Tema 4. pretacia. amitom mkvlevars naratiuli niWi unda hqondes.
am mxriv sainteresoa,
dakvirveba
intervius nebismier saxeobas (maT Soris siRrmiseul intervius da fokus-
jgufs) informaciis Segrovebis verbaluri saSualebebi udevs safuZvlad. magram
adamianTa cxovrebaSi ara naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs moqmedebebs, qcevebs,
urTierTobas, da am moqmedebebs Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa sityvierad aRwera
da gadmocema respondents SeiZleba gauWirdes; damaxinjebulad gadmogvces
isini; an ubralod ar CaTvalos laparakis Rirsad. arada, es SeiZleba iyos
moqmedebebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac socialuri cxovrebis analizisaTvis Zalze
didia. zog SemTxvevaSi respondentebi ar aqceven yuradRebas sakuTari qcevis
garkveul detalebs, amitom intervius dros ver ixseneben maT; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki
isini arasworad ixsomeben imas, Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi. socialuri
mecnierebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom adamianebi ar arian sakuTari qcevis
kargi aRmwerebi, da ver gvawvdian sando informacias mis Sesaxeb.50
situaciebSi, rodesac intervius verc erT saxeobas ver gamoviyenebT,
CvenTvis saWiro informaciis mopovebaSi dakvirveba dagvexmareba.
dakvirvebis meTodi Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi.
yvelaze xSirad am meTods antropologebi da eTnografebi mimarTaven
gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelebis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT, da aq
sityva “kultura” Zalze farTo gagebiT ixmareba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sxva,
SedarebiT mcirericxovani da naklebad cnobili socialuri jgufis kultura
(magaliTad, rok-musikosebis; damnaSaveebis; mecxvareebis) da maTi cxovrebis
Sinagani wesebis dadgena, aseve antropologiuri gamokvlevebi — naklebad
cnobili tomis an eris cxovreba an am cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, iqneba es maTi
religiuri wes-Cveulebebi; Taobebs Soris urTierToba; Sromis ganawileba, Tu
sxva. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kvleva Soreul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SedarebiT
naklebad Seswavlil kunZulebze, magram Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi
savsebiT miRebulia, mivmarToT dakvirvebas Cvensave qalaqebSi mcxovrebi xalxis
subkulturis Seswavlis mizniT.
dakvirvebis meTodis Teoretikosebi, kerZod, h.r.bernardi, xazs usvamen im
garemoebas, rom damkvirveblis amocana gacilebiT iolia misTvis ucxo
kulturaSi muSaobis dros; es amocana mniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, rodesac mas
mSobliur kulturaSi uwevs dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom
mSobliur kulturaSi Cven “bunebrivad” aRviqvamT da Cveulebrivad gveCveneba
moqmedebebisa da reaqciebis umravlesoba, romlebic mraval kiTxvas warmoSoben,
Tu maT miukerZoebeli TvaliT SevxedavT; zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi ki
SeiZleba saerTod yuradRebis gareSe dagvrCes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom
isini Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da miCveulebi varT maT.
dakvirveba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebriv meTods warmoadgens, romlis
umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom is bunebriv garemoSi xorcieldeba, iq, sadac rea-
lurad mimdinareobs cxovreba, da ara “laboratoriul” pirobebSi, rogoricaa
mkvlevris ofisi. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs am meTodis specifikas da
masTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom
Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoirCeva Tavisi araformaluri xasiaTiT, es gansakuTrebiT
sworia dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmetyveleba,
Tu vin Sexvdeba mkvlevars quCaSi an kafeSi; rodis, ra pirobebSi da ra Temaze
mouwevs intervius Catareba; ra movlenebis momswre gaxdeba dRis manZilze.
iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis warmoebis yvelaze mizanSewonili obieqtia yovel-
dRiuri saqmianoba, romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe meordeba dRidan
dRemde. es SeiZleba iyos urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris samuSao saaTebSi;
Tavisufali drois organizacia ojaxSi an megobarTa wreSi; saswavlo procesi
(skolSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi); bazris cxovreba an maRaziaSi myidvelebis
50
Robert S. Weiss. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York:
Free Press. P. 236.
48
rom am meTodis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac jer ar arsebobda Teoriuli
literatura mis Sesaxeb, Cikagos universitetis studentebs urCevdnen, ekiTxaT
romanebi da avtobiografiuli Txzulebebi, romlebic Tanamimdevrulad asaxaven
adamianis an jgufis cxovrebas da amdenad garkveulwilad avsebdnen arsebul
sicarieles.
Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis yvelaze
mizanSewonil “saitebad” iTvleboda did qalaqebs da sxva dasaxlebebs
mowyvetili patara soflebi da mcire izolirebuli tomebi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv,
maTi mosaxleobis kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianoba SesaZlebels xdida, aseTi
dasaxlebebi ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc kulturuli erToba, xolo meore
mxriv, maTi mcire zoma da mosaxleobis mcire raodenoba aseT Seswavlas
SesaZlebels xdida erTi adamianis ZalebiTac ki.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi monografiuli gamokvlevis meSveobiT Seiswavlian
iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi,
socialuri daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove samrewvelo
organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca,
iseve rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT
mcire Temebis an organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa SesaZlebeli
iyos mkvlevris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebTan.
saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania aRweros Sesaswavli
jgufis cxovreba da gaaanalizos am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi,
SeZlebisdagvarad — gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi arsebuli ierarqiis,
urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S. Sesaxeb.
“SIDEWALK”: monografiuli gamokvlevis erTi magaliTi
Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso
magaliTia mitCel dunieris wigni “Sidewalk” (“trotuari”)74. es wigni am meTodis
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba, romelmac ramdenime premiac ki
miiRo75. garda imisa, rom es saintereso da SemecnebiTi kvlevaa, is amave dros
inovaciurisaa rogorc savele samuSaoebis Catarebis, aseve Sedegebis
warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT — is uxvadaa ilustrirebuli fotosuraTebiT,
romlebic “Cikago tribiun”-is fotokorespondentma ovi karterma gadauRo
dunieris TxovniT aqtorebs da im garemos, sadac maT uwevdaT cxovreba da
muSaoba (da, ra Tqma unda, suraTebi aqtorebis nebarTviT iqna gadaRebuli).
Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT naxos is adamianebi,
romlebic wignis mTavari gmirebi arian, dainaxos is garemo, sadac isini
cxovroben da muSaoben. garda amisa, dunieris kvleva erT-erTi im kvlevaTagania,
romlis procesSic ganviTarda gansakuTrebiT mWidro urTierToba da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, inteleqtualuri TanamSromloba mkvlevarsa da informantebis Soris;
dunierma saSualeba misca informantebs, gacnobodnen wignis xelnawers da
TavianTi SeniSvnebi gamoeTqvaT. dunieris kvleva imiTac gamoirCeva, rom man
gamomcemlobasTan gaaforma kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac mis informantebs
wignis gayidvidan Semosuli mogebis garkveuli procenti unda mieRoT. ufro
metic, dunierma miiwvia Tavisi ZiriTadi informanti, hakim hasani Tavis
universitetSi da masTan erTad uZRveboda seminars bakalavrebisaTvis “Savi
amerikis quCis cxovreba da gonebrivi cxovreba” (“The Life of the Street and the Life of
Mind in Black America”); dunierma, agreTve SesTavaza hakim hasans, misi wignis
blosityvaobis avtori yofiliyo, razec hasans uari ar uTqvams.
dunieris kvleva, iseve rogorc bevri sxva monografiuli gamokvleva,
sruliad SemTxveviT daiwyo. niu-iorkSi myofi dunieris yuradReba miipyro
wignebis erT-erTma quCis movaWrem — hakim hasanma, romlis magidazec man Tavisi
wigni dainaxa.
74
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
75
Los Angeles Time Book Prize da The C.Wright Mills Award.
65
kvleviTi midgoma (romelic meTodebis vrcel arsenals aerTianebs), da ara
romelime erTi calkeuli meTodi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvas dadebiTad unda
vupasuxoT.
ra Tqma unda, mravali meTodis gamoyenebisas moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo
gansxvavebuli, zogjer — sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miReba. Tumca, “raodenobrivi”
mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi amas ar aRiqvamen
rogorc saSiSroebas, aramed rogorc kidev erT SesaZleblobas, miRebul
Sedegebs gansxvavebuli TvaliT SevxedoT, rac, saboloo jamSi, sruli da
yovelmxrivi suraTis daxatvaSi unda dagvexmaros. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom monografiul gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi savsebiT ar
Semoifargleboda mxolod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT — piriqiT, isini xSirad
mdidrdeboda statistikuri da raodenobrivi monacemebiT. Cikagos skolis erT-
erTi lideris, ernest berjesis TqmiT, “ori midgomis Tanamoqmedeba ueWvelad
yvelaze nayofieri iqneba”69.
rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, kvleviTi amocanebis dasaxva
monografiuli gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
mkvlevarma daiwyo savele samuSaoebi, amitom TviTon gamokvleva iwyeba, rogorc
wesi, gamokvlevis saerTo Temis gansazRvriT, da ara konkretuli hipoTezebis
SemuSavebiT. amis Sedegad monografiuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebuli moqnilo-
biT gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc robert iini aRniSnavs, “paradoqsaluria, magram
rac ufro “rbilia” kvleviTi strategia, miT ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebelia
is praqtikulad”70.
monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebaSi Zalian didia mkvlevris roli da
Zalian bevria damokidebuli am ukanasknelis profesiulobaze. monografiuli
gamokvlevis Catarebis dros mkvlevari ar aris daculi emociuri stresisagan,
romelic yovelTvis Tan axlavs CarTul dakvirvebas. amitom kvlevis dawyebamde
mis mier kargad unda iyos gaTviTcnobierebuli mis winaSe mdgari sirTuleebi.
ZiriTadad mkvlevarzea damokidebuli, Tu rogor gansazRvravs is
gamokvlvevis xangrZlivobas — is SeiZleba gagrZeldes rogorc ramdenime Tve,
aseve ramdenime weli. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda damTavrdes savele
samuSaoebi. metic, rogorc u.f.uaiTi aRiarebs, “romelime Temis an organizaciis
Seswavlas ar SeiZleba, raime logikuri dasasruli hqondes. rac ufro mets
igebT, miT ukeT gesmiT, Tu ra dagrCaT kidev Sesaswavli”71.
iTvleba, rom monografiuli gamokvleva yvelaze efeqturia rogorc
romelime socialuri problemis winaswar Seswavlis, misi pirveladi aRweris
saSualeba, amitom praqtikaSi es meTodi yvelaze xSirad aRweriT fuqncias
asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve xedavda am meTodis rols Cikagos skolis
warmomadgeneli vivien palmeri, am meTodisadmi miZRvnili pirveli saxel-
mZRvanelos72 avtori (es saxelmRvanelo 1928 wels gamovida). Tumca Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom am meTods savsebiT Seswevs
Zala, ara marto aRweros, aramed, agreTve axsnas esa Tu is socialuri situacia;
kerZod, robert iini gamoyofs monografiuli gamokvlevebis or gansxvavebul
saxeobas — romlebic aRweren socialur sinamdviles da romlebic xsnian mas.73
monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi vrceli angariSis, xSirad ki — wignis
saxiT xdeba xolme cnobili, sadac avtori cdilobs, SesTavazos mkiTxvels
Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis Rirebulebebis da normebis Taviseburi inter-
69
citirebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Martin Bulmer. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology.
Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago and London: The University
of Chicago Press. P. 162.
70
Robert K Yin. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
P. 16.
71
William F. Whyte. 1993. Street Corner Society. The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Fourth Edition.
Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 324-325.
72
Viven M. Palmer. 1928. Field Studies in Sociology: A Student’s Manual. Chicago, Ill.: The University of
Chicago Press.
73
Robert K. Yin. Op. cit.
64
qceva, da sxva. mklevris uSualo interesi SeiZleba iyos xalxis Cacmuloba ama Tu
im situaciaSi; an mosaxleobis quCaSi moZraobis siCqare, nacnobebTan
gamosaubrebis mizniT SeCerebis sixSire da am SeCerebebis xangrZlivoba.
iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda51, kvlevis procesSi damkvirvebeli Zalauneburad
axdens gavlenas moqmed pirebze da socialur situaciebze, romelSic isini arian
CarTulni. es gavlena cnobilia rogorc reaqtiuloba — ician ra, rom maT
moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu
rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da
saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara,
isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram
dakvirvebis warmoebisas Zalze seriozul problemas warmoadgens, vinaidan
amaxinjebs Sedegebs. misi srulad gadalaxva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca
arsebobs misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT.
meTodis daxasiaTeba
iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva tipis gamokvleva, dakvirveba Sesaswavli
erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. es SeiZleba iyos:
o adgili, sadac xdeba moqmedeba. specialur literaturaSi es adgili
moxsenieba rogorc “saiti” (ingl. site);
o adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian CvenTvis saintereso saqmianobaSi da
vis moqmedebebsac vakvirdebiT, anu “aqtorebi” (ingl. actor);
o TviTon moqmedeba an saqmianoba (scenebi), situaciebi, movlenebi, romlebsac
uSualod vakvirdebiT; da
o nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.
socialur gamokvlevebSi dakvirvebis meTodi iSviaTad gvxvdeba rogorc
kvlevis erTaderTi meTodi. es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc vTqviT, dakvirveba
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis cxov-
rebis wesis Seswavlis mizniT, aseTi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia mxolod dakvirvebis
meSveobiT — is aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sxva meTodebis gamoyenebasac, upirve-
les yovlisa — gasaubrebas Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan da eqsperteb-
Tan, romlebic dagvexmarebian sworad avxsnaT is, rac davafiqsireT dakvirvebis
dros. gasaubreba ki, ra Tqma unda, intervius erT-erTi saxeobaa. amitom “sufTa”,
an “ubralo” dakvirveba, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari ar amyarebs urTi-
erTobas aqtorebTan, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. rogorc
wesi, dakvirvebis meTodi ixmareba kompleqsurad sxva meTodebTan — upirveles
yovlisa, interviusTan erTad, da am meTodiT muSaobisas mkvlevari Zalaune-
burad erTveba socialur situaciaSi, romelSic aqtorebi monawileoben.
mkvlevris monawileoba socialur situaciaSi, misi CarTva im procesebSi,
romlebsac is Seiswavlis, SeiZleba sxvadasxva intnsiurobiT moxdes. am intensi-
urobidan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa CarTvis Semdegi tipebi:52
CarTvis intensiuroba CarTvis tipi
maRali sruli (“CarTuli dakvirveba”)
aqtiuri
saSualo
mokrZalebuli
dabali pasiuri
mkvlevari ar iRebs monawileobas ar aris “CarTva”
socialur situaciaSi
(“ubralo dakvirveba”)
51
aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba CavTvaloT situacia, rodesac Sesaswavli obieqti ver
igrZnobs damkvirveblis arsebobas — erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia dakvirveba xalxmraval
adgilebSi.
52
ix. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. gv. 58.
49
 “ubralo” dakvirveba Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari saerTod ar
iRebs monawileobas socialur situaciaSi — magaliTad, is zis kafeSi da mxolod
akvirdeba im movlenebs, romlebic iq viTardeba.
amis sapirispirod, socialur situaciaSi sruli CarTva Seesabameba CarTul
dakvirvebas (participant observation), romlis drosac mkvlevari ar rCeba gare
damkvirveblad, aramed srul monawileobas iRebs im socialur situaciebSi,
romlebsac Seiswavlis. es monawileoba gamoixateba aqtorebTan erTad maT
yoveldRiur saqmianobasa Tu zeimebSi monawileobis miRebaSi; damatebiT,
mkvlevari awarmoebs araformalur gasaubrebebs aqtorebTan an srulfasovan
interviuebs atarebs maTTan.
CarTuli dakvirvebaa is meTodi, romelic xSirad gaigivebulia Tavad Tviseb-
riv meTodebTan da/an eTnografiasTan; xSirad literaturaSi terminebi
“eTnografia”, “eTnografiuli kvleva” da “CarTuli dakvirveba” ixmareba rogorc
sinonimebi.53
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodisadmi miZRvnil klasikur saxelmZRvanelod
iTvleba jeims spradlis “CarTuli dakvirveba”.54 spradlis Tanaxmad, ucnob
socialur situaciaSi moxvedrili nebismieri adamiani CarTuli damkvirvebeli
xdeba, vinaidan misTvis ucxoa am situaciaSi moqmedi wesebi da normebi, da is
iZulebuli xdeba, gamoikvlios da Seiswavlos isini xalxTan urTierTobis meS-
veobiT.
socialuri mecnierebebis farglebSi CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens
mcdelobas gavigoT, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWeben sxvadasxva socialuri Tu
kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen
sxvadasxva movlenebs da ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. amis Seswavlas sakmaod
bevri dro sWirdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime
Tve iTvleba; srulfasovani gamokvleva ki sul cota erTi wlis manZilze
grZeldeba, vinaidan erTi SexedviT martiv socialur situaciebSic ki xSirad
Rrma da rTuli kulturuli azria Caqsovili. imisaTvis, rom kargad SeviswavloT
ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlebi, maTi kulturuli normebi da/an simboloebi,
didi droa saWiro. maSinac ki, Tu gamokvlevis savele periods ramdenime
weliwads davuTmobT, iZulebulebi viqnebiT, SevarCioT cxovrebis konkretuli
aspeqtebi, romlebic dakvirvebis ZiriTad fokuss warmoadgenen da romlebsac
dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, danarCenebs ki mxolod zedapiruli yuradReba
davuTmoT.
ar arsebobs CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis sayovelTao wesebi, iseve ro-
gorc ar arsebobs dakvirvebis saitis SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaci-
ebi. am gadawyvetilebebis miReba yovelTvis konkretuli situaciidan gamomdi-
nare xdeba. xSirad mkvlevari iwyebs muSaobas garemoSi, sadac aravis ar icnobs; is
ubralod midis kafeebSi, biblioTekebSi, eswreba ama Tu im Temis mier
organizebul RonisZiebebs, dadis SerCeuli “saitis” quCebSi, da TandaTan icnobs
xalxs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi informaciis wyaroebi gaxdebian.
miuxedavad am meTodikis simartivisa, “quCaSi dgomis” strategia Zalian efeq-
turia. magram informantebis gacnobis Semdeg Tveebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom
mkvlevarma daimkvidros adgili Sesaswavl jgufSi da moipovos xalxis ndoba.
h.r.bernardi Tvlis, rom am meTodis Seswavlis saukeTeso xerxi misi praq-
tikuli gamoyenebaa. amasTan, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia am meTodis warmatebiT
gamoyeneba, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos is xalxi, visTanac is
muSaobs, anu aqtorebi. “sakuTari Tavis wardgenis wesebi Zalze martivia, — ambobs
bernardi. — ilaparakeT simarTle, iyaviT Tanamimdevruli da nu ilaparakebT
zedmets. CarTul dakvirvebaSi, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba warmoadginos Tavi sxva
adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSia, is ver miaRwevs warmatebas”55.
CarTuli dakvirvebis ori tipi arsebobs — gamJRavnebuli, (ingl. overt),
53
qarTulad CarTuli dakvirveba zog SemTxvevaSi moixsenieba rogorc “monawile
dakvirveba” rac Sesabamisi inglisuri terminis ufro zusti Targmania.
54
James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
55
H. Russel Bernard. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers.
P. 144.
50
saskolo eseebi: skolis damwyebi da saSualo klasebis ramdenime moswavlem dawera
naSromebi Semdeg Temebze: “ra minda yvelaze metad”, “vin minda viyo” da “ra saCuqari minda
saSobaod”.
eseebis konkursi, romlis gamarjvebulisTvisac dawesebuli iyo jildo: ramdenime
mozardma dawera naSromi Temaze: “rogor mesaxeba Cemi momavali”.
kvebis angariSebi: erTi kviris manZilze 40 ojaxi iwerda, Tu ras Wamdnen, agreTve, ra
sagzals atandnen skolaSi bavSvebs Semweobis miRebis wina dRes da Semweobis miRebis
Semdgom dRes.
sxvadasxva saxis informacia: Cven SevagroveT informacia 80 patara bavSvis mier
miRebuli saSobao saCuqrebis Sesaxeb; barebSi saubris Temebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb; im
sirTuleebis Taobaze, romlebsac mSoblebi Svilebis aRzrdisas awydebian (im Canawerebis
safuZvelze, romlebic eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetSi moviZieT); samedicino analizebi;
maswavleblebisgan miRebuli informacia maTi moswavleebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb;
saxelmwifo organoebis, qarxnis, eklesiis da sxvaTa mier warmoebuli saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobis Sesaxeb; duqanSi, dalaqTan, yasabTan, fexacmlis SemkeTebelTan, mkeravTan,
konditerTan daxarjuli Tanxebis Sesaxeb; agreTve, sxvadasxva politikuri klubis Tu
sxva organizaciebis mier mowodebuli informacia.
statistikuri monacemebi: am tipis monacemebs warmoadgenda kooperatiuli maRaziis
saangariSo wignebi; sajaro biblioTekidan gatanili wignebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli
Canawerebi; informacia gazeTebis gamoweris Sesaxeb; klubebis wevrebis raodenoba;
arCevnebis Sedegebi; asakobrivi ganawilebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, qorwinebebis da
migraciis maCveneblebi.
saojaxo statistika: marientalSi Camovida savaWro palatis oficialuri
warmomadgeneli specialuri mizniT: raTa Seegrovebina saojaxo statistika, magram
teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis monacemebis Segroveba
moaxerxa.”67
garda amisa, kvlevis manZize sofelSi ganxorcielebuli iqna ramdenime
socialuri progarma (e.w. tansacmlis proeqti; samedicino momsaxurebis pro-
eqti; Wra-kervis kursebi; konsultaciebi mSoblebisaTvis da sxv.); am programebis
msvlelobaSi, agreTve Segrovebuli iqna damatebiTi informacia. informaciis
wyaroebis aseTi mdidari sia Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac
STambeWdavad gamoiyureba.
Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebic intensiurad iyenebdnen e.w. “mravalmeTo-
dur midgomas” (multimethod approach) monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi; isini
Tvlidnen, rom amis meSveobiT informaciis maqsimalurad farTo speqtris
Segroveba iyo SesaZlebeli. oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen,
iyo: (1) Sesaswavli dasaxlebuli punqtis socialuri istoria; (2) ama Tu im
maCveneblebis gavrcelebis amsaxveli grafikuli masalebi; (3) sxvadasxva
kulturuli jgufis an urTierTobis modelebis aRwera, da (4) iseTi
raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi, rogorebicaa Semosavlebi da
xarjebi, mosaxleobis mobiloba, miwis zoma, da sxv.
Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT
sargeblobda aseTi gamokvlevebSi piradi xasiaTis dokumentebis (werilebis,
dRiurebis) gamoyeneba, iseve rogorc gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba
respondentebis cxovrebis istoriebisadmi; rig SemTxvevebSi, gamokvlevis
saboloo angariSic ise iyo moyolili, rogorc mTavar aqtorTa cxovrebis
istoria68. am angariSebSic Tavis asaxvas poulobs kvlevis dros ramdenime me-
Todis gamoyeneba, ramdenadac aq moyvanilia rogorc dakvirvebis Sedegebi, aseve
Catarebuli interviuebis fragmentebi, eqspertebis Sefasebebi, romlebic arc
Tu iSviaTad ilustrirebulia rukebiT, sqemebiT an fotosuraTebiT.
monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli meTodebis mravalfe-
rovneba aqtualurs xdis SekiTxvas, romelsac rigi mkvlevari svams: kerZod,
ufro gamarTlebuli xom ar iqneboda, monografiul gamokvlevas ewodos
67
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Op. cit. Pp. 4-5.
68
mag.: Clifford R. Shaw. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
63
 xangrZlivi savele muSaoba Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, pirveli SexedviT Cveu-
lebrivi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan, romelsac mkvlevari aqtorebTan erTad
iziarebs, eswreba maT Sexverdebs, muSaobs maT gverdiT, saubrobs maTTan,
isvenebs maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv — yoveldRiuri angariSebis
Sedgenisgan, sadac rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yovelive is, rasac
mkvlevari akvirdeboda da rac man Seityo dRis manZilze. yovelive es Zalian
mkacr TviTdisciplinas, sakuTari Tavis moqmedebebis kontrols da drois
optimalurad ganawilebis unars moiTxvos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
mkvlevari marto muSaobs.
monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc erTma mkvlevarma,
aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamokvlevis Zalian
maRal doneze organizeba, raTa kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi marTlac erTsa da imave
sakiTxze muSaobdnen, da miRebuli iqnes Sedegebi, romelTa Sedarebac SemdgomSi
SesaZlebeli iqneba. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevebi individualur
kvleviT proeqtebs warmoadgenda, da dRemde SeimCneva tendencia, es kvleviTi
midgoma erTi mkvlevris mier iqnes gamoyenebuli.
monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi mkvlevari arasodes
yabuldeba informaciis Segrovebis mxolod erT meTods, aramed ramdenime
urTierTSemavsebel meTodikas gamoiyenebs, romlebic Sesaswavli problemis
gansxvavebul mxareebs gamoavlenen. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirveba da
sxvadasxva saxis interviu, dokumentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi; es SeiZleba iyos,
agreTve saarqivo sabuTebis Seswavla, piradi werilebi da/an dRiurebi, aseve —
fotosuraTebi da sxv. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis
Sedegebis sandoobis gazrdas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania Tvisebrivi meTodebiT
Catarebuli yvela gamokvlevisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad, Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb
sruli informaciis miRebis mizniT mkvlevrebi mimarTaven mosaxleobis aRweras
an gamokiTxvas ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi mravalmeToduri midgoma
axasiTebda jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas,
pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebul gamokvlevas, romlis Temac
umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.66 es gamokvleva Catarda
sofelSi, romlis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba struqturuli cvlilebebis
Sedegad umuSevari darCa. mkvlevarTa mizani mosaxleobaze umuSevrobis gavlenis
Seswavla iyo, rac maT iseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT ganaxor-
cieles, rogorebicaa raodenobrivi monacemebis Segroveba da situaciaSi
“CarTva”. am gamokvlevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli angariSis dasawyisSive
mkvlevrebs moyavT Tavisi infomaciis wyaroebis sruli sia:
“saojaxo dosie: marientalSi mcxovrebi 478-ve ojaxis yvela wevris Sesaxeb
Segrovebuli iqna detaluri da vrceli informacia: maTi piradi monacemebi, umuSevrobis
Semweobis saxeoba, da sxva. dosie Seicavda agreTve srul informacias sacxovrebeli
pirobebis, ojaxuri cxovrebis, ojaxSi Sromis ganawilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. damatebiT,
yvela ojaxSi Cveni TxovniT avsebdnen saojaxo dRiurs.
cxovrebis istoriebi: Cven CaviwereT 32 mamakacis da 30 qalis detaluri cxovrebis
istoria. am istoriebis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini
adamianis mTel cxovrebas asaxaven. rodesac am adamianebma umuSevrobis Sesaxeb daiwyes
laparaki, maTi Txroba ukve mimdinareobda. maTTvis ufro ioli iyo umuSevrobis
gamocdilebis aRwera, vinaidan am droisaTvis maT ukve moyolili hqondaT Tavisi
cxovrebis wina periodis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis Sedarebebis safuZvels warmoadgenda.
Cven rom pirdapir maTi axlandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dagvesva kiTxvebi, Sedegad
SeiZleba moridebuli siCume an arafrismTqmeli saerTo frazebi migveRo.
drois grafikebi: 80 adamianma Seavso kiTxvari, romelSic aRweres, Tu rogor
gaatares Tavisi cxovrebis erTi dRe.
angariSebi da Civilebi: Cven SeviswavleT ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze venis
noiStatis olqis samrewvelo komisiaSi wardgenili angariSebi da Civilebi (marientali am
olqSi Sedis).
66
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed
Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.
62
rodesac mkvlevari Tavidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs, da
gaumJRavnebeli (ingl. covert), romlis drosac aqtorebisTvis ucnobia, rom saqme
aqvT mkvlevarTan — isini mas aRiqvamen, rogorc socialuri situaciis rigiT
monawiles. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumJRavnebeli dakvrivebis warmoebas Tavisi
upiratesobebi aqvs (upirveles yovlisa, aRar gvaqvs saqme reaqtiulobis
problemasTan), is Zalze seriozul eTikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,
vinaidan misi warmoebis dros Segnebulad xdeba aqtorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.
amasTan, mkvlevari mudam “gamomJRavnebis” saSiSroebis winaSea — yovelTvis aris
imis SesaZlebloba, rom romelime aqtori Seityobs mis namdvil vinaobas, an vinmes
xelSi Cauvardeba mis mier kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli Canawerebi.
gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac SeuZle-
belia ama Tu im jgufis Seswavla sxvagvarad, rodesac kvlevis erTaderT
saSualebas gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens; arcTu iSviaTad,
mkvlevari ase Seiswavlis daxurul jgufebs, maT Soris — kriminalur
dajgufebebs. magram Tu mkvlevari kriminaluri dajgufebis wevri xdeba kvlevis
Catarebis mizniT da ar miaCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi namdvili vinaobis gam-
JRavneba, maSin is iZulebulia, monawileoba miiRos am jgufis kanonsawinaaRmdego
qmedebebSi; garda amisa, mas eqneba informacia dagegmili qurdobis/Zarcvis/yaCa-
Robis Sesaxeb. rogor unda moiqces is aseT SemTxvevebSi? am sakiTxis gadawyveta
Zalian rTulia, imitom rom Tu is Seatyobinebs policias aseT informacias, maSin
iZulebuli gaxdeba Sewyvitos kvleva, xolo Tu Tavs Seikavebs am informaciis
gamxelisagan, maSin damnaSaveTa Tanamonawile xdeba.
CarTuli dakvirvebis sami etapi gamoiyofa — aRweriTi, fokusirebuli da
SerCeviTi dakvirveba.56
mkvlevari axorcielebs aRweriT dakvirvebas (descriptive observation) kvlevis
sawyis etapze, rodesac mas jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, socialuri realobis
konkretulad romel aspeqtebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas. amitom am etapze is
“yvelafers akvirdeba”, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelafris dakvirveba sinamdvileSi
SeuZlebelia. aRweriTi dakvirveba dakvirvebis pirveli, sacdeli etapia, romlis
msvlelobaSic mkvlevari cdilobs, gaerkves arsebul socialur situaciaSi da
Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu “ra xdeba aq”. aRweriTi dakvirvebis
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT mkvlevaris winaSe mdgar aRweriT
kiTxvebze57, romlebic saerTo xasiaTis informaciis miRebas isaxavs miznad.
warmovidginoT, rom es esaa daviwyeT dakvirvebis Catareba sasamarTloSi da
gvsurs SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba garkveuli tipis saqmeebis warmoeba.
dakvirvebis aRweriT etapze Cven SevZlebT mxolod Zalian saerTo doneze
aRvweroT, Tu rogor iqceva sasamrTlo darbazSi xalxi; ra Temebs exeboda Cvens
mier mosmenili saubrebi, ra tipis saqmeebis ganxilva mimdinareobs, romeli
saqmeebi iwvevs yvelaze did interess da a.S.
aRweriT dakvirvebas ar SeuZlia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi
mogvces — misi erTaderTi mizania, dagvexmaros dakvirvebis fokusis dadgenaSi —
xSirad es xdeba eqspertebTan da/an Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan
konsultaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic eyrdnoba aRweriTi dakvirvebis dros
Segrovil masalas.
dakvirvebis fokusis SerCeva da misi Semdgomi dazusteba, anu saboloo jamSi
im situaciis SerCeva, romelic Cveni Seswavlis “fokusSi” moeqceva, yovelTvis
konkretuli gamokvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusis
SerCevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos socialuri situaciis
monawileebTan gasaubrebis Sedegad miRebulma informaciam, maTma komentarebma.
fokusirebuli dakvirveba (focused observation) dakvirvebis meore etapia,
rodesac mkvlevars ukve gamokveTili aqvs Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi.
dakvirvebis fokusireba Zalauneburad iwvevs socialuri situaciis im
elementebis ignorirebas, romlebic ar warmoadgens Seswavlis uSualo interess.
56
James P. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 33-34.
57
jeims spradlis mohyavs aRweriTi kiTxvebis yvela SesaZlo tipis cxrili (ix. James
Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 82-83).
51
 warmatebuli fokusirebuli dakvirveba moiTxovs gasaubrebas Sesaswavli
kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa SevZloT ama Tu im movlenebis axsna TviT am
kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT. aseTi interviuebis Sedegad miRebuli
komentarebis gareSe zogi moqmedeba SeiZleba Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCes, an
uazro da SemTxveviTi gveCvenos, maSin rodesac am kulturis wamomadgenlebis
TvalSi mas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca
damkvirvebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom adamianebi racionalurad moqmedeben, es
yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.
SerCeviTi dakvirveba (selective observation) dakvirvebis bolo etapia da moiTxovs
damkvirveblis yuradRebis sferos kidev ufro dazustebas da SezRudvas,
fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis ama Tu im
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tu restoranSi oficiantebis
saqcielis Seswavla aRweriTi dakvirvebis sagania, maT mier klientebisagan dama-
tebiTi gasamrjelos miRebis xerxebi (magidis SerCeva klientisaTvis; daxmareba
menius SerCevaSi, da sxv.) SeiZleba gaxdes fokusirebuli dakvirvebis sagani,
xolo am xerxebis SedarebiTi efeqturobis dadgena — SerCveviTi dakvirvebis
sagani. anu mklevaris interesi garkveulwilad viwrovdeba, sanam is aRweriTi dak-
virvebidan SerCeviTamde miva. SerCeviTi dakvirveba aucileblad moiTxovs
interviuebis Catarebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan maTi Sexe-
dulebebis da komentarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas ar iqnes
ugulebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi, romlebis gagebac mxolod am xer-
xiTaa SesaZlebeli.
dakvirvebis samive etapi, rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ganxor-
cielebuli Tanamimdevruli etapebia, Tumca SesaZloa, rom kvleva mxolod
aRweriTi dakvirvebiT Semoifarglos. yvelaze xSirad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu
sakiTxis sawyis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mkvlevari jer ar aris
darwmunebuli, Tu ra iqneba misi kvlevis sagani da problema, an Tu dakvirveba
gamoiyeneba rogorc damxmare meTodi kompleqsuri kvlevis farglebSi.
Tu aRweriTi dakvirvebis etapze mkvlevari SeiZleba sakuTari miznebis
gamJRavnebis gareSe muSaobdes, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze is Zalaunebu-
rad amJRavnebs Tavs rogorc mkvlevari; xolo SerCeviTi dakvirvebis etapze is
ukve am situaciis monawile xdeba. dakvirvebis SerCeviTi etapis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba mkvlevris mier kontrastruli
Sedarebebis da kontrastuli SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan am etapze misi
mizania kulturul situaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamomJRavneba.
nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki dakvirvebis
SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu muSaobis procesSi gamoCndeba axali
Temebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos Cveni gamokvlevisTvis, da
mzad unda viyoT, CavrToT es Temebi Cveni muSaobis procesSi, zog SemTxvevaSi —
SevcvaloT kvlevis fokusi.
CarTuli dakvirveba warmoudgenelia mkvlevaris mier damatebiTi kvleviTi
teqnikebis, kerZod, intervius sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoynebis gareSe. CarTuli
dakvirvebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT intervius ori ZiriTadi saxeoba:
formalizebuli da araformalizebuli.
araformalizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic tardeba moumzadeblad,
CarTuli dakvirvebis dros aqtorebTan urTierTobis damyarebis an ganmtkicebis
procesSi, an aqtorebisagan damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis mizniT, rodesac
damkvirvebeli grZnobs, rom misTvis araa srulad gasagebi im movlenebis
mniSvneloba, romlebsac is akvirdeba. aseTi interviuebi araa struqturirebuli
da, rogorc wesi, araa winaswar SeTanxmebuli da dagegmili — isini Cveulebriv
gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da maTi Cawera diqtofonze yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca
mis msvlelobaSi damkvirvebelma SesaZloa (da sasurvelicaa) gaakeTos
Canawerebi. magram, miuxedavad maTi “moumzadeblobisa”, araformalizebuli
interviuebi informaciis Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
formalizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors Soris winaswari molapa-
rakebis da SeTanxmebis Sedegia; aseTi interviuebi tardeba winaswar daTqmul
drosa da adgilas da xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu Zalze waagavs
siRrmiseul intervius da tardeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis (sadiskusio
52
Tema 5.
monografiuli gamokvleva
iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis umaravlesoba, monografiuli gamokvle-
vac Tavdapirvelad antropologebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli da maTi gamoc-
dilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad damkvidrda socialur mecnierebebSi. erT-
erTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac es meTodi gamoiyena, iyo cnobili britaneli
antropologi bronoslav malinovski (1884-1942 ww.). Tumca, garkveulwilad
SeiZleba monografiul gamokvlevad miviCnioT agreTve 1890-iani wlebis bolos
londonSi Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis cnobili gamokvleva,
romelic erT-erT pirvel socialur gamokvlevad iTvleba msoflioSi da ara aqvs
kavSiri antropologiasTan.
monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo frangul mecniereba-
Sic, sadac is klod levi-strosis da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba.
miiCnevda ra, rom sazogadoebis Seswavlis mizniT saWiroa misi sakvanZo elementis
SerCeva, sadac yvelaze aSkarad gamoikveTeba am sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi, le pleim sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis
meSveobiT gadawyvita. le pleis da mis mimdevarTa naSromebSi yvelaze xSirad
gamoiyeneboda informaciis Segrovebis iseTi meTodebi, rogorebicaa dakvirveba,
interviu da samTavrobo organoebis mier Segrovebul monacemTa Seswavla.
monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Cikagos so-
ciologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi swored maT daamkvidres
mkvlevris xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT, da
maTTvis saintereso fenomenis mravalmxrivi siRrmiseuli Seswavla.
meTodis aRwera
monografiuli gamokvleva65 calkeuli SemTxevis, Temis an socialuri jgufis
siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela
saSualebis meSveobiT, romelTa Soris umniSnvelovanesia CarTuli dakvirveba.
saerTod, CarTul dakvirvebasa da monografiul gamokvlevas Soris imdeni
saerTo elementia, rom zogjer isini gaigivebulicaa erTmaneTTan; miuxedavad
amisa, monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi mkvlevaris xelT kvlevis Catarebis
ufro mdidari da mravalferovani saSualebebia, vidre CarTuli dakvirvebis
Catarebis dros, Tumca es ukanasknelic kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.
monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upiratesobad iTvleba mis mier
problemis siRrmisulad da mravalmxriv Seswavlis unari. am meTods, iseve
rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv meTodebs, safuZvlad udevs maqs veberis saxelTan
dakavSirebuli “interpretaciuli sociologiis” principebi, romelic miznad
isaxavs socialuri agentebis moqmedebaTa sazrisSi Cawvdomas. monografiuli
gamokvlevis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mkvlevari Seiswavlis ama
Tu im socialur erTobas masSi “CaZirvis” meSveobiT. am “CaZirvis” Sedegad
mkvlevari ukeT ecnoba Sesaswavli jgufis cxovrebas, iziarebs misi wevrebis
yofas da saSualeba eZleva, maTi TvaliT Sexedos samyaros.
mkvlevris muSaoba iwyeba misi “saitSi” CasvliT da pirveli kontaqtebis
damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi, ra Tqma
unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli; muSaobis warmateba
didad aris damokidebuli kargi informantebis povnaze.
savele muSaobis dros aucilebeli moTxovnaa, mkvlevari imyofebodes
“saitze” sakmoad xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan erTad icxovros
da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elementi. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ara
marto uSualo urTierToba daamyaros aqtorebTan da ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos
maTi cxovreba, aramed, agreTve moipovos maTi ndoba.
65
qarTul enaze jer ar aris damkvidrebuli inglisuri “case-study”-s Sesabamisi termini.
mis qarTul Sesatyvisad Cven vxmarobT termins “monografiuli gamokvleva”, Tumca
misi zusti Targmani “SemTxvevis Seswavla” iqneba.
61
monacemTa analizi
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da
kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias.
vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius
audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad
xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs.
analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am
masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis
procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im
detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri
urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb.
monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo
dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli
Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es
Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis
gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga
mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva.
rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis
mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis
italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis
lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi,
rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da
moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari
saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed,
agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi
angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT.
davaleba:
wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq
myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis
dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.
rekomendebuli literatura:
o H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).
o Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
o David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
o Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
o James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
o John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.
o William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth
edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60
gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi
Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba.
interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba infor-
mantebTan.
informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama
Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli
wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,
acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,
romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis
warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi,
Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze
erTiorad izrdeba.
informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig
moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kul-
turis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,
es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli
gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom
daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl
jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari
Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis
ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar
unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda
mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis
saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias
gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom
mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs
kvlevis Catareba.
magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecni-
erebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas
mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis
rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man
Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara
samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.
rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am
kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed
Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,
romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.
rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime infor-
manti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da
“damatebiTi” informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da
arc unda iyos reprezentatuli.
Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,
xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad
gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi
mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram
amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa
Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania
ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli
damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58:
1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxva-
vebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da
58
es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.
53-58.
53
mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas.
amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba
movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis
CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi.
2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli
yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos
da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas
ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni miza-
ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma
unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda
iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba).
3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi
cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani
unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis
sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,
Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili
saaSkaraoze.
4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT
monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom
aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” —
TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da
Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese
igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis
monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari
aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi
moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs.
5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis
instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva
instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara
nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli
informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZno-
bebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is
didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur
masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da
grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs.
6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvri-
lebiT Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva,
rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs,
vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdile-
bebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sede-
gebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT
moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi.
CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan
SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad
mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is
Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi,
didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad
sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki
garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT inter-
viuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT
naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto
saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare
Temebze.
54
es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,
rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac
momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc
magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac
viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —
ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es
jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna
garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,
sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.
mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis Cana-
werebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos
pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi
informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli
sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.
Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi
zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80
sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.
perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac
saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva
Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawol-
adgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da
aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT
naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,
masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi
RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris
Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT
da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori
Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar
SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,
gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63
am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,
perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera.
mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.
sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba
ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc
eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi
informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is
exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,
gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.
savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini
calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da
gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc
Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.
ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi
SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram ro-
desac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom
SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis
konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod
ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,
sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.
63
Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.
59
irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad”
gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba,
rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul
kulturul elementebsac davkargavT.
spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac
SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki,
rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia,
da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo
jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis
dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi,
rogorebicaa “roli”, “socialuri situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli
strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi
mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari
(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi
saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac
ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs.
mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli
axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele
etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovania.
ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad
unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli
informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod
dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli
angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan
aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT
SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis
damTavrebis Semdeg.
vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis —
piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;
SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,
spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis
aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel
sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.
detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas
unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,
Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom
mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda
ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli
winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled
CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis
mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.
arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas
niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod
misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom
CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo
pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi
Canwerebis magaliTi:
jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno
exla marto espanurad saubrobs
saerTo saubari — vin ukravs
“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi62
62
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30.
58
ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT
gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi
saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli
informacia ufro sando xdeba.
CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris
emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi
informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTno-
grafiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,
anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTi-
kuri dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis
informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”
rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is
yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is
misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.
xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im
RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad
miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados
mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.
bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi
mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:
• pirveli kontaqti;
• kulturuli Soki;
• aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;
• Sesveneba;
• fokusireba;
• daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da
• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba.59
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is
gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi
etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli
dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis
damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im
aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;
mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,
gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.
CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli
gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,
rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar
unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis
SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari
xdeba.
59
H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.
55
savele Canawerebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis
da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli
normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis
Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis
Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis
Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im
gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa
yofasac Cven SeviswavliT.
CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs
daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli,
kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli
interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic
daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom
Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis
angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis
unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT,
romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos
gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros
wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze.
mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele
Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu
mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri
savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis
meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele
CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari
Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da
socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze.
savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols
TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele
Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri
informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes.
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi
kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda
Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve
umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela
detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos.
savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis
Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,
Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore
midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba
aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da
gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da
praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs
Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba
maTi ukeT warmoebis unari.
dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba
warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli
socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi.
devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis
aguri da cementia”60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli
maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani
savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert
emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor
unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar
60
David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107.
56
aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis
Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan
“dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis
sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61.
robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele
muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom
arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele
Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari
SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvir-
vebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs
da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,
problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni
aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis
“obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis
viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba
rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.
savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian
did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime
mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi
SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu
romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.
savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.
magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,
savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed
rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.
savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo
aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba
mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi
exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac
xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.
rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?
pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis
warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,
upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi
muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,
rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis
aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:
• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;
• mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena);
• Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).
mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da
ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac
akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis
damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas
Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,
SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda
saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris
vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.
rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es
naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad
61
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:
The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.
57
savele Canawerebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis
da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli
normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis
Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis
Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis
Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im
gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa
yofasac Cven SeviswavliT.
CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs
daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli,
kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli
interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic
daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom
Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis
angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis
unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT,
romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos
gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros
wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze.
mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele
Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu
mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri
savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis
meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele
CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari
Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da
socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze.
savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols
TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele
Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri
informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes.
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi
kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda
Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve
umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela
detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos.
savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis
Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,
Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore
midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba
aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da
gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da
praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs
Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba
maTi ukeT warmoebis unari.
dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba
warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli
socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi.
devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis
aguri da cementia”60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli
maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani
savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert
emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor
unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar
60
David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107.
56
aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis
Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan
“dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis
sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61.
robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele
muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom
arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele
Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari
SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvir-
vebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs
da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,
problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni
aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis
“obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis
viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba
rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.
savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian
did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime
mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi
SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu
romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.
savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.
magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,
savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed
rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.
savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo
aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba
mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi
exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac
xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.
rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?
pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis
warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,
upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi
muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,
rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis
aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:
• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;
• mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena);
• Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).
mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da
ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac
akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis
damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas
Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,
SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda
saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris
vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.
rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es
naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad
61
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:
The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.
57
irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad”
gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba,
rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul
kulturul elementebsac davkargavT.
spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac
SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki,
rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia,
da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo
jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis
dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi,
rogorebicaa “roli”, “socialuri situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli
strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi
mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari
(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi
saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac
ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs.
mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli
axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele
etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovania.
ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad
unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli
informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod
dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli
angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan
aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT
SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis
damTavrebis Semdeg.
vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis —
piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;
SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,
spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis
aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel
sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.
detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas
unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,
Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom
mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda
ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli
winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled
CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis
mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.
arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas
niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod
misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom
CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo
pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi
Canwerebis magaliTi:
jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno
exla marto espanurad saubrobs
saerTo saubari — vin ukravs
“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi62
62
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30.
58
ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT
gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi
saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli
informacia ufro sando xdeba.
CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris
emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi
informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTno-
grafiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,
anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTi-
kuri dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis
informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”
rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is
yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is
misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.
xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im
RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad
miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados
mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.
bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi
mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:
• pirveli kontaqti;
• kulturuli Soki;
• aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;
• Sesveneba;
• fokusireba;
• daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da
• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba.59
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is
gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi
etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli
dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis
damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im
aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;
mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,
gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.
CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli
gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,
rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar
unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis
SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari
xdeba.
59
H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.
55
mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas.
amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba
movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis
CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi.
2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli
yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos
da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas
ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni miza-
ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma
unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda
iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba).
3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi
cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani
unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis
sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,
Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili
saaSkaraoze.
4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT
monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom
aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” —
TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da
Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese
igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis
monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari
aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi
moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs.
5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis
instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva
instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara
nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli
informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZno-
bebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is
didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur
masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da
grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs.
6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvri-
lebiT Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva,
rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs,
vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdile-
bebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sede-
gebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT
moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi.
CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan
SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad
mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is
Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi,
didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad
sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki
garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT inter-
viuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT
naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto
saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare
Temebze.
54
es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,
rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac
momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc
magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac
viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —
ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es
jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna
garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,
sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.
mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis Cana-
werebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos
pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi
informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli
sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.
Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi
zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80
sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.
perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac
saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva
Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawol-
adgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da
aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT
naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,
masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi
RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris
Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT
da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori
Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar
SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,
gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63
am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,
perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera.
mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.
sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba
ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc
eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi
informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is
exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,
gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.
savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini
calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da
gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc
Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.
ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi
SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram ro-
desac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom
SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis
konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod
ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,
sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.
63
Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.
59
monacemTa analizi
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da
kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias.
vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius
audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad
xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs.
analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am
masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis
procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im
detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri
urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb.
monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo
dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli
Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es
Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis
gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga
mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva.
rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis
mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis
italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis
lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi,
rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da
moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari
saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed,
agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi
angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT.
davaleba:
wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq
myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis
dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.
rekomendebuli literatura:
o H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).
o Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
o David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
o Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University
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o James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
o John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.
o William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth
edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60
gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi
Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba.
interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba infor-
mantebTan.
informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama
Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli
wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,
acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,
romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis
warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi,
Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze
erTiorad izrdeba.
informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig
moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kul-
turis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,
es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli
gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom
daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl
jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari
Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis
ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar
unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda
mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis
saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias
gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom
mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs
kvlevis Catareba.
magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecni-
erebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas
mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis
rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man
Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara
samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.
rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am
kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed
Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,
romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.
rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime infor-
manti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da
“damatebiTi” informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da
arc unda iyos reprezentatuli.
Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,
xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad
gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi
mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram
amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa
Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania
ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli
damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58:
1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxva-
vebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da
58
es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.
53-58.
53