208 apolonios rodoseli

apolonios rodoseli
(daaxl. Zv.w. 295-215)

aleqsandriis saxelganTqmuli wignTsacavis biblioTekari, momavali mefis,

ptolemaios III evargetosis aRmzrdeli, Tavisi epoqis erT-erTi uganaTlebulesi
kaci, araerTi mxatvruli Tu samecniero naSromis avtori apolonios rodoseli
Zv.w. III saukuneSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. warmoSobiT igi aleqsandriidan (an
navkratisidan) unda yofiliyo, `rodoseli~ ki zedwodebad mogvianebiT miiRo,
mas Semdeg, rac samSoblodan gadaxvewili k. rodosze dasaxlda. mainc ram aiZula
saxelovani moRvawe daetovebina samSoblo da TavSesafari ucxo mxareSi eZebna?
amasTan dakavSirebiT cnobebi ZiriTadad oqsirinqosis erT-erT papiruss,
biografiuli xasiaTis or Txulebas (e.w. Vita) da svidas leqsikons eyrdnoba:
apoloniosi da misi maswavlebeli, kalimaqosi, TiTqosda ver SeTanxmdnen imis
Taobaze, ramdenad dasaSvebi iyo elinistur epoqaSi homerosis suliT
gamsWvaluli eposis Seqmna. kalimaqosis azriT, sagmiro eposis epoqa dam-
Tavrebuli iyo da amieridan poets naklebad cnobili siuJetebi unda
daemuSavebina, mcire zomis nawarmoebi Seeqmna da leqsis maRalmxatvrulobisTvi-
sac meti yuradReba daeTmo. apoloniosma mainc Seqmna didi epikuri tilo,
oRondac is sagmiro eposis sulisaTvis sruliad ucxo, arabunebrivi, Taname-
droveobis Sesatyvisi elementebiT Seavso. zogierTi bundovani cnobis mixedviT,
apoloniosis poemam aleqsandriaSi gamoZaxili ar hpova. poemas kalimaqosi da
misi wrec kritikiT Sexvda. swored aman aiZula apoloniosi, uari eTqva aleq-
sandriis biblioTekis winamZRolobaze da aleqsandria daetovebina.
Tumca Tanamedrove mecnierebi kalimaqosisa da apoloniosis SemoqmedebaSi
mraval paralelze miuTiTeben da fiqroben, rom es abaTilebs mosazrebas
maswavleblisa da moswavles Soris literaturul-esTetikuri safuZvelze raime
qiSpis arsebobis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, apoloniosis aleqsandriidan
gadasaxlebis mizezi sxvaganaa saZiebeli. ase iyo Tu ise, daaxloebiT Zv.w. 270
wlisTvis apoloniosi k. rodosze gadasaxlda da aq `a r g o n a v t i k i s~ axali
redaqcia Seqmna an SesaZloa, sulac, daasrula poema.
apoloniosis biografiis amsaxveli cnobebi bundovania da winaaRmdegobrivi,
magram udavoa, rom igi Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze ganswavluli poeti iyo
da nayofierad moRvaweobda samecniero asparezzec. mas Seuqmnia e p i g r a m e b i,
poema `k a n o b o s i~, romelSic aRwerili yofila serapisis taZari egvipteSi,
hegzametriT gamarTuli mcire zomis poemebi, e.w. e p i l i o n e b i, navratisis,
aleqsandriis, rodosis, knidosis daarsebis Sesaxeb. apolonios rodosels
poeturi moRvaweoba mogvianebiT dauwyia da amas win mwignobruli saqmianoba uZ-
Rvoda. mis kalams unda ekuTvnodes Txzuleba homerosis Sesaxeb (`Z e n o d o -
t o s i s w i n a a R m d e g~), aseve naSromebi a r q i l o q o s i s, h e s i o d e s,
apolonios rodoseli 209

a n t i m a q o s k o l o f o n e l i s S e s a x e b. am TxzulebaTagan calkeuli
striqonebiRa Tu aris SemorCenili, sruli saxiT ki erTaderTma `argonavtikam~
moaRwia, daqtiluri hegzametriT gmarTulma sagmiro eposma, romelic 4 wig-
nisagan Sedgeba da mTlianobaSi 5835 saleqso striqons moicavs.
antikur miTologiaSi arsebobs araerTi Tqmuleba calkeul gmirobaTa
Sesaxeb, Tumca mxolod oTxs Tu gamovarCevT iseTs, romelmac erTad Sehyara
mTeli eladis rCeuli gmirebi, raTa samaradisad ukvdaveyoT sakuTari saxeli.
amgvar ambavTa rigs ganekuTvneba Tqmuleba troas omis Sesaxeb, Tebes winaaRmdeg
SvidTa laSqrobaze, kalidonur taxze nadirobis ambavi da Tqmuleba
argonavtebze. qronologiurad am TqmulebaTa Soris argonavtTa laSqrobis
ambavi uZvelesia da daaxloebiT Zv.w. XIV saukunis ambebs unda asaxavdes.
swored am Tqmulebis safuZvlian damuSavebas warmoadgens apolonios ro-
doseli poema, romelic homerosis Semdeg erTaderTi srulad moRweuli
berZnulenovani eposia da amave dros, erTaderTi srulad moRweuli antikuri
poema homerosidan vergiliusamde.
poema, romelic oTx Tavad iyofa (mniSvnelovania, rom amgvari dayofa Tavad
avtors ekuTvnis!), SeiZleba, Tavis mxriv, srturqturulad or Tanabar nawilad
davyoT (TiToeul maTganSi or-ori simRera erTiandeba). orive nawili erTgvari
SesavliT (prooemium) iwyeba. amgvari kompoziciuri dayofa gasagebi gaxdeba, Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom apolonios rodoselis mizans warmoadgenda aRewera
rogorc gmirebis kolxeTSi laSqroba, aseve samSobloSi dabruneba. rogorc
Cans, apolonioss surda qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT gadmoeca laSqrobasTan
dakavSirebuli yvela movlena da Seeqmna raRac `iliadasa~ da `odiseas~ nazavis
msgavsi.
I s i m R e r a: apolonisadmi mimarTvis Semdeg moTxrobilia winaistoria,
romelic uZRvoda argonavtTa laSqrobas. mefe peliass uwinaswarmetyveles, rom
mas daRupavda is, vinc cali qalamniT movidoda. iasons, romelic mdinareze gada-
dioda, cali sandali mdinareSi daekarga. rogorc ki nadimze misuli iasoni
ixila, peliasma mis dasaRupad Soreuli laSqroba ganizraxa. laSqrobaSi
monawileobis misaRebad mTeli eladidan saxelganTqmuli gmirebi Seiyarnen.
swored maTi CamoTvliT iwyeba poema. yvela argonavti, sul 55 gmiri, RvTaebrivi
STamomavlobis iyo. Seswires msxverpli, evedrnen RmerTebs da xomaldi zRvaSi
CauSves. gzad sami zRva edoT, samive ucnobi. naosnebi gascdnen pelasgTa qveyanas,
gaiares pelionis kldeebi, sepiadis koncxi da kunZul lemnoss miadgnen, ukaco
kunZuls. lemnoselma kacebma colebi SeiZules da xasebi gaiCines, amitomac
colebma qmrebi amoxoces. qalebis mier mipatiJebuli gmirebi lemnosze
Seyovndnen, vidre heraklem maT laSqrobis sanukvari mizani ar Seaxsena. argonav-
tebma im Rames helespontosSi Secures. aq gmiri herakle dakarges, romelic wya-
roze wasuli hilasis saZebrad gaeSura. herakles mTeli Rame elodnen, diliT ki
`argom~ gza ganagZo.
I I s i m R e r a: xomaldi biTviniis sanapiros miadga. aq berbrikosTa mefe Sem-
oxvdaT, romelic yvela mosuls muSti-krivSi iwvevda. argonavtTagan po-
lidevkesi gamovida da amikoss Tavis qala Caumtvria. argonavtebs SeCereba
TrakiaSic elodaT. aq isini usinaTlo finevss Sexvdenen. finevss harpiebi
sdevdnen. boreadebma harpiebi gandevnes. madlierma grZneulma naosnebs RmerTe-
bis neba amcno da urCia, rogor daeRwiaT Tavi faTerakebisTvis. gmirebi ukve Sav
zRvas misdgomodnen, magram jer moxetiale kldeebSi unda gaecuraT. `argom~
mSvidobianad gacura da simplegadebi samudamod gaCerdnen. xomaldma mraval
ucnob kunZuls Cauara: calmkerda amorZalebs, mWedel xalibebs, urcxv mo-
sinikebs... dabolos, kavkasioni gamoCnda, promeTes kvnesa moisma, xelmarcxniv ki
aias qalaqi kÂtaia iyo.
210 apolonios rodoseli

I I I s i m R e r a: heram da aTenam, romlebmac kargad uwyodnen rom mTavari

gansacdeli gmirebs swored aq elodaT, daxmarebisTvis afrodites mimarTes.
eross, mis vaJs, kolxTa mefis asulisTvis iasonis siyvaruli unda STaenerga,
raTa is gmirs daxmareboda. erosi zeciur baRSi ganimedess eTamaSeboda da
cuRlutobda. afroditem daxmarebis sanacvlod saTamaSo SesTavaza _ oqros
burTi, romliTac odesRac patara zevsi erToboda. roca erosi kolxidaSi
mifrinda, argonavtebi ukve aietis sasaxleSi Sediodnen. aieti stumrebs
gamoegeba, mefes ukan asulic mohyveboda. erosma mSvildi mozida da isari medeas
gulSi daumizna. `[medeas] arseba dabneulobam Seipyro, [erosma] ki maRalWeriani
sasaxlis Tavs kiskisiT gaduqrola. aliviT iwvoda isari qalwulis mkerdSi~ (III,
1
248-286). iasonma mefes oqros sawmisis dabruneba mosTxova. aietma ki daavala, spi-
lenZisCliqebiani cecxlismfrqveveli xarebi uRelSi Seeba da aresis velze
drakonis kbilebi daeTesa, saidanac meomrebi amoizrdebodnen. Tuki davalebas
Seasrulebda, sawmisi berZnebs ergebodaT. iasons medea daexmara. is, mravali bal-
axis mcodne, hekates qurumi iyo. rodesac argonavtebma daxmarebisTvis mefis
asuls miakiTxes, is Zilgatexili, fiqrebs miscemoda: mamis Ralatic aSinebda da
mSvenieri stumris daRupvac. medeam iasons `promeTes wamali~ gadasca. `Sen
saqorwino TalamosSi Cvens sarecels daamSveneb da Cvens siyvaruls veRaraferi
daarRvevs~ (III, 1128-30) _ Sehfica sanacvlod iasonma. jado-balaxiT dazelilma
gmirma, medeasgan darigebulma, iolad Seaba xarebi uRelSi, kbilebi daTesa da
iqidan aRmocenebuli goliaTebic daamarcxa. aieti Tavzardacemuli iyo.
I V s i m R e r a: medeas guli avs ugrZnobda. amitomac RamiT iasoni aresis
wminda WalaSi waiyvana, sadac muxaze Camokidebul sawmiss drakoni darajobda.
qalma SelocvebiTa da jado-balaxiT drakoni miaZina da iasons sawmisi moatace-
bina. berZnebi medeasTan erTad `argoTi~ gaiqcnen. mdevars saTaveSi afsirtosi Ca-
udga, medeas Zma. afsirtosi berZnebs miewia, gza mouWra da medeas dabruneba mo-
sTxova. medeam afsirtosi iasons aakuwina. am sazareli codvis gamo RmerTebma
`argos~ araerTi gansacdeli mouvlines, sanam kirkem, aietis dam, isini codvisgan
ar ganwminda. argonavtebma didxans ixetiales, Cauares eolosis kunZuls, skilasa
da qaribdiss, sirenebs da rodesac feakebs miadgnen, aq isev kolxi mdevari wamo-
ewiaT. maSin feakebis mefem brZnulad gadawyvita: Tuki medea aietis gamoqceuli
asulia, is kolxebs ekuTvnis, xolo Tu iasonis kanonieri colia _ iasons. feakebis
kunZulze iasonma medeaze iqorwina da argonavtebma gza ganagrZes. mSobliur na-
pirebamde cotaRa rCeboda, magram berZnebs kidev erTi gansacdeli elodaT. sa-
Sinelma avdarma xomaldi cxra dRe axetiala. kidev didxans imogzures argonav-
tebma, gamoiares kreta, Tera, egina da rogorc iqna, miadgnen mSobliur napirebs.
aseTia `argonavtikis~ siuJeturi qarga, romelic kargad aris cnobili mkiTx-
velisTvis, radganac mravali popularuli miTis damuSavebis Sedegia. apolonios
rodoseli uxvad iyenebs homerosiseul mxatvrul xerxebs (epiTetebs, Sedare-
bebs), xSir SemTxvevaSi ki pirdapir hbaZavs `iliadasa~ da `odiseas~. magram `argo-
navtika~, homerosis eposTagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris Sinaganad Sekruli, mTliani
nawarmoebi. saganTa da movlenaTa dawvrilebiTi aRwera, geografiul-eTnogra-
fiuli detalebi, mwignobruli pasaJebi aleqsandriuli epoqis suliskveTebas
asaxavs da xSirad Znelad wasakiTxsac ki xdis poemas. Tumca `argonavtikaSi~ aris
mniSvnelovani siaxlec. apolonioss, romlisTvisac miTi ukve desakralizebulia,
garkveuli fsiqologizmic Semoaqvs. medeas trfobisa da sulieri peripetiebis
amsaxveli scena sakvanZo epizodia, saidanac iwyeba gardatexa moqmedebis ganvi-
TarebaSi. apoloniosi iyo pirveli epikosi poeti, vinc moqmedebis ganviTareba
siyvarulis motivs daayrdno. swored am tipis novaciebma Cauyara safuZveli Sem-

1
aq da SemdgomSi Targmani ak. uruSaZisa.
apolonios rodoseli 211

dgomSi berZnuli romanis ganviTarebas. mTlianobaSi apolonios rodoselis Se-

moqmedebaSi sami mniSvnelovani siaxle ikveTeba: erosis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba,
fsiqologiuri procesebis analizi da axali tipis susti, aqcentirebulad ara-
heroikuli gmiris koncefcia (swored aseTad gvevlineba iasoni). poemaSi, ro-
melic araTanabarad aris dawerili, mravali mosawyeni mwignobruli detalis
gverdiT, gvxvdeba imgvari Strixebic, romlebic poemas ganumeorebel sicincx-
ales aniWebs. magaliTad, ase gaielvebs I simReraSi Cvili aqilevsi, romelic mze-
riT acilebs argonavtebs, aseTia Tundac erosisa da ganimedesis TamaSis scena III
simReraSi da iseTi wvrilmani, rogoric globusismagvari oqros burTia, rom-
liTac odesRac patara zevsi erToboda... Tumca, albaT, swored zemoT CamoT-
vlili novaciebi gansazRvravs `argonavtikis~ mniSvnelovnebas.
antikuri literaturis Seswavlisas yovelTvis ibadeba kiTxva: mainc riT aris
esa Tu is Txzuleba fasdaudebeli Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis _ rogorc is-
toriul-werilobiTi wyaro, Tu rogorc maRalmxatvruli teqsti?
`argonavtika~ orive moTxovnas pasuxobs. apoloniosis poema maRalmxatvruli
Txzulebacaa (gansakuTrebiT III simRera) da umniSvnelovanesi werilobiTi wyaroc
siZveleTmcodneobis TiTqmis yvela dargisTvis. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom
argonavtebis marSruti srulad pirvelad rodoselTan aisaxa. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania igi qarTvel mkvlevarTaTvis, radganac umniSvnelovanes cnobebs
Seicavs Zveli qarTveluri tomebis (xalibebis, mosinikebis, tiberenebis), anti-
kuri saqarTvelos geografiuli punqtebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi epoqis erT-erT yve-
laze ganswavlul avtorTan xSirad argonavtebTan dakavSirebuli sruliad
gansxvavebuli miTologiuri informaciis amokiTxvac xerxdeba.
gadmocema, TiTqosda aleqsandriaSi poemas warmateba ar hqonia, rogorc Cans,
gadaWarbebulia. ukve antikur epoqaSi mwignobrebma poemas araerTi sqolioni
daurTes. apolonios rodoselis poemam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina `orfi-
kul argonavtikaze~. aseve iseT poetebze, rogorebic iyvnen vergiliusi (sava-
raudod, `eneidaSi~ didosa da eneasis epizodi swored apoloniosis paradigmis
mixedviT aigo) da ovidiusi. `argonavtika~ maleve iTargmna romSi (Zv.w. Is-Si
terencius varo atacinusis mier). apolonios rodoselis poemis Tavisufal in-
terpretacias warmoadgens valerius flakusis `argonavtikac~ (ax.w. Is.). ro-
doselis Semoqmedebas kargad icnobdnen Zvel saqarTveloSic. amas adasturebs
Tundac is faqti, rom poemas Tavis TxzulebebSi iyeneben eqvTime aToneli, efrem
mcire, ioane xelaSvili da Teimuraz batoniSvili. apolonios rodoselma gamo-
Zaxili hpova axal drois literaturaSic, magaliTad, franc grilparcerisa da
rasinis SemoqmedebaSi.
marTalia, apolonios rodoseli ver Seedreba homerosis masStabebs, magram
igi argonavtTa Temis umniSvnelovanesi sistematizatoria da argonavtebis
laSqrobasTan dakavSirebuli ama Tu im motivis damuSavebisas mTeli Semdegdro-
indeli literatura, rogorc models, sored mis poemas emyareba.

poema: `argonavtika~