wminda antoni didi (gagrZeleba)

wminda amona
wminda paxumi didi

Cven ukve SevudeqiT gandegiluri moRvaweobis damfuZnebelTa Sesaxeb

maTi cxovrebis, maTi naSromebis Taobaze ganxilvas. daviwyeT, cxadia, antoni didiT,
romelic sazogadod aRiarebulia gandegilobis mesafuZvled (Cven adrec gvqonda mis
Sesaxeb specialuri msjeloba). ganvixilavdiT masTan dakavSirebul Sromebs, rac ki
antoni didis avtorobiT ZvelTaganve cnobili iyo. SevexeT zog epistoles, romelTagan
gansakuTrebiT yuradReba mivaqcieT Svid epistoles, romlebic Zvel qarTul TargmanSic
aris daculi daaxloebiT VII-VIII saukuneTa Targmanis saxiT da kvlav am kuTxiT im
ramdenime Txzulebis Sesaxeb, rac SeiZleboda, rom antoni didis saxels ukavSirdeboda,
mcire ganxilvas vawarmoebT.
pirvel rigSi zemoxsenebul ZeglebTan erTad unda vaxsenoT antoni didis
avtorobiT gavrcelebuli wes-gangeba, romelic ori redaqciiTaa Cvenadme moRweuli,
orive laTinur enaze. pirveli maTgani aSkaraa, rom arabulidanaa Targmnili laTinurad da
dabeWdilicaa XVII s-Si, iseve rogorc mcirediT mogvianebiT meore laTinurenovani
versiac gamoqveynda. es versiebi teqstobrivadac ar toveben avTenturis STabeWdilebas
da sxva argumentebis da sxva monacemebis mixedviTac antoniseulad ai am wes-
gangebas ver CavTvliT, radganac mis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs biografi antonisa, Cvens
mier xsenebuli wminda aTanase aleqsandrieli. aseT mniSvnelovan Zegls
yovladSeuZlebelia, rom misgan dumili mohyoloda. garda amisa isedac cnobilia, rom
antoni sakuTriv samonastro tipis gandegilobis fuZemdeblad ar miiCneva. man marTalia
aRzarda is didi moRvaweebi, romlebmac sakuTriv smaonastro tipis kenobituri
gandegiloba daafuZnes, pirvemonastrebi aRaSenes, magram sakuTriv antoni amgvar
moRvaweobas uSualod ar Sedgomia, mas monasteri ar daufuZnebia da arc samonastro
gangeba moucia. es Zegli, rogorc Cans, analogiuri tipis wes-gangebaTa safuZvelze
gviandel periodSia Seqmnili.
Znelia Tqma antoni werilobiT (e.i. karnaxiT) avrcelebda Tu ara Tavis
qadagebebs, magram is ki ueWvelad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sakuTriv mqadageblur
moRvaweobas zepiri gziT daucxromlad aRasrulebda. valdebulebac hqonda natvirTvi
am mxriv, Tundac imis gamo, rom mis nimuSs midevnebulni ganemxnevebina
martodmyofobaSi, meudabnoeobaSi. Tumca amgvari qadagebani antonisa ara mxolod
ukve gandegilobaSi SemosulTa ganmtkicebas iwvevda, aramed mravalT da mravalT
amave cxovrebisken uwinamZRvrebda da amis Sedegic iyo, rom gandegiloba TiTqmis
myisierad mTel qristianul msoflios moefina. wminda aTanase aleqsandrieli antonis
gadnegiluri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb sagangebod msjelobs da pirdapir aRniSnavs, rom
misi xSiri damoZRvrani da Segnebani kidev ufro metad aRanTebdnen gandegilobis
survils imaTSi, romlebic ukve gandegilur moRvaweobas Sedgomilni iyvnen da bevr
axal gandegilsac izidavda amgvari cxvrebisken. aTanase Tvlis, rom wminda antonis
qadagebani RvTivkurTxeulni iyvnen, rom misi sityvebi aRibeWdavda saRvTo
madlmosilebas, rac vrceldeboda gandegilur wreebSi, ukve dafuZnebuli monastrebis
saZmoebSic da yvela monasteri, yvela saZmo, ra Tqma unda, upirobod antonis
miiCnevda da antonis saxavda Tavis sulier mamad.
SesaZloa, rogorc mkvlevarebi miiCneven, aTanase aleqsandrielis amgvarma
sityvebma, rac misgan dawerili biografiis me-15 TavSia mocemuli, gamoiwvia antonis
avtorobiT ama Tu im saxis qadagebaTa gavrceleba. Cvenamde moRweuli gaxlavT
sakmao raodenobis qadagebani, swavlani antoni didis avtorobiT, qveyndeba kidec isini.
cnobili iyo magaliTad ZvelTaganve 20 qadageba Tavisi monazoni Zmebis mimarT,
agreTve “qadageba ama qveynis amaoebisa” da “mkvdarTa aRdgomis Sesaxeb”, rac
laTinuradaa moRweuli da kidev mravalricxovani Segonebani antonisi. magram
avTenturobis TvalsazrisiT, e.i. uSualo daweris Tu uSualo karnaxis TvalsazrisiT isini
antonis saxels, ra Tqma unda, ar ukavSirdebian, Tumca Cven xelaRebiT yvela
maTgans, cxadia, ver vuaryofT, Tu aseT daSvebas gavakeTebT, rom am qadagebebSi
da am SegonebeSi gadmocemuli swavlebani antonisgan zepirad iyo nauwyebi Tavisi
sulieri Zmebisadmi, maTgan kidev momdevno Taobebisadmi gadacemuli da bolos
gviandel periodSi Caweres kidec es zepirgadmocemuli swavlebani. ai amgvari TvaliT
Tu SevxedavT, maSin Cven SegviZlia, rom aRniSnul qadagebebs raRacnairi
mniSvneloba mivaniWoT sakuTriv antonis asketuri moZRvrebis Sesaswavlad, magram
kvlav xazs gavusvamT, rom avTenturobis TvalsazrisiT, rom uSualod antonisgan
gamovida Tu ara es qadagebebi (kvlav gavimeorebT karnaxis saxiT, imitom, rom
TviTon wera-kiTxvis umecari gaxldaT), ai es upirobod uaryofiT pasuxs imsaxurebs,
rom antons, rac Cvenadme moRweulia, im epistoleTagan mxolod Svidi epistole
ganekuTvneba, qarTuladac rom moRweulia Cvenadme.
am epistoleebSi, sxvaTa Soris, SegviZlia avRniSnoT, rom uaRresad Rrma
RvTismetyveleba vlindeba, gansakuTrebiT qristologiuri kuTxiT da ara mxolod
qristologiuri, aramed anTropologiuri kuTxiT. Cven gvqonda SesaZlebloba da saSualeba
zog publikaciaSi dagvemowmebina antoni didis uaRresad mniSvnelovani swavlebani,
gansakuTrebiT adamianis pirovnuli, xatobrivi mimarTebis Sesaxeb Ze RmerTTan –
ieso qristesTan, rasac mavanni, samwuxarod, swored marTlmadideblobis saxeliT da
absoluturi umecrebiT uaryofdnen da gmobdnen da eretikulad miiCnevdnen, rom
erTarseba samebis bunebis xatad dabadebuli adamiani, pirovnulad Zeobis TvisebiT,
konkretulad macxovris, Ze RmerTis xatad Seiqmna RvTisgan. es swavleba, romelic
yvela RvTismetyvelTan dasturdeba, Cven krebsiTad gamovaqveyneT Cvens wignSi
“marTlmadidebluri xatmetyveleba”, ufro adre ki wignSi “adamiani – pirmSo xatisa”.
am ukanasknel publikacaiSi, sxva avtorebTan erTad, damowmebuli gvaqvs antoni didis
swavlebac, romelic orgzis miuTiTebs Tavis epistoleebSi adamianis hipostasurad
xatobriv kavSirs sakuTriv Ze RmerTTan, rom mamis xatis – Zis xatia adamiani
pirovnulad ZeobiTi TvisebiT. es swavleba, antonisgan mowodebuli, ZvelTaganve
cnobili iyo saeklesio tradiciaSi. masze sagangebod uTiTebs erT-erTi gviandeli bizantieli
komentatori wm. grigol RvTismetyvelis sityvebisa, romelic aRniSnavs, rom
antonisganaa naswavlebi is, rom adamiani Ze RmerTis xatad Seiqmna RvTisgan.
Tumca berZnul samyaroSi xsenebuli komentatoris miTiTeba antonize ver iZleoda imis
saSualebas konkretulad dadgeniliyo, Tu antonis romeli naSromi igulisxmeba aq,
radganac, rogorc avRniSneT, berZnul enaze misi epistoleebi dakarguli iyo X-XI
saukuneebisTvisac, magram Tundac qarTuli Targmanis mixedviT Cven SegviZlia
konkretulad swored am epistoleebze miTiTebad gavigoT gviandeli bizantieli
komentatoris pirdapiri uwyeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom swored antoni didis
swavlebaa Ze RmerTis xatisebr adamianis Seqmna. ai es azri, es swavleba, rogorc
vTqviT, antonis epistoleebSi orgzis aris sakmaod vrclad ganxiluli da Seswavlili.
amgvari sakiTxebi mis epistoleebSi, kvlav avRniSnavT, mravlad aris. Cven,
cxadia, maTze detalurad ver SevCerdebiT. es mxare warmovaCineT da ganvixileT
mxolod imis naTelsayofad, Tu raodeni RvTismetyveluri siRrme msWvalavs antoni
didis epistoleebs.

wminda amona

antonis Semdeg unda SevexoT aseve erT-erT did saxels meudabnoeTa Soris,
avtoritetiT WeSmaritad udidess – wminda amonas, romelic antonis sikvdilis Semdeg,
e.i. 356 wlis Semdeg, gaxda faqtobrivad sulieri winamZRvari pispiris mTis gareSemo
Semokrebil gandegil ZmaTa moRvaweobisa. igi adreuli mowafe gaxlavT antonisa,
romelsac paterikonis tipis Zeglebi, mamaTa gamonaTqvamebis saTauriT cnobili
Zeglebi, did xotbas asxamen, didad da uaRresad Rirseul moRvawed warmoaCenen,
rogorc amouwuravi sikeTis mqones.
Cvenamde RvTis madliT moRweuli gaxlavT amonas Svidi epistole, sakuTriv
berZnul TargmanSi (cxadia amonac, romelic kopti iyo am epistoleebs kopturad dawerda
da Semdgom unda Targmniliyo berZnulad). aseve moRweuli gaxlavT misi 15 epistole
siriulad. mkvlevarTa Soris miiCneva, rom SesaZloa es siriuli teqsti ufro sarwmuno iyos,
vidre berZnuli.
garda aRniSnulisa arsebobs mravali msgavsi saxis amonasadmi mikuTvnebuli
Zeglebi, romlebic mkvlevarTagan Seunelebeli interesiT Seiswavleba, Tumca kvlav
avRniSnavT, rom is rac sayovelTao tradiciaSi iyo gavrcelebuli, es aris mainc is Svidi
epistole, rac berZnulad aris daculi.
Tu Cven amonas epistoleebs SevadarebT wminda antonis epistoleebTan, maT
Soris SeiZleba garkveuli sxvaoba vnaxoT, ufro sworad urTierTSemavsebloba, da zogi
aspeqtiT amonas epistoleni SeiZleba ufro yuradReba misaqcevi aRmoCndes CvenTvis
vidre antoni didisa. es zogi aspeqti am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs konkretulad
RvTismetyvelebas adamianis imqveyniuri saiqio myofobis Sesaxeb, rac antoni didis
epistoleebSi RvTismetyvelurad damuSavebuli da warmodgenili ar gaxlavT. SesaZloa
sxva zepir qadagebebSi mas qonoda msgavsi swavleba, magram amonasTan arsebiTad
swored es sakiTxia wina planze, Tu adamianis suli gardacvalebis Semdeg ra
viTarebaSia, ra mdgomareobaSia. miTumetes am sakiTxze swored amonas swavleba
gaxlavT yuradsaRebi, radganac es iyo pirovneba, romelsac araviTari specialuri
ganaTleba ar hqonda, Sesabamisad Tavisufali iyo yovelgvari gavlenisagan da ra
swavlebasac gadmoscemda es iyo uSualod misgan ganWvretili im macxovnebeli
moZRvrebis madliT, rasac man mTeli Tavisi cxovreba miuZRvna. amitomaa, rom skitis
udabnos asketuri RvTismetyvelebis uadresi saxis Sesaswavlad swored amonas
epistoleebi gamoiwvlileba da siRrmiseulad Seiswavleba mkvlevarTagan.
mkvlevarTa SefasebiT am epistoleebSi gadmocemulia uaRresad Taviseburi
misticizmi, kvlav avRniSnavT, yovelgvari sistemisa da Teoriisgan sruliad Tavisufali.
araviTari terminologia origenistuli, an Tundac evagre pontoeliseuli, romlebic swored
mistikuri aspeqtiT ikvlevdnen WeSmaritebas, amonas epistoleebSi ar SeiniSneba.
amasTan gansakuTrebuli xazgasma da aqcenti xsenebul epistoleebSi gakeTebulia
imaze, rom gardacvalebis Semdeg adamianis suli gaivlis xangrZliv da rTul gzas cisken.
rodesac igi (e.i. suli) daZlevs yvela cdunebas, maRldeba kidec am qvena sofelze da
sinaTlidan sinaTleSi Sedis, cidan meore caSi aRwevs da amgvar winsvlaTa dros
upirispirdeba mowinaaRmdegeTa anu mtrebis yvela saxeobas, haeris mcvelT, romlebic
(haeris mcvelni) asketur literaturaSi uaRresad xSirad iCens Tavs, xolo es dapirispireba
da maTze gamarjveba, amonas swavlebiT, aRsruldeba saRvTo ZalmosilebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxebze msjelobisas amona, Cveulebriv, gardacvalebis
Semdgom droindel viTarebas gulisxmobs adamianisas, amave dros igi mianiSnebs
imazec, rom sulieri zeaRsvla sulisa SeiZleba adamianis ganRmrTobiTi moRvaweobis
Sedegadac. zogi mklveari garkveul paralelsac poulobs amonas misticizmsa da Zveli
aRTqmis apokrifis, saxelwodebiT – “esaias amaRlebis”, misticizmTan, romelic
sxvaTaSoris amonas mier citirebulicaa, anu aSkarad icnobda igi am Zegls. am kuTxiT
vfiqrobT, rom es epistoleebi, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi safuZveli adamianis saiqio
cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli saRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebis Camoyalibebisa, axal
qarTuladac unda iTargmnos da raoba da Rirseba am didi moRvawisa, am didi
mistikosisa, vfiqrobT, Tanamedrove TaobebisTvisac sruliad ueWveli gaxdeba. sxva
SemTxvevaSi es pirovneba faqtobrivad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom daviwyebulia. is udidesi
Rvawli da is udidesi avtoriteti, rac mas Tavis droze hqonda, amis Sesaxeb informacia
dReisaTvis naklebadaa SemorCenili.

paxumi didi

es udidesi moRvaweni – antoni da amona, ra Tqma unda, ase gankerZoebulni

ar arian, maT sxva moRvaweebic, cxadia, gverds umSveneben, romelTagan pirvel rigSi
unda davasaxeloT didi paxumi, romlis moRvaweobac aseve gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo zogadad asketizmis istoriisTvis, konkretulad gandegiluri
RvTismetyvelebis kuTxiT, gandegiluri RvTismetyvelebis siRrmiseuli Camoyalibebis
kuTxiT da rogorc antonim da amonam Tavis droze udidesi gavlena moaxdines mTel
Taobebze, aseve da zogi aspeqtiT paxumi didma kidev ufro metad waruSleli kvali
datova asketizmis, gandegilobis istoriaSi. sxva rom araferi, gansxvavebT antonisa da
amonasgan, paxumma meore tipis gandegilobas daudo saTave, swored is gaxlavT
kenobitizmis, monasticizmis anu samonastro tipis gandegilobis faqtobrivi fuZemdebeli.
am mxriv paxumis moRvaweoba avsebs gandegiluri moRvweobis im pirvel saxeobas,
rasac, rogorc araerTgzis aRgviniSnavs, ewodeba anaqoretizmi anu eremitizmi, qarTulad
rom vTqvaT, igive ganSorebuloba anu meudabnoeoba. es yvelaferi pirveli tipis
gandegilobis saxelebia, iseve rogorc dayudebiTi moRvaweoba, kelinuri moRvaweoba,
mesenakeoba, martodmyofoba, yvela es termini gaxlavT pirveli tipis gandegilobis
aRmniSvneli. ai amis Semavseblad paxumi didma daawesa meore tipis gandegiloba,
rasac kenobitizmi anu monasticizmi igive samonastro tipis gandegiloba ewodeba.
termini “kenobitizmi” Cven adrec gangvimartavs da avRniSnavdiT, rom igi efuZneba
berZnul sityvas “koinobios”, rac niSnavs erTad cxovrebas (“koinos” aris ziari, saerTo,
“bios” cxovreba) da rac SemdegSi ewoda im adgilsac, sadac es Tanacxovreba, erToblivi
cxovreba xdeboda gandegili Zmebisa. qarTulad uTargmnelad gadmodioda es termini
Cveulebriv, rogorc “kvinobi” da “kvinobi” faqtobrivad igive monasteria, igive
monastris pirvelsaxea, monastris arqetipi gaxlavT. Tumca am movlenebze da sakuTriv
paxumis Sesaxeb Cven ufro dawvrilebiT Semdgom Sexvedraze visaubrebT.