klod frederik bastia

1850

is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

“is rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans” 1850 wels romSi daiwera. tuberkulo-
ziT daavadebuli bastia ver moeswro mis gamoqveynebas.
 adamianebi, rogorc wesi, xedaven mxolod imas, rac zedapirzea da
ugulvebelyofen imas, rac dafarulia;
 adamianebis moTxovnilebebi usasruloa, maTi dakmayofilebis Se-
saZleblobebi - SezRuduli;
 buneba awesebs sazRvrebs, romelTa daZleva SeuZlebelia;
 saxelmwifos nebismieri Careva, romelic mimarTulia samuSao ad-
gilebis Seqmnisa Tu e.w. Sida bazris dacvisken, sagadasaxado Se-
mosavlebis gadanawilebas iwvevs da xelovnurad zrdis fasebs;
 gadasaxadebi da baJi fuls dagrovebidan da warmoebidan gadana-
wilebisken mimarTavs;
 sabaJo tarifebi iaf da eqskluziur imports aZvirebs, rac da-
grovebasa da investiciebs amcirebs;
 sameurneo saqmianobaSi dawesebuli nebismieri saxis barieri, sa-
boloo jamSi, sayovelTao keTildReobas amcirebs.

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 is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

Sesavali
ekonomikis sferoSi nebismieri qmedeba, Cveva, dadgenileba da ka-
noni badebs ara erT, aramed Sedegebis mTel jaWvs. amaTgan mxolod
erTi, pirveli mJRavndeba uSualod, mis gamomwvev mizezTan erTad
– es aris is, rac Cans. danarCeni mJRavndeba erTi meoris mimdevro-
biT – es aris is, rac ar Cans da CvenTvis ukeTesia Tu maT winaswar
ganvWvretT.
gansxvaveba cud da karg ekonomists Soris isaa, rom pirveli iT-
valiswinebs im Sedegebs, romlebic Cans, xolo meore imasac iTval-
iswinebs rac Cans da imasac, risi ganWvretac aucilebelia.
es gansxvaveba Zalin didia, radgan TiTqmis yovelTvis ise xdeba,
rom pirveli Sedegebi xelsayrelia, xolo Semdgomi _ ukve damRup-
veli da piriqiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom cudi ekonomisti Ta-
vis arCevans akeTebs mcire keTildReobaze, romelsac momavalSi
didi boroteba mohyveba, maSin, roca WeSmariti ekonomisti momav-
lis sayovelTao keTildReobaze akeTebs arCevans da dRes mcire
borotebis arsebobas riskavs.
igive problebas vawydebiT higienasa da zneobasTan mimarTebaSi,
xSirad ama Tu im Cvevis pirveli nayofi rac ufro tkbilia, miT uf-
ro mwarea danarCenebi. magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT garyvnileba, si-
zarmace, mflangveloba. maSasadame, roca adamiani mxolod xilul
Sedegebs xedavs da ar SeuZlia imis ganWvreta rac ar Cans, igi ro-
gorc midrekilebiT, ise gaTvlebiT damRupvel Cvevebsaa damor-
Cilebuli.
amiT aixsneba kacobriobis arsebobis fatalurad mZime pirobebi.
uvicoba kacobriobas akvnidanve mohyveba, roca misi moqmedebani
pirveli SedegebiTaa ganpirobebuli, im SedegebiT, romlebsac da-
badebisas aRiqvams. mas sakmaod bevri dro sWirdeba imisTvis, rom
iswavlos danarCeni SedegebisTvis angariSis gaweva. amas ki mas ori
gansxvavebuli maswavlebeli aswavlis: gamocdileba da windaxedu-
loba. gamocdileba efeqturi, magram mkacri maswavlebelia. is
gvaswavlis Cveni qmedebebis Sedegebis Secnobas maTi Cvensave Tavze
gamocdiT da, ra Tqma unda, bolos da bolos mivxvdebiT, rom

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frederik bastia

cecxli wvavs mas Semdeg, rac Cvens Tavze gamovcdiT. aseTi mkacri
maswavleblis nacvlad visurvebdi sxvas, SedarebiT ufro lmo-
biers _ windaxedulobas. swored amitomac ganvixilav sxvadasxva
ekonomikuri movlenebis Sedegebs, sadac erTmaneTs davupirispi-
reb imas, rac Cans da imas, rac ar Cans.

Camsxvreuli fanjara
odesme Tu SeswrebixarT keTilSobil burJua Jak bonomis ris-
xvas, roca misma daudevarma Svilma fanjara Caumsxvria?
Tu Tqven SeeswariT am sanaxaobas, maSin Tqvenc, iseve, rogorc
danarCeni TviTmxilvelebi, romelTa raodenoba ocdaaT kacs aRe-
mateboda, TiTqos piri gqonodaT Sekruli, iCqarebdiT sawyali me-
patronis damSvidebas Semdegi sityvebiT: “zogi Wiri margebelia.
mrewvelobis safuZvels msgavsi SemTxvevebi qmnis, ra bedi eweodaT
meSuSeebs, SuSebi rom arasdros tydebodes?”
am nugeSsacem sityvebSi mTeli Teoria imaleba, romlis ganxil-
vac am martivi magaliTis mixedviT urigo ar iqneboda, radgan es
swored is Teoriaa, romliTac, samwuxarod, CvenSi ekonomikis mmar-
Tveli saxelmwifo institutebi xelmZRvaneloben.
Tu davuSvebT, rom SuSis SesakeTeblad saWiroa 6 franki da amiT
imis Tqma surT, rom am SemTxvevam SuSis mrewvelobas 6 franki Sema-
ta da am 6 frankiT mas didi daxmareba gaewia, maSin me am msjelobas
sruliad veTanxmebi, radgan is absoluturi WeSmaritebaa. mova me-
SuSe, Seasrulebs Tavis samuSaos, miiRebs 6 franks, xelebs mo-
ifSvnets da gulSi dalocavs daudevar bavSvs, es aris is, rac Cans.
magram Tu msjelobis gziT mivalT im daskvnamde, rom SuSebis
xSiri msxvreva kargia, radgan is fulis brunvas uwyobs xels, anu
mTeli mrewvelobis waxalisebas emsaxureba, am SemTxvevaSi me val-
debuli var wamoviZaxo: “SeCerdiT! Tqveni Teoria mxolod imiT
ifargleba, rac Cans da ar surs dainaxos is, rac ar Cans.”
xolo ar Cans is, rom burJuas 6 frankis raRac sxva nivTze daxar-
jva SeeZlo, mas es aRar SeuZlia. ar Cans, mas rom ar dasWirveboda
axali SuSis Casma gatexilis sanacvlod, is SeZlebda TavisTvis Zve-
lis nacvlad axali fexsacmlis an Tavisi biblioTekisTvis axali
wignis yidvas. mokled rom vTqvaT, is am 6 franks sxva rameSi gamoi-
yenebda, rasac axla veRar moaxerxebs.
modiT gadavxedoT mrewvelobas zogadad mocemuli mdgomareo-
bidan. SuSa gatexilia da amiT SuSis mrewveloba 6 frankiT gamdid-
rda; es aris is, rac Cans. xolo Tu mxedvelobaSi miiRebdnen imas,
rac ar Cans, rogorc uaryofiT faqts, xolo imas, rac Cans, dadeb-
iTs, maSin mixvdebodnen rom zogadad erovnuli mrewvelobisTvis
araviTari mogeba ar moaqvs imas, SuSa gatydeboda Tu ara.
modiT axla TviT Jak bonoms SevxedoT.

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 is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

pirveli varaudis mixedviT, rom fanjara gatyda, is xarjavs 6

franks da sanacvlod iZens igive, arafriT nakleb an met SuSas. me-
ore varaudis mixedviT, rom fanjara ar gatyda, is daxarjavda 6
franks axal fexsacmelze da erTdroulad eqneboda rogorc axali
wyvili fexsacmeli, ise fanjara.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom Jak bonomi sazogadoebis nawilia, xolo
sazogadoba erTi mTliani organizmi, unda davaskvnaT, rom sazoga-
doebis erToblivi Sromisa da moxmarebis Sejamebis Sedegad, Cams-
xvreuli fanjris Rirebuleba dakargulad CaiTvleba.
Tu zemoT Tqmuls ganvazogadebT mivalT moulodnel daskvna-
mde, rom “sazogadoeba nivTebis Rirebulebas kargavs maTi usarge-
blo ganadgurebiT” da igive ganzogadebiT aseve mivalT aqsiomamde,
romlis gagonebisas proteqcionistebs Tma yalyze daudgebaT: “ga-
texva, gafuWeba, ganiaveba erovnuli warmoabis waxalisebas sulac
ar niSnavs”, mokled rom vTqvaT “ngrevas mogeba ar moaqvs.”
ras ityviT Tqven, mrewvelobis xelmZRvanelo an Tqven, batoni
de sen-Samanis mimdevrebo, romelmac aRsadgeni saxlebis ricxvis
mixedviT, parizis dawviT miRebuli mogeba zustad gaTvala?
Zalian vwuxvar rom am metad SemoqmedebiT gaTvlebSi dEaeWvebaBA
mixdeba, arada maTi suli Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi Zevs, magram me
vTxov baton de sen-Samans xelaxla daiTvalos es mogeba, oRond an-
gariSi gauwios imas, rac ar Cans da daupirispiros imas is, rac Cans.
AmkiTxvelma kargad unda gaiazros, rom am patara dramaSi, ro-
melic SemogTavazeT, monawileobs ara ori, aramed sami piri. erTi
Jak bonomia. is warmoadgens momxmarebels, romelic gatexili SuSis
gamo iZulebulia dasjerdes erT siamovnebas oris nacvlad. meore
piria meSuSe, romelic warmoadgens mwarmoebels da romelmac am
SemTxvevis Sedegad mogeba naxa. mesame piria mewaRe (an sxva nebismi-
eri xelosani), romlis Sromac igive SemTxvevis gamo dazaralda.
es mesame piri, romelic yovelTvis CrdilSi dgas, warmoadgens
imas, rac ar Cans da problemis gadaWris aucilebeli elementia,
gvaswavlis imis danaxvas Tu rogori uazrobaa mogebis ngrevaSi Zi-
eba. mogvianebiT swored es mesame piri dagvanaxebs, rom mogebis Sez-
RudvebSi Zieba aseve didi uazrobaa, radganac es sxva araferia, Tu
ara nawilobrivi ganadgureba. kargad gaiazreT SezRudvebis sasar-
geblod moyvanili yvela mtkicebuleba da Tqven verafers aRmoa-
CenT garda Semdegi gavrcelebuli sityvebis parafrazebisa: “ra be-
di eweodaT meSuSeebs SuSebi rom ar tydebodes?”

jaris daTxovna
konkretul adamianebTan mimarTebaSi yvelaferi iseve xdeba, ro-
gorc masebTan mimarTebaSi; raime siamovnebis misaRebad, is, bune-
brivia, fiqrobs imaze, Rirs Tu ara masSi imis gadaxda, rac is Rirs.

63
frederik bastia

erisTvis usafrTxoeba umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia da Tu am amoca-

nis misaRwevad saWiroa asi aTas kaciani armia, amis sawinaaRmdegos
verafers vxedav. es siamovneba garkveul msxverpls moiTxovs.
ar msurs Cemi pozicia arasworad iyos gagebuli; davuSvaT, asam-
bleis wevrma winadadeba wamoayena asi aTasi kacis daTxovnis Sesa-
xeb, asi milioni gadasaxadebis gadamxdelisTvis gadasaxadebis Sem-
subuqebis xarjze.
Tu mxolod Semdegi pasuxiT SemovifarglebiT, rom “erovnuli
usafrTxoebisTvis asi aTasi adamiani da asi milionis fuli auci-
lebelia, es msxverplSewirvaa, magram mis gareSe safrangeTi an
fraqciebisgan Suaze iqneboda gaglejili, an ucxo Zalebis mier
dapyrobili.” me araferi maqvs am argumentis sawinaaRmdego, rome-
lic SeiZleba sworicaa an arasworic, radgan is, ekonomikuri Teo-
riis TvalsazrisiT, mcdari ar aris. magram Secdoma Tavs maSin war-
moaCens, roca prioritetad Tavad msxverplSewirva cxaddeba da es
viRacisTvis mogebis wyaro xdeba.
Zlier Sevcdebodi Tu vifiqrebdi, rom am winadadebis avtori
Tavis adgils daubrundeba da arc erTi oratori ar upasuxebs Sem-
degi Sinaarsis sityvebiT: “asi aTasi kacis daTxovna! xvdebiT mainc
ras ambobT? ra bedi eweva maT? sad iSovian sacxovrebels? nuTu ar
iciT rom samuSao adgilebi arasakmarisia da yvela adgili gadat-
virTulia? nuTu am xalxs quCaSi datovebT konkurenciis gazrdis
da xelfasebis ganakveTze zewolis mizniT? xolo dRes, roca cxov-
reba isedac rTulia, gana Sesaferisi droa, rom saxelmwifom asi
aTasi axali umuSevari adamiani daapuros? ifiqreT imazec, rom ja-
ri Rvinis, tansacmlis da iaraRis momxmarebelia, rac garnizonis
qalaqebSi warmoebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. Mmokled, es RvTis
waylobaa uamravi mommarageblisTvis. nuTu ar gaSfoTebT mre-
wvelobis am udidesi mamoZravebeli Zalis ganadgureba?”
aSkaraa, es kamaTi asi aTasi jariskacis sasargeblod wydeba, am
samsaxuris aucileblobidan gamomdinare mizezebisa da ekonomi-
kuri Sexedulebebis gamo. es swored is Sexedulebebia, romelTac
uarvyof.
asi aTas kacs, romelTa Senaxva gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs asi
milioni ujdebaT, momwodeblebisTvis imdeni mogeba moaqvs, ram-
denis miwodebac SesaZlebelia am asi milioniT; es aris is, rac Cans.
magram es asi milioni, romelic gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebis jibi-
danaa amoRebuli, gadamxdelebs da momwodeblebs imdeniT azara-
lebs, ramdenis miwodebac SesaZlebelia maTTvis am asi milioniT; es
aris is, rac ar Cans. axla modiT yvelaferi daiTvaleT, SeajameT da
miTxariT adamianebi amiT ra mogebas naxaven?
Cemi mxriv getyviT sad Zevs danakargi, xolo simartivisTvis asi
aTasisa da milionis magier, erTi kaci da aTasi franki ganvixiloT.

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 is, rac Cans da is, rac ar Cans

davuSvaT, Cven vimyofebiT “a” sofelSi. modian serJantebi da er-

Ti kaci jarSi mihyavT, aseve modian gadasaxadebis amkrebnic da aTas
franks iReben. es adamiani TanxasTan erTad q. mecSi mihyavT. es Tan-
xa erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi am adamianis Sesanaxadaa gankuTvnili,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, arafriTaa dakavebuli.
Tu Tqven yuradRebas mxolod q. mecze gaamaxvilebT, Tqven mar-
Tali brZandebiT, es qmedeba sakmaod momgebiania, magram Tu yurad-
Rebas “a” sofelze gaamaxvilebT, yvelafers gansxvavebulad gan-
sjiT, radgan mxolod brma Tu ver dainaxavs, rom am sofelma dakar-
ga muSa da aTasi franki, romelic misi gasamrjelo unda yofiliyo,
iseve, rogorc is warmoeba, romelic am aTasi frankis dabandebiT
SeiZleboda gafarToebuliyo.
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom kompensacias aqvs adgi-
li. fenomeni, romelsac adgili eqneboda sofelSi, axla mecSi
gvxvdeba. magram ai sad Cans danakargi: sofelSi is iyo muSa, baravda
da Sromobda. mecSi ki is jariskacia, mwkrivSi dgas da xan erT, xan ki
me-ore mxares daabijebs. fuli da mimoqceva orive SemTxvevaSi
erTi da igivea, magram pirvel SemTxvevaSi Sromis nayofierebis
samas dResTan gvaqvs saqme, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ aramwarmoe-
bluri Sromis samas dResTan, ra Tqma unda, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom samxedro samsaxuris raRac nawili sazogadoebrivi usa-
frTxoebisTvis aucilebeli ar aris.
davuSvaT, jari daiTxoves, Tqven mimiTiTebT asi aTas umuSevar-
ze da imaze, rom konkurencia saxelfaso ganakveTebs Seamcirebs, es
aris is, rasac Tqven xedavT.
magram is, rasac ver xedavT, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: Tqven ver xe-
davT, rom asi aTasobiT jariskacis gaTavisufleba, amasTanave mi-
lioni frankis aorTqlebas ki ara, aramed maT gadasaxadebis gadam-
xdelebisTvis datovebas niSnavs. Tqven ver xedavT, rom bazrisTvis
asi aTasi muSis miwodebiT, mas aseve ajerebT asi milioni frankiT,
romelic maTi samuSaos anazRaurebaa. Sesabamisad, moqmedeba, rom-
lis safuZvelzec muSaTa miwodeba izrdeba, moTxovnasac zrdis.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom xelfasebis Semcirebis SiSi usa-
fuZvloa. Tqven ver xedavT, rom rogorc jaris daTxovnamde, ise
mis mere, qveyanaSi asi milioni franki asi aTas kacs Seesabameba. mTe-
li gansxvaveba imaSia, rom daTxovnamde qveyana as milions asi aTas
kacs arafris keTebaSi uxdida, xolo mas Semdeg is igive Tanxas maT
muSaobaSi uxdis. erTi sityviT ki, Tqven ver xedavT, rom roca gada-
saxadebis gadamxdeli jariskacs araferSi an muSas raRacaSi uxdis
fuls, orive SemTxvevaSi fulis mimoqcevis saboloo Sedegebi erTi
da igivea, mxolod meore SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT pirvelisgan, ga-
dasaxadebis gadamxdeli sanacvlod raRacas uSualod iRebs. dask-
vna ki isaa, rom danakargebi ers anadgurebs.
sofizmi, romelsac veWidebi, ver gauZlebs ganvrcobis gamoc-

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frederik bastia

das, rac principebis Semowmebis saukeTeso gzaa. Tuki yvelaferi

anazRaurebulia, yvela interesi dakmayofilebulia, xolo jaris
zrdas erovnuli mogeba mosdevs, ratomac ar unda gaerTiandes misi
droSis qveS qveynis mTeli mamrobiTi sqesis mosaxleoba?

gadasaxadebi
odesme Tu gqoniaT SesaZlebloba, mogesminaT Semdegi fraza:
yvelaze kargi investicia gadasaxadebia. erTi SexedeT ramdeni oja-
xi xeirobs amiT da rogor moqmedebs is warmoebaze, is xom dauSre-
teli nakadulia, is TviT sicocxlea.
am mosazrebis ukusagdebad winamdebare arguments moviyvan. po-
litekonomias kargad moexseneba, rom misi argumentebi iseTi Tav-
Sesaqcevi ar aris rom xSirad ganmeordes, swored amitom “ganmeo-
reba sasiamovnoa” Secvala sityvebiT “ganmeoreba codnis dedaa.”
SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac Cinovnikebi eqomagebian, aris is, rac
Cans. mimwodeblebis sargeblis zrda aseve aris is, rac Cans. swore-
dac rom es gvabrmavebs.
xolo usiamovnebani, romelTa Tavidan aSoreba gadasaxadebis ga-
damxdelebs uxdebaT, aris is, rac ar Cans, aseve ar Cans momwodeble-
bis zianic, miuxedavad imisa, rom es TavisTavad cxadi unda iyos.
rodesac saxelmwifo moxele Tavisi siamovnebisTvis xarjavs asi
suTi (“su” franguli fulis erTeuli bastias dros. redaqtoris
SeniSvna) mets, es imas niSnavs, rom gadasaxadebis gadamxdeli asi su-
Ti naklebs xarjavs.
saxelmwifo moxelis xarjebi cxadia, imitom, rom es xdeba yvelas
Tvalwin, magram gadamxdelebis xarjebi ar Cans, radgan, samwuxa-
rod, maTi ganxorcielebis saSualebas ar aZleven.
Tqven ers gvalvisgan gamomSral niadags, xolo gadasaxadebs Sxa-
puna wvimas adarebT. dae iyos ase, magram SeekiTxeT Tqvens Tavs sai-
dan modis wvima? iqneb sulac gadasaxadebia is, rac niadags sinoti-
ves arTmevs da aSrobs?
Tqven kvlav unda hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: “SesaZlebelia rom nia-
dagi wvimisgan igive raodenobis sinotives iRebdes, romelsac is
aorTqlebis Sedegad kargavs?”
erTi ram cxadia, roca Jak bonomi as sus gadasaxadis amkrebs aZ-
levs, sanacvlod arafers iRebs, xolo Semdgom, roca saxelmwifo
moxele as sus xarjavs da Jak bonoms Sesabamisi raodenobis puris an
Sromis sanacvlod ubrunebs, sabolood, Jak bonomi mainc kargavs 5
franks.
Zalian xSirad, savsebiT samarTlianad, saxelmwifo moxele Jak
bonoms Sesabamisi Rirebulebis momsaxurebas uwevs, am SemTxvevaSi
orive mxare mogebuli rCeba da ubralod momsaxurebis urTierT-
gacvlas aqvs adgili.

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