Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo universiteti

ia beriZe
guram TavarTqilaZe
Tamar fanculaia

filosofia
araspecialuri fakultetis studentebisaTvis

Tbilisi 2010

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 redaqtorebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori valerian vaSakiZe

filosofiis mecnierabaTa doqtori,

profesori napo kvaracxelia

recenzentebi: filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori mamuka biWaSvili

filosofiis doqtori,
profesori goCa msxilaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:
lika Sengelia, gela xabeiSvili

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 `adamiani lerwamia, umweo lerwami, magram, es lerwami azrovnebs. mis gasasresad sulac araa saWiro
samyaros risxva. sakmarisia qaris Semoberva an ubralo wvimis wveTi, magram adamiani, gasresili Tun-
dac samyaros mier, mainc ufro Rirebulia, vinaidan grZnobs Tavis aRsasrulsac da Tavis umweobasac sam-
yarosTan SedarebiT.
maSasadame, mTeli Cveni Rirseba azrovnebaa. swored azri gvamaRlebs Cven da ara dro da sivrce, ro-
melSic Cakargulni varT~
blez paskali

winasityvaoba

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia araspecialuri fakultetis studentebisTvis da maTTvis, vinc filo-

sofiuri problematikiTaa dainteresebuli. filosofiis zRva masalidan masSi win wamoweulia kacobriobis ganviTa-
rebis yvela epoqisaTvis saWirboroto problemebi, romlebic, bunebrivia, arc Tanamedrove periodSi kargavs aq-
tualobas, Tumca, axlebur gaazrebas saWiroebs. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im masalaze, romelic aucilebelia az-
rovnebis kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis, dasabuTebiTi azrovnebis srulqmnisaTvis.
saxelmZRvanelos mizania filosofiis swavlebaSi adre arsebuli naklis SeZlebisdagvarad daZleva; saWiroa
axleburi filosofiuri Tvalsazrisisa da Sesabamisad filosofiis kursis axali struqturis SemuSaveba; amave dros, igi
memkvidreobiT iRebs tradiciuli da XX saukunis filosofiis dadebiT miRwevebs.
saxelmZRvanelo cariel niadagze ar Seqmnila. misi Sedgenisas vemyarebodiT rogorc ucxour literaturas, aseve
Tanamedrove qarTveli filosofosebis Sromebs da saxelmZRvaneloebs. winamdebare naSromic didad aris davale-
buli maTgan.
viTvaliswinebT wlebis ganmavlobaSi kursis swavlebisas gaCenil moTxovnas, rom saxelmZRvaneloSi gan-
msazRvreli iyos adamianis problema, ufro metic, es survili emyareba Tvalsazriss, rom filosofiuri kvlevis amo-
savals adamiani warmoadgens.
Cvens erT-erT mizans Seadgens imis Cveneba, rom filosofia ara marto unda ikvlevdes adamians, aramed
Tavad filosofia Cayenebuli unda iyos adamianisa da sazogadoebis samsaxurSi. man mecnieruli dasabuTeba un-
da misces adamianTa da xalxTa Soris humanuri urTierTobebis, maTi SemoqmedebiTi, Tavisufali da demokra-
tiuli cxovrebis aucileblobas. amasTanave, masSi unda aisaxos qarTuli fenomenis TviTmyofadoba, misi toleran-
tuli, humanuri buneba, romelic gamomuSavda garkveuli pirobebisa da faqtorebis safuZvelze.
saxelmZRvaneloSi Tavmoyrili masala iTvaliswinebs Cvens qveyanaSi demokratiuli, Tavisufali da humanu-
ri sazogadoebis aSenebis interesebs, qarTuli filosofiuri memkvidreobis tradiciebs. Cveni mizania damajereblad
vaCvenoT, rom filosofiis sagans Seadgens adamianis yofierebis, sazogadoebis, bunebisa da maTi urTierTmi-
marTebis zogadi kanonzomierebebis dadgena.
saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia istoriuli masala, romlis gareSec filosofiis swavleba ver iqneba srulfaso-
vani. es saSualebas gvaZlevs azrovnebis istoriidan amovarCioT problemebi, romelebic aucilebelia mocemuli
masalis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis.
adamiani bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. yoveli adamiani xedavs, rom buneba da sazogadoeba, saer-
Tod samyaro, mas arsebobis pirobad aucilebel moTxovnaTa rigs uyenebs. amas emateba sakuTari interesebi,
survilebi, romlebic xSirad ar emTxveva am moTxovnebs.
adamiani cxovrobs garkveul pirobebSi da rom icocxlos, unda Wamos, svas, Caicvas, hqondes TavSesafari
da a.S. yoveli adamianis winaSe, marTalia, sxvadasxva siRrmiTa da sicxadiT, magram yovelTvis dgas kiTxve-
bi: ras warmoadgens samyaro? ras warmoadgens Tavad adamiani? ra adgili uWiravs adamians am samyaroSi?
ra unari aqvs da ra unda akeTos adamianma? es is kiTxvebia, romlebsac filosofiam unda gasces pasuxi da ro-
melTa mizanic adamianis cxovrebis sazrisis garkvevaa. imisda mixedviT, rogori iqneba pasuxi, ganisazRvreba
adamianis damokidebuleba Tavis TavTan, samyarosTan.

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 filosofiuri kiTxvebi aReZvris yovel adamians, rogorc ki gonebis mzeras miapyrobs sicocxles, Cafiqrdeba da
gava Tavisi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis CarCoebidan. magram zogs sulac ar surs ifiqros araferze garda imisa, rom
Wamos, svas, Caicvas da a.S. aseTi tipis adamiani aucilebel biologiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas cxov-
rebis umaRles miznad saxavs, riTac amJRavnebs sulier siRatakes.
ismis kiTxva: gana yovel adamians aqvs Tavisi filosofia?
– diax! oRond sakiTxavia es filosofia SemTxveviTi Sexedulebebisa da azrTa `natexebisagan~ aris Sekowi-
webuli, Tu kargad mofiqrebulia da samyarosa da Cveni cxovrebis Secnobis mcdelobazea damyarebuli. naTelia,
rom bunebrivi aucilebloba, biologiuri arsebobis SenarCuneba ar gvaiZulebs filosofiur sakiTxebze fiqrs, e.i. filo-
sofosobas. magram adamiani gonieri arsebaa da misTvis arseboba da Rirseuli arseboba erTi da igive ar aris. Tu-
ki am kuTxidan SevxedavT adamianis sicocxles, maSin Cven, georg vilhelm fridrix hegelis msgavsad, Seg-
viZlia `filosofia miviCnioT yvelaze ufro aucileblad~.
imisaTvis rom iyo, saWiroa ganuwyvetliv SeiTviso sxviseuli, radgan adamianisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris mxo-
lod sakuTari yofiereba. adamianma unda eZebos sakuTari sicocxlis azri da daniSnuleba, rameTu SeuZlebelia
namdvili, Tavisufali, gamTlianebuli arseboba pirovnebisa, Tu man ar icis, ra aris adamiani da ar icis, vin aris an
ra aris Tavad.
martin haidegeris Tqmisa ar iyos: `Tu gvinda Cven CavwvdeT Cvens sulier samyaros Tavis safuZvelSi –
es ki aris erT-erTi Cveni umaRlesi amqveyniuri cxovrebis mizani – amisaTvis unda gadavlaxoT Teoriuli, mec-
nierul-logikuri azrovnebis sazRvrebi da misive SenarCunebiT SevideT eqsistencialuri azrovnebis usasrulo sauf-
loSi~.
ia beriZe

Tavi I

filosofia rogorc fenomeni

`kulturis mTeli istoriis manZilze filosofiisadmi sakmaod arakeTilmosurne damokidebuleba aRiniSneba... fi-
losofia kulturis yvelaze daucveli mxarea~ – es cnobili rusi filosofosis nikoloz berdiaevis Tvalsazrisia, ufro swo-
red, misi sulis amoZaxili. SevecadoT gavarkvioT, Tu ram ganapiroba filosofiisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba.
religia sulis moTxovnilebebze msjelobs da akmayofilebs maT. adamiani mzeras ufals miapyrobs: rodesac
sulieradaa SeWirvebuli, rodesac maradisobis winaSe warsdgomis SiSiTaa SeZrwunebuli, rodesac mtanjveli si-
martovis grZnobiTaa daTrgunuli. mistika ajadovebs mas RmerTTan miaxloebis SesaZleblobiT, saswaulis
imeds uRvivebs... …
mecniereba Semmecnebeli gonebis udavo miRwevebis demonstrirebaa. igi civilizaciis burjia da ara marto
gvixsnis WeSmaritebas, aramed bevrad ufro komfortulsa da xangrZlivs xdis adamianis sicocxles.
filosofia ki, piriqiT. is Seulamazeblad Tavazobs adamians sastik simarTles, ukanasknel nugeSs arTmevs
mas. filosofia uaRresad civi gonebis, saRi azrovnebis damkvidrebis cdaa, socialuri iluziebis aRmofxvris praqti-
kaa. igi, Tavisi mowodebiTa da daniSnulebiT, `ungrevs~ adamians cxovrebis mowyobis miseul wess, arsebobis

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tragizms `uSiSvlebs~ da gamosavlis saxiT, sxvadasxva mosazrebas sTavazobs mas; e.i. filosofia arCevnis Tavi-
suflebas aZlevs adamians, raTa man Tavad agos pasuxi sakuTar cxovrebaze da arCevanze.
rac Seexeba samyaros saidumloebebs, maT idumal, mistikur bunebas, filosofia, samyaros aRqmisa da Se-
mecnebis misTvis damaxasiaTebeli SesaZleblobebidan, cdilobs maT siRrmiseul, pirvelsawyisamde gaazrebas.
ase Cndeba kidev erTi damokidebuleba filosofiisadmi: `simarTle rom vTqvaT, filosofia bundovani eniT gad-
mocemuli adamianuri gansjaa~. es mosazreba germanel poetsa da moazrovnes iohan goeTes ekuTvnis. isev
Cndeba kiTxvebi: ratom aris saWiro mainc da mainc bundovani, gaugebari enis gamoyeneba? nuTu ar arsebobs
TviTgamoxatvis sxva formebi? an iqneb swored am formiTaa SesaZlebeli WeSmaritebis dadgena? ra Tqma un-
da, ara. sibrZnis moyvarulma im erTaderT, saboloo WeSmaritebas rom miakvlios, maSin samyaroSi Sesacnobi
aRaraferi darCeba da filosofiac aRar iarsebebs. filosofiis paradoqsi swored imaSia, rom filosofosi iseT proble-
mebze fiqrobs da msjelobs, romelTa erTxel da samudamod gadawyveta, gansxvavebiT religiisa da mecnierebi-
sagan, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. am paradoqsis gaazrebisaTvis aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: filo-
sofias samyaros saidumloebebis wvdomisa da axsnis miseuli, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli meTodebi aqvs.
adamiani filosofosobs imitom, rom es misi bunebrivi moTxovnilebaa, TviTgamoxatvisa da TviTdamkvidre-
bis yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa.
filosofosi is adamiania, romelic cxovrebas fiqrSi atarebs. fiqrobs rogorc Seucnobel, araCveulebriv, ise Cve-
ulebriv, yofiT movlenebsa da sagnebze. magram misi fiqrisa da gansjis mimarTuleba bevrad ufro siRrmiseuli
da sainteresoa, vidre sxva profesiis adamianis fiqri da gansja. filosofosi erTdroulad kritikosic unda iyos da skep-
tikosic, Tavsatexebis axsnac unda uyvardes da maTi mofiqrebac SeeZlos, moralistic unda iyos, winaswarmety-
velic da WeSmaritebis maZiebelic. `brmad nuravis endobi, Tavad ifiqre~ - ai, misi devizi.
platoni gvirCevda: dakavdiT filosofiiT da Tqvenze axalgazrdebsac amisken mouwodeTo. filosofia moRva-
weobis keTilSobilur da brZnul sferod aris miCneuli. filosofosi ki yovelTvis mniSvnelovan figuras warmoad-
gens. imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT, Tu ras warmoadgens filosofosis figura, kiTxva ase SegviZlia davsvaT: cxov-
robs ki filosofosi Tavisi moZRvrebisa da Sexedulebebis mixedviT? an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: icavs Tu
ara igi Tavis principebs, miznebs, Rirebulebebs cxovrebaSi?
kacobriobis kulturis istoriaSi, albaT, ver moiZebneba iseTi popularuli magaliTi, rogoric sokrates gmirobaa.
sokrate sibrZnis ideali gaxldaT. mis Sesaxeb uamravi literatura arsebobs. misi pirovnebac yovelmxriv aris Ses-
wavlili – sicocxle, moZRvreba, sikvdili. marTlac saintereso da cota ar iyos, ucnauri pirovneba iyo – sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi erTi sityvac ar dauweria. razec fiqrobda, rac awuxebda, rogor wyvetda urTules filosofiur proble-
mebs – amaze misi mowafeebi mogviTxroben. nuTu saocari ar aris? gamoCenili moazrovne, romelmac mxolod
zepiri sityva dagvitova.
aTenis sasamarTlom sokrate daadanaSaula im RmerTebis gmobaSi, romlebsac Zvel saberZneTSi eTayva-
nebodnen da kidev axalgazrda Taobis SeryvnaSi. mas sikvdiliT dasja miusajes. Tavad mosamarTleebsac ar
egonaT, rom yvelaferi ase tragikulad damTavrdeboda. sokrates saSualeba hqonda Tavidan aecilebina sikvdili.
mas SesTavazes gaqceuliyo da cxovrebis darCenili periodi devnilobaSi gaetarebina, magram sokratem uaryo es
SesaZlebloba. mas bevri mdidari megobari hyavda, romlebic mis gamosyidvas apirebdnen, magram filosofosi
am SemoTavazebasac ar daTanxmda. da bolos, Tavad sasamarTlom SesTavaza sokrates uari eTqva Tavis Rire-
bulebebsa da Sexedulebebze da eRiarebina danaSauli. NnuTu Zalian rTulia amisi gakeTeba sicocxlis sanac-
vlod?
mosamarTleebma CaTvales, rom gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cayenebuli sokrate ukan daixevda. magram,
ara! sokratem aTenelebs dauviwyari zneobrivi magaliTi misca. uari Tqva Sens Sexedulebebze, principebze niS-
navs xazi gadausva mTel Sens cxovrebas, Sens miswrafebebs, Sens rwmenas. sokratem sulis araCveulebrivi
simtkice gamoavlina. man Tavad aRasrula sasamarTlos ganaCeni da cikutiT savse fiala Sesva.
antikuri xanis filosofos-moralisti diogene Turme kasrSi cxovrobda da dRisiT, mzisiT aTenis quCebSi far-
niT xelSi dadioda. `vis eZeb, da Tanac, farniT xelSi?~ – ekiTxebodnen gaocebuli Tanamoqalaqeebi. `adamians!
~... ucnauri pasuxia, dameTanxmebiT. garSemo uamravi adamiania, is ki, dauRalavad dadis da mainc adamians
eZebs... ras unda niSnavdes es? diogene adamianis arssa da bunebaze Cafiqrda da mixvda: cxovrebis yoveldRi-
urobaSi Cafluli gamvlel-gamomvleli naklebad Seesatyviseba adamianis WeSmarit arss. namdvili adamiani
sxvagvari unda iyos! mainc rogori?

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 erTxel diogenem dainaxa, rogor dalia bavSvma peSviT wyali. man imwamsve amoiRo CanTidan sasmisi da
gadaagdo: `bavSvma cxovrebis ubraloebiT majobao~ – aRmoxda. saqme imaSia, rom Ddiogenes filosofia ada-
mianebs mouwodebda ecxovraT ubralod, bunebrivad, zedmeti siamisa da komfortis gareSe. samyaroSi uamravi
mSveniereba da siamea – amodis mze, balaxi bibinebs, wyaros wyali CuxCuxebs. magram adamianebi ar kma-
yofildebian amiT. isini Tavad irTuleben cxovrebas: zogs pativiscema sWirdeba, zogs saxeli, zogs simdidre,
zogs Tanamdeboba.
gadmocemiT viciT, rom diogenesTan sasaubrod aleqsandre didi misula. nebismier Txovnas Segisrulebo –
uTqvams makedonels. pasuxad ki miiRo: `Camomecale, mzes nu miCrdilav~. raze metyvelebs filosofosis pasu-
xi, uzrdelobaze? Tu WeSmaritad brZeni adamianis ucnaur xasiaTze? diogenesaTvis, romelic praqtikuli cinizmis
mamad iTvleboda, cxovrebiseuli oromtriali ucxo da miuRebeli iyo. yvelas sakuTari TavisaTvis sikeTe da ke-
TildReoba surs da gamorCenis mizniT did adamians eTayvanebian. magram, nuTu es aris cxovrebis mizani da
amisaTvis unda iRwvodes adamiani? mzis sxivi, romelic gvaTbobs, bevrad ufro Rirebulia, vidre didi mxedar-
TmTavris nebismieri saCuqari Tu wyaloba. ufro metic! gamoCenili mxedarTmTavari amayia Tavisi didebiT,
yovlisSemZleobiT. magram, gana marTla aseTi yovlisSemZlea igi? mzis sxivebi xom misi brZanebisa da survi-
lis gareSec aTboben dedamiwas...
diogene cxovrobda sakuTari principebisa da Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad.
cxadia, aravin aiZulebs filosofoss misdios Tavis swavlebas yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. es sulac ar niSnavs, rom
isini matyuarebi arian. filosofiaSi xom qcevis idealur gegmas gvTavazoben, romelic TavisTavad sainteresoa. ra
Tqma unda, xdeba xolme, rom es mizani miuRweveli da Seusrulebadia ara marto sxvebisaTvis, aramed Tavad
avtorisaTvis. amis Taobaze romaelma filosofosma senekam aseTi mosazreba dagvitova: `msayveduroben, rom
Cemi cxovrebis wesi ar emTxveva Cems moZRvrebas. amasve sayvedurobdnen platonsac, epikuresac da Ze-
nonsac. yvela filosofosi miuTiTebs ara marto imaze, Tu rogor cxovrobs Tavad, aramed imazec, rogor unda ic-
xovro. me vmsjelob saTnoebaze da ara sakuTar Tavze; vebrZvi naklovanebebsa da codvebs, maT Soris saku-
Tarsac; roca SevZleb, vicxovreb ise, rogorc saWiroa~.
kacobriobis istoriaSi ar iyo iseTi periodi, filosofiaze, rogorc sibrZnis siyvarulze moTxovnileba rom gamqra-
liyo. savaraudoa, igi arc axla gaqreba. filosofia marad iswrafvis Seicnos, gaarkvios samyaros kanonzomierebe-
bi, Caswvdes adamianis raobas, misi sulis siRrmeebs, RvTaebriv saidumloebebs. Tumca mware simarTlec arse-
bobs. filosofias, iseve rogorc sinamdvilis, samyaros wvdomis nebismier formas, Tavisi ganviTarebis periodSi
bevri Secdomac dauSvia, bevri mcdari azric daumkvidrebia. miuxedavad amisa, is arsebobs. isev aris masze
moTxovnileba da, albaT, swored amaSia filosofiis, rogorc kacobriobis mZlavri inteleqtualuri iaraRis, sidiade.
Tamar fanculaia

`filosofia (radgan igi vrceldeba yvelaferze, rac misawvdomia adamianuri SemecnebisaTvis) erTaderTi ra-
maa iseTi, riTac velurebisa da barbarosebisagan ganvsxvavdebiT da yoveli xalxi miT ufro moqalaqeobrivi da
ganaTlebulia, rac ufro ukeT filosofosoben isini. amitom ara aris ra saxelmwifosaTvis sxva ram ufro didi sikeTe,
vidre yola WeSmariti filosofosebisa.~
rene dekarti

`filosofiam gvaswavla Cven adamianebis siyvaruli~

lucius aneus seneka

`filosofosobis siZnele imaSia, rom adamiani darCe da adamianis miRmurs swvde~.

Salva nucubiZe

`adamianur xelovnebaTagan yvelaze amaRlebuli da keTilSobili aris filosofiis xelovneba.~

al-qindi

`axalgazrdobaSi nurvin daayovnebs filosofosobas. moxucobis Jams nurvin moiRleba filosofosobaSi, rame-
Tu sijansaRe sulisa aravisTvisaa arc naadrevi da arc nagvianevi~.

6
 epikure

`WeSmariti filosofosoba aris `yofierebis mosmena~, dafarulis gacxadeba, daufaraoba, eqsistencis Sinagani
aRmavlobiT TviTsrulyofa, Sinagani eqsistencialuri Tavisuflebis realizacia~.
martin haidegeri

`filosofia hgavs noyier mindors, romlis niadagi masze gaSenebuli xexiliT aris fizika, masze moweuli Wir-
naxuli_eTika, xolo mindvris damcveli Robe-meseri – logika~.
(stoelebis xatovani Sedareba).

filosofia da msoflmxedveloba

filosofia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs sibrZnis siyvaruls. es aris sulieri kulturis damoukidebeli dargi, romelic
aerTianebs codnas samyaroze, adamianze, adamianisa da samyaros urTierTobaze. filosofiis daniSnulebaa ikvli-

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os pirvelsawyisi, arsebiTi Taviseburebebi, samyaroseuli wesrigis safuZvlebi, ipovos WeSmariti sazrisi procese-
bisa, romelTac samyaroSi, sociumSi, kulturasa da adamianSi aqvs adgili. filosofia mowodebulia gaxsnas yofie-
rebis bneli, gamoucnobi labirinTebi.
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba dasabams iRebs miTologiidan da religiidan. filosofia ikvlevs im realobas, ro-
melic mxedvelobis miRma rCeba konkretul sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul disciplinebs. is asrulebs samya-
ros suraTis mTlianobaSi warmosaxvis mZime samuSaos. filosofia Rrmad da safuZvlianad gaiazrebs kerZo
mecnierebebis monacemebs da mowodebulia iyos adamianis orientiri samyaroSi. igi enaTesaveba umaRles sib-
rZnes, romlis funqcia marto yvelafris codna ki ar aris, aramed mowodebulia gaigos, Seimecnos is, rac mTavari
da arsebiTia, romelic exeba pirvelsawyiss, msoflio wesrigs, romlis arsis wvdomis gareSe SeuZlebelia gaazrebu-
li da Rirseuli arseboba. adamians bevri ram acdunebs – fuli, simdidre, Zalaufleba, dideba da a. S. filosofia mo-
wodebulia gamoarCios universaluri, sayovelTao mniSvnelobis Rirebulebebi – WeSmariteba, sikeTe, silamaze,
samarTlianoba, siyvaruli da sxva.
sokrates (Zv. w 469 – 399) Tanaxmad filosofia aris ara sibrZne, aramed sibrZnis siyvaruli da misi Zieba,
wyurvili sibrZnisa, WeSmaritebis dauflebisa, vinaidan Tavad sibrZnes mxolod RmerTebi floben. RmerTi SeiZ-
leba iyos brZeni, adamians ki misi siyvaruli SeuZlia. amitomac adamiani unda iswrafvodes RmerTisaken anu
sibrZnis dauflebisaken.
yvela drois filosofia Tavisi epoqis umniSvnelovanesi problemebiT iyo dainteresebuli. amdenad, filosofiuri
kvleva TviTmizans arasodes warmoadgenda.
filosofiis sagnis sxvadasxva gageba arsebobs, zogi
Tvlis, rom filosofiis sagania samyaros Wvreta; meoreni Tvlian, rom filosofiis saqmea mecnierebis logikuri ana-
lizi; xolo mesameni – filosofiis sagnad adamianisa da misi cxovrebis sazrisis Ziebas aRiareben. Cven romels
avirCevT, es Cvens msoflmxedvelobazea damokidebuli.
yvela drois filosofiaSi miuxedavad am mravalgvarobisa, mainc arsebobs saerTo momenti, romelic metnak-
lebad saerToa yoveli filosofiuri sistemisaTvis. es aris is, rom TiToeuls mxedvelobaSi aqvs samyaro, rogorc
mTeli. filosofias SeuZlia kvlevis obieqtad aqcios sinamdvilis nebismieri konkretuli saxe (magaliTad, buneba,
adamiani da a. S.), magram im pirobiT, Tu maT ganixilavs samyarosTan, rogorc mTelTan, mimarTebaSi. miu-
xedavad gansxvavebuli problemebiT dainteresebisa, filosofiaSi erTi mTavari sakiTxi yovelTvis idga. es aris
adamianisa da samyaros urTierToba.
sibrZnis siyvaruli ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi, ZiriTadad, aseTi urTierTobis garkvevas niSnavda. amitom sib-
rZnes da saerTod codnas didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda adamianTa yofierebisa da cxovrebis gaazrebaSi. sokrate
sibrZnis mniSvnelobis garkvevis mizniT, svams kiTxvas: vis unda ewodos brZeni? aqamde brZeni ewodeboda
mcodnes, mecniers, magram sokrates mixedviT codna da sibrZne erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. sibrZne da misi Zi-
eba emsaxureba WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis dadgenas, xolo WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis dadgena niSnavs sibrZnis
siyvaruls. Tu Cven SevadarebT erTmaneTs RmerTs, adamians da cxovels aRmovaCenT, rom RmerTi Semec-
nebis procesiT ar aris SezRuduli, radgan igi mTel sibrZnes flobs. arc cxovelia SezRuduli codniT, radgan is in-
stinqtebiT mdidaria, rac garemoSi wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad sWirdeba. erTaderTi arseba dedamiwaze
aris adamiani, romelic SezRudulia codnis, Semecnebis aucileblobiT, raTa iarsebos da SeinarCunos wonasworo-
ba bunebasTan. adamians cxovelTan SedarebiT Raribi instinqtebi aqvs; codniT RmerTs emsgavseba, magram
ar utoldeba mas. adamiani Sua rgolia maT Soris, vinc ufro didia, vidre adamianuri da vinc ufro kninia, vidre
adamianuri. Cvens qveviT warmavlobaa, Cvens zeviT ki WeSmariteba da maradiuloba.
cxoveli adamians instinqtebiT sjobs. amis naTeli dadasturebaa futkari, romelic fiWas iseTi sizustiT aSenebs,
rom nebismier arqiteqtors gaawbilebs. frinvelebi mifrinaven Tbil qveynebSi da brundebian ise, rom arc kompasi
sWirdebaT da arc geografiuli ruka. cxovelebi adamianebze gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben miwisZvris moaxloebas,
axloblis gardacvalebas da sxva. magram adamianSi aris is, rac mas cxovelze maRla ayenebs. es aris azrovnebis,
gansjisa da gonebis unari. aqedan ki daskvna: Tu adamians ara aqvs ganviTarebuli azrovnebis, gansjisa da gone-
bis unarebi, igi cxovelze dabal safexurze dadis. arCevani adamianzea. man unda airCios: an iaros win RmerTisa-
ken, anu umaRlesi sikeTisa da umaRlesi mSvenierebisaken, an daeces cxovelis doneze. udavoa, adamiani unda
irCevdes RmerTisken swrafvas, radgan `adamianad yofna niSnavs iyo imaze meti, vidre adamiania da Tu adami-
ani imaze meti araa, vidre adamiani, maSin igi naklebia, vidre adamiani~ (abraham heSeli).

8
 gonebis Tvali gadavavloT am ukidegano mravalferovan samyaros, sadac or erTnair foTolsac ki ver ipovis ka-
ci. uwvrilesi erTujrediani arsebani da gigantur varskvlavTa jgufi, caTaziduli mTebi da usivrco okeaneebi, bunebi-
sa da cxovrebis saswaulebi. SeuZlebelia adamians ar gauCndes kiTxva: ra xelma Seqmna es silamaze?! saidan
warmoiSva? vin aris Semoqmedi? an TuU aris, ratom da risTvis Seqmna? swored aqedan iwyeba pirveli gakvir-
veba, pirveli gaoceba, aq ismeba pirveli kiTxva – ratom? e. i. iwyeba kritikuli azrovneba. ase daiwyo filosofiuri
azris istoria Zvel saberZneTSi daaxloebiT Zv. w. VI saukuneSi da dagvitova mdidari memkvidreoba, romelic sa-
fuZvlad daedo evropul azrovnebasa da daimkvidra klasikuri filosofiis saxeli.
filosofiuri Sexedulebebi Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi Caisaxa. uZvelesi cnobebi in-
duri filosofiuri azrovnebis Sesaxeb mocemulia vedur (sanskr. `veda~ – codna) literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT `rigve-
daSi~, romelic religiuri sagaloblebis krebuls warmoadgens da, mkvlevarTa varaudiT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolosa
da I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi Seiqmna; garkveuli filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba Camoyalibebulia `upaniSa-
debSi~ (sanskr. `upaniSad~ – moZRvris gverdiT jdoma), romlis Seqmna daaxloebiT Zv. w. VIII – VII ss. iwyeba.
`rigvedasa~ da `upaniSadebSi~ gamoyenebulia iseTi rTuli kategoriebi, rogoricaa `yofiereba~, `arayofiereba~ da
sxva. am moZRvrebebs, rasakvirvelia, religiur – idealisturi xasiaTi hqonda.
CineTis filosofiuri azris istorias Zv w. I aTaswleulis damdegidan iTvlian. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSic mxedve-
lobaSia calkeuli filosofiuri elementebi, romlebic religiur moZRvrebaSi iyo mocemuli. magaliTad, jer kidev Zv.
w. VIII – VII ss. gamoTqmuli iyo mosazrebani samyaros Semadgeneli xuTi elementis (wyali, cecxli, liToni, xe,
miwa) Sesaxeb; bunebaSi arsebuli moZraobisa da cvalebadobis asaxsnelad daSvebuli iyo urTierTdapirispirebuli
Zalebis arseboba. ufro gvian (Zv. w. VI s.) Camoyalibda konfucianeloba, romelic arsebiTad eTikur – politikur
moZRvrebas warmoadgens.
filosofiuri ideebi gvxvdeba Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis miTologiaSic. magaliTad, miTSi RmerTi mardu-
kis Sesaxeb, romelic Zveli babilonis saxelmwifos ayvavebis periods miekuTvneba, laparakia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro-
gor Seqmna RmerTma mardukma samyaro wylisagan da sxva. aseve hesiodes miTologiur TxzulebaSi `Teogoni-
a~ samyaros pirvelsawyisad miCneulia qaosi, saidanac kosmosi warmoiSva da sxva. cxovreba mocemul SesaZ-
leblobaTa Soris arCevnis gakeTebaa, romelic xorcieldeba RirebulebaTa da idealebis safuZvelze. romels miani-
Webs upiratesobas, ras daisaxavs adamiani miznad, es mis msoflmxedvelobazea damokidebuli.
adamiani dedamiwaze sicocxlis warmoSobisa da evoluciis bunebrivi da kanonzomieri Sedegia. igi bunebaSi
arsebobs, magram mTlianad masze ar aris mijaWvuli. igi qmnis sruliad axal samyaros kulturis saxiT. aSenebs sa-
zogadoebas mTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiT. amyarebs politikur, samarTlebriv, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul,
zneobriv, religiur urTierTobebs, eweva sulier moRvaweobas, romlis Sedegad iqmneba miTologia, religia, filoso-
fia, mecniereba, xelovneba da sxva. e.i. adamiani qmnis goniT samyaros, rac ucxoa nebismieri sxva arsebisaTvis.
fridrix nicSe (1844 –1900 ww.) werda: `adamiani aris xidi da ara mizani... adamiani aris raRac, rac unda
gadailaxos~. e.i. adamianad yofna gulisxmobs zrdas, cvalebadobas, ganviTarebas. es ki SeuZlebelia naTeli cno-
bierebisa da msoflmxedvelobis gareSe. adamiani irCevs, raRac moswons, raRac ar moswons, raRacas keTilad
an borotad Tvlis, ibrZvis, uyvars an gulgrilia da a. S. is, risTvisac adamiani Tavs gaswiravs, risic mas swams,
aris misi cxovrebis sazrisi. is, Tu ras miiCnevs adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis sazrisad, damokidebulia mis msof-
lmxedvelobaze.
msoflmxedveloba aris adamianis TviTcnobierebisa da TviTrefleqsiis forma, SexedulebaTa da RirebulebaTa
sistema, romlis mizania adamianis cxovrebis sazrisis garkveva. msoflmxedvelobas aqvs rTuli struqtura, romlis
Semadgeneli elementebia: a) Sexedulebebi da warmodgenebi samyaroze, rogorc mTelze. igi aZlevs codnas ada-
mians sakuTari Tavisa da samyaros Sesaxeb. b) Rirebulebebi da idealebi, romlebic adgenen im ZiriTad mizans,
rasac adamiani unda emsaxuros da ris gansaxorcielebladac unda ibrZolos.
msoflmxedveloba or ZiriTad elements Seicavs: codnas (sayaros suraTs) da ideals. Tumca misTvis mTavari
codnis mocema ar aris. codna misTvis saSualebaa idealis gansazRvrisaTvis. msoflmxedvelobis mizani adamia-
nis cxovrebis sazrisis garkvevaa. man pasuxi unda gasces Semdeg kiTxvebs:
1) ra aris samyaro? 2) ra aris adamiani? anu vin var me? 3) rogoria Cemi damokidebuleba samyarosad-
mi? 4) ra unda gavakeTo? da risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes me?
msoflmxedveloba adamianis cxovrebis maswavlebeli, misi gzamkvlevia. igi adamians aZlevs RirebulebiT
orientacias – ra akeTos, risTvis ibrZolos, ras emsaxuros. garda amisa, adamians ainteresebs iseTi sakiTxebi, ro-

9
goricaa sulis ukvdaveba, saiqio cxovreba, Tavisuflebis problema da uamravi sxva ram. es iseTi sakiTxebia,
imanuel kantis (1724 –1804 ww.) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romelTa mocileba adamians ar ZaluZs, radgan isini
misTvis TviT gonebas mouxvevia Tavs, magram arc gadamWreli pasuxis gacema SeuZlia, vinaidan isini aRe-
matebian adamianis gonebis yvela unars. radgan kiTxvebi arasodes amoiwureba, maSasadame, `verc gadaWris
da verc aicilebs!~– maS ra saWiroa igi? imanuel kantisaTvis mecnieruli codnis arseboba faqtia, radganac arse-
bobs maTematika da fizika, amgvari codnis SesaZleblobis uaryofa e. i. skepticizmi – xelovnuri da swavluli uvi-
cobaa. filosofiis valia axsnas am codnis SesaZleblobis pirobebi. imanuel kants hqonda erTi principi, romelic
aristoteledan aiRo. es principia: `RmerTi da buneba tyuilad arafers qmnis, e. i. Tu raime arsebobs, mas aqvs
sakmao safuZveli~. ratom aris ase? – ainteresebs kants, verc gadaWris da verc aicilebs. ratom? imitom, rom sa-
interesoa. kanti saWirod Tvlida SeezRuda Teoriuli Semecnebis sfero, saerTod moazrebadi gaeTiSa orad – Ta-
visTavadi nivTebis sferod da movlenebis sferod. movlenebis sfero es aris – nivTebi CvenTvis, e. i. imanenturi
sfero, romelzec mecniereba Sendeba, e. i. fizikis sfero da TavisTavadi nivTebis sfero, anu fizikis iqiT arsebuli
metafizikuri, anu transcendenturi sfero, romelzec mecniereba ar Sendeba. es aris rwmenisa da msoflmxedvelo-
bis sfero.
ganasxvaveben Teoriul da araTeoriul msoflmxedvelobas. miTosi da religia araTeoriuli msoflmxedveloba-
a, filosofia ki – Teoriuli. arsebobs msoflmxedvelobis sami ZiriTadi saxe:
1) miTosi, rogorc msoflmxedveloba.
2) religia, rogorc msoflmxedveloba.
3) filosofia, rogorc msoflmxedveloba.
miTosi warmosaxvis Zalas da naTqvamis avtoritets emyareba da ase axdens samyaros erTianobis Sesa-
xeb azris dafuZnebas. religia rwmenas emyareba da am gziT midis samyaros erTianobamde. filosofia ki aris
dasabuTebuli msoflmxedvelobis mocemis cda. igi cnebebisa da kategoriebis gamoyenebiT ayalibebs msof-
lmxedvelobas da ase axdens samyaros erTianobis dafuZnebas. iq, sadac iwyeba filosofia, iwyeba kritikuli az-
rovneba, ismeba kiTxva – ratom?
naTqvamidan gamomdinare, msoflmxedvelobebisaTvis saerToa – samyaros erTianobis gageba. isini
amas sxvadasxva meTodebiTa da xerxebiT aRweven. rogorc ukve vTqviT, filosofia aris Teoriuli msoflmxed-
velobis mocemis cda, romelic moiazrebs samyaros mTlianobaSi, arkvevs adamianis yofierebis sazriss.
ram gamoiwvia miTosuri azrovnebis svla filosofiuri azrovnebisaken? – cxovrebis amaRlebam cnobiere-
bamde. empiriuli anu cdiseuli masalis ayvanam cnobierebamde da Sefasebis survilma. es rTuli samuSaoa,
romelic kacobriobam Seasrula cxovrebis xedvis ganviTarebaSi. aqedan erTi daskvna gamodis: msoflmxed-
velobebis ganviTareba ganpirobebulia samyaros suraTis mdgradobis moTxovnilebiT. blez paskalis azriT,
`axla ki dae, adamiani kvlav miubrundes sakuTar Tavs da Seadaros Tavisi arseba yovelive arsebuls. dae, Se-
icnos, rarig dakargulia da miviwyebuli samyaros am miyruebul kuTxeSi. adamiani moqceulia or – araraobi-
sa da usasrulobis ufskruls Soris da mainc svams kiTxvas – ra aris adamiani? – araraoba usasrulobasTan Se-
darebiT da yvelaferi araraobasTan SedarebiT. anu raRac saSualo yvelafersa da arafers Soris. mas ar SeuZlia
arcerTi ukiduresobis Secnoba, saganTa dasabami da dasasruli misTvis samudamod dafarulia idumalebis ga-
nuWvreteli ukuniT. is erTnairad umweoa Seicnos, rogorc araraoba, romlisganac iSva, ise usasruloba, romel-
Sic aris danTqmuli. adamiani eZebs myar sayrdens, romelsac igi miendoba, magram ver poulobs, rameTu
irgvliv araferia uryevi. aseTia Cveni bunebrivi mdgomareoba da mainc sruliad arabunebrivad eCveneba is
Cvens grZnobebs. Cven xarbad miveltviT mkvidr samyofels, gvsurs fexqveS vgrZnobdeT myar niadags, ra-
Ta caTaziduli godoli aRvmarTod zed, magram saZirkveli irRveva.
me ar vici, raa samyaro, ar vici, raa Cemi sxeuli, Cemi grZnoba, Cemi suli da Cemi arsebis is nawili, ro-
melic fiqrobs, rasac vambob, romelic cdilobs azriT miwvdes da Seicnos yvelaferi, Seicnos Tavisi Tavic,
magram ukeT rodi icnobs sakuTar Tavs, vidre sxva danarCens. me vxedav samyaros saSinel sivrces, romel-
Sic var Caketili. me vgrZnob, rom mijaWvuli var am uvrcesi samyaros mxolod erT kunWuls, magram ar vici,
rad mxvda wilad es kuTxe da ara romelime sxva adgili, an rad meboZa sasicocxlod erTi mswrafl warmavali
wami maradisobis swored am da ara romelime sxva wertilSi. maradisobisa, romelic win uswrebs Cems dasa-
bams da romelic mosdevs Cems dasasruls.

10
 me verafers vxedav Cems irgvliv usasrulobis garda, romelSic atomiviT var Cakarguli. Cemi sicocxle
mxolod Crdilia, romelic mxolod wamiT evlineba usasrulobas, raTa am wamis waxdomisTanave ukvalod gaq-
res. me mxolod is vici, rom male movkvdebi, magram yvelaze nakleb vicnob swored am sikvdils, romelsac
ver gaveqcevi da ver avicileb~!
miTologias, religias, filosofias aqvs pretenzia iyos mdgradi, gavleniani, iyos sayovelTaod aRiarebuli, mag-
ram icvleba dro, icvleba adamianis msoflgagebac. martin haidegeris (1889 –1976 ww.) azriT, SeuZlebelia mu-
dam erTi da imave idealis mimarTulebiT moZraoba. magaliTad iyo periodi, roca evropuli sazogadoebis cxovre-
baSi wina planze wamovida codnis ideali, magram mudam ase ar iyo da arc mudam ase iqneba. iyo periodi, ro-
ca gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dadga ekonomikuri problema da misma gadaWram gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
moipova. iyo iseTi periodic, roca seqsualurma ltolvam civilizebuli adamianis cxovrebis warmarTvel faqtorTa
Soris lamis yvelaze meti ZaliT iCina Tavi. axla, fiqrobs haidegeri, civilizebuli kacobriobis cxovrebaSi yvelaze
met rols fridrix nicSes mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi Zalauflebis ideali TamaSobs. kacobrioba am idealis meo-
xebiT dRes katastrofis winaSe dgas da Tu ki saboloo daRupva ar uweria, momavalSi uTuod daaRwevs mas
Tavs. naTqvamidan gamomdinare, adamiani SeZlebisdagvarad sruli saxiT yofnas mieswrafvis. amisaTvis ki
yofnis sistemis gagebas cdilobs, swored amitomac iqca adamianisaTvis aucileblobad filosofiuri azrovneba, ro-
melic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba mecnieruli, miTologiuri, religiuri azrovnebisagan.

miTosuri msoflmxedveloba

filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas istoriulad win uZRoda miTologiuri da religiuri msoflmxedve-

lobis arseboba. miTologiuri msoflmxedveloba Seiqmna kacobriobis warmoSobis pirvelsave safexurze.
miTologia aris sxvadasxva epoqebisa da xalxebis miTebis da legendebis erToblioba. isini mogviTxroben
samyaros, RmerTebis, fantastikuri arsebebis da adamianebis Sesaxeb. miTosuri azrovneba adamianuri cnobie-
rebis Tavdapirveli formaa. igi warmoiSva calkeuli miTebis da legendebis saxiT, TandaTanobiT xdeboda maTi
mowesrigeba da sistematizacia.
bevri ram iyo uZvelesi adamianisaTvis idumali da Seucnobeli, amasTan SiSis momgvreli da Semzaravic:
stiqiuri ubedureba – gvalva, wyaldidoba, miwisZvra, qariSxali, qarborbala; bunebis sxvadasxva movlenebi –
wvima, setyva, Weqa-quxili, mousavlianoba, gamyinvareba, mzisa da mTvaris dabneleba, weliwadis droTa mo-
nacvleoba; piradi cxovrebidanac ki – Zili, sizmari, avadmyofoba, sikvdili... adamianis cdebi, aexsna da Cas-
wvdomoda maT saidumloebas, uSedegod mTavrdeboda. Tavisi ganviTarebis dabali donis gamo, mas ar Ses-
wevda unari Seecno movlenaTa arsi da pasuxi gaeca iseT kiTxvebze, romlebsac dRes daufiqreblad upasuxebs
skolis moswavle. im uxsovar droSi ki yvelaferi es uxilavi RmerTebis neba-survilis gamovlinebad miaCndaT da
miTebSi cdilobdnen bunebis movlenebis axsnas, sikvdilisa da sicocxlis saidumloebaTa Secnobas, adamianisa
da samyaros urTierTobis garkvevas. swored amitom uwodeben miTologias `winafilosofias~. aristoteles azriT,
adamianebma filosofosoba pirvelad gaocebis Sedegad daiwyes. igi Tvlida, rom adamiani, romelsac uyvars da
TviTonac Txzavs miTebs, garkveuli azriT ukve filosofosia, rameTu sibrZne gulisxmobs mizezTa codnas, xolo
miTebi ki bunebis movlenaTa mizezebis axsnaa.
uZveles xalxTa miTebs Soris erT-erTi TvalsaCino da sapatio adgili ukavia Zvel berZnul miTologias, ro-
melsac sxva xalxebis miTologiisagan, ZiriTadad, ori Tavisebureba gamoarCevs – anTropomorfizmi da bedis-
weris principi. Zvel berZenTa warmodgeniT, samyaro ase Seiqmna:Y Tavdapirvelad arsebobda mxolod mara-
diuli, usazRvro, bneli qaosi, romelSic iyo qveynierebis sicocxlis wyaro. yovelive, mTeli samyaro da ukvdavi
RmerTebic, usazRvro qaosidan warmoiSva. qaosidan warmoiSva dedamiwis qalRmerTi gea – Zalumi, sicocx-
lis momniWebeli yovelisTvis, rac masze cocxlobs da izrdeba. Sors, miwis qveS ki, ise Sors, rogoradac Sorsaa
Cvengan ukidegano, naTeli ca, ganuzomel siRrmeSi daibada pirquSi tartarosi – sazareli qveskneli, savse mara-
11
diuli wyvdiadiT. qaosidanve, sicocxlis wyarodan, iSva diadi Zala, yovlis gamacocxlebeli siyvaruli – erosi. da-
iwyo qveynierebis Seqmna. usazRvro qaosma Sva maradiuli wyvdiadi – erebosi da bneli Rame niuqsi. Ramisa
da wyvdiadisagan warmoiSvnen maradiuli Suqi – eTeri da sixarulis momgvreli, naTeli dRe – hemera. sinaTle
moefina mTels qveynierebas da daiwyo dRisa da Ramis cvla. yovlisSemZle dedamiwam Sva unapiro lurji ca –
uranosi, da gadaiSala zeca. amayad aRimarTnen cisaken miwis Svilebi – maRali mTebi da farTod gadaiSala
marad mRelvare zRva. qalRmerTma Ramem gaaCina sazarel RvTaebaTa mTeli dasi: Tanatosi – sikvdili; eri-
da – ganxeTqileba; apatu – sicrue; keri – ganadgureba; hipnosi – Zili, saSinel moCvenebaTa mTeli gundiT,
romlebmac ar ician Sebraleba, nemesida – SurisZieba danaSaulisaTvis. saSineleba, ganxeTqileba, sicrue, brZo-
la da ubedureba moitanes am RmerTebma qveynad.
samyaro SemosazRvruli iyo vrceli mdinariT, romelsac okeanes uwodebdnen. okeanis aRmosavleTiT yovel
diliT amodis mze – RmerTi heliosi, xolo dasavleTiT (imave dros) Cadis mTvare – qalRmerTi selene. mTel sam-
yaros ganagebs zevsi – Myvela RmerTisa da adamianebis mama da mbrZanebeli. igi yovlisSemZlea. zevsi gana-
gebs casa da ciur movlenebs. igia Weqa-quxilis RmerTi – elvisa da mexis mfrqveveli zevsi. misi survilisamebr
ikribeba Rrubeli caze, igi ugzavnis adamianebs wvimas, misi brZanebiT moZraobs qari, icvleba weliwadis droni.
man daamyara qveynad sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da dauwesa adamianebs kanonebi. adamianTa bedi zevsis nebas
emorCileba. olimpos mTidan ugzavnis igi adamianebs wyalobasa da risxvas. RmerTebi monawileoben adami-
anTa cxovrebaSi, isini aswavlian adamianebs garkveul saqmes da mfarveloben maT saqmianobas. aTenam as-
wavla safeiqro xelovneba. hefestom – mWedloba da sxva. RmerTebs adamianisTvis moaqvT, rogorc sikeTe, ise
boroteba, rogorc bedniereba, ise ubedureba. ismis kiTxva: Tu yvelaferi RmerTebis nebiT xdeba, xolo isini mra-
valia da damoukideblad moqmedeben, maSin, xom ar sufevs samyaroSi qaosi da ganukiTxaoba? miTologia mi-
iCnevs, rom samyaro mkacrad mowesrigebuli mTelia. amgvar samyaros kosmosi ewodeba. masSi batonobs ur-
yevi wesrigi da gardauvaloba, sadac gamoricxulia yovelgvari SemTxveviToba da TviTneboba. ra Zala udevs sa-
fuZvlad am rkinisebur aucileblobas? es aris bediswera, romelic winaswar, erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs yo-
velive imas, rac samyaroSi xdeba. moxdeba mxolod is, rac bedisweriT aris dadgenili da gadawyvetili. vervin ga-
eqceva imas, rac uweria. bedisweras berZnulad moira hqvia, rac `wils~, `xvedrs~ niSnavs. yovel sagans, maT
Soris adamiansac, Tavisi wili, xvedri aqvs miCenili.
Tebes mefis memkvidrem laiosma, pisaSi mefe pelopTan stumrad yofnis dros, misi qaliSvili qrisipe moita-
ca da TavisTan waiyvana. ganrisxebulma da danaRvlianebulma mamam laiosi dawyevla – RmerTebma Cemi
Svilis gamtacebeli imiT dasajon, rom sakuTarma Svilma daRuposo. garkveuli drois Semdeg, laiosi menekevsis
asul iokasteze daqorwinda, magram Svili ar eRirsaT. apolonis qurumma qalma piTiam laioss RmerTebis neba
auwya: Svili geyoleba, magram pelopis wyevla giwevs da sakuTari Svilis xeliT sikvdili giweriao. Tavzardace-
mulma laiosma gadawyvita, Svili dabadebisTanave moekla. asec moiqca – axalSobils fexebi RvediT Seukra, ter-
febSi wvetiani rkina gauyara, uxmo monas da ubrZana yrmis dagdeba kiTeronis ferdobze, raTa iq gareul mxe-
cebs daeglijaT. magram monam ar Seasrula mefis brZaneba. bavSvi Seecoda da korinTos mefis monas gadasca.
korinTos mefe uSvilo iyo da bavSvis gamoCena RmerTebis wyalobad miiCnia. man gadawyvita ymawvili saku-
Tari SviliviT aRezarda da memkvidred gamoecxadebina. bavSvs saxelad oidiposi uwodes. erTxel nadimze er-
Tma SezarxoSebulma megobarma gazrdil da davaJkacebul oidiposs naSvilebi uwoda. oidiposma simarTlis dad-
genis mizniT delfos orakuls miakiTxa. sxivnaTelma apolonma misan piTias piriT oidiposs misi sazareli bedi ga-
ando: Sen moklav mamaSens, SeirTav sakuTar dedas da am qorwinebidan geyoleba Svilebi, dawyevlili Rmer-
Tebisagan da SeZulebuli adamianTagan. SeZrwunebulma oidiposma ganizraxa uTvistomo, unaTesavo, samSob-
los moklebul moxetiale yaribad darCeniliyo. magram gana SeiZleba vinme bedisweras gaeqces? oidiposma ar
icoda, rom, rac ufro Seecdeboda gaqceoda Tavis bedisweras, miT ufro mtkiced wavidoda im gziT, rac bedma ga-
nuCina. gzad mimavals, parnasis mTis Ziras, SemTxveviT ucnobi berikaci Semoakvda. oidiposi Tavs damnaSa-
ved ar grZnobda – igi xom mxolod Tavs icavda. alalbedze arCeulma gzam oidiposi TebeSi Caiyvana. qalaqSi
glova sufevda – sfingiones mTaze dasaxlebuli, tiTonisa da eqidnas naSieri sfinqsi sul axal-axal msxverpls iTx-
ovda da kidev, viRac ucnobs Tebes mefe laiosi moekla.
oidiposma moqalaqeTa daxmareba gadawyvita.
saSineli sanaxavi iyo qalis Taviani, uSvelebeli lomis tanis, basri klanWebiTa da uzarmazari arwivis frTebi-
ani sfinqsi. RmerTebis gadawyvetilebiT sfinqsi manamde unda darCeniliyo TebeSi, vidre vinme mis gamoca-

12
nas ar amoxsnida. mravalma scada, magram amaod, yvela daiRupa. sfinqsma oidipossac uTxra Tavisi Tavsate-
xi:
miTxari, vin dadis diliT oTx fexze, SuadRisas orze da saRamos samze? arcerTi miwieri arseba ar icvlis sa-
xes masaviT. roca oTx fexze dadis, maSin naklebi Zala aqvs da ufro nelac moZraobs, vidre sxva dros. wamiTac
ar dafiqrebula oidiposi, ise upasuxa: – es adamiania! roca pataraa, mxolod dilaa misi sicocxlisa, maSin sustia da
oTx fexze daxoxavs. dRisiT, e.i., simwifis asakSi, or fexze dadis, xolo saRamos, e.i. siberis dros, sustdeba, da-
sayrdeni sWirdeba da joxs iyenebs, maSin sam fexze dadis.
SeZlo oidiposma am Tavsatexis gamocnoba. sfinqsma ki frTebi aiqnia da kldidan zRvaSi gadaeSva. aseTi iyo
RmerTebis neba – sfinqsi unda daRupuliyo, Tuki vinme mis gamocanas gamoicnobda. ase gaaTavisufla oidipos-
ma Tebe ubedurebebisagan da madlierma xalxma igi mefed gamoacxada. oidiposma colad SeirTo qvrivi dedofali
da misgan ori vaJi da ori qaliSvili SeeZina. brZnulad marTavda oidiposi Tebes, xalxis siyvarulic daimsaxura,
magram vin gaqcevia bedisweras? isev didi gansacdeli daatyda Tavs Tebes – apolonma saSineli seni, Savi Wiri
mouvlina qalaqs. uamravi adamiani daixoca. misanma tiresiam ubedurebaSi oidiposi daadanaSaula, rogorc saku-
Tari mamis mkvleli da Tavisi mSobeli dedis qmari. SeZrwunebulma, sasowarkveTilma oidiposma Tvalebi daiTx-
ara – aRar surda ecqira mzis sinaTlisaTvis, aRar surda Svilebis xilva, romlebic misTvis imavdroulad debi da
Zmebic iyvnen. axla misTvis yovelive daiRupa. amaod cdilobda oidiposi beds gaqceoda! veravin Seclis RmerTe-
bis nebas, TviT zevsic ki.
berZnul miTologiaSi Taviseburi asaxva hpova bunebis kultmac. am TvalsazrisiT erT-erT yvelaze momxib-
vlel miTad miCneulia Zveli berZnuli Tqmuleba nimfa eqos Sesaxeb. mSvenieri nimfa eqo qalRmerTma heram
dasaja. amieridan eqos mxolod masTan mosaubris mier warmoTqmuli ukanaskneli sityvis gameoreba SeeZlo...
da ai, eqos Seuyvarda saxemSvenieri Wabuki narcisi. ver SesZlo eqom Tavisi unugeSo siyvarulis gandoba. uar-
yo igi narcisma. martod cxovrobda amieridan ukacriel da miuval gamoqvabulSi eqo, mZimed ganicdida Tavis
siyvaruls. Camoxma da mxolod Zvlebi da uwindeli xma-Ra SemorCa. bolos Zvlebic qvad iqcnen, magram dar-
Ca eqos xma. veravin xedavs mas udabur tyeebsa da maRal mTebSi, Tumca yvelas esmis misi xma...
CvenTvis sainteresoa is faqti, rom Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi vrceli da Taviseburi asaxva hpova Zveli saber-
ZneTis urTierTobam qarTul-kavkasiur samyarosTan: amorZalebi, meomar qalTa miTiuri tomi, Zvel berZenTa
warmodgeniT, Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen md. Termodontis maxloblad; berZen
gmirebs polidevkesa da kastors (dioskurebs) kolxTa qveyanaSi dauarsebiaT qalaqi dioskuria; kavkasionis
qedze iyo mijaWvuli berZenTa gmiri promoTe. magram berZnul miTologiaSi Zvel saqarTvelosTan urTierTo-
ba yvelaze ufro naTlad aisaxa TqmulebaSi argonavtTa kolxeTSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb. straboni gvawvdis Semdeg
cnobas: `(kolxeTSi)... mdinareebs CamoaqvT oqro, rasac barbarosebi daxvretili varclebiT da bewviani tyavebiT
agroveben. aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisis tyavze...~ sxvaTaSoris, oqros mopovebis es wesi sva-
neTSi, e.i. istoriuli kolxeTis mTian raionebSi, yofila SemorCenili. svaneTSi aseTi gadmocemaa Semonaxuli: –
TiTqos leSxvaraze mdgara orsarTuliani taZari. miwisqveSa sarTulSi oqros ganZeuloba inaxeboda. aqve iyo
oqros jaWviT dabmuli oqros verZi...
axla vnaxoT, rogoria qarTuli miTosuri panTeoni: `mTaze cxraTvala, bedgautexeli, caswvermibjenili cixe
dgas. aq aris RvTis kari: oqros taxtze morige RmerTi zis da oqrosave bageebs Zravs. aqve dgas qvesknelSi fes-
vgadgmuli alvis xe, romlis wverSi oqros cxrakeci Sibi hkidia. alvis rtoebze `yurebad sanatreli~, TeTrmxriani
RvTisSvilebi sxedan, xolo mis fesvebSi ukvdavebis veSa-wyaro Cqefs. veSa-wyaros RvTaebrivi veSapi patro-
nobs. cixidan wyaromde `miwi-miw~ darani Cadis. am daranidan moZraoben varskvlavTa ganmasaxierebeli,
erTmaneTis mode-moZme RvTisSvilebi~ (T. Cxenkeli). qarTvelebs mravali RmerTi hyavdaT. RmerTTa ma-
mamTavars erqva `morige~, anu wesisa da rigis gamrigebel-gamkanonebeli. is iyo qarTvelTa zevsi. mas hyav-
da RvTisSvilebi, igive naxevarRmerTebi – kopala, iasaxari, laSarela, pirquSi da sxvani; qalRmerTebi – dali,
xelsamZivari, pirimze da mzeqala; maTze dabla dganan gmirebi, igive piroflianebi – amirani, xogais mindi, sul-
kalmaxi da sxvani.
yvelas sakuTari adgili da Tvisebebi gaaCnia. magram miTosur fantazias Tavisufleba uyvars da xSirad saxes
ucvlida RmerTebs. RmerTebi Tu naxevarRmerTebi adamianurad iqceodnen: uyvardaT, ibrZodnen, mxiarulebas
Tu mwuxarebas eZleodnen. gmirebi ki zogjer RvTaebriv Zalas avlendnen da RmerTsac ki eWidebodnen.
RvTismebrZoli gaxda amirani, rogorc promeTe. promeTem xom adamianebs cecxli moupova, RvTaebrivi

13
cecxli, romelsac manamde mxolod RmerTebi flobdnen. amitom igi kavkasionze miajaWves. miTosis Tanax-
mad, igi sul gaTavisuflebas elis. aseTia amiranic. amiranSi adamianuric aris da RvTaebrivic. igi mxatvruli sa-
xea da masSi sxvadasxva azri SeiZleba amovikiTxoT. akakim xom mijaWvuli amirani Tavisuflebis momlodine
tyvedqmnil saqarTvelod warmoidgina. Zvel miTologiur saxeebs unari aqvT axali drois ideebic gamoxaton.
erTi SexedviT, miTosuri Tqmulebani fantastikur ambebs Seicavs. es ambebi daujerebelia, zRaprulia. mag-
ram, sulxan-saba orbelianisa ar iyos, am sicrueSi sibrZnea. Cven igi unda amovicnoT.

religiuri msoflmxedveloba

religia (laT. religio – keTilmsaxureba, RvTismoSiSeba, RvTismosaoba, siwminde) SeiZleba ganisazRvros,

rogorc msoflmxedveloba da msoflSegrZneba, agreTve adamianis Sesabamisi grZnobebi, qcevebi da specifikuri
moqmedebebi, romelic emyareba zebunebrivi Zalis rwmenas.
religia sulieri kulturis fenomenia, romelic mxolod adamianebs, moazrovne arsebebs aqvT. ismis kiTxva: ar-
sebobs Tu ara RmerTi? SeiZleba vupasuxoT erTmniSvnelovnad – diax! arsebobs, magram ratomaa sakamaTo
es kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze? saqme imaSia, rom RmerTi maTTvis arsebobs, visac igi swams, da ar
arsebobs maTTvis, visac ar swams. aTeisti moiTxovs dasabuTdes RmerTis arseboba da misi moqmedebebi. aris
ki samarTliani es moTxovna? ratom aviwydebaT maT, rom codna da rwmena, mecniereba da religia sul sxva-
dasxva fenomenebia. ratom ar ixseneben pavle mociqulis sityvebs: `amqveyniuri sibrZne RvTis winaSe aris
ugunureba~. es xom qristianobis amosavali debulebaa. rwmena mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom rwmenis obieqtis
Sesaxeb codna SeuZlebelia. imas, rac viciT, rwmena ar sWirdeba; rac ar viciT, rwmenac swored mas exeba.
samyaroSi gana yvela movlena Seimecneba da dasabuTdeba? amitom sworia debuleba: `iwameT RmerTi zebu-
nebrivi (sawinaaRmdegod bunebrivisa, romelic drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs, SegrZnebebSi gveZleva da amde-
nad Semecnebadia), radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT gaigoT, icodeT is~. ganvixiloT imanuel kantis mosazreba am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. igi wers: `SevzRude codna, raTa adgili dameTmo rwmenisTvis~. rogorc ukve viciT,
kantma moazrebadi samyaro gayo or nawilad, TavisTavadi nivTebis sferod da movlenebad. movlenebi es fizi-
kis sferoa, romelzec mecniereba Sendeba, e. i. cdaSi gveZleva. es imanenturi sferoa. TavisTavadi nivTebis sfe-
ro ki fizikis iqiT arsebuli sferoa, e. i. transcendenturi sfero, romelic cdaSi ar gveZleva da romelzec mecniereba
ar Sendeba. es rwmenis sferoa. kantma isic gviCvena, rom dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdeni argumenticaa
RmerTis arsebobis damadasturebeli, zustad imdenivea misi uarmyofeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi, arcerTi araa dasa-
buTebuli. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romels miiReben adamianebi, amiT RmerTis arsebobas araferi daakldeba.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs erTi daskvna: codna da codnis sfero sxvaa (is exeba bunebriv mov-
lenebs, drosa da sivrceSi rom arseboben), xolo rwmena da rwmenis sfero sxva. es ukanaskneli exeba zebuneb-
rivs, RmerTs, romelic ar eqvemdebareba dasabuTebas. igi rwmeniT unda miviRoT. maTTvis, visac swams
RmerTi, igi iseTive arsebulad iTvleba, rogorc aTeistisaTvis bunebrivi movlenebis arseboba. xom ar veWvobT
imaze, rom arsebobs Cvens garSemo movlenebi? ara, imitom rom maT vxedavT, isini SegrZnebebSi gveZleva.
aseve ar eWvdeba morwmune RmerTis arsebobaze, isic `xedavs~, oRond ara SegrZnebebiT, aramed misdami
garkveuli sulier - xedviT mdgomareobaSi CadgomiT. Tu rogor xdeba es, amis aRwera iseve SeuZlebelia, ro-
gorc RmerTisa da masTan dakavSirebuli zebunebrivi movlenebis dasabuTeba – gadmocema. e.i. movlenebis
wvdoma – Semecneba ufro advilia, vidre zebunebrivis, RmerTis wvdoma.
adamianebi yovelTvis eswrafvodnen Caswvdomodnen da SeecnoT saocrad idumali da amaRlebuli fenome-
nis – religiis – arsi. ra ganapirobebs adamianis rwmenas – daucvelobis grZnoba? siyvarulisa da Tanaziarebis
nakleboba cxovrebaSi? sikvdilis winaSe SiSi? an ukvdavebisaken maradiuli swrafva? Tu... ? ufali uxilavia,
Cven ki, Tanamedrove adamianebi, vazrovnebT mxolod konkretuli kategoriebiT, aRviqvamT mxolod konkretul
14
movlenebsa da sagnebs da `gviWirs~ maTi ganzogadeba. maS, rogorRa gvwams RmerTis, Tu ki mas ver vxe-
davT, ver aRviqvamT, ar gvesmis misi xma? mitropolit anton suroJels saubrebis ciklSi _ `Sexvedrebi Rmer-
TTan cxovelTan~ _ metad sagulisxmo mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli, raTa agvixsnas, migvaxvedros, ras niS-
navs religiuri grZnoba, uxilavi RmerTis siyvaruli: `sastumro `ukrainasTan~ taqss velodebodi. axalgazrda kaci
momiaxlovda da mkiTxa: `Tqveni samosi mimaniSnebs, rom morwmune xarT. sasuliero piri brZandebiT?~ `di-
ax~ – vupasuxe me~. `ai, me ki, RmerTis ar mjera...~ `Zalian samwuxaroa!~ – vupasuxe. – `rogor damimtki-
cebT RmerTis arsebobas?~ – `rogori, ra saxis damtkiceba gWirdebaT?~ – `xelis gulze maCveneT Tqveni
RmerTi da viwameb...~ man xeli gamomiwoda da me mis TiTze saqorwilo beWedi SevamCnie. `daojaxebuli
xarT?~ – vkiTxe. `diax~. – `bavSvebi gyavT?~ – `diax, myavs~. – meuRle giyvarT?~ – `ra Tqma unda, miy-
vars~. – `bavSvebi?~ – `bavSvebic~. `ai, me ki, amisi ar mjera!~ –
`rogor Tu, ar gjeraT? me xom geubnebiT...~ – `diax, magram me mainc ar mjera. damideT Tqveni siyvaruli xe-
lis gulze, me mas Sevxedav da davijereb...~
f. dostoevskis gmiri, ivane karamazovi erTi aTeistis istorias mogviTxrobs, romelsac saiqio cxovrebis ar swamda
da romelsac sikvdilis Semdeg RmerTma mosananieblad miliardi milis gavla miusaja. aTeisti gzaze dawva da milioni
wlis manZilze uars ambobda am gzis gavlaze. magram, erTxel igi wamodga da sakuTari nebis sawinaaRmdegod, ga-
iara es manZili. da rodesac mas, bolos da bolos, neba darTes warmsdgariyo uflis winaSe, imwamsve aRiara, rom sa-
ufloSi 5 wuTis yofnac ki Rirs imad, rom aTjer meti sigrZis gza ganvlo.
sakmarisia CaviZiroT sakuTar `me~-Si, CavuRrmavdeT Cveni sulis idumal, gaucnobierebel siRrmeebs, sadac
azri da sindisi erTmaneTs emTxveva (`svindisi – mamxilebeli goneba~, sulxan saba orbeliani), rom vigrZnoT, rogori
daucvelebi varT, rogor varT damokidebuli garemomcvel samyaroze, usasrulo yofierebaze da raoden didia masTan
erTianobis gancdis survili. es grZnoba Cveni, adamianuri bunebidan gamomdinareobs, rameTu TiToeuli Cvengani
absoluturi sawyisis matareblebi varT da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ganaTlebuli xar, Tu naklebad naziarebi codnas, Se-
uZlebelia ar igrZno am sawyisis arseboba SenSi da ar dageuflos masTan miaxlebis, urTierTobis moTxovnileba. es
gancda mxolod gonier arsebas uCndeba, radganadac mxolod igi acnobierebs sakuTar sasrulobasa da arasrulyofilebas
da miiswrafvis, cdilobs SeuerTdes usasrulobas da eziaros maradiul WeSmaritebas.
religia adamianisaTvis absolutTan uSualo urTierTobisaken swrafva da moTxovnilebaa. adamiani mu-
dam eZebs RmerTs, dalxinebuli da SeWirvebulic, imediani da nugeSis maZiebelic da arasodes rCeba gacru-
ebuli – sulier sazrdos iRebs, zneobrivad ixveweba, Svebas, nugeSsa da imeds povebs masSi. anu, es aris
cocxali urTierToba RmerTsa da adamians Soris da swored amaSia rwmenis arsi da Zala.
yoveli religia msoflmxedvelobaa, e.i. Camoyalibebulia garkveuli warmodgenebi RmerTze, samyarosa da
masSi mimdinare procesebze, gansazRvrulia adamianis raoba, cxovrebiseuli mizani da misi amqveyniuri da-
niSnuleba. am azriT, religia emTxveva filosofias, maTi Sinaarsi igiveobrivia. religia da filosofia ar emTxve-
va erTmaneTs kerZo aRmoCenebSi, midgomebsa da damokidebulebaSi. absolutis cnobiereba, romelic filo-
sofiaSi viTardeba ganyenebuli formiT, religiaSi mocemulia RmerTTan cocxali urTierTobis formiT, rac
mTel adamianur cxovrebas moicavs. Tu filosofia absolutis ganyenebuli Semecnebaa, xolo religia ki absolut-
Tan cocxali urTierToba, maSin filosofia religiaze upiratesi ver iqneba. Tumca, es arc aris saWiro. filosofia
verasodes Seucvlis adamians religias, iseve, rogorc religia ver ugulebelyofs filosofiis mniSvnelobasa da da-
niSnulebas adamianisaTvis. rogorc f. bekoni aRniSnavda, zereled miwodebuli filosofia gvaSorebs religias,
siRrmiseuli filosofia ki gvabrunebs mis wiaRSi.
magram, visac RmerTis Sesaxeb warmodgena Camoyalibebuli ara aqvs, igi mis siaxloves ver igrZnobs.
ufali adamianebs imdenad aZlevs misi Secnobis saSualebas, ra xarisxiTac adamianis gonebas SeuZlia misi
arsis wvdoma da gageba.
religia viTardeba ara imitom, rom religiuri grZnobebi da Sexedulebebi icvleba, aramed imitom, rom adami-
anis goneba viTardeba, ufro siRrmiseuli xdeba misi damokidebuleba samyaros, masSi mimdinare procesebisa
da sakuTari Tavisadmi.
kacobriobis istoria mraval religias icnobs, primitiuli Sexedulebebidan dawyebuli ganviTarebuli msoflio reli-
giebiT damTavrebuli:
1) pirvelyofili religiuri formebi:

15
 animizmis (laT. anima – suli) mixedviT, yvela materialur obieqtsa da process bunebaSi Tavisi zebunebrivi
oreuli hyavs. es termini mecnierebaSi daamkvidra e. teilorma. teilors religia, ZiriTadad, esmoda, rogorc sulieri
arsebebis rwmena, anu animizmi, romelsac igi `religiis minimums~ uwodebda. animisturi rwmena, misi mosaz-
rebiT, ganpirobebulia adamianis codnis dabali doniT. am periodis adamiani axsnas ver uZebnida iseT biologiur
movlenebs, rogoricaa Zili, sizmari, gulyra, sikvdili. cdilobda ra aexsna es movlenebi, `veluri-filosofosi~ mivida
sulis, patara oreulis ideamde, romelic yvela adamianSia Casaxlebuli da tovebs mas Zilis, sizmrebisa (am dros
suli mogzaurobs da am mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi aisaxeba adamianis sizmrebSi) da sikvdilis (am Sem-
TxvevaSi suli adamianis sxeuls aRar ubrundeba) SemTxvevaSi.
magia (berZ. magia – jadoqroba) gulisxmobs bunebasa da adamianze zemoqmedebis zebunebrivi saSuale-
bebis arsebobas (magaliTad, ritualuri wes-Cveulebebi, specifikuri moqmedebebi da sxva). magiis saxeebi mra-
valferovania: TeTri magia, Savi magia, sasiyvarulo magia, samkurnali magia, sasoflo-sameurneo magia da a.S.
fetiSizmi – `mojadoebuli sagani~, `gakeTebuli~, ase uwodebdnen portugalieli mogzaurebi im materialur
obieqtebs, romlebsac Tayvans scemda da aRmerTebda maT mier dapyrobili teritoriebis aborigeni mosaxleoba.
es aris bunebis garkveuli movlenebisa da sagnebis religiuri Tayvaniscema da gaRmerTeba. fetiSebs miewerebo-
daT zebunebrivi Tvisebebi. magaliTad, Cv. w. pirvel saukuneSi Zveli germanelebisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da yovlisSemZle fetiSi iyo naZvi. zamTarSi isini gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen mas, ferad-
feradi saCuqrebiT rTavdnen, mRerodnen da cekvavdnen misTvis, Txovdnen daxmarebasa da Semweobas. Cve-
ni saaxalwlo naZvis xis tradicia swored am Zveli wes- Cveulebis Taviseburi gagrZelebaa.
totemizmi (`misi gvari~, sityva `totemi~ – aRebulia Crdiloamerikel indielTa erT-erTi tomis enidan). tote-
mizmis mixedviT, cxovelTa da mcenareTa garkveuli saxeobebi ama Tu im Temis an tomis mfarvel-winaprebs
warmoadgenen. maTi mokvla akrZaluli iyo, magram weliwadSi erTxel, religiuri mizniT, adamianebi valdebuli
iyvnen moeklaT Tavisi totemi da SeeWamaT misi xorci. iTvleboda, rom es rituali sasargeblo iyo rogorc adami-
anisaTvis, aseve cxovelisaTvis – adamianze gadadioda totemis Zala da yovlisSemZleoba, xolo cxovels ki gam-
ravlebaSi uwyobda xels.
2) poliTeizmi anu mravalRmerTianoba. poliTeizmi win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo pirvelyofil religiur for-
mebTan SedarebiT. Tu pirvelyofil religiebSi adamiani emorCileba bunebis brma Zalebs, axla emorCileba ada-
mianuri saxisa da moqmedebis RmerTebs.
3) Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli monoTeisturi religiebi, romelTa Soris ganasxvaveben msoflio da naciona-
lur religiebs.
a) iudaizmi – nacionaluri monoTeisturi religia, romelic, ZiriTadad, mxolod ebraeli eris religiuri msof-
lmxedvelobas, ideologias warmoadgens.
b) budizmi – safuZveli Caeyara Zv. w. VI–V saukuneebSi indoeTSi. igi xuTi saukuniT `ufrosia~ qriatiano-
baze, xolo islami ki Tormeti saukuniT axalgazrdaa masze. misi warmoSoba ukavSirdeba mogzaur-mqadageblis
sidxartxas saxels, romelic Tavis Tavs budas (`WeSmaritebiT gasxivosnebuls~) uwodebda. mravaljeradi xelaxali
dabadebis Semdeg, budam airCia SakiamunTa gvaris ufliswul sidxartxas saxe da erTaderTi mizniT moevlina
dedamiwas – aswavlos cocxal arsebebs tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebis, xsnis gza. am religiis qvakuTxedia budas
swavleba da oTxi keTilSobili WeSmariteba: tanjva, tanjvis mizezi, tanjvisagan gankurneba (mospoba) da gan-
kurnebis saSualebebi. gankurneba (gaTavisufleba) am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs nirvanas. budizmSi gansakuTre-
buli adgili aqvs daTmobili karmis cnebas, romelic gagebulia, rogorc gansakuTrebuli mentaluri struqtura.
b) qristianoba – msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli religiaa, romelic warmoiSva romis imperiaSi, palestinaSi.
Zv.w. VII saukuneSi winaswarmetyvelma ieremiam Tqva: ase ambobs ufali: me davdeb adamianebTan axal
aRTqmas, axal kavSirs,... igi amotvifruli iqneba gulebSi... da, ai, 700 wlis Semdeg, patara oTaxSi Seikriba 12
adamiani da aRsrulda msxverplTSewirva. es rituali uwin yovelTvis sisxlis TanxlebiT sruldeboda. sisxli xom si-
cocxlis simboloa, sicocxle ki mxolod RmerTs ekuTvnis. ase iyo moses drosac. im Rames ki, Cv.w. 30 wlis ga-
zafxulze, ieso nazarevelma aRasrula es wesi, magram aq sisxli ar iyo, iyo Rvino da puri. man gatexa puri, dauri-
ga TiToeul iq myofs da uTxra: ai, Cemi xorci xorcTagani, rogorc samsxverplo kravi adamianebisaTvis. Camo-
asxa Rvino fialaSi, Camoatara da dasZina:P ai, Cemi sisxli, romelic me adamianebisaTvis gaviRe. es axali aR-
Tqmaa Cems sisxlSi. amgvarad, am wminda trapezSi RmerTi da adamiani SeerTda ara realur, fizikur sisxlSi,
aramed miwis simbolur sisxlSi, rameTu yurZnis wveni, Rvino miwis sisxlia, puri ki miwis xorci. es RmerTia,

16
romelic CvenTvis Tavs wiravs. `giyvardeT erTmaneTi, rogorc me SegiyvareT Tqven~ (ioan. 15.12) – es siyva-
rulis umaRlesi, miuwvdomeli formulaa, idealia, romelic ieso qristem samoqmedod dagvitova da amitomac
gvTxovs Cven, adamianebs, visac masTan yofna surs, ukuagdos Tavisi siamaye, didebismoyvareoba, ampartav-
neba, itvirTos Tavisi jvari da gahyves qristes gzas.
qristianoba axali eTika ar aris. qristianoba axali cxovrebaa, romelic saSualebas aZlevs adamians uSualod
iurTierTos RmerTTan. sad aris aq saidumlo? ratom izidavs andamativiT es religia adamianebs? gansakuTrebiT
ieso qristes pirovneba? mis sityvebSi xom ar iyo aRmosavleTis poetebisa da filosofosebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli bundovaneba, maRalfardovneba? macxovari yovelTvis martivad da gasagebad saubrobda. misi igavebic
Cveni cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi iyo. es saidumlo, mRvdel aleqsandre menis azriT, irkveva aseTive martiv sity-
vebSi: filipe ekiTxeba: gviCvene mama, mama yovelivesi, berZnebi rom arxes uwodeben. sad aris igi? da ieso
pasuxobs, rogorc ar upasuxia arcerT filosofoss: amdeni xania TqvenTan var da Sen ar micnob? vinc me mnaxa,
man mamac naxa. ieso qriste aris usasrulos, auxsnelis, Seucnobelis adamianuri saxe, CvenTvis movlenili, vinc
CvenTan erTad tvirTulobs Cveni cxovrebis simZimes, vinc msxverplad Seewira adamianebs da gamoisyida ka-
cobriobis codvebi, CvenTvis rom axali cxovrebis dawyebis saSualeba moeca.
qristianobis gavrceleba, Zveli aRTqmisa da wminda werilebis safuZvelze, ar iyo mxolod religiuri fenomeni.
qristianobiT daiwyo kacobriobis Tvisobrivad axali era, romelic dRes evropuli da dasavluri civilizaciis saxeliT
aris cnobili.
d) islamis mimdevrs musulmani hqvia, rac arabuli sityvaa (muslimi) da niSnavs `mindobils~, `morCils~. is-
lami yvelaze axalgazrdaa ganviTarebul monoTeistur religiaTa Soris. igi aseve warmoiSva axlo aRmosavleTSi,
eyrdnoboda igive ideebs, efuZneboda imave kulturul tradiciebs, rasac qristianoba da iudaizmi. es religiuri siste-
ma, Tavisi uaRresad mkacri da dasrulebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukiduresobamde miyvanili monoTeizmiT, Camo-
yalibda misi ori winamorbedis niadagze. ase, rom maTi gavlena igrZnoba rwmenis simboloSi, kultis principeb-
Si, moralur mcnebebSi da a.S. da, mainc, miuxedavad amisa, islami, rogorc msoflio religia TviTmyofadi da ga-
numeorebelia. am religiis rolisa da adgilis Sefasebisas bevrad ufro arsebiTia is, rom praqtikaSi, aziisa da afrikis
xalxTa yoveldRiur yofasa da kulturaze kolosalur zemoqmedebaSi, islams gaaCnia ara marto Tavisi ganumeore-
beli saxe, aramed sakmaod specifikuri xasiaTic. es specifika imdenad didi da sagrZnobia, rom SemTxveviT ar
saubroben `islamur samyaroze~, islamur (arabul-islamur) civilizaciaze.
aseTia mokled religiis istoriaSi cnobili ZiriTadi msoflmxedvelobani. ra Tqma unda, es ar aris sruli suraTi.
yoveli msoflio religia Tavis TavSi Seicavs mraval mimdinareobas, romlebic erTmaneTisagan sakmaod gan-
sxvavdebian TavianTi SexedulebebiT.
filosofiisa da religiis mimarTeba progresulad moazrovne sazogadoebaSi normaluria. ra Tqma unda, isini ro-
gorc sulieri kulturis formebi, erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben, urTierTs amdidreben da saerTo jamSi emsaxurebian
adamianis sulier da zneobriv srulyofas.

filosofia da kerZo mecnierebebi

filosofiis sagani

filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, rogorc ukve vTqviT, universaluri msoflmxedvelobaa, mTeli sinamdvilis Sesaxeb
SexedulebaTa sistemaa. kerZo mecnierebebi swavloben Tvalxilul, dakvirvebad, drosa da sivrceSi arsebul sinam-
dviles. filosofia ar aris erT-erTi kerZo mecniereba sxva mecnierebaTa Soris. igi specifikuri msoflmxedvelobaa, ro-
melic tvirTad iRebs kerZo mecnierebaTa miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebas, raTa Seqmnas sinamdvilis, rogorc mTelis
srulyofili suraTi.
imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT filosofiisa da sxva mecnierebaTa urTierTmimarTeba, saWiroa gavaanalizoT mec-
nierebisa da msoflmxedvelobis cnebebi.
mecnierebis zogadi gansazRvreba did siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli, radgan ar arsebobs erTi mecniereba. ar-
sebobs mecnierebis ramdenime tipi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian codnis xasiaTiT, SinaarsiTa da kri-

17
teriumebiT. Tanamedrove gagebiT, arsebobs mxolod kerZo mecniereba, sxva e. w. filosofiuri mecniereba ar arse-
bobs. mecnierebis arsi zogadad aseTia: mecniereba aris intersubieqturi meTodebiT dasabuTebuli obieqturi codnis
sistema. igi iyenebs iseT problemebs, romelTa dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gadawyveta xdeba erTmniSvnelovnad. mecni-
ereba adgens utyuar da ueWvel debulebebs, romelTac axasiaTebs WeSmariteba, maTi sapirispiro debulebebi
mcdaria.
Zvel saberZneTSi filosofia mecnierul codnasTan erTad daibada da masTan iyo gaigivebuli. am droisaTvis
mecniereba da filosofia gayofili ar iyo. amitom yvela didi mecnieri amave dros didi filosofosic iyo. Zveli berZe-
ni filosofosebi aseve iyvnen maTematikosebi, astronomebi, fizikosebi, fsiqologebi, logikosebi da sxva. mecnie-
rebisa da filosofiis aseTi damokidebuleba TiTqmis XIX saukunis bolomde gagrZelda. didi maTematikosebi da
fizikosebi dekarti (1596 – 1650 ww.), laibnici (1646 –1716 ww.), paskali (1623 – 1662 ww.) da sxvebi didi fi-
losofosebic iyvnen. rodesac mecnierebaSi damkvidrda eqsperimentuli meTodi, daiwyo konkretul mecnierebaTa
diferenciacia. gaCnda mravali sabunebismetyvelo, socialuri da fsiqologiur-eqsperimentaluri mecniereba; amas
mohyva mecnierebaTa funqciebis dayofa. amrigad, mTeli samyaros Semadgeneli sferoebi danawilda konkretul
mecnierebebze, magram es danawileba TviTneburad ar momxdara. is sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis praqtikuli
moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze warmoiSva. yvela konkretuli mecniereba Seiswavlis ra romelime konkretuli sferos
kanonzomierebas, am codnis safuZvelze axorcielebs am sferos movlenebisa da procesebis winaswarxedvas da
prognozirebas, analizs ukeTebs miRebuli Sedegebis mniSvnelobas. es aris yvela konkretuli mecnierebis praqti-
kuli daniSnuleba. es iTqmis ara mxolod sabunebismetyvelo da socialur mecnierebaze, aramed fsiqologiazec.
eqsperimentuli fsiqologia Seiswavlis ra qcevebs, mis xasiaTs, nebisyofas, temperaments da sxva fsiqologiur
Tvisebas, amis safuZvelze axdens imis prognozirebas, Tu rogor moiqceva esa Tu is adamiani ama Tu im kon-
kretul situaciaSi. aseT gamokvlevebs farTo praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs medicinaSi, pedagogikaSi, iurispruden-
ciaSi da sxva sferoSi. ibadeba kiTxva: radgan mTeli samyaros sferoebi danawilda konkretul mecnierebebze, ra
darCa filosofias Sesaswavli da ra praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs mas?
filosofiurma kvleva-Ziebam swored maSin monaxa Tavisi namdvili Sesaswavli sagani, rodesac samyaro kon-
kretulma mecnierebebma dainawiles. mecnierebaTa aseTma diferenciaciam filosofias saSualeba misca epovna
misTvis mniSvnelovani, wminda filosofiuri problemebi. darCa iseTi kiTxvebi, romelsac arc erTi konkretuli mecni-
ereba ar Seiswavlis. mas mxolod filosofia ikvlevs. es kiTxvebia: ra kavSiria materialur da sulier samyaros Soris? ra
aris sulieri da materialuri samyaros safuZveli anu sawyisi? ras warmoadgens am samyaroSi sazogadoebrivi yofiere-
ba? gaaCnia Tu ara sazogadoebriv yofierebas kanonzomiereba? SeiZleba Tu ara sazogadoebrivi yofierebisa da sa-
zogadoebrivi istoriis marTva? ras warmoadgens am samyaroSi adamiani? ra aris adamianis sicocxlis azri da cxov-
rebis mizani? da sxva. am kiTxvebze sxvadasxva filosofiur sistemebSi gansxvavebuli pasuxebi arsebobs, magram
miuxedavad amisa, yvela pasuxs aqvs Tavisi Rirebuleba, radgan is garkveul msoflmxedvelobas warmoadgens da
adamianTa sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba. mTavari ki mainc is aris, rom dReisTvis arsebobs
filosofiis dargi, romelsac mecnierebis filosofia ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, es iyofa bunebaTmecnierebis filosofiad da
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa filosofiad. arsebobs teqnikis filosofia, kibernetikis filosofia, fsiqologiis filosofia, isto-
riis filosofia, samarTlis filosofia, kulturis filosofia, religiis filosofia da sxva.
amrigad, filosofia ar emijneba arc mecnierebas da arc religias. filosofia im kuTxiT awarmoebs aRniSnul sfero-
ebSi Tavis kvleva-Ziebas, rac aucileblobiT sWirdeba filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas. aqedan kargad
Cans filosofiis praqtikuli daniSnuleba. yvela problema adamianis sulieri moTxovnilebidan gamomdinareobs da am-
denad Tavad adamiani aris sulieri kulturis erT-erTi fenomeni. garda amisa, filosofia TviTon ikvlevs kulturas da kul-
turul Rirebulebebs da es aris misi umTavresi daniSnuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom filosofia mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebs sakacobrio Rirebulebebisa da kulturis ganviTarebaSi. es aris misi sazogadoebrivi funqcia da praq-
tikuli daniSnuleba. amitom filosofiis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi sabolood moxsnilia da is arasodes ar daismeba sanam
kacobrioba da misi kultura iarsebebs. aq dasaSvebia poziciis arCevis SesaZlebloba. poziciaSi Camoyalibebuli idee-
bi, Sexedulebebi da principebi warmoadgenen kulturul Rirebulebebs, romelebic safuZvlad udevs adamianTa cxov-
rebis wess da mas filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba ewodeba.

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 filosofia da xelovneba

xelovneba sulieri kulturis specifikuri formaa, romelic sinamdviles mxatvrul saxeebSi asaxavs. xelovneba aris si-
namdvilis esTetikuri dauflebis umniSvnelovanesi xerxi. adamiani dRidan misi warmoSobisa upirispirdeba misTvis
ucxo sinamdviles. am sinamdvilesTan urTierTobis mogvarebis sxvadasxva formaTa Soris xelovnebas gansa-
kuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. xelovnebas, rogorc sulieri kulturis erT-erT formas, mWidro urTierToba aqvs filosofi-
asTan. xelovneba garkveuli sulieri informaciis wyaroa, romelic SinaarsiT da formiT religiis, mecnierebis da fi-
losofiis identuri ar aris.
xelovneba sxvadasxva formiT arsebobs (leqsi, proza, qandakeba, musika, ferwera da sxva). igi grZnobadi
formebisagan Sedgeba. unda davinaxoT da movisminoT, rom davtkbeT xelovnebis nawarmoebiT, magram es
imas ar niSnavs, rom xelovneba danaxuliT da mosmeniliT amoiwureba. magaliTad: ferweruli nawarmoebi gad-
mogvcems ama Tu im obieqtis grZnobad-konkretul xats, magram amave dros am nawarmoebSi vxedavT mxat-
vris, xelovanis damokidebulebas obieqtTan, obieqtis ganwyobilebas da bedsac. amgvar damokidebulebas xelov-
nebis nawarmoebSi ver dainaxav da verc moismen. amitom xelovnebis nawarmoebi ori Srisagan Sedgeba. pirve-
lis elementebia grZnobad arsebuli formebi, ferebi, bgerebi, riTac vxedavT, SevigrZnobT da vismenT. meorisa –
sulieri cxovrebis elementebi da faqtebi, romelTac grZnobadi xati ara aqvT (siwminde, ubraloeba, erTguleba, siy-
varuli, siZulvili, SiSi, Suri, da sxva). xelovnebaSi arsebobs grZnobadi da zegrZnobadi fenebi. xelovnebis fenaTa
Sinaarsis gaxsna iwyeba grZnobadiT. aRniSnul fenaTa urTierTmimarTeba Taviseburia. grZnobadi fena aris sa-
fuZveli, saidanac aragrZnobadi fenebi aRmocendebian.
xelovnebis Sinaarsi arasodes aris neitraluri. igi an mSvenieria, an amaRlebuli, an tragikuli, an komikuri, an
erTdroulad mSvenieric da amaRlebulic, tragikulic da komikuric. xelovnebis Sinaarsi udidesi emociuri zemoq-
medebis Zalisaa. ra aZlevs xelovnebas, mis Sinaarss emociurobas? saidan aqvs mas Tvalwarmtaci, `jadosnuri~
momxibvleloba? ra elementebisagan Sedgeba igi? xelovnebis Sinaarsis elementebs, uwinares yovlisa, Seadge-
nen bunebisa da admianTa yofa-cxovrebis faqtebi. masSi CvenTvis cnobili sinamdvilea asaxuli. xelovnebis zo-
gierTi dargi, magaliTad mxatvruli literatura, ara marto asaxavs sinamdviles, aramed ama Tu im movlenis Sesa-
xeb garkveul codnasac Seicavs. xelovneba ara marto imecnebs sinamdvilis konkretul movlenebs, aramed afa-
sebs kidec maT. xelovnebis nawarmoebs Tu davukvirdebiT, is ara marto imas gviCvenebs rac aris, aramed Se-
moqmedebacaa, axlis qmnacaa.
xelovnebis SemoqmedebiTi buneba araa RvTaebrivi qmnadobis igiveobrivi. RmerTi samyaros qmnis arara-
dan, Tavisuflebidan. igi, rogorc umaRlesi Semoqmedi arafriT ar aris gansazRvruli, garda Sinagani aucileblobi-
sa; xelovani qmnis mxolod axal kompoziciebs. zogjer bunebrivad daukavSirebelsac ki akavSirebs erTmaneT-
Tan mxatvruli saxisa da Semoqmedebis meSveobiT.
xelovneba Semoqmedebaa. igi axal kompoziciebs, axal kavSirebs qmnis. magram, aqvs ki raime mizani am
saqmianobas, Tu igi ubralo garTobaa? iqneb ucnauri mxatvruli saxeebis Seqmnis TavisuflebiT tkbobaa? nawi-
lobriv es sworia. xelovnebaSi, radganac igi Semoqmedebaa, aris TamaSis momentic, magram motivi, romelic
axali sinamdvilis Sesaqmnelad amzadebs xelovans, aris adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani, Tavisi idealebis
mixedviT gardaqmnas samyaro, yvelasaTvis misawvdomi gaxados igi. xelovnebas qmnis adamiani, romelic sa-
zogadoebis produqtia. kacobriobis sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebebs sxvadasxva sazrunavi da saocnebo hqon-
daT. amitom xelovnebis istoriaSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli idealebiTa da ideebiT sulCadgmuli sxvadasxva epo-
qis xelovneba. magaliTad: antikuri, Sua saukuneebis, aRorZinebis epoqis da sxva.
xelovneba warmoadgens Semoqmedebis erT-erT specifikur sferos. gasagebia is, rom Semoqmedeba ver da-
emTxveva xelovnebas, radganac Semoqmedeba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre xelovneba. yovelgvari Semoqmedeba
ar aris xelovneba, xolo yovelgvari xelovneba Semoqmedebaa. aris SemTxveva, roca xelovani gvevlineba rogorc
formis, ise Sinaarsis Semoqmedad. ra Tqma unda, Tvisobrivad axali Sinaarsi axal formas moiTxovs. es ki yovel
saukuneSi ar xdeba. mas sWirdeba garkveuli epoqebi, romelTa momzadebasac axdens sazogadoebis rTuli Sina-
gani winaaRmdegobani da maTi gadalaxva. aseT dros saWiroa geniosi xelovani, romelsac Semoqmedeba xe-
lovnebaSi ahyavs filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis simaRleze. aseTi xelovanis Sefasebisas yovelTvis iyeneben

19
cneba `filosofiurs~. filosofosi cnebebis meSveobiT aRwevs SemoqmedebiT warmatebas, xelovani – mxatvruli
saxeebiT. Sinaarsi orive SemTxvevaSi uzogadesia, magram did epoqebs Soris arseboben talantebi xelovnebaSic
da filosofiaSic, romlebic `baZaven~ geniosebis mier Seqmnil sinamdviles formisa da Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT.
magaliTad: filosofiaSi platoni – neoplatonikosebi, kanti - neokantianelebi da sxva. xelovnebaSi -klasicizmi, ro-
mantizmi, formalizmi, realizmi, abstraqcionizmi da sxva. am saxis xelovanTa meSveobiT epoqis filosofiuri
gaazreba gasagebi xdeba maTTvis, visTvisac igi filosofiurad gaugebaria. aseTia mokled xelovnebis specifika.
filosofiasa da xelovnebas Soris kavSiri rom arsebobs, es udavoa. filosofia uzogadesi msoflmxedvelobaa, Teori-
ulad gaazrebuli da am msoflmxedvelobam angariSi unda gauwios am `msoflioSi~ kanonieri adgilis mqone xe-
lovnebis mier Seqmnil sinamdviles, romelic mTeli sinamdvilis nawilia. nawilis gareSe ki mTeli ar iqneba, xolo
msoflmxedveloba _ srulyofili.
sulieri kulturis sxva formebTan SedarebiT xelovneba filosofiur msoflmxedvelobasTan yvelaze axlos imyo-
feba. rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, xelovneba Semoqmedebaa. Semoqmedeba gulisxmobs axali sinamdvilis Seqmnas
subieqtis, Semoqmedis mier. filosofiac Semoqmedebaa, igi sinamdvilis axali suraTis Seqmnaa, romelic ar daiy-
vaneba sinamdvileze. filosofia rom Semoqmedeba ar iyos, maSin erT filosofiur problemaze erTi WeSmariteba
iarsebebda, iseve rogorc es kerZo mecnierebebSia mocemuli, magram erT da imave problemaze filosofiaSi im-
deni azri arsebobs, ramdeni filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobacaa filosofiis istoriaSi. rogorc viciT, filosofia msof-
lmxedvelobaa da `mxedveli~, subieqti gansxvavdeba adgilsamyofeliT, rac ganapirobebs SexedulebaTa sxva-
dasxvaobas, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi subieqturia. esa Tu is Sexeduleba mainc obieqtiTaa gansazRvruli.
xelovnebaSic aseT mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme. filosofiasa da xelovnebaSi rac ufro metia Semoqmediseu-
li, pirovnebiseuli, miT ufro didia esa Tu is nawarmoebi. mecnierebebSi es procesi sawinaaRmdegoa. mecnieruli
azri rac nakleb subieqturia, SeiZleba iTqvas, maSin iTvleba metad Rirebulad.
filosofiasa da xelovnebas Soris gansxvavebac Zalian didia. xelovanis mier qmnadoba xorcieldeba mxatvruli
saxeebis meSveobiT, filosofosi ki, ZiriTadad, cnebebiT operirebs. iyenebs rogorc formalur, ise filosofiur logi-
kas, romelic racionalur azrovnebasTan erTad iracionalur azrovnebasac gulisxmobs. xelovnebis interesis obieqti
aris bunebisa da sazogadoebis esa Tu is movlena. xelovnebis daniSnulebaa am movlenebis mxatvruli ganzoga-
deba, romelsac Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebisaTvis. filosofiis sfero ki vrceldeba mTels sinamdvi-
leze, arsebulze mTlianad, romelSic Sedis xelovnebis mier ganzogadebuli, Seqmnili sinamdvilec.
aseTia xelovnebisa da filosofiis msgavseba – gansxvavebis zogierTi aspeqti. es ufro kargad gamoCndeba fi-
losofiisa da kerZo mecnierebaTa mimarTebis garkvevis Semdeg.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras Seiswavlis filosofia?

ra aris msoflmxedveloba?
daasaxeleT msoflmxedvelobrivi kiTxvebi.
ram gamoiwvia miTosuri azrovnebis svla filosofiuri azrovnebisaken?
riT gansxvavdeba filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba miTosuri da religiuri msoflmxedvelobebisagan?
ra aris saerTo msoflmxedvelobebisaTvis?
ra aris poliTeizmi? monoTeizmi?
gaanalizeT imanuel kantis mosazreba: `SevzRude codna, raTa adgili dameTmo rwmenisaTvis~?
ra problemebs ikvlevs filosofia?
ra urTierTmimarTebaa filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris?

20
 rogor gesmiT – `filosofia azrovnebis avantiuraa~?

Tavi II

logika

filosofia hgavs nayofier

mindors, romlis niadagi masze
gaSenebuli xexiliT aris fizika,
masze moweuli Wirnaxuli – eTika,
xolo damcveli Robe – meseri
– logika.
stoelebi

logika aris mecniereba mwyobri, Tanmimdevruli, swori azrovnebis formebisa da kanonebis Sesaxeb.
am ganmartebaSi igulisxmeba, rom azrovnebis simwyobre, misi Tanmimdevruloba anu siswore, sxva ramaa
da misi WeSmariteba, sinamdvilesTan misi Sesabamisoba, sxva. is imecnebs garkveuli tipis obieqtebs, romel-
Tac Tavisi Sinaarsi da struqtura aqvT. is ganyenebas axdens ara Sinaarsisagan, aramed materiisagan (masalisa-
gan).
aviRoT ori winadadeba: `yoveli adamiani mokvdavia~ da `yoveli xe mcenarea~. logikas ar ainteresebs am
winadadebaTa konkretuli Sinaarsi, romelic exeba `adamians, `xes~, `mcenares~ da a. S. maTi kvleva Sesabamis
mecnierebaTa (anatomiis, fiziologiis, botanikis da a. S.) da ara logikis saqmea. am ukanasknels ainteresebs am
winadadebaTa zogadi struqtura, romelsac gamoxatavs sqema: `yoveli A aris B~. winadadeba uSinaarso rodia.
mas Tavisi logikuri Sinaarsi aqvs, romelic ganyenebulia konkretuli masalisagan anu, materiisagan. Semdegi ma-
galiTi ki aseTia: `yvela liToni eleqtrobis gamtaria da rkina liTonia, maSasadame, rkinac eleqtrobis gamtaria~.
zemoTqmuli sworia, Tanmimdevrulia da amave dros masSi Semavali azric (winadadebac) eTanxmeba sinam-
dviles, WeSmaritia.
mocemuli ganmarteba aris logikis yvelaze gavrcelebuli, oRond mxolod miaxloebiTi da amasTanave arasak-
marisad mkafio daxasiaTeba.
logikis, rogorc mecnierebis damoukidebeli dargis Semqmnelia aristotele. sityva `logika~ mecnierebis am
dargis saxelad ufro mogvianebiT SemoiRes. igi berZnuli sityvaa (`logos~), rac niSnavs sityvasac, sityviT gamo-
xatul azrsac da gonebasac saerTod.
WeSmariteba da mcdaroba. azrovnebis erT-erTi mizania sinamdvilis Semecneba, WeSmaritebis dadgena,
magram raze da ra pirobebSi vambobT, rom WeSmaritia an mcdaria?
TxrobiT winadadebaSi gamoTqmul azrs vaxasiaTebT, rogorc WeSmarits an mcdars. sityva `azri~ ki niS-
navs raime viTarebis, sagnobrivi viTarebis mosazrebas, cnobierebaSi mis warmodgenas (reprezentacias), cnobi-
erebis Sinaarsad gadaqcevas. cnobierebis Sinaarsad misi gadaqceva msjelobiT xdeba. msjeloba aris TxrobiT wi-
nadadebaSi gamoTqmuli azri, romliTac cnobierebaSi mocemulia raime sagnobrivi viTareba da am viTarebis si-
namdvileSi ganxorcielebis dasturi an uaryofa. magaliTad: `es vardi wiTelia~ adasturebs sinamdvileSi am vardis
siwiTles; xolo msjeloba: `mze ar brunavs dedamiwis garSemo~ uaryofs dedamiwis garSemo mzis brunvas.
Tu msjeloba adasturebs raime sagnobrivi viTarebis ganxorcielebas sinamdvileSi da es viTareba marTlac ar-
sebobs, an Tu uaryofs am viTarebis arsebobas da es viTareba marTlac ar arsebobs, maSin msjeloba WeSmariti-
a. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi mcdaria.

21
 bWoba da daskvna. rogor axerxebs adamiani imis dadgenas, rom esa TuU is winadadeba aris WeSmariti
Tu mcdari? amis dasadgenad ori gza arsebobs: sinamdvileze uSualo dakvirveba da gansja anu bWoba.
WeSmariteba winadadebisa – `fanqari, romelic jibeSi midevs, aris mwvane~, SeiZleba davadginoT sinam-
dvilis Wvretis, aRqmis, gancdis gziT: Sexedav fanqars da SevigrZnob, is marTla mwvanea, Tu ara. Tumca yve-
la SemTxvevaSi ase ver moiqcevi. mecnierebis kanonebis, magaliTad, mizidulobis kanonis WeSmaritebas dak-
virvebis, aRqmis gziT ver davadgenT. SeiZleba dainaxo, rogor vardeba Zirs qva, magram mizidulobis kanons
veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver dainaxav. mecnierebis kanonebi, jer erTi, exeba usasrulod bevr sagans, xolo usas-
rulod bevri sagnis aRqma SeuZlebelia da metic, imas, rasac es kanonebi adgens, arc feri aqvs da arc gemo, rom
SevigrZnoT. aseTi winadadebebis WeSmaritebasa da mcdarobas mxolod gansja, bWoba adgens.
bWobis, gansjis procesSi adamiani cdilobs ukve cnobili WeSmariti winadadebebis gamoyenebiT sarwmuno
gaxados sxva winadadebebis WeSmariteba. bWoba winadadebebis sasruli mimdevrobaa. is iwyeba da mTav-
rdeba. masSi, erTis mxriv, gamoiyofa winadadebebi, romelTa WeSmariteba CvenTvis bWobamde iyo cnobili,
maT bWobis wanamZRvrebi, sabuTebi, argumentebi ewodebaT. meores mxriv, bWobaSi gvaqvs winadadeba,
romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad tardeba es bWoba. mas bWobis Tezisebi ewodeba. bWobis procesSi wanam-
ZRvrebidan Tezisebze gadasvla da misi WeSmaritebis dadgena TandaTanobiT xdeba. jer erTi winadadebis
WeSmaritebas davadgenT, Semdeg meorisas da a. S. yoveli aseTi gadasvla da amiT codnisTvis kidev erTi axali
winadadebis Semateba, daskvniT xorcieldeba.
magaliTad: A an durgalia, an mWedeli, an kalatozi.
A ar aris arc durgali da arc kalatozi.
A aris mWedeli.
pirveli da meore winadadeba wanamZRvrebia,
A aris mWedeli – daskvnaa.
logikis Rirebuleba gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans adamianTa saqmianobis iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa kamaTi (dis-
kusia) da dasabuTeba. bWobis wanamZRvrebSi SesaZloa, Cvenda uneburad, mcdari winadadeba gagveparos, xo-
lo mcdarma wanamZRvrebma SeiZleba mogvces mcdari daskvna. am SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom daSvebulia Ziri-
Tadi Secdoma.
Tu wanamZRvrad gamoviyeneT TviTon bWobis Tezisi an winadadeba, romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad
bWobis Tezisi gamoiyeneba, es dausabuTebeli wanamZRvris kerZo SemTxvevaa da mas mankieri wris Secdoma
hqvia.
azrovnebis ZiriTadi kanonebi. arsebobs uzogadesi moTxovnebi (maT azrovnebis ZiriTad kanonebs uwode-
ben), romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes yovelgvari bWoba, Tuki gvinda, rom is usagno, ufro metic, uazro laparaki ki
ara, marTlac Cvens xelT arsebuli codnis gamarTuli, Tanmimdevruli gafarToebis cda iyos. maTi dacva aucilebelia,
magram arasakmarisi pirobaa bWobis sisworisa. bWobis siswores maT garda sakuTari kanonebic aqvs. es kanone-
bia: igiveobis kanoni, winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni, gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni, sakmao safuZvlis ka-
noni. davaxasiaToT TiToeuli cal-calke.
igiveobis kanoni. igi azrovnebis, bWobis garkveulobis moTxovnaa. bWobis procesSi yoveli cneba, yoveli
sityva unda vixmaroT erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT. igiveobis kanons Tu davarRvevT da terminebSi xan erT
mniSvnelobas CavdebT, xan meores, gaqreba azrebs Soris kavSiri, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba urTierTgagebineba, rai-
mes dasabuTeba. igiveobis kanonis darRvevis tipiuri SemTxveva gvaqvs Semdeg gamoTqmaSi: `urems aqvs Tva-
li, Tvali ki mxedvelobis organoa~. arsebobs igiveobis kanonis sxvagvari gagebac: `A aris A~, anu yoveli sagani
drois yovel momentSi Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivia.
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. igi azrovnebis, bWobis, TviTTavsebadobis, Tavis TavTan Tanxmobis
moTxovnaa. Cvens azrebs Soris, bWobaSi Semaval winadadebebs Soris ar unda iyos winaaRmdegoba. sxva sity-
vebiT rom vTqvaT, Tuki raRac saganze vamtkicebT raimes, igive imave sagnis Sesaxeb ar unda uarvyoT kidec (i-
mave dros, imave azriT). magaliTad: Tuki CvenTvis cnobilia, rom yvela liToni eleqtrobis gamtaria da spilenZi li-
Tonia, ar SeiZleba WeSmaritad virwmunoT isic, rom spilenZis naWeri, romelic me axla xelSi miWiravs, ar ata-
rebs eleqtrobas, radgan es debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba pirvel ors.
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni amtkicebs, rom arc- erTi TxrobiTi winadadeba, arcerTi msjeloba
ar SeiZleba erTdroulad WeSmaritic iyos da mcdaric.

22
 gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es kanonic azrovnebis, bWobis, Tavis TavTan Tanxmobis moTxovnaa. Tuki
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni moiTxovs, rom ar vamtkicoT ori erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego, erTma-
neTis uarmyofeli winadadeba, gamoricxuli mesamis kanonis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego winadadebebidan uarvyoT erTic da meorec. radgan ori erTmaneTis sawinaaR-
mdego winadadebidan erTi aucileblad WeSmaritia. spilenZi an atarebs eleqtrobas, an ar atarebs; es vardi an wi-
Telia, an ar aris wiTeli. mesame SemTxveva gamoricxulia.
amrigad, gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni amtkicebs, rom yoveli TxrobiTi winadadeba an WeSmaritia, an
mcdari. winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanonsa da gamoricxuli mesamis kanonebs erToblivad orfasobis princi-
pi ewodeba. igi amtkicebs, rom yoveli TxrobiTi winadadeba an WeSmaritia (da ar aris mcdari) an mcdaria (da
ar aris WeSmariti).
sakmao safuZvlis kanoni. am kanonis Tanaxmad, arcerTi winadadeba ar SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti, Tu ar
arsebobs sakmao safuZveli imisa, ratom aris am winadadebaSi aRwerili viTareba swored aseTi da ara sxvagva-
ri. xSirad es kanoni gagebulia, rogorc moTxovna, WeSmaritad ar miviCnioT winadadeba misi dasabuTebis ga-
reSe. sakmao safuZvlis kanoni daufiqrebeli da zerele bWobis winaaRmdegia. magaliTi: `A imyofeboda quTais-
Si im dros, roca B mokles TbilisSi~, sakmao safuZvelia imisaTvis, rom WeSmaritad miviCnioT debuleba: `A-s
ar mouklavs B~.
deduqciuri daskvnebi. daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebis WeSmariteba aucileblobiT ganapirobebs das-
kvnis WeSmaritebas, deduqciuri daskvna ewodeba. magaliTad: Tu manqanas sawvavi gauTavda, maSin misi
Zrava gaCerdeba. manqanis Zrava ar aris gaCerebuli. maSasadame, manqanas sawvavi ar gauTavda.
deduqcia zogadidan kerZoze gadasvlaa.
deduqciuri daskvna xasiaTdeba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT:
1) Tu deduqciuri daskvnis wanamZRvari WeSmaritia, maSin misi danaskvic WeSmaritia. an kidev, deduq-
ciuri daskvnis wanamZRvrebidan danaskvi logikurad gamomdinareobs.
2) Tu deduqciuri daskvnis wanamZRvrebidan erT-erTi mainc mcdaria, maSin danaskvi SeiZleba mcdaric
iyos da WeSmaritic. maSasadame, mcdari wanamZRvrebidan SeiZleba logikurad gamomdinareobdes rogorc
WeSmariti, ise mcdari danaskvi.
3) Tu deduqciuri daskvnis danaskvi mcdaria, maSin misi wanamZRvrebidan erTi mainc (SesaZloa yvela)
mcdaria.
4) Tu deduqciuri daskvnis danaskvi WeSmaritia, maSin misi wanamZRvrebidan yvela, zogierTi an arcerTi
WeSmariti araa.
mcdari wanamZRvrebidan WeSmariti daskvnis magaliTia: yvela cxeni aris adamiani. yvela adamians aqvs
fafari, maSasadame, yvela cxens aqvs fafari.
induqciuri daskvnebi. daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebidan danaskvi logikurad ar gamomdinareobs, mag-
ram romlis wanamZRvrebic garkveuli xarisxiT adastureben danaskvs, induqciuri daskvna ewodeba.
induqcia aris kerZoobiTi an erTeulovani winadadebebidan zogad winadadebaze gadasvla (e.i. kerZodan zo-
gadze gadasvla).
A dros gaixsna onkani da wamovida wyali.
B dros gaixsna onkani da wamovida wyali.
G dros gaixsna onkani da wamovida wyali.
yovelTvis (nebismier dros), roca gaixsneba onkani, wamova wyali. Tuki ar Segvxvedria SemTxveva, rom
gavxseniT onkani da ar wamovida wyali, maSin Cveni molodini zogad xasiaTs miiRebs da sarwmunod gveC-
veneba, rom yovelTvis, roca gaixsneba onkani, wamova wyali. Cvens magaliTSi rwmenis xarisxi sakmaod da-
balia. maTi wanamZRvrebis WeSmaritebis sruli rwmena Sedegad ar gvaZlevs danaskvis WeSmaritebis srul
rwmenas.
miCneulia, rom deduqciuri daskvna ar iZleva axal codnas, xolo induqciuri daskvna Cvens codnas afarTo-
ebs.
logika iyofa or nawilad: deduqciuri logika da induqciuri logika. deduqciuri logika Tavisi mniSvnelobiT ufro
fundamenturia da safuZvlad udevs induqciur logikas.

23
 cneba, msjeloba, daskvna. msjeloba TxrobiTi winadadebis iseTi Sinaarsia, romelic adasturebs an uaryofs
garkveuli sagnobrivi viTarebis ganxorcielebas.
daskvna msjelobebis (an maTi gamomTqmeli TxrobiTi winadadebebis) erTobliobaa.
cneba aris samyaros asaxvis erT-erTi forma Semecnebis im safexurze, romelic dakavSirebulia enis gamo-
yenebasTan. is sagnebisa da movlenebis ganzogadebis formaa (xerxia). cneba sagnis arebiT niSnebs asaxavs.

Secdomebi dasabuTebaSi

raimes gakeTebis cda ar niSnavs imas, rom es cda warmatebiT damTavrdeba. es asea adamianis yovelnair
saqmianobaSi. maT Soris bWobaSic. bWoba yovelTvis ver aRwevs mizans, radgan zogjer bWobis procesSi ra-
Rac ise ar an ver xdeba. e. i. bWobaSi uSveben Secdomebs. bWobaSi daSvebuli Secdomebis wyaro SesaZlebelia
iyos gamoyenebuli terminebis mniSvnelobebisa da maTi xmarebis xarvezebi (enis Secdomebi) da bWobis Tezisi-
sa da argumentebis SerCeva an sakuTriv bWobis msvlelobaSi daSvebuli uzustobani (enisgare Secdomebi). Tu
Secdoma bWobis msvlelobaSi, demonstraciaSia daSvebuli, mas formaluri Secdoma ewodeba.
deduqciur bWobaSi formaluri Secdoma mxolod maSin aris daSvebuli, rodesac am bWobis wanamZRvrebi-
dan misi Tezisi ar gamomdinareobs. formalur Secdomas yovelTvis iwvevs romelime araswori daskvnis swor das-
kvnad miCneva. Tu Secdoma daSvebulia imis gamo, rom sakmarisi yuradRebiT ar movekideT bWobis wanam-
ZRvrebis (argumentebis, sabuTebis) da Tezisis SerCevas, maSin mas araformaluri (materialuri) Secdoma ewode-
ba. araformaluri Secdomebis oTxi umniSvnelovanesi saxe – ZiriTadi Secdoma, dausabuTebeli wanamZRvris
Secdoma, mankieri wre da Tezisis Secvla – enobriv gamosaxulebaTa orazrovneba (omonimia, maTi sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobiT xmareba) SeiZleba iqces araswori, gaumarTavi bWobis wyarod, usagno kamaTis mizezad.
Tu mTeli gamosaxulebis, iqneba es calkeuli fraza, winadadeba Tu daskvna, orazrovneba gamowveulia rome-
lime sityvis orazrovnebiT, mas ekvivokacia ewodeba, xolo Tu es gamosaxulebis struqturis orazrovnebiTaa ga-
mowveuli – amfibolia.
pirveli saxis Secdomis tradiciuli magaliTia Semdegi daskvna: `raimes dasruleba misi srulyofaa. sikvdili sicocx-
lis dasrulebaa, maSasadame, sikvdili sicocxlis srulyofaa~. bWoba ar aris gamarTuli, radgan pirvel wanamZRvarSi
sityva `dasruleba~ naxmaria xorcSesxmis, Canafiqris mTlianad ganxorcielebis, meoreSi – daboloeba-damTavrebis
azriT.
Secdomebis mimoxilvis safuZvelze SemuSavebulia garkveuli wesebi (sifrTxilis zomebi), romelTa dacva au-
cilebelia imisaTvis, rom bWoba iyos dasabuTeba da ara mxolod dasabuTebis warumatebeli mcdeloba. dasabuTe-
bis es wesebia:
1) Tezisi unda iyos zustad da naTlad Camoyalibebuli;
2) Tezisi mTeli bWobis manZilze ar unda icvlebodes;
3) argumentebi WeSmariti, an sakmaod kargad dadasturebuli debulebebi unda iyos;
4) argumentebis WeSmariteba dadgenili unda iyos Tezisis gamouyeneblad;
5) argumentebidan Tezisi unda gamodiodes (ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es mxolod albaTobis garkveuli xarisxiT da-
fuZneba iyos).

kamaTi (polemika) da misi saxeebi

mokamaTeTa urTierTobis principebi

dasabuTebas komunikaciuri funqciac aqvs. igi ganisazRvreba Semecnebis socialuri xasiaTiT, raTa ara mxo-
lod efeqturad viazrovnoT da movipovoT codna, aramed sxvac davarwmunoT Semecnebis Sedegebis sisworeSi.
mecnierebis farglebs gareT dasabuTebis komunikaciuri funqcia mJRavndeba adamianTa inteleqtualur urTier-
TobaSi. igi aq sakuTari mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi an gadawyvetilebaTa sisworeSi sxvebis darwmunebis saSu-
alebaa.
adamianTa inteleqtualuri urTierTobis erT-erTi saxea kamaTi anu polemika. kamaTis Teoriis, misi logikuri
aspeqtis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan kamaTSi SeiZleba CavebaT cxovrebis nebismier sakiTxze.

24
dava mezoblebs an politikur Zalebs (partiebs) Soris, saparlamento debatebi, molaparakeba, samecniero diskusi-
a, sasamarTlo procesi, eqimTa konsiliumi da sxva, kamaTis tipiuri nimuSebia. garda amisa, Tanamedrove
msoflioSi arsebobs uamravi teqnikuri saSualeba (radio, presa, televizia, filmebi, reklama da a.S), romelTa ga-
moyenebiTac adamianebs arwmuneben sxvadasxva, xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebis Sefasebebisa
da Tvalsazrisebis samarTlianobaSi. adamians unda hqondes unari, mis fsiqikaze xelovnurad Tavsmoxveuli ze-
moqmedebisagan gaarCios gonieri, racionaluri gansja; miiRos SemoTavazebuli dasabuTeba an win aRudges
mas, daarRvios is. amisTvis aucilebelia kamaTSi dasabuTebisa da ukugdebis xerxebis, kamaTis warmarTvis
elementaruli wesebis codna.
kamaTi (polemika) aris adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebis – sakuTari azris gamoTqmisa da dacvis – reali-
zacia. ufro metic, dialogSi, saubarSi, romlis kerZo saxesac warmoadgens kamaTi, vlindeba adamianis WeSma-
riti arsi. sazogadoebriv Zalebs Soris polemikis usafrTxoebis garantiebi, sazogadoebaSi demokratiis sayrdenia.
kamaTSi Cabmis motivebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos kamaTis (polemikis) sami tipi: 1) Teoriuli pole-
mika; 2) praqtikuli polemika; 3) kamaTi – Sejibri;
1) Teoriuli polemikis mizania raime sakiTxze WeSmaritebis dadgena;
2) praqtikuli polemika, romelic miznad isaxavs samoqmedo gadawyvetilebis miRebas an moqmedebis Se-
fasebas;
3) kamaTi – Sejibri, Tundac sxva adamianTa Tvalis asaxvevad, miznad isaxavs mowinaaRmdegeze
gamarjvebas.
pirvelsa da meores dialeqtikuri kamaTi ewodeba. mesames – eristikuli.
dialeqtika aris kamaTis (an ufro zogadad dialogis) warmarTvis ostatoba da moZRvreba mis Sesaxeb. eristi-
kac analogiuri disciplinaa, oRondac misi obieqti, Sejibri – polemika, yvela saSualebiT kamaTSi mowinaaRmde-
gis damarcxebis xelovnebaa. orive es disciplina Seiqmna da farTod gavrcelda Zvel saberZneTSi. amis safuZveli
iyo is udidesi roli, rasac qveynis sulier cxovrebaSi sajaro polemika da diskusiebi TamaSobda. polemikis umaR-
lesi saxea diskusia – azrTa Tematurad mkafio da formiT koreqtuli urTierTgacvla raime sakiTxis erToblivi Zale-
biT gadaWris mizniT.
Tu kamaTi mimdinareobs zneobrivi normebis darRveviT, mowinaaRmdegeTa dasarwmuneblad araraciona-
luri, logikurad gaumarTavi saSualebebis moSveliebiT, is Cxubi, cilobaa. aseT kamaTs Zveli berZnebi logoma-
xias uwodebdnen. kamaTi rom CxubSi, logomaxiaSi an dogmatur monologSi ar gadaizardos, saWiroa davic-
vaT ramdenime martivi cneba, romlebic xels uwyoben kamaTis zneobrivad jansaRi da fsiqologiurad gawonas-
worebuli kalapotiT warmarTvas:
pativi eci oponents! piradi urTierToba masTan, Seni azri mis Sesaxeb, ar aris argumenti misi Tvalsazrisis
dasarRvevad. mas iseve ainteresebs sakamaTo sakiTxebis gadawyveta, rogorc Sen (zneobrivi toleranto-
bis moTxovna).
oponentis azri ar miiCnio miuReblad, Tuki ara gaqvs saamiso argumentebi! araviTari azri ar SeiZleba iyos
mcdari mxolod imis gamo, rom Sen mas ar iziareb (gnoseologiuri tolerantobis moTxovna);
ar gamoiyeno araviTari iaraRi, garda kamaTis TemasTan dakavSirebuli codnisa, gansjisa da warmosaxvis
unarisa (kamaTis racionalurobis moTxovna).
kamaTis yovel monawiles aqvs sakuTari mosazrebis dacvisa da mowinaaRmdegis naazrevSi Secdomebis
mxilebis Tanabari ufleba, miuxedavad imisa rogoria TiToeuli maTganis piradi Tvisebebi, sazogadoebri-
vi mdgomareoba, Tu prestiJi (kamaTis demokratiulobis moTxovna).
moToke emociebi! polemika metoqeTa paeqrobaa da maSinac ki, rodesac is mxolod WeSmaritebis mopo-
vebas isaxavs miznad, SeuZlebelia grZnobebisagan sruli gaTavisufleba. marjved moZebnili argumenti
sixarulis wyaroa, mowinaaRmdegis mier mxilebuli Secdoma, uneblie gulistkivils iwvevs, magram am
grZnobebs gasaqani ar unda misce. aRelvebuli mokamaTe susti mokamaTea, igi argumentebis nacvlad
lozungebs isvris, yviris, yvirili ki mis debulebebs ar asabuTebs (emociuri zomierebis moTxovna).
daiviwye jibri! ar iTakilo ukan daxeva, Tuki darwmundi, rom simarTle mowinaaRmdegis mxarezea! kama-
Ti TanamSromlobis saxea (gonieri kompromisis moTxovna).

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 kamaTis warmarTvis xerxebi

radgan kamaTis mizania ara mxolod debulebis dasabuTeba, aramed dasabuTebis meSveobiT darwmunebac,
argumentebisa da argumentebiT Tezisis logikuri dafuZnebis garda mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve kamaTis xer-
xebs, anu kamaTSi Tavis dacvis da mowinaaRmdegeze Setevis ileTebs. marTalia es xerxebi erTs uadvileben,
xolo meores uZneleben kamaTs, magram es ar unda xdebodes usamarTlod, mowinaaRmdegis SecdomaSi Sey-
vanis xarjze: patiosan dialeqtikur kamaTSi am xerxebis gamoyenebis mizania sakuTari poziciis Zlieri da mowi-
naaRmdegis susti mxareebis win wamoweva.
ganvixiloT kamaTis warmarTvis ramdenime xerxi.
1) dasabuTebis tvirTi. rodesac ori mxare kamaTobs, is mxare, romelic valdebulia daasabuTos raime debu-
leba, an gaamarTlos sakuTari moTxovnebi, uares mdgomareobaSia meoresTan SedarebiT. radgan meore mxare
mxolod Semmowmeblis rolSi gamodis. magaliTad, Tu vinme faqtobrivad flobs sakuTrebas, xolo meore preten-
zias acxadebs masze, faqtobrivi mflobelis ufleba sakuTrebaze avtomaturad iqneba cnobili, Tuki pretendenti ver
SesZlebs sakuTari pretenziebis samarTlianobis damtkicebas. amitom swored mas awveba dasabuTebis tvirTi.
asevea bralmdeblisa da braldebulis `davaSi~. dasabuTebis tvirTi ekisreba bralmdebels. amdenad braldebuli
udanaSaulod iTvleba, Tuki bralmdebeli ver daasabuTebs mis braleulobas. aqedan gamomdinare, mokamaTi-
saTvis sasargebloa ise warmarTos kamaTi, rom dasabuTebis tvirTi mis mowinaaRmdeges daekisros.
2) yuradRebis koncentracia mowinaaRmdegis argumentebis, gansakuTrebiT misi dasabuTebis Zar-
Rvis kritikaze xdeba. Tu dasabuTeba deduqciuria, mowinaaRmdegis argumentebis ukugdeba arRvevs mis da-
sabuTebas, magram sakmarisi ar aris Tezisis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad. induqciuri dasabuTebis dros, irRveva
Tezisi anda mcirdeba misi sarwmunoebis xarisxi.
3) imanenturi kritika, anu dasabuTeba `iqidan, rasac mowinaaRmdege eTanxmeba~. mowinaaRmdegis
mier wamoyenebuli argumentebidan iseTi daskvnis gamotana, romlebic Seicaven winaaRmdegobas, ewinaaR-
mdegebian oponentis Teziss, anda uSualod adastureben Seni debulebis samarTlianobas. gadmocemis Tanax-
mad, berZeni filosofosi sokrate polemikis didostati iyo. mis meTods igi bebiaqalis xelovnebas adarebda da va-
raudobda, rom igi iseve exmareboda mokamaTes WeSmariti azris dabadebaSi, rogorc bebiaqali exmareba mSo-
biares Svilis SobaSi.
4) dazustebis da naTelyofis moTxovna. kamaTSi wamoyenebuli yoveli debuleba rac SeiZleba mkafiod da
araorazrovnad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli. mowinaaRmdeges unda moeTxovos mis mier wamoyenebul debule-
baSi gamoyenebuli saeWvo Sinaarsis cnebebis gansazRvra, mTeli winadadebis sruli formulireba. aseT moTx-
ovnaze pasuxis Semdeg SeiZleba mowinaaRmdegem TviTonve moxsnas Tavisi Tezisi, an iseTi saxe misces
mas, romelic sakamaTo aRar iqneba.

sofizmebi

kamaTSi warmatebis miRwevisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mowinaaRmdegis mier bWobaSi daSvebuli
Secdomebis aRmoCenas. yoveli amocnobili Secdoma aris mowinaaRmdegis bWobaSi susti adgilis gamovlena,
xolo misi daZleva, kidev erTi nabijia WeSmaritebis Ziebisaken. zogjer dasabuTebisas Secdomas uneblied uSve-
ben. bWobaSi uneblie Secdomas paralogizmi ewodeba. magram kamaTi – polemika gonebis garda, grZnobebisa
da ltolvebis sarbielicaa. warmatebis miRwevis mizniT, zogierTi mokamaTe ganzrax uSvebs Secdomas, anda mi-
marTavs araseriozul xerxs, romlis meSveobiTac cdilobs mowinaaRmdeges sinamdvile TavisTvis sasurvelad mo-
aCvenos da ase daarwmunos garkveuli debulebis WeSmaritebaSi. es ar aris darwmuneba dasabuTebis meSveo-
biT, darwmuneba racionaluri saSualebebiT. bWobaSi ganzrax daSvebul Secdomas, an masSi araracionaluri xer-
xebis gamoyenebas, sofizmi ewodeba. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.

1) Zalisadmi mimarTvis (joxis) argumenti. Tu erTi ver arwmunebs meores – an susti argumentebia, an
maT damajerebloba ar aqvT, bWoba gaumarTavia. kamaTis gagrZeleba moiTxovs sakiTxSi CaRrmavebas,
gansjis daxvewas, mowinaaRmdegis interesisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebas. amaze ki yvelas ar miuwvdeba xe-

26
li. amitom pirveli mimarTavs Zalas an Zalis muqaras (SesaZloa faruls), raTa meore aiZulos miiRos, aRiaros
misi winadadeba. es `ugunuri argumenti~ Zalian gavrcelebulia politikaSi Cabmul, dogmaturad moazrovne da
pativmoyvare adamianebSi. politikuri represiebic Zalisadmi mimarTvis argumentis gamovlenaa.

2) pirovnebisadmi (adamianisadmi) mimarTvis argumenti. am Secdomas uSveben maSin, rodesac rai-

me debulebis mcdarobaSi an WeSmaritebaSi dasarwmuneblad Sesabamisi dasabuTebis motanis nacvlad, ute-
ven da ganaqiqeben an aqeben da xotbas asxamen pirovnebas, vinc es debuleba wamoayena. am xerxs opozici-
asTan davaSi xSirad mimarTaven avtoritaruli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi. imisaTvis, rom ukuagdon opozi-
ciis moTxovnebi (magaliTad, informaciis saSualebebis Tavisuflebis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis, ekonomikis li-
beralizaciisa da kerZo sakuTrebaze gadasvlis aucileblobis da sxva), lanZRaven opozicias, pirovnul Seuracxyo-
fas ayeneben mis calkeul warmomadgenels. bWoba, romelSic gamoyenebulia pirovnebisadmi mimarTvis argu-
menti, swori ar aris, radgan pirovnebis Tvisebebs araviTari logikuri kavSiri ara aqvs imasTan, rasac is amtki-
cebs. rac ufro dabalia adamianis azrovnebis kultura, miT ufro naklebad Seswevs mas unari gamoyos bWobis
Zala simpaTiisa da antipaTiis grZnobebisagan, romlebsac mas `Zlierni ama qveynisa~ unergaven. amitomac is
ufro iolad eqceva aseTi `argumentis~ gavlenis qveS da mas WeSmaritad miiCnevs.

3) xalxisadmi mimarTvis argumenti. am dros cdiloben wamoyenebuli debulebisadmi brbos mxardaWeras

miaRwion iseTi vnebebisa da grZnobebis gaRvivebiT, romlebic adamianebs akargvineben bWobis mimdinare-
obisadmi kontrolis unars. am gziT xdeba rwmenis Tavs moxveva da ara rwmenis aRmoceneba dasabuTebis sa-
fuZvelze. am sofizms xSirad mimarTaven propagandistebi da demagogi politikosebi, romlebic argumentad iS-
velieben `yvelas azrs~. aseTi msjeloba arasworia, radgan yvelas Tanxmoba ar aris WeSmaritebis garantia. sasa-
marTlo praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac kamaTisas dacvis mxare, sakuTari mosazrebis sisworis damtki-
cebisaTvis, cdilobs mowinaaRmdeges gansasjelis mimarT aRuZras sibraluli da TanagrZnoba. esec amgvari so-
fizmis erT-erTi saxea.

4) avtoritetisadmi mimarTvis argumenti gulisxmobs raime debulebis WeSmaritebaSi mowinaaRmdegis

darwmunebas gamoCenili adamianis Sexedulebis damowmebiT. am arguments Zala ara aqvs, radgan azri WeS-
mariti ver iqneba mxolod imis gamo, rom mas viRac, Tundac gamoCenili adamiani (xelmZRvaneli, beladi da
a.S) eTanxmeba. WeSmaritebis garantia sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobaa. miuxedavad am argumentis sofisturi
xasiaTisa, mainc unda gavarCioT misi gamoyenebis is SemTxveva. roca miuTiTeben codnis mocemul sferoSi
aRiarebuli specialistis Sexedulebebze. marTalia aseTi miTiTeba dasabuTeba araa, magram mas sakmao damar-
wmunebeli Zala aqvs.

5) arcodnisadmi mimarTvis argumenti aris debulebis WeSmaritad miCneva imis gamo, rom misi mcda-
roba dasabuTebuli ar aris. es sofizmi mkafiod vlindeba uCveulo fenomenebTan (magaliTad, telepatiis, telekine-
zis an amoucnob mfrinav obieqtebTan) dakavSirebul bWobaSi. am sofizmis gamoyenebis sferoSi erTi mniS-
vnelovani gamonaklisia: adamiani iTvleba udanaSaulod, Tuki misi danaSauli sasamarTlos mier damtkicebuli ar
aris.

6) adamianis mdgomareobisadmi mimarTvis argumenti saxezea, rodesac erTi adamiani ki ar usabuTebs

meores raime debulebis WeSmaritebas, aramed cdilobs uCvenos mas, rom igi valdebulia daeTanxmos am debu-
lebas sakuTari mdgomareobis gamo. es sofizmia, radgan debulebis WeSmariteba ar aris damokidebuli adamia-
nis mdgomareobaze. miuxedavad amisa, es argumenti Zalian Wris. magaliTad, monadires kicxaven imis gamo,
rom is umowyalod xocavs nadirs. is ki pasuxobs – ratom maSin ar gawuxebT sindisi, rodesac uwyinari saqonlis
xorcs SeeqceviTo? aq monadire ar asabuTebs sakuTari moqmedebis samarTlianobas, aramed cdilobs uCvenos,
rom misi mowinaaRmdegis sityva da mdgomareoba ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. monadiris Sepasuxebis usu-
surobas maSinve davinaxavT, rogorc ki warmovidgenT, rom mas vegetarianeli akritikebs.
7) mravlobiTi kiTxva. uZvelesi droidan cnobilia eSmakuri kiTxvebi, romlebic TiTqos moiTxoven mkafio
`ho~ an `ara~ pasuxs, magram mopasuxes CixSi aqceven, radgan nebismier SemTxvevaSi igi garkveul pasuxs

27
aZlevs agreTve sxva, farulad nagulisxmev kiTxvasac. magaliTad, `gaanebe Tavi avi gzebiT siaruls~? `kidev
scem cols~? rogori pasuxic ar unda gaeces am kiTxvebs, orive SemTxvevaSi dadasturdeba, rom pasuxis gamce-
mi adre an avi gzebiT dadioda, an cols scemda. am sofizms xSirad mimarTaven araobieqturi gamomZieblebi da
demagogi politikosebi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras Seiswavlis logika?

daaxasiaTeT azrovnebis ZiriTadi kanonebi.
romeli daskvna afarToebs Cvens codnas _ induqciuri Tu deduqciuri?
ra saxis Secdomebi SeiZleba iqnas daSvebuli bWobaSi?
rogor SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT Secdomebi dasabuTebaSi?
ras niSnavs dialeqtikuri da eristikuli kamaTi?
ras niSnavs kamaTis zneobrivad jansaRi da fsiqologiurad gawonasworebuli meTodiT warmarTva?
ra aris sofizmi?
ra aris WeSmariteba da mcdaroba?

Tavi III

universaluri problemebi
pirvelsawyisis idea

filosofiuri problemebi universaluri xasiaTisaa. maTSi moiazreba ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri da aqsiologiuri

problemebi. amjerad pirvels ganvixilavT, Semdeg ki SevexebiT gnoseologiur da aqsiologiur sakiTxebs.
ontologia (ontos – arsebuli) aris moZRvreba samyaros arsis Sesaxeb. samyaros arsSi igulisxmeba rogorc
sazogadoebrivi, ise Tavad adamianis pirovnuli yofierebac. ontologiis centralur sakiTxs warmoadgens substanci-
is anu pirvelsawyisis problema. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela filosofia Taviseburad wyvets samyaros kanonzo-
mierebis sakiTxs.
Zvel saberZneTSi antikuri filosofia ontologiuri problemebiT daiwyo. sakiTxi dadga yovelives ganmsazR-
vreli erTis aRmoCenisa da dasabuTebis Sesaxeb. amitom pirveli filosofiuri problema Camoyalibda rogorc erTi-
sa da simravlis damokidebulebis problema. pirveli filosofosebi eZebdnen erTs, rogorc samyaros sawyiss. ber-
Znuli filosofiis ganviTarebis pirvel periods kosmologiuri periodi ewodeba, xolo samyaros pirvelsawyisis prob-
lemas substanciis problema hqvia.

28
 substancia laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs qvemdebares, anu imas, rac safuZvlad devs, anu arxes. substanciis
problemas sxvagvrad `arxes~ problema hqvia. swored amitom mas aristotele `qvemdebares~ uwodebda.
ontologia aris moZRvreba substanciis Sesaxeb. substancia mTeli sinamdvilis pirvelsafuZvelia. benediqt spi-
nozas (1682 –1677 ww.) azriT, igi aris `kau sa sui ~ –`mizezi Tavisi Tavisa~.
ismis kiTxva: xom ar arsebobs am mravalferovnebis erTi Ziri, safuZveli, arxe? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gace-
miT daiwyo filosofiuri azrovneba Zvel saberZneTSi. substanciis problema filosofiaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadia, rome-
lic Semdgom ori aspeqtiT daisva: 1) mTlianad samyaros da 2) individualuri sagnis mimarT.
Seqmnilia samyaro Tu ara? am kiTxvaze ori Tvalsazrisi arsebobs: 1) religiuri da 2) arareligiuri. religia Se-
saqmidan amodis. arareligiuri miiCnevs, rom samyaro maradiulad arsebobda, arsebobs da momavalSic iarse-
bebs. aq orgvari pasuxia: pozitivisturi da metafizikuri. pozitivisturi – sxvadasxva mecnierebis monacemebze
dayrdnobiT Tvlis, rom substanciis problema aramecnieruli, usazriso problemaa. misi mecnieruli, dasabuTebuli,
erTmniSvnelovani gadawyveta ar arsebobs. igi metafizikuri Sinaarsis mqonea. SemovifargloT mxolod imiT,
rac cdaSi gveZleva.
metafizikuri Tvalsazrisi aRiarebs substanciis arsebobas, magram mis SigniT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, imis
mixedviT, Tu ramdeni substanciaa – erTi, ori Tu mravali. Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda sami mimarTuleba – mo-
nizmi, dualizmi da pluralizmi.
ontologiur problemebze saerTod uars ambobs neopozitivisturi filosofia. amisagan gansxvavebiT aRniSnul
sakiTxze Seiqmna ramdenime seriozuli gamokvleva: huserlis (1859 –1938 ww.) `transcendentaluri ontologi-
a~; hartmanis (1859 –1938 ww.) `kritikuli ontologia;~ haidegeris (1889 – 1976 ww.) `fundamenturi ontolo-
gia;~ da sxva. amdenad, Tu tradiciuli ontologiuri sistemebi ZiriTadad samyaros, substanciisa da kanonzomie-
rebis problemebs ikvlevdnen, Tanamedrove filosofiaSi kvlevis obieqti gaxda TviTon adamiani, misi Semadge-
neli unarebi, emociebi, gancdebi da saerTod sulieri fenomenebi.
berZnuli filosofia TalesiT (Zv. w. VII) iwyeba. man pirvelma Cauyara safuZveli mileTis fizikis skolas da
dasva sakiTxi, Tu ra aris mravalferovani movlenebis sawyisi. misi azriT, samyaros mravalferovnebas erTi da
yvelasaTvis saerTo sawyisi unda hqondes. Talesi mas bunebaSi eZebs. misi azriT, samyaros sawyisi unda iyos
wyali, radgan yvelaferi wylisagan warmoiSoba da wylad iqceva. kiTxvaze Tu ra amoZravebs wyals, Talesi pasu-
xobs: wyali TviTmoZravia, radgan sulieria. aseT Tvalsazriss filosofiaSi hiloZoizmi ewodeba.
Talesis Sexedulebas ar eTanxmeba misi mowafe anaqsimandre (610 – 546 Zv. w.). misi amosavali debu-
lebaa: `arafrisagan raime ar warmoiSoba da raime araferSi ar gadava~. am debulebas ver uZlebs Talesis azri,
radgan bunebaSi aris iseTi sagnebi, romlebic wyals ar Seicaven. aseTia magaliTad: rkina, cecxli da sxva.
anaqsimandres azriT, wyali gansazRvruli stiqiaa da amitom is yvelafris Ziri ver iqneba, arxed ar gamodgeba.
arxe unda iyos ganusazRvreli, romelic yvelafers Seicavs. gansazRvrul movlenaTa sawyisi unda iyos TviTon
ganusazRvreli, rasac anaqsimandrem apeironi (berZnulad ganusazRvreli) uwoda. misi azriT, apeironi usazR-
vroa Tvisobrivadac da raodenobrivadac. is arc magaria, arc Txieri, arc haerovani, arc Tbili da sxva. apeironi
moculobiTac usazRvroa da droSic usasrulo. apeirons SeuZlia Tavisi Tavidan warmoSvas yvelaferi, amitom is
yovlad Zlieria, is usazRvrod gasulierebuli nivTierebaa. rac Seexeba sagnebis warmoSobas, es niSnavs apeiro-
nidan mis gamoyofas. es sagnebi apeironSi mzamzareulad arseboben da drodadro axorcieleben gamoyofas da
masSi ukan dabrunebas.
anaqsimandres Sexedulebas ar iziarebs aseve mileTis skolis Semdegi warmomadgeneli anaqsimene
(Zv.w. 588 – 525). anaqsimenes azriT, anaqsimandre Talesis sapirispiro ukiduresobaSi gadavida. TalesisaTvis
es iyo gansazRvruli substanciis daSveba, xolo anaqsimandresTvis – substanciis gaurkvevloba. anaqsimenes
mixedviT, gaurkvevlobidan mzamzareuli sagnis warmoSoba niSnavs araraobidan raimes warmoqmnas. es ki
SeuZlebelia. anaqsimenem am siZnelis daZleva raodenobrivi principiT scada. is fiqrobs, rom arxe sawyisi niv-
Tierebaa, sadac ar aris saganTa gansxvavebani. sagnebi erTi meorisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod am pirveli,
sawyisi nivTierebis raodenobriobiT. saganTa Tvisobriobas pirveli nivTierebis raodenobrivi moculoba gan-
sazRvravs. anaqsimenes azriT, haeri aris is pirveli nivTiereba, romlis gasqeleba da gaTxeleba iZleva samyaros
mravalferovnebas. haeri raodenobrivad da Tvisobrivadac ganusazRvreli kosmosia. is aris msoflio suli, romlis
gareSe msoflio daiSleboda da qaosad gadaiqceoda.

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 mileTis skolis gulubryvilo da stiqiuri materializmi ganaviTara heraklite efeselma (Zv. w. 530 – 470). he-
raklitem, mileTelebisagan gansxvavebiT, samyaros substanciad marad ucvlelis nacvlad maradcvalebadi cecx-
li aRiara. igi ambobs: `es kosmosi, romelic erTi da igivea mTeli arsebulisaTvis, ar Seuqmnia araviTar
RmerTs da araviTar admians, aramed igi mudam iyo, aris da iqneba marad cocxali, romelic kanonzomierad
inTeba da kanonzomierad qreba~. mTeli es procesi logoss (kanons) emorCileba, romelic obieqturia. herakli-
tes mixedviT, samyaros sagnebi ara mxolod raodenobriobis mixedviT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ara-
med isini Tvisobrivadac erTimeores upirispirdebian da ebrZvian. miuxedavad amisa, am sagnebs swored es
dapirispireba da brZola aerTianebs. sicocxles azri aqvs sikvdiliT, sikvdils ki – sicocxliT. yvelaferSi winaaR-
mdegoba da cvalebadobaa, yvelaferi icvleba, rogorc cecxli. xolo TviTon cvalebadoba maradiulia. cecxli ma-
radiuli cvalebadobaa.
ZvelberZnul gulubryvilo materializms daupirispirda Zveli berZnuli idealisturi filosofia, romelic eleaturi
metafizikis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi warmomadgenlebi arian qsenofane kolofoneli, parmenide, Zenoni da
meliso. eleaturi metafizika warmoadgens mileTis fizikosebis sapirispiro Teorias. metafizika berZnul filosofi-
aSi niSnavda aragrZnobad sinamdviles. is SegrZnebaSi ar eZleva adamians, aramed misi Semecneba mxolod
gaazrebiT SeiZleba. eleaturi metafizikis mTavar arguments warmoadgens swored is debuleba, rom fizikuri
sinamdvile, romelic grZnobaSi eZleva adamians, mudam icvleba. aq sagnebi mudmivad warmoiSvebian da
ispobian. amitom fizikur sinamdvileSi substanciis Zieba uazrobaa. maTi azriT, substancia unda iyos iseTi
ram, rac ar warmoiSoba da arc ispoba, rac TviTon ar moZraobs, magram sxvas amoZravebs. is, rac moZra-
obs moCvenebiTobaa, WeSmariteba mxolod uZravs da maradiul sinamdviles aqvs.
eleaturi metafizikis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli parmenide (Zv. w. 540 – 480) Tavis filosofias
afuZnebs aseT aqsiomaze: `rac aris, is aris da rac ar aris, is ar aris; anu, arsi aris da ararsi ar aris`. misi azriT,
WeSmaritebis miReba mxolod am debulebaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba. heraklites filosofia am debulebas ver
uZlebs, radgan heraklites mixedviT, sagnebi warmoiSvebian da qrebian, e. i. isini arian da arc arian. debule-
bidan – arsi aris da ararsi ar aris – gamomdinareobs is, rom arsi aris erTi. igi erTze meti ar SeiZleba iyos. arsi
rom ori an meti iyos, maSin maT Soris iqneboda sazRvari. sazRvari niSnavs ararss. ararsis daSveba ki Sec-
domaa, radgan ararsi ar arsebobs. e. i. arsi unda iyos simravle. arsi aris sruli, unaklo, ucvleli, maradiuli, ganu-
yofeli. es arsi droisa da sivrcis gareSea. droSi da sivrceSi mxolod fizikurad cvalebadi sagnebia. parmenides
filosofiam safuZveli moumzada didi berZeni moazrovneebis platonis (Zv.w. 427 – 347) da aristoteles
(Zv.w. 384 – 322) filosofias.
sanam platonisa da aristoteles Sexedulebebs ganvixilavdeT substanciis Sesaxeb, unda SevexoT kvlav ber-
Znul materialistur filosofias, romelmac brZola gamoucxada eleatur metafizikas. mileTis materialistebisa da
fizikosebis naazrevi ganaviTares empedoklem (Zv. w. 487 – 424) da anaqsagoram (Zv.w. 500 – 428). em-
pedokles mixedviT, erTi substanciidan mravlis axsna saswauls niSnavs. misi azriT, samyaros mravalferovne-
bas aqvs oTxi substancia. esenia: wyali, haeri, cecxli da miwa. yvelaferi am oTxi elementidan iwyeba da am
oTx elementad iSleba. sxvadasxva sagnebis arsebobas ganapirobebs am oTxi elementis sxvadasxva zomiT
Serwyma. amiT empedoklem safuZveli Cauyara pluralistur materializms.
empedoklesgan gansxvavebiT, anaqsagoram samyaros substanciad bunebis usasrulo mcire nawilakebi mi-
iCnia. isini substanciebia im gagebiT, rom dayofas ar eqvemdebarebian da maTi SeerTeba usasrulo mravalfe-
rovan samyaros iZleva.
empedoklesa da anaqsagoras pluralisturi materializmi ufro maRal doneze aiyvana demokritem (Zv.w. 460
– 371). demokrites materialisturi moZRvrebis amosavals warmoadgens buneba. misi azriT, saWiroa bunebis
mravalferovani sagnebis axsna da ara uaryofa, rogorc amas eleatelebi akeTebdnen. parmenides sawinaaRmde-
god, romelic samyaros ganuyofel erT arss aRiarebda, demokritem simravlis arseboba dauSva. parmenidesaT-
vis miuRebeli da dauSvebeli iyo simravle, radgan is TavisTavad moiTxovda sazRvris arsebobas, romelic par-
menidesTan niSnavda araarsebobas, sicarieles. demokritem swored es sicariele gamoiyena simravlis asaxsne-
lad. parmenidesTan buneba usasrulod dayofilia da qreba. demokrites mixedviT, es dauSvebelia, radgan bune-
bis arseboba faqtia da misi gaqroba SeuZlebelia. amis gamo, demokritem dauSva ganuyofeli nawilebis anu
atomebis (atomi berZnulad ganuyofels niSnavs) arseboba, xolo am atomebis moZraobis pirobad sicariele aRi-
ara. demokrites azriT, vinaidan atomi ganuyofelia da Seuvalia, unda arsebobdes sicariele, raTa atomebis daja-

30
xebis dros SesaZlebeli iyos gadaadgileba. demokritem atomebs substanciebi uwoda. man mTeli samyaro ato-
mebiT, moZraobiT da sicarielis cnebebiT axsna. rac Seexeba samyaros mravalferovnebas, es gamowveulia
gansxvavebuli formis, sididis atomebis SeerTebiT. demokrites azriT, adamianis azrovnebac atomebisgan Sed-
geba. mxolod es atomebi Tavisi formiT da TvisebebiT sxva atomebTan SedarebiT cecxlovani da daxvewilia.
e.i. mTeli samyaro mxolod usasrulod mravali gansxvavebuli materialuri atomisgan Sedgeba. atoms sivrciTi
ganzomilebac aqvs. ase rom ar iyos, maSin unda dagveSva araraobidan raimes warmoSoba. demokritem ato-
misturi SexedulebebiT aago Tavisi kosmogonia. misi azriT, msoflios ara aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli, xolo
kosmosi ki warmoSobadia. kosmosi warmoiSva gabneuli atomebis moZraobis procesSi SeerTebiT. ase war-
moiqmneba ara erTi, aramed mravali kosmosi. demokrites filosofiam, da saerTod berZnulma gulubryvilo ma-
terializmma, safuZveli moumzada me-XVII-XVIII saukuneebis meqanistur da metafizikur materializms.
berZnul materialistur filosofias mkveTrad daupirispirda idealisturi moZRvreba. platonma gansakuTrebiT
kritikulad Seafasa da uaryo heraklites filosofia, romelic moZraobis maradiulobas aRiarebda, xolo eleaturi filo-
sofia, romelic moZraobis moCvenebiTobas asabuTebda, mTlianad gaiziara. platonma amis gamo samyaro orad
dayo: 1) fizikuri, moZravi, moCvenebiTi, amqveyniuri movlenebis samyarod da 2) maradiuli, uZravi, srulyofili
ideebis imqveyniur samyarod. misi azriT, amqveyniuri movlenebis moZraobas iwvevs imqveyniuri ideebisaken
swrafva, e.i. movlenebs amoZravebs mizani. es mizani mdgomareobs srulyofilebisken swrafvaSi. amitom moZ-
raobs mxolod is, rac naklovania, xolo ideebs maTi srulyofilebis gamo araviTari moZraoba ar sWirdebaT. elea-
turi metafizikisagan gansxvavebiT, platonma dauSva miznis cneba. amiT samyaros moZraobas kanonzomieri
xasiaTi misca. platonis azriT, amqveyniur samyaros hyavs Semqmneli mizezi anu demiurgi, romelic awesrigebs
yvelafers. es aris RmerTi. RmerTi aris umaRlesi sikeTec da Semoqmedic. RmerTi absoluturi substanciaa. plato-
nis azriT, RmerTma amqveyniuri samyaro anu movlenebis samyaro ideebis samyarosTan daakavSira msoflio
sulis saSualebiT.
platonis azriT, obieqturad da WeSmaritad arsebobs mxolod is, rac ucvleli da maradiulia, rac zogadia yvela
erTeulisaTvis, xolo is, rac droSi da sivrceSi moZraobs da cvalebadobs, aris aranamdvili moCvenebiTi arsebo-
ba. amis gamo platonis filosofias obieqturi idealizmi ewodeba. platonis obieqturi idealizmis Teoria kritikulad
gaiziara da ganaviTara aristotelem.
aristotelem safuZveli Cauyara mraval mecnierebas: fizikas, astronomias, logikas, fsiqologias, eTikas, es-
Tetikas, ritorikas, politikas da sxv. kiTxvaze – ra aris mecnierebis sagani? – aristotele pasuxobs: es aris sib-
rZne, xolo sibrZne aris pasuxi kiTxvaze – `ratom?~ aristotele pirvel filosofias uwodebs mecnierebis im dargs,
romelic samyaros pirvelmizezs anu substancias ikvlevs. substancia aris damoukideblad arsebuli pirveli mizezi,
romelzedac yvelaferia damokidebuli, es aris yvelafris arseba anu `usia~. mecnierebis im dargs, romelic sxvaze
damokidebul sagnebs anu bunebas Seiswavlis, aristotele `meore filosofias~ anu fizikas uwodebs.
aristoteles mixedviT, platonis umTavresi Secdoma mdgomareobs movlenaTa da ideaTa samyaroebis erTi-
meorisagan mowyvetaSi. misi azriT, ar SeiZleba grZnobadi da konkretuli sagnebi davaSoroTD ideebs anu zo-
gadobas; ar SeiZleba ideebi sagnebis miRma arsebobdes. zogadi idea yovelTvis erTeulebSi arsebobs formis
saxiT. SeuZlebelia arsebobdes adamianobis idea adamianebis gareSe. aristoteles azriT, yovel arsebuls aqvs
oTxi mizezi: formaluri, materialuri, moqmedi da bolovadi mizezi anu mizani. materia mxolod SesaZleblobis
saxiT arsebobs, misi gaformeba da moqmedeba niSnavs ganviTarebas pirvelmizezisaken, anu miznisken, ro-
melic sinamdvilea. SesaZlebloba aris sinamdvilis SesaZlebloba da is yovelTvis sinamdvilezea damokidebuli.
sinamdvile ki damoukidebelia. sinamdvile mizania da is win uswrebs imas, risi mizanic aris.
aristoteles mixedviT, samyaro sam sferod aris dayofili: materia, buneba da RmerTi. rac ar moZraobs da
imoZravebs, aris materia, rac moZraobs da imoZravebs, aris buneba da rac mxolod amoZravebs da ar moZra-
obs, aris RmerTi. RmerTi aris samyaros mamoZravebeli mizezic da mizanic. mTeli buneba moZraobis proces-
Si formisa da materiis sxvadasxva doniT SeerTebis `ierarqiul kibes~ warmoadgens. Tu formaTa gansxvavebis
kibes dabla davyvebiT, maSin ufro meti materiisa da naklebi formis mqone sagnebTan gveqneba saqme. sul
bolos iqneba uformo materia; Tu piriqiT, kibes maRla avyvebiT, meti formisa da naklebi materiis sagnebs vi-
xilavT. sul bolos ki iqneba umaterio forma, anu formis forma. swored am formis formas uwodebs aristotele sa-
boloo mizans, substancias anu RmerTs.

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 formaTa gansxvavebis mixedviT, samyaro ase lagdeba: aracocxali buneba (uformo materia), mcenareTa
samyaro, cxovelTa samyaro, adamiani da bolos – RmerTi. samyarosa da substanciis aseT damokidebulebas,
sadac yvelaferi saboloo mizniT ganisazRvreba, teleologia ewodeba.

samyaros kanonzomierebis
problema filosofiaSi

garda substanciis problemisa, ontologiaSi Semdegi ZiriTadi kiTxvebi dgas: rogori kanonzomierebis aris
samyaro? ra kanonebSi gamoixateba samyaros moZraoba – cvalebadoba? ra aris misi forma da Sinaarsi? aqvs
Tu ara moZraoba – cvalebadobas mizez – Sedegobrivi kavSiri? ra aris sinamdvile da SesaZlebloba? ra kavSiria
aucileblobasa da SemTxveviTobas Soris? da sxva. yvela es kiTxva da masze gacemuli pasuxi samyaros kanon-
zomierebis problemas exeba.
kanonis cneba. zemoT dasmuli kiTxvebi rom gairkves, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa gavigoT ra aris kanoni.
am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba obieqtur mecnierul kanons da ara normatiul kanons, romelsac saxelmwifo ad-
gens an auqmebs. obieqturi imas niSnavs, rom is araa damokidebuli adamianis cnobierebaze, is TavisTavadia.
e.i. kanonis pirveli niSani aris obieqturoba. garda obieqturobisa, kanoni unda iyos zogadi xasiaTis. es imas niS-
navs, rom im sferoSi, sadac kanoni moqmedebs, igi yvela sagans exeba. asxvaveben specifikur, gansakuTrebul
da uzogades kanonebs. uzogadesi kanoni mTel samyaroSi moqmedebs, gansakuTrebuli – ramdenime sferoSi,
xolo specifikuri – mxolod erT sferoSi. zogadobasTan da obieqturobasTan erTad, kanoni vrceldeba romelime
sferos yvela movlenaze. es principi ase gamoiTqmis: erTi da igive movlena erTsa da imave pirobebSi erTsa da
imave Sedegs iZleva.
kanonis Semdegi niSania arsebiToba. kanoni uxilavia, SegrZnebebSi ar gveZleva, kanonis arseba mxolod
movlenebSi vlindeba. misi Semecneba azrovnebiT xdeba. yvela am niSans, riTac kanoni xasiaTdeba, unda dae-
matos mizezobriobis niSan-Tviseba. movlenaTa mizezobrivi kavSiris gareSe araviTari kanoni realurad ar vlin-
deba.
amdenad, kanoni SeiZleba ase ganvsazRvroT: kanoni aris movlenaTa iseTi kavSiris wesi, romelic xasiaT-
deba obieqturobiT, zogadobiT, arsebiTobiT, aucileblobiT, sayovelTaobiT da aCvenebs movlenaTa ganvi-
Tarebis tendencias anu mimarTulebas. kanonis gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba swored imaSia, rom is movlenebi-
sa da procesebis mimarTulebas aCvenebs; swored amis safuZvelze xdeba samyaros mecnieruli suraTis Seqmna
da mecnieruli prognozireba. am gagebiT, mecnieruli kanonebi warmoadgenen samyaros Semecnebisa da misi
gardaqmnis meTodologiur safuZvlebs. filosofia, rogorc msoflmxedvelobrivi mecniereba, cxadia, emyareba da iT-
valiswinebs bunebis da sazogadoebis obieqtur kanonzomierebas, magram filosofiur kvleva – Ziebas Tavisi me-
Todologia aqvs.
meTodis problema. meTodis ganxilva unda daviwyoT, uwinares yovlisa, kiTxvis dasmiT, ra aris filosofia?
am struqturuli analiziT iwyeba aRniSnuli problemis ganmartebis piroba. kiTxva, ra aris filosofia? – exeba filo-
sofiis raobas, mis arss. es ki niSnavs, dadgindes ra aris filosofia Tavisi sagnis mixedviT. e. i. ganisazRvros sfe-
ro, romelTanac mas saqme aqvs. es ki moiTxovs naCvenebi iyos is wesebi, romliTac filosofia kvlevas
awarmoebs Tavis sferoSi, e. i. rogor swavlobs is Tavisi sakvlevi sagnis raobas, ra wesiT, ra xerxiT, ra midgo-
miT anu ra meTodiT. meTodi damokidebulia filosofiis sferosadmi midgomis amocanaze. maSasadame, kiTxva
– ra aris es? moiTxovs kiTxvas – rogor gavigoT es?
yovel filosofiur sistemas Tavisi meTodi aqvs. ar arsebobs filosofiaSi erTi universaluri meTodi, iseve rogorc
ar arsebobs erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb. ramdeni filosofiuri sistemacaa, imdeni meTodi
arsebobs. amitom arasworia, roca filosofiaSi or ZiriTad meTods asaxeleben: dialeqtikisa da metafizikis.
garda dialeqtikisa da metafizikisa, arsebobs logikuri analizis meTodi, romelsac iyenebs logikuri poziti-
vizmi, ekleqtikuri meTodi ciceronTan, intuiciuri meTodi – bergsonTan, materializmSi – dialeqtikuri meTo-
di, romelic upirispirdeba metafizikur meTods, huserlis fenomenologiuri meTodi, transcendentaluri meTodi
da a. S.

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 zogadad mokled mimovixiloT ramdenime maTgani.
metafizika. metafizikis cneba filosofiaSi ori ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. metafizika rogorc filosofiis
sinonimi da metafizika, rogorc erT-erTi meTodis aRmniSvneli cnebaa.
termini `metafizika~ pirvelad gamoiyenes aristoteles pirveli filosofiis mimarT. imis gamo, rom am Sromas
saTauri ar aRmoaCnda da ido aristoteles Sromis `fizikis~ Semdeg, mas ewoda meta ta fizika, `is, rac fizikis miR-
maa~. droTa ganmavlobaSi am terminma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. metafizikiT aRniSnavdnen yve-
la filosofiur moZRvrebas yofierebisa da Semecnebis sawyisebze. ufro zustad, ontologiisa da gnoseologiis um-
Tavres sakiTxebze. imanuel kantis mier dasmuli kiTxva, rogoraa SesaZlebeli metafizika rogorc mecniereba,
sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara imas, rogoraa SesaZlebeli filosofia. kantma, gamijna ra, transcendenturi da ima-
nenturi, codna da rwmena, uaryo metafizikis, rogorc zegrZnobadis, transcendenturis Sesaxeb mecnierebis SesaZ-
lebloba. kantis mixedviT, metafizika arsebobs rogorc adamianis gonebis moTxovnileba. igi ar arsebobs, rogorc
mecniereba. adamians awuxebs iseTi sakiTxebi, romelTa mocileba ar ZaluZs, radgan isini TviT gonebas moux-
vevia Tavs misTvis, magram arc pasuxis gacema SeuZlia, vinaidan isini aRematebian adamianis gonebis yvela
unars. adamiani mas verc gadaWris da verc aicilebs. maS ra saWiroa? rogorc ukve viciT, mas hqonda erTi prin-
cipi, romelic aristoteledan aiRo: , `RmerTi da buneba tyuilad arafers qmnis, e. i. Tu raime arsebobs mas aqvs
sakmao safuZveli.~ Tanamedrove pozitivizmis mixedviT, metafizika aris usazriso spekulaturi azrovneba. mas
mecnieruli Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. amitom Tanamedrove pozitivizmi metafizikas saerTod uaryofs –`abakabadra~ –
absurdia, usazrisoa, sisulelea – ase uyurebs pozitivizmi metafizikas.
metafizika, rogorc meTodi, amtkicebs, rom samyaroSi araviTari axlis warmoSoba da ganviTareba ar xdeba,
yvelaferi mocemulia erTxel da samudamod. samyaroSi marto moZraoba – cvalebadobaa, romelic mxolod raode-
nobriv zrdas an klebas niSnavs. am moZraoba – cvalebadobaSi adgili aqvs Zvelis gameorebas da wreSi trials.
amitom samyaros movlenebi veraviTar gavlenas ver axdenen axlis warmoSobaze; e. i. movlenebs Soris ar arse-
bobs sayovelTao kavSirebi. es aris Zveli metafizikuri Teoria, romlis mixedviTac marad ucvleli teleologiuri miz-
niT samyaroSi yvelaferi gansazRvrulia. am Teoriis mixedviT, RmerTma ise Seqmna samyaro, rom SemdegSi
araviTari axlis warmoSoba da Semoqmedeba ar xorcieldeba.
metafizikis aseT Teorias ar eTanxmeba bergsonis (1859 –1941 ww.) `SemoqmedebiTi evoluciis Teoria~.
bergsoni aris sicocxlis filosofiis warmomadgeneli, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba teleologiur principebs da asabu-
Tebs, rom RmerTs samyaro ar moucia erTxel da samudamod ucvleli principebis mixedviT; is Semoqmedebis
SesaZleblobas utovebs bunebas da adamians. bergsonis azriT, RmerTi TviTon aris Semoqmedi, magram bune-
basac aniWebs Semoqmedebis niWs, bunebis sagnebs aZlevs sasicocxlo swrafvis unars da am swrafvis proces-
Si adgili aqvs axlis warmoSobas. am sasicocxlo swrafvas aqvs Tavisi mimarTuleba. bunebaSi yvelaferi miis-
wrafvis srulyofilebisaken anu RmerTisaken. aseTi gageba teleologiisgan ver Tavisufldeba, radgan RmerTis
daSvebiT, miznis winaswar daSvebac xdeba, xolo axlis warmoSoba – auxsneli rCeba.
amdenad, samyaros ganviTarebisa da axlis warmoSobis problema materializmSic da idealizmSic mxolod
daSvebis da ara mtkicebis doneze wydeba. materializmi uSvebs, rom samyaros ganviTarebis da axlis warmoSo-
bis SesaZlebloba devs materiaSi, xolo idealizmis mixedviT – RmerTSi. es daSvebebi filosofiis sadavo proble-
mebs ganekuTvneba da misi erTmniSvnelovnad mtkiceba mecnierebas ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad amisa, filosofiu-
ri msoflmxedvelobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, romel gadawyvetilebas avirCevT, anu romel poziciaze dav-
dgebiT, radgan poziciaze dgomis gareSe araviTari Semoqmedeba ar arsebobs. poziciaze dgoma cxovrebis wesis
arCevas niSnavs. aq TavisuflebasTan gvaqvs saqme. adamiani aTeisturi wesiT icxovrebs Tu RmerTis rwmeniT,
amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi msoflmxedvelobisaTvis.
metafizikuri meTodis sapirispiro meTodia dialeqtika. sityva dialeqtika berZnulia da saubars, msjlobas niS-
navs. ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi `dialego~ – kamaTis xelovnebas niSnavda. kamaTi iyo is meTodi da saSualeba, ri-
Tac WeSmariteba unda daedginaT. SemdegSi dialeqtikis cneba gafarTovda.
hegelma dialeqtika samyaros Semecnebisa da azrovnebis ganviTarebis sayovelTao principad miiCnia. he-
gelis mixedviT, Semecnebis procesi iwyeba azrisa da arsis dapirispirebiT. es aris is pirveli safuZveli, romelic
adamians ubiZgebs TviTSemecnebisaken. Tavisufleba yovel etapze awydeba winaaRmdegobas codnasa da ar-
codnas Soris. am aRmaval procesSi, es Sinagani winaaRmdegoba warmoSobs codnis sul axal-axal kategoriebs
da kanonebs. am gziT xdeba absoluturi sulis anu RmerTis TviTSemecneba. es azrovnebis ganviTarebis procesi

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Sewydeba mxolod maSin, rodesac absoluturi suli TavisTavs bolomde Seicnobs. amis Semdeg araviTari ganvi-
Tareba azrovnebas aRar sWirdeba. e. i. dialeqtikuri procesi da saerTod dialeqtika mxolod azrovnebisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. araviTari ganviTareba bunebas ar sWirdeba da arc arsebobs bunebaSi ganviTareba. rac See-
xeba RmerTs, is absoluturi srulyofilebaa da srulyofilebas ganviTareba ar sWirdeba. azrovnebis dialeqtikuri
swrafva mxolod adamianisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. amdenad, hegelTan ganviTareba exeba mxolod azrovne-
bis process. ganviTareba gulisxmobs Zvelis uaryofiT axlis warmoSobas. xolo es axali azrebi da cnebebi kvlav
uariyofa sakuTari winaaRmdegobebis safuZvelze da a. S. azrovnebis TviTSemecnebis procesis dialeqtikuri me-
Todi niSnavs imas, rom am procesSi yvelaferi yvelaferTan kavSirSia. ar arsebobs araviTari izolirebuli da Ta-
visTavadi cnebebi. Tu gvinda gavigoT romelime cneba, unda gaviTvaliswinoT yvela danarCeni. amitom dia-
leqtikuri azrovnebis wesi amave dros samyaros Semecnebis da gagebis meTodic aris. hegelis mixedviT, mTeli
samyaro absoluturi gonis gamovlenaa. misi Semoqmedebaa bunebac, sazogadoebis istoriac da adamianuri az-
rovnebac. amaTgan ganviTarebadia mxolod azrovneba, radganac mxolod mas SeuZlia hqondes absoluturi gonis
TviTSemecnebis survilic da unaric.
hegelis idealisturi dialeqtika materialisturad gadaamuSaves marqsma (1818 – 1883 ww.) da engelsma
(1820 – 1895 ww). maT hegelis moZRvrebidan RmerTis cneba uaryves da mis nacvlad samyaros sawyisad ma-
teria gamoacxades, xolo hegelis dialeqtikuri meTodi Tavisi filosofiis meTodad aRiares. amis gamo marqsistul
filosofias dialeqtikuri materializmi ewoda.
huserlis (1859 –1938 ww.) fenomenologiuri meTodi filosofiuri kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze daxvewili instru-
mentia. man ganviTareba hpova haidegerTan, SelerTan, sartrTan da a.S. huserlis mier Seqmnilma subieqtur -
idealisturma mimarTulebam didi gavlena moaxdina axali drois filosofiaze. fenomenologiis cneba – cnobierebis
`intencionaluroba~ (misi mimarTuloba obieqtze) – gamiznulia ganamtkicos subieqtur – idealisturi principi: `ra
aris obieqti subieqtis gareSe~. fenomenologiuri meTodis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa: fenomenologiuri reduqcia, e. i.
Semecnebis subieqtis ganxilva ara rogorc realuri, empiriuli, socialuri da fsiqofiziologiuri arsebisa, aramed ro-
gorc `wminda~ transcendentaluri cnobierebisa.
determinizmi da indeterminizmi. aq sakiTxi exeba kanonzomierebis obieqturad arsebobas. axasiaTebs Tu
ara igi samyaros? samyaroSi wesrigia Tu qaosi, kanonzomierebaa Tu SemTxveviToba? procesebi determinire-
bulia (ganpirobebulia), Tu TviTneburia (ganupirobebelia)? filosofiis istoriaSi am kiTxvebze erTmniSvnelovani
pasuxi ar arsebobs. aman ganapiroba ori dapirispirebuli mimarTulebis – determinizmisa da indeterminizmis
warmoSoba. meore pirvelis funqciaa, radgan mas sakuTari dadebiTi Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. igi ganisazRvreba de-
terminizmTan dapirispirebiT. indeterminizmi uaryofs imas, rasac amtkicebs determinizmi. amis gamo, upirve-
les yovlisa, determinizmi unda ganvsazRvroT.
es mimarTuleba sxvadasxvagvarad iyo gagebuli filosofiis istoriaSi. yvelaze ufro mizanSewonilad migvaC-
nia Semdegi gageba: determinizmi aris Teoria, romelic amtkicebs kanonzomierebis obieqturad arsebobas. mov-
lenebisa da procesebis mimdinareoba samyaroSi kanonzomieria. araferi ar xdeba TviTneburad da mxolod Sem-
TxveviT. yvelaferi ganpirobebulia da determinirebuli. indeterminizmi ki aris Teoria, romelic kanonzomierebis
obieqturad arsebobas uaryofs da amtkicebs, rom yvelaferi, rac samyaroSi xdeba TviTneburi da SemTxveviTia.
maSasadame, determinizmis ZiriTadi principia kanonzomierebis obieqturobis aRiareba, xolo indeterminiz-
mis – misi uaryofa.
yvela Teoria, romelic samyaros kanonzomierebas aRiarebs, deterministulia. magram sxvagvarad xde-
ba kanonzomierebis arsis gageba da misi dafuZneba. ra ganapirobebs kanonzomierebas? ra aris misi sa-
fuZveli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi araerTgvarovania, ris Sedegad saqme gvaqvs determinizmis gansxvavebul
saxeebTan.
upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvasxvaoT mecnieruli da aramecnieruli determinizmi. orives miaCnia, rom
samyaro kanonzomieria, magram sxvagvarad esmiT misi safuZveli. pirvels kanonzomierebis safuZvlad
miaCnia TviT samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani da obieqturi kavSirebi, romlebic gamoixateba
Sesabamisi kanonebis meSveobiT. meore kanonzomierebas afuZnebs raRac zebunebriv Zalaze, romelic
samyarosaTvis miRmuri da garegania. aramecnieruli determinizmis magaliTebia fatalizmi da providenci-
alizmi. fatalizmi aRiarebs, rom bediswera swored is zebunebrivi Zalaa, romelic gansazRvravs samyaroSi

34
arsebul mkacr kanonzomierebas anu gardauvalobas. provindencializmi miiCnevs, rom RvTis neba – gan-
gebaa is safuZveli, romelic mkacrad gansazRvravs samyaros kanonzomierebas.
fatalizmi da providencializmi aramecnieruli Sinaarsis deterministuli moZRvrebebia. mecnierebis sa-
fuZveli determinizmia. sxvagvarad arseboba mas ar SeuZlia. iq, sadac kanonzomiereba da movlenaTa
ganpirobebuloba ar arsebobs, mecnierebis adgili ar aris. igi qmnis Tavisebur deterministul Teorias, ro-
melic sxva analogiuri Teoriebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom kanonzomierebis safuZvlad miaCnia realo-
ba da misi Sinagani kanonebi.
samyaros kanonzomierebis axsna da dafuZneba TviT masSi moqmedi kanonebis meSveobiT – ai mecnieru-
li determinizmis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba. mecnierebis mizanic sxva araferia, Tu ara am kanonebis aRmoCena,
maT safuZvelze cnobil movlenaTa axsna da ucnob movlenaTa winaswarmetyveleba.
mecniereba ganasxvavebs kanonTa or saxes – dinamikurs da statikurs. Sesabamisad, arsebobs mecnieruli
determinizmis ori forma – dinamikuri da statistikuri. dinamikuri determinizmi mkacri da erTmniSvnelovania.
igi kanonzomierebas aigivebs gardauvalobasTan, romelic gamoricxavs SemTxveviTobis SesaZleblobas, alba-
Tobis da Tavisuflebis obieqturobas. statistikuri determinizmi aramkacri da albaTuria. mas kanonzomiereba es-
mis rogorc aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis erTianoba, romelic uSvebs SesaZleblobis, albaTobis da Tavisuf-
lebis obieqturobas. dinamikuri determinizmis mier movlenaTa axsna da winaswarmetyveleba absoluturad utyu-
ari da ueWvelia, xolo statistikuri determinizmis mier – mxolod albaTuri.
jer kidev antikur epoqaSi dinamikur determinizms dasabami misca demokritem. igi aRorZinda klasikuri
meqanikis safuZvelze XVII–XVIII saukuneebSi, ramac gamoxatuleba hpova spinozas, hobsis, holbaxis koncef-
ciebSi. statistikuri determinizmi Camoyalibda XX saukuneSi da safuZvlad udevs Tanamedrove mecnierebas.
igi miiCnevs, rom samyaros fundamenturi kanonebi albaTur – statistikuri xasiaTisaa.

samyaros kanonzomieri
kavSirebi da mimarTebebi

samyaro mravalferovania. igi Sedgeba sxvadasxva movlenisa da procesisagan, romelTa Soris uSualo da ga-
Sualebuli, faruli Tu aSkara, determinirebuli Tu aradeterminirebuli kavSirebi da urTierTobebia. filosofia maT
uzogades da Zireul tipebs kategoriebis meSveobiT axasiaTebs. sazogadod, kategoria aris is Zireuli da funda-
menturi cneba, romelsac filosofiuri azrovneba emyareba. igi kategoriaTa safuZvelze ayalibebs sistemas.
kategoriis arsi. vinaidan filosofia cnebebiT da kategoriebiT moazrebuli da dasabuTebuli msoflmxedvelobis
mocemis cdaa, amitom mizanSewonilia ganvmartoT, ra aris cneba da kategoria.
sityva `kategorias~ mravali mniSvneloba aqvs. filosofiuri mniSvneloba mas pirvelad aristotelem mianiWa.
es sityva berZnuli warmoSobisaa da Tavdapirvelad niSnavda dadanaSaulebas, msjavris gamotanas. aristotelem
am sityvas axali, filosofiuri datvirTva misca. is mxilebaa ara adamianisa, aramed arsebulisa saerTod. kategoria
aris cneba, romelic gamoxatavs arsebulis Zireul niSans. kategorias gansazRvraven, rogorc uzogades cnebas. ka-
tegoriis cnebas ar moepoveba masze `maRla~ mdgomi cneba. kategoriebi arsebulis Zireul, safuZvelmdebare
mxareebs gamoxataven, magram es Zireuli sxvadasxvagvaria. zogi maTgani yvela arsebuls axasiaTebs, zogi ki
– mxolod arsebulTa garkveul saxes. pirveli tipis kategoriebs SeiZleba vuwodoT universaluri kategoriebi, meore
tipisas – specifikuri.
kategoriebs adamianebi iyenebdnen jer kidev maSin, roca araferi icodnen maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb. yoveli ka-
tegoria cnebaa, e. i. azris garkveuli formaa. rogorc hegeli ambobda: swored yoveldRiuri enaa kategoriebis Tavda-
pirveli adgilsamyofeli.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi kidev ufro gamdidrda kategoriaTa sistema. igi Seivso axali Semecnebis Te-
oriuli, aqsiologiuri, anTropologiuri da sxva tipis kategoriebiT. yuradReba mieqca iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa Rire-
buleba, mniSvneloba, sazrisi, ideali, norma, adamiani, sicocxle da Aa. S.
XX saukuneSi yvelaze didi wvlili kategoriaTa moZRvrebaSi Seitanes n. hartmanma da m. haidegerma. ar
arsebobs kategoriis bunebis erTi gageba, Sesabamisad, arc kategoriaTa erTi sistema. TiTqmis yvela did filoso-

35
foss kategoriaTa Tavisi sistema aqvs, romlis meSveobiT igi cdilobs gadawyvitos mis winaSe mdgari probleme-
bi. miuxedavad amgvari gansxvavebisa, SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime igiveobrivi momenti.
kategoria aris fundamenturi, ZiriTadi cneba, romlis gamoyenebiT ama Tu im filosofiur sistemaSi xdeba
garkveuli obieqtis gaazreba da daxasiaTeba. kategoriaTa sistema qmnis im kategorialur aparats, romlis meS-
veobiT filosofosi azrovnebs da imecnebs Tavis sagans. yovel filosofiur moZRvrebas Tavisi Sinaarsi da sagnis
Sesatyvisi kategoriaTa sistema aqvs. amdenad, filosofiuri Teoriebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian kategori-
aTa konkretuli SinaarsiT, magram arcerTi maTgani ar arsebobs kategorialuri aparatis gareSe. filosofiuri azrov-
neba kategoriebiT azrovnebaa. filosofosoba SeuZlebelia kategoriebis gareSe.
filosofiur kategoriaTa Tavisebureba isaa, rom isini sagnebs axasiaTeben samyarosTan, rogorc mTelTan,
mimarTebaSi. filosofiur kategoriebs Soris gamoyofen gansxvavebul tipebs. es SeiZleba moxdes sxvadasxva
principis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, miviRebT kategoriaTa gansxvavebul tipebs. erT-erT principad SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT filosofiur disciplinaTa gamijvna. yovel maTgans Tavisi specialuri kategoriebi aqvs. Sesabami-
sad, arsebobs Semdegi tipis kategoriebi:
1) ontologiuri (yofiereba, realoba, dro, sivrce, mizezobrioba, SemTxveviToba, SesaZlebloba, sinamdvile da
sxva);
2) gnoseologiuri (Semecneba, subieqti, obieqti, WeSmariteba, WeSmaritebis kriteriumi, cda, dakvirveba, ab-
straqtuli azrovneba, intuicia da sxva);
3) socialuri (sazogadoeba, civilizacia, kultura, Sroma, politika, ekonomika, saxelmwifo, samarTali, zneoba
da a. S).
analogiurad SegviZlia vimsjeloT sxva filosofiur disciplinaTa kategoriebze. mocemul TavSi sagangebo bWobis
sagania ontologiur kategoriaTa is jgufi, romelic gamoxatavs samyaros kanonzomier kavSirebsa da mimarTebebs.
maT ricxvs miekuTvneba Semdegi: mizezi da Sedegi, aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba, SesaZlebloba da sinamdvi-
le, erTeuli da zogadi, arseba da movlena, Sinaarsi da forma, sistema da struqtura.
mokled davaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani.
mizezi da Sedegi. mizezobrivi kavSiri aris mimarTeba movlenaTa or rigs Soris, romelTagan erTi mizezia,
xolo meore – Sedegi. cxadia, rom yovelgvari kavSiri movlenebs Soris ar aris mizezobrivi. igi Taviseburi kavSiria,
romelsac axasiaTebs Semdegi niSnebi:
1) droSi Tanmimdevroba da sivrceSi mezobloba. mizezi win uswrebs Sedegs. jer mizezia, Semdeg ki Sedegi.
SeuZlebelia iyos piriqiT, Sedegi win uswrebdes mizezs. aseve SeuZlebelia maTi erTdroulad arseboba. Tundac
mcire, magram drois raRac intervalSi mizezi win uswrebs Sedegs.
maSasadame, sivrcesa da droSi daSorebul movlenebs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri myardeba Sualeduri rgolebis
saSualebiT. maTi meSveobiT es movlenebi erTmaneTs xvdeba sivrcisa da drois romeliRac monakveTSi. amgva-
ri Sexvedris gareSe mizez – Sedegobrivi kavSiri ar xorcieldeba.
2) genezisuri kavSiri. mizezi warmoqmnis, warmoSobs, iwvevs Sedegs. is rom Sedegi moxda, amis Ziri mi-
zezSia saZiebeli. mizezs miuZRvis `brali~, rom moxda Sedegi. mis gareSe igi ar moxdeboda. mizezobrivi mimar-
Teba arsebobs mxolod iq, sadac adgili aqvs erTi movlenis mier meoris warmoqmnas, gamowvevas. swored esaa
mizezobrivi kavSiris Tavisebureba.
3) aucilebloba. mizezi Sedegs iwvevs aucileblobiT da ara SemTxveviT. is rom Sedegi moxda, aucileblobiT
ganapiroba misi gamomwvevi mizezis arsebobam. Sedegi xdeba ara SemTxveviT, TviTneburad, aramed mizezis
gamo – aucileblobis ZaliT.
aRniSnuli niSnebi aucilebeli da sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT mizezobrivi kavSiri. mizezi aris
movlena, romelic sivrceSi mezoblobs da droSi win uswrebs meore movlenas da aucileblobiT iwvevs mas. mi-
zezobriobis ZiriTadi principia Semdegi debuleba: erTi da igive mizezi erTsa da imave pirobebSi iwvevs erTsa
da imave Sedegs.
aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba. aucileblobis da SemTxveviTobis klasikuri gansazRvreba mogvca aristo-
telem. igi ase JRers: aucilebloba aris is, rac xdeba ase da ara sxvagvarad. igi Tavis TavSi gamoricxavs sxvagva-
rad moxdenis SesaZleblobas. movlena SemTxveviTia niSnavs, rom igi ki moxda ase, magram SeiZleboda
sxvagvarad momxdariyo. masSi mocemulia alternativa – `an-an~. amasTan arcerTi mxare winaswar gansazR-
vruli ar aris.

36
 Tanamedrove mecnierebis mixedviT, SemTxveviToba obieqturia da igi emorCileba statistikur kanonzomie-
rebas. misi Semecneba mecnierebas SeuZlia, magram mxolod albaTuri codnis farglebSi.
axla ganvixiloT formula: mecniereba SemTxveviTobis mteria. igi samarTliania mecnierebisaTvis, romelic
arsebobda XX saukunemde, radgan mas samyaros fundamentur kanonzomierebad miaCnda dinamikuri aucileb-
loba. XX saukunis mecniereba ar aris SemTxveviTobis mteri, radgan igi samyaros fundamentur kanonzomiere-
bad aRiarebs statistikur aucileblobas. dinamikuri aucilebloba gardauvalobaa, amitom igi SemTxveviTobas ga-
moricxavs, statistikuri – ara. Tanamedrove mecnierebis Tanaxmad, rogorc aucilebloba, ise SemTxveviToba sta-
tistikur – albaTuri bunebisaa.
SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile. SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile gamoxatavs arsebobis or gansxvavebul tips –
SesaZleblobisa da sinamdvilis saxiT arsebobas. pirveli aris Canasaxis tendenciis, midrekilebis, xolo meore –
ukve realizebuli, ganxorcielebuli, mza saxiT arseboba.
sinamdvilis cneba ixmareba farTo da viwro azriT. pirveli aRniSnavs yovelgvar, nebismier arsebobas. si-
namdvile moicavs ara mxolod ganxorcielebul, aramed tendenciis saxiT arsebobasac. sinamdvile farTo azriT, ar
upirispirdeba SesaZleblobas, aramed moicavs mas rogorc arsebobis erT-erT tips. SesaZleblobas upirispirdeba
mxolod viwro azriT gagebuli sinamdvile. igi aRniSnavs arsebobis mxolod erT tips, ukve realizebuli, ganxorcie-
lebuli saxiT arsebobas. igi aRiarebs mxolod imas, rac SesaZleblobis sinamdviled gardaqmnis Sedegad miiReba.
SesaZlebloba gamoxatavs mxolod imas, rac SeiZleba moxdes, magram aseve SeiZleba ar moxdes. igi yovel-
Tvis exeba SemTxveviTs. SesaZlebloba arsebobs mxolod iq, sadac SemTxveviTobas aqvs adgili. mas gamo-
ricxavs gardauvaloba. Tu movlena gardauvalia, maSin aucileblad moxdeba, radgan sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia. Se-
uZlebeli ki aucileblad ar moxdeba, radgan misi moxdena gamoricxulia. SesaZlebeli moTavsebulia gardauvalsa
da SeuZlebels Soris. misi moxdena SesaZlebelia, amitom arc gardauvalia da arc SeuZlebeli. igi usaTuod Sei-
cavs alternativas – `an-an~, rac niSnavs, rom raRac SeiZleba moxdes, magram aseve SeiZleba ar moxdes.
sinamdvile aris ganxorcielebuli, realizebuli SesaZlebloba. ganasxvaveben SesaZleblobis ramdenime saxes:
formalur da realur SesaZleblobas.
formaluria SesaZlebloba, Tu misi moazreba da daSveba ar Seicavs logikur winaaRmdegobas. mas moeTxo-
veba Sesabamisoba logikis kanonebTan. mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, igi Seesatyviseba Tu ara realobas.
realuria SesaZlebloba, Tu misi ganxorcieleba ganpirobebulia realobis kanonzomierebiT. misi kriteriumia
Sesabamisoba realobis kanonebTan. mas moeTxoveba aucilebli Sesabamisoba realobasTan. amis gareSe realuri
SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs.

erTeuli da zogadi. erTeulisa da zogadis klasikuri ganmarteba mogvca aristotelem.

erTeuli aris individualuri erTi sagani, Tviseba, movlena, procesi da a. S., romelic drosa da sivrceSi lokalize-
bulia. igi `aq~ da `axla~ arsebobs; erTjeradi, ganumeorebeli da amitom unikaluria.
zogadia is, rac axasiaTebs simravles. igi ar aris drosa da sivrceSi lokalizebuli. ar arsebobs `aq~ da `axla~.
zogadi axasiaTebs simravlis nebismier elements, amitom saerTo da ganmeorebadia. amrigad, erTeuli damaxasi-
aTebelia erTisaTvis, xolo zogadi – simravlisaTvis. magaliTad: Tbilisi, mtkvari, SoTa _ erTeulia, xolo qalaqi,
mdinare, poeti – zogadi. erTeulisa da zogadis erTmaneTTan Sefardebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis praq-
tikul saqmianobaSi.
arseba da movlena. arseba da movlena gamoxatavs sinamdvilis or gansxvavebul mxares. arseba aris Sina-
gani, romelic dafaruli da miuwvdomelia grZnobadi aRqmisaTvis. xolo movlena garegania, grZnobad – aRqma-
dia da gveZleva uSualod.
arseba aris sagnis is Sinagani, dafaruli, grZnobadad miuwvdomeli mxare, romelic mis Taviseburebas gan-
sazRvravs.
movlena aris sagnis garegani, principulad uSualod mocemuli grZnobad – aRqmadi mxare, romelic arsebis
gamovlena da gamJRavnebaa.
sagnis aRqma uSualod xorcieldeba Sesabamisi grZnobis organos saSualebiT. magaliTad: vxedavT TvaliT,
vismenT yuriT da a. S., magram aRqma SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saTanado xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT da dax-
marebiT. magaliTad: eqimma diagnozi SeiZleba dasvas samedicino aparatis meSveobiT, magram samedicino
aparatis meSveobiT dafiqsirebuli Sedegi eqimma unda aRiqvas.

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 forma da Sinaarsi. sistema da struqtura. ganasxvaveben ori saxis mimarTebas: materias da formas erTi
mxriv, xolo Sinaarssa da formas, meore mxriv. pirveli garegania, xolo meore – Sinagani.
materiasa da formas Soris mimarTeba aris masalasa da mis gaformebas Soris mimarTeba. materia aris is
masala, romelic gaformebis meSveobiT iZens garkveul saxes. forma garkveulobaa, romelic Sesabamisad afor-
mebs mas. magaliTad, mimarTeba siTxesa da WurWels Soris aris amgvari damokidebulebis nimuSi. siTxe
iRebs im WurWlis formas, romelSic is asxia. WurWeli siTxis mimarT garegania. igi ar gansazRvravs mis Tvi-
sebebs, indiferentulia misi Sinaarsis mimarT. WurWeli ganapirobebs ara siTxis Sinaarss, aramed mis arsebobas
garkveuli saxiT. forma masalis mimarT garegania im azriT, rom erTsa da imave masalas SeuZlia miiRos sruli-
ad sxvadasxva forma.
sul sxvagvaria mimarTeba Sinaarssa da formas Soris. igi Sinagani da arsebiTia. Sinaarsi gansazRvravs for-
mas da piriqiT. maT Soris mimarTeba erTmniSvnelovania. yovel Sinaarss Tavisi Sesatyvisi forma aqvs. man ar
SeiZleba sxvadasxva forma miiRos.
axla zogadad ganvmartoT Sinaarsis da formis cnebebi. Sinaarsi aris sagnis elementebis organizacia, erTia-
noba; forma aris sagnis elementebis organizaciis wesi. davaxasiaToT sagnis Sinaarsi niSnavs davaxasiaToT er-
Tianoba im elementebisa, romelTagan igi Sedgeba. sagnis formis daxasiaTeba ki gulisxmobs im wesis garkve-
vas, romelic mis Semadgenel elementebs aerTianebs.
yoveli sagani Sinaarsisa da formis erTianobaa. isini misi mxareebia. maT Soris ganuyreli da organuli kavSi-
ria. erT Sinaarss erTi forma aqvs da piriqiT. ar SeiZleba, rom erTsa da imave Sinaarss sxvadasxva forma an
sxvadasxva formas erTi da igive Sinaarsi hqondes. erTis Secvla aucileblobiT iwvevs meoris Secvlas.
Sinaarsisa da formis monaTesave cnebebia struqtura da sistema.
struqtura gamoxatavs sagnis Sedgenilobas, aRnagobas. igi misi elementebis erTobliobaa. struqtura Sinaarsis
monaTesave cnebaa, magram misi igiveobrivi ar aris. sistema gulisxmobs wesrigs elementebis simravleSi. igi ori
momentis Semcvelia. erTi mxriv, raRac elementebis simravle, xolo, meore mxriv, wesi, romelic am elementebs
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. sistema mowesrigebuli simravlea. mas Tavisi Sinaarsi da forma aqvs. sistema mTlia-
nobaa, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi misi nawilebia. aq myardeba mTelisa da nawilis mimarTeba. isini ar ar-
seboben erTmaneTis gareSe. magaliTad, cocxali organizmi sistemaa, romelic misi Semadgeneli nawilebis mTli-
anobaa. yoveli nawili Tavis funqcias asrulebs mxolod mTelSi da misi meSveobiT. misgan damoukideblad da
mowyvetiT igi ukve sicocxlis unars kargavs da kvdeba. magaliTad, adamianis romelime organo Tavis funqcias
asrulebs mxolod mTliani organizmis normaluri arsebobis farglebSi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras Seiswavlis ontologia?

ra ewodeba samyaros pirvelsawyisis problemas filosofiaSi?
ra aris monizmi? Ddualizmi? Ppluralizmi?
rogor esmodaT mileTis skolis warmomadgenlebs substanciis problema?
ra mniSvnelobiT ixmareba filosofiaSi metafizikis cneba?
ra ZiriTadi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba kanoni?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara ganviTareba moZraobis gareSe?
ra ZiriTadi principi axasiaTebs determinizmsa da indeterminizms?
romeli kategoriebi gamoxataven samyaros kanonzomier kavSirebsa da mimarTebebs?
ra niSnebi axasiaTebs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs?

38
 Tavi IV

gnoseologiuri problemebi filosofiaSi

Semecnebis arsi da struqtura.

Cvens garSemo mravali sagani da movlena arsebobs. Tu dakvirvebixarT, rom maTi umravlesobisadmi Cve-
ni damokidebuleba gaucnobiereblad `avtomaturia~? - vrTavT televizors, vuyurebT gadacemebs; viRebT tele-
fons, vkrefT nomers da vsaubrobT uxilav, magram nacnob adamianTan. nuTu es saocari ar aris? yovelTvis
gvaxsovs, rogor da ra saxiT faraven sivrces es uxilavi talRebi? vsxdebiT TviTmfrinavSi da ramdenime saaTis
frenis Semdeg CavdivarT sxva qalaqSi, saxelmwifoSi, kontinentze. yovelTvis vacnobierebT, bunebis romeli
kanonebi uzrunvelyofen Cven warmatebul frenas? uamrav informacias vflobT, maT Soris mecnierulsac. viciT
an yovelTvis gvainteresebs vin, rogor da rodis mogvigrova is? samyaros saidumloebebidan bevri ram CvenTvis
cxadi da naTelia. magram dgeba momenti, rodesac TiTqosda sruliad Cveulebrivi ram gagvaocebs – netav ra
aris es? – vikiTxavT da adamianis yovlismcodneobis pretenziis mqone goneba iwyebs am `raRacis~ wvdomas,
Semecnebas. SevecadoT, gavarkvioT, ra aris goneba.
adamianebs araCveulebrivi unari gvaqvs: roca movisurvebT, sakuTar warmodgenaSi nebismieri ram, maga-
liTad, uxsovari drois movlenebi da faqtebi SegviZlia `gavacocxloT~. unari Segvwevs siRrmiseulad `CaviZi-
roT~ da kritikulad gavaanalizoT Cveni fiqrebi, vimsjeloT, SevicnoT, SevafasoT, gavakeToT logikuri daskvne-
bi. adamiani marto instinqtebs ar ugdebs yurs. igi gacnobierebulad moqmedebs kidec, rac ganpirobebulia misi
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT. swored es gacnobierebuli moqmedeba aris adamianis gasaocari niWi da unari, anu
goneba. goneba gagebisa da gaazrebis saSualebaa. gonebis meSveobiT vwvdebiT movlenaTa universalur kav-
Sirebs. es imdenad bunebriv da organul Tvisebad migvaCnia, rom arc ki gvaxsendeba, rom swored gonebis Za-
la gvansxvavebs cocxali bunebis sxva warmomadgenlebisagan.
goneba SeimuSavebs siRrmiseul da ganzogadebul codnas, uzrunvelyofs aratrivialuri, arastandartuli, Semoq-
medebiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. misTvis azris moqniloba da sisxartea damaxasiaTebeli. gonebis Zalas
SeuZlia gaaanalizos ara marto grZnobadi cdis Sedegebi, aramed gaakritikos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebi. gone-
bas Seswevs unari gascdes Sesamecnebeli amocanis farglebs da axali, moulodneli ideebi, Tvalsazrisebi da Se-
degebi SeimuSaos.
Semecnebis procesSi gonebas gansja da azrovneba exmareba. gansja gonivruli moRvaweobis sawyisi safe-
xuria. igi SeiZleba ase ganvmartoT: gansja aris fsiqikuri aqti, romlis drosac xdeba msjelobis, daskvnis cnebebis
SemuSaveba da am masaliT gonebis `momarageba~. gansjis safuZvelze adamiani Tanmimdevrulad da naTlad
msjelobs, axdens movlenaTa klasifikacias da azrobrivad awesrigebs miRebul codnas.
azrovneba aris SemecnebiTi procesi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia sinamdvilis ganzogadebuli, gaSuale-
buli saxeebis Seqmna. adamiani konkretuli movlenebis ganyenebis gziT avlens maTTvis damaxasiaTebel zogad
da arsebiT Tvisebebs. azrovneba xorcieldeba enisa da metyvelebis meSveobiT. misi ZiriTadi formebia: cneba,
msjeloba, daskvna.
risTvis gvWirdeba saerTod codna? vTqvaT, piradad me, konkretul adamians, mWirdeba ki vicode, aris Tu
ara sicocxle sxva planetebze, rogor viTardeba istoria, SesaZlebelia Tu ara materiis umciresi nawilakebis aRmo-
Cena da sxva? aseT codnas praqtikul gamoyenebas xom ver movuZebniT? da, Tanac, eklesiastes rCevas Tu ga-
viziarebT, `mravlis Secnoba adamians wuxils umravlebs~. magram, saqme imaSia, rom codnis wyurvili adami-
anis maradiuli moTxovnilebaa. yvela cocxali arseba samyaros iRebs iseTs, rogoric aris. mxolod adamiani cdi-
lobs gaarkvios, rogor aris samyaro mowyobili, ra kanonebs eqvemdebareba misi ganviTareba, ra gansazRvravs
mis dinamikas. ratom sWirdeba amisi codna adamians? rTuli kiTxvaa, miTumetes, rom bolomde samyaro Tavi-
si arsiT Seumecnebelia. ra Tqma unda, Cven vagrovebT codnas, vwvdebiT sicocxlis procesebs, vxsniT yofiere-
bis axal saidumloebebs, magram ukanaskneli, dasabamiseuli saidumlo saidumlodve rCeba. saboloo WeSmarite-
ba CvenTvis miuwvdomelia.
filosofiaSi aris aseTi termini – `gnoseologia~.
gnoseologia berZnuli sityvaa (`gnosis~ – niSnavs codnas) da aris moZRvreba Semecnebis bunebis da ka-
nonzomierebis Sesaxeb. Semecneba niSnavs codnis miRebas da cnobierebis Sinaarsis gafarToebas. cxadia,

39
amis gareSe araviTari aqtiuri moqmedeba ar sruldeba. magram filosofiis mizans Tavad codnis Sinaarsis kvleva
ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mas ainteresebs codnis SesaZleblobisa da sinamdvilesTan misi Sesabamisobis sa-
kiTxi. codna, romelic Camoyalibebulia mecnierul kanonebSi, kategoriebSi da TeoriebSi faqtia da amaze mecni-
ereba msjelobs, magram filosofias ainteresebs, rogor aris SesaZlebeli am codnis sayovelTaoba.
gnoseologiaSi Semdegi kiTxvebi dgas: ra aris Semecnebis subieqti da obieqti? SeuZlia Tu ara subieqts Sei-
mecnos obieqti? ra unarebiT da meTodebiT xdeba es Semecneba? ra aris WeSmariteba? da sxva. am sakiTxebis
kvleva TviTmizans ar emsaxureba, aramed misi mizania materialuri da sulieri procesebis urTierTdamokidebu-
lebis garkveva da amis safuZvelze praqtikuli saqmianoba.
sakiTxi codnis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb jer kidev Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi daisva. sokratem codna orad da-
yo: 1) codna sagnebis Sesaxeb da 2) codna TviTon codnis Sesaxeb
(anu codnis codna). misi azriT, adamianisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania meore rigis codna, romelic TviTSemecne-
biT xorcieldeba. filosofiis mizans swored aseTi TviTSemecneba warmoadgens. sokratem amgvari moTxovna
wamoayena: `Seican Tavi Seni~, raTa gaigo ra SegiZlia, ra ici. amiT codnas ki ar uaryof, piriqiT, amiT mouwo-
deb sakuTar Tavs axali codnis Semecnebisaken.
zemoT dasmul kiTxvebs pasuxi rom gaeces, saWiroa vicodeT ra aris Semecnebis subieqti da obieqti. Se-
mecnebis obieqti orgvaria: 1) is, rac subieqtisagan damoukideblad arsebobs da 2) TviTon subieqtis Sinagani su-
lieri samyaro. mTlianobaSi, Semecnebis obieqts warmoadgens materialuri da sulieri samyaro. rac Seexeba Se-
mecnebis subieqts, es aris pirovneba, romelic Seimecnebs. amdenad, subieqti Semecnebas mimarTavs mis ga-
reT, transcendentur da mis SigniT, imanentur sinamdvileSi.
axla vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra unarebi aqvs adamians Semecnebis gansaxorcieleblad? adamiani samyaros da
sakuTar Tavs sami unariT Seicnobs. es unarebia: a) grZnobadoba; b) gansja anu logikuri azrovneba; g) intuicia.
samyaros da mis sagnebs aqvs rogorc garegani, ise Sinagani kanonzomiereba. grZnobadoba sinamdvilis gare-
gan mxares imecnebs, xolo logikuri azrovneba – Sinagan kanonzomierebas. rac Seexeba intuicias, is orive Sem-
TxvevaSi aracnobierad funqcionirebs.
grZnobadobas aqvs sami forma: SegrZneba, aRqma da warmodgena. SegrZnebebSi miRebul saganTa sxva-
dasxva Tvisebas aRqma amTlianebs. amitom aRqma aris sagnis mTlianobiTi asaxva, xolo warmodgena – adre
aRqmulis cnobierebaSi gaxseneba. grZnobadoba sinamdvilis uSualo Semecnebas warmoadgens, xolo logikuri
azrovneba, gaSualebulia grZnobadi SemecnebiT.

intuicia

“saocreba bunebas ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed Cvens warmodgenas bunebaze”

netari avgustine

“vinc seriozuladaa dakavebuli mecnierebiT, rwmundeba imaSi, rom samyaros kanonebi atarebs umaRlesi
gonis kvals, gonisa, romelic imdenad aRemateba adamianisas, rom Cven, Cveni mokrZalebuli
SesaZleblobebiT, valdebulni varT mis winaSe madlierebiT da pativiscemiT davxaroT Tavi”

albert ainStaini

40
 “araviTari realuri samyaro ar arsebobs. aris mxolod Cveni aRqma, warmodgena samyaroze. samyaro
mxolod Cvens interpretaciaSi arsebobs”

artur Sopenhaueri

sagnis, movlenis, ideis arsis gaazrebis uunarobas ewodeba sisulele da, samwuxarod, mis winaaRmdeg
wamali ar arsebobs”

imanuil kanti

filosofiis istoriaSi gnoseologiuri Teoriebi erTmaneTisagan swored imiT gansxvavdebian, Tu vin romel
unars aniWebs upiratesobas SemecnebaSi da WeSmariti codnis miRebaSi. is Teoria, romelic asabuTebs, rom
WeSmariti codna mxolod logikuri azrovnebiT miiReba, racionalizmi ewodeba; xolo Teoria, romelic amtkicebs,
rom WeSmariti codna mxolod SegrZnebebSi da cdaSi gveZleva, empirizmi ewodeba. Teoria, romelic ar
iziarebs arcerT warmodgenil Sexedulebas da amtkicebs intuiciiT miRebuli codnis upiratesobas, iracionalizmi
da intuitivizmi ewodeba, xolo agnosticizmi saerTod uaryofs samyaros Semecnebis SesaZleblobas. ganvixiloT
yvela cal-calke.
buneba uaRresad racionaluria. aq umizno, uazro, zedmeti da SemTxveviTi araferia. am uaRresad racionalur
bunebaSi ibadeba Tavisufali adamiani, romelic Tavisi xanmokle sicocxlisaTvis gankuTvnil droSi sakmao
inteleqtualur da sulier potencials agrovebs; Tavis adgils sakuTari Sexedulebebis mixedviT irCevs; misi
qmedeba yovelTvis WeSmaritebasa da mcdarobas Soris gansxvavebis aRqmazea damokidebuli; cdilobs am
cxovrebaSi Tavis sasargeblod raRac Secvalos da yvelafers, raoden iracionaluric ar unda iyos is, racionaluri
axsna mouZebnos. adamianis goni udiadesi niWia, romelsac rogorc realuri, aseve irealuri samyaros aRqmis da
gaazrebis unari aqvs.
irealuri samyaros substanciaTa gaazreba, albaT, uxsovari droidan iwyeba. dRes Znelia zustad dadgindes im
WeSmaritad brZeni adamianebis saxelebi, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares am process, magram danamdvilebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erT-erTi maTgani piTagora iyo.
piTagoras rwmeniT, sami samyaro _ bunebrivi, adamianuri da RvTaebrivi _ urTierTkavSiriTa da
urTierTgansazRvrulobiT ganpirobebul svlas asrulebs zevidan (RvTaebrivi samyarodan) qveviT da piriqiT.
RvTisaken mimavali gzis gaazreba moiTxovs gonebis varjiSs, titanur Sromas da adamianis sicocxlesac ki.
amitom piTagora nebismiers ar iyvanda mowafed. man icoda _ “yvela xisagan merkuri ar gamoiTleba”.
adamianis amaRlebas is doneebad yofda.
pirveli done _ mas mowafeSi unda ganeviTarebina adamianis umaRlesi unari _ intuicia.
meore done _ “oqros dRe”, roca igi Tavis ezoSi Seiyvanda im rCeuls, romelmac daZlia pirveli done
(aqedan sityva ezoTerebi anu vinc SigniTaa da egzoTerebi anu vinc gareTaa).
aq maswavlebelTan amaRlebuli, uSualo kavSiri myardeboda. aq ganaTleba iwyeboda am sityvis sruli
mniSvnelobiT. piTagoras mowafeebi gamohyavda TvaliT xiluli formebisa da xilvebis samyarodan, gahyavda
droisa da sivrcis miRma; gadahyavda did monadaSi _ samyaros safuZvelSi, ganuyofel substanciaSi. esaa
arSeqmnili da Seqmnili yofierebis CvenTvis Seucnobadi arsi.
antikur azrovnebaSi piTagoram daamkvidra cnebebi _ “monada” (mTlianobis, stabilurobisa da formis
principi) da diada (ganusazRvrelobis, gauformeblobis, simravlisa da materialuri mdinarebis principi).
monada gamosaxavs RmerTis arss.
rogor mivuaxlovdeT Seucnobels? rogor CavwvdeT mis arss?
piTagora Tavis mowafeebs samyaros, adamianis arsis, ideis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas ase uxsnida: Sexedo
samyaros ori sapirispiro mxridan, ar niSnavs aTvaliero gansxvavebuli obieqtebi. es niSnavs uyuro erT samyaros
ori sapirispiro _ fizikuri da sulieri mxridan, rac saSualebas iZleva garegani formidan gadavideT saganSi, mis
arsSi.

41
 piTagoras azriT, rac ufro maRalganviTarebulia organizmi, monada masSi mTvlemare sawyiss miT ufro
aZlierebs; mgrZnobeloba aviTarebs intuicias, intuicia _ gonebas, suli sxeulisagan ufro Tavisufali xdeba da
xvdebi rogor ganasxvavo Seni sxeuli samSvinvelisagan da RvTiuri sulisagan.
“Seican sakuTari Tavi da Seicnob samyaros, RmerTs”!
rac SenSi Relavs, rasac samSvinvels uwodeb, is Seni eTeruli oreulia, SenSi arsebuli aranivTieri sinaTle,
romelic Tavis TavSi ukvdav suls moicavs.
piTagora samyaros Sinagani SemecnebiT irealuri samyaros pirveli substanciis, pirveli safexuris
gaazrebamde mivida. misTvis is aranivTieri sinaTlea. masTan SedarebiT mzis sinaTlec ki mxolod uxeSi
anareklia. is xelSeuxebeli, uwonoa, Suamavalia materiasa da suls Soris.
ramdenadac adamiani Sedgeba sami substanciisagan _ sxeulis, samSvinvelisa da RvTiuri sulisagan
(piTagorasaTvis suli aris is, rac damoukideblad moZraobs da Sedgeba im elementebisagan, romlebsac kosmiuri
fluidebi warmoqmnis) _ samyaroc sami sferosagan Sedgeba: bunebrivi samyaro, adamianTa samyaro da
RvTiuri samyaro. samyaro, romelsac adamianis goneba unda Seswvdes, am sam sarkeSi areklili fenomenia. Tu
mowafe amis gaazrebas SeZlebda, maSin is mzad iyo mesame donis dasaZlevad.
mesame doneze xdeboda meore doniT miRweuli absoluturi simaRlidan ukan, bunebis siRrmeSi daSveba.
mowafeebi Seimecnebdnen saganTa warmoSobis RvTiur ideas, adamianTa sulis evolucias.
ganaTlebis mesame, umaRles doned piTagora Tvlida adamianis unars, aTvisebuli codna sakuTari Tavisa da
adamianTa, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos sakeTildReod gamoeyenebina.
mogvianebiT niutonic msgavs gaazrebamde mivida. am Suamavals materiasa da suls Soris, man sensorium
Dei, anu RmerTis grZnoba uwoda. misi azriT, es is meqanizmia, romlis saSualebiT RvTiuri goni yvelgan da
yvelaSi moqmedebs.
amaze fiqrobda aristotelec. man am substancias kvinta esenta uwoda, rac mexuTe arss niSnavs.
XVI saukunis cnobilma filosofosma da eqimma paracelsusma igive mexuTe substancias astraluri sinaTle
uwoda. misi azriT, am sinaTles eqstazis pirobebSi faqizi, amaRlebuli fsiqikis adamianebi xedaven. am astralur
sinaTleSi samyaroTa warsuli vibrirebs da momavalic cocxali sulebiT iq airekleba. mxolod mas SeuZlia
gadmosces azris yvela vibracia. esaa is, rasac meore xedvas uwodeben.
rogor axerxebs adamianis goneba Sewvdes imas, risi danaxva, SegrZneba am realur cxovrebaSi SeuZlebelia
an sxva drosa da sivrceSi xdeba? gavixsenoT met-naklebad damajerebeli faqtebi am fenomenTan
dakavSirebiT.
arsebobs Cineli brZenis Cuan Zis moTxroba: brZenma naxa sizmari, rom is pepelaa. gaRviZebuli didxans
cdilobda nanaxis gaazrebas, bolos daibna: man an naxa sizmari, rom iyo pepela, an axlaa pepela da xedavs
sizmars, rom Cineli brZenia.
* 23 wlis sem klimensoni Tavs imiT irCenda, rom mdinare misisipze mcuravi gemis – “pensilvaniis”
mesaWe iyo. imave gemze msaxurobda misi umcrosi Zma. erTxel sems saSineleba esizmra: oTx skamze
gadebul rkinis kuboSi, mkerdze TeTri yvavilebis TaiguliT, iwva misi Zma. diliT semma sizmari das mouyva,
TviTon ki daiviwya. dam gadawyvita sizmrebis amxsnelisaTvis miemarTa, magram is adgilze ar daxvda.
misma mdivanma sizmari davTarSi Cawera da qalbatons Sehpirda, rom pasuxs werilobiT Seatyobinebda. aq
mTavari is aris, rom sizmari dafiqsirda. ramdenime xnis Semdeg sems Selaparakeba mouvida gemis kapitanTan
da iZulebuli gaxda samuSaod sxva gemze gadasuliyo. male man Seityo, rom memfisis raionSi CaiZira gemi
“pensilvania”. daiRupa 150 adamiani. sabednierod daRupulTa Soris misi Zma ar aRmoCnda. semma Zma
hospitalSi ipova da eqvsi dRe da Rame ar moscilebia mas. bolos daZabulobisagan gadaRlil sems Rrma ZiliT
CaeZina. sanam eZina, misi Zma gardaicvala. rodesac semma gamoiRviZa. dainaxa: oTx skamze gadebul rkinis
kuboSi iwva misi Zma da mkerdze TeTri yvavilebis Taiguli edo. es ambavi aRwerili aqvs sem klimensonis
biografs albert peins. sem klimensoni mark tvenis fsevdonimiTaa cnobili.
* rodesac dante alegieri gardaicvala, aRmoCnda, rom “RvTaebrivi komediis” damamTavrebel mesame
nawils, “samoTxes” aklda mecamete leqsi. yvela darwmunebuli iyo, rom dantem ver moaswro am leqsis
dawera. mecamete leqsis dawera sTxoves dantes Svilebs, poetebs iakobsa da pieros. maT daiwyes muSaoba.
ambis Semdgomi ganviTareba aRwerili aqvs cnobil mwerals bokaCios. sizmarSi iakobs dantem urCia
Seewyvita leqsze muSaoba, mohkida xeli, miiyvana im saxlTan, sadac gardaicvala, Seiyvana erT-erT oTaxSi

42
da uTxra, rom leqsi gobelenis qveS, saidumlo niSaSi inaxeboda. iakobs gamoeRviZa. miuxedavad SuaRamisa,
is mamamisis megobar pier JiardinosTan wavida da leqsis mosaZebnad gayola sTxova. maT advilad miagnes
sizmarSi nanax kedels, gobelens da mis ukan saidumlo niSas, sadac mtvriani qaRaldebi elaga. iq marTlac
aRmoCnda mecamete leqsi. ase dasrulda ukvdavi “RvTaebrivi komedia”.
* ucnauri sizmari naxa prezidentma abraam linkolnma. TiTqos is Sevida TeTri saxlis aRmosavleT oTaxSi
da iatakze mamakacis gvami dainaxa. gakvirvebulma linkolnma dacvas micvalebulis vinaoba hkiTxa. dacvam
mas oTaxis datoveba mosTxova, radgan mokluli Tavad prezidenti gaxldaT. linkolni cdilobda aexsna, rom aq
raRac Secdomaa, rom is TviTon aris prezidenti. diliT linkolnma RimiliT uambo es suleluri sizmari
TanaSemwes, romelmac im kviris dRis ganrigi Semoutana, sadac kviris bolos misi TeatrSi wasvla iyo
dagegmili. TeatrSi es viziti linkolnisaTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda.
* 1883 wlis 27 agvisto. Jurnalisti edvard semsoni gazeT “boston globus”-is redaqcias didxans SemorCa da
daRlils CaeZina. Ramis or saaTze is sazarelma sizmarma gamoaRviZa. esizmra, TiTqos reportiorad iyo
gagzavnili kunZul pralomeze (indoneziis arqipelagi), romelic kunZul iavasa da sumatras maxloblad
mdebareobda (sinamdvileSi semsoni indoneziaSi arasdros yofila). sizmarSi Jurnalisti kunZulze datrialebuli
udidesi katastrofis momswre gaxda _ am kunZulze arsebulma vulkanma gaaqtiureba daiwo. amofrqveuli
lavisagan okeane aduRda. gaisma uZlieresi afeTqebis xma da kunZuli okeaneSi CaiZira. miwisZvram iseTi
Relva gamoiwvia, rom sanapirosTan mdgari gemebic ganadgurda. katastrofam 40 000 adamiani imsxverpla.
gamofxizlebulma semsonma es koSmaruli sizmari xelSi moxvedril pirvelsave qaRaldze Cawera (es
SemTxveviT aRebuli furceli ki oficialuri qaRaldi aRmoCnda grifiT _ “saswrafod nomerSi”). sizmrisagan
gaognebuli Jurnalisti redaqciidan gamovida da gantvirTvisaTvis barSi wavida. redaqciaSi igi aRar
dabrunebula. diliT morige redaqtorma es qaRaldi nomerSi CauSva. gazeTi gamovida. es saSineli informacia
aTeulobiT gazeTma gadabeWda. magram msgavsi katastrofis damadasturebeli araviTari cnoba ar mosula.
gazeTi yalbi informaciis gavrcelebaSi daadanaSaules, semsoni ki samsaxuridan daiTxoves. ramdenime dRis
Semdeg cnobili gaxda indoeTis okeaneSi momxdari katastrofis Sesaxeb. informacia detalurad aRwerda
semsonis mier sizmarSi nanax movlenebs, Tumca iyo erTi gansxvaveba: CaiZira kunZuli Kkrakatau.
semsoni samsaxurSi saswrafod aRadgines.
katastrofidan 20 wlis Semdeg Jurnalists estumra holandiis geografiuli sazogadoebis delegacia. maTTan
saubarSi gairkva, rom CaZiruli kunZulis _ krakataus saxelwodeba adgilobrivi aborigenebis dialeqtze
gamoiTqmeboda rogorc pralome.
*cnobilia vaterloos brZolis win napoleonis sizmaric. imperators yvela misi gamarjveba brwyinvale
qalbatonebis saxiT ZilSi gamoecxada, magram ukanaskneli qalbatoni sisxlSi iyo gasvrili, xelSi ki borkilebi
eWira.
Cndeba SegrZneba, TiTqos ZilSi mcire droiT sxva, paralelur samyaroSi gadavdivarT, raTa energia da
informacia miviRoT da ukan davbrundeT. sizmari albaT migvaniSnebs, rom cnobierebas potenciurad
ZaluZs fizikuri sxeulis gareSe arseboba, realuri da irealuri samyaros damoukideblad aRqma. froidi sizmars
aracnobierisaken mimaval samefo gzas uwodebda.
fizika-maTematikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor T.buTxuzis azriT, es fenomeni asec SeiZleba aixsnas.
rogorc cnobilia, Zilis dros cnobieri ar funqcionirebs, ufro sworad, misi cenzura ramdenadmea Sesustebuli.
Zilis dros qvecnobierad adamianis “me” droebiT gadadis ideur mdgomareobaSi da mas SeuZlia realuri da
irealuri samyaros sxva paralelur doneze gasvla. ras warmoadgens Cveni samyaros paraleluri samyaroebi? _
arsobrivad TiTqmis igives, rasac garSemo vxedavT, mxolod sxva sivrcesa da droSi da sxva aRqmis
meqanizmiT. Cven sizmriT SegviZlia moxvdeT warsulSi, momavalSi, awmyoSi, magram sxva sivrceSi da
ukan davbrundeT. arseboben amaRlebuli mgrZnobelobis adamianebi, romelTac es Zilis gareSec SeuZliaT.
momavlis zonidan, paraleluri samyarodan winswrebiT dabrunebiT, advilad ixsneba deJaviu (e.i. ukve nanaxi,
ukve gagonili). ufro gasagebi rom iyos, warmoidgineT Cveulebrivi yofiTi situacia: vTqvaT zixarT magidasTan,
esaubrebiT megobars da yavas miirTmevT. am dros spontanurad, wamierad gadadixarT paralelur sivrceSi,
igive situaciaSi, oRond mciredi winswrebiT. es imdenad realurad hgavs am samyaros, rom mcire droiT
gansxvavebas ver vacnobierebT. vbrundebiT sawyis doneze, dro rom odnav CamorCa igive yofier moments im
sxva sivrceSi, sadac iyaviT da Tqven ganmeorebiT xvdebiT igive situaciaSi. amas ukve amCnevs cnobieri da

43
Tqven gakvirvebuli xarT _ es xom ukve iyo, es xom me ukve vnaxe, SevigrZeni! amiT TiTqos umaRlesi
migvaniSnebs am samyaros mravalferovnebaze.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs ZilSi ideebis dabadebisa da ganviTarebis faqts. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
sizmris fenomeni mogvexmaros gaverkveT, Tu sazogadod rogor xdeba ideebis warmoqmna, ganviTareba.
cnobilia, rom bevri mecnieruli aRmoCena sakmaod araCveulebrivi saxiT xorcieldeboda. magaliTad, albert
ainStains violinoze dakvra uyvarda. am dros igi realobas swydeboda, sakuTari sulis labirinTebSi mogzaurobda
da amgvarad cdilobda gadaelaxa gonebrivi gadaRliloba. amboben, rom misi fardobiTobis Teoria genialuri
intuiciis Sedegia.
isic cnobilia, rom mravali gamogonebisa Tu mxatvruli nawarmoebis idea ZilSi daibada. elias hauss,
romelmac Tanamedrove sakeravi manqanis konstruqcia Seqmna, imedi gadaewura _ vera da ver misca
srulyofili saxe meqanizms. da, ai, erTxel sizmarSi naxa nemsi, romelsac Zafis gasayreli yuri qveda mxares
hqonda da ara zemoT an SuaSi, rogorc Zvel modelebs, romlebic cudad muSaobdnen.
nils borma atomis Tavisi cnobili modelic _ mzis garSemo moZravi planetebi _ sizmarSi naxa.
goeTes “faustis” meore nawili, mocartis, vagneris, tolstois, sen-sansis da mravali sxva gamoCenili
adamianis zogierTi Sedevri sizmrebis gavleniT aris Seqmnili.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom adamianSi aris wminda energetika, is miwierisagan gansxvavebuli “me”, romelic
biologiur kanonzomierebas ar eqvemdebareba. mas axasiaTebs intuicia, nebisyofa, mexsiereba,
TviTSemecneba, anu yvelaferi is, rasac goeTe “RvTaebriv arsebas” uwodebda. yovelive es im udidesi
energetikuli potencialis nawilia, rac adamianSi RvTisaganaa Cadebuli.
niderlandeli mxatvaris fieronimus bosxis (1460-1516) tiloze gamosaxulia preistoriuli xvliki. naxati sakmaod
detaluradaa Sesrulebuli. gasakviri aq TiTqos araferia, garda imisa, rom am xvlikis Zvlebi bosxis
gardacvalebidan samasi wlis Semdegaa aRmoCenili da specialistebis mier aRdgenilia xvlikis sruli suraTi.
mecnierma kiuvem daamtkica, rom esaa 60 milioni wlis win gadaSenebuli xvlikis saxeoba.
jonaTan svifti “guliveris mogzaurobaSi” moixseniebs planeta marsis or Tanamgzavrs, romelTa danaxva
mxolod Tanamedrove, mZlavri teleskopiT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
ra aris intuicia da ra rols TamaSobs igi Cvens cxovrebaSi? intuicia SeiZleba SevadaroT STagonebas,
WeSmaritebis uSualo wvdomas. intuicia Zalian axlosaa sulier xilvasTan, gonebis gamonaTebasTan, romelsac
Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi fsiqikis aracnobier fenaSi. aravin uaryofs, rom adamianisaTvis intuicia jerac
amouxsneli, albaT ufro RvTiTmoniWebuli unaria.E magram intuicia mxolod maSin gvaxsendeba, roca Cveni
yvelafrismwvdomi goneba iRleba da mis adgils gaucnobierebeli azrovnebis procesebi ikaveben _ gamonaTebis
naperwkali agvirgvinebs inteleqtis analitikur muSaobas.
azrovneba marTlac mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli SemoqmedebiT wvasTan.
mecnieruli Semoqmedebis procesSi intuicia da logika urTierTqmedeben da erTmaneTs avseben. magram
gamonaTebis, gasxivosnebis momentSi logika gamoTiSulia. Tumca unda gvaxsovdes, rom SemTxveva xels
uwyobs mxolod aRmoCenisaTvis momzadebul gonebas _ ase iyo mendeleevis (perioduli sistema), lui pasteris,
romelmac bevr sxva mniSvnelovan aRmoCenasTan erTad xorcis lpobis meqanizms miakvlia (yurZnis duRilis
procesis safuZvelze), jeims vatis SemTxvevaSi (orTqlis manqana) da sxvaTa SemTxvevebSi.
mecnierebis mizania WeSmaritebis wvdoma da dadgena. es ki miiRweva maSin, Tu Cven samyaros
aRviqvamT ara rogorc calkeuli movlenebis, erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli faqtebis erTobliobas, aramed rogorc
mTlians. mecniereba yvelaferSi eZebs zogads, kanonzomierebas, wesrigs, Tanmimdevrobas da MmaTi kvlevis
safuZvelze adgens WeSmaritebas.

racionalizmi

44
 racionalizmi aris iseTi filosofiuri Teoria, romelic WeSmariti codnis miRebis erTaderT unarad gonebas mi-
iCnevs, xolo SegrZnebebiT miRebul codnas, arasarwmuno codnad Tvlis. racionalizmis mixedviT, cdidan mi-
Rebuli codna, mxolod erTeul cvalebad sagnebs exeba da TviTonac cvalebadia. maTi azriT, namdvil codnas un-
da axasiaTebdes maradiuloba da sayovelTaoba.
es problema Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi daisva da platonma is raconalisturad gadawyvita. platonis mixedviT,
sayovelTaobis da zogadobis matarebel codnas mxolod obieqturi ideebis Semecneba iZleva. kiTxvaze, saidan
movida cnobierebaSi codna? platoni pasuxobs: codna TanSobilia adamianSi, radgan TviTon adamianic ideaTa
samyaros gamovlenaa. maS, ras niSnavs Semecneba? platonis azriT, Semecnebis mizans warmoadgens TanSo-
bili ideebis gacnobiereba. gacnobiereba anu Semecneba ki niSnavs am ideebis gonebidan dabadebas. platonis az-
riT, gonebidan ideebis dabadeba xorcieldeba kamaTis anu dialogis saSualebiT. amdenad, namdvili codna mxo-
lod TanSobil ideebs axasiaTebs, xolo rac Seexeba grZnobadobiT miRebul codnas, is warmavali da moCvenebi-
Tia.
racionalizmis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia frangi filosofosi da maTematikosi rene dekarti (1596
–1650 ww.). dekarti Tavis racionalistur filosofias afuZnebda RmerTis arsebobis mtkicebaze. dekarti ase msje-
lobs: radganac Cven gonebaSi gvaqvs yovlad srulis, yovlad Zlieris anu RmerTis idea, saWiroa gairkves, saidan
movida Cvens gonebaSi es yovladsrulis idea? misi azriT, dauSvebelia ideis warmoSobis mizezi iyos cda, ro-
melsac SegrZnebebiT vukavSirdebiT. aseTi ideis Seqmna arc adamians SeuZlia, radgan adamiani ar aris yovlad
sruli, amitom is ver Seqmnis masze ufro srul ideas; ar SeiZleba mizezi naklebi iyos Sedegze. amitom adamian-
ma unda dauSvas RmerTis arseboba.
amis Semdeg dekarti svams aseT kiTxvas: rogor varsebob me? ra aris imis damamtkicebeli, rom me varse-
bob? e. i. me eWvi miCndeba Cems arseboba – ararsebobaze, magram Cems arsebobas amtkicebs is, rom me
veWvob. radgan veWvob, e. i. vazrovneb da radganac vazrovneb, e. i. varsebob. radganac vazrovneb da varse-
bob, Cemi mizezi anu Semqmneli unda iyos Cemze Zlieri, yvelafris SemZle substancia anu RmerTi. amitom
RmerTis idea Cadebulia CemSi RmerTis mier. sxvagvarad me RmerTis ideas ver gavigebdi. saidan xdeba is,
rom adamiani uSvebs Secdomebs? – svams kiTxvas dekarti da pasuxobs: adamians, garda gonebisa, aqvs nebis-
yofa anu arCevnis SesaZlebloba. nebisyofa ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre goneba. is vrceldeba iseT sagnebzec, rac
gonebas ar aqvs cxadad moazrebuli. adamiani msjelobis procesSi uSvebs Secdomebs, Torem gonebaSi arsebuli
ideebi yovelTvis WeSmaritia. xolo, rodesac ideebi cxadad eZleva adamians, maSin igi Secdomebs aRar uS-
vebs. amitom sicxade aris WeSmaritebis kriteriumi. yvelaze cxadi debulebaa: vazrovneb, maSasadame varse-
bob. es debuleba dekartis filosofiis amosavali principia, romelic logikuri dasabuTebidan ki ar gamodis, aramed
intuiciurad miiReba. vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob, es ar aris ori an meti gansxvavebuli codnidan miRebuli
axali codna, aramed is aris mxolod erTi msjelobidan miRebuli cxadi azri anu aqsioma. dekarti aseT cxad aqsio-
mebze dayrdnobiT ayalibebs maTematikisa da filosofiis Teorias. Semecnebis meTodis rols dekartTan daeWve-
ba asrulebs. daeWvebis gziT sicxadeze gadasvlas mivyavarT WeSmaritebamde.
amdenad, dekartis Semecnebis Teoria adamianis gonebaSi Caketil imanentur folosofias warmoadgens. mag-
ram, Tu materia da suli ori damoukidebeli sinamdvilea, rogor imecnebs adamiani bunebis wesrigs? am kiTxvaze
dekarti ase pasuxobs: RmerTma iseTive wesi da rigi Cado bunebaSi, rogorc Cvens gonebaSi, amitom Cveni gone-
bis wesrigs Seesabameba bunebis wesrigi. amiT man Semecnebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxic dadebiTad gadawyvita.
dekartis racionalisturi filosofia ganaviTara germanelma filosofosma da maTematikosma laibnicma. dekartis
msgavsad, laibnicic ideebis Tandayolilobas aRiarebs. misi azriT, faqtebis Semecneba umniSvneloa, radgan iqe-
dan araviTari WeSmaritebis miReba ar SeiZleba. laibnicma jon lokis empiristul debulebas – gonebaSi araferia
iseTi, rasac SegrZnebebSi ar gaevlos – upasuxa: gonebaSi araferia iseTi, rasac SegrZnebebSi ar gaevlos, garda
Tavad gonebisa. amiT laibnici uaryofs lokis azrs, imis Sesaxeb, rom goneba aris dauwereli dafa. Tu lokisaTvis
gonebis Sinaarsi sxva araferia Tu ara SegrZnebebiT miRebuli codna, laibnicisaTvis gonebaSi arsebuli codnis
Sinaarsi isev gonebiT ganisazRvreba.
racionalizmis mixedviT, samyaros Semecnebis SesaZlebloba adamianis gonebisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa,
SeuzRudavia imis gamo, rom Sesamecnebeli samyaros maradiuli ideebi anu principebi TviTon gonebaSia mo-
cemuli. amdenad, goneba sakuTari imanenturi SesaZleblobiT am problemas SeuzRudavad wyvets. aseTi racio-
nalisturi gnoseologia Taviseburad ganaviTara hegelma. rogorc yvela racionalisti, hegelic aRiarebs absoluturi

45
gonis anu RmerTis arsebobas da aqedan gamohyavs mTeli samyaro. hegelis mixedviT, yvela movlenis safuZ-
velia absoluti, sulieri da gonieri sawyisi – `absoluturi idea~, `msoflio goneba~. TviT adamiani da adamianTa is-
toriac swored misi gamovlenaa. amitom adamianis azrovnebas TviTSemecnebis gziT SeuZlia amaRldes absolu-
turi ideis cnebamde da amiT gaigos da Cawvdes imas, ramac is gamoavlina. es procesi, marTalia, rTuli dialeqti-
kuri procesia, magram masSi ar arsebobs gadaulaxavi sazRvari codnasa da arcodnas Soris. racionalizmis Se-
mecnebis Teorias upirispirdeba empirizmi.

empirizmi

empirizmi aris racionalizmis sapirispiro gnoseologiuri Teoria. maTi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia: 1. raciona-
lizmi emyareba gonebis maradiul principebs, xolo empirizmi – cdas da SegrZnebebs; 2. racionalizmi Tavis Te-
orias deduqciuri meTodiT ayalibebs, xolo empirizmi – induqciur meTods iyenebs; 3. empirizmis argumenti ra-
cionalizmis winaaRmdeg Semdegia: racionalizmi emyareba iseT zogad principebs, romelic TviTon moiTxovs
kritikul gadasinjvas; mcdari safuZvlidan yovelTvis mcdari codna miiReba. racionalizmis zogad principebs em-
pirizmi dogmebs (berZnulad dausabuTebeli) uwodebs, romelic arafriT gansxvavdeba religiuri sqolastikisagan.
arsebobs orgvari empirizmi: materialisturi da idealisturi. materialisturi empirizmis mixedviT, codna, rome-
lic SegrZnebebiT da aRqmebiT miiReba, Seesabameba obieqtur sinamdviles, sadac obieqturi sinamdvile gan-
sazRvravs codnas. xolo idealisturi empirizmis mixedviT, SegrZnebebs TviTon aqvT specifikuri subieqturi Tvi-
sebebi, riTac adamiani ukavSirdeba sinamdviles. amitom aq SegrZnebebi TviTon gansazRvraven obieqtur si-
namdviles. racionalizmis winaaRmdeg brZola swored bunebis eqsperimentuli kvlevis Semdeg daiwyo.
ingliselma materialistma frensis bekonma (1561–1626 ww.) gaakritika racionalisturi filosofia, romelsac
ucvlel dogmebze dayrdnobiT, deduqciuri meTodiT gamoyavda mcdari anu yalbi codna. misi azriT, aseTi yalbi
codniT danagvianebulia adamianTa cnobiereba, romelic gawmendas moiTxovs. cnobierebaSi arsebul yalb cod-
nas bekoni idolebs uwodebs. es idolebi mcdari tradiciebidan momdinareobs da saWiroa misgan gaTavisufleba,
ris erTaderT saSualebad bekoni induqciur meTods miiCnevs. misi azriT, mxolod induqciis gziT miRebuli zoga-
di codna iZleva WeSmaritebas.
bekoni mxolod induqciur meTods emyareboda da racionalizmis msgavsad, meore ukiduresobaSi gadavida.
Tu racionalizmSi erTaderT dasayrden meTods deduqcia warmoadgens, bekonma aseve erTaderT meTodad in-
duqcia gamoacxada. rogorc konkretul mecnierebebSi, aseve filosofiaSic aseTi ukiduresobis daSveba miuRebe-
lia, radgan induqcia da deduqcia erTimeoris gareSe WeSmaritebas ver adgenen.
materialisturi empirizmis gnoseologiuri Teoria Camoayaliba ingliselma filosofosma jon lokma (1632 –
1704 ww.). loki icavs bekonis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis bunebaze gabatonebis mTavar dasay-
rdens TviTon bunebis kanonebis codna iZleva. igi akritikebs dekartis mtkicebas RmerTis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
dekartis sawinaaRmdegod, loki amtkicebs, rom RmerTis idea yvela adamians ar gaaCnia. aTeistebs RmerTis
idea ar gaaCniaT da amitom ideebis arsebobidan realuri arsebobis gamoyvana Secdomaa. adamianis suli aris
dauwereli dafa, sufTa furceli, sadac Tavdapirvelad ver ipoviT veraviTar ideas, veraviTar princips, aramed ide-
ebs adamiani ayalibebs cdaze damyarebuli da cdidan mopovebuli masalis safuZvelze. amiT lokma uaryo Tan-
dayolili ideebis arseboba. loki sruliad sxvagvarad wyvets codnis da saerTod ideebis warmoSobis sakiTxs. is ase
msjelobs: raki ar arsebobs Tandayolili ideebi, maSin unda damtkicdes, rogor arian isini miRebuli gare samyaro-
dan. lokis azriT, ideebis miRebis erTaderTi safuZveli aris cda, magram cda orgvaria, garegani da Sinagani. ga-
regan cdas warmoadgens SegrZnebebis kavSiri sagnebTan, xolo Sinagani cda aris garedan miRebul ideebze
refleqsia. adamianis gonebaSi garedan Semodis martivi ideebi, xolo refleqsiiT miiReba rTuli ideebi. martivi da
rTuli ideebis dayofis safuZvels loki obieqtur sinamdvileSi eZebs. misi azriT, sagnebs aqvT pirveladi da meora-
46
di Tvisebebi. sagnis pirveladi Tvisebebi dakavSirebulia TviTon saganTan, maTi CamoSoreba sagnidan SeuZle-
belia. aseTi Tvisebebia: ganfeniloba, moZraoba, simZime da sxva. xolo meoradi Tvisebebi, marTalia saganTan
ar aris dakavSirebuli, magram is ar arsebobs Semmecnebeli subieqtis gareSe, is ar Seesabameba mis gamom-
wvev mizezebs da uSualod subieqtTan aris dakavSirebuli. aseTebia: feri, gemo, suni, xma da sxva. magram
loks ar aqvs pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris meoradi Tvisebebis gamomwvevi mizezi.
lokis mier sagnebis pirvelad da meorad Tvisebebad dayofam xeli Seuwyo sensualizmisa da agnosticizmis
warmoSobas. sensualizms mTeli sinamdvile SegrZnebebze dahyavs, xolo agnosticizms Semecnebis sagnad
mxolod movlenebis samyaro miaCnia; rac Seexeba movlenebis mizezobriv kavSirs, is Seumecnebad samyarod
cxaddeba.
sensualizmi aris idealisturi empirizmi. misi tipiuri warmomadgenelia ingliseli filosofosi jorj berkli (1684 –
1753 ww.). Cven zemoT vnaxeT, rogor uaryo berklma materiis arseboba SegrZnebebis safuZvelze. aqedan cxa-
dia, rom berkli Semecnebis erTaderT wyarod SegrZnebebs miiCnevs. is ar eTanxmeba lokis azrs sagnis pirve-
lad da meorad Tvisebebad dayofis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, saganSi araferi ar rCeba iseTi, rac TavisTavad arsebob-
des, aramed sagnebi unaSTod iSlebian SegrZnebebze. amitom codna, romelic Cven gvaqvs, aris subieqtis Seg-
rZnebaTa Tviseba, kompleqsi. am TvisebaTa iqeT araferi ar arsebobs. maS, ra unda daisaxos miznad adamian-
ma Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT? am kiTxvaze berkli pasuxobs: adamianma unda Seimecnos TviTon SegrZnebebis
da grZnobebis kanonzomiereba. magram kiTxvas – saidan Cndeba CvenSi aseTi SegrZnebebi? – berkli Rmer-
Tis arsebobiT xsnis: RmerTma Cven aseTi SegrZnebebi mogvaniWa da ase vxedavT samyaros, RmerTs rom
CvenTvis sxvanairi SegrZnebebi moeniWebina, maSin sxvagvarad davinaxavdiT samyaros.
empiristuli filosofia berklis Semdeg sxvadasxva formiT gagrZelda pozitivizmSi, neopozitivizmSi da pos-
tpozitivizmSi. marTalia, am filosofiur mimdinareobebSi azrovnebis rolis uaryofa ar xdeba (piriqiT azrovneba
awarmoebs mniSvnelovan SemecnebiT logikur operaciebs), magram Semecnebis erTaderT wyarod cda da eq-
sperimenti cxaddeba. maTi azriT, logikurad Camoyalibebuli debulebis WeSmariteba damokidebulia cdaze; Tu
cdaSi ar xerxdeba romelime debulebis Semowmeba anu verifikacia, maSin es debuleba WeSmaritebis mniS-
vnelobas kargavs. e. i. neopozitivizmSi Semecnebis erTaderT dasayrdens cda warmoadgens da cda gansazR-
vravs Semecnebis mizansac. amitom, mecnierebam unda wamoayenos iseTi debulebebi, romelic cdaSi Semow-
mebadia. Tu debulebebi am moTxovnas ver asruleben, maSin maTi uaryofa xdeba. aq Semecnebis mizans da
mis praqtikul daniSnulebas sargeblianobis principi gansazRvravs. is, rac ar emsaxureba am princips, mecniere-
bisaTvis miuRebelia. swored amis gamoa miuRebeli neopozitivizmSi imgvari msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebis
kvleva, romelic cdis gareT gadis; aseTebia samyaros sasruloba – usasrulobis, mizezobriobis, substanciis da
sxva sakiTxebi. maTi azriT, es ar aris filosofiis kvlevis sagani. es metafizikuri problemaa, romelzec mxolod re-
ligiam unda imsjelos. amis gamo miiCneven, rom empirizmi aris calmxrivi gnoseologiuri Teoria. empirizmma
ver SeZlo imanenturisa da transcendenturis dakavSireba, ver SeZlo xidis gadeba imanentursa da transcendentur
samyaros Soris. amis gareSe ki araviTari srulyofili gnoseologiuri Teoria ar yalibdeba. is dResac gnoseologiis
gadauwyvetel problemas warmoadgens.
transcendenturisa da imanenturis cnebebi kargad gamoikveTa agnosticizmis TeoriaSi.

agnosticizmi

agnosticizmi codnis anu Semecnebis uaryofas niSnavs.

misTvis damaxasiaTebelia adamianis Semmecnebeli unarebis SezRudulobis aRiareba, ris gamoc Semecne-
ba mTavrdeba iq, sadac es unarebi Zalas kargaven. amitom ontologiuri kanonzomierebis kvleva Semecnebis
kompetencias ar Seadgens. ra kavSiria mizezsa da Sedegs Soris, movlenasa da arsebas Soris, erTeulsa da zo-
gads Soris, SemTxveviTobasa da aucileblobas Soris da sxva ontologiur problemebze msjeloba SeuZlebelia. fi-
losofia Tu mainc imsjelebs am sakiTxebze, mxolod albaTur codnasTan gveqneba saqme.

47
 agnosticizmi subieqtur – idealistur filosofias warmoadgens. berklis subieqturi idealizmi agnosticizmis mi-
marTulebiT devid iumma (1711 – 1776 ww.). ganaviTara. iumis azriT, adamianis cnobierebaSi araferia, garda
STabeWdilebebisa da ideebisa. STabeWdilebebi miiReba SegrZnebebis safuZvelze, xolo ideebi aris am STa-
beWdilebaTa warmosaxva. iumi amtkicebs, rom STabeWdilebebi ufro mkafio xasiaTisaa, xolo ideebi am STa-
beWdilebaTa sust aslebs warmoadgenen. ideebs yovelTvis win uswrebs STabeWdilebebi, amitom ar arsebobs
ideebi STabeWdilebebis gareSe. yvela STabeWdilebas imeorebs martivi idea. magram arsebobs rTuli ideebic.
rTul ideebs warmoadgens martiv ideaTa SeerTeba da warmosaxva. iumisaTvis miuRebelia mTeli sinamdvilis
SegrZnebebze dayvana, radgan arsebobs subieqtisagan damoukidebeli transcendentaluri samyaroc, magram mis
Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT verafers davamtkicebT. iumi ase msjelobs: Cveni Semecnebis obieqti ar
SeiZleba Cvens gareT iyos, Cvens gareSe araferi ar warmoidgineba, ar SeiZleba msjeloba imaze, rac ar viciT.
STabeWdilebebze dayrdnobiT da ideaTa kavSiriT, Cven garemos mxolod warmovsaxavT, magram ra aris Ta-
visTavad es garemo, amis Sesaxeb verafers gavigebT.
devid iumis dasmuli kiTxva, Tu rogor SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas axali codna, romelic obieqturic iqneba da sa-
yovelTaobis matarebelic, germanelma filosofosma imanuel kantma gansxvavebulad gadawyvita.
kanti aris germanuli klasikuri filosofiis fuZemdebeli. is Tavdapirvelad bunebaTmecnieri iyo. man Seqmna
mzis sistemis agebulebisa da misi warmoSoba – ganviTarebis meqanikuri Teoria, romelsac im droisaTvis garkve-
uli mecnieruli Rirebuleba hqonda, magram kants msoflio aRiareba misma filosofiam moutana. vinaidan iumma
ver monaxa codnis obieqturobisa da sayovelTaobis safuZvlebi, kantma filosofiis gadaudebel da umniSvnelovanes
problemad maTi Zieba daisaxa. kanti ase msjelobs: arsebobs fizika da maTematika da arsebobs mecnieruli codna,
es udavoa, magram saWiroa gairkves, rogor aris SesaZlebeli mecnieruli codna, rogoria is logikuri pirobebi, riTac
unda gavamarTloT mecnieruli codnis sayovelTaoba da aucilebloba. kanti kargad xedavs empirizmisa da raciona-
lizmis calmxrivobas da cdilobs am calmxrivobis gadalaxvas. misi azriT, radgan mecnieruli codna ver aSendeba
verc mxolod cdis safuZvelze da verc mxolod gonebis saSualebiT, amitom unda moxerxdes maTi SeerTeba anu
sinTezi. kantis mixedviT mecnieruli codna Rirebulia maSin, Tu is siaxles iZleva. misi azriT, bunebismecniereba
sinTezuri da axali codnis matarebelia, magram aseTi codna SemTxveviTobazea damyarebuli. xolo maTematika
aprioruli da analizuri mecnierebaa, romelic ar saWiroebs araviTar cdiseul Semowmebas, masSi mocemulia auci-
lebloba da sayovelTaoba, magram aseTi codna araviTar siaxles ar Seicavs. kantis am msjelobidan Cans empiriz-
misa da racionalizmis naklis Sevsebis aucilebloba. es ormxrivi nakli rom daiZlios, kantis azriT, SesaZlebeli unda
gaxdes iseTi msjelobebis miReba, romelic erTdroulad apriorulic iqneba da sinTezuric, e.i. unda mivaRwioT sin-
Tezur – aprioruli msjelobebis miRebis da gamarTlebis SesaZleblobas.
kanti eTanxmeba iumisa da saerTod empirizmis daskvnas, rom cda TavisTavad araviTar aucileblobas da sayo-
velTaobas ar iZleva. magram aucileblobis arseboba mecnieruli faqtia da saWiroa misi axsna. kantis azriT, radgan
cda aucileblobas ar iZleva, is unda moiZebnos TviT adamianis cnobierebaSi. swored aseT Ziebas man miuZRvna
Tavisi fundamenturi naSromi, romelsac `wminda gonebis kritika~ uwoda. kanti, kvleva – Ziebisa da kritikuli anali-
zis safuZvelze, mivida im daskvnamde, rom mecnieruli codnis obieqturobis, aucileblobisa da sayovelTaobis safuZ-
veli adamianis cnobierebaSia mocemuli. misi azriT, cnobierebas aqvs sami unari: grZnobadoba, gansja da goneba.
grZnobadoba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac adamianis cnobiereba ukavSirdeba mis gareT arsebul sagnebs, rasac
kanti movlenebs uwodebs. movlenebis moqmedeba adamianis grZnobadobaze iZleva saazrovno masalas, romelic
TavisTavad gauformebelia. mas aformebs, awesrigebs grZnobadobis aprioruli unari, romelsac kanti wminda drosa
da wminda sivrces uwodebs. e.i. cdis sagnebSi wesrigi Seaqvs subieqtSi arsebul apriorul drosa da sivrces, xolo siv-
rcisa da drois aprioruli formebiT mowesrigebul fenomenebs gansjis unari akavSirebs da am kavSirs wminda kate-
goriebSi gamoxatavs. es kategoriebia: aucilebloba, mizezobrioba, sayovelTaoba, substanciuroba da sxva. amrigad,
iumis mier wamoWrili problema, rom cda ar iZleva aucileblobasa da sayovelTaobis kanons, kantma ase gadawyvi-
ta: aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba arsebobs ara transcendenturis sferoSi, aramed is subieqtis imanentur kanonzomie-
rebaSia mocemuli. aqedan gamomdinare, kanti askvnis: kanonebi, romlebzec mecniereba msjelobs, bunebis kano-
nebs ki ar warmoadgenen, aramed bunebaSi kanonebi TviTon cnobierebas Seaqvs, e. i. cnobierebis aprioruli forme-
bi gansazRvraven bunebis kanonebs da saerTod bunebas. amitom Semecneba niSnavs ara bunebis Semecnebas,
aramed subieqtSi arsebuli kanonzomierebis Semecnebas. kants cnobierebis aprioruli unarebidan gamoyavs ara
mxolod aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba, aramed is amtkicebs, rom es aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba obieqturic aris. ras

48
niSnavs obieqturoba? kantis azriT, is rac yvela adamianisTvis sayovelTaoa, obieqturic aris. Tu moiZebneba sxvag-
varad moazrovne adamiani, romelsac ar eqneba sayovelTao struqturis aprioruli cnobiereba, maSin obieqturoba mis-
Tvis sruliad sxva iqneba, magram adamianTa modgmas erTnairi `struqturis~ cnobiereba aqvs da amitom sayovel-
Tao codna obieqturia; adamiani ase rom msjelobs da ara sxvanairad, es codnis obieqturobis maCvenebelia.
kantis filosofiaSi cnobierebis sam unars – grZnobadobas, gansjas da gonebas – sami done Seesabameba: empi-
riuli cnobiereba, transcendentaluri cnobiereba da ideebi. Semecnebis mizania empiriuli donidan transcendentalur
doneze amaRleba. am process adamiani grZnobadobaSi miRebuli codnis gaazrebisa da kategoriebSi dakavSirebis
safuZvelze axorcielebs.
maS, raSi mdgomareobs kantis agnosticizmis arsi? kantis mixedviT, Semmecnebeli subieqti WeSmaritebas
adgens mxolod movlenaTa sferos mimarT. cnobierebaSi gaformebul movlenebs kanti fenomenebs uwodebs. misi
azriT, swored fenomenebze SeiZleba WeSmariteba – mcdarobis mtkiceba. xolo, rac Seexeba movlenebis miRma
arsebul `nivTs TavisTavads~, romelic subieqts grZnobadobaSi ar eZleva, mis Sesaxeb gonebis msjeloba iZleva
ara fenomenebs, aramed noumenebs. noumenebze gamoTqmuli msjelobebi arc WeSmaritia da arc mcdari, is ar
ekuTvnis mecnieruli Semecnebis sferos, aramed metafizikis sagania. metafizika kantis azriT, ar aris mecniereba,
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom filosofiam is uaryo. piriqiT, metafizikuri problemebi filosofiisaTvis moucileba-
dia. iseTi problemebi, rogoric aris RmerTis arseboba – ararsebobis, sasruloba – usasrulobis, aucilebloba – Tavi-
suflebis da sxva, adamianisaTvis regulatur funqcias asruleben. kantis azriT, SeuZlebelia yovlad sruli ideis arsebo-
biT RmerTis arseboba vamtkicoT, magram es ar gamoricxavs RmerTis Sesaxeb msjelobas. is amtkicebs, rom
RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuri dasabuTeba SeuZlebelia, magram misi daSveba an ardaSveba SesaZlebelia. es Ta-
visuflebisa da nebelobis sferos ganekuTvneba, romelic adamians praqtikuli moqmedebisTvis sWirdeba da ara-
nakleb mniSvnelovania. kanti nebelobasa da adamianis praqtikul moqmedebas zneobis sferos akuTvnebs.
bolos unda iTqvas, rom kantma Tavisi gnoseologiuri TeoriiT ver SeZlo imanenturi da transcendenturi samyaros
dakavSireba, radgan man Semecneba SemosazRvra mxolod movlenebis sferoTi, xolo `nivTi TavisTavadi~ Seu-
mecnebad transcendentur sinamdviled gamoacxada. swored amis gamo ewoda kantis Semecnebis Teorias agnosti-
cizmi da imanentizmi.
kantma Tavisi imanenturi filosofia, romlis mixedviTac, adamiani Semecnebis procesSi TviTon qmnis bune-
bas, kopernikiseul gadatrialebas Seadara. rogorc cnobilia, kopernikamde Cveni galaqtikis centrad dedamiwa mi-
aCndaT, xolo kopernikma daamtkica, rom galaqtikis centrSi mze imyofeba. am gadatrialebis mniSvnelobas kanti
SemdegSi xedavs: misi azriT, aqamde mecnierebasa da filosofias gulubryvilod miaCnda, rom codna Seesabame-
ba realobas, amitom codnis asaxsnelad sinamdviles mimarTavdnen. kantis azriT es piriqiTaa. Tu gvinda gavigoT
mecnieruli codna ra kanonzomierebisaa, amisaTvis unda mivmarToT sakuTar imanentur cnobierebas da ara bu-
nebas. kantis azriT, imanenturi da transcendenturi cnobiereba TviTon gansazRvravs bunebis kanonzomierebas.
kantis filosofiuri moZRvreba mravali problemis momcvelia, mis safuZvelze ganviTarda ara mxolod germa-
nuli klasikuri filosofia, aramed misi gavlena bevrma filosofiurma mimdinareobam ganicada. yvelam sxvadas-
xvagvarad gaigo kantis filosofia da yvela kants Tvlida Tavis winamorbedad. kantis kritikuli filosofia, ZiriTadad,
racionalistur moZRvrebas warmoadgens. misi racionalizmi vrceldeba mxolod movlenaTa sferoze. xolo roca go-
neba movlenebis sferodan `nivTi TavisTavadis~ samyaroSi gasvlas cdilobs, maSin goneba, marTalia WeSmarite-
bas ver adgens, magram is dialeqtikur azrovnebas emyareba da ara emociur an mistikur intuicias, rogorc es intui-
tivizmSia.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras Seiswavlis gnoseologia?

49
ra moiazreba cnebebSi `Semecnebis obieqti~ da `Semecnebis subieqti~?
romeli SemecnebiTi unarebi axasiaTebs adamians? ra mimarTebaa maT Soris Semecnebis procesSi?
ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa empirizms, sensualizmsa da racionalizms Soris ?
ra aris WeSmariteba?
ra aris intuicia?
ra saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSani axasiaTebs agnosticizms?
gaaanalizeT sokrates gamonaTqvamebi: `Seican Tavi Seni~ da `me vici, rom araferi ar vici~.

Tavi V

socialuri da aqsiologiuri problemebi

filosofiaSi.
kultura da civilizacia

50
 kulturis filosofia kulturis, rogorc universalur da yovlismomcvel fenomenze orientirebuli filosofiuri dis-
ciplinaa. igi Camoyalibda ori saukunis mijnaze – XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi. termini
`kulturfilosofia’ pirvelad ixmara germanelma romantikosma a. miulerma. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom kultu-
ris Sesaxeb calkeuli mosazrebebi bevrad ufro adre, evropuli cnobierebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis yvela etapze
aRiniSneboda. kulturis filosofia ikvlevs Semdeg problemebs: ra aris kultura? rogoria misi damokidebuleba
bunebasTan? ra ganapirobebs sxvadasxva kulturebis arsebobas? ra kavSiria kulturasa da civilizacias Soris? ra
udevs safuZvlad kulturisa da civilizaciis ganviTarebas? da sxva.
sazogadoeba mravali qvesistemis Semcveli mTliani warmonaqmnia. sainteresoa: aris ki maT Soris rome-
lime ganmsazRvreli da ganmapirobebeli? yoveli sazogadoeba, yoveli qveyana ganumeoreblad Taviseburi da
TviTmyofadia – Tavisi unikaluri istoriiT, kulturiT, tradiciebiT. es TavisTavad gulisxmobs garkveuli faqtore-
bis arsebobas, romlebic gancalkevebul socialur qvesistemebs aerTianeben raRac xarisxobrivad gansazRvrul
mTlianobaSi. Tanamedrove filosofiaSi sazogadoebis mTlianobis dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben kulturisa da civi-
lizaciis cnebebs.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom kultura `meore bunebaa~. ase Tvlidnen Zvel saberZneTSi (magaliTad, demokrite
miiCnevda, rom adamiani yovelTvis baZavda bunebas da swavlobda misgan. cxovelebisagan igi bevriT aris da-
valebuli – obobam qsova da kerva aswavla, mercxalma sabudaris aSeneba, momReralma Citebma simRera da
sxva). ramdenad swori da misaRebia es gansazRvreba? zogadi TvalsazrisiT, albaT, SeiZleba daveTanxmoT.
magram, imavdroulad, aucileblad unda gaverkvioT – upirispirdeba kultura bunebas, Tu ara?
sazogadod miCneulia, rom yovelive, rac adamianis xeliTaa Seqmnili, kulturis sferos ganekuTneba: buneba
adamianisTvisaa Seqmnili. igi ki, Tavdauzogavad Sromobs da qmnis `meore bunebas~ – kulturis sivrces. Tu
davukvirdebiT, kultura, upirveles yovlisa, bunebiTi fenomenia, Tundac imitom, rom misi Semoqmedi adamia-
nia, anu biologiuri arseba. garda amisa, bunebis gareSe arc kultura iqneboda, radgan adamiani, qmnis ra xelov-
nur samyaros, bunebis resursebs iyenebs. qmnadobis am procesSi igi sakuTar bunebriv potencials amJRavnebs
da warmoaCens. kultura, uwinaresad, instinqtebis gadalaxva da bunebis daZlevis aqtia. cnobilia, rom cxovelsac
SeuZlia Seqmnas kulturis msgavsi raRac: futkrebi, magaliTad, umSvenieres arqiteqturul nagebobas, fiWebs
akeTeben; obobas qseli, nadirobis iaraRi, gvaocebs Tavisi srulyofilebiT; Taxvebi kaSxals ageben. gamodis,
rom cxovelebic qmnian raRac iseTs, rac bunebaSi ar iyo. nuTu, esec kulturaa?
Cven ukve viciT, rom yvela cocxali arsebis (ra Tqma unda, adamianis garda) moRvaweoba daprogramire-
bulia instinqtebiT. Tumca, moRvaweobasac ver davarqmevT am saqmianobas, radgan mxolod imis Seqmna Se-
uZliaT, rac maT bunebiT ganpirobebul programaSia Cadebuli. Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba maT-
Tvis ucxo da miuwvdomelia. futkars Zala ar Seswevs moqsovos qseli, oboba ki ver SesZlebs yvavilebisagan
neqtaris aRebas. imisaTvis rom Seqmnas kultura, adamiani dasaCuqrebuli unda iyos raRac gansakuTrebuli ni-
WiT, madliT, unariT, romelic ar aris Cadebuli mis saxeobiT programaSi. aseT moulodnel monapovarzea sauba-
ri uZveles miTSi cecxlze, rogorc kulturis pirvelsawyisze.
promeTe titan iapetisa da qalRmerT Temidas Svili iyo. igi simamacisa da simtkicis, Tavisuflebisa da adamia-
nebisadmi siyvarulis, progresisa da kacobriobis keTildReobisaTvis mebrZolis maradiul simbolod aris miCneuli.
miTi mogviTxrobs, rom promoTe mtkiced daudga gverdSi zevs, roca man axali, ufro samarTliani wesrigis dam-
yareba daisaxa miznad da Ddaufiqreblad ganudga, rodesac zevsi sastik tiranad Camoyalibda da umweo kacTa
modgmis ganadgurebac ki ganizraxa. promeTes uyvarda adamianebi, yovelTvis TanaugrZnobda masze sustebsa
da umweoebs. igi ar SeuSinda yovlisSemZle RmerTis risxvas da adamianTa gadarCena gadawyvita. man adamia-
nebs imedi gauRviva da olimpos wminda keridan cecxlic aCuqa. misi wyalobiT adamianebi mixvdnen, rom cecx-
li marto saSiSroeba ki ar iyo, aramed xsna da daxmarebac imavdroulad. promeTem aswavla maT liTonis gamod-
noba da xelsawyoebis damzadeba; wera, kiTxva, angariSi; miaCvia Sromas; man adamianebisaTvis moaSinaura
gareuli xari da uReli daadga kiserze, raTa maT miwa daemuSavebinaT; promeTem gaxedna cxeni da aiZula is
adamians damorCileboda; pirveli xomaldic man augo adamianebs; aswavla mkurnalobis meTodebi da wamlebis
moxmareba; da bolos, keTilmezoblobasa da mSvidobian Tanacxovrebas miaCvia.
amrigad, promeTe adamians `WeSmarit Semoqmedad~ moevlina: gamoiyvana bunebiTi, veluri mdgo-
mareobidan da gonier arsebad aRzarda da Camoayaliba. magram promeTem daSvebulis zRvars gadaaWar-

51
ba da zevsma samaradJamod dasaja kidec igi. miuxedavad sastiki sasjelisa, amayi da mamaci promeTe ar
nanobda adamianebisaTvis gaweul daxmarebas.
filosofiuri kuTxiT rogori daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes Cveni TemisaTvis am miTidan? upirveles
yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom miTSi warmoCenilia CvenTvis ukve cnobili faqti – kultura sxva realobaa,
vidre buneba. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, saCuqaria, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi, bunebis Svilebi, ezia-
ren sruliad gansxvavebul cxovrebas. es garkveuli amxedrebac aris bunebis winaaRmdeg. tyuilad xom ar
aris miCneuli evropul kulturaSi kulturis saTaveebTan mdgari promoTe gmiris, mebrZolisa da meambo-
xis simbolod.
gasaTvaliswinebelia miTSi mocemuli kidev erTi Strixi. adamianisaTvis kultura sulac ar aris ubralo da uv-
nebeli monapovari. es `saCuqari~ saSiSroebasac Seicavs. miTi gvafrTxilebs kidec, rom misi ganviTareba
garkveul dramatizmTan aris dakavSirebuli. kulturas adamianisaTvis marto sikeTe ar moaqvs, aramed sama-
gierosac azRvevinebs daufiqrebeli moqmedebisaTvis.
promeTes miTidan CvenTvis mTavari Semdegia: kultura buneba ar aris, igi xelovnuri Semoqmedebis na-
yofia; kultura garkveuli radikaluri Semobrunebaa samyaros organul ganviTarebaSi.
da mainc, ra aris kultura? kultura laTinurad damuSavebas, movlas niSnavs. pirvelad es termini gamoiye-
na Zv. w. III – II saukunis romaelma moRvawem katonma. man dawera wigni soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb,
sadac sityva `kultura~ ixmara miwis, niadagis damuSavebis, movla – patronobis aRsaniSnavad. Semdgom
am terminma Seicvala Tavisi mniSvneloba da gamoyenebul iqna adamianis sulieri saqmianobis mimarT.
amis dasturia cnobili gamoTqma `filosofia aris sulis kultura~, romelic ekuTvnis Zv. w. I saukunis mozrovnes
cicerons (Zv. w. 106 –143). e.i. mas mxedvelobaSi qonda ukve ara miwis damuSaveba, aramed suliereba, su-
lis kultura anu filosofia. antikur cnobierebaSi cneba kultura gaigivebuli iyo cneba `paideia~-sTan, e.i. ganaT-
lebulobasTan. platonis azriT, paideia adamianis, mTeli misi arsebis Secvlis saxelmZRvanelo principia.
Sua saukuneebSi ufro xSirad ixmareboda sityva `kulti~, vidre `kultura~. igi gulisxmobda da asaxavda
adamianis unars, miswrafebas RmerTis siyvarulSi warmoeCina da ganexorcielebina sakuTari Semoqmedebi-
Ti potenciali.
renesansis epoqaSi xdeba kulturaze antikurobis Sexedulebebis aRorZineba. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, niS-
navs adamianis aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi sawyisis warmoCinebas, rac amaRlebuli, harmoniuli ganviTarebisa-
ken swrafvaSi gamoixateba. am periodSi safuZveli eyreba kulturis gaigivebis tendencias sulieri moRvaweo-
bis sxvadasxva sferoebTan: moralTan, xelovnebasTan, filosofiasTan, religiasTan.
ganmanaTleblobis epoqis filosofosebi kulturas ganixilavdnen, rogorc adamianuri moRvaweobis avtono-
miur da RirebulebiT sferos. kulturis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, maTi azriT, gonebis taZris agebaa. maTve
SeimuSaves kulturuli moRvaweobis kriteriumebis sistema: kulturuli moRvaweoba unda iyos inteleqtualuri,
SemoqmedebiTi, produqtiuli, novatoruli.
XIX saukuneSi kultura, upirveles yovlisa, gagebuli iyo, rogorc RirebulebaTa da ideebis sistema.
kultura warmoudgenelia adamianis gareSe: man Seqmna igi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es bunebaa, romelsac
adamiani `xelmeored qmnis~ da amiT imkvidrebs Tavs, rogorc adamiani. gardaqmnis ra mis garemomcvel
bunebas, adamiani sakuTar Tavsac, e.i. Tavis Sinagan adamianur bunebasac gardaqmnis. maSasadame, ada-
mianisaTvis YmTavari marto bunebis aTviseba da misi gardaqmna ar aris, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania Sina-
gani bunebis wvdoma da srulyofisaken swrafva. am azriT uwodebdnen adamians yovelTvis `kulturul adami-
ans~, e.i. `SemoqmedebiT adamians~. frangi kulturologis Jan mari benuas azriT, kultura adamianuri moRva-
weobis specifikaa, is, rac axasiaTebs adamians, rogorc saxeobas. amaoa adamianis Zieba kulturamdel period-
Si. misi gamoCena istoriis arenaze ukve kulturis fenomenad unda ganvixiloT. igi siRrmiseuladaa dakavSire-
buli adamianis arsTan da adamianis, rogorc adamianad gansazRvris aucilebel niuans warmoadgens.
kultura adamianis mier Seqmnili obieqtebis namdvili saganZuria. magram, sainteresoa, ram ganapiroba es
araCveulebrivi gadasvla bunebrividan arabunebrivze? germaneli filosofosi karl iaspersi, msjelobda ra kulturis
wina istoriul periodze, aRniSnavda: `Cven araferi viciT arc istoriis SemoqmedebiT momentebze, arc sulieri
srulyofis formebze, CvenTvis mxolod Sedegebia cnobili da am Sedegebis safuZvelze gvixdeba daskvnebis ga-
keTeba~. arsebiTi am Tvisobriv naxtomSi, albaT, mainc Semdegi momentebia: cecxlisa da xelsawyoebis ga-
moyeneba; metyvelebis warmoSoba; adamianTa jgufebisa da erTobebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic safuZvelSive

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gansxvavdebian sxva cocxali arsebebis jgufebisa da erTobebisagan, ramdenadac emyarebian gacnobierebul ur-
TierTobebs.
adamiani bunebas mxolod im azriT gaemijna, rom sakuTari adamianuri samyaro Seeqmna – kulturis, rogorc
msoflio evoluciis Semdgomi safexuris, samyaro. magram, imavdroulad, igi akavSirebs kidec bunebasa da kultu-
ras. kulturis, rogorc adamianis Semoqmedebis nayofsa da bunebas Soris damakavSirebeli rgolis rols asrulebs
moRvaweoba, e.i. adamianis mravalmxrivi, Tavisufali aqtivoba, romelsac garkveuli Sedegi moaqvs. igi, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, bevrad ufro farTo movlenaa, vidre is, rac instinqtebSia `Cawerili~. aseT aqtivobas adamianis
goneba, nebisyofa da grZnobebi ganapirobeben. adamianis moRvaweoba, upirveles yovlisa, misi cnobierebis aq-
tivobaa, cnobiereba ki kulturuli movlenac aris da kulturuli Semoqmedebis saSualebac. am azriT kultura gani-
sazRvreba, rogorc mTeli kacobriobis moRvaweobis Sedegi, sulieric da materialuric.
adamiani unikaluri Semoqmedia. igi miiswrafvis ara marto naxevradgacnobierebuli operaciebis Sesrulebisa-
ken, aramed gaazrebuli saqmianobis, moRvaweobisaken. swored es aris mTavari da swored amiT gansxvavdeba
misi MmoRvaweoba, vTqvaT, obobas instinqturi reaqciebisagan. gaazrebul saqmianobas win uswrebs idealuri
proeqti (borblis idea ufro adre daibada, vidre Seiqmna Tavad borbali). swored aq ibadeba SemoqmedebiTi moR-
vaweoba, romelic SeuZlebelia gonebis, winaswar dasaxuli miznebis gaazrebisa da Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis,
Semfasebluri poziciis gareSe. es aris adamianis SemoqmedebiTi, Tavisufali moRvaweoba.
erTi ram aris gasaTvaliswinebeli. adamianis moRvaweoba mravalmxrivia. mravalferovania misi Sedegebic,
adamianuri aqtivobis produqtebi. yvela maTgani ganekuTvneba kulturis sferos? magaliTad, aris Tu ara guTnis
Seqmna kulturis aqti? Seqmnis mizani da idea, konkretuli moqmedebebis gegma da a.S., adamianis gonebisa da
sulis muSaobis elementebia, gamzadebuli guTani ki civilizaciis monapovaria. e.i. adamianis xeliT Seqmnili yve-
la sagani ar ganekuTvneba kulturis sferos. verc imas vityviT, rom yvela adamiani kulturulia. ukulturoba, anu
kulturis dabali done, erT rameze migvaniSnebs – mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili CamoSorda Tavis kulturas.
uwignuroba, uzneoba, kulturis normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis, urTierTobis Cvevebis arqona, bunebisadmi gul-
grili, daufiqrebeli, gauazrebeli damokidebuleba da dabali kulturuli donis sxva msgavsi gamovlinebebi, araswori,
cudi politikis, an sulac misi ararsebobis Sedegia. ukulturoba Segnebuli politikis Sedegic SeiZleba iyos, romelsac,
albaT, antikulturas Tu vuwodebT da rasac, rogorc wesi, saukunebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili da Camoyalibebuli
kulturuli Rirebulebebis gaufasureba-ganadgureba mosdevs (Cveni axali istoriisaTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli kul-
turisadmi msgavsi nihilisturi damokidebuleba, rac, magaliTad, e.w. `proletaruli kulturis~ zeobis periodSi gamoi-
xateboda taZrebis ngreviT, xatebis SebilwviT, sxvagvarad moazrovne cnobili kulturuli da sazogado moRvawee-
bis wignebis akrZalviT, mwerlebis, xelovani adamianebis, sasuliero pirebis fizikuri ganadgurebiT).
garda amisa, arsebobs saqmianobis iseTi saxeebi, romlebic Sors arian SemoqmedebiTi wvis procesisagan. am
SemTxvevaSi Semoqmedebaze saubari marTebuli ar iqneba. es, erTxel ukve aRmoCenilis, Seqmnilis aRdgenaa, ro-
gorc Cvens magaliTSi: guTnis ideac da misi gadamuSaveba-srulyofac kulturis sferoa, xolo Tavad guTani – civiliza-
ciis. raRa Tqma unda, aseTi gamijvna pirobiTia, magram aucilebelia sakiTxis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis.
kulturis cnebaSi moiazreba materialur da sulier RirebulebaTa sistema, maTi Seqmnis saSualebebi, adami-
anis formireba, romelsac Zala Seswevs aiTvisos winamorbedi da Tanamedrove Taobebis gamocdileba da ga-
moiyenos igi axali RirebulebiTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad. TiToeuli kultura Seicavs mdgrad, ucvlel elementebs,
e.i. kulturul universaliebs (sazogadoebrivi warmoeba, Sroma, Tavisufali dro da urTierToba, sazogadoebrivi
wesrigi da marTva, ganaTleba da aRzrda, sulieri cxovreba – religia, zneobrivi cnobiereba, xelovneba, litera-
tura da sxva) da warmaval elementebs, romlebic warmoiSvebian da qrebian konkretul istoriul pirobebSi.
kulturis mTlianoba, romelsac adamiani yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi awydeba, esaa adamianis materialuri da
sulieri cxovrebis, saerTod materialuri da sulieri kulturis mTlianoba. maT Soris zRvari pirobiTia.
materialuri kultura. materialur kulturaSi Sedis materialuri warmoebis saSualebani, arqiteqturuli Zeglebi,
Senoba – nagebobani, komunikaciisa da satransporto saSualebani, parkebi, adamianis mier saxecvlili landSafti
da a.S. garda amisa, materialuri kultura moicavs warsulis Zeglebs, arqeologiur obieqtebs da sxva.
sulieri kultura moicavs, erTi mxriv, sulieri moRvaweobis Sedegebs, meore mxriv, TviT am moRvaweobas.
sulieri kulturis artefaqtebi sxvadasxva formiT arsebobs. esenia: zne-Cveulebani da adamianis qcevis formebi,
Camoyalibebuli konkretul-istoriul pirobebSi; zneobrivi, esTetikuri, religiuri da politikuri idealebi, mecnieruli
codna da sxva. es aris inteleqtualuri, sulieri moRvaweobis Sedegebi.

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 kulturis subieqtia individi (pirovneba), socialuri jgufi an mTlianad sazogadoeba. ganasxvaveben jgufur (e-
rovnuli, didi da patara qalaqis, megapolisis, soflis, klasis, profesiuli jgufis da a.S.) da individualur kulturas. Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebaSi jgufuri kulturis farglebSi
ansxvaveben masobriv da elitarul kulturas.
elitaruli kultura SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rogorc pirovnuli sawyisis Zieba da damkvidreba. igi rTuli, serio-
zuli da daxvewilia da gamoirCeva novatoruli xasiaTiT. misi produqcia gaTvlilia sazogadoebis daxvewil inte-
leqtualur elitaze.
masobrivi kulturis warmoSobas xeli Seuwyo masobrivi komunikaciebis saSualebaTa ganviTarebam –
gazeTebi, popularuli Jurnalebi, radio, televizia, kinematografi, kompiuteri, interneti. am saSualebaTa wyalo-
biT samomxmareblo bazari gadavsebulia mrvalricxovani `boevikebiT~, `sapnis operebiT~, deteqtivebiT, bes-
tselerebiT. arsebuli mdgomareoba araerTgvarovnad SeiZleba Sefasdes. erTis mxriv, kultura bevrad ufro de-
mokratiuli xasiaTis gaxda, anu kulturas eziara sazogadoebis farTo auditoria; meore mxriv, informaciis ma-
sobriv saSualebaTa komercializaciam ganapiroba iseTi saSualebebis gamoyeneba, romlebic aqveiTeben mis
SemoqmedebiT potencials, amdableben da
uxams xdian maRal, daxvewil kulturas.
da bolos, individualuri kultura. igi adamianis socialurobis sazomia. rogoric adamiania, iseTivea misi kul-
turac. adamiani kulturulia imdenad, ra zomiTac iTavisebs da axorcielebs sazogadoebis umaRles Rirebule-
bebs. adamianis zogadi Sexedulebebi kulturaze nakleb mniSvnelovania. masze, adamianze, rogorc pirovneba-
ze, bevrad ufro metyvelebs is, Tu rogor da ra xarisxiT iTavisebs da axorcielebs cxovrebaSi igi am Sexedule-
bebs (lion foixtvangers moTxrobaSi `saxli mwvane quCaze~ metad sayuradRebo mosazreba aqvs gamoT-
qmuli: uamrav Tavisebur rituals Soris Cven, ebraelebs, gvaqvs erTi, romelmac me, Cavwvdi ra mis WeSma-
rit arss, amaRelva: paseqis pirvel saRamos, vdResaswaulobT ra egviptelebis monobisagan gaTavisuflebas,
Rvinos vsvamT. magram, vidre SevsvamT, aT wveTs gadmovasxamT sasmisidan, im aTi sasjelis mosago-
neblad, RmerTma egviptelebs rom mouvlina. Cveni mtrebis tanjvis gaxseneba aTi wveTiT amcirebs sixaru-
liT savse sasmiss. am Cveulebis safuZvelze pataraobidanve mivxvdi, rom Cemi mtrebic adamianebi arian da
arasodes brmad aRar mixaroda arc maTi warumatebloba da arc sikvdili). amrigad, kultura aris adamianuri
moRvaweobis Sedegad realizebuli, ganxorcielebuli individualuri da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, idealebi da
gemovneba, zneobrivi miTiTebebi da politikuri miswrafebebi.
`kultura maradiulobis dasawyisia~ (n. berdiaevi), am maradiulobas ki ganapirobebs adamianis mxolod
iseTi moRvaweoba, romelic gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiT naxtoms, sulis SemoqmedebiT wvas, aRmafrenas,
axal sulier sivrceSi garRvevas, axlis qmnadobas. adamianis es unari unikaluri da WeSmaritad RvTaebrivia.
magram, rodesac kulturaSi cocxali SemoqmedebiTi suli qreba, igi civilizaciaSi gadadis.
kultura, rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianuri moRvaweobis yvela sferos moicavs, sazogadoebis yvela qvesiste-
mas (ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da sulieri) akavSirebs da erT mTlianobaSi aerTianebs. magram kultu-
ruli procesis koordinatebs civilizacia da misi normebi gansazRvraven. erTi da igive civilizaciis farglebSi Se-
iZleba arsebobdes mravali kultura, magaliTad, evropuli civilizacia aerTianebs frangul, germanul, inglisur da
a.S. kulturebs. swored kulturiT gansxvavdebian es xalxebi erTmaneTisgan – qcevis normebiT, CvevebiTa da
CveulebebiT, eniT, istoriiT, religiiT da a.S., anu imiT, rac maT eTno-socialur individualobas asaxavs.
kulturas siRrmiseulad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi civilizaciaSi, igi misi `sisxli da xorcia~. maTi kavSiri da ur-
TierTdamokidebuleba imdenad Rrma da SesamCnevia, rom specialistebis garkveuli nawili am cnebebs aigi-
vebs. es ar aris SemTxveviTi: sazogadoebis ganviTarebis normalur mdgomareobaSi maTi erTmaneTisagan
garCeva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. civilizacia da kultura ganuyofelia: civilizacia ar arsebobs kulturis gareSe,
arc kultura arsebobs civilizaciis gareSe. gansxvaveba maT Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom civilizacia qmnis
kulturuli procesis wanamZRvrebs da am procesis reglamentirebas axdens. kultura ki, rogorc axlis Semoqme-
di, Tavis mxriv qmnis civilizaciis ganviTarebis pirobebs. kultura Tavisufali moRvaweobaa, romelic gulis-
xmobs civilizaciis mier wamoyenebuli, nakarnaxevi socialuri normebis realizacias. igi sazogadoebis sulier da
materialur RirebulebaTa erTobliobaa, e.i. sazogadoebis RirebulebiTi monapovaria.
kulturas, rogorc civilizaciis erT-erT elements, damoukideblad ganviTarebis unari aqvs. mas SeuZlia dau-
pirispirdes kidec civilizacias. swored es aris rogorc kulturis, ise civilizaciis ganviTarebis safuZveli. kulturasa

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da civilizacias Soris igiveobriobaze saubari SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac civilizacia
mTlianad daTrgunavs da gadafaravs kulturas. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara cxovrebis teqnikur – meqanikuri,
arasulieri formebis batonoba da pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi iniciativis CaxSoba. adamianis qcevis (mniSvne-
loba ar aqvs, romeli sfero iqneba) mkacri reglamentireba sazogadoebas uZraobis mdgomareobaSi ayenebs da
ganviTarebis saSualebas ar aZlevs – sazogadoeba kargavs axal, cvalebad moTxovnebTan, realobebTan Segu-
ebis, adaptaciis unars. amitom kulturis `sikvdili~ mTeli sociumis daRupvis tolfasia. amis magaliTebi mravla-
daa civilizaciebis istoriaSi – odesRac mZlavri civilizaciebis daRupvis Semdeg ayvavebuli kulturebis mxolod
nangrevebiRa rCeboda.
civilizacia xasiaTdeba adamianis arsebobisaTvis Seqmnili rogorc dadebiTi, ise negatiuri pirobebiT. mis-
gan gansxvavebiT kultura RirebulebaTa sferoa. yovelive, rac civilizaciis CarCoebSia Seqmnili, masac ekuT-
vnis. Tumca, isic unda gavacnobieroT, rom, rac, magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi warmoebis sferoSi iqmneba, ar
SeiZleba yovelTvis kulturas mivakuTvnoT, e.i. yvelaferi, rac civilizaciis mieraa Seqmnili, ar aris kulturuli.
vTqvaT, adamianebis masobrivi ganadgurebis saSualebebi. Cven viciT, rom es saSualebebi XX saukunis ev-
ropuli civilizaciis produqtia, magram SeiZleba ki isini kulturis sferos mivakuTvnoT? igi xom Tavisi arsiT
ewinaaRmdegeba, upirispirdeba da realur safrTxes uqmnis kulturas da mTel kacobriobas. XX saukunis civili-
zaciam memkvidreobiT dagvitova gaxrwnili, mkvdari xelovnuri zRvebi, kalapotebi Seucvala mdinareebs –
yvelaferi es gakeTda adamianis mier, inJineruli gaTvlebisa da mSeneblobis normebisa da wesebis safuZvel-
ze. Sedegad ki daitbora da kvlav itboreba kulturis obieqtebi, icvleba klimati. samwuxarod, realobaa adamian-
sa da bunebas Soris konfliqti. adamiani aRar elodeba bunebisagan wyalobas, Tavad iRebs misgan rac sWir-
deba da rac ar sWirdeba da ar fiqrobs, rom aseTi daufiqrebeli moqmedebiT zians ayenebs an sulac anadgu-
rebs bunebas da mere sakuTar Tavs. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom bunebisadmi gauazrebelma damokidebulebam
msoflio masStabis ekologiuri katastrofa gamoiwvios.
Sejamebis mizniT, SevecadoT vupasuxoT Semdeg kiTxvas: aris Tu ara sinamdvileSi kultura sulis zeoba?
sxvadasxva epoqis moazrovneebs araerTxel ucdiaT gaemijnaT erTmaneTisagan adamianis sulis WeSmariti
aRmafrena (kultura) da adamianuri moRvaweobis gaqvavebuli formebis aRdgena-reproduqcia (civilizacia).
Aai, ras werda rusi filosofosi
n. berdiaevi (1874 – 1968 ww.)wignSi `kultura da civilizacia~: keTilSobileba yovelnairi WeSmariti kulturisa
ganisazRvreba imiT, rom kultura aris winaparTa kulti, Tayvaniscema saflavebisa da Zeglebisadmi, Svilebis
mamebTan kavSiri. kultura dafuZnebulia wminda Tqmulebebze da rac ufro Zvelia kultura, igi miT ufro mniS-
vnelovani da mSvenieria. kultura yovelTvis amayobs Tavisi Zveli warmoSobiT, diad warsulTan uwyveti kav-
SiriT da kulturaze sufevs gansakuTrebuli saxis RvTiuri madli. kultura, msgavsad eklesiisa, yvelaze metad afa-
sebs Tavis memkvidreobiTobas. kulturaSi ar aris sixepre, ar aris upativcemulo damokidebuleba mamaTa safla-
vebisadmi. metismetad axal, gadmocemul kulturas ar aqvs Tqmulebebi da euxerxuleba Tavisi aseTi yofa.
amas ver vityviT civilizaciaze. civilizacia afasebs Tavis axal warmoSobas, igi ar eZebs Zvel da Rrma saTave-
ebs da amayobs dRevandeli gamogonebiT. mas ara hyavs winaprebi da ar uyvars saflavebi. civilizacias yovel-
Tvis iseTi saxe aqvs, TiTqos igi dRes an guSin warmoiSva. masSi yvelaferi axalTaxalia, yvelaferi dRevandeli
dRis moxerxebul pirobebTanaa Seguebuli. kulturaSi mimdinareobs maradiulobis didi brZola drosTan, didi wi-
naaRmdegoba drois damangrevel ZalasTan. kultura sikvdils ebrZvis, Tumca uZluria masze realuri gamarjve-
bisaTvis. misTvis Zvirfasia ukvdavyofa, ganuwyvetloba, memkvidreobiToba, simtkice kulturuli qmnilebebisa
da Zeglebisa. kultura, romelSic aris religiuri siRrme, yovelTvis miiswrafvis mkvdreTiT aRdgomisaken. am
mxriv religiuri kulturis udides nimuSs warmoadgens Zveli egviptis kultura. igi mTlianad efuZneboda maradiu-
lobis wyurvils, mTlianad sikvdilTan brZolaSi iyo. da egviptis piramidebma gadaitanes aTaswleulebi da Se-
morCnen Cvens dromde. Tanamedrove civilizacia swored rom ar aSenebs piramidebs da ar zrunavs imisaTvis,
raTa mis Zeglebs aTaswlovani simtkice hqondes. Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi yvelaferi swrafwarmavalia.
civilizacia, kulturisagan gansxvavebiT, ar ebrZvis sikvdils, ar surs maradiuloba. igi ara mxolod urigdeba
drois momakvdinebel Zalas, aramed am momakvdinebeli droiT zRvarze afuZnebs Tavis yvela warmatebasa
da monapovars. civilizacia, iviwyebs ra micvalebulebs, Zalze saamurad da mxiarulad moewyoba sasaflaoze.
civilizacia futuristulia. civilizaciaSi aris sixepre, gayoyoCebuli parvenu. es sixepre gadaecema kulturasac, ro-
melsac surs iyos savsebiT arareligiuri~.

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 sainteresoa, Tanamedrove pirobebSic Tu SeiZleba am gansxvavebaze saubari, gvaqvs ki amisaTvis raime sa-
fuZveli? am kiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad Cven gverds ver avuvliT osuald Spengleris (1880 –1936 ww.) Tvalsaz-
riss, romelic dResac saintereso, aqtualuri da garkveulwilad winaswarmetyveluricaa.
Spengleris kvlevis sagans msoflio kulturebis (anu `sulieri epoqebis~) Tavisebureba Seadgens. misTvis
miuRebelia istoriis sazogadod aRiarebuli pirobiTi periodizacia – Zveli samyaro, Sua saukuneebi, axali dro.
SpenglerisaTvis istoria erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli kulturebis Tanmimdevrobaa. yoveli kultura sakuTari
sulis matarebelia da Tavisi gziT xorcieldeba. msoflio istoria, romelic moicavs eqvsi aTas wels, warmoadgens
rva erTimeorisagan izolirebul da TanabarmniSnelovan kulturaTa istorias. es kulturebia: egvipturi, induri, ba-
bilonuri, Cinuri, berZnul-romauli (`apolonuri~), bizantiur-arabuli (`magiuri~), maias kultura, dasavleTevro-
puli (`faustiseuli~). maT garda Spengleri uSvebs Canasaxovan kulturaTa arsebobas, romlebic ar ganviTar-
dnen da momwifebas ver miaRwies. aseTebad is Tvlis sparsul, xeTur da kitSuas kulturebs. Spengleri exeba
agreTve, `aRmocenebad~ kulturas rusuli kulturis saxiT. TiToeuli maTgani, cocxali organizmis msgavsad, ga-
dis dabadebis, bavSvobis, axalgazrdobis, simwifis, moxucebulobis periodebs da Sedis Casvenebis, sikvdilis
fazaSi, romelsac Spengleri civilizacias uwodebs.
SpenglerTan msoflio istoriis rva izolorebuli da mniSvnelobiT eqvivalenturi kulturebi mxolod droSi arse-
boben erTimeoris Semdeg da maT Soris araviTari memkvidreoba ar aris. yoveli kultura Tavis mier gaSlil Se-
saZleblobebs da sakuTari sulis gamovlinebebs absoluturad Tavis TavSi inaxavs. yovelive es kvdeba mis
kvdomasTan erTad, mkvdari kulturidan araferi rCeba da arc gadadis axlad Seqmnil kulturaSi, im SemTxve-
vaSic ki, rodesac maT Soris msgavsebaa. yoveli kultura TavisTavSia Caketili.
Spengleris mixedviT, kulturisa da civilizaciis dapirispireba vlindeba maT ZiriTad niSnebSi: kulturis safe-
xuri warmoadgens sulis SesaZleblobaTa gamovlinebas da gaSlas. es aris sicocxlis etapi. civilizacia ki iwyeba
sulis SesaZleblobaTa amowurviT. is sikvdilis etapia. kultura sulis batonobaa. civilizacia – inteleqtis. amde-
nad, kulturaSi RmerTisadmi siyvarulia, civilizaciaSi ki uRmerToba batonobs. kulturaSi gabatonebul sulier
Zalebsa da interesebs civilizaciaSi cvlis materialuri Zalebi da interesebi. kultura ayvavebis safexuria, civiliza-
cia barbarosobis. Tu kulturaSi sofeli siyvaruls imsaxurebs da mniSvnelobis mqonea, civilizaciaSi igi mniS-
vnelobas kargavs. civilizacia xasiaTdeba qalaqisadmi ltolviT. garda amisa, civilizaciis niSania pirovnebis ga-
ufasureba da masaSi gaTqvefa. saerTod adamiani kargavs Rirebulebas. ZiriTadi Rirebuleba fuli xdeba. fuli
yvelaferia, sxva yovelive araferi. fuli xdeba yovlisSemZle Zala. amas moyveba adamianis damoneba manqa-
nis mier. manqana adamians ara marto cvlis, aramed imorCilebs kidec da adamianis yovelgvar Tavisuflebas
bolo eReba. fulis da manqanis roli imdenad didia, rom civilizacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc fulis diqta-
tura. krizisis faza, civilizacia, Spengleris azriT, warmoSobs axal adamians. krizisuli epoqis adamiani TviTo-
nac krizisSia, misi cnobiereba Sepyrobilia dasasrulis da sikvdilis problemebiT. Spengleris azriT, cxovelma ar
icis sikvdili, Tumca xedavs mas. adamianma icis sikvdili da mis winaSe SiSi aiZulebs mas Seqmnas msof-
lmxedveloba, romelic sikvdilis problematikis gaazrebaa. axali epoqis ZiriTad niSnad Spengleri teqnikas mi-
iCnevs (teqnika masTan ar aris iaraRis tolfasi, teqnika Spenglers esmis rogorc moqmedebis taqtika, rogorc
mTeli cxovrebis taqtika). teqnikam gaTiSa adamianebi mmarTvelebad da morCilebad, batonebad da mone-
bad, daukarga maT erTmaneTis gagebis unari. es adamianis tragediis wanamZRvaria. Spengleri ver xedavs
gamosavals teqnikisagan Seqmnili tragediidan. misi azriT, teqnika viTardeba miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra mo-
aqvs mas adamianisaTvis. teqnika, adamianis qmnilebis saxiT, aRsdga adamianis, misi Semqmnelis winaaR-
mdeg, rogorc Tavis droze adamiani bunebis winaaRmdeg. teqnika imonebs bunebis dammorCilebel adami-
ans. es niSnavs, rom tragedia bolomde unda mivides, kultura tragikulad unda dasruldes.
Spengleris azriT, samyaros meqanizeba saSiS fazaSi Sevida. Seicvala samyaros organuli saxe (tyeebis
gadaqceva qaRaldad, klimatis Secvla da sxva), civilizacia TviTon gaxda manqana. SemoqmedTa adgili dai-
kava manqanam. gadamwyveti gaxda raodenoba, am raodenobas ki manqana awarmoebs. Spengleri amtki-
cebs, rom faustiseuli teqnikis istoria dasasruls uaxlovdeba. misi damsxvreva garduvalia. Tumca aravin icis,
rodis da rogor moxdeba es. aseTi msxvreva bedis garduvalobaa da aseT SemTxvevaSi optimizmi sulmokleo-
baa. igi moiTxovs dasasrulis gzaze simamacis gamoCenas da Tanamedrove adamianis beds adarebs romaeli
jariskacis xvedrs, romelmac icoda, rom mas garduvali daRupva eloda, magram mainc idga Tavis postze. ada-

56
mians SeuZlia xedavdes kulturis mzis Casvenebas, magram ar SeuZlia xeli SeuSalos mas. am viTarebaSi,
Spengleris azriT, SeuZlebelia istorias mivaweroT raime sazrisi, istoria usazrisoa, radgan is gardamavalia.
Aai, rogor esmis osuald Spenglers kulturisa da civilizaciis gansxvaveba: `kulturaSi suli batonobs, civili-
zaciaSi – inteleqti; kulturaSi RmerTis Tayvaniscemaa, civilizaciaSi ki uRmerTobaa gabatonebuli; kulturaSi
adamianebi cdiloben sulier unarTa ganviTarebas, xolo civilizaciaSi – materialuri Zalebis. kulturis safexurze
adamianebi patriotebi arian, civilizaciis safexurze ki kosmopolitebi. kulturaSi – morali aqvT, civilizaciaSi ki
mas eZeben~.
Spengleris mier gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisi, garkveulwilad, winaswar-
metyvelurad JRers. bevrad ufro adre, vidre kompiuteri `gamoTvlida~ teqnikuri civilizaciis ganwirulobas,
Spenglerma mistikur JanrSi warmogviCina `evropuli kulturis Casveneba~. `faustiseuli~ suliT gamsWvalul
civilizacias momavali ar aqvs. igi adamianze `gaTvlilma~ civilizaciam, anTropogenurma civilizaciam unda
Caanacvlos. magram rodis moxdeba es, arc es icis aravin. mTavaria, arsebobdes, Tundac Teoriuli moTxovni-
leba, SevimecnoT da aRmovaCinoT kulturuli procesis garkveuli erTianoba, arqetipuri situaciebi, kulturis uc-
vleli komponentebis ganmeorebadobis kanonzomierebebi da filosofiuri Wvretis safuZvelze aviTvisoT kacob-
riobis gansxvavebuli gamocdileba.

adamianis RirebulebiT – SefasebiTi

mimarTeba samyarosadmi

Semecneba da Sefaseba. es adamianis samyarosTan damokidebulebis ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli

saxea. arsebobs adamianis samyarosTan mimarTebis ramdenime aspeqti: 1) praqtikuli, rac samyarosTan mom-
xmareblur – utilitarul damokidebulebas niSnavs. es aris adamianis angarebiTi damokidebuleba samyarosTan da
sargeblianobis miRebas isaxavs miznad; 2) emociuri, romelic gulisxmobs samyaros gancdas adamianis mier.
magaliTad, adamiani tkbeba bunebis simSvenieriT, an SeZrwunebulia mosalodneli miwisZvris gamo; 3) aqsio-
logiuri anu SefasebiTi, RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba samyarosTan. adamians raRac moswons an ar moswons,
ris gamoc, dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs movlenebs. 4) Teoriuli, romelic gulisxmobs raRac sagnobrivi

57
viTarebis garkvevas, misi Tvisebebis dadgenas. adamians ainteresebs TviTon sagani, cdilobs gaarkvios misi ar-
si, raTa upasuxos kiTxvas, Tu ra aris igi. amis Sedegad yalibdeba codna sagnis Sesaxeb. swored esaa Semecne-
bis mizani.
maSasadame, Semecneba aris subieqtis obieqtTan anu adamianis sinamdvilesTan Teoriuli damokidebuleba,
romlis Sedegad yalibdeba codna mis Sesaxeb. adamianis SemecnebiTi mimarTeba samyarosadmi seriozul rols
TamaSobs mis saqmianobaSi, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania adamianis mier samyaros movlenaTa Sefase-
ba, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Semecnebisagan.
Semecnebis procesSi adamiani cdilobs gamoikvlios arsebuli, daadginos misi arsi da niSan-Tvisebebi. am
dros yalibdeba codna yofierebis anu arsis Sesaxeb, romelic aris is, rac aris an is, rac ar aris.
Sefasebis procesSi adamiani gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas sagnisadmi. am dros igi mas ki ar axasia-
Tebs, aramed afasebs. Sefaseba subieqturia, radgan igi ar aris sagnobrivi viTarebis dadgena. adamianis mier
samyaros movlenaTa Sefaseba xorcieldeba or, emociur da Teoriul doneze. igi maT uSualod ganicdis, amitom
Tavis damokidebulebas gamoxatavs siyvaruliT da siZulviliT, sixaruliT da mwuxarebiT, uSfoTvelobiT da SeS-
foTebiT, imediT an SiSiT da a. S. maT safuZvelze adamians uyalibdeba Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobileba, ro-
melic samyarosadmi misi emociuri damokidebulebis Sedegia. igi subieqtur-individualuria, radgan ganpirobebu-
lia individis bio-fsiqikuri organizaciis TaviseburebiT. yovel individs samyaros piradi, sakuTari gancda aqvs.
samyaros emociuri gancdis analizi fsiqologiis da ara filosofiis amocanaa. filosofias ainteresebs adamianis
samyarosTan mimarTebis racionalur-Teoriuli aspeqti. maSasadame, emociur da Teoriul Sefasebas saerTo aqvs
is, rom orive gamoxatavs movlenaTa mimarT adamianiseul, subieqtur damokidebulebas, magram maT Soris ar-
sebiTi gansxvavebaa. pirveli emociuria, amitom gancdiseuli, xolo meore – racionaluri, amitom azriseuli. ra ga-
napirobebs subieqturi Sefasebis obieqturobas? mas safuZvlad udevs Rirebuleba, Sefaseba, romelic gamoxatavs
adamianis subieqtur damokidebulebas sagnisadmi. Sefaseba obieqturi iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi
daefuZeba Rirebulebas.
adamianis saqmianobis yovel sferos Tavisi Rirebuleba aqvs. mecnierebas – WeSmariteba da mcdaroba, xe-
lovnebas – mSveniereba da simaxinje, zneobas – sikeTe da boroteba, politikas – samarTlianoba da usamarTlo-
ba, samarTals – kanoniereba da ukanonoba da a. S. maT bazaze yalibdeba Sesatyvis RirebulebaTa mTeli speq-
tri.
filosofia sxva problemebTan erTad Seiswavlis kulturul Rirebulebebs da amdenad is Tavadac sulieri kulturis
fenomenia. kulturasa da filosofias Soris kavSiri Rirebulebebis gaazrebis safuZvelze myardeba. aqsiologiuri
kvlevis problemebi swored iqeTkenaa mimarTuli, rom axsnas kulturisa da Rirebulebebis sakiTxi, raTa aCve-
nos, ra faqtorebi, ra stimulebi da motivebi ganapirobs adamianTa cxovrebis wess. am axsnam unda aCvenos is
tendenciebi, saiTkenac adamiani da sazogadoebis istoria unda miiswrafvodes, raTa gaucxoebas Tavi daaRwios
da namdvil Tavisuflebas eziaros. gaucxoeba swored imas niSnavs, rom adamiani da sazogadoeba, Segnebulad
Tu Seugneblad, akeTebs imas, rac mas Tavisuflebas arTmevs. amitom, adamiani cdilobs daemyaros im Rirebu-
lebebs, romelic mas momavalSi sikeTes da warmatebas moutans. aq saqme exeba imas, rac jer ar aris, magram
unda dadges, unda ganxorcieldes. amas filosofiaSi jerarsis problema hqvia. imas, rac unda moxdes da jer ar aris,
aregulirebs Rirebulebis matarebeli idea an ideali. am gagebiT Rirebulebebi gvevlinebian ideebis da idealebis
rolSi. nebisyofis Tavisufleba swored imas niSnavs, rom mas arCevnis SesaZlebloba aqvs. magram rom airCios,
amisaTvis saWiroa goneba, romelmac unda Seafasos misi arCevani da ifiqros im jerarsze da im Sedegebze, ra-
sac am arCevnisagan elodeba. amitom adamiani, rogorc Semfasebeli, aregulirebs grZnobebis, emociebis, nebis-
yofis da gonebis urTierTobebs.
aseTi gagebiT, adamianis sicocxlis azrs da cxovrebis mizans, mis SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas da Tavisufle-
bas, RirebulebiTi xedva da swori arCevani gansazRvravs. germaneli filosofosi, filosofiuri anTropologiis da aq-
siologiis problemebis yvelaze TvalsaCino mkvlevari, maqs Seleri (1874 – 1928 ww.) sibrmaved Tvlis, Tu Ri-
rebulebebs ver aRiqvam da swor arCevans ver akeTeb. misi azriT, RirebulebaTa wvdoma anu xedva emociur
intuiciazea damyarebuli, xolo swori arCevnis safuZvels intuiciuri sicxade warmoadgens. Selers Rirebulebebis
wvdomis da gagebis erTaderT saSualebad fenomenologiuri reduqciis meTodi miaCnia. am meTodiT adamiani
uRrmavdeba Tavis sulier samyaros, gancdebs da emociebs, interesebs da miswrafebebs. am meTodis Tavisebu-
reba imaSia, rom is gancdis faqtebidan anu Sedegebidan mizezebis Ziebas awarmoebs. fenomenologia mecnie-

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rebaTa meTodi ki ar aris, aramed imgvari intuiciuri xedvaa, romelic sulier fenomenebSi, RirebulebebSi dagva-
naxvebs iseT raimes, rac mis gareSe sruliad dafaruli darCeboda. aseT xedvas Seleri fenomenologiur ganwyobas
uwodebs.
Seleris mixedviT, intuiciuri xedva aRmoaCens RirebulebaTa rangobriv wesrigs, dabal da maRal Rirebule-
bebs. erT Rirebulebas meoresTan mimarTebaSi upiratesoba aqvs siyvarulis siZlieris gamo. Rirebulebani siZul-
vilisa da siyvarulis xarisxis mixedviT gansxvavdebian, xolo am gansxvavebisa da upiratesobis xedva intuiciuri
sicxadiT miiwvdomeba. Seleris mixedviT, siyvarulis umaRles mwvervals warmoadgens umaRlesi sikeTe anu
RmerTi, xolo yvela danarCeni Rirebuleba gasxivosnebulia RmerTis ideiT. amitom, adamianis sicocxles azrs
aZlevs umaRlesi Rirebulebebisken swrafva.
filosofiaSi mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens imis garkveva, Tu rogor, ra formiT arseboben Rirebuleba-
ni. sxvadasxva filosofiur sistemaSi es sakiTxi gansxvavebulad wydeba. erTni amtkiceben, rom Rirebulebani ar-
seboben mxolod subieqturad, xolo meoreni amtkiceben, rom Rirebulebebi obieqturia da ar aris damokidebuli
subieqtze, subieqtur emociebze da sxva. magram yvela aRiarebs, rom Rirebulebebs aqvT mniSvneloba da saz-
riss aZleven adamianis cxovrebas. es udavoa, radgan Tu kacobriobis kultura RirebulebaTa xorcSesxmaa da
mTeli adamianuri Semoqmedeba maszea agebuli, maSin filosofiisaTvis imaze mniSvnelovani ra unda iyos, vid-
re RirebulebaTa gaazreba da amis safuZvelze jerarsis gansazRvra. es aris filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis upirve-
lesi amocana da daniSnuleba. yvela filosofiuri problema – ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri da aqsiologiuri – swored
am amocanis gadawyvetas emsaxureba.
Tanamedrove filosofiaSi RirebulebebTan dakavSirebul problemebze dava arc axlaa ganelebuli da is albaT
usasrulod gagrZeldeba, radgan aq saqme exeba iseT msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxebs, romelTa erTmniSvnelov-
nad gadawyveta rom SeiZlebodes, filosofia saWiro ar iqneboda. filosofia, upirveles yovlisa, Ziebas niSnavs da
ara damTavrebul doqtrinas. filosofiuri Ziebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens adamianis proble-
ma.

nihilizmi da RirebulebaTa
gadafasebis problema

yvela epoqas Tavisi Sesatyvisi Rirebulebebi aqvs, rac ganpirobebulia epoqis xasiaTiT. antikur periodSi mas
miTologia da filosofia gansazRvravda. Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipova religiam, ramac
ganapiroba Sesabamis RirebulebaTa warmoqmna; aRorZinebis epoqaSi upiratesoba humanisturma da saero
idealebma moipoves; axal droSi kapitalizmis Camoyalibebas da damkvidrebas Tan mohyva sabazro ekonomikis
da demokratiis Sesabamisi Rirebulebebi. mecnierul – teqnikuri progresis epoqaSi wamyvani faseuloba gaxda
mecniereba da teqnika.
rogorc vnaxeT, epoqaTa cvalebadobis kvaldakval xdeba RirebulebaTa Secvla. imsxvreva Zveli da mis adgils
TandaTanobiT ikavebs axali. es aris RirebulebaTa gadafasebis procesi, romlis Sedegad mimdinareobs Zveli epoqis
gamomxatveli Rirebulebebis Secvla axali epoqis Sesatyvisi idealebiT. es normaluri procesia, radgan mas aucileb-
lobiT moiTxovs sazogadoebrivi progresi.
sul sxva viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac bWoba exeba nihilizms. igi warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan `ni-
hil~, rac niSnavs araras. nihilizmi aris Teoria, romelic moiTxovs ara RirebulebaTa gadafasebas, aramed saerTod
uaryofs yovelgvari Rirebulebis mniSvnelobas. igi ar atarebs principul gansxvavebas dadebiT da uaryofiT Rirebule-
bebs Soris. romels daamkvidrebs adamiani – WeSmaritebas Tu sicrues, samarTlianobas Tu usamarTlobas, kanoni-
erebas Tu ukanonobas, amas araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs. nihilizmisaTvis dadebiT da uaryofiT Rirebulebebs er-
Tnairi fasi aqvs. amitom sulerTia maTgan romels ganaxorcielebs adamiani. es aris RirebulebaTa gaufasurebis, de-
valvaciis procesi, radgan Tu WeSmaritebasa da mcdarobas, zneobasa da uzneobas erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs, ma-
Sin ra fasi aqvs maT Soris gansxvavebas? yvelaferi damokidebulia pirovnebis nebaze. yovel individs SeuZlia air-

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Cios is, rac mas moesurveba. visac unda sikeTe, SeuZlia ganaxorcielos igi, magram visac unda boroteba, imave
uflebiT SeuZlia misi ganxorcieleba. yvelaferi SesaZlebelia, amitom nebadarTulia.
nihilizmis praqtikuli Sedegia voluntarizmi – TviTneboba da ganukiTxaoba. aravis araferi ekisreba, visac ra un-
da, is akeTos. ar arsebobs obieqturi kriteriumebi, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebeli iqneboda vinmes qmedebis Sefase-
ba da gansja, radgan ar arsebobs savaldebulo da sayovelTao mniSvnelobis Rirebulebani. yvela Rirebuleba subieq-
turia, ase vTqvaT, erTnairad fasobs. amitom visac ra unda, imas airCevs da gaakeTebs. am mxriv adamians aqvs
absoluturi, SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba.
nihilizmi igive skepticizmia, oRond RirebulebaTa sferos mimarT. arcerT morals upiratesoba ar gaaCnia. yo-
vel individs Tavisi morali aqvs, amitom veravin sxvas ver gansjis. ar arsebobs sayovelTao da savaldebulo mora-
li, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebeli iqneboda obieqturi gansja da Sefaseba.
am mxriv metad sayuradReboa fridrix nicSes Tvalsazrisi. nicSes filosofia aRsavsea ngrevis paTosiT. mas
surs daamxos evropuli civilizaciis yvela kerpi, moarRvios fuZe im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic mravali saukunis
manZilze iTvlebodnen adamianTa moqmedebis umaRles da myar sazomad. tradiciul moralsa da qristianul religi-
aSi is xedavs dacemis simptomebs, Tanamedrove adamianSi – gadagvarebas. sfero, romelic xdeba nicSes ukom-
promiso kritikis obieqti, aris evropuli kultura, misi yvela ZiriTadi aspeqti.
sakuTriv nicSes filosofia iwyeba cnobili Tezidan – `RmerTi mokvda~. amis safuZvelia tradiciuli umaRlesi
Rirebulebebis uazrobad, gamogonilad gamocxadeba da maTi gaufasureba. magram maleve `RmerTis sikvdili~
da tradiciul RirebulebaTa gaufasureba nicSeSi warmoSobs ambivalentur grZnobas. tradiciul RirebulebaTa dam-
xobis Sedegad mopovebuli TavisuflebiT aRfrTovanebas Tan erTvis sulieri sicarielis, raRac aunazRaurebeli da-
nakargis SegrZneba, rac gamowveuli iyo swored `RmerTis sikvdiliT~. arsebobs mosazreba, rom nicSes mTeli
darCenili cxovreba iyo amao swrafva raRaciT amoevso is sicariele, is vakuumi, romelic `RmerTis sikvdilis~
Semdeg gaCnda. nicSe moklebuli iyo rogorc religiur, aseve sxva sulier orientirebs da Tvlida, rom Tavad is da
mTeli misi epoqa sulieri krizisis, nihilizmis tyveobaSi imyofeba. amisi mizezi, misi azriT, mxolod qristianuli
religiaa. gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SurisZiebis grZnobiT aRsavse nicSe mTeli mrisxanebiT
Tavs daatyda qristianobas. nicSe Tvlis, rom swored qristianulma religiam daamxo aTaswlovani perspeqtivis
mqone romis imperia, daasamara jansaRi antikuroba da gadaiqca kacobriobis sulieri daavadebis – nihilizmis –
wyarod. qristianobis saxiT gaimarjves sustebma da dacemulebma, avadmyofebma da sicocxlis moZuleebma da
imisaTvis, rom Tavi daeRwiaT, gaqceodnen sakuTar araraobas, maTma avadmyofurma warmosaxvam moigo-
na `imqveyniuri cxovreba~, `sulis ukvdaveba~... qristianuli religia mouwodebs morwmuneebs Tavi msxverplad
gaiRon, monebad gadaiqcnen; qristianoba emsaxureba evropuli rasis Seryvnas. swored qristianul religias adana-
Saulebs nicSe RirebulebaTa pirvel, radikalur da sabediswero gadafasebaSi – Zlieri, jansaRi kastis moralis, aris-
tokratiuli moralis damxobaSi da sustebisa da avadmyofebis moralis anu yalbi Rirebulebebis dakanonebaSi.
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad qristianobis aseTi mZafri kritikisa, nicSes damokidebuleba am reli-
giisadmi ar iyo martooden uaryofiTi. amis dasturia misi aSkara gulwrfeli simpaTiebi ieso qristes pirovnebisad-
mi. nicSes azriT, ieso qriste `ukeTilSobilesi, siyvaruliT aRsavse~ adamiania, igi `Tavisufali gonia~, misi swav-
leba `Sinagani sxiviTaa~ ganaTebuli da rasac ambobda, rasac mouwodebda, rasac qadagebda, yvelafers saku-
Tar cxovrebaSi Seasxa xorci - Tavisi sicocxliT da sikvdiliT.
ukeT rom gaverkveT nicSes poziciaSi, erT rames unda gaesvas xazi – imisaTvis, rom sicxade Seitanos qris-
tianobisadmi gaorebul damokidebulebaSi, rom SeaTavsos ieso qristesadmi udidesi simpaTiebi qristianobis aS-
kara siZulvilTan, nicSe Tavis `antiqristeSi~ dgams saocar nabijs: igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs ieso qristesa da
qristianobas, qristes swavlebasa da qristianul religias.
nicSes mixedviT, Tavad sityva qristianoba gaugebrobaa. sinamdvileSi arsebobda mxolod erTi qristiani da
man Tavisi sicocxle jvarze daasrula. `saxareba~ jvarze aResrula. nicSes mixedviT, ieso qristes swavleba sxva
araferia, Tu ara misi piradi mowameobrivi sicocxle da aRsasruli. da am `praqtikul saxarebaSi~ sityvac ar aris
naTqvami `meored mosvlaze~, `gankiTxvis dReze~, `imqveyniur cxovrebasa da sulis ukvdavebaze~. ufro metic,
nicSes Tanaxmad, ieso qristem Tavisi sikvdiliTac ki miwieri cxovrebis magaliTi uCvena adamianebs da ara ra-
Rac gadarCenis, xsnis gza, rogorc amas eklesia varaudobs. `is, rac ieso qristem kacobriobas dautova, mxolod
praqtikaa~. esaa misi qceva msajulebis, jalaTebis, bralmdeblebis winaSe, qceva jvarze. igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba,
Tavs ar icavs, arafers akeTebs saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad. ufro metic, igi iwvevs mas... da rac mTavaria,

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qriste loculobs maTze, ewameba maTTvis da uyvars isini, vinc mas mtrobs. nicSe Tvlis, rom qristes sikvdilis
Semdeg misi swavleba daviwyebas eZleva. `saxareba~ qristesTan erTad kvdeba jvarze.
Zveli RmerTi kvdeba, batonobas iwyebs nihilizmi. nihilizmi, Zveli Rirebulebebis gadafasebis procesi, Sina-
ganad dakavSirebulia skepsisTan, uimedobasTan, pesimizmTan, pasiurobasTan. pasiuri nihilizmi, nicSes mi-
xedviT, damRupvelia kacobriobisaTvis. is mxolod ngrevaa. amitom mis safexurze gaCereba istoriisaTvis sabe-
diswero iqneboda. nihilizmiT wertili unda daesvas Zvels, magram nihilizmive unda gaxdes axlis Senebis safuZ-
veli. nihilizmi unda iyos ara dasasruli, aramed gardamavali faza. RirebulebaTa gaufasurebis procesi unda gadai-
zardos Zveli Rirebulebebis gadafasebis, e.i. axali Rirebulebebis dadgenis procesSi. amiT nihilizmi bolomde mi-
iyvans Tavis saqmes, gadalaxavs Tavis Tavs da kacobriobas gamoiyvans krizisuli situaciidan. amdenad, Rmer-
Tis sikvdilis tragikul gancdas Tan unda axldes sixaruliT da imediT aRsavse grZnoba axali Rirebulebebis moZi-
eba-damkvidrebisa.
Zalauflebis neba. RmerTi mkvdaria. es niSnavs imas, rom unda gadafasdes samyaros Zveli gageba, unda
Seicvalos adamianis xedvis mimarTuleba: adamiani unda erTgulebdes miwas da ara zecas. miwa nicSesTan ga-
gebulia, rogorc amqveyniuri samyaros Sinagani Zala, antipodi tradiciuli RmerTis SemoqmedebiTi Zalisa. miwa
dinamiuri miwieri energiaa, sicocxlea.
raSia sicocxlis arsi? sicocxle yovelTvis nebaa. sicocxlis arseboba ar aris arc TviTSenaxva, sakuTari Tavis
SenarCuneba da arc garemosTan Segueba. yoveli arsebuli iswrafvis gaafarToos Tavisi batonobis are, mbrZa-
neblobdes, daimorCilos rac SeiZleba meti, daZlios sxvisi neba; sicocxle aris sakuTari Tavis damkvidreba, gan-
mtkiceba, gafarToeba, zrda ... mokled, sicocxle aris swrafva Zalauflebisaken, neba Zalauflebisa.
sicocxle SeiZleba iyos aRmavali, Zlieri, omis wyurviliT savse da SeiZleba iyos daRmavali, susti, avadmyo-
furi. sicocxlis orTave saxecvlilebas safuZvlad udevs Zalauflebis neba. susti sicocxlec eswrafvis batonobas. ami-
tom is adgens iseT Rirebulebebs, romlebic SesaZlebels gaxdian mis ganmtkicebas.
ra aris Rirebuleba? Rirebuleba nicSes esmis, rogorc sicocxlis ganmtkicebisa da zrdis piroba. Rirebuleba si-
cocxleSia fesvgadgmuli. Rirebulia is, rac afarToebs Cemi batonobis sazRvrebs, rac saSualebas maZlevs mtkice
gaxados Cemi arseboba. aseTi sicocxlisaTvis miwieri samyaro autaneli tanjvaa, umZimesi uRlis zidvaa. Zlieri,
aRmavlobis gzaze damdgari sicocxle ar gaurbis qmnadoba-moZraobas, piriqiT, qmnadoba, maradiuli Seneba da
ngreva, maradiuli omi misi stiqiaa. simyare, uSfoTveloba, umoZraoba, netareba mxolod im sicocxlis idealia, ro-
melic sustia, daRmavalia. swored aseTi sicocxlisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli moraluri da religiuri Rirebu-
lebebi da swored am RirebulebebSi vlindeba uZlurTa Zalauflebis neba. uZlur sicocxles arsebiTad surs `arara~.
`RmerTi~, `idealuri samyaro~, `umaRlesi Rirebulebebi~, morali mxolod niRabia, romlis ukan `arara~ imaleba.
nicSes azriT, morali, ZiriTadad, ori saxisaa: moraluri Sefasebebi yalibdeba an im adamianTa mier, romlebic
mowodebulni arian ibatonon, an im adamianTa mier, romelTa xvedri morCilebaa. amdenad, moralur Sefasebebs
sayovelTao mniSvneloba ar aqvT. isini damokidebulni arian imaze, Tu vin adgens Rirebulebebs. arseboben maRali
rasis adamianebi, romelTa mimarT SeiZleba gvqondes garkveuli valdebulebebi da arsebobs `jogi~, brbo, romlis mi-
marT batons SeiZleba hqondes mxolod zizRis grZnoba.
batonTa moralSi batoni, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis kastas asxams qeba-didebas – jansaRi, sasicocxlo energiiT aR-
savse, Ronieri `gareuli cxoveli~, `mtacebeli frinveli~, meomari, `qera bestia~. aseTi raindi didebiT mosavs Tavis
Tavs, didebiT mosavs oms, simtkices, daundoblobas, simkacres.
sul sxva bunebisaa monaTa morali. wodebrivad maRali adamiani da misi Sefasebebi aq kvalificirebulia rogorc
`boroteba~; `keTilia~ uZluri, tanjuli, Rataki, avadmyofi. monaTa morali qebas asxams TanagrZnobas, Tvinierebas,
siyvaruls, mSvidobas.
Tanamedrove morali, nicSes azriT, swored monaTa joguri moralia. jogisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia pirovnulis
nivelireba. adamiani valdebulia izrunos sazogadoebriv interesebze, sayovelTao bednierebaze, daumorCilos Ta-
visi interesebi masis interesebs anu Caklas Tavisi sakuTari pirovneba, icxovros sxvisi cxovrebiT, gaauqmos
`me~ da iyos iseTi, rogoricaa yvela sxva. adamianSi pirovnulis gaqrobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi, nicSes
azriT, qristianobis ZiriTadi mcnebebia. Uupirveles yovlisa, es TanagrZnobas exeba. TanagrZnobis aqtSi adami-
ani auqmebs sakuTar Tavs da sxvisi tanjvis morCili xdeba. TanagrZnoba unarCunebs arsebobas susts, uZlurs,
vinc iRupeba da unda daiRupos. uZluris TanamgrZnobi TviTonve iqceva uZlurad. amiT ki sicocxle xdeba dune
da saeWvo. es dekadansis idealebia. Tanamedrove adamiani aseT sulier atmosferoSi knindeba. mas aSinebs Zli-

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eri vnebebi, Zlieri gancdebi, Widili, tanjva, romelTa gareSe sicocxle Waobad iqceva. Tanamedrove evropeli
cxovrobs yoveldRiuri patara saqmeebiT, is `keTilia~, `samarTliania~, `damjeria~, `Tvinieria~. misi mTavari
sazrunavia piradi keTildReoba, pawia bedniereba. is mSiSaraa da sikeTes Cadis mxolod imitom, rom sxvam
vneba, tanjva, boroteba ar miayenos. Tanamedrove adamiani gaurbis Tavis Tavs. is azrovnebs da moqmedebs
sayovelTaod miRebuli SablonebiT, dakanonebuli standartebiT. misi cxovreba siyalbea.
nicSes azriT, aristokratiul `kargsa~ da `cuds~ upirispirdeba demokratiuli, gaTanasworebis nebiT aRbeWdili
`keTili~ da `boroti~. misi idealia ara Tanasworuflebiani sazogadoeba, aramed sazogadoeba, romelsac marTavs
rCeuli, zekacTa Zlieri elita.
zekaci. nicSes mzera momavliskenaa mipyrobili. adamiani unda daZleul iqnas. adamianis sidiade imaSia,
rom igi xidia da ara mizani. mas Semdeg rac RmerTi mokvda, adamianis cxovrebis wesic unda Seicvalos. Zveli
Rirebulebebi unda gadafasdes axali principis safuZvelze. es principia sicocxle, Zalauflebis neba. qmnadi, moZ-
ravi, mSfoTvare, WeSmariti sicocxlis erTguleba gzas gauxsnis adamians zekacisaken, im erTaderTi diadi mizni-
saken, romelsac SeuZlia misces sazrisi cxovrebas RmerTis sikvdilis Semdeg. zekaci aris antipodi Tanamedrove
adamianisa, is asaxierebs sicocxlis savseobas, cxovrebis umaRles, srulyofil wess da adamianis umaRles tips, ro-
melic dgas tradiciuli `borotisa~ da `keTilis~ miRma, TviTon qmnis Rirebulebebs da TviTonve adgens Tavisi
moqmedebis normebs.
zekacis gzaze adamianma saxecvlileba unda ganicados. adamians, romelic mindobilia RmerTs, nicSe adarebs
aqlems. is mZime tvirTi, romelsac adamiani am mdgomareobaSi atarebs, aris transcendenturi idealuri samyaro, is
erTxel da samudamod dadgenili Rirebulebebi da imperativebi, romlebic boWaven adamianis Tavisufal Semoqme-
debas. adamiani udrtvinvelad, uRrmesi mowiwebiT da sixaruliT emorCileba urCxuls, romelsac ewodeba – `Sen
unda~. Semdegi etapia lomi – lomi niSnavs meamboxe suls, romelic `aras~ eubneba Zvel Rirebulebebs da ikafavs
gzas WeSmariti Tavisuflebisaken. lomis `me msurs~ upirispirdeba safuZvelgamoclil moTxovnas – `Sen unda~.
magram lomi mngrevelia da ara aRmSenebeli. adamianis sulma kidev erTi nabiji unda gadadgas, rom miaRwios
WeSmarit Tavisuflebas. is unda iqces bavSvad. bavSvi nicSesaTvis simboloa axali dasawyisisa, moZraobisa, Se-
moqmedebis, aRSenebis. bavSvi aris `TamaSi~. TamaSi niSnavs Semoqmedebas. Tu adre Rirebulebebis safuZ-
vlad RmerTi moiazreboda, axla TviTon Zlieri pirovneba qmnis Rirebulebebs. adamiani unda gaxdes Semoqmedi –
es aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi piroba WeSmariti arsebobis wesisa. Semoqmedeba gulisxmobs yoveli miRweulis siZul-
vils, daZlevas, axali miznebis dasaxvas, TavisTavis maradiul ngrevasa da aRSenebas. samyarosa da Tavis Tavs
TviTon pirovnebam unda misces saxe. Semoqmedeba maradiuli brZolaa, omi sxvasTan da Tavis TavTan. zekacis
sicocxle savsea FfaTerakebiT, magram is iRebs am sicocxles, mas surs aseTi sicocxle, igi eTanxmeba mas.
nicSes mosazrebebma, kerZod, nebismieri avtoritetis, moralis, Rirebulebebis gaufasureba-ugulvelyofam,
mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove adamianis sulier cxovrebaze.
Tanamedrove civilizaciis erT-erTi amocanaa saSualo adamianis garSemo Seqmnas iseTi samyaro, realoba,
romelSic igi Tavs TviTdajerebulad da TviTkmayofilad igrZnobs. es rom ganxorcieldes, saWiroa yvela sulieri
mwvervali gaufasurdes, yovelive sakraluri profanaciad warmoCindes, yovelive araCveulebrivi banaluri gaxdes,
yovelive realuri parodirebul iqnas, e.i. adamianisaTvis aRar iarsebobs araviTari tabu, rameTu `yvelaferi neba-
darTulia~. problemis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis, erTi ram unda gavixsenoT: Tanamedrove civilizaciis saTaveebTan,
e.w. ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi (XIX s. me-2 nax.) damkvidrebuli iyo adamianis Semdegi gageba: 1) adamiani
– mzakvari, grZnobadi da egoisturi maimunia; 2) adamiani keTilia, siyvaruliT aRsavsea, SeuZlia Tavi msxver-
plad gaiRos. yvela cudi Tviseba, romelsac adamianSi vamCnevT, misi bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs. es civili-
zaciis ganviTarebis Sedegia, romelmac adamianSi disharmonia Seitana da bunebas, namdvil cxovrebas daaSo-
ra; 3)adamiani bunebiT arc keTilia da arc boroti, igi carieli dafaa, romelzedac Sesabamis kvals da anabeWds
mxolod socialuri garemo tovebs. am damkvidrebul da gavrcelebul azrs safuZvelSive uaryofs rusi mwerali f.
dostoevski. igi ar eTanxmeba pirvel mosazrebas, Tumca man, ise rogorc aravin, SeZlo adamianis sulis Zirebis
warmoCena. igi ar iziarebs meore mosazrebasac, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad sikeTis idea, rogorc maradiuli
da ukvdavi, misi Txzulebebis wamyvani idea iyo. ar iRebs igi mesame mosazrebasac. dostoevski Rrmad aris
darwmunebuli, rom sazogadoebis normalurad mowyobis SemTxvevaSic ki, danaSauli erTbaSad ar gaqreba da
yvela adamiani uceb wmindani ar gaxdeba. misTvis adamiani arc maimunia da arc angelozi. igi RvTis xati da
saxea, romelic, marTalia RvTis mier boZebuli Tavisi bunebiT keTili, sufTa da mSvenieria, magram codvaTda-

62
cemis Sedegad damaxinjda. maSasadame, dacemul adamianSi erTdroulad Tanaarseboben sikeTis marcvlebi da
borotebis sarevela. magram rogor unda gadarCes adamiani, romel gzas mivyevarT taZramde? mxolod qristes
rwmenas – cocxal, sicocxlis mimniWebel rwmenas, romelic miiRweva sakuTari codvili bunebis TviTSemecne-
biT, borotebis sakuTari ZalebiT aRmofxvris SeuZleblobis gacnobierebiT da qristes, rogorc erTaderTi mxsnelis,
aRiarebiT - ase fiqrobs f. dostoevski. mwerlis es msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia leitmotivad gasdevs mis erT-erT
yvelaze cnobil nawarmoebs - `Zmebi karamazovebi~.
am romanSi mTeli sisavsiT aris warmoCenili mwerlis religiur-eTikuri da filosofiur-samarTlebrivi Sexedu-
lebebi. roman-tragediis centraluri sakiTxia mamis mkvlelobis istoria. mkvlelobis adgilia qalaqi skotoprigoniev-
ski. `SemTxveviTi ojaxi~ – darRveuli naTesaobrivi da zneobrivi kavSirebi, erTmaneTis mimarT gaucxoebuli
ojaxis wevrebi. mama – Tedore pavles Ze – absoluturi imoralisti, cinikosi; igi gvaris ufrosia. misi Svilebi krizi-
sul-katastrofuli cnobierebis matareblebi arian da SeuZliaT erTdroulad eTayvanebodnen `madonas ideals~ da
`sodomis idealsac~. dimitri, ufrosi vaJi, mankierebaSi Cafluli, Tavisi vnebebis, grZnobebisa da afeqtebis tyvea.
man sakuTar TavSi TiTqmis Cakla keTili sawyisi da Sinaganad ukve mzad aris mamis mkvlelobisaTvis. saSua-
lo Svili, ivane – inteleqtuali, filosofosi, skeptikosi, romelmac yvelafris nebadarTulobis sakuTari imoralistur-kri-
minaluri Teoria Camoayaliba. mas siamovnebas gvris sxva, masze `inteleqtualurad~ dabla mdgar adamianebze
sakuTari gonebis Zalis gamocda, Tavisi nebisaTvis sxvebis damorCileba, Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis sisworis Se-
mowmeba, adamianebiT manipulireba. umcrosi Zma alioSa jer Zalian axalgazrdaa, eklesiaSi morCilia, Sinaga-
nad ver iRebs da ewinaaRmdegeba karamazovebiseuli xasiaTis Semotevebs. meoTxe Zma, Tedore karamazovis
arakanonieri Svili, smerdiakovi – laqia, saSualo, erTganzomilebiani adamiania (lampe), magram imavdroulad
sxvaTa nebis Tvinierad damyoli, Semsrulebeli. oTxive Zma, TiToeuli Taviseburad, monawile aRmoCnda ma-
mis mkvlelobis. magram mTavar damnaSaved dimitri miiCnies. Semdeg TiTqos irkveva, rom mkvleloba smer-
diakovs Caudenia. magram raRac mainc rCeba gaurkveveli. smerdiakovi uaryofs, rom is aris mkvleli, rom mar-
to is aris mTavari damnaSave. igi eubneba ivanes – `Tqven mokaliT, swored Tqven xarT mTavari mkvleli. me
ki mxolod Tqveni damqaSi viyavi~. `mTavari mkvleli aq Tqven xarT, Tumca ki me movkali~. ivanec bolos da
bolos eTanxmeba da sasamarTlos winaSe aRiarebs danaSauls. rogor unda gavigoT es? raSia ivanes danaSauli?
smerdiakovi eubneba ivanes – `Tqveni sityvebis mixedviT Cavidine me es, swored Tqveni sityvebis wyalo-
biT~. magram ivanes smerdiakovisaTvis ar uTqvams pirdapir, rom mama moekla; maS, ras niSnavs, rom man
aswavla moekla mama? ra uTxra aseTi? `MmaSin erTob gabeduli iyaviT, `yvelaferi daSvebuliao~ ambobdiT~
– eubneba smerdiakovi. swored es sityvebi – `yvelaferi daSvebulia~, e.i. `yvelaferi nebadarTulia~ – gamxdara
mkvlelobis mizezi. es SemTxveviTi azri ar aris. igi garkveuli msoflmxedvelobis organuli momentia. rogoria es
msoflmxedveloba?
ukeT rom gaverkveT saqmis viTarebaSi, dimitris Sexedulebebsac unda gavecnoT, romelic man alioSas,
umcros Zmas satusaRoSi gaando: misTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu ra ganaCens gamoutans mas sasamarTlo.
es `wvrilmania~. mTavari ki sxvaa da axsena raRac mecniereba, axsena viRac rakitini da ucxoeli mecnieri klod
bernari, romelTa mimdevaric Tavad yofila. ai, maTi Tvalsazrisi: adamianis azrebi, warmodgenebi, miswrafebe-
bi da a.S. sxva araferi yofila, Tu ara tvinSi mimdinare fizikuri da qimiuri procesebi; ar arsebobs amisagan gan-
sxvavebuli raRac suli, rac mTavaria, ar arsebobs araviTari absoluti, RmerTi; RmerTi `xelovnuri idea~ yofila.
`qimia, Zmao, qimia! verafers gaawyobT, Tqveno udidebulesobav, cota CaiwieT, qimia modis~. dimitri fiq-
robs, rom Tuki `qimiam~, anu zogadad mecnierebam, adamianis cnobierebidan gandevna RmerTi, Tuki RmerTi
aRar arsebobs, maSin yvelaferi nebadarTulia, `yvelaferi daSvebulia~. e.i. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samyaros
fizikur-qimiuri, sabunebismetyvelo axsna erTaderTi da saboloo axsnaa, anu es yofila msoflmxedveloba, romlis
mixedviTac yovelive daiyvaneba fizikur-qimiur procesebze. RmerTi gandevnilia da aRar arsebobs araviTari sa-
fuZveli moraluri normebisaTvis, e.i. `yvelaferi daSvebulia~. ase fiqrobs damitri karamazovi.
ganaCeni, romelic dimitris gamoutanes, sasamarTlo (iuridiuli) Secdoma aRmoCnda, vinaidan damnaSaved
scnes is, visac mkvleloba realurad ar Caudenia, Tumca zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, swori ganaCeni iyo: dimitri das-
jas imsaxurebs ukve imis gamo, rom mravaljer emuqreboda mamas mokvliT da, rac mTavaria, surda mamis
sikvdili. swored aman ganapiroba Tavad dimitris gaorebuli damokidebuleba ganaCenisadmi: ar eTanxmeba ra
mis iuridiul formulirebas, dimitris esmis wayenebuli bralis zneobrivi simarTle, igi aRiarebs Tavis moralur bra-

63
leulobas da Tavsdatexil ubedurebaSi, gadarCenis erTaderT saSualebas xedavs: itvirTos es jvari, itanjos da moi-
nanios is codviani gza, romelsac misi uzneo, qarafSuta, garyvnili cxovreba erqva.
ivane karamazovi ganaTlebuli da moazrovne adamiania. man RmerTis Sesaxeb tradiciul warmodgenaSi Se-
usabamoba aRmoaCina. meores mxriv, sabunebismetyvelo azrovnebis ZaliT uaryo RmerTis arsebobis `sabuTi~
da veRar daijera RmerTis arseboba. magram RmerTis ararsebobidan nihilistur-eTikuri daskvnebi gamoitana da
amis safuZvelze danaSaulic Caidina. bolos, TviTonve ver gauZlo yovelive amas da gagiJda.
moxuci karamazovis sikvdili ar aris erTaderTi ubedureba, romelic romanSi xdeba: smerdiakovma Tavi mo-
ikla, ivane gagiJda, dimitri katorRaSi gagzavnes. yovelive amaSi ki damnaSavea uRmerToba, uRmerTo cnobie-
reba, rac, erTis mxriv, RmerTze tradaciuli warmodgenis ukmarisobis da, meore mxriv, sabunebismetyvelo az-
rovnebis universalurobis pretenziis Sedegia. Tavisuflebamopovebul adamians misi moxmarebis, ganxorcielebis
ufleba aqvs – SeuZlia sakuTari mosazrebiT gankargos suli anu emsaxuros nebismier RmerTs, kerps, demons,
Tavis Tavs anda saerTod aravis; sulis gayidvis, dagiravebis uflebac aqvs; adamians ufleba aqvs sakuTari sxeu-
lic gayidos, ferad-feradi tatuebiT moxatos; Secvalos seqsualuri orientacia, sqesic ki; xelyos sakuTari da sxvisi
sicocxle. yovelive es misi, `Tavisufali adamianis~, kerZo saqmea. aseT `kulturul sivrceSi~ araviTari vertikali
aRar arsebobs: sakraluri marTlac profanirebuli xdeba, banaluri esTetikuris saxes imkvidrebs, mdare ki normalu-
ris statuss iZens. es sxva araferia, Tu ara yvela RirebulebiTi ierarqiis – kulturulis, eTikuris, esTetikuris, religiu-
ris Secvla da yalbi, Tavisufali sazogadoebis `Tavisufali adamianisaTvis~ misaRebi axali, `moduri, elitaruli~
msoflmxedvelobisa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis cda.
Ees nihilistur-imoralisturi msoflmxedveloba civilizaciisaTvis damRupveli destruqciuli sawyisebis saxe-sim-
boloa, romelic aiZulebs adamians moraluri da bunebiT-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod icxovros
da imoqmedos, arRvevs mis Sinagan samyaros da arTmevs mas adamianur saxes.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ra moiazreba kulturis cnebaSi?

axseniT, ratom Tvlian `kulturas bunebiT fenomenad~ ?
filosofiuri kuTxiT ra daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes kulturis warmoSobis Taobaze promeTes miTidan?
ra rols TamaSobs miznis dasaxva da gaazrebuli saqmianoba kulturaSi?
adamianis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis yvela Sedegi ganekuTneba kulturis sferos?
ra urTierTmimarTebaa kulturasa da civilizacias Soris?
Spengleris mixedviT, ra gansxvavebaa kulturasa da civilizacias Soris?
daasaxeleT samyarosTan adamianis mimarTebis aspeqtebi. rogor gesmiT `obieqturi Sefaseba~ ?
ra formiT arseboben Rirebulebebi?

64
 ra aris nihilizmi? voluntarizmi? imoralizmi?
nicSes mixedviT ram ganapiroba Tanamedrove epoqis sulieri krizisi?
gaaanalizeT nicSes ambivalenturi damokidebuleba qristianuli religiis mimarTY.
nicSes azriT, ra aris nihilizmi – Zveli Rirebulebebis gadafaseba Tu axali Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis
procesi?
rogor esmis nicSes sicocxlis arsi? Rirebulebebi? Tanamedrove morali?
ra moiazreba nicSes ~zekacis~ cnebaSi?

Tavi VI

filosofosebi adamianis Sesaxeb msjeloben...

`adamianis sicocxle wamia mxolod; misi arseba – marad medini, SegrZneba bundovani; aRnagoba sxeulisa
– xrwnadi; suli – cdomiliviT moxetiale; bedi – idumali; dideba – fuWi; erTi sityviT, yvelaferi sxeuliseuli na-
kads waagavs, suliseuli – sizmars, kvamlsa da nisls; sicocxle brZolaa da xetiali ucxo mxareSi, sikvdilis Sem-
dgomi saxeli – daviwyeba. maS, raRas mivyveT, ra gviwinamZRvrebs? – sibrZnis siyvaruli (filosofia) mxolod
da mxolod~.
markus avreliusi

`axla ki dae, adamiani kvlav miubrundes sakuTar Tavs da Seadaros Tavisi arseba yovelive arsebuls. dae,
Seicnos, rarig dakargulia samyaros am miviwyebulsa da miyruebul kuTxeSi. adamiani moqceulia or – araraobi-
sa da usasrulobis ufskruls Soris.

65
 da mainc ra aris adamiani? – araraoba usasrulobasTan SedarebiT da yvelaferi araraobasTan SedarebiT, anu
raRac saSualo yvelafersa da arafers Soris. mas ar SeuZlia arc erTi ukiduresobis Secnoba, saganTa dasabami da
dasasruli misTvis samudamod dafarulia idumalebis ganuWvreteli ukuniT. is erTnairad umweoa Seicnos rogorc
araraoba, romlisganac iSva, ise usasruloba, romelSic aris danTqmuli.
adamiani eZebs myar sayrdens, romelsac igi miendoba, magram ver poulobs, rameTu, irgvliv araferia uryevi.
aseTia Cveni bunebrivi mdgomareoba da mainc, sruliad arabunebrivad eCveneba Cvens grZnobebs. Cven xarbad
miveltviT mkvidr samyofels, gvsurs fexqveS vgrZnobdeT myar niadags, raTa caTaziduli godoli avRmarTod zed,
magram saZirkveli irRveva.
me ar vici raa samyaro, ar vici ra aris Cemi sxeuli, Cemi grZnoba, Cemi suli da Cemi arsebis is nawili, ro-
melic fiqrobs imas, rasac vambob, romelic cdilobs azriT miwvdes da Seicnos yvelaferi, Seicnos Tavisi Tavic,
magram ukeT rodi icnobs sakuTar Tavs, vidre sxva danarCens. me vxedav samyaros saSinel sivrces, romelSic
var Caketili. me vgrZnob, rom mijaWvuli var am uvrcesi samyaros mxolod erT kunWuls, magram ar vici rad
mxvda wilad swored es kuTxe da ara romelime sxva adgili, an rad meboZa sasicocxlod erTi mswraflwarmavali
wami maradisobis swored am da ara romelime sxva wertilSi. maradisobisa, romelic win uswrebs Cems dasa-
bams da, romelic mosdevs Cems dasasruls.
me verafers vxedav Cems irgvliv usasrulobis garda, romelSic atomiviT var Cakarguli. Cemi sicocxle mxo-
lod Crdilia, romelic mxolod wamiT evlineba usasrulobas, raTa am wamis waxdomisTanave ukvalod gaqres.
me mxolod is vici, rom male movkvdebi, magram yvelaze nakleb vicnob swored am sikvdils, romelsac ver
gaveqcevi, ver avicileb~.
blez paskali

`rogorc lagami ver moTokavs awyvetil cxens, aseve ver moTokavs inteleqti da cnobiereba adamianis ne-
bas~.
artur Sopenhaueri

`adamianad yofna niSnavs iyo imaze meti vidre adamiania, da Tu adamiani imaze meti araa, vidre adamia-
ni, maSin igi naklebia, vidre adamiani~.
abraham heSeli

`RmerTi da me, Cven, erTsa da imave saqmes vakeTebT da RmerTi ver ganxorcieldeba sulis gareSe~.
maister ekharti

`is, radac vici Cemi Tavi ara var sinamdvileSi TviT me~.
karl iaspersi
`adamiani Tavad qmnis Tavis RmerTs da Tan moraluri gagebiT. amgvari ram TviT unda Seqmnas kidec,
raTa masSi eTayvanebodes mas, romelmac Tavad is Seqmna~.

`moiqeci ise, rom kacobrioba, rogorc sakuTari ise nebismieri pirovnebis saxiT, arasdros gamoiyeno rogorc
mxolod saSualeba, aramed rogorc mizani~.

`yoveli adamiani individualuri, unikaluri da Seucvlelia Tavisi bunebiT~.

`adamianis gareSe yvela qmnileba udabno iqneboda, romelic moklebulia saboloo mizans da usargebloa~.
imanuel kanti

`saocrad mousvenari, WeSmaritad meryevi da maradcvalebadi arsebaa adamiani, ioli araa masze mtkice da
erTgvari warmodgenis Seqmna~.
monteni

66
 `gamocanaa Rimili yoveli adamianisa – aravis ar SeuZlia zustad aRweros interesis gamoxatuleba, enTuziaz-
mi, cxovrebis siyvaruli, siZulvili Tu narcisizmi, romelic SeiZleba sxva adamianis TvalebSi, siarulSi, pozasa da
intonaciaSi davinaxoT~.
`adamiani ukmayofiloa, ubeduria, dezorientirebulia, SecdomaSia Seyvanili, saTamaSoa bedis xelSi, sanam
Tavis adgils ipovides am samyaroSi~.
erix fromi

`SeiZuleT adamianis saqmeebi da ara TviTon adamiani, codvebi da ara codvili. es ori ram sxvadasxva ra-
mea. Tu Tavad adamians SeviZulebT, siZulvilisa da zizRis Sxami daaxrCobs kacTa modgmas~.
mahatma gandi
`rodesac CauRrmavdebi da Seicnob qcevebis motivebsa da principebs, sikeTesa da borotebaze Sexedulebe-
bi (zneobrivi Semecneba) srulyofis umaRles safexurs miaRwevs. xolo, rodesac sikeTesa da borotebaze Sexedu-
lebebi (zneobrivi Semecneba) srulyofis umaRles safexurs miaRwevs, survilebi xalasi da wrfeli iqneba. xolo, ro-
desac survilebi xalasi da wrfelia, guli alalmarTali da patiosania. xolo, rodesac guli alalmarTali da patiosania,
adamianic ukeTesi xdeba. xolo, rodesac adamiani ukeTesia, ojaxSic wesrigi da simSvide sufevs. xolo, rodesac
ojaxSi wesrigi da simSvidea, xalxis marTva iolia. xolo, rodesac xalxi advilad imarTeba, mTeli samyaro mSvi-
dobaSi da TanxmobaSi icxovrebs~.
konfuci

`vinc sxva Seicno – Wkviania, vinc sakuTari Tavi – brZeni~.

lao Zi

`adamianis cxovrebis mexuTedi Tu mesamedi, an iqneb naxevaric ki, aracnobier mdgomareobaSi mimdina-
reobs. Cveni bavSvobis pirveli xana aracnobierad gadis, yovel RamiT aracnobierSi viZirebiT da mxolod gan-
sazRvrul SualedebSi vflobT met-naklebad naTel cnobierebas da kacma rom Tqvas, isic sakiTxavia, Tu ramde-
nad naTelia es cnobiereba~.
`Cven yvelas mogvsvlia – gvsurvebia erTi, Segvsrulebia meore, gamogvsvlia mesame. aq azrovnebaze me-
tad grZnoba prioritetobs, Cven grZnobaTa mimarT ise avtomaturni ara varT, rogorc azrovnebis, aRqmisa da
warmodgenis mimarT. grZnoba gvevlineba rogorc ucxo Zala... me SemiZlia nebismier Temaze vifiqro, magram
me ar SemiZlia Cemi nebis da miuxedavad raime grZnoba vigrZno!...
P.S. es rom ase yofiliyo, cxovreba bevrad ufro ioli iqneboda. Cven ZalgviZs axali cnebebis Camoyalibeba,
magram axali grZnobebis Seqmna ki, ara. es imis naTeli dadasturebaa, rom adamians amoZravebs raRac `ara
me~, rasac fsiqologiaSi `aracnobiers~ uwodeben da romlis winaSec adamiani uZluria. Tumca es ar aTavisuf-
lebs adamians pasuxismgeblobisa da movaleobebisagan~
iungi

`sindisis xma, romelic mxolod Cemgan modis (da ara raime sxva Zalisagan, vTqvaT RmerTisagan) im uc-
naurobiT xasiaTdeba, rom me ar memorCileba da piriqiT, Cemze batonobs. igi CemSi, Cemze maRalia~.
haidegeri

`Tu me ar vdgevar Cems TavTan, vin dadgeba CemTan? Tu me mxolod CemTvis var, vin var me? Tu ara
axla, aba, rodis?~
Talmudi

`Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaTvis brZola xom ar gvaqcevs Tavisuflebis monebad? iqneb sjobda yovel kacs
mTeli mecadineoba miemarTa sakuTari Tavis povnisaken? iqneb sjobda mTel ersac efiqra amaze . es xom ufro

67
metia, vidre ubralod is Tavisufleba, romelic dRes yvela qarTvels pirze akeria, vinaidan TavisuflebisaTvis meb-
rZoli mudam gareT icqireba da viRacisagan garedan moelis mas. sakuTari Tavis maZiebeli ki, Tavissave sulSi
imzireba mTeli CaRrmavebiT. martooden gareT macqerali verc Tavis Tavs ipovnis da verc Tavisufali gaxdeba.
Tavisuflebis gareT maZiebeli viRacas missave msgavss ejaxeba da yoveli aseTi dajaxeba konfliqtiT da Tavisuf-
lebis dakargviT mTavrdeba, vidre povniT!~
karlo gogsaZe

adamianis problema filosofiaSi

rogorc araerTxel agviRniSnavs, filosofia mecnierebis specifikuri dargia. e.w. `maradiuli problemebis~
wvdomisa da kvlevis procesSi, igi, raRa Tqma unda, miiswrafvis daadginos ucvleli, maradiuli Rirebulebebi,
magram, imavdroulad, miznad ar isaxavs moiZios sayovelTaod miRebuli, erTmniSvnelovani pasuxebi. Se-
mowmebuli, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli faqtebis ararseboba sulac ar aris filosofiis nakli. misTvis ufro damaxasi-
aTebelia intuiciaze, zeSTagonebaze, logikur analizze dafuZnebuli varaudebi, mixvedrebi, rac saSualebas aZlevs
filosofias gaarRvios arsebuli codnis sazRvrebi, gascdes mas da mogvces gansxvavebuli axsna yovelive imisa,
rac jer-jerobiT mecnierulad dasabuTebuli ar aris. amgvarad, WeSmariti filosofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris
erTgvarovneba, Tanmxvedri pozicia nebismier sakiTxze. aRniSnuli exeba iseT rTul sakiTxsac, rogoricaa ada-
mianis problema.
`saxe da xati RvTisa~, `gonieri arseba~, `bunebis gvirgvini~, `moazrovne cxoveli~, `politikuri cxoveli~,
`cxovrebis Cixi~, `cxovrebis Secdoma~, `moraluri da Tavisufali arseba~ – ai, arasruli CamonaTvali im epiTete-
bisa, riTac Seamkes adamiani filosofiis arsebobis 2500 wlis ganmavlobaSi. da mainc, ra aris adamiani? unda
aRiniSnos, rom filosofiaSi, albaT, ar arsebobs am kiTxvaze rTuli kiTxva. adamiani is saidumloa, romelic `ma-
radiul problemaTa~ ricxvs ganekuTvneba. niSandoblivia, rom yovelTvis, roca ki adamiani yuradRebis centrSi
eqceoda, Tavidan iwyeboda misi arsis garkveva, wvdoma, Sefaseba, TiTqosda aqamde araferi icodnen masze.
es, Tavis mxriv, miuTiTebs mxolod erT garemoebaze – filosofiaSi adamianze rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi `sa-
gani~ ar arsebobs, romlis wvdomisa da Sefasebis dros ikveTeba mravali pozicia – gulubryvilo, optimizmiT
gamsWvaluli da pesimizmiT aRsavsec.
adamianma Tavisi Tavis gacnobiereba mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac gauCnda TviTcnobiereba. amis naTeli das-
turia pirvelyofili miTebi da religiebi. adamianis TviTSemecnebis filosofiuri gaazreba gacilebiT gvian moxda,
radgan filosofia, rogorc kulturis damoukidebeli forma, civilizaciis ganviTarebis gviandel xanas miekuTvneba.
TviT filosofiis wiaRSi adamianis problema gvian dadga. dasawyisSi igi mimarTuli iyo samyaros saiduloebebis
amoxsnaze. sofistebma pirvelad, daaxloebiT Zv. w. V saukuneSi, daiwyes mobruneba adamianisaken. protago-
ram wamoayena Tezisi imis Taobaze, rom adamiani aris yvelafris sazomi. magram adamianis sakiTxi, rogorc
filosofiis ZiriTadi problema, sokratem dasva. man delfos taZris Sesasvlelis warwera – `Seican Tavi Seni~ – aq-
cia filosofiuri gansjis RerZad. es iyo gardatexis momenti. amiT damTavrda ZvelberZnuli filosofiis evoluciis
kosmologiuri periodi da daiwyo axali anTropologiuri periodi. adamianis arsis garkveva da dadgena filosofiis er-
T-erTi ZiriTadi wamyvani Tema gaxda. Znelia adamianuri gonis fsiqikaze, misi cxovrebis sazrissa da mimar-
Tulebaze dabejiTebiT, kategoriulad raimes Tqma. am problemis moxsna ar SeuZlia arc mecnierebas, arc kacob-
riobis mier dagrovil mravalsaukunovan codnas da zust dakvirvebebs; arc zedmiwevniT gaangariSebul Tana-

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medrove Teoriebs ZaluZT naTeli mohfinon, adamianTan dakavSirebul problemebs, radgan, Tu imanuel kants
davesesxebiT, `yoveli adamiani individualuri da Seucvlelia Tavisi bunebiT~.
am problemis Sesaxeb antikur filosofiaSi polarulad gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs vxvdebiT. Cineli filosofosi
men-Zi ambobda, rom adamiani dasabamidan aris keTili. vaiZuloT mas Caidinos boroteba – es niSnavs ganva-
xorcielebinoT Tavisi bunebis sawinaaRmdego qmedeba. `adamianuroba – es aris adamianis guli~. sun-Zi ki sa-
winaaRmdegos amtkicebs. misi TqmiT, `adamians aqvs boroti buneba~. aristotelesaTvis dasaSvebia arsebobdes
adamiani mona, metyveli iaraRi, romlis gaTavisufleba man Semcvleli iaraRis SeqmnasTan daakavSira. maister
ekharti antikurobisaTvis mkrexeluri formuliT gamoxatavs adamianis adgils samyaroSi – `RmerTi da me, Cven
erTsa da imave saqmes vakeTebT da RmerTi ver ganxorcieldeba sulis gareSe~. xmamaRla naTqvami sityvebia,
eWvi rom ar ereodes. Tumca, aranaklebia imanuel kantis gancxadeba: `adamiani Tavad qmnis Tavis RmerTs da
Tan moraluri gagebiT, amgvari ram TviT unda Seqmnas kidec, raTa masSi eTayvanebodes mas, romelmac Ta-
vad is Seqmna~. aq sakiTxi ufro rTulad dgas. Tuki amodena ndobaa, maS ra saWiroa `kategoriuli imperativi~?
ras niSnavs kategoriuli imperativi da Tavisufleba erTdroulad? am kiTxvaze pasuxs scems kacobriobis ganviTa-
rebis gza, sadac adamianma imdenjer moipova ndoba Tavisi adamianobiT, ramdenic undobloba Tavisi araada-
mianurobiT. Cveni sicocxle xom meryeobs cxovelur da RvTaebriv sawyiss Soris, maT Soris, rac ufro didia,
vidre adamianuri da rac ufro kninia, vidre adamianuri. Cvens qveviT warmavloba da amaoebaa, Cvens zeviT –
suliereba da keTilmsaxureba. adamiani xom muyaiTicaa, romelic saswaulebs axdens da uzarmacesic, romelic
gawvdili xeliT elodeba mowyalebas.
adamianis orgvar bunebas kargad gamoxatavs karl iaspersis cnobili sityvebi – `is, radac vici Cemi Tavi, ara
var sinamdvileSi TviT me~. marTlac da, ra aris `cxoveluri~ da ra `wminda~ specifikur-pirovnuli adamianSi. ro-
goria Cemi damokidebuleba samyarosadmi, ra adgili uWiravs am samyaroSi erTi SexedviT uZlursa da pataras,
magram sinamdvileSi grandiozuli Zalebisa da unarebis mqone arsebas, Zneli amosacnobia, ufro metic – amouc-
nobia. cocxali adamiani ar aris raRac gayinuli saxe da amitom ar SeiZleba iyos aRwerili rogorc nivTi, sagani.
faqtobrivad SeiZleba bevri iTqvas Cemze, Cems xasiaTze, Cems saerTo cxovrebiseul orientaciaze; gamWriax-
ma gonebam SeiZleba miaRwios did siRrmeebs Cemi fsiqologiuri struqturis aRweraSi, magram me mTlianoba-
Si, mTeli Cemi individualoba, Cemi TviTgamoxatuleba, romelic imdenad unikaluria, rogorc Cemi TiTebis ana-
beWdi, arasdros SeiZleba iyos srulad Secnobili. ori identuri adamiani ar arsebobs. arcerTi qcevis aqti ar SeiZle-
ba iyos aRwerili amomwuravi saxiT. `gamocanaa Rimili yoveli adamianisa – aravis SeuZlia zustad aRweros in-
teresis gamoxatuleba, enTuziazmi, cxovrebis siyvaruli, siZulvili Tu narcisizmi, romelic SeiZleba sxva adamia-
nis TvalebSi, siarulSi, pozasa da intonaciaSi davinaxoT~ (e. fromi).
sokratedan moyolebuli, mTeli filosofiis istoriis manZilze ar Senelebula adamianis raobis kvleva, magram
yvelaze didi mniSvneloba am problemas kantis filosofiaSi mieca. kantma mTeli siRrmiT gaaanaliza adamianis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli unarebis SesaZleblobani da mivida im daskvnamde, rom adamianis arsebas mxolod auci-
lebloba da Teoriuli moRvaweoba ar gansazRvravs; adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, aris Tavisufali avtonomiuri ar-
seba. Tavisufleba aris is, riTac adamiani axorcielebs namdvil yofierebas. amdenad adamianad yofnis upirvelesi
niSania Tavisufleba. kantis mixedviT, Tavisufleba niSnavs kategoriuli imperativiT cxovrebas. kategoriuli impe-
rativi, warmoadgens nebisyofisa da gonebis iseT urTierTobas, sadac neba gonebis moTxovnebs emorCileba.
gavixsenoT es moTxovnebi – adamiani yovelTvis mizania da ara saSualeba, e. i. sxva adamians nu gaixdi Seni
miznis miRwevis saSualebad; moiqeci ise, rom Seni nebisyofis maqsimas SeeZlos gaxdes amave dros sayovel-
Tao kanonmdeblobis principi. amrigad, nebisyofis movaleobaa daicvas gonebis is moTxovnebi, romelic sazo-
gadoebisaTvis misaRebia. am SemTxvevaSi Tavisufleba ase ganisazRvreba: Tavisufleba aris gacnobierebuli
moraluri kanoni da mis safuZvelze moqmedeba.
kantis mier aRiarebuli nebisyofis Tavisuflebis kanoni, romelic gonebis upiratesobaze iyo damyarebuli, he-
gelma kidev ufro gaafarTova. Tu kants gonebis cnebaSi transcendentaluri da imanenturi goneba hqonda gaazre-
buli, hegelma is absoluturi goniT Secvala. hegelTan Tavisuflebis cnebis ganmarteba igive darCa, rac kantTan
iyo, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom kantTan kanonmdebelia transcendentaluri goni, xolo hegelTan – absoluturi
goni. hegelTan Tavisufleba niSnavs absoluturi gonis gacnobierebas da amis safuZvelze moqmedebas. aq umaR-
lesi mizania absoluturi goni, ramac yvelaferi gamoavlina samyaroSi da riTac yvelaferi isev misken miiswrafvis.

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aseTma gagebam warmoSva moTxovna – mizani amarTlebs saSualebas, sadac adamiani miznis nacvlad, saSua-
lebad gadaiqca.
iracionalisturi filosofia, kantisagan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebs, rom gonebisa da nebisyofis urTierTobis gar-
kvevis dros upiratesoba unda mieniWos nebas, nebisyofis Tavisuflebas da ara gonebas. maTi azriT, adamianis
namdvil TavisuflebasTan mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gveqneba saqme, radgan goneba da cnobiereba Tavisufle-
bas ki ar aniWebs adamians, piriqiT, is borkavs adamianis Tavisuflebas. iracionalizmis warmomadgeneli, ger-
maneli filosofosis artur Sopenhaueris (1788 – 1860 ww.) mixedviT, nebisyofis aracnobieri Zala gansazRvravs
cnobierebas da gonebas, is imorCilebs inteleqts, radgan aracnobier stiqiur ZalasTan WidilSi cnobiereba uZluria.
amis naTelsayofad Sopenhaueri ambobs: `rogorc lagami ver moTokavs awyvetil cxens, aseve ver moTokavs in-
teleqti da cnobiereba adamianis nebas~. misi azriT, samyaroSi yvelafers msoflio neba marTavs da ara goneba.
amitom adamiani Tavisufalia maSin, rodesac moqmedebs da cxovrobs nebis karnaxiT da ara gonebis amkrZala-
vi principebiT. igive pozicias icavs fridrix nicSe. misi azriT, adamians warmarTavs aracnobieri Zala, romelic
mas Zalauflebis mopovebisaken mouwodebs. nicSe sicocxlis filosofiis warmomadgenelia da rogorc ukve viciT,
misTvis miuRebelia kategoriuli imperativiT cxovreba. misi azriT, kategoriuli imperativi monad da morCilad
xdis adamianebs. moTxovna `Sen unda!~ adamians arTmevs Tavisuflebas. is klavs namdvil sicocxles. amis sa-
pirispirod nicSe ayenebs Tavis imperativs `me msurs~, romelic arafrad agdebs arsebul Rirebulebebs da ibrZvis
absoluturi TavisuflebisaTvis. `me msurs~ aris zekacis imperativi da umaRlesi Rirebuleba. nicSem sazogadoe-
bas mouwoda ibrZolos sakuTari Tavisuflebis damkvidrebisTvis. magram misi zekaci gaurkvevel viTarebaSi
vardeba, radgan RmerTs uaryofs da RmerTis funqciebs kisrulobs. raki es asea, maSin zekacma yvelaferze Tvi-
Ton unda agos pasuxi. aseT viTarebaSi adamianis Tavisufleba CixSi Sedis da gamosavals ver poulobs. es aris
nihilisturi msoflmxedveloba, romelic sazogadoebaSi anarqias uSvebs.
germaneli filosofosis vilhelm dilTais (1833 – 1911 ww.) mixedviT, RmerTi aZlevs adamians Tavisuflebas,
ar boWavs mis Semoqmedebas da ar adgens saboloo ucvlel mizans. misi azriT, adamianis sicocxlis mizani Tvi-
Ton adamianSia, is ar aris garedan Tavsmoxveuli iZuleba. sicocxlis swrafva adamianis Sinagani impulsia. vina-
idan cxovreba usasrulod mravalmxrivia Tavis SesaZleblobebiT, adamiani am SesaZleblobebs misi Sinagani Ta-
visuflebis, misi intuiciuri alRos mixedviT irCevs. dilTais azriT, adamianis sulier samyaros mecnieruli axsnis
meTodebiT ver SevicnobT. adamianis sulier miswrafebebs, ltolvebs da Tavisuflebas mxolod gagebis unari
wvdeba. dilTai filosofiis amocanad miiCnevs sicocxlis saidumloebis amoxsnas. sulma Tavis TavSi unda hpo-
vos ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba da ara saboloo mizanSi. aq TviTon moZraobaa Rirebuleba da ara saboloo mi-
zani, radgan sicocxle ver egueba gaCerebas da sazRvars. amitom, adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba ganu-
sazRvrelia, man Tavisi Tavi unda ipovos isev Tavis TavSi da amiT gaxdes Tavisufali arseba.
eqsistencializmi sicocxlis filosofiis gagrZelebaa. mas safuZveli Cauyara XIX saukunis danielma filosofos-
ma soren kirkegorma (1813 – 1855 ww.), romelic daupirispirda hegelis filosofias. misi azriT, hegelTan lapara-
kia mxolod kacobriobaze, saxelmwifoze da sxva zogad problemebze, magram araferia mocemuli pirovnebis on-
tologiur sawyisebze. kirkegoris mixedviT, SeuZlebelia logikuri azrovnebiT am sawyisebis Zieba, radgan aseT
msjelobas paradoqsamde mivyavarT da auxsneli rCeba adamianis arseba. misi azriT, adamiani unda daemyaros
RmerTis rwmenas, mxolod rwmenas SeuZlia ixsnas adamiani auxsneli problemebisagan, romlebic adamianSi
SiSsa da sasowarkveTas iwvevs. SiSi aris adamianuri yofierebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani eqsistencia, mis gareSe
araviTari gadawyvetilebis miReba ar arsebobs, is mudam Tan sdevs adamianur cxovrebas. SiSis gancdas mra-
vali viTareba iwvevs, magram yvelaze mTavaria sikvdilis SiSi. amitom adamianma gamosavali religiur rwme-
naSi unda hpovos. kirkegorma amiT religiur eqsistencializms Cauyara safuZveli.
religiur eqsistencializms aviTarebs XX saukunis filosofosi karl iaspersi (1883 – 1969 ww.). misi azriT,
adamiani Tavis sulier yofierebaSi Rrmad maSin iyureba, rodesac igi SiSsa da sasowarkveTaSi vardeba. swored
am dros xdeba gamoucnobi eqsistenciebis xedva da adamiani Tavisufldeba yovelgvari sazrunavisagan, romelic
tvirTad awevs mas. am gancdaSi xdeba eqsistencialuri gaciskrovneba, adamiani Tavidan icilebs sxva warmod-
genebs da gadadis RmerTis gancdaze. adamians mxolod RmerTis rwmena aZlevs saSualebas gavides Tavisi
imanenturi samyarodan transcendentur samyaroSi da eziaros WeSmaritebas. rwmena aris adamianis Sinagani
Tavisuflebis gamomxatveli. RmerTi da Tavisufleba ganuyofelia. adamiani Tavisuflebas avlens arCevnis SesaZ-
leblobaSi, rac ganpirobebulia Sinagani eqsistenciis karnaxiT. magram adamiani Tavisi yofierebiT kavSirs am-

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yarebs sazogadoebriv yofierebasTan anu munyofierebasTan. Tu moqmedeba munyofierebiT iqneba ganpirobe-
buli, maSin araviTar TavisuflebasTan ar gveqneba saqme. iaspersis mixedviT, munyofierebaSi miznis misaR-
wevad yvelaferi (mtroba, veragoba, sicrue...) dasaSvebia, magram eqsistencia gamoricxavs aseT miswrafebebs.
eqsistencia niSnavs siyvarulisken, RvTaebrivisaken swrafvas. swored aseTi swrafva aqcevs adamians Tavisufal
arsebad. RvTaebrivisaken swrafva aris SiSis daZlevisa da simSvidis damkvidrebis erTaderTi gamosavali.
arareligiuri eqsistencializmi Camoayaliba germanelma filosofosma martin haidegerma (1889 – 1976 ww.).
arareligiuri ara nicSes gagebiT, aramed im gagebiT, rom filosofia unda emyarebodes Tavis Tavs, is Tavisi Tavi-
dan unda gamovides da ara sxvisgan, radgan adamiani Tavisuflebas mxolod sakuTar yofierebaze mimarTuli
refleqsiis gziT aRwevs. misi azriT, refleqsiisa da sakuTari yofierebis Rrma gancdis saSualebaa dro. dro aris yo-
fierebisa da munyofierebis SemakavSirebeli. sakuTari yofierebidan munyofierebaSi gasvla da iqedan dabruneba
sakuTar TavSi drois gancdiT SeiZleba. amitom dro aris istoriis horizonti. haidegeris azriT, pirovnuli yofierebis
ZiriTadi eqsistenciebia SiSi, SeSfoTeba, zrunva da sxva. es eqsistenciebi yovelTvis Tan axlavs adamianis gan-
wyobas. ganwyoba aris pirovnuli yofierebis fundamenturi eqsistenciali. yofierebaze moZRvrebas haidegerma
fundamenturi ontologia uwoda. sakuTari Tavi rom ipovos, saWiroa pirovneba ganeridos praqtikul da pragmatul
mecnierul ganwyobas, ganiwmindos misgan da gadavides misi arsebobis ZiriTad eqsistenciebze. adamiani
amas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miaRwevs, Tu gaacnobierebs Tavis mokvdaobas da warmavlobas. mxolod sik-
vdilis Secnoba iZleva namdvili sicocxlis gaazrebis saSualebas. sicocxlis gaazreba mxolod gagebiT SeiZleba,
misi mecnieruli axsna SeuZlebelia. amitom gageba adamianuri yofierebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. pirovnuli
Tavisuflebis sazrisi imas niSnavs, rom adamianma unda airCios gza momavlisaken, anu airCios sakuTari mo-
mavali.
haidegeris mixedviT, gageba arc fsiqologiuria da arc logikuri, is arc garedan modis da arc Signidan, aramed
is aris samyaroSi yofnis wesi. adamiani maSin xdeba pirovneba, roca is gadawyvetilebas iRebs. gadawyvetileba
ki niSnavs naxtoms momaval yofnaSi.
arareligiuri da aTeisturi eqsistencializmis poziciaze dgas frangi filosofosi da mwerali Jan pol sartric (1905
–1980 ww.). sartris filosofiis umTavres problemas warmoadgens adamianis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi. misi azriT,
adamiani ver gaeqceva pasuxismgeblobas, radgan Tavisufalia. swored Tavisuflebaa adamianisTvis iseTi ram,
romelic misgan moiTxovs yvelaferze, yvela moqmedebaze pasuxismgeblobas. amitom misTvis miuRebelia re-
ligiuri eqsistencializmis amosavali debuleba, romlis mixedviTac RmerTi aris adamianis Tavisuflebis garanti,
rom RmerTisken swrafva aris adamianis Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba. Tavisuflebis aseTi gageba, adamians ux-
snis pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar moqmedebaze da es pasuxismgebloba RmerTze gadadis.
sartris azriT, RmerTi rom arsebobdes, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneboda momavlis gansazRvra, magram, radga-
nac is ar arsebobs, momavlis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. amitom adamiani yovel konkretul situaciaSi TviTon
iRebs gadawyvetilebas da Tavadve unda agos pasuxi masze. pasuxismgeblobis gadatana arc sazogadoebaze da
arc RmerTze ar SeiZleba. ar arsebobs raime sxva Rirebuleba, romelic adamianze maRla dgas. amdenad Tavi-
sufleba adamianisTvis aris mZime tvirTi, radgan yvelaferze TviTon unda agos pasuxi. sartris azriT, Zalian Zne-
lia iyo adamiani, radgan `adamiani dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~. sartris mixedviT, ar arsebobs obieqturi da sayo-
velTao Rirebulebebi, aramed yvela Rirebulebas adamiani TviTon qmnis.

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 adamianuri eqsistencialebi: sicocxlis sazrisi,
sikvdil-sicocxle, siyvarulis filosofia

sicocxlis sazrisi. cxovrebis miznisa da adamianuri arsebobis daniSnulebis problemebi TiToeuli Cvenganis
yvelaze rTuli da mtkivneuli safiqralia, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebs yvela drosa da epoqaSi aRelvebdaT
es sakiTxebi, mainc XX saukunem misca maT gansakuTrebuli, dramatuli datvirTva da aqtualoba. wina planze
wamoweulma globalurma problemebma ukve ara marto calkeuli adamianis, aramed mTeli kacobriobis winaSe
dasva sabediswero kiTxva – `yofna-aryofna~.
sicocxle yvelasaTvis universaluri Rirebulebaa. e.fromi aRniSnavda, rom adamianSi biologiurad aris Cade-
buli sicocxlis survili. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, bednierebi varT Tu ubedurebi, maradiuloba, ukvdaveba mainc
gvsurs, miuxedavad imisa, rom viciT – adamiani sasruli arsebaa. swored sakuTari arsebobis sasrulobas ganicdis
igi yvelaze mtkivneulad da aramarto sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebSi, maradiulobasTan Seyris Jams, aramed
mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. adamiani ibrZvis sicocxlisa da ukvdavebisaTvis. tanjva, tkivili, gancdebi mxo-
lod ubiZgebs mas fiqrisaken sicocxlesa da ukvdavebaze. sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebis drosac igive kiTxvebi
awuxebs – ra aris sikvdili – maradiuli cxovreba, Tu ukvalod gaqroba? ra aris sicocxle? raSia sicocxlis azri da
mizani? da saerTod, risTvis vcxovrob? es urTulesi kiTxvebia. erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar arsebobs da arc Se-
iZleba arsebobdes, rameTu ar arsebobs yvelasaTvis misaRebi absoluturi mniSvnelobis ideali, sazomi, romelTan
mimarTebaSic ganisazRvreboda adamianis saqcielis simaRle Tu simdable. erTisaTvis erT sazoms aqvs mniS-
vneloba, meorisaTvis – meores. maSin ra gamodis? Tuki ar arsebobs erTaderTi WeSmariti da uryevi kriteriumi,
romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba erTxel da samudamod gavarCioT erTmaneTisagan kargi da cudi, si-
keTe da boroteba, ra vqnaT? Tuki es SeuZlebelia, egeb ukeTesia vicxovroT ise, rogorc vcxovrobT – dRevande-
li dRiT, mxolod CvenTvis da mivyveT mdinarebas?M
maqs friSis romanis `Homo faber~ (`mwarmoebeli adamiani~) mTavari gmiris, inJinris, cxovrebis wesi
samyarosadmi teqnicistur, saocrad praqtikul da momxmareblur damokidebulebaSi gamoixateboda. igi yovelives
ganixilavda, rogorc mxolod da mxolod raodenobriv erTeuls, rogorc gamosaTvlelsa da gamosaangariSebel viTa-
rebas; yuradRebis gareSe rCeboda sicocxle, rogorc gancda; siyvarulisa da megobrobis Rirsi qali yavda, romel-
sac gulrwrfelad uyvarda igi, magram advilad Seelia, radgan `angariSisaTvis~ sulerTi iyo, am qalTan imegob-
rebda, Tu sxvasTan; qaliSviliT arc dainteresebula, arc Seutyvia, rom is arsebobs, radgan `angariSSi~ amiT ara-
feri Seicvleboda. am principebiT icxovra mTavarma gmirma manam, sanam ganukurnebeli seniT daavadebuli
ar warsdga sikvdilis winaSe. amas win uswrebda sisxlis aRreva sakuTar qaliSvilTan, am ukanasknelis gardac-
valeba da inJinris mier imis gageba, rom es qali misi Svili yofila. ai, mxolod maSin mixvda is, rom misi cxovre-
bis gza yalbi yofila.
samwuxarod, yvelaze xSirad mxolod maradiulobasTan pirispir Seyris dros iwyeba ganvlili cxovrebis kriti-
kuli gaazreba, rac, rogorc wesi, daJinebul TavismarTlebas ufro hgavs, anu monaniebas ganvlili cxovrebis gama-
marTlebeli mtkicebulebebi axlavs Tan. maSasadame, am daJinebul TavismarTlebaSi sakuTari Tavis gamtyune-
bis gancda imaleba.

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 magram xom SesaZlebelia, rom arsebobdes sul sxva Rirebulebis sicocxle, ufro maRali daniSnuleba adamia-
nuri arsebobisa, romlisTvisac Rirs samsxverploze mivitanoT yovelive is, rac Rirebuli da Zvirfasia CvenTvis,
TviT sicocxlec ki? rogori cxovreba mimaCnia kargad da misabaZad? raSia Cemi arsebobis arsi da daniSnule-
ba? – vekiTxebiT sakuTar Tavs da droTa ganmavlobaSi vxvdebiT, rom Tavad me Tu ar gaveci pasuxi am
kiTxvebs, Tavad me Tu ar Sevmate azri sakuTar cxovrebas, aravin gaakeTebs amas Cems magier. unda gvax-
sovdes, rom sikvdilis pirispir, maradiulobis winaSe yvela marto rCeba sakuTar TavTan.
am eqsistencialuri situaciis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis, amerikeli filosofosi v. erxardi adamianebs okeanis ukacri-
el napirTan RamiT marto misvlas sTavazobs. SexedeT kaSkaSa, mocimcime varskvlavebs mowmendil caze,
gauziareT maT Tqveni wuxili da sixaruli, SiSi da gancdebi, survilebi da eWvebi, gaandeT yvelaze piraduli da
idumali, rac gaRelvebT da gawuxebT sulis siRrmemde da dainaxavT, rogori gulgrilebi arian okeane da var-
skvlavebi Tqveni gancdebis, survilebis, eWvebis mimarT, Tqven rom ase giRrRniT guls da gtanjavT.
`gana Cven xSirad vsaubrobT maTze, vinc mokvda?~– kiTxulobs eqsistencializmis warmomadgeneli Jan
pol sartri – Cven dro ar gvyofnida. ara. me arsad melodebian. me ar davtoveb sicarieles. metro savsea. restorne-
bi gadatenili. Tavi giskdeba uamravi wvril-wvrili sazrunavisagan. me gamovusxlti cxovrebas. igi ki darCa uc-
vleli, savse, rogorc kvercxi. me unda maxsovdes, rom Seucvleli ar var. me ki mindoda, rom Seucvleli vyofiliya-
vi, raRacisTvis da viRacisTvis~.
ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebaSi adamiani Tavs esoden martosulad ar aRiqvams, magram mxolod garkveul
dromde, vidre ar mixvdeba, rom sxvebsac, mis msgavsad, sakuTari cxovreba aqvT da aseve damoukideblad un-
da gadawyviton uaRresad piraduli, sakuTari cxovrebis sazrisisa da daniSnulebis problemebi. adamiani gulgrili
da ganurCeveli ar aris sakuTari arsebobis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebisadmi, yovelTvis irCevs romelime maT-
gans. misi cxovreba yovelTvis am miznis ganxorcielebis process warmoadgens da amitomac garemosadmi indi-
vidualuri da gansxvavebuli damokidebulebiT xasiaTdeba. da kidev erTi, Tavis gansakuTrebul mizans rom isa-
xavs da axorcielebs, adamiani imavdroulad iziarebs xolme mocemul sazogadoebasa da epoqaSi moqmed sayo-
velTao ideals; an, SesaZloa, kritikulad ekideba am ukanasknels da mis gadalaxvas cdilobs. sulerTia, aseT Sem-
TxvevaSic adamiani Tavis cxovrebis mizans sayovelTao idealis mixedviT saxavs. Tumca yoveli axali odesme
moZveldeba da adgils sxva axal ideals uTmobs.
cdilobs ra gaiazros Tavisi daniSnuleba, adamiani aucileblobiT midis ukvdavebis ideamde, sulis, STamo-
mavlobis datovebis, Tavisi saqmeebis ukvdavebis ideamde. marTalia, adamiani mokvdavia, magram mas ar un-
da, ufro metic, ar SeuZlia Seeguos im azrs, rom yvelaferi, rac masTan aris dakavSirebuli, Semofarglulia drois
patara monakveTiT – misi dabadebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebiT. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs adamianis
mcdeloba daukavSiros Tavisi bedi socialurad mniSvnelovan miznebs, sulier aRorZinebas. `sulisa da misi uk-
vdavebis rwmenis gareSe adamianis arseboba arabunebrivi, warmoudgeneli da rac yvelaze mTavaria, autaneli-
a~, aRniSnavda f. dostoevski. swored amaSi xedavda igi TviTmkvlelobis umTavres problemas. amisi mizezi ki,
misi azriT, erTaderTia – ukvdavebis rwmenis dakargva.
yvelaze misaReb gzas religia gvTavazobs: ufalTan cocxali, uSualo urTierToba, RmerTis msaxureba. brma,
monuri daqvemdebareba ki ara, aramed Segnebuli, gacnobierebuli morCileba, anu piradi, Tavisufali arCevani,
eklesiuri cxovrebis wesi da maradiuli cxovreba, romelsac TiToeuli Cvengani sakuTari miwieri cxovrebis wesis
mixedviT daimsaxurebs.
meore SesaZlebloba, romelic pirvels ar gamoricxavs, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom realur samyaroSi Tavi mi-
uZRvna adamianebs, sikeTisa da samarTlianobis samsaxurs. rodesac adamiani Rrmad Caufiqrdeba sakuTari
cxovrebis saidumlos, gaiazrebs Tavis WeSmarit daniSnulebas, gaacnobierebs sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas, Tun-
dac mxolod uaxloesi adamianebis winaSe, misi damokidebuleba cxovrebisadmi aucileblad Seicvleba. es nabijia
moraluri TviTdamkvidrebisaken, zneobrivi cxovrebisaken. am dros, sruliad SesaZlebelia, cxovreba ufro garTul-
des, vidre maSin, rodesac mxolod sakuTari TavisTvis vcxovrobT, piradi interesebiT varT Semofargluli. mag-
ram es gza cxovrebas ufro azrians, savses, bedniers, mSveniers xdis. am dros ki ar varsebobT, sisxlsavse cxov-
rebiT vcxovrobT, ganvicdiT, SevigrZnobT sicocxles da vacnobierebT, rom marto me ki ar mWirdeba siyvaruli,
mxarSi dadgoma, daxmareba, mec vWirdebi sxvas da Tavs bednierad vgrZnob, rodesac SemiZlia Tanadgoma
da daxmarebis xels vuwvdi sxva adamians. romel gzas airCevs adamiani, am oridan erTs, Tu romelime sxvas,

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mxolod misi gadasawyvetia da mxolod maszea damokidebuli. pasuxsac Tavadve agebs sakuTar arCevanze.
markus avreliusi aRniSnavda: `Cveni cxovreba is aris, rasac Cven masze vfiqrobT~.

sikvdil – sicocxlis problema. `aravin icis, ra aris sikvdili, da aris Tu ara igi udidesi sikeTe adamianisaTvis,
miuxedavad amisa, misi eSiniaT, TiTqosda ician, rom igi udidesi borotebaa~
platoni

`yvelam icis, rom sikvdili gardauvalia, magram raki is moaxloebuli ar aris, aravin mis Sesaxeb ar fiqrobs~
aristotele

`borotebaTagan usaSinlesi – sikvdili – Cven sruliad ar gvexeba, radgan roca Cven varT, sikvdili ar aris, xolo
rodesac sikvdili aris, Cven aRar varT. ase rom, igi srulebiT ar exeba arc cocxlebs , arc mkvdrebs, radgan pirvel-
TaTvis igi ar arsebobs, meoreni ki ukve aRar arseboben~.
epikure

`sicocxle sevdaa, adamianad yofnis sevda... sikvdilic sevdaa, adamianad aryofnis sevda~.
goderZi Coxeli

`sicocxle cvlaa... yvelaferi cvlaa... am cvlaSi ara rCeba ra... rCeba?! magram misi xelSexeba Znelia... si-
cocxlis sitkbo ki es xelSexebaa~.
grigol robaqiZe

`yvelaferi SeiZleba wavarTvaT adamians, simdidre, niWi, samSoblo, sicocxle da a.S., magram vervin ver
waarTmevs sxvas mis sikvdils~.
haidegeri

`umaRlesi da diadi sibrZne, romelsac adamis Zem SeiZleba miaRwios, isaa, rom yofnas araviTari upirate-
soba ar gaaCnia aryofnasTan, sicocxles – sikvdilTan~.

`eWvi da gakvirveba filosofiis dasabamia, sikvdili ki – misi maradiuli muza~.

napo kvaracxelia

guram rCeuliSvilis filosofiur-eqsistencialuri esses `sikvdili mTebSi~, mTavari gmiri Aalfred kurela col-
SvilTan erTad xevsureTSi mogzaurobs. tragikuli SemTxvevis Sedegad misi meuRle iRupeba. Aalfred kurela
`TxemiT-terfamde~ WeSmariti germanelia, TavdaWerili, gawonasworebuli. mas sikvdili ar aSinebs da civi go-
nebiT aRiqvams momxdars: `ho, samwuxarod, ar iyo avad, ar iyo moxuci, ijda cxenze bednieri, mxiaruli, Tavis
sayvarel qmar-SvilTan axlos, saubrobda da uceb moxda yvelaferi. es ukve moxda. amas vTvli me erT-erT bed-
nier sikvdilad, Tu SeiZleba ase daerqvas sikvdils~. sul ramdenime wuTis win misi sicocxliT savse meuRle mas-
Tan erTad tkbeboda cadaziduli, bumberazi mTebis mkacri silamaziT, masTan erTad saxavda momavali mogza-
urobis gegmebs da aseTi simSvide? `ra yoCaRi xalxia, kaco, qarTveli albaT Tavs moiklavda mis adgilas~, uk-
virT qarTvelebs, `vinc dardi ar icis, man arc mxiaruleba icis, arc raime Zlieri grZnoba; man mxolod gonebiT
icis, rom aris Zlieri da susti gancdebi~. ufro sakvirveli is iyo, rom maTi patara Svilic ar ganicdida dedis sik-
vdils: `Cven ase gavzardeT Svilebi; mokvda, ese igi mokvda... mkvdars ras uSveli magiTi? verafers. sikvdili
xom sicocxlesTan erTad ibadeba. me ase mwams, Svilebi ufro mkacrad aRzardeT, mag principiT~. avtors gar-

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kveulwilad moswons momxdarisadmi germaneli mwerlis damokidebuleba, romelic yvelanairad ikavebs Tavs,
rom Tavisi dardiT sxva ar Seawuxos. Sesamowmebelia mxolod erTi ram: rodesac kurela marto darCeba saku-
Tar TavTan, sayvareli meuRlis mogonebasTan, mis sulTan, rodesac moixsnis nicSeseul niRabs, ras izams ma-
Sin, gaumklavdeba ki sikvdilis Zalas? qalaqSi dabrunebuli Aalfred kurela sastumros nomerSi `idga gaSeSebuli,
martoka, da im sawols uyurebda, romelzedac qalis kaba da yviTelyvavilebiani xalaTi iyo gadakidebuli. guram-
ma raRac igrZno tkiviliviT: iqiT oTaxidan xmamaRla qviTini moisma. sarkeSi Canda: alfredi daeca sawolze,
aRrialda. is tiroda, xmamaRla qviTinebda da zorba mxrebi uZagZagebda~.
sikvdils veraferi daamarcxebs! mis winaSe yvela Tanasworia.
sikvdilis problema filosofiaSi erT–erTi umTavresi, SeiZleba iTqvas, klasikuri Temaa. Aantikur filosofiaSi
ukvalod gaqrobis saSiSroebis, sikvdilis gonivruli gaazrebis cda sokratesTanaa mocemuli. igi radikalurad udge-
ba sikvdils da Tvlis, rom sikvdili sicocxlis uaryofa ar aris. sikvdili sulis gayraa sxeulTan, misi gaTavisuflebaa
sapyrobiledan, sadac igi miwieri cxovrebis manZilze imyofeboda. es marTlac rom sikeTea, an tkbili maradiuli
Zili.
Pplatonis koncefciaSi sikvdili Zili ar aris; Zili sicocxlea. Tavisufldeba ra sxeulisagan, suli WeSmaritebas
swvdeba, bevrad ukeT azrovnebs, esmis da grZnobs, vidre sxeulis tyveobaSi yofnis dros. Aadamians SeuZlia
`bednierad daasrulos Tavisi dReni~, anu moipovos ukvdaveba, Tuki CauRrmavdeba, mimarTavs Tavis suls da
Tavad Seqmnis iseT wanamZRvrebs, suls rom miscems SesaZleblobas daubrundes RvTaebriv bunebas.
sikvdilis gansxvavebul versias gvTavazobs stoicizmi. stoelebis azriT, yovel dRes sikvdilisaken mivyavarT.
magram es tragikuli wami miznad ar unda davisaxoT, ar unda miviswrafvodeT misken. adamians gacnobiere-
buli unda hqondes, rom Tavad sicocxle Seicavs sikvdils. Aamitom sabediswero JamTan miaxloeba mxolod pro-
cesia, romlis drosac sikvdilma Tavi aucileblad unda iCinos. igi iseve aRmocendeba sicocxlisagan, rogorc koko-
ridan yvavili.
`sikvdili – WeSmaritad geniosi – sulis Camdgmelia, an filosofiis muzagetia~, aRniSnavda artur Sopenhaue-
ri. Mmisi azriT, maradiuli gansveneba rom ar iyos, filosofiac ar iarsebebda – sakuTari arsebobis sasrulobas rom
ganicdis adamiani, igi TavisTavs uRrmavdeba da yofierebis saidumloebebzec fiqrdeba.
netari avgustine ase axasiaTebs adamianis arsebobas sikvdilis winaSe: dawyebuli im wamidan, rodesac
Cven mokvdav sxeulSi aRvmoCndebiT, adamiani midis im gziT, romelsac sikvdilTan mivyevarT. sikvdili mis-
Tvis erTi wlis Semdeg ufro axlos iqneba, vidre erTi wlis win, xval ufro axlos iqneba, vidre guSin an dRes, ra-
modenime xnis Semdeg ufro axlos, vidre axla da axla ufro axlos, vidre erTi wuTis win. yoveldRe mcirdeba
manZili adamiansa da sikvdils Soris.
ratom eSinia adamians sikvdilis? sikvdilis SiSis axsnisas miSel monteni wignSi `cdebi~ iSveliebs miTologi-
uri personaJis tantalosis magaliTs. tantalosi RmerTebma imiT dasajes, rom igi Tokze mobmuli moaTavses didi
kldis qveS. tantalosi yovel wams ganicdida SiSs, rom Toki gawydeboda da igi gaiWyliteboda. aseTive mdgo-
mareobaSia, montenis azriT, adamiani – igi mTeli cxovreba sikvdilis SiSis qveS imyofeba da ar icis rodis ga-
iWyliteba misi simZimiT. ra unda gaakeTos adamianma, rom Tavi daaRwios am SiSs, gaTavisufldes am SiSze
fiqrisagan? monteni Semdeg gamosavals gvTavazobs: `Cvens dabadebasTan erTad daibada CvenTvis mTeli
samyaro da, zustad aseve, mTeli samyaro Cvens sikvdilTan erTad mokvdeba. amitom CvenTvis tirili imis ga-
mo, rom asi wlis Semdeg aRar viqnebiT, iseTive sibriyvea, rogorc moTqma-godeba imis gamo, ratom asi wlis
win ar vcxovrobdiTo. sikvdili axali sicocxlis dasabamia~. e.i. sikvdili sicocxlis ganuyofeli nawilia da swored
masSi unda gamJRavndes cxovrebis sazrisi? `dauCoqa samgzis sanatrelma, sTxova didostats suli. cremlma iw-
vima konstantines TvalTagan, magram verc sayvarels misca man suli, radgan sveticxovelisTvis Seewira igi~
(konstantine gamsaxurdia, `didostatis marjvena~).
konstantine gamsaxurdiam novelaSi `zarebi grigalSi~ idealuri sikvdilis~ genialuri suraTi daxata: mnaTe oq-
ropiras mTeli cxovreba imedSi cxovreba iyo, radgan arasodes qonia igi. mnaTe nebayoflobiTi mgloviarec iyo,
radgan ar ekuTvnoda igi am qveyanas, am sinamdviles. im did xuTSabaTs, rodesac yofili mnaTe samrekloze
avida, raTa zarebi Camoereka, movarda qari, eZgera samreklos, Searyia, Seatortmana da mnaTesTan erTad mi-
waze daanarcxa. `es iyo: movidnen mezaris saflavze aTasi wlebis micvalebulni. itires, igloves, vinc glovad ar
Rirda da visi sicocxle mTlad iyo glova... ar vici, sad waiyvanes mnaTe oqropiras sabralo suli. CemTvis ekiTx-
aT. me vityodi: aswieT adamiani maRla, sul maRla da dasviT mnaTe oqropir Semoqmedis marjvena mxares,

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radgan sibneleSi dabrmavebulma erTxel mainc igrZno aRtaceba da eqstazSi daiRupa~. `ideisaTvis sicocxle-sik-
vdili adamians bedniers xdis~, aRniSnavda goeTe.
lev tolstois azriT, `Tu sicocxle sikeTea, sikvdilic sikeTea, radgan igi aucilebeli pirobaa sicocxlisa~; an `Tu
sikvdili saSinelia, amis mizezi CvenSia da ara sikvdilSi, ramdenadac ukeTesia adamiani, miT ufro naklebad
eSinia mas sikvdilisa~. eSinoda Tu ara Tavad tolstois sikvdilis? Tomas mans amis Taobaze metad saintereso
mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli: tolstoi iasnaia polianadan sikvdils gaeqca, radgan
igrZno, rom miqel gabrielma moakiTxao. gaeqca, magram mas sikvdili gzaSi, rkinigzis erT patara sadgurSi ma-
inc daewia.
sikvdilis fenomeni metad Taviseburad da sainteresod aris gaazrebuli eqsistencializmSi, Tanamedroveobis
erT-erT yvelaze popularul filosofiur mimdinareobaSi. eqsistencializmis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis filosofiis
mTavar problemas arsebobis problema warmoadgens. gamoyofen problemaTa rigs, romlebic eqsistenciasTan
anu WeSmarit arsebobasTan aris dakavSirebuli: martooba, uimedoba, adamianuri arsebobis `kraxi~, misi yofie-
reba sikvdilisaTvis da sxva. am mimdinareobisaTvis amosaval wertils warmoadgens is, Tu rogor aRviqvam sa-
kuTar Tavs `me~ da aqedan – samyaros, romelic yovelTvis Cemia da uCemod uazrobaa. arseboba aris yofiere-
ba samyaroSi, samyaro ki arsebobis CarCoebia.
adamianis struqtura, rogorc `samyaroSi yofna~ aris SiSi. SiSi Cveulebrivi mdgomareobaa, gansakuTrebiT
SiSi sikvdilis winaSe. adamiani arasodes ganicdis sxvis sikvdils. sikvdili, iseve rogorc arseboba, yovelTvis Ce-
mia. adamianis arseboba aris sikvdilis wina yofna. adamiani ganicdis SiSs imitom, rom is ar aris Tavis `saxlSi~,
igi aris `samyaros yofnaSi~, sadac Zrwolvas ganicdis. magram am SemTxvevaSi, haidegeris gagebiT, adamiani
ki ar ganicdis SiSs, aramed misi (adamianis) arseboba TviT aris SiSi. e.i. adamianisaTvis SiSi garegani ram ki
ar aris, aramed Sinagani. analogiuria sikvdilic. igi yofierebis Taviseburi formaa da arsebobas Tavidanve axasia-
Tebs – `daibada Tu ara adamiani, is ukve sakmaod mozrdilia sikvdilisaTvis~. amitom adamiani ver gaeqceva
sikvdils, igi Tavidanve gadasrolilia sikvdilSi. sikvdili ar emarTeba adamians, igi misi arsebiTi momentia.
rogor cdilobs adamiani sikvdilis SiSisagan Tavis daRwevas? igi garbis Tavis Tavidan da TavSesafars sazo-
gadoebaSi eZebs. aq igi xdeba iseTive, rogorc yvela, arafriT gamoirCeva sxvebisagan; iseve rogorc yvela sxva,
isic dadis samsaxurSi, kiTxulobs gazeTebs, eswreba kinoseansebs, speqtaklebs da sxvebis darad isic msjelobs
maTze; stumrobs megobrebs, uyurebs televizors; rogorc yvela sxva, ganicdis siamovnebas, kmayofilebas an uk-
mayofilebas, anu adamiani iTqvifeba sxva adamianebSi, kargavs individualobas da gadaiqceva Cveulebriv sa-
Sualo, upirovno adamianad. aseTi arseboba adamianisaTvis damamSvidebelia, magram sikvdilis winaSe SiSs
mainc ver Zlevs da ubralod Tavs iqcevs, vidre sikvdili ewveva. saidumloeba kargavs mniSvnelobas. adamiani
ukve aRar grZnobs pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari arsebobis winaSe. igi Tavisufldeba Tavisi arsebobisagan. yvela
aris `sxvebi~ da aravin aris `is Tavad~. layboba, cnobismoyvareoba, TvalTvali, dasmena... swored es aris ada-
mianis yoveldRiuri arseboba sazodadoebaSi. es amSvidebs adamians. yoveldRiuri adamianuri arsebobisaTvis
sikvdili mxolod da mxolod `SemTxvevaa~. samyaroSi yovel wuTs, yovel wams viRac kvdeba. sikvdili yvelaze
xSiri faqtia am qveyanaze. eqsistencialistebi Tvlian, rom swored sikvdilis momentSi vlindeba adamianis WeS-
mariti `me~, swored maSin Seicnobs igi siRrmiseulad sakuTar Tavs da samyaros mTlianad. upirovno adamiani
sxvis sikvdils ar ganicdis, es mas ar exeba. man icis, rom `sxvebi~ kvdebian, magram `viRaca, me xom jer ara,
me mere, odesme~. es `me jer ara~, garkveulwilad, aris Tavis damSvideba sikvdilis winaSe. eqsistencializmis
warmomadgenlebi miuTiTeben lev tolstois moTxrobaze `ivan ilias Zis sikvdili~, sadac siRrmiseulad aris ganxi-
luli adamianis Zrwolva sikvdilis winaSe. loginad Cavardnilma, ganukurnebeli seniT daavadebulma ivan ilias
Zem icis, rom male unda mokvdes, magram mainc ar unda. is ver ijerebs am realobas. mas axsendeba gimnazia-
Si naswavli silogizmi – `yvela adamiani mokvdavia; kaiusi adamiania, e.i. kaiusi mokvdavia~. igi am silogizms
yovelTvis WeSmaritebad Tvlida, magram mxolod viRac kaiusisaTvis da ara misTvis, ivan ilias ZisaTvis. ase
gaurboda sikvdilTan Sexvedras ivan ilias Ze, magram sikvdilma masac miakiTxa da daiwyo fiqri imaze, rom
igi `kaiusi~ xdeboda. es ki tanjavda masac da mis axloblebsac. igi ver xvdeboda, ver acnobierebda, rogor iarse-
bebs samyaro mis gareSe, visTvis amova mze, visTvis gaiSleba yvavili, ise, rogorc mas vis eyvareba deda, coli,
Svilebi... es SeuZlebelia! anu `samyaro yovelTvis Cemia da Cems gareSe uazrobaa!~ magram realoba imar-
jvebs – sicocxle Sobs sikvdils. adamiani sikvdils ver gaeqceva, es misi cxovrebis logikuri dasasrulia. esaa mxo-
lod, rom igi ver egueba am azrs, mis gareSe cxovrebas igonebs da amiT Tavs imSvidebs, radgan sikvdili iseTi

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Rirebulebaa, romelze dafiqrebac ki agonias, dards, SeSfoTebas iwvevs. Znelia sZlio mas. magram, albaT, auci-
lebelia, gaviTavisoT da gavacnobieroT, rom `yovelives Tavis dro aqvs da yvelafers Tavisi Jami am
cisqveSeTSi~ (eklesiaste, 3.1).

goderZi Coxeli `sikvdilTan Rreoba~

Coxis wminda giorgis salocavSi dResaswaulze `saucxoo garegnobis ymawvili kacis saxiT~, `tanze gazafxu-
lis pepelais feris samoseliT~ mosuli sikvdili adamianebs mis sikeTesa da aucileblobaSi arwmunebs: `ici ra, de-
di, me ki ar gklavT, TviTon vkvdebi TqvenSi, TviTon vitanjebi sulis gayrisas. me vasruleb imas, rac unda mox-
des, anda yovelTvis xdeba is, rac mosaxdenia ... aucilebloba ki sruliad ar gamoricxavs SemTxveviTobas... mo-
di, manam cocxali var, daiviwyeT sikvdili; iciT, Tu gindaT, erT saidumlos getyviT: dRes marto Cemi mokvla
SegiZliaT, Tu momklavT, aRarasodes mokvdebiT, magram amas nu izamT, uCemod gagiWirdebaT sicocxle.
aRarc siyvaruli geqnebaT, aRarc sixaruli...~
Temis erT-erTi wevris jRunas mier cekvis dros sikvdilis mokvlam adamianebSi didi wuxili da sinanuli ga-
moiwvia. beri tiriliT daekona sikvdils da gulidan frTxilad amoaZro xanjali... Savosanma dedaberma ki xmiT
daitira... saswrafod gaTxares miwa da ficrebis magier mindvris yvavilebSi Caasvenes sikvdili, mere zemodanac
yvavilebi daayares da didxans veravin bedavda miwis miyras.
`meore dRiT ki amovida mze, oRond iqidan ki ara, saidanac amodioda xolme, guSindeli saflavidan amovi-
da, aiwia, aiwia da saSuadReod dajda caze~.
goderZi Coxeli kiTxvebze ra aris sicocxle? ra aris sikvdili? pasuxobs: sicocxle sevda aris, adamianad yofnis
sevda, sikvdilic sevda aris, adamianad aryofnis sevda.
aseTi sikvdili aRdgomis tolfasia, aseTia mwerlis daskvna.

`Tu siyvaruli ubralo cxovelobaa, maSin igi ar aris lamazi, mSvenieri. Tu igi usxeulo vnebaa, maSin
igi araa cocxali, xorcSesxmuli. igi erTsa da imave dros mSvenieri sulis survilicaa da lamazi sxeulis wyur-
vilic... mSvenieri suli lamazi sxeulisaTvis ltolvili da lamazi sxeuli mSvenieri sulisaTvis vnebuli~.
grigol robaqiZe

siyvarulis filosofia. `me adamiani var da araferi adamianuri ucxo ar aris CemTvis!~ – es gamonaTqvami
iseTive Zvelia, rogorc Tavad adamiani. rogor ggoniaT, ra hqondaT mxedvelobaSi Zvel moazrovneebs? albaT,
emociebi da aRtkineba, qvena grZnobebi da vnebebi. es unikaluri Tvisebebia, maT cxovelur samyaroSi ver mo-
iZiebT. adamianuri arsebobis dramatuloba swored rom `vnebebiT TrobaSi~ vlindeba da umTavresi maT Soris
siyvarulia... kacobrioba erT dResac ver icxovrebs mis gareSe...
siyvarulis sazogadod miRebuli ganmarteba, iseve rogorc mravali filosofiur-eTikuri kategoriisa, ar arsebobs.
siyvaruli sikeTisa da bednierebisaken swrafvaSi gamovlenili uzogadesi principia – Tvlida platoni da swored
man aamaRla siyvarulis cneba filosofiuri gansjis donemde. platonma siyvarulis saxeebis ierarqia SemogvTava-
za: umdablesi done – fizikuri siamovnebis miRebaa (es done, misi azriT, Seuferebelia adamianisaTvis, gan-
cxroma da sitkboeba, romliskenac ase miiltvis adamiani, daTrgunvas saWiroebs); Semdegi safexuri fizikuri si-
lamazis konkretuli nimuSisadmi siyvarulia, amas wminda silamazisadmi siyvaruli mosdevs da, bolos, aRape
(Zmuri siyvaruli); agreTve, arsebobs sibrZnisadmi siyvaruli, romelic, iseve rogorc religiuri gancdebi, SesaZleb-
lobas iZleva CavwvdeT da SevicnoT absoluturi WeSmriteba. aristotele miiCnevda, rom sxeulis gancxroma,
xorcieli sitkboeba mainc sikeTea. marTalia, siyvarulis safuZveli seqsualuri grZnobaa, Tumca misi dayvana

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martooden seqsualur ltolvaze ar SeiZleba. siyvaruli, upirveles yovlisa, sulTa kavSiri, pirovnebis TviTgamom-
JRavnebisa da TviTdamkvidrebis saSualeba unda iyos.
Zveli berZnebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen siyvarulis sxvadasxva saxes: erosi, gaRmerTebuli erosi –
eroti, siyvaruli – vneba, siyvaruli, rogorc Tavisufali ltolva.
erosi – Tavdapirvelad, adamianuri vneba, adamianis siRrmiseuli, Zlieri seqsualuri ltolva; ZvelberZnul mi-
TologiaSi – siyvarulis RmerTi. ukve homerosTan gvxvdeba sityva `erosi~, magram ixmareba ara rogorc Rmer-
Tis saxeli, aramed rogorc `survilis~ aRmniSvneli arsebiTi saxeli. sofokles `antigoneSi~ erosi gvevlineba da-
mangreveli Zalis mqone, daumarcxebel RmerTad. miTologiaSi eross STamomavloba ar hyavs, RmerTebis
gamravlebaSi ar monawileobs, magram mis nebas win mainc veravin aRudgeba – verc RmerTebi da verc ada-
mianebi. eross SeuZlia RmerTebisa da adamianebis goneba sakuTar nebas daumorCilos, mas Zala Seswevs ga-
agiJos Tavisi msxverpli, sikeTe borotebad moaCvenos.
platoni dialogSi `nadimi~ mogviTxrobs, rom uZveles droSi adamianebi cxovrobdnen rogorc ukvdavi her-
mofroditebi, anu maT sqesi ar qondaT. zevsma dasaja isini da or sawyisad gayo. amdenad, erosi masTan gage-
bulia, rogorc autaneli molodini im mTlianobis aRdgenisa, romelic adamianebs adre hqondaT; rogorc sasikvdi-
lod ganwiruli adamianebis dauokebeli swrafva STamomavlobaSi moipovon ukvdaveba; rogorc dabadeba sila-
mazeSi.
sqesis warmoSoba Tavdapirveli erTiani da Zlieri bunebis darRvevaa adamianSi. ras emsaxureba sqesobrivi
cxovrebis centraluri fenomeni, sqesobrivi ltolva da ra moiazreba masSi? platoni gvTavazobs Semdeg miTologe-
mas: erT dros adamianebi iyofodnen ara ori sqesis, aramed sami sqesis mixedviT – mamrobiTi, mdedrobiTi da
e.w. mesame sqesi, romelic erT arsebaSi aerTianebda orive sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs. es
ukanasknelni warmoadgendnen WeSmarit androginebs (berZ. – orsqesa arseba). adamianebma RmerTebis dam-
xoba ganizraxes. ganrisxebulma RmerTebma dasajes isini – TiToeuli individi Suaze gayves, ris Sedegadac yo-
veli maTgani sqesobrivad nakluli aRmoCnda. swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli adamianis dauokebeli swrafva
ipovos Tavisi naxevari da aRadginos odesRac dakarguli mTlianoba. es swrafva warmoadgens erosis, sqesobrivi
siyvarulis gamoxatulebas. am miTis safuZvelze platoni gvixsnis ara mxolod qalisa da mamakacis erTmaneTi-
sadmi seqsualur ltolvas, aramed sqesobrivi cxovrebis homoseqsualur da lesbosur gamovlinebebsac. is qaluri da
mamakacuri bunebis individebi, romlebic androginis gayofis Sedegad warmoiSvnen, erTmaneTs eZeben da er-
TmaneTisken miiltvian, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamoxatulebas povebs mamakacisa da qalis siyvarulSi. is individebi,
romlebic mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebebis gayofiT warmoiSvnen, pirvelsawyisi mdgomareobis aRsadgenad erTma-
neTisaken miiswrfvian da lesbosuri siyvarulis mimdevrebi xdebian. xolo mamkacuri sqesis arsebebis gaxleCili
nawilebis ltolva pirvelqmnili sawyisis aRsadgenad, homoseqsualur swrafvas aZlevs saTaves.
platonis azriT, sqesobrivi mimarTebis (erosis) sazrisi, ar amoiwureba mxolod adamianis androginuli pirvel-
saxis aRdgeniT. erosi, sqesobrivi siyvaruli, ar daiyvaneba mxolod erTianobisaken ltolvaze. eross sxva misiac
aqvs miniWebuli. adamiani, platonis azriT, or sawyiss aerTianebs: maradiuli, zegrZnobadi ideebis mWvreteli
goneba da grZnobad-sxeulebrivi sawyisi. erosic am ori sawyisis zegavlenas ganicdis da amdenad masSi mJRav-
ndeba ormxrivi swrafva adamianis ukvdavebisaken. rogorc sxeulebriv, mokvdav arsebas, adamians ukvdave-
basTan ziareba mxolod sxeulebrivi gardasaxvis gziT SeuZlia. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia STamomavlobis Seq-
mnis mizniT dedakacuri da mamakacuri arsebebis SeerTeba. STamomavlobaSi adamiani sxeulebriv ukvdave-
bas moipovebs. am ukvdavebas gzas ukafavs erosis erTi, mdabali aspeqti. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, platoni-
saTvis adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, goniTi arsebaa da swored gonis ukvdavebaa misTvis mTavari da gadam-
wyveti. goniTi sawyisis ukvdavsayofad ki adamianma Tavisi erosis Zala gonisaken unda moabrunos, goniTi
Semoqmedebis saSualebiT Tayvani sces Tavis Seyvarebuls. lamazi sxeulisaken erotiuli ltolva man TandaTan
unda aamaRlos da mimarTos silamazis sul ufro goniTi formebisaken. man unda iaros silamazis gziT manam,
sanam ar miadgeba silamazis umaRles safexurs – TviTon wminda silamazes. Tu vinmes, dasZens platoni, mo-
uxdeba ixilos es umaRlesi silamaze adamianis sxeulisa, yovelgvari adamianuri ferebisagan Tavisufali, anu
wminda, yovelgvari Senarevebis gareSe arsebuli silamaze, is SeZlebs Seqmnas, goniT dabados silamazis iseTi
srulyofili Sedevrebi, romlebic adamianis gonis ukvdavebis WeSmariti sawindaria. maSasadame, erosi, sqesob-
rivi siyvaruli, platonis mixedviT, adamianSi moqmedi iseTi ltolvaa, romelic akavSirebs, aerTianebs sxvadasxva
sqesis adamianebs da amiT xels uwyobs mTliani adamianis aRdgenis process. erosi, amave dros, aris TaobaTa

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damakavSirebeli xidi, rogorc sxeulebrivi, aseve goniTi ukvdavebis mopovebis saSualeba da samyaroSi silama-
zis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli piroba.
miTebi adamianuri grZnobebis siZliereze mogviTxroben. am dromde vsaubrobdiT adamianebs Soris siyva-
rulze, magram, rogorc irkveva, erosi bevrad ufro farTo cnebaa. miTologia mogviTxrobs RmerTebisa da adami-
anebis siyvarulzec. uZveles Sumerul miTologiaSi gilgameSi erTdroulad miwier da zeciur arsebad aris warmod-
genili. RmerTebis yuradReba sasiamovno unda yofiliyo naxevarRmerTisaTvis, igi xom qalRmerT iStars Seuy-
varda usazRvrod. magram gilgameSma uaryo misi siyvaruli da saswaulebriv gadaurCa Seuracxyofili qalRmer-
Tis SurisZiebas.
Zveli berZnebis umaRles RvTaebas zevss uamravi Svili hyavs, maT Soris dedamiwis mkvidri qalbatonebis-
ganac. mexismtyorcnelis oqros taxtis qveS mexi grgvinavs. kldis ori napralidan zevsamde mokvdavTa locva,
aRsareba da erTgulebis ficis RaRadi aRwevs. RmerTi yurs ugdebs da gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. magram Tava-
dac sakmaod xSirad amJRavnebs da emorCileba adamianur grZnobebsa da vnebebs. moewoneba mokvdavi qa-
li? uCveulod Semosili zevsi myisve tovebs olimpos mTas da Tavisi vnebis obieqts eufleba...
gardacvlil sulTa samefos RmerTma hadesma zevsisa da nayofierebis qalRmerTis demetras qaliSvili moitaca
– persefone. erTxel igi mindorSi yvavilebs agrovebda da Tan cdilobda narcisebisaTvis arc ki Seexeda, radgan
dedam mkacrad aukrZala maTi mowyveta. gogonas Tvali mainc gaeqca da siqaTqaTiTa da sididiT gamorCeuli
narcisi dainaxa, cdunebam sZlia, xeli gaswia yvavilisaken da... uceb, miwa gaixsna, hadesis Savi cxenebiT Seb-
muli oTxTvala etli gamoCnda da persefone miwisqveSa samefoSi aRmoCnda. misi RvTaebrivi silamaziT hadesi
datyvevebula, eross maszec gamoucdia Tavisi Zala.
Zveli egvipturi misteria: seTma, borotma Zalam, Tavisi Zmis, RvTaebrivi osirisis daRupva gadawyvita.
Nnadimze man didostaturad naWedi kidobani gamoitana da motyuebiT aiZula osirisi Sig Cawoliliyo. seTma ki-
dobani daxura, daWeda, gamdnari tyvia ACaasxa da nilosSi Seacura. kidobanma icura da finikiaSi, biblosTan
gairiya. iq igi Tavisi qerqiT dafara miwidan amozrdilma uzarmazarma xem, romelic biblosis mefem moWra da
Tavisi sasaxlis svetad gamoiyena. isida yvelgan eZebda Zmasa da meuRles. Bbolos ipova da mefesagan misi
sxeuli gamoiTxova. qalRmerTma dabrunebuli kidobani qalaqis kedelSi damala, magram seTma mainc moaxer-
xa misi malulad motaceba. Mman Zmis sxeuli 14 nawilad daWra da mTel egvipteSi mimoabnia. erTgulma me-
uRlem, didi siZneleebis gadalaxvis Semdeg, moZebna da SeakavSira sayvareli qmris sxeulis yvela nawili.
Zvel egvipteSi orgiebi isidas msaxurebis kultis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. Ees misteria gasagebs xdida yoveli-
ves: TeTr samoselSi gamowyobili aTi qurumi sakurTxevlis centrSi iyrida Tavs. oric, qalis tansacmliT Semosili,
nefTissa da isidas ganasaxierebdnen, romlebic guldaTuTqulni dastirodnen osiriss... misteria gulisxmobda dasa-
Wurisebis rituals – isidas erTguli Tayvanismcemlebi nebayoflobiT ikodebodnen, rameTu es sisxliani msxverpli
RmerTis danawevrebul sxeulze mianiSnebdaT.
Kkidev erTi misteria, romelic Zagrevsis (berZ. `didi monadire~) mkvlelobis istorias aRadgens. Tqmulebis
gadmocema, Zagrevsis mkvlelobasa da sikvdilis Semdgom aRdgomaze (wminda vacis saxiT), ritualuri moqme-
debebis TanxlebiT sruldeboda. aq sisxliani orgia TamaSdeboda. gamZvinvarebuli, cxoveluri, avxorculi JiniT
Sepyrobili adamianebi avkacobas Cadiodnen – erosi aSiSvlebda Tavis bunebriv stiqias. yovelives simboluri
datvirTva hqonda. amis safuZvelze kaTarsisi miiRweoda. Ddrama gulwrfeli da siRrmiseuli monaniebiT srulde-
boda – msxverpls dastirodnen, tansacmels iglejdnen, Tavze nacars iyridnen, sakuTar sxeuls daniT iseravdnen.
Dda, bolos, mesame aqtis droc dgeboda – ganaxlebuli RmerTis samyaroSi dabrunebis dro. Eerosi marto daman-
greveli stiqia ar aris. mas Zala Seswevs ganwmindos, gaanaTlos suli, gaaRviZos sindisi adamianSi; mouwodos
adamians, ar misces Tavs ufleba Cveuli gaxados es saSineleba. gamofxizldes, dawyevlos da daTrgunos daman-
greveli, Semmusvreli vnebebi. aseTia Zveli misteriebis azri.
amrigad, erosi, upirveles yovlisa, erT-erTi adamianuri vnebaTagania, romelic adamianis bunebis filosofiur
wvdomaSi gvexmareba. siyvarulis fenomenSi garkveva adamianis arsSi garkvevis tolfasia.
Zveli drois moazrovneebi Tvlidnen, rom sulieri siyvaruli pirveladi da umTavresia xorciel siyvarulTan Seda-
rebiT. siyvarulis arsi misteriebSi povebda axsnas. es RmerTisaken mimavali erTaderTi gza iyo. siyvaruls zeciuri
sawyisi aqvs. xorcieli siyvaruli mxolod maSin aris wminda da amaRlebuli, roca igi sulieri siyvarulis Sedegi da
nayofia.

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 antikuri epoqis berZeni, eZleoda ra Tavdaviwyebasa da gancxromas, Tavadve adgenda sakuTari askezis,
TavSekavebis, daSvebulobis sazRvrebs. sul sxva viTarebaSia Tanamedrove adamiani. man icis, ra aris sazoga-
doebis mier dadgenili norma da ra – normidan gadaxveva. amdenad, igi ukve saTanadod veRar uwevs angariSs
sakuTar gamocdilebasa da spontanurad aRZrul grZnobebs. misTvis bevrad mniSvnelovania mecnieruli Tval-
sazrisi da sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli, miRebuli SezRudvaTa sistema.

aRape (berZ. Zmuri siyvaruli) – siyvarulis ZiriTadi Sinaarsia qristianobaSi, aRniSnavs moyvasisadmi siy-
varuls. erosis, anu vnebiani siyvarulis, sapirispirod aRape altruistuli siyvarulis sinonimia. qristianobam radika-
lurad Secvala siyvarulis Sinaarsi. amieridan igi martooden adamianur vnebebs aRar niSnavda. man bevrad ufro
mniSvnelovani datvirTva miiRo – adamianuri arsebobis safuZveli da sayrdeni. Zmuri siyvaruli yvela adamiani-
sadmi siyvaruls gulisxmobs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Zvel aRTqmaSi adamianuri siyvarulis mTavari obieqtia
Rataki, ucxoeli, qvrivi, oboli, TviT ebraelebis dauZinebeli mteri – egviptelic ki.
pirovneba qristianobaSi Semoqmedis mfarvelobis qveSaa – misi madlisa da mowyalebis safuZvelze. igi
garkveuli Rirebulebis mqonea – amieridan miwieri adamiani, mTeli misi ganumeoreblobiT, mxolod misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli fizikuri da fsiqikuri niSan-TvisebebiT, aRiarebulia rogorc waruvali da udavo Rirebuleba. sxe-
uli, romelsac eTayvanebodnen Zveli elinelebi, qristianobaSi miCneulia sulierebis WurWlad. siyvaruli siwmin-
dea. vnebebSi Caflul adamians maTi daTrgunva moeTxoveba, raTa SeZlos da warmoaCinos Tavisi pirovnuli
simdidre – saTnoebani. sasiyvarulo gancdebi unikaluri da yovlismomcveli xasiaTisaa, radgan am grZnobis obi-
eqtebia RmerTi, moyvasi, ucxotomeli...
qristianobis safuZveli siyvarulia. siyvaruli RmerTis arsia. RmerTisadmi siyvaruli ganpirobebulia sakuTari
Tavisa da sxvaTa siyvaruliT. `giyvardes moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Seni~ (gal. 5.14). umTavresia Seiyvaro is,
vinc ar mogwons. swored aseTi siyvarulis safuZvelze vacnobierebT, rom sulierad axlobeli adamianis siyvaruli
did Zalisxmevas ar saWiroebs. ufro mniSvnelovania `giyvardeT Tqveni mterni; daloceT Tqveni mawyevarni;
keTili uyaviT Tqvens moZuleT da iloceT Tvensav mdevnelTa da SeuracxmyofelTaTvis~ (maT. 5.44), rameTu
`srulyofili WeSmariti siyvaruli maTdami siyvarulia, visac vneba moaqvs CvenTvis~ (soren kirkegori). `siyvaruli
sulgrZelia, siyvaruli qvelmoqmedia, ar Surs, ar yoyoCobs, ar ampartavnobs, ar sCadis uwesobas, Tavisas ar eZi-
ebs, ar risxdeba da ar ganizraxavs borots, ar xarobs sicruiT, aramed WeSmariteba axarebs; yovelives itans, yve-
laferi swams, yvelafris imedi aqvs da yovelives iTmens~ (1 kor., 14, 4-7). WeSmariti qristiania, vinc borotebas
sikeTiT pasuxobs. aucilebelia SurisZiebis mankieri wris garRveva; saWiroa siyvaruli SevaTavsoT tanjvasa da
mimteveblobasTan. `acxovne, ufalo, da Seiwyalen moZuleni da maWirvebelni Cemni... nu dasji codvaTa da
usjulebaTa Sina maTTa CemTvis~... es miuwvdomeli idea, romelmac ganxorcieleba qristes vnebebSi pova,
RmerTis adamianebisadmi siyvarulis simboloa – `giyvardeT erTmaneTi, rogorc me SegiyvareT Tqven~(ioan.
15.12).
savaraudo iyo, rom qristianuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic siyvarulis, gulmowyalebis, daTmenis, morCilebisa da
ubiwoebis principebs eyrdnoba, unda damkvidrebuliyo da Seecvala adamianebis cxovreba. esoden mgznebare
siyvaruli, romelsac axali religia qadagebda, mkveTrad gaimijna seqsisgan. man akrZala siyvarulisa da seqsisgan
siamovnebis miReba. dagmo prostitucia, meuRleebis Ralati, gaukuRmarTebuli sqesobrivi urTierTobebi. qalwu-
lobis aRTqma da umankoeba cxovrebis wesis idealad gamocxadda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis farglebSi sqesis problemis gaazrebis gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisebi gvxvdeba. erT-erTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, RmerTma adamiani usqeso arsebad Seqmna. igi Ta-
visi pirvelqmnili formiT angelozismagvari da, maSasadame, sqesisagan Tavisufali arsebaa. sqesis aRmoceneba
adamianSi pirvelyofil codvas ukavSirdeba. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samoTxeSi eva ar iyo adamisadmi dapi-
rispirebuli sqesobrivi sawyisi, amitom adamic moklebuli iyo sqess da sqesobriv ltolvas (origeni, iakob biome da
sxvebi). adamiani ar iyo gaxleCili mamakacur da qalur sawyisebad, ar arsebobda avxorculi vneba da am vnebis
dakmayofilebisaTvis aucilebeli sasqeso organoebi. evas gamoyofa adamisagan da amis safuZvelze adamis mier
sakuTari mamrobiTi sqesis gacnobiereba, aRmocenda pirvelyofili codvis safuZvelze swored im momentSi, ro-
desac adamiani sqesobrivi ltolvis mona gaxda. amas Sedegad moyva adamisa da evas gaZeveba samoTxidan.
radgan sqesi negatiur kvalifikacias imsaxurebs, amitom am moazrovneTa mier uaryofiTad aris daxasiaTebuli

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yvelaferi is, rac sqesobriv sawyiss ukavSirdeba: ojaxi, gvaris gagrZeleba da sazogadod, yovelive amqveyiur,
seqsualur grZnobasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivoba.
am Tvalsazrisis momxreebis azriT, adamianis xsnisaTvis aucilebelia sqesis ara ganwmenda-gansuliereba,
misi gaTavisufleba wminda cxoveluri an gamrudebul-adamianuri formebis gamovlinebisagan, aramed adamia-
nis gaTavisufleba sqesisagan, am ukanasknelis daTrgunvis, saboloo jamSi ki, misi sruli ganadgurebis gziT.
sqesis miuReblobam qristianobaSi, zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT, sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo – siyvarul-
ma da seqsma jer arnaxuli xibli SeiZina. z. froidis azriT, sakmarisia, erotikuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis
gzebi gamartivdes, maTi fsiqikuri mniSvnelobac klebulobs. libidos gaZlierebisaTvis winaaRmdegobebis daZle-
vaa saWiro... amdenad, asketurma mimarTulebam qristianobaSi siyvaruls iseTi fsiqikuri datvirTva da mniSvne-
loba SesZina, rogoric mas arasdros, TviT warmarTobis periodSic ki, ar qonia...
qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis poziciebidan adamianis cxovrebaSi sqesisa da sqesobrivi siyvarulis pozitiuri
mniSvnelobis ideas aviTarebda netari avgustine. misi azriT, vidre adamiani Sescodebda, sqesi da sqesobrivi
cxovreba (qorwineba, ojaxi), gamravleba sqesobrivi gziT, marTalia, gansxvavebuli formiT, magram ukve arse-
bobda samoTxeSi. pirvelyofil codvamde adamianis nebeloba, misi goniTi buneba gabatonebuli iyo mis grZno-
bad-sxeulebriv sawyisze. gamravlebis mizniT sasqeso organoebis asamoqmedeblad saWiro ar iyo avxorculi
vnebis aRZvra, radgan es organoebi mTlianad adamianis nebelobas emorCilebodnen da misi mosazrebis mixed-
viT moqmedebdnen. rogorc ki codvis Sedegad adamianis mTlianoba dairRva, adamianis gonma dakarga sxeul-
ze absoluturi kontroli. sasqeso organoebi ukve aRar emorCilebian nebelobas da moqmedebaSi modian nebisaT-
vis ucxo, avxorculi vnebis aRZvris safuZvelze. adamianis goni, rogorc umaRlesi sawyisi, sircxvils ganicdis,
radgan mas Zala aRar Seswevs misdami mtrulad mimarTuli sxeulidan momdinare vnebebi da sxeulis Sesabami-
si aqtivoba marTos.
romis imperiis dacemisa da pirveli qristianuli saxelmwifoebis warmoSobis Semdeg nawilobriv icvleba Rire-
bulebebi. garkveuli upiratesoba qorwinebas eniWeba, romelic, antikuri epoqis qorwinebisagan gansxvavebiT,
urRvevad cxaddeba. megobruli urTierTobebi, urTierTpativiscema, Tanasworoba da erTguleba – ai, is saTnoe-
bebi, romlebiskenac unda miiswrafvodes ojaxi. es idea gadmocemulia pavle mociqulis sityvebSi: `qmrebo, giy-
vardeT Tqveni colebi, rogorc qristem Seiyvara eklesia~ (efes. 5. 25).
aRape TanasworTa siyvarulia. Tumca, raoden Tanasworebic ar unda viyoT, gansxvaveba mainc arsebobs.
Cven adamianebi varT. Tu yovelTvis ara, zogjer mainc gvWirdeba daxmareba – dRes me, xval – Tqven. mag-
ram daxmareba da mxarSi dgoma rom gvWirdeba, sulac ar niSnavs, rom zogi umweoa, zogi ki Zlieri. umweoba
warmavali mdgomareobaa. swored sustis, umweos, Ratakisa da ucxo tomis adamianis siyvaruli udevs safuZ-
vlad Zmur siyvaruls – aRapes. giyvardes sakuTari sisxli da xorci, didi miRweva ar aris. es bunebrivia. cxovel-
sac uyvars Tavisi naSieri da zrunavs masze. umweosac uyvars Tavisi patroni – masze xom misi sicocxle da ke-
TildReobaa damokidebuli. bavSvsac uyvars Tavisi mSoblebi – isini mas sWirdeba. siyvaruli mxolod maSin aris
WeSmariti, roca araviTar mizans ar emsaxureba da angareba ar udevs safuZvlad. TanaugrZnobs ra umweos,
Rataks, ucxos, adamiani Tavis sulSi Zmisadmi, moyvasisadmi siyvaruls uyris safuZvels. `mdgmurebs nu Sea-
viwroeb; Tavad iciT mdgmurebis yofa, radgan mdgmurebi iyaviT egviptelTa qveyanaSi~ (gam. 23. 9).

amore (kurtuazuli siyvaruli) – XI da XIV saukuneebs Soris, dasavleT evropaSi siyvarulis principulad axali
gageba damkvidrda – kurtuazuli siyvaruli anu amore. mamakaci qalisadmi unazess grZnobas ganicdida, aRmer-
Tebda Tavis rCeuls, mzad iyo misi saxeliT sagmiro saqmeebi Caedina, am dros piradad, SeiZleba, arc ki icnob-
da satrfos. msoflio istoria ar icnobs msgavs fenomens. arc manamade, arc Semdeg arcerT qveyanaSi msgavs
siyvaruls ar cnobdnen –SoriT wva da dagva, siyvarulis obieqtis usazRvro gaidealeba, miuwvdomeli, ganuxorci-
elebeli grZnobis mRelvare gancda da molodini. amore imdenad konkretuli qalis siyvaruli ar iyo, ramdenadac
gamogonili, srulqmnili xatebis, idealuri arqetipis siyvaruli, romlis gareSe miwieri bedniereba warmoudgeneli da
miuRweveli iyo, magaliTad, don kixotis siyvaruli dulcinea toboselis mimarT. msgavss romanebSi qebas asxam-
dnen sasiyvarulo tanjvas, gancdebs. umaRles bednierebad daukmayofilebeli vneba iyo miCneuli. Seiqmna siy-
varulis Taviseburi kulti. siyvarulis obieqts guldasmiT irCevdnen, samaradJamod. Tayvaniscemis Rirsi rom
gamxdariyo, qali saTnoebiT Semkuli, aucileblad gaTxovili da miuwvdomeli unda yofiliyo. ratom ar iTvleboda
es Ralatad? siyvaruli Tavisufal arCevans gulisxmobs. Sua saukuneebSi ojaxi sul sxva Rirebulebebis gaTvalis-

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winebiT iqmneboda – gvaris gagrZeleba, simdidris dagroveba-gamravleba, politikuri ambiciebi. ojaxis Seqmni-
saTvis siyvaruli aucilebeli piroba ar iyo. Rrma da wminda grZnoba mxolod ojaxis miRma SeiZleba gaRvivebu-
liyo.
amores wesebi gulisxmobda, rom raindi Tavisi Seyvarebulis samsaxurSi unda Camdgariyo – qalis nebismi-
eri survili, moTxovna, yoveli kaprizi, saxifaTo davalebebi yovelgvari gansjisa da Sepasuxebis gareSe sruldebo-
da. tanjva-wameba, romelsac raindi ganicdida, yoveli safrTxe, romelsac igi Segnebulad ar erideboda, ufro me-
tic, iwvevda kidec mas, raTa satrfos guli moego, misi keTilganwyoba daemsaxurebina, monanie codvilis TviT-
gvemas ufro gavda. iTvleboda, rom yoveli warmatebiT gavlili gamocda Seyvarebulebs erTmaneTTan aaxloeb-
da.
qalsa da mamakacs Soris amaRlebuli siyvarulis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis, mizanSewonili iqneba erTi paralelis
gavleba. imave periodSi, rodesac dasavleT evropaSi siyvarulis erTob Taviseburi forma – amore damkvidrda,
saqarTveloSi Taobebi izrdebodnen rusTavelis humanisturi ideebis safuZvelze. `vefxistyaosani~ apologiaa ada-
mianisa. es mSvenieri amqveyniuri samyaro adamianTa sakeTildReod aris Seqmnili. adamianebma swored am
qveyanaze unda daamyaron saamuri, bednieri cxovreba, aq unda uyvardeT erTmaneTi, aq unda Seqmnan ojaxi,
romlis safuZvelic siyvaruli da erTgulebaa. sicocxle xom didi sikeTea, siyvaruli ki misi gvirgvini. `siyvaruli ag-
vamaRlebs~ da MmTeli poemac amqveyniuri znemaRali siyvarulis sagalobelia. `mZuls ugulo siyvaruli, xvev-
na-kocna, mtlaSa-mtluSi~. poemis gmirebis mraval gansacdelgamovlili siyvaruli usazRvro da amaRlebuli, uan-
garo da wmindaa. maRalzneobrivi raindebi, erTguli satrfoebi da Tavdadebuli mijnurebi – aseTia mamakacis
rusTaveliseuli ideali. evropuli amores fenomenisagan gansxvavebiT, arc TinaTini da arc nestan-darejani daoja-
xebulni ar arian. sulierad da sxeulebrivad srulqmnili qalbatonebisaTvis satrfos Ralati warmoudgeneli da dauS-
vebelia. maTTvis siyvarulis erTaderTi logikuri daboloveba erTgulebasa da urTierTsiyvarulze dafuZnebuli oja-
xis Seqmnaa.
evropul renesansamde didi xniT adre, rusTavelma kacobriobas axali humanisturi morali SesTavaza da ga-
moamJRavna is sulieri ganwyobilebani da Rirebulebebi, rac, Cveulebriv, evropuli renesansis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebad iTvleba.

dedaSviluri siyvaruli – siyvarulis yvela formisagan gamorCeuli, Seucnobeli, damafiqrebeli. es fenomeni

araerTxel gamxdara msjelobis sagani. bunebrivia, arc qarTuli sinamdvile darCenila gulgrili am sakiTxisadmi.
aq, upirveles yovlisa, albaT, oTaraanT qvrivisa da Tavsafriani dedakacis gaxseneba gvmarTebs.
sayuradReboa, rom ilia WavWavaZe Tavisi gmiris saxels ar gvimxels. aseve iqceva niko lorTqifaniZec. sa-
varaudoa, rom isini Zerwaven ara konkretul personaJTa tipebs, aramed qmnian dedis saxe-simboloebs.
`ocdaoTxi wlisa Zlivs iqneboda, roca daqvrivda da erTi wlis Svili darCa. is dRea da is dRe, Caicva lurji Si-
lis perangi, Savi kaba, Tavzed Savi mandili moixvia da ai, es oci weliwadia, mxiaruli feri ar miukarebia tanzed.
Tumca bevri mTxovnelica hyavda, bevri exarbeboda oTaraanT qvrivis ojaxSi Sesvlas, magram Tqvenc ar mo-
mikvdeT, ar gaTxovda da ara. – ai, uwinamc dRe daubneldes oTaraanT qvrivsa, minam maminacvals saxlSi da-
usvamdes Tavis patara giorgisa~.
axla yuri niko lorTqifaniZes davugdoT: `qarTveli qvrivi dedakaci Tavsafridan wuRebamdis... windac ki Sa-
vi... bevri earSiyeboda... Soridan maWanklebic gaugzavnes. – rogor vumtyuvno oblebs?!~
orive nawyvetSi qarTveli qvrivi qalis `zneobrivi kodeqsia~ Camoyalibebuli. `Tavsafrianis~ kredo erTi fra-
ziTaa gadmocemuli~ – `rogor vumtyuvno oblebs?!~ oTaraanT qvrivis mrwamss ilia gmiris monologiT warmo-
aCens, Tumca, erTi da igivea naTqvami.
oTaraanT qvrivis, rogorc dedisa da aRmzrdelis, Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos, rom igi Tavis usazRvro siy-
varuls Svilisadmi garegnulad arasodes amJRavnebs. arc sxvam da arc TviT giorgim ar icis, rom qvrivi mzad aris
mtlad daedos Tavis pirmSos. `Seni var, SenTvis movkvdebi, SenTvis davicem danasao~, – ityoda xolme Tavis
gulSi deda, roca Svils samuSaodan momavals dainaxavda. Svilisadmi usazRvro Tavdadeba igrZnoba oTaraanT
qvrivis mTel cxovrebaSi. magram gansakuTrebuli sidiadiT mainc Txzulebis ukanasknel nawilSi, rodesac zam-
Tris Tovlian RameSi avadmyofi oTaraanT qvrivi loginidan wamodgeba, momvlel dedabers gaepareba, sofels
tanjviTa da vai-vaglaxiT gaivlis, raTa ganTiadisas Tavisi sicocxle Svilis saflavze daamTavros. swored giorgis
dabadebis dRes, ocdaxuT dekembers, sasaflaoze ipoves oTaraanT qvrivi, romelic Svilis saflavze `gardi-gardmo

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gadaqceuliyo, fexebi aqeT piras miwazed ebjina TiTis wverebiTa da orive xeli iqiT piras gadaekidna, TiTqos
sdomebia mTeli saflavi qviTa da mkvdriT erTis xvevniT gulSi Caekrao~.
`Tavsafriani dedakaci~ ufro saTuTi bunebisaa. umaduri Svilisagan naTqvamma erTma sityvam erTi xelis
mosmiT daungria mTeli samyaro. miuxedavad amisa, mainc Svilebis saxelze izruna da sicocxleSi pirvelad icru-
a, roca viRacas werili miawerina SvilebTan, TiTqos salocavSi wavida da `Cemze ar idardoT, arc meZeboTo...~
niko lorTqifaniZes amayi sulis Tavsafriani dedakaci didebul adamianad miaCnia da iqve dasZens, rom `di-
debuli adamianebi uZeglod ikargebian~. Tumca, vfiqrobT, orive mweralma Tavad daudga Zegli qarTvel dedas.
siyvaruli SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari iyos. Cveulebrivad, ratomRac gvgonia, rom siyvaruli, rogorc grZnoba,
rogorc vneba, yovelTvis da yvelasaTvis erTnairad vlindeba. garkveuli azriT, SeiZleba asec iyos. magram isic
faqtia, rom gansxvavebul kulturebSi is sxvadasxvagvarad ganicdeba. seqszec ki axdens kultura gavlenas. siyva-
ruli SeiZleba warmoCenili iyos seqsualur-cxovelur variantebSi da piriqiT, romantiuli grZnobis saxiT. erT kul-
turaSi dominirebs umankoeba, platonuri grZnoba, meoreSi ki erosi, rogorc sawyisi, stiqiuri, Zlieri adamianuri
vneba... arc Tu didi xnis win Cvens qveyanaSi siyvaruli cenzuris mkacri zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofeboda.
asea yvela totalitarul saxelmwifoSi. cnobilia, rom erotikul miswrafebebSi adamiani individualuri da Tavisufalia.
swored amitom zRudavdnen da akontrolebdnen, albaT, adamianis intimur cxovrebas `Zlierni ama qveynisa~.
dRes sul sxva mdgomareobaa... Tavisuflad iyideba `kamasutra~, Cinuri traqtatebi seqsze, horoskopebi, reko-
mendaciebi. puritanobis daZlevis mcdelobisas, gamoricxuli ar aris meore ukiduresobaSi aRvmoCndeT. siyvaru-
li maradiuli da ucvleli grZnobaa. magram kultura, gabatonebuli standartebi udavod axdenen gavlenas erotikul
normebze. da mainc, am grZnobaSi, yvela dros, yvela epoqaSi, ufro meti saerToa, vidre gansxvaveba. swored
amitom gvesmis da ganvicdiT Cven dResac dafnasa da qloas, tristanisa da izoldas, romeosa da julietas, Tamari-
sa da TaraSis, onisesa da ZiZias dramas.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ra aris `kategoriuli imperativi~ ?

SesaZlebelia kategoriuli imperativisa da Tavisuflebis SeTavseba?
iracionalizmis mixedviT, SeuZlia Tu ara gonebasa da cnobierebas mianiWos adamians Tavisufleba?
gaaanalizeT nicSeseuli imperativebi `me msurs~ da `Sen unda~.
platonis mixedviT, ra aris sikvdili? rodis wvdeba suli WeSmaritebas?
rogor gesmiT gamoTqma: filosofosoba sikvdilisaTvis mzadebas niSnavs?
ra moiazreba sikvdilis moralur RirebulebaSi?
risi eSinia adamians – sikvdilis rogorc sicocxlis Sewyvetis faqtis Tu masze dafiqrebisa da misi eqsis-
tencialuri gancdis?
eqsistencializmis mixedviT, rogor cdilobs adamiani sikvdilis SiSisagan Tavis daRwevas?
platoniseul miTologemaSi sqesis warmoSobis Taobaze, ras emsaxureba sqesobrivi cxovrebis centralu-
ri fenomeni – sqesobrivi ltolva da ra moiazreba masSi?
ra udevs safuZvlad aRapes – Zmur siyvaruls?
gaaanalizeT aRapes ZiriTadi moTxovna: `giyvardeT Tqveni mterni; daloceT Tqveni mawyevarni;
keTili uyaviT Tqvens moZuleT da iloceT Tqvensav mdevnelTa da SeuracxmyofelTaTvis~.
ra TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva amore – kurtuazuli siyvaruli?

adamiani da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

Taviseburebani
(gaucxoebis problema)

83
 sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi yoveli didi Semobruneba tradiciul RirebulebaTa gadafasebiT xasiaTde-
ba, anu yoveli axali epoqa Zveli Rirebulebebis gadafasebiTa da sakuTari faseulobebis damkvidrebis mcdelobiT
iwyeba. gavixsenoT, nicSes filosofiaSi uari iTqva yvela tradiciul Rirebulebaze. adamiani aRar cnobda Tavs val-
debulad arc RmerTis, arc moyvasis, arc sazogadoebis winaSe. yovelive es uaryofil iqna pirovnebis Tavisuflebis
saxeliT. nicSes mixedviT pirovnebad mxolod didi pirovneba, zekaci iTvleba, romelic gansazRvravs rogorc ide-
alTa samyaros, aseve upirovno masas. adamianis amgvari sruli `gaTavisufleba~ dasrulebuli saxiT gamoixata
TezaSi – `RmerTi mokvda~. amas ki Sedegad mohyva is, rom tradiciuli Rirebulebebis uaryofiT adamiani mar-
Tlac gaTavisuflda yovelgvari maiZulebeli idealebisagan, Tumca man orientirebic dakarga samyaroSi. axla mas
Tavad unda etvirTa is samuSao, rasac adre RmerTis an ideis saxeliT da maTi daxmarebis imediT akeTebda.
`garedan~ daxmarebis imedi mas xom Zalas aZlevda. axla ki, sakuTari survilebisa da qmedebebisaTvis mTeli
pasuxismgebloba Tavad ekisreboda. e.i. adamiani sruli qaosis winaSe aRmoCnda. mas Tavad unda moewesri-
gebina es samyaro. swored amgvari Tavisuflebis gacnobierebis sirTulem aTqmevina Jan pol sartrs: `adamiani
dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT~. SevecadoT sworad gavigoT, risi Tqma surda mas. marTalia, adamiani RmerTis
mfarvelobisagan gaTavisuflda, magram samagierod dakarga mizani, aRar icis ra uyos am `Tavisuflebas~ da
myisve misgan gaqcevas cdilobs.
XX saukunis TiTqmis vercerTi moazrovne gverds ver uvlis im faqts, rom Tanamedrove adamiani cdilobs sa-
zogadoebaSi gaTqvefas. Tu antikuroba bedisweris winaSe SiSs dioniseebSi icilebda, dRevandeli adamiani sen-
saciebSi iviwyebs sikvdilisa da martoobis SiSs. igi cdilobs upirovnos, saerTos, saSualos amoefaros, Tumca aris
mcdelobebi, rom zogierTma sikeTisa Tu ara, borotebis safuZvelze mainc SeinarCunos sakuTari individualoba,
raTa `sxvaSi~ ar gaiTqvifos, ar gaxdes `rogorc yvela sxva~. `sxvebSi~ gaTqvefa, sakuTari individualobis dakar-
gva Zalian mtkivneuli da autanelia TiToeuli CvenganisaTvis. swored am problemas asaxavs sartris sityvebi –
`jojoxeTi es aris sxvebi~ – viazrovno, vifiqro, rogorc `sxvebma~; vimoqmedo, rogorc `sxvebma~; Cavicva, ro-
gorc `sxvebma~; sikeTed CavTvalo is, rasac `sxvebi~, Cemgan gansxvavebiT sikeTed Tvlian, radgan `sxvebi~,
sazogadoeba fiqrobs ase. es xom sakuTar Tavze uaris Tqmas niSnavs. Tumca meore gzac arsebobs. gaveqce rea-
lobas, Tavi Sevafaro gamogonils, iluzoruls, virtualurs da bolos da bolos davijereb, rom Cemi namdvili cxovreba
iq mimdinareobs da ara aq.
gaucxoeba, adamianis mier sakuTari arsebis dakargva, arasdros yofila ase aSkara. XX saukunes zogierTma
mkvlevarma gacnobierebuli krizisis epoqa uwoda, xolo mis filosofias – gacnobierebuli krizisis epoqis filosofia.
krizisidan Tavis daRwevis sxvadasxva gza arsebobs, magram yvelasaTvis ZiriTadi da saerTo mainc maT mierve
zarzeimiT uaryofili tradiciuli Rirebulebebisaken Semobrunebaa.
ukeT rom CavwvdeT sakiTxis arss, Cven realobasac SevexoT. sazogadod miCneulia, rom Tanamedrove
adamiani `mowyenilia’. mowyeniloba is Taviseburi mdgomareobaa, roca adamiani wuxs da ver isvenebs, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom fiziologiur-materialuri moTxovnilebebis mxriv sakmaod dakmayofilebuli da mosvenebulia.
ufro metic, `mowyeniloba~ swored maSin eufleba adamians, roca sakuTar biologiur arsebobaze zrunvisagan Ta-
visufalia. ras vakeTebT, roca mowyenilebi varT? – zogi nards TamaSobs, zogi banqos an dominos, iSviaTad
QQWadraks, zogi krosvords xsnis, zogi kompiuterTan aTenebs da aRamebs, zogic svams da a.S. magram, Tuki
didxans gagrZelda garToba saqmesTan SeTavsebis gareSe, maSin, rogorc cnobilia, garTobac mosawyeni xdeba
da zogierTi Cvengani isev saqmes ubrundeba, zogic ki am `mosawyeni garTobidan~ Tavis daRwevas cdilobs,
raRac axlisken miiswafis, raTa Tavi iq mainc daimkvidros, iq, sadRac, Tundac iluzorul samyaroSi, anu `sxva ar-
sebobaSi~. amisi tipiuri magaliTebia alkoholizmi da narkomania. mogexsenebaT, rom alkoholisa da narkotikis
efeqti, upirveles yovlisa, imaSi gamoixateba, rom individi kontrolisa da realobis grZnobas kargavs da ufro `ma-
Ral doneze arsebobis~ iluzias eqvemdebareba. cnobilia loTi kacis Taviseburi Tavmomwoneoba, kompleqsebi-
dan gaTavisufleba, misi pretenzia gansakuTrebulobaze. isic cnobilia, rom loTobasa da narkomanias gansakuTre-
biT didi gasaqani swored maSin eZleva, rodesac epoqaluri ideali sayovelTaod kargavs damajereblobas da im-
sxvreva, axali ki jer ar Cans. udaoa, rom es gza `sxva arsebobaSi~ gadasvlis, amaRlebisa da damkvidrebis suro-
gatuli, iluzoruli gzaa. e.i. adamiani gaurbis realobas da iluzoruls afarebs Tavs (sxvaTa Soris, `iluzorulobis~ uam-
ravi faruli saxe arsebobs. Tundac CvenTvis yvelaze nacnobi da Cveuli: nacnob-megobrebi xSirad ikribebian xol-
me. yavas xarSaven, miirTmeven, Tambaqos aboleben da saubroben, maT Soris politikaze da umeteswilad, opo-
ziciur Tvalsazriss uWeren mxars... Tumca ki cxovrebaSi mSvenivrad eguebian da Tavisi piradi keTildReobis sa-

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sargeblod iyeneben `poziciasa~ da `pozicionerebsac~. yovelive es raRac `msubuq garTobas~ gavs, raRac `ritu-
als~, modas, `karg tons~, romlis saboloo mizani Cveulebriv banalur yofaze amaRlebis pretenzia da ufro maRal
realobasTan Sexebaa), anu arsebuli realobidan gaqceva da raRac sxva, sulac gamogonili realobisaTvis Tavis Se-
farebis mcdeloba, Tavis motyuebac aris da xsnac imavdroulad.
araerTxel aRgviniSnavs, rom filosofia cxovrebas mowyvetili fenomeni ar aris. yvelaferi, rac Cven gvawu-
xebs, razec vfiqrobT da ganvicdiT, ra kiTxvebic gviCndeba da pasuxs veZebT, yvelafris moZieba filosofiaSi Se-
iZleba. raRa Tqma unda, ara erTmniSvnelovani, utyuari pasuxis saxiT, aramed Cvenze bevrad Wkviani da ga-
mocdili adamianebis mosazrebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, Cveni da maTi Sexedulebebis SejerebiT, aqedan ki SesaZ-
lebeli xdeba WeSmaritebisaken svla. am rTul gzaze filosofias literatura udgas gverdiT da misTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli xerxebiTa da formiT cdilobs, ufro gasagebi eniT esaubros adamians mis satkivarze, mianiSnos, rogori cxov-
rebis wesia misTvis Rirseuli da rogori Seuferebeli, daafiqros cxovrebis warmavlobasa da amaoebaze da sanimu-
So idealic SesTavazos. amjerad literaturul simbolizms moviSveliebT.
literaturuli simbolozmisaTvis imTaviTve saintereso da mniSvnelovania umTavresi msoflmxedvelobrivi
problemebi: arsebobs Tu ara samyaro, Tu igi Cveni fantaziis nayofia? ra aris Cveni sinamdvile, moCvenebiTi,
Tu namdvili? sad gadis zRvari maT Soris? rogoria igi TavisTavad da rogoria igi, rogorc Cveni fantaziis nayofi?
leo qiaCelis moTxrobaSi `EEcalade~ moqmedeba SveicariaSi xdeba, dResaswaulze. karnavalSi axalgazrda
qarTveli kacic monawileobs. irgvliv uamravi niRbiani qali da kacia. erT-erTi maTgani, qali Savi niRbiTa da wi-
Tel-yviTeli mosasxamiT, sxvebisagan gamoarCevs qarTvels da eubneba: `yoveli sanamdvile warmodgenaa da
yoveli warmodgena sinamdvile~. uecrad es niRbiani qali elvis siswrafiT Sexteba xeze, kenweroze moeqceva da
gamomwvevad uxmobs yvelas: amodiT, damiWireT, vinc vaJkaci xarTo. qarTveli pirveli Seecdeba asvlas, mag-
ram mixvdeba, rom kenweromde ver miaRwevs, toti ver gauZlebs. uceb qali nirwamxdari qarTvelis gverdiT aR-
moCndeba. wiTel-yviTeli mosasxami ki isev xis kenweroze kidia. qali seirs uyurebs, Tu rogor miiCnevs motyu-
ebuli brbo xis kenweroze Camokidebul niRabsa da mosasxams realur qalad. daufaravad eubneba kidec mama-
kacs: `xa-xa-xa! megobaro, ar gecineba? rogor mogwons Cemi idea? ar gagonebs gana es suraTi TviT kacobrio-
bas, mis brZolas, mis cxovrebas? ra kargia! gana ase tyuilad ar ibrZvis kacobrioba? gana ase TavdaviwyebiT ar
epotineba raRac ideals, romelic bolos da bolos iseTive sisulelea, rogorc xeze Camokidebuli Cemi niRabi da wi-
Tel-yviTeli mosasxami!... ` `Ecalade~ erTxel kidev gvidasturebs Cveni cnobierebis umweobas – warmosaxuls
realobad rom miiCnevs.
rogoria sinamdvile TavisTavad da rogoria igi, rogorc Cveni fantaziis nayofi?
konstantine gamsaxurdias novela `lil~ Tavidan pikanturi Tavgadasavalis Txrobas waagavs. axalgazrda kaci
hyveba, Tu rogor aenTo eqim Saruxias ulamazesi colis trfobiT. ucnauri is iyo, rom am trfobas qmaric grZnobda da
xels ar uSlida. oRond, mkiTxveli xvdeba, raRac mzakvroba aqvs Cafiqrebuli Saruxias... qalis siyvaruliT Tavda-
viwyebamde misuli axalgazrda kaci erTbaSad aRmoCndeba Semzaravi realobis winaSe. Saruxia TviTon waiy-
vans zRvis sanapiroze jamleTs SiSveli colis sanaxavad. umSvenieresi qalis nacvlad simaxinje warmosdgeba trfo-
biT aRvsili vaJis winaSe: `lil mTlad SiSveli idga da mRelvare zRvas gahyurebda. elvis siswrafiT Semoevlo mis
sxeuls Cemi xarbi Tvali. da vnaxe – orive ferdebidan moxrili, saSualo TiTis sisxod amoburculi Zvlebi uCanda~.
gamaognebel suraTs eqim Saruxias mefistofeluri xiTxiTi abolovebs: `axla xom xedavT, ra Znelia raxitiani colis
qmroba da rogor gvatyuebs Cven Tvali?~ `me rom is kaci, buneba, Tu RmerTi Segirdad momabaron, romelmac
egzom zadiani organo mianiWa adamians, rogoricaa Tvali, uTood ors davuwerdio mas, radgan araferi ise umgva-
nod mowyobili ar ariso Cvens agebulebaSi, rogorc Tvali. araferi ise ar gvatyuebso, rogorc Tvali~. Tvalxiluli si-
namdvile miraJi da moCvenebaa, aseTi daskvna gamoaqvs konstantine gamsaxurdias.
ra ganapirobebs adamianis moTxovnilebas icxovros iluzorul, gamogonil sinamdvileSi? SemogTavazebT qar-
Tveli filosofosis zurab kakabaZis haidegeriseuli Tvalsazrisis analizs. `... patara bavSvs mSoblebi xelmZRvanelo-
ben, gezsa da mimarTulebas aZleven mis saqciels da amgvarad, uzrunvelyofen misi bavSvuri cxovrebis proble-
mebis warmatebiT gadawyvetas. xolo, roca gaizrdeba da mozrdili Seiqneba, erTbaSad `mozrdili cxovrebis~ rTu-
li problemebis winaSe aRmoCndeba yovelgvari xelmZRvanelisa da saxelmZRvanelos gareSe, saimedo orientir-
sa da gzis maCvenebels moklebul samyaroSi, rogorc `ucxo qveyanasa~ da sxvis saxlSi~ Tavis anabara mitove-
buli... mitovebulobisa da `usaxlkarobis~ es `peizaJi~ rom aSinebs, adamiani zurgs aqcevs da axSobs mas – Tav-
daviwyebiT eZleva `sajaro cxovrebas~ da Tavs ikatunebs, viTomcda aseTi cxovrebis samyaroSi hpova man

85
`mamuli~ da `mSobliuri kera~. am samyaros gamgebelad anu `mSobel mamad~ ki evlineba masobrivad gavrce-
lebul tendenciebSi gamovlenili raRac anonimuri instancia, romelic mas saimedo xelmZRvanelobas uwevs... yo-
veldRiuri cxovrebis wesi, garemomcvel samyaroSi CaZirviTa da masaSi gaTqvefiT rom xasiaTdeba, sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara `usaxlkarobidan~ sajaro cxovrebis iluzorul `saxlSi~ gaqceva. magram sajaro cxovrebis oromtrialSi
TavdaviwyebiT CarTul adamians zogjer erTbaSad daeufleba xolme amgvari cxovrebis uazrobis grZnoba da Se-
satyvisi `Zrwola~, TiTqosda erTbaSad gairRva safarveli da iqidan saSinelma WeSmaritebam gamoixeda: sajaro
cxovrebis oromtrialSi CarTuloba, am cxovrebis gamgebeli `anonimuri
sxvis~ xelmZRvanelobiT cxovreba, realizaciis gareSe tovebs mis arsebiT miswrafebebs da, maSasadame, gzidan
acdenas moaswavebs; es anonimuri subieqti srulebiTac ar aris misi saimedo xelmZRvaneli da `patroni~, igi saer-
Tod `upatronoa~ im azriT, rom misi cxovreba mas da mxolod mas abaria, masze da mxolod maszea mindobili,
mas da mxolod mas SeuZlia, damoukidebeli fiqrisa da meditaciis meSveobiT, sakuTari arsebiTi miswrafebebisa
da tendenciebis marealizebeli gza dasaxos da ganvlos. msgavsi Zrwola, Tavs rom esxmis da Tvals rom uxels
adamians, SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas garesamyaroSi gafantulobidan Tavis Tavs daubrundes da sakuTari yofiere-
bis realizeba, namdvili cxovrebis `mSenebloba~ scados... magram ufro xSirad ise xdeba, rom adamiani amgvari
Zrwolidan isev Semamsubuqebel iluziaSi garbis~.
dasavleTis azrovneba yofierebisa da sazrisis TeoriaTa simravliT xasiaTdeba. es imis maCvenebelia, rom
adamians gauZnelda Tavisi mdgomareobis gageba. man dakarga simSvide. iaspersis TqmiT, `totaluri mospobis
SiSi ukan, munyofierebis sazrisis gaazrebisaken gvibiZgebs~.
marqsizmis Tanaxmad, awmyosa da warsulis gaazreba ori TvalsazrisiT xdeba. erTi imediani ganwyobiT ari-
an aRvsilni, meoreni ki uimedobas moucavT. Sesabamisad, orive maTgans vladimer lenini (1870 –1924 ww.)
axasiaTebs, rogorc `istoriul optimizmsa~ da `istoriul pesimizms~. filosofiis ganviTarebis istoria naTlad aCve-
nebs, rom yoveli moazrovne saboloo jamSi an erT banaks miekuTvneba an meores. dasavleTis moazrovneebi
xazs usvamen adamianis martoobas da sicarieles teqnikis arnaxuli aRmavlobis epoqaSi. mTels qveyanaSi sulieri
martooba da uSinaarsoba batonobs.
`teqnikuri gaucxoebis~ problemis siRrmeSi qristianobis krizisis, ufro farTod, idealebisa da aqedan cxovrebis
sazrisis da Rirebulebebis dakargvis pirmSoa Tanamedrove adamiani. roca ikargeba mizani, ufasurdeba umaRlesi
Rirebulebani, angariSi ar eweva aravis da arafers; aRar eZeben pasuxs kiTxvaze ratom? da risTvis? fridrix nic-
Ses azriT, es e. w. `nihilizmia – yvelaze saSineli stumari yvela stumarTagan~. idealisagan daclilobisa da amgva-
rad, sicarielis gancdiT Sepyrobili kaci mudam xalxmraval sakrebuloTa msmeneli da brma monawilea. maTi jer
kidev Camouyalibebuli, gaucnobierebeli, dausabuTebeli Sexedulebebis gamziarebelia. es ukve gzaa sazareli si-
carielisaken, araraobisaken mimavali. am SemTxvevaSi maTTan yofna ar niSnavs raime miznis mignebas da am
mizniT gaerTianebas, aramed es aris stiqiuri kavSiri da am dros xdeba am saSualo, dabali masis garkveuli jgufis,
kerZod, brbos gamoyeneba damangrevel Zalad, romelsac mxolod zianis motana SeuZlia kacobriobisaTvis. ada-
miani marioneti xdeba brma emociisa. aq maradiuli mniSvnelobis ideali uaryofilia. adamianebi usaxoni xdebian,
yvela erTmaneTs hgavs da yvela `erT xmaze momRerali~ quxiliT miiwevs win, gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT.
Sinagani da garegani samyaros Seryeva niSnavs mTeli samyaros tragikulobas. samyaro ara marto SegrZne-
biT aris tragikuli, aramed Tavisi yofierebiTac. Tanamedrove dehumanizacias adamiani mihyavs dacemamde.
Cven ganvicdiT mTeli kulturis Rrma kriziss. aq laparakia adamianisa da kulturis krizisze. ganvixiloT zogierTi
moazrovnis Sexeduleba aRniSnul sakiTxebze, rogor afasebs is adamianis mdgomareobas dRevandel samyaro-
Si.
ZiriTadi cneba, romliTac espaneli filosofosi xose ortega – i – gaseti (1883 –1955 ww.) axasiaTebs adamia-
nis da istoriis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, aris krizisis cneba. krizisis fenomeni mravali moazrovnis kvlevis
obieqti iyo gasetamde, magram man mouZebna specifikuri aspeqti da gansazRvra is, rogorc `istoriuli krizisi~.
ganvmartoT rogor esmis x. gasets krizisi. krizisi aris gansakuTrebuli istoriuli cvlileba. istoria, moazrovnis gage-
biT, aris qmnadoba. iseTi qmnadoba, romelic mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aqedan gamomdinare,
adamiani rogorc istoriis centri, SeiZleba icvlebodes. es aris adamianis msoflmxedvelobis cvlilebiT gamowveuli
cvlileba. adamianis msoflmxedveloba gansazRvravs, gamoxatavs mis adamianobas, amoZravebs da aZlevs mas
mizans. Tu icvleba adamiani, icvleba misi msoflxedvac. amitom istoriuli krizisi maSin dgeba, roca adamiani
msoflmxedvelobis gareSea. adamiani dezorientirebuli xdeba. is kargavs samyaros, romelSic cxovrobda ise, rom

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ar aqvs Seqmnili axali. es cvlileba gadadis krizisSi da iRebs katastrofis saxes. cvlilebaTa meore saxe mdgoma-
reobs socialuri struqturis cvlilebebSi. xolo cvlilebaTa mesame saxe exeba adamianis `me~- obas. e. i. roca ada-
mianis `me~- Si xdeba cvlileba ise, rom ar ikargeba misi `me~. magram aris cvlileba, rodesac `me~ kargavs
`me~- obas. is gaucxovdeba. swored krizisis es mesame saxea Cveni kvlevis obieqti. espanel moazrovnes am
krizisis safuZvlad miaCnia `masebis amboxi~.
sityva `amboxi~ ar niSnavs brZolas iaraRiT xelSi. masSi politikurTan erTad mocemulia goniTi, moralur –
ekonomikuri da religiuri cxovrebac. es aris yvelaze dramatuli periodi, romelic odesme sazogadeobas gadautani-
a. mTeli Zalaufleba sazogadoebaSi xelT igdes masebma. gasetis TqmiT, `masebi ar unda marTavdnen da arc
SeuZliaT marTon sakuTari bedic ki, rom araferi vTqvaT sazogadoebaze mTlianad. aqedan gamomdinareobs,
rom evropa amJamad ganicdis yvelaze mZime kriziss, romelic SeiZleba Tavs daatydes xalxs, ers, kulturas~.
sxvadasxva principiT xdeba umciresobisa da uravlesobis gaerTianeba. umravlesobad warmoqmnis wanam-
ZRvaria misi wevrebis gemovnebis, ideebis, cxovrebis wesisa da stilis erTianoba. umciresobis wevrebi indivi-
debia, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian swored aRniSnuli niSnebiT. maT aerTianebT umravlesobisagan gansxvave-
buloba.
adamianis masisadmi mikuTvneba ganisazRvreba fsiqologiuri niSnis mixedviT. `masis adamiani es isaa,
vinc ar grZnobs Tavis TavSi araviTar gansakuTrebul unars an gansxvavebulobas sxvebisagan – kargs an cuds.
vinc grZnobs, rom igi zustad iseTivea, rogorc danarCenebi da amasTan amiT sul ar aris Sewuxebuli, piriqiT,
bednieria igrZnos Tavisi Tavi iseTived, rogorc yvela~.
Tu arsebiTad ganvixilavT masebis amboxs, maSin mas axasiaTebs Semdegi ori garemoeba: 1) masebi am-
Jamad asruleben im sazogadoebriv funqciebs, rac adre martooden gamorCeul umciresobaTa prerogativa iyo; 2)
amave dros masebi ukve aRar arian am uciresobaTa morCilni. isini ara Tu emorCilebian, misdeven da pativs
scemen, aramed Tavidan iSoreben da aviwroveben maT. araferi ar axasiaTebs Cven epoqas ise, rogorc is, rom
TiTqmis yvelgan, erTgvarovani masebi axdenen zemoqmedebas xelisuflebaze da Seuracxyofen yvela opoziciur
jgufs. winaT demokratia ar iyo gayofili. dRes ki Cven moveswariT hiperdemokratiis triumfs, rodesac masebi
Tvlian, rom maT ufleba aqvT msvleloba miscen da saxelmwifo kanonad aqcion TavianTi saubrebi kafeSi. gase-
tis azriT, `problema is aris, rom evropa darCa moralis gareSe. masis adamianma ukuagdo moZvelebuli mcnebe-
bi ara imisTvis, rom isini axliT, ukeTesiT Seecvala, – ara! misi sasicocxlo wesebis arsia icxovros mcnebebisad-
mi damorCilebis gareSe~. is iWreba yvelaferSi miuxedavad Tavisi ugvano azrebisa, romlebic angariSs ar uwe-
ven aravis da arafers. masis adamians ar unda darCena mtkice bedis myar niadagze, is upiratesobas aniWebs ha-
erSi dakidebul fiqtiur arsebobas, rac radikalurad gansxvavdeba elitaruli adamianis cxovrebisa da miswrafebebi-
sagan. gasetis azriT, es axali tipis adamiani Seqmnilia Tanamedrove evropuli kulturis Zireuli Secdomebisagan,
romelsac aswavles teqnikis trfiali da sargebloba, xolo cxovrebisa ki ara aswavles ra.
`masebis~ cnebaSi gaseti ar gulisxmobs sazogadoebis romelime klass. `masa – es aris xalxis umravlesoba
gansakuTrebuli, gamorCeuli Tvisebebis gareSe. es srulebiT ar aris vTqvaT, muSebi, proleteriati. masa – es aris
saSualo, uferuli adamiani~. gaseti ar ganasxvavebs da erTi da imave cnebiT aRniSnavs masasa da brbos, romel-
sac pirovnebebis mcirericxovan elitas upirispirebs. es ukanasknelic ar warmoadgens klass, ar warmoadgens wo-
debas, aramed adamianTa tips, romlis saxelia araerTferovneba, pirovneba.
sazogadoebis dayofa ara socialur klasad, aramed xalxis tipebad – masebad da rCeulebad – srulebiT ar aris
ubralod dayofa `umaRlesobad~ da `umciresobad~. gvinda Tu ara es, avtoris azriT, sazogadoeba unda iyos aris-
tokratuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom avtori elitaSi ara aristokratul warmomavlobasa da keTilSobili gvaris upiratesobas
gulisxmobs, rac Cveulebriv esmiT am cnebis qveS, aramed wminda gonebriv gamorCeulobas; elita swored
wminda inteleqtualuri umciresobaa. esaa adamiani, romelic qmnis kulturas, aCqarebs progress da amaRlebs civi-
lizaciis dones. mas axasiaTebs pasuxismgeblobis gaZlierebuli grZnoba, gansakuTrebuli momTxovneloba saku-
Tari personisadmi. es ucxoa saSualo masis adamianisaTvis. misi principi sruliad gansxvavebulia – `swrafad gaa-
keTe yvelaferi, rac gsurs! ar arsebobs arc SeuZlebeli da arc saSiSi, arc umaRlesoba da arc umciresoba~. is yo-
velTvis kmayofilia da aRfrTovanebuli Tavisi TaviT. cxovreba TviTkmayofilebaSi – es aris xvedri plebeisa. ma-
sis adamiani ar cnobs dialogs, rogorc urTierTobis umaRles formas. wavides dialogze, misTvis es pirvel marcxs
niSnavs. aqedan Cndeba moTxovna: `kmara diskusiebi~! amas Sedegad ki mosdevs uaryofa yovelgvari sulieri

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urTierTobisa, rac efuZneba obieqturi normebis cnobas, dawyebuli ubralo saubridan, damTavrebuli parlamentiT
da samecniero sazogadoebiT. is moiTxovs `pirdapiri moqmedebis~ erTaderT meTods. es normaa, romelic xsnis
yvela danarCen normas, xsnis yvela Sua etaps mizansa da monapovars Soris. evropis istoriaSi plebei arasdros
warmoidgenda Tavs raime ideebis mqoned. mas hqonda Tavisi rwmena, tradiciebi, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba,
gacveTili azri, magram is ar ereoda Teoriul gamokvlevebSi da ganzogadebebSi, romlebsac moiTxovs politika,
literatura da a. S. axla ki daaneba Tavi sxvis mosmenas. axla man unda gansajos, dagegmos, gadawyvitos. ami-
tom am dros adamianebi cxovroben cxovrebiseuli programebis gareSe, ugegmod. mTavroba arafers laparakobs
momavalze. man ar icis saiT miiswrafvis, midis miznis gacnobierebis gareSe, amitom mis saqmianobaSi ar ix-
sneba problemebi, piriqiT – farTovdeba da rTuldeba konfliqturi situaciebi. yovelTvis aseTi iyo sazogadoeba, ro-
melsac marTavdnen saSualo masebi – is iyo yovlisSemZle da efemeruli. es imitom, rom saSualo adamianis idee-
bi ar aris namdvili ideebi. isini kulturulobiT ar dasturdebian. masebis amboxebam SeiZleba migviyvanos katas-
trofamde, radgan mmarTveloba xelSi CauvardaT gansazRvruli tipis xalxs, romelTaTvisac ar aris Zvirfasi civili-
zaciis fuZe. paradoqsia, rom msoflios exlandeli gamgebeli primitiulia, SemTxveviT movlinebulia civilizebul
samyaroSi. maSin, roca pirovnebis cxovreba, misi yoveldRiuroba – es aris mudmivi daZabuloba, Seusvenebeli
varjiSi, varjiSi asketisa. RirSesaniSnavi – damaxasiaTebeli keTilSobilebisa – es aris ara Zalaufleba, ara privile-
giebi, aramed movaleobebi, momTxovneloba sakuTari Tavisadmi. elitis adamianma icis ra advilia sisulelis Ca-
dena; ra axlosaa saSiSroeba yovel wams. Tu elitas axasiaTebs azris Tavisufleba da warsulTan urTierToba, rac
aucilebeli pirobaa ganviTarebisaTvis, masis adamianisaTvis es sferoebi ugulvebelyofilia. is iRebs mmarTvelo-
bas warsulis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ise, TiTqos is arc arsebuliyo. gasetis filosofiis dasaxasiaTeblad saWiroa
mravali kategoria: cxovreba, subieqti, yofiereba, sinamdvile, WeSmariteba, mimarTeba `mesa~ da `Sens~ Soris,
elita, masa, xalxi, `mani~, gaucxoeba, istoriuli krizisi da sxva. magram yvela es kategoria erTi centraluri figuris,
erTi ZiriTadi kategoriis garSemo moZraobs. es aris adamianuri yofierebis krizisi da misi gaucxoeba. misTvis er-
TaderTi sinamdvile, romelic Cven gvainteresebs, aris Cveni sinamdvile, Cveni samyaro, Cveni cxovreba. adami-
ani ar unda dakmayofildes nivTTa yofierebiT, Tuki es yofiereba nivTebs adamianisagan damoukideblad aqvT.
adamianis fenomeni gasetis filosofiaSi Seicavs ormxrivobas – adamiani megobari da adamiani mteri. amis
safuZvelic socialurobaa. sityva `sazogadoebrivi~ Tavis TavSi aerTianebs pozitiur da negatiur sawyiss. rom Se-
viqmnaT naTeli warmodgena saxelmwifoze, unda gavigoT is msoflmxedvelobrivi sistema Cveulebebisa, romel-
sac `sazogadoebriv azrs~ vuwodebT. xose ortega – i – gasets SesaniSnavad aqvs mignebuli masebis xasiaTSi
yvelaze umniSvnelo Tvisebac ki, TvalnaTliv da zustad aRwers adamianis mier yoveldRiurobaSi, sxvadasxva
situaciaSi am niSan-TvisebaTa gamovlenas, magram nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs im socialuri mizezebis kvle-
vas, romelic saSualebas miscems adamians gaeqces saSualoobas. amave dros, ar aris gamoyofili, gamijnuli
brbosa da masis cnebebi. Cveni azriT ki, zogierTi Tviseba, romelsac gaseti masas miawers, brbos maxasiaTebe-
li ufroa, vidre saSualo adamianisa.
frangma eqimma da publicistma gustav lebonma (1841 – 1931 ww.) Tavis erT-erT naSromSi `xalxebisa da
masebis fsiqologia~, Tavis saukunes `brbos saukune~ uwoda. brbos problemis wina planze wamoweva am epo-
qis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSania. brbos fenomenis Cveulebrivi gageba, romelSic igulisxmeba adamianTa
Cveulebrivi Tavmoyra, erTiani miswrafebebiT, miznebiT, lebonma ganasxvava brbos fsiqologiuri cnebisagan.
aq adamianTa iseTi Tavmoyra igulisxmeba, rodesac adamianTa TavSeyra ar xdeba fizikurad. e. i. isini faqtobri-
vad daSorebulni arian erTmaneTs, magram mainc erTnairad grZnoben, erTnairad fiqroben da moqmedeben.
maT axasiaTebT individualurisagan gansxvavebuli koleqtiuri, masobrivi suli. Cveni azriT, aq leboni gulisxmobs
swored imas, rasac gaseti saSualo adamianTa masebs uwodebs. ubralod leboni masebisa da brbos aRsaniSnavad
erTsa da imave termins – `brbos~ iyenebs. fsiqologiaSi met – naklebad Seswavlilia adamianis Tavdapirveli
moTxovnilebebidan momdinare impulsebi da midrekilebebi, misi moqmedebis motivebi da sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobebi. amrigad, SesaZlebelia miaxloebiTi sizustiT mainc ganvsazRvroT adamianTa mosalodneli reaqcia
ama Tu im movlenaze, magram utyuaria is faqtic, rom garkveul pirobebSi adamiani fiqrobs da iqceva mosalod-
nelisagan sruliad gansxvavebulad da xSirad sapirispirodac. ase xdeba maSin, roca adamiani CarTulia brbos Se-
madgenlobaSi, iqceva masis organul nawilad. leboni wers: `fsiqologiur masaSi yvelaze ucnauria Semdegi. rogo-
ric ar unda iyos maTi cxovrebis wesi, saqmianoba, maTi xasiaTi da inteligenturobis xarisxi, masad qcevisas isini
iZenen koleqtiur suls, romlis ZaliT sruliad sxvagvarad grZnoben, fiqroben da iqcevian, vidre TiToeuli maTgani

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calke igrZnobda, ifiqrebda, moiqceoda. arseboben ideebi da grZnobebi, romlebic gamovlindebian an moqmede-
bad iqcevian mxolod masad gaerTianebul individebSi~. masas leboni adarebs organizms, romelic Sedgeba mra-
vali ujredisagan da romelsac aqvs sruliad axali Tvisebebi, vidre calkeul ujredebs. aq leboni saubrobs ama Tu im
adamianis inteligenturobis xarisxze, rac, Cveni azriT, zusti ar aris. adamianis inteligenturobas ar SeiZleba hqon-
des sxvadasxva xarisxi. igi an aris, an ar aris inteligenti. pirovneba, Tuki is marTla inteligentia, ar SeiZleba gaiT-
qvifos upirovno masaSi ise, rom man absoluturad dakargos saRi gonebiT gansjis, kritikuli analizis unari. lebons
mohyavs misi Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mier dadgenili faqti, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi udides rols qvecnobieri
miswrafebebi asrulebs. misi yoveldRiuri moqmedebis ukan, romelsac pirovneba aRiarebs, ueWvelad arsebobs
kidev raRac dafaruli mizezebi, romelsac igi ar aRiarebs, xolo yovelive amis ukan ki Zevs kidev ufro faruli mize-
zebi, romelTa arsebobis Sesaxebac ki adamianma araferi icis. misi yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi swored am faruli,
aracnobieri motivebis gavlenis Sedegia. aqedan gamomdinare g. leboni cdilobs axsnas brboSi adamianis cvale-
badobis mizezebi da maT sam gamovlinebaSi eZebs.
adamians, garSemortymuls mravali adamianiT da maTTan miznebis saerToobiT dakavSirebuls, eufleba ga-
nusazRvreli Zlevamosilebis grZnoba. es grZnoba aZlevs mas saSualebas Tavisuflad gamoavlinos Tavdapirveli
survilebi, romlebic izolirebulad arsebobis periodSi iZulebuli iyo daeTrguna. brboSi aRar arseboben individebi,
igi upirovno da anonimuria, amdenad masSi myof adamians sruliad uqreba pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. grZnoba,
romelic Ceulebriv yovelTvis Tan axlavs pirovnebas da aiZulebs imoqmedos gaazrebulad. es aris brboSi cvaleba-
dobis pirveli mizezi. zigmund froidi (1859 –1939 ww.), romelic, Tavisi moZRvrebidan gamomdinare, komen-
tars ukeTebs gustav lebonis naazrevs, aRniSnavs, rom `es TiTqos axali Tvisebebi, romlebsac is aRmoaCens ax-
la, sinamdvileSi warmoadgens im aracnobieris gamovlenas, romelSic CanasaxSive Cadebulia adamianis sulis
yvela siborote~.
meore mizezi cvalebadobisa metad ucnauri da amoucnobi fenomeni – gadamdeblobaa. g. leboni mas hipno-
zur fenomenTa ricxvs miakuTvnebs. brboSi adamianis yoveli moqmedeba Tu grZnoba gadamdebia. igi umalve
gadaecema masis danarCen wevrebs. aseTi gadamdebloba SeiZleba mivides im zomamde, rodesac adamians
piradi interesi saerTos, masis intersebis samsxverploze miaqvs. es ki misi bunebisaTvis sruliad sawinaaRmdego
Tvisebaa.
cvalebadobis mesame mizezs STagonebadoba warmoadgens. es yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezia. swored igi
ganapirobebs masaSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis TvisebaTa gansxvavebas calkeul individTa Tvisebebisagan.
amasTan, gadamdebloba gustav lebons STagonebadobis moqmedebis Sedegad gaCenil fenomenad miaCnia.
adamiani, roca masaSi imyofeba, vardeba `monusxvis~ msgavs mdgomareobaSi, kargavs kontrols Tavis Tavze,
veRar acnobierebs sakuTar qmedebebs. aseT viTarebaSi misi moqmedeba STagonebis Sedegad SeiZleba nebis-
mieri mimarTulebiT warimarTos. igi Zlieri aRtkinebiT iwyebs STagonebuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas. es aRtki-
neba Zlieri da gadaulaxavia.
gustav leboni ajamebs brboSi pirovnebis sruli nivelirebisa da cvalebadobis kvlevis Sedegebs da miiCnevs,
rom masis adamianisaTvis tipiur damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs warmoadgens cnobieri pirovnebis gaqroba, aracno-
bieris moWarbeba, STagonebisa da gadamdeblobis Sedegad azrebisa da grZnobebis orientacia erTi da imave
mimarTulebiT, STagonebuli ideebis uswrafesad Sesrulebis tendencia. individi ukve aRar ekuTvnis sakuTar
Tavs, igi unebisyofo avtomatad iqca. mecnieri mimarTavs masobrivi, koleqtiuri sulisaTvis damaxasiaTebel tipi-
ur TvisebaTa ganxilvas. masa impulsuri da advilad aRgznebadia. igi TiTqmis mTlianad Tavdapirvel impulsebs
eqvemdebareba. es impulsebi imdenad Zlieria, rom individs ar eZleva Tavisi interesebis gamovlenis araviTari
saSualeba. kerZo interess brbos saerTo interesi nTqavs. brbo cvalebadia, aramyaria. Tu mas raime surs, mxolod
mokle droiT, Tumca es survili maSinve unda iyos dakmayofilebuli. masa aucileblobiT moiTxovs aRiarebul li-
der – belads. brbo Tavisi bunebiT kerpTayvanismcemelia. igi mTlianad endoba Tavis avtoritets, absoluturad
ukritikoa beladis mimarT. brbos ar gaaCnia sakuTari azri, misi azri igive beladis azria. sxvagvar Sexedulebebs
igi ar iRebs, maT mimarT ara Tu Semwynarebeli, aramed agresiulia. masTan paeqroba SeuZlebelia, radgan igi
araviTar arguments angariSs ar uwevs. masas uyvars Tavisi kerpi, xolo vinc mas upirispirdeba, siZulviliT da
mtrobiT pasuxobs.
masa metad damyolia da advilad ijerebs yvelaze daujerebel ambavsac ki. igi moklebulia kritikis unars. ma-
sas yvelaferSi ukiduresobis grZnoba axasiaTebs. antipaTiis patara marcvalic ki uceb gadaiqceva velur, dauoke-

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bel siZulvilad. mas, visac surs gavlena moipovos masaze, sruliad ar moeTxoveba iyos Tanmimdevruli da logi-
kuri YTavis argumentaciaSi. sakmarisia SeeZlos maRalfardovani da emociuri saubari da masac dapyrobilia.
brbos, Tavisi mravalricxovnobis gamo, uZlevelobis grZnoba eufleba. Tumca masebi daufiqreblad mihyvebian
Tavis liders, magram mas unda hqondes garkveuli Tvisebebi, romliTac moxiblavs brbos da gaiyolebs mas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom gustav lebonis mTeli es msjeloba exeba ara xangrZlivi xasiaTis masebs, aramed
brbos, romelic warmoiqmneba mxolod garkveuli droiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli individebis TavSeyris
Sedegad da romelTac am momentisaTvis erTi saerTo, magram warmavali interesi aerTianebT. im SemTxveva-
Si, rodesac es interesi kargavs Tavis aqtualobas, dakmayofilebulia an moxsnilia raime mizezis gamo, brbo iSle-
ba.
masebis fsiqologiis, adamianTa sxvadasxvagvari socialuri jgufebisa Tu warmonaqmnebis kvlevaSi, gustav
lebonTan erTad, didi damsaxureba miuZRvis frang iurists da sociologs gabriel tards (1843 –1904 ww.). am
Temas miuZRvna man Tavisi erT-erTi mTavari Sroma `azri da brbo~. tardi
erTmaneTisagan mijnavs `brbosa~ da `publikis cnebebs~. avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom brbos Camoyalibe-
baSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba misi Semadgeneli individebis fizikur siaxloves. is erT teritoriaze Tav-
Seyraa. amisgan gansxvavebiT, publika ar saWiroebs Tavisi wevrebis aucilebel fizikur kavSirs. tardis azriT,
publikis Camoyalibeba iwyeba XVI saukunidan, rac dakavSirebulia wignebis beWdvis farTo gavrcelebasTan.
am udidesi siaxliT – gazeTebisa da wignebis yoveldRiuri da erToblivi kiTxviT gaerTianebulma mkiTxvelTa
masam Tavi sruliad axal socialur Zalad, sxeulad igrZno. yalibdeba sxvadasxva saxis literaturuli, politikuri da a.
S. publika, romlebic yoveldRiurad sul ufro da ufro met adamians moicavs. es procesi grZeldeba Semdgom sau-
kuneebSic. amitom gabriel tardi ar eTanxmeba gustav lebonis mosazrebas, rom XX saukune aris brbos saukune.
g. tardi axdens brbos nairsaxeobaTa klasifikacias, magaliTad, asakis, sqesis da sxva niSnebiT. igi gansa-
kuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs quCaSi Tavmoyril qalTa brboze, romelic ase nacnobia CvenTvisac da rome-
lic Tavisi ukiduresi aRgznebadobiT, agresiulobiT da sisastikiT adamianis gaocebas iwvevs. amgvar qalTa Tav-
yrilobebSi xdeba yvelaze aRviraxsnili da Tavxeduri instinqtebis gamovlena. avtori yuradRebas brboSi rwmeni-
sa da miznis xarisxze amaxvilebs. amis Sesabamisad morwmune brbo darwmunebuli da fanatikuria, xolo brbo,
romelsac raime miznis miRweva surs, Jiniani da despoturia. religiuri brbo yvelaze mSvidi da wynaria, Tumca
zogjer isic sCadis danaSauls.
politikuri brbo ufro metad agresiuli da gaRizianebulia, vidre religiuri. igi aramyaria, cvalebadia, SeuZlia ad-
vilad mieces ukiduresi siZulvilidan did aRtacebasa da sixaruls. miuxedavad brboTa aseTi mravalferovnebisa, ar-
sebobs ramdenime yvelasaTvis saerTo niSani. es Tvisebebia: ukiduresi mouTmenloba, sasacilo ampartavnoba,
avadmyofuri mgrZnobiaroba, upasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, yovlisSemZleobis iluziuri gancda, taqtis, zomierebis
grZnobis sruli dakargva. is garbis, ifanteba, roca mteri masze Zlieria, xolo Tu sakuTari upiratesoba igrZno, ma-
Sinve Setevaze gadadis. brbo iolad eZleva koleqtiuri halucinaciebis grZnobas. mas xSirad eCveneba, rom mos-
devs warmosaxviTi mteri. aseTi rwmena emyareba imave mosazrebebs, rogoric SeSlilebs aqvT.
aqtiurobis da pasiurobis xarisxis Sesabamisad gabriel tardi brbos oTx ZiriTad saxed yofs: 1) momlodine; 2)
yuradRebiani; 3) Tavis Sesaxeb ganmcxadebeli da 4) moqmedi. avtori dawvrilebiT axasiaTebs TiToeul maT-
gans da mohyavs Sesabamisi magaliTebi. maSinac ki, roca brbo veluri ovaciebiT gars ertymis romelime moma-
val gmirs, brbos ZaluZs mxolod moamzados misi damarcxeba, aRagznebs ra ukiduresobamde mis siamayes da
mis genias sigiJed gadaaqcevs. gabriel tards mohyavs mravali magaliTi brbos mier Cadenili sxvadasxva dana-
Saulisa, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs, rom krebiT erTeulebs, am SemTxvevaSi brbos, SeuZlia moimoqmedos ara
marto gaugonari da saSineli danaSauli, aramed ZaluZs didi gmirobis Cadenac. es exeba mxolod zneobriobis
sferos. gonebriv aspeqtSi ki brbos ar SeuZlia amaRldes erTi safexuriTac ki. zneobriobis sferoSi maT ZaluZT
daecnen Zlier dabla da aiwion Zlier maRla; gonebis sferoSi ki maT ZaluZT idgnen mxolod Zalian dabal done-
ze.
Cvens mier ganxilul mecnierTa naSromebSi gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi ucxo ar aris Cveni sinamdvilisaT-
vis. swored, brbos maxasiaTebelma am da sxva Tvisebebma Cvens mexsierebaSi am ramdenime xnis win dato-
va kvali. mravalwliani totalitaruli reJimis arsebobis periodSi mTlianad warTmeuli gvqonda sakuTari nebis da
azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis elementaruli saSualeba. adamianTa farTo fenebi represiuli, damsjeli aparatis ze-
gavleniT mudmivi fsiqologiuri daTrgunvis qveS imyofebodnen. totalitaruli reJimis TandaTanobiT msxvrevas

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Tan mohyva xalxis farTo masebis aRtkineba, farTo fenebis ukiduresi gaaqtiureba, ramac agresiuli da daman-
greveli Sedegebi gamoiwvia.
Cvens Tvalwin, rusTavelis prospeqtze aboboqrebulma brbom moawyo saSineli dekoraciebi. brbo `Rmuo-
da~, `grgvinavda~, gaiZaxoda `Zirs~, `maRla~, `movspoT~ da a. S. brbos amoZaxilebi, simRerebic ki SiSis
momgvreli, avis momaswavebeli, Tavzardamcemi iyo. brbos siCumeSic ki wyvdiadis xma ismoda, romelmac
msaxvrali xeli daatyo rusTavelis prospeqts, dasavleT saqarTvelos, samaCablos, afxazeTs, Seiwira adamianebi.
aseTi Sedegi mosdevs yovelTvis amorfuli jgufebis TavaSvebul TareSs. ras mihyavs adamiani amgvar qmede-
bebamde? gana ar icis adamianma, Senobebis ngreviT, SuSebis msxvreviT, Zeglebis CamogdebiT mizani rom
ar xorcieldeba?! nuTu ar icis, rom es daundobeli ngreva Taobebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da namdvili ide-
is SesrulebasTan ver gvaaxloebs?! adamianTa tanjvis mizezi xom xeluxlebeli rCeba da portretebis dawviT mi-
Rebuli siamovneba Tavis motyuebaa da meti araferi!
koni aRniSnavs, rom `individis gamocalkeveba da masSi sakuTari gansakuTrebulobis cnobierebis ganviTa-
reba istoriuli procesia`. amave istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegia emociur – eqspresiuli (sulieri siaxlove, gageba, in-
timuroba), instrumentuli (erToblivi movaleobebi, da daxmareba) unarebi da amave dros suliereba, Tavisufali
rwmena, idealebis qona da a. S. saocaria, wlebis ganmavlobaSi dauokebeli mecadineobiT mopovebul pirovnu-
lobas da Rirebulebebs rogor Tmobs adamiani erT wamSi, erTi xelis mosmiT rogor kargavs mas, Tu is marTlac
hqonda adamians?!
zemoxsenebuli rigi unaris nakleboba iwvevs pirovnebis deficitsa da pirovnebis deformacias. yvelaferi xdeba
nela, nabij-nabij, SeumCnevlad da adamiani erT dRes aRmoCndeba brbos wevrad. gamodis, rom es ar aris wu-
Tieri datvirTvis brali, aramed esec istoriuli gza yofila.
unda aRiniSnos, rom, roca adamiani raime moqmedebas axorcielebs, vTqvaT, wvavs an arbevs mTavrobis
saxls, am moqmedebaSi gadaxlarTulia ori Sinagani sferos – grZnobisa da azrovnebis aqtivoba. am sferoSi ki-
dev ufro metad unda erios xeli aracnobiers. aq xom zemoxsenebuli ori sferos aqtivobas erTvis Tavad nebis, ro-
gorc aseTis, kidev ufro metad aracnobieri xasiaTi. swored aq aris gamoricxuli – ratom? risTvis? am kiTxvebze
pasuxs xom motivi sWirdeba. brbos qcevas ki motivi arasdros aqvs. aseT situaciaSi adamianis moqmedebidan
amorTulia sindisis kontroli da sruliad ar aris gasakviri adamianis moqmedeba, romelsac is Cveulebriv pirobebSi
ar Caidenda. gana es qceva, rogorc e. w. impulsuri qceva, Cveni aracnobieri nebis gamoxatuleba ar aris? miuxe-
davad imisa, ras miviCnevT mis amxsnel meqanizmad – masis fsiqologias (g. leboni, z. froidi), koleqtiuri arac-
nobieris arqetips (k. iungi), TuU ganwyobas (d. uznaZe). aqve moviSveliebT k. iungs: `adamianis cxovrebis
mexuTedi Tu mesamedi, an iqneb naxevaric ki, aracnobier mdgomareobaSi mimdinareobs. Cveni bavSvobis
pirveli xana aracnobierad gadis, yovel RamiT aracnobierSi viZirebiT da mxolod gansazRvrul SualedebSi
vflobT met-naklebad naTel cnobierebas da kacma rom Tqvas, isic sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad naTelia es cnobie-
reba~.
marTlacda, yvelas mogvsvlia – gvsurs erTi, gagvikeTebia meore da gamogvsvlia mesame. aq azrovnebaze
metad grZnoba prioritetobs da marTlac, grZnobaTa mimarT Cven ise avtomaturni ara varT, rogorc azrovnebis,
aRqmisa da warmodgenis mimarT. grZnoba gvevlineba, rogorc ucxo Zala. me SemiZlia nebismier Temaze vi-
fiqro, magram me ar SemiZlia Cemi nebisda miuxedavad raime grZnoba SevigrZno. es ase rom yofiliyo, cxov-
reba bevrad ufro ioli iqneboda.
naTqvams Tu CavukvirdebiT, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom Cven, rogorc iungi ambobs, ZalgviZs axali cnebebis
Camoyalibeba, magram axali grZnobebis Seqmna ki ara. es imis naTeli dadasturebaa, rom adamians amoZra-
vebs raRac `ara me~, rasac fsiqologiaSi `aracnobiers~ uwodeben da romlis winaSec adamiani uZluria. Tumca
es adamians ar aTavisuflebs movaleobebisa da pasuxismgeblobisagan, radgan es erT-erTi im niSanTagania, ro-
melic adamians gamohyofs cxovelTa samyarosagan. swored amis gacnobierebas aqvs mniSvnelovani funqcia.
e. i. sakuTari Tavis danaxvas sarkeSi da gonebiTi qcevis primats adamianis moqmedebis arsenalsa Tu arealSi.
es niSnavs TviTcnobierebis donis amaRlebas, rac ase saWiroa dRes CvenTvis.
gaucxoebis daZlevis meqanizmebis dadgeniT fsiqologias sazogadoebis humanizaciaSi Tavisi wvlilis Setana
SeuZlia. danaSaulis zrda, vandalizmi, narkomania, TviTmkvleloba, zogadad dehumanizacia da misi calkeuli
simptomebi, didi xania Seiswavleba socialuri fsiqologiis mier, magram erTiani Tvalsazrisi am movlenis mi-
marT jer ar SemuSavebula, rac aferxebs daZlevis meqanizmebis kvlevasac.

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 deindividualizaciis problemis kvleva aranakleb mniSvnelovania brbos fsiqologiis kvlevisas. viTarebas arTu-
lebs is, rom gvaqvs deindividualizaciis urTierTsapirispiro Tvalsazrisi. erTi mxriv, adamiani eZebs gamokveTil
da unikalur identobas, meore mxriv, anonimuroba, masaSi gaTqvefa (radgan TviTcnobiereba minimumamdea
dasuli) da miswrafebebis uaryofa did zians ayenebs mis SemoqmedebiT unarianobas, rac pirovnebis moSlas,
deformacias iwvevs.
deindividualizaciis Sesaxeb socialur-fsiqologiuri xasiaTis gamokvlevaTa udidesi nawili imowmebs hipoTe-
zas, rom identobis dakargva ubiZgebs SeuzRudvel, impulsur, ukontrolo qcevas. deindividualizacia xsnis zRude-
ebs imiT, rom aqveiTebs pirovnebis yuradRebas sakuTari `me~ - sadmi. mas aseve naklebad ainteresebs, Tu ro-
gor gamoiyureba is sxvebis TvalSi, radgan daqveiTebuli aqvs TviTcnobiereba, rac kontrolis saSualebaa. eqspe-
rimentebma daadastura agreTve `me~-s gaSiSvleba anonimurobis viTarebaSi, roca adamians, rogorc konkretuls
ver xedaven. amas emateba isic, rom adamiani cdilobs arc man dainaxos sakuTari `me~, xdeba stiqiuri brbos
warmomadgeneli da SeuZlia dadges `Tavdayirac~ ki.
qarTuli sinamdvilis gaTvaliswinebiT dRes aucilebelia gadavlaxoT brbos moZalebis es etapi, unda SeveCvi-
oT Tavisufal, damoukidebel da praqtikul azrovnebas, unda SevZloT damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miReba,
vikisroT pasuxismgebloba sakuTari moqmedebisaTvis, rameTu Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba ganuyrelia er-
TmaneTisagan. mxolod pirovnuli gaTavisuflebis am metad rTuli da ekliani gziT mivaRwevT WeSmaritad suli-
erad amaRlebulsa da Tavisufal, mravalsaukunovani tradiciebisa da evropuli Rirebulebebis erTgul saqarTvelos,
romelsac ase veswrafviT.

pirovneba, masa da brbo

masa arc eTnikuri da arc istoriuli erToba ar aris. igi garkveuli tipis adamianTa simravlea. am adamianebs
aerTianebT ara erovnuloba, ara romelime socialuri jgufisadmi kuTvnileba an profesiuli saqmianoba, aramed az-
rovnebis garkveuli done da xasiaTi. Tu masas raodenobrivad davaxasiaTebT, maSin igi sazogadoebis umravle-
sobaa. Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, igi gamoxatavs adamianis saSualo dones. es aris adamiani mis yo-
veldRiurobaSi, romelsac ar aqvs Tavisi `me~, dakarguli aqvs Tavisi individualoba da pirovnuloba. masis yoveli
warmomadgeneli erTmaneTs hgavs, isini arafriT ar ganirCevian erTmaneTisagan. masa ar aris calkeul adami-
anTa jami, igi saSualooba, usaxoba da upirovnobaa. es aris adamiani, romelic martin haidegerma aRniSna ter-
miniT `man~- i. es aris sxvebisagan ganurCeveli adamiani. mokled, masa SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc saSu-
alo adamiani – `man~- i, romelsac dakarguli aqvs Tavisi individualoba.
vin aris pirovneba? pirovneba adamianuri individia, magram ara yoveli individi. igi iseTi individia, romelic
sxvebisagan gamoirCeva Tavisi cnobierebiT da TviTcnobierebiT, niWiT da unarebiT. igi mkveTrad gamorCeu-
li individualobaa, romelsac TviTmyofadi da damoukidebeli saxe aqvs.
mokled, pirovneba SeiZleba Semdegnairad davaxasiaToT: pirovneba aris adamianuri individi, romelsac
sxvebisagan gamorCeuli, TviTmyofadi saxe aqvs da aqtiurad ibrZvis sakuTari `me~-s dasamkvidreblad. rogorc
vnaxeT, masisa da pirovnebis gamijvnis kriteriumi arc erovnuloba, arc socialuri warmomavloba da arc profesiu-
li saqmianobaa. yovel fenas Tavisi masa da pirovneba hyavs. nebismieri misi warmomadgeneli SeiZleba mie-
kuTvnebodes an erTs, an meores.
brbo socialuri jgufia, romlis wevrebi gaerTianebulni arian erTi ideiT da moqmedeben erTnairad. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ukiduresi egzaltireba da aRtkineba. igi emociurad damuxtulia, aRgznebulia da mzadaa wale-
kos yvelaferi, rac win gadaeRobeba.
brbo ar aris myari socialuri erToba da misi wevrebi xangrZlivad ver iqnebian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni.
es iseTi jgufia, romlis warmoSoba SemTxveviT da moulodnelad xdeba. profesor vaxtang erqomaiSvilis azriT-
,^amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos SiSi, ukmayofileba, SimSili, protesti, sixarbe, moqrTamva, fanatizmi da sxva.

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brbos warmoSobas sWirdeba Sesaferisi foni, romelic xelSemwyobi garemoa. es aris krizisuli situaciis arseboba
sazogadoebaSi. amitom brbo SeiZleba uecrad warmoiqmnas da aseve uecrad daiSalos.
masa brbo ar aris. maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. igi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebiT:
1) brbo socialuri jgufia; masa – ara; brbo SemTxveviT da moulodnelad warmoiqmneba da iSleba; masa – ara;
2) brbo erTi azriT da grZnobiT damuxtuli jgufia. mis wevrebs mTlianad ipyrobs raRac grZnoba, romelic emo-
ciurad aRagznebs da erT muStad kravs maT, raTa energiulad imoqmedon; 3) brbo egzaltirebulia, xolo masa –
neitraluri; 4) brbos cnobiereba fsiqozuria.
amrigad, brbo ar aris myari socialuri erToba, romelic xangrZlivad arsebobs. igi situaciebis mixedviT war-
moiqmneba da iSleba.

destruqciuloba, rogorc avadmyofi

individisa da avadmyofi sazogadoebis niSani

ZvelberZnuli filosofiidan moyolebuli iTvleboda, rom adamians aqvs iseTi ram, rac mis arsebas Seadgens.
am `raRacas~ yovelTvis `adamianis bunebas~ uwodebdnen. gansxvaveba exeboda imas, Tu ra iyo is `raRac~,
rac adamians warmoadgenda. ase warmoiSva Sexedulebebi: adamiani aris gonieri arseba, sazogadoebrivi cxo-
veli, iaraRis Semqmneli arseba da a. S. mogvianebiT es Sexedulebebi eWvis qveS dadga. axali midgoma ada-
mianis bunebis, misi warmoSobis istoriis siRrmiseulma kvlevam ganapiroba. man gviCvena, rom Tanamedrove
adamiani ise Zlier gansxvavdeba pirvelyofili adamianisagan, rom hipoTeza `adamianis bunebis~ maradiulobis
Sesaxeb, Sors aris realobisagan. adamianTa wes-Cveulebebis Seswavlam bevri anTropologi miiyvana das-
kvnamde, rom adamiani ibadeba, rogorc sufTa furceli, romelzec kultura tovebs Tavis xelweras. mosazreba ada-
mianis bunebis ucvlelobis Sesaxeb uaryofil iqna aseve imitomac, rom am pozicias borotad iyenebdnen da mis
safuZvelze adamianis arakeTilsindisier saqciels amarTlebdnen.
aristoteledan dawyebuli, vidre XVII saukunemde, bevri moazrovne amarTlebda monobas (gamonaklisebi
iyvnen stoelebi, renesansis epoqis humanistebi, erazmi, Tomas mori da vivesi da sxv.); im moZRvrebebma,
romlebmac sixarbe, siZunwe, metoqeobisaken swrafva da egoizmi adamianis TanSobil Tvisebebad miiCnies,
scades daesabuTebinaT iseTi sazogadoebriv – ekonomikuri formaciis aucilebloba, rogoric kapitalizmia. dRes-
dReobiTac mavani cdilobs `adamianis bunebiT~ axsnas da gaamarTlos saSineli qmedebebi – sixarbe, TaRliTo-
ba, sicrue, Zaladoba, mkvlelobac ki.
Carlz darvinma (1899 – 1882 ww.) aCvena, rom adamiani sxva cocxali arsebebisagan gansxvavdeba ara
mxolod sxeulis specifikuri agebulebiT, aramed fsiqikis gansakuTrebulobiT. man Tavisi ZiriTadi Sexedulebebi
Camoayaliba wignSi `adamianis warmoSoba da sqesobrivi gadarCeva~. masSi naTqvamia: `adamianis qmedeba
ganpirobebulia misi maRalganviTarebuli inteleqtiT, is mcired aris dakavSirebuli refleqsebze da instinqtebze da
gamoirCeva didi moqnilobiT; adamians, rogorc maRalganviTarebul arsebas, aqvs iseTi rTuli emociebi, rogoricaa
cnobismoyvareoba, mibaZvis instinqti, yuradReba, mexsiereba, fantazia, adamians axasiaTebs situaciis gaazreba
da logikuri azrovnebis daxmarebiT mas SeuZlia ukeT gamoiyenos garemomcveli pirobebi. adamiani gamudme-
biT gamoiyenebs uricxv Sromis iaraRs da awarmoebs mas. adamians aqvs TviTcnobiereba. is acnobierebs Tavis
warsuls, momavals, sicocxles, sikvdils da a. S. adamiani abstraqtulad azrovnebs da aviTarebs simbolur azrovne-
bas. mTavari da rTuli rezultati am moRvaweobisa gaxda enisa da metyvelebis formireba. nawili adamianebisa
flobs mSvenierebis grZnobas. adamianebis garkveul nawils ki ganviTarebuli aqvs religiuri grZnoba, romelic gu-
lisxmobs RmerTTan cocxali urTierTobis gancdasa da moTxovnilebas, zneobrivi srulyofis moRwevis mcdelobas,
moyvasisadmi siyvaruls da a. S. normalur adamians aqvs yovelTvis zneobrivi grZnoba an Tanamedrove eniT rom
vTqvaT, masSi `sindisi laparakobs~. adamiani kulturuli da sazogadoebrivi arsebaa. man ganavrco kulturuli da sa-
zogadoebrivi sistemebi, romlebic Tavisi mravalferovnebiT unikaluria. bevr am Tvisebas, romelic adamians axasi-
aTebs, Cven wminda adamianur Tvisebad vTvliT. adamians aqvs goneba, magram amave dros susti da arasaime-

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do instinqti. is uTvistomo da gadagdebulia am samyaroSi. adamiani iZulebulia icxovros SemTxvevis wyalobiT
da misi survilis sawinaaRmdegod datovos es samyaro. is cxovrobs mudmiv gaorebaSi.~
erix fromis (1900 –1980 ww.) mravalricxovan TxzulebaTa Soris, metad sainteresoa `adamianis destruqciulo-
bis anatomia~ da `adamianis suli~. aRniSnul gamokvlevebSi, igi ikvlevs problemis biologiur, fsiqologiur, anTro-
pologiur aspeqtebs. erix froms adamianSi arsebuli gamanadgurebeli instinqti – boroteba individSi, sociumSi, isto-
riaSi – filosofiurad aqvs gaazrebuli. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom bevrad ufro adre, borotebis ganmarteba uZveles
qristianul, filosofiur tradiciebSia mocemuli.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom yvela adamians, ZiriTadad, msgavsi anTropologiuri da fiziologiuri Tvisebebi axa-
siaTebs. nebismierma eqimma icis, rom yvela individi, miuxedavad rasisa da kanis ferisa, SeiZleba ganikurnos
erTi da imave meTodiT. magram aqvT ki adamianebs erTi da igive adamianuri buneba? arsebobs ki aseTi cneba
– `adamianuri buneba~? es is kiTxvebia, romlebzec e. fromi pasuxobs Tavis naSromSi `adamianis suli~. Tuki
adamianebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi fsiqikuri da sulieri safuZvliT, rogor SevZlebdiT saerTod gvesaubra kacob-
riobaze, miT ufro, adamianis fiziologiasa da anatomiaze; rogor gavugebdiT `ucxos~, Tu is Cvengan principulad
gansxvavebuli iqneboda; ver CavwvdebodiT sxvadasxva xalxis xelovnebas, miTebs, literaturas, maT kulturas sa-
erTod. es imas adasturebs, rom adamianebs gvaqvs erTi da igive `adamianuri buneba~. adamianurobisa da huma-
nizmis yvela koncefcia efuZneba adamianuri bunebis ideas, romelic arsebiTia adamianebisaTvis. es aris amosa-
vali debuleba, rogorc budizmis, aseve iudaizmisa da qristianuli tradiciebisaTvis. pirvelad am moZRvrebebSi ga-
nisazRvra adamiani eqsistencialuri da anTropologiuri cnebebiT. yvela adamianSi erTi da igive fsiqikuri kanoni
moqmedebs, ramdenadac `adamianuri situacia~ erTi da igivea yvela CvenganisaTvis. Cven yvelani vcdilobT vi-
povoT pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic arsebobas exeba, magram vitanjebiT, ramdenadac aseT kiTxvebze pasuxi mcda-
ria. Cven SevZlebT gaveqceT am tanjvas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gavcemT swor pasuxs aRniSnul kiTx-
vebs, Tu gadavlaxavT martoobis iluzias, davZlevT sixarbes da viswrafviT fundamenturi WeSmaritebis Sesaxved-
rad, rac marTavs Cvens cxovrebas – amtkiceben budistebi.
iudaur – qristianuli tradicia adamians sxvagvarad gansazRvravda, ramdenadac efuZneboda RmerTis, rogorc
umaRlesi Semoqmedisa da mmarTvelis aRiarebas. mamakaci da dedakaci – winaparia mTeli adamianTa mod-
gmisa da es winaprebi, rogorc yvela momavali Taoba, Seqmnilia `msgavsad da xatad RvTisad~. yoveli maTgani-
saTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi da igive ZiriTadi Tviseba, rac adamianebad aqcevs maT da aZlevT SesaZleblobas
Seicnon da uyvardeT erTmaneTi. adamiani YTavisufalia Tavis arCevanSi da, amdenad, Tavadve agebs pasuxs
sakuTar qmedebebze.
Tavisi moRvaweobis meore periodSi zigmund froidma Seqmna axali Teoria, romelSic destruqciulobis arsebis
gagebaSi mniSvnelovani nabijia gadadgmuli. man gamoavlina, rom `cxovrebas marTavs ara ori egoisturi instinqti
– SimSili da seqsualoba, aramed ori ltolva – siyvaruli da destruqciuloba da rom orive maTgani fiziologiur arsebo-
bas emsaxureba~. am or kategorias, z. froidma, Sesabamisad, `sicocxlis instinqti~ da `sikvdilis instinqti~ uwoda.
destruqciulobisa da siyvarulisaTvis aseTi seriozuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, orive maTgani aRiarebuli iyo, ro-
gorc adamianis ori fundamenturi ltolva. isini adamianis sicocxliT dainteresebis safuZvels, sixarulisa da aRtacebis
saSualebebs warmoadgenen. es ori ltolva mxolod fiqrisa da sizmrebis sagani ar aris. maTgan warmoiSoba xelov-
neba, religia, miTebi, literatura da Teatri – mokled rom vTqvaT, yvelaferi, risTvisac Rirs am qveynad cxovreba,
rac Rirseuls xdis Cvens cxovrebas. adamians ar SeuZlia arseboba, rogorc ubralo sagans.
es ltolvebi da vnebebi mniSvnelovani da seriozulia adamianisaTvis. adamianebi sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT
amTavreben imitom, rom ver SeZles daekmayofilebinaT Tavisi sasiyvarulo vnebebi, Zalauflebis Jini da SurisZie-
bis mania. vnebebi aRelveben adamians, aRanTeben da mis cxovrebas srulfasovans xdian. rogorc erTma frangma
filosofosma da ganmanaTleblma aRniSna: `waarTvi adamians survilebi da ltolvebi – adamiani wyvets adamianad
yofnas~. ltolvebsa da miswrafebebs adamiani SeumCneveli arsebobidan gmirobamde ahyavs. mas surs Tavisi Ta-
vis Semoqmedi iyos, surs Tavisi arasrulyofili cxovreba srulyofili, azriani da mizanswrafuli gaxados, rac saSuale-
bas aZlevs miaRwios Tavisi pirovnebis srulyofasa da mTlianobas. adamianis pirovnebis Secvla mxolod maSin
aris SesaZlebeli, Tu igi cxovrebis gaazrebis axal saSualebebs mimarTavs.
agresia, ise rogorc qcevis sxva formebi, SeZenilia da ganisazRvreba adamianis swrafviT, miaRwios maqsi-
malur upiratesobas. agresia, es aris moqmedeba, romelic iwvevs sxva organizmebis gaRizianebas da dazaralebas.
adamianis, aseve cxovelis, TavdacviTi agresiis meqanizmi, ganpirobebulia cxovrebiseuli situaciebiT. man unda

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daifaros, gadaarCinos cocxali arsebis mTavari sasicocxli interesebi im saSiSroebisagan, rac mas yovel wuTs
emuqreba. adamianuri agresia im doneze rom poulobdes gamoxatulebas, rogorc cxovelTa agresia, maSin adami-
anTa sazogadoeba ufro mSvidobismoyvare iqneboda. samwuxarod, es ase ar aris. kacobriobis istoria savsea gau-
gonari sisastikisa da destruqciulobis magaliTebiT.
rogor avxsnaT es hiperagresiuloba? rogori warmoSobisaa igi, iseTivea rogoric cxovelTa agresia, Tu adamianSi aris
specifikuri destruqciuli potenciali?
cxovelebi gansakuTrebulad gamoxatul destruqciulobas avlenen maSin, roca irRveva wonasworoba garemomcvel
samyarosTan, magram es iSviaTad xdeba. adamianis fsiqologia gacilebiT destruqciuli aRmoCnda. igi Tavad qmnis
cxovrebis pirobebs, romelic agresiulobiT aris ganpirobebuli. es gamonaklisis saxiT ar xdeba da TiTqmis cxovrebis nor-
maa. ufro metic, arsebobs faqtebi, rodesac sisastike adamians siamovnebas aniWebs, zogjer xalxis gaafrTebul, aRtkine-
bul masas sisxlis daRvris survili eufleba xolme. individebi an jgufebi mouTmenlad elian situacias, roca SesaZlebloba mi-
ecemaT `daicalon~ Tavisi destruqciuli energiisagan da Tu aseTi dro ar dadga, isini Tavad xelovnurad qmnian amis piro-
bebs. cxovelebi arasdros klaven `ise ubralod~. survili – daangrio mxolod ngrevisaTvis, sruliad sxva ramaa. mxolod ada-
miani iRebs siamovnebas cocxali arsebebis uazro da umizezo ganadgurebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamiani, TviTSe-
naxviT ganpirobebuli saSiSroebidan damoukideblad, destruqciulia da misi qmedeba ar aris dakavSirebuli aucilebeli
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan, rogorc es cxovelebSi xdeba.
rogorc mgeli uyurebs cxvars, ise miyurebs me sxva adamiani. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom mgels, garkveuli az-
riT, `uyvars~ cxvari, amitom uyurebs mas ase da amdenad gamarTlebac SeiZleba moeZebnos; magram me es ada-
miani mgelze ufro uaresad miyurebs, radgan mas me ar vuyvarvar da umizezod, tyuilubralod surs momiswrafos si-
cocxle, gamanadguros da qars gaatanos Cemi ferfli. ratom surs es adamians? amiT is ikmayofilebs im sawyiss, ro-
melsac mtaceblobis instinqti hqvia.
yoveli individi iZulebulia gadalaxos samyaroSi sakuTari SemosazRvruli arsebobis SiSi, dasZlios Tavisi ususu-
roba da moZebnos samyarosTan kavSiris axali formebi, sadac usafrTxod da mSvidad SesZlebs cxovrebas. am fsiqi-
kur moTxovnilebebs e. fromi `eqsistencialur moTxovnilebebs~ uwodebs. isini yvela adamians axasiaTebs da maTi
dakmayofileba sulieri janmrTelobis SenarCunebisaTvisaa aucilebeli. am moTxovnilebebis masStabebi damokide-
bulia adamianis mdgomareobaze sazogadoebaSi. eqsistencialuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad gamoyene-
buli sxvadasxva saSualebebi aisaxebian iseT miswrafebebSi, rogoricaa siyvaruli, sinaze, samarTlianoba, damouki-
debloba, siZulvili, sadizmi, mazoxizmi, destruqciuloba da narcisizmi. avtori maT adamianis xasiaTis saZirkvel-
mdebare miswrafebebs uwodebs, ramdenadac isini erToblivad gansazRvraven da warmoaCenen adamianis xasiaTs
(pirovnebas).
adamianma rom icxovros, siamovneba unda miiRos Tavisi fizikuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT, xolo in-
stinqti mas iZulebuls xdis am mimarTulebiT imoqmedos. magram misi moqmedeba mxolod instinqtebiT rom ga-
nisazRvrebodes, maSin mas ar eqneboda gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli problemebi. sakmarisi sakvebis miRebis
an mopovebis SemTxvevaSi, is yovelTvis `kmayofili~ iqneboda.
sxvadasxva fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebac ar abednierebs adamians da ar aZlevs mas Rirseuli
arsebobis garantias. Tu Cven yuradRebiT gadavxedavT masobriv da individualur moqmedebebs, naTeli gaxdeba,
rom seqsualuri grZnobebi da SimSili maT Soris mxolod mcire nawils Seadgens. adamianis motivaciis RerZs raci-
onalur da iracionalur doneze warmoSobili miswrafebebi warmoadgens, rac siyvarulis, sinazis, solidarobis, Tavi-
suflebis, sindisis, patiosnebis ESenarCunebis moTxovnilebebs moicavs. adamiani mmarTvelobis wyurvils, ngre-
vis, vinmeze batonobis survilebsac flobs. mas axasiaTebs iseTi sisusteebi, rogoricaa: narcisizmi, sixarbe, siZunwe,
siZulvili, pativmoyvareoba da sxva; es miswrafebebi xdeba misi mRelvarebisa da Sinagani gangaSis mizezi.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom enaSi arsebobs gamoTqma: `SurisZiebis wyurvili~. gana saWiroa avxsnaT, ramdenad
farTodaa gavrcelebuli is, rogorc calkeul pirovnebebSi, ise jgufebs Soris? cnobilia, rom sisxlismieri Surisgeba arse-
bobs TiTqmis mTel dedamiwaze. igi gamonaklisis saxiT, Zalian mSvidobismoyvare xalxebs Sorisac gvxvdeba,
magaliTad, grenlandielebSi, romlebmac ar ician, ra aris omi, magram sisxlismieri Surisgebis tradicia aqvT.
dasjis yvela saxe, dawyebuli yvelaze primitiuliT da damTavrebuli yvelaze srulyofiliT, SurisZiebis gamoxatu-
lebaa. klasikuri formiT igi misageblis kanons esadageba: `kbili kbilis wil, Tvali Tvalis wil~. garkveulwilad, SeuZ-
lebelia, ar gaiziaro Sexeduleba, rom sisxlismieri SurisZieba da sadamsjelo kanonebi sazogadoebis stabilurobaSi
gansazRvrul rols asruleben.

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 civilizebul sazogadoebaSi borotebas adamianma borotebiT ar unda upasuxos, radgan boroteba borotebis wil
kvlavac axal borotebas Sobs da ase usasrulod. sikeTis Tesli veRar ixarebs. kaenma ver aitana, rom Zmisgan gan-
sxvavebiT is uaryves. am, misi azriT, usamarTlobam iseTi Suri aRuZra, rom abelis mkvlelobis garda, samagieros
gadaxdis sxva saSualeba ver ipova. is Tavad iyo `umaRlesi mosamarTle~ da `ganaCenis gamotanisas~ sxva avto-
ritetebi mas ar dasWirvebia. SurisZiebis aqtis ganxorcielebiT man RmerTad igrZno Tavi. SurisZiebis wyurvili,
rogorc pirovnebis siRrmiseuli grZnoba, damaxasiaTebelia yvela adamianisaTvis. SurisZiebis gamovlenis formebi
sxvadasxva kulturebSi xasiaTiTa da intensivobiT arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. es ganpirobebulia mravali faqtoriT da
mizeziT. erT-erTia damokidebuleba sakuTrebisadmi, simdidrisa da siRaribisadmi. pirobiTad, erT mxareze SeiZ-
leba davajgufoT is adamianebi, romelTac sruliad ar axasiaTebT SurisZiebis grZnoba, vinc Tavis sulieri ganviTa-
rebiT adamianobis ideals miuaxlovda. meore mxares daikaveben momxveWeli bunebis adamianebi, maRali ran-
gis narcisebi, romlebSic sakuTari personis interesebis mcireodeni Seviwroeba-SezRudvac ki qariSxlismagvar Su-
risZiebis grZnobas iwvevs.
destruqciulobis gamovlenis spontanur, warmaval xasiaTs bevri aspeqti aqvs. magaliTad, CvenTvis cnobilia sa-
dizmis raobis ori gavrcelebuli gageba. pirvelma gamoxatuleba hpova algolagniaSi (tkivilis survili). am Tvalsazrisis
avtoria Srenk-notcingi. igi algolagnias yofs or: aqtiur (sadizmi) da pasiur (mazoxizmi) tipad. am klasifikaciis mi-
xedviT, sadizmis arseba mdgomareobs tkivilis miyenebis survilSi, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara seqsualuri
motivebi.
zemoqmulidan gansxvavebiT, z. froidi sadizmSi, upirveles yovlisa, seqsualur fenomens xedavs. am Sexedule-
bis Tanaxmad, im sadistur survilebsac ki, romlebic garegnulad seqsTan dakavSirebuli ar arian, mainc aqvT seqsu-
aluri motivacia, Tumca aracnobier doneze. xandaxan sadists survili aqvs partniors Zlieri tkivili miayenos, xolo
xandaxan mciredi tkivilis miyenebac ki kmayofilebas aniWebs.
seqsualuri ltolva, z. froidis Tanaxmad, maSinac ki, roca is mimdinareobs siyvarulis TanxlebiT, nebismier Sem-
TxvevaSi sicocxlis ormxrivi sixarulisa da TviTkmayofilebis dasturia. amisagan gansxvavebiT, seqsualur moqme-
debas, romelsac axasiaTebs adamianis swrafva tkivili miayenos meore adamians, aiZulos itanjos da daamciros par-
tniori – gadagvareba da gaukuRmarTebaa. da ara imitom, rom is sicocxlis impulsis nacvlad sicocxlis ganadgure-
bis, mospobis impulss atarebs. adamiani, romelic Sepyrobilia mbrZaneblobis, Zalauflebis nebiT, tanjavs da amci-
rebs sxvebs – sadistia.
sadisturi impulsebis Zala gamoxatulebas poulobs ara mxolod seqsualurobaSi, aramed sxva araseqsualur ltol-
vebSic. Zlauflebis wyurvili, sixarbe da narcisizmi, yvela es miswrafeba garkveuli formiT gamovlindeba seqsualur
qmedebebSi. ar arsebobs sfero, romelSic imaze ukeT gamoCndes adamianis xasiaTi, rogorc sqesobriv aqtSi. ada-
mianis siyvaruli, misi sinaze, sadizmi an mazoxizmi, siZunwe, narcisizmi, erTi sityviT, misi xasiaTis nebismieri
Tviseba, gamoxatulebas poulobs seqsualur qmedebebSi. araseqsualuri sadisturi qmedebebi vlindeba daucveli,
ususuri arsebebis iZulebiT damorCilebasa da fizikuri tanjvis miyenebaSi. magaliTad, samxedro tyveebi, monebi,
bavSvebi, avadmyofebi (gansakuTrebiT gonebasustebi), patimrebi, yvavilebi, ZaRlebi – yovelive es SeiZleba sa-
disturi mopyrobis sagani gaxdes. erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli araseqsualuri sadizmis gamovlenaa bavSvebisadmi
sastiki damokidebuleba.
zogierTi intensiuri formiT sadizmi gamovlenas iwyebs bavSvobis asakSi, roca bavSvi jer kidev susti da dauc-
velia, magram is ukve avlens Tavis nebas, ewinaaRmdegeba ufrosebs da surs yvela iqceodes misi survilis Sesaba-
misad, moiTxovs absolutur morCilebas.
sulieri sisastike, fsiqikuri sadizmi, meore adamianis damcirebis survili da wyenineba ufro farTodaa gavrcele-
buli, vidre fizikuri sadizmi. sadizmis aRniSnuli saxe, garkveulwilad, riskis faqtoris Semcvelia, radgan es srulebiT
ar aris is, rac fizikuri Zaladoba. es `mxolod~ sityvebia. meores mxriv, aseTi gziT gamowveuli sulieri tkivili SeiZ-
leba fizikur tanjvaze Zlieri iyos, radgan gauazrebeli laparaki igivea, rac daufiqreblad gasrola. amis magaliTebi
mravlad icis Cvenma cxovrebam da maT CamoTvlas ar SevudgebiT. erTs davamatebT mxolod, TalmudSi weria
– `damcireba mowmis TanxlebiT mkvlelobis tolfasia~. sadizmis gulisguls Seadgens swrafva gamoavlinos absolu-
turi batonoba daucvel arsebebze, aRiWurvos absoluturi ZalauflebiT, miayenos mavans tkivili, daamciros sxvebi.
is, vinc raRac formiT flobs cocxal arsebas, mas Tavis sakuTrebad, qonebad Tvlis, xolo TviTon misi batoni xdeba.
zogjer sustze Zaladoba SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos susti arsebis sasargeblod. am SemTxvevaSi saubari SeiZleba
`keTil~ sadizmze, magram, Cveulebriv, sadizmi – borotTvisebiania. cocxali arsebis absoluturi floba anadgurebs

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mis pirovnebas, ar aZlevs mas normaluri ganviTarebis saSualebas. albert kamius `kaligula~ ukiduresi sadizmis
magaliTebs gviCvenebs, romelic yovlisSemZleobisa da yvelafrisnebadarTulobis miswrafebis gamoxatulebaa. ka-
ligula, romelmac, raRac garemoebebis wyalobiT, ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba moipova, sul ufro da ufro ivseba xeli-
suflebis wyurviliT. is cxovrobs senatorebis colebTan da siamovnebas ganicdis maTi qmrebis damcirebiT, romle-
bic iZulebuli arian kmayofili gamometyveleba SeinarCunon... ramdenime maTgans kaligula klavs kidec, magram
mas es Zalauflebac ar hyofnis. is ukmayofiloa, mas absoluturi batonoba surs. kamiu kaligulas cxovrebiseul kredos
misive sityvebiT warmogviCens – `me msurs mTvare~!
martivad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kaligula sulelia, magram misi uWkuoba – es aris cxovrebis forma. igi emsaxu-
reba yovlis flobis iluzias, romelic adamianuri arsebobis sazRvrebs scildeba. Zalauflebis gareSe is araraobaa, saco-
davi, Zabuni martosulia. ra Tqma, unda kaligula gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa. mxolod cotas Tu xvdeba wilad Sansi
moipovos Zalaufleba, roca misi yvelas sjera garSemo, rom es Zalaufleba usazRvroa. istoriam icis aseTi Sem-
Txvevebi. warmatebuli bedis SemTxvevaSi aseTi adamianebi samxedro meTaurebi da msxvili saxelmwifo moR-
vaweni xdebian, xolo isini, visac bedi ar wyalobT, Cveulebriv damnaSaveebad an SeSlilebad iwodebian.
`sadizmi – es aris erT-erTi SesaZlebeli pasuxi kiTxvaze, rogor gavxdeT adamiani, roca realizaciis sxva saSu-
alebebs moklebulni varT~ – aRniSnavs e. fromi. meore arsebis winaSe absoluturi Zalauflebis SegrZneba, sakuTa-
ri yovlisSemZleobis grZnoba am arsebebTan urTierTobisas, badebs nebismieri eqsistencialuri dabrkolebis gada-
laxvis iluzias. gansakuTrebiT es xdeba maSin, Tu adamians realur cxovrebaSi ar gaaCnia aRmafrena. sadizmi es
aris uZlurebis gadaqceva yovlisSemZleobis iluziad.
sadists surs cxovrebis gamgebeli gaxdes da amitomac misTvis mTavaria msxverpli `cocxali~ darCes. swored
es ganasxvavebs mas nekrofil-destruqciuli adamianisagan. sadistebisagan gansxvavebiT, nekrofilebi iswrafvian
gaanadguron Tavisi msxverpli, moaSTon Tavad sicocxle. sadisti arasdros Rebulobs siamovnebas ZlierTan Cxu-
bis dros, erTaderTi, Tu daWris mas, vinaidan mocemuli situacia mas mterze batonobis iluzias ar aRuZravs. `sa-
disturi xasiaTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mxolod erTi – `aRgznebuli vneba~ da Rirseuli aRtaceba – Zalaufleba. is
aRmerTebs Zlevamosilebas da emorCileba mas. amave dros ezizReba susti, romelsac ar SeuZlia Tavdacva~.
sadistur xasiaTs eSinia yvelaferi imisa, rac arasaimedoa da rac ar SeiZleba winaswar ganiWvritos, e. i. rac mou-
lodnelia. aseTi movlenebi misgan arastandartul moqmedebebs da gadawyvetilebebs moiTxovs. siyvarulSi yovel-
Tvis riski moiazreba, amitom is damfrTxali da SeSinebuli gaurbis mas. Tumca, es ar gamoricxavs, rom sadists `uy-
vardes~, oRond `uyvardes~ Tavisi batonobis qveS. sadisturi xasiaTi yovelTvis dakavSirebulia qsenofobiasa da neo-
fobiasTan. qsenofobia – es aris paTologiuri SiSi yvela ucnobis winaSe, xolo neofobia – SiSi yvelaferi axlis mi-
marT. sadists yvelaferi axali aRuZravs interess, magram amave dros iwvevs SiSs, eWvs da uaryofas, vinaidan es
misgan moiTxovs araordinalur gadawyvetilebas, cocxal adamianur reaqcias, rasac moklebulia sadisti. kidev erTi
seriozuli elementi sadizmis sindromSi aris simxdale. adamianis sadistad qcevis erT-erTi mizezia Tavis SegrZneba
ususur, xelmocarul adamianad. am naklis kompensirebas is sxva adamianebze Zalauflebis mopovebiT aRwevs,
gaSmagebiT exarbeba sxvebze batonobas, roca ki amis saSualeba eZleva. amdenad, rogorc sadists, aseve mazoxists
sxva adamiani esaWiroeba, romelic, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, `Seavsebs~ mas. sadisti TviTonve `Seimatebs~ sxva ada-
mians, mazoxisti ki – Tavad Seerwymeba sxvas. sadisturi da mazoxisturi midrekilebebi, yvelaze TvalnaTlad biu-
rokratiul sistemaSi warmoCindeba. aq yoveli adamiani kontrols axorcielebs sakuTar qveSemrdomebze, xolo Tavad
imarTeba Tavisi ufrosis mier. biurokrats sZuls, ezizReba Tanamdebobrivad Tavisze qvemoT mdgomni. amave dros
igi aRfrTovanebulia, eTayvaneba da monuri SiSiT Sehyurebs Tavisze maRla mdgomT, radgan maTSi sakuTar ide-
als xedavs ganxorcielebuli saxiT. sakmarisia, daakvirde aseTi biurokratis saxis gamometyvelebas, moismino misi
xma, rodesac is, vTqvaT, sul raRac oriode wuTis dagvianebisaTvis mkacrad kicxavs da amcirebs Tavis qveSem-
rdoms, rom mivxvde, rogor tkebeba igi Tavisi ZalauflebiT, sxvebze batonobiT. sxvaTa uRelqveS Tvinierad Tavga-
yofili, sxvaTagan Zalmomreobisa da damcirebis Tvinierad amtani kaci, erTbaSad ulmobeli mtarvalisa da sadistis
rolSi warmosdgeba xolme, roca vinmes masze uZalosa da dabla mdgoms moixelTebs.
adamianis am fsiqologiur Taviseburebas exeba Tomas manis moTxroba `tobias mindernikeli~. moTxrobis
mTavari personaJi, vinme tobias mindernikeli im zomamde Seguebuli iyo sakuTar ususurobasa da uZlurobas, rom
yvelasagan, maT Soris bavSvebisaganac, yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad itanda Seuracxyofasa da damci-
rebas. erTxel quCaSi misi yuradReba patara ZaRlma miipyro, kudis gamalebuli qneviT rom elaquceboda patrons,
romelsac igi gasayidad gamoeyvana. tobiasma ZaRli SeiZina, saxlSi waiyvana da Seudga... ZaRlze batonobiT tkbo-

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bas; imiT, rom brZanebas gascemda da ZaRlic asrulebda mis brZanebas, Tanac kuds aqicinebda da Ceqmebsac ulo-
kavda; saSinlad ganrisxda da umowyalod scema ZaRli, roca es ukanaskneli mis nebas ar daemorCila; verafriT Seu-
rigda im azrs, ZaRli drodadro rom Tavnebobda, laRobda, TamaSobda. bolos, es rom ver moaSlevina, gamxecda da
daniT mokla patara `qveSevrdomi~.
zemoTqmulidan ar gamomdinareobs, rom yvela biurokrati sadistia. amas mxolod Rrma fsiqologiuri analizi
gviCvenebs. amavdroulad saWiroa davZinoT, rom Zalaufleba, romlis daxmarebiT erTi jgufi aviwroebs da eqsplua-
tacias uwevs meore jgufs, xSirad xels uwyobs sadisturi midrekilebebis Camoyalibebas. sadizmi SeiZleba aRikve-
Tos im SemTxvevaSi, roca Tavidan iqneba acilebuli sazogadoebis erTi nawilis meoreze batonobis SesaZlebloba,
iqneba es rasobrivi, religiuri Tu sqesobrivi umciresobis saxiT.
Cven sinamdvileSi xSiria faqtebi, roca sazogadoebriv transportSi, sagamofeno darbazebSi, reklamebsa da abreb-
ze gamosaxul adamians moxeuli aqvs yuri, gaxvretili aqvs Subli, amoCiCqnili aqvs Tvali da a. S. es erTi SexedviT
uwyinari garToba, seriozuli fsiqikuri mankierebis, adamianis gaukuRmarTebuli bunebisa da xasiaTis gamoxatule-
baa.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben sadizmis warmoSobas, metad rTulia. saWiroa Tavdapirve-
lad gavarkvioT damokidebuleba pirovnebasa da gare samyaros Soris, magram es ioli ar aris. individis xasiaTi gani-
sazRvreba individualuri faqtorebiT: genetikuri monacemebiT, niWiT, SesaZleblobebiT, ojaxuri situaciiT da sxva
mTeli rigi sagangebo viTarebiT, romelsac adgili aqvs pirovnebis cxovrebaSi. gacilebiT rTulia davadginoT gare-
momcveli samyaros faqtori, romelic udides rols TamaSobs pirovnebis formirebis saqmeSi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ras niSnavs `Tavisuflebidan gaqceva~ ? gaaanalizeT sartris mosazreba – `adamiani dawyevlilia Tavi-
suflebiT~.
ra ganapirobebs adamianis moTxovnilebas icxovros iluzorul, gamogonil sinamdvileSi?
ra udevs safuZvlad `teqnikur gaucxoebas~ ?
rogor esmis gasets `istoriuli krizisisa~ da `masebis~ cnebebi?
gasetis mixedviT, ra saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi axasiaTebT `masis adamianebs~ ?
rogor esmis lebons cneba – `fsiqologiuri masa~?
lebonis mixedviT, ra ganapirobebs adamianis cvalebadobas brboSi?
ra tipiuri TvisebebiT axasiaTebs leboni `masis adamians~ ?
brbos tardiseuli klasifikacia : tipebi da saxeebi.
ra aris `pirovneba~ ? `masa~ ? `brbo~ ?
froidis mixedviT, romeli instinqtebi marTaven cxovrebas?
ra aris agresia? sadizmi? Mmazoxizmi?

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 Tavi VII

zneobis filosofia

“nu Caiden borotebas, raTa miaRwio sikeTes”

”boroteba SeiZleba gaviazroT metafizikurad, fizikurad da moralurad. metafizikuri azriT, boroteba aris
arasrulyofileba, fizikurad _ tanjva, moralurad _ codva”

“boroteba sikeTis aucilebeli pirobaa, magram ara aucileblobis principidan gamomdinare, aramed
Sesabamisobis principidan gamomdinare. Cems mier daSvebuli gansazRvreba unda gavigoT rogorc ganzraxva,
wadilis TvalsazrisiT da ara rogorc iZuleba. boroti ganzraxva axasiaTebs da Seesabameba ara RmerTs, aramed
arasrulyofil da SezRudul qmnilebebs, romlebic Tavisi qmedebebiT borotebas amkvidreben. aseTi uwesrigoba,
arasrulyofileba, SezRuduloba saocari ZaliT aaSkaravebs mTlianis silamazes (borotebis arsebobis fonze sikeTe
ufro naTlad Cans) iseve, rogorc raRac gaazrebulad daSvebuli disonansi harmonias ufro srulyofilad
warmoaCens”

gotfrid vilhelm laibnici

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 “boroteba hqvia imas, rasac adamiani moimoqmedebs da imas, rasac adamiani iTmens. pirveli codvaa,
meore _ sasjeli . . . adamiani moimoqmedebs borotebas, romelic surs da iTmens borotebas, romelic ar surs”

netari avgustine

“zneobrivi cxovrebis garda, rac ar unda moimoqmedos adamianma RvTis gulisaTvis, aris ubralod
crurwmena da crusamsaxuri”

imanuil kanti

“zneoba, esaa nebisyofis goneba”

“qmedeba aris yvelaze naTeli da gamomsaxveli adamianis arsis gaxsnisa. rasac adamiani akeTebs, iseTivea
Tavad”

georg vilhelm hegeli

“sindisi mamxilebeli gonebaa”

sulxan saba orbeliani

adamianur qmedebebsa da saqciels marto goneba ar gansazRvravs. adamians sindisi anu zneobrivi
grZnobac axasiaTebs. swored sindisi, e.i. “mamxilebeli goneba” axdens sikeTisa da borotebis sibrtyeSi Cveni
qmedebebisa da saqcielis Sefasebas. adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa. Tavisufleba ki Cadenil moqmedebebze
pasuxismgeblobis gareSe TviTneboba da ganukiTxaobaa. iq, sadac ar arsebobs pasuxismgebloba, “yvelaferi
daSvebulia, yvelaferi nebadarTulia”.
magram saidan, rogor, vis mier iqna Camoyalibebuli da dadgenili moraluri kanonebi? adamianis mier?
SeuZlia ki adamians icxovros im mcnebebisa da moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da dacviT, romelic TviTonve
Seqmna? gana ar SevswrebivarT adamianis araadamianur saqciels _ oms, Zaladobas, mkvlelobas, Ralats? e.i.
adamiani zneobrivi moTxovnebis mainc da mainc kargi Semsrulebeli ar aris. swored imitom, rom is adamiania
da araferi adamianuri misTvis ucxo ar aris.
“. . . erTi kacisagan meore kacis daCagvra mZulda bavSvobidanve, ver vitandi amas. gasaWirSi da
gansacdelSi Cavardnili adamiani mebralebida, xelis gawodebas da mixmarebas movaleobad vuTvlidi Cems
Tavs . . .
. . . davakvirdi Cems saqciels da im xalxsac, me rom gamovadeqi rameSi _ Svela iyo, dacva iyo, Tu xsna.
zogma borotebiT gadamixada, sxvam imaze uaresi Caidina, rasac avacile, viRac TviTon gaxda moZalade da
jalaTi, Rone rom moikriba Cemi wyalobiT . . . Sevaqcie zurgi yvelafers, aRar Caverie sxvis saqmeSi, qva
qvaze nu darCeba nursad-meTqi!” (Wabua amirejibi. “daTa TuTaSxia”).
rogor avxsnaT ra aris sikeTe da boroteba? sindisi da usindisoba? samarTlianoba da usamarTloba?
zneobrioba da uzneoba? misaRebi da miuRebeli? ra aris yovelive amis safuZveli da kriteriumi?
am da mraval msgavs kiTxvaze SeZlebisdagvarad pasuxs iZleva eTika _ praqtikuli filosofia, mecniereba
moralis Sesaxeb.

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 termini “eTika” etimologiurad ukavSirdeba ZvelberZnul sityvas “eTos”-s, romelic Tavdapirvelad, kerZod,
homerosis “iliada”-Si, niSnavda “adgisamyofels”, “sacxovrebel adgils”, “TavSesafars”. droTa ganmavlobaSi
man sxva azrobrivi datvirTva miiRo (Cveuleba, adamianis xasiaTi, Sinagani buneba) da Camoyalibda rogorc
mecniereba moralis Sesaxeb. termini “eTika” pirvelad ixmara aristotelem. am terminiT man SemosazRvra
kvlevis gansakuTrebuli sfero _ praqtikuli filosofia, romelic cdilobs pasuxi gasces kiTxvas _ rogor unda
vicxovroT?
rac Seexeba termin “morals”. “eTos”-is miaxlovebuli laTinuri analogiaa “mos”, romelic iTargmneba
rogorc zne, Cveuleba, xasiaTi, qceva, Sinagani buneba. romaelebma, kerZod, ciceronma, gaiTvaliswines ra
berZnebis gamocdileba, sityva “mos”-isgan Seqmnes zmniszeda “moralis”, romlisganac mogvianebiT
warmoiSva CvenTvis kargad cnobili termini “morali”.
maSasadame, etimologiuri mniSvnelobiT es terminebi, e.i. berZnuli “eTika” da laTinuri “morali”
erTmaneTs emTxveva. magram kacobriobis ganviTarebis procesSi am terminebma gansxxvavebuli Sinaarsi
SeiZines. termini “eTika” inarCunebs Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas da aRniSnavs mecnierebas moralis Sesaxeb,
xolo moralis qveS igulisxmeba is realuri movlena, romelic Seiswavleba am mecnierebis mier.
kidev erTi ram aris dasazustebeli. salaparako enaSi sityvebs _ morali da zneobrioba sakmaod xSirad erTi
da igive mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT. gansxvaveba arsebobs. morali gvTavazobs ideals _ rogor unda vicxovro,
rogor unda moviqce. zneobrioba ki gulisxmobs _ rogor vcxovrob, rogor viqcevi.
gansxvavebis ukeT gaazrebisaTvis mivmarToT lev tolstois literaturuli gmiris ana kareninas magaliTs. ana
maRali sazogadoebis Rirseuli warmomadgenelia, ganaTlebuli, maRalzneobrovi qalbatoni, erTguli meuRle da
mosiyvarule deda. samagaliTo ojaxi aqvs sankt peterburgSi. marTalia usiyvarulod, garigebiT gaTxovda,
magram did pativs scems meuRles, karg, patiosan, magram mSral da puritan adamians da ufrTxildeba ojaxis
Rirsebas. axalgazrda oficris, vronskis gacnobam kardinalurad Secvala misi awyobili, mSvidi cxovreba.
TavdaviwyebiT gadaeSva vnebiani siyvarulis morevSi. igi ar malavs Tavis grZnobas. man pirvelad aRiqva
Tavi namdvil qalad, romelic uyvarT, romelsac uyvars. da ana dgams sabediswero nabijs _ WeSmariti siyvarulis
gamo tovebs ojaxs, Svils. am saqcieliT igi upirispirdeba elitarul sazogadoebas, romlisTvisac darRveuli
zneobrioba, yalbi Rirebulebebi cxovrebis Cveuli, miRebuli wesia da romelic sazogadod aRiarebuli moralis
normebsaa amofarebuli.
_ ratom ar SegiZlia icxovro rogorc yvela sxvam?, ekiTxeba anas maRali sazogadoebis “Rirseuli”
warmomadgeneli, misi megobari betsi. ana Sinaganad patiosani pirovnebaa. mas ar SeuZlia tyuiliT cxovreba,
siyalbisa da sicruis garemocvaSi arseboba.
anas tragedia ara mxolod misi ojaxis dangreva, Svilis mitoveba da sazogadoebasTan konfliqtia. anas
tragedia isicaa, rom mas sazogadoebam zurgi Seaqcia, gariya; sazogadoebam, romelic bevrad ufro uzneod
iqceva, oRond SefarviT. da swored am, yovelgvari zneobisagan daclilma maRalma sazogadoebam,
gabatonebuli moralis zogadi principebidan gamomdinare, anas saqcieli amoralurad miiCnia. ana zneobrivi
pirovnebaa. man icxovra sakuTari principebis, Rirebulebebis, sindisis karnaxiT anu zneobrivad.
ilia WavWavaZis “kacia _ adamiani?!” gavixsenoT: vinme Tavad nikolozs moaxlesTan arSiyoba
dauwyia. luarsabma da darejanma Tavadi saswrafod lafSi amosvares:
_ “ara, ise Cumad moexdina mainc im sulis mtersa, kidev araferi iqneboda, _ sTqva darejanma.
_ Cumad rom moexdina, vin ras ityoda? _ gaawyvetina sityva luarsabma, _ gana uwin ki ar iyo magisTana
ambebi, xorcielebi ar iyvnen Tu? magram uwin sul dafaruli iyo . . . sul ese Cumad da gonierad icodnen uwin
yvelaferi”.
luarsabsa da darejans Tavad uzneo faqti ki ar awuxebT, aramed misi gamJRavneba. oRond sxva nu gaigebs
da rac ginda is akeTe, rogorc ginda ise moiqeci. maTi azriT, dafaruli uzneoba sircxvili da saZraxisi ar aris; Tu
ar gamJRavndeba, Ralati ki ara, qveynis daqcevac gepatieba.
saukuneebis manZilze morali adamians sTavazobda qcevis konkretul orientirebs, gamoxatuls an religiur
normebsa da RirebulebebSi, an filosofiurad dasabuTebul postulatebSi an cxovrebiseuli sibrZnisa da
gamocdilebis saxiT.

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 antikuri epoqis eTika sainteresoa imiT, rom aq Camoyalibda eTikuri azris TiTqmis yvela mimarTuleba,
romelic Semdgom evropuli azrovnebis gansjis sagani gaxda; aseve imiTac, rom aq zneobriobis safuZvels
adamianis miwier cxovrebaSi eZebdnen.
sokrates sjera sikeTis arsebobis. misTvis sikeTe ar aris mza saxiT mocemuli, aramed mudmivad safiqrali da
saZiebeli ramaa. adamiani sikeTes upirobod ar flobs. sikeTis miRweva aucilebel Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
mizani dasaxulia. misken swrafvaa saWiro. Tumca adamians am procesSi SeiZleba gza aebnas . . .
sokrates azriT, zneobrivi normebi aucilebelia adamianisaTvis. Tumca misTvis sul sxvaa, rodesac adamiani
zneobriv normas asrulebs tradiciis ZaliT, gaucnobiereblad (asea miRebuli) da sxvaa, rodesac zneobriv
moTxovnas asruleben Segnebulad, radgan sxvagvarad ar SeuZliaT. es ar aris iZulebiTi saqcieli. amas Sinagani
xma, Segneba da Rirseba karnaxobs. adamiani sakuTari sindisis winaSe unda iyos marTali. Segnebuli adamiani
arasworad ar moiqceva, borotebas ar Caidens da amis wyalobiT bedniericaa. borotebas mxolod uvici sCadis.
Tavad sokrateSi, rogorc konkretul adamianSi (Cveulebrivi aTeneli, msuqani, meloti, ojaxuri problemebiT
damZimebuli) Sinaganad arsebobda metafizikuri “me”, romelsac igi “daimons” anu Sinagan xmas uwodebda da
yovelTvis emorCileboda da iTvaliswinebda mis rCevebs. igi Tvlida, rom Tavisufali moazrovne, romlis sulieri
“me” yovelTvis sifxizlis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, mudam mzadaa yvelaze rTuli cxovrebiseuli problemebis
zneobrivi gadawyvetisaTvis.
sokratem Semoitana piradi pasuxismgeblobis cneba. adamianma Tavisufali arCevnis safuZvelze unda
ganaxorcielos qceva, unda icodes, acnobierebdes ras akeTebs, rom piradad iyos pasuxismgebeli Tavis saqcielze.
pozicia, “yvela ase iqceva da mec ase viqcevi”, mas ar SeSvenis.
sokratesaTvis “sikeTe aris codna”. magram saWiroa misi mopoveba. codna ar aris igive, rac Sexeduleba.
codna, Sexedulebisagan gansxvavebiT, darwmunebis elements Seicavs. sikeTis codna, sokrates mixedviT, aris
sikeTis Segneba. amgvarad soktarem zneoba da codna adamianSi erTmaneTs daukavSira. Tu ici ra aris sikeTe,
borotebas ar Caiden. amitom iwvevs adamianebSi gakvirvebas Segnebulis Seugnebeli saqcieli.
“me vici, rom araferi ar vici” _ ambobda sokrate. aRiaro sakuTari sulieri siRatake moCvenebiTi simdidris
(aq: codnis) fonze, es marTlac rom sulieri gmirobis tolfasia. swored rom sulieri siRatake badebs sulier
SimSilsa da wyurvils. maSasadame, am gamonaTqvamiT sokrate mogviwodebs mivmarToT dauRalav,
ganuwyvetel sulier garjas, moRvaweobas. codnis miiRweva mxolod sulieri daZabulobis da srulyofis gziTaa
SesaZlebeli.
platonis azriT, sikeTe aris samyaros arsebobis sawyisi da misi arsebobis safuZveli. is aris Semoqmedi,
RvTaebrivi sawyisi. igi mzesaviT aZlevs yvelafers sinaTlesa da sicocxles. sikeTe adamianSi unda
ganxorcieldes, rom igi RmerTs daemsgavsos da amaRldes. filosofiis mizani aris ara mxolod RmerTi, aramed
adamianic. swored filosofiam unda aCvenos adamians mSvenieri cxovrebis gza.
adamianis mizani, platonis azriT, aris sikeTe. raSi mdgomareobs adamianuri sikeTe _ siamovnebasa Tu
goneba-azrovnebaSi? adamianuri sikeTe arc mxolod siamovnebaa da arc mxolod goniereba, aramed maTi
naerTi. Tumca yoveli siamovnebisa da gonierebis naerTi ar iZleva namdvil sikeTes adamianisaTvis, aramed
mxolod maTi rCeuli saxeebis naerTi. platoni saTnoebiT aRsavse cxovrebas qadagebs. igi oTx saTnoebas
cnobs:
1. gonebis saTnoeba aris sibrZne. amiT goneba batonobs adamianis cxovrebaze. swored goneba imecnebs
cxovrebis azrs da axorcielebs mas.
2. nebis saTnoeba aris simamace. igi gonebis TvaliT imorCilebs siamovnebebs.
3. survilis saTnoeba aris zomiereba, TviTdaufleba, damorCileba aragonieri vnebebisa.
4. zogadi saTnoeba, wina samis harmoniuli gaerTianebis Sedegi, aris samarTlianoba, romelic
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sulis yovelma nawilma Seasrulos mxolod Tavisi funqcia, ar gavides Tavisi Tavis
gareT. goneba imorCilebs, neba axorcielebs am damorCilebas; vnebebi Tavsdeba garkveul sazRvrebSi. aseTi
harmoniuloba aris Cveni sulis bednieri ganwyobileba.
saTnoeba Cveni cxovrebis umaRlesi sikeTea, arasaTnoeba _ udidesi boroteba. rogorc janmrTeloba aris
sxeulis saTnoeba, ise saTnoeba aris sulis janmrTeloba _ Tvlida platoni.
aristotele iyo pirveli, romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila “ganzraxvis” cnebaze. man ganzraxva da ara neba
miiCnia moqmedebis xasiaTis ganmsazRvrelad. ganzraxva exeba imas, risi ganxorcielebac SesaZlebelia, risi

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gakeTebac adamians SeuZlia. nebas ki SeiZleba mimarTeba hqondes SeuZlebelTan. ganzraxva gulisxmobs
miznis miRwevis saSualebebis SerCevas. nebas ki saqme aqvs adamianuri moqmedebis miznebTan. nebam
SeiZleba dasaxos mizani, magram miznis miRwevis gzebsa da saSualebebs gansazRvravs ganzraxva. atistoteles
azriT, saTnoebisa da mankierebis gansxvavebis safuZvelia raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. adamians axasiaTebs
uamravi vneba, survili. maT mankierebad aqcevs vnebebisa da survilebis naklovaneba anda siWarbe. saTnoeba
ki mdgomareobs vnebebisa da survilebis zomierebaSi. saTnoebis principia zomiereba.
aristotele Tvlida, rom cxovrebis mizani bednierebaa. mxolod zneobriv cxovrebas mivyevarT
bednierebisaken. bedniereba aris adamianis cxovreba saTnoebis Sesabamisad. adamianma Tavisi Tavis
gamoxatva unda moaxdinos sikeTeSi, sikeTis samsaxurSi, sikeTis qmedebaSi.
am periodis moazrovneebi imavdroulad cdilobdnen daesabuTebinaT, rom morali ar unda iyos mimarTuli
adamianuri bunebis winaaRmdeg, e.i. despoturi. am poziciidan aristipma (Zv.w. 435_355) Camoayaliba
sxeulebriv siameTa Taviseburi kulti. siamovneba TavisTavad sikeTea. Tumca moWarbebul, zRvargadasul
siamovnebas SeuZlia tkivili mogvayenos, dagvtanjos kidec. gonivrulad, sworad unda visiamovnoT da Tavi
avaridoT usiamovnebebs. swored es aris cxovrebis mizani da saTnoebis kriteriumi. sazogadod, bedniereba xom
siamovnebaTa erTobliobaa . . .
ase Caisaxa antikur eTikaSi hedonizmi, eTikuri mimdinareoba, romelic siamovnebas ganixilavs rogorc
zneobrivi saqcielis motivsa da mizans. Zvelma berZenma filosofosma epikurem gadaamuSava aristipis
Sexedulebebi da Tvlida, rom umaRlesi sikeTe _ “wminda”, “WeSmariti” siamovnebaa, rac tanjvis
ararsebobasa da sulis uSfoTvel, mSvid mdgomareobas niSnavs. mxolod is eziareba WeSmarit siamovnebas,
vinc gonieri da dakvirvebulia da amdenad unari Seswevs bevrad ufro xangrZlivi da mdgradi siamovnebis gamo
uari Tqvas wamier siamovnebaze. mxolod swori siamovnebebi uwyoben xels gonivrul, wesier da saTno
cxovrebas. amitom Cveni survilebi da miswrafebebi erTmaneTs unda SevuxamoT da davamTxvioT (simetria),
rac siamovnebas gulisxmobs da Tanac miiRweva simSvide, uSfoTveloba (ataraqsia).
hedonizmis sapirispirod Zvel saberZneTSi warmoiSva filosofiuri mimdinareoba stoicizmi. stoicizmis
warmomadgenlebis azriT, adamiani sulac ar aris gaCenili siamovnebisaTvis. samyaroSi bevri usiamovneba,
gaWirveba, tanjva da ubedurebaa. winaswar unda movemzadoT amisaTvis.
adamiani ar unda ayves guliswadilebs da zraxvebs _ survilebs, SiSs, siamovnebasa da wuxils. brZeni
adamiani gawonasworebuli, gonieri, gamZle da samarTliani unda iyos. am saTnoebebis Sesatyvisad unda
icxovros adamianma, raTa miaRwios bednierebas. stoelTa eTika _ mkacri movaleobebis eTikaa.
nuTu morals SeuZlia gaamarTlos da daakanonos siamovnebis grZnobiT, emociuri afeqtebiT, angarebiT
ganzraxuli da ganpirobebuli nebismieri saqcieli?
germanuli klasikuri filosofiis fuZemdebeli imanuel kanti sxvagvarad fiqrobda: adamians sikeTis keTeba
SeuZlia ara marto angarebiani mosazrebiT, aramed Tavad sikeTis ideis gamoc _ Tundac mxolod zneobrivi
kanonisa da movaleobis pativiscemiT, keTili nebiT. zneobriobaze saubari SesaZlebelia mxolod Tavisufali
arCevnis pirobebSi. Tu adamians wavarTmevT arCevnis uflebas, misi gadawyvetileba iZulebis gziT iqneba
miRebuli.
kantamde moazrovneebis garkveuli nawili Tvlida, rom adamianuri saqcielis motivebi SeiZleba iyos mxolod
sulieri afeqtebi da ara movaleobis grZnoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adamiani arasdros iqceva
sindisis karnaxiT. kantma win moraluri aucileblobis sakiTxi wamowia. zneobrivi grZnoba metnaklebad yovel
adamianSi arsebobs. Tuki adamiani SesZlebs daiokos da daZlios miswrafebi, vnebebi, gulis wadilebi, igi
gonivrul Tavisuflebas moipovebs. maSasadame, zneobriv kanons goneba ayalibebs, rac Tavis mxriv,
gonivrulobaze, Segnebulobaze metyvelebs. e.i. Cvens nebas marTavs goneba. swored es unda gaxdes
nebismieri adamianis qcevis erTadaerTi safuZveli.
adamianis survilebsa da miswrafebebs zRvari ar gaaCnia. rac meti aqvs, ufro meti surs: zogs materialuri
keTildReoba, Tanamdeboba, pativiscema, kariera, zogs dideba, zogs meti codna da gamocdileba, zogs
janmrTeloba, silamaze, bedniereba. es sruliad bunebrivia. magram es iseTi sikeTeebia, romlebic advilad
SeiZleba iqcnen borotebad, Tuki isini Sesaferisi miznis mixedviT ar iqnebian gamoyenebuli.
“zarandias Tavdadebuli siyvaruliT uyvarda daTa TuTaSxia, alal Zmad sTvlida da tragikulad ganicdida mis
axirebul cxovrebas. es is gamovlineba iyo, riTac zarandias arsebaSi Cveulebrivi adamiani xorcieldeboda,

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magram iqve gancalkevebulad cocxlobda, damoukideblad moqmedebda sakuTari rwmenebidan gamomdinare
valdebulebis, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, mavani adamianis mimarT dagubebuli siZulvili da RvarZli ki ara _
rogoriRac konkretuli demoni, romelsac “sxvagvarad ar ZaluZda”. igi gasaocari daJinebiT, azartiTa da
samkvdrod ebrZoda daTa TuTaSxias . . . adamianuri da demonuri es ori sawyisi paralelurad moqmedebda da
sulis gaorebas ki ar qmnida, aramed muSni zarandias erTob Taviseburi naturis mTlianobis Sedegi iyo” . . .
“am udavod didi talantis adamians Tavisi SesaZleblobebis sazomad DdaTa TuTaSxia hyavda! Tu
davuSvebT, rom adamians arsebobisa da moRvaweobisaTvis cocxali magaliTi sWirdeba da muSni
zarandiasaTvis ki aseTi etaloni daTa TuTaSxia iyo, maSin isic kanonzomierad unda CavTvaloT, rom daTa
TuTaSxias sikvdilis Semdeg muSni zarandiac unda wasuliyo am qveynidan, miT umetes, rom man Tavisi
sulieri cxovrebis modeli sakuTari xeliT mospo”. “uniWobaze saSiSi niWierebaa, roca mas maRali zneoba da
RvTismoSiSeba ar axlavs Tan” (Wabua amirejibi. “daTa TuTaSxia”).
udavoa, adamiani gonieri arsebaa, Tumca igi imavdroulad arasrulyofilic aris. rogorc vnaxeT, misi neba
arasworadac SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli. amitom zneobrivi principi unda moqmedebdes rogorc iZuleba, rogorc
kategoriuli imperativi. imperativi SeiZleba iyos pirobiTi, hipoTezuri (Tu saqcieli kargia, rogorc mxolod
saSualeba raimesaTvis, maSin hipoTezur imperativTan gvaqvs saqme. vTqvaT, eqimi afrTxilebs pacients,
gaufrTxildes janmrTelobas da Tavi daanebos sigaretis mowevas). magram imperativi savaldebuloc SeiZleba
gaxdes, radgan saqcieli TavisTavad kargia (magaliTad, yvelas patiosnebas an gulwrfelobas Tu movTxovT).
saqcieli fasdeba misi SesaZlo Sedegebidan gamomdinare. mxolod zneobriobis imperativi SeiZleba iyos
kategoriuli _ “moiqeci ise, rom Seni nebis maqsimas mudam hqondes sayovelTao kanonis Zala. Cveni saqcieli
sayovelTao kanonis normad unda gamodges”. es zneobriobis pirveli Rirebulebaa.
kategoriuli imperativis mimyoli adamiani moraluri pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavisufali ar aris. is Tavisufalia
imitom, rom moralis absoluturi normebi TviTon mas, rogorc subieqts axasiaTebs, radgan isini apriorulia. mas
aRar sWirdeba moralisagan gaqceva, is ukve TviTon moralia.
e.i. imperativi sayovelTao zneobrivi principia piradi principis _ maqsimas sawinaaRmdegod. maqsima aris
nebis subieqturi, individualuri principi. kategoriuli imperativi ki gamoxatavs kanons, romelic empiriuli
pirobebisagan damoukidebelia. kategoriuli imperativi nebis iseTi principia, romelsac miznisa da interesebisagan
damoukidebeli Rirebuleba gaaCnia. es sulac ar niSnavs, rom kategoriul imperativs araviTari mizani ar aqvs.
mizani rom ar hqondes, nebis arsebobas azri ar eqneboda. kanti ansxvavebs subieqtur miznebs, romlebsac yvela
gonieri arsebisaTvis aqvs mniSvneloba. yvela mizani, romlis mniSvneloba ifargleba subieqtiT, SefardebiTia.
hipoTezuri imperativi SefardebiT mizans emyareba. magram aris ki iseTi ram, romlis TavisTavad arseboba
ukve flobs absolutur Rirebulebas? Tu aris, maSin kategoriuli imperativis safuZveli mxolod masSi SeiZleba
mdgomareobdes. aseTia adamiani, rogorc gonieri arseba, anu pirovneba. pirovneba TavisTavad aris mizani da
kantis azriT, masze maRali mizani ar arsebobs. igi ayalibebs kategoriuli imperativis meore Rirebulebas:
“yovelTvis moepyari kacobriobas, rogorc Seni saxiT, ise yvela danarCenis saxiT, rogorc mizans da arasodes
rogorc mxolod saSualebas”.
Cveni damokidebuleba erTmaneTisadmi ufro xSirad pragmatuli da angarebiania. kanti migvaniSnebs:
adamiani TavisTavad Rirebulia. ar SeiZleba gvsurdes sxva adamianTan zneobrivi urTierTobebis damyareba da
imavdroulad vfiqrobdeT mxolod gamorCenasa da sakuTar sargebelze. sargeblianobis principi SeiZleba
arazneobrivi aRmoCndes, Tu sakuTari, Tundac keTilSobiluri da uaRresad sasargeblo miznebisaTvis adamians
viyenebT mxolod rogorc saSualebas. adamianis qceva unda iyos sruliad uangaro. zneobrivi qcevis erTaderTi
motivi SeiZleba iyos ara ubralod sikeTis Cadenis survili, aramed moraluri kanonis pativiscema. adamiani
mxolod Tavisi Tavisufali nebiT, zneobrivi kanonis pativiscemiT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Sedegad aris
zneobrivi.
germanelma filosofosma artur Sopenhauerma eWvi Seitana aucilebeli normebis arsebobaSi, romelTa
safuZvelzec adamianis saqcieli fasdeba rogorc zneobrivi. man uaryo moralis normatiuloba da Tvlida, rom
eTikaSi ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes winaswar dadgenili raRac kanonebi, miTiTebebi. yoveli
adamianis zneobrivi gamocdileba imdenad unikaluri da TviTmyobadia, rom misi Casma raRac zogad
CarCoebSi ubralod SeuZlebelia.

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 adamianis cxovrebiseuli orientaciebi misi survilebis, miswrafebebis, vnebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba.
individs, upirveles yovlisa, raRac surs da axorcielebs kidec Tavis zraxvebs. igi yovelTvis ver iqceva
Segnebulad. imedi da SiSi, siyvaruli da siZulvili amaxinjebs inteleqtis mier SemuSavebul warmodgenebs.
magram SesaZlebelia ki saerTod moralze saubari Tuki mas sazogadod miRebuli normebisagan
gavaTavisuflebT?
alber kamius romanis “ucxo” mTavari gmiri, biuros moxele merso ar iniRbeba adamianur urTierTobaTa
tradiciuli normebiT da daufaravad amJRavnebs srul gulgrilobas “moyvasisadmi”. deda moxucTa TavSesafarSi
Caabara, iSviaTad naxulobda. bolo wels, SeiZleba iTqvas, arc ki mounaxulebia _ drois daxarjva enaneboda da
Tanac, erTob eZneleboda bileTis rigSi dgoma da avtobusiT jayjayi. dedis gardacvaleba rom Seatyobines, arc
dainteresebula rodis moxda es – dRes, guSin Tu guSinwin; verc mousmina bolomde TavSesafris direqtors, ver
SesZlo, ar ainteresebda; mere daraji Seacbuna imiT, rom kubos Tavis gadaxda da dedis saxisaTvis Sexedva ar
isurva; kubosTan sigarets abolebda; mSvidad CaiZina kidevac; ramdenjerme siamovnebiT miirTva rZiani yava;
dasaflavebis dRes kargi amindi gamovida da inana, rom dedamisis ambavi gaseirnebis saSualebas ar miscemda;
xolo dasaflavebis procesiaSi monawilebisas yvelaferze metad sicxe awuxebda; roca SeekiTxnen micvalebulis
asakis Taobaze, aRmoCnda, rom ar scodnia . . .
meore dRes sacuraod wavida zRvaze, iq SemTxveviT nacnob qals gadaeyara da masTan msubuqi
sasiyvarulo urTierToba wamoiwyo; mxiarul komediasac uyures, Semdeg saxlSi wavidnen da wamowyebuli
siyvaruli “logikur dasasrulamde” miiyvanes . . . erT dRes, aseve SemTxveviT, mezobel kacTan mouxda yofna.
am ukanasknelma Tavisi gulis dardi da faruli ganzraxva gaando: sayvareli orgulobaSi SeamCnia da sastiki
SurisZieba daugegmavs; sTxova, qalis Semosatyueblad werilis daweraSi damexmareo. mersos
winaaRmdegobis gaweva da kamaTi daezara da amitomac dahyva mis nebas. mere, roca mezoblis binidan qalis
Semzaravi kivilis xma Semoesma, daezara am saqmeSi Careva da qalisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva .
ramdenime xnis Semdeg SemTxveviT am mezobelsa da misi sayvarlis Zmas Soris gamarTul Cxubs
Seeswro; Zalauneburad CxubSi monawileoba miiRo da ucabedad kacic Semoakvda: Cxubi damTavrebuli
sCanda, roca sicxisagan Sewuxebuli merso gasagrileblad wyarosaken wavida. gzaze moulodnelad mezobeli
kacis mters waawyda. ukanasknelma mersos gamoCena Tavdasxmis mcdelobad aRiqva da dana moimarjva.
merso Taviseburi alternativis winaSe dadga: unda Seswyvitos wyarosaken msvleloba da maSasadame, an
gagrileba dasTmos, anda kaci moklas, wyarosaken gza gainTavisuflos da, amgvarad, gagrilebis survili
daikmayofilos. mersom kacs revolveri esrola, Tumca saamiso winaswari ganzraxva ar hqonia, arc gaborotebuli
yofila masze; esrola ubralod imitom, rom mze Zlier acxunebda da sicxeSi gagrilebis survils ver moeria...
merso daapatimres da sikvdiliT dasja miusajes. arc patimrobisas ugrZvnia sindisis qenjna, arcerTxel ar
gasCenia monaniebis survili; xeirianad arc ki axsovda, ra Caidina; mxolod imas nanobda, rom moklebuli iyo da
sikvdiliT dasjis SemTxvevaSi miT ufro moklebuli iqneboda elementarul grZnobad siamovnebebs, anu
elementaruli biologiuri arsebobis, sicocxlis uSualo gancdebs, rogoricaa mzisa da haeris, wylisa da miwis, piris
Cagemrielebis, dasvenebis, gagrilebis, agreTve qalis sxeulis Sexebis sasiamovno gancdebi.
mersosaTvis yvelaferi sulerTia; arafers sagangebo mniSvneloba ar aqvs; yvelafers erTi fasi aqvs; arc aravin
uyvars da arc aravin sZuls; dedac ise uyvars, rogorc yvela sxvas; arafers arafrad agdebs; arafers ganicdis . . .
erTaderTi, rasac ganicdis da raRac fass adebs, rac raimed uRirs, esaa mxolod sakuTari biologiuri arseboba da
Sesabamisi siamovnebebi.
adamiani is erTaderTi cocxali arsebaa, romelsac gaTavisebuli aqvs sakuTari arsebobis sazRvrebi,
mtkivneulad ganicdis amas da maradisobas eswrafvis. amitomaa, rom mas, Tuki kargad esmis sakuTari Tavisa,
Tavisi daniSnulebis, yovelTvis cdilobs iseTi miznis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi miiRos monawileoba, romelic mis
elementarul arsebobaze zrunvas aRemateba da romelsac, saboloo jamSi, mniSvneloba aqvs mTeli
sazogadoebisaTvis, momdevno TaobebisaTvis, mTeli istoriisaTvis, anu sxvagvarad, romelsac sayovelTao,
absoluturi da maradiuli Rirebuleba aqvs. magram Zalian Znelia emsaxurebode sayovelTao mniSvnelobis
mizans, sazogadoebriv ideals, asrulebde Sesatyvis normebs da imavdroulad ar dakargo sakuTari
gansakuTrebuli, individualur-pirovnuli saxe.
es sirTule maSin ufro igrZnoba, roca vacnobierebT, rom yoveli sayovelTao-sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis
ideali warmavali da istoriulia. adre es ideali qristianul RmerTs asaxierebda; ukve karga xania, rac Tanamedrove

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adamianma eWvi Seitana am idealSi da misTvis, rogorc fridrix nicSem gamoacxada, “RmerTi mokvda” . . .
Cvens axlo warsulSi qristianuli ideali komunizmisaken swrafvam Secvala; Semdeg _ mecnierul-teqnikuri
progresis saxiT iCina Tavi, romelic erTob saeWvo da orazrovani aRmoCnda: misi mimarTulebiT moZraobam
kacobrioba sulieri da fizikuri katastrofebis winaSe daayena. am gamocdilebam Tanamedrove adamiani TiTqmis
daarwmuna, rom yoveli misi mizani, ideali Tu saqme warmavali da droebiTia da rom, maSasadame, misTvis
maradisobisaken mimavali gza moWrilia: misi sikvdili aris sikvdili ukvalod. amitom aRar aqvs azri arafers.
amitomaa yvelaferi amao, unayofo, fuWi, garda sakuTar biologiur arsebobaze zrunvisa da sxeulebrivi
siamovnebebis miRebisa. umizno adamianis cxovreba absurds emsgavseba.
ukvdavebis rwmenis gaqrobasTan erTad adamians eTikuri sayrdenic ecleba. rogorc viciT, eTikuroba
sayovelTao mniSvnelobis normebis dacvas gulisxmobs, rac, Tavis mxriv, maradiuli, ucvleli, absoluturi idealis
arsebobas moaswavebs da mis gareSe yvela Rirebulebas erTi fasi edeba _ sikeTesac da borotebasac,
samarTlianobasac da usamarTlobasac. TavisTavad arcerTi iqneba arc ukeTesi, arc uaresi, Tuki ar iarsebebs
raRac sazomi, romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvreba adamianis saqcielis simaRle-simdable.
mivmarToT aseT magaliTs: vTqvaT, megobarma mTxova mis Svils gamocdaze davuwero maRali niSani,
Tumca misi codna minimums ar aRemateba. Tavad me es dauSveblad mimaCnia, magram megobarTan mravali
wlis siaxlove makavSirebs, igi CemTvis Zalian Rirebuli, Zvirfasi adamiania da misi ganawyeneba ar minda. me
vusruleb mas Txovnas da raoden saocaric ar unda iyos, kmayofilebis grZnobasac ganvicdi, megobars rom
davexmare. xom faqtia, rom me Cemi principebis sawinaaRmdegod moviqeci. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara
uzneoba. am uzneobas SeiZleba sxvac mohyves _ me Tu damWirda raRac daumsaxurebeli, Cemi megobaric
Caidens uzneobas da Cems Txovnas daakmayofilebs. erTi mxriv, me gavakeTe sikeTe (megobars davexmare),
meore mxriv ki _ usamarTloba anu boroteba (daumsaxureblad davwere maRali niSani). sad gadis zRvari
sikeTesa da borotebas Soris? ras niSnavs viyo zneobrivi adamiani?
zneobriobis uZvelesi principi, “qcevis oqros wesi” moiTxovs: “moeqeci sxvas ise, rogorc gsurs, Sen rom
mogeqcnen” (an “nu gaukeTeb sxvas imas, rac ar ginda Sen rom gagikeTon”). dameTanxmebiT, ar arsebobs
normaluri, gonieri adamiani, romelsac Tavisi TavisaTvis cudi undodes, magram modiT SevecadoT
cxovrebiseuli TvalsazrisiT SevxedoT am wess da gavaanalozoT.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sikeTe TavisTavad gulisxmobs uangarobas, xom ar arRvevs es wesi am apriorul
mocemulobas? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garkveulwilad, albaT, arRvevs. jer erTi, Tu me borotebas ar Cavdivar
mxolod im mosazrebiT, rom ar minda sxvam ziani momayenos, Cems qcevas sikeTes ver vuwodeb, radgan igi
garkveul merkantilur mosazrebas emyareba. meore, vTqvaT, me ganuxrelad vasruleb am wess, maqvs Tu ara
imis garantia, rom sxva adamianebic aseTive patiosnebi iqnebian Cems mimarT? cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
gviCvenebs, rom swored aseT gulubryvilo, miamit adamianebs ziansac ayeneben da atyueben kidec.
axla davsvaT kiTxva: romeli adamiani migaCniaT ufro zneobrivad _ is, vinc borotebas ar sCadis mxolod
imitom, rom dasjis eSinia (RmerTis, kanonis, sazogadoebis, misTvis axlobeli adamianebis mxridan), Tu is,
vinc cuds aravis ukeTebs imitom, rom ubralod sxvagvarad ar SeuZlia, es misi cxovrebis wesia, misi principia.
am kiTxvas Tavad upasuxeT.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom zneobrivi anu keTili saqcieli aris iseTi qceva, romelsac sikeTe moaqvs meore
adamianisaTvis. zneobrivi saqcieli unda iyos:
• Segnebuli
• Tavisufali
• uangaro
zneobrivi saqcieli aris sxva adamianis mimarT ganxorcielebuli qmedeba. igi aucileblad gacnobierebuli da
Segnebuli xasiaTis unda iyos. e.i. Cven viqceviT zneobrivad, Tu viciT, rom es moqmedeba zneobrivad
misaRebi anu keTili saqcielia da Segnebulad vaxorcielebT mas sakuTari principebidan gamomdinare da am
principebis pativiscemis gamo.
zneobrivi saqcielis meore niSania Tavisufleba. es niSnavs, rom saqcieli Tavisufali unda iyos sxva
adamianis, RmerTis, sazogadoebis, xelisuflebis, beladis da a.S. zegavlenisagan. adamiani mas axorcielebs
mxolod sakuTari principebis pativiscemis gamo.

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 zneobrivi saqcielis mesame niSania uangaroba. es saqcieli ar gulisxmobs sanacvlo sargeblis miRebas.
adamiani axorcielebs zneobriv saqciels mxolod moraluri pincipebis safuZvelze, rac masSi badebs siamovnebis
gancdasa da siamayis grZnobas. es siamaye adamianad yofnis siamayea. zneobrivi saqcieli aris adamianuri
Rirsebis saqme.
sikeTe aris sxvis mimarT ganxorcielebuli sasiamovno, usafrTxo da sasargeblo moqmedeba. magram
cxovrebaSi zneobrivi saqcieli yovelTvis ar aris sasiamovno da sasargeblo meore adamianisaTvis. xSirad
arazneobrivi saqcieli, “daTvuri samsaxuri” ufro misaRebi da sasiamovno SeiZleba iyos sxvisTvis (gaixseneT
daumsaxureblad dawerili niSnis zemoTmoyvanili magaliTi). adamiani bunebiT egoistia. marTalia masSi
altruistuli sawyisic aris, magram misi yoveli moqmedebis safuZveli mainc sakuTari keTildReobisa da
uzrunvelyofili cxovrebisaken swrafvaa da arc Tu iSviaTad am mizans igi sxva adamianebis xarjze aRwevs.
maSin rogor unda Caidinos adamianma sikeTe?
keTili saqcieli uangaro saqcielia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Semdegs gulisxmobs: unda Seecado da gadalaxo
sakuTari egoisturi buneba da sxvisi interesebi Seni moqmedebis miznad gadaaqcio; raRacis misaRwevad
adamiani mxolod saSualeba ki ar unda iyos SenTvis, aramed mizani. magram, xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom ar
SeiZleba, magaliTad, adamianis janmrTelobis gamoyeneba Tundac yvelaze keTilSobiluri miznebisaTvis,
vTqvaT samedicino donorobisaTvis?
eTikuri TvalsazrisiT (amavdroulad iuridiuliTac) donoroba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi, Segnebuli
gadawyvetileba da uangaro qmedeba. amJamad bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, nebadarTulia cocxali
donorisagan organoebisa da qsovilebis mxolod genetikuri naTesavebisagan gadanergva. moraluri poziciebidan
am dros warmoiSoba konfliqti medicinis or ZiriTad princips Soris _ “akeTe sikeTe” da “ar avno”. erTi mxriv,
pacientis axloblis Tavganwirvis Sedegad Cndeba avadmyofis gadarCenisa da sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebis Sansi
(“akeTe sikeTe”), meore mxriv, seriozuli ziani adgeba donoris janmrTelobas (irRveva principi “ar avno”),
gamoricxuli ar aris letaluri Sedegic.
am SemTxvevaSi principis “ar avnos” darRveva SeiZleba gamarTldes potenciuri donoris uflebiT
msxverplad gaiRos erT-erTi wyvili organo axlobeli adamianis sicocxlis gadasarCenad, roca sxva saSualeba
ukve aRar arsebobs. es ufleba efuZneba moyvasis siyvaruls, TanagrZnobasa da altruizmis grZnobas.
TavisTavad es keTilSobiluri saqcielia. Tumca, rodesac saqme exeba arawyvili sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
organos gadanergvas, arc sazogadoebam da arc samedicino personalma ar unda miiRos es msxverpli.
mSoblebsac ki ar unda mieces ufleba Svilis gadasarCenad xelyon sakuTari sicocxle da gadaunergon mas
arawyvili sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis organo, magaliTad, guli. es ubralod uzneobaa da gamarTleba ara aqvs.
zneobriobis dafuZnebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tvalsazrisi mocemulia religiur
msoflmxedvelobaSi. religia, filosofiisagan gansxvavebiT, yvelasaTvis misaRebi da sasurveli fenomenia.
religiisadmi indeferentuli ganwyoba adamianuri bunebis arasrulfasovnebaze mianiSnebs. ganviTarebis dabal
safexurze es, albaT, sulieri samyaros unarebis ganuviTareblobaze metyvelebs; ganviTarebis maRal safexurze ki
miuTiTebs sulierebis iseT mdgomareobaze, rodesac sulis Tavdapirveli, bunebrivi mTlianoba ukve darRveulia,
axali ki jer miuRwevelia.
adamiani yovelTvis eZebda Tavis TavSi RmerTs da iswrafvoda misken. rwmenaSi eZebdnen adamianebi
garemomcveli wyvdiadis “WeSmaritebis CiraRdans”, “manaTobel varskvlavs” da poulobdnen Svebas,
simSvides, nugeSs, imedsa da ideals. Tu ki odesRac RmerTebi mrisxane, SurismaZiebeli RvTaebebi iyvnen,
qristianuli RmerTi siyvarulis, Tavmdablobis, mimteveblobis gansaxierebaa; Tu ki odesRac RmerTebs igive
vnebebi euflebodaT, rac adamianebs, ieso qriste ubiwo, umanko RmerT-kacia, romlis zneobrivi srulyofileba
miuwvdomelia nebismieri adamianisaTvis; Tu ki odesRac adamianebi sakuTari codvebis mosananieblad
msxverpls swiravdnen RmerTebs, ieso qristem Tavisi miwieri aRsasruliT gamoisyida kacobriobis codvebi da
adamianebs zneobrivi cxovrebis gza aCvena.
amdenad, qristianobaSi zneobriobis sawyisi da garanti aris RmerTi.
adamiani Seqmnilia umaRles faseulobad _ “xatad da msgavsad RvTisa”, qristianuli RmerTi ki usazRvro da
yovlismomcveli siyvarulia. maSasadame, adamianis zneobriobis safuZvelic RvTisa da moyvasis siyvarulia. ara
sikeTe da goniereba (RmerTi Tavad aris absoluturi sikeTe da goniereba), rogorc es sokratesTan iyo, aramed
RmerTis usazRvro da yovlismomcveli siyvarulisken swrafva da masTan miaxloeba. e.i. adamianis saTnoeba

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mdgomareobs ara sikeTeSi, aramed yovlismomcvel siyvarulSi, RmerTis, moyvasis, ucxos, mtris gulwrfel
siyvarulSi. “giyvardeT erTmaneTi, rogorc me SegiyvareT Tqven” (ioan. 15.12). siyvarulis es simbolo
adamianis Sinagan sikeTesa da sifaqizes amaRlebs da RmerTTan gvaaxloebs.
qristianuli eTikis safuZvelia rwmena, siyvaruli da imedi. adamiani ki rogorc zneobrivi arseba, Tavisi
cxovrebis wesiT pasuxismgebelia usasrulo da maradiuli, absoluturi sikeTis anu RmerTis winaSe.
varT ki dRes qristianuli zneobriobis erTgulni, mimdevarni? gvaqvs ki gaTavbisebuli da gacnobierebuli amis
Sedegad dakisrebuli pasuxismgebloba? samwuxarod, Tanamedrove adamianSi ufro gulgrilobam daisadgura.
gulgriloba ki borotebisa da Ralatis tolfasia. am fenomenze, rasac gulgriloba hqvia, robert eberhartma, bruno
iasenskim, jon steinbekma saocrad damafiqrebeli mosazreba gamoTqves:
“nu geSiniaT mkvlelebis, radgan maT, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, mxolod mokvla SeuZliaT. nu geSiniaT
megobrebis, radgan, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maT mxolod Ralati SeuZliaT. geSinodeT gulgrili adamianebis,
radgan maTi Cumi TanxmobiT xdeba yvela amazrzeni danaSauli dedamiwaze”.

“vici Seni saqmeni: Sen arc civi xar da arc cxeli.

o, neta an civi iyo, an cxeli!
magram, raki nel-Tbili xar Sen, arc civi da arc cxeli,
amitom amoganTxev Cemi piridan”

gamocxadeba. 4. 15-16

gamTeniisas mRvdelmTavrebma, uxucesebma da mwignobrebma, mTel sinedrionTan erTad Sekres ieso,

waiyvanes da misces pilates.
“da hkiTxa mas mTavarma: Sena xar iudevelTa Mmefe? xolo iesom miugo mas: Sen ambob” (maT. 27.
11).
pilate iesos brals ver xedavda; isic icoda, rom mRvdelmTavrebma SuriT gasces igi; colmac sTxova:
nurafers dauSaveb mag marTalso. magram mRvdelmTavrebisa da uxucesebisagan waqezebuli brbo daJinebiT
moiTxovda: jvars ecvas! jvars ecvas-o!
“da raki ixila pilatem, rom verafers Svelis, aramed ufro izrdeba SfoTi, moiTxova wyali, xalxis winaSe
daibana xelebi da Tqva: me ubralo var am marTlis sisxlSi. Tqven ikiTxeT” (maT. 27. 24).
geSinodeT gulgrili adamianebis!
mas Semdeg didi dro gavida, magram kacobriobis mexsierebidan es sityvebi veraferma da veravin waSala.
romaeli prokuratoris mier warmoTqmuli fraza, im dRidan moyolebuli adamianebisaTvis asocirdeba
danaSaulebriv gulgrilobasTan, rodesac SegiZlia daexmaro adamians da ar akeTeb amas.
ager ukve XXI saukunea, rac pilate pontoelis saxeli iuda iskariotelis gverdiT ixsenieba. “xeldabanilTa Solti
gces, msxverpls sisxli Seurieso” _ aRmoxdeba daviT guramiSvils da kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs amgvari
poziciis ukeTurobasa da miuReblobas.
adamianTa modgmam tolobis niSani dasva Ralatsa da gulgrilobas Soris. aseTia istoriis verdiqti. istoria ki
arasodes scdeba.

II saukune Cvens welTaRricxvamde. romi da karTageni. romi _ Zlierebisa da daumarcxeblobis simbolo.

karTageni _ vaWrobis, simdidrisa da udardelobis simbolo. warmatebulma vaWrobam karTagenSi didZali oqro
daagrova. oqrom romaelebi miizida. romis uZlevel, mravalricxovan armias hanibali, karTagenis didi
mxedarTmTavari daupirispirda. moxda saocreba _ misma mcirericxovanma jarma pirvelad Searyia romis
uZleveloba. hanibali roms miadga. mas mcire finansuri daxmareba sWirdeboda, romi rom aeRo.
daxmarebisaTbis hanibalma uxucesTa sabWos mimarTa. sabWoze mokle sityviT gamovida “gulgrilTa lideri”
_ hanoni. man gamoTqva metad “brZnuli” azri:
Tu mxedarTmTavari imarjvebs, maS, ra saWiroa daxmareba? Tu is marcxdeba, maS, ra saWiroa aseTi
mxedarTmTavari?
108
 hanibali daxmarebis gareSe darCa. romma Zalebi moikriba da axla ukve isini miadgnen karTagens.
romaelebis pirveli moTxovna _ karTagenis floti unda ganadgurdes! brZaneba dauyonebliv Sesrulda. meore
moTxovna _ kontribucia, udidesi xarki! uxucesTa sabWo sasowarkveTilebas mieca, radgan safrTxe ukve
uSualod maT simdidres daemuqra. magram ukve gvian iyo winaaRmdegobis gaweva.
romi ki iTxovda da iTxovda. jer armiis daSla ubrZanes; mere iaraRi CamoarTves; materikis siRrmeSi
gadasaxleba moundomes, raTa zRvaze aRar evaWraT. romaelebma SturmiT aiRes karTageni. qalaqi gadawves.
mosaxleoba tyveebad gayides. adgili, sadac qalaqi iyo, TviT karTagenelebs gadaaTxrevines da simbolurad
marilic daaTesines. im adgilas dasaxleba saerTod akrZales.
geSinodeT gulgrili adamianebis!

zneobrivi pirovneba, samarTlianobisaTvis mebrZoli daTa TuTaSxia cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze

midis daskvnamde, rom adamianebs ar unda daexmaro, sikeTe ar unda gaukeTo.
“araa Cemi saqme. aRaraferi araa Cemi saqme, Tu me ar mexeba, me! egeni arc erTi araa Cemi Carevis
Rirsi. miva kiku amaRam magasTan. rom Caverio, ar mivides, iqneba, magram uaress Svrebian mere. vici es!”.
mosaxdeni marTlac moxda. Caurevlobas tragedia mohyva. “daTa TuTaSxia, Sens kiserzea Cemi Svilebis
codva” _ aRmoxda durus.
daTas saqciels ganaCeni iase-berma gamoutana: “vinc RmerTs ganudga, vinc kacTaTvis ar aRasrula is, risi
aRsrulebac ZaluZda, vinc RvTis Svils gansacdelSi xeli ar gauwoda _ igi laCaria, man Tavisi Tavi
martoobisaTvis gaswira. Tu Sen ar ginda kacni, arc kacTa undixar Sen da xvedri Seni _ mimwyvdeuli nadiris
xvedri aris”.
geSinodeT gulgrili adamianebis!
es daavadeba adamianis Tandayolili defeqti ar aris, is SeZenilia. sazogadoeba TviTon qmnis Tavis
momakvdinebel viruss _ “gulgrilobas”: “ra azri aqvs raimes Secvlas? ukeTesobisaken mainc araferi Seicvleba”.
amitom “arafers azri ar aqvs”!
es nihilisturi msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciaa. SegaxsenebT: nihilistur Sexedulebebs yoveli konkretuli
adamiani da sazogadoeba mTlianad sulier degradaciamde mihyavs, arRvevs mis Sinagan samyaros da arTmevs
mas adamianur saxes. amdenad, gulgriloba igive Ralatia, erTic da meorec borotebaze uaresia.
eTika _ rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi fenomenia. igi zneobriv problemebs ganixilavs ara marto yofiT doneze,
aramed maT filosofiur dasabuTebasac cdilobs. eTikis istoria saWirboroto, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
problemebis gadawyvetis istoriaa _ rogor ar davkargoT adamianuri saxe, movipovoT Tavisufleba da Rirseuli
arseboba, rogor uzrunvelyoT TiToeuli adamianis zneobrivi srulyofa, rogor davicvaT samyaro borotebisa da
ganadgurebisagan.
ras gvaswavlis eTikis istoria? is sakiTxebi, romlebic mravali saukunis win adamianTa gonebas aRelvebda,
dRes isev aqtualuria. yoveldRiuroba ganuwyvetliv gvTavazobs arCevnis situacias da pasuxsac

mkacrad gvTxovs _ gamovTqva sakuTari azri, Tu umravlesobas SevuerTde? Cemi midrekilebisda

mixedviT avirCio profesia, Tu mSoblebs davujero? sayvarel adamians mivendo, Tu sxvebis mosazreba
gaviziaro? sakuTari simarTle davicva, Tu gaCumeba varCio? miznis misaaRwevad sikeTisa da simarTlis rTuli
gziT viaro, Tu ufro mokle da sarfiani gza, borotebis gza avirCio? eTikis istoria garkveul zneobriv
gamocdilebas gvTavazobs, gvaZlevs sazoms sikeTisa da borotebis gasarCevad da amiT gvexmareba swori
arCevnis gakeTebaSi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

109
rogor gesmiT mosazreba _ “sindisi anu mamxilebeli goneba?”
ratom aris sindisi adamianis specifikuri Tviseba?
rogor gesmiT sokrates mosazreba _ “sikeTe aris codna”?
gaaanalizeT “qcevis oqros wesi.”
ra moiazreba kantis “kategoriul imperativSi”?
ra aris hedonizmi?
Tqveni azriT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara siamovneba ganvixiloT bednierebis kriteriumad?
ra igulisxmeba saTnoebaSi? CamoayalibeT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani saTnoebebi.
yovelTvis amarTlebs Tu ara mizani saSualebas?
ra gansxvavebaa normatiul da aranormatiul eTikas Soris?
CamoayalibeT qristianuli zneobriobis arsi da safuZveli.
ras niSnavs TqvenTvis zneobrivi cxovrebis wesi?

XX saukune da axali teqnologiebi

bioeTika

110
 XX saukunis dasawyisSi gamoTqmulma mosazrebam – filosofiam dakarga yvela Tavisi samflobelo da mefe
liris mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndao – me-2 aTaswleulis dasasruls gansxvavebuli datvirTva SeiZina. arsebobs
Tvalsazrisi, rom fundamenturma filosofiam Tavisi SesaZleblobebi amowura. es garkveuli azriT sworia: mraval-
ma filosofiurma ideam, mimarTulebam ar gaamarTla, zogi moZvelda, zogic Rrma kriziss ganicdis, magram fi-
losofia Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT, rogorc `sibrZnis siyvaruli~, rogorc WeSmaritebis Ziebis saSualeba,
rogorc adamianis sulis moTxovnileba da bolos, rogorc msoflmxedvelobis gansakuTrebuli tipi iarsebebs, vidre
arsebobs adamiani. amaze metyvelebs filosofiuri codnis is axali mimarTulebebi, romlebic warmoiSvnen sazo-
gadoebrivi cxovrebis calkeuli sferoebis, konkretuli mecnierebebisadmi filosofiuri meTodebis gamoyenebis Se-
degad – bunebis filosofia, samarTlis, mecnierebis, istoriis, politikis, religiis, xelovnebis filosofia, globalur prob-
lemaTa filosofia da sxva. maTi umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, XX saukunis monapovaria da filosofiis uaxles istorias-
Tan aris dakavSirebuli. erT-erT aseT dargs bioeTika (`sicocxlis eTika~) warmoadgens. igi gasuli saukunis da-
sasrulis dasavluri civilizaciis nayofia da, Tavisi arsiT, disciplinaTaSoris codnas ganekuTvneba. mas aqvs biosa-
medicino, filosofiuri, aqsiologiuri, anTropologiuri, samarTlebrivi da saRvTismetyvelo aspeqtebi. bioeTikis Se-
saswavli problemebi sakmaod saWirboroto sakiTxTa rigs ganekuTvneba, arc Tu ise Sors aris adamianis yovel-
dRiuri cxovrebidan da maTi ganxilva umwvaves diskusiebs iwvevs. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa gadaWras sikvdil-
sicocxlesTan, da ara marto am problemasTan, dakavSirebuli mravalferovani, xSirad dramatuli situaciebi. gada-
Warbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom bioeTikis sferoSi minimaluri codna nebismieri adamianisaTvis aucilebe-
lia.
bioeTikis problemebi Zalian xSirad iurisprudencias ukavSirdeba. adamianTa Soris urTierTobis samarTleb-
rivi regulireba mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli moralur-eTikur regulirebasTan. erTi mxriv, umniSvnelovanesi moralu-
ri normebi Cveulebriv iuridiul Zalas iZens da samarTlebrivi normis saxiT yalibdeba, maTi darRveva ki ara Tu
garSemomyofTa gakicxvas, aramed kanonis winaSe pasuxismgeblobasac iwvevs. meore mxriv, sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi realurad moqmedia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca isini mowonebulia sazogadoebis mxridan da mis mo-
ralur Segnebas Seesabameba (anu kanoni imdenad aris progresuli, ramdenadac moraluria).
arsebobs kidev erTi sfero, RvTismetyveleba, romlis warmomadgenlebi yvelaze did interess iCenen bioeTi-
kis problemebisadmi. axalma biosamedicino teqnologiebma adamianze zemoqmedebis principulad axal dones
miaRwies – aRmoaCines ra adamianis sicocxlis marTvis sazRvrebis, miznebis da saSualebebis problemebi. bi-
omedicinis swrafi ganviTarebis pirobebSi sxvadasxva religiur sistemebs rig sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi sakuTa-
ri poziciebis SemuSaveba uxdebaT, magaliTad, ra sazRvrebSi SeiZleba CavataroT sicocxlis SemanarCunebeli
mkurnaloba da rodis SevwyvitoT is; SesaZloa Tu ara organoTa da qsovilebis saxiT gardacvlili adamianis ga-
moyeneba sxva adamianebis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis an sicocxlis gadarCenisaTvis; dasaSvebia Tu ara in-
dividisaTvis sakuTari sicocxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba da sxva. civilizebuli kacobriobis
mTeli istoriisaTvis yovelTvis udavo WeSmaritebas moralur RirebulebaTa da religiuri Sexedulebebis uSualo
kavSiri warmoadgenda. amdenad, metad aqtualuria kiTxva: gvaZlevs Tu ara marlTmadidebloba pasuxebs Ta-
namedrove bioeTikur problematikaze? samwuxarod, erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi am kiTxvaze ar moipoveba.
marTalia, arsebobs marTlmadidebeli RvTismetyvelebisa da eqimebis mier dawerili wignebi da statiebi (xelov-
nur ganayofierebaze, abortze, transplantaciaze, genur inJineriaze da sxv.), magram ver vityviT, rom am kuTxiT
arsebobs marTlmadidebluri swavlebis damuSavebuli doqtrina. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, gansxvavebiT kaToli-
kuri eklesiisagan, ar miiswrafvis `qristianuli bioeTikis~ specialuri koncefciis Seqmnisaken. igi gansazRvravs
ZiriTad ontologiur orientacias, romelic yovelTvis orientirebulia mxolod saidumloebasa da Sesaqmeze da amis
safuZvelze ayalibebs zedmiwevniT misaReb da Rirseul zneobriv gadawyvetilebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom bioeTi-
kuri problemebis religiuri gadawyveta yovelTvis ar emTxveva am problemebisadmi bioeTikis mier SemuSave-
bul pozicias.
da bolos, filosofiuri codnis sfero, romelsac bioeTikis problemebis moraluri regulirebis garda, biosamedicino
mecnierebis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT uwevs iseTi universaluri problemebis xelaxali gaazreba, rogoricaa ra
aris adamiani?, rogor ganvsazRvroT adamianuri pirovneba da adamianuri arseba? ra iTvleba am dros gan-
msazRvrelad – adamianis sxeulebrivi buneba, Tu misi cnobiereba? sad gadis zRvari cocxal da aracocxal adami-
anur arsebas Soris?: sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba sicocxle? ra aris sikvdili? rogor moviqceT, roca adamiani
socialurad mkvdaria (tvinis qerqi Seuqcevadad aris dazianebuli), biologiurad ki misi sicocxle SenarCunebulia?

111
saqme rTuldeba im garemoebiT, rom dRes am kiTxvebze pasuxi aRar rCeba abstraqtuli azrovnebis sferoSi. yo-
vel konkretul situaciaSi, yovel konkretul adamianTan mimarTebaSi, saWiro xdeba konkretuli pasuxis, realuri
gadawyvetilebis miReba da konkretuli moqmedebebis gansazRvra.
cnobilia, rom ukanasknel wlebSi kacobriobis cnobierebis umTavres Rirebulebad pirovnebis moqalaqeobrivi
uflebebis dacva, adamianis TviTidentifikaciis problema iqca. bioeTika swored am uflebebis realizaciis saSuale-
baa medicinaSi da misi Seswavlis obieqts adamianisa (pacientis) da medikosis urTierTobis moraluri mxare Se-
adgens. bioeTikis, rogorc mecnierebis or umTavres faseulobas pacientis sicocxle da misi avtonomia warmoad-
gens, rac medicinaSi Tavisufal arCevanSi gamoixateba – TiToeul adamians aqvs ufleba Tavad miiRos gadawy-
vetileba yvela sakiTxze, romelic mis sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas exeba da Tavadve agos pasuxi sakuTari cxov-
rebis yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetilebebze.
evTanazia. adamianis yofierebis sasrulobis sakiTxi Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri problema-
a. igi Tavisi arsiT filosofiur, moralur-religiur da samarTlebriv problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. cnobilia, rom
medicinaSi XX saukunis me-2 naxevridan mimdinare cvlilebebi da axali SesaZleblobebi, romlebic uaxlesi teq-
nologiebis danergvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, saSualebas aZlevs medicinas, erTi mxriv, umkurnalos adamians, me-
ore mxriv ki marTos misi sicocxle. Tanamedrove medicina flobs realur SesaZleblobebs, rom `misces~, `aCu-
qos~ adamians sicocxle (xelovnuri ganayofiereba), gansazRvros da Secvalos misi Tvisebrivi parametrebi (genu-
ri inJineria, transseqsualuri qirurgia), `gadados~ sikvdilis dro (reanimacia, transplantologia, gerontologia), `Se-
amsubuqos~ da daaCqaros sikvdili (evTanazia) da sxva. swored aq Cndeba uamravi filosofiuri, moraluri da sa-
marTlebrivi xasiaTis problema, romelTa gadawyveta ama Tu im sazogadoebis tradiciebis, kulturuli da sulieri
Rirebulebebis safuZvelze unda xdebodes. ukeT rom gaverkvioT sakiTxis arsSi, erTi detalic unda gaviTvaliswi-
noT – Tanamedrove medicinis arss (transplantologia, reanimatologia) esadageba adamianis, upirveles yovlisa,
rogorc moazrovne arsebis saxe, rasac, Tavis mxriv, sikvdilis axali kriteriumi – `tvinis sikvdili~ Seesabameba –
Tavis tvinis mier azrovnebis, gansjis, adamianebTan kontaqtSi Sesvlis funqciebisa da unaris Seusrulebloba, e.i.
`tvinis sikvdilis~ konstantacia gansazRvravs adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis sikvdils, romlis farglebSic dasaSve-
bia sicocxle ujredul doneze.
2000 weli. avtokatastrofis Sedegad safrangeTis patara provinciuli qalaqis saavadmyofos reanimatologiur
ganyofilebaSi miiyvanes mZimed daSavebuli 23 wlis axalgazrda. misi sasicocxlo funqciebi SezRudulia. avad-
myofs dakarguli aqvs metyvelebis unari, mxedveloba, dazianebulia xerxemali, ar SeuZlia moZraoba; SenarCu-
nebuli aqvs azrovneba da nawilobriv smena, e.i. Tavis tvini Seuqcevadad ar aris dazianebuli da eqimebs ufleba
ara aqvT dasvan `tvinis sikvdilis~ diagnozi da gamoutanon mas sasikvdilo ganaCeni. magram erTi ram cxadia –
es axalgazrda Cveul, normalur cxovrebas verasodes daubrundeba, Tanamedrove medicinas misi Svela ar SeuZ-
lia, eqimebma ar ician ramden xans icocxlebs ase logins mijaWvuli. erTi wlis uimedobis ESemdeg dedam ga-
dawyvita TxovniT miemarTa safrangeTis prezidentisaTvis, raTa misgan mieRo nebarTva Svilis evTanaziaze.
uaris miRebis Semdeg (safrangeTSi, iseve rogorc msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, evTanazia legalizebuli ar
aris) dedam da Svilma, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis moxdenis mizniT, evTanaziasa da sakuTar gancdebze
wignis dawera ganizraxes (Svilis TiTebis moZraobiT deda xvdeboda ama Tu im asos siswores da amgvarad ad-
genda sityvebs), romlis gamosvlis Semdeg safrangeTis sazogadoeba or dapirispirebul banakad gaiyo: erTi mxa-
re, iTvaliswinebda ra arsebul viTarebas, TanaugrZnobda deda-Svilis Tvalsazriss, meore ki, kacTmoyvareobis,
humanizmisa da moraluri principebidan gamomdinare, ewinaaRmdegeboda maT gadawyvetilebas. sazogadoeb-
rivi azris aseTma amxedrebam arc amJamad moaxdina zegavlena prezidentis gadawyvetilebaze. amis Semdeg
dedam mimarTa ukidures saSualebas – man sTxova eqims misi SvilisaTvis sistemaSi Seeyvana letaluri agenti.
didi winaaRmdegobis Semdeg eqimi daTanxmda dedis Txovnas, magram sistemaSi Seyvanili sasikvdilo prepa-
ratis doza ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. maSin dedam miiRo,Emisi azriT, erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba – Tavad
gazarda preparatis doza da sakuTari xeliT Seiyvana igi Svilis organizmSi. mizezi erTia – mas ar SeeZlo mTeli
sicocxle eyurebina Svilis tanjvisa da umweobisaTvis.
es problema cnobilia evTanaziis saxelwodebiT. termini `evTanazia~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa da sityva-sity-
viT `sasiamovno sikvdils~ niSnavs. sadReisod, evTanaziaSi moiazreba Segnebuli qmedeba an umoqmedeba,
romelic iwvevs ganukurnebeli seniT daavadebuli pacientis sikvdils, SedarebiT swrafi da umtkivneulo gziT. mi-

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si mizania Sveba moutanos da ixsnas adamiani autaneli da xangrZlivi tkivilebisagan ganukurnebeli daavadebe-
bis dros. amitom mas zogjer `sasiamovno sikvdils~ uwodeben.
evTanaziis problema axali ar aris. kacobriobis istoriis nebismier etapze es problema, metnaklebad gansxva-
vebuli saxiTa da simwvaviT, yovelTvis idga adamianebis winaSe. garkveuli azriT, evTanaziazea saubari plato-
nis `saxelmwifoSi~, rodesac igi `arasrulfasovan~ adamianebTan damokidebulebaze msjelobs idealuri saxel-
mwifos aSenebis dros: ` sasamarTloc da eqimebic unda zrunavdnen adamianebze, romlebic srulyofilni arian su-
liTac da xorciTac, xolo vinc... suliTac mankieria da xorciTac – ukurnebeli, is unda mokvdes~. gansxvavebul
konteqstSi, magram mainc `zedmeti adamianebis~ ganadgurebaze saubrobs nicSec. igi adamianebs sulieri siZli-
eris niSniT yofs – erTis mxriv, keTilSobili, Semoqmedi, Tavisufali sulis, Zlieri `maRali adamianebi~, romelTa
ricxvi sakmaod mcirea da meore mxriv, adamianTa umravlesoba – `patara xalxi~, `zedmeti adamianebi~, ro-
melTa arsebobac ki, nicSes azriT, udides safrTxes warmoadgens zekacisaTvis da swored amitomac unda ga-
nadgurdnen isini da dedamiwa gaTavisufldes maTgan. am `zedmeti adamianebis~ ricxvs igi akuTvnebs ubralo,
rigiT adamianebs, anu maT, vinc ar aris dajildovebuli SemoqmedebiTi niWiT, visac Zala ar Seswevs amaRldes
sakuTar Tavze, visTvisac zeca, RmerTi ufro Rirebulia, radgan swored iq aris maTTvis imedi, xsna, gamosavali,
miwieri tanjvis daTmenisaTvis Rirseuli sazRauri. misi mtkicebiT, aseTi, TiTqosda aSkara antihumanizmi, Seu-
faravi mowodeba sustebisa da avadmyofebis mospobisaken, isev da isev adamianis siyvaruliTaa nakarnaxebi.
yvelasaTvis cnobilia faSisturi germaniis gamocdileba ariuli rasis siwmindisaTvis gatarebul RonisZiebebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlis drosac mxolod 1938-39 wlebSi SemuSavebuli da ganxorcielebuli iyo `arasrulfasovan~
pirTa mimarT `evTanaziis programa~.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi arsebobda sazogadoeba `evTanazia~, romlis miza-
nic kanonebis Secvlasa da `defeqturebis~ ganadgurebis legalizaciaSi mdgomareobda. da, Tu gasuli saukunis
pirveli naxevris bolos msoflio sazogadoebriobam dagmo es ideebi, dReisaTvis isini kvlav Zalas ikrefen.
cnobilia, rom samyaro yovelTvis ori ZiriTadi sawyisis – sikeTisa da borotebis brZolis sarbielad moiazrebo-
da. XX saukunem Tavisi gadasaxedidan Secvala RirebulebaTa sistema da sikeTisa da borotebis, sikvdil-sicocx-
lisa da sxva uZiriTadesi aqsiologiuri problemebis sakuTari midgoma daamkvidra. Cveni drois erT-erTi maxasi-
aTebelia cxovrebisadmi pragmatistuli damokidebuleba. garkveuli azriT, es civilizaciis monapovari da Sedegia,
romelsac uamravi sikeTe moaqvs adamianisaTvis, magram sulierebis TvalsazrisiT garkveulwilad cvlis mas –
adamiani bevrad ufro praqtikuli, miwieri, momxmarebluri fsiqologiis xdeba. Cveni istoriis arareligiurma peri-
odma igi RmerTs daaSora (m. haidegerma Tanamedrove kulturis ZiriTad niSnad swored rom `arareligiuroba~
gamoacxada), sakuTari interesebiT Semofargla da Tavis TavSi Caketa. samyaroSi dakargulobas, cxovrebis saz-
risis Ziebas ki, rogorc viciT, adamiani axal Rirebulebebamde miyavs, romelSi garkvevac yovelTvis saocrad
rTuli da mtkivneuli procesia da Zvelis uaryofasa da axlis damkvidrebas gulisxmobs.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi iseTi movlenebisaTvis, rogoricaa evTanazia, damkvidrda termini – `sikvdilis kul-
tura~, rac gulisxmobs individisagan sakuTari sikvdilisadmi maqsimalurad obieqtur da racionalur damokidebule-
bas. adamianma pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvebs: rogor surs mas sikvdili; Sesabamis situaciaSi vin unda miiRos
gadawyvetileba; ramdenad zedmiwevniT da vin unda Seasrulos misi neba; surs Tu ara mas sikvdilis Semdgomi
donoroba da a.S. swored am da msgavsi problemebis gadawyvetis dros xdeba Zveli da axali RirebulebiTi siste-
mebis urTierTdapirispireba. ufro gasagebi rom iyos razea saubari, dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT Seqmnili viTareba.
Tanamedrove medicinis axali dargebi (reanimatologia, transplantologia, samedicino genetika, xelovnuri gana-
yofiereba), aRweven ra adamianis sicocxlis marTvis axal simaRleebs, upirispirdebian tradiciul zneobriv-msof-
lmxedvelobriv principebs. magaliTad, aqvs Tu ara reanimatologs moraluri ufleba gaaxangrZlivos kvdomis pro-
cesi an ganaxorcielos uimedo mdgomareobaSi myofi pacientis evTanazia? ramdenad aris aucilebeli trnsplanto-
logiis praqtikisaTvis `samedicino mkvlelobis organizeba~? cxadia, am viTarebaSi eqimi Tavisufldeba ara marto
uZiriTadesi samedicino akrZalvisagan `ar avno~!, aramed zogadsakacobrio moraluri mcnebisagan `ara kac
hkla!~ axali midgomis gamamarTlebeli principi – `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~, saboloo jamSi, negatiur ze-
gavlenas axdens eqimis zneobriv TviTSegnebaze da did safrTxes uqmnis mis emociur-fsiqikur mTlianobas.
adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa, ra motiviTa da mizniTac ar unda iyos es gadawyvetileba ganpirobebuli (Tundac
nicSeseuli `adamianisadmi siyvaruliT, an `eris gajansaRebis mizniT, an Tanamedrove `gulmowyale~ eqimis
surviliT, gaaTavisuflos ukurnebeli seniT daavadebuli avadmyofi tanjvisagan da saSualeba misces mas uwvaleb-

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lad SeuerTdes maradisobas), yovlad dauSvebeli da miuRebelia. eqimis damokidebulebaSi pacientisadmi, mTli-
anad medicinis eTikisa da filosofiis safuZvelSi, adamianis sicocxlisadmi pativiscemisa da mowiwebis grZnoba
Zevs, anu eqimisaTvis TiToeuli pacienti unda iyos is erTaderTi, romlisTvisac saWiroa, ufro metic, Rirs mTeli
Tavisi sulieri Zalebis gaReba (mitropoliti anton suroJeli), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi samedicino moRvaweoba
SeiZleba iyos zedmiwevniT mecnieruli, magram igi dakargavs sakuTriv Tavis arss – humanurobasa da zneobri-
obas.
saqarTvelos jandacvis kanonmdeblobiT samedicino personalis meSveobiT evTanaziis ganxorcieleba akrZa-
lulia. aqtiuri evTanazia (winaswarganzraxuli Careva pacientis sicocxlis Sewyvetis mizniT) isjeba sisxlis samar-
Tlis kanonmdeblobiT. pasiur evTanazias ki Cvens sinamdvileSi ama Tu im formiT xSirad aqvs adgili (magali-
Tad, avadmyofi uars ac-
xadebs mkurnalobaze; ara aqvs materialuri saSualeba Caitaros saWiro gamokvlevebi, mkurnaloba; eqimi
wyvets an zRudavs uimedo avadmyofis mkurnalobas; stacionaridan xdeba uimedo pacientis gamowera da a.S.).
evTanaziis legalizaciis momxreebi Tavis pozicias adamianis uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT ayalibeben. maTi
mosazrebiT, nebayoflobiTi evTanazia eyrdnoba adamianis fundamentur uflebas – sikvdilis uflebas (Tu ki sik-
vdili tanjvisagan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi saSualebaa). aq erTi ram aris gasaTvaliswinebeli da es Zalian
mniSvnelovania – evTanaziis momxreebi cdiloben gaaTanabron da erTnairi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva miscen
cnebebs – `mivceT sikvdilis ufleba~ (pasiuri evTanazia) da `davexmaroT sikvdilSi~ (aqtiuri evTanazia) da Sec-
domaSi SeyavT sazogadoeba, Tavazoben ra mcdar dilemas: an Tqven humanurebi xarT, giyvarT moyvasi da
SegiZliaT gadaabijoT dauSvebelis zRvars (e.i. moklaT), an abstraqtuli dogmebi bevrad Rirebulia TqvenTvis,
vidre ubralo adamianuri TanagrZnoba da gulmowyaleba, radgan daufiqreblad axangrZlivebT im uazro tanjva--
wamebas, romelsac Tavad verc ki aitandiT. ai, maTi argumentebi:
*adamians unda hqondes TviTgamorkvevis ufleba anu mas unda hqondes SesaZlebloba gaakeTos arCevani
– gaagrZelos sicocxle, Tu Sewyvitos is.
*adamiani daculi unda iyos mtkivneuli da arahumanuri mkurnalobisagan.
*adamians aqvs ufleba iyos altruisti – Tavidan aacilos axloblebs da ojaxis wevrebs tanjva, uazro finansuri
xarjebi da uSedego Sroma.
arsebobs e.w. `ekonomikuri~ argumentic – uimedo pacientTa mkurnaloba da movla-patronoba sazogadoe-
bas mZime tvirTad awveba. evTanaziis dakanonebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneba resursebis ufro raciona-
lurad da miznobrivad gamoyeneba.
evTanaziis legalizaciis winaaRmdegia saRad moazrovne adamianTa didi umravlesoba (gamonakliss Sead-
gens holandia, belgia, miCiganis Stati, q.sidnei, q.darvini, sadac evTanazia kanoniT ar ikrZaleba). evTanaziis
mowinaaRmdegeTa poziciis marTebuloba aSkaraa da eWvs ar unda iwvevdes:
*avadmyofTa umravlesobis mxridan nebayoflobiTi sikvdilis moTxovna, ZiriTadad, motivirebulia Zlieri
tkivilebiT, sakmarisia moixsnas es simptomebi da sikvdilis moTxovnac TavisTavad moixsneba.
*axali teqnologiebis danergva medicinaSi da misi ganviTarebis tempebi mowmobs, rom bevri ganukurne-
beli daavadeba dRes eqvemdebareba mkurnalobas.
*evTanaziis legalizacia kategoriulad miuRebelia religiuri TvalsazrisiT. yvela religiuri sistema evTanazias
ganixilavs, rogorc TviTmkvlelobis an mkvlelobis formas.
*evTanazia miuRebelia zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT. nebismieri adamianis sicocxle ganumeorebelia da eqimi
valdebulia yvela arsebuli saSualebis gamoyenebiT bolo wuTamde ibrZolos misi gadarCenisaTvis. es eqimis
zneobrivi da profesiuli movaleobaa.
*ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saqme gvqondes saeqimo SecdomasTan.
*savsebiT SesaZlebelia evTanazia gamoyenebul iqnas boroti miznebisaTvis (winaswar ganzraxuli mkvlelo-
ba an mkvleloba organoTa gadanergvisaTvis nebarTvis miRebis SemTxvevebSi).
*Tu ki odesme evTanazia iuridiulad dakanondeba, aucileblad dadgeba mwvave eTikuri sakiTxi – vin unda
ganaxorcielos igi? eqimma? aseTi mosazreba varaudis donezec ki miuRebelia. eqimisaTvis pacientis mokvlis
davaldebuleba uzneobaa da sazogadoebrivi moralis dakninebas da medicinisadmi ndobis dakargvas gamoiw-
vevs.

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 amitom TiToeulma CvenTaganma aucileblad unda gaacnobieros, rom evTanazia anu `sikvdilis kultura~, ar
aris mkvlelobis gamamarTlebeli ideebis, Sexedulebebis gansakuTrebuli erToblioba. igi azrovnebis, mentalitetis
specifikuri tipia da efuZneba Tavisuflebis ideis mcdar gagebas. Tavisufleba, TavisTavad, sikeTea, magram igi
mxolod maSin ar gadaiqceva ganukiTxaobad, rodesac WeSmaritebisaken mivyavarT.
cxadia, evTanaziis yoveli SemTxveva eTikisa da samarTlis poziciebidan unda Sefasdes. magram ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom kanoni imdenadaa progresuli, ramdenadac moraluria. amdenad, evTanaziis problemis ga-
daWris dros eTikuri regulirebis done ufro maRali unda iyos, vidre samarTlebrivi.

`yvelaze utyuari mtkicebuleba imisa, rom romelime erma miaRwia Tavisi zneobrivi dacemis ukidures
dones, iqneba is dro, rodesac aborti gaxdeba Cveulebrivi da absoluturad misaRebi saqme~.
rafael belestrini
(XIX saukunis italieli iuristi)

abortis eTikuri problemebi. bioeTikis im mravali problemidan, romelic gansakuTrebul interessa da vnebaTa-
Relvas iwvevs, erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave abortis sakiTxia. mTel msoflioSi sazogadoebrivi azri mkveTrad pola-
rizebulia. ZiriTadi moraluri problemebi dakavSirebulia xelovnurad gamowveul abortTan. am saxis samedicino
Carevis moraluri aspeqtebis swori gagebisaTvis aucilebelia gavacnobieroT, rom orsuloba qalis organizmSi mim-
dinare normaluri fiziologiuri da, imavdroulad, axali adamianis biologiuri Camoyalibebis procesia. amitom, rode-
sac `naklebi borotebis~ principiT abortis praqtikas vuSvebT, gaazrebuli unda gvqondes, rom, erTi mxriv, igi se-
riozul moralur da fizikur travmas ayenebs qals da, meore mxriv, warmoadgens udides borotebas, radgan wyvets
axali adamianis ukve dawyebul sicocxles. aborti (kontraceptivebTan erTad), ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos ojaxis da-
gegmvis Cveulebriv saSualebad. samwuxarod, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi abortebi gardauvalia.
sakmarisia pasuxi gavceT ramdenime kiTxvas da TiToeuli Cvenganis poziciac Camoyalibdeba: 1) cocxali
materiis ganviTarebisa da gardaqmnis procesSi sad, rodis, romel momentSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom swored aq
da axla iwyeba adamiani? aqedan gamomdinare, cocxali arseba, romelic adre mxolod dedis sxeulis nawili iyo,
am momentidan xdeba erT-erTi Cvengani, sazogadoebis wevri, romelsac garkveuli uflebebi aqvs, upirveles
yovlisa, sicocxlis ufleba? 2) mocemul SemTxvevaSi aqvs Tu ara SezRudva mcnebas `ara kac hkla?~ da Tu
aqvs, ra saxis SeiZleba iyos es SezRudva? 3) rogori moraluri da socialuri statusi aqvT im cocxal arsebebs, rom-
lebic jer adamianur arsebad ar arian aRiarebulni? magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara maTi gamoyeneba samecniero
eqsperimentebis Casatareblad? an nedleulis saxiT farmakologiur da parfiumerul mrewvelobaSi? dasaSvebia Tu
ara transplantaciisaTvis sicocxlisuunaro, magram cocxali nayofis gamoyeneba Taviseburi `fermis~ saxiT orga-
noTa `dasamzadeblad~ da im avadmyofi axalSobilebis gadasarCenad, romelTac gadarCenis Sansi jer kidev
aqvT?
tradiciulad Camoyalibda sami ZiriTadi pozicia: liberaluri, zomieri da konservatuli. liberaluri pozicia dauba-
debel nayofs `adamianur arsebad~ ar aRiarebs da Sesabamisad masze ar vrceldeba garkveuli uflebebi, maT So-
ris sicocxlis ufleba. e.i. bunebrivi mSobiarobis momentande qals sruli ufleba aqvs miiRos gadawyvetileba abor-
tis Catarebis Sesaxeb, eqimi ki valdebulia moaxdinos am uflebis realizacia. amrigad, `liberalebisaTvis~ aborti
ar warmoadgens mkvlelobas, ufro metic, abortze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, maTi azriT, irRveva dedis, rogorc
nayofis mesakuTris uflebebi. samwuxarod, Cveni kanonmdebloba abortTan dakavSirebiT erT-erTi yvelaze li-
beraluria msoflioSi.
`zomieri~ Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, Canasaxis gadaqceva adamianur arsebad xorcieldeba TandaTanobiT –
orsulobis pirveli sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi nayofis uflebebi minimaluria. am periodSi, ZiriTadad, iTvaliswine-
ben dedis socialur da ekonomiur interesebs. bolo sami Tvis periodSi nayofis uflebebi imdenad mniSvnelovania,
rom dedis ufleba – gaikeTos aborti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod da mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi – rodesac qa-

115
lis sicocxles uSualod emuqreba safrTxe. am SemTxvevaSi, aborti SesaZlebelia Sefasdes rogorc `udanaSaulo ar-
sebis mkvleloba~ da mis gasamarTleblad sakmaod safuZvliani argumentebia saWiro.
`konservatorebi~ Canasaxs CasaxvisTanave sicocxlis uflebis mqone pirovnebad ganixilaven. amdenad, am
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, abortis moraluri gamarTleba ar SeiZleba da is, erTmniSvnelovnad, ganzrax mkvlelobad
iTvleba. arsebobs e.w. `zomieri konservatorebis~ Tvalsazrisic, romlis Tanaxmad, qals miniWebuli aqvs abortis
gakeTebis ufleba misi janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis uSualo safrTxis arsebobis, Zaladobis an incestis Sem-
TxvevebSi.
religiuri Tvalsazrisi abortis problemebTan dakavSirebiT ultrakonservatul pozicias ganekuTvneba. em-
brionis, rogorc Rirebulebis gaazreba dakavSirebulia qristianobis warmoSobasTan. marTalia, bibliaSi sityva
`aborti~ an misi Sesatyvisi sinonimi ar gvxvdeba, magram wminda werili mainc gvaZlevs saSualebas sruli-
ad naTeli daskvnebi gavakeToT am momakvdinebeli codvis Sesaxeb. bavSvebis ganadgurebis Taobaze sa-
xarebaSi qcevis ori modelia warmodgenili – herodes `eTika~, romelmac beTlemSi ori wlisa da ufro patara
asakis yvela yrma daxoca da is norma, romelic gagvisazRvra ieso qristes sityvebma: `rac ki gaukeTeT am
Cems mcire ZmaTagans, me gamikeTeT~ (maT. 25.40). amitom Tvlis eklesia orsulobis xelovnurad Sewy-
vetis yovel SemTxvevas RvTismkvlelobis momentis Semcvelad. swored amaSia abortis yvelaze siRrmise-
uli da dramatuli azri.
moskoveli dekanozi dimitri smirnovi, aanalizebs ra abortTan dakavSirebul mwvave sakiTxebs (ra sa-
Wiroa siRaribisa da simaxinjeebis gamravleba? rogor moviqceT, Tu fexmZimedaa 13 wlis gogona? Tu de-
disaTvis orsulobis gagrZeleba sicocxlesTan SeuTavsebelia da sxva), ar eTanxmeba xelovnuri abortis ara-
nair gamarTlebas da arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar uSvebs kompromiss: `xom SesaZlebelia deda daiRupos mSo-
biarobisas? Tu gogona garyvnilia da ase iqceva, man, bunebrivia, unda ataros Tavisi jvari, rogorc sakuTari
qcevis Sedegi: xSirad gaupatiurebisas TviTon dazaralebulia damnaSave – gamomwvevi Cacmulobis, qce-
vis, gaufrTxileblobis, ufrosebisaTvis angariSis gauwevlobis gamo da a.S.~ aborti arRvevs Zveli aRTqmis
ZiriTad mcnebas – `ara kac hkla!~ da saxarebiseul mcnebas siyvarulis Sesaxeb.
qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis pozicias abortTan dakavSirebiT kargad gamoxatavs dekanozi miqael bot-
koveli: `is, rac Cven Tvalwin danaSaulebrivi dumilis da auRelveblobis gamo xdeba, iseTive saSinelebaa, ro-
gorc beTlemSi ucodvel yrmaTa mowyveda. uaresic: iq dedebi mkerdiT efarebodnen Cvilebs, dRes ki amazrzeni
simSvidiT eTaTbirebian da sazRaursac ki aZleven maTi Svilebis mkvlels. dedis wiaRSi mokluli arsebis ganad-
gureba naTlobis madliT ganubaneli sulis mkvlelobaa: aseTi suli brmasaviT gadadis maradisobaSi da Tan wina-
parTa codvebis beWedi miaqvs~.
Tanamedrove biologiis, genetikisa da embriologiis uaxlesi monacemebis Tanaxmad, adamianis sicocxle iwy-
eba ara dabadebidan, aramed Casaxvis momentidanve. pirveli ujredi ukve ganumeorebeli pirovnebaa da Seicavs
mTel informacias adamianis Sesaxeb: mis sqess, simaRles, Tmis fers, saxis nakvTebis Taviseburebebs, sisxlis
jgufs, midrekilebebs, xasiaTs, niWs...
Casaxvidan ramdenime dReSi yalibdeba Sinagani (sasunTqi, nervuli da saWmlis momnelebeli) organoebi.
18 dReSi guli iwyebs cemas.
21 dReSi iwyeba sakuTari sisxlis mimoqceva: bavSvis sisxli dedisas aRar ereva da SeiZleba sxva jgufisac
iyos.
42 dReSi (7kvira) yalibdeba xelebi, fexebi, Tvalebi, cxviri, yurebi. SesaZlebelia tvinis encefalogramis gada-
Reba.
8 kviris nayofi ukve TiTs wovs; igi grZnobs tkivils.
10-11 kviris arsebisaTvis TiTis anabeWdebis aReba SeiZleba. bavSvi Tvalebsac amoZravebs, enasac. Tu sa-
nayofe wylebs davatkbobT, igi ufro xSirad iwyebs ylapvas, xolo Tu simware Seeria, ylapvas wyvets.
11-12 kviris bavSvs yvela organo aqvs Camoyalibebuli. igi reagirebs sinaTleze, siTboze, xmaurze.
14 kviris bavSvis guli dReSi 24 litr sisxls gadatumbavs. is dedasTan erTad iZinebs da iRviZebs. Tu Zlier Suqs
mivanaTebT, saxes xelebiT ifaravs...
abortis sawinaaRmdego propaganda da saganmanaTleblo muSaoba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis movale-
obaa. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT abortis reklama akrZalulia. gansazRvrul vadaze meti xangrZlivobis orsulo-
bis SemTxvevaSi aborti nebadarTulia mxolod samedicino da socialuri Cvenebebis mixedviT.

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 aiv infeqcia/Sidsis eTikuri problemebi. Sidsi (SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi) nela progresirebadi in-
feqciuri daavadebaa. mas iwvevs adamianis imunodeficitis virusi (aiv). is, adamianis organizmSi SeWris Sem-
deg azianebs organizmis imunur (damcvel) sistemas da mwyobridan gamohyavs igi, ris Sedegadac inficirebul
pirs advilad uCndeba sxvadasxva infeqciuri an/da simsivnuri daavadeba, romelic, rogorc wesi, sasikvdilo Sede-
giT sruldeba.
Tanamedrove klasifikaciiT, aiv infeqcia ewodeba daavadebas virusiT inficirebis momentidan sicocxlis bo-
lomde, xolo terminiT Sidsi aRiniSneba aiv infeqciis bolo stadia, rodesac avadmyofs uviTardeba daavadebis gar-
kveuli klinikuri niSnebi da/an imunuri sistemis mZime dazianeba.
aiv-is warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva versia arsebobs. zogierTi avtori miiCnevs, rom Sidsis gamomwvevi
virusi didi xania arsebobs centraluri da dasavleT afrikis zogierT regionSi, magram globalurad gavrcelda mxolod
bolo periodSi, rasac, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo afrikidan iaffasiani sisxlis eqsportma amerikisa da
evropis sisxlis bankebSi.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli versiis Tanaxmad, afrikis kontinentze mcxovrebi maimunebis zogierT saxeobaSi
(mwvane maimunebi, makakebi) gavrcelebuli iyo Sidsis virusis winamorbedi, romelic adamianisaTvis saSiSi ar
iyo. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi, mutaciis an sxva faqtorebis Sedegad, viruss gadaelaxa saxe-
obrivi barieri da adamianebSic gavrcelebuliyo. am versias amyarebs is garemoebac, rom aRniSnul maimunebSi
aRmoCenilia e.w. maimunis imunodeficitis virusi (miv), romelic maTSi Sidsis msgavs daavadebas iwvevs. gar-
da amisa, adamianisa da maimunisagan gamoyofili virusebi sakmaod gvanan erTmaneTs genetikuri da antige-
nuri TvisebebiT.
kidev erTi hipoTezis mixedviT, Sidsis virusi, rogorc biologiuri iaraRi, xelovnurad aris Seqmnili amerikis
samxedro daniSnulebis laboratoriebSi. es azri Tavidanve moklebuli iyo damajereblobas, amJamad ki savsebiT
uaryofilia.
Sidsi registrirebulia dedamiwis xuTive kontinentis 213 qveyanaSi. inficirebulTa 90% ganviTarebad qvey-
nebze modis. gaeros Sidsis programis 2003 wlis monacemebiT msoflioSi:
epidemiis dawyebidan dRemde inficirebulia 37,8 milioni adamiani;
maT Soris: mozrdili 35,7 milioni adamiani, qali – 17 milioni, bavSvi 15 wlamde – 2,1 milioni.
epidemiis dawyebidan dRemde gardaicvala 20 milioni adamiani.
mxolod 2003 wels dainficirda 4,8 milioni adamiani.
maT Soris: mozrdili 4,1 milioni, bavSvi 15 wlamde – 630000, gardaicvala 2,9 milioni adamiani.
ramodenime wlis win ucxoeli eqspertebi, Cven qveyanaSi arsebuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gvafrTxileb-
dnen, rom saqarTvelos Sidsis farTomasStabiani epidemia emuqreboda. saqarTveloSi aiv infeqcia/Sidsis Sem-
TxvevaTa swrafi zrdis safrTxe ganpirobebulia Semdegi mizezebiT:

*narkomaniis farTo gavrceleba;

*saqarTvelos mezobel qveynebSi, Sidsis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli arasaxarbielo epidsituacia;
*mosaxleobis mzardi migracia;
*samkurnalo preparatebis, sasterilizacio Tu sadezinfeqcio saSualebaTa nakleboba;
*samedicino personalis arasakmarisi unar-Cvevebi infeqciaTa gadacemis profilaqtikis sakiTxebTan dakavSi-
rebiT;
*prezervativebze tradiciulad dabali moTxovnileba an maTi arasistematuri moxmareba;
*Sidsis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis codnis dabali done.
saqarTveloSi aiv infeqcia/Sidsis pirveli SemTxveva gamovlinda 1989 w. 1997 wels inficirebulTa ricxvma
Seadgina – 21, 1998 w. – 25, 1999 w. – 35, 2000 w. – 79, 2001 w. – 93, 2002 w. – 95, 2003 w. – 100, 2004 –
138, 2005 w. – gamovlenili iyo kidev 90 axali SemTxveva. marTalia, saqarTvelo inarCunebs Sidsis gavrcelebis
dabal dones, magram eqspertTa azriT, radikaluri prevenciuli zomebis gautareblobis SemTxvevaSi, ukve axlo
momavalSi mosalodnelia aiv/Sidsis SemTxvevaTa swrafi mateba.
marTalia, aiv infeqcias paTognomuri klinikuri niSnebi ar gaaCnia, magram mainc SeiZleba gamoiyos sim-
ptomebisa da daavadebebis jgufi, romelTa dros, upirveles yovlisa, eWvi unda iqnas mitanili aiv infeqcia/Sidsze

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da, albaT, es yvela adamianma unda icodes: aramotivirebuli cxeleba; saerTo sisuste; wonaSi kleba sxeulis masis
10%-iT da metiT; oflianoba; limfuri kvanZebis gadideba; xSiri faRaraTi; sxvadasxva saxis gamonayari kansa da
lorwovan garsebze; TeTri feris nadebi enaze; gaxangrZlivebuli filtvebis anTeba, romelic cudad eqvemdebareba
Cveulebriv antibiotikur Terapias; nervuli sistemis sxvadasxva saxis dazianeba da sxva.
amasTan erTad, aucileblad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas epidemiologiuri monacemebi (maRali riskis jgufi,
aiv inficirebulTan kontaqti da sxv.).

aiv infeqciis profilaqtikis wamyvani elementebia:

*SemTxveviTi sqesobrivi kontaqtebisagan Tavis arideba an ukidures SemTxvevaSi Tavdacvis saSualebebis

gamoyeneba;
*aratradiciuli sqesobrivi urTerTobebisagan Tavis Sekaveba;
*narkotikebis moxmarebaze, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, saerTo Spricebis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqma;
*sisxlisa da sisxlis produqtebis aucilebeli gamokvleva. Seumowmebeli sisxlis sasicocxlo CvenebiT gadas-
xmis SemTxvevaSi donoris sisxlis aucilebeli testireba proceduris damTavrebidan pirvelive saaTebSi;
*erTjeradi samedicino instrumentebis gamoyeneba, xolo mravaljeradis xmarebis dros sterilizaciisa da dezin-
feqciis wesebis sruli dacva;
*tatuirebisa da samkaulebis tarebis mizniT sxeulis nawilebis dazianebisagan Tavis Sekaveba, vinaidan es
procedurebi Cvens sinamdvileSi xSirad arasaTanadod gasterilebuli iaraRebiT tardeba.
Sidsis mimarT sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi damkvidrebulia e.w. `Sidsofobia~. adamianTa umravlesobis pir-
veli reaqcia sityvaze `Sidsi~, ra Tqma unda, aris SiSi. SiSi daavadebis, tanjvis, uimedobis, sikvdilis, agreTve
medicinisa da sazogadoebis uZlurebis winaSe.
TviT aiv-iT inficirebulTa cnobierebaSi, upirveles yovlisa, dominirebs diskriminaciis, stigmatizaciis, socia-
luri devnis winaSe SiSi. rogorc cnobilia, Sidsi Tavdapirvelad, ZiriTadad, vrceldeboda e.w. `marginalur socialur
jgufebSi~ – homoseqsualistebs, narkomanebsa da meZavebs Soris. imdroindeli sazogadoebis reaqcia sakmaod
mkacri da Seuwynarebeli iyo. Sidsi Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc `RvTis risxvis~, `homoseqsualizmis codvis~, `spor-
tuli seqsis~, `seqss turizmis~ Sedegi. dasaxelebuli marginaluri jgufebis mimarT sazogadoebis negatiuri damoki-
debuleba inerciiT gadaecema aiv-iT daavadebul pirs da sasikvdilod ganwirulobis gancdas aRrmavebs emociuri
izolacia da sazogadoebis mxridan maT mimarT arakeTilmosurne, mtruli damokidebuleba.
mediaSi xSirad qveyndeba masalebi SidsiT daavadebulTa mimarT gamoyenebuli Zaladobis faqtebis Sesa-
xeb: sacxovrebeli adgilebidan gandevna, maT garSemo `emociuri vakuumis~ Seqmna, samsaxuridan, saswav-
leblidan daTxovna. aRiniSneba sazogadoebis mkveTri agresia daavadebulTa samkurnalod gamoyofili materia-
luri saxsrebis gamo (Bbuenos-airesSi SidsiT daavadebulebs jaWviT abamdnen sawolze; amerikis erT-erT qa-
laqSi mezoblebma gadawves saxli, sadac aiv-iT inficirebulTa sambavSviani ojaxi cxovrobda; ruseTis qalaq
elistaSi, sadac saavadmyofos pirobebSi inficirebuli sisxliTa da instrumentebiT daavadnen bavSvebi, xalxma
qvebi dauSina avtobuss, romliTac isini gadayavdaT).
vaSingtonSi cnobilma Jurnalistma, inficirebulTa mimarT sazogadoebis damokidebulebis Seswavlis mizniT,
mimarTa qimwmendas, saparikmaxerosa da stomatologiur poliklinikas. igi Tavs aiv-iT inficirebulad asaRebda.
man yvelgan kategoriuli uari miiRo momsaxurebaze. msgavsi damokidebuleba ar Seesabameba ara marto sa-
medicino eTikis da saerTod eTikis normebs, aramed kanonis moTxovnebsac. profesiuli samedicino eTikis uxeS
darRvevad iTvleba Sidsis diagnozis gaxmaureba, ris safuZvelzec uxeSad ilaxeba pacientis uflebebi.
SidsiT daavadebulTa diskriminaciis yovelgvari gamovlena akrZalulia saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, bioeTikuri problemebis regulirebis dros religiuri pozicia ar asrulebs gadamwyvet
rols, Tumca TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi, met-naklebad, mainc gaTvaliswinebulia. es arc unda iyos gasakviri,
radganac adamianis yofierebaze Tanamedrove teqnologiuri civilizaciis gavlena imdenad didi da SesamCnevia,
rom saWiro xdeba sicocxlis, sikvdilis, adamianuri Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis dacviTi meqanizmebis SemuSave-
ba. isic faqtia, rom kacobriobis mTeli istoriisaTvis yovelTvis udavo WeSmaritebas moralur RirebulebaTa da re-
ligiuri Sexedulebebis uSualo kavSiri warmoadgenda. kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom marTlmadideblobis da-
mokidebuleba sicocxlesTan dakavSirebuli yvela problemisadmi saerTo saeklesio swavlebas efuZneba. e.i. mar-

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Tlmadidebeli eklesia ar miiswrafis `qristianuli bioeTikis~ specialuri koncefciis Seqmnisaken. igi bioeTikis uZi-
riTadesi problemebisaTvis gansazRvravs mxolod ZiriTad ontologiur orientacias: sikvdilis dadgomis kriteriu-
mad adre iTvleboda sisxlis mimoqcevisa da sunTqvis Seuqcevadi gaCereba, magram reanimaciuli teqnologiebis
srulyofis safuZvelze es sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis funqciebi SeiZleba xelovnurad SenarCunebul iqnas xangrZlivi
drois manZilze. amgvarad, sikvdilis aqti gardaiqmneba kvdomis procesad. wminda werilSi sikvdili ganmartebu-
lia, rogorc sulis ganSoreba sxeulTan (fsal. 145.4, luk. 12,20). ase rom, sicocxleze SeiZleba vilaparakoT manma-
de, sanam grZeldeba organizmis, rogorc mTlianis cxovelmoqmedeba. xelovnuri saSualebebiT sicocxlis gaxan-
grZliveba ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes medicinis savaldebulo da yvela SemxvevaSi sasurvel amocanad. Rirseuli
gardacvalebis marTlmadidebluri gageba gulisxmobs mzadebas aRsasrulisaTvis, romelic ganixileba, rogorc ada-
mianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovani etapi. mama mixeil obuxovi Tvlis, rom tanjva, tkivili `saWiroa adamianis ma-
radiuli cxovrebisaTvis mosamzadeblad. tanjvas Zala Seswevs gamoasworos adamiani, miiyvanos igi monanie-
basTan maSin, roca yvelaferi sxva ukve araqmediTia. tanjva, gansakuTrebiT sikvdilis wina tanjva, ganwmends
adamians codvebisagan, Tavmdabalsa da morCils xdis mas. maSin ki ra xdeba, roca eqimi avadmyofs klavs?
suli maradisobaSi moumzadebeli midis, xolo Tuki avadmyofma Tavad gamoTqva sikvdilis survili, maSin es
TviTmkvlelobis codviTac mZimdeba~. `ufali akvdinebs da acocxlebs~ (I mef. 2.6), amitom eklesias, icavs ra
RvTis mcnebas `ara kac hkla~ (gam. 20.13), ar SeuZlia zneobrivad misaRebad CaTvalos amJamad saero sazo-
gadoebaSi gavrcelebuli e.w. evTanaziis legalizaciis, anu uimedo avadmyofTa ganzrax mkvlelobis mcdelobebi
(maT Soris sakuTari surviliT).
gmobs ra aborts, rogorc momakvdinebel codvas, eklesia ver amarTlebs mas verc im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
Casaxuli adamianuri sicocxlis ganadgureba sxvisi janmrTelobisaTvis sikeTis momtani SeiZleba gaxdes (e.w.
fetaluri Terapiis meTodebis gamoyeneba, romlis safuZvelSi devs ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze abortirebuli
adamianuri Canasaxis organoebisa da qsovilebis amoReba da gamoyeneba sxvadasxva daavadebaTa mkurnalo-
bis an organizmis gaaxalgazrdavebis mizniT). aseTi praqtika, Tundac misi sadReisod hipoTeturi efeqturoba
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli iyos, garduvalad uwyobs xels abortebis ufro farTod gavrcelebasa da komercializaci-
as, rac TavisTavad uzneobaa.
Tanamedrove bioeTikis problemebisadmi midgoma, romelsac marTlmadidebluri kulturis tradiciebi da Rire-
bulebebi gansazRvravs, metad mniSvnelovani poziciaa. igi Cveni genotipisadmi erTgulebaze migvaniSnebs,
rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs mis gadarCenasa da SenarCunebas, miTumetes, rom saqarTveloSi qristianoba
arasodes yofila martooden religia. igi cxovrebis da azrovnebis wesic iyo. medicinis, eTikisa da religiis kavSiris
Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad ugulvebelyofa niSnavs TiToeuli maTganis, adamianuri arsebobisaTvis esoden
mniSvnelovani sferoebis arsisa da daniSnulebis damaxinjebas. mizani erTi unda iyos – mecnierebisa da zneob-
riobis organuli kavSiri, rameTu es kavSiri dRes Tanamedrove civilizaciis gadarCenis erT-erT arsebiT pirobas
warmoadgens.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi

ra moiazreba evTanaziis cnebaSi?

SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara evTanaziis legalizeba?
rodis iwyeba sicocoxle – Casaxvis momentidan Tu dabadebidan?
aqvs Tu ara abortis SemTxvevaSi SezRudva mcnebas `ara kac hkla~ ?
dasaSvebia Tu ara nayofis gamoyeneba samedicino eqsperimentebis Catarebis mizniT?
ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs saqarTveloSi aiv infeqcia / Sidsis SemTxvevaTa zrdas?
ra profilaqtikuri zomebia misaRebi aiv infeqcia / Sidsisagan Tavis dasacavad?

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 Tavi VII

qarTuli filosofiis istoria

(mokle eqskursi)

germanuli klasikuri filosofiis didi warmomadgenlis hegelis azriT, ubeduria eri, romelsac sakuTari filosofiuri
azrovneba ar gaaCnia. sabednierod, es gamonaTqvami Cvens erze ar vrceldeba. Cven gvaqvs Zveli, axali da
uaxlesi filosofia, romelic didad ar Camouvardeba evropuls.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis sistemuri kvleva-Zieba, mecnieruli Seswavla Cveni saukunis pirvelive wle-
bidan iwyeba da or etaps moicavs. pirveli etapi ivane javaxiSvilisa da niko maris saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, xo-
lo meore etapi - Salva nucubiZis gamokvlevebTan. S. nucubiZis mravalwliani da mravalmxrivi Zieba qarTuli
filosofiis istoriaSi Sejamda fundamenturi gamokvlevis ortomeulSi `qarTuli filosofiis istoria` (tomi I 1956; tomi
II 1958, Tbilisi). is moicavs qarTuli filosofiuri azris istorias Zveli droidan dawyebuli solomon dodaSvilis (XIX
s.) moRvaweobiT damTavrebuli.
Zveli da Sua saukuneebis qarTuli filosofia. istoriul saqarTveloSi filosofiuri azris Semswavleli centris ar-
sebobis Sesaxeb werilobiTi wyaroebi IV saukunidan mogvepoveba. amis Sesaxeb gvauwyeben berZnuli wyaro-
ebi, kerZod cnobili ritori da filosofosi Temistiosi. am cnobis Tanaxmad IV saukuneSi kolxeTSi arsebula filoso-
fiuri ganaTlebis kera, romelsac iseTi avtoriteti da saxeli mouxveWia, rom filosofiuri codnis SesaZenad aq sxva-
dasxva qveynebidanac ki Camodiodnen. kolxeTis skolaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava berZnul (platoni,
aristotele da sxvaTa) filosofiur ideebs.
kolxeTis ritorikul skolasTan dakavSirebulia IV saukunis gamoCenili moRvawis bakuris saxeli, romlis Se-
saxebac cnobil neoplatonikoss libanioss (daaxl. 314 – 393ww.) uTqvams: `suliT brwyinavso~. berZnuli wyaro-
ebi bakurs warmoaCenen ara marto rogorc mxedarTmTavars, aramed rogorc filosofoss.
Sua saukuneebis gamoCenili moazrovne petre iberi, eris kacobaSi murvani (411 – 491ww.), qarTlis same-
fo sagvareulos STamomavali iyo. 12 wlis murvani Tavis maswavlebel ioane lazTan da 50-mde TanmxlebTan
erTad mZevlad gaagzavnes konstantinepols saimperatoro karze. miuxedavad imisa rom man iq did warmate-
bebs miaRwia, sabolood beris cxovreba arCia, mogvianebiT ki marumis episkoposis kaTedra daikava.
petre iberis saxeliT mecniereba kidev ufro metad mas Semdeg dainteresda, rac nucubiZe – honigmanis kon-
cefciis Tanaxmad, igi miCneuli iqna e. w. areopagituli wignebis namdvil avtorad. sukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
aRniSnuli Txzulebebi SecdomiT miewereboda I saukunis cnobil saeklesio moRvawes dionise areopagels. Sua
saukuneebSi am avtorTan dakavSirebiT eWvi gaCnda, ris gamoc dionise areopageli moixsenieboda rogorc
`fsevdo~ (yalbi). mecnierebaSi areopagituli wignebis araerTi savaraudo avtori iyo wamoyenebuli, magram sa-
bolood es Tvalsazrisebi ar marTldeboda.
1942 wels Salva nucubiZem gamoaqveyna naSromi, sadac saTanado argumentebis moSveliebiT daasabuTa,
rom areopagituli wignebis namdvili avtoria petre iberi. 1952 wels, Salva nucubiZisagan damoukideblad, amave
azramde mivida cnobili belgieli orientalisti ernst honigmani. es Tvalsazrisi mecnierebaSi nucubiZe – honigma-

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nis koncefciis saxeliTaa cnobili. mas Tavis droze didi gamoxmaureba mohyva. dReisaTvis am koncefcias hyavs
rogorc momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi.
qristianobis gavrcelebasa da ganmtkicebasTan erTad, farTovdeboda qarTuli samyaros kavSirebi qristianul
qveynebTan. am dros, erTi mxriv, adgili aqvs qarTvelTa sazRvargareTis qristianul centrebSi gamgzavrebas da
iq saqmianobas, meore mxriv, CvenSi qristian moRvaweTa Semosvlas. didi mniSvneloba hqonda cnobil `siriel
mamaTa~ mosvlas istoriul saqarTveloSi VI saukunis meore naxevarSi. maT safuZveli Cauyares aqtiur samo-
nastro cxovrebas da mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba gaaCaRes. `siriel mamaTagan~ qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganvi-
TarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT daviT garejelsa da abibos nekresels.
daviT garejeli qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo. masTan RmerTi gagebulia,
rogorc samyaros Semoqmedi, Semqmneli, romelic yvelafris mizezi da gamgebelia. daviT garejelis Semoqme-
debaSi SeiniSneba antikuri filosofiuri Tvalsazrisis gavlena, kerZod platonis moZRvreba amqveyniuri sinamdvi-
lis warmavlobaze.
abibos nekreseli, rogorc irkveva, kargad icnobda Zveli drois berZeni filosofosis empedokles (487 –
424ww.) oTxi elementis (miwa, wyali, cecxli, haeri) Teorias da mas iyenebda qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis da-
sacavad. kerZod, sparsel marzpanTan saubrisas abibos nekreseli eyrdnoba zemoxsenebul Tvalsazriss da cdilobs
Teoriulad daasabuTos, rom cecxli, ise rogorc wyali, aris mxolod masala, risganac RmerTi qmnis samyaros.
qristianobis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi mohyva rogorc originaluri mwerlobis ganviTareba, ise safuZvliani
mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis gaaqtiureba. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs giorgi merCules
`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ da `sibrZne balahvarisas~ qarTuli redaqcia.
goirgi merCulem Tavis nawarmoebSi aRwera VIII – X saukuneebis cnobili qarTveli qristiani moRvawis –
grigol xanZTelis cxovreba da moRveweoba. TxzulebaSi warmoCenilia avtoris filosofiuri ideebic, kerZod mo-
cemulia miwierisa da zecieris dapirispirebis Tvalsazrisi, sadac giorgi merCule miwierTan SedarebiT zeciers
aniWebs upiratesobas. giorgi merCules es azri gavrcelebuli aqvs adamianzec, romelic Sedgeba sulisa da sxeuli-
sagan. sxeuli warmavalia, xolo suli maradiuli da ekuTvnis RvTaebriv samyaros.
`sibrZne balahvarisas~ ucnobi avtorisaTvis azrovnebis upirvelesi sakiTxia RmerTisa da adamianis, zeciuri-
sa da miwieris raobis gansazRvra, maTi urTierTobis sakiTxi. misi azriT, RmerTi adamianisa da mTeli samya-
ros Semoqmedia, xolo adamiani RvTis mier Seqmnili arseba da xatia, romelic arca hgavs Semoqmeds. adamia-
ni, RvTis msgavsad, sulieria, e.i. ukvdavi, magram, amave dros, fizikurad mokvdavia.
farTod gaSlili eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobiT yalibdeboda qarTuli sasuliero, kulturuli da filosofiuri kere-
bi rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise sazRvargareT (aTonis iverTa monasteri, Sua mTa antioqiaSi, petriwonis monaste-
ri...), sadac samecniero da mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas eweodnen giorgi da eqvTime mTawmindelebi, ioane
petriwi, efrem mcire, giorgi mcire da sxvebi.
qarTvel swavlulTa mecadineobas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. amis safuZvelze saqarTvelom XI – XII saukuneebSi
saxelmwifoebriv aRmavlobasTan erTad, kulturis gansakuTrebul simaRleebs miaRwia, rac sabolood rusTavelis
`vefxistyaosnis~ SeqmniT dagvirgvinda. es qmnileba renesansul Zegladaa miCneuli.
renesansi franguli sityvaa da qarTulad aRorZinebas niSnavs, rac gulisxmobs ukve arsebulis aRdgena-ga-
naxlebas. am aRdgena-ganaxlebaSi gaTvaliswinebulia im epoqis Taviseburebani, romelSic mimdinareobs es
procesi. renesansis cnebaSi mocemuli aRdgena-ganaxlebis Sinaarsi, upirvelesad, gulisxmobs adamianisadmi
antikuri damokidebulebis aRdgenas – adamiani dayenebulia samyaros centrSi, amqveyniur sinamdviles Rirebu-
leba eniWeba. renesansi aseve gulisxmobs qalaquri cxovrebis gansakuTrebul dones, saxelmwifo da samarTleb-
rivi institutebis demokratiulobas, religiis saTanado pozicias. XI – XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi yvela piroba
iyo Seqmnili renesansuli kulturis CamoyalibebisaTvis. yvelaze mniSvnelovnad am droisaTvis ivane javaxiSvils
miaCnda qarTvelTa mxridan `safilosofio mwerlobis dawafeba~, gansakuTrebiT ki neoplatonuri filosofiis SeT-
viseba. berZnul filosofiasTan erTad qarTvelebma gaicnes maTi warmarTuli poeziac. `erTi sityviT, qarTvelo-
bam elinuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebi igema da daewafa cxovelmyofel elinizms, romlis Rrmam da safuZvlian-
ma Seswavlam dasavleT evropaSi egreTwodebuli `renesansi~ warmoSva. saqarTveloSi es moZraoba XII sau-
kuneSi daiwyo, magram misi dasruleba monRolTa Semosvlam Seaferxa~ (ivane javaxiSvili).
ivane javaxiSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, Salva nucubiZes miaCnda, rom saqarTveloSi iyo srulyofili, dasrule-
buli renesansi. S. nucubiZis azriT, renesansis erT-erTi msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvelia areopagituli moZRvreba,

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sadac antikuri filosofiuri memkvidreoba (neoplatonizmis saxiT) `gadargulia qristianobis safuZvelze~. am gziT
ki SenarCunebuli iqna renesansisaTvis aucilebeli ideebi da principebi: RmerTisa da samyaros erTianoba, Rmer-
Tidan (pirvelmizezidan) arsebaTa aucileblobiT gamomdinareoba da Semdeg amave aucileblobiT arsebaTa
RmerTSive ukudabruneba, adamianis gaRmerTebis SesaZlebloba, ierarqiis principi, sikeTis absoluturobis aRia-
reba da borotebis SemTxveviTad miCneva.
qarTuli renesansis saTaveebTan dgas XI – XII saukuneebis gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovne ioane pertiwi.
mMan ganaTleba miiRo konstantinopolSi, manganis akademiaSi, sadac misi maswavlebeli iyo cnobili bizantie-
li filosofosi, neoplatonikosi ioane itali. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom ioane itali meore cnobil bizantiel fi-
losofosTan miqael fselosTan erTad iTvleba renesansuli yaidis moazrovned, maSin SeiZleba vivaraudoT: saqar-
TveloSi dabrunebuli ioane petriwi ukve gamsWvaluli iyo renesansuli msoflmxedvelobiT. amasTan petriws sa-
qarTveloSi daxvda neoplatonizmis aTvisebis tradicia. amis dasturia cnobili mTargmnelisa da moazrovnis efrem
mcires mier berZnulidan qarTul enaze gadmoRebuli areopagituli wignebi. efrem mcire, ioane petriwi da arsen
iyalToeli iyvnen swored is moazrovneebi, romlebmac saTave daudes filosofiuri azris aRmavlobas saqarTvelo-
Si.
efrem mcire (XI s.) savaraudod samcxedan unda yofiliyo, mas ganaTleba konstantinopolSi miuRia, Sem-
deg gadasaxlebula antioqiaSi Sav mTaze da mTeli cxovreba iq gautarebia. Zalian didia efrem mcires wvlili filo-
sofiuri terminologiis SemotanaSi, mis qarTul azrovnebaSi danergvasa da filosofiuri Zeglebis Targmnis saqme-
Si. upirvelesad am kuTxiT aRsaniSnavia efrem mcires mier berZnulidan qarTul enaze Targmnili areopagituli
Txzulebani da ioane damaskelis `codnis wyaro~.
ioane petriwi (XI – XII ss.) qarTuli filosofiuri azris gamoCenili warmomadgenelia. misi dabadebisa da gar-
dacvalebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ioane petriws ganaTleba miuRia konstantinopolSi, man-
ganis akademiaSi. aq ioane petriws safuZvlianad Seuswavlia berZnuli ena, filosofia da RvTismetyveleba. daax-
loebiT 1083 wlidan igi grigol bakurianis Zis mier daarsebul petriwonis monasterSi moRvaweobs (bulgareTi).
ioane petriwis moRvaweobis bolo periodi gelaTis akademiasTanaa dakavSirebuli, sadac is miwveuli iqna
daviT aRmaSenebelis mier. aq man daasrula Tavisi mravalmxrivi mTargmnelobiTi da originaluri filosofiuri
saqmianoba: berZnulidan qarTulad Targmna aristoteles ori Sroma, nemesios emeselis eTikuri Txzuleba – `bu-
nebisaTvis kacisa~ da prokle diadoxosis `Teologiis pirvelsafuZvlebi~. ioane petriwma vrceli ganmartebebi da-
uTmo prokles aRniSnul Sromas, rac mis originalur filosofiur Txzulebas warmoadgens. swored am ganmartebe-
bis safuZvelze SeiZleba msjeloba petriwis filosofiuri Sexedulebebis Sesafaseblad.
ioane petriwis msoflmxedvelobis mTlianobaSi ganxilva cxads xdis misi filosofiuri Tvalsazrisis neoplatonur
xasiaTs. petriwi mihyveba neoplatonikosebs, magram is maTi pasiuri mimdevari rodia. erTi am problemaTaga-
ni, romelic petriws neoplatonuri filosofiidan aqvs aRebuli, magram masze Tavisi originaluri Tvalsazrisi aqvs
Camoyalibebuli, aris triadis sakiTxi.
petriwi amocanad isaxavs pirveli erTis anu pirvelmizezis dadgenas. erTi rom gavigoT, amisaTvis saWiroa
davicvaT misi siwminde. erTi mxolod martivi SeiZleba iyos. amitom goneba, suli, ca SeuZlebelia iyos erTi, vi-
naidan yvela eseni rTulni arian, maSin roca pirveli erTi mxolod martivi (`uzado~) SeiZleba iyos. pirvelmizezi
(RmerTi) TanmimdevrobiT warmoSobs mTel arss, romelic rangobrivad ganlagebul safexurTa erTianobas war-
moadgens da TiToeuli maTganis mniSvneloba pirvelmizezTan siaxlove-daSorebiT ganisazRvreba.
ioane petriwi ganixilavs Semecnebis or gzas – sulis meSveobiT da gonebis meSveobiT. sulis Semecneba
TandaTanobiT mimdinareobs, warmoadgens gansjas da Sesacnobi sagnis sxvadasxva mxaris Sedareba-gan-
sxvavebis Sedegs. amis sapirispirod gonebiT Semecnebisas uSualod xdeba sagnis mocva. Aam dros Semecne-
bis sagani TviT gonebaSia mocemuli, ise rogorc mzesTan erTad mocemulia misi saxeebi, ise gonebasTanaa mi-
si Semecnebis sagani. gonebiT Semecneba Semecnebis maRali donea da mis sagans ierarqiulad ganlagebuli ar-
sis umaRlesi safexuri warmoadgens. goneba winamavalia sulis da ufro srulyofilia masTan SedarebiT.
petriwi iziarebs da misdevs aristoteles cnobil Sexedulebas arsisa da Semecnebis mimarTebaze: is, rac pirve-
lia ontologiurad (pirveladobis azriT), ukanasknelia gnoseologiurad (Semecnebis azriT) da piriqiT.
arsen iyalToeli (XI – XII ss.) ioane petriwis Tanamedrovea da masTan erTad swavlobda konstantinopolSi,
manganis akademiaSi, Semdgom moRvaweobda antioqiaSi – Sav mTaze. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg ar-
sen iyalToeli jer gelaTSi iyo, Semdgom ki Sio mRvimesa da iyalTos monasterSi, sadac daarsa akademia. arsen

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iyalToelis filosofiur Sexedulebebze urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrebia gamoTqmuli. erT SemTxvevaSi igi miC-
neulia konservatuli azrovnebis moRvawed da qristianuli orTodoqsiis iseT damcvelad, romelic ebrZoda neopla-
tonur filosofias (ioane petriwis saxiT). meore SemTxvevaSi, ioane petriwsa da arsen iyalToels Soris veraviTar
dapirispirebas ver xedaven.
arsen iyalToelis TxzulebaTagan cnobilia misi `dogmatikoni~, romelic warmoadgens sxvadasxva SromebiT
Sedgenil didi moculobis kompediums (SemoklebiT gadmocema). masSi Sesulia anastasia sinelis `winamZRva-
ri~, ioane damaskelis `codnis wyaro~, Teodore abakuris traqtatebi, romelic mimarTuli iyo iudaizmis, islamis da
sxvadasxva qristianuli eresebis winaaRmdeg. `dogmatikonSi~ sxva Sromebicaa Sesuli. filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania patara zomis filosofiur-religiuri traqtati –`pirmSoisaTvis~, romelic cnobil bi-
zantiel filosofoss miqael fseloss unda ekuTvnodes.
masSi ganxilulia `pirvelis~ sakiTxi, rac Sua saukuneebis azrovnebisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari problema iyo.
saubari exeba moZRvrebas pirvelsawyisze, RmerTze. Tavisi Sinaarsis mixedviT, es traqtati ioane petriwis
Tvalsazrisis winaaRmdeg unda iyos mimarTuli. traqtatSi gatarebulia is ZiriTadi azri, rom Semqmnelsa (Rmer-
Tisa) da Seqmnils (xiluli sinamdvilis arsebebi) Soris ufskrulia da maTi gaerTianeba SeuZlebelia.

axali drois qarTuli filosofia

XI – XII saqarTvelos politikur, socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul aRmavlobas dacemis periodi mohyva. es ga-
mowveuli iyo dampyrobTa mravalricxovani SemosevebiT. am droisaTvis qarTvel kacs lamis mxolod yofna – ar-
yofnisaTvis uxdeboda brZola. es iyo upirvelesi mizezi imisa, rom ioane petriwis, efrem mciresa da arsen iyalToe-
lis mier saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli filosofiuri tradicia faqtobrivad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar gagrZelebula
da, bunebrivia, aRarc ganviTarebula.
amis miuxedavad, saqarTvelosTvis am mZime epoqaSi, epizodurad gamokrTis xolme filosofiuri azrovnebis
damadasturebeli elementebi. am mxriv yuradRebas imsaxurebs aswlovani istoriis anonimi avtoris, JamTaaRmwe-
relis (XIV s.) moRvaweoba, romlis Semoqmedebis sagansac saqarTvelos politikuri sinamdvilis filosofiuri axsna
warmoadgens.
rodesac wminda filosofiuri saqmianoba Camkvdaria, am dros, arc Tu iSviaTad, filosofiuri problematikis da-
muSaveba SeimCneva kulturis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenelTa mier. saqarTveloSi am mxriv gansakuTre-
biT yuradsaRebia gamoCenili qarTveli mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis sulxan-saba orbelianis (1658 – 1725
ww.) Semoqmedeba.
am didi moRvawis wvlili qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi upirvelesad qarTul saazrovno sinamdvileSi
filosofiuri terminologiis SemotaniTa da maTi axleburi gaazrebiT gamoixateba. sulxan – saba orbelianis leqsikon-
Si, filosofiuri terminebis da cnebebis ganmartebisas, kargad Cans avtoris mWidro kavSiri qarTuli filosofiis war-
sulTan. is uxvad iyenebs masalebs qarTvel moazrovneTa (ioane petriwi, arsen iyalToeli) Semoqmedebidan.
S. nucubiZe sulxan-saba orbelianis Rvawls qarTuli filosofiis winaSe imaSi xedavda, rom man `JamTa viTare-
baTa uCino qmnili~ qarTuli azrovnebis tradiciebi da Zeglebi igav-arakebisa da calke terminebis axsniT nawilob-
riv mainc gaacocxla da amiT Semdegi Taobebis mier maT Seswavlas Seuwyo xeli.
SedarebiT sasikeTo Semobruneba qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriaSi xdeba XVIII saukunis dasarulsa da XIX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. am mxriv didad iRvwodnen anton bagrationi, aleqsandre amilaxvari, iona xelaSvili,
ioane batoniSvili, solomon dodaSvili.
anton bagrationi (anton I, eriskacobaSi Teimurazi – 1720 – 1788 ww.), saqarTvelos kaTolikosi, mraval-
mxrivi moRvawe iyo. filosofiis poziciidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs misi enciklopediuri xasiaTis
naSromi – `spekali~, sadac ganxilulia platonis, aristoteles, grigol noselis, prokles, ioane damaskelis, ioane petri-
wis da sxvaTa filosofiur – Teologiuri Sexedulebebi.
anton bagrationi did yuradRebas aqcevda qarTvel moazrovneTa Sexedulebebs. magaliTad, igi Tavis `mza
metyvelebaSi~ did adgils uTmobs rusTavels, petriws, CaxruxaZes, sulxan-saba orbelians. anton bagrationma

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Targmna porfiriusis, baumaisteris, volfis, laibnicis, svimon julfelisa da sxvaTa filosofiuri Txzulebani. am Tar-
gmanebs TandarTuli aqvs antoniseuli komentarebi.
anton bagrationis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos misi Tavdadebuli moRvaweoba filosofiuri tradiciebis aR-
dgenisaTvis da, am mizniT, evropul azrovnebaze orientaciis aReba.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda ruseTSi moRvawe Zmebis, saqarTve-
los ukanaskneli mefis, giorgi XII Svilebis – ioane (1778 – 1830 ww.) da daviT (1756 – 1819 ww.) batoniSvile-
bis mecnierul saqmianobas. ioane batoniSvilma dawera enciklopediuri xasiaTis nawarmoebi `kalmasoba~, ro-
melSic codnis TiTqmis yvela dargia warmodgenili, maT Soris filosofia. daviT batoniSvili mTargmnelobiT
moRvaweobas eweoda, masve ekuTvnis originaluri xasiaTis Sroma – `Semoklebuli fizika~, romelSic filosofiuri
sakiTxebic aris ganxiluli.
aleqsandre amilaxvars (1750 – 1802 ww.) ekuTvnis naSromi – `brZeni aRmosavleTisa~, sadac igi saxel-
mwifos mowyobis evropul models uWers mxars. Txzulebidan irkeveva, rom avtori kargad icnobda frangi gan-
manaTleblebis ideebs da TanaugrZnobda maT.
ioane xelaSvilma (1772 – 1837 ww.) 1812 wels daamTavra peterburgis aleqsandre nevelis sasuliero akade-
mia da sicocxlis bolomde moRvaweobda am qalaqSi. mas bevri naSromi darCa filosofiasa da RvTismetyveleba-
Si (gamoqveynda misi `34 SekiTxvis wigni~, Tbilisi, 1967). iona xelaSvili did daxmarebas uwevda peterburgis
qarTvelobas. misi mecenatobiT gamoqveynda solomon dodaSvilis `logika~.
gansaxilveli periodis moazrovneTa Soris gamorCeuli warmomadgenelia solomon dodaSvili (1805 – 1836
ww.). misi pirovnebiT qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi axali epoqa iwyeba. man kargad gaicno da Seis-
wavla axali drois evropuli filosofia, ris safuZvelzec dawera `logikis~ kursi da rusul enaze gamoaqveyna peter-
burgSi (1827 w.). am wigns didi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvdnen im drois cnobili rusi swavlulebi. `logikis~ kursi Tavi-
si SesavaliT da misi avtoris CanafiqriT filosofiis sruli kursis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, naTels xdis, rom s. dodaSvili sa-
fuZvlianad iyo naziarebi evropul mecnierebis miRwevebs da man aRadgina filosofiuri azrovnebis tradiciebi sa-
qarTveloSi. aRsaniSnavia agreTve
s. dodaSvilis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli da literaturuli moRvaweoba. manve qarTuli kulturis filosofiuri analizis
pirveli da saintereso cda ganaxorciela.
s. dodaSvilis `logikis~ Sesavali nawilidan irkveva, rom mis avtors filosofiis sruli kursis Seqmnac hqonda
ganzraxuli, magram, obieqturi mizezebis gamo, es didi Canafiqri ver ganaxorciela da mis filosofiur Sexedule-
bebze, arsebiTad `logikisa~ da `logikis meTodologiisaTvis~ mixedviT unda vimsjeloT.
s. dodaSvils safuZvlianad aqvs gaSuqebuli filosofiis sagani da misi amocana. WeSmariti filosofiis misaR-
wevad, misi azriT, aucilebelia crurwmenisagan gaTavisufleba. Semdeg avtori adgens filosofiis Seswavlis obi-
eqts da ansxvavebs mas kerZo mecnierebis Seswavlis obieqtisagan. filosofia gansakuTrebuli mecnierebaa da
iseT codnas gvaZlevs, romelsac sxva mecnierebebi ver iZleva.
filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis aucilebel pirobad s. dodaSvils miaCnia: ganyeneba, Secnoba da gageba TavisTavi-
sa. amasTan, filosofiaSi Semmecnebeli piri da Semecnebis umTavresi sagani adamiania. swored amiT gan-
sxvavdeba filosofia sxva Semecnebisagan. aRniSnulis safuZvelze s. dodaSvili ase ganmartavs filosofiis sagans:
`filosofia aris mecniereba mTeli Cveni moqmedebis ukanaskneli safuZvlebis Sesaxeb; masSi unda veZioT da
vipovoT Cveni Semecnebis da moqmedebis iseTi mizezebi, romelTac SeuZliT, metad Tu naklebad daakmayo-
filon adamianis goneba~.
s. dodaSvilis mecnierul moRvaweobaSi garda `logikisa~ aRsaniSnavia misi Sromebi: `logikis meTodologii-
saTvis~, `ritorika~, `mokle ganxilva qarTuli literaturisa anu sityvierebisa~, `mokle filosofia, Sedgenilni Zalni
sazRvrebiTni da ganyofilebaTa misTa~.
s. dodaSvili adreul asakSi gardaicvala da bevri Canafiqri ganuxorcielebeli darCa. misi naadrevi daRupvis
mizezi is iyo, rom igi, rogorc 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi ideuri xelmZRvaneli, gaasamarTles da Soreul vi-
atkaSi gadaasaxles. iqaur mZime klimats s. dodaSvilis isedac avadmyofma organizmma ver gauZlo da gardaic-
vala.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris mniSvnelovan monapovrad unda CaiTvalos gamoCenili saeklesio moRvawisa da
mecnieris, imereTis episkoposis – gabrielis – eriskacobaSi gerasime qiqoZe (1825 – 1896 ww.) gamokvleva
`cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi~ (peterburgi, 1858 w.), romelic didi dagvianebiT, magram mainc iTargmna da

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gamoqveynda qarTulad (1993 w.). aseve didi aRiareba hpova gabriel episkoposis qadagebebma, romlebic araer-
Tgzis gamoica, bolos 1990 wels or tomad. qadagebebSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs avtoris mosazreba-
ni adamianis daniSnulebaze, sadac vxvdebiT mecnierebisa da rwmenis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis cdas. qada-
gebebis did mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom igi qarTulad gamoqveynebisTanave, male iTargmna da
gamoica rusul da inglisur enebze.
XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli filosofiuri azris umniSvnelovanesi war-
momadgenlebi arian: ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, arCil jorjaZe, giorgi wereTeli, akaki wereTeli, va-
Ja-fSavela, anton furcelaZe, varlam CerqeziSvili, mixako wereTeli. maTgan arCil jorjaZe da mixako were-
Teli filosofosebi iyvnen, xolo varlam CerqeziSvilis bevri statia filosofiuri problematikisadmia miZRvnili.
varlam CerqeziSvili (1846 – 1925 ww.) qarTvel anarqistTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadgenelia.
misTvis miuRebeli iyo proletariatis diqtatura, radganac, misi azriT, es ar iqneboda umravlesobis namdvili bato-
noba umciresobaze da sabolood ar iqneboda mimarTuli eqspluataciis mospobisaken.
v. CerqeziSvilis azriT, arcerTi gabatonebuli klasi, maT Soris proletariati, Tavisi nebiT ar daTmobs Tavis
gabatonebul mdgomareobas, gamomdinare aqedan, arc Tavisi Tavis winaaRmdeg wava. amitomac v. CerqeziS-
vili yovelgvari saxelmwifo wyobis winaaRmdegi iyo da maT gauqmebas moiTxovda. swored amis Semdeg da
amis safuZvelze, misi azriT, SeiZleba damyardes Tavisufali Temebis, Tavisufali asociaciebis federaciuli kavSi-
ri. v. CerqeziSvils sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis mxolod aseTi forma miaCnda misaRebad, sadac adamians Se-
eZlo normalurad ecxovra.
arCil jorjaZe (1872 – 1913 ww.) axali drois gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovne iyo, romelmac, miuxedavad
xanmokle sicocxlisa, mdidari da mravalmxrivi memkvidreoba dagvitova. mis sicocxleSive gamoica TxzulebaTa
oTxi tomi da mis mierve momzadebuli iyo V tomi.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos a. jorjaZis is Txzulebebi, romlebic qarTveli xalxis warmoSobas, ganviTare-
bas da raobas exeba. misi Sromebidan cxadad mosCans, rom is kargad da safuZvlianad icnobda qarTveli eris
warmoSoba-ganviTarebis ZiriTad tendenciebs, rac mas saSualebas aZlevda angariSsawevi prognozebi gaeke-
Tebina Cveni qveynis momavalTan dakavSirebiT.
a. jorjaZis Semoqmedebis aranakleb mniSvnelovani mxarea publicisturi memkvidreoba, romelic exeba ilia
WavWavaZis Semoqmedebas, qarTveli inteligenciis istorias, filosofiisa da religiis mimarTebas da sxva. filosofi-
ur SromebTan erTad a. jorjaZis publicisturma memkvidreobam didi gavlena moaxdina XX saukunis dasawyisis
qarTuli kritikuli da sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebaze.
mixako wereTeli (1878 – 1965 ww.). gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovne, romelmac Tavisi cxovrebis ZiriTadi
nawili sazRvargareT gaatara. igi mravalmxrivi moRvawe iyo (astrologi, filosofosi, sociologi). m. wereTlis Sro-
mebis umravlesoba sazRvargareTaa gamocemuli. CvenSi mas gansakuTrebuli aRiareba moutana 1910 wels Tbi-
lisSi gamocemulma gamokvlevam `eri da kacobrioba~.
`eri da kacobrioba~ umniSvnelovanesi sociologiuri gamokvlevaa, sadac mkvlevari Tanmimdevrulad ixilavs sa-
zogadoebis arss, kacobriobis cnebas, erisa da sazogadoebis mimarTebas, xalxs, ersa da saxelmwifos. am naSromSi
kritikuladaa ganxiluli imdroindeli Teoriebi eris Sesaxeb.
gamokvlevis dasasruls m. wereTeli aanalizebs qarTveli eris cnebas, ganixilavs mas istoriul ganviTarebaSi da
dasasruls akeTebs daskvnas, romlis Tanaxmadac qarTveli eri iyo, aris da iqneba rogorc `gansazRvruli, konkretuli
socialuri organizmi, romelsac iseTive ufleba aqvs sicocxlisa, rogorc yvelas, didsa Tu pataras, brwyinvalesa Tu daq-
veiTebulsa~.
XX saukunis qarTuli filosofia

XX saukunis qarTveli filosofosebis mecnierul kvlevas didi daRi daasva sabWouri reJimis zewolam. amas
isic daerTo, rom bevri maTgani bolSevikuri represiebis msxverpli gaxda. miuxedavad amisa, maT mainc SeZ-
les sakuTari filosofiuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba.
XX saukunis qarTuli filosofiis ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
gaxsnasTan (1918 w.), sadac male Camoyalibda `petriwis saxelobis filosofiuri sazogadoeba~; amas mohyva
Salva nucubiZis filosofiuri seminarebi. yvelaferma ki ganapiroba qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli

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aRmavloba, rac upirvelesad dakavSirebulia Salva nucubiZis, dimitri uznaZis, sergi danelias, mose gogiberiZis,
kita megreliZis, konstantine kapanelis, konstantine baqraZisa da savle wereTlis saxelebTan.
Salva nucubiZes (1888 – 1969 ww.) didi aRiareba moutana jer kidev 1913 wels rusulad gamoqveynebulma
gamokvlevam `bolcano da mecnierebis Teoria~. Tbilisis universitetis gaxsnis Semdeg, S. nucubiZe, rogorc erT-
erTi damaarsebeli universitetisa, aqtiur filosofiur da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas eweva. sul male TbilisSi
qveyndeba misi sami Sroma: `filosofiis Sesavali~, `aleTologiis safuZvlebi~ da `logika~, romlebSic ZiriTadad
gadmocemulia S. nucubiZis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. `aleTologiis safuZlebSi~ S.
nucubiZem SeimuSava sakuTari Teoria WeSmaritebis problemaze (aleTologia berZnulad niSnavs moZRvrebas
WeSmaritebaze). am Teoriis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba kantisa da kantianuri filosofiis im gadauWrelma proble-
mam, rasac transcendenturisa da imanenturis (Semecnebis obieqtisa da Semmecnebeli subieqtis) damokidebule-
basTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am damokidebulebas `Catexili xidis~ problema ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac subieq-
ti verasodes gava Tavisi imanenturi SesaZleblobidan da ver daadgens transcendenturis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebas.
S. nucubiZis Teoriis mixedviT, arsebobs `WeSmariteba TavisTavad~, romelic pirobaa `WeSmaritebisa
CvenTvis~, xolo meores mxriv, CvenTvis WeSmariteba TviT aris piroba `WeSmaritebisa TavisTavad~. amiT
Semecnebis obieqti da Semmecnebeli subieqti erTimeores emTxveva da Catexili xidis problema ixsneba. filo-
sofiaSi yovelTvis arsebobs sadao problemebi, romelzec erTiani azris miReba SeuZlebelia. swored aseT sakiTxs
ganekuTvneba WeSmaritebis problema filosofiaSi, romelzec Tavisi gabeduli pozicia Camoayaliba im dros sru-
liad axalgazrda mecnierma Salva nucubiZem.
S. nucubiZe ramdenime wliT sazRvargareT miemgzavreba, sadac germanul enaze aqveynebs or umniSvne-
lovanes gamokvlevas: `WeSmariteba da Semecnebis struqtura~ (1926 w.) da `filosofia da sibrZne~ (1931 w.).
am SromebSi didi interesiT Sexvdnen evropeli mecnierebi.
mniSvnelovania S. nucubiZis Rvawli xelovnebis Teoriis problemebis damuSavebaSi, romlebic gadmoce-
mulia mis naSromSi – `xelovnebis Teoria, monisturi esTetikis safuZvlebi~ (naw. I, Tb. 1920 w.). Tavisi Se-
moqmedebis meore periodi S. nucubiZem mTlianad qarTuli kulturis problemebis kvleva-Ziebas miuZRvna. am
periodSi wamoayena man aRmosavluri renesansis Teoria, petre iberisa da fsevdodionise areopagelis identobis
koncefcia da Camoayaliba qarTvelologiis axali dargi – qarTuli filosofiis istoria.
gamoCenil qarTvel fsiqologs, ganwyobis Teoriis fuZemdebels – dimitri uznaZes (1886 – 1950 ww.) didi
wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli filosofiuri azris gaRrmaveba-ganviTarebaSi. misi Sromebi – `vl. soloviovi – misi Se-
mecnebis Teoria da metafizika~ (hale, 1909 w.), `ra aris Semecnebis Teoria?~, `omis filosofia~ da gansakuTre-
biT monografiuli gamokvleva – `anri bergsoni~ (Tb. 1920 w.) uaxlesi drois qarTuli filosofiis umniSvnelovanesi
SenaZenia. d. uznaZes ekuTvnis agreTve gamokvlevebi: `n. baraTaSvilis liris motivebi`, `n. baraTaSvilis Se-
moqmedebis ganviTareba~, `gandgomilobis problema i. WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~ da sxva. es naSromebi, faq-
tobrivad, warmoadgenda qarTuli literaturuli memkvidreobis filosofiuri poziciidan ganxilvis erT-erT pirvel da
warmatebul cdas.
Zalian didi roli iTamaSa dimitri uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriam Tanamedrove filosofiis mniSvnelovani proble-
mebis axsnis saqmeSi. cnobieri da aracnobieri fsiqikis kanonzomierebis kvlevis Sedegebi, romelic dimitri uzna-
Zem zogadi da eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebSi Camoayaliba, dasayrdens iZleva aixsnas mravali filosofi-
uri problema, romelic dakavSirebulia, rogorc gnoseologiur, aseve aqsiologiur sakiTxebTan. davasaxelebT ram-
denime sakiTxs: ra obieqturi da subieqturi motivebi iwveven pirovnebis aqtivobas? ra aris am aqtivobis sazrisi,
anu ra aris adamianis sicocxlis azri da cxovrebis mizani? subieqtis aqtivobis procesSi aracnobieri faqtoria ga-
damwyveti, Tu cnobieri faqtori? da sxva.
am problemis kvlevas didi yuradReba dauTmo aw gansvenebulma qarTvelma filosofosma, profesorma apo-
lon Seroziam, romelic mis ortomeulSi aisaxa. a. Serozias iniciativiT da xelmZRvanelobiT TbilisSi Catarda saer-
TaSoriso samecniero simpoziumi aracnobieri fsiqikis problemebze, sadac centraluri adgili daeTmo d. uznaZis
ganwyobis Teorias. simpoziumSi monawileobdnen msoflios gamoCenili fsiqologebi da filosofosebi. misi masa-
lebi rusul, inglisur, germanul da frangul enebze daibeWda oTx tomad (1978 w.).
d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria ufro Rrma filosofiur Seswavlas da gaazrebas saWiroebs.
sergi danelias (1887 – 1963 ww.) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli filosofiis istoriis mecnieruli kvlevis dawyeba
saqarTveloSi. am mxriv sayuradReboa Sromebi: `antikuri filosofia sokratemde~ (1925 w.), `qsenofone kolofo-

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nelis filosofia~ (1925 w.) da `sokrates filosofia~ (1930 w.). safuZvlian Sromebs warmoadgenen misi gamokvle-
vebi atomistur filosofiaze, kantis cxovrebaze da moRvaweobaze. s. danelias ekuTvnis aristoteles `poetikis~ qar-
Tuli Targmani da masze darTuli vrceli Sesavali werili. manve qarTulad Targmna dekartis `metafizikuri ganaz-
rebani~. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia misi `vaJa-fSavela da qarTveli eri~, `gamokvlevebi msoflio da rusuli literaturis
klasikaze~ da a. S.
sergi danelias filosofiuri naSromebi gamoirCeva Rrma analiziT da damajereblobiT. am kuTxiT gansakuTre-
biT aRsaniSnavia misi `sokrates filosofia~. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom Tavad sokrates werilobiT araferi dautove-
bia. mis Sesaxeb filosofosebi msjeloben misi mowafeebis qsenofantes, platonis da aristoteles Txzulebebis mi-
xedviT. swored maT SromebSia sokrates filosofiuri Sexedulebebi Camoyalibebuli, magram maTi naazrevi zo-
gierT sakiTxSi erTimeores ar emTxveva. amis gamo, filosofiis istoriis mkvlevarni gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs
gamoTqvamen sokrates pirovnebaze da mis filosofiaze. sergi danelia Rrmad aanalizebs yvela pozicias, iZleva
maT Sefasebas da ayalibebs sakuTar azrs sokrates pirovnebaze da mis filosofiur Sexedulebebze. Sefasebis kri-
teriumad mas sokrates cxovreba da misi bedi miaCnia. aqedan gamomdinare mecnieri askvnis, Tu rogori unda
yofiliyo sokrate da rogori iyo is.
mose gogiberiZis (1897 – 1951 ww.) umniSvnelovanes filosofiur Sromebs warmoadgenen `ainStainis rela-
tiurobis Teoria da misi filosofiuri safuZvlebi~ (1924 w.), `Semecnebis aqsiomaturi dasabami~ (1926 w.), `Se-
mecnebis sagnis problema~ (1928 w.) da sxva. aRniSnul SromebSi mose gogiberiZem SeimuSava sakuTari fi-
losofiuri Sexeduleba usasrulo samyaros sasrulo logikuri meTodebiT Semecnebis Sesaxeb da mas aqsiomaturi
meTodi uwoda. aq mTavari yuradReba eTmoba cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli yofierebis arsis struqturis gaaz-
rebis da adamianis azrovnebis raobas, riTac man unda gamoxatos yofierebis usasruloba. amasTanave, m. gogi-
beriZe erT-erTi pirvelTagania, vinc qarTuli kulturis nimuSebis (`vefxistyaosani~, nikoloz baraTaSvilis `mera-
ni~, zaqaria faliaSvilis musikis da sxva) filosofiuri analizi mogvca.
qarTuli filosofiuri da sociologiuri azris ganviTarebaSi didi damsaxureba miuZRvis kita megreliZes (1900 –
1944 ww.). man, sruliad axalgazrdam, moamzada safuZvliani gamokvleva – `azrovnebis sociologiis ZiriTadi
problemebi~, romlis gamocemac Tavis droze SeCerebul iqna da dRis sinaTle TiTqmis 30 wlis Semdeg ixila.
adamianis azrovnebis specifikis gasagebad man airCia socialuri garemos yovelmxrivi gaazreba. k. megreli-
Ze ikvlevs ara mxolod qarTuli azrovnebis socialur problemebs, aramed is swavlobs azrovnebis socialur bunebas
farTo mniSvnelobiT. mas miaCnia, rom azrovnebis Seswavla unda moxdes kompleqsurad. am mizniT, is emya-
reba enaTmecnierebis, anTropologiis, fsiqologiis, logikis, eTnologiis da sxva mecnierebaTa gamokvlevebs.
misTvis kritikis obieqtia iseTi calmxrivi filosofiuri sistemebi, rogoricaa naturalizmi, empirizmi, racionalizmi,
romlebic azrovnebas Seiswavlian romelime kuTxiT da iviwyeben mis mTlianobiT bunebas. megreliZis kvlevis
ZiriTadi meTodia istorizmi, romliTac is adgens azrovnebis uwyvetobis kavSirs materialur da sulier kulturasTan
mimarTebaSi.
konstantine kapanelis (1989 – 1952 ww.) naSromSi `tanjvis idea da zekacis poezia qarTul literaturaSi~
ganxilulia nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da vaJa-fSavelas poezia. wignSi `qarTuli kulturis genezisi~ kapanelma scada
qarTuli kulturis gaazreba sociologiis principebis gamoyenebiT.
k. kapanelma SeimuSava organotropizmis Teoria, romelzec didi gavlena iqonia nicSes moZRvrebam da bi-
ologisturma sociologiam. misi msoflmxedveloba sicocxlis filosofiis iracionalistur principebzea damyarebuli, ro-
melic uaryofs istoriis sazriss. Kk. kapanelis azriT, istorias sazrisi ar aqvs imis gamo, rom mas ara aqvs gonieri
miznisaken mimarTuleba, ara aqvs kanonzomiereba da amdenad is progresulic ver iqneba, rasac racionalizmi
progress uwodebs, is k. kapanels regresad miaCnia. misi azriT, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, misi socialuri da mo-
raluri wesebi da kanonebi zRudaven adamianis sasicocxlo impulsebis gamovlenas da Tavisuflebas arTmeven
individis Semoqmedebas. individis da pirovnebis Tavisufleba ki mdgomareobs misi biologiuri impulsebis (bio-
logiuri siamovnebis) SeuzRudvel ganxorcielebaSi. amitom ideebi adamianisaTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara biologi-
uri instinqtebis gagrZeleba arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi. organotropizmis dedaarsi swored imaSia, rom uCvenos
kulturisa da civilizaciis uaryofiTi gavlena adamianis Tavisuflebaze. sicocxlis filosofiis es saWirboroto sakiTxi
warmoadgens Tanamedrove eqsistencializmis centralur problemas.
kote baqraZem (1900 – 1970 ww.) – filosofiuri ganaTleba germaniaSi miiRo. is leqciebs ismenda, mogvi-
anebiT ki muSaobda gamoCenil filosofosebTan: huserlTan, rikertTan, haidegerTan. misi kvlevis ZiriTadi sfero

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iyo filosofiis istoria, logika, Semecnebis Teoria. Kk. baqraZes didi wvlili miuZRvis germanuli klasikuri filoso-
fiis istoriis, dialeqtikis Teoriisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi. misi Sromebi – `dialeqti-
kis problema germanul idealizmSi~ (1920 w.) da `sistema da meTodi hegelis filosofiaSi~ (1936 w.) imTaviTve
cxare kamaTis sagani gaxda, Semdgom ki klasikur gamokvlevebad iqna miCneuli.
Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevebSi kote baqraZem safuZvlianad daamuSava germanuli klasikuri filosofiis
korifeebis kantis, fixtes, Selingis da hegelis filosofia da sakuTari koncefcia Seqmna. kerZod, man Camoayaliba
dialeqtikuri meTodis memkvidreobiTi ganviTarebis idea, romelic kantidan iwyeba da hegelis dialeqtikiT mTav-
rdeba. k. baqraZem gaakritika is moazrovneebi, romlebic ver xedavdnen igiveobas germanuli klasikuri filosofiis
warmomadgenlebSi da izolirebul sistemebad ganixilavdnen maT.
kote baqraZe iyo Tanamedrove filosofiis ZiriTadi mimdinareobebis – neokantianelobis, fenomenologiis,
pragmatizmis, eqsistencializmis safuZvliani mkvlevari. amasTan erTad, is iyo logikis saxelmZRvanelos avtori.
moRvaweobis bolo wlebSi k. baqraZem gamoaqveyna: `axali filosofiis istoria~(1969 w.), romelSic araerTi sa-
kiTxi metad sainteresod gaiazra.
dialeqtikis Teoriis problemebis kvlevas didi Rvawli dasdo savle wereTelma (1907 – 1966 ww.). misi mra-
valwliani Ziebis Sedegs warmoadgens fundamenturi gamokvleva – `dileqtikuri logika~ (1970 w.). manamde
man gamoaqveyna dialeqtikis Teoriis problemebisadmi miZRvnili araerTi naSromi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
`dasabuTebis sawyisi~ (1963 w.) da `logikuri kavSiris dialeqtikuri bunebis Sesaxeb~ (1965 w.). s. wereTelma
ganaviTara originaluri Teoria usasrulo daskvnis Sesaxeb. am Teoriis ZiriTadi arsi Semdegia: usasrulo daskvna
azris umaRlesi formaa, is sapirispiro azrebis erTianobaa anu TviTdadgenaa Sinagani uaryofis gziT. es dialeqti-
kuri meTodi winaaRmdegobis urTierTobis meTodia, romelze umaRlesic SeuZlebelia. aseve SeuZlebelia wina-
aRmdegobis erTianobis uaryofa. aseTi ram formalur logikaSi gamoricxulia, radgan misi ZiriTadi kanonia wina-
aRmdegobis SeuZlebloba. aq ar SeiZleba erTsa da imave dros saganze vamtkicoT ori sapirispiro gamomricxavi
azri.
paralelurad s. wereTeli intensiurad muSaobda antikuri filosofiis problemebze, rac Sejamda mis naSromSi
`antikuri filosofiis istoria~ (1968 w.).
XX-is 60-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi intensiuri Seswavlis sagani xdeba adamianis filosofiuri probleme-
bi. am saqmeSi didi wvlili Seitana angia boWoriSvilma (1902 – 1982 ww.). misi uSualo iniciativiT filoso-
fiis institutSi Camoyalibda filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofileba.
a. boWoriSvili avtoria `fsiqologiis principuli safuZvlebis~ samtomeulisa, sadac fsiqologiis filosofiuri prob-
lemebia ganxiluli. manve araerTi mniSvnelovani gamokvleva miuZRvna kantis esTetikas, huserlis fenome-
nologias da dasavleTis sxva gamoCenili moazrovneTa Semoqmedebas.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis SeswavlaSi S. nucebiZis tradiciebi gaagrZela Salva xidaSelma (1910 – 1994
ww.). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi wvlili adreuli periodis (Zveli droidan rusTavelis epoqis CaTvliT)
qarTuli filosofiis sakvanZo sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi, rac Tavmoyrilia mis fundamentur naSromSi – `qarTuli fi-
losofiis istoria~ (1988 w.). S. xidaSelis Sromebi yuradRebas imsaxurebs imiTac, rom maTSi adreuli periodis
qarTuli filosofia ganxiluli da Sefasebulia aqsiologiis poziciidan.
S. xidaSelma gaaRrmava da ganaviTara S. nucubiZis qarTuli renesansis koncefcia, safuZvlianad gamoik-
vlia renesansis filosofiuri safuZvlis sakiTxi, romelsac miuZRvna specialuri Sromebi (`rusTavelis msoflmxedve-
lobis sakiTxebi~, `neoplatonizmis Teoria rusTvelologiaSi~).
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia qarTvel filosofosTa miRwevebi logikis mecnierebis problemebis damuSavebaSi, ra-
sac saqarTveloSi didi xnis tradicia aqvs. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 50-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi swored qar-
Tvelma logikosebma wamoiwyes diskusia logikis aqtualur sakiTxebze, romlebsac saerTaSoriso rezonansi moh-
yva. kote baqraZesa da savle wereTelTan erTad formaluri, dialeqtikuri da maTematikuri logikis problemebis da-
muSavebaSi mniSvelovani wvlili Seitanes grigol kalandariSvilma (1906 – 1965 ww.), levan gokielma (1901 –
1975 ww.) da zurab miqelaZem (1916 – 1993 ww.).
Tamaz buaCiZe (1930 – 2001 ww.) – filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, filosofiis institutis direqto-
ri; saqarTvelos filosofiuri sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare; Jurnal `macnes~ filosofiis seriis mTavari redaqtori;
T. buaCiZe SesaniSnavi pedagogi da moazrovne iyo. Mmisi auditoria, rogorc wesi, ver itevda leqciebze daswrebis
msurvelebs.

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 T. buaCiZis samecniero interesebis centrSi filosofiuri anTropologiis sakiTxebi idga, rasac araerTi monografia
miuZRvna (`Tanamedrove burJuaziuli filosofiis saTaveebTan~; `sicocxlis filosofia~). urTulesi filosofiuri proble-
mebis Rrma da naTeli xedvisa da damajerebeli gadawyvetis SesaniSnavma unarma T. buaCiZe didi xnis win aqcia
Cveni qveynis erT-erT wamyvan da sayovelTaod aRiarebul mecnierad.
vaxtang erqomaiSvili (1932 – 2001 ww.) – filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-
lobis saxelmwifo universitetis Teoriuli filosofiis kaTedris gamge, filosofiis istoriisa da filosofiis Tanamedrove prob-
lemebis mkvlevari, filosofosTa da sociologTa araerTi Taobis aRmzrdeli. Mmisi ZiriTadi Sromebia: `WeSmaritebis
Sesaxeb neopozitivistur SexedulebaTa kritika~, `jon smitis Teoria mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb~, `empirizmi da abstraqci-
is problema~, `ena da metyveleba~, `adamianis Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis problema~, `filosofiis tragedia~,
`bedisweris Teoria da misi uaryofiTi Sedegebi~, `adamiani mecnierul–teqnikuri revoluciis epoqaSi~, `samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba~, `kote baqraZis filosofiuri Sexedulebani~, `eri da ideologia~ da sxva.
aRniSnuli gamokvlevebi dawerilia SesaniSnavi qarTuliT. gamoirCeva sisadaviT, problemis arsisa da misi is-
toriis axleburi, siRrmiseuli gaazrebiT.
aRsaniSnavia v. erqomaiSvilis pedagogiuri moRvaweoba. misi leqciebi xasiaTdeboda problemis srulyofili
garCeviT da analizis sicxadiT. Mman araerTi pirovneba aziara filosofiur mecnierebas da daexmara mas cxovrebis
gzis arCevaSi.
merab mamardaSvili (1930 – 1991 ww.) – filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. garkveuli periodi mu-
Saobda Jurnal `voprosi filosofiis~ (moskovi), Jurnal `problemi mira i socializmas~ (praRa) redaqciebSi, agreTve
moskovis samecniero – kvleviT institutSi.
1980 wels merab mamardaSvili gadmodis TbilisSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institut-
Si. oficialuri xelisuflebis mier devnili, Seviwroebuli moazrovne, romlis wignebs ar beWdavdnen da leqciebis
wakiTxvis nebas ar aZlevdnen, ver aiZules wasuliyo sazRvargareT emigraciaSi.
sakvanZo problema, romelic aerTianebs m. mamardaSvilis sakmaod mravalmxriv filosofiur moRvaweobas,
cnobierebis, azrovnebis filosofiuri problemaa. am problemis originaluri xedvis wyalobiT m. mamardaSvilma
Tavisi wvlili Seitana sazogadod Teoriuli filosofiis, mecnierebis meTodologiis, istoriisa da socialuri folosofiis,
kulturisa da adamianis filosofiis, esTetikis, filosofiis istoriis sakiTxTa kvlevaSi.
Mmerab mamardaSvilis ZiriTad naSromTa nusxa aseTia: `simbolo da kultura (metafizikuri msjeloba cnobi-
erebaze, simbolikasa da enaze)~ (ierusalimi, 1982); `racionalobis klasikuri da araklasikuri idealebi~ (Tbilisi,
1984); `azrovnebis formebi da Sinaarsi (Semecnebis formaTa hegeliseuli moZRvrebis kritika)~ (moskovi,
1968).
m. mamardaSvili Tavis kvlevaSi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba klasikur tradicias – gansakuTrebiT platonis, dekartis,
kantis naazrevs. Aam sami filosofosis koncefciaTa ganxilvas man miuZRvna fundamenturi naSromebi `antikuri
filosofia~, `kartezianuli ganazrebani~ da `kantianuri variaciebi~.
m. mamardaSvili filosofiis urTules sakiTxebze fiqrobda, magram misTvis filosofia cxovrebisagan gaqcevis
saSualeba ki ar iyo, aramed cxovrebis orientirebis Zieba. amitomac TvalsaCino mkvlevari sanimuSo moqalaqec
brZandeboda. misma mecnierulma moRvaweobam farTo saerTaSoriso aRiareba hpova.
niko WavWavaZe (1923 – 1997 ww.) – filosofosi, politikosi da sazogado moRvawe, filosofiur mecniere-
baTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti. 30 wlis manZilze xel-
mZRvanelobda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis s. wereTlis sax. filosofiis instituts saqarTveloSi. misi xel-
SewyobiTa da TaosnobiT ganviTarda filosofiuri anTropologia, kulturis filosofia, aqsiologia. n. WavWavaZis
garSemo gaerTianda axalgazrda, progresulad moazrovne filosofosTa Taoba, romelsac Semdgom `axali filosofi-
uri talRis~ saxeliT moixseniebdnen ara mxolod imdroindel sabWoTa samecniero wreebSi, aramed ucxoeTSic.
es iyo mTeli epoqa, romelmac datova `kvali naTeli~.
misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: `esTetikis sakiTxebi~, `esTetikuri sagnis bunebisaTvis~, `kultura da Rirebulebebi~.
klasikuri Tanamedrove filosofiis, logikis, eTikisa da esTetikis, filosofiuri anTropologiisa da kulturis filoso-
fiis problemebis damuSavebaSi TvalsaCino miRwevebi hqondaT bolo xanebSi gardacvlil qarTvel filosofosebs:
apolon Serozias, zurab kakabaZes, aleqsandre frangiSvils, vaJa gogoberiSvils, daviT gegeSiZes, arCil begiaS-
vils, avTandil popiaSvils, eduard koduas da sxvebs. maTi Semoqmedebis Seswavla da qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriaSi maTi adgilis dadgena, momavlis saqmea. filosofiis sxvadasxva problemebs swavloben da dResac na-

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yofierad iRwvian Rvawlmosili mecnierebi: guram TevzaZe, sergi avaliani, meri WeliZe, napo kvaracxelia da
sxva.

danarTi
(sakiTxavi masala)

`mokvdi, raTa ar scodo~!

netari avgustine

kacobriobis sulier – goniTi gamocdileba gvidasturebs, rom sicocxlis cneba sxvadasxvanairad esmodaT. pir-
veli berZeni filosofosebi bunebas, mTel plastikur kosmoss gacocxlebulad warmoidgendnen. maT swored si-
cocxle miaCndaT samyaros Sinagani aqtivobisa da TviTmoqmedebis principad. bunebis aRmniSvneli sityva
`fiusis~ xom imas niSnavs, rac garedan Carevis gareSe, sakuTari Tavidan aRmocendeba da amoizrdeba. mogvi-
anebiT sicocxlis aseT kosmiur-universalur gagebas `hiloZoizmi~ ewoda.
sxvagvarad esmis sicocxle Tanamedrove biologiis mecnierebas. sicocxle aq aracocxal samyarosTan dapiris-
pirebaSi moiazreba. yvelaze zogadi gansazRvrebiT, sicocxle aris individis Sinagani TviTaqtivoba arsebobisa da
TviTgadarCenisaTvis, rac, upirveles yovlisa, garemosTan nivTierebaTa cvlisa da gamravlebis procesSi gamoi-
xateba. maSin, rodesac aracocxali samyaro inertulia (es ZiriTadi principi Tavis droze niutonma Camoayaliba),
sicocxle Tavisi bunebiT antiinertulia.
aracocxal bunebas, fizikur sxeulTa samyaros, garegani inerciis principi ganagebs, xolo sicocxles Sinagani
TviTaqtivobis principi marTavs da gansazRvravs.
sicocxlis aseTi gansazRvra sikvdilis Sesatyvis gagebas gulisxmobs. ra aris sikvdili? igi aris sicocxlis Sewy-
veta. yoveli individis arseboba gaCenasa da mospobas, dabadebasa da gardacvalebas Soris aris moqceuli. sik-
vdili ar aris raRac damoukidebeli, TviTmyofadi arsi, rogorc amas folkloruli cnobiereba warmoidgens. igi si-
cocxlis ganuyofeli nawilia, Tanac yvelaze mniSvnelovani da damagvirgvinebeli nawili. amaod imSvideben
Tavs epikurelebi, sikvdili da sicocxle arasdros Sexvdebian erTmaneTso. aba, rogor Sexvdebian isini erTma-
neTs, roca mudam erTad arian.
sul sxvanairad ganicdeba sikvdili adamianuri cnobierebis doneze. saSinelebaa ara TviTon sikvdili, rogorc
sicocxlis Sewyvetis biologiuri faqti, aramed masze dafiqreba da misi eqsistencialuri gancda. adamianebi eride-
bian sikvdilze saubars. isini cxovrebis yoveldRiur fusfusSi CarTulni, saguldagulod iviwyeben da Cqmalaven
mas.
erTi mxriv, samyaros arsze dafiqreba Cvens gaognebasa da gakvirvebas iwvevs, rac platonsa da aristoteles
filosofosobis dasabamad miaCndaT, meore mxriv, samyaroSi adamianis bedze, mis metafizikur mdgomareoba-
ze fiqri sasowarkveTasa da imedgacruebaSi gvagdebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiur-filosofiuri azrovneba sa-
kuTriv am gakvirveba-sasowarkveTam warmoSva. kantsac xom es ori ram ancvifrebda: `varskvlaviebiT mo-
Wedili ca Cvens zeviT da moraluri kanoni CvenSi~.
filosofiis TvalTaxedvaSi adamianis sicocxle didad samwuxaro da tragikul gaugebrobad gamoiyureba. Se-
maZrwunebelia da Tavzardamcemi imaze dafiqreba, rom adamianuri individebi sikvdilisaTvis ibadebian. ada-
miani sikvdilze mimarTuli yofnaa (haidegeri). sicocxle imTaviTve sasikvdilo seniTaa daavadebuli (kirkegori).
yvelaze saSineli is aris, rom am uazrobasa da absurds, hegelis sityvebiT, cud usasrulobas, bolo ar uCans. mar-
Tlac, sikvdili adamianis cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani xdomilebaa, romlis gareSe es cxovreba ar CaiTvleba
dasrulebulad. amitomac iTqmis: adamiani aResrulao.
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 magram es sikvdilis mxolod erTi aspeqtia. mas SeiZleba sxva mxridanac SevxedoT, romelsac misi pozitiuri
mxare SeiZleba vuwodoT. sikvdilis fenomenis amgvar ganxilvas platonma Cauyara safuZveli, roca filosofia
sikvdilisaTvis mzadebad gamoacxada da amiT mis did SemecnebiT da moralur daniSnulebaze miuTiTa. saku-
Tar ideaTa Teoriasa da agreTve piTagorelTa moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT, platoni qmnis grandiozul miTs sulis
ukvdavebisa da maradiulobis Sesaxeb.
platons sikvdili esmis rogorc sulis gayra sxeulisagan da amiT mis unikalur, SemecnebiT Rirebulebaze miu-
TiTebs. `fedonSi~ igi wers: `Znelad saval biliks mivuyvebiT Cven Ziebisas da vidre sxeulisgan ar ganvZarcul-
varT, vidre suli ar gahyria am borotebas, mTeli sisruliT verasodes mivwvdebiT mas, rasac veswrafviT, veraso-
des mivwvdebiT WeSmaritebas, vinaidan suli yvelaze kargad azrovnebs maSin, roca araferi amRvrevs mas, arc
smena, arc mzera, arc tkivili, arc sixaruli, roca iZarcvis da, SeZlebisamebr, Tavisufldeba sxeulisagan da Tavis
TavSi oden STenili miiqceva arsebulis Wvretad~. platoni sxeuls sulis sapyrobiles uwodebs da ra unda iyos sik-
vdilze ufro didi sikeTe, romelic am sapyrobilisagan gvaTavisuflebs, ideaTa WeSmarit samyaros Wvretad mig-
vaqcevs da amiT umaRles sibrZnesa da sikeTes gvaziarebs.
sikvdilis moraluri Rirebuleba da funqcia, upirveles yovlisa, imaSi gamoixateba, rom is sicocxlis SezRudvas,
sasicocxlo instinqtebis alagmvas da maSasadame, garkveuli azriT, mis uaryofa-gadalaxvas gulisxmobs. budas
moZRvrebidan gamomdinare, Sopenhaueri mas sicocxlis nebis uaryofas uwodebs. swored aq SeiZleba davina-
xoT moralis Sinagani kavSiri sikvdilis fenomenTan. moraluri SezRudvis gareSe sicocxle autaneli gaxdeboda da
TviTdinebaze miSvebuli, igi Tavis Tavs mospobda. sicocxle adamianur doneze imiT gansxvavdeba yvela sxva
danarCenisagan, rom mas sulierebis Saravandedi adgas, sulierebisa, romlis birTvs zneoba Seadgens. yvela eTi-
kur-religiuri moZRvreba amitomac Seicavs askezas garkveul elements.
Cveulebriv adamianebi ver xedaven Sinagan kavSirs sikvdilsa da zneobas Soris. isini, aTasgvari sacduriT
moxiblulni da mojadoebulni, saguldagulod cdiloben zneobis xmis CaxSobas da sikvdilis daviwyebas. samwu-
xarod, sikvdilis cnobierebam amitomac ver moaxdina jerovani zegavlena adamianis zneobriv srulyofaze. man
elementaruli samarTlianobac ki ver daamyara adamianTa socialuri Tanacxovrebis sferoSi. samarTlianoba xom
sazogadoebis Semadgenel individTa garkveul wonasworobasa da Tanasworobas gulisxmobs. man junglis kano-
nebi socialur sferoze gadmoitana da mas sabazro ekonimikasa da Tavisufal konkurencias uwodebs.
filosofiis erT-erTi daniSnuleba isic aris, rom saqmeSi CaZirul da cxovrebis mowyobiT garTul adamianebs
romis erT-erTi imperatoriviT xSirad Seaxsenos sikvdili: `momento mori~.
sakacobrio kulturis mTeli gamocdileba imas gvkarnaxobs, rom kacTa modgmis yvelaze didi qmnileba zne-
obrivad srulyofili adamiania. civilizacias mxolod imdenad aqvs Rirebuleba, ramdenadac igi adamianis zneobri-
vi srulqmnis am did mizans emsaxureba. adamiani zneobrivi arsebaao, amboben, magram ufro swori iqneboda
gveTqva: adamiani zneobriv arsebad yofnis mxolod SesaZleblobaa. mas jer kidev sinamdviled ar uqcevia es Se-
saZlebloba. adamianma mTeli Tavisi arsebobiTa da zneobrivi cxovrebis wesiT unda daadasturos am SesaZleb-
lobis namdviloba, rac amasTanave sikvdil-sicocxlis miRma gasvlasa da sulier-goniT samyaroSi damkvidrebis
winapiroba iqneba.
napo kvaracxelia

`filosofosoba sasikvdilod
mzadebas niSnavs~
ciceroni

mTeli amqveyniuri sibrZnis, mTeli Cveni bWobisa da msjelobis saboloo daniSnuleba is gaxlavT, rom vis-
wavloT, rogor davaRwioT Tavi sikvdilis SiSs. marTlac, yvela erTxmad aRiarebs im azrs, rom Cveni saboloo
mizani am SiSis daTrgunva da bednierebaa. Cveni cxovrebis gzis saboloo wertili, ukiduresi zRvari aris sikvdili.
Tuki is Tavzars gvcems, rogorRa SevZlebT imas, rom yovel fexis nabijze cieb – cxelebianiviT ar vcaxcaxeb-

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deT? ubiri kaci gamosavals imaSi eZebs, rom cdilobs saerTod ar ifiqros sikvdilze, magram, sisulelea, ase daiv-
so Tvali.
gasakviri araa, rom amisTana adamiani xSirad ebmeba maxeSi. Wiris dResaviT ufrTxis imas, rom Tavis sa-
xelTan ar gaaigivos sikvdili. bevri maTgani am sityvis gagonebaze iseve isaxavs pirjvars, TiTqos eSmakis sa-
xelisaTvis moekras yuri, da raki anderZSi aucilebelia sikvdilis xseneba, nu moeliT, rom vinmes azrad mouva
misi Sedgena, sanam eqimi saboloo ganaCens ar gamoutans.
raki es sityva yurs sWrida romaelebs da misi warmoTqmisas raRac avismomaswavebeli elandebodaT, isini
yovelnairad cdilobdnen an SeerbilebinaT, an SeecvalaT igi: nacvlad imisa, rom eTqvaT `mokvdao~, ambob-
dnen – `sicocxle daasrulao~ an `sicocxles gamoesalmao~. raki aq ismoda `sicocxle~, Tundac dasrulebuli da gar-
dasuli, isini cotaTi mainc inugeSebdnen Tavs. aqedanve warmosdgeboda Cveneburi gamoTqma `werili wai-
Ro~.
sikvdili erTmaneTisagan ar asxvavebs jeelsa da bebers. yvela ise emSvidobeba sicocxles, TiTqos es-esaa
Semoedgas fexi amqveynad. amas isic unda davsZinoT, rom SeuZlebelia TviT yvelaze mixrwnil berikacsac ki,
ar mieces imedi, erT oc weliwads kidev vicocxlebo.
gijobT kargad daukvirdeT yvelafers, rac gars gartyia da daekiTxo Sensave gamocdilebas: Sen ufro didxans
cocxlob, vidre saerTod cocxloben kacni. daukvirdi Sens nacnobebs da dainaxav, rom maT Soris SedarebiT co-
tam miaRwia Sens asaks. Camowere imaTi sia, vinc SesZlo saxeli moexveWa amqveynad da darwmundebi,
rom umravlesoba ocdaTxuTmet welsac ki ver ewia. goneba da RvTismosaoba gviwesebs, rom adamianuri
cxovrebis nimuSad ieso qristes cxovrebas vTvlideT, magram man ocdacameti wlisam daasrula sicocxle. yvela-
ze didi adamiani – amjerad igulisxmeba mxolod da mxolod adamiani, aleqsandre makedoneli, imave xnisa gar-
daicvala. mereda ra veragia sikvdili, alaliviT rom Camogiqrolebs, RmerTma icis saidan da romeli mxridan. ra
sazarelia es sikvdili, es Secxadeba, mrisxaneba Tu sasowarkveTa – ra Tavzardamcemia es Tavsdatexili ubedu-
reba. arada saWiro iyo adreve efiqraT amaze, radganac yvelaze mZime kaeSanic ki ver gvifaravs misgan. bolos
da bolos viswavloT, rogor SevegeboT mas warbSeuxrelad.
CamovaSoroT mas idumalebis saburveli, davukvirdeT da TandaTan gavuSinaurdeT mas. dResaswaulze,
gancxromaSi, qorwilSi, lxinSi, yovelTvis Cagvesmodes xma, Cvens mware xvedrs rom mogvagonebs. mTelis
arsebiT nurasodes mivecemiT Svebas da lxenas da dro da dro mainc gagvaxsendes, rom xanmoklea Cveni sixa-
ruli da ramdeni moulodneli ubedureba emuqreba Cvens arsebobas. ase iqceodnen egviptelebi, romlebsac dRe-
saswaulis dros, saucxoo saWmel-sasmelTan erTad, darbazSi SemohqondaT mumia, raTa sikvdili Seexsenebi-
naT stumrebisaTvis. `warmoidgine, rom ukanasknelad ginaTebs yoveli dRe da netarebad miiTvli TiToeul
wams, romelsac ukve aRar elodi~ – horaciusi.
ar viciT, sad gvisafrdeba sikvdili. maS, modiT, yvelgan velodoT mas. sikvdilze fiqri Tavisuflebaze fiqrs
niSnavs; vinc mieCvia sikvdils, monobas gadaeCvia. sicocxleSi araviTari boroteba aRar arsebobs misTvis, vinc
Seicno, rom sicocxlesTan gamoTxoveba sulac ar aris boroteba. rakin sikvdili gardauvalia, gana sul erTi ar aris,
rodis movkvdebiT? xom sibriyvea tanjva-wameba im qveynad gadasvlis gamo, sadac aRar arsebobs araviTari
tanjva-wameba?
Cvens dabadebasTan erTad daibada CvenTvis mTeli samyaro da zustad aseve, mTeli samyaro Cvens sik-
vdilTan erTad mokvdeba CvenTvis. amitomac tirili imis gamo, rom asi wlis Semdeg aRar viqnebiT, sibriyvea.
sikvdili axali sicocxlis dasabamia, aseve vtirodiT, aseve vitanjebodiT da aseve viZarcvavdiT Cvens Zvel garss
Tu samosels am qveynad mosvlisas. aryofnisaTvis aRarc xangrZlivoba arsebobs da aRarc xanmokleoba. aristo-
tele gadmogvcems, rom mdinare hipanisis piras binadroben pawawkintela cxovelebi, romlebic mxolod erT
dRes cocxloben. zogi dilis 8 saaTze kvdeba da isini jer kidev axalgazrdebi arian, xolo saRamos 5 saaTamde Tu
miatans, ukve mixrwnilebi ixocebian. mereda vis ar mohgvrida damcinav Rimils imis mtkiceba, TiTqos zogier-
Ti am cxovelTagani bednieri iyos, zogi ki ubeduri maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Sesabamisad?
Tqveni sikvdili samyaroseuli wesrigis erTi nawilia, es aris samyaros sicocxlis nawili. gaCenis dRidanve
Tqven iseve iwyebT sikvdils, rogorc sicocxles. da Tu Tqven ixileT mxolod erTi dRe, ukve ixileT yvelaferi. erTi
dRe yvela sxva dRis sworia. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba dRegrZelobiT ki ar izomeba, aramed imiT, Tu rogor moix-
mareT igi. zogma didxans icocxla, magram cota icxovra. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba Tqveni xandazmulobiT ki ar
ganisazRvreba, aramed Tqvenive nebiT. gana yvelaferi ar barbacebs Tqvens irgvliv, rodesac wabarbacdebiT?

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gana yvelaferi TqvenTan erTad ar berdeba? aTasi kaci, aTasi sxva arseba kvdeba imave wams, roca Tqven
kvdebiT. ra azri aqvs ukan daxevas imis winaSe, rasac versad wauxval, versadad gaeqcevi!
Tqven iciT, rom mravalma kacma sikvdilis wyalobiT did ubedurebas daaRwia Tavi, magram Tu gsmeniaT,
rom sikvdilis Semdeg ubeduri yofiliyos kaci? didi miamitobaa imis gmoba, rac piradad ar gangicdiaT da arc
sxvisi gamocdilebiT iciT. maS, ratomRa vgmobT an me da an Sen bedisweras?
yvela dRe sikvdilisaken migviZRvis da mxolod ukanasknels mivyavarT masTan.
miSel monteni `cdebi~

igavni solomonisa
(fragmentebi)

 igavebi solomonisa, daviTis Zisa, ierusalimis mefisa.

 sibrZnisa da Segonebis gasagebad, gonieri naTqvamebis Sesagnebad.
 Wkuis, simarTlis, samarTlis da siwrfelis Segonebis
misaRebad.
 briyvTaTvis gamWriaxobis, yrmisaTvis codnisa da gonierebis misaniWeblad.
 gaigonos brZenma da sibrZne Seematos, mcodnem SeiZinos
Tavgzianoba.
 rom mixvdes igavs da andazas, brZenTa naTqvamebs da maT arakebs.
 uflis SiSi codnis saTavea. sibrZne da Segoneba briyvebs
ar uyvarT.
 Tu sibrZne Sevida Sens gulSi da codna etkbo Sens suls,
goniereba dagifaravs da Segneba dagicavs,
rom gixsnas borotebis gzidan, Tvalmaqci kacisagan,
swori gzis damtovebelTagan, bneli gziT moarulTagan.
 bednieria is kaci, vinc hpova sibrZne da vinc goniereba SeiZina!
 radgan misi SeZena sjobs vercxlis SeZenas da misi mosavali – xalas oqros.
 margalitze ufro Zvirfasia da Sengan sanatreli araferi
Seedreba mas.
 misi gzebi netarebis gzebia da yoveli misi biliki simrTelea.
 igi ukvdavebis xea maTTvis, vinc mas moeWideba. netarni arian misi mflobelni.
 ufalma sibrZniT daafuZna qveyana, gonierebiT gaamtkica camyari.
 nu daukaveb, vinc Rirsia, keTil saqmes, Tuki SegiZlia amis gakeTeba.
 nu etyvi Sens axlobels: wadi, xval modi da mogcemo, Tu misacemeli Tana gaqvs.
 avs nu daupireb Sens axlobels, roca is imedianad cxovrobs SenTan.

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 nuravis gaumarTav davas umizezod, Tu avi ar gaukeTebia SenTvis.
 nu gSurs moZaladisa, nu airCev mis gzas.
 radgan sibilwea uflisaTvis mzakvroba da alalmarTlebiskenaa misi saidumlo TaTbiri.
 aha, eqvsi ram uflis saZulveli, da aha, Svidi sibilwe mis TvalSi:
 ampartavani Tvalebi, cru ena, ubralo sisxlis mRvreli xelebi,
avismzraxveli guli, saborotod mardi fexebi,
tyuilebis aRmomsunTqveli, cru mowme da ZmaTa Soris SuRlis mTesveli.
 netaria kaci, me rom mismens, Cems karebTan fxizlobs dReniadag da Cemi karis wyrTilebs icavs.
 vinaidan Cemma mpovnelma sicocxle hpova da uflisagan madls moixveWs.
 brZeni Svili mamas axarebs da ugunuri Svili dedis dardia.
 gonieris bageebSi sibrZne ipoveba, WkuaTxelis zurgze ki joxi.
 Segonebis dammarxveli sicocxlis gzas adgas, darigebis ukumgdebeli gzaabneuli daexeteba.
 bevri laparakisas codva aucdenelia, sakuTari bageebis amlagmavi gonieria.
 ugunuris xalisi avis qmnaSia, xolo gonieri kacisa – sibrZneSi.
 rac boroteuls aSinebs, swored is SeemTxveva, marTals ki sasurveli miecema.
 aravis argebs simdidre risxvis dRes, simarTle ki ixsnis
sikvdilisagan.
 gulwrfelebs Tavisi simarTle ixsnis, mzakvarni ki TavianTive sixarbiT datyvevdebian.
 WkuaTxeli Tavis axloblebs awyeninebs, gonieri kaci ki
dadumebulia.
 briyvs Tavisi gza swored eCveneba brZeni ki rCevis gamgonea.
 briyvi wamSi amxels Tavis gabrazebas, gonieri ki malavs wyenas.
 gesliani ena maxviliviT Cxvlets, brZenkacis ena ki mkurnalia.
 sazriani kaci codnas malavs, umecarTa guli ki sisuleles roSavs.
 sadardebeli kacis guls aRonebs, keTili sityva ki axalisebs.
 mxolod ampartavnoba warmoSobs SuRls, moTaTbireebTan ki sibrZnea.
 qariT motanili simdidre cotavdeba, xeliT Semgrovebeli ki abevrebs.
 brZenkacebTan mosiarule Tavad dabrZendeba, briyvTa megobari ki gaubedurdeba.
 vinc SvilisTvis wkeplas ar imetebs, misi mteria; xolo moyvaruli Wkuas aswavlis.
 sulels yvela sityvisa sjera, sazriani ki sakuTar nabijs ukvirdeba.
 Tavisi axloblis moZule codvilia, Rarib-RatakTa mwyalobeli ki netaria.
 Raribis mCagvreli Tavis Semoqmeds Seuracxyofs, maTxovris mwyalobeli ki uflis madidebelia.
 mSvidi pasuxi guliwyromas acxrobs, sawyeni sityva ki risxvas iwvevs.
 qarafSutas ar uyvars Tavisi mamxlebeli, igi brZenkacebTan ar wava.
 gonieri guli codnas daeZebs, briyvTa piri ki sisuleliT
sazdoobs.
 uflis moSiSebiT mcires qona umjobesia, vidre didZali ganZi mousvenrobaSi.
 ukeTesia mwvanileuli sazrdo da siyvaruli, vidre nasuqi xari da siZulvili.
 ficxi kaci cilobas texs, sulgrZeli ki davas acxrobs.
 TaTbiris gareSe Canafiqri ifuSeba, mravali mrCevlis SemweobiT ki xorcieldeba.
 kacis sixaruli mis bageTa pasuxSia; ra kargia droulad naTqvami sityva!
 Segonebis abuCad amgdebi sakuTari Tavis moZulea, mxilebis gamgone ki gonebas ixveWs.
 gulis zraxvebi kacs ekuTvnis, enis pasuxi ki uflisgan modis.
 kacis yoveli gza sufTaa mis TvalSi, sulTa amwoni ki ufalia.
 yvela gulzviadi sibilwea uflis winaSe: gjerodes, dausjeli ver gadarCeba.
 ukeTesia mciredi, oRond simarTliT, vidre didZali mogeba usamarTlobiT.
 kacis guli Tavis gzebs gegmavs, mis nabijebs ki ufali
warmarTavs.
 sibrZnis SeZena oqroze ukeTesia, Wkuis moxveWa vercxlze – umjobesi.

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 marTalTa gza-kvali borotebas gverds uqcevs; vinc Tavis gzas akvirdeba, Tavis suls icavs.
 daRupvas win uswrebs ampartavneba, dacemas – qedmaRloba.
 vinc Tvalebs Wutavs, ukuRmarTs fiqrobs; vinc bageebs kumavs, siavisTvis mzad aris.
 wils ubidan yrian, magram yoveli ganaCeni uflisgan modis.
 erTi lukma xmeli puri simSvideSi ukeTesia, vidre saklaviT savse saxli uTanxmoebaSi.
 moxucTa gvirgvini SvilTa Svilebia, SvilTa dideba ki maTi mamebia.
 danaSaulis damviwyebeli siyvarulis mZebnelia, ambis Semxsenebeli ki megobars iSorebs.
 gonierze datuqsva ufro sWris, vidre umecarze asi dartyma.
 sikeTis wil borotis mimgebs saxlSi ubedureba ar gamoeleva.
 boroteulis gamamarTlebeli da marTlis gamamtyunebeli – orive sibilwea uflis TvalSi.
 am fuls ra unda umecris xelSi? sibrZnis SesaZenad xom Wkua ara aqvs?
 briyvi Svili mSoblis sadardebelia da verc ukuRmarTis mama gaixarebs.
 briyvi Svili mamis dardia da dedis naRveli.
 mcodne kaci sityvaZunwia da gonebis kaci didsulovania.
 mdumare sulelic ki brZnad iTvleba, xolo pirmokumuli – Wkvianad.
 TavkerZa kaci Tavis gulisTqmas aris ayolili da yovelgvari sibrZnis winaaRmdeg janydeba.
 briyvi codnas ar eswrafvis, sakuTari fiqris gamxela surs.
 boroteuls siZulvili moyveba, lanZRva-ginebas ki – sircxvili.
 mouTmenlad pasuxis gacema sibriyvea da sircxvili.
 zarmacs ubeSi aqvs xeli Camaluli da pirTan mitana ezareba.
 Worikana kaci saidumlos gamtexia, pirmorRveuls axlos nu gaekarebi.
 ded-mamis maginebels ukuneT RameSi Cauqreba lampari.
 nu ityvi, borotebas sanacvlos mivagebo, ufals miende da is giSvelis.
 vin ityvis: sufTa guli maqvs da codvisagan ganviwmideo?
 WabukTa dideba maTi jania, moxucTa pativi ki – WaRara.
 qedmaRloba da didguloba – boroteulTa lampari – codvaa.
 muyaiTis zraxvebi siuxves aCens, xolo moCqarisa – siduxWires.
 vinc RatakTa kvnesis wamyruebelia, Tavadac iyvirebs, magram ar iqneba Sewynarebuli.
 rCeuli saxeli didZal qonebaze ukeTesia, keTili madli ki – vercxlze da oqroze.
 gonieri xedavs borotebas da Tavs aridebs, sulelni ki jiqur midian da isjebian.
 ymawvili misi gzis dasawyisSive gawvrTeni da sibereSic ki ar gadauxvevs mas.
 kurTxeuli iqneba gulmowyale, radgan Raribs Tavisi puridan gaikiTxavs.
 Raribs nu waarTmev, radgan Raribia igi; beCavs karibWesTan nu daCagrav.
 didkacTan puris saWmelad rom dajdebi, dakvirvebiT iyavi:
yelze dana miibjine, Tu msunagi xar.
nu indomeb mis nugbar saWmelebs, macduri puria igi.
radgan rogorc iqceva, ise ar fiqrobs; Wame da svio, geubneba, magram SenTan ar aris misi guli.
SeWmul lukmas ukan amoanTxev da madlobis sityvebs fuWad daxarjav.
 briyvs yurSi nurafers etyvi, radgan mas sZuls Seni gonivruli sityvebi.
 nu Secvli Zvel mijnas da oblebis yanaSi nu Sexval;
radgan Zlieria maTi mfarveli, is daicavs maT saqmes Sens winaaRmdeg.
 nu xarob Seni mtris dacemiT da misi waborZikebiT nu ilxens Seni guli.
 nu ityvi rogorc momeqca, ise moveqcevio, Tavisi saqmisaebr mivagebo.
 Tu Tafli ipove, imdeni Wame, ramdenic Segergeba, rom ar gatyvre da ukan ar amoanTxio.
 mezoblis saxlSi xSirad nu ivli, rom ar mobezrde da ar SegiZulos.
 Tu Seni mteri mSieria, puri aWame; Tu swyuria, wyali asvi.
 raRa ugalavno qalaqi da raRa kaci, romelic Tavis Tavs ver patronobs.
 briyvs misi siregvenisebr nu upasuxeb, rom Tavad misi msgavsi ar gaxde.
 raRa ZaRlis yurebSi Cafrenili kaci da raRa sxvis kamaTSi Careuli.

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 ormos gamTxreli Sig TviTon Cavardeba, qva mis msrolels daubrundeba.
 sxvam Segaqos da ara Senma pirma, ucxom d ara Senma bageebma.
 megobrisgan Wriloba erTgulebis niSania, mteri ki kocniT agavsebs.

eklesiaste

Tavi pirveli
1. sityvani eklesiastesi, Zisa daviTisa, ierusalimis mefisa.amaoeba amaoebaTa, Tqva eklesiastem, amaoeba amaoeba-
Ta, yovelive amaoa?
2. adamians ras hmatebs Sroma, romelsac igi mzis qveS eweva?
3. Taoba midis, Taoba modis, es qveyana ki ucvlelia ukunisamde.
4. aRmosdgeba mze da Cadis igi, ubrundeba Tavis adgils da kvlav iqidan amobrwyindeba.
5. samxreTisaken mihqris qari, gabrundeba CrdiloeTisken; brunavs, brunavs, mihqris qari da ubrundeba isev Tavis
wres.yvela mdinare zRvebisaken miedineba, zRva ki mainc ar aRivseba; mdinareni saiTkenac miedinebodnen, kvlavac
iqiTken miedinebian.
6. uZluria yoveli sityva, ar ZaluZs kacs yovelives Tqma; Tvali xedviT ver gaZReba, yuri smeniT ver aRivseba.
7. rac yofila, igive iqneba da rac momxdara, igive moxdeba; araferia mzis qveS axali.
8. naxaven rasme da ityvian: aha, axali. esec yofila Cvens winare
saukuneSi.
9. ar darCenila xsovna imaTi, vinc winaT iyo; da momdevnoTac, vinc iqnebian, ar gaixsenebs maTi momyoli.
10. me, eklesiaste, mefe viyav israelisa ierusalimSi.
11. viwye kvleva gulmodginebiT, gonebiT gansja yovelivesi, raic momxdara cisqveSeTSi; es mZime saqme miuCina
ufalma adamis ZeT satanjvelad.
12. ganvicade yoveli saqme, rac ki momxdara mzisqveSeTSi; da aha, vcani – amao aris yvelaferi da qaris devna.
13. gamrudebuls veRar gamarTav, xolo nakluls veRarafriT veRar Seavseb.
14. vuTxari Cems Tavs: aha, movipove da ganvimravle codna yovelTa upiratesad, vinc arsebula Cems uwinares ierusa-
limSi, da eziara goneba Cemi ganuzomel sibrZnes da codnas.
15. roca mivapyar gulisyuri, Sevican sibrZne, mecniereba, umecreba da sisulele, mivxvdi – amasac ara aqvs azri.
16. radgan, roca didia sibrZne, dardic didia; mravlis Secnoba adamians wuxils umravlebs.

Tavi meore
1. vuTxari Cems Tavs: modi, gamovcdi mxiarulebas da mivecemi siameTa – da, aha, esec amaoeba yofila mxolod.
2. mivxvdi, garToba fuWi saqmea; mxiaruleba ris maqnisia?
3. vifiqre, RviniT damebanga Cemi sxeuli, xolo gonebas sibrZniT efxizla; davdgomodi gzas sibriyvisas, vidre vnaxav-
di, ra sikeTea kacTaTvis masSi, rasac iqmnian cisqveSeTSi, sanam cocxloben.
4. didi saqme Cavidine, avige saxlni, Cavyare vazi,
5. gaviSene CemTvis baRebi da walkotebi, davrge xexili yovelgvari,
6. wyalsatevebi movawyve, rom moerwyaT norCi tevrebi,
7. SeviZine mona-mxevalni, da mravlad mesxnen saxlSi saxleulni; myavda cxvar-Zroxa imaTze meti, visac Cems
uwin umefia ierusalimSi.
8. davagrove oqro da vercxli, mefeTa ganZi yoveli mxaris; gaviCine mgalobelni, kacni da qalni, da siameni xorciel-
ni, ulamazes xarWaTa dasi.
9. ganvidide da gavmdidrdi umetes maTsa, vinc Cems winare arsebula ierusalims; da sibrZne Cemi meve meyudna.

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10. ar uarvyavi araferi, rac ki momTxoves Cemma Tvalebma, ar davaoke guli Cemi sixarulisgan, radgan xarobda Ce-
mi guli Cemi naRvawiT. es yovelive iyo xvedri Cemi Sromisa.
11. merme, rodesac gadavxede yovelives, rac ki Seqmna Cemma marjvenam, da yovel saqmes, Cems namoqmedars,
mivxvdi, amao rom yofila es yvelaferi, qarisnaberi, da rom ar aris sargebeli am mzisqveseTSi.
12. radgan raRa qmnas adamianma, romelic mova Semdgom mefisa, romelsac ukve yvelaferi uqmnia qveynad?
13. odes vikvlie, ra aris sibrZne anu sibriyve da umecreba, vnaxe, rom sibrZne sibriyveze upiratesobs, iseve rogorc
naTeli bnelze.
14. brZeni kaci gonebiTa Wvrets, ugunuri ki bnelSi davals. da vuwyi, mainc mowevnadi erTi aqvs yvelas.
15. guls vuTxar maSin: mec ugunuris bedi meweva; maS, radRa viyav me sxvaze brZeni? da gulsave vuTxar: amaoe-
ba yofila esec.
16. maradiulad ar exsomebaT arc brZenkaci, arc ugunuri; gaivlis Jami, yvelaferi daiviwyeba. vaglax, rom kvdeba
brZeni kaci ugunuriviT!
17. da SeviZule me es cxovreba, radgan memwara yvelaferi, rac mzis qveS xdeba, radgan yoveli amaoa, qarebis dev-
na.
18. da moviZule yovelive naRvawi Cemi, rac miRvawia am mzisqveSeTSi, da rac sxvas unda davutovo, Cems Sem-
dgom mosuls.
19. aravin uwyis, vis Sexvdeba Cemi naRvawi, brZens Tu ugunurs, raic sibrZniT momiRvawia am mzisqveSeTSi? aha,
kidev amaoeba.
20. da warvuxoce imedi Cems Tavs, rom aRarafers movelode im Rvawlisagan, rac mzisqveSeTSi gamiwevia.
21. naxav kacs, iRwvis, ar iSurebs sibrZnes da codnas, magram naRvawi sxvas xvdeba wilad, visac arasdros uRvaw-
nia am saqmisaTvis. amaoeba aris esec da udidesi boroteba.
22. maS, raRa rCeba adamians Sromisa da zrunvis Sedegad, romelsac igi mzis qveS eweva?
23. dReni misni satanjvelia, sazrunavi misi – wuxili, RamiTac ar isvenebs, SfoTavs guli. aha, kvlav amaoeba.
24. kacisaTvis araferia imaze kargi, rom Wamos, svas da datkbes Tavisi naRvawiT. es gamovcade, radgan esec
RmerTis xelTaa.
25. vin Wams anu svams, an gancxromas vin miecema mis gareSe?
26. visac is iTnevs, mas mianiWebs sibrZnes codnasa da sixaruls; xolo codvils ki moxveWisaTvis sazrunavs uCens,
raTa RvTis saTnos dautovos es monagari. amaoeba aris esec da qaris devna.

Tavi mesame
1. yovelives Tavis dro aqvs da yvelafers Tavisi Jami am cisqveSeTSi.
2. Jami Sobisa da Jami sikvdilisa; Jami danergvisa da Jami danergulis aRmofxvrisa.
3. Jami mokvdinebisa da Jami gankurnebisa; Jami ngrevisa da Jami Senebisa.
4. Jami tirilisa da Jami sicilisa; Jami glovisa da Jami lxinisa.
5. Jami qvaTa mimofantvisa da Jami maTi Segrovebisa; LJami mijnurTa paemanisa da Jami maTi gayrisa.
6. Jami povnisa da Jami dakargvisa; Jami Senaxvisa da Jami gaflangvisa.
7. Jami darRvevisa da Jami Sekervisa; Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa.
8. Jami siyvarulisa da Jami siZulvilisa; Jami omisa da Jami mSvidobisa.
9. ras argebs maSvrals Sroma misi?
10. kidevac vnaxe sazrunavi, romelic RmerTma miuCina adamis ZeT maT satanjvelad.
11. man yvelaferi keTilad Seqmna Tavis droisTvis, TviT idumalis Secnobad aRZra goneba kacTa, oRond ise, rom ver
gaugon RvTis namoqmedars Tavi da bolo.
12. vuwyi, radgan araferia kacisaTvis imaze kargi, rom gaixaros da qmnas sikeTe, vidreRa cocxlobs.
13. Tu kacsa visme ar akldeba sasmel-saWmeli da Sromisa wil sikeTes hpovebs, es madlia, RvTis naboZebi.
14. vuwyi isic, rom yovelive, RvTis mier qmnili, iarsebebs ukunisamde; arc damateba sWirdeba ramis, arc gamokle-
ba. ase qmna RmerTma, mis winaSe SiSi rom hqondeT.
15. raic yofila, ukve aris didi xania; da rac iqneba, is ukve iyo. da aw gardasuls mxolod RmerTi gamoiZiebs.

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16. kidev vixile mzisqveSeTSi: gansjis adgili daeWira ukanonobas, marTlis adgili mtyuan kacs epyra.
17. maSin vTqvi gulSi: RmerTi gansjis marTals da mtyuans, roca yvelafers da yovel saqmes daudgeba iq Tavis Jami.
18. da vTqvi Cems gulSi: ase gamocdis Turme RmerTi adamis ZeTa, raTa darwmundnen, rom TavisTavad pirutyvebi
arian mxolod.
19. radgan kacis da pirutyvis xvedri erTia – erTis sikvdili meorisas hgavs da yvelas erTi suli udgas, kaci pirutyvze ve-
rafriT ver upiratesobs, radgan yvelaferi amaoa.
20. yovelive erT adgils miva; yvelaferi miwisganaa da yvelaferi miwad iqceva.
21. romeli ityvis, rom kacTa suli zeviT miiltvis, xolo pirutyvis qveviT Cadis, qvesknelisken?
22. vxedav, kacTaTvis sxva sikeTe rom ar yofila, Tu ar ixara Tavis naRvawiT, radgan esaa misi wili am mzisqveSeT-
Si, vin daanaxvebs, ra moxdeba Semdgomad misa?
D

Tavi meoTxe
1. kvlavac vxedavdi Zaladobas, rac ki xdeboda am mzisqveSeTSi: aha,iRvreba CagrulTa cremli da maT aravin ar
anugeSebs; mCagvrelTa xelSia Zala, aravina hyavT nugeSismcemeli.
2. ufro bednierad Sevracxe didi xnis mkvdarni maTze, vinc jerac cocxloben kidev.
3. da orTaveze bednieri mainc is aris, vinc jerac ar dabadebula da ar uxilavs boroteba, rac mzis qveS xdeba.
4. isica vnaxe, rom sibejiTe yvela saqmeSi mxolod erTurTis SuriT aris gamowveuli. amaoeba yofila esec da qaris dev-
na.
5. briyvs gulze xeli daukrefia da Tavis xorcs Wams.
6. erTi peSvi simSvide sjobs mTel kalTa garjas da fuWQ sazrunavs.
7. kidev da kidev ganvicade amaoeba am mzisqveSeTSi:
8. arsebobs kaci martoxela, ar hyavs aravin, arc Zma, arc Svili, xolo mis Sromas bolo ar uCans da ver gaZReba misi
Tvali dovlaTis xilviT. visTvisRa vSromob da siames risTvis vaklebdi? amaoeba aris esec da fuWi saqme.
9. marto yofnas sjobs orni iyvnen, radgan keTilad miezRvebaT maT saSromelSi.
10. Tu daecnen, erTi mainc wamoayenebs Tavis amxanags. magram vai, martomyofs, Tu daeca vinRa uSvelis?
11. Tu orni dawvnen, gaTbebian; martomyofs ki raRa gaaTbobs!
12. Tu erTs dasZlevs vinme, ori xom gaumklavdeba. male ar gawydeba sammagi Zafi.
13. Rataki, magram brZeni ymawvili sjobs moxucebul da briyv mefes, romelic ukve veras iswavlis.
14. radgan igi sapyrobiledanac gamova mefed, Tundac Tavis samefoSi upovrad iSvas.
15. vixile: yovel mkvidrs mzisqveSeTSi ymawvili axlavs, es misi sxvaa, mis nacvlad dadgeba.
16. ar uCans dasasruli xalxs, vinc maT uwinares iyo, da arc Semdgomni moinatreben maT. radgan esec amaoebaa da
qaris devna.
17. fexs nu auCqareb RvTis saxlisken mimavali; gafrTxildi, msxverpli ugunurTa msgavsad ar Seswiro, radgan ar
uwyian ukeTurebas rom sCadian.

Tavi mexuTe
1. nu giswrebs ena da guli Seni nu gaCqaris sityvis warmoTqmas RvTis winaSe, radgan RmerTi caSia, Sen ki – mi-
waze. amitom ikmare cota sityvebi.
2. rogorc mravladaa sizmarSi ambebi, ise mravlsityvaa ugunuris naubari.
3. Tu RmerTs aRTqmas miscem, nu daayovneb mis aRsrulebas, radgan upironi arad varganan. rasac aRuTqvam,
aRusrule.
4. sjobs ar aRuTqva, vidre aRTqmuli ar aRusrulo.
5. nu aTqmevineb Sens bageebs iseT sityvas, rom codvaSi Caigdo Tavi; nurc imarTleb Tavs angelosis winaSe, Sev-
cdio. rad unda ganrisxdes RmerTi Sens xmaze da daRupos Seni xeliT qmnili?
6. radgan bevrs sizmrebs bevri amao sityva axlavs; Sen ki RvTisa
geSinodes.

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7. Tu sadme qveynad ixilav RatakTa Seviwoebas da samarTlisa da WeSmaritebis Seryvnas, nu gaikvireb, radgan
maRals uTvalTvalebs masze maRali; xolo maT zemoT kidev aris ufro maRali.
8. ukeTesia is qveyana, sadac mefe qveynisTvis iRwvis.
9. fulis moyvaruli fuliT ver gaZReba, da arc simdidris moyvaruli Tavis SemosavliT. esec amaoebaa.
10. bevr dovlaTs bevri mWameli hyavs; raRa darCeba patrons misas? mxolod yureba.
11. tkbilia Zili mSromeli kacis, gind cota Wamos, ginda bevri; xolo simaZRre Zils ufrTxobs mdidars.
12. aris, mixilavs mtanjveli boroteba am mzisqveSeTSi: patronis sazianod damarxuli simdidre.
13. daikargeba es simdidre ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo da Svili misi xelcarieli darCeba;
14. isev SiSveli gabrundeba, rogorc movida dedis muclidan da veRarafers moixveWs SromiT.
15. esec mtanjveli borotebaa: rogorc movida, ise rom wava. ra sikeTea, fuWad rom Sromobs?
16. Tan Tavis dReebs bnelSi amoWams, dardiT, tkiviliT gulgasenili.
17. ai, sad vxedav me sikeTes, Sesafer saqmes: Wamos kacma, svas da ixaros Tavisi RvawliT am mzisqveSeTSi dRe-
ni misni, RmerTma rom misca; radgan esaa misi xvedri.
18. kacs RmerTi aZlevs qonebasa da simdidres da imis Snosac, rom moixmaros, miiRos wili da gaixaros Tavisi Sro-
miT; es yvelaferi RvTis wyalobaa.
19. da raki bevrs veRarafers gaixsenebs kaci Tavis sicocxleSi, RmerTi miscems mas gulis sixaruls.

Tavi meeqvse
1. aris boroteba, romelic vixile mzisqveSeTSi da mZimea igi
kacTaTvis.
2. miscems kacs RmerTi qonebas, simdidres da didebas, da aha, yvelaferi aqvs, rac ki inatra, magram RmerTi ar mo-
axmarebs da sxva, ucxo vinme, moixmars. amaoeba aris es da ubedureba.
3. kidev rom Svas kacma asi Svili da icocxlos mravali weli,
magram ver igemos siame da saflavic aRar eRirsos, vityvi, ujobda dedis mucels mowyvetiliyo.
4. fuWad rom movida da bnelSi wavida, bnelSi rom dainTqa saxeli misi;
5. visac mze ar unaxavs da arc gaugia, im kacze ufro mosvenebulia.
6. Tundac icocxlos ori aTas wels da veraferi sikeTe naxos, ra bedenaa, mainc yvela erT adgils miva.
7. adamianis yoveli Sroma pirisTvisaa, magram sul ar aRivseba.
8. radgan ra upiratesoba aqvs brZens ugunurze? an da Rataks, romelmac icis, rogor gauZlos cxovrebas?
9. sjobs TvaliT naxo, vidre guls ahyve – amaoeba aris esec da qaris devna.
10. rac ki arsebobs, yovelives didi xania saxeli hqvia; ar aris kaci, esec cnobilia: ZlierTan dava kacs ar SeuZlia.
11. bevri ramea, amaoebas rom amravlebs; ra upiratesoba aqvs kacs?
12. radgan vin uwyis, ra aris kargi kacisaTvis mis amao wuTisofelSi, romelsac aCrdiliviT atarebs? vin auwyebs kacs,
ra moxdeba mis Semdeg mzis qveS.

Tavi meSvide
1. kargi saxeli sjobs Zvirfas nelsacxebels, dRe sikvdilisa – gaCenis dRes.
2. tirilSi wasvla sjobs lxinSi wasvlas, radgan iq aris bolo kacisa; cocxalma kacma es yurad iRos.
3. mwuxareba sjobs sicils, radgan saxis daRvremisas keTilia guli.
4. brZenTa fiqrebi glovis saxlSia, ugunurTa fiqrebi – mxiarulebis saxlSi.
5. sjobs brZenisagan kicxvas ismende, vidre briyvisagan qeba-didebas.
6. radgan briyvTa sicili qvabis qveS fiCxis tkacuns hgavs; amaoebaa es.
7. gaWirveba brZens gamoaCens, xolo qrTami ryvnis guls kacisas.

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 8. saqmis bolo sjobs mis dasawyiss; sulgrZeli kaci sjobs ampartavans.
9. guliswyromad nu iCqari, radgan guliswyroma ugunurTa mkerdSi budobs.
10. nu ityvi: warsuli droeba awmyos rad sjobdao, radgan sibrZne ar axlavs am kiTxvas.
11. kargia sibrZne da dovlaTi, didad sargoa mzis mWvretelTaTvis
12. sibrZnec daifaravs kacs da fulic daifaravs, magram sibrZne upiratesia; mis mflobels acocxlebs.
13. Sexede RvTis Seqmnils: vin gamarTavs misgan gamrudebuls?
14. keTildReobisas ibedniere, Znelbedobisas frTxilad moiqec! esec da isic RmerTma Seqmna erTmaneTis sapirispi-
rod, raTa kacma mis ukan veraferi Seicnos.
15. bevri ram vnaxe Cems amao wuTisofelSi: marTali iRupeba Tavis simarTleSi, boroteuli dRegrZelobs Tavis boro-
tebaSi.
16. nu iqnebi zedmetad marTali da metismetad nu dabrZendebi – rad ginda rom SeZrwunde?
17. metismetad nu iboroteb, arc gabriyvde – rad ginda, rom udrood mokvde?
18. umjobesia, erTic iyo da meorec, arc erTi uaryo da arc meore; radgan RvTis moSiSi yvelafrisgan Tavs aRwevs.
19. sibrZne brZenisaTvis Zalaa, qalaqis aT mbrZanebelze aRmatebuli.
20. ar ipoeba qveynad marTali kaci, romelic iqmodes keTil saqmes da ar scodavdes.
21. yvela sityvas, rasac amboben, yurs nu miugdeb, raTa ar gesmodes, Seni mona rogor gaginebs.
22. radgan bevrjer gamogicdia, Senc rom aginebdi sxvebs.
23. yovelive es sibrZniT gamovikvlie; vTqvi: brZeni var-meTqi, magram sibrZne Sorsaa Cemgan.
24. Soria, rac iyo, da Rrma aris, Rrma, vin miagnebs?
25. guls videv, Semecno, Semeswavla, gamomekvlia ra aris sibrZne da goniereba, raTa mcodnoda, rom umecreba borote-
baa.
26. mivxvdi, sikvdilze mwarea diaci, maxe da badea misi guli, borkilebia xelebi misi; RvTis saTno gadaurCeba, xolo
codvili misgan datyvevdeba.
27. ai, ras mivxvdi, Tqva eklesiastem: TanmiyolebiT unda misdio, rom azrs miagno.
28. kidev amas eZiebda goneba Cemi, magram ver vpove: aTasidan erTi mamakaci vpove, magram maT Soris vera
vpove vercerTi qali.
29. aha, es vpove mxolod: RmerTma wrfeli Seqmna kaci, isini ki zedmet Tavsatexs mravlad iCenen.

Tavi merve
1. brZens vin Seedreba da vin Seicnobs saganTa bunebas? sibrZne adamians saxes unaTlebs da misi saxis sitlanqe ic-
vleba.
2. geubnebi, asrulebde mefis brZanebas, Tundac RvTisadmi micemuli ficis gamo.
3. nu iswrafvi misgan wasvlas da borot saqmes nu daadgebi, radgan rasac isurvebs, yvelafers gaakeTebs.
4. vinaidan sityva mefisa kanonia; vin hkadrebs mas – ras akeTebo?
5. cnebis Semnaxvels avi saqme ar SeemTxveva; Jamsac da wessac brZenkacis guli grZnobs.
6. vinaidan yvelafers Jami da wesi aqvs, adamianis ubedureba ki is aris, rom man ar icis, ra moxdeba; an vin etyvis mas,
rogor moxdeba?
7. aravis ZaluZs qaris SeCereba, veravin ganagebs dRes sikvdilisas, vervis daiTxoven brZolis velidan, ver ixsnis si-
borote mis patrons.
8. es yvelaferi vixile da davakvirdi yvela saqmes, rac mzisqveSeTSi momxdara; da is droc vnaxe, roca kaci kacze
mZlavrobda Tavisda sazianod.
9. kidevac vnaxe boroteulni da marxulni, adre rom modiodnen wmida adgilas da brundebodnen; daviwyebul iqnen
im qalaqSi, sadac amgvarad iqceodnen. esec amaoebaa.
10. raki swrafadve ar isjeba boroti saqme, amitom bedavs kaci borotebis Cadenas.
11. codvilma kacma asjerac rom Caidinos boroti saqme, mieteveba; me isic vici, rom miegebaT madli RvTismosavT,
romelTac eSiniaT RvTisa.
12. ar miegebaT madli boroteulT da landiviT dRemokle iqneba yvela, visac RvTisa ar eSinia.

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13. aris kidev amaoeba, qveynad rom xdeba: marTlebs boroteulTa saqmeTaebr miegebaT; da arian boroteulni, romel-
Tac marTalTa saqmeTaebr miegebaT. vTqvi: esec amaoebaa.
14. da Sevaqe me mxiaruleba, radgan ar yofila sxva sikeTe adamianisaTvis mzisqveSeTSi, garda imisa, rom svas,
Wamos da imxiarulos; es yovelive axlavs mas mis saSromelSi dReni misni, RmerTma rom uboZa mzisqveSeTSi.
15. roca guls videv, Semecno sibrZne da momexila yoveli saqme, rac qveynad xdeba, Cems Tvalebs Zili ar unaxavT
arc dRe, arc Rame.
16. vixile RvTis yoveli saqme, rom ver mixvdeba adamiani verafer saqmes, rac mzis qveS xdeba; rac unda daSvres da
iZios, veras mixvdeba; Tundac brZenkacma Tqvas: mivxvdio, veras mixvdeba.

Tavi mecxre
1. es yovelive gulSi Cavidevi da gamovikvlie es yvelaferi, rom marTalni, brZenni da maTi namoqmedarni RvTis xelTa-
a; arc siyvaruli, arc siZulvili ar uwyis kacma da arc sxva rame, rac mis winaa.
2. erTi xvedri aqvs yvelas: marTals da ukuRmarTs, keTils da borots, sufTas da mireuls, msxverplis Semwirvels da
msxverplis arSemwirvels, rogorc keTils, ise codvils, rogorc moficars, ise ficis moSiSs.
3. ubedrebaa mzisqveSeTSi, rom yvelas erTi xvedri aqvs; adamis ZeTa gulebic aRsavsea siborotiT da siSlegea maT gu-
lebSi, vidre cocxloben; amis Semdgom ki mkvdrebSi gadavlen.
4. radgan cocxlebSi Seracxils kidev aqvs imedi; radgan cocxali ZaRli mkvdari lomis umjobesia.
5. radgan cocxalma icis, rom mokvdeba; mkvdrebma ki araferi ician da aRarc sazRauri miezRvebaT, radgan maTi
xsovna daviwyebas mieca.
6. warxda maTi siZulvilic, Suric da trfobac; aRar eqnebaT aw da maradis wili imaSi, rac mzisqveS xdeba.
7. wadi, mxiarulad Wame Seni puri da gulis sixaruliT svi Seni Rvino, raki RmerTma mogiwona namoqmedari.
8. mudam spetaki gqondes samoseli da zeTi ar moakldes Tavs Sensas.
9. datkbi sicocxliT qalTan erTad, romelic giyvars Sens wuTisofelSi, da romelic mogca RmerTma mzis qveS Sens
wuTisofelSi, radgan esaa Seni xvedri sicocxleSi da im SromaSi, rasac Sen mzis qveS eweodi.
10. risi keTebis Zalac Seswevs Sens xelebs, akeTe; radgan arc saqme, arc safiqrali, codna, an sibrZne ar gagyveba
SaveTSi, sadac midixar.
11. isic Sevityve am mzisqveSeTSi, rom mkvircxlTa nebaze araa rbola, arc mamacTa nebazea omi, arc brZenTa ne-
bazea puri, arc gonierTa nebazea simdidre, arc mcodneT nebazea madli; radgan dro da SemTxveva ganagebs yve-
lafers.
12. radgan adamianma ar uwyis Tavisi Jami; av badeSi gaxveuli TevzebiviT da maxeSi gabmuli CitebiviT iqnebian
Sepyrobilni adamis Zeni avbediT Jams, romelic moulodnelad eweva maT.
13. es sibrZnec Sevityve mzisqveSeTSi da sagulisxmod Sevracxe igi:
14. iyo qalaqi mcire da xalxic cota; moadga qalaqs didi mefe, alya Semoartya da SemoaSena didi simagreebi.
15. aRmoCnda iq kaci vinme upovari, magram brZeni da ixsna qalaqi Tavisi sibrZniT, magram upovari igi aravis
aRar gaxsenebia.
16. vTqvi: sibrZne Zalaze upiratesia, magram upovaris sibrZnes abuCad igdeben da mis sityvebs yurs aravin ugdebs.
17. brZenTa sityvebi, wynarad naTqvami, umjobesia, vidre sulelTa mTavris yvirili.
18. brZolis saWurvels sibrZne sjobia, erTi codvili ki bevr sikeTes daRupavs.

Tavi meaTe
1. Sxamiani buzebi afuWeben da alpoben surnelovan zeTs; mciredi sibriyve ufro Zvirfasia zogjer, vidre sibrZne da
dideba.
2. brZens guli marjvniv aqvs, briyvs – marcxniv.
3. sadac ar unda wavides briyvi, briyvadve rCeba, yvelas eubneba, rom briyvia.
4. Tu Tavs dagatyda ufrosis risxva, Sens adgils nu miatoveb, radgan Tviniers didi codvebic mieteveba.
5. aris siborote kidev, mzisqveS rom vixile: TiTqos mbrZaneblisagan momdinare Secdoma iyos.

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6. sibriyve gandidda metad, xolo mdidrebi dabla sxedan.
7. vnaxe monebi cxenebze msxdarni, xolo mTavarni monebiviT fexiT mavalni.
8. ormos gamTxreli Tavad Cavardeba Sig, xolo kedlis damangrevels gveli daSxamavs.
9. vinc qvebs miaTrevs, wels qvave moswyvets; xis gamCexavs xeve daasaxiCrebs.
10. culi Tu dagiClungda da ar galese, zedmeti Zala dagadgeba; WkuiT unda warmarTo saqme.
11. Tu Seulocvels ukbina gvelma, Semlocveli veRar uSvelis.
12. brZenis sityvebi madlia, briyvs ki misi bageebi Rupavs.
13. misi sityvebis dasabami sibriyvea, xolo Sedegi – avi siSlege.
14. briyvi mravalsityvaa, magram ar uwyis kacma, ra moxdeba; vin auwyebs, mis Semdgom ra iqneba?
15. briyvs dahqancavs Tavisi Sroma, radgan man ar icis qalaqisken mimavali gza.
16. vai, Senda, qveyanav, bavSvi rom gizis mefed, da Seni didebulebi dilidanve rom iwyeben Wamas!
17. bednieri xar, qveyanav, rom Seni mefe aravis hmonebs da Seni didebulebi Tavis droze rom Wamen, ZalTa mok-
rebad, ara salxinod!
18. sizarmacisgan Weri Camoiqceva, gulxeldakrefisagan wyali Camova saxlSi.
19. samxiarulod imarTeba puroba; Rvino sixaruliT avsebs sicocxles, xolo fuli yvelaferze pasuxs agebs.
20. Sen fiqrSic ki nu agineb mefes, sawol oTaxSiac nu agineb didebuls: radgan cis frinveli wauRebs ambavs da frTo-
sani auwyebs sityvas.

Tavi meTerTmete
1. wyals gaatane Seni puri, radgan mravalTa dReTa Semdgom kvlav moiZieb.
2. miec nawili qonebisa Svids, rvasac ki, radgan ar ici, ra ubedureba moelis qveyanas.
3. roca Rrubeli aivseba, wvimac iwvimebs qveyanaze; Tu daeca xe samxreTSi an CrdiloeTSi, sadac daeca, iqve dar-
Ceba.
4. vinc qars akvirdeba, ver daTesavs; vinc Rrublebs Sescqeris, veras moimkis.
5. rogorc ar uwyi gza qarisa da rogor isaxeba Zvlebi savse mucelSi, aseve ar uwyi saqmeni RvTisa, romelmac yove-
live Seqmna.
6. diliT Tese Seni Tesli da mwuxrisas nu daisvenebs Seni xeli; radgan ar ici, romeli ufro sasikeToa; iqneb orive er-
Tnairad kargi gamodges.
7. tkbilia sinaTle da saamuria TvalTaTvis mzis Wvreta.
8. Tundac mravali weli icocxlos kacma da imxiarulos,axsovdes, rom mravlad iqneba Savi dReebi; yvelaferi, rac mo-
va, amaoa.
9. ixare, yrmao, vidre norCi xar; gaamos Senma gulma siymawvileSi, mihyev Sens guls da TvalTa mzeras, oRond
icode, yvelafris amis gamo samsjavroze wargadgens RmerTi.
10. ukuiyare gulidan dardi da sxeuls aride uamuri ram, radgan bavSvobac da siymawvilec amaoa da warmavali.

Tavi meTormete
1. gaxsovdes Seni gamCeni Sens saWabukeSi, vidre dagidgebodes mware dReebi da geweodes wlebi, romlebzec
ityvi, raRaSi madgian me isinio?
2. vidre dabneldebodes mze, naTeli da mTvare da varskvlavebi, vidre Rrublebi kidev Canan wvimis Semdeg,
3. im dRemde, vidre dafrTxebodnen sasaxlis mcvelni da meomarni dauZlurdebodnen, vidre Sewyvetdnen samuSaos
mewisqvile qalebi (radgan mciredniRa darCebian), vidre naTeli daakldebodeT sarkmlidan mWvretelT,
4. vidre daigmanebodes quCis karebi, miCumdebodes dolabis xmauri, miwydebodes frinvelTa Jriamuli, dadumdebodes
yoveli galoba,
5. SeeSindebodeT simaRlisac da gzebze SiSi daivanebdes, ayvavdebodes nuSi, damZimdebodes kalia da dacxrebodes
vneba, - roca midis kaci Tavis saukuno saxlisaken da ukan mihyvebian motiralni,

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 6. vidre gawydebodes vercxlis sabeli da gatydebodes oqros WurWeli, daimsxvreodes doqi wyarosTan, CaeSvebodes
owinaris borbali WaSi,
7. miiqceodes mtveri miwad, rogorc iyo, da suli daubrundebodes RmerTs, romelmac STabera.
8. amaoeba amaoebaTa, Tqva eklesiastem, yovelive amaoa.
9. Tavad xom brZeni iyo eklesiaste, xalxsac Seaswavla sibrZne. ikvlevda, iZiebda da Txzavda igavebs mravals.
10. eZebda eklesiaste saWiro sityvebs da wrfelad daiwera WeSmariti sityvebi.
11. brZenTa sityvebi wvergamaxuli solebia, CaWedili lursmnebia. igavTa krebuli erTi mwyemsisgan STagonebuli.
12. kidev getyvi, Svilo, yurad iRe: bevri wignebis weras bolo ar eqneba da zedmeti fiqri sxeuls adunebs.
13. movisminoT yvelafris Tavi da bolo: RvTisa geSinodes da daicavi mcnebani misni, radgan es aris kacis Tavi da
Tavi.
14. radgan yvela saqmes samsjavroze miitans RmerTi, yovelive dafaruls, keTils Tu borots.

platoni. `fedoni~
(fragmentebi)

dialogi `fedoni~ platonis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Txzulebaa. platonuri filosofiis kardinaluri momentebis dasabu-
Tebis garda (mogonebis Teoria, dapirispirebulTa Teoria, ideaTa Teoria da sxva), `fedoni~ miznad isaxavs sulis ukvdave-
bis mtkicebas. miuxedavad mtkicebis arasakmarisobisa, es nawarmoebi mainc rCeba platonis dialeqtikuri azrovnebisa da
mxatvruli ostatobis brwyinvale nimuSad.
dialogSi gadmocemulia sokratesa da misi megobrebis msjeloba. aq ikvanZeba da yalibdeba sokrates filosofiuri Sexe-
duleba sikvdilsa da sicocxleze, dapirispirebulTa urTierTobaze, ideebze, mogonebaze da a.S. `fedonis~ problematikis Se-
savlad unda miviCnioT platonis mier zogierTi zogadi sakiTxis garCeva, rogoricaa, magaliTad:
1. ratom warmoadgens sicocxle yvelasaTvis da yovelTvis erTaderT da ucvlel aucileblobas, maTTvisac ki, visac
sicocxles sikvdili ujobs?
2. ratom ara aqvs im kacs ufleba, visac sicocxles sikvdili ujobs, TviTonve moiklas Tavisi Tavi, ratom unda da-
elodos sxva mxsnelsa da keTilismyofels?

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 sokrate ambobs: es azri, SesaZloa, sisuleled eCvenos kacs, magram mas Tavisi gamarTlebac moeZebneba. gavixse-
noT mistiur moZRvrebaTa didi da bundovani sityvebi: marTalia, am qveynad TiToeuli Cvengani dilegSia gamoketili,
magram mainc ar unda vecadoT am dilegidan gaqcevas da Tavis daRwevas. RmerTebi zrunaven Cvenze da Cven, kacni,
RmerTebs vekuTvniT. siSlegea kacma Tavi moiklas manam, sanam amis aucileblibas ar mouvlens RmerTi. Sens erT mo-
naTagans Seni neba-survilis winaaRmdeg rom moekla Tavi, Sen, albaT, aRSfoTdebodi da, dasja rom SegZleboda, dasjidi
kidec. amitom adamiani Tavis Semoqmeds unda elodos, sanam amis dros ar mouvlens.

3. filosofosisaTvis Zneli rodia isurvo sikvdili. ismis kiTxva: gana uazroba araa, kacTa Soris yvelaze gonierni udrtvinve-
lad eclebodnen sicocxles?
– me mwams, rom iq vixilav sxva brZensa da keTil RvTaebebs, vixilav aw gardacvlilTa sulebs, romelTac veravin Se-
edreba cocxalTa Soris. es rom ar mwamdes, Cemis mxriv didi Secdoma iqneboda udrtvinvelad Sevxvedrodi sikvdils. me
imedi maqvs, rom kacTaTvis sikvdilis Semdegac arsebobs raRac da Zveli gadmocemisa ar iyos, es raRac keTilTaTvis ga-
cilebiT ukeTesia, vidre borotTaTvis. rogorc Cans, kacTaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba, rom mTeli misi sicocxle, vinc uangarod
emsaxureba filosofias, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara samzadisi kvdomisa da sikvdilisaTvis. TiTqos ucnauria: mTeli sicocxle sik-
vdilisaTvis emzadebodes kaci da mere, roca sikvdili TviTon moadgeba karze, drtvinviT xvdebodes mas, rasac amden xans
natrobda da eswrafvoda?
4. aris Tu ara, raime sikvdili? – sxva ara aris igi, Tu ara sulis gayra sxeulTan? ras niSnavs igi, Tu ara calcalke arse-
bobas erTurTs gayrili sulis da sxeulis? gana swored es araa sikvdili?
5. rodis wvdeba suli WeSmaritebas? gviSlis Tu ara xels sxeuli, roca mas mwed movuxmobT codnis SeZenisas?
WeSmaritia is, rasac Cveni mzera gvawvdis da Cveni smena, Tu marTali arian isini, romlebic gamudmebiT CagvCiCine-
ben: danamdvilebiT veras vxedavT, veras vismenTo! WeSmarits suli maSin wvdeba upiratesad, roca azrovnebs. xolo suli
yvelaze ukeT azrovnebs maSin, roca araferi amRvrevs mas, arc smena, arc mzera, arc tkivili, arc sixaruli, roca inZarcvis da
SeZlebisamebr, Tavisufldeba sxeulisagan da Tavis TavSi oden STenili miiqceva arsebulis Wvretad.
Znelad saval biliks mivsdevT Cveni Ziebisas da vidre sxeulisagan ar ganvZarculvarT, vidre suli ar gahyria am boro-
tebas, mTelis sisruliT verasodes mivwvdebiT mas, rasac veswrafviT, verasodes mivwvdebiT WeSmaritebas. marTlac,
sxeuli uTvalav dabrkolebas gviqmnis Cven, radgan gvaiZulebs sazrdeli viZioT misTvis, xolo Tu amas avadmyofobac da-
erTo zed, samudamod xelmocarulni vrCebiT WeSmaritebaze monadireni. swored sxeuli gvavsebs vnebebiT, survilebiT,
ZrwoliT, aTasgvari moCvenebebiT, amao da fuWi gancdebiT, da ar cdebian, roca amboben, rom sxeulis wyalobiT, er-
Txelac ver CavfiqrebulvarT jerovnad. omebi, amboxebebi, brZolebi mxolod sxeulisa da misi vnebebisagan iRebs dasa-
bams, radgan yoveli omis mizani simdidris moxveWaa, xolo simdidre Cven gvWirdeba sxeulisaTvis, romelsac monis
morCilebiT vemsaxurebiT. amitom veRar vicliT filosofiisaTvis. da maSinac ki, roca amisaTvis vicliT, sxeuli myisve eC-
reba Cvens ZiebebSi, gvamRvrevs, gvaRelvebs da gvaSorebs QWeSmaritebas. an verasodes SeviZenT codnas, anda
mxolod maSin, sikvdilis Semdeg, roca sxeuls davSordebiT. amrigad, yovelTvis, roca ixilav kacs, romelic drtvinviT ege-
beba kars momdgar sikvdils, es iqneba utyuari sabuTi imisa, rom Sen win sibrZnis trfiali ki ar dgas, aramed sxeulis da ara
marto sxeulis, albaT, simdidrisac da pativisac.
sibrZnea erTaderTi WeSmariti moneta, romelzedac yvelaferi unda gaicvalos. mxolod sibrZniT iyideba da gaiyide-
ba yoveli: simamace, TavdaWeriloba, samarTlianoba, mokled rom vTqvaT, WeSmariti saTnoeba ganuyrelia sibrZnisagan.
6. marTla hgian micvalebulTa sulebi hadesSi, Tu ara hgian? arsebobs Zveli gadmocema, romelic ambobs, rom
aqedan wasulTa sulni iq agrZeleben arsebobas, da mere ukanve brundebian, raTa mkvdarTagan aRdgnen cocxalni. da Tu
es asea, Tu kacni sikvdilis Semdeg axali sicocxlisaTvis ibadebian, aqedan mxolod is SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom Cveni sulni
hgian hadesSi, radgan ukan veRar mobrundebodnen, hadesSi rom ar agrZelebdnen arsebobas da Tu virwmunebT, rom
cocxalni mkvdarTagan ibadebian, martooden esec ikmarebda hadesSi sulTa arsebobis dasamtkiceblad.
marto kacTaken nu ki mimarTav mzeras, Tu ginda ufro advilad irwmuno eg, aramed yvela cxovelisa da mcenarisaken.
erTi sityviT, yvelafrisaken, rac ibadeba. yvelaferi, rac ibadeba, Tavisi mopirispiresagan ibadeba mxolod da mxolod. maga-
liTad, mSveniers maxinji upirispirdeba, samarTlians – usamarTlo, roca raime didi xdeba, igulisxmeba Tu ara, rom odesRac
igi patara iyo? – diax! xolo, roca pataravdeba, igulisxmeba Tu ara, rom igi odesRac didi iyo? – diax! sicocxles upirispirde-
ba Tu ara raRac, iseve, rogorc RviZils upirispirdeba Zili? – diax! ra aris es? – sikvdili. da raki upirispirdeba, cxadia, erTi
meoresagan iRebs dasabams. maT Sorisac Zevs Sualeduri fenomeni, romliTac erTi meoreSi gadadis. Zilisagan RviZili
iRebs dasabams da RviZilisagan Zili. cocxalisagan ibadeba mkvdari. mkvdrisagan ki – cocxali. amrigad, mkvdrisagan iba-

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deba yvela suldgmuli, yvela cocxali. gana gardacvalebas meore dabadeba ar unda upirispirdebodes uTuod? Tu mainc da
mainc aq koWlobs buneba? – sikvdils aRdgoma cvlis uTuod.
maSasadame, cocxalni mkvdarTagan ibadeban, iseve, rogorc cocxalTagan – mkvdarni. es ki savsebiT sakmarisia imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom Cveni sulebi sikvdilis Semdegac arseboben sadRac, saidanac axali sicocxlisaTvis brundebian ukan.
rom iyos mxolod daZineba da mis sapirispirod aRar iyos gamoRviZeba, maSin yvelaferi daemsgavseboda saRaTas ZiliT
moculs. yvelaferi rom erTdebodes da ar iTiSebodes, kosmosis nacvlad miviRebdiT qaoss. sicocxlesTan wilnayari yvela ar-
si rom kvdebodes mxolod, mkvdari ki aRar dgebodes, gana darCeboda qveynad cocxali?
swavla mogonebaao mxolod, sxva araferi da Tu es asea, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom is, rasac axla vigonebT,
odesRac unda gvcodnoda ukve. es ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Cvens suls rom ar earseba sadme, sxeuls Seimosda sanam kaci-
sas. codna dabadebidan Tan dagvyveba, magram am codnas erTxel ziarebulni, yoveli axali dabadebis Semdeg TandaTan
vkargavT. iciso, amboben imaze, vinc flobs erTxel SeZenil codnas da ar kargavs mas. xolo ras vuwodebT daviwyebas? er-
Txel SeZenili codnis dakargvas.
maS, ra iqneba e.w. swavla, Tu ara xelaxla SeZena odesRac Cveni kuTvnili codnisa. amitom ar vcdebiT, Tu mogonebas
vuwodebT mas.
saganTa romeli gvari ganicdis gafantvas-ganqarvebas? romeli maTganisaTvis unda vSiSobdeT, vaiTu daiSalono? da
romel maTgans ekuTvnis suli? swored is sagnebi ganicdian daSlas, romelnic Sedgenilni arian. sul Sedgenil nawilebad iSle-
bian. xolo martivi sagnebi, romelTac Semadgeneli nawilebi ar gaaCniaT, daSlas rodi ganicdian Sedgenili sagnebis msgav-
sad.
martivs iseT sagnebs vuwodebT Cven, romelnic miwyiv icvlebian da arasodes ar arian erTi da igive.
miviRoT, rom arsebobs saganTa ori wyvili. erTi – xilulTa, meore – uxilavTa. xilulni arasodes ar arian igiveni, ucvlel-
ni; uxilavni – ucvleli da igiveni arian mudam. sxeuli – xilulTa gvars enaTesaveba, suli – uxilavTa (kacTaTvis uxilavTa
mainc). erTad rom Sehkra suli da sxeuli, bunebam sxeuls monoba da morCileba arguna wilad; xolo suls – xelmwifoba da
meufeba. axla am orTagan, romeli hgavs RvTaebrivs da romeli mokvdavs? cxadia, RvTaebrivs – suli, mokvdavs – sxeuli.
suli yvelaze metad waagavs RvTaebrivs, ukvdavs, erTsaxovans, goniT sacnaurs, uSlels, maradis ucvlelsa da TavisTa-
vads; sxeuli ki – kacurs, mokvdavs, mravalsaxovans, ara goniT – grZnobiT sacnaurs, Slads, miwyiv cvladsa da araTavis-
Tavads. gana SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT amaSi. da Tu es asea, sxeuls daSla uweria, xolo suls – uSleloba.
magram ras vityviT, roca suli Seryvnili da Sebilwuli eyreba sxeuls? nivTieri buneba qve-damzidvelia. mZime, xiluli
da miwieri, raki mis mier ganwonili suli simZimis gavleniT ukan, xiluli samyarosakenve moiswrafvis, uxilavi samyaros da
misi meufis winaSe wardgomis SiSiT SemkrTali kvlav am qveynad mo-ra-iqceva, rogorc amboben samarxTa da samaris
qvaTa irgvliv iwyebs borials, romelTa Soriaxlos marTla xedaven xolme mwuxare aCrdilebs: am saxiT gvecxadebian sulni,
wmindad ki ar gahyrian sxeuls, aramed xilulis uwmindurebac waritanes Tan da amitom xilulni xdebian Tavad. eg sulni ke-
TilTa sulni ki ar arian, aramed borotTa sulni, romelTac yvela Zveli borotebisTvis saflavTa Soris boriali ergoT sasjelad da
borialoben eg sulni manam, sanam miwyiv maTi Tanamdevi nivTieri bunebis wyurviliT devnilni axal sxeuls ar Seimosen.
xolo SemosviT, bunebrivia, im arsTa sxeuls Seimosen, romelTac zniT waagavdnen Zvel sicocxleSi. maTi sulebi, vinc usa-
marTloba, tirania da Zarcva-gleja airCia, mglebsa, qorebsa da ZerebSi gardasaxdebian. aba, sxvagan sad wavlen isini?
gedebi sikvdilis win mRerian xolme, mRerian ise nazad da warmtacad, rogorc arasodes ar umReriaT da eg simRera si-
xarulis simReraa. maT axarebT RvTaebisaken moqceva. xolo sikvdilis SiSiT SemkrTalni kacni, cils wameben gedebs, ro-
ca amboben, rom eg simRera sixarulisa ki ara, mwuxarebiT Sobili simReraa, romliTac isini sakuTar sikvdils dastirian TiT-
qos! ratom ar esmiT, neta, rom arc erTi frinveli ar daiwyebs simReras maSin, roca Sia, roca sciva, anda ram awuxebs mas.
raki winaswar Wvreten isini hadesis yvela sikeTes, amitom sikvdilis dRes ufro tkbilad mRerian da ufro xaroben, vidre
odesme. es sityvebi SeiZleboda harmoniis, lirisa da simebis mimarTac Tqmuliyo, radgan cnobili liris harmoniac uxilavTa,
usxeulo, RvTaebrivi da mSvenieri, xolo lira, simebiTurT, nivTieri, Sedgenili da miwieri sxeulia, mokvdavis naTesavi da
Tvistomi. hoda, Tu vinme daamsxvrevs liras, an mis simebs daglejs da dawyvets, amiT harmonia ar iRupeba da arsebobas
ganagrZobs. xe da simebi ufro umal ixrwnebian, vidre harmonia. sulic upiratesad an saxiT warmogvidgeba Cven.

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 mokle biografiuli cnobebi

A
anaqsimandre – mileTidan, (Zv. w. 611 – 545) – ioneli naturfilosofosi, Talesis mowafe da mimdevari. misi wigni
`bunebis Sesaxeb~ warmoadgens berZnul enaze Sesrulebul pirvel filosofiur naSroms. man pirvelma dasva kiTxva yovelive
arsebulis `sawyisze~ da gansazRvra igi rogorc principi, apeironi. apeironi (berZ. ganusazRvreli) aris pirvelsawyisi, bunebis
usasruloba, raRac `RvTaebrivi~. misgan, gamoyofis gziT warmoiSveba sxvadasxva sagnebi.
anaqsimene (Zv.w. 585 – 525) – ioneli naturfilosofosi. materialur sawyisad Tvlida haers, romlisganac ganmuxtvis Se-
degad warmoiqmneba cecxli, Sesqelebis Sedegad – qari, Rrublebi, wyali, miwa da qvebi.
aristotele stagiriti (Zv. w. 384\383 – 322\321) – Zveli berZnuli azrovnebis mwvervali, Zveli drois enciklopediuri gone-
ba, `antikuri xanis hegeli~. igi daibada q. stagiraSi, berZnul koloniaSi. mamamisi – nikomaxe eqimi iyo da megobrobda ma-
kedoniis mefesTan amnistisTan, filipe makedonelis mamasTan. mamam Seaswavla bunebismetyveleba, ramac didi mniSvne-
loba iqonia aristoteles msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. 18 wlis aristotele Cavida aTenSi da platonis skolaSi Sevida, sadac
20 wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda. mas Zalian uyvarda Tavisi maswavlebeli, magram misi sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi Sei-
muSava, Seqmna sakuTari filosofiuri mimdinareoba – aristotelizmi. aristotele ambobda: miyvars platoni, magram kidev ufro
metad miyvars WeSmaritebao!
342 w. filipe makedonelma aristotele miiwvia Svilis, 13 wlis aleqsandres aRmzrdelad. aristotele mas aswavlida 3 weli-
wads – gamefebamde. Semdeg dabrunda aTenSi da daarsa skola – liceumi (likei), sadac 15 weli moRvaweobda. gadmoce-
mis Tanaxmad, am xnis ganmavlobaSi aristotelem dawera 1000 Txzuleba (msmenelTa Canawerebi aristoteles redaqtoro-
biT). aleqsandres sikvdilis Semdeg mas devna dauwyes – uRmerToba daswames da aristotelesave TqmiT, imis SiSiT, rom
filosofiis winaSe meore codva ar CaedinaT (pirveli sokrates mowamvla iyo), igi gaiqca evbeaSi, sadac 322 w. gardaicvala.
aristoteles Txzulebebs sam jgufad yofen: 1) `gamoqveynebuli Sromebi~, dialogebi, romlebic Turme Seicavda SesaniS-
nav azrebs da dawerili iyo brwyinvale eniT (am TxzulebaTagan arcerTi Semonaxuli ar aris); 2) krebulebi (yvela daikarga);
3) saswavlo Txzulebebi, romelTa mxolod meeqvsedi nawilia SemorCenili. aristoteles Txzulebebi exeboda codnis TiTqmis
yvela dargs, saxeldobr, aristoteles ekuTvnis Txzulebebi metafizikaSi, fsiqologiaSi, logikaSi, eTikaSi, politikaSi, esTetika-
Si, meteorologiaSi, organuli bunebis Seswavlis dargSi, maTematikaSi da sxva.
aristoteles Sexedulebebma mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina kacobriobis azrovnebis ganviTarebaze, gansakuTrebiT
misma mecnieruli disciplinebis klasifikaciis filosofiurma sistemam, romelic nawilobriv gadamuSavebuli saxiTaa Semona-
xuli. am sistemis safuZvels warmoadgens logika da metafizika. filosofiur disciplinebs aristotele maTi Sinaarsis mixedviT
yofs Teoriul (maTematika, fizika da fsiqologia), praqtikul (eTika, politika, ekonomika) da poetikur (teqnika, esTetika, rito-
rika an pedagogika) disciplinebad.
demokrite (Zv.w. 460/70 – gardacvalebis weli ucnobia. zogierTi versiis Tanaxmad, icocxla 100 weli) – Zveli berZeni
filosofosi – atomisti da swavluli – enciklopedisti. daibada q. abderaSi SeZlebul ojaxSi. igi bavSvobidanve did siyvaruls
iCenda swavlisadmi da kargi ganaTlebac miiRo. demokrite TiTqmis yvela didi filosofosis moZRvrebas icnobda. mas bevri
umogzauria mecnieruli mizniT aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, maT Soris egvipteSic, sadac maT codnas gaecno. magram axali
codnis miReba egviptelebisagan demokrites ar SeeZlo, radgan TviTon mas Turme meti codna hqonia dagrovebuli.
Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis manZilze demokrites mravali Txzuleba dauweria. am Txzulebebidan Cvenamde moaRwia
mxolod calkeulma nawyvetebma. ar darCenila TiTqmis arcerTi mniSvnelovani problema imdroindeli mecnierebisa, romel-
sac es didi moazrovne ar Sexebodes. astronomia, fizika, botanika, zoologia, anTropologia, esTetika, eTika – yvela am dar-
gSi demokritem SesaniSnavi gamokvlevebi dautova kacobriobas. magram mTavari mainc atomizmis Teoriaa, romelic sa-
fuZvlad edo zemoCamoTvlil mecnierul gamokvlevebs.
epikure B(Zv.w. 342/41 – 271/70 ) – elinizmis epoqis berZeni filosofosi. daibada skolis maswavleblis Rarib ojaxSi.
cameti wlisa demokrites Txzulebebs gaecno da filosofiisadmi siyvaruli cxovrebis bolomde gayva. ocdaTeqvsmeti wlis
asakSi aTenSi daaarsa sakuTari skola – `epikures baRi~, romlis SesasvlelSi Semdegi warwera iyo gakeTebuli: `stumaro,
Sen aq Tavs kargad igrZnob; aq siamovneba – umaRlesi sikeTea~. igi cdilobda adamianebisaTvis cxovrebis praqtikuli sa-
xelmZRvanelo mieca (eTika): bunebis Semecneba TviTmizani ar aris. igi aTavisuflebs adamians crurwmenebis SiSisa da
saerTod religiisagan, agreTve exmareba mas daZlios sikvdilis winaSe SiSi. gaTavisufleba adamianis bednierebisa da neta-
rebisTvis aris aucilebeli, romelTa arss siamovneba warmoadgens. magram es ubralo grZnobadi siamovneba ki ar aris
(Tumca, TavisTavad, nebismieri siamovneba kargia), aramed sulieri siamovnebaa. igi bevrad mdgradi xasiaTisaa, radgan

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damokidebuli ar aris garegan dabrkolebebze. RmerTebisagan boZebuli gonebis safuZvelze, Cveni miswrafebebi erTma-
neTs unda SevuxamoT da davamTxvioT (simetria), rac siamovnebas gulisxmobs da Tanac miiRweva simSvide, aRuSfoT-
veloba (ataraqsia). swored maTSia WeSmariti RvTismosaoba. sazogadoebriobisadmi (gansakuTrebiT, saxelmwifosa da
kultisadmi) brZeni adamiani megobrulad, Tumca TavSekavebulad unda iyos ganwyobili.
epikurem Seqmna moZRvreba samarTlianobaze, romelsac konvencionalizmis principi udevs safuZvlad. samarTliano-
ba warmoiSveba da arsebobs mxolod iq, sadac adamianebs Soris saxelSekruleblo urTierTobebia gaformebuli. Tu adamia-
nebi Tanxmdebian, rom zians ar miayeneben da izruneben erTmaneTze, Seqmnian usafrTxo garemos, sadac TiToeuli Tavs
daculad igrZnobs, maSin aseTi saxelmwifo samarTliani iqneba. samarTlianad mowyobili saxelmwifos individebi Tavisu-
fali arian saqmianobis saxis arCevaSi, drois gatarebasa da pirad miswrafebebSi, gulmidrekilebebsa da simpaTiebSi. es pi-
radi cxovrebis sferoa, romelic keTilgonierma adamianma sxeulebrivi da sulieri siamovnebebiT unda Seavsos.
epikures devizi iyo: `icxovre ganmartovebiT!~
epikurem kacobriobas dautova kidev erTi cnobili gamonaTqvami, romelic saukuneebis manZilze adamianis sikvdilis wi-
naSe SiSis daZlevis filosofiur damSvidebad iyo miCneuli: `borotebaTagan usaSinlesi – sikvdili – Cven sruliad ar gvexeba,
radgan, roca Cven varT, sikvdili ar aris, xolo rodesac sikvdili aris, Cven aRar varT. ase rom, igi srulebiT ar exeba arc cocxlebs,
arc mkvdrebs, radgan pirvelTaTvis igi ar arsebobs, meoreni ki ukve aRar arseboben~.
Talesi mileTeli (Zv.w. 635 – 545) – filosofosTuxucesi. igi Telidebis warCinebul gvars ekuTvnoda. mas bevri umogza-
uria egvipteSi da maTematikuri codna daugrovebia; sainJinro samuSaoebsac asrulebda: mas xidi gauyvania halisze. didi
saxeli hqonda Taless TanamedroveTa Soris, rogorc politikossac; astronomiaSic erkveoda: scodnia, rom mzis dabneleba pe-
riodulad xdeba da amdenad misi winaswarmetyveleba SesaZlebelia; rom weliwadi 365 dRes Secavs da rom TveSi 30 dRe-
a. masve gamouyvia e.w. mcire daTvis varskvlavTa wyoba. cnobilia misi geometriuli Teoremebic. magram misi Semoq-
medebiTi niWi ufro aSkarad filosofiaSi mosCans. Talesi pirveli berZeni filosofosia da evropuli filosofiis istoriac misiT
iwyeba. swored man dasva pirveli filosofiuri kiTxva: ra aris yovelive da risgan Sedgeba igi? Talesi movlenaTa da saganTa
mravalferovnebis pirvelsawyisad Tvlida wyals.
leboni gustavi (1841 –1931 ww.) – frangi eqimi, anTropologi, sociologi, arqeologi, publicisti. damnaSaveobis masob-
rivi formebis fsiqologiur-sociologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli.
lebonma Semoitana da daamkvidra cneba `fsiqologiuri brbo~, rac sulac ar niSnavs erT adgilze mravali adamianis er-
Tdroulad yofnas. man Camoayaliba `brbos sulieri erTobis kanoni~: fsiqikis aqtivizirebuli aracnobieri rezervebi brbos Se-
madgenel individebs gadascemen masasTan gansakuTrebuli emociur-komunikaciuri erTianobis, Serwymulobis SegrZne-
bas. individualuri `me~ fsiqologiurad iTqvifeba masobriv `Cven~-Si da nebismier qmedebaze kargavs piradi pasuxismgeb-
lobis grZnobas. lebonis azriT, brbos destruqciuli efeqtebisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli dro socialur-istoriuli krizisebis mSfoT-
vare periodia.
nicSe fridrixi (1844 –1900 ww.) – germaneli filosofosi, mwerali, poeti, eseisti. nicSe warmoSobiT sasuliero pirTa oja-
xidan iyo. bavSvobidanve susti janmrTelobiT, arakomunikabelobiTa da moridebulobiT gamoirCeoda. es komplesebi rom
daeZlia, sxvebTan zedmetad TviTdajerebulad da ampartavnulad eWira Tavi. 1888 w. nicSes dambla daeca. sigiJem ki sa-
bolood dausva wertili mis sauniversiteto profesoris karieras. nicSe martoobisaTvis ganwiruli pirovneba gaxldaT. igi mTeli
arsebiT gatacebuli iyo mis mierve Seqmnili idealuri adamianis – zekacis saxiT da gamogonil, iluzorul, ararealur samyaroSi
imkvidrebda Tavs, ramac, saboloo jamSi, TviTgaRmerTebamde miiyvana. Tavis yvelaze cnobil nawarmoebs `ase ambob-
da zaratustra~ (qvesaTauriT – `wigni yvelasaTvis da aravisTvis~) nicSe miiCnevda kacobriobis yvelaze siRrmiseul da
mniSvnelovan wignad da sakuTar Tavs zaratustrasTan aigivebda. igi mowadinebuli iyo Seeqmna axali adamianis, zekacis
ideali, romlis mizanic yovelive avadmyofuris, yalbis, sicocxlisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilis ganadgureba iqneboda.
nicSeanelobis metafizikuri leitmotivi SeiZleba ase warmoCindes: yovelive arsebuli, maT Soris adamianuri Semecneba,
mxolod Zalauflebisadmi swrafvis gamovlenis formaa; araviTari absoluturi yofiereba ar arsebobs: yofiereba axlis qmnadobaa da
ara misi ganuwyveteli warmoSobis procesi, igi mxolod `maradiuli wrebrunvaa~ yovelive imisa, rac warsulSi mravaljer gameore-
bula (`yofierebis maradiuli qviSis saaTi kvlav gadatrialebulia~); identuri, ucvleli `me~ iseTive fiqciaa, rogorc WeSmariti yofie-
reba.
Tanamedrove eqsistencialuri filosofiisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania nicSes Semdegi mosazreba: `adamianma, romelsac ar
surs brbosTan Serwyma, upirveles yovlisa, unda daZlios sizarmace da miyves Tavis sindisis xmas: `iyavi rac xar, SeinarCune
Seni Tavi. yvelaferi, razec axla fiqrob da akeTeb, riskenac miiswrafi – Sen ar xar!~ winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mxolod Sablo-
nurad moazrovne manekeni iqnebi.

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 nicSesTan simSvides ver moiZieb, mis filosofiaSi ar aris arc saboloo WeSmariteba, arc sarwmuno debulebebi... nicSes
sworad gaigebs mxolod is, vinc winaswar ukve miiRo safuZvliani Teoriuli ganaTleba, vinc SeiTvisa azrovnebis sirTule da
sizuste, vinc jiuti da TavisnaTqvamaa. ifilosofoso nicSesTan erTad, niSnavs gamudmebiT mis mowinaaRdeged daimkvid-
ro Tavi (karl iaspersi).
ortega –i- gaseti xose (1883 –1955 ww.) – espaneli filosofosi, sociologi, kulturologi, Jurnalisti. misi filosofiur-sociologiu-
ri Sexedulebebi eqsistencialistebis Tvalsazrisis msgavsia da nawilobriv nicSes calkeul ideebsac exmianebian. gasetma wamoa-
yena vitaluri sawyisidan (adamianTa cxovelmoqmedi energia) saxelmwifos iracionaluri warmoSobis neoromantikuli koncef-
cia, xolo civilizaciebis istorias ganixilavda, rogorc or ZiriTad vitalur riTms (asakobrivsa da seqsualurs) daqvemdebarebul pro-
cess.
platoni (Zv.w. 427 – 347) – antikuri samyaros udidesi moazrovne. daibada aTenSi, Zveli tradiciebis mqone aristokra-
tiul ojaxSi. mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildovebuli pirovneba gaxldaT: werda leqsebsa da dramebs, swavlobda musikasa da fer-
weras, monawileobda da imarjvebda olimpiur TamaSebSi. oci wlis asakSi filosofiam gaitaca da sokrates mowafe gaxda.
magram bedi mas pirad tragedias, gamocdas umzadebda – sasamarTlo, cixe, ganaCenis aRsruleba da umZimesi sulieri tki-
vili. es misi maswavleblis, sokrates sasamarTlo, patimroba da sikvdiliT dasja iyo, romelic misTvis ufro mets warmoadgen-
da, vidre maswavlebeli – sulieri mama, SemdgomSi ki, misi `Alter ego~ dialogebSi. sokrates sikvdilisTanave platoni to-
vebs aTens da didi xnis Semdeg ganaxlebuli, sxva adamianis saxiT ubrundeba mSobliur qalaqs. man mTeli Tavisi inteleq-
tualuri da sulieri SesaZloblobebi mimarTa ukvdavi, maradiuli ideebis, upirveles yovlisa, umaRlesi samarTlianobis ideis,
zegrZnobadi samyaros arsebobis dasasabuTeblad. sokratesaTvis sikvdili sxva samyaroSi, sicocxlis sxva formaSi gadasvlas
niSnavda. es mosazreba amosavali debuleba gaxda platonisaTvis – samyaro, romelSic adamiani arsebobs sulierad da ara
xorcielad, mTavaria. is realoba ki, sadac udanaSaulo brZeni adamianebisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoaqvT, ar SeiZleba
iyos erTaderTi, WeSmariti, umTavresi. amdenad, aucileblad unda arsebobdes sxva, umaRlesi, idealuri samyaro, romelSic
samarTlianoba ki ar ibRaleba, aramed sufevs.
platonis filosofiisaTvis dialogis formaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebSic gadmocemulia misi Sexedulebebi yofierebis drama-
tizmze, aRmoufxvrel cxovrebiseul winaaRmdegobebsa da adamianis marad mSfoTvare sulze, romelsac WeSmariteba da sa-
marTlianoba swyuria. platonma sakuTari Tavi sokratesTan gaaigiva da misgan Tavisi filosofiuri oreuli Seqmna. sainteresoa,
rom dialogebSi platoniseuli sokrate arasodes gvevlineba orakulis rolSi. igi yovelTvis saboloo sityvas, anu daskvnis gamotanis
SesaZleblobas, avtors an sakuTar Tavs ki ar utovebs, aramed dialogis mkiTxvels – dRevandels, xvalindels, momavals. amaSia
misi WeSmariti filosofiuri sidiade. Tavisi dialogebiT platonma STamomavlobas ori saxelis mqone erTi moazrovnis swavleba
dautova – sokrate-platoni. man Tavis Tavze RmerTebis uflebamosileba aiRo: maswavlebeli ukvdavebas aziara.
seneka (Zv.w. 4 – 65) – Zveli romaeli filosofosi, poeti da saxelmwifo moRvawe. keTilSobili patriciebis STamomavali;
miiRo kargi filosofiuri da iuridiuli ganaTleba; dajildovebuli iyo oratoruli niWiT; stoicizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli;
imperator neronis aRmzrdeli, romelmac mogvianebiT sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana Tavis maswavlebels.
senekas mixedviT, filosofia cxovrebis zneobriv-religiur saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens. adamiani zneobrivad susti da
naklovani arsebaa. amdenad, igi zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT sakmaod momTxovni unda iyos sakuTari Tavisadmi, xolo moyva-
sisadmi iCendes gonivrul Semwynareblobas da ara sibraluls. umaRlesi saTnoeba, senekas azriT, sakuTari Tavisadmi er-
Tgulebaa.
senekas Txzulebebma da Tavad filosofosis pirovnebam ganapiroba stoicizmis mniSvnelovani gavlena romis sazogado-
ebriv da kulturul cxovrebaze, iuridiul sferosa da saxelmwifos marTvis sistemaze.
sokrate (Zv.w. 470 – 399) – gamoCenili berZeni moazrovne. daibada aTenSi, qvismTlel-skulptorisa da bebia qalis
ojaxSi. Tavidan mamis profesias misdevda, magram ormoci wlisam filosofiisadmi dauokebeli swrafva da siyvaruli gamoi-
Cina da yovelive sxvam misTvis azri dakarga. sokrate did dros aTenis inteleqtualebTan saubar-disputebSi atarebda. sxve-
bisagan gansxvavebiT mas Tandayolili gamWriaxi goneba, araCveulebrivi oratoruli niWi da mkveTrad gamoxatuli Semec-
nebiTi interesebi gamoarCevda. `me RmerTebma Camayenes mwyobrSi da filosofiiT dakaveba margunes xvedrad, raTa
sxvebi da sakuTari Tavi gamovcado~ – ase ambobda Tavis Tavze. zepirsityvieri, cocxali filosofosoba iyo misi WeSmariti
cxovrebiseuli daniSnuleba. sokratem, ironiulma da principulma mokamaTem, daundobelma iseTi adamianuri mankierebe-
bisadmi, rogoricaa pirferoba, farisevloba, orpiroba, yeyeCoba, angareba, aTenis mkvidrTa Soris bevri mteri SeiZina. sam-
ma maTganma sasamarTloSi daabezRa sokrate da RmerTebis gmoba da axalgazrdobis Seryvna dasdo bralad. xuTasi nafici
msajulisagan Semdgarma aTenis sasamarTlom kenWisyris safuZvelze sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana filosofoss. sokra-
tem TviTon aRasrula es ganaCeni.

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 Tavad sokrateSi, rogorc konkretul empiriul adamianSi (Cveulebrivi aTeneli, msuqani, meloti, paWua cxviriT, ojaxuri
problemebiT damZimebuli) Sinaganad arsebobda metafizikuri `me~, romelsac igi `daimons~, anu Sinagan xmas uwodebda.
igi yovelTvis emorCileboda da iTvaliswinebda `daimonis~ rCevebs. odesRac, Sinaganma xmam sokrates urCia, Tavi See-
kavebina politikuri moRvaweobisagan – ubralo, Cveulebrivi adamiani win ver aRudgeba `ZlierTa ama qveynisa~ nebas, ver
gadaurCeba maT risxvas, roca daufaravad amxels maT arakanonier qmedebebsa da usamarTlobas. mxolod Tavisufal kerZo
pirs Seswevs Zala ibrZolos sikeTisaTvis. mxolod aseT adamians SeuZlia SeinarCunos sulieri Tavisufleba da WeSmaritebis
Ziebis SesaZlebloba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi filosofosi aRar aris brZeni. politikur cxovrebaSi mTeli arsebiT Cafluli
adamianis suli garegan zemoqmedebas ganicdis da deformirdeba. kargavs ra Tavisuflebas, suli umaRles realobasTan kav-
Sirsac kargavs. Zil-RviZilis mdgomareobaSi vardeba. aqedan Tavis daRweva ki praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. sokrate Zalian afa-
sebda Tavisufali moazrovnis statuss, romlis sulieri `me~ yovelTvis sifxizlis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, yovelTvis mzadaa
yvelaze rTuli filosofiuri problemebis inteleqtualuri wvdomisa da daZlevisaTvis.
tardi gabrieli (1843 –1904 ww.) – frangi sociologi, fsiqologi, kriminalisti. igi Tvlida, rom socialuri cxovrebis ZiriTad
funqcias warmoadgens iniciativa (siaxleebi) da mibaZva (moda da tradiciebi). tardma didi wvlili Seitana brbos fsiqosocia-
luri Teoriis damuSavebaSi.
froidi zigmundi (1856 –1939 ww.) – avstrieli nevropaTologi, fsiqiatri, fsiqologi; fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli, romelsac
Tavidan aviTarebda, rogorc isteriis sxvadasxva formebis mkurnalobis fsiqoTerapiul meTods, Semdeg ki, rogorc moZRvre-
bas aracnobieris sakuTari kanonzomierebebisa da moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ltolvis, instinqtebis sferoSi. fro-
idi Tavis yvelaze did miRwevad Tvlida aracnobieri fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCenasa da zrdasruli adamianis fsiqologiis
bavSvobis periodis movlenebiT axsnisa da wvdomis meTodologiis SemuSavebas.
froidis moZRvrebaSi centraluri adgili uWiravs individis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis Teorias. froidis Tanaxmad, arac-
nobieris safuZvels seqsualuri instinqtebi (libido) warmoadgens, romlebic adamianis fsiqikuri moqmedebebis umravlesobas
ganapirobeben da xasiaTdebian instinqtebTan dakavSirebuli ori cnebiT: kompleqsiT da sublimaciiT (laT. amaRleba, gandi-
deba. froidTan: gamoZevebuli sqesobrivi ltolvis gardasaxva sulier moRvaweobaSi, umetesad religiis, metafizikis an xelov-
nebis sferoSi).
fromi erixi (1900–1980 ww.) – ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli fsiqologi, sociologi, filosofosi. sxvadasxva dros gatace-
buli iyo marqsizmiT, budizmiT, fsiqoanaliziT.
mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi froms ainteresebda da ikvlevda borotebis anTropologiur
safuZvlebs. rogorc Zveli drois moazrovneebi, fromic borotebas sicocxlis erT-erT Semadgenel gamovlinebad miiCnevda.
sicocxlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc srulyofileba da harmonia, aseve naklovaneba da disharmonia. marTalia, igi izia-
rebda klasikuri filosofiis mier SemuSavebul metafizikur da eTikur wanamZRvrebs borotebis warmoSobisa da misi safuZ-
vlebis Taobaze, magram mainc Tavisi sakuTari gziT siaruli arCia. fromi ikvlevda adamianTa socialuri qcevis destruqciuli
formebis anTropologiur, fsiqikur da socialur – fsiqologiur sawyisebs. Tavis fundamentur naSromSi `adamianuri destruqci-
ulobis anatomia~ fromma safuZvlianad gamoikvlia agresiulobis problemebi.
Spengleri osualdi (1880 –1936 ww.) – germaneli moazrovne. moRvaweobda socialuri filosofiisa da kulturis filosofiis
sferoebSi. misi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi, filosofiuri bestseleri `evropis Casveneba~ gamoqveynda 1922 wels. wig-
nSi ganxilulia saxelmwifoebis, kulturebisa da civilizaciebis istoriuli bedis koncefcia da gamoirCeva argumentaciisa da sa-
boloo daskvnebis eqstravaganturi stiliT.
Spengleris istoriul-filosofiuri sistema iziarebs da emorCileba bibliuri eklesiastis lakonur gamonaTqvams – `yvelaferi
amaoebaa~.
Zenoni eleeli (Zv. w. daax. 490 –430 ww.) – Zveli berZeni filosofosi, romelmac pirvelma gamoiyena iribi damtkicebis
xerxi. amis gamo uwodes mas `dialeqtikis Semqmneli~. cnobili gaxda Tavisi paradoqsebiT – aporiebiT, romelTa mizans
moZraobis SeuZleblobis damtkiceba warmoadgenda (`aqilevsi~, `isari,~ ~diqotomia~). Zenoni ganTqmuli iyo ara marto fi-
losofiiT, aramed politikuri moRvaweobiTac. igi monawileobda erT politikur SeTqmulebaSi tirani nearxis winaaRmdeg.
SeTqmuleba udrood gamoaSkaravebula da Zenonic SeupyriaT. Mmagram, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zenoni sastikad uwa-
mebiaT, mas Tavisi megobrebi ar gaucia.

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 saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebul filosofiur terminTa mokle leqsikoni

Aadekvaturi – (laT. Mmitolebuli) – Sesabamisi, Tanazomieri, SemTanmxmebluri. warmodgena sagnis

adekvaturia, Tu igi mas Seesatyviseba, Tu ki igi `sworia~.

Aavantiura socialuri – `gubristiuli motivaciis~ (berZ. Kkadnieri, SeteviTi, Tavxeduri sawyisi, romlis sa-
fuZvelzec miznis misaRwevad arafers Takiloben) cnobierebis tyveobaSi myofi mravali adamianis mier ganxor-
cielebuli grandiozuli socialuri RonisZieba.

Aavantiurizmi – individebisa da jgufebis moqmedebebis socialuri praqtika, romelic scildeba da arRvevs

sazogadod miRebul, Cveul yofiT, agreTve socialur, moralur, samarTlebriv normebs. miCneulia, rom pirovnebis
avantiuristuli qcevis safuZveli pragmatuli interesebia, magram ufro xSirad, igi ganpirobebulia mZafri SegrZne-

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bebisa da gancdebis moTxovnilebiT. Aavantiuristuli qceva SeiZleba iyos, rogorc konstruqciuli, aseve asocialu-
ri, anormaluri, destruqciuli xasiaTis.

absoluti – (laT. upirobo) – maradiuli, usasrulo, srulyofili, ucvleli, damoukidebeli absoluturi goni anu Rmer-
Ti.

absoluturi suli – hegelis filosofiur sistemaSi – absoluturi codnisaken sulis aRmavali ganviTarebis saboloo
rgoli. Tavis ganviTarebis etapebze absolutur ideas suli swvdeba: a) xelovnebaSi – Wvretisa da grZnobebis
meSveobiT, b) religiaSi - emociuri gancdebiT, g) filosofiaSi adekvaturad ayalibebs ideas, rogorc TviTSemecne-
bul cnebas. amgvarad, aqtualizebuli absoluturi suli xdeba gonieri, Tavisufali da usasrulod TviTSemoqmedi.

Aabsurduli – (laT. xelovnurad, yalbad JReradi) – uazro, ugunuri, Seusabamo, winaaRmdegobrivi. daviyvanoT
absurdamde, niSnavs davasabuToT mtkicebis Sinagani winaaRmdegobrioba.

Aabulia – (berZ.) – moqmedebaTa fsiqiuri regulaciis paTologiuri darRveva; unebisyofoba, gaubedaoba.

Aagnozia – (berZ.) – uvicoba, ucodinaroba. sokrates Tanaxmad – sawyisi; stoikosebis mixedviT – filosofo-
sobis Sedegi.

abstraqcia – (laT. ganyeneba) – SemecnebiTi operacia, Semecnebis forma, romelic mdgomareobs saganTa
Tvisebebis da mimarTebebis azrovnebiT gamoyofaSi, gamocalkevebasa da Semdeg ganzogadebaSi.

agnosticizmi – (berZ. codnis uaryofa) – moZRvreba, romelic mTlianad an nawilobriv uaryofs samyaros Se-
mecnebis SesaZleblobas. Semecnebis SeuZleblobis mizezad miiCnevs adamianis Semmecnebeli unarebis naklo-
vanebas da SezRudulobas.

Aavtokratia – (berZ. TviTmpyrobeloba) – erTmmarTveloba; mmarTvelobis forma, romelic gulisxmobs er-

Ti piris ganusazRvrel ukontrolo sruluflebianobas.
Aavtonomia – (berZ. sakuTari kanonzomiereba) – saubroben organuli sicocxlis avtonomiaze araorganul-
Tan mimarTebaSi; azrovnebis avtonomiaze yofierebasTan mimarTebaSi; eTikur avtonomiaze da sxva.

Aavtoritarizmi – (laT. Ggavlena, Zalaufleba):

1.arasamarTlebrivi xasiaTis politikuri reJimi;
2. Zalaufleba, romelic Tavis funqciebs moqalaqeTa bunebiTi uflebebis sistematuri darRvevis gziT axorcie-
lebs;
3. cnobierebis orientacia, romelic mimarTulia marTvis iZulebiT-Zaladobrivi meTodebis aRiarebaze. Aavto-
ritaruli cnobiereba aris saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis avtoritaruli modelis mier warmoSobili mTavari socialuri pro-
duqti. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia: azrovnebis tipi, romelic, rogorc wesi, scildeba zneobriv-samarTlebrivi kate-
goriebis sazRvrebs; saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ukritiko damokidebuleba arasamarTlebrivi aqciebisadmi; avtokrat-
uli mmarTvelobis subieqtebisadmi maamebluri, mliqvneluri morCileba.

Aavtoriteti – mniSvneloba an gavlena, romelic SeiZleba hqondeT adamianebs, sagnebs, nivTebs da rome-
lic ar saWiroebs am gavlenisa Tu mniSvnelobis mudmiv dasabuTebas, mis realurad damtkicebas. imisda mi-
xedviT, Tu romeli sfero aqvT mxedvelobaSi, saubroben religiur, politikur, samecniero da a. S. Aavtoritetze.
Aavtoritarul-politikuri saxelmwifo – arasamarTlebrivi saxelmwifos tipi, romlis farglebSic marTlwesrigi em-
yareba ara ganaTlebul, civilizebuli moqalaqeebis ganviTarebul marTlSegnebas, aramed xelisuflebis sifxizles,
mis gadaWarbebul, akviatebul swrafvas xelqveiTebis meurveobisadmi da zedamxedvelobis funqciebis zedmi-
wevniT Sesrulebas. Aavtoritarul-politikuri saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia administrirebis mravalsafexu-
roba. amasTan erTad, uflebismqone aqciebis absoluturi umravlesoba atarebs zekanonier xasiaTs da dasaSvebad

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iTvleba moqalaqeTa bunebiTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sistematuri ugulvebelyofa. saxelmwifos mier dekla-
rirebuli miznebi xalxis keTildReobis, misi materialuri uzrunvelyofis, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis da a. S.
Sesaxeb, aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba individebisadmi (rogorc kontrolis obieqtebisadmi da ara rogorc samarTlis
subieqtebisadmi) yoveldRiur praqtikaSi damkvidrebul damokidebulebas.

aTeizmi – (berZ. RmerTis uaryofa) – filosofiuri Teoria, romelic uaryofs zebunebriv RvTaebriv Zalebs da
RmerTis arsebobas. aqedan gamomdinare, is ugulvebelyofs yovelgvar religias da yvelafris safuZvels materialur
substanciaSi xedavs.

anTropologia – (berZ. anTropos – adamiani, logos – moZRvreba) – moZRvreba adamianis warmoSobasa

da evoluciaze.
1. sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino anTropologia gansazRvravs adamianis adgils cocxal arsebaTa samya-
roSi da swavlobs mis sxeulebriv organizacias, riTac igi gansxvavdeba sxva cocxali arsebebisagan. mas gane-
kuTvneba anatomia, fiziologia, moZRvreba rasebis Sesaxeb da sxva.

2. filosofiuri anTropologia – filosofiuri koncefcia, romelic mTeli sisruliT moicavs realur adamianur arsebo-
bas, gansazRvravs adamianis adgilsa da mis damokidebulebas garemomcveli samyarisadmi. adamianis raobis
gaazrebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba kulturis istoris Seswavlas.
anTropologia samarTlis – codnis sfero, sadac gaSuqebulia adamianis samarTlebriv realobasTan mimarTe-
bis ZiriTadi problemebi: a) adamianis roli samarTlebrivi realobis CamoyalibebaSi; b) adamianis adgili samar-
Tlebriv realobaSi; g) samarTlebrivi realobis arseboba adamianSi; d) adamianis aqtivobis destruqciuli formebi,
romlebic angreven da Slian samarTlebriv realobas adamianis garSemo da Tavad masSi. anTropologiuri midgo-
mis konteqstSi adamiani da samarTali warmoadgenen urTierTkreatiuli Tvisebebis mqone mxareebs: adamiani
qmnis samarTlebriv realobas, samarTali ki monawileobs WeSmaritad adamianuri arsebobis formebis dafuZne-
baSi, romlebic Seesabamebian da pasuxoben civilizebulobis kriteriumebs. Oormxrivi Zalisxmevis Sedegad iq-
mneba erTiani socialur-samarTlebrivi anTroposfero, romelic gamyarebulia simboluri, normatiuli, RirebulebiTi,
azrobrivi kavSirebiT. samarTlis anTropologia akonkretebs zogadfilosofiur kiTxvas adamianis raobaze: ras war-
moadgens iuridiuli adamiani da saxelmwifoebrivi adamiani? ras warmoadgens kanonmorCili adamiani da ada-
miani damnaSave? da a. S. mas ainteresebs is anTropogenuri safuZvlebi, romlebic aiZuleben adamians daicvas
an daarRvios samarTlis normebi.

anTropomorfizmi – (berZ.) – adamianuri Tvisebebis gadatana usulo sagnebze, RmerTis cnebaze an bune-
baze.

anTropocentrizmi – (berZ.) – Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad adamiani aris samyaros centri da masSi mimdi-
nare yvela movlenis mizani.

Aalqimia – (laT.) – Mmecnierebamdeli mimarTuleba qimiaSi. Aalqimikosebis mTavari mizani iyo e. w.

`filosofiuri qvis~ mopoveba. `filosofiuri qvis~ ZiriTad Tvisebad iTvleboda arakeTilSobili metalebis gardaqmna
oqrod da vercxlad. Aalqimikosebi `filosofiur qvas~ miawerdnen mraval samkurnalo Tvisebas – daavadebaTa
gankurnebas, axalgazrdobis dabrunebas, sicocxlis usasrulod gaxangrZlivebas da sxva.

alternativa – (frang. – Ooridan erTi) – ori, urTierTgamomricxavi SesaZleblobidan erT-erTis arCevis auci-
lebloba; emyareba moTxovnas – miiRe gadawyvetileba da airCie oridan erTi.

Aaltruizmi – (laT. sxva) – zneobrivi principi, romelic gulisxmobs sxva adamianebisadmi uangaro msaxure-
bas, mzadyofnas gaiRos Tavi msxverplad maTi keTildReobisa da bednierebisaTvis. sawinaaRndego cnebaa
egoizmi.

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 Aambivalentoba – (laT.) – grZnobadi gancdebis gaoreba, rac gamoixteba SemdegSi – erTi da igive obieqti
adamianSi erTdroulad or urTierTsawinaaRmdego grZnobas iwvevs. magaliTad, simpaTia da antipaTia, siyva-
ruli da siZulvili, siamovneba da usiamovneba.

Aamnezia – (berZ.) – Mmexsierebis nawilobriv moSla an mTlianad dakargva.

analizi – (berZ. danawevreba, daSla) – logikaSi cnebiTi (azrobrivi) daSla erTianobisa – simravleebad,
mTlianis – mis nawilebad. analizis aqts ewodeba analizireba, xolo analizis Catarebis xerxs – analitikuri meTodi.
sapirispiro cnebaa sinTezi.
analitikuri msjeloba – msjeloba, romlis WeSmariteba dgindeba wminda logikuri analizis gziT.

analogia – (berZ. msgavseba) – mimarTebaTa msgavseba, toloba. agreTve, Sedarebis gziT Semecneba. Se-
sadarebel sagnebs Soris aucileblad unda arsebobdes, rogorc gansxvaveba, aseve msgavsebac. is, rac Sedarebis
safuZvlad gvaqvs aRebuli, bevrad ufro kargad unda iyos CvenTvis cnobili, vidre is, rac mas unda SevadaroT.

anamnezisi – (berZ. mogoneba) – platonis Tanaxmad, Semecneba – ramdenadac yoveli Semecneba aris su-
lis mogoneba ideebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac igi ganWvretda sxeulTan SeerTebamde.

anarqia – (berZ. uxelisufleoba) – mdgomareoba, romelSic imyofeba sazogadoeba xelisuflebis gauqmebis

pirobebSi. anarqizmi – moZRvreba sazogadoebaze, romlis mizans warmoadgens adamianis gaTavisufleba poli-
tikuri, ekonomikuri da sulieri Zalauflebis yovelgvari saxesxvaobisagan. aRiarebs mxolod calkeuli pirovnebis
nebas, sxva nebismier avtoritetsa da saxelmwifoebriv wyobas uaryofs.

animizmi – (laT. anima – suli) – religiuri rwmena sulebis arsebobaze da maT Zalebze, romlis mixedviTac
bunebis yvela saganSia suli da is did gavlenas axdens adamianis cxovrebaze. arsebobda pirvelyofil, primitiul
sazogadoebaSi.

anomalia – (berZ). – normidan, saerTo kanonzomierebidan gadaxveva.

anormatuli qceva – individis socialuri qmedeba, romelic ar Seesabameba civilizebuli sazogadoebis stereo-
tipebs, scildeba da ar emTxveva etiketis, kulturis, moralis, samarTlis sazogadod miRebul normebs da amdenad,
rogorc wesi, ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis uaryofiT reaqcias. sazogadoebaSi adamianebis vitaluri,
socialuri da sulieri aqtivobis yvela gamovlineba regulirdeba, Zlierdeba an piriqiT, Seferxebulia socialuri norme-
bisa da Rirebulebebis safuZvelze, romelTa mizani da daniSnulebaa subieqtis aRmSenebluri moRvaweobis sti-
mulireba da maTi destruqciuli miswrafebebisa da Zalisxmevis blokireba. im SemTxvevaSi, roca blokirebis, Se-
ferxebis, damuxruWebis funqciebi Sedegs ver aRwevs, xolo adamianTa qcevebi da moqmedebebi arRvevs da
scildeba normatiul CarCoebs, warmoiqmneba anormatiuli qcevis fenomeni. normatiuli qceva uzrunvelyofs soci-
aluri sistemis stabilurobas, mdgradobas, anormatiuli qcevis gamovlenis mizans ki warmoadgens sistemis cvale-
badobis uzrunvelyofa.

antagonizmi – (berZ. erTmaneTTan brZola) – winaaRmdegoba, romelic xasiaTdeba mtruli Zalebis Seurige-
beli brZoliT.

antiTezisi – (berZ. dapirispireba) – logikaSi Tezisis sapirispiro msjeloba.

antikuroba – (laT. Zveli) – Zveli berZnuli da romauli klasikuri epoqa.

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 antinomia – (berZ. winaaRmdegoba) – ori winaarmdegobrivi msjeloba, sadac upiratesoba arcerTs ar eni-
Weba, aramed isini TanabardasabuTebadi msjelobebia. erTis uaryofiT meore sabuTdeba da piriqiT. debulebaTa
Soris yovel maTgans aq vs kanonieri Zala.
apeironi – (berZ. ganusazRvreli) – anaqsimandres mixedviT, usasrulo, uformo pirvelsawyisi, romlisganac
Sedgeba yvela sagani. platonTan da piTagorelebTan – materiis sinonimi.

apercefcia – (laT.) – logikaSi, Semecnebis TeoriaSi igivea, rac gacnobierebuli aRqma.

apologia – (berZ. dacva) – dasacavi sityva. sokrates mier sasamarTlos winaSe warmoTqmuli sityva. agreT-
ve, platonisa da qsenofantes am sityvisadmi miZRvnili Txzulebebi.

aporia – (berZ.) – gamouvali mdgomareoba, problemis gadaWris SeuZlebloba, vinaidan Tavad saganSi an
gamoyenebul cnebebSi arsebobs winaaRmdegoba.

apriori – (laT. winamdebare, winamorbedi) – codna, romelic win uswrebs cdas da misgan damoukidebelia.
aprioruli ewodeba Sexedulebas, romlis sisworis damtkiceba an uaryofa cdis meSveobiT SeuZlebelia.

aposteriori – (laT. momdevnodan, Semdgomidan) – Semecnebis Teoriis cneba. aposteriuli ewodeba cdis
safuZvelze aRqmidan miRebul codnas. sawinaaRmdego cnebaa apriori.

argumenti – (laT. sabuTi, mosazreba) – damtkiceba, misi is nawili, romelsac mtkicebis utyuaroba, ueWve-
loba eyrdnoba. argumentireba – damtkiceba, dasabuTeba.
argumentacia – dasabuTebis motana.

artefaqti iuridiuli – (laT. xelovnurad gakeTebuli) – cneba, romelic aRniSnavs samarTlebriv realobaSi Car-
Tuli adamianis monawileobiT Seqmnil meorad, xelovnur faqtebsa da formebs. Tu ki iuridiuli faqti empiriul-Te-
oriuli gziT gamovlenili mTlianobaa da moicavs informacias samarTlebrivi realobis SigniT arsebul konkretul
subieqtur urTierTobebze, iuridiuli artefaqti aris genetikurad meoradi kulturuli realoba, romelic Tavisi Semecne-
biT-RirebulebiTi funqciebis safuZvelze iZleva informacias samarTlebriv urTierTobebis arsebiT Tvisebebze.

arxe – (berZ. sawyisi) – pirvelsawyisi, principi.

arxetipi – (berZ. sawyisi saxe) – pirvelsaxe, sawyisi forma, nimuSi.

asketizmi – (berZ. raimeSi movarjiSe) – Tavdapirvelad aTletebis SejibrebisaTvis momzadeba; SemdgomSi

– saTno cxovrebisaken swrafva da codvebTan da mavne CvevebTan brZola. qristianuli asketizmi – locvaSi,
marxvaSi, sxeulis ganwmendaSi moRvawe adamianis cxovreba.

asocialuri – (berZ.) – sazogadoebis mimarT Sinaganad gulgrili da garegnulad pasiuri adamiani.

atributi – (laT. gamoyofa, boZeba) – Tviseba, niSani, arsebiTi niSan-Tviseba.

afeqti – (laT. sulieri mRelvareba, gaSmageba, gaxeleba) – xanmokle emociuri mdgomareoba, romelic xasi-
aTdeba grZnobebis avadmyofuri aRgznebiT, azrovnebisa da misi zemoqmedebis Zlieri daqveiTebiT.

aqsiologia – (berZ. aqsi – Rirebuleba, logos – moZRvreba) – filosofiuri moZRvreba Rirebulebebze. Rirebu-
lebebSi igulisxmeba ideebi, idealebi, Sexedulebebi, principebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs adamianTa cxovrebis
wess. aq igulisxmeba zneobrivi, samarTlebrivi, politikuri, religiuri, mecnieruli, mxatvruli (xelovnebis) da sxva
ideebi, idealebi da principebi, romelTac Rirebuleba aqvT sazogadoebisa da pirovnebisaTvis.

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 biblia – (berZ. wignebi) – qristianobis wminda werili RvTis gamocxadebaze, samyaroze da adamianze, ka-
cobriobasa da mis momavalze, mis saboloo bed-iRbalze. Sedgeba ori nawilisagan – `Zveli aRTqma~ (51 wigni)
da `axali aRTqma~ (27 wigni) da warmoadgens erT mTlianobas. biblia Svidasamde enaze da dialeqtzea Tar-
gmnili. qarTul enaze arsebobs Zveli da axali aRTqmis uZvelesi Targmanebi da mogviano redaqciebi (xanmeti
da sabawminduri VII-VIII ss., adiSuri - 897w., jruW-parxlis –X s., oSkuri - 987 w., aTonuri - X-XI ss., irusali-
muri – XI s., gelaTuri - XII s., mcxeTuri - XVII–XVIII ss., baqariseuli – 1743 w., 1884 w.).

boroteba – filosofiur-eTikuri kategoria, romelic adamianTa socialur sinamdvileSi aRniSnavs yovelive ara-
marTebulis vnebis momtan da saSiS formebs. boroteba, rogorc ontologema arsebobs sami ZiriTadi ipostasis sa-
xiT: 1. metafizikuri, 2. religiuri da 3. naturalisturi. boroteba, rogorc sikeTis antiTeza, warmoadgens im socioge-
nuri fenomenebis kvalificirebis zogadSemfaseblur kategorias, romlebic adamianuri arsebobis umniSvnelovanes
Rirebulebebsa da faseulobebs ngreviT da ganadgurebiT emuqreba.

bunebiTi samarTali – filosofiur – samarTlebrivi da iuridiuli azrovnebis erT-erTi wamyvani paradigma, ro-
melic eyrdnoba kosmosSi, bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul erTian normatiul – RirebulebiT principebs
da SesaZlebloba aqvs gaxdes saxelmwifos mier dadgenili kanondebulebaTa samarTlianobis sazomi. bunebiTi
samarTali (CveulebiTi samarTlis dauwereli wesebisa da tradiciebis saxiT) warmoiSoba kacobriobis civilizaciisa
da kulturis gaCenasTan erTad. misi moTxovnebi warmodgenilia miTebSi, religiur da moralur normativebSi.
mogvianebiT, filosofiis warmoSobasTan erTad, isini iReben ontologiur da metafizikur dasabuTebas.

gaucxoeba – adamianis iseTi mdgomareoba, rodesac masze batonobs garegani socialuri faqtori, romelic
adamians arTmevs Sinagan Tavisuflebas. es warmoSobs gansxvavebas moqmedebis mizansa da Sedegs Soris,
ris gamoc adamiani pesimistur da nihilistur ganwyobaSi vardeba da gamosavalis povna uZneldeba.

determinizmi – (laT. gansazRvra) – Sexeduleba samyaros kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac

samyaroSi yvelaferi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiriT aris ganpirobebuli, determinirebuli. amitom samyaroSi ar arse-
bobs araviTari umizezo movlena anu SemTxveviToba. SemTxveviToba mxolod subieqturi arcodnis gamo moix-
mareba mecnierebaSi, Torem TavisTavad samyaroSi araviTari SemTxveviToba ar arsebobs. samyaros mxolod
mkacri aucilebloba da mizezobrioba marTavs.

deduqcia – (laT. gamoyvana) – zogadidan konkretulis gamoyvana;

deduqciuri meTodi – azrovnebis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac zogadi msjelobidan gamogvyavs kerZo de-
bulebebi.

devalvacia (ger. – gamaCnia mniSvneloba, vRirvar) – gaufasureba

deizmi – (laT.) – rwmenis forma, romelic warmoiSva ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi (gansakuTrebiT damaxasia-
Tebelia inglisisaTvis). deizmis Tanaxmad, marTalia, RmerTi samyaros pirvelmizezia, magram Seqmnis Semdeg
samyaro misi monawileobis gareSe viTardeba; arc saswaulebs, arc RvTis Svilis movlinebas dedamiwaze, kavSiri
ara aqvT samyaros ganviTarebasTan.

dekadentoba – (fr. gaxrwna, daknineba, dacema) – cneba, romelic xSirad ixmareba filosofiis istoriaSi kul-
turebisa da sxvadasxva erebis istoriis ayvavebisa da dakninebis periodebis ganxilvis dros.

dekalogi – bibliuri aTi mcnebis zogadi dasaxeleba.

demiurgi – (berZ.) – platonis filosofiaSi: samyaros Semqmneli RvTaeba

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 demokratia – (berZ. xalxis Zalaufleba) – saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis forma, romelic saSualebas aZlevs
xalxs da mis warmomadgenlebs uSualod ganaxorcielon mmarTvelobiTi funqciebi.

depresia – (laT. daTrgunva) – daTrgunuli sulieri mdgomareoba.

despotizmi – saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arasamarTlebrivi forma, romlis drosac xelisuflebis mxridan sas-
tikad da sistematurad irRveva moqalaqeTa bunebiTi uflebebi, ilaxeba pirovnebis Rirseba da iTrguneba misi
Tavisufali neba.

destruqciuloba – e. fromis filosofiuri anTropologiis centraluri cneba. aRniSnavs zogierTi adamianis ngre-
viTi procesebisadmi miswrafebasa da midrekilebas.

definicia – (laT. SezRudva) – cnebis gansazRvra misi Tvisebebis CamoTvlis gziT.

didaqtika – (berZ. gawrTvnis, ganswavlis xelovneba an mecniereba) – ganswavlis Teoria.

disonansi – (laT. sxvadasxvaxmovanoba, arakeTilxmovani, Seuwyobeli) – arakeTilxmovaneba, uTanxmoe-

ba.

dogma – (berZ. azri) – filosofiuri Tezisi, romlis WeSmariteba safuZvlad edeba ama Tu im filosofiur siste-
mas; agreTve, qristianuli rwmenis dogmati – saeklesio kanoni, romelic Secvlas ar eqvemdebareba.

doqtrina – (laT. swavleba) – sistematizirebuli filosofiuri, politikuri an ideologiuri moZRvreba, koncefcia,

principebis erToblioba.
dialeqtika – (berZ. vsaubrob, vmsjelob) – moZRvreba ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Zvel saberZneTSi masSi kamaTis
xelovneba igulisxmeboda. kamaTi miCneuli iyo azrovnebis ganviTarebis saSualebad, romliTac WeSmariteba miiR-
weoda. hegelma dialeqtika absoluturi gonis TviTSemecnebis meTodad gamoacxada. hegelis mixedviT azrovnebis di-
aleqtika warmoadgens Semecnebis aRmaval process, romliTac adamiani absoluturi gonis Semecnebisaken miiswraf-
vis.

dualizmi – (laT. ori) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic materialur da sulier substanciebs miiCnevs TanabarmniS-
vnelovan sawyisebad, romlis mixedviTac verc sulisagan warmoiSoba materia da verc materia warmoSobs suls, aramed
isini absoluturad gansxvavebuli cnebebia.

egoizmi – (laT) – TavisTavis moyvaruloba, TavmoTneoba. qceva, romelic srulad Semoifargleba da ganisazRvre-
ba sakuTari `me~- s interesebiT – sakuTari sargebeli, gamorCena, sakuTari interesebis sxva adamianis interesebze
maRla dayeneba. sawinaaRmdego cnebaa altruizmi.

egocentrizmi – samyarosadmi damokidebulebis forma, romelic xasiaTdeba sakuTar individualur `me~-ze yu-
radRebis aqcentirebiT.

evTanazia – (berZ. kargi sikvdili) – `kargi, sasiamovno sokvdili~. pirvelad es termini gamoiyena bekonma. igi ev-
TanaziaSi msubuq, umtkivneulo, bednier sikvdils gulisxmobda. mecnierul terminologiaSi damkvidrda XX s. me-2 na-
xevridan da aRniSnavs Segnebul qmedebas an umoqmedobas, romelic iwvevs ganukurnebeli seniT daavadebuli paci-
entis sikvdils, SedarebiT swrafi da umtkivneulo gziT. misi mizania Sveba moutanos da ixsnas adamiani mtanjveli tki-
vilebisagan.

eTika – (berZ. Cveuleba) - filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis morals, adamianis zneobrivi
qcevis normebs da Rirebulebebs. eTika aris aqsiologiuri Teoria, romelic yuradRebis centrSi ayenebs im principebisa

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da Rirebulebebis kvlevas, rac safuZvlad udevs adamianTa cxovrebis wess. aq saqme exeba im ideebsa da idealebs, ris-
Tvisac adamiani axorcielebs Tavis aqtiur moqmedebas da azrs aZlevs sicocxles.

eTikuri Teologia – (agreTve, moraluri Teologia) – gvxvdeba kantis `praqtikuli gonebis kritikaSi~. kantis
Tanaxmad, zneobrivi kanonis arseboba, romelic gansazRvravs adamianis moqmedebebis, qcevebis moraluro-
bas, ukve warmoadgens RmerTis, rogorc am kanonis pirvelSemoqmedisa da misi garantis, arsebobis dasabuTe-
bas.

ekleqtika – (berZ. arCevis unari; is vinc irCevs) – gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Sexedulebebis, ideebis, principe-
bis an Teoriebis SeerTeba. ekleqtiki ewodeba pirovnebas, romelic Tavad ar qmnis erTian principze dafuZnebul
sakuTar filosofiur sistemas da ar iziarebs romelime erTi filosofosis Sexedulebebs, aramed sxvadasxva sisteme-
bidan sesxulobs misTvis misaReb, swor ideebs da aerTianebs maT.

elita – (fr. saukeTeso, rCeuli) – sociologiaSi sazogadoebis maRali, privilegirebuli fena, romelic axorcielebs
marTvis, mecnierebisa da kulturis ganviTarebis funqciebs.

emanacia – (laT. gamosvla, gamodineba) – mTlianidan, erTianidan gamodineba, gamosxiveba. neoplato-

nizmisa da gnosticizmis Tanaxmad, samyaro aris RvTis emanacia, romelic imavdroulad ucvleli rCeba.

empirizmi – (berZ. cda) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic grZnobad cdas codnis erTaderT wyarod miiC-
nevs da amtkicebs, rom yovelgvari codna sabuTdeba cdaSi da cdis saSualebiT; ar arsebobs araviTari Tandayo-
lili zogadi ideebi adamianis cnobierebaSi, aramed cnobierebis Sinaarsi mTlianad SegrZnebebiT miRebuli cod-
niT ganisazRvreba. Aam mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi arian: berkli, iumi, avenariusi, loki da sxvebi.

esTetika – (berZ. mgrZnobeli) – moZRvreba mSvenierebis Sesaxeb. es aris xelovnebis Teoria, romelic ik-
vlevs mxatvrul saxeebSi gadmocemul iseT Rirebulebebs, romelTac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT adamianis
mxsoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi. esTetika msjelobs da afasebs xelovnebis iseT kategoriebs, rogoricaa
mSveniereba, silamaze, amaRlebuli, tragikuli, komikuri da sxva.

epistomologia samarTlebrivi – (berZ.) – disciplinaTSorisi Teoriuli sfero, romlis farglebSic SemuSavebu-

lia meTodologiuri problemebi samarTlis bunebaze, struqturasa da funqciebze.

eqsistencia – (laT. arseboba) - adamianuri arsebobis wesi. es termini ixmareba eqsistencializmSi da warmo-
adgens adamianuri `me~-s sulier sawyiss, romlis wyalobiTac adamiani aris ganumeorebeli pirovneba, persona.

eqsistencialebi – adamianuri arsebobis saSualebebi, adamianuri yofierebis kategoriebi (arseboba samyaro-

Si, SiSi, zrunva, siyvaruli, gageba, martooba da sxva ).

eqsistencializmi – filosofiuri moZRvreba adamianuri arsebobis Sesaxeb; Camoyalibda XX saukuneSi. mi-

si ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian: iaspersi, berdiaevi, haidegeri, sartri, kamiu, da sxv. eqsistencializmi aris
iracionalisturi filosofia, is ar iziarebs da akritikebs yovelgvar racionalizms da miaCnia, rom filosofiam unda
ikvlios mxolod adamiani da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. filosofiam xeli unda aiRos mTeli samyaros
Seswavlaze, rasac tradiciuli filosofia akeTebda da miznad unda daisaxos adamianis sulieri samyaros wvdoma.
eqsistencializmis mixedviT, sulieri samyaros wvdoma da misi eqsistencialuri fenomenebis gageba SeuZlebelia
racionaluri meTodebiT; maTi azriT, aseTi wvdomis funqcias mxolod emocionaluri intuicia da emocionaluri
gancda asrulebs. SiSisa da sasowarkveTis gancdis momentSi adamiani gacilebiT mets igebs misi yofierebis
Sesaxeb, vidre xangrZlivi logikuri gaazrebis saSualebiT. amdenad, adamians sicocxlis arsi mxolod gancdaSi
eZleva; aseve gancdis saSualebiT xdeba gasagebi eqsistenciebi da Rirebulebebi, riTac adamiani xelmZRvane-
lobs gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. eqsistencializmi eWvqveS ayenebs samecniero-teqnikur miRwevebs da saer-

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Tod mecnierebis rols sazogadoebrivi istoriis ganviTarebaSi. maTi azriT, swored teqnikurma progresma war-
moSva pirovnebis gaucxoebis problema, ramac gamoiwvia adamianTa pirovnuli Rirsebebis nivelireba, stan-
dartizacia da Tavisuflebis dakargva.

verifikacia – (laT. WeSmaritebis damtkiceba) – logikuri pozitivizmis erT-erTi amosavali principi, romlis
Tanaxmad, samyaros Sesaxeb yoveli mtkicebis WeSmariteba, saboloo angariSiT, unda dadgenil iqnes grZno-
bad monacemebTan misi Sedarebis gziT. amdenad Semecneba ar unda gascdes grZnobadi cdis sazRvrebs, Se-
mecneba unda Semoifarglos cdidan miRebuli codnis logikuri analiziT. debuleba, romelic cdaSi ar mowmdeba,
mcdaria.

virtualuri – (laT. Zala, unari) – SemZle.

vitaluri – adamianis cxovelmoqmedi energia.

voluntarizmi – (laT. neba) – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic uaryofs obieqturi kanonebisa da adamia-
nis gonebis rols sazogadoebis istoriaSi. istoriis mamoZravebel Zalad miiCnevs RvTaebriv an did pirovneba-
Ta nebas. swored amitom ewodeba mas nebisyofis anu voluntarizmis Teoria. voluntarizmi aris iracionalisturi
Teoria. misi ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian: Sopenhaueri, hartmani, nicSe da sxv.

vulgaruli materializmi – (laT. ubralo) - XIX s. filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic bunebis mecnieruli mona-
cemebiT cdilobda adamianis da misi cnobierebis axsnas. isini materialur sinamdviles da cnobierebas erTimeo-
resTan aigivebdnen, cnobierebas fiziologiuri procesebiT xsnidnen. misi warmomadgenlebi arian: fogti, moleSo-
ti, biuxneri da sxva.

zaratustra – (daax. Zv. w. X-VI ss.) – Zveli iranuli religiis qurumi da reformatori. mis swavlebas gadmos-
cems am religiis wminda wigni `avesta~.

zneobrioba – normatiuli dadgenilebebis sistema, romelic icavs adamianuri arsebobis universalur Rirebule-
bebs – sicocxle, Tavisufleba, Rirseba da sxva.
Talmudi – (Zv. ebr. Seswavla) – iudaizmis religiur-eTikuri da samarTlebrivi debulebebis krebuli.

Teza, Tezisi – (berZ. fuZemdebluri debuleba) – mtkicebuleba, debuleba. logikaSi – mtkicebuleba, romelic
damtkicebas moiTxovs.

Teizmi – (berZ. RmerTi) – religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba, aRiarebs pirovnuli RmerTis arsebobas, romelic
zemoqmedebas axdens yvela materialur da sulier processze. amitom yovelive, rac samyaroSi xdeba, RmerTis
Canafiqris ganxorcielebas warmoadgens.

Teogonia – (berZ.) – RmerTebis dabadeba; miTi RmerTebis warmoSobaze.

Teokratia – (berZ.) – saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac saero politikuri Zalaufleba sasuliero
pirTa xelSia.

Teosofia – (berZ.) – RvTaebrivi sibrZne; uSualo WvretiT miRweuli umaRlesi codna RmerTisa da RvTaeb-
rivi Sesaqmis saidumloebis Sesaxeb.

Teologia – religiuri moZRvreba anu RvTismetyveleba, romelic ama Tu im religiis sarwmunoebis principe-
bisa da dogmebis sistematizacias axdens. qristianuli Teologia eyrdnoba biblias, saeklesio krebebis dadgenile-
bebs da `eklesiis mamebis~ moZRvrebas.

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 ideali – (berZ. saxe, xati) – adamianis an sazogadoebis umaRlesi mizani, romelic azrs aZlevs adamianis da
sazogadoebis SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas. ideali aris is umaRlesi Rirebuleba, romlisTvisac adamiani yvelafers
swiravs, TviT sicocxlesac ki. idealis cneba sxva mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. magaliTad, rodesac adamiani rai-
mes Sefasebas axdens (idealuri adamiani, idealuri qandakeba, idealuri musika da a.S.), idealuri SefardebiTi
mniSvnelobis cnebas gamoxatavs, radgan Sefaseba subieqtur gemovnebazea damokidebuli.

idealizmi – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic materialurTan SedarebiT sulierebis upiratesobas amtkicebs;

ideebi pirveladi da maradiulia, xolo materialuri sagnebi meoradi da warmavali. es iyo platonis filosofiis amosa-
vali principi, romelic ganaviTares dekartma, laibnicma, hegelma... obieqturi idealizmis garda, arsebobs subieq-
turi idealizmis Teoriac, romelic materialurTan mimarTebaSi obieqturi ideebis nacvlad, SegrZnebebisa da aR-
qmebis upiratesobas asabuTebs. Aam mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebTa (berkli, iumi, avenariusi) azriT, ma-
terialuri sinamdvile subieqturi SegrZnebebiT ganisazRvreba.

identuroba – (laT. – igive) – igiveobrioba, sruli damTxveva.

ideologia – politikuri, samarTlebrivi, zneobrivi, religiuri Sexedulebebis sistema, romelsac esa Tu is filosofia
an politikuri organizacia ayalibebs sazogadoebis momavlis, misi marTvisa da cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb.

imanenturi – (laT. niSandoblivi) – Sinaganad damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba (kanonzomiereba). gnoseologiaSi

es termini gamoiyeneba subieqtis Sinagani kanonzomierebis aRmniSvnelad. am termins kanti iyenebs transcen-
denturis (is rac subieqtis gareT aris da ar moiazreba) sapirispiro mniSvnelobiT. kantma Tavisi filosofia swored
imanenturis kanonzomierebis Seswavlas miuZRvna. imanenturi cnebis irgvliv yvela drois filosofiaSi iyo kama-
Ti, rac dResac grZeldeba, radgan is fenomenologiuri filosofiis centralur problemas warmoadgens.

imaterialuri – (laT.) – arasagnobrivi, arasxeulebrivi, sulieri.

imoralizmi – moralis principebisa da moTxovnebis aucileblobis uaryofa.

imperativi – (laT.) – moTxovna, brZaneba, kanoni.

indeterminizmi – determinizmis sapirispirod amtkicebs, rom samyaroSi obieqturad ar arsebobs mizezobri-

obisa da aucileblobis kanoni, aramed samyaroSi gabatonebulia mxolod SemTxveviToba da albaToba. indeter-
minizmi gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove kvanturi fizikis monacemebs emyareba, sadac mizezobriobis klasikuri
gageba Zalas kargavs. klasikur fizikaSi miRebuli iyo, rom erTi da igive movlena, erTsa da imave pirobebSi, er-
Tsa da imave Sedegs iZleva. xolo kvanturma fizikam daadgina, rom mikro nawilaki am kanons ar emorCileba
da moqmedebs araerTmniSvnelovnad, aramed usasrulod mravali SesaZlebeli mimarTulebiT. mogvianebiT gair-
kva, rom mikro sinamdviles aqvs albaTuri statistikuri mizezobrioba.

intuicia – (laT. daJinebiT mzera) – uSualo Semecnebis aracnobieri unari. arsebobs intuiciis sxvadasxva forme-
bi: grZnobadi, inteleqtualuri, emocionaluri da mistikuri. grZnobadi intuicia grZnobad-konkretul sinamdviles exe-
ba, inteleqtualuri – zogad cnebebs, emocionaluri – subieqtur gancdebs, xolo mistikuri – RmerTis Semecnebas
axorcielebs.

intuitivizmi – filosofiuri Teoria, romelic SemecnebaSi upiratesobas aniWebs intuicias da amtkicebs, rom
adamianis SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba da sasicocxlo swrafva mxolod intuiciuri aracnobieri alRos safuZvelze
mimdinareobs, rom adamianis sicocxlis usasrulo swrafvis Semecneba da wvdoma mxolod intuiciiT xdeba. rac
Seexeba inteleqts, mas mxolod materialuri sagnebis Semecneba SeuZlia da meti araferi. maTi azriT, inteleqti da
saerTod mecniereba, xels uSlis da win eRobeba namdvili sicocxlis ganxorcielebas.

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 intuitiuri meTodi – SemecnebiT saSualebaTa erToblioba, romelic eyrdnoba materiisa da sulis, subieqtisa
da obieqtis, cnobierisa da aracnobieris erTianobis ideas da aRiarebs adamianis sulis mier erTiani samyarosa da
misi calkeuli nawilebis, maT Soris, samarTlebrivi realobis arsis, uSualo, araracionaluri wvdomis strategias.

infantiluri – (laT.) – bavSvuri.

infantilizmi – bavSvobis etapze fizikuri da gonebriv-sulieri ganviTarebis Seferxeba.

incesti – (laT. – biwieri, mankieri) – sisxlis aRreva, sisxlis naTesavTa Soris seqsualuri kavSiri.

iracionalizmi – (laT. aragonieri) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic Semecnebis ZiriTad unarad intuicias mi-
iCnevs, xolo adamianis azrovnebis rols SemecnebaSi umniSvnelod Tvlis. iracionalizmis mixedviT, adamianis
goneba uZluria Cawvdes samyaros saidumloebas da gansakuTrebiT adamianis sicocxlis kanonzomierebas.

kaTarsisi – (berZ. – ganwmenda) – emociuri ganmuxtva; sulis mistikuri ganwmenda.

kanibalizmi – kaciWamiaoba; cnobilia kanibalizmis ramdenime saxesxvaoba:

1. nekrofagia – ubeduri SemTxvevebis, avadmyofobis, siberis Sedegad gardacvlili adamianebis xorcis Wa-
ma;
2. egzokanibalizmi – mtrebis, tyveebis, agreTve adamianebze mizanmimarTuli nadirobis msxverplTa xorcis
gamoyeneba sakvebSi;
3. endokanibalizmi – naTesavebis, ritualuri msxverplisa da moxucebul TvistomTa xorcis Wama.

kategoria – (berZ. gamoTqma, mtkiceba) – codnis forma, romelSic gamoiTqmeba sinamdvilis sxvadasxva
kavSirebi, mimarTulebebi, Tvisebebi da kanonzomierebani. ganasxvaveben universalur da specifikur
kategoriebs.

kategoriebi filosofiur – samarTlebrivi, filosofiur – iuridiuli diskursis mniSvnelovani Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi

datvirTvis mqone sakvanZo cnebebi, romlebic maqsimaluri aqtivobiT monawileoben samarTlis subieqtis filo-
sofiuri TviTSegnebis analitikur moRvaweobaSi. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa norma, ka-
noni, samarTlianoba, bunebiTi da pozitiuri samarTali, Tavisufleba, Zalaufleba, marTlmsajuleba, danaSauli, sas-
jeli, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, socialur-samarTlebrivi winaaRmdegobebi, socialuri wesrigi da sxva.

kanoni – erTiani sistemis elementebsa da Tvisebebs Soris obieqturi xasiaTis mdgradi, arsebiTi kavSiri.

kanonikuri samarTali – religiuri da iuridiuli normebis sistema, romelic Camoyalibda saeklesio kanonebis sa-
fuZvelze.

kategoriuli imperativi – kantis `praqtikuli gonebis kritikis~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg imperativi ganixileba,
rogorc sayovelTaod mniSvnelovani zneobrivi dadgenileba (maqsimis – piradi principis – sawinaaRmdegod);
wesi, romelic valdebulebas gamoxatavs (obieqturi davaldebuleba – moiqeci ase da ara sxvagvarad). hipoTeturi
imperativi moqmedebs mxolod gansazRvrul pirobebSi; kategoriuli imperativi gulisxmobs upirobo valdebulebas.
igi adgens qcevis aucilebel formasa da princips.

kauzaloba – mizezobrioba, mizezisa da Sedegis kanonzomieri kavSiri.

kolizia – (laT.) – dapirispirebuli Zalebis, miswrafebebis, Sexedulebebis, interesebis Sejaxeba.

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 konsesusi moralur – samarTlebrivi – (laT. SeTanxmebuloba) – socialuri winaaRmdegobis gansakuTrebu-
li tipi, romelic gulisxmobs mxareTa mzadyofnas poziciebis urTierTSeTanxmebisa da kompromisebisaken.

konfliqtologia samarTlebrivi (iuridiuli) – Teoriuli disciplina, romlis sagans warmoadgens samarTlebriv

urTierTobaTa sferoSi subieqtebs Soris arsebuli da individualur da sazogadoebriv marTlSegnebaSi fesvgadgmu-
li motivaciuri konfliqtebi.

kosmogonia – (berZ. samyaros Seqmna) – samyaros Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis mecnierebamdeli miTosur-reli-

giuri moZRvreba.

kosmologia – (berZ. moZRvreba samyaros Sesaxeb) – kosmogoniis safuZvelze kosmosis, samyaros filoso-
fiur – mecnieruli ganxilva.

kosmosi – (berZ. samyaro) – mowesrigebul erTianobad moazrebuli samyaro (qaosis sawinaaRmdego); Tav-
dapirvelad, igive iyo, rac wesrigi, mowyoba; samyaros kosmosi pirvelad piTagoram uwoda, miaqcia ra yuradR-
eba masSi gamefebul wesrigsa da harmonias.

kreatuloba – raRac axlis gakeTebis an axleburad Seqmnis unari; problemis axleburad gadawyveta, axali
meTodi an instrumenti.

kreacionizmi – religiuri koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad yovelive arsebuli warmoadgens RvTaebrivi Semoqme-
debis Sedegs.

kriminaluri cnobiereba – fsiqikur-nebelobiTi, mentaluri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic individs saSuale-

bas aZlevs sazogadod miRebul moralur-samarTlebriv RirebulebaTa sistemas ara marto daupirispiros alternatiuli
normebi, aramed, am ukanasknelze dayrdnobiT, Caidinos marTlsawinaaRmdego, socialurad saSiSi qmedeba.

legitimoba – (laT. kanonieri, dakanonebuli) – saxelmwifo xelisuflebis kanonierebis aRmniSvneli principi,

romelic uflebamosils xdis mis arsebobas da aniWebs mis subieqtebs saxelmwifos marTvis kanonier uflebas.

liberalizmi – (laT. Tavisuflebas naziarebi) – socialur – filosofiuri, politikuri da samarTlebrivi ideebis erTia-
noba, romelTa mizania pirovnebis, misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva saxelmwifo diqtatisagan.

logosi – (berZ.) – sityva, moZRvreba, kanoni, azri.

mantika – (berZ. winaswarmetyveli) – winaswarmetyvelebis xelovneba, magaliTad, astrologia, qiromantia

(xelze mkiTxaoba), banqoTi mkiTxaoba, sizmrebis axsna da sxva.

materia – (laT. nivTieri) – materialisturi filosofiis ZiriTadi cneba, romlis mixedviTac materia warmoad-
gens samyaros substancias (sawyiss), romelic ar warmoSobila da ar ispoba, maradiulad moZraobs droSi da siv-
rceSi, ganicdis ganviTarebas da am ganviTarebis procesSi warmoiSoba yvelaferi am samyaroSi. TviT adamia-
nic Tavisi cnobierebiT, materiis ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. amdenad, cnobiereba maRalganviTarebuli
materiis anu adamianis tvinis gamovlenaa da ar arsebobs araviTari cnobiereba da araviTari ideebi materiis gare-
Se.

materializmi – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic upirispirdeba idealizms da samyaros sawyisad materias mi-
iCnevs. arsebobs materializmis istoriuli formebi: Zveli berZnuli gulubryvilo materializmi, meqanisturi da meta-
fizikuri, vulgaruli da dialeqtikuri materializmi.

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 meTodi – (berZ. gza, kvleva) – garkveuli miznis miRwevis saSualeba, sinamdvilis praqtikuli an Teoriuli aTvi-
sebis xerxebis an operaciebis erToblioba. samecniero sferoSi – saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac mkvlevari sakuTa-
ri hipoTezis safuZvelze imecnebs misTvis saintereso sagans (problemas).

mentaloba – (laT.) – adamianis, garkveuli jgufis azrovnebis wesi, saerTo sulieri ganwyoba.

menkantiluri (fr. – vaWruli) - aq: angarebiani

movaleoba – pirovnebisadmi mimarTuli moraluri an samarTlebrivi jerarsis konkretuli

forma. igi gamoxatavs konkretul socialur pirobebsa da situaciaSi calkeuli individis, ada-
mianTa jgufis, klasis, xalxis mier Sinaganad miRebul da gacnobierebul zneobriv valdebu-
lebebs. Mmovaleoba arsebobs sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos, uaxloesi socialuri garemocvis (naTesavebis, me-
gobrebis, kolegebis da a.S.) winaSe, agreTve, sakuTari Tavis winaSe. normatiuli realobis pirobebSi ganasxva-
veben damavaldebulebeli zemoqmedebis or meqanizms – garegani, romelic saTanado qcevas ganapirobebs iZu-
lebis safuZvelze da Sinagani, romlis safuZvelia motivaciuri survili, moTxovnileba. pirveli, metwilad, damaxasi-
aTebelia samarTlebrivi regulirebis meqanizmebisaTvis, meore – moralurisaTvis.
motivacia – (laT. Segulianeba, waqezeba) – garkveuli qcevebisa da moqmedebebis mimarT Sinagani survi-
lebis (motivebis) warmoSobisa da gamovlenis fsiqodinamika.

metafizika – filosofiaSi es cneba ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: metafizika, rogorc filosofiis sinonimi da me-
tafizika, rogorc erT-erTi meTodis aRmniSvneli. es termini pirvelad gamoiyenes aristoteles `pirveli filosofiis mi-
marT~. imis gamo, rom am Sromas saTauri ar aRmoaCnda da ido aristoteles Sromis `fizikis~ Semdeg, mas
uwodes metafizika, e. i. is, rac fizikis miRmaa. droTa ganmavlobaSi am terminma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
SeiZina. igi aRniSnavs yvela filosofiur moZRvrebas yofierebisa da Semecnebis sawyisebze.

misticizmi – (berZ. saidumlo) – religiur-filosofiuri Sexeduleba, romelic rwmenas emyareba da miznad isa-
xavs RmerTTan miaxloebas da urTierTobas. RmerTTan miaxloebis saSualebad mas eqstazur mdgomareobaSi
yofna da intuiciuri Wvreta miaCnia, romelSic qreba subieqtad da obieqtad dayofa da adamiani erwymis sulier
pirvelsawyiss anu RmerTs.

monizmi – (berZ. erTi) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic yoveli arsebulis safuZvlad acxadebs erT sawyiss.
materializmi aseT sawyisad materias miiCnevs, xolo idealizmi RmerTs.

monoTeizmi – (berZ. erTi) – erTRmerTianoba, romelic uaryofs miTologiur mravalRmerTianobas anu poli-
Teizms da samyaros Semqmnelad da yvelafris safuZvlad erT RmerTs aRiarebs. moniTeituri religiebia: iudaiz-
mi, budizmi, qristianoba, islami.

muzageti – (berZ.) – muzebis winamZRoli; apolonis metsaxeli. aRniSnavs muzebisa da xelovnebis mfar-
vels.

negacia – (laT.) – mTlianad subieqtis an misi predikatis uaryofa (magaliTad, antiTezisi aris Tezisis negaci-
a).

neoTomizmi – kaTolokuri eklesiis oficialuri filosofia, romelic Sua saukuneebis religiuri moazrovnis Toma
aqvinelis Teologias emyareba. misi warmomadgenlebi arian: mariteni, Jilsoni, boxenski da sxvebi. neoTomizmi
aris obieqtur-idealisturi filosofia, romelic platonisa da aristoteles filosofias religiur moZRvrebasTan aTavsebs.

neokantianeloba – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic germaniaSi warmoiSva XIX saukunis meore naxe-
varSi. neokantianurma filosofiam wamoayena lozungi: `ukan kantisaken~. neokantianuri filosofia ZiriTadad
Camoyalibda or - marburgis (koheni, natropi, kasireri da sxva) da fraiburgis (vindelbandi, rikerti da sxva) sko-
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lad. am filosofiis kvlevis amocanas warmoadgens kantis transcendentaluri subieqtis axleburad gaazreba. maT
kantis filosofiidan amoiRes `nivTi TavisTavadis~ cneba da amiT transcendentalur subieqts SeuzRudavi aspare-
zi misces. amdenad subieqtis imanentur sinamdvileSi transcendentalur subieqts mouazrebeli araferi rCeba. ba-
denis skolis warmomadgenlebma buneba da sazogadoeba or gansxvavebul sinamdviled miiCnies. maTi azriT,
bunebaSi moqmedebs kanonebi da kanonzomiereba, xolo sazogadoebaSi araviTari obieqturi kanonebi ar arse-
bobs. amdenad, sazogadoebis procesebis Semecneba da momavlis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.
neoplatonizmi – religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic III saukuneSi Camoayaliba plotinma, xolo ufro
maRal doneze ganaviTara proklem. neoplatonizmi emyareba platonis filosofias, magram misgan gansxvavebiT
ayalibebs sulieri pirvelsawyisidan mTeli materialuri samyaros emanacias (gamosxivebas). emanaciis yvelaze
dabal safexurs amqveyniuri samyaros ierarqiaSi aracocxali materia warmoadgens, xolo maRals – adamiani.
yvelaferi, rac sulieri sawyisidan (RmerTidan) gamosxivdeba, SemdegSi isev sulieri sawyisisaken miiswrafvis.
es aris swrafva umaRlesi sikeTisaken, umaRlesi sinaTlisaken anu RmerTisaken. neoplatonizmis mixedviT, ada-
mians eqstazis (Zlieri gancdis) gziT SeuZlia RmerTTan misvla da Semecneba. neoplatonizmis Teoria XI sauku-
neSi ganaviTara qarTvelma filosofosma ioane petriwma.

neopozitivizmi – XX saukunis filosofia, romelic eqsistencializmisagan gansxvavebiT, filosofiis sagnad mi-

iCnevs mecnieruli Teoriebis logikur da sintaqsur analizs. misTvis miuRebelia metafizikuri da msoflmxedvelob-
rivi problemebis kvleva.

nihilizmi – (laT. ararsi) – Tvalsazrisi, romelic yvelafers eWvis TvaliT uyurebs da uaryofs warsulisa da Ta-
namedroveobis zne-Cveulebebs, Rirebulebebs da kulturas. amis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens nicSes filoso-
fia, romelmac uaryo tradiciuli morali da mis nacvlad `zekacis Teoria~ iqadaga.

nominalizmi – (laT. saxeli) – mimarTuleba Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi, romelic erTeuli sagnebis saxelwo-
debad zogad cnebebs miiCnevda. nominalistebi amtkicebdnen, rom realurad arseboben mxolod erTeuli sagnebi,
xolo zogadi cnebebi Seqmnilia azrovnebis mier da maT realuri arsebobis safuZveli ar gaaCniaT.

norma – (laT. wesi, nimuSi) – socialuri qcevis mtkice formula, romelic adamianTa umravlesobis mier sa-
yovelTao nimuSad aris aRiarebuli. norma mowodebulia moawesrigos adamianTa Soris urTierTobebi, aamaR-
los sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis xarisxi, gansazRvros sociokulturuli sivrcis sazRvrebi, romlis farglebSic adamians
SeuZlia icxovros civilizebuli subieqtisaTvis Sesaferisi praqtikuli da sulieri cxovrebiT.

normebi samarTlis – socialuri regulatorebi, romlebic aiZuleben adamianebs maTi sazogadoebrivi aqtivo-
bis yvela gamovlena miusadagon saxelmwifosa da mTeli civilizebuli samyaros moTxovnebs. samarTlis norme-
bis mizania civilizebuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvlebisaTvis saSiSi, destruqciuli muxtis mqone aqtivobis formebis
blokireba. samarTlis normebi avaldebuleben individs gamoasworon an Secvalon Tavisi socialuri qceva, mravali
samoqmedo variantidan upiratesoba mianiWon da airCion iuridiuli kriteriumebis Sesabamisi qcevis sanimuSo
modeli, romelic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis wonasworobasa da dinamiur mdgomareobas.

noumeni – (berZ.) – azris, gonebis obieqti.

ontologia – (berZ. arsebuli) – moZRvreba samyaros arsis Sesaxeb. samyaros arsSi igulisxmeba rogorc sa-
zogadoebrivi, aseve TviTon adamianis pirovnuli yofierebac. ontologiis centralur sagans warmoadgens substan-
ciis problema. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela filosofia Taviseburad wyvets samyaros kanonzomierebis sakiTxs.
ontologiur problemebze saerTod uars ambobs neopozitivisturi filosofia. amdenad, Tu tradiciuli ontologiuri sis-
temebi, ZiriTadad, samyaros substanciisa da kanonzomierebis problemebs ikvlevdnen, Tanamedrove filosofiaSi
ontologiurma kvlevam adamianSi gadmoinacvla. kvlevis obieqti gaxda TviTon adamiani, misi Semmecnebeli
unarebi, emociebi, gancdebi da saerTod sulieri fenomenebi.

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 panTeizmi – (berZ. `pan~ – yvelaferi, `Teos~-RmerTi) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac Rmer-
Ti warmoadgens upirovno sawyiss, romelic bunebis miRma ki ar arsebobs, aramed masTan gaigivebulia. spino-
zas mixedviT, RmerTi TviTon bunebaSia, is Semoqmedi da mwarmoebeli bunebaa, xolo yvelaferi danarCeni
warmoebul bunebas ganekuTneba.

paradigma – (berZ. magaliTi, nimuSi):

1. antikur filosofiaSi cneba, romelic axasiaTebs sulieri da realuri samyaros urTierTdamokidebulebas;
2. sakvlevi amocanebis nimuSad miCneuli Teoria (an problemis dayenebis modeli).

percefcia – (laT.) – aRqma, rogorc aqti.

pirovnebis samarTlebrivi cnobiereba – individualuri sulieri Tvisebebis erToblioba, romlic uzrunvelyo-

fs subieqtis orientacias samarTlebriv realobaSi. es Taviseburi `marTvis pultia~, romelSic Tavs iyris orive
mxridan, civilizebuli sistemidan da Tavad subieqtisagan, mowodebuli informacia. marTlcnobierebis amoca-
naa moZebnos orive mxris miswrafebaTa SeTanxmebisaTvis saWiro saSualebebi, Searbilos winaaRmdego-
bebi, winaswar ganWvritos da Tavidan aicilos mosalodneli konfliqtebi, SeimuSaos SesaZlo kompromisebis
variantebi, Semdeg ki Camoayalibos direqtivebi, gasces brZanebebi iuridiuli kriteriumebis Sesabamis gar-
kveul socialur moqmedebebze.

pirovnebis marTlcnobiereba vlindeba ori formiT – heteronomiuri da avtonomiuri. pirvelis Tanaxmad, sa-
marTlis normebi garedan Tavs moxveuli da sakmaod mtrulia adamianisaTvis. adamiani valdebulia ixel-
mZRvanelos Tavs moxveuli nimuSebiT, romlebic mis interesebs ar Seesabameba. amdenad, igi iZulebulia Se-
eguos am moTxovnebs. avtonomiuri marTlcnobierebac aseve xelmZRvanelobs civilizebuli sistemis moTxov-
nebiT, magram es normativebi imdenad Rrmad aris integrirebuli individualur `me ~-Si, rom subieqti maT sak-
maod xSirad sakuTar normebad miiCnevs. amdenad, misTvis normativebis Sesruleba Sinagani Tavisuflebis
gamoxatvis aqtia.

pluralizmi – (laT. mravlobiTi):

1. pozicia, romlis Tanaxmad, arsebobs codnis mravali damoukidebeli da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli
sawyisi, safuZveli da forma;
2. filosofiuri Teoria, romelic samyaros mraval sawyiss aRiarebs. am mraval sawyisSi igulisxmeba absolutu-
rad ganuyofeli da izolirebuli an materialuri nawilakebi da atomebi (demokrite), an idealuri sawyisebi (laibnici).
Ppluralizmi, gnoseologiis TvalsazrisiT, niSnavs iseT Teorias, romelic WeSmaritebaTa simravles aRiarebs. ma-
galiTad: Zveli berZeni filosofosi protagora amtkicebda, rom WeSmariteba imdenia, ramdeni adamianicaa.

pnevma – (berZ. sunTqva, SesunTquli haeri, mogvianebiT – suli) – suli; sasicocxlo Zala. TeologiaSi suli
wminda.

pozitivizmi – (laT. dadebiTi) – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic daupirispirda yovelgvar metafizikur filo-
sofias, brali dasdo maT, rom isini msjeloben iseT sakiTxebze, rac arafris momcemi da usargebloa. pozitivizmis
mixedviT, filosofiam unda ikvlios is, rac dadebiTi da pozitiuria da rac amave dros sasargebloa. amitom filosofi-
am uari unda Tqvas gonebis usargeblo metafizikur manipulaciebze da miznad daisaxos imis Seswavla da anali-
zi, rac cdaSi aqvs mocemuli mecnierebas. pozitivizmis ganviTarebaSi gamoyofen sam etaps: pirveli etapis war-
momadgenlebia: konti, mili, spenseri, meore etapisa – maxi da avenariusi, xolo mesame pozitivizms neopoziti-
vizmi warmoadgens (Sliki, karnapi, raseli, vidgenSteini, franki da sxva).

poliTeizmi – (berZ.) – mravalRmerTanoba.

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 politikuri danaSauli – marTlsawinaaRmdego meTodebisa da saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT Cadenili socialuri
qmedeba, romlis mizania arsebuli politikuri wyobis dacva (kriminalur-tiranuli saxelmwifos pirobebSi), an Secvla
(civilizebuli sazogadoebrivi sistemis pirobebSi). politikur danaSaulTa rigs ganekuTvneba saxelmwifos winaaR-
mdeg mimarTuli aqciebi, romlebic Zirs uTxrian mis konstituciur safuZvlebs da Tavdacvisunarianobas; saxelmwi-
foebrivi Ralati; politikuri SeTqmulebebi; SpionaJi sxva saxelmwifoebis sasargeblod; saxelmwifos meTaurisa da
parlamentis wevrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politikurad motivirebuli danaSauli.
arsebobs politikuri danaSaulis sxva saxec – im pirTa moRvaweoba, romlebmac Seqmnes kriminaluri saxel-
mwifoebrivi sistema, moaxdines xelisuflebis uzurpireba, sistematurad mimarTaven represiebs moqalaqeTa wi-
naaRmdeg, arRveven maT uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.

predikati – is, rac gamoiTqmis subieqtze.

pragmatizmi – (berZ. saqme, moqmedeba) – filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic pozitivizmis nairsaxeobas

warmoadgens. pozitivizmis msgavsad, pragmatizmic mxolod cdas emyareba da uaryofs yovelgvar metafizikas.
pragmatizmi codnis Sinaarss misi praqtikuli SedegebiT gansazRvravs. maTi azriT, WeSmariti aris is, `rac ukve
muSaobs~ CvenTvis, rac yvelaze ukeT Seesabameba cxovrebis yovel nawils da subieqtur interesebs akmayofi-
lebs. pragmatizmis ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian jemsi, pirsi, diui da sxva.

providencializmi – (laT.) – gangeba.

puritani (ing. – sufTa) – aq: adamiani, romelic gamoirCeva cxovrebis mkacri asketuri wesiT.

racionalizmi – (laT. gonieri) – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac sayovelTaoba da aucilebloba ver
gamoiyvaneba cdidan da misi ganzogadoebidan, aramed isini unda moiZebnos mxolod gonebaSi. racionalizmis
mixedviT, sayovelTao da zogadi ideebi adamians gonebaSi Tandayolili aqvs. am ideebs adamiani mxolod logiku-
ri azrovnebiT da inteleqtualuri intuiciiT wvdeba. rac Seexeba grZnobad Semecnebas, is WeSmaritebas verasodes
daadgens. e. i. codnis da WeSmaritebis miRebis erTaderT unarad, racionalizmSi gonebaa miCneuli. racionalistur
filosofias sxvadasxva formiT ayalibebdnen platoni, dekarte, spinoza, kanti, hegeli da sxvebi.
realoba – (Zv. laT. sagnobrivi, arsebuli) – sinamdvileSi arsebuli. realuroba miewereba yovelive imas, rac
SeiZleba warmoiSvas an warmoiSva droSi, rac arsebobs da warmavalia.

realoba samarTlebrivi – lokaluri an msoflio civilizaciis socialur sivrceSi arsebuli samarTlis uklebliv yvela
fenomenis erToblioba. ganasxvaveben samarTlebrivi realobis or formas – obieqturs da subieqturs. obieqtur rea-
lobaSi moiazreba samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi da socialuri institutebi. subieqtur realobaSi – individualuri mar-
TlSegnebis normatiul–RirebulebiTi, motivaciur –orientirebadi struqturebi.

regresi – (laT.) – ukusvla, ukan dabruneba.

regresia kriminaluri – instinqtebis, afeqtebisa da vnebebis dominirebadi zemoqmedebiT ganpirobebuli

qceviTi strategia. afeqtebi da vnebebi sakmaod aqtiurad erevian individis savaraudo moqmedebaTa logikaSi,
mTlianad imorCileben adamianis nebas da saSiSs xdian mas sazogadoebisaTvis. maT Zala SeswevT Secvalon
adamianis cnobiereba; mniSvnelovnad Seasuston kritikis unari; droebiT an xangrZlivi periodis manZilze gaau-
fasuron moralisa da samarTlis normebi; xeli Seuwyon sxvadasxva saxis samarTaldarRvevebisa da danaSaulis
Cadenas.

represiuloba – Zalovani institutebis socialuri praqtika, romelic gulisxmobs adamianis winaaRmdeg arasa-
marTlebrivi iZulebisa da Zaladobis sxvadasxva formebis (sxeulebrivi, socialuri, sulieri) sistematur gamoyene-
bas. represia SeiZleba iyos kerovani an sistematuri xasiaTis. sistematuri represiebis subieqtebia despotur-totali-
taruli reJimebis pirobebSi moqmedi Zalovani struqturebi da maTze daqvemdebarebuli organoebi.
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 relativizmi – (laT, SefardebiTi) – filosofiuri Teoria, romelic uaryofs absolutur WeSmaritebas da mTeli
mecnieruli codna dahyavs SefardebiTze. maTi azriT, codna SefardebiTia, ara mxolod im gagebiT, rom adami-
ans ar SeuZlia Cawvdes samyaros absolutur mTlianobas, aramed imitom, rom ar arsebobs samyaroSi obieqturi
aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba, ris gamoc ar SeiZleba codna mis Sesaxeb aucileblobis da sayovelTaobis matare-
beli iyos.

refleqsia – (laT. ukan mimarTva) – TviTdakvirveba sakuTar azrebze, gancdebze da emociebze, romliTac
adamiani axdens sulieri samyaros fenomenebis TviTSemecnebas. Semecnebis aseT meTods iyenebs fenomeno-
logiuri filosofia.

ritorika – (berZ.) – oratoruli xelovneba.

samarTaldarRveva – sazogadoebrivad saSiSi socialuri qmedeba, romelic arRvevs saxelmwifos mier sa-
marTlebriv kodeqsebSi dafiqsirebul normebs da mimarTulia civilizebuli Tanacxovrebis safuZvlebis ngrevisa-
ken.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo – sazogadoebis marTvis mikrosocialuri meqanizmi, romelic samarTlis sistemas

saSualebas aZlevs TviTnebobis nebismieri formis gamovlenisagan daicvas moqalaqeebi, maTi sicocxle, Tavi-
sufleba, sakuTreba da piradi Rirseba.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba – individebs Soris bunebrivad Camoyalibebuli socialuri urTierTobebis mraval-
ganzomilebiani, TviTorganizebadi sistema, sadac TiToeuli adamiani warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli cxovrebise-
uli miznebis mqone pirs da ara saxelmwifos qveSevrdoms.

saxelmwifo – wesrigis dacvisaken mimarTuli giganturi makroinstituti, sociogenuri Zalovani struqtura, ro-
melic moicavs mTel sazogadoebriv organizms da axorcielebs marTvis, Sinagani da garegani destruqciebis sa-
SiSroebisagan Tavdacvis, dabalansebul–dinamiuri mdgomareobis uzrunvelyofisa da SenarCunebis funqciebs.
am amocanaTa gadaWrisaTvis saxelmwifos xelSia specialuri saSualebebi – Zalauflebisa da marTvis organoebis
sistema, iZulebis aparati, armia, policia, sasjelaRsrulebiTi dawesebulebebi.

sikeTe – eTikuri kategoria; ZriTadi moraluri Rirebuleba; TavisTavad warmoadgens zneobriv faseulobas. si-
keTe ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT `sikeTed raRacasTan mimarTebaSi~. igi ar SeiZleba iyos `umaRlesi sikeTe~ an
raRac Sesadarebeli sidide. sikeTe yovelTvis ubralo pozitiurobaa. eTikurad Rirebulia (anu sikeTea) im adamia-
nis saqcieli, romelic nebismier konkretul situaciaSi yovelTvis sikeTes irCevs.

sensualizmi – (laT. grZnoba, SegrZneba) – gnoseologiuri moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac Semecnebis er-
TaderT wyaros SegrZnebebi warmoadgens. arsebobs materialisturi da idealisturi sensualizmi. materialisturi
sensualizmis mixedviT, SegrZnebebi aris obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxva. xolo idealisturi sensualizmis mixedviT,
obieqtur sinamdviles TviTon subieqturi SegrZnebebi gansazRvraven. amitom codnas mxolod SegrZnebaTa
kombinacia warmoadgens.

skepticizmi – (berZ. ganxilva) – filosofiuri koncefcia, romelsac eWvi Seaqvs codnis WeSmaritebaSi da yo-
velgvari codna mxolod SefardebiTze dahyavs. skepticizmi warmoiSva Zv. saberZneTSi (Zv, w. IV s.). misi
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen pironi, arqezila, enezidemi, seqst empirikosi da sxva.

substancia – (laT. arseba) – samyaros sawyisi, safuZveli, rac yvelafers gansazRvravs da razec damokidebu-
lia yvelaferi, romelic maradiulia, ar warmoiSoba da ar ispoba, romelic yovelgvari moZraobis mizezic aris da
mizanic. substanciis es daxasiaTeba pirobiTia, radgan substancia ganusazRvreli arsia da misi cnebebiT gan-
sazRvra amouwuravia. substanciis cneba sxvadasxva filosofiur sistemebSi gansxvavebulia, magram yvela aRia-

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rebs, rom is aris yvelafris safuZveli da pirvelmizezi. filosofiuri dava arsebobs mxolod imaze, materialuria is Tu
idealuri, erTia Tu mravali. vinc miiCnevs, rom samyaros substancia materialuria, materialisti ewodeba; vinc mi-
iCnevs, rom samyaros substancia aris absoluturi idea an RmerTi, idealistia. filosofosTa umetesoba miiCnevs,
rom samyaros erTi substancia aqvs. aseT Sexedulebas monizmi ewodeba. arsebobs idealisturi monizmi da ma-
terialisturi monizmi. vinc aRiarebs, rom samyaros ori sawyisi aqvs, dualistia. maTTvis materia da suli Tanabar
sawyisebadaa gamocxadebuli (dekarte). vinc samyaros mraval sawyiss aRiarebs, pluralisti ewodeba.

sqolastika – (berZ. saskolo) – Sua saukuneebis religiuri filosofia (saskolo filosofia), romlis warmomadgen-
lebi cdilobdnen qristianuli rwmenisaTvis racionaluri dasabuTeba miecaT da moexdinaT misi sistematizacia.
sqolastikis filosofiur baziss warmoadgenda platonis, aristoteles da neoplatonizmis mimdevarTa filosofia. Sua
saukuneebis did sqolastikosebad iTvlebian eriugena, kenterberieli, Toma aqvineli da sxvebi.

tabu – religiuri akrZalva. Tanam. – akrZaluli sagnebi, azrebi.

tavtologia – (berZ. ilaparake igiveze) – raime gamoTqmis zedmeti, usargeblo, zogjer saWiro gameoreba.

tendencia – (laT. raRacisadmi miswrafeba) – raime movlenis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba, survili, miswrafe-
ba, mizani.

termini – (laT. zRvari) – cneba; cnebis gamomxatveli sityva; logikaSi – msjelobis (subieqti da predikati) an
silogizmis Semadgeneli elementi.

teleologia – (berZ. mizani) – religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba samyaroSi adamianisagan damoukidebeli obi-

eqturi miznebisa da mizanSewonilobis arsebobis Sesaxeb. teleologiur moZRvrebas icavs yvela filosofia, rome-
lic samyaros sawyisad uZrav da ucvlel RmerTs aRiarebs. es exeba platonis, aristoteles, neoplatonizms, sqolasti-
kas, hegelis da sxvaTa filosofias. yvela es filosofia uSvebs winaswari ucvleli miznis cnebas, romliskenac yvela-
feri miiswrafvis da ver acdeba am gzas. aseTi gageba aucileblobiT midis fatalizmis aRiarebamde, romlis mi-
xedviTac yvelaferi bedisweras eqvemdebareba. RmerTis arsebobas arc sicocxlis filosofia da arc religiuri eqsis-
tencializmi uaryofs, magram isini uaryofen absoluturad ucvleli miznis anu RmerTis arsebobas. maTi azriT,
RmerTi TviTon aris absoluturi qmnadoba da amis gamo adamianebsac eZlevaT Tavisufali Semoqmedebis sa-
Sualeba. am gagebiT, adamianis sicocxle da cxovrebis mizani ar aris mkacr gardauval CarCoebSi moqceuli.

teqnokratia – (berZ.) – teqnikis batonoba; sazogadoebrivi azris erT-erTi mimarTuleba, romelic socialur
cxovrebaSi teqnikas aniWebs ganmsazRvrel rols da Tvlis, rom mxolod industrializacias SeuZlia racionalurad
moawesrigos da srulyos sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis cxovreba. adamiani, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganixileba rogorc
`manqanis mona~.

tolerantoba – (laT. moTmineba):

1. gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis, poziciebis, zne – Cveulebebisadmi Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba;
2. organizmis unari Seeguos da gadaitanos garemos ama Tu im araxelsayreli faqtoris zemoqmedeba.

totalitarizmi – (laT. mTliani, sruli) – sazogadoebriv – politikuri wyoba, romelic xasiaTdeba avtoritaruli sa-
xelmwifos yovlismomcveli CareviT sazogadoebisa da calkeuli pirovnebis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaSi. ma-
galiTad, totalitaruli xasiaTisaa bonapartistuli, faSisturi, socialisturi reJimebi. maTi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia –
xelisuflebis usazRvro uflebamosileba, demokratiuli institutebis akrZalva, moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisufle-
bebis likvidacia, erTpartiuli sistema, ekonomikis militarizacia, represiebi opoziciisa da sxvagvarad moazrovnee-
bis mimarT da sxva.

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 transcendentaluri – (laT. gadabijeba) – aRniSnavs apriorul, e. i. cdamde arsebul cnobierebas, romelic Ta-
visi sayovelTaobiT da aucileblobiT gansazRvravs gare sinamdviles. kantis filosofiaSi wminda azris formis tran-
scendentaluri cnobiereba anu subieqti arsebobs empiriuli subieqtis siRrmeSi da ar aris damokidebuli empiriul
subieqtze. piriqiT, empiriuli subieqtis Teoriuli moRvaweoba niSnavs transcendentalur subieqtamde amaRlebas.

transcendenturi – imanenturis sapirispiro. aRniSnavs imas, rac cnobierebisa da Semecnebis sazRvrebs

miRmaa. am termins gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs agnosticizmSi, romlis mixedviTac transcendenturi
niSnavs subieqtisaTvis miuwvdomels, Seumecnebads `nivTs TavisTavads~ (kanti). Tu adamiani Seecdeba Se-
mecnebis mizniT gavides imanenturi sferodan transcendenturSi, is veraviTar WeSmaritebas ver daadgens, ara-
med aRmoCndeba gadauWreli problemebis anu antinomiebis winaSe.

universaluri – (laT. zogadi) – sayovelTao, yvelafrismomcveli, mravalmxrivi.

universumi – erTiani samyaro, `samyaro, rogorc mTeli~.

fatalizmi – (laT. sabediswero) – religiur-filosofiuri rwmena bedis gardauvalobis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedvi-
Tac samyaroSi yvelaferi gangebis ZaliT aris gansazRvruli; rac moxda, rac xdeba da rac unda moxdes yvelaferi
winaswaraa dagenili RmerTis mier. es exeba mTel bunebas, adamians da sazogadoebis istorias. aseTi gagebiT,
adamianis Tavisufleba mxolod moCvenebiTia, radgan adamianis yovelgvar moqmedebas da gadawyvetilebis
miRebas zebunebrivi RvTaebrivi Zalebi gansazRvraven. amdenad, moRvaweobis procesSi adamianis Sinagani
Tavisuflebis roli absoluturad gamoricxulia, yovelgvari moqmedeba mxolod garegani gangebis ZaliT sruldeba.

fatumi – (laT.) – bedi, bunebis brma aucilebloba.

fenomeni – (berZ. movlenili) – cdaSi, grZnobad SemecnebaSi mocemuli movlena.

fenomenologia – filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic filosofiis upirveles amocanad sulieri fenomenebis TviT-
Semecnebas acxadebs. kvlevis meTodad iyenebs reduqcias, romelic induqciuri meTodis sapirispiroa. induqciuri
meTodi mizezebidan Sedegebis Ziebas emsaxureba, xolo reduqciuli meTodi – Sedegebidan mizezebis Ziebaze
gadasvlas niSnavs. induqciisagan gansxvavebiT, saqme exeba ara winsvlas, aramed ukusvlas, ukan dabrunebas,
adamianis moqmedebidan da emociuri gancdebidan maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis Ziebas. fenomenologiuri Se-
mecnebis mizania gaigos da daadginos is sulieri Rirebulebebi, ris safuZvelzec qmnis adamiani sulier kulturas,
radgan sulieri Rirebulebebi anu eqsistenciuri fenomenebi, warmoadgenen adamianis cxovrebis wesisa da ada-
mianad yofnis safuZvlebs. sulis fenomenologiuri gamokvlevebi mocemuli aqvs loks, iums, kants, hegels, eqsis-
tencializmisa da sxva filosofiuri Teoriebis warmomadgenlebs.

ფლუიდები (laT. – mimdinare) - aq: spiritebis azriT, raRac “fsiqikuri deni”, romelsac savaraudod asxivebs
adamianis sxeuli an raime sxva sagani.

fobia – (berZ. SiSi) – SiSis akviatebuli mdgomareoba.

fsiqoanalizuri meTodi – z. froidisa da misi mimdevrebis mier SemuSavebuli SemecnebiT saSualebaTa sis-
tema; misi gamoyenebiT, pirovnebis normatiul qcevebSi racionalur, gacnobierebul mamoZravebel motivebTan
erTad, SesaZlebelia aRmoCndes siRrmiseuli, qvecnobieri motivebi, romlebic xSirad ganapirobeben individis
normatiul-RirebulebiT orientaciasa da mis praqtikul moqmedebebs.

fsiqologia samarTlis – problemaTa kompleqsi, romelic dakavSirebulia individualuri da sazogadoebrivi

marTlSegnebis fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Camoyalibebasa da samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa funqcionirebis motiva-
ciur uzrunvelyofasTan.

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 qarizma – (berZ. madli, RvTis saCuqari) – RvTis wyalobad aRqmuli araCveulebrivi SesaZleblobebi an
gansakuTrebuli niWiereba.

qarizmatuli pirovneba – cneba, romelic ixmareboda qristianul (kaTolikur) TeologiaSi da aRniSnavda ga-
morCeuli, gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT (RvTaebrivi madlis gadmosvlis safuZvelze) dajildoebul adamians. socia-
lur TeoriaSi am cnebis gamoyeneba XIX s-Si daiwyes germanelma sociologebma e. trelCma da m. veberma.
qarizmatuloba ambivalenturia da Tavis TavSi Seicavs rogorc kolosalur aRmSeneblur potencials, aseve uzarma-
zar damangrevel energias. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi vlindeba rogorc RvTisrCeulobis naTeli madli, rogorc Se-
moqmedebiTi genia (mose, solomoni, perikle, buda, qriste, muhamedi, luTeri, gandi da sxva), meoreSi, rogorc
boroti genia (Cingisxani, ivane mrisxane, hitleri, lenini, stalini da sxva). amasTan erTad, arseboben cnobili ada-
mianebi, romelTa qarizmas erTmniSvnelovnad ver miakuTneb verc naTel da verc bnel Zalebs. Ees, upirveles
yovlisa, gamoCenili mxedarmTavrebia, romelTa moRvaweobas erTdroulad konstruqciuli da destruqciuli Sede-
gebi hqonda (magaliTad, aleqsandre makedoneli, iulius keisari, napoleoni da sxva).

qvecnobieri – warmodgenaTa konceptualuri kompleqsi adamianis fsiqikis im sferoebis Sesaxeb, sadac gan-
lagebulia individis sulier-praqtikuli cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli fsiqikuri mocemulobebi – instinqturi, emociona-
lur-grZnobadi, intuitiuri da sxva Sreebi, romlebic scildebian gonebisa da gansjis sazRvrebs da ar eqvemdebare-
bian racionalur axsnas.

qsenofobia – (berZ. ucxos SiSi) – ucxoebis (sxva rasis, gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebis, ucxoelebis,
ltolvilebis, imigrantebis da a. S.) mimarT mtruli, SiSsa da siZulvilTan Sezavebuli damokidebuleba.

Rirebulebebi – materialuri da sulieri realobebi, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamianebs daikmayofilon

survilebi, moTxovnilebebi, ocnebebi, imedi da saWiroeben garkveul Zalisxmevas maTi miRwevis, dafuZnebisa
da dacvisaTvis.

RirebulebiTi orientaciebi – pirovnebis Sinagani struqturis umniSvnelovanesi elementebi, romlebic gamya-

rebulia individis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, misi gancdebis erTobliobiT da romelTa safuZvelzec pirovnebas
SeuZlia gamijnos erTmaneTisagan, misi mosazrebiT, arsebiTi araarsebiTisagan, mniSvnelovani umniSvnelosa-
gan. Camoyalibebuli, fesvgadgmuli RirebulebiTi orientaciebis erToblioba ayalibebs pirovnebis myar pozicias,
rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs garkveuli tipis qcevebisa da moRvaweobis memkvidreobiTobas, mimarTulebas
aZlevs interesebs, moTxovnilebebsa da miznebs da motivirebuls xdis maT. aseTi miznebi SeiZleba iyos: a)
cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebebi – siyvaruli, megobroba, ojaxi, zrunva STamomavlobaze, adamianuri urTierTobebi;
b) civilizaciis Rirebulebebi – materialuri keTildReoba, kariera, Zalaufleba, teqnikuri miRwevebis floba, piradi
da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garantirebuli usafrTxoeba da sxva; g) kulturuli Rirebulebebi – Semoqmedeba, Ta-
visufleba, rogorc sulieri moRvaweobis saSualeba, tradiciebi da sxva.

Rirseba – aRiareba, romelsac garemocva miagebs pirovnebas misi individualuri Tvisebebisa da sulieri Ri-
rebulebebis safuZvelze (pativiscema); aRiarebis is forma, romelsac adamiani ganicdis sakuTari Tavisadmi, ro-
gorc pirovnebisadmi (sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba) an romelsac igi, misi mosazrebiT, imsaxurebs Tavisi socialuri
wris adamianebisagan (didebismoyvareoba, pativmoyvareoba).

SurisZieba – msxverplis an misi axloblis mxridan, Cadenili danaSaulis, miyenebuli zianisaTvis damnaSa-
vis dasjis marTlsawinaaRmdego (TviTneburi) aqcia. warmoadgens `misagebeli samarTlianobis~ principis erT-
erT yvelaze arqaul formas, adamianTa Soris urTierTobaTa regulaciis saSualebas. Camoyalibda saxelmwifosa
da samarTlis warmoSobamde. axasiaTebda istoriuli ganviTarebis saxelmwifomdel stadiaze myof yvela ers. Su-
risZiebis yvelaze radikaluri formaa sisxlis aReba.

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 codna – sinamdvilis aRqmis praqtikiT Semowmebuli Sedegi, misi swori asaxva adamianis azrovnebaSi; su-
bieqturi da obieqturi TvalsazrisiT, swori wvdomis formebisa da gamocdilebis floba, romelTa safuZvelze SesaZ-
lebeli xdeba codnis gamomxatveli msjelobebisa da WeSmariti daskvnebis Camoyalibeba.

civilizacia – (laT. samoqalaqo) – xelovnuri, anTropogenuri, mravalmiznobrivi socialuri megasistema, ro-

melic miiswrafvis gawonasworebul-dinamiuri mdgomareobisaken, xasiaTdeba TviTregulaciisa da TviTsrulyo-
fis unariT da mudmivi ZalisxmeviT, Seasustos da SeaCeros arsebuli destruqciebi da qaosis saSiSroeba.

cinizmi – sayovelTaod miRebuli sociokulturuli normebisa da Rirebulebebis mimarT demonstratiuli totaluri

negativizmis pozicia. cneba `cinizmi~-s warmoSoba dakavSirebulia Zveli berZeni filosofos-cinikebis saxelTan,
romlebic cnobili iyvnen civilizaciisa da kulturis miRwevebTan Tavisi uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT.

Zaladoba – msxverplze fizikuri da fsiqikuri zemoqmedebis saSualebiT ganxorcielebuli arasamarTlebrivi

iZuleba. msxverpli SeiZleba iyos calkeuli idividi, adamianTa mcirericxovani an didi jgufi, mTeli eri. Zaladoba
gulisxmobs subieqtebisaTvis maTi bunebiTi uflebebis (sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, adamianuri Rirsebis, TviTga-
morkvevis da sxva) CamorTmevas. Zaladobis subieqtebi SeiZleba gaxdnen calkeuli pirovnebebi, sisxlis samar-
Tlis damnaSaveebi, politikuri radikalebi, agreTve saxelisuflo struqturebi da maTze daqvemdebarebuli damsjeli
organoebi. ganasxvaveben sporaduli (calkeuli danaSauli, teroristuli aqtebi) da sistemuri (totalitaruli reJimebis
mier ganxorcielebuli masobrivi represiebi) xasiaTis Zaladobas.

wanamZRvari – is, rac sxvis pirobas warmoadgens.

wesi – (laT.) - obieqturi azriT, cnebebis saSualebiT Camoyalibebuli (magram jer kidev Seumecnebeli, ro-
gorc kanonzomierad arsebuli) yofierebis, movlenis an moqmedebis Tanazomiereba, erTgvarovneba. subieqturi
mosazrebiT, xSirad gamoiyeneba miTiTebebis mniSvnelobiT (magaliTad, romelime saxelisuflebo organos an
piris miTiTeba). wesis cnebasTan dakavSirebulia e. w. gamonaklisebi (anu iseTi wesebi, romlebic kanonis cne-
bas ar emTxvevian, magaliTad, `zneobriobis oqros wesi~).

wesi daskvnis – gansazRvravs wanamZRvrebidan Sedegze gadasvlas; ufro zustad, adgens Sesabamisobas
gamonaTqvamebis garkveul erTobliobas (formulebs), romelTac wanamZRvrebi ewodebaT da erT gansazRvrul
gamonaTqvams (formulas) Soris, romelsac am wanamZRvrebidan gamoyvanili Sedegi ewodeba.

WeSmariteba – Semmecnebeli subieqtis mier sinamdvilis sagnebisa da movlenebis swori, adekvateri asax-
va.

xasiaTi – adamianis qcevis gansakuTrebuloba, romelic vlindeba mis manerebSi, qcevebsa da azrTa wyoba-
Si. igi warmoadgens pirovnebis fsiqikuri mdgradobisa da zneobrivi poziciis safuZvels.

jerovani (saTanado) – moralur-samarTlebrivi cnobierebis normatiul-RirebulebiTi kategoria, romelic aRniS-

navs 1) religiuri mcnebebis, rwmenis moTxovnebis formiT warmodgenil RmerTis miTiTebebs; 2) sxvadasxva
saxis sazogadoebebis korporaciuli interesebiT nakarnaxeb garegan moralur, samarTlebriv, politikur, ideologiur
moTxovnebs; 3) subieqturad motivirebul, pirovnul imperativebs – movaleobis grZnoba, pasuxismgeblobis gac-
nobiereba da sxva.

hedonizmi (berZ. – siamovneba) – aq: eTikuri Teoria, romelic umaRles sikeTed da cxovrebis miznad Tvlis
siamovnebas.

heteronomia – (berZ. hetero – sxva, ucxo, nomia – kanoni) – pirovnebis moraluri da kanonmorCili qcevis gan-
pirobebuloba garegani mizezebiT da ara Sinagani moTxovnebiTa da Tavisufali nebiT.

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 hiloZoizmi – (laT. hil – nivTiereba, Zoe – sicocxle) - filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic mTel materialur samya-
ros gansulierebulad warmoidgens. aseT azrs icavdnen Zveli berZeni materialistebi (heraklite, anaqsagora da
sxvebi). am Teoriis mixedviT, buneba cocxali sinamdvilea da Tavis Tavs TviTon awarmoebs; mas ar sWirdeba
garegani RvTaebrivi Zalebis moSvelieba bunebis moZraobis asaxsnelad, aramed buneba TviTon aris RmerTi;
RmerTi bunebaSia da is ganagebs bunebis qmnadobas.

hipoTeturi – (berZ. safuZveli) – pirobiTi, savaraudo; msjeloba hipoTeturia, Tu meore debulebis arseboba gan-
pirobebulia pirveli debulebis arsebobiT. magaliTad, Tu aris A, iqneba BB-c.

humanizmi – (laT. adamianuri) – istoriulad cvalebad SexedulebaTa sistema, romelic aRiarebs adamianis, ro-
gorc pirovnebis Rirebulebas, mis uflebebs Tavisuflebaze, bednierebaze, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba-
sa da realizaciaze; adamianis sikeTesa da keTildReobas Tvlis socialuri institutebis Sefasebis kriteriumad, xolo
Tanasworobis, samarTlianobis, adamianurobis principebs miiCnevs adamianuri urTierTobebis sasurvel normad.
viwro gagebiT, aRorZinebis epoqis kulturuli moZraoba.

literatura

1. avrelius markus. fiqrebi, Tb., 1972.

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4. biblia. Tb., 1989.
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6. beriZe ia. destruqcia da adamianuri yofierebis krizisi, disertacia, Tb., 2002.
7. buTxuzi T. SesaZleblobis aRsruleba. Tb; 2008
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