ACADEMIA

4/2015
 apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia
AP. KUTATELADZE TBILISI STATE ACADEMY OF ART

redaqtori
marine bulia
Editor
Marina Bulia

saredaqcio sabWo:
dimitri TumaniSvili, gia buRaZe,
vaxtang liCeli, nino RaRaniZe, nino WoRoSvili,
nana kupraSvili, ana kldiaSvili, irina elizbaraSvili,
mzia janjalia, maia mania, liana anTelava
Editional Board:
Dimitri Tumanishvili, Gia Bugadze, Vakhtang Licheli, Nino Gaganidze,
Nino Tchogoshvili, Nana Kuprashvili, Anna Kldiashvili,
Irina Elizbarashvili, Mzia Janjalia, Maia Mania, Liana Antelava

dizaini
Tamaz varvariZe
Design by
Tamaz Varvaridze

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa
irma liparteliani
Computer services provided by
Irma Liparteliani

garekanze wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores xati nakifaridan (zemo svaneTi), XI s.

Front Cover St. George and St. Theodore Icon from Nakiphari (Upper Svaneti), 11th century

www.art.edu.ge
© Tssa, 2015
© TSAA, 2015 ISSN 1512-0899
 sarCevi
CONTENTS
5 dimitri TumaniSvili
mxatvruli forma
15 Dimitri Tumanishvili
Artistic Form
16 mariam didebuliZe
wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores xati nakifaridan
30 Mariam Didebulidze
St. George and St. Theodore Icon from Nakiphari
34 Tamar xundaZe
`naTlisReba~ Sua saukuneebis qarTul reliefebze
39 Tamar Khundadze
Medieval Georgian Reliefs of the Baptism
43 Tamar dadiani
wminda giorgis saxe raWis qvis qandakebaSi
(mravalZalisa da znakvis eklesiaTa reliefebi)
46 Tamar Dadiani
Saint George Image in Rachian Stone Sculpture
(Reliefs of Mravaldzali and Znakva Churches)
50 qeTevan abaSiZe
hujabis taZris gegma da Sida sivrce da maTi
mimarTeba XII-XIII da XIII-XIV saukuneebis taZrebTan
62 Ketevan Abashidze
Hujabi Church Plan and Internal Space –
References to the 12th-14th Century Temples
68 marine yenia
ansamblis agebis Taviseburebani
XIII saukunis svaneTis moxatulobebSi
80 M. Kenia
Peculiarities of the General Arrangement of the Mural Decoration
in the 13th c. Svaneti Murals
87 daviT xoStaria
david grimi da qarTuli stili saeklesio arqiteqturaSi
93 David Khoshtaria
David Grimm and the Georgian Revival Style in Church Architecture
98 naTia nacvliSvili
Tbilisis konfesiuri sivrcis formireba:
germanuli Temi da luTeranuli eklesiebi
105 Natia Natsvlishvili
Forming Confessional Space: German Community
and Lutheran Churches in Tbilisi
108 ana kldiaSvili
istoriis recefcia me-20 saukunis qarTul mxatvrobaSi
115 Ana Kldiashvili
The Reception of History of the 20th Century Georgian Painting
120 qristine darCia
peizaJis Janris Casaxva da ganviTarebis pirveli etapi
qarTul dazgur mxatvrobaSi (1880-1930-iani ww.)
126 Kristine Darchia
Origin of Landscape Genre and the 1st Stage
of its Development in Georgian Easel Painting
136 samson leJava
erTi Tbilisuri aivnis Sesaxeb
138 Samson Lejava
About One Tbilisi Balcony
142 Tamar SavguliZe
socialisturi realizmis principebi
(qarTuli qandakebis magaliTze)
146 Tamar Shavgulidze
Concerning Some Principles of Socialistic Realism
in Georgian Sculpture
152 naTia ebanoiZe
konceptualuri xelovneba
1980-90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi
156 Natia Ebanoidze
Conceptual Art in 1980s-90s’ Georgia
160 ana mgalobliSvili
religia da materialuri kultura
161 Anna Mgaloblishvili
Religion and Material Culture
162 nana inwkirveli
aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxlmuzeumi winandalSi.
Senobis reabilitaciis ozeroviseuli gadawyveta
164 Nana Intskirveli
Aleksandre Chavchavadze House-Museum in Tsinandali.
Ozerov Solution to Building Rehabilitation
176 nino sanadiraZe
kultura, kulturis resursebi da
kulturis prioritetebi
180 Nino Sanadiradze
Culture as Economic Resource
181 ana nemsaZe
mediakultura — kvlevis obieqti
185 Ana Nemsadze
Media Culture — Object of Reasearch
186 dodo WumburiZe
kulturis sferos produqtebi, rogorc komunikaciis
saSualebebi saSemsruleblo xelovnebisa da masobrivi
RonisZiebebis menejmentis Taviseburebebi
188 Dodo Chumburidze
Products in Cultural Sphere, as the Communications Tools,
Management Features of Executive Art and Mass Events
189 pavel pavlinovi
evgeni lanseres 1929 wlis eqspedicia svaneTSi
197 Pavel Pavlinov
The 1929 Eugene Lancere Expedition to Svaneti
200 leo stainbergi
Tanamedrove xelovneba da misi `publikis~ gasaWiri
210 Leo Steinberg
Contemporary Art and the Plight of its Public

dimitri TumaniSvili
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
mxatvruli forma
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs (gnebavT _ sxva-
dasxva xelovnebebs), cxadia, araerTi Tvise-
ba aerTianebs da sxvebTan erTad, isic, rom
yvelas nivTieri safuZveli aqvs. amasTan,
musika, an poezia ar udris haeris rxevebs,
xuroTmoZRvreba qvebs Tu agurebs, ferwe-
ra tilosa da saRebavebs. adamiani aRiqvams
maT Tanafardobebs hangebad, moculobaTa da
sivrceTa erTobliobebad, saganTa saxeebad,
isini ki aseTsa Tu iseT STabeWdilebas axde-
nen da cnobierebas grZnobismier-azrismier
warmodgenebad daekvlevian. xelovanTa mier
nivTieri masalis meoxebiT CvenTvis mowvdil
SegrZnobad xatebebs vuwodebT „mxatvrul
formas“ da is _ xelovnebis CvenTvis misawv-
domi erTaderTi sinamdvilea.
miuxedavad amisa, mxatvruli formis ana-
lizi, romlis meTodebisa Tu xerxebis, ase,
1850-1920-iani wlebis SualedSi damuSavebam
saxviTi1 xelovnebis kvleva mecnierebis da-
moukidebel, warmatebul mimarTulebad aq-
cia, dRes mravalTaTvis lamisaa saZraxisi
Tu samarcxvino ram gaxda. aq ar aris imis
adgili, am Semobrunebis mizezebi Tu sababebi
ganvixiloT, Tumca maTgan erT-erTi ki unda
vaxsenoT: gaRizianeba imis gamo, rom for-
ma_analitikuri midgomiT bevrs verafers
gaarkvevT iseTi movlenebisas, rogoricaa,
1
„saxva“ _ nivTierebisTvis raime, sasurveli moyvan-
iloba-formis micemas niSnavs. amitomac „saxviTi xe-
lovnebani“ xuroTmoZRvrebasac moicavs (Sdr. germa-
nuli bildende Künste) ramdenadme sxvaa, Tu mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis dargebs imis mixedviT davajgufebT asa-
xavs Tu gamosaxavs isini Cvens garSemo arsebul sag-
nebs da movlenebs, Tu ki, es „gamo-saxviTi“ Tu „asax-
viTi“ xelovnebani iqneba (Sdr. germanuli darsotellende
oder bildende Künste, rus. Изобразительное искусство).
dimitri TumaniSvili
marsel diuSani anda nairgvari „minimaliz-
mebi“ da `konceftualizmebi“. gasagebia, rom
Seswavlis nacadi ileTebis amgvar mimdina-
reobaTa pirispir uZlurebam SeiZleba Seg-
vaSfoTos, iqneb gagvamwaros kidec. meore mx-
riv, xom naTelia: formis garCevas ver Seud-
gebi iq, sadac imTaviTvea uaryofili azris,
grZnobis Tu risic gnebavT, xilul saxed
gamoxatva.2 Tuki ratomRac (maTi genezisis
gamo?) kvlavac ar movisurvebT amgvari su-
liskveTebis naxelavi gindac nafiqri saxviTi
(Zv. qarTulad xelovans aki „saxis-moqmedic“
erqva), sazogadodac mxatvruli Semoqmede-
bisagan gavmijnoT, imis gacnobierebas arafe-
ri uSlis xels, rom misi gaazreba Tu mxolod
da mxolod ara, upiratesad mainc sociolo-
giuri Tu kulturul-istoriul-kulturo-
logiur sibrtyezeRaa SesaZlebeli.
formis analizs garkveulwilad isic
vnebs, rom ase uwodeben, damatebiTi gan-
martebebisa Tu dafiqrebis gareSe, saxviTi
nawarmoebebis TvaliT aRqmad Tvisebebze yo-
velgvar msjelobas, Tumca sinamdvileSi sag-
5
nad mas sul sxvadasxva ram SeiZleba hqondes.
upirvelesad yovlisa, formisa da for-
mebis istoriuli gamokvleva unda ganvasxva-
voT. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod am samec-
niero amocanebis sxvaoba arqiteqturis
magaliTze Cans. aviRoT Tundac romelime
Suasaukunovani taZari. Cven SegviZlia vila-
parakoT mis agebulebaze, elementebis ur-
TierTmimarTebaze, maTi TanafardobiT mi-
Rebul gamomsaxvelobaze da a.S. mocemuli
nagebobis Taviseburebebis gamosaCenad SeiZ-
leba misi droiT winamorbedi da momdevno
Senobebic movixmoT da aseTnairad xuroT-
moZRvarTa imdroindel ZiebaTa gezic gamo-
varkvioT, anu: am taZris rogorc garkveuli
formis sxva msgavsTa Soris istoriuli ad-
gili davinaxoT. magram aseve SegviZlia das-
akvirveblad zemonaxseneb elementTagan ro-
melime erTi amovarCioT _ mag., TaRebis mo-
2
ver vityviT, am rigis namuSevrebi saerTod ganZar-
culi iyos formierobisgan _ nairnairi „obieqtebis“,
„instalaciebis“, „aqciebis“ da a.S. wardgenisas saxviT
xelovnebaTa gamocdileba aSkarad aris gaziarebuli,
Tavad maTac _ Teoriebis sawinaaRmdegod! _ xSirad
esTetikuroba _ „STambeWdaobas“ daamCneven xolme.
 dimitri TumaniSvili
xazuloba, karis moCarCoeba anda sulac du-
Rabis Sedgeniloba. sxva Sesabamis nimuSebTan
dadarebiT am calkeul formaTa warmomav-
loba an kidev samomavlo mniSvnelobac war-
moCindeba da isec SeiZleba moxdes, rom isi-
ni gansxvavebul „ganviTarebis mwkrivebSic“
moeqcnen (ase, banas kaTedralis gegmarebiTi
idea qristes aqeT IV s-is italiidan modis,
misive garSemosavlelis korinTuli svetis-
Tavebi gvianklasikuri heladidan, mTavar si-
vrceSi naxmari ioniuri kapitelebis amgvari
Sesruleba ki ax.w. V-VI ss-dan.). aseTive vi-
Tareba gvaqvs asaxviT xelovnebebSic. Cveu-
lebrivi ramaa, vTqvaT, ferweraSi Suq-Crdi-
lis anda qandakebaSi zedapiris damuSavebis
calke ganbWoba, daxatuli sinaTlis mifeni-
sa, gindac qvis gaprialebis ama Tu im wesis
winasaxeebisa an Semdgomi „Tavgadasavlebis“
Zieba. yuradRebis Rirsi SeiZleba Seiqnes,
ase vTqvaT, „teqnikuri wvrilmanebic“ _ ev-
ropuli mxatvrobis meistorieT uwevT, mag.,
Tvali samosis nakecebis gadmocemis goTur
xanaSi miRebuli sqemis aRorZinebis xanaSi
6
gamoyenebas miadevnon, aRmosavlur-qristi-
anuli tixruli minanqris gamomkvlevT ki
e.w. „sarWisebri naoWebis“ drosa da sivr-
ceSi ganfenas miyvnen. formisa da formaTa
sxvadasxvaoba „mcire“, imave „gamoyenebiT“
xelovnebebzec iTqmis. sura Tu, davuSvaT,
skami, cxadia, SegviZlia mTlianobad davaxa-
siaToT, oRond arc isaa SeuZlebeli, pir-
velis yel-tuCi an meoris fexi Tu sazurge
SeviswavloT, isini qronologiursa da geo-
grafiul cvalebadobaSi davinaxoT.
meore ganyofa formis garCevisas, Cemis
azriT aucilebeli, mxatvrul pirobiTobasa
da sakuTriv formismiers Sorisaa gansaxor-
cielebeli. „pirobiTobis“, imav „konvenciis“
cneba upirvelesad asaxviT xelovnebas mieye-
neba, uTvalnaTlivesad ki mxatvrobaSi iCens
Tavs. visac erTxel mainc Cauvlia muzeumis
darbazebSi, xelovnebaze dasuraTebuli wig-
ni erTxel mainc Caufurclavs, Znelad Tu
gaeqceva imis SegrZnebas, TiTqos sxvadasxva
qveyanasa Tu xanaSi sul nairgvari adamiane-
bi, mTebi, xeebi da a.S. arsebula, sxvadasxva
mxatvari sul nairfer cocxal arsebebsa da
xeebs gadahyroda. saqme isaa, rom miuxedavad
cnobili debulebisa, „xelovneba bunebis mi-
baZva aris“-o, xelovneba, maSinac ki, Tu aseT
wambaZvelobas eswrafvis, sinamdvileSi Tavad
bunebis arsTa da arsebulis met-naklebad
zustad gameorebas rodi emsaxureba; sakmaod
TvalsaCinoa: nebismieri ram-suraTi, leqsi,
moTxroba, hangi, naSenoba gvimxels,3 rogo-
ria misi damxatav-gamomTqmel-amgebis gana-
cadSi qveyniereba, ra eZvirfaseba mas da ra
Zags, ras mieltvis, ras ki _ eltvis. kul-
turologi ityoda, albaT, mxatvruli Se-
moqmedeba realobas ase Tu ise dalagebuli
Rirebulebebis cxaurSi gatarebuls warmog-
vidgenso. saamisod xelovani4 xazs usvams asa-
saxis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi _ TvaliT dasanaxis)
romelsame mxaresa Tu niSans da, Sesabamis-
ad, auCinarebs an Cqmalavs danarCenebs. ase
gardasaxuli, TviT yofiTze uyofiTesi niv-
Tebic msoflwesrigis Tavisebur metaforad5
iqceva, amsaxavisTvis faseul Tu saZulvel
mis ragvarobas gamogvixatavs.
nanaxis „gametaforulebis“ upirveles
saSualebaTagani sivrcis aseTnairad Tu
iseTnairad asaxva gaxlavT. samiod suraTis
daTvalierebac kmara imis dasadastureblad,
rom Tu Cveni saarsebo garemo ZiriTadi niS-
nebiT ucvlelia, yvela garemoeba-viTarebaSi
erTnairi, „suraTTa sivrce“ TiTqmis usasru-
lod nairgvarovania. amitomac, yovel cal-
ke SemTxvevaSi guldasmiT unda CavakvirdeT
gaurkveveli siRrme „iSleba“ sasuraTo sibr-
tyis „miRma“ Tu mkafiod mosazRvruli baqani;
sruladaa igi ugulebelyofili (mag., egvip-
tur freskebsa da reliefebze); Tu mouxelTe-
bel, uTxeles Sred Cafenila gamosaxulebebsa
da maTs fons Soris (rogorc Suasaukunovan
qristianul moxatulobebsa da xatebzea); an,
3
gvimxels maSinac, rodesac _ rogorc axla, ro-
gorc, aseve, nairnair xatmebrZoleobaTa Jams, _
aRar xatavs, aRar gviambobs, aRar gvimRers... ara-
Tqmac „uwyebaa“, msjavria „xilulTa yovelTa da
araxilulTa“ Taobaze.
4
sxvaTa Soris, yoveli Cvenganic _ mag., rodesac
rasme yveba an TanamosaubreTaTvis risame mtkicebas
lamobs.
5
xelovneba metaforis bunebis mqoned miaCnia Sesa-
niSnav Tanamedrove xelovnebis istorikoss, gottf-
rid bioms.

iqneb, „SigniTken“ xan ikumSeba, xan farTov-
deba (asea zogierT niderlandur tiloze) da
vin icis, kidev sad ra dagvxvdeba. am usazRv-
ro mravalferovnebaSi gzis gasagnebad iqneb
XX saukunis damdegis veneli mecnieris, alois
riglis mignebuli „sivrcis tipebi“ moviSve-
lioT. gardaTxrobiT (avtorismieri termino-
logia Cven amjerad arafers gvargebs) isini
ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes: a) sruli sibrtyi-
Toba (gamosaxulebasa da fons Sua dacileba
ar aris _ Zveli aRmosavleTi); b) nawilobrivi
sivrce (gamosaxulebis ukan, axlosve, mas mo-
cilebuli sibrtyea anda yvela figurasa Tu
figuraTa jgufs „sakuTari“ sivrce akravs
da es „kerZoobiTi“ sivrceebi mTeli kom-
poziciis momcvel erTian konstruqciad ar
ikvreba _ antikuri xelovneba); g) usasrulo
sivrce (suraTis yvela calkeuli monakveTi
da Tavad igi mTlianobaSi „amonaWeria“ usas-
rulo sivrcisa, rac mas oTxive mxriv akravs
gars _ axali drois evropuli xelovneba).
morig namuSevarze fiqrisas, gnebavT, mas-
ze werisas, iq gamosaxuli sivrce SegviZlia
warmosaxvaSi a. riglis aRweril „modelebs“
davadaroT, maT „mivazomoT“ da an romelime
maTgans mivaTvaloT anda maTTan met-naklebi
siaxlove-siSoris dadgeniT gamovkveToT misi
maxasiaTeblebi. aseve „etalonebad“ SesaZloa
„suraTis sivrcis“ istoriulad Camoyalibe-
buli saxeobanic gamogvadges. ufro xSirad
dasadareblad XV saukunis italiaSi mogonil
„geometriul perspeqtivas“ mimarTaven _ ara
misi gamorCeuli srulyofilebis, „sisworis“
da „bunebriobis“6 gamo (isic yvela sxvasaviT
miaxloebiTicaa da xelovnuric), aramed rad-
ganac igi, albaT, yvela sxvaze metadaa ra-
cionalur-erTmniSvnelovani; xolo raki asea,
misgan „gadaxvevebi“ Tu mas „acdena“7 ufro
ioli SesaniSnicaa da misaTiTebel-asaxsne-
lic. „suraTis sivrce“ gansazRvravs didwi-
lad „suraTis drois~ Tvisebriobasac. ram-
denad naklebadac SeigrZnoba gamosaxulTa
6
Cven sazogadodac varT midrekili CvenTvis Cveuli
fiziko-fiziologiurad calsaxad ganpirobebulsa
da amitom „normalurs“ (adamianTa Warbi umravleso-
bisTvis saerTos) gavuTanabrod.
7
„gadaxvevac“ da „acdenac“ aq mxolod „sxvanairobas“
gulisxmobs da ara „xarvezianobas“.
dimitri TumaniSvili
Soris manZili, miT ufro naklebad gvebadeba
STabeWdileba maTi moZraobisa _ is an Zalian
Senelebulad SeigrZnoba, anki Seyovnebulad
Tu SeCerebulad; xolo raki dros Cven moZra-
oba-cvalebadobiT vamCnevT da vzomavT, misi
msvlelobac mdordeba an wydeba.
misaRebi Tu iqneba am kuTxiT mqandakeb-
lobaze saubari? a. rigli am kiTxvas dade-
biTad pasuxobda da mec meCveneba, rom je-
rovani dazustebiT, aq SeuZlebeli araferia.
jer erTi, rac reliefis xelovnebas Seexeba,
iq igive mdgomareobaa, rac ferweraSi. Tavis-
Tavad, mrgval qandakebas Tu mivadgebiT, aq
Tavi da Tavi misi realur sivrceSi dayeneba
da gaSlaa. daiyeneT Tvalwin egvipturi da
Suamdinaruli, berZnul-antikuri da evro-
pul-barokuli (mag., janlorenco berninis)
qandakebebi. TiTqos ar unda iyos moulod-
neli imis Tqma, mkacrad winxedSi dasanaxi,
mkacrad Tavis TavSi Caketili Zvel-aRmosav-
luri gamosaxulebebi naklebad „gamodis“ Tu
„Semodis“-o garemomcvel sivrceSi, vidre
hellinuri, xolo j. berninis, vTqvaT, „davi-
7
Ti“ da „wminda tereza“ masSi pirdapiraa „Se-
moWrili“ ginda „gadmoRvrili“.
gamosaxulebis sivrciTobis xarisxi, ra-
sakvirvelia, uSualo kavSirSia masze gamosa-
xulTa samganzomilianobis CvenebasTanac.
mtkiceba ki ara, Tqmac ar unda, vfiqrob: rac
ufro Rrmad „swvdeba“ suraTis (zogjer re-
liefisac) warmosaxuli sivrce, miT ufro
srulad vlindeba Cveni yoveldRiurobis
saganTaTvis gardauvali moculobrioba. da
kvlav: rogorc „suraTis sivrce“, realuris-
gan gansxvavebiT, uTvalavi nairsaxeobiT Cn-
deba, yovelive cocxalisa da aracocxalis
CvenTvis ase Cveulebrivi sisqe-simrgvalec
mravalgvarad isaxeba xelovnebaSi. imgvar xe-
lovnebaSic ki, romelic Segnebulad misdevs
xilul sinamdviles, nivTier sxeulTa niSan-
Tvisebebi sakmaod mravalgvarad gadmoicema _
erTia, viTom, jottos, mazaCCos da miqelan-
jelo buonarottis momrgvalebuloba? axla
qveynierebisadmi sxvadasxva damokidebule-
bis kvalad Seqmnili xatebani vnaxoT da umal
davrwmundebiT, raoden msxvaobaria maTi mi-
marTeba bunebis arsTa Sesaxeb Cveni cxovre-
 dimitri TumaniSvili
biseuli gamocdilebiT miRebul codnasTan,
raoden rTulia xSirad sityviT gamoTqva,
niSandobliv rogoria isini. ra saxels moux-
denT, mag., egvipturi, sibrtyeSi CakveTili
figurebis nivTobriobas, romlebic „mrgva-
liao“, ver ityvi, arada, mkerdisa Tu piri-
saxis Cvenken moqceul zedapirebze ukanask-
nelTa amatalReblad ikveTeba kunTebi, yv-
rimalebi, idayvi, muxli da a.S. an ra vTqvaT,
rarigiao, iaponuri graviurebis feradkimo-
noiani qalbatonebi da batonebi, an, Tugind,
anri matissis adamianebi, Senobebi, aveji, wv-
ril-wvrili nivTebi da yvavilebi? SeiZleba
isini erTi sityva „sibrtyiTiT“ moistumro?
da gana igive ar iTqmis Sua saukuneebis ber-
Znul-bizantiursa da, sxva yvelaferi iqiT
iyos, qarTul mxatvrobaze? kedelsa Tu fi-
carze gabrtyelebuliao Tu vityviT, mosax-
deni iqneba es wmindanTa, angelosur gundTa
Tu miwier mefe-didebulTa saxebaTaTvis?
erTianad mosworebulia maTi CrdilTa xaze-
biT da aTinaTebiT aferadebul-gacxovlebu-
li sxeulebi da saxeebi? axla moculobaTa
8
sxva maxasiaTeblebs Tu movikiTxavT _ maT-
gan romels eTqmis „msubuqi“ xolo, romels
„mZime“, „sriala“, „xeSeSi“, „rbili“, „xisti“
da, rac mTavaria, aseTad Tu iseTad maT ra
SegvagrZnobinebs? yvelam viciT ukve, rom ase
iolad, erTi-ori epiTetis wamoZaxebiT fons
ver gavalT; aqac erTaderTi SesaZlo gza
mouRleli Tvalierebaa, ase Tu ise msgavsTan
da srulebiT sxvadasxvanairTan Sedareba-Se-
pirispireba, araerTi, araa gamoricxuli, su-
lac moCvenebiTad urTierTs acdenili gan-
sazRvrebebis moZieba. am mxrivac, sibrtyis
xelovnebaTagan moculobisaze, qandakebaze
gadasvla sagangebo Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
gzis maCveneblad, egebis, kidev erTi avstri-
elis, gvido kaSnitc-fon vainbergis wina
saukuneSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba movixmoT,
geometrizebuli, amdenad ki, ase vTqvaT,
abstrahirebuli zedapirebiT mosazRvruli
egvipturi skulpturebi amis gamo masas (e.i.
wonasac) moklebuli Canso, rac migvaniSnebs
„moculobriobis“ gansazRvras damatebi-
Ti ganzomilebebic hqoniao. yvelaferi amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, xelovnebis nawarmoebebze
rbili, srulad momrgvalebuli da mkvrivi
moculobebic SeiZleba SemogxvdeT, bare-
liefiviT calpiramomrgvalebulic, Txeli
firfitis magvaric, yvavilebsaviT msubuqic,
mWvirali da nislis Tu kvamlis bolqviviT
xelSeuxebi da qrobadic, liTonisebr pria-
la da datexilic, zogjer, samwuxarod, ub-
ralod gafuyulic da vin icis, kidev ranai-
ri _ SemqmnelTa xedvis Tu midrekileba-ge-
movnebis Sesabamisad.
friad mravalgvaria asaxviTi xelovne-
bis nimuSebze gamoxatul cocxal arsebaTa
Tu ama Tu im saganTa ieric _ mag., adamiani
xan tanmokle da didTavaa, xan kidev dagrZe-
lebuli da tanwvrili; xeebi xan gvimrisebr
bumbulismagvaria, xan sokosnairi, xan fera-
di burTebis msgavsi; mTa-kldeebi xan zvir-
Tebisebr talRovan-dagrexilia, xan dakbi-
luli baqnebis wawyobiT axuxulavebuli...
amis mizezi zemoTqmulis mere _ zogadad,
rasakvirvelia, _ advili misaxvedria: „nor-
maluri“ Sefardebebis SecvliT fermwerni,
moqandakeni da a.S. maTTvis misaRebsa Tu
miuRebelze migvaniSneben, maT TvalSi upi-
ratessa da ugulebelsayofs dagvanaxeben.
ise, „normalurisa“ da „normis“ ambavic veraa
mTlad martivi _ bunebrivi mocemulobebis
gamo is, cxadia, erTi ver iqneba CineTsa da
SvedeTSi, afrikasa da saqarTveloSi; kidev
meti, erT garemosa da erT droSic ki pira-
di Sexedulebebis arseboba ar uSvebs srul
erT-saxeobas. gavixsenoT, mag., polikletes,
mironisa da fidiasis, aseve miqelanjelosa
da rafaelis gamoxatuli adamianebi. miu-
xedavad amisa, garkveul farglebsa da sa-
Tanado sifrTxiliT mainc aris SesaZlebeli
gasaSualoebul-„Cveulebriv“ ga­­reg­nobaze
vilaparakoT _ ase, aravin daiJinebs, albaT,
„rogorc wesi Tavi simaRlis naxevars an mes-
ameds udris“, anda „xelis mtevani zomiT mk-
lavis xelaao“. momigeben, erTic vnaxoT, egeb
da aseTsac gadavawydeT sadmeo. pasuxad ga-
daWriT „arao“ ver daiZaxeb _ aseTi ram iqneb
moxdes kidec. magram es xom yvela SemTxve-
vaSi „gamonaklisad“ Tu CaiTvleba da ram
„manormirebeli“ warmodgenebi rom gvaqvs,
imitomaa SesaZlebeli adamianis, cxovelis,

mcenaris da sxva nivTTa gazrda-dapatarave-
biT, gamokveTa _ „gameorebaricxovnebiT“ ama
Tu im faseulobiTi msjavris gadmocema; ami-
tomaa, neoliTur qandakTa uzarmazari mker-
di da barZayebi dedoba-Svilierebis, amiT ki
bunebis cxovelmyofel ZalTa mniSvnelobas
rom SegvagrZnobinebs, kretuli freskebisa
Tu Cveneburi brinjaos sartylebis vaJTa
mxarbeWianoba da welwvriloba simardisa da
Ronierebis sasicocxlo Rirebulebas, gvia-
nantikur da Suasaukunovan saxebaTa didro-
ni Tvalebi da zeapyrobili Tu ganpyrobili
didmtevniani xelebi ki sulierebis upirve-
lesobas. rasakvirvelia, am wams naTqvami sqe-
maturze sqematuria da sxva niSnebTan erTad
CamoTvlilni gacilebiT Rrma da mravalfe-
rovani saTqmelis matarebelia xolme. Tu-
mca yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom, jer
erTi, CvenTvis uCveulo „deformacia“ raRac
dros, erTic vnaxoT, mobezrebulic hqondaT
da, Sesabamisad, is naklebmoqmedic iyo; meo-
rec _ rac gazviadebad CavTvaleT, sadRac
realoba SeiZleba aRmoCndes, gavixsenoT,
mag., el grekos wmindanebiviT dawvrilebu-
li masais afrikuli tomis meomrebi. amasTan
erTad, angariSi istoriulad cvalebad mSve-
nierebis idealsac da kidev ufro swrafwar-
maval modasac unda gaewios. ase, ukanaskneli
50-60 wlis manZilze, imis Tanaxmierad „la-
mazad“ ra miiCneoda, kino da teleekranebsa
Tu fotoJurnalebis gamosaCen adgilebze
erTi-meores cvlidnen putkuna, Tmaafuebu-
li qalebi, Txeli, knaWa gogonebi da zorba,
TiTqmis rom brge dedakacebi. es, ra Tqma
unda, modis gamovlinebaa. misi kaleidosko-
puri siWrelis miRma ki droismieri idealic
amoicnoba _ biologiur-vitaluris, Tanacve
raime sakralurobisa da stiqionurobisgan
ganZarculis, SegrZnebiT _ sasiamovnoTi
mosazRvrulis. sabolood I msoflio omis
Semdgom fexmokidebuli, is 1920-iani wlebis
hedonizmSic ganiWvriteba, sportulobis ev-
ro-amerikul kultSic da misgan TiTqmis ga-
nurCevel, fizikuri ZaliT aRfrTovanebaSic
nacistebis germaniasa Tu sabWoTa kavSirSi
da _ yvelgan sxvaganac. Tumca, meore mxriv,
bolo msjeloba Cven kvlav Rirebulebebsa
dimitri TumaniSvili
da mravalferovnebas migvabrunebs ara mar-
to xelovnebaSi, Cvens yofaSi da qcevaSi Ta-
vCenils. amave rigisaa asaxviT nawarmoebebSi
individualurisa Tu pirovnulis Cvenebis
sakiTxic. mravladaa ostatebic da mTeli
kulturebic, romelnic calkeulis gamomar-
Cev niSnebs arafrad agdeben. sayovelTaod
cnobilia egvipturi da romauli qandakovani
Tavebis portretuloba, xolo Suamdinaru-
li da berZnuli gamosaxulebebis sruli Tu
TiTqmis sruli stereotipuloba; sakmaod
gulgrilia individualurisadmi Sua sauku-
neebi (qristianulic da islamuric), axali
dro ki mas wyalobs, sxvadasxva simZafriT
ki ama Tu im xelovanTan Tu qveyanaSi;8 XIX
saukunis bolodan, 100-ze meti welia, vin
karikaturulobamde amkveTrebs portretu-
lobas, vin, piriqiT, gameorebadi formebiT
aqarwylebs mas.
kidev erTi, rac mxatvrul pirobiTobas,
ayalibebs, romelsame xelovnebis nawarmoeb-
Si warmmarTveli mxatvruli saSualebaa. ro-
gorc wesi, esa Tu is ostati asaxvis rome-
9
liRac erT saSualebas gaamTavrebs xolme.
mxatvrobaSi es SeiZleba iyos xazi, feris
sixasxase, ramdenime feris Tanaxmiereba, fe-
rebisve sibace-simuqis SepirispirebiT miRe-
buli Suq-Crdili; mqandakeblobaSi _ nakvTa
mkveTri an TandaTani gamoyvana, zedapiris
sigluve Tu xaoianoba, moculobis amoweva-
CakveTiT warmoqmnili sxvadasxva Zalis Crdi-
lebi, daferva, sxvadasxva masalis urTierT-
Sexameba da a.S. xelovnebis qmnilebebTan
„urTierTobis“ mciredi gamocdilebac ki
gvarwmunebs, rom amao mcdelobaa yvela Tu
bevri saSualebis Tanabari datvirTviT ga-
moyeneba. rasakvirvelia, xazovani gamosaxu-
leba Zalze xSirad feradic aris, koloris-
tulsa Tu tonalisturs ki xazis elementic
daemCneva da a.S. amasTanave, ferTa najero-
bisa da elferTa moWarbeba Tu Crdil-naT-
lis gakontrasteba anda gadaden-gadmodena
aucileblad daamcrobs xazis TavisTavad
8
esec, rasakvirvelia, gamartivebuli suraTia _
sak­
marisia vaxsenoT, mag., XVII-XVIII ss-is sadarbazo
portretebi, sadac „gatipiureba“ Tu idealizacia
individualurze metad xvdeba Tvals.
 dimitri TumaniSvili
silamazes; verc formis Suq-CrdiliT „amoy-
vana“ egueba maincdamainc feris sisufTaves
da siZlieres; aTinaTebiT aWrelebuli brin-
jaos Tu gadaprialebuli, CrdilCamdgari
CanaburRebiT dawertili marmarilos zeda-
piri anelebs qandakebisa Tu reliefis plas-
tikur gamonakvTulobas da TviT figurebis
monaxazsac ki aklebs mkafioebas. raRa Tqma
unda, ise ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos muzeu-
mebisa Tu sagamofeno darbazebSi gavlisas
iarliyebs CamoarigebT _ „es xazovania“; „es
koloristuli“; „es luminaristuli“... es
gansazRvrebebi erTgvari gvarovnuli cne-
bebia, Torem sakuTriv namuSevrebs Soris
kvlav uricxvi „gardamavali“ an kidev „Se-
reuli“ formebi SemogxvdebaT. ai, Tundac:
onore domies „tonalistur“, arc Tu iSvia-
Tad TiTqmis monoqromul tiloebze jer xom
gamosaxulTa siluetebia metyveli; amasTan
erTad ki saRebavebi xazovani bunebis sxva-
dasxva xasiaTis monasmebiT daitaneba, erTd-
roulad zeTis feradebis „korpusulobasac“
10
rom avlens da grafikosis mtkice xelsac. an
kidev: vinsent van gogis mravali suraTis
feriT-weris wesi gaixseneT _ mokle-mokle
nairferad monasmebs aq Tavisuflad SeiZle-
ba „feradi xazebic“ vuwodoT.
„asaxvis xerxebis“ xsenebis Tanave, Cven,
arsebrivad, ukve „sakuTriv formismierze“
saubars SevudeqiT. xazebi, ferebi, qvisa Tu
xis burcob-SeRrmavebebi xom ara marto xi-
lulis saxebebs warmoqmnis,9 ferweris Tval-
saCino avstrieli mkvlevaris, otto pextisa
an ser ernest gombrixisa ar iyos, sibrtyeze
(an _ sivrceSi) mowesrigebul naySadac lag-
deba. „mowesrigeba“ ucabedad rodi wamomc-
da: yovelnair gansjasaviT, xelovnebaze sja-
sac dasabamad aqsiomaturi debuleba aqvs,
romlis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia, TumcaRa
igi intuiciurad, mgoni, aravis aeWvebs. sa-
xeldobr, ragindara xelovnebaTmcodneobiT
msjelobas aucilebel wanamZRvrad is aqvs,
rom saxviTi nawarmoebi gawonasworebuli
9
maRalmxatvruli e.w. `usagno“ xelovnebac (vas.
kan­
dinski, Cveni dav. kakabaZe...) qveyniur arsTa da
energiaTa urTierTmiltolvas, Widilis Tu mSvid
Tanayofnas gvisuraTebs.
unda iyos. Tuki es winapiroba daculi ar
aris, suraTi, skulptura, sxvac raime ise-
ve verafers (sul bevri-Zalian cotas) gve-
tyvis, rogorc abdaubda, areul-gaumarTavi
winadadeba. ase gansajeT, qaosis Tu absurdis
STabeWdilebis mosaxdenadac ki mogvarebuli
mTelia saWiro _ Tu arada, ver gaarkvevT,
es amqveynad wes-rigis ararsebobis damadas-
turebeli xatebaa Tu uxelTuris mier ver-
mowesrigebuli, mTlianobis armqone ram.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT „sakuTriv formas“
sityva „kompoziciac“ SeiZleba CavunacvloT
_ formis mxareTa ganxilvisas xom namuSevris
SemadgenelTa erTi meoris mimarT ganTavse-
baze, erTmaneTTan mimarTebaze gviwevs sau-
bari. pirvelad, umetesad viwro azriT „kom-
poziciaze“ iTqmis xolme _ imaze, rogoraa
ganlagebuli gamosaxuli arsebebi, sagnebi
Tu abstrahirebuli konfiguraciebi: simet-
riulad, heraldikurad, samkuTxedad, pira-
midad, wred, spiralad... es geometriuli fi-
gurebi _ xan erTi romelime, xan ramdenime
Tanamyofi Tu erTmaneTSi SemsWvaluli; xan
uceb dasanaxi, xan gamosaxulebaTa naxlarT-
Si „Semaluli“ _ ferweruli, grafikuli anda
reliefuri kompoziciis SemadgenelTa axra-
daxriT, mibruneba-mobrunebiT, maTi gare mo-
xazulobebiT, aseve Sida naxatiTa Tu romeli-
me, saerTo monaxazidan gasuli, aziduli Tu
warziduli (mag., aSverili an gawvdili xeli,
samosis gafrialebuli bolo da sxva) war-
moiqmneba. es fuZe-sqema, zogjer cnobierad
„agebuli da moZebnili“, zogjerac winaswa-
ri mcdelobis gareSe, „TavisiT“ warmomdga-
ri, erTaderTi momagvarebeli ar gaxlavT,
sxvebic aris, romelnic SeiZleba masTan
Tanaarsebulic iyos da calkec iyos gamo-
yenebuli. aseTia, mag., ritmi _ msgavsi ele-
mentebis garkveuli, kanonzomierad aRqmadi
da-SoriSorebiT Seqmnili. isini miaxloebiT
erT _ ufro xSirad horizontalur, _ xazzea
xolme „dalagebuli“, Tanabari _ maSin metri
gvaqvs, _ anki sxvadasxva dacilebiT. amasTan,
manZili SeiZleba ramdenime mimarTulebiT
(es ukanaskneli gamosaxulebaTa Setrialebi-
Ta anda waxriT moiniSneba) mcirdebodes, rac
aCqarebad SeigrZnoba, Tu piriqiT, izrdebo-

des da, Sesabamisad, Senelebis STabeWdilebas
iZleodes. Tavad gamosaxulebani, iqneb, iyos
kidec sadme sul mTlad igiveobrivi, xolo
ufro xSirad odnavi sxvaobani aris xolme
Setanili, Tanabarzomieri metris odnav „ga-
sacocxleblad“, swrafisa da nelis damate-
biT gasamaleblad Tu Sesayovneblad; xanda-
xan, meti simZafris misaniWeblad, ZiriTadi
moZraobis sawinaaRmdego muxtis gasaCenadac.
ritmuli naxati SeiZleba gamosaxulebis Sig-
niTac vnaxoT (mag., SesamoselTa nakecebisa),
Tanac is mis farglebSi SeiZleba darCes, mag-
ram aseve SesaZlebelia sxvebze gameordes an
sxvagvars, mag., Tundac sul sadas (an iqneb _
sadasve fons) Seupirispirdes, es ki sxavadas-
xvanairad „datvirTuli“ monakveTebis dama-
tebiT ritmul Tu erTmaneTs „Sewonil“ kom-
poziciur svlebs gvaZlevs. gamosaxulebis
zedapiris gawonasworeba, Tundac ritmireba,
muq-naTlis, ferTa ganawilebiTac aris SesaZ-
lebeli. „Suqis“ da „Crdilis“, aseve feradi
laqebis Tu maxvilebis ganawileba TavisTa-
vadac kanonzomieri wesrigis warmomqmnelia
(amitom axseneben zogierTni Suq-Crdilis
da ferTa kompozicias), metwilad ki xazovan
sqemas Tanxvedrili an _ daZabulobis Sesa-
mateblad, _ nawilobriv mas acdenili. al-
baT, zedmeticaa kvlav imis Sexseneba, rom es
faqtorebi uamravnairad exameba da uerTdeba
erTi meores da amitomac xelovnebis nebis-
mieri nimuSi, maT Soris arcTu gamorCeulic,
gamocanasaviT amoucnobi da Tavis samtvrevi
xdeba. daumateT amas isic, rom „wminda“ for-
mismieri asaxviTac aris xolme, ganuyofeli
da aqac uricxv nairsaxeobas waawydebiT, zog
rasmesac sazogadod daujerebelsa da gauge-
bars. piradad CemTvis aseTi versawvdomi is
gaxlavT, rom XVII saukunis zogierT holan-
diur suraTze gamawonasworeblad (is ki, ro-
gorc davinaxeT, „sufTa“ formismieri unda
iyos) daxatuli siRrme gvevlineba _ anu „asa-
xviTi“ mxare. rogoraa es SesaZlebeli jerac
ver gamomirkvevia, amasTan ki utyuarad asea...
xelovnebis istoria rogorc mecniereba
imas emyareba, rom, erTi mxriv, yoveli mxatv-
ruli qmnileba ganumeorebel-erTjeradia,
meore mxriv ki, erTsa da imave drois (miT
dimitri TumaniSvili
umetes, Tu erTi qveynisac) naxelavs saziaro,
gamaerTianebeli niSnebic moepoveba rogorc
pirobiTobis, aseve „wminda“ formis mxri-
vac. pirobiTobaTa droisa da adgilismiero-
bas maSinve SeniSnavT _ arc Tvalis daZabva
unda da arc gonebis, mag., imis SemCnevas, rom
Zvel aRmosavleTSi adamianis gamoxatvisas
winxedsa da gverdxeds aerTianebdnen; an _
XV-XIX saukuneebis evropaSi xatvis winaRud-
gomeli piroba sibrtyeze perspeqtiuli „ko-
lofis“ ageba iyo. magram bolos motanili
TariRebic mogvagonebs, rom pirobiToba
SeiZleba aswleulebs gahyves (egvipte-Suam-
dinareT-mcire aziis SemTxvevaSi _ aTasw-
leulebsac!), maS, ratomRa ar aris erTnai-
ri am xnis ganmavlobaSi naxat-naqandakari?
karga xania naTelia; amas mxolod asasaxis
sxvadasxvaobiT ver axsni, Tundac imiT, jer
religiuri ambebi rom Warbobs, mere ki sa-
ero; vera, radgan, vTqvaT XVI saukunisa da
XVII saukunis sÁuJeturad msgavsi niderlan-
duri yofis suraTebi ara mxolod erTmaneTs
ara hgavs, gaCveul Tvals imasac gaumxels,
11
romel aswleuls ekuTvnis is, pirvelsa Tu
meores. ise Cans, rom saqme „wminda“ formis-
mieris mier gancdili cvlilebebia, saxel-
dobr, formis elementTa gansxvavebuli ur-
TierTkavSiri. mainc da mainc es ori saukune
alalbedze rodi vaxsene _ swored am oris
dasavleTevropuli saxviTi xelovnebis mox-
mobiT moxerxda 1910-ian wlebSi yvelaze kar-
gad formaTqmnis wesTa nairgvarobis Cveneba.
vgulisxmob, ra Tqma unda, saxelganTqmuli
Sveicariel-germaneli swavlulis, hainrix
vÁolfflinis mier _ misiv sityvaTxmarebiT!
_ „klasikuri“ da „barokuli“, igive cxovel-
xatuli stilebis10 warmoCinebas. ise, ajobeb-
da, albaT, aq formaTa tipebi gveTqva, raki
Tavad am mecnierisve azriT, amgvaradve aRna-
gi forma sul sxvadasxva drosa da, rac mTa-
varia, sxva pirobiTobisasac ipoveba. ase, ro-
manuli reliefebi „klasikuria“, XIII saukunis
somxuri „xaCkarebis“ qvaze kveTiloba ki _
„barokul“-„cxovelxatuli“. h. vÁolffliniT
10
stilis cnebas vin ra Sinaarss miawers, vin kidev
ras. axla ar Sevudgebi am sakiTxze msjelobas, vfiq-
rob, sakmarisia iTqvas rom h. vÁolfflinTan igi
formis agebis uzogades wess aRniSnavs.
 dimitri TumaniSvili
(aq mis SexedulebaTa arsebas gadmovcem da
ara mis azrTa msvlelobas Tu terminolo-
gias), „klasikuri“ imgvari formaa, romlis
yvela Semadgeneli (maT Soris romelime ga-
mosaxulis yvela wvrilman-msxvilmani) cxad-
liv da mTlianad ganirCeva, naTelia maT
Soris urTierTmimarTebac _ kompoziciuri
Tu mniSvnelobiTi (mag., romelia wamyvani,
romeli ki SedarebiT meorexarisxovani), _
naTladaa mofarglul-dasrulebuli mTe-
lic. „barokuli“ ki, misi dakvirvebiT, iseTi
nawarmoebia, sadac metobs elementebis nawi-
lobriv Cveneba, ar gamoikveTeba maTi sazRv-
rebi da TviTkmaroba, sagangebo ZalisxmeviT
Tu „waikiTxav“ kompoziciur wesrigs da mT-
lianobaSi nawarmoebi ki „dausrulebel“-
„moufarglavi“ Cans.11 h. vÁolfflinis naaz-
revze bevrs kamaTobdnen da axlac kamaToben,
is ki veravin daadastura, mis mier aRwerili
saxeobani formisa ar arsebobdes. isic kia _
uTuod iqneba da marTlac aris formis age-
bis mravali sxva wesic, oRond maT naTel-
sayofad, etyoba, mecnierebam jer ver moica-
12
la da amitom am ors unda davjerdeT. im az-
riT ki, ara ginda ar ginda yvelafers an erTi
gansazRvreba movaweboT an kidev meore, ara
_ isinic raRacgvar aTvlis wertilad gamog-
vadgeba, romelmac ara marto da arc imdenad
msgavseba unda gvapovninos, aramed sworedac
_ sxvadasxvaoba da erTaderToba.
aqamde Tu TiTqmis sul saxviTi xelovne-
bis asaxviT dargebze visaubreT, es ise rodi
unda CamomarTvaT, TiTqos xuroTmoZRvreba
gadamaviwyda. sulac ara! kidev metic, maszec
umravlesad is ganyofa-kategoriebi Wris,
zemoT racaa moyvanili. vfiqrob _ aqac SeiZ-
leba „pirobiTobani“ vnaxoT. aseTTagania,
mag., warmarTobis arqiteqturaSi taZris gare
ieris, qristianulsa da, garkveulwilad,
islamurSi ki Sida sivrcis mTavroba; isic,
rom zogan, e.w. organul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi
11
swored rom _ „Cans“ _ radganac araTu XVII s-is,
impresionistuli, viTomda „SemTxveviT“-„frag­ men­
tuli“ suraTebi mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT
dasrulebulia. sakmarisia mivadevnoT Tvali, rogo-
raa „SeWedili“ k. monesa Tu e. manes kompoziciebi.
h. vÁolfflinTan „dasruleba“ mxatvrulobis wina-
pirobas ki ara, mosasazRvris TvalnaTliobasa da
gamokveTlobas niSnavs.
(Zveli saberZneTi, goTuri stilis evropu-
li eklesiebi) mxatvruli zemoqmedebis uar-
sebiTesi saSualebaa TviTon konstruqcia,
qandakovani da sxva samkauli ki mas axlavs,
an (TeoriaSi mainc!) saerTod gamoiricxeba
(XX s-is „axali arqiteqtura“); zogan (Zveli
romi, renesansis da misi momdevno xana...) de-
kori masTan arafriT dakavSirebul mocu-
lobebzea zeddebuli. amav rigisaa wamyvani
masalebi da konstruqciebi (mag., kamarovneba
an ukamaroba), isic kidev, mSeneblobis rome-
li mimarTuleba pirvelobs (ZvelTagan yve-
laze SemoqmedebiTi, gezismimcemi taZarTa,
maTTan erTad ki sasaxleTa xuroTmoZRvre-
baa, elinistur-romaul xanaSi maT gverdiT
sazogadoebrivi nagebobebic Cndeba; qristi-
anul Sua saukuneebSi isev taZari da _ al-
baT, mainc naklebad, _ sasaxle modis win; XIV
s-dan saqristianos dasavleTSi ukanaskneli
da, ase, XVI-XVII ss-dan sazogadoebrivi Seno-
bebi winaurdeba, romelnic XIX s-Si upirve-
les adgils imkvidrebs, axla ukve binaTmSe-
neblobasTan erTad). axla _ rac formismier
mxares Seexeba. yvela sxva _ sulerTia, sax-
viT, sityvier Tu bgeriT, _ xelovnebis dar-
gze metad, arqiteqturaSi iCens Tavs gamoye-
nebismier-daniSnulebismieri (yvel­ gan sxva-
ganac arsebuli) moTxovna-moTxovnilebani,
Tan istoriulad cvalebadi; magram marto
isini rodi gansazRvraven ama Tu im nagebo-
bis arqiteqturul-mxatvrul gadawyvetas.
jer erTi, yofacxovrebaSic aris esTetiku-
ri sawyisi (romlis fardobiTi mniSvneloba
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi pirobiTobis erT-erTi
ganzomileba unda iyos) da, Sesabamisad, xse-
nebul moTxovnebSi isic urevia. amas garda,
arqiteqtura adamianis xelqmnili garemos
Semqmnelicaa da mudamJam raRacgvari zemoq-
medebis mosaxdenad gaTvlilic. xelovnebaT-
mcodneobiTi analizi xuroTmoZRvrebis ni-
muSs swored am mxridan mieyeneba _ rogorRa
warimarTeba igi? daaxloebiT ise, rogorc
„gamosaxvis xelovnebaSi“ _ mag., Tu gegmis,
Tu gare kedlebis garCeva zustad iseve keT-
deba, rogorc ferweruli tilosi an grafi-
kuli furclisa, Tu bareliefisa. pirvelad
varkvevT, rogoria Tu erTis, Tu meoris

kompoziciuri sqema _ ra geometriuli figu-
ra (an figurebi) udevs mas safuZvlad, ragva-
ri ritmuli naxati msWvalavs mas; gansxvaveba
isaa, rom aq gamosaxulebis fonTan mimarTe-
bis nacvlad, kedlis sibrtyesTan RiobebiT
axdili zedapirebisa da amoziduli manawev-
reblebisa da mosarTavebis Sefardebas vad-
genT; kar-sarkmlebSi Cawolili Tu mamkobi
elementebis dacemuli Crdilebi aq Suq-
Crdilovan kompozicias qmnis (xvrelobebis
zoma-moyvanilobasa da dekoris amoburcu-
lobiT Sepirobebuls); garkveuli adgili _
marTalia, bevrad naklebi vidre ferweraSi
da TviT daferil qandakebaSi, _ aqvs feris
moxmoba-moxmarebasac. samagierod, emateba
sakiTxebi garemomcvel bunebasa Tu nagebo-
bebTan damokidebulebisa (Sewyobilia is bu-
nebrivsa Tu xelovnur garemos, kontrastu-
lia mis mimarT, ra saSualebebiT miiRweva an
pirveli, an meore da a.S) da, rac mTavaria,
rogoria Sida sivrce. interieris dasaxasi-
aTeblad mniSvnelovania ara mxolod „obieq-
turi“ maCveneblebi (mTlianobaSi Senobis Tu
misi ama Tu im nawilisa da elementis zoma-
moculoba, fizikurad Tu anazomze maTi Ta-
nafardobani), isic, rogor awvdis maT xelo-
vani misulT, rogor dainaxavs maT igi. amis
gasarkvevad aucilebelia adgili movinacv-
loT, interierSi da Sesasvlelidan moyole-
buli, iq davdgeT, sadac bunebrivad imyofe-
bodnen adamianebi da aRvnusxoT romlidan
ras davinaxavT: ra nawils sivrcisas, romel
elements mTlianad SevxedavT, romels ki
sxva waefareba; romeli monakveTi saidan xv-
deba Tvals da a.S. aucileblad unda iqnes
CaniSnuli, ranairad ganefineba Suqi, sad ra
maxvilebs „svams“. sxvanairad Tu vityviT,
unda vecadoT mivxvdeT, ra zomamde apiro-
bebs Cven STabeWdilebas sigrZe-sigane-si-
maRleebis „obi­ eq­
turi“ Sefardebani da rad
gardasaxavs maT (arqiteqtorisve SemoTava-
zebuli) xedvis kuTxe­ebi da Suqis moZraoba.
e.i. ki, rogoria aq, am nagebobaSi Camoqnili
sivrcis suraTi anda suraTebi. vrceldeba
xuroTmoZRvrebaze „klasikur“-„barokulis“
dapirispirebac: „klasikuri“ nagebobis in-
terieri iolad moixileba, sivrciTi sura-
dimitri TumaniSvili
Ti an erTia, an mcire raodenobisa, ganaTeba
gabneulia, fasadebze Tanabarzomiereba su-
fevs, dekori mcired amozidulia, saerTo
kompozicia ufro metrze agebuli, maxvi-
lebi _ mag., SuaSi, _ sul odnavaa gamokve-
Tili da danarCen Semadgenlebs ar akninebs;
„barokul“-„cxovelxatulSi“ Sida sivrcis
erTbaSad aRqma ar xerxdeba, fragmentuli
sivrciTi suraTebi mravladaa, ganaTeba-
kontrastuli, fasadebi _ Zlier Zerwilia,
mkveTri maxvilebiT, muqi CrdilebiTa da
maTi siZlieriT TiTqos „aelvarebuli“ gana-
Tebuli monakveTebiT...
xelovnebis nawarmoebze gansja, erTi
SexedviT, misi mxatvruli Rirseba-Rirebu-
lebis CvenebiT unda dabolovdes. marTlac,
Cven arcTu iSviaTad ase viqceviT da es sav-
sebiT gasagebicaa, rakiRa xelovnebasTan
adamianis „urTierToba“ yovelTvis da une-
burad SefasebiTia. amasTan ki, xelovnebis
istorikosisTvis es savaldebulo sulac ar
aris. kidev meti, sulier-gonebismieri naqm-
nis Sefaseba mis mowoneba-armowonebasac ar
13
udris (imis msgavsad, Zveli romaelebi pi-
ris gemoze rasac ambobdnen _ „gemovnebaze
ar daoben“-o) da arc martooden esTetiku-
ri xarisxis Cvenebas _ xelovnebas xom (mo-
diT amaze nu vidavebT!) sxvac moaqvs, eTi-
kur-religiuric da a.S. karga xania, rac sa-
xelmZRvanelo mgonia avstriel-germaneli
mecnieris, hans zelmairis miTiTeba _ xelov-
nebis nawarmoebis rangi da misi Rirebuleba
gavmijnoTo _ pirveli, miaxloebiT, mxatvru-
li srulyofilebis tolfasia, meores ki „Ri-
rebulebaTa samyarosTan“, Sesabamisad, waru-
val-absoluturTan aqvs saerTo, rac CvenT-
vis, miTumetes, Tavisi bunebiT racionalur-
gansjismieri mecnierebisTvis, Tu aris kidec
misawvdomi, dasabuTebadsa da miwier-cod-
nismiers mainc verafers SegvZens. ase rom, h.
zedlmairi gvirCevs erTmaneTSi ar avrioT
mxatvruli srulqmnileba da Cveni piradi,
grZnobismieri „pasuxi“ masze. yvela CvenTa-
gans SeuZlia Seamowmos amis SesaZlebloba
_ araferi gviSlis, mag., vaRiaroT, rom ro-
melime poema srulyofilebaa (e.i. masSi yve-
la Sinaarsobriv-formismieri Semadgenelis
 dimitri TumaniSvili
Tanxmiereba-mTlianobaa miRweuli), am dros
ki, is ar gvekareba, guls ki ram patara, saSu-
alo Rirsebis leqsi gviCqrolebs. oRond aq
kidev erTi „magram“ wamoyofs Tavs: raki xe-
lovneba ara mxolod gonebiT, Tu calke grZ-
nobiT da a.S., aramed raRacnairi mTlianobi-
Ti gancdis gziT „Semodis“ CvenSi, yvela
adamianisTvis aRmoCndeba ostati an mTeli
epoqa da TviT kulturac ki, romlis mimarT
is ugrZnobelia, romelic mas „ar elaparake-
ba“; ra Tqma unda, amgvari, garduvali „Sez-
Rudulobisgan“ arc xelovnebis Semswavle-
lia Tavisufali. maS, raRa unda iRonos man
aseTi, verCasawvdomi mxatvruli movlenis
pirispir? vfiqrob, is, rac aris kidec saxvi-
Ti xelovnebis mkvlevaris movaleoba _ unda
daaxasiaTos igi yvela SesaZlo Tvalsazri-
siT, maT Soris am narkvevSi dasaxelebuli
kriteriumebiTac. xolo aseTi, rogorc
ityvian, „identifikaciis“ Semdgom, Tuki
man gansaxilveli araTu ver Seitkbo, verc
saTqmeli „amoikiTxa“ da verc, ase vTqvaT,
„gamoTqmulobis xarisxs“ miuxvda, imas unda
14
dajerdes, sarkvevis „aseToba“ rom gaarkvia,
sxva ki imaT dauTmos, vinc aramarto aseT-
nairad qmnil formas Seicnobs, mis mier ga-
moTqmul azrsac, da mis metsa Tu nakleb
garkveulobasac; moduri sityvaTxmarebiT:
vinc saxviT „teqsts“ ara gramatikul savar-
jiSod „waikiTxavs“, aramed rogorc leqss.
Cemi fiqriT, aseTi TavSekaveba ufro goniv-
rulic iqneba da ufro sasaxeloc, vidre
gauTavisebeli mxatvruli enis Sedevri ara-
raobad movixsenioT, xolo caSi ki arafrad
Rirebuli nacodvilari aviyvanoT.
erTic kidev, ukanaskneli kiTxva: uS-
lis Tu ara xels, metic, Tu ewinaaRmdege-
ba (rogorc gagvagoneben xolme) mxatvruli
formis Cakvirvebuli garCeva xelovnebis
nawarmoebTa Sinaarsis mxriv Semecnebas, maTi
sulieri Tu kulturuli mniSvnelobis Cawv-
domas? aramc da aramc! es ori mimarTuleba
gansjisa ara marto araa urTierTdapirispi-
rebuli, piriqiT, ferwerul, naqandakar, xu-
roTmoZRvrul da a.S. namuSevarTa sazrisis
„gamocnobisas“ yovelTvis, gacnobierebula-
da Tu gaucnobiereblad, mxatvruli formis
monacemebiT vsazrdoobT. rasakvirvelia,
maT gareSecaa SesaZlebeli sÁuJetis, gamo-
yenebul simboloTa an alegoriebis axsna. ai,
imaze Tu midga saqme, niSandobliv am jer-
ze ras gvamcnoben isini, nebauneburad for-
mismieri gamomsaxveloba unda davixmaroT.
rasakvirvelia, arasodes unda viviwyebdeT
h. vÁolfflinis Segonebas, formis droiTi
gansazRvruloba mudam gaiTvaliswineTo _
rom, mag. berZnuli arqauli qandakebisa anda
raimsis taZris wmindan-angelozTa xatebebis
Rimili gamosaxulTa gunebaganwyobis gamom-
xatvelad ar CavagdoT. da mainc, ragindara
Sinaarsi saxviT xelovnebaSi martooden xi-
lul formadRa arsebobs da misi ugulebe-
lyofa, Tu gindac misdami ugulisyuroba,
esao da, isedac gvesmiso, Tu gvazaralebs,
Torem verafer xeirs dagvayris. Sinaarsis-
mieri gansakuTrebuli TvalsaCinoebiT sax-
viT pirobiTobaSi cxaddeba _ didi mtkiceba
ar unda, rom samganzomilebianobis gadmoce-
ma an masze uaris Tqma, sxeulTa „bunebiTi“,
wyobisadmi yuradReba anda misi aradmiCneva,
individualuri nakvTebis guldagul gamoy-
vana an arSemCneva arsebulze sul sxvadas-
xva warmodgenis, sxvadasxva msoflmxedve-
lobis maniSnebelia. axla isic vTqvaT, erTi
msoflxatis gamziarebelni mas nairgavarad
rom ganicdian Tu SeigrZnoben _ xelovne-
bisTvis ki msoflgancda da msoflSegrZneba,
ra Tqma unda, kidev ufro arsebiTia, vidre
romelime swavlebas Tu moZRvrebas damowa-
feba; Tanac „grZnobismieri“ nairferovneba,
pirovnul-individualurTan erTad, kuTxob-
riv-individualuric moipoveba da erovnul-
individualuric... rogorc vnaxeT, forma
msxvaobar modasa da mSveniereba-silamazis
idealebsac daimCnevs; zemoTac iTqva gak-
vriT, amaSic msoflmxedveloba aisaxebao
da es asec aris, amasTan ki: aq Tavisi wili
socialur, wodebriv (gnebavT, klasobrivi
uwodeT) sawyisebsac aqvs. sazogadoebis Sre-
Ta „xedva“ Seapirobebs, mag., ragvar gareg-
nobas aZlevs upiratesobas inglisis mefis
karis mxatvari antonis van deiki da respub-
likuri holandiis qalaq harlemis mkvidri
frans halsi; „aristokratiuli“ sinatifis
 dimitri TumaniSvili

mamtkicebeli iyo XVIII saukuneSi mamakacTa DIMITRI TUMANISHVILI

„feminizebuli“ Cacma-daxurva, safrangeTis George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
1789 wlis revoluciis Semdgomi Targebi- for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
sa da varcxnilobis SedarebiTi simartive Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
da „bunebrioba“ ki adamianTa „Tanasworo-
basa da Tavisuflebas“ RaRadebda... esec ki
unda davZino aucileblad: ar unda vendoT ARTISTIC FORM
martiv, calsaxa gansazRvrebebs rogoricaa,
mag., mtki­ ceba, sibrtyiT-xazobrivi midgo- Summary
ma spiritualizmis gamomsaxveliao _ nuTu
dasajerebelia, qveynierebisadmi erTnairi A sensual-expressive basis of the fine arts, the meth-
mimarTeba amoZravebdes, vTqvaT, egviptel ods of analysis of artistic forms — as the elements of
freskists da anri matiss? an gindac marTla a form, as an artistic conditionality, both for the form
sulierebis da sibrtyovnebis ganuyreloba itself and for non-artistic structuring, — is discussed
virwmunoT, erTsa da imaves itevs es cneba in this essay. Furthermore, an artistic form is also dis-
XIII saukunis qarTvel xatmwerTana da pit cussed as a content creator.
mondrianTan? vgoneb, es ase ar unda iyos.
da am mxrivac bevrze bevria sakeTebeli da
safiqreli. ueWvelia, es yvelafer sxvasac
Seexeba _ arc imis mwams, raime kuTxiT hqon-
des saerTo, sityvaze, minosuri kretisa da
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis evropis mkerdmoRe­Ril
kabebs... kulturul-Sinaarsobrivi, iqneb pi­

15
rovnul-fsiqologiuric gaxsna sakuTriv
mxatvrulis, formismieris „gverdis avli-
Tac“ aris, albaT, SesaZlebeli, oRond aseve
didi sifrTxile da ostatobaa saWiro, raTa
metismeti ar mivaweroT teqnikas, drois
Cveulebebs, skolur Cvevebs gamowveuli da
a.S.; isini upirobod pirovnulis gamomavle-
nad ar miviRoT, asaxvis nebismieri saSualeba
ki sagangebo-gamomsaxvelobiTad.
amrigad, saxviTi formis analizis dauf­
leba xelovnebis mkvlevarTaTvis iseTive
moucilebeli saWiroebaa, rogorc musikosis­
Tvis notebis da sxva niSnebis kiTxvis codna.
mxolod am analitikuri xerxebis meoxebiT
Tu SeiZleba sabuTiani, saerTodac gasagebi
gaxdes xelovnebaTmcodnis azris msvlelo-
ba, isini Cveni kvlevis mecnierulobis erTi
saukeTeso dammowmebelTagania.
 mariam didebuliZe
mariam didebuliZe
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores xati
nakifaridan
`qadageba ferebiTa da xazebiT~ _ ase gan-
sazRvravdnen eklesiis didi mamebi qristia-
nul mxatvrobas. marTlac, iseve rogorc
qadageba ganmartavs saxarebiseul teqsts
da sxvadasxva aqcentebs svams mis SinarsSi,
aseve mxatvrobac (gamosaxuleba zogadad)
ikonografiisa da mxatvruli saSualebebis
daxmarebiT sayovelTaod cnobil siuJet-
Si akeTebs nairgvar aqcentebs, ganmartavs,
amravalferovnebs da aRrmavebs gamosaxu-
lebis Sinaarss1.
am TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sainteresoa
16
wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores xati nakifa-
ridan. igi kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba saxviTi saSualebebisa da
ikonografiis meSveobiT garkveuli Sinaar-
sis gamokveTa da garkveuli azrobrivi aq-
centebis dasma.
1
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saxviTi xelovnebis
nawarmoebebi swored saxviTi saSualebebis meSve-
obiT gvesaubrebian, gadmogvcemen saTqmels, imas,
rac siuJetis miRmaa da risic mnaxavelisTvis ga-
ziareba-gadmocema-ganmarteba maTi Semqmneli osta-
tis mTavari sazrunavia (an yovel SemTxvevaSi, unda
iyos, Tu es WeSmariti xelovnebaa, da ara mxolod
samSvenisi an formaTa TamaSi). odnavi cvlilebac
ki kompoziciur agebaSi, xazis xasiaTSi, modelire-
bis maneraSi, ferTa gamaSi, ritmSi da a.S. sruliad
cvlis erTi da imave siujetis Sinaarss. magaliTad,
jorjones venera, ticianis venera, goias SiSveli
maxa, manes olimpia _ oTxive tiloze wamowolili Si-
Sveli qalis figuraa gamosaxuli, Tumca jorjones
aramiwieri qalRmerTis saxe mxatvruli saSualebe-
bis xasiaTis cvlilebaTa Sedegad manes suraTze ka-
xpas gamosaxulebad gardaisaxeba. asevea dedis da ba-
vSvis Tema, romelic mxatvrul saSualebaTa xasiaTis
cvlilebiT sul sxva­dasxvagvar Sinaarss iZens (mag.,
vladimiris RmrTimSoblis bizantiuri xati, rafae-
lis madona della sedia, rubensis elene fourmani
SvilebTan erTad da bolos lado gudiaSvilis `miu-
safarni~).
nakifaris wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores
arc Tu didi zomis xati (41 X 33 sm.) qarTuli
xatweris erTi gamorCeuli nimuSia2.
samecniero literaturaSi igi XII sauku-
niT TariRdeba3. Tumca, Cemi azriT, igi ufro
XI s-is II naxevrisa an miwurulis qmnileba unda
iyos (sur. 1, 2, 3).
xati Sesrulebulia temperiT, Txlad da-
gruntul, sakmaod xalvaTad naqsov, sqeli
teqsturis tiloze, romelic amJamad moci-
lebulia xis safuZvls. tilos naWeri erTia-
nad faravda rogorc xatis kidobans, aseve
CarCos. savaraudoa, rom CarCo moWedilobiT
2
am xats sakmaod dramatuli Tavgadasavali aqvs.
CvenTvis ucnob dros da ucnobi piris mier ferweru-
li tilo aZrobil iqna xis safuZvlidan (vandalizmi
Tu Senaxvis mcdeloba?) da ase, qsovilis naglejiviT
ido nakifaris eklesiaSi, saidanac qalbatonma rene
Smerlingma wamoiRo da g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli
xelovnebis istoriis institutis samuzeumo kole-
qcias Caabara. xatis gansakuTrebuli maRali mxat-
vruli Rirsebebis gamo, igi institutis direqto-
ris, akad. v. beriZis seifSi inaxeboda. 1988 wels b-n
vaxtang beriZis kabinetidan wignebis da saqaRalde-
ebis gadatanisas institutis axal SenobaSi, erekle
II-is moedanze, xati daikarga da SemTxveviT gadaurCa
ganadgurebas, rodesac igi Zvel, gadasagdebad gan-
kuTvnil JurnalebSi Cayolebuli vipove. meored ki
1992 wlis tragikuli movlenebis dros igi isev Sem-
TxveviT gadaurCa xanZars, radgan ori dRiT adre,
mxatvris saxlis darbeviT SeSinebulma Cveni `mu-
zeumidan~ gavitane, rac CanTaSi Cametia, maT Soris,
pirvel rigSi es xati. samwuxarod, Cveni institutis
koleqciis davTari daiwva (Tumca cnobilia am xatis
sainventaro nomeri: # 489 (Е.Л. Привалова, Павниси,
Тб., 1977, gv, 51)) da ufro zusti informacia am xatis
Sesaxeb aRar gagvaCnia. amJamad xati gadacemulia S.
amiranaSvilis sax. xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumSi,
misi ukeTesi dacvis mizniT.
3
g. alibegaSvili, wminda meomarTa _ giorgisa da
Tevdo­res xati zemo svaneTidan, `freska~, Tb., 1982,
gv. 46-47; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli
Weduri da ferweruli xatebi, Tb., 1980. gv. 99; il.
10; g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
Tb., 1994.gv.135, tab 13; G.Alibegashvili, A. Volskaia, K.
Waitzman, M. Chatsidakis, G. Babic, M. Alpatov, The Icons,
Milano-Lubliana, 1981-1982, gv. 90, 112; Г. Алибегашвили,
`Вновь открытый~ памятник грузинского иконописного ис-
кусства, Ars Georgica, #9, seria A, Tb., 1987, gv. 89-93.
wm. meomarTa xats n. WiWinaZe XII s-is xatebis
jgufSi asaxelebs; n. WiWinaZe, XI-XIII saukuneebis
qarTuli xatweris mxatvrul-istoriuli aspeqtebi,
sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati, Tb., 2004,
gv. 22; n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera,
Tb., 2011, gv. 9; n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba
(qarTuli xatweris istoriidan), Tb., 2014, gv. 128.

iyo dafaruli, vinaidan axla gamosaxulebis
an Tundac feris raime kvali ar Cans. mxolod
cerobia wiTeli oqris zoliT aRniSnuli. me-
ore mxriv, arc nalursmnalis da arc moWedi-
lobis raime sxva kvali Cans tilos am nawil-
ze, Tumca dabejiTebiT raimes Tqma Znelia,
vinaidan tilos kideebi sakmaod daZenZilia.
xatis centraluri are, anu kidobani
mTlianad Sevsebulia orfiguriani kompozi-
ciiT: molurjo-momwvano neitralur fonze
(niadagis zolis aRniSvnis gareSe), mTeli ta-
niT gamosaxulni arian wm. meomrebi _ giorgi
(marcxniv) da Tevdore (marjvniv). didi zo-
mis oqrosferi (albaT auripigmentis) Sara-
vandebiT mosilni, isini sam-meoTxedSi arian
Setrialebulni, locvad xelapyrobilni kom-
poziciis zeda nawilSi, centrSi gamosaxuli
uflis makurTxeveli marjvenisken, romelic
singurisferi cis segmentidan Zirs, odnav
diagonaluradaa mimarTuli (wm. giorgisken).
wmindanTa figurebs Soris, kompoziciis
qveda nawilSi, gamosaxulia qveviTken wawve-
tebuli ovalis (wveTis) formis wiTeli fari
ornamentirebuli oqrosferi arSiiT. fonze,
wmindanTa saxeebis win Cans TeTri saRebaviT
Sesrulebuli, amJamad Zalze mkrTali asom-
Tavruli warwerebis fragmentebi (g; wi).
wm. meomrebi samxedro samosSi arian ga-
mosaxulni: oqrosferi abjrebi Savi naxatiT;
oqrosferi, Savi naxatiTve ornamentirebuli
qobiT da samajeebiT Semkuli mokle kabebi (wm.
giorgis _ lurji da wm. Tevdores _ wiTeli);
fibuliT cal mxarze Sekruli da mklavebze
gadakidebuli grZeli (muxlebs qvemoT), mo-
sasxamebi _ wm. giorgis _ wiTeli, wm. Tevdores
_ lurji; dabal, uornamento CeqmebSi Catane-
buli viwro, Semotkecili Sarvlebi rombuli,
badisebri, TeTri wvrili naxatiTaa dafaruli.
wm. meomrebis garegnoba Seesatyviseba
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi dadgenil ikonogra-
fias: wm. giorgi _ axalgazrdaa, xveulTmiani,
uwverulvaSo, pirsavse, odnav mZime nikapiT;4
wm. Tevdore stratilati _ Suaxnisa, xveulT-
miani, wverulvaSiani da ufro mogrZo saxis
4
Ch. Walter, The Warrior saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,
Birmingham, 2003, gv. 109-144; Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское
чеканоое искусство, Тб., 1959, t. I, gv. 244-264; 430 da sxv.
mariam didebuliZe
ovaliT, wawvetebuli orboloiani wveriT,
rac mas wm. Tevdore tironisgan ganasxvavebs5.
niSandoblivia, rom centrisken mibrune-
bul, 3/4-Si gamosaxul saxeebze didroni, Savi
naxatiT mkafiod SemosazRvruli da TeTri
gamonaTebebiT xazgasmuli nuSisebri Tvale-
bis mzera arc zustad cisken aris apyrobi-
li, arc mlocvelisken, da arc erTmaneTsken
_ win da odnav iribad, sadRac sivrceSia mi-
marTuli, rac xatis saerTo mlocvelobiT
ganwyobas esadageba.
xatis ikonografia, erTi SexedviT, sak-
maod tradiciulia, Tumca, ufro guldasmiT
dakvirvebisas gamoCnda, rom Tavisi droi-
sTvis arc Tu ise gavrcelebuli.
zogadad, wm. meomrebis wyviladi gamosa-
xulebebi uZvelesi droidan arsebobs, Tumca
umetesad mxedris saxiT (mag., webeldis filis
meore nawili (VIII s)6; martvilis taZris re-
liefi (VII s)7; sabereebis IV da VIII eklesiebis
moxatulobebi (IX da X ss,)8; vales eklesiis
timpani (X s)9; nikorwmindis taZris timpanis
reliefi (XI s)10; nakifarisa da macxvariSis
17
taZarTa moxatulobebi (XII s)11; kapadokiaSi
5
Ch. Walter, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,
Birningham, 2003, gv. 60.
Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie, 8, Rom–Freiburg–
Basel–Wien 1976, gv. 444–446 (G. Weigert), gv . 447–451 (G.
Weigert, E. Lucchesi-Palli);
Л.Мавродинова, Св. Теодор – развитие и особенности на
иконографския му тип в средневековната живопис, Известиа
на Института за искуствознание, 13, Sofia, 1969, gv. 33-52.
ori Tevdores garCeva, Tu gamosaxulebas warwera
ara aqvs, zogjer Znelia, miTumetes, rom maTi biog­
ra­fiuli cnobebic xSirad aRreulia. D. Mouriki, The
Mosaics of Nea Moni on Chios, Athens, 1085, gv. 142-143; H.
Maguire, The icons of their Bodies. Saints and their images in
Byzantium, Princeton, 1996, 21-22.
6
Л. Хрушкова, Скульптура раннесредневековой Абхазии
V-X века, Тб., 1980, tab. XXVII.
7
Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, М.,
1977; il. 56.
8
Т. Шевякова, Монументальная живопись раннего средне­
вековья Грузии, Тб., 1983, il. 28, 42.
9
Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, М.,
1977; il. 94.
10
Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, М.,
1977; il. 156.
11
Т. Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись художника Микаела
Маг­лакели в Мацхвариши, krebulSi: Избранные труды,
Тб., 2007, il. 9; Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Во­
ль­ская, Живописная школа Сванети, Тб., 1983, таб. 60.
 mariam didebuliZe
ialnli kilises moxatuloba hasan-dagidan
(IXs.) 12; mavrukanis eklesiis freskebi (X s)13;
iusuf koC kilise avCilvarSi (XII s)14 da sxv.
aranakleb xSirad gamoisaxeba fronta-
lurad mdgom wm. meomarTa reprezentaciuli
wyvilebi. aseTi kompoziciis erTi adreuli
nimuSia vinicaSi napovni terakotis fila
skoples muzeumidan (daax. VIII s)15.
frontalurad, fexze mdgomi wyviladi
meomrebis gamosaxulebebi aris spilos Zvlis
karedebze (mag., arbavilis karedi, X s16, ermita­
Jis karedi ormoci wamebuliT, X s17), veneciis
wm. mTavarangelozis minanqruli xatis CarCo-
ze, XI s.18 da sxv. aseve CvenSi, set­is karedze,
XIII s19, favnisis moxatulobaSi, XII s20, udab-
nos xarebis eklesiis moxatulobaSi21 da sxv.
rac Seexeba Cveni xatis kompoziciur sqe-
mas _ uflisken (an RmrTismSoblisken) locviT
mimarTuli ori, erTmaneTisken Sebrunebu-
li figura _ TavisTavad is ar aris iSviaTi
qristianul xelovnebaSi. gavixsenoT Tundac
vedrebis kompozicia, Tumca iq Jestikulaci-
ac cota sxvagvaria da Sinaarsic sxvaa. Tanac
18
macxovari mTeli taniT aris warmodgenili
da yvela TvalsazrisiT centralur figuras
warmoadgens.
es sqema xSirad gamoiyeneba qristes an
mariamis winaSe warmdgar wmindanTa wyvile-
bis gamosaxvisas. amis erT-erTi adreuli ni-
muSia ­basili meoris menologiumis miniatiu-
12
M. and N. Thieery, Nouvelles églises de Cappadoce, Region
de Hasan Daği, Paris, 1963, p.91.
N.Thierry, Haut Moyen Age en Cappadoce: l’église no. 3 de
13
Mavrucan, Journal des savants, 1972, pp. 258-63, fig. 21.
14
Ch. Walter, The Warrior saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,
Birningham, 2003, il. 28.
15
Ch. Walter, The Warrior saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,
Birningham, 2003, gv. 125, il. 24.
16
D. Talbot Rice, Art of the Byzantine Era, London, 1997, il. 64.
А. Банк, Византийское искусство в собраниях Советского
17
Союза, Ленинград, Москва, 1966, илл. 126, 130.
G. Alibegashvili, A. Volskaia, K. Waitzman, M. Chatsidakis,
18
G. Babic, M. Alpatov, The Icons, Milano-Lubliana, 1981-1982.
il. p. 43.
19
n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, Tb.,
2011, tab. 17.
20
Е.Л. Привалова., Павниси, Тб., 1977, gv. 43, tab. XV.
m. bulia, a. volskaia, d. TumaniSvili, daviTgare­
21
jis monastrebi. lavra, udabno, Tb., 2008, gv. 113.
rebi. mag., wm. kozma da damiane; wm. evgeni da
makariosi22; wm. giorgi da Teodore XII s-is
tyviis sabeWdurze Dumbarton Oaks-is koleq-
ciidan23, aseve Dumbarton Oaks-is koleqciis XI
s-is steatitis xati24, wm. giorgi da wm. de-
metre mooqrovil enkolpiumze aTonis mTi-
dan25, wm. petre da wm. pavle ermitaJis XII s-is
sabeWdurze26.
qarTul xelovnebaSi amgvari kompozici-
is magaliTia XIII s-is tbeTis saxarebis yda wm.
pertesa da wm. pavles gamosaxulebiT _ 3/4
Setrialebuli figurebi zemoT centrSi ga-
mosaxuli qristes naxevarfigurisken arian
locvad mimarTulni27.
22
Il Menologio di Basilio II (Cod. vaticano greco 1613), Torino,
1907, il. 152, 259.
23
V. Laurent, Le Corpus des sceaux de l’empire byzantin, V1:
L’eglise de Constantinople, Paris, 1963, V, 1, 597–598, no.779.
24
I. Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Bezantine icons in Steatite, Wien,
1985, pl. 6, fig. 5.
Н.П. Кондаков, Памятники христианского искусства на
25
Афоне, Санкт Петербург, 1902, 212, fig.84.
26
Н.П.Лихачев, Моливдовулы греческого Востока, К XVIII
международному конгрессу Византинистов (Москва, 8-15
августа, 1991г.), из серии Научное Наследие, т. 19, М., 1991,
ст. 185-186, таб. LXX – 17.
aTonis qsenofontes monasterSi daculia XII s-iT
daTariRebuli ori sakmaod didi zomis mozaikuri
xati, TiTeulze patricianul samosSi gamowyobili
wm. meomaria: erTze wm. giorgi da meoreze _ wm. de-
metre, romlebic 3/4 Si arian Setrialebulni zeda
kuTxeSi gamosaxuli qristes naxevarfigurisken, da,
faqtobribad, erTmaneTisken, Tu gverdigverd arian
ganlagebulni. es erTianobaSi Cvens xatTan qmnis
msgavsebas, Tumca aq fari saerTod ar aris gamo-
saxuli, samosic sxva tipisaa da, miuxedavad maTi
`dawyvilebisa~, es mainc ori calke xatia. История
иконописи VI-XX века, Под редакцией Т.В. Моисеевой, ИП
СИВ, 2010, gv. 58, ill 26-27.
27
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканоое искусство, Тб.,
1959, t. II, il. 431.
sainteresoa gavixsenoT varZiis didi taZris sarkm-
lebis moxatuloba, sadac samxreT kedelze, sarkm-
lebis wirTxlebSi gamosaxul wm. meomrebs sarkmlis
TaRSi gamosaxuli evmanueli akuTxebs da gaSlili
xelebiT adgams mowameobriv gvirgvinebs. erTi wyvi-
li swored wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdorea. rodesac dar-
bazidan pirdapir vuyurebT samxreT kedels, qristes
naxevarfiguras vxedavT frontalurad, wirTxlebze
gamosaxul meomrebs ki gverdulad, anu isini TiT-
qos Setrialebulni arian centrisken, 3/4 -Si. Tumca
varZiaSi mainc aqcenti gvirgvinis dadgmaze keTdeba,
rac mopirdapire kedlis Sinaarss Seefardeba (mefeTa
kurTxeva), Tanac, wm. meomrebi mainc erTmaneTTan iseT
mWidro erTobaSi ar aRiqmeba, rogorc Cvens xatze.

igive sqemaa gamoyenebuli centrisken
Setrialebul da locvad xelapyrobil qti-
torTa mravalricxovan gamosaxulebebSi 28.
uflis makurTxeveli marjvenisken mi-
trialebuli, locvad xelapyrobili wm. me-
omrebi giorgi da Tevdore, maT Soris, miwaze
dadgmuli mxolod erTi fariT, am periodis
qarTul xelovnebaSi TiTqmis ar viciT arc
xatweraSi, arc monumentur mxatvrobaSi da
arc WedurobaSi29.
erTaderTi axlo paraleli aris tigran
honencis eklesiis 1225 wlis moxatuloba
anisSi, sadac samxreTi mklavis dasavleT ke-
delze gamosaxulni arian wm. giorgi da wm.
Tevdore, locviT Setrialebulni cis seg-
mentSi gamosaxuli qristes naxevarfiguris-
ken (sur. 4). Tumca, nakifaris xatisgan gansx-
vavebiT, aq ori fari, ori Subi da ori, aseve
vertikalurad dadgmuli xmalia gamosaxuli.
sxva axlo paraleli qarTul xelovnebaSi
ar gveguleba. cxadia, im masaliT vmsjelob,
romelic CemTvis xelmisawvdomia. gviani xa-
nidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT XV s-is jruWis
xelnaweris miniatura (H-1665, 224v), romelic
imeorebs am sqemas, Tumca miniaturaze wm.
merkuri da wm. prokopi arian gamosaxulni,
iaraRic sakmaod bevria (sur. 5). sagulisxmoa,
rom am miniaturaze wminda meomrebi fexiT
28
N. Izmailov, Une stéatite Byzantine du Musée de Chersonèse,
in: L’art Byzantine chez les Slaves. L’ancienne Russie, Les Slaves
catholoque, «Deuxième recueil dédié à la mémoire de Théodore
Uspenski», II, Paris, 1932, p. 32-48. mag., spilos Zvlis
firfita imperator romanoz meorisa da evdokias
figurebiT (R.Cormack, Byzantine Art, Oxford, 2000, il. 74),
anda sulac baCkovos saZvleSi grigol bakurianisa
da misi Zmis figurebi mariamis naxevarfiguris
winaSe (Е.Бакалова, Бачковската костница, София, 1977,
илл. 136). qtitorebi alaverdis taZris samxreT
mklavSi (alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi, 1,
samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi-Telavi-
alaverdi, 2006 w-is noemberi, Tb., 2007, gv. 60, sur. 3),
mefe da dedofali gelaTis mTavari taZris CrdiloeT
karibWeSi (gelaTi 900, 2007, ill.83) da sxv.
29
petriwonis monastris grigol bakurianiseul ti-
pikonSi (Tavi XXXIV) naxsenebia wm. giorgisa da wm.
Tevdores xati, `saruTiTa da vercxliT moWedili~.
samwuxarod, am mokle aRweraSi ar Cans xatis iko-
nografiuli da kompoziciuri Taviseburebebi, Tum-
ca mainc sagulisxmo faqtia. a.SaniZe, qarTvelTa
monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni. tipikonis
qarTuli versia, Tb., 1971, gv. 118-119.
mariam didebuliZe
Telaven nacrisfer frTosan figurebs _ bo-
rotebis simboloebs. maTi farebis wverebic
am figuraTa frTebs erWoba30.
rodesac Cvens xatze gamosaxul wm. me-
omrebis pozas vuyurebT, maT Soris, miwa-
ze dadgmuli fariT, maSinaTve boWormis wm.
giorgis Weduri xati gvaxsendeba, romelzec
wmindanis poza da miwaze dadgmuli fari ems-
gavseba Cveni xatisas, Tumca iq mxolod erTi
figuraa. da esec, rogorc Cans, am droisTvis
sakmaod iSviaTi ikonografiuli versiaa31.
sakuTriv bizantiur xelovnebaSi am iko-
nografiuli redaqciis nimuSebi sakmaod co-
taa _ ZiriTadad mcire plastikaSi da ume-
tesad ori wm. Tevdores gamosaxulebiT.
niSandoblivia, rom nakifaris msgavs kom-
poziciaSi wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores wy-
vili ZiriTadad mcire plastikis nimuSebze
gvxvdeba da umetesad XI-XII saukuneebiT da-
TariRebul nimuSebze (mag., XI s-is steatitis
30
Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой грузинской
19
светской миниатюре (Миниатюры батальной тематики
в Джручской псалтыри) Тб., 1964, ст. 33-34, таб. XXXVIII;
XVI s-is zugdidis karedis gare frTebze, erTmane-
Tisken Setrialebuli wm. dimitri da wm. Tevdorea
gamosaxuli, magram es sul sxva saxis da Semadgenlo-
bis kompoziciaa, vinaidan wm. meomrebi erTianobaSi
mxolod karedis daxurvis SemTxvevaSi aRiqmebian,
Tanac isini mxolod odnav arian Setrialebulni
erTmaneTisken, arc mavedrebeli poza aqvT da arc
uflis xelia gamosaxuli, arc qristes naxevarfu-
gura) (g. alibegaSvili, T.sayvareliZe, qarTu­li
xatebi, Tb., 1994, il. 54; Г. Чубинашвили, Грузинское
чеканоое искусство, Тб., 1959, t. II, il. 530.
31
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканое искусство, Тб.,
1959, t. I, gv. 429-444; t. II, il. 162.
aseve mxolod erTi figuraa (wm. Tevdore strati-
lati) torCelos taZarSi (italia) Senaxul XI s-is
marmarilos filaze, romelzec wminda meomris poza
da faris forma msgavsia Cveni xatisa, Tumca aq sxva
iaraRic aris gamosaxuli. Torcello. Alle origin di Vene-
zia tra occidente e oriente, ed. Gianmatteo Caputo e Giovanni
Gentili, 2010, Marsilio gv. 83, cat. # 48. erTi figuraa XII
s-is wm. giorgis SeRebil reliefur berZnul xatze
kastoriidan (Weitzmann K., Chatzidakis M., Miatev K., Ra-
dojčić S., Frühe Ikonen. Sinaai, Griechenland, Bulgarien, Ju-
goslawien. Wien und München, 1965. il. 49), wveTis for-
mis, wvetiT Zirs dadgmuli faris motivs vxedavT
svaneTSive Semonaxul XIII s-is sami wm. meomris xatze
nakifaridan. Tumca, isini frontalurad dganan da
faric samia. G. Alibegashvili, A. Volskaia, K. Weitzman.,
M. Chatsidakis, G. Babic, M. Alpatov, The Icon, Milano-Lu-
bliana, 1981-1982, il. 123.
 mariam didebuliZe
xati Dumbarton Oaks-is koleqciidan32; XII s-is
miwurulis wm. giorgisa da Tevdores tyviis
sabeWduri Dumbarton Oaks-is koleqciidan33; XII
s-is steatitis xati berlinis muzeumidan34).
wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores wyviladi
mavedrebeli gamosaxulebis ferweruli ni-
muSebi _ xatwerisa Tu kedlis mxatvrobis,
gacilebiT mcire raodenobisa, da CemTvis
xelmisawvdomi masaliT, mxolod ramdenime
nimuSiT Semoifargleba (sinas xati, anisis
freska), maT Sorisaa Cveni xatic.
samagierod, Zalian didia ori wm. Tevdo-
res kompoziciebis nimuSebis raodenoba. Ta-
nac, wm. Tevdoreebis amsaxveli nawarmoebebi
droSic gacilebiT metad aris ganfenili _
TiTqmis XVII s-is CaTvliT.
XI-XII s-dan mxolod mcire xelovnebis
nimuSebia SemorCenili (tyviis sabeWdurebi,
steatitis xatebi da sxva35. am ikonografiu-
li redaqciiT Seqmnili ferweruli xatebidan
uadresia porfire uspenskis mier kievSi waRe-
buli da kievis sasuliero akademiaSi daculi
(an dakarguli) XII s-is sinas xati36 (sur. 6).
20
ZiriTadad ki ori wm. Tevdores msgavsi
ikonografiiT Sesrulebuli xatebi ufro
gviani droisaa: xatebi veroias bizantiur
muzeumSi (XIII s-is II nax.); kastoriis bizantiur
muzeumSi (XIV s-is II nax.), hilandaris monas-
32
I. Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Bezantine icons in Steatite, Wien,
1985, pl. 7, fig. 6.
33
V.Laurent, Le Corpus des sceaux de l’empire byzantin, V1:
L’eglise de Constantinople, Paris, 1963, V. 1, p. 597–598, no.779.
34
Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Byzantine Icons, pl. 49, fig. 100 .
35
N. Izmailov, Une stéatite Byzantine du Musée de Chersonèse,
in: L’art Byzantine chez les Slaves. L’ancienne Russie, Les Slaves
catholoques. Deuxième recueil dédié à la mémoire de Théodore
Uspenski, II, Paris, 1932, p. 32-48; Н.П. Кондаков, Памятни-
ки христианского искусства на Афоне, Санкт Петербург,
1902, 220; Банк А., Геммы-стеатиты – моливдовули. О роли
сфрагистики для изучения византийского прикладного ис-
кусства, Палестинский Сборник, 68, 1971, 46-52, илл. 2-3;
I.Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Bezantine icons in Steatite, Wien, 1985,
pl. 7. fig. 6; V. Laurent, Le Corpus des sceaux de l’empire byzan-
tin, V1: L’eglise de Constantinople, Paris, 1963, V. 1, 101–102,
no. 1749; Н.П. Лихачев, Моливдовулы греческого Востока,
ст. 196-195, таб. LXXI – 11 da sxv.
36
Н.И. Петров, Альбом достопримечательностей церковно-
археологического музея при Киевской духовной академии,
Киев, 1912, вып. I, стр. 10, илл. 7; Н.П. Кондаков, Иконы
Синайской и Афонской коллекции Санкт-Петербурга, 1902,
I, ст. 10, таб. VI.
tris koleqciaSi (XIV s-is miwuruli); aTonis
wm. pavles monasterSi (XVII s) da sxva37.
kedlis mxatvrobaSi es sqema imdenad aq-
tiurad vrceldeba paleologosTa da Semd-
gom, postbizantiur xanaSi, rom didxans mis
warmomavlobas swored paleologoTa xanas
ukavSirebdnen: mag., kastoriaSi, wm. giorgis
eklesia tu vunu (1368-1385), wm. aTanases
eklesia (1383-1384) (sur. 7), qriste zoodotes
eklesia (1389); aTonis mTaze qsenofontos
monastris wm. demetres taZris egvteri (XIV
s), albaneTSi, lesnovikis maxloblad mde-
bare RmrTismSoblis eklesia (XIV); serbeTSi,
JiCas eklesia (XIV s-is miwuruli), paganovos
wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis manasteri (XIV-XV
ss-Ta mijna)38; probotas eklesia rumineTSi39.
ori wm. Tevdores es ikonografiuli sqe-
ma paleologosTa xanaSi mcire xelovnebis ni-
muSebSic gamoiyeneba: mag., spilos Zvlis fir-
fita kremlis muzeumidan (XV s)40.
sagulisxmoa, rom paleologosTa xanaSi
sagangebod xdeba wmindanTa iaraRis aqcenti-
reba, romelic sakmaod mravalferovania da
mravalricxovani. nakifaris xatze ki meomre-
bs arc xmali artyiaT, arc Subi da arc mS-
vild-isari upyriaT.
rogorc aRvniSneT, xatweris nimuSebs
Soris nakifaris xatTan, TariRisa da kom-
poziciuri agebis mxriv, sakmaod axlo pa-
ralels warmoadgens xati sinas monastris
koleqciidan41. Sav-TeTri fotos mixedviT
Znelia darwmunebiT Tqma, Tu ra periodSia
Sesrulebuli es xati _ Sesrulebis TariRi
37
A. Trifonova, The iconographical type of saints Theodore Ty-
ron and Theodore Stratelates facing each other and its diffusion
during the Byzantine and post-Byzantine period, Зограф, Бр.
34, 2010, gv. 58-60.
38
A.Trifonova, The iconographical type..., gv. 55-58; S.
Pelikanidis, M. Chatzidakis, Kastoria. Byzantine art in Greece,
Athens, 1985, il. p 119.
39
T.Sinigalia, Puşcaşu, Mânăstirea Probota, Bucareşti, 2000,
ill.34.
40
И.А. Стерлигова, Работы греческих резчиков на Руси: к
изучению стиля древнерусской мелкой пластики первой по-
ловины 15-го века, в сборнике: Древне-русское искусство,
Искусство средневековой Руси и Византии эпохи Андрея
Рублева, Материалы Международной научной конфе-
ренции 1-2 октября 2008 года, Редактор-составитель Э.С.
Смирнова, М., 2012, ст., 254, илл. 9.
madlobas vuxdi n. WiWinaZes da n. burWulaZes, rom­
41
lebmac momawodes am xatis sqema da Sav-TeTri foto.

savaraudod, XII-XIII s unda iyos (kondakovi
XII s-iT aTariRebs, izmailova ki XIV-XV)42.
Tumca gansxvaveba mainc sakamod didia.
upirveles yovlisa, Sinaarsis mxriv: Cvens
xatze gamosaxulia wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdo-
re, sinas xatze ki wm. Tevdore tironi da
wm. Tevdore stratilati. Tanac isini war-
dgebian ara uflis marjvenis, aramed maria-
mis naxevarfiguris winaSe, romelic gaSlili
xelebiT gvirginebs adgams maT. maTi poze-
bic gacilebiT ufro `dramatulia~ _ ufro
mxrebSi da welSi moxrilni, TiTqos Camu-
xlulni, ufro mkveTrad ukan gadagdebuli
TavebiT, ufro xazgasmulad mavedrebel po-
zaSi. gansxvavebaa SeiaraRebis mxrivac _ sinas
xatze figurebs Soris, SubebiTa da xmlebiT
flankirebuli, ori faria erTimeoeris `ze-
moT~ dadgmuli. Tvals xvdeba iaraRis simra-
vle da mravalferovneba.
nakifaris xatis SemTxvevaSi ki wm. meom­
rebi mxrebSi gasworebulni arian, da maTi
odnavi welSi gazneqa Tayvaniscemisa da gan-
dideba-vedrebis pozaze msubuqi miniSnebaa.
es gamosaxuleba gacilebiT ufro stati-
kuria, ufro dinji, ieratiuli. nakifaris
xati swored Tavisi lakoniurobiT erTg-
vari lapidarulobiT, epikurobiT axdens
STabeWdilebas.
rogorc vnaxeT, Tu wm. Tevdoreebis ga-
mosaxulebebi sakmaod mravalricxovania, gan-
sakuTrbiT paleologosTa xanidan, nakifa-
risnairi wyvili _ wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore,
ufro iSviaTia43.
ase rom, Cveni xati ikonografiuli Tval-
sazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, wm. giorgis da wm.
Tevdores amgvari dawyvilebis uadresi da
unikaluri nimuSia, gansakuTrebiT ki erTi
faris gamosaxvis gamo. marTlac, Dumbarton
42
Н.П. Кондаков, Иконы Синайской и Афонской коллекции
преосв. Порфирия, издаваемые в лично им изготовленных
23 таблицах, Санкт-Петербург, 1902, 10-12, таб. IV ; N.
Izmailov, Une stéatite Byzantine du Musée de Chersonèse, in:
L’art Byzantine chez les Slaves. L’ancienne Russie, Les Slaves
catholoques. Deuxième recueil dédié à la mémoire de Théodore
Uspenski, II, Paris, 1932, p. 32-48.
43
sakmaod gavcelebulia maTi amxedrebuli wyvile-
bi, Tundac zemoT dasaxelebuli garejis saberee-
bis eklesiebSi, mefis mxatvar Tevdores freskebSi
(ifrali, nakifari), qvis mravalricxovan safasado
reliefebze da sxv.
mariam didebuliZe
Oaks-is XI s-iT daTariRebul steatitis xat-
ze faric oria da xmalic44.
wm. Tevdoreebis kompoziciis yvela ni-
muSSi, xazgasmulia materialuri iaraRi da
misi mravalferovneba, farebic yovelTvis
oria45. nakifaris xatis SemTxvevaSi mxolod
erTi, orive wmindanisTvis saziaro faris
gamosaxva sakmaod iSviaTi ikonografiuli
versiaa da garkveul simbolur mniSvnelobas
iZens. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aqcenti ke-
Tdeba swored wmindanebis locviT-mowameo-
briv funqciaze. miTumetes, rom sxva iaraRi
_ arc Subi, arc xmali, arc mSvildisari _ ar
aris gamosaxuli, anu materialuri sabrZolo
atributebi ugulebelyofilia. gamodis, rom
wmindanTa upiratesi iaraRi maTi rwmenaa, ma-
cxovris siyvaruli da erTguleba.
wm. meomrebis gamosaxulebaTa sxva nimu-
Sebze (mag., wm. giorgis xatze mestiis muzeu-
midan, setis karedze, mravalricxovan Wedur
xatebze _ laSTxveris XI s-is an sujunas We-
duri xatebi), materialuri iaraRi, piriqiT,
xazgasmulia46.
21
44
Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Byzantine Icons, pl. 6, fig. 5.
45
wm. meomarTa iaraRis formebsa da mniSvnelobaze
ix. P.L. Grotowski, Arms and Armours of the Byzantine Saints.
Tradition and innovation in Byzantine iconography (843-1261),
Leiden, Brill, 2009.
46
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканоое искусство, Тб.,
1959, t. 2, ill.152, 156.
Zirs vertikalurad dadgmuli fari, erTgvari rega-
liis mniSvnelobiT, gamosaxulia favnisSi, wm. gior-
gis figuris `ukan~, iseve rogorc mis winaSe mdgomi
qtitorebis figurebs `ukan~. Tumca aq farebs ver-
tikalurad dayenebuli xmlebic axlavs. qtitoruli
portretis garCevisas, e. privalova aRniSnavs, rom
wveriT miwaze dadgmuli fari, xmlebi da Subebi sa-
varaudod, iaraRis kurTxevis da dalocvis rituals
ganasaxierebs. Е.Л. Привалова, Павниси, Тб., 1977, gv 43,
52; jruWis fasalmunSi (H-1665;) aris meore miniatu-
rac, 224 r (Л. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой гру-
зинской светской миниатюре, tab XXXVII), romelzec ga-
mosaxulia wm. giorgi da wm. demetre, magram sakmaod
gansxvavebuli kompoziciuri wyobiT _ orive meomari
kompoziciis marcxena nawilSi dganan erTad, locvad
xelapyrobilni marjvena zeda kuTxeSi cis segment-
Si gamosaxuli qristes naxevarfigurisken, romelic
maTken kurTxevis JestiT aris mimarTuli, xolo ia-
raRi ki meomrebis figurebis `win~ aris gamosaxuli,
da faqtobrivad, qriste swored iaraRs akurTebs da
maTi pozac iaraRis kurTxevis Txovnas ufro hgavs.
aqac meomrebi fexiT Telaven eSmakis (demonis) fr-
Tosan nacrisfer figuras _ borotebis damarcxeba.
 mariam didebuliZe
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom roca meomre-
bi frontalurad arian gamosaxulni, maSin
TiTqos maTi sabrZolo triumfi aris xaz-
gasmuli, xolo roca sam-meoTxedSi locvad
wardgebian uflis winaSe _ maTi mowameobrivi
Rvawli da meoxebis Zala.
nakifaris xatSi wm. meomrebis samxedro-
sabrZolo funqcia ki ar aris xazgasmuli,
aramed maTi rwmenis siZliere, uflisadmi Ta-
vis Rvawlis Sewirva (Tumca samosi mainc me-
omrisa aqvT da ara wamebulis, anu qlamindiT
ar arian warmodgenilni). cnobilia, rom wm.
meomrebi gaiazrebodnen rogorc WeSmariti
rwmenis damcvelebi, urwmunoebasTan da mwva-
leblobebTan mebrZolni. anu dafasebuli iyo
ara imdenad maTi samxedro-saomari simxneve
da siZliere, aramed borotebasa da urwmu-
noebaze gamarjvebis unari. wminda meomrebi,
xatebis saxiT warmodgenilni, ufro Zlevamo-
silni arian, vidre maTi realuri sabrZolo
iaraRi47. q. valteri aRniSnavs, rom umravles
meomarTa cxovrebebSi maTi samxedro Rvawli
22
TiTqmis arc aris aRniSnuli48.
nakifaris xatze gamosaxul wminda me-
omrebs kargad SeeferebaT mociqul pavles
sityvebi: `SeimoseT yovlad saWurveli igi
RmrTisaÁ, raTaÁ SeuZloT Tquen wina-dad-
gomad manqanebaTa maT eSmakisaTa rameTu ara
ars brZolaÁ Cueni sisxlTa mimarT da Ãorc-
Ta, aramed mTavrobaTa mimarT da Ãelmwife-
baTa. soflis mpyrobelTa mimarT bnelisa
amis sawuToÁsaTa, sulTa mimarT ukeTurebi-
saTa, romeli arian caTa queSe. amisTÂs aRi-
ReT yovlad saWurveli igi RmrTisaÁ, raTa
SeuZloT wina-dadgomad dResa mas borotsa
da yovelsave iqmodeT, raÁTa sdgeT. mtkiced
ukue degiT, moirtyeniT welni Tquenni WeSma-
ritebiTa da SeimoseT jaWÂ igi simarTlisaÁ.
da SeisxeniT ferÃTa TquenTa ganmzadebu-
lebaÁ saxarebisa mis mSvidobisaÁ da yovelsa
Sina aRiReT fari igi sarwmunoebisaÁ, romli-
Ta SeuZloT yovelTa maT isarTa borotisa-
R.S. Nelson, `And So, With the Help of God~; The Byzantine
47
Art of War in the Tenth Century, DOP, 65-66, 2011-2012,
Washington DC, 2012, gv. 191.
Ch. Walter, The Warrior saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,
48
gv. 14; 31-36.
Ta ganÃurvebulTa daSretad; da Cafxuti igi
cxovrebisaÁ daidgiT da maxÂli igi sulisaÁ,
romel ars sityuaÁ RmrTisaÁ (efeselTa mi-
marT, 6:11-17). da aseve fsalmunisac: `rame-
Tu ara mSvildsa Cemsa vesav, arca maxvilman
Cemman macxovnos me.... RmrTisa mier viqebo-
diT Cven maradRe da saxelsa Sensa auarebdeT
ukunisamde~ (fsalmunni 43; 7,9).
`eseni etlebiTa da eseni hunebiTa, xolo
Cven saxeliTa uflisa RmrTisa CuenisaiTa
Cuen vxadodiT~ (fsalmunni. 19, 7).
`rameTu ara mSvildsa Cemsa vesav, arca
maxvilman Cemman macxovnos me, rameTu Sen
mcxovnne Cuen maWirvebelTa CvenTagan da
moZuleTa CvenTa arcxvine~ (fsalmunni, 43; 7-8).
xatis misteria _ kavSiri ufalsa da ada-
mians Soris, ufalsa da wmindanebs Soris,
misi idumali arsi da funqcia Cvens xatSi
Zalian efeqturad aris gadmocemul _ `mo-
Txrobili~ wminda mxatvruli saSualebebiT.
sakmaod standartuli ikonografiuli sqema
nakifaris xatis SemTxvevaSi marTlac gamor-
Ceulad eqspresiuli da mravlismTqmeli gax-
da xelebiT Seqmnili ritmis meSveobiT: qve-
vidan zeviT mimarTuli locvis da vedrebis
ze-aRsvla da zemodan qveviT mas Segebebuli
madli da kurTxeva.
xuTi xelis es motivi Zalian efeqturi
da eqspresiulia, vinaidan mSvenivrad aris
moZebnili xelis mtevnebis da moqnili, Tumca
ara metismetad wagrZelebuli TiTebis gan-
lagebis, aRma da daRma moZraoba-mimarTebis
ritmi, romelic musikaluri melodiis ganc-
das da JReradobas badebs. Tamamad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom am motivis amgvari eqspresiuli
ritmuli gadawyveta iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba.
safiqrebulia, rom dazianebamde _ anu
roca acvenili saRebavis qveS TeTri gruntis
laqebi ar zemoqmedebda feradovan STabeW-
dilebaze, xolo xelis oqrosferi oqra ar
iyo gamuqebuli, es motivi kidev ufro eqs-
presiuli iqneboda.
nakifaris xatis mxatvruli saxe mniSvne-
lovania misi TariRis dazustebisTvis. rad-
gan Tu igi XI s-isaa, maSin is am ikonografiu-
li sqemis erTi adreuli nimuSi gamodgeba.

nakifaris xatis samecniero literatu-
raSi mocemuli daTariReba _ XII ss _ TiTqos
eWvs ar iwvevs, Tumca me mainc ufro zust
TariRad XI s-is miwuruls miviCnevdi. mgonia,
rom nakifaris wm. meomrebis xatis Sesrule-
bis dro win uswerebs 40 sebasteli mowamisa
da uSgulis odigitrias xatebis Sesrulebis
dros, miTumetes mTavarangelozTa xatebi-
sas lagurkisa da mestiis muzeumidan.
g. alibegaSvili, romelmac yvelaze sa­
fuZ­ vlianad ganixila es xati, XII s-iT da-
TariRebas sxva faqtorebTan erTad, figu-
rebis welSi gazneqili dgomiT asabuTebs,
ris analogiad yincvisis qtitorTa pozebi
moyavs da a.S.49.
meomarTa sxeulis welTan odnavi gazneqa
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos emsgavseba XII s-is II
naxevrisa da XIII s-is figurebis torsis ga-
drekas (mag., favnisi, udabnos xareba, yincvisi
da sxv.), Tumca es samosis TargiTac SeiZleba
iyos ganpirobebuli _ XI s-is zemo-krixis da
atenis moxatulobebSi qtitorebis figure-
bic msgavsad aris gazneqili. Tu SevadarebT
XII s-is II naxevris favnisis moxatulobaSi wm.
meomrebis torsis gazneqas, TvalSi sacemia
Zalian didi gansxvaveba _ favnisSi is TiTqmis
manerulobis zRvarzea50. Cveni xati ki Tavisi
TavdaWerilobiT, formaTa da konturis gan-
zogadeba-mTlianobiT bevrad adreuli unda
iyos. g. alibegaSvili amaxvilebs yuradrebas
aseve naxatis stilizaciasa da dinamikaze.
Tumca XII s-is sxva nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT
aq Tvals swored Zlieri, cota mZime, mTlia-
ni naxatis siwynare, pozaTa statika, monu-
menturoba da a.S. xvdeba. saxis weris rbili
manerac XII-XIII saukuneTa nawarmoebebis sia-
xloviT aixsneba51, Tumca nakifaris xatze
saxis damuSavebis maneraSi meti simkveTrea,
vidre mag., angelozebis xatebze lagurkasa
da mestiis muzeumidan.
49
g.alibegaSvili, T.sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
Tb., 1994. gv, 135.
50
Е.Л.Привалова, Павниси, tab. XV.
g.alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
51
Tb., 1994. gv, 136.
mariam didebuliZe
Cvens xatze figuris proporciebiT, xa-
zis xasiaTiT, poziTa da dgomiT ganpiro-
bebuli saerTo STabeWdileba gacilebiT
ufro statikuria, vidre xsenebul periodSi
(XII s) da sxva mxatvrul saSualebaTa xasiaT-
Tan erTad, ufro XI s-isken migvaniSnebs, vi-
dre XII s
wm. meomrebis xatis kompoziciur stru-
qturaSi TvalSi umal gecemaT simetriis
principi, rac gamosaxulebis erTgvar he-
raldikur xasiaTs gansazRvravs. simetria,
rogorc kompoziciuri, aseve feradovani,
gamoiyeneba rogorc gamomsaxvelobis da mo-
numenturobis Seqmnis saSualeba.
meomarTa xelis mtevnebic simetriulad
aris ganlagebuli, uflis xeli, ki, Tumca
centrSia, mainc mimarTulia wm. giorgisken.
am odnav asimetrias epasuxeba Tevdores
wiTeli saxelos wabasruli laqa, romelic
awonasworebs mas.
kompozicia Zalian kompaqturia, gamo-
saxuleba mTlianad, mWidrod avsebs kadrs,
23
rac aseve XI s ufro axasiaTebs, da Zalian
monumentur STabeWdilebas axdens. am STa-
beWdilebasve uwyobs xels daunawevrebeli
feradi laqebis jvaredini da dinji ritmi,
sqeli, Zlieri mkafio Savi konturis xazis
mTlianoba da statikuri xasiaTi. Savi naxati
Zalian energiulia, Tumca mSvidad mdinare,
wynari. misi gavlebis tempi Zalian mSvidia.
xelis mtevnebis forma, TiTebis proporcie-
bic ufro XI s-saa, miTumetes Tu maT mesti-
isa da lagurkis xatebs SevadarebT52.
XII s-is nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT fi-
guraTa proporciebi odnav jmuxia _ Ta-
vebisa da torsis zomebi fexebs aRemateba,
didi zomis oqros Saravandebi ki saerTo-
dac adreuli xanis _ XI s-is mxatvrobisT-
visaa damaxasiaTebeli. Cveni xatis figure-
bis Tavis tanTan proporciuli Sefardeba
daaxloebiT, 1:6 aris, rac XI s-is mxatvro-
bis umetesi nawarmoebebis monacemebs ufro
52
n. WiWinaZes wignSi es xatebi XI-XII s-is mijniT Ta-
riRdeba, miTumetes, ufro adreuli unda iyos Cveni
xati. n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba qarTuli
xatweris istoriidan, Tb., 2014, gv. 124.
 mariam didebuliZe
Seesabameba53. figuris proporciebis dagrZe-
leba XII saukunidan xdeba, metadre misi II na-
xevridan moyolebuli da XIII s-Sic54.
iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos wmindanTa
figurebi zemodan aris danaxuli _ zemodan,
zecidan, RmerTis `TvaliT~. erTgvari `Rv-
Taebrivi rakursiT~, roca aqcenti saxeze da
xelebze keTdeba, rac IX-X ss-is xelovnebas
axasiaTebda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es
erTgvari gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxia da nakleb
savaraudoa, rom mxatvarma ver moargo maTi
zoma xatis formats, ver `Caatia~ kadrSi da
fexebis damokleba mouxda.
XI s-ze migvaniSnebs feradovani gadawyve-
tac, sadac gacilebiT Zlieria Tbil ferTa
kuTri wona, XII s-is ufro civi tonebisken mi-
drekili koloritisgan gansxvavebiT 55.
xatis feradovani gadawyveta marTlac
Zalian eqspresiulia: mkafio mJReri ferebis
didi laqebis dinji, statikuri ritmi xels
uwyobs simSvidisa da monumenturobis, iera-
tulobis gancdas. erTgvarad heraldikuri
24
gamosaxulebis xasiaTs aniWebs.
ferTa raodenoba ar aris didi _ Za-
lian JReradi da Rrma singurisferi wiTeli
oqrosferTan da aseve Rrma muq lurjTanaa
Sexamebuli. sufTa, najeri, kompoziciaSi Za-
lian ostaturad, eqspresiuli ritmiT ganla-
gebuli ferebi msuye naxatis siSaviTaa gamk-
veTrebuli.
feradovan gamomsaxvelobas, cxadia isic
ganapirobebs, rom feris laqa faqtobrivad
ar aris danawevrebuli gaRiadebebiTa da ga-
moTeTrebebiT. is ki ara, nakecebis aRmniSv-
53
Tumca Tavis da sxeulis proporciuli Sefardebis
mkacrad gansazRvra da dadgena sxvadasxva periodis-
Tvis Znelia, aq ostatis individualobac did rols
TamaSobs, magram erTgvari zogadi tendencia mainc
SeiniSneba da dadasturebulic aris samecniero li-
teraturaSi. J. and D. Winfield, Proportion and structure
of the Human Figure in Byzantine wall-painting and mosaic,
B.A.R. International Series 154, Oxford, 1982.
Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая монументальная
54
живопись, Тб., 2007, ст. 19-20.
55
Т. .Б. Вирсаладзе, Фрагменты древней фресковой росписи
главного Гелатского храма, Ars Georgica, 5, Tb., 1959, gv.
195; T. virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan,
Tb., 2007, gv. 98.
neli TviT Savi naxatic Zalian lakoniuria,
sul ramdenime xaziT Seqmnili. saxeloze
nakecebi martivad, paraleluri rkalebis
saxiT aris mocemuli. magram feradovani
laqis daunawevrebloba ar qmnis aplikaciu-
robisa da sibrtyobriobis efeqts, radgan
xazi, Tumca lakoniuri, mainc plastikurad
sakmaod gamomsaxvelia. sagulisxmoa, rom
Ceqmebis zedapiri TiTqmis ar aris damuSa-
vebuli (Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
ferweris zeda Sreebi Camocvenilia). ver ga-
movricxavT, rom am naxats miuyveboda gaRia-
debebi, magram axla aranairi kvali ar Cans
arc mosasxamebze, arc kabebze. mag., XII s-is
damdegis 40 mowamis xatze samosis nakecebi
mkafio gaRiadebebiT da gamonaTebebiT aris
damuSavebuli, saxisa da sxeulis modelireba
ufro `platikuria~ da xazis plastika ufro
gamokveTili, ufro mrgvlovani.
Cveni xatis mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi pir-
velive SexedviT yuradRebas ipyrobs wmin-
danTa saxeebi, gansakuTrebiT didroni Tva-
lebis gamometyveleba.
rogorc es xSirad aris Sua saukuneebis
mxatvrobaSi, samosis damuSavebis SedarebiT
ubralo, TiTqmis erTSriani manerisgan gansx-
vavebiT, wmindanTa saxeebze ufro rTuli,
sakmaod mravalSriani modelirebaa, Tanac
Zalian daxvewilad Sesrulebuli (sabednie-
rod, wm. giorgis saxe mSvenivrad aris Semo-
naxuli, damuSavebis zeda fenebis CaTvliT).
saxeebi marTlac Zalian eqspresiulia,
gansakuTrebiT wm. giorgis saxe _ mSvidi, er-
Tgvari locviT-meditaciuri gamometyvele-
biT. saxis nakvTebi kaligrafiulad daxvewi-
li xazebiT aris moxazuli _ didi zomis, nu-
Sis formis Tvalebi, quTuTosa da muqi sqe-
li warbis moqnilad gazneqili da gavlebuli
xaziT. cxviri, odnav momrgvalebuli nikapis
ovali, sakmaod maRali kiseri. dabali, `sva-
nuri~ Subli. ramdenime adgilas Savi naxati
wiTeli xaziT aris dublirebuli (mag., cx-
virTan). am xatze xazi kaligrafiulia _ anu
sisqe-siwvrilis moqnili gadasvla, funjis
moZraoba rom igrZnoba _ funjis dawoliT
miRebuli msuye sisavse da Semdeg msubuqad

`gasvla~ xazidan, rac idealurad wminda da
wvril daboloebas qmnis.
saxis sarCuli Tbili oqrosferi oqraa,
msubuqi moyavisfro-zeTisxilisferi Crdi-
lebiT, yirmizis mkrTali laqebiT loyebze,
nikapze, Sublze, xelebze, da msubuqi gaRia-
debiTa da gamonaTebebiT. XI s-isTvis saxa-
siaTo maryuJi cxviris zeda nawilSi, ufro
intensiuri gamonaTebebi TvalebqveS, Subl-
ze da cxvirze. Tvalis upeebSi mkafio TeTri
wertilebia, romlebic mzeris xasiaTs da mi-
marTulebas gansazRvravs. Sublze da kiser-
ze gamonaTebebs xazobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, Tu-
mca arc iseTi, rogorc Tevdores nawarmoe-
bebSi, aramed isini ufro statikuri, sxarti
da moklea, ufro `monasmi~-a, vidre xazi.
maTi xasiaTi ufro XI s-is nawarmoebebisken
ixreba. Tvalis qveS muqi Crdilis dadebis
manerac ufro XI saukunis mxatvrobas emsgav-
seba. iseve rogorc cxviris Zgideze dadebu-
li `mZimis~ formis rkali. XII s-is lazares
xatze saxeebis damuSaveba sakmaod gansxva-
vebulia _ ufro mkafio, ufro kontrastu-
li sarCulis mimarT, ufro xazobrivi. amave
dros, es mSvidi saxeebi, TiTqos maradisoba-
Si rom miumarTavT mzera, saocari Sinagani
emociiT aris savse da Zalian metyvelia.
am nawarmoebis mTavari mxatvruli STa-
beWdileba aris ieratiulobis, mdgradobis,
simkvrivis, sidinjis kompaqturobis, monu-
menturobis, ritmulobis, lakoniurobis
gancda. es niSnebi ki swored XI s-is mxatvro-
bas axasiaTebs.
Tuki ikonografiis TvalsazrisiT Cveni
xatis miaxloebiTi paralelebi farTo bi-
zantiur arealSi moiZebneba, stilis Tval-
sazrisiT mainc qarTuli masaliT gvixdeba
Semofargvla, vinaidan berZnuli, an miTume-
tes balkanuri an rusuli nimuSebi parale-
lebad ar gamodgeba _ bizantiasa da saqarT-
velos Soris stilis sinqronuli ganviTare-
ba naklebadaa SesamCnevi56.
56
Т. .Б. Вирсаладзе, Фрагменты древней фресковой росписи
главного Гелатского храма, Ars Georgica, 5, Tb., 1959, gv.
195; T.virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan,
Tb., 2007, gv. 99-100; m. didebuliZe, yincvisis wm. niko-
lozis taZris moxatuloba Tanadrouli bizantiuri
mxatvrobis konteqstSi, ACADEMIA, #1, 2010, gv. 69-88.
mariam didebuliZe
rogorc aRvniSne, Cveni xati Tavisi
mxat­vruli saxiT sebastis 40 mowamis xatze
cota adrindeli unda iyos. yvelaze metad
mas TiTqos swored am xatis mxatvrul ga-
dawyvetasTan aqvs saerTo, magram mainc sx-
vanairia. saxeebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom
weris manera iq gansxvavebulia, saxis nakv-
Tebis naxati ufro diferencirebuli, Cvens
xatze ki ufro ganzogadebul-mTliani, ga-
Riadebebi Cvens xatze naklebad gamokveTi-
lia, ufro ganzogadebulia, sebastelebis
xatze ki mkafio da mkveTria, amavdroulad,
aseve diferencirebuli. sebastiel mowameTa
sxeulebis naxatic plastikuria, Cven, xat-
Si ki agreTve ufro ganzogadebuli, ar aris
ise diferencirebuli.
sagulisxmoa kidev erTi: kompoziciuri
gadawyvetis msgavseba nakifaris meomrebis
xatTan _ 40 mowamis xatze locvis aRmasvla
da kurTxevis Segebeba aranakleb efeqturad
aris gamosaxuli.
imisTvis rom 40 figura ganelagebina si-
25
brtyeze ise, rom siRrmis Cveneba ar dasWir-
veboda da, amave dros, es sruliad bunebri-
vi yofiliyo, wina rigis figurebi ukiduresi
tanjvisgan Zirs damxobilni, Cakuzul-dawo-
lilni arian, amis wyalobiT ki mxatvari
advilad gviCvenebs Semdegi rigis naxevrad
gulwasuli figurebis gadawolil-gadaxril
pozebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv, maT `Semdeg~,
sasuraTe sibrtyeze ki maT zemoT gamosaxul
mesame rigis figurebis danaxvis saSualeba
gvaZlevs, rigisa, sadac fizikur tanjvas
rwmena da religiuri aRfrTovaenba sZlevs,
es grZnobebi mexuTe, sul zeda rigSi namd-
vil aRfrTovanebul sagalobels, gandide-
bas da locvas gamoxatavs. am zeapyrobil
xelebs zemodan Seegebeba macxovris makur-
Txebeli xelebi da kaSkaSa wiTliT dawerili
mowameobrivi gvirgvinebis mZlavri melodia,
qristes xelebis moZraobas rom miyvebian da
mowameTa Tavebisken eSvebian. TiTqmis musi-
kaluri hangi gvesmis am daxvewil ritmSi _
rogorc pozebis da xelebis moZraobis, aseve
TviT xazTa denis.
 mariam didebuliZe
marTlac, amgvari gonebamaxviluri ga-
dawyveta saocar efqts iZleva _ martvilebi
erTmaneTis `ukan~ ki ar arian rigebad ganla-
gebulni, aramed erTnairad iSlebian uflis
TvalsawierSi `RmerTis TvaliT naxilvebni~,
TiTqos zemodan. kompoziciuri ageba arc
sibrtyes arRvevs, arc samganzomilebianobis
iluzias qmnis. da araCveulebrivad efeqturi
da mravlismTqmeli detali: xatis sibrtyis
diagonalebis gadakveTaze, xatis centrSi ga-
mosaxuli wmindani tipologiurad qristes
saxes imeorebs, da Tanac imave vertikalzea
ganTavsebuli, romelzec qristes naxevarfi-
gura kompoziciis zeda nawilSi.
Tu SevadarebT lagurkis RmrTismSo-
bels, romelic XI s-iT TariRdeba57, vnaxa-
vT, rom lagurkis xati ufro martivia Ses-
rulebis maneris mxriv, metad sworxazovani,
naklebi damuSavebiT da saxis ufro `svanu-
ri~ tipiT. gamosaxuleba `gaWedilia~ kadrSi,
konturis xazi sqeli da gamomsaxvelia.
saerTod konturis xazis sisqe, miTume-
26
tes Sida damuSavebasTan SedarebiT, bevr ra-
mes gveubneba Sesrulebis TariRze. lagurkis
odigitriasTan SedarebiT, Cveni xatis Ses-
rulebis manera ufro klasikuri Cans, ufro
daxvewili, Tumca uSgulis odigitraiTan Se-
darebiT _ ufro igrZnoba misi `svanuroba~.
uSgulis odigitriis xati, romelic XI
s-iT TariRdeba58 gacilebiT ufro rTuli
da mravalSriani teqnikiT aris Sesrulebu-
li, gansxvavdeba meti emociurobiT, mariamis
xelis wagrZelebuli TiTebiT, xazis meti di-
namikiT, misi gavlebis ufro swrafi tempiT,
plastikurobiT, formaTa meti diferencia-
ciiT da gansakuTrebiT ki qristes sxeulis
da samosis nakecebis plastikurobis xarisxiT
_ (muxlis da wvivis mrgvlovanad, rkaluri
xaziT gamokveTa, kvarTis gamWvirvaloba da
simsubuqe da sxv.), Tanac igi ise ar aris `ga-
Wedili~ kadrSi, rogorc Cveni xati _ meti
g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
57
Tb., 1994. gv, 130.
58
n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, Tb.,
2011, gv. 7-8; misive, xati: kulti da xelovneba, gv.
113-116.
sivrce aqvs59. amitom, Tu uSgulis xati XI s-
isaa, miTumetes am xanisa unda iyos nakifaris
meomrebis xati. Cven xatTan SedarebiT uSgu-
lis xatis naxatic da damuSavebac ufro XII
s-isken ixreba. cxadia, gansxvaveba ostatobis
doneSic aris60.
Tu nakifaris meomrebs SevadarebT fxo-
treris mTavarangelozTa xats, romelic XI
-XII s-iT TariRdeba61, vnaxavT, rom Cveni xati
ufro adre Cans Sesrulebuli _ fxotreris
xatze proporciebic ufro XII s-isken ixre-
ba, samosis wvrili, Txeli naxatic, erTgvari
dematerializaciis SegrZneba, sveli nakece-
bis efeqtic da sxva niSnebic. cxadia, yvela
SemTxvevaSi gasaTvalisiwnebelia ostato-
bis xarisxi, Tumca nakifaris xats verc amas
dauwunebT _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxis weris
manera sakmaod daxvewilia da mravalSrianic,
magram fxotreris angelozebis figurebTan
da samosisi damuSavebasTan SedarebiT Cveni
xatisa ufro mZimec Cans, ufro mkvrivic da
proporciebic ufro damjdaria. miuxedavad
fxotreris figuraTa mkacri frontaluro-
bisa, nakifaris figurebi ufro statikur
STabeWdilebas tovebs.
Cveni xatis msgavsad, aseve XI-XII sauku-
neebiT TariRdeba `jvarcmis~ xati mestiis
n. WiWinaZe miiCnevs, rom es xati saqarTvelos cen-
59
tralur raionebSi iqna Seqmnili. xati: kulti da xe-
lovneba, gv. 116.
60
yovelive amis gaTvalisiwnebiT, nana burWulaZem
gamoTqva mosazreba am xatis mefis mxatvar Tevdo-
res mier Sesrulebis Taobaze. burWulaZe n., monu-
menturi da dazguri mxatvrobis urTierTmimarTe-
bis sakiTxisTvis Sua saukuneebis qarTul saekle-
sio xelovnebaSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, #11, 2007,
gv. 122-145. amis dabejiTebiT mtkiceba cota safr-
Txiloa, Tumca Sesrulebis TariRis mxriv ki es xati
marTlac lagurka-nakifaris droisa unda iyos. ama-
ve dros gasaTvaliswinebelia ferweris ama Tu im
dargis mxatvruli specifika _ erTi da igive osta-
ti dazgur nawarmoebs sxvanairad wers, freskas ki
sxvanairad, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi (mag., Teofane
berZeni), aseve aRorZinebis epoqaSic (mag., rafaeli).
mefis mxatvar TevdoresTan garkveul siaxloveze
n. WiWinaZec miuTiTebs, Tumca rogorc mis wina-
morbeds (n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba,
gv. 117),.
61
n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba, gv. 117-120.

muzeumidan62. Tumca misi mxatvruli saxis
gaTvaliswinebiT XI saukune TiTqos unda ga-
moiricxos _ ukiduresad dagrZelebuli pro-
porciebi, formaTa sifrifanoba, simsubuqe,
xazgasmuli emociuroba da dramatizmi, sa-
mosis damuSavebis xerxebi _ yovelive gveub-
neba, rom XII s-is II naxevarze adre ar unda
iyos Sesrulebuli. nakifaris wm. meomrebis
xati ki masze bevrad adreuli droisa Cans63.
nakifaris wm. meomrebis xati gansxvavde-
ba XI-XII ss-iT daTariRebuli mestiisa da la-
gurkis mTavarangelozTa xatebis mxatvruli
saxisganac64, sadac sinaze, simsubuqe, gamW-
virvaloba ukve mkafiod aris gamovlenili
(n. WiWinaZe maT komnenosTa epoqis saukeTeso
nawarmoebebad miiCnevs, rac swored XII s-ze
miuTiTebs65).
Cvens xatze ar Cans XII s-isTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli proporciaTa wagrZelebuloba,
formaTa simsubuqe da sifrifanoba, saxis
`fsiqologiuri~ tipi, saxis mogrZo ovali,
ufro monumenturia, fexebic ufro moklea,
torsi ufro grZeli, ara aqvT figuraTa
dekoratiuli modelireba, koloriti fa-
qiz naxevartonebze ki ara, aramed gabeduli
lokaluri, JReradi ferebis laqebis rit-
mul monacvleobazea agebuli.
cxadia, aq dgeba am nawarmoebebis gansx-
vavebuli warmomavlobis da ostatobis do-
nis sakiTxic, magram radgan isini yvela qar-
Tuli xatweris nimuSebia, garkveuli, Zalze
zogadi Sedarebebis gakeTeba albaT mainc
dasaSvebia66.
sainteresoa wm. meomarTa xatis Sedare-
ba CaJaSis wm. mTavarangelozTa xatTan, sai-
62
n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, Tb.,
2011, gv. 8; g. alibegaSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 133;
T. Velmans, L’art de l’Icône, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris,
2013,gv. 151; n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba,
gv 82, 120-124.
63
swored XII s-iT TariRdeba sinas xati, romelTanac
svaneTSi daculi jvarcma did siaxloves iCens.
64
n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba, gv. 124-128;
t. velmansi maT XI s-iT aTariRebs, T. Velmans, L’art de
l’Icône, gv. 126.
65
n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba gv. 124.
66
g.alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
gv. 146.
mariam didebuliZe
dumlo serobis gamosaxulebiT zeda CarCo-
ze, romelic XII-XIII saukunisa unda iyos. fe-
radovneba aqac Zalian STambeWdavia da aseve
jvaredin ritmze agebuli. Tumca am xatze
saxeebi ufro martivia, ufro `daSlili~, sa-
xeTa nakvTebis naxati ufro wvrilia, ufro
dune, naklebad kaligrafiuli, ufro erTg-
varovani sisqisaa. nakecebis naxati da mode-
lireba ufro martivi, `milebis~ msgavsi efe-
qtiT, rogorc mag., macxvariSSi. da rogorc
Cans, isic swored am periodisa unda iyos67.
kidev ufro gamohkveTs Cveni xatis xa-
siaTs misi Sedareba XIII s-is damdegis setis
karedze gamosaxul wm. moemrebTan da asve XIII
s-is wm. giorgis xatTan mestiis muzeumidan68.
xatweris nawarmoebis daTariReba, mi-
Tumetes aTwleulebis sizustiT, sakmaod
rTuli saqmea69 da mraval eWvs badebs xol-
me, miTumetes, rom aq ar gvaqvs iseTi sayr-
denebi, rogoric gaaCnia freskas (arqiteq-
turis TariRi, warwerebi da a.S.) an minia-
turebs (kolofonebi, minawerebi da sxv)70.
27
Zalauneburad, amosaval wertilad viRebT
kedlis mxatvrobas, Tumca yvelam kargad
viciT, rom dargebs Soris teqnikuri sxvao-
ba amgvari daskvnebis gakeTebas arTulebs.
marTlac, visac ki Tavis xeliT Seusrulebia
xatis an freskis asli, kargad icis, Tu ro-
gori gansxvavebulia es procesebi mxatvru-
li TvalsazrisiT.
67
sxvaTa Soris, am xatis ikonografiac Zalian Ta-
viseburi da Znelad wasakiTxia _ vedrebis rigi, ga-
datanil-gadanawilebuli gverdiT CarCoze, oRond
qriste mxolod serobis scenaSia, isic marcxena ki-
deSi, kompoziciis centrSi ki mTavarangelozebia. es
ucnauri da moulodneli gadawyvetaa.
68
n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwera, il.
17, 19.
69
n. WiWinaZe, xati: kulti da xelovneba, gv. 13.
70
xatebis gawmenda-restavraciac Zalian mniSvnelo-
vani faqtoria xatweris nimuSebis daTariRebisas.
ase mag., g. alibegaSvili adreul naSromSi (Г. Али-
бегашвили, Памятники средневековой станковой живописи
из верхней Сванетии, krebulSi Средневековое искусство,
Русь. Грузия, М., 1978, gv. 158-175) ormoci mowamis xats
XIV s-T aTariRebda, xolo mas mere, rac restavra-
torma a. ovCini­kovma gawminda igi da Wvartlis sqeli
muqi Sris qveS brwyinvale feradovneba da daxvewili
naxati gamoavlina, mecnierma xati XII s-is I naxevarze
gadaaTariRa.
 mariam didebuliZe
Tumca arc imis ignorireba SeiZleba,
rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli ferweris sami-
ve dargi drois garkveul msxvil monakveTe-
bSi saziaro mxatvrul-stilistur Tavisebu-
rebebs avlens71.
Cveni xatis mxatvruli warmomavloba Ti-
Tqos ar iwvevs eWvs _ igi ara mxolod ina-
xeboda svaneTSi, aramed swored svanur fe-
rwerul saxelosnoSi unda iyos Sesrulebu-
li. amas gansakuTrebiT gvafiqrebinebs saxeTa
tipi, figuraTa proporciebi, da rac mTava-
ria, xazis xasiaTi. meore mxriv, xati tilo-
zea Sesarulebuli, Tanac sakmaod intensiuri
feradovnebisaa, saxis weris rTuli maneriT,
es ki TiTqos ar unda iyos damaxasiaTebeli
adgilobrivi svanuri nawarmisTvis.
ama Tu im nawarmoebis `svanurobaze~
msje­lobisas, didi yuradReba eqceva xol-
me feradovnebas, gansakuTrebiT saRebavebis
SerCevas, romlebic, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadad
miwis pigmentebiT Semoifargleba72, iSviaTi
gamonaklisiT (mag. firuzisferi ifrarSi);
28
Tumca bolo drois teqnikuri kvlevis Sede-
gebi gvarwmunebs, rom mineraluri saRebave-
bic arc Tu iSviaTia, xSirad Sereulia miwis
saRebavebTan, an sulac sufTa saxiT gamoiye-
neba. gansakuTrebiT xatweraSi. amis dasturia
wm. meomrebis aq warmodgenili xati. anda ga-
vixsenoT araCveulebrivad mJReri da gamom-
saxveli laJvardi mestiis macxovris xatze;
an Tundac setis karedis feradovneba; mTa-
varangelozTa xati saidumlo serobiT, anda
jvarcmis didi xati macxvariSidan. aseve mes-
tiis muzeumis XIII s-iT daTariRebuli Cvile-
di RmrTismSoblis xatis kaSkaSa wiTeli foni.
udavo svanuri warmoamvlobis maCvenebla­
daa miCneuli martivi Sesrulebis manera da mi­
nimaluri modelireba, an sulac mxolod fe-
ris laqis da ZiriTadi naxatis erToblioba73.
71
g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
gv. 146; n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwe-
ra, Tb., 2011, gv. 7.
72
g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
129-130; n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwe-
ra, Tb., 2011, gv 11.
73
g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
gv. 135.
aris rigi xatebisa (mag., ifralis ange-
lozi, nakifaris wm. giorgi, an Cviledi ma-
riami da barbare, macxovari xedan, RmrTis-
mSobeli lagurkidan da sxv.), romelTa `sva-
nuroba~ eWvs ar iwvevs da swored zemoTCamo-
Tvlili niSnebi axasiaTebs. magram metismeti
gamartive­ ba iqneboda svanuri ferweruli
saxelosnoebisTvis mxolod am saxis nawarmo-
ebTa mikuTvneba.
marTlac, Tu gadavxedavT Cvens xelT
arsebul masalas, vnaxavT, rom svanur adgi-
lobriv xelovnebaSic Tanaarsebobda ufro
ferweruli, mravalSriani modelirebiT
Sesrulebuli nawarmoebebi (mag., uSgulis
odigitria), da ufro martivi ferweruli
xerxebiT, daufaravad sibrtyovan-xazobri-
vi maneriT dawerili (macxovari xedan). vgo-
neb, aq raime mkafio maxasiaTeblebis gamok-
veTa Znelia.
`svanurobis~ kidev erT, wminda teqnikur
niSnad miCneulia ferweruli fenis datana
pirdapir xis zedapirze, an mxolod Txel
gruntze, tilos gareSe74.
nakifaris wm. meomrebis xati, romelic
rigi niSnebiT svanuri mxatvrobis nimuSi
unda iyos, tilozea Sesrulebuli. ferweru-
li fena Txelia da tilos faqtura naTlad
gamosWvivis. tilo sakmaod sqlad naqsovia,
misi teqstura da qsovis xasiaTi ormoci wa-
mebulis xatis tilos teqsturas emsgavseba.
magram tilos arseboba_ar arseboba, ise-
ve rogorc levkasisa, TiTqos ar unda iyos
svanuri warmomavlobis mkafio da upirobo
ganmsazRvreli. marTlac, Zalian `svanuri~
lagurkis odigitria daxatulia tiloze,
xolo Zalian `arasvanuri~ jvarcmis xati _
tilos gareSe. aseve, XIV s-is fxotreris xa-
tebi, romlebic sulac ar hgavs svanuri mxa-
tvrobis qmnilebebs, tilos gareSea daxatu-
li pirdapir levkasiT dafarul xis ficarze.
iseve rogorc gardamoxsnis xati, rac sulac
ar gulisxmobs maT svanur warmomavlobas.
es xatebi sxvadasxva mxatvruli tradi-
ciiT aris Sesrulebuli da sadaurobac sxva­
74
g. alibegaSvili, T. sayvareliZe, qarTuli xatebi,
gv. 130; n. WiWinaZe, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xatwe-
ra, Tb., 2011, gv 11.

dasxva aqvs. ase rom, es teqnologiuri maxasi­
aTebeli mdgrad kriteriumad ver gamodgeba.
roca vambobT, rom wm. giorgisa da wm.
Tevdores xati svanuri ferweruli skolis
nimuSia, aq nawarmoebis yvela mxatvruli da
teqnologiuri komponenti igulisxmeba da,
rac mTavaria, maTi ganumeorebeli mTliano-
ba, daxvewilobis da mouxeSaobis, simSvidisa
da Sinagani eqspresiulobis erToblioba.
es xati, Tu marTlac XI s-saa, rogorc
Cans, erTi adreuli nimuSia wm. meomrebis
votivuri75 wyviladi gamosaxulebis, sadac
ori wm. Tevdore ki ara, wm. giorgi da wm.
Tevdorea warmodgenili. Tanac ikonogra-
fiuladac da mxatvruladac xazgasmulad
ugulebelyofilia maTi sabrZolo funqcia
da atributika da aqcenti locviT-mWvrete-
lobiT aspeqtsa, vedrebasa da mowameobriv
Rvawlze keTdeba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
ori Tevdores kompoziciis versia swored
saqarTveloSi Seqmnil ikonografiul reda-
qcias efuZnebodes.
am ikonografiuli tipis, ufro sworad
ki ori wm. Tevdores gamosaxulebis warmoma-
vlobaze sakmaod gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi
arsebobs.
rogorc davinaxeT, es sqema Tavidan ga-
moiyeneboda mcire plastikaSi (sabeWdurebi,
steatitis xatebi), xolo xatwerasa da ke-
dlis mxatvrobaSi Semdeg Cndeba. zogi mkvle-
vari miiCnevs, rom is saerTodac gviani xanis
qmnilebaa, Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, paleolo-
gosTa xanaze adreuli mcire plastikis, xa-
twerisa da freskis nimuSebic aris.
a. grabari ori wm. Tevdores kompozciis
ikonografiuli sqemis samSoblod konstan-
tinopls miiCnevs76, xolo trofimova _ Te-
saloniks, vinaidan swored kastoriaSi, ve-
roiasa da makedoniaSi gvxvdeba es kompozi-
cia yvelaze xSirad, faqtobrivad XVII s-is
CaTvliT77. m. vasilaki miiCnevs, rom es sqema
75
Ch. Walter, The Warrior saints, gv 66.
76
A. Grabar, La peinture religieuse en Bulgarie, Paris, 1928, p 116.
77
A. Trifonova, The iconographical type of saints Theodore
Tyron and Theodore Stratelates facing each other and its
diffusion during the Byzantine and post-Byzantine period,
Зограф, Бр. 34, 2010, gv. 61.
mariam didebuliZe
XIII s-dan Cndeba, e. cigaridasi ki mas ufro
gvian, XIV s-is Sua xanas miakuTvnebs78 (tro-
fimova da izmailova am sqemas sinas ukav-
Sireben, kondakovi ki konstantinopols,
Tumca sinur xats somexi an qarTveli osta-
tis Sesrulebulad miiCnevs79).
qarTuli nimuSi erTgvarad axleburad
svams am sqemis warmomavlobis sakiTxs _ Tu
Cveni xati marTlac XI s-saa, igi am tipis kom-
poziciis erT adreuli nimuSi gamodis, Dum-
barton Oaks-Si daculi steatitis xatTan er-
Tad80, da ufro adrea Sesrulebuli vidre am
sqemis XII s-is nimuSebi ori wm. Tevdores gamo-
saxulebiT: tyviis sabeWduri Dumbarton Oaks
-idan81 da xsenebuli sinas ferweruli xati.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, raoden intensiu-
ri da aqtiuri iyo qarTvelTa moRvaweoba si-
nas mTaze, sadac dadasturebulia qarTvel
berTa skriptoriumis arseboba82, qarTuli
warmomavlobis xatmwerTa moRvaweobac sru-
liad bunebrivi unda yofiliyo83.
ar iqneboda gasakviri, Tu wm. meomarTa,
29
saxeldobr ki swored giorgisa da Tevdo-
res, xatis am droisTvis es sakmaod iSviaTi
sqema, saziaro gamxdariyo orivegan da misi
versiebis (ori wm. Tevdore) gavrcelebis-
Tvis mieca dasabami.
Sesabamisad, ar aris gamoricxuli xsene-
buli ikonografiuli tipis swored qarTuli
78
A.Trifonova, The iconographical type of saints Theodore
Tyron and Theodore Stratelates , gv.54, SeniSvna 9.
79
N.Izmailov, Une stéatite Byzantine du Musée de Chersonèse,
in: L’art Byzantine chez les Slaves. L’ancienne Russie, Les
Slaves catholoques. Deuxième recueil dédié à la mémoire de
Théodore Uspenski, II, Paris, 1932, p. 32-48, gv. 38.
80
Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Byzantine Icons, pl. 6, fig. 5.
81
Laurent, Le Corpus, V, 1, 597–598, no.779.
l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. II
82
Tb., 1980.
83
N. Burtchuladze, Georgian icons at St Catherine’s monastery
on Mount Sinai (on Georgian – Byzantine cultural interrelations),
Georgian art in the context of European and Asian cultures, Pro-
ceedings of the I International Symposium on Georgian Culture,
Tbilisi, 2008 (Tbilisi, 2009), gv. 234 -240; z. sxirtlaZe, io-
ane Tohabi _ sinaze moRvawe qarTveli mxatvari, li-
teratura da xelovneba, #3, 1998, gv. 61-72; n. WiWi-
naZe, sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monastris qarTuli
ferweruli xatebis mxatvruli sistemebi, saerTaS-
oriso konferencia `ucxoeTi qarTuli memkvidreo-
ba~, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 2011, gv. 108-109.
 mariam didebuliZe

tradiciidan warmomavloba. cxadia, es mxolod MARIAM DIDEBULIDZE

hipotezaa, romelic sinas mTis ekaterines
monastrisa da qarTul samxatvro centrebs
Soris (svaneTis CaTvliT) aqtiur Semoqmede-
biT kavSirs gulisxmobs84.
ase rom, Cveni xatis TariRis dazusteba
erTgvarad ganamtkicebda gamoTqmul hipo-
Tezas sinas xatis nimuSad qarTuli nawarmo-
ebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (Tumca arc is unda
dagvaviwydes, rom mcire plastikaSi XI s-Si
amgvari ikonografiuli sqema ukve dadastu-
rebulia).
rogorc vnaxeT, es xati saxiTmetyve-
lebis kargi nimuSia, marTlac, mxatvar-
ma ikonografiis meSveobiT _ erTi fari
da araviTari sxva iaraRi _ wm. meomerebis
locviT-mavedrebel funqciaze gaamaxvila
yuradReba. kompozicuri agebiT, propor-
ciebis cvlilebiT, ferweruli damuSavebiT
ki gamohyo zeciuri xedvis kuTxe, aqcenti
gaakeTa saxeebze, xolo xelebis ganlagebis
ritmiT locvis zeaRsvlis da madlis gad-
movlenis Sinaarsi gamokveTa.
30
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
ST. GEORGE AND ST. THEODORE
ICON FROM NAKIPHARI
Summary
The icon of St. George and St. Theodore from the Naki-
phari church (Svaneti) is an outstanding work of Geor-
gian icon painting both from iconographical and artistic
point of view. In the scholarly literature, the icon dates
from the 12th c. However, the last quarter of the 11th c
seems to be more precise date.
The image of two warrior saints, facing each other
in the act of supplications turning towards the Hand of
the Lord blessing them from semicircular `heaven~ is
not rare in the East Christian art, although mostly since
the 13th c and mostly depicting two St Theodores. The
Nakiphari version – St. George and St Theodore, al-
most without any armor and only with a single shield

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XI s-is
miwurulis wm. Tevdores da wm. giorgis xati
nakifaridan, mxatvruli doniT namdvilad
Tavisi drois saukeTeso nawarmoebebs ga-
nekuTvneba, xolo ikonografiis Tvalsazri-
siT bevr saintereso sakiTxs svams mkvlevar-
Ta winaSe.
between them, is quite rare. In a way, there are certain
resemblances with the fragment of the 11th c steatite
icon from the Dumburton Oaks collection, the early
13th c wall painting from Anisi, and the 12th c icon from
Sinai (although in this case there are represented two
St Theodores, rich and diverse armor, and the Virgin
crowning them.
Thus, the Nakiphari icon seems to have quite rare
iconography for period in question (the 11th c) and in
terms of artistic rendering it is one of the masterpieces
of the medieval Svanetian painting.

84
n. burWulaZe, qarTvelebi sinas mTaze _ axali ma-
salebi qarTul-sinuri xatebis Sesaxeb. saerTaSo­
riso konferencia `ucxoeTi qarTuli memkvidre-
oba~, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 2011, gv. 24-26. am
sqemis erTgvari gamoZaxili aris sinas wm. ekateri-
nes monasterSive Semonaxuli qarTuli xati wm. mefe
daviT aRmaSeneblis da wm. giorgis gamosaxulebebiT
(d. kldiaSvili, sinas mtis wm. giorgis xati daviT
aRmaSeneblis gamosaxulebiT, mravalTavi, # 15,
gv. 117-135). iqac wmindani 3/4 Si aris gamosaxuli
maRla, qristes naxevarfigurisken mimarTuli ve-
drebad, xolo ferxTiT, figuris ukan, wvetiT Zirs
mimarTuli fari udgas. aqac fars erTgvari damcro-
bili funqcia aqvs _ locviTi da meoxebiTi funqcia
TiTqos ufro xazgasmulia da mniSvnelovani.
 mariam didebuliZe

1. wm. giorgi da wm Tevdore,

ferweruli xati nakifaridan, zemo
svaneTi, XI s.
St. George and St. Theodore, pictorial icon,
Nakiphari, Upper Svaneti, 11th century

31

2. wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore, ferweruli 3. wm. giorgi da wm Tevdore, ferweruli

xati nakifaridan (fragmenti) xati nakifaridan (fragmenti)
St. George and St. Theodore, pictorial icon, St. George and St. Theodore, pictorial icon,
Nakiphari, fragment Nakiphari, fragment
 mariam didebuliZe

4. wm. giorgi da wm Tevdore, tigran 5. wm. prokopi da wm. merkuri, jruWis

honencis eklesiis moxatuloba, anisi, fsalmunni (H-1665, 224v), XV s.
32

XIII s. St. Procopius and St. Mercurius, Jruchi psalms

St. George and St. Theodore, Tigran Honents (H-1665, 224v), 15th century
church painting, Ani, 13th century

6. wm Tevdore startilati da wm. Tevdore

tironi, ferweruli xati sinas
monastridan, XII s.
St. Theodore Stratelates and St. Theodore Tyron,
pictorial icon, Sinai Monastery, 12th century
 mariam didebuliZe

7. wm. Tevdore startilati da wm. Tevdore

tironi, wm. aTanases eklesiis moxatuloba,
kastoria, XIV s.
St. Theodore Stratelatis and St. Theodore Tyron,
St Athanasius church painting, Kastoria, 14th century

33
8. wm Tevdore startilati da wm. Tevdore 9. wm. petre da wm. pavle, tbeTis saxarebis
tironi, spilos Zvlis xati, XV s. Weduri yda, XIII s.
St. Theodore Stratelatis and St. Theodore Tyron, St. Peter and St. Paul, Tbeti Gospel cover incuse,
ivory icon, 15th century 13th century
 Tamar xundaZe
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
`naTlisReba~  Sua saukuneebis
qarTul reliefebze*
naTlisReba _ aTormetTagan erT-erTi sau-
flo dResaswauli _ umniSvnelovanesia Teo-
logiuri da liturgiuli TvalsazrisiT.
naTlisRebisas pirvelad xilulad gacxadda
wminda sameba, uflis samive hipostasi: Ze _
ieso, suliwminda _ mtredis saxiT da mama _
xmiT, sityvebiT… _ `ese ars Ze Cemi sayua-
reli, romeli me saTno viyav~ (maTe, 4,17). es
movlena oTxive maxarebelTan aris damowme-
buli (maTe, 4, 13-17; markozi, 1, 9-11; luka,
34
3, 21-22; ioane, 1, 29-34). garda imisa, rom
naTlisReba udidesi Teofaniuri dResaswau-
lia, sadac samebis dogmatis gaTvalsaCinoe-
ba xdeba, amavdroulad, is aris qristianu-
li eklesiis Svidi umTavresi saidumlodan
pirvelis _ naTlobis istoriuli safuZve-
li. iesos naTlisRebam mdinare iordane-
Si safuZveli daudo naTlobis rituals,
risi aRsrulebis Sedegad adamiani eziareba
sarwmunoebas, iRebs RvTaebriv naTels, xde-
ba qristiani. aqedan gamomdinare, naTlisRe-
bis gamosaxulebam adreqristianuli xanidan,
katakombebis mxatvrobidan moyolebuli,
gansakuTrebuli adgili daimkvidra qristia-
nul saxviT xelovnebaSi.
naTlisRebis dResaswaulis amsaxveli
kompoziciebi saqarTveloSi adreuli Sua
saukuneebidan gvxvdeba. am Temis uadresi
gamosaxulebebi qvis reliefebze SemogvrCa.
* statia momzadda SoTa rusTavelis fondis mier da­
fi­nansebuli proeqtis _ `Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qan-
dakeba~ _ farglebSi. wakiTxulia profesor dimitri
TumaniSvilis 65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero
konferenciaze (Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb.,
2015, 11-12 ivnisi).
aRsaniSnavia, rom adreul Sua saukuneebSi,
sxva sauflo dResaswaulebTan SedarebiT,
naTlisRebas ufro xSirad gamosaxaven, rac
savaraudod, qveynis moqcevasTan, rjulis
ganmtkicebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
niSandoblivia isic, rom naTlisRebis re-
liefuri kompoziciebis umetesoba, swored,
tradiciulad, qristianobis gamarjvebis,
qristes rjulze moqcevis niSnad aRmarTul
qvajvaraTa waxnagebzea gamokveTili1. aseTia,
mag., berijvaris (VI-VII ss)2 (sur. 1), brdaZoris
mcire (VI s)3 (sur. 2), dmanisis sof. ganTia-
dis (VI s)4 (sur. 3), usaneTis (VIII-IX ss)5 (sur.
4) qvasvetebi; aseve, adreuli Sua saukuneebis
qvajvarebis fragmentebs unda warmoadgen-
den karbis Xs-is eklesiis fasadze CaSenebu-
li6 (sur. 5) da rkonis midamoebSi aRmoCenili
(sur. 6) reliefuri gamosaxulebebi; naTlis-
Rebis kompozicia gvxvdeba funqciurad da
ideurad masTan dakavSirebul embazze Jale-
Tidan (VI-VII ss)7 (sur. 7) da webeldis kankelis
filaze (VII-VIII ss)8 (sur. 8). mcire arqiteq-
1
k. maCabeli, qristianuli ikonografiis Camoyali-
bebis sakiTxisaTvis (Sobisa da naTlisRebis kompo-
ziciebi adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul reliefe-
bze), saqarTvelos siZveleni, 9, Tb., 2006, gv. 41-52.
2
g. oTxmezuri, stela naeklesiar `berijvaridan~,
macne, 1, Tb., 1986, gv. 64-88; a. Tofuria, berijvaris
stela, Zeglis megobari, 3, Tb., 1987, gv. 33-39; k. maCa­
be­li, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qvajvarebi,
Tb., 2008, gv. 45-46; g. javaxiSvili, adreuli Sua sa­
ukuneebis qarTuli mcire qandakeba, Tb., 2014, gv. 37-39.
3
k. maCabeli, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qva­
j­varebi, gv. 16-18.
4
iqve, gv. 18-19; k. maCabeli, dmanisis axladaRmoCenili
qvajvara, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 10, Tb., 2007, gv.
7-46.
5
k. maCabeli, adreuli Sua saukuneebis... gv. 19-21.
6
z. sxirtlaZe, n. CitiSvili, karbis wm. samebis ekle-
sia, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 12, Tb., 2008, gv. 76-100.
7
n. qadeiSvili JaleTis embazs taZris Tanadroulad
miiCnevs da VIII-IX ss-iT aTariRebs (n. qadeiSvili, Ja-
leTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli, Tb., 1964, gv.57-66),
n. iamaniZe ki _ VI-VII ss-iT (n. iamaniZe, qarTuli em-
bazebis tipologiis sakiTxisaTvis, Academia, 4, 2002,
gv. 66-71; N. Iamanidzé, Les Installations Liturgiques Sculp-
tées des Églises de Géorgie (VIe-XIIIe siécles), Bibliothéque De
L’antiquité tardive _ 15, Turnhout, 2010, gv. 21-23, 33-34).
8
Д. Айналов, Некоторые христианские памятники Кавказа,
Археологические известия и заметки, т. III, вып. 7-8, М.,
1895, gv. 233-243; Д. Айналов, Эллинистические основы ви-
зантийского искусства, Записки русского археологического

turuli formebis garda, naTlisRebis scena
gvxvdeba safasade qandakebaSic, rogoricaa,
avnevis eklesiis sarkmlis saTauris relie-
fi (X s)9 (sur. 9). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
soxTas naxevraddakarguli reliefis frag-
mentzec naTlisReba yofiliyo gamosaxu-
li (sur. 10). amas SemorCenili nawilebis
urTierTganla­ geba gvafiqrebinebs _ wvive-
bamde SiSveli, aqeT-iqeT terfebgadgmuli
fexebi iordaneSi mdgari iesos gamosaxule-
bisTvisaa saxasiaTo; gverdiT ki, TiTqos
misken gadaxrili figuris qveda nawili, erT
mxares (iesosken) mimarTuli terfebiTa da
mogrZo SesamoseliT, ioane naTlismcemels
unda ganasaxierebdes; maT qvemoT gamosaxu-
li Tevzebi da paraleluri xazebiT daseri-
li foni mdinareze migvaniSnebs.
amjerad, qarTul reliefebze gamokve-
Tili naTlisRebis kompoziciebis mxolod
zogierT ikonografiul sakiTxze SevaCereb
yuradRebas da Sevecdebi maTi saxismetyve-
lebiTi sazrisis axsnas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi arse-
bul naTlisRebis reliefur kompoziciebs
Soris gvxvdeba rogorc am Temis sayovel-
Taod dakanonebuli ikonografiuli sqema,
romelic efuZneba oTxive maxareblis mier
damowmebul saxarebiseul teqsts da gamo-
saxavs iesos naTlisRebas mdinare iordane-
Si, sadac macxovari warmodgenilia mowiful
asakSi _ `meocdaaTesa welsa..~ (luka. 3,23)
(JaleTis embazis (sur. 7), webeldis kanke-
lis (sur. 8), avnevis (sur. 9) reliefebi), ise,
yrma iesos naTlobas embazSi (berijvaris
(sur. 1), usaneTis (sur. 4), karbis (sur. 5)
общества, т. XII, СПб., 1901, gv. 202-203; g. CubinaSvili,
qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1936, gv. 208-209;
Р. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой
Грузии, Тб., 1962, gv. 68-69; Н. Чубинашвили, Хандиси, Тб.,
1978,gv. 86-90;n. aladaSvili, VIII-IX saukuneebis qvaze
kveTili reliefebis adgili Sua saukuneebis qarTu-
li skulpturis ganviTarebaSi, saqarTvelos siZve-
leni, #7-8, Tb., 2005, gv. 51-52; Л. Хрушкова, Скуль­п­
тура средневековой Абхазии V-X вв., Тб., 1980, gv. 43-85;
N. Iamanidzé, Les installations…... gv. 115-129.
9
i. giviaSvili, sofel avnevis eklesia, saqarTvelos
siZveleni, 10, Tb., 2007, gv. 97-117.
T a m a r x u n d a Z e
kompoziciebi). es ukanaskneli ikonogra-
fiuli versia adreuli Sua saukuneebis
qarTul xelovnebaSi naTlisRebis scenis
gadawyvetis erT-erT TvalsaCino Tavise-
burebas warmoadgens. yrmis saxiT iesos ga-
mosaxva ar aris uCveulo adreqristianuli
xelovnebisTvis,10 Tumca, am nimuSebSi yrma
ieso mdinareSi dgas. embazSi iesos naTlis-
Rebis gamosaxva iSviaTobaa, is, ZiriTadad,
aRmosavleTqristianuli xelovnebis calk-
eul nimuSebSi gvxvdeba, mag., adreuli Sua
saukuneebis (VI-VIII ss) siriul-palestinu-
ri warmomavlobis brinjaos sacecxlure-
bze11, amave xanis siriul vercxlis Tasze
uSgulidan12 da sxv.13 mecnierebi _ k. maCa­
beli, n. iamaniZe, n. gengiuri aseT ikono-
grafiul gadawyvetas adamianis Cvil asak-
Si monaTvlis tradicias ukavSireben da
liturgiis gavleniT xsnian14. amas adas-
turebs saqarTveloSi didi raodenobiT
SemorCenili adreuli Sua saukuneebis qvis
sanaT­lavebi. reliefuri gamosaxulebe-
35
biT damSvenebuli JaleTis embazis garda
(sur. 7), yuTisebri, sada embazebi SemorCe-
nilia sof. wverodabalis (VI-VII ss), bzifis
cixis eklesiis (IX s), Tavkveris, anatoris15,
10
mag. romis katakombebis mxatvrobisa da sarkofage-
bis reliefebis (santa maria atikvas sarkofagis,
episkopos maqsimianes savarZlis reliefis (VI s), mi-
lanis spilos Zvlis diptiqonisa (V s) da sxva ga-
mosaxulebebi, G. Sciller, Iconography of Christian Art, v. I,
New York, 1971, gv. 58-88, il. 148, 349-353 (uwveruli
Wabukis saxiTaa warmodgenili ieso ravenis arianel-
Ta baftisteriumis V s-is mozaikur kompoziciaSic).
11
k. maCabeli, brinjaos sacecxlurebi saqarTvelo­
Si, xelovneba 6, Tb., 1991, gv. 43-58; N. Iamanidzé, Les
installations... gv. 32 (iqve ix. literatura am sakiTxze).
12
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Сирийская чаша в Ушгуле, Вопросы
историии скусства, Тб., 2002, gv. 128-136, il. 39-42; N.
Iamanidzé, Les installations ... , il. 22.
13
embazSi ieso, mxolod zrdasrul asakSi, warmod­
genilia 900 wliT daTariRebul spilos Zvlis re-
liefze turnedan. G. Sciller, Iconography… il. 162.
14
k. maCabeli, qristianuli ikonografiis … gv. 46;
n. iamaniZe, qarTuli embazebis ..., gv. 69; N. Iamanidzé,
Les installations ... gv. 31-33; n. gengiuri, sanaTlavis
struqturis Taviseburebebi qarTul adreqristia-
nul arqiteqturaSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 17, Tb.,
2014, gv. 110.
15 ­
N. Iamanidzé, Les installations ... gv. 19-25, il. 2, 4, 9, 11-15.
 T a m a r x u n d a Z e

qvitkiriswyaros16, xospios da daSbaSis17ekle- uwodebdnen (gacxadeba uflisa Cuenisa ieso

siebSi. kidev ori qvis embazi daculia bol-
nisis muzeumSi. erTi _ ufro mcire zomis,
wylisgan dasacleli naxvretiT, sadaa (sur.
11), meoreze ki, romelic fragmentuladaa
SemorCenili, palmis xis gamosaxulebaa amok-
veTili (sur. 12). naTlisRebis amgvari ikono-
grafiuli versiis Camoyalibebaze SesaZloa,
aseve, gavlena moaxdina Sobis scenaSi yrmis
ganbanvis epizodma, romelic TavisTavad naT-
lisRebis winasaxedaa miCneuli. yrma iesos
ganbanva ar aris `Sobis~ mxolod damatebiTi
scena, is macxovris kacebrivi bunebis mowmo-
ba da amavdroulad naTlobis saidumlos sim-
boluri gamoxatulebaa18. Sobis kompoziciaSi
yrmis ganbanvis gamosaxuleba qristianul xe-
lovnebaSi adreuli xanidanve gvxvdeba, mag.,
IV s-is II nax-is koptur qvis reliefze kairos
kopturi muzeumidan19, V s-is siriul marma-
rilos reliefze (veneciidan), VII-VIII ss-is re-
liqvariumis vecxlis firfitaze20, VI-VII ss-is
kapadokiur mxatvrobaSi, rogoricaa CavuSi-
36
qristesi). SesaZloa, usaneTis qvajvaraze
gamokveTili varskvlavi Teofaniis kosmiur
niSansac gamoxatavdes, msgavsad naTlisRebis
scenaSi mzisa da mTvaris an maTi personifi-
kaciebis gamosaxulebebisa23.
Tu naTlisRebis kompoziciis klasiku-
ri ikonografia asaxavs qristes naTlisRebis
istoriul, konkretul, saxarebiseul ambavs,
yrma iesos naTloba embazSi aris ganzogade-
buli, simboluri xati naTlisRebisa, naT-
lobis saidumlosi, sadac xazgasmulia kaco-
briobis codvaTagan ganwmenda, xelaxali su-
lieri dabadeba, amadac naTelRebuli Cvilis
saxiT gamoisaxeba.
naTlisRebis yvela dasaxelebul kom-
poziciaSi, ganTiadis qvajvaris umoklesi,
orfiguriani ikonografiuli versiis garda
(sur. 3), warmodgenilia suli wminda mtredis
saxiT, rogorc es saxarebaSia damowmebuli.
maTgan brdaZoris (sur. 2), JaleTis (sur. 7),

karbisa (sur. 5) da rkonis (sur. 6) reliefe-

nis, naTlismcemlis eklesiis freska, sadac
bze mtreds niskartiT gvirgvini moaqvs24. es
yrma ieso embazisebr WurWelSi dgas locvad
gvirgvini SesaZloa, erTi mxriv, mowameobis
xelapyrobili21, VIII-IX ss-is bizantiur Tu pa-
gvirgvins ganasaxierebdes, romelic mianiSne-
lestinur tixruli minanqris jvarze22, amave
bs qristes vnebebze, mis msxverplze, meore
xanis martvilis minanqris enkolpionis ukana
mxriv ki, is naTlisRebiT borotebis Zlevis,
mxares sevadis teqnikiT Sesrulebul Sobis
uflis didebisa da meufebis simbolosac
scenaSi da sxv. vfiqrob, Sobis aluzia unda
warmoadgens. amavdroulad, es gamosaxuleba
iyos varskvlavis gamosaxulebac usaneTis
aluziaa noes istoriisa, sadac mtredi ze-
qvajvaris naTlisRebis kompoziciaSi (sur.4).
Tisxilis rtoTi warRvnisgan gadarCenilebs
arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom `naTlisRebis~ es
axali sicocxlis dasawyiss auwyebs (dabadeba
ikonografiuli versia uZvelesi qristianu-
_ 8, 11). warRvna _ codvili samyaros dangre-
li ritualis gavleniTac aixsnas, rodesac
va da axlis dasawyisi, naTlisRebis winaswa-
Soba da naTlisReba erTad idResaswaule-
ruwyebad gaiazreba25, mtredi ki, winasaxea
boda da mas sxvagvarad uflis gacxadebas
suliwmindisa. naTlisRebis prefiguracias
16
n. gengiuri, embazi qvitkiriswyaros eklesiidan, warmoadgens Zveli aRTqmis sxva movlene-
Zveli xelovneba dRes, 05, 2014, gv. 62-67, il. 3, 4, 5.
17
n. gengiuri, sanaTlavis struqturis ... gv. 109.
23
k. maCabeli usaneTis reliefis varskvlavs im si-
naTlis gamosaxulebad miiCnevs, romelmac wm. efrem
18
G. Sciller, Iconography… gv. 65.
asu­ris (IV s) mixedviT, naTlisRebisas gaanaTa md.
19
K. Wessel, Coptic Art, London, 1965, gv. 153, il. 92. iordane. k. maCabeli, qristianuli ikonografiis …
20
G. Sciller, Iconography… gv.64, il.156. gv. 47.
21
N. Thierry, La Cappadoce, De l’antiquité au Moyen Age, 24
mtredis gamosaxuleba gvirgviniT naTlisRebis
Bibliothéque de L’antiquité tardive-4, Turnhout, 2002, gv. 120, kompoziciaSi gvxvdeba VI saukunis egviptur spilos
il.28, nax.32. Zvlis reliefze, G. Sciller, Iconography… il. 358.
22
G. Sciller, Iconography… , il. 54. 25
iqve, gv. 129

bic, romlebic wylis stiqias ukavSirdeba26 _
moses gadasvla wiTel zRvaze (gamosvla - 14,
21-29; pirveli korinTelTa -10, 1-6), isu
naves mier iordaneze aRTqmis kidobnis ga-
dasveneba (ieso naves Ze _ 3, 11-17), ionas is-
toria (iona _ 1,15; 2,1-11); winaswarmetyvel
elises mier aramis mefis sardlis nayamanis
keTrisgan saswaulebrivi gankurneba mdinare
iordaneSi27 (meoTxe mefeTa _ 5, 1-14) da sxv.
sagulisxmoa, rom Zveli aRTqmis es teqstebi
Sesulia naTlisRebis sakiTxavebSi da ixsenie-
ba naTlobis saidumlos aRsrulebis dros28.
naTlisRebis reliefur kompozicieb-
Si xSirad gvxvdeba jvris gamosaxuleba. be-
rijvarisa (sur. 1) da usaneTis qvasvetebze
(sur. 4) jvari embazebzea amokveTili, xolo
brdaZorisa (sur. 2) da karbis (sur. 5) re-
liefebze calke, kompoziciis Tavisufal
areze. yvela SemTxvevaSi is aSkarad mia-
niSnebs qristes vnebebze, jvarcmaze. naT-
lisReba xom gacxadebaa kacobriobis xsnis-
Tvis qristes dedamiwaze movlinebisa, rac
misi jvarcmiT sruldeba. naTlisRebisa da
jvarcmis mistiur kavSirze araerTi miniSne-
baa saxarebasa (markozi, 10, 38-39; luka, 12,
50) Tu mociqulTa epistoleebSi (romaelTa,
6, 34). eklesiis mamaTa swavlebiT, jvarcmuli
macxovris gangmiruli gverdidan gadmodine-
buli sisxliTa da wyliT (ioane _ 19, 34) _
am `macocxlebeli wyaroebiT~ dadginda qris-
tianuli eklesiis ori umTavresi saidumlo
_ evqaristia da naTloba29. axladmonaTluls
kiserze swored jvars kideben, rac qristes
jvris tvirTvas ganasaxierebs _ `raodenTa
qristes mier naTelgviRebies, qriste Segvi-
mosies~. saRvTismetyvelo tradiciaSi naT-
lisReba macxovris msxverplis winasaxedaa
miCneuli. amis niSania ioanes xelis iesos
26
iqve, gv. 131
27
es siuJeti gamosaxulia brdaZoris mcire qvasvetze
naTlisRebis zemoT, k. maCabeli, qarTuli qris­ti­
anuli xelovnebis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2014, gv. 88-89.
28
G. Sciller, Iconography… gv. 128.
29
n. azauraSvili, oTxi jvari xelovnebis muzeumis
`aTonuri tipis~ jvrebis koleqciidan, narkvevebi V,
Tb., 1999, gv. 121, sqolio 3.
T a m a r x u n d a Z e
Tavze dadeba, rac Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad,
RvTisadmi Sesawir msxverpls niSnavs _ `das-
dva xeli misi Tavsa zeda mis Sesawirvisasa~
(lev., 1,4)30. adreqristianul locvebSi (epik­
le­ses da anamnezes locvebi) naTlisReba
msxverplis ziarebisTvis kurTxevis mTavar
moments warmoadgens31. es azri xazgasmuladaa
gadmocemuli karbis reliefze, sadac kom-
poziciis zeda nawilSi gamokveTil jvarTan
erTan, iesos embazis qveS kravis gamosaxule-
baa warmodgenili (sur. 5). es gamosaxuleba
TiTqos xiluli gacxadebaa iesos danaxvaze
warmoTqmuli naTlismcemlis sityvebisa `aha
tarigi RmrTisa, romelman aRixunes coduani
soflisani~ (ioane 1,29).
sainteresoa isic, rom Tu karbis re-
liefze tolmklava Zlevis jvaria gamosaxu-
li, brdaZoris kompoziciaSi (sur. 2) naT-
lismcemelsa da yrma iesos Soris warmod­
genilia dagrZelebulqvedamklaviani jva­ri,
romelsac k. maCabeli md. iordaneSi naT­
lisRebis adgilas aRmarTul memoriuli
37
stela-jvris gamosaxulebad miiCnevs32, rac
xSirad gvxvdeba naTlisRebis klasikur
ikonografiul redaqciebSi (amis erT-erTi
adreuli magaliTia ravenis marTlmadide-
belTa baptisteriumis V s-is mozaika). naT-
lisRebisa da jvarcmis kavSirze miuTiTe-
bs agreTve, berijvaris qvasvetis meore
waxnagze gamokveTili jvarcmis kompozicia.
webeldis filis kompozicia (sur. 8)
naTlisRebis saxarebiseul, istoriul, ga-
vrcelebul ikonografiul versias gadmogv-
cems, sadac zrdasruli, wverosani qriste
SiSveli dgas naTlismcemlis winaSe, ori
angelozi Tayvaniscemis, Sevrdomis niSnad,
xelebs mimarTavs macxovrisken. am kompozi-
ciaSi oTxive saxarebaSi damowmebuli wmin-
da samebis samive wevria gamosaxuli: erT
vertikalze ganlagebuli kacebrivi sxeu-
liT Semosili Ze _ ieso, suli wminda _
30
iqve, gv. 121.
31
A. Grabar, Un rouleau liturgique constantinopolitain et ses
peintures, DOP, 8, 1954, gv. 182.
32
k. maCabeli, qristianuli ikonografiis … gv. 45
 T a m a r x u n d a Z e

mtredis saxiT da xma mamisa, romelic xi-
lulad, makurTxeveli marjvenis saxiT aris
gadmocemuli _ `uflis xeli mamaRmerTis
sityvebs aRniSnavs~33. uflis xmis, sityvebis
saxviTad gadmocemasTan dakavSirebiT, sain-
teresoa andria kesaria-kabadukielis gan-
marteba wminda ioanes `gamocxadebis~ erT-
erT epizodze _ RvTismetyveli ambobs: `da
miviqec mun xilvad xmisa mis, romeli metyo-
da...“ kabadukieli mama ase ganmartavs apoka-
lifsis am pasaJs _ `amiT gulisxma vhyofT,
viTarmed ara kacobriv TualiTa saxilveli
anu yuriTa sasmenel iyo xmai igi, rameTu
Tqua, viTarmed: miviqec ara smenad, aramed
xilvado xmisa mis, rameTu sulieri smenai da
xilvai erT arian...~34 aqedan naTlad Cans, rom
qristianuli xelovnebis pirobiTi, abstra-
hirebuli saxviTi ena Tavad wminda werilis
daSifrul, simbolur metyvelebas efuZneba.
avnevis X s-is, erTi SexedviT, tradi-
ciuli ikonografiis kompoziciaSi (sur. 9)
ramdenime saintereso detalia. kerZod, sa-
38
reliefze gamosaxuli WurWeli angelozis
xelSi am ikonografiuli detalis gamosaxvis
adreul nimuSad unda miviCnioT. avnevis re-
liefze qristesa da naTlismcemels Soris
gamosaxuli sami Tevzi, mdinareze miniSnebasa
da naTelRebuli qristianebis simbolos gar-
da, SesaZloa, wminda samebasac gamoxatavdes.
Tumca, rTuli gasagebia kompoziciis marcxe-
na areze gancalkevebiT warmodgenili meoTxe
didi zomis vertikalurad, zemoT mimarTuli
Tevzisa da mis Tavze reliefurad amozidu-
li sada kvadratuli formis gamosaxulebis
mniSvneloba. xom ar SeiZleba es ukanaskne-
li JaleTis embazisa (sur. 7) da webeldis
(sur. 8) kompoziciebSi sworkuTxa monakveTis
saxiT gadmocemuli cis segmentis msgavsad,
zeciur samyaros ganasaxierebdes, romliske-
nac naTelRebuli suli (Tevzi) miemarTeba?
uflis xmas zogjer, simbolurad mxolod
cis segmentic ganasaxierebs. SesaZloa, avne-
vis reliefzec (sur. 9) es sworkuTxa forma,

amgvari abstrahirebuli saxiT mamaRmerTis

nelsacxeble WurWeli, romelic angelozs
xmaze, mis sityvebze mianiSnebdes.
uWiravs, rac patristikul literaturaSi
rogorc ganxilulma masalam cxadyo,
asaxul, adreqristianul saeklesio RvTism-
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos qvis plasti­
saxurebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. wm.
kaSi asaxuli naTlisRebis kompoziciebi iko-
kirile aleqsandrieli (Tavis katexizisur
nografiuli sqemebisa Tu calkeul detal-
sityvebSi) axsenebs mirons, romelic naTlis-
Ta gadawyvetis mravalferovnebiT, zogi­erT
Rebis ritualSi cvlis xeldasmas. is war-
SemTxvevaSi ki, mkafiod gamovlenili Tavise-
moadgens suliwmindis simbolos, romlis meS-
veobiTac xdeba qristes mironcxeba. saxelo- burebebiT xasiaTdeba. TiToeul reliefze
vnebaTmcodneo literaturaSi aRniSnulia, es Tema gansxvavebuli Sinaarsobrivi konte-
rom IX saukunidan naTlisRebis kompozicie- qstiT warmoCindeba. qarTul relifebze ga-
bSi es idea mtredis mier ampulidan qristes mokveTili naTlisRebis kompoziciebi, Ta-
Tavze mironis dasxmiT gadmoicema, mag., IX vianTi ganumeorebeli JReradobiT, avsebs da
s-is spilos Zvlis reliefis35, XII s-is marte- amdidrebs zogadad Sua saukuneebis xelovne-
logiumis miniaturis gamosaxulebebi, xolo baSi arsebul am sauflo dResaswaulis iko-
angelozi WurWliT xelSi XIII s-is Zeglebze nografiis saerTo suraTs.
Cndeba, mag., raSid al lies xelnaweri da
dasavluri miniaturebi36. e.i. avnevis X s-is
33
LCI - 4, Freiburg, 1994, gv. 249
34
andria kesaria-kabadukieli, Targmanebai iovanes
gamocxadebisai, gv. 5
35
G. Sciller, Iconography… , il. 366.
36
LCI - 4, gv. 251.
 T a m a r x u n d a Z e

TAMAR KHUNDADZE the new one, is understood as prognostic for the Bap-
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
tism; balsamarium is more unusual detail which is held
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation by angel (Avnevi, 10th century) that can be explained
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art by the influence of church sacred worship reflected in
patristic literature.
Therefore, this theme is shown under different se-
MEDIEVAL GEORGIAN RELIEFS mantic context on each relief and it enriches the whole
OF THE BAPTISM picture of Baptism iconography in Middle Medieval
Art by its unique sonority.
Summary

The earliest representations of Baptism in Georgia are

preserved on stone reliefs dated back to 6th-10th cen-
turies. Among them we encounter both iconographic
scheme based on commonly recognized gospel texts
which reflects Baptism of adult Jesus in the Jordan Riv-
er (e.g., reliefs of Jaleti font _ 6-7th centuries, Tsebeldi
iconostasis _ 7-8th centuries, Avnezi _ 10th century,
Sothta _ 10th century) and infant Jesus Baptism in font
(e.g., arrangements of Berijvari _ 6-7th centuries, Us-
aneti _ 8-9th centuries, Karbi _ 8-9th centuries, Rkoni
_ 6th centuries).This last iconographic version presents
one of the clearest features of solution for Baptism

39
scene in earlier Medieval Georgian Art development of
which is affected by tradition of Baptism of human in
infant age (K. Machabeli, N. Iamanidze, N. Gengiuri),
and, probably, by episode of Infant ablution shown in
the Christmas Scene that is recognized as forerun of
Baptism as such.
In Georgian monuments reflecting the Baptism we
often encounter both traditional and less spread icono-
graphic details, for example, cross representation (Beri-
jvari, Usaneti, Brdadzor, Karbi) that points out The Pas-
sion of Christ, Crucifix (Marcus, 10, 38-39); (Luke, 12,
50); (Romans, 6, 34). Christ Holy Eucharist is pointed
out by lamb representations on Karbi relief (Joannes
1, 29); aureola in dove’s bill (Brdadzori, Jaleti, Karbi,
Rkoni). This aureola may, on the one hand, represent
martyrdom that points out The Passion of Christ, His
Eucharist, and on the other hand, it also represents the
symbol of victory over the evil through the Baptism,
glorifying God and Masters’. At the same time, this
representation is an allusion of Noah history, where the
dove informs the survivors from the Flood about the
beginning of new life (the Genesis – 8, 11). The Flood
_ the destruction of godless world and the beginning of
 T a m a r x u n d a Z e

1. berijvaris qvajvari (fragmenti) 2. brdaZoris qvajvari(fragmenti)

Berijvari stone cross (fragment) Brdadzori stone cross (fragment)
40

3. ganTiadis qvajvari(fragmenti)
Gantiadi stone cross (fragment)

4. usaneTis qvajvari Usaneti stone cross

 T a m a r x u n d a Z e

5. karbis eklesia, fasadze CaSenebuli stela 6. rkonSi aRmoCenili reliefi

(fragmenti) Relief discovered in Rkoni

41
Karbi church. Stele incorporated in façade (fragment)

7. JaleTis embazi Jaleti font

8. webeldis kankelis fila

Tsebelda iconostasis
 T a m a r x u n d a Z e

9. avnevis eklesiis reliefi

Avnevi church relief
42

10. soxTas eklesiis reliefi

Sokhta church relief

11. Eembazi bolnisis muzeumidan

Font, Bolnisi Museum

12. Eembazi bolnisis muzeumidan (fragmenti)

Font, Bolnisi Museum (fragment)
Tamar dadiani
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
wminda giorgis saxe raWis qvis
qandakebaSi (mravalZalisa da
znakvis eklesiaTa reliefebi)*
saqarTveloSi bizantiidan Semosulma wminda
giorgis kultma gansakuTrebuli popularoba
da mniSvneloba moipova qveynis sulier cxov-
rebasa da kulturaSi. wminda mowame, romlis
saxem iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, Zveli, warmar-
Tobisdroindeli mTvare RvTaeba Secvala,
xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebSi TviT ufalsac
gautolda1 da qarTul saeklesio xelovne-
baSic erT-erT centralur figurad iqca.
Sua saukuneebis qarTul saxviT xelovne-
baSi wminda giorgis gamosaxulebaTa umeteso-
ba Wedurobasa da monumentur mxatvrobaSia
daculi, X-XI saukuneebis qvis plastikaSi ki
masala SedarebiT naklebia. Tumca, swored
qvaze kveTilma reliefma Semogvinaxa urwmu-
no imperatorTan mebrZoli wminda giorgis
yvelaze adreuli gamosaxulebebi (martvilis
dasavleTi frizi (VII s)2, webeldis kankeli
(VII-VIII ss)3.
wminda giorgis amsaxveli ramdenime
mniSvnelovani reliefuri scena raWaSia Se-
morCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom wminda mowamis
aq Seqmnili saxeebi, aseve ikonografiuli de-
talebi, yovelTvis gadawyvetis garkveuli
* statia momzadda SoTa rusTavelis fondis mier
dafi­ nansebuli proeqtis `Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
qandakeba~ farglebSi. wakiTxulia profesor dimit-
ri TumaniSvilis 65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samec-
niero konferenciaze (Tbilisis samxatvro akademia,
Tb., 2015, 11-12 ivnisi).
1
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I, Tb., 1960,
gv. 50-53.
2
Н. А. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии, М.,
1977, tab. 52, 55.
3
Р. О. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой
Грузии, Тб., 1962, tab. I; N. Iamanidzé, Les Installations Liturgi-
ques Sculptées des Églises de Géorgie (VIe-XIIIe siécles), Bibliothé-
que de L’antiquité Tardive, 15, Brepols, 2010, tab. 84.
originalurobiT ipyrobs yuradRebas, rac
gamoarCevs am regionis skulpturul nawar-
moebebs wmindanis sxva, SedarebiT ufro ka-
nonikuri gamosaxulebebisagan, rasac Cven
qvemoT dawvrilebiT SevexebiT.
Sua saukuneebis qarTul xelovneba-
Si wminda giorgi ZiriTadad gvirgvinos-
nis damTrgunveli mxedrisa an fexze mdgo-
mi meomris saxiT gamoixateba. rogorc wesi,
qvis plastikaSi wmindanis cxenosani gamosa-
xulebebi Warbobs (zemoxsenebuli adreuli
Zeglebis garda, vale (X s), iyalTo (X-XI ss)4,
bzis petre-pavle (X-XI ss)5, javaxeTis axaSeni
(XI s)6, bediisa (X s) da safaris (XI s) kankele-
bi7, raWaSi _ joisubani (X s)8 (sur.1), gadaR-
ma genduSi (X s)9 (sur. 2), nikorwmindis ori
kompozicia (XI s)10 (sur. 3-4); fexze mdgomi
wminda giorgis gamosaxulebebi mxolod ra-
Wis or Zeglze gvaqvs _ mravalZalisa (XI s-is
dasawyisi)11 (sur. 5) da znakvis (motyiaris)
(XI s)12 (sur. 6-7) eklesiaTa fasadebze. winam-
debare werilSi ZiriTadi yuradReba swored
am or Zeglze iqneba gamaxvilebuli.
43
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, raWisaTvis
wminda giorgis ikonografiis saintereso
da iSvi­aTi interpretaciebia damaxasiaTebe­
li. maga­ liTisaTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT
joisub­nisa da genduSis kompoziciebi, rom-
lebzedac wmindani tradiciulad axalgazr-
4
N. Iamanidzé, dasax. naSr., gv. 75, tab. 58-59.
5
Р. О. Шмерлинг, Архитектурные памятники района древних
селений Адзикви и Бза, macne, 2, Tb., 1969, gv.121-127, tab.
42-50.
6
Н. А. Аладашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 136.
7
Р. О. Шмерлинг, dasax. naSr., tab. 25, 57.
8
n. aladaSvili, joisubnis reliefebi. sabWoTa xelov-
neba, 7, Tb., 1978, gv. 68-76; raWa. 1991. miwisZvriT dazi-
anebuli Zeglebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 19-21, tab. gverdebze
168-169.
9
T. dadiani, wminda giorgis amsaxveli reliefi gadaRma
genduSidan. akad. vaxtang beriZis dabadebis 100 wlis-
Tavisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis Tezisebi, 2014 wlis
11-12 dekemberi, Tb., 2014.
10
n. aladaSvili, nikorwmindis reliefebi, Tb., 1957,
gv. 20, 27-29; Н.А. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура
Грузии, gv.146-193, tab. 149-150, 156.
11
z. sxirtlaZe, mravalZalis wm. giorgis eklesia, Zeglis
megobari, 60, Tb., 1982, gv. 40-47.
v. silogava, znakvis ucnobi warwerebi (XI s), analebi,
12
#5, Tb., 2009, gv. 171-132, sur. 1-4.
 T a m a r d a d i a n i
da uwveruli ymawvilis saxiT aris warmod-
genili, diokletianes mxatvruli saxe ki sak-
maod originaluradaa gadawyvetili. joisu-
banSi wminda meomris SubiT gangmirul urw-
muno mefes Saravandi adgas, rac ucnauria
`uaryofiTi~ personaJis Cvenebisas. Tumca,
ar aris gamoricxuli es detali bizantiu-
ri saimperatoro ikonografiidan momdina-
reobdes.13 genduSis reliefze uRmrTo impe-
ratori rqiani muzaradiTaa warmodgenili
da eSmakTan badebs asociacias. nikorwmindis
dasavleTi portalis timpanze yuradRebas
ipyrobs wminda giorgis tipaJi grZeli swori
TmebiT, rac aseve ar aris damaxasiaTebeli
am wmindanis ikonografiisaTvis. cnobilia,
rom wmindanis kanonikuri saxe sakmaod ad-
reul xanaSi Camoyalibda (gavixsenoT Tund-
ac VI saukunis sinuri xati wminda giorgisa
da wminda Tevdores gamosaxulebebiT)14 da
X-XI saukuneebSi ukve sabolood dasrule-
buli saxe miiRo. nikorwmindis Tanadroul
qarTul Wedur da ferwerul xatebsa da
freskebze yovelTvis gamokveTilia wminda
44
martvilis xuWuWa Tmebi.
qarTuli qvis plastikisaTvis iSviaTi
ikonografiuli sqemebiT mravalZalisa da
znakvis reliefebi gamoirCeva.
mravalZalis (mTiskalTa) wminda giorgis
eklesia onis municipalitetSi mdebareobs.
XIX saukunis gumbaTovani taZris aRmosav-
leT nawilSi moqceulia Zveli, X-XI sauku-
neebis calnaviani eklesiis kedlebi da maTi
Tanadrouli reliefuri filebi, romelic
sakurTxevlis sarkmlis garSemoa dajgufe-
buli15. sarkmlis viwro Riobis orsav mxares
locvad xelapyrobil wminda meomarTa sak-
maod wagrZelebuli figurebia amokveTili.
jvriani SubebiT wmindanebi gveleSapsa da
gvirgvinosans gangmiraven. savaraudod, re-
13
magaliTad, san vitales mozaikebi iustinianesa da
Teodoras gamosaxulebebiT (VI s) _ F.S. Kleiner, Gardner’s
Art Through the Ages: the Western Perspective, Vol.I, Wadswort,
2006, tab. 9-10, 9-11; saqarTveloSi Saravandmosil
diokletianes aseve mestiis sawinamZRvro jvarze (XI s)
vxedavT _ Ancient Georgian Art, Tb., 2008, gv. 28.
14
F.S. Kleiner, dasax. naSr., tab. 9-18.
15
1991 wlis miwisZvris Sedegad dangreuli taZari 2009
wels mTlianad aRudgeniaT.
liefi wminda Tevdoresa da wminda giorgis
warmogvidgens _ gamosaxulebebs Tan erTvis
asomTavruli warwera: `wmidao giorgi Seiwy-
alen keTÁlad moRuawenÁ amis eklesiÁsani~16.
sainteresoa wmindanebis zeaRmarTul
xelTa mdgomareoba _ cali xeli orantasTvis
damaxasiaTebeli JestiT xelisguliT win
aris naCvenebi, meore ki gadabrunebulia da
Subsaa CaWidebuli. msgavs kompozicias vxe-
davT gveldesis kankelis erT-erT svetze (IX
s)17 (sur.8), romelzedac veSapis mlaxvreli
wverosani wmindania gamoqandakebuli. gve-
leSapTan mebrZoli qveiTi wminda meomrebi _
wminda giorgi da wminda qristefore gvxvde-
ba Tixis firfitaze vinicidan (makedonia, VIII
s-mde)18. mravalZalis SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa,
rom mtris daTrgunvis aqti locvasTanaa da-
kavSirebuli, rac moqmedebas abstraqtul,
gadataniT xasiaTs aniWebs da mis sulier,
transcendentur mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.
zeciuri amalis wevrebi _ wminda meomrebi _
`jvarcmis~ scenis gverdiT arian gamosaxulni
da qristianobis gamarjvebas ganasaxiereben.
sayuradReboa mravalZalis wminda gior-
gis tipaJi, romelic sruliad ar Seesabameba
kanonikur ikonografias. wmindani mxrebamde
grZeli swori TmebiTa da wveriT aris war-
modgenili (wminda Tevdoresac analogiuri
varcxniloba da orad gayofili wveri aqvs).
Tu garkveuli Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia
bnel ZalebTan dakavSirebul `negatiur~
personaJTa (am SemTxvevaSi diokletianes)
gamosaxvisas, wminda giorgis ikonografia-
Si cvlilebebis Semotana, rogorc Cans, misi
didi popularobiTa da misi pirovnebis irg-
vliv Seqmnili mravalricxovani xalxuri Tq-
mulebebiT unda aixsnas.
kidev erTi saintereso kompozicia
wminda giorgis gamosaxulebiT znakvis (mo-
tyiaris) eklesiis dasavleT timpanzea gan-
Tavsebuli. sof. znakva ambrolauris muni­
cipalitetSi, mdinare znakvuris marjvena
napirze mdebareobs. RmrTismSoblis saxelo-
bis darbazuli eklesia 2003 wels auSenebiaT
16
z. sxirtlaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 48.
17
Р. О. Шмерлинг, dasax. naSr., tab. 5
Ch. Walter, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition,
18
Ashgale, 2003, gv. 53, 125, tab. 24.

Zvel naeklesiarze mdgari XIX saukunis taZ-
ris adgilas. daSlili eklesiis wyobaSi aR-
moCenili XI saukunis reliefuri kompozicia
da sxva qvebi (ornamentirebuli fragmente-
bi, warweriani fila) Tanamedrove eklesiis
kedlebSi CaudgamT19. znakvis wminda giorgi
fexze mdgomi SeiaraRebuli meomris saxi-
Taa warmodgenili. marjvena, idayvSi moxril
xelSi mas grZeli Subi ukavia, marcxenaSi ki
ovaluri fari. es sakmaod gavrcelebuli
ikonografiuli sqema, rogorc zemoT iTq-
va, iSviaTia qarTuli qvis reliefebisaTvis.
bizantiuri Zeglebidan SegviZlia davasaxe-
loT harbavilis spilos Zvlis triptiqoni
(luvri, X s)20, kidev ufro axlo magaliTia
berZnuli reliefuri xati vatopedis mo-
nastridan (aTonis mTa, XI s)21. znakvis kom-
poziciis pirdapiri paralelebi qarTul
oqromWedlobaSi moiZebneba _ karedi xati
Cukulidan (X s), karedi xati CixareSidan (X
s), mravalZalis xati (X s), jumaTi (XI s), laS-
Txveri (XI s)22 da a. S., qvis plastikaSi _ vanis
marmarilos reliefi (quTaisis saxelmwifo
istoriuli muzeumi, XI-XIII ss)23 (sur.9).
znakvis reliefuri scena samecniero li-
teraturaSi mxolod v. silogavas weriliT
aris cnobili, romelSic ZiriTadi yuradRe-
ba warwerebzea gamaxvilebuli. wmindanis ga-
mosaxulebis orsav mxares ganTavsebuli ki-
durwaisruli asomTavruli warwera paleo-
grafiulad zustad XI saukunis dasawyisiT
TariRdeba: `w(mida)Á g[(iorg)i].
w(mida)o g(iorg)i || [Sei]|wy{a}le c(o)
d[v(i)li] i(ovan)e lozi||m[e da S(vil)ni] |
mis[ni, a(me)n]24.
19
v. silogava, dasax. naSr., gv. 177.
20
F.S. Kleiner, dasax. naSr., tab. 9-26.
21
P. L. Grotowski, Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints: Tradi-
tion and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843-1261), Boston,
Brill, 2010, tab. 33.
22
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, иллю-
страции, Тб., 1959, tab. 45, 47, 36, 151, 152.
23
r. Smerlingi, marmarilos qandakeba sof. vanidan,
smam, t. XVII, #2, Tb., 1956, gv. 187-88; a. SaniZe, vanis
marmarilos qandakebis warweris wakiTxva-gagebisaTvis,
smam, t. XVIII, #9, Tb., 1956, gv. 857-859.
24
v. silogava, dasax. naSr., gv. 182; warweraze muSaobisas
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis did madlobas vuxdiT b-n T.
jojuas.
T a m a r d a d i a n i
reliefuri gamosaxulebis ikonografi­
uli da stiluri analizic XI saukunis das-
awyisze miuTiTebs. wminda mowame Tavisi ka-
nonikuri ikonografiiT aris mocemuli _
axalgazrda uwverul saxes xuWuWa Tmebis
xveulebi aCarCoebs. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom wmindanis samxedro aRWurviloba Tavisi
xasiaTiT ufro X saukunis ZeglebTan iCens
siaxloves. sayuradReboa iseTi detali, ro-
goricaa fari, romelic XI saukunis masiur,
maRal farebTan SedarebiT, ufro momcro
zomisaa (mag., X-XI saukuneebis Weduri xatebi
_ Cukuli, CixareSi (X s), jumaTi, laSTxve-
ri, sujuna (XI s)25 da a. S.). wmindanis samose-
li _ sartyliT SemoWerili grZeli mTlia-
ni javSnis perangi Rilebis rigiT, Sida kaba
da mosasxami _ gvxvdeba, rogorc X saukunis
Wedur Zeglebze (pirdapiri paralelia naku-
raleSis xati26), aseve sxvadasxva variaciebiT
XI saukunis qarTul reliefebzec (mravalZa-
li, nikorwminda). XI saukunis oqromWedlo-
baSi wminda meomarTa Cacmuloba ukve sxva
45
tipisaa da bizantiur nimuSebs imeorebs
(magaliTad, zemoxsenebuli harbavilis
triptiqoni).
stilur mxares rac Seexeba, znakvis ga-
mosaxulebis mZlavri, daunawevrebeli blo-
kis saxiT mocemuli formebi fonisken Zlier
momrgvalebuli kideebiT skulpturulobis
zogad STabeWdilebas qmnis, rac X sauku-
nisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aRsaniSnavia fi-
guris dgomis manera, damjdari proporciebi,
statikuroba, rac mas aseve X saukunis Zegl-
Ta wreSi aqcevs da ganasxvavebs magaliTad,
XI saukunis Weduri xatebisgan, romlebsac
wagrZelebuli proporciebi, figuraTa sib-
rtyeze ganTavsebis SedarebiT Tavisufali
manera, erTgvari simsubuqe gamoarCevs. qvis
qandakebaSic X saukunis bolo skulpturu-
lobis Ziebis zogadi niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili
da am periodSi sibrtyobriv-grafikuli mane-
risa da dekoratiul-moculobiTi nawarmoe-
bebis Tanaarseboba sakmaod xSiri movlenaa.
25
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 156.
26
iqve, tab. 42.
 T a m a r d a d i a n i

X saukuneSi moculobiT-plastikuri stilis TAMAR DADIANI

magaliTebia tbeTis aSot kuxis reliefuri
qandakeba,27 fetobnis,28 qoroRos,29 safaris
wm. sabas kankelis (X-XI ss)30 gamosaxulebe-
bi, aseve tao-klarjeTis reliefebi (maga-
liTad, oSki)31, romlebSic Semdgomi epoqis
yvela damaxasiaTebeli mowinave niSan-Tvise-
baa Cadebuli.
Tumca, reliefis dasaTariReblad sak-
maod mniSvnelovan detals wminda giorgis
fexebis mdgomareoba warmoadgens _ terfebi
srul profilSi ki araa gamosaxuli, aramed
odnav rakursSi, diagonaluradaa mocemuli,
rac xSirad gvxvdeba XI saukunis Zeglebze
(magaliTad, zedazenis, safaris miZinebis
eklesiis kankelebi32, zemoxsenebuli Weduri
xatebi da a. S.) da uCveuloa X saukuneSi.
ukve X-XI saukuneebis mijnis safaris wminda
sabas kankelze winaswarmetyveli danielis
terfebi zedxedSia mocemuli, rac am Zeg-
lis gardamaval xasiaTze metyvelebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, terfebis mdgomareobis safuZ-
velze znakvis reliefi Semdgom epoqas, XI
46
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
SAINT GEORGE IMAGE IN RACHIAN
STONE SCULPTURE (RELIEFS
OF MRAVALDZALI AND ZNAKVA
CHURCHES)
Summary
Georgian Medieval Art is rich in representations of
Saint George both mounted on a horse and dismounted.
In this regard, Rachian reliefs are an interesting
source of material. The sculptural plasticity is particu-
larly noteworthy. Interesting and rare interpretations of
the Saint George iconography are typical for Racha. In
addition to the scenes of Saint George mounting
the horse while fighting against the Emperor Diocle-
tian (Joisubani, Gadaghma Gendushi, 10th century and
Nikortsminda, 11th century), we also encounter more un-
usual arrangements with the representations of the Saint

saukunis dasawyiss SegviZlia mivakuTnoT.
amasTanave, gamosaxulebis erTgvari kavSiri
X saukunis qvis reliefebTan raWis skulp-
turuli skolis garkveuli maarqaizebeli
xasiaTiT unda aixsnas.
yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze kar-
gad Cans wminda giorgis raWaSi Seqmnil sa-
xeTa mravalferovneba da unikaluroba, rac
am regionSi wminda mowamis Zlieri kultis
arsebobas miuTiTebs. amas adasturebs ra-
Wasa da mezobel svaneTSi didi raodenobiT
Semor­Cenili Weduri xatebic wmindanis
cxenosani Tu qveiTi gamosaxulebebiT.
(Mravaldzali, 11th century and Znakva (Motkiari), 11th
century). The relief of Mravaldzali with its rare icon-
ographic solution is most compelling – bearded Saint
George on foot slaying the unbeliever Emperor Dio-
cletian. From an iconographic point of view, the Znakva
arrangement is directly related to the Georgian wrought
icons of 10-11th centuries, though very rare for sculp-
tural plasticity. Within scientific literature, the only re-
cord of this monument is the inscription accompanying
the relief, dated back to the beginning of the 11th century.
The stylistic analysis also confirms the 11th century. The
diversity and the unique character of the Saint George
imagery (especially the depictions of his face) created in
Racha is well documented in a letter confirming a pow-
erful cult of the Saint Martyr in this region.

27
Н.А. Аладашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 71.
28
iqve, tab. 72.
29
iqve, tab. 102-109.
30
T. xundaZe, safaris monastris wminda sabas taZris
kankeli, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 17, Tb., 2014, gv. 181-
192, sur. 1.
31
Н.А. Аладашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 122, 123, 124.
32
Р. О. Шмерлинг, dasax. naSr., tab. 27, 35-36.
 T a m a r d a d i a n i

1. joisubani. sarkmlis kompozicia, X s. 2. gadaRma genduSi. X s-is bolo

Joisubani. Window arrangement, 10 century
th
Gadaghma Gundushi. Late 10th century

47

3. nikorwminda. aRmosavleTi fasadis kompozicia, XI s.

Nikortsminda. East façade arrangement, 11th century
 T a m a r d a d i a n i

4. nikorwminda. dasavleTi portalis kompozicia, XI s.

Nikortsminda. West doorway arrangement, 11th century
48

5. mravalZali. aRmosavleTi fasadis 6. znakvis (motyiaris) eklesia

kompozicia, XI s. Znakva (Motkiari) church
Mravaldzali. East façade arrangement,
11th century
 T a m a r d a d i a n i

7. znakva (motyiari). dasavleTi portalis kompozicia, XI s.

Znakva (Motkiari). West doorway arrangement, 11th century

49

8. gveldesi. kankelis svetis 9. vani. marmarilos reliefi, XI-XIII ss.

kompozicia, IX s. Vani. Marble relief, 11th -13th centuries
Gveldesi. Iconostasis column arrangement,
9th century
 qeTevan abaSiZe
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
hujabis taZris gegma da Sida
sivrce da maTi mimarTeba XII-XIII
da XIII-XIV saukuneebis taZrebTan
istoriul qvemo qarTlSi mdebare hujabis
iveriis RmrTismSoblis saxelobis monasteri
dRes somxeTis respublikis teritoriazea
moqceuli, saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan daax­
lo­ebiT 350-400 m-is daSorebiT. es is miwa-
wyalia, romelic istoriulad, qarTul
werilobiT wyaroebSi `somxiTad~ iwodeboda,
somxuri wyaroebSi ki piriqiT, `qarTvelTa
velad~1.
sxvadasxva mxatvrul tradicias akuT-
vneben hujabs mkvlevarebic. maTi nawili mas
50
somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglad ixseniebs,
nawili ki qarTulis nimuSad. umravles Sem-
TxvevaSi, is XIII saukunis I naxevriT an Sua
xaniTaa daTariRebuli2.
1
istoriuli cnobebi hujabis monastris Sesaxeb
Zalze Zunwia (ix. `wigni saqarTvelos statistiku-
ri aRwerilobisa meTvramete saukuneSi~, `I aRwera
mewinave droSaTa sabaraTaSvilosa da somxiTisa,
Sedgenili mefe vaxtang meeqvsis brZanebiT vaxuSti
batonisSvilis da givi TumaniSvilis mier 1721w.~,
Tbilisi. 1907. gv. 244, 246, 247; vaxuSti batoniS-
vili, `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 1941., gv.
37.1721w.). saqarTvelos statistikuri aRwerilobis
wignSi moixsenieba sof. hujabi. irkveva, rom adre
dRevandeli sof. axkerpis adgilze yofila ori qar-
Tuli sofeli: `xujabi da zemo xujabi~, romlebic
ekuTvnoda aznauriSvilebs eliaraSvilebs. aq mosa-
xleTa gvarebi somxuria, mxolod qarTuli `Svilis~
daboloebiT da isini dReisaTvis aRaraa sofelSi.
dRevandeli axkerpi ki axali dasaxlebulia.
2
saxelovnebaTmocdneo literaturaSi es Zegli pir-
velad baltruSaitisis naSromSi gamoCnda da som-
xuri arqiteqturis nimuSad iyo saxeldebuli (Jurgis
Baltrušaitis, Etudes sur l’art Médiéval en Géogie et en Arménie,
Paris, 1929, gv. 35). am naSromis kritika v.beriZem `qar-
Tul xelovnebaSi~ gamoqveynebul werilSi warmoad-
gina, romelSiac is hujabsac ixseniebs da aRniSnavs,
rom igi SecdomiT moxvda somxur ZeglTa siaSi (Ars
Georgica, t. II, `kritika da bibliografia~, 1948, gv.
148). v. beriZis sxva naSromSi (В.Беридзе, Некоторые
hujabis taZari marTlac amJRavnebs kav-
Sirs „beTania-qvaTaxevis“ jgufis ZeglebTan,
magram, rogorc Semdgomi ganxilvisas davi-
naxavT, mravali niSniT (Sida sivrce, dekora-
tiuli morTuloba), is mogviano xanis _ XIII
saukunis bolosa da XIV saukunis „safara-
zarzmis“ jgufsac ukavSirdeba3 (sur. 1). hu-
jabis taZris adgili ZeglTa am or jgufs
Soris unda veZioT da ganxilvis dros Se-
darebisTvis gamoviyenoT XIII s-is Sua wlebis
Zeglebis kidev erTi nawili, romelTa mxat-
vrul gadawyvetaSi gamomJRavnda rogorc
Zveli normebis rRvevis tendencia, ise axal
safexurze gadasvlis garkveuli gzebis Zie-
ba. es Zeglebia: kaxeTSi fuZnaris eklesia-
(XIII s-is S. p.),4 kardanaxis sabawminda (XIII s-is
bolo); Sida qarTlSi erTawminda (XIII s-is
S. p.), gudaleTi (XIII s-is pirveli naxevris bo-
loSi mdgomi Zegli); qvemo qarTlSi Tbilisis
metexi (XIII s-is bolo), gudarexis samreklo
(1278 w) da a.S. amrigad, diapazoni Sesadarebe-
аспекты грузинской купольной архитектуры, 1976., gv. 72;
misive, samcxis xuroTmoZvreba, Tb., 1955,) X-XIII ss-
is ZeglTa qronologiur siaSi, hujabi XIII s. pirveli
naxevris an Sua periodis Zeglad aris moxsenebuli.
XIIIs-is Sua periodiT daTariRebuli fuZnaris ek-
lesiis paralelad ixseniebs hujabs g. CubinaSvili
(Г.Н.Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, Тб., 1959, gv
424). missave werilSi `К вопросу о национальной форме
в архитектуре прошлого~ _ fitareTi, beTania, qvaTa-
xevi, axtala da hujabi erTi jgufis Zeglebadaa da-
saxelebuli (Г.Н.Чубинашвили, Вопросы истории искус-
ства, Тб., 1970, т. 1, gv. 290). XII-XIII saukuneTa ZeglTa
rigSi ixseniebs hujabs rene Smerlingic (xelnaweri
ar gamoqveynebula). ix. aseve: p.zaqaria, qarTuli
centralur-gumbaTovani arqiteqtura, Tb., 1978, t.
II; i.gomelauri, erTawminda, Tb., 1976; c.gabaSvili,
portalebi qarTul arqiteqturaSi, Tb., 1955, gv.
31, tab. 35; l.musxeliSvili, bolnisi, enimkis moambe,
1938; t. III, gv. 314, 336-337; R Mepisashvili, W.Cincadze,
Die Kunst des alten Georgien, Leipzig, 1977; R. Mepisashvili,
W. Cincadze, Aufnahmen von Rolf Schrade, Wehrbauten und
Kirchen, Leipzig, 1986.
3
`rogorc viciT, (XIII-XIVss. mijnaze) momwifebul Sua
saukuneTa stilis farglebSi axali safexuri Camoya-
libda~, romelic ZeglTa didi jgufiT aris warmod-
genili _ safara, zarzma, Wule, xobi, caiSi, gergetis
sameba da sxva. ix. v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba,
Tb., 1955, gv.225. SemdegSic xsenebuli ori jgufis
aRsaniSnad, terminad gamoviyenebT sityvebs _ „Zve-
li“ (beTania-qvaTaxevi) da „axali“ (safara-zarzma).
4
Г.Н.Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, Тб., 1959, gv.
426.

li Zeglebisa romlebTanac hujabis eklesia
msgavsebas amJRavnebs Zalian didia.
hujabis gegma Sua saukuneebis qarTul
gumbaTovan taZrebSi farTod gavrcelebul
tips imeorebs _ esaa umniSvnelod wagrZele-
buli sworkuTxedi or, Tavisuflad mdgom
burjsa da bemis kedlebze damyarebuli gum-
baTiT (sur. 2).
amgvari gegmis adrindel nimuSs XIs-is
30-iani wlebis samTavro warmoadgens. XII sau-
kunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi es geg-
ma, umniSvnelo variaciebiT, kanonikurad iqca.
hujabis gegmaze erTi SexedvisTanave
naTlad Cans misi gansxvavebuloba. garegani
sworkuTxedis zomebiT, sigrZe-siganiT, hu-
jabis taZari msgavsia pirveli jgufis taZ-
rebis, xolo sworkuTxedis absoluturi
zomebis mixedviT TiTqmis utoldeba beTa-
niis taZris gegmas (hujabi _ 14,6/20,24; be-
Tania _ 14,5/20,5;), magram am tol sivrceebSi
saTavsebis ganawileba da ganlageba imdenad
sxvadasxvagvaria, rom gansxvavebul sivrce-
moculobebs qmnis. pirveli da mniSvnelovani
cvlileba taZris gegmaSi aris dasavleTi
mklavis damokleba gumbaTqveSa sivrces-
Tan SedarebiT; gumbaTqveSa kvadrati bev-
rad Warbobs dasavleT mklavs. dasavleTi
mklavis sigrZe da Sesabamisad, dasavleTiT
mklavebSorisi sivrceebis sigrZe TiTqmis
gautolda samxreTi da CrdiloeTi mklavebis
sigrZeebs. gegmis SigniT gaCnda toli mon-
akveTebi. amgvarad, Senobis grZivi swrafva
mniSvnelovnad Senelda.
rogorc cnobilia, Senobis grZivi Re-
rZis damoklebis tendencia ukve XIII sauku-
nis dasawyisSi daisaxa da XIV saukunis dam-
levamde viTardeboda. sigrZivobis Seneleba,
swored Senobis dasavleTi nawilis sigrZeSi
damoklebiT xorcieldeboda. `safaraSi es
midrekileba ufro sagrZnobia, vidre wina
periodis ZeglebSi...~5 Tiseli, Wule, zar-
zma, gergetis sameba, caiSi kidev ufro me-
tad uaxlovdeba kvadrats. gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia, rom am mogviano xanis ZeglebSi gegmis
5
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 54.
qeTevan abaSiZe
kvadratTan miaxloeba misi siganeSi gazrdi-
Tac aris ganpirobebuli. e.i. taZarTa sigrZe
klebulobs da Sebamisad, sigane matulobs.
hujabma es mimarTuleba gamoavlina swored
im zomebiT, gegmis sigrZe-siganis im Tana-
fardobiT, romlebic XIII saukunis pirveli
naxevris ZeglebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
gegmis am TaviseburebaSi mJRavndeba stilis
evoluciis niSnebi, Zveli da axali xerxebi
erTdroulad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs da
Tanaarsebobs kidec. ukve es migviTiTebs,
rom taZars gardamavali, Sualeduri adgili
uWiravs XIII saukunis pirveli naxevrisa da
amave saukunis dasasrulis ZeglTa Soris.
hujabis taZris jmuxi, masiuri, ganieri da
uswormasworo burjebi (sur. 2, 3) sxvadasxva
zomisaa, maT dabrecili rvakuTxedis forma
aqvs (gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTisas). swored
es forma, burjebis Zlier dadablebasTan
erTad, ganapirobebs maT sitlanqes. dar-
Rveulia formebis sizuste da simkafioec.
zemoT svetebi ganieri da msxvilia, qvemoT,
51
Sua welze _ gaRunuli, metad gaganivrebuli
(es erTgvari enTazisia), bolos, bazisTan,
Zlier Seviwrovebuli. bazisebi sami nawilis-
agan Sedgeba _ qveda, ufro didi, sworkuTxa
kvadratia, zeda ori, ufro dabali, oqtogo-
nis formisaa, maT Semomrgvalebuli wiboebi
aqvT. bazisebis aseT damuSavebaSi profilTa
da arqiteqturul detalTa nairgvarobis
siyvaruli vlindeba, rac `safara-zarzmis~
epoqis ZeglebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
rogorc vxedavT, faqtiurad daSlilia, Tu
SeiZleba iTqvas, „damsxvreulia“ burjebis
oqtogonuri forma. isini taZris kedlebs
sakmao manZiliT arian daSorebuli da maor-
ganizebeli elementis mniSvnelobas sivrcis
diferenciaciaSi ar kargaven, rogorc es Sem-
dgom safara-zarzmis jgufis ZeglebSia _ iq
burjebs dakarguli aqvT Tavisuflad mdgomi
svetebis ieri, mcired dacilebuli kedlebi-
sagan mis monakveTebad aRiqmebian da Sveri-
lebs ufro emsgavsebian. maT oqtogonuri
formac ki Secvlili aqvT. miuxedavad Tavisi
formisa, hujabis taZris burjebi arafriT
Camohgavs XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris
 qeTevan abaSiZe
Zeglebis natif, msubuq da haerovan svetebs,
romlebic TavianTi mkafioebiT da daxvewili
proporciebiT gamoirCevian.
amrigad, hujabSi ukve burjebmac icvala
garkveulad saxe da maT SesrulebaSi aSkarad
gamovlinda gardamavlobis kidev erTi niSani.
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala sakurTxevlis
zomebic (sur.4,5). taZris sigrZis fardoba
sakurTxevlis siRrmesTan gviCvenebs, rom
sakurTxevlis zoma taZarTan mimarTebiT
gazrdilia (1:2,9). am mxriv pirveli nabijebi
idgmeba TviT `beTania-qvaTaxevis~ periodis
ZeglebSive _ timoTesubani (1:2,98 msgavsia
hujabis), axtala (1:2,8). Semdgom, `safara-
zarzmis~ epoqaSi sakurTxeveli iseTive far-
dobiT gaizarda, rac am sam ZeglSi. rogorc
vxedavT, hujabis eklesia kvlav axali niSnis
erT-erT damwyebad gvevlineba.
sakurTxevlis sivrciT-moculobaSi bema
Semcirebulia da metic, aq is mxolod zemoT,
kamaraSi, quslebis donezea erTi safexuriT
gamoyofili. qvemoT afsida faqtobrivad
52
Serwymulia bemasTan, maT Soris ar aris
gamyofi safexuri; bema TiTqosda „gamqralia“
sakurTxevlis sivrceSi. bemis gansakuTrebu-
lad Zlieri Semcireba vlindeba hujabis, ki-
rancis, axtalisa da erTawmindis eklesiebSi.
isev es sami Zegli amJRavnebs am mimarTule-
biT cvlilebas.
axtala `beTania-qvaTaxevis~ jgufis bo-
los mdgomi erT-erTi Zeglia, xolo erTaw-
minda, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, XIII saukunis
Sua periodiT TariRdeba, uSualod mosdevs
„beTania-qvaTaxevis“ ZeglTa jgufs da gar-
damavlobas warmoaCens. amrigad, hujabis
taZari kvlav maTTan poulobs saerTos. aqve
unda aRvniSnoT, rom, rogorc Cans, am sivr-
culi monakveTis Semcirebis problema erT-
erT sakiTxad dadga am periodis xuroTmoZ-
RvrebaSi. bemis Semcirebisaken nabijebi ga-
dadges timoTesubnisa da yincvisis arqite-
qtorebma, wuRruRaSenis xuroTmoZRvarma ki
bema saerTod „uaryo“. axali safexuris niS-
nebis matarebel, XIII-XIV ss-is ZeglebSi bemis
Semcireba garkveulad gaformda, oRond ms-
gavsad hujabisa, erTawmindisa da axtalisa,
am ZeglebSi misi mniSvneloba ise Zlierad
ar SeukveciaT (Tiseli am mxriv gamonakliss
warmoadgens _ ar aqvs bema).
rogorc Cans, hujabi zogierTi Tvise-
biT, axali safexuris ZeglebTan poulobs
saerTos da gansxvavdeba XIIs-isa da XIII sau-
kunis pirveli naxevris taZrebisgan.
XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnis, `safara-zar-
zmis~ epoqis Zeglebs aRar axasiaTebs mis-
wrafeba vertikalurobisaken, simaRleSi
azidulobisaken. „beTania-qvaTaxevis“ jgu-
fis taZarTa damaxasiaTebeli daZabuloba
Zlierad wagrZelebul gumbaTsa da qveda ko-
rpuss Soris, am taZrebis xuroTmoZRvrul
sxeulSi mniSvnelovnad Senelebulia. isini
ufro damSvidebulni da zomierni arian. mniS-
vnelovnad icvleba gumbaTisa da taZris qveda
korpusis damokidebuleba, gumbaTi dabldeba
da ganivrdeba kidec. gumbaTis dadablebis es
procesi, kvlavac pirveli jgufis ZeglebSi
iwyeba _ timoTesubanisa da yincvisis arq-
iteqtorebi adableben gumbaTs da Semdgom
ukve, `safara-zarzmis~ epoqaSi, es Sefardeba
mniSvnelovnad Senelebulia. hujabis taZris
aRnagobaSi gumbaTamde simaRlis Sefardeba
gumbaTis simaRlesTan gviCvenebs, rom gumba-
Ti Zlier dabalia. ase Zlierad dabali gum-
baTi TviT `safara-zarzmis~ epoqis Zegleb-
Sic ki ar gvxvdeba (sur. 4-5).
hujabis taZarSi gumbaTi imdenad dabali
da pataraa, rom igi mowyvetilia interieris
mTlian sivrces, garedan ki taZris jvrul
korpuss. amis mizezi albaT is aris, rom axa-
li normebi jer kidev ar aris SemuSavebuli
da hujabis xuroTmoZRvris es gadawyveta
erTgvar „SemoTavazebas“ ufro hgavs axali
Sefardebebis Ziebis gzaze, vidre Camoyali-
bebul gaazrebul kompozicias.
xuroTmoZRvrul formaTa Camouyalibe-
blobisa, SeumuSaveblobis kidev erTi gamov-
linebaa isic, rom gumbaTis dapataravebisa
da qveda korpusis amaRlebis surviliT, arq-
iteqtorma xelovnurad gazarda gumbaTqveSa
sivrce _ afrebs wriulad daaSena 1,5 m. si-
maRlis kedlebi. afrebis gaRunvidan am amaR-
lebaze gadasvla mouxeSavia. es sivrce cari-

elia mTlianad da usiamovnod xvdeba mayure-
bels TvalSi (sur.6-7).
gumbaTisa da qveda jvruli korpu-
sis SeerTebis aseTi uxeiro kompozicia
gviCvenebs, rom axali normebi jer araa Cam-
oyalibebuli, Tumca Zvelic TiTqos aRar
akmayofilebs xuroTmoZRvrebs da axal Se-
fardebebs eZieben. aseTad unda vigulisx-
moT gumbaTis gaganivreba, dadableba da
Sesabamisad, gumbaTqveSa jvruli sivrcis
mniSvnelovnad amaRleba; saerTod sataZro
korpusis simaRle absoluturi zomebiTac ki
SesamCnevad gaizarda (sur. 4, 5).
cvlileba ganicada dasavleT mklavSi mo-
Tavsebulma TaRebmac, romelebic am mklavs
akavSirebs CrdiloeT da samxreT mklaveb-
Soris sivrceebTan (sur. 4). isini dasavleTi
mklavis simaRleSi 2,5-jer eteva. rogorc
cnobilia, dasavleT mklavSi am TaRebis
dadableba TandaTan iCens Tavs ganviTare-
buli Sua saukuneebis gviandel etapze. misi
arsebobac am SemTxvevaSi, metad simptomatu-
ria. es garkveviT acilebs gansaxilvel ta-
Zars „beTania-qvaTaxevis“ jgufis Zeglebs da
mas `safara-zarzmis~ epoqas uaxlovebs.
pirveli jgufis ZeglebSi dasavleT
mklavSi maRali da ganieri TaRi iyo, rac
gverdiTi, mklavebSoris monakveTebis mTlian
sivrcesTan harmoniul SekavSirebas ganapi-
robebda. mklavebSorisi monakveTebis sivr-
ceebi, axali safexuris Zeglebisagan gansx-
vavebiT, ganieri da maRali iyo. isini didi,
ganivrad gaxsnili, Seisruli TaRebiT `iR-
vreboda~ dasavleTi mklavis sivrceSi, uerT-
deboda mas da xazs usvamda Sida sivrceebis
zeviTken vertikalur swrafvas. es TaRebi,
Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva sivrceebis (gverdiTi
monakveTebis da dasavleTi mklavis) harmoni-
uli urTierTSerwymis safuZvelze, mTliani
sivrcis kompaqturobas ganapirobebda.
Semdgomi epoqis ZeglebSi dasavleT
mklavSi mowyobili TaRebis dadablebiT, Se-
sabamisad, gverdiTi monakveTebis daviwrove-
biT (amas emateboda burjebis, rogorc maor-
ganizebeli elementis mniSvnelobis gauqmeba
da misi Serwyma kedlebTan), es sivrceebi da-
qeTevan abaSiZe
moukidebel mniSvnelobas kargavs da sivr-
cul danamatebadRa aRiqmeba.
hujabis taZarSi es saTavsebi simaR-
leSic dadablebulia. maT gverdiT da win
maRali, erTianad zeviT aziduli dasavleTi,
samxreTi da CrdiloeTi mklavebia, magram si-
ganeSi jer kidev ar aris Seviwroebuli da
calke gamoyofil, damoukidebel sivrceebs
warmoadgens. isini sivrcis danawevrebaSi
ganmsazRvrel rols TamaSoben.
iqmneba erTmaneTisagan `gaTiSuli~, mxo­
lod dabali naxevarwriuli TaRebiT dakav-
Sirebuli sivrceebi (dasavleTis mklavi da
misi gverdiTi monakveTebi), romlebic, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, erTi sivrcidan (dasavle-
Ti mklavi) meoreze (mklavebSorisi sivrcee-
bi) `safexurovan~ gadasvlas uzrunvelyofs.
amrigad, „Zveli“ jgufis Zeglebis in-
terierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi sivr-
cis `gadaRvra~ meoreSi da maTi harmoniuli
urTierTSerwyma, aq erTmaneTisagan gaTiSu-
li sivrceebis `safexurovani~ dakavSirebiT
53
aris Secvlili.
unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleTi mklavis
da gverdiTi sivrceebis amgvari, „safexu-
rovani“ urTierTdamokidebuleba, agreTve
mklavis simaRlesa da mis kedlebSi gaWril
TaRs Soris Sefardeba, rodesac dasavleTi
mklavi Zalian maRalia da TaRi 2.5-jer eteva
mis simaRleSi, XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris
ZeglebSi gamoCnda. aseTia fitareTis „Zvel“
ZeglTa jgufis boloSi moqceuli eklesia.
dasavleTi TaRis es dadableba mkveTrad
gamovlinda hujabSi da gansakuTrebiT er-
TawmindaSi (1:2,5 da 1:2,7). igi amave saxiT ga-
formda Semdgom, „axali“ jgufis ZeglebSic.
sainteresoa, rom mogviano xanis ZeglebSi
dasavleT mklavSi TaRis dadablebasTan er-
Tad, Tavi iCina patronikeTa motivis gaxsene-
bam, romelic funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, faq-
tiurad Sinaarsaa gamoclili. yvela SemTx-
vevaSi, es erTgvari cru patronikea. XIII s-is
dasasrulisa da XIV s-is ZeglebSi _ safara,
zarzma, Wule6 _ is TiTqmis mxolod dekora-
tiuli xasiaTis elements warmoadgens, mxo­
6
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 32; 144.
 qeTevan abaSiZe
lod dekoratiul funqcias asrulebs. es
miviwyebuli motivi am periodSi kvlav amo-
tivtivda. garda am Zeglebisa, patronikeTa
motivis gaxseneba Cans erTawmindis7 taZarSi,
reminiscenciad vxvdebiT mas wuRruRaSenSic
(XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris ZeglTa jguf-
Si, qronologiurad boloSi mdgomi erT-erTi
nageboba). `wuRruRaSenis patronikeni, gan-
lagebuli iatakis donidan eqvsi metris si-
maRleze, moklebuli asasvlels, funqciuri
gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT, Camouyalibebeli,
bundovani elementebia“8.
xom ar SeiZleba, am Zveli motivis gax-
seneba hujabis taZarSi gverdiTi saTavsebis
dadablebas davukavSiroT da es ukanaskneli
(gavixsenoT wuRruRaSenze win gamoTqmuli
mosazreba, erTawmindaSi patronikeTa msgavsi
gamoyeneba) axlis Ziebis erT magaliTad miv-
iCnioT, romlis gadasawyvetad wuRruRaSenis
da erTawmindas xuroTmoZRvrebma patronik-
eTa Zveli motivi gaixsenes, hujabisam ki, im-
isaTvis, rom ufro mkafiod gamoeyo jvris
54
mklavebi sivrceSi, adreuli, X_XIss-is Ze-
glebis (oSki, sveticxoveli, alaverdi, sam-
Tavisi, samTavro da sxv.) `safexurovan~ sivr-
ciT gadawyvetas mimarTa. maT Sorisaa XIIs-is
dasawyisis gelaTic, romelmac samTavissa
da samTavrosTan erTad, arsebiTad, Semdegi
saukuneebis taZarTa struqtura, maTi kon-
struqciuli da mxatvruli iersaxe gansaz-
Rvra. am taZrebis jvruli mklavebi mkafiod
aris gamoyofili sivrceSi da naTlad Semow-
ers jvris formas, rasac xels uwyobs gver-
diTi, mklavebSorisi saTavsebis (aRmosavle-
TiT) da sivrceebis (dasavleTiT) sidable.
jvris mklavebi, rogorc Sida sivrceebSi, ise
gare masebSic bevrad maRalia, amitom, taZ-
ris moculobebi mkafiod nawevrdeba sivrce-
Si (sur.9, 10, 11, 12). amgvarad, gare masebSi
`safexurovneba~ centraluri nawilis, jvris
mklavebis, gverdiTebTan SedarebiT, Zlieri
amaRlebiT gamoixateba. `beTania-qvaTaxevis~,
ufro adreul ikorTasa da sxva am tipis Ze-
7
i. gomelauri, erTawminda, Tb., 1976, gv. 27-28.
8
i. gomelauri, erTawminda, Tb., 1976, gv. 27. p. zaqaraia,
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba XI-XVIII ss, Tb., 1990, gv.121.
glebSi mklavebSorisi monakveTebi imdenad
maRalia, rom gansxvaveba centralur navs,
e.i. jvris mklavsa da gverdiT saTavsebs
(mklavebSoris sivrceebs) Soris Zalian mci-
rea (sur.11) isini garedanac Zlierad arian
azidulni da centralur navs mcired gamo-
eyofian. Sesabamisad, jvris mklavebs, fron-
tonebi Zlier wawvetebuli aqvs, riTac isini
mkafiod emijnebian am meorexarisxovan moc-
ulobebs. miuxedavad amisa, sivrceSi maTi
gamijvna da danawevreba mainc iseTi mkafio
ar aris, rogorc es samTavissa, Tu misi ep-
oqis sxva ZeglebSia. amgvarad, hujabis os-
tati eZiebs axal sivrcobriv-moculobiT
gadawyvetas da eZiebs mas warsulis xuroT-
moZRvrebaSi _ kvlav reminiscenciebis saxiT.
aseTi gadawyveta, rogorc dReisaTvis
Cans, mogviano xanis ZeglebSi aRar gameo-
rebula. es, am xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Ziebis erTi mxarea, romelic SemdgomSi ukve
arRar pasuxobda axal safexurze Camoyali-
bebul normebs da amdenad, erTaderT gamov-
linebad darCa; wuRruRaSenis ostatis mier
SemoTavazebuli `patronikeTa~ motivi ki
ufro misaRebi da Sesatyvisi aRmoCnda XIII-XIV
saukuneTa mijnaze warmoCenili axali safex-
urisTvis. is mniSvnelovnad ar cvlida fasa-
debis princips. hujabTan SedarebiT, yvela
am Zeglze gverdiTi saTavsebi amaRlebulia,
rac XIIs-isa da XIII s-is pirveli naxevris Ze-
glebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da, am axa-
li safexurisTvisac ufro axlobeli darCa.
axali safexuris Zeglebis xuroTmoZRvrebma
mxolod daamSvides es proporcia imave gziT,
rogorc hujabisam, gazardes centraluri
nawilis simaRle, magram ara imdenad, ro-
gorc es hujabis xuroTmoZRvarma gaakeTa.
amrigad _ dadablda dasavleTi mklavis
CrdiloeT da samxreT kedlebSi moTavsebu-
li TaRebi, amis gamo dasavleTi mklavi ufro
metad gamoikveTa da mkafiod Semoifargla
gluvi, daunawevrebelzedapiriani, maRali,
Zlieri kedlebiT. aseTive dauWrel-daunaw-
evrebeli, vrceli zedapiris mqone kedlebi
gars artyia mTel sivrces, mtkiced Semosaz-
Rvravs calkeul sivrcul monakveTs. Zlier

igrZnoba sivrcis Semomfargvleli kedlis
Zala. es ori Tvisebac `safara-zarzmis~ epo-
qas uaxlovebs hujabis Zegls.
kamarebi yvelgan kolofiseburia. gum-
baTqveSa TaRebi, dasavleTi mklavis TaRebi,
TaRebi aRmosavleTi pastoforiumebis Sesas-
vlelis Tavzec _ naxevarwriulia (sur. 7,8).
maTgan gansxvavebiT, dasavleTi mklavebsSori-
si monakveTebis TaRebi aRmosavleTi mxri-
dan (burjebidan samxreT da CrdiloeT ke-
delze gadayvanili TaRebi) msubuqad Seis-
rulia, xolo samxreTi (sur.14), CrdiloeTi
da dasavleTi karis Riobebis TaRebi interi-
eris mxridan, aseve sakurTxevlidan Crdil-
oeT pastoforiumSi gasasvleli Riobis da
mis sapirispirod, meore mxares (samxreTiT)
msgavsive formis niSis TaRebi ki mkafiod
Seisrul formas atarebs. Seisruli TaRebi
XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris ZeglebisaT-
vis aris damaxasiaTebeli, xolo mogviano xa-
naSi, rodesac Sida sivrceebis gadawyvetaSi
vertikaluri zeswrafvis Senelebis tenden-
cia igrZnoba, TaRebi sul ufro metad nax-
evarwriuli xdeba. rogorc vxedavT, am mxriv,
hujabis taZris arqiteqturul gadawyvetaSi
„Zvelis“ da „axlis“ niSnebi kvlav erTdrou-
lad Tanaarsebobs.
adre ukve aRvniSneT, rom hujabis ekle-
siis jvruli korpusis Zlieri amaRleba ni-
Sania, romelic mas gviani xanis Zeglebs uka-
vSirebs. magram gumbaTqveSa korpusis aseTi
aziduloba arc mogviano xanaSi gvqonia. vi-
naidan am Zeglebma, rogorc adre vTqviT,
siganeSi mniSvnelovnad moimata, maTi Sida
sivrce ufro gaiSala da gaganivrda, hori-
zontalma bevrad gadaaWarba vertikals. ase
rom, kvlav vxedavT „axlisa“ da „Zveli“ niS-
nebis Tanaarsebobas. hujabi, rogorc vTqviT,
sigrZe-siganis mixedviT XIIIs-is pirveli nax-
evris Zeglebis proporciebs imeorebs, xolo
beTanias absolituri zomebiTac ki Tanxvde-
ba. amgvarad, xuroTmoZRvarma gegmis sigrZe-
siganis fardoba ar Secvala, mis SigniT moax-
dina cvlilebebi, sxvanairad gadaanawila
ZiriTadi monakveTebi da erTianad, Zlierad
aamaRla sivrce, jvris mklavebi. Sesabamisad,
qeTevan abaSiZe
taZris aRnagobaSi vertikali kvlav Warbobs
horizontals (sur.7,8). rogorc vxedavT, isev
`Widilia~ adreul taZarTa vertikalurobasa
da axlebis horizontalurobas Soris.
cvlilebebi Zalian bevria. maTi mniSvne­
loba miT ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba, Tu
gavixsenebT, rom `XII saukunis miwuruli da
XIII saukunis pirveli naxevari miRebul nor-
maTa, gavrcelebul motivTa gansakuTrebuli
simtkiciT xasiaTdeba: zogierTi elementi
da motivi _ wminda arqiteqturulicaa da
dekoraciulic _ imdenadaa fesvgadgmuli,
rom mas im epoqis yvela ZeglSi vxvdebiT~9.
hujabis xuroTmoZRvari arRvevs bevr
fesvgadgmul motivs. aq rRvevis aSkara
gamoxatulebaa aRmosavleT fasadze tra­
diciuli niSebis mowyoba (sur. 13). es niSe-
bi Zlier mcire zomisaa da faqtia, rom maT
raime konstruqciuli mniSvneloba ar akis-
ria, arc tradiciuli sarkmlebia maTSi gaW-
rili. sworxazovani fasadidan naxevarwri-
ul afsidTan sarkmlis RiobiT dakavSireba,
ufro moxerxebuli iyo samkuTxa niSebis
55
SeWrili ferdidan. hujabSi sakurTxevlis
tradiciuli sami sarkmlidan gverdiTebi,
afsidis centraluri sarkmlis aqeT-iqeT,
gluv kedelzea „gadatanili“, niSebi ki, maT
momdevnod, gverdiT aris gaweuli. amrigad,
niSebs taZris arqiteqturuli sxeulis
gadawyvetaSi mxolod dekoratiuli funqcia
darCa. es araa SemTxveviTi.
niSebis konstruqciuli azrisagan da-
clis procesi XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris
ZeglebSi iwyeba, ukve wuRruRaSenSi isini im-
denad pataraa, rom sarkmlebi maTSi CaWed-
ilia da `saTamaSosaviT~10 gamoiyureba, xolo
fitareTis ostatma aseve patara zomis niSe-
bi Zlier miuaxlova erTmaneTs da CarTo aR-
mosavleTi fasadis dekoratiuli gaformebis
sistemaSi. arc erT da arc meore SemTxvevaSi
sarkmlebi ar amovardnila niSidan. rogorc
vxedavT, niSebis sidide mniSvnelovnad Sem-
cirebulia, isini `amoZravdnen~ kidec fasa-
dze, maT konstruqciulad ganmtvirTve-
lis funqcia aRar akisria. aqedan hujabis
9
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 67.
10
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 61.
 qeTevan abaSiZe
magaliTamde bevri aRaraferi rCeba. niSebi
faqtiurad, rogorc vTqviT, dekoratiuli
daniSnulebisRa aris. kvlav xuroTmoZRvari
ver eleva adrindel arqiteqturul formebs
da tradiciad qceul normebs da konstruqci-
uli mniSvnelobis gauazreblad xmarobs maT.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom niSebis konstruqci-
uli azrisgan dacla periodulad, aRmosav-
leTi fasadidan maT gaqrobas ukavSirdeba.
marTlac, gavixsenoT, rom `safara-zarzmis~
epoqis ZeglTa xuroTmoZRrebma niSebi saer-
Tod uaryves da amoiRes xmarebidan. parale-
lurad taZrebis aRmosavleTi fasadebidan
gaqra sami sarkmelic. `es motivi am droisaT-
vis ukve dromoWmuli iyo~11. hujabis taZari,
niSebis fasadidan gaqrobis procesis er-
Tian xazze ukanasknel, damamTavrebel eta-
pad gvevlineba. axla ukve erTi nabiji rCe-
ba XIII-XIV saukunis mijnis xuroTmoZRvarTa
gadawyvetilebamde gaauqmon isini.
amrigad, aRmosavleTi fasadis es erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani da misi mxatvruli saxis
56
ganmsazRvreli motivi, romelic pirvelad
wromis xuroTmoZRvarma gamoiyena, XII-XIII sau-
kuneTa mijnaze gadagvarebisa da konstruqci-
uli Sinaarsisagan daclis gzas daadga. hu-
jabis xuroTmoZRvarma jer kidev SeinarCuna
niSebi taZris aRmosavleTi fasadis gadawyvet-
aSi. misTvis isini kvlav tradiciad, uryev xu-
roTmoZRvrul normad ganicdeba, Tumca ukve
ara konstruqciul, aramed dekoratiul-mam-
kob elementad. aqve unda gavixsenoT albaT
erTawmindis CrdiloeT fasadze moTavsebuli
niSa, niSebi Tbilisis metexis dasavleT da
CrdiloeT fasadebze, romlebic am procesis
kidev erTi naTeli gamomJRavnebaa. SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom hujabis taZari am mxrivadac
Sualedur, gardamaval adgils ikavebs. xu-
roTmoZRvari ver eleva aRmosavleT fasa-
dze, qarTul sataZro arqiteqturaSi kanonad
qceul, tradiciul sakurTxevlis sam sark-
melsa da samkuTxa niSebs.
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia taZris siv­
rceSi sarkmelTa ganlagebis mxrivac, rac
bunebrivia, ganaTebis sistemasac gansa­ zRv­
11
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 63.
ravs. `XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis ZeglebSi es
sistema kanonizeburad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:
12 sarkmeli gumbaTis yelSi; 3 _ sakurTxevlis
afsidSi; or-ori (zogjer damatebiTi mrgva-
li sarkmlebiT), samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis
mklavebSi da umetesad dasavleTis mklavSiac
(aq ar vgulisxmobT meorexarisxovani sad-
gomebis sarkmlebsac)“12. samsarkmliani afsi-
dis arseboba aRmosavleTi fasadis niSebTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. man XII-XIII saukuneebSi
gansakuTrebiT mtkiced moikida fexi. magram,
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, niSebi konstruqciuli
azrisagan TandaTanobiT daicala da aman Ta-
visi gavlena iqonia sarkmelebzec. wuRru-
RaSenSi, rogorc vTqviT, xuroTmoZRvarma
daapatarava sarkmeli imisTvis, rom rogorme
Caetia igi Tavis niSaSi. hujabis ostats
sakrmlebi ar daupataravebia, magram radgan
maTze uari jer kidev ver Tqva, isini niSe-
bidan amoiRo, centraluri sarkmlis aqeT-
iqeT moaTavsa, niSebi ki maT Semdgom gaWra
fasadze. xuroTmoZRvrisTvis aucilebelia,
rom gverdiTi sarkmlebi didi iyos, radgan
aRmosavleTidan taZars mTa emijneba. igi im-
denad axlosaa, rom garSemosavlelad mcire
bilikic ki araa datovebuli. mTa araTu far-
avs fasads da mis aRqmas aZnelebs, aramed-
dRis Suqic, mze, Zalian gvian aRwevs taZris
sivrceSi. aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, sarkmleTa
sidides gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda.
amrigad, hujabis xuroTmoZRvari jer
kidev mijaWvulia XII-XIII saukuneebis normebs
da maTi rRvevis jer mxolod gzebs saxavs.
amitomac SeinarCuna man es sarkmlebi niSebT-
an erTad fasadze, rogorc taZris ganaTebis
mtkiced tradiciuli elementi. mxolod
mogvianebiT _ safaris xuroTmoZRvarma (XIII
saukunis dasasrulsa da XIV saukunis da-
sawyisSi) SeZlo ukuegdo, rogorc `dromoW-
muli~, es niSebica da masTan dakavSirebuli
sarkmlebic _ afsidSi man mxolod erTi sark-
meli datova.
hujabis xuroTmoZRvarma, rogorc Zve-
li tradiciuli norma, SeinarCuna aRmosav-
leT sam sarkmels Soris damokidebuleba _
12
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 67.

iseve rogorc interieridan, aseve fasadis
mxridanac, centraluri sarkmeli gverdiT
sarkmlebze maRalia; mis zemoT ki damatebiT
mrgvali sarkmelia gaWrili (sur. 5).
rac Seexeba dasavleT da samxreT mkla­
vebs, aq Sewyvilebuli sarkmlebia moTavse-
buli. am mxriv rRvevis process yvelaze me-
tad gviCvenebs CrdiloeTi fasadi, sadac mx-
olod erTi sarkmelia13 (sur. 4,8). sarkmelTa
ricxvis Semcireba mogviano xanis damaxasi-
aTebeli niSania. es procesi kvlav XIII sau-
kunis pirveli naxevris ZeglebSi warmoCin-
da. am mxriv, SeiZleba gavixsenoT fuZnari,
romelic zustad aseve anawilebs sarkmlebs
fasadebze _ CrdiloeTiT erTi, dasavleT da
samxreT mklavebSi Sewyvilebuli. gansxvavde-
ba aRmosavleTi fasadi, aq afsidSi mxolod
erTi sarkmelia gaWrili. erTi sarkmeli
darCa CrdiloeT fasadze wuRruRaSenSic da
fitareTSic. ase rom, sarkmelTa raodenobis
iseTi Zlieri Semcireba rogorc es safarasa
da misi periodis ZeglebSia, aq jer kidev ar
SeimCneva. hujabi, amis mixedviT, swored XIII
saukunis pirveli naxevris ZeglTa boloSi
mdgom fitareTTan, wuRruRaSenTan da fuZn-
arTan poulobs saerTos.
niSandoblivia isic, rom hujabis taZris
gumbaTSi 12 sarkmelia SenarCunebuli. XIII-XIV
saukuneebis mijnis Zeglebi am mxriv, aSkara
reaqcias gamoxatavs, gumbaTSi sarkmelTa ra-
odenoba iq Semcirebulia.
XIIs-isa da XIIIs-is pirveli naxevris Zeg-
lebSi mravalsarkmlianoba taZris Sida sivr-
cis SuqiT mTlianad gasxivosnebas ganapiro-
bebda, rac sadResaswaulo iers aniWebda mas
da cxoveli moZraobis, simsubuqis, zeviT gum-
baTisken miswrafebis STabeWdilebas qmnida.
13
CrdiloeTiT erTi sarkmlis ganTavseba garkveul
logikasac eqvemdebareba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
taZris RerZi zustad aRmosavleTiT ar aris ori-
entirebuli da Crdilo-aRmosavleTisken ixreba, es
naTeli gaxdeba. mzis sxivebi dagvianebiT aRwevs am
viwro xeobaSi, radgan mTa aRmosavleTidan Zalian
axlos aris aRmarTuli. mTeli dRis manZilze mze
ZiriTadad, samxreT da dasavleT mxares anaTebs,
xolo Casvlisas cota xniT Cerdeba CrdiloeTi
fasadis sarkmelze. amis gamo, dRis ganmavlobaSi
samxreTidan da dasavleTidan meti sinaTle aRwevs
taZarSi da, bunebrivia, Sida sivrcis ganaTebasac
ZiriTadad es sarkmlebi ganapirobebs.
qeTevan abaSiZe
XIII-XIV saukuneebSi „axali“ safexuris
ZeglebSi Semcirda sarkmelTa raodenoba
da amis gamo, taZrebis Sida sivrceSi bind-
narevi, Senelebuli da ufro rbili ga-
naTebaa. `sanam Tvali ar SeeCveva am binds
verc ki gaarCev kedlis mxatvrobas~14. amas
ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtoric, am ekle-
siebis sarkmlebi ar aris zeviT atyorcnili.
Tu XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris ZeglebSi
isini TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi simaRliT ked-
lis zemo, TaRovan nawilSi iyvnen SeWrili,
aq maTi „Tavebi“ kamaraTa quslebs verc ki
swvdeba (sur. 4, 7). isini aRaraa Zveleburad
proporciulad wagrZelebuli da maRali. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba gumbaTis sarkmlebs _
isini qvemoT, gumbaTis yelis safuZveliske-
naa daweuli (sur. 4, 5, 6), maSin rodesac wina
xanis ZeglTa („beTania-qvaTaxevis“ jgufi)
gumbaTis sarkmlebi Zlierad iyo zemoT aty-
orcnili da mTlianad moCanda (sur. 15). amave
dros, isini mWidrod, mcire SualediT iyvnen
mijrili erTmaneTTan. amgvarad, mogviano
57
xanis ZeglebSi Senelda rogorc gumbaTis
yelis `mkveTri~ proporcia, ise misi dapir-
ispirebac qvemo sivrcesTan. es amave saxiT
aisaxa taZris ganaTebis sistemaSi.
igive SeimCneva hujabSic. gumbaTqveSa
sivrceSi sarkmlebi SedarebiT ufro dada-
blebulia, Tumca, proporciebis mixedviT,
jer kidev bevrad ar gansxvavdeba XIIs-isa da
XIII saukunis pirveli naxevris Zeglebis sark-
melebisgan. es gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT
sarkmlebze iTqmis _ Signidan (interieri-
dan) maTi proporciebi beTaniis sarkmelTa
proporciasTan poulobs saerTos. mxolod
hujabSi taZris korpusis Zlierad azidvis
gamo, isini bevrad ufro patarad moCans.
amaTgan gansxvavebiT, cvlileba ganica-
da gumbaTis sarkmlebma. isini dapataravda
(hujabSi 0,95-3,9 m. beTaniaSi 1-4,2 m), gaiz-
arda maT Soris manZilic da, rac mTavaria,
isini gumbaTis yelis safuZvels dauaxlovda.
qvemodan yurebisas, mxolod maTi gumbaTi-
sa da gumbaTqveSa sivrcis gamyof salteze
`Semowyo­bili“ TaRovani daboloebebi moCans.
14
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 67.
 qeTevan abaSiZe
amis gamo, gumbaTi Zveleburad gakaSkaSebuli
da haerSi molivlive aRar geCveneba.
aqve unda gavixsenoT isic, rom gumbaT­
qveSa sivrce, afrebs zemoT daSenebuli wri-
uli kedliT (1,5 m. simaRlis) zeda nawilSi
Seviwroebulia. am Seviwroebas aZlierebs
iasamnisferi qviT gamoyvanili gamomyofi
saltec, romelic sakmaod gadmoweulia. is
gumbaTqveSa sivrcis damaboloebeli aqcen-
tia. garda amisa, rogorc adre aRvniSneT,
gumbaTi Zlier dadablebulia, gumbaTqveSa
jvruli qveda sivrce ki Zlierad gazrdilia
_ yovelive amis Semdeg, albaT aRar iqneba
ucnauri is, rom gansxvavebiT XIII-XIV sau-
kuneebis Zeglebisagan, hujabis eklesiaSi
gvaqvs gumbaTsa da qveda sivrces Soris ara
dapirispirebulobis Seneleba, aramed erTi
sivrculi monakveTis `mowyveta~ meoresagan
(sur. 4,7,8).
xuroTmoZRvari Seecada es dapirispireb-
uloba rogorme `Seenelebina~, man gumbaTi ga-
nasrula ara naxevari sferoTi, aramed „kver-
58
cxiseburi“ formiT, riTac simaRleSi gazar-
da is (sur. 4, 5). aseTi „wawvetebuloba“, qve-
modan xedvisas, vizualurad agrZelebs gum-
baTis moculobas. is msubuqdeba, haerovnebis
gancdas badebs da Tavze „Camomxobilad“ aRar
geCveneba. amrigad, xuroTmoZRvari eZebda
axal gadawyvetas, magram mTlianoba daerRva
da Sedegad, gumbaTis sivrce saerTo sivr-
cidan `mokveTili~ aRmoCnda. es kidev erTxel
migviTiTebs imaze, rom taZris aSeneba, Su-
aledur, gardamaval xanas unda miekuTvnos,
roca Zveli normebis `msxvreva~ da axal Se-
fardebaTa Ziebis mcdeloba iCens Tavs.
gumbaTqveSa sivrceSi sarkmlebis pro-
porciebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar
gvaqvs, samagierod, maT adgili Seecvala da
qvemoT daiwia. gansakuTrebiT dablaa samxre-
Ti da dasavleTi mklavebis SuaSi moqceuli
ormagi sarkmlebi. garda amisa, isini ukve
aRaraa kedlis sibrtyeze erTmaneTTan ax-
los gaWrili. erTmaneTs daSorebuli, ufro
xalvaTad da Tavisuflad Tavsdebian mkla-
vis areSi. CrdiloeTi sarkmeli SedarebiT
maRlaa, magram kamarebis quslebs mainc ver
wvdeba. Zlierad aris dadablebuli sakurTx-
evlis sami sarkmelic, imdenad rom maTi ga-
naTeba maRal, ganier da farTo sakurTxev-
els verc ki wvdeba. amitom, centraluri
sarkmlis aswvriv maRla, konqamde patara
mrgvali sarkmelia gaWrili, Tumca verc es
wyvets am sakiTxs ukeTesad (sur.5). dasavleT,
samxreT da CrdiloeT mklavebTan SedarebiT,
sakurTxeveli dabindulia.
safaraSi `wm. sabas afsidi ufro farTo
da dabali Cans, Tumca absoluturi zome-
biT igi mcired gansxvavdeba mag., beTaniisa
da qvaTaxevis afsidebisagan~. rasakvirve-
lia, sxva mizezebTan erTad, safaraSi amas
erTi sarkmlis arsebobac ganapirobebs mniS-
vnelovnad. esec, albaT mogviano xanis erT-
erT niSnad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli, magram
aqve davZenT, rom hujabSi sakurTxevlis ase-
Ti `dabinduli~ saxe mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
Zlierad ganaTebuli dasavleTi, samxreTi da
CrdiloeTi mklavebisagan. rogorc aRvniS-
neT, aq qvemoT daweuli sarkmlebi mklavebis
TiTqmis SuaSia ganTavsebuli, rac interier-
Si ganaTebis simSvides ganapirobebs. maT mier
SemoSvebuli Suqi Tanabrad efineba simaRle-
Si wagrZelebuli, aziduli kedlebis daunaw-
evrebel, vrcel zedapirebs da sakmao siZli-
eriT anaTebs maT. amrigad, es ganaTebuli
sivrce, iseve rogorc gumbaTis SemTxvevaSi,
sakurTxevlis dabindul saxes upirispirdeba
_ rogorc vxedavT, organuli mTlianobis
darRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme.
taZris sivrceSi moxvedrils, SeuZle-
belia SeumCneveli darCes ganaTebis mxriv
gverdiTi, meorexarisxovani saTavsebis ase-
Tive `gamoTiSva~. dasavleTi mklavebSori-
si sivrceebi dabali TaRiT mkafiod gamo-
eyofa dasavleT mklavs, aRmosavleT mxares
maT maRali Seisruli TaRebi aqvs da piriq-
iT, metad ukavSirdeba gumbaTqveSa sivrces.
sakurTxevlis gverdiTi saTavsebic gaxsnili
iyo centraluri sivrcisken. samsxverplo
CrdiloeTi, maRali TaRiT ukavSirdeba gum-
baTqveSa sivrces, samxreTiT moTavsebuli
sadiakvne ki orsarTuliania. misi qveda saT-
avsi mainc maRali TaRiT yofila sivrcisken

gaxsnili da ara kariT (sadiakvne mogvianebiT
amouSenebiaT da egvterad gadaukeTebiaT).
aseve didi sarkmlebiT naTdeba dasavleTi
maRali mklavebSorisi saTavsebi, ris gamoc,
isini ufro metad ukavSirdeba (Tu amas dakav-
Sireba SeiZleba ewodos) centralur sivrces,
vidre aRmosavleTisani. garda amisa, SeuZle-
belia SeumCneveli darCes erTi momenti _
samxreTi da CrdiloeTi mklavebsSorisi mon-
akveTebis dasavleT kedelSi gaWrili sarkme-
li bevrad ufro maRalia, igi TiTqmis TaRo-
van nawilSia gaWrili, rac XIII saukunis pirve-
li naxevris Zeglebs axasiaTebs, xolo aR-
mosavleTi sarkmelebi aSkarad, sakurTxevlis
sarkmlebis msgavsad, dablaa ganTavsebuli _
cxadia msaxurebisTvis. amrigad, sarkmelTa
ganawilebaSi, kedlis sibrtyeze maT ganlage-
baSi da zomebSi, rogorc vxedavT, ar aris er-
Tiani, SemuSavebuli midgoma _ kvlav, „Zveli“
da „axali“ erTmaneTs `ejaxeba~. aqedan gamom-
dinare ki, TviT ganaTebis sistemac darRveu-
lia. is araa erTiani da mTliani, rac kidev
ufro metad aZlierebs calkeuli sivrculi
monakveTebis erTmaneTisagan `mokveTas~.
organuli kavSiri, iseve rogorc mTliani
sivrcis gadawyvetaSi, aseve ganaTebis sis­te­
maSic, rogorc vxedavT, sruliad darRveu-
lia.
hujabis taZars sami kari aqvs _ samxre­
Tidan, CrdiloeTidan da dasavleTidan.
samxreTi da CrdiloeTi karebis adgilis Ser-
CevaSi, xuroTmoZRvari garkveviT emyareba XII-
XIII saukuneebis Zeglebis mtkice tradiciebs.
`Sesasvlelebs samxreT-dasavleTisa da Crdi-
lo-dasavleTis kuTxis monakveTebSi aTavsebs,
gumbaTqveSa burjebis gaswvriv (ikorTa, beTa-
nia, qvaTaxevi, yincvisi), saidanac interieris
aRqmis gansakuTrebuli cxovelxatuli, mra-
valgvari sivrcobrivi elementebis Semcveli
aspeqtebi ixsneba~15. momdevno xanaSi, samxreTi
Sesasvleli gumbaTqveSa kvadratisaken iwevs
da mis farglebSi eqceva, rac kidev ufro me-
tad anelebs sivrcis aRqmisas sigrZiv RerZs.
amrigad, Sesasvlelebis adgilis gansazRvris
mxriv, xuroTmoZRvars raime axali araferi
15
i.gomelauri, erTawminda, Tb., 1976, gv.23.
qeTevan abaSiZe
SemouTavazebia. es `pirdapir ugamonaklisod
miRebuli norma~16, arc man Secvala.
sami karis arseboba umagaliTo araa, ma-
gram iSviaTobas warmoadgens. XII-XIII sauku-
nis Zeglebidan CrdiloeTis kari ara aqvs
_ ikorTas, beTanias, qvaTaxevs, fitareTs,
wuRruRaSens, lurj monasters da arc `sa-
fara-zarzmis~ epoqis TiTqmis arc erT Ze-
gls (zarzma, Wule, bieTi, Tiseli, yazbegis
sameba)17, rogorc aRniSnavs v. beriZe, Crdil-
oeT mxares karis gaWra yovel calkeul Sem-
TxvevaSi adgilobrivi mizezebiT unda aix-
snas xolme. safaraSi aseT mizezad is mde-
bareobas asaxelebs _ `asea umetesad. amis
kargi nimuSia `metexi~ Tbilisis~18. hujabSic
albaT misi arseboba ase unda iqnas axsnili.
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, kompleqss meore,
rogorc Cans, aranakleb mniSvnelovani mis-
asvleli CrdiloeTi mxridan hqonda. dasav-
leTi kariT sargebloba (is xevisken aris
miqceuli) albaT, mouxerxebeli iqneboda
mlocvelTaTvis. amgvarad, Sesasvlelis ga-
59
keTeba aqac savsebiT logikuri saWiroebiT
nakarnaxevi gveCveneba. albaT kvlav relief-
is, anda Tavad arqiteqtoris mouqnelobis
bralia is, rom karis Riobi burjs emTxveva
(samxreTiT ar emTxveva)19.
sakurTxevlis samxreTiT da Crdiloe­
TiT tradiciisamebr, pastoforiumebia mo­
wyo­bili. esaa aRmosavleTiT afsidiT dabo-
loebuli, odnav wagrZelebuli sworkuTxe-
di. sakurTxevlidan gasvla karis saSuale-
biT mxolod samkveTloSia SesaZlebeli. XII
saukunisa da adreuli XIII saukunis pirveli
naxevris ZeglebSi iSviaTad vxvdebiT msgavs
SemTxvevas (samTavro, ikorTa, yincvisi). Cve­
ulebriv, sakurTxevels samkveTlosac uka-
vSirebdnen da sadiakvnesac. `safarasa da
misi epoqis ZeglebSi sadiakvnis `gamoTiSva~
ugamonakliso wesia~20 (zarzma, safara, Wule,
bieTi, gergetis sameba, Tiseli) da es araa
16
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 64.
17
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 64.
18
iqve, gv. 64.
19
dRes es kari amoSenebulia.
20
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 64.
 qeTevan abaSiZe
SemTxveviTi. `sadiakvneSi salaro _ inaxeba
saeklesio WurWeli da samoseli _ SeiZleba
uSualod arc ukavSirdebodes sakurTxev-
els (wirvis procesSi amis saWiroeba araa)~21.
hujabSi sadiakvneSi gasasvleli karis nacv-
lad niSaa mowyobili, is CrdiloeTi karis
msgavsad, Seisruli TaRiT bolovdeba (aseTi
ram sxvagan ar Semxvedria).
samkveTlo maRali saTavsia, xolo sa-
diakvne SedarebiT dabali, vinaidan mis
Tavze damatebiTi sadgomia mowyobili. am
sadgomis sworkuTxa sarkmeli taZris in-
terierSi gamodis. is aRmosavleT kedel-
Si specialurad gaWrili, patara, mrgvali
sarkmliT naTdeba. aqedan viwro kibiT af-
sidis kamaraze SeiZleba moxvedra. samxreTi
pastoforiumis sarkmlis qvemoT, aqeT-iqiT
ori niSaa gamokveTili. marjvenaSi zeda sad-
gomSi asasvlelia mowyobili. igive meordeba
CrdiloeT mxares. aqac ori niSaa, marcxena-
dan viwro kibiT CrdiloeTi pastoforiumis
afsidis kamaraze SeiZleba moxvedra.
60
stilis evoluciis TvalsazrisiT, mniS-
vnelovania is suraTi, romelsac arqiteqtu-
ruli profilebi iZleva. XIII saukunis pirve-
li naxevrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia naTeli,
advilad aRsaqmeli profilebi. am mxrivadac
hujabi Sualedur, gardamaval xasiaTs at-
arebs. Tu gumbaTqveSa burjebis bazisTa
damuSavebaSi profilTa danawevrebisadmi
midrekileba Canda, Senobis interieris pro-
filebi am mxriv sawinaaRmdego suraTs iZleva.
TaRebis impostebi yvelgan iasamnisfer qva-
Sia gamoyvanili da maTi saxe gamartivebulia.
aseve gamartivebulia gumbaTqveSa TaRebis
damuSaveba _ adre sam fenad, sam safexurad
ganlagebuli Seisruli TaRebi erTi-meoris
miyolebiT TandaTan maRldeboda, gadaekvan-
Zeboda gumbaTqveSa wriul saltes (isic aseve
ori zonriT, an metiTac iyo gamoyvanili), an
zeda safexuri, Seisruli TaRebis wveroe-
biT miebjineboda am ukanasknels. aseTi oTxi
Serwymis wertili iqmneboda da iseTi STabe-
Wdileba iyo, TiTqos uwono, haerSi moliv-
live gumbaTi am oTxi wertiliT aris atyor-
21
iqve, gv.64.
cnili zemoT. am oTxi wertiliTve ukavSird-
eba gumbaTi gumbaTqveSa sivrces. hujabSi ki
xuroTmoZRvarma ar Seaxo gumbaTqveSa TaRe-
bi saltes, ufro metic, saerTod daaSora
isini mas, gazarda ra xelovnurad afrebs
zemoT sivrce. fuZnaris ganxilvisas g.n. Cu-
binaSvili aRniSnavs, rom interieris amgvari
gamartiveba da TaRebis gumbaTis saltisgan
daSoreba swored XIII saukunis pirvel nax-
evris boloze unda migvaniSnebdeso22.
amrigad, yovelive es, Tavis mxriv, kidev
erTxel gvafiqrebinebs, rom hujabis taZari
gardamaval xanas unda mivakuTvnoT.
Sida sivrceebis ganawilebaSi, calkeul
arqiteqturul detalTa damuSavebasa Tu ga-
naTebis sistemaSi gamovlenil mTlianobis
rRvevas, emateba kidev isic, rom mSeneblobis
xarisxi da ostatoba mkveTrad daqveiTebu-
lia. es gegmidanac kargad Cans _ SeuZlebe-
lia TvalSi ar mogxvdes afsidebis mouxeSavi,
dabrecili moxazuloba, sakurTxevlis Sver-
ili kedlebis, oqtogonuri burjebis `daR-
recili~ formebi da a.S. es ufro SesamCn-
evia TviT sivrceSi moxvedrisas. burjebze
saubrisas ukve aRvniSneT, rom iseTi STabe-
Wdilebaa, TiTqos daSlilia maTi oqtogon-
uri forma. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sarkmle-
bzec, romelTa TaRovani daboloeba xSirad
iRuneba da arazust naxevarwres Semoxazavs.
arc kedlebia xSirad zustad vertikal-
uri; mag., pilÁastris daSoreba ZiriTadi
kedlidan, qvemoT da zemoT ar aris toli;
an kidev, CrdiloeTi pastoforiumis viwro
afsida qvemoT bevrad ganieria, xolo zemoT,
kedlebis aravertikalurobis gamo, arabune-
brivad Seviwroebuli. TvalSi gvxvdeba isic,
rom gumbaTi zustad wres ar Semoxazavs; usi-
amovnod aRiqmeba afrebs aswvriv daSenebul
wriul kedelze gadasvlac da a.S. es albaT
drois aRmniSvneli kidev erTi niSania.
rogorc viciT, `safara-zarzmis~ epoqas
win uZRveboda `damRupveli katastrofebis~
xana; xana roca monRolebi ar asvenebdnen
saqarTvelos. qveyana sxva siZneleebTan er-
Tad, ekonomikur krizissac ganicdida da es,
22
Г. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, Тб., 1959, gv. 425.

ra Tqma unda, Tavis daRs daamCnevda mSene-
blobis xarisxsac.
mSeneblobis dabali xarisxi ganapiro-
bebs imasac, rom sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli
konstruqciebis da detalebis saxe mokle-
bulia sizustes, simkafioes, maTi formebi
TiTqos `iSleba~. amiT interieris isedac
`darRveuli~ saxe kidev ufro metad `irRve-
va~; XII-XIII saukunis ZeglebisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli Sesrulebis artistizmi aq sruli-
ad waSlili da dakargulia, magram ar aris
`darRveuli~ taZris mZlavri centraluri _
jvruli sivrce. xuroTmoZRvari axerxebs ar-
qiteqturuli mTelis organizebas, Sekvras _
`harmonizebas~. didi, farTo daunawevrebeli
zedapiris mqone kedlebiT mkafiodaa Semow-
erili CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi
da aRmosavleTi mklavebis maRali sivrce-
moculobebiT warmoqmnili jvari. amgvari
arqiteqturuli Temaa hujabis xuroTmoZ-
Rvrul naazrevSi da es sivrculi jvari
Zlier birTvad aRiqmeba. mis fonze zeviT
aRwerili `rRveva-daSlilobani~ erTgvarad
ukana planze gadadis. is rac axali etapis
Camoyalibebis procesisaTvis mniSvnelova-
nia, aq meorexarisxovnad da zogjer moux-
eSavad gauazrebel `SemTxveviTobad~ aRiqme-
ba, zogjer ki, xuroTmoZRvris `sisustesac~
gvidasturebs. is cdilobs axali naazrevis
_ Sinaarsis gadmocemas, mxolod arqiteqtu-
rul-konstruqciuli saSualebani jer ver
aqvs masTan Serwymul-SenivTebuli. Sinaars-
sa da formas Soris erTgvari `acdenis~
`Sevseba~ zogierTi formis xazgasmuli aq-
centirebiT xdeba. aseTTagania mag., interi-
eris, Sida sivrceebis gadawyvetaSi es aris
jvris mkafiod gamoxatva, rac cxadia, gare
masebSic `gardaicema~; taZris xazgasmuli
feradovneba; samxreT fasadze or sarkmels
Soris aRmarTuli jvris kompoziis mZlavr
feradovan aqcentad warmoCena, da Tanac,
ormag jvrad gamosaxva da sxva.
amrigad, erTgvari Sejamebis saxiT,
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom hujabis taZari „be-
Tania-qvaTaxevis“ jgufis Zeglebs Soris ika-
qeTevan abaSiZe
vebs adgils da maTi rigis erT-erTi bolo-
Tagania. hujabSi axal gadawyvetebs sivrcis
organizebaSi, Zvelis gaxsenebaSi eZieben. xu-
roTmoZRvari abrunebs samTavro-samTavisis
epoqis ZeglTa struqturul aRnagobas, sa-
dac qristianobis umTavresi simbolo, taZ-
ris arqiteqturuli aRnagobis xerxemali _
jvari _ Sida sivrceebsa da Sesatyvisad, gare
masebSic mkafiod iyo gamoxatuli. Tumca
masSi, rogorc mZafri politikur-ekonomi-
uri Znelbedobis xanaSi agebul taZarSi, mka-
fiod aisaxa istoriul procesebTan ganuyre-
lad dakavSirebili, xuroTmoZRvrebasa da
xelovnebaSi gamovlenili krizisic.
`beTaniisa, qvaTaxevis, fitareTisa da
sxva am jgufis ZeglebSi Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis cxovelxatul
dekoratiulma stilma Tavisi sruli umwver-
valesi gamoxatuleba hpova~23. am mimarTu-
lebiT ganviTareba amowuruli iyo `XIII-XIV
saukuneebis mijnaze, roca samcxeSi kvlav in-
tensiuri muSaoba gaiSala, arqiteqtura ukve
61
axal safexurze dgas~24. bunebrivia, es safex-
uri, romelic mkafiod aris gamokveTili da
gansxvavdeba wina xanis xuroTmoZRvrebisa-
gan, erTbaSad ver gaCndeboda. XIII saukunis
pirveli naxevris ZeglebSi ukve Tavs iCens
Zvel arqiteqturaSi fesvgadgmuli normebis
rRvevis tendencia (yincvisi, timoTesubani,
wuRruRaSeni, hujabi, axtala, kojris kabe-
ni da sxva), XIII saukunis Sua wlebi (erTaw-
minda, qarTlis metexi da erTi-ori kidev
sxva Zegli) ki is xanaa, romelmac moamzada
es safexuri. rogorc Sida sivrceebis ana-
lizidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, hujabis taZ-
ari `mosamzadebeli~ (gardamavali) nagebo-
baa, romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs miRebuli
normebis rRvevisa da axlis Ziebis niSnebs. aq
Tavs iCens Zvelisa da axlis `Widili~.
23
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 225.
24
v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1955, gv. 225
 qeTevan abaSiZe

KETEVAN ABASHIDZE
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation

HUJABI CHURCH PLAN AND

INTERNAL SPACE – REFERENCES
TO THE 12TH-14TH CENTURY TEMPLES

Summary

Hujabi monastery is located in northern Armenia, His-

toric territory of Kvemo Kartli. The Monastery was
built in the 13th century. The main church has a number
of similarities with Bethania-Kvatakhevi Monument
Group, which are chronologically dated 12th-13th cen-
turies.
The architecture of Khujabi is different from the
Medieval Georgian architecture of the similar period.
The differences are clearly visible in monastery plan-
ning, internal space spatial resolution, window layout,
etc. Khujabi strongly differs from a group of monu-
ments of Bethania-Kvatakhevi.
62

In this group of monuments the dome height is al-

most at the bottom and equalsto the building height and
Khujabi dome is significantly elevated, while the dome
has been lowered.
Khujabi this feature become typical to the epoch
as an decorative style of the new cycle — Safara-Zar-
zma churches group and it illustrates the `transition~
aspects of Khujabi church.
 qeTevan abaSiZe

1. hujabi. samxreTi fasadi Hujabi. South façade

63
2. hujabi. gegma Hujabi. Plan
 qeTevan abaSiZe

3. hujabi. interieri, samxreTi burji

Hujabi. Interior, south pier
64

4. hujabi. sigrZivi Wrili xediT CrdiloeTze 5. hujabi. Gganivi Wrili xediT aRmosavleTze
Hujabi. Longitudinal section, view of the north Hujabi. Cross section, view of the east
 qeTevan abaSiZe

6. hujabi. interieri, 7. hujabi. interieri, xedi dasavleTiT

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi afra Hujabi. Interior, view to the west
Hujabi. Interior, north-east pendentive

65
8. hujabi. interieri, xedi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT
Hujabi. Interior, view from the north-east
 qeTevan abaSiZe

10. hujabi. dasavleTi fasadi

Hujabi. West façade

9. hujabi. aRmosavleTi fasadi

Hujabi. East façade
66

11. beTania. aRmosavleTi fasadi, XIIs-is bolo

Betania. East façade, late XII century

12. alaverdi. aRmosavleTi fasadi, XIs-is das.

Alaverdi. East façade, early XI century
 qeTevan abaSiZe

13. hujabi. aRmosavleTi fasadi

Hujabi. East façade

67

14. hujabi. samxreTi kari 15. beTania. interieri, xedi aRmosavleTze

Hujabi. South entrance Betania. Interior, view to the east
 marine yenia
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
ansamblis agebis Taviseburebani
XIII saukunis svaneTis moxatulobebSi
zemo da qvemo svaneTSi SemorCenil moxatu-
lobaTa Soris mniSvnelo­van jgufs XIII sauku-
nis ansamblebi qmnis, romelTa ricxvs mieku-
Tvneba: zemo sva­neTSi _ mes­tiis fuzdis, Jib-
ianis lamarias (II fenis mxatvroba), fxotre­
ris Taringze­lis (II fenis mxatvroba), wvirmis
Taringzel-zagaris, Woxul­dis macxovris, xes
barbalisa da TanRilis eklesiaTa moxatu-
lobani; qvemo sva­neTSi _ tvi­bis Taringzelis,
mamis macxovrisa da muwdis Taringzelis ek­­
68
le­siaTa moxatulobebi. marTalia, ze­mo svan-
eTTan SedarebiT, qvemo svane­ Tis XIII sauku-
nis moxatulobaTa ricxvi sa­ km­aod mokrZa­
lebulia, magram ga­sa­T­valiswinebelia, rom
qvemo svaneTSi Su­a­ sa­ukuneebis qar­Tuli ke­d­
lis mxa­­­­tvrobis Zalze cota nimuSi Semogvr-
Ca1, ro­melTa Soris yvelaze mraval­ricxovani
swored XIII saukunis ansamblebia, rac, cxadia,
sa­grZnoblad zrdis maT mniSvnelobas.
XIII saukunis svaneTis mo­ xa­
tulobebze
msje­lobisas, aucilebladaa ga­sa­Tvaliswi­ne­
be­li ramdenime garemo­ e­
ba, saxeldobr: ume­
tes Se­m­Tx­vevaSi isi­ni sak­ma­od adreu­li xanis,
ZiriTa­dad, X-XI sau­ku­neebSi agebul eklesiebs
am­kobs2 (ga­ monak­
li­si TanRilisa da wvirmis
1
XIII s-is moxatulobaTa garda, esaa ukiduresad frag-
mentirebuli XII s-is mu­Cfa lanSa­Sis, ramdenime qro-
nologiuri fenis momcveli (XV-XVI; araerTgzis ga-
daweril-restavrirebuli XVIII-XIX ss-Si) saydris, XVII
s-is Cukulisa da oqon dabiSis ferweruli ansamblebi.
2
rogor cnobilia, zemo da, gansakuTrebiT, qvemo
svaneTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba je­rac ar aris
saTanadod Seswavlili. samwuxarod, r. mefisaSvi-
lis mier zemo svaneTis ek­ lesiaTa mravalwliani
kvlevis Sedegebi faqtobrivad gamouqveynebelia da
kvlavac mis pirad arqivSi inaxeba. sadReisod, mxo-
lod ramdenime sesiaze wakiTxuli moxsenebebis Te-
mxa­tv­robebia); mxolod Ji­ biansa da fxo­ t­
rerSi X saukunis, ek­­lesiis age­bis Tanadrou-
lad Seqmnili moxatu­ lo­ba, XIII saukuneSi
axali mxa­­tvro­biT Seicvala3; gansaxilvel
moxa­tulobaTa um­ravleso­ba profesiulad
ganswavluli ostatebis Seq­ mn­ilia da maTgan
mxo­lod o­ri _ xesa da TanRilis mxatvrobaa
xalxuri osta­tebis naxe­lavi; moxa­tu­lobaTa
daculoba sakmaod araerTgvarovania _ fuz­
dis mxatv­ro­ba, faqtobrivad, aRar arsebobs4;
fxotreris moxatulobaTa ukiduresi da­
zianeba arc maTi ana­ lizisa da arc adreu-
li da mogviano fenebis urTie­r­T­mimarTebis
garkvevis saSualebas iZleva; danarCeni moxa-
tulobani, marTa­ lia, met-naklebi sisruli-
Taa moRweuli Cvenamde, magram mainc sakma­ris
ma­sa­las iZleva analizisTvis.
zisebia xelmisawvdomi, saxeldobr: r. mefisaSvili,
zemo svaneTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi, mestiis
mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis pirveli samecniero
sesia, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, mest., 1971; r. mefisaS-
vili, v. cincaZe, zemo svaneTis X-XIV saukuneebis
ZeglTa fasadebis dekoraciuli agebulebis Tavi-
sebrebani, g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis
istoriis institutis XXVII samecniero sesia miZRv-
nili vaxtang beriZis dabadebis 70-e wlisTavisadmi,
muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 1984,
gv. 14-15, 39; r. mefisaSvili, dasavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglTa Tavisebureba,
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
institutis XXIX samecniero sesia, muSaobis gegma da
moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 1993, gv. 8; bolo wleb-
Si, saarqivo masalis gamoyenebiT, SesaZlebeli ga-
xda erTi narkvevis gamoqveyneba: r. mefisaSvili, v.
cin­caZe, zemo svaneTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi,
saqarTvelos siZveleni, #16, Tb., 2013, gv. 339-349.
zemo svaneTis eklesiaTa daxasiaTebasa da daTari-
RebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. agreTve: r. yenia, n. ala-
daSvili, zemo svaneTi. Sua saukuneebis xelovneba.
saqarTvelos megzuri, Tb., 2000; g. pataSuri, zemo
svaneTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis tipologia,
levan rCeuliSvili 100. samecniero konferenciis
masalebi, Tb., 2009, gv. 43-55; m. yenia, mamis (Tekalis)
macxovris eklesia qvemo svaneTSi, saqarTvelos siZ-
veleni, #17, 2014, gv. 218-243.
3
qveda fenis mcire fragmenti tvibis eklesiis konq-
Sic garCeva, magram eklesiis interieris sxva nawile-
bSi igi arsad Cans. am fragmentis mixedviT qveda fenis
daTariReba SeuZlebelia da verc imis Tqma SeiZle-
ba, iyo Tu ara eklesia mTlianad moxatuli XIII s-mde.
4
amJamad gairCeva konqSi, vedrebis macxovris saxis
fragmenti, macxovris amaRleba afsidis Sublze da
wm. mowame dedaTa ekaterinesa da barbares figurebi
mis qvemoT; kamaris kompoziciebidan SerCenilia mxo­
lod angelozTa dasis Saravandebi CrdiloeTi fer-
dis aRmosavleT nawilSi.

amdenad, XIII saukunis svaneTis moxatu-
lobani SesaZlebels xdis Cavu­Rr­mavdeT ram-
denime yuradsaReb sakiTxs: rogor gaarTves
Tavi am ansamble­bis Semqmnelma ostate­bma maT
wi­na­Se mdgom namdvilad rTul amocanas _ mi­
sa­dagebod­nen arqiteqturas, ro­­melic ma­T­gan
sakmaod da­So­re­bul warsulSi agebu­li, maT-
gan gansxvavebu­li gemov­ne­bi­Ta Tu formaT­Se­
grZ­nebiT iyo STa­go­­nebu­li; mxatvrobis ageb-
isas, iTvaliswinebdnen Tu ara isini adreu-
li mo­xa­tulobis arsebobas (samwuxarod,
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, sadRei­ sod,
mxolod Jibianis mxatvrobaze dakvirvebaa
SesaZlebeli); ansamblis sa­ er­To kompozici-
uri gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT, Cans Tu ara
principuli sxva­ oba Tanadroul profesiul
da xalxur moxatulobaTa Soris da ra mi­
mar­Tebaa XIII saukunisa da ufro adreul,
Tundac, XII saukunis xalxur mo­xa­­tu­lobaTa
Soris svaneTSi. Tumca, es ukanaskneli prob-
lema, Tavisi sirTulisa da mravalmxrivobis
gamo, aSkarad calke kvlevis sagania da am-
jerad me mas ar Sevexebi.
vidre uSualod moxatulobaTa analizze
gadaval, isic unda iTqvas, rom XIII saukunis
svaneTis moxatulobani, arsebiTad, jerac
ar gamx­ da­
ra sa­
gangebo Seswavlis sagani da
maT Sesaxeb arc ise mdidari literatura
moipo­veba. XIX-XX saukunis dasawyisis siZve-
leebis moyvarulTa eqspedicie­bis masalaTa5
garda, mniSvnelovania, am TvalsazrisiT, n.
aladaSvilis, g. a­ li­
begaSvilisa da a. vol-
skaÁas monografia svanuri ferweruli sko-
lis Se­saxeb6, TanRilis eklesiis moxatulo­
bisadmi miZRvnili n. aladaSvilis werilebi7,
5
Поездка в Шавшию, Хевсуретию и Сванетию графи-
ни Уваровой, МАК Х, М., 1904, gv. 62; eq. TayaiSvili,
arqeologiuri mogzauroba leCxum-svaneTSi 1910
wels, parizi, 1937; igive, xelmeored gamocemuli,
emigrantuli literatura, dabruneba, t. 2, Tb., 1991,
gv. 114-117, 154-171, 233-235, 245-257, 465-478.
6
Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живопис-
ная школа Сванети, Тб., 1983, gv. 114-127.
7
Н. Аладашвили, Роспись церкви Тангил в Верхней Сва-
нетии, qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis sakiTxebi, Tssa
samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tb., 1983, gv. 17-37;
misive, Volkstümliche Strömung in der Malschule von Swane-
tie (Die Wandmalerei der Kirche Tangil), qarTuli xelov-
nebisadmi miZRvnili III saerTaSoriso sim­poziumi,
bari-leCCe, 1980.
marine yenia
ir. yifSiZisa8 da t. velmansis9 publikaciebi
xes eklesiis moxatulo­bis Taobaze, t. SevÁak-
ovas mier Sesrulebul adreul moxatulo­ba­
Ta aslebis albomi, sadac Setanilia fuzdis
moxatulobis aslebic10, n. aladaSvilis nar­
kvevi svaneTis moxatulobaTa sakonqo kom-
poziciebis Sesaxeb, sadac zemo svaneTis XIII
saukunis mxatvrobis monacemebicaa motani-
li11, t. velmansis statia vedrebis gamosax-
ulebis Taobaze qarTul mxatvrobaSi, sadac
aseve zemo svaneTis XIII saukunis ramdenime
moxatulobaa ganxiluli12, zemo sva­ne­Tis
Suasaukunovani xelovnebis gzamkvlevi, ga-
mocemuli r. yeniasa da n. aladaSvilis mier13,
r. Smerlingis monografia qarTul eklesi-
aTa kankelebze, sadac calke Tavi eZRvneba
zemo da qvemo svaneTis moxatul kankelebs14,
v. silogavas mo­no­g­ra­fia svaneTis werilo-
biTi Zeglebis Sesaxeb15, qvemo svaneTis mox-
atulobaTa aRweriloba16, m. yenias publika-
8
ir. yifSiZe, zemo svaneTis sof. xes eklesiis mxa­tv­
69
robis iko­nografiuli sqemis Tavisebureba, macne, #3,
1975, gv. 46-54; misive, Sua saukuneebis svaneTis ked-
lis mxatvrobisa da xatweris urTierTobisaTvis, sab-
WoTa xelovneba, #1, 1977, gv. 79-85; misive, Некоторые
особенности образа архангелов в средневековой живописи
Сванетии, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili II saer-
TaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1977.
9
T. Velmans, L’église de Khé en Géorgie, Зограф, #10, 1979,
gv. 71-82.
10
Т. Шевякова, Монументальная живопись раннего сред­не­
вековья Грузии, Тб., 1983.
11
Н. Аладашвили, Композиции алтарной конхи в церквах
Сванетии, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV sa-
erTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1983.
12
T. Velmans, L’image de la Déisis dans les églises de Géorgie
et dans celles d’autres regions du monde byzantin, Cahiers
Archéologiques, #29, 1980/1981, gv. 47-102.
r. yenia, n. aladaSvili, zemo svaneTi. Sua saukune­e­
13
bis xelovneba. saqarTvelos megzuri, Tb., 2000.
Р. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой
14
Грузии, Тб., 1962.
15
v. silogava, svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi. I. isto­
riuli sabuTebi da sulTa matianeebi, Tb., 1986, II.
epigrafikuli Zeglebi, Tb., 1988.
16
qvemo svaneTis mxatvroba. monacemebi kompÁute-
ruli bankisTvis, `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~
erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis programis
saangariSo krebulebi, Tb., 1997, gv. 50-58, anota-
ciebi gv. XVIII, XXXVII, Tb., 1998, gv. 86-97, anotaciebi
gv. 212-213, 220-221, 238, 244.
 marine yenia
ciebi qvemo svaneTis XIII saukunis moxatulo­
bebsa17 da Jibianis XIII saukunis mxat­ vrobis
Tao­baze .18
Cemi msjeloba Jibianis moxatulobis
ganxilviT minda daviwyo, radgan, Cemis fiq­
riT, igi sakmaod mravlismTqmelia CvenTvis
saintereso sakiTxebis gasarkvevad.
Jibianis lamarias eklesia svaneTisTvis
tradici­u­lad, momc­ro dar­ba­­zu­li ekle-
siaa, samwaxnaga, Sverili, TaRnariani afsid-
iTa da garSemosav­ le­liT samxreTsa da da­
savleT mxares. interieris arqiteqturuli
gafor­ mebis Ta­ visebureba isaa, rom kamaris
or nawilad damanawevrebeli sa­ b­
jeni TaRi
ara pilÁastrebs, aramed Sekidul konsolebs
eyrdnoba, anu grZiv ked­lebze er­­Tiani, glu-
vi zedapirebia, romelTa mTlianobas arc
Riobebi arR­ vevs; isi­ni sa­
kurTxevelsa da
dasav­leT kedelSia mowyobili (erTi sarkme­
li af­si­dis kedelSi; erTi sark­me­li da erTi
kari dasavleT kedel­Si)19.
Jibianis XIII saukunis moxatulobis prog­
70
ra­
ma sakmaod vrcelia _ ved­ reba (afsidis
konqi), wm. eklesiis mamaTa rigi (afsidis ke­
deli), sauflo dResaswa­ ulTagan xareba da
feriscvaleba (kamaris Crd. ferdi), Soba
da amaRleba (kamaris samx. fe­ r­di), laza-
res aRdgi­ neba (das. ked­lis zeda registri),
jvarcma da miZineba (Crd. kedlis registri),
ieru­salemad Sesvla da jojoxeTis warmo-
tyvevna (samx­. kedlis regist­ri), wm. mxe­darni
(das. kedlis Sua registri), wm. mku­ r­nalni
(das. sa­r­kmlis wirTxlebi).
mxa­
tvrobis ansamblis age­ bisas, Jibianis
eklesiis meored momxatveli os­tatis mimar­
17
m. yenia, XIII s-is moxatulobani qvemo svaneTSi, g.
CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
institutis XXXIII samecniero sesia, miZRvnili
gaiane elibegaSvilis xsovnisadmi, sesiis masalebi,
Tb., 1999, gv. 18-20.
18
m. yenia, Jibianis XIII saukunis moxatulobis Tavise-
burebisTvis, qarTuli xelovnebis narkvevebi, V, Tb.,
2008, gv. 29-35. XIII s-is zemo svaneTis moxatulobaTa
zogadi daxasiaTebisa da foto masalisTvis ix. ag-
reTve: misive, zemo svaneTi. Suasaukunovani kedlid
mxatvroba, Tb., 2010.
19
ek­le­­sia­Si Zve­li qvis kankelia SemorCenili, rom-
lis ferwerul dekor­Si igive qrono­lo­­giuri fenebi
Cans, rac sakurTxevel-darbazSi.
Teba mosaxati arqiteqturisadmi sakmaod
tradiciulia. ramde­ ni­me registrad ganawi­
le­buli scene­bi arqiteqturiT mkafiod `da­
sazRvrul~ mo­­nakveTebSi Tavsde­ba _ kon­qis
kompozicia mTlianad avsebs konqs da odnav
sakurTxevlis kedelzec Ca­modis, xolo meo-
re registri mTlianad afsidis kedlis far-
glebSi rCeba. darbazSi, rogorc sCans, sami
registri iyo (amJa­mad mesa­me registri daRu­
pulia). pirveli registri kamaris fa­r­g­lebSia
mo­q­ceuli da sabjeni TaRiT ga­mo­yofil TiTo
monakveTze TiTo sce­ naa warmo­d­
genili, xo­
lo danarCeni re­ gistrebi kedlebis arqite-
qturulad daunawev­re­bel si­br­t­yeze gamois-
axeba. afsidsa da darbazSi registrebi ki­bi­
seburi or­na­mentis sakmaod mozrdili hori-
zontaluri zolebiT gamoiyo­fa, xolo grZiv
ked­lebze gverdi-gverd ganTavsebul scenebs
Soris verti­ka­luri gam­yo­febi ar­sadaa gav-
lebuli (sur. 1). Sesabamisad, mxatvari kmay-
ofildeba eklesiis, ase vTq­ vaT, `bunebrivi
arqiteqtonikiT~, mihyveba inte­ri­e­ris ar­qi­
teqturuli ga­ da­
wyvetis Taviseburebebs da,
arsebiTad, damatebiT aRar ana­wevrebs mosa­xat
ze­
dapirs. mniSvnelo­ vania, rom registrebis
gamomyofi or­namentuli ho­ri­zo­n­talebi ase­
ve SeTa­nadebulia arqiteqturas da ferweru­
li dekori ar­sad bRa­lavs ar­qiteqtu­ruli
formis `damoukideblobas~, uf­ ro metic,
isic Se­iZ­leba iTq­vas, rom ferweruli deko-
ri arqiteqturulad mniSvnelovani ele­­­men­­
te­bis ga­moyofa-diferenci­rebas emsaxureba _
satrium­fo Tu sabjeni Ta­­­Re­­bis Sida da gare
pirze, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis wir­ TxlebSi,
aseve Se­ ki­
duli konsolebis gare pirze,
gansxvavebulmo­tivebiani da gansxvavebu­li
mas­Sta­bis ornamentia gamoyenebuli20.
mxatvrobis sistemis agebis es principi
garkveul siaxloves amJRav­nebs ara marto Jib-
ianis Tavdapirvel moxatulo­ bas­
Tan, aramed
zogadad, X-XI s-is dasawyisis svaneTis mox-
atulobebTan, romelTac aSkara individua­
lu­ri mra­­valgvarobis miuxedavad, mxatvro-
20
satriumfo TaRze _ kibiseburi ornamenti; sabjeni
TaRis Sida pirze _ muxlis foTlis ornamenti, gare
pirze _ stilizebuli ylorti; konsolebze _ muxis
foTlis ornamenti; afsidis sarkmlis wirTxlebSi _
rombebSi Cawerili jvrebis `bade~.

bis saerTo kompoziciuri gadawy­ ve­
tisadmi
principulad igiveobrivi midgoma aerTi-
anebs. uarsebiTesia, rom yvel­ gan, eklesiis
srulad moxatvisas, ostatebi ifarg­ le­bian
interieris pi­­­r­­­­veladi, ase vTqvaT, bunebrivi
arqiteqtonikiT da Ti­ Toeul gamosaxule­ bas
mo­zrdil monakveTs uTmoben _ mTeli kedeli,
kamaris mTeli ferdi, a.S. (asea, praqtikulad,
yvela adreul moxatulobaSi), xo­lo mosaxa-
ti zedapi­ris danawevreba an saerTod ar xde-
ba (mag., acSi, registrebis gamyo­ fi zo­le­bi
saerTod ar gvaqvs), am minimumamdea dayvanili
mxolod horizontalu­ ri gamyofi zolebis
meSveobiT (mag., ifxSi, re­gistrebi erTmaneT-
isgan mxo­ lod grZiv kedlebzea gamijnuli,
radgan sakurTxevelsa da dasavleT ke­ dels
TiTo-TiTo kompozicia ikavebs, an la­ RamSi,
zeda da qveda re­gistrebi mTels interierSi
naT­lad gamoiyofa erTmaneTisgan)21.
niSandoblivia, rom mxatvrobis sistemis
agebis principis garda, Se­iniSneba rigi sxva
niSnebisac, rac Jibianis meored momxatveli
ostatis er­T­gvar maarqaizeblobaze si­tyvis
Camogdebis sa­Sualebas iZleva. esaa mag., yva­­­
vilisebri sa­xeebiT `daCiTva~, romelic Cans
vedrebasa da lazares aRd­ ginebaSi fo­­ nze
da ucilobel asociacias iwvevs acisa Tu
ifxis mxatv­ robis an tvibis mxatvrobis er-
Tianad `daCiTul~ fonebTan; sainteresoa,
rom Tuki adreul, acisa da ifxis, moxatu-
lobebSi fonebze `rozetebia~ mimobneuli,
XIII s-is Jibianisa da tvibis moxatulobebSi
fonebis `daCiTva~ zustad er­ Tn­airi, marti-
vi, wertilebisgan Sedgenili `yvavilebiT~
xdeba (sur. 2, 4). JibianSi, fo­ nebis garda,
aseTive `daCiTva~ Cans RmrTismSoblis samo-
sze vedrebasa da xa­­­­rebaSi da macxovris man-
dorlaze vedre­basa da feriscvalebaSi. fo-
nis, sa­­­mosisa Tu mandor­lis `daCiTvasTan~
erTad, mTels moxatulobaSi Sarava­n­de­bis
`momargali­ teba~ aseve maarqaizebel niSnad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos da upi­­ r­
veles yovlisa,
Ji­bianisve Ta­­v­­dapirvel moxatulobas gagvax-
21
detalurad adreuli xanis svaneTis moxatuloba-
Ta sistemis agebis TaviseburebebisTvis, ix.: m. ye-
nia, mxatvrobis saerTo sistemis gadawyvetis Tavi-
seburebani adreuli xanis svaneTis moxatulobebSi,
saqarTvelos siZveleni, #12, 2008, gv. 128-151.
marine yenia
senebs, sa­dac `margalitebiT~ ara ma­r­to Sar-
avandebi im­ ko­
ba, aramed jvris mklavebic ki
jvarcmis scenaSi.
Jibianis meored momxatveli ostatis erT-
gvar `retrospeqtul~ midre­ ki­
lebebs aseve
exmianeba klasikuri mo­ numentalizmisTvis
niSne­uli midgomis gameore­ bis survilic,
ro­melic mxatvrobis sistemis agebaSi cna­
urdeba. amas mowmobs moxatulobis saerTo
kompoziciuri wyobis mkafioeba _ regis­ t­
rebis ganawilebis zemoxsenebuli principis
garda, am mxriv damaxasiaTebe­lia, rom kamaris
mopirdapire ferdebze ganTavsebul sce­ nebs
erTmaneTisgan naTlad gamohyofs kibiseburi
ornamentis erTiani horizontali kamaris ce­
n­trSi, xolo kamarisa da kedlis registreb-
is, iseve rogorc dasavleT ke­delze zeda da
qveda registrebis, gamoyofa aseTive orna-
mentis horizonta­lebiT xdeba; anu, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia saubari ornamentuli zoleb-
is tra­­diciul, maorganizebel rolze mox-
atulobis saerTo ko­m­poziciaSi. mxa­tvrobis
sistemis saerTo simwyobris STabeWdilebas
71
aZlierebs isic, rom mTels darbazSi regis­
t­rebis er­ Tiani donea daculi. marTalia,
kamaris re­ gistrTan SedarebiT, konqis kom­
poziciis done Camoweulia, magram es konqis
kompoziciis sagangebo gamoyofis imdenad
tradiciuli xerxia, rom, albaT, uxerxulic
kia amaze zedmetad yuradRebis gamaxvile-
ba. aseve savsebiT tra­diciulia konqis kom-
poziciis dominanturi mniSvneloba mTels
ansamblSi, xolo TviT am kompoziciaSi, macx-
ovris centraluri figuris gansakuTrebu­
li aqcentireba.
monumentur-arqiteqtonikuri sistemis
Seqmnis survilze metyvelebs ag­­­­reTve erT-
maneTis mopirdapire mxare­ ebis sa­
erTo kom­
poziciuri gadawy­ve­­tis, garkveulwilad,
urTierT Sewyoba-SeTa­na­debis mcde­lo­bac.
yvelaze mka­ fiod es kamaris dasavleTi mo-
nakveTis gadawyvetaSi Cans (sur. 1). rogorc
Crdi­ lo­eT ise samxreT ferdebze aq erTi
principiT agebuli kompoziciebia ganTav­
sebuli (fe­riscvaleba da amaRleba) _ centr-
Si mandorliT gamoyofi­li mac­xovaria TiTo
figuriT mis or­ sav mxares, anu, gamoiyofa
 marine yenia
centraluri jgu­fi, rome­lic mosaxati aris
ZiriTad na­ wils ikavebs, xolo kompoziciis
qve­
da nawi­ l­
Si sam figuriani jgufia. amas­
Tanave, saerTo centraluri Re­r­Zi mka­­fiodaa
xa­
z­gasmuli kompoziciis ro­ gorc zeda, ise
qveda nawilSi. cxa­dia, zust si­metriulobaze
saubari aq ar SeiZleba, radgan kompozicieb-
is ze­ da da qve­da nawilebSi figuraTa po-
zebic da zomac zustad ar emTxveva erT­­
maneTs; aq ufro zogadi SeTanadeba-Sewyoba
Tu SeiZleba aRiniSnos. kama­ris aRmosavleT
monakveTSi aseTi mkafio igiveoba ar Cans,
radgan Tu Crdi­loeTiT (xareba) ori msxvili
figuris urTierTmimarTeba gansazRv­ravs sa­
er­To STabeWdilebas, samxreTiT mas sakmaod
mraval­fi­gu­riani scena (So­ba) e­pa­suxeba. da
mainc, am SemTxvevaSic, raRac SeTanadebis
danaxva SesaZlebe­lia _ esaa RmrTismSoblis
figuris wamyvani roli kompoziciebSi, mi­ si
sa­
ga­ngebo gamoyofa zomiT, misi met-nakle-
bad mimsgavsebuli poza (xareba­Si igi maRal
zurgian saydarze zis, SobaSic igi, faqti-
urad, mjdomared gamo­ is­axeba; anu, orive
72
SemTxvevaSi, es mZlavri vertikalia saerTo
kompozicia­Si); aseve met-naklebad mimsgavse-
bulia am centraluri figuris mdebare­ o­
bac _ orive SemTxvevaSi, igi ara centrSia
moTavsebuli, aramed kompozi­ci­is ki­dis­kenaa
gadaweuli (xareba­Si _ aRmosavleTiT, SobaSi
_ dasavle­TiT).
aqedan gamomdinare, Tuki erTma­ neTis
mopirdapire mxares aSka­ raa saerTo kompo-
ziciis erTgvarad Sewyobis cda, TviT erTi
sivrciTi monakveTis far­glebSi, e.i. kamaris
aRmosavleT da dasavleT monakveTebze, sak-
maod araerT­gvarovani wyoba gamodis, raSic,
cxadia, SeiZleba davinaxoT axali, dinami­
kur-dekora­ tiuli stilis niSnebis SeRwe-
va jer kidev monumentur-arqiteq­to­­nikuri
principebiT gamarTul sistemaSi.
es Tviseba grZivi kedlebis gadawyveta-
Sic iCens Tavs (sur. 1). marTalia, mxa­tv­robis
Zlieri dazianebis gamo, Znelia risame da­be­
jiTebiT mtkiceba, mag­ ram savsebiT naTelia,
rom aq, meore registrSi, rogorc CrdiloeT,
iseve samx­reT mxares, erTmaneTisgan sagange-
bo vertika­ luri zoliT gaumijnavi or-ori
scena Tavsdeba. amasTan, kedlebis aRmosav­
leT monakveTSi gamosa­xul sce­­­nebs ufro
didi areebi eTmoba, xolo dasav­ leT mo-
nakveTSi _ ufro mo­ mcro. scenebis amgvari
ganlagebis gamo, mosaxati are or uTanabro
monakve­Tad iyofa, Tumca scenebs Soris mx-
olod warmosaxviT Tu gaatareb gamyof
zRvars da igi acdenilia kamaris Tanabar naw-
ilebad gamyofi sabjeni Ta­ Ris `vertikals~
(damatebiT, konsoliTac `gamyarebuls~), e.i.
Cndeba raRac Zvra ZiriTadi damanawevrebeli
RerZis mimarT, met-naklebad SeTanadebuli
simw­
yobre irRveva, miuxedavad imisa, rom es
Zvra ar aris, ase vTqvaT, materia­ lizebul-
fiqsirebuli _ realuri vertikaluri gamy-
ofi zoli xom CamoSve­ buli ar aris da pir-
veli SexedviT, es monakveTebi erTiani daun-
awevrebeli sibrtyis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
kamarisa da kedlis registrebis amgvari
gadawyvetis gamo rTulia da­r­bazSi erTi mx-
aris (anu, kamara-kedeli mTlianad) saerTo
kompoziciaSi er­ Ti­
ani RerZebis gamokveTa,
vinaidan calkeul scenaTa kompoziciuri wyo-
ba sa­
k­
maod gansxvavebulia. marTalia, dasav-
leT naxevarSi, TiTqos, ufro Cans ra­ Rac
erTgvarovneba, radgan kamarazec da kedleb-
zec am mxares centrire­ bu­
li kompoziciebia,
magram imis gamo, rom TviT scenebisTvis daT-
mobili are­ebi zomiT ar Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs,
scenaTa centraluri figurebis mde­bareobiT
xazgasmuli, ide­ur-kompo­ziciuri centrebic
kamarasa da kedelze acdenilia urTierTs.
es ac­dena uf­ ro TvalsaCinod aRmosavleT
naxevarSi SeigrZnoba, radgan aq kompo­ zi­
ciebi centrirebuli ar aris da scena­Ta cen­
traluri figurebi sul sxva­ dasxva mxaresaa
gadaweuli (SobaSi _ marjvena ki­disken, xolo
mis qvemoT moTavsebul ierusalemad Sesvla-
Si _ sapirispi­ ro mxares, marcxena kidisken;
xarebaSi _ marjvena kidisken, xolo mis qve­
viT, miZinebaSi _ centrisken).
am fonze kidev ufro damaxasiaTebe-
lia dasavleTi kedlis gadawyveta, romlis
saerTo kompozicia, faqtiurad, Riobebis
orsav mxares ganawile­ bul calkeul figu-
raTa monacvleobiT igeba; Tumca, aqac zust
simetriu­ lo­bas ostati ar icavs. Tuki zeda
registrSi ganTavsebul lazares aRdgi­
nebaSi, sarkmlis marjvniv mxolod ori fig-

uraa (lazare da msaxuri), sar­km­lis marcxniv,
samfiguriani jgufia (macxovari da ori mo-
ciquli). aqve da­vZ­ en, rom am scenaSi yvelaze
mkafiod Cans ki­dev erTi Taviseburi miqceva
winare saukuneTa midgomisadmi _ vgulisx­mob,
figurebis wa­­m­ZRol rols ko­m­poziciebSi,
romelic zogadad ni­S­neulia mTeli am moxat-
ulobisTvis. ze­­­ da registrSi dasaxul Zvras
mosaxati sibrtyis damanawevrebeli, Riobe­
bis gan­ la­gebiT aqcentirebuli centraluri
RerZis mimarT kidev ufro aaq­ ti­
urebs qve­
da registrSi, wm. mxedarTa figurebs Soris
CamoSvebuli mozr­di­li or­na­me­n­tuli zoli
_ erTaderTi vertikaluri gamyofi mTels
ansamb­ lSi. da yvelaze sagulisxmo aq isaa,
rom es zoli, romelic sarkmelsa da kars So­
ris monakveTs avsebs, sarkmlis cenridan ki
ar eSveba, aramed misi samxreTi kidiskenaa
gadaweuli, rac gansazRvravs mTeli am ked-
lis saerTo kompozi­ ciis erTgvar uTanabro
`amoZravebas~. zemoxsenebulis garda, mxatv­
ro­bis an­samblSi garkve­u­li `dinamikis~ Semom-
tania agreTve afsidis kedlis regist­rSi, wm.
eklesiis mamaTa TaRebSi gamosaxvac (sur. 1).
amdenad, Jibianis XIII saukunis mxatvro-
bis sistemis agebis Tavisebure­ ba­
Ta analizi
saSualebas maZlevs davaskvna, rom aq miuxe-
davad aSkara mcde­ lobisa, misdios monumen-
tur-arqiteqtonikuri stilis principebs,
mxa­t­vari, ro­­gorc sakuTari epoqis Svili,
yo­­velTvis Tanmimdevruli araa am survi­lis
ganxor­cie­lebisas da drois niSnebic sakmaod
TvalsaCinod Cans.
msgavsi midgoma amave epoqis sxva svanur
moxatulobebSic dasturdeba. upirveles yo-
vlisa, albaT, upriani iq­neba Sedareba tvibisa
da muwdis moxatulobebTan, radgan am SemTx-
vevaSi ek­ lesiaTa interieris arqiteqturu­
li gadawyveta Jibianis iden­ tu­
ria da aqac
taZarTa moxatva maTi agebidan, daaxloebiT,
ori saukunis da­gvianebiT mox­da.
Jibianisgan gansxvavebiT, tvibSi mox-
atulobis programas naklebi raodenobis
xatebani qmnis: vedreba (afsidis konqi), wm.
eklesiis mamani da wm. diakvanni (afsidis
kedeli), saxarebis scenaTagan xareba da naT-
lisReba (kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdi), Soba
da mTlianad daRupuli kidev erTi scena
marine yenia
(kamaris samxreTi ferdi), lazares aRdgine-
ba (dasavleTi kedlis zeda registri), wm.
mxedrebi (CrdiloeTi da samxreTi kedle-
bi), wm. dedani (samxreTi kedeli), wm. mTava-
rangelozi gabriel (dasavleTi karis Tavze)
da qtitorTa portretebi (liparit ivaCiani
da kvirike asrjiani [dasavleTi kedeli], io-
ane beri da kidev erTi ucnobi qtitori [Cr-
diloeTi kedeli]) (sur. 2-5). muwdis moxatu-
lobis programa SedarebiT ufro vrcelia _
vedreba-xilva (afsidis konqi), wm. eklesiis
mamaTa da wm. diakvnis rigi (afsidis kedeli),
loroniani wm. mTavarangelozni (CrdiloeTi
da samxreTi kedlebi), aTormet dResas-
waulTa ciklidan xareba da feriscvaleba
(kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdi), Soba da mirqma
(kamaris samxreTi ferdi), naTlisReba (dasav-
leTi kedlis zeda registri), ierusalemad
Sesvla (samxreTi kedeli), jojoxeTis war-
motyvevna (CrdiloeTi kedeli), wm. meomarTa
rigi (dasavleTi kedeli) (sur. 6-9).
tvibSic da muwdSic mxatvroba or reg-
istradaa ganawilebuli _ pirveli re­­­­gistri
73
kamaris farglebSia moqceuli22, xolo meore
registri _ kedlebze; ama­­s­Tan, kamaris TiTo
monakveTze Ti­­To scenaa ganTavsebuli, e.i. am
SemTxvevaSi ostatebi interieris pirveladi
arqiteqturuli danawevrebiT kmayofildebi-
an, xolo grZiv kedlebsa da dasavleT kedels
or-or mo­­nakveTad anawevreben re­gistrebis
gamyofi xazebisa Tu ornamen­ tu­li zoleb-
is meSveobiT. registrTa do­ ne­
ebi darbazSi
zustad emTxveva er­­­T­­maneTs, rac xels uwyobs
mxatvrobis sa­ erTo sistemis mkafio, naTel
or­ganizebas. sagangebod un­da SevCerde orna-
mentis rolze sistemis gadawyvetaSi.
tvibSi kibiseburi ornamentis farTo
zolebi gamohyofs registrebs, qvemodan aCar-
Coebs konqis kompozicias, gamohyofs afsidis
TaRs, sabjeni TaRis konsols (bunebrivia da-
vuSvaT, rom igi sabjen TaRzec gagrZeldebo-
da), sarkmelTa wirTxlebs. da aq yuradRebas
iqcevs erTi ram _ konqis kompoziciis qvemoT
gamavali ornamentuli zoli Seuwyvetliv
agrZelebs moZraobas sarkmlis wirTxlebSi,
22
tvibSi kamaris kompoziciebis qveda nawili odnav
scdeba kamaris quslis dones.
 marine yenia
kveTs wirTxlebs ayolebuli ornamentuli
zolis vertikals, anu sarkmels ostati ar
aRiqvams rogorc zRvars, mas arc is awuxebs,
rom arqiteqturuli formis mTlianoba dair-
Rva _ wirTxli, faqtiurad, sam monakveTad
daiyo: SuaSi horizontali da mis aqeT-iqiT
TiTo vertikali; Tanac ornamentuli zolis
sidide da TviT ornamentis motivi _ mkafio
geometriuli saxe _ TiTqos kidev ufro mZa-
frad SegvagrZnobinebs am gansxvavebuli mi-
marTulebiT ornamentis svlas da Sesabamisad,
arqiteqturuli formis mTlianobis darRve-
vas _ esaa Secvlili damokidebuleba arqiteq-
turisadmi, klasikuri teqtonikis wiaRSi de-
koratiul-dinamiuri stilis elementebis Se-
Jonva. amisve gamoZaxili unda iyos TviT or-
namentuli zolebis uzarmazari zomac, rac
am zolebs ara imdenad registrebis gamyo-
fad, e.i. damxmare saSualebad, aRgvaqmevinebs,
ramdenadac TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis mqone
da Tanac aqtiur (ra­o­­denobi­sa gamo) elemen-
tad. misi Semqmneli feradi marT­kuT­­xe­debis
monacvleoba erT­ gvarad aCqarebul ritms
74
qmnis, romelic garkveulad arRvevs mTeli
mxatvrobis saerTo `garindebul~ simSvides.
Tvali mihyveba am marTkuTxe­debis sxvada­sxva
mimarTulebiT (registrebs Soris horizonta-
luri, TaRebsa da kedlis SuaSi vertikaluri)
srbolas, romelsac erTgvari dinamika Seaqvs
saerTo statiku­robaSi. ama­sTanave, konsolis
qveda kide calke sqeli xaziTaa mosazRvru-
li, romelic mas ornamentuli zolisgan ga-
mohyofs. mis Camoswvriv (Tanac ise, rom es
gagrZe­le­ba kon­solis siga­neze viwroa) ostati
atarebs vertikalur orna­men­tul zols, TiT­
qos pilÁas­t­ris wina pirs amkobdes ornamen­ti­
To, anu, aq igi xa­tavs damanawev­rebel zR­vars
(vizualurs) iq, sadac es zRva­ri ar arsebobs
(fi­­
zikurad) _ sabjen TaRs xom pilÁastrebi
ar gaaCnia; da kvlav, arqiteqturuli formis
mTlianoba irRveva, mosaxati are (romelsac
arqiteqturuli mocemuloba sTavazs ostats)
nawevrdeba damatebiT monakveTebad (sur. 3-5),
rac agreTve arqiteqturisadmi Secvlili
damokidebulebis maCvenebelia23.
mosaxati arqiteqturisadmi am Secvlilma damoki-
23
debulebam SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsenos zemo svane-
Tis, miqel maRlakelis jgufis moxatulobani (1140-
muwdis eklesiis momxatveli ostatisT-
visac amosavals klasikuri monumentaliz-
misken miqceva warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSic
mosaxati aris danawevreba minimalurad xde-
ba _ TiToeuli scena arqiteqturuli ele-
mentebiT mofarglul TiTo monakveTs ika-
vebs; tvibis msgavsad, aqac ganivi kedlebi
damatebiT or monakveTad iyofa registrebis
gammijnavi SedarebiT wvrili vertikaluri
xazebiT. magram Tuki tvibSi kedlis regis-
tris ga­mo­saxulebani or, met-naklebad Tana­
bar monakveT­zea ganawilebuli, muwdSi gr­Zi­vi
kedlebis umetes nawils (dasavleTiT) mra­
val­­figuriani kompo­ziciebi ikavebs, xolo
Se­
da­rebiT viwro monakveTebze (aRmosavleT-
iT) wm. mTavar­angelozTa TiTo frontaluri
figura Tavsdeba (sur. 7-8); anu, Tu tvibSi
kedlis damanawevrebeli ornamentuli zolis
vertikali vizualurad, ase Tu ise, agrZel-
ebs sabjeni TaRisa da konsolis vertikals
da, Sesabamisad, ar­qi­­teqtu­ruli da ferw-
eruli da­ na­
wevreba met-naklebad Tanxvdeba
erTma­neTs, muwdSi ac­dena maT Soris sakma­od
di­
dia da amitom mTeli sistemac erTgvar-
ad `amoZ­ravebulis~ STabeWdi­lebas stovebs,
tvi­bisa da, gansakuTre­biT, Jibianis mxatvro­
basTan Se­da­rebisas. garda amisa, wm. mTa­var­
angelozTa sruli ta­ niT gamosaxuli fi­ gu­
rebi, romlebic sagange­ bo farTo moCarCoe­
bisa gamo erTg­va­rad damou­kidebel `xate­bad~
aRiqmeba, TiT­qos afsidSi wa­rm­ odgenil wm. ek­
lesiis mamaTa da diakvnis rig­sac agrZelebs
da logiku­rad ketavs kidec, Ti­Tqos aCerebs
sakurTxev­lisken svlas, `dara­jad~ ud­gas mas.
amdenad, sa­kurT­xeveli erTgva­rad `gadmo­S­
lilia~ darbazSic, anu igi TiTqos `iWre­bao~
XII s-is miwuruli), sadac aseve Tvals xvdeba axali
dinamikur-dekoratiuli stilis elementebis SeJon-
va jer kidev klasikuri monumentur-arqiteqtoniku-
ri stilis principebiT agebuli moxatulobis saer-
To sistemis gadawyvetaSi. ufro dawvrilebiT amis
Sesaxeb, ix.: Т. Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись художника
Микаэла Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Ars Georgica, #4, 1955,
gv. 169-232; igive xelmeored gamoqveynebuli T. vir-
salaZis SromaTa krebulSi, Грузинская средневековая
монументальная живопись. Избранные труды, Тб., 2007,
gv. 145-224; agreTve, m. yenia adreuli tradicia XII
saukunis svaneTis moxatulobebSi, Zeglis megobari,
#1 (96), 1979, gv. 25-39.

dar­bazis sivrceSi da massa da darbazs Soris
cota ufro sxvagvari kavSiri myardeba, vidre
es Jibiansa Tu tvibSia, sa­ dac af­ sidis ked-
lis re­ gistrSi ganTavsebuli xatebani afsi-
dis sazRvrebSia `Cake­ ti­li~. amaSic, albaT,
Se­iZleba da­vi­naxoT ek­le­siis interi­eris
axle­buri gamT­lianebis survili, iq­neb axali
dinamikur-dekoratiuli stilis moT­ xovnaTa
ze­mo­q­medeba sxva mxriv klasi­ku­ri arqiteq­to­­
ni­kis prin­cipebiT gadawy­vetil sis­temaze.
marTlac, mxatvrobis saerTo kompozi-
ciuri ageba muwdSi savsebiT tradiciuli
Cans _ rogorc ukve iTqva, darbazSi daculia
registrebis horizontalis erTiani done;
tradiciulia ornamentis rolic sistemis
organizebaSi _ kamaris centrze gamavali
farTo ornamentuli zoli mkafiod gamijnavs
erTmaneTisgan kamaris scenebs; ornamentuli
zoli miuyveba sabjeni TaRisa da dasavleTi
kedlis TaRis Sida pirsac; konsoli calkea
gamoyofili _ igi gansxvavebuli feriTaa
daferili da wina pirze ramdenime wvrili
TeTri Strixia dadebuli, e. i. mas damoukide-
beli ferweruli dekori aqvs, sabjeni TaRis
mamkobi ornamenti masze ar gadmodis, anu,
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqva, arqiteqturuli
formis TavisTavadoba ar `ibRaleba~ ferw-
eruli dekoriT. Tumca, moxatulobis agebis
zemoganxiluli Taviseburebani, kerZod, gr-
Zivi kedlebis danawevreba, sakurTxevlisa da
darbazis Secvlili urTierTmimarTeba, gar-
da amisa, erTmane­Tis mo­pir­dapire sivr­ciTi
monakve­ Te­
bis naklebad erTmaneTs misadage­
buli gadawy­ve­­tac _ kamara-kedlebis sa­er­To
kompoziciaSi erTiani vertikalu­ri RerZe­bis
ararseboba Tu erTmane­ Tis mopirdapire mx-
ares ganTavsebul scenaTa ur­TierT gansxvave­
buli kom­po­zi­­ci­uri wyoba _ naTlad me­tyve­
lebs Zveli kla­sikuri sis­te­mis wiaRSi axali
dinamikur-de­koratiuli stilis elemente­bis
SedarebiT ufro Zlier SeRwevaze, ase vTq-
vaT, Zveli `fu­ Ze-karka­sis~ axali `sxe­ uliT
Semos­va­ze~ (sur. 6-9).
am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa
wvirmis Taringzel-zagaris ekle­siis mo­xa­­
tuloba. am mcire, brtyelsakurTxevli­ ani,
sakmaod ganviTarebuli sammxrivi garSemosav­
marine yenia
le­lis mqone, darbazuli ek­ lesiis Sida
sivrce maqsimalurad martivi da sadaa _
darbazSi raimegvar arqiteqturul danawev-
rebas mokle­ buli erTiani gluvi zedapire-
bia da Riobebic mxolod aRmosavleT (erTi
sa­
rkmeli) da dasavleT (erTi kari) mxaresaa
mowyobili. Sesabamisad, mxat­ vari Tavisu-
falia, ase vTqvaT, arqiteqturiT Seqmnili
obi­eqturi `dasazRv­ru­lobisgan~.
pirveli SexedviT, moxatulobis saerTo
sistemis ageba eklesiis pirvelad arqite-
qtonikas misdevs: pirveli registris momcve-
li, sakmao raodenobis saxarebiseuli scen-
ebi kamaraze Tavsdeba _ xareba, Soba, mirqma
(samxreTi ferdi), feriscvaleba, ierusale-
mad Sesvla, jvarcma (CrdiloeTi ferdi)24 _
xolo kedlebis ZiriTad nawilze meore reg-
istris gamosaxulebebi _ wm. ioane oqropiri
da sami wm. meomari (samxreTi kedeli), mTa­
varangelozTa kreba da wm. meomari (Crdi­
loeTi kedeli), wm. ekaterine da wm. barbare
(dasavleTi kedeli) _ nawildeba (sur. 10).
registrebs erTmaneTisgan mkafiod gamijnavs
75
kibiseburi ornamentis viwro zoli. amasTan,
niSandoblivia, rom Tu registrebis ganawi­
le­ba sakmaod tradiciulia, TviT registre-
bis Sig­niT mo­saxati aris danawevreba sakmaod
intensiuri da, amasTan, uTanabroa.
kamaris TiToeul ferdze sami scenis
gansaTavseblad sami monakveTia gamoyofili,
romelTa Soris mkafio zRvars kibisebu­ ri
ornamentisve verti­kaluri zolebi moniSnavs.
maTi wyalobiT kidev uf­ ro gamokveTilia
scene­bisTvis daTmobil areTa gansxvavebuli
zoma _ ufro momcro monakveTebi aRmosav-
leTsa da dasavleTiT da ufro mozrdili
cen­trSi _ da mTeli am na­wilis danawevrebis
araTanabarzomieri, TiTqos `wyve­ti­li~ rit-
mi (sur. 12-13).
am STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs
grZivi kedlebis gadawyveta, sa­ dac mosaxa-
ti zedapiris danawevreba, TiTqos, kidev
ufro garTulebulia. kedelze ori ZiriTa-
24
scenebis ganawilebis principi, romelic saxarebi-
seuli Txrobis istoriuli rigis midevnebas efuZne-
ba, mafiqrebinebs, rom dasavleTi kedlis I registr-
ze naTlisReba iqneboda gamosaxuli. amJamad ferwe-
ruli fena aq mTlianad daRupulia.
 marine yenia
di monakveTi gamoiyofa _ momcro, sagange-
bo moCarCoe­ bis mqone, `xatiseburi~, aRmo­
sav­leTiT (wm. ek­ lesiis mamaTa sakurTxev-
lisken 3/4-iT mimarTuli naxevarfigurebi)
da ume­te­si nawilis momcveli danarCeni are.
es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, damate­ biT naw-
evrdeba ukve ferweriT miniS­ nebuli (anu,
daxatuli) arqiteqturuli ele­ mentebiT _
viwro `pilÁastrebze~ dabjenili sam-sami
TaRiT, ro­ mleb­Sic frontaluri figurebia
Ca­werili; TiTo aseTive TaRi (aseve fronta-
luri figurebiT) dasavleTi kedlis qveda
registrSic, karis orsav mxaresaa, gamo­sa­­xu­
li. Sesabamisad, zemoTganxilul moxatulo-
baTa (Jibiani, tvibi) Semqmnelebis msgavsad,
wvirmis ostatic xatavs arqiteqturas, ufro
swored, qmnis mosaxati zedapiris damanaw-
evrebeli, fizikurad ararsebuli arqite-
qturuli elementebis vizualur `gansax-
ierebas~ da, TiTqos, amSveneb-`amdidrebs~
realurad arafriT gamorCeul, uRimRamo
interiers (sur. 12-14).
mTeli qveda registris erTianad `TaR-
76
narSi~ moqceva, erTgvarad, aerTianebs mas
`TaRTa~ mrudebis talRiseburi, aRmaval-daR-
mavali ritmiT, romlis `mousvenroba~ kidev
ufro SesagrZnobi xdeba `TaRebiT~ moniSnul
monakveTTa odnav gansxvavebuli zomebi-
sa gamo. amdenad, zeda da qveda registrebis
danawevrebis saziaro uTanabrobis miuxeda-
vad, isini, Tavisi xasiaTiT, mainc sakmaod sxva-
obs erTmaneTisgan _ zeda registrze, sibrty-
is damanawevrebeli monakveTebis raodenobac
naklebia da ornamentuli zolebi maT Soris
myar, mkvidr mijnebs moniSnavs, maSin roca
qveda registrze, garda monakveTebis gazrdi-
li raodenobisa, TviT maTi gamijvnac ufro
Txel-Semsubuqebuli `karkasis~ meSveobiT
xdeba, romelsac erTgvarad `amZimebs~ grZivi
kedlebis aRmosavleT monakveTebSi oTx-mxriv
moCarCoebuli `xatebis~ arseboba25.
marTalia, kamarisa da kedlebis danawev-
rebaSi SesaZlebelia raRac erTiani principis
danaxva _ ornamentuli zolebiT gamijnuli
scenebi kamaraze da `TaRnarSi~ Casmuli fig-
25
sagulisxmoa, rom am `xatebis~ zomebi gansxvavdeba
`TaRebisgan~ _ sigane odnav, xolo sigrZe sagrZnob-
lad naklebia.
urebi kedlebze (rasac TiTo `xatic~ emateba
grZiv kedlebze) _ da, Sesabamisad, erTmaneT-
is mopirdapire sivrciTi monakveTebis urTi-
erTSesabamisi gadawyvetis amokiTxva, magram
radgan samive kedelze TaRebis sigane erT-
maneTisgan gansxvavdeba, xo­ lo kamarasa da
grZiv kedlebze registrebis SigniT xatebaTa
gamyo­fi ve­r­tikalebi ar Tanxvdeba urTierTs,
mTels ansambls erTgvari `kontrapunq­ tul-
pulsirebuli~ ritmi ganmsWvalavs da mxat-
vrobis saerTo sistemac uf­ ro metad `amoZ-
ravebulis~ STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre aqa-
mde ganxilul mo­xatulobebSi (sur. 12-14).
ufro metad axali stilis elementeb-
is momZlavreba ma­mis eklesiis mo­­­­­xatulobis
saerTo kompoziciur gadawyvetaSi Cans. Ta-
visi arqiteqturu­ li ga­ formebiT, savarau-
dod, X-XI saukuneTa mijnaze agebuli, fasa-
debze de­ko­ratiuli TaRnariT gamSvenebuli,
mamis eklesiis in­ terieri mravalsafexu­ ro­
vani sabjeni Tu kedlis TaRebiTa da mZlavri,
mravalsafexurovanive pilÁas­t­rebiT, zemo-
ganxiluli eklesiebisgan gansaxvave­ biT, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `plas­ti­kurad naZerwis~
STabeWdilebas to­vebs26.
amgvarad gadawyvetil interierSi sakmaod
vrceli programaa gaSlili _ vedreba-xilva
(konqi), wm. mociqulni da wm. eklesiis mamani
(afsidis kedeli), saydari ganmzadebuli da
misi moTayvane angelozebi (afsidis Subli),
aTormet dResaswaulTa ciklidan: xareba da
Soba (kamaris samxreTi ferdi), feriscvale-
ba da amaRleba (kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdi),
mirqma, ierusalemad Sesvla da jojoxeTis
warmotyvevna (dasavleTi kedeli), suliwmid-
is mofena da naTlisReba (samxreTi kedeli),
jvarcma da amJamad daRupuli kidev erTi
scena (CrdiloeTi kedeli), rasac emateba mxe-
dari wm. Tevdoresa (samxreTi kedeli) da uc-
nob qtitorTa (dasavleTi kedeli) gamosax-
ulebani (sur. 15-18).
darbazSi mxatvari mosaxat zedapirs
minimalurad anawevrebs da mis bunebriv ar­
qi­­
teqtonikas misdevs _ pirveli registri
kamaris farglebSi eqceva (arqiteqturuli
26
mamis eklesiis detaluri analizisTvis ix.: m. yenia,
mamis (Tekalis) macxovris eklesia ...

elementiT mofarglul TiTo monakveTze
TiTo scena Tavsdeba; aseve erTi scenaa gan-
Tavsebuli dasavleTi kedlis lÁunetSi), meo-
re re­gistri kedlis TaRebSia ganawile­buli,
kedlis danarCen monakveTs mesame re­ gistri
ikavebs. garda amisa, far­ To ornamentuli
zoli kamaris centrSi, erT­maneTisgan mkafi­
od gami­jnavs kamaris kompoziciebs; TaRebisa
da pilÁas­t­re­bis yo­veli sa­fexuri calke mo-
CarCoebis mqone sxvadasxva ornamentuli zo­
lebiT im­koba (ornamentis motivebi erTmaneT-
isgan gansxvavebulia)27, e.i. arqiteqturuli
ele­men­tebi ferwe­ruli de­ko­riTacaa di­fe­
rencire­buli (sur. 16-18).
amdenad, pirveli Se­xedviT, darbazSi mx-
atvrobis saerTo ganawi­lebisas mxatvrisTvis
amosavals mo­nu­menturi arqiteqtonikuro-
ba war­mo­­ad­­­gens, rome­lic, ase vTqvaT, jer
kidev aq­ tiurad cocxali mexsierebaa, jer
ki­dev `misaba­Zi modeli~; magram, da es me­tad
niSandoblivia, mxatvari yo­ velTvis Tanmim­
devrulad ar axorcielebs mas _ erTi ked-
lis farg­lebSi registrebis raode­noba ar em­
Txveva erTmaneTs (samxreTi kedlis aRmosav-
leT TaRSi erTi kompoziciaa ganTavsebuli,
xolo dasavleT TaRSi, erTmaneTisgan regis-
tris xaziT gamijnuli ori scena) (sur. 16);
samwuxarod, amJamad TiTqmis SeuZlebelia
imis gageba, Tu rogori iyo scenebis ganawi-
leba CrdiloeTi kedlis TaRebsa da kedlis
qveda nawilSi, radgan am mxares mxatvroba,
arsebiTad, mxolod kamarazea SemorCenili.
jvarcmis mcire fragmentebi, romelic ked-
lis aRmosavleT nawilSi gairCeva, saSualebas
iZleva davaskvnaT, rom kompoziciis ZiriTadi
birTvi kedlis TaRSi iyo Cawerili, xolo mf-
rinval mWmunvare angelozTa figurebi kama-
ris quslsa da TaRs Soris monakveTze nawil-
deboda (sur. 17). Sesabamisad, Tuki samxreT
kedelze, aRmosavleT TaRSi moqceuli scena
mTlianad TaRiT mofarglul areSia moqceu-
27
pilÁastrebis wina pirsa da sabjeni TaRis Sida
pirze _ marwuxisebri; sabjeni TaRis gverdiT wax-
nagebze _ kibiseburi ornamenti; sabjeni TaRis dan-
arCen or safexursa da kedlis TaRebis pilÁastrTa
safexurebze _ stilizebuli ylorti (feradovnad
gansxvavebuli erTmaneTisgan da motivis mxrivac
araidenturi).
marine yenia
li, CrdiloeT kedelze, aRmosavleT TaRSi
ganTavsebuli scena mis farglebs scildeba
da zeda, kamaris quslamde darCenil mona-
kveTsac iTvisebs, anu, am nawilSic TvalsaCi-
noa garkveuli araTanmimdevruloba erTmane-
Tis mopirdapire mxareTa gadawyvetaSi.
garda amisa, mTels da­r­­bazSi regis­trebis
do­neebi da scenaTa mo­CarCoebis principic ar
Tanxvde­ ba erTmaneTs: kamaraze vizua­ lurad,
registris pirobiTi done erTmaneTis mopir­
dapire mxares acdeni­ lia _ kompoziciebis
qveda kide registris xaziT moniSnuli ar
aris, xolo scenebis nawili kamaris quslis
doneze mTavrdeba (feriscvaleba, savarau-
dod, xarebac. niSandoblivia, rom orive es
scena kamaris samxreTi da CrdiloeTi fer-
debis sxvadasxva monakveTs ikavebs), nawili ki
ufro qvemoT, kedlis TaRamde Camodis (Soba,
savaraudod, amaRlebac. am scenebis adgilm-
debareobac gansxvavebulia _ orives samxre-
Ti da CrdiloeTi ferdebis sxvadasxva mona-
kveTi eTmoba); dasavleT kedelze, pirveli
77
registris done ka­ maris Crdi­ loeTi ferdis
ko­m­
poziciebisas emTxveva, xolo meore reg-
istris done awe­u­­lia samxreT kedel­ze amave
regis­trTan SedarebiT (sur. 16-18).
amasTan, erTi kedlis fargleb­ Si ked-
lis saerTo da­nawevreba araer­T­gvarovania
_ dasavleT kedlis samxreT monakveTSi, me-
ore da mesame re­ gist­
ris scenebi mkafiodaa
gamijnuli erTmaneTisgan registris xaziT,
xolo CrdiloeT monakveTSi registrebis
gamyofi xazi ar aris (sur. 18). imavdroulad,
fi­gu­rebi advilad kveTs registris xazebs
(mirqma, wm. Tevdo­ re), Tavisuflad iW­ re­
ba
sxva scenis fa­ r­glebSi (mirqma, jojoxeTis
warmotyvevna). niSandoblivia isic, rom Tuki
pilÁastrebsa da TaRebis safexurebs osta-
ti sagangebod gamohyofs ferweruli deko-
riT, kapiteli, rogorc damoukidebeli ar-
qiteqturuli forma, misTvis ar arsebobs,
igi erTianad `inTqmeba~ ornamentis uwyvet
mdinarebaSi. yovelive es ki naTlad metyve-
lebs axa­li, dekoratiul-dinamikuri stilis
elementebis aqtiur SeRwevaze monumen­ tur-
arqiteqtonikuri sistemis wiaRSi, rac kidev
 marine yenia
uf­­ro mZlavrad vlindeba sa­ kurTxevlis sa­
er­To ko­m­poziciur gada­wy­ve­taSi.
Tuki darbazSi mosaxati aris danawevre-
ba mainc minimalurad xdeba da ostati, arse-
biTad, Tumc ki araTanmimdevrulad, kmarobs
arqiteqturuli elementebiT erTmaneTisgan
bunebrivad gamijnul monakveTebs (kamara,
kedlis TaRi, dasavleTi kedlis lÁuneti
da a.S.) scenebis ganawilebisas, sakurTx-
evelSi mosa­ xati aris danawevreba bevrad
Zlieria da bevrad uTa­ na­b­
roc (sur. 15) _
gra­ n­
diozuli sakonqo kompozicia, romel-
ic aranairad ar eTanadeba darba­zis pi­rveli
regis­ t­ris kompoziciebs da darbazis mTe-
li simaRlis TiTqmis na­ xevars ikavebs; mis
qvemoT ganlagebuli viwro naxevar-regis-
tri da sakur­T­­xev­lis saerTo kompozi­ciis
damasrulebeli mozrdili mesame registri,
ro­­melic zomiT Tu ar sWar­ bobs, utolde-
ba mainc darbazis mesame regis­tris scenebs.
garda amisa, sakurTxevelSi momuSave osta-
ti metad Tavisuf­ lad epy­ ro­ba arqiteqtu­
rul ele­ mentebsac _ wm. mTavarangelozebi
78
sakonqo kom­poziciaSi pi­­r­dapir satri­um­fo
TaRis pilÁastrebzea gadmosuli, anu ferw-
eruli gamosaxulebis ganTavsebiT sruli­ad
ugulvebel­yofilia arqiteqturuli formis
ragvaroba.
amgvarad, mamSi mxatvrobis saerTo kom-
poziciuri gadawyvetis Tavise­burebani ufro
metad iZ­leva saSualebas vilapara­koT axali,
droismieri ni­S­ne­bis momZlavrebaze. TviT
mxatvrobis stilur maxasiaTebelTa gaTva­
lis­wi­­nebiT, arc is unda Candes gadaWarbebu­
li, rom amgvari `progresulo­ ba~ ek­
le­
siis
momxatveli mTavari ostatis dam­sa­xu­rebad
CavTvaloT, rome­ lic maRa­ li profesiuli
ganswavlis mqone, albaT, baridan amosuli,
mxat­va­ria da, buneb­rivia, misi mWidro kavSi­
ri zo­gad-epoqalur mowinave mxa­tv­­rul ten­
den­ciebTan.
droismieri niSnebis momZlavrebaze sau-
bris sababs Woxuldis macxov­ris eklesi-
is moxatulobac iZleva. isic, savaraudod,
XI saukunis dasawyis­Si agebul, garedan deko-
ratiuli TaR­na­riT ga­formebul, darbazul
eklesi­as amkobs, romlis interieris arqite-
qturuli gadawyveta sakmaod Tavisebu­ ria.
viwro pilÁastrebze damyarebuli sabjeni
TaRi kamarasa da grZiv ked­ lebs or uTana-
bro nawilad hyofs (momcro aRmosavleTiT
da bevrad ganie­ ri dasavleTiT), romelTac,
damatebiT, kedlis TaRebic anawevrebs.
oRond, Tu­­­ki kedlebis aRmosavleT mo-
nakveTebSi TiTo TaRia, dasavle­TiT, mZlavr
Se­
kidul konsolze dafuZnebuli orTaRe-
dia mowyobili. amdenad, TviT ek­le­si­is Sida
sivrce erTgvarad `aqtiur-amoZravebulis~
STabeWdilebas to­ vebs da Tavisi xasiaTiT,
TiTqos, `iTxovs~ da `kargadac irgebs~ im
`mousve­nar-dinamikur~ sistemas, ro­melsac aq
momuSve mxatvari agebs.
marTlac, mxatvrobis saerTo kompo-
ziciur wyobaze dakvirveba savse­ biT adas-
turebs amas. moxatulobis Semadgeneli scen-
ebi _ vedreba-xilva (konqi) da wm. eklesiis
mamani (afsidis kedeli), aTormet dResas-
waulTagan xareba da naTlisReba (kamaris
CrdiloeTi ferdi), Soba da mirqma (kamaris
samxreTi ferdi), feriscvaleba (dasavleTi
kedlis lÁuneti), jvarcma da amaRleba (Cr-
diloeTi kedeli), suliwmidis mofena (dasav-
leTi kedeli), rasac emateba wm. meomarTa da
wm. meudabnoe mamaTa (samxreTi kedeli),
wm. dedisa da ucnobi qtitoris (dasavleTi
kedeli), wm. mTavarangelozTa (samxreTi da
dasavleTi karis timpanebi) figurebi _ or
registradaa ga­ na­
wilebuli mTels inter-
ierSi; tradiciisamebr, pirveli registri
kamaraze Tavsdeba, xolo meore registri ke-
dlebze nawildeba, ornamentis zoli pilÁas-
trebis wina pirsaa ayolebuli (sur. 19-22).
magram mniSvnelovani isaa, rom TiToeul
mxares gansvavebul gadawy­ ve­
tas gvTavazobs
ostati _ CrdiloeTiT, pirveli registris
scenebi odnav Camoscdeba kamaris farglebs
(Tanac, Tuki aRmosavleT monakveTSi reg-
istrebi erTmaneTisgan horizontaluri
xaziTaa gamoyofili, dasavleT monakveT-
Si aseTi gammijnavi ar gvaqvs), xolo mTel
danar­Cen ares, anu, kedlis TaRebs meore
registris scenebi ikavebs, romelTa zeda
nawili kamarasa da TaRebs Soris darCenil
mozr­dil monakveTebzec gadadis: jvarcma-
Si, jvars mimsW­valuli macxovris, RmrTism-
Soblisa da wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis mom-

cveli jfugi TaRSia Cawerili, xolo ori
mfrinvali angelozi TaRs zemoT monak­veTs
avsebs, iseve, rogorc mamSi iyo; amaRleba-
Si, mandorlaSi moqceuli macxovari da misi
amamaRle­be­li ori angelozi orTaRedis Tav-
zea moqceuli, Tanac macxovris figura mox-
deniladaa `Casmuli~ konsolis Tavze, TaRTa
gverdebis urTierT-Semxve­d­ri mrudebiT Se-
qmnil, iregularuli konfiguraciis areSi,
TaRebSi ki mo­­­ci­­qulTa ori jgufia gana­wi­
le­buli. amdenad, aq registrebis gamoyofis
principia gansxvavebuli (sur. 20).
samxreTiT, kamaris aRmosavleT mo­ na­
k­
veTSi warmodgenili Sobis sce­ na mTlianad
ikavebs kamarasa da Ta­ Ramde da­ r­
Cenil mo-
nakveTsac, anu, am nawilSi, mamis msgavsad,
pirveli registris kompozicia, qveda regis-
trisgan gaumijnavi, sag­r­Z­noblad iWreba ked-
lis farglebSi, maSin roca kamaris dasavleT
monak­veTSi gamosaxuli mirqma, arsebiTad,
kamaris farglebSi rCeba, xolo kama­ ra­
sa da
orTaReds Soris darCenil areze wm. meud-
abnoe mamaTa naxevar­fi­gurebisgan Sedgenili
naxevar-registria ganTavsebuli; samxreTi
ke­d­lis Ta­RebSi wm. me­o­ma­r­Ta TiTo fronta-
luri figuraa Cawerili, magram, imis gamo,
rom ked­lis am nawilSi eklesiaSi Sesasvleli
meore karia gaWrili, orTa­Redis aR­mosavleT
TaRSi mxolod naxevarfigurisTvis sakmarisi
are rCe­ ba mxa­tvars, maSin roca danarCen
TaRebSi igi sruli taniT warmogvidgens fi­
gurebs. Sesabamisad, samxreTiT, ara marto
registrebis gamoyofis principia gansxvave-
buli, aramed TviT registrebis raodenobac
ki ar Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs (sur. 21).
mosaxati aris Sevsebis gansxvavebuli
intensivoba da kedlis saer­ To kompoziciis
`dinamikuroba~ kidev ufro mkafiod dasav-
leTi kedlis ga­ da­ wyvetaSi iCens Tavs (sur.
22). zeda registrSi, sarkmlis orsav mxares
ganawilebu­ li feriscvalebis scenis qveda
zRvari samxreT da CrdiloeT monakveTebSi
sagrZnoblad acdenilia urTierTs, meore
registrSi, suliwmi­dis mofenas, ro­melic,
TiTqos, `gaWedilia~ samxreT nawilSi, Cr-
diloeT mxares mxolod qtitoris Txeli,
dagrZelebuli figura epasuxeba, sakmaod
xalvaTad mdgo­ mi eklesiiT xelSi, xolo
marine yenia
kar-sarkmlis mdebareobiT miniSnebuli
cent­ ra­
lu­ri RerZi, romelic, TiTqos `gam-
yarebulia~ zeda registrSi, sar­km­lis Ta­v­ze
gamosaxuli, mandorla-Semovlebuli macx-
ovris figuriT da qveviT, frTe­b­gaSlili wm.
mTavarangelozis naxevarfiguriT karis tim-
panSi, garkveu­lad Sesustebulia sarkmelsa
da kars Soris monakveTze warmodgenili wm.
de­dis naxevarfiguris ara centrSi, aramed
CrdiloeTiT gadawevis gamo; anu, am kedel-
zec yvelaferi `daZrul-amoZravebulia~.
mxatvrobis saerTo sistemis agebis amg-
var xasiaTs kidev ufro aZlie­ rebs regis-
trebis gamyof horizontalTa zemoaRniSnu-
li ararsebobac da is siTamame, rom­ li­Tac
mxatvari arqiteqturul elementebs epyroba
_ sakonqo kompoziciaSi, wm. mTavarangeloz-
Ta sruli taniT gamosaxuli figurebi, mamis
msgavsad, pirdapir `gadadis~ sa­ triumfo
TaRis kapitelebze, suliwmidis mofenaSi,
mociqulebi `Sekeci­lia~ karis TaRSi, jvarc-
maSi, jvris mklavebi, maT mimsWvaluli macx-
ovris xelebiT, kedlis TaRis Sida pirSia `ga­­­
79
suli~, wm. dedis Saravandi pirdapir ebjineba
sarkmlis kides TiTqos sarkmeli mas Tavze
adevso. aseve niSandoblivia, rom xarebaSi,
RmrTismSoblis fexsadgami, romelic regis-
trebis gamyof horizontalsaa acdenili da
qveviTken Camococebuli, lamisaa jvarcmis
mfrinvali angelozis frTas `ejaxeba~. aq
isev mamis moxatuloba SeiZleba gavixsenoT,
sadac figurebi aseve Tavisuflad arRvevs
scenaTa sazRvrebs. Sesabamisad, ostatisT-
vis arqiteqturuli elementebi ar aRiqmeba
`zRvrad~, misi `samoqmedo arealis~ momniS-
nav, TavisTavadi mniSvneloba-Rirebulebis
mqone `mijnad~.
Woxuldis mxatvrobis sakmao Rirse-
bebi, mozomil-daxvewili feradovani gama,
myari, odnavi `datexvisken~ midrekili xazis
garkveuli eqspresiuloba, figuraTa STam-
beWdavi gansulierebuloba da emociuri ga-
momsaxveloba TviT ostatis sakmaris dax-
elovnebaze metyvelebs da, amdenad, sistemis
imgvari ageba, romelsac igi gvTavazobs,
aSkarad misi mxatvruli gemovneba-midre-
kilebebis da, amavdroulad, epoqis zogadi
 marine yenia

tendenciebis warmomCenicaa. aqedan gamom- M. KENIA

dinare, albaT, arc is iqneba didi gadaWar-
beba, Tuki davZen, rom mxatvrobis sistemis
saerTo gadawyvetis xasiaTidan gamomdinare,
Woxuldis moxatuloba yvelaze `winwasuli~
gamodis XIII saukunis zemo svaneTis ansam-
blTa Soris.
amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, XIII saukunis
zemo (Jibiani, wvirmis Taringzel-zagari,
Woxuldi) Tu qvemo (tvibi, mami, mu­w­di) svane-
Tis ferwerul ansamblTa Sedareba, moxatu-
lobaTa zogadi araerTgvarov­ nebisas, metad
mniSvne­lo­van, principul-arsismier erTo-
bas gviCvenebs. es er­ To­ ba imaSi vlindeba,
rom yvelgan mxatvrobis saerTo sistemis
organizeba kvla­­vac Zvel mo­nu­mentur-ar­­
qiteqtonikur gadawyvetas efuZneba, xolo
in­di­vi­dua­luri sxvao­bani imaSi Cans, Tu ro-
gor xorcSesxmas hpo­vebs es zogadi principi
yovel calkeul SemTxve­va­Si da rogor sxva­
dasxvagvarad, gansxvavebuli siZlieriT iCens
Tavs axali dinami­ kur-dekoratiuli stilis
niSnebi sxva mxriv klasi­kuri ar­­­­qi­teq­to­­ni­
80
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
PECULIARITIES
OF THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
OF THE MURAL DECORATION
IN THE 13TH C. SVANETI MURALS
Summary
Based on the analysis of the general compositional
arrangement of the 13th c. murals in Upper (Zhibiani
church of the Virgin, Tsvirmi church of the Archan-
gels [Zagar quarter], Chokhuldi church of the Saviour)
and Lower (Tvibi church of the Archangels, Mami
church of the Saviour, Mutsdi church of the Archan-
gels) Svaneti, the article is focused on the interrelation
of the architecture and its painted decoration. Analy-
sis of these ensembles shows that, alongside general
heterogeneity, they are characterized by a significant,

kis pri­n­­cipebiT gadawy­vetil sis­temaSi. Tuki essential unity, evidenced by the common, monumen-
Jibianisa da tvibis moxatulobebSi es proce- tal-architectonic approach, which still forms basis for
si sakmaod TavSekavebulad vlindeba, muwdsa the general arrangement of the mural decoration; in-
da wvirmSi igi metadaa gamovlenili, xolo
dividual peculiarities are revealed in the specific ways
mamsa da WoxuldSi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
this general principle is maintained in each particular
`sruli ZaliT~ warmoCindeba. cxadia, didia
case and in different extent to which traits of the new
cduneba, moxatulobis sistemis agebis zemo-
dynamic-decorative style are introduced.
ganxilul Taviseburebebze dayrdnobiT, zemo
If in Zhibiani and Tvibi the process is quite `mod-
da qvemo svaneTis XIII saukunis moxatuloba-
est~, in Mutsdi and Tsvirmi it is more `advanced~, gain-
Ta urTierTmimarTebis erTgvari qronolo-
ing `full strength~ in Mami and Chokhuldi. Remark-
giuri rigis dasaxvisa, maTSi dadasturebuli
garkveuli paralelizmis (tvibi _ Jibiani; mu- able is certain parallelism noticeable in the contem-
wdi _ wvirmi; mami _ Woxuldi) axali stilis porary murals of Upper and Lower Svaneti (Zhibiani
damkvidrebis Tanmimdevrul, droSi erTmane- – Tvibi; Tsvirmi – Mutsdi; Chokhuldi – Mami).
Tis momdevno stadiebad interpretirebisa,
magram radgan es moxatulobani jerac ar
aris saTanadod Seswavlil-gaanalizebuli,
xolo maTi met-naklebad myari adgili XIII
saukunis sakmaod vrcel farglebSi jerac
araa gansazRvruli swored gamowvlilviTi
kvlevis safuZvelze, amgvari Sorsmimavali
daskvnebis gamotana naadrevi mgonia. yove-
live amis garkveva kvlavac samomavlo amo-
canad unda darCes.
 marine yenia

1. Jibiani. lamaria. topografiuli sqema Jibiani. Lamaria. Topographic scheme

81

2. tvibi. Taringzeli. sakurTxevlis 3. tvibi. Taringzeli. kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdisa

moxatuloba, sqema da CrdiloeTi kedlis moxatuloba, sqema
Tvibi. Taringzeli. Painting of sanctuary, scheme Tvibi. Taringzeli. Painting of north side of fornication and
north wall, scheme
 marine yenia

4. tvibi. Taringzeli. kamaris samxreTi 5. tvibi. Taringzeli. dasavleTi kedlis

ferdisa da samxreTi kedlis moxatuloba, sqema
moxatuloba, sqema Tvibi. Taringzeli. Painting of west wall, scheme
Tvibi. Taringzeli. Painting of south side of
82

fornication and south wall, scheme

6. muwdi. Taringzeli. sakurTxevlis 7. muwdi. Taringzeli. kamaris CrdiloeTi

moxatuloba, sqema ferdisa da CrdiloeTi kedlis
Mutsdi. Taringzeli. Painting of sancuary, scheme moxatuloba, sqema
Mutsdi. Taringzeli. Painting of north side of fornication
and north wall, scheme
 marine yenia

8. muwdi. Taringzeli. kamaris samxreTi 9. muwdi. Taringzeli. dasavleTi kedlis

ferdisa da samxreTi kedlis moxatuloba, sqema
moxatuloba, sqema Mutsdi. Targingzeli. Painting of west wall, scheme
Mutsdi. Taringzeli. Painting of south side of

83
fornication and south wall, scheme

10. wvirmi. Taringzel-zagari. 11. wvirmi Taringzel-zagari.

topografiuli sqema sakurTxevlis moxatuloba, sqema
Tsvirmi. Taringzel-Zagari. Topographic scheme Tsvirmi. Taringzel-Zagari. Painting of sanctuary,
scheme
 marine yenia
12. wvirmi. Taringzel-zagari. kamaris
samxreTi ferdisa da samxreTi kedlis
moxatuloba, sqema
Tsvirmi. Taringzel-Zagari. Painting of south side
of fornication and south wall, scheme
84
14. wvirmi. Taringzel-zagari. dasavleTi
kedlis moxatuloba, sqema
Tsvirmi. Taringzel-Zagari. Painting of west wall,
scheme
13. wvirmi. Taringzel-zagari. kamaris
CrdiloeTi ferdisa da CrdiloeTi
kedlis moxatuloba, sqema
Tsvirmi. Taringzel-Zagari. Painting of north side
of fornication and north wall, scheme
15. mami. macxovari. sakurTxevlis
moxatuloba, sqema
Mami. The Saviour. Painting of sanctuary, scheme
 marine yenia

16. mami. macxovari. kamaris samxreTi 17. mami. macxovari. kamaris CrdiloeTi
ferdisa da samxreTi kedlis ferdisa da CrdiloeTi kedlis
moxatuloba, sqema moxatuloba, sqema
Mami. The Saviour. Painting of south side Mami. The Saviour. Painting of north side

85
of fornication and south wall, scheme of fornication and north wall, scheme

18. mami. macxovari. dasavleTi kedlis 19. Woxuldi. macxovari. sakurTxevlis

moxatuloba, sqema moxatuloba, sqema
Mami. The Saviour. Painting of west wall, scheme Chokhuldi. The Saviour. Painting of sanctuary,
scheme
 marine yenia

20. Woxuldi. macxovari. kamaris 21. Woxuldi. macxovari. kamaris

CrdiloeTi ferdisa da CrdiloeTi samxreTi ferdisa da samxreTi kedlis
kedlis moxatuloba, sqema moxatuloba, sqema
Chokhuldi. The Saviour. Painting of north side of Chokhuldi. The Saviour. Painting of south side of
86

fornication and north wall, scheme fornication and south wall, scheme

22. Woxuldi. macxovari. dasavleTi

kedlis moxatuloba, sqema
Chokhuldi. The Saviour. Painting of west wall,
scheme

daviT xoStaria
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
david grimi da qarTuli stili
saeklesio arqiteqturaSi*
qarTuli stili ewodeba XIX saukunis meo-
re naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis ar-
qiteqturul mimarTulebas, romelic miznad
isaxavda Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xuroT-
moZRvrebis formebisa da elementebis aRor-
Zinebas. TviT termini `qarTuli stili~ sak-
maod axalia, misi xmareba _ brWyalebSi an maT
gareSe _ mkvlevarebma bolo dros daiwyes.
ufro adre am movlenas arsebiTad saxeli
ar hqonia, mas ubralod aRwerdnen _ magal-
iTad, rogorc `qarTuli erovnuli xuroT-
moZRvruli motivebis stilizacias~1 an sxva
raime msgavsi formulirebiT (rogorc wesi,
uaryofiTi konotaciiT). kidev ufro adre,
XIX saukuneSi is calke mimarTulebad ar iT-
vleboda da bizantiuri stilis nairsaxeobad
ganixileboda _ iseve, rogorc Tavad Zveli
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba ganixileboda bi-
zantiuris nawilad.
iTvleba, rom qarTuli stili, rogorc
gaazrebuli mxatvruli mimarTuleba, gaCnda
1880-ian wlebSi2. samoqalaqo arqiteqtur-
isaTvis es marTlac asea, magram saeklesio
arqiteqturaSi qarTuli stili ufro adre,
ukve 1860-ian wlebSi iCens Tavs. misi warmoSo-
ba ukavSirdeba Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRv­
rebis nimuSebisadmi interesis gaCenas, rac
XIX saukunis Suaxanebis publikaciebs mohyva.
* winmdebare werili momzadda SoTa rusTavelis
erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli
proeqtis `arqiteqtura da identoba: saeklesio mSe-
nebloba TbilisSi (1801-1918)~ farglebSi.
1
v. beriZe, Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba, 1801-1917
wlebi, t. II, Tb., 1963, gv. 83.
2
T. gersamia, `qarTuli stili~ Tbilisis arqite-
qturaSi XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze, qarTuli
xelovnebis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 2005, gv. 35-37.
daviT xoStaria
qarTuli stili gaCnda am nimuSebis gacnobi-
sa da interpretaciis safuZvelze3.
qarTuli arqiteqturis popularizaci-
aSi da, Sesabamisad, qarTuli stilis aRmo-
cenebaSi gadamwyveti wvlili miuZRvis ruse-
Tis imperiaSi moRvawe germanel arqiteqtors
david grims (1823-1898). 1849-1850 wlebi man
kavkasiaSi gaatara, sadac naxa da azoma ar-
aerTi Zegli. 1859 wels man gamosca qarTuli
da somxuri arqiteqturis Zeglebis albomi4,
romelic Sedgeba mokle anotaciebisa da sak-
maod kvalificiurad Sesrulebuli naxazeb-
isagan (gegmebi, Wrilebi, fasadebi, ornamen-
tuli detalebi). qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
ZeglTagan albomSi sxvadasxva sisruliT war-
modgenilia aTi eklesia _ manglisi, samTa-
visi, gelaTi (mTavari taZari), kojris kabe-
ni, axtala, wuRruRaSeni, safara (mTavari
taZari), sveticxoveli, samTavro da alaver-
di. yvela nageboba XI-XIII saukuneebisaa, rac
mowmobs, rom d. grims gansakuTrebiT izidav-
da uxvad morTul-moCuqurTmebuli Senobebi
87
(rogorc erTgan SeniSnavs v. beriZe, CuqurT-
ma XIX saukuneSi miCneuli iyo qarTuli ar-
qiteqturis Tvisebad par excellence5).
d. grimis albomis meSveobiT ruseTis im-
periaSi momuSave arqiteqtorTa farTo wre
arsebiTad pirvelad gaecno qarTul da somx-
ur arqiteqturas. metic, albomi xelisu-
3
am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli stilisagan unda gan-
vasxvavoT saeklesio Senobebi, romlebic warmoad-
gens gviani Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis meqanikur
gagrZelebas axal droSi. es arsebiTad inerciuli
procesia, romelsac ar sWirdeba sagangebod Seswav-
lili misabaZi nimuSebi, is memkvidreobiT miRebul
tradiciul codnasa da unar-Cvevebs efuZneba. bune-
brivi amosavali misTvis qronologiurad uSualod
winamorbedi da geografiulad uaxloesi arqite-
qturaa. TbilisSi am process asaxavs orTaWalis wm.
nikolozis (1846-1854), kukiis wm. nikolozis (1856-
1863), da samebis eklesiebi (gadakeTeba dasrul-
da 1863 wels) _ aguriT nagebi Senobebi, romlebic
zogadi struqturiTa da calkeuli elementebiT
XVII-XVIII saukuneTa Tbilisur eklesiebs waagavs.
4
D. Grimm, Monuments d’architecture byzantine en Géorgie
et en Arménie, Saint-Pétersbourg, 1859. arsebobs rusule-
novani gamocemac: Д. Гримм, Памятники христианской
архитектуры в Грузии и Армении, Санкт-Петербург, 1866.
5
v. beriZe, Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba, 1801-1917
wlebi, t. II, gv. 87.
 daviT xoStaria
flebis mier rekomendirebuli iyo, rogorc
`yvela arqiteqtorisaTvis aucilebeli spe-
cialuri saxelmZRvanelo~6, rac niSnavda,
rom maT urCevdnen SeeswavlaT da aeTvise-
binaT samxreT kavkasiis xuroTmoZRvru-
li memkvidreoba. zogi maTganisaTvis _ maT
Soris Tavad d. grimisaTvis _ es memkvidreo-
ba STagonebis axal wyarod iqca.
ukve 1860-iani wlebidan arqiteqtorebi
d. grimis albomis SeswavliT miRebul cod-
nas praqtikaSic moixmardnen. pirvel rigSi,
maTi yuradRebis centrSi moeqca nagebobebi
e. w. samTavnuri kompoziciiT _ aRmosavleTi
fasadis mxatvruli gaformebis sistemiT,
romelic Seqmna samTavisis taZris (1030 weli)
xuroTmoZRvarma. am kompoziciis pirdapiri
mibaZva an Tavisufali variaciebi mis Temaze
gvxvdeba sxvadasxva arqiteqtorTa Semoq-
medebaSi daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis man-
Zilze, 1860-iani wlebidan 1910-ian wlebam-
de, amasTan ara mxolod saqarTveloSi da
ara mxolod marTlmadidebluri eklesieb-
88
is xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Tavisi arsebobis pirvel etapze, 1860-70-ian
wlebSi qarTuli stili aris samTavnuri kom-
poziciis stili. amasTan, uSualo misabaZi
nimuSia ara Tavad Senobebi (arqiteqtorTa
umetesobas isini arc enaxa), aramed maTi naxa-
zebi, Sesrulebuli d. grimis mier (sur. 1, 2).
ratom maincdamainc samTavnuri kom-
pozicia? sruliad ueWvelad, arCevanis
ganmsazRvreli erTaderTi faqtori iyo am
kompoziciis mxatvruli srulyofileba,
romelic dainaxes da daafases XIX saukunis
arqiteqtorebma _ daafases ise, rom misi
gameorebis survili gauCndaT. kacma rom
Tqvas, am mxriv isini pirvelebi ar yofilan
_ damfaseblebi da mimbaZvelebi samTavisis
aRmosavleT fasads maTze bevrad adre, ukve
XII-XIII saukuneebSi hyavda. is metnaklebi si-
zustiT da sisruliT gameorebulia am epo-
qis aTamde eklesiaSi (ikorTa, qvaTaxevi, ko-
jris kabeni, axtala, qsnis kabeni, gudarexi,
6
Ю. Савельев, Византийский стиль в архитектуре России.
Вторая половина XIX – начало XX века, Санкт-Петербург,
2005, gv. 15, 35.
Tbilisis metexi, mRvimevi7, agreTve ovana-
vanqi somxeTSi8).
swored am gviandel SenobaTagan erT-er-
Ti _ kojris kabeni aiRo nimuSad arqiteqtor-
ma evgeni beloim Tbilisis anCisxatis taZris
gadakeTebis proeqtis Sedgenisas 1865 wels.
es saeklesio arqiteqturaSi qarTuli stilis
danergvis erT-erTi uadresi cdaa9. e. belois
CanafiqriT, bazilikis grZivi fasadebi Tana-
bari simaRlis dekoratiuli TaRebis uwyveti
rigiT unda Semkuliyo, xolo dasavleT fas-
adze aseve qarTuli stilis elementebiT
gaformebuli samreklo unda mieSenebinaT.
proeqtSi CvenTvis amjerad gansakuTrebiT
saintereso aRmosavleTi fasadia (sur. 3). is
samTavnur kompozicias eTmoba, magram ram-
denime Tavisebureba cxadyofs, rom inspir-
aciis wyaro kojris kabenia da ara Tavad
samTavisi10. kabenSi, samTavisisagan gansxvave-
biT, ar aris Sua dekoratiuli TaRi. fasadis
zeda nawils evleba saSualo TaRebis saWeqi
qvebidan amozrdili CarCo, romelic zeda
kuTxeebSi safexuriseburad aris Setexili.
ase gaakeTa Tavis proeqtSi e. beloimac. me-
ore detali, romelic aSkarad migviTiTebs
nimuSad kojris kabenis gamoyenebaze, didi
jvris aqeT-iqiT ganlagebuli dekoratiuli
oTxyurebia. samTavisSi isini jvris formisaa
da gadabmulia dekoris erTian sistemaze da-
kiduli TaRebis meSveobiT. e. belois naxazze,
kabenis kvaldakval, es oTxyurebi arafers
ebmis da Tavisuflad `hkidia~ fasadze.
7
v. beriZe, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoria, t.
I, Tb., 2014, gv. 270.
8
Т. Измайлова, Связи архитектурного декора грузинских
и армянских памятников XIII века, IV Международный
симпозиум по грузинскому искусству, Тб., 1983, gv. 3-4.
9
qarTuli stilis nimuSebad ar ganvixilav Senobebs,
romlebSic bizantiuri stilis farglebSi aqa-iq
gamoyenebulia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli da somx-
uri arqiteqturis calkeuli formebi da element-
ebi (magaliTad, imave d. grimis proeqtiT agebuli
xersonesis taZari, 1861-1879), aq laparaki SeiZleba
ufro zogad samxreTkavkasiur da ara konkretulad
qarTul an somxur elferze.
10
minda madloba vuTxra Cems kolegas valerian ka-
landaZes, romelmac pirvelma SeniSna anCisxatis aR-
mosavleTi fasadis gadakeTebis proeqtis msgavseba
kojris kabenTan.

fasadis qveda nawili ZiriTadad misdevs
nimuSs, Tumca, cxadia, aq ar aris kedelSi Se-
Wrili niSebi _ maT gasakeTeblad anCisxatis
Zveli kedlis gamongreva gaxdeboda saWiro.
saSualo TaRebiT e. beloim fasadis glu-
vi sibrtye mofargla da, Sesabamisad, fes-
tonebzec uari Tqva. ar aris arc zeda rigis
sarkmlebi ganapira TaRebSi. gverdiT navebs
e. beloim gaukeTa qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreb-
isaTvis ucxo agebulebis karnizebi.
kojris kabeni samTavisis XII-XIII sauku-
neebis mibaZvaTagan erTaderTia, romlis nax-
azebic d. grimis albomSi moxvda. vfiqrob,
ueWvelia, rom samTavnuri kompoziciis ko-
jruli variantis gamoyenebisas e. beloi d.
grimis naxaziT xelmZRvanelobda da Tavad
SenobasTan uSualo Sexeba ar hqonia. pro-
eqtSi gameorebulia am naxazis Tavisebure-
bebi da maT Soris anazomis uzustobebic.
magaliTad, jvris aqeT-iqiT ganlagebuli
oTxyura formis Riobebi (maTi moyvaniloba
kargad Cans 1880-iani wlebis fotosuraTze11)
d. grimma Tavis naxazSi wriulad aqcia. es
forma Cans e. belois proeqtSic, oRond
sarkmlebi aq saerTod gauqmebulia da maT
nacvlad oTxyurebSi pawia dekoratiuli
wreebia Casmuli12.
muSaobis procesSi e. beloim proeqtSi
cvlilebebi Seitana (naxazze isini Savi mel-
niT aris datanili) _ gaafarTova ganapira
dekoratiuli TaRebi da fasads moacila
iribi kvadratebi, vinaidan maTTvis adgili
11
XIX saukuneSi kojris kabenis eklesiis gumbaTi
da kamarebi ukve Cangreuli iyo, magram aRmosavle-
Ti fasadi TiTqmis srulad iyo SemorCenili, akl-
da mxolod karnizisa da frontonis kexis qvebi. ase
aqvs eklesia naCvenebi d. grims. asea aRbeWdili is
Zvel fotosuraTzec (ix., magaliTad: Р. Шмерлинг,
В. Долидзе, Т. Барнавели, Окрестности Тбилиси, Тб., 1960,
tab. 22). 1900-ian wlebSi eklesia mTlianad daangries
rusma berebma (iqve, gv. 73).
12
kojris kabenis aRmosavleTi fasadi daxatuli
aqvs grigori gagarinsac (Le Caucase pittoresque, dessiné
d’après nature par le prince Grégoire Gagarine, avec une intro-
duction et un texte explicatif par le comte Ernest Stackelberg,
Paris, 1847, tab. XXII). misi albomi d. grimisaze adre
gamoica da Sesabamisad, e. belois SeeZlo misi na-
xatiTac esargebla, Tumca anCisxatis gadakeTebis
proeqti met msgavsebas amJRavnebs d. grimis naxaz-
Tan, vidre gr. gagarinis naxatTan.
daviT xoStaria
aRar darCa13. Sedegad, fasadis qveda nawili
didad dascilda prototips. proeqti arc am
Secvlili saxiT ganxorcielebula _ ekle-
sias mxolod samreklo miaSenes, fasadebis
gadamosvaze ki uari Tqves.
qarTuli stili da, kerZod, samTavnuri
kompoziciis mibaZva Zalian male gascda ro-
gorc saqarTvelos, ise marTlmadidebluri
saeklesio mSeneblobis farglebs. ukve 1867
wels peterburgeli arqiteqtori baRdasar
gazirbekovi (Razarbekiani) aproeqtebs surb
karapetis somxur eklesias nor-naxiCevanSi
(somxebis mier 1779 wels samxreT ruseTSi,
md. donze daarsebul qalaqSi, romelic am-
Jamad qalaq rostovis nawilia). is cota mog-
vianebiT, 1875-1881 wlebSi aSenda. eklesiis
aRmosavleTi fasadi (sur. 4) samTavisidan
aris gadmoRebuli. mTavari gansxvaveba isaa,
rom surb karapetis eklesia aguriTaa nage-
bi da ara aqvs qvaze kveTili CuqurTma. gar-
da amisa, zogierTi dekoratiuli elementi
(magaliTad, TaRebis festonebi) gamotove-
bulia, zogic Secvlilia (magaliTad, zemoT-
89
naxsenebi oTxyura jvrebi gluv msxlisebr
motivadaa qceuli).
surb karapetis eklesiaSic TvalnaTliv
Cans, rom arqiteqtori samTaviss d. grimis
albomis meSveobiT icnobda. SeiZleba aRvniS-
noT ramdenime detali, romlebic surb kar-
apets `namdvili~ samTavisisagan ganasxvavebs
da d. grimis naxazs amsgavsebs _ didi jvris
damoklebul-gamsxvilebuli mklavebi, maRa-
li, TiTqos ormagi karnizebi fasadis gver-
diT nawilebze, am karnizebis rkaliseburi
Sezneqva dakidul TaRebTan SeerTebis adgi-
las da sxva. albaT d. grimis naxaziT xelmZ-
Rvanelobis Sedegia surb karapetis fasadis
zogadi proporciebic _ ufro damjdari da
siganeSi gasuli, vidre samTavisisa14.
13
m. liluaSvili, `qarTuli stilis~ ucnobi nimuSi _
saburTalos wm. giorgis eklesia, saqarTvelos siZ-
veleni, 18, 2015, gv. 279.
14
a. Razarianma pirvelma aRniSna, rom nor-naxiWev-
anis surb karapetis aRmosavleTi fasadi samTavisi-
danaa gadmoRebuli. manve SeniSna is detalebi, rom-
lebic mowmobs, rom b. gazirbekovi d. grimis naxaziT
sargeblobda (А. Казарян, Церковь Сурб-Карапет в Нор-
Нахичеване. В поисках национального стиля, Архитектура,
строительство, №5-6 (39-40), 2009, gv. 60-66).
 daviT xoStaria
magram mTlianad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
samTavisis adrindel (1860-80-iani wlebis)
mimbaZvelebs Soris b. gazirbekovma yvelaze
metad uerTgula prototips. garda imisa,
rom sxvebze zustad hbaZavs samTavisis aR-
mosavleT fasads, surb karapetis arqite-
qtori imeorebs mis grZiv fasadebsac. d.
grimis albomSi, aRmosavleTTan erTad mot-
anilia samTavisis CrdiloeTi fasadis naxaz-
ic. is sworad gviCvenebs safasado dekoris
agebulebas _ fasadis SuaSi, mklavis areSi sami
maRali TaRia, amaTgan Sua, ufro SemaRle-
buli TaRis areSi Cawerilia farTosapiriani
sarkmeli; fasadis gverdiT nawilebs amkobs
sam-sami Tanabari simaRlis TaRi. b. gazirbek-
ovma am naxazis mixedviT gamarTa surb karape-
tis eklesiis ara mxolod CrdiloeTi, aramed
samxreTi fasadic, Seitana ra masSi mxolod
funqciuri saWiroebiT ganpirobebuli cvli-
lebebi _ magaliTad, gaakeTa kari samxreTi
kedlis centrSi, romelic ar aris samTavisSi
(mogvianebiT ase gaakeTes qvaSveTSic). ufro
metic, surb karapetis eklesiis dasavleTi
90
fasadic (sur. 5) samTavisiTaa STagonebuli.
am SemTxvevaSi b. gazirbekovi ufro rTul
mdgomareobaSi iyo, vinaidan Sesabamisi naxazi
d. grimis albomSi ar aris (samTavisis dasav-
leTi fasadi mTlianad xelaxlaa awyobili
XV saukuneSi da mxatvrulad sustia). amitom
man Taviseburi gamosavali naxa _ isev aiRo
aRmosavleTi fasadis sqema da datova misi
gverdiTi nawilebi (niSebis CaTvliT), xolo
Sua TaRSi samTavnuri kompoziciis nacvlad
gaakeTa kari, sandriki da Zalian farTo sark-
meli. misi damoukidebeli Semoqmedeba surb
karapetis eklesiis fasadebis gadawyvetaSi
arsebiTad amiT Semoifargleba, sxva danar-
Ceni samTavisidan aris gadmoRebuli.
samTavisis adreul mibaZvebs Soris unda
vaxsenoT navTluRis wm. barbares zemo ekle-
siac, agebuli 1858-1873 wlebs Soris. wina
magaliTTan SedarebiT, aq Cans samTavnuri
kompoziciis ufro Tamami (da Zalian waru-
matebeli) gadaaazrebis cda (sur. 6). aR-
mosavleT fasadze SuaSi zemoT aris didi
jvari, uSualod mis qvemoT _ sapireSi mo-
qceuli TaRovani sarkmeli. jvarica da sa-
pirec gamoyvanilia lekaluri aguriT, orive
Zalian wvrilia da uZarRvo. sapiredan qve-
moT CamoSvebuli aseTive lekaluri aguris
lilvi kuTxiT dayenebuli erTi (!) kvadratis
wveros ebjineba. mis SigniT Cawerilia meore
kvadrati, romlis centri reliefuri lar-
nakiT aris aRniSnuli15.
cnobilia, rom wm. barbares eklesia
dekanoz iakob da mRvdel Teofane Cijava-
Zeebis iniciativiT aSenda, magram misi pro-
eqtis avtori ucnobia. Senobis mdare pro-
fesiuli xarisxi da dabali mxatvruli done
(pirvel rigSi, swored aRmosavleTi fasadi-
sa) mafiqrebinebs, rom is akademiuri ganaT-
lebis mqone arqiteqtori ar yofila. miT
ufro sainteresoa sad da rogor eziara igi
samTaviss da ram ubiZga misi aRmosavleTi
fasadi nimuSad gamoeyenebina, Tanac aseTi
axirebuli interpretaciiT. yovel SemTx-
vevaSi, vfiqrob, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom mas, b. gazirbekovisagan gansxvave-
biT, d. grimis naxaziT ar uxelmZRvanelia.
qarTul stils garkveuli adgili ekava
Tavad d. grimis SemoqmedebaSic. marTalia,
saqarTveloSi agebul mis erTaderT Senobas
_ Tbilisis wm. aleqsandre nevelis samxedro
taZars qarTuli araferi ecxo, magram saqarT-
velos gareT d. grimma qarTul stils orjer
mimarTa da orsave SemTxvevaSi nimuSs isev-
daisev samTavnuri kompozicia warmoadgenda.
pirveli Senoba, romlis proeqtic d.
grimma qarTul stilSi gaakeTa, iyo jvris
aRmarTvis eklesiis samreklo livadiaSi,
yirimSi. imxanad da Semdgomac arqiteqtore-
bi qarTul stils yirimSi xalisiT iyenebd-
nen, vinaidan es ewereboda ruseTis imperiis
arqiteqturul politikaSi _ xelisufle-
ba Tvlida, rom bizantiuri stili, romlis
nairsaxeobadac miiCneoda qarTuli, yvelaze
Sesaferisi iyo imperiis samxreTi mxareebi-
saTvis, pirvel rigSi ki yirimisaTvis16.
15
m. liluaSvili, `qarTuli stilis~ ucnobi nimuSi _
saburTalos wm. giorgis eklesia, gv. 280.
16
d. xoStaria, imperiuli identoba da rusuli sti-
li Tbilisis saeklesio arqiteqturaSi, saeklesio
mSenebloba TbilisSi (1801-1918): arqiteqtura da
identoba, Tb., 2015, gv. 95.

jvris aRmarTvis eklesiis samreklo d.
grimma 1879 wels daaproeqta. is rva wlis
Semdeg aSenda arqiteqtor alfons vensanis
xelmZRvanelobiT. samreklo (sur. 7) Se-
maRlebuli proporciebis patara Senobaa,
gegmiT wagrZelebuli marTkuTxedis for-
misa. agebulebiT is patara jvargumbaTovan
eklesias waagavs, Tumca gumbaTi, rusuli
eklesiebis yaidaze, wminda dekoraciaa da ara
struqturuli elementi. SuaSi Senoba gax-
snilia ori TaRiT, romlebSic zarebi ekida.
mokle fasadebze gamoyvanilia samTavnuri
kompoziciis Sekvecili versia _ maRali
jvari, ori iribad dasmuli kvadrati da
girCi. es elementebi asxmulia Sewyvilebu-
li lilviT gamoyvanil vertikalur RerZze.
lilvebi ZirSi `manJetebiTa~ da burTulebiT
aris gaformebuli da kvadratul fila-ba-
ziss efuZneba. mTeli kompozicia mWidrod
aris Cawerili TaRovan CarCoSi17.
samTavnuri kompoziciis kidev ufro
Sekvecili varianti warmoadgina d. grim-
ma kopenhagenis wm. aleqsandre nevelis
rusul-marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi (1881
weli). mTavar dasavleT fasadze (sur. 8),
romelic sxvadasxva qveynisa da epoqis ar-
qiteqturuli elementebis sakvirvel nazavs
warmoadgens, centrSi warmodgenilia qvaSi
nakveTi moCuqurTmebuli jvari, mis qvemoT
dekoratiuli girCi, ufro qvemoT patara
burTulebze dasmuli `manJetebi~ da ZirSi
gluvi marTkuTxa bazisi. es elementebi erT-
maneTze aqac vertikaluri lilvebiT aris
gadabmuli. qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas mog-
vagonebs jvris aqeT-iqiT gaWrili sarkmleb-
is moCuqurTmebuli sapireebic (Tumca maTi
forma da proporciebi gansxvavdeba qarTu-
lisagan).
rogorc vxedavT, d. grimi Tavisuflad
irCevda da ajgufebda samTavnuri kompo-
ziciis calkeul elementebs konkretuli
17
livadia ruseTis imperatorebis sazafxulo rezi-
dencia iyo. gasabWoebis mere, roca sasaxlis komp-
leqsSi sanatoriumi moewyo, samreklos Senobas sam-
Tavnuri kompoziciebis Semcveli dekori CamoTales
_ rogorc Cans, jvrebis gamosaxulebis gamo. bolo
xanebSi Tavdapirveli dekori aRadgines _ samwuxa-
rod, Zalian ugemurad da uxarisxod.
daviT xoStaria
saWiroebis Sesabamisad. livadiis samreklos
Sida sivrce, am cnebis namdvili gagebiT, ara
aqvs da Sesabamisad, verc sarkmlebi eqneboda.
kopenhagenSi safasado sibrtye, romelzec
d. grimma samTavnuri kompoziciis gamoyvana
isurva, SezRuduli iyo simaRleSi (mis zemoT
samreklos TaRebia, qvemoT _ rustirebu-
li pirveli sarTuli, sul sxva xasiaTisa,
vidre fasadis danarCeni nawili), amitom man
sarkmlebi jvris aqeT-iqiT ganalaga, xolo
irib kvadratebze saerTod uari Tqva. amis
gamo kopenhagenuri varianti yvelaze Sor-
saa prototipisagan da Tu d. grimis Semoq-
medebis erTian konteqstSi ar ganvixilavT,
maT Soris kavSiri SeiZleba verc davinaxoT.
Tumca d. grimis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom
man sworad SeigrZno samTavnuri kompoziciis
mTavari mxatvruli principi _ safasado kom-
poziciis elementebis Sekvra erTiani verti-
kaluri RerZiT, rac gansakuTrebul rols
asrulebs mxatvruli mTlianobis SeqmnaSi. am
princips d. grimi orsave zemoTganxilul Se-
nobaSi misdevs.
91
1880-iani wlebidan qarTuli stili gan-
viTarebis axal etapze gadavida. is gascda
saeklesio arqiteqturis farglebs da samo-
qalaqo arqiteqturaSic SeaRwia (galaktion-
is quCis #22 saxli, arqiteqtori a. zal-
cmani _ 1883, qalaqis saTaTbiros wiTeli
darbazi, arqiteqtori aleqsandr ozerovi _
1886, orive TbilisSi18). misabaZ nimuSTa wre
gafarTovda _ amieridan is aRaraa mxolod
`samTavnuri kompoziciis stili~. codna Zve-
li qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb gaiz-
arda, gaCnda axali, ufro zusti anazomebi,
Catarda bevri Zeglis detaluri fotogra-
fireba. 1895-1898 wlebSi arqiteqtorma oto
simonsonma aago abasTumnis wm. aleqsandre
nevelis eklesia19, romlisTvisac nimuSad
zarzmis monastris mTavari eklesia gamoiyena
(mas asec ewodeboda _ axali zarzma). 1902-
1911 wlebSi aSenda saburTalos wm. giorgis
eklesia, romelic qarTuli stilis saxasiaTo
18
T. gersamia, `qarTuli stili~ Tbilisis arqiteqtu­
raSi XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze, qarTuli
xelovnebis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 2005, gv. 36.
19
m. mania, evropeli arqiteqtorebi TbilisSi, Tb.,
2006, gv. 122-124.
 daviT xoStaria
magaliTia, Tumca cxadad gamokveTili erTi
prototipi ar gaaCnia20. saqarTvelos gareT
am periodSi qarTuli stili kidev erTxel
iqna gamoyenebuli yirimSi _ gaspras wm. ni-
nos eklesiaSi (1908-1912) ialtis maxloblad.
misi arqiteqtori nikolai krasnovi werda,
rom Senoba `gelaTisa da haRpatis taZrebis
stilSi~ daaproeqta21. ramdenadac Zveli fo-
tosuraTebiT (sur. 9) SeiZleba vimsjeloT
(Senoba Zlier aris damaxinjebuli bolo
wlebis barbarosuli rekonstruqciiT),
eklesia ufro Zvel qarTul arqiteqturas
mogvagonebs, vidre somxurs, Tumca maincda-
mainc arc gelaTs hgavs da arc haRpats.
miuxedavad qarTuli stilis aseTi gam-
ravalferovnebisa, samTavisi am gvian pe-
riodSic rCeboda xuroTmoZRvarTa rCeul
nimuSad, oRond d. grimis naxazebiT xelmZ-
Rvaneloba maT ukve aRar sWirdebodaT.
1904-1910 wlebSi arqiteqtor leopold bil-
feldis proeqtiT aigo misi yvelaze cnobi-
li asli _ qvaSveTis wm. giorgis eklesia Tbi-
lisSi. qvaSveTis Sesaxeb bevri dawerila22 da
92
aq masze vrclad aRar SevCerdebi. SevniSnav
mxolod, rom aq gadmoRebulia ara mxolod
samTavisis gare dekori, aramed gegma da zog-
adi struqturac. originalTan yvelaze ax-
los aRmosavleTi fasadia.
Tu qvaSveTis wm. giorgis eklesiis nimu-
Sad samTavisis aReba, mis mxatvrul Rirse-
bebTan erTad, ivane amilaxvris sentimenteb-
iTac SeiZleba aixsnas23, meore gvian magaliT-
20
m. liluaSvili, `qarTuli stilis~ ucnobi nimuSi _
saburTalos wm. giorgis eklesia, gv. 277.
21
Н. Калинин, А. Кадиевич, М. Земляниченко, Архитектор
высочайшего двора, Москва, 2003, gv. 91
22
v. beriZe. Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba, 1801-1917
wlebi, t. II, gv. 87-89; k. cincaZe, qvaSveTis wmidis
giorgis eklesia tfilisSi, Tb., 1994; T. gersa-
mia, Tbilisis qaSveTis wm. giorgis axali eklesia,
saqarTvelos siZveleni, 17, 2014, gv. 312-327.
23
eklesiis mamulebis gamge komitetis Tavmjdomares
ivane amilaxvars ar surda qvaSveTis Zveli eklesiis
dangreva, raki is mis mama-papaTagan iyo aSenebuli.
igi mxolod mas Semdeg daiTanxmes, rac dapirdnen,
rom axali eklesia samTavisis mixedviT aSendeboda.
imxanad samTavisi amilaxvarTa agebulad iTvleboda
(v. beriZe. Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba, 1801-1917 wle-
bi, t. II, gv. 88; k. cincaZe, qvaSveTis wmidis giorgis
eklesia tfilisSi, gv. 37).
Si arCevanis safuZveli wminda esTetikuria.
es aris wm. rifsimes somxuri eklesia ial-
taSi, yirimSi, aSenebuli Tbiliseli arqite-
qtoris gabriel ter-miqelovis mier 1905-
1909 wlebSi. Tavad eklesia mTlianad Zveli
qarTuli da somxuri arqiteqturis motiveb-
zea agebuli24, magram amjerad CvenTvis ufro
sainteresoa misi ezos Sesasvlelis arqite-
qtura (sur. 10). liTonis WiSkris or mxares
g. ter-miqelovma dadga Tlili qviT mopir-
keTebuli koSkurebi, romlebic TavianTi
piramidulsaxuraviani cru gumbaTebiTa da
frontonebiT daboloebuli `mklavebiT~ Sua
saukuneebis Senobebs mogvagonebs. koSkureb-
is gare (quCispira) fasadebi samTavnuri kom-
poziciis Sekvecili (usarkmlo) versiiT aris
morTuli. jvari, girCi da kvadratebi Sem-
kulia Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis rep-
ertuaridan aRebuli CuqurTmebiT.
samTavnuri kompoziciisaTvis adgilis
SerCevidan da misi interpretaciidan gamom-
dinare, mgonia, rom g. ter-miqelovis namu-
Sevarze gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia d. grimis
zemoTnaxsenebma qmnilebam _ jvris aRmarTvis
eklesiis samreklom, romelic ialtidan sul
samiode kilometriT dacilebul livadiaSi
dgas da g. ter-miqelovs aucileblad eqne-
boda nanaxi. ialtis wm. rifsimes ezos Sesasv-
lelis koSkebis struqtura sakmaod waagavs
livadiis samreklosas. msgavsia samTavnuri
kompoziciebiT gaformebuli sibrtyeebis
proporciebi. analogiuria kompoziciis el-
ementTa SerCevac _ orsave SemTxvevaSi gam-
otovebulia sarkmeli (ialtis eklesiis Ses-
asvlelis koSkurebs, iseve rogorc livadi-
is samreklos, Sida sivrce ara aqvs). mcire
gansxvaveba aris am elementTa komponirebaSi:
livadiis samrekloSi girCi kvadratebis qve-
moTaa, ialtis eklesiaSi _ jvarsa da kvad-
ratebs Soris.
24
magaliTad, gumbaTi farTo da dabali yeliTa da
oTxi mrgvali koSkuriT kuTxeebSi gadmoRebulia
eCmiawinis wm. rifsimes eklesiidan, or sarkmels Sua
aRmarTuli didi moCuqurTmebuli jvari SuaSi de-
koratiuli girCiT (samxreT fasadze) _ axtalidan,
am sarkmlebis gaformeba msubuqi naxevarsvetebiTa
da maTze dasmuli gadanakecebiani TavsarTiT _ sava-
raudod, iSxnidan.

dasasruls, saerTo suraTis sisruli-
saTvis vaxseneb kidev erT, ufro gviandel
nagebobas, romelic funqciurad eklesia ar
yofila, magram formiT baZavs Sua sauku-
neebis qarTul eklesiebs. es aris cnobili
mewarmisa da komersantis akaki xoStarias
meuRlis _ minadora Turqia-xoStarias (gar-
daicvala 1924 wels) saflavis Zegli Teiran-
Si, dulabis sasaflaoze (sur. 11). savarau-
dod, is aSenda TbilisSi gazrdili da Sem-
dgom iranSi moRvawe rusi arqiteqtoris
nikolai markovis proeqtiT25. uSualo pro-
totipi mas ar gaaCnia, gamoyenebulia Zveli
qarTuli jvargumbaTovani eklesiis zogadi
struqtura (arc Tu ise marjved awyobili)
da XI-XII saukunebis eklesiebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli safasado dekoratiuli TaRnari.
`qarTulobis~ gancdas xels uwyobs fasa-
debis mopirkeTeba Tbili moyviTalo tonis
didroni Tlili filebiT.
aseTia Zalian mokled ganviTarebis xazi
qarTuli stilisa saeklesio arqiteqturaSi
_ stilisa, romlis saTaveSic david grimi
dgas Tavisi albomiT. rac ar unda vTqvaT
d. grimze, rogorc arqiteqtorze (da mas
didi SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebul
ostats namdvilad ver vuwodebT), misi,
rogorc Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreb-
is erT-erTi pirveli gamommzeureblisa da
popularizatoris Rvawli saTanadod unda
iqnas Sefasebuli.
25
j. giunaSvili, akaki xoStaria reza Sahis inaugu-
raciaze, gazeTi saqarTvelos respublika, #85,
7 maisi, 2010, gv. 4-5.
daviT xoStaria
DAVID KHOSHTARIA
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
DAVID GRIMM AND
THE GEORGIAN REVIVAL STYLE
IN CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
Summary
The architect David Grimm made a significant contri-
bution to the promotion of Medieval Georgian architec-
ture. Owing to the album of his drawings published in
1859, architects of the Russian Empire became aware
and appreciated Medieval Georgian monuments. The
emergence and early development of the Georgian
Revival Style in the church architecture were closely
linked to D. Grimm’s album. The architects particu-
larly admired a system of the decoration of the eastern
façade created by the master builder of the Samtavisi
Cathedral (completed in 1030) and repeated more or
less precisely in many twelfth- and thirteenth-century
93
churches. D. Grimm’s drawings of the eastern façades
of Samtavisi and one of its later copies, the Kabeni
church near Kojori became the source of inspiration for
a number of architects In 1860s and 1870s.
The Georgian Revival style was being used in and out-
side of Georgia both in Orthodox and Armenian Mono-
physite church architecture. The direct influence of D.
Grimm’s drawings can be traced in the project of the
reconstruction of the Anchiskhati Church in Tbilisi
(1865, the architect E. Beloy) and in the Surb Kara-
pet Church in Nor-Nakhichevan (1867, the architect B.
Gazirbekov). D. Grimm himself designed abbreviated
replicas of the Samtavisi façade for the bell tower of
the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross in Livadia,
Crimea (1879, built by A. Vincent in 1887) and for the
Russian Orthodox church in Copenhagen (1881). The
former in its turn inspired the architect G. Ter-Mikelov
in the design of the entrance towers of the St Hripsime
Church at Yalta, Crimea (built between 1905 and 1909).
 daviT xoStaria

1. samTavisis taZari. aRmosavleTi fasadi,

d. grimis naxati
94

Samtavisi Cathedral. East façade, drawing by

D. Grimm

2. kojris kabeni. aRmosavleTi fasadi, 3. anCisxatis eklesiis gadakeTebis proeqti.

d. grimis naxati aRmosavleTi fasadi. arqiteqtori e. beloi
Kabeni Church near Kojori. East façade, drawing by Project of the Reconstruction of Anchiskhati Church.
D. Grimm East façade, architect E. Beloy
 daviT xoStaria

4. surb karapetis eklesia nor-naxiWevanSi. 5. surb karapetis eklesia nor-naxiWevanSi.

aRmosavleTi fasadi,arqiteqtori dasavleTi fasadi, arqiteqtori
b. gazirbekovi (a. Razarianis fotosuraTi) b. gazirbekovi (a. Razarianis fotosuraTi)
Surb Karapet Church in Nor-Nakhichevan. East façade, Surb Karapet Church in Nor-Nakhichevan. West façade,
architect B. Gazirbekov (Photo by A. Kazarian) architect B. Gazirbekov (Photo by A. Kazarian)

95

6. navTluRis wm. barbares eklesia TbilisSi.

aRmosavleTi fasadi (m. liluaSvilis
fotosuraTi)
Navtlugi St Barbara Church in Tbilisi. East façade
(Photo by M. Liluashvili)
 daviT xoStaria

7. jvris aRmarTvis eklesiis samreklo

livadiaSi. arqiteqtori d. grimi. wina planze
_ mefiswuli aleqsei nikolozis-Ze
(1913 wlis fotosuraTi)
Church of the Exaltation of the Cross in Livadia. Architect
D. Grimm. In the foreground _ the heir apparent Alexei
Nikolaevich (Photo 1913)
96

8. wm. aleqsandre nevelis eklesia 9. wm. ninos eklesia gaspraSi. arqiteqtori

kopenhagenSi. arqiteqtori d. grimi n. krasnovi (1918 wlis fotosuraTi)
St Alexander Nevsky Church in Copenhagen. St Nino Church at Gaspra. Architect N. Krasnov
Architect D. Grimm (Photo 1918)
 daviT xoStaria

10. wm. rifsimes eklesia ialtaSi. ezos Sesasvleli, arqiteqtori g. ter-miqelovi

(v. bileckis fotosuraTi)
St Hripsime Church in Yalta. Courtyard entrance, architect G. Ter-Mikelov (Photo by V. Biletsky)

97
11. minadora Turqia-xoStarias saflavis
Zegli dulabis sasaflaoze TeiranSi
(n. naxucriSvilis fotosuraTi)
Tomb monument of Minadora Turkia-Khoshtaria
at the Dulab Cemetery in Tehran
(Photo by N. Nakhutsrishvili)
 naTia nacvliSvili
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
Tbilisis konfesiuri sivrcis
formireba: germanuli Temi da
luTeranuli eklesiebi*
XIX saukunis Tbilisis mravaleTnikuri da
mravalkonfesiuri urbanuli sivrcis Seqm­
naSi, sxvadasxva erovnebis xalxTan er­
Tad, mniSvnelovani wvlili germanelebmac
Seitanes.
germanelTa aqtiuri Camosaxleba sa-
qarTveloSi 1817 wlidan daiwyo. maTi pir-
veli kolonia _ marienfeldi sarTiWalaSi
Seiqmna. momdevno wels kolonistTa ricxvs
vÁurtembergidan 10 nakadad Camosuli 500
ojaxi Seemata. 1818 wels saqarTveloSi sul
98
5 kolonia daarsda: ori TbilisTan (aleq-
sandersdorfi da axali Tbilisis kolonia)
da TiTo-TiTo sarTiWalaSi (petersdor-
fi), asureTsa (elizabetTali) da bolnisSi
(katarinenfeldi)1. germanelTa Camosaxlebam
1910-ian wlebamde gastana.
Tbilisis midamoebis orive germanu-
li dasaxleba mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze
mdebareobda _ aleqsandersdorfi didube-
Si da axali Tbilisis kolonia kukiaze2. am
* werili momzadda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli sa­
mecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis _
`arqiteqtura da identoba: saeklesio mSenebloba
TbilisSi (1801-1918)~ _ farglebSi.
1
g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi amierkavka-
siaSi, Tb., 1974, gv. 30-32.
2
1852 wlamde Tbilisis (kukiis) kolonias, iseve, ro-
gorc sxva germanul koloniebs, gansakuTrebuli
statusi hqonda. Sida saqmeebis saxelmZRvanelod
da mosagvareblad Temi irCevda mamasaxliss (germa-
nulad Sulce, Schulze) da or msajuls (baizitceri,
Beisitzer). saxelmwifos mxridan koloniis mmarTvelo-
ba ebara jer kolonistebis sammarTvelo kantoras
(1833 wlamde), Semdeg samoqalaqo gubernatoris kan-
celarias (1834-1839 wlebSi), saxelmwifo qonebaTa
sa­
mi­
nistros (1839-1849 wlebi), bolos ki kavkasiis
mefisnacvlis mTavar sammarTvelosTan Seqmnil sa-
ukanasknelSi sul 69 ojaxma daido bina.
maTTvis gankuTvnili teritoria xelisuf-
lebas winaswar Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT
quCebad da sakarmidamo nakveTebad hqonda
dayofili. koloniis centrSi gamoyofili
iyo adgili eklesiis, sasuliero saswavle-
belisa da pastoris saxlisTvis. TiToeulma
germanulma ojaxma sacxovrebeli saxlis asa-
Seneblad da sameurneo saqmianobis dasawy-
ebad or heqtramde miwis nakveTi miiRo3.
axalmosaxleTa umetesoba miekuTvneboda
pietistTa ukidures egzaltirebul frTas
_ e. w. separatistebs. am religiurma mimar-
Tulebam farTo gavrceleba pova germaniis
samxreT regionebSi, kerZod vÁurtembergSi
mcxovreb luTeranebs Soris da fanatikuri
seqtis saxe miiRo. maT uflis moaxloebuli
meored mosvlis swamdaT da dedamiwaze aTas-
wliani `RvTis sufevis~ damyarebas elodnen.
es molodini gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda napo-
leonis omebisa da 1816-1817 wlebis mousav-
lianobis Semdeg4. separatistebs germaniaSi
sastikad sdevnidnen, arTmevdnen qonebas da
apatimrebdnen5. am dros maT mfarvelad ga-
mouCnda ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre I,
romelic daTanxmda germanelebis kavkasia-
Si gadmosaxlebas6. misi gadawyvetileba po-
xelmwifo qonebaTa eqspedicias (1850 wlidan). 1852
wels Tbilisis germanuli kolonia amoRebuli iqna
eqspediciis gamgeblobidan da daeqvemdebara Tbi-
lisis saqalaqo mmarTvelobas. Sesabamisad, masze
gavrcelda qalaqis mSeneblobis wesebi. amieridan
kolonistebs ekrZalebodaT nebarTvis gareSe raime
mSeneblobis Catareba. ix.: T. beriZe, Zveli Tbilisis
gareubnebis istoria, Tb., 1977, gv. 42-47.
3
saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi #1727, Тиф-
лисский Евангелическо-Лютеранский церковный совет;
anaweri #1, saqme #29, Материалы об объединении не-
мецких колоний город Тифлис и колония Тифлис и о по-
стройке церкви.
4
A. Gestrich, German Religious Emigration to Russia in the Ei-
ghteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: Three Case Studies,
wignSi: In Search of Peace and Prosperity: New German Settle-
ments in Eighteenth-Century Europe and America, edited by H.
Lehmann, H. Wellenreuther, and R. Wilson in cooperation with
J. B. Frantz and C. Wessel, Pennsylvania, 2000, gv. 93.
5
T. kvirkvelia, v. qurTiSvili, germanelTa dasaxleba
TbilisSi, literatura da xelovneba, 1-6, 1995, gv. 15.
6
g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi amierkavka-
siaSi, gv. 16-25.

litikuri da socialuri garemoebebiT iyo
nakarnaxevi. axali teritoriebis dapyrobis
xarjze mzard imperias ekonomikis gansavi-
Tareblad kargi xelosnebi da meurneebi
sWirdeboda, germanelebi ki cnobili iyvnen
kvalifikaciiTa da SromismoyvareobiT. sepa-
ratistebs, Tavis mxriv, swamdaT, rom qriste
araratis mTebidan unda mosuliyo, amitom
kavkasias gansakuTrebul sakralur mniSv-
nelobas aniWebdnen da surdaT gankiTxvis
dRes, romelsac 1836 wlisTvis elodnen, aq
Sexvedrodnen. ruseTis imperiaSi gadmosax-
lebas germanelebi pirvel rigSi fanatikuri
religiuri Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare da-
Tanxmdnen, Tumca konfesiuri Tavisuflebis
da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebis per-
speqtivam maT gadawyvetilebaze aseve mniSv-
nelovani gavlena iqonia7.
saqarTveloSi Camosvlisa da dasaxlebis
Semdeg kolonistebs gauWirdaT damoukide-
beli religiuri organizaciis daarseba. maT
ar hqondaT saamiso gamocdileba, ar hyavdaT
religiuri liderebi da ver Tanxmdebodnen
rwmenasTan dakavSirebul fundamentur sa­
kiTxebze. 1820-ian wlebSi TbilisSi Camo­
sulma bazelis misiam8 germanuli kolonie-
bis dasaxmareblad misionerebis gamogzavnis
aucileblobis sakiTxi daayena9.
1823 wlis 12-22 agvistos, misioner avgust
ditrixis (August Dittrich) TaosnobiT Tbi­lisSi
Catarda Svidi vÁurtemberguli ko­lo­niis
saeklesio kreba, romelmac `saeklesio ganwe-
7
A. Gestrich, German Religious Emigration to Russia.., gv. 94.
8
bazelis misia, igive bazelis evangelisturi misio-
neruli sazogadoeba, 1815 wels Seiqmna. misi warmo-
madgenlebi ZiriTadad vÁurtembergis luTeranuli
da bazelis reformatoruli eklesiebis wevrebi
iyvnen. sazogadoebis mizani iyo misionerTa sagange-
bod momzadeba emigrantTa koloniebSi gasagzavnad.
1821 wels bazelis misiam sakuTari warmomadgenle-
bi ruseTis imperiaSic, kerZod, kavkasiasa da kas-
piis zRvis regionSi gamoagzavna Raribi germanuli
da Sveduri koloniebis mosanaxuleblad. luTeran
misionerTa saqmianoba ruseTis imperiaSi 1835 wels
nikoloz I-is brZanebiT Sewyda. ix.: http://missionaries.
griffith.edu.au/missionary-training/basel-mission-society-1815;
http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search?coll_id=1220&inst_
id=45&keyword=Asia
9
A. Gestrich, German Religious Emigration to Russia.., gv. 96.
naTia nacvliSvili
seba~ miiRo10. meore aseTi Sekreba 1828 wlis
3 da 4 ianvars moewyo misioneris, SemdgomSi
ufrosi pastoris, iohaness bernard zalte-
tis (Johannes Bernhard Saltet) xelmZRvanelobiT.
ramdenadme Secvlili ganweseba ruseTis im-
peratorma erTi wlis Semdeg daamtkica. mos-
kovis luTeranuli konsistoriisgan damou-
kideblad, Seiqmna Svidi mrevli _ koloniebis
raodenobis Sesabamisad _ ufrosi pastoriT
saTaveSi. Tbilisis sxva germanelebi, romle-
bic aq kolonistebis mosvlamde cxovrobdnen
da maTgan gansxvavebiT, Tbilisis moqalaqeebi
iyvnen (samxedro pirebi, xelosanTa ramdenime
ojaxi) gancalkevebiT darCnen11. aqve unda aRi-
niSnos, rom axladCamosul da adre dasaxle-
bul germanelebs Soris daZabuli urTierTo-
ba arasodes yofila. gansxvavebuli religi-
uri warmodgenebi maT xels ar uSlida saerTo
saeklesio sivrciT esargeblaT, ramac mSob-
liur qveyanas moSorebuli, ucxo miwaze mc-
xovrebi eTnosi momavalSi gaaerTiana kidec.
axali Tbilisis koloniis eklesias sa-
99
fuZveli 1828 wlis 7 Tebervals Caeyara,
misTvis koloniis centrSi gamoyofil te-
ritoriaze _ dRevandeli k. marjaniSvilis
quCisa da daviT aRmaSeneblis prospeqtis ga-
dakveTaze12 (sur. 1).
mSeneblobis dasawyebad saWiro Tanxa
germanelebma da qalaqis Tanamdebobis pi-
rebma gaiRes13. saZirkvlis Cayras ramde-
nime maRalCinosani piri eswreboda14, maT
10
germanuli Temebisa da maTi samSeneblo saqmiano­
bis istoria dawvrilebiT aris moTxrobili wignSi:
Bericht über den Bau der evangelisch-lutherischen Petri-Pauli-
Kirche in Tiflis 1893-1897 vom Kirchenrat, Tiflis, 1898. misi
erTi egzemplari daculia centralur saistorio
arqivSi (fondi #1727, anaweri #1, saqme #54). mad-
loba minda gadavuxado dimitri TumaniSvils germa-
nuli teqstis qarTuli TargmanisaTvis.
11
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 3.
12
eklesiis saZirkvelSi Cades spilenZis fila impera-
toris saxelis, safuZvlis Cayris TariRis da ekle-
siis saxelobis aRniSnviT, biblia, augsburgis aRmsa-
rebloba da martin luTeris mcire katexizmo.
13
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 4.
14
sca, fondi #1734, Петропавловская евангелическо-лю-
теранская церковь в городе Тифлисе, anaweri #1, saqme
#1, Счёты и расчёты по постройке евангелическо-лютеранской
церкви св. Петра и Павла в городе Тифлисе в 1828 году, gv. 1.
 naTia nacvliSvili
Soris, samxedro gubernatori n. sipiagini,
romelic imavdroulad kolonistebis sa-
Civrebis gansaxilveli specialuri komite-
tis Tavmjdomarec iyo15. Semowiruli Tanxa
maleve gaTavda da kedlebis daaxloebiT
1,5 metramde amoyvanis16 Semdeg mSenebloba
SeCerda. germanelma kolonistebma dasaxma-
reblad mTavrobas mimarTes. xelisuflebam
`Camosaxlebulebis aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb
saTanado cnobebis moZiebis da imaSi darwmu-
nebis Semdgom, rom isini, zogierTebis gamo-
klebiT, aRiarebdnen mxolod wm. luTera-
nul sarwmunoebas, ukiduresad aucileblad
CaTvala maT xuT koloniaSi aeSenebina ekle-
siebi, eklesiebTan pastorebis gansaTavsebe-
li saxlebi moewyo, xolo tfilisis kolo-
niaSi saswavlebeli daearsebina~17.
1830 wels uzenaesma xelisuflebam sa-
qarTvelos mTavarmarTeblis baron rozenis
SuamdgomlobiT 27 859 maneTi da 55 kapiki
gamoyo axali Tbilisis, elizabetTalis, ka-
tarinenfeldis, marienfeldis da elenen-
100
dorfis (goigoli, azerbaijani) koloniebSi
eklesiebis asagebad18.
axali Tbilisis koloniis eklesiis mSe-
nebloba inJiner lazarevis xelmZRvane-
lobiT ganaxlda. misi Tavdapirveli gegma
Seicvala da grZiv navs dasavleT mxares nar-
Teqsic daemata. eklesiis gare saxeze war-
modgenas gviqmnis al. Stringis (Al. String) na-
xati19, romelzec Senoba Crdilo-dasavleTi
mxridan aris naCvenebi (sur. 2). misi arqite-
qtura gviani klasicizmis nimuSia. narTeqs-
15
g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi amierkavka-
siaSi, gv. 42.
16
2265 kodi (daaxloebiT 110 tona) kirqva pastor
zaltets sofel did avWalaSi mcxovrebi saxazino
glexis zaxari varTanaSvilisagan 604,26 vercxlis
maneTad SeuZenia (sca, fondi #1734, saqme #1, gv. 30).
17
sca, fondi #1727, anaweri #1, saqme #29.
18
Tanxis ZiriTadi nawili gaTvaliswinebuli iyo Tbi-
lisis eklesiis dasamTavreblad da iqve pastoris
saxlis da saswavleblis asaSeneblad. mxolod amis
Semdeg SeeZloT sxva koloniebs darCenili fuliT
eklesiebis mSeneblobis wamowyeba (iqve).
19
liTografia naxatidan Sesrulebulia Tbiliseli
gravioris henrix dÁusterdikis mier, savaraudod,
1880-ian wlebSi.
ze aRmarTuli samreklo erTmaneTze dadg-
muli ori kuburi moculobisgan Sedgeboda
da mrgvali gumbaTiT sruldeboda. mis qveda
sivrces aqeT-iqidan mokle mklavebi erTvo-
da. gumbaTis sfero jvriT iyo dagvirgvine-
buli. dasavleTi karis win mowyobil karibWes
oTxi msxvili toskanuri sveti amkobda. maT
efuZneboda antablementi, romlis Tavzec
frontoni iyo gakeTebuli. grZivi kedlebi
oTx-oTxi TaRovani sarkmliT nawevrdeboda.
eklesia quCidan moSorebiT, siRrmeSi idga.
wm. petresa da pavles eklesiis arqiteq-
tura romelime konkretul tipobriv pro-
eqts Tu ara, imperiaSi dadgenil ZiriTad
samSeneblo tendenciebs udavod misdevda.
rogorc cnobilia, aleqsandre I-is mmarT-
velobis periodSi (1801-1825) da erTxans,
Semdegac gviani klasicizmi ruseTis impe-
riis oficialur arqiteqturul stils war-
moadgenda20. 1820-30-ian wlebSi TbilisSi
ramdenime marTlmadidebelTa eklesiac gaa-
formes klasicistur yaidaze _ magaliTad,
avlabris feriscvalebis, karis wm. giorgis
da samebis eklesiebi21.
luTeranuli eklesiis mSenebloba 1834
wels dasrulda. kurTxevis rituals, rome-
lic avgust ditrixma Caatara, eswrebodnen
saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli baroni roze-
ni, egzarqosi mose, somexi mTavarepiskoposi
da qalaqis sxvadasxva moxele22.
kolonistebisgan gansxvavebiT, sakuTari
samlocvelo ar hqondaT Tbilisis moqalaqe
luTeranebs. isini kolonistebis eklesiiT
sargeblobdnen da am ukanasknelTagan uaryo-
fili pastori qristian franc haani (Christian
Franz Hahn) emsaxureboda. 1850 wels kavka-
20
d. xoStaria, imperiuli identoba da rusuli sti-
li Tbilisis saeklesio arqiteqturaSi, arqiteq-
tura da identoba: saeklesio mSenebloba TbilisSi
(1801-1918), proeqtis macne, Tb., 2015, gv. 85.
v. beriZe, Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba, 1801-1917 wle-
21
bi, t. II, Tb., 1963, gv. 27; klasicisturi elementebis
mqone eklesiebis sruli CamonaTvalisaTvis ix.: g. Wa-
niSvili, Tbilisis 1801-1918 wlebis saeklesio nage-
bobebis klasificireba saarqivo wyaroebis mixedviT,
arqiteqtura da identoba: saeklesio mSenebloba
TbilisSi (1801-1918), proeqtis macne, Tb., 2015, gv. 33.
22
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 6.

siis mefisnacvalma mixeil voroncovma maT
baronis quCaze (dRevandeli a. furcelaZis
quCa) miwa aCuqa, saxelmwifom ki 1000 mane-
Tis odenobis subsidia gamouyo. am TanxiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda samlocvelo saxlis aSe-
neba. 1865 wels Senoba gadakeTda polkov-
nik viqtor fon hÁorSelmanis (Victor von
Hörschelmann) TaosnobiT. saxli ori nawilis
_ erTmaneTTan farTo kariT dakavSirebuli
samlocvelo darbazisa da misaRebi oTaxis-
gan Sedgeboda. am ukanasknels fanjrebi da
Sesasvleli kari quCis mxares hqonda. karis
Tavze mowyobili iyo patronike orRanis
dasadgmelad. mis mopirdapire mxares gan-
Tavsebul sakristias ukana mxridan sakurT-
xevli emijneboda. samlocvelo darbazi, ro-
melic ezoSi mdebareobda, gafarTovda. misi
sigrZe 19.20 metramde gaizarda, sigane 7.10,
xolo simaRle 5.68 metramde23.
Tbilisis 1867 wlis gegmis mixedviT, sam-
locvelo saxli dRevandeli r. TabukaSvilisa
da aTonelis quCebs Soris idga (sur. 3), im
adgilas sadac dRes yvavilebis bazaria.
es saxli gansakuTrebuli popularobiT
ar sargeblobda qalaqel luTeranebs Soris.
kolonistebis msgavsad, maTac surdaT sru-
lyofili saeklesio nageboba, romelic mra-
valkonfesiur qalaqSi maTi arsebobis saja-
ro da TvalsaCino dadastureba iqneboda.
swored Tbilisis mravalferovan urbanul
garemoSi TviTdamkvidrebis surviliT unda
yofiliyo gamowveuli maTi gadawyvetile-
ba sakuTari eklesiis aRmarTvis Sesaxeb.
mrevlis wevrebma 1874-1877 wlebSi luTera-
nebsa da sxva konfesiis xalxebs Soris axa-
li eklesiisTvis daaxloebiT 10 000 maneTi
Seagroves, magram mSeneblobis sakiTxi qa-
laqel da koloniis mrevlTa gaerTianebis
problemam droebiT daCrdila24.
XIX saukunis Sua xanis Semdeg, roca se-
paratistebis molodini meored mosvlasTan
23
samlocvelos gasafarToveblad mrevls kavkasiis
xelisuflebisgan damatebiT 2000 maneTi sesxis aRe-
ba mouwia. sesxi ruseTis evangelistur-luTeranuli
mrevlebis daxmarebiT 4 weliwadSi iqna gastumrebu-
li (iqve, gv. 7).
24
iqve.
naTia nacvliSvili
dakavSirebiT ar gamarTlda, maTi umetesoba
tradiciul luTeranizms daubrunda. 1861
wels axali Tbilisis kolonia oficialurad
SeuerTda Tbiliss da kolonistebi Tbilisis
moqalaqeebi gaxdnen. ori damoukidebeli
mrevlis arsebobam azri dakarga. 1884 wels
gamarTul saerTo krebaze25 yofili koloni-
is mrevli koloniaTa sinodis kavSiridan ga-
movida da moskovis evangelistur-luTera-
nul konsistorias daeqvemdebara. 1890 wels
ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre III-is brZa-
nebiT ori mrevli gaerTianda26. am faqtma
garkveuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvia _ daixura
saswavlebeli, zedmetad CaiTvala samlocve-
lo da kvlav aqtualuri gaxda eklesiis mSe-
neblobis sakiTxi27.
saeklesio sabWom _ savaraudod, Tanxebis
dazogvis mizniT _ jer Tbilisis koloni-
is eklesiis gadakeTeba gadawyvita. proeqti
arqiteqtor aleqsandr SimkeviCs daukveTes,
Tumca Sesabamisma komisiam daadgina, rom
nageboba daZvelebuli iyo da rekonstruq-
101
cias ar eqvemdebareboda. sabolod gadawyda
axali eklesiis aSeneba. proeqti evangelis-
tur-luTeranuli eklesiis mrevlis arqi-
teqtorebs _ paul Sternsa da oto simon-
sons daukveTes28. p. Sternma mavrul stilSi
25
krebas Taosnobdnen Zveli moqalaqeebis mxridan
general-maiori gotlib fon brandti (Gottlieb von
Brandt), saxelmwifo mrCeveli karl haani (Carl Hahn)
da vaWari fridrix zetceri (Friedrich Setzer), kolo-
nistebis mxridan _ namdvili saxelmwifo mrCeveli
hainrix fon Struve (Heinrich von Struve), ludismxarS-
veli fridrix vetceli (Friedrich Wetzel) da maswavle-
beli maTeus Svarci (Matthäus Schwarz). (iqve, gv. 9).
26
iqve, gv. 8.
27
iqve, gv. 9.
28
iqve, gv. 10. germanul teqstSi uTuod orTogra-
fiuli Secdomaa gaparuli da arqiteqtor Sternis
saxelis inicialad P-s (paul) nacvlad aso H aqvs
dasmuli. gasakviri ar aris, rom Sternma eklesiis
arqiteqturis stilad mavruli airCia. islamuri
stilizaciiT arqiteqtoris gataceba mis mier dap-
roeqtebul araerT SenobaSi iCens Tavs. magaliTad,
yofili saTaTbiros da gamgeobis Senoba (dRevandeli
Tbilisis sakrebulo, 1882-1886 wlebi), misi sakuTari
saxli daviT aRmaSeneblis prospeqtis #128-Si (1893
weli) da sxva. ix.: v. beriZe, Tbilisis xuroTmoZR-
vreba, 1801-1917 wlebi, t. II, gv. 183-184; m. mania, evro-
peli arqiteqtorebi TbilisSi, Tb., 2000, gv. 32, 94.
 naTia nacvliSvili
Sesrulebuli proeqti waradgina, xolo o.
simonsonma _ neogoTikuri, romelic XIX
saukunis Sua xanidan ruseTis imperiaSi lu-
Teranuli eklesiebisaTvis lamis oficialur
arqiteqturul stilad iqna miRebuli29. am-
denad, ar aris gasakviri, rom upiratesoba o.
simonsonis proeqts mieniWia.
1891 wels SerCeuli proeqti eklesiis
sabWom dasamtkiceblad sankt-peterburgSi
gagzavna. Sinagan saqmeTa saministrodan das-
turis mosvlamde, cxadia mrevli salocavi
adgilis gareSe ver iqneboda. ori mrevlis
gaerTianebisa da samlocvelo saxlis da-
ketvis Semdeg meti sivrce iyo saWiro, ami-
tom gadawyda Tbilisis koloniis eklesiis
gafarToeba. sakristia sakurTxevlad gada-
keTda, es ukanaskneli ki centraluri navis
nawili gaxda, aseve gaizarda dasavleT mona-
kveTSi koSkisa da navis gadakveTis adgili da
patronikes sivrce30. rekonstruqcia gazrdi-
li mrevlis mcire zomis eklesiaSi datevas
emsaxureboda.
102
1893 wlis 19 seqtembers safuZveli
Caeyara wm. petresa da pavles axal eklesi-
as31. is zustad Zveli eklesiis win, kirxesa
da mixeilis quCebis kuTxeSi ganTavsda. mSe-
nebloba arqiteqtor leopold bilfeldis
xelmZRvanelobiT warimarTa32.
eklesiis Tavdapirvel proeqtSi mci-
re cvlilebebi iqna Setanili. magaliTad,
aguris kedlebis nestisgan dasacavad dama-
tebiT gaCnda Tlili qvis cokoli; saxura-
visTvis moTuTiebuli Tunuqi SeirCa; gadaw-
yda patronikes gafarToeba, raTa mas orRa-
Е. И. Кириченко, Русская архитектура 1830-1910-х годов,
29
М., 1978, gv. 100.
30
gadakeTebuli eklesia pastor-adÁunktma qristian
beermanma (Christian Beermann) akurTxa (Bericht über den
Bau.., gv. 10).
31
saZirkvlis qvis Cadebis pativi ergoT moskovis
evangelistur-luTeranuli konsistoriis superin-
tendants paul fon everTs (Paul von Ewerth), kavka-
siis saswavlo olqis mzrunvels kiril Áanovskisa da
tfilisis vice-gubernators graf voldemar tizen-
hauzens (Woldemar Tiesenhausen). iqve, gv. 12.
32
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 13; T. gersamia, Zveli Tbi-
lisis arqiteqturis istoriidan, saqarTvelos siZ­
ve­leni, #10, 2007, gv. 207.
nis garda, mgalobelTa gundic Tavisuflad
daetia33.
saqarTvelos centralur saistorio
arqivSi daculi evangelistur-luTeranuli
eklesiis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli do-
kumentacia mniSvnelovan informacias gvawv-
dis XIX saukunis bolos TbilisSi moRvawe
mSeneblebisa da xelosnebis vinaobis Sesaxeb,
aseve masaliT momaragebisa da zogadad mSe-
neblobis organizaciis Sesaswavlad34.
aqtiuri samSeneblo samuSaoebi 1894
wlis gazafxulze daiwyo. nagebobis fun-
damenti (daaxloebiT 469 kuburi metri)35
da cokoli qvis ostatis nikolai beliaevis
xelmZRvanelobiT gakeTda36. samSeneblo ma-
salad gamoyenebuli iqna kirqva, romelic
Tavadi ilia gedevaniSvilis kuTvnili ka-
rieridan SeiZines37.
eklesiis kedlebis da TaRebis amoyva-
nas e. w. rusuli aguriT qvis ostati karl
SuiSeli meTavlyureobda. is pasuxismgebeli
iyo rogorc Sesrulebuli samuSaos akura-
tulobasa da simtkiceze, ise saWiro rao-
denobis ostatebis da muSebis daqiraveba-
ze (`Все работы обязываюсь выполнить прочно
и аккуратно и наставить на работе мастеровых и
рабочих сколько потребуется~38). samSeneblo
aguri baqodan igzavneboda. maT mowodebas
Zmeb manveliancebis navTobproduqtebisa da
marilis firma uzrunvelyofda39.
33
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 14.
34
sca, fondi #1733, Комитет по постройке евангеличе-
ско-лютеранской Петро-Павловской церкви в городе Тиф-
лисе, anaweri #1.
35
iqve, saqme #2.
ostati xels gadaxdis qviTrebze berZnulad awers,
36
rac mis erovnebaze miuTiTebs. iqve, saqme #4, gv. 5.
37
Tavadi i. gedevaniSvilis gancxadebaSi, romelic
man luTeranuli eklesiis samSeneblo komisias qvis
transportirebasTan dakavSirebiT miswera, naTqva-
mia, rom karieri qalaq kaspis rkinigzis sadguridan
daaxloebiT 3 kilometris, xolo mcxeTis rkinigzis
sadguridan daxloebiT 9 kilometris daSorebiT
mdebareobda (iqve, saqme #2). rogorc cnobilia, kas-
pis midamoebi mdidaria kirqviT. swored aman ganapi-
roba 1926-1931 wlebSi aq cementis qarxnis aSeneba.
38
iqve, saqme #3.
39
iqve, saqme #4, gv. 15, 17.

mcire samuSaoebi, rogoricaa karebis
CarCoebis Casma, kibis mowyoba, karebis Camo­
kideba da SeRebva xelosan aleqsandre kapa-
naZes Seusrulebia40.
1896 wels eklesia aSenebulia da is deko-
ratiulad formdeba. karnizebis mosawyobad,
aseve kontrforsebisa da fasadebis calke-
uli adgilebis gasaformebelad saWiro qvis
filebi i. xregliCis sawyobSi iqna SeZenili41.
SemdgomSi es filebi dekorator anton no-
vaks dauferavs minis saRebaviT42. eklesiis
ezosa da trotuaris mowyoba daukveTes
karl Sulcis firmas, romelic cementisa da
asfaltis samuSaoebs asrulebda43. sasarkmle
feradi mina samSeneblo komisiam SeiZina ar-
tem axverdovis sawyobSi, romelic im dros
evropaSi xarisxiT ganTqmuli belgiuri da
rusuli (malcovebis) minis Semomtani yofi-
la saqarTveloSi44.
1897 wlis dasawyisisTvis eklesiis
gamSveneba dasrulebuli iyo. yvelaze bo-
los gakeTda rkinis zari da koSkis dasav-
leTi kedlis saaTi. zari TbilisSi, inJinre-
bis iaralovisa da alixanovis meqanikisa da
rkinis sasxmel qarxanaSi daamzades45, xolo
saaTis oqrosferi ciferblati f. tarasovis
mxatvruli aqsesuarebis maRaziaSi moixata46.
40
iqve, gv. 1.
41
xregliCis sawyobi mixeilisa da iv. krilovis quCe-
bis (dRevandeli aRmaSeneblis prospeqti da j. kaxi-
Zis quCa) gadakveTaze, mixeilis prospeqtis #148-Si
mdebare Sternis cnobil saxlSi iyo ganTavsebuli
(iqve, saqme #6, gv. 61).
42
iqve, gv. 1. anton novaks 1890-iani wlebSi saxelos­
no hqonda mixeilis (axlandeli aRmaSeneblis) pros-
peqtze #144 saxlSi. saxelosno asrulebda sam-
Rebro da saalfreo samuSaoebs da aseve SekveTebs
iRebda Teatris dekoraciebze, scenis mowyobaze,
interieris moxatvasa da xelovnuli marmarilos
damzadebaze (Путеводитель по Кавказу, издание К. Беги-
чева, Тифлис, 1896, gv. 127). XX saukunis dasawyisidan
a. novakis saxelosno ukve arqiteqturul qandake-
bebzec muSaobda (К. Моретти, 50 лет на стройках Грузии,
Тб., 1971, gv. 12-14).
43
iqve, gv. 31.
axverdovs farTi sawyobisaTvis somxur bazarze, me-
44
liq aikazovis saxlSi hqonda naqiravebi (iqve, gv. 58).
45
iqve, saqme #7, gv. 1.
maRazia veliaminovis (dRevandeli dadianis) quCaze
46
mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 2).
naTia nacvliSvili
zemoT CamoTvlil samSeneblo masalaTa
maRaziebis da samxatvro saxelosnoebis mra-
valferovneba, maT mier momxmareblisTvis
SeTavazebuli produqciis da momsaxurebis
maRali xarisxi kidev erTxel adasturebs,
rom XIX saukunis miwurulis Tbilisi gacxo-
velebuli ekonomikuri da kulturuli cxov-
rebis mqone evropuli yaidis qalaqi iyo.
eqsterierisgan gansxvavebiT, ucnobia
zustad rogor gamoiyureboda wm. petresa
da pavles eklesiis interieri. gansakuT-
rebuli mniSvneloba patronikes saTanadod
gamarTvas eniWeboda. patronikes, sadac or-
Rani da mgalobelTa gundi Tavsdeboda, lu-
Teranuli RvTismsaxurebisTvis gansakuTre-
buli liturgiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. mar-
tin luTeris gamorCeulma damokidebulebam
musikisadmi da misma cnobilma gamonaTqvamma
`Teologiis Semdeg meore adgilze vayeneb
musikas da mivageb udides pativs~, arsebiTad
gansazRvra luTeranuli RvTismsaxurebis
xasiaTi47.
103
eklesiis kurTxevis scenis aRweridan
irkveva, rom interierSi ganTavsebuli iyo
saqadago da trapezi. `akurTxa (superinten-
dantma fon everTma _ n. n.) jvris gardas-
axviT saqadago, trapezi, zari, orRani da
mTeli Senoba~48. rogorc Cans, aseve luTe-
ranuli wesis Tanaxmad, eklesiaSi xatebi da
wmindanTa qandakebebi ar hqoniaT. arcerTi
dokumenti maTi SeZenis an kurTxevis faqts
ar ixseniebs. erTaderTi Zegli _ aleqsan-
dre III-s (1881-1894) biusti _ Zveli eklesiis
dasavleTi kedlis niSaSi iyo moTavsebuli49.
es biusti mrevlis wevrebma 1890-ian wleb-
Si dadges maTi gamaerTianebeli monarqis
Rvawlis aRsaniSnavad.
1897 wlis 4 aprils moskovis evangeli-
stur-luTeranulma konsistoriam axali ek-
lesiis kurTxevis nebarTva gasca. 18 maiss
47
vrclad musikis rolze luTeranul eklesiaSi ix.:
M. Range, The Material Presence of Music in Church: the Han-
seatic City of Lübeck, wignSi: A. Spicer (ed.) Lutheran Churches
in Early Modern Europe, Farnham, 2012, gv. 197-220.
48
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 17.
49
iqve, gv. 12.
 naTia nacvliSvili

kurTxevis sityvis warmosaTqmelad mosko- mxolod saukeTeso xarisxis samSeneblo ma-

vidan xelaxla Camovida superintendanti sala da dekoratiuli nakeTobebi SeiZina,
p. fon everTi. ceremonias Tbiliseli ger- rac Tbilisis germanuli Temis materialur
manelebis garda uamravi mowveuli stumari SeZlebaze da ambiciebze metyvelebda. marT-
eswreboda, maT Soris didi mTavari mixeil lac, maTi umetesoba SeZlebuli komersante-
romanovi da kavkasiis samoqalaqo mTavarmar- bi da mewarmeebi iyvnen. aseTi masStabis ekle-
Tebeli Tavadi grigori golicini. sazeimo sia marTmadidebel imperiaSi germanelebis
msvleloba Zveli eklesiidan (is SemdgomSi religiuri identobis SenarCunebis simbolo
sacxovrebel saxlad gadaakeTes)50 kirxesa da iyo da Tbilisis mravalkonfesiur da mrava-
mixeilis quCebis gavliT gaemarTa `didebul leTnikur garemoSi mtkiced damkvidrebuli
kamarebian da maRali sarkmlebis feradi maRali socialuri da kulturuli statusis
SuqiT~ ganaTebul axal eklesiaSi51. gazeTma manifestacias emsaxureboda.
`kavkazma~ kurTxevis ceremoniis didebuleba
feriscvalebis dResaswauls Seadara52.
1893-1897 wlebSi agebuli wm. petresa da
pavles eklesia Tavisi zomiTa da samSeneblo
xarisxiT erT-erTi gamorCeuli sakulto
Senoba iyo TbilisSi (sigane _ 13 m., sigrZe
_ 38 m., simaRle koSkis Spilis CaTvliT _
68 m.)53. eklesia Seulesavi aguris galavniT
SemozRudul, wiTlad moSandakebul swor-
kuTxa moedanze idga (sur. 4). jvruli geg-
104

mis mqone, aguris nageboba kirqvis cokol-

ze iyo aRmarTuli. dasavleT mxares koSki-
samreklo, xolo aRmosavleTiT, mTavari
navis perpendikularulad, transepti iyo
ganTavsebuli. aziduli formebi, Seisruli
Riobebi, mZlavrad Sverili kontrforsebi
da samreklos maRali piramidiseburi saxu-
ravi Senobas mkafio goTikur iers sZenda.
cokolis, orsafexurovani kontrforsebis
daferdebuli saxuravebis da kar-sarkmle-
bis sapireebis TeTri feri Seulesavi aguris
fonze mkveTr kontrasts qmnida. dasavleTi
portalis Tavze aseTive TeTri varduli iyo
gakeTebuli. transepts dasavleT kedelSi
gaWrili damatebiTi Sesasvlelebi hqonda.
mSeneblobis xarjma 56 933 maneTi da
90 kapiki Seadgina54. mrevlma eklesiisTvis
T. gersamia, Zveli Tbilisis arqiteqturis isto-
50

riidan, gv. 207.

51
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 17.
52
Кавказ, 19 Мая, 1897, #131, gv. 1-2.
T. gersamia, Zveli Tbilisis arqiteqturis isto-
53

riidan, gv. 207.

54
Bericht über den Bau.., gv. 30.
 naTia nacvliSvili

NATIA NATSVLISHVILI presence within the multicultural setting of the city.

George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
FORMING CONFESSIONAL SPACE:
GERMAN COMMUNITY AND
LUTHERAN CHURCHES IN TBILISI
Summary
Multicultural and Multi confessional urban space of the
19th century Tbilisi was shaped by different ethnic and
religious groups, among which, the contribution
of Germans was particularly important. The Ger-
man emigration to Georgia on a large scale started in
1817 when their first colony – Marienfeld (near Sar-
tichala) was established. Their number had increased
by the arrival of five hundred families from Württem-
berg in 1818. On the territory of Georgia, the German
immigrants established five colonies, two of which –
Alexsanderdorf (in Didube) and NeuTifflisserKolonie
(in Kukia) were located on the left bank of the river
From 1874 to 1877, 10 000 rubles were collected to
start the construction of a church, but it was hindered
by the process of the consolidation of two parishes. By
that time, the colonists had already returned to the Lu-
theranism and the existence of the two parishes did not
make sense anymore. In 1890, by the order of Alexan-
der III they were finally united.
With joint forces, Germans started to build a new
church. The building committee announced a compe-
tition between two leading architects: Paul Stern and
Otto Simonson. The former presented a project de-
signed in Neo- Moorish style, while the latter chose
a Neo-Gothic style. Preference was given to Otto Si-
monson’s project. The building activities led by another
famous German architect, Leopold Bielfeld, started in
1893 and was completed in 1897. The new Lutheran
church was situated in front of the old church and faced
the Mikheil Street (present David Aghmashenebeli Av-
enue) with its western façade. The church was one of
the biggest and most impressive religious buildings in
Tbilisi, manifesting the social status and the wealth of

105
Mtkvari. In 1862, they were fully incorporated into the its builders.
city. By confession, the colonists were Chiliastic Pi-
etists. They believed that the Last Judgment would take
place in the Caucasus around 1836. Persecuted and
exiled from the South German Duchy, the immi-
grants were sheltered by the Russian Emperor Alexan-
der I. The religious tolerance was one of the privileges
guaranteed to the new settlers; they also received lands
for living and agricultural purpose.
The first Lutheran Church in Tbilisi was built be-
tween 1828 and 1834. It was situated in the centre of
the colony, on the intersection of the present Marjan-
ishvili Street and David Agmashenebeli Avenue. It was
designed after the neoclassical style that was the main-
stream of the 1820s Russian Empire. The church also
served the German citizens who had settled in Tbilisi
before the colonists and who did not have a place of
their own for worship. In 1850, the Caucasus Viceroy
Mikhail Vorontsov gave them a plot on the Baron (pres-
ent Purtseladze) Street, while the authorities granted
them 1000 rubles as subsidy, which enabled the
Germans to build a meetinghouse. However, the par-
ish wanted a real church as a manifestation of their
 naTia nacvliSvili

1. wm. petresa da pavles luTeranuli eklesiis kuTvnili miwis nakveTis gegma, 1875 w.
(centraluri saistorio arqivi)
St. Peter and St. Paul Lutheran church land plan, 1875 (Central Historic Archive)
106

2. 1828-1834 wlebSi agebuli wm. petresa da

pavles luTeranuli eklesia. 1880-iani
wlebis liTografia
St. Peter and Paul Lutheran church constructed
between in 1828-1834. Lithography of 1880th
 naTia nacvliSvili

3. Tbilisis 1867 wlis gegma Tbilisi map, 1867

107
4. 1893-1897 wlebSi agebuli wm. petresa da pavles eklesia. Ria baraTi
St. Peter and Paul church, 1893-1897, Greeting Card
 ana kldiaSvili*
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
istoriis recefcia me-20 saukunis
qarTul mxatvrobaSi**
(nawili I. toposi sabWoTa xelovnebaSi)
Tvals Tu gadavavlebT gasuli saukunis sax-
viT xelovnebas, aRmovaCenT, rom qarTul
mxatvrobaSi istoriis recefciis ori eta-
pis gamoikveTaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli ufro
xangrZlivi sabWoTa periodiT, konkretulad
ki, 30-50-iani wlebiT Semoifargleba, xolo
meore ufro mcire droiT intervals, 80-
iani wlebis pirvel naxevars moicavs. saqarT-
108
velos istoria, misi warsuli orive SemTx-
vevaSi aqtiurad eqceva SemoqmedTa Tvalsawi-
erSi. amjerad Cveni werili mxolod sabWoTa
periods Seexeba.
`warsuli Cveni meSveobiT gamoTqvams
Tavs~1. warsuli ise gamoTqvams Tavs, rogo-
radac, ra aspeqtiTac ganixilaven mas moce-
mul momentSi; ra saxis Rirebulebebs eZeben
masSi, ras wamosweven am warsulis wiaRidan
da ra mizniT.
yoveli epoqa Tu etapi im paradigmis
prizmaSi ganixilavs warsuls, romelsac Ta-
vad atarebs kulturis sakuTar `sxeulSi~
(Tumca am paradigmis farglebSi mravali va-
* JurnalSi `Academia~ #3/2013/14 gamoqveynda weri­li:
ana kldiaSvili, `mxatvari _ paraziti (citaciis meTodis
Sesaxeb Tanamedrove qarTul mxatvrobaSi)~. statiis
avtorebi arian ana kldiaSvili da qristine darCia.
Jurnalis redaqcia bodiSs ixdis daSvebuli Sec-
domisTvis.
** naSromi wakiTxulia profesor dimitri TumaniS-
vilis 65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero kon-
ferenciaze (Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb., 2015,
11-12 ivnisi).
1
z. firaliSvili, qarTuli kaleidoskopi, Tb., 2015, gv. 5.
riacia SeiZleba arsebobdes). Cvens mier da-
sawyisSi gansazRvruli, arc Tu didi inter-
valiT (sul raRac 20-25 wliT) daSorebuli
ori etapi Cveni istoriisadmi sruliad gan-
sxvavebul midgomas warmoaCens. ufro metic,
am or etapze sakuTari warsulisadmi inter-
ess sruliad gansxvavebuli intencia ganapi-
robebda da, Sesabamisad, mizanic orive Sem-
TxvevaSi gansxvavebuli gaxldaT.
am sakiTxis kvleva da garkveuli
daskvnebis gamotana sainteresoa ara mar-
to saxelovnebaTmcodneo kuTxiT, aramed
mniS­
vnelovania zogadad dRevandeli Cveni
sazogadoebis erovnuli cnobierebis adeq-
vaturad Sefasebis kuTxiTac; warsulis gaaz-
reba, misdami damokidebuleba xom garkveul-
wilad, gansazRvravs eris identobis parame-
trebs awmyoSi da ganapirobebs samomavlo
orientirebsac.
am Temaze muSaobis dros, kerZod ki,
sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelos istoriis Te-
maze Seqmnili namuSevrebis moZiebisas (rac,
unda iTqvas, sakmaod rTuli iyo, radgan na-
muSevrebi praqtikulad aRar arsebobs da
maTi mxolod fotoebis moZieba SevZeliT)
gamoikveTa namuSevrebis ori ZiriTadi jgu-
fi. pirvel jgufSi gaerTianda suraTebi,
romlebic istoriul gmirebs, saqarTvelos
mefeebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul istoriul
movlenebs asaxavs; meore jgufSi ki gaerTi-
anda is suraTebi, romlebic ama Tu im kuTx-
iT romelime istoriul toposTan aris da-
kavSirebuli. Cveni werili swored am meore
jgufs Seexeba.
amjerad, Cven XX s-is 30-50-ian wlebSi
Sesrulebuli namuSevrebis mxatvrul mxares
ar SevexebiT. Tvalis erTi SevlebiTac ki
cxadia, rom es tipuri socrealisturi na-
muSevrebia, romlebzec Soreuli peizaJebis
fonze warmodgenilia sabWoTa adamianebis
`bednieri yofa~ _ zogan Sromis scenebia wina
planze, zogan _ garTobisa da dasvenebis.
erTi SexedvisTanave naTelia, rom am suraTe-
bze sabWoTa yofa, oRond, qarTuli sabWoTa
yofaa asaxuli. suraTebs fonad tipuri qar-
Tuli peizaJebi gasdevs _ zogan saqarTvelo-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTa-gorebze Sefeni-
li oda-saxlebiT, zogan Sua saukuneebis qar-
Tuli taZrebiT. sagangebodaa xazgasmuli wina
planze gamosaxul personaJTa nacionaluri
kuTvnilebac. aq warmodgenili adamianebis
tipaJica da Cacmulobac tipurad qarTulia.
uxvadaa eTnografiuli elementebic (cekva,
sakravebi). erovnuli motivebis sagangebod
warmoCena socrealisturi namuSevrebisaTvis
Cveulebrivi movlenaa da sabWoTa ideolo-
giiTaa ganpirobebuli (sur. 1, 2, 3, 4).
am konteqstSi, albaT aucilebelia ram-
denime sityva vTqvaT sabWoTa imperiis mier
gatarebuli e.w. `nacionaluri politikis~
Taobaze. mcdaria azri imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos
sabWoTa wyobilebis pirobebSi xelisufleba
axSobda yovelive erovnuls2. sulac piriq-
iT, adamianis uflebaTa Tanmimdevrulad
uarmyofeli bolSevikebi Zalze aqtiurad
da sruliad Segnebulad icavdnen erebisa da
erovnebebis uflebebs. `nacionaluri poli-
tikis~ fuZemdebeli Tavad lenini iyo, xolo
misi erTguli mimdevari ki stalini gaxl-
daT. `ers SeuZlia sakuTari survilisamebr
avtonomiur sawyisebze moawyos sakuTari
cxovreba. mas aqvs ufleba Sevides feder-
alur urTierTobebSi sxva erebTan. mas aqvs
ufleba sruliad gamoeyos sxvebs, nacia su-
verenulia da yvela eri Tanasworia~3. revo-
luciisa da samoqalaqo omis Semdgom wlebSi
gamocemul dekretebSi erebi da erovnebebi
garkveuli `uflebebiT~ iyvnen aRWurvilni.
am dekretebSi aRiarebuli iyo maTi Tanas-
woroba, garantirebuli iyo maTi suvereni-
teti eTnoteritoriuli federaciulobis
farglebSi; aseve garantirebuli iyo `na-
cionaluri umciresobebis~ Tavisufali gan-
viTarebis ufleba; deklarirebuli iyo na-
cionaluri institutebisa da tradiciebis
pativiscema da, raRa Tqma unda, yvelaze
mTavari gaxldaT leninis Teza `erTa TviT-
gamorkvevis~ Sesaxeb4.
2
z. kiknaZe, ilias mamuli, kr. saqarTvelo aTaswle­
ulebis mijnaze, Tb., 2004, gv. 42.
3
И. Сталин, Марксизм и национальный вопрос, М., 1950, gv. 51.
4
В. Ленин, Вопросы национальной политики и пролетар-
ского интернационализма, М., 1965.
ana kldiaSvili
oqtombris revoluciis pirvel wlebSi
da Semdgomac sabWoTa kavSirSi mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi Tavad partiul xelmZRvanelo-
baSi mimdinareobda cxare kamaTi e.w. `nacio-
nalur sakiTxze~5; am kamaTSi CarTuli iyvnen
mecnierebic (mag., niko mari), magram ukve
samamulo omis Semdgom xelisuflebam (faq-
tiurad ki stalinma) oficialurad ganmarta,
rom klasobrioba meoradia nacionalobasTan
SedarebiT da rom nacionalizmis mxardaWera
marqsizm-leninizmis uryevi principia6.
erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba ucnaurad
mogveCvenos, rom proletariatis diqtatu-
ris qveyanaSi faqtiurad aRiarebuli iyo
nacionaluri principis upiratesoba klaso-
brivze, Tumca, amis miRma bolSevikebis Sors
mimavali gegmebi imaleboda. 1919 wels par-
tiiis VIII yrilobaze leninisa da stalinis
nacionalur politikas n. buxarini da g. pi-
atakovi daupirispirdnen7. yrilobaze gamar-
Tuli mwvave kamaTis dros `nacionaluri
sakiTxis~ momxreebis da Tavad leninis argu-
109
mentebma naTlad daadastura, rom maTi zrax-
vebi arc ise keTilSobiuluri iyo, rogorc
es erTi SexedviT Canda. leninis pasuxi buxa-
rinis kritikaze aseTi iyo: Tu Cven uarvyofT
naciebs da mxolod mSromel masebze visau-
brebT, es Sedegs ver mogvitans; ar vaRiaroT
is, rac arsebobs obieqturad, SeuZlebelia8.
aucilebelia, yofilma mCagvrelebma moipo-
von yofil CagrulTa ndoba. rac ufro meti
uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi eqneba nacio-
nalur umciresobas, miT meti ndoba eqneba
5
m. lacisma axal xelisuflebas `federalizmis ab-
surdulobaze miuTiTa da gaafrTxila, rom respub-
likebis raodenobis gazrda iseTi `ganuviTarebeli
naciebis xarjze, rogorebic arian TaTrebi da belo-
rusebi, Zalze saxifaToa (А.П. Ненароков, К единству
равных: Культурные факторы объединительного движения
советских народов, 1917-1924, М., 1991, gv. 91-92). 1919
wels m. iofem xelisufleba gaafrTxila e.w. `naciona-
luri madis~ gazrdis Taobaze da mouwoda mas, bolo
moeRo `buferuli~ respublikebis separatizmisaT-
vis (А.П. Ненароков, К единству равных… gv. 92-93).
6
Y.Slezkin, The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a
Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism, Slavic Review,
Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 414—452.
7
Восьмой съезд РКП(б): Протоколы, М., 1959. С.46-48, 77-81.
8
iqve, gv. 46-48, 77-81.
 ana kldiaSvili
mas yofili velikoderJavuli naciis prole-
tariatisa9. cxadia, yofili ruseTis imperi-
aSi Semavali erebisa da erovnebebis ndobis
mopovebisaTvis zrunva sxva araferi iyo, Tu
ara imperiis modernizaciis mcdeloba da
am xalxebis kvlav ruseTis mmarTvelobis
qveS gaerTianeba. leninis paradoqsis Tanax-
mad, gza sruli Sinaarsobrivi erTobisaken
gadioda formis gamravalferovnebaze. Si-
naarsi, idea unda yofiliyo _ socializmi,
xolo forma _ nacionaloba. swored aqedan
modioda sabWoTa imperiis kulturis mTa-
vari postulati: `formiT nacionaluri, Si-
naarsiT socialisturi~.
bolSevikebi amgvari politikis gata­re­
bis Sedegad ramdenime kurdRels iWerdnen:
1. nacionalobas aclidnen Sinaars da masSi
axali Sinaarsis anu socialisturi Sina­
arsis `Cadebas~ uwyobdnen xels, rac pa-
triotizmis cnebis profanacias iwvevda;
2. imadlierebdnen erebsa da erovnebebs da
moipovebdnen maT ndobas;
110
3. umtkivneulod axorcielebdnen ruseTis
imperiis (da saerTod, zogadimperiul)
odindel princips `dayavi da ibatone~,
radgan am politikis gasatareblad sab-
WoTa imperiis farglebSi `matrioSkis~
principiT qmnidnen erovnul erTeulebs:
avtonomiur respublikebs, olqebs, mxa­
reebs, romlebic Semdgom, 90-ian wlebSi,
rogorc cnobilia, damoukideblobis
gzaze Semdgari respublikebis winaaRm-
deg warmatebiT gamoiyenes10.
erovnul interesebze zrunvis sababiT, bol-
Sevikebma erebs ganusazRvres samoqmedo
areali, sruliad gamoTiSes politrikuri sa-
kiTxi, romelic arc ki ganixileboda da `mi-
ugdes~ _ kultura, romelsac, Tavis mxriv,
mkacrad akontrolebdnen. bolSevikebi adami-
9
iqve, gv. 106.
10
swored es avtonomiuri respublikebi da olqebi (mag.,
afxazeTis respublika da samxreT oseTis olqi saqarT-
veloSi, yarabaxis olqi _ azerbaijanSi da sxv.) gamoiy-
ena ruseTma Zalze efeqturad 1990-ian wlebSi sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlisas mokavSire respublikebSi da, maT So-
ris saqarTveloSic, areulobisa da SeiraRebuli kon-
fliqtebis mosawyobad.
anTa cnobierebis `dapyrobis~, axali iden-
tobis danergvis, nacionaluri grZnobebis
maTTvis sasurvel kalapotSi moqcevis da am
procesebis kontrolis erT-erT qmediT me-
qanizmad ganaTlebis sistemas ganixilavdnen
da Sesabamis politikas atarebdnen. `sabWoTa
skolaSi ara Tu am idea-grZnobis (erovnuli
ideis. a.k.) CaxSobis... mcdeloba yofila, ara-
med misi (erovnuli motivis) erTgvari hiper-
bolizaciac ki xdeboda. ...erovnuli patrio-
tizmis Zieba yvelgan, iqac ki, sadac is ar
gaWaWanebula: patriotizmi agiografiaSi, pa-
triotozmi `vefxistyaosanSi~. sabWoTa sko-
laSi moxda mistikuri piradi `mamulizmis~
gasayovelTaoeba da amis Sedegad vulgari-
zacia. ilias uSualo gancdis, intuiciurad
nawvdomis gaobieqtureba, racionalizacia,
kanonizacia... es sqolastikis xana iyo. gan-
cdis sferodan is (patriotizmi a.k.) saval-
debulo WeSmaritebis sferoSi inacvlebs~11.
erTi SexedviT erovnuli kultura sab-
WoTa kavSiris respublikebSi arnaxul ayva-
vebas ganicdida. adgilebze finansdeboda
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi _ kino, Teatri,
literatura, saxviTi xelovneba da a.S. isto-
riul Temebze idgmeboda speqtaklebi, sta-
linis dakveTiT, samamulo omis periodSi
gadaiRes `giorgi saakaZe~. momdevno aTwl-
eulSi ki istoriul Temaze zedized Seiqm-
na ramdenime mxatvruli filmi: `maia wyneTe-
li~, `baSi-aCuki~, `mamluqi~ da sxv12. moskovSi
drodadro ewyoboda sxvadasxva respublike-
bis kulturis dekadebi, aseve mTeli sabWoTa
kavSiris masStabiT pompezurad aRiniSneboda
ama Tu im eris cnobili moRvaweebis, mwer-
lebis, poetebis da sxvaTa iubileebi. mag.,
1936-1938 wlebSi, rodesac aTasobiT `sxvag-
varad moazrovne adamians~ xvretdnen an gu-
lagebSi ganamwesebdnen, mTeli sabWoTa kav-
Siri didi zar-zeimiT aRniSnavda tajikuri
(da ratomRac ara sparsuli) literaturis
z. kiknaZe, ilias mamuli, kr. saqarTvelo aTaswle­
11
ulebis mijnaze, Tb., 2004, gv. 42.
12
aq yuradReba unda mieqces im faqts, rom yvela es
filmi saqarTvelos Znelbedobis xanas asaxavs (gvian
Sua saukuneebs) da arc erTi exeba saqarTvelos oqros
xanas.

fuZemdeblis firdousis 1000 wlisTavs, uz-
beki klasikosi mwerlis aliSer navois 500
wlisTavs da taras SevCenkos 150 wlisTavs.
am rigSi iyo rusTavelis 1937 wlis iubilec.
`...1937 wlis stalinuri epoqis iubile na-
cionalur-revoluciuri narativis (formiT
nacionaluri, SinaarsiT _ internacionalu-
ri) triumfia~13, ris dasturadac Tavad 1937
wlis vefxistyaosnis gamocemis winasityvao-
bis erTi abzaci gamodgeba: `oqtombris re-
voluciam kavkasiis qedze mijaWvul amiran-
sac ahyara xundebi, qarTvel xalxs mianiWa
namdvili Tavisufleba (TiTqos aranamdvili
Tavisufleba arsebobdes. a.k.), da am droi-
dan iwyeba misi ganaxlebuli, formiT nacio-
naluri da SinaarsiT socialisturi kultu-
ris mZlavri aRmavloba. samarTlianad ambobs
amxanagi beria: `mxolod sabWoTa xelisufle-
bis pirobebSi, mTeli xalxis Semoqmedebisa
da kulturis mZlavri aRmavlobis pirobebSi
gaxda SesaZlebeli genialuri qarTveli poe-
tis SoTa rusTavelis poemis daweridan 750
wlisTavis aRniSvna...~ rusTavelis iubile
gadaiqca sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa interna-
cionalur zeimad, ganTavisuflebuli erebis
namdvil xalxur dResaswaulad~14. am mcire
nawyvetidanac naTlad Cans, rogor cdilobs
komunisturi xelisufleba nacionaluri Te-
mis, warsulis, eris mexsierebis `privatize-
bas~, warsulis gamoyenebas mediumad massa da
xalxs Soris; adamianTa mexsierebis sasurvel
ideologiur kalapotSi moqcevas anu socia-
listur awmyoSi Semoyvanas.
es midgoma universaluria, analogiuri
procesi saxviT xelovnebaSic mimdinareobs,
risi dasturicaa Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili
namuSevrebi.
ilia WavWavaZis cnobili triada `mamuli,
ena, sarwmunoeba~ XIX s-dan mokidebuli Cveni
erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvrel for­mulad
iqca da Segnebulad Tu intuiciurad swored
am sam sferos misdga sabWoTa xelisufleba.
z. SaTiriSvili, kulturis poetika da nacionalu-
13
ri narativi: rusTavelis recefcia qarTul kultu-
raSi, ena da kultura, #4, 2003, gv. 110.
14
SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, Tb., 1937, I-II.
ana kldiaSvili
erovnuli enebi komunistebs sWirdebo-
daT imisaTvis, raTa socializmisa da komu-
nizmis ideebi sabWoTa xalxebisaTvis gasageb
enaze `eqadagaT~15; aseve, imisaTvis, rom `nac-
men~ komunistebs sakuTar enaze gaemarTaT
polemika `mSobliur~ burJaziasTan da amiT
faqtiurad ganedevnaT nacionalizmis virusi
umwifari proletaris cnobierebidan16.
erovnuli enebis arseboba maT droebiT
movlenad miaCndaT da swamdaT, rom sab-
olood maTi arsebobis aucilebloba aRar
iqneboda da maT adgils, rusuli daikavebda,
rogorc mTavari sakomunikacio ena. da marT-
lac, roca sabWoTa xelisuflebam gadawyvi-
ta, rom mizani miRweuli iyo, 1978 wels kidec
hqondaT mcdeloba saxelmwifo enad rusuli
SemoeRoT, rasac saqarTveloSi didi winaaR-
mdegoba mohyva.
sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb sityvas aRar ga-
vagrZelebT, kargadaa cnobili, rac am sfe­
roSi bolSevikebma daatriales; jer gaa­
nadgures samRvdeloeba, eklesiebi da mom-
111
devno wlebSi specsamsaxurebis mkacri kon-
trolis qveS moaqcies represiebiT isedac
dasustebuli eklesia. amas Tan erTvoda aT-
eizmis propaganda.
rac Seexeba `mamuls~, romelic ilia
WavWavaZem Tavis triadaSi pirvel adgilze
daayena, mas bolSevikebi gansakuTrebuli
`sifaqiziT~ ekidebodnen. da Tu rogori iyo
es damokidebuleba, amas Cvens mier zemoT
ganxiluli suraTebis analizic cxadyofs,
gansakuTrebiT ki namuSevrebis erTi jgufi,
romlebzec sabWoTa adamianebis `bednieri
yofa~ istoriuli landSaftis, konkretulad
ki, mcxeTis sxvadasxva rakursiT warmodge-
nili peizaJis fonze viTardeba. es namu-
Sevrebi erTi ikonografiuli sqemis mixedvi-
Taa Seqmnili; yovel maTganze erTsa da imave
komponentebs vxvdebiT: mSenebare an ukve
aSenebul zahess, leninis Zegls, e.w. `axali
15
В. Ленин, Критические заметки по национальному вопросу
(1913 г); В. Ленин, Вопросы национальной политики и проле-
тарского интернационализма, М., 1965, gv. 32-34, 129.
16
В. Ленин, О праве наций на самоопределение, 1914,
gv. 61, 83-84.
 ana kldiaSvili
drois~ amsaxvel, muSebisa da glexebis `bedn-
ieri cxovrebis~ scenebs wina planze da ukan,
fonze mcxeTis peizaJs jvris taZriT (sur. 5,
6, 7). odnav saxecvlilia es sqema l. gudiaS-
vilis namuSevarze `axali mcxeTa~ (sur. 8). aq
`axali droebis~ simbolod wina planze gamo-
saxul axladaSenebul sarkinigzo xidze mi-
mavali matarebelia warmodgenili, romelsac
fons ukve ara jvris taZari, aramed Tavad
qalaqis xedi uqmnis sveticxovliTurT. aR-
saniSnavia, rom l. gudiaSvili iseT rakurss
irCevs, romelic mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
Tavi aaridos zahesTan mdgomi leninis Zeg-
lis gamosaxvas. am suraTze saubrisas kidev
erTi detalia aRsaniSnavi: es sarkinigzo xidi
sakmaodaa daSorebuli mcxeTas; am rakursi-
dan Tavad qalaqis da sveticxovlis danaxva
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, magram mxatvarma
ratomRac `SekumSa~ sivrce. rogorc Cans,
igi zahesis kaskadis gamosaxvasac moerida da
`axali droebis~ simbolod ideurad Sedar-
ebiT neitraluri rkinigzis gamosaxva amjo-
112
bina, Tumca, am namuSevris ZiriTadi paTosi
sxva suraTebisagan gansxvavebuli mainc araa.
am suraTebis ganxilva gvafiqrebinebs,
rom amgvari ikonografiuli sqemis Camoyali-
beba SemTxveviTi ar iyo da rom es suraTebi
saxelmwifos dakveTiT sruldeboda. am na-
muSevrebSi warmodgenili TiToeuli kompo-
nenti konkretuli gzavnilis Semcvel niSan-
simbolos warmoadgenda, erTobliobaSi ki
isini qmnidnen ideologiur koncepts, rom-
lis erT-erTi komponenti swored `mamuli~
gaxldaT, konkretulad ki _ mcxeTa.
mamulis cnebaSi, cxadia igulisxmeba is
teritoria, romlis farglebSic eri sauku-
neebis ganmavlobaSi axorcielebs Tavis yo-
fas, rogorc kulturogenuri da religiuri
arsebebisagan Semdgari adamianTa erToba eri
sakuTari politikuri, religiuri Tu kul-
turuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT qmnis, awy-
obs da awesrigebs Tavis sasicocxlo sivrc-
es. am TvalsazrisiT mcxeTa gamorCeuli
toposia, qarTvelTaTvis is sakraluri sivr-
cea, romelsac ukavSirdeba rogorc miTi qa-
rTvelTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (qarTlosi),
aseve, eris gaqristianebis istoria (miriani)
da saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis brZola (vax-
tang gorgasali). amave dros, mcxeTa Sua sau-
kuneebis saqarTvelos sulieri centricaa,
qarTvelTa ierusalimia da kidec aris ageb-
uli ierusalimis rogorc nimuSis mixedviT17.
erTi sityviT, qarTvelTaTvis es aris erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi sivrce, samkvidro,
sxvadasxva drois saqarTvelos politikuri,
kulturuli da sulieri centri, qarTvelTa
istoriuli mexsierebis sacavi, sadac Cveni
winaprebi cxovrobdnen, Sromobdnen, locu-
lobdnen, ibrZodnen, imarxebodnen da sa-
dac isini sakuTar identobas moniSnavdnen.
swored am sivrceSi warmarTul xanasa Tu
adreul Sua saukuneebSi xorcieldeboda
Cveni saxelmwifoebriobac; Sesabamisad, eris
mexsierebaSi swored mcxeTas ukavSirdeboda
Staatsnation18-ad (anu saxelmwifos mqone na-
ciad) sakuTari Tavis gancdis precedenti19.
swored amitom, mcxeTasTan yvela kuTxisa da
drois (maT Soris XX s-is) qarTvels terito-
riuli identobis grZnoba gaaCnda. e. smiTi,
nacionaluri identobis erT-erTi mkvlevari,
Tvlis, rom `teritoriuli identoba~ adamia-
nis TviTcnobierebis, nacionaluri idento-
bis, romelic Tavis mxriv `fundamenturad
mravalganzomilebiania~, erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi komponentia20. `teritoriuli
identoba~ aris sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi
arsebuli `Cveni~ teritoriis anu samSoblos,
`mamulis~ xati, romelsac mcxeTa _ patriar-
qi-qalaqi srulad ganasaxierebs.
mcxeTasTan qarTvelTa teritoriuli
identobis Seqmnis procesi xangrZlivi iyo
17
d. xoStaria, nimuSi da asli Sua saukuneebis qar-
Tul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, literature da xelovneba,
1990, #1, gv. 37-50.
18
fridrix mainekem 1908 wels erTmaneTisagan ganasx-
vava Kulturnation (kulturuli nacia) anu, upiratesad,
pasiuri kulturuli erToba da Staatsnation (saxelm-
wifo nacia) _ aqtiuri TviTdeterminirebuli poli-
tikuri nacia (ix. entoni d. smiTi, nacionaluri
identoba, Tb., 2008, gv. 10.
19
l. patariZe, qarTuli identoba, kr. saqarTvelo
aTaswleulTa gasayarze, Tb., 2006, gv. 226.
20
e. d. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba, Tb., 2008, gv.17.

da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldebo-
da21, qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi am terito-
riis sakralizacia da miTologiuri mniS-
vnelobebiT datvirTva xdeboda, radgan,
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, es neitral-
uri sivrce ki ar iyo, aramed, toposi, sa-
dac Cveni winaprebi cxovrobdnen. amgvarad
sakralur sivrceSi Semodioda sakraluri
drois ganzomileba. garda amisa, Cveni wina-
prebi ara marto cxovrobdnen, aramed saku-
Tari saqmeebiT moniSnavdnen da ganwmendnen
am teritorias. amdenad, sakralur drosa da
sivrces kulturis elementic emateboda22.
amasTan erTad, es sakraluri sivrce peri-
odulad ganicdida ganaxlebas, gardaqmnas.
`religiuri identobis cvlilebis konte-
qstSi (igulisxmeba qristianobis SemoReba.
a.k.), bunebrivia, xdeba sivrcis, teritoriis
xelaxali gaazreba, ukve axali simboliz-
mis saSualebiT~23, ris Sedegadac sakralur
sivrceSi Cndeba axali religiis Sesabamisi
ideur-sivrcobrivi maxvilebi _ jvris taZ-
ari, sveticxoveli da sxv. es qmnadoba-aRm-
Senebloba Sesaqmis aqtis ganmeorebadobis
tolfasi iyo, rasac, rogorc mirCa eliade
ambobs, mohyveboda Tavad sakraluri sivr-
cis resakralizacia da misi kidev erTxel
imago mundi-s kategoriaSi gadasvla24.
amgvarad, mcxeTaSi ikvreboda qarTuli
kosmosi, es iyo qronotoposi, romelSic
Tavs iyrida da erTmaneTs ejaWveboda
sakraluri dro-sivrce da qarTvelTa kul-
turuli plastebi.
swored am faqiz, erovnuli idento-
bis ganmsazRvreli toposis qsovilSi iWreba
`axali droeba~. rogorc Cans, SemTxveviT
rodi SearCies `ГОЭЛРО-s gegmis~ erT-er-
Ti pirveli nagebobis zahesisaTvis swored
mcxeTa _ qarTvelTa teritoriuli idento-
bis yvelaze mniSvnelovani toposi da aq, am
21
l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli iden-
tobani IV-VIII ss-is qarTul erTobaSi: `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ samyaro, Tb., 2009, gv. gv. 109.
22
iqve, gv.108.
23
iqve, gv.108.
m. eliade, miTosi _ paradigmuli modeli, kldekari,
24
1996, #1.
ana kldiaSvili
sakralur adgilas axali komunisturi ide-
ologiis markerebiT _ hidroeleqtrosadgu-
riT, rkinigziTa da leninis ZegliT moniSnes,
anu xelaxali Sesaqmis aqti ganaxorcieles
da amiT qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi axali iden-
tobis danergvas Seudgnen. amgvarad, axal-
ma xelisuflebam komunisturi miTi drois
ciklurobis, samyaros mudmivi ganaxlebis
da `mudmivi dabrunebis~ wrebrunvaSi CarTo;
odnav mogvianebiT ki, xelovnebis saSuale-
biT, am toposSi komunisturi ideologiis ax-
ladCanergili niSnebis propagandac daiwyo.
Tu rogor ganaxorciela sabWoTa xe-
lisuflebam ideologiuri sivrcis organi-
zeba da ra adgili miuCina masSi warsuls, qa-
rTvelTa istorias suraTebis kompoziciuri
ageba cxadyofs. cxadia, rom totalitarul-
ma kulturam sakuTari miznis misaRwevad,
adamianTa cnobierebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT,
eris istoriul mexsierebaSi gamjdari saku-
Tari identobis vizualuri xati axal ide-
ologizirebul sivrce-landSaftSi Semoi-
113
yvana. Tumca, sakiTxavia, rogor? mcxeTa,
misi ZeglebiTurT yvelgan Soreul planzea
gadatanili. anu warsuli Sors, ukana plan-
ze gadavida (pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniS-
vnelobiT), gafermkrTalda, konturebi da
simZafre dakarga, erTgvar miraJad iqca. sa-
magierod win wamoiwia axalma samyarom (zahe-
sis, rkinigzis, leninis Zeglis, `bednieri yo-
fis~ scenebis saxiT) da amiT warsulze meti
mniSvnelovaneba SeiZina. aRsaniSnavia, rom
axalma uari ki ar Tqva Zvelze, ki ar gaau-
qma an ugulvebelyo is, an ki ar daupirisp-
irda mas, aramed sakuTar rogorc realur,
aseve mxatvrul sivrceSi `Semoiyvana,~ Tumca
ki garkveulwilad `gadafara~ is. es naTlad
cxaddeba erT-erT suraTze `stalini zahesis
mSeneblobaze~ (sur. 9). ucnobi mxatvris fer-
werul tiloze, zemoT CamoTvlili ikono-
grafiuli komponentebidan mxolod zahesia
gamosaxuli. aq arc erTi istoriuli kompo-
nenti aRaraa warmodgenili (arc jvari, arc
mcxeTis xedi), ukana planze, Sors mxolod
mTa qarTlis bundovani silueti moCans.
 ana kldiaSvili
istoriuli landSafti suraTis wina planze,
marjvena mxares, SemaRlebaze mdgom adami-
anTa jgufma `gadafara~ da es bunebrivicaa,
radgan am jgufis da mTeli kompoziciis cen-
traluri figura, xazgasmuli TeTri samosi-
Ta da centraluri mdebareobiT, poziT didi
beladis, stalinis figuraa, romelic Tavad
aris axali droebis sulisCamdgmeli da Semo-
qmedi, istoriac da religiac. am SemTxvevaSi
politikuri demiurgis xatma Caanacvla sxva
suraTebSi dafiqsirebuli istoriasTan daka-
vSirebuli elementebi.
Zvelis, memoriis axal sivrceSi Semoy­
vanis xerxs yovelTvis aqtiurad iyenebdnen
imperiebi. romis imperiaSi erTdroulad ar-
sebobda romis, rogorc polisis identoba;
aseve, e.w. Tota Italia-s (mTeli italia) cno-
biereba da, rac mTavaria, arsebobda erTiani
romauli sivrcis oikumenuri (imperiuli)
cnobiereba25. es xerxi dResac gamoiyeneba.
`dRevandel msoflioSi aqtualuria regio-
114
nuli an globaluri sivrcis mimarT idento-
bis Camoyalibeba. es ki xdeba ara nacionalur-
teritoriul identobasTan dapirispirebiT,
aramed, misi `SemoyvaniT~ am sivrceSi~26.
mniSvnelovania kidev erTi aspeqti.
levi briulis mixedviT, totalitarul kul-
turebSi aucilebeli momentia, rom pirovne-
ba koleqtivis nawilad iqces. amisaTvis mas
Tanamonawileobis (participaciis) gancda,
ciklur droSi aqtiuri monawileobis Seg-
rZneba unda gauCndes, rasac SesaniSnavad
axorcielebs suraTebis wina planze gamo-
saxuli qarTvelTa yofis (dasvenebis Tu za-
hesis mSeneblobaSi monawileobis) amsaxveli
scenebi. mizani martivia, maTTan msgavsebiT,
erovnuli Tu socialuri identobis aRmoCen-
iT, maTSi sakuTari Tavis SecnobiT, aRmqmeli
subieqti Tavadac axali `kosmosis~ wevrad da
Tanamonawiled ganicdis Tavs.
25
R. Laurence, Territory, Ethnonims and Geography: the
Construction of Identity in Roman Italy. In: Cultural Identity in
Roman Impire, London and New York, Routledge, 2001.
26
e. d. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba, Tb., 2008, gv.
143-179.
amdenad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mcxe­
Tis misadgomebTan zahesis aSenebiT, le­ni­nis
Zeglis dadgmiT, anu axali miTis qmnadobiT da
xelovnebis nawarmoebebis saSualebiT Zveli-
sa da axlis, warsulisa da axali miTebis er-
Tian mxatvrul sivrceSi moqceviT, maT Soris
xelisuflebisaTvis sasurveli korelaciis
dadgeniT da Semdgom ki am ideis propagan-
diT xelisuflebam, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis
nebismieri wevri axali miTis Tanamonawiled
aqcia, meore mxriv ki, landSaftze kontroli
ganaxorciela27, radgan zustad icoda, rom
momavalSi Tavad es Tanamonawileobis gancda
da axali ideologizebuli landSafti moax-
denda adamianebis cnobierebaSi im struq-
turebisa da strategiebis Canergvas, ro-
melic Semdgom qarTvelTa axali identobis
Camoyalibebas, sabWoTa idealebsa da Rireb-
ulebebTan naziareb da mis damcvel qarTvel
`homo sovietikuss~ warmoqmnida, rac ganx-
orcielda kidec. es axali miTi droTa gan-
mavlobaSi Tavadac `daZvelda~, warsulSi ga-
davida, sxvadasxva drois `warsulTa~ jaWvSi
Cadga, rogorc erT-erTi rgoli da adamian-
Ta cnobierebaSi memkvidreobiTobis elferi
SeiZina. anu isic `Cveni~ jer teritoriuli
identobis da Semdeg zogadad nacionaluri
identobis nawili gaxda. da, rac mTavaria,
ise mkvidrad daikava adgili adamianTa cno-
bierebaSi, rom dRemde ssrk-s daSlidan meo-
Txedi saukunis gasvlis Semdegac, aqtiuria
da garkveulwilad zemoqmedebs Cveni sazoga-
doebis sxvadasxva (politikur, socialur da
kulturul) sferoze.
27
landSaftze xelisuflebis kontrolisa da ada-
mianis cnobierebaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb ix.: R. Lau-
rence, Territory, Ethnonims and Geography: the Construction of
Identity in Roman Italy. In: Cultural Identity in Roman Impire,
London and New York, Routledge, 2001, gv. 79.

ANA KLDIASHVILI
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
THE RECEPTION OF HISTORY OF THE
20TH CENTURY GEORGIAN PAINTING
Part I
Summary
The reception of history of the XX Century 30s-50s
in Georgia was a direct consequence of the so called
`National Politics~ purposefully thought out by the
Soviet Regime andimplemented within the roots struc-
tures of the Georgian culture. The acknowledged supe-
riority of the `national~ principle over the `class~ prin-
ciple within aproletarian dictatorship became an actual
fact — under the guise of which, lay, the hidden and
far-reaching agendas especially designed for Georgia
— with a Bolshevik `twist~. `Conquering~ people’s
consciousnesses, `implanting~ new identity, invoking
national sentiments, would ensure, that the Georgian
culture would be considered as an active mechanism
accommodating the interests of the governing body.
The clear example of this, is a group of works based
on a single iconographical scheme, created during the
1930-50s, where the Soviet `happy life~ is brought
forth from the backgrounds of the historical landscapes
— concretely, the landscape of Mtskheta. Indeed, the
formation of such iconographical schemes was never
an accident, since such art-works were always commis-
sioned by the government. Separately, each component
represented within the paintings, is an intentionally
constructed sign/symbol that delivers a concrete mes-
sage of a subliminal character. As a whole, on the other
hand, they form a very clear ideological picture, im-
bued with the concept of `homeland~ as its main mes-
sage — with Mtskheta as its main background.
Mtskheta for Georgians is a sanctuary of histori-
cal memory. It is the place of sacred gathering, where
the Georgian cosmos came together, a meeting point of
sacral time-space, an intersection of Georgian cultural
components and a place where Georgians marked their
ana kldiaSvili
identity throughout the ages – throughout the differ-
ent historical stages. Indeed, the tender fabric of this
self defining national toposis swiftly intersected by the
`New Age~ markers of the communist ideology – hy-
droelectric power plant, railway and the statue of Lenin.
These painterly canvases reveal adeeply rooted national
memory, the visual icon of Georgian identity (Mtskhe-
ta), in a new ideologized space-landscape _ namely
in the far background of the image, always faded like
a mirage and unchanging in every painting. However,
on the forefront of the pictures, is brought forth a new
world, represented by the hydroelectric power plant,
the railway, the statue of Lenin, the Soviet `happy
life~ scenes – all of which successfully overruled the
preference of the past. The integration of the old, the
memoria, into the new space is a known mechanism
actively used by empires. Conversion of the past myths
with the myths of the present within a pictorial space,
establishing an intentional correlation between them to
serve the interests of the government and using it as a
propaganda tool, firstly, transformed every member of
the society into an active participant of this myth, an
115
accomplice if you like, and secondly, the government
had the full control over the landscape, and the full
knowledge of the fact that this feeling of participation
in a new ideologized landscape would slowly instill the
structures and strategies in people’s consciousness that
would form a new national identity – The Georgian
`Homo-Sovieticus~ – who, in case the future genera-
tion decided to form a new Georgian identity, would
serve as the true guardian of the Soviet ideals.
 ana kldiaSvili

1. mose ToiZe. gamarjvebis simRera Mose Toidze. Song of Victory

116

2. giorgi (Jora) jaSi. dResaswauli kolmeurneobaSi

George (Zhora) Jashi. Celebration in collective farm
 ana kldiaSvili

3. lado gudiaSvili. feros baqani SorapanSi

Lado Gudiashvili. Factory platforms from Shorapani

117

4. lado gudiaSvili. simRera mSvidobaze

Lado Gudiashvili. Song of Peace
 ana kldiaSvili

5. ucnobi mxatvari.
leninis Zegli zahesSi
Unknown Painter.
Lenin statue in Zahesi
118

6. irakli ToiZe. Sromis dResaswauli

Irakli Toidze. Labor day
 ana kldiaSvili

7. irakli ToiZe. iliCis naTura

Irakli Toidze. Ilich lamp

119
8. lado gudiaSvili. axali mcxeTa
Lado Gudiashvili. New Mtskheta

8. ucnobi mxatvari.
stalini zahesis
mSeneblobaze
Unknown Painter.
Stalin at the Zahesi
hydropower plant
construction
 qristine darCia
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
peizaJis Janris Casaxva da
ganviTarebis pirveli etapi
qarTul dazgur mxatvrobaSi
(1880-1930-iani ww)* turi dazguri mxatvrobis ganviTarebis gza-
realisturi mxatvrobis istoria saqarTve-
loSi, mravalsaukunovani marTlmadideblur-
qristianuli xelovnebis tradiciis mqone
qveyanaSi, bunebrivia, dasavleTi evropisagan
gansxvavebuli `scenariT~ ganviTarda. Tavise-
buri sulier-kulturuli da istoriuli vi-
Tarebis gamo sul sxva gza ganvlo aq peizaJis
Janrmac. rogorc cnobilia, XVIII saukunis Sua
wlebamde saxviTi xelovnebis ZiriTad xazs
saqarTveloSi qristianuli saeklesio xelov-
120
neba qmnida. qarTuli saeklesio mxatvroba
marTlmadidebluri samyaros sulieri azris
ganviTarebas, mxatvruli gemovnebisa da esTe-
tikuri xedvis cvlilebebs fexdafex misdev-
da. amas adasturebs qarTuli monumenturi
mxatvrobis stilTa Tu mxatvrul tendencia-
Ta qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba, romelic,
SeiZleba iTqvas, srul paralelizms avlens
(magram ara igiveobas), msoflio samarTlma-
dideblo xelovnebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis
mokarnaxe centrTan _ bizantiur xelovne-
basTan. niSandoblivia, rom formismieri Tu
zogadi struqturul-ikonografiuli msgav-
sebis miuxedavad, mxatvrul-esTetikuri aq-
centebis doneze, qarTuli saeklesio mxatv-
roba didad sxvaobs berZnul-bizantiuri Tu
siria-palestinuri xelovnebis nimuSTagan.
* qvemomdebare statia, warmoadgens fragments teqs-
tisa, romelic daiwera albomisaTvis `peizaJi qar-
Tul mxatvrobaSi~. publikacia batoni dimitri Tu-
maniSvilis redaqtorobiT momzadda, risTvisac did
madlobas movaxseneb mas.
naSromi wakiTxulia profesor dimitri TumaniSvi-
lis 65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konfe-
renciaze (Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb., 2015,
11-12 ivnisi).
dasavleTevropulisa da qarTuli xe-
lovnebis gzis gayra marTlmadideblobasTan
erTad, islamuri qveynebis zegavlenamac ga-
napiroba. swored maSin, rodesac aq humanis-
turi ideebi Cndeboda, rac TandaTan buneb-
rivad gamoiwvevda realisturi xelovnebis
niSnebis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebas, saqarTve-
lo Zlieri islamuri qveynebis gavlenis sfe-
roSi moeqca. am da sxva istoriul mizezTa
gamo saqarTvelo didi xniT CamorCa realis-
ze da saerTodac acda realisturi saxviTo-
bis dasavleTevropul models.
rusuli saxviTi xelovneba aRmoCnda is
Sualeduri rgoli, romlis gavliTac saqarT-
velo, marTalia, dagvianebiT, magram sabo-
lood mainc eziara dazguri mxatvrobis sai-
dumlos. manamde dazguri ferwerisaTvis sar-
biels, XVIII saukunis meore naxevris evropuli
mxatvrobis gavleniT Seqmnili, qarTuli pa-
raduli portreti da XIX saukunis Sua xanaSi
mdidar vaWarTa Tu warCinebul moqalaqelTa
portretuli Janris farTod gavrcelebuli
gamosaxulebebi, e.w. `Tbilisuri portreti~
qmnida. am dros saqarTveloSi ukve moRva-
weobs grigol maisuraZe (1817-1885) _ peter-
burgis samxatvro akademiaSi ganswavluli
pirveli qarTveli profesionali mxatvari,
romlis mxatvruli memkvidreobidan Cvenamde,
aseve portretebi SemorCa.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul dazgur
mxatvrobas, JanrTa simravliTa da saxviT
saSualebaTa mravalferovnebiT, safuZveli
XIX saukunis bolos, 1880-90-ian wlebSi Caey-
ara, rodesac qarTveli mxatvrebis pirveli
Taoba (g. gabaSvili, r. gvelesiani, a. beri-
Ze, a. mrevliSvili, d. guramiSvili, m. ToiZe)
akademiuri ganaTlebis misaRebad ruseTSi,
ufro iSviaTad evropaSic, miemgzavreba. qar-
Tuli dazguri ferwera, nawilobriv, evropis,
ZiriTadad ki mainc rusuli realisturi sko-
lis, kerZod, `peredviJnikuli~ mxatvrobis
gavliT ecnoba realisturi saxviTi xelov-
nebis monapovars. am gziT qarTuli dazguri
mxatvroba nel-nela mdidrdeba axal-axali
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT. sazRvrebs

garedan Semosul siaxleTagan `principulad
axali iyo, pirvel rigSi, Tematuri diapa-
zonis Zlierad gafarToeba da garemomcvel
cxovrebasTan, yofasTan `pirdapiri~kavSiris
damyareba, portretisa da evropul xelovne-
baSi kultivirebuli sxva Janrebis _ yofiTi
Janris, peizaJis, naturmortis, mravalfigu-
riani kompoziciis Casaxva~1.
amgvarad, peizaJi qarTul mxatvrobas
rusul-evropuli xelovnebisagan `ergo memk-
vidreobiT~. sxva Janrebis msgavsad, igi yov-
lad `umtkivneulod~ Semovida da damkvidrda
qarTuli mxatvrobis Tematur repertuarSi,
rasac, umTavresad, meTodur-esTetikuri sa-
fuZvlebi hqonda. peizaJi, rogorc realis-
turi mxatvrobis ganuyofeli komponenti,
aucilebeli piroba iyo qarTuli dazguri
ferweris movlenad SedgomisaTvis. igi nel-
nela iCens Tavs pirveli Taobis qarTvl mxat-
varTa SemoqmedebaSi, Tumc dasawyisSi sakma-
od uCinrad arsebobs da naklebad warmoad-
gens umTavres mxatvrul amocanaTa gadaWris
asparezs. SesaZloa, swored amitom, igi sxva
nebismier Janrze ufro `iRbliani~ aRmoCn-
da da, praqtikulad, gadaurCa `qarTulisa~
da `erovnulis~ garegnul gamoxatulebebs,
romelsac rusul ganaTlebamiRebuli qarT-
veli mxatvrebi saxasiaTo tipaJSi, xalxur
wes-CveulebebSi, nacionalur kostiumebsa
da eTnografiul aqsesuarebSi eZiebdnen da
saamisod ufro `epikuri~ xasiaTis kompozi-
ciebs irCevdnen. peizaJi arasodes gamxdara
saxarbielo asparezi qarTuli akademizmi-
saTvis, romelic am movlenisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli odnavi SezRudulobiT, siaxlisadmi
swrafvis dasazRvrulobiTa da Semoqmedebi-
Ti Tavisuf­ lebis erTgvari `reglamentire-
bulobiT~, Tumc ki maRali profesionaliz-
miT xasiaTdeba. amasobaSi ki peizaJi, rogorc
saxelovnebo koniunqturisagan Tavisufali
Janri, Zaldautaneblad axerxebs ferweruli
arsis gamoxatvas.
pirveli Taobis mxatvarTa Tematurad
imTaviTve gansazRvrul SemoqmedebaSi mou-
lodnelad gviCans peizaJebi, romlebic, xSir
1
В. Беридзе, Н. Езерская, Искусство советской Грузии
1921-1970, М., 1975, gv. 15.
qristine darCia
SemTxvevaSi, avtorTa Sinagan siTamamesa da
mxatvrul ostatobas gvimzeurebs (TavisTa-
vad sainteresoa, rom maTi peizaJuri kompo-
ziciebi naklebadaa cnobili sazogadoebi-
saTvis da TviT profesionalTa yuradReba-
sac naklebad ipyrobs (sur. 1, 2)). Tavis mx-
riv, albaT, isic kanonzomieria, rom qarTu-
li dazguri ferweris Seqmna-Camoyalibebis
pirvel etapze namdvil peizaJist mxatvrebad
saqarTveloSi droebiTmcxovrebi Tu misi mk-
vidri araqarTveli fermwerni _ b. fogeli,
e. lansere, r. zomeri da i. zankovski gvevli-
nebian. rogorc realisturi mxatvrobis sau-
kunovani ganviTarebis istoriuli mexsiere-
bis mqone Semoqmedni, isini srulad floben
peizaJis Janris saxviT instrumentebs. boris
fogelisa da evgeni lanseres mravalwlian-
ma pedagogiurma moRvaweobam saqarTveloSi,
cxadia, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli peizaJis
mimarT qarTvel mxatvarTa interesis gaRvi-
vebasa Tu `mxatvruli gemos~ gaRviZebas (am
da sxva mizezTa gamo, isini Tavadac qarTuli
121
kulturis nawilad iqcnen).
mxatvarTa pirveli Taobis SedarebiT
axalgazrda warmomadgenlebi naklebad dis-
tancirdebian peizaJis Janrisgan; maTgan mose
ToiZe gamoirCeva. peizaJi, romelSic m. ToiZe
mxatvrobis sxva Janrebis msgavsad, Tanabari
ZaliT asparezobs, stilisturad kargadaa
gamarTuli. mxatvars siuJetze metad ferwe-
ruli amocanebi ainteresebs _ Suq-Crdilis
cxovlad gadmocemis survili da weris pas-
tozuri manera mis Semoqmedebas, zog SemTxve-
vaSi, impresionistebsa Tu postimpresionizm-
Tan aaxloebs, Sesabamisad, gacilebiT ufro
xSirad gvxvdeba masTan peizaJic (sur. 3, 4).
XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTul saxviT
xelovnebaSi realuri gardatexa xdeba. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom dasavlurma avangardulma
mimdinareobebma dasawyisSi sworedac ruse-
Tis gavliT `SemoJona~, 1900-1910-ian wlebSi
samoRvaweo asparezze gamosuli axalgazr-
da mxatvarTa Taoba wyvets kavSirs rusul
`peredviJnikur~ ferwerasTan da evropul
mxatvrobasTan `gadis pirdapir kontaqtze~.
dasavluri da rusuli modernis miRwevebis
 qristine darCia
aTviseba-gaTavisebasTan erTad, qarTveli Se-
moqmedni cdiloben mxatvrobaSi erovnulo-
bis problema dasvan da tradiciisadmi axle-
buri midgoma SeimuSaon. amave dros, qarTve-
li artistebi xarbad ewafebian msoflio xe-
lovnebis axal mimdinareobebs.
am ormxrivi mimarTulebis mxatvrul
formaSi yvelaze bunebrivad da organulad
gacxadebas qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi da gamorCeuli figu-
ra, profesional mxatvarTa uecari aRmoCena
da erTgvari orientiri _ niko firosmanaS-
vili axerxebs. akademiuri ganaTlebis armqo-
ne mxatvari ufro Tavisufalia realisturi
mxatvrobis `xilvebisagan~, mis mzeriT mexsie-
rebaSi naklebad iCrdileba qarTuli qristi-
anuli xelovnebisa Tu xalxuri folkloris
nimuSebi, iqneba es kedlis mxatvroba, xatwe-
ra, saflavis reliefi Tu saxviTi xelovne-
bis sxva dargi. qarTuli nivTieri kultu-
riT nakvebi niWi, misdauneburad flobs eris
`genetikuri kodis~ gasaRebs, romelsac ase
122
daJinebiT eswrafvian qarTveli moderniste-
bi. `profesiul~ mxatvrobaSi gauwafavi, mis
saxviT saSualebebTan gauSinaurebeli niko
firosmanaSvili gamosaxulebisadmi ridsa da
mowiwebas ganicdis, aqedan _ figuraTa iera-
tiuloba-reprezentatiuloba da formaTa
primitivistuli elferi, rac miT ufro ax-
lobels xdis mis Semoqmedebas modernistuli
mxatvruli epoqis warmomadgenelTaTvis. am
madliani nazaviT iqmneba niko firosmanaSvi-
lis mxatvroba, ase qarTuli da ase Tanamed-
rove erTdroulad. firosmani gulubryvilo
da gulwrfeli mzeriT aRiqvams yvelafers;
mis TvalsawierSi Tanabrad xvdeba istoriu-
li pirebi, ubralo adamianebi, cxovelebi Tu
garemomcveli buneba, iseve rogorc `azrob-
rivad sapirispiro movlenebi: [...] sikeTe da
boroteba, Sroma da lxini~2. amitomac, suf-
Ta formiT peizaJi masTan naklebad gvxvde-
ba. landSafti misTvis umTavresad `adgilia~,
2
Г.Хоштария, Своеобразие построения картин Пиросма-
нашвили, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili II saer­
TaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1977, gv. 2-5, wignidan:
d. Tu­maniSvili, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 2001.
sadac amqveyniuri cxovreba miedineba, sadac
misTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovani `ambebi~ xde-
ba. niko firosmanis peizaJebis, albaT, erT-
erTi saukeTeso gansazRvreba giorgi xoSta-
rias ekuTvnis, igi maT `mravalscenian sura-
Tebs~ uwodebs da Semdegnairad axasiaTebs:
`ubralo, cotaTi gulubryvilo moTxroba
bunebasa, adamiansa da sxvadasxva ambebze,
Tavis rigze mcxovreb samyaroze, romelic
Cvens saWvretelad gadaSlila mTeli mraval-
ferovnebiTa da erTianobiT~3. magram dasav-
leTevropeli Semoqmedisagan gansxvavebiT,
niko firosmanaSvili samyaros tragikuli
elferis mqone panTeistur xats rodi qmnis,
misTvis es garemomcveli samyaros bunebri-
vi mdgomareobaa, romelSic Zaldautaneblad
poulobs sakuTar adgils mTxrobeli _Semo-
qmedi, romelic ar ganikiTxavs, ubralod _
gardaTxrobs (sur. 5).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTul saxviT
xelovnebaSi peizaJis, rogorc mxatvrobis
srulfasovani Janris Camoyalibeba 1910-1920-
iani wlebis qarTuli ferweris monapovaria.
am dros peizaJi dasrulebul mxatvrul mov-
lenad Camoiqna da qarTuli dazguri ferwe-
ris uZiriTadesi niSnebic daitia. mocemuli
pleadis mxatvarTa Soris igi erT-erT um-
Tavres Temad iqca. mas aqtiurad mimarTavs
axali Taobis TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli.
magaliTad, valerian sidamon-erisTavi Zi-
riTadad istoriul JanrSi muSaobs, magram
mis mxatvrul danatovarSi peizaJebsac vpou-
lobT (sur. 6); peizaJs gverds ar uvlis arc
portretisti qeTevan maRalaSvili, romelic
sakmarisad realisturi xasiaTis landSaf-
tebs qmnis; simbolur-alegoriuli Temebis
moyvaruli Salva qiqoZis ferweruli narati-
vi ki yvelaze ukeT, albaT, swored aq vlinde-
ba (sur. 7). peizaJs mimarTaven evropaSi damk-
vidrebuli feliqs varlamiSvili da mixeil
bilaniSvili; kirile zdaneviCi xom isedac
or Janrs _ naturmortsa da peizaJs aZlevs
upiratesobas, ufro realisturi mxatvrobis
motrfiale aleqsandre cimakuriZe ki mxo-
lod peizaJs uZRvnis sakuTar Semoqmedebas
3
iqve.

(sur. 13, 14). magram calke unda gamovyoT ori
avtori _ daviT kakabaZe da elene axvlediani,
modernisti mxatvrebi, romelnic ukonkuren-
cio pirvelobas aniWeben peizaJs (sur. 8-11).
qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis am orma didma
figuram swored peizaJSi miagno sakuTar Se-
moqmedebiT kredos, magram sruliad gansxva-
vebulad: e. axvledianisTvis es konkretuli
landSaftis farglebSi sakuTari tempera-
mentis darad, misive wamieri gancdis fiqsi-
rebaa, d. kakabaZesaTvis ki samyaros didebu-
lebis, waruvalobisa da zedroulobis gad-
mocemis saukeTeso saSualeba. e. axvlediani
nebismir peizaJur xeds dekoratiulobis
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli esTetikuri
gancdiT gadmoscems da, rac ase mniSvnelova-
nia misTvis, yovelTvis aRwevs peizaJis dra-
matul JReradobas. magram axvledianiseu-
li `dramatizmi~ upirvelesad avtoriseuli
subieqturobis nayofia, igi bunebis suraT-
Tan emociur-gancdiTad Serwymuli mxatv-
ris TviTreprezentaciaa. amitomac naklebad
mkacri gadarCevis princips eqvemdebareba mas-
Tan landSaftis Semadgeneli elementebi Tu
sezonuri movlenebi; mxatvris swrafi mzeriT
zustad `daWerili~ arqiteqtura, adamianebi,
Tovli, nisli, qarbuqi, kaSkaSa mze da wvima
Tanabaruflebiania mis peizaJebSi. e. axvle-
diani yovelTvis konkretul peizaJur xeds
iZleva, gansxvavebuli mxatvruli intonacii-
Ta da esTetikuri gancdiT, Tumc Zireuli av-
toriseuli mxatvruli principebiT; mxatvris
individualoba yoveli konkretuli suraTis
farglebSi vlindeba.
sul sxva tipis meTodur midgomas avlens
peizaJisadmi racionalurobiT `SeniRbuli~,
faruli temperamentis mqone daviT kakabaZe.
yovel axal peizaJur motivs igi damoukide-
bel serias uZRvnis. erTi seriis farglebSi
avtori konkretul mxatvrul amocanas amuS-
avebs, romlis Sesabamisadac cvlis mxatv-
rul manerasa da weris teqnikas. ase iqmneba
erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli ime-
reTis, bretanis, svaneTis, kojris, kikeTis
peizaJebi, parizisa da Tbilisis xedebi. d.
kakabaZis peizaJis qvakuTxeds, maT uSinaga-
qristine darCia
nes mxatvrul bunebas yvelaze naTlad mainc
`imereTis~ seria gvicxadebs. xilul formaTa
mxatvruli ganzogadebisa da abstrahirebis
mxolod misTvis cnobili saidumlos wyalo-
biT d. kakabaZe axerxebs, feradi geometriu-
li nakuwebiT awyobili sibrtye mnaxvelis
mier uyoymanod iqnes aRqmuli xedvis maRali
wertilidan danaxul mTa-barad. abstrahire-
bis miuxedavad, landSafti realurobasa da
konkretulobas inarCunebs, amitomac kakaba-
Ziseul imereTs, raoden paradoqsulic unda
iyos, erT-erT gansazRvrebad `saxasiaToc~
ki eTqmis. imereTis ukacrieli peizaJebi, ro-
gorc waruvalisa da zedroulis amqveyniuri
gamocxadeba, imavdroulad, bunebis ganzoga-
debul xatsac hgavs. magram avtoris mxridan
es xelovnebis gziT, Semoqmedebis procesiT
bunebis wvdoma ufroa, vidre Tayvaniscema.
moazrovne da mofiqral mxatvars xiluli
bunebis daxatva ki ara, gageba unda, misi ma-
radiuli arsis wvdoma da ferisa da xazis
saSualebiT gadmocema surs, rasac SesaSu-
123
ri mxatvruli damajereblobiTa da didni-
Wieri xelovanis simartiviT akeTebs. ra ti-
pis landSaftsac unda xatavdes d. kakabaZe,
forma yovelTvis formulis mkafioebamde
dawretili da mxatvrulad dasrulebulia.
amitomac uwodebs l. rCeuliSvili d. kaka-
baZis peizaJebs `suraT-peizaJebs~4 da e. axv-
ledianTan erTad, mas qarTul mxatvrobaSi
dazguri peizaJis Semqmnelad asaxelebs. al-
baT, ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli Tu vityviT,
rom qarTul dazgur ferweraSi maT peiza-
Jis ori polusuri tipi Seqmnes, qarTuli
peizaJis erTgvari `alfa da omega~ mogvces;
peizaJis Janris mimdevar mxatvarTaTvis maT
mTavari savali gzebi dasaxes. e. axvledianis
peizaJebis gza TiTqos ufro iolad savalia,
igi mxatvris emociuri individualobisa da
niWierebis zRvarze gadis, d. kakabaZisa ki
winaswar gansjas, mxatvruli amocanis das-
awyisSive gansazRvras da teqnikuri saSuale-
bebis swor arCevas moiTxovs. Tumc mTavaria
ara aTvlis wertili, aramed Sedegi, romel-
4
l. rCeuliSvili, axali qarTuli xelovnebis saki­
Txebi, Tb., 1998, gv. 13.
 qristine darCia
Tanac TiToeuli Semoqmedi sakuTari niWie-
rebisa da mxatvruli Ziebebis kvalad midis.
sxvadasxva mxatvris individualurma Ziebebma
gansazRvra swored qarTuli peizaJis Semd-
gomi ganviTarebis gza.
qarTul realistur dazgur mxatvroba-
Si peizaJis Janris `uflebebis damcvelad~
da erT-erT mTavar qomagad aleqsandre ci-
makuriZe gvevlineba. Tbilisis istoriul-
eTnografiuli muzeumis dakveTiT Sesru-
lebul Tbilisis xedebis ferwerul serias
(1926-1930 ww.) Tu ar CavTvliT, misi mxatv-
ruli memkvidreobidan, ZiriTadad, 1930-50-
iani wlebis peizaJebs vicnobT. rogorc Cans,
swored am dros Seiqmna xelsayreli garemo
moskovSi klasikuri samxatvro ganaTleba-
miRebuli mxatvris niWisTvis. realisturi
mxatvrobis tendenciis gaZliereba da ZalaSi
Sesvla gaxda saWiro, raTa 1921 wels samSob-
loSi dabrunebul al. cimakuriZes sakuTari
adgili epova qarTul xelovnebaSi. rusi `pe-
redviJnikebisa~ da rus mxatvarTa kavSiris
124
mxatvrul tradiciaze aRzrdili fermweri,
romlisTvisac yovelive modernistuli imTa-
viTve ucxo da miuRebeli iyo, peizaJis, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `klasikur versias~ qmnis.
rusuli akademiuri samxatvro ganaTlebis
kvali aSkarad SeiniSneba mis mSvid, gawonas-
worebul, sivrciTi perspeqtivis principe-
biT agebul, epikuri xasiaTis landSaftebSi.
kompoziciurad kargad mogvarebuli, kolo-
ristulad Tanabari, emociurad ki maJoruli
peizaJi moklebulia yovelgvar dramatizms.
sufTa ferebiT gajerebuli msuye monasme-
biT weris pastozuri manera rusuli realis-
turi mxatvrobis mier mxolod nawilobriv
miRebul-gaziarebuli impresionizmis anasx-
lets Seicavs. sxva yvelaferSi: Tvalwin ga-
daSlili landSaftis gadmocemis erTgule-
baSi, xiluli bunebisadmi realistur mid-
gomasa da xedvaSi, iseve rogorc klasikuri
mxatvruli principebis mimdevrobaSi, al.
cimakuriZe realisturi mxatvrobis safuZv-
lebs icavs. win gadaSlili landSaftisadmi
mxatvris gulwrfeli aRtaceba da emociuri
gaxsniloba arc avtoris mogonilia da arc
xatvis procesSi Tavsmoxveuli eiforiuli
monafiqri. yvelaferi TiTqos samuSao pro-
cesis dawyebamde wydeba: mziT gamTbari ga-
remos motivi, xis foTlebSua Suq-Crdilis
TamaSis Tema da TviT xedvis wertili anu
rakursi, rac namuSevris kompoziciur qva-
kuTxeds Seqmnis, imTaviTvea mxatvris Sina-
gani alRoTi ganpirobebuli, Tavad xatvis
procesi ki mxolod saxviTi xelovnebis mi-
mezisis uxsovar princips misdevs. aqedan
iRebs saTaves al. cimakuriZis Semoqmedebis
msubuqi momxibvleloba (sur. 13, 14).
gamorCeulad saintereso rolSi aRmoCn-
da peizaJis Janri gasuli saukunis 30-ian
wlebSi, rodesac mas erTgvari `maSveli rgo-
lis~ funqciis Sesruleba mouxda qarTvel
mxatvrTaTvis, maSin, rodesac xelovnebis Ti-
Toeuli dargi saxelmwifos mxridan fxizlad
kontroldeboda da mkacr cenzuras eqvemde-
bareboda. am dros iqmneba adgilobrivi na-
cionaluri niSnebiT Sezavebuli, fsevdohe-
roikuli paTetikiT aRsavse soc-realisturi
mxatvrobis TavisTavad saintereso, ara mxo-
lod mxatvruli, aramed socio-kulturuli
fenomeni. magram yvelafris miuxedavad, zo-
gierTi xelovani mainc axerxebs plakaturi
kompoziciebis miRma sxvadasxva mxatvruli
amocanis gadaWraze muSaobas. swored pei-
zaJis Janri TamaSobs, am mxriv, gadamwyvet
rols qarTul dazgur ferweraSi, radgan,
Janris specifikidan gamomdinare, SemoqmedT
Tavisufali qmedebis saSualebas aZlevs. am-
denad, bunebrivia, rom saqarTvelos gasab-
Woebis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebulma da-
viT kakabaZem, mogvianebiT saxalxo mxatvrad
aRiarebulma elene axvledianma da zogadad,
maTi Taobis mxatvrebma Sveba swored peiza-
Jis JanrSi hpoves. d. kakabaZe realisturi
mxatvrobis tradiciaSi qmnis peizaJebs in-
dustriul Temebze. mxatvari cdilobs saku-
Tari peizaJebi sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis
ufro misaReb Temebs _ mitings, madneulis
damuSavebasa Tu rionhesis mSeneblobas Seu-
Tavsos. swored 1930-40-ian wlebSi iwyebs igi
muSaobas ufro usafrTxo da `Seudavebeli~
realisturi xasiaTis seriebze `svaneTi~,

`kojori~ da `kikeTi~ (sur. 12). magram unda
iTqvas, rom siuJetisa Tu Temis miuxedavad,
d. kakabaZe arasodes midis daTmobaze saku-
Tari Semoqmedebis mxatvrul principebTan
da ar `azaralebs~ mxatvrul formas.
amdenad, sabWoTa periodSi peizaJi bev-
risTvis gamosavalia, mravalTaTvis ki intui-
ciuri `svla~, romlis drosac Tavisuflad
vlindeba mxatvris ferweruli SesaZleblo-
bebi _ gacilebiT ufro bunebrivi da namdvi-
li xdeba weris manera, SeuzRudavi, gulwr-
feli da aranaZaladevi Temisa Tu motivis
arCevani. magaliTad, `koniunqturul~ sabWo-
Ta moTxovnebTan adaptirebuli, yofiTi Jan-
ris garkveuli tipis motivebis, iqneb sulac,
Zaladmoyvare valentin Serpilovi peizaJis
xatvis dros, ferweruli teqnikis Ziebis mx-
riv, kidev ufro Tamami, Tematuri intona-
ciis mxriv ki ufro Tavisufali da bunebrivi
xdeba. Zveli xelovnebisagan `nasesxeb~ en-
kaustikis teqnikas, erTgvar teqnikur eqspe-
riments sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi, v. Serpilovi
ZiriTadad swored amgvar kompoziciebSi mi-
marTavs (sur. 15.). 1930-40-ian wlebSi peiza-
Jebs mravlad vxvdebiT iseT mxatvrebTanac,
rogorebicaa mose ToiZe, klara kveesi, Tamar
abakelia, Tamar TavaZe, uCa jafariZe, petre
bliotkini, korneli sanaZe da mixeil goci-
riZe, romelTanac peizaJi zogjer misTvis
uCveulo siurealistur-primitivistul el-
fersac ki iRebs da zog SemTxvevaSi, Teatris
dekoraciasac emsgavseba.
gansakuTrebul masStabs peizaJis Janri
korneli sanaZis SemoqmedebaSi aRwevs. yu-
radRebas imTaviTve iqcevs peizaJebis Tema-
turi mravalferovneba da ferweruli Ses-
rulebis cvalebadi manera. masTan naxavT
mJReri, kontrastuli ferebiTa da pasto-
zuri monasmebiT Sesrulebul eqspresiul
peizaJebs, ufro etiuduri xasiaTis svaneTis
xedebs, msubuq movercxlisfro gamaSi mo-
livlive landSaftebsa Tu Zveli ostatebis
tradiciaSi Seqmnil, XVII saukunis holandiu-
ri mxatvrobisa da XIX saukunis franguli
stilis pastoralur motivebs (sur. 16, 17).
qristine darCia
da rac mTavaria, daviT kakabaZis msgavsad,
korneli sanaZemac miagno bunebis suraTis
ganzogadebisa da abstrahirebis sakuTar me-
Tods, romelsac, Cveulebriv, aWarisa da gu-
riis peizaJebSi mimarTavs. Cais plantaciebiT
mofenili mTa-bariT erTianad Sevsebuli
sasuraTe kadri masTan msubuqad geometri-
zirebuli formebis _ feradovani sibrtyee-
bis, uswormasworo wreebisa da mrudeebis _
dekoratiuli ZaliT gardaiqmneba. Tumca d.
kakabaZisagan gansxvavebiT, k. sanaZis peizaJe-
bi nakleb amaRlebuli da ufro amqveyniuria,
radgan moklebulia kakabaZiseul moCvenebiT
maTematikur sizustes, daufaravad Tavisu-
fali da nebismieria. k. sa­ naZisaTvis ucxoa
gamosaxulebis formulis xarisxSi ayvanis
survili. mxatvari mTis ferdebze Sefenili
Cais plantaciebis Tavisebur piqtogramas qm-
nis da ara waruvali bunebis maradiul xats.
amitomac guobs k. sanaZis aWaris peizaJebi
wina planze motanil msxvilmasStabian port-
retebsa da gamosaxulebebs, rac kinokadris
125
fragmentulobisa da dinamizmis gancdas to-
vebs mnaxvelSi (sur. 18).
dasasrul, vfiqrobT, sruli ufleba
gvaqvs, vTqvaT, rom peizaJis Janrs sakmaod
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia qarTul saxviT
xelovnebaSi. misi warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa
da ZalaSi srulad Sesvlis procesi naxevar
saukunesac ki ar moicavs, magram es dro sav-
sebiT sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom peizaJs qar-
Tul mxatvrobaSi sakuTari `matianes~ pirve-
li Tavi daewera. marTalia, saqarTveloSi ar
Seqmnila mimdinareoba Tu mxatvarTa gaer-
Tianeba, romelic mxolod peizaJs airCevda
mTavar motivad, magram peizaJis Janrma, rom-
lis stilistika sxvadasxva mxatvruli epoqis
tendenciebiT nakarnaxevi ferweruli amoca-
nebis Sesabamisad icvleboda, TiTqmis yvela
epoqaSi SeZlo mxatvruli azris gardasaxvis
avangardSi yofna. da, rac mTavaria, peizaJis
Janrma qarTvel SemoqmedT sakuTari mxatv-
ruli samyaros gamovlenis Tavisufleba mis-
ca da araerTi qarTveli mxatvris Semoqmede-
biTi individualoba daitia.
 qristine darCia

KRISTINE DARCHIA Nevertheless, the period was sufficient for landscape

Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
to create its own history in Georgian art. The landscape
genre, whose stylistics changed according to the dictates
of artistic challenges of differing artistic epochs, mana­
ORIGIN OF LANDSCAPE GENRE AND ged to stay on the forefront of the transformation of
THE 1ST STAGE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT artistic thinking. Most importantly, landscape painting
IN GEORGIAN EASEL PAINTING enabled Georgian artists to freely express their artistic
outlooks and provided room for creative individualism
Summary of numerous Georgian painters.

In Georgia, a country with long-standing traditions of

Orthodox Christian art, realistic painting developed in a
way different from that of Western Europe. Georgian ea-
sel painting, with its genre and technique diversity, origi-
nated in the 1880-1890s, when the 1st generation of Geor-
gian artists (G. Gabashvili, R. Gvelesiani, A. Beridze, A.
Mrevlishvili, D. Guramishvili and M. Toidze) travelled
to Russia (or rarely to Europe) to receive education.
Therefore, Georgian easel painting became exposed to
the latest achievements in Realistic Art through the Rus-
sian Realistic School. This way, Georgian art inherited
landscape painting from Russian and European art. Sim-
126

ilar to other genres, landscape `smoothly established~

itself in the thematic repertoire of Georgian art. This had
its methodological and aesthetic reasons. Landscapes
an inseparable attribute of Realistic Art was a neces-
sary precondition for Georgian easel art to succeed. But
it can be said that the development of landscape paint-
ing as an independent genre of art owes to Georgian art
of the 1910-20s, when landscape established itself as an
accomplished artistic phenomenon encompassing the
main attributes of Georgian easel painting. It was one
of the main themes for the artists of this generation. Al-
most all representatives of the new generation resorted
to it. Two artists however are particularly outstanding
– Davit Kakabadze and Elene Akhvlediani, modernist
painters, whose art was dominated by landscape. These
two painters created two polar types of landscape – the
certain alpha and omega – in Georgian easel painting.
They paved ways for landscape painters. It was through
the individual pursuits by different artists that the further
path of development of Georgian landscape art eventu-
ally took shape.
Landscape painting occupies a distinguished
niche in Georgian art. The process of its emergence
and development spans less than two centuries.
 qristine darCia

1. gigo gabaSvili Gigo Gabashvili

127

2. aleqsandre mrevliSvili Alexander Mrevlishvili

 qristine darCia

3. mose ToiZe. kalooba qarTlSi, 1895 w.

Mose Toidze. Harvesting in Kartli, 1895
128

4. mose ToiZe. 1910-iani ww.

Mose Toidze. 1910s
 qristine darCia

5. niko firosmanaSvili. dReoba cxeniswyalze

Nico Pirosmanashvili. The feast at Tskhenistskali

129

6. valerian sidamon-erisTavi. borjomi, 1920-iani ww.

Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi. Borjomi, 1920th
 qristine darCia

7.
Salva qiqoZe. 1917 w. Shalva Kikodze. 1917
130

8. elene axvlediani. 1920-iani ww.

Elene Akhvlediani. 1920th
 qristine darCia

9. elene axvlediani. parizi, 1920-iani ww.

Elene Akhvlediani. Paris, 1920s

131
10. daviT kakabaZe. bretani, 1921 w.
David Kakabadze. Brittany, 1921
 qristine darCia

11. daviT kakabaZe. imereTis peizaJi, 1934 w.

David Kakabadze. Imereti landscape, 1934
132

12. daviT kakabaZe. kojori, 1944 w.

David Kakabadze. Kojori, 1944
 qristine darCia

13. aleqsandre cimakuriZe. 1930 w.

Alexander Tsimakuridze. 1930

133

14. aleqsandre cimakuriZe. mxatvris saxli qviSxeTSi, 1938 w.

Alexander Tsimakuridze. Artists house in Kvishkheti, 1938
 qristine darCia

15. valentin Serpilovi. 1957 w.

Valentin Sherpilov. 1957
134

16. korneli sanaZe. borjomi, 1963 w.

Corneli Sanadze. Borjomi, 1963
 qristine darCia

17. korneli sanaZe. idilia, 1974 w.

Corneli Sanadze. Idyll, 1974

135

18. korneli sanaZe. aWareli qali

Corneli Sanadze. Adjarian woman
 samson leJava
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
erTi Tbilisuri
aivnis Sesaxeb*1
yofili f. engelsis (amJamad, lado asaTia-
nis) da S. dadianis quCaTa kuTxeSi jer kidev
SemorCenilia Zveli, Tbilisuri CuqurTmiani
aivnis saukeTeso nimuSi, romlis gamorCeu-
li xarisxi, Sesrulebis zedmiwevniToba da
SemoqmedebiTi amocanis dasmis Taviseburi
maqsimalizmic ki _ eWvgareSea. amasTan, misi
mdgomareoba Cveni sazogadoebis gulgrilo-
bisa da kulturuli memkvidreobisadmi am-
neziuri damokidebulebis metad samwuxaro
136
gamoxatulebaa. mouvlelobis gamo, Zegli
imdenad savalalo mdgomareobaSia, rom dRes
Tu ara xval, SeiZleba amortizirebis gamo,
Tavadve, sxvis `dauxmarebladac~ ki CaiSa-
los. samagierod, ar Cans srulebiT absur-
duli, `panorama Tbilisis~ dari, mega-pro-
eqtebis nakleboba, romelTa ganxorcieleba
sul male Tbiliss srulebiT ucxo, gul-
miukarebel, Semzarav fsevdo-urbanul mon-
strad gadaaqcevs!
amJamad, Cemi mizania ara marto ga-
giziaroT didi gulistkivili am, rogorc
Cans, gamousworebeli urbanuli katastro-
fis gamo, aramed gagesaubroT imaze, Tu
ra gansazRvravs konkretulad, am araCveu-
lebrivi aivnis gansakuTrebulobas.
pirveli gancda, rac geufleba, roca
umzer am, lamisaa `gabomJebul~ aivans isaa,
rom igi sakuTar saxlad aRar `aRiqvams~
Tbiliss. cotac da miusafar `ucxo xilad~
iqceva `gasxvaqalaqebuli TbilisisaTvis~.
* naSromi wakiTxulia profesor dimitri TumaniSvilis
65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konferenciaze
(Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb., 2015, 11-12 ivnisi).
es nageboba ubralod ganwirulia. Tbilisi
xom dRes aRarc aris `sixarulis qalaqi~,
romelic arc Tu Soreul warsulSic ki,
uzarmazar kreatiul muxts atarebda. ispo-
ba misi Seucvleli `adgilis suli~. moqnil,
faqiz, cocxal urbanul organizs enacv-
leba srulebiT tlanqi, gauTleli, Tavxe-
durad araprofesiuli amoZirkva uaRresad
Rirseuli warsulisa, romlis sivrces axa-
siaTebda adamianuri masStabi, nagebobaTa
Tvisobriobis urTierTgaTvaliswineba aRm-
Seneblobisas, Zlieri komunikaciuroba, mis-
andobeloba da gamorCeuli artistulobac,
rac calkeul detalebSic Canda, da, rac
umTavresia, mTlian struqturaSic sisavsiT
cnaurdeboda.
Cveni magaliTi am midgomebs saukeTesod
adasturebs. konkretulad ki, ai ra Cans am
SenobaSi: igi Tavis `mikrosivrceSi~ ara mx-
olod kargad, aramed Zalian sarwmunodac
aorganizebs irgvlivmdebare garemocvas,
uaRresad moqnilad akavSirebs or quCas urT-
ierTTan da Taviseburi `mediatoris~ rolsac
asrulebs. xisti urTierTperpendikularuli
`Sexvedra~ quCaTa dinebisa gacilebiT elas-
tikuri da Serbilebulic xdeba, amis Sedegad
ki, yalibdeba uwyvetobis gancda, anu diskre-
tulobas kontiniumuroba enacvleba.
amas garda, es aivani sakmarisad msxvil-
masStabiania imisTvis, raTa es funqcia Sea-
srulos _ mas Seswevs saaamiso Zala: arc
zedmetad `liderobs~, vinaidan quCasTan
wilnayarobis ganwyobas ar `iviwyebs~, ris
Sedegadac _ mainc mokrZalebulad erT-
veba qalaqis urTierTSeziarebul ritmSi,
oRondac cxadia, ise, rom arc Tavisi Tvi-
sobrivobis gamorCeulobas Tmobs. amdenad,
aq Cans amocanis uaRresad daxvewili xedva.
Senoba calkeul, avtonomiur erTeulad ki
ar aRiqmeba, romelsac ubralod arc ki ain-
teresebs, Tu ra xdeba mis irgvliv (Tundac
mis uaxloes sivrceebSi), aramed dialogu-
roba, konteqstualuroba axasiaTebs. mas,
mSobliur qalaqSi calkeulad mniSvnelovani
saxis matareblobisas, mainc `wilnayarad~

gancdili Tvisobrivobis `SerTvac~ gamo-
arCevs mTlianobaSi. aseTi midgoma Tavisebur
`orkestrulobas~ gulisxmobs, sadac cxa-
dia, gamocalkeveba da amovardniloba TviT
solirebad instrumentsac arasgziT unda ax-
asiaTebdes. `solirebis~ aseTi unaris flo-
bisas, es sacxovrisi mainc inarCunebs mokrZa-
lebulobas _ misi aqtiuroba araa Tavsmox-
veuli, aramed erTgvarad `Rirseulia~ da
Tavmdablobis `araukumgdebelic~ Cans. mTe-
li es, TiTqosda `personaluri~ Tvisebebi
TavisTavad, didad sagulisxmoa, magram aq
kidev erTi niuansi iqcevs yuradRebas: Tavad
Senoba, romelsac gars evleba aivani, Zveli
naSTis safuZvelzea aRmarTuli da mrgva-
lia. is sakuTar konfiguraciaSive `atarebs~
quCaTa SekavSirebis `ndomas.~ Tumca, maszeve
`Semozrdili~ da misganve organulad `amo-
mavali~ aivani am mizanswrafvas ufro meti
sisruliT, garemosTan meti misadagebulo-
biT avlens. ase rom, quCebTan SekavSirebisas
orsafexurovani `svla~ gveZleva.
axla ki davakvirdeT, Tu rogor aviTa-
rebs am uwyvet `ganSla-Semovlebas~ sakuTriv
morTuloba. igi solidarulia _ saxli-aivani
_ `tandemis~ mizanswrafvisa, `Semoqargavs~
ra msubuqi, uaRresad moxdenili, magram ima-
vdroulad, energiulobiT aRvsili dekoriT
sakuTar Senobas. aq Wviruli `xelrTva~
ubralod ki ar alamazebs saxls, rogorc
garedan datanili samSvenisi, aramed Tavad
saxlisave `wiaRidan~ amoizrdeba da mTel mis
dinamizms `amravalferovnebs~ erTob maRa-
li esTetikuri ganzomilebebis matarebe-
li, ubralod filigranulad Sesrulebuli
dekoriT. denadi xviebi mravalmimarTule-
biania. CuqurTmis nairnakadovani svlebis
mTeli es `mogzauroba~ wamyvani, garTule-
bulmonaxaziani jvarisebri maxvilis mniS-
vnelovanebasac gamohkveTs, Tanac rogorc
SedarebiT rTulnaxatian TaRnarSi, ise moa-
jiris TavisTavadac Zlier metyvel, Tumc
gacilebiT martiv morTulobaSi. es faqto-
ri moajirisa da TaRnaris araerTgvarovan
dekorums Sinagan `erTsulovnebas~ sZens da
Taviseburad kidec hkravs mTel am Senobas _
samson leJava
anu gamodis, rom misi `moZravi suli~ amasTa-
nave, ar gulisxmobs mxolod garkveul max-
vilTa arsebobas, maT `fokusirebulobas~,
aramed upiratesad, Tavisebur `nakadismi-
erobasac~.
zemoaRniSnul ganwyobas aZlierebs xvia
svetebis aRmamimarTuli `svla~. isini gvir-
gvindeba Zalian rTulad damuSavebuli sve-
tisTavebiT, romelTa zedapiri cocxlad
asimetriuli dekoriTaa `Catvifruli~ da,
amave dros, zrdisa da `antigravitaciulo-
bis~ matareblobas imiTac avlens, rom misive
damagvirgvinebeli konfiguraciebi sivrceSi
aqtiur `gadasvlas~ iwyebs. svetisTavTa da-
muSaveba ubralod virtuozulia. miT ufro
Semawuxebelia, ufaqizes niuansTa niveli-
reba, rac Tavis droze, tlanqi dafervis
Sedegad iqna miRebuli. kidev erTi, Tavis
droze erTiani `sartylis~ saxis, aw ki frag-
mentuli gamaerTianebeli `zoli~ saxlis
qveda nawilsac Semouyveboda. mas rogorc
festoniseburi aJuris, ise zeddebuli, te-
137
qnikurad uaRresad rTulad gansaxorciele-
beli morTulobis saxe aqvs. aqac Cans, rom
aivnis mqmneli ostatebi ubralod brwyinva-
led flobdnen Tavis saqmes da udidesi si-
yvaruliTac axorcielebdnen yovel detals,
yovel elements. ai amitomac, TviT mikros-
truqturebSic ki, imave rigis gulisxmieri
pasuxismgebloba Canda, rogoric vlindeba
Tavad mTlian wyobaSi. gamodis, rom zereled,
haiharad, ubralod arafers qmnidnen, mTeli
arsebiT iyvnen CarTulni SesaqmeSi, xolo sa-
kuTari qalaqis gamSvenebas ki ise aRiqvamd-
nen, rogorc didebuli poemisaTvis misi su-
liskveTebis sruliad Sesaferisi, poeturad
sisxlsavse striqonis Sematebas.
imasac nu daviviwyebT, rom am rigis
aivanTa aRmSeneblebi anonimurobas inarCu-
nebdnen. saxeli da dideba etyoba, saerTod
arc izidavdaT da maTi Rrmad religiuri
cnobierebisaTvis es verc iqneboda gadam-
wyveti. am aivnis gamarTvis xana, Cans, XIX s-is
70-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba, rodesac amqruli
organizaciebi jer kidev inarCunebs Tavis
arsebobas, Tumca 1860-ian wlebSi momxdari
 samson leJava

ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, es jerac inten- SAMSON LEJAVA

siuri, magram ukve klebadi inercia iyo, George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
romelmac Tumc ki, vgoneb, Taviseburi kon- for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
centracia moaxdina gansaxilvel aivanSi. Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
meCveneba, rom amqris wevrebi maTi mfarveli
wmindanisadmi da upirvelesad, RvTisadmi pa-
tivmigebas imiT avlendnen, rom guliT sur- ABOUT ONE TBILISI BALCONY
daT sakuTar did saxlad aRqmuli qalaq-
isaTvis iseTi ram SeematebinaT, romelic mis The letter describes one interesting and high artistic
dignity and distinctive decor filigree balconies, placed
`adgilis suls~ araTu mxolod Seefereboda,
between Asataini and Dadiani Street in Tbilisi, Geor-
aramed mis Tavisebur `amaRlebasac~ ki Seuwy-
gia. As a result of neglection, this moment is at the edge
obda xels. saero rigis aRmSeneblobaSic xom
of destruction.
lamis eklesiaTa aRmarTvisas Cenili sasoeba The presented work presents the analysis of the
amoZravebdaT. amitomac iyo, rom aq sakral- building characteristics and the Balcony’s function as
urica da ufro gamiwierebulic, Sepirispire- well as the development of the urban structure. The let-
bulad ki ar aRiqmeboda, aramed urTierTSex- ter expresses the concerns over the fate of the old city
mobilad. vfiqrob, uiliam moriss rom exi- and describes society’s attitude regarding the culture
la am aivnis aRmSeneblobis procesi, egebis heritage.
ufro Rrmadac Caswvdomoda misTvis arsebiT
problematikas axal nÁuansTa SemoTavazebiT
_ Tundac gaucxoebis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.
mTavari ki sxvaa: mxolod es magaliTic
138

ki naTlad metyvelebs, rom adre sxva qalaqSi

vcxovrobdiT da axla ki sul sxva sivrce-
Si varsebobT. Cven, mTelma sazogadoebam
gavwireT es qalaqi. igi TiTqos aRarc ki
aris mSobliuri. Cveni sociumi sworedac
rom gauucxovda Tbiliss, romelsac didi
erTobis ganwyoba aranairad aRar amoZravebs.
urTierTizolirebuloba, sakuTar mikrosa-
myaroSi Caketva, lokalur ganzomilebaTa
absolutizacia cxovrebis wesad gveqca.
amitomac, davbrmavdiT aseTi Senobebis aR-
qmis TvalsazrisiTac. maT vgoneb, verc ki
vamCnevT, da maTive bedisa sulac ar gvedar-
deba. aRarc mTliani qalaqi gviyvars, da misi
momcro nawili risTvisRa dagvafiqrebs? arc
saydrisis afeTqebaa umravlesobisaTvis aq-
tualuri! destruqciuli movlenebi TiTqos
Cvens miRma xdeba, gegoneba, Cven es ar gvexe-
ba, TiTqos ubralod araaqtualuria, rac
TviTmotyuebaa da sxva araferi. amitomac
moxda, rom Zveli Tbilisi, es arcTu mxolod
SesanarCunebeli, aramed Cvenive sulierebi-
saTvis oazisad aRsaqmeli, gasafrTxilebeli
sivrce, ukve lamis Semzarav getod vaqcieT!
 samson leJava

sacxovrebeli saxli, asaTianisa da dadianis quCaTa kuTxe (T. belqanias fotoebi)

Dwelling House, Corner of Asatiani and Dadiani Streets (Photos by T. Belkania)

139
140 samson leJava
samson leJava

141
 Tamar SavguliZe
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
socialisturi realizmis
principebi
(qarTuli qandakebis magaliTze)
nawili 1
winamdebare statiaSi SevexebiT socialis-
turi realizmis, rogorc saxviTi meTodis
principebs da vecdebiT gamovkveToT, rogor
moxda maTi qandakebis enaze adaptacia. cxa-
dia, socialisturi realizmis saxviTi prin-
cipebi xelovnebis yvela dargisTvis, yvela
respublikaSi saerTo gaxldaT, magram wi-
namdebare statiaSi Cven ganvixilavT im maga­
142
liTebs, romelTa arsebobasac qarTuli sab-
WoTa qandakeba adasturebs da Sesabamisad,
qarTuli xelovnebis sabWoTa epoqis tenden-
ciebs asaxavs.
1932 wels, socialisturi realizmi ga-
formda, rogorc mxatvruli stili. Tavad i.b.
stalins, arsad, arasdros daufiqsirebia, ro-
gori unda yofiliyo igi. socialisturi re-
alizmis ideologiuri wanamZRvrebi SeiZleba
m. gorkisa da i. stalinis mimoweraSi davin-
axoT. stalinma da partiam mwerali gamoiyena,
rogorc ganaTlebul da elitarul, inteleq-
tualur wresTan brZolis meqanizmi1.
socialisturi realizmis, rogorc mxat-
vrulad Rirebuli stilis maxasiaTeblebze
rTulia saubari, magram igi udaod emorCile-
ba konkretuli ideis asaxvisTvis aucilebel
kanons, romelic saboloo jamSi efeqtur se-
miotikur strategiad iqca.
socialisturi realizmis umTavresi,
sax­
viT formebSi gacxadebuli erT-erTi se-
miotikuri strategia iyo alegoria. kul-
1
g. gvaxaria, socializmis dabadeba, radio Tavisuf­
leba, 2000.
turuli kategoria, romelic saTaves anti-
kuri periodidan iRebs. zogierTi kritikosi
miiCnevs, rom alegoria kvlav dominanturad
socialistur realizmSi im mizeziT gadaiqca,
rom igi, rogorc mxatvruli xerxi, ideolo-
giuri diskursis gansamtkiceblad mosaxerxe-
belia, misi saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba
sxvadasxva zneobrivi sistemebis konkretul
formebSi gansaxiereba. vinaidan socialistu-
ri xelovneba monawileobas iRebda social-
ur gegmarebaSi, axal alegoriul formebs
unda moexerxebina da xelovneba ganeride-
bina iseTi „damRupveli“ zegavlenisgan, ro-
goric iyo individualizmi da yvelaferi,
rac pirovnebis koleqtivisgan gancalkevebis
tendencias atarebda. alegoriaSi ki devs
swored is ganmazogadebeli elementi (gan-
sakuTrebiT ki vizualur alegoriaSi), ro-
melic xels uwyobs saazrovno dogmebis iko-
nografiul sqemebSi transformirebas da maT
Semdgom, iol mimReobas.
alegoriis aucileblobam, romelic axal
saazrovno veqtorebs Camoayalibebda da
Tanamonawile gaxdeboda sabWoTa miTis Tu
axali sabWoTa religiis Seqmnis procesSi,
xelovnebaSi axali vizualuri formebis dan-
ergvis aucilebloba gamoiwvia, rasac Sede-
gad mohyva, droisa da sivrcis specifiuri,
mxolod sabWoTa xelovnebisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli percefcia. aseve, socialisturi
realizmis vizualizaciis procesSi aqtiu-
rad iqna gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva saxviTi
kulturebis elementebi, kerZod marTl-
madidebluri, qristianuli ikonografiiT
dawyebuli, impresionizmiT dasrulebuli.
rodesac impresionizmzea saubari, vgulisx-
mobT, rom socilisturma realizmma isarge-
bla misi ferweruli monapovrebiT da ara
impresionistuli qandakebis elementebiT,
TumcaRa socialisturi realizmis qanda-
kebam sakuTari narativis farglebSi mainc
moaxerxa da nawilobriv gamoiyena is saxviTi
saSualebebi, rac impresionistuli saxviTi
maneriT gamdidrebul, socialisturi real-
izmis ferweras xelewifeboda.
magaliTad, socialisturi realizmis
tipuri ferweruli namuSevrisTvis damaxasi­

aTebelia moZraoba. figurebi sasuraTe si-
brtyeze xSirad imyofebian moZraobis pro-
cesSi, mxolod maTi moZraobis traeqtoria
winaswargansazRvrulia. isini aucileblad
moZraoben win, xSirad ferweruli kompozi-
ciidan mayureblisken, modian pirdapir an
figuraTa gamosaxuleba profilSia mocemu-
li da sruliad cxadad ikiTxeba, rom isini
ara ubralod siarulis procesSi arian gamo-
saxulni, aramed mniSvnelovani datvirT-
vis mqone nabijis gadadgmis momentSi arian
dafiqsirebulni. mxolod nabiji ar aris
gamosaxuli, rogorc TviTneburi, sxvadasx-
va datvirTvis mqone qmedeba, misi maJoruli
JReradoba cxadhyofda saTqmels, rom ga-
dadgmul nabijs adamiani mihyavs warmate-
buli momavlisken, romelic saxelmwifos
mier aris garantirebuli. Zlier moqalaqeSi
proecirebuli, Zlieri saxelwifos narativi
ferweraSi da qandakebaSi yovelTvis Semagre-
bulia Zlieri, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuli
plastikis mqone sxeuliT.
qarTuli qandakeba ferweris darad so-
cialisturi realizmis adepti gaxda da izi-
arebda im tendenciebs, romelic ruseTSi, ro-
gorc maSindeli kulturis centrSi Seqmnili
xelovnebis sivrceSi daiZra. masSic, moZrao-
ba da nabijis alegoria gaxda ganmsazRvreli
(sur. 1). socialisturi realizmis qarTuli
qandakebis magaliTebSi dafiqsirebuli moZ-
raoba, swored farTod gadadgmuli nabijis
alegoriaa. moZraoba isea mocemuli, rom Tu
mayurebeli profilSi naxavs qandakebas, Cans
rom qandakeba win dgams nabijs, xolo may-
ureblisTvis, romelic pirispir aRmoCdeba
qandakebasTan, igi misken momavali figuraa.
sabWoTa kulturis mkvlevarTa mosazrebiT2,
socialistur realizmSi aseTi tipis moZrao-
bis aucilebloba gansazRvra i.b. stalinis
dawesebulma e.w. xuTwledebma da gegmebma,
pirveli cnobili xuTwledi 1932-1937 wle-
bze gaiTvala da swored aqedan iRebs saTaves
xelovnebis nawarmoebTa saxviTi enis dogma-
tizaciac. swored gamosaxul „nabijs“ unda
Seeqmna myisi­eri da Seuferxebeli progresis
2
W. Holz, Art of The Soviets, Painting, sculpture and architectu-
re in a one-party state 1917-1992, 1993, p. 73-86.
Tamar SavguliZe
iluzia saxviT enaze an/da iseTi droiTi seg-
mentebis dauyoneblivi simultanuroba, rog-
orebicaa verbalizebuli „yofna“ da „iqneba“.
socialisturi realizmis kidev erTi
moTxovna, romelic Tanabrad ganxorcielda
xelovnebis yvela hipostasSi aris e.w. axali
sabWoTa adamianis Seqmna, romlic gadaiq-
ceoda komunisturi suliT warmarTul so-
cialur sxeulad. imisTvis, rom sabWoTa ada-
miani gaeidealebinaT, rogorc xuTwledis
gegmis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli mZlavri
fizikuri imiji, socialisturi realizmis
mxatvrebma da moqandakeebma, zogadad Semoq-
medebma, Seqmnes alegoriuli saxeebi. gansaz-
Rvres sanimuSo muSebisa da glexebis Tvise-
bebi da sxeuli aqcies maT aRmniSvnelad,
romelic gansazRvravda maT socialur iden-
tobasa da mniSvnelobas. gamoqandakebuli
pirovnebebi socialistur realizmSi ukve
iyvnen frTxilad da gulmodgined gansaz-
Rvruli socialuri sxeulebi, romelTa
fizikuri Tvisebebi unda gamxdariyo stal-
inuri sociumis, romelime seqtoris muSaTa
143
da glexTa tipuri ideali.
yoveli es, aTasobiT portreti, glexebi-
sa, muSebisa, warmatebuli kolmeurneebisa,
metraqtoreebisa, frontis gmirebisa, parti-
zanebisa, romelic Seqmnilia sabWoTa period-
Si da romelTa variantebiTac uxvad aris war-
modgenili sabWoTa qarTuli qandakeba (da ara
mxolod qarTuli, aramed zogadad sabWoTa
qandakeba), ar iyo gaTvlili individualuri
Rirebulebrivi niSnebis, pirovnuli Tvise-
bebis, xasiaTis gamomJRavnebeli elementebis
gamosaxvaze. isini arsebobdnen mxolod sx-
vadasxva, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier daSveb-
uli socialuri fenebis (muSebi, maswavleble-
bi, samxedro personali, eqimebi, xelovanebi
da a.S.) materialuri emblemebis sivrceSi da
maTiT iRebdnen mniSvnelobas (samuSao iaraRi,
medlebi, epoletebi da a.S.) (sur.2).
aseTia aTasobiT skulpturuli bius-
ti (kidev erTi niSani sabWoTa xelovnebisa,
romelmac biusti gaaqtiura, rogorc erT-
erTi umTavresi forma sabWoTa qandakebaSi),
romelic inaxeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumebis fondebSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT.
 Tamar SavguliZe
socialisturi realizmis qarTuli skulptu-
ruli versiis gansakuTrebiT bevri da sain-
tereso koleqciaa Semonaxuli onis mxareTm-
codneobiT muzeumSi, xaragaulis istoriisa
da ambrolauris muzeumebSi.
maTi cal-calke aRwera da daxasiaTeba
ar mogvvcems raime tipis saxelovnebaTmcod-
neo Sedegs formis analizis TvalsazrisiT,
vinaidan isini kidev erTxel adastureben,
rom rogorc ki pirvelxarisxovani moqandake
ar hkidebda xels sabWoTa Temas, rigiTi mo-
qandakis xelSi, socialisturi realizmi, gan-
sakuTrebiT qandakebaSi iyo ara saxelovne-
bo movlena, aramed politikuri dakveTa,
romelsac yvela SesaZlo kavSiri hqonda dak-
arguli xelovnebasTan. qarTuli muzeumebis
fondebSi Semonaxuli socialisturi real-
izmis nimuSebi, portretebi, umTavresad Ta-
baSirSi Sesrulebuli (Zalian iSviaTia brin-
jao), fotografiuli sizustiT imeoreben
portretirebulebs, cxadia moqanda­keebs gan-
sakuTrebuli rudunebiT aqvT miniSnebuli
maTi socialuri msazRvreli, profesiuli
144
kuTvnilebis niSani, romelic maT socialur
safexurze migviTiTebs (sur. 3).
socialisturi realizmi ar aris mokle-
buli religiur da miTologiur datvirT-
vebs. cxadia, religiuri, ufro zustad ki
qristianuli ikonografia ase cxadad da
xelSesaxebad ar vlindeba, magram stilma
gamoiyena e.w. vizualuri xatis ormagi ko-
direbis meTodi. man Seqmna Tavis wmindanTa
mTeli sistema, Seqmna maTi gamosasaxi saSu-
alebebis mTeli arsenali da gadaaqcia isini,
im idealuri arsebebis saxed, romlebic mi-
wveulni iyvnen stalinis socialistur sa-
moTxeSi, iq masTan erTad dasamkvidreblad.
ferweraSi amisTvis socialurma realizmma
aiRo impresionistuli ganaTeba (rom aRa-
raferi vTqvaT sxeulebze), rusuli, marTl-
madidebluri xatebis foni da socialisturi
sakvanZo simboloebi, romlebic jamSi qmnian
kvazireligiur mniSvnelobebs3.
qandakeba moklebulia ferweris meTo-
debs da saSualebebs, magram kvazi-religi-
3
W. Holz, Art of The Soviets. Painting, sculpture and architecture in
a one-party state, 1917-1992, 1993, p. 73-86.
uri Tu miTologiuri mniSvnelobebis Seqmna
misi plastikuri SesaZleblobebis fargleb-
Sic aris miRwevadi. socialisturi ferwera
iyenebs mistikur Suqs, romlis wyaro ti-
loze arasdros aris miTiTebuli, romelic
anaTebs gamosaxuli personaJebis saxeebs da
sxeulebs da ferweruli tilos centrebad
ayalibebs maT. ferweraSi Semotanili ga-
naTeba SeiZleba daukavSirdes socialistu-
ri eqstazis, xuTwledebis da Sesrulebuli
gegmebis, Semdgari socializmis bednierebas,
progress da a.S. (sur. 4). qandakeba am tipis
naracias moklebulia, magram es sulac ar
niSnavs, rom socialisturma realizmma igi
gaaTavisufla analogiuri religiuri, or-
magi kodirebuli teqstebis Seqmnis aucile-
blobisgan.
qarTul skulpturaSi, iseve rogorc
sxva respublikebis qandakebaSi, Cndeba
desk­ ripciuli Temebi, romelTa arseboba
aucilebelia sabWoTa, socialisturi miTisa
da re­ligiuri muxtis gasaCenad. im periodis
qarTuli qandakebis gansakuTrebul damsax-
urebad ver CavTvliT aRniSnuli tendenciis
gaCenas, es mxolod ferweris narativSi io-
lad gamosaxuli religiuri qveteqstebis qa-
ndakebis formaSi gacxadebis aucileblobaa.
gveCveneba, rom qandakebaSi socialisturma
xelovnebam Seqmna miTologiuri samyaros
gancda. rogorc miTSi, romelSic demiurge-
bi aweseben socialuri qcevisa da yofis san-
qcias _ sameurneo, religiur-ritualurs da
a.S. aseve moxda sabWoTa epoqaSi, qandakebeb-
Si pirvel plastad gamovlindnen TviT de-
miurgebi, cxadia, maT Soris iyo ranJirebis
procesi da iyvnen rogorc umTavresi demi-
urgebi (beladi, partiis liderebi, ideolo-
giis mamebi) (sur. 5), aseve lokalur doneze
mniSvnelovani, demiurgebis nebis ganmaxor-
cielebeli da maTi aucilebeli atributi:
gmirebi, sabWoTa realobaSi ki revoluciis
winamZRolebi da ideuri sulisCamdgmelebi
(sur. 6). maTi gamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba TiTq-
mis yvela qarTveli moqandakis Semoqmede-
baSi 1960-ian wlebamde. sabWoTa vizualur
xelovnebaSi, kerZod qarTul qandakebaSi
miTologiuri samyaros rekonstruirebis

meore plastad Cven vTvliT konkretuli
Tematikis Semosvlas. kerZod, miTologiuri
samyaros modelis Seqmnisas misi, miTolo-
giuri samyaros modelis eqvivalentad ver-
balur ganzomilebaSi aris ganfenili imis
axsna Tu rogoraa sagani mowyobili, rac
Tanabaria Tavisi mniSvnelobiT imis moyo-
lisa Tu rogor iqmneboda sagani. es empiri-
uli samyaros aRwerilobas mowmobs da vx-
vdebiT rom amgvar aRwerilobasa da Txro-
bas mivyavarT samyaros pirvelqmnadobasTan,
rogor da risgan iqmneboda igi4, aseTive
deskripciuli, aRwerilobiTi, sabWoTa sa-
myaros empiriuli aRmwerlisa da mTxrobe-
lis funqcia mieniWa qandakebas. ris gamoc,
SemTxveviTi ar aris iseTi Temebis kanoni-
zeba rogoricaa: samamulo omis gmirTa da
gamarjvebis Temebi (sur. 7, 8, 9), progresisa
da mSromelTa Tema (sur. 10), ojaxisa da de-
dobis Tema (sur. 11), mosavlis aRebis Tema
(sur. 12), alegoriuli Temebi gazafxulisa
da Semodgomis Sesaxeb, jansaRi sxeulisa da
sportis Tema (sur. 13). ZiriTadad am da sxva
danarCeni Temebisgan iyo konstruirebuli
sabWoTa moqalaqis realoba da mas mkacrad
ar eZleoda ufleba Tavis yoveldRiurebaSi
gaTamaSebuli yofiTi Temebisgan Semdgari
savaldebulo misteriebi sxva TematikiT
Caenacvlebina. qandakeba, rogorc, sabWoTa
moqalaqis samyaros modelis sisworis das-
turi iyo yvelgan, gansakuTrebiT ki sajaro
sivrceSi, raTa swori veqtorebi mieca moqa-
laqisTvis da gaemyarebina misi sabWoTa mo-
qalaqis pozicia.
mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom sabWoTa lit-
eraturasa da xelovnebaSi mudmivad ori dro
iyo warmodgenili: awmyo da warsuli. sain-
teresoa, rom sabWoTa ferweris germaneli
mkvlevarebi da sabWoTa literaturis qa-
rTveli mkvlevarebi erTmaneTs aRniSnul
mosazrebaSi sruliad eTanxmebian: „socreal-
istur nawarmoebSi iseve, rogorc nebismier
sxva verbalur mxatvrul TxzulebaSi, Sei-
Zleba aRwerili iyos movlenebi, romlebic
warsulSi moxda, awmyoSi xdeba an momaval-
4
Е. М. Мелетинский, Мифическое Время, Мифы Народов
Мира, Т. 1, c. 252-253.
Tamar SavguliZe
Si moxdeba. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ufro
produqtiuli da funqciurad datvirTuli
aris awmyo. socrealistur nawarmoebebSi
movlenebi ZiriTadad swored awmyoSi xdeba
(`kolxeTis ciskari~, `gvadi bigva~ da sxva).
socrealizmis esTetikis praqtikuli xorc-
Sesxma yvelaze ufro martivad aseT nawar-
moebebSia SesaZlebeli. ufro rTulad aris
saqme, roca mwerali asaxavs Soreul war-
suls. aq mas sWirdeba ufro meti Zalisxme-
va, rom istoriuli faqtebi da movlenebi an,
Tundac, gamogonili ambebi socrealistur
kanons dauqvemdebaros. am SemTxvevaSi misi
mizania, msoflio istoriis ganviTarebis
veqtori warmoaCinos, rogorc moZraoba
komunizmisaken da, amasTan, msoflio isto-
riaSi moZebnos iseTi momentebi, romelTa
daxmarebiTac SeZlebs am poziciis gamyare-
bas. aq mkiTxvels did daxmarebas uwevda
marqsistuli kritikac, romelic istoriul
personaJebSi, istoriul faqtebsa da movle-
nebSi eZebda da, unda iTqvas, rom `poulob-
145
da~ kidevac `progresul marcvlebs~, rom-
lebic maSinac ki aaxloebdnen kacobriobas
sanukvar mizanTan, komunizmTan, maSin roca
kacobriobam komunizmis Sesaxeb namdvilad
araferi icoda.
mwerlebi gaurbodnen komunizms, ro-
gorc ukve damdgari faqtis, mxatvrulad
warmoCenas. SesaZlebeli iyo, maT komuniz-
mis mxatvruli xorcSesxmis dros sabedis-
wero ideologiuri Secdoma daeSvaT, rasac
arasodes apatiebda partia da xelisufleba“
(gafrindaSvili 2010)5. erTi SexedviT qar-
Tulma qandakebam, iseve rogorc qarTulma
ferweramac, gadalaxa mudmivad ori drois
faqtori da Semoitana warsuli, rogorc ase-
Ti, Tanac ara komunisturi warsuli, aramed
nacionaluri niSniT gamorCeuli. qarTvel
moqandakeebs arasdros SeuwvetiaT qarTve-
li sazogado moRvaweebis, gansakuTrebiT ki
mwerlebis gamosaxva. magram isic cxadia, rom
nacionaluri warsulisTvis qarTul qanda-
kebas ar dauwyia axali saxviTi saSualebebis
5
n. gafrindaSvili, socrealisturi diskursi da
qar­Tuli sabWoTa literaturis ramdenime Tavisebu-
reba, `spekali~, #1, Tb., 2010.
 Tamar SavguliZe
Zieba, man igi warmatebiT moaqcia social-
isturi realizmis qandakebis farglebSi
gamomuSavebul formebSi da nacionaluri,
vizualuri identobisgan mxolod erovnu-
li kostiumis dekoratiuli elementebiRa
(isic ara yovelTvis) dautova. Tu ki mwer-
lebi cdilobdnen ise warmoeCinaT Soreuli
warsuli, rogorc moZraoba komunizmisken,
risTvisac mudmivad eZebdnen damajerebel
argumentebs, sabWoTa qandakebam `dagvarw-
muna~, rom Cveni awmyo warsulis organuli
gagrZelebaa, ris dasturadac warsuli (is-
toriuli pirebi da maTze damagrebuli Ri-
rebulebebi) da awmyo (Tanamedrove samyaros
Semoqmedi demiurgebi) erT saxviT formaSi
gaerTianebuli SemogvTavaza (sur. 14).
kidev erTi, saxviTi TvalsazrisiT sain-
tereso cvlileba an siaxle, romelic Se-
vida qarTul qandakebaSi, aris emociis an
religiuri rwmenis damatebiTi vizualuri
simboloebiT gamosaxvis elementi. aRniSnu-
li saxviTi xerxi antikuri periodidan iRebs
saTaves da sxvadasxva kulturebSi Segvx-
146
vdeba, rogorc gamosaxuli RmerTebisa Tu
wmindanebis Sinagani sulieri mdgomareobis
gadmocemis saSualeba. vgulisxmobT gamo-
saxuli figurebis samosis afrialebul nawi-
lebs an qarSi afrialebul Tmebs. swored
amas uwodebs abi varburgi `Pathos-formel~6,
romlis Zalian bevri magaliTi moiZebneba
sabWoTa epoqis qarTul qandakebaSi, Tanac
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom brwyinvale
magaliTebi. gamosaxuli paTosi sabWoTa xe-
lovnebaSi mxolod ideologiuri diskursis
kidev erTxel, droSi da sivrceSi fiqsirebas
emsaxureboda da imis Cvenebas, rom qari aris
araCveulebrivi alegoriuli saSualeba asaxo
stalinisturi suliT momavlisken moZravi
adamianebi, sabWoeTis moqalaqeebi (sur. 15).
statiaSi ganxiluli yvela tendencia
meoce saukunis qarTul qandakebaSi 1930-
iani wlebidan 1960-ian wlebamde gaxlavT aq-
tualuri. cxadia, bevri moqandake Semdgomac
agrZelebs igive gzas da n. xruSCovis mier
dawyebulma axalma, e.w. `daTbobis~ epoqis
6
Nigel Spivey, Enduring Creation. Art, Pain, and Fortitude, 2001
p. 112-136
politikam erTbaSad ver Secvala qarTul
qandakebaSi mimdinare procesebi. socialis-
turi realizmis gamoZaxils qarTul qanda-
kebaSi 1990-iani wlebis CaTvliT vxvdebiT.
metic, socialisturi realizmi aRar Senar-
Cunda Tavdapirveli saxiT, transformirda
da formaSi deklarirebuli ideologiis sa-
muSao meTodidan xelovnebis formaSi trans-
formirebis mcdelobac ki hqonda, magram amis
Sesaxeb statiis meore nawilSi mogaxsenebT.
1960-iani wlebi ki is droa, rodesac daiSva
warsulisa da istoriuli pirebis asasaxad
axali Ziebebi da daiwyo erovnuli identobis
adeqvaturi, saxviTi formebis Ziebis proce-
si. saxviT xelovnebaSi `formiT erovnuli,
SinaarsiT socialisturi~ lozungis epoqa
erTi SexedviT, dasasruls miuaxlovda.
TAMAR SHAVGULIDZE
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
CONCERNING SOME PRINCIPLES OF
SOCIALISTIC REALISM IN GEORGIAN
SCULPTURE
Summary
Part I
Article concerns some aspects of Socialistic Realism
and the ways it was manifested in XX century Georgian
sculpture that was intended for public spaces and as a
part of private interiors. We discuss artistic, particular-
ly sculptural ways of visualizing messages, that Com-
munist Party was sending through art pieces, discuss
messages themselves and tried to analyze how Soviet
Georgian sculpture was rethinking in sculptural forms
such categories as time, allegory, mythology etc are
 Tamar SavguliZe

147
1. valentin TofuriZe. gamarjveba, 1948 w. 2. giorgi sesiaSvili. mijnis amogdeba, 1931 w.
Valentin Topuridze. Victory, 1948 Giorgi Sesiashvili. Overcoming the threshold, 1931

3. tite sixaruliZe. saguSagoze (ambrolauris saxviTi

xelovnebis muzeumis qandakebis fondi)
Tite Sikharulidze. Patrol (Fine Arts Museum, Ambrolauri)
 Tamar SavguliZe

4. avtobusis gaCereba, sajavaxo (wyaro: www.soviet-mosaics.ge)

Bust Stop, Sajavakho (source: www.soviet-mosaics.ge)
148

6. valentin TofuriZe. lado

kecxovelis biusti, 1936 w.
Valentin Topuridze. Lado Ketskhoveli bust, 1936

5. valentin TofuriZe (u. jafariZis

monawileobiT). v. leninis monumenti,
Tbilisi, 1956
Valentin Topuridze (in collaboration with Ucha
Djaparidze). V. Lenin’s Monument, Tbilisi, 1956
 Tamar SavguliZe

7. ucnobi avtori. samamulo omisadmi 8. ucnobi avtori. samamulo omis gmirTa

miZRvnili monumenti, WiaTura memorialuri kompleqsi, lagodexi
Unknown author. W W II Memorial Monument, (fragmenti)

149
Chiatura Unknown Author. Memorial complex dedicated to the
heroes of W W II, Lagodekhi (detail)

9. ucnobi avtori. samamulo omis memoriali, axmeta

Unknown Author. WWII Memorial Monument, Akhmeta
 Tamar SavguliZe

10. Tamar abakelia. industria saqarTveloSi, imelis Senobis frizis fragmenti, 1937
Tamar Abakelia. Industrial Georgia, Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, also well known as IMELI Building, Frieze, Tbilisi, 1937
150

11. a. qiqoZe. kolmeurne deda, 1940 12. Tamar abakelia. kolmeurnis ojaxi, 1939
A. Kikodze. Collective farmer mother, 1940 Tamar Abakelia. Collective farmers family, 1939
 Tamar SavguliZe

13. nikoloz kandelaki. msoflios 14. Tengiz RviniaSvili. ilia

rekordsmeni, badros mtyorcneli nino WavWavaZis monumenti, yvareli
dumbaZe, 1952-1953 ww. Tengiz Gviniashvili. Ilia Chavchavadze
Nikoloz Kandelaki. Nino Dumbadze, record-holder monument, Kvareli

151
in Discus-throwing, 1952-53

15. giorgi Sxvacabaia. droSebi Cqara, Tbilisi, 1988 w.

Giorgi Shkhvatsabaia. Flags, Tbilisi, 1988
 naTia ebanoiZe
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli kvleviTi centri
konceptualuri xelovneba
1980-90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi
sabWoTa periodis dasasrulis krizisma qar-
Tul xelovnebaSi alternatiuli gzebisa da
axali identobebis Ziebis sakiTxi daayena.
zogierTi mxatvris SemTxvevaSi axali
sazrisis Ziebis gza qveynis istoriasa da re-
ligiur identobaze gavida, amave dros, bev-
risTvis orientirad dasavluri postmoder-
nistuli formebi da maTTan adaptacia iqca.
1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan qarTveli
artistebi mimarTaven axal, tradiciulisa-
gan gansxvavebul masalas da xelovnebis iseT
formebs, rogoricaa performansi, aqcia, he-
152
dasavleTSi konceftualuri xelovnebis
Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebas formalistu-
ri modernizmis krizisSi aqvs fesvebi gadg-
muli. 1962 wlidan ganxorcielebuli koleq-
tiuri antiformalisturi qmedebebi swored
dasavlur kulturul sivrceSi im droisTvis
dominantur kulturul paradigmaze _ vizu-
alur formalizmze reaqcias warmoadgenda.
„konceftualisti artistebisaTvis sakvanZo
sakiTxis _ `dematerializaciis~ ukan idga
obieqtisadmi, rogorc xelovnebis nawar-
moebis aucilebeli dasasrulisadmi, Sesaba-
misad, misi fizikuri arsebobisa da sabazro
Rirebulebisadmi sazogado undobloba. ase-
ve arsebobda SemoqmedebiTi produqciis ko-
mercializaciis Tavidan aridebis survili
da mcdeloba. es istoriuli konteqstiT iyo
gamZafrebuli: vietnamis omi da aqedan gamom-
dinare, daeWveba amerikuli cxovrebis wesSi~1.
qarTveli artistebisaTvis ki axali
`avangarduli~ formebisadmi mimarTvis mTa-
vari motivacia postsabWoTa mdgomareobiT

ganpirobebuli fsiqozuri sinamdvilidan Ta-

feningi. xelovneba cdeba sagalereo sivrces
vis daRwevis survilia.
da xdeba ufro sajaro, socialurad metad
Tu dasavleTSi konceftualuri xelov-
aqtiuri. 80-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis vi-
nebis winapirobad neo-dada, fluqsusi da
zualuri xelovnebis alternatiuli forme-
duSamis antiformalisturi esTetika ganixi-
bisadmi mimarTva ukve Camoyalibebuli mxatv-
leba, romlebic upirispirdeba abstraqtul
ruli movlenis saxes iRebs, romelic dasav-
eqspresionizmTan dakavSirebul mTel rig
luri postmodernizmisa da posttotalita-
mimdinareobebs, saqarTveloSi abstraqtuli
ruli viTarebis konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT.
da konceftualuri xelovneba erTdroulad
qarTul kulturaSi postmodernistu-
warmoadgens avangards da maT Soris mkafio
li kulturis niSnebi xelovnebis sxvadasxva
zRvari arc arsebobs.
dargebSi 70-iani wlebidan Cndeba. Tumca, Tu
abstraqtul-eqspresionistul nawarmoe-
dasavluri postmodernizmi adamianis cxov-
bebs saqarTveloSi 70-80-ian wlebSi aleqsan-
rebis TiTqmis yvela sferos Seexo da for-
dre (Sura) banZelaZe da jibson xundaZe qmni-
mirebisa da ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria
an. am `araoficialuri~ mxatvruli praqtikis
aqvs, saqarTveloSi es procesebi arasistemu-
gamocdilebis Sedegad gaCnda avangarduli
ria. qarTveli artisti qmnis namuSevars, Tvi-
mimarTuleba, romelsac a. banZelaZis moswav-
Tonve SeimuSavebs gamofenis koncefcias da
leebi warmoadgendnen.
zrunavs produqciis realizaciaze; xSirad, maTgan yvelaze meTodurad konceftu-
TviTonvea Tavisive xelovnebis kritikosi. aluri kvleviT gia eZgveraZea dakavebuli.
artistebi cdiloben xelovnebaSi CarTon sab- mis SemoqmedebaSi, iseve rogorc aSS-sa da
WoTa periodSi gamotovebuli mTeli diskur- evropul konceftualur xelovnebaSi, gvxv-
si. amitomac, xSirad, isini dasavleTisaTvis
ukve istoriad qceul praqtikebs mimarTaven.
1
Seth Siegelaub, Some Remarks on So-Called Conceptual Art,
L’art conceptual, une perspective, exhibition catalog, ARS, Mu-
erT-erTi maTgania konceftualizmi. seé d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris, 2000. gv. 92.

deba formaluri ideuri sakiTxebis gadaWris
survili. artisti jer kidev sabWoTa reJimis
periodSi miemgzavreba germaniaSi da misi Se-
moqmedeba dasavluri xelovnebis Tanamedro-
ve formebis paralelurad viTardeba. Tum-
ca, jer kidev studentobis bolo periodSi
is qmnis abstraqtul-konceftualur nawar-
moebebs. misi cnobili Sav-TeTri tiloebi
(sur.1) (am seriaze mxatvari 25 weli muSaob-
da) 1985 wels, iliko zautaSvilisa da Temo
gocaZis iniciativiT, mxatvris saxlSi gamoi-
fina. g. eZgveraZis es solo gamofena kon-
ceftualuri mimarTulebis pirveli gamofe-
na iyo da is droze adre daxures. artisti am
etapze aRmosavluri filosofiisa (induizmi,
Zen-budizmi) da Tanamedrove formebis sin-
TezirebiT eqsperimentirebs. es seria misive
sityvebiT, reaqciaa `kulturis mier cnobie-
rebis sruli determinirebis saSiSroebaze~.
aq aRniSnulisa da aRmniSvnelis urTierTmi-
marTebisa da myofoba_armyofobis proble-
mebi ganixileba. is mocemuloba, romelsac
uSvebs struqturalisturi meTodi _ aR-
niSnulis (obieqtis) aryofna aRmniSvnelis
(ideis) funqciasTan mimarTebiT Sav-TeTr
ferweraSi sainteresod muSavdeba. aq „sig-
nifikaciis Semadgenlebi mxolod aRmniSvne-
lis SriT aris warmodgenili...referenti da
aRniSnuli interesis miRma rCeba“2.
aRmniSvnelsa da mis garemomcvel kon-
teqsts Soris mimarTebis kvlevas mxatvari
enis Zirebis gaanalizebamde mihyavs, da `maTi
gamomJRavnebiT enis gadalaxva~ xdeba. es yve-
laferi, ra Tqma unda, transcendenturis Zie-
bebs ukavSirdeba. mogvianebiT es Ziebebi ufro
ganivrco. Cndeba figuratiuli elementebi.
simboluri struqturebi Caanacvla enobriv-
ma TamaSebma. Semodis ironia da skepticizmi.
poststruqturalistur etapze gadasv-
lis paralelurad, g. eZgveraZis namuSevreb-
Si ufro da ufro imatebs desakralizaciis
xarisxi, xolo avtoris pozicia qreba. Zne-
lia raime detalSi misi moxelTeba. avtori
2
m. xundaZisa da n.metrevelis dokumenturi filmi-
dan `BORN IN GEORGIA OR FROM SURFACE TO ABYSS~`;
gia eZgveraZesTan Cawerili intervius beWduri
versia, Jurnali „cxeli Sokoladi“, #56, Tb., 2010
gv.52-57.
naTia ebanoiZe
mxolod kiTxvebs svams (rogorc p. ozbor-
ni SeniSnavs, `konceftualuri xelovneba,
upirvelesad, SekiTxvebis xelovnebaa~)3.
nawarmoebis mimRebi wyvets rogor moaxdi-
nos misi interpretacia.
swored `mimRebi~ da ara `mnaxveli~, `wa-
kiTxva~ da ara `naxva~ _ cnebaTa funqcioni-
rebis amgvari cvla arsebiTi elementia axali
diskursis gaazrebisaTvis. metic, SesaZloa,
xelovnebis nawarmoebma arasdros miaRwios
mimRebamde da misi wakiTxvis aqti arc Sedges.
1970_80-ian wlebSi abstraqtuli xasia-
Tis namuSevrebze da aseve fotoze, instala-
ciebsa da performansze muSaobs iliko zau-
taSvili. artisti dasavluri artis zogad
problematikas mimarTavs. Temebi, romlebzec
is muSaobs moicavs momxmarebluri cnobiere-
bis kritikas, aRmosavluri filosofiisa da
fsiqoanalizis motivebs.
„perestroikis“ Semdgomi periodis gaaq-
tiurebuli socialuri da politikuri kri-
zisi Sesabamisad aisaxa qarTul xelovnebaSi.
153
posttotalitaruli situaciis paradoqseb-
ze refleqsia sxvadasxvagvarad dafiqsirda
qarTveli mxatvrebis namuSevrebSi. isini Zi-
riTadad, am situaciis absurdulobas aRwe-
ren. am Temas exeba levan WoRoSvilis seria
`cudi videoebi~.
Tu amerikul da evropul konceftua-
lizmSi vietnamis omis Temaze iqmneba iseTi
mZime namuSvrebi, rogoricaa mag., doku-
menturi kadrebis simZafreze agebuli `da
bavSvebi? da bavSvebi~ („art vorkers“), `omi
saxlSi~ (marta rozleri)4, qarTuli arti am
3
Peter Osborne, Conceptual Art. Themes and Movements, Lon-
don, 2000, gv. 14.
4
aSS-sa da evropuli konceftualuri xelovneba Ta-
visi ganviTarebis adreul etapze ufro formaluri
ideuri sakiTxebiT (aqti/movlena, maTematikuri se-
riebi, kulturuli formebis struqturebis lingvis-
turi proeqtebi) aris dakavebuli. ideologiurad
datvirTuli Sinaarsi sakvanZoa laTinoamerikuli
konceftualuri xelovnebisaTvis. es iyo xelovneba,
romlisTvisac TviTon ideologia iqca konceftua-
luri proeqtis fundamentur `materialur idento-
bad~. Crdilo amerikisa da evropis konceftualuri
xelovneba politikurad radikalizebuli vietnamis
omis Semdeg gaxda.
 naTia ebanoiZe
lokaluri konteqstisaTvisac aqtualuri
Temis asaxvas Taviseburad axdens: aq versad
SevxvdebiT msgavs pirdapir da mwvaved kriti-
kul imijebs. qarTveli aritistebi yovelT-
vis arapirdapiri, metaforuli eniT saubro-
ben, yovelTvis axdenen refleqsirebulis es-
Tetizirebas, Targmnian mas esTetikis enaze.
amasTan kavSirSi, pirvel rigSi, koka ramiSvi-
lis fotoseria `omi Cemi fanjridan~(sur.2)
unda vaxsenoT. am seriaSi avtori postsabWo-
Ta realobis sanaxaobis dokumentirebas ax-
dens. `omi Cemi fanjridan~ igeba registrire-
buli gadaRebis principze, emsgavseba kinoq-
ronikas. amasTan, avtori gamijnulia realo-
bisagan. is kadrebis „dasaWerad“ quCaSi gasv-
lis magivrad, sakuTari fanjridan aRbeWdavs
movlenebs, romlebsac mxatvrul gamomsaxve-
lobas sZens. es momenti, romelic simpoto-
maturia am periodis xelovnebisaTvis, amave
dros, albaT, socialurad naklebad aqtiuri
qarTuli xelovnebis maxasiaTebel niSnadac
unda miviCnioT. aseve, qarTvel mxatvrebTan
154
ar gvxvdeba `araesTetikuri~ reprezentaciis
xerxebis simravle: dokumentis (aRweris,
instruqciis) xelovnebis nimuSad warmodge-
nisaTvis yovelTvis xdeba misi esTetizireba,
misi dakavSireba sxva realobasTan.
qarTuli konceftualuri artis gamox-
maureba konceftualuri praqtikisaTvis iseT
mniSvnelovan Temebze, rogoricaa _ institu-
cionaluri kritika an xelovnebis saqonlad
qcevis faqti, sakmaod pasiuria. dasavleli
artistebisaTvis es erT-erT aqtualur Te-
mas warmoadgenda. isini cdilobdnen gale-
reisa da muzeumis, rogorc xelovnebis ad-
gilsamyofelisa da misi ganmsazRvrelis,
aseve xelovnebis bazris, rogorc xelovnebis
mesakuTrisa da distributoris instituci-
ebis damxobas.
qarTveli artistebidan am Temas, i.zauta­
Svilis garda, mamuka jafariZe exmianeba. misi
namuSevari _ `Cemi usaxelo jempri~. xelov-
nebisadmi momxmareblur damokidebulebaze,
reprezentaciis tradiciuli formebisadmi
protests warmoadgens.
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelovneba
socialuri SinaarsiT itvirTeba da garemo-
mcvel realobaze protesti sxvadasxva for-
miT aisaxeba, es protesti mainc arasdros
aris mwvave da misi gamoxatvis formebi, ume-
tes SemTxvevaSi, esTetikuri kritikulobis
farglebSi eqceva, gansxvavebiT dasavluri
konceftualizmis zogierTi gamovlinebisa-
gan, sadac korporaciuli ideologiis kri-
tikas xelovnebis sociologiasTan meti sa-
erTo aqvs, vidre esTetikur fenomenTan (mag.
h.haakis namuSevari `Voici Alcan ~ (1983).
aqtualur socialur-politikur faqto-
rebs exeba mamuka jafariZe Tavis namuSevreb-
Si `is~, `es~-1992 (sur. 3), sadac artisti am
Temebze reagirebas minimalisturi kompozi-
ciebis farglebSi axdens.
absurdamde misul, krizisul realobas
mxatvari enaze eqsperimentebamde mihyavs. is
mimarTavs enas, rogorc niSans, struqturas,
romelic SeuZlia daSalos da mis sivrceSi
imoZraos. lingvisturi TamaSis principzea
Seqmnili namuSevrebi: „ramzes mzera“ (sur. 4)
„qarqaSi“, „gangaSi“...
realobis gaazrebisa da gadalaxvis, misi
refleqsiis surviliT iyo motivirebuli m.
jafariZis konceftualuri tipis gamofena
„Cven vuyurebT erTmaneTs“, sadac komunika-
ciisa da xelovnebis interaqtiulobis prob-
lema ganixileboda.
Semoqmedebis garkveul etapze xelov-
nebaSi enis, rogorc niSnis funqcionirebiT
Temo javaxiSvilic interesdeba. Tumca, is
ar ambobs uars gamosaxulebaze, masalaze,
faqturaze da enas iyenebs vizualur niSnad,
romelic namuSevris aRqmisas mxatvruli me-
tyvelebis erT-erT elements warmoadgens.
aseTia „morzes anbani“- ramdenime obieqtisa-
gan Semdgari seria, romelSic morzes anbaniT
iwereba teqstebi (zogierTi maTgania `mamao
Cveno~, `sad xar?“...) (sur. 5).
T. javaxiSvilis sxva obieqtebSic Cnde-
ba piqtogramis msgavsi niSnebi. maTSi mate-
rialuris miRma gaRwevis survili TiTqos
arsebuli realobidan gaqcevis survils aR-
niSnavs. aseTebia: `daRlili mavTulebi _ 4-e

faza~, kompoziciebi centrSi moTavsebuli
`fanjrebiT~. am namuSevrebSi didi datvirTva
vizualur mxareze, fersa da masalaze modis.
amasTan, isini Tavis pirvelad funqciebsac
inarCunebs.
T. javaxiSvilma, samxatvro akademiis
damTavrebis Semdeg, kinos sferoSic miiRo
ganaTleba da misTvis video arti organuli
media aRmoCnda. misi videoebi ganmsWvalu-
lia krizisuli situaciis mZafri gancdiT.
aqtiuri imiji xdeba kedeli, rogorc Cake-
tili sivrcis metafora, misi gangrevis mc-
delobebi ki xangrZlivi videoebis mTavari
moqmedebaa. kedlis Tema gvxvdeba mis obieq-
tebSic mag., „I do like the wall, I don’t like the wall“
_ am frazis saSualebiT naCvenebi situaciis
paradoqsuloba da individis tragedia vi-
zualizirebulia jvarze gakruli adamianis
figuriT, roemlic damokidebulia garkveul
mosazRvrulobaze.
1991w. T. javaxiSvili awyobs aqcias sa-
xelwodebiT „bul-bulioni“, romelSic misi
protesti sistemis funqcionierebis, misi
ugulvebelmyofeli meqanizmis mimarT audi-
toriis winaSe sakuTari leqsebis (is aseve ga-
tacebuli iyo minimalisturi, eqsperimentu-
li poeziiT) wardgenis Semdeg, maTi daxeviT
da maTgan bulionis momzadebiT gamoixata.
Tanamedrove politikuri realoba aisaxa
mis obieqtebSi: „tvirTi-92“ (sur. 6), „Tval-
Tvali“, `cxeni myavs, unagiri movercxlili
maqvs, wasasvleli-ara~, `123-Grey~.
artistis pozicia vizualurad formde-
ba 1994 wels Seqmnil namuSevarSi, „Я~ (sur. 7).
es aris foto, Tavad artistis gamosaxule-
biT, romelic rusuli aso Я-s msgavs pozaSia
warmodgenili. CaRunuli Tavi da magrad da-
Wimuli muStSekruli xeli im daZabuli mux-
tis gamoxatulebaa, romelic arsebobda im
periodisaTvis sazogadoebaSi.
formaluri ideuri problemebiT (ga-
mosaxuleba, misi transformacia da for-
mis dematerializacia, konstruqciis de-
konstruqcia) interesdeba koka ramiSvili,
romlis foto-seriasac zemoT ukve SevexeT.
is kidev erTi mxatvaria, romelic 90-iani
naTia ebanoiZe
wlebis bolos emigraciaSi midis. erT-erT
centralur problemad ramiSvilisTvis bo-
lomde rCeba gamosaxuleba, misi SesaZleb-
lobebi da sazRvrebi, misi struqtura da
urTierTqmedeba referentul realobasTan,
TviTon gamosaxulebis fenomenis Tanmimdev-
ruli kvleva. artistis am rigis namuSevre-
bi (qveCarCos transformaciebi, „Last Gallery“)
(sur. 8) erTgvari dialogia msgavsi prob-
lematikiT datvirTul adreul dasavlur
konceftualizmTan. qveCarCos SemTxvevaSi,
materiis transformaciisa da TandaTan qro-
bis process Tan gasdevs da konceftualu-
rad afuZnebs teqsti: EX DEO NASCIMUR; IN
CHRISTO MORUMUR, PER SPIRITUM SANCTUM
REVIVISCIMUS. anu xsenebuli procesi aRwe-
rilia rogorc vizualurad, aseve lingvis-
turad da amgvarad warmoCindeba namuSevris
koncefcia (raimegvari religiuri qveteqs-
tis arsebobas, avtori uaryofs).
ramiSvilis namuSevrebi areklavs qvey-
nis politikur realobas. aseTebia: `Border~
155
(sur.9), `Down~ (1989), aseve `cudi da kargi
sityvebi~ _ seria, romelic Sedgeba TeTr
tiloze feradi ZafebiT amoqarguli sityve-
bisagan: ego, kriminali, korufcia, morfi...
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove das-
avluri artisTvis aqtualuri sakiTxebiT
qarTveli artistebic interesdebian da cdi-
loben msagvsi problematikis konceftualur
kvlevas, mTlianobaSi qarTuli konceftu-
aluri xelovnebis safuZveli da motivacia
adgilobrivi konteqstiT, alternatiul
formebTan adaptaciis, gamotovebuli gamoc-
dilebis Sevsebis, arsebuli realobis daZ-
levis surviliT aris ganpirobebuli. Tumca
es xelovneba naklebad operirebs agresiu-
li formebiT. artistebi xSirad mimarTaven
ganyenebul, abstragirebul formebs. isini
Znelad Tmoben xelovnebis nawarmoebis es-
Tetikur ganzomilebas da is maTi namuSevre-
bis aucilebel komponentad rCeba. maTTvis
aucilebelia metaforul, qaragmul enaze
Targmnon faqtebi. obieqti kvalav xelovne-
bis nawarmoebis dasasrulia; gamosaxuleba-
umetesad, legitimuri.
 naTia ebanoiZe
ufro zogad konteqstSi, vizualuri xe-
lovnebis tradiciuli formebis uaryofas,
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, safuZvlad krizisi
udevs. dasavleTSi es iyo gacnobierebuli
`xelovnebis tradiciuli enebis kraxi ufro
vrcel mniSvnelobaTa sistemaSi, rogoric
aris gviani kapitalizmis modernistuli
kultura~5. saqarTveloSi ki _ posttotali-
taruli sivrce, Tavisi qaoturi xasiaTiTa
da absurduli realobiT.
miuxedavad kritikisa da winaaRmdegobe-
bisa, romlebic xelovnebis sferosadmi gan-
sxvavebulma midgomam gamoiwvia, miuxedavad
imisa, rom konceftualur xelovnebas zogi
mkvlevari `dausrulebel proeqtad~ moiaz-
rebs da saubrobs mis Teoriul safuZvelSi
arsebul winaaRmdegobriobebze, dasavle-
Tis SemTxvevaSi, konceftualuri xelovneba
mniSvnelovani gardamavali etapi iyo, rom-
lis farglebSi formirebuli axali idea xe-
lovnebis istoriaSi paradigmatuli cvlis
safuZvlad iqca.
156
rac Seexeba qarTul konceftualur
arts, is umeteswilad, imeorebs adreuli
konceftualizmis vizualur gamomsaxvelo-
bas da tvirTavs mas lokaluri politikuri
da socialuri konteqstisaTvis aqtualuri
SinaarsiT. Tumca neokonceftualizmisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelic aseve igive gamomsa-
xvelobas iyenebs, oRond ufro datvirTu-
lia socialuri da politikuri ideologiu-
ri sakiTxebiT, Cvens SemTxvevaSi xelovneba
ar misula cinikur materializmsa da fa-
seulobaTa agresiul ngrevamde. aq, miuxe-
davad garkveuli mcdelobebisa, romlebic
ufro intuiciur doneze mimdinareobda,
dekonstruqciis, demistifikaciisa Tu demi-
Tologizaciis kon­ ceftualizmisaTvis aseT
sakvanZo procesebze refleqsireba ar momx-
dara da es mcdelobebi axali identobisa da
axali sazrisis Ziebis procesebad gaformda.
5
Joseph Kosuth, Within the Context: Modernism and Critical
Practice. Ghent. 1977, gv. 14.
NATIA EBANOIDZE
George Chubinashvili National Research Centre
for Georgian Art History and Heritage Preservation
CONCEPTUAL ART
IN 1980S-90S’ GEORGIA
Summary
The crisis of the end of the Soviet era stipulated the
emergence of alternative forms and the quest for new
identities in Georgian art. Some of the artistic trends
were focused on the country’s history and religious
identity, while others adopted postmodernist forms of
Western art.
At the end of the 1980s, alternative practices of
visual art formed an artistic phenomenon, which has to
be discussed in the context of western postmodernism
and post-totalitarian condition.
Georgian artists sought for the involvement of the
whole discourse omitted in the conditions of socialist
realism into visual culture. That was why they applied
artistic practices that had already become a matter of
the past for the western world. One of them was con-
ceptualism.
While the formation and development of concep-
tualism in the West was rooted in the crisis of formalist
modernism, the main motivation for applying `avant-
garde~ artistic forms for Georgian artists was their aim
to escape the psychotic reality. They used the visual ex-
pression of early conceptualism and created the works
related to the issues of the local relevance. However,
unlike Neo conceptualism, which also used the same
expression, but was more loaded with social and politi-
cal ideological issues, works of Georgian artists never
revealed any signs of cynical materialism or aggressive
destruction of values. They translated the facts into the
metaphorical language and almost never transcended
the boundaries of aesthetic criticality.
Despite some efforts, which were mainly intui-
tive, the reflection on the key issues of conceptual prac-
tice, such as: deconstruction, demystification or demy-
thologization, was not developed and these efforts were
formed as the processes of the quest for new identities.
 naTia ebanoiZe

1. g. eZgveraZe. axali vitaloba, 1992 w.

G. Edzgveradze. New vitality, 1992

157

2. k. ramiSvili. omi Cemi fanjridan, 1992 w. 3. m. jafariZe. es, 1992 w.

K. Ramishvili. War from my window, 1992 M. Japaridze. This, 1992
 naTia ebanoiZe

4. m. jafariZe. ramzes mzera, 1992 w.

M. Japaridze. Ramses gaze, 1992

5. T. javaxiSvili. mamao Cveno, 1987 w.

158

T. Javakhishvili. Lord’s prayer, 1987

6. T. javaxiSvili. tvirTi, 1992 w.

T. Javakhishvili. Burden 1992

7. T. javaxiSvili. Я, 1994 w.
T. Javakhishvili. Я, 1994
 naTia ebanoiZe

8. k. ramiSvili. Last gallery, 1991 w.

K. Ramishvili. Last gallery, 1991

159

9. k. ramiSvili. Border, 1989 w.

K. Ramishvili. Border, 1989
 ana mgalobliSvili
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
religia da materialuri kultura*
aTwleulebis manZilze sabWoTa realobi-
saTvis miuRebeli iyo religiuri rwmena da
warmodgenebi. religiur sakiTxebTan dakav-
Sirebuli mecnieruli kvlevebi tendenciuri
xasiaTisa iyo, an zogierT SemTxvevaSi, wminda
politikuri mizezebis gamo, garkveul peri-
odebTan mimarTebaSi saerTod ar warmoebda.
dasavleTSi religiuri kvlevebi pli-
uralizmis pirobebSi viTardeboda, ramac
XX saukunis bolodan religiis SeswavlaSi
sruliad axali paradigmebis gaCenas Seuw-
yo xeli. erT-erT saintereso mimarTulebas
religiisa da materialuri kulturis ur-
TierTmimarTebis sakiTxi warmoadgens1.
160
zogadi ganmartebiT, religia aris gza
urTierTobisa erTi mxriv adamiansa da meo-
re mxriv RmerTebs, angelozebs, wmindanebs,
saiqios, winaprebis sulebs, bedisweras Soris.
religiaSi igulisxmeba ideebi, doqtri-
nebi, koncefciebi, magram amasTan erTad is
moicavs grZnobebs, aRqmas, sivrceebs, suraT-
xatebs, samoss, sakvebs da sxva saxis praqti-
kas, romelic ukavSirdeba locvas, ganwmen-
das, rituals, piligrimobas, religiur ga-
naTlebas da a.S.
materialur religiur kulturaSi igu-
lisxmeba religiis yvela aspeqti, romelic
kavSirSia adamianis sxeulTan, sagnebTan, ad-
gilTan da sxvadasxva saxis artefaqtebTan,
romlebic Tavis mxriv, yoveldRiur reli-
giur praqtikaSi monawileobs.
Cven SevecdebiT nawilobriv SevexoT ma-
terialuri religiis konteqsSi sxeulis, si-
vrcis, bgeris, esTetikis gagebis sakiTxebs.
* naSromi wakiTxulia profesor dimitri TumaniSvilis
65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konferenciaze
(Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb., 2015, 11-12 ivnisi).
1
C. McDannell, Material Christianity, New Haven, 1995; Reli-
gion and Material Culture: The Matter of Belief , D. Morgan,
ed., London, 2010.
sxeuli da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiT-
xi erT-erTi centraluria materialuri
religiuri kulturisaTvis. religia operi-
rebs da Sedgeba sxeulebisgan. wmindanebis,
RmerTebis, miTiuri gmirebis, winaprebis
anTropologiuri gamosaxulebebi saSule-
bas aZlevs morwmuneebs Tanaziari gaxdnen
im Zalisa, romelic am gamosaxulebebs Tan
axlavs, miiRon Sewevna Tu dalocva maTgan.
berninis wm. terezas qandakeba gviCvenebs
sxeulis warmmarTvel adgils religiuri
eqstazis dros, mgrZnobiare aRmafrenis mo-
ments. sxeulis nawili SeiZleba iqces wminda
reliqviad romelTanac sxvadasxva saxis ko-
munikaciaSi Sedian adamianebi: uyureben, exe-
bian da SeigrZnoben2. religiur praqtikad
moiazreba locva, romelSic sxeulia CarTu-
li „sxeulis teqnikis“ meSveobiT3. sxeulis
dispoziciaze gavlenas axdens religiuri
teqstis da saubris mosmena. saerTo loc-
va an rituali sxeulis msgavsi moZraobebis,
Jestebis, qcevis anareklebiT, uniformad
qceuli samosiT individumebisgan Semdgar
erTian socialur sxeulad gardaiqmneba
da saerTo identobis mqone Temis, sazoga-
doebis gancdas badebs.
religiuri materialuri kulturis Se-
madgeneli nawilia aseve, sivrcesTan dakav-
Sirebuli sakiTxic. religia qmnis sakralur
sevrceebs: eklesiebs, monastrebs, romelebic
religiuri ritualebis, religiuri SegrZne-
bebis Tavmoyris adgilebia. amave dros, sak-
relur sivceebs vxvdebiT morwmuneebis sax-
lebSi, kedelze ganTavsebuli religiuri xa-
tebisa Tu nivTebis saxiT, yoveldRiurobis
Cveuli ritmiT mcxovrebi saxlis binadarni
am sakralur sivrceebTan Tanacxovroben da
am sivceebis Tanaziarnic xdebian4. sakralu-
ri xdeba adgilebi, romelebic aRniSnavs imas,
rom raRac mniSvnelovani moxda. amgvari siv­
rceebis aRmniSvnelebad gvevlineba adgilebi
romelebic gvaxsenebs gardacvlil, Cvengan
wasul adamianebs. adgili am SemTxvevaSi, max­
sovrobad gardaiqmneba da sakraluri xdeba
gardacvlilis mSoblebisTvis, axloblebis­
2
A. Zito, Body, Material Religion, volume 7. Issue 1, 2011.
3
M. Mauss, `Techniques of the Body~, Economy and Society 2 , 1973.
4
E. Frances King, Material Religion and Popular Cultur, Lon-
don, 2010.
 ana mgalobliSvili

Tvis. isini materialur nivTebTan erTad Semoqmedebam, maSinac ki roca is iqmneboda

qmnian am adgilebis narativs5.
religiur materialeur kulturaSi do-
minanturi vizualuri formatia, amitom gasa-
kuTrebiT sainteresoa Tu rogor konteqtSi
SeiZleba iyos ganxiluli, matrialuri kul-
turis farglebSi, bgerasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxi. bgera Tavisi xasiaTiT aramateri-
aluria, mouxelTebeli, efemruli. am sa-
kiTxis ukeT gasaazreblad saeklesio zarebs
moviyvanT magaliTad. ra Tqma unda, zars
aqvs Tavisi materialuri konstitucia da
is vizualur niSnadac SeiZleba iyos wakiT-
xuli, magram misi ZiriTadi funqcia bgeris
gamocemaa. eklesiis zari acxadebs eklesiis
arsebobis Sesaxeb, gviCvenebs liturgiis
dros da gviwvevs saerTo locvisTvis, qnis
komunalur sazRvrebs. amgvarad is monawi-
leobs dRis ritmis, dRis ganrigis SeqmnaSi,
wvlili Seaqvs morwmuneebis erTmaneTTan da
RmerTTan urTierTobaSi. sainteresoa isic,
rom bgerebi afarToebs materialur sazRv-
rebs, gamodis ra materialuri Senobebidan
da sagnebidan isini gadainacvlebs quCebSi,
seriozuli mxatvrebis mier, dabali xelov-
nebis kategoriaSi gadainacvla.
saerTod Seswavlis miRma darCa Tu
masobriv religiur produqciasTan dakavSi-
rebili sakiTxebi, rac Tavis mxriv amouwurav
masalas gvTavazobs gansjisaTvis.
materialuri religiis mkvlevarebi es-
Tetikis ufro farTe gagebas daubrundnen,
romelic ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi iRebs
saTaveebs da esTetikis Seswavlis sagnad
aqcevs grZnobebis ganxorcielebis gzebs,
aRqmis formebs ad a.S7. maTTvis erTnairad
sainteresoa maRali da dabali xelovnebis
nimuSebi. isini ar Semoifarglebian mxolod
gansakuTrebuli mSvenierebis da Rirebule-
bis mqone sagnebiT, radganac mTavari SekiTx-
va aris ara is Tu rogor gamoiyureba sagani,
aramed is Tu ras akeTebs es sagani rodesac
Sedis praqtikul xmarebaSi da rogor mona-
wileobs is samyaros konstruirebaSi.
im sakiTxTa CamonaTvalSi, romelic re-
ligiur materialur kulturas ukavSirde-

161
ba Cven mxolod mcireds SevexeT, magram es
saxlebSi da a.S. CamonaTvali naTelyofs, rom
mciredic naTelyobs rom religiuri materi-
bgera yoveldRiuri praqtikis konstruire-
aluri kulturis Seswavla kompleqsurobas
bis erT-erT monawiled SeiZleba CaiTvalos
moiTxovs da ver SemoisazRvreba erTi rome-
da am kuTxiT, Sesabamisad, religiuri mate-
lime disciplinis SesaZleblobebiT.
rialuri kulturis Semadgeneli nawilia6.
ramdenadac materialuroba religiebis 7
B. Meyer, J. Verrips, Aesthetics, Key words in religion, media
Semadgeneli nawilia da grZnobebsa da aRq- and culture, New York, 2008.
mebs iyenebs rwmenis mediumebad, erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani da umTavresi sakiTxi reli-
giis SeswavlisaTvis aris esTetika. ANNA MGALOBLISHVILI
XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli esTetika
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
gulismobs mecnierebas an filosofias mSve-
nierebis, silamazis Sesaxeb. dematerialize-
buli Teoria esTetikis Sesaxeb morgebuli
RELIGION AND
iyo eqskluziurad maRal, elitur Tu mo-
MATERIAL CULTURE
dernul xelovnebas. am Teoriebis mixedviT,
religiam dakarga sazogadoebis moderniza-
Material culture consists of the objects, images, forms
ciaSi monawileobis miRebis unari da am funq-
of aesthetic discernment, built environments, and tech-
ciis Sesruleba xelovans da maRal, elitur
xelovnebas daekisra, ramac praqtikulad niques of the body that operate on the world and our-
xelovanisa da religiuri realobis gamijv- selves. In the context of Material religion materiality is
na gamoiwvia. religiurobiT ganmsWvalulma not understood as an `expression~ of ideas, beliefs, or
theological doctrines, but as the felt-life of a religion and
5
D. Morgan,The Material Culture of Lived Religions, Studies in
Art History,volume 41, Helsinki, 2010. as the actual basis of beliefs. The article examines the
6
Is. Weiner, Sound, Material Religion, volume7. Issue1, 2011 role of the body, space and sound in the study of religion.
 nana inwkirveli
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxlmuzeumi
winandalSi. Senobis reabilitaciis
ozeroviseuli gadawyveta
(arqiteqturul, arqeologiur,
laboratoriul kvlevaTa uaxlesi
Sedegebi)*
muzeumis reabilitacia-restavraciaze
muSaobis procesSi gamovlenili
siaxleebi, problemebi da arqiteqturuli
gadawyvetis ozeroviseuli gzebi
rogorc cnobilia, al. WavWavaZem sasaxle
1830 wels aaSena, magram mas Semdeg Senobam
ramdenjerme ganicada saxecvlileba: WavWava-
Ziseuli sasaxle moicavda 28 saZinebelsa da
162
ramdenime salons, sasaxle farTe aivnebiT
yofila garSemortymuli, xolo interieri
evropul stilze iyo mowyobili.
1854 wels, Samilis Semotevis dros,
Senoba gaqurdes da gadawves, ris gamoc, 1886
wels daigegma sasaxlis reabilitacia, risi
proeqtirebac arqiteqtor aleqsandre oze-
rovs1 miandes da maleve sareabilitacio sa-
muSaoebic ganxorcielda2.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodis arqi-
teqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ekleq­
turi stili, arqiteqtori ozerovi evropu-
li stilebis paralelurad qarTul isto-
riul motivebs mimarTavs.
* naSromi wakiTxulia profesor dimitri TumaniS-
vilis 65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero kon-
ferenciaze (Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb., 2015,
11-12 ivnisi).
1
al. ozerovs q. TbilisSi daproeqtebuli aqvs Rvi-
nis pirveli qarxana meliqiSvilis quCaze, Teatralu-
ri institutis Senoba rusTavelis gamzirze da sxva.
2
im droisaTvis sasaxle ukve gadasuli iyo saimpe-
ratoro saufliswulo mamulebis mflobelobaSi da
igi ruseTis saimperatoro ojaxis sazafxulo rezi-
denciad iqca.
pirveladi STabeWdilebiT sasaxle mxo-
lod ori _ ozerovisa da sabWoTa periode-
bis disharmoniul monacvleobas warmoad-
genda (sur. 1), amdenad kvleviTi samuSaoebi
ozerovis arqiteqturis moculobis mTli-
anobis dasadgenad mivmarTeT, Tumca kvle-
vam sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTi mogvca,
radgan moculobis dasavleTi fasadis Ziebis
procesSi, al. WavWavaZiseuli sasaxlis pirva-
ndel konturs mivageniT (sur. 2, 3, 4). kvleve-
bis dros kidev ramdenime samSeneblo perio-
di gamoikveTa.
naSromSi mTavari aqcenti gadatanilia
istoriul wyaroebSi miTiTebuli samSeneblo
periodebis Tanmimdevrobis dazustebasa da
mSeneblobis ganviTarebis procesze.
Cveni azriT, XIX saukunis miwuruls, sa-
reabilitacio proeqtze muSaobis procesSi
gadawyda rekonstruqciis aucilebloba, rac
Zvel, istoriul (sensitiur) garemos axali
moculobis morgebas gulisxmobda.
Cven mier Catarebulma kvleviTma samu-
Saoebma gamokveTa sami ZiriTadi, meoTxe _
damxmare da mexuTe _ sabWoTa-saremonto sa-
muSaoebis periodebi (sur. 3, 4). masala, ro-
melmac migviyvana nagebobis samSeneblo pe-
riodebad dayofasTan, TavisTavad Seicavs
etapebs.
warmogidgenT mSeneblobis I periodis
kvle­vis etapebs da amasTan, sareabilita-
cio-samSeneblo samuSaoebis II da III peri­
odebs:
kvleviTi samuSaoebis etapebi:
pirveli samSeneblo periodi
anazomze muSaobis procesSi gaCnda zon-
daJebis gakeTebis aucilebloba.
pirvel etapze, aRmosavleTiT, pirve-
li sarTulis or safasade fanjaras Soris,
agurisa da yore-wyobis monacvleobiT amo-
yvanili buxris irgvliv, nalesobis qveS ga-
moCnda xanZris kvali, rac pirveli niSani
iyo istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobili xanZris
Semdeg SemorCenili al. WavWavaZis sasaxlis
nawilisa (sur. 2). yore wyobiT amoyvanili ke-
deli pirdapir SeWrilia ozerovis arqiteq-

turis interierSi, rac kidev erTxel adas-
turebs reabilitacia-rekonstruqciis pro­
eqtis gaazrebul dagegmvas (sur. 3, 4).
yuradReba mivaqcieT iatakis gansxvave-
bul doneebsa da masalas (sur. 5): II-III _ oze-
roviseuli periodebis iataki bevrad dablaa,
vidre I _ WavWavaZiseuli periodis, amasTan, I
periodis pirveli sarTulis iatakze aguris
fenilia, II-III periodSi ki xis ficruli iataki
iyo mowyobili.
pirveli sarTulis CrdiloeT mxares,
nalesobis qveS aRmoCnda I periodis Sesasvle-
li kari xis arqitraviT, aseve I-III periodebis
gammijnav kedelze ori safasade fanjaraa,
romelic dReisaTvis interierSia moqceuli,
rac Tavdapirvelad I periodis samxreT fasa-
dis pirvel sarTulze unda yofiliyo (sur.
3, 6), amdenad, dazustda I periodis aRmosav-
leTi, CrdiloeTi da samxreTi fasadebis I
sarTulis konturi.
rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidanaa cno­
bili, al. WavWavaZis sasaxle orsarTuliani
iyo, garSemortymuli aivnebiT, amdenad sa-
Wirod miviCnieT zondaJis gakeTeba I-II sar-
Tulebs Soris I-III periodebis mijnaze, ramac
naTeli gaxada sayrdeni da amave dros safa-
sade kedlis arseboba, rac nagebobas amou-
yveba pirveli sarTulidan mTlian simaRle-
ze da samxreTi Semosasvlelidan aCens viwro
koridors (sur. 6), saidanac xdeba ganawileba
I periodis yvela saTavsoSi. nalesobis moxs-
nisTanave sayrdeni kedlebis meore sarTul-
ze, rogorc samxreTiT, ise, CrdiloeTiT ga-
moCnda amoqolili sam-sami TaRovani Riobi
(sur. 8, 9), rac migvaniSnebs, rom saTavsos ga-
sasvlelebi hqonda da eWvgareSe adasturebs,
rom Cven mier diferencirebuli I periodi
aleqsandre WavWavaZiseuli sasaxlea.
meore sarTulis samxreTi fasadis das-
avleTi nawili agurisa da yore-wyobis mona-
cvleobiTaa Sesrulebuli, adgilebSi Semor-
Cenilia saTofuri fanjrebic, romelTa rit-
mi organulad imeorebs kaxuri arqiteqturis
elementebs (sur. 10).
samxreTi fasadze arsebuli gviandeli
kibe midgmulia karis Riobze, romelic ga-
nana inwkirveli
niericaa da maRalic, zomebiT 2.82X1.78 m.
karis aseTi zomebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom is
mxedrisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, rome-
lic, am kariT pirdapir sajiniboSi Sedioda.
interierSi am karis orive mxares TaRovani
niSebia (sur. 11). aRniSnuli niSebi amovsebu-
li iyo aguris wyobiT.
interierSi arsad Cans sarTulSua gada-
xurvis koWebis kvali, Tumca mxedrisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli Riobisa da samxreTiT,
in­te­rierSi mowyobili TaRCebis simaRle iZ-
leva erTgvar informacias saTavsis simaR-
lezec.
gaSiSvlda nagebobis CrdiloeTi kedeli,
interierSi, nagebobis Tavsa da boloSi, aR-
moCnda Sewyvilebuli TaRebis nawilebi, rac,
vfiqrobT, adasturebs, rom wagrZelebuli
formis moculoba aleqsandre WavWavaZiseu-
lia (sur. 12). arqiteqtori ozerovi xels ar
axlebs Zveli sasaxlis am nawils (sur. 13),
piriqiT, interierSic Cndeba ozeroviseuli
safasade wyoba masiuri qvisa da aguris mo-
163
nacvleobiT. xeluxlebels tovebs dasavleT
fasads, sadac, zondaJis Sedegad gamoikveTa
ezoSi gasasvleli kari, romelic kompozi-
ciurad zustad fasadis centrSia (sur. 14).
moculobis dasavleTiT bolo oTaxSi II-III pe-
riodis aguris buxari iyo, liTonis Weduri
ornamentiani xufiT. aSkaraa, rom arqiteq-
tori Zvel sasaxles adaptaciis meTodebiT
inarCunebs.
meore samSeneblo periodi
kvlevis procesSi meore periods miva-
kuTvneT sasaxlis reabilitaciis ozerovi-
seuli gadawyveta. es is nawilia, romelic
yvelaze TvalismomWrelad gamoiyureba (sur.
3; 4; 15; 16, 17). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am
dros moxda Zveli, kaxuri arqiteqturisa da
axali, evropuli stilis gaerTianeba _ sin-
Tezi, romelic saSualebas iZleva restavra-
ciis procesSi I, II da III periodebi aRviqvaT
rogorc erTi mTlianoba da ara rogorc
calkeuli nagebobebi, stili Tu kompozicia,
iseve, rogorc XIX saukunis miwuruls.
 nana inwkirveli
mesame samSeneblo periodi
III periodiT davaTariReT moculoba, ro-
melic cota mogvianebiT miaSenes. vfiqrobT,
erTi da imave arqiteqtorisaa (al. ozerovi).
miSeneba, Cveni azriT, damxmare saTavsoebis
aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli (sur. 3,
4), am periods miekuTvneba pirvel sarTulze
arsebuli rusuli Rumelic (sur. 18).
meoTxe da mexuTe samSeneblo periodebi
sabWoTa da Semdgom periodSi samuzeumo
sivrced gadakeTebisa da sxvadasxva mcire sa-
remonto samuSaoebs moicavda.
164
NANA INTSKIRVELI
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
ALEKSANDRE CHAVCHAVADZE
HOUSE-MUSEUM IN TSINANDALI.
OZEROV SOLUTION TO BUILDING
REHABILITATION
(LATEST RESULTS OF ARCHITECTURAL,
ARCHAEOLOGICAL, LABORATORY STUDIES)
Summary
This is the analysis of current condition and ways of
problem resolution for the rehabilitation project using
Ozerovstudy on revealing the problems through the
differentiation of the construction periods and the ways
problem resolution.
In general, trace which enables to refurbish original
appearance of a monument is erased in such buildings.
Only material received after the removal of construction
layers enables us to define construction periods and to
consider their synthesis — consolidation of spaces of
different styles as a new structural entity.
We saw the course of action of architect Ozerov in
the historical environment, how he preserved and used
the existing material and the proficiency with which he
adapted the new space to the actual condition that is
definitely displayed in the places of tangling of different
spaces and in settings under the finishing (See figures
№8 and №9).
In 2008, during the designing of refurbishment
project, we in the project team made a decision to pre-
serve the significant units revealed during the research
process in such a way that makes visible both architec-
ture and solutions of Al. Ozerov and details, settings
and character of Chavchavadze Kakheti architecture
(see figures #19; #20; #21 and #22).
 nana inwkirveli

165

1. al. WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumi. fasadebi Al. Chavchavadze House-Museum. Façades

 nana inwkirveli

2. al. WavWavaZiseuli sasaxlis gegmis pirvandeli konturi (naxazi)

Al. Chavchavadze’s Palace original contour plan (drawing)
166

3. pirveli sarTulis gegma (naxazi) First floor plan (drawing)

 nana inwkirveli

4. meore sarTulis gegma (naxazi) Second floor plan (drawing)

167

5. Wrili 4-4 Sections 4-4

 nana inwkirveli

6. pirveli sarTuli. gegmis kroki da interieri

First floor. Plan crock and interior
168

7. meore sarTuli. gegmis kroki da interieri

Second floor. Plan crock and interior
 nana inwkirveli

8. meore sarTuli. interieri restavraciis Semdeg

Second floor. Interior restoration

169

9. meore sarTuli. interieri restavraciis Semdeg

Second floor. Interior restoration
 nana inwkirveli

10. samxreTi fasadi (naxazi) South façade (drawing)

11. Wrili 2-2 (naxazi) 2-2 Section (drawing)

170

12. Wrili 3-3 (naxazi) 3-3 Section (drawing)

13. Wrili 3-3. anazomisa da grafikuli rekonstruqciis analizi (naxazi)

3-3 Section. Measurements and graphical analysis of the reconstruction (drawing)
 nana inwkirveli

14. dasavleTi fasadi restavraciis Semdeg

West façade restoration

171

15. aRmosavleTi fasadi East façade

 nana inwkirveli

16. samxreTi fasadi South façade

172

17. aivnis fragmentebi Balcony fragments

 nana inwkirveli

173

18. buxrebi Fireplaces

 nana inwkirveli

19. Ria pavilioni restavraciis Semdeg

Light pavilion restoration
174

20. Ria pavilioni restavraciis Semdeg

Light pavilion restoration
 nana inwkirveli

22. pirveli sarTulis interieri restavraciis Semdeg

The first floor interior restoration

175

23. aRmosavleTi fasadi restavraciis Semdeg

East façade restoration
 nino sanadiraZe
SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
kultura, kulturis resursebi
da kulturis prioritetebi*
kultura _ saukuneebis manZilze sakamaTo
cnebaa, kultura, rogorc globaluri cne-
ba da kultura, rogorc lokaluri gageba.
kamaTi imaze, Tu ra aris kultura mravalg-
varia. kultura, rogorc identobis gamomsa-
xveli forma, kultura rogorc Rirebule-
baTa sistema da kultura rogorc bazisuri
gamomsaxveloba.
kulturis gamomsaxvelobisa da gagebi-
saTvis SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT ramde-
nime Zireuli instrumenti:
• Rirebulebebi
176
• damokidebulebebi da faseulobebi
(damokidebulebebi, rogorc loka-
luri da globaluri, aseve koleq-
tiuri da individualuri)
• adaTebi, wesebi
• ena
CamoTvlilTagan upirveless sawyis Ri-
rebulebaTa sistema warmoadgens. sxvadsxva
mimarTulebis mkvlevarebi kulturisa da
Rirebulebebis cnebebs sxvadasxvagvarad gan-
martaven, magram verc erTi mimarTuleba ver
uaryofs kulturisa da RirebulebaTa ur-
TierTkavSirs.
Rirebulebis cneba, Tanamedrove so-
ciologiaSi, ara marto mravali formiT ga-
nisazRvreba, aramed Tavisi funqcionaluri
interpretaciiTa da gamoyenebiTac gansxva-
vebulia, sxvadasxva avtorebi Rirebulebis
cnebaSic sxvadasxva azrs gulisxmoben, mag-
ram kavSiri Rirebulebebsa da kulturas So-
ris calsaxadaa aRiarebuli.
* naSromi wakiTxulia profesor dimitri TumaniSvilis
65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konferenciaze
(Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb., 2015, 11-12 ivnisi).
Rirebuleba kulturis Semadgeneli na-
wilia, kultura ar arsebobs RirebulebaTa
sistemis gareSe da piriqiT. amdenad, kul-
turis Teoria RirebulebaTa Teoriis gare-
Se ar arsebobs. kulturisa da Rirebulebis
ganuyreli kavSiri moiTxovs gairkves Tu ra
adgili ukavia RirebulebaTa sistemas kul-
turaSi, raa RirebulebiTi cneba da ra fa-
seulobebs ukavSirdeba kulturasa da kul-
turis sferoze saubrisas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom RirebulebaTa mecnie-
rul definicias mxolod mecxramete sau-
kunis bolos Caeyara safuZveli. mas herman
rudolf lotces, vilhelm vindelbandis,
maqs veberis, devid kolbisa da sxvaTa naS-
romebi udevs safuZvlad. miuxedavad, imisa
rom RirebulebaTa filosofiuri mniSvne-
loba epoqebisa da drois mixedviT icvle-
ba, Rirebulebebi struqturul kavSirSia
erTmaneTTan da erT mTlian sistemas qm-
nis, maTi SefardebiTi mniSvnelobis mixed-
viT. Rirebuleba gamoxatavs adamianis rw-
menas, Sexedulebebs, idealebsa Tu eTikur
standartebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs
misi cxovrebis stils. Rirebulebebi, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas
sxvadasxva situaciaSi da gavlenas axdens
mis gadawyvetilebebze.
adaTebi saukuneebis manZilze dagrovili
gamocdileba da damokidebulebaTa erTob-
liobaa, romlis ganmartebac yvelaze karga-
daa asaxuli UNESCO-s 2003 wlis aramate-
rialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis
konvenciaSi, rac gulisxmobs warmosaxvisa
da gamoxatvis formebs, codnasa da unar-
Cvevebs _ aseve, maTTan dakavSirebul saSu-
alebebs, sagnebs, artefaqtebs da kulturul
sivrceebs, _ aRiarebuls gaerTianebebis,
jgufebisa da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, cal-
keuli pirebis mier maTi kulturuli memk-
vidreobis nawilad. Taobidan TaobaSi gada-
cemuli aseTi aramaterialuri kulturuli
memkvidreoba gaerTianebebisa da jgufebis
mier mudmiv ganaxlebas ganicdis maTi gare-
mo pirobebis, bunebasTan urTierTmoqmede-
bisa da istoriis Sesabamisad da ayalibebs

maTSi TviTmyofadobisa da memkvidreobis
gancdas“1. kulturuli memkvidreoba, garda
aRiarebuli materialuri da aramaterialuri
memkvidreobisa, or RirebulebiT mimarTu-
lebasac gulisxmobs: imas, rasac awmyo war-
sulidan aragenetikuri gziT iRebs da imas,
rasac Tanamedroveoba memkvidreobiT miRe-
buli formebidan qmnis, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi
saxecvlil an axal, inovaciur ganzomilebebs
warmoadgens. kultura TanamedroveobaSi yo-
velTvis moicavs siaxleebsa da aRmoCenebs,
romelTac warsulSi ar hqonda adgili. am-
denad, inovacia warsulTan SedarebiT mra-
valsaxovania. erT SemTxvevaSi, warsulSi ar-
sebulis ganviTareba, misi bazisidan aRebuli
siaxleebis erTobliobaa, meore SemTxvevaSi
ki, warsulSi miRweulis safuZvelze axali
realobis Seqmna, rac axali kulturis mier
motanili gamowvevebis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos.
Tumca, istoriuli kulturebi, ramdenad
mravalferovanic ar unda iyos maTi Sedegi,
aucilebelia gaazrebuli iyos aramarto Ta-
namedroveobasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed war-
sulTan kavSirSic.
miuxedavad kulturis cnebis mravalgva-
ri da RirebulebiTi bunebisa, TviT cnebis
universaluroba da yovlismomcveloba saSu-
alebas iZleva kultura ganvixiloT mravali
sxvadsxva mimarTulebiT, kultura rogorc:
• sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sfero;
• socialuri instituti;
• pirovnebis ganviTarebis donis maxasi-
aTebeli;
• sazogadoebis maregulirebeli norme-
bis sistema;
• socialuri gamocdilebis gadacemis
meqanizmi;
• TviT determinaciis fenomeni da a. S.
miuxedavad kulturis cnebis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis sistematizaciis mcdelobisa
kulturis nebismieri gamovlineba miTisa da
narativis gareSe ar arsebobs, radgan miTi
1
saerTaSoriso konvencia aramaterialuri kultu-
ruli memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb. parizi, 2003 w.,
17 oqtomberi. ratificirebulia saqarTvelos par-
lamentis 2007 wlis 4 dekemberis N 5535 _ II s dad-
genilebiT.
nino sanadiraZe
gamoxatavs adamianis damokidebulebebs, sur-
vilebs, saswaulebs, xSirad SeuZlebeli Se-
saZleblobebisken swrafvasac, rasac adamia-
ni yoveldRiurobaSi moklebulia da amitom
realizebas mis mier Seqmnil idealur sinamd-
vileSi eZebs. miTi socialuri fenomenia,
romlis daniSnulebaa socialuri erTobebis
yofierebis gamarTleba, maTi interesebisa
da survilebis, zogjer, moqmedebebis SesaZ-
lebeli SesaZlebloba. miTi prozauli rea-
lobidan sasurvel sinamdvileSi gadayvanas
emsaxureba, Tavisebur virtualur sinamdvi-
les qmnis da amiT kmayofilebis, siamayisa da
TviTdamkvidrebis moTxovnilebebs akmayofi-
lebs. miTosuri narativi, rogorc transfor-
maciis SesaZlebloba, mxolod pirvelyofili
kulturebisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli, ara-
med Tanamedrove kulturebSic iCens Tavs da
xSiradac masebis mobilizaciisa da zemoqme-
debis saSualebasac warmoadgens. narativebsa
da miTosur teqstebTan erTad, Tanamedrove
samyaroSi ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xde-
177
ba kulturis resursebis sakiTxi.
kulturis resursebis sakiTxi, is mimar-
Tulebaa romelic kulturisa da xelovne-
bis menejmentis mkvlevarebsa da samecniero
jgufebSi bolo aTwleulebia did interess
iwvevs da axal tendenciebs amkvidrebs. kul-
turis resursebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs,
ara marto kulturis sferos mimarTulebebs,
aramed kulturis sferos produqtebsac.
unda aRiniSnos, rom kulturis resursebi
gansakuTrebul SesaZleblobas aniWebs erT-
droulad mwarmoebelsac da momxmarebelsac,
rogorc urTierTsargeblis momtan urTier-
Tobas, rogorc ekonomikur da socialur re-
surss. kulturis resursebi, maTi konteqs-
tidan gamomdinare asocirebulia sxvadasxva
RirebulebebTan da inovaciurad gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobas ganapirobebs.
sazogadoebaSi kulturis gamovlenis
formebi da damokidebulebebi xSirad sxva-
dasxva ganzomilebas warmoadgens. kultura
materialuricaa da sulieric. Tumca, misi
suliereba qmnadobis an warmoebis SemTxve-
vaSi iZens materialur xasiaTs, rac xSirad
 nino sanadiraZe
sazogadoebis, anu urTierTobaTa sistemis
faseulobaTa maCvenebelicaa. kulturisa da
sazogadoebis es urTierToba erTdroulad
SeiZleba iyos materialurica da sulieric.
misi materialuroba im socialur institu-
tebSi gamoixateba, romelTa gareSe sazoga-
doeba warmoudgenelia, xolo kulturis ma-
terialuroba ideis ganxorcielebis formaa,
anu materialur nivTebsa da nawarmoebebSia
realizebuli. kulturis SesaZleblobebsa
da realizebis saSualebebs kulturis re-
sursebis arseboba ganapirobebs.
kulturis resursebze saubrisas mniSv-
nelovania gaviazroT kulturis sferos re-
sursebis maxasiaTeblebi:
• kultura, rogorc Rirebuleba.
• kultura, rogorc konkretuli ele-
mentebis erTianoba.
• kultura, rogorc cxovrebisadmi
adaptaciis meTodi.
• kultura, rogorc socialuri norma.
• kultura, rogorc socialuri mexsie-
178
reba.
• kultura, rogorc socialuri komu-
nikacia.
• kultura, rogorc ena.
• kultura, rogorc saqmianoba.
• kultura, rogorc Semoqmedeba.
• kultura, rogorc socialuri gamoc-
dileba2.
kulturis resursebis kvleva Tanamed-
rove samyaroSi axali mimarTulebaa. samec-
niero literaturaSi sxvadsxva ganmarteba
ganixileba, vrceli ganmartebiT kulturis
resursebi warmoadgens istoriul-kultu-
rul SesaZleblobebs, romlebic moicavs
istoriul, arqeologiur, arqiteqturul,
monumenturi xelovnebis nimuSebs da mate-
rialuri kulturis sxva Zeglebs, maT Soris,
aramaterialur nimuSebsa da monapovrebs
(tradiciuli yofa, xalxuri rewvis nimuSebi,
adgilobrivi Cveulebebi, samosi, religiuri
2
n. sanadiraZe, saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani,
#4 (57), 2013. gv 80, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis
Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti., (http://
www.tafu.edu.ge/files/pdf/dziebani/krebuli_4_(57)_2013.pdf)
kulturis elementebi), adgilebs, sxva eTno-
grafiul maxasiaTeblebs da kulturis sfe-
ros sxvadasxva monawileebs3.
Cveni warmodgeniT, kulturis resursi
es aris istoriul faqtTa, mxatvrul Rire-
bulebaTa da miTologiaTa erToblioba, ro-
melic warmodgenas qmnis ama Tu im obieqtze.
kulturis obieqtebis maxasiaTeblebisa da
SesaZleblobebis sinTezi warmoqmnis kultu-
ris resurebis subieqtebs, romlTa gaazreba
qmnadobis procesSi TavisTavad kulturis
produqtebis warmoebis SesaZleblobas qm-
nis. kulturis resusrebi, Tavisi subieqturi
bunebidan gamomdinare, Tavis TavSi Seicavs
ama Tu im kulturis saerTo da indvidulaur
maxasiaTeblebs da rac mniSvnelovania, Rire-
bulebaTa sistemis erobliobasac.
bolo aTwleulia UNESCO Tavis doku-
mentaciaSi praqtikulad, srulad gadavida
terminis „kulturis produqti“ gamoyeneba-
ze, romelSic igulisxmeba saqonelic da mom-
saxurebac. kulturis produqtis definicia,
rogorc aseTi, leqsikonSi ar moipoveba.
dasavleli mecnierebi, bazarze orientire-
bis gavleniT, midrekilni arian Seiswavlon
kulturis industria kulturis produqtis
instrumentuli midgomis WrilSi, rac gu-
lisxmobs mis ganxilvas ekonomikur sibrtye-
Sic4. kulturis resursebi, rogorc obieqtebi
warmoadgens ganwyobaTa erTobliobas, ro­
mel­ Ta emociuri gaTavisebac SesaZlebelia
rogorc individulur, ise farTo masebis
konteqstSic. kulturis resursebis produq­
tebad qmnadobisa da warmoebis procesSi mniS­
v­­nelovania gaviTvaliswinoT warmoebis mTa­
va­ ri Taviseburebebi. kulturis produqt­
ebi, garda maTi eqvsi maxasiaTeblisa5, ase­ve
Tavis TavSi aerTianebs kulturis Rire­
3
briuselis me-13 asambleis krebuli _ Royale de Belgi-
que. 13th Assembly of Compendium Experts in Brussels, The As-
sembly has been held on 4-5 December at the Académie Royale
de Belgique in Brussels in the framework of the Belgian Presi-
dency of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe.
4
n. sanadiraZe, kulturis resursebis sakiTxebi Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebaSi, xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi
etiudebi, t. VI, baTumi, 2015. gv. 101-107.
5
n. sanadiraZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 101-107.

bulebaTa sistemasa da kulturis resursebis
TavisTavad bunebasac. kulturis produqtis
Rirebuleba gamoixateba imaSi, rom TiToeuli
momxmarebeli mas sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvams
da sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciiT warmo­
idgens. es aris produqtebi, romlebsac mo­
mxmarebeli moixmars Tavis warmodgenebsa da
aRqmebSi, da ara sxvadasxva praqtikul mdgo­
mareobebSi, romelime praqtikuli prob­­ le­
mis gadasaWrelad. kulturis sferos pro­­
duqtebi Tavisi SinaarsiT aerTianebs Semdeg
Rirebulebebs:
• erToba _ erTi kulturis matarebe-
li momxmareblisTvis kulturis re-
sursebis aRqmis xelmisawvdomoba da
SesaZlebloba. erTi kulturis mata-
reblobis gancda iwvevs _ gancdebs,
romelic modis garkveuli tipis enis,
landSaftis, melodiis, da a.S. erTob-
liobis aRqmiT da iZleva garkveuli
identobis gancdas, anu SesaZlebelia
Seiqmnas kulturis erToba.
• Tavad warmoadgens Rirebulebebs, an
Seicavs RirebulebaTa sistemebsac,
ro­melnic TviTidenTifikaciis saSu-
alebebs iZleva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturis sfe-
ros produqtebis6 ganmarteba SesaZlebe-
lia, kulturis resursebidan warmoebuli
produqtebi sxva kategoriebis produqtebs
gulisxmobs da garda produqtis maxasiaTe-
beli sami obieqtisa (1. ZiriTadi produqti,
an TviT obieqti; 2. Tanmxlebi (Tanmdevi)
momsaxureba da 3. faseuloba _ simboluri,
emociuri, an raime sxva faseuloba, romel-
sac momxmareblebi ama Tu im produqts ani-
Weben), TviTon produqti, Tavisi SinaarsiT,
gansxvavebul safexurebsac Seicavs. kul-
turis resursebidan warmoebuli kulturis
produqtebi kulturis im Rirebulebebsac
aerTianebs, romelTa gamoc esa Tu is re-
sursi kulturis produqtebis warmoebis Se-
saZleblobasac qmnis. maTi sazogadoebamde
mitana, anu bazarze gamotana gansxvavebul
6
n. sanadiraZe, „kulturis sferos proeqtebis me-
nejmenti da dagegmareba“, Tb., 2011, gv. 15-17.
nino sanadiraZe
midgomebsa da saqmianobebs gulisxmobs da
gansxvavdeba ekonomikuri da Tanamedrove
marketinguli qmedebebisgan. Tumca, aqve
unda aRniSnos, rom Tanamedrove ekonomika
da gansakuTrebiT, warmatebuli brendingi
kulturis produqtebis warmoebis Tavise-
burebasac iTvaliswinebs da narativebisa da
Rirebulebebis gamoyenebiT bazarze pozi-
cionirebis upiratesobasac flobs.
kulturis resursebidan warmoebuli
produqtebis Taviseburebebi isev Rirebule-
baTa sistemaSia saZiebeli da Tavis mxriv, ax-
lebur danaxvas saWiroebs da ara siaxleebis
gamogonebas. esenia:
• aramaterialuri matarebeli, anu mex-
sierebis fenomeni _ sazogadoebis/
mom­xmareblis mexsierebaze zemoqmede-
ba, rodesac resursi SesaZleblobas
iZleva obieqti win wamosawevad (pro-
mouSenisTvis) gamoiyeno xanmokle mex-
sierebidan xangrZliv mexsierebamde,
anu istoriul konteqstTan asocire-
179
buli Rirebuleba.
• materialuri matarebeli, anu obieq-
tis fenomeni _ rodesac kulturis
ama Tu im resurss gaaCnia sakuTari,
individualuri istoria, qronologia,
faqtobrivi masala, emocia da mxatv-
ruli Rirebuleba.
kulturis resursebi idealur versiaSi
unda akmayofilebdes sam mocemulobas:
1. mxatvruli Rirebuleba
2. faqtobrivi masala (istoria, qrono­
logia da a.S.)
3. miTologia/narativi
bolo wlebSi Catarebulma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom kulturis resursebis gamo­ ye­
neba da kulturis SemoqmedebiTi indus­
t­ri­­
ebis gaZliereba dRiTidRe ufro da
ufro izrdeba, viTardeba. am seqtors aqvs
SesaZlebloba iyos wamyvani bazarze, SeuZlia
ekonomikis zrda, SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos
SemoqmedebiTobas da inovaciebs ekonomikis
sferoSi.
 nino sanadiraZe

NINO SANADIRADZE
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

CULTURE AS ECONOMIC RESOURCE

Summary

Culture may be considered as a determiner of identity.

Identity can be the characteristics of the nations, states,
social and ethnic groups, etc. In a reality, culture is a sys-
tem of terms that defines identity and values.
Analysis of the issues related to the management
of the field of culture emerges special interest for several
reasons: firstly, management of the field of culture im-
plies the full range of general management and secondly
– prospects of such analysis are important in order to de-
termine the necessity and opportunities of cooperation of
the cultural field and other businesses.
There have been a lot of arguments lately aiming to
determine if there is a possibility for the culture to be re-
180

garded as a economic resource. It is still arguable if what

can be stated to be cultural resource – culture itself or
economic opportunities of the culture. While discussing
the processes of planning and organizing following cir-
cumstances shall be considered: the process of manage-
ment of the field of culture not only depends on socio-
cultural context and socio-cultural environment, but the
process itself acquires socio-cultural features.
ana nemsaZe
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
mediakultura —
kvlevis obieqti
kulturis istoriisa da sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis arsebobis xangrZlivi isto-
riis manZilze sakomunikacio procesebi yov-
elTvis mniSvnelovani iyo. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am procesebis ganxorcielebaSi yvela
epoqaSi sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSuale-
bebi asrulebda gadamwyvet rols, maTi fun-
qcia ar Secvlila kulturis TvalsazrisiT.
isini yovelTvis avrcelebdnen informacias,
ris safuZvelzec yalibdeboda sazogadoe-
bis Rirebulebebi, adamianebis socialuri
rolebi da sivrce individebis inteleqtua-
luri saqmianobisTvis. `media (laTinurad
`media~ `medium~) niSnavs saSualebas, Suama-
vals. es XX saukunis terminia. media ar aris
mxolod informaciis gadacemis saSualeba.
es aris mTeli garemo, sadac kulturuli
kodebi iqmneba, iZens esTetikur maxasiaTeb-
lebs da translirdeba. mediakultura aris
kacobriobis mier kulturul-istoriuli
ganviTarebisas SemuSavebuli sainformacio-
sakomunikacio saSualebebis erToblioba,
romelsac SeuZlia sazogadoebis cnobierebis
Camoyalibeba da pirovnebis socializacia~1.
XX saukunis II naxevridan, mas Semdeg,
rac gaCnda eleqtronuli sakomunikacio sa-
Sualebebi, aucilebeli gaxda masobrivi in-
formaciis saSualebebis struqturis, maTi
funqciebis Seswavla da samecniero cod-
nis Camoyalibeba eleqtronuli sakomunika-
cio saSualebebiT sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi
ganxorcielebuli gardaqmnebis SesaZlebeli
Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis da kulturis gan-
viTarebis perspeqtivis ganWvretis mizniT.
1
n. kirilova, mediakultura, rogorc kvlevis obieq-
ti, profesoris rideri, gv. 1-2.
`mediis TeoriisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelo-
ba hqonda marSal makluanis cnobil for-
mulas `medium is the message~ (`mediumi aris
gzavnili~). am frazaSi gadmocemulma WeS-
maritebam moxaza horizonti, romlis Car-
CoebSic dResac moZraobs media-Teoriuli
diskursi. am frazaSi mtkicdeba, rom medi-
umi (zepiri sityva, teqsti, ferwera, foto-
grafia, filmi, cekva da a.S.), romelSic enis
subieqti axorcielebs raRac gamonaTqvams,
erTdroulad da ukanasknelis paralelurad
ayalibebs sakuTar gamonaTqvams. amasTanave,
Setyobinebis subieqti iSviaTad acnobierebs
mediumis am gamonaTqvams da arasdros Seu-
Zlia misi gacnobierebulad gakontroleba.
es niSnavs, rom roca gamovTqvamT raRacas,
ufro sworad, vakeTebT gansazRvruli niS-
nebis kombinirebas niSanTa TamaSis konteqst-
Si ise, rom es kombinacia gadmoscems Cvens
mier Cadebul azrs, Cven de faqto gamovTqvamT
ara erT, aramed or sxvadasxva gamonaTqvams.
erTi gamonaTqvami Seicavs imas, risi gamoTq-
181
mac Cven gacnobierebulad gvindoda. Cveni es
gzavnili, es Setyobineba `gacnobierebuli~
komunikaciuri intenciaa, romlis gadacema-
sac Cven vcdilobT gansazRvruli niSnebis
kombinaciis daxmarebiT. Tumca, warmoiqmneba
meore gamonaTqvamic _ mediis gamonaTqvami,
romlis gacnobierebulad gakontrolebac
Cven ar SegviZlia. es aris erTgvari Setyo-
bineba Setyobinebis ukan, romelsac ver akon-
trolebs molaparake subieqti. mediis Teo-
riis davalebac swored isaa, rom gaarkvios
ras ambobs es meore gamonaTqvami (romelic
Cven ar dagvigegmavs) _ mediumis gamonaTqvami.
mediis Teoriis proeqti, romelsac amgvarad
gavigebT, Zalian mogvagonebs fsiqoanali­
zis proeqts. ukanasknelic amtkicebs, rom
Cveni metyveleba orad aris gapobili. Cveni
yoveli gamonaTqvami aRmoCndeba ormagi. is
gadmozidavs gacnobierebul, Cven mier `Ca-
debul~ azrs da amave dros gaucnobierebel
azrsac, rogorc Cveni erotikuli survilis
manifestacias. saerTod, rogor xdeba subme-
dialuri gzavnilis gageba? pasuxi, romelsac
am kiTxvaze gvaZlevs makluani, SedarebiT
 ana nemsaZe
martivia _ gansxvavebuli mediebis Sedar-
ebis gziT. Setyobineba, romelsac gadmos-
cems molaparake gacnobierebulad mediis
saSualebiT, rogorRac unda gancalkevdes
Tavisi `medialuri~ manifestaciisgan da
Seedaros sxva mediebSi gadmocemis varian-
tebs. aq Setyobinebis gadmomcemi wardgeba,
rogorc subieqti, romelic irCevs Tavisi
Setyobinebis gagzavnis `matarebels~. Tu mas
surs informaciis gadacema, irCevs erT me-
diums Tavis gankargulebaSi arsebuli yvela
mediidan. amgvarad, mimRebs SeuZlia mediumis
gzavnilis gamoTvla sakmaod ubralo for-
mulis daxmarebiT: medializebul gzavnils
minus gamgzavnis mier Cadebuli Setyobineba
udris mediumis gzavnils~2.
kultura, erT-erTi ganmartebiT, sa-
komunikacio reJimia. `mediakulturis tra­
diciuli cneba aerTianebs audiovizualuri
xelovnebis yvela saxeobas. dRevandeli me-
diakultura aris informaciuli nakadis,
pirvel rigSi, audiovizualuri saSualebebis
182
_ televizia, kino, video, kompiuteruli
grafika, interneti _ intensivoba. misi saSu-
alebiT adamiani iTavisebs garesamyaros so-
cialur, zneobriv, fsiqologiur, mxatvrul,
inteleqtualur aspeqtebs.
audiovizualuri kultura aris kul-
turuli informaciis fiqsaciisa da trans-
laciis saSualeba. is cvlis manamde arsebul
verbalur-weriT komunikacias. audiovizua-
luri mediateqsti aris niSanTa ansambli,
romelSic Sedis gamomsaxvelobiTi, xmovani
da verbaluri rigebi da gamoiyeneba sxvadasx-
va saxis informaciis translaciisTvis. me-
diakulturis specifikaa semiotikuri buneba
da realizaciis teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi.
mediakulturis sivrcis arsebobis safuZve-
lia iersaxeebis warmoeba da gavrceleba da
cikli `Setyobineba/Tanamonawileoba~. Tana-
monawileoba aris Setyobinebis moxmarebis
piroba da Sedegi, xolo Setyobinebis war-
moeba Tanamonawileobis piroba da Sedegi~3.
2
b. groisi, eWvis TvaliT mediis fenomenologia, pro-
fesoris rideri, gv. 3.
3
n. kirilova, mediakultura, rogorc kvlevis obieqti,
profesoris rideri, gv. 2.
***
axali aTaswleulis dawyebisTanave msof­ lio
Zlieri kulturuli gardaqmnebis winaSe aR-
moCnda. teqnologiuri procesebis (rac XX
saukunis II naxevridan swrafi tempiT ganvi-
Tarda) safuZvelze warmoiqmna e.w. `virtua-
luri realoba~ _ eleqtronuli sakomunika-
cio saSualebebis mier Seqmnili simboluri
garemo, romlis Seqmnasa da moxmarebaSic ada-
miani aqtiurad monawileobs. vizualuri ko-
munikaciebis masStabi imdenad gaizarda, rom
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebidan TiTqmis
mTlianad ganidevna komunikaciis verbaluri
da damwerlobiTi formebi. teqnologiebma,
romelTa erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxasiaTo niSani
interaqtiulobaa da romlebic gamosaxule-
bebisa da qseluri komunikaciis safuZvelze
Seiqmna, gardaqmna adamianis sacxovrebeli
sivrce. am sivrceSi adamianis garemomcvel
axal materialur garemosTan erTad, gaCnda
adamianebs Soris urTierTobisa da individis
TviTrealizaciis axali formebi, rac jer
kidev inarCunebs kavSirs kulturis Zvel par-
adigmasTan (romelic dResac ganagrZobs ar-
sebobas). `erTmaneTSi gadaixlarTa ori prin-
cipuli logika: fantazmuri logika, romelic
ZiriTad aqcents akeTebs fsiqoanalizze
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli identifikaciebiT,
proeqciebiT, warmosaxuli transcendenciis,
Zalauflebisa da seqsualurobis sferoe-
biT, romlebic operirebs obieqtisa da gare-
mos doneze, upiratesoba eniWeba opoziciebs
saxli/avtomobili (imanenturi/transcenden-
turi) da socio-ganmasxvavebeli logika, ro-
melic warmoqmnis gansxvavebas sociologi-
isadmi mimarTvis saSualebiT, romelic Tavis
mxriv anTropologiisagan aris warmoebuli
(moxmareba, rogorc niSanTa warmoeba, gansx-
vaveba, statusi, prestiJi). garkveuli azriT,
es yvelaferi jer kidev arsebobs, Tumca, sxva
mxriv es ukve qreba. aRwera mTeli am idumali
universumis _ proeqtulis, warmosaxulis da
simboluris, jer kidev Seesabameboda obi-
eqtis, rogorc subieqtis sarkis statuss da
Tavis mxriv, eTanadeboda agreTve, sarkisa da
`scenis~ warmosaxul siRrmeebs. arsebobs sax-
lis scena, Sinagani, privatuli dro-sivrcis

scena (romelic, garda amisa, korelaciaSia
sazogadoebriv sivrcesTan). opoziciebi _
subieqti/obieqti da sajaro/piraduli jer
kidev iyo mniSvnelovani. es iyo yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis amoxsnisa da gamorkvevis era; es
ki istoriuli scenis CrdilSi warmoqmnili
sxvagvari scenaa, sadac pirveli aRiqmeboda
simbolurad ufro metad datvirTulad, maSin
rodesac bolo _ politikurad dacarielebu-
lad. dRes scena da sarke aRar arsebobs. maT
adgilze gaCndnen ekrani da qseli. sarkisa
da scenis asaxuli transcendentulobis ma-
givrad arsebobs raRac araamsaxveli, ima-
nenturi zedapiri, romelzedac warimarTeba
operaciebi, anu arsebobs komunikaciis brty-
eli operaciuli zedapiri. raRac Seicvala
da faustiseulma, promeTeulma (SesaZloa
oidiposiseulma) warmoebis da moxmarebis
periodma adgili dauTmo SeerTebis, kon-
taqtebis, Sexebis, ukukavSirisa da sayovel-
Tao interfeisis `proTeul~ eras, romelic
modis komunikaciis mTel samyarosTan erTad,
satelevizio saxis meSveobiT (televizia ki
aRmoCndeba, rom am axal eraSi yvelaze metad
srulyofili obieqtia) Cveni sakuTari sxeuli
da mTeli misi garemomcveli samyaro gadai-
qceva raRac tipis makontrolebel ekranad~4.
***
vizualuri komunikaciis saSualebebi da ga­
mom­saxvelobiTi formebi mravalgvaria. fer-
weram da qandakebam, rogorc `medialurma
saSualebebma~ wina aswleulebSi Seqmna xe-
lovnebis bevri unikaluri nimuSi, risi sa-
SualebiTac aRibeWda da gavrcelda epoqebis
msoflmxedeloba, zneobrivi da esTetikuri
idealebi. xelovnebis es nimuSebi dResac
mogviTxrobs imperiebis da qalaqebis isto-
riebs, vizualuri niSnebiT gadmoscems adami-
anebis arsebobis sivrces, risi saSualebiTac
istoriis garkveuli periodis srulad gaaz-
rebaa SesaZlebeli.
fotografiis gaCenis Semdeg realoba
firze aRbeWda fotoaparatma, warmoiqmna
garemomcveli samyaros fiqsaciis unikalu­
4
J. bodriari, komunikaciis eqstazi, profesoris ri-
deri, gv. 1-2.
ana nemsaZe
ri saSualeba. fotografia SegviZlia gavi­
az­
roT, rogorc kulturis fenomeni da
rogorc saxelovnebo mimarTuleba. foto-
grafiis saSualebiT dafiqsirda wamieri mo-
menti, SesaZlebeli gaxda erTi gamosaxulebis
bevri aslis gavrceleba, rasac manamde ver
axerxebda vizualuri komunikaciis saSuale-
ba. `fotografiis, misi e.w. obieqturi gamo-
saxulebis saswauli araobieqturi samyaros
radikalurad gamovlenis SesaZleblobaSi
mdgomareobs. odnav paradoqsulia, rom obi-
eqturi samyaros ararseboba fotografuli
obieqtivis saSualebiT aRmoCndeba~5.
`fotografireba erTaderTxel moxda.
is usasrulod imeorebs imas, risi gameo-
rebac SeuZlebelia egzistencialuri Tval-
sazrisiT. Cven fotografiaSi yovelTvis
obieqtis gaqrobis enaze vlaparakobT. is
rodesRac iyo, is ukve aRar aris. fotogra-
fuli aqti gulisxmobs erTgvar simbolur
mkvlelobas, magram es ar aris ubralod
obieqtis mkvleloba, qreba subieqtic, ro-
183
melic ganTavsebulia obieqtis ukana mxares.
fotoaparatis yoveli gaCxakuneba asrulebs
rogorc obieqtis, ise subieqtis realur ar-
sebobas.fotografia ar atyobinebs (aucile-
beli ar aris atyobinebdes) ra aRar aris,
aramed mxolod da albaT, mxolod imas, rac
iyo. es nÁuansi gadamwyvetia~6.
„nebismieri foto arsebobis serTifika-
tia. is axali genia, romelic gamosaxulebebis
ojaxSi Semoitana fotografiam. teqnikuri
TvalsazrisiT fotografia ori, xarisxo-
brivad gansxvavebuli procesis gadakveTaze
mdebareobs. pirvelia qimiuri procesi, rac
zogierT nivTierebaze sinaTlis zegavlenas
ukavSirdeba, xolo meore, optikuri mowyobi-
lobis saSualebiT gamosaxulebis gamosax-
vaa, rac fizikuri xasiaTis aris. me megona,
rom fotografias, Spectator-is gagebiT, arso-
brivad safuZvlad edo, Tu SeiZleba ase gamox-
atva, obieqtis qimiurad aRmoCena (romlisgan
wamosuli sinaTle mTlianad aRwevs Cemamde),
5
J. bodriari, fotografia, sinaTliT wera, pro­fe­
soris rideri, gv. 1.
6
r. barti, Camera lucida, meore nawili, profesoris ri-
deri, gv. 3.
 ana nemsaZe
Operator-is TvalsazrisiT ki piriqiT, foto-
grafia mxedvelobas ukavSirdeba, kadrad
qceul xvrels kamera-obskuras saganSi~7.
`foto ar eqvemdebareba klasifikacias.
fotografia pirveli nabijisTanave, sistem-
atizaciis pirveli mcdelobisTanave sxlte­
ba. mowesrigebuli erTobliobis (corpus) Ses-
aqmnelad xom Tavidan konkretuli nairsaxe-
obebis sistematizacia aris saWiro. qveganyo-
filebebi, romlebsac fotos uqvemdebareben,
empiriuli (peizaJebis foto, naturmortebi,
portretebi, SiSveli natura) an esTetikuri
(realisturi foto/mxatvruli foto) xasia-
Tis aris, rac yvela SemTxvevaSi, sagnis gareg-
nuli mxarea, araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs mis ar-
sTan (ra Tqma unda, Tu is arsebobs saerTod),
romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara is axali, rac
masTan erTad movida. fotos filosofiurad
gardaqmna (gamoTqma) SeuZlebelia, is mTli-
anad SemTxveviTobiT aris ganpirobebuli,
risi msubuqi da uferuli garsic aris Tvi-
Ton. is aris absoluturi calkeuloba, su-
184
verenuli, mkrTali da rogorRac suleluri
SemTxveviToba. es (foto da ara fotografia)
aris SemTxveva, Sejaxeba~8.
fotografiis fenomenis analizi adas-
turebs, rom foto garemomcveli samyaros
zusti analogia. fotos, rogorc xelovnebis
nimuSs ar aqvs meoradi azri _ konotaciuri
mniSvneloba, rac gansazRvravda mis stils da
miakuTvnebda mas romelime mxatvrul mimdi-
nareobas. swored es ganasxvavebs fotos xe-
lovnebis sxva nawarmoebebisgan.
fotos, rogorc xelovnebis nawarmoe-
bis gaanalizebisTvis saWiro aRmoCnda fo-
tos gadaRebis procesis Seswavla. fotos
SeqmnaSi monawileobs sami subieqti: Operator
aris fotografi, Spectator aris yvela, vinc
fotoebs aTvalierebs JurnalebSi, wigneb-
Si, albomebSi, arqivebSi. is ki, visac fotos
uReben, aris samizne, referenti, arc Tu
didi simulakris saxeoba, eidolon, romleb-
sac obieqti asxivebs, me vuwodebdi foto-
7
r. barti, Camera lucida, meore nawili, profesoris ri-
deri, gv. 2.
8
r. barti, Camera lucida, pirveli nawili, profesoris
rideri, gv. 2-3.
graful Spectrum-s, radgan es sityva Tavisi
ZiriT inarCunebs kavSirs `speqtaklTan~, am-
atebs kidev raRacas, rac saSinelebis elf-
ers sZens da rasac nebismieri foto Seicavs
_ gardacvlilis dabrunebas~9. Operator-is
moRvaweoba vinmes an rames (kameris patara
xvreliT) Tavze wadgomaa. es qmedeba maSin
aris srulyofili, roca subieqti, romelsac
fotos uReben, amas saerTod ver amCnevs. mis-
gan uSualod gamomdinareobs yvela foto,
romelic `Sokis~ (alibis Tqma ajobebda),
fotografiuli `Sokis~ principze aigeba. es
imdenad travmis miyenebaSi ar mdgomareobs,
ramdenadac imis aRmoCenaSi, rac aqamde Za-
lian saimedod iyo dafaruli, rasac Tvi-
Ton moqmedi piri ugulebelyofda an qvec-
nobierSi inaxavda~10. `mizidulobis (rac zo-
gierT fotos gaaCnia), Tundac miaxloebiT
aRsaniSni sityva aris `SemTxveva~. zogierTi
foto SememTxva, zogierTi ki ara. CemTvis
SemTxvevis principi fotos aZlevs arsebobis
SesaZleblobas da piriqiT, SemTxvevis gareSe
ar arsebobs foto. raRac foto wamomagebs:
is me gamomacocxlebs, me mas gamovacocx-
leb. sulis Cadgma _ swored es unda davarqva
im mizidulobas, rac mas aarsebebs (gansaz-
Rvravs mis arsebobas). TviTon foto ara-
nairad ar aris gasulierebuli (me ar mjera
cocxali fotoebis). ubralod is me gamoma-
cocxlebs, es aris mTeli SemTxveva~11.
***
“sityva Stadium ara `swavlebas~, aramed
pirvel rigSi, raRacaSi sibejiTes, raRacis
Snos, odnav fusfuss, magram gansakuTrebul
simZafres moklebul, zogadi gulmodginebis
msgavs raRacas niSnavs. swored Stadium-is wy-
alobiT vinteresdebi bevri fotogadaRebiT,
an imitom, rom maT politikur mowmobad aR-
viqvam, an imitom, rom vargis istoriul ti-
loebad vaWaSnikeb.
9
r. barti, Camera lucida, pirveli nawili, profesoris
rideri, gv. 2.
r. barti, Camera lucida, pirveli nawili, profesoris
10
rideri, gv. 4.
r. barti, Camera lucida, pirveli nawili, profesoris
11
rideri, gv. 3.

meore nawili yofs Stadium-s (an wyvets
mas). amjerad me ar mivemarTebi maT saZebrad
(ise, rogorc ifareboda Stadium-is veli Cemi
suverenuli cnobierebiT), aramed is Tvi-
Ton mofrinavs scenidan isariviT da ganmg-
miravs. arsebobs sityva, romelic aRniSnavs
mWreli instrumentis danatovar Wrilo-
bas, naCxvlets, niSans. es sityva miT ufro
Semefereba, radgan punqtuaciis ideaze
akeTebs gzavnils da fotoebi, romlebzec
saubroben TiTqos aRniSnulni arian, xandax-
an fuTfuTeben am mgrZnobiare wertilebiT.
isini arian swored niSnebi da Wrilobebi. am
meore elements, romelic Slis Stadium-s, me
aRvniSnavdi sityviT Punctum. foto ar eqvem-
debareba CaRrmavebas siaSkaravis Zalis gamo.
me unda davemorCilo kanons, romelic mi-
krZalavs fotoSi CaRrmavebas, mis mTlianad
gamsWvalvas. me mxolod misi, rogorc uZravi
zedapiris gaCxreka SemiZlia mzeriT. foto
brtyelia am sityvis yvela mniSvnelobiT.
ai, ras unda veTanxmebode. mzeris Tvalsaz-
risiT `gamosaxulebis~ arsi is aris, rom is
mTlianad gadmobrunebulia, aklia intimu-
roba da miT ufro miuRweveli da idumalia,
vidre yvelaze faruli azri. foto aris
gamosaxuleba, romelsac aklia mniSvneloba,
magram daxmarebisTvis moixmobs yvela Sesa-
Zlo azris siRrmes. is gauxsneli, magram
mainc aSkara gamosaxulebaa, romelsac aqvs
arseboba-ararsebobis Tviseba.
me ramdenic ginda imdeni SemiZlia ve-
Zebo, araviTri aRmoCena ar xdeba. Tu me va-
dideb kadrs, mxolod qaRaldis marcvlamde
davdivar, vSli gamosaxulebas mis Semadge-
nel materiad, xolo Tu me mas ar vadideb,
Tu me vkmayofildebi yuradRebiani gamokv-
leviT, me movipoveb im erTaderT codnas,
rac isedac mqonda didi xniT adre, masze
erTi SexedviT, ufro swored, ki is, rom es
namdvilad iyo. ase rom, am SemTxvevaSic `qa-
nCis amoxraxnam~ araferi ar momca~12.
r. barti, Camera lucida, meore nawili, profesoris ri-
12
deri, gv. 4.
ana nemsaZe
ANA NEMSADZE
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
MEDIA CULTURE —
OBJECT OF REASEARCH
Summary
According to one of definitions, culture is a regime of
communication. Transmission of information is one of
main functions of culture. Information was transmitted
through extremely different tools of communication at
stages of existence of the mankind. New tool of com-
munication used to define specificity of culture. Forma-
tion and spreading electronic tools of communication
generally is the important change fulfilled during the
last years.
Today it is very topical to study and analyze the
newest specificity of culture at cultural studies. Con-
temporary foreign authors created theoretical works,
which tell us what is the main sign of culture (as dis-
185
tinct system of communication) at the beginning of 21st
century, what challenge should accept contemporary
personality and what type of changes will possibly take
place within next decades.
On the base of these sources the essence of me-
dium as the tool of transmitting information and its’
role in culture, culture’s audiovisual characteristics are
discussed in this work. In this work culture’s two para-
digms _ the first one, which existed in previous millen-
nium (and still exists) and the second one which was
formed after beginning of new millennium (and is still
being raised) are characterized too.
One of the parts of this work is dedicated to the
phenomenon of photography and shades of photo, as a
piece of art.
 dodo WumburiZe
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
kulturis sferos produqtebi,
rogorc komunikaciis saSualebebi,
saSemsruleblo xelovnebisa
da masobrivi RonisZiebebis
menejmentis Taviseburebebi*
kulturis sferoSi menejmentis mniSvnelo-
ba raodenobrivTan erTad, Tvisobrivi para-
metrebiT ganisazRvreba. mTavari aqcenti ara
mxolod kulturis sferos produqtebis gay-
idvebis raodenobas eqceva, aramed mis sagan-
manaTleblo rolsa da mniSvnelobas. sazoga-
doebis sulieri Rirebuleba mniSvnelovanwi-
lad dafuZnebulia kulturis sferoSi arse-
bul tendenciebze, kerZod, ramdenad xaris-
186
xiani produqtebi iqmneba da ramdenad xel-
misawvdomia igi miznobrivi auditoriisaTvis.
„kulturis sfero da xelovneba qmnis
konkretul samuSao adgilebs, gaaCnia Tavisi
avtonomiuri bazari, romelsac aqvs sagrZ-
nobi sainvesticio potenciali. kultura da
xelovneba socialurad momgebiania, vinaidan
isini akumulireben da translirebas ukeTe-
ben sazogadoebis mTavar Rirebulebebs.
kultura da xelovneba gavlenas axdens
elitarul, masobriv kulturebze, igi qmnis
socialuri qcevis modelebs~1.
kulturis xarisxiani produqtis Seqmnas
menejeri droulad da miznobrivi audito-
riis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxolod
motivirebuli da profesionali gundis mxar-
daWeriT uzrunvelyofs.
s. robinsis da m. koulteris mier SemoTa-
vazebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad „menejmenti
* naSromi wakiTxulia profesor dimitri TumaniSvi-
lis 65 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil samecniero konfe­
renciaze (Tbilisis samxatvro akademia, Tb., 2015,
11-12 ivnisi).
1
n. imnaiSvili, kulturuli momsaxurebis sistemis
menejmenti da marketingi, Tb., 2005, gv. 18-19.
aris is, rasac menejerebi akeTeben. menejmen-
ti aris sxva adamianebis SromiTi saqmianobis
koordinaciisa da gaerTianebis procesi, img-
varad, rom igi efeqtiani da Sedegiani iyos~2.
„kulturis mimarTulebebi ganviTardnen
imisaTvis, rom Sinaarsi miecaT strategiis
formirebis procesisTvis da garemocva da-
ecvaT cvalebadi faqtorisgan ise, rom sxva
specifikuri kulturuli Rirebulebebi da-
morCilebodnen garemos zemoqmedebas~ 3.
kulturis sferoSi moRvawe organiza-
ciebs, romlebic kulturis xarisxiani pro-
duqtis SeTavazebaze arian orientirebuli,
miznobrivi jgufebis damokidebulebis Secv-
laze didi Zalisxmevis daxarjva uwevs.
„menejerTa erT-erTi ZiriTadi movaleo-
baa organizaciis efeqtianobisa da prog-
resis Sefaseba mis saqmianobaSi. menejerebi
valdebulni arian mudmivad Seiswavlon or-
ganizaciis Sida da gare garemo~4.
praqtikos menejerTa profesiulma aso-
ciaciis (American Management Asosietion _ AMA)5
gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad „menejeris yvelaze
mniSvnelovani unar-Cveva moicavs Semdeg oTx
aspeqts:
1) konceptualur Cvevebi;
2) komunikaciis Cvevebi;
3) efeqtianobis Cvevebi;
4) pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis Cve-
vebi6.“
SemoqmedebiTi adamianebis erT-erTi ga-
morCeuli maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom isini ar
ifarglebian mxolod moTxovnilebaTa dak-
mayofilebiT, maT surT TviTrealizacia.
maTTan urTierTobaSi menejerma saWiroa
gaiTvaliswinos Semoqmedi adamianis fsiqo-
logia. isini arian gaxsnilebi rodesac maT
SemoqmedebiTi ideis realizaciisaTvis Sesa-
2
St. P. Robbnis, M. Coulter, Upper Sabble River, New Jersey,
2005, p. 17.
3
x. hagorti, saxelovnebo menejmenti _ antrepre­ni­
oruli stili, Tb., 2013, gv. 371.
4
g. SublaZe, m. natitaSvili, l. dolikaSvili, stra-
tegiuli menejmenti, Tb., 2010., gv. 28.
5
http://www.amanet.org/Individual-Solutions.aspx
6
g. SixaSvili, m. gedevaniSvili, k. rusiZe, proeqtebis
menejmenti, Tb., 2012, gv. 5.

bamisi pirobebi aqvT Seqmnili. TviTrealiza-
ciisaken mizanmimarTulad miiswrafvis yve-
la Semoqmedi, marTvis procesSi kulturis
sferoSi moRvawe menejers aRniSnuli sfe-
rosTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikis gaTva-
liswineba uwevs.
„jgufi rom CaiTvalos organizaciad
unda pasuxobdes Semdeg moTxovnebs:
1. minimum ori adamiani unda Tvlides
Tavs gundis wevrad.
2. unda arsebobdes minimum erTi mizani,
saerTo jgufis yvela wevrisaTvis.
3. jgufis yvela wevri erToblivi Za-
lisxmeviT unda iRwvodes saerTo miznis
miRwevisaTvis~7.
miznobriv auditoriasTan gamarTuli
sakomunikacio strategiis SemuSavebasTan
erTad TanamSromlebs Soris arsebuli loi-
aluri damokidebuleba nebismier organiza-
cias exmareba winsvlaSi da sasurveli imijis
formirebaSi.
„organizaciis codna niSnavs, rom orga-
nizaciis saqmianobis mTel majiscemas Signi-
dan gacilebiT ufro srulad grZnob. ganyo-
filebis wevrebma yvelaferi ician calkeul
TanamSromelTa Tu ganyofilebaTaSorisi
ur­TierTobis Sesaxeb; srulad acnobiereben
gare gavlenebisa Tu saSinao politikis qveda
dinebebs, SeuZliaT SearCion sakvanZo figu-
rebi gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad da moeri-
don pasuxismgeblobis maTTvis dakisrebas,
visac piradi ambicia da gamorCena organiza-
ciul da sajaro interesebze metad uRirs~8.
roca produqti uxarisxoa es upirveles
yovlisa Semqmnelis bralia, imavdroulad,
momxamreblsac aqvs Tavis wili pasuxismgeb-
loba. cudi isaa, rom dabal xarisxs SeCveul
momxmarebelSi maRali xarisxis produqti
SesaZloa ver axdendes saTanado gamoxmaure-
bas. swored amaSi gamoixateba menejeris win-
daxeduleba, rom xarisxze gaakeTos aqcenti
da miznobriv jgufebs misTvis misaRebi for-
miT SesTavazos produqti.
7
Х. Мескон, М. Альберт, Ф. Хедоури, Основы менеджмен-
та, М., 2012, ст. 23.
8
m. glen brumi, m. skot katlipi, a. senteri, sazoga-
doebasTan urTierTobis Sesavali, Tb., 2010, gv. 82.
dodo WumburiZe
„xelovnebis nawarmoebi moqmedebs ada-
mianis Segnebaze, afxizlebs mis warmosaxvas,
aRebs (rogorc mecnierebi amboben) misi mex-
sierebis bloks, iwvevs emociebs da asxvafe-
rebs mis SegnebaSi Camoyalibebul debule-
bebs, azrovnebisa da saqcielis Cveulebriv
normas, xels uwyobs arabanaluri azrov-
nebis formirebas. am procesSi moqmedeben
ukukavSirebi~9.
vTvli, rom kulturis sferoSi moRvawe
organizaciebis menejerisTvis, r. laikertis
organizaciis sxvadasxva klasifikaciidan
yvelze metad misaRebia monawileobaze da-
fuZnebuli organizacia (r. laiketma Tavis
aRiarebul naSromSi „adamianuri organiza-
cia“ (1967) erTmaneTs daupirispira organi-
zaciis sxvadasxva tipi. man safuZvlad sasia-
movno mmarTvelobis stilis tipebi aiRo).
„monawileobaze dafuZnebul organizaci­
aSi liderebi endobian xelqveiTebs da darw-
munebulni arian imaSi, rom maTi TanamSrom-
lebi loialurebi arian organizaciis mi-
187
marT. urTierTobebi mkveTrad gansazRv-
rulia. informaciuli nakadebi vrceldeba
vertikalurad da horizontalurad. miznebi
yalibdeba adamianebis TanamonawileobiTi
principiT, romlebic uSualod arian CarTu-
li amocanis praqtikul gadawyvetaSi~10.
warmatebul menejerebs aqvT damaxasiaTe-
beli motivaciuri stimulebis buneba, komu-
nikaciuri procesebis xasiaTi, gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebis xerxebi, miznebisa da priorite-
tebis, aseTive kontrolis meTodebi.
„cnebaSi „kulturis sfero“ igulisxmeba
sawarmoTa, dawesebulebaTa da arakomerciul
organizaciaTa erToblioba, romlebic, ofi-
cialuri klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, ganekuTv-
neba kulturisa da xelovnebis qmnilebebis,
aramaterialuri momsaxurebis mwarmoebel,
saxalxo meurneobis sxvadasxva seqtors. kul-
turis sferos ganviTarebis dagegmva unda
warmoadgendes miznobrivi orientaciisa da
aucilebeli Sedegebis miRwevis, kulturis
9
m. TumaniSvili, „sanam repeticia daiwyeba“, Tb.,
1977, gv. 278.
10
R. Likert, The human organization, N. Y., 1967.
 dodo WumburiZe

sferoSi moRvawe sxvadasxva subieqtis saq- DODO CHUMBURIDZE

mianobis efeqturobis amaRlebis, sazoga- Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film
doebisTvis kulturis sferos momsaxurebis Georgian State University
miwodebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT gansaxor-
cielebel RonisZiebaTa erTobliobas. kul-
turis sferos menejeri zedmiwevniT unda PRODUCTS IN CULTURAL SPHERE,
flobdes komerciuli da arakomerciuli AS THE COMMUNICATIONS TOOLS,
saqmianobis marketings, erkveodes ekonomika- MANAGEMENT FEATURES OF
sa da samarTalSi da flobdes menejerisaT- EXECUTIVE ART AND MASS EVENTS
vis aucilebel sxva unar-Cvevebs, romelTa
Summary
gamoyenebiTac unda xdebodes strategiuli
dagegmareba~11.
Organizations operating in cultural sphere and are ori-
kargad momzadebuli sakomunikacio stra-
ented to offer qualitative products, they do great effort
tegia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, rogorc
for change the target group attitudes. When the product
Sida aseve gare auditoriasTn muSaobaSi. ko-
is defective, this is, first of all, the developer’s fault,
munikaciis strategia (rogorc misi SemuSave-
while the customers also havetheir share of responsibil-
ba, ise werilobiT Camoyalibeba) mniSvnelov-
ity. There is no good that the customer cannot influence
nad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad
in some way on receiving the quality products.
kargad aris Camoyalibebuli kulturis sfe-
roSi moRvawe organizaciis struqtura da That is the managerial circumspection to focus on
ramdenad warmatebulad funqcionirebs igi. quality and to offer products to target groups in accept-
able form. It is incredible to exist of products of Execu-
tive art and mass events without spectator, the authors
188

of communication strategies of cultural sphere (market-

ing and PR Specialist) must promote the spectators.
In the article is also paid attention to the role and
meaning communication strategy that aims to com-
municate effective to target groups. Communication
strategy (as it’s developing, as its writing) is depend on,
how good is developed the structure in cultural sphere
and how successful is functioning.
In the article is also paid attention to the role and
meaning communication strategy that builds effec-
tive communications to target groups. Communication
strategy (as it’s developing, as its forming in written
form) is depend on, how well is developed the structure
of organizations in cultural sphere and how success-
fully is functioning.

11
n. sanadiraZe, kulturis sferos proeqtebis me-
nejmenti da dagegmareba, Tb., 2011, gv. 47.
pavel pavlinovi
v. surikovis sax. moskovis saxelmwifo akademiuri
samxatvro instituti
evgeni lanseres 1929 wlis
eqspedicia svaneTSi
istoriul-kulturulad da mxatvrulad
interesis aRmZvrelia `vercxlis saukunis~
ostatTa nawarmoebebi Seqmnili 1920-30-ian
wlebSi, bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg,
romelmac istoriis momdevno msvleloba
Secvala da mravali kulturuli kavSir-urT-
ierTobac daarRvia. 1920-ian wlebSi mravali
rusi mxatvari, metadre adre ucxoeTSi nas-
wavli `miriskustvas~ wevrebi dasavleT evro-
pasa da amerikaSi miemgzavrebian, Tan TiTqos
mudam bolSevikebisgan ganTavisuflebul
ruseTSi maleve dabrunebis ganzraxviT. 1923
wels aSS-Si wavida k. somovi, 1924-Si safr-
angeTSi serebrÁakova, xolo 1926-Si a. benua
midis. mravalma Tavi `mxatvrul iatakqve-
SeTs~ Seafara (e.i. axali xelisuflebis da-
kveTebs ar iRebda), zogierTma ki arCia ruse-
Tis imperiis provinciebSi, maT Soris kavka-
siaSi gadabargebuliyo _ ise, rogorc evgeni
lanserem. mas Semdeg rac donis naxiCevanSi is
mxarSi edga `TeTr moZraobas~, man 1920 wels
ojaxiTurT, saqarTvelos miaSura, 1921 wlis
TebervalSi misi gasabWoebis mere ki tfiliss
darCena gadawyvita. 1922-1934 wlebSi igi
tfilisis samxatvro akademiis profesori,
1926-1930 wlebSi ki, Tan, ferweris fakulte-
tis dekanic gaxldaT. mas izidavda kavkasiis
kultura da buneba, romelTa Seswavlas is
1912 wels, l. tolstois `xaji muratis~ da-
suraTebis dakveTasTan dakavSirebiT Seudga.
1920-ian wlebSi lanserem kavkasiis sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi ramdenime eqspedicia Caatara, maT
Soris ki 1929 wlis zafxulSi svaneTs mogza-
uroba iqneb, yvelaze sagulisxmo iyos, Tumc
isic, sxvebiviT, naklebSeswavlili rCeba.
kavkasiaSi e. lanseres Semoqmedebas cal­
keuli gamokvlevebic mieZRvna1, werilebic2,
monografiis nawilebic3. da mainc, ferweris
akademikosis 1929 wlis svaneTSi mogzau-
roba kvlavac erT-erTia kavkasiis ama Tu im
raionSi mravalricxovan naklebSeswavlil
eqspediciaTagan4.
samamulo Tu ucxoel mkvlevarTa Soris
svaneTisadmi interesi jer kidev XIX sauku-
neSi gaCnda5. amasTan, XX saukunis damdegamde
Sesrulebuli naSromebi, ZiriTadad, aRweri-
Ti xasiaTisaa6. maT mniSvnelovan nawils Sead-
gens Canawerebi am mTian regionSi Tu masze
gavliT mogzaurobis Sesaxeb7. da mainc, di-
1
Г. Масхарашвили, Жизнь и творчество Е.Е.Лансере в Гру-
зии. Автореферат на соискание учёной степени кандидата
искусствоведения, Тб., 1965; misive, evgeni lansere ka-
vkasiaSi, Tb., 1973.
2
Е. Лансере, Несколько слов о моей жизни на Кавказе, Твор-
чество, №1, 1936, ст.11; Г. Масхарашвили, Закавказье в
произведениях Е.Е.Лансере, Искусство, №11, 1960, ст.29-
36; r. Smerlingi, a. volskaia, e. lansere, daRest-
nuri etiudebi, sabWoTa xelovneba, #3, 1961, gv.,
49-55; М.Медзмариашвили, «Я хочу правды…» Памятни-
189
ки средневековой архитектуры Грузии в пейзажах Евгения
Лансере, Литературная Грузия, №6, 1987, ст.219-224 da
sxv.
3
maT Soris yvelaze monumenturia: О.Подобедова,
Е.Е.Лансере, М., 1961.
4
am Temis irgvliv erTaderTi publikacia iqna mi-
gnebuli: Г.Масхарашвили, Путешествие Е.Е.Лансере по
Сванетии, Тезисы доклада на ХХ научной сессии Институ-
та истории грузинского искусства, 1956.
5
ruseTis mxridan svaneTisadmi politikuri in-
teresi XVII s-Si Cndeba. 1639 wels moskoveli el-
Cebi am mTian mxareSi baqsanis xeobiT moxvedrilan
6
Воскобойников, Описание горных промыслов и полезных
минералов в округах Имеретии, Раче, Мингрелии, Лечхуме и
в Суанах, Горный журнал, 1826; М.Селезнёв, О сванах и су-
анах, Маяк, 1844. Кн.15; Шаховской и Немирович-Данченко,
Сванетия, газета «Кавказ», 1846, №44; Лобанов-Ростовский,
Сванетия, газета «Кавказ», 1852, №14-17; Галиев, Сванетия,
Горный журнал, 1863, №4; Д. Бакрадзе, Сванетия, Записки
Кавказского отделения географического общества, 1864,
VI, ст.19-128; C.Phillipps-Wolley, Savage Svânetia, Vol. 1-2. L.,
1883; К. Бороздин, Закавказские воспоминания. Мингрелия
и Сванетия с 1854 по 1861 год. Спб., 1885; Dèchy de, M. La
Svanetie libre… Budapest, 1886; И.Каневский, Любопытные
уголки Кавказа. Батумский округ. Сванетия. Очерки жиз-
ни и природы, Тифлис, 1886; Монастырь святых Квирика и
Улиты в Сванетии, Новое обозрение, 1889, №204; Н.Орбели,
Перевалы Джаварис, Латпарский и Донгуз-Орун, Ежегодник
Русского горного общества, I, 1901; И.Ткешелашвили, Сва-
нетия. Поездка по Сванетии в 1900 и 1903 годах и краткий
этнографический её очерк, М., 1905.
7
А.Стоянов, Путешествие по Сванетии, Записки Кавказ-
 pavel pavlinovi
dad sainteresoa mecnierulad Tavad raf.
erisTavis `svaneTis narkvevebi~, r. bernovi-
lis `Tavisufali svaneTi8, inglisis samefo
sageografo sazogadoebis prezidentis, dug-
las freSfildis mogonebani svaneTis koSke-
bze9, brosses10, g. filimonovis11, grafinÁa
p. uvarovas12, e. TayaiSvilis13 arqeologiur
eqspediciaTa masalebi, n. maris SeniSvnebi
enasa da kulturis `genetikaze~14, b. da i.
niJaraZeebis da a. onianis gamokvlevebi svan-
Ta enis Sesaxeb15. mravali iq gamgzavreba XIX
saukunis Sua xanaSi svanebis mier ruseTis
qveSevrdomobis miRebasTan iyo dakavSire-
buli. ase, 1859 wels rusma arqeologma da
numizmatma, polkovnikma i. barTolomeim Ta-
visufali svaneTis ori Temi daafica, ramac
arCeviTi `maxSvebis~ institutis gauqmeba
moitana16. regionis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
Seyvanam socialuri sakiTxebis wamoWras Seu-
ского отделения географического общества, 1876, X, №2,
ст.289-471; В Сванетии. Из путешествия И.Иванюкова и
190
М.Ковалевского, Вестник Европы, 1886, VIII, ст.5-59, IX,
ст.566-612; Долгушин, Через Сванетию к Эльбрусу, Сбор-
ник материалов для описания местностей и племён Кавка-
за, Кн. XXVIII, Тифлис, 1900. ст.137-197; П. Поггенполь,
Через Сванетию в долину Баксана, Ежегодник Русского
горного общества, II, 1902, ст.78-102; П. Панютин, Из Суху-
ма в Кутаис через Сванетию, Ежегодник Русского горного
общества, XII, 1912, ст.1-22; М.Ильина, Поездка в Сване-
тию, Спб., 1913.
8
R.Bernoville, La Souanétie libre: Episode d`un voyage à la
chaine centrale du Caucase, Paris, 1875.
9
D.Freshfield, Svanetia, PSHS. 1888, VI. ingliseli mestiis
70-sa da uSgulis 50 koSkze wers.
10
Brosset, Rapports sur un voyage archéologique dans la Géorgie
et dans l`Armenie, 1847-48.
11
Г.Филимонов, Сванетия в археологическом отношении,
Вестник Древнерусского искусств. 1876, №11-12, ст.80-94.
П.Уварова, Поездка в Пшавию, Хевсуретию и Сванетию,
12
Материалы по археологии Кавказа, Вып. 10, 1904.
13
e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-
svaneTSi 1910 wels, parizi, 1936 (fotosuraTebi dim.
ermakovisa).
14
Н.Марр, Из поездок в Сванию, Христианский Восток, II,
1913.
15
Сванские тексты на лашском наречии. Страна и нравы,
рассказы и сказки, стихи и песни, заговоры. Собрал Арсен
Ониан из Сасаша. Пг., 1917.
16
i. barTolomeis adreuli mogzauroba warmodge-
nilia statiaSi: Поездка в вольную Сванетию Бартоло-
мея в 1853 году, Записки Кавказского отделения русского
географического общества. 1855, кн. III, ст.147-237.
wyo xeli17. 1910 wels aaSenes sacxene gza be-
Comde; 1912-13 wlebSi skolebis gacxovele-
buli mSenebloba mimdinareobda. gankerZoe-
biT dgas RvTismsaxurTa mier Sesrulebuli
samrevloebis aRwera18.
svaneTis adreul gamosaxulebaTa Sori-
saa f. dÁubua de monperÁos gravÁurebi19, n.
ÁaroSenkos suraTebi20, i. Sarlemanis da a. ani-
simovas naxatebi, d. ermakovis 1910 wlis da
1920-iani wlebis sergei Simanskis fotoseriebi.
1918 wels, Tavad dadeSqelianebisa da
gardafxaZeebis amowyvetis Semdeg svaneTis
istoriaSi axali etapi iwyeba. `memarcxene~
komunistebma svanebis erTi xelis dakvriT
`gakomunisteba~ moindomes..... `samwuxarod,
im drois dadebiTi muSaoba mcireze mcire
iyo da gakeTebulsac xalxis TvalSi yvela-
nairi fasi ekargeboda, imdenad Warbobda
uaryofiTi mxare dadebiT muSaobas~ _ werda
1925 wels `memarjvene~ komunisti, saqarT-
velos ssr aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavm-
jdomare f. maxaraZe21. 1925 wlis seqtem-
berSi, 1924 wlis agvistos antikomunisturi
ajanyebis Semdeg, man mioara svaneTi, ewvia
axal samazro centrs, mestias, gaxsna kerami-
kuli qarxana beCoSi, saxavda regionis eko-
nomikisTvis egzom aucilebeli nikorisZi-
ri-cageri-laSxeTi-leCxumis gzis aSenebis
gegmas. lenjeris xeobaSi biliki romaelebma
jer kidev Cv.w. pirvel saukuneebSi gaiyvanes.
1910 wels aSenda sacxene gza beComde. 1924-
25 wlebSi sagzao samuSaoebs v. feldti awar-
17
В.Ольдерогге, Забытые. Очерк вырождения в княжеской
и Вольной Сванетии, Спб., 1897; Школьное дело в Сване-
тии, I. Путевые впечатления директора народных училищ
Кутаисской губернии Л.Я.Семёнова, II. Из отчёта о по-
ездке в Сванетию попечителя Кавказского учебного округа
Н.Ф.Рудольфа летом 1910 года, Тифлис, 1913.
18
Гавриил Преосвященный, Обозрение сванетских прихо-
дов, Православное обозрение, 1867, Вып. 1. ст.30-61; Гри-
горий (Дадиани), еп. Гурийский, Поездка в Сванетию для
обозрения церквей Гурийско-Мингрельского епископа Гри-
гория. Поти, 1893.
19
F.Dubois de Montpéreux, Voyage au Caukase chez les Tcher-
kesses et les Abkhasses en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Armenie et
en Crimée, Paris, 1843.
20
1884 wels n. ÁaroSenkom kavkasiaSi saqorwilo
mogza­urobis dros meuRle pÁatigorskSi datova da
erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi svaneTSi mogzaurobda.
21
Ф.Махарадзе, Сванетия, Тифлис, 1925, ст.45-46.

moebda. 1926 wels mestiamde telegrafi gai-
yvanes. miuxedavad amisa, samanqano Saragzis
mSenebloba mxolod 1929 wels daiwyes, ramac
cotaTi Seamsubuqa satransporto viTareba;
1930-iani wlebis Sua xanaSi mestiaSi pirveli
avtomanqanebi Cavida. kargi gzis uqonlobis
wyalobiT zemo svaneTi inarCunebda Tavisu-
fali Temuri cxovrebis naSTebs tradiciuli
kulturiTurT, rac mkvlevarT izidavda.
1920-iani wlebis Sua xanidan didad gaR-
vivda interesi svaneTis mimarT, rasTan kav-
SirSi 1941 wlisTvis regionis Taobaze gvari-
ani raodenobis literatura dagrovda22.
1926 wlis agvistoSi quTaisidan zugdidamde,
zemo svaneTze gadavliT iares mxatvarma t.
anisimovam, moqandake b. korolÁovma da misma
meuRlem23. 1928 welis agvisto-seqtemberSi
latfarisa da donguz-orunis uReltexile-
bze gadavliT eqspedicia gamarTa mxatvris
mamam, s. anisimovma, romelic svaneTs pirve-
lad jer kidev revoluciamde swvevia24. 1929
wels man dawera am mxaris pirveli gzamkv-
levi, reomelic 3 000 calad gamovida25. amave
wels svaneTis mcxovrebTa sisxlis agluti-
nacias profesori b. gindce swavlobda. 1930
22
П.Двали, Сванетия, Путевые наброски, Тифлис, 1924; З.
Рихтер, Кавказ наших дней, М., 1924; Б.Гавришвили, Сва-
нетия, Тифлис, 1926; С.Третьяков, Сванетия,В переулках
гор, М., 1928; Н. Крыленко, Через Местийский перевал,
Огонёк, №417, М., 1929; В.Гречишников, В ледяном коль-
це. Очерки Верхней Сванетии, М.-Л., 1930; А.Кожевников,
Человеческий заповедник. Вольная Сванетия, М.-Л., 1930
(1928 wlis zafxulSi Seqmnili 26 fotosuraTi; yda
_ n. dmitrovskis qsilografiis mixedviT); В.Пере-
бийнос, В теснинах Кавказа. По Балкарии и Сванетии…
Ростов-на-Дону, 1930; В.Клеменьев, Через Сванетию на
Эльбрус, М., 1930; С. Навериани, Маршрутный путь в Сва-
нетию через Твиберский перевал. Путеводитель, М.-Л.,
1930; И.Будовниц, Страна башен. Вольная Сванетия, Л.,
1930; Р. Бершадский, Дорога берётся с боя (Экскурсия по
Сванетии), М., 1931; В.Гольцев, Саванэ. Записки о Верхней
Сванетии, М., 1933; Ф.Соболь, Верхняя Сванетия (Соци-
ально-экономический очерк), М.-Л., 1933; p. ingoroyva,
svaneTis istoriuli Zeglebi, Tb., 1941 (tiraJi 800
cali)..-Л., 1930 (26 фотографий, лето 1928 г.; обложка - по
ксилографии Н.П.Дмитревского).
23
t. anisimovas mogzaurobis dRiuri da 14 naxati
da etÁudi asaxulia wignSi: С.Анисимов, От Казбека к
Эльбрусу, М.-Л., 1928, ст.223-270.
24
С.Анисимов, Картины Кавказа, М., 1915.
25
С.Анисимов, Сванетия. Путеводитель, М.-Л., 1929 (t.
anisimovas 16 naxatiTurT).
pavel pavlinovi
wels mTaTa silamazesa da svanTa tradicieb-
sa da wes-Cveulebebs imecnebdnen z. SanSievi,
masTan erTad ki col-qmari stiqs vasserman
filadelfiidan da cnobili alpinisti, pro-
fesori g. nikolaZe26.
amgvarad, e. lanseres svaneTis pirvelaR-
momCens ver vuwodebT. magram swored fer-
weris akademikosi uTavsebs pirvelad erTi
meores sadRiuro Canawerebsa da maRali mx-
atvruli donis uxv saxviT masalas. mxatvris
gansakuTrebiT maRalmTiani, XI-XII saukunee-
bis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglebiT
gajerebuli zemo svaneTis 14 Temis Tavisu-
fleba izidavda.
cotaTi gvian, 1929 wlis SemodgomiT,
`Tovlisa da koSkebis qveyanas~ b. kovalevski
ewvia da fotosuraTebis seriac Seqmna. misi
wignis winasityvaobaSi akad. n. marri mar-
Tebulad adarebs am dafarul mxares, xe-
lovnebis amdeni nawarmoebi rom Semoinaxa,
ierusalimis, sinas, Zveli aTonis monaster-
191
Ta TavSesafrebs27. Tu gavixsenebT lanseres
bretaniT revoluciamdel gatacebas, sagu-
lisxmoa, rom marri erTmaneTs svanursa da
bretanis Zvel-keltur kultebs adarebs.
e. lanseres eqspediciis Sesaswavlad
ZiriTadi wyaroebia: gamouqveynebeli sadRi-
uro Canawerebi, misi werilebi, Canaxatebis
3 albomi, amas garda ki 30-ze meti temperiTa
da sanginiT Sesrulebuli etÁudi, yofili
ssrk sxvadasxva muzeumebsa da kerZo kole-
qciebSi daculi. mxedvelobidan arc Taname-
droveTa mogonebebi unda gamogvrCes. ase,
a. ostroumova-lebedevas `avtobiografiul
CanawerebSi~, 1946 wliT daTarirebul mo-
gonebebSi tfilisis 1929 wlis 13-17 ivliss
monaxulebis gamo vkiTxulobT: `pirvelsave
dRes Cems amxanagsa da megobars, mxatvar
e. lanseresTan gavemarTeT. is Sin dagvxvda,
magram Zalian eSureboda romeliRac dakve-
Tis (egebis amierkavkasiis saxalxo komisarTa
26
З. Шаншиев, По Сванетии. Путевые очерки, Тифлис, 1931.
27
Б.Ковалевский, Страна снегов и башен. Очерки сванской
культуры, Л., 1930 (avtoris 43 foto; yda s. pÁaskovs-
kaiasi).
 pavel pavlinovi
sabWos saxlis arqiteqturuli gamarTulo-
bis proeqti daewyo anda opera `loengrin-
isTvis~ eskizebs qmnida. p.p.) dasrulebas, vi-
dre svaneTSi saeqskursiod gaemarTeboda28.
1929 wlis 21 ivliss ostati, masTan erTad
ki misi qaliSvili nataSa, misi megobari kira,
ardavasti da mxatvari Saliko q. quTaisSi
gaemgzavrnen, romelsac momdevno ori dRe
swavlobdnen: `23 ivlisi. dilidan bagratis
taZrisken _ mas 3 [saaTamde] vwerT~29. ukve 22
ivliss is wers meuRles, olga konstantines
asul lanseres: `ai, quTaisSi varT, cariel,
sakmaod WuWyian saklaso oTaxSi, `saeqskur-
sio baza~, rigebi rkinis sawolebisa Tivis
leibebiT, sanaxavad, rasakvirvelia, sisaZa-
glea, magram svanebTan SedarebiT, es marT-
lac da sasaxlea.... gvacilebdnen kiras deda,
iosif adolfis Ze [Sarlemani], kolÁa Cubi-
novi (CubinaSvili), babalova da sxva axal-
gazrda qalbatonebi.... svaneTsa da balyare-
Tze (sadac daveSvebiT) yvela ambobs, rom iq
192
yaCaRobis TvalTaxedviT sul siwynare da
simSvideao.~
24 ivliss isini qveda (`sadadiano~)
svaneTSi gaemgzavrnen: `11.45. alpanSi gavemg-
zavreT 2.40. fuWi lodini da molaparakebebi
orbelisken ekipaJis Taobaze. sabolood, ase,
6.30 saaTze _ viqiraveT uremi da fexiT [ga-
vudeqiT gzas]. uromantikulesi xeoba.... mi-
vediT ase 10.30-ze, Zalian daRlilebi....
xuTSabaTi. 25. diliTve asvla dadianebis
cixe-darbazisken; Zalian aRvfrTovandiT....
didi interesiT davxate jvari. magram ra
cacxvebia mand, ra saintereso eklesia! _
xisa, garSemo saCixi aqvs. sainteresoze sain-
tereso xis kveTili cxaurebi 3 sarkmelSi
Sesasvlelebis aswvriv.
gvZinavs mindorSi, nabdebis qveS, brezen-
tze, baRlinjoebisa da sasadiloSi moRre-
obe svanebis Rriancelis SiSis gamo.... dam-
axasiaTebeli bagirebiani xidi.
28
А.Остроумова-Лебедева, Автобиографические записки, т.
3, М., 1951, ст.72.
29
aq da qvemoT, miuTiTeblad: e. lanseres sadRiuro
Canawerebi. mxatvris ojaxis koleqcia.
paraskevi. 26. vwer werils meuRles, vada­­
reb orbels da Runibs [daRestanSi] salaS­­
qrod wasvlis TvalsazrisiT. muaSSi [kuror-
ti qvemo svaneTSi, orbelidan 25 km, sasaSidan
1,5 km.] viqiraveT cxenebi, TiTo 10 maneTad.
SabaTi. 27. Svids oci aklda, gavediT;
moRrublulobaa, male wvimam wamoJinJla.
xSirad gviwevs nakadulebze gadasvla. mi-
vuyvebiT mdinare lojanaurs [lajanuri].
win svanebi midian, erT-erTi yavarjniania,
calfexa. yvela Semxvedri aucileblad gves-
almeba. turistebi ar yofilan. CvenTan er-
Tad, Tavad orbelidan _ 2 cxeni oTxi Rvini-
ani tikiT; orive gamyoli mTvralia. tyavebSi
gamowyobili adamianebi Zalian cxovelxatu-
lia. SeiaraRebulebi TiTqmis araa (xanjlebi
cota, erTxel Tu orjer _ SaSxanebi). gza ki
Zalian gacxovebulia, bevr saqonels mier-
ekebian. Sesvenebis mere, 12-is axlos, fons
ramdenimegzis gasvlis mere (nawilobriv cx-
endacxen), aRmarTi daiwyo. pirveli, kaskad-
amde, msubuqad aviare; meore, tyispiramde,
ukve daRlilma, magram meore Sesvenebis
Semdeg, mindorze (veeberTela yvavilebi _
SroSanebi, maCitelebi, yviTeli da sosan-
vardisferi zizilebi _ yvavilebis feri si-
kaSkaSiT gansacvifrebelia) _ aRmarTi mec
sawvaleblad gamiZnelda, sunTqvac mekvroda,
fexebsac daRla moeria.
bolos, uReltexili [jvaris wveri]. civi
qari. ukanaskneli sxivebi Cvens axlos mrisx-
ane, Semzarav kedlad damdgari mTebis kuTx-
eebze. pirvelad maqvs es SegrZneba.
uReltexilis iqiT qari maSinve Cadga,
daTba, guli sagules Cadga da yvela TiTqmis
sirbil-sirbiliT daeSva qvemoTken. Rarta­
febSi Tovlia. maleve foTlovani tye, Semd­
gom naZvebi. bnela. sawvalebeli daRmarTi,
gza TiTqmis ar Cans; saSveli joxia. mivediT
sul ganawamebni. kurortze iolad da kargad
movewyveT.
28. kvira. gvian avdeqiT.... wavediT qve-
moT [sasaSSi]. soflis Zalian cxovelxatuli
kuTxe. eklesiaSi ori Zveli xatia _ giorgisa

da Cviledi deda RvTisasi, vercxlis per-
angebi. eklesiaSi marto viyaviT.
svanebis lamazi tipi: brgeni, mxarbeWian-
ni, ar aris gadagvarebis tipi. viyaviT cemes-
Si... Semzaravi xidi.
orSabaTi. 29. isev qvemoTken, ukve
yvelani erTad; sasaSSi etÁudebs SevudeqiT,
puriT waxemsebis Semdeg _ cemesSi, sadac Sa-
likosTan erTad interieur-s vwerdiT, nataSam
da ardavastma ki didi gatacebiT (gveRirsa!)
saxli da koSki azomes.
samSabaTi. 30. gavurigdiT cxenebis gamo
_ 23 maneTad ori cxeni gamyolianad, dRis
12 sT-dan, RamisTeviT da pirdapir uSgulSi*
[zemo svaneTSi, latfaris 2830 m-is simaRlis
uReltexilis gadavliT].
oTxSabaTi. 31. dilidan bargs vkravT,
valagebT. marto albomSi Canaxatebs vasru­
lebT... 1.30-ze gavemgzavreT. ramdenime xanSi
cxenis-cxaleTi [cxeniswyali] fons mivad-
eqiT. gamyoli mosasinjad dawinaurda. erT
adgilze, marTalia pataraze, cxeni jida-
sianad daifara.... erT adgilze didsakidari-
ani cxeni kinaRam CqerSi gadavarda.
xidi.... ColubTan, marTlac, laSkeTi-
dan [laSxeTi] 12 versSi aRmoCnda.... amis
mere samiod versi meore napirs ukan mi-
vuyvebodiT. Semogvxvdnen eqskursantebi,
2 xnieri, qalbatonsa da erT axalgazrda
vaJTan erTad. sofel decilis nangrevebis
cotaTi zemoT Rame patara karvis qveS ga-
vaTieT. ukve gavCerebuliyaviT, rodesac
qvemoTken daeSva da aseve Rame gaaTia ax-
algazrdebis, eqskursantebis didma parti-
am: maTSi ori germaneli iyo. Rame wynaria,
Tbili, diliT namic ar mosula...
xuTSabaTi. 1 agvisto. gzas 5 sT-ze, Caisa
da saWmlis gareSe davadeqiT (wyali Sorsaa)...
gasaocaria efeqtebi cageris velis mimar-
TulebiT. magram me daRestnis mTebi mainc
ufro miyvars. Segvxvdnen glexebi, romelT-
ac RamiT cxenebi gaqcevian; maT galiaSi
mtredebi axlda. roca tye gailia, isev gagvi-
Wirda abobReba, metadre rodesac kalisken
* e. lansere wers: Ушкуль, Ушгул, Каль
pavel pavlinovi
[denberi] mimaval mTavar gzas gadavuxvieT...
pirveli uReltexili 9.30-ze, Semdeg mom-
cro aRmarT-daRmarTebiT Txemis gayolebiT
meorisken (11-ze), saidanac davinaxeT uSkuli
[uSguli].
SevxvdiT saxedamwvari da tuCebiarebi-
ani rusebis wyvils; Semdgom SevityveT, rom
isini ialbuzze asulan.
aq (3 sT-s axlos) Zalian daRlilebi
movediT. skolaSi. maSinve moirbina xalx-
ma. didxans idga da Cven mogvStereboda.
fiqrobdnen, rom Cven kino viyaviT. koSkebSi
aravin minaxavs. gadaviRe mxolod telegraf-
is boZi koSkis fonze _ `axali da Zveli~.
cotaTi suli rom moviTqviT da orcxo-
biliani CaiT da konservebiT wavixemseT, sax-
etialod wavediT. yvelani srulebiT aRfr-
Tovanebuli varT.....~
olga konstantines asulisadmi 1 agvist­
os werilSi mxatvari zemo svaneTis pirvel
STabeWdilebebze iwereba: `dRes Cven Cveni
193
mgzavrobis mTavar adgilze, zemo svaneTSi,
sofel uSkulSi mivediT. is kavkasiasa da
svaneTSi erTi umaRlesTagania, myinvars 5
versiT daSorebuli. wvims da sakmaod grila.
magram irgvliv ranairi soflebia! miuxeda-
vad didi xnis nanaxi fotosuraTebisa, iosif
adolfis Zisa da sxva mxatvrebis Canaxatebi-
sa Cven srulebiT gaognebulni varT efeq-
turobiT, moulodnelobiT, fantastikuro-
biT, Sua­­sau­
kuneobriobiT am, TiTqmis rom
mxolod koS­ kebisgan Semdgari soflebisa!
yvela mxares vicqirebiT da ar viciT, xeli
ras movkidoT... dRevandeli Rame tyeSi ga-
vatareT, brezentsa da nabdebze (Tumca ki,
asea yoveldRec)... laSkeTSi wina gaCerebisas
Cven pirvelad vimuSaveT interesiT, es qvemo
svaneTi iyo~.
`uSkuli. paraskevi. 2. diliT etÁudebze
varT. me arsebiTad, marto cixe-darbazis saR-
amos etÁudma gamitaca. saRamos Weqa-quxilia.
SabaTi. 3. isev daviwye dilis sÁuJeti.
vxatavdi tipebs, vbanaobdiT. xedi zemodan.
bindbundis efeqtebi gansacvifrebelia...~
 pavel pavlinovi
didad sainteresoa aRwera dResaswau-
lisa uSgulis Temis oTxTagan erT-erT so­
felSi, CvibianSi: `kvira. 4. Cveni cxovreba
Cveulebrivia. magram CubianSi dResaswaulia:
Tavs moiyrian samlocvelosTan, Tivis Tib-
vis win msxverpls Sewiraven. guSindeli saRa-
mos aqeT _ iSviaTi srola. dilidan quCebi
sufTadaa daxvetili. guSin saRamos gaismoda
simRerebi, gamalebiT amzadebdnen arays; Cven
is sasaSSi gavsinjeT _ sazizRrobaa. ase, 10
sT-ze, uSkulis oTxive soflis mxridan cx-
vrebis (TiTqmis sul Savis) da erTi mozveris
moyvana daiwyes. Tavs kvlavac Caketili sam-
locvelos galavanSi iyridnen; rokian joxze
wvrili saeklesio cvilis sanTlebi iyo mib-
muli. Cven aivnidan viyurebodiT (im dros
axalgazrda vaJs vxatavdiT): ramdenime wuTi
locvisa (mRvdeli ar aris, is gardaicvala)
da yvela wavid-wamovida, raTa saxlebis win
daklan. erTi saaTis Semdeg kvlav gamoCndnen
samlocvelosken mimavalni: biWebs, qalebs da
kacebs mohqondaT xorcis naWrebi, Cureke-
194
biani mrgvali tablebi da aryiani boTlebi.
yovelive amas samlocvelos Cvens (samxreT)
mxares dgamdnen.
galavanSi TiTqmis sul mamakacebi iyvnen
_ qalebi an galavanze isxdnen an moSorebiT.
isini naklebnic iyvnen. yvelgan bavSvebi (go-
gonebic). xalxi arcTu bevria _ 500 (ase ambo-
ben) mcxovrebidan _ 30-50 (mamakaci). didxans
yayanebdnen, albaT momaval TibvasTan dakav-
SirebiT. ase, 3-ze 30-mde kacma erTi meores
xeli qamrebSi CasWides da simReriTa da cek-
va-cekviT samlocvelos nela garSemosvlas
Seudgnen. srul wres xalxi ar eyo _ mxolod
mis naxevars. xoragiani tablebic `wris~ Sig-
niT iyo. simRera monacvleobiT mimdinareob-
da: wris xan erTi, xan meore naxevari. sam-
locvelos bevrjer Semouares (ar dagviT-
vlia, magram samze metad). naxevari saaTis
mere gaCerdnen, qudebi moixades, pirjvari
gadaiweres da Camosxdomas Seudgnen...~
zemo svaneTSi ramdenime kviris ganmav-
lobaSi lansere gare samyarosgan Tavisufal
SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi CaiZira. rogorc
is werda 2 oqtombers, tfilisisken matare-
bliT momavali: `jer ars SevebrZolo gare
samyarosadmi gulgrilobas svaneTSi rom
Semipyro~. mis mier Seqmnili namuSevrebi-
dan naxevarze meti uSgulisa (CaJaSi, Jibiani)
da mestiis TemebSia dawerili, suraTebis
nawili temperiT muyaozea Seqmnili, nawili _
sanginiT, akvareliT da fanqriT tonirebul-
sa da Cveulebriv qaRaldze. garda momete-
buli `koSkebiani peizaJebisa~, aris svanebis
damaxasiaTebeli portretebi (`svani, ro-
melic Cangze ukravs~, `uSguli. sof. Jibiani.
moxuci monadire giorgi niJaraZe~, `uSguli.
sof. Jibiani. Wianuriani qali~, `uSguli. ax-
algazrda svani~, `mestia. mxatvar jafariZis
mama~, `svani monadire jixviTurT~ da sxv.),
mTis peizaJebi (`mTa uSba sof mestiis ga-
dasaxedidan~, `vodarxus kldeebi da mTa ba-
Sil-tau lezgiris myinvarTan (naxatia Ca-
laaTis myinvaridan, uSbis miRma romaa, mdi-
naris velis gadaRma), `mTebi TeTnuldi da
histola mestiidan~), interierebi (`mebeci.
saxlis Sida xedi~, `sof. mestia. Zveli sax-
lis sazamTro sacxovrebeli sadgomi~, `uS-
guli. sof. CaJaSi. sacxovrebeli saxlis zeda
sarTulze~, `cemesi~) Jibianis, CaJaSis da sxva
eklesiebis gamosaxulebebi da sxv.
agvistos Sua ricxvebSi jgufma uSguli
datova30, moinaxula kalis, ifaris, mulaxis,
muJalis, mestiis, lenjeris, beCos Temebi, md.
dolras fexiT auyva da beCos uReltexiliT
(3367 m.) ialbuzis mTiswineTSi, Tanamedrove
yabardo-balyareTSi gadavida. Jeleznovod-
skSi dasvenebis mere e. lansere 8 seqtembers
30
seqtembris bolos mgzavrobis Sedegebis daja­
mebisas, mxatvari werda: `svaneTSi inensiuri muSao-
bis erT TveSi (da 1 kvirac peterburgSi) daixarja:
TuTiis TeTra _ daaxloebiT 8 didi tubi, Ria oqris
_ 4, yviTeli marsi 1 ½, garansi _ 3½ momcro, natu-
raluri siena _ 1, damwvari siena _2, Ria kadmiumi
_ 2, umbra _ 1, saSualo kadmiumi _ 2, Savi _ 3 mom-
cro, narinjisferi kadmiumi ½, kobalti _3, wiTeli
kadmiumi 1/3, ultramarini _ 3, zurmuxtisferi _2,
narinjisferi marsi _ 1, mwvane kobalti _ 1 (piris-
feri oqrisTvis). ase rom, kadmiumsa da ultramarins
mivZalebivar.

gaemgzavra moskovs, sadac a. dmitrievTan
molaparakeba gamarTa xarkovSi rkinigzel-
Ta kulturis saxlis foies moxatulobis
Sesaxeb da leningrads, sadac bWoba hqonda
saxelmwifo rusul muzeumSi Tavisi namu-
Sevrebis 1930 wlis gazafxulze gamofenis
Taobaze. matarebelSi, 9 seqtembers ostati
windawin werda Sexvedrebis gegmebze: `peter-
burgSi vinaxulo: stepanovi, notgafti, leb-
edevebi, Silingovski, belkinebi, troinicki,
nafisati, golovini, kustodieva, Áu. nera-
dovski, oberi, lÁubimovebi.
moskovSi movinaxulo: a. toÁanovskaÁa,
konCalovski, grabari, trocki, bomi, brai­
lovskaÁa, solncevi, melneri, Culkovi, SCu-
sevi, Joltovski, kepinovebi, o. arcibaSeva,
kardovski, a. Áakulovi, `saWurvlis palata~
`Красная Нива~.
maxaCkalaSi ramdenime dRiT Sevlis
mere, lansere tfiliss mxolod 5 oqtombers
Camovida.
1930-ian wlebSi mxatvari araerTxel mi-
brunebia svaneTis Temas. jer kidev 1929 wels
Jurnalis `Красная Нива~ #50 ydas e. lan-
seres `svani monadire mokluli jixviTurT~
amSvenebda. naxati `koSkebi mestiaSi~ `Архи-
тектурная газета~-s 1936 wlis #16-Si daist-
amba. 1930 wels ostatma temperiT erT-erTi
namuSevris _ `mestiis kuTxe~ _ gameoreba,
romelic axla saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax-
elmwifo muzeumSi imyofeba, svaneTSi mog-
zaurobis mTavar sulis Camdgmelebs, mariam
da iosif Sarlemanebs aCuqa (suraTis Zirze
warwerilia: `ai mestia svaneTSi, Tqven ki gi-
survebT axal adgilze bednierad da mxia-
rulad gecxovroT. e. lansere. tfilisi. 25
ivnisi 1930).
wignebisa da Jurnalebis gaformebis
`miriskusnikuli~ cdis gagrZelebad, `zaf-
xuli angorSi~-s warmatebuli gamocemis mere
(leningradi, 1925), lansere agrZelebs am
dargSi muSaobas. is qmnis maketebs: gamocemi-
sa tfilisis xedebis 12 avtolitografiebiT
pavel pavlinovi
(1926w.), wignisa daRestanze (savaraudod,
1931 w., sakuTari STabeWdilebebiT: `1. arq-
iteqturis Sesaxeb, 2. Rame tidibSi, 3. Rame
koisuSi, 4. uReltexili, 5. goCobi. mgzav-
roba mTian daRestanSi~31), ucxoeli tur-
istebisTvis kavkasiis gzamkvlevisa (1934w.),
sadac unda Sesuliyo naxati `uSkulis xedi
latfaris uReltexilze mimavali bilikidan
(myinvari Sxara)~. samwuxarod, am gamocemebs
dRis sinaTle ar Rirsebia.
1934 wlis noemberSi moskovis gamomcem-
libam `Всекохудожник~ SesTavaza lanseres s.
anisimovis wignis `svaneTi~ gaformeba. 1934-
35 wlebSi am maketze muSaobda32. `liter-
aturisa da xelonebis ruseTis saxelmwifo
arqivSi~ (РГАЛИ) SemorCenilia ydis (sangina
lurj qaRaldze) da dasuraTebis (fanqari,
tuSi, TeTra _ `meCange~, `baga~, `sof. kalis
eklesia~, `svanTa Tavebi~, `xis Zeluri Seno-
ba, Tavrari~, `qalebi rTvisas~, `uSkuli~,
`xeze kveTiloba~, `mTis paizaJi~) eskizebi,
195
eskizi saTauris TavsarTisa (`koSkebi mTebis
fonze~) da 11 fanqriT monaxazi TavsarTebi-
sa (gamosaxulebebi svanebisa mTeli taniT,
profilebisa, marxilebisa, bagisa, naxnavebi-
sa, ZaRlebisa da a.S.33
gamocema pirvelad 1936 wlisTvis gadai-
do. am wlis ivnisSi lanserem misTvis winas-
ityvaoba dawera. jerjerobiT gamourkveve-
li garemoebebis gamo wigns dRis naTeli
ar Rirsebia. beskinis varaudiT, gamocemaze
uari 1938 wels iTqva. SesaZloa, amis mizezi
svaneTis arqiteqturaze giorgi leJavasa da
mariam jandieris monografiis gamocema iyo34.
misi yda da tituli n. lobanovis Seqmnilia,
erTaderT ferad Canaxatze ki asaxulia e.
lanseres ukve naxsenebi, SarlemanebisTvis
1930 wels naCuqari suraTi `mestiis kuTxe~.
9 seqtembers, matarebliT novoCerkasks gamcdari e.
31
lansere ixsenebda: `gansakuTrebiT gulmomwvarni uS-
gulidan wasvlisas viyaviT~-o.
32
РГАЛИ. fondi 1982, aRw. 2, saqme 31, f. 8-9.
33
РГАЛИ. fondi 1982 aRw. 2, saqme 31,f. 18.
34
`19 noemberi. dRes Всекохудожник-Si viyavi, saubre-
bi `Сванетия~-s gaformebaze~.
 pavel pavlinovi
am gamocemis TvalsaCino mniSvnelobis
damadasturebel recenziad mxatvarma 1937
wlis dekemberSi dawera gamouqveynebeli
`SeniSvna svaneTis Taobaze~35: `kontrastebi
yovelTvis gizidavT, metadre istoriuli.
me yovelTvis mizidavda sxva, CvenTvis ucxo
xanaSi azriT gadanacvleba. da ai Cems Tval-
win _ svaneTia, romelSic gvarovnulma wyo-
bilebam, gadmonaSTma Sorze Sori istori-
uli xanisa, Seqmna sakvirveli, Tavis rigze
umagaliTo, Cvens dRevandlobamde SemorCe-
nili suraTi im odindeli cxovrebisa. magram
Zveli ingreva, adgils axal moTxovnilebebs,
axal gagebas uTmobs _ qveyana Cqarobs dae-
wios mTeli [sabWoTa] kavSiris wyobilebas,
gauTanabrdes mas.
jer kidev svaneTs gamgzavrebamde bevrad
adre, svaneTis soflebis fotosuraTebis
Tvalierebisas, maxsendeboda italiis Sua-
saukunovani qalaqebi, sadac koSkebi agreTve
qalaqis Suagul aRimarTeboda, rogorc es
196
san jiminianoSi, umbriis momcro qalaqSi
aris. magram Tu svaneTSi koSkebi gvarianad
naklebi zomisa aRmoCnda, samagierod kidev
ufro Zlieri iyo sazogado STabeWdileba
Tvalwin gaSlili suraTis mTeli erToblio-
bisgan, romc garemomcveli bunebis gran-
diozulobazec ara vTqvaT ra, _ aq suraTi
Sua saukuneebisa cxovlad, ara marto jer-
ac dasaxlebul koSkebada da cixe-saxlebiT
warmosdga, aramed Tavad maTma binadrebmac
es-esaa daiwyes Soreuli warsulis fsiqo-
logiasa da wes-Cveulebebisgan dacileba.
es Soreul istoriul xanasTan realuri
Sexebis dauviwyar SegrZnebas qmnida. Tan ra
bunebis wiaRi! xeluxlebeli tyeebi, Sesazari
kbodeebi; wvrili Zafebi bilikebisa, aTas-
wleulebis sigrZeze erTaderTni rom aka-
vSirebdnen erT sofels meore sofelsa da
gare samyarosTan. yvelaze sulis SemZvre-
li, yvelaze diadi STabeWdileba ki, bunebis
grandiozuli suraTebisgan miRebul yvela
sxva STabeWdilebas rom abaTilebs _ Tov-
35
РГАЛИ. fondi 1982 aRw..2, saqme 11, f. 1-2.
liani uReltexilebis sazeimo mdumareba da
ukacrielebaa. am marad Tovlian-yinulian
sivrceebze, romelTac adamianis xeli ar mi-
karebia, romelnic TiTqos JamTa srbolas
gamoTiSvia, TiTqosda uZraviao, ase meCvene-
boda, ganasaxierebda am gadasvlas Cveni XX
saukunidan ukan, istoriis gaSeSebul saxe-
baTa miRma, gvarovnuli wyobilebis egzom
Soreul epoqaSi.
maxsendeba, rogor gadagveSala pirve-
lad, latfaris uReltexilidan Camosulebs,
zemo svaneTis yvela sxvaze maRla ganlage-
buli uSgulis sofelTa mTeli jgufi. Rr-
mad xeobis fskerze Cven davinaxeT sofle-
bi, saxlebis koSkebiT aburZgnuli pawia
grovebis saxiT, TiTqosda zed maTze gadmo-
wolili Sxaras myinvarebis qveS 30-40 wuTis
Semdeg Cven, daqanculebi, CaJaSis viwro,
daklaknil quCas mivuyvebodiT. adamianebi
TiTqmis ar Candnen, magram yoveli mxridan
Cven gars koSkebi Semogvrtymodnen _ saTo-
furebiani, bneli, mZime, waferdebuli... Sem-
dgom, rodesac am saxlebis SigniTac mogvi-
wia Sesvla, sxva, Soreuli xanis STabeWdile-
ba kidev ufro gagviZlierda. gvaxsendeboda
kalevala, nibelungebi.
da ai, garemomcveli mTebisa da velebis
mTeli silamazis miuxedavad, me marto am ko-
Skebis, am sacxovreblebis Caxatva mindoda.
magram dro da cxovreba ganuxrelad miiwevs
win, Zveli ingreva, qreba mowmeebi Tumc ki ga-
dayruebuli warsulisa, magram es xom mainc
Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxis warsulia. es
uZvirfasesi, ganumeorebeli Zeglia xalxis
cxovrebisa. amitomac meCveneba ase faseuli
da drouli amx. jandierisa da leJavas Ses-
rulebuli Sroma, romelTac egzomi gulisy-
uriTa da gagebiT Seiswavles arqiteqturis
TvalsazrisiT svanuri soflebis tipobrivi
Senobebi, maTi koSkebi da saxlebi. me savse-
biT swori mgonia isic, rom amxanagebma ufro
meti yuradReba mestiis erT SesaniSnav kar-
midamos dauTmes, sadac marTalia, aRaraa
simkacre uSgulis im soflebisa, romelnic

axlaxans gavixseneT, _ samagierod, am kar-
midamoSi svanur SenobaTa yofiTma, sameur-
neo tipma yvelaze met mTlianobasa da das-
rulebulobas miaRwia.
am ramdenime wamZRvanebuli striqonis
dabolovebad visurvebdi gamomeTqva erTi
mosazreba, erTi varaudi, Znelad da Zvirad
Tu ganxorcielebadi, magram vfiqrob, mra-
valTaTvis warmtaci; ra iqneboda, svanur
sofelTagan erTi, Zveleburi ieri sxvebze
metad rom SerCenia, SegvZleboda istori-
ul nakrZalad gamogvecxadebina, Segvenaxa
igi, rogorc TaviseburebiTobiT msoflioSi
erT-erTi Zegli~.
1929 wlis svaneTis eqspediciam mxat-
vris SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
daimkvidra. amis dasturi isicaa, rom 1934
wels moskovs gadasvlis Semdgom gamarTul
ostatis yvela, arc Tu mravalricxovan per-
sonalur gamofenaze svanuri etÁudebi iyo
xolme gamotanili.
werili Targmna dimitri TumaniSvilma
pavel pavlinovi
PAVEL PAVLINOV
V. Surikov Moscow State Academy Art Institute
THE 1929 EUGENE LANCERE
EXPEDITION TO SVANETI
Summary
The article describes the adventure of the author’s
grandfather, a famous Russian artist, Eugene Lancere
(1875 -1946), while traveling around Svaneti. Eugene
Lancer worked in Georgia in 1920-34 and traveled in
Svaneti Region in 1929, the expedition works and notes
have an important place in the artist’s works. Research
is based on the artist’s diary, his personal letters, and
three albums of drawings and memories of the contem-
poraries.
Lancere diary has not been published and this let-
ter is the first time publishing and therefore, it is very
exciting for interested readers.
197
 pavel pavlinovi

1. uSguli. sofel Jibianis Suka, 1929 w. 2. sofeli sasaSi, 1929 w.

Ushguli. Village Zhibiani, lane, 1929 Chazhashi village, 1929
198

3. uSguli. sofeli CaJaSi, saxlis meore sarTulze, 1929 w.

Ushguli. Chazhashi village, second floor of the house, 1929
 pavel pavlinovi

4. TeTnuldisa da histolas xedi mestiidan, 1929 w.

Tetnuldi and Histola mountains views from Mestia, 1929

199

5. sofel sasaSis mkvidris portreti, 1929 w. 6. uSguli. sofeli Jibiani, qali

Portrait of Chazhashi village resident, 1929 WianuriT, 1929 w.
Ushguli. Zhibiani village, woman with chianuri, 1929
 leo stainbergi
Tanamedrove xelovneba
da misi `publikis~ gasaWiri1
leo stainbergi (1920 moskovi _ 2011, niu-ior-
ki) XX saukunis erTi yvelaze saxelovani da
cnobili xelovnebis istorikosia.
germanul-ebrauli warmomavlobis stein-
bergi daibada moskovSi, 1933 wlidan swavlob-
da londonSi, xolo 1945 wlidan sicocxlis
bolomde moRvaweobda aSS-Si.
misi kvleviTi moRvaweobis sfero Ziri­
Tad italiuri renesansi iyo (maT Soris qris-
tes saxe saxviT xelovnebaSi); aseve didi adgi-
li daeTmo man Tanamedrove xelovnebis kvle­
vas, gansakuTrebiT iseT xelovanTa Semoq-
medebas, rogorebic iyvnen pikaso, jonsi, de
kooningi, klaini, polloki da sxv; mas mniSv-
200
nelovan sakiTxad esaxeboda Tanamedrove xe-
lovnebis movlenebisa da nawarmoebebis Sefa-
sebis kriteriumebisa da midgomebis dadgena.
stainbergma Tanamdrove xelovnebis ga-
mokvlevebSi Semoitana naklebformaluri
midgoma, pirveli piriT dawerili msjeloba
da piradi STabeWdilebebis niuansebis aRwe-
ra-analizi.
warmodgenili werili efuZneba leqcias,
romelic niu-iorkis Tanamedrove xelovne-
bis muzuemSia wakiTxuli (Museum of Modern
Art, New York) 1960 wels, pirvelad daibeW-
da JurnalSi Harper’s Magazine-Si 1962 wlis
martSi, Semdeg ki Sevida 1972 gamocemul kre-
bulSi `sxva krite­riumebi~ (Leo Steinberg. Other
Criteria, Oxford University Press, London-Oxford-
New-York, 1972)
1
Leo Steinberg, Contemprorary Art and the Plight of its Public,
Other Criteria, London-Oxford-New-York, 1972, pp. 2-16.
ramdenime sityviT minda gavamarTlo Cemi
Tema, vinaidan zogma Cemma megobarma eWvi
gamoTqva, Rirda ki saerTod misi ganxilva.
erTma cnobilma abstraqcionistma mxatvarma
miTxra: `oh, es `publika~! ratom unda viRel-
voT gauTaveblad `publikis~ gamo!~, meorem
ki ikiTxa: `mainc ra iseT gasaWirSi arian? bo-
los da bolos sulac ar aris aucilebeli
xelovneba yvelasTvis arsebobdes, adamianebi
an igeben mas da tkbebian kidec misiT, anda
ver igeben da maSin arc sWirdebaT. maS raSia
sirTule?~
Sevecdebi avxsna, Tu raSi vxedav am sir-
Tules, upirvelesad ki, visTvis arsebobs,
Cemi gagebiT, es sirTule. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, me Sevecdebi avxsna, ras vgulisxmob
cnebaSi `publika~.
1906 wels matisma gamofina suraTi, ro-
melsac `sicocxlis sitkboebani~ uwoda (ina-
xeba barnsis fondSi, merioni, pensilvania),
(sur. 1). amJamad ukve aRiarebulia, rom es
iyo XX saukunis mxatvrobis erTi umniSvne-
lovanesi garRveva. suraTis Tema Zvelmodu-
ri baqxanaliaa: bunebis wiaRSi gamosaxuli
SiSveli figurebi, romlebic cekvaven, yvavi-
lebs agroveben, musikiT iqceven Tavs, esiy-
varulebian erTmaneTs da a.S. es matisis yve-
laze gabeduli wamowyeba iyo ­_ yvelaze didi
zomis tiloa, romelic mas iqamde Seeqmna. da
man Zalian gaaRiziana xalxi. yvelaze metad
ki gakapasda pol siniaki, im drois wamyvani
mxatvari, damoukidebelTa salonis vice-
prezidenti. igi siamovnebiT ar miiRebda am
nawarmoebs, romelic mxolod imitom moxv-
da gamofenaze, rom matisi im wels mimRebi
komisiis wevri iyo da mis namuSevars Jiuri
ar unda gaevlo. samagierod siniakma miswera
Tavis megobars: `matisi etyoba mTlad wavi-
da xelidan. 2,5 metris tiloze man ganala-
ga ceris simsxo xaziT Semofargluli raRac
ucnauri gamosaxulebani, mere yvelaferi da-
fara brtyeli, mkveTri saRebaviT, romelic,
TumcaRa sufTaa, amazrzenad gamoiyureba.
igi mogvagonebs saRebavebis, lakebisa da sa-
ojaxo nivTebis maRaziaTa Wrel vitrinebs~.

es ambavi momyavs mxolod imis saCveneb-
lad, rom, siniaki, aRiarebuli modernisti,
wlebis ganmavlobaSi mxatvrobis avangardSi
myofi, Cemis azriT, im momentSi matisis `pub-
likis~ wevri iyo da misi saqcielic tipiuria
am `publikisTvis~.
erTi wlis Semdeg, matisi mivida pikasos
saxelosnoSi, raTa enaxa misi bolo namuSeva-
ri `avinioneli qaliSvilebi~. is amJamad niu-
iorkis Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumSi
daculi (sur. 2). esec, rogorc axla viciT,
kidev erTi garRveva iyo Tanamedrove xelov-
nebaSi; amjerad ki ukve matisi gakapasda. man
ganacxada, rom es suraTi Seuracxyofa, mTe-
li Tanamedrove mxatvrobis gamasxaravebis
mcdeloba iyo. igi iqadneboda, rom `daaxr-
Cobda~ pikasos da ananebda mis mistifikacias.
me meCveneba, rom im wuTas matisi iqceoda
tipurad, rogorc pikasos `publikis~ wevri.
amgvari SemTxvevebi sulac ar aris ga-
monaklisi. isini mowmobs erT sazogado
wess _ rogorc ki Cndeba marTlac axali
da originaluri xelovneba, pirvel rigSi
da yvelaze xmamaRla, mas swored xelovanni
aZageben. cxadia imitom, rom swored isi-
ni warmoadgenen yvelaze dainteresebul
mxares. uaryofis JiniT verc erTi kriti-
kosi, verc erTi gacofebuli burJua ver
Seedreba xelovans ZalaSi.
is adamianebi, romlebic ar Rebulobd-
nen salonebSi kurbes, manes, impresionistebs
da postimpresionistebs, yvelani mxatvrebi
iyvnen, umetesad akademisti mxatvrebi. mag-
ram mxolod da mxolod akademisti mxatvre-
bi rodi icaven Tavis Camoyalibebul maneras
suraTis Seqmnis axali meTodebis an gemovne-
bis SemaSinebeli cvlilebebisgan. xelovneba-
Si revoluciuri mimdinareobis beladi SeiZ-
leba aranakleb gadairios axali mimarTule-
bis Seqmnis gamo, vinaidan, iSviaTad Tu rame
agiJebs ise adamians, rogorc subordinaciis
darRveva an revoluciuri moRvaweobis Rala-
ti. da, Cemi azriT, swored Ralatis am ganc-
dam gaabraza ase matisi 1907 wels, roca man
ixila is, rasac `pikasos mistifikacia~ uwoda.
leo stainbergi
araviTar sargeblobas ar mogvitans imis
daviwyeba, rom matisis damokidebuleba ad-
reuli kubizmisadmi _ misi sakuTari Semoqme-
debis aRmavlobis mwvervalze _ absoluturi
da qedmaRluri miuRebloba iyo. 1908 wels,
rogorc avangarduli Semodgomis salonis
Jiuris wevrma, man ar miiRo brakis axali
`peizaJi patara kubebiT~ _ iseve rogorc,
1912 wels, gamarjvebulma kubistebma uary-
ves diuSamis `SiSveli figura, romelic kibe-
ze Camodis~ (sur. 3). amitomac, nacvlad imisa,
rom daviJinoT, TiTqos mxolod akademisti
mxatvrebi uZaliandebian siaxleebs, xom ar
ajobebda Segvebrunebina braldeba? yoveli
adamiani akademisti xdeba imis meoxebiTa Tu
imis mixedviT, Tu ras uaryofs.
avangardis es akademizacia uwyveti pro-
cesia. igi mkafiod SesamCnevi iyo niu-iork-
Si bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. iqneb
jobdes Tavi davaneboT am uazro, miTiur
gamijvnas _ erTi mxriv Semoqmedi, axlismWv-
reteli individumebisa, romlebsac Cven xe-
201
lovanT vuwodebT, da _ meore mxriv, pirquS,
anonimur, umecar masas Soris, romelsac Cven
`publikas~ vuwodebT.
ufro zustad rom vTqva, `publikis~ cne-
bis Cemeuli gageba funqciuria. sityva `pub-
lika~ CemTvis ar aRniSnavs adamianebis rome-
lime gansakuTrebul jgufs. igi miuTiTebs im
rols, romelsac isini asruleben, an romel-
sac maT Tavs axvevs mocemuli gamocdileba
da mxolod isini, vinc am gamocdilebis miRma
arian, SeiZleba ganTavisufldnen `publikis~
wevrobis braldebisgan.
rac Seexeba `gasaWirs~ _ me aq ubralod
vgulisxmob im diskomforts, Soks an afo-
riaqebas, an sibrazes, an gabezrebas, romel-
sac zogi adamiani yovelTvis ganicdis, da
yvela adamiani drodadro ganicdis, roca
SeefeTeba axal ucnob stils. roca axalgazr-
da viyavi, marigebdnen, rom am diskomforts
araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda, upirvele-
sad imitom, rom igi TiTqos mxolod filis-
terebs eufleba (rac sicruea), da meorec
imitom, rom TiTqosda igi Zalian xanmokle
 leo stainbergi
iyos. es ukanaskneli etyoba, marTalia. ara-
viTari saxis xelovneba ar rCeba Semawuxebe-
li didi xnis manZilze. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am
bolo asi wlis ganmavlobaSi arc erTi stili
xangrZlivi droiT ar darCenila ise miuRe-
beli, rogorc pirvelad Canda. aman ki SeiZ-
leba gagviCinos eWvi, TiTqos Tavidan amdeni
Tanamedrove namuSevris uaryofa mxolod da
mxolod istoriuli SemTxveviToba iyo.
1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi imdroindeli
avan-gardis garkveuli mesityveni cdilobd-
nen gansxvavebulad emsjelaT abstraqciul
eqspresionizmze. isini varaudobdnen, rom is
dauokebeli Zala da spontanuri qmedeba, ro-
melic qmnida am nawarmoebebs, ayenebda maT
xelovnebis Sefasebis zRvars miRma da Tavisi
raobiT miuReblad aqcevda. amis dasturad
isini, kbilebis kmayofili kraWuniT, miu-
TiTebdnen, rom cota vinme Tu yidulobda
am suraTebs. dResdReobiT Cven viciT, rom
yidvisgan es Tavdapirveli TavSekaveba sxva
araferi iyo, Tu ara normaluri droiTi da-
202
xaneba aTi an naklebi wliT. 1950-iani wlebis
miwurulisTvis abstraqciuli eqspresioniz-
mis bazari saocrad aqtiuri gaxda. bolos da
bolos, masSi araferi iyo Tavisi raobiT miu-
Rebeli. isini ubralod erTi an ori sezonis
ganmavlobaSi aRmaSfoTeblad gveCveneboda,
Cven ki uarmyofeli `publikis~ mdgomareo-
bidan gamovdiodiT da vuaxlovdebodiT maT.
aRsaSfoTeblis esoden swrafi gaSinau-
reba Cveni saxelovnebo cxovrebis erTi yve-
laze damaxasiaTebeli niSania, da drois is
intervali, romelic miRebul Soksa da gamo-
xatul madlierebas Soris gadis, progresu-
lad mcirdeba. gemovnebis adaptaciis dRevan-
deli tempiT, velurobis niSniT aRbeWdils,
axalgazrda mxatvars sWirdeba daaxloebiT
7 weli raTa enfant terrible-dan gadaiqces res-
peqtabelur maestrod _ ara imdenad imitom,
rom TviTon icvleba, aramed imitom, rom is
gamowveva, romliTac is sazogadeobas mimar-
Tavs, esoden swrafad misaRebi xdeba.
ase rom, romelic gnebavT Tavawyvetili,
dauokeblad axleburi stilis mier gamowveu-
li Sokis Zala Zalian swrafad iwriteba. axa-
li maleve xdeba Cveuli, mere normaluri da
mimzidveli da, bolos, avtoritetuli. SeiZ-
leba vifiqroT, yvelaferi kargadaa. Cveni
sawyisi mcdari Sefaseba Sesworebulia; Tu
Cven, an Cveni mamebi cdebodnen kubizmTan da-
kavSirebiT naxevari saukunis win, axla yvela-
feri Seicvala.
diax, magram erTi ram ar Secvlila _ ne-
bismieri axali xelovnebis _ vidre axalia _
mimarTeba Tavis sakuTar drosTan. an sxva-
nairad rom vTqvaT, bolo asi wlis ganmavlo-
baSi yovel moments hqonia sakuTari aRsaS-
foTebeli xelovneba, ise rom yvela Taoba,
kurbedan moyolebuli, Rebulobda Tavis
wil diskomfortis Soks Tavisive Tanamedro-
ve xelovnebisgan. am TvalsazrisiT, sruliad
mcdaria imis mtkiceba, TiTqos is SeSfoTe-
ba, romelsac adamianebSi iwvevs axali sti-
li, sagulisxmo ar aris, vinaidan xanmoklea.
sinamdvileSi igi grZeldeba _ igi CvenTan
erTad aris mTeli saukunea. da is Zrwola,
romelsac Tanamedrove xelovneba iwvevs,
TiTqos raRac mavne Cvevasac emsgavseba, da
imdenad aucilebelia CvenTvis, rom zogi,
sabWoTa ruseTis msgavsi sazogadoeba, ro-
melsac ar gaaCnia sakuTari meamboxe, aRmaS-
foTebeli xelovneba, Cvens TvalSi TiTqos
naxevrad cocxalia. isini ar ganicdian im
mudmiv aRelvebas, an periodul aSlilobas,
an uxerxulobas, romelic Cvens normalur
mdgomareobas warmoadgens da romelsac me
`publikis gasaWirs~ vuwodeb.
amitom me vaskvni, rom es gasaWiri mniSv-
nelovania, radgan igi qronikulic aris da
imavdroulad endemuric. adre Tu gvian es
yvelas gasaWiri xdeba, gind xelovanis, gind
filisteris da, Sesabamisad, seriozuli gan-
xilvis Rirsia.
***
roca asparezze gamoCndeba xolme axali, da
marTlac gaugebari nawarmoebi, Cven yovelT-
vis vgebulobT, rom vinme gamWriaxma kriti-
kosma mas maSinaTve uwodao `axali realoba~,

an vinme koleqcionerma Seicno masSi poten-
ciuri investirebis didi SesaZlebloba. neba
momeciT, erTi ori sityva Sevawio maT, vinc
es ver ganWvrites.
xelovnebis axali nawarmoebis winaSe maT
SeiZleba gauCndeT gancda, TiTqos mokveTil-
ni arian imas, ris nawiladac miaCndaT Tavi _
TiTqos raRac daungries, an waarTves. es gan-
cda yvelaze ukeT kvlav swored xelovanma
gamoxata. roca 1908 wels JorJ brakma ixila
`avinioneli qaliSvilebi~, man Tqva: `TiTqos
Cveuli sakvebis nacvlad kanafi da parafini
SemogvTavazes~-o. aq sayuradReboa sityvebi
`Cveuli sakvebi~. uazroa uTxra adamians `ici
ra, Tu ar mogwons Tanamedrove xelovneba,
ratom ar gaanebeb Tavs? ratom wux mis gamo?~
aris xalxi, visTvisac gaugebari cvlileba
xelovnebaSi, iseTi, romelic marTlac damab-
neveli da Semawuxebelia, ufro hgavs mkveTr
cvlilebas, _ an ufro zustad, mkveTr Semci-
rebas Cveuli dRiuri racionisa, rogorc es
xdeba forsirebuli marSis dros an cixeSi.
da vidre arseboben adamianebi, visTvisac xe-
lovneba amgvari gancdis sagania, aRar aris
saintereso imaze saubari, rom amavdroulad
arseboben snobebic, romelTa moCvenebiTi
grZnobebi namdvil gulgrilobas niRbavs.
vici, rom mravlad arian adamianebi, rom-
lebic sruliad gulwrfelad wuxan im Zvre-
bis gamo, romlebic TiTqos cvlis xelov-
nebis mniSvnelovnebas da faseulobas. da es
garkveul Rirsebas aniWebs imas, rasac me `pub-
likis gasaWiri~ vuwode. Cndeba danakargis,
uecari gaZevebis, raRac winaswar gamiznuli
uaryofis gancda _ zogjer SegrZneba imisa,
rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli
adamianis kultura, an gamocdileba, uimedod
gaufasurebulia, da rom igi sulieri upova-
robis anabara aRmoCnda. am gancdam SeiZleba
ufro didi travma miayenos xelovans, vidre
moyvaruls. danakargisa an Secbunebis es gan-
cda metismetad xSirad aRiwereba ubralod
rogorc esTetikuri Sefasebis mcdaroba an
rogorc axali gamocdilebis pozitiuri fa-
seulobis wvdomis uunaroba. Cven vambobT,
leo stainbergi
rom adre Tu gvian, adamiani _ Tuki saamiso
unari aqvs _ gaugebs an `wamoeweva~ mas. mag-
ram axlis mimarT am miuReblobaSi arc Rir-
sebaa, da arc raime pozitiuri.
magram davuSvaT, rom Tqven aRwerT am wi-
naaRmdegobas, rogorc garkveul siZneles gai-
ziaroT sxva kacis mier gaRebuli msxverpli
an am msxverplis gaRebis tempi. neba momeciT,
ganvmarto, ras vgulisxmob `msxverplSewir-
vaSi~ xelovnebis originalur nawarmoebTan
dakavSirebiT. me kvlav vubrundebi matisis
`sicocxlis sitkboebebs~, suraTs, romelmac
esoden Seuracxyo misi Tanamedrove mxatv-
rebi da kritikosebi. matisma daarRvia zogi
Cveuli warmodgena. magaliTad, sayovelTaod
miRebuli iyo, rom figuratiuli mxatvrobis
naxvisas, adamians SesaZlebloba eZleoda mze-
ris koncentracia figurebze moexdina, sur-
vilisamebr TiTo-TiTod daeTvalierebina
isini. daxatul figurebs, `Tvalis magnitebs~
vazaris TqmiT, sakmao vizualuri `wonadoba~
gaaCndaT, raTa xangrZlivad miezidaT mzera.
203
ase rom, xelovnebasTan urTierTobis mTe-
li misi gamocdileba sazRaurad hpirdeboda
adamians siamovnebis miRebas figurebis Wvre-
tisas, miTumetes Tu es xalisiani, SiSveli,
qalTa figurebia; magram am suraTSi, figu-
rebis yuradRebiT daTvalierebisas danapire-
bi sazRauri ratomRac aRar aris. aq TiTqos
raRac dabrkolebaa, vinaidan figurebs aklia
mTlianoba da struqturuloba. maTi kontu-
rebi gavlebulia ise, rom sruliad ugulve-
lyofs maT miRma Sesabamisi Zvlebis arsebo-
bas an funqcias, zogi figura ki gamoyofili
mZime muqi `daCiTviT~ _ im `ceris sisqe~ xaze-
biT, romlebzec Cioda siniaki.
Zvel dros aseTi ramis naxvisas, imwamsve
daiZaxebdnen `am kacma xatva ar iciso~, mag-
ram Cven xelT gvaqvs mxatvris mier am sura-
TisTvis Sesrulebuli calkeuli figurebis
winaswari mosamzadebeli eskizebi _ Cinebuli
naxatebis seria _ romlebSic Cans, rom ma-
tisi yvela drois mxatvarTa Soris naxatis
erTi saukeTeso ostati iyo. da mainc, amde-
ni mosamzadebeli eskizebis mere, igi dasru-
 leo stainbergi
lebul nawarmoebSi imdagvar maneras iyenebs,
sadac misi es unari gamiznulad Caklulia an
msxverplad aris Sewiruli. mZime konturebi,
romlebic Semofarglavs am nimfebs, gamoric-
xavs moculobis an simkvrivis raime materia-
lizacias. isini TiTqos energias aclis figu-
rebis arss da maT garSemo sivrceSi asxivebs
mas. an iqneb swored Cveni xedva waritaceba
ise, rom iqamde ver amovicnobT figurebs,
vidre iZulebuli ar gavxdebiT mTlianis
ritmul sistemaSi CavrToT isini. es waagavs
wyalSi Cagdebuli qvis cqeras: Tvali mihyveba
ganSlad wreebs da saWiro xdeba nebis daZabva
imisTvis, raTa am impulsis sawyisi wertili
ar dagvekargos _ albaT imitom, rom igi eso-
den arafris momcemia. da SesaZloa matisic
cdilobda misi calkeuli figurebi wyalSi
Cavardnili qvasaviT gamqraliyo Cvens winaSe,
raTa veiZulebineT sxva sistema gveRiarebina.
bunebaSi amgvari naxatis analogia ver
iqneba scena an xedi, romelzec gaSlilia ma-
terialuri da mkvrivi formebi. ufro zusti
204
iqneba, mas Tu romelime cirkularul siste-
mas SevadarebT, mag., qalaqs, an sisxlis mi-
moqcevis sistemas, romlebSic yvela saxis
Seferxeba paTologiur mdgomareobas iwvevs
sistemaSi, msgavsad sisxlis trombisa an
transportis sacobisa da Cemi azriT, matisi
grZnobda, rom tradiciuli gagebiT `swori
naxati~ _ anu roca xazi da toni garkveuli
xasiaTis mqone mkvriv formas aRniSnavs sivr-
ceSi konkretuli mdebareobisas _ rom aseTi
naxati gamoiwvevda mzeris dabrkolebas, mis
SeCerebas simkvriveebze, an amiT yuradRebas
TviT sagnebze gaamaxvilebda; es ki sulac ar
iyo xedvis is saxeoba, romelic matiss Tavis
suraTebisTvis surda.
Cvenda bedad ar gvixdeboda arCevanis ga-
keTeba 1906 wels, vinaidan raRa Tqma unda,
ar viqnebodiT mzad im vizualuri Cvevebis
dasaTmobad, romlebic SeZenili gveqneboda
WeSmariti Sedevrebis WvretiT, da albaT gag-
viWirdeboda maTi gadagdeba erTbaSad, erT
wamSi erTi naxatis gulisTvis. dResdReobiT
amgvari analizi sruliad Cveulebrivi ram
aris, vinaidan XX saukunis namuSevarTa didi
umravlesobis saTave swored matisis magali-
Tia. kandinskis da miros Tavisuflad mdina-
re feradi formebi, da maT Semdeg Seqmnili
uamravi suraTi, romlebic realobas an gan-
cdas nakadis saxiT asaxavs, Tavis warmomav-
lobas Tu Tavisuflebas im daSvebebs unda
umadlodes, romlebic matisis am namuSevarSi
iyo Cadebuli.
magram 1906 wels amis winaswar ganWvreta
SeuZlebeli iyo. imis eWvic ki Cndeba, rom amg-
vari namuSevari Tavisi Rirebulebis nawils
SesaZloa retrospeqtivaSi iZens, misi poten-
ciis TandaTanobiTi gamovlinebisas zogjer
sulac sxvaTa qmedebis wyalobiTac ki. magram
roca matisi am suraTs xatavda, dega jerac
moRvaweobda, da win kidev aTi wlis sicocxle
edo. jerac sruliad SesaZlebeli iyo zus-
tad da mkveTrad xatva. gasakviri ar aris, rom
cota vinmes Tu mounda gverdSi amosdgomoda
matiss amgvari msxverplSewirvisas, romelic
mis talRovan xazSi iyo nagulisxmevi. pirve-
li adamiani, vinc es suraTi aRiara, mxatva-
ri ki ar iyo, aramed moyvaruli; leo stai-
ni, gertrudas Zma, romelsac, rogorc yvela
danarCens, Tavidan ar moswonebia igi, magram
gamudmebiT ubrundeboda, da bolos, ram-
denime kviris mere gamoacxada, rom es didi
nawarmoebia da gadawyvita misi yidva. cxadia,
igi darwmunda, rom aq gaRebul msxverplad
Rirda is axali da dadebiTi gamocdileba,
romelic sxva mxriv ver iqneboda miRweuli.
ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, pirveli
kritikosi, romelmac xelovnebaSi axali sti-
li ganixila, rogorc msxverpli, aris bodle-
ri. engrisadmi miZRvnil Tavis eseSi igi aR-
niSnavs: `sulieri SesaZleblobebis gamoSro-
bas~, romelsac engri axvevs Tavis Tavs, raTa
miaRwios erTgvar civ klasikur ideals, _
misi warmodgeniT, rafaelis suliskveTebiT.
bodlers ar moswons engri: igi grZnobs, rom
misi namuSevridan gaZevebulia yovelgvari
warmosaxva da moZraoba, magram igi ambobs: `me
sakmaod Rrmad Cavwvdi engris xasiaTs, raTa
mivxvde, rom misTvis es aris gmiruli msxverp-

li, msxverpli Sewiruli im idealebis sakur-
Txevelze, romlebic mas gulwrfelad miaCnia
ufro keTilSobilad da mniSvnelovnad~. da
Semdeg, sagulisxmo naxtomiT, bodleri ukav-
Sirebs erTmaneTs engrsa da kurbes, romelic
agreTve arc maincdamainc xiblavs. igi kur-
bes uwodebs Zlevamosil muSas, SemaSinebeli,
dauokebeli nebis adamians, romlis miRweve-
bi zogierTisTvis ukve ufro momxibvlelia,
vidre rafaelis tradiciebis mimdevari didi
ostatebisa, rac, ueWvelad ganpirobebuli
iyo maTi damajerebeli simkvriviT da mouri-
debeli mouxeSaobiT~. bodleri aRmoaCens
kurbesTan azrovnebis imave Taviseburebebs,
rasac engrTan, vinaidan manac msxverplad
gaiRo Tavisi niWi da CaaCuma Tavisi warmosa-
xva. `magram gansxvaveba imaSia, rom b-i engris
mier rafaelis simSvenieris ideisa da tra-
diicisadmi mirTmeuli heroikuli msxverpli,
b-i kurbes mier gaiReba garegnuli, konkre-
tuli, amwuTieri realobisTvis. warmosaxvis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi isini gansxvavebuli mo-
tivebiT moqmedeben; magram fanatizmis am or
dapirispirebul nairgvarobas erTidaigive
msxverplamde mihyavs orive~.
bodlerisTvis kurbe miuRebeli iyo. niS-
navs ki es, rom misi mgrZnobiaroba ar utol-
deboda mxatvrisas? aramc da aramc, vinaidan
bodleris goneba ufro daxvewili, ufro
mgrZnobiare iyo, ufro mowifuli, vidre
kurbesi. arc is mgonia, bodleri, rogorc
literatori, nakleb mgrZnobiare yofiliyo
vizualuri an plastikuri Rirebulebebis
mimarT. mis mier kurbes miuRebloba ubra-
lod imas niSnavs, rom, hqonda ra sakuTari
idealebi, igi ar iyo mzad msxverplad gaeRo
is, rac kurbem ukuagdo. kurbe, Tavis mxriv,
iseve rogorc yvela kargi xelovani, miiswra-
foda mxolod Tavisi sakuTari konkretuli
miznebisken; dawunebulma faseulobebma (mag.,
fantazia, `idealuri silamaze~), didi xania
dakarga misTvis pozitiuri Rirseba da ami-
tomac danakargs aRarc warmoadgenda. magram
isini sworedac rom danakargad aRiqmeboda
bodlerisTvis, romelsac, SesaZloa, swamda,
leo stainbergi
rom fantazia da idealuri silamaze jerac
amouwuravi iyo. me vfiqrob, swored es igu-
lisxmeba an SeiZleba igulisxmebodes, roca
vambobT, rom Tanamedrove xelovnebis namu-
Sevris winaSe mdgomi adamiani `ar aris mas-
Tan~. martivad rom vTqvaT, aris ra Zlier
midrekili garkveuli faseulobebisadmi, mas
ar SeuZlia emsaxuros axal kults, romelSic
es faseulobani gamasxaravebulia.
Cemi fiqriT, umeteswilad swored am
mdgomareobaSi varT. Tanamedrove xelovne-
ba gamudmebiT gvepatiJeba taSi davukraT im
faseulobaTa ngrevas, romlebsac Cven jerac
veloliavebiT, maSin roca is konkretuli mi-
zezi, romlis gamoc xdeba msxverplis gaReba,
iSviaTad Tu aris xolme ganmartebuli. ase
rom, msxverplSewirva gamoiyureba mxolod
rogorc ngrevis an ganZarcvis aqti, yovelg-
vari motivebis gareSe _ zustad ise, rogorc
kurbes namuSevari bodlerisTvis iyo mxolod
revoluciuri Jesti TviT Jestis xaTriT ga-
keTebuli.
205
***
neba momeciT movitano ufro axali drois
magaliTi, Tanac Cemi sakuTari gamocdilebi-
dan. 1950 wlis dasawyisSi, axalgazrda kac-
ma saxelad jasper jonsma, moawyo Tavisi
pirveli personaluri gamofena niu-iorkSi.
suraTebi, romlebic man gamofina _ mraval­
wliani muSaobis Sedegi _ Semacbunebeli iyo.
guldasmiT Sesrulebuli zeTiT an enkaus-
tikiT, isini warmoadgendnen variaciebs oTx
ZiriTad Temaze:
• ricxvebi, mwyobr rigebad ganlagebu-
li mTel simaRleze, feradi an TeTri
TeTrze.
• aso-niSnebi, imave principiT ganlage-
buli.
• amerikuli droSa _ misi gamosaxuleba
ki ara, gafrialebuli da heroikuli,
aramed mkvrivi, gaSeSebuli _ motivi
TavisTavad.
• da bolos, samizneebi, zogi samferi,
zogic mTlianad TeTri an mTlinad
 leo stainbergi
mwvane, zogjer patara yuTebiT zevi-
dan, romlebSic mxatvarma anatomiur
nawilTa, udavod adamianis, TabaSiris
muliaJebi Cadga (sur. 4).
ramdenime nivTi TiTo egzemplarSic iyo
_ mag., tanisamosis mavTulis sakidi, Camoki-
debuli nacrisferi fonidan gamoCril Wi-
kartze; tilo, romelzec pirispir midebu-
li iyo ufro mcire zomis daWimuli tilo,
romlis mxolod zurgi Canda da `tilo~ ewo­
deboda. meore nawarmoebs erqva `ujra~ _ aq
xis ujris wina ficari ori saxeluriT Sed­
gmuli iyo nacrisfrad SeRebili tilos qve-
da nawilSi.
rogori reaqcia hqonda xalxs? isini, vinc
valdebulni iyvnen raime eTqvaT, cdilobd-
nen moeTavsebinaT es axali namuSevrebi raime
istoriul sqemaSi. zogma ubralod moicila
Tavidan da ambobda: `isev dada, es adrec gvi-
naxia; eqspresionizms mohyveba uazroba da an-
ti-xelovneba, iseve, rogorc ocian wlebSi~.
erTma mtrulad ganwyobilma niu-iorkelma
206
kritikosma mTeli gamofena dainaxa, rogorc
savalalo degradaciis nawili, kidev erTi
nabiji Tanamedrove xelovnebis yovelgvari
sazrisisgan gamocarielebisken. frangi kri-
tikosi werda: `Cven ar unda viCqaroT da viy-
viroT `TaRliToba!~ magram sifrTxiles mas
mxolod da mxolod warsuli Caagonebda; mas
iseTi SegrZneba hqonda, TiTqos gaamaimunes.
meore mxriv, niu-iorkeli gonieri qa-
lebisa da mamakacebis sakmaod didma rao-
denobam udidesi enTuziazmi gamoxata, Tumca
gauWirdaT imis axsna, Tu ram moxibla isini
ase. erTma muzeumis direqtorma gamoTqva
azri, rom SesaZloa, jasper jonsis mowoneba
gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom man erTgvari Sve-
ba moitana abstraqciuli eqspresionizmis-
gan, romelsac metismetad didi raodenobiT
vxedavdiT bolo wlebSi. magram amgvari ne-
gatiuri gansazRvrebebi arasodesaa adeqva-
turi. zogi Tvlida, rom mxatvarma airCia
Cveulebrivi, yofiTi nivTebi imitom, rom
Cven yoveldRiurobaSi ver vamCnevT ubralo
sagnebs, da mas surda, rom pirvelad cxov-
rebaSi, Cven isini dagvenaxa. sxvebs miaCndaT,
rom am nawarmoebebis momxiblaoba mdgoma-
reobda TviT masalis gamoyenebis daxvewilo-
baSi da rom mxatvarma gamiznulad amoirCia
swored banaluri sagnebi imisTvis, rom isini
`uxilavi~ gamxdariyo, anu sruli koncentra-
cia momxdariyo mxolod grZnobad zedapir-
ze. magram aman ar gaamarTla ori mizeziT.
erTi, imazedac ki ver moxerxda SeTanxmeba,
iyo Tu ara es nawarmoebebi marTlac kargad
daxatuli (erTma niu-iorkelma kritikosma,
romelic maniakaluri originalurobiT ga-
moirCeoda, ganacxada, rom sagnebi mSvenieri
iyo, magram mxatvroba sakmaod mdare). meo-
rec, Tu jonss marTlac undoda, rom misi
nawarmoebebis siuJetebi uxilavi gamxdariyo
mxolod maTi banalurobis gamo, man, ra Tqma
unda, ver miaRwia warmatebas _ im debiutan-
tis msgavsad, romelsac imedi aqvs, rom Seu-
mCneveli darCeba, Tu cisfer jinsebSi ga-
mocxaddeba mejlisze. Tu jonss ganzraxuli
hqonda siuJetis dafarva, ukeTesi iqneboda
standartuli abstraqciisTvis miemarTa, ro-
melSic siuJets arc vinme eZebs. am axal namu-
SevrebSi ki sagnebi metsimetad TvalSisacemi
iyo, Tundac maTi konteqstis gamo. jasper
jonsis droSa, sadme Stabis Tavze aRmarTu-
li, marTlac uxilavi gaxdeboda; samizneebi
poligonze marTlac SeumCneveli darCeboda;
magram saguldagulod gardaqmnilni piris-
pir sanaxavad samxatvro galereaSi, es sagne-
bi aRwevs mizans da gaognebs.
rogorc Cans, jonsis namuSevrebTan pir-
veli Sexvedrebisas cota vinme Tu xvdeboda,
rogori reaqcia unda hqonoda. zogi cnobili
avan-gardisti kritikosi cdilobda, aprobi-
rebuli avangarduli sazomebiT misdgomoda
_ romlebic moulodnelad moZvelebuli da
gamouyenebadi aRmoCnda.
piradad Cemi pirveli reaqcia sruliad
normaluri iyo. me ar momewona es gamofe-
na da Zalianac mindoda mefiqra, rom is ra-
Rac mosabezrebeli ram iyo. Tumca man mainc
imoqmeda Cemze da me ver vxvdebodi, ratom.
Semdeg nel-nela Sevicani Cems TavSi yvela
klasikuri simptomi filisteruli reaqcii-

sa Tanamedrove xelovnebaze. me vbrazobdi
mxatvarze, TiTqos man sufrasTan mimiwvia
da gamimaspinZlda raRaciT, risi Wamac SeuZ-
lebelia _ parafinis da Tivis msgavsiT. me
gavRiziandi zogierT Cems megobarze, imitom
rom Tavs ikatunebdnen, TiTqos moswonT es
namuSevrebi. Tanac sakmaod uxerxuli eWvic
mqonda _ iqneb maT marTlac moswonT; marT-
lac gacofebuli viyavi rogorc sakuTar
Tavze, aseTi debili rom aRvmoCndi, da sa-
erTod am situaciaze mTlianad, romelmac
TiTqos niRabi amxada.
amasobaSi ki suraTebi CemTan darCa _
isini zemoqmedebdnen Cemze da mTrgunavd-
nen. maTze fiqri miqmnida SemaZrwunebeli
danakargis mZafr SegrZnebas. gansakuTrebiT
erTi, romelsac erqva `samizne oTxi saxiT~.
es sakmaod didi zomis tilo iyo. igi war-
moadgenda samfer samiznes _ wiTeli, yviTe-
li da cisferi _ romlis zemoT, anjamebiT
damagrebuli xis ficris ukan, yuTebSi Cade-
buli iyo adamianis saxis oTxi erTi da igive
asli, ufro swored, saxis qveda nawili, zeda
nawili ki, Tvalebis CaTvliT, CamokveTili
iyo. es suraTi ucnaurad uZravad da mkacrad
gamoiyureboda xelovnebis nawarmoebisTvis
da momagona bodleris mier engris mimarT ga-
moTqmuli pretenzia: `aRar aris warmosaxva,
Sesabamisad aRar aris moZraoba~. SeiZlebo-
da ki raime azris gamotana am nawarmoebidan?
vfiqrobdi imaze, Tu rogor Seryvnilia ada-
mianis saxe amgvari uxeSi gasagnebiT, Tanac
raime socialuri protestis mizniTac ki ara,
aramed umizezod, alaozed. raRac momentSi
msurda, rom suraTs gamoewvia CemSi adamia-
nis msxverplSewirvis, naalafariviT wamoWi-
muli Tavebis gancda. mere vimedovnebi, rom
yovelive amas SeeZlo ufro hipnotikuri da
amazrzeni saxe mieRo, rogorc Zalauflebis
primitiul niSans. magram rodesac kvlav vna-
xe _ mTeli es romantika gaqra. es saxeebi _
oTxi, erTi da igive _ triumfisTvis ar iyo
aq Sekrebili; isini danawevrebuli iyo, zus-
tad Tvalebis qveS gadakveTili, magram ara
raime sisastikis aRsaniSnavad, aramed ub-
ralod imitom, rom Cateuliyvnen ujrebSi.
leo stainbergi
isini gamofenili iyo am zeda Taroze, ro-
gorc yofiTi, moxmarebis sagnebi, magram gana
es sakmarisi mizezi iyo imisTvis, rom ase
davTrgunuliyavi? Tu me isini ar momewona,
ar jobda ubralod maTi ugulvelyofa?
magram yovelive rodi iyo esoden mar-
tivi. is, rac me namdvilad mTrgunavda, iyo
is, rac, Cemi SegrZnebiT, am namuSevrebs SeeZ-
lo Semoetana mTel danarCen xelovnebaSi. me
momeCvena, rom de kuningis da klainis sura-
Tebi moulodnelad, rembrandtisa da jotos
wreSi moeqca. yvelani iluzionist mxatvre-
bad momeCvena. bolos da bolos, rodesac
klaini debs Savi saRebavis laqas, es saReba-
vi transformacias ganicdis. Tqven SeiZleba
ar icodeT, ras gamosaxavs igi, magram yovel
SemTxvevaSi, igi energiis biliki mainc aris,
an nawili im sagnisa, romelic TeTri sivrcis
SigniT an mis sawinaaRmdegod moZraobs. sa-
Rebavi da tilo aRniSnavs raRac ufro mets,
vidre mxolod Tavis Tavs. saRebavi jerac is
saSualebaa, romliTac gamoisaxeba raRac xi-
207
luli, nagrZnobi, an gaazrebuli, raRac sxva,
vidre TviT saRebavi. magram aq, jasper jonsis
suraTze igrZnoba iluziis dasasruli. saRe-
bavi aRar gamoiyeneba trasformaciis saSu-
alebad. es kaci, Tu mas surs raime samganzo-
milebiani, mimarTavs TabaSiris anabeWds da
agebs yuTs mis mosaTavseblad. rodesac ti-
loze xatavs, mxolod imis gamosaxva SeuZlia,
rac brtyelia _ cifrebi, asoebi, samizne,
droSa. yvelaferi sxva TiTqos TvalTmaqco-
ba iqneboda, bavSvuri TamaSi `modi, viTom...~.
ase rom, brtyeli _ brtyelia, xolo mkvri-
vi _ samganzomilebiani, da es am movlenis
faqtebia, ganurCevlad imisa, xelovnebaa es
Tu ara-xelovneba. aRar aris metamorfoze-
bi, aRarc masalis jadoqroba. CemTvis es ga-
moiyureboda, rogorc mxatvrobis sikvdili,
uxeSi gaCereba, gzis dasasruli.
me TviTon ar var mxatvari, magram davin-
teresdi ori cnobili niu-iorkeli abstraq-
cionisti mxatvris azriT jasper jonsze,
erTma Tqva: `Tu es ferweraa, maSin sjobs
Tavi davanebo~; meorem ki sinanuliT Tqva:
`ras izam, me jerac ocnebiT vcxovrob~.
 leo stainbergi
igic grZnobda, rom saukunovani ocneba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo an SeiZleba yofiliyo
ferwera, uazrod iqna msxverplad gaRebuli
axalgazrda kacis mier, romelic SesaZloa
metismetad sulswrafi an upativcemulo iyo
imisTvis, rom jerac eocneba. yvelaferi es
Zalian hgavda bodleris gancdebs kurbesTan
dakavSirebiT, TiTqos man bolo mouRo war-
mosaxvas.
arada am suraTebze fiqri ar masveneb-
da, kvlav da kvlav vubrundebodi maT. da
nel-nela raRac gadmovida Cemze _ martooba
ufro Zlieri, vidre odesme menaxa miusafro-
bis amsaxvel suraTebSi. nawarmoebSi `mizani
saxeebiT~ me vigrZeni faseulobaTa ucnauri
Senacvleba. yovlad ugono arahumanurobiT
an ganurCevlobiT, cocxali da aracocxa-
li gaTanabrebuli iqna. CamokveTili saxe,
gamravlebuli, dabrmavebuli, oTxjer ga-
meorebuli samiznis gugis upirovno mzeris
zemoT. samiznis guga da brma saxeebi _ Tum-
ca dapirispirebulni TiTqos SemTxveviT an
208
CveviT, raime gamoxatuli mizandasaxulobis
gareSe. TiTqos is faseulobani, romlebsac
saxisTvis unda mieniWebina meti simZafre
an meti gamomsaxveloba, aRarc arsebobdes;
TiTqos isini, visac SeeZlo daecva an mieni-
Webina es faseulobani, arc iyvnen iqve.
Semdeg moxda meore inversia. me daviwye
imaze fiqri, Tu ra iyo sinamdvileSi samiz-
ne da davaskveni, rom samizne SeiZleba arse-
bobdes mxolod rogorc wertili sivrceSi _
`iq~, siSoreSi. magram jasper jonsis samizne
yovelTvis `aq~ aris; is avsebs mTel arsebul
zedapirs. man dakarga Tavisi mkacrad gamo-
xatuli `iq-auroba~. mere davfiqrdi adamia-
nis saxezec da sawinaaRmdego daskvnamde mi-
vedi. saxes ara aqvs azri, Tu igi ar aris `aq~.
distanciaze SeiZleba davinaxoT adamianis
sxeuli, Tavi, profilic ki. magram imav wams,
rogorc raRac sagans aRviqvamT rogorc sa-
xes, igi ukve aRar aris obieqti, aramed or-
mxrivi urTierTgacnobierebis erTi polusi;
mas, iseve rogorc Cven sakuTar saxes, gaaC-
nia absoluturi `aq yofna~. raRa Tqma unda,
jasper jonsis, `saxeebiani samizne~ warmog-
vidgens ucnaur inversias, vinaidan samiz-
nes romelic distanciaze unda arsebobdes,
mieniWa yvela SesaZlebeli `aq yofna~, maSin
roca saxeebi Taroze iqna Semodebuli.
da kvlav vigrZeni, rom im kategoriebis
gaTanabrebam, romlebic sivrcis subieqturi
niSansvetebia, Semoitana sruliad ar-adami-
anuri xedvis kuTxe. TiTqos subieqturma
cnobierebam, romelsac erTaderTs SeuZlia
misces azri `aq~ da `iq~ cnebebs, Sewyvita ar-
seboba.
da mxolod mere gamokrTa azri, rom
jasper jonsis yvela suraTi warmoSobda
SegrZnebas miusafari molodinisa. kedlis-
ken mibrunebuli tilo TiTqos elodeba,
rom vinmem moatrialos, ujra elodeba rom
vinmem gamowios, gamkvrivebuli droSa ki
ras elodeba _ aRiarebas Tu aRmarTvas? sa-
mizneebi ki cxadia, elian gasrolas. jonsma
Seasrula erTi suraTi, sarkmelze Camoweu-
li fardiT, romelic, rogorc yvela farda,
elodeba awevas. carieli sakidi elodeba,
rom vinmes samosi daakidon. es rigebad mo-
wesrigebuli asoebi elodeba, rom raime si-
tyva gamoTqvan, xolo ricxvebi, Carigebuli
rogorc saangariSoze, elis Sejamebas. is Ta-
baSiris niRbebic ki ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos
raRac mizniT droebiT Seawyves Taroze. da
miuxedavad amisa, roca uyureb am nivTebs,
uciloblad ici, rom maTi dro gavida, rom
aRaraferi moxdeba, rom fardas aravin awevs,
rom is ricxvebi ar Seikribeba, da sakidze ar
dakideben samoss.
yvela am nawarmoebSi adamianis Tema ub-
ralod ignorirebuli ki ar aris, rogorc,
mag., abstraqcionizmSi, aramed iqmneba SegrZ-
neba misi aryofnisa, da _ rac amas yovelTvis
gansakuTrebiT mtanjvels xdis _ adamianis
ar arsebobisa adamianis mierve Semqnil ga-
remoSi. da bolos, jasper jonsis suraTebma
CemSi aRZres igive grZnoba, rasac gamoiwvev-
da mkvdari qalaqi _ oRond SemaZrwuneblad
nacnobi mkvdari qalaqi. darCa mxolod sag-
nebi _ kacis xelqmnili niSnebi, romlebic
adamianebis aryofnaSi iqca sagnebad. jonsma
winaswar igrZno maTi mitovebuloba.

amgvari gancdebi dameufla jasper jon-
sis suraTebis Tvalierebisas. axla ki kiTxve-
bis mTeli rigisa da erTgvari SeSfoTebis wi-
naSe var.
is, rac me vTqvi _ marTlac arsebobda am
suraTebSi Tu me STavikiTxe maTSi? eTanxmeba
ki es mxatvris ganzraxvas? emTxveva ki is sxva
adamianebis STabeWdilebebs, rac damarwmu-
nebda Cemi SegrZnebebis sisworeSi? ar vici.
me vxedav, rom es suraTebi arc maincdamainc
hgavs xelovnebas, romelic mowodebuli iyo
gacilebiT ufro rTuli problemebis gadas-
awyvetad. me arc is vici, saerTod ganekuTv-
neba Tu ara isini xelovnebas, diadia isini,
an kargi, an gaizrdeba Tu ara maTi fasi. da
rac ki ram gamocdileba mimiRia ferweris-
gan warsulSi, TiTqos ki ar mexmareba, ara-
med mabrkolebs. me mowodebuli var Seva-
faso esTetikuri Rirebuleba, mag., tiloze
miwebebuli ujrisa. magram arafers, rac ki
odesme minaxavs, ar SeuZlia maswavlos, ro-
gor unda gakeTdes es. me marto var amis wi-
naSe, da me unda Sevafaso igi xelmisawvdomi
standartebis gareSe. Rirebuleba, romelsac
me mivakuTvneb am suraTebs, iqneba Cemi sa-
kuTari gambedaobis gamocda. aq me SeiZleba
gamovarkvio, ramdenad mzad var gavuZlo da-
pirispirebas axal gamocdilebasTan. rwmenas, Tanac ar iZleva momavali sazRauris
iqneb metismetad analitikurobiT ga-
vurbivar mas? iqneb Cumad yurs vugdeb saub-
rebs? iqneb vcdilob am xelovnebaSi danaxu-
li garkveuli mniSvnelobebis formulirebas
_ isini imisTvis xom ar Seqmnila, rom gamic-
xadon raRac Cemi Tavis Sesaxeb, Tu es avTen-
turi gamocdilebaa?
am kiTxvebs bolo ar uCans, da maTze pa-
suxi ar iZebneba Cvens dagrovebul gamocdi-
lebaSi. es erTgvari TviTanalizia, romlis-
kenac gibiZgebs axali xateba, da risTvisac
me madlobeli var. me vrCebi aRelvebuli
yoymanis mdgomareobaSi am mxatvrobisgan,
am mxatvrobis da Cems gamo, da mgonia, rom
es kargia. me naklebad mjera im adamianebis,
vinc Cveulebisamebr, rogorc ki ixilaven xe-
lovnebis axal nawarmoebs, zustad ician, ra
aris didebuli da ra iarsebebs didxans.
leo stainbergi
Tanamedrove xelovneba yovelTvis ga-
nacxadebs Tavs im gardamaval zonaSi, sa-
dac Rirebulebani ar aris dafiqsirebuli.
igi yovelTvis mRelvarebaSi ibadeba, yovel
SemTxvevaSi sezanis mere. pikasom erTxel
Tqva, rom is rac mniSvnelovania CvenTvis se-
zanSi, mis suraTebze metadac ki, aris misi
aRelvebuloba. me mgonia, rom Tanamedrove
xelovnebis funqcia aris swored am aRel-
vebis gadacema mnaxvelisTvis, ise, rom misi
Sexvedra nawarmoebTan _ yovel SemTxvevaSi,
vidre es nawarmoebi axalia, _ WeSmaritad
egzistenciuri viTareba iyos. kirkegoris
RmerTis msgavsad, nawarmoebi TiTqos gvdev-
nis Tavisi agresiuli absurdulobiT, imgva­
rad, rogorc jasper jonsi warmomidga me
ramdenime wlis win. igi moiTxovs gadawyve-
tilebas, romelSic Tqven aRmoaCenT raRac
Tqvens sakuTar Tvisebas; da es gadawyveti-
leba yovelTvis aris `rwmenis naxtomi~, Tu
gamoviyenebT kirkegoris cnobil termins.
msgavsad kierkegoris RmerTisa, romelic ab-
209
ramisgan moiTxovs msxverpls yovelgvari mo-
raluri standartebis darRveviT; msgavsad
kierkegoris RmerTisa, suraTi Cans ram des-
poturi, mkacri, iracionaluri; iTxovs Cvens
dapirebas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tanamed-
rove originaluri xelovnebis bunebaSia war-
moaCinos Tavis Tavi, rogorc saSiSi riski.
da Cven, `publika~, xelovanTa CaTvliT, unda
vamayobdeT, rom varT am rTul viTarebaSi,
vinaidan sxva araferi mogveCveneboda realo-
basTan ufro axlos myofad. xelovneba xom,
bolos da bolos, cxovrebis sarke unda iyos.
me vkiTxulobdi `gamosvlaTa~, me-16
Tavs, sadac aRwerilia mananas gardamosvla
udabnoSi, da momeCvena, rom es Zalian axloa
am sakiTxTan.
`xolo ganTiad iqmna dacxromai cuarisai
garemos banakis, da aha, pirsa zeda udabnosa-
sa mwulili, viTarc qinZis marcuali spetaki,
viTarca myinvari queyanas zeda. xolo ixiles
ra ZeTa israelsa hrqua moyuasman moyuassa:
raÁ ars ese? rameT da ara uwyodes rai iyo.
 leo stainbergi

xolo mose Tqua maTda mimarT, ese puri, ro- LEO STEINBERG
mel mogvca Tquen ufalman Wamad... Sekribed
kacad kacadman misgan, raoden jer iyos....
da yves esreT ZeTa israeliTa da Sekribes, CONTEMPORARY ART AND
romelmanme friadi, da romelmanme mciredi, THE PLIGHT OF ITS PUBLIC
da aRwyes Romori da ara dahmatda friadsa
da mciredsa ara daaklda... aramed dauteves
Summary
vieTme misgani ganTiadmde, da gardaeca mat-
Leo Steinberg is one of the most distinguished and fa-
li da ayrolda…
mous historians of Art in 20th century. The field of his
da saxel-sdves ZeTa israelisaTa saxeli
research activity was mainly Italian Renaissance (in-
misi manana, xolo iyo viTarca Tesli qinZis
cluding representations of the Face of Christ in art);
spetaki da gemoi misi viTarca kipruWi Tafl-
also he paid attention to the research of the modern
sa Sina, da Tqua mose: ... aRavseT Romuri ma-
art, especially to the work of such painters, as Picasso,
nanaiTa dasamarxvelad naTesavisTvis Tqueni-
Johns, De Kooning, Klein, Pollok and others were; de-
sa, raTa ixilon puri, romeli SeWameT Tquen
termination of evaluation criteria and approaches for
udabnosa zeda,... da dadva ahron winaSe sawa-
the modern art developments and works he considered
meblis dasamarxvelad...~
as an important issues.
am adgilamde rom mivedi, Sevwyvite kiTx-
The presented letter of Leo Steinberg which is
va da vifiqre, raoden magonebda Tanamedrove
based on lecture which was read at the Museum of
xelovneba am mananas; ara mxolod imitom, rom
Modern Art, New York in 1960, was firstly published in
RmerTis naboZia, anda imitom rom udabnos
Harper’s Magazine in March, 1962, then was included
sakvebia, an imitom rom veravis gaego ra iyo
210

in collection published in 1972 `Other Criteria~ (Leo

igi _ `ara uwyodes, raÁ iyo~, arc imitom, rom
Steinberg. Other Criteria, Oxford University Press,
nawili imTaviTve, muzeumSi iyo daunjebuli
London-Oxford-New-York, 1972).
_ `dasamarxvelad naTesavisTvis Tquenisa,
raTa ixilon...~, arc imitom, rom misi gemo
saidumlod rCeba, vinaidan sityvebi `kipru-
Wi Taflsa Sina~ faqtiurad gaucnobierebe-
li mixvedraa. es ebrauli sityva sxvagan ar
gvxvdeba Zvel literaturaSi da aravin icis,
sinamdvileSi ras niSnavs. legenda ki ambobs,
rom manana yvelas im gemosi eCveneboda, rac
TviTon surda; Tumca is garedan movida, misi
gemo TviT kacis qmnileba iyo.
axal xelovnebasTan analogia yvelaze
metad ganmimtkica am brZanebam _ yoveldRe
SeegrovebinaT igi, Sesatyvisad moTxovnile-
bisa, da ar gadaenaxaT, rogorc qoneba an in-
vesticia momavalSi, raTa yoveli dRis Seg-
roveba rwmenis aqtad eqciaT.

werili Targmna mariam didebuliZem

 leo stainbergi

1. anri matisi. sicocxlis sitkboebani, 1906 w.

Henri Matisse. Joy of Life, 1906

211

2. pablo pikaso. avinioneli qaliSvilebi, 1907 w.

Pablo Picasso. The Young Ladies of Avignon, 1907
 leo stainbergi

3. marsel diuSami. SiSveli figura, romelic

212

kibeze Camodis, 1912 w.

Marcel Duchamp. Nude Descending a Staircase, 1912

4. jasper jonsi. samizne, 1955 w.

Jasper Johns. Target, 1955