisTvis iyo, rac imas niSnavs, rom qals
mxolod erTi kacis _ qmris yolis ufleba
oxeri _ mitovebuli da gaukacrielebuli hqonda. Tumca es ganacxadi `mkacrad monoga-
uZravi qoneba Zvel saqarTveloSi. aseTi miuroba~ qalisTvis, Cveni azriT, ufro me-
qonebis saxelad ixmareboda agreTve `na- tad yvela patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi
oxari~, òxerqmnili~ da partaxic, romlis gamefebul e. w. òrmag moralTan~ unda iyos
kanonierad dasakuTreba mxolod gansaz- mimarTebaSi (ix. qorwineba, saqarTvelo;
Rvrul pirobaTa dacviT, kerZod, xangrZli- ganqorwineba, saqarTvelo).
vi da `miumZlavrebuli~ mflobelobis gziT
SeiZleboda. ojaxi, mTa svaneTi _ svanis ojaxi mraval-
ricxovani iyo, zogjer 50 sulic iyo erT
oxlokratia (ojclokrativa) _ brbos Zalaufle- ojaxSi, rac maTi CveulebiT aixsneba. svanis
ba. berZnul politikur TeoriaSi oxlokra- azriT, Tu ojaxis wevrebi gaiyrebodnen,
tia aRniSnavda demokratiis ukidures, dam- maT keraze wyali isxmeoda. Tu Zmebi mainc
axinjebul formas aqedan gamomdinare mTe- moindomebdnen gancalkevebiT cxovrebas,
li uaryofiTi SedegebiT. mxolod mamis sikvdilis Semdeg. ojaxSi
sruli ufros-umcrosoba sufevda. asakiT
ojaxi, saqarTvelo _ termini òjaxi~ ufrosi uflebiTac ufrosi iyo: Svilebi
Turquli warmoSobisaa. Tavdapirvelad ded-mamas emorCilebodnen, umcrosi da-
mis nacvlad ixmareboda terminebi `saxli~ Zmebi _ ufrosebs da a.S. ojaxSi yvelafris
da `komli~. samecniero literaturaSi miC- meTauroba ufrosis saqme iyo. ojaxis ufro-
neulia, rom saqarTveloSi Zveli droidan si pasuxismgebeli iyo RvTisa da kacis wina
arsebobda rogorc patara, nuklearuli Se. misi piriT evedreboda ojaxi RmerTs,
ojaxi, ise saojaxo Temi. nuklearuli, pa- Sendobas uTvlida micvalebulebs, misi xe-
tara ojaxebis arsebobis mkvlevarebi ukve liT ikvleboda da Seiwireboda msxverpli.
qarTuli literaturis uZveles ZeglSi _ igi iyo valdebuli, mtrisa da moyvrisTvi-
`SuSanikis wamebaSi~ xedaven. nuklearuli sac gaeca sakadrisi pasuxi rogorc sityviT,
ojaxi mSoblebisa da Svilebisagan Semd- ise saqmiT. igi unawilebda ojaxis wevrebs
gar patara erTobas warmoadgens. saojaxo samuSaos da a.S. moxucebulobis SemTxveva-
250
Si Tavisi movaleoba umcrosisTvis _ Svi ukanaskneli ergeboda gamyofels. radgan
lisTvis, ZmisTvis unda gadaeca. rjulis bolo wili yvelasgan dawunebuli da nak-
wesis aRsruleba ki, rac ar unda sustad yo- luli iyo, CveulebiTi samarTali gamyo-
filiyo, bolomde mainc mis gankargulebaSi fel Zmas wilis gareSe akuTvnebda naxevar
rCeboda. dRiur yanas an mis saRiral tyes, saTibs da
mSoblebi Svilebze ganusazRvreli ufle- sxva.
biT ar sargeblobdnen. Tumca adre svanebs Tu Zmebi an ramdenime maTgani aseT gayo-
samarcxvino Cveulebac hqondaT, romlis fas ar Tanxmdebodnen, saqmeSi Temi ereoda.
Tanaxmad, qaliSvilebs xocavdnen. magram es saufroso aqac eZleoda ufros Zmas. sxva
qmedeba CveulebiT samarTals ewinaaRmdege- qoneba Tanasworad iyofoda. mama-Svilebis
boda da damnaSave deda sasjels eqvemdebare gayris dros pirveli waiRebda erT wils.
boda. Svilis mkvlel dedas xalxi nakurTx mamas ar hqonda ufleba, Svili wilis gareSe
miwaze ar marxavda, eklesiisa da salocave- gaegdo. Svilebi dedas ver gaeyrebodnen, Tu
bis axlos ar miesvleboda, msxverplis Se- mainc moxdeboda msgavsi SemTxvevebi, deda
wirvis dros monawileobas ver iRebda, sa- sarCos iRebda maTgan sicocxlis bolomde,
xalxo, saRmrTo dResaswaulebs ver eswre- sikvdilis Semdegac Svilebis movaleobas
boda. mis Svilebsa da SviliSvilebs saukuno mis sulze zrunva warmoadgenda. gayrili
saZraxad hqondaT es saqme. mamas ar hqonda mamis sikvdilis Semdeg mis qonebas Svilebi
ufleba moekla an gaeyida Svili, galaxvis Tanasworad iyofdnen. gaTxovil da gauT-
Tvis ki aravis winaSe pasuxismgebeli ar iyo. xovar qaliSvilebs gayofis dros wili ar
patara qaliSvils mSoblebi mis daukiTxa- ergebodaT sazogado qonebidan, Tumca sxva
vad aTxovebdnen, mozrdil qals SeeZlo movaleobebi unda aResrulebinaT, rogorc
damoukidebladac mieRo gadawyvetileba, wesi iyo. Tu gayrilTa Soris vinme ucolo
Tumca ded-mamis neba aqac ufro Wrida xol- gamoereoda, maSin wilis gareSe saerTo
me. Tu qaliSvili mSoblebis nebis winaaRm- qonebidan mas eZleoda `naydanuri~ da `na-
deg gaTxovdeboda, urCobisda miuxedavad, WvlaSi~ imdeni, ramdenic TiToeul colians
mainc urigdebodnen Svils da Tavis wils hqonda gadaxdili Tavis sacoleSi.
ar ukargavdnen. vaJiSvils ded-mama urCevda rac Seexeba colqmrobas, svanur ojaxSi
da uniSnavda sacoles, Tumca Tu raime mizezi col-qmars Tanabrad hqonda dakisrebuli
an nakli gamoaCndeboda qals, mSoblebi ver movaleobebi. coli qalis saqmes akeTebda,
aiZulebdnen maincdamainc maTi amorCeuli qmari _ mamakacisas. garkveuli SemTxvevebis
moeyvana. zogadad mSoblebis urCi, sityvis dros coli qmris movaleobebsac iTavsebda.
Sembrunebeli Svili ganwiruli da Sercxve- qmari valdebuli iyo, colisTvis Caecva da
nili iyo mTel sofelSi. marto qaliSvile- daexura, coli ki _ qmar-SvilebisTvis. uZ-
bis patroni ded-mama gadaSenebulad iTvle- ravi da moZravi qoneba, rogorc adrinde-
boda, radgan mama-papaTa qoneba sxvis xelSi li, aseve erTad naSovni, saerTo iyo. cols
unda gadasuliyo. uZravi da moZravi qoneba, ufleba hqonda ded-mamis ojaxSi gaeSenebina
Tundac Sematebuli, ojaxis sakuTrebad iT- oTxfexa saqoneli, es misi sakuTreba iyo da
vleboda. misi moxmarebac Tavis nebaze SeeZlo. rasac
ojaxSi Zmebsa da naTesavebs Soris gayra Si- coli garedan (ded-mamis saxlidan an naTe-
naurulad xdeboda. Tu gayris mizezi uTanx- savebisgan) moitanda, ojaxis iyo ukve. Tu
moeba iyo, maSin masSi monawileobas iRebd- qmari cols Seuracxyofas miayenebda an ga-
nen saxlikacebi da siZeebi. ori Zma Tanaswo- laxavda, ganawyenebul cols SeeZlo ded-
rad iyofda uZrav da moZrav qonebas, garda mamasTan wasuliyo da manam ar dabrunde-
erTi dRiuri yanisa, romelic CveulebiT, boda, sanam qmari mSoblebisa da mis winaSe
wilis gareSe, ufros Zmas ekuTvnoda. Tu bodiSs ar moixdida. iyo SemTxvevebic, roca
Zmebis an monaTesaveTa ricxvi ors aRemate- coli da misi ded-mama ubralo galaxvisT-
boda, aqac yvelaferi Tanabrad iyofoda, visac ki `saupatio~ fics mosTxovdnen qmars.
ufrosisTvis gankuTvnili im erTi dRiuri Tu coli damnaSave iyo, mSoblebi aiZulebd-
yanis garda. gayofili qonebidan pirveli nen, qmarTan dabrunebuliyo.
arCevani umcrosi Zmis iyo, romelic saxl- yvelaze mZime colisTvis leCaqis Camoxda
kars irCevda, meore _ meore Zmisa da a.S. da nawnavis moWra iyo. qmars ar hqonda co-
251
lis mokvlisa Tu daWris ufleba. winaaRm- SemTxvevaSi fics ar Seawevdnen. arc qmari
deg SemTxvevaSi colis axloblebi sisxliT- gabedavda, misianebs sicruis gamo daefice-
ve azRvevinebdnen mas, xolo daWris Taobaze binaT. svanebs swamdaT, rom arsebobs bala-
ki saqme Cveulebriv samarTalSi miecemoda. xi, romliTac colebs SeeZloT qmrisTvis
cols ar unda Seebrunebina xeli qmrisTvis. mamakacoba daekargaT. xSirad qmrebi tyui-
qmari valdebuli iyo colis naklulovne- lubralod sdebdnen brals colebs. amisT-
ba, magaliTad, mruSoba, jer mSoblebisT- visac 12 monaTesave-kacis fici gamoiyene-
vis Seetyobinebina, raTa maT daerigebinaT boda (ix. fici, mTa). cols unda daeficebina
Svili, xolo Semdeg Tavad xdeboda sruli isini, rom igi marTali iyo. Tu coli ver
baton-patroni. miscemda fics qmars, maSin Cveuleba mcvedan
daniSnulis an jvardawerili colis gagde- qmars akuTvnebda naxevar `sisxls~.
ba qmars ar SeeZlo, radgan es danaSaulad xevsureTi _ xevsureTSi colis gagdebis
iTvleboda da CveulebiT samarTals eqvem- mizezi sxvadasxva ram SeiZleba yofiliyo:
debareboda, an isjeboda colis Wirisufal- qalis uweso saqcieli, qurdoba, sneuleba,
Tagan sisxliT an ekisreboda nivTieri gaurjeloba, xandaxan lamazi qalis mowo-
jarima _ nacvrier. arc daniSnul da jvar- nebac ki. xevsuri mxolod maSin moiyvanda
daweril cols hqonda qmrisgan gaqcevis an meore cols, roca pirveli coli avadmyo-
sxvasTan wasvlis ufleba. winaaRmdeg Sem- fi iyo, uSvilo an marto qalebs Sobda. mar-
TxvevaSi momtacebeli da qalis mSoblebi to uSvilobis gamo qmars ar hqonda colis
imave Cveulebas eqvemdebarebodnen, rasac gagdebis ufleba, da Tu mainc gaagdebda, e.
mimtovebeli qmari. w. samwunobro unda mieca. meore colis moy-
Cveulebis mixedviT, svans erTi coli unda vana saTakilo iyo pirveli colis naTesao-
hyoloda. Tumca Tu qmars uSvilo coli bisTvis, amitom qmars misi ojaxisTvis xuTi
Sexvdeboda an marto qaliSvilebi SeeZine- Zroxa jarimad unda gadaexada. colis gag-
bodaT, colisa da mSoblebis nebiT, svans debisTvis dawesebul samwunobros emateb-
SeeZlo meore coli moeyvana. pirveli da namaSvralic. roca qmari cols saxlidan
coli qmris saxlSi rCeboda, Tumca masTan agdebda, imdeni Zroxa unda mieca, ramdeni
colqmruli urTierToba wydeboda. aseTi welic masTan ucxovria, oRond pirveli da
SemTxvevebi Zalian iSviaTi iyo. Zmas SeeZ- bolo wlis gamoklebiT. xevsureTSi cols
lo Zmis qvrivic moeyvana colad. neba hqonda, yovel weliwads axali talava-
col-qmris gayris mizezi SeiZleba yofili- ri moemzada. Tu qals ZaliT agdebdnen, mas
yo: a) sikvdili; b) mcvednoba, mamakacobis ar- SeeZlo danaklisi talavaric mieRo qmris-
qona; g) erTmaneTSi Tanxmoba da d) Tu qmari gan.
colis naTesavebs moklavda an daWrida. Tu colsac SeeZlo qmrisTvis Tavi daenebebina,
qmari mamakacobas dakargavda (an ar hqon- magram aseTi saqcieli didi sircxvili iyo
da), qmari valdebuli iyo coli saCuqriT mamakacisTvis. qals Tavdanebebuli qmrisT-
gaeSva, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu coli vis piroba unda mieca, rom sxvas ar misT-
qmarze adre ar gamoaaSkaravebda mis nakls. xovdeboda da saukunod uqmrod darCeboda.
saCuqari or xarze naklebi ar unda yofili- amas `kveTilSi Casmas~ uwodebdnen.
yo. garda amisa, qmris mier adre gadaxdili xevsur col-qmars erTmaneTis qonebaze
naWvlaSi da naydanuri qalis ded-mamas rCe- xeli ar miuwvdeboda, isini erTmaneTis
boda. xolo jiuti qmrebisTvis, romlebic qonebas ver daepatronebodnen. mxolod im
ar aRiarebdnen TavianT nakls, moqmedebda SemTxvevaSi hqonda qmars saTavnos daxar-
qmris 12 monaTesave kacis fici (ix. fici, mTa). jvis ufleba, Tu daxarjuls aunazRaurebda
am moficarTa Soris unda yofiliyvnen mama, Semdeg. qmris sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi col-
Zmebi, saxlikacebi, dediT naTesavebi da ga- sac Tavisi saTavno qmris dakrZalvisTvis
reSe pirebic. maT unda daeficaT, rom esa unda moexmara. Sesabamisad, qmars ar hqon-
Tu is pirovneba mamakacobas moklebuli da ufleba, colisTvis eCuqebina raime Ta-
ar iyo. Tu daificebdnen, coli iZulebuli visi qonebidan. sikvdilis Semdeg saTavno
iyo, sikvdilamde qmarTan darCeniliyo. mo- vaJiSvilebs rCebodaT da isini iyofdnen
ficrebi imitom iyvnen naTesavebi, rom maT mas Tanasworad. qals marto dedis tala-
ukeT SeeZloT gaegoT simarTle. tyuilis vari ergeboda, sxva araferi. Tu qals arc
252
vaJiSvili hyavda da arc asuli, saTavno imas saqme mTavar sxdomaze gadioda. paragrafes
rCeboda, vinc mas mouvlida da damarxavda. ganxilvis dros wagebuli mxare Tavis mo
am uflebiT sargeblobdnen mxolod qmris winaaRmdeges mTavari saqmis Tanxis 1/6-s ux
gvareuloba da naTesaoba. dida. es procedura SemoRebul iqna Zv. w.
403/2 w-s, raTa paragrafe gamoeyenebinaT
im samarTlebriv devnaTa winaaRmdeg,
p romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen im wels ga
mocxadebul amnistias. pirveli paragrafe
papinianus emiliusi (Papinianus Aemilius) (ax. is samarTlebrivi dava iyo, romlisTvisac
w. 146-212 ww.) _ septimius severusis megoba- isokratesma dawera Tavisi cnobili sityva
ri, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani romaeli iuri- `kalimaqosis winaaRmdeg~, savaraudod,
sti. monawileobda britaniis winaaRmdeg Zv. w. 402 w-s. paragrafes moqmedebis veli
laSqrobaSi, cdilobda moegvarebina dava male gafarTovda. Tu diamarturiis ufro
severusis vaJiSvilebs Soris, ris gamoc ka- adreuli procedura mosarCeles calkeuli
rakalas brZanebiT sikvdiliT dasajes. braldebis SesaCereblad gamoiyeneboda,
miuxedavad imisa, rom nawyvetebma misi Txzu paragrafe saSualebas aZlevda mopasuxes,
lebebidan Cvenamde Zlier dazianebuli sa- rolebi Seetrialebina _ TviTon gamxdariyo
xiT moaRwia, mainc Cans misi Rrma codna, ori- bralmdebeli da gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi
ginaluri azrovneba, kritikuli msjeloba, sasjeli Tavisi mowinaaRmdegisaTvis daekis
problemebisadmi SemoqmedebiTad midgoma, rebina. paragrafe kerZo braldebis dros
gadawyvetilebebis maxvilgonivruloba da gamoiyeneboda (ix. dike).
uzado samarTeblivi teqnika. Taviseburia
misi weris manera, lapidarobisa (zogjer partaxi _ upatronod migdebuli, gaCanageb-
gadaWarbebuli) da sizustis nimuSi. klasiku- uli adgil-mamuli, saxl-kari Zvel saqarT-
ris Semdgom periodSi papinianusi erT-erT veloSi. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmarte-
mniSvnelovan romael iuristad iTvleboda. biT, partaxi oxeriviT ùnamuSavro~ adg-
ZiriTadi naSromebi: `Ziebani~ (Quaestiones _ ils ewodeboda. termini partaxi gvxvdeba
37 wignad), romelTagan mravali nawyveti ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos doku-
kompilatorebma digestebSi gadaitanes da mentebSi. aq `saglexo partaxic~ ixsenieba.
`daskvna~ (Responsa _ calkeuli SemTxvevebi samarTlis wignebidan termini partaxi gvx-
sasamarTlo praqtikidan 19 wignad), mniSvne- vdeba giorgi V-is `Zeglis dadebaSi~ beiT-
lovania SemoqmedebiTi midgomiTa da for alman qonebasTan dakavSirebiT. beiTalmani
mebiT. maTSi papinianusi Tanmimdevrulad partaxis mimRebs `sajaro da salaSqro~ sam-
ganixilavda yovel SemTxvevas (Zvelromae- saxuri ekisreboda. partaxi ibegreboda da
li iuristebis msgavsad) aseTi sqemiT: saqmis igi yidva-gayidvis, boZebisa da sxva samarT-
arsi (danaSaulis Semadgenloba), kiTxva, pa- lebriv urTierTobaTa saganic iyo.
suxi. es Txzuleba imdenad popularuli gax-
da, rom mis analizs samarTlis skolebSi partiebi, saberZneTi _ solonis reformebs
swavlebis mesame weli mieZRvna. Semrigebluri xasiaTi hqonda, ris gamoc
aTenSi dapispirebul mxareTagan bolomde
paragrafe (paragrafhv) _ sapirispiro (kontr) kmayofili arc erTi ar aRmoCnda. aman aT-
braldeba, romliTac mopasuxe mosarCeles enSi politikuri brZola gaamZafra. Sede-
arakanonier devnaSi adanaSaulebda. gad Zv. w. VI s-is 80-ian ww-Si aTenSi iqmneba
sanam mTavari sasamarTlo ganxilva (eujqidikiva) ramdenime mniSvnelovani socialur-poli-
Sedgeboda, protesti calke sxdomaze un tikuri dajgufeba anu partia. regional-
da ganexilaT. am SemTxvevaSi pirveli pro uri principiT sami aseTi jgufi Seiqmna:
testis ganmcxadebeli (Tavdapirveli saq a) paraliebi (paravlioi), anu sanapiroze
mis braldebuli) gamodioda da Semdeg mcxovrebni. mas ZiriTadad zRvis sanapiroze
mopirispire mxare scemda pasuxs. Tuki macxovrebeli an zRvis nobaTiT mosargeble
gaimarjvebda is, vinc protests gamoTqvamda, mosaxleoba qmnida: mezRvaurebi, vaWrebi, xe-
maSin Tavdapirveli saqme Sewydeboda; Tu losnebi, saSualo glexoba, romelic atikis
protestis ganmcxadebeli damarcxdeboda, naxevarkunZulis sanapiroebze saxlobda.
253
paraliebi icavdnen im politikur mowyo- miT ufro, veRarc klavda. aseve monebis mi
bas, romelic Zv. w. 594 w-s solonma SemoiRo, marTac ver iCenda sisastikes.
anu isini icavdnen solonis mier miniWebul
uflebas daekavebinaT esa Tu is politikuri
patriciebi (patricii) _ STamomavali patres
Tanamdebobebi qonebrivi mdgomareobis Se-
(mamebis), romlebic odesRac samefo senats
sabamisad. am partias alkmeonidTa cnobili
qmnidnen. patriciebi viwro mniSvnelobiT
gvaris winamZRoli _ megaklesi meTaurob-
senatorebsac erqvaT.
da. b) pediakebi (pediakoiv). masSi Sediodnen
patriciebma miisakuTres sxvadasxva privi-
mdinare kefisis dablobze mcxovrebi aris-
legia, upirveles yovlisa mniSvnelovani
tokratebi, romlebic mdidari miwaTmflo-
politikuri poziciebi (magistrati, senati)
belebi iyvnen. pediakebi solonis kanon-
da miwebis didi nawili (ager publicus). klaso-
mdeblobis Secvlas da Zveli adaT-wesebis
brivi brZola patriciebsa da plebss Soris
dabrunebas moiTxovdnen, romlis Tanaxma-
romis istoriisTvis umniSvnelovanesi iyo
dac Zalaufleba saukeTesoTa _ evpatridTa
Zv. w. 287 w-mde.
xelSi unda yofiliyo. maT aristokrati-
SemdgomSic patriciebs gansakuTrebuli ad-
uli ojaxis – eteobutadebis wevri likur-
gili eWiraT, magram maTi privilegiebisa-
gosi winamZRolobda; d) diakriebi (diavkrioi)
gan cotaRa SemorCa.
– diakriebis SemadgenlobaSi atikis Crdi-
respublikis dasrulebisas (optimatebi,
lo-aRmosavleT mTian mxareSi mobinadre
popularebi) patriciebi TiTqmis sruliad
wvrili glexoba da Tetebi Sediodnen. es
gaqrnen, amitom princepsebi, raTa rogorme
politikuri partia yvelaze ufro radikal-
SeenarCunebinaT patriciebi, maT xelovnu-
urad iyo ganwyobili. isini ar kmayofilde-
rad qmnidnen _ aniWebdnen maT warCinebis
bodnen solonis reformebiT da miwisa da
niSnebsa da tituls, romelic uflebas
politikuri gadanawilebas moiTxovdnen.
aZlevda patriciebs SerCenil privil-
maT winamZRolobda aseve aristokratiuli
egiebze; magram axali patriciebi arasdros
ojaxis Camomavali _ pisistratosi.
sargeblobdnen im pativiscemiT, rogori-
Tac ZirZveli patriciebi.
patiJi _ sasjeli, dasja Zvel saqarTveloSi. 1) servius tuliusamde patriciebi iyvnen
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, patiJi erTaderTi moqalaqeebi. maT aseve ewodebo-
ùpatiurad da SeWirvebiT pyrobas~ niSnavs. daT keTilSobilebi (ingenui); 2) servius tu-
beqas da aRbuRas samarTalSi termini pati- liusidan konstantine didamde patriciebi
Ji sasjelis zogadi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, WeSmariti aristokratebi iyvnen gansxvave-
magram mTel rig SemTxvevebSi mas sajaro biT plebsisgan, romlebsac servius tulius-
xelisuflebisaTvis gankuTvnili sisxlis ma moqalaqeobis ufleba uboZa; patriciebi
samarTlis jarimis mniSvnelobac aqvs. pati- aRiniSnebodnen sagvareuloTi (sagvareulo
Jidan momdinareobs terminebi `ganpatiJeba~ an STamomavlobiTi moqalaqeebi), plebsi
(dasja), `patiJeuloba~ (sasjelis dadeba) da iTvleboda ubralod moqalaqeebad (axali
`patiJeuli~ (sasjeldadebuli). moqalaqeebi). patriciebi ukidures siRari-
beSiac ki patriciebad rCebodnen; Zalian
Paterfamilias/Paterfamiliae _ ojaxis ufrosi, mdidari da sapatio Tanamdebobaze myofi
romauli gvaris ufrosi, romelsac ganusaz- plebsi ki plebsad rCeboda. patriciusi
Rvreli Zalaufleba (patria potestas) hqonda SeiZleba plebei gamxdariyo, Tu mas plebei
Svilebze, monebze, mTel qonebaze, odnav Sez- iSvilebda an plebeel qals iTxovda. ple-
Ruduli colze. mxolod paterfamilias hqonda bei SeiZleba CaericxaT patriciusTa gvarSi
sakuTrebaze _ monisa da Svilis SenaZenzec senatisa an kuriis gadawyvetilebiT. re-
_ iuridiuli ufleba. vaJebs SeeZloT ga spublikis bolos iyo mxolod 50 patrici-
Tavisuflebuliyvnen misi Zalauflebidan uli gvari, romlebsac imperatorebi dro-
emansipaciis proceduriT, qaliSvilebs ki dadro avsebdnen.
_ gaTxovebiT. jer kidev respublikis peri patriciebis uflebebic drosTan erTad icv-
odSi sazogadoebrivi azri boWavda mamis leboda. ukve servius tuliusma patriciebi
Zalauflebas _ mama veRar hyidda Svils da da plebsi pirad uflebebSi gaaTanabra, ma-
254
gram sazogadoebriv uflebebSi patriciebi veli, moqalaqeebis amorCeuli romSi maTi
upiratesobas inarCunebdnen. mxolod umaR- interesebis warmosadgenad. principatis
lesi mmarTvelis (interrex) Tanamdeboba samu- epoqaSi patronus municipii-is rogorc ekono-
damod darCaT patriciebs, xolo plebss mikuri, aseve samarTleblivi, administra-
jer kvestorad, Semdeg samxedro tribunad, ciuli da samxedro daxmareba ufro inten-
konsulad arCevis ufleba dauTmes, plebsma siuri gaxda. patroni aumjobesebda qalaqis
senatSic SeaRwia da mosamarTlis Tanamde- cxovrebas, amkobda, awyobda dResaswaulebs
bobac miiRes. mxolod patriciebi iRebdnen da a. S. Tavad princepsi bevri qalaqis pat-
monawileobas komiciebSi. roni iyo;
patriciebs imperatorebis epoqaSi arcerTi 5) patronus provinciae _ rogorc nobilitetis
dakarguli ufleba ar aRudgeniaT da sabo sxva gavleniani wevri, icavda provinciis
lood Tavisi mniSvneloba sruliad dakar interesebs romSi;
ges. klients garkveuli valdebuleba hqonda pa-
konstantinem umaRlesi saxelmwifo Cinov tronis winaSe:
nikebisaTvis SemoiRo patriciusis sapatio 1) iaraRisaTvis moekida xeli patronTan
tituli, romelic memkvidreobiT ar gada- erTad da mis nacvladac;
dioda. 2) patrons fuliT daxmareboda saWiroe-
bis SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT qaliSvilis
patronati (patronatus) _ mfarveloba. azatisa gamzviTebisas, sazogadoebrivi moTxovnis
da klientis mimarT patronis uflebebis xarjisas, patronis tyveobidan gamosyidvi-
erToblioba. azats pativiscema unda gamoe sas; patrons, Tavis mxriv, unda daecva kli-
xata patronisadmi da mieZRvna saCuqrebi da enti, saWiroebisas mieca rCeva; orive mxares
Seesrulebina misi davalebebi. patroni misi ekrZaleboda erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego
kanonieri warmomadgeneli, kanonieri mem- Cveneba mieca da eCivla erTmaneTisaTvis.
kvidre da garkveul SemTxvevaSi kanonieri klientebi Raribi adamianebi iyvnen; isini pa-
meurve iyo. patroni da azati (klientic) tronis karis msaxurebi iyvnen, dilas esal-
erTmaneTTan urTierTvaldebulebebiT mebodnen patrons, miacilebdnen forumsa da
iyvnen dakavSirebuli. patronis sikvdilis marsis moedanze da amis sanacvlod fulsa
Semdeg patronati mis memkvidreze gadadioda sufrasTan dajdomis uflebas iRebdnen.
da. damokidebuleba azatisa patronze Tan-
daTanobiT Semcirda, magram darCa patro- pekulatusi (peculatus) — samsxverplo cxo
nis movaleoba, daecva azati. velebis moparva (dazianeba), saxelmwifo
dapyrobili qalaqebi da provinciebi ro- qonebis gaflangva. sasjeli iyo sikvdili,
mis warCinebuli gvaris mfarvelobaSi Se- mogvianebiT jarima. damnaSave pirovneba
dioda. gvarisTvis es pativi iyo, qalaqebi- valdebuli iyo jarimis saxiT gaflanguli
sa da provinciebisaTvis ki _ sargeblobis Tu dazianebuli qonebis safasuri gaorma-
momtani. imperiis epoqaSi qalaqebis, kol- gebuli an zog SemTxvevaSi gaoTxmagebuli
egiebis, sazogadoebebis (sodalitates) da a.S. moculobiT gadaexada.
patronati Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo.
pekulia (peculia, kninobiTi pecus-idan — piru-
patroni (patronus) _ damcveli. 1) mfarveli tyvi, Tavdapirvelad vaJis an ojaxis monis
da klientis damcveli. garda sruluflebi- kuTvnili pirutyvi) — romaul samarTalSi
ani moqalaqeebisa (patriciebi) romSi iyvnen – qonebis nawili, romelic paterfamilias-s
klientebic, axalmosaxleebis mier dapyro- SeeZlo gadaeca vaJis an ojaxis monisaTvis
bili Zvelitalikuri adgilobrivi mosax- masze iuridiuli uflebis gareSe, magram
leoba. Tavisufali moqalaqeebidan isini uflebiT, ganekargaT is damoukideblad da
daqvemdebarebul klientebad iqcnen; esargeblaT mogebiTac.
2) libertusis yofili batoni; pekulia monebisTvis momgebiani iyo, radgan
3) patronus causae _ iuridiuli konsultanti da maT saSualebas aZlevda ufro Tavisuflad
mxaris damcveli sasamarTloSi (advokati); ecxovraT da sakuTari qonebac hqonodaT.
4) patronus municipii (civitatis) _ respublikis aseve didi mogebas iRebda pekuliiT ojaxis
epoqaSi qalaqis sapatio mfarveli da damc- ufrosi. paterfamilias-s SeeZlo Tavisi qoneba
255
ukan gamoeTxova (ademptio peculia — qonebis gentium-iT ifargleboda (qonebrivi davebi
konfiskacia). romis moqalaqesa da ucxoels (peregrins)
ojaxis ufross SeeZlo ganesazRvra sa- Soris. samarTlis am normas amis gamo pere-
gnebi, romlebic monam an vaJiSvilma mi- grinul samarTals uwodebdnen). samoqalaqo
iRo saCuqrad an TavisiT SeiZina. es gansa- samarTali maT uflebebs ar cnobda, Tumca
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo monebisaTvis, peregrinebs hqondaT vaWrobis ufleba da
romlebsac pekuliiT SeeZloT gamoesyidaT garkveuli SezRudvebiT qorwinebis ufleba.
Tavisi Tavisufleba. saxlis patronis gar- Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi peregrinebi cdi-
dacvalebisas pekulia misi qonebis nawilad lobdnen moqalaqis uflebebi moepovebinaT,
rCeboda, Tu anderZiT sxvas ar gadaecemo- ris gamoc maT masiurad aZevebdnen romidan
da; magram Tu ojaxis mamam ar moiTxova pe- (plutarqosi, gaius grakqusi, 12). mas Semdeg,
kuliis dabruneba, igi sxvis mflobelobaSi rac imperatorma karakalam yvela Tavisuf-
rCeboda. samxedro pekulia (peculia castrensid) al adamians mianiWa moqalaqeoba, peregrin-
qoneba, romelic ojaxis vaJma (filius familias Ta ricxvi Zalian Semcirda.
miles) moipova samxedro samsaxurSi (xel-
fasi, nadavli), mis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. perikle (daax. Zv. w. 495-429 ww.) – udidesi
avgustusis droidan vaJiSvils SeeZlo is saxelmwifo moRvawe, oratori, mxedarT-
eanderZa sxvisTvis, ganekarga cocxlebs So- mTavari. aristokratuli warmomavlobis,
ris (inter vivos). samxedro pekulia mxolod dedis mxridan alkmeonidebis cnobili
im SemTxvevaSi gadadioda saxlis patron- gvaris Camomavali, TxuTmetjer zedized
Tan, Tu ojaxis samxedro mosamsaxure vaJi arCeuli strategosi (Zv. w. 444/443-429 ww.).
anderZis dautoveblad gardaicvleboda. perikle politikuri moRvaweobis daw-
yebisTanave efialtesis demokratiul da-
pentakosiomedimnosebi (pentakosiomevdimnoi) jgufebas miemxro. igi Zv. w. 463 w-s kimonis,
_ xuTasi yvelaze mdidari kaci aTenSi, isi- konservatulad ganwyobili miwaTmflo-
ni solonis mier qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT belebis winamZRolis, kritikiT gamovida.
oTx klasad dayofil moqalaqeTa yvelaze Semdeg wels mxari dauWira areopagis wi-
mdidar fenas ganekuTvnebodnen. maTi wli- naaRmdeg mimarTul efialtesis demokra-
uri Semosavali sul cota 500 medimnoss tiul reformebs. mecnierTa mosazrebiT,
(marcvleulis sazom erTeuls) an sxva areopagis reforma aTenis istoriis axali
produqtSi mis ekvivalents an fulad Tanx- epoqis _ radikaluri demokratiis epoqis
as Seadgenda. solonis konstituciis mixed- dawyebis niSani iyo. kimonis ostrakismo-
viT, tamiasebi da, SesaZloa, aseve arqonebi sisa (Zv. w. 461 w.) da efialtesis sikvdilis
mxolod am fenidan iyvnen SerCeulni. ta- Semdgom perikle aTenSi yvelaze gavleniani
miasebis am fenidan SerCeva aristoteles politikosi gaxda. perikles mmarTvelobis
droisTvisac grZeldeboda. xana aTenis demokratiis ayvavebis perio-
dia, romlis drosac adgili hqonda aTenis,
peregrinebi (Peregrinus) – Zveli droidan rogorc aTenis sazRvao kavSiris hegemonis,
romSi nebismieri tipis ucxoels moixse- arnaxul ekonomiur, politikur da kul-
niebdnen terminiT hostis iqamde, vidre am si- turul aRmavlobas.
tyvam semantikuri veli ar Seicvala da mniS- perikle spartasTan urTierTobis gawyve-
vnelobiT ar gautolda ucxoel arakeTilm- tis momxre iyo. man delosis kavSiris xazi-
osurnes (mters). amis Semdgom ucxoelebi na aTenSi gadmoitana. Zv. w 449 w-s periklem
moixseniebian peregrinebad. peregrinebi sparseTTan samSvidobo zavi dado da amiT
moqalaqis uflebebiT, bunebrivia, ar sarge- bolo mouRo naxevarsaukunovan berZnul-
blobdnen, magram rac ufro met terito- sparsul omebs. Zv. w 445 w-s periklem spar-
riebTan uxdeboda roms kavSiris damyareba, tasTan ocdaaTwliani zavi dado.
rac avtomaturad gulisxmobda am qveynis perikles mizani demokratiis ganmtkiceba,
mosaxleobasTan urTierTobas, miT ufro aTenis sazRvao Zlierebis gazrda (saSua-
meti uxerxuloba iqmneboda, ris Sedegadac lo fenisTvis momgebiani) da savaWro ka-
gadawyda, rom mieniWebinaT maTTvis garkveu- vSirebis gafarToeba, aTenis kulturul
li samarTlebrivi uflebebi, romlebic ius centrad gadaqceva iyo. Tanamedrove mecni-
256
erTa nawilis azriT, perikle gamokveTi- am did Tanxas emateboda Semosavalic,
lad populistur socialur politikas at- romelsac aTens lavrionis vercxlis saba-
arebda. ase magaliTad, saSualo da Rarib doebi aZlevda. amasTan erTad man aTenSi
moqalaqeTa gulis mosagebad periklem moiwvia cnobili mecnierebi da xelovnebis
daakmayofila maTi moTxovnebi, rom isinic moRvaweebi, daiaxlova fidiasi, anaqsagora,
CaerTo realurad saxelmwifos mmarTv- herodote da sxvebi. perikles dros aTeni
elobaSi. perikles reformebi Tavisufal udidesi ekonomikuri, politikuri da kul-
moqalaqeebs Soris Zalauflebis Tanabar turuli centri gaxda.
ganawilebas gulisxmobda. amasobaSi Zalze daiZaba urTierToba aT-
aristotele perikles or mniSvnelovan ensa da spartas Soris. xedavda ra, rom maT
kanons aRniSnavs: perikles moqalaqeobis Soris samxedro Setakeba gardauvali iyo,
kanonsa da dikastesebisaTvis gasamrjelos perikle yvelafers akeTebda, rom aTenis
dawesebas. am siaxliT – msajulebisTvis sazRvao kavSiri ganemtkicebina. pelopone-
yoveldRiuri jamagiris daniSvniT perikl- sis omis dawyebis Semdeg perikle cdilob-
em gza gauxsna bevr aTenels, maT Soris da zRvaze moepovebina warmateba, atikis
uqonlebsac, monawileoba mieRoT saxelm- mosaxleoba ki gamagrebul aTenSi hyolo-
wifo saqmeebSi. igi Teatraluri dResas- da im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu sparta xmeleTze
waulebis dros saxelmwifos yvelaze ufro daiwyebda samxedro operaciaTa warmoebas.
upovar moqalaqeebs fuls (e. w. Teorikoni) rodesac Zv. w. 430 w-s aTens Savi Wiri moe-
aZlevda, raTa maTac SeZlebodaT sanaxao- do da bevri daiRupa, aTenis mosaxleobam
bas daswrebodnen. amasTan, periklem Seam- perikle daadanaSaula da is strategosad
cira arqonad arCevisTvis pirovnebisTvis aRar airCia. Zv. w. 429 w-s igi kvlav airCies
savaldebulo qonebis sidide, rac arqon- strategosad, magram male igi Savi Wirisgan
tats wvril miwaTmflobelTaTvisac xdida gardaicvala.
xelmisawvdoms. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi perikles so-
perikles moqalaqeobis axali kanoniT cialuri politika sxvadasxvanairad aris
pirovneba mxolod maSin CaiTvleboda aT- Sefasebuli. mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs,
enel moqalaqed, Tu mas mamac da dedac aT- rom aTenis dideba perikles populisturi
eneli moqalaqe eyoleboda. politikis Sedegad ganadgurda. zogierTi
perikles moqalaqeobis kanonis SemoRebis mecnieri ki Tvlis, rom radikalurma de-
motivebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi mraval- mokratiam sargebeli moutana individebs,
gvari mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. aristoteles magram avno saxelmwifos. da mainc, perikles
TqmiT ki, am kanonis miRebis mizezi moqa- mmarTveloba mTlianobaSi dadebiTad aris
laqeTa sazogadoebis ricxovnebis gazrda Sefasebuli. misi moRvaweobis periodi miC-
gaxda. Sesabamisad, perikles moqalaqeobis neulia aTenis istoriis yvelaze brwyinva-
kanoni miznad isaxavda yvelaze optimaluri le epoqad (e.w. ormocdaaTwleuli).
raodenobis samoqalaqo koleqtivis yolas,
raSic aTenis demosi sisxl-xorceulad iyo perikles moqalaqeobis kanoni _ Zv. w. 451
dainteresebuli. w-s perikles wardginebiT saxalxo krebam
aTenis imperiis gasaZliereblad periklem moqalaqeobis miniWebis axali kanoni miiRo,
Semoiyvana axali kleruqiebi, amasTan mas romlis mixedviTac pirovneba mxolod ma-
upovari moqalaqeebi gahyavda kleruqiebSi. Sin CaiTvleboda aTenel moqalaqed, Tu mas
perikles mmarTvelobis dros Zalauflebis mamac da dedac aTeneli moqalaqe eyolebo-
mkveTri gamijvna moxda: sakanonmdeblo da. kanonis miRebamde ucxoeli colis yola
ekuTvnoda saxalxo krebas, aRmasrulebeli aTenelisTvis arc Tu iSviaTi iyo. perikles
– 500-Ta sabWosa da magistratebs, sasamarT- kanonis Semdeg situacia Zireulad Seicva-
lo – heliaiebs. la. aramoqalaqe qalisagan gaCenili Svili
periklem mokavSireTa e. w. forosiT, anu ga- aTenelad aRar iTvleboda da igi aramoqa-
dasaxadiT, romelic aTenis saxelmwifo xazi- laqe _ xevno" xdeboda. am SemTxvevaSi mniS-
naSi SehqondaT sazRvao kavSiris (aTenis ar- vneloba ar hqonda im garemoebas, rom misi
qes) wevr mokavSire qalaqebs wamoiwyo Zvir- mSoblebis qorwineba oficialurad iyo
adRirebuli mSeneblobebi akropolisze, Catarebuli. amis dadasturebas vxvdebiT
257
iseosTan: `dedaCveni moqalaqe ar iyo, Sesa- spartiatebis msgavsad lakedemonelebad
bamisad, arc Cven viyaviT moqalaqeni~ (ise- iTvlebodnen da lakedemonur jarSi msaxu-
osi, VII, 43). robdnen. isini aseve ixdidnen gadasaxadebs
Zv. w. 413 w-s perikles kanonSi cvlilebebi da iyvnen moqalaqeni, oRond ar hqondaT
Seitanes. diogene laerteli mogviTxrobs, politikuri uflebebi. isini qmnidnen er-
rom aTenelebma, surdaT ra gaezardaT mo- Tobebs adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiT. peri-
saxleobis ricxvi, romelmac mamakacTa sim- oikosebi metwilad xelosnobasa da vaWro-
ciris gamo daiklo, miiRes kanoni, romlis bas misdevdnen. perioikosTagan isini, rom-
mixedviTac aTenel mamakacs SeeZlo erTi lebic msaxurobdnen laSqarSi da erTobebs
aTeneli qali moeyvana colad, Svilebi ki marTavdnen, amasTanave miwis mesakuTreebic
sxva qalisagan hyoloda. amdenad, aTenSi iyvnen. spartis msgavsad kretasa da elis-
dauSves kanonieri Svilebis yolis ufleba Si perioikosebi SezRuduli samoqalaqo
im qalisagan, romelTanac aTeneli moqalaqe uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, maSin, rodesac
ar iyo daqorwinebuli, anu, faqtobrivad, TesaliaSi isini moixseniebian, rogorc
aTenelebma bigamia _ orcolianoba dauSves. daqvemdebarebaSi myofi mokavSireebi.
perikles moqalaqeobis kanoni Zv.w. 403 w-s
kvlav aRadgines, ris Semdegac igi axla ukve pirad Seyra, xevsureTi _ morigebis forma,
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi moq- ganaCenis aRsrulebis aucilebeli piroba.
medebda. metic, Zv.w. IV s-Si saerTod aikrZa- piris Seyris gareSe modaveebs Soris Sei-
la araaTenelis qorwineba aTenelTan. es Zleba kvlav SuRli Camovardniliyo. ami-
rogorc qals, ise mamakacs exeboda. kanonis tom pirad Seyra an ganaCenis aRsrulebi-
damrRvevi sastikad isjeboda. am kanonis sasve unda momxdariyo an erTi Tvis ganmav-
moqmedeba Sewyda Zv.w. 338 w-s qeroneasTan lobaSi mainc. roca saqme gadawydeboda, gam-
brZolis Semdeg da maSin ucxoelebic Sei- tyunebuli bWeebs evedreboda mowinaaRmde-
yvanes moqalaqeTa siaSi, xolo isini, visac gesTan Serigebas, Tan ludi da arayi hqonda
CamorTmeuli hqonda moqalaqeoba, am rang- gamzadebuli. mZime saqmis SemTxvevaSi sak-
Si kvlav aRadgines. lavic sWirdeboda. ori bWe win miuZRoda,
perikles moqalaqeobis kanonis SemoRebis erTi erTi mxridan, meore _ meore mxridan
motivebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi araerTi moda mihyavdaT Serigebis msurveli mopiri-
sazreba arsebobs. amgvar motivebad moiaz- spiresTan. saxlSi bWeebi orives luds an
reba: is, rom aTenelebs ar surdaT impe- arays asmevdnen samjer da erTmaneTs akoc-
riis dovlaTi sxvebTan gaeyoT; aTenelebis ninebdnen. TasSi vercxls Cafxekdnen, an
rasobrivi cnobiereba; aristokratiuli abazs Caagdebdnen. Tu sasmeli ar hqondaT,
ojaxebis gavlenis SezRudva; aTenis mo- TasiT erbos an Tafls daalevinebdnen ver-
saxleobis zrdis tempis Semcirebis aucile- cxliT an abaziT. amis Semdeg Zmuri nadimi
bloba; aTeneli mamebis survili, garantire- imarTeboda. Tavis mxriv, meore mxaresac
buli hqonodaT qaliSvilebis gaTxoveba unda gaemarTa `pirad Sesayreli~ nadimi.
(ix. moqalaqeoba, saberZneTi).
pirTavi, xevsureTi _ mkvlelis miwebiT
perioikosebi (perivoikoi) _ `garSemo mcxov sargebloba aravis SeeZlo. mTeli misi
rebni~. ase ewodebodaT mezoblad mcxovreb saxl-kari da qoneba fuWdeboda. Tu vinme
xalxs, romelic daqvemdebarebul mo- mainc moisurvebda am miwebiT sargeblobas,
saxleobas an naxevradmoqalaqeebisagan maSin mas daekisreboda mTeli is gadasaxa-
Semdgar jgufs warmoadgenda. isini iyvnen di, romelic adaTis mixedviT mkvlels unda
an sxvadasxva berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifos mieca dazaralebuli ojaxisTvis _ yovel-
nawili an imgvarad iyvnen daqvemdebarebu- wliurad TiTo saklavi da TiTo vedro
li am saxelmwifoebisadmi, rom ar iRebdnen arayi. am SemTxvevaSi mkvleli yovelgvari
monawileobas marTva-gamgeobaSi. peri- xarjisgan Tavisufldeboda.
oikosebi arsebobdnen argolisSi, kretaze,
TesaliaSi da sxva adgilebSi, Tumca yvelaze pisistratosi (Zv. w. 600-527 ww.) _ aTenis ti-
meti cnoba sparteli perioikosebis Ses- rani, aristokratuli warmoSobis Cinebuli
axeb mogvepoveba. spartaSi perioikosebi mxedarTmTavari, solonis naTesavi. Tavi
258
gamoiCina megarasTan salaminisTvis brZo- pitiaxSi _ saxelmwifos erT-erTi umaR-
laSi (Zv. w. 570 w.) da popularuli gaxda. lesi moxele adrindel sasanianTa iranSi,
iyo diakriebis partiis meTauri. saxalxo qarTlis samefosa (iberia) da somxeTSi.
krebisagan piradi dacva miiRo (TiTqosda gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom pitiaxSi jer
mis sicocxles safrTxe emuqreboda); maTi kidev aqemenidTa xanaSi unda Semosuli-
meSveobiT ki daipyro akropolisi da aT- yo iranidan da qarTlSi ewodeboda mTa-
enic daimorCila (Zv. w. 561 w.). Sida politi- varsardalsa da umaRles msajuls, romelic
kuri dapirispirebis gamo iZulebuli gaxda strabonTan mefis Semdgom meore pirad
orjer daetovebina aTeni, magram Zv. w. 532 aris moxseniebuli. mas uzenaesi msajulisa
w-s sabolood dabrunda da moxucebulobam- da mxedarTmTavris funqciebi ekisreboda.
de icocxla. gardacvalebisas Zalaufleba qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, am moxeles
Svilebs gadasca (Zv. w. 527 w.). spaspeti ewodeboda. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~
saSinao politika: pisistratosma Seinar- pitiaxSis tituliT moixseniebs IV saukune-
Cuna solonis kanonebi da reformebi da Si Sahis mier qarTlis gamgeblad gamogza-
amasTanave gaatara axalic. man warmatebiT vnil iranel mmarTvels. somxur wyaroebSi
SeZlo keTilSobilTa didi nawilis dawy pitiaxSis aRmniSvneli identuri terminia
nareba da mxolod misma usastikesma mtrebma bdeSxi. varaudoben, rom pitiaxSobis insti-
datoves atika. mas ar CamourTmevia miwebi tuti savsebiT SesaZlebelia, qristes Sobam-
keTilSobilTa umetesobisTvis. mterTaTvis de Semosuliyo qarTlSi, Tumca wyaroebiT
konfiskebuli miwis nawili pisistratosma konkretuli pitiaxSebi mxolod I s-dan Can-
gaunawila upovrebs da SeRavaTiani gasa an. I-III ss. qarTlis samefoSi mxolod erTi
xadic dauwesa. igi xels uwyobda mwiri mi- pitiaxSi iyo, romelic centraluri xelisu-
wis dammuSaveblebs kreditebis micemiT. cdi- flebis maRal Tanamdebobas warmoadgenda.
lobda Raribebis interesebi gaeTvaliswine- maT Soris iyvnen: Saragasi, zevax mcire,
bina, `soflis mosamarTleebi~ (momrigebeli publikos agripa, asfaguri, bersuma da buz-
mosamarTleebi) daayena, rom miwaTmoqmedT ihri. aRsaniSnavia, rom bilingvis arameul
dro ar daekargaT qalaqSi siaruliT. warweraSi agripa farsman mefis ezosmoZ-
Raribebis dasasaqmeblad mSeneblobebi Rvrad moixsenieba, xolo berZnul teqstSi
wamoiwyo _ akropolisze aTena palasisa da _ pitiaxSad. IV-VII ss-Si pitiaxSoba samS-
olimpieli zevsis taZrebi, elevsinSi deme- vildis erisTavTa sapatio tituli gaxda.
tres taZari, wyalgayvaniloba, Sadrevnebi, pirveli samSvildis erisTavi, romelmac es
bazari da a.S. mis dros aRorZinebul iqna tituli miiRo, mirian mefis siZe, ferozi gax-
panaTeneebi, romlis aRniSvnamac gansa- ldaT. mas Semdeg ki _ uSa, arSuSa I, varsqeni,
kuTrebiT sazeimo elferi SeiZina. arSuSa II da arSuSa III.
pisitratosma pirvelad Cawera homerosis
poemebi, Camatebebic Seitana (e.w. pisitra- plebsi (plebs) _ romSi gadmosaxlebuli
tosis redaqcia), moiwvia Tavisi drois cno- laTinebi, romlebsac, patriciebisagan gansx-
bili poetebi. Seqmna daqiravebuli jari. vavebiT, politikuri uflebebi ar gaaCndaT.
kerZo pirebs aukrZala fulis moWra da Sem- Tavdapirvelad mxolod patriciebi iTvle-
oiRo erTiani saxelmwifo moneta, e.w. `bu~, bodnen romael moqalaqeebad da servius
erT mxareze aTenasa da meore mxareze bus tuliusma mianiWa plebss moqalaqeobis
gamosaxulebiT (Tumca zogierTi mecnieri ufleba. mogvianebiT plebsi ewoda xalxis
`bu~-s moWras misi Svilis damsaxurebad Tv- umdables fenas. gvianantikur periodSi
lis). igi yovelmxriv uwyobda xels vaWro- kanonmdebloba ganasxvavebda qalaqisa
bisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebas. (plebs urbana) da soflis plebss (plebs rustica).
sagareo politika _ pisistratosi aqtiur patriciebTan dauRalavi brZoliT plebsma
sagareo politikas atarebda. naqsosze da TiTqmis miaRwia patriciebis uflebebs. am
sigeaze samxedro eqspediciiT gaemarTa da procesisaTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda Torme-
iq mmarTvelebad Tavisi axloblebi daayena. ti dafis kanoni (Zv. w. V s-is es kanoni krZa-
pisitratosis politikuri kredo aseTi iyo: lavda qorwinebas patriciebsa da plebss
`xalxma Tavis saqmes mixedos, me sazogadoe- Soris, magram erT weliwadSi kanoni gau-
brivze vizrunebo~. qmda). Zv. w. 367 w-dan erT-erTi konsuli
259
plebsis rigebidan unda yofiliyo arCeuli. produqti. individualur doneze am termins
plebsis uflebebs icavdnen saxalxo tri- àbezaris~, `sxvis saqmeSi cxviris Camyofis~
bunebi (tribuni plebis), isini ixmobdnen plebss mniSvneloba hqonda.
krebebze da interkesiis uflebiT SeeZloT
gamoeTqvaT protesti an romelime kanoni polisi (povli") _ berZnuli qalaq-saxelm-
arakanonierad ecnoT (daedoT veto magis- wifo. poliss, rogorc saxelmwifo or-
tratebis gadawyvetilebaze). ganizaciis axal formas ukve homerosis
romsa da sxva qalaqebSic gansxvaveba iyo epoqaSi, e. w. `geometriuli renesansis~ pe-
mosaxleobis privilegirebul fenebsa da riodSi eyreba safuZveli, maSin, rodesac
plebss Soris. Zv. w. III s-Si patriciuli da Zveli monarqia _ saxelmwifoebrivi mowyo-
plebsis mdidari zeda fena erTmaneTs Seer- bis es forma wyvets arsebobas. qalaqisTvis
wya da Seiqmna nobiliteti. Zv. w. 287 w-s miRe- damaxasiaTebeli arqeologiuri xasiaTis
bul iqna kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela Strixebi (sajaro sivrce, taZrebi, kedlebi,
moqalaqisaTvis (ganurCevlad warmomav- sazogado saqmianobebi, qalaqis dagegmare-
lobisa) plebsis krebebis gadawyvetileba ba) mravlad Cans ukve Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-is
savaldebulod CaiTvala. am droidan pat- dasaxlebebSi (Zveli smirna, eretria). Zv. w.
riciebi da plebsi aRar iyo sxvadasxva fena; VII s-Si mcire zomis samosaxloTa mSvido-
mdidarma moqalaqeebma mxedrebis fena Seqm- biani uaryofa da sofluri dasaxlebebidan
nes, yvela danarCenma Raribma (xelosnebma, momdinare arqeologiur monacemTa sim-
glexebma, wvrilma movaWreebma) ki – pleb- wire, savaraudod, adreuli sinoikizmis an
sis. mosaxleobis specifikur qalaqur dasaxle-
bebSi koncentraciis niSani unda iyos.
poletesebi (pwlhtaiv) – aTeneli magistrate- polisi berZnuli urbanuli cxovrebis
bi, sityvasityviT ìs, vinc yidis~. araa dad- damaxasiaTebel formas warmoadgenda. misi
genili, Tu rodis SemoiRes es Tanamdeboba, mTavari niSan-Tvisebebia: mcire masStabi,
Tumca solonis droisTvis poletesebi ukve politikuri avtonomia, socialuri homo-
cnobilni arian. Zv. w. IV s-is Sua xanebisTvis genuroba, erTobis gancda da kanonisadmi
10 poletesi msaxurobda, romlebic TiToeu- pativiscema.
li TiTo filedan iyvnen arCeuli. isini TiToeuli polisi akontrolebda garkveul
awarmoebdnen saxelmwifo qonebis gasxvise- teritorias (cwvra-s), romelic geografi-
bas an gayidvas. saxelmwifo qoneba moicav- ulad SemosazRvruli iyo mTebiT an zRviT
da ara marto miwasa da Senoba-nagebobebs, an sxva polisis miwebiT. sasazRvro terito-
aramed im aramoqalaqeebsac, romlebmac riebisTvis omebis warmoeba, iseve rogorc
sasjelis saxiT monoba miiRes da bralde- qalaqebs Soris SeTanxmebebis dadeba da
bulTa konfiskebul qonebasac. poletesebi sakamaTo teritoriebze religiur ufle-
aseve gascemdnen maRaros amuSavebis, gada- baTa damkvidrebis mcdeloba damaxasiaTe-
saxadTa Segrovebis da msgavs nebarTvebs. beli iyo polisis struqturisTvis. aTeni
saxelmwifo qonebis gasxvisebas Tu gayidvas da sparta sxva polisTagan gamoirCeodnen
bules daswrebiT poletesebi umTavresad imiT, rom vrceli teritoriebi ekavaT. qa-
auqcionis wesiT awarmoebdnen. amis Semdeg laqebs Soris mudmiv urTierTgacvlebsa
poletesebi im gadasaxadTa sias adgendnen, da SejibrebiTobas hqonda adgili. ase rom,
romlebic arendatorTa da myidvelebisagan polisTa gansxvavebuli identurobis miuxe-
unda mieRoT, raTa Semdeg es sia apodeqtese- davad, erTiani kulturuli sivrce mudam
bisaTvis gadaecaT. SenarCunebuli iyo.
socialurad polisis moqalaqeebi qmnid-
polipragmoni (polupravgmwn) _ sityvasityviT nen eTnikurad homogenur jgufs, romelic
ìs, vinc bevrs saqmianobs~ e. i. `zedmetad be- dayofili iyo fileebad da ufro mcire na-
vrs~. Cveulebriv oratori mas mowinaaRmde- Tesaur jgufebad, rogorebic iyo fratrie-
gis mimarT damamcirebeli mniSvnelobiT ga- bi, demosebi da ojaxebi. TiToeul qalaqs
moiyenebda. Zv. w. V s-is aTenis imperia, misi hyavda Tavisi mfarveli RvTaeba da hqonda
mowinaaRmdegeebis mixedviT, iyo SeTanxme- religiuri kalendari. qurumTa adrindeli
bulad moqmedi aTenuri `polipragmasunes~ Tanamdebobebi calkeul aristokratiul
260
ojaxebs ekavaT, mogvianebiT SemoRebul politikuri kulturis amgvarma ganviTare-
Tanamdebobebze ki esa Tu is religiuri bam polisis cxovrebis yvela sferoze moax-
piri xSirad xalxis mier iniSneboda. saja- dina gavlena. religiur da socialur insti-
ro dResaswaulebze cxovelTa msxverplSe- tutebs ar hqondaT avtonomiuroba. isini,
wirvas Tan sdevda samsxverplo xorcis rogorc wesi, polisis miznebTan iyvnen misa-
Tanabari ganawileba. Zv. w. VI s-idan sajaro dagebulni. am mxriv yvelaze STambeWdav mag-
dResaswaulebi qalaqis mier mowyobili aliTs sparta warmoadgens. Tavdapirvelad
sportuli, musikaluri da Teatraluri Se- Cveulebrivma qalaqma spartam sayovelTao
jibrebebis umTavresi adgili gaxda. axali samxedro Tanameinaxeoba (sisitia) ojaxur
qalaqis damfuZneblebs sikvdilis Semdeg struqturebs Caanacvla da religiuri rit-
gmirTaTvis saxasiaTo pativs miagebdnen, ualebi hoplitTa qalaqis miznebs Seusabama.
aRumarTavdnen samarxebs qalaqis SigniT da miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva qalaqebs misad-
sajaro kultmsaxurebas uwesebdnen. agebis amgvari eqstremaluri formebisT-
aRmocenda ra rogorc aristokratiuli vis ar miumarTavT, ojaxisa da religiuri
sistema, polisi `meomarTa gildiad~ iqca, struqturebis, iseve rogorc samarTlebri-
romelSiac erTobis samxedro Zala (ho- vi sistemis didi nawili (rogoric iyo, mag-
plitebi da, mogvianebiT aTenSi sazRvao aliTad, memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli
floti, ix. Tetebi) politikur da institu- sakiTxebi) polisis saWiroebisadmi iyo da
cionalur cxovrebas akontrolebda. Sesa qvemdebarebuli.
bamisad, qalebs ar hqondaT politikuri
uflebebi da gamocalkevebulni iyvnen po policia, saberZneTi _ policiis Sesaxeb
lisis sajaro sivrcidan (ix. qali, samoqa- msjelobisas Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi
laqo uflebebi). Tavdapirvelad yvela qa- aRiarebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, erT-
laqs erTnairi institutebi unda hqonoda: maneTisagan unda gavmijnoT ori momenti:
magistratebi, romelTac yovelwliurad erTi _ policiis funqcia, rac sazogadoe-
irCevdnen; uxucesTa sabWo (ix. gerusia) da brivi wesrigis dacvasa da kanonis cxovre-
samxedro kreba. baSi gatarebaSi mdgomareobs da meore _
polisis ganviTarebis pirveli etapisaTvis represiis specializirebuli agentura _ e.
(Zv. w. VII-VI ss.) Cveulebriv damaxasiaTe- i. policiuri Zala, romelmac saxelmwifos
belia dawerili an adaTobrivi kanonmde- saxeliT zemoT dasaxelebuli movaleobani
bloba (maT xSirad miawerdnen konkretul unda aRasrulos. policiuri Zala, rogorc
nomoTetesebs (ix. likurgosi; soloni), ro- aseTi, romelic sruliad aucilebel fenom-
melic amcirebda aristokrati magistrate- enad miiCneva Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,
bis TviTnebur gadawyvetilebebs da aregu- antikur samyaroSi ar arsebobda. XVIII da
lirebda socialur konfliqtebs. meore XIX s-Si Seqmnili es Zala Tanamedrove in-
safexurisTvis (gviani VI s.) umniSvnelova- dustriuli samyaros mzard kompleqsur da
nesi iyo moqalaqeobis cnebis (ix. moqa- biurokratiul sazogadoebebSi saxelmwifo
laqeoba, saberZneTi) evolucia, moqalaqeo Zalauflebis zrdas warmoaCens.
bisa, romelic gansazRvrul privilegiebs meore mxriv, antikuri qalaq-saxelmwifoe-
da movaleobebs moicavda. moqalaqeoba bi _ polisebi socialuri regulaciis fun-
xSir SemTxvevaSi politikuri uflebebis qciebis aRsasruleblad sajarod daniSnu-
siTanabris damkvidrebas ganapirobebda, li moxeleebis saWiroebas aRiarebdnen. ase
Tumca amis gverdiT moqalaqeobis mkveT magaliTad, klasikur aTenSi magistratTa
rad Camoyalibebuli wesebi aramoqalaqe- yovelwliurad arCeul kolegiebs (asti-
Ta da daqvemdebarebuli statusebis gaCenas nomosebs, agoranomosebs da a. S.) quCebis
uwyobda xels (ix. klisTenesi; metoikosebi). sisufTavis dacva, bazris savaWro mimoqceva-
Zv. w. V da IV ss-Si polisSi Camoyalibda Ta zedamxedveloba da marcvleulis fasebis
srulad politikuri sazogadoeba, romelic kontroli evalebodaT. am tipis moxeleebs
moqalaqeTa krebaze polisis cxovrebisaT- mravlad vxvdebiT berZnul qalaqebSi ro-
vis sakvanZo gadawyvetilebis miRebisaken gorc elinistur, ise romaul periodebSi.
iyo mimarTuli. amis gverdiT, moxeleTa garkveul katego-
rias kriminalur qmedebaTa calkeuli saxe-
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obebis regulacia ekisreboda. amgvar kole- da rigiTi moqalaqeebis, romlebic iaraRs
gias aTenSi warmoadgenda e. w. `TerTmet- xelSi saxelmwifos saxeliT iRebdnen.
ni~, romlebic kenWisyriT iniSnebodnen da
romelTa movaleobaSic cixeSi msxdom tu- pontifeqsi (Pontifex) _ romaeli RvTismsaxu
saRTa meTvalyureoba, sikvdiliT dasja da ri. maT kolegias romis saxelmwifoebriv
rig SemTxvevebSi borotmoqmedTa dapatim- kultSi centraluri adgili eWira, igi sxva
reba Sedioda. amaT garda aTenSi policiur qurumTa kolegiebs, kalendrebis Sedge-
Zalas e. w. `skviTi mSvildosnebic~ warmoad- nas, wesCveulebebs, msxverplSewirvebs, da-
gendnen. isini sazogado monebi iyvnen, rom- sakrZalav kults, sakralur uflebasa da a.
lebic mcvelebad (fuvlake") an yaraulebad S. zedamxedvelobas uwevda. Tavdapirvelad
(u{poptoi) msaxurobdnen. wyaroebis mixedviT, pontifeqsis kolegia _ 5, Semdeg 15 wevrisa-
samasi skviTi mSvildosani aTenma Zv. w. 490 gan Sedgeboda, maT saTaveSi edga umaRlesi
w-s salaminTan brZolis Semdeg SeiZina. pontifeqsi.
savaraudod, maT rigebSi skviTebis garda
sxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebic Sediodnen. popularebi (populares) _ romis respublika-
yovel SemTxvevaSi, es instituti araberZeni Si (Zv. w. II-I ss.) plebsis interesebis gamomx-
mosaxleobisgan Sedgeboda. atveli (optimatebis mowinaaRmdege) Zala.
aristofanes piesebSi skviTi mSvildosnebi saxalxo tribunebs popularebis intere-
brbos zedamxedvelebad gvevlinebian _ aZe- sebis dacvaSi _ saxalxo kreba, optimatebs
veben bules sxdomidan wesrigis damrRvevs, ki senati uWerda mxars. popularebsa da op-
scemen maT, zogjer maTraxsac urtyamen. timatebs Soris daZabuli brZola agrarul
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi saxelwodeba sakiTxsa (msxvili miwaTmoqmedebis intere-
skviTebis iaraRad mSvild-isars gulisx- sebis SezRudva, savalo kabalis akrZalva da
mobs, wyaroebi maT mier am iaraRis gamoye a. S.) da romis saxelmwifos demokratizaci-
nebas ar gvidastureben. erTaderTi iaraRi, is principebs (senatisa da nobilitetis wi-
romelic skviT mSvildosnebTan dakavSire- naaRmdeg saxalxo krebisa da saxalxo tri-
biT aris moxseniebuli wyaroebSi, maTra bunebis Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba) exeboda.
xia. antikuri damowmebebiT, maT xelewife- gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani popularebi
bodaT moqalaqeTa dapatimrebac. imave ari- iyvnen Zmebi grakxusebi.
stofanes komediebSi isini borotmoqmedebs
borkils adeben an TokiT koWaven. wyaroeb- prekariumi (precarium _ micema droebiT
Si skviTi mSvildosnebi cixis mcvelebTan ar sargeblobaSi an valad) _ romaul samar-
arian dakavSirebuli. maT aseve ar gaaCndaT TalSi movalisa (accipiens) da valis mimcemis
gamoZiebis Catarebisa Tu samarTlebrivi (dans) valdebulebebi. urTierToba, rodesac
devnis warmarTvis Zalmosileba. erTi piri meore piris TxovniT gadascems
sazogadod, kriminalTan brZolaSi, dana- mas nivTs ufasod an droebiT sargeblobaSi,
Saulis gamoZiebasa da damnaSaveTa mimarT amasTanave itovebs uflebas nebismier dros
samarTlebrivi devnis aRZvraSi ara marto ukan daibrunos igi. prekariumis urTier-
aTenSi, aramed sxva antikur saxelmwifoeb- Toba maSin Camoyalibda, roca klientebi
Sic xelisufleba naklebad iRebda monawi mdidari patriciebis miwebs amuSavebdnen da
leobas. es qmedebani Tavad moqalaqeebs miwaTmflobelTa srul damokidebulebaSi
unda ewarmoebinaT naTesauri kavSirebis, gadadiodnen (iseve, rogorc SemdgomSi mova-
megobrebis Tu maTze damokidebuli adami- leebi, gaazatebulebi da monebi). prekariums
anebis meSveobiT. SedarebiT mcire masSta- ganvadebiT yidvisasac mimarTavdnen, roca
bis Zaladoba Tu miyenebuli zarali, Rarib myidvels SeeZlo esargebla sagniT,
umeteswilad, mezoblebisa da gamvlelTa romelic mas jer kidev nayidi ar hqonda.
daxmarebiT gvardeboda. es ukanasknelni patriciebi, romlebmac TandaTanobiT xelSi
moqmedebdnen rogorc mxareebi. saxelmwifo Caigdes saxelmwifo miwebi, Tavdapirvelad
mxolod maSin ereoda saqmeSi, roca Zalado- prekraristebad formalurad gamodiod-
ba politikur xasiaTs iRebda da mTlianad nen. SemdgomSi prekariumi moZrav qonebazec
sazogadoebisTvis xdeboda saSiSi. aseT Sem- gavrcelda, magram naTesaobrivi institutis
TxvevaSi xelisufleba mobilizebas axden- (commodatum) gavrcelebisTanave gaqra. Sesa-
262
Zloa prekariumisagan wamoiSva Suasukunee- italiasa da xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi vaWro-
bis xelSekruleba precaria, romlis Tanaxma- bis intensiurma ganviTarebam saWiro gaxa-
dac taZrebi uZrav qonebas droebiT sarge- da praetor peregrinus-is daniSvna (Zv. w. 242 w-s
blobaSi gadascemdnen da wliurad iRebdnen pirvelad). sxvadasxva qveynis vaWrebs Soris
xarks fuliTa an naturiT. uTanxmoebis gadasawyvetad is ara winaswar
garkveuli principebiT, aramed mxareebis
pretori (prae-ire _ win wasvla) _ romSi urTierTqmedebis safuZvliT xelmZRvan-
umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri. Tavdapirveli elobda da isini Semdeg emorCilebodnen
tituli, romelsac mefeebis gaZevebis Semdeg mis gadawyvetilebas.
da respublikis periodSi konsulebi (prae- garda amisa, mas ufleba hqonda erTi legi-
tori maiores) da aseve diqtatori (praetor maxi- onisTvis exelmZRvanela.
mus) atarebda. sardiniis dapyrobisas (Zv. w. 237 w.) kidev
Zv. w. 242 w-dan romael moqalaqeTa Soris ori pretori airCa: erTi rCeboda romSi,
saqmeebis mosagvareblad pretor urbanus erTi siciliaSi, ori sardiniasa da korsi-
(praetor urbanus _ romael moqalaqeTa saq- kaSi, Zv. w. 197 w-s SeurTda kidev 2 pretori
meebis momgvarebeli), xolo romael mo- espaneTisTvis. Zv. w. 111 w-dan bebiusis (sa-
qalaqeebsa da ucxoelebs da Tavad ucxoe- xalxo tribuni) Lex Baebia kanonis Tanaxmad
lebs Soris (Tu isini mis uflebebs eqvem- xan 4 xan 6 pretori unda yofiliyo.
debarebodnen) pretor peregrinuss (praetor Zv. w. 149 w-s mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda
peregrinus) irCevdnen. pretoris mTavari mudmivi sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos
movaleoba samarTalwarmoeba iyo. Tavisi (quaestiones perpetua) meSveobiT. adre pre-
moRvaweobis dasawyisSi pretori adioda tors mxolod kerZo saqmeebis gadawyvetis
kaTedraze da ediqtiT aqveynebda Tavisi ufleba hqonda. danaSauls, romelic sa-
Tanamdebobrivi mmarTvelobis principebs. erTo interesebs exeboda an mis farglebs
amas ewodeboda formula, doqtrina (formu- scildeboda, gansjida xalxi centuriebisa
la) an wliuri kanoni (lex annua), iwereboda da tribunebis komiciebSi anda amisTvis spe-
didi wiTeli da Savi asoebiT TeTr kedel- cialur komisias iwvevda. maSin yvela _ 6-ve
ze, SemdgomSi gaTeTrebul dafaze. pretori rCeboda qalaqSi Tavisi samsaxu-
orive pretori arCevis Semdeg wils iyri- ris erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi am sasamarT-
da Tavisi movaleobis Sesasruleblad (sors los saxelmZRvanelod da erTi wlis gas-
urbana _ qalaquri wili da sors peregrina _ vlis Semdeg miemgzavreboda provinciaSi.
ucxouri wili). praetor urbanus da praetor peregrinus Tavis mo-
praetor urbanus rogorc konsulebis umcro- valeobas asrulebdnen; sxvebs calkeul ga-
si kolega cvlida konsuls (roca is roms moZiebebs avalebdnen. provinciebis dapy-
tovebda, asrulebda mis brZanebebs) da meo- robam da sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloe-
re pretoris movaleobasac iTavsebda. prae- bma (quaestiones perpetuae) gamoiwvia pretoris
tor urbanus-s ufleba ar hqonda, romi dae- kolegiis gazrda 4, 6, 8 da bolos 18 kacamde.
tovebina 10 dReze meti xniT. am mudmivi komisiebis (quaestiones perpetuae)
pretoris win midiodnen liqtorebi faske- ricxvTan erTad izrdeboda pretorebis
biT (romSi – 2, romis gareT – 6). pretoris ricxvic: sulas dros – 8, keisris dros, misi
Rirsebis niSnebi iyo Zowisfer qobaSemov- gadawyvetilebiT – 10, 12 da 14-c; avgustusis
lebuli mosasxami (toga praetexta) da spilos dros – 12, tiberiusis dros – 12-dan 16-mde,
Zvlis savarZeli (sella curulis); pretors neronis dros ki – 18-c ki iyo;
SeeZlo moewvia saxalxo kreba da senati qalaqis pretoris movaleoba TamaSebis
da exelmZRvanela maTTvis, aseve Seetana mowyoba, sazogadoebrivi nagebobebis dac-
kanonebis proeqtebi; magram mis Tanamde- va iyo. pretori kanoniT 40 wlisa unda yo-
bobriv moqmedebebSi SeeZloT konsulebi filiyo. imperiis epoqaSi pretors gansa-
Careuliyvnen (interkesia); yvelaze mniS- kuTrebuli mniSvneloba aRar hqonda, ma-
vnelovani romis pretori iyo, mTeli mar- gram aucilebeli safexuri iyo senatoris
Tlmsajuleba mis xelSi iyrida Tavs. Zv. w. Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. dedaqalaqis
327 w-s pretoris Tanamdeboba plebsisTvi- msgavsad sxva italikur qalaqebSi sazoga-
sac xelmisawvdomi gaxda; doebis moxeleebi pretoris tituls atareb-
263
dnen. amrigad praetor peregrinus-i praqtikaSi boda ara marto romSi, aramed romidan 150
yalibdeboda, rogorc axali samarTeblivi km-is radiusSi (milliarium).
instituti, anu axali gansakuTrebuli mniSv- daqvemdebarebul qalaqebSi (civitates sine
nelovani samarTali, romlis safuZvels suffragio) prefeqti qalaqis pretoris dava-
warmoadgenda bona fides (keTilsindisiere- lebiT umaRles iurisdiqcias axorcieleb-
ba); klasikurma mecnierebam mas saerTaSo- da – praefectus iure (iuri dicundo). prefeqtebi
riso samarTali (ius gentium) uwoda. meTaurebad jer kidev respublikur armi-
sulas droidan pretorebi sasamarTlo aSi msaxurobdnen: qveiT jarSi (praefectus
magistratebi gaxdnen, Tumca maT Semdgom- legionis), flotSi (praefectus classis) da samx-
Sic samxedro da sagangebo saxelmwifo saq- edro banakSi (praefectus castrorum); rogorc
meebsac andobdnen. TiToeul pretors hqon- mTavrobis emisrebi provinciaSi sxvadasxva
da moRvaweobis Tavisi sfero, romelic wi- saxis davalebebs asrulebdnen. armiaSi xe-
lisyriT an SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreboda. losnebs xelmZRvanelobda – praefectus fab-
yvela pretori romSi Tanaswori iyo da rum. kolegiis xelmZRvanelsac – praefectus
hqonda interkesiis ufleba. collegii ewodeboda.
principatis epoqaSi pretorebi rCebodnen principatis epoqaSi prefeqti saimperato-
mTavar sasamarTlo magistratebad, amave ro umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis tituli
dros maT andoben sxvadasxva specialur iyo. maT ricxvs miekuTvneboda:
sferoebs. xazinis pretors (praetor aerarius) – egviptis nacvali (praefectus Aegypti), aleqsan-
xazinas (aerarium) da a. S., iyo fiskusis pre- driisa da egviptis nacvali (praefectus Alex-
tori – (praetor fiscalis), Tavisuflebis saqmis andriae et Aegypti). egviptis nacvali, romelic
pretori (praetor de-liberalibus causis), saaqcio imperatoris pirad moadgiled iTvleboda,
aRweris pretori; romis imperiaSi egviptis gansakuTrebuli
pretori meurve (praetor tutelarius) markus mdgomareobis gamo mas nacvlebs Soris
avreliusis droidan meurveobis sakiTxebs pirveli adgili eWira.
ganagebda. Praefectus praetorio _ avgustusidan imperato-
pretori dominatis epoqaSic arsebobda, ma- ris piradi dacvis (cohortes praetoriae), Sem-
gram maTi uSualo funqciebi imperiis Cinov- dgomSi ki italiaSi (romis garda) yvela
nikebis xelSi gadavida. samxedro nawilis meTauri. dasawyisSi pre-
torebi orni iyvnen, SemdgomSi maTi ricxvi
pretorianebi (praetoriani) – imperatoris pi- erTidan oTxamde gaizarda. isini mxedarTa
radi dacvis gvardia. ix. kohorta fenas ekuTvnodnen, magram radgan imperato-
ris ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi, mrCevlebi
prefeqti (praefectus – meTauri) – umaRlesi da moadgileebi iyvnen, saimperatoro karis
Tanamdebobis pirebis tituli mxedrebisa da umaRlesi moxeleebi gaxdnen. komodusis
senatorebis fenidan. dros maT mTeli italiisa da provinciebis
praefectus urbi(s) – qalaqis prefeqti, Tavda- administraciuli da sasamarTlo ufle-
pirvelad mefis aryofnisas misi moadgile. bamosileba ekuTvnodaT (romidan 150 km-is
konsulsac, roca qalaqs tovebda, unda radiusiT daSorebuli teritoria). prin-
daeniSna praefectus urbi(s). qalaqis preto- cepsis saxeliT gansjidnen samarTals, ami-
ris Tanamdebobis SemoRebis Semdeg (Zv. w. tomac faqtobrivad uzenaesi mosamarTleebi
367 w.) praefectus urbi(s) iniSneboda mxolod iyvnen, isini saapelacio instancias war-
laTinuri dResaswaulebis dros (praefectus moadgendnen, romelic gasaCivrebas ar
urbi(s) feriarum Latinarum). tiberiusis droi- eqvemdebareboda (ukanasknel instanciad
dan yovelTvis iniSneboda praefectus urbi(s) mxolod imperatoris Sewyaleba rCeboda).
(igi yovelTvis consularis – yofili konsuli kanonis farglebSi maT SeeZloT normatu-
iyo), romelic erT-erT umaRlesi Tanamde- li brZanebulebebis gamocema (ediqti da a.
bobis pirad iTvleboda. igi romSi poli- S.). es Tanamdeboba eWiraT udides romael
cias (cohortes urbanae) xelmZRvanelobda da iuristebs. konstantines droidan praefectus
asrulebda samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarT- praetorio samoqalaqo Tanamdebobis pirebi
lis uflebamosilebas. iyo aseve saapelacio gaxdnen da prefeqturas xelmZRvanelobd-
instancia, misi uflebamosileba vrcelde- nen.
264
imperatoris epoqis mniSvnelovani prefe- avgustusma Zv. w. 28 w-s es republikuri ter-
qtebi iyvnen: saturnusis xazinis prefeqti mini araoficialurad gamoiyena `romis
(praefectus aerari Saturni); jaris ufrosi (prae- saxelmwifos pirveli moqalaqis~ mniSvn-
fectus militaris); praefectus militaris alimentorum elobiT da I-III ss-Si igi niSnavda romael
Raribebs (gansakuTrebiT bavSvebs) Soris imperators (princeps Romanorum; princeps uni-
sakvebis ganawilebas ganagebdnen; prefectus versorum); romisTvis princepsis samarTle-
annonae _ pasuxismgebeli iyo moemarage- blivi mdgomareobas gansazRvravda tribu-
bina puriTa da sxva produqtiT romi, mas nis Zalaufleba (tribunica potestas), romlis
SezRuduli samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarT- safuZvelze princepsi iyo xelSeuxebeli
lis uflebamosileba hqonda am sferoSi; (sacrosanctus) da hqonda interkesiis ufleba
praefectus municipii _ sinonimi praefectus Cae- yvela magistratis mimarT; italiis olqebi-
saris, princepsis (misi ojaxis wevrebis) ndo- sa da yvela provinciisaTvis iyo prokon-
biT aRWurvili piri, amorCeuli romelime suli da mTeli romauli armiisa da nacv-
qalaqis umaRlesi magistratis mier; praefec- lebis meTauri. es uflebamosilebani mas
tus vehiculorum _ ganagebda imperiis fostas rogorc samarTlebliv, aseve sakanonmde-
(cursus publicus); prefectus vigilum _ Ramis po- blo gadamwyvet Zalauflebas aniWebda.
liciuri da xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxu- amave dros princepsi xSirad iyo aseve
ris ufrosi, romSi rangiT meore oficeri, konsuli, cenzori da umaRlesi pontifeqsi
mas emorCileboda cohortes vigilium, misi moR- (pontifex maximus). garda amisa mas hqonda
vaweobis sferoSi samoqalaqo da sisxlis uamravi sapatio tituli: avgustusi, keisari,
samarTlis iurisdiqcia Sedioda. RvTis Svili, imperatori, paterfamilias da
sxv., gardacvalebis Semdeg ki RmerTTa dass
prefeqtura _ prefeqtis moRvaweobis sfe- miekuTvneboda da iwodeboda RvTaebrivad
ro, italiis nebismieri qalaqi, romelsac (divus).
ar hqonda sakuTari sasamarTlo Zalauf- imperatoris umaRless Zalauflebas ewo-
leba, magram hyavda romidan gamogzavni- deboda principati an principiumi; magram
li umaRlesi Zalauflebis aRmsrulebeli SemdgomSi saxelmwifos meTauris wodeba _
(praefectus iuri dicundo). dioklitianesa da princepsi Seicvala keisriT, imperatoriTa
konstantine I-is reformebiT romis imperia da niSnavda taxtis memkvidres.
dayofili iyo 4 provinciad: 2 _ aRmosavle- Princeps iuventutis _ imperatoris vaJiSvilis,
TiT da 2 _ dasavleTiT (aRmosavleTi, il- rogorc ymawvil mxedarTa winamZRolis
irikumi, italia da galia). tituli.
princeps officii _ administraciuli daweseb-
princepsi (princeps pirveli) _ romis respub- ulebis xelmZRvaneli.
likis epoqaSi senatis siaSi pirveli sena-
torebi da pirveli xmis mimcemebi. principati (principatus) _ romauli istoriis
imperiis epoqaSi ki imperatoris tituli. periodi `principati~ (ax. w. I-III ss.) imperiis
princeps civitalis (saxelmwifos princepsi) – I periodi – avgustusidan dioklitianusamde
yvelaze mniSvnelovani piri saxelmwifoSi. (ax. w. 284 w). xSirad am periods àdrindeli
princeps senatus – pirveli senatori (yofil imperiasac~ uwodeben.
cenzorTagan uxucesi), pirveli gamoTqvamda
Tavis azrs da SeeZlo Tavisi avtoritetiT probole (probolhv) _ sajaro braldebis
saqmis gadawyvetaze zemoqmedeba moexdina. _ grafes erT-erTi saxeoba. es iyo winas-
am pativs mas arc asaki, arc gvariSviloba, wari braldeba, romelsac mosarCele ufro
arc politikuri mniSvneloba, aramed mxo xSirad saxalxo krebas warudgenda, vidre
lod araCveulebrivi zneobrivi sidiade uSualod dikasterions (sasamarTlos).
aniWebda. pirveli senatori xdeboda is, saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebas oficial-
visac cenzorebi senatorTa siaSi pirvels uri Zala ar hqonda. igi ar avaldebuleb-
Cawerdnen, es pativi yoveli xuTi wlis Sem- da warmatebul mosarCeles, rom mas saqme
deg sxva pirze gadadioda. pirveli sena- sasamarTloSi ganegrZo da arc warumate-
tors umeteswilad yofili cenzorebi Ta- blobis SemTxvevaSi ukrZalavda, miemarTa
visi winamorbedi uxucesebidan irCevdnen. sasamarTlosaTvis. igi ar uwesebda jarimas
265
arc mosarCeles da arc mopasuxes. probole naaRmdegobaSi ar modioda romis saer-
ubralod ufro mtkices xdida warmatebuli To politikasTan. provinciis gamgeblebi
mosarCelis pozicias. proboles iyenebd- yovelwliurad icvlebodnen, Tumca zogjer
nen sikofantobaSi dadanaSaulebulTa an senati mizanSewonilad Tvlida erTi da
im politikur liderTa mimarT, romleb- imave piris Tanamdebobaze datovebasac. am
sac cru dapirebebiT xalxis SecdomaSi Sey- winadadebiT Semodioda senati da es dadge-
vana edebodaT bralad. proboles saxalxo nileba saxalxo gadawyvetilebiT mtkicde-
dResaswaulebze warmoqmnili davis SemTx- boda (plebisciti), Tumca zogjer plebi-
vevaSic mimarTavdnen. demosTenes sityva scitis gverdis avliTac xdeboda xolme am
`midiasis winaaRmdeg~ am tipis saqmis sauke- dadgenilebis miReba. provinciis gamgeb-
Teso magaliTs warmoadgens. lis funqciaSi Sedioda ara mxolod jaris
sardloba, aramed samosamarTlo funqciac
proedrosebi (provedroi) _ Zv. w. V s-Si da mTeli provinciis gamgeblobac. provin-
bulesa da saxalxo krebis Sexvedrebs pri- ciis gamgebels uniSnavdnen kvestors – xa-
tanisebis meTaurebi – epistatesebi Tavmj- zinadars, romelic, erTi mxriv, izidavda
domareobdnen, mogvianebiT ki am funqciis romidan provinciisaTvis Tanxebs, magram,
Sesruleba proedrosebma itvirTes, radgan meore mxriv, igi valdebuli iyo aekrifa
pritanisebi mravalricxovani movaleobe- romisaTvis gadasaxdi (veqtigaliis gar-
biT datvirTulni iyvnen. axali sistema Zv. w. da). kvestori emorCileboda provinciis
403/2 – 378/7 ww-s Soris unda yofiliyo Se- gamgebels, romelsac SeeZlo misi samsaxu
moRebuli. bulesa Tu saxalxo krebis yovel ridan daTxovna. kvestoris garda gamge
Sexvedraze pritanisebis meTauri kenWisyriT bels yvelgan Tan axlda dacva (cohors prae-
irCevda cxra proedross bules im wevre- toria), romelic wesrigs amyarebda. gamgebe-
bidan, romlebic im momentSi pritanisebad li valdebuli iyo yovel wels Semoevlo
ar msaxurobdnen, TiTo proedross – TiTo mTeli provincia, rasac igi ZiriTadad
filedan. proedrosis amorCeva mxolod im zamTrobiT akeTebda, ramdenadac zafxuli
filedan ar xdeboda, romelsac pritanisebi omebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. gansxvavebiT
ekuTvnodnen. amis Semdeg pritanebis meTau- romisagan, sadac moqalaqeebs SeeZloT
ri am cxra proedrosisagan erTs irCevda gamoeyenebinaT interkesia Tavis dasaca-
winamZRolad – ejpistavth"-ad. erTi da igive vad, provinciaSi msgavsi samarTlebrivi
pirovneba proedrosi pritaneis manZilze meqanizmi ar funqcionirebda. romi cdi-
mxolod erTxel SeiZleboda yofiliyo, lobda, rac SeiZleba meti sargebeli mieRo
aseve mxolod weliwadSi erTxel SeiZle- provinciebisagan, ris gamoc provinciebSi
boda gamxdariyo igi proedrosTa meTauri. sakmaod mZime mdgomareoba iyo. oficialu
proedrosebs Sekrebaze unda uzrunveleyoT ri gadasaxadebis paralelurad xSiri iyo
wesrigis dacva, dRis wesrigis Sesabamisad araoficialuri saCuqrebi, meqrTameoba,
gamoetanaT sakiTxebi gansaxilvelad, daeT- rasac xSir SemTxvevaSi ara nebayoflo-
valaT xmebi da dasasrul daexuraT Sekreba. biTi, aramed iZulebiTi xasiTi hqonda.
pirvel provincias warmoadgenda sicilia
provincia (provincia) – provincia ewodeboda (Zv. w. 241 w.). keisris periodSi provinciaTa
romis mier damorCilebul nebismier qve ricxvi 18-s aRwevs. avgustusma 7 strategi-
yanas italiis sazRvrebs gareT, romelsac ulad mniSvnelovani regioni TavisTvis
ganagebda romi Tavisi nacvlebis saSuale- daitova (provinciae Caesaris). iq ganagebdnen
biT. gamarjvebuli mTavarsardali, ro- avgustusis legatebi. TiToeul maTgans
melic ipyrobda teritorias, ayalibebda yvelgan 5 liqtori axlda Tan. avgustusis
droebiT administraciul-samarTlebriv legatebis mmarTveloba ar iyo droSi wi-
normas, romelsac mogvianebiT amtkicebda naswar gansazRvruli da mTlianad prin-
senati da niSnavda 10 legats, romlebic da- cepsis keTil nebaze iyo damokidebuli.
pyrobili teritoriis srul administraci-
ul-samarTlebriv mowyobas iwyebdnen. ro- provokacia/provokacio (provocatio) _ ro-
gorc wesi, SenarCunebuli iyo dapyrobili maul respublikaSi konsulisa an pretoris
qveynis politikuri mowyoba, Tu igi wi- mier msjavrdadebuli moqalaqis xalxisadmi
266
apelaciis ufleba. imperatoris epoqaSi im- konsuli cdilobda, rac SeiZleba meti sim-
peratori iyo apelaciis umaRlesi instancia. didre daegrovebina provinciebSi da ro-
maelebi amas usamarTlobad ar miiCnevdnen.
prokonsuli (pro consule _ konsulis adg-
ilze) _ yofili konsuli, romelsac senatma prokuratori (mmarTveli) — mxedrebis
uflebamosileba gaugrZela mniSvnelovani maRali Tanamdeboba
saxelmwifo davalebis Sesasruleblad. 1) samoqalaqo samarTalSi: e.w. saxlis
is xelmZRvanelobda provincias, wyvetda mmarTveli, romelic wesrigs amyareb-
samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs. da ojaxSi da aseve monebs Soris; sxvisi
principatis epoqaSi prokonsuli senatis qonebis ganmgebeli, romelic calmxrivi
provinciis TiToeuli moxelis tituli iyo. rwmunebulebiT mimdinare sameurneo saqmee-
rogorc ki prokonsuls romelime provin- biT iyo dakavebuli, ar saWiroebda Tavisi
cia wilisyriT xvdeboda, myisve unda dae- batonis Tanxmobas (es dakavSirebuli iyo
tovebina romi, rom uflebamosileba ar romis teritoriul eqspansiasTan, romlis
daekarga. kapitoliumidan sazeimo msvl- Sedegadac romis moqalaqeebi erTmaneTisa-
elobiT senatis mier daniSnuli prokon- gan Zlier daSorebul adgilebze flobdnen
suli mTeli Tavisi amaliT miemarTeboda mniSvnelovan qonebas da hqondaT qonebrivi
provinciaSi. misi Zalauflebis simbolo 12 interesebi), maT Soris qonebis gasxvisebis
faski iyo. mTel gzaze mcxovreblebs unda garigebebiT, aseve procesualuri qmedebe-
uzrunveleyoT misi saWiroebebi (Tu gemiT biT; Tavdapirvelad prokuratori azati
midioda, gemi ufasod unda SeeTavazebinaT iyo, SemdgomSi batonis ndobiT aRWurvili
da a. S.). provinciaSi Casvlisas mis winamor- piri; prokuratoris samarTleblivi mdgo-
beds 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi unda daetovebina mareobis ganmtkicebis aucileblobam gamoi-
provincia, Tavad ki ufleba ar hqonda dae- wvia mas da batons Soris samarTeblivi
tovebina provincia im erTi wlis manZilze, urTierToba (negotiurum gestio); SemdgomSi,
ra droiTac is iyo daniSnuli (momdevno ukve klasikur samarTalSi, prokuratoris
konsulis Camosvlamde). provinciaSi Cas- uflebamosileba mandatis saxiTac dadg-
vlisTanave is provinciis brZanebulebas inda, klasikuris Semdgomdroindel samar-
(ediqti — edictum provinciae) gamoscemda, ro- TalSi prokuratoris uflebamosileba vr-
melic, bunebrivia, ar ewinaaRmdegeboda ro- celdeboda mxolod erT saqmeze (procurator
maul kanonebs, magram provinciis mcxovre- unius rei);
blebis uflebebsac iTvaliswinebda. romSi 2) procesualur samarTalSi: mopasuxis an
brundeboda Tavisi niSnebiT (insignia) da mosarCelis araformalurad daniSnuli
valdebuli iyo, 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi an- warmomadgeneli anu rwmunebuli yvela sa-
gariSi warmoedgina provinciaSi Tavisi samarTlo saqmeSi an mxolod gansazRvrul
mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb. provinciaSi prokon- procesze (rogorc damswre, aseve ardams-
suli uzenaesi mmarTveli iyo da mxolod wre mxarisa);
iq mcxovreb romael moqalaqeebs SeeZloT 3) imperatorebis epoqaSi imperatoris pro-
samarTlis saZieblad romisTvis miemar- vinciebSi winandeli kvestorebis nacvlad
TaT. samarTalwarmoebisTvis is provinci- igzavnebodnen e.w. prokuratorebi, romelT-
is qalaqebSi zamTarSi dadioda, zafxulSi ac mogvianebiT damTvlelebi (rationales) ewo-
ki saomari moqmedebebiT iyo dakavebuli. debodaT. maT mxedarTa fenidan irCevdnen
Tu saWiroeba moiTxovda, igi iq mcxovrebi imperatoris kerZo fiskusisTvis gadasaxa-
romael moqalaqeebs jarSi samsaxurisaT- dis asakrefad. senatis provinciebSi, Sesa-
vis iwvevda, xolo adgilobriv mcxovreb- Zlebelia, imperatoris kerZo mamulebidan
lebs ubrZanebda, damxmare jari SeekribaT. iyo prokuratoric, romelsac fiskusSi Se-
Tu mcxovreblebi prokonsuliT kmyofilni mosavali Sehqonda. gadasaxadebs ki xazinaSi
iyvnen, isini mas qandakebas udgamdnen, ta- (erariumi) kvlav kvestorebi ixdidnen.
Zarsac ugebdnen da zogjer senatSic ag- mcire provinciebs, rogorc didisTvis mi-
zavnidnen samadlobelo adress, magram kuTvnebuls, ganagebdnen prokuratorebi,
zogjer cudi prokonsulebi ZaladobiT romelTac iurisdisqcia da Zalauflebac
ixveWdnen am pativs. saerTod, yoveli pro- (imperium) hqondaT;
267
4) procurator aerarii maioris _ finansTa minis- iyideboda, fuls saxelmwifo iRebda, maT
tri; monebs ki aTavisuflebdnen. proskripciebSi
procurator rei privatae _ fiskusis ganmgebeli; moxvedrili pirebis STamomavlebs ar hqon-
mdidar qalebsac hyavdaT Tavisi mmarTvele- daT ufleba sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobebze
bi (procuratores). daniSnuliyvnen.
proletarebi (proles _ STamomavlebi, ro- prostitucia (prostitutio _ garyvnilebis, na

gorc erTaderTi qoneba) _ uRaribesi moqa- musis SebRalvis safasuri, prostituere _ saa
laqeebi, saxelmwifosTvis mxolod Tavisi Skaraoze gamotana) _ Zvel saberZneTsa da
STamomavlobiT gamosadegi. maT ar hqon- romSi gavrcelebuli iyo rogorc qalebis,
daT cenzi da mxolod erTi centuria gamo- aseve kacebis prostitucia. aRmosavleTi-
hyavdaT, Sesabamisad, saxalxo krebaSi xmis sagan gansxvavebiT sataZro prostitucias
micemis uflebac ar hqondaT. proletarebi mxolod korinToSi afrodites taZarSi
ar ixdidnen gadasaxads da arc samxedro sam- eweodnen. garyvnilebis saxlebi aTenSi so
saxuri evalebodaT. mariusis jaris refor- lonis dros dawesda. saxelmwifos mier
mis Semdeg isini daqiravebuli profesiuli dawesebuli iyo maTi Sromis anazRaurebis
jaris ZiriTad masas Seadgendnen. romaeli mtkice fasebi. mona qali, romelsac ga
lumpen-proletarebi ekuTvnodnen sazoga- yiddnen im pirobiT, rom prostitucias
doebis parazitul fenas, magram raRac ar mosTxovdnen, am pirobis darRvevisas
nawili Sromobda. proletarebi sxvadasxva gamyidvelis azati xdeboda.
samuSaoTi iyvnen dakavebuli _ muSaobdnen Cveulebrivi meZavebisagan gansxvavdebod-
mSeneblobaze, mtvirTavebad. zogierTebi nen heterebi, romlebic ganaTlebulebi
iyvnen wvrili xelosnebi, mewvrilmaneebi. iyvnen da sazogadoebaze xSirad did gavle-
gviani respublikis xanaSi saxalxo krebaze nas axdendnen.
arCevnebis kandidatebisTvis sakuTar xmebs
yiddnen. naCuqari puri saarsebo minimumi procentebi _ mevaxSeoba gamdidrebis erT-
iyo, magram saxelmwifo mainc uamrav fuls erTi saSualebad iqca romSi. yvelaze ufro
xarjavda purisa da sanaxaobisaTvis. sax- xSirad TveSi 2%-iani sesxi gaicemoda, xSir-
elmwifo drodadro zrunavda, Seemcirebi- ad es ricxvi izrdeboda, gansakuTrebiT,
na proletarebis raodenoba romSi. ase mag. riskis gaTvaliswinebiT, mag., sazRvao ses-
iulius keisarma mcirericxovan plebeebs xis gacemisas. gvianrespublikur da impera-
(320 aTasidan _ 150 aTasamde) dautova ufaso toris epoqaSi sesxis maqsimaluri raode-
purisa da sxva produqtis miRebis ufleba. nobad TveSi 1% dawesda, magram es kanoni
romaeli Raribebi (80 aTasi) gadaasaxla xSirad irRveoda.
koloniebSi. proletarebi monebis msgavsad
sazogadoebis Cagruli nawili iyo. procesi fulis Sesaxeb (pecuniae repetundae
_ fuli, romelic ukan unda gamoiTxovo)
proskripcia/proskripcio (proscriptio) — sa- _ provinciebis mmarTveli arakanonierad
jaro gancxadeba, gadaxdisuunaro movalee- gamdidrebuli romaeli nacvlebis sa-
bis, gansakuTrebiT ki sasamarTlos gareSe samarTlo procesebis zogadi saxeli. rom-
ukanonod gamocxadebuli pirebis sia. am Si Zv. w. 149 w-dan iyo mudmivi sasamarTlo
siaSi Setanilis aRmoCenisaTvis jildo iyo palata, romelic am saqmeebs ganixilavda.
dawesebuli. sulam Zv. w. 82 w-s pirvelad kanonebi da dadgenilebebi am sakiTxTan da-
sajarod gamoacxada cnobili da mdidari kavSirebiT araerTgzis icvleboda.
pirebis (40 senatori, 1000 mxedari) Serisx-
vis cnoba da SemdgomSi mis dakanonebazec
izruna. proskripciebs mimarTes triumvi-
rebma (150-mde senatoris sia gamoaqveynes). r
SerisxulTa dafebze daweril saxelebs
rekuperatorebi (recuperatores) _ im kolegiis
sajarod gamodgamdnen. proskripciebSi
wevrebi, romelic Sedgeboda araumcires
moxvedrilebi kanongareSed iTvlebodnen,
sami nafici mosamarTlisagan da romelic
CamoerTmeodaT qoneba, romelic sajarod
268
ganixilavda iseT saqmeebs, romelTac daC- erTmeoda ufleba gamxdariyo magistrati,
qarebuli gadawyveta sWirdeboda: zaralis mosamarTle da sxv.
anazRaureba saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-
bebis safuZvelze, davebi romaelebsa da reskripti (rescriptum _ sapasuxo werili,
ucxoelebs Soris. TviTon process ewodebo- pasuxi) _ imperatoris an provinciis nacv-
da rekuperacia (recuperatio). amasTan erTad lis sapasuxo werili sadao sakiTxze kerZo
rekuperatorebi ganixilavdnen gamoZalvis, pirsa an moxeleze an mTel samsaxurze. Tu
gaflangvis saqmeebs, publikanebis sarCe- is vrceli iyo, mas werili (epistulae) erqva.
lebs. saqmis warmoebis forma iyo formu- kerZo pirs princepsi subskripciis (sub-
laruli garkveuli samarTlebrivi proce- scriptio _ miwera, wawera) formiT pasuxobda,
durebis gamartivebiT: SezRuduli vadebi (10 romelic gamoekideboda sajaro adgilas
dRiani procesi), sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebul da mTxovnels SeeZlo misi piri an aslis
mowmeTa mcire raodenoba da a.S. am upirate- gakeTeba. subskripcias imperatori xels wi-
sobebis gamo samarTalwarmoebis es forma Teli melniT awerda.
Zalian popularuli gaxda gansakuTrebiT rescripta principum _ gamoxatavda princepsis
provinciebSi, mogvianebiT _ dedaqalaqSic iuridiul TvalTaxedvas, zogjer is xel
da moicva ukve is davebic, romlebic romis qveiTebisaTvis miTiTebas Seicavda, magram
moqalaqeebs hqondaT erTmaneTSi. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis xasiaTi ar
hqonda. II s-dan rescripta principum ukve iseT
relegacia/relegacio (relegatio gaZeveba) _ normadaa aRiarebuli, romelsac kanonis
gaZevebis Serbilebuli forma. ojaxis mamas Zala aqvs. reskriptis mravali krebuli iyo,
hqonda ufleba Tavisi Svilebi da monebi magram Cvenamde mxolod ramdenimes Sesaxeb
gaeZevebina sofelSi, sadac maT ufro mZime cnobaRa SemogvrCa.
samuSao da mkacri mopyroba elodaT. ro- klasikuris Semdgom periodSi warmoiSva
gorc saxelmwifo dasja, gaZeveba respubli- warmoebis axali saxeoba — e.w. reskrip-
kis dros ar gvxvdeba, magarm senatsa da umaR- tuli procesi: mxare vidre kamaTs dai-
les Tanamdebobis pirebs SeeZloT saxelmwi- wyebda, imperators mimarTavda piradi
fosTvis saSiSi pirebi ediqtiT gaeZevebinaT TxovniT, gamoeTqva azri sakamaTo sakiTxze.
(zogjer qoneba, moqalaqeoba CamoerTvaT, es ZviradRirebuli saSualeba iyo, magram
dabrunebisas, romelic ekrZalebodaT, icavda mxares pirveli instanciis meqr-
sikvdiliT daesajaT). avgustusma pirvel- Tame mosamarTleebisagan. imperators
ma gamoiyena relegacia, rogorc gaZevebis SeeZlo aseve gaegzavna mTxovneli Sesa-
ufro msubuqi forma (wylisa da cecxlis bamis mosamarTlesTan da mieca Sesaferi-
akrZalva _ aquae et ignis interdictio, deportatio), si miTiTeba. politikuri mniSvnelobiT
romelic ar laxavda Rirsebas, ar arTmev- reskriptuli procesi centralizaciis mniS-
da qonebas da aseve moqalaqeobis uflebas vnelovani saSualeba iyo, romelic mimar-
ar zRudavda. misi momdevni imperatorebi Tuli iyo centridanuli tendenciebis wi-
xSirad iynebdnen am sasjels adulteris, naaRmdeg.
garyvnilebis (stuprum), ciliswamebis (calum-
nia), repetunde da a.S. misgan gansxvavdeboda restitucia/restitucio (restitutio) _ adrinde-
_ interdictio certorum locorum, romlis mixedviT li mdgomareobis aRdgena, sagangebo saSu-
msjavrdadebuls ekrZaleboda calkeul adg- aleba, roca pretors SeeZlo sasamarTlo
ilebsa da provinciebSi wasvla. ganaCenis gauqmeba. uZveles droSi restitu-
cia kriminalur-sasamarTlo mdgomareobiT
repetunde (repetundae, crimen repetundarum) _ ekuTvnoda xalxs, Tu saWiro iyo daebrune-
Tanamdebobis piris mier qrTamis gamoZal- binaT gandevnilisTvis, romelsac wyali da
va (nivTis an fulis ukanono miTviseba). es cecxli akrZaluli hqonda (cui aqua et ignis
danaSauli Tavidan isjeboda fulis ukan interdictum erat), misi adrindeli uflebebi an
dabrunebiT, mogvianebiT ukanonod miTvise- SeewyalebinaT. samoqalaqo mRelvarebis
buli Tanxis 2-4-jer meti moculobiT dab- dros SemTxveviTi adamianebi isakuTrebdnen
runebiT. gansakuTrebiT mZime SemTxvevaSi xalxis am uflebas. imperatorebis xanaSi
aseTi kanongadacdomis gamo pirovnebas restitucia iyo ufleba, romelmac Sewy-
269
alebis saerTo mniSvneloba miiRo (magram saajo kars umaRlesi sasamarTlos funqcie-
xSirad yvela uflebis dabrunebis gareSe, bi daekisra, manamde ki uzenaes marTlmsa-
saxeldobr, adrindeli qonebis dabrunebis julebis movaleobas Tavad mefe asrulebda.
gareSe) da hqondaT imperatorebs da ara aq ganixileboda qveda safexuris sasamarT-
xalxs. restituciis mizezi iyo: arasrulw- los gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo momCiv-
lovaneba, iZuleba, SiSi da a. S. nis aja. saajo kari ganixilavda rogorc
samoqalaqo, aseve sisxlissamarTlebriv
rigi _ wesi, ganweseba Zvel saqarTveloSi. saqmeebs. XII s-is 10-iani wlebidan saajo
arsebobda zogadqarTuli xasiaTis `saqa- kars mefis upirvelesi moxele mwigno-
rTvelos rigi~ da calkeuli kuTxeebis barTuxuces-Wyondideli warmarTavda (ix.
rigi, rogoricaa `kaxuri rigi~. ganirCeo- mwignobarTuxucesi). Wyondideli orSabaT
da agreTve `naTesaobis rigi~, `xelosno- dRes Tavis uaxloes xelqveiTebTan _ me-
bis rigi~, `purobis rigi~ da a. S. batonisa fis sawolisa da zardaxnis anu samxedro
da ymis urTierToba `batonymobis rigis~ sawyobis mwignobrebis TanxlebiT arCevda
mixedviT wesrigdeboda. rigis darRve- òbolTa da qvrivTa da mimZlavrebulTa
vas `rigidan gasvla~, xolo mis damrRvevs moCivarTa~ saqmeebs, Tu isini Tavs da-
`rigidan gasuli~ ewodeboda. Cagrulad Tvlidnen. sasamarTlo saqmeebSi
zardaxnis mwignobari vezirTa upirvelesis
romaeli moqalaqe (civis Romanus) _ romis warvlenili moxele, misi mindobilobaTa
moqalaqeobis uflebis mqone piri. pirvel aRmasrulebeli da nacvali iyo. orSabaTis
rigSi piri, romelic daibada kanonieri garda, kviris sxva dReebSi saajo kari sxva
qorwinebis Sedegad; sruluflebiani ro- msajulTa SemadgenlobiT moqmedebda.
maeli moqalaqe (civis optimo iure) Tavdapir-
velad iyo mxolod ojaxis mama (paterfamili sabinus masuriusi (Sabinus Mas(s)urius) _
as), sxva danarCeni iyo daucveli moqalaqe ubralo warmoSobis cnobili iuristi,
(civis imminuto iure). politikurad uuflebo didxans mxolod mowafeebis honorariT
iyo moqalaqe xmis micemis uflebis gareSe cxovrobda. mxolod 50 wlisam daagro-
(civis sine suffragio), mxolod nominalur moqa- va mxedris cenzi da tiberiusma uboZa mas
laqeebad iTvlebodnen keTilSobili qale- (pirvels mxedrebidan) iuridiuli daskvnis
bi (mulieres ingenuae). Tavdapirvelad romae- ufleba (ius respodendi). sabinus masuriusma
li moqalaqe SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod jer kidev neronis dros daiwyo nayofi-
romis mcxovrebi (kviriti), mogvianebiT ro- eri moRvaweoba. Tavisi mTavari Txzuleba
maulma moqalaqeobam samarTeblivi xasiaTi `samoqalaqo samarTali~ 3 wignad saxelmZ-
miiRo da ar iyo dakavSirebuli uSualod Rvanelod gamoiyeneboda da ax. w. III s-mde
qalaqis teritoriasTan. mas bevri iuristi komentarebsac urTavda.
klasikuris Semdgom tradicias sabinusis
saxelidan usafuZvlod gamohyavda iuridi-
uli skolis dasaxeleba – Sabiniani.
s
saanjmno, bexvne, TuSeTi _ dila-saRa- saglexo _ miwaTmflobelobis saxeoba _
mos xalxis Sesayreli adgili, sadac sau- `glexT saferi~ (saba) adgil-mamuli feoda-
brobdnen moclis dros. saanjmno xalxur lur saqarTveloSi. feodalis mamulSi gam-
mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebul sakrebu- oyofili miwa, romelic glexebze gaicemoda.
lodac warmogvidgeba. bexvne-saanjmno is- saglexo nawilobriv saijaro (rogorc wesi
eTi sakrebulo iyo, sadac yrilobas saso- _ saRalo) iyo, Cveulebriv ki memkvidreo-
flo saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT gamohqonda biTi flobisa da sabatono begaris pirobiT
gadawyvetileba. calkeul komlebze nawildeboda. amis gamo
saglexo mamuladac da sakomlodac iwode-
saajo kari _ samsjavro, sasamarTlo dawe- boda. beqas da aRbuRas samarTalSi (m. 56) sa-
sebuleba Zvel saqarTveloSi. daviT aR- glexo fuZe, xolo vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi
maSeneblis gatarebuli reformebis Semdeg (m. 103) saglexo adgili ixsenieba.
270
saeklesio samarTali _ eklesiisa da sax- sac erTi sazogadoebis wevrs Cxubs autexda
elmwifos mier dadgenili wesebis sistema, meore sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi TavisaSi da
romelic gansazRvravs eklesiis Sinagan pirvels Tavisi sazogadoebidan vinme daes-
struqturas da morwmuneebsa da saxelmwi- wreboda, uTuod mas unda daxmareboda, rac
fos Soris urTierTobas. ar unda mtrulad yofiliyo ganwyobili ma-
feodalur saqarTveloSi saekle- namde.
sio samarTali xels uwyobda qarTuli
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmate- saTavisTao sakuTreba _ termini, romli-
bul funqcionirebas. Tumca qveyanaSi mar- Tac qarTul istoriografiaSi aRiniSne-
Tlmadidebluri eklesiis upiratesoba ba saxlis wevris individualuri, piradi
xels ar uSlida sxva sarwmunoebis sasu- SromiTa da saxsrebiT mopovebuli, `Tavisi
liero pirTa uflebas. maT hqondaT Ta- ucilobeli~ qoneba, gansakuTrebiT yma-mam-
vianTi samlocveloebi, sadac daufaravad uli. kerZo sakuTreba jer kidev IV-V ss-Si
asrulebdnen ritualebs da a. S. saekleso gaCnda. saTavisTao sakuTrebas mepatrone
samarTali awesrigebda saojaxo da saqor- Tavisuflad, saxlis sxva wevrebis ukiTxa-
wino samarTlebriv sakiTxebs. saeklesio vad gankargavda. mas SeeZlo Tavisi qonebis
samarTals eqvemdebareboda agreTve sasu- gayidva, gaazateba Tu sxvagvari gasxviseba.
liero pirebis danaSaulTa gansja, dava saTavisTao arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda sau-
saeklesio qonebis Sesaxeb. qarTuli saekle- fliswulosagan, romelic Tavisi bunebiT
sio samarTlis mniSvnelovani Zeglebia `saerTo~ qonebas emsgavseboda. saTavisTao
ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera, mcnebaÁ qonebis gaCena xels uwyobda feodaluri
sasjuloÁ (XV s.), kaTalikosTa samarTali, saxlis saerTo meurneobis rRvevas. igi sa-
mcneba mRudelTaTvis (1768 w.) da sxv. kuTrebis ufro progresuli forma iyo,
sazogadoeba, sofloba, svaneTi (abuasd) _ intensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebas uwy-
ramdenime soflis kavSiri erT sazogadoe- obda xels, Tumca XVI-XVII ss-Si misi ganvi-
baSi. Tareba Seferxda. feodalebi cdilobdnen
sazogadoebis movaleobani: sazogadoebis `gansacdel-gaWirvebis winaaRmdeg saerTo
TiToeuli wevri valdebuli iyo, daecva ZaliT ebrZolaT~. zogjer saTavisTao
Tavisi sazogadoebis saxeli: gahkideboda qoneba Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis saerTo
mdevrad sazogado mters. Tu vinmes saxl- an saufliswulo qonebad iqceoda. saTaviso
kari daewveboda, sazogadoeba dazarale- qoneba uZveles wyaroebSi mamulis gverdiT
bul ojaxs, garda wvrilmani Semweobisa, `monagebad~ moixsenieba. bagrat kurapala-
TiTo komlidan TiTo `CabanaR~ namuSevars tis samarTalSi am institutma sakanonmde-
aZlevda. saxlis maSeneblisTvis sazogadoe- blo aRiareba moipova.
bas muqTad mohqonda saSeni masala, roca
amSenebels nadi dasWirdeboda, sazoga- saTavno _ qalis piradi, mamis saxlidan
doeba mas uars ver etyoda. iyo SemTxveve- moyolili qoneba, saqoneli an fuli, ro-
bi, roca sazogadoeba Tanasworad ixdida melic qmris ojaxSi mis sakuTrebas war-
sazogado mtrisadmi sazRaurs. igi iwynareb- moadgenda. qarTl-kaxeTSi saTavnos `qr-
da gaWirvebul maxvewars rogorc Tavisi Tams~ uwodebdnen, rac Zvel qarTulSi sasy-
sazogadoebis wevrisa, aseve sxva sazoga- idels aRniSnavda. mziTvisagan gansxvavebiT
doebisa da qveynisa. misi movaleoba iyo, er- saTavno qalis sruli sakuTrebaa. mziTvze
Cina uTvistomo, upatrono moxucebi, davr- qorwilamde unda SeTanxmebuliyvnen sa-
domilebi da glaxakebi. TiToeuli sazoga- siZosa da sapatarZlos ojaxebi, saTavnoze
doeba cdilobda, daculiyo Tanasworoba ki _ ara. saTavnos micema qalis mSoblebisa
yvela sazogadoebas Soris, rom erT ufro da Zmis neba iyo. saTavno mziTvTan Sedar-
Ronier sazogadoebas ar daeCagra Sedar- ebiT gvian gaCnda da gansakuTrebiT SeZle-
ebiT mcire da susti. TiToeuli daCagruli bul da warCinebul ojaxebSi gavrcelda.
dakmayofilebas moiTxovda im sazogadoe- sulxan-saba orbeliani mas `sasargeblos~
bis maxvSisgan, romelSic igi cxovrobda. uwodebs. saTavno memkvidreobiT Svilebze,
nivTieri sazRauric daCagruls eZleoda upirveles yovlisa, qaliSvilebze gadadio-
imave sazogadoebaSi arsebuli wesiT. rode- da.
271
saTavno, mTa vneboda. gadasaxadebic sakomloebis sididis
fSavi _ qalis piradi sakuTreba. saTavnod mixedviT ganisazRvreboda. sakomlo adgil-
qals pataraobidanve aZlevednen saZroxe mamulis erTeuladac gamoiyeneboda, magram
xbos da sanaSeno cxvars. Tavis saTavnos misi odenoba yvelgan da yovelTvis erT-
qali TviTonve uvlida da amravlebda, nawv- nairi ar iyo. XIX s-is I naxevridan sakomlo
elsa da matyls yidda da monageb Tanxasac 20-40 dRiuramde Semcirda, xolo II naxevarSi
sargebelSi asesxebda. saTavnos Semosavli- ki _ 10-12 dRiuramde.
dan qali windebs qsovda da barg-logins
imzadebda. qalis saTavno ojaxSi xeluxle- sakuTreba _ warmoebis antikuri saSu-
beli iyo da misi moxmareba Tu daxarjva ar alebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisufali
SeiZleboda. qorwilSi miRebuli ZRvenic moqalaqeebis kerZo sakuTreba (upirveles
saTavnoSi Sedioda. yovlisa miwaze, aseve warmoebis saxelosno
xevsureTi _ zogadad xevsuris simdidres saSualebebze) polisis farglebSi. mxolod
saqoneli Seadgenda. Sesabamisad, qalsac miwaTmflobels SeeZlo yofiliyo srulu-
saTavnod saqoneli eZleoda. mamis ojaxSi flebiani moqalaqe da mxolod moqalaqe
pataraobisas mas aZlevdnen erT suls saq- SeiZleba yofiliyo miwaTmflobeli. sa-
onels _ cxvars, Txas, xbos an Zroxas. saTav- kuTrebis es formebi Zveli aRmosavleTidan
no saqonlis naSeni qalis iyo da ojaxi mas gavrcelda, gvxvdebodnen rogorc msxvili
ver Seexeboda. garda amisa, qalis naSromi miwaTmoqmedebebi (romSi respublikuri pe-
da naRvawic (Sekerili, moqsovili Tu naqa- riodis bolos latifundiebi Seiqmna), aseve
rgi) misi iyo da gaTxovebamde mamis ojaxSi umiwo moqalaqeebi. ricxobrivad wvrili
rCeboda. qals oc wlamde ar aTxovebdnen. mwarmoeblebi Warbobdnen. kerZo sakuTre-
Sesabamisad, qalis xelsaqmes didi sarge- basTan erTad iyo saxelmwifo sakuTreba
beli hqonda ojaxisTvis. saTavno qalis miwaze (romSi ager publicus) da msxvil miwaT-
sakuTreba iyo gaTxovebis Semdegac, Tumca moqmedebze damokidebuli Temuri princip-
naSen-monagebi ukve qmris ojaxs ekuTvnoda. iT organizebuli mosaxleobis jgufebebi
saTavno rom ganadgurebuliyo, qmris ojaxs berZnul saxelmwifoebSi. ix. mancipacia.
unda Seevso. qali arafrad Rirda, Tu mas sa-
kuTreba ar gaaCnda. salaro _ `larT saunje~ (saba), ganZsacavi
Zvel saqarTveloSi. gaerTianebuli same-
sakomlo _ miwis nakveTi, romelsac mebatone fos xanaSi saxelmwifo salaro erTgvari
memkvidreobiTi flobisa da sabatono begris xeluxlebeli xazina iyo. saWurWlisagan
pirobiT gadacemda calkeul komls Zvel gansxvavebiT, `Sekruli~ ido iseTi ganZeu-
saqarTveloSi. zogjer mas saglexo mamul- loba, òqros WurWeli, anu vercxlisa~,
sac uwodebdnen. termini sakomlo pirvelad romelic `saÃmareblad saniadagod~ ar iyo
XIV s-dan dasturdeba. igi adrindeli fuZis gankuTvnili. arsebobda moZravi salaroc,
mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda. sakomlo saqarT- romelic Tan mihqondaT mefis mogzaurobis
velos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sxvadasxva raode- dros. saWurWlisgan gansxvavebiT, salaro
nobis iyo. mTeli sakomlo aRmosavleT saqa- meWurWleTuxucess ar eqvemdebareboda. sal-
rTveloSi 60 dRiuramde aRwevda, dasavleT aros gamgebels molareTuxucesi ewodebo-
saqarTveloSi ufro naklebi iyo. sakomlo- da. misi damxmare moxeleebi iyvnen salaros
Si igulisxmeboda savenaxe, baR-bostani, saT- molareebi, romlebic X s-dan ixseniebian
ibi, sasare da sxv. glexis sakomlos sruli wyaroebSi. salaro Tavis moxeleebTan er-
baton-patroni feodali iyo. misi nebarTvis Tad msaxurTuxucess eqvemdebareboda. mo-
gareSe glexs arc gayidvis, arc gaanderZebis lareTuxucess Tanamdebobis niSnad beWedi
da arc sxvagvari gasxvisebis ufleba hqonda. hqonda. am `Tvaledi~ beWdiT sigelebs da
wyaroebis mixedviT gvxvdeba `naoxari~ da sxva mraval sabuTs usvamda beWeds. molar-
àSenebuli~ an `didad Semkuli, erTiani~ sa- eTuxucesi oqros TasSi `wyals STaasxams~,
komloebi. sruli sakomlos mflobeli glexi Tumca sabuTs `dabeWdavs mwignobari~ da ara
`SemZled~ iTvleboda, xolo naxevrisa da molareTuxucesi. mefis salaros erT-erT
masze naklebis mqone `SuaTana~ da `mcire~ mTavar moxeled salaros naziri iTvle-
anu `dabal~ mebegre glexTa jgufs miekuT- boda. arsebobda agreTve salaros muSribi
272
da Tavildari anu nivTebis Semnaxav-gamcemi drops hqonia da axla igi oqsfordSi, bod-
moxele. rogorc cnobilia, gviandel feo- lis biblioTekaSi inaxeba. daviT batoniS-
dalur periodSi salaroSi sxvadasxvagvari vilma Tavisi samarTlis wignze muSaoba
nivTebi, magaliTad, saxarjavi fuli, tansac- peterburgSi senatorobisas 1811-13 ww-Si
meli, samkauli, nadirobis mowyobilobac, ganagrZo, rodesac mTavrobis ganwesebiT
inaxeboda. vaxuSti batoniSvili `qarTlis vaxtangis krebulis rusul TargmanTa gan-
cxovrebaSi~ ganmartavs, rom `raica mefis mxilvel komitets meTaurobda. mis gvi-
TeTrni anu larni TvisTa sakuTarTa zeda andel naSromSi Warbobs minawerebi, dam-
anu quelis saqmisad uxmda, da mis queSe dawe- atebiTi muxlebi, fragmentebi, romlebic
sebulni molareni~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, pirvandeli teqstis saTanado Tavebs unda
22, 20). salaroSi ido vaxtang VI-is samarTlis damateboda. `samarTali batonisSvilis da-
wignis oficialuri egzemplari, romelsac viTisa~ feodaluri xanis samarTlis Zeg-
saqmis ganxilvisas iyenebdnen. bagrat kura- lia, romelic TiTqmis yvela imdroindel
palatis samarTlis mixedviT, `didi sala- samarTlebriv urTierTobas awesrigebda,
ros~ gamtexi `TvalTa dawviT~ isjeboda. maT Soris, rogorc saxelmwifo samarTlis,
marTlmsajulebisa Tu damnaSaveobasTan
samamasaxliso samsaxurebeli _ miwaTmflo brZolis sakiTxebs, aseve kanonis fargleb-
belobis saxeoba Zvel saqarTveloSi. XI s-Si Si samoqalaqo, samemkvidreo da saqorwino-
saqarTvelos mefe, rogorc samefo saxlobi- saojaxo uTanxmoebebs. mag., xelnawerSi
sa da sagvareulos ufrosi, amave dros mama- Semdegi kanonebia: `yovelive Zvelisa da
saxlisadac iTvleboda, romelic gankargav- axlis davebis gardaWrazed~, saTaurs Ses-
da `samamasaxliso samsaxurebels~. bagrat avali mosdevs da 17 muxli, `kacis sikudi-
IV sigelSi aRniSnavs, rom dava mijnaZoro- lis ukan misi dovlaTisa da mis colSvilis
elebma moiges, Tumca opizarni gulnatkeni binis micemazed~, Sesavals 83 muxli mosdevs,
rom ar darCeniliyvnen, maT samamasaxli- `senadisa da sasamarTloebis ganwesebazed
so samsaxurebelidan sofeli barevani gada maT movaleobazed~ da a. S. daviT ba-
dasca. am xanaSi samamasaxliso samsaxureb- toniSvili aRniSnavs, rom misi samarTlis
els Seadgenda saTemo miwis gansazRvruli wigns aqvs ùmetes midrekilebaÁ bunebiTisa
fondi, romelsac mamasaxlisis `samsaxuris~ mimarT sjulisa~, e. i. bunebiTi samarTlisa.
asanazRaureblad gamoyofda Temi. masSi daculia ara marto samarTlebrivi,
aramed zneobriv-moraluri da SeiZleba
saman-sayudi, xevi _ sasaflao da mosisxle- iTqvas, demokratiuli principebic. gaziare-
Ta gvarebis SerigebisTvis gankuTvnili ad- bulia debuleba, rom ùfrore umjobes ars
gili. saman-sayudis teritoria erT heqtars aTisa damnaSavisa ganTavisuflebaÁ, vidre
aRwevda. Zvelad igi SemozRuduli iyo qvis erTisa ubraloÁsa warwymedaÁ~. miuxeda-
maRali galavniT, romelsac datanebuli vad imisa, rom daviT batoniSvilis samar-
hqonda ori mopirdapire WiSkari _ aRmosav- Tals erovnuli da tradiciuli principebi
leTisa da dasavleTis mxareze. WiSkrebi mu- edo safuZvlad, igi agreTve cdilobda gad-
dam Caketili iyo, misi gasaRebi xevis gaga- moetana da moergo saqarTvelosTvis maSin-
sTan inaxeboda. deli drois aRiarebuli samarTlebrivi
normebic. avtori winasityvaobaSi gansa-
`samarTali batonisSvilis daviTisa~ _ kuTrebiT aRniSnavda winaparTa Sromasa da
Seadgina daviT batoniSvilma XIX s-is da- damsaxurebas am saqmeSi, Tumca Tvlida, rom
sawyisSi. Tavdapirvelad daviT batoniS- `culilebisa gamo soflisa~ igi ganaxlebas
vilma igi moamzada Tavisi mamis, qarTl- saWiroebda. amitom daviTma Tavis samar-
kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis giorgi XII-is TalSi Seitana ekaterine II-is ganawesis
davalebiT da orjer gadanusxa. am saxiT zogadi debuleba, petre I-is samxedro wes-
naSromi Sedgeboda preambulis, 245 mux- debis calkeuli normebi da a. S. swored is
lisa da saZieblisagan. erTi nusxa daviTma sjuli da ganwesebani, romlebsac àqunda-
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuls ye maxlobel dgomaÁ bunebiTisa hsjulisa~.
daurTo da masTan erTad akinZa. es miseuli daviT batoniSvils, rogorc samefo taxtis
`didi samarTlis wigni~ SemdegSi o. uor- memkvidres, imedi hqonda, rom Tundac Sekve-
273
cili TviTmmarTvelobis pirobiT, magram saxelmwifosa da eklesiis funqciebi da sta-
mainc aRdgeboda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo da tusi. mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs feoda-
es naRvawi Tavis samSoblos gamoadgeboda. lur saadgilmamulo mflobelobis mowes-
swored am mizniT man Tavisi samarTalis rigebas, romlis wiaRSic mkvidrdeba saTa-
rusuli variantic SeimuSava (1019 muxlisgan visTao sakuTrebac, saZovari da tye saer-
Semdgari) da mas saqarTvelos samarTlisa To sargeblobisaa, mogvarebulia samijno
da kanonTmcodneobis mimoxilva uwoda. samarTlisa da irigaciis sakiTxebi. ganviTa-
rebulia valdebulebiTi samarTali, mowes-
rigebulia saojaxo-saqorwino da samemkvi-
`samarTali batonisSvilis vaxtangisa~ _ dreo urTierTobani. sisxlis samarTalSi
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebulis, gamoyofilia danaSauli saxelmwifosa da
anu korpusis damagvirgvinebeli nawili. eklesiis, kerZod, mmarTvelobis winaaRm-
Sedgenilia XVIII s-is dasawyisSi. mefem deg. bralis cnebaSi aRniSnulia SemTxvevi-
dacemuli marTlmsajulebis aRdgenisaTvis Toba da msubuqi gaufrTxilebloba. aRiare-
(`cvalebiTa dReTa da viTarebiTa JamTa- bulia pirovnuli da mxolod braleuli
Ta TviT sibZniT da TaviT TvisiT sjidnen pasuxismgeblobis principebi. dadgenilia
da ganagebdnen~) Sekriba qarTuli Zveli pasuxismgeblobis dawyebiTi asaki, Semam-
samarTlis wignebi `qaTalikozisa da me- subuqebeli an damamZimebeli garemoebani.
fis giorgisa da beqas ganCinebuli samar- aseve kanonSi Setanilia muxlebi mcdelo-
Tlebi~, aseve daurTo `dabadebisa moses bisa da Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb. aRsa
mier qmnilni samarTalni da kualad ber- niSnavia, rom sikvdiliT dasja sagangebod
ZenTa da somexTa wignTagan gardmoTargm- gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris. saxelmwifos
nuli~ kanonebi da didebuli samRvdeloe- upirveles funqciad erTmniSvnelovnad miC-
bisa da samefo darbazis `WkuaTa myofelTa neulia marTlmsajuleba, romelsac safuZv-
da moxucebulTa kacTa~ TanamSromlobiT lad edeboda kanoniereba. mefis mizani iyo
axali samarTlis wigni Seadgina. kanonmde- gamovlili Znelbedobis Semdeg qveyana
beli mefe ganmartavs, rom ucxouri samar- ganviTarebis gzas dasdgomoda. mas xal
Tlis wignebis mxolod gadmoTargmna da xis warumateblobad miaCnda is dro, roca
pirdapir gadmotana Seuferebeli iqneboda `vieTnime moyusobiT, vieTnime megobrobiT,
qveynisaTvis, `vinaTgan qarTvelTa wesni da vieTnime moridebiT, vieTnime RuTis urid-
qcevani sxva rame ars da ara mihgavs sxva velobiT da vieTnime miRebiTa qrTamTaTa,
Ta qveynisa rigTa da qceulebaTa... da maTi viTarca enebaT egreT hsjiden~. swored
wigni ufros Cvenda uxmar ars~. vaxtang VI- am faqtorebma aiZula mefe axali kanonebi
is kanonebi sakmaod didi samarTlis wig- Seedgina. vaxtang VI aRniSnavda, rom es ar
nia. mas aqvs samoqmedod SemomRebi pream- iyo srulyofili samarTlis wigni, radgan
bula, romelsac mosdevs 270 muxli. pirvel `zogi ver movigoneT da arc miswudebis ka-
nawilSi gamoyofilia 5 kari: `TeTris ga- cis gonebao~.
rigebisa~, `gayrisa~, `valisa~, `qurdobisa~
da `nasyidobisa~; calkea dasaTaurebuli samarTali berZnuli _ berZnul-romauli
2 muxli _ àmanaTisa~ da `gacvlilobisa~; (bizantiuri) samarTlis qarTuli versia,
meore nawilSi dasaTaurebuli 29 muxlidan vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebulSi
zogis saTauri ramdenime muxls aerTianebs meore nawilad Setanili sakanonmdeblo Ze-
(mag., anabroba-naTxovrobas 207-211 muxlebi gli. vaxtang VI-m `Zieba-yo saberZneTiT~ da
ekuTvnis). samarTali batonisSvilis vax- `moiSova~ iqauri `wignni samarTloni~. ase-
tangisa gavrcelda da moqmedebda saqarT- Ti `friadiTa SromiTa~ mopovebuli ber-
velos yvela samefosa da samTavroSi. samo- Znuli kanonebi gadmoaqarTules `brZenTa
qalaqo urTierTobaTa dargSi misi normebi kacTa~ TviT vaxtang VI-is aqtiuri monawi
moqmedebda ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdegac leobiT. kanonebi berZnuli dednidan epis-
1859-70 wlamde; misi samoqmedo debulebani kopos kvipriane samTavnels (eriskacobaSi
Seitanes ruseTis kanonTa krebulis X tom- kozma aragvis erisTavs) uTargmnia. es aris
Si. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni sakmaod Tavisufali Targmani, alag-alag gavrco-
mravlismomcvelia. masSi gansazRvrulia bili an Semoklebuli.
274
Zegli warmoadgens maTe blastaris iuri gaerTianebuli da isini qarTuladac aseve
diuli traqtatis _ àlfabeturi sintagmis~ gadmouRiaT.
Semoklebul redaqcias, romelic kanonTa
mokle praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelodan _ samarTalwarmoeba, aTeni _ berZnuli marT
armenopulosis èqvswigneulidan~ da sxva lmsajuleba ramdenime arsebiTi niSniT xa-
wyaroebidan gamonakrebi kanondebulebe- siaTdeba, romlebic mas erTob gansxvave-
biTaa Sevsebuli. igi 418 muxlisagan Sedge- buls xdidnen ukve romauli samarTalwar-
ba da berZnul-romauli samarTlis umniS- moebisagan. bunebrivia, sagrZnoblad gansx-
vnelovanes institutebs moicavs (saxelm- vavdeba igi marTlmsajulebis Tanamedrove
wifo, administraciuli, saeklesio, samo- sistemebisagan. aTenuri samarTlis sistemis
qalaqo, sisxlis, saojaxo memkvidreobiTi pirveli da umTavresi Tavisebureba is gax-
samarTlis normebi, baton-ymaTa urTier- ldaT, rom misi yvela monawile _ iqneboda
Toba, sasamarTlo wyobileba da samarTal- es modave, sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare Tu
warmoebis wesebi). kanonTa Sinaarsi, dednis msajuli _ araprofesionali iyo. iseve, ro-
Sesabamisad, dalagebulia berZnuli anbanis gorc aTenis mmarTveloba mTlianobaSi ri-
rigze. giTi moqalaqeebisagan wilisyriT SerCeul
samarTali berZnuli berZnul-romaul ka mravalricxovan magistratTa funqcionire-
nonmdeblobasTan qarTuli samarTlis tra bas efuZneboda, aseve rigiTi moqalaqeebi
diciuli urTierTobis kidev erT-erT mniS- iyvnen aTenis sasamarTlo sistemis Se-
vnelovan Sedegs warmoadgens. igi asaxavs madgeneli wevrebi. aTenis sasamarTlo sis-
berZnul-romauli samarTlis mdgomareo- temas jer kidev antikuri moRvaweebi ar
bas TurqTa batonobis xanaSi da misi rece- afasebdnen erTmniSvnelovnad. mas aqebd-
fciis xasiaTs aRmosavleTis marTlmadide- nen da akritikebdnen kidec. maSin rodesac
blur qveynebSi. aristoteles friad moswonda aTenuri
marTlmsajulebis samoyvarulo xasiaTi da
samarTali somxuri _ Zveli somxuri samar- mas demokratiuli mmarTvelobis aucile-
Tlis qarTuli versia, vaxtang VI-is samar- bel komponentad ganixilavda, bevri aTenis
Tlis wignTa krebulSi mesame nawilad Se- marTlmsajulebas sworedac rom am ara-
tanili sakanonmdeblo Zegli. arsebiTad profesionalizmis gamo akritikebda, gansa-
Targmani Tavisufalia, ar mihyveba dedans kuTrebiT maSin, roca mas romis samarTal-
zedmiwevniT zustad. teqsti zogan Semokle- warmoebas adarebda.
bulia, zogan ki _ danarTebiT damaxinjebu- amas garda, berZnuli samarTalwarmoebis
li, bevrgan qarTuli teqsti somxur dedans umTavresi maxasiaTebeli is gaxldaT, rom
ar Seesatyviseba. mTargmnels ar scodnia qa- aq ar arsebobda is institutebi, romlebic
rTuli iuridiuli terminologia. misi vi- CvenTvis uSualo kavSirSia marTlmsaju-
naoba ucnobia, Tumca teqstSi Warbobs qarT- lebis aRsrulebasTan: ase magaliTad, aTen-
luri kilos Tbilisuri qceva da Tbilisel Si ar arsebobda policia, rogorc institu-
somexTa qarTuli Jargoni. ti, romelsac saqmis gamoZieba evaleba, ar
somxuri samarTlis qarTuli versia or- arsebobda prokuroris instituti, romelic
nawiliani sakanonmdeblo krebulia. pirve- samarTlebriv devnas aRZravs, ar arsebobd-
lia siriul-romauli samarTali (1-150 mux- nen advokatebi, romelTac sasamarTloze
lebi), am Zeglis somxuri redaqciis gadmo- braldebuli unda daecvaT. aTenSi CvenT-
qarTulebuli varianti (somxuri redaqcia vis cnobil am institutebs moqalaqis kerZo
XII s-is bolos Seiqmna V s-is dasasruls iniciativa enacvleboda. ase magaliTad, Tu
Sedgenil da aRmosavleTSi miRebul ro- piri sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvras apireb-
maul kanonTa safuZvelze). meore nawili da, mas Tavad unda daewera braldeba, Tavad
aris qarTulad gadamuSavebuli mxiTar waeRo es sabraldebo aqti magistratisaTvis
goSis samarTlis wigni (151-431 muxlebi) – da Tavad gadaeca mowinaaRmdege mxarisTvis
XII-XIII ss-is mijnaze Sedgenili iuridiu sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis uwyeba.
li krebuli, romelic saeklesio da saero policiis ararsebobis pirobebSi moqalaqes
kanondebulebebs Seicavs. somxur dedanSi es garkveul, Tumc sakmaod SezRudul, SemTx-
ori Zegli nawilebis aRuniSnavad yofila vevebSi SeeZlo `cxel kvalze~ daekavebina
275
damnaSave, Tu es ukanaskneli quCis krimi rom aTenur samarTalwarmoebaSi aqcenti
nalTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda. amas apagoge ewo ufro materialur samarTalze keTdeboda,
deboda. dakavebis Semdeg mas damnaSave Cveu- vidre saprocesoze.
lebriv am saqmisTvis gankuTvnil specialur mas Semdeg, rac bralmdebeli mowinaaRmde-
magistratebTan _ e. w. TerTmetTan mihyavda. ges mowmeTa TandaswrebiT sasamarTlo uw-
Zalze iSviaTad, miRebuli kerZo iniciativ- yebas gadascemda, daniSnul dRes orive mxa
isagan gansxvavebiT, kriminalis mier daza- re Sesaferis magistratTan unda misuliyo.
ralebul pirs SeeZlo magistratisTvis mie- sasamarTlo sxdomamde winaswari mosmena
marTa. amas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi hqonda _ anakrisisi ewyoboda. savaraudod, aq mo-
adgili, Tu moqalaqes Tavad ar SeeZlo dave mxareebi waradgendnen yvelanair do-
qurdi daekavebina. am proceduras efege- kuments, romlebic Semdgom sasamarTloze
sisi ewodeboda. gamoZieba pirovnebas Tvi- iqneboda gamoyenebuli da maT specialur
Ton unda ewarmoebina, Tuki ar icoda, Tu qoTanSi debdnen, romelic Semdgom iluqe-
vin daazarala igi. mowmeebis moZiebazec boda. am magistratTa kompetenciaSi ar Se-
mas unda ezruna. mas garkveuli pirobebis dioda saqmis ganxilvaze uaris gancxadeba
dacviT Tavad SeeZlo gaeCxrika eWvmitani- da arc im konkretuli sakiTxebis warmodge-
lis saxli. amisTvis unda hqonoda ojaxis na, romlebic sasamarTloze unda gadawyve-
ufrosis nebarTva da Tavisi mosasxami ga- tiliyo.
reT unda daetovebina. sxvadasxva saqmes sasamarTlos sxdomaze
mas Semdeg, rac dazaralebuli gadawyvetda gansaxilvelad gansxvavebuli dro sWirde
sasamarTlosTvis miemarTa, umetes SemTx- boda. zogierTi kerZo braldebis saqmis
vevaSi mas SeeZlo sarCelis aRZvris, bral- ganxilva mxolod erT saaTs moiTxovda,
debis esa Tu is saxeoba aerCia. aTenur samar- zogi mets, Tumca arc erTi sxdoma erT dReze
TalwarmoebaSi arsebobda braldebis ori met xans ar grZeldeboda.
kategoria: kerZo braldebis saqme, romel- sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvra aTenis mam-
sac dike ewodeboda da sajaro braldebis robiTi sqesis yvela moqalaqes SeeZlo.
saqme, romelsac grafe erqva. Tuki dikes au- sakamaToa, SeeZloT Tu ara metoikosebs _
cileblad dazaralebuli an misi ojaxi aR- rezident ucxoelebs saqme sasamarTloSi
Zravda, grafes aRZvra nebismier moqalaqes SeetanaT. savaraudod, maT kerZo bralde
SeeZlo. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi bis aRZvra xelewifebodaT. ucxoels saqmis
wyaro ar ganmartavs, Tu ratom ewodeboda aRZvra mxolod saxalxo krebis specialuri
zog braldebas grafe da zogs _ dike, grafe dadgenilebiT SeeZlo. monebs ar hqondaT
unda yofiliyo braldebis is saxeobebi, ufleba yofiliyvnen arc mosarCeleni da
romlebic mTlianobaSi sazogadoebas ex- arc mopasuxeni. roca saqme monas exeboda,
eboda. aTenuri samarTalwarmoebis grafed saqme monis mesakuTres unda aReZra.
da diked dayofa ar Seefardeba sasamarT- qalebsac ar hqondaT ufleba legalur
lo saqmeTa Tanamedrove dayofas sisxlis sivrceSi emoqmedaT. kanonTan maT yvela
samarTlis da samoqalaqo samarTlis saq- mimarTebas maTi meurve mamakaci awarmoebda.
meebad. sajaro braldebis aRZvra ufro se- sasamarTlo sxdomaze modave mxareebi di-
riozuli movlena gaxldaT, rogorc bral- kastesebis (msajuli, mosamarTle) winaSe
debulisTvis, ise Tavad mosarCele mxari- wardgebodnen. maT sityva Tavad unda war-
saTvisac. sajaro braldebis saqmeebs ufro moeTqvaT. amasTan, maT hqondaT imis ufle-
did dros uyofdnen sasamarTloSi, sasje- bac, rom salaparako drois garkveuli
lis saxiTac ufro didi jarimis gadaxda iyo nawili TanamolaparakisTvis _ sinegoro-
saWiro. amasTan, Tu bralmdebeli sasamarT- sisTvis ewiladaT. oratorebi, rogorc
lo sxdomaze msajulTa xmebis 1/5-ze naklebs wesi, sityvis damwerTa _ logografosTa
miiRebda, igi Tavad ixdida jarimas, rac samsaxuriT sargeblobdnen, oRond maT
sakmaod seriozul Tanxas _ 1000 draqmas ar moixseniebdnen da iseT STabeWdile-
Seadgenda. amitom, sanam piri sasamarTloSi bas qmnidnen, TiTqos sityvebs improvize-
saqmes aRZravda, igi kargad unda dafiqre- bulad warmoTqvamdnen. miuxedavad imisa,
buliyo, Tu sarCelis romeli saxeobisaT- rom oratorebi xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom
vis miemarTa. yovelive es miuTiTebs imaze, gamoucdelni iyvnen sajaro gamosvlebSi
276
da ar icodnen sasamarTlo saqmianoba (al- daT. sasamarTloze maTi kolegia ricxo-
baT imitom, rom sikofantobaSi ar yofili- brivad didi iyo. yvelaze patara kolegia
yvnen dadanaSaulebulni), maT umetesobas 201 msajulisagan Sedgeboda, mniSvnelovan
garkveuli urTierToba sasamarTlosTan saqmeebs ki gacilebiT didi jgufebi _ 1001,
unda hqonoda, gamomdinare iqidan, rom 1501, 2001 wevrisagan Sedgenili kolegiebi
maTi nawili garkveuli periodis manZilze sjidnen. Zv. w. IV s-Si msajulTa mosyidvis
Tavad msaxurobda msajulebad. amasTan, sa- Tavidan asacileblad maTi mravaljeradi,
samarTlo sxdoma savaWro raionSi tarde- alalbedze warmoebuli seleqciis meTodi
boda da masze daswreba aTenelTa saxalxo iqna SemoRebuli (ix. dikastesi).
garTobis erT-erTi miRebuli forma iyo. mas Semdeg, rac modave mxareebi gamosvlas
sityvas pirvelad bralmdebeli iRebda, daasrulebdnen, msajulebi kalaTaSi biu-
Semdeg ki braldebuli gamodioda. Taname- letenebs yridnen. Zv. w. IV s-Si biuletenebi
drove sasamarTlo sxdomisagan gansxvave- ori diskisgan Semdgar konfiguracias war-
biT, orators ar awyvetinebdnen da igi moadgenda, romelSic centrSi RerZi ga-
erTobliobaSi warmoadgenda Tavis saqmes, dioda. mosarCelis sasargeblod Cagdebul
romelSic iyo CarTuli Cvenebebi Tu mtki biuletens futuro RerZi, braldebulisas
cebulebebi. sxdomis Tavmjdomare mas im ki _ magari RerZi hqonda. biuletenebi or
SemTxvevaSic ki ar awyvetinebda sityvas, urnaSi iyreboda, erTSi dasaTvlel biu-
rodesac igi saqmesTan mimarTebaSi armqone letenebs agdebdnen, meoreSi ki _ gadasayre-
masalaze laparakobda. sxdomis Tavmjdo- lebs. biuletenTa daTvla maSinve xdeboda
mare aravis ar aZlevda uflebas gamoeTqva da gadawyvetileba xmebis umravlesobiT
protesti. miiReboda. amitomac eniWeboda upirateso-
oratorebi sityvebSi xSirad imowmebdnen ba kentricxvian kolegiebs. Tumca zogierT
kanonebs. sasamarTlo sityvebSi warmodge- SemTxvevaSi, roca xmebis minimum 1/5 iyo
nili es kanonebi ufro mtkicebulebaTa for- saWiro, biuletenTa zusti ricxvis codna
ma gaxldaT, isini ufro metad kontraqtebsa iyo aucilebeli. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kanoni
da mowmeTa Cvenebebs Camohgavdnen, vidre karnaxobda sasjelis zomas, sasamarTlo
warmoadgendnen im saxelmZRvanelos, rom- sxdoma sruldeboda kidec. magram, roca
lisTvisac ganaCenis gamotanis dros msaju- TiToeuli mxare sasjelis Sesaxeb Tavis
lebs unda miemarTaT. mosazrebas warmoadgenda, aucilebeli xde
aTenis marTlmsajuleba ar gaxldaT prece- boda kidev erTi kenWisyra, raTa xma an er
dentuli samarTlis sistema da is verc iqne- Ti an meore sasjelisTvis miecaT. aTenur
boda aseTi, rameTu ar arsebobda aTenuri samarTalwarmoebaSi ar arsebobda dadge-
dikasterionis (sasamarTlos) Canawerebi. nileba, romelic daukmayofilebel mxares
iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac argumentTa war- msajulTa verdiqtis apelirebis saSuale-
modgenisas oratorebi warsulSi momxdar bas miscemda. meore mxriv, amgvar modaves
saqmeebs exebodnen, Tumca msajulebi ar SeeZlo miRebuli gadawyvetilebis winaaRm-
iyvnen valdebulni, gaeTvaliswinebinaT deg arapirdapiri gziT emoqmeda. igi ufle-
amgvari `precedentebi~. bamosili iyo saqme cru mowmeobis bral-
Zv. w. V s-Si mowmeebi sasamarTlo sxdomaze debiT aReZra. garda amisa, mas SeeZlo axa-
Cvenebas piradad iZleodnen da amdenad, li saqme wamoewyo, romelic sxva incidents
SesaZlebeli iyo maTi jvaredini dakiTxva. moicavda.
Zv. w. IV s-Si mowmeTa Cveneba sasamarTlosT- aseTi iyo aTenis marTlmsajulebis ZiriTa-
vis winaswar iyo werilobiTi saxiT ward- di xazi. Tumca aTenis sasamarTlo praqti-
genili, sasamarTloze maT mxolod fici kaSi iyo gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi, rom-
unda miecaT, rom maTi Cveneba utyuari iyo. lebic am umTavres mimarTulebas ar mihyve-
qalebs ar hqondaT ufleba sasamarTloze boda. mniSvnelovani politikuri xasiaTis
mowmed gamosuliyvnen. rac Seexeba monebs, sasamarTlo procedurebisaTvis specialu-
maTi Cvenebebi im SemTxvevaSi iyo misaRebi, rad niSnavdnen bralmdeblebs, romlebic
Tu wamebis dros iyo micemuli. saxelmwifos mxares warmoadgenda. zogierT
dikastesebs (msajulebs, mosamarTleebs) saqmes mTeli saxalxo kreba ganixilavda (ix.
aTenis sasamarTloSi didi uflebebi hqon- eisangelia da apofasisi). aTenelebis Tval-
277
Si samarTlebrivi gamocdileba imTaviTve tribis komiciaSi ganixileboda ukve ara
saeWvo iyo. moyvarulobas ki isini demokra- marto saxalxo tribunis Seuracxyofis,
tiuli kontrolis niSnad moiazrebdnen da aramed saxelmwifo Ralatis, gaflangvis,
sistemis mTavar siqveled miiCnevdnen. kudianobis, sisxlis aRrevis, meqrTameobis,
religiuri movaleobebisa da adaTebisadmi
samarTalwarmoeba, romi _ 1) ojaxuri sa- udieri damokidebulebis saqmeebi. centuri-
samarTlo (iudicium domesticum), romelsac is komicia Tavidan Semoifargla mxolod
iwvevda ojaxis ufrosi (Pater familias). sa- wminda sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis ganxi
samarTlo Sedgeboda naTesavebisa da mego- lviT, sabolood ki sasamarTlo funqciebi
brebisagan. am tipis sasamarTlos iwvevda mTlianad mis xelSi gadavida.
ojaxis ufrosi, rodesac undoda gaesamar- romis respublikis periodSi iqmneba spe-
Tlebina Tavisi vaJebi an qaliSvilebi. amas cialuri sasamarTlo organoebi. II s-is da-
mas avaldebulebda ara kanoni, aramed _ sawyisSi saxalxo kreba qmnida sagangebo sa-
adaTi. samarTloebs _ quaestiones extraordinariae. maT
colis gasamarTlebis da dasjis SemTxveva Tavmjdomareebs senati niSnavda da am sa-
Si colis naTesavebis mowvevas qmars aval samarTlos mier gamotanili dadgenilebis
debulebda kanoni, amasTanave, qmars ar See gasaCivreba ar daiSveboda.
Zlo gaesamarTlebina coli, Tu colis bra mogvianebiT ki romis respublikis periodis
leulobas ar aRiarebdnen colis naTesavebi. meore naxevarSi iqmneba mudmivi sasamarT-
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qmari moklavda cols da loebi, romlebsac ewodeba questiones perpe
ar moiwvevda aseT sasamarTlos, is isjebo- tuae. es sasamarTlo, faqtobrivad, pretoris
da kanonis mixedviT, rogorc mkvleli. sasamarTlo iyo, radgan saTaveSi pretore-
2) saxalxo sasamarTlo (iudicium populi). bi idgnen, xolo sasamarTlos wevrebi _ pre-
romaul saxalxo sasamarTloebSi unda toris mier arCeuli mosamarTleebi (300-470
gamovyoT 3 periodi: kaci). irCevdnen maT 1 wlis vadiT. calkeuli
I periodi: kuriis komiciis sasamarTlo ro- saqmis ganxilvaSi 30-40 mosamarTle mona
mulusidan servius tuliusamde. kuriis komi- wileobda. am sasamarTloSi moxvedra iyo
ciis sasamarTlo ifargleboda patriciebis rogorc prestiJis, ise Semosavlis wyaroc,
(im periodisaTvis romis erTaderTi moqa- amitom iq mosaxvedrad ibrZodnen senatore-
laqeebis) provokaciiT (provocatio ad populum), bi, mxedrebi da SeZlebuli romaeli moqa-
risi gakeTebac maT mefis gadawyvetilebis laqeebi. aseTi specialuri sasamarTlos Se-
winaaRmdegac SeeZloT. qmniT saxalxo krebebs, faqtobrivad, Camo-
II periods moicavs is dro, rodesac mo- erTva saqmeebis ganxilvis funqcia.
qmedebdnen centuriis komiciebi. servius samarTalwarmoeba saxalxo sasamarT-
tuliusma am komiciebs provokaciis SemTx- loebSi: bralmdebeli, romelsac aucile-
vevaSi uzenaesi ufleba mianiWa, rac adre blad magistrati warmoadgenda (centuri-
kuriebs hqonda. Sesabamisad, sisxlis samar- is komiciebSi konsulebi da pretorebi,
Tlis yvela procesis ganxilvis ufleba, tribunebi, edilebi da kvestorebi tribis
gansakuTrebiT, saxelmwifo Ralatisa (per- komiciebSi), iwyebda sasamarTlos diei actio-
duellio), centuriis komiciis xelSi gadavida. Ti, anu gancxadebis gakeTebiT, rom gansaz-
es periodi dasrulda Zv. w. 494 w-s, rodesac Rvrul dRes brals dadeben viRac konkre-
orma saxalxo tribunma (iunius brutusma da tul pirovnebas. es gancxadeba, romelsac
iciliusma) gaatara kanoni, romlis mixedvi- ekuTvnoda aseve anquisitio _ braldebis is
Tac saxalxo tribunis Seuracxyofis saqmis nawili, romelSic zustad iyo miTiTebuli
ganxilva unda gadasuliyo tribis komici- mosalodneli sasjeli, ramdenjerme unda
aSi, romelic uflebamosili iyo gamoeta- gaemeorebinaT garkveuli periodis gan-
na sasjeli, sikvdilic ki miesaja. aqedan mavlobaSi. braldebuls SeeZlo moeTxo-
moyolebuli sul ufro meti Zalaufleba va sityva, an moeTxova bralmdeblisTvis
centuriis komiciidan samarTalwarmoebis ukan waeRo Tavisi braldeba. bralmdeblis
mxriv gadavida tribis komiciaSi. moTxovniT braldebuli namdvili sasamarT-
III periodi moicavs dros Zv. w. 494 w-dan los dawyebamde TavdebiT Tavisufldeboda
respublikis xanis dasasrulamde, rodesac giraos saSualebiT (praedium) an garemoe-
278
baTa gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba daepatim- viri), kvatuovirebi (quatuoviri), provinciebSi
rebinaT kidec (ix. cixe). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu _ provinciis mmarTvelebi. imperiis xanaSi
procesi raRac periodiT ar Sewydeboda, an imperatori iyo umaRlesi mosamarTle,
saerTodac ar SeaCerebdnen (braldebulis romelmac Tumca Zalaufleba samarTal-
gaZeveba-mokveTa (exsilium), saxalxo tribu- warmoebisa ar CamoarTva konsulebs da
nis CareviT bralmdeblis mier braldebis pretorebs, magram Zalian Seasusta da moq-
ukan waReba (tergiversatio)), braldebuli Ta- medebis gansazRvruli areali dautova maT.
vis axloblebTan erTad icvamda traurs da Zveli mowyobis mixedviT, magistrati pro-
daTqmul dros cxaddeboda sasamarTloSi. cess Tavidan bolomde ar uZRveboda, aramed
Tu braldebuli sasamarTlomde gaiqceoda, mxolod mimarTulebas aZlevda mas (e.w. saq-
maSin mas mokveTdnen sazogadoebidan (in- mis warmoeba in iure), saqmis gamokvleva da
terdiqcia _ interdictio aquae et ignis). Tu mis gadawyvetilebis gamotana magistratis mier
argamocxadebas obieqturi mizezi hqonda, daniSnuli mosamarTlis funqcias warmoad-
sasamarTlos gadaavadebdnen. genda (iudex). funqciebis es ganawileba (ordo
sasamarTloze mosamarTle, magistrati iudicorum privatorum) moqmedebda vidre Zv. w.
kiTxulobda braldebas (rogatio), ris Sem- III s-mde, rodesac samarTalwarmoebis axa-
degac braldebuli an TviT icavda Tavs an li forma extra ordinem warmoiSva, romlis
amas miandobda Tavis damcvels advokats an mixedviTac magistrati Tavidan bolomde
patrons. uZRveboda process da Tavad acxadebda ga-
iwyeboda mtkicebulebaTa warmodgena. mow- naCens. manamde ganaCenis gamocxadeba daniS-
meebs da dokumentebs didi mniSvneloba nuli mosamarTlis (iudex), arbitrebis (arbi-
eniWeboda. sityvieri gamosvlisa da mtkice tri), rekuperatorebis (recuperatores) preroga-
bulebebis warmodgenis Semdeg gadadiodnen tivas warmoadgenda. mxareebi, mosarCle (ac-
kenWisyraze. uZveles droSi am proceduras tor, petitor) da mopasuxe an braldebuli (reus),
hqonda zepiri xasiaTi, Semdeg ukve weri- Tavad warmarTavdnen process iqamde, sanam
lobiTi (leges tabellariae). rezultats maSinve ar SemoiRes procesis Tavmjdomareoba kog-
acxadebdnen da Tu gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni nitorebis (cognitores) da prokuratorebis
iqneboda, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi (procuratores) TaosnobiT.
sasjels sisruleSi moiyvandnen. SesaZle- oratorebi (oratores) da patronebi mxaris in-
beli iyo sasjelis gauqmeba xalxis CareviT teresebs icavdnen, rogorc advokatebi. imis
(Restitutio), gadavadeba avadmyofobis, mowmee- mixedviT, Tu rodis xdeboda saqmis warmoe-
bis uqonlobis (testis unus, testis nullus), mtki ba, formebi iyo gansxvavebuli: 1) pirveli pe-
cebulebaTa simciris gamo. droTa ganmav- riodi anu legisaqciuri procesi (legis actio)
lobaSi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis mkacri formiT, romlis dacvac aucilebeli
ori sfero Seiqmna: iyo. 2) meore periodi anu formularuli
1) iudicium privatum _ samarTlis dadgena ker- procesi, romlis saxeldebac ukavSirdeba
Zo pirTa interesebis sferoSi. 2) iudicium instruqcias (formula), romelsac magistrati
publicum _ samarTlis dadgena saxelmwifos aZlevda mosamarTles. 3) mesame periodi
interesebis sferoSi. moicavs sagangebo sasamarTloebs (extra or-
iudicium privatum anu kerZo pirTa urTierT- dinaria).
davis procesi ufro Zvelia. igi saxelmwi- adgils, sadac pretori asamarTlebda, ewo-
fos warmoSobamde aRmocenda da arsebobas deboda ius, ar aqvs mniSvneloba sad xde-
ganagrZobs respublikis mTeli periodis boda es, tribaSi, komiciaSi, de plano (swor
ganmavlobaSi. adgilas) Tu sxv. sasamarTlo yovelTvis
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba umaRlesi Ria iyo (saxalxo) da zepiri forma hqonda.
magistratebis imperiums (Tanamdebobrivi sasamarTlo sesiebi erTmaneTisagan gami-
Zalaufleba) warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, jnuli iyo ardadegebiT. provinciebSi sa-
Tavdapirvelad es iyo mefe. Semdeg kon- samarTlos dReebi, rogorc wesi, zamTarSi
sulebi, pretorebi. edilebis gansaxilve- an im periodSi iniSneboda, rodesac ar mim-
li saqmeebi ZiriTadad Semoifargleboda dinareobda saomari moqmedebebi. sasamarT-
policiis saqmeebiT. italiis qalaqebSi sa- lo procesi dilas adre iwyeboda da xan-
samarTlos marTavdnen duumvirebi (duum- daxan mzis Casvlamdec grZeldeboda.
279
samoqalaqo procesi (iudicium publicum) denoba monawileobda. msajulTa raodeno-
romauli samarTali sisxlis samarTlis bas kanoni gansazRvravda da mas iRebdnen
process, rogorc samarTlis calke dargs, mosamarTleTa siebidan (album iudicium).
ar icnobs, magram realurad, respublikis mag., lex Servilia-s mixedviT gaflangvis, gamo-
xanaSi samoqalaqo procesi ewodeboda sisx- Zalvis, meqrTameobis saqmeebis garCeva
lis samarTlis process, romelsac xalxis moiTxovda 450 mosamarTlis monawileo-
warmomadgenloba marTavda. imperiis peri- bas. TiToeuli konkretuli procesisTvis
odSic iudicium publicum ewodeboda sisxlis mosamarTleTa raodenobis gansazRvri-
samarTlis process, gansxvavebiT samoqa- sas kanonebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. formu-
laqo procesisagan. laruli procesisas pretori gamoscemda
romauli sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba 2 peri- savaldebulo ediqtebs, rac uzrunvelyofda
odad iyofa: 1) romulusidan moyolebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebas:
sagangebo sasamarTlos Camoyalibebamde 1) stipulationes praetoriae _ am molaparakebis sa-
(Zv. w. 149 w.). servius tuliusamde sasamarT- SualebiT pretori aiZulebda mxareebs dae-
lo ekuTvnoda mefes, romlis uflebebic iz- doT sityvieri xelSekruleba, moelapara-
Rudeboda kuriis komiciisadmi provokaciis kaT (stipulatio) sawindris winaswari Setanis
SesaZleblobiT. amis garda am saqmianobiT Sesaxeb, rac valdebulebis Sesrulebis ga-
dakavebuli iyvnen duumvirebi (duumviri per- rantias warmoadgenda.
duellionis) da kvestorebi (quaestores parricidi). 2) missio in possessionem (in bona) _ pretori
Semdeg samarTalwarmoebas xelmZRvane uflebas aZlevda kreditors, mosarCeles,
lobdnen konsulebi (ara sisxlis samarT- winaswar daufleboda im movalis qonebas,
lis saqmeebs). senati mxolod areulobis romelsac ar undoda sasamarTloSi misvla
periodSi erTveboda samarTalwarmoebaSi. an ar asrulebda sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-
sisxlis samarTlis procesi bas.
romis respublikis periodSi iqmneba spe- 3) restitutio in integrum _ pirvandeli mdgomare-
cialuri sasamarTlo organoebi. Zv. w. II s-is obis dabruneba. pretori piradad moikvlev-
dasawyisSi saxalxo kreba qmnida sagangebo da saqmes da Tu darwmundeboda, rom mxare
sasamarTloebs _ quaestiones extraordinariae. aris dazaralebuli, auqmebda yvela aqts da
maT Tavmjdomareebs senati niSnavda da maTi aRdgeboda pirvandeli mdgomareoba.
dadgenilebis gasaCivreba ar SeiZleboda. 4) interdicta _ pretoris brZaneba ama Tu im
2) meore periodi mudmivi sasamarTloebis moqmedebis Sesasruleblad an moqmedebisa-
(quaestiones perpetuae) gaCenas ukavSirdeba. gan Tavis Sesakaveblad. mag., Tu piri sxvis
saxalxo sasamarTloebis gverdiT nel-ne- miwaze aSenebda Senobas akrZalvis miuxe-
la yalibdeba mudmivi sasamarTlo organo davad, pretoris brZanebiT nagebobas daan-
(ordo iudiciorum publicorum), xalxi ki ganixi- grevdnen.
lavda mxolod saqmeebs de perduellione, rode- sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyve
sac saqme sikvdiliT dasjas exeboda. tilebis Sesruleba saxelmwifo organoebs
pirveli mudmivi sasamarTlo Zv. w. 149 w-iT ar evaleboda. Tu mopasuxe gadawyvetile-
TariRdeba, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara lex bebs ar daemorCileboda, mosarCeles See-
Calpurnia repetundarum-iT, rasac kidev ram- Zlo axali sarCelis Setana. mag., valis da-
denime mudmivi sasamarTlos Seqmna mohyva. brunebis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles Sehqonda
sulam sasamarTloebis raodenoba gazar axali sarCeli gadawyvetilebis Seusrule-
da, xolo ciceronis droisaTvis ukve mo- blobis gamo, ris Sedegadac movalis vali
qmedebda 8 mudmivi sasamarTlo, romle- ormagdeboda. kreditors gadawyvetilebis
bic sxvadasxva tipis samarTaldarRvevebs aRsasruleblad ufleba eniWeboda, rogorc
ganixilavdnen: gaflangva, meqrTameoba, movalis qonebaze, ise mis pirovnebaze, See-
Tanamdebobis pirTa winaaRmdeg Cadenili Zlo gaeyida movalis qoneba, pirad patim-
danaSaulebebi, mkvlelobebi, mowamvlebi robaSi hyoloda movale an gaeyida is sa
a.S. yvela sasamarTlos Tavisi Tavmjdo- xelmwifos farglebs gareT. es wesi Zv. w. 326
mare hyavda, romelic an pretori iyo an w-s aikrZala. legisaqciuri da eqstraor-
mosamarTle, amis garda sasamarTlo pro- dinaluri procesebis SemTxvevaSi am mxriv
cesze mosamarTleebis gansazRvruli rao gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs.
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samarTlis wigni _ kanonTa sistemuri kre- lo xdeboda (mag., qsnisa da aragvis saeri-
bulis (iSviaTad sasamarTlo gadawyve sTavoebi).
tilebis) Zveli qarTuli saxelwodeba. Zvel
qarTul mwerlobaSi samarTlis Sesatyvisad samouravo – mefis saxaso an msxvili saero
`sjuli~ an `Sjulic~ ixmareboda, Tumca mas da saeklesio feodalebis samflobelo
saeklesio samarTlis mniSvneloba ufro teritoriis nawili Sua saukuneebis saqa-
hqonda (Zveli da axali aRTqmis wigne- rTveloSi, romelsac mouravi ganagebda.
bi, giorgi merCulis `grigol xanZTelis samouravos arsebobas XIII s-dan varau-
cxovreba~ da `Zeglis wera~ ruis-urbnisis doben, maTi mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT
1103 w. krebisa). `samarTali ars Sja, marT- XV s-dan gaizarda, rodesac saqarTvelos
lad gamyofeloba Rirsebisaebr TiToeule- politikuri daSlis Sedegad moiSala Zve-
basa~ (saba). xSirad misi Semoklebuli li centralizebuli mmarTveloba, gauqmda
versia `samarTali~ ixmareboda. sisxlis saerisTavoebi (ix. erisTavi) da misi adgili
samarTlis saCivari saxelmwifo kanonebis saTavadoebma (ix. Tavadi) daikava. kaxeTis
mixedviT wydeboda. XVII-XVIII ss-Si es sity- mefeebi (Teimuraz I, erekle I, erekle II) qar-
va ukve erTaderTi terminia am cnebis gamo- Tlisa da kaxeTis samefoebis gaerTianebisa
saxatavad. vaxtang VI-is kanonebis krebulSi da centralizaciis politikis gatarebisas
dasavleT saqarTvelos XVI s-is saeklesio cdilobdnen SeezRudaT an gaeuqmebinaT sa
kanonmdeblis Zegls saTaurad aqvs `samar- Tavadoebi da maT nacvlad daenergaT samou
Tali kaTolikozTa~, giorgi V brwyinvalis ravoebis sistema. samouravoebi saqarTve
Zeglis dadebis `samarTali mefisa giorgi- los ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg gauqmda.
sa~ ewodeba da a. S. samarTlis wigni samarT-
lis sxvadasxva dargis normebs aerTianebda.
samoqalaqo _ Zveli qarTuli termini, aRniS-
mis calkeul dargobriv nawilebs `kari~
navda feodaluri xanis qalaqis sanaxebs, mis
ewodeboda (mag., `kari qurdobisa~, `kari
e. w. `mimdgom qveyanas~ _ qalaqisagan admi
nasyidobisa~). Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli
nistraciulad da ekonomiurad damokide-
erovnuli samarTlis wignebidan uZvelesia
bul teritorias. wyaroebSi gvxvdeba XI s-
bagrat kurapalatis samarTali, yvelaze
dan quTaisis sanaxebis aRsaniSnavad (`quTai-
mniSvnelovani ki _ `samarTali batonisSvi-
sisa samoqalaqo~), romelic teritoriulad
lis vaxtangisa~. zogierTi samarTlis wigni
moicavda daaxloebiT Zveli moxirisis far-
adgilobrivi daniSnulebisa iyo (mag., gior-
glebs (TiTqmis igivea, rac gviandeli xanis
gi brwyinvalis `Zeglis dadeba~ mTiuleTi-
`vake imereTi~). samoqalaqo warmoadgenda
saTvis) da politikur gankerZoebulobasac
jer gaerTianebul saqarTvelos, Semdeg ki
gamoxatavda (beqas da aRbuRas samarTlis
imereTis mefeTa domens.
wigni samcxe-saaTabagos samTavroSi).
samparavTmeZeblo samarTali _ gaerTiane

samTavro – monarqiuli saxelmwifoebrivi buli feodaluri saqarTvelos sasamarTlo
warmonaqmni, romlis saTaveSi idga mTa- dawesebuleba, romelic qurdobas ebrZo
vari. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi samTav- da. mas XVI s-dan mekobreTmZebnelTa sa
ro ewodeboda mTavaris sagamgeblo teri- samarTlo, ufro gvian ki, dasturlamalis
torias. kerZod: 1) saxelmwifo moxelee- mixedviT, xevisTavis sasamarTlo ewode
bis (spaspeti, erisTavi, spasalari da sxv.) boda. samparavTmeZeblo samarTals eva-
sagamgeblo administraciul-teritoriul leboda damnaSavis Zebna, saqmis Zieba, mom
erTeuls; 2) mcire da did seniorebs (VI-VIII xdaris ganxilva da damnaSavis gasamarTle-
ss-Si _ qarTvelTa saerisTavo; VIII-X ss-Si ba. am dawesebulebis ZiriTadi moxele iyo
_ kaxTa saqorepiskoposo, herTa samefo, ib- mparavTmZebneli (gviand. mekobreTmZebneli,
erTa sakurapalato, sxvadasxva sauflo-sa- qurdismZebneli), Tumca maT garda, mefisa-
mamflo-samefoebi; XIII-XVIII ss-Si _ samcxe- gan `Cenilnic~ msaxurobdnen. giorgi III-is
saaTabago, guriis, samegrelos, svaneTis, 1170 sigelis mixedviT, `CenilTa~ movaleo-
afxazeTis samTavroebi). zogjer samoxeleo baSi damnaSavis dapatimreba da ganaCenis
samTavroebi saTavado-samamule samflobe- sisruleSi moyvanac Sedioda. mparavi an Ca
281
moxrCobiT (roca `mravaljer eparos~) an qals hqonda amis ufleba. erTaderTi ga-
damasaxiCrebeli sasjeliT isjeboda. parvis remoeba, rac kerZo sakuTrebas saojaxo
cneba gulisxmobda sxvisi qonebis rogorc sakuTrebad cvlida, sikvdili iyo. qmars
farulad, ise iaraRis gamoyenebiT mitaceba coli Tavisi xarjiT unda daemarxa, aseve
sac. naqurdals samparavTmeZeblo samarTa colsac Tavisi saTavno qmris dakrZalvisT-
li patrons ubrunebda. danaSaulisaTvis vis unda moexmara. CveulebiTi samarTlisT-
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo agreTve jarima mefis vis anderZi ucxo iyo, memkvidreoba ki imas
an feodalis sasargeblodac. XIII s-is Zeg moiTxovda, rom col-qmars erTmaneTis qo-
liT da vaxtang VI-is samarTliT dawesebu nebis miReba ar SeeZlo. Sesabamisad, qmars
lia naparavis Svidmagad gadaxdevineba (ix. ar hqonda ufleba, colisTvis eCuqebina
Svideuli). raime Tavisi qonebidan. sikvdilis Semdeg
saTavno vaJiSvilebs rCebodaT da isini
samwunobro, xevsureTi _ jarima colis gag- iyofdnen Tanasworad. qals marto dedis
debisTvis. samwunobrod dawesebulia Te- talavari ergeboda, sxva araferi. Tu qals
qvsmeti Zroxa. arc vaJiSvili hyavda da arc asuli, saTavno
imas rCeboda, vinc mas mouvlida da damar-
sanaxSo, raWa _ sasoflo moedani raWaSi. xavda. am uflebiT sargeblobdnen mxolod
raWis yvela ubanSi iyo sanaxSo, zogjer 2 qmris gvareuloba da naTesaoba. saTavnos
sanaxSoc iyo, imis mixedviT, Tu ra sididis garda, qals sxva araferi ekuTvnoda mamis
iyo sofeli. magram arsebobda erTi mTa- qonebidan. samkvidrebeli, saojaxo mamuli
vari saerTo sanaxSo, romelzedac soflis vaJiSvilebis iyo da qals xeli ar miuwvde-
yvela kuTxidan modiodnen. soflis saerTo boda. Zveli samarTalic (vaxtangis kanoni)
sanaxSo ZiriTadad soflis centrSi an gana- da xevsuruli Cveulebac uaryofda qalis
pira mxaresac ki mdebareobda. sanaxSoze xis memkvidreobas, roca mamas vaJiSvilebi ar
grZeli skamebi, kunZebi an didi qvebi iyo gahyavda da arc naTesavebi, qoneba sofels
moyofili dasajdomad. mTaraWaSi sanaxSoze rCeboda. Temi mas ver Seexeboda.
mxolod soflis mamakacebi ikribebodnen. aq
qalis misvla uxerxulic iyo. zemo da qvemo sapalne _ aqlemis, cxenis, viris da sxva
raWaSi aseTi zRvari ar iyo da bavSvebsac saqonlis asakidi tvirTi; sawyao da masis
ki hqondaT misvlis ufleba. sanaxSoze ara- erTeuli. sapalniT zomavdnen Rvinos, ab-
viTari ufros-umcrosoba ar yofila da vi- reSums, bambas, marils da a. S. saqarTveloSi
sac ra undoda, imas laparakobda. Tumca mo- Semovida XIII s-Si. rogorc XVII-XVIII ss-is
xucs pativs scemdnen da sapatio adgilasac wyaroebidan Cans, aqlemis sapalne yofila
svamdnen. sanaxSoze yvelaferze saubrobd- 224-294 kg., cxenis _ 147 kg., virisa _ 65 kg.
nen, erTobodnen, cekvavdnen. Tumca sanaxSo sapalnis naxevars cali erqva, meoTxeds _
warmoadgenda rogorc Cveulebrivi garTo- calbari. sapalnis saxeobaa xarvari, rome-
ba-saubrebisa Tu sportuli RonisZiebebis lic saqarTveloSi iranidan damkvidrda.
Catarebis, aseve sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis
mowesrigebis, gza-xidebis, saTemo miwebis sapiro _ Zvel saqarTveloSi sagangebo
gadanawileba-movlis, mwyemsobis rigis, qonebrivi sazRauri, romelsac dazavebisas
dResaswaulTa da sxva sakiTxebis organiza- damnaSave piri Serigebis pirobis gansamtki-
ciis adgils. ceblad `sisxlis~ gadaxdamde aZlevda daza
ralebuls. sapiro gvxvdeba bagrat kurapa-
saojaxo sakuTreba, mTa _ col-qmars erTma- latis samarTalsa (112, 159-160 muxlebi) da
neTis qonebaze xeli ar miuwvdeboda, isini e. w. `sasisxlo sigelebSi~, Tumca termin
erTmaneTis qonebas ver daepatronebodnen. sapiros nacvlad ixmareba misi sinonimi sa-
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi hqonda qmars saTav- zao. sapiros odenoba danaSaulis simZimisa
nos daxarjvis ufleba, Tu daxarjuls au- da dazaralebulis socialur-wodebrivi
nazRaurebda Semdeg. mdgomareobis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda.
cols ki qmris sicocxleSi ar SeeZlo Sexe-
boda mis qonebas, magaliTad, gaeyida saqo- sarCelze uaris Tqma (tergiveratio) _ magistra
neli, iaraRi da sxva. mxolod daqvrivebul tis Tanxmobis gareSe sasamarTloSi ukve
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aRZrul saqmeze uaris Tqma. am SemTxvevaSi ganaCens, manamde arcerT msajuls ar hqon-
mopasuxes ufleba hqonda, moeTxova sasa da misi gamJRavnebis ufleba. radgan Tu mom-
marTlo procesis dasruleba da gamarT Civani an mopasuxe sajarod gamocxadebamde
lebis Semdeg mosarCeleze saqme aReZra Seityobda ganaCens, ukmayofilo mxares neba
sasamarTloSi. Zv. w. I s-dan gavrcelda sisx- hqonda, ar mieRo es garigeba. amitom yvela
lis samarTlebrivi devnis Sewyvetis praq- cdilobda, saidumlo mtkiced daecva, Tumca
tika (rodesac senatis an imperatoris brZa ganCinebis dadgenidan gamocxadebamde xan-
nebiT sasixarulo ambebTan dakavSirebiT daxan mTeli Tve an weliwadic ki gadioda.
cxaddeboda Sewyaleba). ganCinebis dadgenis Semdeg msajulebi mi-
diodnen adgilis eklesiis karze da iq
sasamarTlo ardadegebi (feriae) _ ardadege atyobinebdnen momCivan-mopasuxes ganaCens.
bis dros sasamarTlo procesebi ar imarTe- momCivan-mopasuxe modioda SeiaraRebuli.
boda. sasamarTlos muSaobis zamTris da papi, romelsac windawinve ibarebdnen msa-
zafxulis sesiebs ewodeboda actus rerum, julebi, gamoasvenebda xats. erT mxares xa-
romlebic ardadegebiT iyo gayofili. tis win Camwkrivebulad qudmoxdili msaju-
lebi idgnen, meore mxares ki erTimeoreze
sasamarTlo sxdomis gadavadeba _ 1) comper- daSorebuli momCivan-mopasuxe ojaxobiT,
endinatio _ gadavadeba. XII dafis kanonebis mxolod mamakacebiT. ramdenime wamis Sem-
mixedviT sasamarTlo mosamarTleebis da- deg momCivani RmerTs da xats mimarTavda,
niSvnidan mesame dRes iniSneboda. 2) amplia- daesaja msajulebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isi-
tio _ samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi pirni sworad ar aRasrulebdnen samarTals.
veli sasamarTlo sxdomis rezultatTa re- sityvis dasrulebis Semdeg miwidan balaxs
zumirebuli ganxilva, sisxlis samarTlis moglejda, haerSi gafantavda da kvlav Ta-
warmoebaSi sasamarTlo sxdomis gadavadeba vis adgils ubrundeboda. aseve iqceoda mo-
damatebiTi informaciis da mtkicebulebebis pasuxec. momCivan-mopasuxis Semdeg maxvSi
Segrovebis mizniT. 3) dilatio _ sasamarTlo mimarTavda, rom maT mier gamotanili ga-
sxdomis gadavadeba damatebiTi mtkicebule- naCeni kargad awonili da gamorCeuli iyo,
bebis mogrovebis mizniT. razec msajulebic ficiT eTanxmebodnen.
amis Semdeg maxvSi momCivan-mopasuxes erT-
samarTalwarmoeba, svaneTi _ ganCinebis gulebis fics CamoarTmevda maT da midiod-
dadgenis dros msajulebi soflis ganapira nen TavTavianT saxlebSi. msajulebic orad
adgilas midiodnen, xolo uamindobis Sem- iyofodnen, erTi nawili erTTan midioda,
TxvevaSi soflis romelime ukacur saxlSi meore nawili _ meoresTan ganaCenis gamo-
ikribebodnen, raTa gareSe pirs ar moesmi- satanad. arcerT mxares ar hqonda ganaCenis
na ganCinebis Sesaxeb. aq msajulebi jer maxv- gasaCivrebis ufleba (ix. morvar, msajul-
Sis, rogorc yvelaze sando pirs, sTxovdnen, mediatorebi, svaneTi; morigeba, svaneTi).
warmoeTqva Tavisi azri, Tu ramdeni unda
miesajaT momCivanisTvis mopasuxisagan. sasoflo yriloba, sazogado kreba, svaneTi
maxvSis Semdeg xmis ufleba hqonda asakiT (svan. luxor) _ uzenaesi instancia svanur
yvelaze ufross da ase yvela rigrigobiT iuridiul wes-wyobilebaSi. yrilobaSi
gamoTqvamda Tavis Sexedulebas. rogorc daswrebis ufleba hqonda sazogadoebis
wesi, ZiriTadad, yvelas azri emTxveoda TiToeuli komlis yvela srulwlovan ada-
erTmaneTs, radgan yvela msajulma kargad mians, rogorc mamakacs, ise qals. sasoflo
icoda, Tu romeli danaSauli ra sasjels yriloba damoukidebeli organo iyo, igi
iTvaliswinebda. Semdeg erT-erTi msajuli aravis winaSe ar iyo pasuxismgebeli. maxv-
iRebda patara qvas, miwas Txrida da Sig Caf- Sis TavmjdomareobiT agvarebda nebismier
lavda xolme. qvis Cafvla svanur iuridi- sazogado saqmes da iRebda gadawyvetile-
ul wyobilebaSi imas niSnavs, rasac sxvagan bas, gamohqonda ganaCeni. danaSaulis Sem-
werilobiTi ganaCeni, anu saqmis moTaveba. TxvevaSi damnaSaves saxl-kars uwvavdnen,
Tumca qvis Cafvla saidumlos Senaxvis sim- sazogadoebidan devnidnen an sikvdiliT
boloc iyo. sanam msajulebi erTad ar ga- sjidnen. sasoflo yrilobas evaleboda: a)
moucxadebdnen momCivan-mopasuxes TavianT qveynis gareT samtrod wasvlis gadawyveta,
283
ZiriTadad CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebTan saturninus apuleiusi (Saturninus Appuleius)
sabrZolvelad; b) maTi dabegvra da Seri- (Zv. w. ?- 100) _ saxalxo tribuni (103 w. da
geba; g) saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi kavSiris 100 w.), mZafri brZolis Semdeg gaatara ram-
Sekvra; d) aseve saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi denime kanoni plebeebisa da veteranebis sa-
mekomurTa Soris gadasaxadis gadanawile- sargeblod.
ba. yriloba sjida da jarimas axdevinebda
sazogadoebis yvela wevrs, romlebic mama- saupatiuro, xevsureTi _ gadasaxadi sami
papaTa mier dadgenil wesebs daarRvevd- Zroxis odenobiT, romelsac qmari uxdida
nen, aseve qurdobisTvis, melogine qalis gaupatiurebul cols im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas
droze adre gamoyvanisa Tu uqm dReebSi pirvelsave wels miatovebda.
muSaobisTvis, meZavobisa da naTesaobis
darRvevisaTvis. saufliswulo _ feodaluri miwismflob-
sasoflo yrilobas eqvemdebareboda sasu- elobis forma saqarTveloSi. erTiani qa-
liero wodebac. yriloba uflebamosili rTuli feodaluri monarqiis epoqaSi sau-
iyo sasuliero wodebisTvis samudamod Ca- fliswulo erqva mefis saxaso mamulidan
moerTmia sasuliero piris Rirseba, Tu igi romelime ufliswulisaTvis gamoyofil
vinmes moklavda an daWrida. droebiT Seu- droebiT samflobelos. XV-XVIII ss-is sa-
Cerdeboda statusi mruSobis SemTxvevaSi, TavadoebSi saufliswulos uwodebdnen sa-
xolo jarima ekisreboda simTvralisTvis. Tavados saerTo-saxaso samflobelodan
gamoyofil yma-mamuls, romelic eZleoda
sasjeli, aTeni _ modave mxareTa mier gamos- romelime TavadiSvilis saxls droebiT
vlebis dasrulebis Semdeg, dikastesebs ga- mflobelobaSi sarCod da sacxovreblad.
naCeni gamohqondaT. aseve adgendnen isini garkveuli drois Semdeg SesaZlebeli iyo
sasjels. Tu arsebul kanonebSi gawerili es saufliswuloebi sxva ojaxs gadascemo-
iyo sasjelis saxeoba, sasamarTlo sxdoma da. saufliswulos mflobels arc gayidva,
ganaCenis gamotanisTvis mimdinare kenWi- arc gaazateba da arc raime cvlilebis Seta
syriT sruldeboda. Tumca sakmaod xSirad na SeeZlo saxlis sxva wevrebis ukiTxavad.
TiToeuli mxare sasjelis gansxvavebul gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, es mxolod saTava-
zomas moiTxovda. Sesabamisad, tardeboda dos sxva wevrebis TanxmobiT unda momxda
kidev erTi kenWisyra, raTa erTi an meore riyo. saufliswulo gamgebloba da samarT-
mxaris mier moTxovnili sasjeli mieRoT. lis warmoeba TavadiSvilis funqciebSi Se
patimrobas, rogorc sasjels, Zalze iSvia- dioda. saxlis ufross anu Tavads xeli ar
Tad mimarTavdnen. sajaro braldebis saqme- miuwvdeboda saufliswulos Sinaur saqmee-
Ta SemTxvevebSi yvelaze xSiri sikvdiliT bze. zogjer saufliswulosac edo `saxelm-
dasja an fuladi jarimebi iyo. TerTmetad wifo xarji~, romlisTvisac pasuxismgebeli
wodebuli magistratebi zedamxedvelobas TavadiSvili iyo. saTavadoSi imdeni sau-
uwevdnen sikvdiliT dasjas. sikvdiliT fliswulo iyo, ramdenic ojaxi.
dasja gulisxmobda an mowamlvas, an bral-
debulis xis xundebiT daborkvas da ase da- saufroso _ sauxuceso, ojaxis gayrisas
tovebas sasikvdilod. ufrosi Zmis gansakuTrebuli wili samkvidro
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu braldebuli dadgenil qonebaSi. qarTul sakanonmdeblo ZeglebSi
dros jarimas ar gadaixdida, is saxelmwi- saufrosos gverdiT ixsenieba agreTve saum-
fos movale xdeboda da misi qoneba konfis- croso da saSualo. saeklesio moZRvrebis
kacias an auqcionze gayidvas eqvemdebare- Tanaxmad, Svilebs Tanabari samemkvidro
boda. mas mTlianad an nawilobriv CamoerT- ufleba hqondaT, Tumca qarTulma feoda
meoda moqalaqis uflebebi. Tumca amisTvis lurma samarTalma es debuleba ar gaiziara.
saqme isev da isev bralmdebels unda aReZ- saufroso gansakuTrebiT gavr
celebuli iyo
ra. kerZo braldebis dros gamarjvebul Tavad-aznaurTa Soris. swored am wrisaTvis
modaves evaleboda, rom mas Tavad amoeRo gansazRvravs saufrosos aRebis wess `samar-
sasamarTlos mier dadgenili jarima (ix. Tali batonisSvilis vaxtangisa~ (m. 100). da-
dike; grafe; dikasterioni). viT X-is ganCineba baraTaSvilebis gayris
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saqmes awesrigebda, ufros Zmas saufrosod iznul mkvlels. dazaralebulis ojaxs ug-
àTisagan erTi~ ergeboda. amave principiT zavnian 20 cxvars da ayeneben adgilobrivi
iyofoda agreTve `saxlis WurWeli~, maT So- qeris luds.
ris, Tasebi, Wiqebi, `Cinurebi~, qvabebi da sxv.
sawyevari, xevsureTi _ qvis patara koSki,
saqoneli _ qonebis saxeoba Zvel saqarT- romelsac kacis gamxmari skore (nexvi) edo.
veloSi. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmarte- sawyevars agebdnen, roca vinmes Sercxvena
biT, saqoneli aris usulo xvastagi, `sayo surdaT, magaliTad, sawyevars ugebdnen
lelisagan~ gansxvavebuli moZravi qoneba. mZevals, romelic mZevlobaze uars ambobda.
giorgi brwyinvalis, beqas da aRbuRas da sawyevris agebis paralelurad, xevsurebma
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignebSi saqon- ZaRlis an katis CamoxrCobac icodnen. orive
lis Sesaxeb araerT iuridiul ganmartebas Cveuleba wyevisa da sircxvilis niSani iyo.
Tu kanons vxvdebiT. ZiriTadad saqoneli
yvelanairi moZravi qonebis aRmniSvnelad saWirnaxulo _ ojaxis gayrisas naamagari
gamoiyeneboda. berZnuli samarTlis qar pirisaTvis meti Sromisa da garjis asanaz-
Tul versiaSi ùZravi saqonelic~ ki ixse- Raureblad gankuTvnili gansakuTrebuli
nieba. wili gasayof qonebaSi gviandel feodalur
saqarTveloSi. pirs SeeZlo moeTxova is
saqonlis aReba anu samarxi xarjebi, xev- qoneba, risi `Wirnaxulic~ hqondaT, maT So-
sureTi _ nivTieri sazRauri, rodesac mkv- ris yma, miwa, nivTi da a. S. garda gayrisa, sa-
leli sTavazobda dazaralebulis Wirisuf- davo qonebaze gaweuli SromisaTvis saWir-
lebs im SemTxvevaSi, roca igi sasikvdilo naxulos gansazRvris sakiTxsac sasamarT-
Wrilobas miayenebda vinmes, magram daWri lo wyvetda. mag., baR-venaxis gaSenebisaTvis,
li jer kidev cocxali iyo. Tu daWrili ymaze an nagebobaze gaweuli xarjebisaTvis
gardaicvleboda, damnaSave ojaxianad ixiz da a. S. gaweuli Sromisa da xarjis Sesafase-
neboda, Semdeg ki Suakacebis meSveobiT blad misi saWirnaxulos gansazRvrisaTvis
valdebuli iyo, dasamarxi xarjebi gaeRo. saqmis mcodne pirebs iwvevdnen.
Suakacebi samZimars da Sesarigebel sityvebs
eubnebodnen, ris Semdegac Wirisuflebi xev- saWurWle _ Zvirfaseuloba, ganZi da simdid-
surul tradicias gverds ver auvlidnen da ris sacavi, xazina Zvel saqarTveloSi. gaer-
damarxvis Tadarigs Seudgebodnen. Tavda- Tianebuli samefos xanaSi termini saWur-
pirvelad daklavdnen erT cxvars. aseTi Wle salarosagan gansxvavebul, saniadagod
msxverplis Sewirva savaldebulo iyo Wi saxmar-saxarjav saxelmwifo xazinas aRniS-
risuflisaTvis, Tu am wess gadauxvevda, xu navda, romlis calkeuli ganyofilebani sa-
Ti ZroxiT iqneboda dajarimebuli. ganZurebad iwodeboda. saWurWleSi fuli,
mkvlels dazaralebulis ojaxisTvis unda `lari da WurWeli oqrosi da vercxlisa,
miegvara sami kurati, sami cxvari da ludis Cinuri da qaSanuri usaRvino~, mefisaTvis
mosaduRebeli sami didi qvabi. am sami kura- `SemoZRunebuli~ `Tualni da margalitni~
tidan erTs WirisuflebisTvis daklavdnen, inaxeboda. saWurWle erTian dawesebulebas
meores _ mamakacebisTvis. amas `salaSqro~ warmoadgenda, Tumca saganZurebi sxvadasxva
ewodeboda, mesames ki _ qalebisTvis, anu adgilze iyo ganTavsebuli. qveynis mTavari
`sadedulos~. meoTxe kurati mkvlelis saWurWle sataxto qalaqSi _ jer quTaisSi
biZaSvils unda daekla moklulis biZaS- `quTaissa saWurWle~, Semdeg ki 1122 w.-dan
vilisTvis, romelsac `saSinSo~ ewodeboda. TbilisSi iyo. rodesac daviT aRmaSenebel-
ma 1122 w. Tbilisi amiras mpyrobelobisagan
saSuRlo azaris aTaveba, xevi _ dazavebis gaaTavisufla, man `qalaqi tfilisi... daum-
win ori mopirispire gvaris mier gaRebuli kvidra SvilTa TvisTa saWurWled da sax-
msxverpli. lad saukunod~. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
Tbilisis garda, sxvaganac iyo saxelmwifo
saZmo, xevsureTi _ nivTieri sazRauri, saganZurebi. magaliTad, àtenisa saWur-
rodesac Wirisuflebi naTesavis damarxvis Wle~, `cixesa Sina ujarmisasa~. saWurWle
Semdeg saxlSi dabrunebis nebas aZleven gax- meWurWleTuxucess eqvemdebareboda. samo-
285
xeleo aparats Seadgendnen saWurWlisa da 5000 kacs ar aRemateboda (Tukididesi, 8, 72).
meWurWleTuxucesis nacvali da meWurWle- gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
ni, saWurWlis uxucesi, muqibi, muSribi da ganxilvisas kvorumi 6000 kaci unda yofili
mwignobari. saWurWlis Semosavlebs mefe gayo (am kanonis yvelaze adreuli damowmeba
nagebda. fulis garda, saWurWleSi mefisaT- Zv. w. 363 w.). sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, calkeu-
vis mirTmeuli Zvirfasi ganZeulobac inaxe- li individisTvis, SesaZloa, saxalxo kre-
boda. erTiani samefos daSlisas saxelm- baSi monawileobis ufleba CamoerTmiaT.
wifo saWurWlec gaiyo. eklesia-monastrebs krebidan misi gaZevebis mizezi SeiZleba
TavianTi saWurWleebi hqondaT. yofiliyo xazinis vali, amoricxva demosis
reestridan, prostitucia, mSoblebis upa-
saxalxo kreba (ejkklhsiva) _ aTenuri mmarT- tivcemuloba da maT Senaxvaze uaris Tqma da
velobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani a. S. Tu romelime moqalaqe dasabuTebulad
instituti. saxalxo kreba warmoadgenda Tvlida, rom esa Tu is piri ar iyo Rirsi
mamrobiTi sqesis aTenel moqalaqeTa regu monawileoba mieRo saxalxo krebaSi, mas
larul Tavyrilobas, romelzedac mois- SeeZlo am ukanasknelis guldasmiT gamoZie-
mendnen, ganixilavdnen da kenWs uyridnen ba _ dokimasia moeTxova, ris Semdegac saqme
dekretebsa da kanonebs. saxalxo krebaze mi gansaxilvelad sasamarTlos gadaecemoda.
Rebuli kanonebi aTenuri cxovrebis TiTq- saxalxo krebis erT-erTi umniSvnelova-
mis yvela sferos moicavda _ dawyebuli nesi niSan-Tviseba sityvis Tavisufleba gax-
sagareo urTierTobis, finansuri da reli ldaT, rac sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo am
giuri sferoTi da damTavrebuli iseTi sa institutis funqcionirebisaTvis.
kiTxebiT, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, samxe Zv. w. IV s-dan politikos agiriosis ini-
dro xomaldis aRWurvasTan dakavSirebuli ciativiT saxalxo krebam SemoiRo kanoni,
problemebi da a. S. romelmac TiToeuli monawilesaTvis kre-
demokratias, aristoteles mixedviT, adgi- baze daswrebis gasamrjelo daawesa.
li aqvs maSin, roca `xalxi xdeba movlenaTa saxalxo kreba tradiciulad pniqsis bor-
ganmkargveli~ da rodesac igi axorcielebs cvis wverze, Ria cis qveS tardeboda. Sex-
xelisuflebas `dekretebisa da samarTlis~ vedris dRes specialuri moxeleebi borc-
meSveobiT. xalxis mier dekretebis meSveo- vis asasvlelTan jebirebs dgamdnen, raTa
biT ganxorcielebul mmarTvelobaSi, aris krebis wevrebi gaemijnaT im moqalaqeebi-
totele, faqtobrivad, saxalxo krebis fun- sagan, romlebic krebis sayureblad iyvnen
qcionirebas gulisxmobs (aristotele, aTe Sekrebilni. calkeul SemTxvevaSi saxalxo
nelTa saxelmwifo wyobileba, 41, 1-2). kreba dionises TeatrSic imarTeboda.
aTenis saxalxo krebaze sityvis warmoTqma krebis muSaoba wlis ganmavlobaSi dayo-
aTenis mamrobiTi sqesis yvela moqalaqes fili iyo aT ciklad _ pritanead. TiToeu-
SeeZlo misi warmomavlobisa da qonebrivi li pritanea 36 dRisagan Sedgeboda, romlis
mdgomareobis miuxedavad. moqalaqe regis- ganmavlobaSic kreba oTxjer iyo mowveuli.
trirebuli unda yofiliyo saxalxo krebis oTxidan erT Sekrebas _ ùmaRlesi kreba~
siaSi Tavisi demosis mixedviT. aristoteles (kuriva ejkklhsiva) ewodeboda. am krebaze gani
dros axalgazrda kaci am siaSi imis Semdeg xilavdnen arsebuli magistratebis Tanamde-
SehyavdaT, rac 18 wlis Sesrulebis Semdgom bobaze damtkicebas, sakvebiT momaragebisa
igi orwlian samxedro samsaxurs gaivlida. da TavdacviT sakiTxebs. aseve acxadebdnen
swored am droidan xdeboda igi moqalaqe. im kerZo sakuTrebaTa Sesaxeb, romle-
dResdReobiT ar aris zustad dadgenili, bic konfiskacias eqvemdebareboda da a. S.
Tu ra iyo aTenis saxalxo krebis poten- amis garda calkeuli krebebi konkretuli
ciur monawileTa ricxvi. mecnierTa gamoT- sakiTxebis gadawyvetisaTvis iyo gankuT-
vlebiT, es ricxvi 20-30 000 moqalaqes Soris vnili. ase magaliTad, pirveli pritaneis
meryeobda. bunebrivia, Cveulebriv, saxalxo me-11 dRes mowveul krebaze moqalaqeebi
krebas amdeni adamiani ar eswreboda. Tuki- kenWs uyridnen imas, unda moexdinaT Tu ara
didesis mixedviT, peloponesis omis dros yvela arsebuli kanonis revizia; meeqvse
krebaze damswreTa ricxvi, rogorc wesi, pritaneis ganmavlobaSi gamarTul krebaze
286
ganixileboda ostrakismosis sakiTxi, mim- melic krebasa da bules Soris arsebobda.
dinareobda informatorebis _ e. w. `siko- yvela mniSvnelovan dekrets saxalxo kreba
fantebis~ winaaRmdeg arsebuli informaci- iRebda. calkeul SemTxvevebSi, mas SeeZlo
is mosmena, aseve msjelobdnen im adamianTa bules gareSec emoqmeda. ase magaliTad,
Sesaxeb, romelTac maTTvis dawesebuli saxalxo kreba damoukideblad moqmedebda
sajaro samsaxuris SeusruleblobaSi ede- yovel pritaneaSi gamarTul umaRles kre-
bodaT brali. Zv. w. IV s-is Sua wlebamde baze, aseve wlis dasawyisSi mowveul Sexve-
saxalxo krebaze drodadro imarTeboda draze, rodesac arsebul kanonebs uyridnen
sasamarTlo ganxilva, upiratesad impiCmen- kenWs. magram, umTavresad, saxalxo kreba
tis _ eisangelias Sesaxeb. da bule erToblivad muSaobdnen. saxalxo
umaRlesi saxalxo krebisa da rigiT kreba- krebas ar SeeZlo kenWi eyara im sakiTxebi-
Ta gverdiT arsebobda e. w. suvgklhtoi ejkkl- saTvis, romlebic pritanisebs ar hqondaT
hsivai `TavSeyrili~ (called-together) krebebi, dRis wesrigSi Setanili da, Tavis mxriv,
romelTa mniSvneloba ar aris zustad dad- pritanisebsac ar SeeZloT daeyenebinaT esa
genili. wyaroebSi is zogierT SemTxvevaSi Tu is sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi, Tu igi Tavda-
sagangebo krebis mniSvnelobiT aris naxma pirvelad bules ar eqneboda ganxiluli.
ri, Tumca sxva SemTxvevaSi es kreba ufro bules unda daemtkicebina probulevma _
uecrad daniSnuli krebis STabeWdilebas rezolucia, Semdeg ki igi saxalxo krebisaT-
tovebs. vis unda gaegzavna. rogorc ki rezolucia
Zv. w. V s-Si saxalxo krebas pritanisebi saxalxo krebaze mividoda, is xdeboda fse-
iwvevdnen. Tu xmis micema romelime sakiTxze fisma _ yhvfisma _ ànu sagani, romlisTvisac
kenWebiT warmoebda, maSin pritanisebi ken- xma unda miecaT~.
Webs arigebdnen. Semdeg krebis Tavmjdo- xmis micema saxalxo krebaze umTavresad
mares _ epistatess wilis yriT irCevdnen xelis aweviT warmoebda, Tumca zogjer
pritanisebis rigebidan. is am movaleobas farul kenWisyrasac hqonda adgili. kreba
erTi dRis manZilze aRasrulebda. yovel dekretebs _ fsefismebs xelis aweviT iRebda,
axal krebaze axali Tavmjdomare iyo arCeu- magram sul cota Zv.w. IV s-Si mainc dekrete-
li. aristoteles droisTvis krebis mowve- bi kanonebis Tanafardni ar iyvnen. kanonebi
vis da Catarebis procedura garTulda. miiReboda ufro didi droiT, iyvnen ufro
bules Tavmjdomare _ epistatesi TiToeuli zogadi, da, Sesabamisad, maTi miReba ufro
SekrebisaTvis 9 proedross niSnavda. isi- rTuli iyo. ase magaliTad, 6000 moqalaqis
ni bules im wevrebidan iyvnen SerCeulni, xma iyo saWiro, raTa ama Tu im pirisaTvis
romelnic im momentisaTvis pritanisebad moqalaqeoba CamoerTmiaT.
ar msaxurobdnen. Semdgom proedrosebidan marTalia, saxalxo kreba kanonebis Sedge-
irCeoda sxdomis Tavmjdomare _ epistate- naSi iyo pasuxismgebeli, magram igi pirda-
si. proedrosebi warmarTavdnen sxdomebs pir ar iRebda da arc auqmebda maT, rogorc
_ wyvetdnen rodis unda daeyenebinaT esa amas dekretebis SemTxvevaSi akeTebda. sxva
Tu is sakiTxi xmis misacemad da rodis unda dasxva kategoriis kanonTa ratifikaciisT-
SeewyvitaT diskusia. saxalxo kreba aseve vis saxalxo kreba pirveli pritaneis me-11
irCevda gramatevss, romelsac dokumentebi dRes imarTeboda. Tu kreba gamoxatavda uk-
xmamaRla unda waekiTxa. mayofilebas romelime kategoriis kanonTa
kreba ritualuri msaxurebiT iwyeboda: mimarT, maSin am pritaneis ukanasknel sxdo-
tardeboda msxverplSewirva, macneebi loc- maze am kanonTa ganxilva unda momxdariyo.
vis aRvlenas acxadebdnen. Semdeg macneebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ganxilvis dros gairk-
wyevlas ugzavnidnen im pirebs, romlebic veoda, rom kanonebi Sesacvleli iyo, maSin
krebis SecdomaSi Seyvanas Seecdebodnen. am amis Semdeg gamarTul mesame Sexvedraze
proceduraTa Semdeg macne svamda kiTxvas: kenWi unda eyaraT kanonmdebelTa sabWos
`vis surs sityva?~, ris Semdegac saxalxo dasaniSnad, romelic am kanonTa Sesaxeb
kreba gaxsnilad cxaddeboda. ukve saboloo gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda.
krebis dRis wesrigi garkveulwilad regu- am kanonmdeblebs nomoTetesebi ewodebo-
lirdeboda urTierTobis im sistemiT, ro- daT (ix. kanoni).
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saxalxo krebis erT-erTi umTavresi fun- zemoT CamoTvlil sferoTa garda, saxalxo
qcia sajaro moxeleebis _ magistratebis krebas SeeZlo mieRo dekreti yvela im
arCeva iyo. kreba irCevda strategosebs, sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelTac mas probulev-
aseve sxva samxedro moxeleebs _ hipar- mis saxiT bule gadascemda. calkeul Sem-
qosebs, filarqosebs da taqsiarqosebs. TxvevebSi nomoTetesebsac SeeZloT krebi-
amaT garda saxalxo krebaze arCeuli iyvnen saTvis gansaxilvelad waredginaT specifi-
tamiasebi _ xazinadrebi, xomaldTa inJin- kuri sakiTxebi, rogorebic iyo eisangelia,
rebi, Teorikonis fondis zedamxedvelebi, mTavarsardlebis auditi. maT SeeZloT
msxverplSewirvaTa Catarebaze pasuxismge- moeTxovaT krebisTvis, rom mas saqme aReZra
beli magistratebi. kanonis mixedviT, moqa sasamarTloSi araswori kanonmdeblobis
laqes ama Tu im Tanamdebobis dakaveba mxo gamo. Tavis mxriv, areopagsac gaaCnda ufle-
lod erTxel SeeZlo, Tumca, rogorc es bamosileba saxalxo krebis winaSe gansa
wyaroebidan Cans, erTi da imave moqalaqes xilvelad gamoetana esa Tu is sakiTxi, ase
SeiZleba ramdenime Tanamdeboba erTdrou- magaliTad, moxseneba pniqsis borcvze kerZo
lad sWeroda. rezidenciebis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. meore
saxalxo kreba gansazRvravda saxelmwifos mxriv, roca Cven wyaroSi vkiTxulobT, rom
sagareo politikas _ irCevda elCebs, agza- saxalxo krebas miuRia kanoni gemis winamZ-
vnida elCobebs, ganixilavda sxva saxelmwi- Rolis qmedebis Taobaze, es ar niSnavs imas,
fosTan Catarebul molaparakebaTa Sedegebs. rom gemebis marTvis regulireba saxalxo
krebaze xdeboda samokavSireo xelSekrule- krebis mimdinare dRis wesrigis nawili iyo.
baTa ratifikacia. aqve miiReboda omis dawye es niSnavs mxolod imas, rom es konkretuli
bisa Tu zavis dadebis gadawyvetilebebi. sakiTxi sakmarisad mniSvnelovnad CaiTva-
saxalxo kreba uflebamosili iyo araaTe la saxalxo krebisaTvis da nomoTetesebi-
nelisaTvis moqalaqeoba mieniWebina, poli- saTvis, rom igi erT konkretul SemTxvevaSi
sisaTvis gaweuli samsaxurisTvis moqalaqe ganexilaT.
oqros gvirgviniT Seemko, SeeZlo moqalaqe
gadasaxadebisagan gaeTavisuflebina. saxalxo tribuni (tribunus plebis) _ romis re-
kreba ganixilavda religiis sferosTan da- spublikaSi magistratura, romlis amocana
kavSirebul sakiTxebs, braldebebs, romleb- iyo plebsis interesebis dacva patriciebis
sac calkeul pirovnebebs araRvTismoSiSi xelyofisagan. saxalxo tribunis umniS-
qmedebebis gamo uyenebdnen. mas exeboda re- vnelovanesi ufleba iyo vetos ufleba ma
ligiis sfero, ramdenadac demokratia afi- gistratebis an senatis interkesia nebismier
nansebda saxalxo dResaswaulebs, romlebic gadawyvetilebaze da saxalxo krebis mowve-
erTsa da imave dros warmoadgendnen ro- va (ix. tribuni).
gorc samoqalaqo movlenas, ise RmerTebis saxalxo tribunebi (Tribuni plebis): _ 1) I sece-
sadideblad mimarTul religiur msaxure- siis Semdeg (Zv. w. 494 w.) patriciebma plebss
bas. religiasa da kultmsaxurebasTan da- dauTmes da saxalxo tribunebis arCevas
kavSirebuli es sakiTxebi regularulad daTanxmdnen. saxalxo tribunebs patriciebi-
ganixileboda dionises TeatrSi gamarTul sa da konsulebisagan plebsis dacva evale-
saxalxo krebaze qalaqis dionisiebis Cata bodaT. Tavdapirvelad saxalxo tribunebi
rebis Semdeg. 2 an 5 iyo, Zv. w. 457 w-s ki maTi ricxvi 10-mde
saxalxo krebis uflebamosileba finansur gaizarda. patriciebi daTanxmdnen erTi pi-
sferosac exeboda. ase magaliTad, kreba robiT, erTi da igive piri orjer ar unda
gansazRvravda Raribi moqalaqeebisaTvis arCeuliyo. saxalxo tribunebis movaleo-
daxmarebis micemis sakiTxs, wyvetda namati bebi Tavdapirvelad SezRuduli iyo, magram
Tanxebis gankargvis prioritetebs, adgenda male gafarTovda da gaZlierda, rasac xeli
samxedro saqmesTan dakavSirebul biujets. Seuwyo maTma xelSeuxeblobam. adrindeli
krebaze gamoiTqmeoda braldebebi saxelm- da erTaderTi maTi ufleba iyo plebsis dax-
wifo xazinis gaflangvasTan Tu sxvadasxva mareba (auxilium), SemdgomSi ki patriciebis
finansur maqinaciebTan dakavSirebiT da dacvis ufleba, rac imaSi gamoixateboda,
gamoicemoda dekretebi am saqmeebze spe- rom maT SeeZloT aekrZalaT (veto, intercedo,
cialuri gamoZiebis Casatareblad. prohibeo) Tanamdebobis pirebis an senatis
288
qmedeba calkeuli pirovnebebis mimarT. sa sas. Tavidan, roca isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen
xalxo tribunebis akrZalva (veto), romelic konsulebis, senatis da patriciebis Zalau-
sasamarTlo garCevas ewinaaRmdegeboda, flebas, saxalxo tribunebis roli mxolod
SesaZlebeli iyo maTi Tanamdebobaze yof- keTilmyofeli iyo, magram roca tribunebma
nis periodSi; Tu maTi memkvidre ar Caereo- Tavisi uflebebis borotad gamoyeneba dai-
da saqmeSi, garCevis ganaxleba SeiZleboda. wyes, romaul saxelmwifos didi safrTxe
visac msgavsi daxmareba esaWiroeboda, unda daemuqra. tribunatis (tribunis Tanamdebo-
moexmo saxalxo tribunebisTvis (appelare), bis) kanonieri SezRudvebi _ tribunebs So-
isini ikribebodnen, saqmes ganixilavdnen da ris erTianobis aucilebloba (erTic rom
iRebdnen gadawyvetilebas (dekreti), sadac winaaRmdegi yofiliyo, gadawyvetileba ar
an daxmarebas an ardaxmarebas eTanxmebod- miiReboda) – sakmarisi ar iyo; diqtatoris
nen; 2) am daxmarebis (auxilium) uflebidan arCevac Tavis mizans ar aRwevda mas Semdeg,
male ganviTarda saxalxo tribunebis Care- rac mis winaaRmdeg provokacia iyo nebadar
vis ufleba yvela administraciul RonisZie- Tuli; amitom sulam, romelic tribunats
basa da Tanamdebobis pirebis (konsulebi, tiranuli da oxlokratuli ganzraxvebis
cenzorebis da sxva tribunebis) qmedebebSi, saSinel iaraRad miiCnevda, igi optimatebis
senatis dadgenilebebsa da komiciaSi Sesa- sasargeblod gardaqmna. mis mier Zv. w. 80 w-s
tan yvela winadadebaSi. saxalxo tribunebs gamocemulma kanonma lex Cornelia de tribunicia
zogjer Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevnebic ki potestate TiTqmis sruliad mospo tribunati;
gadahqondaT; 3) senatTan dakavSirebiT tri- man SezRuda tribunis ufleba, igi ganisaz-
bunebi jer araviTari uflebiT ar sarge- Rvra tribebis komiciebSi kanonebis SeTava-
blobdnen, magram senatis dadgenilebaSi zebiTa da senatis TanxmobiT sasamarTloSi
Carevis uflebasTan erTad maT miiRes ufle- micemis uflebiT; yofil tribunebs aukrZala
ba daswrebodnen senatis sxdomebs. Tavda- raime kurulis Tanamdebobis dakaveba, amiT
pirvelad isini kuriis SesasvlelSi isxdnen. mospo is satyuara, romelic tribunats pa-
saxalxo tribunebma TandaTanobiT xelSi tivmoyvare demagogebisaTvis hqonda. sulas
yvela saqmeSi Carevis ufleba Caigdes, ris sikvdilisTanave daiwyo tribunatis aRd
gamoc cenzorebma pirvelive arCevisas (lec- genis mcdeloba; jer warumateblad, magram
tio) senatSi yvela yofili tribuni miiRes; 4) ukve Zv. w. 75 w-s lex Aurelia-s kanonis Tanax-
saxalxo tribunebs ufleba, moewviaT kreba mad, tribunebs daubrundaT ufleba kon-
da waremarTaT sxdomebi, Tavidanve hqon- sulis Tanamdebobaze arCeuliyvnen; 5 wlis
daT, magram bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani Semdeg ki, Zv. w. 70 w-s, pompeusma da krasusma,
iyo mopovebuli ufleba, moewviaT tribebis romlebsac tribunati TavianTi gegmebisa
komiciebi (comitia tributa) da exelmZRvanelaT Tavis sWirdebodaT, igi mTeli Tavisi ZaliT
maTTvis, gansakuTrebiT leges Valeria, Pub aRadgines. amis Semdeg tribunati sulamdel
lilia da Hortensia-s Semdeg. am sxdomebze ara gzas gahyva. imperatorebis epoqaSi tribunis
marto bevrs Tanamdebobaze irCevdnen da Zalaufleba imperatoris uflebis RerZs
asamarTlebdnen, aramed seriozul saqmeebze warmoadgenda da Tumca tribunebi kvlav
bWobdnen da xmas aZlevdnen umniSvnelovanes iyvnen, magram mniSvneloba dakarguli hqon-
kanonebs; 5) saxalxo tribunebma ufleba dae- daT, sasamarTloSi maTi daxmarebis ufleba
niSnaT jarima daumorCileblebisaTvis an imperatoris instanciiT Semoifargleboda.
daepatimrebinaT moqalaqeebi (Tanamdebobis senatSi adgili da Carevis ufleba Seinar-
pirebic) male miiRes da am uflebiT xSirad Cunes, magram sauravis dadebis ufleba Za-
arasamarTlianad sargeblobdnen (konsu- lian SeumcirdaT. samagierod, maT miiRes
lebsac ki cixeSi svamdnen an muqariT mor- avgustaliebis mowyoba, tribunatisaTvis
Cilebas aiZulebdnen); 6) saxalxo tribunebi saWiro pirobebi da arCevnebi. es Tanamdebo-
yovelwliurad gamoscemdnen gankarguleba xelmisawvdomi iyo plebsisTvis, amasTa-
bebs (ediqti), romlebSic, gansazRvravdnen, nave mxolod Tavisufali moqalaqeebisaT-
rodis unda aResrulebinaT TavianTi dax- vis, rac imperatorTa epoqaSi yovelTvis ar
mareba. maT auspiciebis Catarebis ufleba sruldeboda. tribunis asaki dawesebuli ar
Tavidan ar hqondaT, SemdgomSi es uflebac iyo, magram Cveulebisamebebr adre maT unda
miiRes, magram nakleb sazeimo SemTxvevebi- sWerodaT kvestorisa an plebeebis edilis
289
Tanamdeboba, xolo sulas dadgenilebiT, plebsi ganTavisuflebuli iyo navsadguris
roca senatorebisagan unda arCeuliyvnen, gadasaxadisagan da tributumisagan, ris ga-
kvestorebisa _ mainc. pirveli tribuni ar- moc plebeebis urTierToba patriciebTan
Ceul iqna wminda mTaze, lex Publilia-s Semdeg met-naklebad daregulirda.
ki Zv. w. 471 w-s arCevnebi tribebis komiciebSi saxelmwifo xarjebi respublikis pirvel
tardeboda; am TariRebs Soris monakveTis xanebSi gaizarda saxelmwifos teritori-
Sesaxeb araferia cnobili. Tanamdebobas aluri gazrdis xarjze. amas emateboda da-
isini 10 dekembers iWerdnen, manamde arCevi namati xelfasze (stipendia _ stipendium).
Ti komiciebi tardeboda. saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebis seriozul
wyarod iqca ager publicus (saxelmwifo
saxev, svaneTi (berZn. agora, rom. forumi) miwa), amasTanave axlad dapyrobil xalxs
_ sajaro adgili, sadac sazogadoeba Tavs Tanxa unda Seetana xazinaSi mdidar sam
iyrida maxvSis asarCevad, an gadasawyvetad xedro alafTan erTad (maT Soris tyveebi).
raime saqmisa, romelic saxalxo yrilobas ager publicus-dan Semosuli Tanxa am period-
exeboda. Si ukve imdenad didi iyo, rom Tavisuflad
faravda saxelfaso xarjebs. yvela dapy-
saxelmwifo meurneoba _ mefeebis xanaSi robili xalxi valdebuli iyo gadaexada
servius tuliusamde saxelmwifo xarjebi xarki da amasTanave Tavisi saZovrebidan
samefo miwebis SemosavlebiT ifareboda, da tyeebidan meaTedi (decuma) da specialu
magram amasTanave romis moqalaqeebisagan ri gadasaxadi skriptura – scriptura. am ga-
iTxovdnen pirad monawileobas sazoga- dasaxadebs agrovebdnen publikanebi (publi-
doebrivi mSeneblobis dros. amis garda cani).
TiToeuli ojaxis ufrosi (Paterfamilias) mas Semdeg, rac romis Zalaufleba gascda
ixdida suladobis gadasaxads (tributum in italias, gaizarda xarjebic: aucilebeli
capita). am gadasaxadebiT ifareboda gansa- gaxda Soreul punqtebamde gzebis gayvana,
kuTrebuli xarjebi. es gadasaxadi warsuls romis Semogarenis saxeze zrunva, RmerTebis
Cabarda servius tuliusis mier cenzis Se- mimarT, romlebic romis mimarT keTil-
moRebisTanave, radgan moxda Canacvleba ganwyobas gamoxatavdnen, yuradRebis gamo-
axali gadasaxadiT (tributumi _ tributum ex Cena _ taZrebis ageba, TamaSebis mowyoba.
censu), romelic moqalaqeTa materialuri aucilebeli iyo waxalisebis mizniT gamor-
mdgomareobis proporciulad iniSneboda. Ceuli moqalaqeebis da jariskacebis dajil-
es gadasaxadebi, bunebrivia, mZimed awva mo- doveba. amasTanave aucilebeli iyo uRari-
saxleobas, Tan imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, besi mosaxleobis dapureba. am mosaxleo-
rom kritikul situaciebSi mas emateboda bis ricxvi ki katastrofulad izrdeboda.
gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadi _ tributum temer- maT urigebdnen xorbals, an dabal fasad
arium. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saxel aZlevdnen.
mwifo mzad iyo mosaxleobidan amoRebuli italiis mier warmoebuli xorbali sakma-
fuli ukan daebrunebina, Tu amis SesaZle- risi aRar iyo. amisTvis mimarTavdnen si-
blobas omSi mopovebuli alafi iZleoda. ciliasa da afrikas. swored am periodidan
tarkvinius amayma droebiT, servius tuliu- provinciebma Zveli italikuri mokavSiree-
sis mier SemoRebuli gadasaxadis gverdis bis adgili daikaves, gansakuTrebiT mas
avliT, daawesa isev tributum in capita. arse- Semdeg, rac isini romis moqalaqis Tana-
bobda mefeebis xanidan moyolebuli sxva ti- bari uflebebiT aRWurves. unda aRiniSnos,
pis gadasaxadebic _ veqtigalia. mag., navsad- rom yvela gadasaxadi erTad, romelsac
guris sabaJo gadasaxadi _ portoria. es ga- provinciis mcxovreblebi ixdidnen, Camou-
dasaxadi im droidan moqmedebda, rodesac vardeboda mainc im gadasaxads, romelsac
daarsda ostiis navsadguri da gadasaxadi isini TavianT mefeebs aZlevdnen. Sesabami
dawesda marilze. sad, gadasaxadebi ar amZimebda provinciis
respublikis xanis dasawyisSi saxelmwifom mosaxleobis mdgomareobas, magram im pub-
Tavis Tavze aiRo marilis gayidva, risi meS- likanebis da Cinovnikebis Tavgasulma moq-
veobiTac fasma marilze daiklo da Rarib- medebebma gadasaxadebis akrefisas, romle-
ma mosaxleobam Sveba igrZno. amis garda bic Sepyrobilebi iyvnen gamdidrebis sur-
290
viliT, provinciebi ekonomikurad Zalian mcxovreblebisagan or gadasaxads krefdnen:
dasca. miwis gadasaxads da suladobis gadasaxads.
romis saxelmwifos Semosavlis kidev erT suladobis gadasaxads mkacrad dadgeni-
seriozul wyaros warmoadgenda maRaroebi, li cnebis da mosaxleobis aRweris siebis
romlebic adre mefeebs ekuTvnodaT. miuxe- mixedviT iRebdnen, miwis gadasaxads ki mi-
davad xazinis Sevsebis saSualebebis arse- wis kadastris monacemTa safuZvelze. miwis
bobisa, qveynis istoriaSi dgeboda wuTebi, gadasaxadis akrefa im SemTxvevaSic grZel-
rodesac kritikuli viTarebis gamo romi deboda, rodesac miwa provinciis mcxovre-
kargavda teritoriebs (mag., hanibalTan blis xelidan romis moqalaqis xelSi gada-
brZolaSi), aucilebeli iyo legionebis dioda. provinciebi sxvadasxvanairad ibe-
didi raodenobis srul mzadyofnaSi yola greboda. uxdidnen roms xorblis mosavlis
(24 legioni). es iyo mizezi imisa, rom wes- meaTeds da sxva produqtis mexuTeds. mosav-
deboda ormagi tributumi da amis garda lis akrefas kurirebdnen publikanebi. isini
gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadi flotis Sesa krefdnen mosavals da 5 wlis gansazRvrul
naxad. mimarTavdnen saxelmwifo sesxebsac, Tanxas ixdidnen winswrebiT (lustrum) an Temi
mag., rodesac gamoCnda filipe makedoneli, uxdida fuliT gadasaxads kvestorebs, rom-
kreditors giraod eZleoda saxelmwifo mi- lebic amasTanave agrovebdnen suladobis
webi. omis warmatebiT dasrulebis SemTxve gadasaxads (tributum in capita). naturiT bega-
vaSi saxelmwifo xazinaSi iseTi Semosavali ras ewodeboda veqtigali (vectigal incertum),
Sedioda, romelic Tavisuflad faravda fuliT _ vectigal certum, stipendiarum. droTa
rogorc saxelmwifo vals, ise omis xarjeb- ganmavlobaSi naturiT gadasaxadi TiTqmis
sac. iyo SemTxvevebi, rom samxedro alafis mTlianad Caanacvla fuladma gadasaxadma.
didi raodenobis gamo romis moqalaqeebs mxolod egvipte da afrika iyo valdebuli
droebiT aTavisuflebdnen tributumisgan moewodebinaT romisTvis xorbali gansaz-
(mag., Zv. w. 168 w.). Lex Thoria-s mixedviT (Zv. Rvruli raodenobiT. miwis gadasaxadi
w. 107 w.) aikrZala meaTedis akrefa saxelm- udrida Semosavlis 2-5%. vespasianem gazar-
wifo miwidan, magram am SemTxvevaSi ara da gadasaxadi, xolo zogierT provinciaSi
didi Semosavlebis arsebobis gamo, aramed gaaormaga kidec.
patriciebis interesebidan gamomdinare. Zv. avgustusma akrZala yvelanairi damatebiTi
w. 61 w. metelusis mier gauqmda sabaJo ga- gadasaxadebis akrefa provinciebSi, risTvi-
dasaxadebi (portoria), Tumca provinciebSi es sac daadgina, rom provinciis mosaxleobas
gadasaxadi ganagrZobs arsebobas. arsebob- gansazRvruli raodenobis gadasaxadi unda
da gadasaxadis tipi _ vikesima (vicesima man- gadaexada adgilobrivi CinovnikebisaTvis.
umissionum), romelic Sedioda specialur xa- es, ra Tqma unda, Sveba iyo provincielebi-
zinaSi (aerarium sanctius) da gaTvaliswinebu saTvis, magram mxolod garkveulwilad.
li iyo Savi dRisTvis (meore saxelwodeba amis garda provinciebidan Semodioda
aurum vicesi marium). maRaroebis Semosavalic (metalla _ es sityva
respublikis xanaSi finansebs gankargavda ara marto liTons gulisxmobda, aramed
senati, romelic yvela saxelmwifo Semo- marmarilos, qvamarils, kirqvas da sxv.). es
savals akontrolebda. cenzorebi mxo maRaroebi jer kidev rCeboda individebis
lod adgendnen biujets, kvestorebi anga mflobelobaSi, Tumca naTelia tendencia am
riSobdnen, magram erTnic da meorenic maRaroebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadas-
damokidebulni iyvnen senatze. mxolod im- vlisa.
peratoris dros daiwyo Semosavlebis da saxelmwifo maRaroebi gansazRvrul Tanxad
gasavlebis zusti daTvla da miswrafeba iyo ijariT gadaecemodaT: axali karTagenis
erTi: Semosavals gasavali mTlianad unda vercxlis sabadoebi yoveldRiurad iZle
daefara. provinciaTa dabegvris sakiTxi re- odnen daaxloebiT 25000 draqmas, oqros
spublikis bolo wlebSi met-naklebad daa- maRaroebi (halisiis, asturiis, luzitaniis)
regulira keisarma, SezRuda ra gamgeblebis yovelwliurad iZleodnen 4 1/2 - 5 1/2 mili
da Cinovnikebis aRviraxsnili moqmedeba ga- ons gadasaxadis saxiT.
dasaxadebis akrefisas. avgustusma saboloo sabaJo gadasaxads mosaxleoba ixdida ara
wesrigi daamyara am sferoSi _ provinciis marto navsadgurebSi, aramed qalaqis Semo-
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sasvlelSi. sabaJo gadasaxadi gadasaxadTa gvirgvinisa da saaxalwlo saCuqrebisaT-
sistemaSi sakmaod soliduri raodenobiT vis. saxelmwifo gasavlebis zusti aRwera
iyo warmodgenili. importul saqonelze sa- SeuZlebelia. Tumca SeiZleba calke pun-
baJo gadasaxadi Seadgenda 2 1/2 %, fufunebis qtebis gamoyofa: samxedro uwyeba xarjavda
sagnebze, romlebic indoeTidan mohqondaT yovelwliurad 10 milioni oqros Sesabamis
_ 25%. provinciebSi am gadasaxadis akrefac Tanxas; puris darigebaze _ 2 milions. Tumca
xelSi Caigdes moijare-Semsyidvelebma sa- mecnierebaSi daaxloebiTac ver asaxeleben
marcxvinod mtacebluri sistemiT (immodes- cifrs, Tu ramdeni ujdeboda saxelmwifos
tia). neronis periodSi imdenad bevri saCi- imperatoris da provincieli Cinovnikebis
vari Semodioda gadasaxadis am formasTan Senaxva, ramdeni ixarjeboda flotze, qa-
dakavSirebiT, rom imperatorma gadawyvita laqis policiaze, imperatoris pirad
sabaJo gadasaxadi gaeuqmebina mTeli sa dacvaze, brwyinvale nagebobebze, saxalxo
xelmwifos masStabiT da mxolod senatma zeimebze, gzebsa da safosto uwyebaze. aqve
aiZula da daarwmuna igi uari eTqva Tavis unda movixsenioT is daxmarebac, romelsac
wamowyebaze. saxelmwifo uniSnavda warCinebul, Tumca
avgustusma SemoiRo vicesima hereditatum et gaRaribebul ojaxebs. erTaderTi pirda-
legatorum _ anu gadasaxadi dawesebul mem- piri informacia, romelsac vpoulobT sve-
kvidreobaze, gansakuTrebiT im memkvidree- toniusTan da romelic vespasianes dros
bisaTvis, romlebic moanderZis sisxliT na- saxelmwifo xarjebs aRricxavs, aRwevs 40
Tesaobas ar warmoadgendnen. aRsaniSnavia, 000 milion sestercs = or miliard oqros,
rom anderZis miRebuli forma gulisxmobda Tumca es cnoba, mecnierebis mosazrebiT, san-
masSi megobrebis moxseniebasac, rac naTels do ar unda iyos da zogierT mkvlevars is 2
xdis, rom TiToeuli memkvidrisagan akre- milionze Camohyavs.
fili Tanxa seriozul kapitals warmoad-
genda. saxelmwifo Ralati (perduellio) _ mterTan
avgustusma daadgina sabaJo gadasaxadi yve- SeTqmulebaSi Sesvla, dezertiroba. am tipis
la nivTze (centesima rerum venalium), romlebic sasamarTlo process xelmZRvanelobdnen
gasayidad gamohqondaT romsa da italiaSi. duumvirebi (duumviri perduellionis). ganaCeni
tiberiusma es gadasaxadi 1/2 procentamde iyo sikvdiliT dasja. mogvianebiT danaSau-
daiyvana, radganac kapadokiis SemoerTebam lis es forma (Ralati) gaerTianda ufro
romis saxelmwifo xazina gazarda, magram farTo cnebis _ crimen maiestatis (Tanamdebo-
mogvianebiT sabaJo gadasaxadi isev gaizar- bis pirTa mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebebi)
da. es gadasaxadebi ZiriTadad xmardeboda qveS.
sabrZolo operaciebis xarjebis dafarvas
(aerarium militare). monis gayidvidan gadasaxa- saxsari, svaneTi _ erTgvari gadasaxadi,
di 2-4 % Seadgenda. romelsac sazogadoeba iZleoda sazogado
gansakuTrebuli Semosavlebidan unda aRvni saqmis gamo datyvevebuli sazogadoebis
SnoT: 1) memkvidreoba da legatumi (legatum), wevrisTvis. an Tavad sazogadoeba iRebda
romelic imperators anderZiT gadaecemo- saxsars datyvevebuli saerTo mtrisgan.
da. Tavidan amas imperatorisadmi pativis- saxsari, fSavi _ saxsars fSavSi siZis ojaxi
cemis gamo Cadiodnen, xolo mogvianebiT uxdida qalis mayrebs qorwilSi. am SemTx-
ukve imperatoris brZanebis mixedviT. vevaSi saxsarSi Rvino an arayi igulisxme-
2) fuladi jarimebi da qonebis CamorTmeva boda (ix. qorwineba, mTa).
(xSirad es avtoritetebis Seuracxyofis
gamo xdeboda). aRsaniSnavia, rom tirane- senati (senex-dan uxucesi, uxucesTa sabWo) _
bi, mag., kaligula, borotad iyenebdnen am a) uxucesTa sabWo romSi jer kidev mefeTa
uflebas da aqcies igi Semosavlis seriozul xanaSi. romulusma senatSi ramnebis gvari-
wyarod. garda im memkvidreobebisa, romle- dan 100 ojaxis ufrosi aarCia, romlebic 10
bic lex Papia Poppaea-s mixedviT (moanderZis dekuriad iyofoda, TiToeuli 10-10 senato-
uSvilobis SemTxvevaSi) saxelmwifos sarge- rad. TiToeuli dekuriidan Semdeg irCeo-
belze iricxeboda, aucileblad unda aRiniS- da erTi senatori. moqalaqeebad sabinebis
nos fulis Segroveba imperatoris oqros miRebis Semdeg titiebis gvaridan kidev 100
292
senatori airCia, Semdeg lukerebis gvari- ba arc mzis amosvlamde da arc mzis Casvlis
dan isev 100 senatori da es 300 senatori ad- Semdeg ar unda mieRoT, Tumca gadaudebel
reuli respublikis xanaSic darCa. umcros- SemTxvevebSi Ramis sxdomebic imarTeboda.
ma grakqusma Tavisi kanoniT (lex Sempronia sxdomebi Ria iyo im mniSvnelobiT, rom kari
_ senati 300 mxedriT gazarda) senatSi 600 Ria iyo da kuriis win Sekrebil xalxs SeeZ-
kaci Seiyvana, sulam es ricxvi datova, keis- lo moesmina yvelaferi. senatorebs 12 wel-
ris dros _ 900, antoniusis dros 1000-c ki ze meti xnis vaJiSvilebi senatSi sxdomebze
gaxda, avgustusis droidan kvlav _ 600, gvi- mihyavdaT (II punikur omamde), es tradicia
ani antikurobisas _ 200. Semdeg avgustusma aRadgina. sxdomebs damx-
adre senats kuria da mefe irCevdnen, re- mareebic (gadamwerebi (scribae), liqtorebi,
spublikis dros _ konsulebi, Semdeg kon- Sikrikebi (viatores) eswrebodnen.
sulis tribunebi piradi Sexedulebisda senatis sxdomas xsnida mTavari damswre
mixedviT da bolos cenzorebi. senatis (konsuli, pretori, tribuni) sityviT, ro-
asarCevad pirveli oTxi mefis dros saWiro melic Sekrebis mizans gadmoscemda, amas-
iyo patriciuli warmomavloba, magram ser- Tanave is an sruliad obieqturad gadmos-
vius tuliusi da pirveli konsulebi se cemda saqmis arss an sakuTar Sexeduleba-
natSi Rirseul plebeebsac iRebdnen, gansa- sac amatebda. moxsenebas (relatio) mosdevda
kuTrebiT mxedrebs, romelTa saxelwodeba SekiTxva (rogatio) (sententiam rogare, senatum
iyo conscripti, senatorebis saerTo saxeli ki consulere) da xmis uflebis mqoneebs mkacri
arCeuli senatorebi (patres (et) conscripti) iyo. TanmimdevrobiT iZaxebdnen da ekiTxebod-
mxedrebis cenzze ufro maRali senatSi Se nen (quid censes? – ras fiqrob?). mopasuxe
sasvlelad saWiro ar iyo, xolo vinc Tanam- adioda da Tavis azrs gamoTqvamda (sententi-
debobiT Sedioda senatSi, cenzs mniSvnelo- am dicere), amasTanave mas SeeZlo ar epasuxa
ba ar hqonda. mxolod avgustusma daawesa da sxva saqmeze gadasuliyo. respublikis
gansakuTrebuli senatoruli cenzi 800000 dros senati magistratebsa da saxalxo kre-
sestercia, mogvianebiT milioni. garkveuli basTan erTad sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
asaki pirvelad saWiro gaxda viliusis asa- mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. mis Semad-
kobrivi kanonis mixedviT _ lex Villia annalis genlobaSi yofili magistratebi sicocxlis
(Zv. w. 180 w.), romelic sakvestoro asakiT anu dasasrulamde iyvnen da amdenad senatSi
27 wliT ganisazRvra. sulmokleoba, uRir- koncentrirebuli iyo romis politikuri
soba da a. S. senators senatorobis uflebas Zalebi da gamocdileba. senatis wevrebi
akargvinebda. rangebis mixedviT iyofodnen adre daka-
senatSi pirveli mefeebis pirveli aTi wi- vebuli Tanamdebobebisda (konsulebi, pre-
namZRolidan (decem primi) SemdgomSi iniSne- torebi, edilebi, tribunebi, kvestorebi)
boda cenzori; senats iwvevdnen jer mefeebi, mixedviT. diskusiis dros senatorebi am
Semdeg konsulebi da konsulis tribunebi, rangebis mixedviT gamodiodnen.
maTi aryofnis dros ki pretorebi, mogvi- gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSi
anebiT saxalxo tribunebi da bunebrivia SekiTxvisas fics debdnen, raTa Tavidan aeci-
eqstraordinaruli magistratebi, rogorc lebinaT yovelgvari mikerZoeba. es Cveule-
diqtatori, mxedrebis ufrosi (magister equi- ba imperatorebis epoqaSic iyo. SekiTxvis
tum), regentebi (interreges), qalaqis prefeqti Semdeg Tavmjdomare ajgufebda calkeul
(praefectus urbi) da decemvirebi. sxdomaze Si- azrs, survils da Tanmimdevrulad kenWs
krikebiT an gancxadebiT (ediqti) iwvevd- uyrida, amis Semdeg senatorebi dgebodnen
nen. mniSvnelovani saqmeebis gadawyvetisas da imis mxares gadadiodnen, vis azrsac izi-
vercerTi senatori roms ver datovebda, arebdnen. imperiis epoqaSi xmas xelis awevi-
wasasvlelad mas gansakuTrebuli Svebule- Tac aZlevdnen. saeWvo SemTxvevebSi xmebs iT-
ba sWirdeboda. ikribebodnen taZarSi, anu vlidnen. saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis
avgurebiT ganwmendil adgilas. Semdeg mTavari damswre senatis sxdomas
senatis sxdomisTvis irCevdnen Semdeg dRe xuravda sityvebiT: àRar dagayovnebT, ar-
ebs: kalendebi, nonebi, idebi da sadResaswau- Ceulo senatorebo~ (nihil vos moramur, patres
lo dReebi. sxdoma msxverplSewirviTa da conscripti). mefeTa xanaSi senatis Zalaufleba
misnobiT iwyeboda. kanonieri gadawyvetile- SezRuduli iyo. mefis sikvdilis Semdeg mem-
293
kvidris arCevamde saqmeebi morigeobiT ga- rogorc adre, mosdevda SekiTxva (rogatio)
daebareboda dekuriebs decem primi. umaRles da bolos – xmis micema (discessio). imperiis
mmarTvels (interrex) irCevdnen senatTan er- dadgomisTanave senatis Zlierebam didi
Tad. samefo Zalauflebis Sewyvetis Semdeg dartyma miiRo. imperatori Tavad iRebda
senati mTeli saxelmwifos suli iyo, magram gadawyvetilebebs da senatic mas emorCile-
uzenaesi Zalaufleba (maiestas) xalxs ekuT- boda. kargi imperatorebis mbrZaneblobisas
vnoda. mogvianebiT rogorc graqxusebisa senati garegnulad Tavis damoukideblobas
da sxva saxalxo tribunebis CareviT, aseve inarCunebda; despoturi imperatorebisas
senatorebis wamxdari znis gamoc senatis ki senati maT xelSi daundobel iaraRad iq-
mniSvneloba daeca. ceoda.
senatis funqciebi: senati zedamxedvelobda: I) senats saTaveSi (princeps senatus) senator-
1) religiur saqmianobas (religiuri kulti, Tagan yvelaze damsaxurebuli edga. senati
TamaSobebis mowyoba, dResaswaulebi, axali kanonebsa da arCevnebis Sedegebs amtkiceb-
taZrebi da samsxverploebi da a. S.); 2) finan- da, magistratebis muSaobas akontrolebda,
sebs; 3) provinciebis saqmeebs; 4) yvela magis- aZlevda maT rCevebs, sagareo politikis
trats, romelic senats unda damorCilebo- sakiTxebs wyvetda, zedamxedvelobas uwevda
da; aseve 2) sagareo saqmeebs: 1) omis warmoe- finansebsa da wminda ritualebis dacvas. faq-
bas; 2) sxva qalaqebTan politikis gatarebas; tobrivad, saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobda.
3) senatis sasamarTlo Zalaufleba gamoi
xateboda Tanamdebobebis pirebis, mokav- senatis dadgenilebebi (senatus consulti) _ maT
Sireebisa da ucxoelebis, romis moqalaqee- iseTive kanonis Zala hqonda, rogoric sa
bis (Tu maT brali edebodaT SeTqmulebaSi xalxo krebis dadgenilebebs (plebisciti).
an mowamvlaSi) dasjaSi; aRsaniSnavia, rom imperiis xanaSi senatis mniSvneloba Semcir-
yvela mosamarTle lex Sempronia-mde sena- da (is gaxda warCinebuli ojaxebis warmo-
torTa wodebisa iyvnen. IV) kanonmdebloba madgenlebis kreba, romelsac didi politi-
uSualod senatze damokidebuli ar iyo, ma- kuri mniSvneloba ar hqonda). senatis dadge-
gram mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda masze. nilebebma SeinarCunes kanonis Zala, magram
komiciebs arafris SeTavazeba ar SeeZloT mas axla imperatori iRebda.
senatis Tanxmobis gareSe da aseve miRebuli roca 330 w-s konstantinopoli saxelmwifos
gadawyvetilebis damtkicebis gareSec. se meore dedaqalaqad gamocxadda, iqac Seiqm-
nats ar hqonda aRmasrulebeli Zalaufle- na senati.
ba; mxolod didi gansacdelisas senati kon-
suls SeuzRudav Zalauflebas aniWebda. sena Senatus consultum ultimum _ respublikis
torebi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen; bolo periodSi senatis mier gamocxadebu-
Zvel droSi senatorebs Rirsebis Semdegi li sagangebo mdgomareoba. magistratebis,
niSnebi hqondaT: oqros beWedi, farTo zo saxeldobr ki konsulebis mier sazogadoe-
li (latus clavus) tunikaze, gansakuTrebuli bis mtrebis winaaRmdeg nebismieri, ara-
fexsacmelebi patara namgliT (lunula) da sa- konstituciuri zomis miRebac ki. msgavsi
patio adgili TeatrSi. gadawyvetilebis miRebas Tan sdevda for-
b) senati imperatorebis dros. senatSi sena- mula _ `senatma gadawyvita, de konsulebma
torTa ricxvi 600 rCeboda da maT imperato- yvela Rone ixmaron, raTa respublikas
ri irCevda. pirveli senatSi (princeps senatus) ziani ar miadges~ (`Senatus decrevit darent op-
Cveulebriv imperatori iyo. igi niSnavda eram consules ne quid res publica detrimenti caper-
sxdomebsa da sjida daumorCileblebs. ri- et~). pirvelad Senatus consultum ultimum gaius
giT sxdomebs xelmZRvanelobda konsuli, sa- grakqusis da misi 300 momxris (Zv. w. 121 w.),
gangebos – is moxele, romelic iwvevda sxdo- Semdeg ki katilinas winaaRmdeg iqna gamoye
mas. Tavmjdomare moaxsenebda (relatio), magram nebuli.
imperators SeeZlo erTi, mogvianebiT ki
ramdenime moxsenebis wakiTxvac. imperatori seniorebi (senex) _ mamakacebi 46-dan 60 w-
zepirad moaxsenebda an ubrZanebda kvestors, mde, gansxvavebiT iuniorebisagan (17-dan 46
waekiTxa misi winadadeba. moxsenebas (relatio), w-mde). mefe servius tuliusis (Zv. w. VI s.)
294
mier Catarebuli jaris reformiT Seiqmna li 25 000 moqalaqe cxovrobda. moqalaqeebs
ori legioni 1800 mxedrisagan. garda amisa Soris movaleobebis Tanabari ganawilebi-
iyo kidev 2 sarezervo legioni. pirveli saTvis servius tuliusma romis sazogadoe-
Sedgeboda iuniorebisagan da gankuTvnili baSi plebsi Seiyvana, xolo mTeli romis
iyo savele samsaxurisTvis, ori danarCeni mosaxleoba qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT 5
ki seniorebisagan Sedgeboda da saokupacio klasad an Tanrigad dayo.
jarad gamoiyeneboda. yovel klass gamohyavda garkveuli rao
denobis samxedro erTeuli – centuria
septimius severusi (Septimius Severus Impera- (aseuli) da iRebda imave raodenobis xmebs
tor Caesar Pertinax Augustus) (ax. w. 146- 211 ww.) centuriaTa komiciebSi. aseTi 193 centuria
_ romis imperatori (ax. w. 193 w-dan), Sesan- Seiqmna. gansakuTrebiT gavleniani iyo 1-li
iSnavi mxedarTmTavari da organizatori. klasis 18 centuria da me-2 klasis 18 centu-
markus avreliusis imperatorobisas _ sena ria: iseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime sakiTxze
tori, ax. w. 190 w-s _ konsuli. sami samoqa- isini erTnair xmebs aZlevdnen, sxva centu-
laqo omis ganmavlobaSi taxtis yvela pre- riaTa azrs aRar iziarebdnen. zogierTi is-
tendents ajoba, bevri gamarjveba moipova. torikosi miiCnevs, rom proletarebi da Ra-
septimius severusi, pirveli e.w. jariskacTa ribebi gamoyofilni iyvnen calke 6 klasSi
imperatorTagan, Seecada romis imperiis da qmnidnen 1 centurias xmis micemis uflebis
Sidapolitikuri krizisi samxedro monar- gareSe da samsaxuric ar evalebodaT. am-
qiis damyarebis gziT gadaewyvita. impera- rigad, Seiqmna mdidari aristokratia gva-
toris Zalaufleba yvela sferoze gavr- rovnuli aristokratiis nacvlad. klasebis
celda, senatis Zalaufleba Sesustda. admi safuZvelze moxda dayofa triarebad (romis
nistraciuli aparatis gaZlierebis mizniT legionis yvelaze gamocdili jariskacebi),
imperatorma mxedrebi da provinciuli princepsebad (pirveli rigis, SemdgomSi
aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi daawina meore rigis mZimed SeiaraRebuli meomrebi)
ura. imperatoris ZiriTadma dasayrdenma da hastatebad (Subosnebad).
jariskacebma privilegiebi miiRes (maTTvis gadmocemiT, servius tuliusis dros das-
gaadvilda mxedarTa fenaSi SeRweva). rulda romis qalaqis kedlis mSenebloba
septimius severusma Seitana cvlilebebi (serviusis qalaqis kedeli), romelic xuT
kanonmdeblobaSi da srulyo igi (mis dros simagreebian borcvs ertya da aseve moicav-
moRvaweobdnen cnobili iuristebi: ulpia- da kvirinalis da viminalis borcvebs. am-
nusi, papianusi da sxv.); septimius severusma rigad, romi Svidi borcvis (Septimontium)
parTelebze gamarjvebis niSnad triumfal- qalaqi gaxda. Tumca arqeologiuri monace-
uri TaRi (ax. w. 203 w.) aago, daiwyo kara- mebiT, qalaqis kedeli romSi Zv. w. IV s-is I
kalas Termebis aSeneba, gaatara adminis- naxevarSi aSenda.
traciuli reformebi. servius tuliuss miewereba fulis refor-
mac, man pirvelma moWra vercxlis moneta.
servius tuliusi (Servius Tullius) (mefobda Zv. servius tuliusi sazogadoebis keTildReo-
w. 578-534 ww.) __romis VI mefe, reformato- bisaTvis zrunavda: igi aTeneli soloniviT
ri. mas miewereba qalaqis kedlisa da ser- upovrebs monobidan ixsnida da klientebs
viusis kanonmdeblobis Seqmna. am kanonis patronebis damokidebulebidan aTavisu-
Tanaxmad, romis moqalaqeebi daiyvnen qone- flebda. servius tuliuss amitomac `sa
brivi cenzis mixedviT. xalxo~ mefed miiCnevdnen.
romauli tradicia servius tuliuss romis
saxelmwifo wyobis ganmtkicebis reformebs,
e.w. serviusis kanonmdeblobis Seqmnas miaw- secesia/secesio (Secessio) _ ajanyebuli pleb-
ers. reformaTagan umniSvnelovanesia cen- sis qalaqidan gaZeveba. pirveli secesia (Zv.
turiaTa reforma, romlis mixedviTac gva- w. 494 w.) gaxda sababi saxalxo tribunis Se-
rovnuli triba teritorialuriT Seicva moRebisa, radganac plebeebi mxolod am pi-
la. amiT servius tuliusma romis mTeli robiT Tanxmdebodnen qalaqSi dabrunebas.
mosaxleoba 4 qalaqis da 17 soflis tribad Zv. w. 449 w-s ki more secesiiT gauqmda de-
dayo. gairkva, rom romSi iaraRis matarebe- cemvirebis Tanamdeboba.
295
svimon, svaneTi _ ifaris sazogadoebaSi mde- mosarCele mxris interesebidan gamomdi-
bare mindori, sadac sazogadoebaTa kavSiri nare laparakobda. sityvasityviT `mo-
_ xeoba ikribeboda. laparake (vinmesTan) erTad~. oficialurad
sinegorosi iyo spikeri, romelic mxardam-
svifi, svaneTi (berZn. agora, rom. forumi) Weris funqcias asrulebda. amiT Teoriulad
_ sajaro adgili, sadac sazogadoeba Tavs mainc SenarCunebuli iyo kanoni, romelic
iyrida maxvSis asarCevad, an gadasawyvetad ar uSvebda imas, rom modave mxareebi ad-
raime saqmisa, romelic saxalxo yrilobas vokatebiT yofiliyvnen warmodgenilni. am
exeboda. terminiT aseve aRiniSneboda spikeri, ro-
melic saxelmwifos warmoadgenda rogorc
sikofantebi (sukofavntai) _ danaSaulTa didi samarTlebrivi devnis aRmZvreli. Tumca sa-
nawilisaTvis aTenSi ar arsebobdnen saja- jaro braldebaTa umetesobas kerZo pirebi
ro bralmdeblebi, TumcaRa nebismier moqa- aRZravdnen.
laqes SeeZlo aReZra sajaro saqme (ix. dike).
zogierT pirovnebaT Cvevad eqcaT samar- sisxli (svan. wor), svaneTi _ erTgvari ga-
Tlebrivi devnis aRZvra: 1) raTa mieRoT dasaxadi, nivTierad sisxlis aReba. mag., Tu
fuladi jildo, romelsac zogierTi tipis sazogadoebis romelime wevri sazogado
braldebaTa dros (ix. fasisi, apografe) mters moklavda, sazogadoeba (Tanasworad
warmatebuli bralmdeblebi iRebdnen; 2) yvela mekomuri) valdebuli iyo moklulis
rom mieRoT fuli im kacis daSantaJebiT, WirisuflisTvis ezRo `sisxli~. TiToeul
romelic mzad iyo gadaexada Tanxa, raTa ae- sazogadoebaSi wors Seadgenda sxvadasxva
cilebina samarTlebrivi devna; 3) raTa mi- nivTieri gadasaxadi:
eRoT fuli im adamianisagan, romelic dain- 1) uSgulis sazogadoebaSi _ eqvsi sisxlis
teresebuli iyo, rom ama Tu im piris mimarT naljomi (sazomi) saxnavi yana. TiTo yanis
saqme sasamarTloSi aRZruliyo; 4) raTa Rirebuleba 6 xars Seadgenda. Tu mkvlels
moepovebinaT politikosisa Tu oratoris aseTi yana ar hqonda, mis magivrad unda mieca
reputacia. aseT pirovnebebs sikofantebi saxl-kari, romelic sami sisxlis naljomis
ewodebodaT (sityvasityviT `leRvis dambez- tolfasi iyo da kalo Tavisi karapaniT.
Rebelni~). aTenelebs surdaT sikofantebis kalo or naljoms udrida, meeqvse naljo-
gamomzeureba, gansakuTrebiT SantaJis mom- mis sanacvlod mkvlels unda mieca uZravi
wyobTa, Tumca, meore mxriv, maT ar undo- qoneba. aseve mkvlelis gadasaxadSi Sedioda
daT sazogadoebrivi interesebis matarebe- kargi Tofi da mokluli ojaxis wevrebis
li moxalise bralmdeblebis daSineba. amis Tvis TiTo-TiTo xari an Zroxa saCuqrad.
gamo maT ar gauuqmebiaT jildo warmate- Serigebis dros mkvlels maspinZloba unda
buli braldebisaTvis, TumcaRa amasTan er- gaewia moklulis ojaxisTvis da masTan er-
Tad SemoiRes jarimebic sajaro braldebis Tad morvebisa an lufxulebisTvis.
saqmeTa umetesobaSi im bralmdebelTaTvis, 2) kalas sazogadoebaSi wori iseTive iyo,
romlebic miatovebdnen wamowyebul saqmes rogorc uSgulis sazogadoebaSi, magram aq
an romlebic ver SeZlebdnen dikastesebis keria da naWa mometebuli iyo Wirisuflebis
xmaTa 1/5-is miRebas (ix. samarTalwarmoeba, misacemad.
aTeni). amas garda, sikofantoba iyo danaSau- 3) ifaris sazogadoebaSi _ sami naljomi
li, romelic samarTlebriv devnas eqvemde- saxnavi miwa, ori naljomi saTibi da erTis
bareboda. sikofantebis mimarT saqmis aRZ- saRirali moZravi qoneba. danarCeni iseve
vra SeiZleboda braldebis sxvadasxva saxe- iyo, rogorc uSgulSi.
obiT, rogorebic iyo: grafe, eisangelia, 4) mulaxis sazogadoebaSi _ sami naljomi
probole, apagoge da endeiqsisi, Tumca uc- saxnavi miwa da sami naljomi saTibi yanebis
nobia, Tu rogor iyo es danaSauli gansaz- fasad.
Rvruli samarTlebrivad. 5) mestiaSi iseTive gadasaxadi iyo, rogorc
mulaxis sazogadoebaSi.
sinegorosi (sunhvgoro") _ ZiriTadad aRniS- 6) lenjeris sazogadoebaSi _ 24 naljomi
navda pirs, romelic sasamarTlo sxdomaze saxnavi miwa.
296
7) latalSi _ rogorc lenjerSi. latalisa soloni (daax. Zv. w. 640-558 ww.) _ gamoCeni
da lenjeris oTxi naljomi udrida uSgu- li aTeneli saxelmwifo moRvawe, poeti,
lis erT naljoms. mxedarTmTavari, reformatori da kanon-
8) sabatono svaneTSi ramdenime sazogadoe- mdebeli, erT-erTi „Svid brZenTagani". so
baSi (beCo, fari, Cabuxevi, laxamula) worad loni Tavisi leqsebiT STaagonebda Tanamo-
iyo 24 `cxvadiSi~ saxnavi da saTibi miwa qalaqeebs, gaelaSqrebinaT salaminis dasa-
(cxvadiSi da lenjer-latalis naljomi to- bruneblad. Zv. w. 594 w-s soloni arqonad
lia erTmaneTisa). ecris sazogadoebaSi _ airCies da mas politikuri da ekonomikuri
12 cxvadiSi saxnav-saTibi miwa. amas garda, reformebis Catareba miandes. igi zomieri
mkvlels am sazogadoebebSi 200 maneTamde politikis gamtarebeli iyo. mas yvela (mdi-
ujdeboda sxvadasxva xarji. dari, Raribi) emadliereboda da aseve yve-
9) sadadiano svaneTSi, romelsac Seadgenda las hqonda mis mimarT pretenzia; didia
sami sazogadoeba _ laSxeTi, Coluri da solonis damsaxureba gvarovnuli aris-
lentexi, worad miRebuli iyo 400 maneTis tokratiis privilegiebis gauqmebisa da
saRirali moZravi qoneba (iaraRi, vercx- aTenuri demokratiis safuZvlebis Cayris
leuli, spilenZis saaraye qvabebi da bo- saqmeSi.
los oTxfexa saqoneli). Tu mosaxles es reformebi:
yvelaferi ar hqonda, maSin 400 maneTis saRi- solonis reformaTa Soris erT-erTi
rali saxnav-saTesi adgilebi unda mieca. yvelaze mniSvnelovani reforma _ e.w. `sei-
saxTeia~ _ `tvirTis moxsna~ iyo, rac gu-
siZva _ Zvel saqarTveloSi dauqorwine- lisxmobda yvela moqalaqisTvis im val-
beli qal-vaJis sqesobrivi kavSiri, ùmeuR- debulebaTa moxsnas, romlebic valisTvis
los bozoba~ (saba). aseT qals `meZavi~, ma- giraod Cadebul miwasTan iyo dakavSire-
makacs ki `msiZavi~ erqva. `meZvisagani~ anu buli. solonma kanoniT akrZala valis ga
`siZviT Sobili~ aRniSnavda nabiWvars, `siZ- dauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi adamianis monad
vis sasyideli~ _ roskipis (`warmdebi~, `siZ- gayidva. man ara marto akrZala monebad ga
vis dedakaci~) gasamrjelos, xolo `meZavT- yidva, aramed daabruna, `gamoisyida~ mone
saZovnebeli~ da `meZavTuxucesi~ _ sameZao bad gayiduli moqalaqeebi.
saxlsa da mis patrons. `siZviT dacemisaTvis~ solonma Secvala zomisa da wonis, fulis
sjulis kanoni 3 Tu 7 wliT uziareblobas moWris sistema, riTac aTenSi vaWrobas Seu-
awesebda (`siZvisa kanoniT~ dakanoneba). wyo xeli. xelosnobis ganviTarebisaTvis
`cTuneba qalwulisa uTxovelisaÁ~ adaTo- man saberZneTis sxva qalaqebidan moiwvia
brivi samarTlis normebiT sisxlis aRebas vaWrebi da xelosnebi da maT moqalaqeoba
iwvevda (ix. mruSoba). misca. solonma Secvala kalendaric.
aseve solonma akrZala atikidan puris
skipio nazika korkulum (anu `Wkviani~) gatana. amiT man brZola gamoucxada gva-
(Scipio Nasica Corculum) _ konsuli (Zv. w. 162 rovnul aristokratias, romelic flobda
da 155 ww.), cenzori (Zv. w. 159 w.), iuristi, nayofier miwebs da atikis gareT xorblis
romelsac senati iseT pativs scemda, rom gataniT Sida bazarze TviTnebur fasebs
sazogadoebriv xarjebze aSenebuli saxli awesebda.
aCuqa via Sacra-ze, raTa iuridiuli konsul- tradiciis mixedviT, anderZi atikur kanon-
taciisaTvis xalxs misvla ar gasWirveboda. mdeblobaSi solonma Semoitana. igi neba-
darTuli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo, roca
sodalicia (sodalicia, sodalitates) _ Zmoba, sa anderZis damwer pirs vaJiSvilebi ar hya-
kulto kolegiebi, SemdgomSi sazogadoebebi vda. solonis kanonmdeblobiT, yvela mSo-
(kolegia), romlebic umeteswilad politi- beli valdebuli iyo SvilisaTvis raime xe-
kuri agitaciiT iyvnen dakavebuli; sodales, loba eswavlebina, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
sazogadoebis wevrebi, romelTa imedi Sei- Svils SeeZlo uari eTqva mamis rCenaze.
Zleba gqonoda; solonma moqalaqeebi ara maTi warmoSo-
sodalitates Augustales _ avgustusis kultis bis, aramed qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT oTx
qurumTa kolegia. klasad dayo. moqalaqeTa politikuri uf-
297
lebebis ganmsazRvreli gaxda wliuri Semo- masze umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifo saqmeebs
savlis odenoba da ara maTi warmomavloba. ganixilavdnen, iRebdnen kanonebs, irCevd-
qonebrivi cenzis dawesebam samxedro val- nen Tanamdebobis pirebs. kanonebis winas-
debulebebic gansazRvra: wari ganxilvisaTvis solonma Seqmna oTx-
I klasi – msxvili monaTmflobelebi, msxvi asTa sabWo (yoveli filedan 100 kaci), riTac
li vaWrebi, 500 medimnianebi, e.w. pentakosi man areopagTan mimarTebaSi saxalxo krebis
osmedimnosebi (moqalaqeni, romelTa wli pozicia gaaZliera, Tumca mecnierTa varau-
uri Semosavali Seadgenda 500 medimns), maT diT, am meore sabWos _ bules Seqmnas ar
SeeZloT yvela Tanamdebobis dakaveba, ekis- unda CamoerTmia areopagisaTvis (uwindeli
rebodaT maRali saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi, sabWosTvis) probulevtikuri funqciebi.
omis dros sakuTari xarjiT samsaxuri. solonma mianiWa heliaias apelaciis ufle-
II klasi – SeZlebuli glexoba da vaWrebi, ba, riTac man gaaTavisufla pirovneba ma
ekisrebodaT cxenosan jariskacad kavale- gistratebis ganusazRvreli Zalauflebis-
riaSi samsaxuri, e.w. mxedrebi. masSi Semaval gan da xalxs maTze garkveuli kontrolis
pirTa Semosavali 500-dan 300 medimn xor- ufleba mianiWa. amasTan, solonma Secvala
bals (an sxva produqtSi mis ekvivalents drakonis kanonebi (mkvlelobis saqmeebTan
Tu fulad Tanxas) Soris meryeobda. mxe- dakavSirebuli kanonebis garda) ufro huma-
drebi TiTqmis imave privilegiebiT sarge- nuri kanonebiT.
blobdnen, riTac moqalaqeTa pirveli kla-
si. gamonakliss arqonebisa da xazinadarebis spasalari _ samxedro uwyebis moxele Zvel
Tanamdebobebi warmoadgenda, romelTac saqarTveloSi. spasalari adgilobrivi mxe-
garkveuli periodi mxolod pirveli kla- darTmTavari iyo. yovel kuTxesa Tu Tems
sidan irCevdnen. Tavisi spasalari unda hyoloda. leonti
III klasi – Raribi glexoba, xelosnebi da mrovelis cnobiT, spasalarni farnavaz mefem
meTevzeebi, 200 medimnianebi; SeeZloT saSua èrisTavTa queSe, adgilTa da adgilTa, ga-
lo rangis Tanamdebobis dakaveba, saxalxo naCinna~. mewinave jars `samcxis spasalari~
krebaSi monawileoba; evalebodaT sakuTa sardlobda. spasalari spaspetis, amirspa
ri saxsrebiT mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTe salaris saxelisufloSi Sedioda.
bis, `hoplitebis~ gamoyvana, e.w. Zevgitebi.
IV klasi _ daqiravebuli muSebi, uufle- stipendia (stipendium) – sityva momdinareobs
boebi, 200 medimnze naklebi Semosavlis an stips (moneta) da pendere-dan (gadaxda). 1) ja-
saerTod arafris mqoneni. SeeZloT mezR- magiri, romelsac uxdidnen jariskacs. Zvel
vaurebad flotSi da msubuqad aRWurvil droSi jariskacebis jamagirs ixdida triba,
jariskacebad samsaxuri, saxalxo krebaSi romelic valdebuli iyo jarSi Tavis mier
monawileobis miReba, daSvebuli iyvnen he- warmodgenili kontigenti Seenaxa. namd-
liaiebSi e.w. Tetebi. vili xelfasi (de publico) SemoiRes senatis
solonis mier qonebisa da Semosavlis mi dadgenilebiT Zv. w. 406 w-s. jars uxdidnen
xedviT moqalaqeebis dayofa Zalauflebis ara yovelTviurad, aramed erTbaSad mTeli
kontrolsa da mmarTvelobaSi am klasebis laSqrobisaTvis, ase rom, sityva stipendia-
rolisa da monawileobis gadanawile- Ti calkeul laSqrobebsac aRniSnavdnen.
bas niSnavda. solonis reformamde aTenSi mogvianebiT, jamagirs gascemdnen dRiurad
mTel Zalauflebas evpatridebi flobdnen, _ kacze 5 msubuq ass. keisarma gazarda es
xalxi saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobas xelfasi 10 asamde (dinari Seadgenda 16 ass)
ar iRebda, qonebrivi cenzis SemoRebiT gza TiToeuli legionerisaTvis. am odenobiT
gaexsna ara mxolod warCinebul, aramed darCa xelfasi, erTi versiiT erTaderTi
ubralo warmoSobis SeZlebul adamianeb- pretorielebs dauniSna avgustusma 2 di-
sac. nari dReSi. ukve domicianusma gazarda le-
solonma gaaZliera aTenis umaRlesi gioneris jamagiri 12 asamde. 2) gadasaxadi,
sakanonmdeblo organos _ saxalxo krebis Tavidan samxedro kontribucia damarcxebu-
mniSvneloba. savaraudod, man pirvelma gan li xalxebisagan, romelTac unda daefaraT
sazRvra saxalxo krebis uflebebi da mova- jaris xarjebi, ZiriTadad jariskacTa xel-
leobani. krebas ufro xSirad iwvevdnen da fasebi.
298
3) mogvianebiT stipendia ewodeboda gayofiliyo SerCeuli, polemarqosi jaris
dasaxads, romliTac ibegreboda provin- meTaurobas Camoaciles. strategosebi ki,
ciebi. am tipis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi romlebic kvlav arCeviTi Tanamdeboba
iwodebodnen stipendiarebad (stipendiarii). gaxldaT, ara mxolod umaRlesi samxedro
meTaurebi Seiqmnen, aramed, calkeul SemTx-
stoloni gaius liciniusi (Gaius Licinius Sto- vevebSi, politikuri winamZRolebic.
lo) – liciniusi plebeuri warmoSobis gvari adreuli periodis strategosebi _ Temis-
iyo, momdinareobda etruriidan an tusku- toklesi da kimoni iyvnen erTsa da imave
lunumidan. gaius licinius stoloni iyo dros rogorc mTavarsardlebi, aseve poli-
saxalxo tribuni sestius lateranTan er- tikosebic. perikle ramdenjerme iyo stra
Tad (Zv. w. 376-367 ww.) da ibrZoda plebsis tegosad arCeuli. Zv. w. 443 w-is Semdeg mas
socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis. es posti Zv. w. 429 w-mde, sikvdilamde ekava.
isini cdilobdnen plebsisTvis patricieb magram Zv. w. V s-is bolodan moyolebuli
Tan gaTanabrebuli uflebebi mieniWebinaT. aTenis samxedro Zlierebis dacemasTan er-
senati winaaRmdegi iyo maTi reformisa, ma- Tad, politikuri gavlenis mosapoveblad
gram iZulebuli iyo daeTmo, ris Sedegadac samxedro Tanamdebobis qona ukve aRar iyo
gavida kanoni, romelic Zalian xelsayreli saWiro.
iyo movaleebisaTvis da zRudavda mdidar- strategosebs yovelwliurad gazafxulze
Ta uflebebs saxelmwifo miwasTan (ager pu irCevdnen. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki stratego-
blicus) mimarTebaSi. aTwliani brZolis Sem- si gardaicvleboda an mas Tanamdebobidan
deg Zv. w. 366 w-s miRweul iqna kompromisi, gadaayenebdnen, arCevnebi xelaxla tarde-
romlis mixedviTac plebeebs miecaT ufleba boda, raTa mas wlis bolomde sxva strate
kenWi eyaraT konsulis Tanamdebobis arCev- gosi Canacvleboda. garkveuli periodi-
nebSi. 364 w. liciniusi airCies konsulad, dan strategosis arCevis wesSi cvlilebebi
meored – 361 w-s is patriciebi, romelTac Sevida. ase magaliTad, ramdenjerme erTi
sZuldaT liciniusi Tavisi kanonebis da filedan ori strategosi iqna arCeuli, sxva
moRvaweobis gamo, daupirispirdnen mas da file ki warmomadgenlis gareSe darCa. aris-
daadanaSaules Tavisive kanonis (agraruli toteles droisaTvis strategosTa arCevis
kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, 500 iugerze meti es wesi mTlianad gaauqmes da strategosTa
miwis floba akrZaluli iyo. liciniusis arCeva fileebisagan damoukideblad daiw-
miwa ki 1000 iugers Seadgenda) darRvevaSi, yes.
ris gamoc Zv. w. 357 w-s mas fuladi jarima mas Semdeg, rac strategosebma umaRlesi
daakisres. mTavarsardloba miiRes, isini ukve aRar
meTaurobdnen TavianTi fileebis samxedro
strategosebi (strathgoiv) _ es termini saber- SenaerTebs. es funqcia taqsiarqosebs gadae-
ZneTSi samxedro meTaurs aRniSnavda, Tumca caT. erT konkretul samxedro an sazRvao
aTenSi Zv. w. V s-Si strategosoba iyo ro- eqspedicias, SesaZloa, erTi an ramdenime
gorc politikuri, ise samxedro Tanamdebo- strategosi dgomoda saTaveSi. dasaSvebi
ba. Zv. w. VI s-Si, rodesac jars polemarqose- iyo isic, rom strategoss hqonoda gan-
bi (ix. arqon polemarqosi) meTaurobdnen, sakuTrebuli Zalaufleba, Tavad mieRo
strategosTa Sesaxeb araferia cnobili. gadawyvetilebebi aTenisagan damoukide-
magram Zv. w. 501/500 w-s axali mowyoba Semo blad. Sin strategosTa pasuxismgeblobebSi
iRes, romlis mixedviTac xalxi yovelw- Sedioda moqalaqeTa gawveva samxedro sam-
liurad irCevda aT strategoss, TiToeuls saxurSi, axalwveulTa mier jaris Sevseba,
_ TiTo filedan. TiToeuli strategosi aseve trierarqiebis sistemis meSveobiT ge-
meTaurobda Tavisi files samxedro Sena mebis Senaxvisa da maTi meTaurobis organi-
erTs, xolo polemarqosi inarCunebda zeba. rodesac sasamarTlo saqme warmoiqm-
umaRles mTavarsardlobas. Zv. w. 487/6 w- neboda am sferoTa arasworad funqcioni-
dan moyolebuli arqon polemarqosi sxva rebisas, rogorebic iyo, magaliTad, samar-
arqonTa msgavsad, wilisyriT iqna daniS- Tlebrivi devna dezertirobis an samxedro
nuli. gamomdinare iqidan, rom wilisyriT samsaxurisTvis Tavis aridebis gamo, anda
ar SeiZleboda mudmivad kargi winamZRoli dava trierarqiis movaleobis aRsrulebis
299
Taobaze, strategosebs saqme sasamarTlosT- roca romi mariusis momxreebma daipyres,
vis (dikasterionisTvis) unda gadaecaT da sula mxedarTmTavrobidan gaaTavisufles.
procesze Tavmjdomareebi yofiliyvnen. Zv. maSin pirvelad romis istoriaSi man Ta-
w. IV s-Si strategosTa movaleobebi dai- visi jari romis winaaRmdeg daZra (samoqa-
yo: erTi strategosi iyo qveiTTa meTauri, laqo omis dasawyisi), gaimarjva mariusis
meores evaleboda atikis dacva, ors pirev- momxreebze (popularebze) da brZana maTgan
sis mSvidobianoba unda uzrunveleyo, erTi 10 aTasi sikvdiliT daesajaT. sulam gamos-
strategosi iyo trierarqTa zedamxedveli, ca kanonebi, romlebic senatis Sevsebasa da
danarCen xuTs sxva movaleobebi ekisrebo- arCevnebis aristokratiuli suliT Secvlas
da. iTvaliswinebda.
aTenelebi TavianT strategosebs guldasmiT Zv. w. 83 w-s sulam isev gaimarjva mariusele-
adevnebdnen Tvalyurs. Tanamdebobrivi va- bze da brZana, senatis Tvalwin 6 aTasi tyve
dis amowurvis Semdeg isini evTines gadiod- moeklaT, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi proskrip-
nen. amis garda TiToeuli pritaneis ganma- ciebiT romidan gaeZevebinaT. imave wels
vlobaSi TiToeuli strategosi Sekrebis Tavi diqtatorad gamoacxada (pirvelad ga-
winaSe unda warmdgariyo da moqalaqeebs nusazRvreli droiT), Tavi mcvelebiT Semo
xelis aweviT unda gadaewyvitaT, Tu ramde- irtya da Tavisi gamarjvebebis aRsaniSnavad
nad iyo misi msaxureba damakmayofilebeli. brwyinvale dResaswaulebi gamarTa. ase
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu strategosis saqmianobas damkvidrebulma sulam bevri kanoni gamos-
ar moiwonebdnen, mas sasamarTloSi gaasa ca, romlebic grakqusebis dadgenilebebs
marTlebdnen, Tumca Tuki mas sasamarTlo cvlidnen, xalxis uflebebs spobdnen da Se-
gaamarTlebda, strategosi kvlav ikavebda sabamisad, wlebis manZilze aristokratiul
Tanamdebobas. yovelive es, zogierTi mkvle mmarTvelobas uwyobdnen xels.
varis azriT, aTenuri demokratiis yvelaze misi diqtatura mimarTuli iyo demokrati-
ganmacvifrebel niSan-Tvisebas cxadyofs: uli weswyobilebis winaaRmdeg da miznad
aTenelebs ar miuwevdaT guli, rom Zalau- isaxavda optimatebis ideebis ganxorciele-
fleba niWieri da marjve adamianebisTvisac bas. sulam kvlav senatorebs gadasca sa-
gadaecaT da amasTanave eSinodaT imisic, rom samarTloebi, romlebic maSin mxedarTa fe-
es Zalaufleba borotad ar yofiliyo gamo nis xelSi iyo; mxedarTa fenas sanaxaobebze
yenebuli. sapatio adgilebi waarTva; gawminda da Seav-
so senati, gaxada igi umaRles da sapatio sa
sula lucius kornelius (Sulla Lucius Cor- xelmwifo dawesebulebad; SezRuda saxalxo
nelius) (Zv. w. 138-78 ww.) _ niWieri mxedarT tribunebis uflebebi da amiT safuZveli ga-
mTavari da mkacri politikosi, reaqciuli moacala popularebsa da plebss. SemoiRo
senatoruli oligarqiis warmomadgeneli. saukeTeso samarTalwarmoeba, rac mis did
man diqtatoruli Zalaufleba ZaladobiT damsaxurebad iTvleba.
Caigdo xelSi (Zv. w. 82 w.) da miiRo kanonebi diqtaturis socialur safuZvels senator
nobilitetis sasargeblod – lex Cornelia. Ta oligarqia da jari warmoadgenda. sulam
korneliusebis patriciuli ojaxis warmo- gardaqmna sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi, daubru-
madgeneli mondomebiT swavlobda, gansa- na saxelmwifos wesrigi da simSvide. Zv. w.
kuTrebiT berZnul enasa da literaturas, 79 w-s sulam aRiara, rom ver miaRwia Tavis
uyvarda drostareba, sxeulis gakaJeba, Zv. mizans, moixsna uflebamosileba da Tavad
w. 107 w-s mariusis dros gaxda kvestori, Zv. SesTavaza damswreebs pasuxisgebaSi miecaT
w. 92 w-s kilikiis propretori. Zv. w. 90-89 mis mier Cadenili moqmedebisaTvis, magram
ww. mokavSireTa omis dros warmatebuli veravin gabeda amis gakeTeba. sula mSvid
legati iyo da ufro meti saxeli moixveWa, cxovrebas daubrunda, nadirobda, Tevzao-
vidre mariusma. Zv. w. 88 w-s konsulad air- bda, Tavis mamulSi `memuarebs~ (ar mouRwe
Cies da mxedarTmTavrad daniSnes miTrida via) werda, romlis dasrulebamde Zlieri
te VI-s winaaRmdeg omSi, sadac gaimarjva sisxlisdeniT gardaicvala.
kidec. sulam aiZula miTridate VI darda-
nelis zavi Seekra (Zv. w. 85 w.), riTac romis sulpikius rufusi (Sulpicius Rufus) (Zv. w. 88 w.)
Zalaufleba aRdga mcire aziaSi. Zv. w. 88 w-s, _ saxalxo tribuni, livius druzusis memkvi-
300
dre da misi politikis gamtarebeli: mari- sarwmunoebisaÁ~. eqvTime mTawmindelis naS-
usis TanadgomiT gaatara ramdenime kanoni roms erTvis misive dawerili muxlebi da
nobilitetis winaaRmdeg (lex Sulpicia), magram qarTul saRvTismsaxuro praqtikisaTvis
sulas dabrunebisTanave mokles. Sesaferisi kanonebi. konstantinopolis sa-
patriarqoSi gansakuTrebiT aRiarebdnen
sjuldeba _ sjulisdeba, Sjulisdeba, ka e. w. 14-titlovan nomokanons, romelic im-
nonmdebloba, samarTlis wigni Zvel saqa- droisaTvis sistemur da qronologiur kre-
rTveloSi. termini sjulisdeba asaxavs buls warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli kanonikuri
sakanonmdeblo process _ gulisxmobs sju- Zegli berZnulidan qarTulad Targmna ar-
lis dadebas anu Sedgena-SemoRebas da mis sen iyalToelma XI s-is bolos an XII s-is da-
`ganwesebas~. saxelmwifo samarTlis kanon- sawyisSi. igi qarTul saeklesio praqtikaSi
mdeblobas, kerZod, vaxtang VI-is dasturla- `didi sjuliskanonis~ saxeliT iyo cnobi-
mals `saxelmwifo sjuldeba~ erqva. sjul- li. didi sjuliskanoni Seicavs mociqulTa,
deba ewodeba ioane batoniSvilis saxelm- msoflio saeklesio krebaTa da wminda ma-
wifoebrivi reformebis proeqts, agreTve maTa kanonebs. garda amisa, mas erTvis qar-
aleqsi mixeilis Zis 1649 wlis kanonTa kre- Tuli originaluri kanonikuri mwerlobis
bulis qarTul Targmans. sjuldeba samonas- Zegli _ ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera.
tro wesdebis mniSvnelobiTac ixmareboda,
maT Soris, petriwonis monastris 1083 wlis
tipikoni. t
sjuli _ rjuli, Sjuli, kanoni, wesi da tamiasi (tamiva") _ xazinadari. aTenSi am
Cveuleba, samarTali Zvel saqarTveloSi. titulis matarebelTa Soris yvelaze mniS-
ganasxvavebdnen `bunebiT sjuls~, romelic vnelovani qalRmerT aTenas tamiasebi gax-
adamianTa Tandayolil, Sinagan wesad miiC- ldnen. isini yovelwliurad wilisyriT
neoda, agreTve arsebobda `dawerili sju- iyvnen daniSnulni, TiToeuli _ TiTo file-
li~ anu kanonmdebloba (`sjuli wignisaÁ~), dan. solonis kanonmdeblobiT am Tanamde-
ùwereli sjuli~, romelic CveulebiT bobaze magistratis arCeva mxolod penta-
samarTals gulisxmobda da `samoqalaqoTa kosiomedimnosebis klasidan iyo SesaZle-
sjuli~. sjuli, umeteswilad, saeklesio beli, Tumca Zv. w. IV s-Si es kanoni ukve aRar
kanonwesebis mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda. am funqcionirebda. maTi msaxureba iwyeboda
dargis normaTa krebuls sjuliskanoni, da mTavrdeboda panaTenaiis dResaswauliT.
samarTalmcodnes ki merCule ewodeboda. tamiasebi iyvnen akropolisze mdebare aTena
poliasis, aTena nikes da hermesis saganZur-
sjuliskanoni _ kanonikuri krebuli, bi- Ta zedamxedvelebi. Tanxa opisTodomosad
zantiur-berZnuli sakanonmdeblo Zegli _ wodebul SenobaSi inaxeboda. tamiasebi ara
nomokanonis qarTuli redaqcia, romelsac mxolod religiuri msaxurebisaTvis gas-
qarTuli saeklesio samarTlis normebi cemdnen Tanxebs, aramed samxedro (gansa-
hqonda damatebuli. Tavdapirvelad V-VI kuTrebiT peloponesis omis dros) da sxva
ss-Si gaCnda kanonikuri krebulebi, Tumca samoqalaqo xarjebisaTvis. SemorCenilia
nomokanonebis Camoyalibebis procesi VIII maTi Canawerebi, romlebic aTenis finan-
s-mde gagrZelda. sebis Taobaze mniSvnelovan wyaros war-
X s-is bolos eqvTime mTawmindelma Seadgina moadgens.
berZnuli kanonikuri mwerlobis sxvadasxva Zv. w. 434 w-s Seqmnes `sxva RmerTTa~ tamia-
wyaros redaqciuli gadamuSavebisa da qar- sebis sabWo (tamiasebis ricxvi am sabWoSic
Tuli masalis SetaniT kanonikuri krebuli aTi iyo), romelsac sxva atikuri taZrebis
`mcire sjuliskanoni~. igi didxans iTvle- saganZurebi Caabares (es saganZurebi erT
boda qarTuli eklesiis saxelmZRvanelod. fondad iqna gaerTianebuli). Tanxa aseve
`mcire sjuliskanoni~ 4 nawilisagan Sedgeba: opisTodomosSi Seinaxes, Tumca aTenas sa-
`wesi da gangebaÁ da rjuliskanoni meequsisa ganZuridan gancalkevebulad. Zv. w. 406/5 w-s
krebisaÁ~, `kanonni SecodebulTani~, `kanon- es ori sabWo tamiasTa erT sabWod gaerTi-
ni dRiTi-dReTa cTomaTani~, `ZeglisweraÁ anda. aTma tamiasma àTenasa da sxva Rmer-
301
Tebis~ saganZuri Caibara. Zv. w. 385 w-s es Svilisa da SviliSvilis sikvdilis Semdeg
sabWo kvlav or sabWod gaiyo, xolo Zv. w. (ax. w. 26 w.) ki tiberiusi eWviani, TavSeu-
341 w-s isev erT sabWod gaerTianda. kavebeli, kacTmoZule gaxda, igi romidan
kolakretesebis da helenotamiasebis Tanam- kunZul kaprize gadasaxlda. misi saxelis
debobaTa gauqmebis Semdeg sxva tamiasebi SeuracxyofisaTvis senatis opozicia mka-
daniSnes da maT sxvadasxva fondi Caaba- crad isjeboda – qoneba CamoerTmeoda da
res: aseTni iyvnen saxalxo krebis tamiasi, xSirad sikvdiliTac uswordebodnen), pre-
triremTa sabWos tamiasi, samxedro fondis torianTa gvardia romSi ganTavsda, misma
zedamxedveli tamiasi da a. S. prefeqtebma ki didi gavlena moipoves. roms,
faqtobrivad, pretorianTa prefeqti seanu-
si marTavda, magram tiberiusma igi moakv-
tiberiusi iulius augustusi keisari (Tiberius levina, raTa misi aRviraxsniloba aravis
Julius Caesar Augustus) (Zv. w. 42 _ ax. w. 37 ww.) _ Seekavebina. romSi is aRar dabrunebula,
romaeli imperatori (ax. w. 14-37 ww.), avgus- gardaicvala 77 wlisa (ax. w. 37 w.).
tusis geri, SesaniSnavi mxedarTmTavari da
organizatori; Zv. w. 20 w-s somxeTSi ilaS-
tiberius korunkaniusi (Tiberius Coruncanius)
qra, Zv. w. 15 w-s Tavis Zma druzusTan erTad
– konsuli ax. w. 280 w-s, diqtatori ax. w. 246
alpiuri xalxis winaaRmdeg laSqars xelmZ-
w-s. igi iyo pirveli umaRlesi qurumi (pon-
Rvanelobda, gaimarjva da konsulobac (Zv.
tifeqsi _ Pontifex maximus) plebeelTagan.
w. 13 w.) miiRo. Zv. w. 13 w-s iZulebuli gaxda
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, man pirvelma daiwyo
gahyroda meuRles da colad SeerTo avgus-
romis kerZo samarTlis swavleba da iuri
tusis qaliSvili iulia. daaSoSmina ajanye-
diuli konsultaciebis (responsa) micema.
buli panonia (Zv. w. 12-9 ww.) da Semdeg ger-
maniaSi gaemgzavra avadmyof Zma druzusTan,
gardacvlili Camoasvena romSi da miiRo tirania (turannιv") _ niSnavs arakanonier
meTauroba germaniaSi. ax. w. 6 w-dan rodo- monarqias. amgvari xelisufleba saberZne-
sze nebayoflobiT gadasaxlda da mecniere- Tis mraval qalaq‑saxelmwifoSi Zv. w. VII
biTa da sxeulis wvrTniT iqcevda Tavs. ax. w. da VI ss-Si kerZo pirTa mier iyo uzurpire-
4 w-s avgustusma livias daJinebiT tiberiusi buli. am terminis yvelaze adreul damowme-
iSvila da imave welss germaniaSi armiisa da bas poet arqiloqosTan vxvdebiT (fr. 22D).
flotis daxmarebiT elbamde miaRwia, magram es ar iyo konstituciis specialuri forma
markomanebTan Sebma ar dascalda, panonia- anda teroris mefoba; uaryofiTi datvirT-
sa da dalmatiaSi amboxebis CasaxSobad (ax. va man mogvianebiT SeiZina, roca Zv. w. V
w. 6-9 ww.) gaemarTa, gaamagra sazRvrebi re- s‑is demokratiulma polisma tiranTmkv-
inze (ax. w. 10-12 ww.), ax. w. 13 w-s avgustusis lelebi xotbiT Seamko. amaSi garkveuli
TanammarTveli gaxda, xolo misi sikvdilis roli politikurma filosofiamac iTamaSa.
Semdeg – imperatori. taxtze asul tiberiuss tirania, rogorc wesi, ori Taobis Semdeg
bevri ajanyebis CaxSoba mouxda germaniaSi, asrulebda arsebobas. cnobili tiranebi
panoniaSi, numidiaSi, galiaSi, TrakiaSi. iyvnen: polikratesi, feidoni, kifselosi,
zomieri politikosi pirvel xanebSi avgus- periandrosi, klisTenes sikioneli, pisis-
tusis gegmebis ganxorcielebas cdilobda: tratosi. adreuli periodis tiraniis uka-
misi mmarTvelobisas gaZlierda monarqi- naskneli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen sicili-
uli Zalaufleba (plebsma dakarga politi- eli tiranebi: Teroni, geloni da hieroni,
kuri ufleba – aikrZala komiciebis mowveva), romlebmac Zalaufleba moipoves rogorc
gaizarda saxelmwifo xazina, gaumjobesda samxedro xelmZRvanelebma. tiraniis meore
provinciebis marTva, jars samsaxuris vada epoqa dionisios I‑is mmarTvelobiT iwyeba.
Seumcirda da jamagiric gaezarda, senats pa- tiraniis adreuli tipi umTavresad dabali
tiviscemiT epyroboda, gamosca sazogadoe- fenebis politikuri da ekonomikuri winamZ-
bis usafrTxoebis, wesrigis, zneobriobisa Rolobidan iyo aRmocenebuli da xSirad
da samarTliani sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kargi demokratiis aRmavlobas amzadebda. am dros
kanonebi. konstituciis konturebi ar icvleboda, Tum-
302
ca tiranebi kanonebsa da instituciebs saku- legionebis saTaveSi legatebi dadgnen sena-
Tari politikis iaraRad iyenebdnen. torebis ricxvidan. romis imperiis epoqaSi
gviandelma tiranebma, miuxedavad imisa, TiToeul legionSi iyo 1 samxedro tribuni
rom samxedro diqtatorebi iyvnen, monar- senatorebidan da 5 _ mxedrebis fenidan.
qiis axal epoqas daudes saTave. cxenosani jaris tribunebi – cxenosani ja-
ris ufrosi, romelic zustad iseve iyo me-
tribuni (tribunus) _ (tribis xelmZRvaneli, fis moadgile da TanaSemwe, rogorc Semd-
romelmac SemdegSi miiRo saxelwodeba tri- gomSi cxenosanTa magistri (magister equitum)
bis mzrunveli _ curator tribus) _ saxelwodeba – diqtatoris. cxenosani jaris tribuns
tribuni ki Tanamdebobis pirebs aRniSnavda Tanamdeboba im mefis sikvdilamde eWira,
(cxenosani jaris tribuni _ tribunus celerum, romelmac igi am Tanamdebobaze airCia. me-
samxedro tribuni _ tribunus militum, saxalxo fis memkvidre ki sxvas irCevda. mefobis mo-
tribuni _ tribunus plebis); imperatorebis spobasTan erTad es Tanamdebobac gaqra da
epoqaSi saxeli tribuni sxvadasxvanairad mxolod avgustusma aRadgina igi religi-
gamoiyeneboda, (mag., kolegiebSi _ tribunus uri miznebisaTvis.
fabricarum _ imperatoris iaraRis qarxnebis
zedamxedveli; mdivnebis tribuni _ tribunus tribusi/triba) (tribus) _ qalaqis nawili.
notariorum, karis tribuni _ tribunus stabuli da Tavdapirvelad romSi sami patriciuli
a. S.). triba iyo: ramnesi (Ramnes), titiesi (Tities),
tribuni aerarii _ ewodebodaT tribebis xelmZ- lukeresi (Luceres). didi mniSvneloba hqon-
Rvanelebs, romlebsac unda SeegrovebinaT da servius tuliusis mier geografiul tri-
gamosaRebi da Semdeg am Tanxidan jaris- bebad dayofas: qalaqis (urbanae) da qalaqga-
kacebisaTvis gadaexadaT. roca xelfasis reTa (rusticatae). 4 qalaqurs erqva: suburana
gadaxda samoqalaqo xelisuflebidan samxe (Suburana) an sukusana (Sucusana), eskvilina
droze gadavida da gadaeca kvestorebs, tri- (Esquilina), kolina (Collina), palatina (Pala-
buni aerarii darCnen, magram ras akeTebdnen, tina). qalaqis kuTvnili yvela miwa iyofoda
CvenTvis ucnobia. SesaZloa, isini kves- 26 qalaqgareT tribad an regionad (zogi
torebs exmarebodnen da jars axldnen. Zv. cnobiT, aseve soflebad _ pagi). Zv. w. 507 w-s
w. 70 w-s lex Aurelia-dan lex Iulia-mde (Zv. w. 46 porsenasTvis miwebis daTmobis Sedegad 30
w.) tribuni aerarii plebsis warmomadgenlebad triba 20-mde Semcirda, magram male kvlav
msaxurobdnen. keisris Semdeg am Tanamdebo- mateba daiwyo: Zv. w. 504 w-s Sedgenili iyo
bam dakarga mniSvneloba da aRar arsebobda. 21 triba sabinebisagan, romlebic romSi
mefeTa epoqaSi cxenosani jaris tribunebi klavdius apiusTan erTad movidnen; Zv. w.
(tribuni celerum) cxenosani jaris ufrosi, me- 387 w-s maT daemata 4 axali, Zv. w. 385 w-s _ 2,
fis moadgile da TanamSewe iyo, rogorc 332 w-s _ 2, Zv. w. 318 w-s – 2, Zv. w. 299 w-s _ 2,
SemdgomSi cxenosani jaris magistri (magis- bolos Zv. w. 241 w-s kidev – 2. tribebis ricx-
ter equitum) _ diqtatoris. cxenosani jaris vma miaRwia 35-s da mas Semdeg ar Secvlila.
tribuns eWira Tanamdeboba im mefis sikvdi- yovel tribas Tavisi saxelwodeba hqonda.
lamde, romelmac igi am Tanamdebobaze air- Tavidanve qalaqisa da qalaqgareT tribebs
Cia. mefis memkvidre ki mere sxvas irCevda. Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar iyo, magram
mefobis mospobasTan erTad es Tanamdebo- qalaqgareT tribebma male upiratesobas mi-
bac gaqra da mxolod avgustusma aRadgina aRwia, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac azatebs
igi religiuri miznebisaTvis. neba miecaT mxolod qalaqis tribebs miwe
samxedro tribuni – tribunus militum, pirvel rodnen; TiToeuli triba iyofoda deku-
xanebSi am Tanamdebobaze moqmed samxedro riebad, qalaqisa kidev kvartlebad (vici)
tribunebs irCevdnen da isini legions da gzajvaredinebad (compita), qalaqgareTa
xelmZRvanelobdnen. TiToeul legionSi 6 ki – soflebad (pagi). centuriaTa komiciebis
tribuni morigeobiT weliwadSi 2 – 2 TviT am reformis Semdeg, roca klasebi da triba
movaleobas asrulebda. didi gavlena hqon- erTmaneTs Seerwya, TiToeuli triba Sei-
daT mxedarTa fenis samxedro tribunebs; ma- cavda uxucesTa (seniorum) 5 centurias da
gram Zv. w. I s-Si es gavlena Sesustda, radgan ymawvilTa (iuniorum) 5 centurias. TiToeu-
303
li moqalaqe, patrici da plebsic miwerili lia annonaria) da qalaquri (urbicaria). mxolod
unda yofiliyo romelime tribisadmi, sxva- erTxel moxseniebuli tributum in capita, Sesa-
nairad is vercerT centurias ver miekuT- Zloa, iyo daubrunebeli gamosaRebi, ro-
vneboda. melic xazinaSi SehqondaT. respublikis bo-
tribas didi administraciuli, politikuri los, roca moqalaqeebis tributumi moispo,
da saTemo mniSvneloba hqonda. maT efuZne- es saxeli erqva provinciebis moqalaqeebis
boda cenzi, samxedro begara _ tributumi, xarks, romelsac sakuTriv stipendia ewo-
gawveva (dilectus) da yvela triba erTad war- deboda. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier
moadgenda mZlavr saxalxo krebas. tribas mokrebili es gadasaxadi Semosavlisgan (vec-
ara religiuri, aramed saTemo mniSvneloba tigalia) gansxvavebiT, romelsac iZleodnen
hqonda. TiToeuli tribis wevri erTmaneTan moijarade-Semsyidvelebi (publicanus) gamo-
mWidro kavSirSi iyo da amxanagebad iTvle- sasyidad, warmoadgenda an garkveul Tan
bodnen. am kavSirs amyarebda is, rom tri- xas, romelic mTel provincias Sehqonda, an
bunebi erTad irCevdnen TavisTvis ufross, qonebriv gamosaRebs, romelic, bunebrivia,
SehqondaT xelfasi jariskacebisaTvis da mudmivad icvleboda. imperatorebis epoqaSi
erTad marTavdnen zeimebs. amitomac visac sabolood dadginda jer kidev avgustusis
raime Tanamdeboba undoda mieRo, mimar- dros dawyebuli tributumis saadgilmamu-
Tavda Tavis tribas; lo da suladobrivad dayofa: 1) tributum soli
imperatorebis epoqaSi tribis politikuri an agri, romelsac mogvianebiT aseve sulado-
mniSvneloba gaqra, radgan tiberiusma arCe brivi dabegvra (capitatio) an erTi iugeri mi-
viTi komiciebi senatSi gadaitana. mxolod wis gadasaxadi (iugatio) ewodeboda, efuZne-
romis moqalaqeebi iyofodnen 35 tribad boda avgustusis mier SemoRebul sayovel-
gawvevis mizniT, gansakuTrebiT qalaquri Tao saxelmwifo cenzs da SehqondaT romis
kohortisaTvis da imperatorebis mier moqalaqeebis provinciebidan _ romis xazi-
mowyalebis gaRebisaTvis. uRaribesi moqa- naSi (aerarium populi Romani-Si), saimperato-
laqeebi ufaso puris darigebisas TiToeul ro provinciebidan ki _ samxedro xazinaSi
tribaSi ayalibebdnen gansakuTrebul kor- (aerarium militare-Si). xarkis dawesebas indiq-
poracias, romlis wevrebi iRebdnen xorb- cio (indictio) ewodeboda. gadasaxadis akre-
lisa an fulis miRebis uflebas (tessera). fis movaleobebs asrulebdnen Cinovnikebi
_ moangariSeebi (numerarii), xazinadrebi (tab-
tributumi (tributum) _ saxelmwifosTvis ro- ularii), arqivariusebi (chartularii), romlebic
mis moqalaqeebis qonebis gadasaxadi. Tavda- nacvals emorCilebodnen. Tavad amoRebas
pirvelad tributumi SehqondaT suladobiT ki axorcielebdnen qalaqis inkasatorebi
da ara qonebisda mixedviT, servius tulius- (susceptores) da gadasaxadis amkrebebi (ex-
ma ki Semoitana gadasaxadi cenzis gaTvalis actores). Tumca yvela provincia erTnairad
winebiT (tributum ex censu). es gamosaRebi yov- ar ixdida gadasaxads, zogierTebi garda
elTvis iniSneboda moTxovnilebisda mixed- saadgilmamulo da suladi xarkisa, ixdid-
viT da emsaxureboda mxolod samxedro nen gansakuTrebul Semosavals (vectigalia); 2)
miznebs, gansakuTrebiT jariskacebis xel- tributum capitis, suladi gadasaxadi, romelsac
fass. omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg damarcxebul mogvianebiT ewodeboda aseve capitalio, nawi-
mters unda gadaexada samxedro danaxarjebi, lobriv qonebaze ekisreboda da TandaTano-
romelTaganac moqalaqeebi iRebdnen Tavis biT iRebda asakrefis formas warmoebidan,
tributums ukan, amdenad tributums SeiZle- nawilobriv ki ekisreboda suladobaze
ba vuwodoT iZulebiTi sesxi. Tu xazinaSi ganurCevlad cenzisa (gansakuTrebiT umiwo
iyo sakmarisi fuli, tributums ar iTxovd- Raribebs); magram yvela, romelsac Sehqonda
nen da amitom didi makedonuri nadavlis gadasaxadi (tributum soli), gaTavisuflebuli
Semdeg Zv. w. 168 w-s tributumi saerTod gau- iyo suladi gadasaxadisagan.
qmda. magram imperatorebis epoqaSi mTel
italias (romis da misi Semogarenis garda) trierarqia _ liturgiis erT-erTi forma,
Sehqonda gamosaRebi naturiT karisa da ja- romelic flotis aRmSeneblobisaken iyo
ris Sesanaxad. aqedan modis dapirispireba mimarTuli. trierarqias gansakuTrebuli
– produqtebiT mommaragebeli italia (Ita- mniSvneloba hqonda aTenSi. Semdgom es in-
304
stituti zogierTma sxva qalaqmac gadaiRo. dreobis uflebas ver miiRebda. naklebadaa
Zv. w. V s-is dasawyisidan moyolebuli aTe garkveuli im aTeneli mSoblebis Svilebis
neli strategosebi mdidar aTenel mo- statusi, romlebic qorwinebaSi ar imyo
qalaqeTagan trierarqosebs irCevdnen, febodnen: aseTi adamiani iyo novqo"-i sa-
romelTa ricxvi aRsaWurv triremaTa ri kuTrebis uflebis gareSe, Tumca sakamaToa
cxvs Seesatyviseboda. trierarqosi, rome iTvleboda Tu ara moqalaqed. dasaSvebia
lic amasTanave kapitnis funqcias aRasru isic, Tumca naklebad savaraudoa, rom ter-
lebda, kisrulobda gemis Senaxvisa da Se mini novqo" aRniSnavda Sereuli qorwinebis
keTebis, iseve rogorc mezRvaurTa xelfa- (e. i. aTenelis da araaTenelis) naSiers ma-
siTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis Tanxebs. Zv. Sinac ki, rodesac (mag., Zv. w. 450 w-mde) aseTi
w. 411 w-is Semdeg trierarqias ori moqalaqe qorwineba kanonieri iyo. amgvari qorwine-
iyofda. demetrios faleroselma Zv. w. 317- bidan gaCenil bavSvs SeiZleba hqonoda ro-
307 ww-Si liturgia gaauqma. termini `tri- gorc memkvidreobis, ise moqalaqis sruli
erarqosi~ aTenis garda, sxvagan mxolod uflebebi.
triremis kapitans aRniSnavda.
ukanono bavSvi, romi _ ukanono, qorwinebis
gareSe gaCenili bavSvi, romelic naTesauri
triumvirati (triumviratus – sami kacis erTo-
kavSiriT mxolod dedasTan iyo dakavSire-
ba) – triumviratis oficialuri saxelwo-
buli. Tu dedas hqonda romis moqalaqeoba,
debaa `samTa kolegia respublikuri wyobis
maSin bavSvic xdeboda romaeli moqalaqe.
mosawesrigeblad~ (tres viri rei publicae con-
ukanono bavSvebi iyvnen aseve liberi naturales _
stituendae). I triumvirati Seikra Zv. w. 60-ian
kerZod, bavSvebi, romlebic konkubinatis an
ww-Si krasuss, pompeussa da keisars Soris
sxva tipis Tanacxovrebis Sedegad iyvnen ga-
kerZo TanxmobiT. Zv. w. 56 w-s gagrZelda I
Cenilni. klasikuris Semdgom xanebSi isini
triumvirati. II triumvirati Seikra Zv. w.
garkveul uflebebs iReben, kerZod, SeuZli-
43 w-s antoniuss, lepidussa da oqtavianus
aT pretenzia ganacxadon mamis mier rCenaze,
avgustuss Soris da gansxvavdeboda I-sagan,
aqvT memkvidreobis ufleba kanoniT da aseve
igi kanonmdeblobiT iqna miRebuli (lex Ti-
SeuZliaT miiRon kanonieri Svilebis sta-
tia Zv. w. 43 w.). misi gagrZeleba ax. w. 37 w-s
tusi _ liberi legitimi. ukanono bavSvebs Soris
plebiscitiT iqna miRebuli.
liberi naturales yvelaze ukeTes mdgomareobaSi
iyvnen (ix. moqalaqe, romi).
tyismcvelTuxucesi _ `tyis mcvelni~ pirve-
lad moxseniebulni arian Tamar mefis 1189
ulpianus domiciusi (Ulpianus Domitius) (ax.
w-s sigelSi, xolo `tyismcvelT-uxucesni~
w. II-III ss.) – romaeli iuristi, mTavari
_ 1078 w-s sigelSi. saqarTvelos TiToeul
mrCeveli romaeli imperatoris aleqsan-
kuTxes an ganTqmul sanadiro tyes Tavisi
dre severusisa, romelic mas endoboda da
tyismcvelTuxucesi hyavda. tyismcvelTa
yovelnairad icavda; magram pretorianebma
Tanamdeboba saqarTveloSi Tamaris mefo-
igi SeiZules da SemdgomSi imperatoris
bamdec unda yofiliyo. wyaroebSi mravlad
Tvalwin mokles.
gvxvdeba tyismcvelTuxucesTa Tanamdebobis
ulpianusma srulyofilad, amomwuravad
mqone pirebi.
icoda samarTlis yvela sfero, Zveli,
adrindeli literatura. man udidesi lite
raturuli memkvidreoba datova (mxolod
u erT aTwleulSi – ax. w. 202-212 ww-Si Seqm-
ukanono bavSvi (novqo") _ sityvasityviT nili).
`nabiWvari~. perikles moqalaqeobis kano ulpianusi werda daxvewili eniT, ramac mas
nis miRebis Semdeg, aTenis moqalaqeoba didi popularoba moutana; gasakviri ar
(ix. moqalaqeoba, saberZneTi) mxolod imas aris, rom nawyvetebi misi Txzulebebidan
eZleoda, vinc dediTa da mamiT aTeneli iyo. Seadgenen digestebis (klasikuri samarT-
dauqorwinebeli aTenelis da araaTenelis lis Txzulebebi) TiTqmis mesameds.
bavSvi erTmniSvnelovnad ukanonod iTv- ulpianusis naSromi: èdiqtis Sesaxeb~ (Ad
leboda da verc moqalaqis da verc memkvi- edictum – 81 wigni) – ediqtis klasikuri gad-
305
mocemis araformaluri kodifikacia, mTeli qarTulSi. ufliswuls calke saufliswulo
romauli samarTlis erT-erTi gamorCeuli samflobelo mamuli hqonda, mefis vaJs _
nawarmoebi masalis uzado SerCeviTa da samefo domenSi, feodalis vaJs ki _ safeo-
damoukidebli TvalTaxedviT, ediqtebidan daloSi.
zusti citatebiTa da sasarCelo formule-
biT gamoirCeva; yoveli winadadeba, yove-
li sityva damuSavebulia gasaocari gul-
modginebiT.
f
falerebi (phalerae) – adre romaeli mxed
urvadi/urvaTi _ saqorwino gadasaxadi sa- robis wodebrivi niSnebi, Zv. w. II s-dan
patarZlos mSoblebisaTvis. urvadis mocu- samxedro jildoebi. liTonis, mrgval,
loba ganisazRvreboda qalis ojaxis Rirse- ovalur an wagrZelebuls, Semkul falerebs
biT. `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ ukve dasturdeba imagrebdnen qamrebze. imperiis epoqaSi Zv.
urvadis arseboba qarTlSi. saqorwino sau- w. IV s-mde falerebiT ajildovebdnen ara
ravis gadasaxadis wesi naTlad gamoikveTa marto calkeul jariskacs, aramed mTel
xevsa da svaneTSi. termini urvaTi bolo samxedro danayofebsac.
dromde moxeurma dialeqtma SeinarCuna.
familia (familia – saojaxo qoneba) – yvela
feri – adamianebic da nivTebic – rac pirs
ufleba (potestas) – samarTliT aRiarebuli ekuTvnis. viwro mniSvnelobiT familia niS-
ufleba erTi pirovnebis meore pirze an navs:
saganze, an qonebaze; ufro farTo mniSvne 1) yvela pirs – cols, bavSvebs, monebs, rom-
lobiT: raimes flobis fizikuri SesaZle- lebic emorCilebian patrons, paterfamilias-s;
bloba (facultas) an raime saqmianobis ufle- 2) yvela paterfamilias-s damorCilebul Tavi-
bamosileba (ius); sufal pirs, anu ojaxis wevrs – Sinaurebs;
sajaro samarTalSi es iyo Zalaufleba, ro- 3) erTmaneTTan naTesaobiT dakavSirebul
melic hqonda yvela magistrats, maT ufleba ufro didi ojaxis wevrebs, zogjer erTi
hqondaT: gamoecaT ediqtebi, miemarTaT sax- gvaris wevrebs;
alxo krebisa da senatisadmi. erTi Tanam- 4) monaTa erTobliobas, romelic erTsa da
debobis xalxs erTnairi uflebebi hqondaT imave patrons ekuTvnis da qalaqSi saojaxo
(par potestas), umaRlesi rangis magistrats saqmiT (familia urbana) an sofelSi soflis
hqonda ufro didi ufleba (maior potestas), meurneobiTaa dakavebuli (familia rustica);
umdablesisas – ufro patara ufleba (minor 5) ojaxis mamis mTeli qoneba, romelsac Ta-
potestas); visuflad gankargavda cocxlebs Soris (in-
samefo ufleba (potestas regia) – Tavdapirve- ter vivos) da sikvdilis SemTxvevaSic (mortis
lad mefis suverenuli Zalufleba; causa); familiad zogjer iwodeboda qoneba
kerZo samarTalSi es upirveles yovlisa da fuli (familia pecuniaque);
iyo mamis Zalaufleba (patria potestas) bavS-
vebze; mis pirad urTierTobebs zogjer famulusi (famulus) – Zvel romSi patriar-
gamoxatavdnen rogorc mancipaciis ufle- qaluri ojaxis mona, ojaxis sakuTreba.
bas (potestas mancipium) da batonisas monebze aRniSvna kvlav gamoCnda gvianantikurobaSi
(dominica potestas). araqristianuli literaturis arqaizaciis
ojaxis mamis ufleba (potestas patris familias) tendenciasTan dakavSirebiT.
SeuzRudavi iyo, igi mxolod religiiTa da
sazogadoebrivi azriT izRudeboda. farnavazi – iberiis pirveli mefe (Zv. w. 356 –
Tavdapirvelad mkacri xasiaTi hqonda 264 ww.), farnavazianTa dinastiis damaarse-
meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis uflebas (po- beli, `mcxeTis mamasaxlisTa~ STamomavali
testas tutoris; potestas curatoris). (ix. mamasaxlisi). gamefda 27 wlis asakSi da
mefobda 65 wlis manZilze.
ufliswuli _ mefis an feodalis vaJiSvilis erTiani aRmosavlur-qarTuli samefo sxva
aRmniSvneli termini antikur da Sua sauku- dasxva qarTuli gaerTianebebis urTierT
neebis saqarTveloSi, mefis Ze Tanamedrove brZolaSi Seiqmna da gaimarjva iman, ro
306
melsac, rogorc Cans, farnavazi edga saTa saerisTavosagan gansxvavebuli, ufro didi
veSi. farnavazi daaxl. Zv. w. 264 w-s 92 wlis teritoriuli erTeuli iyo saspaspeto,
asakSi gardaicvala. romelic mTel Sida qarTls moicavda. misi
farnavazis mizani erTiani da Zlieri qarT- mmarTveli spaspeti mefis Semdeg meore
lis samefo iyo, am mizniT mas umniSvnelova- piri iyo samefoSi da erisTavebic piradad
nesi reformebis (religiuri, anbanuri da mas emorCilebodnen.
samxedro) gatareba miewereba: farnavazma qalaqi mcxeTa samefos dedaqa-
saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba: laqad gadaaqcia, farnavazma da farnava-
farnavazma safuZveli daudo qarTvelur zianebma samefos dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi didi
tomTa gaerTianebas. farnavazma qarTlis TavdacviTi (mcxeTis galavani) da sakulto
erisTavTa ajanyeba CaaxSo Crdilokavkasi- nagebobebi (armazis cixe) aaSenes da mefeTa
uri tomebis daxmarebiT, Crdilokavkasieli rezidenciad mcxeTis pirdapir maRal mTaze
tomebi Camoasaxla qarTlis mTianeTSi, aRmarTuli citadeli _ armazcixe aqcies.
farnavazma gaaerTiana teritoria kavkasio- farnavazma Caatara religiuri reforma,
nis qedidan evfratis saTaveebamde da mefis SemoiRo da aRmarTa axali kerpi _ arma-
tituli miiRo (ase Seiqmna erTiani aRmosav- zis kerpi (amasTanave farnavazma SeinarCuna
lur-qarTuli saxelmwifo iberia/qarTli). azos mier motanili kerpebi – gaci da gaimi).
samefos farglebi sakuTriv istoriuli qa- armazis kerpis saerTo RvTaebad Camoyali-
rTlis garda, moicavda kaxeTis did nawils, bebas axladCamoyalibebuli qarTuli same-
samcxes, javaxeTs, kola-artaans, klarjeTs, fosaTvis didi saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi
agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelo- mniSvneloba hqonda.
van nawils (aWaras, argveTs, egriss, svaneTs). farnavazs miewereba qarTuli damwerlo-
farnavazma dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi bis, qarTuli anbanis Seqmna. farnavazma qa-
poziciebis gansamtkiceblad Sorapnisa da rTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada (ma-
damnis cixeebi aago. qarTli Tavis gavle- namde qarTlSi eqvs enaze saubrobda xalxi).
nas aRmosavleTiTac avrcelebda. qarTlis mis saxels aseve kalendris Seqmnasac ukav-
samefos eqvemdebareboda umniSvnelovanesi Sireben.
gadmosasvlelebi kavkasionis qedze. am gad-
mosasvlelebis gamagrebiT dainteresebuli fasisi (favsi") _ sajaro braldebis erT-er
iyvnen saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebic, Ti saxeoba. sityvasityviT `Cveneba, ganc
radgan aqedan momTabare-meomari tomebis xadeba~: im adamianis sajaro mxileba, ro-
Semosevis safrTxe iyo. am politikur faq- melic ukanonod flobda saxelmwifos kuT-
tors qarTlis mmarTvelebi kargad iye vnil qonebas. apografesagan gansxvavebiT,
nebdnen. romlis Sesaxebac ufro meti cnobebi mogve-
farnavazs, rogorc Cans, megobruli urTi poveba, fasisi, rogorc Cans, ufro metad
erToba hqonda selevkidebis samefosTan, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, vi-
romlis daxmarebiTac umklavdeboda pon- dre sakuTrebis.
todan mosul berZnebsa Tu makedonelebs.
farnavazma qveynis mmarTvelobis mosawes- faskebi (fasces) – wiTeli qamriT Sekruli
rigeblad samefo dayo egrisis, kaxeTis, wknelebi, romelsac SuaSi Cadebuli hqonda
klarjeTis, oZraxes, wundis, samSvildis, culi. Tanamdebobrivi Zalauflebis es sim-
xunanisa da margvis (argveTis) saerisTavoe bolo romaelma mefeebma etruskebisagan
bad da qarTlis saspaspetod, romelTa gadaiRes. mefeTa xanis dasasrulis Semdeg
saTaveSi Sesabamisad erisTavebi da spaspeti konsulebs eniSnebaT 12 liqtori, romel
Caayena. saerisTavo warmoadgenda terito Tac xelSi uWiravT faskebi da win miuZRvian
riul-administraciul erTeuls, romlis konsuls. respublikis xanaSi qalaqis Sig-
saTaveSi mefis moxele erisTavi idga. eris niT culs aRar atarebdnen. valerius pop-
Tavebs eqvemdebarebodnen spasalarni da likolas iniciativiT xalxis win xdeboda
aTasisTavni, romelTa meSveobiT ikrife- faskebis Zirs daSveba. es, erTi mxriv, xazs us-
boda xarki, evalebodaT saerisTavoSi ja- vamda Tanamdebobis Rirsebas, meore mxriv,
ris Sekreba da misi sardloba, sxvadasx- erTgvari misalmeba iyo xalxisa maRali
va administraciuli sakiTxis gadawyveta. rangis pirisadmi. diqtators eniSneboda 24
307
liqtori, pretors – 6, imperatoris legats da sisxlis samarTalis mxriv privilegie-
– 5. cenzorebs liqtorebi ar hyavdaT, ram- biT sargeblobdnen. yvelaze privilegire-
denadac isini ar flobdnen aRmasrulebel buli mdgomareoba eWiraT ekvitebs (equites
Zalauflebas, iseve rogorc imperatoris equo public), romelTagan princepsi maRal
prokuratorebi. gamarjvebuli sardlebi Cinovnikebs irCevda.
faskebs rTavdnen dafnis foTlebiT. ordo iudiciorum privatorum – regularuli sa-
samarTlo warmoeba respublikis periodSi.
fastebi (dies fasti – sasamarTlo gadawyveti ordo senatorius – adgilmamuliani didgva-
lebis dReebi) – sasamarTlo kalendari, sa rovnebi respublikis periodSi, sinonimi –
zogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis xelsayre nobiliteti, principatisas – samarTlebri-
li dReebis CamonaTvali. poeturad gaafor- vi kategoria, romelic gulisxmobda:
ma didma romaelma poetma ovidiusma (Fasti a) warmoSobas senatorTa fenidan; b) cenzs;
dies). g) princepsis mier titulis miniWebas; sena-
fasti consulares – qronologiuri CamonaTva- torebs bevri privilegia hqondaT (maRali
li yvela maRali magistratis (nawilobriv postebis dakaveba, tituli da a.S.); magram
SemorCenilia fasti Capitolini umniSvnelova- zogjer maT Zalian maRali gadasaxadebis
nesi movlenebis matiane). gadaxda uxdebodaT.
fasti triumphales-Si – triumfebs iwerdnen. Ordinaries – regularuli, ordinaruli, nor
fasti Praenestini – Zvel qalaqebs hqondaT ofi- maluri, Cveulebrivi.
cialuri kalendari.
fecialebi (fetiales, fetis – xelSekruleba) –
federatebi – samxedrovaldebuli mokavSi- Zvel romSi qurumTa 20-kaciani kolegia.
reebi romis imperiis sazRvarze, mogviane maT movaleobas, garda maTi sakulto val-
biT savele jarSi gadayvanilebi. xSirad aR- debulebebisa, Seadgenda romis wardgena
niSnavda romis imperiis farglebSi germa saerTaSoriso molaparakebebze (sxva teri-
nul tomebs, vidre isini uars ar ambobdnen toriaze). saerTaSoriso samarTlis prin-
romTan kavSirze. cipebis dacva – omis gamocxadeba, sazavo
da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis dadeba
(mxolod italiaSi).
fena (ordo) – sazogadoebrivi Tanamdebobe-
bis, sasamarTlo procesis warmoebis wes- fexoni, safixvno, xevsureTi _ SatilSi xal
rigi. klasobrivi sazogadoebis socialu- xis, eris Tavyrilobis adgili. fexoni sof
ri jgufi, romelsac sxvebisagan garkveuli lis mamakacTa Tavyrilobas ewodeboda, sa
privilegiebi ganasxvavebda. sami ZiriTadi fixvno ki am krebisTvis gankuTvnil adgils.
fena: senatorebis, mxedrebisa (ekvitebi) da safixvno qva-yoriT nageb darbazs warmoad-
plebsis. genda, romlis wina nawili Ria iyo, SigniT
ordo decurionum – saqalaqo sabWos mudmivi ki skamebi iyo gamarTuli. Satilis safixvno
wevrebis, maTi ojaxisa da STamomavlebis soflis dasawyisSi iyo, amaRlebul adgilas.
fena (saqalaqo sabWos SeeZlo gaeuqmebina am darbazSi qalis Sesvla akrZaluli iyo.
saqalaqo magistratebis gadawyvetileba). aq saRamosa da kviras Tavs iyrida moxuci
principatisas is privilegirebuli katego- Tu axalgazrda. safixvnoSi soflis yovel-
ria iyo, magram III s-dan misi mdgomareoba dRiuri cxovrebis saWirboroto sakiTxebi
mkveTrad gauaresda, radgan dekurionebi ismeboda. stumarsac pirvelad safixvnoSi
agebdnen pasuxs Temze (sazogadoebaze) da- miiRebdnen. garda saTemo da sadavo prob-
kisrebul yvela braleulobaze da ordo de- lemebis mogvarebisa, safixvnoSi erTobli-
curionum gaxda imdroindeli sazogadoebis vi sazogadoebrivi Tu saojaxo saqmiano-
erT-erTi yvelaze ufro eqsploatirebuli bac ewyoboda (tyavis damuSaveba, qalamnis
fena. amosxma, muSis dagrexa, Tofis wamlis damza-
ordo equester – mxedrebi, finansuri didkaco- deba da sxva). roca sofels mteri SemoseviT
ba respublikis epoqaSi, principatisas ki emuqreboda, an sofeli TviTon apirebda
aseve samarTlebrivi kategoria, romelsac galaSqrebas, safixvnoSi ikribebodnen da
miekuTvneboda cenziani moqalaqeebi; kerZo Tofis wamals koleqtiurad amzadebdnen.
308
fideikomisumi (fideicommissum) _ araforma xSirad ufro mcire naTesaur jgufebad _
luri uari (Sdr. legatumi). Tavdapirvelad e. w. fratriebad iyofoda. yvelaze cnobili
es iyo mimarTva moanderZisa memkvidrisa fileebi doriuli da ioniuri iyo. sam do-
dmi (zepiri an werilobiTi) Seasrulos misi riul files, saxelad hileebs, pamfileebsa
Txovna (mandatum post mortem), romelic mesame da dimanebs, praqtikulad yvela doriul qa-
pirs (fideicommissarius) miemarTeba. avgustusis laqSi vxvdebiT; aTenis Tavdapirveli oTxi
xanidan es wmindad zneobrivi valdebuleba file _ geleontebi, hoplitebi, argadeebi
iZens iuridiul xasiaTs da fideikomisu- da egikoreebi ioniur qalaqebSi warmod-
mis SesrulebisaTvis mimarTavdnen kon- genilni iyvnen araionielebis sxva filee-
suls, klavdiusis droidan – fideikomisu bTan erTad. file korporatiuli institu-
mis pretors. fideikomisumi Tavisufalia cia gaxldaT Tavisi qurumebiTa da moxe
yovelgvari SezRudvebisagan (gansxvavebiT leebiT. misi wevroba memkvidreobiTi iyo.
legatumisagan) da aqvs ZiriTadad Txov- file aseve saxelmwifos administraciul da
nis da ara moTxovnis forma. is SeiZleba samxedro danayofs warmoadgenda. am mizniT
miemarTebodes nebismier pirs, visac raime Zveli atikuri fileebi Tavis mxriv tri-
sargebeli aqvs memkvidreobisagan (gviank- tiebad, navkrariebad da fratriebad iyofo-
lasikur xanaSi SeiZleba movalis mimarTac da. koloniebi, Cveulebriv, metropoliis
iyos Txovna vali daubrunos ara memkvidres, fileebisagan Sedgeboda, oRond, garkveuli
aramed vinme sxvas). fideikomisumi im pirTa modifikaciebiT, raTa isini adgilobriv pi-
sasargeblod gamoiyeneboda, romelTac ar robebTan yofiliyvnen misadagebulni. aris-
hqondaT ufleba yofiliyvnen daniSnuli tokratiis batonobis periodSi fileSi, ro-
memkvidreebi (testamentum factio passiva). fidei- gorc wesi, gabatonebuli fena evpatridebi
komisumis sagans SeiZleba nebismieri tipis iyvnen.
survilis asruleba warmoadgendes, amasTan fileTa Zveli sistemis kardinaluri Secvla
pirs, romelsac miemarTeba fideikomisumi, klisTenesma iTava. igi kargad xedavda, rom
SeuZlia sasamarTlos saSualebiT moipovos es Zveli 4 file, romelTac saxelmwifos
igi. fideikomisumma Zalian didi roli iTa- mmarTvelobaSi jer kidev ar hqondaT mniS-
maSa anderZis gamartivebis saqmeSi, gaaTa- vneloba dakarguli, evpatridTa Zlierebis
visufla is Sinaarsobrivi SezRudvebisagan. forpostebs warmoadgenda. amitom pirveli
amasTanave SesaZlebeli gaxda erTi da igive ieriSi man fileze miitana. Zvel fileebs
sargebeli dajildoebuli pirisagan gadas klisTenesma mxolod wminda sakraluri
cemoda sxvas im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu anderZis mniSvneloba dautova. samagierod ki Seqmna
Sedgenisas aseTi piri jer arc arsebobda 10 axali file, romelTac gansakuTrebuli
(ar iyo dabadebuli). es xSirad keTdeboda adgili mieniWaT aTenis saxelmwifo sistema-
xolme erTi ojaxis wevrebis da Taobebis Si. axal filebs man Zveli atikuri gmirebis
sasargeblod (fideicommissum familiae relictum, saxelebi uwoda. paralelurad klisTenesma
romelic iustinianusma 4 TaobiT gansazRvra). atikis mosaxleobis axali danawileba gaata-
iSviaTi ar iyo iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac ra, atika sam nawilad _ qalaqad (a[stu), sana-
moanderZe mTel qonebas fideikomisumis pirod (paraliva) da Sida mxared dahyo, rac
saxiT tovebda (fideicommissum hereditatis) – es mxolod nawilobriv Seesatyviseboda sam
aris e.w. universaluri fideikomisumi. maSin Zvel regions. TiToeuli maTgani klisTe
memkvidresa da fideikomisariuss Soris unda nesma 10 tritiad daanawila. es tritiebi ki,
gadanawilebuliyo mTeli qoneba. am samar- Tavis mxriv, demosebad dahyo. am gziT yove-
Tlebriv process aregulirebda senatis li axali file sami tritiisagan Sedgeboda,
dadgenilebebi. iustinianusis dros Sejerda romelTagan erTi qalaqSi, meore sanapir-
senatis es dadgenilebebi ganisazRvra orive oze da mesame Sida mxareSi mdebareobda. ama
pirisaTvis (memkvidre, fideikommisariusi) Tu im filesadmi mikuTvneba wilisyriT xde-
gadasacemi qonebis raodenoba. boda. amgvarad, Tu tritia teritoriul da-
nawilebas warmoadgenda, file aseT xasiaTs
file (fulhv) _ Tavdapirvelad file didi moklebuli iyo. file Tavis TavSi sxvadasx-
danayofi iyo, romelic berZnuli eTnosis va tipis landSafturi da socialur‑poli-
naTesaur kavSirebs efuZneboda. fileebi tikuri mowyobis nawilebs aerTianebda.
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demosis wevroba, imavdroulad, files wev- klavdiusma Seqmna fiskusi (fiscus Caesaris),
robas da moqalaqeobas niSnavda. amieridan romlis ganmgebelsac hqonda tituli ara-
moqalaqes ara mamis saxeliT, aramed demo- tionibus (dominatisas procurator arationibus);
sis mixedviT aRniSnavdnen. demosis wevroba es finansuri moxeleebi iyvnen imperato-
sacxovrebeli adgilis SecvliT ki ar icv- ris ganaTlebuli azatebi, umeteswilad aR-
leboda, aramed memkvidreobiT gadadio- mosavleT provinciebidan, mxolod adri-
da. amasTan, raTa kidev ufro Seesustebina anes dros fiskuss saTaveSi edga mxedari.
evpatridTa gavlena, klisTenesma, aristo- SemdgomSi fiskusma mmarTveli imperatoris
teles TqmiT, fileebSi Seiyvana, anu moqa- kerZo qonebis mmarTvelis xasiaTi miiRo,
laqeoba mianiWa metoikosebs _ rezident magram gankuTvnili iyo mxolod saxelm-
ucxoelebs. wifo mmarTvelobis saWiroebisaTvis da ga-
klisTenesis fileebi saxelmwifos axali dadioda Semdeg imperatorze.
organizaciis safuZveli gaxda. aT files male fiskusma ufro mniSvnelovani roli
Seesabameboda meomarTa aTi wyoba (tavxei"), Seasrula, vidre xazinam, principatis bo-
romelTac meTaurobda calkeul fileebSi los ki gaxda erTaderTi saxelmwifo xazina,
arCeuli aTi strategosi. axal danawilebas romelic aseve iwodeboda (sacrae largitiones).
Tan iyo dakavSirebuli 400‑Ta sabWos 500‑Ta fiskusis pirvandeli xasiaTis gamo mis ka-
sabWoTi _ buleTi Secvla da misi axali or- maTs movaleebTan kerZo samarTlis far-
ganizacia. TiToeul files hqonda 50 wevris glebSi wyvetda piradi mosamarTle (iu-
arCevis ufleba da maT demosebSi mosaxleo dex privatus), klavdiusis droidan fiskusis
bis ricxvis mixedviT irCevdnen. drois prokuratori (procurator fisci), SemdgomSi
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi (wlis fiskaluri pretori (praetor fiscalis da sa-
erT meaTedSi) mimdinare saqmeebs uZRveboda gangebo mosamarTle – iudex extra ordinem).
erTi files 50 wevri, romlebic komitetebs magram fiskusis faqtobrivi sajaro – samar-
_ pritaniebs qmnidnen. is, Tu romeli pri- Tlebrivi xasiaTi misma zogierTma privi-
tania iqneboda wlis garkveul periodSi legiam gansazRvra, iseTma, rogoricaa gene
bules saTaveSi, kanoniT wydeboda. raluri kanonieri sagiravno samarTali da
spartaSi sami doriuli file daax. Zv. w. iZulebiTi gadaxdevinebis samarTali.
600 w-Tvis Seicvala 5 fileTi, romlebic 5 aziuri fiskusi (fiscus Asiaticus) centralu
sofels efuZneboda. sparta, am sityvis sru- ri saxelmwifo xazina, romelSiac Sedioda
li mniSvnelobiT, ar iyo qalaqi, igi ufro suladi gadasaxadi aziis provinciidan;
sofelTa gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. am misi msgavsi iyo iudevelTa fiskusi (fiscus
xuTi filedan momdinareobda 5 eforosi da Iudaicus), romelSic iudevelebs, mcxovrebT
Zv. w. V s‑is armiis xuTi loqosi. romauli imperiis nebismier nawilSi, su-
lad gadasaxadad SehqondaT.
fiskusi (fiscus – fulis yuTi) – imperatoris
xazina da safinanso sammarTvelo, erariumi fici _ sasamarTlo mtkicebulebis erT-er-
sa da senatoris xazinisagan gansxvavebiT. Ti saxe. rogorc sxva qveynebis, aseve qar-
princepsis xazina (fiscus Caesaris), romelSic Tuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, cru fici adami-
Sedioda Semosavali imperatoris provin- ans sasjels da ubedurebas uqadda. vaxtang
ciebidan, umTavresad mxolod tributumi VI-is kanonebis mixedviT `saqarTvelos
(tributum soli), aseve suladi gadasaxadi, sa- rigisa da samarTlis~, e. i. mtkicebulebaTa
baJo da sxva mosakrebeli, Semosavali saim- sistemaSi fics pirveli adgili eWira. qar-
peratoro domenebisgan, SemdgomSi aseve zo- TulSi am terminis sinonimebad gamoiyene-
gierTi Semosavali senatis provinciebidan. boda `fuci~ da `jeri~. fici, rogorc wesi,
am Tanxas princepsi sakuTariviT ganagebda, mopasuxes ekisreboda. qalis nacvlad misi
aravis winaSe angariSvaldebuli ar iyo, axlo naTesavi mamakaci ificebda.
magram amave dros iyenebda mas saxelmwifo
xarjebis yvela saxeobis dasafaravad. fici, mTa
avgustusma yovel saimperatoro provinci- svaneTi _ fics svani didi sifrTxiliT
aSi daawesa fiskusi, romelsac warmarTav- ekideboda, radgan darwmunebuli iyo, rom
da prokuratori (procurator Augusti), Semdeg tyuili ficis gamo ara marto mas daatydebo-
310
da RvTis risxva, aramed mTel mis ojaxsa da xSirad amJRavnebda saidumlo danaSauls.
STamomavlobas. garda sazogadoebisa, svans ufleba hqonda,
momCivan-mopasuxe, maxvSi da msajulebi ga mTel svaneTSic Camoetarebina xati, Tu amas
naCenis gamotanis dros eklesiis karze aucilebloba moiTxovda. ficis miReba erT-
xatis win debdnen fics. aseve lufxulebi maneTis sanacvlodac SeiZleboda. mamas See-
eficebodnen daCagrulebs Tanasworobis Zlo Svilis magivrad mieRo erTgulebis,
ficiT da momCivanic valdebuli iyo damna- gamarTlebis fici. aseTive ufleba hqonda
Savis winaSe erTgulebis fici daedo. svanur Svilsac.
CveulebiT samarTalSi samnairi fici das- svaneTSi arsebobda aseve 12 monaTesave ka-
turdeba: a) erTgulebis fici; 2) tolobis, cis fici, romelic gamoiyeneboda col-qmars
Tanasworobisa da 3) gamarTlebis, ganwmen- Soris simarTlis dasadgenad. magaliTad,
dis fici. erTgulebis fici iyo moCxubarT Tu qmars mcvednobas (mamakacobis naklebo-
Soris morigebis dasasruli. am ficis Sem- bas) abralebdnen, maT unda daeficaT, rom
deg uwindel mtrebs mtroba gulidan unda esa Tu is pirovneba mamakacobas moklebuli
amoeRoT. ar iyo. moficarTa Soris unda yofiliyvnen
Tu ori moCxubari Tavs ùfro~ daCagrulad mama, Zmebi, saxlikacebi, dediT naTesavebi da
da Seuracxyofilad Tvlida, isini maxvSis gareSe pirebic. radgan maT ukeT SeeZloT
saSualebiT agvarebdnen saqmes. midiodnen gaegoT simarTle. tyuilis SemTxvevaSi
adgilis eklesiaSi da fics aZlevdnen erT- fics ar Seawevdnen. arc qmari gabedavda,
maneTs, Semdeg umtkicebdnen, rom erTi meo- misianebs sicruis gamo daeficebinaT. aseve
reze ufro daCagruli iyo, aseve iqceoda gamoiyeneboda 12 monaTesave kacis fici, Tu
meorec. Semdeg erTgulebas daificebdnen qmari cols tyuilubralod abralebda mis
da saqme mTavrdeboda. es iyo tolobis fici. mowamvlas. aseT SemTxvevSi coli sTxovda
gamarTlebis, ganwmendis fici ki maSin maT, daeficebinaT, rom igi marTali iyo da
gamoiyeneboda, roca garkveuli adgilebi, ar mouwamlavs qmari. arc am SemTxvevaSi
an misi sazRvrebi an raime moZravi qoneba SeiZleboda tyuilze daficeba.
sadavo xdeboda. maSin simarTlis gamosaa- xevsureTi _ fSav-xevsurTa sasamarTlo
Skaraveblad an erTs unda mieRo fici an warmoebaSi fici mniSvnelovani aqtia.
meores. esa Tu is mxare fics iRebda marto, mowmes aucileblad unda daeficebina Ta-
Tu mcire adgilsa da nivTze iyo saubari, visi movaleobis aRsrulebis win. ficis
xolo ramdenime kacis TanxlebiT xdeboda miRebisTvis calke vada iyo daniSnuli. es
ficis miReba ufro didi da mniSvnelovani vada or Tves ar scildeboda, Tu raime
sakuTrebis SemTxvevaSi. am ficze orive mx- damabrkolebeli mizezi ar aRmoCndeboda
are Tanaxma unda yofiliyo. TiToeuli mo- (mowmis avadmyofoba, sadme Sors wasvla da
cile cdilobda, rogorme aecilebina Ta- a.S.). daficebas arc bWeebi da arc moficaris
vidan ficis miReba, radgan, svanebis azriT, damniSvneli eswreboda. daficebas axlavda
ficis mimRebi ufro daCagruli da wagebuli mxolod ficis mayurebeli, romelic mowi-
iyo orive SemTxvevaSi, mas darCeboda sada- naaRmdegis naTesavi iyo. daficeba xatSi
vo nivTebi Tu ara. gamarTlebis, ganwmendis xdeboda. ficis mayurebels unda gadaeca
fici ideboda maSinac, roca vinmes qurdoba modavesTvis, Tu rogor warimarTa dafice-
an vinmesTvis zianis miyeneba braldeboda. ba. CveulebiTi samarTali Zalian did mniSv
am SemTxvevaSi braldebuls Tavi ficiT nelobas aniWebda fics, amitom marto ficis
unda gaemarTlebina. xSirad ramdenime pirs mayurebels ar endoboda. mas Tavis mxriv
uxdeboda daficeba Tavis gasamarTleblad. kidev mayurebeli unda daeswro (damswre
magaliTad, Tu romelime sazogadoebaSi pi- mayurebeli). fici sabolood wyvetda sa-
rutyvi an raime nivTi daikargeboda, saqon- davo saqmes. fici utyuari sabuTi iyo. TviT
lis patroni Camoatarebda yoveli mosaxlis ganaCenic masze iyo dafuZnebuli. romel
karze xats, Tu mZime saqme iyo, xolo ufro saqmesac `fici daedeboda~ da daificebda,
martiv da ubralo saqmeSi _ raime saekle- is modave mxare igebda saqmes. Taviseburia
sio nivTs, Tundac eklesiis klites. mosaxle daficeba, roca saqme mamulis davas exeba.
valdebuli iyo, daefica, rom am saqmeSi mar- did mamuls bevri moficari sWirdeboda,
Tali iyo. Zvelad xatis aseTi Camotareba pataras _ cota.
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droSiT daficeba xdeboda mxolod maSin, vi) da mere ixucebda. moficari aqac unda gan-
roca dava did mamuls exeboda. rac ar unda baniliyo da ganwmendiliyo. igi xatze xelis
mZime danaSauli yofiliyo, droSiT dafice- dadebiT ificebda, rom simarTles ambobda.
ba ar gamoiyeneboda. daficebamde moficari moficars mxolod erTi xelis momkide edga
unda ganwmendiliyo: sartyeli da samosi gverdiT. xucesis garda, xatSi ficis dros
gaexada, diliT uzmoze wyalSi samjer unda aravin iyo, bWeebsac ar hqondaT daswrebis
ganbaniliyo, iyo SemTxvevebi, roca xucesi ufleba. xucess fici rom ar gaegona, yurebSi
aiazmasac uxdida. roca daficeba daiwyebo- TiTebs icobda.
da, moficars, perangisa da Sarvlis amaras, xevsureTSi arsebobda aseve daficebis
sakinZgaxsnilsa da fexSiSvels droSa xel- forma _ codvis mokideba. codvis mokidebas
Si unda daeWira da ise Semoevlo mamulisT- mopirispirec da bWeebic adebdnen moCivars.
vis garSemo. TviT moCivarsac SeeZlo codva moekida.
daficebas bWeni, Suamavlebi da mowmeebi vaxtangis samarTlis codvis mokideba sxva
eswrebodnen. moficars gverdiT xelismom- formis iyo (ix. samarTali batoniSvilis
kide unda hyoloda, romelic moficaris vaxtangisa). mopasuxe Semwamebels zurgze
axlo naTesavi iyo. isic unda ganbaniliyo, ikidebda da ambobda, rom mis codvasac Ta-
rogorc TviT modave, gverdiT unda amos- vad kisrulobda. sabWo samarTalma ki miwis
dgomoda da modavesTvis daemtkicebina, kiserze dayra icoda. roca modave amtkiceb-
rom fici namdvili iyo. did saqmeSi xelis da, rom mamuli misi iyo, sadavo mamulidan
momkide orze meti ar SeiZleboda yofili muWiT miwas iRebda, bWeebis Tvalwin kiserze
yo. droSiT daficebas win uZRoda mowmee- iyrida da ambobda, rom miwa namdvilad misi
bis fici. ficis Semdeg mamuli damficebel iyo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mTeli dedami-
modaves rCeboda. bWeebi TavianTi xeliT wis codvas iRebda Tavze. codvis mokideba
mijnebs Cayridnen, samnebs dasvamdnen. rTuli iyo, amitom Tu xevsuri darwmunebu-
aseve, fici gamoiyeneboda keWnaobis dros. li ar iyo Tavis simarTleSi, Znelad kisru-
Tuki dakeWnili mokvdeboda, damnaSave ifi lobda codvis mokidebas. codvis mokideba
cebda, rom dakeWnili misi miyenebuli Wri- mcire mamulze icodnen. roca saqme did mi-
lobiT ar gardacvlila. bWeni daadgendnen, webs exeboda, maSin mowmis gareSe sakiTxi
rom braldebuls naTesavebTan erTad unda ver gadawydeboda.
daefica. bWeebi wils yridnen da visac wili xevi _ arsebobda Sesarigebeli fici, romel
argunebda, is daificebda. braldebuli mi sac xevSi ulvaSnafic sityvas uwodebdnen. xe-
dioda saflavze. mas axlda rva naTesavi. vis gaga wver-ulvaSze daaficebda mosisxle
danarCeni bWeni gaeridebodnen. mkvdris gvaris warmomadgenlebs, rom isini sityvas
patroni saflavze idga. bWe iRebda xelSi ar gatexdnen da yvelanairad ecdebodnen
ekals, jer braldebuls, mere TiTo-TiTod dazaralebuli ojaxebis vaJkacebis Serige-
imis rva naTesavs yurSi ekals aZgereb- bas. aseT fics ar texdnen, Tundac sisxlis
da ise, rom sisxli wamosvlodaT. sisxli fasad dasjdomodaT.
saflavs ewveTeboda. mkvdris patroni ki am
dros ambobda, rom braldebuli mkvdris formularuli procesi _ formularulma
yma da mosamsaxure gaxdeboda, Tu tyuilze procesma gaamartiva legisaqciuri proce-
daificebda. xucesi wirvas aRasrulebda, sis pedanturi formalizmi da saSualeba
tablas akurTxebda. daficebulebi da mkv- misca modaveebs operatiulad gadaewyvitaT
dris patroni ludiT savse Tass aiRebdnen, sakiTxi.
romelSic Cafxekili vercxli eria. orive mosarCele mimarTavda iuristebs da maTi
mxare samjer, rigrigobiT svamda luds. daxmarebiT adgenda sasarCelo gancxadebas,
mere tablas miusxdebodnen da bWeebTan er- romelSic warmodgenili unda yofiliyo
Tad nadimobdnen. sarCelis sagani da safuZveli. sasarCelo
calke arsebobda xatSi daficeba, romelic gancxadebis Sesaxeb informacias awvdidnen
yvela did danaSaulze SeiZleboda gamo- mopasuxes, raTa isic momzadebuliyo proce-
eyenebinaT, magram aucilebeli iyo, rom es sisaTvis. gancxadeba modioda magistratTan
aqti xatobas Sesrulebuliyo. xucesi jer da ara sasamarTloSi. magistrati ibarebda
saklavs dauklavda xats (samaficro sakla- TavisTan mopasuxes, Tu igi ar gamocxad-
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deboda, mas uwesebdnen jarimas. sasamarT- an nivTis ukan dabrunebas iTxovda. actiones
loSi gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi ki misi poenales _ iTxovda sasamarTlosagan mopa-
qoneba mosarCelis xelSi gadadioda. suxis dasjas (qonebis CamorTmevas).
magistratis winaSe orive piri (mosarCele, 3) actiones privatae da actiones populares. pirvel
mopasuxe) icavda Tavis pozicias. im SemTx- sarCels waradgenda garkveuli piri, rom-
vevaSi, Tu mosarCele sarCels daeTanxme- lis uflebac irRveoda.
boda, saqmis warmoeba wydeboda. magistrat- meores ki nebismieri, romlis piradi ufle-
Tan SeiZleba daebarebinaT mxareTa mier bebi marTalia ar irRveoda, magram igi
dasaxelebuli pirebi. maT ewodebodaT xalxis interesebidan gamomdinare moq-
kognitorebi, prokuratorebi _ cognitores, medebda.
procuratores. isini asabuTebdnen mxareTa 4) actiones civiles _ es sarCeli efuZneboda
moTxovnebs. magistrati usmenda mxareebs, samoqalaqo samarTals. actiones praetoriae _
ganixilavda sabuTebs. werilobiT Camoaya pretoris mier dadgenil wesebs.
libebda sakuTar mosazrebas, niSnavda TviTon formularuli sasamarTlo proce-
mosamarTles da misi brZanebiT saqme gada- si iwyeboda imiT, rom orive mxare warud-
dioda sasamarTloSi gansaxilvelad. genda mosamarTles formulas, romelic
formularuli procesis saxeldeba ukav- Seicavda garkveul instruqcias, Tu rogor
Sirdeba formulas (formula) anu instruqcias, unda waremarTa mas saqme da gamoetana ga-
romelsac magistrati aZlevda mosamar- naCeni. amasTanave ramdenjerme meordeboda
Tles. mosarCelis da mopasuxis mosazre- sityvebi si paret, absolve (Tu naTelia, gaamar-
bebi instruqciis Sesabamisad unda yofili- Tle), an si non paret, condemna (Tu ar aris
yo warmodgenili, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, naTeli, gaamtyune). mxareTa sityvebs mohyve-
procesi ar Sedgeboda. yvela sarCels Tavi- boda mtkicebulebebis moxmoba, rasac Tavis
si formula hqonda, romelic iTvaliswineb- mxriv axlda fici utyuari mtkicebulebis
da sarCelis Taviseburebebs. warmodgenisa. mtkicebulebaTa xelmeore
magistratis (pretoris) mier Sedgenil do- warmodgenis Semdeg ikiTxeboda sasamarT-
kuments hqonda brZanebis forma da masSi lo ganaCeni, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi Sei-
gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo: cavda garkveul fulad jarimas.
1) iudicatio nominato _ mosamarTlis dasaxe saboloo ganaCenis gamotana SesaZlebeli
leba. iyo mosamarTles gadaetana meti mtkicebu
2) intertio _ mosarCelis pretenziebi. lebis Segrovebis mizniT (dilatio).
3) adiudicatio _ mosamarTlisTvis im uflebis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mopasuxe ar gamocxad-
miniWeba, romlis mixedviTac igi aniWebda deboda sasamarTloSi (me-4 dabarebis Sem-
mosarCeles sakuTrebis uflebas. deg), procesi imarTeboda da is iTval-
4) condemnatio _ miTiTeba mosamarTlis iswinebda mxolod im mtkicebulebebs, rom-
mimarT, msjavri dados mopasuxes an gaaTa- lebic mosarCelis mier iyo motanili. Tu
visuflos pasuxismgeblobisagan (qonebrivi mosarCele ar gamocxaddeboda sasamarT-
pasuxismgebloba). loSi, procesi iSleboda.
5) praescriptio _ miTiTeba im gansakuTrebul sisxlis samarTlis procesze mopasuxis ar-
garemoebebze, romlebic mosamarTlem saq- gamocxadebas sasamarTloSi mosdevda mZime
mis ganxilvisTanave unda gaiTvaliswinos. Sedegi _ mopasuxe ikveTeboda qveynidan da
6) exceptio _ mopasuxis sityvis Seswavla, axa- mas qonebas arTmevdnen. mosarCelis arga-
li faqtebis, sabuTebis Semowmeba, romelTac mocxadeba aRiqmeboda rogorc misi survi-
SeiZleba mimarTuleba Seucvalon saqmes. li, uari eTqva Tavis saCivarze da amisTvis
formularuli procesi sarCelis 4 tips ga- igi jarimdeboda. mosamarTlis ganaCeni ar
nasxvavebda: eqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas. ramdenadac
1) actiones in rem _ sanivTo sarCeli (nivTze respublikis periodSi dabali sasamarTlo
uflebis aRebas iTxovda mosarCele) da ac- instancia ar arsebobda, ganaCenis gadaxedva
tiones in personam _ piradi sarCeli, romelic SeuZlebeli iyo.
movalisagan valdebulebis Sesrulebas
moiTxovda. fratria (fratriva) _ `saZmo~, berZnul qa-
2) actiones rei persecutoriae _ es sarCeli fulis laqebSi arsebuli naTesauri gaerTiane-
313
bebi, `saZmoebi~. maTi arseboba ramdenime moqalaqeobis axali kriteriumi _ demosis
berZnul eTnosSi dasturdeba. mecnierTa wevroba SemoiRo (ix. demosi, file), magram
varaudiT, es instituti Zalze adreuli unda mas fratriebi ar dauSlia da isini isev
iyos. xSirad maT vxvdebiT rogorc fileTa agrZelebdnen axali wevrebis registracias.
danayofebs da isini ojaxebisagan unda yo- ar aris naTeli, ramdenad darCa fratriis
filiyvnen Sedgenili (ix. genosi). fratrieb- wevroba moqalaqeobis aucilebel piro-
Si Tayvans scemdnen saerTo winapars da bad. rasakvirvelia, oratorebi xSirad ax-
xSir SemTxvevaSi misgan momdinare patroni senebdnen fraterTa mowvevas sasamarTlo
muli saxeliT iyvnen wodebulni. principSi ganxilvaze, raTa maT ama Tu im piris moqa-
fratriis wevroba mxolod fraterebis laqis statusi daemowmebinaT. ucxoelebi ki,
kanonier Svilebs SeeZloT, magram radgan romelTac moqalaqeoba unda mieRoT, unda
saxelmwifoSi fratriebi moqalaqeTa mTel daregistrirebuliyvnen rogorc fratrieb-
korpuss moicavda, fratriis wevroba ax- Si, ise demosebSi.
ladgamxdari moqalaqeebisaTvisac gaxda
SesaZlebeli. fratriis wevrebi didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi inarCunebdnen kontaqtebs wi- q
naparTa sacxovrebel adgilTan. ase rom, es
adgili fratriis centrad fraterebis sxva qadagi, xevsureTi _ xatis msaxuri, misi neba-
adgilebSi dasaxlebis Semdegac rCeboda. survilis ganmcxadebeli. mas xati irCevda,
fratria gansazRvruli agebulebis mqone adamians masze xeli ar miuwvdeboda. qadagi
korporacia iyo. igi regularul Sexve- xatobis dros TviTon gaqadagdeboda xolme.
drebs weliwadSi erTxel mainc marTavda, rogorc wesi, qadagi axali wlis diliT
irCevda erTi wlis manZilze momsaxure mo unda damdgariyo. igi konvulsiur mdgo-
xeleebs, fratriarqsa da qurums, gamoscem- mareobaSi vardeboda, caxcaxebda, gonebas
da dekretebs da Sesaferisi Semowmebis Sem- kargavda da gaugebar sityvebs ambobda, rac
deg axal fraterebs iRebda. mas hqonda sa- imis niSani iyo, rom xatma `daiWira~.
kuTrebis (saxlebis, sasaflaoebis) da fon qadagis movaleobaSi Sedioda, gaego yvela
debis qonebis ufleba. fratriis umTavres ubedureba da avadoba, romlebic xatisgan
saqmianobas fratriis mfarveli RvTaebis iyo gamowveuli. aseve xats ekiTxebodnen, vin
Tayvaniscema Seadgenda, romlebic frat- surda xucesad an dekanozad, ra xarjs iTxov-
riebisa da qalaqebis mixedviT gansxvavde- da soflisgan _ saklavs, sanTels... aseve
bodnen. gamonaklisi zevs fratriosi (an xalxs atyobinebda, Tu ra samsaxuri sWirde
patroosi) iyo, romelsac yvela fratriaSi bodaT maT xatisTvis an ra daakles mas.
scemdnen Tayvans. demokratiis aRmavlobas- xatobas qadagi TviTon ar qadagebda, Tu
Tan erTad fratriebis reorganizacia mox- sofeli ar sTxovda, avadmyofobis patroni
da. elinistur epoqaSi, umeteswilad, frat- Tu ar mimarTavda. zogan qadagi medroSe
riebma arseboba Sewyvites. iyo. am wminda nivTs ubralo kaci ver mie
aTenis fratriebs aristotele Tormet kareboda.
Zvel tritiasTan aTanabrebda (aristotele, sazogadoebaSi qadagi didi pativiT sarge-
aTenelTa saxelmwifo wyobileba, fr. 3) (ix. blobda. lxinisa Tu Wiris dros TavSi ijda
file). mecnierTa varaudiT, fratriaTa ra- dekanozebTan da ufrosebTan erTad.
odenoba aTenSi Tormetze gacilebiT meti Tu qadagi qali iyo, igi uwminduri xdeboda,
unda yofiliyo. drakonis dros yoveli aTe roca `boslobis~ periodi hqonda. mas xuce-
neli ama Tu im fratriaSi Sedioda, keTil- si ver miekareboda da, rasakvirvelia, am
Sobili da mdabio erTmaneTis fraterebi dros qadagobis uflebac ar hqonda.
SeiZleba yofiliyvnen, Tumca fratriis
SigniT keTilSobiluri warmomavlobis qali, samoqalaqo uflebebi, aTeni _ aTene-
genosebi ufro met Zalauflebas flobdnen li moqalaqe qalis aRsaniSnad umTavresad
da, savaraudod, cdilobdnen, isini ufro termini _ ajsthv gamoiyeneboda. sxva ufro Se-
metad gansakuTrebulni gaexadaT. klisTene- sabamisi terminis ararsebobis gamo, mas Ta-
sis droisTvis fratriis wevroba moqalaqe- namedrove enebze Targmnian, rogorc `moqa-
obis erTaderTi sazomi iyo. klisTenesma laqes~, magram ajsthv ar niSnavs moqalaqes,
314
romelic sruli politikuri uflebebiT sas eZleoda mziTvi _ `deduli~ da mamulic,
iyo aRWurvili, anu polivth"-s. aTeneli qalis Tu ojaxs sxva memkvidre ar hyavda. cnobilia,
ajsthv _ moqalaqeoba mxolod imas niSnavda, rom VI s-is somxeTSi qalebi moklebulni
rom mas hqonda wili aTenuri sazogadoebis iyvnen memkvidreobas. swored amitom, bizan-
religiur, legalur da ekonomikur mowyo- tiis imperator iustinianuss specialuri ka-
baSi. noni miuRia qalebis memkvidreobis uflebis
aTeneli qalis SezRuduli politikuri SemosaRebad. savaraudoa, rom imave movle-
uflebebis qonas Semdegi faqtorebi ada- nas adgili hqonda saqarTveloSi.
sturebs: aTenel qals ar SeeZlo daswre- IX-X ss-s Zeglis, basili zarzmelis Txzu-
boda saxalxo krebas an masze xma mieca, lebis mixedviT, qali mamulis memkvidred
ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo dikasterionis gvevlineba. Cven vxedavT, rom qals aqvs
(sasamarTlos) SemadgenlobaSi an emsaxu- samemkvidreo da qonebrivi uflebebi. am
ra, rogorc bules wevrs, magistrats Tu SemTxvevaSi igi Tavisi mdgomareobiT gaci-
winamZRols. mas ar hqonda ufleba mowmed lebiT maRla dgas, vidre SuSaniki. amasTan,
gamosuliyo sasamarTlo procesze. mas Se- unda aRiniSnos, rom memkvidreoba saxlSi
eZlo mxolod fici mieca sasamarTloze. myof, gasaTxovar qalebs eZleoda.
aristotele am termins `politikaSi~ orjer X-XIII ss-Si colis piradi da qonebrivi
iyenebs, magram mis gansazRvras filosofo- uflebebis Sesaxeb cnobebs aRbuRas samarT-
si ar gvaZlevs. rac Seexeba perikles moqa- lis wigni gvaZlevs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom
laqeobis kanonSi dafiqsirebul termins – qmars ar hqonda mziTvis valSi gadaxdis an
`dedisa da mamis moqalaqeobas,~ igi aRini- gankargvis ufleba, mecnierebi Tvlian, rom
Sneboda terminiT _ ajstov", xolo teqnikuri qals ojaxSi maRali uflebrivi mdgomareo-
fraza _ `gaCenili moqalaqe mSoblebisagan~ ba eWira.
gamoixateboda Semdegnairad – ejx ajmfoi'n giorgi brwyinvales `Zeglis dadebis~ mi-
ajstoi'n (orive moqalaqisagan _ naxmaria dua- xedviT, saojaxo qonebaSi qals sruli wili
lisi). ar gaaCnda. es Cans Zeglisdebis me-18 muxli-
gamomdinare iqidan, rom qali ar iyo regi- dan, romlis Tanaxmadac qmarmoklul qals
strirebuli demosis reestrSi da ar iyo moklulisaTvis gaRebuli sisxlis fasidan
wardgenili fratriis wevrebisTvis, sasa- mcire nawili _ `sasapyro~ miecemoda, da-
marTloSi qalis kanonieri pirovnulobis, narCeni ojaxis sakuTrebas Seadgenda.
moqalaqeobis mtkiceba yovelTvis iribi qarTuli sakanonmdeblo Zeglebidan irkve-
gzebiT xdeboda. perikles moqalaqeobis ka- va, rom qalis mziTvi daculia im SemTxveva-
nonis moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi qalis moqa- Sic ki, Tu qali mruSobisaTvis gaagdes.
laqis statuss Zalian didi mniSvneloba mie- ase rom, XIII-XVIII ss-is saqarTveloSi meuR-
niWa, bunebrivia, uaRresad arsebiTi gaxda leTa pirad da qonebriv urTierTobaTa
misi moqalaqeobis kanonierebis dasabuTe- reglamentacia civilizebul CarCoebSia
ba. da radgan ar arsebobda pirdapiri sabu- moqceuli. qali, rogorc meuRle, ar warmo-
Tebi, qalis moqalaqeoba mtkicdeboda: a) ama adgens sakuTrebis obieqts _ igi TviTonvea
Tu im mamakacTan misi naTesaobis dasabuTe- samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti. igi
biT, b) demosis an sxva ritualebSi misi mo- ganagebs sakuTar qonebas, col-qmari erT-
nawileobiT, g) misi qorwinebis damowmebiT. maneTTan amyarebs sxvadasxva saxis garige-
bas _ gaaCuqon, gayidon, gacvalon sakuTari
`miudevari~ qoneba. saqarTvelosTvis ucxoa
qalis qonebrivi uflebebi, saqarTvelo _ islamuri aRmosavleTisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
qristianobis SemoRebis Semdgom saqarTve- beli colis sruli uufleboba.
loSi meuRleTa Soris urTierTobebi qri- feodalizmisaTvis ar aris niSandoblivi
stianuli moZRvrebis sruli SesabamisobiT qalisa da mamakacis sruli Tanasworufle-
viTardeboda. coli mTlianad emorCile- bianoba da amas verc saqarTveloSi Sevxvde-
boda qmars. VI-VIII ss-is cnobebis mixedviT, biT. magram saqarTveloSi arsebobda civi-
qali Rebulobda mziTvs, hqonda memkvidreo- lizebuli qveynebisaTvis (bizantia) damaxa-
bis ufleba da igi gvevlineba rogorc qone- siaTebeli piradi da qonebrivi urTierTo-
brivi urTierTobis subieqti. mas gaTxovebi- bis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis praqtika.
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qarTuli TeTri _ vercxlis fulis zogadi xelSi/ZalauflebaSi gadasvliT (cum/in ma
saxeli saqarTveloSi. werilobiT wyaro- nu) da meore qorwineba qmris xelSi/Zala
ebSi pirvelad XIII s-Si gvxvdeba, romelsac uflebaSi gadasvlis gareSe (sine manu). ro-
aseve saangariSo da samoneto erTeulis maeli qali, romelic qorwindeboda cum
mniSvnelobac hqonda. 6 TeTri 1 drahkans manu (ix. conventio in manum) mamis Zalauf-
Seadgenda. ufro gvian TeTri vercxlis sa- lebidan qmris aseTsave ZalauflebaSi gada-
fasis zogadi termini iyo, zogjer ki saer- dioda, Tumca qmrisa da mamis Zalauflebis
Tod fuls aRniSnavda. qveS yofna gansxvavebuli iyo ori garemoe-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT: a) mamis iZuleba qali
qarTuli sakredito moneta _ XII-XIII ss-Si Svils arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar SeeZlo, maSin,
qarTvel mefeTa _ demetre I-is, giorgi III- roca SeeZlo aeZulebina qmari, gayroda mas;
is, Tamar mefisa da giorgi IV laSas saxe- b) colis sakuTrebaze qmris zedamxedvelo-
liT moWrili sxvadasxva zomisa da wonis bis miuxedavad, qalebi mainc inarCunebdnen
spilenZis monetebi, romlebsac vercxlis kontrols sakuTrebis raRac nawilze. bu-
fulis fasi hqonda. fuls aseTi warwera nebrivia, qali yvela SemTxvevaSi qmrisadmi
hqonda: `... saxeliTa RvTisaTa iqna Wedai daqvemdebarebuli rCeboda. cum manu qor-
vercxlisa amisa~. amiT aRiniSneboda, rom wineba respublikis dasasruls ukve iSviaT
mefis mier moWril spilenZis fuls vercx- movlenas warmoadgenda.
lis fulis fasi hqonda da igi iZulebiTi, sine manu-Ti daqorwinebuli qali (es Zv. w.
savaldebulo kursiT mimoiqceoda. I s-is Sua wlebidan norma unda yofiliyo),
rCeboda mamis ZalauflebaSi. mas mamis Tanx-
qviT Caqolva _ saberZneTsa da romSi das- moba sWirdeboda mniSvnelovani finansuri
jis gavrcelebuli forma. gamoiyeneboda transaqciebis sawarmoeblad. mamas aseve
rogorc ganaCenis gamotanis Semdeg, aseve hqonda ufleba Seewyvita qaliSvilis qor-
stiqiuri saxalxo angariSsworebis formiT. wineba am ukanasknelis nebis gareSe. am ti-
pis qorwineba aZlevda qalis mamas uflebas
qorwineba, romi (matrimonium) _ adreuli Tvali sWeroda qaliSvilis gaTxovebis Se-
periodis romaul sazogadoebaSi ojaxis degad misi ojaxidan gasul qonebaze. adul-
ufrosi (paterfamilias) ojaxis sruluflebia- teris Sesaxeb avgustusis mier SemoRebuli
ni baton-patroni iyo, mas SeuzRudavi Zala kanonebi aRiarebda qaliSvilis mamis inte-
ufleba hqonda. bunebrivia, qaliSvilis resebis upiratesobas colisadmi qmris in-
qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebsac teresebTan SedarebiT.
is wyvetda. misi Tanxmoba aucilebeli iyo xSirad miiCneven, rom respublikis epoqis
mamis Zalauflebis (patria potestas) qveS myofi dasasruls cum manu qorwinebis sine manu
qaliSvilisTvis. qaliSvils SeeZlo uari qorwinebaSi gadasvla qalebis mxridan
ganecxadebina mamis amorCeul sasiZoze im ufro meti Tavisuflebis moTxovniT iyo ga-
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamis arCevani moraluri mowveuli, rom gviani respublikis saqorwi-
mosazrebidan gamomdinare Seuferebeli no kanonma qalebs Tavisufleba da Rirseba
iyo, an Tuki mas naTesavebi da mezoblebi mianiWa. qorwinebis axalma wesebma qalebs
uWerdnen mxars (digestebi, 23. 2. 2). gogo- ojaxuri uRlisagan Tavis daRwevis ime-
nas gaTxovebis dros amosavali ojaxis in- di misca gansxvavebiT adreuli respubli-
teresebi _ ojaxisaTvis saWiro kontaqtebi kis ùrRvevi qorwinebisagan~. da Tu qalis
iyo. romaul sazogadoebaSi, romelSic arc mizani sui iuris-ad yofna iyo (damoukidebeli
socialuri mobiloba da arc socialuri arseboba oRond meurvis zedamxedvelobis
usafrTxoeba ar arsebobda, ojaxi Tavisi qveS), mamis asakis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro
wevrebis qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi Zal- realuri iyo mamis Zalauflebisgan gamos-
ze mgrZnobiare instituti iyo. Sesabamisad, vla, vidre Tavis daRweva qmris Zalaufle-
qorwinebisas qalis piradi grZnobebisa da bisagan. amis gaTvaliswinebiT qorwineba
emociebisTvis adgili ar rCeboda. sine manu-Ti qalisTvis ukeTesi garigeba
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, mkvlevar iyo. amasTan, yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom
Ta umetesoba Tanxmdeba qorwinebis ori sa qalebs Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTeba SeeZ-
xeobis gamoyofaSi: erTia qorwineba qmris loT. qaliSvils ar SeeZlo mamis ukiTxavad
316
qmris arCeva; ar SeeZlo gayroda qmars ma- Si (patria potestas) da misTvis memkvidreobis
mis mxridan ekonomikuri mxardaWris gare- ufleba mieca. meore mxriv, SesaZloa, mxa-
Se; ar SeeZlo daecva Tavisi qoneba qmris, reebs hqonodaT konubiumi, magram amisda
mamis an mamamTilis Carevisagan. Tumca, isic miuxedavad, erTmaneTTan daqorwineba ar
unda iTqvas, rom pirad cxovrebaSi Carevis SeZlebodaT. amgvari dabrkolebebi romis
TvalsazrisiT misi qmaric amave mdgomare- istoriis manZilze sxvadasxva iyo. qorwine-
obaSi iyo. patriarqalur ojaxSi mkacrad bisaTvis umTavres dabrkolebas warmo-
iyo daculi morCilebis vertikaluri xazi, adgenda: a) gansxvavebebi socialur fenebs
umcrosisa da ufrosis mimarT. misi qmaric Soris. Lex Canuleia-mde patriciebs plebsis
garkveul asakamde iyo sakuTari mamis fi- warmomadgenlebTan qorwineba ar SeeZloT
nansuri zedamxedvelobis qveS, masac esaWi- (Zv. w. 445 w.). Tavisufal adamians ar SeeZlo
roeboda mamis Tanxmoba dasaqorwineblad daqorwinebuliyo gaazatebulze manam, sanam
da, SesaZloa, gayris SemTxvevaSic. sui iuris-is avgustusis saqorwino kanonmdeblobebiT es
statusis qalebs, iseve rogorc amave statu- akrZalvebi senatorTa fenis adamianebiT ar
sis mamakacebs, SeeZloT mieRoT damoukide- Semoifargla; b) moraluri mosazrebani an
beli gadawyvetilebani, Tumca saojaxo da sajaro politika. ase magaliTad, avgustu-
finansuri valdebulebani unda gaeTvalis- sis kanonmdeblobiT aikrZala adulteris
winebinaT. mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT, gan- Camdenis axali qorwineba, aseve kavSiri
qorwinebis dros qali kargavda Svilebs. Tavisufal pirovnebasa da cudi reputaciis
isini mamis ojaxSi rCebodnen. qalebs ar qalebs Soris (ix. infamisi). provinciaSi
hqondaT ufleba, aeyvanaT Svili, rameTu sa- mosamsaxureT ar hqondaT ufleba im pro-
kuTari sxeulidan gaCenili Svilebic ki maT vinciaSi mcxovreb qalebze daqorwinebu-
ZalauflebaSi (potestas) ar iyvnen. liyvnen. jariskacebs, zogierT SemTxveveb-
romSi qorwineba ZalaSi formaluri wese- Si, daqorwineba saerTod ekrZalebodaT. g)
bis dacvis gareSe Sedioda. sazeimo cere- naTesaoba sisxliT, adofciis an qorwinebis
monialebs, romlebic Cveulebriv mas Tan Sedegad garkveul sazRvrebSi.
axlda, legaluri xasiaTi ar hqondaT. qor- qorwinebaze avgustusis mier dawesebulma
wineba romSi, mecnierTa umetesobis azriT, SezRudvebma konkubinatis arsebul insti-
Tanamedrove col-qmrobisagan gansxvavebiT tuts axali mniSvneloba mianiWa. konkubi-
iyo ara iuridiuli, aramed sazogadoebri- nats ar hqonda legaluri Sedegebi, Tumca
vi faqti, Tumca, garkveulwilad, iuridi- igi Tanacxovrebis im formas warmoadgenda,
uli Sedegebi hqonda. qorwinebas qorwine- romlis mimarTac sazogadoeba tolerantu-
bad xdida qalisa da mamakacis Tanacxovre- li iyo. amasTan, konkubinati ar iyo aucile-
ba, raTa SeeqmnaT samudamo kavSiri (affectio blad qorwinebis alternativa. kacs SeeZlo
maritalis), rasac Tan unda mohyoloda qor- hyoloda coli da konkubina, zogjer erT
winebis socialuri Sedegi _ pativiscema konkubinaze meti.
qorwinebis partnioris mimarT (honor matri- romaeli qaliSvilebi adreul asakSi qor-
monii). sazeimo ceremoniali, kerZod, deductio windebodnen. 14 weli qaliSvilis dasaqor-
in domum mariti am miznis naTelyofas axden- wineblad Sesaferis asakad miiCneoda. av-
da. metic, mizani ara marto qorwinebis dasa- gustusis kanonmdeblobiT, qorwinebis asa-
wyisisaTvis iyo aucilebeli, aramed mTeli kis legaluri qveda zRvari 12 wliT Semoi-
colqmrobis ganmavlobaSi. romauli qor- fargla.
wineba monogamiuri iyo. plutarqosis azriT, romael qaliSvilTa
qorwineba antikur samyaroSi kerZo sa- saqorwino asaki erTob adreuli iyo. mi-
marTlis (samarTali, romi) sagans warmo- sive TqmiT, romaelebi gansakuTrebiT zru-
adgenda, Sesabamisad, srul romaul qorwi- navdnen imaze, rom qaliSvili fizikurad
nebas (iustae nuptiae, iustum matrimonium) maSin da gonebrivad xelSeuxebeli, wminda yofi-
hqonda adgili, roca orive mxare romaeli liyo. eqimebi miiCnevdnen, rom gogonaTa
moqalaqeebi iyvnen, an maT miniWebuli hqon- seqsualuri survilebi pubertetis asakidan
daT conubium-i (romaul qorwinebaSi Ses- iwyeboda. amdenad romaelebi qaliSvilebis
vlis ufleba). mxolod amgvar qorwinebas adreuli gaTxovebiT, mosalodneli gar-
SeeZlo Seeyvana bavSvi mamis Zalaufleba- Tulebebisagan Tavis aridebas cdilobdnen.
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axalgazrda qalTa sikvdilianobac romae- moxatuleba unda iyos. Zvel droSi saqmro
li qalebis adreuli qorwinebis mizezi unda colis mosayvanad iZulebuli iyo cxenosa-
yofiliyo (ix. ganqorwineba, romi; mziTvi, ni da SeiaraRebuli TanamebrZolebiTurT
romi; niSnoba, romi). Sor gzas dadgomoda. maSin marTlac SesaZ-
lebeli iyo aprialebuli xmlebis triali
qorwineba, saqarTvelo _ qarTuli qor- qalis mosataceblad. es adaT-wesi saqarT-
winebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rTuli da velos mTam gviandel periodamde Semoina
xangrZlivi procesi, rac winasaqorwino xa (ix. banze Sextoma, xesureTi; motaceba
adaT-wesebis mTel wyebas moicavs _ esenia qalis, xevsureTi). istoriulad cnobil
wyvilTa daaxloeba, maTi gvar-Camomavlo- xanaSi qalis motacebiT SerTva uwesobad
bis garkveva, garigeba, daniSvna, urvadi, da ukanonobad iTvleboda da dasjas eqvem-
mziTvi. amas Semdeg Tavad qorwilis sazeimo debareboda.
ceremoniali _ jvriswera da lxini mohyveba. adreuli periodis saqarTveloSi qorwine-
iseve rogorc sxva xalxebSi, qorwinebisa da bis erT-erTi forma colis SerTvisas safa-
colqmrobis wesebi saqarTveloSic droTa suris gadaxda iyo. amgvari qorwinebis dros
ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs ganicdida. sapatarZlos ojaxSi siZis ojaxs saqorwi-
iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, uZveles xanaSi no gadasaxadi _ urvadi (saqoneli, nivTi,
saqarTveloSi qorwineba eqsogamiuri unda fuli) unda mietana. urvadi bevr qveyanaSi
yofiliyo, anu mamakacs coli ueWvelad sxva miRebuli syidviTi qorwinebis Cveuleba
sagvareulodan unda hyoloda. mecniers gaxlavT, romelic patriarqaluri sazoga-
amas uZveles qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi doebis sawyis etapze aris aRmocenebuli.
dadasturebuli `mamamZuZeobis~ adaT-wesi urvadis arseboba saqarTveloSi ukve ax. w.
afiqrebinebs. am adaTis mixedviT, bavSvi Ta- V s-Si dasturdeba. mas Semdeg rac SuSaniki
visi RviZli mamis saxlsa da sagvareuloSi varsqenisagan wavida, varsqeni misTvis mi-
ar ibadeboda. igi dedis sagvareuloSi izr- cemuli samkaulebis ukan dabrunebas moiT-
deboda, sadac misi aRmzrdelni da mfarvel- xovs, anu im nivTebis dabrunebas iTxovs,
ni dedis mamrobiTi sqesis uaxloesi naTesa romelic man colad moyvanisas SuSaniks
vebi iyvnen. deda, qmris coli jer kidev ar uboZa. cnobebs urvadis Sesaxeb saqorwino
iyo qmris sagvareulosa da saxlSi Sesuli wesebis vaxtang batoniSviliseul aRweri-
da isev Tavisi sagvareulos wiaRSi rCebo- lobaSic vxvdebiT. aq sayuradReboa is, rom
da. sayuradReboa, rom qorwinebis am saxeo- sacolisaTvis pirvelad saqmros mihqonda
bis garda Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi, iv. ja- qonebrivi saCuqari. samegreloSi, rogorc
vaxiSvilis mixedviT, dasturdeba maxlobel es arqanjelo lambertis (XVII s.) da T. sa-
naTesavTa qorwineba, oRond es xdeboda saxokias (XIX s.) aRwerebidan Cans, es Cveule-
mefo sagvareulos farglebSi, rac imas miu- ba mogviano xanebSic arsebobda.
TiTebs, rom am fenaSi qorwinebis endogami- qristianobis miRebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi
uri wesi iyo daSvebuli (petre qarTvelis kvlav vxvdebiT qorwinebis Zveli formebis
asuruli cxovreba; tacitusi, analebi XI, 44, gadmonaSTebs, magram isini TandaTanobiT
46). iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, amas mxolod ufro civilizebuli formebiT icvleba, ro-
warCinebul sagvareuloSi vxvdebiT da igi goricaa nebayoflobiTobaze da morigeba-
saerTo movlenas ar warmoadgenda. ze damyarebuli qorwineba. saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi colis moyvanis erT-erTi qorwinebis arsi qristianuli moZRvrebiT
Zveli wesi _ colis wagvris, motacebis wesi iyo gansazRvruli. Zveli qarTuli saojaxo
unda yofiliyo. es eTnografiul masalebSi samarTlis principebi srul Tanafardoba-
dacul adaT-wesebSi SeiZleba amovikiTxoT. Si iyo Sua saukuneebis qristianuli qvey-
ase magaliTad, sacolis saxlSi mimavali nebis saojaxo samarTlis principebTan. es
sasiZosTvis SeiaraRebuli da cxenosani principebi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: a) qor-
mayrionis Tanxleba, anda jvrisweris Sem- winebisa da ojaxis wodebriv principeb-
deg nefe-patarZlis gavla siZis ejibisa da ze ageba; b) ojaxSi mamakacis gabatonebuli
sZlis mayris mier amowvdili xmlebis qveS mdgomareoba colze; g) mamis gabatonebuli
qalis motacebis Zveli wesis simboluri ga- mdgomareoba Svilebze.
318
saeklesio da samarTlis normebis mixedviT qalis daniSvnis sxvadasxva wesi iyo cnobi-
gansazRvruli iyo is garemoebebi, romlebic li (ix. niSnoba, mTa). niSnobis mTavari mo-
wyvilTa qorwinebisaTvis iyo: a) absolutu- mentebi gaxldaT: moyvrobaze SeTanxmeba,
rad damabrkolebeli da b) xelisSemSleli. rac qalis ojaxSi saqmros Suakacebis misv-
qorwinebis aucilebel moTxovnas gansazRv- laSi da sapatarZlos TxovnaSi gamoixate-
ruli saqorwino asaki warmoadgenda, roboda. qalis ojaxisa da sapatarZlosaTvis
melic 1003 w-s ruis-urbnisis krebis dadge- mas saCuqrebi da ZRveni unda mietana, pir-
nilebiT qalisaTvis 12 wliT ganisazRvra, vel rigSi ki _ saniSni beWedi.
vaJisTvis ki 15-16 wliT. amasTanave, saqarT- qalis gamziTvebis wesi, rogorc Cans,
velos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi saqorwino asa- saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionis mixedviT
ki sxvadasxva iyo. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gansxvavebuli iyo. barSi mas SedarebiT
ufro maRali saqorwino asaki SeiniSneba, meti yuradReba eqceoda, vidre mTianeTSi.
rac mTis bunebrivi pirobebiT da socialur- mziTvi qorwinebis erT-erTi uZvelesi ins-
politikuri mowyobis TaviseburebiTac iyo tituti iyo. IX s-is werilobiT ZeglSi igi
ganpirobebuli. ukve moxseniebulia (ix. mziTvi, saqarTve-
saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sazogadod lo). mziTvi qalis piradi sakuTreba iyo da
patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi, gasaTxova- qmars ufleba ar hqonda igi ganekarga. col-
ri qali qalwuli unda yofiliyo. XV s-is qmris gayris SemTxvevaSi moZravi qonebis
germanel avtors damowmebuli aqvs wesebi, saxiT waRebuli mziTvi qals ubrundeboda,
romlebic sapatarZlos qaliSvilobis dad- rogorc misi piradi sakuTreba.
genas exeboda (aq laparakia im SemTxvevaze, qristianobam qorwinebisas saeklesio loc-
rodesac sacolis dedas siZis ojaxisaTvis va-kurTxeva aucilebel pirobad gaxada, ra-
piroba aqvs micemuli, rom sapatarZlo qal- mac qorwinebis zogierTi Zveli wesi Secva-
wulia) (Hans Schiltbergers, Reisebuch, Tübingen, la. Tumca, rogorc Cans, gvirgvinTa kurTxe-
1885, 98-99). va saqarTveloSi qorwinebis erTaderTi
saqarTveloSi qorwinebisTvis erT-erT ar- forma ar iyo. wyaroebi gvawvdian cnobebs
sebiT damabrkolebel garemoebad wyvilTa jvardauwereli kacisTvis colis daorsu-
Soris naTesauri kavSiri iTvleboda. na- lebis gamo sasjelad jarimis dawesebas,
Tesaoba, rogorc qorwinebis damabrkole- rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom coli da qmari
beli garemoeba basili kesarielis kanone- jvris daweris gareSec erTad cxovrobdnen.
biTa da VI msoflio krebis dadgenilebiT rogorc wesi, qorwinebis damagvirgvine-
iqna aRiarebuli. zustad ganisazRvra naTe beli qorwilis sazeimo ceremoniali iyo.
savTa is wre, romelTa daqorwineba gamo- patriarqaluri ojaxisa da monogamiuri
ricxuli iyo. aikrZala qorwineba monaT- qorwinebis damkvidrebis Semdeg saqorwino
lulTan, aseve Svilad ayvanilTan. saqarT- ceremoniali rTuli da mravalferovani
velos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi qorwinebis da gaxda. am ceremonialis mTavari momenti sa-
mabrkolebeli sxva garemoebebicaa dada- siZos gvarSi sapatarZlos Seyvana gaxldaT.
sturebuli, ase magaliTad, Tanamogvareoba, mayrionis TanxlebiT sapatarZlos ojaxSi
TanameTemeoba. zogierT kuTxeSi erTi sof- misul siZes qali taZarSi mihyavda. jvriswe-
lis an erTi ubnis farglebSi qorwinebac ris Semdeg meqorwineni saxlSi midiodnen,
akrZaluli iyo. qorwinebisas xelisSemSle- sadac imarTeboda lxini, mimdinareobda
li gaxldaT socialuri da wodebrivi uTa- meqorwileTa dalocva da sadRegrZeloe-
nasworoba. qarTuli saqorwino samarTali bis Sesma. bolos adgeboda nefis ejibi da
mkacrad moiTxovda qorwinebisas erTmor- qalis ojaxs qmris mier micemul saCuqarTa
wmuneobis dacvas. nusxas waukiTxavda, ris Semdegac dauCoqeb-
qorwinebas win daniSvna (dawindva, dabelg- da patarZals da mas pir-bades axdida. amis
va) uZRoda. igi savaldebulo winapirobad Semdeg vinme mwignobari waikiTxavda qalis
iyo miCneuli. sacolis arCevaSi mSoble- mziTvis sias. ase rom, qorwilSi sagangebo
bi aqtiurobdnen da meqorwineTa survili misiis mqone pirebi _ ejibi, mejvare, may-
mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda (ix. niSnoba, rebi monawileobdnen. qorwinebis mTava-
saqarTvelo). saqarTveloSi, istoriulad, ri nawili Suacecxlis irgvliv mayrionis
319
3-jer Semovlis rituali da jvriswera iyo. calke oTaxs umzadebda ZafiT gadabmulebs.
es ritualebi sxvadasxva ekonomikuri mdgo- amiT mTavrdeboda qorwili.
mareobis ojaxebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli svaneTi _ qorwilis win saqmros mSoble-
gaxldaT. bi qalis ded-mamas ugzavnidnen mociquls,
dauTqvamdnen qorwilis dros da sTavazob-
qorwineba, mTa dnen `naWvlaSze~ morigebas. qalis mSob-
xevsureTi _ saqmro colis mosayvanad agzav- lebs ufleba hqondaT, erTidan sam wlamde
nida or moxucebul naTesavs da maTi piriT qali ar gaeSvaT da saxlSi daetovebinaT
uTvlida qalis ojaxs, rom mzad iyo colis sxvadasxva mizeziT (magaliTad, roca ojax-
mosayvanad. patarZals mayrebad Tavisi sof- Si muSaxeli Zalian saWiro iyo). naWvlaSze
lelebi mihyvebodnen. patarZali maT auci- samociqulod midiodnen saqmros siZeebi,
leblad fexiT unda gamohyoloda, radgan maTi colebi da Svilebi. sacolis ded-ma
cxenze Sejdoma Zalian did sircxvilad ma asaxelebda xarebsa da Zroxebs, romel
iTvleboda. roca mayrioni nefis sofels Tac naWvlaSad iTxovda. mociqulebi _ muya
miuaxlovdeboda, miegebebodnen saqmros _ danabarebs gadascemdnen saqmros ojaxs.
soflelebi. WurWliT arays daaxvedrebdnen isic Tanxmdeboda da agzavnida maTTan
da sofelSi miipatiJebdnen. rac ufro Sors ZRvens mociqulebis xeliT, romlebsac aseve
miegebebodnen, miT ufro didi pativi iyo. patarZlis wamoyvanac evalebodaT. qalis
amasTan, mayrions sxvadasxva adgilas unda mSoblebi amzadebdnen `kalaTs~ stumrebisa
daxvedrodnen aryiT. sofelSi mayrebisTvis da mayrebis dasapureblad da agzavnidnen
calke oTaxi iyo momzadebuli. pirvelad am saqmros ojaxSi marxiliT, romelsac pa
oTaxSi qalis mayrioni Sedioda da Seipati- tarZlis misvlamde unda CaeRwia.
Jebda saqmros stumrebs _ saxli Cveniao, da mociqulebs qali mayrioniT mihyavdaT sasi-
radgan qali mogvgvareT, stumrebis dapati- ZosTan Tofis sroliT, sasiZos mxridanac
Jebac Cveni saqmeao. sofelSi misvlisas maSin- sroliTve egebebodnen. saxlis karebTan
ve patarZals qalebi Semoexveodnen da sadac ojaxis ufrosi egebeboda, qals fqviliT
ufro bneloda, iq dasvamdnen, rom qmars ar savse gobze akidebinebda xels. mimyvanebi _
daenaxa. patarZali erTi an ori kvira unda muya _ patarZals keriis garSemo or-samjer
darCeniliyo qmris saxlSi, magram am peri- Semoatarebdnen saqorwilo simReriT. qals
odis ganmavlobaSi qmars ver daenaxveboda. gverdiT miusxdebodnen megobrebi da muddi
qmarma arc icoda, sad iwva misi coli. erTi (mdade). ojaxis ufross win unda daedga pu-
an ori kviris Semdeg siZesTan movidodnen riT savse gobi, rogorc baraqianobis sim-
qalis mociqulebi, axla mzad varT da qali bolo da patarZlis kalTaSi unda CaesvaT
mogvgvareTo. siZis mayrebi gahyvebodnen patara biWi, romelic vaJianobis gamravle-
patarZals mamis saxlSi, sadac damzadebuli bis aRmniSvneli iyo. amis Semdeg iwyeboda
iyo saqorwino nadimi. qmari Tavis saxlSi nadimi, romlis xarjs gaTenebamde qalis
unda darCeniliyo. qals mamis ojaxSi erTi ded-mama kisrulobda, dilidan saRamomde
weliwadi an cota naklebi unda daeyo. siZes ki _ sasiZos mSoblebi.
am drois ganmavlobaSi ar hqonda ufleba, adre jvriswera qorwilis dros arasdros
enaxa Tavisi sacole. mxolod erTi mizezis xdeboda. zogjer erTidan sam wlamde jvar-
gamo SeeZlo patarZals qmris saxlSi darCe- dauwereli cxovrobda saqmros saxlSi. am
na, Tu qmari martoxela iyo da momvleli ar drois ganmavlobaSi igi ojaxis qalebTan
hyavda. Tu arada, aucileblad mamis ojaxSi wveboda da muSaobda. jvrisweris dagvia
unda darCeniliyo, sanam vada ar gavidoda, nebis mizezi saqmro-sacolis mcirewlovne-
vada ki morigebaze iyo damokidebuli. Sem- ba iyo.
deg Zmas an vinme axlo naTesavs mihyavda jvriswera ubralod xdeboda. arc mowmee-
qali qmris saxlSi. TviTon qmari agzavni- bi da arc stumrebis dapatiJeba ar xdeboda.
da erT-an or naTesavs qalis wamosayvanad. saqmro moipatiJebda paps, romelic saxl-
qals mohqonda mziTvi da fexiT unda misdgo- Sive swerda jvars. siZe-patarZals erTad
moda qmris ojaxs. aq mayrioni aRar iyo sa- daayenebda, Tavze gadaacvamda vercxlis wv-
Wiro, xucesi akurTxebda col-qmris tablas, ril jaWvs, romelsac boloSi jvari hqonda
mxrebSi ZafiT gadaabamda. dedamTili ki mobmuli. orives tanisamosis wina kalTebs
320
nemsiT gadaabamda, locvas waukiTxavda da winebulebisTvis. qorwili fSavSi sam dRes
mTavrdeboda jvriswera. grZeldeboda.
fSavi _ niSnobidan garkveuli periodis Sem-
deg sasiZo qalis mSoblebs qorwilis dros qorwineba, aTeni (ejkdovsi") – berZnuli qor-
da TariRs acnobebda. jvriswera ZiriTadad wineba monogamiuri iyo. berZnebi Tvlidnen,
kviraobiT xdeboda da siZis ojaxi saqor- rom monogamiuroba warmoadgenda berZnu-
wilo samzadiss Seudgeboda. siZe mayrebiT li qorwinebis ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvise-
midioda patarZalTan, sadac mas qalis may- bas barbarosuli qorwinebisagan.
rebi da morTuli patarZali xvdebodnen. daqorwineba berZeni qalis mTavari funqcia
nefe-patarZals totebian gvirgvins daad- iyo. patarZlis legalur statusSi qorwine-
gamdnen Tavze, bednierebas miulocavdnen da bas cvlileba ar Sehqonda. qali ubralod
sufras miusxdebodnen. saRamos yvelani jv- erTi mamakacis meurveobidan meoris meur-
ris dasawerad qalis soflis eklesiaSi mi- veobis qveS gadadioda ise, rom pirveli ma-
diodnen. saqorwino amalaSi siZis mxridan sze garkveul uflebas itovebda. berZnuli
unda yofiliyvnen: ejibi, mejvare da vaJis qorwinebis am sayuradRebo specifikurobas
mayari, qalis mxridan ki _ qalis Zma, mdadi zustad gamoxatavs am cnebis aRmniSvneli
da qalis mayari. jvrisweris Semdeg Tofis termini èkdosisi~ _ ejkdovsi", rac niSnavs
sroliT siZis ojaxSi midiodnen, win ejibi gasesxebas da amdenad, qorwineba iyo mamis
unda wasuliyo, romelsac cxenze akidebu- mier qaliSvilis sesxeba sxva ojaxis meTau-
li saTavno mihqonda. saxlis karTan siZe- risTvis, raTa qals am ukanasknelisTvis co-
patarZals egebeboda `nefis (siZis) deda~, lisa da dedis funqcia Seesrulebina.
romelsac Tavze grZelbewva qudi exura da mecnierTa azriT, qorwinebis sakanonmde-
xelSi xonCa eWira. xonCaze idga erbonarevi blo gansazRvra naTlad araa garkveuli.
jami da safuari. nefis dedad irCevdnen si- qorwineba ar iyo martivi legaluri aqti.
Zis naTesavs, xanSi Sesul mandilosans, ro- igi warmoadgenda kompleqsur process, ro-
melic qvrivi da uSvilo ar unda yofiliyo. melic erTobliobaSi ramdenime qmedebas,
patarZali safuars karis bWes waacxobda, Tu movlenas moicavda. es kompoziti Sedge-
rom baraqianoba Seetana saxlSi, nefis deda boda: niSnobis _ ejgguvh, qorwilis _ gavmo",
ki TiTiT sam-samjer Tafls alokinebda da Tanacxovrebis _ sunoikei'n da Svilebis gaCe-
locavda. nefis deda quds ixdida da Taf- nisagan. meuRleebis erTad cxovrebis faqti
lian jams mejvaris xonCaze debda. mejvare xdida qorwinebas qorwinebad.
win miuZRoda siZe-patarZals xonCiT, ro- meore mxriv, rogorc Cans, garkveuli perio-
melzec jvriani purebi elaga. wyvils eji- didan aucilebeli xdeba qorwinebis oficia-
bi samjer Semoatarebda kerias. amave dros lurad gamarTva. dResdReobiT araa cnobi-
patarZlis Zma da qalis mayari xanjlebiT li, ra droidan xdeba es saWiro. zogi Tvlis,
sakidels scemdnen, rom CamoegdoT. sakide- rom amgvari qorwineba yovelTvis iyo auci-
li qalis mayrebis saerTo davla iyo da mis lebeli. sxvebi varaudoben, rom oficialuri
Camowyvetas da datyvevebas veravin dauSli- qorwineba saWiro mxolod perikles moqa-
da. siZe-patarZlis keriis garSemo mesame laqeobis kanonis Semdeg (Zv.w. 451 w.) gaxda.
Semovlisas sakidelic Camovardeboda, ro- zogierTi mecnieri gviandel TariRsac _
melsac dedis Zma mxarze gadaikidebda. saki- Zv.w. 403/402 ww-s aseve sarwmunod miiCnevs.
delis dasaxsnelad siZis ojaxs qalis may- oficialur qorwinebas sazogado mxare
rebisTvis saxsari unda mierTmia. fSavSic hqonda. is gansakuTrebiT maSin iyo saWiro,
patarZals patara biWs usvamdnen kalTaSi rodesac bavSvis kanoniereba unda daemtki-
vaJianobis gasamravleblad. cebinaT. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, qorwineba
mejvaris movaleobas Seadgenda, rom ori registrirebuli iyo qmris fratriis we-
dRis ganmavlobaSi nefe-dedofals jvri- vrebTan. Tu patarZali epiklerosi iyo,
ani sufriT gaZRoloda, mdads patarZlis qorwineba misi ojaxis fratriis wevrebTa-
tanisamosisTvis unda moevlo, ejibi siZes nac iyo damowmebuli. rodesac mama Svils
axlda, romelic yvelafris gamgebeli iyo. fratriis wevrebs warudgenda, igi bavSvis
yvelani xanjlebiT iyvnen SeiaraRebulni, kanonierebas ficiT amtkicebda. ficisas ma-
mdadic ki, raTa eSmaks ar evno axladdaqor- mas unda ganecxadebina, rom mas Svili moqa-
321
laqe qalma gauCina, romelTanac is iyo qrTami (repetundae, crimen repetundarum) _
daqorwinebuli. es ukanaskneli garemoe- Tanamdebobis piris mier qrTamis gamoZal-
ba aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda, rom va (nivTis an fulis ukanono miTviseba). es
bavSvi kanonierad CaeTvalaT. danaSauli Tavidan isjeboda fulis ukan da-
qals ufleba ar hqonda saqmro Tavad amo- brunebiT, mogvianebiT damnaSave valdebuli
erCia. saqmros mas kiriosi urCevda. qalis iyo ukanonod miTvisebul Tanxaze orjer an
meurve saxels Seircxvenda, Tu qals Sesa- oTxjer meti Tanxa ukan daebrunebina. gansa-
feris saqmros ver amourCevda. momakvda- kuTrebiT mZime SemTxvevaSi aseTi kanonga-
vi qmari, viTarca kiriosi, cols momaval dacdomis gamo pirovnebas erTmeoda ufle-
qmars Tavad urCevda. ba gamxdariyo magistrati, mosamarTle da
umTavresad farTo komlis _ anqisteis Si- sxv.
gniT qorwindebodnen. xSiri iyo biZaSvi-
lebis, biZasa da Zmiswuls, naxevarZmebsa da
naxevardebs (mamiT) Soris qorwineba, Tumca y
arc Tu iSviaTad qorwindebodnen garebi-
ZaSvilebze. es Cveuleba naTesavebs Soris yma _ qveSevrdoms, vasals aRniSnavda, Tum-
erTgulebis grZnobas efuZneboda. cxadia, ca epoqebis mixedviT feodalur saqarTve-
am SemTxvevaSi qaliSvils momavali qmari, loSi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqonda. IX-
sul cota, TvaliT mainc unda hyoloda na- XI ss-Si ymebad iwodebodnen is pirebic,
naxi. romlebic jer kidev rCebodnen Tavisufal
Tu farTo komlis SigniT Sesaferis sasi- mwarmoeblebad, magram valdebulni iyvnen
Zos ver airCevdnen, qals mamis megobarzec patronis samxedro samsaxuri gaewiaT. amave
aTxovebdnen. dadasturebulia SemTxveve- xanaSi feodal-aznaurebi didebuli aznau-
bi, roca qals ojaxisTvis ucxo mamakacze rebis, xolo didebuli aznaurebi mefis yma-
aqorwinebdnen. amgvar qorwinebas qone- vasalebi iyvnen.
brivi faqtori ganapirobebda. Cven ar vi- yma, romelic iyo mwarmoebeli da molaSqre,
ciT, ramdenad iyo qorwineba politiku- TandaTan gadaiqca yma glexad XII-XIII ss-Si.
ri aliansis Seqmnis motivi. savaraudod, aseve wyaroebSi gvxvdeba `darbazis yma~,
saqorwino kavSirebi ufro metad ukve ar- romelic sasaxlis karze miRebuli iyo (ix.
sebul politikur aliansebs acxadebdnen, darbazi). `darbazis ymad~ miRebisas srul-
vidre am kavSirebs qmnidnen. saojaxo kavSi- deboda specialuri rituali _ `dalocva~.
rebs amyarebdnen rogorc ekonomikuri, ise yma glexebi ki TavisTavad sxvadasxva so-
politikuri miznebidan gamomdinare. cialur-ekonomikur kategoriad iyofodnen.
qalebi adre Txovdebodnen. qaliSvili pir- yma-vasals evaleboda patronis samxedro
velad 14-dan 18 wlis asakamde qorwinde- samsaxuri. Tumca patronic garkveulwilad
boda. amisi mizezi, SesaZloa, iyo berZenTa valdebuli iyo Tavisi yma-vasalisadmi.
warmodgena, romlis Tanaxmadac seqsualu-
rad momwifebuli qaliSvilebi avxorcni
iyvnen da droulad moTokvas saWiroebdnen.
berZenTa adaT-wesebis mixedviT gasaTxova-
S
ri qali qalwuli unda yofiliyo.
mamakaci upiratesad 30 wlis farglebSi Serisxva _ sasjeli Zvel saqarTveloSi.
ojaxdeboda. gviani qorwineba gamowveuli igi damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT erTvoda
iyo imiTac, rom mas aTwliani samxedro saeklesio SeCvenebas. Serisxvas samoqalaqo
samsaxuri hqonda gasavleli. filosofosTa sferoSi samefo xelisufleba miusjida
azriT, es asaki mamakacis daojaxebisTvis damnaSaves. eTnografiul yofaSi Serisxva
Sesaferisi iyo. 14 wlis qaliSvilis gaTxo- xatze gadacemas an dawyevlas niSnavda. `wya-
vebas ki naadrevad miiCnevdnen da qalis lobisa da Serisxvis~ anu marTlmsajulebis
daqorwinebis ufro Sesaferis asakad 18-19 uzenaesi funqciebis miTviseba iyo yuTlu-
wels moiazrebdnen. arslanis politikuri dasis erT-erTi Zi-
riTadi mizani. vaxtang VI-is dasturlamal-
322
Si ixsenieba `wesi da rigi... risxvisa~, rasac Sulta, xevsureTi _ saxato mamulis damcve-
xeljoxianebi icavdnen. li, xatis mekaloe, mebeRle. xevisbrobis in-
stitutSi Sultas ukanaskneli adgili uWi-
Seuvaloba _ imuniteti, feodaluri privi- ravs (dasturisa da xatis kacis mere). Sulta
legia, romlis Sesaxeb SemorCenili uZve- sofelSi ori iyo, magram maT Soris ufros-
lesi wyaro saqarTveloSi XI saukunisaa. umcrosoba ar arsebobda, orive erTi xa-
wyaroebis Tanaxmad, xSirad xdeboda adre risxis iyo. maT unda daeTesaT da daefarcxaT
boZebuli Seuvalobis ganaxleba da xe- saxato mamuli, mere TavianTi xarjiT gae-
laxla damtkiceba. Cveulebriv, Seuvalobis lewaT, gaeniavebinaT da saxato beRlidan
formulaSi aRiniSneboda: `hqondes... Tavi- qeri aerwyaT dasturebisTvis (ludis mxar-
suflad da Seuvalad yovlisa Sesavlisa SavebisTvis). am jafis sanacvlod Sultebs
da gamosavlisagan~. Seuvalobis miniWeba marto qeris burdo rCebodaT. roca saWi-
xSirad Tan sdevda yma-mamulis boZebas Tu ro iyo, saxato mamuli mTel sofels unda
Sewirvas. yvelaze sruli SeuvalobiT ekle- moexna SabaT dRes, isini unda mixmarebodnen
sia sargeblobda. Sultebs. Sultebs sofeli irCevda wiliT.
am movaleobisgan mxolod TxuTmet wlamde
Seyriloba _ Zvel saqarTveloSi ori an oblebi Tavisufldebodnen. xatis samsaxuri
meti piris ojaxis xelSekrulebiTi Seer- SultobiT iwyeboda, Sesabamisad, igi xatis
Teba uZrav-moZravi qonebisa da sameur- sakadrisi unda yofiliyo. msaxurobisas da
neo saqmianobis gaerTianebiT. Seyriloba xatobis win ar hqondaT qalTan sqesobrivi
valdebulebiTi samarTlisa da saojaxo- kavSiris damyarebis ufleba, aseve igi unda
samemkvidreo samarTlis institutia. pirve- morideboda qals dedaTa wesis dros.
lad VII s-is wyaroSi gvxvdeba. vaxtang VI-is Sultas xatobisas `darbazSi~ Sesvlis ufle-
samarTalSi 113 m., 268 m. swored am sakiTxebs ba ar hqonda, igi Cveulebriv xalxTan rCe-
exeba. Seyriloba mebatonis dastursac sa- boda.
Wiroebda. ibegreboda sabatono da samoxe- Sulta, dasturTan erTad, ganagebda xatis
leo mosakrefeliT, romelsac Sesamyrelo qonebis Semosaval-gasavalis saqmes. maT
erqva. moekiTxebodaT Semosavlis moxmareba. isi-
ni e.w. xatis mouravebi iyvnen.
Sewameba _ dawameba, danaSaulSi bralis da-
deba. ganirCeoda sabuTiani, pirispir Sewa-
meba da eWviT Sewameba anu `bralis miCeme- C
ba~. vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi 7, 10, 37-40, 97
mm. da sxv. swored Sewamebas eTmoba. auci- Cveneba (testimonium) – mowmis Cveneba iyo
lebeli iyo gansjamde Sewamebis gamoZieba, an zepiri an werilobiTi formis. pirvels
romelic sasamarTlos evaleboda. imisda uSualod sasamarTloSi warmoTqvamdnen
mixedviT, ramdenad arsebobda mtkicebule- da ficiT imowmebdnen, meore (testimonium per
ba Sewamebisa _ `mTxrobliT~ Tu `ciliT~, tabulas – arasasamarTlos winaSe micemuli
gamoZiebis procesi da mtkicebulebebic Se- Cveneba), ufro umniSvnelo, xis firfitebze
sabamisad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. iwereboda, iluqeboda 7 mowmis Tandaswre-
biT. am formalobis gareSe mowmis Cvenebas
Svideuli _ Svidkeci sazRauri qurdobi- mtkicebulebis Zala ar hqonda. arsebobda
saTvis Zvel saqarTveloSi. iuridiul Ze- Cvenebis sxva tipebic: testimonium publica,
glebSi XIII s-dan dasturdeba. warCinebuli Cveneba, romelsac iZleoda mTeli korpo-
fenis warmomadgenlis gaqurdvis SemTxve- racia an Temi vinmes sasargeblod an sawi-
vaSi Svideuli mTlianad gaqurduls xvde- naaRmdegod (e.w. laudationes). Laudationes ewo-
boda, glexs ki _ mxolod ori wili, danar- deboda aseve gavleniani pirebis Cvenebas
Ceni mefis da saTanado moxelis wili iyo. gansasjelis sasargeblod. mtkicebis saSu-
Tu qurdi aRiarebda danaSauls da bodiSs alebad ar iTvleboda erTaderTi mowmis
moixdida, maSin mas mxolod oTxmags axde- Cveneba (testis unus) an saxleulis mtkiceba.
vinebdnen. cru Cveneba (testimonium falsum) sikvdiliTac
ki isjeboda.
323
ba CaiTvalos qonebis garkveul flangvad,
CveulebiTi samarTali, fSavi _ fSavSi nebis- amitom Zalian adreve daiwyo fiqri Cuqe-
mieri saqme adgilobrivad irCeoda, is Tems bis, rogorc samarTlebrivi aqtis regla-
ar scildeboda. gasamarTlebaSi monawi mentis dawesebis Sesaxeb (lex Cincia). Cuqebi-
leoba SeeZlo nebismieri asakis mqone ada- sas pirovnebas, romelic Tavisi qonebidan
mians. damnaSavisTvis sasjels mTeli Temi gaiRebda raimes sxva piris sasargeblod,
adgenda. sasjeli ornairi iyo: fizikuri unda warmoedgina Tavisi survili weri-
(Caqolva) da zneobrivi (mokveTa, sazoga- lobiTi formiT da saxalxod gadaeca saCu-
doebidan gaZeveba). Caqolva xdeboda xidis qari. es sabuTi Sedioda arqivSi da iq ina
TavSi an gzis Sesayarze, raTa yvelasTvis xeboda. Tu moTxovnis es punqtebi daculi
saxilveli yofiliyo. Caqolvis mizezi ki iqneboda, saCuqris mimRebi valdebuli iyo
SeiZleba yofiliyo xatisa da Temis Ralati, mieRo boZebuli. III s-dan patronis ufleba
qalisa da kacis siyvaruli da ukanono Svi- gaeuqmebina Cuqeba (revocare donationem) Tavi-
lis dabadeba. Temidan kveTdnen qurdobis, suflebaminiWebulis (libertinusi) udieri
xatis wesis daklebis, Temis piris gatexvis saqcielis gamo (Tu TavisuflebaminiWebuli
SemTxvevaSi. mokveTils saxlSi aravin uS- materialur zians, Seuracxyofas miayenebda
vebda, Temi aRarafriT exmareboda mas. yri- patrons, safrTxeSi Caagdebda mis sicocx-
lobaSi gavlac ekrZaleboda. arc xevisberi les) samarTlebrivi proceduris dacviT
iRebda misgan Sesawirs. sruldeboda. saWiro iyo sajaro gancxade-
Tumca mokveTils ufleba hqonda Serige- bis gakeTeba da Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi
boda Tems. mas xari da cxvari mihyavda xat- aqtis gaformeba. Tavdapirvelad es ufleba
Si, sofels swiravda da pirobas debda fi vrceldeboda mxolod mSoblebze, romel-
ciT, rom msgavs danaSauls aRar Caidenda. Tac Svils uboZes saCuqari, mogvianebiT ki
mokveTili `Wdes amoagdebda~ xalxisa da yvela tipis mboZebels iTvaliswinebda. sa-
xevisbris TandaswrebiT. gasamarTlebisT- marTlebriv ganxilvas ar eqvemdebareboda
vis yriloba daibarebda moCivarsa da mopa- mxolod im tipis Cuqeba, romelic sicocx-
suxes, romlebsac mowmeebi unda warmoedgi- lis gadarCenisken iyo mimarTuli. amis gar-
naT. yrilobas Tavmjdomareobda xevisberi. da patrons, romelsac ar hyavda Svilebi,
Tu mopasuxes mowmeebi ar hyavda, yriloba SeeZlo saCuqari ukan gamoeTxova im SemTx-
uflebas aZlevda `xelze mosWideboda~ im vevaSi, Tu Svili gauCndeboda. Cveulebri-
Tavkacebs, romlebsac sofeli dauniSnavda. vi Cuqebis (donatio simplex) garda arsebobs
maT unda daeficaT mopasuxis magivrad, rom Cuqebis garkveuli tipebi:
danaSauls aRar Caidenda. Tu aravin `moi- 1) donatio ante nuptias – niSnobasTan (niSno-
Widebda xelze~ da braldebuli ar gamoty- ba, romi) dakavSirebiT siZes miaqvs patar-
deboda, simarTlis gasagebad mimarTavdnen ZlisaTvis saCuqari, rac yuradRebis gamo
`RvTiur msjavrs~ _ mduRares an SanTs. xatvis formas warmoadgens da im SemTxveva-
fSavlebma sisxlis aRebac icodnen da Seri- Sic ki, Tu niSnoba qorwinebaSi (qorwineba,
gebac. Sesarigeblad mkvleli saxvewriT mi- romi) ar gadaizrdeba, misi ukan gamoTxova
dioda da kacis `Tavsisxls~ zRavda. ar xdeboda. mogvianebiT es Cuqeba iZens
sisxlis aReba gvarSi ar icodnen. sakuTari samarTlebriv datvirTvas, amtkicebs da
naTesavis mkvleli gaTavisuflebuli iyo niSvnas, sjis gayris SemTxvevaSi damnaSave
sisxlis zRvevisganac da almaniisganac. ma- mxares, uzrunvelyofs cols da mis Svilebs
mas SeeZlo Svili dausjelad moekla, iseve, daqvrivebis Semdeg.
rogorc Zmas _ Zma. Temi mas pasuxs ar moh- 2) donatio inter virum et uxorem – qorwinebis
kiTxavda, Tumca xalxis TvalSi damcirebu- periodSi col-qmarsa da maT ojaxebs So-
li iyo da mas codvians uwodebdnen. ris saCuqrebis gacvla. mogvianebiT Cuqebis
es tipi aikrZala, savaraudod, imis gamo,
Cuqeba (donatio) – erTi piris mier meori- rom ar momxdariyo specialurad meuRle-
saTvis uangarod nivTis, miwis, Tavisufle- Ta qonebis gangeb Secvla. es akrZalva mog-
bis da a. S. gadacema. ramdenadac Zvel romSi vianebiT Serbilda (qorwinebis dros mCu-
Tvlidnen, rom Cuqeba TavisTavad, racio- qeblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi saCuqa-
naluri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, SeiZle- ri, Tuki adreve ar moxda masze uaris Tqma,
324
unda CaiTvalos kanonierad). amasTanave mo- centumvirebi (centumviri _ asi kaci) _ romau-
qmedebda specialuri xelSekruleba, romli sasamarTlo kolegiis wevrebi, romle-
lis mixedviTac, erTi mxare meoris sasar- bic arCevdnen kerZo samarTebliv sakiTxebs
geblod iRebda gadawyvetilebas (mag., Seg- (upiratesad qonebriv da samemkvidreo saq-
nebulad realur fasTan SedarebiT ufro meebs).
iafad gayidva).
3) donatio mortis causa _ Cuqeba, romelic da- ciceroni markus tuliusi (Marcus Tullius Ci-
mokidebulia momaval garemoebebze (visac cero) (Zv. w. 106-43 ww) _ àxali adamiani~,
miemarTeba saCuqari, ar unda gardaicva- udidesi romaeli oratori da politikuri
los mCuqebelze adre). Cuqebis am formaSi moRvawe, filosofosi da mwerali, advokati.
ori jgufi gamoiyofa: a) sakuTrebis ufle- gansakuTrebuli gavlena ciceronis gana-
ba saganze momentalurad gadadis imis xel- Tlebaze moaxdina poetma arqiam. ciceronis
Si, visac miemarTeba saCuqari. b) sakuTrebis niWi da mWevrmetyveleba adridanve, sulas
ufleba mxolod mCuqeblis sikvdilis Sem- diqtaturisas gamovlinda. misi ritorikis
deg gadadis imis xelSi, romelsac miemarTe- maswavleblebi iyvnen: krasusi, antoniusi,
ba saCuqari. Tu is piri, romelsac gadaeca sulpiciusi, kota da sxvebi, samarTlis _
saCuqari, pirveli aResruleba, mCuqebels orive mukius skevola, filosofiis _ epi-
SeuZlia ukan gamoiTxovos saCuqari. kureli fedrosi, SemdgomSi filon lar-
4) donatio propter nuptias _ iustinianusis sa- iseli, stoikosi dido. Cinebulad ganaTle-
marTalSi qmris saCuqari colisadmi Zi- buli oratori ciceronis kredo samarTli-
riTadad imisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, rom anoba da kanonieri wesrigi iyo.
daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi materialurad uz- ciceronma imogzaura saberZneTsa da aziaSi,
runveleyo coli da misi Svilebi. kunZul rodosze (Zv. w. 79-77 ww.), iqac usmen-
5) donatio sub modo – Cuqeba, romelsac Tan da da swavlobda akademikos antioqos aska-
axlavs damatebiTi valdebulebebis Sesru- lonelisagan, epikureel zenonisa, ritor
leba, mag., mCuqebeli moiTxovs im pirisagan, demetriosis, orator milonis, stoikos
romelsac aZlevs saCuqars, am saCuqris na- poseidoniosisagan. atikusTan megobroba ki
wili gamoiyenos sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis. sikvdilamde ar Seuwyvetia. romSi dabrune-
Tu pirovneba am pirobiT miiRebs saCuqars, bisas Zv. w. 76 w-s igi erTxmad airCies kvesto-
is valdebulia, Seasrulos micemuli piro- rad lilibeiSi da mSvenivrad asrulebda am
ba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, man ukan unda movaleobas _ amaragebda roms puriT, ma-
daabrunos saCuqari. gram male mixvda, rom romSi unda etriala,
rom saTanadod daefasebinaT. senatorad
gaxdomisas mtkice nebisyofis, patiosnebis
c da mWevrmetyvelebis wyalobiT senatis bur-
ji Seiqmna. xalxis keTilganwyobac ara pir-
cenzori (censor) _ romis magistrati, ro- ferobiT, aramed saerTo sikeTeze zrunviT
melsac, rogorc wesi, yovel xuT weliwadSi moipova. Zv. w. 69 w-s kurulis edilad air-
erTxel 18 TviT konsularTa rigebidan ir- Cies. am Tanamdebobaze igi did xelgaSlilo-
Cevdnen. cenzorTa mTavari amocana iyo cen- bas ar iCenda, kvlav agrZelebda advokatur
zis gatareba da mxedrebisa da senatorebis moRvaweobas. Zv. w. 63 w-s konsulad airCies.
adrindeli siis Semowmeba. cenzors ufleba man gaxsna katilinas SeTqmuleba da samSob-
hqonda, amoeSala siidan Zveli saxelebi da los gadarCenisTvis `samSoblos mamis~ (pa-
axali Caewera. cenzori romis moqalaqeTa ter patriae) saxeli moipova; magram didxans
zneobis dacvis funqcias iRebda Tavis Ta- ar gagrZelebula misi dideba, roca kon-
vze. garda amisa, cenzoris funqcia iyo sa- sulobis vadis bolo dRes moindoma Tavis
xelmwifo biujetisa da saxelmwifo qone- damsaxurebaze sityva warmoeTqva, saxalxo
bis gankargva, zedamxedveloba saxelmwifo tribunma kvintus metelusma gaaCera da mxo-
mSeneblobebze _ quCebze, taZrebze, qalaqis lod Cveulebrivi fici aTqmevina. katilinas
kedelsa da a.S. imperatorebis epoqaSi cen- momxreebis dasjisTvis igi iZulebuli gaxda
zoris movaleobas Tavad imperatori asru- romi daetovebina 58 w., misi saxli daangries,
lebda. qoneba gauCanages, magram momdevno w-s igi
325
daabrunes da xalxi mas aRfrTovnebiT Sexv- 2) arakeTilsindisieri movaleebis dasaka-
da. magram is aRar iyo ukve iseTi Zlieri, veblad (neqsumi).
rogorc adre. man triumvirebs Seafara Tavi 3) apatimrebdnen eWvmitanilebs da bralde-
da oratoruli moRvaweoba gaaZliera. amave bulebs, raTa xeli SeeSalaT gaqcevaSi.
dros daiwyo literaturuli moRvaweoba da 4) Zalian iSviaTad mimarTavdnen dapatimre-
samxedro didebasac miaRwia, miiRo impera- bas, rogorc sasjelis formas.
toris tituli. magram mixvda, rom samoqa- romSi Zalian bevri saxelmwifo sapatimro
laqo omi gardauvali iyo da Tavis mamulSi iyo, maT Soris uZvelesi carcer Mamertinus
filosofias mihyo xeli. keisris mkvlelo- kapitoliumSi, ufro gviani periodis _ Lau-
bis Semdeg (15 marti 44 w.) igi kvlav Seudga tumiae (qvis maRaro). saxelmwifo cixeebis
saxelmwifo moRvaweobas. misi winadadebiT paralelurad arsebobda e.w. Sinapatim-
gamocxadda sayovelTao amnistia, magram robis praqtika (libera custodia), aseve kerZo
male keisris momxreebma ciceroni aiZules, dapatimrebis praqtika, rodesac mag., valis
daetovebina romi. gadauxdelobis gamo kreditori saxlSi am-
ciceroni gadawyvetilebebs xSirad icv- wyvdevda movales valis gadaxdamde an im
lida da 5 Tvis Semdeg kvlav dabrunda dromde, sanam movale sakuTari SromiT ar
romSi, dawera filipikebi (44 seqtembridan gadaixdida kredits (ar gamoimuSavebda mas).
43 w-mde) antoniusis winaaRmdeg. ciceroni
miemxro oqtavianuss, romelmac Tavi kon- crumowmeoba (divvkh yeudomarturivwn) _ samar-
sulad gamoacxada da SeuerTda antoniussa Tlebrivi devna yalbi Cvenebis micemisTvis,
da lepiduss (43 oqtomberi). triumvira- kerZo xasiaTis braldeba mowmis winaaRm-
tis Seqmnis Semdeg ciceroni da 16 respub- deg. Tavisi xasiaTiT es iyo meoradi qmedeba
likeli Serisxes. es ambavi ciceronma Tavis aRZruli im piris winaaRmdeg, romelic wina
tuskulanumis vilaSi gaigo, daibna da mego- sasamarTlo ganxilvaze mowmed gamodioda
brebis rCeviT gaiqca, magram mdevari daewia da romelsac brali waredgina, rogorc
da mokla. oratoris Tavi da marjvena xeli cru an arakanonieri Cvenebis micemisaTvis.
mis mter antoniuss miarTves da romSi yve-
las sanaxavad oratoris tribunaze dades.
ciceroni zneobrivi, patiosani da amave Z
dros pativmoyvare adamiani gaxldaT.
Zevgitebi (zeugi'tai) _ aTenSi solonis re-
politikur moRvaweobaSi samSoblos,
formamde saSualo qonebrivi mdgomareo-
samarTlisa da Tavisuflebis moyvaruli
bis moqalaqeebi Zevgitebad iwodebodnen.
vaJkacurad ewinaaRmdegeboda saxelmwi-
isini zogad xazebSi glexebisa da demiur-
fosTvis saSiS mtrebs, magram politikuri
gosebis (xelosnebis) fenas Seesabamebodnen.
SorsmWvretelobiTa da Tanmimdevrulo-
solonma Zevgitebi mis mier qonebrivi cenzis
biT ver gamoirCeoda da arCeuli principis
mixedviT dayofil moqalaqeTa mesame fenas
erTguli ver rCeboda.
uwoda, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 300-
ciceronma sazogadoebrivi cxovreba daiwyo
dan 200 medimn xorbals (an sxva produqtSi
demokratad, Semdeg senatis konservatoru-
mis ekvivalents Tu fulad Tanxas) Soris
li partiis meTauri gaxda, Semdeg pompeuss
meryeobda. sinamdvileSi atikis miwaTmo-
miemxro da bolos keisars emsaxureboda.
qmedTa da xelosanTa umetesoba am klasSi
cnobilia misi politikuri, sasamarTlo,
eqceoda da igi aTenis hoplitTa umTavres
dasacavi sityvebi. mwerali da ritori cice-
Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. TiToeul
roni cdilobda moerigebina ori urTierT-
Zevgits Tavisi samxedro aRWurviloba unda
sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba mWevrmetyvele-
uzrunveleyo. solonis kanonmdeblobiT
baSi: arqauli da axali.
Zevgitebs sruli samoqalaqo uflebebi
mieniWaT, Tumca maT mxolod dabali rangis
cixe (carcer) _ romSi pirovnebis dapatimre- saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis dakaveba See-
bas sxvadasxva mizeziT mimarTavdnen: ZloT. klisTenesis droidan moyolebuli
1) daumorCilebel moqalaqes saxelmwifo Zevgitebs ufleba miecaT strategosebad yo-
uwyeba svamda cixeSi.
326
filiyvnen arCeulni, xolo Zv. w. 457/6 w-dan Sedioda. is xats ekuTvnoda. saxato mamule-
maT ukve arqonis Tanamdebobis dakavebac biT xatis msaxurni sargebloben. wilis yra
xelewifebodaT. mosaxleobis zrda-cvalebadobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, magram yovel SemTxvevaSi
10-15 weliwadSi erTxel mainc unda Catare-
w buliyo. wilis yris dros sofeli Seikri-
beboda, irCevda miwis mzomelebs, romlebic
wameba (tormentum _ torquere) _ respublikis
yvela nakveTs gazomavdnen da mTel jams ga
xanaSi braldebulTa da mowmeTa wameba
yofdnen mekomurTa ricxvze. adre mekomuri
(rogorc Cvenebebis an bralis aRiarebis
wilis yris dros Tavis niSniT daWdeul
miRebis saSualeba) (es Seexeboda rogorc
Cxirs moitanda. am Cxirebs qudSi Cayridnen
romis moqalaqeebs, ise nebismier Tavisufal
da berikacebi miwis normas asaxelebdnen.
pirovnebas) akrZaluli iyo. Tu SevadarebT
amave dros vinme TvaldaxuWuli qudidan Cx-
im periodSi sxva qveynebSi arsebul mdgo-
irs iRebda da visi naWdvic iyo, wilis miwac
mareobas, am mxriv, es iyo Zalian didi miR-
mas ergeboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi wilis
weva da wingadadgmuli nabiji samarTal-
yra qaRaldiT Seicvala. Tu wilisyris
warmoebaSi. mxolod tiberiusis xanidan iw-
dros erT mekomurs normaze zedmeti aRmo-
yeba wamebis gamoyeneba Tavdapirvelad im
aCndeboda, meore mekomurs unawilebdnen.
saqmeebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic moicavda
SesaZlebeli iyo mekomurTa Soris miwebis
Tanamdebobis pirTa mimarT Cadenil dana-
gacvlac, magram nawilari miwis ijariT
Saulebebs (crimen maiestatis), Semdeg ki ukve
gacema an gayidva akrZaluli iyo.
wameba sxva danaSaulebebis gamoZiebisasac
gamoiyeneboda. dominatis xanaSi wameba Cveu-
lebriv movlenad iqca. unda aRiniSnos, rom
jalaTs (carnifex) ar hqonda ufleba romSi
W
cxovrebisa. fustis _ fustigatio (joxi _ joxiT Wdis amogdeba, fSavi _ Wde amonaTals niS-
cema) _ rogorc fizikuri dasjis forma Za- navs. fSavSi sazogadoebidan mokveTili Tem-
lian gavrcelebuli iyo. fustiarium supplici- Tan kvlav Sesarigeblad xeze nafots amoT-
um _ sikvdilamde joxiT cema. am meTodiT lida, anu Wdes amoagdebda. ix. CveulebiTi
sjidnen sikvdiliT dezertirebs da monebs. samarTali.
monebs yvela epoqaSi awamebdnen, magram
araviTar SemTxvevaSi im mizniT, rom Tavi-
anTi patronis winaaRmdeg miecaT Cveneba.
x
monebs sakuTari patronis mowmed gamosvla
ekrZalebodaT. monaTa wameba da sikvdiliT xazina (aerarium Populi Romani) – respubli-
dasja ojaxis usafrTxoebis dacvis pro- kis xanaSi saxelmwifo xazina, romelic sa
filaqtikul saSualebad iTvleboda. verber- turnis taZarSi inaxeboda, sadac Sedioda
atio _ wkneliT cema. awamebdnen specialuri saxelmwifo Semosavlebi, pirvel yovlisa,
manqanis saSualebiTac, romelic waagavda gadasaxadebi romaeli moqalaqeebisagan
cxens (oTx fexze damagrebuli morebi) da – tributumi da specialuri gadasaxadebi,
ewodeboda eculeus. mas iyenebdnen adamia- romlebsac ixdidnen erariebi (aerarii), uS-
nis xelebis da fexebis gasaWimad. wamebi- viloebi, gauTxovari qalebi da qvrivebi,
sas gamoiyenebdnen gavarvarebuli metalis provinciis mosaxleobidan _ stipendiumi
firfitebs amosaSanTad da Tvalebis amo- da veqtigali, Semosavlebi saxelmwifo mi-
sawvavad (laminae). webidan (ager publicus), maRaroebidan, saba-
Jodan, Tesaurusi, samxedro alafi da sxva.
wilis yra, fSavi _ miwebis perioduli dayo saxelmwifo xazinas ganagebdnen kvestorebi
fa/gadanawileba. saxnav-saTesi miwa fSavSi (quaestores aerarii) senatis kontrolis qveS,
mcire iyo da misi 1/3 uvargisi iyo. sayane romlis nebarTvis gareSe maT Tanxis gamo-
miwebi asea dayofili: saxato, karispiris, tana xazinidan ar SeeZloT, mxolod erTa
nawilari, samTo nawilari da saxirxato derT SemTxvevaSi – konsulis brZanebiT.
(uvargisi). saxato miwebi wilis yraSi ar amasTanave, xazina warmoadgens mTavar sa
327
xelmwifo arqivs (aerarium tabularium), sadac msaxurTa zogadaRmniSvneli saxelia, xatis
inaxeboda miRebuli kanonebi, senatis dad- msaxurTa (medroSis, meTas-ganZis, mezaris,
genilebebi, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi mekuratis, mepuris mesufrajis, mesanTlis)
aqtebi da saxelmwifo dokumentacia (tabulae Tanamdebobebis aRsaniSnavad. fSavSi gvxvde
publicae da tabulae censoriae). principatis xana- ba medroSe xevisberi, meTasganZe xevisberi,
Si xazina pretorebis zedamxedvelobis qveS mekod-safuvre xevisberi, mesanTle xevis-
iyo (praetores aerarii), romelTac imperatori beri, mezare, mepure, mekurate da a.S. xe
niSnavda, mogvianebiT igi isev kvestorebis visberi.
xelSi gadadis. ZiriTadi finansuri sakiTxe- mTeli fSavi 12 Temad iyo dayofili da
bi droTa ganmavlobaSi gadavida sxva uwye- TiToeul Tems gvaris xevisberi ganagebda.
baSi – fiskusSi, amitom erariumis mniSvne xevisbrebis saTaveSi idga Tavxevisberi,
loba nel-nela qveiTdeba, miTumetes, rom romelsac yvela xevisberi emorCileboda.
imperatorebs Tanmimdevrulad gadmohqon- Tavxevisbers ekiTxeboda saTemo saqmeebi:
daT Semosavlebi erariumidan fiskusSi. saklavis dakvla, saxato wesrigis damyareba,
sabolood, avrelianusis dros, erariumi soflis wesebis dacva da salaSqro saqmeebi.
gadakeTda qalaq romis xazinad (arca publica). is xelSi laSaris droSiT da jvriT aficebda
da win miuZRoda saomrad mimaval laSqars.
xevisberi, mTa _ xevisberi Tavis xeobaSi TiToeul TemSi saqmeebs awesrigebda Temis
sruli batoni iyo. misi sisxli gamgeblis xevisberi da gvaris bWeebi. Tu saqmes xe-
sisxls udrida da Sefasebuli iyo eqvs aTas visberi ver gadaWrida an es misTvis mZime
TeTrad. xevisberi ufrosi iyo rogorc mTe- saqme iyo, maSin Tavxevisbers mimarTavdnen,
li xevisa, ise Tavisi gvarisa. gvarovnul romlis gadawyvetileba TemisaTvis saval-
wes-wyobilebaSi xevisbroba memkvidreobiT debulo iyo, Tavxevisbers ebara laSqris
gadadioda. Tu xevisbris gvaridan aravin droSac.
iyo, maSin erisTavi da gamgebeli irCevda laSqrobisa da zavis saqmes arCevda da
iseT kacs, romelic mefis erTgulic iqne- wyvetda Tormetive Temis saerTo yriloba,
boda da qveynisac. xevisberi, faqtobrivad, romelsac Tavxevisberi xelmZRvanelobda.
darbazs eqvemdebareboda. Sesabamisad, xe- amisTvis iwvevdnen yvela Temis xevisbersa
visbrobac politikuri organo iyo da xe- da sapatio moxucebs da ikribebodnen min
visberi iseTive feodaluri moxele iyo, dorSi an ReleSi Ramis TeviT, Tan sursa
rogorc erisTavi, gamgebeli. Tic mihqondaT. Tavxevisbris winamZRolo-
xevisbris funqciebSi umTavresad samxedro biT adiodnen laSaris goraze, sadac Tavxe
saqmeebi Sedioda. igi iyo laSqarT Tavadi. visbris `sabWeo skami~ idga. Tavxevisberi
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mas droSa unda gamoitanda droSas da yvelani fics debdnen.
aRemarTa da win gaZRoloda laSqars. wi- Tu mterze galaSqreba gadawydeboda, Tavxe
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mamuli CamoerTmeoda visberi droSiT xelSi win miuZRoda.
da erT weliwadSi ukan daubrundeboda, Tu fSavis bWeebi mtyuans saTanado sasjelsac
daimsaxurebda. kanoniT xevisbris movaleo- miusjidnen, romelTa Soris yvelaze mZime
baSi religiuri saqmeebi ar Sedioda, Tumca iyo Caqolva da mokveTa. amave xevisbrebs
Zvel saqarTveloSi maT miiTvises es funq- ekiTxebodaT fSav-xevis sagareo saqmee-
cia da saeklesio wesebis aRmsruleblebi bis mowesrigeba da laSqrobisa da zavis
gaxdnen. xevisbers sasamarTlo saqmeebSic sakiTxebi.
mniSvnelovani roli hqonda dakisrebu- Tu daniSnul qals sxva mTxovneli gamou
li. xevisberi Tavisi wodebrivi RirsebiT Cndeboda an mSoblebi azrs Seicvlidnen,
aznaurs eTanabreboda. saqmes bWeebi iZiebdnen da Tu qalis mSo-
ufro mogvianebiT xevisbroba sxva dawese- blebisgan Tanxmoba naTqvami iyo, qali masze
bulebad iqca, romelsac safuZvlad kanoni unda gaeTxovebinaT.
aRar aqvs. xevisberi aRar aris saxelmwifo xevisbris funqciebSi Sedioda aseve daniS-
moxele. mas arc samxedro funqciebi akisria nuli qal-vaJis damwyalobeba (ix. qorwine-
da ZiriTadad religiuri saqmeebis aRms- ba, mTa, fSavi).
rulebelia. xevisbrad dadgoma xdeboda 15-16 wlis asak-
xevisberi fSavSi _ xevisberi fSavSi xatis Si xatisgan damizezebiT. xevisbrad misa
328
svlel axalgazrdas xati pataraobidanve romlebic ulvaSnafic sityvas aZlevdnen
amizezebda, avad gaxdida, an gaaqadagebda mas. am ficis aRebis Semdeg uaxloesi dResas-
da `siwmindes daavalebda~. damizezebuls waulis alionze sofels gaaRviZebda koS-
mkiTxavebi xevisbrad misvlas urCevdnen. kis Tavze gadmomdgari gagas macnis bukis
xevisbrebi xatSi mibarebuli ymebidan dge- xma. ukve diliT ori Subosani guSagi gagas
bodnen. fSavSi yvela gvars Tavisi warmo- samkvidreblis karibWes gaaRebda, saidanac
madgeneli hyavda xevisbris saxiT. yoveli medidurad gamodioda xevis gaga sauflebo
mkvidri gvaridan aucileblad dgeboda kverTxiTa da Svindisferi wamosasxamiT.
Tundac erTi xevisberi. garda mkvidri gva- gaga dumiliT miemarTeboda saman-sayudis
risa, xevisbrad dgebodnen agreTve xelde- galavnisken. mas aseve dumiliT mihyveboda
bulisa da moyvanilisganac. zogierT TemSi qudmoxdili da SeiaraRebuli vaJkacebis
ama Tu im gvaris xevisbris uflebas Sead- ori mwkrivi. saman-sayudis aRmosavleT
genda Tavxevisbrad, meTasganZed an medro- WiSkarTan kverTxiT xelSi warmoTqvamda
Sed dadgoma, magram xatSi iyvnen iseTi xe- Sesarigebel sityvas. maSinve gaiReboda
visbrebic, romlebsac jer araferi ebaraT aRmosavleTis WiSkari, saidanac ori Tma-
da mxolod `saumcroso saqmes~ akeTebdnen: gaSlili, TeTrebSi Cacmuli 10-12 wlis
SeSa mohqondaT, qadebs Wridnen da a. S. gogona Seegebeboda gagas da muxlmoyrili
xevisbrad dadgomis dros msxverplad Sesa miarTmevda mcire tablas, romelzec puri,
wir saklavTa ricxvs gansazRvravda `Tanam- marili da doqiT sufTa wyali idga. gaga
deboba~. Tavxevisbrobis SemTxvevaSi xevis- dailoceboda da kvlav sityvas warmoTq-
beri 8 cxvarsa da erT kurats swiravda. Tu vamda. mosisxleTa ori Tavkaci imeorebda
meTas-ganZed an medroSed dgeboda, maSin gagas moqmedebas.
xuT saklavs swiravda. SeiZleboda sakla- amis Semdeg mTeli procesia mihyveboda xe-
vis nawil-nawil Sewirva. Tu axalgazrda vis gagas. rodesac Tavis saufroso skamze
mxolod xevisbrad dgeboda, maSin mxolod dabrZandeboda, xalxi or mwkrivad Semo-
erT kuratsa da erT cxvars swiravda. xevis- ertymeboda sabWo adgils da gaga iwyebda
brad dadgoma ekonomikurad Zlier ojaxs saqmis garCevas.
SeeZlo. gagas brZanebiT, win wamodgeboda mosisx-
le gvaris ori Tavkaci da erobis wevrebs
moaxsenebda, rom mosisxle gvarebs surdaT
xevis gaga, xevi _ xalxis mier arCeuli xe- erTmaneTTan Serigeba, rom orive gvars
vis mmarTveli da Tavkaci. mis funqciebSi Tanabrad hqonda gaRebuli msxverpli, sa-
Sedioda TiTqmis yvela saTemo saqme. xalxi SuRlo azaric aTavebuli iyo. amis Semdeg
mas moZRvars, laSqarTbeladsa da erobis sabWos wevrebi ganeridebodnen Tavyades.
kanonmdebels uwodebda. xevis gagas, sxva sabWod mxolod gaga da sabWos 8 wevri rCe-
ufleba-movaleobasTan erTad, mindobili boda, romlebic adreve iyvnen SerCeulni
hqonda mosisxle sagvareuloebis dazaveba. gagas mier. erTmaneTTan TaTbiris Semdeg
igi iTvleboda bWeTufrosad da misi ufle- gagas meTaurobiT yvelani dazavebis ritu-
bebi adaTiT ganmtkicebuli kanonebiT gani alis aRsrulebisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas
sazRvreboda. igi Tvalyurs adevnebda Temis midiodnen.
bWeebs. sufTa adgilas amoTxridnen ormos, sadac
Cveulebriv, mosisxleTa dazaveba gvaris gaga Cumad loculobda. Semdeg mis winaSe
ufrosebisa da soflis Tavkacebis inicia- wardgebodnen Tavkacebi da muxlebze da-
tiviT xdeboda, Tu sisxli `mZime~ ar iyo. iCoqebdnen. gaga SuaSi gatexda xmals, or-
xolo Tu mesisxleoba dausrulebeli mkvle moSi Caagdebda da ityoda: `miwam zidos is
lobebiTa da sisxlis aRebiT xasiaTdeboda, codva, rac ZmaT saSuRlod daRvrila.~ ga-
maSin saWiro xdeboda saqmis saTemod aRZ- gas moqmedebas imeorebda yvela iq Sekrebi-
vra gagas meTaurobiT. manamde ki saSuRlo li. mamakacebis Semdeg qalebic swiravdnen
azari unda aTavebuliyo. gaga Tavyadeze _ Sesawirs, sayures, beWeds.... yvelaze bolos
bWobis adgilas saufroso skamze, grZel gagas macne Camovidoda koSkidan da Tavis
qvaze jdeboda. Tavdapirvelad Serigebaze zanzalakebian Subs gatexda da Caagdebda
daiyoliebda mosisxle gvarebis Tavkacebs, ormoSi.
329
xevis gaga kvlav ormos miuaxlovdeboda bebiT sargeblobda.
da erT muWa miwas miayrida, rasac yvela xevsureTSi sazogadoebrivi (mmarTvelobi-
iq damswre imeorebda. rodesac ormo mi- Ti) funqciis mqone meTemeni (qadagi, xucesi,
wiT amoivseboda, ormos TavSi sami didi da medroSe, maganZuri) amave jvaris xelosan-
patara qva Caifleboda, romelsac `samani~ Tagan gamoiyofodnen. Sesabamisad, xelosans
ewodeboda. unda Seeswavla jvarSi yvelas _ xucesis, me-
am ceremoniis Semdeg gaga dasavleT WiS droSis, mezarisa Tu sxvaTa saqme. xelosan-
krisken gaemarTeboda, sadac imave asakis Tagan jvarionis (qadagi, xucesi, medroSe,
ori ukve Tmadawnuli gogo Semoegebeboda maganZuri) gamoyofis ramdenime wesi iyo
uxvi saWmliTa da ludiT (TmagaSlili mwu xevsureTSi: 1) rigiTi, wilisyriT, jvaris
xarebisa da glovis niSania, Tmadawnili _ droebiT msaxurad; 2) qadagisgan arCeviT,
glovis mxiarulebiT Secvlisa). jvaris mudmiv msaxurad; 3) memkvidreobiTi
wesi. droebiTi msaxurni kvlav ubrunde-
xelosani, xevsureTi _ sruluflebiani bodnen xelosanTa rigebs, sanam kvlav ar
meTeme mamakaci. xelosnebad dadgoma xde- daayenebdnen romelime msaxurad.
boda 15-16 wlis asakSi, rodesac axalgazrda saxeloian, zRurbldalaxul xelosnebs,
`saxeloSi Cadgomis~ an `zRurblis dalax- garda zemoT CamoTvlili funqciebisa,
vis~ wess Seasrulebda. xelosnad gaxdomas hqondaT Semdegi uflebebi: 1) iTvlebodnen
win uZRoda xangrZlivi mosamzadebeli pe- Temis mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organos _
riodi, romelic meTeme mamakacis dabadebi- darbazis SemadgenlobaSi. darbazSi maT-
dan iwyeboda da 15-16 wlamde grZeldeboda. Tvis gankuTvnili iyo specialuri skamebi,
xelosnad gaxdomis aucilebeli piroba iyo romlebze dajdomac aravis ar SeeZlo. isi-
jvarSi gansazRvruli wesebis Sesruleba: gani eswrebodnen darbazSi purobas, Jamiswir-
naTvla, mibareba, saxeloSi Cadgoma/zRurb- vas da a.S. 2) maT wili ekuTvnodaT jvar-
lis dalaxva, romlebsac mxolod unjTagan xatis yvela SemosavalSi. iqneboda es ad-
anu mkvidrTagan dadgenili srulufle- gilis begara, ZRveni Tu sxva ram Sesawiri,
biani meTemeebi asrulebdnen. Sesabamisad, romelsac `xelis wili~ ewodeboda. magram
unj//mkvidr TemebSi yvela mamakaci xelo- zRurbldalaxul xelosanTa Sorisac arse-
sani iyo _ sruluflebiani meTeme, magram bobda diferenciacia asakisa da ama Tu im
droTa ganmavlobaSi mkvidri mosaxleo- gvaris mixedviT, romlebic upiratesobiT
bis SigniTac sazogadoebrivi uflebebis sargeblobdnen.
mixedviT moxda diferenciacia. arsebobda yvela xelosani, uflebrivi gansxvavebis
Temebi, romlebSic yvela meTeme mamakacs miuxedavad, erTnairi valdebulebebiT iyo
aRar hqonda aRniSnuli wesebis Sesrulebis dakavSirebuli jvar-xatebTan. weliwadSi
ufleba, radgan zogierT maTgans jvar-xati erTxel, e.w. did dReobebSi xelosans jvarSi
àr iTxovda~. e.i. jvar-xatis ukan dgas ara unda mieyvana erTi saklavi _ xbo, cxvari an
unji//mkvidri mosaxleobis wevri, aramed batkani. saklavs msxverplad Seswiravdnen,
nawili. TiToeul gvars ukve Tavisi warmo- sisxls ki xelebze, Sublsa da gulze icxebda
madgeneli hyavda saTemo salocavSi. xelosani. saklavis xorci jvarSi rCeboda,
xelosanTa, sruluflebianTa wris SezRud- tyavi ki patrons mihqonda saxlSi. jvarSi
vas ekonomikuri faqtoric ganapirobeb- wasvlis dros xelosans mihqonda `saSuama-
da. yvela zemoxsenebuli wesis Sesruleba vlo~, `sefe-qada~, sanTeli da arayi.
SeeZlo mxolod ekonomikurad SeZlebul Rrmad moxucebuli meTeme gamodioda xe-
ojaxebs. Tu meTemis ojaxi ver SeZlebda, losnobidan, igi jvarSi veRar Sevidoda, da
magaliTad, saxeloSi Cadgomis, an zRurb- Tu raime Tanamdeboba ekava, imisganac Tavi-
lis dalaxvis wesebis Sesrulebas, xevsu- sufldeboda.
ruli normebis mixedviT arsebobda SeRa- saTaTbirod an raime saqmis gadasawyvetad
vaTebi: axalgazrda mxolod gainaTleboda xelosnebs krebda xucesi.
erTi samsxverplo saklaviT da ise mivido-
da xelosnad, magram aseTi xelosani sru- xelSeuxebloba (sacrosanctus, sacrum – fici,
luflebianad aRar iTvleboda. igi, zRur- sanctus – xelSeuxebeli) – plebsis sazeimo
bldalaxulTan SedarebiT, naklebi ufle- fici, romlis Tanaxmadac sikvdiliT isje-
330
boda nebismieri Tavdasxma saxalxo tri- lenda, rac misi xucesad dayenebis mizezi xde-
bunebze, rac maT xelSeuxeblobis garantias boda. xucesad daniSvnis dros unda daklu-
aZlevda movaleobis Sesrulebis mTeli liyo saklavi. xucess veravin Secvlida, Tu
periodisaTvis. Zv. w. 492 w-s saxalxo tri- Tavad ar moindomebda da ar daanebda Tavs
bunebis xelSeuxebloba specialuri kanoniT xucobas. mis movaleobas saRmrTo wesebis
damtkicda. xelSeuxeblobiT sargeblobdnen aRsruleba Seadgenda: loculobda, `xucob-
aseve elCebi. da~ _ klavda saklavs, tablas akurTxebda,
micvalebuls wess ugebda, xalxs aqorwineb-
xeoba, svaneTi (svan. xeob) _ sazogadoeba- da, saRmrTos gadaixdida, xatobas xalxs am-
Ta kavSiri svaneTSi. kavSiri ikribeboda wyalobebda da a.S.
saWiroebis dros Temis maxvSis _ ufrosis xucesis movaleobaSi mkiTxaobac Sedioda.
gankargulebiT garkveul adgilebSi: mag., mas SeeZlo gaego, vis ra mouvidoda, avad
sof. `lalverSi~, laxamulasa da ifaris vin gaxdeboda, saqonels ra daemarTeboda
sazogadoebis Sua, ifaris sazogadoebaSi da a.S. igi Zilis dros TavqveS daidebda sam-
mdebare mindorze, e.w. `svimonze~ da sof. kiTxaod mosulis quds, sartyels, talavars
uSgulSi. am adgilebSi ikribebodnen ma- da swored sizmarSi xedavda mis beds.
Sin, rodesac krebaze gasarCevi saqme mTel xucess didi gavlena hqonda, igi zneobis
svaneTs exeboda. mag., Tu romelime Ta- magaliTs aZlevda sazogadoebas. xatobis
vadiSvilis gvareuloba xeobas dapyrobas dros xucesi mSvidobisa da wesierebis dam-
upirebda an Tu mTeli xeoba apirebda mezo- cvelic iyo. mas ufleba hqonda moCxubari
bel xalxebze Tavdasxmas. xevis krebaze es- daejarimebina, jarimad cxvari daekla, fu-
wrebodnen TiToeuli sazogadoebidan max- lic waerTmia.
vSiebi, ramdenime deputati da TiTo kaci sofelSi xati, droSa da ganZi xucessa da
mekomuridan. aseTi yriloba Tavisufal dekanozs ebara. dReobas maT es wminda
svaneTSi moxda 1875 w-s, roca xalxi ajanyda. nivTebi unda mietanaT im adgilas, sadac
xatoba imarTeboda. xati xucess eWira, dro-
Sa da ganZi _ dekanozebs. xatobis meoTxe
xmis micema – berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoe-
dRes saRamos miabrZanebdnen am nivTebs mi-
bSi saxalxo krebis umetes dadgenilebaTa
uval adgilas. roca xatisa da droSis wabr-
miReba, iseve rogorc calkeul sferoTa
Zanebis win xucesi da dekanozebi ludiT
magistratTa arCevnebi, xelis aweviT (cei
savse Tasebs aiRebdnen xelSi, xalxi Tavmo-
rotoniva) wydeboda. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi dad
drekili dgeboda. xucesi ki iwyebda moRa-
genilebaTa miReba xmauriani TanxmobiT
lateebis, qurdebis darisxebas, Semdeg ki
xdeboda, rogorc magaliTad sparteli efo
Tasidan luds Rvrida, ase daiRvaros maTi
rosebis arCevisas. roca saqme individs (ejp!
ojaxio. xucesis darisxebas qalebica da
ajndri;) exeboda, xmis micema saidumlo kenWis
bavSvebic unda daswrebodnen.
yriT (yhvfisma yh'fo"-idan = xmis misacemi
xucesi didi pativiT sargeblobda xalxSi,
kenWi) sruldeboda (yhvfisma amasTanave sa
nebismier Sekrebaze, lxinsa Tu WirSi, ro-
xalxo krebis dekretis saxelwodeba iyo).
gorc pirveli kaci, yvelgan TavSi ijda. mas
igive meTodi msajulTa (ix. dikastesi) mier
Seuracxyofas ver gaubedavdnen.
ganaCenis gamotanis dros gamoiyeneboda.
am Sromisa da samsaxuris fasad xucess sak-
am princips vxvdebiT ostrakismosis SemTx-
lavidan ekuTvnda fexSo da tyavi. vinaidan,
vevaSic, rodesac xmis mimcemi Tavis arCevans
xatobas bevri saklavi ikvleboda da xucess
Tixis natexze dafiqsirebiT gamoxatavda.
meti jafa uwevda, tyav-fexSoebis gayofis
dros (iyofdnen xucesebi da dekanozebi)
xucesi (xuci), xevsureTi _ xatis kaci, mas didi nawili xucess rCeboda. roca saqon-
aucileblad xati niSnavda qadagis piriT. lis Wiri Cndeboda, saqonelic xucess unda
qadagi ki xatis neba-survilis ganmcxadebe- daekla xatis Sesawirad, raTa xats sxva
li iyo. saqoneli daexsna Wirisgan.
yvela sofels Tavisi xucesi hyavda. soflis xucesi xatobamde eqvsi kviriT adre icavda
gareT misi xucesoba ar vrceldeboda. xucess siwmindes. ar unda mikareboda cols. Tu
xati irCevda. mas raime avadmyofobas mouv- ZilSi cols an sxva qals naxavda, aucile-
331
blad unda ganbaniliyo, Tumca xucoba mainc paneTSi gaemgzavra. jarSi msaxurobda. ro-
aRar SeeZlo im dros. xucesi erideboda mis imperatorma traianusma hadrianuss Ta-
rogorc naboslar qals, ise Tavad bosels visi naTesavi sabina miaTxova (ax. w. 100 w.).
da im gzas, romelzec, SesaZloa, naboslars hadrianusi monawileobas iRebda dakiisa da
gaevlo. mas aucileblad unda emarxula, parTiis brZolaSi, ax. w. 108 w-s iyo konsuli
xel-piri daebana, xolo didi xatobis dros da nacvali panoniasa da siriaSi. traianusma
ki mTeli tani ganebana. sikvdilis win iSvila da memkvidred gamo-
acxada. hadrianusma ar gaagrZela Tavisi
winamorbedis dampyrobluri politika, ax.
j w. 117 w-s uari Tqva armeniasa da mesopo-
jariskacTa imperatorebi _ ax. w. 235-284 tamiaze, daamTavra parTiis omi da izruna
ww-is romaeli imperatorebi, romlebic sazRvrebis dacvaze. xangrZliv mogzauro-
swrafad cvlidnen erTmaneTs da romelTa baSi ax. w. 121-125 ww-Si (xSirad fexiTac da-
taxtis dasayrdeni jari iyo. jari imperiis dioda) amowmebda (ìmperatoris mogzauro-
pirvelive wlebidan mWidrod iyo dakav- ba~) dasavleT da aRmosavleT provinciebs
Sirebuli xelisuflebasTan. I-III ss-Si rom- (britaniidan egviptemde), ax. w. 128 w-s af-
Si Zalaufleba xSirad icvleboda. am cvli- rikasa da ax. w. 128-132 ww-Si kvlav aRmosav-
lebaSi did rols TamaSobda pretorianTa leT provinciebs, igebda mcxovreblebis
gvardia. 68-69 da 193-197 ww-Si movlenaTa mdgomareobas, urigebda pursa da fuls,
cvlilebebze didi gavlena moaxdina pro- mowyalebas iCenda. Sida politikaSi hadri-
vinciis legionebma, magram severusis dros anusma senatis gavlena Seamcira. ax. w. 118 w-s
legionerebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad man brZana, sikvdiliT daesajaT traianusis
acxadebdnen TavianT mxedarTmTavrebs umaR- oTxi senatori – mxedarTmTavari, ax. w. 136
les mmarTvelebad, rasac samoqalaqo omi w-s ki – sxva senatorebic, romlebic mis wi-
mohyveboda. taxtis xelSi Cagdebis aseTi xe- naaRmdeg SeTqmulebas awyobdnen.
rxi imperiis krizisis droisTvis (ax. w. III adrindeli solomonis taZris adgilze iu-
s.) iyo damaxasiaTebeli. mosaxleobis fenebs piteris taZris mSeneblobiT iudevelebi
Soris brZolaSi gamomJRavnda dapirispire- gaanawyena, isini mis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen,
ba qalaqis saSualo fenasa (romelTa meur- magram hadrianusma iudevelebis (580 000
neobaSi umeteswilad monebi muSaobdnen) da kaci) bolo didi ajanyeba mkacrad CaaxSo
da msxvil miwaTmoqmedebs Soris, romlebic (ax. w. 132-135 ww.).
koloniebs uwevdnen eqspluatacias. hadrianusma moxeleTa aparatis SeqmniT
imperatoris Zalaufleba gaamyara. upir
jurumi (jarima), xevsureTi _ gamosasyidi. veles yovlisa, axlad Seqmnil saxelmwifo
Tu gardaicvleboda gaxiznuli mkvlelis sabWoSi azatebis nacvlad TanamSromlo-
romelime naTesavi, romelic masTan erTad bisaTvis moiwvia mxedrebi. unifikaciis wya
iyo dabrunebuli sofelSi, damarxvis ufle- lobiT uvado ediqtma (edictum perpetuum)
ba ar hqondaT, sanam moklulis naTesavebs pretorebis uflebis ganviTareba daasrula.
jurums _ sam cxvars ar miscemdnen. aseTive samarTlebriv da finansur reformebTan
gamosasyidi iyo daniSnuli im SemTxvevisT- erTad gatarda jaris reforma, romelic
visac, Tu mkvlelis ojaxi moipovebda sam- jariskacebs saSualebas aZlevda mxedrebis
locveloSi misvlis an wisqvilSi wylis fenamde amaRlebuliyvnen. gadasaxadebis
daTmobis uflebas. Sesustebas, kolonebze zrunvas, monuri
uflebebis humanizacias saxelmwifos konso
lidacia unda moexdina.
h hadrianusma italiaSi bevri skola daaarsa
da maswavleblebs xelfasi dauniSna. igi aq-
hadrianusi/adriane (Hadrianus Caesar Traia- tiur samSeneblo muSaobas eweoda – romSi
nus Augustus) (ax. w. 76-138 ww.) _ romaeli aSenda panTeoni da mavsoleumi (Taname-
imperatori (ax. w. 117 w-dan); ymawvili did drove wm. angelozis taZari). tibris max-
interess iCenda mecnierebebisadmi, adre loblad mdebare mis vilaSi, sasaxleebian,
daiwyo saxelmwifo samsaxuri. 15 wlis es- biblioTekian, Termebian da palestrian
332
monumentur kompleqsSi dadga aTenis `stoa mTeli krebulis aRsaniSnavad; Sesabamisad,
poikiles~ asli. provinciebSi xeli Seuwyo hJliasthv" niSnavda `msajuls~ _ dikasthv"-is
romanizacias, qalaqebisa (maT Soris had sinonims. magram ufro xSirad heliaia nax-
rianopolisis) da koloniebis daarsebas, mari iyo erTi konkretuli sasamarTlos _
kvlav aRadgina ierusalimi da gaaSena. eli- TesmoTetesebis sasamarTlos aRsaniSnavad.
nofili hadrianusi xelovnebas, filosofias
mfarvelobda, aTens amkobda SesaniSnavi hetairiebi/heteriebi (eJtairivai) _ `megobar-
nagebobebiT (olimpeioni). misi brZanebiT Ta~ (eJtai'roi) gaerTianebebi. zogierT kre
gamoica hadrianusis mudmivi ediqti (edic- tul qalaqSi moqalaqeebi hetairiebad
tum perpetuum Hadriani), hadrianusis werili iyvnen dajgufebulni, rac samxedro sistemis
(epistula Hadriani), hadrianusis sityva (oratio nawilebs hqmnida. am gaerTianebis TiToeul
Hadriani), hadrianusis brZanebuleba (rescrip- wevrs hqonda Tavisi magida saerTo sadi-
tum Hadriani), hadrianusis kanoni (lex Hadri- lebsa Tu qalaqis àndreionSi~. arsebobs
ana). uSvilo hadrianusma iSvila Tavisi mem- monacemebi, rom sityvebi eJtai'ro" da eJtairiva
kvidre antoninus piusi. profesionaluri gildiebis mniSvnelobi
Tac gamoiyeneboda, Tumca CvenTvis yvelaze
helenotamiasebi _ sityvasityviT `berZen- metad nacnobi hetairiebi politikur fraq
Ta xazinadrebi~, delosis ligis finansuri ciebs warmoadgenda, rac imas niSnavs,
zedamxedvelni. Zv. w. 474-454 ww-Si maTi Stab- rom isini TanamzraxvelTa met-naklebad
bina delosze mdebareobda, Semdeg igi aTen droebiTi gaerTianebebi iyo. calkeul Sem
Si gadaitanes. helenotamiasebi Tavdapirve- TxvevebSi maT sunwmosivai ewodebodaT (sa
lad aTi aTeneli moqalaqe iyo, romelTa xelwodeba erTgulebis ficidan momdina
arCevnebic aTenSi imarTeboda. Zv. w. 454 reobda). hetairiebi saberZneTis mraval
w-is Semdeg maTi arCeva, savaraudod, xmis qalaqSi dasturdeba arqauli periodidan
micemiT xdeboda, Cveulebriv TiTo hele- moyolebuli romauli periodis CaTvliT.
notamiasi TiTo filedan iyo arCeuli. de- isini arsebuli reJimis SenarCunebisa Tu
losis ligaSi Semavali qalaqebidan xarks misi gadagdebisaTvis, liderebis pirovnuli
helenotamiasebi apodeqtesebis meSveobiT ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad da sasamarT-
Rebulobdnen. maT audits logistebi awar- loebsa Tu arCevnebSi urTierTdaxmarebis
moebdnen. helenotamiasebs evalebodaT, mizniT iyvnen Seqmnilni. aTenSi politi-
ganekargaT miRebuli xarki, saxalxo krebis kuri liderebi kilonidan moyolebuli he-
miTiTebiT gadaecaT igi daniSnulebisamebr tairiebs qmnidnen. am wesidan gamonaklisi,
_ umTavresad strategosebisaTvis, calkeul gadmocemis Tanaxmad, aristidesi iyo. de-
SemTxvevebSi ki sxva miznebisTvis, ase maga mokratiis gamarjvebis Semdeg misi mowi-
liTad, akropolisis mSeneblobisaTvis. Zv. naaRmdegeebi xSirad hetairiebis meSveobiT
w. 411 w-is Semdeg maTi uflebebi gafarTovda moqmedebdnen, ase magaliTad, 400-Ta mmarT-
(ix. kolakretesebi). Zv. w. 404 w-s aTenis impe- velobis da ocdaaTi tiranis SemTxvevebSi.
riis dacemis Semdeg helenotamiasis Tanam- hetairiebis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis
deboba gauqmda. Sesaxeb oratorebis mier damowmebuli
kanoni Zv. w. 403 w-s demokratiis aRdgenis
heliaia (hJliaiva) – rogorc Cans, es termini dros unda yofiliyo miRebuli.
Tavdapirvelad mxolod krebis aRmniS-
vneli unda yofiliyo. Tumca aTenSi igi hetera (eJtaivra) _ `mamakacTa Tanamgzavri~.
ixmareboda moqalaqeTa im Tavyrilobebis pirvelad es termini herodotesTan (he
aRsaniSnavad, romlebic Sekrebili iyvnen an rodote, 2. 134) dasturdeba. heterebi meZavi
magistratebis ganaCenTa winaaRmdeg apela- qalebi iyvnen, romlebic seqsualuri sur-
ciis (efesisis) mosasmenad, anda garkveuli vilebiT vaWrobdnen. iseve rogorc antiku-
sazRvrebis zemoT sasjelis dasadebad so robaSi, dResac mecnierebaSi araa erTiani
lonis mier Semotanili proceduris Sesa- Tvalsazrisi, Tu meZavTa romel kategorias
bamisad. mas Semdeg rac es funqcia dikaste- moicavs termini `hetera~. erTi mosazrebis
sebs _ msajulebs daekisraT, heliaia zogi- Tanaxmad, es iyo ubralod atikuri evfe
erT SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda msajulTa mizmi mTlianad meZavTa fenisa (monisac da
333
Tavisufalisac), iqnebodnen isini qurumis garkveuli socialuri fena, romlebic ama
prostitutebi, qalaqis an kerZo saroskipos Tu im kerZo piris pirad sakuTrebaSi myof
meZavebi, Tu daxvewili, inteleqtualurad monebs ar warmoadgendnen. leqsikografos
gawvrTnili, ZviradRirebuli kurtizanebi poluqsis ganmartebiT, monebsa da Tavi-
(megalomivsqwoi). sxva Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, sufalTa Soris Sualeduri mdgomareoba
heterebi dabali rangis pornhv-sa (prostitu- ekavaT lakedemonel helotebs, Tesaliel
ti) da pollavkh-sagan (xarWisagan) gansxvave- penestebsa da kretel klarotebsa da mnoi-
biT, socialurad maRal safexurze mdgom tebs (poluqsi, onomastikoni, 3, 83). monebi-
meZavebs ewodebodaT. maTi movaleoba ma- sagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic sxva qveyne-
makacTa garToba iyo. aki ambobs kidec demo- bidan CamohyavdaT, helotebi TavianT saku-
sTenes oratori, rom heterebi siamovnebis Tar teritoriaze iqnen damorCilebulni,
mosaniWeblad gvyavso (demosTene, LIX, 122). savaraudod, an bneli wlebis epoqaSi, anda
am miznisaTvis heterebs inteleqtualurad mogvianebiT, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis
wvrTnidnen, aswavlidnen poeziasa da musi- mimarTulebiT berZenTa eqspansiis dros.
kas. Tumca xSirad heterebis ganswavlulo- helotebi, umeteswilad, miwaTmoqmedebasa
ba gadaWarbebiT aris Sefasebuli. hetera da mesaqonleobas eweodnen. maT gamorCeu-
ufro metad gawvrTnili piri iyo, vidre li roli SedarebiT naklebad urbanizebul
dabadebiT kulturuli pirovneba. maT So- qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi hqondaT. helote-
ris yvelaze momxiblavni da niWierni (mag., bis Sesaxeb cnobebi, umTavresad, spartidan
frine, laisi, neera, Taisi, leontioni) gamo- mogvepoveba.
Cenili politikosebis, filosofosebis Tu lakoniaSi helotTa sistemis warmoqmna,
xelovanTa sayvarelni xdebodnen. rogorc Cans, mikenuri epoqis dasrulebis
yvelaze cnobili hetera perikles sayvare- Semdeg gaSlil migraciul da Tavidan da-
li aspasia iyo. aspasiaze bevrs werdnen da saxlebis procesebs ukavSirdeba. helotTa
kamaTobdnen antikurobaSi. Tumca mis Sesa- ricxvi ara marto spartiatebis, aramed la-
xeb mravali urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tval- koniis Tavisufali mosaxleobis raodeno-
sazrisia gamoTqmuli, erTi udavoa, aspasia bas aRemateboda. monebisagan gansxvavebiT,
Tavisi epoqis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCi- helotebi ojaxur da erTobis Tavdapirvel
no da saintereso qali gaxldaT. rogorc kavSirebs inarCunebdnen. isini saxelmwifos
Cans, aspasias mxatvrulma saxem gaaerTia- `kuTvnilebaSi~ iyvnen (straboni, 8. 5. 4),
na yvela is ostatoba, codna da warmateba, romelsac erTaderTs xelewifeboda maTi
romlisTvisac ki qals antikur epoqaSi Te- gaTavisufleba. amas adgili mxolod gansa-
oriulad SeiZleboda mieRwia. kuTrebul SemTxvevebSi hqonda. ase magali-
heterebis e. w. `didi epoqidan~ (Zv. w. V s-is Tad, peloponesis omSi mamakacTa ricxvis
bolo _ Zv. w. III s.) momdinareobs yvelaze klebam aiZula spartelebi, rom hoplitTa
cnobil heteraTa ambebi, am dros warmoiqm- danayofebSi mravali heloti SeeyvanaT.
na maT Sesaxeb didZali literatura. axal klerosebze (miwis nakveTebze) mimagrebuli
komediaSi am profesiis realuri da fiqti- helotebis movaleobas spartiatebis sur-
uri warmomadgenlebi moqmedebdnen. hetera- saT-sanovagiT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgen-
Ta mimarT damokidebuleba am JanrSi cini- da. isini spartiatebs gansazRvrul Ralas
kuridan romantikulamde meryeobs. uxdidnen (namats Tavad itovebdnen). ar aris
cnobili, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo konkretul
hibari, svaneTi _ jarima, romelsac ixdid- spartiats ganekarga Tavisi heloti _ mieca
nen qurdobis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebisa da igi saCuqrad an mziTvSi, an Tundac gaeyida.
naqurdalis patronis sasargeblod. aseve, helotTa dasjis SemTxvevebs rogorc sa-
Tu yrilobis nebarTvis gareSe vinme ucxo xelmwifos, ise kerZo pirTa mxridan hqonda
qveyanaSi gaemgzavreboda, mas jarimad hi- adgili.
bars axdevinebdnen. spartelebi helotebs erTob daundoblad
epyrobodnen. eforosebi periodulad maT
heloti (ei{lw") _ zogierT berZnul qalaq- oms ucxadebdnen. helotebi xSirad amJRav-
saxelmwifoSi arsebobda mosaxleobis nebdnen ukmayofilebas, rac zogjer amboxe-
334
bis saxes iRebda. es garemoeba maT mimarT
spartiatebis mudmivi SiSisa da undoblobis
mizezi iyo.
hopliti (oJplivth") _ mZimed SeiaraRebuli

qveiTi meomari berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwi-
foebis sajariso formirebebSi. hoplite-
bi ibrZodnen Sekrul falangebSi, romle-
bic Zv. w. VII s-idan moyolebuli aTensa da
spartaSi samxedro Zalebis organizaciis
gadamwyveti sistema gaxda. hoplitis aR-
Wurviloba Sedgeboda muzaradis, javSanis,
sabarkulisa da mZime farisagan, romelic
misi mTavari TavdacviTi saSualeba iyo.
hoplitis mTavar sabrZolo iaraRs Subi da
mokle maxvili warmoadgenda. hoplitebad
msaxurobdnen is moqalaqeni, romelTac ar
SeeZloT cxenebis Senaxva, Tumca gaaCndaT
imis saxsrebi, rom sakuTari Tavi TviTon
aReWurvaT. Zv. w. V s-is dasasruls aTenSi
hoplitad kvalifikacia ZevgitTa soloni-
seul klass Seesabameboda.
335
ilustraciebi:
1) Temisi, brazilia, avtori _ alfredo keSiati
2) demokratia, aTenis agoras muzeumi, S 2370, daaxl. Zv.w. 335-330 ww.
3) arete, efeso, celsusis biblioTeka
4) klisTenesi, Tanamedrove biusti, ohaio, mTavrobis saxli
5) perikle, biusti saxelwodebiT ,,aTeneli perikle, qsanTiposis vaJi”, berZnuli

originalis romauli asli (Zv. w. 430 w.)
6) Zmebi grakqusebi, eJen giiomi, (1853 w.), luvri
7) nemesisi, ax. w. II s., luvri, (Ma 4873)
8) Temisis marmarilos qandakeba nemesisis taZridan, ramnusi, atika, moqandake: xeres-

tratosi, Zv. w. III s., aTenis arqeologiuri muzeumi, № 231
9) aTenis agora
10) SPQR (senatus populusque Romanus) – abreviatura (senati da romaeli xalxi), romis
respublikis mmarTvelobis forma; milani, vitorio emanuelis galerea
11) aTenis stoa (rekonstruirebuli)
12) maxvSis savarZeli, svaneTi
13) laSaris jvari, xevsureTi
14) vaxtang VI, ucnobi mxatvari, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi. Tbilisi
15) daviT aRmaSenebeli, SiomRvimis freska
336

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis instituti

redaqtori qeTevan abesaZe

The Democratic Tendencies: Ancient World and Georgia

mxatvari: guga kotetiSvili

ydis kompiuteruli damuSaveba: aleqsandre jiquriZe

dakabadoneba: irine stroganova

poligrafiuli uzrunvelyofa: goCa kevliSvili, daviT mujiri

© sagamomcemlo programa `logosi~, 2012

1. sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo mowyoba...............................15

1.1. wodebrivi da Tanamdebobrivi diferenciacia....................19

2. ekonomika / ekonomikuri struqturebi

5. demokratiuli reformebi da reformatorebi................ 80

oc weliwadze metia saqarTvelo cdilobs demokratiis gzaze siaruls. am gzaze gvqonda

demokratia, rogorc cnobilia, berZnuli sityvaa da `xalxis mmarTvelobas~ niSnavs.

klasikuri xanis berZnul-romauli samyaros sazogadoebrivi mowyobis safuZveli jer

1.1. wodebrivi da Tanamdebobrivi diferenciacia

samoxeleo aparati yvelaze ganviTarebuli saxiT, cxadia, romSia warmodgenili. es exe-

1.2. marTvis koleqtiuri organoebi

rogorc cnobilia, demokratiam, rogorc mmarTvelobis formam saberZneTSi Zv. w. V s-Si

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis nebismieri formis dros, iqneboda es monarqia Tu respub-

ekonomikuri struqturebi uZvelesi civilizaciebis ganviTarebasTan erTad yalibde-

saxelmwifos demokratiulobis xarisxis gansazRvrisas erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan

aTenis kanonSemoqmedeba am sferos demokratiulobis uprecendento magaliTs war-

zogadad patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi, iqneba es antikuri samyaros demokratiuli re-

demokratiis ganviTarebis, demokratiuli faseulobebis damkvidrebaSi didi wvlili

a mdeblobamde, isini warmoadgendnen xalxs

grafe paranomoni (grafhv paranovmwn) _ aT-

mZevali, xevsureTi _ Tavmdebi. rodesac mwignobarTuxucesi _ mwignobarTa ufrosi,

niSnoba, saberZneTi (ejgguvh) – qorwinebis erT- nobiliteti (nobilitas — dideba, gvariSvi-

nomoTetesi (nomoqevth") _ `kanonis Semqmne- noticia dignitatumi (`Notitia Dignitatum~)

proletarebi (proles _ STamomavlebi, ro- prostitucia (prostitutio _ garyvnilebis, na­

samparavTmeZeblo samarTali _ gaerTiane­

hopliti (oJplivth") _ mZimed SeiaraRebuli

1) Temisi, brazilia, avtori _ alfredo keSiati

2) demokratia, aTenis agoras muzeumi, S 2370, daaxl. Zv.w. 335-330 ww.

3) arete, efeso, celsusis biblioTeka

4) klisTenesi, Tanamedrove biusti, ohaio, mTavrobis saxli

5) perikle, biusti saxelwodebiT ,,aTeneli perikle, qsanTiposis vaJi”, berZnuli

6) Zmebi grakqusebi, eJen giiomi, (1853 w.), luvri

7) nemesisi, ax. w. II s., luvri, (Ma 4873)

8) Temisis marmarilos qandakeba nemesisis taZridan, ramnusi, atika, moqandake: xeres-

11) aTenis stoa (rekonstruirebuli)

12) maxvSis savarZeli, svaneTi

13) laSaris jvari, xevsureTi

14) vaxtang VI, ucnobi mxatvari, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi. Tbilisi

15) daviT aRmaSenebeli, SiomRvimis freska

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