1

zurab kiknaZe

Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli

biblia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs `wignebs~, romelTa mniSvnelovani

nawili, `Zvel aRTqmad~ wodebuli, dawerilia ebraul enaze da am eniT
mogviTxrobs misi Semqmneli xalxis fizikur da sulier Tavgadasavals.
am wignebSi gacxadebuli samyaro nawilia Zveli aRmosavleTis civiliza-
ciisa; garkveuli azriT, is misi dagvirgvinebac aris, rogorc erTi kerZo
kacobriuli Semoqmedebis umaRlesi gamoxatuleba.
iSviaTia kultura, romelic moqceuli iyos erT wignSi da mowmobdes
sakuTar Tavze upiratesad sityvieri Semoqmedebis wyalobiT. marTalia,
arsebobs materialuri Zeglebi, romlebic, uTuod, avseben Cvens codnas
am kulturis Sesaxeb, magram, unda iTqvas, rom es monapovari arsebiTs da
axals verafers gveubneba. arqeologiuri naSTi, umeteswilad, mxolod
adasturebs imas, rac moTxrobilia wignSi. swored aq aris arsebiTi gans-
xvaveba Zveli aRmosavleTis (Sumeri da aqadi, finikia, xeTebi, xuritebi,
egvipte...) kulturebisagan; isini, upiratesad arqeologiuri, SeiZleba iTq-
vas, namarxi da aRmoCenili kulturebia. bibliuri samyaro ki, Tamamad
vambobT, arasodes yofila miwis mtvriT dafaruli, borcvebadqmnil nang-
revebSi gauCinarebuli, rom dalodeboda mecnierebis saukunes da swav-
lulTa Tu siZveleTa moyvarulTa mecadineobiT aRmoCeniliyo da kvlav
enaxa samzeo qveynebi, sadac, bibliis erTi wignis Tanaxmad, axali arafe-
ri xdeba. igi yovelTvis arsebobda cocxali da cxovelmyofeli sulieri
kulturis saxiT im eris yoveldRiur yofaSi, romelmac is Seqmna, xolo
qristianobis wyalobiT dasavluri civilizaciis erT-erTi safuZveli Se-
iqna, romlis gareSe dRes veravin warmoidgens mis saxes.
Tu Zveli aRmosavleTis kulturebis naSTebi dResac ganagrZobs arse-
bobas, rogorc mxolod `wyalqveSa dinebiT~ Semosuli elementebi, bibli-
uri wignebis kultura uSualod da cnobierad aris CarTuli qristianu-
li civilizaciis adamianis SegnebaSi. Tumca am fuZemdeblur wignSi Zve-
li adamianis msoflgancda da Tavgadasavalia gadmocemuli, am msofl-
gancdas da Tavgadasavals, mis eToss _ moralur-zneobriv mrwamss da su-
liskveTebas Cvenamde moaqvs zogadkacobriuli suli, romelic gasagebia
dedamiwis nebismieri kuTxis adamianisTvis.
`bibliuri~ CvenSi, sazogado warmodgenaSi, badebs raRac monumenturis,
yoveldRiurobaze amaRlebulis xats, Tumca am wignSi moTxrobil ambebs
ar SeuZravs imdroindeli msoflio. babilonisa da egviptis imperiaTa da
maTTan dakavSirebul grandiozul movlenaTa fonze aSkarad iCrdileba
bibliuri samyaro: palestinaSi mosaxle ebraelTa tomi maTi mefeebi-
TurT am saxelmwifoTa istoriaSi da omebSi mxolod erTi epizodia. maT
miwa-wyalze Tvals ver movkravT babilonuri zikuraTebisa Tu egvipturi
piramidebis msgavs arqiteqturul saocrebebs; mis sazRvrebSi ar aRmoCe-
nila maTi danatovari monumenturi xelovnebis nimuSebi, arc werilobiTi
dokumentebis arqivebi da biblioTekebi; maT analebSi moTxrobili ambebi
_ aRwerili brZolebi _ iSviaTad gascilebia maTi qveynis sazRvrebs. bib-
 2

liuri monumenturoba da didebuleba nivTierSi ar aris gacxadebuli, mi-

si Rirseba da dideba sxvagan unda veZioT. Zveli aRTqmis xalxi TavianT
Tavkacebs _ mose winaswarmetyvels da mefe daviTs _ ar warmoidgendnen
imgvarad, rogorc egviptelni da Suamdinarelni TavianT faraonebsa da
mefeebs `samyaros oTxiv kuTxisa~. bibliuri kultura da, sazogadod, mi-
seuli Segneba Zalmosilebisa ar aris materialuri xasiaTis. is, pirvel
yovlisa, sulieri movlenaa, igi Tavis wminda gamoxatulebas sityvaSi,
sityvier SemoqmedebaSi xedavs.
WeSmaritad, gaocebas iwvevs, Tu rogor, ra ZaliT moxda, rom udabno-
dan gamosulma am mcirericxovanma xalxma, romelic TiTqmis arafriT
iyo gamorCeuli monaTesave xalxebisgan _ moabelTagan, edomelTagan, ya-
monianTagan, _ romelTa mezoblad is saxlobda mTeli Tavisi istoriis
manZilze, ara mxolod gadairCina Tavi, rogorc erovnulma mTlianobam,
aramed istoriul qartexilebSi gamotarebulma, or `gveleSapur~ saxelm-
wifos Soris moqceulma, romelTagan xan erTi _ egvipte dasavleTidan,
xan meore _ aSur-babiloni aRmosavleTidan emuqreboda STasanTqmelad,
sabolood daqucmacebulma da gafantulma, Seqmna wigni, romelic sul
sxva epoqaSi, sxva modgmis xalxSi axali civilizaciis safuZvlad daido.
biblia _ ebraeli xalxis sulieri kulturis Zegli da warsulSi maTi
arsebobis mowmoba _ iqmneboda Zveli welTaRricxvis TiTqmis aTi sauku-
nis manZilze gansxvavebul istoriul viTarebaSi, gansxvavebuli sulisk-
veTebiT. misi yvelaze sruli krebuli ormocdaTerTmeti sxvadasxva Jan-
ris da gansxvavebuli moculobis (umciresi maT Soris, `qebaTa qeba~, mxo-
lod asCvidmet striqons Seicavs) wignisgan Sedgeba. ori religiis _ iu-
daizmisa da qristianobis _ saRvTo wigni, amave dros aris TviTmyofadi
poeturi qmnileba, vrceli tilo, sadac warmodgenilia sityvieri Semoqme-
debis, dResdReobiT arsebulis, TiTqmis yvela Janri. igi, SeiZleba iTq-
vas, Tanamedrove msoflio mwerlobis uZvelesi qrestomaTiaa. aq Sevxvde-
biT folkloruli warmoSobis sawesCveulebo simRerebs, igav-arakebs, Se-
gonebebs, filosofiur nakvesebs, miTosis fragmentebs, saistorio da sa-
yofacxovrebo dokumentur prozas, novelistur ambebs, godebebs, saRvTo
sagaloblebs, sagmiro leqsebs, satrfialo lirikas, diplomatiur mimo-
weras, oratorul sityvas, publicistikasac ki.
ai, bibliuri, kerZod, `Zveli aRTqmis~ wignebi saxeldebiT:
pirvel xuT wigns saTaurebi ebraul dedanSi dasawyisi sityvebis mi-
xedviT aqvs micemuli. pirveli _ `dabadeba~ (ebraulad bereSiT `Tavda-
pirvelad~); meore _ `gamosvla~ (SemoT `saxelebi~); mesame _ `levianni~
(veikra `da mouwoda~); meoTxe _ `ricxvni~ (bemidbar `udabnoSi~); mexuTe _
`meore rjuli~ (elle hadevarim `aha sityvebi~). es aris moses xuTwigneu-
li anu xumaSi, sadac moTxrobilia qveynis Seqmnisa da adamianis gaCenis
ambavi, dedamiwis pirvel mkvidrTa ganfantvis (gansaxlebis) da ebraeli
xalxis adreuli istoria im xanamde, vidre palestinaSi, `aRTqmul qveya-
naSi~ dasaxldebodnen.
`xuTwigneuls~ mosdevs wigni `ieso naves Zisa~, romelSic asaxulia is
xana, roca xalxi es-es aris mkvidrdeba `aRTqmul qveyanaSi~ da inawilebs
miwas. `msajulTa wigni~ mogviTxrobs axlad damkvidrebuli Tormeti to-
mis, TiToeulis cal-calke da erTad, brZolebze adgilobriv mosaxleo-
basTan da mezobel tomebTan RvTivdadgenili winamZRolebis _ msajule-
 3

bis meTaurobiT. `ruTis~ wignSi moTxrobilia erTi israeliani ojaxis

Znelbedobaze da aRorZinebaze msajulTa xanaSi.
`mefeTa~ oTx wignSi da `neStTa~ or wignSi, `pirvel ezraSi~, `neemia-
Si~, `meore ezraSi~, `tobiTSi~, `ivdiTSi~, `esTerSi~, `makabelTa~ oTx
wignSi biblia gviambobs mefeTa Rvawlze _ maT didebaze da maT dacema-
ze, mTeli erisa da calkeuli adamianebis Tavgadasavalze mefobis gauq-
mebamde, xalxis pirvel gadasaxlebamde `aRTqmuli qveynidan~ jer aSurSi,
mere babilonSi (babilonis tyveoba), tyveTa dabrunebaze, Tavganwirul
brZolebze qveynis mtrebTan.
`igavni solomonisa~, `sibrZne solomonisa~, `sibrZne ziraqisa~ acxade-
ben yofaqcevis sibrZnes da marTali cxovrebis principebs.
`fsalmunni~ (ebr. Tehilim ) _ sagalobelni, RvTis sadidebelni, loc-
vani RvTisadmi, Cveni Zvelebis SerqmeviT `daviTni~, radgan maTi avtoroba
daviT mefes miewereba.
`eklesiaste~ unikaluria bibliur wignTa Soris Tavisi skeptikuri su-
liskveTebiT: mefe (tradicia solomons gulisxmobs) amaoebad acxadebs
adamianur cxovrebas.
`qebaTa qeba solomonisa~ erTaderTi nimuSia satrfialo poeziisa.
`iobis wignSi~ marTali iobi, usamarTlod Cavardnili satanjvelSi,
RmerTs iwvevs samsjavroze, aRiarebs da icavs Tavis simarTles.
`winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi~ dacemul-daZabunebuli eris mamxilebelia
da samomavlo aRorZinebis imedis STamnergavi Semoqmedebaa. maT Soris
oTxi didni _ esaia, ieremia, ezekieli da danieli; da Tormetni mcireni _
osia, amosi da sxvani.
es aris erTiani monumenturi Senoba, sadac yovel nawils Tavisi adgi-
li aqvs mikuTvnebuli da am adgilidan acxadebs WeSmaritebas. biblia iw-
yeba qveynis, qveynierebis SeqmniT da mTavrdeba misi dasasrulis xilvebiT
_ `mesame ezra~ anu ezras gamocxadeba abolovebs `Zvel aRTqmas~, ro-
gorc ioane RvTismetyvelis `gamocxadeba~_ `axal aRTqmas~ da mTels bib-
lias. am or xilvas Soris moqceulia bibliis ambavTa da personaJTa as-
parezi, maTi samoqmedo sivrce, rogorc erTi wuTisofeli, Tavisi Wir-va-
ramiT, sibrZniT da WeSmaritebiT, sicruiT da gautanlobiT, uxanobiT,
sacTurebiT, dacemiT da amaRlebiT, zegardmo mexis texiT, xilvebiT, ga-
mocxadebebiT, gloviTa da lxiniT, ngreviTa da SenebiT, ganfantviTa da
SemokrebiT, sasowarkveTilebiTa da sasoebiT.
bibliaSi moTxrobilia uamravi ambavi da epizodi, rogorc mTeli eris,
ise calkeul pirovnebaTa da maT sagvareuloTa Tavgadasavali; monawile-
obs asobiT personaJi, romelTa bedi mTeli eris bediswerasTan aris gadanaskvu-
li.
zogi maTgani cnobilia qarTveli kacisaTvis. vis ar gaugonia warRvnas
gadarCenili noes saxeli, samoTxidan gamodevnis ambavi kacTa modgmis wi-
naparTa _ adam da evasi, pirveli mkvleloba Zmisa Zmis mier _ abel-kaenis
tragikuli ambavi, abraam mamamTavris gansacdeli, iosebis drama-
tuli Tavgadasavali. Zvel saqarTveloSi ar iyo miuwvdomeli bib-
liuri ambebi; maTi codna, rogorc erTi mTavari elementi, Sedio-
da xalxuri ganaTlebis sferoSi. rogorc Cans, arsebobda xalxu-
ri zepirsityvieri biblia werilobiTi bibliis gverdiT: xalxSi
trialebda leqsad gadaTqmuli ambavi adamisa da evasi, abramisa,
iobisa. eklesiis kedlebs Soris ambionidan mosmenili bibliuri
 4

siuJetebi amdidrebda xalxis sulier samyaros da kvebavda mis

fantazias.
raRa unda vTqvaT mwignobarze Tu mweralze, romlisTvisac biblia yo-
veldRiuri sakiTxavi wigni iyo. bibliuri xatebi da simboloebi gansazR-
vravs Zveli qarTveli avtoris mxatvrul azrovnebas, bibliuri eTosi
kvebavs mis sulierebas, bibliuri pirovnebebi da movlenebi cocxloben
mis xilvebSi. martvilobaTa, hagiografiis Tu himnografiis sinamdvile
daxuruli iqneba CvenTvis, dRevandeli adamianisTvis, Tu maTi STamagone-
beli pirvelwyaro _ biblia _ ar gadavSaleT. qarTveli hagiografis (gi-
orgi mciris) sityvebSi, romlebiTac is aRwers giorgi mTawmindelis gar-
dacvalebas _ `...sabrPe Seimusra, xolo siri aRfrinda, dauteva egvipte,
romel ars cxorebaY ese nivTieri, da wiaR-vlo ara Tu zRuaY igi mewamu-
li, aramed Savi ese da wyudiadi zRuaY amis sawuTroYsaY, Sevida queyana-
sa mas aRTqumisasa, romel ars zecaTa ierusalemi, mTasa mas zeda sibrZ-
nis-metyuelebs RmrTisa Tana, wariPada Pamli sulisaY...~, _ Tu ar viciT,
ras niSnavs `egvipte~, `mewamuli zRva~, `qveyana aRTqmisa~, ras gulisx-
mobs `zecaTa ierusalimi~ anda xamlis gaxda mTaze asvlisas Zveli aRTq-
mis xalxis istoriaSi da mis winaswarmetyvelTa simbolikaSi, sruliad
gaugebari iqneba siRrme im gancdisa (zeciuri sixaruli adamianis gansv-
lis gamo sawuTrodan), romlis gamoxatva surda Zvel avtors.
ara mxolod sasuliero mwerlobas asazrdoebda biblia; Cveni saero
poeziis gvirgvinSi _ `vefxistyaosanSi~ _ trialebs bibliuri suli. gana
am eposis dasawyisi `romelman Seqmna~ ar aris gamoZaxili bibliis dasaw-
yisisa `dasabamad Seqmna RmerTman...~? an misi dasasruli, gamoTqmuli sa-
soebiT `Sigan maTsa sabZanissa Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes~, ar exmiane-
ba Zveli aRTqmis (da, cxadia, aseve qristianul) esqatologiur ideals?
gana `daviTianidan~ ar gvawvdens Tavis Zlier xmas poetis saxelmodga-
mi da sulieri winapari daviT israelis mefe? gana ar ismis `daviTianSi~
qveynis dacemiT gulSeZruli winaswarmetyvelis mamxilebel-mokicxari
xma? gana ar godebs is Zveli aRTqmis qadagiviT?
gana `eklesiastes~ waruvali sibrZne ar Cans baraTaSvilis poeziaSi?
`fiqrni mtkvris piras~ xom exmaureba wuTisoflis amaoebiT gulgasenili
mefis fiqrebs? sxva vin aris es mefe, Tu ara brZeni solomoni, romelmac
didebis taxtze ganicada `aRuvsebeli sawyaulis~ ufskruli?
roca ilias poeti ambobs, rom mis gulSi, rogorc RvTis sakurTxevel-
ze, danTebulia ciuri cecxli, rom mas `ca niSnavs~ da rom is `RmerTTan
laparakobs~, eris sawinamZRvrod, rom poetisTvis ar kmara `tkbil xmaTa~
mRera, _ gana ar gagvaxsendeba RvTivSTagonebuli winaswarmetyveli, rom-
lis sulieri samSoblo caSia, gansakuTrebiT RmerTTan molaparake mose,
romelic RmerTma daadgina eris winamZRolad, mose da kidev sxvani, mkva-
xe sityvebiT (ar ecalaT maT `tkbil xmaTaTvis~) rom afxizlebdnen
xalxs? gana ilias da akakis _ `garemoebis sayvirTa~ da `SuakacTa~ uf-
leba sakuTari eris daundoblad mxilebisa da kicxvisa imave wyarodan
ar modis, saidanac winaswarmetyvelni iRebdnen STagonebas?
SesaZlebelia, Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi mkiTxveli ver Sexvdes iseT war-
mtac siuJetebs, elinur miTebSi rom vxvdebiT. xom dauviwyaria da mra-
valferovania herakles, odisevsis Tu iazonis Tavgadasavalni, magram
bibliuri ambebi Tavisi lakonizmiT da `simSraliT~ adamianis yofierebis
warmoudgenel siRrmeebs warmoaCens. bibliis SuagulSi adamiani dgas Ta-
 5

visi kerZo, ganumeorebeli bediT. marTalia, mTavari moqmedi piri bibliu-

ri samyarosi aris RmerTi, magram mis winaSe, mis pirispir dgas misi mopa-
eqre adamiani, mowame Tavisi didebisa da damcrobisa. `me Wia var da ara
kaci~ (fsalm. 21:7) ambobs dacemuli adamiani, magram es sityvebi iseTi si-
maRlidan aris naTqvami, sadamdisac ar asula elinuri arc azri, arc
gancda. Tu sadme, romelime wignSia gatarebuli piruTvneli, mousyidveli
azri RmerTze, adamianze, erze, qveyanaze, aseTi wigni, pirvel yovlisa,
bibliaa. igi religiuri wignia, misi avtorebi misdeven WeSmaritebas, si-
marTles, arc cdiloben Seaferadon, Sealamazon sinamdvile; ar aZleven
SeRavaTs adamians _ Tvals ar uxuWaven, ar Cqmalaven mis arc erT zneob-
riv nakls, Tundac igi RvTis rCeuli iyos; ar patioben Tavis ers cod-
vebs, pirSi miaxlian mxilebis sityvebs, Tumca darwmunebulni arian mis
RvTivrCeulobaSi.
bibliis _ `Zveli aRTqmis~ mkiTxvelis winaSe Caivlis calkeul adami-
anTa Tavgadasavali da eris istoria; eris Camoyalibebisa da aRzrdis,
misi TviTSegnebis ganuwyveteli qmnadobis procesi, periodebi misi amaR-
lebisa da dacemisa, misi ganfantvisa da Semokrebisa. Tumca es wigni er-
Ti konkretuli xalxis istoriul bedze mogviTxrobs, magram yovel ers
SeuZlia masSi sakuTari Tavis amocnoba. am mxriv, biblia samagaliTo wig-
nia.
`Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli~, ramdenadac misi SezRuduli farglebi
iZleva saSualebas, mkiTxvels acnobs bibliuri xalxis, bibliuri isto-
riis subieqtis, Tavgadasavals da im adamianTa individualobebs, romle-
bic Jamidan Jamze uZRvebodnen mas. Tumca wigni popularuli xasiaTisaa
(igi ar warmoadgens samecniero gamokvlevas), magram is ar aris gamiznu-
li bibliaSi sruliad gaucnobierebuli mkiTxvelisTvis. `Zveli aRTqmis
wiTisofeli~ moiTxovs mkiTxvelisgan bibliuri wignebis minimalur cod-
nas mainc.
 6

kacobriobis warsuli
samyaros Seqmna
biblia, rogorc memkvidre Zveli Suamdinaruli tradiciebisa, adamia-
nis, kacobriobis, qveynis istorias mTeli samyaros _ universumis SeqmniT
iwyebs. magram raoden gansxvavdeba bibliuri Sesaqme Sumerul da babilo-
nur kosmogoniebisgan, sadac qveynis Seqmna warmodgenilia brZolad Se-
moqmed RmerTsa (demiurgsa) da zRvauri qaosis urCxuls Soris. materia-
luri samyaro, mTeli buneba, kosmosi urCxulis anu gveleSapis Zlevis
Sedegia. gveleSapi marcxdeba demiurgTan orTabrZolaSi, ganiwvaleba da
misi ganwvalebuli sxeulisgan iqmneba ca da miwa. bibliur teqstSi aqa-iq
aris SemorCenili amgvari kosmogoniis kvali. `Seni ZaliT gaape zRva, Ta-
vi gauxeTqe zRvis gveleSaps, Tavi gauWeWye leviaTans...~ (fsalmuni, 74,
13_14), `Sen daamxe rahabi gangmiruliviT...~ (fsalm. 89, 11). aseTi qmedeba
aris Zveli aRTqmis RmerTis _ iahves, SeiZleba iTqvas, `warmarTuli~, pre-
istoriuli warsuli anu xsovna am warsulisa, rogorc samyaros Seqmnis
Soreuli metafora. moxmobil fsalmunTa avtoris SegnebaSi,zRvauri gve-
leSapis _ rahabisa Tu leviaTanis Zleva mxolodRa gamoxatulebaa Rmer-
Tis siZlierisa, misi dausazRvreli Zlevamosilebisa; Zveli kosmogoniu-
ri miTosi _ poliTeisturi religiuri azrovnebis nayofi dawnexilia am
fsalmunebSi, rogorc andaza. bibliur wignebSi mas aRar ganucdia xela-
xali siuJeturi gaSla.
wyali (wylebi maim), romelic gamoCndeba `dabadebis~ wignis meore mux-
lSive, aRar aris cocxali arseba, rogorc miTologiuri piri _ kosmo-
goniuri dramis personaJi, aramed usicocxlo, inertuli masa. wyali is
materiaa, romlisganac `dasawyisSi RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa~, gvamcnobs
`dabadebis~ pirveli muxli; anu wyali, rogorc dedruli wiaRi, atarebda
cisa da miwis Canasaxs. es ca da miwa aris is erTianoba, is yvelaferi,
romelic win uZRvoda Cveni xiluli cisa da miwis arsebobas. sxva aris
is dasabamieri ca-da-miwa da sxva _ es ca da es miwa. rogori iyo is miwa?
`miwa iyo usaxo da udaburi~, gvamcnobs `dabadebis~ meore muxli. qarTu-
li sityvebi odnavadac ver gadmogvcems im STabeWdilebas, ris gamosaxa-
tavad ebrauli dednis sityvebia mowodebuli. `miwa iyo Tohu-va-bohu~ _
ambobs dedani. am sityvebiT miniSnebulia qveynierebis qaoturi mdgomare-
oba. es uazro sityvebia, isini ar arian moxmobili raime garkveulis, saz-
RvarCenilis gamosaxatavad. piriqiT, Zveli mkiTxvelis gancdaSi maT unda
aReZraT im `raRacis~ xati, romelic Seqmnamde arsebobda da arc arse-
bobda. sityva, marTalia, uZluria Seqmnamdelis Tu jerac Seuqmnelis ga-
mosaxatavad, sityvam TiTqos unda dakargos saxe, rom gamoxatos `usaxo
saxe~, _ aseTia Tohu _ naxevarsityva da bohu naxevarsityva, romelTa er-
Tianoba uRviZebs kacs warmodgenas uqmnadze. Tohu-va-bohus bgerebi esmo-
da im xalxs, romelmac cxovrebis gzaze, amosulma egviptis oazisidan,
kvlav oazisSi Sesasvlelad, gaiara udabnos stiqioni, jerac mouwyobeli
nawili miwisa, marTlac `u-sax-o da u-dab-uri~; xalxi aRiqvams Tavis war-
suls, roca is jer kidev SuSdeboda da iwrToboda, rogorc Tohu-va-bo-
hus, romelic amave dros dedamiwis da cis warsulicaa, rasac jer ar Se-
xebia Semoqmedis xeli. RmerTma im usaxobas suli (ruax) STabera da Seqm-
na misgan ca da miwa, magram miwaze, adgil-adgil, udabnoc darCa da ase
darCeba qveynis dasasrulamde, rogorc wuTisoflis usrulobis niSani.
roca bibliur winaswarmetyvels surs aRZras msmenelSi axali, meored
 7

Seqmnili anu gardaqmnili samyaros xati, is mouxmobs ayvavebis molodin-

Si myofi udabnos suraTs: `gaixarebs udabno da tramali, gamxiaruldeba
udaburi miwa da ayvavdeba rogorc SroSani~, vkiTxulobT esaias winas-
warmetyvelebaTa wignSi (35:1).
imave muxlSi, sadac mocemulia saxe Seuqmneli dedamiwisa da cisa,
naTqvamia: `bneli efina ufskruls da suli RvTisa iZvroda wylebze~. am
muxlSi SefarviT, erT unikalur sityvas Sefarebuli, gatrunulia is, da-
sabamieri gveleSapi, romelic, ZvelaRmosavluri kosmogoniebis mixedviT,
ganasaxierebda pirvelyofil qaoss. es sityva _ `ufskruli~ Tehom _ misi
sakuTari saxelia da momdinareobs babilonuri zRvauri urCxulis saxe-
lidan Ti(h)amaT, romelic `zRvasac~ niSnavs am enaSi. magram im miTolo-
giuri personaJidan mxolod saxeli SemorCa bibliis am muxlSi. mkiTxve-
li masSi veRar xedavs samyaros Semoqmedis mters, romelsac Zvel miTos-
Si ebrZoda igi kosmosis Sesaqmnelad. bibliuri `suli RvTisa~ (ruax
elohim) ar ebrZvis wyals, aramed, rogorc kruxi, dabudebulia masze, ra-
Ta wiwiliviT gamoCekos samyaro. es bnelSi xdeba, naTeli jer ar aris
gaCenili.
naTelis gaCenaze laparakia mesame muxlSi: `Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli!
da iqmna naTeli~. RmerTi ar ibrZvis _ vis unda ebrZolos? misi Seqmni-
lia isic, risganac samyaros qmnis, _ is qmnis Tavisufali nebiT, ara iZu-
lebiT, Zveli kosmogoniebis demiurgisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Seqmni-
lisgan aris warmoSobili, Tavad aris Seqmnili da ara aqvs arCevani _
unda Seebas gveleSaps, raTa ixsnas Tavi, radgan gveleSapi, rogorc pi-
raSkmuli ufskruli, STanTqmiT emuqreba mas. `Tqva RmerTma: iyos... da iqm-
na~ ai, Sesaqmis formula, romelic Svidgzis gaismis `dabadebis~ pirvel
TavSi naTelis gaCenidan dawyebuli, cxovelTa samyaros SeqmniT damTav-
rebuli. verc mklavmoRerebuls, verc maxviliT xelSi ver warmoidgens
bibliis mkiTxveli bibliur kosmogoniur gmirs Sesaqmis dasabamSi. Tu
ram fizikuri qmedeba warmoudgeba mas Tvalwin, es iqneba bageTa Zvra Se-
moqmedebiTi, WeSmaritad qmediTi sityvis warmosaTqmelad. samyaros Semoq-
medis `gankargulebaSia~ suli (suli RvTisa) da sityva _ Taursaxe sity-
vieri Semoqmedebisa pirvelad adamSi da mere yovel adamianSi. oRond
pirveli sityva, RvTisgan wamoTqmuli, SeuzRudveli, usasrulo Zalisaa,
radgan RvTis aqtivobaSi erTia Tqma da qmna.
bibliuri kosmogonia grZeldeba eqvs dRes _ eqvs periods. ra miaCnia
mis avtors aRniSvnis Rirsad qmnilebaTa Soris? an ras aniWebs igi bune-
baSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas? ra Seiqmna pirvelad, razec iTqva,
`iyos?~ es aris, rogorc zemoT iTqva, `naTeli~. roca naTeli Seiqmna, ma-
Sin gamoCnda `bnelic~, romelic, rogorc viciT, Tavdapirveladve `efina
ufskruls~. sibnele ar Seqmnila, is dasabamieria, romlis fonze naTeli
aCens Tavis didebas. es moxda pirvel dRes.
meore dRes RmerTma gankveTa (es Zveli demiurgis qmedebis kvalia, ro-
ca is Suaze kveTda gveleSaps) erTiani wyali zemo da qvemo wylebad, da
sazRvars, maT Soris gavlebuls, uwoda ca.
mesame dRes Seiqmna miwa. miwa ewoda im `mSrals~ (iabaSah), romelic ga-
moCnda qvemo wylebis erTad Semokrebis Semdeg, roca `Tqva RmerTma: Seg-
rovdes erTgan cisqveSeTis wyali~. erTgan Semokrebil wyals ewoda
zRva. ase rom, miwa zRvam gamoaCina da daapirispira Tavis TavTan. amave
dRes Seqmna RmerTma miwis safarveli: mcenareuloba _ balaxi da xe. mo-
 8

awyo ise, rom yovel maTgans SeZleboda, Tavadve warmoeSva da daegdo mi-
waze, Tavisive gvaris mcenaris Semcveli Tesli, raTa misgan kvlav _ Se-
uqmnelad _ aRmocenebuliyo.
meoTxe dRes Seqmna RmerTma mze da mTvare, da varskvlavebi _ pirvel
dRes Seqmnili naTelis nivTieri gamovlinebani.
mexuTe dRes iqmneba suldgmulTa samyaro _ wylis binadarni da cis
frinvelebi.
meeqvse dRes RmerTma gaaCina cxovelTa samyaro _ miwis suldgmuli:
gareuli cxovelebi, Sinauri pirutyvi (an ukeT: is cxovelebi, romelTa
bunebaSic imTaviTve Cadebuli iyo adamianTan siaxlovis SesaZlebloba)
da qvewarmavali. am dRes Seiqmna kacic yovelive manamde Seqmnilis pat-
ronad.
meSvide dRes araferi Seuqmnia RmerTs: eqvs dReSi Seqmna man mTeli bu-
neba _ misi samive safexuri: mineraluri samyaro, mcenareuloba, cxovel-
Ta samyaro; meSvide dRes ki daisvena man da akurTxa da wmidahyo meSvide
dRe _ SabaTi (SabaT `Sewyveta~, `gasruleba~).
yoveli Seqmna aRiniSneba mniSvnelovani fraziT: `dainaxa RmerTma, rom
kargia~. xuTgzis aRiniSneba, rom kargia, xolo meeqvsed, Sesaqmis bolo
dRes, Seqmnilis mTlianobaSi moxilvis Semdeg, rogorc Sejameba Semoqme-
debiTi aqtebisa, aRmatebiT xarisxSia naTqvami: `dainaxa RmerTma yovelive,
rac Seqmna, da, aha, Zalian kargia~. tob niSnavs `keTilsac~ da `mSvenier-
sac~ _ qarTuli kargi moicavs orive mniSvnelobas. amrigad, RvTis Seqm-
nil samyaroSi, bibliuri kosmogoniis Tanaxmad, ganxorcielebulia zne-
obriv-esTetiuri principi, romelic andazurad gamoxata rusTavelma:
`RmerTi kargsa moavlinebs da borotsa ar dabadebs~.
Tumca Zveli aRTqmis enaSi ar moipoveba berZnuli kosmosis semantiku-
rad monaTesave cneba, magram is TvalTaxedva, ramac Camoqna igi _ kosmos
`mSveneba~, `samkauli~, `wesrigi~, `samyaro~, _ ar yofila ucxo bibliur
wignTa avtorebisTvis. gana Sors aris elinuri msoflgancdisgan es sity-
vebi `gasrulda ca da miwa mTeli maTi morTulobiTurT~?
 9

adami
miuxedavad imisa, rom biblia arsebiTad religiuri wignia da misi mTa-
vari moqmedi piri, masSi moTxrobil ambavTa da movlenaTa warmmarTveli
aris RmerTi, mainc igi aris wigni adamianis da xalxis Sesaxeb _ ambavi
mis warmoSobaze, aRzrdaze, zneobriv Camoyalibebaze, mis bedze am wuTi-
sofelSi, mis gansacdelze, mis tanjva-wvalebaze da saboloo imedze.
adamianis Tavgadasavali samyaros Sesaqmes ebmis uSualod da am koncef-
ciaSi, romelic siuJeturad cxaddeba, mniSvnelovani azria Caqsovili. Tu
raime Seqmnilze iTqva, rom kargia, es adamianzec, pirvel yovlisa, im ar-
sebaze iTqva, romelic RmerTma Tavisi Semoqmedebis damagvirgvinebel, me-
eqvse dRes Seqmna. adamiani bibliis avtorebis yuradRebis SuagulSia moq-
ceuli da, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es wignebi adamianiT iwyeba da
adamianiTve sruldeba.
bibliuri TvalsazrisiT, rac Seqmna RmerTma, yvelaferi adamianisaTvis
Seqmna. `Tqva RmerTma: SevqmnaT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatro-
nos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs mTels dedamiwaze da yvela
qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci Tavis xatad,
RvTis xatad Seqmna igi...~ (dab. 1:26-7). amrigad, gamzadebul samyaroSi iqm-
neba adamiani Seqmnilis patronad da mefed bunebisa. magram, rac mTava-
ria, pirvelad am wignSi da, SesaZlebelia, mxolod aq, adamiani miCneulia
RvTisdar arsebad, xazgasmulia misi maRali Rirseba dabadebiTve, Tumca
is, rogorc `dabadebis~ wignis meore Tavidan Cans, miwis mtverisagan aris
Seqmnili. `gamosaxa RmerTma kaci (adami) miwis mtverisagan da STabera mis
nestoebs sicocxlis sunTqva da iqca adami cocxal arsebad~ (dab. 2:7).
adami Seiqmna RvTis `xatad, msgavsebad~, magram is gamoisaxa mokvdavi ma-
teriisgan, rogorc ukvdavi ideis xorcSesxma. sicocxlis sunTqvam (igive
ruax elohim `suli RvTisa~) cocxal arsebad aqcia adami, romlis saxe-
li `miwis~ saxels (adamah) ukavSirdeba. imave sulma, romelic wylis
bnel ufskrulebze dabudrebuli `Cekavda~ samyaros, Seqmna adami sulier
arsebad.
RvTis xatad da msgavsebad Seqmna, kerZod, imas niSnavs, rom adami Seiq-
mna Tavisufal arsebad, Tavisufali nebis myofelad da Semoqmedad msgav-
sad Tavisi gamCenisa. adamis upiratesobaze qmnilebaTa Soris mowmobs mi-
si adgil-samyofeli, romelic mas gamCenma miuCina. `ufalma RmerTma baRi
gaaSena edemSi, aRmosavleTSi, da dasva iq adami, romelic gamosaxa~ (dab.
2:8). rogorc momdevno aRwerilobidan Cans, edemis baRi, Tumca is aRmo-
savleTSi mdebareobs, qveynis Suagulia (misi wiaRidan dasabams iRebs oT-
xi mdinare, romlebic dedamiwis oTxive kuTxisaken miedinebian), amave
dros is umaRlesi adgilia dedamiwis zurgze. `aiyvana ufalma RmerTma
adami da daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad~ (dab.
2:15). amrigad, RmerTma adami saukeTeso adgilze daasaxla, qveynierebis
walkotSi, sadac mas unda gaegrZelebina samyaros Semoqmedis mier dawye-
buli saqme; aq unda ganxorcielebuliyo misi Tavisufali Semoqmedeba.
edemis baRSi cxovreba, rogorc `dabadebis~ wignis meore TavSi Cans, ar
moiTxovda adamianisagan arsebobisaTvis brZolas, oflis Rvras Tavis ga-
mosakvebad. `daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da mis dasacavad~
ar gulisxmobs salukmapuro Sromas, imgvar muSakobas, romelic mouxda
adams edemis karibWis gareT _ wuTisofelSi, aramed Semoqmedebas, rom-
lis mizani masSivea da romlis gansaxorcieleblad Sroma mxolod saSu-
 10

alebaa. bunebis patronoba (da ara batonoba masze) Semoqmedebis tolfasi

unda yofiliyo.
`gamosaxa ufalma RmerTma miwis yvela cxoveli da cis frinveli da
mohgvara adams, rom enaxa, ras daarqmevda. romel suldgmuls rasac da-
arqmevda adami, misi saxelic is iqneboda. daarqva adamma saxeli yvela pi-
rutyvs, cis yvela frinvels da velis yvela cxovels...~ (dab. 2:19-20). ada-
mi agrZelebs uflis Semoqmedebas; Tavis, adamiseul wvlils sdebs uf-
lis dabadebulSi. is TiTqos xelaxla qmnis ukve Seqmnils anu adamurs,
adamianurs xdis mas, radgan Zvelebis rwmeniT saxelis darqmeva, saxelde-
ba raimes gaCenis badalia. `rasac daarqmevda adami, misi saxelic is iqne-
boda~. cxadia, rom aq saxeldeba umaRlesi SemoqmedebiTi principia _ gan-
meoreba sityviT Seqmnis RvTiuri aqtisa. saxelTa darqmeviT, saxeldebiT,
adams arsebiTad SemoqmedebiTi siaxle Semoaqvs samyaroSi, romelic mas
daxvda, da es siaxle adamiseuli beWedia uflis qmnilebaze, rasac vera-
vin waarTmevda adams.
rogorc vxedavT, adami Tavisufalia Tavis SemoqmedebaSi, rac arsebaTa
saxeldebaSi gamoixata. RmerTi, absoluturi nebis mCeneli elis adamis-
gan sityvis warmoTqmas, is ar ereva am aqtSi, ar zRudavs adamis Tavisu-
fal nebas _ `...rom enaxa, ras daarqmevda... rasac daarqmevda, misi saxelic
is iqneboda~. adamiseul saxeldebas Sesworeba da RvTisgan srulyofa ar
unda dasWirveboda. RmerTi ar Careula saxeldebaSi cocxal arsebaTa,
romelTac adamis samwyso unda SeedginaT, rogorc ar Caeria maSinac ki,
roca sakuTari nebiT dahyvnen adami da eva gvelis, `yvelaze cbieri~ ar-
sebis rCevas, eWamaT akrZaluli xis nayofi, raTa Tvali axelodaT da
RmerTebiviT gamxdariyvnen.
edemi qveynierebis Suaguli iyo, xolo am Suagulis SuagulSi izrde-
boda ori xe _ `xe sicocxlisa~ (anu ukvdavebisa) da `xe keTilisa da bo-
rotis Secnobisa~. mTeli edemis baRi misi nayofebiTurT ekuTvnodaT
adams da evas. kacobriobis pirvel wyvils micemuli hqonda ufleba yove-
li nayofis gemosxilvisa, garda erTisa, romlis Wamasac ukrZalavda
RmerTi... `gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami da uTxra: yvela xis nayofi
geWmeva am baRSi. mxolod keTilisa da borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar
SeWamoT, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam, mokvdebi~ (dab. 2:16-7). adams unda SeeWa-
ma ukvdavebis xis nayofi, rom ukvdavi yofiliyo edemis baRSi; ukvdavebis
xili unda yofiliyo misi erTaderTi sazrdeli, misi fizikur-sulieri
simrTelis wyaro. magram iswrafa gvelma da misi SegonebiT man meore xis
nayofi airCia da mokvda. adami ara imdenad imis mizeziT mokvda, rom `si-
keTisa da borotebis Secnobis xis~ nayofi SeWama, aramed ufro im mize-
ziT, rom ver moaswro ukvdavebis nayofis SeWma.
`sikeTisa da borotebis~ nayofis gemosxilvam arsebiTad Secvala ada-
mis buneba. `dauZaxa ufalma RmerTma adams da uTxra: adam, sada xar? miu-
go: Seni xma Semomesma baRSi da SemeSinda, SiSveli rom var, da davimale.
uTxra (RmerTma): vin giTxra, SiSveli rom xar? im xis nayofi xom ar gi-
Wamia, me rom agikrZale?~ (dab. 3:9-11). adams Tvali ki aexila, rogorc gve-
li hpirdeboda, magram ra ixila, garda Tavisi siSiSvlisa? adamma dakar-
ga ubiwoeba, bunebis uSualo gancda. misma axelilma Tvalma ixila, ufro
sworad, Seqmna sikeTed da borotebad gaxleCili sinamdvile, rogorc
surda yofiliyo samyaro kacobriobis mters, gvelis saxiT gamocxade-
buls. kidec rom ar gandevniliyo adami edemidan, mas ukve dakarguli
 11

hqonda edemSi cxovrebis Zala. is ukve iyo naklovani arseba, romelic

aRar Seesabameboda edemis srulyofilebas. `aexilaT Tvali orives da
mixvdnen, rom SiSvlebi iyvnen. Sekres leRvis foTlebi da ardagebi gaike-
Tes~ (dab. 3:7).
biblia mogviTxrobs ori adamis _ samoTxeSi myofis da samoTxidan gan-
devnili adamis ambavs. samoTxis adams, erTi arabibliuri Tqmulebis Ta-
naxmad, naTlis samoseli emosa, romelic aexada akrZaluli nayofis ge-
mosxilvis Semdeg. amrigad, is fizikuradac Seicvala, naTeli mis sxeul-
Si bnelma Secvala: `gaukeTa ufalma adams da mis dedakacs tyavis samo-
seli da Semosa~ (dab. 3:21). aq miniSnebulia edemidan gandevnili adamis
fizikuri saxecvlileba _ es niSani misi `tyavis samoselia~, romelic si-
SiSvles da misgan gamowveul sircxvils faravs. sircxvili imis niSani
iyo, rom maRalma arsebam, rogoric adami iyo (da is grZnobda amas), dai-
naxa Tavisi fizikuri msgavseba cxovelebTan. adams SeiZleba moCveneboda,
rom man dakarga RvTis xati, magram ar iyo ase. RvTis xati ki SeinarCuna,
magram is moswyda RvTis kalTas, mfarvelobas. adami grZnobda, rom dae-
ca, rom ecemoda, magram masSi gaCenilma sircxvilis grZnobam SeaCera da-
cema cxovelamde, da asea dRemde.
ukvdavis xeliT Seqmnili adami da eva Tavadac ukvdavni unda yofiliy-
vnen, magram maT im nayofis gemosxilviT TavianT bunebaSi mokles is, rac
ukvdavebis matarebeli iyo. amieridan, Tuki isini Seqmnidnen rasme an Sob-
dnen, maTi gaCenili mxolod mokvdavi SeiZleboda yofiliyo.

kaeni da abeli
samoTxeSi Cadenili codva Tavisi damRupveli SedegiT gamoCnda kaenSi,
adamis pirmSoSi, edemis gareT dabadebul pirvel adamianSi (adam-iani
niSnavs `adamis Zes~ _ ben adam). kaeni daibada rogorc mokvdavi, magram
SesaZlebeli Seiqna, rom is mkvlelad dabadebuliyo. es imas niSnavs, rom
adamis Ze ara mxolod unda mokvdes, aramed SeiZleba moiklas, anu daiR-
varos misi sisxli. biblia gveubneba, rom pirveli mkvdari iyo mokluli,
is Tavisi bunebrivi sikvdiliT ar momkvdara. biblia imasac gveubneba,
rom pirveli daRvrili sisxli Zmis xeliT iqna daRvrili. moikla Zma
Zmis xeliT _ ZmaTa omis pirveli Tesli daiTesa velze, sadac kaenma ga-
iyvana Tavisi umcrosi Zma abeli. `uTxra kaenma Tavis Zmas, abels: gavideT
velad. da, roca velad iyvnen, daeca kaeni abels da mokla~ (dab. 4:8).
daiRvara abelis sisxli iseve, rogorc iRvreboda im msxverplis sisx-
li, romelsac abeli swiravda RmerTs, radgan abeli mwyemsi iyo. sisxli
sisxlis wil? kaeni miwis muSaki iyo, `vegetarianeli~, da miwis nayofebi
mihqonda msxverplad, usisxlo msxverpli. kaens arasodes Seusvria xeli
Sesawiravze, magram Zmis sisxliT ki Seisvara xeli da waibilwa is miwac,
romelic nayofs aZlevda mas. abeli _ sisxliani msxverplis Semwirveli
Tavad Seiwira rogorc sisxliani msxverpli. ras gveubneba biblia am
tragikuli epizodiT?
iyo ori Zma _ erTi mwyemsi, meore miwis muSaki, da iyo maT zemoT Rmer-
Ti, romlisTvisac TiToeul maTgans mihqonda Tavisi Sesawiravi, miwis mu-
Saks _ miwis nayofebi, mwyemss _ `Tavisi faris naTavari da rCeuli pi-
rutyvi~. magram erTxel moxda ise, rom `mohxeda ufalma abelsa da mis
ZRvens, xolo kaensa da mis ZRvens ar mohxeda. Zalze gamwarda kaeni da Ta-
 12

vi CaRuna~ (dab. 4:4-5). rogorc vxedavT, abel-kaenis tragikul ambavSi erTmaneTs da-
upirispirda ara ori Zma, rogorc Zma _ umcros-ufrosi, aramed ori, erTmaneTTan
SeuTavsebeli kultura _ mwyemsoba da miwaTmoqmedeba. es winaaRmdegoba, ro-
melic mkvlelobiT dasruldeba, bibliuri Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, dasabami-
eria, radgan is kacobriobis gariJraJidanve daiwyo, adamis meore Taoba-
Si. cxadia, es ar iyo ubralo SuriT gamowveuli mkvleloba. Suri aq
mxolod sababia, fsiqologiuri motivi imis aRsasruleblad, rac unda
aRsrulebuliyo.
ufali uaryofs miwaTmoqmeds da irCevs mwyemss. miwaTmoqmedi miwis
mkvidria, mwyemsi _ moxetiale, miwaTmoqmedi mzis Semyurea, mwyemsi _ mTva-
risa. RmerTma Seiyvara abeli mwyemsi da, raki Seiyvara, mis saqmianobas da
cxovrebis nirsac dasca dasturi, kacobriobas dausaxa igi yofis idea-
lad. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom xetiali _ mwyemsuri mimosvla (da
ara wriali dedamiwis zurgze, romelic sasjelad dauwesa ufalma kaens),
miCneulia kacobriuli cxovrebis idealad. ufali ar scems dasturs
mkvidr cxovrebas, Tumca sabolood kacobrioba ver ascdeba miwaze mya-
rad damkvidrebas. es erTgvari antinomiaa Zveli aRTqmis xalxis cxovre-
baSi. ufalma rCeuli eris winaprad airCia moxetiale abraami, romelic
gamoiyvana man mTvaris qalaqidan, axetiala is qanaanSi, arada ar daamk-
vidra, mxolod mis STamomavlobas hpirdeboda damkvidrebas. aseve axetia-
la iakobi qanaanidan aramSi (siriaSi), siriidan qanaanSi, qanaanidan egvip-
teSi, mxolod misi Zvlebi daamkvidra aRTqmul qveyanaSi. daviT mefec
axetiala, awriala ucxoobaSi da devnilebaSi da roca daamkvidra, maSin
Seeqmna mefes sacTuris saSiSroeba, maSin daeca. aseve axetialebda igi
mTels rCeul ers da es xetiali _ es xana, misi siWabukis xanad iyo Se-
racxili. dabolos, xetialobda tomidan tomSi israelis siwmide _ rju-
lis kidobani, vidre ar daamkvidres erT adgilze, sadac auges mas taZa-
ri da swored agebis `meore dRidanve~ Seirya rwmena, rasac solomonis
mefobis meore, taZrisSemdgom periodSi vxedavT.
aSkaraa, rom ufali upiratesobas aniWebs moxetiale cxovrebas, _ mec
xom karavSi, mudam karavSi vimyofebodio, pasuxobs ufali, roca taZris
agebas hpirdebodnen, _ aq xedavs is Tavisuflebis suls, aseTi cxovreba
sxva suldgmulTa sazogadoebaSi aurCia man da ukurTxa adamians im sabe-
diswero dRes, roca abelis msxverpls iwonebda. magram iRupeba mwyemsi
da kacobrioba erTxel kidev (samoTxis baRSi adamis arCevanis Semdeg)
irCevs Tavisi nebiT gzas _ miwaTmoqmedebidan qalaqTa Senebisken. `gaaSena
kaenma qalaqi da uwoda am qalaqs Svilis saxeli _ xanoqi (dab. 4:17). es
iyo pirveli qalaqi, romelsac axsenebs biblia, da is mkvlelis xeliT
iyo aSenebuli. mkvdaria rCeuli da kurTxeuli abeli, cocxalia uflis-
gan dawyevlili kaeni. abeli umemkvidrod gadaSendeba miwis pirisagan (mi-
si saxeli habel aRniSnavs `qrolvas~, `sunTqvas~, `amaoebas~; habel haba-
lim `amaoeba amaoebaTa~, naTqvamia `eklesiastes~ wignSi), kaeni ki Tavisi
STamomavlobiT CaebRujeba miwis pirs da, rogorc niSansveti misi modg-
mis degradaciis gzaze, kvlav mkvlelobaa: `ho, movkali kaci Cemda satki-
varad da ymawvili _ Cemda Wirad. Tu Svidgzis miezRveba kaenis gamo, la-
meqis gamo samocdaCvidmetgzis miezRvebaT~ (dab. 4:23-24).
saboloo safexuri, romelsac axsenebs biblia kaenianTa modgmaSi, Tu-
bal-kaenis xanaa (aq aRdga mkvlelis saxeli!), romelic saxeldebulia
 13

`rvalisa da rkinis yovelgvar saWurvelTa mWedlad~ (dab. 4:22). ase dadga

teqnikis saukune da biblia dums Tubal-kaenis STamomavalTa bedze.

warRvna
`dabadebis~ am me-4 TavSi biblia kvlav ubrundeba adamis xanas da uSu-
alod adamisgan gamohyavs kaenianTagan gansxvavebuli, umjobesi kacobrio-
ba.
`kvlav Seicno adamma Tavisi coli. Sva qalma vaJi da uwoda saxelad
SeTi, radgan: mommadlao ufalma sxva naSieri nacvlad abelisa, kaenma
rom mokla~ (dab. 4:25).
SeTi mesame adamiania anu Ze adamisa, romelic samoTxidan gandevnis
Semdeg iSva. mis mSoblebs imedi hqondaT, rom SeTi daRupuli abelis sa-
nacvlo iqneboda da ganaxorcielebda misi cxovrebis wess, aRdgeboda
abeluri yofa-cxovreba, romelic ufalma moiwona. magram daRupuli iyo
ara kerZod abeli, aramed is dvrita, romelic abelur civilizaciad un-
da gafuebuliyo. iqneb abelis gza iqneboda umoklesi gza dakarguli
edemis karibWisaken. magram adamis pirvelCadenili codva, rogorc Cans
`dabadebis~ me-6 TavSi mTeli siZlieriT amoqmedda SeTis modgmaSi, ro-
melsac axali kacobrioba unda daefuZnebina. adamidan meaTe Taoba (es
iyo Taoba noesi) imkis dasabamSi daTesilis mosavals. `dainaxa ufalma
RmerTma, rom imata adamianTa ukeTurebam amqveynad... inana ufalma, rom
Seqmna adamiani amqveynad, da Sewuxda~ (dab. 6:5-6).
kacobrioba xom daeca, _ masSi gafuebulma adamis codvam dasca igi, _
magram masTan erTad daeca cxovelTa samyaroc, romelic adamianisTvis
da adamianis sapatronod iyo Seqmnili. `Tqva ufalma: miwis pirisagan aRv-
gvi adamians, romelic Sevqmeni, adamianidan moyolebuli pirutyvamde, qve-
warmavlamde, cis frinvelamde, radgan vnanob, rom gavaCine~ (dab. 6:7). bib-
lia gveubneba, rom adamis codvam bunebasac uwia, rom masTan erTad dae-
ca mTeli fizikuri samyaro, romlis mefe adamiani unda yofiliyo. `gad-
moxeda RmerTma miwas da, aha, waryvniliyo igi, radgan gaeryvna yovel
xorciels Tavisi zne am miwaze~ (dab. 6:12). biblia ambobs, _ rogori zne-
ca aqvs xorciel suldgmuls am miwaze, iseTive saxe eqneba miwas.
aseTi ganaCeni gamoutana RmerTma miwas da yvelafers, rac mas avsebs;
raki `wairyvna miwa RvTis winaSe~ da yoveli misi mkvidri. erTaderTi ga-
mosavali misi ganadgureba unda yofiliyo, raTa axali miwa da axali ka-
cobrioba, axali xorcieloba aRmocenebuliyo. nuTu sruliad unda mos-
pobiliyo yvelaferi, rac gaaCina RmerTma, nuTu yvelaferi Tavidan unda
Seqmniliyo, nuTu unda ganmeorebuliyo Sesaqmis dReebi da yoveli dRis
bolos gaCenilis xilvisas Tqmuliyo _ kargia? nuTu is Tavdapirveli
kargi ise warixoca kacobriobidan, rom mas veRaraferi gadaarCenda? bib-
lia gveubneba, rom yovelTvis aris xsna da xsnis imedi SeiZleba erT
adamianze iyos damyarebuli. rogorc marilis zods SeuZlia aacilos
xrwnileba nivTierebas, aseve erT marTal adamians ZaluZs ixsnas kacob-
riobis arseboba. Tundac is iyos erTaderTi adamis ZeTa Soris, is mainc
xom inaxavs RvTis xats Tavis TavSi. amitomac Rirs misi saxiT kacobrio-
bis Teslis gadarCena.
am sayovelTao gadagvarebaSi da gaxrwnilebaSi erTaderTi noe iyo,
romelic gamoarCia ufalma. `mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi.
es aris ambavi noesi: marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis TaobaSi, RmerT-
 14

Tan dadioda noe~ (dab. 6:8-9). `sruli~ noes daxasiaTebaSi niSnavs, rom mis
bunebas ar Sexeboda wuTisoflis biwi, rom is iyo Senaxuli rogorc sa-
Ri nayofi am sayovelTao xrwnilebaSi. `RmerTTan dadioda~ niSnavs, rom
noe iqceoda adamianis dacemuli bunebis sawinaaRmdegod, rom is wuTi-
soflis sawinaaRmdego dinebiT midioda; rom misi zneoba _ gza (derex)
iyo aRmasvla RvTisaken, srulyofisaken, edemisken; `RmerTTan siaruli~
niSnavs arsebobas gansxvavebul zneobriv yofaSi, ara iq, sadac `gaeryvna
yovel xorciels Tavisi zne (`gza~ derex) miwaze~. simarTlisaTvis, sis-
rulisaTvis da swor gzaze siarulisaTvis RmerTma warmxoceli warRvnis
wylebSi cocxlad gamoatara noe da Seqmna igi ganaxlebuli kacobriobis
mamamTavrad. amave dros, noe aris pirveli rCeuli uflisa, romelsac
xsnis aRTqma daudo ufalma: `Sen ki aRTqmas dagideb da Sexval kidoban-
Si Sen da Seni Svilebi, Seni coli da Sens ZeTa colebi. yovelgvari
cxoveli, yovelgvari xorcieli, yvela wyvil-wyvilad Seiyvane kidobanSi,
raTa SenTan erTad gadarCnen. dedal-mamali iyos! yoveli gvaris frinve-
li, yoveli gvaris pirutyvi, yoveli gvaris qvewarmavali, yvela wyvil-
wyvilad Seiyvane kidobanSi, raTa gadarCnen~ (dab. 6:18-20).
amrigad, uflis rCeviT noes mier aSenebuli kidobani unda yofiliyo
xsnis WurWeli; amave dros, kidobani iyo yvelafris Sesakrebeli, rac
RmerTma gaaCina cisqveSeTSi; masSi unda Senaxuliyo adamiani da yvelafe-
ri, rac adamianisTvis iyo gaCenili. rogorc adams edo wili maT SeqmnaSi
maTTvis saxelebis SerqmeviT, axla noe, romelic adamis monacvlea am sa-
bediswero mijnaze, monawileobas iRebs maT gadarCenaSi.
kidobani cisqveSeTis gansaxierebaa. kidobani agreTve warmoadgens sa-
Sos, saidanac warRvnis damTavrebis Semdeg xelaxla unda Sobiliyo da-
badebuli Zveli qmnileba. warRvnis wylebi, romelmac aativtiva da asor-
mocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi daatarebda kidobans, warmxoceli wylebi
inarCuneben ganmwmedel Zalas. wyalma garecxa miwa, moaSora, warxoca
misgan yoveli biwi da, ganaxlebuli kvlav amozida samzeoze wylebis
daklebisas. rom SeZleboda noes am asormocdaaTi dRis manZilze kidob-
nidan gamoxedva, is dainaxavda samyaros Seqmnis suraTs, im qaoss, rome-
lic uZRoda win uflis sityvas `iyos naTeli!~ ris Semdegac `iqmna naTe-
li~, roca `gaaCina RmerTma myari da gahyara erTmaneTisgan wyali, rome-
lic aris myars qvemoT, da wyali, romelic aris myars zemoT~ (dab. 1:7).
noe ixilavda erTmaneTisgan ganuyofel wylebs da maTSi `usaxos da uda-
burs~ rasme, momavali dedamiwis embrions, rasac Tohu-va-bohud saxel-
debs biblia. amitom aris, rom warRvnis movlineba Sesaqmemdeli qaosis
mobrunebis, xolo warRvnis dasasruli samyaros Seqmnis simboluri sa-
xea.
xolo is ori movlena, risi xilvac SeeZlo noes, aseve simbolur mniS-
vnelobas iZens Zveli aRTqmis xalxis SegnebaSi _ zeTisxilis nedli
rtoTi mobrunebuli mtredi niSania warRvnis dasrulebisa da mSvidobis
dasadgurebisa cisqveSeTSi, xolo cisartyela niSania aRTqmisa, romelic
daudo ufalma gadarCenil noes, rom aRarasodes moaxdenda warRvnas
qveynis dasaRupavad. cisartyela xom wvimis gadaRebis niSania da romel
movlenas SeeZlo masze ukeT gamoexata Sinaarsi im msasoebeli aRTqmisa,
uflis bageebidan rom moismina noem? ai, es sityvebi, romliTac bibliam
simboluri azriT datvirTa cisartyela _ es manaTobeli xidi, casa da
miwas Soris gadebuli:
 15

`vdeb Cems cisartyelas RrubelSi niSnad aRTqmisa Cemsa da miwas So-

ris. rodesac miwas RrubliT davRrublav da gamoCndeba RrubelSi ci-
sartyela, maSin gavixseneb aRTqmas Cemsa da Tqvens Soris, yovel xorci-
el suldgmuls Soris, da aRar gadaiqceva wyali warRvnad yoveli xor-
cielis dasaRupad. gamoCndeba Cemi cisartyela RrubelSi, davinaxav mas
da gavixseneb maradiul aRTqmas RmerTsa da yovel xorciel suldgmuls
Soris, rac ki aris amqveynad~ (dab. 9:13-16).

`babilonis godoli~
biblias Semounaxavs xsovna erTian kacobriobaze, xsovna im xanaze, ro-
ca adamis modgma erT enaze metyvelebda, erTad xetialobda, erTi imediT
sazrdoobda da erTi SiSiT iyo Sepyrobili _ ar gafantuliyo dedamiwis
zurgze da ar gamqraliyo, rogorc qreba udabnoSi daRvrili wyali. Zeni
adamisni, _ eseni iyvnen noes STamomavalni, _ am erTianobis rRvevis wi-
naTgrZnobiT aRZrulni, erTiani ZaliT aSenebdnen saerTo samkvidrebels,
raTa usafrTxod da imedianad egrZnoT Tavi. ai, ras mogviTxrobs `daba-
debis~ me-11 Tavi:
`erTpiri iyo mTeli qveyana da erT enaze metyveli~. roca daiZrnen aR-
mosavleTidan, hpoves veli Sinyaris qveyanaSi da iq damkvidrdnen. uTxres
erTmaneTs: modi, movziloT Tixa da gamovwvaT. aba, avaSenoT qalaqi da
godoli, da cas mivuwvdinoT misi Tavi. aRvmarToT niSansveti, rom ar ga-
vifantoT dedamiwis zurgze~ (11;1-4).
ra iyo imaze bunebrivi, rasac es xalxi akeTebda? velze gasulebs, Tu-
ki aq isini damkvidrebas gadawyvetdnen, unda `aRmoeCinaT~ samyaros Sua-
guli, sadac aaSenebdnen qalaqs da aRmarTavdnen warmosaxviT svets, cisa
da miwis SemaerTebels. amgvari niSnis gareSe gana maT SeeZloT damagre-
buliyvnen am Tvaluwvdenel tramalze? magram RmerTs ar moewona xalxis
saqmianoba. maT saqcielSi RmerTma im urCobis gamovlineba dainaxa, risT-
visac maTi winaprebi gandevna samoTxidan. urCobas aq, qalaqisa da godo-
lis Senebisas, kadnierebis saxe aqvs: es xalxi RvTis Semweobisa da saso-
ebis gareSe ikafavs gzas cisken, raTa `aiRos~ ca da gautoldes RmerTs.
am saqmeze ki, radgan es janyia, RmerTi ar scems dasturs. biblia gveub-
neba am TqmulebiT, rom es kacobrioba amzadebda raRac mkrexelurs da
saSinels, raki ufalma gadawyvita daerRvia maTi erToba, rom veRar eSe-
nebinaT qalaqi da godoli. `aba, Caval da enas avurev maT, rom veraferi
gaagebinon erTmaneTs. gafanta isini ufalma iqidan mTels dedamiwis zur-
gze da maTac Sewyvites godolis Seneba~ (dab. 11:7_8).
amrigad, ufalma ZirSive aRkveTa im kulturis gezi, romelic adamianur siamayes
da ampartavnobas efuZneboda. marTalia, `enaTa aRrevam~ (ufro sworad, enaTa ga-
TavTavadebam) dasabami misca xalxTa da kulturaTa mravalferovnebas, biblia
gveubneba `babilonis godolis~ TqmulebiT, rom es adamianis dacemisa da mas-
ze dakisrebuli sasjelis Sedegi iyo da ara gardauvali mimarTuleba ka-
cobriobis ganviTarebisa.

eris siyrme
`mere daiZra abraami...~
imave TavSi, sadac moTxrobilia babilonis godolisa da enaTa aRre-
vis, anu erTiani kacobriobis daSlis ambavi, vecnobiT noes pirveli Svi-
 16

lis STamomavlobas. semis modgma kacobriobis erT-erTi Stoa, romelzec

yuradRebas ayovnebs biblia, radgan aqedan aris warmoSobili misi avto-
rebis uSualo winapari _ abraami. Tumca genealogiaSi dasaxelebulia
vinme eberi (dab. 19:25), romelsac abraami Tvlida Tavisi tomis _ ebraele-
bis winaprad, magram biblias misi saxe ar axsovs. Tumca misi saxeli
(sruli gamoTqmiT yeber) misi mniSvnelovani nabijis _ `mdinaris gada-
laxvis~ xsovnas inaxavs, rac misi Soreuli STamomavlebis Tavgadasaval-
Si ramdenjerme moxda.
abraami is adamiania, vinc Tavisi ganumeorebeli individualobiT da be-
diT pirvelad gamoCnda Zveli aRTqmis istoriaSi, rogorc pirovneba. gau-
gebaria, risTvis gamoarCia is RmerTma misi sanaTesaodan, an ra iyo uSua-
lo mizezi misi ayrisa `qaldevelTa uridan~ (ebr. ur qaSdim) da Crdilo
SuamdinareTis qalaqSi, xaranSi dasaxlebisa (kulturul-istoriuli az-
riT ki, aq Cans Zveli aRTqmis kulturis kuTvnileba Suamdinaruli civi-
lizaciisadmi, da, SeiZleba iTqvas, misgan `xorcieli~ warmomavloba). ra
viciT masze im RirsSesaniSnav da sabediswero SemTxvevamde, roca moesma
xma, romelmac axali mimarTuleba misca mis cxovrebas? TiTqmis araferi.
is amodis ucnobobidan, rogorc axali dinastiisa Tu modgmis yoveli
damwyebi. cnobilia mxolod, rom is iyo Ze Teraxisa, qaldevelTa uris
mkvidrisa, romlis saxelSi Sefarulia mTvaris saxeli (Terax _ iareax
`mTvare~). mTvaris Tayvanismcemeli Teraxi stovebs urs, Suamdinaruli
mTvaris RvTaebis mTavar qalaqs da mkvidrdeba xaranSi, romelic agreTve
mTvaris sakulto qalaqi iyo. saxeli am qalaqis xarran aqadur enaze niS-
navs `gzas~ (masze gadioda saqaravno gza), magram TeraxisaTvis da misi
monagrisaTvis es iyo dasasruli gzisa. am monagarSi gamonaklisi iyo ab-
raami, romelsac win edo gza, gawyvetili mamis mier, gza qanaanis qveyni-
saken.
`uTxra ufalma abrams: wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni samSoblodan, mamaSe-
nis saxlidan im qveyanaSi, romelsac me gaCveneb. gagxdi did xalxad, ga-
kurTxeb da ganvadideb Sens saxels da kurTxeuli iqnebi~ (dab. 12: 1-2).
transcendenturi (mTeli samyaros gareT myofi), jereT gamoucnobi RvTis
mowodebas is Tavis SigniT ismenda da mihyveboda. mas unda gamoecvala
samSoblo da moeZebna axali qveyana, romelic misi modgmis samSoblo un-
da gamxdariyo. mas unda gamoecvala agreTve rjuli, romelic misi monag-
ris rjuli unda gamxdariyo. RvTis sityvebze, romelic mas Caesma, dafuZ-
nebulia eris istoria da misi mamamTavris, abraamis mniSvneloba iudaur-
qristianuli esqatologiis (dasasrulis moZRvrebis) simbolikaSi. abraa-
midan unda gamosuliyo uricxvi xalxi _ aseTi iyo aRTqma RvTisa _ da
amrigad, igi kacobriobis wiaRi unda Seqmniliyo _ `wiaRi abrahamisa~, sa-
iTkenac unda miqceuliyo miwierTa modgma.
rogorc `mravali xalxis~ mamas, mas saxeli unda gamocvloda. axal
saxelSi unda asaxuliyo misi matareblis misia. mamam daarqva abram, Rmer-
Tma ki _ abraaham `mama mravlisa~ (dab. 7:5).
amrigad, gamoeyo abraami Teraxs _ Tavis mamas da mTvaris xalxs da
gahyva ucnobi RvTis Zaxils ucnobi qveynisaken. `...wavida abrami, rogorc
ubrZana mas ufalma... Tan waritana abramma sarai, Tavisi coli, loti, Ta-
visi Zmiswuli, mTeli dovlaTi, rac ki moxveWili hqonda da yoveli yma,
romelic ki xaranSi SeiZines; daadgnen qanaanis qveynis gzas da mividnen
qanaanis qveyanaSi~ (dab. 12:4-5). abraamis niSani usamSobloobaa: is mwirob-
 17

da im miwaze, romelic misi Soreuli STamomavlebis samSoblo unda gamx-

dariyo. mwirobda ara mxolod abraami, aramed mwirobdnen misi uSualo
STamomavlebic _ isaki da iakobi, vidre ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, sxva
TaobaSi, romelmac xelaxla moipova Tu gaixsena mama-papis RmerTi, sabo-
lood ar daimkvidrebda aRTqmul miwas, risTvisac mamamTavarma datova
mTvaris qveyana. abraami mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT gamoxatavs mwiri da mo-
xetiale adamianis saxes; im qveyanas, sadac is cxovrobs, `mdgmurobis qve-
yana~ ewodeba, Tumca imediani aRTqma aqvs mocemuli: `mogcem Sen da Sens
STamomavlobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas samaradiso sakuTrebad...~ (dab.
17:8). abraamis mdgmurobas qanaanis qveyanaSi aSkarad aqvs simboluri siR-
rme: es qveyana, rogorc wuTisofeli, misi droebiTi samyofelia; qanaani
wuTisoflis xatia, abraami ki misi mdgmuria, is stumaria, rogorc yove-
li adamiani. magram ufali hpirdeba, rom am wuTisofels, qanaanSi ganxor-
cielebuls, samaradiso samkvidreblad Seuqmnis mas.
albaT biblia aris erTaderTi wigni Zvel samyaroSi, sadac gacnobie-
rebulia `samSoblos~ idea. `samSoblo~ _ mSobelTa qveyana, Sobis adgi-
li, mamis saxli, `mamuli~ _ garkveuli cnebebia Zvel aRTqmaSi da rac
gansakuTrebulia, gvxvdeba im adgilas, sadac adamians evaleba miatovos
is. `wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxlidan...~ _ eubne-
ba ufali abraams. es xma gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs mas _ man
unda gawyvitos dasabamieri tradicia da safuZveli daudos axal tradi-
cias. is gzajvaredinze dgas, rogorc zRapris gmiri, romelsac aseve Si-
nagani xma eweva ucnobi qveynisaken. abraamis istoriidan irkveva, rom sam-
Soblo iwyeba ara maSin, roca adamiani ibadeba, aramed roca kvdeba. sam-
Soblo daiwyo qanaanis qveynis im umciresi monakveTidan, sadac pirvelad
daifla adamiani _ winapari. es iyo Tesli samSoblosi. bibliuri warmod-
geniT, rac abraamis cxovrebis gadamwyvet momentSi aisaxa, samSoblos
gancda saflaviT iwyeba. im adgilidan, romelic abraamma adgilobriv
mkvidrTagan iyida Tavisi colis _ saras dasamarxavad, iwyeba qanaanis
gamSobliureba, romlis mosapoveblad mis STamomavlobas sisxli unda
daeRvara.
mas unda gaeTxara pirveli saflavi ucxo miwaze, rom iq samSoblos
Tesli daeTesa; mkvdari mibareboda ucxo miwas, rogorc msxverpli, rome-
lic momavlis qveynis safuZveli gaxdeboda. ai, ra misia ekisra mkvdars
am mdgmurisas, romelmac STagonebis ZaliT datova winaparTa qveyana, ra-
Ta Tavad sxvagan gamxdariyo winapari. man sTxova, im qveynis wesisamebr,
qveynis mkvidrT saflavisTvis adgili. maT TavianTi samarxi SesTavazes, _
sadac genebos, iq damarxe Seni mkvdari. uTxres, vin iqneba, rom saflavis
miwa dagikavoso. isic uTxres, rom maT mkvdrebs Soris daemarxa Tavisi
mkvdari. magram mdgmurs ase ar undoda: ar undoda usasyidlod mieRo mi-
wa an maT Soris hqonoda samarxi, rogorc erT maTgans. mas unda SeeZina
samarxi miwa sakuTrebad da SeiZina kidec. igi mxolod mRvimeSi ixdida
safasurs, magram qveynis mkvidrma, vis adgilzec mdebareobda es mRvime,
mindoric gaatana mRvimesTan erTad. `ara, batono, momismine, _ eubneboda
efron xeTeli abraams, _ mindoric momicia da mRvime, iq rom aris: Cemi
xalxis TandaswrebiT momicia. damarxe Seni mkvdari~ (dab. 23:11). abraami
erT gamousadegar mRvimes yidulobda samarxad da mRvimes mindoric, Se-
saZloa, aseve gamousadegari, mohyva. magram verc mdgmuri da verc qveynis
mkvidrni ver ifiqrebdnen, ra mohyveboda momavalSi am ubralo garigebas.
 18

aqedan Cans, rom aq gangebis xeli iyo Careuli. dRevandeli mindori, ro-
melic ase advilad daTmo patronma (masSi ofli jer ar CaRvriliyo) da,
iqneb, abraamsac arafrad sWirdeboda, xval SeiZleba, da asec moxda, ga-
daqceuliyo yanad, sadac ofli daiRvreboda. Cans mdgmurma SeiZina is mi-
wa, saidanac unda warmoqmniliyo qveyana, romelSic wuTisoflis manZil-
ze daibadebodnen misi STamomavlebi, iSromebdnen da daimarxebodnen ro-
gorc qveynis mkvidrni. manamde ki abraamisTvis samSoblo qveynis mxolod
viwro Tvalsawieri Canda: `...mindori maxfelaSi, mamres win rom aris, min-
dori da iq mdebare mRvime, yoveli xe, romelic ki am mindorze da mis
sazRvrebSi dgas irgvliv...~ (dab. 23:17).
ufro adre abraams hqonda sxva xilva da sityvis gamocxadeba. karvidan
gamosulma dainaxa caSi varskvlavebi da Caesma xmac, romelic eubneboda,
rom misi wiaRidan uricxvi xalxi gamovidoda. an SeiZleba swored am xmam
gamoiyvana karvidan da varskvlavebisken aaxeda. maSin man dainaxa is, ra-
sac karavSi anu Tavis TavSi jer ver ixilavda, aramed unda erwmuna (var-
skvlavebiT savse cis analogia arwmunebda) _ es iyo sakuTari wiaRi, ro-
melic momavliT iyo savse, magram am wiaRidan unda gamosuliyo jer er-
Ti vinme. es iyo isaki _ aRTqmuli im sami stumris mier, romlebic ewviv-
nen mas mamreSi, muxasTan, roca `karvis karTan ijda dRis papanaqebaSi~
(dab. 18:1). es kacebi, romlebic uflis angelozebi (anu macneni) aRmoCnd-
nen, sodomis dasasjelad midiodnen. ai, ra dros aRuTqves xangadasul
maspinZels memkvidris Soba.
abraamis winaSe dadga misTvis dauZleveli, rogorc mamisTvis, proble-
ma. hyavda ori Svili _ erTi Ze mxevlisa, ismaeli; meore Ze qalbatonisa,
isaki, `siberis Svili~. arCevani, romelic gauZnelda mas, isev qalma _ sa-
ram gaakeTebina. man uTxra: `gaagde es mxevali da misi Svili, radgan ver
daidebs wils am mxevlis Svili Cems SvilTan, isakTan erTad~ (dab. 21:10).
abraamma gulistkiviliT gaakeTa arCevani: `metismetad Seawuxa abraami am
ambavma Tavisi Svilis, ismaelis gamo~ (dab. 21:11). garda saras dedobrivi
mikerZoebisa, aq mTavari is iyo, rom isaki col-qmrisaTvis iyo danapirebi
Svili, `Ze aRTqmisa~, romlis gziTac unda Sesrulebuliyo aRTqma cis
varskvlavebiviT uricxvi STamomavlobis mocemaze. xom aSkarad iyo Tqmu-
li, rom abraams _ Tumca mas hyavda ukve pirmSo ismaeli, `isakiT daewye-
boda STamomavloba~ (dab. 21:12) da ara ismaeliT. `Ze aRTqmisa~ unda yofi-
liyo Svili dedoflisa da ara mxevlisa; da sarasac amitom Seecvala sa-
xeli _ erqva `sara¡~, daerqva sarah, rac abraamis Tavdapirveli samSob-
los enaze, babilonurad, niSnavda `dedofals~. amrigad, upiratesoba mie-
niWa umcross ufrosis winaSe, rac bediswerad dahyva abraamis modgmas
yvela TaobaSi _ umrwemesis upiratesoba TiTqos aucilebelic Seiqna.
isakiT, `aRTqmuli ZiT~, unda Sesrulebuliyo aRTqma, varskvlavian Ra-
meSi micemuli. masSi, rogorc `siberis SvilSi~, iyo abraamis mTeli saso-
eba, momavlis imedi, radgan ismaeli gandevnili da uaryofili iyo (Tum-
ca iTqva winaswarmetyveleba, rom isic gaxdeboda uricxvi xalxi, magram
es xalxi ar iqneboda `rCeuli eris~ _ Zveli aRTqmis istoriis subieqti).
SiSi am ukanaskneli imedis dakargvisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, `gasagnebulia~
erT saidumloebriv epizodSi, romelic `dabadebis~ 22-e TavSia moTxro-
bili ukiduresi, bibliuri TxrobisaTvis niSandoblivi `simSraliT~. am
epizodSi gamovlinda erTxel kidev abraamis pirovneba. iseve uyoymanod,
rogorc man winaparTa qveyana miatova uflis erT daZaxilze da gaswia
 19

ucnobi qveynisaken, aseve uyoymanod, sityvis uTqmelad Seudga uflis sas-

tiki brZanebis Sesrulebas. ambis mTxrobelma icoda, rom ufals abraamis
gamocda surda, abraamma ki es ar icoda. man gaiara saSineli gansacdeli,
rogoric iSviaTad Tu visme gauvlia.
`am ambebis Semdeg iyo, rom gamoscada abraami RmerTma da uTxra: abra-
am! miugo: aqa var. uTxra: mohkide xeli Sens Svils, Sens mxolodSobils,
romelic giyvars, isaks, da wadi morias qveyanaSi. iq Seswire aRsavlen
msxverplad erT mTaze, romelsac me giCveneb. adga dilaadrianad abraami,
Sekazma saxedari, Tan waiyola ori msaxuri biWi da isaki, Tavisi Svili;
daCexa samsxverplo SeSa, adga da wavida im adgilisaken, romelic RmerT-
ma miuniSna~ (dab. 22:1-3). bibliuri avtori, sazogadod, ar gamoxatavs ada-
mianis Sinagan samyaros, mis gancdebs. misi gmiri mdumared dgas tragiku-
li gansacdelis winaSe. ar boboqrobs abraamic, is dums, magram mis du-
milSi cxaddeba wuTisoflis warmavaloba, simyife, raRac idumalis wi-
naTgrZnobac, gaismis iobiseuli `ufali iZleva, ufals miaqvs~ (iob. 1:21)
da isic, rom _ iobisave sityvebiT _ `satanjvelad ibadeba adamiani~. mTe-
li tragizmi am epizodisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isakis saxiT es euli
mdgmuri ucxo qveynisa swiravda ara mxolod sayvarel Svils, aramed mTe-
li Tavisi sicocxlisa da cxovrebisa sasos, risTvisac, rogorc Semdeg
gairkva varskvlavian RameSi gamocxadebisas, datova winaparTa qveyana.
radgan es nanatri Svili aRTqmuli qveynis anu momavlis cocxali simbo-
lo iyo, radgan dapirebuli Svili da aRTqmuli qveyana erTi momavlidan
afenda Suqs mis awmyoSi.
am RirsSesaniSnav epizods umarTebulod iyeneben TiTqos uZvelesi sa-
kulto praqtikis _ adamianis msxverplSewirvis cxovelTa SewirviT Se-
nacvlebis `istoriuli~ momentis sailustraciod. aseTi Tvalsazrisi
sruliad ugulebelyofs am epizodis zneobriv azrs. amave dros, iCqmale-
ba is faqti, rom es aris gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva abraamis cxovrebaSi
_ misi individualuri gansacdeli. usityvo morCileba am ulmobeli da
gaugebari moTxovnisadmi, erTi mxriv, aris reaqcia adamis damRupveli
urCobis mimarT (rac wiTel xazad gasdevs mTel biblias), xolo, meore
mxriv, dasturi abraamisa da misi uflis mWidro urTierTobisa, RvTisgan
miutoveblobisa. es epizodi unda gaviazroT rogorc adamianisa da misi
RvTis dialogis axal fazaSi Sesvla, rac ar SeiZleba ar yofiliyo aR-
niSnuli tragikuli niSniT. Tu adre RmerTi mas eCveneba mwyalobelisa
da aRmTqmelis saxiT, axla evlineba mas Tavisi saSineli saxiT, romelic
Tavisi moulodneli moTxovniT auqmebs Tavis mierve mocemul aRTqmas.
magram abraamis rwmenis siZliere (is iTvleba qristianul mwerlobaSi
`rwmenis mamad~) imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is uSiSrad Sedis gansacdelSi,
usityvod ecdevineba RmerTs, ganicdis ra am saSinel moTxovnas adre mi-
Rebuli aRTqmis paradoqsul gagrZelebad da, SesaZloa, ganmtkicebad.
abraami daklavda isaks, sruladdasawvel msxverplad aRuvlenda
ufals da dakargavda yvelafers _ pirmSosac, im uricxv xalxsac, Tumca
misTvis ucnobs, romelic isakis meSveobiT unda gamosuliyo misi sazar-
dulidan; magram sruliad martod myofi adamianTa Soris, am araadamianu-
ri saqmis Camdeni, darCeboda uflis axloblad da megobrad (rogorc
iwoda igi. ix. 2 neS. 20:7), darCeboda RvTis anabara, am gamoTqmis dasabami-
eri mniSvnelobiT, da Tumca krinti ar dauZravs daniTa da cecxliT
xelSi samsxverplo mTisaken mimavals, misi sulis moZraoba SegviZlia ma-
 20

saviT RmerTs mindobili iobis sityvebiT gamovxatoT: `kidec rom momk-

las, misi imedi maqvs _ mainc davicav Cems gzebs mis winaSe. isic xsna iq-
neba, rom uRvTo kaci ar miva mis winaSe~ (iob. 13:15-16).
danieli moazrovne soren kirkegori, romelsac abraamis am saqcielma
STaagona paradoqsuli moZRvreba adamianis tragizmze da xsnaze, mimar-
Tavs `mamas mravalTa~, TiTqos ganumartavdes misi bedis ganumeoreblo-
bas: `Rirseulo winaparo abraam, morias mTidan dabrunebuls aRar dag-
Wirda qeba-dideba, raTa Seni danakargis gamo nugeSi gcemoda; Sen moixve-
We yvelaferi da SeinarCune isakic. gana ase ar aris? ufalma aRar moi-
surva Seni gamocda da Senc SvebiT miujeqi sufras masTan erTad Sens ka-
ravSi, da ase grZeldeba ukunisamde...~

iakobi da esavi
Tu abraami is mamaa, romelsac dana hqonda aRmarTuli Svilis dasak-
lavad, isaki aris is Svili, romelmac adreul yrmobaSi sakuTari zur-
giT zida SeSa, mis dasawvelad rom unda dadebuliyo samsxverploze. isa-
ki unda Sewiruliyo iseTi msxverplSewirvis wesiT, romelic iTvaliswi-
nebs msxverplis mTlianad dawvas uflisaTvis, roca msxverpli mTlianad
ekuTvnis ufals, kvamlad adis misken. es aris e.w. `aRsavleni~ (ebr. yo-
lah) msxverpli. isaki unda Sewiruliyo, rogorc uflisadmi aRsavleni
msxverpli. garkveuli azriT, aRsavleni msxverpli zegardmo wyalobis
Sesatyvisia. SeSac daido da danac aRimarTa mis Tavze. Tumca msxverplad
uflis mier saswaulebriv movlenili verZi iqna Sewiruli isakis sanacv-
lod, magram is RmerTi, romelmac mamas aRar daaneba Svilis dakvla, `Si-
Sis~ saxiT STaibeWda mis SegnebaSi da ase gadavida momdevno Taobis cno-
bierebaSic; yovel SemTxvevaSi, iakobisTvis mamapapeuli RmerTi, romelic
pirvelad abraams gamoecxada, aris `RmerTi mamaCemisa, RmerTi abraamisa,
SiSi isakisa~ (dab. 31:42).
rogorc vxedavT, es gansacdeli isakis yrmobaSi dakavSirebulia reli-
giur gamocdilebasTan. abraams gamoecxada RmerTi aRTqmis sityvebiT,
isaks ki _ sikvdil-sicocxlis zRurblze, bavSvobaSi, saSineli gansacde-
liT, rogoric mxolod msxverplSewirvis dros Tu aris SesaZlebeli. am
epizodma sxva beWedi daasva isakis pirovnebas... is gamoirCeva abraamisagan
da iakobisagan pasiurobiT, iniciativis uqonlobiT; misTvis ar aris dama-
xasiaTebeli abraamisa da iakobis qmediToba da, SeiZleba iTqvas, sicocx-
lisunarianoba; mis beds ganageben ara mxolod RmerTi, misi SiSi, aramed
mSoblebi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Svilebic ki. sakmarisia gavixsenoT misi
qorwinebisa (dab. 24, mama-papis qveynidan mas mohgvrian cols, magram misi
Ze iakobi imave qveynidan Tavad moiyvans colebs) da SvilebTan urTier-
Tobis epizodebi. aSkaraa, rom mamis _ abraamis avtoriteti upiratesobs
masze. is iyo iaraRi mis xelSi, rogorc msxverpli RvTisadmi morCilebi-
sa da erTgulebis, TviTuaryofis dasadastureblad, riTac abraamis pi-
rovnebam pativi moipova RvTis TvalSi, xolo isaki daiCrdila. Tu isakze
gadmodis aRTqma da kurTxeva, abraamis gamo gadmodis. `gamoecxda im Ra-
miT ufali (isaks) da uTxra: me var abraamis, mamaSenis RmerTi. nu geSinia,
radgan SenTana var. gakurTxeb, gagimravleb STamomavlobas abraamis, Cemi
msaxuris gamo~ (dab. 26:24). aqedan Cans, rom isaki iyo saSualeba, xidi,
romlis wiaR gadasvliT abraami unda Seqmniliyo uricxvi xalxis mamam-
Tavrad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas `mibarebuli~ hqonda mxolod Tesli ab-
 21

raamisgan, rom Semdeg TaobaSi (rogorc moxda) ganxorcielebuliyo aRTq-

ma. is aris Sualeduri, gardamavali rgoli rCeuli modgmis genealogia-
Si, TiTqos araTavisTavadi, rogorc amas warmoaCens dante aligieri, ro-
ca is `jojoxeTis~ IV kantoSi laparakobs Zveli aRTqmis dros gardacv-
lilTa sulebis amoyvanaze jojoxeTidan; iq, sxvaTaSoris, naTqvamia, rom
qristem `amoiyvana israeli (igive iakobi) Tavisi mamiT da Tavisi monag-
riT~, mama isaki arc aris saxeldebiT xsenebuli, is TiTqos `miwerilia~
iakobs, Tavis Svils, mis STamomavlobasTan erTad; amrigad, TiTqos isaki
iakobiT aris gansazRvruli (aq gvaxsendeba vergiliusis `eneidas~ gmiri
eneasi, romelsac mama anqize zurgze mokidebuli gahyavs almodebuli
ilionidan).
isakis arasrulyofileba, nakluloba gamoixata imaSic, rom marTebu-
lad ver airCia memkvidre, romelSic unda gadasuliyo `aRTqmis Zeoba~
misi. rogorc abraamma airCia, marTalia, saras SegonebiT da swavlebiT,
isaki (ukuagdo ra mxevlis Ze) aseve isaks unda aerCia, magram misi arCeva-
ni garTulebuli iyo imiT, rom misi ori Ze _ oriveni kanonieri colis
saSodan iyvnen gamosulni, tyupebi _ esavi da iakobi, maSasadame, oriveni
Tavisufalni. magram jer bunebam (amaSi mdgomareobda albaT isakis `bio-
logiuri~ danaSauli) dauSva Secdoma, roca am tyupTagan pirvelad dai-
bada esavi, romelic dabadebidanve tyavfuCiT iyo Semosili _ aseTi iyo
pirmSo isakisa, xolo iakobi iSva srulyofil kacad. `dabadebis~ 25-e
TavSi amgvarad aris daxasiaTebuli es ori Zma: `wamoizardnen ymawvilebi,
Seiqna esavi marjve monadire, velebis kaci. iakobi ki iyo sruli kaci,
karvebSi mcxovrebi~ (dab. 25:27). roca iakobze, umcrosze, naTqvamia, rom
is iyo `sruli~, amiT isic aris naTqvami, rom esavi `usrulia~, Tumca mi-
si portreti sakmaod metyvelebs misi, rogorc adamianis, daumTavrebel
bunebaze. is aris faCvnieri, rogorc naxevarkaci enqidu (ix. `gilgameSia-
ni~) da misdevs uZveles saqmianobas _ monadireobas, maSin, roca mama-papa
mwyemsebi iyvnen, TiTqos is agrZelebs winaistoriuli nebroTis (dab. 10:8-
9), ara abraamis xazs. mis sawinaaRmdegod iakobi iSva rogorc `karvebSi
mcxovrebi~ anu mkvidri kaci (`karavi~, aq cxadia, saxlis sinonimia). swo-
red aseTi kaci unda yofiliyo pirmSo, pirvelSobili Ze, raTa mas mieRo
rCeuli dinastiis memkvidreoba. magram, bunebam, rogorc vxedavT, Secdoma
dauSva, rom pirvelad esavs gamoaRebina saSos kari. gangebam, romelic am-
zadebs `uricxv xalxs~ erTi winaprisagan, unda gamoasworos es Secdoma.
imis naTel dadasturebad, rom `faCvnieri~ esavi, monadire, ar gamodgebo-
da xalxis erT-erT winaprad, dabadebis 25-e TavSi moTxrobilia ambavi,
Tu rogor iyida iakobma pirmSoeba esavisgan erTi kerZi SeWamadis wil.
`moamzada iakobma SeWamadi da esavic dabrunda velidan daRlili. uTxra
esavma iakobs: Semaxvrepine wiTeli, eg wiTeli, radgan daRlili var. ami-
tomac ewoda saxelad edomi (wiTuri). uTxra iakobma: axlave momyide Seni
pirmSoeba. Tqva esavma: sikvdilis piras var da raRad minda pirmSoeba.
uTxra iakobma: axlave Semomfice. Sehfica da mihyida iakobs pirmSoeba. ma-
Sin misca iakobma esavs puri da cercvis SeWamadi. Wama, sva, adga da wavi-
da. arad Caagdo esavma pirmSoeba~ (dab. 25:29_34).
arabibliur tradiciaSi es epizodi gansxvavebuli, ufro STambeWdavi
redaqciiT aris warmodgenili. pirmSoebas aq cvlis ufleba saflavze. ia-
kobi _ umcrosi Zma ucxoobaSi monagebi oqroTi gamoisyidis ufrosisagan
winaparTa samarxs. `rad minda saflavi? _ kiTxulobs esavi _ yvelgan mo-
 22

iZebneba saflavis adgili~. is miiRebs oqros da datovebs winaparTa qve-

yanas. aq cxaddeba WeSmariteba: vinc uars ambobs winaparTa saflavze, mas
aRar ekuTvnis es qveyana. kaci mTeli Tavisi axalgazrdobis naWirnaxu-
levs (is ToTxmeti weliwadi Sromobda sxvisTvis) gaiRebs imisTvis, raTa
gamoisyidos winaparTa miwa, maT saflavebSi gansxeulebuli, rom es miwa
misi sakuTari miwa gaxdes, misi sisxli da xorci, rogorc pirvelwinap-
ris _ adamis miwa (adamah), saidanac is aRebuli iyo.
am arCevanSi dadasturda iakobis Tandayolili (Tumca arabiologiuri)
Rirseba pirmSoebisa da mkvidrobis unari. roca `sruli kaci, karvebSi
mcxovrebi~ samarxis uflebas yidulobda, is momavlisken ixedeboda, mag-
ram sikvdilis win (is ucxo qveyanaSi kvdeboda) warsulSi iyo gadasuli;
is uanderZebda Tavis Svilebs: `mivdivar Cems xalxTan; dammarxeT Cemi ma-
ma-papis gverdiT, mRvimeSi... maxfelas mindorSi rom aris, mamres pirdapir,
qanaanis qveyanaSi, abraamma rom iyida efron xeTelisgan mindorTan erTad
sakuTar samarxad. iq damarxes abraami da misi coli sara, iq damarxes
isaki da misi coli rebeka. iq davmarxe me lea... es mindori da mRvime...~
(dab. 29:29-32). iakobi am sityvebiT uneburad gansazRvravda samSoblos
cnebas: is imeorebda abraamis sityvas da saqmes; masSi erTi Taobis wiaR
gadmovida samSoblos codna _ `mindori da mRvime~ _ anu mindori da
saflavi, ai, samSoblo, adamianTa sikvdil-sicocxlis asparezi. `iq dav-
marxe~ amiT eubneba STamomavlobas, rom isinic iq damarxavdnen Tavisia-
nebs, rom isini iq icxovrebdnen da daimarxebodnen; maxfelas mRvime iyo
is akvani, sadac Cawveboda, Tundac ucxoobaSi momkvdariyo, misi STamoma-
vali. aseTi iyo Zveli Tqmuleba bibliis suliskveTebiT Seqmnili, _ Tun-
dac aTasi wlis Semdeg. qveynis dasasrulamde igorebda qveynis mkvidris
Tavis qala da gorva-gorviT mainc miaRwevda maxfelas mRvimes, `mamres
pirdapir rom aris~, da Seexleboda winaparTa Zvlebs. aseT Segnebas ata-
rebda umcrosi iakobi da ara esavi _ romelic, rogorc pirmSo, unda yo-
filiyo aRTqmis memkvidre.
iakobisa da esavis ambavi imeorebs, erTi mxriv, abelisa da kaenis am-
bavs, xolo meore mxriv, isakisa da ismaelis ambavs. yvelgan kurTxeulia
umcrosi vaJi, rac exmaureba zRapris eToss (ar aris garkveuli, arsebobs
Tu ara zRapari Tavisi klasikuri saxiT Zveli aRTqmis xanaSi). uaryofi-
lia kaeni, uaryofilia ismaeli, uaryofilia esavi, magram esavi _ pirmSo
uyvars mamas, isaks. `uyvarda isaks esavi, radgan nanadirevi iyo misi saW-
meli...~ (dab. 25:28). es iyo isakis sisuste, riTac mas hgavs misi pirmSo esa-
vi, romelmac sayvareli SeWamadisTvis daTmo pirmSoeba. imisTvis, rom ia-
kobs mieRo memkvidreoba da kurTxeva mamisagan, gangebam qalis xeli aa-
moqmeda. `uyvarda isaks esavi... xolo rebekas iakobi uyvarda~. rebekam ga-
dawyvita rCeuli xalxis momavali, roca motyuebiT akurTxebina isaks ia-
kobi; isakis `sisuste~ fizikurad Tvalis Cinis daklebaSi gamoixata: mama
akurTxebda Tavis Svils, magram ver xedavda mas. dedis rCeviT iakobma xe-
lebi da ubalno kiseri Tiknis tyaviT daifara, rom esavs damsgavseboda,
romelsac mamisaTvis misi sayvareli kerZi unda mierTmia. `uTxra isakma
iakobs: momiaxlovdi, xeli mogisva, Svilo, marTla Cemi Svili xar Tu
ara. miuaxlovda iakobi mamamiss, isaks, man xeli Seavlo da Tqva: xma
iakobis xmaa, xelebi ki esavis xelebia. ver icno, radgan xelebi Tavisi
Zmis, esavis xelebiviT banjgvliani hqonda, da akurTxa igi~ (dab. 27:21-23).
iakobi esavad gardaisaxa, isakis sayvarel Svilad, rom mieRo kurTxeva.
 23

amrigad, aRsrulda neba ara isakisa, aramed neba gangebisa, romelic eZeb-
da rCeuli xalxis ukeTes winapars da arCevanSi, rogorc abraamis dros,
dedakacs hqonda gadamwyveti xma.
erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba Cans iakobis pirovnebaSi, rac Semdeg mis
umrwemes ZeSi _ iosebSi gadadis memkvidreobiT. marTalia, iakobi mamisa-
gan iRebs aucilebel kurTxevas (romelic faqtiurad abraamisgan modis),
magram is Tavidan iwyebs yvelafers, TiTqos arc hyolodes winapari. SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, is Tavisi aqtivobiT sWeds sakuTar beds, roca erTi argnis
amara gadis mamis saxlidan im mizeziT, rom gaecalos motyuebuli, kurT-
xevadakarguli esavis risxvas. is, upirveles yovlisa aris msxemi _ sax-
lidan gasuli, ucxo qveyanaSi davaJkacebuli, msgavsad umcrosi vaJiSvi-
lisa, romelic gamarjvebuli da dovlaTiT savse brundeba Sin. is, dedis
Svili upiratesad, vidre mamisa, gaagzavna dedam xaranSi Tavis ZmasTan,
labanTan, raTa esavis SurisZiebisagan droebiT daefara Tavi. mamam ki im
mizniT gagzavna xarans, rom winaparTa Cveulebisamebr iqauri qali _ sa-
naTesaodan moeyvana colad. `adeqi da wadi SuamdinareTSi, dedaSenis ma-
mis beTuelis, saxlSi da moiyvane iqidan colad dedaSenis Zmis, labanis
asuli. yovladZlieri RmerTi gakurTxebs, nayofiers gagxdis, gagamrav-
lebs da xalxTa krebulis mamamTavari Seiqnebi. mogvcems abraamis kurT-
xevas Sen da Sens STamomavlobas SenTan erTad, raTa daimkvidro Seni
mdgmurobis qveyana, romelic abraams misca RmerTma~ (dab. 27:2-4). rogorc
vxedavT, iakobs Tan sdevs gansakuTrebiT abraamis kurTxeva, magram mas
Tan axlavs, rogorc irkveva momavalSi, `RmerTi abraamisa da SiSi isaki-
sa~, romelic SeucTomlad warmarTavs mis nabijebs. gzad mimavals, mas
hqonda iseTi gamocdileba, rogoric ar SeiZleba hqonoda mis Zmas esavs,
`velebis kacs~. marTalia, ara cxadSi, rogorc Cveulebriv RmerTi ecxa-
deboda abraams da esaubreboda, masac hqonda Cveneba RvTisa sizmrad, ro-
ca erT udabur adgilze CaeZina. `esizmra, _ miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT
cas swvdeba; uflis angelozebi adi-Camodian kibeze. aha, ufali dgas ki-
beze da eubneba: me var ufali, RmerTi abraamisa, mamaSenisa, da RmerTi
isakisa. es miwa, romelzedac wevxar, SenTvisa da Seni STamomavlobisaT-
vis momicia... aha, SenTana var da yvelgan dagifarav, sadac ki waxval,
kvlav dagabruneb am miwaze, ar migatoveb, vidre ar agisruleb yvela-
fers, rac giTxari. gamoifxizla iakobma Zilisagan da Tqva: namdvilad
ufalia am adgilas, me ki ar vicodi! SeSinda da Tqva: ra saSiSi yofila
es adgili! sxva ra unda iyos, Tu ara uflis saxli. es caTa karibWea! ad-
ga dilaadrianad iakobi, aiRo lodi, sasTumlad rom edo, aRmarTa sve-
tad da zed zeTi daRvara...~ (dab. 29:12-18). aseTi gamocdileba SeiZleba
mxolod mamamTavars hqonoda, iseT kacs, romelic afuZnebs ara mxolod
axal STamomavlobas, aramed religias (aseve wmida miwaze moxvda sinais
mTaze asuli mose _ mama-papis RmerTis aRmdgeneli da gamaxsenebeli Tavi-
si xalxisaTvis).
meore gansacdeli iakobs moevlina, roca is ori coliT, ori mxevliT
da TerTmeti SviliTurT ukan brundeboda. mdinare iabokis fonTan, roca
gaRma gadaiyvana Tavisi monagari, mas Seeba uflis angelozi, romelsac
sZlia iakobma. `marto darCa iakobi da erkineboda mas kaci vinme gaTene-
bamde. roca Seatyo, rom ver ereoda, Seexo igi mis TeZos saxsars, da eR-
rZo iakobs TeZos saxsari masTan Serkinebisas. uTxra: gamiSvi, ukve Tende-
ba. uTxra: ar gagiSveb, sanam ar makurTxeb. uTxra: ra gqvia? miugo: iakobi.
 24

uTxra: amieridan aRar iTqvas Sens saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli, rad-
gan RmerTs da adamianebs SeebrZole da sZlie. hkiTxa iakobma: miTxari
Seni saxeli. uTxra: risTvis mekiTxebi saxels? da iqve akurTxa. uwoda
iakobma im adgils saxelad fenueli, radgan Tqva: pirispir vixile Rmer-
Ti da gadavrCi. amouvida mze rogorc ki fenuels gascda. da koWlobda
igi cali TeZoTi~ (dab. 32:24-31).
Zveli aRTqmis am RirsSesaniSnav adgils miiCneven RmerTmebrZolobis
ideis erT-erT uZveles dadasturebad. magram es azri ar aris marTebuli.
am epizodis avtors, an imas, vinc es Tqmuleba xalxis patriarqze Seitana
eris istoriaSi, ar amoZravebda es idea. iakobi aq gadis gamocdas, is ic-
deba rogorc xalxis mamamTavari. aq Cans iakobis uSiSroba, `viTarca
uxorcosi~ (is xom uxorco angelozs ebrZoda), Seupovroba, romlis ba-
dali sulier-zneobriv sferoSi gamoiCina mravaltanjulma iobma (ix. io-
bis wigni), rodesac man RmerTs gaumarTa sasamarTlo da gamarTlda. es
momenti gamomdinareobs Zveli aRTqmis Teologiidan, misi saerTo RvTis-
SemecnebiTi ideologiidan, iseve, rogorc iakobis sityvebi brZolis ad-
gilis saxeldebis Semdeg: `pirspir vixile RmerTi da gadavrCi~.
iakobs mudam axlavs RvTis davlaTi, is uflis xelSenaxebia, risi ni-
Sanic aris misi koWloba. davlaTi axlavs mas gzaSi, SromaSi, adamianeb-
Tan urTierTobaSi, kerZod, angariSsworebaSi, roca gonierebiT sZlia Ta-
vis cbier simamrs labans, romelic ToTxmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi atyueb-
da mas. es ToTxmeti weliwadi gansakuTrebulia mis cxovrebaSi; garda
imisa, rom es aris ucxoobaSi gatarebuli wlebi moTminebisa da siyvaru-
lisa. iakobi bibliis erTaderTi personaJia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, is amiT
gansxvavdeba sxva mamamTavrebisagan), romelic avlens siyvarulis Zlier
grZnobas, Tumca es ambavi _ ambavi misi siyvarulisa raxelisadmi, bibliu-
ri stilisamebr, sakmaod Zunwad aris moTxrobili.
abraamidan iakobamde biblia erTi ojaxis istorias, Tavgadasavals
mogviTxrobs. iakobis xana gardamavali xanaa _ misi Tormeti Svili misi
ojaxis wevrebic arian da amave dros momavali eris suraTia maTSi moce-
muli. iakobi anu israeli aris uSualo winapari xalxisa, radgan swored
misi wiaRidan (`sazardulidan~) gamosulma Tormetma Zem Seadgina ebra-
elTa tomi, romelic bibliur matianeebSi atarebs israelianTa, israelis
ZeTa (ben israel) saxels. aseve `iakobis saxli~ damkvidrda mTeli eris,
misi ganuyofeli da Tanac danawilebuli sxeulis saxelwodebad (`ase
uTxari iakobis saxls da ZeTa israelisa...~). iakobma ara mxolod Sva isi-
ni, aramed dausazRvra maT _ TiToeuls sakuTari bedi, roca `TiToeuli
misi kurTxeviT akurTxa~. am kurTxevebSi gamoCnda maTi warsuli da gamo-
isaxa momavalic, rogoric unda yofiliyvnen isini, da ra adgili unda
sWeroda TiToeul maTgans Tormettomovani eris sxeulSi.

ZeTa kurTxeva
`mouxmo iakobma Svilebs da uTxra: SeikribeT, rom gagimxiloT, ra Se-
gemTxvevaT momaval dReebSi. Tavi moiyareT da ismoneT, iakobis Zeno! is-
raels, mamaTqvens, usmineT!
reuben! pirmSo xar Cemi, Zali Cemi da saTave Cemi kacobisa, Seudrekeli
da Seupovari. zRvasaviT boboqarob, magram ar aRzevdebi, radgan axvedi
mamis sawolze, maSin SebRale Cemi sareceli.
 25

simon da levi! RviZli Zmebi, Zaladobis WurWelia maTi guli! maT TaT-
birze numc misula suli Cemi, maT sakrebulos numc ziarebula Rirseba
Cemi! radgan risxviT mokles kaci da boroti nebiT gamoZarRves xari. wye-
ulimc iyos maTi risxva, radgan Seupovaria, da maTi guliswyroma, radgan
sastikia! davaqucmaceb maT iakobSi da mimovfantav israelSi.
iuda! gadideben Zmebi; mtrebis xerxemals daTrgunav xeliT. geTayvane-
bian mamaSenis naSierni. lomis bokveria iuda! wamomarTulxar, Svilo, na-
davliT xelSi. waixara, gawva lomiviT, vin gabedavs mis wamogdebas? ar
waerTmeva kverTxi iudas, arc argani ferxTa Suidan, vidre ar mova misi
mflobeli da is iqneba xalxebis saso. vazze ubia Tavisi CoCori, venaxis
lerwze _ Tavisi viris naSieri; RvinoSi recxavs Tavis samosels da yurZ-
nis sisxlSi _ Tavis tansacmels. Tvalebi misi _ Rvinis uwiTlesi, kbile-
bi misi _ rZis uTeTresi.
zebuloni zRvis piras imkvidrebs, navsayudelTan eqneba sadgomi, ci-
dons miswvdeba sazRvari misi.
isaqari _ Zvalmsxvili viri, bakSi mwolare. xedavs, kargia mosveneba, miwa _ saa-
muri. qedi wauxria tvirTis wasaRebad, xarkisTvis Sromobs.
dani _ msajuli Tavisi xalxis, rogorc erTi Sto israelisa. gveli iq-
neba dani gzaze, unasi _ bilikze, damgeslavi cxenis quslisa, gadaeqaneba
ukan mxedari...
gads moadgebian urdoebi, Tavadac kvalSi Caudgeba.
aSerisgan _ puri noyieri da gascems igi samefo nugbars.
nafTali fexmardi iremi, sasikeTo sityvaTa momtani.
nayofieri nergi iosebi, nayofieri nergi, wyarospirs darguli, rtoe-
biT galavanze gasuli. gaamwares, daisres, mtrobdnen moisarni. SeurCa
mSvildis Zliereba, ar mosdunebia xelis ZarRvebi, iakobis RmerTisgan Za-
lamocemuli. aqedan aris mwyemsi, klde israelis. mamaSenis RmerTi Sege-
wios da gakurTxos yovladZlierma zecaTa kurTxeviT zegardmo, ufskru-
lis kurTxeviT, qveganrTxmulisa, ZuZuTa da saSos kurTxeviT, mamaSenis
kurTxeviT, romelic ufro Zlieria, vidre kurTxeva Cemi mSoblebisa, vid-
re madli saukuno mTaTa. iyos es iosebis Tavze da ZmaTagan gamorCeulis
Txemze.
beniamini mgelia mtacebeli, diliT Wams, saRamoTi iyofs nadavls.
yvela eseni israelis Tormeti rtoa. es uTxra maTma mamam, roca akur-
Txa isini, TiToeuli misi kurTxeviT akurTxa~ (dab. 49:1-28).

gza udabnoSi. mose

abraamis modgmisagan, sakuTriv, iakobis ZeTagan, Seqmnili eris Tavgada-
savalSi centraluri adgili uWiravs egviptidan gamosvlas. amas mogviTx-
robs bibliis meore wigni _ `wigni gamosvlisa~. egviptidan gamoyvana
xalxisa aris bibliuri RmerTis ZiriTadi qmedeba; es igive RmerTi iyo,
romelmac samyaro Seqmna da gamoecxada xalxis mama-papas; igive RmerTi,
romelic iRwvoda Tavdapirvelad, roca `cas da miwas qmnida~, acxadebs
Tavs xalxis istoriaSi misi cxovrebis gadamwyvet Jams, riTac is Zireu-
lad gansxvavdeba qanaanelTa baalisagan, romelic mxolod da mxolod
bunebaSi moqmedebs, xSirad rogorc misi tyve, damorCilebuli weliwadis
brunvas.
rogor moxvda Zveli aRTqmis xalxi egvipteSi? es SemTxveva dakavSire-
bulia iakobis umcrosi vaJis _ iosebis gansakuTrebul bedTan, romelic
 26

Tavisi uCveulobiT amovardnilia bibliuri patriarqaluri yofidan. mag-

ram, garkveuli azriT, is Tavisi dacemisa da aRzevebis ritmiT warmosa-
xavs iakobis saxlis saerTo beds. iosebi iyo iakobisa da raxelis pirm-
So, im qalisa, visTvisac iakobma gawira saukeTeso wlebi _ ToTxmeti we-
li emsaxura Tavis cbier simamrs. Tu isaki iyo abraamis aRTqmis Svili,
iosebi iyo iakobis siyvarulis Svili. es ki gansakuTrebul mdgomareoba-
Si ayenebs mas: mamis gadametebuli siyvarulis gamo aTi Zma SuriT aRiZv-
reba iosebis mimarT. amas isic emateba, rom Tavisi bunebiTi siwrfeliTa
Tu norCi asakisaTvis Cveuli gulubryvilobiT is yvelas gasagonad yveba
sizmrebs, romlebic metismetad gamWvirvale simbolikiT (ise, rom axsnac
ar sWirdeba) moaswaveben mis gansakuTrebul xvedrs da gamorCeulobas
danarCen Zmebs, sxva dedis Svilebs Soris.
`daesizmra iosebs sizmari da uambo Tavis Zmebs da kidev ufro SeiZu-
les is Zmebma. uTxra maT: moismineT es sizmari, romelic mesizmra. aha,
Znebs vkonavT Suagul yanaSi. aha, wamodga Cemi Zna da aRimarTa, garsSemo-
adgnen Tqveni Znebi da Tayvanisces Cems Znas. uTxres Zmebma: nuTu Cvenze
imefeb? nuTu patronad gagvixdebi? da kidev ufro SeiZules igi misi siz-
mrisa da sityvebis gamo. kvlav daesizmra sxva sizmari da uambo Zmebs da
uTxra: aha, mze da mTvare da Tormeti varskvlavi mcemen Tayvans. uambo
mamas da Zmebs da gakicxa is mamam da uTxra: ra aris es sizmari, rom da-
gesizmra? nuTu me da dedaSeni da Seni Zmebi unda geaxloT da Tayvani
gceT?...~ (dab. 37:5-11). ar SeiZleba aq ar gavixsenoT erTi kolxuri miTosu-
ri Sinaarsis leqsi, romlis gmiri TiTqos iosebis sizmars mRerodes:
`mze dedaa Cemi, mTvare mama Cemi, moCaxCaxe varskvlavebi da da Zmaa Cemi~.
bolos Zmebma samwyesurSi, mamisagan Sors, moixelTes iosebi da mihyi-
des egvipteSi Camaval vaWrebs. misi Wreli samoseli, mamis naCuqari, Txis
sisxlSi amosvares da miutanes iakobs, romelmac `icno kvarTi da Tqva:
Cemi Svilis kvarTia! nadirs SeuWamia, nadirs dauglejia iosebi! tanze
Semoixia iakobma, jvalo Semoirtya welze da didxans glovobda Svils~
(dab. 37:33-34).
Tu STamomavalTagan visme gadaeca mama-papis davlaTi, _ jer abraamisa,
radgan is svian kacad iTvleboda (dab. 23:6) da mere Tavad iakobisa, _ es
iosebi iyo. iosebis davlaTi, pirvel yovlisa, imaSi gamovlinda, rom is
boroteba, rac Zmebma uyves, sasikeTod Semoutrialda mas (rogorc zRap-
ris obols, romelsac dedinacvlisgan miyenebuli satanjveli sadedof-
lod amzadebs) da mTel modgmas _ israels. `ufali iyo iosebTan da yve-
laferSi xeli hqonda momarTuli~ (dab. 39:2). da gadakarges Surianma Zmeb-
ma Soreul qveyanaSi (jer WaSi Caagdes, rom iqidan veRar amosuliyo),
rom ukan veRar dabrunebuliyo, mkvdrebSi agulebines misi Tavi mamas,
romelsac `ar surda nugeSi da ambobda: mgloviare Caval Cems SvilTan
SaveTSi~ (dab. 37:35). egvipteSic TiTqos samudamod gamoketes dilegSi
udanaSaulod, cildawamebuli, rom dRis sinaTle veRar exila, magram is
aRdga mkvdreTiT ucxo mxareSi, egvipteSi, aRzevda da misi xelmwifis
(faraonis) marjvena xeli Seiqna. iosebi davlaTma ixsna, romelic misi ma-
ma-papis RvTisagan iyo masze gadmosuli; magram mas hqonda erTi Tviseba,
romelic mxolod mas ekuTvnoda. iosebi iyo erTaderTi Zveli aRTqmis
adamianTa Soris, romelic axorcielebda maRalzneobriv princips, Semd-
gom qristianobis qvakuTxedad qmnils _ `giyvardes mterni Tqvenni da ke-
Tilsa uyofdiT moZuleTa TqvenTa~. msoflio SimSilobis dros egvipte-
 27

Si puris saSovrad Casul Zmebs, romelTac is gayides, iosebi _ egviptis

gamgebeli eubneba: `amieridan nuRar wuxxarT da nurc risxavT Tqvens
Tavs, rom aq gamyideT...~ (dab. 45:5). iosebma apatia Zmebs danaSauli Tavisi
pirovnuli gulmowyalebis ZaliT, Tumca es patieba aucilebelic iyo,
iseve, rogorc aucilebeli gamodga misi egvipteSi gadakargva. `Tqven bo-
roti ganizraxeT CemTvis, _ eubneba Zmebs, _ xolo RmerTma sikeTed moaq-
cia, raTa ise momxdariyo, rogorc moxda: mravali xalxis sicocxle exs-
na~ (dab. 50:20). ase gadaeWdo erTmaneTs iosebis pirovnuli bedi da iako-
bis saxlis anu mTeli xalxis bedi. `Tqveni sicocxlis saxsnelad gamomg-
zavna RmerTma. _ eubneboda Sexvedrisas Zmebs, roca Tavi gamoucxada. _
...gamomgzavna RmerTma Tqvens winaSe, rom gixsnaT am qveynad, sicocxle Se-
ginarCunoT da mogitanoT didi saxsari...~ (dab. 45:5-7). iosebma Caaxeda Zme-
bi gangebis sadumloSi da amiT warxoca maT SegnebaSi Zveli danaSauli
da samomavlo imedi Caunerga, saso imisa, rom mama-papisadmi RvTisgan mi-
cemuli aRTqma ar gacuddeboda.
egvipteSi CasvliT, sadac is sicocxlis saxsars eZebda, gamrTelda iakobis sax-
li: Zmebma kvlav hpoves maTgan ganwiruli Zma, mamas daubrunda mkvdreTiT aRmdgari
sayvareli Svili. Zmebis Sexvedris da Serigebis scena unikaluria; is esqatologi-
ur JReradobas iZens, rogorc `gilgameSianis~ aforizmi `gana samudamod iy-
rebian Zmebi?~ an fsalmunis `ehe, ra kargia, ra saamuria ZmaTa damkvidreba
erTad!~ (fs. 132:1).
bibliur msoflgancdaSi paradoqsulad aisaxa egviptis movlena: egvip-
te rom ara, sadac iosebma puris maragi Seqmna, SimSiliT amowydeboda ia-
kobis saxli. magram egvipteSi sicocxlis saxsris saZieblad Casuli ia-
kobis saxli, romelic ramdenime Taobis Semdeg ukve aRar iyo erTi oja-
xi, aramed mTeli xalxi, Tormeti tomisagan Semdgari, daimona egviptem.
Tumca is xom egvipteSi gadaurCa fizikur gadaSenebas da aqve Seiqna mra-
valricxovan erad, Tanaxmad aRTqmisa.
zneobriv paradoqszea agebuli iosebis Tavgadasavali. misi rCeuloba,
sikeTe da gulwrfeloba xdeba ucxo mxareSi gadakargvisa da tanjvis mi-
zezi. egviptis dilegi (rogorc zogadad egvipte), sadac is Caagdes, gax-
deba misi aRzevebis sawyisi, SeiZleba iTqvas, meored Sobis adgili da,
ramdenadac Rrma iyo dacema, imdenadve maRali iyo aRzeveba. es ritmi po-
ulobs religiur-filosofiur ganzogadebul gamoxatulebas erT ebra-
ul simReraSi: `risTvis, risTvis iltvis suli ufskrulebidan mwverva-
lebisaken? risTvis, risTvis iltvis suli mwvervalebidan ufskrulebis-
ken?~ iakobis saxli _ israeli gamravlda aRTqmisaebr, magram es gamrav-
leba xdeba mizezi misi satanjvelisa. egvipteli Cagravs Tavis qveyanaSi
gamravlebul ucxoTesls, `magram rac ufro Cagravdnen, miT ufro mra-
valricxovani xdeboda da vrceldeboda xalxi...~ (gam. 1:12). Cagvram gaaZ-
liera gamravlebis impulsi _ gadarCenis erTaderTi saxsari am ucxo qve-
yanaSi. magram xalxis istoriis am momentSi mTavari is iyo, rom am dros
aRdga dakarguli RvTis Semecneba, rac saerTo gaazrebiT eris TviTga-
morkvevis Sesatyvisia. ukidures gasaWirSi xalxs aRmoxda kvnesa da maTi
mama-papis RmerTma moZebna isini ucxo qveyanaSi. `moesma RmerTs maTi kvne-
sa da gaixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakobTan dadebuli aRTqma.
moxeda RmerTma israelianebs da icno isini RmerTma~ (gam. 1:24-25).
am dros gamoCnda eris winamZRoli da sjulmdebeli mose da gaCnda eg-
viptidan gasvlis idea, rogorc eris xsnis erTaderTi saxsari. marTalia,
 28

RmerTma gaixsena Tavisi xalxi da icno ucxo qveyanaSi, magram imisTvis,

rom xalxs ecno Tavisi RmerTi, xalxi unda gasuliyo egviptidan da mis
gareT unda eca Tayvani misTvis. es iqneboda egviptidan _ faraonis xeli-
dan daRwevis sababi da, amave dros, RvTis Semecnebis pirobac: Tavisi
RmerTi xalxs unda exila wmida, xeluxlebel, fexdaudgmel miwaze da
ara bilwi RmerTebiT aRsavse egvipteSi. aseTi adgili iyo udabno.
`mwyemsavda mose Tavisi simamris, midianeli mRvdlis, iTros cxvars. wa-
asxa cxvari Suagul udabnoSi da miadga RvTiur mTas _ xorebs. gamoecxa-
da uflis angelozi cecxlis alad Suagul mayvlovanSi. xedav, cecxli
ukidia mayvlovans, magram ar iwvis mayvlovani. Tqva mosem: mival, vnaxav
am didebul sanaxavs, ratom ar iwvis mayvlis buCqi. dainaxa ufalma, rom
modis mose sanaxavad da dauZaxa RmerTma Suagul mayvlovanidan: mose!
mose! miugo: aqa var. uTxra (ufalma): axlos nu moxval. gaiZvre fexsamo-
si, radgan es adgili, sadac Sen dgaxar, wmida miwaa...~ (gam. 3:1-5). ase Semo-
vida udabno xalxis cxovrebaSi, mis cnobierebaSi, mis msoflgancdaSi,
mis religiaSi. `gauSvi Cemi xalxi, rom dResaswauli gamimarTon udabno-
Si~ (gam. 5:1), moses piriT uTvlida xalxis RmerTi faraons, romelsac ar
undoda xalxis gaSveba egviptis tyveobidan.
es udabno, sadac aRmarTuli iyo sinais mwvervali xorebi _ RvTis ga-
mocxadebis adgili, aucileblad unda gaevlo egviptidan gamosul xalxs.
is unda misuliyo Tavis qveyanaSi ara im saqaravno gziT, romliTac Caiy-
vanes egvipteSi gasayidad tyve iosebi an romliTac damSeuli iakobis
saxli Cadioda, aramed udabnos ukacrieli gziT da amaSi didi azri iyo
Camarxuli. udabno iyo ara ubralod gza, romelic gaiara samSoblosken
mimavalma xalxma, aramed mTeli epoqa mis istoriaSi. xalxis istoriul
SegnebaSi is CabeWdilia rogorc adgili da xana, sadac da rodesac xal-
xi iSva, Camoyalibda da SeduRda erTian erad. egviptidan amovida brbo,
Wreli xalxi, romelmac ar icoda RmerTi da daviwyebuli hqonda Tavisi
warsuli, _ udabnoSi `mas Jams~ ki iSva xalxi Tavisi rjuliT da warsu-
liT; egviptidan amovida damonebuli xalxi, _ udabnoSi ki iSva Tavisufa-
li xalxi. es periodi, romelic uZveles sagazafxulo dResaswauls Se-
erwya, siymawvilis xanad aisaxa xalxis cnobierebaSi. udabnoSi gatarebu-
li siymawvilis xati cocxldeba winaswarmetyvelTa naqadagarSi, roca
maT xalxis momaval bedze uxdebodaT qadageba. `aha, daviyolieb mas,
udabnoSi waviyvan da movinadireb mis guls. iq mivcem venaxs da yaqoris
(mwuxarebis) vels imedis karTan. da iq imRerebs is, rogorc Tavis ymaw-
vilqalobisas, roca egviptelTa qveynidan gamodioda~ (os. 2:16-17). RvTisa
da misi rCeuli eris urTierToba udabnoSi mefe-dedofluri saqorwino
urTierTobiT daiwyo. ufali _ mefe, periodulad axsenebs Tavis xalxs _
dedofals winaswarmetyvelTa piriT misi cxovrebis gazafxuls, roca
pirvelad gainaskva maTi kavSiri. `me maxsovs Seni ymawviluri erTguleba,
patarZluri siyvaruli, roca udabnoSi _ dauTesvel miwaze momyvebodi...~
(ier. 2:1). marTalia, udabno mwiri da ukacrieli iyo, magram is idealuri
qveynis xati Seiqna, radgan masSi im xanas xedavdnen, rodesac israeli
RvTis winamZRolobiT Seucdomlad dadioda da cxovrobda; is iyo saswa-
ulTa xana, rodesac maT SeeZloT eTqvaT, _ maSin Cvens Soris iyo... `ufa-
li, romelmac egviptidan amogviyvana, gvatarebda udabnoSi _ SiSvel da
damskdar miwaze, gvalvian da pirquS qveyanaSi, sadac kaciSvils ar gauv-
lia, sadac Zexorciels ar ucxovria~ (ier. 2:6). am dros ufals is `xelSi
 29

hyavda ayvanili da didxans daatarebda, rogorc Svils deda~ (es. 63:9). am

dros xalxs awvimda zeciuri puri _ manana (ebr. man), saxe sulieri sazr-
dosi da maSin gadmoica rjuli da daido xelaxali aRTqma ganTavisuf-
lebul xalxTan.
mainc realurad udabnoSi gatarebuli ormoci weliwadi (erTi Taobis
ganmavloba) mZime, sastiki gansacdeli iyo xalxisaTvis, romelic miCveo-
da `monobis saxlSi~ usafrTxo da maZRar cxovrebas. mas zurgi unda Se-
eqcia aseTi awmyosaTvis uxilavi momavlis imediT, rasac ufali hpirde-
boda moses piriT, magram xalxi natrobda xorciT savse qvabebs: `netav
uflis xeliT gavmwydariyaviT egviptis qveyanaSi, roca xorciT savse qva-
bebs vusxediT da gaZRomamde vWamdiT purs! mogviyvane am udabnoSi, rom
SimSiliT amogvwyvito mTeli krebuli!~ (gam. 16:3).
xalxi, romelmac sixaruliT da triumfiT daaRwia Tavi egviptes, gza-
Si mouTmenlobas da sulmokleobas iCenda; is `qedficxeli~, jiuti da
TviTrjuli aRmoCnda da mose xSirad mzad iyo, sasowarkveTils uari eT-
qva Tavis misiaze. `uTxra mosem ufals: risTvis tanjav Sens msaxurs?
risTvis ver vpove madli Sens TvalSi, tvirTad rom damakisre es xalxi?
me xom ar mitarebia mucliT mTeli es xalxi? me xom ar miSobia, rom me-
ubnebi, Seni ubiT waiyvaneo, _ rogorc gamzrdeli atarebs ZuZuTa bavSvs,
_ im miwisken, romelic mis mama-papas aRuTqvi ficiT? sada maqvs xorci,
rom mivce mTels am xalxs? radgan Semomtirian da amboben: mogveci xor-
ci, rom vWamoT! marto me ver waviyvan mTel am xalxs, radgan mZimea CemT-
vis. Tu ase meqcevi, momkali barem, Tu madli mipovnia Sens TvalSi, rom
ar vuyurebde Cems satanjvels~ (ricx. 11:11-15).
moses umZimda am rCeuli xalxis winamZRoloba da Tavisi rCeulobac.
ratom mainc da mainc mose airCia ufalma xalxis winamZRolad? is xom
ucxo iyo Tavisi xalxisaTvis, is xom faraonis karze izrdeboda, mSob-
liuri xalxis wiaRs mowyvetili? xalxi ucxod Tvlida mas, aravin ic-
nobda mas; `is kaci mose~, _ ase ixseniebdnen. SesaZlebelia, man Tavisi
xalxis enac ar icoda srulyofilad (albaT amaze unda migvaniSnebdes
misi enabrgviloba. is, SeiZleba sruliad gaTqvefiliyo egviptelebSi,
rogorc mTeli misi xalxi; magram man datova faraonis kari, fufuneba,
rac mTeli xalxis egviptidan gamosvlis sawindari unda yofiliyo. man
Tavis Tavze gamoscada xalxis simdable da gautanloba). Tvistomis gamo-
sarClebisas mas egvipteli Semoakvda da Tvistommave wamoaZaxa es mkvle-
loba. is mainc uflis STagonebiT cxvris farasaviT mirekavda maT sauke-
Teso saZovrebisaken, xolo Tvistomni urCobdnen, ukan, egviptisken iwevd-
nen sulmokleobiT. is ki itanda maT sijiutesa da qedficxelobas, mzad
iyo xSirad Tavic gaewira maTi gulisTvis. `axla miuteve codva, _ emuda-
reboda ufals, _ arada, amomSale Seni dawerili wignidan~ (gam. 32:31).
Tumca ambobda, me xom ar miSobia es xalxio, magram es xalxi swored mas
unda eSva sulierad.
mose iyo movlenili suli, romelsac unda gaeRviZebina am xalxSi
erovnuli Segneba da miewvdina maTTvis maTi mama-papis RvTis sityva. aq
iCens Tavs udabnos erTi aspeqti, romelmac gansazRvra xalxis eTnogene-
zi da momavali. udabno imisTvis ido maT gzaze, rom marto darCeniliyv-
nen Tavis TavTan, rom SeecnoT sakuTari Tavi ara sxva xalxebis garemoc-
vis fonze, ara maTTan SedarebiT, aramed uSualod, absoluturad iseve,
rogorc absoluturi, Seudarebeli, erTaderTi iyo is RmerTi, romlis
 30

idealebis misaRebad unda gardaqmniliyo misi Segneba. is iseve unda dar-

Ceniliyo martodmarto uxilavi RvTis winaSe, rogorc Tavis droze abra-
ami, romlis cxovrebaSi iyo gamosvlis gadamwyveti epizodi (oRond indi-
vidualuri _ gamosvla qaldevelTa uridan), da rogorc mose, maTi Tana-
medrove (gansacdeli sinais mTaze. gam. 3).
udabno, rogorc gza (`zneoba~), sulierebiT iyo aRbeWdili da upiris-
pirdeboda xorciel egviptes, romelSic qristianulma tradiciam wuTi-
soflis simbolo dainaxa. `sabrxe Seimusra, xolo siri aRfrinda, daute-
va egvipte, romel ars cxovreba¡ ese nivTieri... da Sevida queyanasa mas
aRTqumisasa...~ werda erTi qarTveli aToneli hagiografi qarTveli moR-
vawis gardacvalebaze. xalxs unda `CamoeferTxa~ egviptis xorci, rom Se-
suliyo aRTqmis qveyanaSi mis dasamkvidreblad.

msajulni
`da ra¡Ra-me vTqua? rameTu damaklebs me Jami ese moTx-
robad gedeonisTKs, barakisTKs da samsonisTKs da ief-
TaesTKs...~ (ebr. 11:32)
msajulTa xana arsebiTad gansxvavdeba winamavali xanisagan, Zlieri xa-
nisagan, romelic mTavrdeba moses saqmis gamgrZeleblis, ieso naves Zis
sikvdiliT. am dros veRar vxedavT uflis magar xels, romelic winaT
yvelas _ mTeli isrelis krebulis Tvalwin moqmedebda. im wina TaobaSi
uflis xeli ganuwyvetliv, auRebliv iyo aRmarTuli xalxs zemoT da
xalxi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi winamZRolni, ganicdidnen amas. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom moses TaobaSi israelis krebuli ganicdida uflis ganuwyve-
tel gamocxadebas: es iyo udabnoSi, im Znel da uval gzaze, da mere ax-
laddasamkvidrebel qveyanaSi; aq iyo saWiro mudmivi winamZRoloba, ro-
gorc uflis, aseve miwieri beladis mxriv; rom egviptidan dawyebuli saq-
me bolomde miyvaniliyo; rom gaTavisuflebuli (`amosuli~) xalxi gzas
ar acdenoda, gzaSi ar gamqraliyo, rogorc qviSaSi daRvrili wyali.
dasrulda misia mosesi da misi msaxuris, misi gazrdilis iesosi. xal-
xi damkvidrda qveyanaSi, TiToeul toms Tavisi wilxvdomili ergo, Tumca
zogierTi tomis nawili msajulobis xanaSic eZebda Tavis wilxvdomils,
saidanac jer kidev ar iyo ZirZveli mosaxleoba ayrili. axal droSi,
iordanes gaRma, dasavleTiT damkvidrebul xalxs unda moegeriebina mte-
ri, romelic mravlad ertya garSemo, rogorc mkvidri mosaxleoba, ise
momTabareni.
Tu imxanad, udabnoSi moxetiale xalxi uflis mudmivi Tvalyuris qveS
iyo da naklebad hqonda gasaqani mis bunebriv urCobas da gareSe mteric
ar Canda, am axal xanaSi mTeli periodebi xalxis cxovrebisa ise gadio-
da, rom ar Canda gamocxadeba. xalxic miidrika bunebis RmerTebis _ baa-
lebis Tayvansacemad da daiviwyes ufali. iesos Semdgomi xana amgvarad
aris daxasiaTebuli `msajulTa wignSi~:
`mokvda ieso naves Ze, uflis morCili, as aTi wlisa... mTeli is Taobac
gadavida mama-papasTan; movida sxva Taoba, romelsac ar gaegona ufali,
arc misi saqmeni, israelisTvis rom aRasrula. ukuRmarTad iqceodnen is-
raelianebi uflis TvalSi da emsaxurebodnen baalebs, daiviwyes ufali,
TavianTi mama-papis RmerTi, romelmac egviptidan gamoiyvana isini, miiqc-
nen ucxo RmerTebisken, mezobel xalxTa RmerTebisken da Tayvans scemd-
 31

nen maT. daiviwyes ufali da emsaxurebodnen baalebsa da aSTaroTebs.

aRigzno uflis risxva israelianTa mimarT, xelSi Caugdo isini mZarcve-
lebs da aZarcvina. xelSi Caugdo garSemortymul mters da veRar umklav-
debodnen maT. sadac ar unda wasuliyvnen, avbediTad warmarTavda maT uf-
lis xeli, rogorc uTxra maT ufalma da daemuqra maT ufali. didad Se-
aWirva isini. daudgina maT msajulebi, romlebic mZarcvelebisagan ifa-
ravdnen maT, magram arc msajulebs ujerebdnen, uzneobdnen ucxo RmerTe-
bis kvalze. Tayvans scemdnen maT da maleve uxvevdnen im gzidan, romli-
Tac dadioda maTi mama-papa, uflis mcnebaTa morCili. eseni imaT msgavsad
ar iqceodnen. mas Semdeg, rac msajulebi daudgina maT ufalma, ufali
iyo msajulTan da mtrebisagan ifaravda maT msajulTa sicocxleSi, rad-
gan ebraleboda isini ufals, roca esmoda, rogor gminavdnen mCagvrelTa
da SemaviwroebelTa xelSi. magram mokvdeboda Tu ara msajuli, mamebze
uaress Cadiodnen, miiqceodnen RmerTebisken da Tayvans scemdnen maT. ar
eSvebodnen TavianT borot saqmes da urCobis gzas ar stovebdnen~ (msaj.
2:8_20).
rogorc am adgilidan Cans, iyo dro, rodesac gawyvetili iyo kavSiri
wina TaobasTan, im TaobasTan, romelmac ganuwyveteli tradiciis ZaliT
icoda ufali da is saqmeebi, romlebic man moimoqmeda xalxis gadasarCe-
nad. unda gamrTelebuliyo tradiciis gawyvetili jaWvi, amisTvis ki saWi-
ro iyo xelaxali gamocxadeba, xalxisTvis misi vinaobis kvlav gaxseneba.
Seqmnili viTareba ar iyo unikaluri israelis cxovrebaSi: egviptis xana
swored am daviwyebis niSniT iyo aRbeWdili, xalxi gminavda egviptis mo-
nobaSi da ar icoda, rom hyavda uzenaesi patroni _ Tavisi mama-papis
RmerTi (abraamis gamomyvani qaldevelTa uridan); am xalxs, monobaSi
myofs, daviwyebuli hqonda zeciuri mamac da miwieri mama-papac. maSin ga-
mouCnda maT mose, magram mis gamoCenas win uZRoda xalxis TviTSegnebis,
Tundac mbJutavis, gaRviZeba; rom ar gakvesebuliyo maTSi erovnuli TviT-
Segnebis naperwkali, xalxi ver SeZlebda im ubralo, bunebriv aqtsac ki,
rac moimoqmeda: xalxma SehRaRada ufals da swored am dros Cavarda maT
wiaRSi xsnis Tesli, ufalma icno isini da mouvlina maT mose.
am xanaSic, axal qveyanaSi moxvedrili xalxi, romelic es-es aris damk-
vidrda miwaze, rogorc miwaTmoqmedi xalxi, gareSe mtrebisgan Sewuxebu-
li, mudmiv SiSSi myofi, SehRaRadebs ufals da es iqneba swored gawyve-
tili tradiciis erTgvari gamrTeleba, TiTqos xelaxla unda gamocxade-
buliyo daviwyebuli rjuli, romelsac gamoucxadebs maT movlenili uf-
lis angelozi. uflis macne gamoCnda yvelas Tvalwin da lakonurad ga-
mokveTa rjulis arsebiTi mcnebani.
`movida uflis angelozi gilgalidan boqimSi da beTelSi israelis
saxlTan da Tqva: ase ambobs ufali: gamogiyvaneT egviptidan da mogiyva-
neT am qveyanaSi, romelic Tqveni mama-papisTvis mqonda aRTqmuli. vuTxa-
ri, ar davarRvev-meTqi TqvenTan dadebul aRTqmas ukunisamde. oRond nu
SekravT-meTqi kavSirs am qveynis xalxTan, nu iwamebT maT RmerTebs, daams-
xvrieT maTi kerpebi, daangrieT maTi samsxverploebi. Tqven ki ar ismineT
Cemi... roca uflis angelozi am sityvebs eubneboda israelianebs, xmamaR-
la tiroda xalxi. amitom uwodes am adgils saxelad boqimi (`mtiralni~).
msxverpli Sewires aq ufals~ (msaj. 2:1-2).
ai, ra gaaxsena uflis angelozma SeSinebul xalxs. es tirilic, cxa-
dia, maTi qvadqceuli gulebis sasikeTod Semobrunebis niSani unda yofi-
 32

liyo. Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi xSirad ver SevxvdebiT tirils (ar vgulis-
xmob ubralo datirebas), magram roca vinme tiris, unda darwmunebuli vi-
yoT, rom adamianis sulSi iRviZebs raRac axali da rom is gardaqmnis
zRvarze imyofeba. aq atirda mTeli xalxi, radgan mas gaaxsenda yvelaze
sanukvari ram, rac modioda misi warsuli cxovrebis yvelaze Zlieri xa-
nidan, radgan is misi siymawvilis xana iyo. imdenad Zlieri iyo es wuTe-
bi, es gancda istoriuli mexsierebis gacocxlebisa, rom is aRibeWda mi-
waze toponimis saxiT _ usaxelo adgils Seerqva saxeli.
uflis angelozma xalxs gaaxsena egviptidan amosvla, aRTqmis realu-
ri Sinaarsi da mcneba, Tu rogor unda moqceuliyo da rogor ar unda
moqceuliyo. am mcnebaTa Sesruleba-arSesrulebiT ganisazRvra israelis
mTeli istoriis ritmi da, kerZod, misi cxovreba msajulTa xanaSi.
vin iyo msajuli, ra funqcia ekisra mas xalxis istoriul bedSi? msa-
juli ar iyo arc winaswarmetyveli, arc mefe, magram is iyo raRac Sua-
leduri maT Soris. is ar iyo rjulis maswavlebeli, magram uflis suli
gadmosuli iyo masze da is moqmedebda uflis suliT aRZruli. is ar iyo
cxebuli, rogorc mefe, magram is iyo eris winamZRoli ukiduresi SeWir-
vebisas. msajuli, romelsac evaleboda qveynad da xalxSi simarTlisa da
samarTlis aRdgena, ierTebda Tavis TavSi funqciebs winaswarmetyvelisas
da mefisas am gardamaval xanaSi. `im dros israels mefe ar hyavda...~ ase
iwyeba `msajulTa~ me-18 Tavi, sadac moTxrobilia erTi usamarTlobis am-
bavi; `im dros, roca israels mefe ar hyavda...~ iwyeba me-19 Tavi, sadac
moTxrobilia arnaxuli SemTxveva israelis cxovrebaSi.
`im dros israels mefe ar hyavda da visac ra undoda, imas sCadioda~
(msaj. 17:6). ai, formula msajulTa xanisa. es sityvebi amgvaradac SeiZle-
ba gavigoT: israelis Segneba, sindisi, ar cnobda mefes an mis cnobiere-
baSi gamqrali iyo mefis saxeli; cxadia, igulisxmeba ufali, anu iahve _
maTi RmerTi. mkacri azriT, mxolod iahve unda yofiliyo da iyo kidec
mTeli warsuli istoriis manZilze, sabediswero TavgadasavalSi, israe-
lis mefe; yvela sxva mefe ki mis mier dayenebuli, mxolod misi saxel-
modgami iyo, romelic mxolod pirobiTad Tu iwodeboda mefed. is mefe,
romelic sinais mTaze gamoecxada moses Weqa-quxilSi, irCevs amqveyniur
mefes, romelsac mxolod warmavali arseboba hqonda, mefoba misTvis mi-
madlebuli iyo mxolod da ar iyo misi Sinagani buneba.
aqauri mefe acxadebs iqauri mefis nebas da aZlevs xalxs gzas, mimar-
Tulebas; mudmivad axsenebs mcnebas, mihyavs is, daatarebs mas swori gziT.
roca vkiTxulobT teqstSi, rom `im dros israels mefe ar hyavda~, mefeSi
ar igulisxmeba mainc da mainc mefobis instituti, romelic mxolod msa-
julTa epoqis dasasruls gaxda SesaZlebeli Tu aucilebeli. mefeSi gu-
lisxmobs yovel uflis rCeuls, romelsac gamoarCevs ufali Tavisi eri-
dan da daakisrebs xalxis xsnas, radgan arCeva mxolod maSin xdeba, roca
gadasawyvetia mniSvnelovani saqme, xolo eris cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani
sxva ra unda yofiliyo, Tu ara xsna.
xsna ZiriTadi kategoriaa israelis istoriisa; misi ritmi gasdevs
mTels mis Tavgadasavals. xsnis, gaTavisuflebis imediT aris aRvsili wi-
naswarmetyvelTa xilvebi da gamocxadebani. magram yvelaze TvalsaCinod
misi ritmi igrZnoba msajulTa xanaSi. `sikvdilamde israelis msajuli
iyo aodi... man ixsna israeli~, `daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli~, `da mere
daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli gedeonis sicocxleSi~ _ asea aRniSnuli
 33

xsnis periodebi `msajulTa wignSi~. xsnis Zala memkvidreobiT ar gadadi-

oda msajulidan msajulSi, rogorc samefo memkvidreoba; radgan winamZ-
Rolobis principi, unari, ar iyo moqceuli fizikur TeslSi, romelsac
is SeeZlo gadaetana mamidan SvilSi. pirvelcxebuli mefis, daviTis mad-
li gadadioda mis TeslSi _ modgmaSi, Tumca isini akninebdnen am madls,
radgan Tavad Tesli iyo gamocxadebuli mefuri principis matareblad
(ase iyo mefeTa xanaSi), magram yoveli msajuli uSualo STagonebas iReb-
da uflisgan, rogorc qarizmas (madls), romlis memkvidreobiT gadacema
SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan is ar iyo misi, ase vTqvaT, substanciuri unari;
amave dros, is iyo misi pirovnuli niWi, ufro tvirTi, da ar vrceldebo-
da mis modgmaze. qarizma, Cveneburad davlaTi, tovebda mas sikvdilis
Semdeg. davlaTi miebareboda mas, rogorc xsnis iaraRi mis xelSi da wa-
erTmeoda, roca xsna aRsruldeboda. `ufali iZleva, ufalsve miaqvs~, _
aRmoxda amoZirkvul, saxlkardaqceul iobs. aseTivea davlaTianis gancda,
tragikulia misi bedi.
rogorc iTqva, msajulis gamoCena krizisul viTarebaSi xdeba, roca
xalxs Tavisi ZaliT ar SeuZlia ixsnas Tavi gareSe mtrisagan, radgan mas
daviwyebuli hyavs mxsneli. xolo Tavis mxriv, es krizisuli viTareba _
mtris moZaleba swored uflis daviwyebis Sedegia. rogorc sasjeli anu
Sedegi: xalxma zurgi Seaqcia Tavis ufals da ucxo RmerTebs dauwyo
samsaxuri. iqmneba mojadoebuli wre, saidanac gamosavali ar Cans. magram
unda gairRves es wre. am wres gaarRvevs msajuli, romelic erTiani aq-
tiT ukuaqcevs xalxs ucxo RmerTebisagan mama-papis uflisaken da gareSe
mtrebisagan ixsnis mas. magram vidre msajuli gamoCndebodes, qveynis gasa-
Wirma ukidures zRvars unda miaRwios da xalxma gaixsenos, rom aris
ufali. pirveli, saxeliT cnobili msajulis gamoCena asea aRwerili
`msajulTa wignis~ me-3 TavSi: `... maSin SehRaRades israelianebma ufals
da gamouCina maT mxsneli, romelmac ixsna isini: RoTonieli... uflis su-
li iyo masSi da Seiqmna igi israelis msajuli... daisvena qveyanam ormoci
weli. mere mokvda RoTonieli, kenazis Ze. kvlav ukuRmarTad iqceodnen
israelianebi uflis winaSe da amZlavra ufalma israelze yegloni, moa-
bis mefe, radgan ukuRmarTad iqceodnen isini uflis TvalSi~.
rogorc am nawyvetidan Cans, xsnis periodi ara mxolod xalxis fizi-
kurad gadarCenis da mtris Zlevis periodia, aramed is aris uflis wina-
Se simarTliT cxovrebis xana, romelic grZeldeba, vidre msajuli coc-
xalia. msajuls uWiravs es xana, es aris misi sicocxlis dro, rodesac
mis mier moxdenili xsnis saswaulebi xalxis SegnebaSi amtkiceben rwme-
nas, rom ufali myofobs maT Soris, rom egviptisdroindeli mxsneli da
axlandeli mxsneli erTi da igive ufalia. ase rom, msajuli aris erTsa
da imave dros gmiric da religiur-zneobrivi winamZRolic, xalxis zneo-
bis gamsworebeli. is moqmedebs uflis saxeliT, grZnobs Tavis Tavze mi-
si sulis qrolvas da Tavis Tvistomebsac agrZnobinebs.
rogor irCevs ufali msajuls? ra niSniT gamoarCevs samsajulod kacs
Tavisi wridan? `msajulTa wignSi~ msajulad arCevis cxra SemTxvevaa da-
dasturebuli _ TiToeuls Tavisi individualoba aqvs imisda mixedviT,
Tu vin aris asarCevi msajulad. magram mematiane arasodes amzadebs mkiT-
xvels am SemTxvevisTvis: msajuli moulodnelad Semodis asparezze (er-
TaderTi gamonaklisia samsoni, romelic dabadebamde `nazorevelad~, mow-
midarad iyo Sewiruli mSoblebisagan uflisaTvis). vin gamoCndeba mxsne-
 34

lad, yovelTvis gauTvaliswinebelia, ar moelis xalxi da arc Tavad is,

vinc airCeva. garkveuli azriT, yovel israelianSia SesaZlebloba msaju-
lad gaxdomisa, radgan amisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli raRac gansakuTre-
buli Tvisebebi adamianSi. msajulma unda imoqmedos ara Tavisi piradi
fizikuri ZaliT, aramed uflis sulis meoxebiT, is unda iyos iaraRi mis
xelSi da, rac ufro `Seuxedavi~ iqneba es iaraRi, rac ufro uZlur STa-
beWdilebas stovebs igi, miT ufri aSkara xdeba uflis gamarjveba (aodi
cacia iyo, mamgarma saxriT gaimarjva gadamwyvet SetakebaSi, samsonma Sem-
TxveviT napovni viris TavybiT daxoca aTasi kaci); aqamde sruliad SeumC-
nevel adamians `aswevs~ uflis suli, rac upirveles yovlisa, uaRresad
piraduli gancdaa. ufro xSirad an, rogorc wesi, ucabedi da moulodne-
li, daujerebelic ki (rogorc es naCvenebia gedeonis magaliTze). am ze-
gardamo STagonebis gamosaxatavad SemuSavebulia stereotipuli gamoTq-
ma: `uflis suli iyo masze da Seiqna is israelis msajuli~ (3:10).
`msajulTa wignSi~ naxseneb cxra msajuls Soris mxolod oTxia mkveT-
rad gamokveTili individualuri niSnebiT da bediT. danarCenebze an sru-
liad araferia SemorCenili xsovnaSi an umniSvnelo, TiTqos arafrismTq-
meli fragmenti: aodi cacia iyo, magram swored am naklma gaamarjvebina
mas; mamgaris Sesaxeb xsovnaSi Semonaxulia mxolod is faqti, rom uflis
sulma mis xelSi saxre Zlevamosil iaraRad aqcia: `(aodis) Semdeg iyo
mamgari, anaTis Ze, romelmac saxriT daxoca eqvsasi filistimeli, da ma-
nac ixsna israeli~ (3:31). gavecnoT am oTx msajuls, romelTa ambavni sag-
mironi konkretuli epizodebis saxiT Semoinaxa matianem.

debora
`imJamad israelis msajuli iyo winaswarmetyveli debora, lafidoTis
coli. deboras finikis qveS cxovrobda igi ramasa da beTels Soris, ef-
remis mTaSi, da modiodnen masTan israelianebi rjulis saqmeze~ (4:4-5).
debora, romlis saxeli niSnavs `futkars~, iyo erTaderTi qali msa-
julTa Soris. sagulisxmoa, rom is Tavisi mowodebiT winaswarmetyvelic
iyo da, albaT swored amis gamo is ojaxisagan gancalkevebiT cxovrobda,
rogorc RvTis mowmidarebi. misi Rvawli Semoinaxa simReram _ ebrauli
poeziis erT-erTma uZvelesma nimuSma, romelic cnobilia `deboras simRe-
ris~ saxeliT, da adgilis saxelma _ `deboras finikma~ (Tomer deborah).
amave simReram Semoinaxa misi wodeba, erTad erTi mTels Zvel aRTqmaSi,
`deda israelSi~, romelic, SesaZlebelia, deda-futkris asociaciiT iyos
gaCenili: man, rogorc deda-futkarma, Semoikriba Tavis garSemo israelis
mTeli ska da am SemokrebiT ixsna igi. mematiane ar laparakobs deboras
msajulad arCevaze uflis sulis gardamosvliT; misi aRZvra msajulad
da mxsnelad gadmocemulia misive sityvebiT `deboras simReraSi~, rome-
lic mas miewereba. is mReris gadaSenebamde misul israelis skaze da Ta-
vis Tavze: `sicocxle Camkvdari iyo israelis daba-soflebSi, Camkvdari
iyo, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me deda israelSi~
(5:7).
gansxvavebiT sxva msajulTagan, debora ar ibrZvis uSualod, aramed is aRZravs
sxvas, visma xelmac unda moitanos xsna. finikis qveS man miiRo STagoneba, rogorc
msajulma da winaswarmetyvelma, da imis rwmena, rom xsna usaTuod iqneba, visi xe-
liTac ar unda aRsruldes igi. deboras hqonda uflis gamocxadeba, rom barak
 35

abinoamis xeliT unda Zleuliyo mteri _ qanaanis mefis laSqari mxedarTmTavar

sisaras winamZRolobiT; magram baraks ar hqonia amis Sinagani rwmena, radgan mas
ar hqonia uflis gamocxadeba; amitomac gamarTlebulia barakis sityvebi, romli-
Tac is mimarTavs msajul qals: `Tu wamomyvebi, waval; Tu ar wamomyvebi, ar
waval, raki ar vici, ra dRes momivlens ufali Tavis angelozs~ (4:8). ba-
raki marTalia, magram marTalia deborac, romelmac uTxra: `wamoyoliT
wamogyvebi, oRond, icode, Seni aRar iqneba dideba am gzaze, romliTac
modixar, radgan ufali diacis xelSi Caagdebs sisaras~ (4:9).
marTlac ise moxda, rogor uwinaswarmetyvela baraks deboram. mteri,
marTalia, iZlia, magram saboloo gamarjveba mainc wauvida xelidan ba-
raks; baraki daedevna CamoqveiTebul mxedarTmTavar sisaras, sruliad
marto darCenils, edevneboda mosaklavad, rom moexveWa dideba da misiT
dagvirgvinebuliyo es uflismieri Zleva mtrisa, magram sisara qalis ker-
Zi gaxda, xeber kenielis colis, iayelisa, romelmac stumarmaspinZluri
wmida wesis SelaxviT mokla mis karavSi Semoxvewili sisara, dandobi-
lad Semoxvewili, raki icoda, rom mis mefesa da xeber kenielis saxls
Soris mSvidoba da keTilganwyobileba sufevda. `aha, modis baraki sisa-
ras kvalze. gaegeba iayeli da uTxra: `SemobrZandi, daganaxo is kaci, Sen
rom eZeb.~ Sevida da, aha mkvdari agdia sisara, palo aqvs garWobili sa-
feTqlebSi~ (4:22).
sastiki da, albaT uRvTo iyo xeber kenielis colis moqmedeba, magram
am sisastikiT SeZleba gaizomos is ukiduresi SeWirveba, rac adga xalxs
iabin qanaanis mefisgan. am epizodze wydeba deboras msajulobis ambavi.
am erTma brZolam, rogorc Cans, ganuTqva mas saxeli. magram debora ar
iyo mxolod msajuli, arc mxolod winaswarmetyveli, arc mxolod mxsne-
li, xalxSi meomruli sulis Camdgmeli; is iyo amasTanave, Cveni sityviT
rom vTqvaT, poetic, rogorc xSirad iyvnen winaswarmetyvelni, RvTis sit-
yvis qadagni da swored sityvier-SemoqmedebiTi unariT aRwevdnen mizans.
im Zlevis ambavi, romelic deboras STagonebiT da gamxnevebiT moaxdina
israelma, orgzis aris moTxrobili `msajulTa wignSi~, erTxel prozau-
lad meoTxe TavSi, meoregzis _ simReriT mexuTe TavSi. es simRera ekuTv-
nis Tavad deboras.
deboras simRera
ase imRera im dRes deboram, da barakma, abinoamis Zem: `amxedrdnen di-
debulni israelSi, Tavi gamoidoo xalxma; akurTxeT ufali! ismineT, me-
feno, yuri momapyariT mTavarno! es me var, me vumReri ufals, me vugalob
ufals, israelis RmerTs! roca seyiridan gamoxvedi ufalo, roca edomis
velze gaiare, miwa Seirya, cac ki gadmoiRvara, Rrublebic ki wylad iRv-
rebodnen; mTebi moidriknen uflis winaSe, Tavad eg sinaic ki, uflis wi-
naSe, israelis RvTisa. mamgaris xanaSi, anaTis Zisa, iayelis xanaSi daca-
rielda Saragzebi, sworze veRaravin bedavda siaruls, Soridan arCevdnen
Semovlas. sicocxle Camkvdariyo israelis daba-soflebSi, Camkvdariyo
igi, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, deda israelSi.
axali RmerTebi airCies, amitomac Semoadgnen karibWes. Tu uCans far-Subi
ormoci aTass israelSi? israelis mTavrebs Cemi guli, xalxSi Tavgamo-
debulebs! akurTxeT ufali! TeTr saxedrebze amxedrebulno, xaliCebze
fexmorTxmulno, gzebze qveiTad damavalno, TqviT sagalobeli! iq, sadac
dasarwyuleblad Tavs uyrian naxirs, uflis simarTles imRereben, israe-
lis winamZRolTa simarTles! karibWesTan mozRvavda maSin uflis eri.
 36

aRiZar, aRiZar, debora! aRiZar, aRiZar, Tqvi sagalobeli! aRdeq, barak,

daatyveve Seni damatyvevari, abinoamis Zeo! maSin ZlierTa natamals dau-
morCila man xalxi; ufalma damimorCila vaJkacebi. efremidan movidnen ya-
malekSi damkvidrebulni, beniaminic SenTanaa, Sens xalxs Soris. maqiri-
dan movidnen Tavkacebi, zebulonidan _ winamZRolTa kverTxis mpyrobel-
ni. isaqaris mTavarnic deborasTan arian; barakis kvaldakval moiWra vel-
ze isaqari; reubenis wyaroebTan didi TaTbiria. ras damjdarxar saCixeTa
Soris da usmen naxiris bRavils? reubenis wyaroebTan didi TaTbiria. ga-
laadi iordanes gaRma davanebula; ratom SeyuJula dani xomaldebSi?
zRvis piras damjdara aSeri da Tavis sanaoebTan davanebula. arad miaC-
nia sikvdili zabulonis xalxs, tramalis zegnebze nefTalia.
movidnen mefeni, Seibnen. maSin Seibnen qanaanis mefeni TanaaxSi, megidos
wylebTan, magram mciredi vercxlic ver Caigdes xelSi. cidan ebrZodnen,
TavianTi gzebidan ebrZodnen vaskvlavebi sisaras. kiSonis xevma waiRo
isini, Zvelma xevma, kiSonis xevma. daTrgune, sulo Cemo, mZlavroba! maSin
srbolisagan imsxvreodnen cxenTa floqvebi, misi vajkacebis srbolisa-
gan! `dawyevleT, merozi~, ambobs angelozi uflisa, dawyevleT misi mkvid-
rni, radgan ar gamovidnen uflis saSvelad, uflis saSvelad vaJkacebTan
erTad!
kurTxeul iyos diacTa Soris iayeli, xeber kenielis coli! karavSi
mcxovrebTa Soris kurTxeul iyos! wyali mosTxova da rZe miarTva, sefe-
TasiT miarTva mouxdeli rZe. marcxena xeliT palos daswvda, marjveniT
_ uros; mouqnia sisaras, TavSi dahkra, gaupo, safeTqeli Seulewa. mis fe-
xebTan Caikeca, daeca, veRar adga; mis fexebTan Caikeca; sadac Caikeca, iq-
ve daeca gangmiruli. sarkmlidan iyureba, kankledidan gahkivis sisaras
deda: `ratom igvianebs misi mxedroba, borblebi misi etlisa ram Seafer-
xa?~. pasuxoben gonieri sefeqalebi da Tavadve ambobs Tavisi sityvebis pa-
suxad: `nadavls iSovnidnen da iyofen: TiTo mxevali, or-ori mxevali _
TiTo meomars; naalafari feradi samoseli _ sisaras, naalafali feradi
samoseli, orxoulad naqsovi, mtris tanze SemoZarcvuli!~.
yvela mteri ase dagelios, ufalo! uflis moyvarulni amomaval mzesa-
viT gaZlierdnen!~
da daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli.

gedeoni
gedeonis msajuloba qarizmatuli rCeulobis mkafio magaliTia. eWvi
ar unda iyos, israelSi bevri iqneboda magari vaJkaci, pirovnuli mamaco-
biTa da simxneviT savse; magram ufalma moisurva erTi uCinari da sxvaTa-
gan gamourCeveli kacis xeliT moexdina xsna.
`movida uflis angelozi da dajda abi-yezreli ioaSis muxis qveS,
yofraSi, roca misi vaJi gedeoni sawnaxelSi cexvavda xorbals midianel-
Tagan farulad. gamoecxada uflis angelozi da uTxra: ufali SenTanaa,
magaro vaJkaco!~ (msaj. 6:11-12).
es is dro iyo, roca midianelTa da sxva momTabare tomebis SiSiT da-
beCavebul israels ver gaebeda saaSkaraod mSvidobiani Sroma. msajulis
gamoCenas, rogorc wesi, win uZRvis ukiduresi Znelbedoba, rac Tavis
mxriv gamowveuli iyo uflis sarwmunoebis dacemiT xalxSi: `ukuRmarTad
iqceodnen israelianebi uflis winaSe da ufalma midianis xelSi amyofa
isini Svid weliwads. damZimda midianis xeli israelze, ixiznebodnen is-
 37

raelianebi midianisagan mTebSi, gamoqvabulebSi da miuval adgilebSi.

rogorc ki moamTavrebda israeli xvna-Tesvas, movidodnen midiani, yamale-
ki da kedemi da moedebodnen israels. Camosaxldebodnen maT miwaze, gaa-
Canagebdnen mTels mosavals Razamde, aRarafers utovebdnen israels Ta-
vis sarCenad _ arc cxvars, arc Zroxas, arc saxedars. modiodnen jogebi-
an-karvebianad, modiodnen kaliasaviT uricxvni, Tvla ar hqondaT arc maT
da arc maT aqlemebs. Seeseodnen da aCanagebdnen israelis qveyanas~ (msaj.
6:1-5).
am dros es `magari vaJkaci~ (gibor xail), rogorc mas uwoda uflis
angelozma, mtris Tvals mofarebuli Sromobda TavisTvis da fiqradac
ar mosdioda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo xsna; miTumetes, ver warmoidgenda, Tu
xsna misi xeliT unda aRsrulebuliyo; arc imas, ra Tqma unda, rom misi
xeliT unda dangreuliyo baalis sakurTxeveli da xalxi uflisken Semo-
ebrunebina. uflis angelozis gamocxadebamde gedeoni ver grZnobda Tavis
TavSi gansakuTrebul fizikur Zalas, verc uCveulo religiur mowodebas
da verc Tavis sagvareuloSi xedavda raime gansakuTrebul Rirsebas. uf-
lis angelozis sityvebze: `wadi mag Seni ZaliT da ixseni israeli midia-
nis xelidan~, mTeli gulwrfelobiT, da albaT, sinanulis grZnobiT pa-
suxobs: `vaglax, batono, me rogor unda vixsna israeli? Cemi sagvareulo
yvelaze mcirea menaSes tomSi, me ki mamaCemis saxlSi yvelaze umcrosi
var~ (msaj. 6:14-15). aq unda davZinoT, rom Tavad menaSe yvelaze umcrosi
tomi iyo israelSi.
gedeonisTvis sruliad daujerebelia, rom esoden knini kaci, rogora-
dac Tavi miaCnda aqamde, `guSin da guSinwin~, romelic arafers gansakuT-
rebuls ar grZnobs Tavis TavSi, airCia ufalma. gedeoni iTxovs uflis
angelozisgan, romelic ver icno man uflis angelozad, niSans imis dama-
dasturebels, rom es kaci namdvils laparakobs, rom is namdvilad uf-
lis gamogzavnilia. mas esaWiroeba Sinagani darwmunebulobisaTvis uxi-
lavi wodebis xiluli niSani. niSnis molodinSi gedeoni ZRvens gamou-
tans stumars _ asrulebs stumarmaspinZlobis sayovelTao Cveulebas
(rogorc abraami im sami stumris mimarT): gamoaqvs misTvis xorci da xmi-
adebi, rasac teqstSi ewodeba `ZRveni~ (minha _sakulto termini), radgan
es sastumarmaspinZlo `purmarili~ stumrisagan, romelic namdvilad uf-
lis angelozia da uflis nebiT moqmedebs, Seiwireba rogorc ZRveni, Se-
sawiravi. es moxdeba gedeonis Tvalwin. is, rac uxilavad xdeba msxverpl-
Sewirvisas, xilul saxes iRebs gedeonis winaSe. `gaiSvira uflis ange-
lozma kverTxi, romelic xelT epyra, da mere wveri xorcsa da xmiadebs
Seaxo, avarda qvidan cecxlis ali da STanTqa xorci da xmiadebi. mere
Tvals miefara uflis angelozi~ (msaj. 6:21). amrigad, gedeonis Tvalwin
gacxadda msxverplSewirvis saidumlo, romelic arc erT mRvdelmTavars
aaronianTagan ar gamocxadebia; am saswaulma daudastura mas ara mxo-
lod eWvmiutanloba stumris misiisa, aramed Seacnobina Tavis TavSi re-
ligiuri winamZRolobis unari, romelsac dasabami moses pirovnebaSi
aqvs. sastumro sufra gadaiqca samsxverplo trapezad da gedeoni moevli-
na Tavis toms da mTels israels daviwyebuli mamapapeuli kultis aRmd-
genelad, im didi moses xatad am dakninebul xanaSi. gedeonma gabeda, Se-
iqna `mkadre~ imisa, rasac sxva dros, `guSin da guSinwin~, ver ikadrebda
_ man daangria baalis samsxverplo da aaSena uflis samsxverplo, ro-
melzec Seswira kurati albaT didi xnis daviwyebul aRsavlen `srulad-
 38

dasawvel~ msxverplad. es uCveulo ambavi iyo, ukidures kadnierebad aRiq-

ves gedeonis moqmedeba misma Tvistomebma:
`adgnen diliT qalaqis mkvidrni da ras xedaven: baalis samsxverplo
dangreulia, gverdiT rom xemxvivani idga, moWrilia da aRsavleni kurati
iwvis axladagebul samsxverploze. uTxres erTmaneTs _ vin Caidina es
saqme? mimodgnen, gamoikiTxes da Tqves: `gedeons Caudenia, ioaSes Zes~. uT-
xres qalaqis mkvidrebma ioaSs:
`gamogviyvane Seni vaJi, sikvdiliT unda daisajos, radgan daungrevia
baalis samsxverplo da gverdiT rom xemxvivani idga, mouWria~. uTxra io-
aSma yvelas, vinc mas miuxda: ra Tqveni dasacavia baali, ra Tqveni sapat-
ronoa? misi damcveli am diliTve sikvdiliT daisjeba. Tu RmerTia, Ta-
vad daicvas Tavi, radgan gedeonis dangreulia misi samsxverplo. uwodes
im dRidan (gedeons) ierobaali, radgan Tqves: Tavad gauswordes baali
Tavisi samsxverplos dangrevisaTvis~ (msaj. 6:28-32).
gedeonis axali saxeli, ra azric ar unda idos masSi (TiTqos: `baali
davobs~), misi feriscvalebis gamoxatulebaa, axali saxeli yovelTvis
niSnavs adamianis axal dabadebas. am kerZo SemTxvevaSi imasac mowmobs,
rom xalxma daadastura misi ganaxleba; anu gedeonis Sinagani rwmena,
darwmunebuloba, gancda rCeulobisa, obieqtur aRiarebas poulobs. axa-
li saxeli, romelic Tumca xalxma Searqva mas da ara ufalma, dagvirgvi-
nebaa yovelive imisa, rac moxda manamde sawnaxelTan, rac Caidina, gabeda
gedeonma, roca itvirTavda rjulmdeblis fuqcias. aq isic niSandobli-
via da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Zveli aRTqmis koncefciiT, rom xsna
mxolod maSin moxdeba, rodesac xalxi zurgs Seaqcevs baals, rwmena-war-
modgenaTa da sakulto wesTa Tu zne-CveulebaTa mTels erTobliobas,
rac baalis qanaanur kultSia daunjebuli, da roca, rac mTavaria, gamoC-
ndeba, `aRdgeba~, rogorc gamoTqvams teqsti, kaci, uflis suliT aRZru-
li, da darazmavs xalxs baalisa da momxduri mtris winaaRmdeg.
qarizmatuli beladi mxolod maSin gadis brZolaSi, roca is Sinaganad
grZnobs uflis sulis myofobas Tavis TavSi; roca ufali iZleva iseT
niSans, romelic Tavisi damarwmuneblobiT aRemateba yovelgvar saswauls
fizikur planSi. `uflis sulma moicva (anu `Seimosa~) gedeoni, buksa
hkres da gamovidnen abiyezerelni mis daZaxilze~ (msaj. 6:34). aq unda iTq-
vas, rom xsnis beladis qarizmatulobis piroba misi bunebriv-adamianuri
uZlurebaa, iseve rogorc gareSeTa TvalSi gamourCevloba apirobebs uf-
lis rCeulobas, rac Seadgens Zveli aRTqmis samxsnelo moZRvrebis Tavi-
seburebas. es amgvarad gamoixateba: ufals surs moaxdinos xsna uZluris
xeliT da mcirericxovani mxedrobiT, zogjer sruliad umniSvnelo raz-
miT, risTvisac mas sakmarisi safuZveli aqvs. mas Semdeg, rac gedeoni `mo-
icva uflis sulma~ da oTxi tomis xalxi _ mebrZolebi, ocdaTormeti
aTasi kaci, dabanakebuli iyo brZolis molodinSi, ufali gamoecxada ge-
deons da eubneba: `Zalze bevri xalxi gyavs. ar Cavagdeb amaT xelSi midi-
ans, rom ar gamididguldes israeli, ar Tqvas, Cemma xelma mixsnao~ (msaj.
7:2).
warmatebisgan TviTgandidebis araerTi magaliTi SeiZleba davadastu-
roT Zvel aRTqmaSi. gansakuTrebuli warmateba, rac xSirad saswauls ud-
ris, gamoCenili pirovnebis tragizmis mizezi xdeba. gamonaklisi arc msa-
julebi arian, maT Soris arc gedeoni, magram mis pirovnebaSi daZleuli
Tu miCqmaluli TviTgandideba mis STamomavlobaSi gadadis da iq qmnis
 39

tragizms. am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, rac gedeonis misias Seexeba, ufals surs,

rom israelma umniSvnelo mxedrobiT sZlios midians, raTa gamoCndes uf-
lis dideba da misdami rwmena gamyardes xalxSi. ase rom es brZola faq-
tiurad religiuri omia, romlis aRsasrulma religiur-zneobrivi aRmav-
loba unda moutanos xalxs. xsna gulisxmobs ara mxolod da ara imde-
nad xalxis fizikur gadarCenas, ramdenadac zneobriv gadaxalisebas. ami-
tomac xsna, Tundac aseTi efemeruli da umniSvnelo masStabSi aRsrule-
buli, esqatologiuria Tavisi arsiT. sxvanairad Tu vityviT, es xsna mi-
dianelTa xelidan im sayovelTao metaistoriuli xsnis anareklia am wu-
Tisoflad istoriul xanaSi.
sabolood gedeoni, Tumca uflis rCeulia, magram misi xeli, rogorc
kerZo kacisa, ar aris gammarjvebeli: is mxolod iaraRia uflis xelSi,
imave `magar xelSi~, romelmac egviptidan ixsna xalxi; `xeli~ uflis su-
lis meore saxelia. im sulisa, romelmac `moicva gedeoni~. gedeonis
mxriv aq ar unda yofiliyo gaugebroba, rom uflis suli Tavis sakuTar
sulad, masSi bunebrivad dabadebul mxneobad moCveneboda; radgan mxneoba
TandaTanobiT ar warmoiSveba misi gulis siRrmeSi, aramed es iyo ro-
gorc movardnili talRa an Zlierad moberili niavqari, romlis winaaR-
dgoma SeuZlebelia. gedeoni mindobilia masSi moberil suls, xalxi ki
dandobilia masze da TiTqmis aigivebs mas ufalTan. gedeonis saxiT is
xedavs ufals, uflis `magar xels~, amitomac aris SesaZlebeli TiTqos-
da mkrexeluri Zveli aRTqmis religiis fonze sityvebi `uflisaTvis da
gedeonisaTvis!~, romelTac gaiZaxis sabrZolo yiJinad is mcire razmi,
ufalma rom gamoarCevina da dautova gedeons.
imdenad mcirea adamianis fizikuri Zalis wvlili uflismier xsnaSi,
rom mterze gamarjvebas groteskuli saxe aqvs micemuli: gedeonis laSqa-
ri imarjvebs bukiscemiT da anTebuli kvarebiT, romlebic doqebSi hqon-
da damaluli samas mebrZols. samasi anTebuli CiraRdnis moulodnelma
gamoCenam samasi bukis xmaze imdenad daabnia midianis banaki, rom maT er-
TmaneTze aRmarTes maxvili da mere uwesrigod gaifantnen sxvadasxva mxa-
res. groteskulia is niSanic, romliTac SeirCa samasi mebrZoli saomrad
Sekrebili aTi aTasamde israelianidan. Tavis mxriv, es aTi aTasi kaci
ocdaori aTasidan darCa. roca uflis sityvam gamoacxada, rom visac
omis SiSi hqonda, ukan gabrunebuliyo. ase rom, es aTi aTasi rCeuli, gu-
ladi meomrebi iyvnen. magram aTi aTasic bevri iyo uflis TvalSi. `mainc
bevria xalxi, eubneba ufali gedeons; wyalze Caiyvane da iq gamogirCev
maT. viszec me getyvi, gamogyves-meTqi, is gamogyves; viszec getyvi, nu ga-
mogyveba-meTqi, nu gamogyveba~ (msaj. 7:4).
rogorc vxedavT, saboloo arCevani ufalzea: man unda amoarCios sauke-
Teso, is narCevi, romlis saSualebiT unda ganxorcieldes xsna. magram
irCevs ki ufali Tavis saymodan saukeTesos, roca mas surs uZlurSi ga-
acxados Tavisi dideba? iyo Tu ara saukeTeso arCevani, roca man airCia
gedeoni, romelic Tavadve adasturebda Tavis uRirsobas da umniSvnelo-
bas; an roca airCia mose, romlisTvisac aseve moulodneli iyo es arCeva-
ni da isic uRirsad grZnobda Tavs (aseTi iyo maTi Sinagani gancda da ar
unda mivaweroT is Tavmdablobas an yalb TavpatiJs maTi mxridan)? niSan-
doblivia, rom rogorc winamZRols ar irCevs sakuTari arCevaniT xalxi,
aseve mebrZolebic ar arian misi arCeulni; gedeonic uflis kacia da is
samasic, romelic ucnaurad gamoarCia aTiaTasidan ufalma.
 40

uflis sityvisamebr, gedeonma `Caiyvana xalxi wyalze. uTxra ufalma

gedeons: vinc eniT Sesvleps wyals, rogorc ZaRlebi svlepen, calke daa-
yene, agreTve isinic, vinc Caimuxlebs da ise dalevs. eniT msvlepelTa
ricxvi samasi iyo, danarCenma xalxma Caimuxla da ise dalia wyali. uTx-
ra ufalma gedeons: samasi msvlepeli gixsniT da xelSi CagagdebinebT mi-
dians; danarCeni xalxi Sin wavides~ (msaj. 7:5-7).
aTi aTasi kacidan samasi kaci _ isic msvlepeli! ra motiviT? iqneb
imis gamo, rom msvlepelSi naklebad ivaraudeba adamianuri (gavixsenoT
veluri, naxevarkaci enqidu, romelic gareul mxecebTan erTad piriT ewa-
feba wyals) da ufro metad mxecuri, rac TiTqos samkvdro-sasicocxlo
brZolaSi warmatebis sawindari unda yofiliyo. magram es samasi xom Ta-
vis ZaliT da mxecuri gabedulebiT (romelsac sokrate ganarCevs namdvi-
ladamianuri simamacisagan) ar imarjvebs; aramed bukiscemiT, dalewili
qoTnebis grialiT da moulodnelad gamoCenili cecxliT; yovelive amas
isini _ es msvlepelni asruleben gedeonis darigebiT. aq arc maTi Zala
Cans, arc mxedruli suli, arc gansakuTrebuli simamace, arc goniereba
da arc brZolaSi gamosadegi gamWriaxoba. isini mxolod msvlepelni ari-
an da meti araferi, SesaZloa, uaresi narCevi anu unarCevesi im oTxi to-
midan israelisa, romlebic Sekrebilni iyvnen galaadis mTaze.
midianis Zlevam, romelic gedeonis xeliT moxda _ Tumca metismetad
kuriozuli, sruliad ara meomruli saSualebiT, TiTqos zRapruli xer-
xiT (rogorc zRaprebSi xdeba, rogorc nacarqeqia amarcxebs devs nacris
buqiT), _ didi STabeWdileba datova xalxis xsovnaSi. es istoriuli mov-
lena, romelic Semonaxulia mTeli Tavisi konkretulobiT, winaswarmety-
velTa qadagebebSi igavur mniSvnelobas iZens. winaswarmetyvel esaias xa-
naSi (Zv.w. VIII s.) midianelTa mtroba, cxadia, ar iqneboda aqtualuri, sa-
magierod, `midianis dRe~ (es. 9:3), `midianis Zleva (es. 10:26), gaarRvevs ra
viwro dro-Jamul farglebs da istoriul kerZoobas, esqatologiuri mo-
mavlis simbolo xdeba _ saboloo mtris ukanaskneli Zlevis niSani. amave
dros, `midianis dRe~, rogorc dRe xsnisa, gaTanabrebulia xalxis egvip-
tidan gamoxsnis genezisur dResTan, roca mxsnelma `kverTxis moRerebiT~
gaapo mewamuli zRva, rogorc dasabamieri urCxuli, da gza-savali gauxs-
na xalxs. am azriT `midianis Zlevas~ esaias winaswarmetyvelebaSi kosmo-
goniuri Seferilobac aqvs.
rodesac israelianebi eubnebian gedeons, `Sen gvixseni midianis xeli-
dan~, am naTqvamSi ufro metia nagulisxmevi, vidre dRevandelma mkiTxvel-
ma SeiZleba dainaxos. saqme is aris, rom xsna, rogorc viciT, israelis
RmerTis, rogorc samyarosa da istoriis Semoqmedis, mTavari atributia:
is aris mxsneli _ moSiay _ upiratesad, am wodebaSia moqceuli mTeli mi-
si Rvawlis Sinaarsi. is aris mxsneli kacTa modgmisa urCxulisagan _
kosmosis mtrisgan da israelisa misi istoriis gariJraJze egviptis tyve-
obidan. amgvari SegnebiT da moSiayis amgvari gaazrebiT, gedeonis, ro-
gorc mxsnelis, pirovneba xalxis TvalSi zeadamianuri RirsebiT unda
Semosiliyo. am Segnebas savsebiT gamoxatavda saomari yiJina, romliTac
samasi msvlepeli Caeba brZolaSi: `uflisaTvis da gedeonisaTvis!~ xalxi
ar iqneboda kmayofili, rom misi mxsneli Cveulebriv adamianad (rigiT
israelianad) darCeniliyo, sakuTari xeliT momkili puris mcexvelad
sawnaxelSi, an efemerul msajulad, romlis funqcia mxolod ukidures
gasaWirSi Tu iCenda Tavs. gedeoni maT TvalSi erTi TaviT unda amaRle-
 41

buliyo. xalxi fiqrobda, rom man es daimsaxura midianis ZleviT. is mefe

unda gamxdariyo. amave dros, xalxs surda misi mefed cxebiT moepovebina
mudmivi mxsneli efemeruli msajulis nacvlad, rac mas mudmiv usafrT-
xoebis garantias Seuqmnida. maSin mis pirovnebaSi SeerTdeboda ori prin-
cipi winamZRolobisa: erTi, rasac gulisxmobs moSiay (mxsneli) da meore,
rasac gulisxmobs maSiax (mesia, cxebuli). xalxs surda erT pirovnebaSi
exila am ori funqciis damTxveva, romelic isedac arsebobda am ori sit-
yvis fonetikaSi.
gedeoni gansacdelis, ufro sacTuris, winaSe idga da man sZlia sac-
Turs. `uTxres israelianebma gedeons: ibatone Cvenze Senc da Senma Svil-
mac, radgan Sen gvixseni midianis xelidan. gedeonma uTxra: me ver vibato-
neb Tqvenze da verc Cemi Svili ibatonebs Tqvenze. ufali batonobs
Tqvenze~ (msaj. 8:22-23). am pasuxSi gamoCnda gedeonis simtkice da erTgu-
leba uflisadmi, pirdapir unda iTqvas, misi Teologiuri mrwamsi, RvTis-
Semecneba. saqme is aris, rom mefobis instituti, romelic israelianebma
garSemo xalxebis wabaZviT SemoiRes, CaTvlilia maT erovnul codvad,
Ralatad uzenaesi patronisadmi, radgan maTi erTaderTi mefe (melex)
ufali RmerTi unda yofiliyo. gedeonis pasuxSi mefobis uaryofiT da-
dasturda misi siwrfele, magram mas hqonda meore gansacdeli da cTune-
ba, man Caidina saqcieli, romelzec naTqvamia, rom is `maxed eqca gedeons
da mis saxls~. gedeonis moqmedeba, razec axla gveqneba saubari, aSkarad
mogvagonebs `oqros xbos~ Seqmnis epizods, romelic mouSorebel wyev-
lad gasdevs eris religiur Segnebas aaronis xanidan moyolebuli. maSin
stiqiuri religiuri SuriT aRvsilma xalxma, romelsac surda exila eg-
viptidan gamomyvani RmerTis saxe, aiZula aaroni xalxSi mokrebili oq-
roulobisagan Camoesxa maTTvis xbos qandakeba. cxadia, es iyo ukangadad-
gmuli nabiji im gzaze, romelzec moses mihyavda xalxi. am xalxs surda
exila uxilavi RmerTi da ixila is xbos saxiT. marTalia, gedeons xal-
xisTvis ar miucia maTi RvTis zoomorfuli saxe, magram uflis xatis
Seqmna masac codvad CaeTvala da ara mxolod pirovnulad mas.
rodesac gedeonma uari Tqva mefobaze im simarTliT, rom `ufali batonobs maT-
ze~, mas gauCnda idea uflis raRac niSani mieca xalxisTvis. es niSani oqrosi un-
da yofiliyo udabnodan gamoyolili tradiciiT. aaronis kvalze gedeonma akrifa
xalxSi nadavlad Cagdebuli midianelTa oqrouloba, gaakeTa misgan efodi da Ta-
vis qalaqSi, yofraSi, gamofina (msaj. 8:24-27). gedeons ar gaukeTebia oqros xbo, arc
sxva saxis ram kerpi, rom xalxisaTvis RvTis saxe daenaxvebina. man Seqmna efodi,
samRvdelmTavro Sesamoseli _ oqromkediT, lurji, Zoweuli da mewamuli ZafebiT
moqsovili (TiToeul fers Tavisi simboluri mniSvneloba hqonda), romelic
mRvdelmTavris RvTismsaxurebas gamoarCevda Cveulebrivi kultmsaxurebisagan. es
iyo yvelaze wmida samoseli, Tavisi oqros brwyinvalebiT uflis didebis gamom-
xatveli, uromlisodac mRvdelmTavari wmidaTa wmidaSi ver Sevidoda. gedeons ar
Camousxams kerpi aaroniviT, magram efodi _ wmida sagani, Seqmna kerpad, roca gamo-
fina is Tavis qalaqSi, rom gamarjvebul israelianebs Tayvani ecaT misTvis. es,
cxadia, kerpTayvanismcemlur moqmedebas hgavda: `uzneobda iq mTeli israeli mis
(gedeonis) kvalze da maxed eqca es gedeonsa da mis saxls~.
gedeons ar Seumosavs efodi, ar gamouyenebia is Tavisi pirdapiri da-
niSnulebiT, rac uTuod mRvdelmTavris funqciis uzurpacia iqneboda;
magram danaSauli efodis kerpadqcevaSi mdgomareobda; is, rac dafaruli
iyo eris TvalTagan, gareSeTagan, da mxolod wmidaTa wmidaSi sanTlebis
 42

Suqze ixilveboda uflis mier, axla sayovelTaod iqna mzis Suqze gamo-
fenili, gamoqveynebuli. am saxiT arsebuli efodi daupirispirda israe-
lis erTaderT siwmides _ rjulis kidobans anu RvTis kidobans, rome-
lic utaZrobis xanaSi (aseTi iyo msajulTa xana) siloamSi, imJamad isra-
elianTa erTaderT sakrebulo adgilze imyofeboda. gedeonis mSobliuri
qalaqi yofra, sadac man efodi gamofina saTayvanod, daupirispirda si-
loams, rogorc saRvTo adgili. gaCnda ori saRvTo adgili, romelTagan
erT-erTi yalbi unda yofiliyo, saxeldobr, is, romelic ar iyo qarizma-
tuli arCevis Sedegi. saRvTo adgili safuZvels aclida moses rjuls da
monoTeizms, romelic ara mxolod erTRmerTianobaSi, aramed erTi wmida
adgilis aRiarebaSi mdgomareobda. sabolood, es iyo erTi religiuri
Suagulidan gandgoma da TviTneburi Suagulis Seqmna, Zveli aRTqmis
eniT `uzneoba~, `garyvnileba~ (zonah), rac maxed eqca gedeons da mTels
mis saxls.
`msajulTa wigni~ arafers ambobs imis Taobaze, Tu ra konkretuli ga-
moxatuleba hqonda am `maxes~ gedeonisaTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, gedeonze
naTqvamia, rom is mokvda `keTil sibereSi~, rac imas mowmobs, rom mas sa-
magiero ar mizRvia efodis gakerpebisTvis. magram misi saxlis bedi ki
ukuRma datrialda: ierubaal-gedeonis samocdaaTi kanonieri vaJiSvili
`erT qvaze~ daxoca misi xarWis naSobma abimeleqma, romelic amis Semdeg
mefed dasves israelze ara msajulad, rogorc mamamisi, aramed mefed. Se-
saZlebelia, mefobis uzurpacia, RvTis nebis gareSe gamefeba, iyo misTvis
maxe, radgan abimeleqi kvdeba ara rogorc mefes SeSvenis, aramed rogorc
erTi vinme ukanaskneli mdabioTagani: erT-erTi qalaqis alyis dros, vi-
Rac qalma galavnidan dolabis natexiT Tavisqala Caumtvria mas (msaj.
9:53).

ifTaxi
gedeonis xanidan ramdenime Taobis Semdeg msajulad gamoCnda ifTaxi
(Zv. qarT. iefTae), galaadeli, rogorc Cans, imave menaSes tomidan, radgan
galaadis mxareSi hqonda samkvidro israelianTa am Stos. Tu gedeons er-
cxvineboda menaSes tomoba da Tavisi sagvareulo yvelaze kninad miaCnda
am tomSi, ra unda eTqva saeWvo warmomavlobis ifTaxs, romelic rogorc
meZavis Svili, samSoblodan gandevnes misi mamis Svilebma, raTa memkvid-
ris wili ar hqonoda mamiseul qonebaSi. arc mama iyo cnobili kaci, rom-
lis saxelic ki ar axsovs matianes. igi iwodeba galaadad, im vrceli
mxaris saxeliT, romlis mkvidri iyo.
marTalia, ifTaxi ambis dasawyisSive ixsenieba rogorc `magari vaJkaci~
(gibor xail), magram mis simagres xeli ar SeuSlia naxevarZmebisTvis, mo-
eSorebinaT igi Tavidan. ifTaxma dakarga yvelaferi, rac SeiZleba mas ma-
misagan gadmocemoda; ar SerCa arc mamuli, arc mamiseuli rjuli, radgan
iZulebuli Seiqna galaadis ganapira mxareSi gadasaxlebuliyo da Tare-
SiT erCina Tavi. matianeSi naTqvamia, rom mis garSemo Tavi moiyara `cari-
elma xalxma~ da iwyes masTan erTad saTareSod gasvla galaadis sazRv-
rebs gareT. `carieli~ kargad gamoxatavs am umkvidro, mamulidan albaT
sxvadsxva mizeziT devnili xalxis mdgomareobas. am xalxs araferi ebada
am qveyanaze garda sakuTari mklavisa da davlaTisa, romelsac xangamoS-
vebiT ufali uwyalobebda maT. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi warmoudgene-
li iqneboda ufro dabali done dacemisa, rogorc dacemulni iyvnen, cxa-
 43

dia, socialurad, es `carieli xalxi~ _ anaSim rekim. martoobisa da sa-

zogadoebisgan mowyvetilobis wyevla iyo maTze da maT, SesaZloa, gaur-
bodnen kidec rogorc keTrovnebs. es sityva `carieli~ _ rek _ saginebe-
li sityva unda yofiliyo imxanad, romlis kvalma Cveni welTaRricxvis
pirvel saukunemde moaRwia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxareba icnobs sityvas
raka salanZRav sityvad: `romelman hrquas Zmasa TKssa raka (romel ars
saZagel), Tana-mdeb ars igi krebulisagan ganslvad~ (m. 5:22).
magram maSin, msajulTa xanaSi, ganidevna ara is, vinc Tavis moyvass uT-
xra raka, aramed is, visac uTxres, rom umemkvidro yofiliyo mamiseuli
qonebisgan. am kacs Tavidan unda daewyo saxlis Seneba, Tumca udabnoSi,
sadac is saTareSod gadioda, saxls ver aaSenebda. is Tavs irCenda ro-
gorc veluri kanjari, romelic adre Tu gvian unda daRupuliyo (Suamdi-
naruli igavis Tanaxmad, kanjari adamianuri cxovrebis antipodia). cari-
el-tarielad darCenili ifTaxisTvis namdvilad xsna iyo galaadis uxu-
cesTa winadadeba _ gamxdariyo israelis mxsneli yamonelTagan, romle-
bic imxanad pretenzias acxadebdnen galaadis ebraelTa miwa-wyalze. ga-
laadis uxucesebma winaswar igrZnes, rom ifTaxi, es `carieli kaci~, rom-
lis garSemo Tavs iyrida im aremaris yvela `carieli~ (anaSim rekim), uf-
lis suliT unda avsebuliyo. amaSi darwmunebulobis safuZvels iZleoda
ifTaxis davlaTi, romelic aSkarad Seeweoda mas, Tavis `kanjarul~
cxovrebaSi. is ukve iyo Tavkaci, Tundac mis mier gaZRolilni masaviT
carielni yofiliyvnen. xolo Tavkaci, winamZRoli, rogorc msajuli, ak-
lda israels, ar Canda imxanad xalxSi. ifTaxis davlaTi da winamZRolo-
ba israelis xsnis saqmes unda moxmareboda. aseTi iyo galaadis uxuces-
Ta gegma, roca isini ewvivnen ifTaxs winadadebiT: `modi, gaxdi Cveni wi-
namZRoli da SevebrZoloT yamonelebs~ (msaj. 11:6). am sityvebidan Cans,
rom galaadis uxucesoba sruliad dajerebulia, rom ifTaxis winamZRo-
loba gamarjvebis ueWveli garantia iqneba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, cxa-
dia, isini ar daimcirebdnen Tavs da TxovniT ar mimarTavdnen im kacs,
romlis gandevnaSi maTac miuZRodaT brali, radgan ifTaxis naxevarZmebi
maTi dasturis gareSe ver gandevnidnen Zmas.
ufro metad, cxadia, Tavad ifTaxia dajerebuli gamarjvebaSi, rom misi
meSveobiT unda aRsruldes xsna. es aris misi Sinagani darwmunebuloba,
radgan mas hqonda davlaTis mosvlis gamocdileba. magram ifTaxs surs
darwmunebuli iyos imaSic, rom gamarjvebis Semdeg is galaadis mcxov-
rebTa winamZRoladve darCeba anu mudmivad Seasrulebs msajulobas. if-
Taxma ukeT uwyis, rom qarizma _ uflis sulis gadmosvla efemerulia.
suli moqmedebs masSi mxolod brZolis dros da gamarjvebis Semdeg da-
tovebs mas, mudamJam ar aris masze dadgromili. amitom is im pirobiT
Tanxmdeba galaadSi dabrunebaze da yamonelTa winaaRmdeg winamZRoloba-
ze, Tu mas maSinac aRiareben winamZRolad, roca uflis suli ar iqneba
masTan da mxolod sakuTari mxneobisa da mklavis imedi eqneba. `Tu damab-
runebT yamonelebTan sabrZolvelad da ufalma momca maTi Tavi, kidev
viqnebi Tqveni winamZRoli?~ gamosTxovs ifTaxi galaadis uxucesebs piro-
bas. isini pasuxoben: `ufali iyos mowme Cvens Soris, rom Seni sityvisa-
ebr moviqceviT~ (msaj. 11:9-10).
marTalia, ifTaxi uxucesobam da xalxma Tavis winamZRolad da msaju-
lad daadgina da es, rogorc Cans, ritualurad gaformda uflis winaSe
ficis warmoTqmiT galaadis qalaq micfaSi, magram is msajulisgan gansx-
 44

vavebiT politikur beladad da diplomatad evlineba israels. pirveli

misi moqmedeba winamZRolad dadginebis Semdeg qveynis mefis moqmedebaa
da ara msajulisa: ifTaxi molaparakebas gamarTavs yamonelTa mefesTan,
rogorc toli tolTan. is laparakobs ara rogorc msajuli an kerZo ka-
ci, meomari, aramed warmoadgens mTels israels, mTels mis istorias eg-
viptidan gamosvlis droidan mis xanamde. ifTaxi avtoritetulad iwyebs,
TiTqos misi piriT metyvelebs istoriuli WeSmariteba: `uTxras: ase am-
bobs ifTaxi: israels ar miutacebia moabelTa qveyana da yamonelTa qve-
yana. roca egviptidan gamosulma udabnoSi iara mewamul zRvamde da ka-
deSs miadga...~ (msaj. 11:15-16). amas mohyveba mokle gadmocema israelis moZ-
raobisa adgilidan adgilze, misi marSrutisa im teritoriamde, rasac ya-
monelTa mefe edaveba mas. istoriuli faqtebis moSveliebiT ifTaxi umt-
kicebs yamonelTa mefes israelis simarTles. magram, rogorc am diploma-
tiuri dokumentis daskvnaSi Cans, es simarTle ar aris adamianuri simar-
Tle, aramed RvTaebrivia:
`xom flob imas, rac dagimkvidra qamoSma, Senma RmerTma? Cvenc vflobT
yvelafers, rac ufals, Cvens RmerTs, daumkvidrebia CvenTvis~ (msaj. 11:24).
es aris ukanaskneli Zlieri argumenti: israels sakuTari neba-surviliT
ar aurCevia Tavisi teritoria, iseve rogorc yamonelebi ar dasaxlebu-
lan sakuTari nebiT TavianT qveyanaSi. erTs iahvem aurCia samkvidrebeli,
meores _ qamoSma. es erTaderTi adgili unda iyos mTels Zvel aRTqmaSi,
roca israelis RmerTi Tanabari uflebiT aris naxsenebi sxva RmerTis
gverdiT. miT umetes, Tu es sxva RmerTi mtruli qveynis mfarvelia. aravi-
Tari upiratesoba aq ar Cans. ar Cans ifTaxis gancxadebaSi, rom iahves ne-
bis winaSe unda daixios qamoSma, rom iahve erTaderTia. qamoSi iseve Tav-
gamodebulia Tavisi xalxisTvis, rogorc iahve. ifTaxi ver moitans Tavi-
si simarTlis dasadastureblad iahves erTaderTobas, mis Zlevamosile-
bas. ifTaxi mters diplomatiis enaze elaparakeba _ misi argumentebi is-
toriuli xasiaTisaa. ifTaxma unda gaixsenos is viTareba, Tu rogor mox-
da, rom israels uWiravs sadavo teritoria. ifTaxma unda gaixsenos ga-
mosvlaTa xana, roca israelis eri Semodioda qveyanaSi. ifTaxi dRes ver
SeaSinebs iahveTi yamonis qveyanas. magram is mainc imowmebs iahves: is te-
ritoria, romelic sadavo gamxdara yamonelTa da israelianTa Soris,
iahvem daumtkica israels, ahyara ra iqidan amorevelebi, romelTac israe-
li ar gaatares TavinT miwaze. ifTaxi ar ambobs, Cven, israelis xalxma
davipyariTo es teritoria. ara, is ambobs, iahvem dagvimkvidrao. garda
RvTaebrivi avtoritetisa, aq moqmedebs drois avtoritetic, siZvelis av-
toriteti: `samasi welia, rac cxovrobs israeli xeSbonSi da mis sof-
lebSi, yaroyerSi da mis soflebSi, yvela qalaqSi arnonis gaRma-gamoRma.
ratom imTaviTve ar daibrune isini?~ (msaj. 11:26). ai, rogor pasuxobs if-
Taxi yamonelTa ultimatumze da rogor aboloebs Tavis diplomatiur
sityvas: `ufali (iahve) iyos axla msajuli israelianebsa da yamonelebs
Soris!~ (msaj. 11:27).
amitom brZola am or, monaTesave, Tumca suliskveTebiT gansxvavebul
toms Soris, romelTac gansxvavebuli bunebis RmerTebi mfarveloben, sa-
bolood warmodgenilia brZolad or RmerTs Soris _ iahvesa da qamoSs
Soris. ifTaxi iaraRia iahves xelSi, romlis meSveobiTac man unda daamt-
kicos Tavisi Zlevamosileba da am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba qamo-
 45

Sis winaSe. iahvem Tavisi qveynidan gandevnili, moZulebuli kacis xeliT

unda moutanos gamarjveba Tavis xalxs.
magram ifTaxi ar yofila cariel-tarieli am qveyanaze. rogorc irkveva
cnobil tragikul epizodSi, mas hqonda raRac Tavis qveyanaSi, romelic
yvelafers erCia. marTalia, ifTaxi grZnobda, rom uflis suli gadmovi-
doda masze, roca mcire razmiT SeebrZoleboda qamoSis xalxs _ yamone-
lebs, _ `gadmovida uflis suli ifTaxze da man gaiara galaadi da mena-
Se, gaiara galaadis micfa da galaadis micfadan wavida yamonelebze...~
(msaj. 11:29), mainc ifTaxi dgams sabediswero nabijs _ gamarjvebis SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu mas gaamarjvebinebs ufali, aRuTqvams ufals aRsavlen msxverp-
lad imas, vinc pirveli gamoegebeba saxlis WiSkridan brZolidan dabru-
nebuls. `uflis iyos, ambobs ifTaxi, da Sevwirav aRsavlen msxverplad~
(msaj. 11:31).
ratom aRuTqva ifTaxma ufals aseTi ucnauri aRTqma? ras gulisxmob-
da pirvel SemxvedrSi? vin unda gamogebeboda ifTaxs, romelsac aravin
hyavda, garda erTaderTi asulisa? ufro naklebs msxverpls arc akadreb-
da ifTaxi ufals gamarjvebis sazRaurad, Tumca albaT mas fiqradac ar
mouvidoda, rom erTaderTi asulis Sewirvas aRuTqvamda ufals. mainc vin
unda yofiliyo Sewiruli, vin iqneboda asulze Zvirfasi? mainc xom yve-
laze Zvirfasi da erTaderTi, rogorc isaki abraamisTvis, unda Seewira
uflisaTvis, sxvanairad ra gamarTleba eqneboda aRTqmas da msxverpls?
gulis siRrmeSi icoda ifTaxma gamarjvebis sazRauris fasi, magram mTe-
li tragizmi am msxverplisa maSin gaiazra, roca, TiTqos axdenil siz-
marSi yofiliyo, Sinmobrunebuls `rokviT gamoegeba Tavisi asuli dai-
riT xelSi~ (msaj. 11:34).
magram sidiade am epizodisa ar mdgomareobs mxolod imaSi, rom ifTax-
ma ar gadaTqva uflisadmi krizisul wuTebSi micemuli aRTqma (`bage gav-
xseni uflis winaSe da ver gadaval sityvas~), aramed Tavad ganwiruli
asulis mzadyofnaSi, aRsrulebuliyo mamis mier dadebuli aRTqma da
imis SegnebaSi, rom aris raRac meti Tavisi RirebulebiT, vidre adamianis
sicocxlea:
`mamaCemo, raki bage gaxseni uflis winaSe, miyavi is, rac Senma bagem
warmoTqva, roca ufalma samagiero miago Seni xeliT Sens mtrebs, yamone-
lebs~ (msaj. 11:36).
yoveli uCveulo, pirvelqmnili saqcieli andrezis Zalisaa. is afuZ-
nebs, dasabams aZlevs Cveulebas, romelic ritualiT aris ganmtkicebuli
Taobebis xsovnaSi. Tumca saxeli ifTaxis saxelganTqmuli asulisa ar
Semoinaxa xalxis xsovnam, magram israelis asulni TavianTi moqmedebiT
inaxaven mis xsovnas. `wesad daido israelSi, rom weliwadSi erTxel, yo-
vel wlisTavze, wavidodnen israeliani qaliSvilebi da oTxi dRe dasti-
rodnen ifTax galaadelis asuls~ (11:40).
samsoni
saxelganTqmuli samsoni ukanasknelia im msajulTa Soris, romelTa
saqmeni sagmironi Semoinaxa `msajulTa wignma~. igi ukanasknelia da TiT-
qos aboloebs msajulTa rigs, magram misi pirovneba, misi cxovreba da
bedi folkloruli niSnebiT aris SeTxzuli. is TiTqos arc aris isto-
riuli piri, ar aris gansazRvruli romelime istoriuli droiT da is
brZolebi, romlebic man gadaixada Tavisi xalxis xsnisaTvis filisti-
melTa mZlavrobisagan, zRapruli bumberazebis brZolebs ufro hgavs,
 46

vidre realur galaSqrebebs mtris winaaRmdeg. Tavad Casaxva misi dedis

mucelSi rogorc aRTqmuli Svilisa (aseTebi iyvnen, rogorc viciT, Zvel
droSi isaki da samueli) gamoarCevs mas sxva msajulebisagan, romlebic
mowiful asakSi sruliad moulodnelad iRebdnen mxsnelis qarizmas. sam-
sonis Casaxva da mxsnelad mowodeba ki erTdrouli aqti iyo.
mis berw dedas (dedis xangrZlivi siberwe, rogorc wesi, moaswavebs
Sobilis didebas da gansakuTrebulobas) gamoecxadeba uflis angelozi
da aRuTqvams: `aha, daorsuldebi da vaJi SegeZineba; samarTebeli ar unda
miekaros mis Tavs, radgan RvTis mowmidari iqneba dedis muclidanve da
Seudgeba israelis daxsnas filistimelTa xelidan~ (msaj. 13:5). rom daer-
wmunebina uflis angelozs aRTqmis WeSmaritebaSi col-qmari _ manoaxi
da misi berwi coli, romlis saxels ar axsenebs `msajulTa wignis~ av-
tori, man saswauli moaxdina maT Tvalwin: samsxverplo cecxli TavisTa-
vad aigzno sakurTxevelze da STanTqa Sewiruli msxverpli da, rac yve-
laze ufro STambeWdavi da zardamcemi iyo, `uflis angelozi zeahyva
samsxverplo als~ da caSi gauCinarda. ai, aseT viTarebaSi emcno maT, rom
maTi Svili uflis mowmidari unda yofiliyo dedis muclidanve.
uflis mowmidaroba, Cveulebriv, Tavad adamianis nebazea. misi rjuli
anu wesebi `ricxvTa wignSia~ ganmartebuli: `Tu kacma an qalma aRTqma
dado, rom uflis mowmidari gaxdeba, Rvinisa da TafluWisagan unda iwmi-
dos; arc Rvinis Zmari da arc TafluWis Zmari ar dalios, arc yurZnis
wveni ar dalios, arc axladmokrefili yurZeni da arc CamiCi ar Wamos.
Tavisi mowmidarobis mTel dros yurZnisagan damzadebuli araferi Wamos
_ wipwidan kanamde. mowmidarobis aRTqmis mTel dros samarTebeli ar un-
da Seexos mis Tavs. vidre uflis mowmidarobis vada ar gauva, wmidaa igi.
Tma unda moizardos Tavze. uflis mowmidarobis mTel dros mkvdars ar
miekaros. ar unda gauwmidurdes mamis, dedis, Zmisa da dis gamo _ maT ga-
moc ki maTi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, radgan misi RmerTis mowmidarobaa
mis Tavze. Tavisi mowmidarobis mTel dros uflis wmidaa igi~ (ricx. 6:2-
8).
mowmidaroba israelianis Sinagani moTxovnilebaa _ aRTqma, dadebuli
Segnebulad mowifulobis asakSi. adamiani grZnobs, rom raRac mniSvnelo-
vani saqmis aRsasruleblad ar aris sakmarisi sulieri da fizikuri mona-
cemebi, unarebi; rom aucilebelia Tavis mozRudva uflis mier momadle-
buli (raki yvelaferi uflisagan modis) unarebis SesanarCuneblad. mow-
midaroba israelianis rCeulobis garegani gamoxatulebaa. rogorc mTeli
israeli, erTiani eri aris gamorCeuli mis garSemo xalxebSi, aseve erTi
kerZo israeliani, roca is mowmidarobis aRTqmas debs, gamorCeuli xdeba
Tavis wreSi, Tavis xalxSi. mowmidari Tavisi cxovrebiT cocxlad ata-
rebs da axorcielebs im princips, riTac israeli gansxvavdeba im xalxe-
bisagan, romlebic mas daxvda aRTqmul qveyanaSi, qanaanSi, egviptidan ga-
mosvlisas, Tumca es xalxebi misi monaTesaveni iyvnen da mis monaTesave
enaze laparakobdnen. SemTxveviTi da nebismieri ar aris mcenareuli sak-
vebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Rvinisa da sxva magari sasmelebis akrZalva.
udabnoSi Sobili israeli mowodebiT mwyemsi iyo da qanaanSi Sesvlisas
unda dapirispireboda qveynis mkvidrTa samiwaTmoqmedo kulturas, raTa
TavisTavadoba SeenarCunebina. udabnoSi Secnobili transcendentuli
RmerTis idea ar unda SebRaluliyo orgiastuli kultiT, romelic bune-
baSi ganzavebuli RvTaebebis Tayvaniscemas gulisxmobda. marTalia, isto-
 47

riul xanaSi israeli miwas amuSavebda, Tesda, venaxs aSenebda, _ misi sim-
boloc ki iyo vazi, udabnoSi napovni (ier. 2:21), _ Rvinos wuravda, svamda,
magram mainc mwyemsoba iyo misi idealuri yofa, amitomac uflis mowmida-
ri, rogorc israelianis umaRlesi tipi, rCeulTa rCeuli, am sawyiss un-
da axorcielebdes.
samsonis bedi, rogorc mowmidarisa, gansakuTrebulia. misi mowmidaro-
ba ar aris misi nebiT arCeuli, aramed Tandayolilia; SobiTganve mas Tan
dahyveba saidumlo, romelsac iseve esaWiroeboda Senaxva, rogorc mowmi-
darobas marxva. Tmis mozrda mowmidarobis erT-erTi pirobaa, magram sam-
sonisTvis es ufro metia, vidre piroba: mis TmaSia ganivTebuli misi fi-
zikuri Zala, romelic ufalma misca mas filistimelTa dasamarcxeblad.
es gamocdac iyo da gansacdelic. saidumlo misi Zalisa, romelic mis
TmaSia damarxuli, ician misma mSoblebma, icis manac da swored es codna
Seiqna sabediswero misTvis. codnis anu saidumlos gacema, roca arse-
bobs akrZalva, aucilebeli epizodia zRapruli gmiris cxovrebaSi. zRap-
ruli gmiri arRvevs akrZalvas, raTa dakargos Zala, magram kvlav daib-
runos igi. es aris misi gamocdileba. samsonic kargavs Zalas da kvlav
ibrunebs, raTa am ZaliT sabolood mterTan erTad sakuTari Tavic gaa-
nadguros. mas usaTuod _ es iyo misi bediswera _ unda gaeca saidumlo,
Casaxuli jer kidev mis dabadebamde dedis saSoSi. dedam aRTqmuli Zis
Casaxvamde icoda es saidumlo da wilic ki hqonda mis SeqmnaSi, raki muc-
ladRebuls Tavi mowmidarad unda Seenaxa. `...vaJi SegeZineba, _ uTxra mas
uflis angelozma, romelmac saxelis gacxadeba ar ineba, _ oRond
frTxilad iyavi, ar dalio Rvino da TafluWi, uwmiduric araferi Wamo~
(msaj. 13:3-4). deda frTxilad iyo, magram vaJi ar iyo frTxilad da es Se-
iqna misi tragikuli aRsasrulis mizezi: ramdenadac maRali unda yofi-
liyo mowmidaris dideba, imdenad Rrma iyo misi dacema (Tumca man sakuTari si-
cocxlis fasad mainc SeZlo Tavisi adamianuri Rirsebis dacva).
samsonis cxovrebaSi sabediswero roli iTamaSes qalebma. Timna, Raza,
sorekisxevi _ ai, adgilebi,saiTkenac is miiswrafoda rogorc nadiri xa-
fangisaken. aq hqonda mas gansacdeli, cTuneba, romelic unda daeZlia,
magram ver daZlia.
rodesac is midis TimnaSi, filistimelTa qalaqSi colis saTxovrad,
is sruliadac ar iqceva ise, rogorc Seefereba msajuls, romelic
`ufalma akurTxa~ (msaj. 13:24); is midis rogorc kerZo kaci, Tavisufali
Tavis arCevanSi, romelsac moewona filistimeli qali. mSoblebi uSlian
(`qali dailia Sens sagvartomoSi da mTels Sens erSi, windaucveTel fi-
listimelTagan rom Txoulob cols?~), magram avtori amarTlebs samso-
nis arCevans, TiTqos es `uflisagan iyo~, TiTqos am qorwinebiT unda Se-
eRwia samsons filistimelTa wiaRSi da gaemarjva. magram aq vxedavT (es
iyo misi pirveli gasvla) damarcxebul samsons: aq, TimnaSi, ganicada man
pirveli xelis mocarva, aq pirvelad gamoCnda, rom mas ar SeZlebia sai-
dumlos Senaxva. ra iyo es saidumlo? es iyo igavi, romelic samsons Tim-
nasken mimaval gzaze SeemTxva.
qalis dasaniSnad mimavals gzad lomi Semoeyreba. uiaraRo samsoni, uf-
lis suliT moculi, Suaze gaxleCs loms. ramdenime xnis Semdeg mSob-
lebTan erTad imave gzaze gavlisas, amjerad ukve saqorwinod mimavali,
gauxvevs im adgilisken, sadac lomi mokla; xedavs, lomis gvamSi futkari
dabinavebula da Tafli gaukeTebia. samsonma SeWama Tafli da mSobleb-
 48

sac aWama, romlebmac ar icodnen saidan iyo gamoRebuli Tafli. am SemT-

xvevam samsonis gonebaSi dabada igavi-gamocana, romelic mas, rogorc sa-
siZos, unda mietana gamosacnobad, wesisamebr, qalis mayrebisTvis. `mWame-
lidan saWmeli gamovida, Zlieridan tkbili gamovida~ _ ase ucnaurad
gardasaxa es sakvirveli SemTxveva samsonma, romlis Semswre mxolod Ta-
vad iyo. gamocana Taviseburi orTabrZola iyo, romelic samsonma SesTa-
vaza filistimel mayrebs. misi amocnoba ocdaaTi xeli tanisamosiT iyo
Sefasebuli qalis mayarTa ricxvis mixedviT, Tumca amocnoba ufro Rir-
sebis saqme unda yofiliyo _ aq ebrZoda erTmaneTs ori moSuRari tomi,
israeli da filistimeli, da ra unda yofiliyo ufro Sesaferi sarbie-
li am brZolisa, vidre qorwili? samsonma mayrebs Svidi dRe misca gamo-
canis amosacnobad, Svidi dRe qorwilisa. es Svidi dRe samsonisaTvis
lxinis dReebi unda yofiliyo, magram mas, rogorc gamocanis SemTavaze-
bels da am SeTavazebiT filistimelTa gamomwvevs, gansacdelad eqca.
ocdaaTi mayari qals aiZulebda gamoetyuebina samsonisTvis igavis sai-
dumlo, qali ki, Tavis mxriv, `Svidi dRe Sestiroda samsons, ramden xan-
sac lxini grZeldeboda~. bolos, meSvide dRes samsonma gaumxila pasuxi;
mzis Casvlamde ki es ukve icodnen filistimelma moymeebma. aseTi iyo ga-
mocanis pasuxi: `ra aris Taflze tkbili da lomze Zlieri?~ damarcxda
samsoni da es Tavisi marcxi kvlav igavurad gamoTqva: `Cemi furi rom ar
gexnaT, ver gamoicnobdiT Cems gamocanaso~. `furi~ anu Tavisi arCeuli
sacole sacTurad eqca mas: misi furiT amoTxares filistimelebma misi
saidumlo.
Rirsebis SesanarCuneblad samsons isRa darCenoda, rom sanaZleo gada-
exada mayrebisaTvis: Camoerigebina ocdaaTi kacisTvis TiTo xeli tanisa-
mosi. qorwineba ki CaiSala, magram samsonma gadawyvita, Suri eZia filis-
timelebze _ samasi mela erTmaneTs gadaaba kudiT, TiTo maSxala miaba
da miuSva filistimelTa savargulebze, gadabuga Znebi, samkali, venaxebi,
zeTisxilis baRebi. aqdan daiwyo aSkara mtroba samsonsa da filistime-
lebs Soris. isini ukve sdevnidnen samsons da cdilobdnen mis xelSi Cag-
debas, radgan uflis Zalas xedavdnen masSi. Tu mas bolos mouRebdnen,
ebraelobac karga xans Zleuli iqneboda. samsoni imaleba iudas tomis mi-
wa-wyalze, etamis exSi, xolo filistimelebi Seesevian iudaelebs da awi-
okeben, moiTxoven samsons. samasi iudaeli mivida etamis exTan da samso-
nic Cabarda maT, raTa misiT gamoesyidaT filistimelTagan mSvidoba.
auxsnelia, ratom moxda ase, ratom gaxda aucilebeli samsonis gacema.
samasi kaciT, samasi `msvlepeliT~, rogorc gvaxsovs, gaimarjva msajulma
gedeonma midianelebze, romlebic Warbobdnen maT ricxviT. esenic samasni
iyvnen, iudas xalxi, da hyavdaT msajulad dauokebeli fizikuri Zalis
mqone kaci, dedis muclidanve mowmidari, romlis davlaTianoba ar SeiZ-
leba ar hqonodaT gagebuli iudas tomSi, romlis mezobladac esaxla
danis tomi. rogor ar unda miswvdenoda iudas yurs misi ambavi, roca
`uflis sulma iwyo misi aRZvra danis banakSi, corasa da eSTaols So-
ris~ (msaj. 13:25), roca daiwyo Cena misma qarizmam. samasi kaci erTi msa-
julis winamZRolobiT moutanda mSvidobas iudas mxares, magram am samas-
ma kacma ormagi axali TokiT Sekra samsoni da miugdo filistimelebs.
aq ismis kiTxva: rogor moaxerxes iudaelebma SeeboWaT samsoni, rom-
lis Zala dausazRvreli iyo, radgan is uflis wyarodan moedineboda? an
ra aucilebeli iyo misi Seborkva, roca mas SeeZlo Tamamad wasuliyo
 49

filistimelTa winaaRmdeg _ erTi aTasze, rogorc moxda Semdeg? pasuxad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samsoni gamudmebiT ver grZnobda zebunebriv Zalas
Tavis TavSi. Zala uflisa iyo da ufali maSin aamoqmedebda mas, roca sa-
Wirod dainaxavda. Zala TiTqos yofiliyo denTi, romlis afeTqebas na-
perwkali sWirdeba. es naperwkali ki uflisgan modis da aravin icis, ro-
dis mova. am naperwklis gareSe samsoni Cveulebrivi adamiania, romelic
arafriT gansxvavdeba TiToeulisgan im samasSi, romelic mas borkavda.
uimnaperwklod rom Tavis dacva ar SeeZlo samsons, es maT Soris gamar-
Tuli mokle dialogidanac Cans: `uTxres (iudaelebma): movediT, rom Se-
gipyroT da migceT filistimelebs. samsonma uTxra: SemomficeT, rom ar
momklavT~ (msaj. 15:12). es ar aris im kacis sityvebi, romelic gamudmebiT
grZnobs Zalas. marTalia, mas ganucdia `aRZvra~ uflis sulisagan, Zalis
mowola, magram axla am gancdis natamalic ar iyo masSi, SesaZloa, arc
molodini; SesaZloa, ganwiruladac Tvlida Tavs; mzad iyo SeboWils ga-
etarebina mTeli sicocxle tyveobaSi, oRond ar moeklaT.
ai, dgas uZluri samsoni martodmarto gamZvinvarebuli, SurisgebiT aR-
Zruli mtris winaSe. uflis gangebam moawyo ise, rom is marto aRmoCeni-
liyo aTasis win; martos _ ara samasi kacis waZRoliT, rogorc iqceoda
misi winamorbedi msajuli _ moetana xsna. magram jer Tavad unda gadar-
Ceniliyo, jer mas unda movlenoda xsna, romelsac ar eloda (es gansac-
delic _ gancda umweobisa unda gadaetana); unda daxsniliyo saguldagu-
lod dagrexili Tokebi, misma sulmokle Tanamemamuleebma rom Semoaxvi-
es. ufali ar miatovebda, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze miuswrebda Tavis
mowmidars.
`lexTan rom mivida (samsoni), yiJiniT Semoexvivnen filistimelebi da
uflis suli gadmovida masze, Tokebi, romlebiTac xelebi hqonda Sekru-
li, damwvari seliviT Seiqna, da dascvivda sakvrelebi xelebidan. viris
axali yba ipova, xeliT daswvda, aiRo da aTasi kaci daxoca imiT~ (msaj.
15:14-15).
es gamarjveba, romelic ufro zRapruli gmiris gamarjvebas gvagonebs,
roca ubralo sagani ram saswaulebriv sabrZolo iaraRad iqceva mis
xelSi, aseTi sityvebiT ukvdavyo samsonma:
bilexi haxamor xamor haxamoraTaim
bilexi haxamor hiqeTi elef iS (msaj. 15:16).
romlis qarTuli Targmani daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba: `viris ybiT virTa dasi, vi-
ris ybiT vxoce aTasi~. es sityvebi romeliRac ZvelisZveli, dakarguli poemis
fragmentad miaCniaT. magram isini mas aRmoxda rogorc sakuTari Semoqmedeba, ro-
gorc Timnasken mimaval gzaze gamocana da misi pasuxi. da roca aRmoxda ro-
gorc daskvna gadaxdili brZolisa, xelidan gaagdo nabrZoli yba _ lexi
da uwoda im adgils ramaT-lexi (`borcvi ybisa~ an, xalxuri etimologi-
iT, `nagdebi yba~, raki aq daagdo samsonma yba). ase aRibeWda misi Rvawlis
kvali iudas miwa-wyalze.
am gamarjvebis Semdeg samsons kvlav filistimelTa qalaqSi vxedavT.
es aris Raza, xalxmravali qalaqi da sakulto centri, sadac samsoni er-
Ti meZavis saxlSi aTevs Rames. SurismaZiebeli Razelebi qalaqis gareT,
karibWesTan udarajeben samsons, diliT varaudoben mis gamosvlas. samso-
ni ki SuaRamisas gamovida qalaqidan, magram Tan gaiyola kari Tavisi bWe-
ebiTurT da erT maRal mTaze aitana, Razidan Sors, iudaelTa qalaq xeb-
rons iqiT. raRac saarako da gaugonari unda Caedina samsons, rom aseTi
 50

daujerebeli epizodiT SemorCeniliyo misi gmirobis ambavi. fiqroben,

TiTqos aq samsoni mzis rolSi gvevlinebodes (misi saxeli SimSon xom
`mcire mzes~ niSnavs): is imeorebs TiTqos mzis miTosur gzas qveskneli-
dan (romlis gansaxiereba Razaa, mtris qalaqi), roca mze gamolewavs Sig-
nidan SaveTis karibWeebs da samSvidoboze gava qveynis gasanaTleblad.
RazaSi aCvena samsonma qveyanas _ Tavisas da mtrisas saarako Zala da
RazaSive miiyvana igi sabolood bedisweram, raTa tragikulad gasrule-
buliyo misi dauokebeli sicocxle. RazaSi eloda mas sapyrobile, Save-
Ti _ aq waarTves mas TvalisCini da aqve gabrwyinda sabolood misi dide-
ba.
`amis Semdeg erTi qali Seuyvarda (samsons) sorekis xevSi, saxelad da-
lila~ (msaj. 16:4). filistimelebs SeeZloT darwmunebiT efiqraT, rom
samsoni ukve maT xelSi iyo. oRond maT unda `exnaT misi furiT~, romlis
tyveobidan is Tavs ver aRwevda. rogorc maSin, qorwilis dReebSi, qalis
xeliT rom gamostyues samsons misma mayrebma igavis pasuxi, romlis amoc-
noba mxolod Rirsebis saqme iyo, axlac amave gzas daadgnen filistime-
li mTavrebi: aTas-aTas vercxls dahpirda TiToeuli mis axlandel furs
_ dalilas, rom gamoetyuebina maTTvis samsonis Zalis saidumlo, raTa
SeekraT kaci da daemorCilebinaT. saidumlos gamotyuebis procesi pirw-
mindad zRaprulia. ase gamostyueben gulubryvilo devebs adamianTagan
motacebuli colebi misi sasicocxlo sulis adgilsamyofels. devi samg-
zis tyuis, meoTxegzis wamoscdeba simarTle. SeuCnda samsons dalila da
mosveneba ar misca, sanam swori pasuxi ar miiRo. gaimarTa Zneli brZola,
ufro Zneli, vidre odesme gadaexada samsons, orTabrZola, roca adami-
ans aiZuleben `sxvaTa msgavsi~ gaxdes, adamiani ki cdilobs SeinarCunos
gansakuTrebuloba. sxvaTagan gamorCeuloba; jer ar tydeba, ar surs gas-
ces mibarebuli, ar uRalatos sakuTar Tavs, magram... umjobesia wavikiT-
xoT es sabediswero epizodi.
`uTxra samsons dalilam: miTxari, saidan gaqvs es didi Zala? riTi un-
da Segkras kacma, rom dagimorCilos? uTxra samsonma: Svidi axalTaxali,
nedli lariT unda Semkra, davZabundebi da sxvaTa msgavsi Seviqnebi. moa-
tanina filistimelTa mTavrebs Svidi axalTaxali, gamoumSrali lari da
imiT Sekra dalilam samsoni. oTaxSi ki xalxi hyavda Casafrebuli. uTxra
samsons dalilam: samson, filistimelebi modian Senze! ise dawyvita sam-
sonma larebi, rogorc ZenZis Zafi wydeba xolme, cecxli rom daynosavs.
da ver amoicnes misi Zala. uTxra samsons dalilam: aha, xom momatyue da
gamabriyve, axla mainc miTxari, riTi SeiZleba Seni Sekvra? uTxra samson-
ma: axalTaxali, uxmari TokebiT unda Semkran, davZabundebi da sxvaTa
msgavsi Seviqnebi. aiRo dalilam axalTaxali Tokebi, Sekra igi da uTxra:
samson, filistimelebi modian Senze! oTaxSi es xalxi iyo Casafrebuli.
ZafebiviT Semoiwyvita mklavebze. uTxra samsons dalilam: aqamde xom mat-
yue da mabriyve. miTxari, riTi SeiZleba Seni Sekvra? miugo: Tu Cemi Tmis
Svid kowols saZaxvelSi Cagrex. palo daaso da uTxra: filistimelebi
modian Senze, samson! gamoeRviZa samsons da amoglija saZaxvelis palo
naZaxvianad. uTxra dalilam: rogorRa meubnebi, miyvarxaro, Tu guliT
ara xar CemTan? aha, samjer momatyue da ar gamimxile, saidan gaqvs eg di-
di Zala. raki yoveldRe am sityvebs CasCiCinebda da saSvels ar aZlevda,
sicocxle mosZulda samsons. gamoutyda da uTxra: samarTebeli ar gahka-
rebia Cems Tavs, radgan dedis muclidan RvTis mowmidari var. Tavi rom
 51

gadamparson, Zala gamomecleba, davZabundebi da sxvaTa msgavsi Seviqnebi.

dainaxa dalilam, rom guli gadauxsna man. SeuTvala filistimelTa mTav-
rebs: axla ki amodiT, gamomityda. amovidnen filistimelTa mTavrebi da
vercxlic amoitanes. kalTaSi CaaZina igi dalilam, kaci ixmo da misi
Tmis Svidive kowoli moaparsvina. iwyo samsonma daZabuneba, gamoecala
Tavisi didi Zala. uTxra dalilam: filistimelebi modian Senze, samson!
gamoeRviZa da ifiqra: avdgebi da winandeburad davixsnio Tavs, magram ar
icoda, rom RmerTma piri ibruna misgan...~ (msaj. 16:6-20).
gulisxmobda Tu ara samowmidaro pirobebi am saidumlos Senaxvas?
amis Taobaze garkveviT araferia naTqvami. magram, rogorc am dramatuli
epizodis boloSi gamoCnda, swored es dumili saidumlos Sesaxeb unda
yofiliyo safuZveli mowmidarobisa, misi Tavi da Tavi, radgan es iyo
RvTis saidumlo adamianSi, romelic unda Senaxuliyo rogorc TvalisCi-
ni. `RmerTma piri ibruna misgan~, amitom aris naTqvami, Tma ki mxolod ni-
Sani iyo am saidumlosi. RmerTma saxe Seaqcia mas ara imis gamo, rom Tma
aRar hqonda, aramed im mizeziT, rom saidumlo gasca.
dauZlurebuli, `sxvaTa msgavsad~ Seqmnili samsoni `Seipyres filisti-
melebma da Tvalebi dasTxares, Caiyvanes RazaSi, spilenZis xundebi daa-
des da iyo satusaRoSi mexelsafqvaved~ (msaj. 16:21). TvalisCini waarTves
mas, vinc atarebda mziur saxels (SimSon); mtruli qalaqi Raza SaveTad
eqca da, marTlac, ganasaxierebda qvesknelSi Camaval, Camqral mnaTobs.
borkildadebuli uflis mowmidari monad emsaxureboda filistimelebs,
romelTa xelidan qveynis xsnisaTvis dedis saSoSive iyo mowodebuli.
magram ufals bolomde ar miutovebia Tavisi mowmidari:
`amasobaSi iwyo Tmam wamozrda mis gadaparsul Tavze~ (msaj. 16:22). _
avtors am fraziT mxolod im ubralo faqtis aRniSvna rodi surs, rac
Tmis mozrdaSi mdgomareobs. Tma, cxadia, bunebrivad wamoizrdeboda. mas
imis Tqmac surs am tevadi fraziT, rom samsoni ikrebs Zalas. avtors ki-
dev imis Tqma surs da, SesaZloa, es iyos misi ZiriTadi saTqmeli, _ rom
ufalma moinaxula usinaTlo mona mis SaveTSi, rom man Seundo Secodeba,
Ralati, dacema; rom miscems saxsars gamosyidvisa. amis niSania Tmis moz-
rda.
samsonis aRsasruli _ tragikuli triumfi daemTxva filistimelTa
mTavari RvTaebis _ dagonis dResaswauls. gamoiyvanes samsoni taZarTan
Sekrebili xalxis winaSe gasamasxreblad da dagonis sadideblad, ro-
melmac, maTi fiqriT, xelSi Caugdo maTi qveynis amaoxrebeli. samsoni or
svets Sua idga, saxli ki savse iyo filistimelebiT da elodnen mis ga-
pampulebas. axla mis Zalas mtrebis xelSi Cavardnili da samasxrod ag-
debuli kacis Rirseba unda daecva, Rirseba israelianisa, miT umetes,
mowmidarisa, windaucveTeli filistimelebis winaSe; radgan samsonis ori
davsebuli Tvali mxolod mis sakuTar ubedurebas ar gamoxatavda, isini
israelisa da misi uflis damcirebisa da sircxvilis niSanic iyo. sam-
sonma ganicada, Seicno wamis ganumeorebloba da SehRaRada ufals, rom
am erTxelac da ukanasknelad gaeZlierebina igi. ufalmac ar daayovna
da, roca samsonma igrZno Tavis TavSi Zala, xelgapyrobiT mosinja ori
sveti, romlebzedac saxli iyo dayrdnobili, da ganwiruli ZaxiliT
`mokvdi, sulo Cemo, filistimelebTan erTad!~ miawva maT. saxli Camoiqca
da qveS moiyola samsoni da Sigmyofi xalxi.
 52

`igi oci weli iyo israelis msajuli~ _ am sityvebiT mTavrdeba samso-

nis ambavi. is iyo ukanaskneli msajuli, romlis xsovna Semoinaxa `msa-
julTa wignma~.

mefeni
winaswarmetyveli samueli
msajuloba ar iyo STamomavlobiTi, verc iqneboda im mizeziT, rom igi
qarizmatuli iyo, damokidebuli iyo davlaTze, romelic uflisagan mo-
dioda. qarizma, davlaTi Svilze ar gadadioda, iseve, rogorc yoveli pi-
radi Tviseba, Tu ufali amas ar moisurvebda. gedeonma uari Tqva eris
winadadebaze, maTi mefe gamxdariyo: ara, me ver vimefeb Tqvenze. es iyo
WeSmariti israelianis sityvebi, romelic ganicdis ciur winamZRolobas
Tavis erze da gamsWvalulia im suliskveTebiT, rom misi eri gamorCeuli
eria da ar unda hgavdes araferSi sxva xalxebs. im xalxebs, romlebic
qanaanSi, israelis dasamkvidrebel qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen, yvelas hyavda
mefe _ melex, romelic marTavda maT. Tavis sirTulesTan erTad, rac me-
fis cnebis gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs, yvelaze cxadi niSani mefisa is
aris, rom igi STamomavlobiTia, is gadadis mamidan Svilze. ase rom, is
ar hgavs arc erT winamZRolobas, romelic ki ganucdia israelis xalxs.
mas axsovda, rom udabnoSi, im dinamiuri cxovrebis dros, roca igi dadi-
oda, mas hyavda mose da mere ieso (ieSua), romelmac gamoiyvana isini ior-
daneze da daamkvidra qveyanaSi. magram arc mose, arc ieso, mefeebad ar
iwodebodnen. roca xalxi iqmneboda, misi winamZRoli iyo winaswarmetyve-
lic, iyo msajulic, iyo RvTismsaxuric (Suakaci RmerTsa da xalxs So-
ris), iyo sardalic, magram ar iyo mefe, romelic gulisxmobs memkvidreo-
biT gardamaval Zalauflebas da moiTxovs pirad pativs.
umefoba TiTqos am xalxis gansakuTrebuli, Tandayolili Tviseba unda
yofiliyo. roca is iqmneboda, TiTqos imgvarad iqmneboda, rom mTeli Ta-
visi istoriis manZilze ar unda dasWirveboda mefe, radgan is RmerTi,
romelmac isini egviptidan gamoiyvana, maTi erTaderTi mefe unda yofili-
yo. swored am SegnebiT gasca pasuxi mefis mosurne xalxs msajulma ge-
deonma, miaCnda ra Tavisi Tavi qarizmis droebiT matareblad, qveynis
droebiT msajulad. gasagebia xalxis suliskveTeba: mas surs, rom hyavdes
mudmivi winamZRoli da ar iyos damokidebuli qarizmaze, davlaTze, rome-
lic msgavsad sulisa da qarisa aravin icis saidan da rodis uberavs da
qris. xalxs surda damsgavseboda sxva xalxebs, rom damSvidebuli yofi-
liyo, radgan misTvis autaneli iyo sxvaTagan gamorCeulis martooba.
gedeonma uari Tqva mefobaze, magram misma Svilma abimeleqma mamis sikv-
dilis Semdeg TviTneburad gamoacxada Tavi mefed. Suamavlad ar yofila
arc winaswarmetyveli, arc sxva vinme, rom gamoeTxova uflis Tanxmoba.
amitomac misi mcdeloba gamefebisa kraxiT damTavrda: man ver daadgina
dinastia. Tu ufali ar iqneboda momxre misi mefobisa, ra imedi hqonda
gedeonis Zes, garda mamis avtoritetisa, mefed gamoecxadebina Tavi? amas
gabedva sWirdeboda da abimeleqmac gabeda: man amoxoca Tavisi samocdaa-
Ti (!) naxevarZma da amiT `daamtkica~, rom mefea. sisxli iyo is mironi,
romelic man icxo, raTa mefis uflebebi moepovebina. magram masze gadmo-
vida ara kurTxeva, aramed mxolod wyevla. sami mkrexeluri uzurpatoro-
 53

bis Semdeg, is dedakacis xeliT gadmogorebulma dolabma mokla (msaj.

9).
abimeleqis gamefebaSi uflis xeli ar eria, amitomac ase samarcxvinod
daasrula man sicocxle. da kvlav, roca israelma igrZno gadaudebeli
saWiroeba mudmivi winamZRolobisa, man mimarTa winaswarmetyvels, daesva
maTTvis mefe: `dagvidgine axla mefe, rom sxva xalxebis wesisamebr gangv-
sjideso~ (1mef. 8:5).
vin iyo es winaswarmetyveli, romelsac israelis uxucesobam aseTi
TxovniT mimarTa?
rogorc yovelTvis, aseTi kaci krizisul xanaSi ibadeba, is iqneb arc
gaCeniliyo amqveynad, rom mis unayofo dedas, xanas (anas) wlidan wlamde
mxurvale locva-vedreba ar aRevlinebina imis winaSe, vinc iZleva pirm-
Sos. jer dedas surda hyoloda Tavisi saSos naSieri; mere mas Svili
imisTvisac surda gasCenoda, rom ar daekarga qmris siyvaruli da amave
dros aecilebina wyevla unayofobisa da sircxvili Tavis qmris meore
colis winaSe, romelic amcirebda mas misi siberwis gamo. SesaZloa, xa-
nas raRac saso gasCenoda sarasa da raxelis gaxsenebisas, radgan es or-
Taveni qmrebis sayvareli colebi iyvnen, TumcaRa berwni garveul drom-
de. saram sami stumari angelozis dapirebisamebr Sva isaki _ aRTqmis Svi-
li, xolo raxelma iosebi _ israelis tomis mxsneli egvipteSi.
samuelic _ ase erqva im winaswarmetyvels, mefobis daweseba rom sTxo-
va xalxma _ aRTqmis Svili iyo. is Caisaxa sasowarkveTili qalis saSoSi,
rogorc uflis wyaloba, da amitomac dedam, rogorc ki mosxlita igi,
uflis sawmidars dautova anu Seswira siloamSi, sadac imxanad mRvdelm-
Tavrobda wmida kaci, saxelad eli, da mRvdlebad iyvnen misi garyvnili
Svilebi, romlebmac `arc ufali icodnen da arc mRvdlobis movaleoba
xalxis winaSe~ (1mef. 2:12-13).
rac dro gadioda, naTqvamia matianeSi, ufro da ufro scodavdnen eli
mRvdelmTavris Svilebi uflisa da eris winaSe, _ maTi saqme ukve gadawy-
vetiliyo caSi, _ `yrma samueli ki izrdeboda da mSvendeboda, uflisa
da eris TvalSi~ (1mef. 2:26).
am zneobrivi dacemisa da politikuri gasaWiris xanaSi, _ filistime-
lebi kvlav mZlavrobdnen qveyanaze da, rogorc Cans, msajulic ar hyavda
xalxs, _ roca TiTqos cac daxuruli iyo berwi qaliviT _ `uflis sity-
va iSviaTi iyo im xanebSi, xilvebi ar iyo xSiri~ (1mef. 3:1), gamoCnda samu-
eli, jer kidev yrma, romlis meSveobiT ufalma daiwyo gamocxadeba da
mxileba, da winaswarmetyveleba da `fuWad ar Cauvlia arc erT mis sity-
vas, da Seityo mTelma israelma, danidan ber-Sebamde, rom samueli uflis
winaswarmetyvelad iqna damtkicebuli~ (1mef. 3:19-20).
samuelis pirovnebaSi SeerTda winaswarmetyveli da msajuli _ misi
msajulobiT israelma saboloo gamarjveba moipova filistimelebze, da-
ibruna warTmeuli qalaqebi da `uflis xeli iyo filistimelebze samue-
lis sicocxleSi~ (1 mf. 7:13). magram is iyo ukanaskneli msajuli, romlis
sicocxleSive gadagvarda msajulobis instituti. jer erTi, imitom, rom
man moindoma msajuloba memkvidreobiT gadasuliyo missave sicocxleSi:
roca moxucda, `israelis msajulebad Tavisi Svilebi daadgina~ (1 mf.
8:1); meorec is, rom iseTi Rirseuli kacis Svilebi, rogoric iyo samueli,
ar gamodgnen msajulebad: `ar gahyvnen Svilebi mamis gzas, angarebas mis-
devdnen, qrTams iRebdnen da samarTals amrudebdnen~ (8:3).
 54

misi Svilebis uRirsi msajuloba iyo sababi imisa, rom xalxma samuels
mosTxova mefe. xalxs ar SeeZlo Tavisi sakuTari arCevaniT gamoerCia me-
fe Tavisi wridan. xalxi arc samuelisgan moeloda, rom is Tavisi nebiT
airCevda israelianTagan mefes. samueli RmerTs unda dahkiTxeboda an
xilvaSi unda mieRo niSani im israelianze, romlis mefobasac RmerTi
inebebda.
mainc ras warmoadgenda mefe Zveli aRTqmis ideologiis Tanaxmad, ro-
gor esaxeboda mefobis institutis arsi Zveli aRTqmis sazogadoebis
ideologs?
pirvel rigSi, ramdenadac ufali iyo erTaderTi WeSmariti mefe, rom-
lis morCileba marTebda yvelas, vinc egviptidan iyo amoyvanili da ax-
ladmopovebul qveyanaSi hqonda wili, yoveli xorcieli mefe unda Serac-
xuliyo im uxilavi, transcendentuli mefis xilul da amqveyniur gamoxa-
tulebad. es ki sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu ara kerpTayvaniscema imave `oq-
ros xbosi~, romelic udabnoSi myofma xalxma Tavisi uflis xatad igul-
va. rjuli ambobda, rom xalxs ar unda hyoloda kerpebi da mxolod ze-
ciur ufals unda damorCileboda. amieridan ki xalxi unda damorCilebo-
da xorciel mefes. amas gulisxmobda uflis pasuxi samuelisadmi, romel-
mac CiviliTa da guliswyromiT acnoba mas xalxis survili: `Seismine
xalxis yoveli sityva, rasac getyvis, radgan Sen ki ar uargyves, aramed
me uarmyves TavianT mefed~ (1mef. 8:7). es moTxovna uaryofa ki ara, ugule-
belyofa mainc iyo Teokratiisa, roca xalxi uSualod RvTis sityvas un-
da damorCileboda da ara imas, vinc am sityvas ucxadebda mas. magram
ufalma miiRo xalxis survili, win ar aRudga mis nebas, radgan Tavisu-
fal xalxad hyavda Seqmnili da gamozrdili Tavisi unji eri. oRond
xalxs unda scodnoda, rogor uRelSi ebmeboda mefobis dawesebiT. samue-
lis piriT Zveli aRTqma, rogorc yovelTvis, daufaravad amxilebs mefo-
bis uaryofiT mxareebs. ai, mefobis ra saidumlo ganucxada xalxs samu-
elma:
`uTxra: ai, ra uflebebi eqneba mefes, romelic imefebs Tqvenze: waiy-
vans Tqvens Svilebs da Tavis etlebTan da cxenebTan daayenebs; irbenen
isini misi etlis win. daniSnavs maT aTasisTavebad da ormocdaaTisTave-
bad, Tavisi yanis mosaxnavad da Tavisi samkalis mosamkelad, Tavisi sabr-
Zolo saWurvelisa da etlebis sakeTeblad. aiyvans Tqvens asulebs me-
nelsacxeblebad, mzareulebad da puris mcxoblebad. wagarTmevT saukeTe-
so yanebs, venaxebsa da zeTisxilis baRebs da Tavis msaxurebs daurigebs.
meaTeds aiRebs Tqveni naTesebidan da venaxebidan da Tavis kariskacebsa
da msaxurebs uwyalobebs. wagarTmevT saukeTeso ymebs, mxevlebs, msaxur
biWebs, saxedrebs da Tavis saqmeze amsaxurebs. waiRebs meaTeds Tqveni fa-
ridan da Tqvenc misi ymebi gaxdebiT. maSin mohyvebiT wuwuns Tqvens arCe-
ul mefeze, magram ar mogismenT ufali~ (1mef. 8:11-18).
xalxma moismina es sityvebi, magram yvelafris fasad moiTxova mefe.
mTavari mainc is iyo, rom mas surda sxva xalxebs damsgavseboda:
`ara da ara, mefe unda gvesvas: Cvenc iseTebi unda viyoT, rogorc sxva
xalxebi arian. Cveni mefe gangvsjis Cven, win wagviZRveba da Cveni gulisT-
vis ibrZolebs~ (1mef. 8:9-20).
axla gadasawyveti iyo, vin unda yofiliyo israelis mefe anu uflis
xorcieli nacvali qveyanaze. magram gana SeiZleboda adamianis nebiT ga-
dawyvetiliyo, Tu vin iqneboda konkretulad mefe? saidan, romeli tomi-
 55

dan, ra Camomavlobisa? an hqonda Tu ara mniSvneloba STamomavlobas, wi-

naprebs, simdidres an pirad Tvisebebs, fizikur Zalas Tu sulier simama-
ces? rac unda brZeni da SorsmWvreteli yofiliyo samueli, is Tavisi sa-
kuTari arCevaniT ver gamoZebnida mefes. aq kvlav uflis xmisTvis unda
esmina mas.
uflis STagonebiT samuelma samefod gamoarCia israelianTagan is Sto,
saxeldobr, beniaminisa, romelic yvelaze naklebad eloda am Rirsebas.
Tumca is, vinc arCeul iqna, obieqturad _ ara mxolod samuelis fiqriT
_ saukeTeso niSnebiT aris wardgenili Zveli aRTqmis mkiTxvelis winaSe:
kiSs `hyavda vaJi, gamorCeuli da mSvenieri, saxelad sauli. israelianTa
Soris masze ukeTesi aravin iyo: erTi TaviT maRali iyo mTel xalxze~
(1mef. 9:2), mainc arCeuls, roca garkveviT ecnoba mas zegardmo moniWebu-
li misiis Sesaxeb, Tavi ar Seuracxavs mefobis Rirsad. misi pasuxi iseTi-
ve iyo samuelisadmi, rogoric pasuxi gedeonisa uflis angelozisadmi,
romelmac msajuloba miuloca mas. samuelis sityvebze, `vis ekuTvnis is-
raelis mTeli saunje, Tu ara Sen da mamaSenis mTel saxlso~, yrma sau-
li upasuxebs: `me xom beniamineli var, israelis umcrosi tomis kaci? Ce-
mi sagvareuloc xom umciresia beniaminis tomis sagvareuloTa Soris?
risTvis meubnebi amaso~ (1mef. 9:20-21). samuels aRar dauzustebia, aRar ga-
umxnevebia, ar gauxsenebia misTvis misi sagvareulos Rirsebani knini beni-
aminis tomSi. cxadia, arc arsebula raime Rirseba, romlis gulisTvisac
ufali irCevda kiSis Zes. ra hqonda mas garda silamazisa (rac ase iSvia-
Tia RirsebaTa Soris Zveli aRTqmis avtorTaTvis) da gamorCeuli simaR-
lisa. saulis pasuxSi unda davimaxsovroT mxolod sruli ignorireba sa-
kuTari Rirsebebisa (Tuki raime hqonda) _ simdable yrma saulisa, rome-
lic Semdeg rogorc davinaxavT, gamoiwvevs masSi arasrulfasovnobis
grZnobas, dabadebs eWvsa da Surs Tavisi erTguli adamianis mimarT, rac
sabolood misi jer sulieri, mere ki fizikuri daRupvis mizezi Seiqneba.

sauli
axla ki es yrma, romelic uflis miswavlebiT unda gamoeZebna samuels
da zeTi ecxo misTvis, ramdenime dRe msaxur biWTan erTad daeZebs mamami-
sis dakargul virebs. gangebam ise moawyo, rom nacvlad imisa, rom virebi
epova, sauli Sexvda winaswarmetyvel samuels, romelmac mefoba `apovni-
na~ mas. sauls surda misgan, rogorc misnisagan, gamoekiTxa dakarguli
virebis ambavi, misans ki erTi dRiT adre hqonda gamocxadebuli uflisa-
gan: `xval am dros kacs gamogigzavni beniaminis mxaridan da scxeb mas Ce-
mi eris, israelis mefed...~ (1 mf. 9:16).
aucilebeli iyo, rom isini _ winaswarmetyveli da mefed zegardmo gan-
wesebuli erTmaneTs Sexvedrodnen (amisTvis jer saWiro iyo virebi dah-
kargoda mamamiss, kiSs) im adgilas, saidanac winaswarmetyveli arafris
momlodine yrmas waiyolebda gorakze, saxalxo msxverplSewirvis adgil-
ze da saklavis saukeTeso naWers miawodebda, mere ki, daimartoxelebda
Tu ara, zeTs daasxamda Tavze, akocebda da etyoda: `aha, gcxo ufalma Ta-
visi samkvidros mTavrad~ (1 mf. 10:1). yvelaferi winaswar aris gamzadebu-
li an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samueli xedavs, rom rac saulis Tavs xdeba,
yvelaferi winaswar aris gadawyvetili. misgan wasul sauls, vinc Sexvde-
ba, yvela, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, monawileobs mis uCveulo Tavgada-
savalSi: is ori kacic, romelic raxelis saflavTan etyvis mas, napovnia
 56

Seni virebi, romelTac eZebdio, da is sami kacic, romelTagan erTi or

purs miscems da isic gamoarTmevs; da, rac mTavaria, qalaqis Sesasvlel-
Tan gorakidan daSvebuli gundi winaswarmetyvelTa anu qadagTa, romleb-
sac Seereva sauli, raTa maszec gadavides RvTis suli da maTTan erTad
isic aqadagdes (1mef. 10:2-6). TiToeuli Tav-Tavis saqmeze dadis, magram sa-
bolood, uflis gangebiT, yvela erT saqmeSi Sexvdeba erTmaneTs.
es Sexvedrebi, romelTac samueli uwinaswarmetyvelebs sauls, iyo niS-
nebi, romelTac unda daedasturebina saulisTvis, rom rac mis Tavze xde-
ba, ubralod ar xdeba, rom es Sexvedrebi saswaulebia mis gzaze, rome-
lic sabediswero aRmoCnda misTvis. cxadia, qadagebTan Sexvedris Semdeg
sauli iseTive ar daubrundeboda mamas, rogoric man gamoistumra virebis
saZebnelad. `RvTis suli gadmova Senze, uTxra samuelma, da masTan er-
Tad aqadagdebi. sxva kacad gardaiqmnebi~ (1 mf. 12:6).
aqedan, am gardaqmnidan iwyeba saulis drama, romelic tragikuli aR-
sasruliT bolovdeba. marTalia, is ukve cxebuli iyo samuelis xeliT
da mefedac gamocxadebuli israelis yvela tomis winaSe, magram pirvel
gamarjvebamde anu pirvel xsnamde, romelic man, rogorc mefem, moutana
xalxs, sauli rigiTi israelianis cxovrebas misdevda. jer kidev ar iyo
masze qarizma, radgan madli krizisul wuTebSi unda gadmosuliyo masze.
qarizma ar axlda mas, yanaSi mxvnel-mTesvels, rogorc kerZo kacs, mag-
ram is yvelasaTvis moulodnelad icvleba, roca Seityobs yamonelTa
Tavdasxmas qveyanaze, saxeldobr, qalaq iabeSze, romelic galaadis mxa-
reSi mdebareobda da napiris adgili iyo, mtrisagan naklebad daculi.
roca mociqulebi movidnen gibyaSi, sadac saulis sagvareulo cxovrob-
da, da iqaurma xalxma maTgan motanil ambavze tirili morTo, sauli am
dros xarebs mohyveboda yanidan. `am sityvebis gagonebaze RvTis suli
gadmovida saulze da Zlier ganrisxda igi. adga da akuwa orive xari da
mociqulebis xeliT dagzavna mTels israelSi, SeuTvala: vinc saulsa da
samuels ar gahyveba, ase mouva mis xarebso~ (1 mf. 11:6-7).
es iyo ZvelisZveli niSani, romelsac kaci ukidures viTarebaSi iyenebs,
roca sityva ise ver gaWris, rogorc moqmedeba. es ar aris msxverplSe-
wirva da miT umetes STambeWdavia, rom xarebi msxverplad ki ar iwireba,
ki ar ikvlis, aramed ikuweba. es simwris gamomxatvelia. amis Camdeni gam-
bedavia, SesaZloa, is Tavisi nebiTac ar moqmedebdes. saulis SemTxvevaSi
ki aSkara iyo, rom mas RvTis suli amoqmedebda, amitomac `uflis SiSi
daeca xalxs da gamovidnen rogorc erTi kaci~ (1mef. 11:7).
es SiSi, saRvTo SiSi, imis gamoxatuleba iyo, rom xalxma irwmuna misi
mefoba, imaTac ki, romlebic ambobdnen, `eg Cven rogor gvixsniso, da Sei-
Zules igi da ZRveni ar miarTves~ (1mef. 10:27), anu ar aRiares igi TavianT
mefed. saulma moimoqmeda, aRasrula pirveli xsna da Caidina pirveli me-
furi didsulovneba, roca ar dasaja is xalxi, vinc eWvis TvaliT uyu-
rebda mis mefobas, Tumca misi erTgulebi moiTxovdnen maT dasjas. sau-
lis pasuxi ki aseTi iyo: `erTi kacic ar mokvdeba dRes, radgan xsna mo-
avlina ufalma dRes israelSi~ (1mef. 10:13). am sityvebSi gamoCnda ara mxo-
lod sulgrZeloba axladdadgenili mefisa, aramed imis Segnebac, rac
WeSmariti msajulebisaTvis iyo niSandoblivi, rom xsna uflisgan aris,
winamZRoli ki mxolod iaraRia mis xelSi. sagulisxmoa, rom swored am
sityvebis Semdeg iyo, rom samuelma Sehyara xalxi gilgalSi, israelis
istoriis RirsSesaniSnav adgilas (aq daibanaka xalxma pirvelad, roca
 57

iordane gadalaxa qveynis dasamkvidreblad), raTa ganemtkicebina saulis

mefoba: `uTxra samuelma xalxs: wamodiT, wavideT gilgalSi da ganvaax-
loT iq mefoba. wavida mTeli xalxi gilgals da gaamefes sauli uflis
winaSe iq, gilgalSi. Seswires samadlobeli msxverpli uflis winaSe da
Zlier gaixares iq saulma da yvela israelianma~ (1mef. 11:14-15).
magram swored gilgalSive miiRo saulma uflisgan pirveli sayveduri,
aqedan daiwyo ufalma misi moZuleba: `inana ufalma, sauli rom gaamefa
israelSi~ (1mef. 15:35). saulma ori danaSauli Caidina, risTvisac daimsa-
xura risxva samuelisa da uflisa, Tumca Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvis
Zneli gansacdelia maTi simZime. magram sauli saRvTo samarTliT iqna
gansjili.
es moxda misi mefobis meore wels, gilgalSi. sauli masTan Semokre-
bil xalxTan erTad samuels elodeboda, raTa brZolis win msxverpli
Sewiruliyo da vedreba aRvleniliyo uflis mimarT, samueli daTqmul
droze ar modioda, sauls ki xalxi efanteboda da filistimelebic, sa-
dac aris, unda dasxmodnen Tavs. saulmac gabeda, risi uflebac ar hqon-
da miRebuli uflisagan _ aRavlina aRsavleni, raTa xalxi gaemxnevebina
da daekavebina banakSi. `Tavs vikavebdi, magram mainc aRvavline aRsavleni
msxverplio~, ase imarTla Tavi saulma dagvianebiT mosuli samuelis wi-
naSe. Zneli saTqmelia, SemTxveviT daigviana samuelma Tu gamosacdelad,
raki ganwiruli iyo sauli, gauZlebda Tu ara gansacdels, magram faqtia,
rom RvTismsaxurebis uzurpacia (gavixsenoT aluda qeTelauris gansacde-
li, roca man TviTneburad Seswira kurati, ris gamoc moikveTa kidec sa-
zogadoebisagan) gaxda sababi misi moZulebisa. `ugunurad moiqeci, rom ar
daicavi uflis, Seni RmerTis nabrZanebi. es rom ar geqna, samaradisod ga-
namtkicebda ufali Sens mefobas israelze. amieridan veRar imyarebs Seni
mefoba. gamoZebnis ufali Tavis sasurvel kacs da Tavisi eris winamZRo-
lobas ubrZanebs...~ (1mef. 13:13-14).
magram ufali aq ar gandgomia sabolood Tavis cxebuls. aqedan mxo-
lod daiwyo gandgoma.
iyo tomi yamaleki, romelTa winaprebi erT dros abrkolebdnen gzaze
egviptidan aRTqmuli qveynisken mimaval israels. axla moadga yamaleki
iudaelTa erT-erT qalaqs asaoxreblad da gasaZarcvavad. ufalma sauls
ubrZana samuelis piriT, gaenadgurebina yamalekis mTeli sabadebeli, ro-
ca daamarcxebda, ar daendo arc adamiani, arc pirutyvi (1mef. 15:1-3). de-
danSi gamoyenebuli sityva `ganadgurebis~ gamosaxatavad (xerem) gulisx-
mobs mtris qonebisa Tu cocxali Zalis mTlianad mospobas, roca adami-
ans araferi ar unda darCes nadavlad anu ekrZaleba xeli axlos mtris
sabadebels, radgan totaluri ganadgurebiT uflisadmia Sewiruli. mis-
gan araferi ar unda darCes, igi ganwirulia dasaRupad da am ganwirulo-
biT is gamoridebulia Cveulebriv, yofiT sferos da sakralizebulia,
amitomac misi xelyofa danaSaulia; iseve, rogorc danaSaulia aRsavleni,
anu sxvanairad, mTlianad dasawveli msxverplis gemos xilva saRvTo
trapezze.
saulma ki xalxis SiSiT, radgan gamarjvebul xalxs dauokebeli sur-
vili hqonda, dapatroneboda mtris dovlaTs, gasanadgureblad ar gaimeta
saukeTeso saqoneli, sursaT-sanovage, baR-venaxebi, xolo uvargisi rac
iyo, gaanadgura. daindo agreTve yamalekis mefe agagi. teqsti ar ambobs,
ratom daindo saulma yamalekis mefe. magram man daindo igi rogorc ada-
 58

mianma da ara mefem, romelsac usityvod marTebda damorCileboda uflis

gankargulebas. ufali mefisgan moiTxovs morCilebas, radgan mefezea da-
mokidebuli qveynis keTildReoba da bedi da, rac mTavaria, xsna. sauli
moiqca rogorc kerZo kaci moiqceoda, sakuTar gulispasuxs mindobili.
mRvdlobis funqciis xelyofas axla daerTo akrZalulis anu xeremis
xelyofa da aman gadawyvita misi, rogorc mefis, bedi. mas zurgi Seaqcia
samuelmac, misma moyvarulma, da roca mosasxamis kalTaze moeWida mas
vedrebiT, `dabrundi CemTan erTad, rom Tayvani vceo ufals~, radgan sru-
liad marto rCeboda, kalTa gaiglija, razedac simboluri sityvebi mo-
esma mosasxamis patronisagan: `gamogglija dRes ufalma israelis mefoba
da misca igi Sens Tvistoms, Senze ukeTess~ (1mef. 15:26-28).

daviTi
sauls ukve meored esmis winaswarmetyvelis sityvebi, rom is moZulebu-
lia uflisagan, da rom israelis romeliRac tomSi, romeliRac sagvare-
uloSi, ukve amorCeulia Rirseuli samefo kaci.
magram es ambavi mxolod man icis da samuelma. magram saulma ar SeiZ-
leba icodes, vin iqneba konkretulad is rCeuli. amis codna mxolod sa-
muels SeuZlia, radgan kvlav misi xeliT unda moxdes cxeba da kurTxeva
mefisa. arCevani kvlav uCino sagvareuloze midga, Tumca iudas tomi, ro-
melsac ekuTvnoda ieses _ daviTis mamis gvari, arc ise uCino iyo. magram
beTlems swored daviTis mefobis gamo eloda dideba momavalSi. `beTle-
mel iesesTan ggzavni, radgan mis SvilTa Soris davigule CemTvis mefe~,
_ esmis samuels uflis sityvebi (1mef. 16:1). winaswarmetyveli da mRvdelm-
Tavari unda stumreboda beTlemSi ieses ojaxs, Seewira msxverpli da
saRvTo trapezze moewvia yvelani. ieses ki rva Svili hyavda, rvave vaJi.
`Camoatara iesem Tavisi Svidi vaJiSvili samuelis win~, magram arc erTi
maTgani ar iyo uflis rCeuli. mogviano gadmocemiT, roca samuelma ieses
erT-erT vaJiSvils, eliabs, daupira cxeba, zeTi ar gadmoiRvara rqidan,
igive ganmeorda sxva Zmebis mimarTac; magram, roca jeri daviTze midga,
zeTi Tavisuflad gadmoiRvara da Tavze daesxa Wabuks.
Tumca samueli winaswarmetyveli iyo da misani (xozeh `mxilveli~), mag-
ram is mainc adamiani iyo da, rogorc adamians sCvevia, garegnobiT arCev-
da samefo kacs. pirvelad mas TvalSi moxvda eliabi _ maRali, tanadi,
Tanac yvelaze ufrosi ZmebSi. roca samuelis Tvali masze SeCerda, man
aseTi Segoneba moismina uflisagan: `nu uyureb mis garegnobas da tanis
simaRles, radgan me ganvayene igi...~ ufali gulisxmobs ganyenebas sauli-
sas, romelic erTi TaviT maRali iyo mTels xalxSi. mere kidev Caesmis
xma samuels: `radgan ise ar aris, rogorc kaci xedavs. radgan kaci mxo-
lod imas xedavs, rac TvalSi xvdeba, xolo ufali guls xedavs~ (1mef.
16:7).
Sinac rom yofiliyo am dros daviTi, albaT samueli zedac ar Sexe-
davda, arc iese warudgenda umrwemes Zes _ nabolaras. am dros daviTi
cxvarSi iyo da es garemoeba ormagad simboluri Seiqna: mefe unda aRze-
vebuliyo im adgilidan, saidanac aravin eloda mefes; da mefe unda gamo-
suliyo mwyemsobidan uflis eris dasamwyemsavad. es idea mkafiod aris
gamoTqmuli fsalmunSi da ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi. 78-e fsalmun-
Si vkiTxulobT:
 59

`gamoarCia daviTi, Tavisi morCili, da gamoiyvana cxvris farexidan,

mwvelavTagan moiyvana igi Tavisi eris, iakobis da Tavisi samkvidros, is-
raelis dasamwyemsavad. da mwyemsavda maT wrfeli guliT da Tavisi marj-
ve xeliT miuZRvoda maT~ (fsalm. 78:70-72).
daviTi bolomde inarCunebs mwyemsobis saxels _ Tavad saxeli `daviT~
da tituli `mwyemsi~ esqatologiuri SinaarsiT itvirTeba, esenia: mesiis
sakuTari saxeli da zedwodeba _ rogorc winaswarmetyvelebs ezekieli:
`me davixsni Cems cxvars da aRar iqnebian datacebulni... erT mwyemss
davuyeneb maT da is damwyemsavs maT. daviTi, Cemi msaxuri, damwyemsavs maT:
is iqneba maTi mwyemsi. me _ ufali, maTi RmerTi viqnebi, xolo daviTi, Ce-
mi morCili, winamZRoli iqneba maTi~ (ezek. 34:22-24).
amrigad, SvidSi ar aRmoCnda is, romelsac eZebda samueli, maSin iesem
saZovrebidan daibara umcrosi vaJi, nabolara, romelzedac damyarebuli
iyo xsnis imedi da, ufro farTo masStabiT, esqatologiuri imedi. magram
arc am SemTxvevaSi araferia naTqvami rCeulis Rirsebebze, TiTqos erTa-
derTi misi Rirseba umrwemesoba yofiliyo. eris istoriaSi, genealogiur
TqmulebebSi Zlierad iyo CabeWdili umcrosobis upiratesoba. es upira-
tesoba imdenad namdvili iyo misi istoriaSi realizaciis ZaliT, rom
esaia winaswarmetyvelis bageebSi andazur WeSmaritebadac ki JRers: `mci-
re aTasad gadaiqceva da umrwemesi _ did xalxad~ (es. 60:22).
gareSe damkvirveblisaTvis gaugebaria es arCevani _ araviTari xiluli
niSani Rirsebisa, arc raime miniSneba Sinagani Tvisebisa, romlis matare-
beli unda imsaxurebdes mefobas Tu xalxis winamZRolobas. iqmneba STa-
beWdileba, rom ufali irCevs mas iseTs, rogoric aris igi. saulic ise-
Tive airCia, rogoric iyo igi Tavisi xiluli da uxilavi naklovanebebiT,
romlebic Semdeg gamovlindeboda an, SeiZleba, arc ki gamovleniliyo.
ufals ar gardauqmnia igi, ar Seucvlia misi pirovneba, ar Sexebia mis
Sinagan birTvs, romelic yovel kerZo SemTxvevaSi warmoSobs saqciels.
ufalma masSi datova xeluxleblad Tavisufali neba, morCilebisaken Tu
urCobisaken adamianis mimdrekeli. yvela potencia, romelic mere iCens
Tavs saulis cxovrebaSi, imTaviTve iyo masSi. mefed cxebam, rac mdgoma-
reobda wmida zeTis meoxebiT RvTis sulis masze gadmosvlaSi, mas mxo-
lod qarizma, davlaTi misca dasazRvruli vadiT, raTa sasikeTod ware-
marTa Tavisi moqmedeba da morCili yofiliyo uflis xmisa, romelmac
uboZa es suli, rogorc mefes da ara kerZo adamians.
aseve daviTic ar iyo srulyofili adamiani. igi rCeba iseTad, rogoric
iSva iesesgan, codvisken midrekili, rogorc yoveli adamiani. RvTis su-
li, romelic gadmovida masze samuelis xeliT zeTiscxebisas, ki ar gar-
daqmnis mas axal adamianad, sxva bunebis kacad, aramed aZlevs Zalas xal-
xis gasaZRolad, mefobis warsamarTavad. RvTis suli ar eZleva kerZo
adamians, aramed mefes da amitomac ekrZaleba mas misi gamoyeneba piradi
miznebisaTvis.
daviTis bedi, gansakuTrebiT misi cxovrebis pirvel periodSi, gadajaW-
vulia saulis bedTan. maT urTierTobaSi vlindeba ori gansxvavebuli
tipi adamianisa. es urTierToba, romelic dramatulia da saxifaTo ori-
vesaTvis, gamoaCens TiToeul maTganSi iseT Tvisebebs, rogornic araso-
des gamovlindeboda, rom maTi Sexvedra ar momxdariyo. daviTi da sauli
erTmaneTs qmnian, SeiZleba iTqvas, es urTierToba erTs aRazevebs maRal
zneobaSi, romlisTvisac arc erT pirovnebas Zveli aRTqmis ganmavlobaSi
 60

ar miuRwevia, da meores ise gastanjavs SuriT da eWviT, ise dascems, ro-

gorc mcireni Tu dacemulad mefeTagan.
daviTisa da saulis Sexvedris ori varianti Semoinaxa Zveli aRTqmis
tradiciam. daviTi unda moxvdes saulis karze, magram rogor? kanonikuri
teqsti (sxva teqsti ki ar arsebobs) saulis cnobil SavnaRvlianobas
xsnis imiT, rom `ganeSora sauls uflis suli da dauwyo mas wvaleba bo-
rotma sulma uflisagan~ (1mef. 16:14). misgan uflis sulis ganSoreba ki
uSualod dakavSirebulia daviTis mefed cxebasTan beTlemSi, romelic
saidumlod unda momxdariyo, rogorc saulis mefed cxeba moxda. `aiRo
samuelma rqa da scxo mas misi Zmebis TandaswrebiT. am dRidan da merec
uflis suli warmarTavda daviTs... ganeSora sauls uflis suli...~ (1mef.
16:13-14). xom ar SeiZleboda, rom RvTis suli erTdroulad yofiliyo da-
vanebuli rCeulze da ganyenebulze? ufalma miatova sauli da borot
suls gauxsna gza mis bunebaSi. Cans, es iyo RvTis sasjeli, magram sabe-
diswero is iyo, rom saulis gvemuli sulis Semsubuqeba daevala axlad-
cxebul daviTs:
`uTxres misma msaxurebma sauls: aha, boroti suli RvTisagan gaSfo-
Tebs Sen. ubrZanos Cvenma batonma Sens msaxurT, moZebnon kaci, qnarze
damkvreli, da, roca Semogawveba boroti suli RvTisagan, daukravs da
Sveba mogecema. uTxra saulma Tavis msaxurT: momiZebneT kaci, kargad rom
ukravdes qnarze, da momiyvaneT. miugo erTma msaxurTaganma da uTxra:
beTlemeli ieses Svili meguleba, icis qnarze dakvra, qveli da mamaci ka-
cia, sityvagonieri da lamazi. ufalia masTan...~ (1mef. 16:15-18).
ase moxvda daviTi saulTan da `roca ki Semoawveboda boroti suli
RvTisgan sauls, aiRebda daviTi qnars da ukravda. amoisunTqebda sauli,
ukeT xdeboda, gaecleboda boroti suli~ (1mef. 16:23). magram yovelTvis
ase mSvidobianad ar mTavrdeboda boroti sulis Semowola: ufro xSirad
saulis Subi gansagmiravad emuqreboda daviTs, risTvisac sauls sababad
hqonda jer eWvi, raki axsovda samuelisagan masze ukeTesi rCeulis arse-
bobis Sesaxeb israelSi, da mere Suri. rac Surs Seexeba, saamiso sababic
hqonda sauls. am motivzea agebuli maTi Sexvedris, ufro sworad, davi-
Tis saulis karze moxvedris meore versia.
es aris cnobili epizodi, sadac daviTi amarcxebs filistimelTa bum-
berazs, saxelad goliaTs, da ixsnis israelis laSqars sircxvilisagan
da gadawyvets brZolis beds. es epizodi moTxrobilia me-17 TavSi, rome-
lic uSualod mosdevs daviTis mefedcxebisa da saulTan misi miyvanis
ambavs. me-16 TavSi Cven vecnobiT daviTs, rogorc farul cxebuls da me-
musikes. axla ki daviTma rogorc mxsnelma gamoiCina Tavi.
aris aSkarad zRapruli elementi am epizodSi, Tumca eWvs ar unda iw-
vevdes amis gamo me-17 TavSi gadmocemuli ambavi. yrma, darwmunebuli Ta-
vis davlaTSi (is, cxadia, grZnobda uflis suls Tavis TavSi), gabedu-
lad Caeba orTabrZolaSi, romlis Sedegs unda gadaewyvita bedi brZoli-
sa israelsa da filistimelTa Soris. aq araferia daujerebeli (msgavsi
asparezoba `baSi-aCukSic~ aris moTxrobili), oRond yrma daviTi gvago-
nebs zRapris gmirs, xSirad glexis biWs, goliaTi _ samefoze miCenil,
mourevel Zalas, xSirad gveleSaps, sauli ki _ qveynis mefes, romelic
Tavis asuls hpirdeba im gmirs, vinc ixsnis qveyanas gveleSapisagan. am
gmirs, romelsac xSirad Zmebic hyavs da, Tu hyavs, Tavad umcrosia da uf-
rosni ver uyureben mas mainc da mainc Zmurad, aqvs raRac jadosnuri sa-
 61

gani, raRac gaRebuli msxverplis sanacvlod mopovebuli, an rogorc

jildo keTili samsaxurisa Tu misi bunebrivi sikeTisaTvis, rac ar Cans
da, SesaZloa, arc arasodes gamoCndes; sagani, romliTac is Zlevs masze
aTaswilad aRmatebul fizikur Zalas, _ zRapris simbolikiT, es sagani
zRapris gmiris swored am dafaruli, misi mflobelisTvis gaucnobiere-
beli sikeTis gamoxatulebaa _ gasagnebuli sikeTe.
ra imediT gadioda aSkarad uTanasworo orTabrZolaSi daviTi, es mxo-
lod erTma RmerTma uwyoda.
goliaTis epizodSi avtors ise Semohyavs daviTi, TiTqos is mkiTxve-
lisTvis ucnobi iyos, TiTqos pirvelad acnobdes mas;
`daviTi iyo Svili im efraTelisa, iudas beTlemidan, romelsac saxe-
las erqva iese da rva Svili hyavda. saulis dros moxucebuli iyo es ka-
ci, xandazmuli. wahyva sauls brZolaSi ieses sami ufrosi vaJiSvili; om-
Si wasuli misi vaJiSvilis saxelebi iyo: pirmSosi eliabi, momdevnosi
aminadabi, mesamesi Sama. daviTi ki maTze umcrosi iyo. wahyva sami ufrosi
sauls...~ (1mef. 17:12-14).
mama agzavnis ZmebTan umcross, romelic unda iyos misi sayvareli Svi-
li; mama moxucebulia _ amas xazs usvams teqsti. ufrosi Zmebi mainc da
mainc ar unda iyvnen keTilad ganwyobilni umcrosisadmi, radgan swored
maT Tvalwin gamoarCia samuelma umcrosi, roca zeTi scxo mas, Tumca es
rituali saidumlod unda Sesrulebuliyo; moxucebuli mama ki, rogorc
iakobi iosebs, agzavnis ZmebTan _ maT mosakiTxad da maTi ambis mosatanad
saxlSi. ufrosi Zmebi _ samni ormoci dRis ganmavlobaSi Semswreni arian
galaRebuli goliaTis saqcielisa _ rogor arcxvens igi da sasacilod
igdebs uflis rCeul xalxs _ da maTi mefis umweobisa. banakSi misuli
daviTi ismens goliaTis Tavxedur sityvebs, mefis pirobas, rom goliaTis
mZlevels aZlevs igi Tavis asuls; da ismens agreTve ufrosi Zmis gesli-
an sayvedurs, daufaravi siZulviliT naTqvams: `risTvis Camoxvedi aq? vis
dautove is mcire fara udabnoSi? vici Seni ampartavnebisa da Seni avgu-
lobis ambavi; mxolod brZolis sayureblad xar Camosuli~ (1 mf. 17:28).
saulis yuramde miitanes sityva, rom dadis banakSi tanmorCili yrma da
yvelas ekiTxeba, Tu ra bedi moelis kacs, vinc im filistimels daamarc-
xebs da sircxvils moxocavs israels; da kidev ambobs muqariT da darw-
munebiT: `vin aris eg windaucveTeli filistimeli, aseT sircxvilSi rom
agdebs dRes RvTis razmebso?~ (1mef. 17:26). da, roca warudgines sauls es
ucnobi ymawvili, romelic gawveulic ki ar iyo jarSi, mefes esmis misgan
es sityvebi:
`nuravis guli nu Sedrkeba mis winaSe. wava Seni msaxuri da SeebrZole-
ba am filistimels~ (1 mf. 17:32).
arc maxviliT an SubiT (israeliani jariskacis Cveulebrivi iaraRiT),
arc javSanSi Camjdari da arc Tavmuzaradiani (man uari Tqva mefis Semo-
Tavazebul srul aRWurvilobaze) ar gasula goliaTis winaSe daviTi. ga-
vida is garegnulad sruliad daucavi, rogorc dadioda Tavis samwyesur-
Si. ra iyo misi iaraRi? kombali _ misi mwyemsobis niSani da xuTiode ri-
yis qva da Surduli. aseTma aRWurvilobam moulodnelad gamoarCia davi-
Ti mTeli israelobidan. Tu sauli erTi TaviT maRali iyo yvela danar-
Cen Tavis Tvistomze, daviTis siqvele dafarulia yvelasagan, rogorc
mwyemsis gudaSi Cawyobili saSurdule qvebi. erTaderTi saCino sagani _
kombalic (mas kverTxis Rirseba unda miniWeboda momavalSi) ar aRiqmebo-
 62

da sabrZolo iaraRad, `ZaRli xom ara var, joxiT rom gamodixar CemTa-
no~ moesma daviTs Seuracxyofili bumberazis sityvebi.
Surduli daviTis xelSi is jadosnuri iaraRia, romelsac zRapris
gmiri ipovebs Tavisi Sinagani Rirsebis jildod; amave dros, Surduli
gamoxatavs adamianuri gonebis Zlevamosilebas, mis upiratesobas brma da
usaxuri fizikuri Zalis winaSe. daviTi imave gziT _ gamWriaxobiT da
maxvili gonebiT _ imarjvebs, rogorc imarjveben CvenTvis nacnobi odi-
sevsi (calTvala bumberazis mZleveli), devTan mebrZolni Cveni jvar-xa-
tebi (RvTisSvilni), an Tundac nacarqeqia, amouwurav SesaZleblobaTa
dammarxveli, romelic gadamwyvet wamebSi aradCasagdeb, yofiT sagnebs
Zlevamosil iaraRebad aqcevs.
`Cayo xeli daviTma gudaSi da amoiRo iqidan qva, styorcna Surduli
da Sig SublSi moartya filistimels. SublSi CaeWeda qva da pirqve daem-
xo filistimeli~ (1mef. 17:49).
am orTabrZolam dasabami misca saulis laSqris gamarjvebebs filis-
timelebze.
ai, maSin ikiTxa saulma (es aris meore versia saulisa da daviTis da-
axloebisa) daviTis vinaoba da is meored warudgines mefes, amjerad ukve
ara rogorc memusike _ qnarze damkvreli, aramed rogorc gmiri. maTi
Sexvedra gadmocemulia ukiduresi dawurviT, TiTqos mxolod da mxo-
lod rogorc cnoba, magram am simSraleSi da sityvier siZunweSi Cans sa-
ulis mefuri, Tan mamaSviluri Rirseba, xolo gamarjvebuli yrmis Tavm-
dabloba da morCileba. dasawyisi sakeTildReo iyo.
`roca dainaxa saulma filistimelis winaaRmdeg gamavali daviTi, hkiT-
xa abners, mxedarTmTavars: visi Svilia es ymawvili, abner? miugo abnerma:
Sens Tavs geficebi, ar vici, mefeo. Tqva mefem: ikiTxe, visi Svilia es Wa-
buki. roca dabrunda daviTi filistimelis damarcxebis Semdeg, xeli moh-
kida mas abnerma da warudgina sauls; xelSi filistimelis Tavi eWira.
uTxra saulma: visi Svili xar, ymawvilo? miugo daviTma: Seni msaxuris,
ieses Svili var, beTlemelis~ (1mef. 17:55-58).
saulis karze gamoscada pirvelad daviTma sakuTar Tavze Surisa da
eWvis dauZleveli Zala saulisagan da aseve dauZleveli megobruli siy-
varuli mefis Zis, ionaTanisa. `Seekra ionaTanis suli daviTis suls da
Seiyvara igi ionaTanma, rogorc sakuTari Tavi... Sekra ionaTanma daviTTan
kavSiri, radgan Seiyvara igi rogorc sakuTari Tavi. gaiZro mosasxami io-
naTanma, Tan rom hqonda, da misca daviTs, agreTve Sesamoseli, maxvili,
mSvildi da sartyeli~ (1mef. 18:1-4).
ZmadSeficvis am aqtma, TiTqmis ritualurma da simbolurma moqmedebam,
gansazRvra daviTis Semdgomi bedi _ misi urTierToba ara mxolod iona-
TanTan, aramed gaaZliera misi mowiweba saulis winaSe, ara rogorc mxo-
lod mefis, aramed Zmadnaficis mamis winaSec.
erTgulobda daviTi sauls sicocxleSic da misi sikvdilis Semdegac
patronobda mis STamomavlebs, erTi sityvac ar dascdenia mis mimarT saa-
ugo da arc saqmiT cdila gaesworebina misTvis angariSi, Tumca saamiso
SemTxveva bevrjer mieca mas. saulis sicocxleSi daviTi avlenda patios-
nebis, siqvelis, raindobis, morCilebis da Svilobrivi siyvarulis maga-
liTs mefisadmi, romelic TiTqmis dRidan goliaTis damarcxebisa mosis-
xle mtrad gadaekida mas. saulSi iZala Surma Wabuki qveSevrdomis mi-
marT, roca brZolidan dabrunebuls moesma qalebis gundis mier saxel-
 63

daxelod SeTxzuli simRera: `Semusra saulma Tavisi aTasi, xolo daviT-

ma Tavisi aTiaTasio!~ es sityvebi sakmarisi iyo Suris aRsaZvrelad da
saulma TiTqos iwinaswarmetyvela: `mefobaRa aklia!~ es eWvi, cxadia, ar
iyo usafuZvlo, mxolod misi avadmyofuri gonebis nayofi. xom namdvilad
cxebuli iyo daviTi da, amgvarad, misi metoqe, Tumca sauls es ambavi ar
SeiZleba dabejiTebiT scodnoda. is mxolod grZnobda Sinaganad, rom
ufals hyavda mitovebuli, da samuelic, daviTis mcxebelic, aRar ekare-
boda im Sexvedris Semdeg gilgalSi, sadac man amxila igi uflis urCo-
baSi da uflis nebac gamoucxada, rom `gamoglejda~ mefobas, rom ufals
amorCeuli hyavs samefod masze Rirseuli.
neba uflisa, romelic mas gamoucxada samuelma, ukve aRsrulebuli
iyo: samefo, mefoba, ukve warTmeuli hqonda mas, xolo uflis sulis nac-
vlad, boroti suli iyo masze movlenili uflisaganve. is samefo davla-
Ti, romelsac igi veRar ganicdida sakuTar TavSi, axladmovlenil yrma-
Si iyo gadasuli. amas grZnobda sauli: `SeSinda sauli, radgan ufali
iyo daviTTan, sauls ki ganeSora~ (1mef. 18:12).
saulis winaSe sruliad udanaSaulo daviTs hqonda erTi danaSauli:
is gulis siRrmeSi grZnobda _ es arasodes ar yofila garkveviT gamoTq-
muli, _ rom is israelis mefed iyo mowodebuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Si-
naganad ganicdida uflis sulis Semweobas ara mxolod cxebis Semdeg,
aramed manamdec, roca mamamisis faras mwyemsavda, radgan mwyemssac esaWi-
roeboda RvTis Sewevna. daviTis Sinagani darwmunebuloba Tavis davlaT-
Si, rom es namdvilad RvTisagan moberili qarizma iyo, gamoCnda im sity-
vebSi, romlebic saulma moismina misgan. sauli akavebda mas filistimel
bumberazTan brZolisagan, `radgan jer bavSvi xar, is ki mebrZolia siyr-
miTganveo~, magram rogor pasuxobs daviTi? ra Cans daviTis pasuxSi, ra
momavali gamokrTa mis pasuxSi mefis mamaSvilur rCevaze?
`uTxra daviTma sauls: mwyemsavda Seni msaxuri Tavisi mamis faras da,
roca daecemoda lomi an daTvi da gaitacebda faridan cxvars, gavekide-
bodi, vklavdi da piridan gamovglejdi xolme... lomsac da daTvsac amar-
cxebda Seni msaxuri, am windaucveTel filistimelsac igive daemarTeba,
radgan sircxvilSi agdebs igi cocxali RvTis razmebs. Tqva daviTma:
ufali, romelic damixsnida xolme lomisagan an daTvisagan, axlac da-
mixsnis filistimelisagan...~ (1mef. 17:34-37).
am sityvebSi Cans gamoucdeli Wabukis darwmunebuloba imaSi, rom
mwyemsoba misTvis mosamzadebeli safexuria xalxis winamZRolobisaken.
Tu winaT is mamis faras mwyemsavda da ugeriebda mtacebel mxecebs, axla
mas SeuZlia, SesaZlebelia, valdebulic aris, damwyesos uflis, Tavisi
zeciuri mamis samwyso _ israeli. daviTisaTvis es erTi da igive saqmia-
nobaa, oRond sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva asparezze ganxorcielebuli.
mwyemsobis Rirseba misi xalxis istoriaSia dadasturebuli: mwyemsi iyo
mose, sanam igi xalxs gamoiyvanda egviptidan; is jer Tavisi simamris fa-
ras mwyemsavda udabnoSi (swored am samwyesurSi aRmoaCina man RvTis ga-
mocxadebis mTa) da mere Seudga Tavisi xalxis mwyemsvas. rogorc mose-
saTvis, aseve daviTisaTvis xalxis winamZRoloba iyo igive mwyemsoba, ma-
Ral rangSi ayvanili. winaswarmetyvelTa esqatologiur simbolizmSi
mwyemsi mefis sinonimia da am simbolikas fesvi realur niadagSi udgas.
ase iyo mTels axlo aRmosavleTSi: jer kidev Sumerisa da Semdeg babi-
lonisa Tu aSuris mefeebi atarebdnen mwyemsis tituls, romlis Sinaarsi
 64

dafuZnebuli iyo xalxis winamZRolobisa da patronobis ideaze. `ra aris

xalxi Tvinier mefisa? mxolod cxvris fara, umwyemsod STenili!~ ambobs
erTi Sumeruli andaza.
xalxi uflis eria, xolo misi winamZRoli _ mefe uflis nebiT dayenebuli
mwyemsi. is periodi daviTis cxovrebisa, roca daviTi mwyemsavda Tavisi xorcieli
mamis faras, unda gavigoT rogorc simboluri winaswarmoswaveba im periodisa, ro-
ca daviTi kverTxiT xelSi Caudgeba saTaveSi Tavis zecieri mamis faras. rogorc
cxvris patroni eZebs erTgul mwyemss, aseve ufali _ rCeuli xalxis patroni
eZebs erTgul winamZRols. es suliskveTebaa gamoxatuli zemomoyvanil esqatoli-
giur nawyvetSi ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebidan: `me davixsni Cems cxvars
da aRar iqnebian datacebulni... erT mwyemss davuyeneb maT da is damwyem-
savs maT; daviTi, Cemi msaxuri, damwyemsavs maT, is iqneba maTi mwyemsi...~
amrigad, gulmarTali yrmis sityvebSi mefisadmi, gamosWvivoda, rom mi-
si kombali erT mSvenier dRes samefo kverTxad gardaiqmneboda. saulis
sasmenelni daxSuli ar yofila am sityvebis mimarT.
roca saulisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom daviTia misi metoqe samefo taxtze
_ Tumca daviTi arc apirebda raime eRona zeTiscxebis meoxebiT miRebu-
li potenciuri mefobis gasanaRdeblad, _ is ukve aRar malavda Tavis
mtrobas mis mimarT da xelsayrel SemTxvevas eZebda mis mosaklavad, ris-
xavda Svils ionaTans, Caagonebda mas: `vidre cocxalia ieses Ze amqveynad,
verc Sen ganmtkicdebi da verc Seni mefoba ganmtkicdebao~ (1mef. 20:31);
ionaTani ki, misi megobari, romelsac sakuTar Tavze metad uyvarda igi,
esarCleboda mas mefis winaSe, Tumca manac icoda, rom samomavlod taxti
daviTsa da mis STamomavlobas unda darCenoda. daviTi orjer dausxlta
saulis nasrol Subs misi gaSmagebisas, roca borotma sulma Seipyro
igi, daviTi ki qnars ukravda dasamSvideblad. magram amao iyo qnaris xma,
`undoda sauls kedelze miegmira SubiT, magram gausxlta daviTi da ke-
dels moxvda Subi. daviTi ki gaiqca da ase gadarCa sikvdils im Rames~
(1mef. 19:10). meored daviTi misma colma, saulis asulma miqalma, romel-
sac uyvarda, ixsna. bolos ki, ionaTanma, romelmac xeli Seuwyo sabolo-
od garideboda sauls da samefo kars, da daetovebina qveyana, gadaxvewi-
liyo ucxo mxareSi, sadac saulis Subi ver miswvdeboda.
ori xanaa daviTis cxovrebaSi _ xetialisa da damkvidrebisa. is xetia-
lobs rogorc kaenisagan devnili mwyemsi abeli. Tavisi cxovrebis am pe-
riodSi is axorcielebs ideals im daRupuli abelisa, romelsac swya-
lobda RmerTi. RmerTi daviTTan aris da ara saulTan, romelic damkvid-
rebulia miwaTmoqmedi kaeniviT, magram Sinaganad xetialobs, Zrwis, itan-
jeba boroti sulisagan, rogorc kaeni, romelic gadaixvewa `Zrwolisa~
da `xetialis~, `wrialis~ mxareSi (ase iTargmaneba qveynis saxeli nod, sa-
dac damkvidrda kaeni).
daviTis devnileba da gasvla qveynidan gamoxatavs israelis warsuls,
roca is udabnos gziT midioda qveynisaken, da momavalsac, roca dadga
didi ganfantvis xana. WeSmarit mefes TiTqos unda gaemeorebina Tavisi
xalxis istoria, rogorc Zvel miTosSi mwyemsi imeorebs anu, ufro swo-
rad, iziarebs Tavisi samwysos bed-iRbals; TiTqos xetiali unda yofili-
yo daviTisaTvis samefod mzadeba, udabnos qronotopul viTarebaSi unda
dabadebuliyo is mefed, rogorc israeli iSva xelaxla, rogorc uflis
eri, udabnoSi ormoci wlis xetialisas.
 65

magram es gasvla qveynidan, ramac gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula da-

viTis, rogorc pirovnebis da rogorc mefis, CamoyalibebaSi, samZimo vi-
Tarebas uqmnida daviTs, rogorc erT kerZo israelians, ufro Sors rom
wavideT eris genezisamde, abraamis wiaRidan gamosuls. am gandevniT davi-
Ti wydeboda im miwas, romelic uflisagan mieca mis mama-papas da piradad
masac, rogorc wilis mqonebels am memkvidreobaSi. igi moikveTa qveynidan
ara mxolod rogorc sacxovrebeli adgilidan, aramed sawmidaridan da
RvTis Tayvaniscemisagan, radgan sxvagan, am qveynis gareSe, israelianisaT-
vis warmoudgeneli iyo erovnuli RmerTis msaxureba; radgan ufali (iah-
ve) RmerTi jer kidev ar iyo maT SegnebaSi universaluri RmerTi, rom mi-
si samsxverplo aRTqmuli qveynis garda sxvagan sadme aSenebuliyo. am
gandevniT saulma daviTs fexi amoukveTa ara mxolod samkvidrodan, ara-
med sawmidaridan. is unda darCeniliyo Tavisi RmerTis patronobis gare-
Se da sxva, ucxoTa RmerTebs unda Sexizneboda.
`axla isminos mefe batonma Tavisi msaxuris sityvebi: Tu ufalma waga-
qeza Cems winaaRmdeg, surnelovani iyos es msxverpli; Tu adamianebma _
wyeulimc arian isini uflis winaSe, radgan maT ganmdevnes me dRes, rom
wili ar mqonoda uflis samkvidroSi, da miTxres, wadi, ucxo RmerTebs
emsaxureo~ (1 mf.26:19).
es sityvebi gadasZaxa Soridan sauls udabnoSi, borcvidan mas
Semdeg, rac saulis banakSi idumal SeRweulma Subi da maTara
aarTva mZinare mefes da waiRo imis niSnad, rom igi arasodes aR-
marTavda xels uflis cxebulze. udabnom, rogorc gansacdelma,
warmoaCina daviTis saukeTeso zneobrivi Tvisebebi, magram avida
Tu ara taxtze, dakarga simaRle. taxtze asvlis Semdegac, roca
is myarad damkvidrda ierusalimSi, romelic man pirvelma aqcia
dedaqalaqad da sadac ganicada devnileba, amjerad ukve mojanye
Svilisa, da esec gansacdeli iyo. xetialsa da umkvidrobaSi, rom-
liTac is TiTqos axorcielebs RvTis saTno abelis ideals Tavi-
si cxovrebis pirvel periodSi, daviTi Tanaziaria israelis udi-
desi siwmidis _ uflis kidobnis bedisa, romelic ieses ZesaviT
ucxo qveyanaSi imyofeboda rogorc tyve da tyveobidan Tavdaxsnis
Semdgom mimodioda, icvlida adgil-samyofels, vidre sabolood
ierusalimSi ar damkvidrda gamefebul daviTTan erTad.

saulis aRsasruli
yvela Tavisi bedisweriT kvdeba, yvelas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sikvdi-
li aqvs. iakobi mokvda xansruli, wlebiT maZRari, tkbil sibereSi, vaJiS-
vilebiT da SvilTaSvilebiT garSemortymuli, im Svilis xelSi, romlis
gamo ambobda, mgloviare Cavalo Cems SvilTan SaveTSi. abraami, isaki, ia-
kobi, _ eris mamamTavrebi, mwyemsebi, mSvidobiani xalxi iyo da mSvidad
datoves wuTisofeli. rogor mokvda sauli, romelmac brZolaSi gaatara
mTeli cxovreba da lxinis drosac ki, Tavisi erTguli xalxiT garSe-
mortymuls, Subi hqonda xelSi CabRujuli? TiTqos eloda boroti su-
lis mobervas, rom eWvebiT gasenils Tavisi moyvasi gaegmira. Seiqmneboda
Tu ara misTvis es Subi sabediswero?
`mefeTa wignebma~ saulis sikvdilis ori versia Semoinaxa, orive Cawe-
ril iqna erTmaneTis miyolebiT: biblia ar ufrTxis garegan winaaRmde-
 66

gobebs; is ar fiqrobs, rom rac moxda, swored ise moxda, rogorc unda
momxdariyo. biblia utovebs SemTxvevas sxva SesaZleblobasac, rom ufro
amomwuravad gamoCndes SemTxvevis mniSvneloba da iq moxvedrili adamia-
nis ukanaskneli saqcieli.
pirveli versia.
`miewivnen filistimelebi sauls da mis vaJebs da daxoces filistime-
lebma ionaTani, abinadabi da malqi-Suayi _ saulis Svilebi. gauZnelda
brZola sauls. niSanSi amoiRes igi mSvildosnebma da mZimed daWres igi
mSvildosnebma. uTxra saulma Tavis saWurvelTmtvirTvels: iSiSvle max-
vili da gamiyare, rom windaucveTelebma ar momklan da ar Seuracxmyon.
ver gabeda saWurvelTmtvirTvelma, radgan Zalian eSinoda. maSin aiRo sa-
ulma maxvili da zed daego. roca dainaxa saWurvelTmtvirTvelma, rom
mokvda sauli, isic zed daego maxvils da mokvda masTan erTad~ (1mef.
31:2-5).
vin unda yofiliyo Semswre am tragikuli scenisa? vis unda moesmina
patronisa da misi morCilis ukanaskneli dialogi? roca mefiswulni da
misi Tanamdgomni daxocilni eyarnen maT win? vin moitana es ambavi, rom
ymam ar Seasrula mefis ukanaskneli brZaneba, roca aravin iyo mis meti
brZanebis Semsrulebeli? vin Caxeda mas saxeSi, roca maxvilCabRujuli
xeli aukankalda da ver aRmarTa igi cxebulze? `radgan Zalian eSino-
da~? maSin xom ar aukankalda xeli, roca mefis kvalze gulSi iyrida
maxvils imis dasadastureblad, _ vis winaSe? misi patroni mkvdari iyo
ukve, _ rom sakuTari sicocxle ar enaneboda?
modaraje Tvali dahyurebda maT zemodan. am TvaliT danaxuls agvi-
wers biblia mefeTa pirveli wignis dasasruls.
mefeTa meore wigni ubrundeba amave ambavs, ar cnobs mas amowurulad.
es versia unda avsebdes winamavals, azustebdes saulis aRsasrulis su-
raTs.
`movida mesame dRes saulis banakidan kaci, samoseli Semoglejoda da
Tavze nacari eyara. movida daviTTan, miwaze davarda da Tayvani sca. uTx-
ra daviTma: saidan modixar? miugo: israelis banakidan gamoviqeci. uTxra
daviTma: ra ambavi moxda, miambe. uTxra kacma: xalxi gaiqca brZolis ve-
lidan. bevri Cvenianic daeca da daixoca, saulic da misi vaJic, ionaTa-
nic daixocnen. uTxra daviTma ymawvilkacs, ambis momtans: rogor gaige,
rom daxocilan sauli da misi vaJi ionaTani? miugo ymawvilma kacma, am-
bis momtanma: gilboayis mTaze movxvdi da, vxedav, Tavis Subzea sauli wa-
mogebuli da, aha, etlebi da mxedrebi uaxlovdebian mas. ukan moixeda, da-
minaxa da damiZaxa. mivuge: gismen, batono-meTqi. miTxra: vina xar? mivuge:
yamalekeli var-meTqi. miTxra: dameci Tavs da momkali, radgan saSinel
tanjvaSi var, jer kidev midgas suli. mivedi da movkali, radgan vicodi,
rom mainc ar icocxlebda damarcxebis Semdeg. movxade gvirgvini, Tavze
rom exura, avarTvi samajuri, xelze rom ekeTa, da aq movutane Cems pat-
rons...~ (2mef. 1:2-10).
WeSmaritad tragikuli suraTis Semswre Seiqna es yamalekeli ymawvili:
casa da miwas Soris, yvelasagan mitovebuli, Tavis Subs wamogebuli gan-
wiruli mefe. etlebi da mxedrebi grialiT uaxlovdebian. yamalekels
namdvilad saulisagan unda moesmina es sityvebi, romlebic gamarjvebul
daviTs moaxsena. man moismina saulis Sinagani xma, ara mefuri, aramed ub-
ralod adamianuri. ra pasuxi unda gaeca ucxo yamalekels mefis gulis
 67

amoZaxilze? marTalia, ymawvili, israels Sexiznuli yamalekeli, saulis

morCili iyo, magram mas ar SeSinebia masze xelis aRmarTvisa. Tu saWur-
velTmtvirTveli daZlevda SiSs da xels aRmarTavda cxebulze, es xeli
xom masac mouRebda bolos, rogorc moxda. magram saWurvelTmtvirTvel-
ma ver aRmarTa xeli. sauli wamoego Tavisave Subs, magram sasikvdilo ar
yofila es wamogeba, saWurvelmtvirTvelma ki iniSna saulis saqcieli da
xeli aRmarTa sakuTar Tavze _ ise rom arc ki daucdia saulis sikvdi-
lisTvis. sauli kvdeboda da arc kvdeboda, calke saSineli tanjva Wri-
lobisagan, calke momdgari mteri, romlis xeliT sikvdils gaurboda.
ymawvili civi gonebiT sjida, Seucdomlad gaerkva viTarebaSi. `mivedi da
movkali, _ Tqva man, _ vicodi, rom damarcxebis Semdeg ar icocxlebda.~
ase Tqva man, vidre erTi wamisyofis Semdeg mkvleli gaxdeboda. sauli,
marTalia, ar icocxlebda dacemis Semdeg, is ganwiruli iyo, magram vai
mas, vinc pirveli aZgerebda maxvils. moklul mefes sxva vinmec aarTmevda
gvirgvins da samajurs _ samefo niSnebs da daviTs miarTmevda; amiT is
xilul saxes miscemda imas, rac samuelma saidumlo zeTiscxebiT moimoq-
meda. saulic daiRupeboda, daviTic miiRebda gvirgvins, magram vai mas,
vinc sisxliani xeliT miarTmevda gvirgvins.
`hkiTxa daviTma ymawvilkacs, ambis momtans: sadauri xar? miugo: xiza-
nis Svili var, yamalekeli. uTxra mas daviTma: rogor gabede da aRmarTe
xeli uflis cxebulis dasaRupad? dauZaxa daviTma erT msaxurTagans da
uTxra: aq modi da mokali es kaci. manac dahkra da mokvda igi. uTxra mas
daviTma: Sens Tavzea Seni sisxli, radgan Senmave bagem gamxila, roca
Tqvi, me movkalio uflis cxebuli~ (2mef. 1:13-16).
daviTs mieca SemTxveva Tavisi mosisxlis sixli aeRo da eglova igi
omSi daRupulTa godebiT, sadac aseTi sityvebic ismis: `gilboayis mTe-
bo! ar geRirsos cvari da wvima, nayofieri mindvrebi, radgan mand gacud-
da vaJkacTa fari, saulis fari, TiTqos ar yofiliyo zeTiT cxebuli!
gangmirulTa sisxlisagan, vaJkacTa gul-RviZlisagan ukan ar brundeboda
ioanaTanis mSvildi, saulis xmali fuWad ar brundeboda! saul da iona-
Tan! sayvarelni da sanatrelni sicocxleSi, sikvdilSic ganuyrelni ari-
an... israelis asulno, itireT sauli, Tqveni Semmosveli ZoweuliT da
ZvirfaseuliT, oqros samkaulebiT rom gimSvenebdaT Sesamosels. rogor
daecnen vaJkacebi brZolaSi...~ (2mef. 1:21-25).

daviTis gansacdeli
bibliur adamians Tan sdevs gansacdeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, Casafrebu-
lia da elis mis nabijs. romeli ascda Tavis cxovrebaSi gansacdels, vin
iyo misgan Tavisufali? gansacdelis meoxebiT arian, rogornic arian,
rom araferi vTqvaT adamze, pirvelkacze, romelmac gza gauxsna mas ka-
cobriobaSi, abraami, iakobi, iosebi da sxvani. gansacdeli sasinji qvaa,
romelic gamoaCens adamianis didebas da simdables; quraa, romelSic un-
da gadadnes kaci da gamovides misi xinji. gansacdelidan adamiani SeiZ-
leba arnaxul simaRleze avides an ise daeces, rogorc arasodes dacemu-
la.
iyo dro, roca daviTze SeiZleba Tqmuliyo: `sul maRla da maRla mi-
dioda daviTi da ufali, cabaoT RmerTi, masTan iyo~ (2mef. 5:10). magram
Tu SeinarCuna taxtze gamtkicebulma is simaRle, romelsac devnilebaSi
 68

_ esec xom gansacdeli iyo _ atarebda? SesaZloa am xanaSi Tavisi cxov-

rebisa ufro Zneli gansacdeli moeloda, vidre maSin, roca saulis Subi
hqonda damiznebuli. maSin daviTi abeli iyo, TiTqos dasaRupad ganwiru-
li; magram masTan iyo ufali, rogorc iosebTan, da devnili iosebiviT,
isic masze iyo mindobili. SesaZloa, mas taxtze asvlamde, rogorc kerZo
kacs, bevri ram epatieboda. magram taxtze mjdomi mTel qveyanaSi xelis-
guliviT moCanda Tavisi siavkargiT. maSin, roca udabnos miwaze da gamoq-
vabulebSi aTevda Rameebs, misi erTaderTi mamxilebeli sakuTarive Tavi
iyo; sindiss _ `mamxilebel gonebas~ misas ar eZina, magram taxtze aRzeve-
bulisTvis, roca sasaxleSi daido bina, saWiro Seiqna gareSe mamxilebe-
li. es iyo naTani, misi sulieri moZRvari, romelic mowodebuli iyo
RvTis cxebulSi sinanulis gasaRviZeblad. magram naTani, raki mefesTan
hqonda saqme, igavebiT gamoTqvamda samxilebels, ara pirdapir _ aseTi
iyo aRmosavleTSi miRebuli wesi mxilebisa.
roca daviTma brZolaSi RalatiT moakvlevina uria xeTeli, Tavisi er-
Tguli yma da colad SeirTo misi coli berSabe (baT-Sebay `asuli Svi-
disa~ Tu `asuli ficisa~), `ar moewona ufals es saqme~ da `miugzavna
ufalma daviTs naTani da isic mivida masTan da uambo: ori kaci cxov-
robda erT qalaqSi, mdidari da Raribi. mdidars uamravi cxvari da Zroxa
hyavda, Raribs ki araferi ebada erTi patara batknis garda, romelic na-
yidi hyavda, da kvebavda da zrdida TavisTan, Tavis bavSvebTan erTad. mis
lukmas Wamda, misi Tasidan svamda, mis ubeSi eZina; rogorc qaliSvili,
ise hyavda. ewvia erTxel vinme mgzavri mdidar kacs. veraferi gaimeta Ta-
visi cxvar-Zroxidan dasaklavad, rom gamaspinZleboda Tavis stumars, wa-
moiyvana Raribi kacis batkani da gaumzada stumrebul kacs. didad gan-
risxda daviTi am kacze da uTxra naTans: ufals vficav, sikvdilis Rir-
sia amis Camdeni! batkani oTxmagad unda zRos, aseTi saqme rom Caidina da
Seubraleblad moiqca. uTxra naTanma daviTs: Sen xar is kaci...~ (2mef. 12:1-
7).
ise moawyo brZenma naTanma, rom mefem manamde gamoutana ganaCeni im usa-
marTlo mdidars, sanam masSi Tavis Tavs amoicnobda. am igavma gamoafxiz-
la mefe Tavisi codvisagan, TiTqos av sizmarSi yofiliyo. codva Cadeni-
lia: batkani warTmeulia, misi sabralo patroni moklulia. daviTi ar is-
jeba, cocxali rCeba, magram codvis Segneba ar waSlila misi cnobierebi-
dan, samudamo sinanulad SerCa mas, rogorc gamoiTqva am SemTxvevis gamo
SeTxzul fsalmunSi: `vici Cemi danaSauli da Cemi codva mudam Tvalwin
midgas~ (fsalm. 51:5).
daviTis danaSauli kidev ufro Rrmavdeba uria xeTelis zneobrivi si-
maRlis fonze. rac ufro dacemulia mefe, miT ufro amaRlebulia misi
yma. ai, rogor moxda, rom daeca mefe, misi morCili ki amaRlda.
banze moseirne daviTi mobanave qals dainaxavs, moewoneba, daibarebs da
dauaxlovdeba. qalis qmari _ uria xeTeli ki am dros uflisaTvis da mi-
si cxebulisaTvis ibrZvis israelis Zveli mtrebis winaaRmdeg. qaltan si-
axlovis Semdeg, imave dRes, daviTma brZolis velidan TavisTan gamoixmo
misi qmari, raTa colTan Sexvedris SesaZlebloba mieca misTvis.
mefe mowme xdeba im kacis gamorCeuli sulieri Rirsebisa, romlis mi-
marT aseTi muxanaToba hqonda Cadenili. brZolis ambis gamokiTxvis Sem-
deg mefisgan dasaCuqrebuli da Sin gastumrebuli uria xeTeli Sin ar
wasula, aramed mefis saxlis karTan gaaTia Rame. arc meore, arc mesame
 69

Rame saxlSi ar gauTevia mefis moymes, ar unaxavs Tavisi lamazi coli.

es saqcieli _ Ramis gaTeva TiTqos brZolis velze, cis qveS _ misi bu-
nebrivi moTxovnileba iyo, romelic amgvarad gamoixata sityvierad mefi-
sadmi pasuxSi: `roca uflis kidobani, israeli da iuda karvebSi arian,
Cemi batoni ioabi (jaris sardali) da Cemi batonis xalxi velze dganan,
rogor wavide Cems saxlSi, rogor vWamo da vsva, rogor davwve colTan?
Sen Tavs vficav, ver vizam am saqmes!~ (2mef. 11:11).
bibliuri avtori arasodes iZleva adamianis saqcielis Sefasebas. igi
alaparakebs gmirs an aCvenebs mis saqciels. aq is ar gamoTqvams aRtace-
bas mefis morCilis sityvebis gamo, aramed upirispirebs mefis saqciels,
risi ganmsjelic agreTve ar aris. `diliT dawera daviTma werili ioabi-
saTvis da urias xeliT gaugzavna. werilSi ase dawera: daayeneT uria iq,
sadac sastiki brZola mogeliT, da mere miatoveT, rom gaigmiros da mok-
vdes~ (2mef. 11:14-15). es iyo pasuxi erTguli moymis qcevaze, TiTqos sxva
gamosavali ar iyo. SesaZloa, marTlac ar iyo sxva gamosavali: berSabes
sircxvili albaT sxvagvarad ver Camoirecxeboda. roca berSabem daitira
qmari wesis mixedviT, roca gavida glovis dawesebuli dReebi, daviTma
SeirTo berSabe da daviTis saxlSi mas SeeZina vaJi. avtori ar tvirTu-
lobs msajulis rols, ar aZlevs Tavs uflebas gakicxos mefe, is mxo-
lod gadmogvcems RvTis ganaCens: `ar moewona ufals es saqme, rac daviT-
ma Caidina~ (2mef. 11:27). Tumca uflis Tvalsazrisi adamianis saqcielze
adamianisave umaRlesi Segnebis gamomxatvelia. da bibliuri mTxrobelis
SegnebaSi imdenad mZimed Cans daviTis es codva, romelic miuteveblobis
SemTxvevaSi sasikvdiloa (`ufalma mogiteva codva, ar mokvdebi~, eubneba
mefes misi moZRvari naTani), rom Semdgomi tragikuli ambebi, rac Tavs
daatyda daviTs, am codvis Sedegad aris gaazrebuli. Tumca codva mite-
vebulia, daviTi ar mokvdeba, magram mas erTxel da meorejerac SeemTxve-
va iseTi ram, rom sikvdilic ki sanatreli gauxdeba kaeniviT, romelic
cocxliv ixdida sikvdilze uares sasjels.
kaci, romelic Tavis mosisxle mters patiobda, erTgulobda mis si-
cocxleSi da misi sikvdilis Semdegac, ar aRmarTavda xels arc masze,
arc mis STamomavlobaze; araTu Surisgebis survilic ar hqonia mis mi-
marT, piriqiT, sikvdiliTac ki dasaja saulis mkvleli, romelmac axara
es ambavi daviTs; kaci, romelsac Tavis valad miaCnda saulis danaSTomze
zrunva, miagebda keTils im borotebis wil, rac siWabukeSi misgan hqonia
nawvnevi, _ es kaci sCadis sasikvdilo codvas uflis TvalSi, romelic
mudam masTan iyo da mxarSi edga. gana uflis wyalobiT ar iyo igi ga-
darCenili mravalgzis saulis Subisagan Tu mis morCilTa maxvilisagan?
sinais mTaze miRebuli cnebebi `ara kac kla~ da `ara imruSo~ daarRvia
daviTma, da miT ufro mZime iyo misi Secodeba, rom man rjuli daarRvia
rogorc mefem, romlis yoveli saqcieli rjuliT unda yofiliyo ganmt-
kicebuli.
marTlac mZime iyo Cadenili codvis sazRauri, ufro mZime, vidre saku-
Tari sikvdili. naTanma uwinaswarmetyvela berSabesgan SeZenili Zis, cod-
vis Svilis, sikvdili: `ufalma mogiteva codva, ar mokvdebi. oRond, raki
am saqcieliT alanZRvine ufali mis mtrebs, Svili mogikvdeba, romelic
SegeZina~ (2mef. 12:13-14). Svili mokvda da mware iyo misi sikvdili daviTi-
saTvis. es iyo misi sasjeli. unda vifiqroT, rom pirmSos sikvdiliT
TiTqos ganiwmida daviTisa da berSabes col-qmruli kavSiri, TiTqos ufal-
 70

ma akurTxa maTi SeuRleba, TiTqos warixoca codva, radgan meore vaJi _ solomo-
ni, romelic uSva mas berSabem, `Seiyvara ufalma~ (2mef. 12:24). es ki imas moaswaveb-
da, rom daviTis ZeTa Soris upiratesoba mas mieniWeboda da taxtis erTaderTi
memkvidre is iqneboda.
daviTs kvlav Sexvda simware da kvlav Svilisagan. mamam ganicada Svi-
lis Ralati, Svili aujanyda mamas, ufliswulma mefis sicocxleSi moin-
doma gamefeba, rogorc im sxivosanma angelozma, uflis taxts rom Sehbe-
da. es iyo abesalomi _ ab Salom `mama mSvidobisa~, Tumca ki iyo mama
janyisa. `aravin iyo mTels israelSi iseTi naqebi kaci silamaziT, ro-
gorc abesalomi: TxemiT terfamde unaklo iyo. roca Tavs moikreWda
xolme (wlidan wlamde ikreWda Tmas, radgan amZimebda), Tmis monakreWi
oras Sekels iwonida samefo sawoniT~ (2mef. 14:25-26). aseTi iyo abesalomi,
romelic gamorCeviT uyvarda mefes, msgavsi uflis winaSe mdgari im ange-
lozisa.
janyi Sinaganad gancdili damoukideblobis, TavisTavadobis garegani
gamoxatulebaa da, amdenad, albaT aqvs mas Tavisi simarTle. aq vlindeba
adamianis Tavisufali neba da gabedva imisa, rom gza mieces Tavisufal
nebas. da ai, abesalomma igrZno, rom mas SeuZlia hyavdes sakuTari etli
(saomari etli) da ormocdaaTi malemsrboli anu moyme _ piradi gvardia;
abesalomma igrZno, rom mas SeeZlo ganekiTxa samarTali anu aResrulebi-
na mefis upirvelesi funqcia, jer kidev msajulTa xanidan warmomavali.
`Tayvanis sacemad mosul kacs xels gauwvdida xolme, isic moeWideboda
da akocebda. amgvarad eqceoda abesalomi yvela israelians, vinc ki me-
fesTan modioda samarTlisTvis. ase moigo abesalomma israelianTa gu-
li~ (2mef. 15:5-6).
bolos, roca darwmunda, rom israelis yvela Sto mxars dauWerda, xeb-
ronSi wasvla gamosTxova mefes im sababiT, rom uflisaTvis aRTqmuli
msxverpli Seewira. xebroni is qalaqi iyo, sadac daviTi gamefda, sadac
mefed cxes igi, da ramodenime xans mefobda vidre ierusalimSi damkvidr-
deboda sabolood. axla daviTi ierusalimSi ijda, abesaloms ki surda
gaemeorebina mamis gza _ xebronidan mieRwia ierusalimamde.
rogorc Cans, ormocdaaTi moyme, samarTlis sja da xebroni _ aucile-
beli piroba unda yofiliyo gasamefeblad. da kidev erTi ram. erTi aseTi
muxlia naTanis winaswarmetyvelebaSi Semcode daviTis mimarT: `ase Tqva
ufalma: aha, ubedurebas dagaTev Senive saxlidan; aviyvan Sens Tvalwin
Sens colebs da Sens moyvasebs mivcem; mzisiT dawvebian Sens colebTan.
Tumca Sen Cumad gaakeTe, me mTeli israelis winaSe da mzis winaSe gavake-
Teb am saqmes~ (2mef. 12:11-12).
naTani simboluri eniT winaswarmetyvelebda, rogorc Seefereba qadags.
daviTi unda mimxvdariyo naTqvams, rogorc Tavadac winaswarmetyveli.
dRes SeiZleba paradoqsad moeCvenos adamians, magram Zvel aRmosavleTSi
mefis coli _ dedofali ganasaxierebda mefobas; mefe flobda dedo-
fals da am flobiT is flobda samefosac.
roca abesalomma rCeva hkiTxa Tavis mxardamWers, axiTofels, Tu ra
unda moemoqmeda pirvel rigSi, pasuxad miiRo: `Sedi mamaSenis xarWebTan~
(2mef. 16:21). ai, sad axda naTanis winaswarmetyveleba rogorc pirdapiri
azriT, aseve simbolurad: `gaSala karavi abesalomma banze da Sevida abe-
salomi mamis xarWebTan mTeli israelis Tvalwin~ (2mef. 16:22). am aqtiT
abesalomma sabolood gaacxada Tavis ganzraxva. cxadia, es simboluri
 71

moqmedeba iyo, rogorc wesi, rogorc niSani, romlis azrsac mTeli qveya-
na unda mimxvdariyo da eRiarebina axali mefe.
(daviTis xarWaze kidev sxva misma Zem gaacxada pretenzia, oRond es mi-
si sikvdilis Semdeg moxda, roca taxtze ukve solomoni ijda. roca ado-
nias, abesalomis momdevnos, gamefebaze xeli moecara, daebada imediani
azri, gamoeTxova solomonisaTvis daviTis xarWa abiSaga sunameli. es iyo
daviTis ukanaskneli xarWa, romelic mas mihgvares moxucebulobaSi ga-
saTbobad da sanugeSeblad (da mefes igi ar Seucvnia). adoniam am Txov-
niT gasca Tavisi faruli zraxvebi, rom ar daukargavs gamefebis imedi.
amas mixvda solomoni, amoikiTxa ra am TxovnaSi adonias pretenzia: risT-
vis iTxovs abeSagas adonia? barem mefobac moiTxovos, xom Cemi ufrosi
Zma ariso? am Txovnas Seewira adonia. solomonma dasaja igi sikvdiliT,
rogorc taxtis mojanye.)
abesalomi Sevida daviTis xarWebTan. amiT yvelaferi iyo Tqmuli: safr-
TxeSi Caigdo Tavi abesalomma da daviTis sicocxlec safrTxeSi aRmoCn-
da.
rogorc Cans, devnileba, xetiali, gaqceva, Cawerili iyo daviTis bedSi.
roca gaigo man, rom `ganmtkicda SeTqmuleba da uamravma xalxma iwyo de-
na abesalomisaken~, datova taxti, romlis Seuryevloba aRuTqva mas
ufalma, da ierusalimi, romelic sataxtod da uflis kidobnis dasavane-
bel qalaqad iyo ganwesebuli. `gadalaxa mefem kedronis xevi da daadga
mTeli xalxi udabnos gzas.~
RirsSesaniSnavi am epizodSi is aris, rom daviTis gza simbolur mniSv-
nelobas iZens. Tumca es gza savsebiT realuria: realuria kedronis xevi,
romelic ierusalims hyofs zeTisxilis mTisagan, romelzec gadis gza
udabnosaken. realuria udabno, saiTac TavganwirviT, RvTis anabara mito-
vebuli daviTi midis. es udabno ar gamoiwvevda masSi xats im istoriuli
udabnosi, romlis wiaR eris qmnadobis xanaSi gamoatara xalxi mosem, _
is udabno mudam erTgvar nostalgias badebda israelianis gulSi. daviTs
unda gadaelaxa xevi, sazRvari, asuliyo zeTisxilis mTaze, TiTqos Tavi-
si sicocxlis mwvervalze, da mere SerTvoda udabnos usazRvroebas _
Tohu-va-bohus, adgils, romelsac uflis xeli ar Sehxebia.
am gansacdelSi daviTma ar isurva Tan waeyola RvTis kidobani, israe-
lianTa udidesi siwmide, romelic udabnoSi svlisas axlda xalxs. da-
viTma ar indoma, rom kidobans gaeziarebina misi bedi _ gadasaxleba. man
gzidan gaabruna kidobani da Tavis sityvebSi mRvdelmTavrisadmi gamoaCi-
na morCileba Tavisi bedis winaSe: `daabrune qalaqSi RvTis kidobani. Tu
madli mipovnia uflis TvalSi, mec damabrunebs da maxilvinebs mas da
mis samyofels. Tu brZanebs, aRar mindixaro, sadRa waval; miyos, rac ene-
bos~ (2mef. 15:25-26).
mematianes saSualeba mieca gamoexata damcirebuli da damdablebuli
mefis Sinagani sidiade, misi aRmasvla am damdablebaSi. `xolo daviTi Se-
udga zeTisxilis mTas, adioda da tiroda, Tavdafaruli da fexSiSveli~
(2mef. 15:30). Cans, daviTma datova mefoba ierusalimSi uflis kidobanTan
erTad, uaryo, ukuagdo ra samefo Rirsebis garegani niSnebi da darCa ca-
sa da miwas Soris Sinagani RirsebiT, rogorc cxebuli uflisa; mxolod
es _ cxebuloba _ Tu gadaarCenda imis winaSe, visac es madli ar hqonda
miniWebuli. fexSiSveloba _ Seuracxebis ukiduresi niSani, ganZarculoba
ara mxolod samefo Rirsebebisagan, aramed, saerTod adamianobis garegani
 72

atributebisagan, savsebiT gamoxatavs gansacdelSi Cavardnili daviTis

Sinagan suliskveTebas, romelic Semdeg samonanulo sagaloblebad
(fsalmunebad) gamoikveTa (mag. `fsalmuni daviTisi, raJams ivltoda igi
pirisagan abesalomisa, Zisa Tvisisa~, fs. 3). ganZarculoba ar aris mxo-
lod ritualuri moqmedeba daviTis mxridan, es aris misi Sinagani mdgo-
mareobis gamoxatuleba, rac ara mxolod qcevaSi, aramed mis sityvebSic
mJRavndeba. roca zeTisxilis mTas gamcdars baxurimTan saulis saxlis
naTesavi kaci, vinme Simyi Semoxvda qvebis sroliTa da wyevla-krulviT,
mxleblis abiSai ceruias Zis sityvaze, `risTvis aginebs es mkvdari ZaR-
li Cems mefe-batons, waval da Tavs wavaclio~. mefem miugo: `Tu iwyevle-
ba, iqneba ufalma ubrZana, daswyevleo daviTi... xom xedavT, Cemi RviZli
Svili mosaklavad momdevs da am beniaminels raRa movkiTxo? Tavi daane-
beT, iwyevlebodes. ufals ase ubrZanebia~ (2mef. 16:11-12).
WirTa TmeniT, bedisadmi morCilebiT surda daviTs, rogorc saulis
dros, gadaetana es gansacdeli. maSin mas sdevnida misTvis mamad miRebu-
li kaci, axla ki sdevnis Svili iseve samkvdrod, rogorc sauli. aqac ga-
moCnda daviTis simaRle: Tumca ajanyebuli abesalomi emuqreboda ara
mxolod mis taxts, aramed mis sicocxlesac, daviTs ar surda gamarjveba
Svilis sisxlis fasad. magram viTareba ise gamwvavda, ise sabediswerod
daupirispirda daviTs abesalomi, rom igi an unda dacemuliyo, an uflis
cxebulis taxtze asuliyo. daviTis Sinagani sulieri brZola da gulis-
tkivili sami sityviT gamoiTqva xalxis winaSe, yvelas gasagonad, raTa
yvelas scodnoda misi survili da raime gaugebroba ar momxdariyo: `da-
mizogeT ymawvili, abesalomi. uTxra daviTma sardlebs, vidre isini ga-
damwyvet brZolaSi gavidodnen. da mTelma xalxma moismina, rac abesalo-
mis gamo ubrZana mefem Tavis sardlebs~ (2mef. 18:5).
Svilis dandobas mama iTxovda, ara mbrZanebeli mefe, Tumca, unda vi-
fiqroT, rom am dros daviTSi laparakobda WeSmariti mefe, xelmwife,
`saxiTa mis mieriTa~, mravalmowyale da sulgrZeli. magram amqveyniuri
mefis morCils surs mefis mtris Surismgebeli iyos da ar esmis namdvi-
li Zala sityvebisa `damizoge ymawvili abesalomi~, _ lmobili gulis
amoZaxili, romelSic mamobrivi da RvTiuria Sezavebuli. Sezavebulia er-
TmaneTTan gulispasuxi miwieri da zeciuri mefisa. ramdenadac aratradi-
ciulia da uCveulo daviTis ganwyobileba dinastiuri TvalTaxedviT, im-
denad gamarTlebulia mxedarTmTavar ioabis moqmedeba, mimarTuli janyis
fesvis aRmosafxvrelad. abesalomis mokvliT sardali gadavida daviTis
nebas, rogorc mamisa, magram aRasrula sasjeli, romelsac taxtis mojan-
ye imsaxurebda, Tundac igi mamis sayvareli Svili yofiliyo.
daviTis mravalricxovan monagarSi abesalomi gamorCeuli iyo: misi iyo
pirmSoeba, maSasadame, mamis kurTxevac, esoden sasurveli davlaTi israe-
lianTa mamrovanisTvis. daviTis siyvaruli misdami mxolod iakobis iose-
bisadmi siyvaruls Tu gautoldeba. mSvenebiT savse pirmSos mamobrivi
siyvaruli gulisxmobda agreTve imas, rom mama abesalomSi memkvidres xe-
davda. `damizogeT ymawvili abesalomi~ albaT unda gavigoT rogorc `da-
mizogeT memkvidre~. erTgulma sardalma ar dauzoga pirmSo da, bolos,
dauwereli wesisamebr, daviTis taxtze umrwemesi Ze _ solomoni gaamefa.
Cveulebriv, bibliuri wignebis avtori metismet siZunwes iCens persona-
Jis garegnobis aRweraSi. mkiTxvelma ar icis abraamis, iakobis da isakis
garegnobis erTi niSanic ki; saulze mxolod is viciT, rom is erTi Ta-
 73

viT maRali iyo sxvebze. daviTs wiTuri Tma hqonda da axovani ar iyo;
leas, iakobis pirvel cols, susti Tvalebi hqonda, xolo raxeli, misi
da, romelic uyvarda iakobs, lamazi Sesaxedavi iyo; roca mose daibada,
Tqves kargiao (rogorc RmerTma Tqva Tavis Seqmnil samyaroze) da gadama-
les, rom gadarCeniliyo. arc abesalomis garegnobis aRweraSia mefeTa
wignebis avtori sityvauxvi, magram is gvimxels abesalomis konkretul
niSans, Tumca ara imdenad misi silamazis maradsaxseneblad. avtori sa-
gangebod laparakobs abesalomis Tmaze, mis uCveulo siuxveze, mkiTxvels
amcnobs misi monakreWis wonasac ki. Tumca es savsebiT profanuli Tmaa,
ara samsonis TmasaviT samowmidaro, romelSic iyo misi Zala, swored am
siuxviT Seiqna misi damRupveli, TmaSi iyo abesalomis bediswera. bibliu-
ri avtori SemTxveviT arc erT niSans ar axsenebs; TxrobaSi abesalomis
Semosvlisas naxsenebi misi Tma gamoCndeba misi aRsasrulis Jams: `Seejaxa
abesalomi daviTis msaxurT jorze amxedrebuli. roca jori totebgabar-
jRuli didi muxis qveS gadioda, TmebiT gamoedo abesalomi muxas da ca-
sa da miwas Soris gamoekida. jori ki gamoecala da gaiqca~. ufliswulis
umweobiT isargebla sardalma ioabma da gangmira igi da ajanyebac Caqra.
Zvel aRTqmaSi moTxrobil aRsasrulTa Soris es aris erTi absurdu-
li aRsasruli adamianisa, yoveli mSvenebiT, SesaZloa gardametebuli
mSvenebiT Semkuli ufliswulis, romelic mowodebuli iyo samefod da
albaT Seswevda kidec qveynis marTvis unari. magram mefe kargavs memkvid-
res da Svils erTdroulad _ orkecia misi mwuxareba. Svilze glovis
mxolod orad ori SemTxvevaa Zvel aRTqmaSi: iakobi moTqvams iosebze,
moTqvams ara mxolod rogorc Svilze, _ mis garda mas kidev TerTmeti
hyavs, _ aramed rCeul Svilze, romelic man daamSvena `Wreli kvarTiT~.
es `Wreli kvarTi~ (qeToneT fassim) gaxda Zmebis Suris mizezi da Zmebma
daRupes igi, Caagdes WaSi, Sesvares ra misi samoseli Txis sisxliT, raTa
mamas daejerebina sayvareli Svilis sikvdili. xom uzomo iyo mamis mwu-
xareba, magram bibliuri avtori aqac erTgulia movlenaTa aRweris mise-
buri wesisa _ iakobis moTqma sami fraziT aris gadmocemuli, im mniSvne-
lovani, erTaderTi sityvebiT, romlebic uTuod unda warmoeTqva saso-
warkveTils: `Cemi Svilis kvarTia! nadirs SeuWamia, nadirs dauglejia io-
sebi!~ mere sityvebia, romelTac albaT mravalgzis imeorebda: `mgloviare
Caval Cems SvilTan SaveTSi!~ xom ganuzomelia daviTis mwuxareba, magram
mxolod orma sityvam, individualuri ritmiT warmoTqmulma, daitia igi:
`Svilo, abesalom, Svilo, Svilo abesalom! (beni abSalom beni beni abSa-
lom) netav Sens magivrad me movmkvdariyavi, abesalom, Svilo, Svilo!~
(2mef. 18:33). da isev da isev sxva rigiT: `Svilo, abesalom, abesalom, Svi-
lo, Svilo!~ (beni abSalom abSalom beni beni).

solomoni
solomoni aris israelis pirveli mefe, romelic ufliswulad daibada.
daviTma is Tavis sicocxleSive dasva mefed im pirobis Tanaxmad, rome-
lic misca man berSabes. uaryo kanonieri memkvidre adonia da gaamefa um-
rwemesi Tavis ZeTa Soris, fufunebaSi aRzrdili da naferebi solomoni,
romlis saxelis (Selomo) TanaJReradoba `mSvidobasTan~ (Salom), ar Se-
iZleba mis TanamedroveTa TvalSi gangebiseulad ar aRqmuliyo: misi me-
foba qveyanaSi mSvidobis sufeviT aRiniSna. man daasadgura qveyanaSi oq-
ros xana, samoTxisdari, uzrunveli cxovreba mTels israelSi, `Wamdnen,
 74

svamdnen, mxiarulobdnen...~ (3mef. 4:20). `uSiSrad isxdnen solomonis dros

iuda da israeli, TiToeuli Tavisi venaxis Ziras da Tavisi leRvis Ziras
danidan vidre berSebamde~ (3mef. 4:25).
gadamwyveti gansacdeli solomonis cxovrebaSi, ramac gansazRvra misi
momavali da misi saxe TaobaTa xsovnaSi, iyo sizmari, sadac man yvela am-
qveyniur sikeTes amjobina sibrZne. sizmrad gamoxcadebulma ufalma misca
arCevanis SesaZlebloba: `mTxove, ra ginda, rom mogce~ da manac qveynis
samarTavad airCia `brZeni da gonieri guli~. ufals moewona misi arCevani
da isic misca, rac ar uTxovia misTvis solomons: simdidre da dideba.
marTalia, is sibrZne, romliTac saxeli gaiTqva man, uflis mier momad-
lebulad aris miCneuli, magram sibrZnis arCevani xom TavisTavad gulis-
xmobda Tandayolil sibrZnes. mxolod brZeni irCevs sibrZnes. solomonis
pasuxSi uflis kiTxvaze, `mTxove, ra ginda, rom mogce~, ukve Cans sibrZne
da saRi azri. `uasako ymawvili~, rogorc igi uwodebs Tavs, acnobierebs
im WeSmaritebas, rom mefoba mieca mas rogorc daumsaxurebeli madli,
rom igi daviTisadmi uflis keTilganwyobilebis gamo zis taxtze, da Tu
ufali moiTmens mis mefobas, mxolod daviTis gulisaTvis moiTmens, rad-
gan daviTi `wrfeli guliT dadioda mis winaSe~, _ wrfeli iyo maSinac
ki, roca codvas sCadioda. da rasac mas apatiebda, daviTis gulisaTvis
apatiebda. ymawvils Segnebuli hqonda, rom igi ijda ara Tavis taxtze,
aramed daviTis ganmtkicebul taxtze da mis aSenebul qveyanaSi, romlis
SesanarCuneblad mas sWirdeboda `gamgebi guli~. ymawvilis arCevanSi da
uflis dasturSi am arCevanze gamoCnda mTeli Rirseba sibrZnisa, rom
sibrZne erTi safexuriT maRla dgas amqveyniur RirebulebaTa kibeze, rom
yoveli dovlaTis dasabamia gulis sibrZne. ra SeiZleba yofiliyo ymawvi-
li mefisaTvis imaze meti jildo, rac mas Caesma sizmrad uflisagan?
`uTxra mas RmerTma: imis gamo, rom mTxove es da ar moiTxove SenTvis
xangrZlivi sicocxle, ar moiTxove simdidre, ar moiTxove Seni mtrebis
suli, aramed goniereba mTxove samarTlis gasaCenad, _ aha, mominiWebia
SenTvis brZeni da gonieri guli, ise rom Seni msgavsi arc Senamde iqne-
boda sadme da arc Sens Semdeg gamoCndeba Seni msgavsi. rac ar giTxovia,
imasac mogcem: simdidresac, didebasac, ise rom, vidre cocxali xar, ara-
vin iqneba mefeTa Soris Seni msgavsi~ (3mef. 3:11-13).
ra aris es sibrZne, romelic solomonma uflisagan miiRo da ramac mas
saxeli gauTqva saqveynod da samaradisod? rogorc `igavTa wignidan~
Cans, romlis avtoroba mas miewereba, es aris unari wuTisoflis oromt-
rialSi garkvevisa da misi mravalsaxovani, yofiTi WeSmaritebebis Secno-
bisa; es ar aris miRmieri gamocxadebis sibrZne, romelic rogorc saidum-
lo ram dafarulia Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis. es ar aris winaswarmety-
velTa naqadagari mcnebani, romlebic imarxaven sabediswero saidumloe-
bebs wuTisoflis momavalze, qveynisa da adamis modgmis bedze. solomo-
nis sibrZne xSirad praqtikuli codnaa, igavebSi gansxeulebuli da Tum-
ca is cdiseulia, cxovrebis gamocdilebaa misi wyaro, magram is mainc
RvTiuri warmomavlobisad aris miCneuli. radgan `uflis SiSi, ambobs er-
Ti igavi, sibrZnis saTavea~ (igav. 9:19). da kidev: `ufalma SemiZina Tavisi
gzis dasawyisSi, Tavis qmnilebebamde dasabamiT~ (igav. 8:22). es sibrZne
yvelasaTvis unda iyos misawvdomi, is ar aris rCeulTa privilegia. `neta-
ria kaci, ambobs sibrZne, me rom mismens, Cems karebTan fxizlobs dRenia-
dag da Cemi karis wyrTilebs icavs~ (igav. 8:34). sibrZne warmodgenilia
 75

gvirgvinosan dedakacad, dedoflad, romelic dReniadag unda axldes me-

fes, rogorc mefobis principis gansaxiereba. is aris misi zecieri sasZ-
lo, romelic Caagonebs mas: `CemiT mefoben mefeni da CemiT aweseben sa-
marTals mTavarni; CemiT mTavroben mTavarni da didebulni _ qveynis yve-
la msajuli~ (igav. 8:15-16).
solomoni sruliad gankerZoebuli movlenaa israelis istoriaSi. mas
ar hyolia winamorbedi da arc STamomavali, romelic iqneboda sibrZnis
matarebeli. Tu raimeSi an vinmeSi hpova ganivTeba misma sulma, es aris
`igavTa wigni~, romelic cxraas TxuTmeti Segonebisgan Sedgeba; Tumca
mravali maTgani moaruli andazaa, e.w. `xalxuri sibrZnis~ nawili, magram
tradiciam mTeli es sityvieri dovlaTi mis Semoqmedebad dasaxa; mis ba-
ges miewereba ufro meti igavi, vidre bibliis `igavTa wignSia~ Semonaxu-
li. `warmoTqva sami aTasi igavi, ambobs matiane, da SeTxza xuTi aTasi sa-
galobeli~ (3mef. 4:32).
ra miiRo solomonma daviTisagan garda sxeulisa da gamzadebuli same-
fosi? daviTi sruliad moklebuli iyo sibrZnis im saxeobas, romelic
igavebSia gakvalTuli. solomoni Txzavda am igavebs da maTi meSveobiT
gaikiTxavda qveynis samarTals. daviTi arc Txzavda igavebs da arc sji-
da, piradad ar gaikiTxavda Tavis morCilTa samarTals, _ albaT, amiT
isargebla mefobis mosurne abesalomma, mefis karze samarTlis saZieb-
lad momsvlelT rom eubneboda: `kargia da samarTliani Seni sityvebi,
magram vin mogismens mefis karzeo?~ da Tan rom ocnebobda, `netav msaju-
lad damadginon am qveyanaSi, yvela me momakiTxavda, visac ki sadao saqme
da saCivari eqneboda, da mec samarTals gavuCendio~ (2mef. 15:3-4), _ aramed
Tavad ismenda mxilebis igavs, raTa amoecno am igavSi sakuTari Tavi da
sakuTari Secdomebis ambavi. magram daviTs hqonda unari sxvagvari Semoq-
medebisa da Semecnebisa. Tu solomoni igavebs Txzavda da adamianebs da-
sayrdnobel argans aZlevda wuTisofelSi an mis bnelSi unaTebda gzas,
rom gza-kvali ar areoda, borotTan brZolaSi samarTali enaxa da gae-
marjva, daviTi qmnida fsalmunebs, romlebic misi codvilobis gancdaSi
iRebdnen dasabams; fsalmuni ibadeboda misi Semusvrili da monanie guli-
dan, radgan masSi mudam cocxlobda Segneba Cadenili codvisa da im Cau-
denel codvaTa, ris SesaZleblobasac mefis ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba
iZleoda. solomoni zemodan sjida qveyanas, rogorc warmomadgeneli ze-
cieri msajulisa, daviTi ki dacemuli, ara taxtis simaRlidan da ara sa-
mefo samoseliT Semosili, aramed uxamlo da ganZarculi SeRaRadebda
ufals, Tavs ki ar imarTlebda, uflis ganusazRvrel madlsa da wyalo-
bas aRiarebda.
solomoni Tavis valad Tvlida Tavis mefobaSi ganexorcielebina davi-
Tis survili _ uflisaTvis saxlis aSeneba. ufalma ar moisurva daviTi
yofiliyo misi saxlis aRmSenebeli. aseTi iyo ara mxolod neba RvTisa,
aramed obieqturi pirobac: daviTi jer kidev ar ijda myarad qveyanaSi _
axali dasrulebuli iyo xetiali, devnileba; daviTi ar iyo savsebiT
mkvidri, is jer kidev abeli iyo, romelsac ar SeeZlo saxlis aSeneba.
mas SeeZlo mxolod erT, myar adgilze daemkvidrebina rjulis kidobani
_ taZris Tesli, israelianTa udidesi siwmide. daviTi Tavis xalxs war-
moudga rogorc mrokveli dasavaneblad mimavali, amoZravebuli kidobnis
irgvliv _ es iyo misi RvTismosavobis uSualo gamovlineba.
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solomonis xanaSi sabolood dadginda israelis tomTa sazRvrebi da

erTianma teritoriamac gaiCina Suaguli ierusalimis saxiT, rogorc same-
fos centri, aseve religiuri centri, raki uflis kidobani masSi damk-
vidrda samudamod. solomoni, rogorc sataxto qalaqSi Sobili, simyare-
sa da simkvidres atarebs Tavis TavSi da amitomac is unda gamxdariyo
mSenebeli taZrisa, romlis wiaRSic moeqceoda uflis kidobani, manamde
droebiT karavSi Sefarebuli, dasadgurdeboda wmidaTa wmidaSi, raTa
kvlav aRar daZruliyo. taZris aSenebiT sruliad unda Secvliliyo isra-
elis sakulto cxovreba. amieridan taZarSi, rogorc SuagulSi, Tavi un-
da moeyara israelis Tormet Stos, raTa aq, uflis winaSe daedasturebi-
na religiuri da erovnuli erToba, xalxma SeiZina iseTi ram, rac araso-
des hqonia Segnebuli erovnuli cxovrebis manZilze _ erTi gansazRvru-
li adgili im RmerTis Tayvansacemad, romelmac isini egviptidan gamoiy-
vana da aRTqmul qveyanaSi daasaxla. es adgili ar iyo Cveulebrivi adgi-
li; is amorCeuli iyo jer kidev maSin, roca xalxis winapari am qveyanaSi
Tavis STamomavlobas samSoblos umzadebda. gadmocemiT, taZari im maR-
lobze iqna agebuli, im morias mTaze, sadac abraams Tavisi siberis Ze
isaki unda Seewira uflisaTvis. sxvagan sad unda aSenebuliyo taZari, Tu
ara im adgilas, sadac xalxis mamamTavarma RvTis morCilebisa da samsa-
xuris arnaxuli magaliTi aCvena.
taZris mSenebloba, romlis masStabebi, aRwerilobis mixedviT, mxolod
babilonis taZrebisa an zikuraTebis masStabebs Tu Seedreba, marTalia,
monumenturobas aniWebs solomonis mefobis xanas, magram isic faqtia,
rom amave xanaSi gauCnda bzari samefos. roca solomonis pirovnulma di-
debam, romelmac saxeli gauTqva mis samefosac, da RvTismosavurma Zalis-
xmevam, romelmac taZris SenobaSi hpova ganivTeba, umaRles mwvervals mi-
aRwia, swored maSin daiwyo dacema, Tumca didebis nayofebi ki darCa. pa-
radoqsia, rom taZris amSenebeli, qveyanaSi RvTis dasadgurebis istoriu-
li misiis aRmsrulebeli, droebiTi rRvevadi karvidan gamZle SenobaSi
misi damamkvidrebeli, mtkiced veRar dadga mama-papis rjulze. kaci, ro-
melic taZris aSenebis Semdeg RvTis transcendentulobiTa da sidiadiT
SeZruli ambobda: `nuTu namdvilad imkvidrebs miwaze RmerTi? aha, ver
iteven mas cani da cani caTani, rogor daitevs es Cemi aSenebuli taZa-
ri?~ (3mef. 8:27). kaci, romelic `idga da xmamaRla akurTxebda israelis
mTels krebuls~ am sityvebiT, romlebic mxolod rjulis namdvili moZ-
Rvris bageebidan SeiZleba gamosuliyo: `kurTxeul iyos ufali, romel-
mac simSvide mianiWa Tavis ers, israels, rogorc dapirebuli iyo. erTi
sityvac ar darCenila aRusrulebeli im sasikeTo sityvebidan, Tavisi
morCilis, moses piriT rom brZana. CvenTan iyos ufali, Cveni RmerTi, ro-
gorc Cvens mama-papasTan iyo; ar migvatovos, ar gagvwiros, miizidos Ta-
visken Cveni gulebi, rom mis gzaze viaroT da davicvaT misi Segonebebi,
wesebi da mcnebebi, romelnic Cveni mama-papisaTvis dauwesebia. iyos es Ce-
mi sityvebi, romlebiTac ufals vevedrebi, axlos ufalTan, RmerTTan,
dRiTa da RamiT, rom maradRe aCendes samarTals misi msaxurisaTvis da
misi eris, israelisaTvis, raTa gaigos dedamiwis yovelma xalxma, rom
RmerTia ufali da sxva aravinaa mis meti. iyaviT gulwrfelni uflisadmi,
Cveni RmerTisadmi, rogorc dResa xarT, rom iaroT mis wesze da daicvaT
misi Segonebani~ (3mef. 8:56-61), am sityvaTa warmomTqmeli aRar iyo wrfeli
uflisadmi da aRar iara misi gzebiT. niSandoblivi da sabediswero iyo
 77

istoriul perspeqtivaSi, rom solomonis `oqros xanas~ ar ewera xangrZ-

livi arseboba da rom amqveyniuri didebis mwvervalze asuli solomoni-
saTvis ar Canda sxva ufro maRali mwvervali _ wuTisoflis wesis Tanax-
mad mxolod dacema iyo mosalodneli.
`siberis xans midrikes solomonis guli misma colebma ucxo RmerTebi-
saken. ise wrfeli ar iyo misi guli uflisadmi, rogorc daviTis, mamami-
sis guli. dadioda solomoni cidonelTa RmerTis, aSToreTisa da yamo-
nelTa sibilwis, milqomis kvalze. ukeTurebas sCadioda solomoni uf-
lis TvalSi da ise ar erTgulebda ufals, rogorc mamamisi daviTi. ma-
Sin augo solomonma samsxverplo qamoSs, moabis sibilwes, mTaze, ierusa-
limis pirdapir, da moloqs, yamonianTa sibilwes. aseve moiqca Tavis yve-
la ucxoeli colis gulisaTvis, romelnic ukmevdnen da msxverpls swi-
ravdnen Tav-TavianT RmerTebs...~ (3mef. 11:4-8).
jer kidev qanaanSi cxovrebisas, sanam egvipteSi gadasaxldeboda israe-
lis Tormeti Svili, ucxoeli colebi didi sacTuri iyo erTi uflis,
uxilavi da transcendentuli RmerTis aRmsarebelTaTvis. ebraelTa wina-
pari mamebi ukrZalavdnen TavianT Svilebs qanaaneli colebis moyvanas.
`gaficeb ufals, RmerTs cisas da RmerTs miwisas, _ ase eubneboda abraa-
mi Tavis msaxurs, _ ar mouyvano coli Cems Zes qanaanelTagan, romelTa
Soris me vcxovrob; aramed waxvide Cems qveyanaSi, Cems samSobloSi da
iqidan mouyvano coli Cems Zes, isaks~ (dab. 24:3-4); Tavis mxriv isakic amg-
var anderZs utovebda iakobs: `nu moiyvan cols qanaanelTagan. adeqi da
wadi SuamdinareTSi, dedaSenis mamis, beTuelis saxlSi da iqidan moiyva-
ne colad dedaSenis Zmis, labanis asuli...~ (dab. 28:1-2). am endogamias xal-
xis genezisSi Rrma safuZveli hqonda: unda daculiyo am xalxis sxeuli
da suli, ufro suli, raTa misgan Seqmniliyo rCeuli da wmida eri, raTa
misi suli ar SemRvreuliyo, ar datyvevebuliyo qanaanelTa orgiastul
dResaswaulebSi. `am qalebma suli Seuwuxes isaks da rebekas~ (dab. 26:35)
_ naTqvamia esavis qanaanel colebze, romelTac gansazRvres sabolood
esavis anu edomis suliereba. iakobis tyupiscali usasrulod daSorda
Tavis Zmas, romlis wiaRidan unda gamosuliyo uflis rCeuli eri. `mia-
tovebs kaci ded-mamas da miewebeba Tavis cols (dedakacs)~ (dab. 2:24) _
ambobs adamianis Sesaqmis miTosi. qali Semodis mamakacSi Tavisi rjuliT
da Seswevs unari Seucvalos mas rjuli. mamakacis religia SeiZleba iZ-
lios dedakacis religiiT, rogorc iZlia adami evas rCeviT, roca akrZa-
luli xilis gemosxilvas urCevda, ris Sedegadac adamma dakarga mamis
religia.
solomonma aaSena taZari da Seuqmna Tavis xalxs da qveyanas erovnul-
religiuri Suaguli, magram sicocxlis miwurulze Tavad uRalata masSi
davanebul ufals: mis gverdiT qveyanaSi Semoiyvana da daasadgura cole-
urTa ucxo RmerTebi. es iyo ufro mZime codva, vidre is codva, romelic
daviTma Caidina _ erTaderTi cduneba Tavis cxovrebaSi; radgan uria xe-
TelisTvis colis warTmeva da mere misi muxanaTuri mokvla _ es sazare-
li saqcieli mxolod misi Camdenis sulsa da xorcs vnebda (daviTma, mxi-
lebulma codvaSi, moinania da ikisra sasjeli), solomonis moqmedebam ki,
rac mamapapeuli erTRmerTobis (monoTeizmis) Ralati iyo (`radgan guli
aicrua man ufalze~), acTuna mTeli eri.
`uTxra ufalma solomons: imis gamo, rom ase iqcevi, ar asruleb aRTq-
mas da wesebs, romlebic damiwesebia SenTvis, gamogglej samefos da miv-
 78

cem Sens msaxurs. oRond Sens sicocxleSi ar gavakeTeb amas mamaSenis,

daviTis gulisaTvis. Sens Svils ki gamovglej xelidan. magram mTels sa-
mefos rodi gamovglej, erT Stos Sens Svils davutoveb daviTis, Cemi
msaxuris gulisaTvis da ierusalimis gulisaTvis, romelic me avirCie~
(3mef. 11:11-13).
ase rom, mamis Crdili efina solomons da ar daisaja gandgomisaTvis,
rac arc erT mis Semdgom mefes ar epatia. magram is pirveli iyo, romel-
zec SeiTxza uflisagan gamdgar mefeTa gamkicxveli formula. _ `ukuR-
marTad iqceoda solomoni uflis TvalSi~.

iudas da israelis mefeebi

daviTis erTiani samefos orad gaxleCa uflis nebiT moxda. magram uf-
lis neba uSualod ar iwvevs procesebs, ufals adamianis xeli `exmareba~.
rac xdeba uflis nebiT xdeba, magram adamianis xeliT xorcieldeba. ase-
Ti Sedgenilobis aris istoriuli procesi, es ori faqtori gansazRvravs
mas: erTia RvTis neba da meore _ adamianis xeli, erTmaneTis Seuwonadi
faqtorebi. magram _ esec uflis nebaa _ yoveli istoriuli cvlileba
uflisa da adamianis TanaSemoqmedebis _ sinergiis Sedegia.
iyo periodi samyaros istoriaSi, roca rac Seiqmna, yvelaferi keTi-
lad da mSvenierad Seiqmna. Seqmnilis sikeTe Sesaqmis yoveli aqtis Sem-
deg xuTgzis daadastura Semoqmediseulma Sefasebam, rom kargia, meeqvsed
ki mTlianobaSi _ Zalian kargia. Tu berZnuli msoflgancda samyaroSi
wesrigs _ kosmoss _ xedavs, arc biblia uyurebs sxvanairad am samyaros,
misTvisac igi wesrigisa da mSvenierebis gamoxatulebaa. `gasrulda ca da
miwa mTeli misi wyobiTurT~ (dab. 2:1). amrigad, samyaro Seiqmna, rogorc
sruleba, rogorc wyoba (wyobileba, wesrigi), rogorc Tanxmoba, mSvidoba
qmnilebaTa Soris. Semoqmedi RmerTi ara mxolod samyaros mefea, aramed
kacobriobisa mTlianobaSi da, kerZod, israelisa, romelzec cis mxedro-
bis, cis wyobis analogiurad mefobs ufali. arsebobs Sesatyvisoba samya-
rosa da adamianTa sazogadoebas (sociums) Soris, samyaros wesrigsa da
sociumis wesrigs Soris. meore mxriv, adamiani mowodebulia daicvas es
wesrigi am miwaze, qveyanaSi, romelic ufalma misca mas samkvidreblad.
es misia mas SeeZlo srulyofilad Seesrulebina, ramdenadac is `RvTis
xatad~ Seiqmna, ramdenadac mas SeeZlo evlo RvTis nebiT (es niSnavs ara
monur morCilebas, aramed sakuTari adamianuri nebis SerTvas RvTiur ab-
solutur nebasTan). biblia ramdenime adamians asaxelebs kacobriobis ge-
nealogiaSi, romlebic iyvnen srulni (Tam, Tamim) da `iqceodnen RvTis
(nebis) Tanaxmad~. aseTebi iyvnen enoqi, romelic cocxliv iqna atacebuli
RmerTTan (dab. 5:25), da noe, romelic erTaderTi Tavis TaobaSi gadaurCa
sayovelTao warRvnas, riTac ufalma codvili kacobrioba dasaja.
adamiani unda yofiliyo yovlisSemoqmedisa da samyaros mefis vikariu-
si dedamiwaze, raTa mas ganegrZo RvTis Semoqmedeba dedamiwis sferoSi.
Tu adams SeeZlo, gaewia cxovelTa samyaros patronoba, rac araorazrov-
nad aris miTiTebuli bibliis me-2 TavSi, sadac adami RvTis miTiTebiT
saxelebs arqmevs cxovelebs, ramdenad pasuxismgebeli unda yofiliyo igi
wesrigze adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, romelic RvTis xatad Seqmnil arseba-
Tagan Sedgeba.
 79

sxva RirebulebaTa Soris, romelzec dgas ara mxolod samyaro, aramed

unda idgas adamianTa sazogadoeba, aris Salom _ universaluri ontolo-
giuri sinamdvilis amsaxveli cneba, romelic septuagintas (bibliis berZ-
nuli Targmanis) meSveobiT yvela qristianul enaze `mSvidobis~ mniSvne-
lobamde daviwrovda. marTalia, Salom niSnavs mSvidobas (berZn. eirene),
magram ara mxolod mSvidobas, aramed yvelafers, rac mSvidobis pirobas
qmnis da rasac Sedegad iwvevs. erTi sityviT rom gamovxatoT, Tumca Zne-
lia, es iqneba `simrTele~, romelic erTdroulad unda moicavdes ganuyo-
feli mTlianobisa da sisrulis ideas. ZvelaRTqmiseul misalmebaSi Sa-
lom igulisxmeba ara mxolod zavis, uomobis mdgomareoba, aramed iseTi
mdgomareoba, romelic SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc srulyofileba. am
azriT, Salom esqatologiuri kategoriaa, ramdenadac is istoriis pro-
cesSi ganuxorcielebelia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, edemidan gamosuli RvTis-
xatSebRaluli adamiani ver axorcielebs mas. Salomis mdgomareoba da-
sasrulis mdgomareobaa, da Tu vinme ambobs, rom qveyanaSi dasadgurda
igi, tyuis. winaswarmetyvelni afrTxilebdnen xalxs, ar daejerebinaT Sa-
lomis, rogorc ukve damkvidrebulis, mqadagebelTaTvis. `amboben: mSvido-
baa, mSvidoba! magram ar aris mSvidoba~ _ es ieremias sityvebia, romel-
Tac is gamudmebiT imeorebda (ier. 6:14; 8:11).
da mainc, is amocana, romelic aRTqmul qveyanaSi rCeuli xalxis damk-
vidrebas gulisxmobda, imavdroulad Salomis damkvidrebac hqonda mxed-
velobaSi. vinaidan, ra Rirebuleba unda hqonoda uflis TvalSi da xal-
xis TvalSic (ramdenadac am xalxs uflis TvaliT unda emzira) `rZiTa
da TafliT mdinar qveyanas~, Tu iq uflis mSvidoba ar iqneboda damkvid-
rebuli? mSvidoba-Salom, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda misi miRweva
dedamiwaze erTi qveynis farglebSi, damokidebuli iyo Tavad xalxis su-
liskveTebaze, mis monoliTurobaze, mis Sinagan Tanxmobaze, mcnebaTa aRs-
rulebaze, uflisadmi erTgulebaze... magram, bolos da bolos, rac mTa-
varia, maT erT qveyanaSi unda ecxovraT. vidre udabnoSi imyofebodnen, ma-
Ti mizani iyo, daemkvidrebinaT qveyana da damkvidrebuliyvnen qveyanaSi,
magram roca es mizani Sesrulda da didi warmatebiTac, araTu esqato-
logiuri Salomi, aramed elementaruli mSvidoba, misi yofiTi aslic ki
sanatreli Seiqna.
enoqi da noe gamonaklisebi iyvnen kacobriobaSi, maT wess ar misdevs
kacTa modgma. magram gana aseTive gamonaklisi ar unda yofiliyo iakobis
sazardulidan gamosuli Tormeti Zmuri tomi, romelic RmerTma mTeli
kacobriobidan Tavis unj xalxad airCia? romel xalxs hyolia aseTi
RmerTi, romels hqonia aseTi winamZRoloba, aseTi mizani? isini imave ji-
uti da qeduxreli kacobriobis nawili iyvnen, magram rCeulobas xom un-
da gardaeqmna isini, raTa TavianT sulier cxovrebaSi, yoveldRier yofa-
Si, socialur urTierTobebSi, sxva xalxebTan damokidebulebaSi eCvenebi-
naT, rom isini namdvilad rCeul modgmas warmoadgendnen. magram, rogorc
davinaxeT, Tunda mefobis SemoRebis istoriul epizodSi, rCeulma xalxma
ver aitana Tavisi rCeuloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, ocdaaT vercxlad gayida
igi. gayides iosebi misma Zmebma, saidanac es xalxi warmoiSva? gayida uf-
ro adre pirmSoeba esavma? aseve gayida israelma Tavisi saunje _ unika-
loba, erTaderToba, riskenac maT samyaros Semoqmedi mouwodebda. maT ki
Tqves: Cven gvinda iseTebi viyoT, rogorc sxva xalxebi arian. mefobis Se-
moRebiT daiwyes da ase gaCnda pirveli ganangrevi saganZuris kedelSi.
 80

gasagebia, xalxs cxovreba undoda, winaswarmetyvelni ki mudmivad afr-

Txilebdnen, rom iseTi cxovreba, rogoric maT gadaiRes gareSemo xalxe-
bisagan, keTil bolomde ar miiyvanda maT. rZeze da da Taflze xom zed-
meti iqneboda laparaki. vinaidan, rac metia daumsaxureblad gadmosuli
madli, miT metia pasuxismgebloba: madlis meore mxare sasjelia. ufalma
maRla aiyvana xalxi, magram roca is daeca, maRlidan daeca, da, rogorc
winaswarmetyvelni ambobdnen, ganacvifra am dacemam xalxebi. RmerTi Ta-
visianebs ufro mets mohkiTxavs, vidre sxvebs, visTvisac rjuli ar miu-
cia.
saidan daiwyo erTiani samefos gaxleCis procesi? SeimCneoda Tu ara
iakobis SvilebSi erTmaneTisadmi gaucxoeba an Tu iuda da beniamini er-
Tad iyvnen, aTi tomi ki _ calke, da am urTierTzurgSeqcevam, partikula-
rizmma ukve erTi tomis farglebSi gadainacvla? iuda da sxvani erTz-
raxva iyvnen, roca mamis gulis mosaklavad gawires iosebi, xolo erTa-
derTi reubeni, arcTu yvelaze ukeTesi ZmaTa Soris, _ man ar Seuracxyo
mamis sareceli? _ cdilobda maTi ganzraxvis CaSlas? jiutni da qedfic-
xelni iyvnen Svilebi, yvela Taviseburad janydeboda mamis winaaRmdeg,
rac Semdeg uflis winaaRmdeg janySi gadaizarda, roca maT erTi xalxi
warmoSves.
naTeli wertili am modgmaSi jer iosebi iyo, romlis providenciul
didsulovnebas SeeZlo gamoesyida Zmebis uTnoebani (da asec moxda, es
gaxda saWiro), iosebi, visi cxovrebac macxovris prefiguraciis erT-erT
wyarod iqca, da mere daviTi, iudas Stodan, romlis Rirsebebi uTvala-
via, Tumca moeria mas adamianuri sisuste, risTvisac pirovnulad, ara
misma modgmam, mwared ago pasuxi. da mainc daviTi gaxda mefobis magali-
Ti, romelmac erTgvarad SeZerwa macxovris saxe. Tu egvipteSi gayiduli
iosebi ucxo qveynis faqtiuri ganmgebeli gaxda, ixsna Tavisianebi da Zme-
bic, maTi ukeTuri saqcielis patiebiT, kvlav erT sxeulad Sekra, daviTi
pirveli iyo, romlis drosac da kverTxis qveS (gavixsenoT iakobis kurT-
xevidan: `ar waerTmeva kverTxi iudas... vidre ar mova misi mflobeli da
is iqneba saso xalxebis~) israelianTa Tormeti tomiT dasaxlebuli miwa-
wyali erTiani samefo iyo. mis dros TiTqmis savsebiT aRsrulda abraa-
misTvis uflisagan micemuli aRTqma, rom misi STamomavloba daimkvidreb-
da qanaans.
am or, Tumca erTmaneTisagan bediTa da xasiaTiT gansxvavebul pirovne-
baze SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo, rom isini iqceodnen uflis nebaze da iyvnen
_ TiToeuli Tavis asparezze _ srulni. magram axla Cveni yuradReba da-
viTisaken ixreba, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas centraluri da, erTgvarad,
arqetipuli figuraa xalxis istoriaSi. aq is aris SesaniSnavi, pirvel
rigSi, rom man SeZlo mieRwia Tormeti tomis erTianobisaTvis, Tumca
Tavdapirvelad qveynis CrdiloeTSi mcxovreb tomebs didi simpaTiiT ar
SeuwynarebiaT misi mefoba. man aqcia ierusalimi politikur da religiur
centrad da aqamde moxetiale karavi mTavari siwmidiT _ uflis kidobani-
TurT _ erT mkvidr adgilas daavana, Tumca mas saZirkvliani taZari uf-
lisaTvis ar auSenebia. mis dros sabolood nivTieri aRvseba miiRo uf-
lis mier mravalgzis Tqmulma, rom is airCevda adgils Tavisi saxelis
dasamkvidreblad. aseTi adgili ierusalimi gamodga, romlis didebuli
warsuli gamoucnobi melqicedekis _ `Salemis mefisa da uzenaesi RvTis
mRvdlis~ _ saxelTan kavSirdeba.
 81

garda uria xeTelis epizodisa, romlisTvisac daviTma pirovnulad

savsebiT miiRo sazRauri, xolo STamomavlobas, kacobriobas dautova yo-
veli qristianisaTvis nacnobi sinanulis Seudarebeli 50-e fsalmuni, mas-
Si araviTari biwi ar ipoeboda. ufals uyvarda daviTi da, rom mis Semdeg
gvirgvini da kverTxi ar warTmevia mis naSiers mravali Taobis manZilze,
am siyvarulis gamo iyo. miuxedavad mefobisadmi uflis uaryofiTi damo-
kidebulebisa, daviTi rCeboda mefis etalonad dinastiur istoriaSi da
mesiis winasaxed sakacobrio esqatologiur perspeqtivaSi.
roca solomonma, daviTis siyvarulis Zem, daviTis sikvdilis Semdeg
da, rac paradoqsulia, Tumca amasac SeiZleba moeZebnos racionaluri ax-
sna (Tu ara, gageba mainc), taZris Senebis dasrulebis `meore dRes~ ucxo
RmerTebisaken midrika guli, daviTisadmi siyvarulis gamo iyo, rom
ufals ganmdgari mefisaTvis zurgi ar Seuqcevia, ar mouZulebia bedkru-
li sauliviT, ar waurTmevia misTvis mefoba, ufro meti: samefos gaxle-
Cis Semdeg iudas samefoSi ar gamrudebula daviTisagan momdinare dinas-
tiuri xazi: iudas taxtze saboloo katastrofamde daviTianebi, Tumca
ukeTurni, mefeebi isxdnen. ase uyvarda ufals daviTi.
ra iyo samefos gaxleCis mizezi Tu mizezebi? iyo mizezic da iyo saba-
bic, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada momxdariyo is, rac aucileblobiT unda
momxdariyo. pirveli mizezi Tavad xalxis SigniT mwifdeboda dasabami-
dan, rogorc iTqva, im xnidan, roca xalxi jer kidev ar iyo xalxi, ara-
med erTi mamis Tormeti Ze, romlebic arcTu morCili Svilebi da Tanxmi-
eri Zmebi iyvnen. rogorc iakobs uWirda maTi dazaveba, ise mefes gauWir-
deboda (ufro metadac) mTeli xalxis TanxmobaSi moyvana. vgulisxmob re-
ligiur, ara imdenad politikur Tanxmobas. qanaanSi damkvidrebis Semd-
gomma istoriam aCvena, rom uflis arCeuli erTaderTi sakulto adgili
_ ierusalimi arcTu avtoritetuli gamodga sarwmunoebrivi separatiz-
misken midrekili Crdiloeli aTi tomisaTvis.
daviwyeT Soridan da gamovyveT drois dinebas.
jer kidev maSin, roca qanaani dapyrobili ar iyo da israelis mxedro-
ba iordanes aRmosavleT mxares imyofeboda, reubenisa da gadis tomma da
menaSes tomis erTma nawilma (naxevarma), nacvlad imisa, rom qanaanis te-
ritoriaze mieRoT wili, TavianT samkvidrod mdinare iordanes aRmosav-
leTiT nayofieri miwebi airCies. es iyo galaadi, baSani, romlebic saZov-
rebiT iyo mdidari, am tomebs ki bevri saqoneli hyavdaT. mosem dasturi
dasca, oRond im pirobiT, rom es ori tomi da naxevartomi jer TavianT
Zmebs miexmarebodnen qanaanis dapyrobaSi; mere ki maT SeeZlebodaT dab-
runeba TavianT arCeul miwa-wyalze. da, aha, dasrulda uflis brZolebi
aRTqmuli qveynisTvis, romlis dasamkvidreblad mTeli israeli _ misi
yvela Sto monawileobda. maT Soris iyvnen reubeni, gadi da menaSes naxe-
vari. rodesac isini, valmoxdilni, ukan brundebodnen, gzaze samsxverp-
lo aages. TiTqos araferi: ratom unda CaTvlodaT saeWvo moqmedebad sam-
sxverplos ageba tomebs, romlebic stovebdnen qanaans da iordanes gaRma
gadiodnen? samsxverplo xom ara baalis, aramed iahve-uflis saxelze aa-
ges? magram es ar moiwones danarCenma israelianebma. maT am qmedebaSi
umal separatizmis mcdeloba Tu dagvirgvineba dainaxes, vidre RvTismo-
saobis aqti. `ratom umtyuneT israelis RmerTs, zurgi rom SeaqcieT
dRes ufals da samsxverplo aaSeneT uflis gasajavreblad? ... nurc Cven
gvajavrebT imiT, rom uflis, Cveni RmerTis samsxverplos garda sxva sam-
 82

sxverplos aSenebT~ (ieso 22:16). riTi imarTles Tavi samsxverplos mSeneb-

lebma? ara, Tqves maT, Cveni samsxverplo sruliadac ar aris sakulto
daniSnulebis; Cveni aSenebuli samsxverplo sruliadac ar upirispirdeba
uflis erTaderT samsxverplos. ara, Cven avaSeneT igi, raTa yofiliyo
mowmed Cvens STamomavalTaTvis imisa, rom maTac, iordanes gaRma mcxov-
rebTac, aqvT wili qanaanSi mcxovreb israelianebTan erTad. `dResve da-
viRupoT... Tu Tavis dasazRvevad ar movqceuliyaviT ase, rom xval Tqvenma
Svilebma ar uTxran Cvens Svilebs: ra saqme gaqvT ufalTan, israelis
RmerTTan?... vifiqreT: roca ase gvetyvian Cven da Cvens Semdgom Taobas,
mivugebT: aha, uflis samsxverplo, romelic Cvenma mama-papam aaSena ara
aRsavlenisaTvis da saklavisaTvis, aramed raTa mowme yofiliyo igi Cven-
sa da Tqvens Soris.~ (ieso 22:22-28). maT aRiares, rom maTTvisac uflis
erTaderTi samsxverplo is iyo, romelic uflis savanis win idga (ieso
22:29). anu is adgili, sadac ufalma Tavisi saxelis davaneba isurva. uf-
lis es survili gasdevs laitmotivad `meore rjulis~ wigns. es iyo is-
raelianTa erTianobis piroba, raki maT miwieri mefe _ erTianobis garan-
ti ar unda hyolodaT, mxolod erTaderTi RmerTis rwmena da misi erTa-
derTi samsxverplo _ erTaderTi sakulto centri unda yofiliyo maTi
erTianobis garanti. samsxverploTa simravle gamoricxuli iyo _ es Seb-
Ralavda Zveli aRTqmis ukompromiso monoTeizms. erTi RmerTi, erTi sams-
xverplo da erTi xalxi _ es iyo moses rjulis principi, rasac Semdgom
winaswarmetyvelni gamudmebiT qadagebdnen.
daviTma, rogorc iTqva, ganaxorciela es principi: ierusalimSi uflis
kidobnis gadataniT man samudamod mianiWa am qalaqs centraluri da er-
TaderTi sakulto adgilis Rirseba: rogorc sxva kidobani ar arsebobda,
aseve ar unda earseba sxva samsxverplos. erTi RmerTi (elohim), erTi `aR-
Tqmis kidobani~ (aron ha-beriT), erTi samsxverplo (mizbeax), erTi `uflis
krebuli~ (kehal Yahve), erTi `israelis sazogadoeba~ (yedaT israel) _ da
amas daemata: erTi mefe, Tumca, unda gavimeoroT, mefobas ar hqonda isra-
elis religiur da politikur cxovrebaSi Teologiuri gamarTleba.
rodesac politikuri Tu sxva mizeziT, erTiani samefo gaixliCa, maSin
reliefurad gamoCnda am principis SebRalvis katastrofuli Sedegi. im
adamianma, romelsac uflis miSvebiT xelSi Cauvarda Crdilo aTi tomis
mefoba, pirveli, rac gaakeTa, es iyo oqros xbos ori kerpis aRmarTva _
erTisa beTelSi, sadac iakobs zeciuri kibe esizmra, meorisa danSi, isra-
elianTa gansaxlebis ukidures punqtSi.
ieroboami erqva am mefes, Crdilo samefos pirvel mefes, romelmac Sem-
dgom ukeTur mefeTa tips daudo dasabami. `iTaTbira mefem da gaakeTa
ori oqros xbo da uTxra xalxs: geyofaT ierusalimSi siaruli. aha, Seni
RmerTebi, israelo, romelTac egviptidan gamogiyvanes~ (3mef. 12:28). sinais
mTis Ziras, sadac pirvelad aRimarTa oqros xbo, igive sityvebi ismines
egviptidan axladgamosulma israelianebma: `aha, Seni RmerTebi...~ (gam. 32:8).
es sityvebi aaronis piridan gamovida, magram aarons pasuxi ar ugia maTT-
ze, ieroboami ki israelis ukeTur mefeTa winasaxe Seiqna. maSin Tu kerpi
moses brZanebiT gacamtverda, ise rom, misi Tayvaniscema verc moaswro
xalxma, axla am oqros xboebma xangrZlivad (israelis samefos dacemam-
de) gansazRvra qveynis religiuri saxe. yvelaze mkrexelurad da uRvTod
daupirispirda beTeli da dani TavianTi kerpebiT ierusalimis siwmides.
ieroboamma kidev gadadga ori nabiji religiuri separatizmis gzaze. er-
 83

Ti _ samsxverplo gorakebis (bamoT) dawesebiT da meore _ ierusalimis

tradiciuli dResaswaulis sapirispirod `misi msgavsi~ dResaswaulis da-
arsebiT `merve Tvis meTxuTmete dRes~ (3mef. 12:31). ase daupirispirda ie-
roboami ara mxolod daviTs, aramed israelis krebulis mTels tradici-
ul religiur praqtikas. dabolos, man pirovnulad gabeda iseTi ram, ra-
sac verc moses dros, verc msajulTa areul xanaSi veravin gabedavda:
daarRvia ra wmida tradicia, romlis ZaliTac samsxverplos mxolod le-
vianebi (levisagan warmoSobili Stos warmomadgenlebi) emsaxurebodnen,
mosedan moyolebuli, TviTneburad `avida Tavis agebul samsxverploze
merve Tvis meTxuTmete dRes, im TveSi, romelic Tavisi nebiT amoirCia,
dauwesa ra dResaswauli israelianebs, da avida samsxverploze sakmevis
sakmevlad~ (3mef. 12:33). am saqcieliT israelis (ase daerqva cxra tomiT
dasaxlebuli qveynis Crdilo nawils) pirveli mTlianad mowyda ierusa-
lims da mis kults. misi pirovneba da saxeli ukeTuri mefis andazad iq-
ca mefobis istoriaSi. `borotad iqceoda uflis TvalSi, mihyveboda ie-
roboamis gzas da mis codvebs da israelsac acdunebda~ (3mef. 15:34), ase
ajamebs mematiane israelis mefis bayaSas mefobas. `miwebebuli iyo da ar
ganridebia ieroboam nabatis Zis codvebs, romelmac acduna israeli~
(4mef. 3:3), naTqvamia mefe ioramze.
arada, keTilad daiwyo ieroboamma gamoCena. `mamaci kaci (gibor xail)
iyo ieroboami~, ase axasiaTebs mas matiane. amitomac solomonma mas bega-
ris saqme Caabara. ufali ki mas sxva asparezisTvis amzadebda. erTxel,
ierusalimidan gasuls, Semoxvda siloameli winaswarmetyveli axia, ro-
melsac axali mosasxami hqonda mosxmuli. Cven viciT, rom sityvis garda,
winaswarmetyvelebs gamomsaxvelobis sxva saSualebac aqvT maragSi, sa-
xeldobr, simboluri moqmedeba. da am axiam, gaixada Tavis axali mosasxa-
mi da Tormet nawilad daglija da aTi nawili ieroboams misca xelSi.
maT garda sxva aravin iyo iq. gareSe mayurebeli uTuod giJad CaTvlida
mas. vin aris es SeSlilio (meSugay), ityoda misi am qmedebis Semswre, ro-
gorc erTxel Tqves erTi usaxelo winaswarmetyvelis danaxvisas (4mef.
9:11). risi Tqma surda am ucnauri saqcieliT winaswarmetyvels? man xatov-
nad aCvena da sityviTac ganumarta, rom mrTeli mosasxami Tormeti tomis-
gan Semdgari erTiani samefoa, romelsac or nawilad gayofa moelis.
ufali gamoglejs solomons aT Stos (toms) da ieroboams Caabarebs. mxo-
lod ori Sto (iudasa da beniaminis) darCeba solomonis STamomavlebs
daviTis gulisaTvis. ase Taviseburad, SeiZleba aratradiciulad, iqna ar-
Ceuli mefed ieroboami _ Tumca mxolod solomonis sikvdilis Semdeg Ca-
ibara samefo. aqve miiRo Segonebac, Tu rogor unda moqceuliyo, rom me-
foba SerCenoda mis saxls momavalSi anu misi dinastia gagrZelebuliyo.
`Tu Seismen yvelafers, rac me gibrZane, _ eubneboda ufali axias piriT,
_ da ivli Cems gzaze, Tu gaakeTeb Cems mosawons, daicav Cems wesebs da
mcnebebs, rogorc Cemi msaxuri daviTi akeTebda, maSin SenTan viqnebi, agi-
Seneb mtkice saxls, rogorc daviTs avuSene da mogcem israels~ (3mef.
11:38). da nacvlad imisa, rom evlo ieroboams uflis gzaze, man Tavisi
gza airCia, `ieroboamis gza~, romelsac miyvebodnen misi momdevno mefeebi
israelis samefo taxtze.
israelis samefom Tavis dacemamde (722 w. Zv. w-aR.) xuTze meti dinastia
da cxrameti mefe gamoicvala. dinastiis Secvla, rogorc axla SeiZleba
vuwodoT, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad xdeboda. gamoCndeboda vin-
 84

me `davlaTiani~, qarizmatuli pirovneba, romelic gabedavda da moklavda

mefes, ganTqmuls Tavisi ukeTurebiT, RvTisgan da xalxisgan moZule-
buls, da Tavad dajdeboda taxtze. Svils mamis winaaRmdegac mouwyvia
SeTqmuleba da mis nacvlad gamefebula. cxadia, samefo saxlis Senacvle-
ba uflis nebiT xdeboda: uzurpatori iaraRi iyo uflis xelSi arasa-
surveli dinastiis dasamxobad. magram ukeTuris nacvlad gamefebuli wi-
namorbedis gzas miyveboda.
ki miyveboda israelis mefeTa umravlesoba `ieroboamis gzas~, magram
iyvnen gamonaklisnic, romelTa Sesaxeb SeeZlo mematianes eTqva, rogorc
ioaSze daiwera: `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi ioaSi mTeli sicocxle,
sanam iehoiaday mRvdeli moZRvravda~ (4 mef. 12:3). Tumca misi sworad moq-
ceva pirobiTi iyo: mas samsxverplo gorakebi ar gauuqmebia _ xalxi
kvlavindeburad swiravda iq msxverpls da sakmevels akmevda.
israelis samefos pirveli mefe ieroboami iyo. vin iyo iudas pirveli
mefe? es iyo roboami, solomonis Ze. marTalia, ufalma gaumeeqvseda same-
fo solomons, magram mefoba mainc mis saxls SeunarCuna da ase gagrZel-
deba samefos dacemamde, babilonis tyveobamde. daviTian-solomonian mefe-
Ta xazi ar gawyvetila. bolo mefes, iehoiaqins, babilonSi vxedavT tu-
saRs, Semdeg gaTavisuflebuls da taxtze mjdoms babilonis mefis gver-
diT sxva mefeTa Soris, romlebic babilonis mefes datyvevebuli hyavda.
sikvdilamde eZleoda mas sarCo mefisagan (4mef. 25:27-30).
roboams, solomonis Zes, ar aRmoaCnda sibrZne, romliTac mamamisma sa-
xeli gaiTqva. cudad daiwyo man. roca Crdilo StoTa uxucesebi eaxlnen
solomonis Zes TxovniT, Seemsubuqebina maTTvis solomonis xeliT dade-
buli begara, `uReli dagvimZima mamaSenma. axla Segvimsubuqes Zneli sam-
saxuri da mZime uReli, mamaSenma rom dagvakisra, da gemsaxurebiT~ (3mef.
12:4), _ am sityvebiT gamoxates maT TavianTi saTxovari. roboami daekiTxa
mamis uxucesebs, iudastomelebs, romelTagan aseTi pasuxi miiRo: `Tu
dRes mag xalxis msaxuri iqnebi, daemorCilebi da daakmayofileb maT,
karg sityvebs etyvi, maSin Seni msaxurni iqnebian samudamod~ (mef. 12:7). Se-
saniSnavi sityvebia, romlebic aqtualobas arasodes dakargaven, sanam
adamianTa sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebis saWiroeba iqneba. es urTierTmsa-
xureba, harmonia, romelsac gamoxatavs zemoTnaxsenebi sityva-cneba Sa-
lom. magra ar ewera Saloms damkvidreba israelianTa sazogadoebaSi _
arc CrdiloeTSi, israelSi, arc samxreTSi, iudaSi. roboamma ar ismina
mamis uxucesTa rCeva da axla Tavis Tanatolebs, masTan erTad gazrdi-
lebs daekiTxa, cxadia, formalurad, radgan roboams ukve hqonda Tavisi
pasuxi, icoda kidec, rogor pasuxs moismenda maTgan. ai, ra moismina: `ase
uTxari im xalxs, romelic geubneba, uReli dagvimZima mamaSenma da axla
Sen unda Segvimsubuqoo, ase uTxari maT: mamaCemis welze msxvilia-Tqo Ce-
mi nekaTiTi. xom dagadgaT mamaCemma mZime uReli, me kidev ufro dagimZi-
mebT uRels. xom gsjidaT SoltebiT mamaCemi, me morielebiT dagsjiT-
Tqo~ (3mef. 12:10-11). ufals xom gadawyvetili hqonda, rom gamoglejda aT
Stos solomonis naSierT, magram es gangeba adamianis xeliT unda aRsru-
lebuliyo. aseTi pasuxis mosmenis Semdeg xalxs sxva araferi hqonda saT-
qmeli, garda am sabediswero sityvebisa: `ra wili gvidevs daviTSi! ra
memkvidreoba gvaqvs ieses Zisagan? Sen-Seni karvebisaken, israelo! axla
Sen mixede Sens saxls, daviT!~ (3mef. 12:16). da, roca roboamma scada Tavi-
si Zalauflebis gamoyeneba Crdilo tomebze, xalxma ar miiRo misi xeli-
 85

sufali _ mokles da Caqoles igi. `maSin saswrafod axda etlze roboami

da ierusalimSi gaiqca~ (3mef. 12:18). ierusalimi daviTis qalaqi iyo. iudas
qveyana, sadac es qalaqi mdebareobda, daviTis RviZli tomiT iyo dasax-
lebuli. ase rom, daviTis saxli mis sakuTar tomze mefobiT SeizRuda.
magram is mainc Zlieri iyo daviTis saxeliT, ierusalimis avtoritetiT
da, rac mTavaria, solomonis aSenebuli taZriT, romlis siwmide erTi _
iudas tomis _ farglebSi ar eteoda.
daviTis saxeli da ierusalimis taZari pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda iu-
das mefeebs, magram maT Sorisac, rogorc israelis mefeTa Soris, cotani
iyvnen `keTili mefeebi~, romlebic daviTis gzas miyvebodnen.
roboami viciT, misi Ze abiamic `dadioda yvela im codviT, rasac masze
win mamamisi sCadioda. ar iyo srulad mindobili misi guli uflisadmi...~
(3mef. 15:3). umetesoba aseTi SefasebiT aris Cawerili mefeTa matianeSi. Zi-
riTadi codva mainc religiuri xasiaTis iyo, ara yofiTi, an politikuri.
matianeSi naTqvamia, rom iudas xalxi ar CamorCa israelis xalxs uflis-
gan gandgomaSi, rac sakulto gorakebis, svetebis, aSerebisa Tu xemxviva-
nebis gaSenebaSi mdgomareobda. uaresic: `roskipebic iyvnen qveyanaSi, sCa-
diodnen im xalxebis yovelgvar sibilwes, romlebic ayara ufalma israe-
lianebisagan~ (3mef. 14:23-24). anu xdeboda is, risganac gamudmebiT afrTxi-
lebda ufali israelianebs _ nu SeezrdebiT, nu SeeTvisebiT qanaanelebs,
warmarTebs da kerpTayvanismcemlebs, nu gadaiRebT maTi cxovrebis wess.
Tqven rCeuli eri xarT. es iyo erTaderTi mowodeba moses xanidan moyo-
lebuli, magram mowodeba mowodebad rCeboda.
345 weli gastana daviTis dinastiam da 20 mefeSi mxolod xuTiodem Tu
daimsaxura keTili saxeli israelisa da iudas mefeTa istoriaSi. pirve-
li iyo asa, romelic `simarTliT iqceoda uflis TvalSi mamamisis, davi-
Tis msgavsad~ (4mef. 15:11). asam, ukeTuri roboamis Zem da aseve ukeTuri
abiamis SviliSvilma, gayara qanaanuri wesis saRvTo roskipebi qveynidan
da dalewa mamapapisdroindeli kerpebi. asa imdenad mkacri yofila, rom
dedasac, romelic abesalomis asuli iyo, ar apatia kerpis Tayvaniscema
da dedoflobas ganaSora, misi kerpebi ki aCexa da maTi nagabari kedro-
nis xevSi gadayara. Tumca man bolomde ver miiyvana dawyebuli saqme: ver
moeria gorakebs da xalxi kvlav gorakebze wiravda msxverpls. solomo-
nis didebiT agebuli taZari _ RvTis saxli (beT elohim) ki idga ierusa-
limSi. asas dros gamudmebuli brZolebi iyo iudasa da israels Soris.
meore iyo ioSafati, romelic `yvelaferSi mamamisis, asas gzas adga, ar
uxvevda misgan da sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi~ (3mef. 22:43). oRond ma-
nac ver SeZlo samsxverplo gorakebis gauqmeba. Tavis ocdaxuTwlian me-
fobaSi ioSafats zavi hqonda israelis mefesTan. metic: masTan erTad
laSqrobda kidec. daxmarebis xels uwvdida israelis mefes aramis mefi-
sa Tu ganmdgari moabis winaaRmdeg.
mesame iyo ioaSi. `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi ioaSi mTeli Tavisi
sicocxle, sanam iehoiaday mRvdeli moZRvravda mas~ (4mef. 12:3). iehoiaday
mRvdlis, misi moZRvris, sikvdilis Semdeg (igi mefeTa samarxSi damarxes),
ganudga ioaSi iudas mTavrebTan erTad ufals _ aSerebsa da kerpebs da-
uwyes msaxureba. ar gaWra arc RvTisagan movlenil winaswarmetyvelTa
sityvam da arc zaqaria mRvdlis, iehoiadayis Zis qadagebam. araTu ar us-
mina ioaSma Tavisi moZRvris Zes, mis memkvidres, aramed brbos Caaqolina
igi. `ar gaixsena mefe ioaSma madli, rac iehoiadayma, mamamisma, uyo mas da
 86

mokla misi vaJi...~ (2neSt. 24:22). amis Semdeg ukan wavida ioaSis saqme:
ufalma mcire laSqriT gaamarjvebina aramis laSqars, romelic iudas da
ierusalims Seesia, gawyvita erismTavrebi da didZali alafi moxvetes da
damaskoSi gaugzavnes mefes. xalxma am marcxisaTvis ioaSs dasdo brali,
mRvdelmTavris mkvlelobac gauxsenes da mZimed dasneulebuli sakuTar
sawolSi mokles. mefeTa samarxSi ar daumarxavT, Rirsad ar CaTvales
(2neSt. 24:23-25).
mexuTe iyo amacia (srulad: amaciahu), misi Ze. `sworad iqceoda uflis
TvalSi, oRond ara ise, rogorc misi mama daviTi. yvelafers ise akeTeb-
da, rogorc ioaSi, mamamisi~ (4mef. 14:3). amaciam mamis Suri iZia, mkvlelebi
daxoca, magram maTi Svilebi ar dauxocavs, daicva ra moses rjuli, rom-
lis Tanaxmad ar unda daisajon Svilebi mamis da mamebi SvilTa danaSau-
lis gamo. es swori moqceva iyo uflis TvalSi. magram rac amis Semdeg
Caidina, ar SeiZleboda ufals mowoneboda. Seesia edoms, gaanadgura da
wamoasxa misi RmerTebi, da Tayvans scemda da ukmevda. es iyo gadaxveva
daviTis gzidan da mamis _ ioaSis gzaze Sedgoma. amas isic daemata, rom
brZolaSi gamoiwvia israelis mefe, rogorc Cans, uflis imediT, magram
ufali aRar iyo masTan. aqamde zavi iyo or samefos Soris, axla amacia
arRvevs am zavs. israelis mefe, romelsac amacias mamis saxeli erqva _
ioaSi (srulad: iehoaSi) ampartavnul, Tumca sakadris pasuxs aZlevs mis
gamowvevas. igavurad pasuxobs igi. ai, misi sityvebi, romlebic samudamod
aRbeWda mefeTa matianem: `libanis kvrinCxma SeuTvala libanis kedars:
colad miaTxove Seni asuli Cems vaJs. magram Caiara libanis gareulma
mxecma da gaTela kvrinCxi. dagimarcxebia edomi da gadidgulebulxar.
Rirseulad geWiros Tavi da SenTvis ijeqi saxlSi. risTvis stex SfoTs?
Senc daecemi da iudac~ (4mef. 14:9-10). magram iudas mefem yuri ar aTxova
gonivrul rCevas, romelic israelis erT-erTi ukeTuri mefis piridan ga-
modioda, da ufalma gaamarjvebina ioaSs, Tumca misi mefoba am tradiciu-
li formuliT Sefasda matianeSi: `ukuRmarTad iqceoda uflis TvalSi...~
(4mef. 13:11). amacia damarcxda brZolaSi, tyved Cavarda; israelis mefe mi-
adga ierusalims, daangria misi kedeli da didZali qoneba gazida uflis
saxlidan da samefo saganZuridan. sabolood, man, ganmdgarma mefem, iseve
daasrula sicocxle, rogorc misma mamam ioaSma: SeTqmulebma ierusali-
midan gaaZeves da sadRac laqiSSi miugzavnes mkvlelebi, da mokles.
meeqvse yuzia iyo, romelsac gansakuTrebuli xvedri Sexvda. Teqvsmeti
wlis iyo yuzia (srulad: yuziahu), roca gaamefa iudas xalxma mokluli
mamis nacvlad. ormocdaTormeti weli imefa da bednieri da warmatebuli
iyo misi mefoba, vidre cocxali iyo zaqaria winaswarmetyveli, `vidre
eZiebda ufals, RmerTic Seeweoda mas~ (2neSt. 26:5). ufali iyo masTan yve-
la saqmeSi _ brZolebsa da mSvidobian aRmSeneblobaSi. filistimelebi
daimorCila, waarTva qalaqebi _ gaTi, iabne, aSdodi; yamonelebs, romle-
bic erT dros aoxrebdnen iudas miwa-wyals, xarki daado; gaamagra ieru-
salimi, koSkebi aRmarTa mis karibWeebze, da zed saomari manqanebi daaye-
na isrebisa da lodebis sasrolad; hyavda gawvrTnili jari, jaWvis pe-
rangebiT, farebiT, muzaradebiT, mSvildebiT da SurdulebiT aRWurvili;
udabnoSic koSkebi aago da uamravi Wa amoiRo; hyavda uTvalavi fara da
naxiri, yanebi da venaxebi, `radgan miwis moyvaruli iyo~, askvnis matiane
(2neSt. 26:10). misma saxelma egviptesac uwia. `Sors gaiTqva saxeli, radgan
sakvirvelad iyo Sewevnili, vidre ar gaZlierda~ (2neSt. 26:15). es Sewevna
 87

da gaZliereba yuziasTvis gansacdeli yofila, Turme ufali cdida mas,

gauZlebda Tu ara mefe am warmatebas, saxels da didebas. aq iyo Casafre-
buli xifaTi. didebis mwvervalze man iseTi nabiji gadadga, romelic ar
axsovs israelianTa istorias moses droidan, roca koraxi da misi dasi
legitimur, uflisagan kurTxeul aaronianebs samRvdelo funqciebs See-
dava im motiviT, rom `wmidaa erTianad mTeli sazogadoeba~ (ricx. 16:5),
rogorc uflis eri, da rom maTac aqvT ufalTan siaxlovis ufleba da
neba, radgan ufali maT Sorisac aris. es siaxlove wmidaTa wmidaSi Sesv-
lisa da iq kmevis sakralur uflebaSi gamoixata. maSin mosem daumtkica
koraxs da mis TanamdgomT, Tu vis unda SeZleboda sacecxluris pyroba
da uflis winaSe sakmevlis kmeva. rodesac wardgnen xelsacecxlurianebi
uflis winaSe sakmevad, gamovarda uflisagan cecxli da STanTqa isini _
`orasormocdaaTi kaci, sakmevlis Semwirveli~ (ricx. 16:35), xolo janyis
wamomwyebs koraxs da mis dass ki miwam uyo piri mTeli xalxis Tvalwin.
gadarCa mxolod aaroni, romelsac uflisagan moses xeliT hqonda moni-
Webuli es prerogativa. am epizodTan aris dakavSirebuli `ganedlebuli
kverTxis~ saswauli. aRTqmis karavSi uflis win dawyobil nuSisxis kver-
TxTagan, romlebic israelis Tavkacebs ekuTvnodaT, erTaderTi aaronis
kverTxi gamoarCia ufalma: `aha, ayvavda aaronis kverTxi, levis saxlidan,
ayvavda, gaifurCqna yvavili da damwifda nuSi~ (ricx. 17:23). amis Semdeg
kidev ufro ganmtkicda aaronianebis samRvdelo uflebebi da, gansakuTre-
biT, mRvdelmTavrisa, romelsac erTaderTs mieca ufleba Sesuliyo wmi-
daTa wmidaSi, Seetana msxverplis sisxli Tavisi da eris gamosasyidad,
da ekmia sakmeveli. es xdeboda weliwadSi erTxel. swored am dros war-
moiTqmoda RvTis saxeli, romlis sajarod warmoTqmas akrZalva daedo,
ise rom aRaravis axsovda, rogor gamoiTqmoda igi (e.w. RvTiuri tetrag-
rama anu oTxi Tanxmovnisagan Semdgari sityva _ YHWH-¡hvh).
koraxis hubrisi (gabudayeba) maSin moses epoqaSi sastikad daisaja uf-
lisave xeliT da mas Semdeg aravis ucdia samRvdelo prerogativebis
xelyofa. axla yuzia, didebis mwvervals miRweuli keTili mefe, romlis
cxovreba aqamde SeubRalavi iyo, imeorebs koraxis codvas. sjobs movus-
minoT matianes: `roca gaZlierda yuziahu, gadidgulda da Tavisda dasa-
Rupad Sescoda ufals, Tavis RmerTs, radgan Sevida uflis taZarSi sak-
mevlis sakmevad samsxverploze. mas mihyva mRvdeli yazariahu oTxmoci
vaJkacis TanxlebiT. win gadaudgnen mefe yuziahus da uTxres: Sen ar ge-
kuTvnis, yuziahu, uflisaTvis kmeva, aramed mRvdlebs, aaronianebs, romle-
bic mkmevlebad arian nakurTxni. gamodi sawmidaridan, radgan Sescode da
pativad ar CageTvleba uflisagan, Seni RmerTisagan. ganrisxda yuziahu,
xelSi ki sacecxluri eWira sakmevad da, roca ganurisxda mRvdlebs, keT-
ri gamoaCnda Sublze mRvdlebis winaSe uflis saxlSi, sakmevlis samsx-
verplosTan. da miixedes misken yazariahu mRvdelmTavarma da yvela
mRvdelma da, aha, Sublze keTri aqvs, da saswrafod gamoiyvanes iqidan.
Tavadac Cqarobda gamosvlas, radgan ufalma dahkra mas~ (2neSt. 26:16-20).
keTri uflis sasjeli iyo da, rogorc dasjili, calke saxlSi cxov-
robda yuziahu sikvdilamde, Tumca rCeboda mefed, magram samefo karsac
da qveyanasac misi Ze ioTami ganagebda.
magram mainc yuziam, romlis meore saxeli iyo yazaria (asea igi moxse-
nebuli mefeTa wignSi), keTili saxeli daimkvidra matianeSi. misi Zis, io-
Tamis mefoba misi magaliTiT aris Sefasebuli: ioTami `sworad iqceoda
 88

uflis TvalSi, rogorc mamamisi yuziahu iqceoda. oRond taZarSi ar Se-

sula~ (2neSt. 27:2).
ukeTuri mefis axazis (ioTamis Zis) Semdeg, romelzec Cawerilia matia-
neSi, rom `ar iqceoda sworad uflis TvalSi... dadioda israelis mefeTa
gziT, baalebis qandakebebic ki Camoasxa, sakmevels akmevda ben-hinomis
velze, cecxlSi atarebda Tavis Svilebs im warmarTTa bilwi Cveulebisa-
mebr, romelnic ahyara ufalma israelianTagan, msxverpls swiravda da ak-
mevda gorakebze...~ (2neSt. 28:1-4) da daskvnis saxiT, rom ufalma `daamdab-
la iuda axazis, iudas mefis gamo, radgan garyvna man iuda da codviT
scodavda ufals~ (2neSt. 28:19), gamoCnda mefed iudas taxtze misi Ze xiz-
kia (srulad: iexizkiahu, ZvelqarTuli TargmaniT: ezekia), romelzec mar-
tivad aris naTqvami: `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi, rogorc daviTi, mi-
si mama, iqceoda~ (2neSt. 29:2; 4mef. 18:3) da kidev, rom `arc manamde yofila
misi msgavsi israelis mefeTa Soris da arc mis mere iqneba~ (2neSt. 29:5).
manamde, cxadia, iyo daviTi, magram daviTi, rogorc iTqva, keTilmefo-
bis Taursaxea (amitom iwodeba is mefeTa mamad _ ab), TiTqmis metaistoriuli, me-
sianuri figura, romelic momavalSi mova kvlav gamTlianebuli samefos mefed.
rac Seexeba, `mis mere~, xizkias mere iyo ioSia, misi SviliSvili, keTili mefe, iu-
das bolo mefeebi ki ukeTurni iyvnen _ maTze, maT ukeTurebazeve, dasrulda iudas
samefos istoria. Tumca aRsaniSnavi isic aris, rom xizkias dros daeca samaria
(722 w. Zv.w.), Crdilo israelad wodebuli samefos, dedaqalaqi da arsebo-
ba Sewyvita am samefomac. aSuris mefe, salmanasar V, ar dasjerda samari-
is aRebas da qveynis dapyrobas; man Tavisi imperiis sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi
gadaasaxla cxra (ara aTi) tomi, romlebic Crdilo samefos mosaxleobas Seadgen-
da. israelis cxra tomi Seeria adgilobriv mosaxleobas, gaiTqvifa da samudamod
daikarga ebraeli xalxisa da istoriisaTvis. darCa iudas da beniaminis Stoebi
samxreT samefoSi, magram maTac mZime dReebi eloda _ babilonSi gadasaxleba, Tum-
ca ufalma ar gaswira isini, gansakuTebiT, iuda, daviTis siyvarulis gamo, da tyve-
obidan ukan daabruna.
davubrundeT xizkias, imave iexizkiahus, romlis saxeli amgvarad iTar-
gmneba: `ganamtkica ufalma (iahum)~ an `Cemi simtkicea ufali~. misi mefoba
imiTac aris RirsSesaniSnavi, rom igi moeswro didi winaswarmetyvelis
esaias moRvaweobas. `keTil mefe~ iyo xizkia, magram misi cxovreba drama-
tuli movlenebiT iyo aRsavse.
pirveli, rac man itvirTa, religiuri reforma iyo. man Tavis erTgul
msaxurebTan erTad moawyo didi, epoqaluri wmenda ierusalimis taZarSi;
saukunoobiT dagrovili nakerpavi, warmarTuli nagavi kedronis xevSi ga-
dayara; uflis saxli rjulis Tanaxmad msxverplSewirvebisaTvis gaamza-
da. bolos da bolos, man SeZlo gaeuqmebina samsxverplo gorakebi, sadac
mravali xnis manZilze msxverpls swiravdnen leviani mRvdlebi, romel-
Tac mitovebuli hqondaT uflis taZari; ar iqneboda ioli saqme ramdeni-
me aseuli wliT gauqmebuli ritualebis aRdgena; yvelaferi TiTqos Ta-
vidan unda dawyebuliyo, rogorc moses xanidan daiwyo. misi ganmaaxlebe-
li qmedebani gascda iudas sazRvrebs da gauqmebul Crdilo samefos te-
ritoriasac miswvda: efremis, menaSes, isaqaris StoTa naSTebic, vinc ga-
dasaxlebas gadaurCnen, Caebnen ganmaaxlebel, ufro sworad, aRmadgenel
moZraobaSi: maTac gaCexes aSerebi, daangries gorakTa samsxverploebi, da-
lewes svetebi... dabolos, xizkiahum didixnis daviwyebuli paseqis dResas-
waulis sayovelTao, mTeli israelis masStabiT aRniSvna gamoacxada
 89

(2neSt. 30). am aqtiT mefe Seecada daeaxlovebina da Seerigebina erTmaneT-

Tan erT dros erTiani, aw ki or nawilad gaxleCili xalxis sxeuli da
suli. es udidesi Canafiqri iyo, rac ki odesme daviTiani mefis gonebasa
da gulSi Casaxula. dagzavna mTel qveyanaSi malemsrboli macneni am is-
toriuli misiiT, raTa xalxisaTvis emcnoT mefis gadawyvetileba. matiane
ar malavs, rom zebulonis, efremis Tu menaSes qveyanaSi iyvnen iseTnic,
romlebic skeptikurad Sexvdnen mefis mowodebas, dascinodnen maT da
abuCadac igdebdnen. magram mizani, Tumca efemerulad, _ male kvlav didi
xnis manZilze aRar gaimarTeboda paseqi, radgan xalxi aRar iqneboda am
miwaze, _ magram miRweuli iqna. mainc `didZali xalxi moawyda ierusa-
lims meore TveSi ufuarobis dResaswaulis gadasaxdelad...~ (2neSt. 30:13).
yvelaferi Tavisi wesisa da rigis mixedviT Sesrulda, leviani mRvdlebi
Tav-Tavis adgilebze idgnen, rogorc mosem dauwesa maT. `xarobda iudas
mTeli krebuli, mRvdlebi da levianebi, israelidan mosuli mTeli kre-
buli, israelis qveynidan mosuli xiznebi da iudas mkvidrni. iseTi didi
sixaruli sufevda ierusalimSi, romlis msgavsi solomon daviTis Zis,
israelis mefis, dReebis mere ar yofila ierusalimSi~ (2neSt. 30:25-26).
da, aha, misi didebis mwvervalze, rogorc matiane wers, `am patiosan
saqmeTa Semdeg movida sanxeribi, aSuris mefe, SemoiWra iudaSi...~ (2meSt.
32:1). mteri uricxvi laSqriT Semoadga ierusalims, alya Semoartya mas,
gamovida heroldi mtris banakidan da maRali xmiT, ebraul enaze, rom
mTel qalaqs gaegona, aSuris mefis saxeliT dauwyo lanZRva da damcire-
ba maT ufals da maT mefes, rom suliT dacemuliyo isedac cudi aRsas-
rulis molodiniT SeSinebuli xalxi. `nu daujerebT xizkias, radgan ase
ambobs aSuris mefe: damizavdiT da gadmodiT Cem mxareze, Wamos TiToe-
ulma Tavisi yurZeni da leRvi da svas Tavisi Wis wyali. sanam movidode
da wagiyvandeT Tqveni qveynisnair qveyanaSi, purisa da Rvinis qveyanaSi,
yanebisa da venaxebis qveyanaSi, zeTisxilisa da Taflis qveyanaSi... rodis
uxsniaT RmerTebs Tav-Tavisi qveynebi aSuris mefis xelidan?~ (4mef. 18:31-
33). amas pirdeboda aSuris mefe ierusalimSi SeyuJul xalxs, TiTqos
RmerTi yofiliyo, romelmac moiyvana am miwaze israelianebi da daasax-
la. nu erwmunebiT Tqvens RmerTs, nu daujerebT xizkias, nu gaimedebT
xizkia... esmoda es sityvebi xalxs, romelsac xizkiam uflis saxeliT da-
ungria samsxverplo gorakebi da kerpTa Tayvaniscema aukrZala, ris ga-
moc bevri maTgani ukmayofilo iqneboda. aSuris mefis sityvebi sworad
iyo gaTvlili. namdvilad iyo saSiSroeba, rom gatydeboda sulmokle
xalxi da ierusalimi gauRebda mters karibWeebs. isev da isev xizkias
RvTismosaobis gamo iyo rom ixsna ufalma ierusalimi da iudas samefo.
rom acnobes aSureli heroldis sityvebi, saxelovani mefe jvaloTi Sei-
mosa da taZarSi wavida salocavad. solomonis mxurvale locvis Semdeg,
romelic man taZris Senobis dasrulebisas aRavlina RvTis winaSe im
Rirssaxsovar dRes iq Sekrebili xalxis gasagonad, ar moiZebneba mTel
bibliaSi sxva locva, aseTi rwmeniT, sasoebiT da simSvidiT rom warmoT-
qmuliyo, rogorc xizkiam warmoTqva da _ rodis, roca gadarCenis aravi-
Tari imedi aRar iyo. roca jvaloTi Semosili xizkia taZarSi Sedioda,
xelSi mtris banakidan RvTis maginebeli etrati eWira. daCoqilma uflis
winaSe gaSala gragnili da ase iloca:
`ufalo, RmerTo israelisa, qerubimze amxedrebulo! Sena xar erTaderTi Rmer-
Ti qveynierebis yvela samefosi, Seni Seqmnilia ca da miwa. yuri moapyar, ufalo,
 90

da ismine, Tvali gaaxile da Sexede; gaigone sanxeribis sityvebi, cocxali RvTis

sagineblad rom SemoTvala. marTalia, ufalo, moaoxres aSuris mefeebma xalxebi
da maTi qveynebi, cecxls misces maTi RmerTebi da gaanadgures, radgan RmerTebi ki
ar yofilan isini, aramed xisagan da qvisagan adamianis xeliT nakeTebi sagnebi iyo.
aw gvixsen, ufalo, RmerTo Cveno, misi xelidan, raTa gaigos qveynierebis yvela sa-
mefom, rom Sen xar ufali, erTaderTi RmerTi~ (4mef. 19:15-19).
pasuxmac ar daayovna. esaias piriT gamocxadebuli pasuxi Seicavs uf-
lis, rogorc istoriis Semoqmedis, sityvas: yvelaferi, rac xdeba, misi
nebiT xdeba, yvelaferi winaswar aris ganzraxuli mis dafarulSi, raTa
sabolood gacxaddes: `nuTu ar gsmenia, rom es ZvelTaganve ganvamzade?
axlaRa movawie, rom nangrevebad qceuliyvnen cixe-qalaqebi~ (4mef. 19:25).
pasuxi Seicavs aSuris mefis ganaCens: `imis gamo, rom gamididguldi da
moswvda Cems yurebs Seni ampartavneba, nestoebSi rgols gagiyri da pirSi
lagams amogdeb, imave gziT dagabruneb, romliTac moxvedi... me davifarav
am qalaqs, rom vixsna igi CemTvis da daviTisTvis, Cemi msaxurisTvis~
(4mef. 19:28,34).
da, marTlac, istoriis mamoZravebelma sulma mowyo ise, rom sanxeribi
iZulebuli Seiqna ukan gabrunebuliyo. ra iyo amis obieqturi mizezi _
moulodneli Savi Wiri banakSi, rogorc biblia gvauwyebs (4mef. 19:35), Tu
aSuris xelisuflebas damorCilebuli babilonis janyi, rogorc aSuruli
saistorio wyaro gadmogvcems, _ sinxeribma moxsna alya da Tavis qveyanas miaSura,
sadac mokles kidec misma vaJebma (4mef. 19:37).
amjerad gadarCa iuda da ierusalimi, ar mouxda mas, rom Crdilo same-
fos bedi gaeziarebina. xizkiac gadarCa, rom mis dros ar moxda, rac asi
wlis Semdeg misi ukeTuri STamomavlis dros moxda.
marTali mefe, romlis drosac saswaulebrivad gadarCa qveyana ganad-
gurebas da xalxi wartyvevnas, da Tavadac aranaklebi saswauliT gauxan-
grZlivda sicocxle (sasikvdilo senisgan gankurnebis niSnad Crdili aTi
safexuriT dabrunda ukan, 4mef. 20:9-11), axlos iyo damRupvel gaamayebas-
Tan, magram man daTrguna siamaye, rogorc sagangebod aRniSna mematianem:
`modrka iexizkiahu Tavis didgulobaSi da masTan erTad ierusalimis
yvela mkvidri da aRar dastydomiaT RvTis risxva iexizkiahus dReebSi~
(2neSt. 32:26).
erTi sabediswero saqcieli Caidina uflis nebierma mefem. roca aSuris
winaaRmdeg misma mokavSirem babilonis mefem Seityo misi gamojanmrTele-
ba, werilebi da ZRveni gamougzavna. sixaruliT miiRo elCebi xizkiahum
da babilonis mefisadmi madlobis niSnad gauxsna maT saganZurebi da yve-
laferi, rac maTSi inaxeboda, daaTvalierebina. winaswarmetyvelma esaiam
mefis am moqmedebaSi samefos mware aRsasrulis niSani dainaxa: `aha, dad-
geba Jami da yvelafers, rac saxlSi gaqvs, da rac Sens mama-papas dRemde
mouxveWavs, babilonSi waiReben, aRaraferi darCeba, ambobs ufali~ (4mef.
20:17).
misma STamomavlebma or TaobaSi _ Svilma menaSem da SviliSvilma
amonma ukuRma daatriales misi waRma nakeTebi saqmeebi, kvlav daabrunes
iudas xalxi kerpTayvanismcemlobisken, uflis saxlSic ki Seitanes aSe-
ras kerpebi da varskvlavebs samsxverploebi auSenes. `ubralo sisxlic
bevri daRvara menaSem, ise rom pirTamde aavso ierusalimi...~ (4mef. 21:16).
am ori ukeTuri mefis Semdeg kvlav da ukanasknelad movida keTili me-
fe _ es iyo ioSia. rva wlis gamefda ioSia, radgan misi ukeTuri mama
 91

amoni SeTqmulebma mokles, oriode weli mouxda mefoba. arc erT sxva me-
fes, garda xizkiasi, misi didi papisa, ar daumsaxurebia iseTi Sefaseba,
rogoric xvda wilad ioSias: `sworad iqceoda uflis TvalSi da yvela-
ferSi daviTis gzas mihyveboda, arc marjvniv gadauxvevia, arc marcxniv~
(4mef. 22:2). `arc mis mere gamoCenila misi msgavsi~, askvnis mematiane misi
Rvawlis aRweris bolos (4mef. 22:25). man ukanasknelma ganaxorciela me-
fobis principi, romlis magaliTi daviTma misca Taobebs, rom uflis
mcnebaTa erTgulni yofiliyvnen.
srulwlovani rom Seiqna, pirveli, rac ioSiam moimoqmeda, uflis sax-
lis gasufTaveba da SekeTeba iyo. swored am samuSaoebis dros ipovna
mRvdelmTavarma xilkiam sadRac, taZris kunWulebSi mikarguli `rjulis
wigni~ (sxvanairad, `aRTqmis wigni~). waukiTxes wigni mefes da man Semoi-
xia samoseli. mixvda ioSia da mere ufalmac gamoucxada, rom yvela is
ukeTureba, zneobrivi Tu religiuri, romelic xdeboda warsul TaobebSi,
am wignis mcnebaTa daviwyebis Sedegi iyo. imasac mixvda ioSia, rom axlos
iyo Jami, roca unda avsebuliyo uflis moTminebis Tasi. `rjulis wignis~
sityvebSi iudas samefos saboloo ganaCeni ikiTxeboda. daiRupeboda iuda,
magram es ar moxdeboda ioSias mefobaSi, raki man am wignis sityvebis
mosmenisas qedi moidrika uflis winaSe da samoseli Semoiglija, da
atirda (4mef. 22:19). da Seudga ioSia qveynis ganwmedas im sisaZagleTagan,
romlebic mravali Taobis ganmavlobaSi dagrovda. rasac xizkias xeli
ver miswvda, saxeldobr, solomon mefis dros, mis gandgomilebaSi, dadg-
mul kerpebs aSToreTis, qamosis da milqomis saxelze. misi xeli Crdilo
teritoriasac gadaswvda, sadac misi iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeboda: daang-
ria gorakebi, sadac samasi wlis winaT ieroboam nabatis Zem oqris xboebi
dadga da israelianTa gandgomas misca dasabami.
magram RvTis gangebaSi efemeruli Canda misi rCeulis Rvawli. samefos
bedi gadawyvetili iyo. `ar mohbrunebia guli ufals didi risxvisagan,
romelic aRigzno iudaSi yvela im wyenis gamo, menaSem rom awyenina mas.
Tqva ufalma: iudasac moviSoreb Cemgan, rogorc israeli moviSore. arad
Cavagdeb qalaqs, ierusalims, romelic avirCie, ierusalims da saxls, ro-
melzec vTqvi, aq iqneba-meTqi Cemi saxeli~ (4mef. 23:26-27). sabolood, me-
fem, romelmac radikaluri religiuri reformebi Caatara da RvTismosa-
vis saxeli daimkvidra, politikaSi dauSva sabediswero Secdoma: aSuris
winaaRmdeg daZrul egviptis Zlevamosil laSqars brZoliT Seegeba, raTa
mxari daeWira Zveli mtrisaTvis, romelic axla mokavSired airCia, da mo-
ikla megidosTan.
sami ukanaskneli mefis wlebi uflis gangebis aRsrulebis wlebi iyo.
jer wvril-wvrili samefoebidan Semoseuli urdoebi awuxebdnen iudas.
mere, roca dairRva politikur ZalTa wonasworoba da babilonma Tavisi
`mSvidoba~ daamyara wina aziaSi, iudas bedic unda gadamwydariyo sabo-
lood im ganzraxvis sisruleSi mosayvanad, romelic ufalma Caifiqra.
ioSiadan mesame TaobaSi ukeTur iehoaqinze dasrulda iudas samefos da-
moukidebloba.
babilonis mefe nabuqodonosori moadga ierusalims, aiRo qalaqi, gazi-
da taZris mTeli saganZuri, daamtvria oqros WurWeli, romelic jer ki-
dev solomonma daamzadebina uflis saxlSi samsaxureblad; ahyara ieru-
salimis mosaxleoba _ aTi aTasi didebuli da meomari, maTTan erTad xe-
losnebi da mSeneblebi _ rva aTasi kaci, da babilonSi waasxa dasasax-
 92

leblad. mxolod mdabiorni datova qveyanaSi. maT kvals gauyena mefe ie-
hoaqini, dedamisi, misi msaxurebi da kariskacebi. mis nacvlad biZamisi ma-
Tania cidkiahus saxeliT, rac niSnavs `samarTliania ufali~, dasva taxt-
ze (4mef. 24:11-17). marTlac, samarTliani iyo ufali, roca `mrisxanebda ie-
rusalimze da iudaze, vidre sabolood ar moiSora isini Tavidan~ (4mef.
24:20).
aTi wlis Semdeg uflis wyalobas moklebuli cidkiahu egviptis ime-
diT ganudga babilonis mefes. babilonis laSqari meored moadga ierusa-
lims, alya Semoartya da SimSilis piras miiyvana qalaqi. cidkiahu gaipa-
ra qalaqidan Tavisi saxleuliTurT; TiTqos samSvidobos iyo gasuli,
rom ieriqonis velze miewivnen babilonelebi, Seipyres da mefes mihgvares.
mefem Svilebi dauxoca Tvalwin cidkiahus, Tavad mas Tvalebi daTxara
da borkildadebuli babilonSi waiyvana (4mef. 25:11-7).
es iyo iudas da ierusalimis aRsasruli. babilonelebma gadawves taZa-
ri da mefis sasaxle, yvela saxli, `yvela didi saxli~, daangries ierusa-
limis kedeli; waiRes yvelaferi, rac pirveli wartyvevnisas gadarCa;
darCenili mosaxleobac tyved waasxes, amjerad mdabiorTagan mxolod
`mevenaxeebi da mxvnel-mTesvelebi~ datoves.
cidkiahus bedi CvenTvis ucnobia, misi Zmiswuli iehoiaqiani ki, mefeyo-
fili, sapyrobiledan gamoiyvana babilonis mefem, patimris samoseli ga-
moucvala, babilonis tyveobaSi myof mefeTa Soris taxtze dasva da samu-
damo sarCo ganuCina (4mef. 25:27-30).
ierusalimi ki Sors darCa, nangrevebSi.

dabruneba
iudas samefos dacemis wina xanebSi, roca mefeebi da maTi maamebeli
winaswarmetyvelni da mrCevlebi egvipteze amyarebdnen babilonisgan xsnis
imeds, erTaderTi winaswarmetyveli ieremia iyo, romelic babilonisadmi
morCilebisaken mouwodebda mefes da xalxs, risTvisac mas eris moRala-
ted acxadebdnen da sasikvdilod devnidnen. ioSias sikvdilis Semdeg,
jer kidev iehoiakimis mefobis dros ieremia winaswarmetyvelebda ierusa-
limisa da misi taZris daqcevas. roca iehoiakims miutanes gragnili, sa-
dac es winaswarmetyveleba iyo dawerili, mefe wakiTxul nawils xevda
da cecxlSi wvavda. ieremiam uflis karnaxiT meore gragnili dawera. mag-
ram arc mefe, arc eri ar ismenda mis sityvas. Seusmenlobas Seguebuli
iyo winaswarmetyveli, radgan man icoda, rom ganwiruli iyo Seusmenlo-
bisTvis. gana ar eubneboda ufali? `etyvi maT yvela am sityvas, magram ar
mogismenen. mouwodeb maT, magram ar gagigoneben~ (ierem. 7:27). magram winas-
warmetyveli ar cxreboda: Tu sityva ar Wrida, simboluri qceviT aCveneb-
da WeSmaritebas, romelic uflisagan hqonda gamocxadebuli. WeSmariteba
ki is iyo, rom erTaderTi xsna damorCileba iyo. ufali alaparakebs ie-
remias, aTqmevinebs WeSmaritebas, romelic Zalze mware iyo patriotulad
ganwyobili adamianebisTvis: `amieridan (ambobs ieremias piriT ufali)
mTeli es qveynebi nabuqodonosors, babilonis mefes, Cems msaxurs, unda
Cavabaro xelSi. velis mxecebic misTvis Camibarebia, raTa emorCilebodnen
mas...~ (ierem. 27:6). uflis STagonebiT ieremias mihyavs xalxi, uxucesebi da
mRvdlebi ierusalimis kedlebs gareT, ben-hinomis velze, winaswarmetyve-
 93

lebs da maT Tvalwin amsxvrevs Tixis qoTans ierusalimisa da iudas daq-

cevis niSnad. amisaTvis iqve scemes mas da dilegSi Caagdes.
597 wels, roca nabuqodonosorma mefesTan erTad pirvelad gadaasaxla
iudas da ierusalimis mcxovrebni babilons, ieremiam werili miswera ga-
dasaxlebulT, arwmunebda, axla mainc mieRoT morCilebiT babilonis
tyveoba, damorCilebodnen beds, raSic uflis neba gamoixata. mouwodebda
yvelas, eSenebinaT saxlebi babilonSi, gaeSenebinaT baR-venaxebi, SeeqmnaT
ojaxebi, ezrunaT im qalaqTa keTildReobisaTvis, sadac dasaxldebodnen,
rom Tavadac keTildReobaSi yofiliyvnen da, rac mTavaria, tyveobis va-
dasac uniSnavs. `radgan ase ambobs ufali: rogorc ki Seusruldeba babi-
lons samocdaaTi weli, mogxedavT da agisrulebT Cems sasikeTo sityvas,
am adgilze dagabrunebT-meTqi~ (ierem. 29:10).
winaswarmetyveleba axda: dabruneba (TeSubah) movida, vidre daTqmuli
samocdaaTi weli gavidoda.* gadasaxlebidan ormocdarva wlis Semdeg is-
toriis Carxi gadasaxlebulTa da qveyanaSi darCenilTa sasikeTod Semot-
rialda. daeca babiloni da misi mefoba sparseTis xelSi gadavida. ara
sakuTari beladebis, aramed ucxo mefis xeliT mouvlina ufalma xsna iu-
das da ierusalims. es iyo sparseTis mefe kirosi, romelic ufalma Tavis
cxebulad (maSiax) CaTvala: `ase uTxra ufalma Tavis cxebuls, kiross,
romlis marjvena miWiravs, raTa xalxebi davamxo mis winaSe... Cemi msaxu-
ris, iakobis, da israelis, Cemi rCeulis, gulisaTvis giwodeb saxels da
pativiT Segmosav, Tumca ar micnob... me gartyam sartyels, Tumca ar mic-
nob...~ (es. 45:1,4,5).
babilonSi gamefebis pirvel wels _ es iyo 538 weli _ kirosma, romlis
politika xalxebis mimarT Zireulad gansxvavdeboda aSurisa da babilo-
nis mefeTa politikisgan, gamouSva ediqti iudevelTa TavianT qveyanaSi
dabrunebis Sesaxeb. `ase ambobs kirosi, sparseTis mefe: qveynierebis yve-
la samefo momca me ufalma, caTa RmerTma, da manve mibrZana avuSeno mas
saxli ierusalimSi, iudaSi rom aris. vin aris Tqvens Soris am xalxidan,
RmerTi iyos masTan! wavides ierusalimSi, iudaSi, da auSenos saxli
ufals, israelis RmerTs. es aris RmerTi, romelic ierusalimSia~ (1ezra
1:2-3). ufro metic: kirosma mouwoda yvelas, visTvisac Zvirfasi iyo ieru-
salimis taZari, gaeRo saxsari mis xelmeored asagebad. da amaze metic:
kirosma daubruna iudaelebs taZris wmida saganZuri, romelic nabuqodo-
nosorma gazida ierusalimidan.
dabrunebidan Svidi Tvis Tavze israelianebi ukve qalaqebSi esaxlnen,
TiToeuli Tavis qalaqSi, saidanac gadaasaxles. im xanad dabrunda sul
ormocdaaTi aTas samas samoci kaci. ai, am xalxma aaSena taZari, dabrune-
bulTa meore talRa ierusalimis kedlis aRdgenas Seudga.
taZris Senebis procesi RirsSesaniSnavi periodi iyo xalxis cxovreba-
Si, es iyo mcdeloba warsulis aRdgenisa. mSenebelTa sulisCamdgmeli
iyo samRvdelo kaci, mefeTa naTesavi, saxelad zerubabeli, romelzec
xmac ki dairxa, swored eg aris is mesia, romlis mosvlas esaia winaswar-
metyvelebdao. magram varaudi ar gamarTlda, Tumca zerubabel SalTie-
lis Zem zedmiwevniT aRasrula misia, risTvisac is namdvilad movlinebu-
li iyo. am dros moRvaweobdnen winaswarmetyvelni _ angia da zaqaria,
romlebic gverdSi edgnen mSeneblebs da RvTis sityviT amxnevebdnen (1ez-
ra 3). es iyo didi enTuziazmis xana: Tu solomonis dros taZars ZiriTa-
dad ucxoelebi aSenebdnen, meore taZris SenebaSi mTeli xalxi iyo Cabmu-
 94

li. didi iyo sixaruli. `netar mas Jamsa, ra¡ igi iqmneboda!~ es formula,
fuZemdebluri Jamis gamomxatveli sityvebi, savsebiT miesadageba maT ganw-
yobilebas. Tumca movusminoT Tavad ezras, rogor ukvdavyo man is Jami,
roca taZris saZirkveli iyreboda:
`roca mSeneblebi Seudgnen uflis taZris saZirkvlis Cayras, daayenes
Semosili mRvdlebi sayvirebiT da levianebi, asafis Zeni, dafdafebiT, ra-
Ta edidebinaT ufali israelis mefis daviTis wesis mixedviT. umRerdnen
qeba-didebas ufals: radgan keTilia, radgan saukunoa misi wyaloba isra-
elze! mTeli xalxi ki maRali xmiT yiJinebda uflis qeba-didebas uflis
saxlis dafuZnebis gamo. bevri mRvdeli da leviani, mamissaxlTa Tavkac-
ni, romelTac nanaxi hqondaT pirvandeli taZari, xmamaRla tirodnen, ro-
ca maT Tvalwin saZirkveli eyreboda taZars. bevrni sixarulis yiJinas
scemdnen. xalxi ver arCevda sixarulis yiJinas da tirilis xmebs, radgan
didi xmiT yiJinebda xalxi da Sors gaismoda maTi xma~ (1ezra 3:10-13).
winaswarmetyvelni
`radgan arafers moimoqmedebs ufali RmerTi, Tu ar ga-
ucxada Tavisi saidumlo Tavis morCilT, winaswarmety-
velT. lomi brdRvinavs _ vin ar SeSindeba! ufali
RmerTi laparakobs _ vin ar gaqadagdeba!~ (amos, 3:7-8).
`winaswarmetyveli~ _ es saxelwodeba Zveli aRTqmis sulieri moRvawisa
axal enebSi modis berZnuli sityvidan profetes, rac gulisxmobs imis
winaswarmTqmels, winaswargamcxadebels, rac jer ar momxdara da rac mo-
saxdenia aucileblobiT. winaswarmetyvelis cnobiereba win uswrebs yofi-
erebas, sinamdvilis faqtebs da movlenebs. es erTi aspeqtia Zveli aRTq-
mis winaswarmetyvelobisa, magram ara ZiriTadi, ara arsebiTi. Tu bibliu-
ri winaswarmetyvelis arss mxolod am funqciiT SemovzRudavT, misi bu-
neba sagrZnoblad gaRaribebuli gamoCndeba _ mas daakldeba is specifika,
rac ekuTvnis mxolod mas, rac ar axasiaTebs sxva xalxebisa da sxva
kulturaTa winaswarmetyvelT, misanT, naTelmxilvelT da sxva. Zvel aRT-
qmaSi xsenebulni arian, monawileoben qanaanuri RvTaebebis baalebis wi-
naswarmetyvelni, magram saeWvoa, rom maTi moRvaweoba sulier aspeqtSi
iseTive Rirebuli yofiliyo, rogoric uflis winaswarmetyvelTa moRva-
weoba iyo. mainc raSi mdgomareobs Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa gan-
sakuTrebuloba?
upirveles yovlisa, ras gveubneba Tavad termini, romliTac aRiniSneba
winaswarmetyvelobis funqcia? es aris nabi da niSnavs `gamomTqmels~, `ga-
momcxadebels~; etimologiurad es Ziri dakavSirebulia ebrauli enisa da
sxva semituri enebis imave fonetikuri aRnagobis ZirebTan, romlebic niS-
navs `gareT gasvlas~, `gadmoRvras~ da sxv. amrigad, nabis gareT gamoaqvs
sityva, romelic dafarulia sxvebisaTvis; misi Semoqmedeba, romelic upi-
ratesad sityvasTan aris dakavSirebuli, apokalifsuria Tavisi arsiT: es
aris dafarulis gamocxadeba. am dafaruls absoluturi Rirebuleba
aqvs; is iseTi ram aris, rac aucileblad unda gamocxaddes, aucileblad
unda isminos xalxma, radgan is Seadgens maTi qcevebisa da zraxvebis
programas. sakuTari azrebis gamocxadeba rom daewyo winaswarmetyvels,
mas aravin mousmenda. is ar ambobs: `me geubnebiT~, aramed: `ase ambobs
ufali~ anu is acxadebs obieqtur WeSmaritebas da ara sakuTar warmodge-
nebs. misi winaswarmetyvelobis avtoriteti ganmtkicebulia im wyaroTi,
saidanac iRebs igi gamocxadebis Sinaarss da Tavad gamocxadebis, ro-
 95

gorc aqtivobis, uflebas. nabi _ gamomcxadebeli, rogorc wesi, uzenaesi

nebis gamomcxadebelia. is aris uflis bage, romlis meSveobiT ufali ac-
xadebs Tavis WeSmaritebas. RvTis sityvas igi gardaTqvams kacTaTvis gasa-
geb enaze, Tumca es ena xSirad simboluria, magram is gasagebia im sazo-
gadoebisaTvis, sadac igzavneba winaswarmetyveli.
amgvarad, winaswarmetyveleba mowodebaa; mowodebaa im azriT, rom igi
mowodebulia, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, sawinaswarmetyvelod. winas-
warmetyveleba zegardmo davalebaa, sauflo tvirTia, romelic unda ata-
ros kacma mTeli Tavisi sicocxle. da tvirTi, rogorc tvirTi, Tavisi
namdvili mniSvnelobiT, yovelTvis mZimea. `me ca mniSnavs...~ SeuZlia Tqvas
winaswarmetyvelma aseTi sityvebi; am sityvebSi gamoxatuli gancda mxo-
lod pirvel pirSi Tu gamoiTqmis, radgan es aris winaswarmetyvelis Si-
nagani gamocdileba. vin ityvis masze ukeT, Tu ra xdeba im adamianis gul-
Si, ara mxolod gulSi _ mTels mis arsebaSi, mis fizikur sxeulSic ki,
rodesac mas moesmeba mowodeba, roca is `orsuldeba~ sityviT da mas ar
SeuZlia saSo gadauketos sityvas. sityva modis, rogorc stiqioni, ro-
gorc bunebis Zala, rogorc niaRvari, romelmac unda warxocos yovelive
warmavali Tavis gzaze. sityva wmeds, asufTavebs adamians misi zedapiru-
li, SemTxveviTi `me~-sagan.
`Sen gadamibire, ufalo, da mec dagyevi, _ aRiarebs ieremia winaswar-
metyveli, _ CamiWire da damZale... vifiqre, daviviwyeb mas da aRar vilapa-
rakeb-meTqi misi saxeliT. magram cecxliviT amigizgizda gulSi, Zvlebam-
de gamatana; vcdilobdi gameZlo, magram ver SevZeli~ (ier. 20:7-8). aq Cans,
rom wodebuli ganicdis am mowodebas, rogorc Tavis bedisweras, rogorc
garduvalobas; is grZnobs, rom magar xels uWiravs igi, rom igive xeli
devs masze, romelsac xalxi gamohyavda monobis saxlidan, xels, rome-
lic ido rCeul erze. winaswarmetyvelic aseTive rCeulia rCeul xalxSi
_ rCeulze rCeuli, im xalxSi, romelic sauflo erad unda Seqmniliyo,
amitom potenciurad SeiZleba yoveli maTgani uflis winaswarmetyveli
yofiliyo. `ricxvTa~ wignSi aseTi ambavia moTxrobili: winaswarmetyvele-
bis tvirTi rom Seemsubuqebina mosesaTvis, _ gaZnelda udabnoSi xalxis
mwyesva, _ ufalma moseze gadmosuli suli gaunawila samocdaaT kacs, is-
raelianTa uxucesebs, rom SeSvelebodnen mas xalxis tvirTis tarebaSi.
roca maTzec gadmovida suli da samocdaaTive gaqadagda mcirexniT, maT
Soris, orni, romlebic karavTan ar idgnen, moses erTgul msaxurs, ieso
naves Zes, ar moewona es da uTxra Tavis moZRvars, nu miscem maT winas-
warmetyvelebis nebaso, xolo mosem Tqva: `netav mTeli uflis xalxi wi-
naswarmetyveli iyos! rom ufalma Tavisi suli moafinos maTze!~ (ricx.
11:16-29).
ibadeba Tu iqmneba winaswarmetyveli? romaelebi ambobdnen: poetebi iba-
debian, oratorebi iqmnebiano. winaswarmetyveli poetic aris da orato-
ric, magram igi arc ibadeba da arc iqmneba Cveulebrivi yofiTi azriT.
ufro sworad, misi asaki ar ganisazRvreba fizikuri dabadebiT; winaswar-
metyvelma SeiZleba igrZnos mowodebis Jami, radgan es aris misi cxovre-
bis romeliRac cnobieri monakveTi. magram mas arasodes ar ecodineba,
rodis airCia igi ufalma Tavis winaswarmetyvelad; es mxolod uflisa-
gan SeiZleba gaigos, rogorc ieremiam. `vidre mucelSi gamogsaxavdi, ga-
mogarCie, _ hqonda uflis sityva ieremias Tavisi winaswarmetyvelebis da-
sawyisSi, _ vidre saSodan gamoxvidodi, wmida gyavi, xalxebis qadagad da-
 96

gadgine~ (ier. 1:5). sruliad gaugebaria, ra RirsebisaTvis iqna winaswar-

metyveli arCeuli uflis qadagad. ieremia verc erT niSans ver grZnobs
Tavis TavSi, rom Tavi uflis qadagis Rirsad miiCnios. `eh, ufalo Rmer-
To! me xom laparaki ar vici, radgan balRi var~, pasuxobs is. `balRi~ ar
niSnavs mxolod `uasakos~ da arc `laparaki ar vici~ _ arcodnas Cveu-
lebrivi adamianuri metyvelebisa, romelic garkveuli asakidan iwyeba.
balRi gamoucdelia da ar icis, ra ilaparakos da rogor ilaparakos.
ieremia Tavis TavSi ver xedavs winaswarmetyvelebis raime unars, magram
Turme is dedis saSodanve yofila mowodebuli.
arc moses, Tumca misi sicocxlis adreuli xana _ dabadeba da bavSvo-
ba saswaulebrivad Sobil da aRzrdil CvilTa miToss imeorebs, mowi-
ful asakamde ar Seucvnia winaswarmetyvelebis niWi da mowodeba; mainc
mas gamZafrebuli hqonda samarTlianobis grZnoba da ganicdida erovnul
gansakuTrebulobas, ris gamo kacismkvlelic ki gaxda da karga xans mo-
Sorebuli iyo Tavis xalxs, romlis ena, SesaZloa, kargad arc icoda.
albaT ase unda gavigoT misi sityvebi uflis mowodebaze ewinaswarmety-
vela anu daemwyesa Tavisi eri da egviptidan gamoeyvana. man uTxra ufals,
rogorc mravali saukunis Semdeg ieremiam, me xom molaparake ar vyofil-
var `arc guSin, arc guSinwino~ da axlac, roca Sen melaparakebio; rad-
gan Znelmetyveli da enabrgvili varo, daumata (gam. 4:10). ufali ar ixevs
ukan, raki erTxel mouwoda mas: aha, aaroni, romelmac icis laparaki; is
iqneba moses bage, xolo mose misTvis RmerTiviT iqneba (gam. 4:16). ase rom,
enabrgviloba dabrkoleba ar aris winaswarmetyvelisaTvis; Cans, aris ra-
Rac gamoucnobi adamianuri Tviseba, ris gamoc xalxis masidan gamoirCeva
winaswarmetyveli. Zveli aRTqmis avtori ar asaxelebs am Tvisebas, miT
nakleb, Tavad winaswarmetyveli, romelic gadmogvcems Tavisi mowodebis
ambavs. aravin icis, ra RirebulebisaTvis iqna ieremia dadgenili qadagad
dedis mucelSive. ieremias mxolod gamocxadeba SeiZleba axsovdes: `gamo-
iwoda xeli ufalma da Seexo Cems bages. miTxra ufalma: aha, Camidvia Cemi
sityvebi Sens bageebSi~ (ier. 1:9). es aris misi meoredSoba amjerad sulie-
rad, RvTis sulidan dabadeba.
winaswarmetyveli ara Tu ver grZnobs Tavis misias, aramed uwmidurad
miaCnia Tavi uflis sityvis satareblad da salaparakod. mowodebis aq-
tic, Tu is gadmocemulia, Tavzardamcem STabeWdilebas axdens wodebul-
ze, radgan wodebuli absoluturi siwmidis winaSe katastrofulad ga-
nicdis Tavis kerZo da zogadkacobriul uwmidurobas. zeciur taZarSi
uflis da serafimebis wreSi moxvedril esaias (aseTi iyo misi xilva, es.
6:1-13) aRmoxdeba, rogorc aRsareba uzenaesis winaSe: `vaime, daviRupe, rad-
gan bageuwmiduri kaci var da bageuwmidur xalxSi vcxovrob! Cemma Tva-
lebma ki meufe, cabaoT ufali ixiles!~.
uflis xelis SexebiT ieremias utyvi bage metyveli iqmna, xolo esaias bage, met-
yveli, magram uwmiduri, unda gawmediliyo. `mofrinda CemTan erT-erTi serafimTa-
gani (gvamcnobs esaia) da xelSi samsxverplodan aRebuli muguzali eWira ma-
SiT. bageze Semaxo da miTxra: aha, Seexo es Sens bages da mogcilda uke-
Tureba, mitevebulia Seni codva~ (es. 6:6-7).
RvTiur CvenebaSi uflis didebis xilviT Tavzardacemuli da pirqve-
damxobili ezekieli fexze wamoayena daZaxilma `adamis Zev!~ da mis arse-
baSi dasadgurebulma sulma (ez. 2:1-2), _ es iyo misi winaswarmetyvelad
dabadeba anu sulieri Soba, meored Soba. radgan zegardmo movlenili
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suli aRZravs mas RvTis WeSmaritebis saqadageblad, amitomac winaswar-

metyvels sxvanairad ewodeba `sulis kaci~ (iS ha-ruax) an `RvTis kaci~
(iS ha-elohim). is ukve aRar ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs, radgan atarebs wmida
sityvas, ufro sworad, gamsWvalulia am sityviT. es gamsWvalva ki natu-
ralisturad aris gamoxatuli. ieremia ambobs, rom ufalma mas bageSi Ca-
udo sityva, magram ezekieli ufro organulad ganicdis sityvis SeWras
Tavis arsebaSi. `gaaRe piri da SeWame, rasac mogcem. _ eubneba xma, _ da
me vixile, aha, xelia gamowvdili Cemken da, aha, wignis gragnilia masSi.
gaSala Cems win da, aha, orive mxares aris dawerili; sweria: godeba, moT-
qma da vai. miTxra: adamis Zev! SeWame, rasac xedav, SeWame es gragnili da
wadi, da elaparake israelis saxls. gavaRe piri da SevWame es gragnili.
miTxra: adamis Zev! aWame Sens mucels da aivse nawlavebi am gragniliT,
romelsac me gaZlev. mec SevWame da TafliviT metkbila pirSi~ (ez. 2:8-10;
3:1-3). es `danayreba~ sityviT, roca sityva moxvdeba ara mxolod mis bage-
Si, ara mxolod mis SegnebaSi, aramed SeaRwevs mis SiganSi `mosaneleb-
lad~ mis nawlavebSi, gadaaqcevs mas sulis kacad anu axal adamianad,
namdvil qadagad, romelsac ar SeuZlia ar ilaparakos; is ilaparakebs,
Tundac icodes, rom aravin mousmens. `gind mogisminon, gind ar mogismi-
non~, CasZaxis xma ezekiels. rogorc wesi, WeSmaritebis gamomcxadebel wi-
naswarmetyvels ar usmenen. ufali aZlevs mas sityvas, agzavnis xalxSi,
magram ar aZlevs warmatebis imeds. winaswar afrTxilebs, rom xalxi ar
daugdebs mas yurs, mis naTqvam sityvas ar daijerebs, sityvas ar SeuSvebs
Tavis SiganSi, radgan emwareba, ver Seicnobs masSi tkbil dvritas. TiT-
qos paradoqsia, magram yoveli winaswarmetyveli aRiarebs Tavisi misiis
warumateblobas. ufro metic: Tavad misi STamagonebeli suli umxels wi-
naswarmetyvels, rom mas xeli moecareba Tavis gzaze da rom is ar aris
gamonaklisi. `im dRidan, rac Tqveni mama-papa egviptis qveynidan gamovida,
_ eubneba xma ieremias, _ dRemde gigzavniT da gigzavniT gamudmebiT Cems
msaxurT, winaswarmetyvelebs. magram ar migonebdnen da yurs ar maTxoveb-
dnen... etyvi maT yvela am sityvas, magram ar mogismenen; dauZaxeb da ar ga-
gagoneben~ (ier. 7:25-27).
xalxs mxolod tkbili da saamuri sityvebis mosmena surs. aseve mefec
mzad aris gadamwyveti brZolis win cruwinaswarmetyvelis piridan sic-
rue moisminos, fuWad daiimedos Tavi, rom gaimarjvebs. WeSmariti winas-
warmetyveli ki mzad aris Wamos `simwris puri~ da svas `simwris wyali~
(3mef. 22:27) da uTxras mefes simarTle, rac ufalma gamoucxada. albaT
Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelni ar iyvnen pirvelni kacobriobis isto-
riaSi, simarTlis TqmisaTvis rom Cadiodnen dilegSi, Wamdnen simwris
purs da svamdnen simwris wyals, ixocebodnen da idevnebodnen qveynidan;
magram maTi Tavganwirvis ambavi pirvelad iqna werilobiT aRbeWdili. ar
arsebobda qveynad Zala, romelsac SeeZlo winaswarmetyvelisaTvis gada-
eTqmevinebina marTali sityva. winaswarmetyveli miqa (IX s.) Tavisi marTa-
li sityviT upirispirdeba oTxas cru winaswarmetyvels, romlebic mefis
garSemo Sekrebilan, raTa fuWi imedebiT aavson igi. `mefis sasikeTos am-
boben erTxmad winaswarmetyvelni, _ uTxres miqas, _ SeeTanxmos Seni sit-
yvebic maT sityvebs. Senca Tqvi sasikeTo~ (3mef. 22:13). oTxasis tyuili er-
Tis simarTlem unda gaaqarwylos. `Tqva miqam: ufals vficav, rom imas
vityvi, rasac ufali mibrZanebs~. mefe ki oTxasis saamur tyuils daije-
rebs da erTis sasikeTo simarTles ukuagdebs, brZanebs: `dilegSi Caag-
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deT es kaci da aWameT simwris puri da asviT simwris wyali, vidre mSvi-
dobiT movbrundebode~ (3mef. 22:27), da gavida sabediswero brZolaSi. miqa
ki dilegSi zis, rogorc Tavis droze ieremia Slamian WaSi, magram mas-
Tan aris ufali da WeSmariteba. winaswarmetyveli dilegSic Tavisufa-
lia, radgan is `sulis kacia~ da, sadac sulia, iq Tavisuflebaa; is ata-
rebs WeSmaritebis suls da WeSmariteba aTavisuflebs mas. winaswarmety-
veli erTaderTia Tavis xalxSi, Tavis sazogadoebaSi, mefeTa wreSic ki,
romelic Tavisi TqmiTa da saqmiT axorcielebs sulier aznaurebas. is
aravis emorCileba am qveyanaze garda im xmisa, romelic esmis Jamidan Jam-
ze, Sekruli sityviT, daWerili, daxelTili uflis mier, is Tavisufalia
saero xelisuflebis winaSe, uzenaesi RvTismsaxurebis winaSe, radgan iyo
dro, roca yoveli xelisufleba winaswarmetyvelis nebidan iRebda dasa-
bams (aseTi iyo Tavis droze mose).
winaswarmetyvels araferi abadia, araviTari kerZo interesi ar amoZra-
vebs, is aCvenebs uangarobis magaliTs angarebian brboSi, romelsac da-
karguli aqvs simarTlis grZnoba da suli qarad miaCnia, rom ambobs wi-
naswarmetyvelis abuCad asagdebad, `qarad iqcevian winaswarmetyvelnio~
(ier. 5:13), `nacvlad imisa, rom aRiaron maTSi RvTis sulis arseboba (ru-
ax `sulsac~ niSnavs da `qarsac~); winaswarmetyveli Tvisi arsebobiT coc-
xali gamoxatulebaa WeSmaritebisa. is mainc ityvis Tavis saTqmels da
Tundac aravin mousminos, `ecodinebaT mainc, rom winaswarmetyveli iyo
maT Soris~ (ez. 2:5). es imas niSnavs, rom misi sityva waruvalia. dRes mok-
vdeba, magram xval gamoiRebs nayofs, axal viTarebaSi aRorZindeba.
winaswarmetyvelis paradoqsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi, uSiSari da
Tavisufali, ar ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs; mas ara aqvs piradi cxovreba. ro-
gorc misi naTqvami sityva ar aris misi sakuTari sityva, aseve misi saqci-
eli, xSirad mTeli misi cxovreba aris niSani, romliTac ufali ucxa-
debs adamianebs WeSmaritebas da gzas, Tu rogor moiqces. zogjer sityva
naklebad mWevrmetyvelia, vidre moqmedeba. sityvas SeiZleba wauyruos
kacma, Tu ar surs mware WeSmaritebis mosmena, magram saqcieli TvalsaCi-
noa. uflis brZanebiT ieremia qedze uReldadgmuli dadioda xalxSi imis
niSnad, rom amao iyo winaaRmdegobis gaweva nabuqodonosoris, babilonis
mefisaTvis da rom xalxs marTebda morCileba, raTa sicocxle gadaerCi-
na (3mef. 27:2-18). xalxisaTvis saTqmeli sityva xom tvirTi iyo winaswar-
metyvelisaTvis, axla es tvirTi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT unda etarebina;
mas unda eCvenebina Tavis TvistomTaTvis morCilebis piradi magaliTi,
Tundac eris moRalated gamoecxadebinaT, rogorc moxda kidec. ieremiam
Tavi Segnebulad Caigdo sircxvilSi, magram sxva gamosavali ar iyo: is
xedavda, rom winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi mis qveyanas ucilobeli ganad-
gureba moeloda. winaswarmetyvelis mxareze iyo amjerad yofiTi sibrZne,
sadac ara sjobs, gacla sjobs. winaswarmetyveli xedavda, rom ara Tu
mis qveyanaSi, aramed mTels imdroindel msoflioSi ar iyo Zala, romel-
sac winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeeZleboda babilonis mefisaTvis. xalxi, qvey-
nis mefe, winaswarmetyvelni mzad iyvnen SebrZolebodnen mters, winaswar-
metyvelnic aimedebdnen xalxs da amxedrebdnen. magram erTaderTi ieremia
iyo mTels qveyanaSi, romelic winaswar TvalnaTliv xedavda ukve aoxre-
bul qveyanas, dangreul taZars, wartyvevnil xalxs.
uReldadgmuli ieremia dadioda dasapyrobad gamzadebul qveyanaSi da
uflis sityvebiT ganmartavda Tavis saqciels: `risTvis unda daixocoT
 99

Sen da Seni eri maxviliT, SimSiliTa da Savi WiriT, rogorc daemuqra

ufali im xalxs, romelic ar daemorCila babilonis mefes. nu daujerebT
winaswarmetyvelTa sityvebs, rom geubnebian: ar daemorCiloTo babilonis
mefes. radgan sicrues giwinaswarmetyveleben. radgan me ar momivlenia
isini, ambobs ufali. crud winaswarmetyveleben Cemi saxeliT, raTa gani-
devnoT da daiRupoT Tqvens winaswarmetyvelebTan erTad... nu daujerebT
maT, daemorCileT babilonis mefes da cocxlebi darCebiT. risTvis unda
aoxrdes es qalaqi?~ (ier. 27:13-17).
ieremiam morCileba aCvena xalxs maSinac ki, roca cruwinaswarmetyvel-
ma xananiam, romelsac crupatriotTa da mefis gulis mogeba surda, qedi-
dan Camoxsna mas uReli, dalewa da Tqva mTeli xalxis gasagonad: `ase
ambobs ufali: amnairad davlewav nabuqodonosoris, babilonis mefis,
uRels or weliwadSi yvela xalxis qedze~ (ier. 28:10). ieremias xma ar
amouRia, winaaRmdegobac ar gauwevia, Tumca uflis brZanebiT hqonda dad-
gmuli uReli, `da gavida ieremia winaswarmetyveli Tavis gzaze~, radgan
masTan iyo simarTle.
zogjer winaswarmetyvelis ojaxuri viTareba simbolur mniSvnelobas
iZens, ris wyalobiTac winaswarmetyveli unda gaerkves farul sinamdvi-
leSi an mowevnadSi. winaswarmetyveli mzad aris miiRos bedis dartyma,
rom niSnad da saswaulad iqces xalxisaTvis, rom daSindes xalxi da uf-
lisaken moiqces. xalxma Tavisi bedi unda amoikiTxos winaswarmetyvel
ezekielis bedSi, roca ufalma `moulodneli sikvdiliT~ coli waarTva
da ar aglovebina; xalxi unda mixvdes, ratom ar glovobs ezekieli Ta-
vis cols: es RvTis risxva iyo, sasjelad movlenili, amitomac ar egebo-
da glova. `iqneba ezekieli TqvenTvis niSnad: rogorc man gaakeTa, yvela-
fers ise gaakeTebT. es axdeba da maSin mixvdebiT, rom me var ufali
RmerTi~ (ez. 24:24). ezekielis cols `moulodneli sikvdiliT~ wagvrils,
ufali `TvalTa netarebas~ uwodebs (`wagarTmev Sen TvalTa netarebas~),
rac uTuod gulisxmobs taZars, romlis ganadgurebis momswre unda gax-
des xalxi.
simbolur-winaswarmetyveluria osias piradi cxovrebac. uflis winas-
warmetyveluri sityva iWreba Rrmad mis yofaSi: osiam unda itvirTos, ai-
tanos is codva, rac awevs qveyanas; osiam Tavis Tavze unda gamoscados
sircxvili, romelSic Cavardnilia misi xalxi. `roca iwyo ufalma winas-
warmetyveleba osias piriT, uTxra osias: wadi, moiyvane garyvnili qali
colad da gaaCine garyvnilebis Svilebi, radgan gairyvna qveyana da ga-
nudga ufals~ (os. 1:2). ase daiwyo winaswarmetyvelma Tavisi winaswarmety-
veluri samsaxuri uflis winaSe. misma ojaxurma viTarebam unda amxilos
qveynis dacema. garyvnileba, colqmruli Ralati alegoriuli gamoxatu-
lebaa RvTisagan gandgomisa, romlis savalalo Sedegi garyvnili qalis
naSobma Tavisi saxeliT unda gaacxados. `daorsulda qali da Sva asuli.
uTxra ufalma: daarqvi saxelad lo ruxama (arSesawyalisi), radgan aRar
Seviwyaleb israelis saxls da arasodes Sevundob~ (os. 1:6). osia Tavisi
naSieriT gamoTqvams uflis winaswarmetyvelebas da gafrTxilebas, naSie-
ris saxeli atarebs am ganaCens, romelic elis qveyanas. ufro metic: naSi-
eri, roca is vaJad daibadeba, ganasaxierebs gandgomil ers, romelsac
ufali gamoutans saboloo ganaCens. `mowyvita ZuZus lo ruxama da isev
daorsulda da Sva vaJi. Tqva ufalma: daarqvi saxelad lo yami (ara Cemi
eri), radgan aRar xarT Cemi eri da mec aRar viqnebi Tqveni~ (os. 1:8-9).
 100

Zlieri da Rrma iyo osias gamocdileba, romelic mouvlina mas ufal-

ma, raTa SeZleboda winaswarmetyveleba; mTeli misi Teologia, RvTis Se-
mecneba, SeiZleba iTqvas, am gamocdilebazea dafuZnebuli, Seferilia am
gansacdeliT. ra aris is adamianuri grZnoba, romlis meSveobiTac osia
cdilobs Seicnos uflisa da misi eris urTierToba? es siyvarulia, ro-
melic odnavadac ar ganelebia osias Tavisi colis mimarT, romelmac
garyvnilebaSi uSva mas loruxama da loyami _ esoden sabediswero saxe-
lis matarebeli qal-vaJi. Tumca ambobda ase: `ar Seviwyaleb mis Svilebs,
radgan garyvnilebis Svilebi arian, radgan garyvnilebas sCadioda maTi
deda da Tavs ircxvenda maTi mSobelio~, magram isic icoda, rom amaT
garda, aravin gaaCnda da rom `ara Cemi eri~ da `arSesawyalisi~ imarxavd-
nen Tavdapirvel WeSmarit saxelebs, romlebic maT ufalma uwoda, roca
udabnoSi moiZia da aiyvana, _ `Cemi eri~ daerqva maSin mas, rac `Cemi Zis~
tolfasi iyo. `roca yrma iyo israeli da miyvarda is, egviptidan gamovix-
me Cemi Ze...~ ambobs ufali osias winaswarmetyvelebaSi (os. 11:1). kidev am-
bobs: `yurZeniviT vipove israeli udabnoSi, rogorc pirveli nayofi leR-
vis xeze...~ (os. 9:10). rogor SeeZlo Sua gzaze daegdo mtverSi ucxoTagan
gasaTelad? osia savsea siyvaruliT, is mzadaa ukan daibrunos sayvar-
lebs akidebuli coli, roca is moiqceva. `waval, davbrundebi Cems pir-
vel qmarTano, radgan maSin axlandelze ukeTesi viyavio~ (os. 2:9). osiac
ibrunebs siyvarulis auxsneli ZaliT, Tumca qali axla maSindelze uke-
Tesi ar aris. roca ase grZnobs osia, maSin xvdeba, Tu ratom uyvars ma-
inc ufals ganmdgari Tavisi eri da yovelTvis mzad aris Seundos gand-
goma. maSin ambobs winaswarmetyveli, romlis piridan uflis sityva xmia-
nebs: `rogor gagimeto, efrem? rogor gadagagdo, israel?... gadamibrunda
guli, erTianad amitana sibralulma. aRar avinTebi risxviT, aRar aRviZ-
rebi efremis dasaRupad, radgan RmerTi var da ara kaci; me wmida var
Tqven SuagulSi da risxviT ar moval~ (os. 11:8-9).
osia, erT-erTi uZvelesi winaswarmetyveli, romlis naTqvami sityva we-
rilobiT SemorCa, siyvarulis winaswarmetyveli iyo. is im adamianuri
grZnobiT Wvretda RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobas, romelsac yvela-
ze ufro Zlierad, sxva grZnobaTa Soris, ganicdida sakuTar TavSi. marT-
lac Zlieri, dauSreteli, amave dros nazi siyvaruli unda hqonoda ada-
mians Tavisi axloblisadmi, adamianisadmi, mTeli erisadmi; man es eri
udabnoSi napovn vazs Seadara, mcenares, romelic masSi damarxul sikeTe-
Ta gamo gansakuTrebul zrunvas saWiroebda. misma momdevno winaswarmety-
velebma aitaces es simbolo. osia pirveli iyo, romelmac Tavisi mware
ojaxuri gamocdilebis Rrma gancdiT RmerTisa da eris urTierTkavSiri
saqorwino urTierTobiT gamoxata. da, rac mTavaria, qorwineba, rogorc
simbolo, am institutis ara socialuri, upirovno, aramed misi adamianu-
ri, individualuri, aspeqtiT aris warmodginili. transcendentuli, miR-
mieri Camovida adamianis samyaroSi da adamianmac RvTis gaCenil samyaro-
Si igrZno Tavi.
winaswarmetyveli uflis sayviria. ufali laparakobs winaswarmetyve-
lis piriT obieqtur WeSmaritebas, magram es WeSmariteba winaswarmetyve-
lis individualobiT, misi piradi gamocdilebiT, misi pirovnuli xasia-
TiT aris Seferili. osiaze cota adre gamoCnda amosi _ es aris pirveli
winaswarmetyveli, romlis naqadagari Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa
saTaveSi dgas. aq iCina Tavi pirvelad `uflis dRis~ pirquSma aspeqtma,
 101

romlis saerTo monapovari Seiqmna momdevno winaswarmetyvelTa `progra-

mebSi~. xalxuri warmodgenis idiliuri `uflis dRe~, samoTxis Semobru-
nebis dari, amosis xilvaSi, romelic avismomaswavebeli winaTgrZnobiT
aris nakvebi, qveynis katastrofis xatia. `vai, uflis dRis monatrulT! _
gasZaxoda amosi beTelis samsxverploebTan Sekrebil xalxs. _ risTvis
gindaT uflis dRe? bnelia is da ara naTeli~ (amos. 5:18). es iyo sruliad
axali xilva, gaugonari sityva. `aba bneli ar aris uflis dRe, _ ganagr-
Zobda winaswarmetyveli, _ da ara naTeli? wyvdiadi da Suqis natamalic
ar aris masSi~ (5:20). `im dRes iqneba, ambobs ufali RmerTi (ar cxreba
amosi), rom SuadRisas Caviyvan mzes da dRis sinaTleze davabneleb qveya-
nas. dResaswaulebs glovad gadagigcevT da Tqvens simReras _ godebad,
jvalos SemogaxvevT welze da yvela Tavi gadaiparseba. avatireb qveyanas,
rogorc mxolodSobilze tirian, da mware dRe iqneba misi bolo! aha,
dgeba dReebi, ambobs ufali RmerTi...~ (amos. 8:9-11).
saesavi dRe uflisa winaswarmetyvelis xilvaSi Savi janRebiT iyo mo-
qufruli. saidan aRmocenda aseTi xilva im dros, roca qveyanaSi mSvido-
ba sufevda, qveyana yvaoda, arsaidan ar emuqreboda safrTxe? Cans, amosi
ufro Rrmad xedavda eris guls, vidre sxva vinme, vidre Tundac mRvdel-
msaxuri amacia, romelic gmobda amosis winaswarmetyvelebas da mefesTan
abezRebda, `miwa ver aitanso mis sityvebs~ (amos. 7:10). Cans, amosi grZnob-
da, rom uflis dRe iseTive iqneboda, rogorc axla xalxisa da mis winam-
ZRolTa Cabnelebuli gulebi iyo; rom mTeli xalxi pasuxismgebeli iqne-
boda uflis dRis darze, pirvel rigSi, Tavad winaswarmetyveli, rome-
lic TmagaburZgvnuli pirdapir mwyemsTa binebidan gamocxadda beTelSi.
saidan mixvda qveynis dacemas es ubiri mwyemsi, is xom xalxSi ar tria-
lebda? mowodeba, rogorc Cans, misTvisac ara nakleb moulodneli iyo,
vidre amaciasaTvis, sazogadoebis elitis warmomadgenlisaTvis. amosi ga-
nicdis am mowodebas, rogorc stiqiur movlenas, rac ar iyo ganpirobebu-
li arc guSindeli, arc guSinwindeli misi saqmianobiT. `me arc winaswar-
metyveli var da arc winaswarmetyvelis Svili. mwyemsi var me da leRvis
momyvani. wamomiyvana ufalma faridan da miTxra ufalma, uwinaswarmetyve-
le Sens ers, israelso~ (amos. 1:14-15). amosi erTaderTi iyo winaswarmety-
velTa Soris, romelmac gamoxata (amas yvela grZnobda) qadagobis gardu-
valoba, roca is xma adgilze ar ayenebs adamians: `lomi brdRvinavs _
vin ar SeSindeba! ufali RmerTi laparakobs _ vin ar gaqadagdeba!~ (amos.
3:8). es saxe (lomis brdRvinva), cxadia, mwyemsuri gamocdilebidan modis
da isic, beCavTa da upovarTa SemaviwrovebelT `baSanis furebs~ rom ada-
rebs, an roca qveynis xsnas amgvarad warmogvidgens: `rogorc mwyemsi ga-
daarCens lomis xaxidan or barkals an oris naglejs, ase gadarCebian
israelianebi~ (amos. 2:12).
`ase gadarCebian israelianebi...~ ai, imedis sxivi, romelic gvirgvinad
adgas amosis pirquS xilvebs, sadac mas ufali sastik msajulad da Su-
rismgeblad ecxadeboda. ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom winaswarmetyvel-
Ta religia, romelic maT qadagebebSia gamJRavnebuli, xalxis gadarCenis,
xalxis xsnis religiaa. daundobeli mxileba, muqara, usasoo perspeqtive-
bis Cveneba, pirquSi esqatologizmi da mis sapirispirod eris qmnadobis
xanis gaxseneba _ es yvelaferi xalxis xsnisaTvis iyo `amuSavebuli~. Zve-
li aRTqmis religiis wyaro winaswarmetyvelTa Semoqmedebaa, xolo misi
Sinaarsi xalxis xsna, romelsac Tavisi miTosi aqvs. roca moses _ is ki
 102

Tavi iyo winaswarmetyvelTa _ sinais mTaze RmerTi gamoecxada, mxolod

imisaTvis gamoecxada, rom egviptis tyveobaSi moxvedrili xalxis xsna
daevalebina. amgvarad, dabeCavebul xalxs, romelic `monobis saxlSi~ im-
yofeboda, RmerTi gamoecxada imTaviTve, rogorc mxsneli RmerTi. amito-
mac egviptidan xalxis gamosvla aris qvakuTxedi, romelzec daSenebulia
ara mxolod xalxis istoriuli warsuli, misi qmnadobis xana, aramed re-
ligiac, misi yvela aspeqtiTurT. mose, Tavi winaswarmetyvelTa, xalxs mo-
evlina ukiduresi gaWirvebis Jams, roca misi yofna-aryofnis bedi wydebo-
da; is atarebda Tavis TavSi xsnis religias, romelic konkretulad war-
moadgenda mowodebas egviptidan gamosvlisa. mas Semdeg winaswarmetyvel-
ni gamoCndebodnen yovelTvis, roca sabediswero Jami dgeboda eris cxov-
rebaSi, da maSinac winaswarmetyvelni xsnis religias atarebdnen, romel-
sac andrezad egviptidan gamosvla hqonda, Tumca am andrezSi ukve zneob-
rivi Sinaarsi iyo Cadebuli.
winaswarmetyveli dgas eris, rogorc sulier-sxeulebrivi erTianobis
dasabamTan. is qmnis ers uformo masidan, Wreli xalxisagan, romelsac
araferi surda, garda aTuxTuxebuli, xorciT savse qvabebisa. oRond es
hqonoda uxvad, mzad iyo ukan mibrunebuliyo egviptisaken. misTvis Zneli
asatani iyo udabnos uvali gza, ukidegano sivrce, Tavisufali haeri. is
ver swvdeboda uxilav RmerTs da erTRmerTobas, rac misive erTobis sa-
windari unda yofiliyo. is moiTxovda kacis xeliT nakeTeb, xilul ker-
pebs da, rac ufro meti eqneboda, miT ufro imedianad iqneboda. mose
Sors gaaxeda ufalma, daanaxa, rom am xalxis bediswera uflis rCeuloba
iyo. ufali iseT rasme avalebda Tavis wodebuls, rac Wirveuli bavSvis
aRzrdas da wvrTnas ufro hgavda. me xom ar gamiCenia es xalxi, zurgiT
rom vataroo, SesCioda RmerTs da garSemo aravin Canda gamgebi da Semwe.
sxva xelisufleba ar arsebobda. iyo erTi winaswarmetyveli, enabrgvili,
Tavis xalxs TiTqmis gaucxoebuli da am gaucxoebiT TiTqos im sibrZnis
transcendetulobis (kodeS) gamomxatveli, romelic miwaze ar ipoeba da
mTidan unda Camoetana Tavisi xeliT. mosem mTidan Camoitana religia, sa-
kulto sibrZne, magram Tavad ar yofila kultmsaxuri. is Tavisi pirovnu-
li daniSnulebiT axorcielebda kavSirs RmerTsa da xalxs Soris, mag-
ram kultmsaxurad sxva iyo dadgenili mis mier. es iyo aaroni _ mRvdel-
Ta modgmis mamamTavari. xom wmidaa (kodeS) mRvdeli, xalxisaTvis moRva-
we, xalxisgan ganyenebuli; magram winaswarmetyveli wmidaTa wmidaa. is
uSualod, taZris gareSe, urTierTobs ufalTan; xedavs mis cecxls, mayv-
lovanSi agizgizebuls, da esmis misi xma; mRvdeli liturgiis ZaliT
asadgurebs miwaze RvTiur sinamdviles, winaswarmetyvels qarizmis ZaliT
ecxadeba es sinamdvile. mRvdeli SehRaRadebs miwidan cisaken, winaswar-
metyvels cidan miwaze Camoaqvs sityva.
moses Camoaqvs ara mxolod sityva, rogorc winaswarmetyvels, aramed
mis xelTaa saqmec. is aris kultmsaxurebis realuri damaarsebeli. `ga-
mosvlaTa~ wignis 24-e TavSi kargad Cans winaswarmetyvelis maRali ie-
rarqiuli safexuri mTis vertikalze, saidanac is xalxs evlineba ro-
gorc pirvelmRvdeli. xma eubneba moses:
`adiT ufalTan Sen, aaroni, nadabi, abihu da israelis samocdaaTi uxu-
cesi da Soridan eciT Tayvani. mxolod mose miuaxlovdes ufals, danar-
Cenebi ar miuaxlovdnen, xalxi ar avides masTan erTad. mivida mose da
Seatyobina xalxs uflis naTqvami da yvela rjuldeba. erTxmad upasuxa
 103

xalxma da uTxra: yvelafers SevasrulebT, rac brZana ufalma. dawera

mosem uflis sityvebi. adga dilaadrianad da aRmarTa mTis Ziras samsx-
verplo da Tormeti sveti israelis Tormeti Stos mixedviT. gagzavna is-
raelianTagan ymawvili kacebi da maTac moiyvanes aRsavleni msxverpli da
Seswires ufals xarebi samadlobel msxverplad. aiRo mosem naxevari sis-
xli da TasebSi Caasxa, xolo naxevari samsxverplos asxura. aiRo aRTq-
mis wigni da waukiTxa xalxs, Tqva xalxma: yvelafers aRvasrulebT da
SevismenT, rac brZana ufalma. aiRo mosem sisxli da asxura xalxs, Tqva:
aha, sisxli aRTqmisa, romelic dagidoT ufalma yvela am saqmeze. avidnen
mose, aaroni, nadabi, abihu da israelianTa samocdaaTi uxucesi. ixiles
maT israelis RmerTi. mis ferxTiT raRac msgavsi safironis qvafenilisa,
sufevda, rogorc Tavad ca. israelianebis Tavkacebze ar aRumarTavs xe-
li: xedavdnen RmerTs, Wamdnen da svamdnen. uTxra ufalma moses: amodi
CemTan mTaze da aq iyavi. mogcem fiqalebs, rjulsa da mcnebebs, maT dasa-
moZRvrad rom davwere. adga mose da misi msaxuri ieso, da avida mose
RvTis mTaze. xolo uxucesebs uTxra: aq iyaviT, vidre TqvenTan movbrun-
debode. aha, aaroni da xuri iqnebian TqvenTan. Tu visme rame saqme gauCn-
des, maT miakiTxos. avida mose mTaze da dafara Rrubelma mTa. moefina
uflis dideba sinais mTas. eqvs dRes efara mas Rrubeli da meSvide dRes
mouwoda ufalma Rrublidan moses. da gamoCnda uflis dideba mogizgize
cecxliviT israelianTa Tvalwin. da Sevida mose RrubelSi da avida mTa-
ze. da dahyo mosem mTaze ormoci dRe da ormoci Rame~ (gam. 24:1-18).
rac mosem mTis ferdobze Tu mis Ziras moimoqmeda, _ saklavis sisxli
rom asxura xalxs, riTac ganaTla xalxi, _ mRvdlis movaleobaa. aq vxe-
davT, rom mose iwyebs, dasabams aZlevs mRvdelmsaxurebas, radgan masSi,
rogorc winaswarmetyvelSi, Cadebuli iyo mRvdlobis Zalic, romelic
mas sxvisTvis unda gadaeloca. am qmedebiT mosem magaliTi aCvena aarons,
Tavis ufros Zmas, Tumca ukanmotovebuls RvTisaken mimaval gzaze, rom-
lis modgmas, anu `aaronis saxls~, Zveli aRTqmis samRvdeloeba unda
warmoeSva.
mose iyo msajuli udabnoSi ormoci wlis manZilze da, amrigad, saTave
im msajulTa, romlebic mefobis dawesebamde ganagebdnen israels. is ze-
gardmo Zala, romelic msajulebs qveynis mxsnelebad xdida, swored wi-
naswarmetyvelis qarizma iyo. ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom gedeonis qa-
rizmatuli msajuloba, tradiciis Tanaxmad, andrezul ormoc wels
grZeldeba (`da daisvena qveyanam ormoci weli gedeonis sicocxleSi~,
msaj. 8:28).
mose, rogorc winaswarmetyveli, atarebda xalxis politikuri winamZ-
Rolisa da mxedarTmTavris potencias da axorcielebda kidec, roca is-
raels brZolebiT uxdeboda gzis gakvalva udabnoSi da `aRTqmuli qvey-
nis~ misadgomebTan. es ki mefis funqcia iyo da, marTlac, Cven vxedavT,
rom mogvianebiT, msajulTa xanis dasasruls, roca qveyanas waerTva sawi-
namZRolo qarizma da veRar `aRdgnen msajulni~, isev da isev winaswar-
metyveli iyo is kaci, romelmac mefe gauCina xalxs. pirveli mefe winas-
warmetyvelis xelidan gamovida rogorc cxebuli. samuelma sauls mTeli
rqa zeTi daasxa Tavze, raTa masze mefobasTan erTad gadmosuliyo winas-
warmetyvelebis qarizma. marTlac, `sxva guli Caudga mas RmerTma~ da,
roca igi Seeria misken momaval winaswarmetyvelTa gunds, maTTan erTad
awinaswarmetyvelda.
 104

amrigad, winaswarmetyveli, rogorc xeldamsxmeli mefisa da kultis

msaxurisa, maRla dgas mefobaze da kultmsaxurebaze. amis ZaliT aris,
rom mas xelewifeba mxileba da kicxva rogorc mefisa, ise samRvdeloebi-
sa. naTani, brZeni winaswarmetyveli, amxilebda mefe daviTs, is iyo misi
`mamxilebeli goneba~, man auxila daviTs Tvali mis codvaze da gauRviZa
sinanulis grZnoba, aRmoaTqmevina fsalmunni _ galobani sinanulisani.
winaswarmetyvelni ar epuebodnen mefeebs, ZlierTa ama qveynisa, romelTac
eris mwyemsoba hqondaT dakisrebuli, magram ar anaRvlebdaT qveynis saq-
me. winaswarmetyvelni uSiSrad miaxlidnen maT simarTles. risi unda Se-
SinebodaT qadagad davardnilT, roca isini uflis sityvebs amoisrodnen,
rogorc isrebs. ase amxilebda ezekieli israelis mefeebs:
`iyo uflis sityva Cems momarT naTqvami: adamis Zev! iwinaswarmetyvele
israelis mwyemsebze, iwinaswarmetyvele da uTxari maT mwyemsebs, ase am-
bobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi: vai israelis mwyemsebs, romlebic sakuTar Tavs
mwyesaven! gana cxvars ar unda mwyesavdnen mwyemsebi? qons WamT, matyliT
imosebiT, nasuqals xocavT, cxvars ki ar mwyesavT! dauZlurebulT ar aZ-
lierebT, dasneulebulT ar gankurnavT, Wrilobebs ar SeuxvevT, gatace-
buls ukan ar abrunebT, dakarguls ar eZebT, mZlavrobiT da sastikebiT
batonobT maTze. gaifantnen umwyemsod darCenilni, mindvris mxecebis ker-
Zni gaxdnen, gaifantnen! daexeteba Cemi cxvari mTebze da maRal gorakeb-
ze, mTeli qveynis pirze gaifanta Cemi cxvari da aRaravin aris maTi mom-
kiTxavi, arc mZebneli. amitom ismineT uflis sityva, mwyemsebo! cocxa-
limc var, ambobs ufali! raki mitacebulia Cemi cxvari da miwis mxecebis
kerZi gamxdara umwyemsod darCenili Cemi cxvari, raki ar moukiTxavT Cems
mwyemsebs Cemi cxvari, raki sakuTar Tavs mwyemsaven mwyemsebi, Cems cxvars
ki ar mwyemsaven, amitom ismineT uflis sityva, mwyemsebo! ase ambobs ufa-
li RmerTi: aha, isev mwyemsebs movkiTxav Cems cxvars da gadavayeneb
cxvris mwyemsobidan, rom kvlav aRarasodes mwyemsavdnen maT. piridan ga-
movglej maT Cems cxvars, rom maTi kerZi aRar iyos. radgan ase ambobs
ufali RmerTi: aha, me Tavad movikiTxav Cems cxvars da movZebni! rogorc
mwyemsi eZebs Tavis cxvars, roca Tavis gafantul faraSi Cadgeba, mec ase
movZebni Cems cxvars da davixsni yvela im adgilidan, sadac ki gaifant-
nen nislian da Rrublian dRes... me Tavad vixsni Cems cxvars da aRar iq-
neba gatacebuli. me viqnebi msajuli cxvarsa da cxvars Soris. erT
mwyemss davuyeneb da is damwyesavs maT. daviTs, Cems morCils, davuyeneb
da is damwyesavs maT da is iqneba maTi mwyemsi. me, ufali, viqnebi maTi
RmerTi, Cemi morCili daviTi ki winamZRoli iqneba maT Soris...~ (ez. 34:1-
24).
ieremia uSiSrad ucxadebda mefes RvTis ganaCens: `ase ambobs ufali ie-
hoakim iudas mefeze: ar eyoleba mas STamomavali, daviTis mosaydre. egde-
ba misi gvami dRis xvatSi da Ramis yinvaSi...~ (ier. 36:30), `ar igloveben
mas: vai, Cemi Zmao, da vai, Cemo dao! ar igloveben mas: vai, xelmwifev, da,
vai, miso didebulebav! viris damarxviT daimarxeba. waaTreven da ierusa-
limis karibWeTa iqiT gadaagdeben~ (ier. 22:18-19). ase werda ieremia, radgan
is werda Tavisi xeliT da ugzavnida mefes, _ odesme Tu uTqvams visme
mbrZaneblisaTvis esoden mware sityvebi! _ risTvisac mas scemdnen da ag-
debdnen sapyrobileSi Tu WaSi, amovidoda da kvlav alaparakdeboda mas-
Si RvTis ganaCeni, raTa kvlav daexSoT misi xma dilegis bnelSi.
 105

viciT, msajuli da mefe maSin gamovidnen asparezze, roca qveyanas

uWirda, roca mteri Zalmomreobda xalxis sxeulze; mefe Tu msajuli,
romelic ki aRdgeboda uflis suliT, eris sxeuls mxsnelad moevline-
boda. winaswarmetyveli, rogorc sulis kaci, gamoCndeba maSin, roca qve-
yana zneobrivad dacemulia; winaswarmetyveli yvelaze pirvelad grZnobs,
SesaZloa, is erTaderTi grZnobs qveynis gadagvarebas, is erTaderTi iy-
nosavs xrwnilebis suns. is gamoCndeba dacemul xalxSi, rogorc yorani
mZoris sunze. `vai, braleulo xalxo, codviT damZimebulo ero, borote-
ulTa modgmav, warwymedilo Svilebo!~ _ gahyviris is, magram aravin us-
mens. winaswarmetyveli Tavisi `uflis sityviT~ gamoCndeba iq, sadac ada-
mianTa sulier-zneobrivi dacema yvelaze metad autanelia. amosi gamoCnda
beTelis samsxverploebTan, sadac yarda usulgulod da uwmiduri xeliT
Sewiruli saklavebi. esaiac aqeTken mimarTavs Tavis daundobel sityvebs,
radgan aq aris RvTis saxli (beT el) da aq unda yofiliyo siwmidis da
sulierebis adgili. ra Tqma unda, amjeradac winaswarmetyveli ar gamoT-
qvams Tavis pirad (ra fasi eqneboda!) damokidebulebas kultisadmi. misi
bagiT Tavad ufali metyvelebs.
`ras vaqnev Tqvens uzomo saklavebs, ambobs ufali. gamZRari var Tqveni
aRsavleni verZebiT da kuratebis qoniT. aRar msurs mozvrebis, kravebisa
da vacebis sisxli! rom modixarT da pirispir mecxadebiT, vin dagavalaT
Cemi ezoebis Telva? nuRa momitanT mag fuW Sesawiravs, saZagelia CemTvis
sakmeveli, axalmTvarobebi da SabaTebi, jarobebi ver amitania! ukeTureba
da dResaswauli? Tqveni axalmTvarobebi da zeimebi SeiZula Cemma sulma,
tvirTad damawva, daviRale maTi zidviT. xelebs rom aRapyrobT, Tvals
garidebT. locvebsac rom mimravlebT, ar vismen. xelebi sisxliT gaqvT
savse!~ (es. 1:11-15).
ar unda vifiqroT, rom winaswarmetyveli qadagebdes kultmsaxurebis
usargeblobas an moiTxovdes mis gauqmebas im mizeziT, rom `mRvdlebi au-
kuRmarTeben Cems rjuls da bRalaven Cems siwmides, wmidas (kodeS) nala-
xisagan (xol), ar ganarCeven, uwmidurs gawmedilisagan ar asxvaveben~ (ez.
22:26). yvela droSi winaswarmetyveli, rogorc kultis pirobiTobiT Seuz-
Rudveli da masze maRla mdgomi, marTal cxovrebas aniWebs upiratesobas
kultmsaxurebis winaSe, qadagebs, rom simarTlisa da samarTlianobis ga-
reSe ara Tu fuWia da mizans ver aRwevs rjulis wesebis formaluri aR-
sruleba, aramed sibilwedac ki Seiracxeba uflis TvalSi. `ganibaneT, ga-
niwmideT, _ mouwodebs winaswarmetyveli RvTismsaxurebs da xalxs, _ avi
saqmeebi TvalTagan ganmarideT, SewyviteT borotis qmna. sikeTis qmna is-
wavleT, eZieT samarTali, SeewieT Cagruls, ganikiTxeT oboli, qvriv-
oxers gamoesarCleT. mere modiT da ciloba vyoT, ambobs ufali, mewamu-
lic rom iyos Tqveni codvebi, TovliviT gaspetakdeba~ (es. 1:16-18).
winaswarmetyveli rasac laparakobs, xilvaSi xiluls an mosmenils
laparakobs. mainc ra Sinaarss atarebs misi xilva da smena _ ras xedavs
igi da ras ismens iseTs, rasac sxvani, Tumca rCeuli xalxis warmomadge-
nelni, ver xedaven da ver ismenen? winaswarmetyveli momavals xedavs da
momavlis xmas ismens awmyoSi, momavali ki xalxisaTvis dafarulia, Tun-
dac iyos igi rCeuli xalxi.
winaswarmetyveli gaaxsenebs xalxs mis warsuls, magram warsuls mis
TvalSi ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba. igi moxmobilia imisaTvis, raTa
xalxma naTlad igrZnos mowevnadis garduvaloba. Tu mis warsul cxovre-
 106

baSi iyo egviptidan gamosvlis faqti, momavalSi kvlav unda gameordes

gamosvla. Tu warsulSi, misi istoriis gadamwyvet periodSi, `magar
xels~ igi gahyavda samSvidoboze, kvlav unda gamoCndes `magari xeli~,
radgan xalxis wuTisofeli savsea SfoTiT da xifaTiT. am xelma igi un-
da ixsnas im ukanaskneli gasaWiridan, romelSic Cavardeba xalxi, da es
iqneba ukanaskneli xsna, rasac moimoqmedebs ufali da dasruldeba isto-
riac. winaswarmetyvelis xilvaSi xalxis cxovreba ar aris dausrulebe-
li wrebrunva, TaobaTa ganuwyveteli monacvleoba; igi xedavs istoriis
dasabams da Wvrets mis dasasrulsac, cocxal xatebSi ganicdis mas, ro-
gorc sakuTari cxovrebis dramis dasasruls.
Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa msoflgancda Zireulad gansxvavdeba
baalis anu warmarTuli kultebis winaswarmetyvelTa msoflgancdisagan,
romelic gansazRvrulia bunebrivi procesebis xasiaTiT. buneba kvdeba,
ara Tu buneba, baalic kvdeba bunebasTan erTad, raTa weliwadis dabrune-
bis Semdeg kvlav aRorZindes, da ase grZeldeba dausrulebliv. bunebaSi
ar aris Zala, romelsac SeeZleba gaarRvios es Caketili wre da zRvari
daudos bunebis trials. eklesiastes cnobili sityvebi, `rac iyo, igive
iqneba; rac xdeboda, igive moxdeba, da axali araferia mzisqveSeTSi~
(ekl. 1:9), savsebiT gamoxatavs amgvar msoflgancdas. am sityvebis avtori
ver poulobs gamosavals wuTisoflis trialidan da es tragikuls xdis
mis azrovnebas, rogorc uflis morCils da mis cxebuls, _ eklesiaste
mefe solomonis saxelia, _ RvTivboZebuli winaswarmetyveluri unariT
unda egrZno, rom odesme iqneboda garRveva am wrebrunvaSi, magram, ro-
gorc `mefeTa wignidan~ viciT, `misma colebma midrikes misi guli ucxo
RmerTebisaken~ (3mef. 11:4), baalebisken da ganimsWvala baaluri suliskve-
TebiT. `amodis mze da Cadis mze~ _ ambobs eklesiaste, riTac adasturebs
wuTisoflis sibrZnes, xolo wuTisoflis gaRma mWvreteli esaia winas-
warmetyveli adasturebs im sinamdviles, romelic jer aravis uxilavs:
`aRar Caesveneba mze da Seni mTvare aRar dacxreba...~ (es. 60:20).
eklesiastes SegnebaSi dReebi erTmaneTis tyupiscalebia, xvalis dRes
ar moaqvs siaxle, ar arsebobs axali dRe, da ase iqneba maradiulad. ga-
naxlebis veraviTar imeds ver xedavs qveynis eri; winaswarmetyvelma unda
Caunergos mas imedi, rom dadgeba erTi dRe, yvela dReTagan rCeuli, ro-
gorc ambobs zaqaria winaswarmetyveli, rom `iqneba erTi dRe, uflisaT-
vis sacnauri: arc dRe da arc Rame...~ (zaq. 14:7). im dRis daxasiaTeba `arc
dRe da arc Rame~ niSnavs, rom is dRe ganyenebulia wuTisoflis dRe-Ra-
meTa rigisagan da ekuTvnis sruliad sxva sinamdviles. ai, ras ambobs esa-
ia im dReze: `mTvaris naTeli mzis naTeliviT iqneba da mzis naTeli gaS-
vidkecdeba Svidi dRis naTeliviT...~ (es. 30:26). am dRis saswauli moaswa-
vebs, rom is aris axali droJamis, ganaxlebuli samyaros dasabami, saida-
nac daiwyeba sxva aTvla. esaias gviani mowafe am dReSi xedavs axal Se-
saqmes _ axali cisa da axali miwis gamoCenas didebiT, rogorc ambobs
igi uflis xilvaSi: `aha, Sevqmni axal cas da axal miwas, aRar gaixseneba
winandeli da fiqradac aravis mouva~ (es. 65:17).
TiTqmis yvela winaswarmetyveli ganicdis am ukanaskneli dRis realo-
bas, isini elian mas, rogorc adamiani elis xvalindel dRes. isini mas
uwodeben `uflis dRes~ da sxvagvarad ver aRiqvamen Tu ara `diadad~ da
`saSinelad~. iovel winaswarmetyveli ambobs: `radgan didia uflis dRe
da saSineli~ (2:11). is ar SeiZleba ar iyos saSineli, radgan is gankiTxvi-
 107

sa da Surisgebis dRea, saSineli _ RvTis gareganTaTvis (`ras izamT gan-

kiTxvisa da daqcevis dRes, Soridan rom modis?~ es. 10:3) da sanatreli _
uflis Cagruli erisaTvis, radgan `im dRes iqneba, rom idinebs ierusali-
midan sicocxlis wyali~ (zaq. 14:8), radgan `maSin Seuxvevs ufali Wrilo-
bas Tavis ers...~ (es. 30:26). am dRes sabolood gaimarjvebs wuTisoflis
gzebze mravalgzis damxobili simarTle da am simarTlis mtvirTveli
uflis eri. im dRidan erTi safexuriT, erTi xarisxiT aiwevs sinamdvile,
rogorc winaswametyvelebs zaqaria: `im dRes daifaravs ufali ierusali-
mis mcxovrebT da Zabuni maT Soris daviTiviT iqneba im dRes. daviTis
saxli ki RmerTiviT iqneba, uflis angeloziviT iqneba maT winaSe~ (zaq.
12:8). magram es winaswarmetyveleba mxolod Zveli aRTqmis ers ar exeba.
arc aq naxsenebi ierusalimi ar aris eTnikuri, ebraelebiT dasaxlebuli
qalaqi. arc es daviTi aris is daviTi _ istoriuli mefe, wuTisoflis
droJamSi moqceuli. zaqaria kacobriobis momavals Wvrets Tavisi eris
kerZo magaliTze.
`uflis dRe~ saboloo dRea Zveli aRTqmis eris cxovrebaSi, magram
ara Sewyveta sicocxlisa, aramed axali saukunis dadgomis sawindari; igi
kacobriobis, wuTisoflis, ukanaskneli dRec aris, ara gauqmebuli arse-
bobisa, aramed droJamul-ganzomilebiani istoriis dasasrulis momaswave-
beli. Zveli aRTqmis eris Tavgadasavali aris andrezi, romlis meSveobi-
Tac winaswarmetyvelni, gansakuTrebiT mogvianoni (esaias mimdevarni, zaqa-
ria da sxvani), gadmogvcemen kacobriobis bedisweras mis awmyoSi da mis
momavalSi. `im dRes erTi iqneba ufali da misi saxelic erTi iqneba~, am-
bobs zaqaria (zaq. 14:9). radgan ufali yvelasaTvis erTia, `uflis eri~
mTeli kacobriobac aris, rogorc ganuyofeli adami, romelic RmerTma
Seqmna Tavis xatad. sxva yvela qmnilebaTa Soris adamad saxeldebuli
airCia Tavis xatad, Tavis rCeulad. Zveli aRTqmis xalxis rCeuloba im
pirveli rCeulobis kerZo SemTxvevaa. es rCeuloba anu maTi kuTvnileba
uflisadmi momavalSi, im dRes gamoCndeba. `mietmasnebian uamravi xalxebi
ufals im dRes da gaxdebian Cemi eri~, amasac ambobs zaqaria winaswarmet-
yveli (zaq. 2:11). ieremiac aRiarebs erT Sesakrebels mTeli kacobriobi-
saTvis: `imJamad uflis taxtad iqneba wodebuli ierusalimi. masTan moiy-
ris Tavs yvela xalxi ierusalimSi uflis saxeliT...~ (ier. 3:17).
winaswarmetyvels Tavisi eris tragikuli gansacdeli xelisgulze
udevs, Tavis gancdaSi aqvs, rogorc sakuTari gansacdeli. magram ro-
gorc krebiTi adami, am gansacdels sakacobrio gansacdelad ganicdis.
amitom aris, rom is jvaloTia Semosili, Tavze nacars iyris. mtverSi da
nacarSi mjdari, qedze uRels idgams da ase dadis xalxSi, rogorc qvey-
nis bedis cocxali magaliTi. bolos, is tovebs qveyanas da udabnoSi ga-
dis an ucxoTa Soris daexeteba, samSoblodan devnili, xsnis sityva ki
xalxSi aqvs datovebuli, rogorc miwaSi gasaRivebeli damarxuli Tesli.
misi mwuxareba orkecia _ is moTqvams Tavis bedze, rogorc adami, da me-
re, rogorc israeliani. is grZnobs, rom rac mis ers gadaxda warsulSi
da rac momavalSi gadaxdeba, sakacobrio mniSvnelobisaa: mis bedisweraSi
ixateba kacobriobis _ adamis ZeTa bediswera. rogorc adami ganidevna
edemis baRidan (samoTxidan), sadac ufalma daamkvidra igi, aseve israe-
lis Zeni, israelianebi, im qveynidan, romelic ufalma misca maT samudamo
samkvidreblad. qveynidan gandevna xalxisa, rac sapirispiro movlenaa
xalxis legendaruli Zlevamosili gamosvlisa egviptidan, erTi mtkivneu-
 108

li gamocdilebaa Zveli aRTqmis xalxis istoriaSi, Tumca romel xalxs

ar ganucdia Tavisi arsebobis manZilze devnileba da gadasaxleba? mag-
ram am xalxis winaswarmetyveli saxavs mas aucilebel, gardauval SemTx-
vevad uflis eris cxovrebaSi, Tu sabediswero xvedrad, romelsac mara-
disobaSi gadahyavs xalxi.
adams, mogviano legendis Tanaxmad, naTlis samoseli emosa, magram akr-
Zaluli nayofis gemosxilvam ganZarcva am samoslisagan da siSiSvle
axilvina. is ganidevna edemidan; gandevna sasjelic iyo da sircxvilic,
rcxvenodaT adams da evas erTmaneTisa, uflisa da misi angelozebisa,
romelTac isini ukve veRar xedavdnen, roca SiSvelni xetialobdnen uc-
xoobaSi, radgan edems gareT yoveli mxare ucxo iyo maTTvis. roca xal-
xi _ israelianebi egviptidan gamovidnen, SiSveli da unayofo udabnos
gavla mouxdaT da ase midiodnen SiSvelni da upovarni, vidre gadalaxav-
dnen iordanes da Tavs Seafarebdnen nayofier qveyanas, romelic TaobaTa
cvlaSi gaimSobliures da sakuTar saxlad Seqmnes. es iyo maTi Sesamose-
li.
Semosiloba bunebrivi adamianis mdgomareobaa. vinc SiSvels mosavs,
saTnod iqceva, radgan man daufara kacs misi sircxvili. Tu Semosva mad-
lia, gaSiSvleba sasjelia: `...moixade pirbade, aikrife kalTebi, gaiSiSv-
le wvivebi da gadadi mdinareze. gaSiSvldeba Seni sarcxvineli da gamoC-
ndeba Seni augi~ (es. 47:2), eubneba ufali winaswarmetyvelis piriT aRzeve-
bul da gadidgulebul `babilonel asuls~. winaswarmetyveli siSiSvle-
Si sircxvilsa da damcirebas rom xedavs, amaSi araferia gansakuTrebu-
li. winaswarmetyveli maSin aCens Tavisi msoflgancdis TviTmyofadobas,
rodesac sakuTari qveynidan xalxis gafantvaSi mis ganSiSvlebas xedavs.
mis TvalSi, romelic uflis Tvalia, Tavisi qveynidan gasuli kaci gan-
SiSvlebulia qveynierebis oTxi qaris mimarT. is, rac aqamde dafaruli
iyo, saaSkaraozea gamotanili, rogorc gafurCqnuli yvavilis siSiSvle _
warmavalobis xati. aq aris misi sircxvilic da sasjelic, rogorc auci-
lebeli gansacdeli, romelic unda ganicados xalxma Tavisi istoriis
manZilze. magram im movlenas, rasac winaswarmetyveli gamoxatavs sityviT
galuT, erTdroulad rom niSnavs `ganSiSvlebas~ da `ganfantvas~, aqvs me-
ore mxarec.
TiTqos paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom galuTi eris xsnis piroba iyo;
ase fiqrobdnen winaswarmetyvelni. marTalia, ufalma qveynis xalxis ga-
dasaxlebiT babilonSi (es moxda 586 wels Zv. w.) dasaja xalxi, romelic
ganudga ufals da am gandgomiT, romelic adamis urCobis gamovlena iyo,
wabilwa miwa, maTTvis saukuno samkvidreblad aRTqmuli, magram swored
am gadasaxlebaSi, `galuTis RameSi~, gviandeli poetebis gamoTqma rom
movimarjvoT, unda amobrwyinebuliyo xsnis imedi. galuTSi unda ganwme-
diliyo xalxi, unda moexada sneuleba, raki adamis Ze midrekilia sneu-
lebad; SigniT dagrovili balRami gareT unda gamosuliyo, rogorc xal-
xi gavida gareT, da ganwmedili daubrundeba WeSmarit uflis xalxad uf-
lis miwas. amaSi mdgomareobda galuTis gardauvaloba da SeiZleba iTq-
vas, sikeTec. `gagfantav xalxTa Soris da gagabnev qveynebSi, rom wagiSa-
lo uwmidureba~, mimarTavs ufali ezekielis piriT Tavis rCeul xalxs
(ezek. 22:15). galuTis, rogorc gansawmedelis, koncefcia dasabams iRebs
babilonis tyveobidan, babilonis mefis, nabuqodonosoris xanaSi, da bo-
los, is iZens ganzogadebul mniSvnelobas eris istoriis perspeqtivaSi.
 109

ratom laparakobs winaswarmetyveli ezekieli momavlis saxeliT, roca

imeorebs uflis sityvas `gagfantav~? sityva naTqvamia ukve gadasaxleba-
Si, galuTSi, babilonSi, mdinaris piras, sadac ezekieli Cveulebisamebr
iRebda gamocxadebas. manamde xom iwinaswarmetyvela ieremiam babilonis
tyveobis dasruleba, roca Tqva _ samocdaaTi wlis Semdeg dabrundebao
xalxi qveyanaSi (Tumca dabruneba moxda ormocdarva wlis bolos _ iere-
mia sakraluri saTvalaviT angariSobda welTaRricxvas). ezekieli am ga-
mocxadebaSi gulisxmobs momaval galuTs, im gansacdels xalxis Tavga-
dasavalSi, romelsac ufro metad Seefereba `ganfantva~ da `ganbneva~,
vidre babilonis tyveobas, romelic dasrulda Zveli aRTqmis periodSive.
`gagfantav xalxTa Soris...~ Zveli welTaRricxvis me-6 s-is SuaxanebSi
naTqvamma am sityvebma gansazRvra eris istoria mravali saukunis manZil-
ze. galuTi ar aris mxolod istoriuli movlena, droJamis farglebiT
SemosazRvruli. is dResac sinamdvilea da, xalxis moZRvarTa sibrZniT,
misi dasasruli wuTisoflis dasasruls emTxveva. am TvalTaxedviT, da-
sasrulis perspeqtivaSi, galuT (ganfantva-gaSiSvleba) da SebuT (tyveoba)
identuri mdgomareobebia eris cxovrebaSi, romlebic TavianTi Zlieri in-
tensivobiT, rogorc gansacdelni, aRweven ganzogadebis maRal xarisxs,
gabrwyindebian ra esqatologiuri SuqiT, rac badebs winaswarmetyvelSi
imeds, rom galuTis SuaRamiT amova mnaTobi da tyveobis ukuneTSi ina-
Tebs mze. rogorc sneulebas mohyveba gankurneba, roca is amowuravs
Tavs, aseve ganfantva dasruldeba saboloo SemokrebiT, rogorc ambobs
eklesiaste, roca istoriis gardauval ritms axasiaTebs, `Jami qvaTa mimo-
fantvisa da Jami maTi Segrovebisa~, tyveobis xanic amoiwureba da uflis
eri daubrundeba aRTqmul qveyanas _ axal miwaze axali cis qveS. `natama-
li daubrundeba, _ ambobs esaia, _ iakobis natamali, Zlier RmerTs~ (es.
10:21). esaiam daarqva Tavis Svils simboluri saxeli Sear-¡aSub anu `nata-
mali dabrundeba~ imis sawameblad, rom mciredni dabrundebian im mra-
valricxovani xalxidan, romelic gaifanta qveynebSi xalxTa Soris. nata-
malSi winaswarmetyveli xedavs im saukeTeso nawils erisa, rCeulis rCe-
uls, romelmac unda gauZlos galuT-SebuTis gansacdels da gamovides
ganwmedili, rogorc quraSi gamoxurvebuli vercxli.
am natamals, quraSi gamovlils, xedavs winaswarmetyveli axal miwaze, axali
cis qveS. es natamali aris is waruxoceli, mkvrivi birTvi axali sazogadoebisa,
romliskenac, ase ambobs winaswarmetyveli, `daiZreba uTvalavi xalxi da ityvis:
modiT, avideT uflis mTaze, iakobis saxlSi; gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da misi bi-
likebiT viaroT...~ (es. 2:3). winaswarmetyvelis es suliskveTeba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mas Jamidan Jamze pirquSi xilvebi ecxadeba, optimisturia: mis Tvalwin aris
ganaxlebuli, fernacvali miwisa da adamis ZeTa sazogadoebis xati da moelis yo-
velive amas Tavis sakuTar xvalindel dResaviT; xmac ki esmis im dRisa,
msgavsad sofonia winaswarmetyvelisa, romelic mouTmenlad acxadebs:
`axlos aris da mova Zalian male xma uflis dRisa~ (1:14). ai suraTi moma-
vali sazogadoebisa, rogorc esaxeboda xilvebSi winaswarmetyvels:
`amova ylorti ieses Rerodan da misi fesvis amonayari gaixarebs. dai-
vanebs masze uflis suli, suli sibrZnisa da gonierebisa, suli rCevisa
da simxnevisa, suli Segnebisa da uflis SiSisa. is uflis SiSiT isuldg-
mulebs, danaxuliT ar gansjis da gagoniliT ar daiwyebs mxilebas. si-
marTliT gansjis Rarib-RatakT, sisworiT ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT,
dahkravs miwas Tavis bageTa kverTxs da Tavis pirisqariT boroteuls mo-
 110

akvdinebs. simarTle iqneba sartylad mis welze da siwrfele sartylad

mis ferdebze. dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad da vefxvi dabinavdeba ci-
kanTan erTad. xbo, lomi da nasuqali pirutyvi erTad iqnebian da Cvili
bavSvi wauZRveba maT. Zroxa da deda daTvi erTad mosZoven da maTi Svi-
lebi erTmaneTis gverdiT dawvebian. lomi ZroxasaviT SeWams Calas, ZuZu-
Ta bavSvi unasis xvrelTan iTamaSebs da ZuZusanasxleti aspitis budeSi
Cayofs xels. aravin iborotebs, aravin ibilwebs mTel Cems wmida mTaze,
radgan aivseba miwa uflis codniT, rogorc zRva aris wylebiT dafaru-
li. im dRes xalxTa droSad idgeba ieses fesvi da misken daiwyeben denas
tomebi. dideba iqneba maTi saSvebeli. im dRes meored gaiwvdis ufali
xels, rom gamoisyidos Tavisi eris natamali, romelic gadaurCeba aSurs,
egviptes, faTross, quSs, elams, Sinyars, xamaTs da zRvispireTs. droSas
aRumarTavs xalxebs, Sekrebs gadaxvewil israels da qveynis oTxive kuT-
xidan Tavs mouyris gafantul iudas... gamouCndeba gza-savali misi eris
natamals, romelic aSurs gadaurCeba, rogorc gamouCnda israels, roca
egviptidan amodioda~ (es. 11:1-16).
vin aris es `ieses ylorti~, romlis mefobaSi mSvidoba da Tanxmoba da-
sadgurdeba ara mxolod adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, aramed cxovelTa sam-
yaroSic, Tanxmoba, romelic arsebobda dasabamidan edemis baRSi da Sem-
deg ganmeorda sayovelTao katastrofis Jams, roca yoveli suldgmuli
adamianis winamZRolobiT da mfarvelobiT kidobanSi Sevida raTa gadar-
Cenoda warRvnas? es aris daviTi, Ze iesesi, mefe _ uflis rCeuli, rom-
lis gulisaTvis ufali iTmenda miwier mefobas israelSi, kaci, romelic
Tavis pirovnebaSi da cxovrebaSi ganasaxierebda Tavisi xalxis beds, ata-
rebda mis madlsa da codvas. winaswarmetyvelni, esaiadan mokidebulni,
daviT ieses Zis (ben iSai) saxiT elodnen mesias, romelsac unda aRedgina
adamis dakarguli RvTis xati da ganaxlebul qveyanas axal adamad, mis
WeSmarit patronad, rogoradac iyo gaCenili, movlenoda. `ratom ar mo-
dis ben iSai?~ _ swuxda espaneTis galuTSi ebraeli poeti ibn gabiroli
(XI s).
winaswarmetyvelTa SegnebaSi SemuSavda warmodgena esqatologiur
mxsnelze, mesiaze, rogorc tanjulze kacTa Soris, romelmac adamianTa
codvebis Tavis Tavze tvirTviT unda ixsnas qveyana. esaias avtoritets
Sefarebuli erTi usaxelo winaswarmetyveli momavali mxsnelis garegani
simdablis wiaR uflis rCeulis maradiul didebas xedavs. ai, amgvarad
aRwers igi mis WeSmarit sulier portrets. mas agonebs es mxsneli im da-
viTs, yrmas, romelic udaresi iyo ZmaTa Soris, romelSic naTelmxilvel-
ma samuelmac ki ver gamoicno uflis mier Tavis cxebulad ganmzadebuli
_ umcrosi ZeTa Soris, romelsac zedac aravin uyurebda.
`vin daijera Cvengan smenili da uflis mklavi vis gamoecxada? wamoi-
marTa rogorc morCi mis (uflis) winaSe da rogorc fesvi dagvaluli mi-
widan. arc Rirseba hqonia da arc mSveneba, rom zed Segvexeda. arc ieri,
rom mivezideT. saZulveli iyo, kacTagan aTvalwunebuli, gatanjuli da
snebamoreuli. erTi imaTgani, visac pirs arideben. saZulveli iyo da
arad vagdebdiT, namdvilad ki, man ikisra Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni
satanjveli. Cven ki gvegona, RvTisagan iyo nagvem-nacemi da damcirebuli.
magram is Cveni codvebisaTvis iyo daWrili, Cveni ukeTurobebisaTvis da-
lewili; masze iyo sasjeli Cveni simrTelisTvis da misi wylulebiT Cven
ganvikurneT. yvelani cxvrebiviT davexetebodiT, TiToeuli Cven-Cven gzas
 111

vadeqiT, ufalma ki mas Sehyara yoveli Cvenganis ukeTureba. gaitanja da

daiTrguna, magram bage ar dauZravs. kraviviT, dasaklavad rom mihyavdaT
da cxvariviT, mparsvelis win mdumared rom dgas, masac ar dauZravs bage.
Wirsa da sasjels Cauvarda da vin ras ityoda mis modgmaze? radgan coc-
xalTa qveyanas mowyda, Cemi xalxis codvebisaTvis Sexvda satanjveli. mi-
eca samarxi boroteulTa gverdiT da mdidarTan erTad Tavis sikvdilSi,
radgan siave ar Caudenia da mis bageSi sicrue ar yofila. magram eneba
ufals misi gatanjva. roca Tavs dadebs danaSaulis msxverplad, ixilavs
nagrams da gauxangrZlivdeba dReebi, uflis neba misi xeliT aRsrulde-
ba. Tavisi suliskveTebis nayofs ixilavs da daamdeba. misi sibrZniT
bevrs gaamarTlebs marTali, Cemi morCili, da sxvaTa Secodebebs itvir-
Tavs. amitom mravalSi mivcem mas wils da ZlierebTan erTad gainawilebs
nadavls, radgan sasikvdilod gawira Tavi da codvilTa Soris Seiracxa.
mravalTa codvebi hqonda tvirTad da codvilebs esarCleboda~ (es. 53:1-2).

ionas moqceva
`anu huriaTa-me xolo arsa RmerTi da ara warmarTTa-
ca? he, warmarTTaca!~ (rom. 3:29)
Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa Soris iricxeba erTi vinme, saxelad
iona, amiTais Ze, romlis naqadagari sityvebi ar Semounaxavs biblias. mag-
ram sxva winaswarmetyvelTagan gansxvavebiT, iona gvevlineba personaJad
erTi mcire moculobis wignisa, romelic oTxi Tavisagan Sedgeba, sadac
misi saqcieli sityvaze ufro mWevrmetyveluria da ufro mets gveubneba
am mdumare winaswametyvelis suliskveTebis Sesaxeb. ai, ras mogviTxrobs
es wigni _ `wigni iona winaswarmetyvelisa~.
ionam, rogorc winaswarmetyvelma, uflis samsaxurSi myofma, miiRo uf-
lisagan davaleba, wasuliyo nineveSi, aSuris dedaqalaqSi da eqadaga iq,
raTa xalxs moenaniebina codvebi da ar daRupuliyvnen. nineve ionas mSob-
liuri xalxis istoriuli mteri iyo da winaswarmetyvelma ar indoma ma-
Ti gafrTxileba: dae, miwis piridan aRigavos nineve, aRmoifxvras misi sa-
xeli da saxsenebeli! uflisagan iona swored amas moeloda, magram
ufalma mas Tavisi rCeuli xalxis samtro (ase fiqrobda iona) davaleba
misca.
is fiqrobda, rom ufalma uRalata Tavis rCeul ers da gadaTqva aRT-
qma, rom Tavis mtrebze azeimebda. ionamac zurgi Seaqcia ufals da imis
nacvlad, rom nineveSi wasuliyo, Cajda xomaldSi da TarSiSisaken mima-
val gzas gahyva, raTa, wers avtori, `gaqceuliyo uflis pirisagan~.
yuradRebas iqcevs Zveli aRTqmis winaswametyvelisaTvis uCveulo saq-
cieli: bibliaSi sxvagan arsad dasturdeba SemTxveva, rom winaswarmety-
vels uari eTqvas uflis mier dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesrulebaze. io-
nam ki Tavi aarida Tavis movaleobas, TiTqos winaswarmetyvelis wodeba
misi arCeuli yofiliyos da ara RvTisagan STagonebuli. man am saqcie-
liT uaryo Tavis TavSi winaswarmetyveli anu mamxilebeli suli. ra unda
yofiliyo iona am mowodebis gareSe, am madlisa, romelic RvTis yurad-
Rebis niSani iyo masSi? ra darCa misgan am mowodebis uaryofis Semdeg?
darCa erTi mfrTxali da ugunuri kaci, romelic garbis ukanmouxedavad,
Tavad iRobavs ukan mosabrunebel gzebs. es iyo codva ara mxolod uf-
lis winaSe, aramed sakuTari Tavis winaSec. man gaimeora adamis Secodeba
 112

_ urCoba, roca gaimruda uflisagan naCvenebi gza, riTac evaleboda svla

_ `wadi nineveSi, did qalaqSi...~.
iona arc ki Sevedrebia ufals, moexsna misTvis es saZnelo da arasa-
surveli tvirTi, ar ulocnia Sewuxebuls, rogorc iloca erTxel mac-
xovarma: `mamao Cemo, ukeTu SesaZlebel ars, Tanawarmxedin sasumeli
ese...~ ara, igi usityvod gadawyvets gaqcevas nineves sruliad sawinaaRmde-
go mxareSi. ratom garbis mainc da mainc TarSiSSi? imitom, rom es adgi-
li qveynierebis kided iyo warmodgenili, ukidures dasavleTSi mdebare,
sadac Tavdeboda, Zvelebis rwmeniT, kacTa modgmiT dasaxlebuli samyaro.
TarSiSi araraobis winkari iyo, imis iqiT aRaraferi iyo, TiTqos imis
miRma RmerTic aRar iyo, TiTqos ufali, romelsac iona `cisa da miwis
Semqmnels~ uwodebda, veRar miswvdeboda mas TarSiSSi Tu TarSiSs miR-
mac, araraobaSi. nuTu ionas daaviwyda, rom misma RmerTma araraobidan
Seqmna yvelaferi, rac ki Seqmna? xom naTqvami iyo amosis wignSi _ es un-
da scodnoda ionas _ uflis urCebze: `qvesknelSic rom Caimarxon, iqidan
amoiyvans maT Cemi xelio~ (amos. 9:2)?
orjer aris naTqvami erTsa da imave muxlSi (ion. 1:3), rom ionas surda
gaqceva `uflis pirisagan~. avtors surs aCvenos mTeli simZime ionas nebi-
sa: gaqveul winaswarmetyvels Tavad gamoaqvs sakuTari TavisaTvis is ga-
naCeni, rac ufalma gamoutana kaens, roca devnida mas Tavis pirisagan.
`aha, _ ambobs kaeni, _ aha, magdeb dRes miwis pirisagan da unda mivefaro
Sens pirs, devnili da miusafari viqnebi amqveynad da yovel Semxvedrs Se-
eZleba Cemi mokvla~ (dab. 4:14). uflis mier piris damalva mZime sasjelia,
ukiduresi zoma sasjelisa, Zveli aRTqmis adamianisaTvis. `maSin SebRav-
leben ufals, magram igi ar gascems maT pasuxs da daumalavs Tavis
pirs...~ _ ambobs winaswarmetyveli miqa (miq. 3:4). uflis pirisagan moSore-
ba gaazrebulia rogorc uflis mfarvelobidan gamosvla da sawuTros
saTamaSod gawirva Tavisa. ras SeiZleba Seedaros adamianis mdgomareoba,
roca is moSorebulia uflis pirs? saba orbeliani qadagebs: `yovelTa
uwyiT, viTar sazarel ars jojoxeTi, aramed missa usazarles _ ganvrdo-
ma pirisagan RmrTisa~. ionac jojoxeTSi moxvda, rogorc davinaxavT.
zRvaze atyda qariSxali, SiSis zari daecaT mezRvaurebs, ionas ki xo-
maldis `mucelSi~ eZina. yvelam Tavis RmerTs SehRaRada, magram amaod:
ara da ar dacxra qariSxali. bolos, gadawyvites wili eyaraT, gaerkviaT,
visi brali iyo xomaldze myofTagan es ubedureba. amoiyvanes ionac, ayre-
vines wili da wili ionas xvda. vin gabedavda aseT dros sicruis Tqmas
da ionamac aRiara yvelaferi qariSxliani cisa da aboboqrebuli zRvis
winaSe. esa da es var, cisa da xmeleTis Semoqmedis mosavi, ase da asea Ce-
mi ambavi. zRvaSi gadamagdeT da qariSxalic dadgebao. ar Sevedrebia wi-
naswarmetyveli, gandgomili morCili uflisa, Tavis ufals, rogorc
sxvani _ warmarTni evedrebodnen Tav-Tavis enaze. an Tavi ar eRirseboda
mis mlocvelad an Sewevnis saso hqonda warkveTili, anu jer ar damdga-
riyo gadamwyveti wami sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze, roca vedreba Sesme-
nili iqneboda. asec iyo, es Jamic daudga ionas. axla ki gaqceuli winas-
warmetyveli, SesaZloa, fiqrobda zRvis RurRumelSi damalvoda ufals,
raki TarSiSSi ar ewera misvla. gadaagdes iona zRvaSi da zRva dawynar-
da, iona ki uflis brZanebiT, `didma Tevzma~ (Zveli qarTuli teqstiT, ve-
Sapma) gadaylapa, da moxvda iona didi Tevzis mucelSi.
 113

ionas gaqceva uflis pirisagan gamoxatulia misi TandaTanobiTi svliT

qveviT da qveviT siRrmisaken: zRvaSi, xomaldis mucelSi, Rrma ZilSi,
zRvis RurRumelSi, roca moisroles xomaldidan, bolos, `gveleSapis~
mucelSi. iona TandaTan iZireba jojoxeTisaken, romlis gzaze man Tavisi
nebiT gadadga nabiji, roca TarSiSisaken gaswia. magram rac unda Rrmad
Cafluliyo kaci, mainc RvTis winaSe aRmoCndeboda. amas mixvda didi Tev-
zis mucelSi moqceuli winaswarmetyveli, darwmunda im WeSmaritebaSi,
romelic gamoTqmulia 138-e fsalmunSi, TiTqos ionas gansacdelis na-
Telsayofad:
`sad wavuval Sens suls, sad gaviqcevi Seni pirisagan?
cad aval, iqa xar! SaveTSi Caval, iq damxvdebi!
ciskris frTebs gavSli, zRvis gaRma davideb binas,
iqac wamiZRveba Seni xeli da damiWers Seni marjvena~.
(fsalm. 138:7-10)
am fsalmunis me-9 muxlSi (`ciskris frTebs gavSli...~) gadmocemulia
igive moZraoba, rac Seasrula ionam, _ aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken,
vinaidan `ciskris frTebi~ aRmosavleTiT monaberi qaria, romelic gada-
uqrolebs xmelTaSua zRvas da gaaRwevs `zRvis gaRma~ anu mzis dasaval-
Si (`zRva~ iam `dasavleTsac~ niSnavs am enaze), dasakargavSi, sadac Zve-
lebs SaveTi, mkvdarTa samefo egulebodaT. am muxlis mniSvnelobas kar-
gad gangvimartavs winamavali muxli, sadac igive viTareba vertikalzea
gamoxatuli: gza cidan SaveTisaken (ebr. Seol) igivea, rac gza dasavle-
Tisaken, berZenTa miTologiis erebosisaken (romelic uTuod semituri
sityvaa, ebr. yereb `mzis daisi~, `saRamo~); caSi sasufevelia, xolo aRmo-
savleTSi _ edemis baRi.
aq dasavleTSi, zRvaSi, jojoxeTSi Cavarda iona da aqve, ukidures gan-
sacdelSi, iwyeba misi moqceva; SaveTSi, araraobis fskerze, ibadeba fsal-
muni, rogorc sxivi da kibe, romelmac kvlav uflis pirisaken unda miaq-
cios iona. fsalmuni naTelia, romelic warmoiSvis jurRmulSi mbJutavi
adamianis sulidan. iona xelaxla ibadeba `didi Tevzis~ muclidan da
TiTqos axlad idgams enas da pirveli sityvebi, rac daebada, es iyo:
`WirSi myofma SevRaRade ufals
da man xma gamca,
Seolis muclidan Svela viTxove
da Sen ismine Cemi mudara~ (ion. 2:3).
ufalma ismina ionasi da, rogrc ki aRdga kavSiri adamiansa da RmerTs
Soris, kvlav warudga uflis pirs adamiani, iona uflis gangebiT `didma
Tevzma~ imave adgilze amoanTxia, saidanac gaiqca igi. Tavidan iwyeba am-
bavi, kvlav Caesmis winaswarmetyvels Tavisi uflis xma da xelmeored
ekisreba igive tvirTi, misTvis amjeradac uamuri: `adeqi, wadi nineveSi,
did qalaqSi, da uqadage, rasac me getyvi~ (ion. 3:2).
wavida iona nineveSi, iareboda qalaqSi da winaswarmetyvelebda uflis
gangebas, ambobda: `kidev ormoci dRe da daiqceva nineve~ (ion. 3:4). Tumca
ar eameboda mis Surian guls mtrebis gafrTxileba, magram amjerad ar
uRalata Tavis mowodebas da misma STagonebulma qadagebam SeZra mTeli
nineve mdabioridan mefemde. gamoacxades marxva da jvaloTi Seimosnen
didian-patarianad. pirutyvic amarxules da jvaloTi Semoses, aRavlines
vedreba RvTisadmi da aRuTqves, rom miatovebdnen borotebis gzas da mo-
 114

inaniebdnen codvebs. ufalma ismina maTi da aRar moawia ubedureba, rasac

apirebda.
nineves gadarCenam ise Seawuxa iona, rom sikvdili inatra: xom vicodi,
rom ase moxdeboda, roca jer kidev Cems qveyanaSi viyavi, vicodi Seni
gulmowyalebisa da sulgrZelobis ambavi (ufals mimarTavs), rom Seibra-
lebdi Cvens mtrebsac ki. amitomac gaviqeci TarSiSSi; axla barem suli
amomxadeo, ufalo... ra aris im winaswarmetyvelis sicocxle, romelmac
Tavisi xalxis mtrebis gadasarCenad gaxsna bage an romelsac daengra
rwmena, rom misi xalxi erTaderTia dedamiwis zurgze, ufali rom patro-
nobs. aseTi iyo ionas ganwyobileba, roca is qalaqgareT erT borcvze
ijda da eloda, ra mouvidoda qalaqs _ axdeboda Tu ara winaswarmetyve-
leba, Tumca gloviT, marxviTa da RaRadisiT nineve iridebda RvTis risx-
vas. gavida ormoci dRe da ionas winaSe uvneblad idga qalaqi.
rac am mcire moTxrobaSi xdeba, ionas Wkuis saswavleblad xdeba. iwye-
ba axali igavi: SuadRis xvatSi mjdars ufalma erT dReSi aRmoucena ayi-
ro misi Tavis dasaCrdileblad da dardis gasaqarveblad. es iyo erTa-
derTi Sveba mis sasowarkveTilebaSi. magram ufalma meore diliTve
matls gamoaxrevina mcenare da ionam meored inatra sikvdili. ufali ma-
mobrivi kiloTi, TiTqos pirmRimari, orgzis ekiTxeba ionas `magrad gam-
wardi?~ _ erTxel, roca nineves gadarCenam gaamwara is da meored, roca
manugeSebeli Crdilis momfeni ayiros daWknobam. Tu didi Tevzis mucel-
Si myofma ionam piradi gansacdelis meoxebiT Seicno uflis yvelganmyo-
foba, mzis papanaqebaSi damWknari ayiros qveS gaTangulma Seicno univer-
saluri RmerTi, romlis wyaloba efineba yvela xalxs, TviT israelis
mtrebsac, yovel qmnilebas, im usaxur ayirosac, romlis warmavalma yo-
fam Tvali auxila dasicxul winaswarmetyvels.
mTeli es moTxroba, rogorc igavi, mowodebulia Zveli aRTqmis isto-
riaSi, mis erT monakveTSi Casaxuli ideis _ RvTis universalobis naTel-
sayofad; rom igavis bolos Tqmuliyo viwroerovnuli CarCoebiT Semoz-
Ruduli winaswarmetyvelis Wkuis saswavleblad:
`Sen erTi ayiro Segenana, Tumca Sen ar dagirgavs igi da arc gagizr-
dia. erTi Ramis Svili iyo da erT RameSi gaxma. aba me rogor ar Semena-
nos didi qalaqi nineve, sadac asociaTasze meti kacia, erTmaneTisagan
rom ver gaurCevia marjvena da marcxena, da uamravi pirutyvia?~ (ion. 4:10-
11).
sibrZne
`saidan modis sibrZne?...~ (iob. 28:20)
`me gamovedi uzenaesis bagidan da
nisliviT davfare dedamiwa~ (ziraq. 24:3)
ieremias wignSi naTqvamia: `ar dakargvia rjuli mRvdels, rCevis unari brZenkacs
da sityva winaswarmetyvels~ (ier. 18:18). mRvdeli (RvTismsaxuri), brZenkaci da winas-
warmetyveli _ ai, es samni, vinc warmarTaven Zveli aRTqmis xalxis Segnebas da re-
ligiur-zneobriv cxovrebas. xalxis istoriis gariJraJze, patriarqebis xanaSi, es
sami funqcia erTi piris xelSi iyo, is aerTianebda am sam saxeobas sulieri moRva-
weobisa Tavis xalxSi. abraami da iakobi Tavadve agebdnen samsxverploebs, Tavadve,
Suamavlis gareSe, swiravdnen msxverpls, iwodebodnen winaswarmetyvelebad, hqon-
daT xilva da gamocxadeba (iakobma uwinaswarmetyvela istoriuli bedi Tavis
Tormet Svils, romelTac misi saxeli _ iakobi da, gansakuTrebiT, israeli dae-
naTla), isini iyvnen ara mxolod xorcieli mamani TavianTi Svilebisa, aramed su-
 115

lieri moZRvarni, radgan isini atarebdnen sibrZnes, rogorc ganZs, samemkvidreod

gadasacemad Taobidan TaobaSi. aseTi iyo mose, romelmac xalxs `aRmouCina~
RmerTi, daudgina saRvTismsaxuro rjuli, uwinaswarmetyvela `aRTqmuli
qveyana~ da misca aTi mcneba _ aTi marcvali marTali cxovrebis aRmosa-
ceneblad.
mRvdeli uwesebs adamians sazRvrebs wmidisa da arawmidisa (uwmiduri-
sa), raTa ar Selaxos wmida da ar daiRupos, ar gauwmidurdes uwmidu-
riT, Tavad ar Seilaxos da ar moikveTos uflis sazogadoebidan, ro-
gorc wabilwuli da nalaxi. mRvdeli da winaswarmetyvelic emsaxureba
im mizans, rom aRasrulebinon xalxs uflis mowodeba, moses piriT ga-
mocxadebuli: `wmida eri unda iyoT CemTvis!~ (gam. 22:30). brZeni ki aswav-
lis adamians, rogor gaarCios keTili da boroti, kargi da avi, raTa ia-
ros sikeTis gziT, radgan es daRupvis gzaa. brZeni Tavisi moZRvrebiT iR-
wvis imisaTvis, rom es xalxi brZeni gaxdes, radgan is uflis xalxia. mo-
ses piriTve, roca is rjuls iZleoda, brZeni mimarTavs xalxs: `daicaviT
da SeasruleT, radgan es aris Tqveni sibrZne da goniereba im xalxebis
winaSe, romlebic yurs mohkraven am wesebs da ityvian: aha, brZeni da goni-
eri eria es didi xalxi~ (rjl. 4:6). es sityvebi iTqva udabnos gzaze da
am pirobiT unda Sesuliyo xalxi `aRTqmul qveyanaSi~, romelmac winas-
warmetyvelTa moZRvrebaSi sicocxlis simboluri mniSvneloba SeiZina.
winaswarmetyveli qadagebs samxilebel sityvas da is miemarTeba mTel
xalxs, rogorc erTs, erT bedSi myofs, rogorc istoriaSi gasuls da
ukanaskneli Jamis momlodines. winaswarmetyvelis yurismgdebeli zedrou-
li piria, Tumca wuTisofelSi myofi, romelsac ekisreba pasuxismgeblo-
ba uflis WeSmaritebisa da gzis mimarT da im miwis mimarT, romelic mii-
Ro samkvidrod uflisagan. miwa ki, saboloo jamSi, erTiani kacobriobis
sacxovrebeli iyo, erT dros rom `wairyvna RvTis winaSe da aivso usa-
marTlobiT~ (dab. 6:11), risTvisac kidec warixoca. winaswarmetyvelma un-
da moaqcios eri mrudi gzidan da marTal gzaze daayenos.
brZenkaci ki mimarTavs ara mTel xalxs sadme mravalTa sakrebuloSi,
an sakurTxevlebTan, sadac gamoCndeboda xolme pirquSi winaswarmetyve-
li mamxilebeli sityvebiT, aramed erT kerZo adamians, erTeuls, Zes mami-
sa, saxlSi, SinaurobaSi, radgan yurismgdebeli aris misi Svili Tu aR-
sazrdeli, romlisganac unda Seqmnas man sibrZnis matarebeli pirovneba.
is mouwodebs: `me, mamas, mismineT, Svilebo, da ise moiqeciT...~ (ziraq. 3:1),
`mismine, Svilo, miiRe Cemi Segoneba da Cems rCevas nu ugulebelyof~ (zi-
raq. 6:22), `Svilo, me momeci Seni guli da Senma Tvalebma Cems gzaze iyu-
ron~ (igav. 23:26), `mismine, Svilo, da iyavi brZeni da gzaze daayene Seni
guli~ (igav. 23:19). `Svilo, rom miiRebde Cems sityvebs da Cems cnebebs da-
icavde, yuri rom gqondes sibrZnisaken mipyrobili da guli gonierebisa-
ken geweodes~ (igav. 2:1-2). xma esmis Svils, oRond es xma ar ekuTvnis am
kerZo mamas; es xmac igivea, gadmocemuli Taobidan TaobaSi, rogorc is
sibrZne, romelic cxaddeba am xmiT; msmeneli Svili iTvisebs am xmas am
sibrZnesTan erTad _ es ori ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan. `maswavlida ma-
maCemi da meubneboda: miirqvas Senma gulma Cemi sityvebi, Cemi mcnebebi da-
imarxe da icocxlebo~ (igav. 4:4). sibrZne mamidan gadadis SvilSi da mama
xedavs Tavisi pirovnebis xelmeored Sobas SvilSi, radgan mis mier gada-
cemuli sibrZne axal mamad amzadebs Svils: es aris mamis, rogorc mamis,
gaxangrZliveba STamomavlobaSi, rom mamis xma ganuwyvetliv ismodes Tao-
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bebSi. amgvarad awyobil sazogadoebaSi, romelsac marTavs mamaTa _ abra-

amis, isakisa da iakobis RmerTi da mamaTa sibrZne, rogorc mamobis prin-
cipi. ar arsebobs safuZveli mamisa da Zis dapirispirebisa: saxlidan ga-
sul tobias sagzlad miaqvs mamis sibrZne da mamad gamzadebuli ubrunde-
ba saxls (ix. tobiTi).
sibrZnis swavleba dafarulis gamocxadebaa, rogorc Svilia mamaSi da-
farulis gamoCena. iseve, rogorc uSvilobaa wyevla Zveli aRTqmis sazo-
gadoebaSi, aseve ikicxeba sibrZnis dafarva. `raRa dafaruli sibrZne da
raRa damaluli ganZi? _ vis raSi argia an erTi an meore?~ anderZad uto-
vebs Svils brZeni ziraqi (zir. 20:30). Tu dafarvaa, ganagrZobs igi, sjobs
kacma Tavisi sibriyve dafaros, vidre sibrZne (zir. 20:31). Zveli aRTqmis
eTikas gasdevs fundamenturi dapirispireba sibrZnesa da sibriyves Soris;
es dualizmi wuTisoflis iseTive arsebiTi niSania, rogorc sicocxle
da sikvdili, isini Tanaarseboben erTmaneTis gverdiT da adamianma unda
airCios erT-erTi Tavisi Tavisufali nebiT. adamianma nebiT unda miiRos,
gaiTavisos sibrZne, guli Ria unda hqondes misTvis. amitom mama ki ar ub-
rZanebs mas, aramed urCevs, is mxolod acxadebs, qadagebs sibrZnes. `aha,
gadmogiRvriT Cems suls...~ ambobs is (igav. 1:23).
mainc ra aris sibrZne? ra aris arsi im movlenisa, romelic gamoixate-
ba sityviT xoqmah, am sityviT, romlis speqtri anaTebs Zveli aRTqmis wig-
nebs? amao iqneboda misi ganmartebebis Zieba Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi. xoq-
mah ar aris abstraqtuli cneba, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi zusti gan-
sazRvreba; adamiani SeiZleba Caswvdes mis arss iseTi fuZemdebluri kate-
goriebis SemweobiT, rogoric aris _ sicocxle, xsna, simarTle, mSvido-
ba, simrTele, simtkice... radgan mama gvaswavlis, rom sibrZne sicocxlea,
misgan gadaxveva, anu sibriyve ki _ sikvdili. `vinc sibrZniT dadis, ga-
darCeba~ (igav. 28:26); `misi gzebi netarebis gzebia da yoveli misi biliki
simarTlea~ (igav. 3:17); `vinaidan Cemma mpovnelma sicocxle hpova~, ambobs
sibrZne (igav. 8:35); `simarTles sicocxlisaken mihyavs kaci~ (igav. 11:19); `
simarTle sikvdilisagan ixsnis~ (igav. 10:2). Zveli aRTqmis adamians sibrZ-
ne esaxeba `sicocxlis xed~, romlis nayofi ver igema adamma da romlis-
kenac unda miiswrafodes yoveli adamiani: `igi sicocxlis xea maTTvis,
vinc mas moeWideba...~ (igav. 3:18). amrigad, is aris iseTi nayofi, romelic
kvebavs ara mxolod gonebriv samyaros adamianisas, mis sulsa da guls,
aramed mis mTlian pirovnebas, mis sulier-xorciel erTianobas. sibrZnem
unda SeaRwios ara mxolod mis sulSi da gulSi, aramed Seewovos, ro-
gorc macocxlebeli wveni, mis Sigans, mis nawlavebs, gajdes mis Zvalsa
da rbilSi, gapoxos, rogorc wmida zeTma, misi Zvlebi. `vin Cado Tirkme-
lebSi sibrZne?~ _ ekiTxeba ufali mravaltanjul iobs, samagaliTo ada-
mians (iob. 38:36); `Sen gsurs, rom TirkmelebSi iyos WeSmariteba da maswav-
li sibrZnes uSinagnesSi~, mimarTavs ufals mefe daviTi (fsalm. 51:8).
es sibrZne da codna, romelsac mama awvdis Svils sakvebiviT, ar aris
gonebis nayofi. is zneobrivi sawyisia, romelsac efuZneba marTali da ke-
Tili cxovreba. is batonobs gonierebaze da avsebs SinaarsiT adamianis
Segnebas. `Tu sibrZne Sevida Sens gulSi da codna etkbo Sens suls, _
moZRvravs mama Svils, _ goniereba dagifaravs da Segneba dagicavs, rom
gixsnas borotebis gzidan, TvalTmaqci kacisagan, swori gzis damtove-
belTagan, bneli gziT moarulTagan, boroti saqmiT moxarulTagan, rom-
lebic boroti TvalTmaqcobiT xaroben, romelTa savali mrudia da saq-
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cieli ukuRmarTia. rom gixsnas ucxo qalisagan, ucxo Teslisagan, misi

laqardiani enisagan, romelmac siyrmis megobari miatova da RvTis aRTqma
daiviwya, radgan misi saxlis wiaR sikvdilia, misi nabijebi aCrdilisaken
aris mimarTuli. iq SemsvlelTagan ukan veravin brundeba, sicocxlis
gzebs kvlav veRar daadgeba. rom dadiode keTili gziT da marTalTa bi-
likebs ar gadauxvio, radgan alalmarTalni unda damkvidrdnen qveyanaze
da umwikvloni unda gadarCnen. urjuloni qveynidan moikveTebian da mzak-
varni aRmoifxvrebian misgan~ (igav. 2:10-22).
Zveli aRTqmis adamiani sibrZnis dauokebeli wyurviliT aris aRZruli,
sibrZnis moxveWa ar aris inteleqtualuri aqti, aramed religiuri gamoc-
dileba: `jer kidev siWabukisas, vidre avxetialdebodi, gulwrfelad ve-
Zebdi sibrZnes Cems locvebSi; masze vuxmobdi taZris winaSe da bolomde
misi mZebneli viqnebi. rogorc SeTvaluli mwife mtevani, ise xarobda mi-
siT Cemi guli. Cemma fexma sworad iara da siyrmidanve kvalSi Cavudeqi...
Cemi suli SeeWida sibrZnes da rjulis saqmeSic gaviwafe. xelebi maRla
aRvapyre da vaRiare Cemi umecreba. Cemi suli misken mivmarTe da siwmide-
Si vpove igi... Cemi Signeuli mis Zebnad SeiZra da amitomac SeviZine keTi-
li ganZi~, ase ixsenebda brZeni ziraqi Tavis ganbrZnobis wlebs (zir.
51:13-21).
Zveli aRTqmis adamiani ara mxolod eswrafvis sibrZnes, raTa xsna hpo-
vos masSi, aramed eZiebs mis dasabamsac, svams kiTxvas: `saidan modis sib-
rZne?~ kiTxva gulisxmobs, rom sibrZne ar ibadeba adamianSi TavisTavad
da arc xandazmis nayofia igi. SesaZloa, moaruli azriT, sibrZne xangrZ-
livi gamocdilebis Sedegad yofiliyo miCneuli, magram imave sazogadoe-
baSi adamians SeeZlo uareyo es Sexeduleba. kvlav cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dileba daarwmunebda mas, rom rogorc `iobis wignSi~ vkiTxulobT,
`dRegrZelni yovelTvis ar arian brZenni da mxolod moxucebulni ar
mixvedrilan WeSmaritebas~ (iob. 32:9). ufro Rrma azri sibrZnis dasabams
RvTis SiSTan akavSirebs. `uflis SiSia sibrZne~ (iob. 28:28), `uflis Si-
SiT iswavleba sibrZne~ (igav. 15:33); magram isic aris naTqvami, rogorc
imedi, rom `uflis SiSi macocxlebelia~ (igav. 19:23); uflis SiSi ar unda
gvesmodes rogorc mxolod subieqturi gancda, is obieqturi realobac
aris da Tavisi myofobiT adamianSi badebs sibrZnes. rogorc iobis erT-
erTi megobari ambobs, sibrZne adamianSi suli da sunTqvaa yovladZlie-
risa (iob. 32:8). da swored es suli (ruax) aris SiSic da sicocxlec,
romlebic, rogorc Zirebi adamianis yofisa, sibrZnesTan erTad absolu-
turi, `uTuo da uTumcao~ Rirebulebis kategoriebia. amrigad, sibrZne
religiuri movlenaa da ar arsebobs arc bunebaSi, arc adamianis sazoga-
doebaSi iseTi ram, razedac misi gadacvla SeiZlebodes. ra aris mis wi-
naSe mTeli qveynierebis oqro-vercxli da Tval-margaliti, mefeTa pativi
da Rirseba, gvirgvini da beWedi, roca Tavad aris maTi warmomSobi? sibr-
Zne kosmiuri Zalaa da iseve dausabamoa, rogorc Tavad samyaros Semoqme-
di. im metafizikur kiTxvaze, Tu saidan modis sibrZne am wuTisofelSi,
adamiani kosmogoniuri SoreTidan apasuxebinebs isev mas, Tavisi maradiu-
lobis mowmes:
`ufalma SemiZina Tavisi gzis dasawyisSi, Tavis qmnilebebamde, dasaba-
miT. ukuniTidan damadgina, Tavidanve, qveynis dasabamidan. roca ar iyo
ufskrulebi, maSin gavCndi, roca wyaluxvi wyaroebi ar iyo. roca jer
qveyana ar iyo Seqmnili, arc mindor-velebi da arc samyaros pirveli
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mtveri; rodesac igi zecas ganamzadebda, iq viyavi, rodesac ufskrulis

pirze wres avlebda; rodesac maRla cebs amagrebda, ufskrulis wyaroebs
aZlierebda; rodesac zRvas wess udgenda, rom wyali napirebidan ar gad-
mosuliyo; rodesac qveyanas safuZvels uyrida; maSin mec gverdiT vyavdi,
rogorc ostati, dReniadag sixaruli viyavi da yovelRam mis winaSe vla-
Robdi; vlaRobdi samyaroSi mis miwaze da adamis modgmaSi iyo Cemi sixa-
ruli~ (igav. 8:22-31).
ras eubneba adamians es aRsareba sibrZnisa? sibrZne acxadebs Tavis sai-
dumlos, Tavis didebul warmoSobas, rom is ar Seqmnila adamianTa miwa-
ze, aramed ciuri warmoSobisaa da Tavad udevs wili samyaros SeqmnaSi.
is aRiarebs, rom Semoqmedebis mZime tvirTi misTvis silaRe da sixaru-
lia; agreTve imas, rom misi saboloo mizani adamianTa Soris dasadgure-
baa, radgan adami man Seqmna RvTis xatad da msgavsebad. adami xom man sib-
rZniT Seqmna samyarosTan erTianobaSi, axla adamianma, rogorc gonierma
arsebam, sibrZniT unda moawyos Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi sazogadoeba, ro-
gorc xati samyaros wyobilebisa. amitomac is Camodis miuwvdomeli si-
maRlidan, raTa yvelasaTvis misawvdomi iyos, ganurCevlad niWisa, socia-
luri Tu qonebrivi mdgomareobisa. sibrZnem axsna beWdebi Tavis saidum-
los da saaSkaraod gamoaCina Tavisi simdidre, is yvelas iwvevs TavisTan,
rogorc sayovelTao dResaswaulze. `gana sibrZne ar mouwodebs? gana go-
niereba ar gamoscems xmas? maRal mwvervalebze, gzasTan aris, gzaTa Se-
sayarze dgas igi. karibWeebTan, qalaqis pirTan, Ria karSi mReris igi.
Tqven mogixmobT, kacno! Cemi xma adamis ZeT mimarTavs~ (igav.8:1-4).
amaze mkafiod, amaze xatovnad rogorRa SeiZleba gamoiTqvas sibrZnis
sayovelTaoba? rom is ar aris idumalebrivi, Tavis TavSi Caketili, miu-
karebeli, mxolod rCeulTa privilegia? is ekuTvnis yvelas, radgan `sib-
rZne gareT mReris, moednebze gamoscems xmas; xmaurian adgilebSi qada-
gebs, karibWeebTan, qalaqSi, acxadebs Tavis sityvas~ (igav. 1:20-21). yvelas
unda hqondes imedi, _ is mouxmobs yvelas, _ rom daidos masSi wili, rom
yoveli kaci rCeul erSi eziaros mas, radgan is erTxel da samudamod am
rCeul erSia damkvidrebuli. `maSin mibrZana me yovelTa dambadebelma, _
ambobs sibrZne `ziraqis wignSi~, _ Cemma Semqmnelma da sabolood ganmiCi-
na karavi da miTxra: iakobSi daivane da israelSi damkvidrdio... gavidgi
fesvi saxelganTqmul xalxSi, wilxvedrilSi uflisa, romelic daimkvid-
res maT~ (zir. 24:8-12).
da sxva mraval im qalur xatebaTagan (radgan xoqmah-sibrZne qaluri
sityva-cnebaa ebraul enobriv SegnebaSi), rogorc es SemoqmedebiTi prin-
cipi Semodis Zveli aRTqmis adamianis cnobierebaSi, _ is misi dedac aris
da misi colic, romlebic kvebaven mas `gonebis puriT~ da arwyuleben
`sibrZnis wyaroTi~, is mzrunveli da Tavdadebuli dac aris misi: `uTxa-
ri sibrZnes, Cemi da xar-Tqo!~ is TiTqos mouxelTebeli satrfoc aris,
romelsac vaJi sarkmelTan Tu karTan uTvalTvalebs, rom erTxel mainc
mohkras Tvali an esmas misi xma, da romelic mas sabolood guls gada-
uxsnis, _ sibrZne Tavs acxadebs guluxv, SeuzRudvel diasaxlisad, ro-
gorc umefo dedofali, romelic aSenebs saxls, raTa masSi Sekribos yve-
la, misi madlis ziarebis msurvelni:
`sibrZnem saxli aiSena, misi Svidi boZi gaTala. dakla Tavisi saklavi,
ganazava Tavisi Rvino da Tavisi tabla gaSala; gagzavna Tavisi mxevlebi,
gadasZaxa qalaqis maRlobebidan: briyvi vinc aris, aqeT mobrundes! WkuaT-
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xelebs ki uTxra: modiT, dapurdiT Cemi puriT da SesviT Cemi ganzavebu-

li Rvino~ (igav. 9:1-5).
puri da Rvino SemTxveviT ar moxvedrilan sibrZnis tablaze. pur-Rvino
_ realuri sakveb-sasmeli simboluri gamoxatulebaa adamianis sazrdeli-
sa. is aris adamianis sagzali wuTisoflis gzaze. `puric maqvs da Rvinoc
CemTvis~, imediT ambobs ucxo qalaqSi ucxoTa Soris moxvedrili mgzav-
ri, anu mas aqvs aucilebeli, adamianis arsebobisaTvis saWiro minimumi,
raTa imedianad igrZnos Tavi ucxoTa Soris (msaj. 19:19). isini, rogorc
adamianuri kulturis, sulieris da materialuris niSani, amave dros
ZRvenisa Tu msxverplis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa. Zvel aRTqmaSi erTa-
derTxel gaielvebs saxe gamoucnobi adamianisa, romlis xelSi pur-Rvino
aSkarad aRzevebulia Tavis pirvelad daniSnulebaze. `xolo melqicedek-
ma, Salemis mefem, gamoutana puri da Rvino. is iyo mRvdeli uzenaesi
RmerTisa. akurTxa abraami da uTxra: kurTxeul iyos abrami uzenaesi
RmerTis winaSe, cisa da miwis Semoqmedisa!~ (dab. 14:18-19). abramma, umkvid-
ro mwyemsma, manamde Seicno pur-Rvinis madli, vidre abraami daerqmeoda
anu mravali xalxis mamamTavris saxeli mieniWeboda. ra vuwodoT pur-Rvi-
nos, melqicedekis xonCaze dadebuls? albaT msxverplic da madlic erT-
droulad. Tu msxverpli _ melqicedeki, mRvdeli uzenaesi RvTisa (el ye-
lion), msxverpls swiravs ara abrams, Tavisze udaress, aramed uxilav di-
debas masSi, radgan mis wiaRSi xedavs ierusalimis (rogorc daerqmeva
momavalSi Salems) momaval mefes. Tu madli _ melqicedeki, `mefe Salemi-
sa~, iziarebs mis sibrZnes im didebuli dedakaciviT, garigebul sufraze
rom iwvevs gamvlel-gamomvlels.
magram am brZen qals, sibrZnis matarebels Tavis wiaRSi, hyavs metoqe,
mimbaZveli `qarafSuta diacis~ saxiT. masac aqvs saxli qalaqis maRlob-
ze, saidanac yvela gza Cans, isic uxmobs gamvlel-gamomvlels da sakuTa-
ri purisa da Rvinis nacvlad sTavazobs `moparul wyals~ da `damalul
purs~. is eubneba mas Semparavad: `tkbilia moparuli wyali, gemrielia da-
maluli puri~ (igav. 9:17). Rvino aq gamoxatavs WeSmaritebas, wyali _ si-
yalbes. Rvino ufro maRali Tvisobriobaa, vidre wyali: qristes pirveli
saswauli swored wylis Rvinod gardaqmna iyo (ioan. 2:1-9), rac simbolu-
rad moaswavebda mis momaval feriscvalebas da aRdgomasac axal sxeul-
Si. roca wyali Rvinis gverdiT aris naxsenebi da mas dapirispirebuli,
igi udaresi realobaa, magram calke aRebuli, rogorc macocxlebeli
nivTiereba, _ `wyali miagebeT mwyurvalebs~, ambobs esaia winaswarmetyve-
li, _ zegardmo moniWebuli sibrZnisa da moZRvrebis simboloa. `wvimasa-
viT modis darigeba, cvariviT epkureba Cemi naTqvami, rogorc Sxapuna wvi-
ma mdeloze, rogorc TqeSi mwvane balaxze~ (rjl. 32:2). wvima Tu cvari _
wylis zeciuri aspeqti, simboloa brZnuli sityvisa, romelic acocxlebs
adamians. magram `qarafSuta diacis~ SeTavazebuli sasmeli _ `moparuli
wyali~, romelic SeiZleba pirveli gemosxilvisas etkbos adamians, momak-
vdinebelia. `igavni~ amboben, rom am maspinZlis wveulni `jojoxeTis ufs-
krulebSi imyofebiano~. amgvarad, is saxli, sadac Rvinis wil wyals sTa-
vazoben, simboluri azriT, sikvdilis saxlia.
vikiTxoT, ratom aris wyliT ganzavebuli is Rvino, romliTac sibrZ-
nis saxlSi umaspinZldebian mwyurvals, sibrZnes dawafebuls? es uTuod
im gansxvavebis gamoa, romelic arsebobs wmida Rvinosa da ganzavebul
Rvinos Soris adamianTa yofaSi. wmida Rvino, zedaSe, sakulto saRvrelia
 120

anu RmerTis sasmeli. is sadResaswauloa da mxolod saRvTo sufraze is-

mis. roca Rvino wyliT aris ganzavebuli, masSi adamianuri elementi aris
Sesuli wylis saxiT, rac aniWebs RvTaebriv sasmels sayoveldRiuro sta-
tuss. rogorc wyliani Rvinis gamotana saRvTo nadimze iyo uRvTo aqti _
msxverplSewirvis profanacia, aseve zedaSis gamoyeneba yoveldRiurobaSi
iyo uRvTo moqmedeba _ saRvTo sasmelis profanacia. zedaSe realurad
da simbolurad gamoxatavs sakulto cxovrebas, ganzavebuli _ yoveldRi-
ur cxovrebas. zedaSe, rogorc dResaswauli, ramdenimejer gamoCndeba we-
liwadSi, sul mcire _ samgzis, rogorc naTqvamia moses rjulSi anu aR-
TqmaSi, `samjer gamimarTe dResaswauli weliwadSi~ (gam. 23:14), sadagi Rvi-
no ki _ yoveldRiurad. adamianic samgzis midis weliwadSi RmerTTan, ro-
gorc stumari, sibrZne ki, rogorc misi cxovrebis wesi da safuZveli, mu-
dam masTan aris dReni misni. am azriT aris sibrZne wyliT ganzavebuli
Rvino.
aq TiTqos erTmaneTs daupirispirda sakulto-sadResaswaulo da yo-
veldRiuri brZnuli, zneobrivi cxovreba. marTlac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
isini, Tu ar upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, sxvadasxva sibrtyeSi mainc mie-
dinebian. SesaZloa, maT arc hqondeT Sexebis wertilebi. Camovardeboda
droeba arc Tu iSviaTad xalxis istoriaSi, roca sakulto cxovrebis
aRzevebas, anu misi materialuri mxaris usazomo `aCoyebas~ Tan sdevda
zneobis dacema, sibrZnis kleba da sibriyvis zeimi. saRvTo dRe ugunure-
bis dResaswauli xdeboda. xsnis erTaderT qvakuTxedad xalxs ritualu-
ri siwmide da msxverplSewirvani miaCnda. ukeTurad nacxovrebi mTeli we-
liwadi dResaswaulze unda gamosyiduliyo kravebis sisxliT. Zmis mier
mokluli abelis sisxli ki caSi SehRaRadebda ufals. am sayovelTao da-
cemisa da marTali cxovrebis rRvevis xanaSi erTaderTi winaswarmetyve-
li, `sulis kaci~, iyo romelic iynosavda xrwnilebis suns xalxmraval
dResaswaulebze. `aRar msurs kuratebis, kravebisa da vacebis sisxlio~,
aZraxebda zegardamo xma esaias. misi piriT mrisxane RmerTi mouwodebda
xalxs, rom ara TiToeuls calcalke, aramed mTels ers, rogorc erT
suls, im sibrZnes, romelsac mSvidad uqadagebda mama Svils, _ eswavlaT
sikeTis qmna, marTali cxovreba, Seweodnen CagrulT, gaekiTxnaT obolni,
gamosarClebodnen qvriv-oxerT, mereRa SeewiraT msxverpli. amis gareSe
fuWi iqneboda yoveli saklavi, fuWad daiRvreboda sisxli da nacvlad
imisa, rom codvaTa gamomsyidveli yofiliyo igi, kvlav axal codvad See-
racxeboda Semwirvels. `saZagelia CemTvis sakmeveli, axalmTvarobebi da
SabaTebi, Tqveni jarobebi ver amitania!~ _ aZaxebinebda ufali esaias.
winaswarmetyvelTa TvalSi, rac uflis Tvalis xatia, marTali cxovre-
ba anu sulis religia upiratesobs kultis religiis winaSe. aseve sibrZ-
nis wignebSi _ solomonis igavebSi, iobis wignSi, ziraqis SegonebebSi, sa-
dac ki naqadagebia marTali cxovreba, erTi sityvac ar aris daZruli re-
ligiis garegan mxareze, savaldebulo ritualebis adgilze zneobrivi
adamianis aRzrdaSi. ai, damrigebel mamaTa mowodeba, maTi moZRvrebis ar-
sis gamomxatveli: `SeswireT msxverpli simarTlisa da esavdeT ufals!~
(fsalm. 4:6).
`igavTa wigni~ Seicavs marTali cxovrebis kodeqss, Tu rogor unda iq-
ceodes marTali kaci, rogori qceviT unda axorcielebdes sibrZnes. su-
lis margebeli uamravi Segoneba, nakvesebi da arakebi, _ bevri maTgani mo-
aruli andazaa, bevric moZRvris SeTxzulia, _ brZeni solomonis avtori-
 121

tetiT aris ganmtkicebuli. magram arsebobs masze maRali avtoriteti, vis

mierac gamocxadebuli mcnebani mTels sibrZnis literaturas da amdenad-
ve zneobriv cxovrebas Seicavs. aTi mcneba, aTi sityva, qvis or dafaze,
fiqalebze, warwerili, Camoitana mosem sinaidan, uflis gamocxadebis
mTidan da, rogorc kacobriuli sazogadoebis zneobrivi konstitucia,
inaxeboda uflis aRTqmis kidobanSi sxva uwmides reliqviaTa gverdiT. ai,
esodeni siwmidiT Semosa da sasoebiT Seinaxa adamianma Tavis adamianobis
fuZemdebluri mcnebebi.
am aTi sityvis siwmides, maT absoluturobas, maT transcendentulobas
da gardauval Rirebulebas kacobriuli sazogadoebisTvis, mowmobs is
viTareba, Tu rogor gadaeca isini am sazogadoebis winamZRols. mcnebaTa
gamocxadebas sinais mTaze win uZRoda uflis gamocxadeba misi saSineli
da mrisxane aspeqtiT. `mesame dRes, gaTenebisas, _ vkiTxulobT `gamosvla-
Ta wignSi~, _ Seiqna grgvinva da mexistexa, Camowva mTaze zrqeli Rrube-
li da gaisma sayviris xma, Zalze Zlieri. SeZrwunda banakSi myofi xalxi.
gamoiyvana banakidan xalxi mosem RvTis Sesaxvedrad, da dadgnen mTis Zi-
ras. bolavda mTeli sinais mTa, radgan ufali iyo masze cecxlis alSi.
rogorc quras, kvamli asdioda da Zlierad iryeoda mTa. TandaTan Zli-
erdeboda sayviris xma. laparakobda mose da exmianeboda RmerTi. Camovida
ufali sinais mTaze, mTis wverze da mouxmo ufalma moses mTis wverisa-
ken, da avida mose~ (gam. 19:16-20).
qveynierebis dasasrulis niSniT aRiniSna zneobrivi kanonis Sesvla ka-
cobriobaSi, Tumca es kacobrioba sinais mTis Ziras miyuJul erT mcire
toms warmoadgenda. aq mTavrdeboda misi cxovrebis erTi xana da iwyebo-
da axali era. ai, is sityvebi, `aRTqmis sityvebi, aTi sityva~, romlebic
gamoecxada moses:

1. me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac gamogiyvaneT egviptis qveynidan,

monobis saxlidan... aq naTqvamia, xalxs unda scodnoda, rom RmerTi Ta-
visuflebis sulia da rom misi rwmena aTavisuflebs adamians. egvipti-
dan TavdaRweulebs, upirveles yovlisa, es unda scodnodaT. ar gaeCi-
naT mis garda sxva RmerTi, misi erTgulni yofiliyvnen.
2. ar gaekeTebinaT kerpebi an gamosaxuleba raimesi, rac ki arsebobs maR-
la caSi, dabla dedamiwaze da wyalSi, miwis qveS, da Tayvani ar ecaT
maTTvis.
3. ar daeficaT fuWad RvTis saxeli.
4. wmida eyoT SabaTi dRe, radgan SabaTi kurTxeulia _ uflis Sesvenebis
dRe im eqvsi dRis Semdeg, roca igi qmnida samyaros. amitomac adamianma
ar unda isaqmos am dRes.
5. pativi ecaT ded-mamisaTvis, Tu surdaT dRegrZeli yofiliyvnen qveyana-
ze.
6. nu iqnebodnen kacismkvlelni.
7. ar emruSaT.
8. ar equrdaT.
9. ar gamosuliyvnen cru mowmeebad Tvistomis winaaRmdeg.
10. ar endomaT Tvistomis arc saxli, arc coli, arc yma da mxevali, arc
raime misi saqoneli (gam. 20:1-17).
 122

roca mose uflisagan iRebda am rjuls da kidev sxva aucilebel we-

sebs sakulto da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warsamarTavad, israelis ba-
nakSi mosesaTvis moulodneli, magram egviptidan gamosuli, jer kidev Ca-
mouqneli xalxisagan, jer kidev brbosagan, sruliad mosalodneli ram
moxda. es xalxi jer ar icnobda Tavis mfarvel da mxsnel RmerTs. is
RmerTi iyo ¡ahve, moses RmerTi, `is kaci mose~ ki, rogorc xalxi ixseneb-
da mas, ar Canda. maT sulSi sicariele gaCnda: arc egvipteSi iyvnen, arc
is qveyana Canda, sadac unda misuliyvnen, sadac moses mihyavda isini; arc
RmerTebi hyavdaT, arc kerpebi. xalxs gauCnda moTxovnileba, exila im
RmerTebis saxe, romlebmac isini gamoiyvanes egviptidan am udabnoSi. exi-
laT, rom Tayvani ecaT da mSvidad yofiliyvnen am Tohu-va-bohu-Si, mosesi
ki, `im kacisa~, SesaZlebelia, maT aRar sjerodaT, raki veRar xedavdnen.
SesaZlebelia, macdur suladac ki CaTvales.
xalxi mieWra aarons, romelic moses magivrobas swevda mis aryofnaSi,
da mosTxova kerpi. `adeqi da gagvikeTe RmerTebi, romlebic win migviZR-
vodnen, _ uTxres mas, _ radgan ar viciT, ra daemarTa im kacs, moses, ro-
melmac egviptidan gamogviyvana~ (gam. 32:1). es iyo janyi, magram bunebrivi
gamoxatuleba oblad darCenili xalxis suliskveTebisa: xalxs surda wi-
namZRoli hyoloda, romelic mas religias miscemda, aseTi kaci ki aaroni
iyo, `im kacis, moses~, magieri. es asec iyo: roca xalxis winamZRolobis
misias iRebda uflisagan mose, ase uTxra mas ufalma aaronze: `is ilapa-
rakebs xalxTan Sens nacvlad, is iqneba SenTvis bage, xolo Sen RmerTi
iqnebi misTvis~ (gam. 4:16). rogor unda moqceuliyo aaroni, rogor gaemt-
yunebina xalxi, romelsac jer ar hqonda zneoba da rjuli miRebuli.
brbo, romelic ar emorCileboda araviTar kanons. aarons gaTelavda
brbo, rom mas ar aRmoCenoda Teurgiuli (`RmerTSemoqmedebiTi~) niWi, al-
baT egviptis qveynidan gamoyolili, `da uTxra maT aaronma: daxseniT sa-
yureebi Tqvens colebs, vaJebsa da asulebs da aq momitaneT. daixsna
mTelma xalxma sayureebi yurebidan da miutana aarons. gamoarTva aaron-
ma, saWreTeliT gamosaxa saxe da Camoasxa oqros xbo. Tqves: eseni arian,
israelo, Seni RmerTebi, romlebmac egviptidan gamogiyvanes...~ (gam. 32:2-4).
sinais mTis Ziras dawesda kulti, Tumca efemeruli, Tavisi samsxverp-
loTi, msxverplSewirvebiT, dResaswauliT da dResaswaulis Tanmxlebi
RreobiT. msxverplSewirvis Semdeg `dasxda xalxi saWmelad da sasmelad.
mere adgnen da cekva-TamaSi gamarTes~ (gam. 32:6). mTidan Camosul moses ba-
nakSi, mTis Ziras, daxvda oqros xbos winaSe mrokavi xalxi _ maT ukve
epovnaT TavianTi RmerTi. `rogorc ki mouaxlovda banaks da dainaxa xbo
da rokva, risxviT aRinTo mose da xelidan gaagdo fiqalebi da miamsxv-
ria mTis Ziras~ (gam. 32:19).
es iyo daufiqrebeli moqmedeba, radgan risxvis dros ar fiqrobs ada-
miani. amave dros es iyo moses dacema (amas daemata sxva dacemac, risTvi-
sac mose ver eRirsa aRTqmul miwaze fexis dadgmas, mxolod Tvali hkida
mas): man daamsxvria is, rac aklda da rac unda mieRo xalxs, raTa is
rCeuli eri gamxdariyo. moses SeiZleba mosCveneboda, rom es xalxi ar
iyo Rirsi da ver miiRebda RvTiur WeSmaritebas, magram es xalxi xom
aseTi im mizeziT iyo, rom jer ar hqonda gamocxadebuli WeSmariteba,
rogorc naTqvamia `igavTa wignSi~, rom `roca ar aris gamocxadeba, Tavs
gadis xalxi~ (gam. 29:18). am xalxs, kerpis winaSe mrokavs, romelsac da-
karguli hqonda RvTis xati, romlis dasabruneblad unda mieRo sibrZne.
 123

amitomac moses xelmeored mouxda mTaze asvla. `gamoTala mosem ori fi-
qali, im pirvelTa msgavsi, adga dilaadrianad da avida sinais mTaze, ro-
gorc ubrZana ufalma. ori fiqali eWira xelSi...~ (gam. 34:4); `darCa iq,
ufalTan ormoc dRes da ormoc Rames. puri ar uWamia da wyali ar Seus-
vams. dawera fiqalebze aRTqmis sityvebi, aTi sityva~ (gam. 34:28).
`gamosvlaTa wignis~ am adgilidan Cans, rom is sawyisebi, aTi mcnebiT
gamoxatulni, razedac dafuZnebulia marTali cxovreba, ar Sekowiwebula
TandaTanobiT, kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, rogorc Sedegi xangrZ-
livi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa, aramed miRebulia erTbaSad, ro-
gorc gamocxadeba. aq isic Cans, rom gamocxadebis mZime tvirTis mzidve-
li mxolod pirovneba SeiZleba iyos, romelic ganuzomlad maRla dgas
mTel xalxze, aaronzec ki, rogorc mwvervali, xalxi ki mTis ZirSia da
Rreobs. Cans isic, rom adamianSi Tu ram aris maRali warmoSobis, es misi
zneobis rjulia, radgan igi mTis ZirSi ver Seiqmneboda. da Tumca is ca-
Sia `gaCenili~ qveynis dasabamidan, mainc adamianisaTvis aris gaCenili, es
aris misi adamianuri wili caSi. bibliisSemdgomi tradicia am rjuls
ganZad Seracxavs da amgvarad gaiazrebs moses rols am ganZis mopovebaSi:

moses sityvisgeba
roca mose RvTis mTaze avida, angelozebma hkiTxes RmerTs:
_ ra unda CvenTan am diacis naSobs?
_ igi amovida, raTa miiRos rjuli, _ miugo RmerTma.
_ nuTu, _ ganagrZobdnen angelozebi, _ nuTu is ganZi, romelic cxraas-
samocdaToTxmet TaobaSi inaxeboda, adamians unda mieces? ra aris adami-
ani, rom zrunav masze? ra aris Ze kacisa, Sens Sexedvad rom Rirdes? yov-
ladZlieria Seni saxeli, ufalo, mTels qveynierebaze da Seni dideba ca-
Si brwyinavs.
_ Sen gaeci pasuxi, _ uTxra RmerTma moses.
_ meSinia, _ miugo man, _ ar gadambugos Seni bageebis sunTqvam.
_ moeWide Cemi didebis taxts da upasuxe.
_ samyaros ufalo, _ daiwyo maSin mosem, _ ras ambobs rjuli, romlis
mocemasac mpirdebi? gana ase ar iwyeba igi: me var ufali, Seni RmerTi,
romelmac egviptis qveynidan gamogiyvane. magram gana angelozebs gicxov-
riaT egvipteSi da faraonis monebi yofilxarT? aba risTvis gindaT ase-
Ti rjuli?
mere naTqvamia: nu gaixdiT RmerTebad ucxo RmerTebso. magram gana gic-
xovriaT kerpTayvanismcemelTa Soris?
kidev naTqvamia: gaxsovdeT SabaTi dReo. magram gana Tqven gimuSavniaT,
rom dasveneba gWirdebodeT?
kidev naTqvamia: sicrueze nu daificebo. magram gana yofila odesme
Tqven Soris dava?
kidev naTqvamia: pativi miage ded-mamaso. magram gana odesme gyoliaT
mSoblebi?
da bolos naTqvamia: kacs nu moklav, nu imruSeb, nu iqurdebo. magram
gana Tqven Soris moxdeba amgvari rame?
RmerTma moiwona moses pasuxi, angelozebma ki Seiyvares igi.

`Tqva iobma...~
 124

`roca Sevyureb Sens cas, Seni TiTebis namoqmedars,

mTvares da vaskvlavebs, Sen rom daadgine, vfiqrob,
ra aris kaci, rom gaxsovs igi, da adamis Ze, rom
zrunav masze? kinaRam RmerTi gaxade igi da dide-
biTa da pativiT daagvirgvine~
(fsalm. 8:4-6).
amas amboben ara uflis taxtis winaSe mdgari angelozebi, romlebmac
moses sityva-pasuxi moiwones, aramed Tavad `adamis Ze~ (ben adam), SeZru-
li Tavisi bedisa da adgilis gamo am samyaroSi. `roca Sevyureb Sens ca-
so...~ ambobs igi da risi imedi unda hqondes, ra sasoeba adamians, `miwisa-
gan aRebuls~, im sxivosani usasrulobis Semyures? igi ZrwoliT ganic-
dis am sidiades, uflis didebis mowmobas mis qmnilebaSi, magram isic
icis, rom `aha, mTvare rom mTvarea, isic bneldeba da varskvlavebic ar
arian sufTani mis TvalSi! miT ufro kaci, romelic Wiaa, da adamis Ze,
romelic matlia~ (iob. 25:5-6). Tu ciuri mnaTobebi _ kosmogoniuri meoTxe
dRis qmnilebani warmavalia RvTis maradisobis fonze, marTlac, risi
imedi unda hqondes Wias, radac ganicdis Tavs adamis Ze _ meeqvse dRis
qmnileba? roca swored is acxadebs Tavs Wiad da matlad, romlisaganac
yvelaze naklebad moveliT. Tu daviTi, RvTis rCeuli, ambobs, `Wia var me
da ara kacio~ (fs.alm 21:7), mas aSkarad gancdili aqvs ufskruli adamis
dacemisa. gaRviZebulma sindisma daanaxva Tavisi dacemuli saxe da is `xa-
ti RvTisa~, romelic dakarga. kaci Tu ecema, is maRlidan ecema da, rac
ufro Rrmaa dacema, miT ufro met simaRles adasturebs dacemuli. Wiad
mxolod adamis Ze Tu ganicdis Tavs, ciur mnaTobebs es ar moeliT. isini
ar dganan amis saSiSroebis winaSe.
`nu geSinia, Wia iakob!...~ (es. 41;14). aseTi sityvebic Caesmis adamians. es
xma ismis mis SegnebaSi da ganacdevinebs mas upiratesobas samyaros yove-
li qmnilebis winaSe, Tundac iyos es cis didi mnaTobi. radgan warmaval
nivTTa Soris mxolod adamis ZeSi hgies RvTis suli, ruax elohim, rome-
lic kosmogoniis gariJraJze `Cekavda~ samyaros. erTaderTi adamis Zea,
romelic atarebs am suls da es aris misi pativi da dideba. Sinagani xma
eubneba adamis Zes, rom is rCeulia am samyaroSi da rom Semoqmedma gansa-
kuTrebuli niSniT aRbeWda misi buneba da yofa. is ganicdis RvTis siax-
loves da kvlav da kvlav gvesmis am siaxlovis gamoZaxili mis gulSi:
`ra aris kaci, ase rom gagididebia da misken migipyria gulisyuri? rom
amowmeb, yovel diliT da yovel wams rom gamoscdi?~ (iob. 7:17).
adamis Ze ganicdis masze miSuqebul Tvals RvTisas da es aris misi
upiratesobac da gansacdelic. adamis Ze RvTis yuradRebis SuagulSia
moqceuli _ RmerTi amowmebs, gamocdis Tavis qmnilebas, Sesaqmis gvirg-
vins, da es mZime asatania adamianisaTvis, Tumca amaSi mdgomareobs misi
kacobis, adamis Zeobis tvirTi, romelsac versad gaeqceva, Tuki surs ada-
mianad darCes.
mas ki namdvilad surs iyos adamis Ze, daicvas Tavisi adamianuri Rir-
seba _ vis winaSe? cxadia, imis winaSe, visac abaria misi bedi. RmerTma
misca adamians SesaZlebloba, rom hqonoda mas Tavisi sakuTari simarTle
da, aha, adamiani cdilobs daicvas, SeinarCunos es simarTle.
SesaZlebelia, biblia erTaderTi wigni iyos religiur wignTa Soris,
sadac didi yuradReba eqceva adamianis pozicias. marTalia, yovlis Se-
moqmedi aris mTavari moqmedi piri bibliur epizodebSi, is aris mamoZra-
 125

vebeli istoriuli procesisa, magram bibliuri adamiani mudam inarCunebs

damoukideblobas Tavis saqcielSi, _ RmerTi Tvalyurs adevnebs mas da
ar axvevs Tavis nebas, _ da Tavis zraxvebSi. mas aqvs Tavisi Tvalsazrisi
da RmerTi yurs ugdebs am Tvalsazriss. adamians SeuZlia (da es araso-
des ar aris Sefasebuli RvTis winaaRmdeg janyad) gamoiwvios RmerTi di-
alogSi, ufro metic, davaSi, gaumarTos mas samsjavro, sadac daicavs igi
Tavis simarTles. da RmerTic dahyveba adamianis nebas, raki Tavad es neba
RvTiuri warmoSobis aris da RmerTi ar cdilobs mis xelyofas da abu-
Cad agdebas.
adamiani SeiZleba `mtveri da nacari~ iyos, magram mas aqvs ufleba, is
valdebulic aris daicvas adamianis interesi yovladZlieris nebis wina-
Se. gvaxsovs, rogor damorCilda erTxel abraami uflis nebas, roca man
mxolodSobili Zis Sewirva moiTxova mamisagan. magram ufro adre, sanam
isaki _ aRTqmis Svili daibadeboda, abraams hqonda Sexla da paeqroba
ufalTan swored im dRes, roca samma stumarma, romlebic RvTis angelo-
zebi (macneni) aRmoCndnen, Svilis SeZena uwinaswarmetyveles. epizodi gva-
ocebs Tavisi simarTliT, xolo abraami Tavisi kadnierebiT, miT ufro,
rom man icis, rom `mtveri da nacaria~.
es kacebi, uwinaswarmetyveles ra abraamsa da sarais nanatri Svili,
sodomis gasanadgureblad gaemarTnen, raki miswvda RmerTs sodomelTa
codvis ambavi, rom scodavdnen isini adamianis bunebis winaaRmdeg. `ro-
gor davumalo abrams, Cems msaxurs, ris gakeTebasac vapireb?~ (dab. 18:17),
ase gamoxata RmerTma pasuxismgebloba marTali kacis winaSe. xolo dia-
logi maT Soris amgvarad warimarTa:
`gabrundnen kacebi iqidan da wavidnen sodoms, abraami ki kvlav idga
uflis winaSe. mieaxla abraami da uTxra: nuTu marTal kacs boroteul-
Tan erTad daRupav? iqneb aRmoCndes ormocdaaTi marTali mag qalaqSi?
nuTu daRupav da ar Seiwyaleb mag adgils ormocdaaTi marTalis guli-
saTvis, mand rom arian? ar egebis Sengan es saqme, rom moakvdino marTali
boroteulTan erTad da ar iyos garCeva marTalsa da boroteuls Soris.
ar egebis! ar iqneba, rom mTeli qveynierebis msajulma samarTlianad ar
gansajos. uTxra ufalma: Tu vpove sodom-qalaqSi ormocdaaTi marTali,
Seviwyaleb mTels mag adgils maTi gulisaTvis. miugo abraamma da uTxra:
aha, gavbede ufalTan laparaki me, mtverma da nacarma. ormocdaaTs rom
xuTi daakldes? nuTu daRupav amis gamo mTels qalaqs? uTxra: ar davRu-
pav, Tu vpove iq ormocdaxuTi. ganagrZo laparaki abraamma da uTxra: or-
moci rom aRmoCndes? uTxra: ar Caviden amas im ormocis gulisaTvis. Tqva
abraamma: nu gamiwyreba ufali da vityvi: ocdaaTi rom aRmoCndes? uTxra:
ar gavakeTeb amas, Tu vpove ocdaaTi. Tqva abraamma: aha, gavbede ufalTan
laparaki. oci rom aRmoCndes? uTxra: ar davRupav im ocis gulisaTvis.
uTxra abraamma: nu gamiwyreba ufali da am erTxelac vityvi: aTi rom aR-
moCndes? uTxra: ar davRupav im aTis gulisaTvis. wavida ufali, rogorc
ki Sewyvita laparaki abraamTan. abraamic dabrunda Tavis adgilas~ (dab.
18:22-33).
bibliam icis sxva mopaeqre ufalTan, oRond ara iseTi, mSvidi da gawo-
nasworebuli, rogoric abraami gamoCnda am epizodSi, romelsac, SesaZ-
loa, arc ki hqondes raime mimarTeba sodomis istoriasTan, radgan viciT,
rom codvili qalaqi mainc dasaja RmerTma wumwubisa da cecxlis wvime-
biT, gadarCa mxolod ojaxi lotisa, abraamis saxlikacis, romelic mzad
 126

iyo Tavisi asulebis pativi gaewira stumarTa Rirsebis gadasarCenad so-

domelTa xelyofisgan. es fragmenti mainc abraamis simarTlis maZieblu-
ri dokumentia.
is sxva mopaeqre ganTqmuli iobia, yvelaze tragikuli piri mTels Zvel
aRTqmaSi, sakuTari da Tavis bedSi myofTa adamianobis qomagi RvTis wina-
Se, romlis pirovneba ubralod tanjulis magaliTad iqca.
vin iyo iobi? iobi, WeSmaritad, iyo is mama, romlis piriTac RaRadebs
marTal cxovrebas `igavTa wigni~. cxadia, is iyo is Svilic, romelic is-
menda mamisagan am moZRvrebas. da, rogorc abraamze iTqva, rom man `aRTq-
ma Tavis xorcSi gaamyara da gansacdelSi mtkice aRmoCnda~ (zir. 44:20),
aseve iobis suli da guli, Zval-rbilic ki ganimsWvala mamaTa swavliT
da isic mtkice aRmoCnda gansacdelSi, roca daudga gamocdis Jami. naTq-
vamia andazad `ar arsebobs marTali kaci qveyanaze~ (ekl. 7:20) an `SeiZle-
ba marTali iyos diacis naSobio?~ (iob. 15:14), magram iobi ki namdvilad
iyo marTali, wesis gamonaklisi, ara adamianis TvalSi, aramed Tavad uf-
lis TvalSi. ufalma ki gaimeta igi gansacdelad, magram esec naTqvamia,
rom `ufali gamoscdis marTals~ (fs. 10:5).
iobis, rogorc marTali kacis, TviTSegneba, mismieri Sefaseba sakuTari
cxovrebisa missave monologebSi Cans, wignis avtori dasawyisSi bibliu-
ri dawurulobiT gvamcnobs mis pirovnebas da cxovrebis nirs.
`iyo erTi kaci yucis qveyanaSi, saxelad iobi. alali, wrfeli, RvTis-
moSiSi da borotebas ganridebuli iyo es kaci. hyavda mas Svidi vaJi da
sami asuli. hyavda saqoneli _ SvidiaTasi suli cxvari, samiaTasi aqlemi,
xuTasi uReli xari, xuTasi dedali viri, uamravi msaxuri. aRmosavlelTa
Soris yvelaze saxelovani iyo es kaci. stumrobdnen erTmaneTTan misi va-
Jebi da morigeobiT marTavdnen lxins, iwvevdnen TavianT sam das, rom er-
Tad eWamaT da esvaT. roca CamoTavdeboda lxinis dReebi, gagzavnida kacs
iobi da ganwmedda maT. adgeboda dilaadrianad, aRavlenda aRsavlen
msxverpls maTi ricxvisda mixedviT, radgan fiqrobda iobi, iqneb rame
Sescodeso Cemma vaJebma da dahgmeso RmerTi TavianT gulSi. mudam ase iq-
ceoda iobi~ (iob. 1:1-5).
iobi RvTis rCeulia, hyavs Tavisi sapatronebeli xalxi, romelic misi
Svilebisagan Sedgeba; is maTi mzrunveli, moraluri pasuxismgebelia maT
yofa-cxovrebaze uflis winaSe; is mRvdlobs maT, mas miniWebuli aqvs es
funqcia, rogorc rCeul ers, romelzedac naTqvamia, rom igi mRvdelTa
samefo iqneboda (gam. 19:6). SeeZlo aRevlina sruladdasawveli (aRsavle-
ni) msxverpli maT gansawmedelad da asrulebda amas wlidan wlamde. ase
enacvleboda erTmaneTs lxinisa da ganmwmedeli msxverplSewirvis dRee-
bi.
magram iobis simarTle ver Seiqna sawindari misi Svilebis keTildReo-
bisa, rogorc naTqvamia ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi, rom `verc noe,
verc danieli da verc iobi (cocxalimc var! ambobs ufali) ver gadaarCe-
nen vaJsa da asuls, mxolod sakuTar Tavs gadairCenen TavianTi simarT-
liT~ (15:20). magram mis megobrebs SeiZleba efiqraT, rom misma simarTlem
TviT iobic ver ixsna, radgan isini mowmeni gaxdnen maTi moyvasis arnaxu-
li ubedurebisa: erT dRes dakarga iobma mTeli Tavisi qoneba, monagari
da STamomavloba _ ciurma cecxlma gadauwva cxvari da msaxurni, qalde-
velebma aqlemebi wausxes, ufrosi vaJis saxlSi Sekrebili misi Svilebi
damxobilma Werma moiyola qveS da amowyvita. amis Semdeg ar gasula di-
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di xani, rom Tavad iobs Seeyara ukurnebeli seni. im pirveli ubedurebe-

bis Semdeg `adga iobi, Semoixia mosasxami, gadaiparsa Tavi, daeca miwaze
da Tayvani sca. Tqva: SiSveli gamovedi dedis muclidan da SiSveli davb-
rundebi iq. ufalma momca, ufalma waiRo. kurTxeul iyos uflis saxeli.
mainc ar Seucodavs iobs da RvTis augi ar dascdenia~ (iob. 1:20-22). roca
Tavad iobis sxeuls miswvda ubedureba, colis sityvebze, `axlac eWidebi
Sens sialales? barem dagme RmerTi da mokvdio~, nacarSi Camjdarma iobma
miugo: `erTi ugunuri dedakaciviT laparakob! sikeTes kargad vitanT uf-
lisagan, avis atana ki aRar gvinda!~ (iob. 2:9-10).
`arc axla scoda iobma Tavisi bageebiT~, askvnis avtori. magram amiT
ar mTavrdeba iobis ambavi, mxolod WirTaTmena ar aris iobis gansacde-
lis Sinaarsi da azri. amis garda kidev sxva raRacis Tqma surs Txzule-
bas.
bibliis sxva personaJTagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic tragikul viTare-
baSi an sityvas ar Zraven, _ gavixsenoT mdumared mimavali abraami im sa-
Sineli davalebis Sesasruleblad, _ an oriode sityvas Tu aRmoTqvamen,
rogorc magaliTad Svilmkvdari iakobi da daviTi, amaTgan gansxvavebiT
iobi zedmetad uxvi molaparakea. CvenTvis sruliad ucnobia abraamis su-
lis moZraoba im sabediswero dilas an marTali iosebis gancdebi im
dros, roca is Zmebma muxanaTurad Caagdes ormoSi da mere gayides, an ma-
Sin, roca cildawamebuli sapyrobileSi iyo Cagdebuli, is aravis umxels
Tavis simarTles, rogorc saidumlos, saguldagulod dasamarxavs, an gu-
liswuxils, rom misi ambis mkiTxvels scodnoda mainc, Tu ra fiqrebs
aRuZravda mas misi avismqmneli, an ufali, romelmac Wabukobidanve gaswi-
ra am dRisaTvis, Tumca igi axlac ki am dilegSi, grZnobda mis Tanadgo-
mas, iobis Sinagani samyaro ki saaSkaraozea gamotanili. rogorc zis is
gareT, mtverSi da nacarSi, yvelas dasanaxad samzeoze gamotanili Tavisi
samarcxvino seniT (seni yovelTvis, visac ar unda Sehyroda, zizRs iwvev-
da xalxis TvalSi), is eCveneba yvelas, ar imaleba Tavisi fizikuri sxeu-
liT, aseve misi Sinagani samyaroc gadaSlilia mter-moyvaris winaSe.
megobrebi, samni, Tav-Tavisi adgilebidan gamoemarTnen mis sanugeSeb-
lad, `Soridan gaxedes da ver icnes, xma aimaRles da atirdnen. Semoixia
TiToeulma Tavisi mosasxami da Tavs zemoT apnevdnen mtvers~ (iob. 2:12).
es iyo TanagrZnobisa da glovis ritualuri gamoxatuleba _ maT gaimeo-
res yvela moqmedeba, rac iobma Seasrula, rogorc savaldebulo Sesas-
rulebeli mis dReSi CavardnilTaTvis. magram iobs albaT nugeSic sWir-
deboda da mis megobrebsac uTuod evalebodaT misi nugeSiscema; isini
grZnobdnen, rom ar iqneboda sakmarisi ritualuri tradiciuli `Wiris
wyena~, radgan dainaxes, rom iobis mdgomareoba raRac gansakuTrebuli
iyo, magram igi ver Tavsdeboda tradiciis arxSi, rom is andrezad ar
iyo Tqmuli. amitom `isxdnen mis winaSe Svidi dRe da Svidi Rame, aravis
araferi uTqvams misTvis, radgan xedavdnen, rom metismeti iyo misi satan-
jveli~ (iob. 2:13).
marTalia, iobis megobrebi isxdnen mis pirispir, magram isini sruliad
gansxvavebul realobaSi imyofebodnen. maT ver SeZles misi nugeSiscema,
radgan maT ar SeeZloT WeSmariti TanagrZnoba, Tanalmoba, am sityvis
namdvili mniSvnelobiT; maT ver SeZles SeeRwiaT im samyaroSi, sadac
iobma ixila SiSi, ganicada `RvTis saSinelebani~, rogorc aRiara maT wi-
naSe, `RvTis saSinelebebma Semomities~ (iob. 6:4), `saSinelebebi damatyda
 128

Tavso~ (iob. 30:15). Tavis saSinelebasTan martodmarto darCenili iobi uk-

ve ucxo iyo maTTvis, maT ver icnes TavianTi Zveli megobari, sxvaTa manu-
geSebeli da damrigebeli Tavisi sibrZniT, romelic axla Tavad mas ver
Sveloda. maT win ijda sxva iobi, romlisagan maT Svidi dRe-Ramis dumi-
lis Semdeg moismines iseTi sityvebi, rogoric albaT arasodes moesmi-
naT. usazarlesi sityvebi, romlebic ki odesme amosula adamianis piri-
dan. bevri ram, yvelaferi SeiZleba pirobiTi da ritualuri yofiliyo, _
Tavad jdoma megobrebisa am gaubedurebuli, gaucxovebuli adamianis win,
_ magram es sityvebi usaTuod misi sulis amoZaxili iyo. Svidi dRis Sem-
deg iyo, rom `gaxsna iobma bage da daswyevla Tavisi dRe. alaparakda io-
bi da Tqva:
`daiqces is dRe, roca me gavCndi, da Rame, roca iTqva, kaci Caisaxao!
dabneldes is dRe, aRar moxedos mas ufalma zegardamo, aRar inaTos mas-
ze naTelma. moicvas wyvdiadma da aCrdilma sikvdilisa, Rrubeli gadae-
faros Tavze da dRis siSavem SeaZrwunos. bnelma waiRos is Rame, amoSa-
los weliwadidan, TveTa saTvalavSi aRar iTvlebodes. aha, gaberwdes is
Rame, aRar eRirsos netareba! ...dabneldnen misi ganTiadis vaskvlavebi,
elodos naTels da ar Candes, ver ixilos ciskris wamwamebi. rom saSoSi-
ve ar Camiketa kari da ar ganmarida am satanjvels. ratom ar movkvdi de-
dis mucelSive? ratom ar gavTavdi gamosvlisTanave? risTvis amiqves me
muxlebma? ra iyo is ZuZu, romelsac vwovdi?... axlac viwvebodi damSvide-
buli, ZilSi viqnebodi mosvenebiT... ratom ara var mkvdradnaSobiviT ga-
damaluli, axalSobiliviT, romelsac sinaTle ar unaxavs... radgan mewia
SiSis zari...~ (iob. 31:1-25).
iobs ar daugmia RmerTi, _ ar dahyva evas rCevas _ aramed dagmo saku-
Tari Tavi, sakuTari sicocxle, arseboba (`vyofiliyavi rogorc aryofi-
li, saSodan saflavSi Cavsuliyavi~, iob. 10:19), uarhyo RvTis madli da
inatra araraoba, saidanac Seqmna RmerTma yovelive arsebuli. amitomac
aRiqves misma megobrebma am wyevlis sityvebi Semoqmedis gmobad. magram
gana am gatanjuli kacis daZrulma bageebma ar warmoTqves kacTagan gau-
gonari rwmeniT aRsavse sityvebi, romelTa sabediswero paToss `mdinaris
gamoRma~ msxdari megobrebi ver mixvdebodnen: `kidec rom momklas, mainc
misi imedi maqvs _ mainc davicav Cems gzebs mis winaSeo!~ (iob. 13:15).
am sityvebSia sasoeba yovladZlierisadmi, rogorc erTaderTi msaju-
lisadmi, aseve rwmena sakuTar simarTleSi, rom is arsebobs obieqturad
anu RvTis winaSe (iobi xom `dadioda RvTis winaSe~ msgavsad sxva mar-
TalTa), amitomac, miuxedavad ZalTa uTanasworobisa, is iwvevs samsjav-
roSi mas, vis xelSia Zalac da samarTalic da ganmkiTxavi aravin hyavs,
Tavad ki `namcecia~, `mtverSi da nacarSi~ dagdebuli. `dadumdiT da ma-
laparakeTo (eubneba Tavis nugeSismcemelT anu mamxilebelT), mere rac
momiva, momivideso~ (iob. 13:13), _ aseTia misi suliskveTeba. mas ar SeuZlia
sakuTari simarTlis uaryofa, rogorc marTals, gamtyuneba sakuTari Ta-
visa RvTis winaSe, romelic xedavs mis gzebs da daTvlili aqvs yoveli
misi nabiji (iob. 31:4). ver gamoigonebs codvas, romelic ar Caudenia,
RvTis saameblad ver moicodvilebs Tavs, ver miepirfereba, rogorc misi
megobrebi epirferebian, roca erTmaneTs ecilebian iobis kicxvaSi da gam-
tyunebaSi, da miaweren iobs yvela codvas da danaSauls, rac odesme Cau-
denia adamians da risi Cadenac SeuZlia (iob. 22:5-9), miaweren mxolod im
motiviT, rom iobic adamiania, diacis naSobi, _ aseTia maTi logika. iobi
 129

ki ambobs alali guliT: `RmerTs vficav, romelmac wamarTva simarTle

da yovladZliers, romelmac gamimwara sicocxle! vidre vsunTqav da
RvTis suli midgas nestoebSi, Tu Cemma bageebma Tqvan sicrue da Cems
enas dascdes tyuili... Cems simarTleze vdgavar mtkiced da ar moveSvebi,
ar davugmivar Cems guls Cemi dRe da moswreba!~ (iob. 27:2-6). megobrebs ki,
romlebmac eWvi Seitanes mis simarTleSi, gulmokluli eubneba: `RvTisT-
vis laparakobT tyuils, misTvis laparakobT sicrues? mas unda mikerZoe-
bodiTo? RmerTs unda gamosarClebodiTo?~ (iob. 13:7-8).
es megobrebi swored is xalxia, romelTac eadvilebaT sxvis omSi sib-
rZnis gamoCena. magram maTi sibrZne gacamtverebulia iobis erTi amoZaxi-
lis winaSe: `dadumdebodeT mainc! es iqneboda Tqveni sibrZneo~ (iob. 13:5).
iobi albaT gulisxmobs, darwmunebulia, rom maTi SviddRiani dumili
ufro mWevrmetyveluri da ufro Rrma iyo, vidre axla maTi laparaki.
magram adamiani pirmetyveli arsebaa da ar SeuZlia ar ilaparakos. im du-
milis Semdeg, roca gavida Svidi dRe, megobrebs unda daekraT misTvis
Tavi da wasuliyvnen, magram isini alaparakdnen, da sabolood, es ar mou-
wona maT ufalma, radgan siwrfele ar Canda maT laparakSi (`uTxra
ufalma elifaz Temanels: ainTo Cemi risxva Sens mimarT, radgan Cemi
morCili iobiviT gulwrfelad ar ilaparakeT Cemze~, iob. 42:7). maTi sity-
vebi satanjvelSi ar iyo gamotarebuli, amitom arc fasi hqonda maT io-
bis TvalSi an uflis TvalSi. an saerTod, ra fasi hqonda sityvas, ra Se-
eZlo gamoeTqva sityvas? mxolod iobs SeeZlo scodnoda, rom yoveli
sityva, adamianis bageebidan daZruli, uZluria erTaderTisa da ganumeo-
reblis gamosaxatavad _ es ki misi simarTlea; iobic adamiania da am dRe-
Si myofs moTxovnileba aqvs laparakisa, oRond mas imedi ara aqvs, rom
sityva ixsnis gasaWiridan, rom sityva gaamarTlebs mas. `rogor Sevepasu-
xo, rogor SevarCio misTvis saTqmelio?~ _ ambobs is, `marTalic rom vi-
yo ar Sevepasuxebi, mxolod Sevevedrebi Cems msajuls~ (iob. 9:14-15). mxo-
lod iobs Tu SeeZlo eTqva `marTalic rom viyo, Cemive bageebi gamamtyu-
nebeno, umwikvloc rom viyo, gamaSavebeno~ (iob. 9:20). amas ambobs iobi. al-
baT imitom ambobs, rom ara aqvs imedi adamianuri sityvisa, rom xrwnadma
bageebma SeZlon uxrwneli simarTlis anu umwikvloebis gamoxatva. an is
Serigebulia im azrs, rom verasodes gaimarTlebs Tavs Tavisi sityviT
(`vici, mainc ar gamamarTleb, me gavmtyundebi! risTvis unda davSvre ama-
od?~ iob. 9:28-29). Tumca mainc laparakobs da aRmoTqvams sakvirvel sity-
vebs, romlebic amxelen maTi warmomTqmelis zRvardaudebel sulgrZelo-
bas: `kidec rom momklas, misi imedi maqvs _ mainc davicav Cems gzebs mis
winaSe. isic xsna iqneba CemTvis, rom uRvTo kaci ver miva mis winaSe~
(iob. 13:15-16).
iqneb iobi imas ambobs, rom simarTle, Tu misi ara, sxvisi mainc gaimar-
jvebs, radgan mas swams, rom uRvTo ver gamarTldeba uflis TvalSi; io-
bi ukuTqmiTi formiT gamoxatavs imeds, rom RvTisnieri gamarTldeba uf-
lis winaSe; mas xom ar Seucodavs, xom ar daugmia RmerTi; roca yvelafe-
ri dakarga, man xom Tqva moTminebiT: ufali iZleva, ufals miaqvso. roca
yvelaferi dakarga, raRa darCa iobs, garda sakuTari Tavisa? Tavi ar wa-
urTmevia misTvis ufals, ufro sworad satanas, romelmac uflis miSve-
biT moutana iobs es ubedurebani. axla iobi marto darCa sakuTar Tav-
Tan, mas ki erCivna sruliad daekarga cnobiereba da yofiliyo, rogorc
aryofili. mas waerTva yvelaferi, risi SeZena da moxveWa mas SeeZlo (ma-
 130

terialuri dovlaTi, STamomavloba), magram SerCa is, rac moniWebuli

hqonda mas RvTisagan _ suli anu birTvi misi pirovnebisa, romlis mospo-
ba, cxadia, satanas _ RvTis winaaRmdgoms ar SeeZlo.
roca iobi ganSiSvlda, rogorc Tqva, da ufro meti moitana am sityveb-
ma, vidre iyo nagulisxmevi maTSi, `SiSveli gamovedi dedis muclidan da
SiSveli davbrundebio iq~, ganSiSvlda yovelive warmavalisagan, rac ki
wuTisofelSi mieweba mas, maSin ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa is erTaderTi,
misTvis yvelaze axlobeli _ misi suli. ganSiSvlebuli iobis suli pi-
rispir dgas RvTis winaSe, amqveyniuri iluziebi veRar faravs misgan
RvTis saxes, is uSualod ganicdis `magar xels~ (iad xazakah), Tavis Tav-
ze, imave xels, romelmac airCia iakobi da mere uxvi egviptidan, TiTqos
dasaxocad (rogorc ubir xalxs egona) xriok udabnoSi gahyavda misi
STamomavloba. `SemibraleT, SemibraleT, megobrebo, _ gahyviris iobi, _
radgan RvTis xeli Semexo me!~ (iob. 19:21); Sexebis niSanic TvalsaCino iyo
adrec, roca iobi dovlaTiTa da monagariT iyo savse da `itanda~ am si-
keTes (iob. 2:10). da axlac, roca misi ubedureba, rogorc niSani, Tvalsa-
Cinoa yvelasaTvis, samzeozea gamotanili, da am avsac itans igi. magram
megobrebs ar surT daijeron, rom iobi gansakuTrebuli bedis kacia, rom
is rCeulia. vin xar, ase rom laparakob RmerTze da adamianze, ra gamo-
naklisi xar kacTa modgmidano, `ra ici iseTi, rac Cven ar viciT~, `RvTis
saidumlo xom ar mogismeniao?~
marTlac arsebobda `RvTis saidumlo~, romelic exeboda iobs, magram
es ar icoda iobma, arc misma megobrebma icodnen. ar icodnen, rom misi
rCeuloba caSi gadawyda, roca RvTisSvilebi eaxlnen ufals, maT Soris
eSmakic _ satana (satan `mowinaaRmdege~). es ambavi `iobis wignis~ dasaw-
yisSia moTxrobili. ufalma satanas mianeba marTali iobi, `alali, wrfe-
li, RvTismoSiSi da borotebas ganridebuli kaci~, raTa gamoecada igi
da ufro imitom, rom satanaze gaemarjva iobiT, misi simarTliT da moT-
minebiT. radgan satana ambobda, rom iobis RvTismosavoba ar iyo uangaro,
ufali amayobda Tavisi morCiliT, `xom aravin aris misi msgavsi qveyana-
zeo~ (iob. 1:8), satana ki eubneboda: `mereda, tyuil-ubralod aris iobi
RvTismoSiSi? gana Sen ar gyavs daculi mTeli misi saxl-kariTa da saba-
debliTurT? misi xeliT naqmari Sengan aris kurTxeuli... aba, gaiwode xe-
li da Seexe mTels mis sabadebels, Tu pirSi ar dagiwyos gmoba~ (1:9-11).
maSin ufalma neba misca satanas mis sabadebelze da monagarze. da dae-
Rupa iobs sabadebeli da monagari _ Svidi vaJi da sami asuli. rogorc
viciT, ar daugmia iobs ufali. iobma daiTmina yvelaferi, Svilmkvdarma,
eulad darCenilma patriarqma udrtvinvelad miiRo es xvedri, maSin iyo,
rom Tqva: `SiSveli gamovedi dedis muclidan da SiSveli davbrundebi
iq~. kidev Seikribnen RvTisSvilebi uflis winaSe da kidev mivida masTan
satanac. ufals hqonda sababi eamaya iobiT, Tavisi gaCeniliT da morCi-
liT. `xom aravin aris misi msgavsi qveyanazeo?~ satanam ki: `aba, gaiwode
xeli da Seexe Tavad mas _ mis Zvalsa da xorcs, Tu pirSi ar dagiwyos
gmoba~ (iob. 2:5). ai maSin iyo, rom Seeyara iobs samarcxvino seni, rom Caj-
da nacarSi da kecis natexiT iqavebda tans. maSin iyo colis sityvebze
`barem dagme RmerTi da mokvdio~, rom upasuxa `sikeTes kargad vitanT
uflisagan, avis atana ki aRar gvindao?~ (iob. 2:10).
amis meti rom araferi eTqva iobs, marto es sityvebi moutanda mas ga-
marjvebas. iobis am sityvebiT sZlia RmerTma satanas. iobma gansacdelSi
 131

daadastura, rom is namdvilad aris uflis rCeuli da amitomac yvelafe-

ri daubruna mas, rac warTmeuli hqonda, da `ukurTxa ufalma iobs dar-
Cenili dReebi winandelze ufro metad~ (iob. 42:22), da iobic mokvda, ro-
gorc uflis rCeuli mamamTavarni kvdebodnen da rogorc yoveli Zveli
kaci natrobda sikvdils, `moxucebuli da dResruli~ (anu `dReebiT maZ-
Rari~ sebay Yamim).
ufalma gaimarjva iobis magaliTiT. magram Tavad iobisaTvis ras niS-
navda es eqsperimenti, saxifaTo gamocda? risTvis unda Cavardniliyo
adamis Ze am tragikul gansacdelSi? nuTu imis saCveneblad, rom adamia-
nis wuTisofeli ar gaivlis satanjvelis gareSe? an im ganzraxviT xom
ar daidga es drama, rom TvalsaCino yofiliyo iobis erT-erTi manugeSeb-
lis naTqvami _ adamiani satanjvelad ibadeba da naperwklebi maRla mif-
rinavs (iob. 5:7), sityvebi, romlebic ufro iobs unda warmoeTqva. RmerTma
sZlia satanas, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar dauTmo mas iobi da manve gaamtyuna
iobis manugeSebelni maTi sibrZniTurT, _ es iyo `igavTa wignis~ sibrZne,
kerZod, Sexeduleba adamianur satanjvelze, rogorc sasjelze codvis
wil, _ romelmac ver `gasWra~ iobis magaliTze. es sibrZne gauqmda ufro
maRali sibrZnis naTelsayofad, sadac Seezava erTmaneTs RvTiuri da ada-
mianuri TvalTaxedvani. es sibrZne sityvierad ar gamoxatula `iobis wig-
nSi~, Tumca misi erT-erTi daskvnaa. is iTqva garkveviT ieremias winaswar-
metyvelebaSi: `Tqva ufalma: Sens sikeTes rom ar vapirebde, arc mtrebs
mogisevdi simZimilsa da gasaWirSi~ (ier. 15:11). ufali mTels ers mimar-
Tavs, magram TiToeuli eriskaci Tavis Tavze iRebs am sityvebs.
ra ici iseTi, rac Cven ar viciT? _ Tavze dasZaxian manugeSebelni iobs.
maT ver icnes iobi verc garegnulad, _ is `dediSobila~ ijda maT wina-
Se, _ da verc azrTa wyobiT. is sruliad gardaqmniliyo, iseT sityvebs
amoisroda bageebidan, romelTa msgavsi ar smenodaT maT. Tumca misi sit-
yvebi mxolod naperwklebi iyo im cecxlisa, romelic mis arsebaSi tria-
lebda. iobi am cecxlSi myofi daupirispirda Tavis megobarTa tradici-
ul Teologias _ moZRvrebas RmerTze da adamianze. am gansacdelSi dai-
bada WeSmariti RvTisSemecneba. `raSi sWirdeba yovladZliers Seni simar-
Tle? an ra gamorCena eqneba, Tu Sen wrfeli gzebiT ivli?~ (iob. 22:3) _
eubneba megobari iobs. ase fiqroben misi manugeSebelni, magram iobis ma-
galiTma daamtkica, rom RmerTs sWirdeba adamianis simarTle. simarTle
iaraRia RvTis xelSi, es iTqva, satanis winaaRmdeg. iobis mTeli gansac-
deli imas adasturebs, rom RmerTs sWirdeba ara mxolod simarTle ada-
mianisa, aramed Tavad adamiani, rogorc suli da xorci. rom RmerTs iseve
ar SeuZlia uadamianod, rogorc adamians _ uRmerTod; radgan RmerTma
adamiani Tavis xatad Seqmna _ amiT yvelaferi naTqvamia; radgan adamiani
mis saxes, xats atarebs, RmerTs surs adamiani mudam TavisTan yavdes, mi-
si mxedvelobis areSi iyos; rom kavSiri _ aRTqma RmerTsa da adamians
Soris maradiuli iyos; rom adamiani RvTisaTvis ara mxolod sasurvelia,
aramed aucilebelic da, SeiZleba iTqvas, avsebs mis bunebas, _ es intui-
cia gamosWvivis iobis monologebidan; amodis rogorc naperwkali im bev-
ri sityvebis fonze, misi tkivilebis CasaxSobad rom arian moxmobilni.
`oh, netav qvesknelSi dammalavde! Seminaxavde, vidre Seni risxva gada-
ivlides! dros damiTqvamde da mere gamixsenebde! Tu mokvda kaci, gana
kvlav icocxlebs? mTeli Cemi maSvralobis dReebi davelodebodi Cemi
feriscvalebis dadgomamde; damiZaxebdi da mec xmas gagcemdi _ Sen xel-
 132

Ta qmnileba mogenatreboda~ (iob. 14:13-15). Tu Rirda es sityvebi iobis sa-

tanjvelad? Rirda, aSkarad Rirda. amazea dafuZnebuli Zveli aRTqmis Te-
ologia da anTropologia (moZRvreba RmerTis Sesaxeb da moZRvreba ada-
mianis Sesaxeb, rogorc erTiani moZRvreba, ganuyofeli _ Zveli aRTqmis
mTavari ZarRvi). ras gulisxmobs iobi `maSvralobis dReebSi~? axlandel
yofas da ara winandels, dalxinebuls? Tu asea, iobs miuRia satanjveli
da am satanjvels uSvia imedi RmerTTan Sexvedrisa, metic: SerigebiT Sex-
vedrisa. ufro metic: rwmena imisa, rom RmerTs swyuria es Sexvedra. `ax-
la miwaSi rom viwve, diliT Zebnas damiwyebdi da aRar viqnebodi~ (7:21) _
ambobs iobi; axla ukve RmerTs, uxilavs, mimarTavs da ara Tavis manugeSe-
belT, romlebic qadageben upirovno RmerTs da ufskruls RmerTsa da
adamians Soris. iobis Teologia ki pirovnuli gamocdilebis Sedegia.
rogorc `RvTis xatad~ Seqmnili adamis `aRmoCena~. misi arsia ormxrivi
rwmena RmerTsa da adamians Soris: iseve, rogorc RmerTs swamda iobisa,
rom is gauZlebda gansacdels da Seinaxavda RvTis xatebas Tavis TavSi
(anu ar dagmobda Tavis pirvelsaxes _ RmerTs), aseve iobs swamda, rom
RmerTi ar daiviwyebda mas, moenatreboda da axilvinebda Tavs, `me Tavad
davinaxav mas da Cemi Tvalebi ixilaven, ara sxvisnio~ (iob. 19:27), anu sa-
kuTari gamocdilebiT Sevimecnebo mas, rom ambobda, RmerTi marTlac ga-
moecxada mas satanjvelis dasasruls grigalSi, rogorc Zvel winaswar-
metyvelT ecxadeboda, raTa kaci dawafeboda RvTisSemecnebis pirvelwya-
ros, _ es iyo iobis sazRauri satanjvelis wil, _ da man Tqva maSin:
`yurmokvriT msmenoda Senze, axla ki Cemi TvaliT gixileo~ (iob. 42:5),
sityvebi, romlebic warmoiTqmis alali guliT, roca aqamde Seuxvedreli
ucnob-nacnobni xvdebian erTmaneTs.

bolo Tavi
`Zvel aRTqmaSi dafarulia axali aRTqma,
axalSi gamocxadebulia Zveli~.
(netari avgustine iponeli)

dabolos, msurs ganvmarto sazrisi Sesityvebisa, romelic saTaurad

uzis am wigns _ `Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli~. SeiZleba visme uadgilod
moeCvenos maradiuli wignis mimarT wuTisoflis cneba, romelic esoden
axloa qarTuli msoflgancdisTvis da zedmiwevniT gamoxatavs
adamianuri (rogorc pirovnuli, ise sakacobrio) yofis warmavlobas. am
warmavlobas eqvemdebareba ara Tavad wigni, aramed is istoriuli
procesi, romelic avsebs mis Sinaarss, qveynis Sesaqmidan dawyebuli
dangreuli ierusalimis da misi taZris aRdgeniT damTavrebuli. istoria
denadia, rogorc mdinare, adamiani ki, istoriis subieqti, romelic
miapobs mdinaris talRebs, _ warmavali. maradiuli RmerTi ara mxolod
zemodan adevnebs Tvalyurs am process, aramed monawileobs masSi. amas
bibliis yoveli mkiTxveli grZnobs da adasturebs. istoria, dawyebuli
edemi baRSi saubriT, RmerTisa da da adamianis dialogia. aris masSi
maradiuli raRac, rac dafarulia, rogorc saboloo mizani, da aris
masSi warmavali CenCo _ miznis misaRwev, xSirad kaenur saSualebaTa
mTeli industria.
 133

wuTisofeli wignis saTaurSi niSnavs imasve, rasac berZnuli eoni

( aion ), romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens ZvelaRTqmiseuli yolam
konceptis berZnul Sesatyviss. berZnuli eon (aion) da ebrauli yolam
gamoiyeneba im droJamuli monakveTis mniSvnelobiT, romelsac aqvs Tavisi
dasawyisi da aqvs Tavisi miznobrivi dasasruli (berZnuli telos xom
orives _ mizansac da dasasrulsac aRniSnavs). aris didi wuTi da aris
mcire wuTi. didi wuTi moicavs mTels monakveTs qveynis gaCenidan
(`dasawyisSi Seqmna RmerTma...~ dab. 1:1) saboloo dasasrulamde (`modis
Jami yvela xalxisa da enaTa Sekrebisa; movlen da ixilaven Cems didebas~,
esaia 66:18), mcire wuTi ki am did wuTSi mimdinare istoriis Semadgeneli
nawilia. Tu davukvirdebiT, biblia _ Zveli aRTqma moqceulia (CarTulia)
am did wuTSi, romelic qveynis gaCeniT iwyeba, mimdinareobs masSi da mis
farglebSive poulobs dasasruls, rogorc mizans. didi eoni, didi
wuTisofeli grZeldeba, mcire ki sadRac misi mdinarebis erT monakveTSi
mTavrdeba. es aris Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli, erTi TviTkmari
mTlianoba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, davrCebiT Zveli aRTqmisve Tvalsazrisze.
Zveli aRTqmis wuTisofeli, romelic rCeuli xalxis aqtebiT aris
avsebuli, Tavis mTlianobaSi oTx erTmaneTis Tanamimdevrul, erT-
maneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebul xanas moicavs. esenia israelis svlani
wuTisoflis gzebze: I. msxemoba (patriarqebis xana qanaanSi:). II. monoba
(egvipturi xana). III. Tavisufleba (udabnos xana). IV. mkvidroba qanaanSi.

I. patriarqebis xana qanaanSi maTi msxemobiT aRiniSneba. rogoria

abraamis cxovrebis wesi qanaanSi, sadac Sevida is uflis nebiT? qanaani
ar aris is qveyana, sadac man unda imkvidros. es is qveyanaa, sadac mudam
ucxod, msxemad (gerad) unda darCes. abraami mudmivmoarulia. es svla
abraamis cxovrebis wesia. is arsad ar aSenebs saZirkvlian saxls, aramed
mxolod `samsxverplos uflisaTvis~ _ erTaderT qvis nagebobas, da
dgams karavs, romelic msxemobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi atributia (fsalm.
119:5). mas ara aqvs erTi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, arsad
safuZvlianad ar ikidebs fexs. mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi sicocxlis
manZilze is rCeba ucxo adamianad qanaanSi, mosulad, aramkvidrad, rasac
gamoxatavs sityva-cneba ger.
II. egviptis xana. egvipteSi Casvla nawinaswarmetyvelevi iyo
abraamisTvis micemul aRTqmasTan erTad. rogor gamoixateba egvipteSi
cxovrebis wesi? es aris msxemobis sruliad sawinaaRmdego yofa: iosebi
faraonis wyalobiT Tavis xalxs daasaxlebs egviptis saukeTeso miwaze _
goSenSi, sadac is TiTqos miwis mkvidri unda gamxdariyo. msxemi icvlis
statuss, magram ara mkvidrobisken, aramed monobisken. egvipteSi ucxooba
monobaSi gadaizrdeba; is xdeba mona industriuli sazogadoebisa,
rogoric iyo faraonuli egvipte, qalaqebisa da piramidebis maSenebeli.
`karavSi mcxovrebis~ STamomavali, romelsac safuZvliani saxli
arasodes auSenebia, axla egvipteSi agurebs amzadebs `saukuno~ saxlebis
asagebad. monoba ucxoobisa da msxemobis ukiduresi saxea, misi saboloo
zRvaria.
III. udabnos xana. egviptis monobisgan TavdaRweva da ganTavisufleba
imTaviTve udabnos daukavSirda. `gagviSvi udabnoSi...~ (gam. 5:3). egviptidan
gasvla iyo imavdroulad udabnoSi gasvla _ gasvla TavisuflebaSi.
egviptidan gasvliT ori ram gakeTda: xalxi gaTavisuflda da, amasTanave,
 134

daibruna msxemobis sawyisi statusi, magram gascda mas. udabnoSi

cxovrebas ganvixilavT, rogorc msxemobis zRvrul realizacias, roca
uqmdeba msxemoba da yofa ufro maRal safexurze adis. ori gzaa
msxemobidan: egvipteSi CasvliT (egvipte dabali adgilia) msxemi monad
iqca; udabnoSi asvliT (udabno maRali adgili) monam Tavisufleba
moipova. amieridan arc mona, arc msxemi, aramed Tavisufali. es iyo
udabnos xanaSi.
IV. qanaanSi damkvidrebis xana: cxovrebis wesi icvleba msxemobisa da
abeluri yofis sapirispirod (miwis damuSaveba, qalaqebis Seneba,
`moxetiale~ uflis karvis sanacvlod saZirkvliani taZari). moZraoba,
mimosvla, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo patriarqebisTvis, am xanaSi wydeba.
Tormeti tomi inawilebs qanaanis miwas, raTa TiToeulma imkvidros Tavis
wilxvedrilze, romelic uflis nebam gadauwyvita mas.
wre ikvreba: israeli ubrundeba abraamis im mkvidrobis mdgomareobas,
romelic hqonda mas qaldevelTa urSi (anu mkvidrobas), saidanac
gamovida (dab. 11:31). xalxi dasaxlda miwaze, Seqmna samefo da cxovrobda,
rogorc mkvidri, Tumc mainc ucxo qanaanis qveyanaSi eqvsasi weli. magram
ar iyo samudamo mkvidroba. kvlav dgeba msxemobis xana, romelic
ganTesva-gandevnilebis niSniT meordeba xalxis cxovrebaSi. amieridan is
msxemobs babilonSi da yvelgan sxvagan, sadac ganidevneba.
magram grZeldeba wuTisoflis gzebze svla: arc es msxemobaa samudamo.
israeli brundeba babilonidan, raTa aRadginos ierusalimi da misi
taZari da kvlav moipovos mkvidroba.
amaze wydeba Zveli aRTqmis istoria. es aris Zveli aRTqmis wuTi-
sofeli. is Caketilia am wignSi. is TviTkmaria.
magram is, rac TiTqos Caketilia da dasrulebuli, Ria da gangrZo-
badia winaswarmetyvelTa xilvebis horizontze. iSleba axali
perspeqtivebi.
winaswarmetyvelTa xilvebSi ramdenime horizontia. pirveli, romelic
Zvel aRTqmaSive poulobs axdomas (ieremias winaswarmetyveleba
babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebis Sesaxeb); meore: gaxleCili samefos
gamTlianebis molodini, rac tanjuli mesiis (macxovris) molodinSi
gadaizrdeba (esaia 53, romelzec netari ieronimusi werda, rom aq esaia
ufro maxarebelia, vidre winaswarmetyvelio), rac aseve axda, da sabo-
lood, mesame: esqatologiuri imedi axali Sesaqmisa kvlav esaias xil-
vaSi (`aha, Sevqmni axal cas da axal miwas, da aRar gaixseneba winan-
deli....~ 65:17; `mgeli da kravi erTad moZoven~, 65:25), ramac axali aRTqmis
wignebSi, kerZod, pavle mociqulis epistoleebsa da ioane RvTismetyve-
lis `gamocxadebaSi~ (`vixile axali ca da axali miwa, vinaidan pirveli
ca da pirveli miwa gardaxda~, 21:1) hpova dadastureba.
 135

bibliuri qronologia
(TariRebi miaxloebiTia)

2167-1992 abraamis wlebi

2092 abraamis Sesvla qanaanSi
2067-1887 isakis wlebi
2007-1860 iakobis wlebi
1877 iakobis Casvla egvipteSi
1250-1239 egviptidan gamosvla
1877-1447 israeli egvipteSi
1527-1407 moses wlebi
1447 egviptidan gamosvla
1407 qanaanSi Sesvla
1351-1051 msajulTa xana
1051-1011 sauli, israelis erTiani samefos pirveli mefe
1011-971 daviTi
9710-931 solomoni
967-960 taZris Seneba
929 erTiani samefos gayofa (israeli da iuda)
782-753 winaswarmetyvelni osia da amosi
767-739 winaswarmetyvelni esaia da miqa
626 winaswarmetyveli ieremia
593 winaswarmetyveli ezekieli
597 ierusalimis aReba babilonelTa mier
586 ierusalimisa da misi taZris dangreva. xalxis gadasaxleba babi-
lonSi
536-515 winaswarmetyvelni zaqaria da angia
515-445 winaswarmetyveli malaqia
538 xalxis dabruneba ierusalimSi kiros sparsTa mefis dros
516 taZris xelmeored aSeneba

gaerTianebuli bibliuri sazogadoebebi

saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba
Tbilisi
2003