samarTlis Jurnali

s a r C e v i

Tbilisi
2012
mTavari redaqtori Editor In Chief
dimitri gegenava Dimitry Gegenava

aRmasrulebeli redaqtori Executive Editor

qeTevan zukakiSvili Ketevan Zukakishvili

saredaqcio kolegia Editorial Board

andrea boroni Andrea Boroni
daviT jaiani David Jaiani
demetre egnataSvili Demetre Egnatashvili
Tamar meliqiSvili Tamar Melikishvili
Tamar xubaSvili Tamar Khubashvili
kaxaber uriadmyofeli Kakhaber Uriadmkofeli
karlo nikoleiSvili Karlo Nikoleishvili
zurab sanikiZe Zurab Sanikidze

teqnikuri redaqciis jgufi Group of Technical Support

maia nasraSvili Maia Nasrashvili
ani ToxaZe Ani Tokhadze
monika gabunia Monika Gabunia
Tamar gadrani Tamar Gadrani
simon takaSvili Simon Takashvili
Tamar WalIiZe Tamar Tchalidze

ISSN 2233-3770
238 sarCevi #1-2(3-4), 2012

samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi

gustav radbruxi

Targmna dimitri gegenavam

pirveli wuTi

`brZaneba brZanebaa~, - eubnebian jariskacebs. `kanoni kanonia~,

- ambobs iuristi. Tumca, imavdroulad, jariskacisgan arc misi
movaleoba da arc kanoni moiTxovs brZanebisadmi morCilebas,
Tuki misTvis cnobili gaxdeba, rom brZanebis mizani danaSau-
lis Cadena an samarTaldarRvevis ganxorcielebaa. bunebiTi sa-
marTlis ukanaskneli iuristis gardacvalebidan ukve saukunee-
bia gasuli, Sesabamisad, iuristebisaTvis ucnobia kanonis moq-
medebidan msgavsi gamonaklisebi da maTdami daqvemdebarebis sa-
valdebulooba. kanoni moqmedebs, radgan kanonia, da igi kano-
nia, Tuki misi moqmedeba uzrunvelyofilia SemTxvevaTa umrav-
lesobaSi.
kanonis amgvarma gagebam da misma moqmedebam (amas vuwodebT
pozitiur Teorias) iuristebi da sxva danarCenebic, daucvele-
bad aqcia despotizmis gamamarTlebeli, saSineli da danaSaule-
brivi kanonebis winaSe. saboloo jamSi, pozitiuri Teoria sa-
marTalsa da Zalauflebas uTanabrebs erTmaneTs - samarTali
mxolod iqaa, sadac aris Zalaufleba.

meore wuTi

saWiro gaxda msgavsi mocemulobis Sevseba an Secvla: samar-

Tali aris is, rac sasargebloa xalxisTvis.
Tumca, am gagebiT, samarTali SeiZleba aRniSnavdes xalxis sa-
sargeblod ganxorcielebul iZulebas, SeTanxmebis darRvevas,
ukanonobas. praqtikulad es niSnavs, rom samarTali aris yove-
live is, rac saxelmwifo xelisufals miaCnia yvelasTvis sasar-
geblod, kerZod, despotis nebismieri Wirveuloba da axireba,
kanonieri safuZvlisa da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe
dasja, avadmyofebis ukanono mokvdineba da a.S. sxvanairad, pi-
radi sargebeli ganixileba rogorc saerTo sargebeli. amgva-
rad, samarTlis gaTanabreba SesaZlo, yalb sargebelTan, samar-
Tlebriv saxelmwifos (Rechtsstaat) aqcevs arasamarTlebrivad.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaferi, rasac sargebloba moaqvs
xalxisTvis, samarTalia, ufro metic, piriqiT: mxolod is, rac
samarTlebrivia, - sasargebloa xalxisTvis.


doqtoranti (Tsu), daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis direqtori.
 g. radbruxi, samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi 239

mesame wuTi

samarTali samarTlianobisken swrafvaa. samarTlianoba niSnavs

piris gansjas yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe, yvelsTvis erT-
nairi standartebis misadagebas.
politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis mkvlelobis waxaliseba,
gansxvavebuli rasis warmomadgenlebis mokvdinebis brZanebis ga-
cema, xolo sakuTari Tanamoazreebis mimarT msgavsi moqmedebe-
bis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, damnaSave pirTa yvelaze saSi-
neli da samarcxvino sasjeliT dasja, arc samarTlianobaa da
arc samarTali.
Tuki kanonebi ganzrax gadauxveven samarTlianobisken swraf-
vas, magaliTisTvis, Tuki xdeba adamianis uflebebis iZulebiT
miniWeba an Camo=rTmeva, aseT SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi kanonebi baTi-
lia, xalxi araa valdebuli daemorCilos maT, iuristebs unda
eyoT vaJkacoba, ar aRiaron maTi namdviloba, samarTlebrivi
buneba.

meoTxe wuTi

samarTlianobasTan erTad samarTlis mizani saerTo sargebe-

licaa. ra Tqma unda, kanoni, maT Soris, cudi kanonic, gark-
veuli Rirebulebis matarebelia - daicvas samarTali gaurkvev-
lobisgan. adamianuri arasrulyofileba ar iZleva saSualebas,
rom kanonSi harmoniulad iyos gaerTianebuli samarTlis samive
faseuloba: saerTo sargebeli, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba da
samarTlianoba.
amitomac xSirad asarCevia, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT, davTanxmdeT Tu ara cud, zianis momtan
da usamarTlo kanonebs, Tu uari vTqvaT usamarTlo, so-
cialurad zianis momtan kanonebze. aucilebelia, iuristebma da
nebismierma sxvamac gaacnobieron: SesaZlebelia arsebobdes usa-
marTlo da socialurad zianis momtani kanonebi, magram maT
uari unda Tqvan msgavsi kanonebis Sesrulebasa da samarTle-
brivi bunebis aRiarebaze.

mexuTe wuTi

arsebobs samarTlis principebi, romlebic gacilebiT wona-

dia vidre samarTlebrivi aqti. Tuki kanoni ewinaaRmdegeba sa-
marTlebriv princips, kanoni ar moqmedebs. es principebi cno-
bilia bunebiTi samarTlis, igive gonis samarTlis saxelwode-
biT. calke aRebuli TiToeuli maTgani eWvs badebda. saukunee-
bis ganmavlobaSi gaiwminda da Camoyalibda maTi myari gan-
240 sarCevi #1-2(3-4), 2012

sazRvreba, sayovelTao SeTanxmebiT isini ganmtkicebul iqna e.w.

adamianis ZiriTad da samoqalaqo uflebaTa deklaraciebSi.
dResdReobiT mxolod dogmat skeptikosebs SeuZliaT gaaCndeT
maTi moqmedebis Sesaxeb raime eWvi.
igive principebma sarwmunoebis enaze bibliaSi ori mimarTu-
lebiT hpoves asaxva: erTis mixedviT, adamianebi unda emorCile-
bodnen xelisufalT, romlebic maTze maRla dganan1, xolo,
meore mxriv, bibliaSivea dawerili, RmerTs unda vmorCilebdeT
ufro metad, vidre - adamianebs2 - da es aramxolod Sesasru-
leblad savaldebulo, aramed samarTlebrivi principia. am or
debulebas Soris konfliqti ar SeiZleba gadawydes mesame de-
bulebis moxmobiT: `miugo iesu da hrqua maT: `mieciT keisrisaჲ
keisarsa da RmrTisaჲ RmerTsa~3.“
am debulebis mixedviT, wina ori maTganis gammijnavi zRvari
ar aris mkafio, ufro metic, misi mixedviT, igi RmerTis upi-
ratesobisken ixreba, romelic individis sindiss mxolod iS-
viaT SemTxvevebSi Tu aRviZebs.

1
`daemorCileniT winamZRuarTa TquenTa da erCdiT maT~, ebraelTa mimarT,
13.17.
2
`miugo petre da mociqulTa da hrques: morCilebaჲ jer-ars RmrTisaჲ
ufroჲs vidre kacTaჲ.~, saqme wmidaTa mociqulTaჲ (aRwerili luka maxarebe-
lisaჲ), 5.29.
3
`miugo iesu da hrqua maT: `mieciT keisrisaჲ keisarsa da RmrTisaჲ RmerT-
sa.~, saxarebaჲ markozisi, 12.17.
 h. kelzeni, ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis 241

ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis

hans kelzeni

Targmna dimitri gegenavam

mTxoves, TqvenTan samarTlis wminda Teoriis Sesaxeb mesaubra.

Tumca, vinaidan aseT mcire droSi SeuZlebelia am Teoriis
yvela aspeqtis ganxilva, gTavazobT, vimsjeloT xsenebuli Teo-
riis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel problemaze: ZiriTadi norma.
samarTlis wminda Teoriis, rogorc nebismieri sxva samar-
Tlebrivi Teoriis amosavali debuleba samarTlis gagebis gan-
sazRvreba gaxlavT. wminda Teoria samarTals ganmartavs ro-
gorc normaTa sistemis mTlianobas, normatiul wesrigs. ra
aris norma? norma specifikuri mnISvnelobaa, azri, rom raRac
unda iyos, unda an piriqiT, ar unda Sesruldes. arsebobs
sxvadasxva saxis norma: azrobrivi (mosazrebiTi), romlebic
logikuri normebia da qceviTi, romlebic moralur da samar-
Tlebriv normaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba.
samarTlLis normis Tanaxmad, adamianebi Sesabamis garemoSi sa-
Tanadod unda moiqcnen. saTanadod moqcevaSi igulisxmeba, rom
qceva savaldebuloa, nebadarTulia an akrZalulia. am SemTxveva-
Si samarTlis norma mavaldebulebeli, nebadamrTveli (aRmWur-
veli) an amkrZalavia. msgavsi norma SesaZloa erTi piris mier
meoris mimarT nebelobiTi aqtis mniSvneloba gaxldeT. gadata-
niTi mniSvnelobiT, norma iqmneba, yalibdeba nebelobiTi qmede-
bis Sedegad, mis safuZvelze; es gaxlavT pozitiuri neba. samar-
Tali, rogorc normaTa sistema, Seqmnili adamianuri nebiT (ne-
belobiTi qmedebiT) aris pozitiuri samarTali. samarTlis
wminda Teoria aris pozitiuri samarTlis Teoria.
qmedeba (Aaqti), romliTac norma iqmneba, unda ganvasxvavoT
normisgan, romelsac aqti qmnis. magaliTad: sakanonmdeblo aqti
da kanoni an statuti, romelic mis safuZvelze iqmneba. aqti
(qmedeba) warmoadgens faqts, norma ki am faqtis mniSvnelobas.
aqti, romliTac norma iqmneba, arsebobs (moqmedebs) drosa da
sivrceSi, da mizezobriobis samarTlis mixedviT, warmoadgens
udavo garemoebaTa Sedegs (efeqts). misi arseboba bunebrivi
faqtis arsebobaa. normis Semqmneli aqtis formulireba arsis
kategoriaa. vinaidan norma ara faqti, aramed Tavad am faqtis
mniSvnelobaa, misi moqmedeba (arseboba) gansxvavdeba faqtis moq-
medebisagan. misi arseboba misi namdvilobaa. is garemoeba, rom
norma avaldebulebs, nebas rTavs an krZalavs raime qcevas, ar
gulisxmobs, rom xsenebuli qceva praqtikaSi arsebobs an moma-
valSi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes; igi niSnavs, rom unda iyos,
adamianebi ise unda moiqcnen, rogorc norma adgens, aRWuravs


doqtoranti (Tsu), daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis direqtori.
242 sarCevi #1-2(3-4), 2012

an krZalavs adamianebis mxridan raimes ganxorcielebas. normis

namdviloba, qmediToba jerarsuli kategoriaa.
ibadeba kiTxva: ra ganapirobebs gansazRvruli normis namd-
vilobas? ratom unda moviqceT gansazRvruli normis Sesabami-
sad? am kiTxvaze pasuxi arasdros iqneba arsis kategoria, is
SesaZlebelia iyos mxolod jerarsuli movlena. sxvagvarad,
normis namdvilobis safuZveli ver iqneba faqti da verc nebe-
lobiTi qmedeba, romliTac norma iqmneba, safuZveli mxolod
norma an zemdgomi (ierarqiulad ufro maRali) normaa. funda-
menturi logikuri principia, rom mtkiceba `arsidan~ ar da ver
gamomdinareobs jerarsuli mtkiceba, iseve, rogorc mtkicebidan
`unda iyos~ ar da ver gamomdinareobs mocemuloba - rom ra-
Rac `aris~. am principis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, moviyvanoT maga-
liTi: Tu mama ubrZanebs bavSvs - Sen unda waxvide skolaSi -
Svilma SesaZloa ikiTxos, Tu ratomaa igi valdebuli, iaros
skolaSi. Tuki mama upasuxebs - imitom, rom mamaSenma giTxra ase
moqceuliyavi, am SemTxvevaSi mama mimarTavs (moixmobs) skolaSi
siarulis normad dadenis faqts, Tumca ar pasuxobs Svilis Se-
kIiTxvas. swori pasuxia: radgan Sen valdebuli xar Seasrulo
mamis brZaneba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom mamis mier miRebuli nor-
mis namdvilobis safuZveli ar gaxlavT mis mier normis SemuSa-
vebis faqti, aramed Tavad norma - bavSvi valdebulia Seasru-
los mamis miTiTeba, radgan es norma aRWuravs mamas uflebiT,
gamosces norma, romelic zustad aRwers bavSvis mier gansaxor-
cielebel qmedebas (qcevas). am normis safuZveli ki RmerTis
mier sinas mTaze dadgenili aTi mcnebidan erT-erTia. Tuki Ta-
vad aTi mcnebis namdvilobaze davfiqrdebiT, unda vikiTxoT,
ratom unda SevasruloT aTi mcneba, razec uCveulo pasuxia:
radgan isini RmerTma Seqmna; Tumca es pasuxi faqtTan mimarTe-
biT arasworia. normasTan mimarTebiT swori pasuxi gaxlavT:
Cven unda SevasruloT uflis brZaneba, radgan norma `gamar-
Tlebulia~, saWiro araa misi namdvilobis safuZvlis Zieba, Cven
mas viRebT rogorc savaldebulos, TavisTavad gonivruls. mas
Semdeg, rac RmerTs umaRles normaTSemoqmedad moviazrebT,
norma, romelic RmerTis mier normaTa miRebis normatiul sa-
fuZvels warmoadgens, ver iqneba romelime nebelobiTi qmedebiT
Seqmnili qcevis wesi, romelic SesaZlebelia mxolod RmerTs
aRmatebuli arsobis mier iyos Seqmnili. amitomac is warmoad-
gens ara pozitiur, aramed Cvens azrovnebaSi navaraudeb normas,
Tuki RmerTis mier Seqmnil normebs miviCnevT moralur-
religiuri sistemis sxva normaTa namdvilobis mizezad (safuZ-
vlad). swored aRniSnuli warmoadgens am moralur-religiuri
wesrigis ZiriTad normas.
Tuki pozitiuri marTlwesrigis mizezs vikiTxavT, sabolood,
istoriulad pirvel konstituciamde mivalT, romelmac Cveule-
ba an sakanonmdeblo organo aRWurva zogadi normebis Seqmnis
 h. kelzeni, ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis 243

uflebamosilebiT, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo da admi-

nistraciul organoebs darTo individualuri normebis Semu-
Savebis ufleba. am normaTa namdvilobis varaudi moiazrebs im
normis arsebobas, romlis safuZvelze konstituciis mamebma
Seqmnes norma, romelmac Camoayaliba kanonmdebloba da Cveule-
ba, rogorc yvela sxva samarTlebrivi funqciis safuZveli. es
norma gaxlavT konstituciis namdvilobis mizezi da aqedan ga-
momdinare, konstituciis Sesabamisad dafuZnebuli marTlwe-
srigic ZiriTadi normaa, romelic Cvens samarTlebriv azrovne-
baSia moazrebuli da warmoudgenelia is gansazRvruli piris
(individis) nebelobiTi aqtis Sedegad Seqmnili norma iyos: Tu-
ki konstituciis mamebs umaRles samarTlebriv xelisuflad mi-
viCnevT, Tuki Cven, samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis TvalTaxedviT,
- ar moviazrebT raime ufro maRal, zeadamianur xelisufals,
magaliTad, RmerTs an bunebas, romelic mogviwodebs davemor-
CiloT konstituciis mamebis mier gamocemul normebs.
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom samarTlLis wminda Teoriis Ziri-
Tadi norma, romelic pozitiuri samarTlis namdvilobis sa-
fuZvels warmoadgens, Tavad ar aris pozitiuri samarTlis
norma, - samarTlis wminda Teoria arasworad ganimarta ro-
gorc bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis erT-erTi saxesxvaoba.
bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis Tanaxmad, pozitiuri, e.w. `ada-
mianis mier Seqmnili~ samarTlis namdvilobis safuZvels bune-
biT samarTalTan Sesabamisoba warmoadgens, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, ar gaxlavT adamianis mier Seqmnili, aramed gamomdina-
reobs bunebidan, bunebiTIi yofa mokvdav (adamian) kanonmdebelze
aRmatebuli xelisufalia. samarTlis wminda Teorias, romelic
pozitiuri samarTLlis Teoriaa, da bunebiTsamarTlebriv doq-
trinas Soris, romelic samarTlebrivi pozitivizmisagan
gansxvavebuli, sawinaaRmdego kategoriaa, arsebiTi gansxvaveba
arsebobs. bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis mixedviT, bunebiTi,
ara-adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTali aramxolod pozitiuri,
adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTlis namdvilobis safuZvelia,
aramed, aseve gansazRvravs pozitiuri samarTlis Sinaarss, Sesa-
bamisad, pozitiuri samarTali, romlis Sinaarsi ar Seesabameba
bunebiT samarTals, ar moqmedebs, saerTod ar miiCneva samar-
Tlad. faqtobrivad, arsebobs ara erTi, aramed bevri gansxvave-
buli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doq-
trinac ki. Sedegad, ar arsebobs pozitiuri marTlwesrigi, ro-
melic romelime maTganTan mainc ar iyos winaaRmdegobaSi da
Sesabamisad, ar acxadebdes mas aranamdvilad. lokis (Locke) bune-
biTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, mxolod mmarTvelobis
demokratiuli forma aris `bunebiTi~, amitomac marTlwesrigi,
romelsac avtoritaruli xasiaTi gaaCnia, usamarTlo da ara-
namdvili samarTalia. filmeris (Filmer) bunebiTsamarTlebrivi
doqtrinis mixedviT ki<, aseTi gaxlavT mxolod is avtokrati-
244 sarCevi #1-2(3-4), 2012

uli marTlwesrigi, gansakuTrebiT ki absoluturi monarqia,

romelic samarTliania imdenad, ramdenadac bunebis mxridanaa
dadgenili; bunebis sawinaaRmdego demokratiuli socialuri
wesrigi ki usamarTloa da araa mavaldebulebeli. qumberlendi
(Cumberland) aswavlida, rom individualuri sakuTreba bunebiT
samarTals Seesabameba da koleqtiuri sakuTreba ki misi darR-
vevaa. amgvarad man gaamarTla kapitalisturi samarTlebrivi
sistema, roca moreli (Morelly) Seecada amis sawinaaRmdego
daemtkicebina: rom mxolod koleqtiuri sakuTreba Seesabameba
bunebas da mxolod komunizmia samarTliani da namdvili, qme-
diTIi marTlwesrigi.
samarTlis wminda Teoriis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia pozitiuri
marTlwesrigi ar Seesabamebodes ZiriTad normas da Sesabami-
sad, ar iyos namdvili. ZiriTadi norma, romelic am marTlwe-
srigis namdvilobis safuZvelia, ganapirobebs am wesrigis nor-
maTa Seqmnas; igi ar gansazRvravs normaTa Sinaarss. pozitiuri
marTlwesrigis normaTa Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba adamianuri yo-
fis, arsobis nebelobiTi qmedebebiT: konstituciis mamebisa da
konstitucias an Cveulebaze pirdapir Tu iribad dafuZnebuli
organoebis mier, adamianur yofiT qmedebebsa da konstituciaze
dayrdnobiT, rogorc samarTalSemoqmedi faqti. arcerTi pozi-
tiuri marTlwesrigis norma, romelic konstituciasTan Sesaba-
misobaSia Seqmnili, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc aranamdvi-
li imis gamo, rom misi Sinaarsi ar aris am sistemis miRmAa ar-
sebul normasTan SesabamisobaSi. samarTlis wminda Teoriis Zi-
riTadi norma warmoadgens rogorc demokratiuli, ise avto-
kratiuli, kapitalisturi, socialisturi, Tu nebismieri pozi-
tiuri samarTlis safuZvels, miuxedavad misi samarTlianobisa.
es gaxlavT samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis arsi, bunebiTsamar-
Tlebriv doqtrinasTan winaaRmdegobaSi. da samarTlis wminda
Teoria pozitiuri samarTlis Teoriaa.