O ontologia

adamianis cxovrebasa da azrovnebaSi yofierebis sakiTxis mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is, rom sityva `aris~-is
adamianis azrovnebisa da metyvelebis aucilebeli da sayovelTao elementia. adamianis yoveli gamoTqma,
msjeloba, winadadeba agebulia zmna `aris_is~ gamoyenebiT, anu nebismieri adamianuri msjeloba
gulisxmobs msjelobis sagnis arseboba-ararsebobas. misTvis, rogorc arsebulisaTvis, upirvelisia imis garkveva
Tu ra aris arsebuli, ra aris upirvelesi arsebuli, ra aris yofiereba, rogoria damokidebleba maT Soris da ras
niSnavs arseboba. adamiani miiCnevs, rom is aris is visac SeuZlia daadginos, gansazRvros Tu ra arsebobs da
ra ara da adamiani aris is visac SeuZlia Seqmnas axali sagani, axali arsebuli.

yofierebis gagebis aucilebloba adamianis yofierebidan amoizrdeba. adamiani xedavs, rom arian sagnebi,
movlenebi, romlebic arseboben aq, exla, magram arsebobda Tu ara es movlenebi guSin da iarsebeben isini
xval? aris sagnebi, romlebic guSin ar arsebobdnen exla ki Cvens Tvalwin arian. sagnebs, movlenebs,
xdomilebebs aRmoaCnda ori parametri: arseboba da ar arseboba. ratom qrebian sagnebi da razea
damokidebuli maTi arseboba. ratom unda moispos is rac arsebobs? vin an ra ganapirobebda saganTa
arseboba-ararsebobas? samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebi warmavalia, magram rogoria TviTon samyaros arsebobis
wesi? adamians yofierebis sakiTxze Caafiqrebda sikvdilis fenomenic. rogor arsebobs is, rasac aq da exla
vxedav sikvdilis Semdeg? ra SeuZlia adamians Tqvas warsulisa da momavalis Sesaxeb? yofierebis problema
drois problemasTan aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli, radgan adamians ainteresebs ra arsebobs da ramden xans
arsebobs? adamiani xedavs, rom raRac sagnebi arseboben, raRac ukve ara. aseve amCnevs, rom sxvadsxva
movlenebs arsebobis gansxvavebuli wesi aqvT, zogierTi sagnis arseboba mis nebasa da ganzraxvazea
damokidebuli, zogierTis ki ara. es yovelive moiTxovda yofierebis wesebs Soris mimarTebis garkvevas.

ontologia aris filosofiuri disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis arsebobis problemas. arseboba aris samyaros
upirvelesi maxasiaTebeli da adamianis cxovrebisa da azrovnebis umTavresi sakiTxi. adamianis, rogorc
moqmedi, cocxali arsebis, interesisa da miznis sagania arsebuli. termini `ontologia~ Semotanili iqna r.
hokleniusis mier 1613 wels, Tavis filosofiur leqsikonSi. i. klaubergma ki 1656wels ontologia metafizikis
sanacvlod Semoitana, misi saboloo danergva ki ganaxorciela q. volfma.

ontologia Seiswavlis:

• ra arsebobs?

• ra aris upirvelesi arsebuli?

• ras niSnavs arseboba?(ra niSnebis safuZvelze miviCnevT raimes arsebulad)

• mimarTebas yofierebis gansxvavebul wesebs Soris da maT saerTo niSnebs.

• arsebulTa gansxvavebul sferoebs,

• ra sazrisi aqvs ama Tu im movlenis arsebobas?

• rogoria arsebulTa arsebobis ZiriTadi principi?

• ratom arsebobs raime da ara piriqiT arara?

yofiereba da arseboba. Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis TavisTavad gasagebia Tu ras niSnavs arseboba,

magram Tu CavufiqrdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom arsebobis problema erTerTi urTulesi problemaa. advilia Tqva,
rom Tvalwin arsebuli sagani arsebobs, magram rogor davrwmundeT imis arsebobaSi, rodesac mas ver
vxedavT, anda saerTod uxilavia da grZnobebiT ar mogvecema, romelic warsulSi arsebobda, anda momavalSi
moxdeba? amisaTvis unda vicodeT ra niSnebiT vadgenT saerTod arsebulTa, saganTa arsebobas. erTia
sagnis, movlenis Tvisebebis dadgena da sxvaa sagnis arsebobis dadastureba. arsebuli sagnebiT dakavebulia
kerZo mecnierebebi, xolo arsebobis wesebs ikvlevs ontologia.

yofierebis problemis aqtualuroba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

• adamianma zustad ar icis Tu ra niSnebis mixedviT unda gaarkvios Tu ra arsebobs da rogor arsebobs.
Cven erTnairad vambobT: RmerTi arsebobs, adamiani arsebobs, sikeTe arsebobs, qva arsebobs. yofiereba ara
marto filosofiis erTerTi umTavresi problemaa, romlis Sesaxeb filosofosebi mudam kamaTobdnen, aramed
am sakiTxis garkveva adamianuri cxovrebis organizebisa da warmarTvis aucilebeli wanamZRvaria.

• yofierebis gagebis istoriulobis gamo, filosofiam unda uTxras Tanamedrove adamians Tu ra arsebobs
da ras niSnavs arseboba dRes, radgan is rac arsebobs dRes 21-e saukunis adamianisaTvis ar arsebobda me-18
saukunis adamianisaTvis. im saukunis adamiani fantaziisa da warmosaxvis sruli daZabviTac ki ver
warmoidgenda yovelive amas. dRes gamovlinda arsebulis axali formebi da arsebobis axali wesebi.

• adamians ainteresebs arsebobs Tu ara is rac mSvenieria, WeSmaritia, sikeTea?

• samyarom da adamianma dRes dakarga Tavisi yofierebis RvTaebrivi garantiebi. dRes adamians
SeuZlia arsebuli teqnikuri da teqnologiuri saSualebebiT mospos samyaro. yovelive es ganapirobebs
yofierebis sakiTxis xelaxla dasmis aucileblobas.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom me-20 saukunis udidesma filosofosma martin haidegerma Tavis ZiriTad naSroms,
`yofiereba da dro~, epigrafad warumZRvara nawyveti platonis dialogidan `sofisti~ (244): `aSkaraa, Tqven
didi xania iciT, Tu sakuTriv ras gulisxmobT, roca xmarobT gamoTqmas `myofi~. adre Cvenc gvwamda, rom
gvesmoda, axla ki gasaWirSi CavvardiT. Mmogvepoveba ki dRes pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ras vgulisxmobT
sakuTriv sityvaSi `myofi~?-arasgziT. ~ am moazrovneebs Soris kacobriobis istoriis 25 saukunovani
monakveTia da miuxedavad amisa yofierebis sakiTxi mainc gadauwyvetelia.

rogorc aRvniSneT, Cveulebrivi adamiani, yoveldRiuri cnobiereba yofierebas, arsebobas, sinamdviles

gaigebs rogorc sinonimebs. magram arsebobis cnebisagan unda ganvasxvavoT yofierebis cneba. `yofierebis~
cnebas filosofiaSi gansakuTrebuli sazrisi aqvs. filosofiuri cneba `yofiereba~ aRniSnavs ara marto arsebobas,
aramed `yofiereba~ aRniSnavs imasac, rac aris arsebobis garantia.

yofierebis sakiTxis gaazrebisas adamianis azrovneba aRwevda ganzogadoebisa da abstragirebis umaRles

xarisxs. igi moiTxovda adamianis sulieri da moraluri Zalebis udides daZabvas, rodesac cdilobda pasuxi gaeca
kiTxvaze Tu ra aris misTvis WeSmaritad arsebuli da Rirebuli.

adamianis damokidebuleba yofierebis sakiTxisadmi paradoqsulia. erTis mxriv, adamiani yofierebis gagebis
unars flobs, romlis warmoSoba man ar icis da meores mxriv, man ar icis ra aris yofiereba. yofierebis
fenomenis TavisTavad sicxade misi sruli gaugebrobis niRabia. adamianis mier gamoTqmul martiv
winadadebaSi: es aris vaSlis xe~, gamoTqmulia adamianis udidesi pretenzia. igi Tavis Tavze iRebs uflebas
raime aRiaros arsebulad anda uaryos misi arseboba. adamianis interesis sagani ki yovelTvis aris arseboba.
meores mxriv, adamiani aris is, visac SeuZlia raRaca Seqmnas, anu arseboba mianiWos.

adamianis bunebrivi ganwyoba aRiarebs, rom samyaro arsebobda, arsebobs da iarsebebs momavalSi.
adamiani Tavis moqmedebasa da azrovnebaSi gamodis samyaros arsebobis debulebidan da misTvis es
TavisTavad cxadi da ueWveli debulebaa. yofierebis sakiTxi Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis aris erTsa da imave
dros yvelaze konkretuli da yvelaze abstraqtuli, yvelaze cxadi da yvelaze gaugebari sakiTxi, metic yofierebis
Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmac ki zedmetad aris miCneuli.

magram yofierebis sakiTxi saeWvo da problematuri xdeba, rodesac adamianis cxovrebaSi adgili aqvs
gardatexas, kriziss. am dros yofierebis gagebis utyuaroba irRveva. adamianisaTvis gaugebari xdeba Tu ras
niSnavs WeSmariti arseboba, ra arsebobs, rogoria adamianis Rirseuli yofierebis wesi, romelsac adamianma
unda misdios? es sazogadoebis krizisis niSania, radgan sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZveli-gagebis erTiani veli
irRveva. am dros adamiani svams kiTxvas ara marto imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs arseboba, aramed ra
sazrisi, mniSvneloba aqvs raime sagnis arsebobas. am dros ubralod arseboba ar aris sakamarisi, radgan eWvs
qveS dgeba adamianis yofierebis safuZvlebi. adamians ainteresebs is rac mSvenieria, is, rac sikeTea arsebobs
Tu ara?

adamiani valdebulia gaiazros da garkveuli pasuxi gasces yofierebis sakiTxs, radgan adamiani aris
gansakuTrebuli arsebuli. mas axasiaTebs yofierebis gageba, amitom misi upiratesoba da movaleobaa swored
yofierebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasma.

adamiani amCnevs, rom ara marto mravali gansxvavebuli sagani arsebobs, aramed imasac, rom am sagnebs
gansxvavebuli arsebobis wesi axasiaTebT. erTi sagnis yofierebis erTi wesi ar gamodgeba, meore sagnis
arsebobis dasaxasiaTeblad, amitom aucilebeli xdeba yofierebis wminda problematikis gamoyofa, yofierebis
rogorc aseTis gansazRvra. ras niSnavs arseboba, ara marto arsebuli sagnebis gansxvaveba, aramed arsebobis
formebis gansxvaveba.

yofierebis problema pirvelad parmenidem gaacnobiera. Mman gamijna arsebulTa ori saxe: WeSmaritad
arsebuli, romelic marad arsebobs da moCvenebiTad arsebuli, romelic warmavli da droebiTia da Camoayaliba
yofierebis cneba. mas surda heraklites maradiuli cvalebadobisa da moZraobis samyaroSi, rac adamianis
cxovrebas aramdgradsa da garkveulobas moklebuls xdida, moenaxa raRac myari, mudmivi. igi iqneboda
adamianis cxovrebis garkveulobisa da sazrisis garanti. parmenidem dainaxa, rom erTeuli, empiriuli arsebuli
iSleba, ispoba, qreba, igi xdeba ararsebuli(ararsi) es niSnavda ararsis upiratesobas erTeuli arsebulis mimarT.
aucilebeli iyo arsis upiratesobis dasabuTeba ararsTan mimarTebaSi. igi ar SeiZleba yofiliyo empiriuli
arsebulis xasiaTis. miT ufro berZnuli sibrZne ambobda: arafrisagan araferi ar warmoiSveba da raime ararad
ar iqceva. “arsi aris da ararsi ar aris”- werda parmenide.

parmenidem cvalebadi samyaros miRma aRiara mdgradi, maradiuli, ucvleli realoba, rogorc
amqveyniurobis arsebobis garanti. es aris yofiereba. yofiereba dadgenili iqna rogorc WeSmaritad da
namdvilad arsebuli, rogorc upirvelesi arsebuli. man namdvil, WeSmarit arsebulad aRiara azri, is, rac azriT
miiwvdomeboda. parmenidem(filosofiam) aRmoaCina universumis axali ganzomileba –yofiereba- empiriuli
arsebulisa da RmerTebis gverdiT. es iyo goniTi realoba, romelic miiwvdomeboda mxolod gonebiT. amitom
yofierebaSi arsebuli da goneba erTmaneTs daemTxva. aqedan dawyebuli filosofiis saqmea ara bunebis
gaazreba, aramed yofiereba, rogorc WeSmaritad arsebuli, romelic arsebobs bunebis, warmavali arsebulebis
gverdiT.

parmenidesTan es upirvelesi arsebuli aRmoCnda goneba. arsi da azri igivea – ambobda parmenide.
yofiereba aRmoCnda gonivruli, goniTi sinamdvile. Pparmenides Tanaxmad, yofiereba, rogorc WeSmariteba,
gaexsneba adamians da ara adamiani gaxsnis yofierebis WeSmaritebas. (aleTea). amqveyniuri yofierebis
gardaqmna SeiZleba ori gziT: sagnobriv-praqtikuli zemoqmedeba amqveyniurobaze (revolucionerebis gza)
da adamianis Sinagani sulieri da zneobrivi samyaros gardaqmna (wmindanebis gza).

metafizika
 antikurobam WeSmaritad arsebulis aRsaniSnavad Semoitana yofierebis cneba, romelic gansxvavdeboda
empiriulad mocemuli arsebulisagan. filosofiam ipova da gamoyo Tavisi azrovnebis sagani. yofierebis codna
iyo axali saxis codna. filosofiam pretenzia ganacxada imis Seswavlaze, rac iyo principulad araempiriuli. igi
verasodes ver gaxdeboda empiriuli gamocdilebis sagani. adamianma ganacxada pretenzia, rom mas SeuZlia
empiriuli gamcdilebisagan damoukideblad SeuZlia Seimecnos WeSmariti sinamdvile da amgvar Semecnebas
uwoda filosofia.

yofiereba aris maradiuli, gonieri, idealuri sinamdvile, romelic gonebiT miiwvdomeba. aseTi yofiereba aris
grZnobadi xiluli sinamdvilisagan gansxvavebuli, anu metafizikuri sinamdvile. parmenides mixedviT,
metafizikuri aris azris samyaros, romelic gonivrulad aris agebuli da amdenad igi idealuris, jerarsis statusis
mqonea. RmerTis, materiis, empiriuli sagnebis gverdiT mocemulia yofiereba --- rogorc gansakuTrebuli
goniTi realoba. adamianma sagnebis gverdiT aRiara kidev erTi realoba --- azri, romelsac arsebobis
gansxvavebuli wesi aqvs. sagnis gandgurebisas azri am sagnis Sesaxeb ar nadgurdeba. amitom swored is aris
namdvili arsebuli. mas arsebobis sxva wesi aqvs. arsi aris da ararsi ar aris, arsi da azri igivea. amiT man
safuZveli Cauyara onto-logias.

parmenidem pirvelad aqcia ara arsebuli sagnebi, aramed TviTon arsi, rogorc aseTi, azrovnebis Temad.
antikuri filosofia aris yofierebis cnebis kristalizaciis da arsebuli sagnebidan azrovnebis axali sagnis-
yofierebis -gamoyofa. filosofiis mTavari sagani da upiratesoba gaxda yofierebis gaazreba.

aristotele cdilobs gansazRvros aseTi sinamdvilis Semecnebis wesi, romelsac igi pirvel filosofias uwodebs.
a. rodoselis Semdeg mas ki metafizika ewoda. igi aqcia Semecnebis formad, mecnierebad, romlis mizania
swored parmenides mier moxazuli realobis Semecneba. man unda daadginos yofiereba, rogorc
gansakuTrebuli arsebuli, misi arsebobis wesi da arsebobis wesebis saerTo niSani.

filosofia upirvelesad iyo metafizika, rogorc codna samyarosa da arsebulis upirvelesi, maradiuli da miRmuri
(metafizikuri) safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. filosofia, rogorc metafizika, adamians aZlevs gansakuTrebuli saxis
codnas miRmuri, metafizikuri samyaros, sinamdvilis Sesaxeb.

swored amaze Tqva kantma, rom metafizika, rogorc mecniereba, SeuZlebelia da ara is, rom goniTi
sinamdvile ar arsebobs. adamiani eswrafvis codnas, romelic aris swored am goniTi sinamdvilis codna.

haidegeris azriT, yofierebis problemis parmenideseulma gadawyvetam gansazRvra evropul eqsistencis,

istorias dasavluri civilizaciis bedi. dasavluri metafizika, utopozmi, gardaqmnis ideologia emyareba
gansxvavebas WeSmarit da amqveyniur arsebobas Soris. habermasis azriT, XX saukuneSi adamianma
dakarga utopiuri energia-es niSnavs, rom man dakarga yofierebis, rogorc goniTi principebiT agebuli
sinamdvilis, ideali da mas ar aqvs mizani, rogorc nimuSi, romliskenac unda eswrafodes. adamiani ar
eswrafvis misi faqtiuri sinamdvilis gardaqmnas, goniTi sinamdvilis mixedviT. es aris swored postmodernis
dadgomis niSani.

antikurobisaTvis buneba iyo grZnobadis samyaro, xolo zebunebrivi iyo zegrZnobadi, metafizika niSnavda
bunebis gareT, qristianobisTvis-transcendecia niSnavda amqveyniurobis gareT, kantma metafizika gaigo
rogorc fizikis miRma, xolo axali drom metafizika gaigo rogorc gonebis gareT. kantma xelaxla gansazRvra
metafizikis sakiTxebi: RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba, sulis ukvdavebis dasabuTeba, Tavisufali nebis
SesaZleblobis dasabuTeba.

yofierebaze azrovneba, yofierebis wminda problematikis mopoveba, rTuli Teoriuli procedurebis Semdeg
xdeba misawvdomi. erTia sagnis Semecneba, rac misi Tvisebebis dadgenas niSnavs da meorea, am sagnis
arsebobis wesis Semecneba. Uupirvelesad unda gavacnobieroT ontologiuri diferenci (haidegeri). es niSnavs,
rom erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT sagani, rogorc arsebuli da yofiereba rogorc misi arsebobis wesi,
rogorc kvlevis gansxvavebuli obieqtebi. xSirad adamiani arsebuli sagnis niSan-Tvisebebis kvleviT cvlis misi
arsebobis wesebis kvlevas. `yofiereba~, gaazrebis specifika imaSia, rom yofierebaze ar SeiZleba viazrovnoT
rogorc raime konkretul saganze.

ontologiam unda gaiazros arsebulTa arsebobis wesebis uzogadesi niuansebi, unda ikvlios arsebobis
gansxvavebuli wesebi da maTi urTierTmimarTeba, unda gairkves im niSanTa erToblioba, romelTa
meSveobiT Cven SegviZlia nebismieri sagnis arseboba an ar arseboba davadginoT. Oontologiam unda
daadginos ara marto sagnis arseboba, aramed sagnis arsebobis wesis adgili samyaroSi mocemul arsebobis
wesTa ierarqiaSi. erTia, sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu raSi xedavs adamiani arsebulis umTavres niSans da meorea
am arsebulis arsebobis xasiaTi. adamianma misi garemomcveli arsebulebi dayo SemTxveviT, aucilebel,
SesaZlebel arsebulebad. amrigad, yofierebis cneba aRniSnavs:

• arsebul saganTa erTobliobas,

• arsebobis gansxvavebuli wesebis uzogadesi niSnebs,

• aRniSnavs sawyiss, qvemdebares, upirveles arsebuls.

• aRniSnavs goniT, metafizikur realobas.

Cven ganvasxvavebT idealur, materialur da virtualur arsebobis wess, yofierebis fenomeni qmnis arsebulTa
erTianobas, radgan igi moicavs warsuls, awmyos, momavals da aseve moicavs aucilebel, SemTxveviT da
SesaZlebel arsebuls. sagnis arsebobis kriteriumi ar aris igiveobrivi grZnobebiT utyuari mocemulobis
kriteriumisa.

yofiereba, rogorc problema, gulisxmobs imis garkvevas Tu ra arsebobs, arsebobis niSnebis da arsebobis
formebis dadgenas. aristoteles Tanaxmad, yofiereba aris daSveba. man pirvelma gaacnobiera, Tu ras
niSnavs rodesac vambob, rom es sagani arsebobs. erTia, rodesac me vici es sagani da meorea, rodesac me
vambob es sagani arsebobs. yofierebis, rogorc daSvebis, meSveobiT gavdivarT saxezemyofobis CarCoebis
gareT.

kanti iyo pirveli, romelmac daafiqsira yofierebis wminda problematika. man ganacxada, rom arseboba ar
Sedis cnebis SinaarsSi. Ees niSnavda, rom Semecnebis procesSi sagnis arsebobis daSveba arafers matebs
sagans, Sinaarsoblivi aspeqtiT. es niSnavda, rom sagnis Semecneba ar niSnavs sagnis arsebobis wesis
Semecnebas. `yofierebis fenomeni, rogorc kvlevis sagani, ar aris arsebuli sagnis identuri. kanti Tvlis, rom
“yofiereba aris nivTis daSveba anda misi romelime gansazRvrulobisa TavisTavad~. sagnis Semecneba ar
udris sagnis yofierebis wesis Semecnebas. yofierebis wminda problematikis da arsebobis wesebis kvlevisas
adamiani unda gaTavisufldes empiruli, pragmatuli interesebisagan da dadges dauinteresebeli, Teoriuli
Wvretis poziciaze.

bunebrivi ganwyobisas, CvenTvis sagnis arseboba cxadia da gvainteresebs arsebuli sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi,
sagnis niSan-Tvisebebs kvlevisas Cveni mizania gavarkvioT Tu adamianisaTvis ramdenad sasargebloa igi.
Cven, Semecnebis procesSi, arsebobis sakiTxi gagvaqvs Cveni SemecnebiTi interesebis gareT, frCxlebis
gareT (edmund huserli), magram ar gagvaqvs arsebobis sakiTxi saerTod adamianuri interesis gareT, radgan
adamianis interesis upirvelesi sagania arseboba.

metafizikuri sakiTxi transformirdeba arasaxezemyofis problemad. adamianisTvis TavisTavad cxadia imisi

arseboba, rac aq da exla mis winaSea, saxezemyofia. magram yovel adamians sakuTari saxezemyofoba aqvs.
amitom adamianis umTavresi problemaa imisi arsebobis damtkiceba rac aq da exla ar xdeba, ar aris
saxezemyofi. problema is ki araa, rom Cven ar gvjera imisi arseboba rac saxezemyofi araa, aramed Cven
unda SegveZlos davasabuTod, rom is rac axla Cvens winaSe saxeze ar aris isic arsebobs. es dasabuTeba
gasagebi da misaRebi unda iyos meore adamianisaTvis. unda gairkves arasaxezemyofis ontologiuri statusi da
ontologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. (mniSvnelobs magram ar arsebobs-ras niSnavs Rirebulebis aseTi arseboba).

mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebam kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxada yofierebis problema. atomuri fizikis
ganviTarebam gamoaSkarava, rom realobaze eqsperimentuli dakvirvebis procesSi ikargeba realobis
damoukidebloba. aucilebeli gaxda ganusazRvrelobis (v. haizenbergi) da damatebiTobis (n. bori) principebis
Semotana, romlebic aucilebelia realobis sruli saxiT aRsawerad. realobas, romelsac vakvirdebiT, aris
abstarqtuli Tu aradakvirvebadi realoba. mecnierebis mier gamokvleuli realoba iqceva SeTanxmebis saganad,
teqnologiuri realobad anu is elementaruli nawilakebis samyaro, romelsac Cven vxedavT mZlavri
mikroskopebis, amaCqareblebisa da sxva teqnikuri saSualebebis meSveobiT gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi,
yoveldRiuri realobisagan. es aris realoba romelic principulad gansxvavdeba imisgan rasac Cveulebrivi
adamiani teqnologiis gareSe aRiqvams.

WeSmariti samyaros idea. adamians bunebrivad axasiaTebs Taviseburi ontologiuri dualizmi, anu igi
sinamdviles warmoidgens gaorebulad da aRiarebs ori an ramdenime gansxvavebuli realobebis erTdroul
arsebobas. ainteresebs, rasac igi aRiqvams aris erTaderTi sinamdvile Tu arsebobs sinamdvilis sxva saxec.
erTi da igive samyaroSi mcxovreb adamianebs gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvT am samyaroze,
gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesi aqvT. daismis kiTxva: romelia am samyaroTagan realuri da romlis mixedviT
unda icxovros adamianma. adamians aqvs unari warmosaxvis meSveobiT Seqmnas samyaro, teqnikuri
saSualebebiT SeuZlia dainaxos axali samyaro. isini gansxvavdeba im realobisagan, romelSic Cveulebriv
adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovreba mimdinareobs. adamianis yofierebisa da azrovnebis problemas
warmoadgens, rom gaarkvios: namdvili samyaro unda gavigoT, davadginoT gonebis an realobis analiziT,
SemecnebiTi, RirebulebiTi da ontologiuri mimarTeba realobis am gansxvavebul saxeebs Soris, SeuZlia Tu
ara adamians meore sinamdvilis Semecneba (gnoseologia), rogoria damokidebuleba am or sinamdviles Soris
(metafizika, aqsiologia). dRes gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria im sinamdvilis gardaqmna, romelSic vcxovrobT.

parmenidem namdvil arsebulad miiCnia azri, rac platonTan idead iqca, romelic erTeuli sagnis ganadgurebis
SemTxvevaSic ki inarCunebda arsebobas, anu is iyo namdvili arsebuli. filosofiuri analizis sagani xdeba ara
raRac arsebuli-empiriuli, erTeuli arsebulis saxiT,aramed arsebuli rogorc aseTi. SeuZlebelia araferi ar iyos
maradiuli. es iqneboda araras, sikvdilis batonoba. azris da arsis damTxveva filosofiuri azrovnebis, codnis
arsebobas xdida SesaZlebels, rogorc wmnida goniT kulturas da azrovnebis wess. filosofiis sagani gaxda
arsebulis da gonebis igiveobis gaazreba. adamianis TavSi arsebuli subieqturi azris gverdiT aRmoCenili iqna
obieqturi azri, rogorc gansakuTrebuli da damoukidebeli arsebuli. aqedan momdinare filosofiis erT erT
umTavres amocanad iqca gonebis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli arsebulis, TviTdafuZneba da TviTdasabuTeba.
parmenidem yofiereba daaxasiaTa rogorc naTeli, erTiani, srul, sferos saxis(sfero srulyofilebis simbolo iyo)
da netari. pirveli metafizikuri dualisturi samyaros Teoriuli modeli Seqmna berZenma filosofosma platonma.
man erTmaneTs daupirispira maradiuli, miRmuri, idealuri, goniTi samyaro da warmavali, grZnobadi,
amqveyniuri samyaro.

yofiereba da araras dapirispireba aris Zireuli metafizikuri sakiTxi. es yofierebis problemis ganxilvis yvelaze
abstraqtuli da metafizikuri donea. ratom arsebobs raime da ara piriqiT arara? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
niSnavs samyaros arsebobis aucileblobis dasabuTebas da dadgenas Tu ratom da ris safuZvelze aqvs arsebuls,
yofierebas upiratesoba ararsebobis winaSe, ratom arsebobs samyaro.

araras problema yovelTvis iyo adamianis azrovnebis centrSi. antikurma msoflmxedelobam arara uaryo.
antikurobis ZiriTadi ontologiuri debuleba ambobs: `arafrisagan raime ar warmoiSveba da raime ararad ar
gadaiqceva~. Semdeg arara gaigivebuli iqna materiasTan rogorc masalasTan. arsebuli arsebobda
aucileblobis safuZvelze. is, rom arsi aris da ar arsi ar aris _ iyo samyaroseuli aucilebloba.

gviandelma elinizmma sakiTxis gadawyveta emanaciis Teoriis safuZvelze scada. arara ar arsebobs. samyaro
aris sinaTlis, sikeTis klebis usasruloba, romelic arasodes ar gaxdeba nolis toli. emanaciis wyaros maradiuloba
da emanaciis procesis maradiuli xasiaTi iyo samyaros arsebobis maradisobis garanti. emanaciis TeoriisaTvis
arara ar arsebobs.

qristianobam gaacnobiera araras SesaZlebloba. man pirvelma gaiazra yofierebisa da araras dapirispireba.
arara aqtualur xasiaTs iZens. RmerTma ararasagan Seqmna samyaro da rac ararasagan Seiqmna SeiZleba
isev ararad gadaiqces. yofierebis upiratesobis garantad gamodis RmerTi. RmerTis neba da Semoqmedeba
(kreacia) aris samyaros arsebobis safuZveli. mTavar problemad iqca kreaciis aucileblobisa da Taviseburebis
gaazreba. ratom Seqmna RmerTma samyaro da ra aris misi sazrisi. emanacia da kreacia gansxvavebuli
ontologiuri principebia. orive maTgani, samyaros arsebobis upiratesobis safuZvels xedavdnen samyaros
gareT arsebul maradiul ZalaSi.

hegelma wminda yofiereba da wminda arara gaaigiva maTi bundovanebis gamo. isini Sinagan gansxvavebas
moklebulia, amitom miuwvdomelia adamianis SemecnebisaTvis.

nicSem `RmerTis sikvdilis~ paradoqsiT, RmerTi-araras dispoziciis ZiriTadi wevrebis ukugdebiT axali
dispozicia wamoswia win. rogor SeiZleba gavigoT nicSes paradoqsi. ras niSnavs ararad qceva? Aarara aris
didi yuTi sadac yvelaferi Caiyreba Tu is aris sruli gaqroba, Tu is aris arsebobis sxva wesi? nicSes Semdeg
yofierebam dakarga misi mocemulobis RvTaebrivi garantia. azrovnebis winaSe dadga problema: ra aris
yofierebisa da araras dapirispirebaSi yofierebis upiratesobis garanti.

mecnierebisaTvis, romelic pretenzias acxadebs yvelafris mcodneobaze da yvelafris ganmsazRvrelad yofnaze,

arara ar arsebobs, radgan igi ar mogvecema cdaSi, eqsperimentSi. misi gamoTvla SeuZlebelia. mecniereba
mkveTrad aris SemosazRvruli mxolod arsebuliT, romlis gamoTvla da dakvirveba SeiZleba. Mm.
Hhaidegerma moaxdina araras Tematizacia da aqtualizacia. Mman araras ukan yofiereba dainaxa. xolo
yofiereba da arara imiT ganasxvava, rom yofierebis SigniT gansxvaveba Seitana rogorc fenomenSi. yofiereba
aris sakuTari Tavis _ TviTCena _ sakuTar TavSi -sakuTari Tavis winaSe. es mdgomareoba SeuZlebelia
ararasaTvis.

epoqis adamianis umTavresi gancda iyo: Zrwola, sasowarkveTileba, SiSi da ara imedi, optimizmi, molodini.
Cven rom varT, es aris saocreba, romelic yovelgvar logikur safuZvels moklebulia. adamiani cdilobs am
upiratesobis axsnas. Tanamedrove azrovnebis umTavresi amocanaa samyaros arsebobis swored am safuZvlis
monaxva. Tanamedrove filosofiam yofierebis upiratesoba araras winaSe gaacnobiera rogorc ZRveni,
saCuqari (haidegeri). yofierebis gamovlenis saxe adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia. misi gamovlenis wesrigi
arc aucilebelia da arc SemTxveviTi xasiaTis ar aris, aramed xvedriseulia.

idealuri da materialuri. adamiani “yofiereba-arara”-s metafizikur-ontologiuri sakiTxis gadawyvetis Semdeg

gadadis samyaros Sinagani agebulebis ganxilvaze. adamiani samyaroSi xedavs arsebul saganTa da
movlenaTa or gansxvavebul simravles, esenia idealuri da materialuri arsebulebi. adamianma unda gaarkvios:
ra urTierTobaa arsebulTa am or regions Soris, romelia maT Soris pirveladi da ganmsazRvreli. am sakiTxis
gadawyvetiT ganisazRvreba adamianis msoflmxedeloba da cxovrebis wesi. idealizmis Tanaxmad idea,
goneba, azri, aris pirveladi, win uswrebs da gansazRvravs materialurs, empiriuls. idealizmis problemaa, rom
man unda axsnas Tu rogor xdeba azrebis ganxorcieleba, azris materialur sagnebad gadaqceva.
materializmis Tanaxmad, pirveladi da ganmsazRvrelia materia, nivTiereba da goneba, azrovneba,
cnobiereba materiis ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoiSveba. materializmis mTavari problema aris imis axsna Tu
rogor warmoiSveba materialurisagan misgan principulad gansxvavebuli idealuri sawyisi, goneba, azri?

idealistebi ewodeba maT, vinc droSi pirveladad da materialuri samyaros ganmsazRvrelad aRiarebs idealur
sawyiss, gonebas, azrs. xolo materialistebs uwodeben maT, vinc droSi pirveladad da ideebis samyaros,
azrebis, cnobierebis ganmsazRvrelad aRiarebs adamianis cnobierebisagan damoukidebel materias,
nivTierebas.

azrisa da arsis dapirispireba umTavresi iyo antikuri samyarosaTvis. materia iyo masala, risganac iqmneboda
yvelaferi. idealuri sawyisi, Semoqmedi iyo formis forma-wminda forma, romelSic araferia masaliseuli.
formisa da masalis sinTeziT iqmneba sagani. materia – masala garkveul damoukideblobas flobda goniT
sawyisTan mimarTebaSi.

qristianobisaTvis materia araraa. RmerTi ararasagan qmnis samyaros, maSasadame materiasac. RmerTi
qmnis ara marto formas, aramed masalasac sinamdvilisaTvis. materializmi materiis cnebaSi ganasxvavebs
materias rogorc masalas da materias rogorc yofierebis wess, romlis ZiriTadi niSania adamianis
cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli arsebobis unari.

yofiereba rogorc substancia. adamiani cxovrobs arsebulTa,saganTa usasrulo simravlis okeaneSi magram
adamianis interesis sagania arsebulTa am okeaneSi romelia upirvelesi arsebuli, Ens realisimus, yvela
arsebulTa safuZveli, sawyisi, romelTanac mimarTebaSi gairkveoda yoveli arsebulis da adamianis adgili
samyaroSi.

• antikurobaSi aseTi upirvelesi arsebuli iyo kosmosi, rogorc mowesrigebuli mTeli, romelTanac
mimarTebaSi ganisazRvreboda adamianis arseba da yofiereba.

• Sua saukuneebSi aseTi iyo RmerTi, romelTanac mimarTebaSi ganisazRvreboda adamianis arseba da
yofiereba.

• axal droSi, adamiani aseT upirveles arsebuls substancias uwodebs da adamianis yofierebisaTvis
gadamwyvetia mimarTeba substanciasTan. substancia gaigeba rogorc arsebulTa safuZveli, sawyisi.
substanciam Caanacvla RmerTi.

• hegelTan absoluturi goneba iqca substancia-subieqtad. igi iyo TviTganviTarebadi teleologiuri

procesi, romelsac TviTSemecnebis procesis saxe hqonda da iRebda istoriis saxes. igi gansazRvravda
adamianis arss da yofierebas. hegelTan substanciis TviTSemecnebis procesis damTavrebiT sruldeboda
istoriac rogorc procesi. substancia aris TviTmizezi da pirvelmizezi. magram absoluturi goni gadis Tavis
YTavs gareT rogorc sxvadqceva. hegelisaTvis absoluturi gonis yofierebis triada ase gamoiyureba:
TavisTavad yofna-sxvadqceva-TavisTavisTvis yofiereba. es aris Tavis Tavs gareT gasvla da Semdeg
ukudabrunaba sakuTar TavTan, rogorc TviTSemecnebis teleologiuri wre. es wre bibliuri istoriis cnebebiT
gadmocemaa: RmerTi _ Sesaqme _ meored mosvla. aq arsebobis wesebi metafizikurad gaTiSulia istoriis
manZilze, sanam meored mosvlisas ar aRdgeba metafizikuri mTlianoba hegelis mixedviT, adamianis
metafizikuri daniSnulebaa iyos absoluturi gonis TviTSemecnebis adgili. haidegeri adamianisaTvis ZiriTad
mimarTebas xedavda yofierebasTan mimarTebaSi.

haidegerTan Ens realisimus aris yofiereba. misi arsebobis wesia fenomenad yofna. igi aris TviTgamovlenadi
fenomeni, igi aris Ria, es ar aris Tavis Tavs gareT gasvla rogorc sxvad qceva. amiT ukugdebulia hegelis
sqema-triada. masTan mimarTeba gansazRvravs adamianis arsebasa da yofierebas. misi azriT, yofierebis
TviTCenis epoqebis cvla aris ara teleologiuri, aramed xvedriseuli procesi. misi wesrigi arc aucilebelia da arc
SemTxveviTi. haidegerTan metafizikuri gaTiSuloba daZleulia aq da exla, radgan es aris yofierebis TviTCena
TavisTavSi aq da exla. adamianis arseba aris am Riaobis SigniT dgoma. haidegeris mixedviT, yofiereba aris
ara substancia, aramed fenomeni, e. i. ara marto TviTmizezi, aramed TviTCena. man yofierebis axal aspeqts
miuTiTa. yofiereba aris fenomeni TavisTavs SigniT yofna rogorc Riaoba Tavis TavisTvis da
adamianisaTvis.

haidegeris Tanaxmad, adamianis metafizikuri daniSnulebaa iyos eqsistenci. adamiani aris TavisTavs gareT
yofna da imave dros yofierebis Riaobis SigniT dgoma da yofierebis TviTCenis saswaulis ganTqma. yofiereba
Tavisi TviTCeniT SesaZlebels xdis amas.

epoqebis mixedviT sagnis arsebobis safuZveli da ZiriTadi niSani gansxvavebuli iyo:

•Zveli berZenisaTvis arsebulis upirvelesi niSani iyo aucilebloba da maradiuloba. sagani arsebobs imdenad,
ramdenadac igi ziarebulia am niSnebs. platonma es Semdegnairad Seajama: arsebulia is rac naziarebis
sikeTes.

Sua saukuneebisaTvis arsebulis niSani iyo RmerTTan wilnayaroba, radgan yoveli arsebuli RmerTis mier aris
Seqmnili.

axalma epoqam namdvilobis niSani dainaxa gonivrulobaSi. rac hegelma gamoTqva Tavis formulaSi: `rac
namdvilia gonieria da rac gonieria namdvilia~.

• haidegerma ki arsebuli ZiriTadi niSani dainaxa mis droiT xasiaTSi, romelic SeiZleba ase
gamoiTqvas: “rac namdvilia droiTia da rac droiTia is namdvilia~. arsebuli aris is rasac aq exla adgili aqvs,
xdeba anu saxezemyofia.

metafizika rogorc ontologiuri dualizmi metafizika, rogorc ontologiuri Teoria, aris empiriuli, xiluli arsebuli
sagnis ukan metafizikuri sinamdvilisa da arsebobis wesis aRiareba da kvleva. metafizika ikvlevs samyarosa
da sagnis sxvagvari arsebobis SesaZleblobas.

arsebulTa metafizikurad dapirispirebul regionebi istoriulad icvleba: arsi-ararsi, materialuri-idealuri,

maradiuli-warmavali, yofiereba-arara, saxezemyofi-arasaxezemyofi, yofiereba da cnobiereba, arseba da
movlena, erTeuli da zogadi.

tradiciuli ontologiisaTvis universumis mTlianoba arsebobis or ganasxvavebuli wesiT iyo warmodgenili:

metafizikuri arsebobis wesi da empiriuli, amqveyniuri arsebobis wesi. maTi mimarTebis wesi iyo
transcendireba, metafizikuri naxtomi. metafizikuri naxtomis ganxorcieleba adamianis arsobrivi valdebuleba
iyo. adamiani dRes ganarCevs arsebobis bevrad met wess: metafizikuri, empiriuli, obieqturi, subieqturi,
simboluri, teqnologiuri, virtualuri. isini gansxvavdeba im realobisagan, romelSic Cveulebriv adamianis
yoveldRiuri cxovreba mimdinareobs. bunebrivia daismis kiTxva: romelia am samyaroTagan realuri da romlis
mixedviT unda icxovros adamianma da rogor axerxebs adamiani arsebobis am mraval wesTan urTierTobas
da arsebobis erTi wesidan meoreSi gadasvlas.

Kkanti werda, rom adamiani aris ori samyaros moqalaqe da mas aqvs bunebrivi midrekileba
metafizikisadmi. misi movaleobaa ganaxorcielos metafizikuri naxtomi. dRes adamiani erTdroulad
ramdenime samyaros moqalaqea da Tavisuflad axorcielebs gadasvlas erTi samyarodan meoreSi.

platonisaTvis miuRebeli iyo demokrites samyaro, romelSic samyaros arsebobis safuZvelia ara goneba, keTili
sawyisi, aramed samyaro SemTxveviTi moqmedebis Sedegia. aseT samyaroSi sikeTe, samarTlianoba,
adamianoba aucileblobas moklebulia da ar aris adamianis cxovrebis sazrisi. radgan mniSvneloba ar aqvs
adamiani keTilia Tu boroti, samarTliani Tu usamarTlo arc adamianisaTvis da arc samyarosaTvis.

platonma, berZenma filosofosma, Seqmna pirveli metafizikuri dualisturi samyaros Teoriuli modeli. man
erTmaneTs daupirispira maradiuli, miRmuri, idealuri, goniTi samyaro da warmavali, grZnobadi, amqveyniuri
samyaro. metafizikuri damoukidebeli arsebobis sferoa, romelic gansxvavdeba empiriuli realobisagan,
amqveyniuri samyarosagan. platonis mixedviT, yovelive kargi, mSvenieri, keTili, WeSmariti arsebobs
metafizikur samyaroSi, xolo amqveyniuroba im idealuri samyaros mxolod bundovani mibaZvaa, romelSic
yvelaferi warmavali da borotebaa. adamianisaTvis im samyaroSi cxovreba, romelic yovelgvar imeds,
keTils, mSveniers, WeSmarits moklebulia SeuZlebeli da miuRebelia. platonis Semdeg arsebulTa samyaros
erTianobis dadgena filosofiis umTavresi amocana gaxda.

aristotele iyo pirveli, vinc Seecada platonis dualizmis daZlevas. platoni arsebul sagans miiCnevda
metafizikuri ideis mibaZvad, xolo aristotelem arsebuli sagani warmoidgina rogorc formisa da masalis
mTlianoba. samyaros erTianobis principia teleologizmi da mizezobrioba. samyaros safuZveli, RmerTi aris
samyaros pirvelmizezi, TviTmizezi da samyaros mizani. RmerTi aris yvelaferis mizezi da mizani, rogorc
imqveynad ise amqveynad, amitom xiluli, empiriuli samyaroc ar aris moklebuli RvTaebriv Tvisebebs.
sikeTe, mSveniereba, WeSmariteba amqveynadac arsebobs.

plotinis mixedviT ori samyaros erTianoba SesaZlebelia emanaciis saxiT. amqveyniuroba ar aris borotebis
samyaro, radgan boroteba ar arsebobs, aramed aris sikeTis nakleboba. es debuleba asea gamoTqmuli S.
rusTavelis mier: “borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia”. qristianobam es dualizmi moxsna. RmerTma
ararasagan Seqmna samyaro da adamiani ki amqveyniurobaSi eZebs RmerTis anarekls, SeqmnilSi
Semoqmeds.

axalma droSi ontologiuri dualizmis problema vlindeba nominalizmisa da realizmis dapirispirebaSi: ra

arsebobs realurad erTeuli, empiriuli sagani Tu zogadi. nominalizma arsebulad aRiara erTeuli, empiriuli
sagani, realizmi ki namdvil arsebulad miiCnevda zogads.

klasikuri ontologia movlenis ukan eZebda arss, romelic arsebobis sxva wesis mqone iyo. aseTi samyaro
metafizikuri da dualisturia. amitom metafizikis amocanaa arsebobis erTiani wesis monaxva orive
samyarosaTvis. ontologiuri dualizmi gadatanili iqna sagnis SigniT. sagani gaiyo arsad da movlenad.

Hhuserli Seecada am metafizikuri dualizmis moxsnas da ontologiis xasiaTis Seicvlas. man sagani
warmoidgina ara rogorc arsis da movlenis, erTeulis da zogadis metafizikuri gaTiSuloba da arsebobis
gansxvavebuli wesiT arsebobis unaris mqone, aramed rogorc fenomeni. fenomenSiAarsi vlindeba Tavis
TavSi da ara movlenis ukan, miRma axali ontologia aRiarebs, rom sagani Tavis Tavs Tavis TavSi aCvenebs.
huserlis cnobili mowodeba `Tavad sagnebisaken~ gulisxmobda: sagani TviTon avlens Tavis Tavs. igi ar yofs
realobas movlenad da arsad. aseTi samyaro mTliania. klasikuri ontologias ramdenime Tavisebureba
axasiaTebs:

• •igi aRiarebda yofierebis principuli gonivrulobis debulebas,

• misi interesis sagani iyo upirvelesi arsebuli, Ens realisimus, romelic yvela sxva arsebulis safuZvelia,

• antikurobidan moyolebuli miiCneuli iyo, rom adamiani gaiazrebda uSualod wminda yofierebas.

amitom arsebobis kvleva iyo onto-logia. goniereba iyo arsebulis ZiriTadi niSani da goneba iyo arsebulTan
misadgomi. Semdeg yofierebasTan misadgomi gza iyo RmerTi. samyaro iyo RmerTis mier Seqmnili da
RvTaebrivi naperwkali iyo arsebulis ZiriTadi niSani, Semdeg subieqti iqca arsebulTan misasvlel ZiriTad
saSualebad. rogorc vxedavT yofierebasTan misadgomi, misi aRmoCenisa da gamovlenis formebi istoriulad
icvleboda. dRes upiratesoba aqvs onto-teqno-logias. radgan teqnologia aris arsebulTa aRmoCenisa da
gamovlenis upiratesi forma. is eubneba adamians ra aris realuri, metic igi qmnis axal sagans, axal arsebuls.

m. haidegerma wamoayena axali ontologiis idea. misi azriT ontologia unda iqces onto-qroniad, radgan dro
aris arsebulis upirvelesi niSani da masTan misadgomi. Tanamedrove ontologia miiCnevs, rom wminda
yofiereba absoluturi transcendentia, amitom adamiani gaiazrebs ara uSualod yofierebas, aramed imas Tu
rogor aqvs adgili yofierebas amqveynad. O

Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis universumi arsebobis mraval formas Soris aris danawilebuli. marTlac
arsebulTa yovel regions arsebobis sakuTari wesi aqvs. magram amave dros maT arsebobis wesebs aqvT
raRac saerTo niSani ris safuZvelze adamiani ambobs RmerTi aris, buneba aris, adamiani aris. amitom yvelani
erTad qmnian imas rasac universumi ewodeba. ontologia aris arsebulTa universumis uzogadesi aRwera.
ontologiis amocanaa samyaroSi arsebul saganTa, xdomilebaTa dayofa arsebulTa regionebad da maTi
Taviseburebebisa da arsebulTa arsebobis wesebis gansxvaveba da arsebobis gansxvavebuli wesebis
mimarTebis dadgena. arsebulTa metafizikuri wesrigi aseTi iyo: RmerTi, buneba, adamiani. ontologia
ganasxvavebs realobis saxeebs: obieqturi realoba, fizikuri realoba, subieqturi realoba, socialuri realoba,
teqnologiuri realoba, virtualuri realoba.