regioni

Zveli
saberZneTi
da Cven rismag gordeziani

68
 berZenTa da qarTvelTa Soris urTierTobebi TiTqmis oTx
aTaswleuls – ormoc saukunes – moicavs. msoflioSi Znelia moina­
xos amJamad istoriis asparezze moqmedi sxva iseTi ori xalxi, ro­
melTa Soris kontaqtebs esoden xangrZlivi tradicia eqneboda.
berZnuli miTebis Tanaxmad, evropa maSin daibada, rodesac uze­
naesma RmerTma, zevsma, xaris saxiT movlenilma, moitaca mSvenieri
finikieli asuli evrope da kunZul kretaze gadaiyvana. mas zevsi­
sagan sami vaJi SeeZina – minosi, sarpedoni da radamanTisi. minosi
gaxda kretis Zlevamosili mefe, romlis drosac kunZuli Tavisi
kulturiT da adamianuri Semoqmedebis mraval sferoSi miRweve­
biT mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi erT-erT yvelaze ufro dawi­
naurebul regionad iqca. XIX saukunis meore naxevridan hainrix
Slimanis dawyebulma da Semdgom arqeologTa mTeli Taobebis mier
gagrZelebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma Zveli welTaRricxvis
II aTaswleulSi, anu e. w. legendarul berZnul miTebSi asaxuli am­
bebis epoqaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi brwyinvale civilizaciebis
arseboba daadastures: kunZul kretaze aRmoCenil kulturas, mi­
Tiuri mefis saxelis mixedviT minosuri, kontinentur saberZneTSi
aRmoCenils ki, homerosis poemebidan cnobili legendaruli mefis,
agamemnonis, sarezidencio qalaqis mixedviT, mikenuri ewoda. kirke da odisevsi, Zv. w. V s. keramika,
aTenis arqeologiuri muzeumi..

 medea da xari,wiTelfiguruli keramika, Jan pol getis muzeumi, malibu, aSS. 69

regioni
pasifae da minotavri, atikuri wiTel-
figuriani keramika, Zv. w. 340-320.
70
berZnebi miiCnevdnen, rom maT damkvidrebamde istoriuli sa­
berZ­neTis teritoriebze egeida – xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebi
da balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli – winaberZnul tomebs ekavaT. maTi
kulturis aRmavlobam Tavisi umaRlesi gamoxatuleba minosur
kretaze hpova. ukve im Soreul warsulSi, berZnuli tradiciis Ta­
naxmad, winaberZnul mosaxleobasa da kolxebs Soris erTob mWidro
urTierTobebi arsebula: minosis meuRle da misi Svilebis deda
kolxeTis mefis, aietis, da pasifae iyo, Tavad aietis – mze-Rmer­
Tis, heliosis, samkvidrebeli ki saberZneTSi mdebare efire yofi­
la, saidanac igi kolxeTSi, anu Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTve­
loSi gadasula da iq Zlieri da maRalganviTarebuli kolxeTis
samefo Seuqmnia.
aietis meore da kirke ki, piriqiT, aRmosavleTidan dasav­
leTiT daZrula da italiis teritoriaze uZvelesi kul­
turebis warmoqmnisaTvis gamxdara erT-erTi umTavre­
si biZgis mimcemi. amgvarad, ukve berZnuli miTologiuri
tradiciis mixedviT, Zvel saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli
figurebi aqtiurad yofilan CarTuli im procesebSi, rom­
mocekvave, knosos sasaxlis kedlis
mxatvroba, kreta, Zv.w. 1600-1450
 Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

lebic xmelTaSuazRvispireTis regionSi berZnebis, laTinebis da

sxva indoevropuli tomebis damkvidrebamde mimdinareobda.

areklaven es miTebi raRac istoriul realobas Tu

mxolod berZnuli fantaziis nayofs warmoadgenen?
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi wamoyenebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom wi­
naberZnul enobriv samyaroSi Zalze mniSvnelovania qarTveluri
elementi. igi Tavs iCens asobiT sityvaSi, romelic berZnuls wi­
naberZnulidan unda SeeTvisebina, im sufiqsebsa Tu prefiqsebSi,
romlebic saberZneTis geografiul saxelwodebebSi gvxvdeba da
aseve winaberZnulidan unda yofiliyo nasesxebi. mecnierebi am mov­
lenas Zv. w. XX saukunis damdegisaTvis kavkasiidan qarTvelur tom­
Ta erTi nawilis egeidaSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad miiCneven.

SegviZlia Tu ara winaberZnuli enebi qarTveluris

monaTesaved miviCnioT?
am kiTxvaze saboloo pasuxis gacema Se­
eZ­
leba minosur kretaze aRmoCenili e.w.
A-xazovani damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli
warwerebis gaSifvras, romlebic inaxaven
kunZulis uZvelesi da, Sesabamisad, wi­
naberZnuli mosaxleobis enis warmomav­
lobis saidumlos.
minosuri civilizaciis daqveiTeba im katastrofulma vul­
kanurma amofrqvevam gamoiwvia, romelic egeosis zRvaSi mdebare
kunZul santorinize moxda Zv. w. XVI saukuneSi da romelmac, faq­
tobrivad, waleka minosuri civilizacia. Zveli samyaros istori­
ul asparezze gamovida axali politikuri Zala – mikenuri saberZ­
neTi. male man daiqvemdebara regionis teritoriebis umetesobaze
binadari xalxebi da Zv. w. XV-XIV saukuneebidan, egviptes, asureT­
sa da xeTebis samefosTan erTad, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis wamyvan
saxelmwifod iqca.
mikenuri epoqis berZnebs Zveli avtorebi aqavelebad, argosele­
bad, danaelebad da minielebadac moixseniebdnen xolme. miTebis
mixedviT, swored maT mouwyviaT pirveli Soreuli laSqroba
xomald `argoTi~ kolxeTSi, oqros sawmisis mosataceblad. rom ara
aietis asul medeas – jadoqrobis unaris mqone ulamazesi qalwulis
– daxmareba, argonavtebi da maTi winamZRoli iasoni ver SeZlebd­
nen iolkosis mefe peliasis am urTulesi davalebis Sesrulebas.
qalRmerT afrodites nebiT iasonisadmi movlenilma siyvarulis
grZnobam Caadenina medeas es Ralati da aiZula, gahyoloda ucxo­
elT eladaSi. wlebis Semdgom, rodesac iasonma misi mitoveba da
colad korinTosis mefis asulis moyvana ganizraxa, medeam Suri
iZia misi damcirebis mosurneebze ara marto momavali patarZlisa
da misi mamis, aramed sakuTari Svilebis daxocviTac.
71
regioni

72
 Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

argonavtebis ciklis Tqmuleba saocar popularobas

inarCunebs antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde. mis-
ma siuJetebma da saxeebma STaagona mravali mwerali
da xelovani. msoflio literaturis yvelaze popu-
larul saxeTa Soris pirvelobas aravis uTmobs me-
dea, rac mravalwilad evripides amave saxelwodebis
genialuri tragediis msoflio kulturaze udides-
ma gavlenam ganapiroba.
iasons miaqvs oqros sawmisi, aTenuri
wiTelfiguriani keramikis mxatvroba,
saqarTvelosTan daakavSira berZnulma tradiciam kidev erTi Zv. w. 470-460, metropolitenis
fi­gura, qarTveli amiranis oreuli _ promeTe. berZenTa uzenaes­ xelovnebis muzeumi, niu-iorki.

ma RmerTma, zevsma, igi adamianebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis

da zev­ sisadmi gamoCenili daumorCileblobisaTvis kavkasionis
erT klde­ze miajaWvina, sadac mas arwivi ukortnis yoveldRiurad
RviZls. promeTes gminva argonavtebsac ki SemoesmaT, rodesac
isini kolxeTs miuaxlovdnen. misi xsna mxolod gmirma heraklem
SesZlo. esqiles tragediis – „mijaWvuli promeTes“ – wyalobiT es
RmerTi samudamod tiraniis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da kacobriobi­
saTvis civilizaciis motanis simbolo gaxda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, erTi mxriv, aietis kolxeTi, oqros saw­
misi, argonavtebi da medea, xolo meore mxriv, udreki promeTe im
simboloebad iqcnen, romlebic aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ga­
naTlebuli kacobriobisaTvis saqarTvelos identifikaciisas
yvelaze mkafio orientirebs warmoadgenen.
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolos xmelTaSuazRvispireT­
Si xdeba klimaturi pirobebiTa da xalxTa intensiuri,
mravalwilad agresiuli gadaadgilebebiT gamowveuli
movlenebi, romelTac araerTi Zveli civilizaciis, maT
Soris mikenuris, daqveiTeba da zogjer asparezidan
gaqrobac ki ganapirobes.
saberZneTSi elinur tomTa gadaadgilebiTa da kul­
turuli daqveiTebiT gamowveuli ramdenime saukuni­
ani pauzis Semdeg Zv. w. IX saukunidan aRmavlobas iwyebs
klasikuri berZnuli civilizacia, romelmac udide­
si gavlena moaxdina jer mTeli evropuli, xolo Semd­
gom ki msoflio kulturis ganviTarebaze. saberZneTi
xdeba polisuri, anu qalaq-saxelmwifoebis, politikurad
savsebiT decentralizebuli, qveyana. es xels uwyobs mrava­
li politikuri da kulturuli centris warmoqmnas saberZneTis
farglebSi da maT Soris mudmivi Sejibris sulis damkvidrebas, rac
kulturis swrafi aRmavlobis safuZveli xdeba. amasTanave poli­
mijaWvuli pomeTe, lakoniuri Savfigu-
surma sistemam aiZula berZnebi, miwis simciriTa da mosaxleobis ruli keramika, Zv. w. 560-550.
matebiT gamowveuli problemebis gadasaWrelad mTel xmelTa­

 medea, pompeis freska, ax. w. 62-79, arqeologiis erovnuli muzeumi, neapoli, italia.
73
regioni
gamarjvebis qalRmerTi nike, Zv. w. II s.
vanis gaTxrebi.
armazis bilingva, Zv. berZnuli da ara­
meuli warwerebi, ax. w. II s. armazisxevi.
74
SuazRvispireTsa da SavizRvispireTSi axali dasaxlebebis daarse­
bis Tu ukve arsebulebSi fexis mokidebis gzebi eZebnaT.
ase daiwyo procesi, romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi didi
berZnuli kolonizacia ewodeba da romelmac elini „emigrantebi“
aRmosavleT SavizrvispireTamde, kolxeTis sanapiroebamde moiy­
vana. aq maT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis maRal safexurze myof
qarTvelur tomebTan mouxdaT urTierToba, romelnic Tavs aiet
mefis kolxeTis memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen da amiT Zalian amayobd­
nen kidec. rogorc Cans, elinTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobis pro­
cesi ormxrivad sasargeblo iyo, radgan igi xels uwyobda vaWrobis
ganviTarebas, gamocdilebis urTierTgaziarebas, eladur produq­
ciasa da kulturul miRwevebTan kavkasielTa ziarebas, elinTa
geografiuli da istoriuli Tvalsawieris gafarToebas. amis Se­
degia is, rom homerosidan moyolebuli TiTqmis arc erT cnobil
berZen avtors ar auvlia gverdi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli
miTologiuri, istoriuli, geografiuli Tu eTnografiuli xasi­
aTis informaciisaTvis. mas Semdeg, rac asparezze gamodian cnobi­
li berZeni istorikosebi, filosofosebi, geografosebi, mecnie­
rebis sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebi, antikuri saqarTvelos,
berZen-qarTvelTa uZvelesi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi sul
ufro da ufro mravalferovani da sruli xdeba. sakmarisia, dRes
gadavSaloT nebismieri wigni, romelic antikuri saqarTvelos is­
torias exeba, rom naTeli gaxdeba Semdegi: am istoriis umniSvnelo­
vanes wyaros Zveli berZeni avtorebis cnobebi warmoadgens. hero­
dote, qsenofoni, hipokrate, platoni, aristotele, straboni,
ptolemaiosi, plutarqosi, arianosi da mravali sxva avtori gvawv­
dis uZvirfases cnobebs Cveni qveynis warsulis erT-erTi yvelaze
ufro saintereso periodis Sesaxeb, rodesac mTeli saqarTvelos
teritoriaze antikuri epoqis qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis Camoy­
alibeba xdeboda.
am cnobebidan Cven vityobT, rom qarTvelur tomebs imxanad eka­
vaT sakmaod vrceli teritoriebi mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavle­
TiT mdinare halisidan moyolebuli kavkasionis qedamde, mTeli
aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo, kavkasionis qedis ferdobebi.
berZeni avtorebi am tomTa maTTvis cnobil mraval saxelwodebas
gvawvdian: xalibebi, saspirebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, mosxebi/mesx­
ebi, svanebi, henioxebi, lazebi, abasgebi da a.S. maTi gamaerTianebe­
li saxelwodebebia dasavleT saqarTveloSi – kolxebi, xolo aR­
mosavleTSi – iberia. Sesabamisad, dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnul
wyaroebSi kolxisi/kolxida, xolo aRmosavleTs iberia ewodeba.
ukve im Soreul warsulSi dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze
berZnebisaTvis cnobili mravali qalaqi Tu dasaxleba arsebula.
yvelaze Zveli maT Soris kvitaia, Tanamedrove quTaisia, romel­
 Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

sac berZnebi mefe aietis sarezidencio qalaqad miiCnevdnen. sain­

teresoa, rom Tanamedrove enaTmecnierTa TvalsazrisiT, es saxel­
wodeba ukve qarTveluri enebis erTianobis doneze, anu Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi unda arsebuliyo. aseve Zveli, ukve
didi kolxeTis droidan, yofila cnobili qalaqi fazisi, Tana­
medrove foTi, mdebare amave saxelwodebis mdinaris, Tanamedrove
rionis SesarTavTan. uaxloes momavalSi aq qarTveli da germaneli
mecnierebis erToblivi eqspedicia daiwyebs muSaobas antikuri fa­
zisis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis mizniT. Zveli avtorebi kolxeTisa da
iberiis, anu dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sazRvarze mde­
bare cixe-qalaqs – sarapaniss – kargad icnobdnen. misi nangrevebi
Tanamedrove Sorapanis teritoriaze savsebiT exmianeba berZnebis
aRweras.
kolxeTis miwaze mdebare dasaxlebebs Soris, berZen avtorTa
Tanaxmad, Tavisi mravaleTnikurobiT dioskuria gamoirCeoda,
romelsac ufro gvian sebastopolisi Seerqva da romelic Tana­
medrove soxumis midamoebSi ivaraudeba. aq savaWro mizniT Casul
300-mde sxvadasxva enaze molaparake tomebis warmomadgenelT Sexv­
debodiT. soxumis saxelwodeba rcxilis aRmniSvneli svanuri sity­
vidan cxuim momdinareobs. qarTveluri cxumi, rogorc Cans, iyo am
qalaqis uZvelesi adgilobrivi aRmniSvneli. kolxeTis Crdiloe­
TiT mdebare berZenTa TvalsawierSi moxvedril erT-erT qalaqad
pitiunti, Tanamedrove biWvinTa/picunda saxeldeboda. am saxel­
wodebis rogorc berZnuli, aseve qarTuli variantebis fuZeebi am
enebSi fiWvis aRniSvnel sityvebs Seicaven, Tumca Znelia imis gad­

noqalaqevi, qalaqis galavani.

75
regioni
berZnulwarweriani beWedi vanis gaTx-
rebidan. warweraze ikiTxeba sityva
dedatosi, rac piris saxeli unda iyos,
Zv. w. IV s.
delfinebi, knosos sasaxlis kedlis mxatvroba, kreta, Zv. w. 1600-1450
76
aWriT Tqma, aq saqme gvaqvs SemTxveviT damTxvevasTan Tu erTi eni­
dan meoreSi sesxebasTan. dasavleT saqarTvelos mravali antikuri
qalaqidan SeiZleboda kidev ramdenimes gamoyofa, romelTa realo­
bas Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebic adastureben: arqeopo­
lisi – Tanamedrove noqalaqevi, surioni – albaT, Tanamedrove vani,
afsarosi – Tanamedrove gonio, petra – SesaZloa, Tanamedrove
baTumi. iberiaSi, anu aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, gamoirCeoda:
mestleta – mcxeTa, harmoZike – armaz cixe, sevsamora – wiwamuri,
Zalisa – Zalisi, artanissa – artanuji. garda amisa, Zveli berZeni
avtorebi saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze,
mdinareebsa da mTebze, florasa da faunaze, warmoebasa da teqnika­
ze. qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs cnobebs Cvens saxelmwifo gaerTianebebSi arsebul politikur
sistemebze, religiur Sexedulebebze, saganmanaTleblo kerebze.
aleqsandre makedonelis da misi mimdevrebis Zlevamosili
laSqrobebis Sedegad Zv.w. IV saukunis miwurulidan moyolebuli
msoflioSi Seiqmna veeberTela kulturuli sivrce, romlis farg­
lebSic berZnul enasa da kulturas dominanturi adgili eWira. mas
axal mecnierebaSi elinisturi, anu berZnulad molaparakeTa sam­
yaro uwodes. faqtobrivad, es iyo antikurobaSi msoflio saxelm­
 Zveli saberZneTi da Cven

wifos Seqmnis yvelaze masStaburi cda. misi sulisCamdgmelis, ale­

qsandre didis koncefcia bevr msgavsebas gviCvenebs Tanamedrove
globalistebis ideebTan. berZnulma am dros msoflio enis funq­
cia moipova, xolo aRmosavlur elementebTan sinTezirebulma
berZnulma kulturam danarCeni samyarosaTvis erTgvari modelis
roli ikisra. am procesma, erTi mxriv, mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova
qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebis SesaZleblobe­
bi, xolo, meore mxriv, biZgi misca msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi
did politikursa da kulturul aRmavlobas. ar aris SemTxvevi­
Ti, rom swored elinistur epoqaSi xdeba antikuri wyaroebisaTvis
iberia, anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, msoflio istoriis asparezze
angariSgasawevi Zala, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradiciac
aleqsandre makedonelis epoqasTan akavSirebs mniSvnelovan Zvrebs
qarTlis cxovrebaSi, xolo mefe farnavazs qarTuli saxelmwi­
foebriobis, damwerlobis da sazogadod kulturis did refor­
matorad miiCnevs. elinisturi epoqa romauli batonobis epoqiT
Seicvala, romlis drosac saqarTvelos urTierTobebi antikur
samyarosTan gacilebiT ufro mravalmxrivi da masStaburi gaxda,
Tumca, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, CvenTvis umniSvelovanes ori­
entirad mainc berZnuli civilizaciis miRwevebi rCeboda.

77