TinaTin virsalaZe

mxatvar miqael maRlakelis

freskuli mxatvroba macxvariSSi *

*
Targmani Sesrulebulia TinaTin virsalaZis SromaTaA krebulSi gamoqveynebuli
teqstis mixedviT; ix.: Фресковая роспись художника Микаела Маглакели в Мацхвариши, Грузинская
средневековая монументальная живопись. Избранные труды, Тб., 2007, gv. 145-224; naSromis pirveli
publikaciisTvis, ix.: Ars Georgica, t. 4, Tb., 1955, gv. 169-232 (mTargmn.).
 zemo svaneTma, Tavisi SedarebiTi miudgomlobis wyalobiT
aridebulma mtris Semosevebs, romelTac araerTxel gauveranebiaT
saqarTvelos centraluri raionebi, Suasaukunovani xelovnebis ZeglTa
didi raodenoba Semoinaxa.
kavkasionisa da svaneT-imereTis qedebs Soris moqceuli am Soreuli
raionis mTiani xeobebi dRemde inaxavs, saero da sakulto
xuroTmoZRvrebis mravalricxovan ZeglebTan erTad, Wedurobisa da
monumenturi mxatvrobis uamrav SesaniSnav nawarmoebs, romelnic Sua
saukuneebis svaneTis maRali mxatvruli kulturis mowmobaa da qarTuli
xelovnebis istoriisTvis mdidar masalas warmoadgens.
svaneTis moxatulobani gamorCeul interess aRZravs ara marto
Tavisi siuxviT (SemorCenili moxatulobebis raodenobiT, mestiis raions
erT-erTi upirvelesi adgili uWiravs saqarTvelos sxva raionebs Soris),
aramed mravalferovnebiTac. maTi ganviTareba drois xangrZliv periods,
X-XVII saukuneebs, iTvlis da maT Soris mokrZalebuli, xandaxan lamisaa
rusuli lubokis tipis freskebic moipoveba da brwyinvale, artistulad
Sesrulebuli xelovnebis nawarmoebebic.
nagebobaTa Sida moxatulobebis garda, SemorCenilia mravali
freska taZarTa gare kedlebzec; sakulto gamosaxulobebTan erTad
Semoinaxa saero Sinaarsis calkeuli freskebi da qtitorTa
portretebic. freskuli warwerebi, rig SemTxvevaSi, Seicavs zust
cnobebs am moxatulobaTa TariRis, maT SemoqmedTa da damkveTTa
vinaobis Sesaxeb da xandaxan naTelsac ki hfens feodaluri saqarTvelos
cxovrebis zogierT saintereso socialur Tu yofiT garemoebas.
svaneTis moxatulobaTa sistematuri Seswavla Seavsebs Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli mxatvrobis istorias da dagvexmareba win wavwioT
Cveni qveynis mdidari mxatvruli memkvdireobis aTvisebis mniSvnelovani
amocanis gadawyveta.

raionuli centris, mestiis, qvemoT, lenjeris soflsabWos * iqiT,

ganlagebulia latalis soflsabWo, romelic aerTianebs rig soflebs,
uwin amave saxelwodebis TemSi rom Sedioda. enguris xeoba aq arcTu
farTo dablobs qmnis, tyiani mTebiT garSemortymuls, romelTa miRma
zemo svaneTis momzRudavi qedebis Tovliani mwvervalebi moCans.
gzis erT-erT mosaxvevs rom gacdebiT, Tvalwin sami gorakis
cxovelxatuli xedi gadageSlebaT; yovel maTgans darbazuli eklesia
agvirgvinebs, gars ki maT ZirSi ganlagebuli saxlebi da koSkebi ertymis.
kidev ufro maRla, mTis ferdobze pawia TeTri Eeklesia moCans, mis iqiT
ki, mTebs Soris Sor gasaxedSi, Soreuli mTebis ferdobebze
ganlagebuli aseTive eklesiebi da soflebi ilandeba.

*
sabWoTa periodSi soflad administraciuli dayofis erTeuli (mTargm).
2
 latalis sam eklesiaTagan erTi, gzispira kldeze aRmarTuli,
macxvaris (macxovris) saxelobisaa, ris gamoc garemomcvel sofels
macxvariSi ewodeba.
macxvariSis eklesia svaneTisTvis Cveul darbazul tips
miekuTvneba. garSemosavleli, romelic Tavdapirvelad sami mxridan
ekvroda eklesias, amJamad mxolod samxreTiTaa SemorCenili *.
Tavad eklesiis Sida sivrce farTo da xalvaTia. viwro mxriTa da
sakmaod maRali soleaTi gamoyofili afsida farTod iSleba taZrisken.
kolofa kamara erT sabjen TaRs eyrdnoba. misi mzidi pilÁastrebidan
grZiv kedlebze TaRebis ori wyvilia gadatyorcnili. momcro
sarkmlebidan erTi sakurTxevelSia gaWrli, erTi – samxreT kedelSi,
aRmosavleTi kedlis TaRis qveS, erTi dasavleTi kedlis lÁunetSi da
erTic kamaris samxreT ferdze, samxreT-dasavleTi kedlis TaRis zemoT.
eklesiaSi sami SesasvleliT vxvdebiT: dasavleTi, samxreTi da
CrdiloeTi mxridan. samxreTi da CrdiloeTi kari erT RerZzea gaWrili.
Zveli kankeli aRar arsebobs, igi XIX saukunis maRali ikonostasiT
Secvales **.
SigniT mTeli eklesia moxatulia da, Tumca moxatulobis
daculoba araerTgvarovania, igi srulad ikiTxeba. sakurTxevelSi
ganTavsebulia gamosaxulebani Temaze “qriste didebiTa” – konqSi
vedrebaa, kedlebze gaSlilia sruli taniT mdgom Tormet mociqulTa
rigi, romlis kideebSi welzeiT winaswarmetyvelni arian gamosaxulni,
xolo centrSi, sarkmlis Tavze, jvaria.
taZarSi moxatuloba sam registradaa ganlagebuli. gadasaxuri
sivrcis sifarTovisa gamo, kamaris farTobi didia da ori zeda registri
kamaris ferdebzea dateuli, mesame – eklesiis kedlebzea gaSlili.
zeda or registrze saxarebis ciklis scenebia ganTavsebuli. zemoT
– oTxi didi kompoziciaa: “xareba”, “Soba”, “mirqma” da “feriscvaleba”,
qvemoT – “naTlisReba”, “lazares aRdgineba” da “jvarcma”. dasavleTi
kedlis lÁunetSi – “amaRleba” da “ierusalemad Sesvla”. mesame, kedlis
registrze Tavsdeba wmindanTa da qtitorTa calkeuli gamosaxulebani.
ori wminda mxedari moTavsebulia dasavleT kedelze, mesame – gverdiT,
samxreT kedelze. mis pirdapir, CrdiloeT kedelze, dasavleTi kedlis
TaRis qveS, gamosaxulia jgufuri saqtitoro portreti. aRmosavleTi
kedlis TaRis qveS – wminda dedaTa gamosaxulebania da meore saqtitoro
portreti **. kedlebze Tavsdeba agreTve mxatvris warwerebic. mxatvroba,
rogorc Cans, sekos teqnikiTaa 1 Sesrulebuli. baTqaSis fena, umTavresad,
moxatulobis qveda nawilSi dazianda, Tumca calkeuli amonatexi

*
gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi nawilobriv aRdgenil iqna garSemosavleli eklesiis
dasavleT nawilSi (mTargmn.).
**
2014 wels igi Seicvala adgilobrivi ostatis, suramianis mier Sesrulebuli qvis
kankeliT (mTargm.).
**
igulisxmeba samx. kedlis aRm. TaRSi warmodgenili kvirike mamasaxlisis portreti
(mTargm).
1
freskul mxatvrobaSi baTqaSis calkeul monakveTTa SemaerTebeli nakerebi aq arsad
aRmoCnda.
3
adgilebi sxvaganac gvxvdeba. ferweruli fena aqa-iq gadarecxilia,
umTavresad, kamaris dasavleT nawilSi, sadac gamosaxulebani, ZiriTadad,
mosamzadebeli naxatis donezeRaa SemorCenili. garda amisa, svaneTis
mravali freskis msgavsad, macxvariSis moxatuloba Wvartlisgan
dazianda. yvelaze metad ferebi Camuqebulia samxreTi Sesasvlelis
Tavze, romliTac vxvdebiT garSemosavlelSi, sadac kocons aCaRebdnen
da sarkmlis RiobebSi, saidanac eklesiaSi dagrovebuli kvamli gareT
gadioda. feris deformacia, mravali Zveli moxatulobisTvis Cveuli,
rogorc Cans, WvartliT gaZlierebuli, moxatulobis zogierT nawilsac
Seexo. bevr adgilas Savi naxati CamoiSala da naTeli xazebi darCa, rac
gamosaxulebaTa erTgvari negativiseburobis STabeWdilebas qmnis. igive
daemarTa warweraTa umravlesobas, magram, dazianebuli monakveTebis
gverdigver, SemorCenilia sruliad cincxali, TiTqos xeluxlebeli
nawilebi, romlebic srul warmodgenas iZleva stilsa da weris maneraze.
sxvebze ukeT mxatvroba Semonaxulia sakurTxevelsa da dasavleT
kedelze. moxatulobis kvali eklesiis gare kedlebzecaa SemorCenili *.
macxvariSis freskul mxatvrobas, gansakuTrebiT ki mis istoriul
gamosaxulebebs, ukve miupyria mecnierTa yuradReba, romelTac svaneTi
misi Zeglebis Seswavlis mizniT mounaxulebiaT da, miuxedavad imisa, rom
umravles svanur moxatulobaTa msgavsad, igi aqamde araTu Seswavlili,
aRwerilic ki ar aris – am mkvlevarT, romelTac moxatuloba da misi
warwerebi ukeTesad daculi ixiles, unda umadlodes mecniereba
zogierT faseul monacems.
jer kidev p. uvarovam, romelic zemo svaneTs 1895 wels ewvia,
miaqcia yuradReba freskebs macxvariSSi da sinanuliT aRniSna, rom isini
Zlieraa gaWvartluli; qveda sartyelze warmodgenil figurebs samefo
da Tavadur SesamoselSi – misi varaudiT SeeZlo “garkveulad naTeli
moefinaT bindiT moculi da areul-dareuli TqmulebebisTvis svaneTze,
aq mosaxleobis gaCenaze, xalxze da im rolze, romelsac igi TamaSobda
saqarTvelos mTlianad aRebul istoriaSi” 2. magram am gamosaxulebebSi
garkvevas uvarova ar cdila.
1910 wels macxvariSi moinaxula prof. eq. TayaiSvilma. leCxumsa da
svaneTSi eqspediciis bevrad gvian gamoqveynebul masalebSi 3 TayaiSvili
uTiTebs macxvariSis moxatulobas, aseve aRniSnavs, is gaWvartluli
ariso da CamoTvlis zogierT, ukeT SemorCenil gamosaxulebas
sakurTxevelSi. mecnieris gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro orma
kompoziciam taZris CrdiloeT kedelze – “angelozi gvirgvins adgams wm.
ekaterines” da “angelozi gvirgvins adgams mefe demetres”. man waikiTxa

*
amJamad safasado mxatvroba, praqtikulad, daRupulia. n. aladaSvilisa da a. volskaÁas
Tanaxmad, SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT, g. WeiSvilma samxreTi fasadis zeda
nawilSi cxra naxevarfigurisgan Semdgari "vedrebis rigis" arsebobis dadastureba
SesZlo. ix.: Н. Аладашвили, А. Вольская, Фасадные росписи Верхней Сванети (X-XVII вв.), Ars Georgica, 9
A, Tb., 1987, gv. 118 (mTargmn.).
2
Материалы по археологии Кавказа, Х, М., 1904, gv. 69.
3
eq. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi 1910 wels, par., 1937, gv. 349-
351.
4
am gamosaxulebaTa Tanmxlebi warwerebi, aseve, ori sxva warwerac.
warwerebis alag-alag arazusti wakiTxva, rogorc Cans, maTi cudi
daculobiT aixsneba da imiTac, rom gaWvartlul warwerebs garkveuli
gawmenda esaWiroeboda. winasityvaobaSi avtori uTiTebs mefe demetres
mefed kurTxevis scenas, rogorc svaneTis erT-erT usainteresoes
freskas 4. teqnikuri mizezebis gamo, TayaiSvilma ver SesZlo
moxatulobis fotogadaReba . 5

saqarTvelos muzeumis * eqspediciam, romelic svaneTSi 1931 wels

imyofeboda, gadaiRo qtitoruli portretis, afsidis konqis
moxatulobisa da wm. ekaterinesTvis gvirgvinis dadgmis scenis fotoebi 6.
p. ingoroyvas mier Seswavlili moxatulobis epigrafikuli masala jer
ar gamoqveynebula 7.
1946 wlis zafxulSi, zemo svaneTis sxva ZeglebTan erTad,
macxvariSis eklesias gaecno saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis ** eqspedicia. maSinve dadga
moxatulobis sagangebo Seswavlisa da fiqsaciis aucileblobis sakiTxi,
rac ganxorcielda kidec eqspediciis wevrebis mier 1947 wels.
moxatuloba aRiwera da srulad fotofiqsirebul iqna, agreTve
Sesrulda ori asli da ori feradi Canaxati 8.
Semdgomi kvlevis Casatareblad, winamdebare naSromis avtori kidev
orjer ewvia macxvariSs – 1948 wlis Semodgomas da 1952 wlis zafxuls.
1948 wels, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis i. javaxiSvilis
sax. istoriis institutis *** II samecniero sesiaze Cvens mier wakiTxul
iqna moxseneba – “demetre I-is mefed kurTxevis gamosaxuleba macxvariSis
eklesiaSi” 9. ****

4
eq. TayaiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 4-5.
5
eq. TayaiSvili aRniSnavs, rom, misi TxovniT, mxatvarma eisnerma, mogvianebiT, Seasrula
freskebis Semcirebuli aslebi, romlebic Semdgom saqarTvelos saistorio da
saeTnografio sazogadoebis muzeumSi inaxeboda. samwuxarod, maTi mikvleva SeuZlebeli
aRmoCnda.
*
amJamad saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumi (mTargm).
6
negativebi (13 x 18) saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis (amJamad saqarTvelos
erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis sax. saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumi) fotoTekaSi
inaxeba.
7
ix. eqspediciis angariSi saqarTvelos muzeumis moambeSi (saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe,
VII, 1931, 1932, gv. 344-350). ori istoriuli warwera macxvariSidan, p. ingoroyvas
wakiTxviT, mogvianebiT gamoqveynebul iqna T. yauxCiSvilis mier (berZnuli warwerebi
saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1951, gv. 37).
**
amJamad g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis
erovnuli kvleviTi centri (mTargm).
8
taZari aizoma ufrosi mecnier TanamSromlis, l. rCeuliSvilis mier. moxatuloba
gadaRebul iqna ufrosi mecnier TanamSromlis, v. cincaZis mier. aslebi Seasrula
mxatvarma t. SevÁakovam, xolo Canaxatebi – winamdebare naSromis avtorma.
***
amJamad iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iv. javaxiSvilis
istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti (mTargm).
9
ix.: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis
institutis II samecniero sesiis Tezisebi, Tb., 1948 w.
****
mogviano publikaciebisTvis, ix.: Т. Вирсаладзе, Основные этапы развития грузинской
средневековой монументальной живописи,qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili II saerTaSoriso
simpoziumi, Tb., 1977, igive, Sesuli T. virsalaZis SromaTa krebulSi Избранные Труды, Тб.,
5
2007, gv. 10-24; А. Вольская, Живописные школы среднвековой Грузии, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi
miZRvnili II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1977; Н. Аладашвили, Композиция алтарной конхи в
живописи Сванети, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb.,
1983; Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Росписи художника Тевдоре в Верхней Сванетии, Тб.,
1966, maTive, Живописная школа Верхней Сванети, Тб., 1983; Н. Аладашвили, А. Вольская, Фасадные
росписи Верхней Сванети, Ars Georgica, 9-A, Tb., 1987, gv. 94-120; T. Velmans, L'image de la Deesis dans les
églises de Géorgie et dans celles d'autres régions du monde byzantine, Cahiers Archéologiques, 29, 1980-1981, gv.
47-102, igive Setanili t. velmansis SromaTa krebulSi L'art médieval de l'Orient chrétien, Sofia,
2001, gv. 33-76; r. yenia, n. aladaSvili, zemo svaneTi. Sua saukuneebis xelovneba.
gzamkvlevi, Tb., 2000, gv. 84-86; Р. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии, Тб.,
1962; m. yenia, adreuli tradicia XII saukunis svanTis moxatulobebSi, Zeglis megobari,
1(96), 1977, gv. 25-39, misive, General Concept of the 12th and 14th Century Murals in Upper Svaneti,
ΛΑΜΠΗΔΩΝ, Athens, 2003, t. 1, gv. 383-394, misive, zemo svaneTi. Suasaukunovani kedlis
mxatvroba, Tb., 2010 (mTargm.).
6
 1

CrdiloeT kedelze, or samkuTxa monakveTze aRmosavleTi kedlis

TaRis aqeT-iqiT, SemorCenilia mxatvris ori warwera, romelic,
moxatulobis sxva warwerebis msgavsad, asomTavruliTaa Sesrulebuli.
sakurTxevelTan yvelaze axlo myofi warwera sruladaa Semonaxuli.
“asomTavruli”
“moixata saydari ese mefobasa demetresa welsa ie ÃeliTa miqael
maR(l)akelisaTa” 10
imave CrdiloeT kedelze, rogorc aRiniSna, ganTavsebulia jgufuri
qtitoruli portreti, romlis centraluri figuraa “mefeT mefe
demetre”, rogorc amas mowmobda (aw ukve aRararsebuli) warwera, 1910
wels TayaiSvilis mier wakiTxuli 11. eWvgareSea, rom swored es mefe
ixsenieba mxatvris warweraSic.
istoria am saxelis matarebel oTx qarTvel mefes icnobs. ori
maTgani, dasavleT saqarTvelos mefeni, romelnic mefobdnen – erTi, XI
saukuneSi, meore ki X-Si, “mefed mefed” ar iwodebodnen – es wodeba
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi Sedioda 12. am
ukanasknelTa Soris, cnobilia demetre I (1125-1154), Ze daviT IV
aRmaSeneblisa da demetre II (1272-1289), Ze daviT V-sa.
TayaiSvili, romelic indiqtions kiTxulobda rogorc
asomTavruli, e.i., rogorc me-17-e wels, moxatulobas miakuTvnebs demetre
I-is xanas, iqidan gamomdinare, rom Ddemetre II-s sruli 17 weli ar
umefia.
magram am daskvnis sasargeblod sxva mosazrebebis moyvanac
SeiZleba. jer erTi, Zneli dasaSvebia, rom demetre II-is portreti
gamoesaxaT dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erT eklesiaSi, iq, sadac im dros
daviT narini mefobda. meorec, portreti, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT,
rogorc amaze qvemoT iqneba saubari, garkveuli istoriuli

10
eq. TayaiSvili warweras odnav gansxvavebulad kiTxulobs: “moixata saydari ese
mefobasa demetresa: ix: ÃeliTa miqel maR . . . aflaZisaTa” (eq. TayaiSvili,
arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi . . . gv. 350). warweris kiTxvasaxvaoba mxatvris
saxelisa da indiqtionis amokiTxvas exeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom indiqtionis meore aso
asomTavruli, dazianebis gamo, advilad SeiZleboda miCneuliyo asomTavruli asod.
Cveni wakiTxva p. ingoroyvas wakiTxvas emTxveva, im sityvis gamoklebiT, romelic Zalze
wvrili asoebiTaa Cawerili striqonebs Soris da advilad SeiZleboda dasxltomoda
mis yuradRebas (T. yauxCiSvili, berZnuli warwerebi . . . gv. 37). am warweris, iseve
rogorc macxvariSis moxatulobaSi SemorCenili sxva mniSvnelovani warwerebis
mogviano publikaciisTvis, ix.: svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi (X-XVIII ss.), t. II.
epigrafikuli Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi da samecniero-
sacnobaro aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb., 1988, gv. 42-48; 75-80 (mTargm.).
11
eq. TayaiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 350.
12
garda amisa, saqtitoro portretis Tanmdevi meore warweridan, romelzec qvemoT
iqneba saubari, cxadi xdeba, rom “ mefeT mefe demetre” iyo Ze daviTisa, maSin roca
afxazeTis mefeTagan demetre I iyo Ze leonisa (matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba.
ana dedofliseuli nusxa, red. s. yauxCiSvili, Tb., 1941, gv. 164), xolo demetre II – Ze
giorgisa (iqve, gv. 1744).
7
ceremonialis gamosaxulebas warmoadgens, XIII saukunis miwurulamde
bevrad adre rom gadavarda, im droisaTvis anaqronizmi iqneboda.
aRniSnuli mosazrebebis safuZvelze, moxatuloba unda mivakuTvnoT
demetre I-is mefobis me-15-e wels, e.i., 1140 wels. rogorc qvemoT
davinaxavT, moxatulobis stilisturi mxare am daskvnas srulad
adasturebs.
jgufuri qtitoruli portreti, CrdiloeTi kedlis dasavleT
ubeSi ganTavsebuli, SedarebiT rigianadaa SemorCenili, Tumca, alag-
alag feradovani Sre dazianda, gansakuTrebiT, kompoziciis qveda
nawilSi, ris gamoc personaJTa terfebi ar Semonaxula. yvelaze metad,
feris Zlieri deformaciis gamo, saxeebia dazianebuli.
TaRSi Cawerili kompoziciis centrSi gamosaxulia mefe demetres
didroni figura, vedrebad mdgomi qristes gamosaxulebis winaSe,
romelic scenis zeda marjvena kuTxeSia moTavsebuli. mefis Tavs
gvirgvini amkobs, maRali gvirgvinidan mxrebs Tma efineba. ganirCeva didi,
farTod gaxelili Tvalebi Seyrili warbebis qveS, swori cxviri,
energiulad gamoyvanili nestoebiT, ulvaSCamofarebuli patara tuCebi da
mokle, mosuli wveri, boloSi odnav gayofili. amJamad saxis toni
Zlieraa gamuqebuli, xolo Savi saRebavi, Tmaze SemorCenili, ulvaSsa da
wverze CamoiSala da mis qveS yviTeli feri gamoCnda, ris gamoc mefe
qeraTmianad gamoiyureba. aRniSnuli deformaciis miuxedavad,
gamosaxuleba, romelic, rogorc Cans, demetre I-is garkveul
individualur portretul niSnebs gadmoscemda, simkacrisa da
keTilSobilebis STabeWdilebas gviqmnis.
oqros (oqra) gvirgvini margalitebis rigebiT kvadratebadaa
dayofili, romlebSic kvadratulive, msxvili, nacrisfer-cisferi
Tvlebia Casmuli.
mefes muxlamde dasuli alublisferi Sesamoseli acvia, welSi
Zlier gamoyvanili da win Sekruli. amoWril gulispirsa da kalTas
mdidruli, moxdenilad ornamentirebuli arSia Semouyveba. imave
ornamentiTaa Semkuli samkuTxa gadanakecebi yelTan da samklaurebi.
mefis marjvena xels, idayvs zemoT, farTo, stilizebuli kufiuri
asoebiT ornamentirebuli samklaurebi evleba. yelTan moCans qveda
TeTri samosi; fexT – maRali yviTel-yavisferi mogvebi mosavs.
mefes welze arcTu ganieri qamari artyia, romelic Sedgenilia
viwro Sav Tasmaze akinZuli patara ovaluri da ufro momsxo mrgvali
vercxlis (nacrisferi) abzindebiT. qamarze mozrdili, swori, Sav
qarqaSiani xmali hkidia, oqros vadiTa da ornamentirebuli wveriT.
zemoT, marjvniv, mefisken qristes momcro naxevarfigura
gadmoxrila, romelic ganpyrobili xeliT akurTxebs mas. iqvea asoebi –
asomTavruli – ieso qriste. mefis marcxniv sruli taniT
mTavarangelozia gamosaxuli, aseve mefisken daxrili; is gawvdili
xeliT mis gvirgvins exeba – TiTqos mas gvirgvins adgamso. warwera

8
“gabriel”, amJamad ar-arsebuli, Tavis droze TayaiSvilis mier iqna
wakiTxuli 13.
qvemoT, mefis orsav mxares, ori mamakaci dgas. maTi figurebi, iseve
rogorc qristesa da mTavarangelozis figurebi, bevrad ufro mcire
masStabiTaa gamosaxuli, ase rom, maTi Tavebi mefis mxrebs ver wvdeba.
svaneTSi e. TayaiSvilis yofnis droisaTvis, am gamosaxulebaTa Tanmdevi
warwera, rogorc Cans, ukve fragmentirebuli yofila, radgan maSinac
SemorCenili iyo mxolod sityvebi “erisTavi” – erisTavTa erisTavi,
magram maTi saxelebi aRar iyo 14. amJamad aRarc es sityvebi Cans.
marcxniv (mayureblisgan) mdgomi erisTavT erisTavi mefiskenaa
daxrili, gawvdil xelSi misi qamris erTi bolo uWiravs, meore (mefis
zurgs ukan Setanil) xelSi, mas, rogorc Cans, qamris meore bolo
uWiravs. amgvarad, erisTavi TiTqos xmals Semoartyams mefes. marjvniv
mdgomi xelebgawvdili erisTavi aseve mefiskenaa daxrili da, TiTqos,
pirvel [erisTavs] exmareba. erisTavTa saxeebi Zlieraa dazianebuli,
bundad gairCeva didi Tvalebi, Seyrili warbebi, momrgvalebuli wverebi.
marcxena erisTavis saxeze SemorCenilia tuCebis kaSkaSa yirmizi da Savi
saRebavis kvali Tmaze. damaxasiaTebelia, rom erTi tipis mqone am saxeebs
individualuri niSnebic moepoveba.
erisTavTa qudebi Taviseburi formisaa. maRal, konusismagvar “cas”
Semovlebuli aweuli farflebiT, romlebic, etyoba, bewviT iyo
gawyobili. fexT maRali mogvebi mosavT. samosi imave Targisaa, rac mefis
Sesamoseli, oRond sxva ferisa – nacrisferi, wiTeli arSiiT, sayeloTi
da samklaurebiT. wvril welze maT viwro qamari aqvT Semortymuli
kvadratuli abzindebiT, magram qamarze xmali ar aris.
qvemoT, marcxniv, SemorCenilia Senobis zeda nawili, rac
Suasaukunovani xelovnebis pirobiT enaze imas niSnavs, rom scena
nagebobis SigniT mimdinareobs. arc ise maRali Senoba orqanoba
saxuraviT da sarkmliT kedelze, SesaZloa, darbazuli tipis eklesias
gamosaxavdes.
scenis marjvena kidesTan, erisTavis TavTan, ikiTxeba
fragmentirebuli 3-striqoniani warwera.
asomTavruli Ãrm(alsa)
asomTavruli abme(n)
asomTavruli daviTiss(a) erisTavn(i) 15

13
eq. TayaiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 350.
14
eq. TayaiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 350.
15
eq. TayaiSvili warweras kiTxulobda – “Ãrmalsa aymo daTrguna” (dasax. naSr., gv. 350).
Tavdapirvelad Cven savaraudod vkiTxulobdiT warweras, rogorc “Ãmlisa abma
daviTisagan”, e.i. daviTi abams xmals (demetres) da aRvniSnavdiT erTgvar Seusabamobas
scenis SinaarsTan (demetre I-is mefed kurTxevis gamosaxuleba macxvariSis eklesiaSi –
moxseneba wakiTxuli saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis
institutis II samecniero sesiaze, 1948 w-is 4 maiss, [xelnaweri]). warweris winamdebare
wakiTxvamde Cven mogvianebiT mivediT, 1948 w-is Semodgomas, adgilze misi gadamowmebis
Semdeg, p. ingoroyvas miTiTebiT, romelsac warwera 1931 w-s hqonda wakiTxuli,
risTvisac mas uRrmes madlobas movaxsenebT.
9
 amdenad, Cvens freskaze ori momentia gamosaxuli: mefes, qristesgan
kurTxeuls, gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo ori erisTavi xmals
Semoabams mas.
qarTul moxatulobebSi mefeni da samefo ojaxis wevrebi,
Cveulebriv, qristes an RmrTismSoblis winaSe vedrebad mdgomni
gamoixatebian da, amdenad, macxvariSis gamosaxuleba jer-jerobiT
unikaluria.
amasTan, mas moepoveba paralelebi bizantiur da romanul ZeglebSi,
marTalia, es paralelebi, umeteswilad, gamosaxulebis zeda nawils
exeba, maSin roca mis qveda nawils, e.i. xmlis Sebmis gamosaxulebas,
pirdapiri paralelebi ar gaaCnia, Tumca, azrobrivad igi SeiZleba
romanul xelovnebaSi arsebul zogierT gamosaxulebas SeeTanados.
gvirgvinis dadgmis gamosaxulebas bizantiur xelovnebaSi ormagi
sazrisi aqvs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi – esaa gmiris an wmindanis gandideba,
glorifikacia – motivi, romelic antikuri xelovnebidan iqna
SeTvisebuli. barberinis diptiqonze mxedari mefis figuras viqtoria
adgams gvirgvins 16, VI saukunis freskaze bauitSi wm. fiambamons, aseve
cxenze amxedrebuls, gvirgvins angelozi adgams, romelsac antikuri
viqtoriis tipi SerCenia 17. xandaxan martvils Tavad qriste adgams
gvirgvins, rogorc, magaliTad, wm. viqtoris mozaikaze milanSi 18 an wm.
feliciis miwisqveSa martiriumis freskaze 19.
es ZvelTaZveli motivi Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSic amotivtivdeba
xolme. mas vxedavT qalaq dmitrovis taZris XII saukunis xatze wm.
demetres gamosaxulebiT 20. wmindanis orsav mxares, zeda nawilSi
(mogvianebiT) miaxates gamosaxulebani macxovris naxevarfigurisa da
patara angelozisa, romelsac gvirgvini moaqvs. analogiur gamosaxulebas
vxvdebiT XV saukunis or novgorodul xatze ZleviTSemosili wm.
giorgis gamosaxulebiT 21. xolo Suasakunovan xelovnebaSive vxedavT am
Temis variants, rodesac wm. meomars gvirgvins angelozi ki ara, Tavad
qriste adgams: varZiis kldeSi nakveTi [taZris] XII saukunis miwurulis
moxatulobaSi, sarkmlebSi ganTavsebulia wm. meomarTa wyviledi
gamosaxulebani, romelTac qriste adgams gvirgvins. analogiur
gamosaxulebas vpoulobT jruWis fsalmunis (s. janaSias saxelobis
saqarTvelos muzeumis xelnaweri, H 1665, furceli 224 *) miniatÁurazec.
wmindanis glorifikaciis Tema TviT macxvariSis moxatulobaSicaa
warmodgenili. imav CrdiloeT kedelze, aRmosavleT naxevarTaRis qveS

16
Ebersolt J., Les arts sompuaires de Byzance, Par., 1923, gv. 6.
17
Diehl Ch., La peinture byzantine, Par., 1933, tab. IV2.
18
Grabar A., Martirium, II, Par., 1946, gv. 55.
19
iqve, gv. 55.
20
Анисимов, Домонгольский период древнерусской живописи, М., 1928, gv. 40.
21
Грищенко А., Русская икона как искусство живописи, Вопросы живописи, вып. 3, М., 1917, sur. gv-ze
180.
*
amJamad daculia k. kekeliZis sax. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (mTargm.).
10
gamosaxulia scena wm. ekaterinesTvis gvirgvinis dadgmisa, Tanmxlebi
warweriT:
asomTavruli
angel(oz)i gvir[g]vins dasdgams TaÂsa ekatirinas 22
kompoziciis centrSi, nagebobebis fonze gamosaxulia wm. ekaterine
– asomTavruli – w˜Á eka(tiri)na. misgan marjvniv wm. barbarea –
asomTavruli – w˜Á barbara. oriveni gamarTulni dganan, xelebi mkerdis
win aRupyriaT. TiTqosda haerSi mavali angelozis figura, Tavisi tipiT,
antikuri viqtoriis ZvelTaZvel tips imeorebs, maSin roca rusul
xatebze horizontalurad mfrinvali angelozebi Cveul bizantiur tips
asaxavs. macxvariSSi gamosaxulebani im angelozisa mefes da wm.
ekaterines gvirgvins rom adgams, sruliad identuria da orive scena
gverdigverd, cxadia, SemTxveviT rodia ganTavsebuli.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gvirgvinis dadgmis Tema, qristianuli
xelovnebis mier antikurobidan SeTvisebuli da Tavdapirvelad
glorifikaciis sazrisis matarebeli, SemdgomSi sxva, ufro konkretul
azrs iZens. satitulo furcelze barberinis xelnawerisa (vatikanis
biblioTeka, Gr. 572), romelsac S. dili XI saukunis miwuruls
miakuTvnebs, vxedavT imperatorsa da misi ojaxis wevrebis gamosaxulebas,
romelTac gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo akurTxebs maT zemoT
gamosaxuli qriste 23. analogiuri gamosaxuleba mocemulia XI saukunis
sinuri xelnaweris #364 miniatÁuraze, romelzec gamoxatulia
konstantine IX monomaxosi, zoÁa da Teodora, romelTac gvirgvins
qriste da ori angelozi adgamen 24. sofel graCanicas narTeqsSi, romlis
moxatuloba XIV saukunes miekuTvneba, gamosaxulni arian mefe Stefan
uroSi da dedofali simonida, romelTac gvirgvinebs ori angelozi
adgams 25.
sxva ZeglebSi angelozis gamosaxuleba ukugdebulia da mefes
gvirgvins Tavad qriste adgams; aseTia miniatÁura vatikanis xelnawerisa
(urbinos ganyofileba #2) 26, wm. ioane oqropiris xelnawerisa, sadac
gamosaxulia nikifore botoniati da misi Tanamecxedre, romelTac maT
Soris mdgomi qriste adgams gvirgvins 27. analogiuri gamosaxulebani
ganmeorebulia spilos Zvlis reliefebze, imperator romanozisa da misi
meuRlis, evdokias gamosaxulebiT 28; otonisa da Teofanas 29 da
konstantines 30 gamosaxulebiT; gertrudas kodeqsis miniatÁuraze didi

22
eq. TayaiSvili kiTxulobda – “angelozTa ufalma Cinsa (?) dasdga mas Tavsa
ekaterinas” (dasax. naSr., gv. 350).
23
Diehl Ch., La peinture byzantine, tab. XXXV.
24
Бенешевич, В. Н., Памятники Синая, gam. I, Л., 1925, tab. 30.
25
Кондаков, Н. П., Македония, СПб, 1909, nax. 146-147, gv. 206-207.
26
misive, Изображение русской княжеской семьи в миниатюрах XI в., СПб., 1903, nax. 12.
27
Беляев, Д. Ф., Ежедневные и воскресные приемы византийских царей, СПб., 1893, tab. IX.
28
Ebersolt, J., Les arts somptuaires de Byzance, Par., 1923, t. 1.
29
Goldschmidt und Weitzmann, Die Byzantinisches Elfenbeinkulturen den X-XIII Jahrhunderts, Ber., 1934, tab.
XXXIV.
30
iqve, tab. XIV.
11
mTavari Áaropolkisa da misi Tanamecxedris gamosaxulebiT 31 da
martoranas mozaikaze, sadac qriste gvirgvins adgams siciliis mefe
rojers 32.
radgan amdagvar gamosaxulebebze mefe warmodgenilia xolme
paradul SesamoselSi – divitisiumiTa da loroniT da, rac mTavaria,
umeteswilad, im samefo regaliebiT – akakiiTa da kverTxiT, romelnic
mas, Cveulebriv, xelT epyra mefedkurTxevis dros 33, es gamosaxulebani,
eWvgareSea, mefedkurTxevis ritualis simbolur xatebebs warmoadgens.
gertrudas kodeqsis aRwerisas kondakovi aRniSnavs, rom bizantiaSi
uZvelesi droidan Semoinaxa wesi, mefed kurTxevis amsaxveli satitulo
minatÁurebiT SeemkoT paraduli, ZRvenad misarTmevi kodeqsebi,
diptiqonebi, beWdebi, xatTa moWedilobani, agreTve sefe-darbazebi,
sazeimo qsovilebi da Sesamoslebi 34.
bizantiisTvis damaxasaiTebeli aRiareba samefo Zalauflebis
RvTaebrivi warmomavlobisa (aseve, garkveulwilad, antikurobidan
SeTvisebuli), V saukunidan TviT mefedkurTxevis ceremonialSi
35
xorcSesxmuli , romlis Tanaxmad mefes gvirgvins adgamda da mas samefo
regaliebs gadascemda patriarqi, e.i. uflis warmomadgeneli miwaze,
aRniSnul gamosaxulebebSic aisaxa 36.
yvela am gamosaxulebisgan erTgvarad gansxvavdeba Taviseburi
kompozicia marCianas fsalmunis satitulo furcelze 37. mis centrSi
warmodgenilia imperatori basili II bulgarTmmusvreli, romlis Tavze,
Cveulebisamebr, gamosaxulia makurTxeveli qristes momcro figura
gvirgviniT xelSi. cal mxares, mTavarangelozi gabriel xels SeaSvelebs
gvirgvins mefis Tavze, meore mxares, mTavarangelozi miqael xels
aSvelebs Subs xelmwifis marjvena xelSi. marjvena xelSi mefes didi
maxvili upyria. Sesabamisad, mefes Cveuli divitisiumi da loroni ki ar
mosavs, aramed meomris samosi: muxlamde kvarTi, romlis zemodan abjari
aqvs Semocmuli, mxrebze mas fibuliT Sekruli meomarTa mosasxami –
sagiumi aqvs mogdebuli, xolo fexT samxedro sabarkuli acvia.
mefis fexTiT gamosaxulni arian pirqve damxobili bulgareli
mmarTvelni, romelTac igi SubiT qelavs, misi figuris orsav mxares ki –

31
Кондаков, Н. П., Изображение русской княжеской семьи . . . tab. IV.
32
Diehl, Ch., Manuel d’art byzantine, t. II, Par., 1926, gv. 262.
33
Беляев, Д. Ф., Ежедневные и воскресные приемы . . . gv. 55 da 67.
34
Кондаков, Н. П., Изображение русской княжеской семьи . . . gv. 29.
35
Успенский, Ф. И., История византийской империи, t. I, СПб., 1913, gv. 268.
36
gamosaxulebani, romlebzec gvirgvinmdebeli angelozia, SesaZloa gaazrebuli iyos
(konstantine porfirogenetis mier gadmocemuli) im legendis Sesabamisad, romlis
Tanaxmadac votivuri gvirgvini da sxva samefo regaliebi ufalma angelozis xeliT
gamougzavna konstantine dids da romelic, TiTqos, mas aqeT wm. sofias samkveTloSi
inaxeboda da yovel jerze, zeimisas patriarqis mier gadaecemoda mefes (Кондаков, Н. П.,
Изображение русской княжеской семьи . . . gv. 58-59).
sainteresoa, rom erT-erT reliefur gamosaxulebaze imperator leos gvirgvins
adgams RmrTismSobeli, xolo wyviled reliefze gamosaxulia qriste or mociquls
Soris.
37
Кондаков, Н. П., Македония . . . nax. 2.
12
vertikalurad ganlagebuli medalionTa rigebia wm. meomarTa
gamosaxulebebiT. es ukanaskneli detalebi imis maCvenebelia, rom
mefedkurTxevisTvis tradiciuli kompozicia aq mefe triumfatoris,
bulgarelTa mZlevelis glorifikaciis TemasTanaa gaerTianebuli.
amgvari amotivitiveba ZvelisZveli Temisa da misi gaerTianeba
TemasTan, romelic tradiciuli gaxda bizantiuri xelovnebisTvis,
savsebiT bunebrivia; Subi ki, romelsac imperators angelozi gadascems,
iseve rogorc gvirgvini, romelsac mas angelozive adgams, am SemTxvevaSi
mxolodRa mefe-triumfatoris didebis simboloebia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom akad. n. p. kondakovi, romelic Tavdapirvelad
am kompozicias basili II-is mefedkurTxevis gamosaxulebad gaiazrebda 38,
Tavis ufro gvianel naSromSi xazgasmiT ambobs, rom es xelnaweri 1014
wlis axlo xanebSia Sesrulebuli, i.e. im dros, rodesac basili II-is
omebi bulgareTTan ukve TiTqmis dasrulda am qveynis dapyrobiT da
SeniSnavs, rom “am miniatÁuraze bizantieli imperatori gamosaxulia
triumfalur SesamoselSi . . . rogorc sakuTari gamarjvebis mozeime
mxedarTmTavari” 39. Tavis sxva naSromSi da sxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
igi migviTiTebs, rom safrangeTisa da britaneTis mefeTa regaliebSi
Semavali saomari iaraRi, arasodes yofila bizantieli basilevsebis
insigniaTa ricxvSi 40.
dasavleTSi mefedkurTxevis saeklesio wesi bizantiis gavleniT
mxolod VIII saukuneSi iqna SemoRebuli. Tavdapirvelad rituali iq
wminda saero xasiaTisa iyo da samefo Zalauflebis simbolos
warmoadgenda ara gvirgvini, romelsac mxolodRa samkaulad ixuravdnen,
aramed iaraRi, kerZod, Subi da maxvili, romelsac mefes sasuliero piri
ki ara, feodalebi gadascemdnen. Semdgom dros es saero rituali,
saeklesios gverdigverd iqna SenarCunebuli. IX saukuneSi mefe otons
maincis episkoposma sakurTxevlis win gadasca iaraRi da mxolod amis
Semdeg daadga mas gvirgvini. X da momdevno saukuneebSi es rituali
gvirgvinis dadgmis Semdgom sruldeboda. XI-XII saukuneebSi egeve
ceremoniali Cveulebrivi ram gaxldaT italiaSi, burgundiaSi,
britaneTSi, norvegiaSi da dasavleT evropis sxva feodalur qveynebSi 41.
es Taviseburi ceremoniali, romelSic aisaxa feodalur qveynebSi
samefo Zalauflebis warmomavlobis specifika, ara marto dasavleT
evropis qveynebSi iyo cnobili, aramed uZvelesi droidan narCundeboda
bizantiis aRmosavleT mezobelTan – saqarTveloSi, romlis wes-
Cveulebebs Cven qvemoT SevexebiT.
sakuTriv bizantiaSi, saeklesio mefedkurTxevas aseve xandaxan win
uswrebda saero rituali, romlis drosac mefes xalxsa da laSqars

38
misive, История византийского искусства и иконографии по миниатюрам греческих рукописей, Одес.,
1876, gv. 166-167.
39
misive, Македония . . . gv. 29.
40
misive, Изображение русской княжеской семьи . . . gv. 104.
41
Johannes Hoops, Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, t. III, Strassb., 1915.
13
uCvenebdnen, romelsac, farze dabrZanebuls, zeviT aswevdnen, magram
iaraRs mas ar gadascemdnen 42.
mefedkurTxevis dasavluri ceremonialis Taviseburebam asaxva hpova
hainrix II-is sakramentariumis miniatÁuraze, romelic XI saukunis
dasawyisSi reisburgeli ostatis mieraa Sesrulebuli 43 da romelzec
gamosaxulia “hainrix II-is zeciuri mefedkurTxeva wm. ulrixisa da wm.
emeronis TandaswrebiT”. kompoziciis centrSi, or svets Soris, TiTqosda
aRsavlis karSi, dgas hainrix II, dalmatikonis magvari mdidruli
SesamoseliT mosili, magram welze ganieri qamriT da zemodan moxuruli
mosasxamiT, romelic mxarze fibuliTaa Sekruli. zemoT gamosaxulia
makurTxeveli qriste, romelic mefes votivur gvirgvins adgams. mefis
orsav mxares TiTo wmindani dgas, romelnic xels SeaSveleben mis
zeapyrobil xelebs, romlebSic ori angelozi Subs da maxvils udebs.
cxadia, rom am miniatÁuraze simboluri saxiTaa gadmocemuli
mefedkurTxeva, zemoT aRwerili ceremonialis Sesabamisad, romelic
dasavleTis feodaluri qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. wmindanni,
qristes damxmareni, rogorc Cans, am miniatÁuraze im rols asruleben,
romelic sinamdvileSi feodalebs ekuTvnoda, episkoposTan erTad
taxtze asasvlelad mefes rom akurTxebdnen.
amgvarad, hainrix II-is sakramentariumi erTgvari paralelia Cveni
gamosaxulebisa, romelic, aseve, eWvgareSea, demetre I-is mefedkurTxevis
simbolur gamosaxulebas warmoadgens. magram macxvariSSi
mefedkurTxevis qarTuli wesis specifika ufro realisturi formiTaa
gadmocemuli.
Tavis “qarTuli samarTlis istoria”-Si akad. i. javaxiSvili
sagangebo Tavs uTmobs qarTvel mefeTa mefedkurTxevis wess 44. misi
saTauri – “mefis kurTxevis wesi, viTarca mefis xelisuflebis sivrcis
gamomxatveli” – imaze metyvelebs, rom am wess avtori saqarTvelos
istoriis mniSvnelovani socialuri problemebis WrilSi ganixilavs.
kvlevas i. javaxiSvili ramdenime wyaros ganxilvas afuZnebs. erTi
mxriv, igi ganixilavs e.w. “mefed kurTxevis gangebas”, romelic SedarebiT
gviani drois (ara uadres XIII an XIV saukunis) dokumenti kia, magram
faseulia imiT, rom masSi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili mefedkurTxevis
ceremonialis yvela wesi; meore mxriv ki – ufro Zvel, Tumc mokle,
magram konkretul cnobebs, romelic sxvadasxva Zvelma meistoriem ama Tu
im qarTveli mefis mefedkurTxevis ceremonialis aRwerisas Semogvinaxa.
saxeldobr, esenia Tamar mefis mefedkurTxevis aRwera misi istorikosis
mier, demetre I-is mefedkurTxevis ceremonialis aRwera daviT mefis
istorikosisa Tu giorgi laSas droindeli ucnobi mematianis mier. i.
javaxiSvili iyenebs agreTve mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZsa da sxv.

42
Беляев, Д. Ф., Облачение императора на керченском щите, СПб., 1927, gv. 12 da 19.
43
Swarzenski, H., Vorgotische Miniaturen, Leipz., 1927, nax. gv. 37.
44
javaxiSvili, iv. a., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wg. II, nak. II, Tb., 1929, gv. 192-205.
14
 am dokumentebis Seswavlama da Sejerebam avtori Semdeg
daskvnebamde miiyvana: mefedkurTxevis wesi istoriulad arsebiT
cvlilebebs ganicdida, romelSic aisaxa qveynis socialur da
politikur viTarebaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. ase, “gangebis” zogi
Tavisebureba mowmobs, rom mefedkurTxevis gangeba SemuSavebul iqna
dasavleT saqarTveloSi – e.i. afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos erTian samefod
gaerTianebamde bevrad adre da Tavdapirvelad afxazTa mefeTa
mefedkurTxevis gangebas warmoadgenda. cvlilebebSi, romelic Semdgom
ganicada “gangebam”, aisaxa socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi, romelic
saqarTvelos gaerTianebas da samefo xelisuflebis feodalebTan
brZolas ukavSirdeba.
qarTvel mefeTa mefedkurTxevis ceremoniali ori umTavresi
nawilisgan Sedgeboda – saeklesio ritualisgan da saero ritualisgan.
Tumca erTica da meorec eklesiaSi sruldeboda, ceremonialis pirveli
nawili, romlis dros umTavresi gvirgvinis dadgma gaxldaT, rac
sasuliero piris – kaTolikosis an episkoposis – xeliT sruldeboda;
maSin roca ceremonialis meore nawili, mefisadmi saomari iaraRis
gadacema, romlis dros umTavresi xmlis Semortymis rituali iyo –
sruldeboda saero pirebis mier.
Tavdapirvelad xmlis Semortymis rituali (xmali, rogorc
aRniSnavs i. javaxiSvili, qveynis laSqris meTaurobis simbolo iyo)
msxvili feodal-didebulebis da erisTavebis privilegias warmoadgenda.
am ritualSi simbolurad gadmoicemoda is azri, rom taxtze mefis
aRzevebas swored es feodalebi akurTxebdnen, mas TiTqos sakuTar
kuTvnil Zalauflebas uTmobeno 45.
Semdgom dros, rogorc amas XIII saukunis “gangeba” mowmobs,
feodalebma es privilegia dakarges da mefes xmals Semoartyams
amirspasalari – anu samxedro ministri, e.i. sakuTriv samefo
xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli . 46

es cvlileba ukve Tamar mefis zeobis Semdeg moxda, magram

eWvgareSea, rom misi winapirobebi ufro adre Seiqmna.
cnobilia, rom “qarTvel mefeebs bagrationTa dinastiidan Cvevad
hqondaT sakuTari memkvidre mefed da Tanamosaydred Tavis sicocxleSive
gamoecxadebinaT. am gziT isini cdilobdnen, uzrunveleyoT uwyveti
gadacema samefo Zalauflebisa pirdapiri xaziT da TavianT memkvidreTa
mdgomareoba ganemtkicebinaT” 47.
ase, daviT aRmaSenebels, “erTaderT Zes mamisa Tvisisa” gvirgvini
sakuTari xeliT mamam daadga. momdevno Taobebic am wess misdevdnen:
demetre I, giorgi III, Tamar mefe da, bolos, laSa giorgi, romelic ise
gardaicvala, rom kanonieri memkvidre ar hyolia – taxtze sakuTarma
mSoblebma aiyvanes da isini maTi Tanamosaydreni gaxdnen.

45
iqve, gv. 196.
46
iqve, gv. 202.
47
Н. Бердзенишвили, Ив. Джавахишвили, С. Джанашия, История Грузии, Тб., 1946, nak. I, gv. 201.
15
 bunebrivi iqneboda, gvevaraudebina, rom am wess sakuTriv
mefedkurTxevis ritualSi garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana SeeZlo. miT
ufro, rom am mefeTagan zogierTis mefedkurTxevis SemorCenil
aRwerebSi, TiTqos, pirdapiraa miniSnebuli amgvari cvlilebebi.
aseTTagania swored demetre I-is mefedkurTxevis aRwera daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikosTan: “viTarca pirvelman daviT da solomon
amanaca TuisiTa ÃeliTa dasua saydarTa TuisTa Ze Tuisi, dimitri
saxeliT saxeldebuli, . . . yovliTurT msgavsi mamulTa, daadga Tavsa
guirguini Suenieri qvaTagan patiosanTa . . . Seartya welTa ZlierTa
maxuili, eha, rabam suianad Ãmarebuli, da Semosa porfiri mklavTa
lomebrTa, da tansa axovansa. dauloca cxoreba warmarTebuli, da
gangrZoba dReTa bednierebiT” 48.
amgvarad, istorikosis sityviT, daviT mefem sakuTari xeliT aiyvana
taxtze Tavisi Ze demetre, gvirgvini daadga mas, welze sakuTari xmali
Semoartya da porfiriT Semosa.
bevrad ufro gviandeli, giorgi laSas Tanamedrove, mematiane,
romelic, rogorc Cans, ufro adreuli wyaroebiT sargeblobda, aseve
aRniSnavs, rom mefe daviTma sakuTari xeliT daadga gvirgvini demetres 49.
swored am dokumentebis safuZvelze akad. i. javaxiSvilma gamoTqva
varaudi, xom ar aisaxao qarTvel mefeTa survili, daemkvidrebinaT azri
mamidan Svilze Zalauflebis uSualo gadacemisa mefedkurTxevis Tavad
ritualis SecvlaSi 50.
Tumca, gamosaxuleba macxvariSSi amgvar varauds ewinaaRmdegeba.
Cven iq ver vxedavT daviT mefis gamosaxulebas – gvirgvins adgams
angelozi, e.i. simbolurad warmodgenili eklesia, xolo mefes xmals
erisTavebi Semoartyamen. cnobilia, rom es rituali swored ori
feodalis mier sruldeboda; amdenad, Cveni freskis Tanaxmad, demetres
mefedkurTxeva Zveli wesis Sesabamisad Catarebula. amitom daismis
kiTxva – SeiZleba ki istorikosTa sityvebis pirdapiri gageba, xom ar
aris isini mxolodRa ritorikuli formulebi. msgavsi varaudis
sisworis Sesamowmeblad sxva Tanadrouli teqstebis kritikuli ganxilva
mogvixdeba.
metad niSandoblivia, am TvalsazrisiT, daviT mefis anderZis
teqsti: “waruZRuane wmida Zeli cxovrebisa da mivec droSa Cemi sviani,
abjarni Cemni samefo da saWurvelni Cemni zemoni da quemoni” 51.
unda aRiniSnos, rom “anderZSi” CamoTvlili Tanmimdevroba
ritualuri qmedebebisa srulad emTxveva XIII saukunis “gangebiT”
gansazRvrul rigs, romlis Tanaxmadac rituali Zeli WeSmaritis
gamosvenebis ceremonialiT iwyeboda 52. “Zeli WeSmariti”, anu didi

48
cxovreba mefed mefisa daviTisa, qarTlis cxovreba, ana dedofliseuli nusxa, Tb.,
1946, gv. 23510-18.
49
cxovreba demetre mefisa, dasax. naSr., gv. 2375.
50
javaxiSvili, iv. a., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wg. II, nak. II . . . gv. 197.
51
Jordania, T., qronikebi, wg. II, Tb., 1897, gv. 51.
52
qvemoT aRwerili yvela detalisTvis, ix.: javaxiSvili, iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 197-201.
16
sawinamZRvro jvari sagangebo jvrismtvirTvels – sasuliero pirs –
epyra. wirvis dawyebamde igi diakvnis TanxlebiT gadioda taZridan da
sasaxleSi, mefis winaSe warsdgeboda. igi Tayvans scemda mefes da
dResaswaulis dawyebas auwyebda da Semdeg, mravalkaciani msvlelobis
sxva monawileebTan erTad, midioda taZarSi da jvari mefis win mihqonda.
wirvis dasrulebis Semdeg, igi, msvlelobasTan erTad, sasaxleSi
brundeboda, sadac taxtis gverdiT dgeboda. samefo droSa da saWurveli
(Subi, maxvili da a.S.) aseve sagangebod gamoyofil pirebs mihqondaT
eklesiaSi. eklesiaSi maxvils, sawinamZRvro jvarze miyudebuls, TviT
sakurTxevelSi dgamdnen, xolo droSasa da Subs aRsavlis karis aqeT-
iqiT daayenebdnen xolme. wirvis dasrulebis Semdeg, romlis drosac
kaTolikosi mefes sakurTxevelSi bisoniTa da porfiriT mosavda da
locvebis aRvlenisas mas gvirgvins adgamda, e.i. mas Semdeg, rac
ceremonialis pirveli nawili dasruldeboda da mefe gadioda eklesiaSi
aRsavlis kariT, mas samefo saWurvels miarTmevdnen da amirspasalari
(xolo Zvelad ori didebuli-feodali) xmals Semoartyamda mas. yovelive
amis Semdeg mefe sasaxleSi brundeboda da iwyeboda sazeimo milocva da
ZRvenis mirTmeva.
SevajerebT ra am gangebasTan daviTis “anderZsa” Tu daviT mefis
istorikosis teqstSi ceremonialis aRweras, davinaxavT, rom orive
swored am sazeimo rituals aRwers.
Tavis “anderZSi” daviT mefe pirveli piriT saubrobs, Tumca es
sulac ar niSnavs, rom rTuli ceremonialis yvela rituali misi xeliT
iyo Sesrulebuli. ase, gamoTqma: “waruZRuane wmida Zeli cxorebisa”,
cxadia, ar niSnavs, rom mefem Tavad itvirTa jvrismtvirTvelis sakmaod
rTuli movaleobebis Sesruleba. msgavsi saqceviT mefe daviT mxolod
imas gvagebinebs, rom misi nebiTa da brZanebiT “waruZRuanes” jvari
demetre I-s, e.i. pirobiTi formiT gadmogvcems ritualis pirveli,
saeklesio nawilis aRsrulebas. rogorc Cans, igive azris matarebelia
momdevro frazebic (“mivec droSa Cveni sviani, abjarni Cemni samefo da
saWurWleni Cemni zemoni da quemoni” . . . ), romlebSic igulisxmeba
ritualis meore, saero nawilis aRsruleba da bolos zeimi sasaxleSi,
ZRvenis mirTmeviTurT.
gamoxatvis msgavsi, pirobiTi formis gamoyeneba sulac ar aris
gamonaklisi. mis magaliTad kaTolikos melqisedekis (XI s.) anderZis
teqsti SeiZleba gamodges: iseTi gamonaTqvamebi, rogorc “me SevWede
sveticxoveli oqroTi da vercxliT” 53 an “ese wignni Cemgan dawerilni” 54
sulac ar niSnavs, rom melqisedek kaTolikosma sakuTari xeliT moWeda
sveticxoveli an dawera wignebi taZrisTvis. amiT melqisedeki imas
gvauwyebs, rom yovelive misi brZanebiT Sesrulda.

53
berZeniSvili, n., mcxeTis sabuTi XI saukunisa, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, t. VI (1929-
1930), Tb., 1931, gv. 288.
54
iqve, gv. 290.
17
 vaRiareT ra daviT mefis anderZis gamonaTqvamebi pirobiTad, Cven
igive SeiZleba vTqvaT istorikosTa gamonaTqvamebzec, e.i. vivaraudoT,
rom, rodesac ritualis yvela momentis Sesrulebas daviT mefes
pirobiTad miawerda, istorikoss surda imisTvis gaesva xazi, rom
demetre I-is aRsaydreba mamis nebiT moxda. mis gamonaTqvamebSi, mefis
nebis mniSvnelobis gamkveTrebis garda, SeiZleba davinaxoT misi
survilic, xazi gausvas ritualis odindeli sazrisis araarsebiTobas,
ritualisa, romelic, rogorc Cans, saimdrood ukve ubralo formalobis
xasiaTs iZenda 55. magram Cven safuZveli ar gvaqvs eWvi SevitanoT imaSi,
rom am formas guldagul daicavdnen. istorikoss daviT mefisTvis
mxolod gvirgvinis dadgmis ritualis Sesruleba rom miewera, Cven
SegveZlo gvevarauda, rom mefem misdia bizantiaSi cnobil wess, romlis
Tanaxmadac mama-mefes ufleba hqonda gvirgvini daedga memkvidrisTvis
patriarqTan erTad 56. magram istorikosma mefe-mamas, TiTqos, xmlis
Semortymis ritualis Sesrulebac miawera, maSin roca, sakuTriv
ritualSi ueWvelad aris mefis fareSobis elementi, rac savsebiT
Seefereba feodalsa an amirspasalars, aram da aramc ki mefe-mamas, rac
aseve mowmobs istorikosis midgomis pirobiTobas.
istoriaSi cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac mefeni, romelTac
surdaT, ganemtkicebinaT sakuTari Zalauflebis damoukidebloba da
SeenarCunebinaT taxtis pirdapiri memkvidreobiTobis uwyvetoba,
ugulvebelyofdnen wess da sakuTari xeliT adgamdnen gvirgvins
memkvidreebs. Tumca, feodalTa klasi, sasuliero da saero feodalebis
saxiT, Seupovrad ibrZoda Tavisi prerogativebis SesanarCuneblad.
karlos didis memkvidreni, romelTac gvirgvini sakuTarma mamebma
daadges, iZulebulni iyvnen gvirgvini xelmeored romis papis xeliT
daedgaT.
saqarTvelos istoriam aseve icis imis magaliTebi, rodesac mefed
kurTxeva orjer moxda. Tamar mefes gvirgvini erTxel mamis xeliT
daadges, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, is meored akurTxes mefed
quTaisis mTavarepiskoposma da saero feodalebma.
Tamar mefis istorikosis aRwera savsebiT konkretul xasiaTs
atarebs da ar iwvevs raime eWvs, rom misi naTqvami pirdapiri da zusti
azriT unda gavigoT. misi aRweris Tanaxmad, Tamaris mefedkurTxevis or
ceremonials sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi hqonebia.
pirvel semTxvevaSi istorikosi mogviTxrobs, rogor moiwvia giorgi
III-m qveynis uzenaesi warmomadgenelni, sasuliero, saero feodalebi da
samxedro wodebis warmomadgenelni da maTTan Tamaris gamefebis sakiTxis
ganxilvis Semdeg, maTive TanxmobiTa da mxardaWeriT, igi mefed
gamoacxada. Semdgom igi aRwers zeims, romliTac es movlena aRiniSna –
giorgim gverdiT moisva bisoniTa da mewamuliT mosili Tamari da mas
Tavze gvirgvini daadga. amis Semdgom damswreT, mamis moTaveobiT, mas

55
rogorc Cans, mogviano droindeli mematiane analogiur teqsts iyenebda.
56
Беляев, Д. Ф., Ежедневные и воскресные выходы византийских царей, gv. 182, sq. 1.
18
erTguleba Sehfices da giorgim uflisadmi sayvareli asulisTvis
locva aRavlina 57.
istorikosis am konkretul aRweraSi raimegvar saeklesio
ceremonialze odnavi miniSnebac ki ar aris. eWvgareSea, rom Tamaris
pirveli mefedkurTxeva wminda saero xasiaTs atarebda 58.
umalve giorgi III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, eklesiam da masTan
erTad saero feodalebma sakuTari uflebebis aRdgena moiTxoves. swored
saeklesio rituals moiTxovdnen didebulebi, rodesac giorgis das,
rusudans mimarTavdnen:
"aw vinaTgan man Ãel-yos ÃeliTa mefobasa da kurTxeviTa
gÂrgÂnosan-yofad aRvides, da amaRldes da dajdes saydarsa TÂsTa
mamaTasa aRpyrobiTa da aRZRuanebiTa zelisa cxovrebisaTa da
kurTxeviTa melqizedekisaTa, romeli yo abraamis mimarT, (da man
daipyrnes kideni queyanisani da mefobdes igi zRviTi-zRuadmde)" 59.
da marTlac, mis istorikosTa aRwerebi mowmobs, rom Tamaris meore
mefedkurTxeva Zveli wesis mixedviT Catarda. amjerad istorikosi
axsenebs ara marto winaparTa taxts, romelzec igi galobiT aiyvanes,
aramed quTaisis episkopossac, romelic mowveuli iyo misTvis gvirgvinis
dasadgmelad da erisTavebsac, romelTac mas xmali Semoartyes 60.
Tamaris meore istorikosi aseve axsenebs taxts vaxtangisas, droSas
daviTisas da xmals winaparTa, romelic miarTves Tamars 61.
eWvgareSea, rom swored es meore ceremoniali iyo formaluri
mefedkurTxeva, Zveli wesis mixedviT aRsrulebuli. is ceremoniali,
romelic XIII saukunis “gangebaSia” aRwerili da romlis mixedviTac
akurTxes mefed demetre I, romlis mefedkurTxevac swored amitom arc
vinmesTvis gamxdara saeWvo da arc ganmeorebula.
amgvarad, macxvariSis gamosaxuleba winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis
istoriis monacemebTan. gamosaxulebis Tanamdevi warwera aseve srulad
Seesabameba istorikosTa aRwerebis stils. gamoTqma “Ãrmalsa abmen
daviTissa erisTavni” identuria istorikosTa gamonaTqvamebisa “Seartya
welTa . . . maxuili, eha, rabam suianad xmarebuli . . . “ an “dadges sÂani
taxti vaxtangeTi, saydari daviTiani, . . . aRmarTes skiptra didebulTa,
Zeli juarisa da mis Tana droSa daviTisi . . . da yoveli erTÃmaqmnilTa

57
istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, k. kekeliZis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT, Tb., 1941,
gv. 696-36.
58
Tavisi xasiaTiT es ceremoniali, SeiZleba, garkveulwilad, SevadaroT bizantiaSi
miRebul saero ceremonials, romelic xandaxan win uswrebda formalur
mefedkurTxevas wm. sofias [taZarSi], romlis drosac mefes, farze aweuls, uCvenebdnen
xalxsa da laSqars da maniakiT rTavdnen (Беляев, Д. Ф., Облачение императора на керченском
щите, СПб., 1927, gv. 12 da 19).
amas unda SevupirispiroT sofron erisTviSvilis mier daculi cnoba imis Sesaxeb,
rom pirveli mefedkurTxevis dros Tamari maniakiT mokazmes (s. v. barnaveli, Tamaris
mefobis istoria sofon erisTviSvilis xelnaweris mixedviT, xelnaweri).
59
istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, Tb., 1954, gv. 34.
60
iqve.
61
basili ezosmoZRvari, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi, iv. javaxiSvilis redaqciiT,
Tb., 1944, gv. 1323-28.
19
awves Tamars Ãrmali mamuli Tana-saydriTurT mamisa miniWebuli” (basili
ezosmoZRvari). am warweris kiloc diadi xanisa da diadi mefis
reliqviebisadmi imave pativiscemis gamomxatvelia, romelic istorikosTa
sityvebSi Cagvesmis.
maS, vinRa iyo am warwerebis, am portretis da mTeli am
moxatulobis damkveTi? – eWvgareSea, adamiani, romelic kargad icnobda
samefo kars da iqaur ambebs.
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, Tavis gamokvlevaSi akad. javaxiSvili
sagangebod gamoyofs im garemoebas, rom qarTvel mefeTa mefedkurTxevis
wesis zogi niSani im drois gadmonaSTia, rodesac es wesi afxazTa
mefeTa mefedkurTxevis wess warmoadgenda, rac, misi sityvisaebr, imas
mowmobs, rom “mefis kurTxevis “gangeba” ukve im dros unda iyos
Sedgenili, roca saqarTvelos mefeebi jer marto afxazTa, anu
dasavleTi saqarTvelos mefeebi iyvnen . . .” 62. igi miuTiTebs Tamaris
istorikosis sityvebs: “vinaiTgan lixTimerTagan iyo wesi dadgmad
gÂrgÂnisa Tavsa samefosa, awuies . . . mTavarebiskopozi quTaTeli antoni
saRirisZe miRebad gÂrgÂnisa” 63.
am wesis kvals xedavs igi aseve “xelmwifis karis garigebis” (XIV s.)
erT adgilze, romelic exeba davas afxazeTis kaTolikossa da quTaTeli
mTavarepiskoposisa imis Taobaze, visTan unda inaxebodes samefo
regaliebi. “teqsti naTelyofs, rom gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebs
kvlavac dasavleli meufeebi adgamdnen gvirgvins – an afxazeTis
kaTolikosi an quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposi” 64.
akad. javaxiSvili migviTiTebs agreTve, rom Tamaris
mefedkurTxevaSi mxolod da mxolod dasavleTqarTvel feodalebs
miuRiaT monawileoba. im adgilas, sadac Tamaris istorikosi qarTvel
erisTavebs CamoTvlis, igi dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavebad asaxelebs:
baram vardanisZes – erisTavad svaneTisa, kaxabers – erisTavad raWisa da
Takuerisa, doTaRol SarvaSiZes – erisTavad cxumisa, amanelisZes –
erisTavad argveTisa da bedians – erisTavad odiSisa 65.
dasaxelebul xuT erisTavTagan sams miuRia monawileoba Tamar
mefis mefedkurTxevis ritualSi. kaxabers – erisTavs raWisa da
Takuerisa, istorikosi quTaTel episkoposTan erTad ixseniebs, romelmac
mefedkurTxevis rituali aRasrula, maSin rodesac erisTavebma
vardanisZema da amanelisZem, istorikosis sityvisaebr, Tamari xmliT
daloces 66. amrigad ki, mefedlurTxevisas Tamars xmali svaneTisa da
argveTis erisTavebma miarTves.
vinaidan Tamaris es, meore mefedkurTxeva, rogorc Tavad
istorikosic xazgasmiT gveubneba, yvela Zveli wesisa da Cveulebis

62
iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 195.
63
iqve; istoriani da azmani . . . gv. 34, 7423-26.
64
iv. javaxiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 202.
65
istoriani da azmani . . . gv. 38.
66
iqve, gv. 34.
20
dacviT aRasrules, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, Tamaris mamisa da papisTvisac
xmali amave sagvareuloebis warmomadgenlebs SemoertyaT.
amitomac, Znelad Tu SevcdebiT, Tuki davuSvebT, rom freskaze
warmodgenil ersTavTagan erTi svaneTis erisTavi vardanisZea,
STamomavali im svaneTis erisTavis vardanisa, romelsac, saqarTvelos
sxva erisTavebTan erTad, mematiane giorgi II-is zeobaSi ixseniebs 67.
rogorc etyoba, swored am garemoebiT aixsneba, Tu ratom gamosaxa
mxatvarma demetre I-is zeobis me-15 indiqtions, svaneTis erT-erT
eklesiaSi, mefe maincdamainc im sazeimo Jams, rodesac svaneTis erisTavi
esoden sapatio samsaxurs asrulebda.
survilSi, taZris kedelze ukvdaveyoT ZvelTaZveli rituali,
romelic feodalTa provolegia iyo da maT uflebebs asaxavda; rituali,
romelic saimdrood faqtiurad ubralo formalobaRa iyo, erTi
saukunis Semdeg ki saerTodac gauqmebul iqna, aseve iCens Tavs is
mudmivi, xan daufaravi, xan ki miCumaTebuli da faruli Widili, rac
feodalebsa da mefis xelisuflebas Soris mimdinareobda.
demetre I-is dabadebis weli dadgenili araa. isRa aris cnobili,
rom jer kidev gamefebamde (1125 w-s), mamam igi Sirvanis dasalaSqrad
gagzavna, sadac man brwyinvale gamarjvebebi moipova; Sesabamisad, is ukve
mowifuli, Tumc jer kidev axalgazrda vaJkaci unda yofiliyo. Cvens
freskaze is mozrdili wveriTaa gamoxatuli da saSualo asakis
mamakacis STabeWdilebas tovebs. rogorc etyoba, mxatvarma is imgvarad
gamogvisaxa, rogorc is moxatulobis Seqmnisas (e.i. 1140 w-s)
gamoiyureboda.
damaxasiaTebelia, amasTanave, rom Cvens freskaze demetre I
bizantiuri Targis im grZeli, swori, loroniT morTuli SesamoseliT
rodi warmogvidgeba, romliTac Cveulebrivad gamoisaxebian freskebze
qarTveli mefeebi: daviT aRmaSenebeli gelaTSi 68, giorgi III beTaniasa 69,
yincvissa da varZiaSi, demetre II xarebis daviTgarejul moxatulobaSi 70.
imgvari mokle, tans Semotmasnili tanisamosi, romliTac demetrea
gamosaxuli, Cveulebrivia ufliswulTa gamosaxulebebisTvis – mag.,
mefiswuli atenis mxatvrobaSi, giorgi laSa beTaniasa 71, yincvissa da
berTubanSi 72 – iseve rogorc erisTavTa gamosaxulebebisTvisac – raWis
erisTavebisa zemo krixSi, Sergil dadianisa xobSi da ori erisTavisa
macxvariSSi. am freskebze warmodgenili samosi, zogadad erTi tipisaa,
gansxvavebuli ki mxolod detalebia. ateneli ufliswulisa da beTaniaSi
laSa giorgis Casacmeli win sworada da Tanabradaa amoWrili. es
tanisamosi, rogorc Cans, sazeimo xasiaTisaa, magram, Tanadroulad,

67
matiane qarTlisa – qarTlis cxovreba, ana dedofliseuli nusxa, Tb., 1942, gv. 198.
68
Н. Бердзенишвили, И. Джавахишвили, С. Джанашия, История Грузии, naw. I, sur. gv. 189-ze.
69
iqve, sur. gv. 209-ze.
70
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид Гареджи, Тб., 1948, tab. 14 da 91.
71
История Грузии, naw. I, sur. gv. 221-ze.
72
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, dasax. naSr., tab. 108.
21
saomar Sesamoselsac warmoadgens 73. amnairi samosi akad. javaxiSvilma
sparsuli saxelwodebiT “juba” gansazRvra da aRniSna, rom es samosi
aRmosavleTSi, kerZod, sparseTsa da arabeTSi XI saukunidan iyo
miRebuli 74.
giorgi laSas tanisamosi yincvisisa da berTubnis freskebze
“jubisgan” imiT gansxvavdeba, rom win Taviseburadaa CaWrili – wels
qvemoT samosis erTi kalTa kvadratisebr gadmodis meoreze. amgvar
samoss akad. javaxiSvili terminiT “yabarCa” gansazRvravs 75. es
tanisamosic, rogorc Cans, mxedris Sesamoseli iyo.
swored amgvari tansacmeli mosavs Cvens freskaze mefe demetresa
da or erisTavs.
XI-XII saukuneebis am gamosaxulebebze ufliswulTa da erisTavTa
tansacmeli oqros farTo, ornamentirebuli samklaveebiTaa Semkuli,
romelic, Cveulebriv, marjvena saxelos amkobs.
dÁukanJis azriT, romelsac akad. kondakovi imowmebs, amgvari
samklaveebi bizantiaSicaa miRebuli, sadac isini garkveul wodebas
aRniSnavs da iq iranuli saomari tanisamosis gavleniTaa SemoRweuli 76.
samklaveebi demetre I-sa macxvariSSi, Sergil dadianisa xobSi, erisTav
rati suramelisa varZiaSi da raWis erisTavebisa zemo krixSi, kufuri
asoebiTaa morTuli, rac, rogorc Cans, adasturebs varauds am tipis
samkaulis aRmosavluri warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom demetre I-is samosi saqarTveloSi imxanad
umaRlesi wodebis pirTaTvis miRebul sazeimo saomar Sesamosels
warmoadgens.
unda vifiqroT, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom mxatvarma demetre
mefe bizantiuri yaidis Cveulebrivi samefo SesamoseliT ar gamogvisaxa,
iseve rogorc ver iqneba SemTxveviTi isic, rom misi samosi beTaniasa,
yincvissa da berTubanSi giorgi laSas samosis analogiuria.
damaxasiaTebelia, rom yvela am freskaze giorgi laSa ukve
gvirgvinosnada da xmalSebmuladaa gamosaxuli, e.i. ukve mas Semdeg, rac
aRasrules taxtze misi asvlis rituali, romlis drosac mas gvirgvini
daadges da xmali Seabes. demetres msgavsad, giorgi laSasac gvirgvini
daadges rogorc Tanamosaydres.
Tu, amasTanave, mxedvelobaSi imasac miviRebT, rom xmlis Sebmis
rituals es samosi ufro eTanadeboda, vidre bizantieli imperatorebis
grZeli da swori, loroniT damZimebuli sazeimo Sesamoseli, naTeli
73
analogiuri tansacmeli mosavs mefe diokletianes asan moqmedis naxelav nakifaris wm.
giorgis xatze (e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi, gv. 237).
diokletiane Cveulebriv bizantieli imperatoris samosiT gamoisaxeba, aq ki mas mokle,
tans mitmasnili tanisamosi mosavs, win Sekruli da qamarSemoWerili. niSandoblivia,
amasTanave, rom aqve mefis xmali da fari agdia, e.i. igi wm. giorgis damarcxebul
meomradaa gamoxatuli. amave tipis diokletianes tansacmelia mocemuli mestiis
muzeumis wm. giorgis xatzec.
74
leqciebi rusTvelis epoqis qarTuli kulturis Sesaxeb, wakiTxuli akad. i.
javaxiSvilis mier rusTvelis saÁubileo gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT (xeln.).
75
iqve.
76
Н. П. Кондаков, Изображения русской княжеской семьи, gv. 104.
22
Seiqmneba, rom demetresa da giorgi laSas freskebze gamosaxuli samosi,
swored isaa, romelic maT sinamdvileSi ecvaT gvirgvinis dadgmis
dros 77.
rac demetres gvirgvinis gamosaxulebas Seexeba, igi, rogorc Cans,
garkveulwilad pirobiTia, radgan ar warmoadgens im sagangebo
sadResasawaulo gvirgvins, romelsac mefes misi aRsaydrebis dRes
adgamdnen da – giorgi III-is monetaze gamosaxulebiT Tu vimsjelebT –
bizantieli imperatorebis stemas xasiaTisa yofila 78. magram igi, etyoba,
mainc gadmogvcems realuri (Tumc ara sadResaswaulo) gvirgvinis tips,
romelic bizantiur gamosaxulebebzec SegxvdebaT da qarTulzec.
analogiuri, zemodan sworad gasrulebuli gvirgvini amSvenebs giorgi
III-sa da Tamaris Tavs varZiaSi (beTaniasa da yincvisSi igive pirni
dakbiluli gvirgvinebiTaa Semkuli).
ori erisTavis Tavsaburavi, rogorc Cans, im drois realur modas
gadmogvcems. zogadad is CaCisebri qudebis bizantiisa, ruseTisa da
saqarTvelosTvis saerTo tips misdevs, romelic XI-XIII saukuneebis
gamosaxulebebze gvxvdeba; aseTia mag., marcxena kideze mdgomi
didmoxelis qudi wm. ioane oqropiris TxzulebaTa miniatÁuraze anda 79

qudebi mefis ojaxis wevrebisa svÁatoslavis 1073 wlis “gamokrebulis”

miniatÁuraze 80, Sergil da cotne dadianebis qudebi xobis freskaze 81,
qudebi daviT garejis “udabnos” eklesiis qtitorebisa 82. magram maTi
moyvaniloba metadaa gamkveTrebuli da CaCebi ufro maRali da
wawvetebulia 83.
demetres xmali, iseve rogorc xmali giorgi laSasi, didronia,
swori moyvanilobisa. gansakuTrebiT mozrdili is Cvens freskaze Cans.
arsebiTad – amas warwerac emowmeba – am kompoziciaSi centraluri
adgili am “daviTis Ãrmals” ekuTvnis da, amitomac, araferi gasakviria,
Tu mxatvarma xazi mis zomas gausva.
qarTvel mefeTaTvis gvirgvinis dadgmis wesi gvagebinebs, Tu ratom
uaxlovdeba macxvariSis gamosaxuleba hainrix II-is sakramentariumis
miniatÁuras.
bizantiisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac imperatorTa xelisufleba
uSualod agrZelebs romis keisarTa Zalauflebas, saqarTveloSi, sadac
– dasavleT evropis msgavsad – mefis Zalaufleba feodalizmis
safuZvelze gaCnda, gvirgvinis dadgmis rituali, Tumc ki msgavsi
77
giorgi laSasTvis gvirgvini 1207 wels daudgamT (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris
istoria, w. II, Tb., 1948, gv. 28; Н. Бердзенишвили, И. Джавахишвили, С. Джанашия, История Грузии,
naw. I, gv. 219).
78
Н. Бердзенишвили, И. Джавахишвили, С. Джанашия, dasax. naSr., sur. gv. 210-ze.
79
Ch. Diehl, La peinture byzantine, tab. XXXIV.
80
Н. П. Кондаков, Изображения русской княжеской семьи, sur. 4.
81
Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, tab. 140.
82
Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид Гареджи, Тб., 1948, tab. 19.
83
erisTavTa Tavsaburavebs, garkveulwilad, SeiZleba davuaxlovoT mowameTis
lorfinze gamosaxul mogvTa qudebi; aseve araCveulebrivad maRali da wawvetebuli,
isini ar hgavs mogvTa Cveulebriv qudebs. SesaZlebelia, am gamosaxulebazec realurma
adgilobrivma modam hpova asaxva (ix: Ars Georgica, t. II, tab. 44).
23
dasavleTis xelmwifeTa aRsaydrebis ritualis, Zvelad savsebiT
damoukideblad gaCnda. “erTsa da imave pirobebs, erTsa da imave
dapirispirebas, erTsa da imave interesebs yvelgan zogadad erTi da
igive zne unda SeeqmnaT” 84. bunebrivia, amitomac, rom ritualis erTnairma
xasiaTma xelovnebaSic erTnairi asaxva hpova. romanuli da bizantiuri
miniatÁurebisgan Cveni freska gamosaxvis naklebad simboluri xasiaTiT
ganirCeva da sakmarisad realisturi saxiT gadmogvcems XII saukunis Sua
xanisTvis niSneul qarTul ritualsa da qarTul Cacmulobas. is, es
zemoTac aRiniSna, aris aseve Taviseburi asaxva im ganuwyveteli
brZolisa, romelic warmoebda msxvil feodalebsa da samefo
xelisuflebas Soris – is wvril aznaurebsa da aRmavlobis gzaze
damdgar qalaqebs eyrdnoboda – da Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens.
meore qtitoruli portreti moklebulia im sazeimo xasiaTs, rac
mefisa da erisTavebis jgufs aqvs. igi samxreTi kedlis aRmosavleT
nawilSia ganTavsebuli. gamosaxuleba sami figurisgan (ori wmindani da
qtitori) Sedgeba, isini ki sarkmlis irgvlivaa dajgufebuli.
sarkmlis aRmosavleTiT mTeli taniT wm. irinaa gamoxatuli
(asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ irina”); mas nacrisferi, loroniT Semkuli samosi
acvia, Tavze ki gvirgvini adgas. sarkmlis qveS wm. marinas (asomTavruli .
. . – “wmidaÁ marina”) wiTelmaforiumiani, welzeiTi gamosaxulebaa
moTavsebuli. orive winiskenaa miqceuli, mkerdTan maT mowameTa jvrebi
upyriaT. sarkmlidan dasavleTiT berulad Semosili (Savi feloni,
nacrisferi qveda kaba, yviTeli kunkuli) sasuliero piris gamosaxulebaa
ganTavsebuli. maRali karis Tavze morCenil momcro areSi Cawerili es
figura, wm. dedaTa gamosaxulebebze sagrZnoblad pataraa. maTgan
gansxvavebiT, beris figura sami meoTxediTaa gamoxatuli da
sakurTxevlisken pirmiqceuli, vedrebad mdgomi warmogvidgeba.
figurasa da sarkmels Soris viwro sibrtyeze 17 striqonad
warweraa ganTavsebuli. Tavad gamosaxulebasaviT, warwerac Zlier iyo
gaWvartluli da xiluli mxolod zedapiruli gawmendis Semdeg gaxda.
Sua striqonebi gaWirvebiT ikiTxeba:
asomTavruli
“ese ars k(virik)e mamasaxlisi, romelman didi moiWirva (am)is
eklesi(i)sa zedgomaÁ xatvasa amin”
saxeli “k˜e” ixsneba an rogorc “kvirike” (swored ase iwereba wm.
kvirikes saxeli ifrarisa da lagurkas svanur moxatulobebSi) an kidev
rogorc “kirile” anda “konstantine”. pirobiTad Cven mas Semdgom
“kvirikes” davuZaxebT. sityva “mamasaxliss” im dros sxvadasxva
mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqonoda. magram kvirike mamasaxlisis beruli
tanisamosi mowmobs, rom Cvens winaSe monastris winamZRvaria –
“mamasaxliss” maSin winamZRvrebsac uwodebdnen.

84
К. Маркс, Ф. Энгельс, Немецкая идеология, М., 1934, gv. 44.
24
 rogorc etyoba, erisTavma winamZRvar kvirikes daavala eklesiis
moxatvis samuSaoebisTvis exelmZRvanela. Tumca warweraSi araa
miTiTebuli, kvirike iRumeni adgilobrivi monastris winamZRvari iyoo,
aseTi varaudi savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
meore warwera, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, CrdiloeT kedelze, mxatvris
mosaxseneblis axlos moTavsebuli, mowmobs, rom “mamasaxlisi” Tavad am
eklesiasac hyolia, e.i., etyoba, is monasters ekuTvnoda 85. warwera
aTstriqoniania da Zlier aris fragmentirebuli:
asomTavruli
“(vinca am)as eklesia(sa) . . . an mamasaxlisi iyo(s) kv(a)mlisagan
Sei(kr)ZaleT (xatu)li r(ome)l (fer)i ar daaklos 86
rogorc etyoba, am warweraSi kvirike iRumeni Tavis momaval
Semcvlelebs ubarebs, moufrTxildnen misi moTaveobiT Seqmnil
mxatvrobas. aseTi gulisamaCuyebeli zrunva zedmeti sulac ar yofila.
kvamli im samsxverplo koconebisa, romelTac dResaswaulebze
eklesiebis egvterebSi anda, Tuki isini ar yofila, sagangebo minaSenebSi
(“ladabaS”) aCaRebdnen xolme, svaneTis mSvenieri moxatulobebis
umTavresi mteri gaxldaT. etyoba, es Cveuleba Zvel droSic arsebula.
samwuxarod, danabarebs cudad asrulebdnen. cecxlma, romelsac
taZris samxreT egvterSi anTebdnen, Zlier SeWvartla moxatuloba da,
rogorc aRvniSneT, yvelaze metad swored egvterSi gamavali karis Tavze
moTavsebuli mamasaxlisis gamosaxuleba dazianda.
kvirike mamasaxlisi asakovan, Tumc arcTu moxuc kacadaa
gamosaxuli. Tma-wveri mas yavisferi aqvs. mxrebze msxvil-msxvil
bRujebad Camofenili Tma win Semelotebul Subls aCens. misi saxe
iseTive maneriTaa dawerili, rogorc wmindanTa (mag., mociqulebi
sakurTxevelSi) saxeebi; es “mowifuli kacis” tradiciuli tipia –
modablo Subli, didi nuSisebri Tvalebi, bagis odnav Camoweuli
kuTxeebi. magram zogierTi, TiTqmis mouxelTebeli niSani, romelTa
meoxebiT mxatvari, etyoba, gamosaxulis saxesTan msgavsebis gadmocemas
ecada – cotaTi ufro farTod gaxelili Tvalebi, ramdenadme ufro
xorcsavse da odnav mokauWebuli cxviri da ufro xorcsavse tuCebi – mas
met individualobas sZens. is, rom mamasaxlisis figura wm. dedaTa
figurebTan SedarebiT momcroa da, rom maTgan gansxvavebiT, igi winxediT
ki ara, sam meoTxedSi vedrebad mdgomi da odnav Tavdaxrilia
gamosaxuli, aseve gamohyofs mis gamosaxulebas da mas SefardebiT

85
macxvariSis eklesiis xuroTmoZrvreba mis mxatvrobaze gvarianad Zvelia; SesaZloa,
monasteri iq ufro adrec arsebuliyo.
86
fragmentirebuli warweris nakluli adgilebis moyvanili wakiTxva p. ingoroyvas
ekuTvnis. e. TayaiSvilTan arazusti wakiTxva gvaqvs: “mamasaxlisi iyo . . . kvamlisagan
Sesvrili, aliT gasvrili . . . romel ori ar daaklos” (ix. misi dasax. naSr., gv. 351).
Sead., v. silogavas wakiTxva – "vinca amas eklesiasa Sigan mamasaxlisi iyo, kvamlisagan
SeÁkrZaleT xatuli, romel feri ar daaklos", v. silogava, dasax. naSr., gv. 79. 2008
wels SesaZlebeli gaxda warweris dazustebuli wakiTxva: “vinca amas eklesiasa
moZRvari an mamasaxlisi Áyo, kvamlisagan SeÁkrZaleT xatuli romel feri ar daaklos”
(mTargm.).
25
cxovrebiseulobas aniWebs. magram mTlianobaSi figuris weris manera
aseve pirobiTia.
amgvarad, Cven viciT, rom macxvariSis moxatuloba demetre I-is me-15
indiqtions, e.i. 1140 wels aris Seqmnili, svaneTis erisTavis vardanisZis
dakveTiTa da kvirike iRumenis moTaveobiT, amas garda ki, mxatvarma
Tavisi saxelic dagvitova da, egebis, Tavisi sadaurobac migviTiTa –
“moixata saydari ese . . . ÂeliTa miqael maRlakelisaTa”.
konteqstis mixedviT, sityva “maRlakeli” SeiZleba an pirdapir
migvaniSnebdes, rom miqaeli warmoSobiT sofel maRlakidan iyo 87 an
migviTiTebs miqaelis sagvareulos kavSirze (iqneb, odindelzec)
dasaxelebul sofelTan, amdenad ki, es zedwodeba an ukve gvarsaxelis
xasiaTisaa 88 anda mis Tanadroulad gamoiyeneba 89.
sxvagvarad Tu vityviT – pirvel SemTxvevaSi miqaeli
“TvalnaTlivaa” dakavSirebuli qveynis centralur raionebTan, meoreSi
ki es kavSiri ase TvalnaTeli araa, radgan, gindac misi sagvareulo
maRlakidan modiodes, miqaels da mis uaxloes winaprebsac iqneb sxva
raionSi ecxovraT, radgan gareSe mtris Semosevisa Tu feodalTa
mZlavrebisgan ltolvili ama Tu im ojaxis da sagvareuloebis gadasvla
qveynis centraluri raionebidan Soreulsa da ufro usafrTxo mTian
kuTxeebSi Sua saukuneebSi arc Tu iSviaTi movlena gaxldaT.
Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom gvarsaxelSi sadaurobaze miTiTeba
Cveulebriv swored sxva raionebidan gadasaxlebulT unarCundeboda
(kaxeTeliZis gvaris wevrebi ar arian kaxeTis, imerliSvilebi ki imereTis
mcxovrebni, arc maRlakeliZeebi cxovrobdnen Tavad maRlakSi), egeb
SeiZleba miqaeli sofel maRlakidan svaneTSi gadasaxlebul mcxovrebTa
erT-erT STamomavlad davsaxoT, miT ufro, rom aseTi gadasaxleba-
gadmosaxlebis ambavi kargadaa cnobili. uSgulis Temis (zemo svaneTi)
mcxovrebTa umetesobas swored maRlakidan iq amosul niJaraZeTa gvaris
wevrebi Seadgenen.
marTalia, maTi gadasaxlebis dro, zepiri gadmocemiT, gviani Sua
saukuneebis xanas ganekuTvneba, magram saeWvo ar aris, rom amgvari ram
ufro adreul epoqebSic SeiZleboda momxdariyo, rodesac aseve mravlad
yofila politikuri Tu socialuri krizisebi.
amrigad – erT SemTxvevaSi Cven maRlakeli, iqneb, dedaqalaqel
mxatvrad unda migveCnia (gasaTvaliswienebelia, rom q. quTaisi, romlis
siaxlovesaa ganlagebuli sofeli maRlaki, 1140 w-mde saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqi iyo), romelmac ganaTleba an Tavad quTaiss, anda romelime

87
maRlaki qalaq quTaisis maxloblad mdebare sofelia. XII s-Si es didi, mefeTa
samkvidro mamulSi Semavali dasaxleba yofila (n. berZeniSvili, wyaltubos
istoriisaTvis, saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe, 1943, t. IV, #7, gv. 715).
88
amJamad arsebobs quTaTur maRlakeliZeTa sagvareulo.
89
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi Cveulebrivi ambavia gvarTan erTad ama Tu im sanaxidan
warmomavlobaze mimaTiTebeli zedwodebis gadanarCuneba; ase mag., samZivarTa gvaris
feodalebi erT dros Toris “queynis” mixedviT “Torelebadac” ixseniebodnen (l.
musxeliSvili, TorelTa genealogiis sakiTxisaTvis, saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis moambe,
X-B, Tb., 1940, gv. 43).
26
axlomdebare monasterSi miiRo – isini xom, mag., gelaTis monasteri,
qveynis kulturis centrebs warmoadgendnen – da svaneTis erisTav
vardanisZis mier iqna mowveuli; meore SemTxvevaSi igi provincieli,
adgilobrivi, svani mxatvaria.
orive varaudi Tanabradaa dasaSvebi. svaneTis saxviTi xelovnebis,
saxeldobr, monumenturi mxatvrobis saerTo maRali donis gamo
ukanaskneli varaudi savsebiT SesaZlebelia, Tumca arc svaneTSi
dedaqalaqeli ostatebis Camosvlaa gamoricxuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom
miqelamdec svaneTis eklesiaTa mTeli rigi mxatvar Tevdores mouxatavs,
romelic warwerebSi Tavs “mefis mxatvars” uwodebs, e.i. migviTiTebs,
mxatvari, ase Tu ise, dedaqalaqTan ariso dakavSirebuli 90.
amrigad, warweris Sinaarsi, romelic, rogorc aRiniSna, ornairad
SeiZleba gavigoT, ar gvaZlevs saboloo pasuxs miqael-mxatvris
sadaurobis Taobaze. am TvalsazrisiT ufro mravlismomtania taZris
warweraTa fonetikuri monacemebi. ase, mag., didad niSneulia sityva
“kvamlis” daweriloba aso ?-iT, maSin rodesac imdroindeli
orTografiis Tanaxmad an ?-Ti an ?-Ti unda yofiliyo dawerili (ix.
warwera mxatvrobis kvamlisgan dacvas rom uanderZebs memkvidreT).
zustad aseve, wm. ekaterinesTvis gvirgvinis dadgmis scenis Tanmxleb
warweraSi sityva “gvirgvini” orjerve aso ?-iTaa dawerili da ara aso ?-
90
sxvadasxva dros mxatvarma Tevdorem moxata eklesiebi: wm. mTavarangelozTa sof.
ifrarSi, wmm. kvirikesa da ivlitasi sof. kalaSi, wm. giorgisa nakifarSi da,
SesaZlebelia, wm. giorgisa sof. wvirmSi. pirveli sami eklesia Tavis droze e.
TayaiSvilma Seiswavla, romelmac am moxatulobaTa mokle aRwerebi mogvca da gamosca
ifrarSi Tevdore-mxatvris 1096 w-is warwerac (e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiur eqspedicia
leCxum-svaneTSi, gv. 183-189, 207-208, 237).
am eklesiebis warwerebi saqarTvelos muzeumis 1931 w-is eqspediciam Seiswavla.
TariRebi ifrarisa da wmm. kvirikesa da ivlitas eklesiebis moxatulobebisa eqspediciis
oqmSia gamoqveynebuli (saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis moambe, t. VII, 1931-1932, Tb., 1935, gv.
348).
1938 wels es sami moxatuloba Seiswavla prof. S. amiranaSvilma, romelmac gamoTqva
mosazreba, isini erTi ostatis xelidan ariso gamosuli (1948 w-s, leningrads – aw, s.
peterburgi – arqeologiisa da istoriis yrilobaze). mogvianebiT man gamoaqveyna
moxatulobaTa TariRebic: ifrari – 1096 w., wmm. kvirikesa da ivlitas eklesia – 1111 w.,
nakifaris eklesia – 1130 w. (Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, М., 1950, gv. 187).
rac wvirmis wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatulobas Seexeba, romelsac Cven agreTve mxatvar
Tevdoresa anda misi namowafaris nawarmoebTa ricxvs mivakuTvnebT, igi jer-jerobiT
aravis Seuswavlia.
wvirmis eklesia, romelzec T. virsalaZe miuTiTebs, literaturaSi macxovris
saxelobiTaa cnobili. rogorc sCans, adgilobrivma informatorma mecniers taZari wm.
giorgisad gaacno.
mefis mxatvar Tevdores Semoqmedeba da mis mxatvrul wresTan dakavSirebuli
moxatulobani monografiulad Seswavlil iqna n. aladaSvilis, a. volskaÁas da g.
alibegaSvilis mier. maTi kvlevis Sedegad sabolood dazustda Tevdores mier Seqmnil
moxatulobaTa TariRebi (ifrari – 1096 w.; lagurka – 1112 w.; nakifari – 1130 w.),
ganisazRvra misi xelweris individualuri Taviseburebani, misi mxatvrobis stiluri
maxasiaTeblebi XI-XII saukunis dasawyisi qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobis ganviTarebis
saerTo konteqstSi da misi mniSvneloba svanuri ferweruli skolis istoriaSi;
amasTanave, dadasturda T. virsalaZis mier gamoTqmuli varaudis siswore, wvirmis
macxovris eklesiis mefis mxatvar Tevdores mowafis mier moxatvis Taobaze. ix.: Н.
Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Росписи художника Тевдоре в Верхней Сванетии, Тб., 1966;
maTive, Живописная школа Сванети, Тб., 1983; aseve, r. yenia, n. aladaSvili, zemo svaneTi . . .
gzamkvlevi . . . gv. 58-59 (mTargmn).
27
Ti, rogorc es unda yofiliyo. winaaRmdeg amisa, sityva “Tavi” amave
warweraSi, ramdenadac is axla ganirCeva ?-Tia dawerili, maSin rodesac
igi ?-iT unda yofiliyo dawerili. aseTi aRreva ?-sa da ?-si damweri-
svanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlis mSobliur enaSi Tanxmovani ? da
naxevradxmovani ?-gan ar ganirCva 91.
amgvarad, warwerebis fonetikuri monacemebi mxatvar miqael
maRlakelis adgilobriv, svanur warmomavlobaze metyvelebs, gadamwyveti
ki am sakiTxis gadasaWrelad Tavad moxatulobis ikonografiuli da
mxatvruli analizi unda gaxdes.

91
es cnobebi Cven gulisxmierad mogvawoda prof. i. abulaZem, risTvisac did madlobas
movaxsenebT. unda mivuTiToT aseve, rom msgavsi fonetikuri movlenebi X-XI ss-is erT-
erT svaneTidan Camotanil xelnawerSi (saqarTvelos muzeumi – amJamad k. kekeliZis sax.
saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri – A 1562) prof. a. SaniZes svanizmad miaCnia.

28
 2

moxatulobis zogad kompoziciur agebulebas, e.i. im mxatvrul

STabeWdilebas, romelsac ara marto Tavad gamosaxulebebis xasiaTi,
aramed SenobaSi maTi ganlagebis sistema gviqmnis, Sua saukuneebis
monumenturi mxatvrobis calkeuli Zeglebisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSi
SedarebiT umniSvnelo adgili aqvs daTmobili. sxvadasxva sistemis
mokle Sedareba, Cveulebriv, Zirfesvianad sapirispiro sistemebs Seexeba
xolme, romelTa urTierTSejereba ufro advilia. aseTia, mag., gabriel
milles mier mocemuli mokle daxasiaTeba XIV saukunis bizantiuri
moxatulobebisa – isini man X-XI saukuneebis monumentur morTulobas
Seupirdapira 92. arada, drois romelime, gansazRvruli xanis erTi meoris
mimdev moxatulobaTa ganxilva maTi agebis TvalsazrisiT, stilis
ganviTarebis naTel suraTs gvaZlevs da moxatulobis sakiTxis
gadasawyvetad didad sargo aris xolme. moxatulobis agebis sistema,
mniSvnelovanwilad eklesiis arqiteqturuli tipiT ki aris
gansazRvruli, magram, amavdroulad, mas ganviTarebis sakuTari,
damoukidebeli kanonebic aqvs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs erTi meores
davuaxlovoT anda SevupirispiroT sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli tipis
eklesiebis moxatulobani maTi Seqmnis droidan gamomdinare – imisda
mixedviT, sxvadasxva epoqa Tu rogor wyvets moxatulobis kompoziciuri
agebis problemas. ase, macxvariSis mxatvrobis sistema ufro advilia
darbazuli eklesiebis sxva moxatulobebis sistemebs SevudaroT, magram
es imas rodi niSnavs, rom SeuZlebeli da usargeblo iqneba, igi
gumbaTovani taZrebis moxatulobebs SevadaroT.
upirveles yovlisa, macxvariSi droiT masTan uaxloes svanur – e.i.
aseve garduvalad “darbazul” – moxatulobebs unda SevajeroT. Cven
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mxatvar Tevdores moxatulobebis zemoxsenebuli
jgufi, romelnic XI saukunis miwurulisa da XII saukunis dasawyisSi
aris Seqmnili. am skolis orTxive moxatulobaSi erTi da igive
ikonografiuli sqema aris gaSlili, romlis calkeuli nairsaxeoba
taZarTa wm. patronebis sxvadasxvaobiTaa gansazRvruli. yvela am
moxatulobisTvis saziaro erTi nimuSis arsebobas calkeuli
gamosaxulebebis didi msgavseba, alag ki maTi zedmiwevniTi gameorebac
mowmobs. Tavis safuZvelSi agebis erTisa da imave sistemis momdevar
moxatulobaTagan yovels Tavisi sakuTari individualuri Taviseburebebi
aqvs, romelnic nawilobriv Tavad eklesiebis TaviseburebebiTaa
gansazRvruli – maTi gansxvavebuli zomiT (ifrari da lagurka *
nakifarsa da wvirms sididiT didad Camouvardeba) Tu kedel-kamarebis
TaRebiTa da pilÁastrebiT sxvadasxva damuSavebiT.

92
G. Millet, L’art chrétien d’Orient du milieu du XIIme siècle; A. Michel, Histoire de l’art, III, 2me partie, Paris, gv. 941-
950.
*
wmm. kvirikesa da ivlitas eklesia kalaSi (mTargmn.).
29
 pirveli, rac miiqcevs yuradRebas Tevdores moxatulobebSi, es
gamosaxulebaTa SedarebiT momcro nagebobebTan mimarTebiT, Zalze didi
zomebi da maTi monumenturi xasiaTia. didroni, SezRuduli raodenobiT
warmodgenili, kompoziciebi mcirericxovani mozrdili digurebiTaa
agebuli, isini ki jabnis arqiteqturulsa da peizaJur fonebs.
ifraris momcro eklesiaSi sakurTxevlis konqis “vedreba” sam
mozrdil naxevarfigurad warmogvidgeba. qristes uzarmazari
naxevarfigura,zomiT gverdiT naxevarfigurebs aRmatebuli, pantokrator-
yovlismprobelis im tipiTaa warmodgenili, romelic bizantiuri
gumbaTebis moxatulobebsa da siciliis zogierTi bazilikis
sakurTxevlis kompoziciebSia cnobili .93 mTavarangelozTa ori
mozrdili figura eklesiis kamarazea gamotanili, romelic mxatvris
TvalSi, bemas Caenacvla, svaneTis taZrebSi, Cveulebriv, ararsebuls.
aseTive monumenturi xasiaTisaa “vedrebis” naxevarfigurebi lagurkis
konqSic 94. am ori eklesiis afsidis kedlebze oTxi msxvili figuraa
ganTavsebuli 95. monumenturi xasiaTisaa ifrarsa da lagurkaSi
moxatuloba dasavleTi kedlisa – igi sarkmlisa da karis garSemo
simetriulad ganawilebuli oTxi mozrdili figurisgan Sedgeba 96.
nakifarsa da wvirmSi sakurTxevlis “vedrebas” Cveulebrivi, didi da
rTuli kompoziciis saxe aqvs – qriste aRsaydebulia, mis aqeT-iqiT ki
mdgomare RmrTismSobeli, wm. ioane naTlismcemeli da mTavarangelozTa
gundebia. Tumca es eklesiebi ifrarisasa da lagurkisas zomiT gvarianad
Warbobs, es kompozicia, ufro momcro figurebisgan Sedgenili, konqSi
mainc ver daetia da sakurTxevlis kedlebze didad aris gadmosuli,
maSin rodesac ifrarsa da lagurkaSi is konqis kamaris arqiteqturul
sazRvrebSia mkacrad Caketili. sakurTxevlis kedlebze aq ukve eqvs-eqvsi
figuraa moTavsebuli. nakifarisa da wvirmis dasavleTi kedlis
moxatulobis ageba – isini taZris patronis, wm. giorgis “cxorebis”
scenebiT TiTqmis erTnairadaa morTuli – agreTve ramdenadme ufro
rTuli da dinamikuria, vidre am jgufis or pirvel moxatulobaSi iyo 97.
yvela am moxatulobaSi kompoziciaTa raodenoba maTi zomebis xarjzea
Semcirebuli. ase, ifrarSi mxatvarma saxarebis samad-sami ambavi gamoxata:

93
В. Лазарев, История византийской живописи, М., 1947, tab. XXXIV da 230.
94
Tumca is XVII s-Sia gadawerili, ueWvelia, rom aq Zveli tipebia gadmocemuli.
95
ifrarSi – oTxi eklesiis mama, lagurkaSi – oTxi mociquli. igulisxmeba lagurkis
afsidis kedlis II, SemorCenili registri; III, dazianebul registrzec oTxi figura –
eklesiis mamebisa – yofila gamosaxuli. ix.: Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Росписи
художника Тевдоре . . . gv. 35 (mTargm.).
96
ifrarSi zeviT, lÁunetSi, “xarebis” kompoziciaa moTavsebuli, qvemoT – wm. ekaterine
da wm. barbare. lagurkaSi lÁunetSi wmm. kvirikesa da ivlitas frontaluri figurebia,
qvemoT – ori wm. mama. mogvianebiT gamoirkva, rom es dazianebuli figurebi wm. dedebs –
wm. ekaterinesa da wm. barbares – gamoxataven. ix.: Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская,
Росписи художника Тевдоре . . . gv. 36 (mTargm.).
97
nakifarSi lÁuneti “wm. giorgis mier kerpTa damxoba”-s eTmoba; qveda registze wm.
giorgis urmis Tvalze wameba da aRsaydrebuli diokletianea.
wvirmSi lÁuenti “xarebis” kompozicias uWiravs, meore regisrze ki “wm. giorgis
gaSoltvis” scenaa, Tan ki mxatvarma (etyoba, adgilis uqonlobis gamo) wmindanis
rkalad moxrili figura pirdapir karis TaRis rkals daaxata.
30
erTi – “xareba” – rogorc ukve mivuTiTeT, dasavleT kedelzea
ganTavsebuli, “Soba” da “jvarcma” ki mTavarangelozTa gverdiT, kamaris
ferdebzea ganTavsebuli. lagurkasa, nakifarsa da wvirmSi kamaris
ferdebi TaRiTaa danawevrebuli da oTx kompozicias moicavs – “Sobas”,
“naTlisRebas”, “jvarcmasa” da “jojoxeTis warmotyvevnas”. erTmaneTisken
WenebiT mavali mxedrebis, wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores kompozicia,
svanur moxatulobaTaTvis tradiciuli, romelic sam eklesiaSi sigrZiv
kedelzea gaSlili 98, ifrarSi samxreTsa da CrdiloeT kedlebzea orad
gayofili.
amgvarad, moxatulobis erTi da igive sqema am oTx eklesiaSi
sxvadasxvagvarad, maTi arqiteqturuli monacemebis Sesaferisadaa
gamoyenebuli. amasTanave ki, eklesiaTa nawilis mcire zomebis miuxedavad,
gamosaxulebebis zomaTa sidide yvelganaa SenarCunebuli. ufro metic ki,
kompoziciaTa ganTavsebis sruli simetriis mxriv, ifraris moxatuloba
ramdenadme ufro mkacri monumenturobis STabeWdilebas gvitovebs, vidre
danarCeni sami mxatvroba, amaTgan ki mas sxvebze metad lagurkis
moxatuloba uaxlovdeba.
am STabeWdilebas amkveTrebs im moCarCoebaTa xasiaTic, romelnic
gamosaxulebebs mofarglavs. gamosaxulebebi registrebSi mkacradaa
Caketili. am, SedarebiT momcro, eklesiebSi is orad-oria: erTi
kamarebisa, meore ki – kedlebze ganfenili. moxatuloba iataks sakmaod
aris acilebuli, daaxloebiT kedlis simaRlis erTi mesamedidan iwyeba,
Tanac ornamentis zoliT gamoyofili qveda nawili kedlebisa erTiani
nacrisferi toniT ifareba. amgvari agebuleba, Cveulebriv, XIII saukunis
dasawyisis moxatulobebSicaa SenarCunebuli, maSin rodesac XIV
saukuneSic da Semdgomac, gamosaxulebani an pirdapir iatakis donidan
iwyeba an kidev misgan “tilos” arcTu ganieri zoliTaa ganyofili.
mogviano moxatulobebSi erTiani ilÁuzoruli zedapiris miRma aRar
gvaqvs kedlis SegrZneba, maSin rodesac adreul moxatulobebSi igi
SenarCunebulia. zemoT moTavsebuli, mosazRvrul sivrceSi Caketili
gamosaxulebebi swored kedlebze gamosaxulebad aRiqmeba da ara
kedelze zemodan CamoSvebul fardad. monumenturobis grZnobis mxriv, es
xerxi SeiZleba bizantiur mozaikur morTulobebs SevudaroT – isinic,
Cveulebriv, kamarebiTaa mofargluli, maSin rodesac kedeli
neitralurad, marmariloTia gawyobili.
is mniSvnelovani adgili, rac Tevdores moxatulobebSi
dekoratiul elements, ornaments eTmoba, monumenturobis imav grZnobidan
gamomdinareobs. ornamenti ara marto Tvals Tematuri
gamosaxulebebisgan dasvenebis saSualebas aZlevs, aramed, amasTan,
konstruqciuli, momawesrigebeli daniSnulebac aqvs. gamosaxulebebi
horizontaluri zolebiTaa ganyofili, romelTagan erTi kamaris qims
miuyveba, meore – kedlis zeda sazRvars, mesame ki moxatulobas qvemodan

98
lagurkasa da nakifarSi, CrdiloeTiT, wvirmSi ki – samxreT kedelze. lagurkaSi
cxenebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mihqrian, nakifarsa da wvirmSi ki – erTmaneTisken.
31
mosazRvravs. vertikaluri zolebi, Sida sivrcis danawevrebis
Sesatyvisad, sakurTxevlis mxars, sabjen TaRsa da pilÁastrebs efineba.
ornamentuli zolebiTaa gamoyofili naxevarTaRebis niSebi, sarkmelTa
SeRrmavebebi, karis TaRebi da, dasasrul, araCveulebrivad mdidruladaa
aferadebuli kankelebic. figuruli gamosaxulebebisTvis motovebulia
mxolod da mxolod kamarisa da kedlebis zedapiris ganieri da sada
monakveTebi. amgvari sistemiT miRweulia mxatvrobisa da arqiteqturis
organuli kavSiri, arqiteqtura ferweruli safarvelis meoxebiT
gamovlenilia da ara miCqmaluli. esec, garkveuli zomiT, aaxloebs
adreul qarTul moxatulobebs bizantiur mozaikebTan, sadac faSfaSa
ornamentuli bordÁurebi aseTsave funqcias asrulebs.
mogviano moxatulobebSi, XIII saukunis dasawyisis moxatulobebSic
ki, ornamentis roli sagrZnobladaa damcrobili. maSin mihyves xeli
ganieri zedapirebis, TaRebis Sida pirebis da pilÁastrebis ufro metad
wmindanebis (mTeli taniTa Tu medalionebSi) figuruli gamosaxulebebiT
Sevsebas, Tumca TaRebis wverSi jerac medalionSi moqceuli jvris
dekoratiuli gamosaxulebaa datovebuli. ornamenti viwro zolis
saxiTRaa gadmonarCunebuli TaRisa an pilÁastris gverdebis viwro
vertikaluri waxnagisTvis. adreul ZeglebSi sarkmlebi zogjer
figuriTac imkoboda (oSki, zemo krixi, ateni da sxv.), magram erCivnaT
isini ornamentiT SeevsoT. winaaRmdeg amisa, XIII saukunis damdegis
SedarebiT mogviano moxatulobebSi ornamentiT, ZiriTadad, zeviT
atanili sarkmlebi (mag., gumbaTis sarkmlebi) aris xolme gawyobili,
ufro qvemoT ganlagebuli sarkmlebi ki, urCevniaT, adamianis figuris
gamosaxulebiT anda mTeli sceniT (beTania, timoTesubani) Seavson. XIII
saukunis did taZrebSi, saerTo jamSi, calkeuli ornamentuli motivebis
didi raodenoba ipoveba, magram moxatul farTobTan mimarTebiT, igi
arsebiTad naklebia, vidre adreul moxatulobebSi.
Tevdores moxatulobebisTvis Zlieraa damaxasiaTebeli
safexurovani ornamentis arcTu ganieri zoli, romelic eklesias
erTianad, kamaris quslze odnav dabla, sartyelad evleba da mis qveda
kidezec meordeba. ifrarSi es sartyeli konqSi zustad kamaris qusls
miuyveba da konqis kompozicias mosazRvravs, “darbazis” kedlebze
gadasuli ki ramdenadme icvlis dones da yvela kedelze erT simaRleze,
kamaris quslze odnav qvemoT gasdevs. magram registris donis Secvla
TvaliT srulebiT ar aRiqmeba, radgan gadasvlis adgils maRali kankeli
efineba. ornamentuli sartylis donec mxatvarma am kankelis gamo
Secvala. radganac igi faravs konqSi sartylis dones, ornamentis dones
“darbazSi” mxatvari konqs ki ara, Tavad kankelis arqitravs ufardebs, is
ki kamaris qusls odnav Camoscdeba; sakuTriv kankelze is wmindanTa
welzeiT, momcro gamosaxulebebs aTavsebs, romelTa Tavebi taZris
kedlebze ganTavsebuli wmindanebis Tavebs uswordeba. am xerxis meoxebiT
mTeli zeda naxevarsferuli sivrce, TiTqosda, qveda kvadrats ariso
mokveTili da Sida sivrcis arqiteqturul danawevrebasTan srul
harmonias inarCunebs. igive xerxi meordeba nakifarSic, magram, vinaidan
32
eklesia ifrarisaze bevrad maRalia, SedarebiT dabali kankeli ar
efareba sakurTxevlis kedlebs da, amitomac, ornamentuli zoli
sakurTxevelSic da “darbazSic” erT donezea. radganac konqis
kompozicia gvarianad Camoscdeba kamaris qusls, is taZarSic qvemoTaa
Camotanili, Seudareblad dabla, vidre ifrarSi. kamarisa da kedlebis
ferweruli registrebis aseTi Tanafardoba, garkveulwilad, amZimebs
saerTo agebulebas da aRar gvitovebs harmoniulobis imgvar
STabeWdilebas, rogorsac ifraris moxatuloba axdens. lagurkaSi, sadac
kedlebi naxevarTaRebiTaa danawevrebuli, ornamentuli sartyeli
qvemoTaa Catanili, xolo wvirmSi, romelic yvelafriT nakifars baZavs,
sartyelicaa ganmeorebuli, Tumc mas naxevarTaRebi wyvets. agebis
Tavisebureba aseve gvavaraudebinebs, rom nakifarisa da wvirmis
moxatulobani ifraris mxatvrobis aRnagobis odnav nakleb warmatebuli
gameorebaa.
Tevdores moxatulobebTan, Tavisi agebulebis mxriv, axlosaa
saqarTvelos sxva mTiani kuTxis moxatuloba, saxeldobr, qvemo raWis
sofel zemo krixis moxatuloba, romelsac XI saukunis bolos
akuTvnebdnen 99. msgavsebas, didwilad, am nagebobisa da X saukunis svanuri
koSkisebri eklesiebis Tanaziari arqiteqturuli tipic uwyobs xels 100.
gamosaxulebebi zemo krixSic monumenturi zomebiT gamoirCeva. am
maRal eklesiaSi sam registrad gaSlili kompoziciebi ganlagebiT srul
wonasworobaSia. svanuri ekleisebis darad, mxatvroba didebuli
ornamentuli sartylebiTaa Semkuli – gansakuTrebiT isini satriumfo
TaRzea afaSfaSebuli.
XI saukunis miwurulis moxatulobaTa xasiaTis gasagebad Tvali XI
saukunis moere naxevarSi Seqmnil atenis moxatulobas unda mivapyroT 101.
am moxatulobis agebuleba srulad epasuxeba monumenturobis
principebs. monumenturi xasiaTisaa Tavad kompoziciebic, didroni
figurebiT agebuli. taZris oTx mklavSi gamosaxulebaTa simetriuli
ganawilebiT maqsimaluri TvalnaTliobaa miRweuli – aRmosavleTi da
dasavleTi mklavebi erTnairadaa morTuli konqis grandiozuli
kompoziciebiTa da kedlis registrebze figurebis mwkrivebiT Sedgenili
grZivi registrebiT; samxreTsa da CrdiloeT mklavebSi calkeuli
kompoziciebia moTavsebuli, aseve sruli simetriis dacviT agebuli
(ufro momcro zemoT, modidoebi ki – qvemoT). registrebi mkacradaa
99
T. virsalaZe, sof. zemo krixis eklesiis moxatuloba, qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
institutis IV samecniero sesiis (10.VI.1949) Tezisebi. Sdr.: Т. Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись в
церкви Архангелов села Земо Крихи, Ars Georgica, 6-A, Tb., 1963, sadac moxatulobis TariRicaa
dazustebuli; bolodroindeli gamocemisTvis ix.: Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинская средневековая
монументальная живопись. Избранные труды, Тб., 2007 (mTargm.).
100
v. cincaZe, zemo krixis arqiteqturuli Zegli da misi adgili qarTuli xelovnebis
ganviTarebaSi. disertaciis Tezisebi, Tb., 1948. sruli saxiT naSromi dastambulia: Ars
Georgica, 6-A, Tb., 1963 (mTargm.).
101
Р. Шмерлинг, К вопросу датировки росписи Атенского Сиона, saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe, Tb.,
1947, t. VIII, #4, gv. 261-268. atenis moxatulobaTa monografiuli kvlevisTvis, ix.: T.
virsalaZe, atenis sionis moxatuloba. qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, Tb., 2007, gv. 101-
241 (mTargm.).
33
SeTanadebuli Sida sivrcis arqiteqturul danawevrebas da
erTmaneTisgan ganieri ornamentuli sartylebiT mkafiod gamoyofili;
ukanasknelni taZris samTav mklavs erT doneze gasdevs da maTi done
mxolod sakurTxevelSi icvleba, sadac soleas SemaRlebas registrebis
naklebi raodeboba Seesabameba.
es niSnebi yvelaze ufro gamokveTilad ifraris moxatulobaSi
iCens Tavs, romelic XI saukunis monumenturi xelovnebis tradiciis
Sesabamisad aris agebuli. naklebi mkafioeboT vlindeba isini wvirmSi. es
cvlilebebi, jerac umniSvnelo, stilis monumenturobis mkacri
principebidan dacilebis mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas mowmobs – erTi
mxatvris Semoqmedebisa Tu misi skolis farglebSi.
marTlacda, XI saukunis monumenturi stili XII saukunis sigrZeze
unda gadasxvaferebuliyo, radgan XIII saukunis damdegis ZeglebSi agebis
sruliad gansxvavebul principebs vxvdebiT.
zemoT, moxatulobaSi ornamentis rols rom SevexeT, Cven mogveca
SesaZlebloba adreuli xanis moxatulobaTa sistema SedarebiT mogviano
xanis sistemas Segvepirispirebina. raTa ganvsazRvroT ganviTarebis is
gza, romelic monumentur xelovnebas XIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi unda
gaevlo, yvelaze marTebuli iqneba XI saukunis ramdenime Zegli XIII
saukunis Zeglebs SevadaroT. Txrobis simoklisa da TvalnaTliobisTvis,
Cven taZris mxolod erTi nawilis, saxeldobr, sakurTxevlis
moxatulobis SedarebiT SemovifarglebiT, radgan taZris ferweruli
gaformebis xasiaTis cvlilebi, arqiteqturis formaTa ganviTarebis
paralelurad mimdinare, am nawilSic sruladaa gamovlenili, Tan ki
nagebobis am nawilisTvis yvelaze nakleb arsebiTia gumbaTovani da
ugumbaTo taZris moxatulobis sxvadasxvaoba.
uZvelesi xanis momcro svanur eklesiebSi, iseve rogorc zemo
krixSi, sakurTxevlis kedlebze erTaderTi, mociqulebisa anda wm.
mRvdelmTavarTa momcveli, registria gaSlili. wm. mRvdelmTavarni
mkacrad frontalurad dganan. mkacri Caketili gare monaxazis mqone
maTi figurebi savsebiT statikuria. mociqulebi, ikonografiuli tipis
Tanaxmierad, ufro Tavisufladaa dayenebuli. Cveulebriv, isini
sakurTxevlis centrisken mimarTuli, odnav moZravad arian motanili,
magram moZraoba Zalze sustadaa TavCenili da uZiriTadesi mociqulTa
rigis agebisas, agreTve, horizontals miyolebiT damwkrivebuli
figurebis mkafio ritmia. registris horizontals ganieri ornamentiani
zolebic usvams xazs. sarkmeli neitralurad, ornamentiT, ufro
iSviaTad figurebiT, aris gawyobili.
atenis sionis didi sakurTxevlis afsidSi kedlebze mxatvrobis
ori registric Tavisuflad ganTavsda. zeda, kamaris quslsa da
sakurTxevlis sami sarkmlis zeda dones Soris arezea Caketili. qveda,
ufro ganieri, sarkmlebis simaRles utoldeba. registrebs ornamentis
farTo zolebi farglavs, gverdiTi sarkmlebi ornamentiTaa gawyobili,
SuanaSi ki wm. mesveteTa ori figuraa. zeda registrze mociqulebia,
sakurTxevlis centrisken msubuqad moZravni. qvedaze – frontaluri wm.
34
mRvdelmTavrebia. magram, vinaidan qveda registri zedaze TiTqmis
erTnaxevarjer ganieria, wm. mRvdelmTavarTa uzarmazari, erTi meores
Tanabrad daSoriSorebuli figurebi ZiriTadia im STabeWdilebisTvis,
rasac sakurTxevlis moxatuloba gviqmnis.
analogiuria oSkis sakurTxevlis gaformebac, sadac registrebi
asevea kedlis arqiteqturul danawevrebas Sesabamebuli.
damaxasaiTebelia, rom, Tumca wm. mRvdelmTavarTa zogi figura
sakurTxevlis sarkmlebis SeRrmavebebSia Cawerili, ukanasknelni
danarCenebTan erT donezea ganTavsebuli, e.i. registris horizontali
araa darRveuli. misi xazgamsmeli, warweris farTo zoli, ornamentuli
moCarCoebis magivrobas swevs.
XIII saukunis dasawyisis monumenturi mxatvrobis stils yvelaze
TvalsaCinod yincvisisa da beTaniis moxatulobani warmogvidgens, Tamar
mefisa da giorgi laSas portretebiT daTariRebuli *, aseve stilurad
maTi monaTesave timoTesubnis ** mxatvrobac. maTSi Cven ukve sakurTxevlis
gaformebis sul sxva principebs vxedavT.
beTaniis sakurTxevlis kedlebze mxatvroba sam registradaa
gaSlili. Tuki atenSi msubuqi moZraoba, mociqulTa mwkrivSi dasaxuli,
wm. mRvdelmTavarTa uzarmazar figurebSi irindeba, beTaniaSi, piriqiT,
moZraoba TiTqos qvemodan zemoT matulobs: qvemoT frontaluri wm.
mRvdelmTavrebia – Semdgom odnav amoZravebuli mociqulebi – zemoT
boboqari moZraoba winaswarmetyvelebisa. vinaidan beTaniaSi es mwkrivebi
erTi simaRlisaa, mometebuli mniSvneloba moZraobiT warmodgenil
figurebs eniWeba. amasTan erTad, aRarc mxatvrobis horizontalur
registrebad danawevrebaa ornamentuli zolebiT gamaxvilebuli. piriqiT,
uwyvetobis STabeWdilebas gvirRvevs afsidis sami sarkmlis SeRrmavebaSi
moTavsebuli diakvnebis figurebi. es figurebi ar emTxveva kedlis
registrebis doneebs, isini maT Soris eqceva. registrebis sagangebod
garRvevis STabeWdilebas gviqmnis wm. mRvdelmTavarTa welzeiTi

*
am moxtulobaTa Sesaxeb, ix.: Г. Алибегашвили, Четыре портрета царицы Тамары, Тб., 1957,
misive, Светский портрет в грузинской монументальной живописи, Тб., 1979; Е. Привалова, О
грузинской монументальной живописи рубежа XII-XIII веков, qarTuli xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili
II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1977, misive, Новые данные о Бетании, qarTuli
xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1983, misive, Роспись
Тимотесубани, Тб., 1980; m. didebuliZe, axali monacemebi yincvisis wm. nikolozis eklesiis
XIII saukunis moxatulobis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 1, 2002, gv. 85-100, misive,
xuroTmoZRvrebisa da mxatvrobis urTierTmimarTeba yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris XIII
saukunis mxatvrobaSi, ACADEMIA, 3, 2002, gv. 63-71, misive, wm. silibistros gamosaxuleba
yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris sakurTxevlis moxatulobaSi, qarTuli xelovnebis
narkvevebi, III, Tb., 2004, gv. 32-34, 87-89, misive, saRvTismetyvelo polemikis asaxvis
sakiTxisaTvis yincvisis wm. nikolozis taZris programaSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 6,
2004-5, gv. 116-146, misive, wm. nikolozis cxovrebis cikli yincvisis moxatulobaSi,
qarTuli xelovnebis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 2005, gv. 31-34, misive, "Ziri iesesi" yincvisis wm.
nikolozis taZarSi, ACADEMIA, 6-7, 2006, gv. 41-49; misive, St. Nicholas in the 13th c. Mural Painting
of Kintsvisi Church, Iconographica, 6, 2007, gv. 61-77; a. oqropiriZe, beTaniis mxatvroba da
marTlmadidebluri ferweris zogierTi aspeqti, speqtri, 2005, gv. 23-29 (mTargm.).
**
am moxatulobis monografiuli kvlevisTvis, ix.: Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, Тб.,
1980 (mTargm.).
35
gamosaxulebebic, sarkmlebis qveS, mTeli taniT gamoxatul figurebTan
SenacvlebiT ganTavsebuli.
es axali, epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ram kidev ufro Zlierad
yincvisisa da timoTesubnis sakurTxevlis moxatulobebSi moiwevs win. da
Tuki pirvelSi registrebi jer kidev figurebis mwkrivebadaa gaSlili,
meoreSi isini calkeuli figurebiTa da jgufebiTaa Sedgenili.
sarkmlebSi sruli figurebis, sarkmlebs qveS ki naxevarfigurebis
ganTavseba (yincvisSi, amas garda, qristes naxevarfiguracaa niSaSi, sul
qvemoT) erTgvar, damatebiT, Sualedur naxevarregistrebs warmoqmnis,
ZiriTadi registrebis mimarT, TiTqosda, Wadrakulad ganlagebuls.
vinaidan sakuTxevlis am moxatulobebSi registrebis erTiani done
ukve morRveulia, mis xazgamsmel ornamentul zols mniSvneloba
ekargeba, farTod axla ornamentis calkeuli, sagangebo CarCoSi Casmuli,
momcro monakveTebi gamoiyeneba. aseTia ornamentis monakveTebi yincvisSi,
wm. mRvdelmTavarTa or rigs Soris, sarkmlebSua Cadgmuli, romelnic
aqve wydeba da gagrZelebas ver hpovebs. aseTia ornamentiani areebic,
sarkmlebSi wm. diakvanTa qvemoT moTavsebuli. timoTesubanSi Suana
sarkmlis qveS arcTu ganieri ornamentiani CarCoSemovlebuli area
gamoyofili, sarkmlebSorisebSi wm. diakvnebis gamosaxulebebs qvemoT ki
patara areebi eqceva, zed ganedlebuli jvrebiTurT. ornamentis am
monakveTebis daniSnuleba figurebs Soris Sualedebis Sevsebaa,
romelTac garduvalad aCens agebis aseTi, “safexurovani” sistema. isini,
Tavis mxriv, ukanasknelis mousvenrobisa da dinamikurobis
STabeWdilebas aZlierebs.
dekoratiuli elementis amgvari gamoyeneba sxvaobs im
principebisgan, rac winamorbedi xanis ferweram SeimuSava. iq, rogorc
aRiniSna, ornamenti ZiriTad arqiteqturul detalebs gamoyofda, aq ki
is, winaaRmdeg amisa, arqiteqturul elementebsaa dapirispirebuli.
sarkmlis qveS moTavsebuli, CarCoTi mosazRvruli ornamenti, TiTqosda,
ilÁuzorulad sarkmlis Riobis vertikals agrZelebso.
XI saukunis sakurTxevlis ansamblSi, romelic mkafio registrebiT,
frizebad gaSlili calkeuli figurebis rigebiTaa agebuli, Cadebulia
rigis imav horizontalis miyolebiT dausruleblad gagrZelebis
SesaZlebloba, ai, erTmaneTisgan ki registrebi savsebiT damoukidebeli,
umoZrao da mosazRvrulia. XIII saukunis ansamblebis Wadrakulad agebul
ansamblebSi, TiTqosda, zeviT–qveviT moZraobaa Cadebuli, qreba mkafio
zRvari registrebs Soris da isini erTi meoreSi gadadis; aseT
struqturas zemoTken usasrulod zrda ZaluZs. amnairi dinamikuri
aRnagobis Sesatyvisad, yincvissa da timoTesubanSi pirvelad Cndeba,
marTalia, martooden gverdiT kedlebze, wm. mRvdelmTavarTa
sammeoTxedad Sebrunebuli figurebi (yincvisSi maT kidev “ziarebis”
mociqulTa figurebi Seesabameba), raSic isaxeba axali, jerjerobiT
Canasaxovani tendencia moxatulobis struqturis ufro Caketvisa, rac
XIV saukunis xelovnebaSi hpovebs dasrulebas.

36
 XIV saukuneSi, ikonografiisa da gamosaxulebaTa stilis Secvlili
xasiaTisas (maTi wyalobiT sakurTxevlis mxatvroba alag
mravalfiguriani scenebiTaa garTulebuli, maT ki rTuli gorakebiani
da arqiteqturiani fonebi axlavs), mxatvris winaSe ufro gamZafrebiT
daismis sakurTxevlis rTuli ansamblis erTian mTlianobad gaerTianebis
amocana. ufro adre dasaxuli tendenciis Tanaxmierad, igi mas
ferweruli maxvilebis sakurTxevlis centrisken xazgasmuli miswrafebis
kuTxiT wyvets. amnairia ubisis sakurTxevlis mxatvroba, sadac “uflis
serobis” centraluri kompozicia sakurTxevlis sarkmlebis Tavzea
moTavsebuli, mis aqeT-iqiT ki “ziarebis” scenebia, romelTa figurebis
masebi Suisken miiswrafis, amas ki arqiteqturuli fonic usvams xazs 102.
amgvarivea lixnes * sakurTxevlis kidev ufro rTuli moxatuloba, sadac
centrisken martooden figurebi ki ara, fonebze mTaTa masivebic
miiswrafis. am Caketil aRnagobas wm. mRvdelmTavrebi ganasruleben,
romelnic axla mxolod da mxolod sam meoTxedad Sebrunebulni
gamoisaxebian da afrialebuli felonebiT mosilni, TiTqosda,
trapezisken nela miemarTebian.
es evolÁucia analogiuri saxiTve taZris sxva nawilebis
morTulobaSic iCenda Tavs. aRnagobis sirTule, misi dinamikuroba,
registrebis erTiani horizontalis dacvaze uaris Tqma, ornamentis
Secvlili roli, bunebrivia, mTlianobaSi moxatulobis iersac
gansazRvravs.
rodesac kvlav macxvariSis moxatulobas vubrundebiT da mas
stilis, Cvens mier ganxiluli evolÁuciis TvalsazrisiT gavarCevT, Cven
advilad vagnebT mis adgils XI saukunis dasasrulisa da XIII saukunis
dasawyisis Sualedis Zeglebs Soris – is pirvelebTan ufro axlosaa,
vinaidan zogierTi axali niSani masSi savsebiT garkveviT ki isaxeba,
magram mTlianobaSi is XI saukunis monumenturi stilis tradiciebs
misdevs.
calkeuli kompoziciebi zomiT kvlavac didronia da monumenturad
agebuli ramdenime mozrdili figurisgan, romelnic jabnis mTiansa Tu
arqiteqturul fonebs. iataks simaRliT sakmaod acilebulni, isini
kamarebisa da kedlebis zedapiris did monakveTebSia Caketili, xolo
yvela arqiteqturuli maxvili ki: TaRi, pilÁastrebi, kar-sarkmlebi –
mdidari ornamentuli motivebiTaa gamoyofili. sakurTxevlis konqi,
romelic nakifarisa da wvirmis msgavsad, “vedrebis” grandiozul
kompozicias uWiravs, ornamentis ganieri zoliTaa gamoyofili. mis

Ш. Амиранашвили, Убиси, Тиф., 1930, tab., XXIII, XXVIII, XXXVI, XL. garda amisa, ix. agreTve: И.
102

Лордкипанидзе, О некоторых художественных особенностях росписи в Убиси, qarTuli

xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili IV saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, Tb., 1983, misive, wm. giorgis
cxovrebis cikli ubisis kedlis mxatvrobaSi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 6, 2004-5, gv. 147-
179, misive, "saidumlo serobis" scena ubisis kedlis mxatvrobaSi, saqarTvelos
siZveleni, 19, 2016, gv. 269-284; n. burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi da kedlis
mxatvroba, Tb., 2006 (mTargm.).
*
am moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: Л. Шервашидзе, Средневековая монументальная живопись в Абхазии,
Тб., 1980, gv. 67-149 (mTargm.).
37
qvemoT mociqulTa mozrdili, ritmulad, Tanabrad daSoriSorebuli
mdgomare figurebia. amJamad afsids axali, maRali ikonostasi efareba,
rac mniSvnelovanwilad gvirRvevs sidiadisa da monumenurobis
STabeWdilebas, romelsac ueWvelad badebda maRal, taZrisken gadaxsnil
da misgan modablo kankeliT ganyofil afsidSi Tavisuflad gaSlili
moxatuloba. taZris kamaraze, romelsac TaRi oTx Tanabar monakveTad
yofs, did-didi kompoziciebia moTavsebuli. kamaris metismeti simaRle
mxatvars kamaraze meore registris Seqmnasac karnaxobs. moxatulobis sam
registrad ageba sxva adreul eklesiebSic gvxvdeba, mag., svaneTSi
nezgunis * an kidev raWaSi zemo krixis ** eklesiebSi. magram iq
registrebis simaRleebs Soris harmoniuli wonasworobaa damyarebuli.
zemo krixSi kedlidan kamaraze gadasvla angelozebis (CrdiloeTiT) da
wmindanebis (samxreTiT) monumenturi naxevarfigurebiTaa gaformebuli,
romelnic naxevarTaRebis aswvriv wyvil-wyviladaa gamoxatuli.
macxvariSSi registrebi simaRlisa da, Sesabamisad, agebis mxrivac
erTmaneTisgan xazgasmulad sxvaobs. zemoTken Zalian maRali,
vertikalurad agebuli kompoziciebia moTavsebuli, qvemoTken – Zalian
dabali da imdenad Cawnexili, rom maTi moCarCoeba figurebis
Saravandebs exeba. es kompoziciebi horizontalis miyolebiTaa agebuli.
amgvari aRnagoba moxatulobas erTgvar mravalferovnebas sZens da
dinamikurobis SegrZnebas gviqmnis, rac ganasxvavebs mas winamorbedi xanis
simetriulad agebuli moxatulobebisgan. magram aqac ki ar icavs
mxatvari registrebis mTlianobas. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, kamaris
moxatuloba or registrad ganiyofa, “feriscvalebis” scenas,
gamonaklisis saxiT, kamaris mTeli simaRle uWiravs. SeiZleboda
gvevarauda, rom pirvelad mxatvari mTeli kamaris oTxi maRali
kompoziciiT Sevsebas ganizraxavda, magram mere aseTi ram ulamazod
CaTvla, azri Seicvala da kamaris danarCeni nawili or registrad ganyo.
magram “feriscvalebis” kompozicia Cinebuladaa sxva scenebTan
SeTanxmebuli – sami zeda mdgomare figura (qriste da
winaswarmetyvelebi) simetriulia mopirdapired ganTavsebuli “mirqmis”
scenis maRali, mTeli taniT mdgomi figurebis mimarT, ganrTxmuli
mociqulebis jgufi ki qveda registrebis modablo sami scenis donesaa
gaTanabrebuli. Tuki regitrebis amgvar Selaxvaze darwmunebT iTqmis,
ostats moxatulobis saerTo agebulebis gamravalferovneba surdao, misi
ufro Tavisufali damokidebuleba registrebis erTiani horizontulobis
SenarCunebis mimarT eWvs ar iwvevs. igi rom misTvis bevrs arafers

*
am moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: r. yenia, n. aladaSvili, zemo svaneTi . . . gzamkvlevi . . .
gv. 78; m. yenia, adreuli tradicia XII saukunis svaneTis moxatulobebSi, Zeglis
megobari, 1(96), 1997, gv. 25-39, misive, General Concept of the 12th and 14th Century Murals in Upper
Svaneti (Georgia), ΛΑΜΠΗΔΩΝ, v. 1, Athens, 2003, gv. 383-394 (mTargm.).
**
moxatulobis monografiuli kvlevisTvis, ix.: Т. Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись в церкви
Архангелов села Земо Крихи, Ars Georgica, 6-A, Tb., 1963, gv. 107-170, xolo mogviano
publikaciisvis: Т. Вирсаладзе, Избранные труды, Тб., 2007, gv. 25-94; moxatulobis programis
analizisTvis, ix.: m. yenia, kidev erTxel zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa eklesiis
moxatulobis programis gamo, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 6, 2004-5, gv. 89-104 (mTargm.).
38
warmoadgens, misi dacvis mxriv daudevroba mowmobs – “naTlisRebis”
scena gverdiT mdebare “jvarcmis” scenaze odnav qvemoTaa damTavrebuli,
rasac, safiqrebelia, mxatvari Tevdore arasodes dauSvebda. garkveul
zomaze amnairi daudevroba am ori mxatvris ostatobis sxvadasxva
doneze metyvelebs, magram mxatvari miqaeli, Tumc TevdoresaviT
brwyinvale ostati ar yofila, imdenad gawafuli ki iyo, raTa aseTi
daudevroba aecilebina, is rom moxatulobis kompoziciuri agebisadmi
mis Secvlil midgomas ar emTxveodes. es misi axleburi midgoma
moxatulobis sxva TaviseburebebSic iCens Tavs.
es Taviseburebani dasavleTi kedlis gaformebaSicaa TavCenili. igi
aseve sam registradaa ganyofili – zedaze “amaRlebis” jgufia, ori
angelozi, qristes momcveli mandorlis mtvirTveli. meoreze grZel
frizad “ierusalemad Sesvlis” kompoziciaa gaSlili, SuaSi
danawevrebuli sarkmliT, romliskenac scenis orive naxevris moqmedi
pirnia pirmiqceuli. ufro qvemoTken ori, cxenze amxedrebuli, wm.
Meomaria. magram Cveulebrivi kompozicia aq mxedrebs Soris moqceulma
xelapyrobilma figuram Secvala, romlis gamoisobiT es cxenosani
figurebi erTi kompoziciis elementebi ki aRar aris, aramed mTlianobaSi
aRebuli kedlis morTulobis elementebad aRiqmeba. damaxasiaTebelia,
amasTanave, rom registrebis sazRvrebi, wvrili wiTeli xaziT moniSnuli,
aqa-iq figurebiTaa gadakveTili. ase, qvemoT wm. giorgis Saravandi zed
moCarCoebasaa mijrili, am dros ki wm. Tevdores Saravandi masaa amcdari.
amasve vxedavT “naTlisRebis” scenaSic, sadac wm. ioane naTlismcemlis
Saravandi moCarCoebaze gadadis. rac unda iyos, dasavleTi kedlis
SemTxvevaSi, am movlenas adgilis naklebobas ver mivawerT, miTumetes,
rom analogiuri movlena moxatulobis zeda registrze, amav dasavleT
kedelze meoredeba kidec. “amaRlebis” scenis ori angelozis wiTeli
mogvebiT mosili fexebi aseve kveTs scenis qveda CarCos da qveda,
“ierusalemad Sesvlis” scenaze gadadis; marjvena angelozis fexi
lamisaa ierusalimis erT-erT nagebobas Seexos. amgvari xerxiT,
TiTqosda, ispoba myari zRvari registrebs Soris da dasavleTi kedlis
moxatuloba erT dinamikur mTlianobad erTiandeba.
sagulisxmoa da aRsaniSni, rom amgvar xerxs ifraris
moxatulobaSic vnaxavT. kamaris samxreT kalTaze mTavarangelozi fexiT
qveda moCarCoebas “wamosdebia”, ufro zustad ki, iseve gadadis
moCarCoebaze, rogorc iosebisa da mwyemsebis terfebi “Sobis” mezoblad
mdebare scenaSi. atenis klasikurad cxad moxatulobaSi figurebi
moCarCoebas arc ki uaxlovdeba da mas garkveuli manZiliT Soravs.
XIII saukunis dasawyisis moxatulobaSi mxatvari, registrebis
Selaxvisas, ufro met siTamames iCens – mag., yincvisSi CrdiloeTi
kedlis angelozis frTebi Sorsaa scenis moCarCoebas gamcdari 103.
bunebrivia, rom registrebis mimarT aseTi Tavisufali
damokidebulebisas, mxatvari miqaeli maT ornamentiani moCarCoebiT aRar

103
analogiur rasme XII-XIII ss-is qarTul miniatÁuraSic gaedevneba Tvali.
39
hyofs, XI saukunis moxatulobaTaTvis ase tipiuri rom iyo da
Cveulebrivi, viwro wiTeli zolebiT ifargleba. kidev meti, ornamentis
mokle monakveTebs is doneTa erTferovnebis dasarRvevad mimarTavs. ase,
“xarebis” scenasa da mis qvemoT ganlagebul “lazares aRdginebis” scenas
Soris mxatvarma moulodnelad safexurovani ornamentis ganieri zoli
gadafina. am zolis am adgilze moTavseba veranairi logikuri gansjiT
aixsneba. or scenas Soris Tavisufali Sualedi mxatvars SemTxveviT Tu
morCeboda, misTvis advilze-uadvilesi iqneboda an zeda scenis “niadagi”
gamoegrZelebina anda qvedas foni, miT ufro, rom misi moCarCoeba cotac
da figuraTa Saravandebze gadaivlida. ornamentis am ucabedi zolis (igi
arc grZeldeba da arc sadme meordeba) arsebobas erTaderTi, mxatvris
survili Tu axsnis, registrebis agebulebas moZraoba SesZinos da misi
meSveobiT maTi erTferovneba gaarRvios. SeuZlebelia es xerxi XIII
saukunis moxatulobebSi ornamentis mokle monakveTebis gamoyenebis Cvens
mier zemoT miTiTebul maneras ar SevudaroT. oRond, Tu ukanasknelebSi
is ukve stilis dasrulebul niSan-Tvisebad warmogvidgeba, macxvariSSi
igi XI saukunis normebis darRvevis erT-erT pirvel cdad, ufro
dinamikuri agebis Ziebad gvevlineba.
es rom macxvariSisTvis SemTxveviTi ram ar aris, sakurTxevlis
moxatulobis kidev erTi detali gvidasturebs. zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom
“vedrebis” kompozicias qvemodan safexurovani ornamentis farTo zoli
mosazRvravs. magram SuaSi zoli gawyvetilia da masSi momcro
kvadratuli area CarTuli, masze jvris gamosaxulebiT. am ares viwro,
sakurTxevlis sarkmlis vertikalebis gamgrZobi CarCo evleba.
horizontaluri moCarCoebis amgvari garRveva, rac registrebs Soris
sazRvrebs Selaxavs, aseve momcro aris gamoyofa, ilÁuzorulad
arqiteqturuli elementis xazebs rom agrZelebs, aseve araa XI
saukunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da masac, isev da isev, XIII saukunis
dasawyisis moxatulobaTa sistemisken mivyavarT.
macxvariSis moxatulobis kompoziciuri agebis gacnobam
dagvarwmuna, rom agebulebis xasiaTis umniSvnelo sxvadasxvaoba, rac
Tevdores moxatulobebSi SevniSneT, SemTxveviTi ar gaxlavT, aramed
monumenturobis principebidan daSorebis mimarTulebiT stilis
garkveuli ganviTarebis gamomxatvelia. da Tuki im ZeglebSi, TiTqmis
zedmiwevniT rom imeorebs amave xelovanis ufro adreul namuSevrebs, es
ganviTareba odnav Tu isaxeba, macxvariSSi – is ki savsebiT ueWvelad
sxva skolas miekuTvneba – is gacilebiT ufro garkveviTaa gamoxatuli.
amitomac macxvariSis moxatuloba, Tumc wvirmisaze bevrad umrwemesi
araa, masze mowinave gamodis.
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, macxvariSSi calkeuli figurebica da
kompoziciebic Tavisebur xazovan da feradovan ritms emorCileba,
romelnic maT erTian dekoratiul mTlianobad aerTianebs. TaRebiT or
kompartimentad danawevrebuli kedlebi or-or kompozicias itevs. yoveli
maTgani calke dasaTvaliereblad aris gaTvlili, e.i. savsebiT
damoukidebladaa aRnagi, amasTanave erTad ki, maT is aerTianebs, rom
40
figurebis umravlesoba mibrunebiTa Tu moZraobiT aRmosavleTiskenaa
orientirebuli. CrdiloeT kedelze am moZraobas eqvemdebareba figurebi
demetre mefisa, erT-erTi erisTavisa da orsav gvirgvinis damdgmeli
angelozisa, samxreTisaze – figurebi cxenze amxedrebuli wm. demetresi
da kvirike iRumenisa. es figurebi dasavleTi karidan Semosul mnaxvels
sakurTxevlisken mimarTaven da, TiTqosda, masTan erTad moZraoben. mas
Semdeg, rac sakurTxevlamde mcire manZils gaivlis, mnaxveli Cerdeba da
masTan erTad, TiTqosda, kedlebzeda figurebic Cerdebian – samxreTi da
CrdiloeTi kedlebis aRmosavleT nawilSi, sakurTxevelTan moTavsebuli
gamosaxulebani wm. dedaTa, sxva figurebisgan gansxvavebiT, savsebiT
frontalurad, mnaxvelisken pirmiqceviT, umoZraod dganan (gverdiTi
karebidan SemosulT swored isini egebebian). Semdgom, ukve kankels miRma,
am moZraobas mociqulTa jgufebi agrZeleben da is sakurTxevlis
centrSi, sarkmelTan bolovdeba kidec.
amgvari aRnagoba ara mxolod dekoratiul miznebs emsaxureba, igi
eswrafvis, mnaxvelTan yvelaze axlo motanili regitris wmindanTa
gamosaxulebebsa da Tavad mnaxvels Soris Sinagani kavSiri daamyaros.
amaSic vlindeba Tavisebureba Suasaukunovani moxatulobebis Rrmad
gaazrebuli sistemisa, romelsac miznad hqonda, mlocvels garkveuli
ganwyoba daufleboda.
qveda registrisgan gansxvavebiT, meore, kamariszeda registris
agebuleba sapirispiro, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken moZraobas
emorCileba. am mimarTulebiTaa amoZravebuli “naTlisRebis”, “jvarcmisa”
da “lazares aRdginebis” figurebis umravlesoba. dasavleT kedelze am
moZraobas “ierusalemad Sesvlis” figurebi agrZeleben da aqac is
kedlis centrSi, sarkmelTan bolovdeba. dasasrul, rogorc zemoTaa
miTiTebuli, zeda registris oTxi scena, ori qveda registris
horizontalurad gaSlili kompoziciebisgan gansxvavebiT, vertikalis
miyolebiT viTardeba da ufro centruli aRnagoba aqvs.
amgvarad, mxatvari yovel registrs ara mxolod erTi moZraobiT
aerTianaebs, aramed maT erTmaneTs dekoratiulad upirispirebs kidec. am
momcro, gegmiT TiTqmis kvadratul eklesiaSi figurebis horizontalis
miyolebiT moZraoba did ganviTarebas ver hpovebs, miTumetes, rom Tavad
figurebi, zogadad, didad dinamikuri araa da maTi moZraobac friad
pirobiTad, msubuqi SetrialebiTaa gadmocemuli; amitomac upiratesi
gamosaxulebaTa mSvidi da didebuli monumenturobis STabeWdilebaa.
magram savsebiT garkveviT isaxeba miswrafeba moxatulobis calkeuli
nawilebis dinamikur mTelad Serwymisa, is imdenad Zlieria, rom mxatvari
– amas qvemoT davinaxavT – mas calkeuli kompoziciebis agebulebas
umorCilebs da calkeuli sÁuJetebis tradiciuli kompoziciuri
sqemebidan gadaxvevasac ki ar erideba.
calkeuli gamosaxulebebis registris erTiani ritmisTvis
damorCilebis miswrafebas, rac amave xanis sxva qarTul moxatulobebsac
axasiaTebs, analogiebi aRmosavleTqristianul, kerZod, kapadokiur
moxatulobebSi eZebneba, Tumca, yovel calke SemTxvevaSi, is
41
individualurad aris xolme gadawyvetili. macxvariSSi igi simaRlisa da
figurebis sazogado mimarTulebis mxriv gansxvavebuli registrebis
dinamikuri urTierTdapirispirebiT vlindeba, Tan ki, calkeul
SemTxvevebSi, calkeuli registrebis mijnebis garRvevis tendenciac
isaxeba.
macxvariSis moxatulobis agebulebis stilisturi Taviseburebani
zogierT sxva qarTul moxatulobasac axasiaTebs, romelTa TariRebi
aqamde gansazRvruli ar yofila.
XI saukunis ZeglebTan bevri saerTo niSani aqvs ikvis wm. giorgis
eklesiis moxatulobas *. esenia: gamosaxulebaTa didi zoma, sakurTxevlis,
gumbaTis, samxreTi da CrdiloeTi kedlebis kompoziciaTa monumenturi
agebuleba, didebuli ornamentuli motivebiT arqiteqturuli
elementebis – TaRebis, sabjenebis, kar-sarkmlebis – gamoyofa. magram
aRnagbis is TvalnaTlivi sisadave da mkafioeba, rac adreuli
ZeglebisTvisaa tipiuri, aq aRar aris. bolomde araa daculi ferweruli
maxvilebis ganawilebis wonasworoba, arc registrebia mkafiod
gamijnuli. doneebi aSlili da araTanabaria. ar aris, amitomac,
registrebis gamomyofi ornamentiani zolebic da mxolodRa qvemodan
aqvs moxatulobas ornamentiani moCarCoeba. erT adgilzeRa – asea
macxvariSSic – or registrs Soris, samxreTi kedlis viwro
Suakedliszea Cafenili ornamentis mokle zoli.
aseTive niSnebi axasiaTebs mcxeTis maxloblad mdebare kalaubnis
wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatulobasac **. momcro darbazuli eklesia
mcireodeni didroni da jerac savsebiT monumenturi kompoziciebiTaa
moxatuli. gansakuTrebiT monumenturia sakurTxevelSi “vedrebisa” da wm.
mRvdelmTavrebis da taZris kedlebze ori cxenosani wm. meomris
gamosaxulebani, am dros ki kamaraze saxarebis oTxi scena ramdenadme
dawvrilmanebulia. moxatuloba iataks didadaa acilebuli da
registrebad ornamentis ganieri zolebiTaa dayofili. mkafioebis
erTgvari nakleboba imaSiRa gamoixata, rom wm. giorgis Tavi
moCarCoebaSi ver Caetia da igi ornamentul zolze gadadis.
monumenturobis STabeWdilebas xels uSlis wmindanebis momcro,
welzeiTi gamosaxulebebic, romelnic adgilis uqonlobis gamo,
mxatvarma CrdiloeT da dasavleT kedlebze, cxenosani wm. meomrebis
gverdiT moaTavsa. erTmaneTis Tavze sam rigad, momcro CarCoebian
areebze moTavsebuli es gamosaxulebani kedels aqucmacebs, kompozicias
ki mkafioebas aklebs. damaxasiaTebeli ramaa wmindanis welzeiTi

*
am moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: n. aladaSvili, ikvis wm. giorgis eklesiis ferweruli
dekoris programa da sistema, qarTuli xelovnebis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 2005, gv. 22-26; e.
gedevaniSvili, ikvis wm. giorgis eklesiis "gankiTxvis dRis" ikonografiis
Taviseburebani, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 14, 2010, gv. 153-166, misive, vnebis cikli ikvis wm.
giorgis eklesiis moxatulobasi da misi saRvTismetyvelo konteqsti, saqarTvelos
siZveleni, 19, 2016, gv. 112-124; garda amisa, Е. Привалова, Павниси, Тб., 1977 (mTargm.).
**
am moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: Е. Привалова, Роспись церкви Георгия Калаубанского близ Мцхета,
Ars Georgica, 8-A, Tb., 1979, gv. 137-158 (mTargm.).
42
gamosaxulebis sarkmlis zemoT moTavsebac. misi aris momsazRvreli
CarCo sarkmlis xazebs agrZelebs.
amgvarad, XII saukunis Sua xanis moxatulobaTa kompoziciur agebas
XI saukunis xelovnebis mier SemuSavebuli normebisgan erTgvari
dacileba axasiaTebs – meti dinamikurobisa da dekoratiulobis
mimarTulebiT. axali stili jer araa gamomuSavebuli, magram Zvelis
daSlisas pirvelad Cndeba misi mignebis mcdelobac.
stilis ganviTareba da saxecvlileba mudmivad mimdinareobs, magram
aris epoqebi, am epoqebSi ki calkeuli Zeglebi, sadac Zvrebi, winamorbed
ZeglebSi rom isaxeboda, ufro TvalnaTliv, axali stilis xasiaTis
amsaxvel sistemad CamoinakvTeba. CvenTvis cnobili qarTuli
moxatulobebidan XI saukunis monumentur stils yvelze mkafioda da
gamokveTilad atenis moxatuloba warmogvidgens, XII saukunis bolosa da
XIII saukunis dasawyisis dekoratiul-dinamikuri stili ki yvelaze
TvalnaTliv Cvens mier ganxilul yincvisis, beTaniisa da timoTesubnis
moxatulobebSi warmoCinda. macxvariSis moxatulobisa da masTan axlos
mdgomi ikvisa da kalaubnis wm. giorgis moxatulobaTa stili, arsebiTad,
gardamavalia.

43
 3

ara mxolod ornamentuli motivebis ganTavsebis sistema

migviTiTebs macxvariSis moxatulobis XI saukunisa da XII-is dasawyisis
moxatulobebTan siaxloves, aramed amasve ornamentis TviT xasiaTic, e.i.
garkveuli motivebis SerCeva da maTi Sesrulebis manerac mowmobs.
moxatulobis saerTo feradovani gamis (mas qvemoT SevexebiT)
Sesatyvisad, macxvariSis ornamentuli motivebi nacrisferi da yavisferi
tonebis Sexamebas emyareba, amas mciredi oqrac emateba, fonebi ki Savi
aqvs. ornamentis zols, romelic xan ganier “naWrebad” gaiSleba, xanac
viwro lentis saxe aqvs, Cveulebriv, viwro yavisferi, TeTr miyolebuli,
zoli aCarCoebs.
macxvariSSi geometriuli da mcenareuli motivebia gamoyenebuli.
maTgan zogierTi im tradiciuli motivebis ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelnic
qarTuli freskuli mxatvrobis arsebobis mTel sigrZeze gamoiyeneboda,
sxvebi ki, ZiriTadad, gansazRvruli droisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. rac
pirvelT Seexeba, Tumca isini saukuneTa sigrZeze garkveul evolÁucias
ganicdis, magram misTvis Tvalis gadavleba mxolod Zalze farTo
Sesadarebel masalazea SesaZlebeli, es ki mxolod iseT naSromSi iqneba
SesaZlebeli, romelic sagangebod freskul ornamentacias mieZRvneba.
Cven ki macxvariSSi ornamentebis proporciebis simwyobresa da
Sesrulebis mkafioebaze zogadi miTiTebebiT unda SemovifargloT.
am tradiciul motivTagania: 1. “safexurovani” ornamenti,
nacrisferi da yavisferi kubebiT agebuli. es saxe moxatulobaSi
farTodaa gamoyenebuli – igi mxatvrobas qvemodan farTo zolad
ganasrulebs, aCarCoebs konqis kompocizias, sakurTxevlisa da dasavleTi
kedlis mxrebs gamohyofs.
2. “kibisebri” an “garmonisebri” ornamenti an wvrili wiTeli xaziT
movlebuli nacrisferi safexurebisgan anda yavisferi da wablisferi Tu
yviTeli da nacrisferi, erTmaneTis monacvled dalagebuli,
safexurebisganaa Sedgenili. es ornamenti viwro lentad kamaris qimzea
Cafenili, gasdevs dasavleTi kedlis mxaris Sida waxnags, samxreTi da
CrdiloeTi kedlebis naxevarTaRebis naSverebs; aCarCoebs igi – sxva
motivebTan SexamebiT – kar-sarkmlebis Riobebsac.
3. “usasrulo talRovani ylorti” nacrisferi stilizebuli
foTlebisa Sav fonze. is sabjeni TaRisa da pilÁastrebis gverdiT
(aRmosavleT) safexurzea Cafenili, agreTve, viwro kibisebr ornaments
Sexamebuli, samxreT sarkmelsac amkobs.
am Cveulebrivi motivebis garda, macxvariSSi Cven umTavresad
adreuli ZeglebisTvis damaxasaiTebel ornamentebsac vxedavT, romelTac
ufro gvian xanaSi Tu gadaveyrebiT kidec, maT ukve Zalze damaxinjebuli
saxe eqneba.
1. es ornamentebi sami motiviTaa warmodgenili: pirveli, sabjen
TaRsa da pilÁastrebze farTo zolad (40-ze meti sm.) gaSlili ori
ylortis naxlarTs warmoadgens, romelTagan or-ori farTo foToli
44
gadmoefineba, romelnic dakbiluli kideebiT erTmaneTisken, kiborCxalas
marwuxebiviT aris miqceuli. cal mxares yavisferi foTlebi lagdeba,
meore mxares – nacrisferi. yoveli foTlisgan or-ori ufro patara
foTolia gadmokidebuli – isini did foTlebs Soris Sualeds avsebs.
“marwuxebs” Soris, qvemoT, maTi gadaxlarTvis adgilTan, kidev TiTo
pawia, mrgvali, yviTeli foTolia Cawerili. yvela foTols Savi ZarRvebi
aqvs, romelic (or-orad an sam-samad) foTlis gare gamozneqili kididan
Sida dakbiluli kidisken SemrgvalebiT miemarTeba (oRond ar adgeba
mas). am ZarRvebs Soris rogebad TeTri fosoebia Camwkrivebuli,
romelnic pirobiTad foTlis simrgvales aRniSnavs. foTlebis Sida,
dakbiluli kide patara, kaSkaSa, TeTri mZimisebri butkoebis rigiTaa
moniSnuli, romelnic ornaments efeqturad amkveTrebs.
am ornaments uaxloesi analogebi atenis, zemo krixis, ikvis,
nakifarisa da wvirmis moxatulobebSi epoveba.
atenSi mas igive adgili uWiravs, rac mas macxvariSSi aqvs
mikuTvnebuli – sabjeni TaRebi da sabjenebi. analogiuria misi sqemac,
mxolod “marwuxebs” Soris pawia yviTeli foToli aris moklebuli 104,
patara foTlebs ki boloebze “ulvaSi” aqvs. macxvariSiviT aqac cal
mxares foTlebi nacrisferia (Tumca ufro baci, margalitisferi),
meoreze ki – moyavisfro-vardisferi, yavisfer ZarRviani. feradovnebis
aseTi sibace atenis moxatulobis saerTo Ria gamas Seesatyviseba. atenis
ornamentis naxati ufro ZarRviania, foTlebi ufro momrgvalebuli,
ylorti – ufro sqeli. foTlis nakecebiT warmoqmnili amoburculi
Zgideebi ufro ZarRvianadaa fosoebis rigebiT gamkveTrebuli. amave
ornaments iyenebs zemo krixis momxatvelic da mas satriumfo TaRis erT-
erT ganier, vertikalur waxnagze aTavsebs. sqemisa da Sesrulebis
TvalsazrisiT, zemo krixis ornamenti atenis ornamentis uaxloesi
analogia. aq imave ZarRvian xazebs vxedavT, foTlebis da ZarRvebis imave
moqneul gadrekas, imave mkveTr, TeTri xaziT lamazad xazgasmul
ylorts. ai, feradovnebis mxriv ki, gansakuTrebiT foTlis sqel
yavisfer tons rac Seexeba, krixis ornamenti macxvariSis ornaments
ufro uaxlovdeba, vidre atenisas; igive, mTlianobaSi, zemo krixis
koloritzec iTqmis. “marwuxisebri” foTlebis wnuls nakifarsa da
wvirmSic naxavT. pirvelSi misgan dasavleTi sarkmlis saWeqTan patara
nagleji SemogvrCa, meoreSi is sakurTxevlis mxarzea dafenili da
sakurTxevlis kompoziciebs aCarCoebs. Tumca nakifarSi am ornamentis
momcro fragmentiRaa darCenili, Cans, rom Tavisi xasiaTiT is zustad

104
macxvariSis ornamentis sqemis sruli analogi nezgunSi moipoveba, sadac “marwuxebs”
Soris pawia yviTeli foTolic meordeba. ornamenti aqac sabjen TaRsa da
pilÁastrebzea dafenili. nezgunis mxatvroba erTdrouli araa. ufro adreuli xanisaa
(X s.) sakurTxevlis mxatvroba, sakuTriv taZris freskebi ki ufro gvianaa dawerili.
ornamenti mogviano, XI Tu XII s-is freskebs miekuTvneba. mogvianebiT, T. virsalaZem
daazusta nezgunis mxatvrobis orive fenis TariRebi – Tavdapirveli moxatuloba IX-X
saukuneTa xanas miakuTvna, xolo II fenis mxatvrobis Sesrulebis drod XII saukune
gansazRvra; es TariRebi sabolood damkvidrda kidec samecniero literaturaSi. ix.: Т.
Вирсаладзе, Основные этапы . . . (mTargm.).
45
iseTivea, rogorc wvirmis ornamenti. mis Taviseburebas is Seadgens, rom
didi foTlebi aq monacvleobiTaa xan nacrisferi, xan yavisferi, patara
foToli ki imave ferisaa, rogoricaa didi foToli, romelsac igi
ganeyofa. nacrisferi aq momwvano Seferilobisaa, yavisfers ki
agurisferi dahkravs. naxatis mxriv nakifarisa da wvirmis ornamentebi
atenisa da krixis ornamentebze ufro pirobiTi da mSralia. foToli aq
ufro wagrZelebulia, ylorti Zalian wvrili, foTlis dakbiluloba
sustadaa xazgasmuli. foTlis “amoburcva” fosoebis ki ara, patara
wertilebis rigiTaa moniSnuli. aseve mSrali da daudevaria kbilanebis
TeTri “mZivebic” 105.
2. nakleb TvalsaCino adgili – sabjeni TaRisa da pilÁastrebis
viwro gverdiTi (dasavleTi) waxnagi eTmoba macxvariSSi meore mcenareul
ornaments: stilizebuli muxis foTliT Sedgenil zols. momrgvalebul-
dakbiluli foTlebi, nacrisferi da yavisferi, morigeobiTaa erTmaneTze
zeddebuli, ise, rom maTi wamaxuli mxare zeviTkenaa mimarTuli, qvedas
ki momdevno foToli efareba. centridan kideebisken mimavali muqi
ZarRvebi sqematuri xasiaTisaa. erTferovnad momrgvalebul kbilanebs
wvrili TeTri xazi Semosdevs, TeTri fosoebis rigi, kbilanebis
SeRrmavebuli adgilebidan wamosuli, am absolÁuturad brtyel
foTolze gaugebari da dekoratiulia.
am ornaments atensa da mxatvar Tevdores oTxsave * moxatulobaSic
ipoviT. gamonaklisad is ufro mogviano moxatulobebSic SemogxvdebaT,
magram iq mas gatlanqebuli, damaxinjebuli ieri aqvs 106. atenSi es
ornamenti sakurTxevlis erT-erT sarkmels amkobs da aseve CrdiloeTi
da samxreTi karebis TaRebsac. ornamenti iq sxvadasxva xasiaTisaa.
sakurTxevelSi mas Tbili, moyviTalo-nacrisferi foni aqvs, foTlebi ki
yviTeli da civ-nacrisferia. foTlebis dakbilva – is sakmaod bunebrivad
gadmoscems foTlis sxvadasxvanairad gadrekas – Zgideebis gayolebiT
TeTri fosoebiT aris xazgasmuli. am dros ki, karebSi moqceuli
ornamenti, Sav fonze Sesrulebuli, savsebiT sibrtyovani da sqematuria.

105
es saxe zogjer mogviano xanaSic SegxvdebaT, mag., gelaTins taZris XVI s-is
mxatvrobaSi, magram iq is bevad ufro stilizebulad gamoiyureba.
*
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, moxatulobis monografiuli kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom
wvirmis eklesia Tevdores mowafis mieraa moxatuli. ix. sq. 90 (mTargm.).
106
mas Jibianis (svaneTi) eklesiis mxatvrobis meore fenaze naxavT, romelic gvian xanas
miekuTvneba. am fenis qveS aqa-iq Zveli, XI Tu XII s-is mxatvrobis nawilebi gamosCans.
sabjen TaRze “muxis foTlis” ornamentia gamosaxuli, Tanac axali nalesobis qveS
Zveli, imave ornamentis Semcveli ferweris monakveTebi Cans. axali mxatvroba
zedmiwevniT imeorebs Zvel sqemas, oRond auxeSebs mas. meore SemTxveva – axtalis
moxatulobis meore fenaa. ornamenti iq dasavleT TaRzea dafenili. sqema Zlieraa
damaxinjebuli, foTlebisgan dakbilluli samkuTxedebiRa SegvrCa, Wrel-Wrelad,
cisfrad, yviTlad, vardisfrad daferili. iq aRarc ZarRvebia, aRarc fosoebi.
igive ornamenti amkobs varZiis didi gamoqvebuli eklesiis kedlis TaRis
waxnagsac da iqac mas sqematuri xasiaTi aqvs. rogorc Jibianis mxatvrobis gawmendis
Semdeg gairkva, es ornamenti mxatvrobis II, XIII s-is fenas ekuTvis, xolo Tavdapirveli
moxatuloba X s-isaa. ix. Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живописная школа . . . gv.
16-17, m. yenia, zemo svaneTi . . . gv. 6, 7, Sesabamisi ilÁustraciebiT (mTargm.).

46
Tevdores moxatulobebSi “muxis foTlis” ornamenti yvela sxvaze
sayvareli Cans. igi kamaraze, TaRze pilÁastrebianad, sakurTxevlis
mxrebzea gadafenili, is kankelebsac amkobs. ifrarSi es ornamenti
ornairadaa warmodgenili – erTi, ufro modido foTlebiT Sedgenili,
nacrisferfoniania. foTlebi aq mxolod da mxolod wvrili wiTeli
naxatiTaa gamoyvanili da TeTr fosoebsac moklebulia. meorenairi
Savfoniania, sqeli TeTri konturiT Semovlebuli da TeTrZarRvebiani.
magram orsav SemTxvevaSi gamosaxuleba savsebiT sibrtyiT-dekoratiulia,
kbilanebi erTgvarovnadaa momrgvalebuli, xolo gamonaTebebi
“gaRunvisas” fosoebiT ki araa moniSnuli – macxvariSis ornaments isini
SenarCunebulia – aramed savsebiT pirobiTi wertilebiT, romelTac
mxolod dekoratiuli mniSvneloba aqvs. analogiuri xasiaTisaa es
ornamenti am jgufis sxva moxatulobebSic.
3. mesame, Tavisi droisaTvis Zalian damaxasiaTebeli, ornamenti,
“kibisebri” ornamentis lents Sexamebuli, macxvariSSi dasavleT
sarkmels amkobs. Tumca ornamenti Zlieraa gaWvartluli, ris gamoc
saRebavebi gamuqda, naxati ki CamoiSala, misi sqemaca da – zogadad – misi
feradovnebac srulad gairCeva. Sav fonze yviTeli diagonaluri badea
dadebuli. badiT warmoqmnil pawia rombebSi TiTo patara yvavilia
moTavsebuli, Tan yoveli yvavili badesTan ori fexiTaa gadabmuli.
yvavili samyurisebria; wawvetebuli furcelakebi wiTeli ferisaa, maT
Soris ki damatebiT ori mrgvali, nacrisferi furcelaki moCans. maT
Soris ki kidev erTi yviTeli furcelakia. yoveli furcelaki fuZesTan
iribi ZarRvebiTaa dayofili – Tavidan isini Savi yofila, axla ki,
naxatis CamoSlis kvalad, bacia.
es ornamentic, uZiriTadesad, XI-XII saukuneebis
107
moxatulobebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli . savsebiT analogiuri sqema
iZebneba atenis sionis sakurTxevlis sarkmelsa da ikvis samxreT
sarkmelSic. atenSi yviTei badis Zelakebi baci aTinaTebiTaa moniSnuli,
rac maT reliefurobas aZlevs. Tavad yvavilebi nacrisferia, Suana
furcelaki ki vardisferia. furcelakebi aseve iribi Savi ZarRvebiTaa
dayofili. Cinebulad SemorCenilma atenis ornamentma TeTri mZieebi –
butkoebic Semoinaxa, romelnic furcelakis kides acxovlebs da maTgan
gamomavali TeTri “ulvaSebic”. ikvSi bade, atenTan SedarebiT, tlanqadaa
daferili, magram masac SerCa TeTri aTinaTebi, mas reliefurobas rom
aniWebs. yvavilebi TiTqmis isevea daxatuli, nacrisferia, oRond guli
kaSkaSa agurisfer-wiTeli aqvs. yvavilebi aseve Semkulia Savi ZarRvebiT,
romelTac aq gansakuTrebiT TvalSi mosaxvedri, xazgasmulad
stilizebuli ieri aqvs, TeTri mZimeebiTa da “ulvaSebiT”. ueWvelia,
TeTri mZimeebi samkaulad macxvariSis am ornamentsac eqneboda, magram
maT gaWvartlvis gamo ver vxedavT.

107
sof. ozaanis eklesiis moxatulobaSi (sakurTxevlis sarkmelSi) am ornaments Zlier
gamartivebuli xasiaTi aqvs. am moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: Е. Привалова, Роспись церкви
"Вознесения" – "Амаглеба" в Озаани, Ars Georgica, 9-A, Tb., 1987, gv. 121-152 (mTargm.).
47
 unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi motivic, romelmac tradiciul
motivebTan erTad, Cvens moxatulobaSi dekoratiuli xasiaTi SeiZina: esaa
nacrisfer fonze wiTliT stilizebuli kufuri asoebi. es “ornamenti”
karebis timpanebs farTo zolad amkobs. “wm. ekaterinesTvis gvirgvinis
dadgmis” scenaSi is kompoziciis qveda marjvena kuTxeSia moTavsebuli,
raTa kompoziciis qveda kuTxeSi SemoWrili karis timpanis aseTive
ornamenti Seawonasworos. stilizebuli kufuri asoebi, rogorc
aRvniSneT, demetre mefis samklaveebs amkobs. stilizebuli “kufis”
dekoratiul elementad gamoyenebas amav drois sxva qarTul 108, bizantiur
da kapadokiur ZeglebSic vxedavT.
macxvariSSi gamoyenebuli ornamentuli motivebis ganxilvam
daadastura misi kompoziciuri agebulebis Taobaze Cveni daskvnebi.
ornamenti ara marto Seamtkicebs moxatulobis adreul TariRs – e.i. XII
saukunis Sua xanas – aramed imasac gviCvenebs, rom is, ZiriTadad, Zvel
nimuSebs miyveba. am ornamentebis urTierTSejereba gviCvenebs, rom ufro
adreul, XI saukunis moxatulobebSi ornamenti ufro monumenturi,
didroni da ZarRviania, vidre XII saukunis moxatulobebSi, sadac mas
ufro dekoratiuli xasiaTi aqvs. XIII saukunis dasawyisis moxatulobaTa
nairgvari ornamentui motivebi kidev ufro pirobiTi da sibrtyovania.
stilis es evolÁucia, rogorc Cans, zogadad moxatulobis ansamblSi
ornamentis wilis Secvlas ukavSirdeba.

108
amgvari ornamenti daviTgarejis udabnos monastris satrapezos TaRs amkobs. is
agreTve saqarTvelos muzeumis (aw – k. kekeliZis sax. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul
centrSi daculi) A-26 xelnaweris kamarebis morTulobaSi moipoveba. daviTgarejis
satrapezoTa moxatulobebis Sesaxeb, ix.: А. Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии,
Тб., 1974 (mTargm.).
48
 4

moxatulobis kolorits ferTa amonakrebi – palitra da weris

mnera qmnis. ferTa amonakrebis mxriv macxvariSis moxatuloba SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT, rogorc SezRuduli da TavSekavebuli, radgan wamyvani
Sexameba aq ori feris, lurj-nacrisfrisa da wiTel-yavisfris,
sxvadasxva elferis Sexamebaa; weris maneris mxriv, is “xazovania” da ara
“ferweruli”, im TvalsazrisiT, rom feri aq lokaluri rCeba da
gamoTeTrebebiTa da CrdilebiT minimaluradaa iercvlili.
samoselsa da sxvadasxva aqsesuarebze ZiriTadi Sexameba lurj-
nacrisfrisa da muq-yavisfer-wiTlis Sexamebaa. amas garda amave tonebs
kidev wesieri nacrisferi, bac-nacrisferi, iSviaTad momwvano-nacrisferi,
yavisfer-vardisferi da nacrisfer-sosan-vardisferi exameba. martooden
erT SemTxvevaSi – wm. ioane winamorbedis tradiciul samosze vxedavT
wesieri yavisfrisa da oqras Sexamebas da meoredac, petre mociqulis
samosze, lurj-nacrisfrisa da oqrisa. ferTa gamas oqra acxovlebs,
kompoziciis sxvadasxva detals – saydarTa fexebs, meomarTa abjrebs,
ornamentirebul loronebsa da arSiebs – aferadebs. am saRebaviTvea
aferadebuli “Sobis” scenis gorakebic. muqi oqraa dadebuli saxeebis
safuZvladac, zed ki zeTisxilfer-mwvane Crdilebia gadatarebuli. Tmebi
– yavisferi da wesier-nacrisferia. Saravandebi feradia – Zalian baci
oqrisferi, wiTel-yavisferi da mocisfro-nacrisferi. am arcTu
mravalricxovan tonebs erT TavSekavebul, Tumc najer akordad rbili,
wesier-nacrisferi fonebi aerTianebs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom lurji am moxatulobaSi murisa da sufTa
TeTras SereviTaa miRebuli, lurji saRebavis minarevis gareSe (wesieri
nacrisfris misaRebad TeTras oqra aqvs Sereuli).
Tbil wiTel-yavisfer tonebTan SexamebiT, es Senarevi silurjisa
Tu sicisfris srul STabeWdilebas gviqmnis. am xerxs zogierT sxva
adreul moxatulobaSic vxvdebiT, mag., zemo krixsa da ikvSi. es xerxi,
rogorc Cans, imiT aixsneba, rom lurji saRebavi – laJvardi, romelic
maSin gamoiyeneboda, Zalian Zviri da arcTu yvelasTvis misawvdomi iyo.
macxvariSSi lurji saRebavi gamonaklisebadRa aris zogierT nacrisfer
samoselze gamoyenebuli, sadac is CaCrdilvis Zalian viwro zoladaa
nakecis Savi naxatis gverdiT Cafenili. yavisfer-wiTel saRebavs iSviaT
SemTxvevaSi singuria mireuli (mag., wm. demetres mosasxamze). singuri
bageTa yirmizisTvisacaa gamoyenebuli.
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, saerTo feradovani STabeWdilebisTvis
Tavisi wili weris manerasac aqvs. macxvariSSi weris maneris yvelaze
damaxasiaTebel niSans ganieri da xasxasa, ZiriTad tonze zeddebuli
gamonaTebebisa da Crdilebis ararseboba warmoadgens. samosi iqneba es,
gorakebi Tu nagebobebi – yvelaferi erTnairi xazovani maneriTaa
dawerili.
samosis ZiriTad tonze Zalian mkveTri da garkveuli Savi naxatia
zeddebuli (nakecebis dasawerad, ufro iSviaTad, yavisferi naxatia
49
gamoyenebuli). vinaidan naxati daqucmacebuli araa, xazebs Soris
ZiriTadi tonis sakmao Sualedia morCenili da masze, nakecis cali
mxridan, naxatis xazTan Zalian wvrili, naxatisaze odnav sqeli
CaCrdilvaa datanili, ZiriTad tonze odnav muqi (muq-nacrisferi
nacrisferze da muq-yavisferi vardisferze); nakecis meore mxridan, aseve
nakecis mijriT, TeTra-narevi toniT gamonaTebis viwro zoli ideba.
zogjer gamonaTeba-CaCrdilva ori, oriv siZlieris viwro zoladaa
dadebuli, xSirad ki erTi zoliT kmayofildebian. aseTi teqnikis
wyalobiT, ZiriTadi toni sufTa da lokaluri rCeba da zogjer Tu
gadaevleba ganaTebul adgilebs Zalian faqizi, gamWvirvale da sqematuri
asisti. gamosaxulebis saerTo sibrtyovanebisas, nakecs raRac
reliefurobis magvari eniWeba, faqtobrivad ki es xerxi naxatis Zalasa
da gamomsaxvelobas usvams xazs. qvemoT, calkeuli gamosaxulebis
garCevisas, Cven ufro dawvrilebiT SevexebiT ostat miqaelis weris
maneris Taviseburebebs, axla ki igi CvenTvis mxolod moxatulobis
koloritis TvalTaxedviT aris sagulisxmo. amgvari maneris wyalobiT,
ZiriTad fonze Suqisa da Crdilis gaTamaSeba TiTqmis minimumamdea
dayvanili, mxatvris ZiriTadi amocana ki daunawevrebeli feradovani
laqebis ritmuli ganawileba, Ria da muqi, Tbili da civi tonebis
Sexamebaa. feradovani gamis SezRudulobis miuxedavad, mxatvari am
Sexamebisas did efeqts aRwevs, ara marto faqizi, zogjerac Zalian
daxvewili feradovani Sexamebebis kuTxiT, aramed ama Tu im scenis
kompoziciuri aRnagobis xazgasmis codnis mxrivac.
sakurTxevlis konqSi, bac-nacrisfer fonze sami ZiriTadi laqaa
gamoyofili. centrSi qristes grandiozuli figuraa, muq-lurji kvarTiT
da yavisfer-wiTeli himationiT Semosili, mas ki kidev metad swevs win
ufro naTeli tonebi – nacrisferi tilo, saydris movercxlisfro-
nacrisferi sazurge, muq-vardisferi baliSi da aseTive mandorla.
gverdiTi jgifebi: RmrTismSoblisa da wm. ioane winamorbedisa
mTavarangelozebiTurT, imave sqeli lurj-nacrisferi da yavisfer-
wiTeli tonebiTaa gadmocemuli. mociqulTa registri ufro baci
tonebiTaa motanili, nacrisfer-lurjsa da yavisfer-wiTel
SesamoslebTan erTad, gamoyenebulia baci, nacrisferi, sosan-
movardisfro-nacrisferi da oqrisferi Sesamoslebic.
kamarisa da kedlebis kompoziciebi, aseve wm meomrebis figurebi,
nacrisferi da wiTel-yavisferi tonebis dapirispirebiTaa agebuli.
yavisfermosasxamiani wm. meomrebi nacrisfer cxenebze sxedan da piruku.
“ierusalems Sesvlis” sxvebze ukeT SemorCenili kompozicia ufro srul
warmodgenas gvaZlevs am moxatulobaSi tonTa Sexamebis sifaqizis
Taobaze. ZiriTadi, kvlavac imave yavisfer-wiTlis lurj-nacrisferTan
Sexamebaa, magram igi elferebiTaa gamdidrebuli, rogoricaa mososano-
vardisferi, momwvano-nacrisferi, movardisfro-yavisferi, wesieri
nacrisferi da mocisfro-nacrisferi, oqra, isini ki lamazi
gawonasworebiTaa ganawilebuli; ritmulad exameba erTmaneTs baci
oqrisferi da yavisferi Saravandebic.
50
 Tavisi kompoziciuri agebulebiT macxvariSTan axlos mdgomi
Zeglebi qarTuli monumenturi ferwerisa, mas koloritis mxrivac
enaTesaveba; Tumca ki, rig SemTxvevebSi, msgavseba uzogadesia da mxolod
da mxolod epoqis saerTo gemovnebas mowmobs, sxvagan ki imdenad didi,
rom garkveuli mxatvruli tradiciis arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs.
pirvelTagania atenis moxatuloba. Tavad am mxatvrobaSi ori
umTavresi manera ganirCeva: erT xels ekuTvnis sakurTxevlis
moxatuloba, mcxrali tonebis TavSekavebuli, movercxlisfro,
mocisfro-nacrisferi fonebiT gaerTianebui gamiT gamorCeuli; meore
xelis moxatulia taZris danarCeni sami mklavi. am xels ramdenadme ufro
kaSkaSa cisferi, bac-mwvane da vardisferi tonebi da naTeli, TeTri
fonebi axasiaTebs, mTlianobaSi ki mTel moxatulobaSi, ramdenime
calkeuli xelweris arsebobis miuxedavad, erTiani TavSekavebuli
tonalobaa daculi.
macxvariSTan atenis moxatulobas tonis sisufTave da sirbile,
movercxlisfro-nacrisfrisa da yavisfer-vardisfris mcxral SexamebaTa
keTilSobileba anaTesavebs; Sexameba macxvarisisaze ufro baci da
rbilia, magram mTlianobaSi gama macxvariSisaze ufro civia da arc im
zomamdea TavSekavebuli. SeuZlebelia moxatulobis saerTo tonalobaze,
agreTve, gamonaTebebisa da Crdilebis ufro farTo gamoyenebasac ar
emoqmeda – Tumca isini mudam mcxralia da ZiriTadi laqis tons
SeTanadebuli.
Zalze rbili da TavSekavebuli koloritiTaa gamorCeuli gelaTis
dasavleTi mklavis * freskuli moxatulobis fragmentebi, romelnic,
sakurTxevlis mozaikasTan erTad, am, sxvadasxvadroindeli kompleqsis
uZveles nawils warmoadgens da, safiqrebelia, demetre I-is zeobaSi, XII
saukunis pirvel naxevarSia Sesrulebuli **. magram tonaloba aq kidev
ufro civia, laJvardis gamoyeneba ki cisfers ufro met intensivobas
sZens. cisfris bac-mwvanesa da movardisfro-yavisferTan Sexameba am
mxatvrobis kolorits atenisas aaxlovebs.
gacilebiT ufro axlos dgas macxvariSTan zemo krixis freskebi.
isinic, feradovnebis mxriv, Zalze TavSekavebulia da aseve ori ZiriTadi
tonis – nacrisfrisa da yavisfris – SexamebiT igeba, Tumca, bunebrivia,
orTaves sakuTari, individualuri Taviseburebebic aqvs. krixSi ferTa
gama mTlianobaSi ufro rbilia, vidre macxvariSSi. aqac nacrisferi
fonebia, romelTac silurje macxvariSze metadac ki dahkrvs. aqac
SesamoslebisTvis, ZiriTadad, ori tonia gamoyenebuli; erTi Zalze muqia,
TiTqmis lurji, meore ki Zalian Tbili, margalitisfer-nacrisferi.
ZiriTadad ori elferisaa yavisferic – erTi Zalian sqeli da sasiamovno

*
igulisxmeba dasavleTi narTeqsi. (mTargm.).
**
am moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: Т. Вирсаладзе, Фрагменты древней фресковой росписи главного
Гелатского храма, Ars Georgica, V, Tb., 1959, gv. 163-203, igive, T. virsalaZis SromaTa krebulSi
Избранные труды, Тб., 2007, gv. 95-144; garda amisa, e. gedevaniSvili, kvlav erTi
adgilobrivi ikonografiuli tradiciis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 6, 2004-5, gv.
105-115 (mTargm.).
51
Sokoladisfer-yavisferia, macxvariSisaze ufro muqi, meore – intensiuri,
TiTqmis narinjisfer-wiTeli, “cxeli” yavisferi toni, romelTan
SepirispirebiT lurj-nacrisferi gansakuTrebiT lamazad JRers. aqac
gama muqi oqriTaa Serbilebuli, romelic, iseve rogorc macxvariSSi,
sxebsaa daqvemdebarebuli; Serbilebulia Tbili zeTisxilisfer-mwvane
tonic, Zalze SezRuduli raodenobiT, zogierTi scenis “niadagad”
gamoyenebuli. bevri saerTo aqvs krixs macxvariSTan weris maneris
mxrivac, Tumca aris garkveuli sxvaobac. krixSic moxatuloba erTiani,
Zlieri gamonaTeba-CaCrdilviT daunawevrebeli laqebiTaa agebuli,
formac ufro naxatiTaa gamovlenili, vidre ferebis TandaTanobiT
dataniT. da mainc, iseve rogorc atenis moxatuloba, krixis manera
macxvariSisaze naklebadaa “xazovani”. iq ganier gamonaTebebsa da
Crdilebsac naxavT; marTalia, isini arcTu kaSkaSas, ZiriTad tons Zalze
rbilad gamoeyofa, magram mainc cvlis mas. amgvari manera, rogorc
zemoTac aRiniSna, ara mxolod met sirTules sZens mTlianobaSi aRebul
tonalobas, aramed sakuTriv tonis vibraciasac warmoqmnis.
tonalobis mxriv, axlos dgas macxvariSTan mxatvar Tevdores
monaxulobanic. maTSic ZiriTadi nacrisfrisa da yavisfer-wiTlis
tonebis Sexamebaa, im gansxvavebiT, rom fonis nacrisfers aq boTlisfer-
momwvano elferi dahkravs, xolo wiTeli zogjer mososanoskenaa wasuli.
iqacaa gamoyenebuli lurj-nacrisferi tonebi, TeTranarevi yavisferi,
TiTqmis rom gavardisfrebuli, aseve zeTisxilisferic, amasTan erTad ki,
gamaSi sxva ferebicaa Semoyvanili, romelnic arc macxvariSSi gvaqvs da
arc krixSi. es ukanaskneli mxolod ifraris moxatulobaze iTqmis,
radgan amave mxatvris sxva moxatulobebSi maT veRar vxedavT.
ifraris konqSi, RmrTismSoblis irgvliv, fonis toni kaSkaSaa,
firuzisfer-mwvane. rogorc Cans, fonebis nacrisferi Tavdapirvelad
ufro myife firuzisferi fonis safuZveli yofila. aseTive firuzisfer-
mwvane tons vpoulobT “Sobis” scenis angelozTa samoszedac. igi
efareba, agreTve, “naTlisRebis” scenis oqrosferi gorakebis Zirebs da
oqrosfer sarCulze is mwvane tonad, lamisaa Paul Veronese-d gamoiyureba.
SesaZlebelia, am moxatulobaSi Zvirad Rirebuli laJvardis qva iyo
gamoyenebuli. aRvniSnoT kidev erTi detalic: “Sobis” scenis iosebis
himationze nacrisfer-mwvane fonze yavisfer-wiTeli naxatia
gadatarebuli; aseTi Sepirispireba kontrastuli ferebisa erTgvar
harmoniaSi modis saxeTa weris Tavisebur manerasTan, sadac momwvano
sarCuls STambeWdavadaa Sepirispirebuli wiTel-yavisferi yirmizi da
mokle TeTri aTinaTebi.
am moxatulobaSi Seyvanili civi mwvane tonebi, aseve Semavsebeli
tonebis Sexameba, romelic ifrarTan axlo mdgomi moxatulobebisTvis
araa damaxasiaTebeli, arc aqaa gardamwyveti saerTo tonalobisTvis da
ZiriTad feradovan STabeWdilebad aqac nacrisfer-yavisferi tonebis
TavSekavebuli gama gvrCeba. macxvariSs Tevdores moxatulobebs farTo
da kaSkaSa gamonaTebebisa da Crdilebis ukugdebac anaTesavebs,

52
romelTac ostati Tevdorec aridebs Tavs, Tumc im zomamde ara, rac
ostati miqaeli. pirvelis moxatulobebSi nakecebi ufro wvrili da
damravalwevrebulia, magram iseTi sqematuri ki araa, rogorc
macxvariSSi, maTac arcTu ganieri, xSirad naxatSi gardamavali
gamonaTeba-CaCrdilvebi axlavs, umravlesad ZiriTad fers toniT
SeTanadebuli. amitom aqac, iseve rogorc macxvariSSi, toni, ZiriTadad,
lokaluri rCeba da feradovani laqa araa danawevrebuli.
unda mivuTiToT tonalobis mxriv macxvariSTan axlos mdgomi
kidev erTi Zegli – ikvis moxatuloba (ikvis dasavleTi mklavis
mxatvroba, civi tonebiT, firuzisfer-cisfris gamoyenebiT dawerili,
danarCeni mxatvrobisgan gansxvavebuli xeliTaa Sesrulebuli) *. gumbaTSi
mociqulTa samoselTa Seferiloba, tonalobis sirbiliT, macxvariSis
sakurTxevlis mociqulTa SesamoselTan Zalze axlos dgas. CrdiloeTi
da samxreTi mklavebis ferweraSi yavisferi, movardisfro, nacrisferi da
lurj-nacrisferi tonebis analogiur Sepirispirebas vxedavT, iqneb,
macxvariSze odnav ufro mSrals, magram agebis imave principebze
damyarebuls. ikvSic lurji toni aseve Wvartlisa da TeTras SereviTaa
Sedgenili, laJvardis Tugind mcire minarevis gareSe. weris sibrtyovani
manera, imgvari kaSkaSa gamonaTebebisa da Crdilebis gareSe, ZiriTad
lokalur tons rom Secvlida, ikvis moxatulobasac axasiaTebs,
romelic, uTuod, imave ferwerul tradicias misdevs, rac dasavleT
saqarTvelos zemoganxiluli moxatulobani.
kalaubnis wm. giorgis moxatuloba TiTqmis rom martooden
mosamzadebel naxatadaa SemorCenili, magram Semonaxulis mixedviT Tu
vimsjelebT, isic nacrisfer-wiTeli tonebis Sexamebas efuZneba.
es tradicia, etyoba, mere da merec agrZelebs arsebobas, Tumca
drom masac Tavisi kvali daamCnia. mogviano moxatulobebis tonaloba,
mTlianobaSi, ufro civia, vidre adreul mxatvrobaTa intensiuri, najeri
gama. am tradiciis farTo gavrceleba da mdgradoba mis wminda
adgilobriv warmomavlobas mowmobs. es imas rodi niSnavs, rom is
moxatulobebi, mas rom ar miekuTvneba (rogorc, mag., ateni an gelaTi)
sxva, aseve adgilobriv tradicias ar misdevs. raodenac unda
sxvadasxvaobdes, tonalobis mxriv, gansaxilveli periodis qarTuli
moxatulobebi, yvela maTgans feradovani gamis SefardebiTi
TavSekavebuloba da harmoniuloba axasiaTebs, misi Tanamdevi xazovani
maneriTurT. zemo krixis Tbili gama iqneba es Tu gelaTis civi gama, is
arcTu mravalricxovani tonebiTaa agebuli da feradovani laqebiT,
romelnic SedarebiT naklebadaa Suq-CrdiliT daqucmacebuli.
maTi Tanadrouli bizantiuri moxatulobani (isinic, koloritis
mxriv, sxvadasxva tradicias misdevs), mTlianobaSi, ufro poliqromulia.

*
mogviano kvleviT dadginda, rom dasavleTi mklavis moxatuloba XII s-is dasasrulisa
da XIII s-is dasawyisis xanas ganekuTvneba, ix.: Е. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани . . . gv. 225,
n. aladaSvili, ikvis wm. giorgis eklesiis ferweruli dekoris . . . gv. 22; Sead.: e.
gedevaniSvilis bolodroindeli publikacia, sadac es moxatuloba XIII s-saa
mikuTvnebuli: ikvis wm. giorgis eklesiis "gankiTxvis dRis" . . . gv. 153 (mTargm.).
53
fokidis wm. lukas momwvano gama iqneba es, Tu dafnis ufro Tbili gama,
erTSica da meoreSic uxvadaa gamoyenebuli kaSkaSa cisferi,
movardisfro, bac-mwvane, bac-wiTeli ferebi. amasTan, kaSkaSa, sxvadasxva
simuqe-sibacis gamonaTebebi da Crdilebi, zogjer kontrastuli (e.i.
damatebiTi) tonebiT motanili, feradovani laqis met daqucmacebulobas
gvaZlevs, gardamaval tonalobas warmoqmnis, romelic ZiriTad lokalur
tonsac cvlis da, amaTan erTad, moxatulobis mTlianobaSi aRebul
gamasac.
am maneraSi elinisturi xanis gvianantikuri xelovnebis
“ferweruli” ilÁuzionisturi tradiciis gamogrZelebac mJRavndeba,
romelic bizantiurma xelovnebam ufro sufTa saxiT Semoinaxa.
amgvari manera qarTuli mxatvrobisTvis mxolod XIII saukunis
bolosa da XIV saukunidan xdeba damaxasiaTebeli. ufro adreul qarTul
moxatulobaTagan, mas axtalas mxatvrobis * pirveli fena uaxlovdeba.
amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom XI-XIII saukuneTa qarTuli
moxatulobebisTvis niSneuli koloritis TavSekavabuloba da weris
xazovaneba Zalze TvalsaCInod iCens Tavs mxatvrebis miqaelisa da
Tevores SemoqmedebaSi.
koloristuli gamis mxriv es moxatulobebi erT ferwerul
tradicias mihyveba, romelsac aseve zemo krixis moxatulobac
miekuTvneba; uaxlovdeba mas ikvisa da kalaubnis wm. giorgis
moxatulobanic, maSin rodesac atenisa da gelaTis dasavleTi mklavis **
mxatvroba ramdenadme gansxvavebul tradicias misdevs.

*
axtalis moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: m. bulia, m. janjalia, axtalis moxatuloba –
kulturuli identobis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 20, 2017, gv. 185-211, Sesabamisi
bibliografiis miTiTebiT (mTargm.).
**
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, aq narTeqsis mxatvroba igulisxmeba (mTargm.).
54
 5.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom mTiansa da arqiteqturul fonebs macxvariSis

freskebSi didi adgili ar daTmobia. gorakebi mxolod or scenaSi,
“Sobasa” da “feriscvalebaSia” gamosaxuli; isini arc “naTlisRebis”
scenaSi gamouxatavT da, rogorc Cans, arc “lazares aRdginebis” scenaSi.
ufro exaliseba mxatvars xuroTmoZRvrebis gamosaxva, mas “ierusalemad
Sesvlis”, “xarebis”, “jvarcmis”, “wm. ekaterinesTvis gvirgvinis dadgmis”,
aseve, rogorc Cans, “lazares aRdginebis” scenebSi naxavT; Senoba erTi
cxenosani wm. meomris ukan da qtitorul portretzec aris gamosaxuli.
magram Tavad kompoziciaSi arqiteqturas Zalze umniSvnelo adgili
uWiravs. mTlianobaSi, am gamosaxulebebs pirobiTad Tu daerqmeva mTiani
Tu arqiteqturuli fonebi. am mxriv macxvariSis gamosaxulebebi sxva,
droiT axlo mdgomi qarTuli freskebis savsebiT identuria.
arqiteqturuli foni, Cveulebriv, ori an sami, kramitis orqanobiani
saxuraviT daburuli Senoba-“kolofebis” jgufadaa motanili; mxolod
“ierusalems Sesvlis” scenaSi adgas erT-erT Senobas yeliani, karvisebr
gadaxuruli gumbaTi. Senobebi bac-nacrisfrada da momwvano-nacrisfrad,
ufro iSviaTad, yviTladaa Seferili, maSin rodesac saxuravebi lurj-
nacrisferi an yavisfer-wiTelia.
perspeqtivis gadmocemis mxriv, Senobebi maqsimalurad pirobiTi da
sibrtyovania. arc naxati migvaniSnebs Tundac umcires moculobas da
arc Crdili. maTze proecirebuli figurebi xSirad SenobaTa qveda
doneze maRla mdgomadaa gamosaxuli. Tavad arqiteqturis gamosaxvis
xasiaTi Cveulebrivia XIII saukunis bolo-XIV saukunemdeli qarTuli
xelovnebisTvis 109. individualuri Tviseba mxolod maTi xazgasmuli
simartive da simkacrea. atenSi, zemo krixSi, ifrarSi Senobebi pawia
sarkmlebis mwkrivebiT, ornamentis zolebiT, kedlis wyobiT da a.S. aris
gawyobili; macxvariSSi sruliad sada kedlebze, sul bevri, erTi
sarkmeli an kari Tu iqneba datanebuli, umravles SemTxvevaSi ki kedlis
sigluves araferi arRvevs da fonad gamoiyeneba, romelsac
dekoratiulad nakecebiT gawyobili figurebi upirispirdeba. analogiur
xerxs mqandakeblobaSic vnaxavT, mag., Semoqmedis zemomiTiTebul
lorfinze.

109
karvis-saxuraviani gumbaTi gvxvdeba saqarTvelos muzeumis [aw k. kekeliZis sax.
xelnawerTa erovnuli centris koleqciis (mTargm.)] A-26 xelnaweris miniatÁuraze,
daviTgarejis xarebis eklesiis freskaze (Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид
Гареджи, Тб., 1948, gv. 73, tab., 89-90; am moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: m. bulia, samwirveloebi
monasterSi. udabnos xarebis eklesia da misi moxatuloba, samonastro cxovreba
udabnoSi. gareja da qristianuli aRmosavleTi, saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi,
Tb., 2002, gv. 240-253, misive, mefe demetre Tavdadebulis gamosaxuleba udabnos monastris
xarebis eklesiaSi, xelovneba, 5, 1990, misive, daviTgarejis moxatulobaTa
ikonograafiuli programebis Taviseburebani, literatura da xelovneba, 4, 1991
[mTargm.]), aseve Semoqmedis lorfinze (ierusalemad Sesvla) (Ars Georgica, II, tab. 41).
55
 winaaRmdeg amisa, gorakebis gamosaxulebani macxvariSSi friad
dekoratiuli da Taviseburia. mTa “Sobis” scenaSi (“feriscvalebis”
scenaSi is TiTqmis aRar ganirCeva), Zelurasa an kalaTs waagavs,
mRvimisken kidegadmozneqils. mTis saerTo monaxazi denadia, talRisebri,
ai, SigniT ki is konusismgavari Tu aqoCrili talRis saxis “blokebiTaa”
gawyobili, romelTa wverebi aqa-iq lokokinisebraa daxveuli. am
talRebis wverebi, zogadad, mRvimisken miiswrafvis, Tan ki sxvadasxva
mxaresaa gadazneqili da xazebis rTul kombinaciebs warmoSobs. amasTan,
yoveli talRa paraleluri Tu maraosebr gaSlili xazebiTaa dayofili,
isini ki saerTo daZabul rits arTulebs. amgvarad, arqiteqturuli
fonisgan gansxvavebiT, mTiani foni figurebs Tavisi sigluviT rodi
upirispirdeba, piriqiT, TvalisTvis erwymis maT. Tavdapirvelad mTebi,
etyoba, yviTeli yofila, blokebis naxati ki SaviT hqonda. axla, kamaris
gaWvartlvis gamo, isini Zalzea gamuqebuli, mravalgan Camocvenili
naxati ki gabacda. amgvari “negativisebri” Seferiloba kidev ufro usvams
xazs mTebis damuSavebis ornamentul-dekoratiul xasiaTs.
macxvariSis gorakebis uaxloesi analogi ikvisa da favnisis
freskebze gvxvdeba, sadac mTebi agreTve lokokinisebr dagragnili
blokebiTaa gawyobili. naxatis ornamentulobiTa da daZabulobiT –
miuxedavad sxvagvari naxatisa – macxvariSisas zemo krixis gorakebi
uaxlovdeba. atenSi, Tevdores moxatulobebSi mTebis naxati ufro
mSvidada da rbilad viTardeba. yvela am moxatulobaSi mTebi
erTferiania, yviTeli, gamonaklisi mxolod Tevdores moxatulobaTa
mTebia. iq kaSkaSa singuris talRovani konturiT garSemovlebuli
yviTeli mTebi qvemoTken intensiur, civ, mocifro-mwvane tonSi gadadis.
aseTi orferi, yviTel-mwvane an nacrisfer-mwvane mTebi gvxvdeba zaqaria
valaSkertelis svinaqsaris zogierT miniatÁuraze (saqarTvelos sax.
muzeumis * xelnaweri A-648), romelic 1036 wels aTonis iberTa
monasterSia gadanusxuli 110, mag., miniatÁurebze “jvarcmis” (f. 51) anda
“TaviskveTis” (f. 130) 111 gamosaxulebiT.
orsav SemTxvevaSi saqme elinisturi ilÁuzionizmis Soreul
reminiscenciasTan gvaqvs. magram miniatÁurebi, eWvs gareSe, dasaxelebul
freskebze ufro axlos midis odindel ilÁuzionistur nimuSebTan.
mTebis gamosaxulebani miniatÁurebze naklebadaa pirobiTi, erTi tonidan
meoreze gadasvla ufro rbili da ferwerul-cxovelxatulia, mTebs
efineba da ganacxovlebs gamWvirvale Crdilebi, maSin rodesac ifraris
mTebze, romlebsac brtylad gamoWrili, kaSkaSa konturiT movlebuli
siluetebis saxe aqvs, erTi tonis meoreze gadasvla erTi saRebavis

*
aw k. kekeliZis sax. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centris koleqcia (mTargm.).
110
Д. Гордеев, Миниатюры древнегрузинских лицевых рукописей Сионского древнехранилища (Ars, Тиф.,
1918, вып. II-III, gv. 89-91); Р. Шмерлинг, Образцы декоративного убранства грузинских рукописей, Тб.,
1940, gv. 47; am xelnaweris Sesaxeb, ix.: Г. Алибегашвили, Художественный принцип
иллюстрирования грузинской рукописной книги XI-начала XIII веков, Тб., 1973 (mTargm.).
111
orfera mTebi gvxvdeba moskovis sax. saistorio muzeumis #183 berZuli xelnaweris
miniatÁurebze.
56
meoreze pirdapir dadebiT miiRweva. ase rom, Cven naTlad vxedavT, rom
Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi amotivtivebuli calkeuli ferwerul-
cxovelxatuli reminiscenciebi, am xelovnebis midgoma-ganwyobis
mixedviT, wminda xazovan yaidazea gagebul-gardasaxuli.
amgvarad, mTebis ganosaxulebani XI-XII saukuneebis Cvens mier
ganxilul qarTul moxatulobebSi, ganurCevlad imisa, ra nimuSebi
hqonda xelT ama Tu im mxatvars, mTlianobaSi dekoratiuli da xazovani
xasiaTisaa. am erTianobis faarglebSi isaxeba ori tendencia: erTi, kidev
meti dekoratiulobisa – aseTia zemo krixis, ikvis, favnisisa da
macxvariSis mTebi, daZabuli xazovanis ritmiT aRniSnuli; meore – mTiani
landSaftis ufro denadi da ganzogadebuli gadmocemisa – atensa da
ifrarSi.

57
 6.

saxeTa weris maneras macxvariSSi Tvali kargad gaedevneba,

radganac Camorecxil Tu deformaciiT saxecvlil saxeebTan erTad, aq
SesaniSnavad SemorCenili, dro-Jamisgan Seulaxavi Tavebic moiZebneba.
saxeTa weris teqnikasa da maneraze srul warmodgenas gvaZlevs
sakurTxevelSi mociqulTa saxeebis umravlesoba, taZris kedlebze sami
wm. meomris saxeni da, dasasrul, “ierusalemad Sesvlis” scenaSi mamaTa
Tu dedaTa Tavebi.
saxeebi, figurebiviT, windawin saerTo wiTeli naxatiT moniSnuli
(amas kamaris dasavleT nawilze SemorCenili mosamzadebeli naxati
mowmobs), erTianad oqriT ifareboda, masze ki yavisferi xaziT saxis
nakvTebi daitaneboda. saxis ganaTebul adgilebze TeTragareuli oqriT
moculobrivi gamonaTebebi, daCrdilul adgilebze ki, arcTu ganier
zolad rbili, zeTisxilisferi mwvane CaCrdilva daideboda. saxis erT,
“ganaTebul” mxareze, msubuq mwvane CaCrdilvebze dadebulia aseve
yavisfer-wiTeli, viwro xazis saxis mqone CaCrdilvac, romelic saxis Sav
konturze gadasvlas arbilebs. warbebi, wamwamebi, nestoebi Savi
naxatitacaa moniSnuli. bageTa yirmizi Zlier kaSkaSaa, zeda tuCze –
Wiaferi, qvedaze – baci singuri 112. mokle TeTri gamonaTebebi didad
kaSkaSa araa da met intensiobas zigjerRa iZens. isini xan wvril xazad
ideba, xan farTod, funjis ramdenime moculobrivi monasmiT Sedgenili
naTeli laqebis saxed. gamoTeTrebebi ideba Sublze (SeRrmavebad rCeba
cxviris fuZe, romelSic patara baci maryuJia Cawerili), quTuToze,
Tvalze, aseve, Semrgvalebad, mis qveSa da yvrimalebze; Semdgom Txel,
zemoT gantotvil xazad cxvirs miuyveba da warbis rkalebs erwymis,
mZimisebr cxvirTan Rawvis naoWs aRniSnavs da bageTa boloebzec Cndeba.
aseTive maneriTaa Sesrulebuli xelebi, sadac frCxilebis naxati baci
wiTliT mkafiodaa moniSnuli. WaRara momwvano tonze sxvadasxva simuqis
nacrisfer bRuja-kululebad iwereba. axalgazrdebis Tavebze Tma
yavisfer sarCulze Savi naxatiTaa datanili.
arcTu kaSkaSa da arcTu nairferi Crdilebi, rogorc iTqva, arcTu
ganier zolad an wvril xazad dadebuli, saxis odnavi reliefurobis
STabeWdilebas qmnis, Tanadroulad ki sakuTriv naxatis siZlieresa da
gamomsaxvelobasac gamokveTs. saxis moxazulobisa da nakvTebis, kisris
naoWebisa da xelebis gamomyvani xazebi, lamazad Seedineba figurebisa da
tanisamosis nakecebis saerTo xazovan ritms.
amgvari xazovani manera, e.i. feradi CrdilebiT saxis “modelirebis”
SefardebiTi TavSekavebuloba naxatis gamomsaxvelobisas, sazogadodacaa
damaxasiaTebeli am xanis qarTuli moxatulobebisTvis 113. amave dros,

112
zogierT SemTxvevaSi saRebavi deformirebulia da Savad iqca.
113
XI da XII ss-is qarTul moxatulobaTa weris Tavisebureba naTlad Cans maTi kievis
wm. sofiis freskebTan Sedarebisas (isini ramdenime mxatvarma XI s-is bolos Seasrula).
wm. sofiis saxeebis weris manera mTlianobaSi ufro “ferwerulia”. isini uxvadaa
58
saxeTa weris teqnikisa da maneris mxriv, qarTuli freskebi xerxTa did
mravalferovnebas warmogviCens, xolo isini ama Tu im mxatvruli
tradiciis Taviseburebas asaxavs, ama Tu im epoqisTvis damaxasaiTeblad
gardatexils.
rigi qarTuli moxatulobebisa, romelnic SeiZleba X saukunis
bolosa an XI-is dasawyiss mivakuTvnoT (mag., oSkis, xaxulis da a.S.
mxatvrobani *) xasiaTdeba upiratesad muqi sarCuliT, romelzedac Zalze
denadi, uwyveti yavisferi xaziT isaxeba saxis nakvTebi: didroni, farTod
gaxelili Tvalebi, swori cxviri da patara bage. arcTu kaSkaSa, aseve
denadi gamonaTebebi arcTu ganier zolad miuyveba nakvTTa monaxazs.
moxatulobebSi, romelnic cotaTi ufro gvian xanas, XI saukunis
meore naxevarsa an dasasruls unda mivakuTvnoT, amgvar denadobas
nakvTTa ufro meti gamokveTiloba cvlis, isini ufro cacxlada da
mkveTradaa moniSnuli. dabali Subli, nuSisebri Tvalebi, Txeli, zogan
kexiani cxviri ufro Tavisufali naxatiT daitaneba; gamonaTebebi ufro
kompaqturadaa dadebuli, xolo aTinaTebs axla kaSkaSa wvrili, mokle
gamonaTebebis mkafio xasiaTi aqvs.
miuxedavad am, sxvadasxva ferweruli tradiciebis mimdevar
moxatulobebs Soris zogjer Zalze Zlierad gamoxatuli individualuri
sxvaobebisa – isini xom ori an meti ostatis namuSevari aris xolme –
maTSi iolad amoicnoba saerTo, im droisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic.
atenis Txeli, gansulierebuli saxeebi, mTlianobaSi, moxdenili
mkacri naxatiT, wvril-wvrili, erTi tonis zeTisxilisferi, momwvano
oqris ZiriTad tonze momWirned dadebuli CrdilebiT, wvrili, kaSkaSa
mokle gamoTeTrebebis mkafio naxatiT gamoirCeva 114. igive tonaloba,
oRond yavisfer-wiTeli RaJRaJiT gacocxlebuli, mkafio da kaSkaSa
mokle gamonaTebebis igive wyoba axasiaTebs zemo krixis saxeebsac,
romelic atenisasTan droiT axloa, Tumca, naxatis erTgvari simkveTre
da Zerwvis moculobrioba am saxeebs macxvariSis ufro gviani
moxatulobis saxeebs aaxlovebs.
ifraris, tipis mxriv, Zalze individualur saxeebs aranakleb
TvalsaCinod atyvia XI saukunis bolosTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi:
mkafio, mkacri naxati, arcTu ganieri, erTi tonis momwvano Crdilebi,
msubuqi RaJRaJebi da Zalian kaSkaSa, Txeli, Tavisuflad micxebuli
mokle patara gamonaTebebi 115. Tevdores mogviano moxatulobebSic saxeebi
amave, iqneb naklebad Tavisufali maneriTaa Sesrulebuli.

“modelirebuli” Tavisuflad micxebuli, nairferiani zeTisxilisferi, bac-mwvane,

wiTeli, yavisferi, vardisferi da mocisfro CrdilebiT.
*
am moxatulobaTa Sesaxeb, ix.: T. virsalaZe, X-XI zogierTi tao-klarjuli moxatuloba.
qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan . . . gv. 10-100, agreTve, misive, Грузинские купольные схемы
зрелого средневековья, Избранные труды . . . gv. 225-261 (mTargm.).
114
amjerad CvenTvis araarsebiTia am did moxatulobaze momuSave sxvadasxva mxatvris
maneris individualuri Taviseburebebi. am sakiTxis detaluri ganxilvisTvis ix. T.
virsalaZe, atenis sionis moxatuloba . . . gv. 188-201 (mTargm.).
115
unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvafriv erTi maneriT aRbeWdili, ifraris saxeebi tonalobiT
erTi meorisgan gansxvavdeba. sakurTxevelSi saxeebi bac oqrisfer sarCulzea dawerili,
59
 amgvarad, XI saukunis meore naxevrisa da dasasrulis ganxiluli
moxatulobebis yvela individualuri gansxvavebulobisas, maTTvis
saerTo – saxeTa nakvTebis simkacre da garkveuloba da Zalian wvrili,
cal-calke datanili mokle gamonaTebebis sikaSkaSea.
XII saukunis dasasrulisa da XIII-is dasawyisis moxatulobebSi am
niSnebs veRar vxedavT. am epoqaSi ori tendenciaa TavCenili: 1. erTi –
mokle gamonaTebebis TiTqmis sruli uaryofa da saxeTa mxolod da
mxolod CrdilebiT Zerwvisa – aseTia yincvisis da timoTesubnis saxeebi;
2. meore – saxeebis ufro mkveTri da ornamentuli gamoqna gamonaTebebiT,
romlebmac ornamentulad dalagebuli farTo baci laqebis xasiaTi
SeiZina. am maneras misdevs SiomRvimis * saxeebi da beTaniis zogierTi (das.
kedeli) saxec.
macxvariSis moxatulobis agebulebis da ornamentis garCevisas Cven
davrwmundiT, rom, Tumca is, ZiriTadad, ufro adreuli moxatulobebis
stils misdevs, mas mainc rigi axali niSnebic aqvs, momdevno xanis
moxatulobebTan misi damaaxlovebeli. igive saxeTa weris maneraSicaa
TavCenili.
mTlianobaSi, saxeTa weris manera macxvariSSi im maneris
analogiuria, rasac XI saukunis dasasrulis qarTuli freskebi misdevs:
aseve TavSekavebulia tonaloba, aseTivea Zlieri, gamomsaxveli naxati,
aseTivea mokle gamonaTebebis datanis sistema. amave dros, uTuoa
zogierTi cvlilebac: macxvariSis naxati, naklebad Tavisufali da
msubuqi, ufro garkveuli da ganzogadebulia. mokle gamonaTebebma
macxvariSSi aseve sxva xasiaTi SeiZina, isini ufro kaSkaSa ar gamxdara,
magram maTi nawili ukve wvril xazebad ki ar ideba, aramed farTo,
zogjer baci laqis minamgvani monasmebiTaa wacxebuli. gansakuTrebiT
mkveTri xasiaTisaa isini zogierT saxeze, mag., iakob mociqulisa da wm.
dimitrisa, romlebzedac warbis rkalebi, farTo amonaTebebiT
gamoyofili, viwro Sublis TiTqmis mTel simaRles swvdeba. erwymis ra
cxvirze gavlebuli gamonaTebis orTiTs, isini uwyvet Sezneqil xazs
warmoqmnis, romelSic warbebSua yulfia Cawerili, yvelaferi erTad ki
xazis ornamentuli ganviTarebis STabeWdilebas tovebs, rac am saxeebs
koncentriulad ganlagebuli gamonaTebebiT damuSavebul wm. zosimes

wmindanebisa taZris kedlebze – muq-zeTisxilisferze, saxarebis scenaTa moqmedi

pirebis uaresad Semonaxuli saxeebi ki, rogorc Cans, Sereuli tipisaa. etyoba, saxeTa
sxvadasxva tonaloba saRebavis deformaciis Sedegia.
*
igulisxmeba jvris amaRlebis eklesiis moxatuloba. am moxatulobis Sesaxeb, ix. c.
kilaZe, SiomRvimis "jvarTamaRlebis" eklesiis moxatulobis ikonografiuli programis
ramdenime Tavisebureba, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 1, 2002, gv. 101-110, misive, ramdenime
sakiTxi SiomRvimis monastris "jvarTamaRlebis" eklesiis mxatvrobis stilis Sesaxeb,
ACADEMIA, 4, 2002, gv. 72-80, misive, wminda svimeon mesvetis gamosaxuleba SiomRvimis
monastris "jvarTamaRlebis" eklesiis moxatulobaSi, kavkasiis macne, 8, 2003, gv. 113-116,
misive, SiomRvimis monastris "jvarTamaRlebis" taZris moxatulobis Teologiuri
programa, kavkasiis macne, 9, 2004, gv. 117-120; agreTve, Е. Привалова, Павниси . . . (mTargm.).
60
saxes aaxlovebs beTaniis dasavleT kedelze 116 anda SiomRvimis wm.
mRvdelmTavarTa saxeebs 117.
macxvariSSi ornamentulobis es tendencia mxolodRa isaxeba, mas
TiTqosda mkacri, mtkice naxatis garkveuloba aokebso. magram miuxedavad
imisa, rom igi ase TvalsaCinod Tavs mudam rodi iCens (Zerwva mociqulTa
saxeebisa da Tmisa afsidis marjvena kedelze ufro denadi da mkacria –
mag., ioane RvTismetyvelis saxe), mTlianobaSi, macxvariSis saxeebi atenis
saxeebsac ukve mniSvnelovnad aris daSorebuli da pirvelTan ufro
axlo mdgom zemo krixisasac; ase rom, Cven naTlad vxedavT, rogor mwifs
XI saukunis stilis niSanTa ZiriTad masaSi ufro gviani xanisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.
analogiur process Tvali am drois sxva moxatulobebzec
gaedevneba. gamoTeTrebebis ganlagebaSi ornamentulobisadmi erTgvari
tendencia SeiniSneba ikvis saxeebze, romelnic, saerTo xasiaTis mxriv,
ganxilul tipebs uaxlovdeba, agreTve gelaTis dasavleTi mklavis *
moxatulobis “moqmed pirTa” saxeebzec. Tumca ki, ukanasknelebze ukve
isaxeba kaSkaSa mokle gamoTeTrebebis ukugdebis is tendencia,
dasrulebas rom yincvisis moxatulobaSi hpovebs.
macxvariSis wmindanTa Tavebi, tipis mxriv, aseve uaxlovdeba
Tevdores moxatulobebisa da zemo krixis saxeebs. yvela maTganisTvis
tipiuria dabali Subli, odnav kexiani cxviri da patara bageebi mkveTrad
daSvebuli kuTxeebiT. dabali SubliT aRmosavleTqristianuli wris
mimdgomi mravali Zegli xasiaTdeba – mag., saxeebi angelozebisa
“piriRvTisas” XII saukunis rusuli xatis zurgze 118 anda Tesalonikeli
wm. demetres sinur xatze (XI s.) 119. macxvariSSi am niSans ukiduresad
gamokveTili saxe aqvs. Tavis moxazuloba aseve Sebrtyelebuli da
dabalia. ganieri swori warbebi, mkveTrad moxazuli, safeTqlisken
wagrZelebuli quTuToebi, bagis Caweuli kuTxeebis gazviadebuli xazi,
dasasrul, Tma-wveris sqematuri, Caketili naxati am saxeebs ara marto
atenis Tavebisgan, aramed ufro gviani gelaTuri saxeebisganac
ganasxvavebs; am moxatulobebis saxeebi bizantiur nimuSebs bevrad ufro
uaxlovdeba da maTTvis damaxasiaTebel “fsiqikur” tips asaxavs.
amgvarad, macxvariSis moxatulobis calkeuli elementebis
SedarebiTi analizi qarTuli moxatulobebis imave wresTan migvabrunebs,
romelic misi kompoziciuri agebis ganxilvisas moiniSna. igive stiluri
niSnebi, dekoratiulobis mimarTulebiT igive Zvrebi, romelnic
moxatulobis komponirebis xasiaTSia TavCenili, mis am mxareebSic
Segvaxsenebs Tavs da maTi analizi adasturebs Cvens daskvnebs im
adgilis Taobaze, rac macxvariSs XI saukunis dasasrulis-XIII saukunis
dasawyisis mxatvrobaTa rigSi uWiravs.

116
Н. Толмачевская, Фрески древней Грузии, Тиф., 1931, sur. 9.
117
iqve, sur. 5-7.
*
igulisxmeba narTeqsis moxatuloba (mTargm.).
118
Анисимов А. И., Домонгольский период древнерусской живописи, М., 1928, calke tab.
119
Лазарев В. Н., История византийской живописи, tab. 123.
61
 amave dros, koloritisa da saxeTa weris maneris analizi
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, davadginoT macxvariSis ufro mWidro kavSiri
zemoaRniSnul moxatulobebs Soris zogierTTan, romelnic garkveul
mxatvrul tradiciad jgufdeba.

62
 7.

macxvariSis sakurTxevlis moxatuloba im droisTvis Cveulebriv

ikonografias misdevs, romelsac iziarebs mTeli rigi qarTuli, kerZod,
svanuri moxatulobebisa. konqSi mandorliT garemoculi, aRsaydrebuli
qristea gamosaxuli. is ganze ganpyrobili marjveniT akurTxebs, marcxena
xelSi – gaSlili saxarebaa tradiciuli teqstiT:
asomTavruli
“me var naTeli soflisaÁ, romeli Semomidges me, ara vidodes
bnelsa, aramed aqÂndes mas cxorebaÁ saÂkÂnoÁ” 120.
saydris orsav mxares, qvemoT, gamosaxulia: marcxniv qerobini
cecxlovan borblebze, romelsac axlavs warwerebi – zemoT:
asomTavruli – “qerobini” da qvemoT: asomTavruli – “urmis Tualni
cecxlisani”; marjvniv serobinia, warweriT – zemoT: asomTavruli –
“serobini”. Semdgom, saydris aqeT-iqiT vedrebad RmrTismSobeli da wm.
ioane winamorbedi dganan. maTi saxelebi, Cveulebisamebr, berZnuli
asoebiTaa aRniSnuli. warwerebi figurebis win, TavebTan, fonis
Tavisufal monakveTebzea ganTavsebuli 121.
kompozicias RmrTismSoblisa da wm. ioanes zurgs ukan mdgomi
mTavarangelozTa “gundni” ganasruleben – wina mTavarangelozis ukan,
romelsac sfero da labarumi upyria, meore figuris naxevari moCans, mis
miRma ki danarCenebis saqoCreebi da Saravandebi. saydris fexebi
rikulebiTaa gawyobili, ornamentirebul sazurges Zvirfasi Tvlebis
arSia evleba (kuTxeebze isini “yurebs” warmoqmnis), baliSze tiloa
gadavlebuli. saydris analogiur formas nakifarsa da wvirmSic
naxavT 122.
qvemoT, afsidis kedlebze Tormeti mociqulia gamosaxuli.
kompoziciis centrSi, sarkmlis aswvriv gamosaxulia jvari, momcro,
oqros sawinamZRvro jvris saxiT. sigrZiT toli mklavebi boloebisken
odnav farTovdeba, mklavebis boloebi sam-sami wriT, medalioniTaa
Semkuli. erTi medalioni maT Sejvarebazecaa moTavsebuli. mklavTa
zedapirebsa da medalionebze wiTeli zolia gavlebuli; is konturebs
miyveba da, TiTqosda, liTonze Sesrulebul CuqurTmas gamogvisaxavs.
amas garda, isini nacrisfer-cisferi da wiTeli TvlebiT, aseve

120
teqsti, rogorc yoelTvis, ioanes saxarebidan (ioane, 8:12) aris aRebuli, oRond bolo
striqonia Secvlili (“cxorebaÁ saukunoÁ” da ara – “naTeli cxorebisaÁ”).
121
macxvariSis berZnuli warwerebi T. yauxCiSvils aqvs gamocemuli (saqarTvelos
berZnuli warwerebi, Tb., 1951, gv. 37). avtori aRniSnavs, rom warwerebSi qaragmis
moxazuloba XI s-mde ar gvxvdeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom miqael maRlakelis
moxatuli eklesia wm. mTavarangelozTa (Taringzel) saxelobisa ki araa, rogorc
avtori miiCnevs (gv. 56), aramed macxovar-macxvarisa. Taringzelis eklesia iqve, gverdiT
mdebareobs da avtoris mier naxsenebi macxvariSis wm. mRvdelmTavarTa qarTuli
warwerebi (gv. XIII, XIV da 7) Taringzelis eklesiaSi imyofeba. miqael maRlakelis
mxatvrobaSi wm. mRvdelmTavarTa gamosaxulebebi ar moipoveba.
122
mas XII s-is italiuri mozaikebis zogierTi gamosaxulebac uaxlovdeba, mag., veneciis
wm. markozis taZris mTavari afsidisa anda grotaferatas gamosaxulebani (Кондаков Н. П.,
Лицевой иконописный подлинник, t. I, СПб., 1905, sur. 63 da 74).
63
margalitebis arSiiTaa mooWvili. jvris orsav mxares asoebia:
asomTavruli – “Áeso qriste”.
sarkmlis aqeT-iqiT, sruli taniT eqvs-eqvsi mociqulia gamosaxuli.
sarkmlis marjvniv pirveli wm. petre mociqulis gamosaxulebaa –
asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ petre mociquli”, meore wm. ioane maxarebelia –
asomtavruli – “wmidaÁ Áoane maxarebeli”, mesame wm. markozi –
asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ markoz maxarebeli”, meoTxe wm. andria mociqulia
– asomTavaruli – “wmidaÁ andria mociquli”. ori momdevno mociqulis
saxeebica da warwerebic ar ganirCeva. eseni, albaT, wm. barTlome da wm.
filipe mociqulebia; SemorCa asoebi . . . asomTavruli – “pe”. sarkmlidan
marcxena rigs wm. mociquli pavle Tavobs – asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ pavle
mociquli”, mas mosdevs wm. maTe – asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ maTe
maxarebeli”, mesame, wm. luka maxarebelia – asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ luka
maxarebeli”, momdevno wm. mociquli iakobia – asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ
Áakob mociquli”, Semdgomi wm. mociquli svimonia – asomTavruli –
“wmidaÁ sÁmon”, boloSi ki wm. mociquli Tomaa – asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ
Toma”.
mociqulebi msubuqi moZraobiTaa warmodgenilni, maTi figurebi
nairgvaradaa daxrili da mibrunebuli, qarTul moxatulobebSi
SemuSavebuli ikonografiis Tanaxmad. ori Suana, wm. petre da wm. pavle
TiTqmis winxediT, erTmaneTisken odnav Setrialebulni arian
gamoxatulni; maTi momdevno or-ori maxarebeli daxrili, saxarebebiT
xelSi, kompoziciis centrisken sami-meoTxediT gaSlili warmodgvidgeba.
boloswina mociqulebi, Cveulebisamebr, damabolovebeli mociqulebisken
mibrunebulad arian gamosaxulni; bolo wyvili mociqulebisa, kvlav
kompoziciis centrisken mitrialebuli, winebs xelis moZraobiTac
epasuxeba 123.
mociqulTa rigis aqeT-iqiT, TaRis kapitelebis Tavze ori
winaswarmetyvelis naxevarfigurebia moTavsebuli. marjvena mxares
winaswarmetyveli esaiaa – asomTavruli – “w(inaswarmrtyve)l(i) is(a)ia” –
berikaci gaSlili gragniliT xelSi. marcxena (CrdiloeT) mxares
winaswarmetyvelia mowifuli kacis tipisa, xelSi gaSlili gragniliT.
winaswarmetyvelis saxeli da gragnilis warwera aRar ikiTxeba *.
daculoba sakurTxevlis mxatvrobisa nairgvaria: kamaris wverSi
mxatvroba dazianebulia. qristesa da wm. ioane winamorbedis saxeebi araa
SemorCenili; bundadRa Cans RmrTismSoblisa da mTavarangelozebis
saxeebi. konqis danarCeni mxatvroba Cinebuladaa SemorCenili. kedlebze
kargadaa daculi mociqulTa rigis mTeli marcxena nawili, marjvniv ki

123
analogiuradaa agebuli mociqulTa mwkrivebi oSksa, atensa, beTaniasa da a.S., maSin
rodesac Tevdores moxatulobebSi, Cveulebriv, ori an oTxi figuris Seqmnili
Semoklebuli redaqciaa mocemuli, zogjer wm. mRvdelmTavarTa figurebiT Sevsebuli.
*
moxatulobis gawmendis Semdeg garikva, rom esaa winaswarmetyveli iona, romlis
gragnilze Semdegi teqstia datanili: "Camagdes me siRrmesa zRÂsasa da mdinareni
garemomadges me, RaRadebda iona"; ix.: v. silogava, svanuri werilobiTi Zeglebi . . . t. II,
gv. 45-46 (mTargm.).
64
kargadaa moRweuli wm. petres figura, ramdenadme uaresad – wm. ioanesi,
danarCeni figurebi ki Zlieraa Selaxuli, metadre maTi zeda nawilebi.
ikonografiis mxriv, sakurTxevlis moxatuloba, romelSic qristes
simbolo – jvaric aris Seyvanili, Zvelqristianul tradicias asaxavs.
sakurTxevlis farTo konqSi gaSlili “vedrebis” kompozicia, misi
didroni figurebi, romelnic sqeli, najeri tonebiTa da SesamoselTa
daZabuli ritmiT dekoratiulad gamoiyofa bac-nacrisferi fonis
sigluveze, araCveulebrivi monumenturobisa da siZlieris STabeWdilebas
tovebs.
am kompoziciaSi, romelic taZris moxatulobis ideursa da
mxatvrul centrs warmoadgens, TvalsaCinod warmoCnda mxatvar miqaelis
maneris individualuri Taviseburebani.
qarTuli moxatulobebisTvis Cveulebrivi am gamosaxulebis idea –
Tema qristes zeciuri didebisa da sidiadisa (uflis winaSe warmdgari
RmrTismSobliTa da wm. ioane winamorbediT) Sua saukuneebSi,
mTlianobaSi, pirobiTad gadmoicemoda. da mainc, am pirobiTobis
farglebSi, SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT misi gamoxatvisadmi ama Tu im
mxatvris gansxvavebul midgomas. ase, magaliTebr, mxatvari miqaeli Temas,
e.i. scenis moqmed pirTa Sinagan urTierTdamokidebulebas, maTi
moZraobebiT ar gamoxatavs. is qristes figuras zomis sididiTa d
samosis nakecTa ufro rTuli naySiT gamohyofs da im optikuri efeqtiT
kmayofildeba, romlis wyalobiTac konqis kamaris ferdebze gaSlili
gverdiTi figurebi, ase gveCveneba, centraluri figuriskenaa gadmoxrili.
miuxedavad qristes zeatyorcnili makurTxeveli marjvenis moZraobis
siboboqrisa, figura, misi gamarTuli taniTa da arabunebrivad
Setrialebuli fexebiT, mainc gulgrilia gverdiTi figurebisadmi da
isinic masTan sam-meoTxedi SemobrunebiT formaluradRaa dakavSirebuli.
Tavis Zlivs SesamCnevi daxra da mSvidad mimarTuli xelebis moZraoba,
gamarTuli tanisa da saxeTa mSvidi, mkacri gamometyvelebisas, ar
gamoxatavs RmrTismSoblisa da wm. ioane winamorbedis winaSedgomis, maTi
vedrebis Temas. mTavarangelozebi qristesken arc ki arian Setrialebuli
da frontalurad dganan. moZraobaTa aseTi TavSekavebulobis meoxebiT,
jgufebi Sinaganad gancalkevebuli rCeba da saydris orsav mxares
ganTavsebuli gamosaxulebebi serobinisa da qerobinisa ki ar akavSirebs,
aramed ganakerZoebs maT erTmaneTisgan.
Temis aseTi, pirobiTi Cveneba srul TanxmierebaSia mTlianobaSi
mxatvar miqaelis manerasTan, saxeldobr ki, adamianis figuris gamosaxvis
mis manerasTanac.
zemoT aRniSnuli gvaqvs, rom gvianantikuri ilÁuzionizmis
reminiscenciebis daZlevis mxriv, Sua saukuneebis qarTulma mxatvrobam
Sors miatova bizantiuri mxatvroba, es ki, mTlianobaSi, moxatulobis
ufro TavSekavebulsa da SezRudul koloristul gamaSic gamoixata da
weris ufro pirobiT maneraSic. sxvadasxva intensiobis ferebis
(“gamonaTebebisa” da “CaCrdilvebis”) TandaTanobiT datanis pirobiTi
sistema, romlis meSveobiT bizantiuri mxatvroba formis gadmocemas
65
lamobda, qarTul moxatulobebSi ufro SezRuduli odenobiT
gamoiyeneboda, am amocanis gadasawyvetad ki didmniSvnelovani wili
ganekuTvneboda xazs – naxats.
Tumca Sua saukuneebis qarTul mxatvrobaSi, iseve rogorc
reliefur mqandakeblobaSic, naxati zogjer ornamentulobis
mimarTulebiT viTardeboda, e.i. wminda dekoratiul funqcias
124
asrulebda , pirvel rigSi, is fermwerisTvis (garkveul periodSi ki –
moqandakisTvisac) formis sazRvrebis yvelaze zustad gamomxatvels
warmoadgenda.
amitomac, imisda mixedviT, rogor gaiazrebda am formas xelovani 125,
rogorc sibrtyiT-reliefursa Tu rogorc moculobiT-skulpturuls,
icvleboda xelovanis gamosaxulebisadmi midgomac, pirvel rigSi ki
xazis, naxatis xasiaTi icvleboda. erT SemTxvevaSi xazi kuTxovani da
daZabuli rCeboda, misi ganviTareba ki, Tavisi xasiaTiT xazgasmulad
ornamentul-dekoratiuli iyo; amave dros, sxva SemTxvevebSi xazis
mdinareba ufro mSvidi da denadi xdeboda, plastikur gamomsaxvelobas
ufro metad daqvedebarebuli. am gansxvavebulma midgomebma gansazRvra
XI-XII saukuneebis qarTul monumentur mxatvrobaSi dasaxuli, rigi
moxatulobiT warmodgenili, mxatvruli mimarTulebebis Taviseburebani.
yvelaze TvalsaCinod isini adamianis figuris gamosaxvis xasiaTSi
mJRavndeba.
adamianis figuris gamosaxva macxvariSSi “sibrtyiTi” xasiaTisaa.
qristes mkveTrad zeawvdili marjvenis, misi daZabulad gamarTuli
tanisa da erTnairad Setrialebuli muxlebis (marcxena terfi, Tanac,
arasworad, SebrunebiTaa dayenebuli) naxati savsebiT pirobiTia; figura,
TiTqosda, saydarTan erT sibrtyeSia gaSlili, romlis dasajdomi
agreTve vertikaluradaa naCvenebi. figuris konturebi moklebulia
plastikur sirbiles, kuTxovania. gansakuTrebiT damaxinjebulia, am
TvalsazrisiT, qristes fexebi, zurgis mxridan datexili, muxls qvemoT
mkveTrad vardnili, isini dekoratiulad gaormagebuli xaziTaa
moxazuli, romelic kuTxovani, rombisebri barZayis da grZeli gamxdari
wvivis savsebiT pirobiT formas moniSnavs, maSin rodesac ganaTebuli
mxridan maTze Zalze mkrTali, sqematuri asistia gadavlebuli. amiTRa

124
ase, magaliTebr, samosis nakecebze, maTi gadakecvis adgilebze Suq-Crdilis TamaSi,
romelic gvianantikur ferweraSi gamWvirvale, Tavisuflad wacxobili feradi
aTinaTebiT gadmoicemoda, bizantiur xelovnebaSi “gamonaTebaTa” da “CaCrdilvaTa”
Tanmimdevrobis pirobiTi sistemis meSveobiT gamoisaxeboda, qarTul mxatvrobaSi
(xSirad agreTve reliefur qandakebaSic) spiralurad daxveuli xaziT gadmoicemoda.
qarTveli mxatvari, romlisTvisac formis “ferweruli” damuSaveba naklebad iyo
gasagebi, mas xazovan-dekoratiuls unacvlebda. aqedan warmosdgeba saxeloebsa an
mucelze, qarTuli xelovnebisTvis egzom sayvareli, spiraluri xviebi.
125
moculobiTi formis gamoxatva Sua saukuneebis ferweraSi, mTlianobaSi, mudam
pirobiTi xasiaTisa iyo. mxatvrobaSi formis plastikuri gaazrebis amocana, misi Suq-
CrdiliT swori modelirebis azriT, rogorc cnobilia, mxolod renesansis xelovnebam
gadaWra, mas mere, rac igi qandakebaSi iqna gadawyvetili. magram Suasaukunovan
qandakebaSic, misi ganviTarebis mTel sigrZeze, plastikuri gadawyvetis kuTxiT, ase
vTqvaT, raodenobrivi Zvrebi xdeba. mxatvrobas es Zvrebi mxolod xazis, naxatis
xasiaTis kuTxiT SeeZlo aesaxa.
66
Semoifargleba, ZiriTadad, formis “modelireba”. mxatvari mis naxatis
siZlieriT gamoyofasac ki ar lamobs. samosis nakecebi TiTqmis
analgiuri xerxiTaa damuSavebuli (rogorc ukve iqna miTiTebuli,
nakecebis Savi naxati ganaTebuli mxridan wvrili TeTri xaziTaa
xazgasmuli, Crdilianze ki CaCrdilvis viwro xaziTaa Serbilebuli), ris
meoxebiTac nakecebi im zomiTve reliefuri da materialuri Cans, rogorc
maT mier STanTqmuli forma sxeulisa. vinaidan es nakecebi qsovilis
sxeulis moculobiT, e.i. momrgvalebul formaze denis gadmosacemad
araa moxmobili, isini swor an kuTxovan xazebad viTardeba da
pirobiTadRa miyveba antikuri drapirebis tradiciul sqemas. saboloo
jamSi, es mkveTri xazebi rTuli xazovani naxatis TviTkmar mniSvnelobas
iZens, romlis daZabuli ritmi xazgasmuli eqspresiis gamomxatveli, e.i.
garkveuli stilisturi momenti xdeba. am azriT, qristes gamosaxuleba
macxvariSSi bizantiuri ki ara, ufro Tanadrouli romanuli ferweris
analogiur gamosaxulebebs SegviZlia SevupirispiroT 126. zustad aseve
gansxvavdeba igi “vedrebis” kapadokiuri mxatvrobisTvis Cveulebrivi
gamosaxulebebisgan, romelnic grafikuli da sibrtyiTi kia, oRond
moklebulia ritmuli naxatis imgvar xazgasmul eqspresiasa da
gamomsaxvelobas, romelnic macxvariSis freskas axasiaTebs 127.
damaxasaiTebelia, rom miqaeli srulad iyenebs Tavisi xazovan-
dekoratiuli maneris SesaZleblobebs qristes sidiadis ideis
gamosaxatavad, risTvisac mis figuraze maqsimalurad aqvs aweuli
feradovani da xazovani ritmis daZabuloba. mandorlisa da tilos bac-
vardisferi, mooqrosfro da movercxlisfro tonebi gamoyenebulia
imisTvis, raTa metad gamoikveTos qristes muq-wiTeli da nacrisfer-
lurji Sesamoslis feradovnebis sisqe da Zala. zustad aseve, saydris
ornamentis gamWvirvale maqmaniseburobam anda tilos paralelur nakecTa
mSvidma erTferovnebam xazi unda gausvas qristes samosis nakecTa
siZlieresa da mRelvarebas. uanasknelni kvarTis saxelosa da kalTaze
mkveTri paraleluri xazebiTaa damuSavebuli, mkerdze erTmaneTSi
Caweril samkuTxedebad aris datexili, kauWebad iRuneba himationis
kalTebze, xelidan maxvili kuTxeebis kaskadad ecema da, dasasrul,
mucelze daZabul spiralad igragneba, romelic, TiTqosda, konqis
moxatulobis xazovani centri iyos.
sakurTxevlis moxatulobis centralur figuraze koncentrirebuli
am texili xazebis daZabuloba da eqspresiuloba sxva figurebze ufro

126
Sdr. qristes gamosaxuleba torCelos sadiakvnis mozaikasa (Лазарев В. Н., История
византийской живописи, t. II, tab. 238) anda martoranas gumbaTSi (Otto Demus, The Mosaics of
Norman Sicily, London, 1949, tab. 46), vis-sÁur-sen-SartÁes (Henri Focillon, Peintures Romans. Des èglises
de France, Paris, 1950, tab. 80), montuaris (iqve, tab. 50) anda berze-la-vilis (iqve, tab. 105)
analogiur gamosaxulebebs.
127
tokale kilise, axali eklesia (G. de Jerphanion, Les èglises rupestres de Cappadoce, Alb. II, Paris,
1928, tab. 84), yaranlek kilise (iqve, tab. 98), elmale kilise (iqve, tab. 114), Carekle
kilise (iqve, tab. 120).
67
mSvid da erTferovan ritmulobad gadawydeba *. “vedrebis” sixmelemde
tanwyobili, mSvidi gverdiTi figurebi Tavisi vertikalebiT qristes
figuraze xazTa rTul SeTamaSebas awonasworebs. RmrTismSoblis patara,
moxdenil Tavze mWidrod Semotmasnili maforiumi mis mxarze sam mkveTr
koncentriul xazadaa dafenili, Semdgom ki xelebidan paralelur,
erTferovan nakecebad vardnili. aseTive TavSekavebuli konturebiT
moiniSneba wm. ioane winamorbedis figurac. maT samoselTa saxeloebi
erTferovani ganivi xazebiTaa gawyobili, xolo xazi, romelic
tanisamoss qveS Semalul fexebs imgvarive samkuTxedad mosazRvravs,
rogorc qristes figuraze, ufro gamartivebuli xasiaTisaa. amave mSvidi
konturebis wiaRaa Sesrulebuli “vedrebis” kompoziciis gamasrulebeli
mTavarangelozTa figurebic.
XI-XII saukuneebis qarTul moxatulobebSi “vedrebis” kompoziciebi,
mTlianobaSi, imave ikonografiul redaqcias misdevs, rac macxvariSis
zemoaRweril kompoziciaSi gvaqvs da mas stilis mxrivac enaTesaveba.
magram es principuli Tanagvaroba, erTi mxriv, arc friad arsebiT
sxvadasxvaobas gamoricxavs da arc, meore mxriv, am xanis zogierT
calkeul Zegls Soris ufro mWidro siaxloves. sirTule imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom zog SeTxvevaSi es sxvaobani anda, piriqiT, Tanagvaroba
uTuod droismieradaa gansazRvruli (rigi niSnebisa adreuli xanis
ZeglTaTvisaa saerTo da maT ufro gvian ZeglTagan ganasxvavebs), xolo
sxva SemTxvevaSi es ganmasxvavebeli Tu saziaro niSnebi moxatulobaTa
qronologiur rigs ar emTxveva da ufro im drois qarTul monumentur
mxatvrobaSi sxvadasxva mxatvrul mimdinareobaTa arsebobaze metyvelebs,
romelnic erTmaneTis paralelurad viTardeboda. mxolod am
Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT SevZlebT, gavigoT, rogori iyo im drois
monumenturi mxatvrobis ganviTarebis msvleloba da calkeuli Zeglebic
sworad SevafasoT.
ase, magaliTebr, ufro adreuli xanis, XI saukunis bolosa da XII-
is dasawyisis moxatulobebSi “vedrebis” gamosaxulebani ufro meti
monumenturobiT gamoirCeva. zemo krixsa da, aseve, nakifarSi qristes
didebuli figura zomiT Trgunavs “vedrebis” gverdiT, momcro fogurebs
da konqis naxevarsferoSi guladaa gabatonebuli. amis gamo es
gamosaxulebebi ufro monumentur STabeWdilebas gviqmnis, vidre sami
jgufis dekoratiul wonasworobaze damyarebuli macxvariSis
kompozicia, sadac gverdiTi jgufebi zomiT centraluri figuris
TiTqmis rom tolfasia. Sesabamisad, Tavad figuras zemo krixSica da
nakifarSic ufro mSvidi da monumenturi proporciebi aqvs 128. amave dros,

*
“gadawyveta” aq musikaluri Teoriis azriTaa naxmari – disonansuri akordis
keTilxmovanSi gadasvlis azriT (mTargm.).
128
monumenturoba adreuli xanis sakurTxevlis qarTuli kompoziciebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli – aseTia, mag., gamosaxuleba tbeTis taZris sakurTxevlis konqSi
(qriste ori mTavarangeloziTurT – Марр Н. Я., Дневник поездки в Шавшию и Кларджию, gv. 17,
sur. 5; ix. aseve d. ermakovis foto #11745). analogiuri xasiaTisaa qristes
gamosaxuleba sof. Cvabianis (svaneTi) macxvaris taZarSi, romelic, ueWvelad adreuli
xanisaa. naklebad axasiaTebs es niSani wvirmis (igulisxmeba macxovris eklesiis
68
zemo krixis gamosaxuleba, rigi stiluri mocemulobiT, macxvariSisas
uaxlovdeba. zemo krixSic “vedrebis” Tema pirobiTada da
dekoratiuladaa gaxsnili. mkveTri, daZabuli moZraobebiTa da pirquSi
saxeebiT gamorCeul figuraTa urTierTkavSiri aqac savsebiT formaluri
xasiaTisaa. formis pirobiTi, “sibrtyiTi” gageba Tavs iCens daZabuli,
ornamentisebr ganviTarebuli naxatis xasiaTSic, romelic gansakuTrebiT
gamomsaxveli qristes figurazea. macxvariSSi xazi, Tavisi xasiaTiT,
ufro mousvenari da mkveTria, magram mTlianobaSi es ori gamosaxuleba
ise axlos dgas erTmaneTTan, rom nebas gvaZlevs XI-XII saukuneebis
qarTul monumentur ferweraSi garkveuli mxatvruli mimarTulebis
arseboba vivaraudoT. stilis niSnebis mxriv, es mimarTuleba uSualod
agrZelebs X saukunis qarTuli mxatvrobis tradiciebs, romelic qaruli
Suasaukunovani reliefis ufro adrindel, “winareplastikur” etaps
ukavSirdeba.
stilis sxvagvari niSnebia TavCenili nakifarSi, mxatvar Tevdores
Seqmnil “vedrebis” gamosaxulebaSi. Cven vxedavT, rom am freskaze
figurebis Sinagani urTierTkavSiri maTi moZraobebiTa da saxeebis
“gamometyvelebiTac” ki gamoixata. qristes denadi moZraoba ara marto
iqvemdebarebs, aramed aerTianebs kidec gverdiT figurebs; ukanasknelnic
aseve qristesken gadaxrilan da xelebic gamomsaxvelad misken
gauwvdeniaT 129. eqspresiuloba saxeebis gadmocemaSi, aweuli warbebisa da
uzarmazari Tvalebis xazgasmul dramatulobaSic hpovebs
gamoxatulebas 130. am moZraobebs mxatvari Tevdore WeSmarit
gamomsaxvelobasa da sirbiles sZens, romelic ukve sxva ramaa, vidre
macxvariSsa da zemo krixSi mkveTr moZraobaTa eqspresia.
nakifarSi qristes Cinebuli figura umagaliTo silamaziTa da
gamomsaxvelobiT gamoirCeva. qristes marjvena, idayvSi odnav moxrili,
denadadaa ganze gatanili, maSin rodesac tani, marcxnisken sapirispiro
moZraobiTaa odnav gadaweuli. Sesabamisadve, marcxena muxli
moqneuladaa ganze gatanili, saxarebas SeSvelebuli xeli ki rakursiTaa
naCvenebi. ase rom, figuris xalvaTi, diadi gaSla ara mxolod mis

moxatuloba) sakurTxevlis kompozicias, romelic TiTqmis zedmiwevniT ki imeorebs

nakifaris freskas, xolo monumenturobis ukanasknelisgvar STabeWdilebas ver tovebs,
rac misi ufro gviani TariRis kidev erTi sabuTia. mogviano kvlevis Sedegad
dadasturda, rom Cvabianis macxovris eklesiis Tavdapirveli moxatuloba X s-Sia
Seqmnili da es TariRi damkvidrda samecniero literaturaSi, ix.: Р. Шмерлинг, Малые
формы . . . gv. 234; Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвилил, А. Вольская, Живописная школа . . . gv. 27-29; z.
aleqsiZe, Cvabianis macxovris eklesiis freskuli warwerebis TariRisaTvis, macne,
istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 3, 1978, gv. 171-177;
v. silogava, svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi . . . t. II, gv. 171-177. wvirmis moxatulobis
detaluri analizisTvis, ix.: Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвилил, А. Вольская, Росписи художника
Тевдоре . . . gv. 76-88 (mTargm.).
129
kompoziciis Caketilobas iseTi dekoratiuli xerxic usvams xazs, rogoricaa
angelozebis TavebiTa da naxevarfigurebiT figurebs Soris fonis Sevseba.
130
kidev ufro garkveviTaa mocemuli es niSnebi ifraris “vedrebaSi”. eqspresia Tevdores
sxva freskebsac axasiaTebs. gansakuTrebiT gamomsaxvelia wm. kvirikesa da ivlitas
wamebis scenis saxeebi ama wmindanebisadmi miZRvnil eklesiaSi (Амиранашвили Ш. Я., История
грузинского искусства, tab. 70).
69
moZraobas gadmoscems, aramed, ToTqosda, sivrceSi mis samganzomilebian
ganfenasac. amasTan, saydari SefadebiT swori perspeqtiviTaa naCvenebi.
figuraTa konturebis naxatic ufro denadi xasiaTisaa. sxeulis nakvTTa:
mxrebis, barZayTa, muxlebis Semrgvaleba – denadi xasiaTiTaa
gadmocemuli. aqa-iq dadebuli, wvrili daStrixvis saxis gamonaTebebsa
da rbil Crdilebs ar ZaluZs moculobis STabeWdilebis Seqmna, es,
arsebrivad, formis “modelirebis” Cveulebrivi, pirobiTi “bizantiuri”
sistemaa. magram sakuTriv bizantiuri gamosaxulebebisgan gansxvavebiT 131,
es “naTelni” da “Crdilni” ise msubuqad da krZaluladaa Cafenili, rom
TiTqmis ar arRvevs konturTa naxatiT mofargluli feradi sibrtyis
erTianobas. Tavad konturebi, miuxedavad erTgvari pirobiTobisa, rac
xelis arabunebrivi moxriT, muxlTa momCvaruli formiT da a.S.
mJRavndeba, mTlianobaSi sakmaod sworad gadmogvcems plastikurad
momrgvalebuli figuris formebs. es midgoma samosTa nakecebis weris
xasiaTsac daemCna. figuris konturebis naxatis da qsovilis ZiriTadi
“Cqeralebis” siZlierisas, nakecebi Zalian faqizi, msubuqi naxatiTaa
Sesrulebuli, mas ki Suqis Tu Crdilis uwvrilesi xazebi gasdevs, rac
figuris ZiriTad konturebs maT daqvemdebarebas apirobebs. xolo raki es
nakecebi, mTlianobaSi, sworad miuyveba sxeulis Semrgvalebul formas,
isini arc mis plastikur erTianobas arRvevs. nakifaris qristes samosi,
rbili Sokoladisfer-yavisferi da ferflisfer-cisferi tonebiT
Seferili, sxeuls mikruli msubuqi qsovilis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
amgvarad, mxatvar miqaelisa da zemo krixis freskebis avtorisgan
gansxvavebiT, Tevdore Tavisi naxatiT, Tugind arc bolomde sworad,
plastikurad moculobiTi figuris agebulebas gviCvenebs: swored amitom
aqvs am freskaze xazs nakleb daZabuli da kuTxovani xasiaTi. Tumca
mxatvari Tevdore jer kidev bolomde ar Selevia swor, paralelur da
dakuTxvil xazebs (ix. nakecebi mkerdsa da saxeloze), mas mainc rbili,
Semrgvalebuli xazi urCevnia, metadre sxeulis amoburculi nawilebis
gamosaxvisas. am TvalsazrisiT, Tevdore momdevno xanis maneras
uaxlovdeba, Tumca misi xazi, rasakvirvelia, didad Soravs XII saukunis
dasasrulisa da XIII-is dasawyisis ferweris denad, Tavisuflad
mosriale xazs. nakifaris naxati mniSvnelovanwilad kvlavac
dekoratiulia – mkerdsa da saxeloze moxdenili, wvrili nakecebis anda
himatiois wvriladkecili naoWebis ritmi (ukanasknelis kuwubebi baci
xaziTacaa dekoratiulad xazgasmuli), dasasrul, iseTi daufaravad
dekoratiuli nakvTi, rogoricaa saxeloze spiralisebri xvia, mowmobs,
rom mxatvari Tevdore kvlavac Tavad xazs eloliaveba, Tavad faqiz
gadrekas, rogorc aseTs, rom misTvisac am xazis ganviTareba yvelaze
TvalsaCino saSualebaa im eqspresiis gamosavlenad, rac man qristes
figuras mianiWa.

131
Sdr. ori maxareblis gamosaxulebani (1025-1028 ww.) nikeis miZinebis eklesiis
narTeqsSi (Лазарев В. Н., История византийского искусства, tab. 98-99) anda “ioakimesa da anas
xarebis” scenis gamosaxuleba dafniSi (XI s., iqve, tab. 161), aseve “ziarebis” mociqulTa
gamosaxuleba kievis mixeilis monastris afsidSi (1108 w., iqve, tab. 169).
70
 am kuTxiT mxatvrebi Tevdore da miqaeli principulad erTnair
Tvalsazriss adganan. gansxvaveba isaa mxolod, rom Tevdorem,
miqaelisgan gansxvavebiT, ara mxolod dainaxa (wminda xazovanad ki)
plastikuri forma da STaigrZno denadi xazis silamaze, aramed misi
wyalobiT gamosaxulebis sazrisis gaRrmaveba, mis elferTa
diferencirebac SeZlo. “vedrebis” gamosaxuleba nakifarSi, Tumca ki Sua
saukuneebis xelovnebis pirobiT enaze, ara mxolod qristes sidiadis
ideas gamoxatavs (rogorc es macxvariSSia), aramed misi “saxierebis”
ideasac; amas garda, is winaSemdgomeli RmrTismSoblisa da wm. ioane
winamorbedis meoxebis Temasac gadmoscems, romelic macxvariSSi
saerTod gauxsneli darCa. sagulisxmoa am ori gamosaxulebis or, aseve
svanuri warmomavlobis Wedur xatTan Sepirispireba, romlebzec qristea
gamosaxuli. erT maTganze – is mestiidanaa – formis sibrtyiTobama da
midgomis sazogado pirobiTobam da dekoratiulobam gansazRvra figuris
konturis kuTxovaneba da samosis grafikulad moazrebuli, erTferovani,
paraleluri nakecebis simkveTre. meore xatze, sofel Áelidan, ufro
moculobiTma da skulpturulad damuSavebulma formam ganapiroba
sxeulis asoTa sirbile da Semrgvaleba, maTi SefardebiTi siswore, aseve
ufro denadi da momrgvalebiT ganviTareba samosis nakecebisa, romelnic
sxeulis plastikur formas miuyveba. dasasrul, gamomsaxvelobis
saSualebaTa pirobiToba da mxatvruli saxis gansxvavebuli gageba Tavs
iCens pirvel xatze pirisaxis mkacri da pirquSi gamometyvelebiT, maSin
rodesac meore xatze pirisaxe gansacvifrebeli sirbiliT gamoirCeva.
msgavsad am ori xatisa, “vedrebis” gamosaxulebani macxvariSsa da
nakifarSi sinamdvilis xatovani Semecnebis sxvadasxva safexurs
warmodgvidgens. sxvaoba maT Soris jer kidev umniSvneloa da,
arsebrivad, Tvisebrivi ki ara, raodenobrivi xasiaTisaa. amgvari
raodenobrivi Zvrebis TandaTan dagrovebas xelovneba, ueWvelad, axali
Tvisebriobis xelovnebis, axleburi realisturi xelovnebis Seqmnisken
mihyavda, rogorc es moxda kidec, mogvianebiT, dasavleTSi. magram
eklesiis mier qarTuli mqandakeblobis ganviTarebis Zalismierad
Sewyvetam aseTi miRwevebi mxatvrobis dargSic SeuZlebelyo 132.
amgvarad, mxatvar Tevdores freskbi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
mxatvrobis sxva, ufro progresul mimarTulebas warmogvidgens, romelic
garkveuli saxiT qandakebis dargis monapovarT asaxavs. eWvs gareSea,
mxatvari Tevdore marto ar iqneboda, eWvs gareSea isic, rom es mowinave
tendenciebi feodaluri saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad iCenda Tavs da garkveul mxatvrul mimdinareobad
nivTdeboda 133. swored am mimdinareobam hpova gagrZeleba da ganviTareba

132
Чубинашвили Г. Н., Золотых дел мастера Асата работа для таосского владетеля, царя царей Давида
Куропалата, saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis moambe, t. XV-B, 1948, gv. 129 da 133-134. es varaudi
jer-jerobiT ar dadasturebula (mTargmn.).
133
ramdenadac mesxeTis freskebSi Semonaxuli mwiri masaliT SegviZlia vimsjeloT, es
mimarTuleba iqacaa TavCenili. tbeTis zemonaxsenebi freska nakifarisasTan ara mxolod
kompoziciis xasiaTiTaa axlos, weris maneriTc; qristes figuris gamomsaxveli
71
XII saukunis dasasrulisa da XIII-is dasawyisis qarTuli mowinave
moxatulobebis mTel rigSi. naxati am moxatulobebSi kidev ufro denadi,
sriala da dasrulebuli gaxda, Tumca is ramdenadme ufro
ganzogadebulicaa; mTlianobaSi, gamosaxulebebi ufro mSvidi da
lirikuli gaxda, Tumca ki maT ramdenadme moaklda is Sinagani siZliere,
adreul freskebs rom msWvalavs. marTlacda, Cven vxedavT, rom imisda
miuxedavad, mxatvari miqaeli mxatvar Tevdoreze axalgazrda romaa, XII-
XIII saukuneebis moxatulobaTaAfreskebi, mag., RmrTismSoblis
gamosaxuleba yincvisis maTavari taZris sakurTxevlis konqSi 134, stiliT
nakifaris freskasTan ufro axlos midis, vidre macxvariSisasTan.
amgvarad, mxatvar miqaelisa da zemo krixis moxatulobis mxatvris
saxiT, erTi da mxatvar Tevdores saxiT, meore mxriv, Cven ori
gansxvavebuli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi gvyavs. erTi maTgani
maarqaizebelia, meore – ufro mowinave.
mxatvari miqaeli, eWvi ar aris, icnobda “mefis mxatvar” Tevdores
didebul nawarmoebebs. SesaZlebelia, rom Tevdores freskebiTaa
Cagonebuli zogierTi misi figuris naxatis moxdeniloba da
TavSekavebuloba. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom ifrarSi ase guldagul
damuSavebuli ornamentuli motivi mTavarangelozTa loronisa
macxvariSSi zustadaa gadmoRebuli. miT ufro mravlismTqmelia, rom
sibrtyiTobis, dekoratiulobisa da sipirquSis mxriv, mTavarangelozTa
gamosaxulebebi macxvariSSi, mTlianobaSi, mainc zemo krixSi
mTavarangelozTa gamosaxulebebTan ufro axlos dgas, vidre
ifrarisasTan. ifraris kamaraze moTavsebuli mTavarangelozTa
gamosaxulebebi, rac unda dekoratiuli iyos isini, ufro faqizi da
mignebuli naxatiT ganirCeva. gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia frTebis
naxati – igi marto arwivis Ronieri frTis nakrtenis agebulebas ki ar
gadmoscems sworad, aramed misi kididan zurgisken Sezneqis
STabeWdilebasac gviqmnis. kidev ufro TvalsaCinodaa gamJRavnebuli es
Tavisebureba eklesiis CrdiloeT kedelze “zeciur mxedrobaTa mTavris”
miqaelis gamosaxulebaze, sadac mxatvarma Sezneqili frTebis ara
mxolod Sida, aramed, nawilobriv, zurgis mxarec ki gviCvena.
frTebis amgvari plastikuri gamosaxvis magaliTs Cven verc
bizantiuri da, miTumetes, verc aRmosavleTqristianuli xelovnebis
romelime ZeglSi vnaxavT 135.
SemaRlebuli proporciebi, formaTa sixmele, Tmis, frTebisa da
samosis paraleluri nakecebis ramdenadme sqematuroba macxvariSSi
mTavarangelozTa gamosaxulebebs gelaTis mozaikis figurebs aaxloebs,

moZraoba, moxdenili da rbili konturebi, samosis faqizi, denadi nakecebi, imave

dekoratiuli xasiaTis mqone (saxeloze spiraluri xveulis CaTvliT), mesxi da svani
mxatvrebis erTnair midgomas mowmobs.
134
Амиранашвили Ш. Я., История грузинского искусства, tab. 82.
135
Sdr., mTavarangelozTa gamosaxulebani dafniSi (Ch. Diehl, La peinture byzantine, tab. XXIX;
Лазарев В. Н., dasax. naSr., tab. XXXIV, 179-180) an monrealeSi (Лазарев В. Н., dasax. naSr., tab.
231).
72
romelnic aseve XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSia Seqmnili *. magram maneris
saziaro xazovnebisas, gelaTis gamosaxulebebSi gacilebiT metadaa
TavCenili “ferweruli” midgoma, rac meti poliqromulobiTa da
“gamonaTeba”-“CaCrdilvis” garkveulwilad ufro farTod gamoyenebiTaa
gamJRavnebuli.
macxvariSis sakurTxevlis moxatulobas, rogorc aRiniSna,
kedlebze gaSlili mociqulTa registri ganasrulebs. sawinamZRvro
jvars mimsgavsebuli (mas, Cveulebriv, trapezze dgamdnen xolme) jvris
aqeT-iqiT mociqulTa ganTavsebiT, mxatvarma miqaelma am kompozicias,
TiTqosda, moCvenebiTi realuroba SesZina, magram saerTo pirobiTobam
misi manerisa mTeli gamosaxulebis ganyenebuloba da mSvidi
monumenturoba ganapiroba.
dekoratiuli TvalsazrisiT mociqulTa registri, misi didroni,
Tavisuflad ganawilebuli figurebi, arcTu kaSkaSa, baci tonebiT
daferili samosis erTferovani paraleluri nakecebis mSvidi naxati,
gantvirTavs ra zeda gamosaxulebis daZabulobas, Cinebulad amTavrebs
sakurTxevlis moxatulobis ansambls. amas garda, mociqulTa registri
sakuTari, individualuri xiblis mqonec aris, romelsac,
mniSvnelovanwilad, koloritis daxvewiloba gansazRvravs, is ki,
sazogado TavSekavebulobisas, sosan-vardisferi, yavisfer-vardisferi,
yavisferi, bac-nacrisferi, lurj-nacrisferi da mwvane-nacrisferi
tonebis ufaqizesi elferebis nairgvari SexamebebiT gvancvifrebs.
umTavresi Zala ki am gamosaxulebisa monumenturobisa da didebulebis
im STabeWdilebaSi mdgomareobs, rasac mnaxvels es tanwyobili figurebi,
maTi mSvidi, cotaTi kuTxovani moZraobebi, guldagul dawerili
individualuri saxeebi aRuZravs. am gamosaxulebebSi mxatvarma miqaelma
Tavisi dekoratiuli xelovneba qristianuli religiis didebuli
simboloebis Seqmnamde aamaRla. man SesZlo da Cven eklesiis siCumesa da
bind-bundSi mociqulTa usasrulod gangrZobili Tanayofna
SegvagrZnebina. udidesi unda yofiliyo religiuri grZnobiT savse
Suasaukunovan mnaxvelze am gamosaxulebaTa zemoqmedebac.

*
bolodroindeli publikaciisTvis, ix.: l. xuskivaZe, gelaTis mozaika, Tb., 2005; gelaTi
900. xuroTmoZRvreba, mxatvroba, ganZeuloba, Tb., 2007 (mTargm.).
73
 8.

saxarebis cikli taZris kolofa kamaris ferdebsa da dasavleT

kedelze or registradaa gaSlili. kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdis
aRmosavleT wilze “xarebis” sceniT dawyebuli, cikli dasavleTi
kedlis lÁunetze “amaRlebis” sceniT gasruldeba. ciklis danarCeni
scenebis ganlageba zustad ar misdevs movlenebis “istoriul”
Tanmimdevrobas.
“xareba” kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdis aRmosavleT wilze, zeda
registris oTx kompozicias Sorisaa moTavsebuli 136. scenis zeda nawilSi
baTqaSis mozrdili monakveTi CamoiSala, ris gamoc daikarga scenis
Tanmxlebi warwera, aseve mTavarangelozis Tavi da mxrebi.
Suasaukunovani ikonografiis Tanaxmad, mTavarangelozi marcxniv,
RmrTismSobeli ki marjvnivaa gamosaxuli. patara sveti, masze
tradiciuli fardiTurT, kompozicias or Tanabar, viwro nawilad yofs.
RmrTismSoblis figura sra-sasaxlis winaa warmodgenili, maSin rodesac
mTavarangelozis gamosaxuleba kadrs gaSlili frTebiTa da himationis
gafrialebuli boloTi avsebs. figurebi naklebdinamiuria. arcTu farTo
nabiji, TiTqosda fexis wverebze mdgomi mTavarangelozisa simyaresaa
moklebuli. makurTxeveli marjvena (fragmentiT ase Cans) ar gadis
figuris orsav mxares gadaSlili brtyeli frTebis monaxazs gareT.
winswrafva mxolod tanis odnavi daxriT da himationis yulfisebri
bolos afrialebiTaa gadmocemuli, Tumca, figuris moZraobas kadri
rodi boWavs – mTvarangelozis ferxTiT mxatvarma, fonis Sesavsebad,
momcro nageboba moaTavsa. kidev ufro TavSekavebulia winxediT mdgomi
RmrTismSobeli. misi tanwyobili figuris Caketili monaxazi (cali xeli
mas mkerdTan aqvs atanili, meore, sarTaviani, tanis gayolebiTaa
daSvebuli), simkacriTa da moxdenilobiT gamoirCeva. misi moZraoba
mxolod figuris odnav SesamCnevi gadrekiTa da Tavis msubuqi daxriTaa
gamoxatuli. centrSi moqceuli sveti xazs usvams am ori figuris
gankerZoebas.
atenis, zemo krixisa da ifraris gamosaxulebebisgan gansxvavebiT,
sadac eqspresia Zlieri moZraobiT gamoixateba, mxatvari miqaeli ar
eswrafvis eqspresiis, figurebis moZraobis meSveobiT, gadmocemas; misi
gulisyuri, TiTqosda, dekoratiul momentebs, lurj-nacrisferi da
vardisfer-yavisferi tonebis daxvewili Sexamebebis SerCevas, usasrulod
ganviTarebad xazebs (isini xan sra-sasaxlis rTul naxatSi wvrilad
wiladdeba, xan paralelurad eSveba qvemoT moculobas moklebuli
figurebis Camoswvriv, xan angelozis himationis nakecebad, yulfisebr

136
qarTul moxatulobebSi “xarebis” scena, Cveulebriv, adgils ikavebs saxarebiseuli an
RmrTismSoblis ciklis sxva scenebis rigSi, taZris kamarasa an kedlebze. ufro
iSviaTad, (Cveulebriv, mTavarangelozebisadmi miZRvnil eklesiebSi) igi ufro sazeimo
adgilas gadaaqvT, mag., zemo krixSi igi afsidis Subls ikavebs, xolo ifrarSi –
dasavleTi kedlis lÁunets.
74
fardada Tu RmrTismSoblis mxarze maforiumis koncentriul nakecebad
moqneulad igragneba) aris mipyrobili.
Tbili da civi tonebis ritmuli ganawilebiT, swori da moqneulad
Serkaluli xazebis SexamebiT, romelnic erT figuraze iwyeba da
meoreze meordeba da grZeldeba, miqaeli, wminda dekoratiuli gziT, maTi
urTierTkavSiris STabeWdilebas aRwevs.
mxatvruli midgomis mxriv, macxvariSis gamosaxuleba yvelaze
axlos SegviZlia SevudaroT “xarebis” gamosaxulebas saRolaSenis erT-
erT lorfinze (isini X s-is bolosaa Seqmnili). am gamosaxulebaSic
moqandake aseve ar eswrafvis Temis figurebis Zlieri moZraobiT
gamoxatvas, xolo maTi Sinagani urTierTkavSiri wminda dekoratiuli
xerxiT miiRweva – konturebis da nakecebis xazebis rTuli ganviTarebiT,
rac kidev ufro gamomsaxvelia fonebis elvare sigluvesTan
137
SepirispirebiT . am or gamosaxulebas erTmaneTs mkveTri da daZabuli
xazis xasiaTic aaxlovebs, radgan, fonidan figuris blokis gamoyofis
miuxedavad, moqandake jerac ar misula formis plastikuri gamosaxvis
problemasTan 138.
“Soba” – kompozicias kamaris samxreTi ferdis aRmosavleTi wili
uWiravs. saRebavebi aq Zlieraa gamuqebuli, naxati – alag-alag
Camocvenilia, Tumca, mTlianobaSi is kargad ikiTxeba.
garda ZiriTadi warwerisa – igi aRar ikiTxeba – yoveli jgufi
cal-calkea ganmartebuli. kompoziciis centrSi, mRvimis fonze
RmrTismSobeli wevs, xeli mas bagaze mwoliare yrmis pawia Tavze
daudia. maT aswvriv vkiTxulobT – asomTavruli – “dedaÁ RvTisa” da
asomTavruli – “ieso qriste”. zemoTken, mTis kidis gadaRma sami
angelozis naxevarfigura moCans; maT aswvriv warweris naSTia. qvemoTken,
marjvniv, ori mwyemsia, romelTa aswvriv ikiTxeba – asomTavruli –
“mwyemsni”, marcxniv ki ori (sic!) mogvia, maT Tavze gaugebari
warweriTurT. ar gvaqvs Cafiqrebuli iosebis gamosaxulebac. sxvafriv,
kompozicia qarTuli ikonografiisTvis Cveulebriv tips misdevs, romlis
Tanaxmad “Sobis” gamosaxuleba “mogvTa Tayvaniscemis” scenasaa
SeTavsebuli. am tips adreuli xanis yvela sxva qarTuli moxatulobac
misdevs: atenis, zemo krixis, mxatvar Tevdores moxatulobaTa
gamosaxulebebSi. yvela am freskaze mudam meordeba Taviseburi,
gamosaxulebis sazrisis ganmmartavi ikonografiuli detali: erTi xeli
RmrTismSobels yrmis Tavze Camoudia, TiTqos misi mogvTaTvis Cveneba
surdes 139, meore ki, saubris Jestad, mkerdTan auwevia. macxvariSSi
RmrTismSoblis marcxena xeli aseve yrmis Tavze Zevs, magram ufro
adreul ZeglTagan gansxvavebiT, sadac RmrTismSobeli damjdari

137
Ars Georgica, t. II, tab. 36.
138
g. CubinaSvili, X-XI saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli Wedurobis xasiaTis sakiTxisaTvis,
Ars Georgica, t. II, gv. 74.
139
amgvaradve esmis g. milles RmrTismSoblis analogiuri Jesti laurencianas
miniatÁuraze (G. Millet, Recherches sur l’iconographie de l’evangile, Paris, 1916, gv. 147).
75
warmogvidgeba, igi wevs, xolo misi marjvena xeli tanis gaswvrivaa
daSvebuli.
rogorc Cans, mesame mogvis figura, romelic kadrSi ar Caetia,
ubralod CamoWrilia misi moCarCoebiT 140. rac iosebis moklebas Seexeba,
igi romeliRac Taviseburi ikonografiuli redaqciis midevnebiT 141 an,
rac nakleb albaTia, zogadkompoziciuri rigis mosazrebebiTaa
ganpirobebuli .142

“Sobis” amgvar, kompoziciis TxrobiTi elementebis amovardnis

xarjze Semoklebul redaqciaSi, is dekoratiuli momentebi unda
gaZlierebuliyo, romelnic mxatvar miqaelisTvis esqpresiis gamoxatvis
yvelaze gasageb saSualebas wamoadgenda. am azriT, macxvariSis
kompoziciaTa ikonografiuli tipebi mTlianobaSic Tavad
gamosaxulebebis stilis Tanxmieria.
zemoTac mogviwia aRgveniSna, rom adamianis figuris gamosaxvis
pirobiTobam moaklo sakurTxevelSi “vedrebis” kompozicias gamoxatvis
sisavse da Tuki Tema qristes sidiadisa pirobiTad, feradovani da
xazovani ritmis dekoratiuli daZabulobiT gamoixata, “vedrebis” Tema aq
gauxsneli darCa. igive aRvniSneT “xarebis” scenis garCevisasac. zustad
aseve, “Sobis” scenaSic, Tema yrmis Tayvaniscemisa, arsebrivad, arc
gaxsnila da arc gamoxatula scenis “moqmed pirTa” moZraobiTa da
dayenebiT. Cven vxedavT, rom RmrTismSobeli mogvebisadmi zurgSeqceviTaa
gamosaxuli da misi poza maT mimarT srul gulgrilobas mowmobs.
moZraoba pirveli mogvis ZRvenis mpyrobeli, gawvdili xelebisa (meore
mogvisa – da esec niSneulia – mxolod Tavi da fexi moCans) mkveTria,
saxe kvlavac pirquSi aqvs. ar ZaluZs ra Tema mTlianad figurebis
moZraobiT gamoxatos, mxatvari miqaeli arc miiswrafis sÁuJeti
TxrobiTad gadmogvces da yuradRebas iseT momentebze amaxvilebs,
dekoratiuli efeqtebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidari romaa. aseTi ramaa
landSafti, misTvis, mxatvrulad, adamianis figuraze metad Rirebuli.
marTlacda, macxvariSSi “Sobis” kompoziciaSi yvelaze gamomsaxveli
mTaTa fantastikurad Semrgvalebuli blokebis dinamikuri naxatia,
romelsac damatebiT siRonivres misgan gamomavali paraleluri anda
maraosebri Strixebic sZens. is talRa-talRa ikrebs Zalas da yvelaze
met siZlieres scenis diagonalurad gadamkveTi zeda kidis moZrav

140
zemo krixSi, sadac “Sobas” analogiuri adgili uWiravs eklesiis kamaraze, mesame
mogvis figura, aseve kadrSi cudad dateuli, moCarCoebiT naxevradaa CamoWrili.
141
“Sobis” Semoklebuli redaqciis mecnierebisTvis cnobili magaliTebi (mag.,
laurencianas oTxTavis miniatÁura anda abrucis terlicis reliefi da sxv.) g. milles
gagebuli aqvs, rogorc Sedegi erT gamosaxulebaSi ori gansxvavebuli Temis, “Sobisa”
da “mogvTa Tayvaniscemis” SeerTebisa, rasac “mogvTa Tayvaniscemis” Temis mier “Sobis”
calkeuli detalebis gamodevna moaqvs (iqve, gv. 147).
142
SesaZlebelia, rom Tavdapirvelad “Sobis” kompoziciac, “feriscvalebis” scenasaviT,
kolofa kamaris mTel simaRleze gansaTavseblad iyo Cafiqrebuli, xolo kamaris am
monakveTze Tavisi kompoziciis monaxazebis ganawilebisas, mxatvarma miqaelma, surda ra
“Sobis” scenis qveS “jvarcmac” moeqcia, Tan ki arc Tavad gamosaxulebebis monumenturi
zomebi daeTmo, arCia “Sobis” kompoziciis qveda nawili gamoetovebina, Cveulebriv ki iq
iosebis, cxvris faris da yrmis ganbanvis gamosaxulebebi Tavsdeba xolme.
76
(TiTqos iklaknebao) xazSi aRwevs. am naxatis mousvenar ritms
angelozebis figurebi agrZelebs, mTis Tavze aqeT-iqiT kuTxovnad rom
gadmoxrilan, ukan Tavgadagdebuli mogvebisa da mwyemsebis mkveTri
Jestebi, maTi samosis paraleluri Tu maraosebri nakecebi ki mas
imeorebs, Tumc naklebi ZaliTa da daZabulobiT. swored am mkveTri da
eqspresiuli xazebisa da RmrTismSoblisa da yrmis figurebis mSvidi da
nazi naxatis SepirispirebiTaa pirobiTad gamoxatuli am freskaze yrmis
Tayvaniscemis Tema. naxatis amgvar dinamikur ganviTarebasTan
SesabamisobaSia scenis saerTo kompoziciac. aq ukugdebulia am Temis
ufro adreuli gamosaxulebebis ganmsazRvreli simetriuloba –
iribulad mwoliare RmrTismSoblis figura, angelozebis, mogvebisa da
mwyemsebis diagonalis miyolebiT dalagebuli figurebi asimetriulobas,
mousvenar kompozicias warmoqmnis, mis dinamikurobas ki naxatis swrafi
ganviTareba da feradovani laqebis ritmuli Sepirispireba usvams xazs.
Tu adreuli xanis qarTul freskul moxatulobebSi “Sobis”
gamosaxulebaTa rigs mivmarTavT, davinaxavT, rom mocemuli Tema yovel
maTganSi gansxvaveul mxatvrul gamoxatulebas hpovebs. yvela
maTganisTvis saerTo eqspresia, rig SemTxvevebSi, magaliTebr,
macxvariSSi aRelvebisa da aweuli ganwyobilebis SegrZnebiT
Semoifargleba, e.i. dinamikuri, gaxsnili kompoziciis, mkveTri Jestebis
da daZabuli xazis eqspresiiT, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki miRweulia Temis
ufro gaRrmavebuli gaxsna, rac Caketili, “moqmed pirTa” Sinagani
urTierTkavSiris xazgamsmeli kompoziciiT da figurebis ufro rbili,
gamomsaxveli JestebiTaa gamoxatuli. eWvgareSea, rom am SemTxvevebSic,
Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebis gamomsaxveli saSualebebi kvlavac didwilad
pirobiTi, gamosaxulebebi ki mTlianobaSi dekoratiuli rCeba, magram
dekoratiulobas aq ufro metad moeTxoveba Temis gamovlena.
es gansxvavebuli midgoma CvenTvis qarTul xelovnebaSi cnobil
uadres or, atenisa da zemo krixis, freskul gamosaxulebaSicaa
gamJRavnebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom droiT mciredad dacilebul am
gamosaxulebebs kompoziciis naTeli simetriuloba, figurebis
proporciaTa monumenturoba da mkafio da Zlieri naxati anaTesavebs, is,
rom isini sxvadasxva mxatvrul mimdinareobas miyveba, arsebriv sxvaobas
apirobebs.
ramdenadac gadarCenilis mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT, zemo
krixis freskaze figurebis moZraobebi pirobiTadaa motanili. mogvebi
uZravad, welSi gasworebulni dganan, maT saxeebs sipirquSe SerCenia da
yrmis Tayvaniscemas isini mxolod ZRvenis mpyrobeli xelebis mkveTri
JestebiT gamoxataven. Sesatyvisad amisa, RmrTismSobelic mkacrad
gamarTuli zis, ris meoxebiTac mis xelTa tradiciuli moZraoba (erTi
yrmis Tavze ganupyria, meore mkerdTan miutania) pirobiTi da
gamomsaxvelobas moklebuli rCeba. ovaluri mRvimis savsebiT Tanabari
xazi – is moqneulad mosazRvravs RmrTismSoblis figuras – misi
dayenebis ieratiulobas usvams xazs. amasTan, miuxedavad am Jestebis
pirobiTobisa, rigad damkwrivebuli mogvebis xelebis moZraoba, swored
77
gameorebadobis gamo, iZens gansakuTrebul gamomsaxvelobas.
erTgvarovnad gawvdili xelebis ritmi aseve erTgvarovnad daSvebuli,
ornamentuli moCarCoebiT mdidrulad morTuli mosasxamebis xazebiTaa
xazgasmuli. ornamentulad damuSavebuli maTi blokebis, angelozTa
frTebis da RmrTismSoblis samosis mkveTri, datexili naxatic saerTo
xazovan ritms erTvis, mas ki yavisferi, cecxlisebr-vardisferi, lurji
da nacrisferi tonebis marjve Sepirispirebac gamokveTs. swored es
lamazi xazovani da feradovani ritmi gviqmnis Zalis, dResaswaulis da
zeimurobis im STabeWdilebas, am didebul dekoratiul panos rom
msWvalavs.
atenis freskaze xazovani da feradovani ritmi, Tavisi xasiaTiT,
naklebadaa daZabuli. feradovneba am freskaze gacilebiT rbili da
mSvidia, xolo figurebis konturebis, samosis nakecebis da mTiani
landSaftis xazebi alag-alag ufro denadad miedineba. Tumca am
freskazec mogvTa ZRvenis mpyrobeli xelebis moZraoba aseTive
simkveTriT gamoirCeva, maTi saxeebi ki aseve pirquSia, maTi nabiji ufro
aswrafebulia, figurebi ki RmrTismSobliskenaa odnav gadaxrili. am
ukanasknelsac, zemo krixTan SedarebiT, meti sicxovle etyoba. igi mTeli
taniT sanaxevrodaa mogvebisken mibrunebuli, Tavic odnav maTken dauxria
da warbebic auzidavs. es msubuqi moZraoba met gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs
misi xelebis tradiciul Jestebs, gamosaxulebis Sinagan sazriss
naTelhyofs.
Tavisebur niSnebs, rac Cven atenis freskaze aRvniSneT, Tvali kidev
ufro garkveviT mxatvar Tevdores Seqmnil “Sobis” kompoziciebSi
gaedevneba, maTgan ki saukeTesod ifraris wm. mTavarangelozTa eklesiis
freskaa SemorCenili. Tavis winamorbedTa msgavsad, mxatvari Tevdorec,
uwinares yovlisa, dekoratiuli ritmis SesaniSnavi ostatia, magram
masTan es ritmi meti odenobiTaa gamosaxulebis ideis gasaxsnelad
moxmobili. “Sobis” ukve ganxiluli gamosaxulebebisgan gansxvavebiT,
ifraris freskaze ufro Zlieradaa xazgasmuli Cvilis pawia figuris
centrSi ganTavseba – scenis yvela “moqmedi piri” mis irgvlivaa
dajgufebuli da moZraobis mxrivac mas ukavSirdeba. kompoziciis zeda
nawilze, mTis mwvervalis irgvliv, simetriulad angelozTa sami wyvilia
ganTavsebuli, xelebi ki maT Cvilisken gauwvdiaT. maTi xelebisa da
kompoziciis damagvirgvinebeli, misTvis araCveulebrivi simsubuqisa da
dinamiurobis mimniWebeli, maraosebr atyorcnili frTebis naxati,
naxatebi Saravandebisa, romelTac mRvimis kidis talRovani naxati
imeorebs, angelozebis Saravandebsa da kvarTebze mooqrosfro, yavisfer-
wiTeli, firuzisfer-mwvane, TeTri da momwvano-nacrisferi tonebis
monacvleoba araCveulebrivad lamazsa da daxvewil xazovansa da
feradovan ritms qmnis. angelozTa Cvilisken gawvdili xelebis moZraoba,
yoveli angelozis zurgsukan atyorcnili frTebis xazebiT
gaZlierebuli, araCveulebrivi ZaliT gadmoscems am figurebis
centraluri jgufisken miswrafebas. amgvari dekoratiuli xerxi Cven ukve
aRgviniSnavs zemo krixis freskaze, oRond ifrarSi naxati gacilebiT
78
rbili da “moZebnilia”, ratomac angelozTa moZraobam aq is
gamomsaxveloba, eqspresiis is sirbile SeiZina, romelsac zemo krixis
figurebis mkveTrsa da daZabul JestebSi ver ipoviT. aranakleb
eqspresiulia gverdiTi jgufebic. mogvebi RmrTismSoblisken miiswrafian,
misken gadaxrilan da ZRvenis mtvirTvel xelebsac gaCqarebiT iwvdian.
aziduli warbebi da tuCebis Sindisfer-Sevlebuli kuTxeebi pirobiTad
gadmoscems maTi saxeebis aRelvebul gamometyvelebas. magram
gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxvelobiT RmrTismSoblis figura gamoirCeva.
masze atenis figuris moZraobaa gameorebuli, magram misi naxati kidev
ufro dinamikuri da gamomsaxvelia. RmrTismSoblis marcxena xeli
Cvilis pawia Tavs exeba, amave mimarTulebiTaa gadaqanebuli misi tanic;
amave dros, marjvena xelis mkerdTan ataniT igi, TiTqosda, mogvTa
misalmebas pasuxobs da Tavic maTkenve dauxria. am rTuli moZraobis
Sesatyvisad, Tavisufladaa dayenebuli misi fexnic, mRvimis kideebze
dabjenili. am figuris mTeli moZraoba nazi gamalebiTaa gamsWvaluli.
veeberTela Tvalebis aswvriv aziduli warbebi da bagis daweuli
kuTxeebic usvams xazs am xatebis eqspresiulobas.
bizantiur xelovnebaSi am Temis axlomdgomi ikonografiuli
nairsaxeobis ganxilvisas, g. mille SeniSnavs, rom bizantiur
xelovnebaSi Jesti, romliTac RmrTismSobeli Cvilis Tavs exeba,
yovelTvis simkacres inarCunebs, maSin rodesac italiasa da, misi
zegavleniT, serbeTSi is sinaziTaa ganmsWvaluli 143. Cvens mier
ganxiluli ikonografiuli redaqciis mixedviT, RmrTismSobeli ara
marto ealerseba Cvils, aramed mas mogvebsac uCvenebs, Tumca ki, am
TemaSic intimurobis wilia Cadebuli. ifraris RmrTismSoblis figuras
arc italiuri liriuloba axlavs da arc romanuli gzneba da mainc,
misi moZraobiT gamoxatulo nazi eqspresia ukve dacilda bizantiur
gamosaxulebaTa mSvid sidiades 144.
rogorc zemoTac aRgviniSnavs, amgvari eqspresiuloba mxatvar
Tevdores sxva nawarmoebebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. ifrarSi “Sobis”
gamosaxulebas mTeli rigi ram aqvs saerTo nakifaris “vedrebis”
zemoganxilul kompoziciasTan. aqac centraluri figura, gverdiTebisgan
Tavisi zomebiT gamoyofili, Tavisiflada da farTod gaSlilad
mocemuli, kompoziciis calkeul figurebsac aerTianebs da mis Sinagan
Sinaarsac naTelgviyofs. aqac figurebi denadi, sxeulis momrgvalebul
formas miyolebuli konturiTaa movlebuli (iseTi deltalic Cans,
rogorc RmrTismSoblis Sesiebuli muxlis Tavebis naxati), samosis
nakecebi ki nazi naxatiTaa moniSnuli, romelic ar amsxvrevs sxeulis
formebs. marTalia, ifrarSi naxats jer ar eTqmis bolomde imgvari
dasrulebuloba, rogoric gamoarCevs nakifaris freskas, mxatvris ufro
mowiful nawarmoebs, magram aqac is gvimowmebs, rom Tevdore Caswvda

143
G. Millet, Recherches . . . gv. 111.
144
Sdr. analogiur gamosaxulebebs wm. luka fokidelis eklesiis mozaikasa (iqve, sur.
62) anda palatinis kapelaSi (Ch. Diehl, Manuel d’art byzantine, Paris, 1916, t. II, tab. 264).
79
plastikuri formiT Sobili denadi xazis silamazesa da
gamomsaxvelobas.
RmrTismSoblis figuris SuqiTa da CrdiliT modelireba kvlavac
pirobiTi rCeba, amgram am figuris rTuli moZraobis gadmomcemi naxatis
xasiaTi uneburad gagvaxsenebs reliefur qandakebas, romelSic ukve
wydeba sivrceSi figuris moculobrivi gaSlis amocana. am TvalTaxedviT
ifraris gamosaxulebas SeiZleba gverdze safaris kankelis reliefze
“xarebis” RmrTismSobeli davuyenoT 145, Tumca am naqandakaris naxatis
denadoba da Tavisufleba kidev ufro srulad momdevno xanis, XII-XIII
saukuneebis mijnis mxatvrobaSi gamovlindeba.
“Sobis” Temaze Cvens mier garCeuli gamosaxulebebidan macxvariSis
freskasTan yvelaze axlos zemo krixis kompozicia midis. am or
gamosaxulebas erTmaneTs xsnili kompozicia, mkveTri da daZabuli
xazovani da feradovani ritmi, Temis gadmocemis pirobiToba aaxlovebs.
am saziaro momentebTan erTad, uTuoa garkveuli, droiT ganpirobebuli
stiluri gansxvavebac. macxvariSis gamosaxuleba naklebadaa monumenturi.
figurebi ufro momcroa, vidre zemo krixSi; zemo krixis kompoziciis
mSvidi simetriuloba macxvariSSi dinamikurma, asimetriulma aRnagobam
Secvala. macxvariSSi naxatic ufro dinamikur ganviTarebas hpovebs.
atenisa da ifraris freskebi am periodis monumenturi mxatvrobis
sxva, paralelurad ganviTarebad mimarTulebas warmogvidgens, romelSic
qarTuli xelovnebis ufro mowinave, cxoveli momentebia TavCenili.
Caketil kompoziciasa da ufro denad, “moZebnil” naxatSi mxatvruli
saxis ufro Rrma, “gaadamianurebuli” gaxsnaa gamoxatuli, magram aqac
ganviTareba kompoziciisa da naxatis dinamikis gaZlierebis xaziT
miemarTeba, rac Semdgom ganviTarebas momdevno xanis ferweraSi hpovebs.
amgvarad, “Sobis” Temaze mTel rig adreul gamosaxulebaTa
ganxilvac aseve gvidasturebs, rom am periodis qarTuli monumenturi
mxatvrobis ganviTareba, Tumc mTlianobaSi erTi mimarTulebiT ki
warimarTeba, magram Tavisi xasiaTiT sworxazovani ar aris, sxvadasxva
maarqaizebeli Tu mowinave mimdinareobebis Widils moicavs.
kamaris dasavleT nawilze mxatvroba, rogorc iTqva, Camorecxilia,
ris gamoc “mirqmisa” (samxreT) da “feriscvalebis” (CrdiloeT ferdze)
kompoziciebi monaxazebadRaa SemorCenili da Tanac fragmentulad.
samxreT kalTaze iosebis, RmrTismSoblisa da Cvilis, svimeonisa da anas
damwkrivebuli figurebi ganirCeva. CrdiloeTze – qristes (fonad mas
nuSisebri, wiTeli mandorla aqvs) da ori winaswarmetyvelis figurebia.
mociqulTa figurebs TiTqmis rom ver gaarCevT. wvrili wiTeli xaziT
datanili mosamzadebeli naxatiT Tu vimsjelebT, am kompoziciebSic
figurebs aseTive SemaRlebuli proporciebi da TavSekavebuli
moZraobebi gamoarCevs, rogoric am registris sxva scenebze gvaqvs.

145
Амиранашвили Ш. Я., История грузинского искусства, tab. 6. am reliefebis Sesaxeb, ix: Р.
Шмерлинг, Малые формы . . . gv. 125-135; А. Вольская, Рельефы Шиомгвиме, Тб., 1957, gv. 65-72; Н.
Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура . . . gv. 210; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T. xundaZe, dasax.
naSr., gv. 270 (mTargmn.).
80
 meore registris kompoziciebidan sxvaze ukeTesad “naTlisRebis”
scena Semoinaxa, Tumca masac met-naklebad didi amonamtvrevebi faravs.
kamaris samxreT ferdze “Sobis” kompoziciis qvemoT moTavsebuls, mas
qvemodan kedlis TaRi mosazRvravs.
“Sobis” scenis msgavsad, garda saerTo warwerisa (igi ar ganirCeva),
yoveli “moqmedi piric” sagangebodaa ganmartebuli. marjvnidan, kidurad,
iordaneSi mdgomi qristea gamosaxuli. mis Tavze warweraa –
asomTavruli – “ieso qriste”. mis marcxniv wm. ioane winamorbedi dgas,
xeli mas qristes Tavze Camoudia, maT aswvriv warweraa – asomTavruli –
“wmidaÁ Áiane naTlismcemeli”; kidev ufro marcxnisken erTi meoris
miyolebiT mavali ori angelozia, romelTa Tavze fragmentirebuli
warweraa SemorCenili – asomTavruli – “angelozTa a . . . sa tanisa
(mosi) ieso qristesi”.
scenis ikonografiuli detalebi – qristes dgoma, wm. ioane
winamorbedis samosi da angelozTa raodenoba – Cveulebrivia XI-XII
saukuneebis ZeglebisTvis. aRmosavluri tradiciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
detali – iordanes aqeT-iqiT gorakebis ararseboba, imxanad kapadokiur 146
ZeglebSic gvxvdeba, bizantiurSic 147 da qarTulSic 148. moulodneli
mxolod scenis saerTo agebaa. Cveulebriv, qriste kompoziciis centrSi
gamoisaxeba, wm. ioane winamorbedi da angelozebi ki mis orsav mxares,
ufro iSviaTi siriuli tipis Tanaxmad ki, sadac angelozebi zemodan
mofrinaven, qriste, isev da isev, centrSi mdebareobas inarCunebs 149.
macxvariSSi “naTlisRebis” kompoziciis erTaderTi analogia 1038 wels
taronSi Sesrulebuli somxuri xelnaweris miniatÁuraa 150, sadac qriste
aseve marjvena kideze imyofeba, wm. ioane winamorbedi da angelozebi ki
misken marcxnidan miiswrafian, aq wm. ioane winamorbedis da angelozTa
pozebic ki meordeba. amgvari msgavseba imaze metyvelebs, rom orsav
SemTxvevaSi Cvens winaSe sÁuJetis individualuri damuSaveba ki ara,
CvenTavis aqamde ucnobi, iSviaTi ikonografiuli tipis asaxvaa.
damaxasiaTebelia, amasTan, rom taronis xelnaweris miniatÁura aseve
gamoirCeva xazovani Tu feradovani ritmis xazgasmuli eqspresiiTa da
dinamikiT, e.i. orsav SemTxvevaSi am Taviseburi ikonografiuli redaqciis
dinamikuroba am ori mxatvris stilur midgomas epasuxeboda.
zemoT Cven ukve gvqonda SesaZlebloba, davrwmunebuliyaviT, rom
ama Tu im kompoziciis Seqmnisa da misTvis SeTavazebul arqiteqturul
areze ganTavsebisas, mxatvari miqaeli moxatulobis saerTo mxatvruli
CanafiqriT xelmZRvanelobs. ukanasknelis aRnagobis dinamikurobam,
xsnilobam, calkeuli gamosaxulebebis erT dekoratiul mTlianobad
gaerTianebisken swrafvam, calkeuli scenebis aRnagobac ganapiroba.

146
elmale kilise (G. Millet, Recherches . . . sur. 113).
147
wm. luka fokidelis eklesiis mozaika (G. Millet, Recherches . . . sur. 140).
148
saRolaSenis lorfini (Ars Georgica, t. II, tab. 39).
149
parizis erovnuli biblioTekis oTxTavis miniatÁura (G. Millet, Recherches . . . sur. 123). am
nimuSs misdevs, agreTve, “naTlisRebis” scena zemo krixSi.
150
Дурново Л. А., Древнеармянская миниатюра, Ерев., 1952, tab. 5.
81
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, zeda registris vertikalurad gawelili
oTxi scenisgan gansxvavebiT, Sua registris yvela scena
horizontalurad dagrZelebuli da dakumSulia, Tanac, qveda registris
mxatvrobisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac aRmosavleTisken mimarTuli figurebi
Warbobs, aq figurebis dasavleTisken moZraobaa xazgasmuli. am
Canafiqris Sesabamisad aris agebuli Sua registrze myofi “naTlisRebis”
scenac – figurebi aq damoklebuli proporciebiT gamoirCeva, isini
Tavisufladaa Carigebuli da maTi umravlesoba erTi mimarTulebiTaa
Setrialebuli.
aseTi “xsnili”, Cauketavi kompozicia, rogorc Cven ukve gvqonda
SesaZlebloba davrwmunebuliyaviT, savsebiT pasuxobs adamianis figuris
gamosaxvisadmi mxatvar miqaelis midgomas. Sinagani, plastikuri, rbili,
urTierTdamakavSirebeli moZraobiT gamoxatuli eqspresia, romelic
gardauvalad Caketil kompozicias badebs, am moxatulobisTvis ucxoa.
“naTlisRebis” scenis angelozTa moZraoba, miuxedavad mxatvris
survilisa, maTi aswrafebuli svla gamoxatos, arsebiTad, iseve
naklebgamomsaxvelia, rogorc wm. ioane winamorbedis xelis mkveTri
moZraoba da SesamoselTa erTferovani paraleluri nakecebi. eqspresiis
is SegrZneba, romelic, amisda miuxedavad, msWvalavs am scenas, iqmneba
erTi mimarTulebiT moZravi figurebis ritmiTa da samosis nakecebis
vertikaluri da iordanes talRebis horizontaluri xazebis
dapirispirebiT – maT ki dekoratiulad sada fonis monakveTebic
enacvleba.
ramdenadme gansxvavebulia, Tavisi xasiaTiT, ifrarSi “naTlisRebis”
gamosaxuleba, romelic Tevdores sxva moxatulobebSic aslisebr
meordeba.
am moxatulobaTa ufro monumenturi agebulebis Sesabamisad,
“naTlisRebis” scena ufro Caketili da TviTkmari xasiaTisaa, rac ara
marto bizantiursa da qarTul xelovnebaSi Cveulebrivi ikonografiuli
tipis 151 midevnebiT, aramed figurebis da samosis nazi, alag
ornamentulad damuSavebuli nakecebis naxatis SefardebiTi denadobiTa
da gamomsaxvelobiT aixsneba.
es ori kompozicia, garkveulwilad, SegviZlia X saukunis bolosa
da XI-is pirveli naxevris reliefur gamosaxulebebs – saRolaSenis
lorfins 152 (aq daZabul figurebsa da kompoziciis pirobiT-dekoratiul

151
iberiuli oTxTavis (G. Millet, Recherches . . . sur. 140) da wm. grigol nazianzelis
“sityuaTa” ori xelnaweris (iqve, sur. 133 da 129) miniatÁurebi. unda aRiniSnos,
amasTanave, ifraris “naTlisRebis” erTi Tavisebureba, romelic romeliRac ZvelTaZveli
ikonografiuli niSnis, saxeldobr, ufrTo angelozebis, amotivtivebis mowmobaa.
sagulisxmo iqneboda am detalisa da Cukulis xis karze (qvemo svaneTi) ufrTo
angelozebis (Ars Georgica, t. II, tab. 46) Sejereba. Sdr.: Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А.
Вольская, Росписи художника Тевдоре . . . gv. 23 (mTargm.).
152
Ars Georgica, t. II, tab. 39.
82
gadawyvetas vxedavT) da laklakiZis xats 153 (sadac plastikurad
damuSavebuli figurebi urTierTs plastikuri moZraobebiT ukavSirdeba)
SevupirispiroT.
“lazares aRdginebis” kamaris CrdiloeTi ferdis aRmosavleT
nawilze ganTavsebuli gamosaxuleba meore registris scenebs Soris
yvelaze cudadaa SemorCenili. gadarCeniliT Tu vimsjelebT, marcxniv
qristes gamosaxuli, romelsac erTi mowafe misdevs. qristes ferxTiT
lazares daTa figurebi ganirCeva, Semdgom msaxuri dgas, mokle kvarTiTa
da maRali CeqmebiT mosili, zed marjvena kideze, maRal sarkofagSi,
lazarea gamosaxuli. am registris sxva scenebis msgavsad, figurebi aqac
mwkrivadaa dayenebuli. analogiur ikonografiul redaqcias zemo
krixSic vpoulobT.
“ierusalemad Sesvlis” kompozicia, dasavleT kedelze frizad
gaSlili, sxva scenebze ukeTesadaa Semonaxuli, mxolod zeda
sarkmelTan, kompozicias SuaSi rom anawevrebs da mis qvemoT aris
mxatvroba gamuqebuli da gabundovanebuli; danarCeni nawili droisgan
TiTqmis ar dazianebula.
sarkmlis marcxniv qristesa da mowafeTa jgufia Cveulebrivi tipiT
gamosaxuli. qriste saxedarze zis, romelic wm. petre mociquls mihyavs,
mis ukan sami srultaniani figuraa, maT miRma ki danarCeni mociqulebis
Saravandebi moCans. zemoTken warweraa:
asomTavruli “ierusalemad SesvlaÁ
asomTavruli uflisa Cuenisa bzobaÁ”
wm. petre mociquls sagangebo warwera gamoyofs – asomTavruli –
“wmidaÁ petre”, sxva mociqulebis TavszeiT ki saerTo warweraa –
asomTavruli – “mociqulni”.
sarkmlidan xelmarjvniv qalaqis win ierusalimis mcxovrebnia
gamosaxuli. win sami mamakacia (isini, sami mociquliviT, mowifuli kacis,
moxucisa da Wabukis tipebiTaa warmodgenili), maT miRma qalTa figurebi
da Tavebi Cans. zed marcxena kideze (sarkmlis mijriT) xea, masze mjdomi
bavSviTurT, sarkmlis qvemoT ki bundad gamoicnoba patar-patara
figurebi bavSvebisa, romelnic saxedars Sesamoslebs ufenen. figurebs
miRma qalaqis Senobebia. zemoTken warweraa:
asomTavruli “xuriani krebulni” 154
scenis ikonografia Cveulebrivia imdroindeli ZeglebisTvis. misi
damaxasiaTebeli niSani kompoziciis frizisebri gaSlaa, rac, g. milles
gansazRvrebiT, aRmosavluri tradiciis midevnebaze metyvelebs 155.
marTlacda, macxvariSis kompozicia sxvaobs am scenis bizantiuri

153
Кондаков Н. П., Бакрадзе Д. Н., Опись памятников древности в некоторых храмах и монастырях Грузии,
СПб, 1890, sur. 60. xatis siRrmiseuli analizisTvis, ix.: Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное
искусство . . . gv. 194-212 (mTargmn.).
154
am kompozicias Áelisa da nezgunis eklesiebSic analogiuri adgili uWiravs.
nezgunis moxatulobis gawmendis Semdeg, ierusalemad Sesvlis scenis fragmentebi
CrdiloeTi kedlis registrSi gamovlinda; warweris wakiTxvisTvis, Sdr.: v. silogava,
svanuri werilobiTi Zeglebi . . . t. II, gv. 47 (mTargm.).
155
G. Millet, Recherches . . . gv. 236.
83
gamosaxulebebisgan, romelnic ufro kompaqturada da centrirebuladaa
agebuli. am kompoziciaTa SuagulSi, Cveulebriv, saxedarze mjdomi
qristes figuraa moTavsebuli, romliskenac miiswrafian mociqulTa da
iudevelTa kompaqturi gverdiTi jgufebi. zogjer amgvari ageba maRali
konusisebri mTiTaa xazgasmuli. aseTia dafnis mozaikis 156 anda berlinis
muzeumis spilosZvlis firfitis 157 gamosaxulebebi, magram TviT
aRmosavlur tradicias mikuTvnebul gamosaxulebaTa Sorisac ver naxavT
iseT mSvid, dekoratiul agebulebas, rogorc macxvariSSi gvaqvs.
kompozicia aq or naxevradaa ganyofili, figurebi ki maTzea sruli
wonasworobis dacviT ganTavsebuli. amasTan, figurebi naklebadaa
eqspresiuli 158, isini qristesken ar miiswrafian, mSvidad pozireben.
kompoziciis mTlianoba ornamentiT Semkuli da fonis sigluviT
xazgasmuli (is gluv-nacrisferia marcxena da mkacri, sada nagebobebiT
Sevsebuli marjvena naxevarze) samosis paraleluri nakecebis ritmiTaa
miRweuli, aseve tonebis ritmuli ganawilebiTac, romelnic momwvano-
nacrisfridan nacrisfrisa da lurj-nacrisfrisken, muq-yavisfridan
yavisfer-vardisfrisa da sosanisken midis.
ierusalimis mcxovrebTa tanisamosi gansxvavdeba am “moqmed
pirTaTvis” bizantiur xelovnebaSi Cveulebrivi grZeli kvarTebisa da
qlamindebisgan. aq es mokle, welSi gamoyvanili samosia, grZeli,
ornamentirebuli arSiebiT mdidrulad morTuli saxeloebiT, sayeloTi
da samklavurebiT, aseve maRali, SuaSi TiTqos Caxsnili Ceqmebi. mxolod
TeTri Sarfis msgavsi Tavsaburavebi asaxavs iudevelTa samosis
Cveulebriv tips. es tanisamosi im mokle kvarTebisgan gansxvavdeba,
romliTac bizantiur Zeglebze, Cveulebriv, msaxurebi da meomrebi
gamoisaxebian – ara marto simdidriT, aramed imiTac, rom is, rogorc
ukve mivuTiTeT, sxeuls misdevs, rac msaxurTa kvarTebze ar aris xolme.
yvelaze axlos es Sesamoselni Cveni moxatulobis qtitorTa
tanisamosTan midis, magram detalebis gansxvaveba (qtitorTa samosi winaa
Sekruli, iudevelTa tanisamosze ki ase araa), gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mxatvars es samosi uSualod, sinamdvilidan ki ar auRia, aramed raRac
tradiciul tips iyenebda. amaSive sxva garemoebac gvarwmunebs: rig
droiT axlomyof qarTul freskebze, Cveulebriv, ama Tu im wmindanis
“cxorebis” scenebSi “saero” “moqmedi pirebi” analogiur tanisamosSia
xolme gamowyobili, romelnic Cveni freskis iudevelT samosisgan
mxolod TavsaburavebiT sxvaobs. aseTia, magaliTad, “moqmed pirTa”
tansacmeli “wm. giorgis gveleSapis saswaulisa” anda “biWunas
saswaulis” scenebSi ikvSi, “biWunas saswaulis” fragmentulad

156
Ch. Diehl, La peinture byzantine, tab. XXIX.
157
G. Millet, dasax. naSr., gv. 249.
158
sakurTxevlisa da zeda registris scenebis figuraTa SemaRlebuli proporciebi am
scenis fiurebsac axasiaTebs. iudevelTa figurebze konqis mTavarangelozTa
araproporciulad grZeli xelebic aris gameorebuli. fexis wverebi aqac, iseve rogorc
sakurTxevlis mociqulebsa anda kompozicibis yvela sxva figurisac, qvemoTkenaa
waxrili, isini aramyaradaa dayenebuli, ris gamoc zogierTi figura ukanaa
gadaqanebuli.
84
Semonaxul scenaSi zemo krixSi anda “herodes nadimis” scenaSi idleTis
wm. ioane naTlismcemlis eklesiaSi 159.
rogorc etyoba, qarTul xelovnebaSi ukve iyo SemuSavebuli
“saero” tanisamosis tipi, romelic, zogad xazebSi, Tavisi drois samosis
xasiaTs imeorebda.
“jvarcmis” scena “naTlisRebis” gverdiT, kamaris samxreT ferdzea
gamosaxuli. mxatvrobis zeda nawili gadarecxilia, ase rom,
samstriqoniani warwerisgan, scenas rom axlda, verwasakiTxi naSTiRaa
darCenili.
damaxasiaTebelia, rom am, TviT Tavisi arsiT centruli,
kompoziciisTvis mxatvarma ver gamonaxa ukeTesi adgili, vidre kamaris
qveda nawilis modablo sivrcea, Tan kidev sarkmliT danawevrebulic.
ukanasknelis marjvniv man jvari gamosaxa, romlis marcxena mklavi
sarkmlis Tavzea ganpyrobili, mis gverdiT ki wm. ioane moaTavsa;
xelmarcxniv – RmrTismSobelia, erT-erT wm. dedasTan erTad. figurebis
aseTi ganTavsebis wyalobiT kompoziciis aRnagobam, ra Tqma unda,
Caketiloba dakarga. qristes gamxdari, savsebiT swori figura, romelic
adreuli qarTuli skulpturuli jvercmebis tips imeorebs 160 – mis
magaliTad Semoqmedis lorfinis gamosaxulebac gamodgeba 161 – garkveul
zomaze, Seesatyviseba figurebis gankerZoebulobas. qarTuli
ZeglebisTvis Cveulebrivi ikonografiis Tanaxmad, RmrTismSobeli xelebs
qristesken iwvdis, wm. ioanes ki Tavi xelze Camoudia. orive savsebiT
sworad dgas, maTi samosis nakecebi paralelur xazebad ecema. figurebis
eqspresia mxolod RmrTismSoblis xelebis mkveTri JestiTaa gamoxatuli.
analogiuria xasiaTiT “jvarcmis” scenis figurebi zemo krixis
moxatulobaSic. Tevdores moxatulobebSi (ifraris gamoklebiT, sadac
“jvarcma” araa warmodgenili) kamaris mTeli simaRlis momcvel scenas
Cveulebrivi centrirebuloba aqvs SenarCunebuli. qristes gadrekili,
ramdenadme ganierbarZaya figura xazebis didi moxdenilobiTa da
denadobiT gamoirCeva. es tipi qristes figurisa, XI saukunis bizantiur
mozaikebze cnobili, XI saukunis dasawyisis qarTul mqandakeblobaSic
gvxvdeba 162, mag., Sorapnis lorfinze 163. RmrTisSoblis, wm. ioanes da
angelozebis figurebs denadi, gamomsaxveli moZraobebi gamoarCevs.
jvarcmis swored es tipi gavrcelda momdevno xanis – ikorTis, varZiis,
yincvisis, beTaniis da a.S. – moxatulobebSi.
“amaRlebis” gamosaxuleba dasavleTi kedlis lÁunetis sul zeda
nawilze, “ierusalems Sesvlis” scenis aswvrivaa moTavsebuli. am
adgilze daafrakebuli baTqaSi mtvriTa da WvartliTaa dafaruli, ris

159
T. virsalaZe, idleTis naTlismcemlis eklesiis mxatvrobis fragmentebi, Ars Georgica, III,
Tb., 1950, gv. 12.
160
g. CubinaSvili, X da XI saukuneTa mijnaze warmoSobili qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis
xasiaTis sakiTxisaTvis, Ars Georgica, t. II, Tb., 1948, gv. 73.
161
iqve, tab. 43.
162
iqve, gv. 83.
163
iqve, tab. 44.
85
gamoc es gamosaxuleba sxvebze uaresad ganirCeva. kompozicia Tavisebur,
CvenTvis mxolod svaneTSi cnobil, Semoklebul redaqcias misdevs –
gamosaxulia “amaRlebis” zeda jgufi – aRsaydrebuli qriste da misi
amamaRlebeli angelozebi, maSin rodesac mociqulTa rigi
RmrTismSobliTurT gamotovebulia 164. qristes momcveli mandorla
dasavleTi kedlis sul wverSia gamosaxuli. horizontalurad
mfrinvali, tanis zeda nawiliT odnav wamoweul angelozTa figurebi,
maTi gaSlili frTebiTa da himationTa gafrialebuli, yulfisebri
boloebiTurT, kargadaa lÁunetis naxevarwriul moxazulobas
SeTanxmebuli. qristesa da angelozebs am mxatvrobisTvis Cveulebrivi
nacrisfer-yavisferi tansacmeli mosavT; angelozTa wiTelmogvebiani
fexebi Tamamad kveTs scenis moCarCoebas.
macxvariSSi saxarebis ciklis cxra scenis gamosaxulebaTa
ganxilvisas Cven davrwmundiT, rom isini, ZiriTadad,
aRmosavleTqristianul ikonografiul tipebs misdevs. mTlianobaSi Tu
aviRebT, igive ikonografiuli tradicia gansazRvravs mxatvar Tevdores
moxatulobebsac, Tumca, rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, mis calkeul
kompoziciebs analogiebi bizantiur ZeglebSi epoveba. vinaidan XI-sa da
XII saukuneebSi orTav tradiciis niSnebi qarTuli xelovnebis mTel
rigSi gvxvdeba, xolo Tavad aRmosavluri tradicia sakuTriv bizantiur
ZeglebSic farTod ikafavs gzas, Cvens mier aRniSnuli niSnebi,
umTavresad, imiT aris sagulisxmo, rom svaneTis moxatulobebSi
sxvadasxva ikonografiuli tradicia iCens Tavs, Tumca mTlianobaSi, maT
saziaro ikonografiuli sqema aqvs. Tavad moxatulobaTa gasagebad, isini,
arsebiTad, Zalian cotas Tu gvaZlevs. ase, calkeuli kompoziciebis
agebulebaSi sxvadasxva ikonografiuli tipis midevnebas garkveuli wili
mxolod imdenad aqvs, ramdenadac isini ifrarisa Tu macxvariSis
moxatulobaTa gansxvavebul tendenciebs gamokveTs. Cven mxedvelobaSi is
dekoratiuloba gvaqvs, romelic saerTodac ufro Zlierad
aRmosavleTqristianul xelovnebaSi vlindeba da romelic, mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, macxvariSis kompoziciis stilTanac garkveul
SesabamisobaSia; Tumca, rogorc ukve aRgviniSnavs, aq igi
gansakuTrebulad TvalsaCino xasiaTs iRebs – miqaelis kompoziciebs
analogiebi ara mxolod bizantiur, arc TviT aRmosavleTqristianul
xelovnebaSic eZebneba. Cven ukve imaSic davrwmundiT, rom miqaeli
xalisiT imetebs TxrobiTobasac ki wminda dekoratiuli amocanebis

164
analogiuri gamosaxuleba sof. nezgunis eklesiis afsidis Sublzecaa moTavsebuli.
sof. laRamisa da laSTxveris eklesiebSi aseTive jgufi kolofa kamarazea
ganTavebuli. svaneTi “amaRlebis” kompoziciis srul redaqciasac icnobs – mas Cven sof.
macxvariSis Taringzelis eklesiaSi, sof. Jibianis eklesiaSi da a.S. vpoulobT.
amaRlebis scenis sruli redaqcia gamosaxulia acisa da ifxis eklesiaTa
moxatulobebSic, xolo macxvariSis TarinzelSi Taviseburi redaqciaa – macxovris
amamaRlebeli ori angelozis garda, kompoziciaSi RmrTismSoblis figuracaa Seyvanili.
amaRlebis scenis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb svaneTis kedlis mxatvrobaSi, ix. n. aladaSvili,
qristes amaRleba – svaneTis kedlis mxatvrobis gamorCeuli Tema, saqarTvelos
siZveleni, 2004, 6, gv. 33-46 (mTargmn.).
86
gadasawyvetad, romelnic misTvis gamosaxulebaTa Sinagani eqspresiis
gamomxatvelia.
amasTanave, Cven am ori mxatvris moxatulobebSi calkeuli
Zvelqristianuli tipebis arsebobis aRniSvnac mogvixda. maTi arsebobisa
da Tevdores moxatulobebSi weris ilÁuzionisturi maneris calkeuli
gadanaSTis SeTanadebiT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom, iqneb, Sua saukuneebis
qarTul mxatvrobaSi romeliRac Soreuli mxatvruli tradicia yofila
gadmonarCunebuli. aseTi varaudic SeiZleba gagviCndes – am mxatvrulma
tradiciam xom ar gansazRvra Tevdores Semoqmedebis Tavisebureba?
magram tradicia, Soreuli da, faqtiurad, mkvdari nimuSis meaTasejer
gadamRerebisas, ver gansazRvravs gamosaxulebis stils, igi martooden
im masalas warmoadgens, romelsac yoveli epoqa da yoveli xalxi Tavis
rigze iyenebs.
Tevdores ferweraSi ilÁuzionizmis Zirfesvianad gadamuSavebul
reminiscenciebs ZlivsRa amovicnobT iseTi Sualeduri Zeglebis
moSveliebiT, rogorebicaa zaqaria valaSkertelis svinaqsari anda
moskovis saistorio muzeumis XI saukunis xelnaweri. xazovani
eqspresiiTa da TavSekavebuli, SezRuduli feradovani gamiT, qarTuli
moxatulobebi araTu elinistur ilÁuzionizmsaa usasrulod
dacilebuli, aramed arsebiTad sxvaobs bizantiuri mxatvrobis maTi
Tanadrouli Zeglebisganac, sadac ilÁuzionizmis reminiscenciebi ufro
sufTa saxiT Semoinaxa. sxvaobs isini aRmosavleTqristianuli,
saxeldobr, kapadokiuri Zeglebisganac, romlebSic xazovanebas arasodes
miuRwevia imgvari ritmuli dasrulebulobisTvis, rac qarTulma
mxatrvobam SeimuSava. formis xazovani gaazrebis mxriv qarTul
moxatulobebSi TavCenili tendenciebis axsna Tavad qarTul xelovnebaSi,
aq reliefuri qandakebis ganviTarebis TaviseburebaSia saZiebeli – adre
Sua saukuneebSi miRweuli xazobrivi gamomsaxvelobis safuZvelze man
SeZlo momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis xanaSi damoukideblad misuliyo
formis plastikuri gamoxatvis problemasTan. mere da mere es
progresuli ganviTareba eklesiam ZaliT SeaCera, magram SeuZlebeli iyo,
is ferweraSic ar asaxuliyo, Tumc ki, xelovnebis am saxeobis specifikis
kvalad, nakleb TvalsaCinoda da droSi mciredi dayovnebiTac.
swored amiT aixsneba isic, rom monumenturi formisgan
dekoratiul-dinamikuri stilis mimarTulebiT dacilebis procesi, mTeli
imdroindeli qarTuli mxatvrobisTvis saziaro da calkeuli
kompoziciebis agebisas da adamianis figuris gamosaxvisas, egzom
TvalsaCinod TavCenili, sworxazovnad ar warimarTeboda da ama Tu im
ZeglSic nairgvarad gamoixateboda.

87
 9.

wm. meomerebis gamosaxulebani, rogorc aRiniSna, moxatulobis

qveda registrzea moTavsebuli. dasavleTi kedeli, mTel siganeze,
erTmaneTisken WenebiT mimavali ori mxedris vrcel kompozicias uWiravs.
karidan xelmarjvniv (CrdiloeTiT) qvemoT gawolili mefe diokletianes
figuris mlaxvreli wm. giorgia gamosaxuli. zemoTken warweraa –
asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ giorgi mTavar mowame”. mefis aswvriv erTi
sityvaRa Semoinaxa – asomTavruli – “dalaxv[ra]” *. karis xelmarcxniv wm.
Tevdorea gamosaxuli, is gveleSaps Trgunavs, aris warwerac –
asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ Tevdore”.
samxreT kedelze, dasavleTi kedlis TaRis qveS sakurTxevlisken
pirmiqceuli wm. demetrea gamosaxuli, romelic agreTve samefo samosSi
gamowyobil figuras laxvravs; aqac warweraa – asomTavruli – “wmidaÁ
dimitra (sic!) mowame”. cxenebi Wenebisas gaSlil ukana fexebze zeaweulan,
wina ori ki haerSi aqvT Segdebuli. meomrebi unagirze odnav win
gadmoxrilni sxedan, maT laxvriani marjvena aRumarTavT, marcxeniT ki
lagami mouzidavT. abjarze maT mosasxami aqvT mogdebuli – wm. giorgisa
yavisfer-wiTelia, wm. Tevdoresi ki nacrisferi – maTi boloebi
zurgsukan zemoTken afrialebula. cxenebi, piruku, wm. giorgisa
nacrisferia, yavisferkoWebiani, wm. Tevdoresi – yavisferi, nacrisferi
koWebisa da fafris mqone. abjari orives yviTeli aqvs. wm. demetre wm.
giorgisebraa daferili, oRond tonebia ramdenadme sxva – nacrisfers
meti simwvane dahkravs, yavisfers ki, singuris minarevis gamo, ufro
movardisfro-wiTeli. gamosaxulebebi qvemoTken kia dazianebuli, xolo
zeda nawili Cinebuladaa Semonaxuli, gansakuTrebiT kargad Cveulebrivi
ikonografiuli tipiT motanili wmindanebis Tavebia SemorCenili.
wm. meomrebis gamosaxulebebi svaneTis TiTqmis yvela, ase Tu ise
kargad SemorCenil moxatulobas amkobs. farTodaa gavrcelebuli es
gamosaxulebebi saqarTvelos sxva raionebSic. maT kalaubnis wm. giorgis
eklesiaSic vipoviT, sadac isini calkeul gamosaxulebebad
warmogvidgeba, aseve ikvisa da favnisis moxatulobebSi – wmindanis
“cxorebis” scenebSi 165. gvxvdeba isini gvian moxatulobebSic – nabaxtevSi,
walenjixaSi, nikorwmindaSi da a.S. **
svanuri moxatulobebisTvis Zalze damaxasiaTebeli gaxlavT ori
erTaneTisken gaWenebuli mxedris – wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores –
kompozicia. es kompozicia, macxvariSSi dasavleT kedelze gadaSlili,

*
Sdr.: v. silogava, svanuri werilobiTi Zeglebi . . . t. II, gv. 47 (mTargm.).
165
gveleSapis mlaxvreli mxedari wm. giorgis gamosaxulebis naSTebi saorbisis
eklesiaSic moipoveba, romlis moxatuloba XII s-s miekuTvneba. wm. giorgis cxovrebis
ciklis Sesaxeb ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul mxatvrobaSi, ix.: Е. Привалова,
Павниси . . . (mTargm.).
**
nabaxtevisa da walenjixis moxatulobaTa Sesaxeb, ix.: i. lorTqifaniZe, nabaxtevis
moxatuloba, Tb., 1973, misive, Роспись в Цаленджиха, Тб., 1992; agreTve, i. lorTqifaniZe, m.
janjalia, walenjixa. macxovris taZris moxatulobebi, Tb., 2011 (mTargm.).
88
Tevdores moxatulobebsac amkobs da JamuSis, Jibianisa da laSTxveris *
eklesiebis moxatulobebsac. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, ifrarSi, taZris
mcire zomis gamo, mxatvari iZulebuli Seiqmna is or kedelze
gadaenawilebina. rogorc Cans, analogiuri movlena unda gvqonoda
kalaubnis wm. giorgis eklesiaSic, sadac wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores
gamosaxulebaTagan erTi CrdiloeTiT, meore ki dasavleT kedelzea
ganTavsebuli.
qarTuli mqandakeblobis erTi adreul ZeglTaganis, webeldis
kankelis reliefis 166 analogiuri kompozicia (erTmaneTisken pirmiqceuli
mxedrebi aq, aÁnalovis marTebuli gansazRvrebiT, sasanur
167
gamosaxulebaTa tipebs asaxavs ) mowmobs, rom qarTul xelonebaSi am
kompozicias xangrZlivi, aRmosavleTTan dakavSirebuli tradicia
moepoveba. kargadaa cnobili igi SedarebiT mogviano qarTul
reliefebzedac. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba mivuTiToT vales eklesiis 168
(samxreT kedelsa da dasavleTi karis timpanze) anda nikorwmindis
reliefebi (aRmosavleT kedelsa da dasavleTi karis timpanze) 169.
SemogxvdebaT isini kankelebzedac. kievis mixeilis monastris ori, 1060-
1062 wlebSi Sesrulebul reliefs, sadac wm. mxedrebi analogiuri
kompoziciiTaa warmodgenili, stilis mxriv, aRmosavleT da kavkasiur
tradiciebs ukavSireben xolme 170.
svaneTis sxva moxatulobebis gamosaxulebaTagan macxvariSis
kompozicia imiTRa gansxvavdeba, rom mxedrebs Soris beruli CoxiT
Semosili orantis figuraa moTavsebuli, romelsac, Cans, wm. meomarTa
gamosaxulebebTan kavSiri ar gaaCnia da mxatvris mier kedlis mTliani
kompoziciuri aRnagobis erT-erT elementad aris gamoyenebuli. amas
garda, wm. Tevdores figuras, nawilobriv, fonad raRac arqiteqtura aqvs,
rac ramdenadme uSlis xels kompoziciis simkacrisa da monumenturobis
STabeWdilebas. sxvafriv wm. meomrebis tipebi savsebiTaa svaneTis yvela
sxva moxatulobis, kerZod, mxatvar Tevdores moxatulobebis,

*
igulisxmeba eklesiis samxreTi fasadis moxatuloba (mTargm.).
166
МАК, t. IV, tab. VII-VIII. bolodroindeli publikaciebidan am kankelis Sesaxeb, ix.: T.
dadiani, e. kvaWataZZe, T. xundaZe, qarTuli qandakeba, Tb., 2017, gv. 258-260, Sesabamisi
bibliografiis miTiTebiT (mTargmn.).
167
Айналов Д. В., Некоторые христианские памятники Кавказа, Археологические известия и заметки
Московского Археологического Общества, М., 1895, t. III, gv. 233-234; Айналов Д. В., Эллинистические
основы византийского икусства, amonabeWdi, Записки Русского Археологического Общества, t. XII, gv.
202-203; g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, t. I, tf., gv. 201-211, sur. 164.
168
Ars Georgica, t. III, tab. II1, XII4-5.
169
Северов Н. П., Чубинашвили Г. Н., Кумурдо и Никорцминда. Памятники грузинской архитектуры, М., 1947,
t. I, f. XVII, XXIII. am reliefebis Sesaxeb, ix.: n. aladaSvili, nikorwmindis reliefebi,
Tb., 1957, misive, Монументальная скульптура . . . gv. 146-193; T. dadiani, e. kvaWataZe, T.
xundaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 218-219 (mTargmn.).
170
Некрасов Д. И., Древнерусское изобразительное искусство, М., 1937, gv. 65-68, sur. 27.
ver daveTanxmebiT avtors, romelsac reliefebis gamosaxulebani erTze wm. giorgisa
da reliefebis damkveTis, Tavad izÁaslavis mamis, Tavad Áaroslav brZenis, meoreze ki
wm. dimitrisa da Tavad izÁaslavis gamosaxulebebad esmis. Áaroslav brZenis savaraudo
gamosaxuleba pirvel reliefze, Cvenis azriT, wm. Tevdore stratilatis tipiuri
gamosaxulebaa.
89
gamosaxulebaTa identuri. meordeba ara marto mxedrebisa da cxenebis
dayeneba da moZraobebi, aramed amnairadve nacrisferi da yavisferi
tonebiT Seferili samosisa da raxtis yvela detali. tipis erTnairoba
kidev ufro gamokveTs am gamosaxulebaTa stilis individuurobas.
“mefis” mxatvar Tevdores yvela moxatulobaSi, wm. meomrebis
gamosaxulebani, ueWvelad erTisa da imave nimuSis amsaxveli, umagaliTo
silamaziTaa gamorCeuli. ifraris gamosaxulebaTa ramdenadme meti
monumenturobis da, piriqiT, nakifaris gamosaxulebaTa meti
dinamikurobis STabeWdileba xels rodi uSlis am SesaniSnavi,
gamomsxveli mxedrebis siaxloves. gansakuTrebuli ostatobiTa da
eqspresiiT cxenebia Sesrulebuli. wagrZelebuli kisris, muclis, gavisa
da ukana fexebis naxati mkafio da moxdenilia; ramdenadme ufro
pirobiTia tanis wina nawilis gamosaxuleba (nakifarSi cxenebs odnav
ufro dagrZelebuli kiseri, patara Tavi da wvrili fexebi aqvs).
macxvariSis gamosaxulebani ostatobis mxriv ifrarisa da
nakifaris freskebs didad Camouvardeba. gansakuTrebiT susti Cans
cxenebis gamosaxulebebi – maTi zurgisa da muclis swori xazi
gamomsaxvelobasaa moklebuli, Tavi araproporciulad pataraa, fexebi
wvrili da isini karuselis xis cxenukebs mogvagonebs. pirobiTadaa
gadmocemuli meomrebis pozac – mxrebis xazi gadaWarbebuladaa
dacerebuli, xelis gamosaxuleba ki mouqnelia (Sdr. macxvariSis wm.
Tevdores xeli ifraris wm. giorgisas, rakursiT naCvenebs). fafris
sqematuri naxatiT damuSaveba mosasxamTa sqematursa da meCxer nakecebs
Seesatyviseba.
eWvs gareSea, rom gamosaxulebis Rirseba, uwinares yovlisa,
mxatvris niWierebis xarisxzea damokidebuli da, am mxriv, mxatvari
miqaeli mxatvar Tevdores cxadliv CamorCeba. magram, garda amisa, am
gamosaxulebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba formis gamosaxvisadmi maTi
midgomis Taviseburebasac asaxavs. am TvalTaxedviT mravlismTqmelia am
freskuli gamosaxulebebis ostat asanis naxelavi nakifaris wm. giorgis
xatze skulpturul Wedur gamosaxulebasTan 171 Sedareba. am xatis iseTma
stilurma niSnebma, rogoricaa Zlier gamoxatuli reliefuroba da
formis plastikuri damuSaveba, saSualeba misca g. CubinaSvils is XI
saukunis dasawyisiT daeTariRebina. amgvari daTariReba savsebiT
Seesabameba mxatvar Tevdores moxatulobebSi wm. meomrebis
gamosaxulebebTan am xatis umagaliTo siaxloves. am nawarmoebebs erTi
meoresTan ara marto saziaro ikonografiuli tipi aaxlovebs (is
wmindanis erTnairi dayenebiT, ayalyuli cxenis erTnairi moZraobiTa da
rigi sxva detalebiT 172 aSkaravdeba), rac mxolod da mxolod

171
e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi, gv. 23.
172
asan ostatis naxelav xatsa d Tevdores freskebzec cxenis Taviseburi mosarTavia
gamosaxuli – viwro, moTvaluli Rvedi, romelic cxenis kisers samgzis evleba. yvela
am gamosaxulebaSi Rvedis bolo, TiTqosda bolo xviis qveS gamotarebuli, ganzea
gaSverili. macxvariSSi is cxenis kiserze meoTxe, Seukrav wredaa dadebuli. ikvis
freskebsa da kalaubnis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi oTxive wre Sekrulia, rac, rogorc Cans,
90
imdroindel qarTul xelovnebaSi am tipis farTod gavrcelebas mowmobs,
aramed Tavad Sesrulebis xasiaTic. unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveuli
msgavseba SeiZleba saxis tipSic davinaxoT – orivegan mas dabali Subli,
uzarmazari Tvalebi, mokauWebuli cxviri, mokumuli bage da mZime nikapi
gamoarCevs. bevri ram saerTo iZebneba detalebis SemuSavebis mxrivac.
erTi da igive xasiaTisaa asanis naxelav xatsa da Tevdores freskebze im
droisTvis tipiuri mosasxamis forma; is zurgze viwro yulfad Cndeba,
bolosken ki sokosebraa amoberili (macxvariSSi mosasxamis zeda nawili
arsebiTad ufro farToa, gadrekis xazi ki ufro tlanqi; igives kievis
mixeilis monastris zemomiTiTebul 1060-1062 ww-Si Sesrulebul
reliefebzec vxedavT). savsebiT analogiuria cxenis fafris talRisebr
bRuja-bRuja gawyobac. xatze gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT cxenis
tanis damuSavebaa gamorCeuli. amozneqili zurgis, muclisa da ukana
fexebis xazi “moZebnilobiTa” da moxdenilobiT gvaocebs, ramdenadme
naklebad bunebrivia tanis wina mxare, patara TaviTa da cicabod
amarTuli kisriT. Tuki aqamde Cven qarTuli monumenturi mxatvrobisa da
qandakebis genetikur urTierTkavSirze zogadad Tu SegveZlo saubari, am
SemTxvevaSi gamosaxulebaTa Soris siaxlove imdenad didia, rom
saSualeba gveZleva mxatvarze adgilobrivi naqandakevi nimuSis uSualo
zemoqmedebac vivaraudoT.
bunebrivia, rom mxatvrobis ganviTarebis am safexurze mxatvars ar
SeeZlo namdvili plastikuri moculobis gadmocema, igi mas, upiratesad,
grafikulad aRiqvamda. mas SeeZlo xaz-xaz Cawvdomoda skulpturuli
gamosaxulebis konturebis mkafioebasa da moxdenilobas, ris gamoc
naxatis siZliere da SemuSavebuloba, upirveles yovlisa, mxedrisa da
cxenis ZiriTad konturebSi SeigrZnoba, Tumca es imas rodi niSnavs,
TiTqos konturebi sagangebod gamoyofili iyos anda Cven xelT brtyel-
silueturi gamosaxuleba gvqondes. mxedris figurisa da, gansakuTrebiT,
cxenis tanis formis Zerwvac aseve garkveuli moculobriobis
STabeWilebas gviqmnis, magram CrdiliTa da naTliT misi damuSaveba mainc
gacilebiT ufro pirobiTia.
mxatvar Tevdores freskebze Txeli, wvril-wvrili nakecebis
gamoyvana ramdenadme sxvaobs asanis xatis ufro mkafioda da garkveviT
datanili nakecebisgan. es msubuqi nakecebi ufro sxva Weduri nawarmoebis
maneras SeiZleba Sedardes, romelic aseve XI saukunis pirvel naxevars
miekuTvneba. mxedvelobaSi Cven mestiis muzeumis didebuli, wm. giorgis
“cxorebis” scenebiT Semkuli Weduri jvari gvaqvs 173. kerZod, wm.
meomrebis mosasxamebis damuSaveba im meomris mosasxamis faqizsa da
msubuq nakecebs SeiZleba SevupirispiroT, glikerioss Tavs rom hkveTs.
am jvarze kecili qsovilis gamosaxvis maneras bevri ram aqvs saerTo

amave mosarTavis sxva formas gadmogvcems; analogiur formas mestiis muzeumis wm.
giorgis xatzec vxedavT. yvela zemoCamoTvlil gamosaxulebaSi meordeba cxenis ferdsa
da gavaze aRkazmulobis gverdiTi sakidebic.
173
Чубинашвили Г. Н., Один из памятников первостепенного значения грузинской чеканки в Сванетии, Ars
Georgica, t. III, Tb., 1950, gv. 95-118, tab. 33-49.
91
ifrarisa da nakifaris freskebis manerasTan. am naqandakev figurebzec
analogiur wvril, faqiz, SemrgvalebiT dawyobil nakecebs ipoviT,
romelnic sxeulis plastikur formebs misdevs, TiTqos ekroba mas. am
reliefur gamosaxulebebzec nakecebi yovelTvis rodia logikurad
swori – ase, magaliTad, saxeloze pirveli maTxovrisa, wm. giorgis
mowyalebas rom arTmevs, nakecebi Tavisi xasiaTiT daWmuWnilia, TiTqos
ornamentul-pirobiTi (amgvar nakecebs Cven ifrarSi “Sobis” scenis
mwyemsis saxelozec vipoviT), mTlianobaSi ki nakecebi plastikuradaa
damuSavebuli, CaRrmavebul adgilebze cxovelxatuli CrdilebiTa da
amozneqil Zgideebze Txeli aTinaTebiT. Tavad figurebic, maTi
Tavisuflad mibruneb-mobruneba, maTi eqspresiuli moZraobebi aseve
SeiZleba Tevdores freskebis figurebs SevupirispiroT. SeiZleba sxva
ram saziaroc aRiniSnos: jvris firfitebze figurebis erTi wyeba
pirobiTad, pirdapir gluv fonze dgas, pirveli planis figurebi ki
niadagis arcTu ganier zolzea ganTavsebuli da maTi fexebis ganlageba
niadagis awev-dawevas Cinebuladaa SeTanadebuli (ix. glikeriosis
figura); SeuZlebelia es ifraris freskaze mRvimis talRovan kideze
dayrdnobil RmrTismSoblis ferxTa Tavisufal ganTavsebas ar
SevupirispiroT. am figuris ganxilvisas Cven aRvniSneT TiTqosda
SeSupebuli muxlebis Taviseburi moyvaniloba, nakifaris qristesTanac
gameorebuli. am Tavisebur formas mestiis jvris gamosaxulebebzedac
ipoviT, magaliTad, glikeriosTan, TaviskveTis scenaSi anda aRsaydrebul
diokletianesTan. muxlis analogiuradve xazgasmuli forma axasiaTebs
cageris xatze RmrTismSoblis figurasac da es muxlis moculobis
gaumarTavad gamosaxvis Sedegia. mxatvrobaSi am niSans kidev ufro
pirobiTi saxe mieca.
zemoT Cven araerTxel mogvixda, aRgveniSna ifrarisa da nakifaris
freskebze xazis ornamentuli ganviTareba da is wm. meomrebis
gamosaxulebebzec iCens Tavs – saxeloebze spiraluri xviebi iqneba es,
mosasxamTa nakecebi, cxenebis kudebis gawyoba da a.S. arc aseTi
ornamentulobaa ucxo XI saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli
qandakebisTvis, romelic, didwilad, kvlavac dekoratiuli rCeba, amis
magaliTad ki, Tundac, Sorapnis lorfinze cad amavali qristes muxlze
spiralurad Caxveuli xazi gamogvadgeba 174.
nakecebis aseTive ornamentuli wyoba axasiaTebs sof. svifis ufro
sibrtyiT, rogorc Cans, ramdenadme ufro gvian wm. giorgis xatsac;
wmindanis saxeloze spiraluri xviebi mxatvar Tevdores moxatulobebis
wm. meomarTa figurebzec aso-aso meordeba.
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, srulebiT sxva xasiaTisaa macxvariSSi
wm. meomrebis gamosaxulebebi. verc figuris konturebs, verc detalebis
gawyobas mivuyenebT Cven plastikurobis im elementebs, ifraris freskaze
romaa TavCenili. magram Sua saukuneebis qarTul mqandakeblobasTan
uSualo siaxlove aqac SeigrZnoba. is, upirveles yovlisa, nakecebis

174
Ars Georgica, t. II, tab. 44.
92
gadmocemis Cvens mier zemoTmiTiTebul maneras etyoba. bevr rasme
saerTos Cven asanis xatTan Sedarebisasac ki vipoviT, sadac mosasxamis
nakecebi Tavad figuraze nakleb plastikurad aris Sesrulebuli.
macxvariSSi meomarTa mosasxamebi mxarze sam an oTx koncentrul
nakecadaa dadebuli (analogiurad konqsa anda “xarebis” scenaSi
RmrTismSoblis maforiumisa), mosasxamis zeafrialebul boloze ki
mkafio xazebis wyebiT, romelnic, ramdenadme gatlanqebiT, asanis xatze
mkafio da garkveuli nakecebis xasiaTs imeorebs. amave mkafioebiT, TviT
sqematurobiTac ki, gamoirCeva meomrebis kvarTis saxeloebisa da kalTis
nakecebic, xolo skulpturul gamosaxulebasTan maTi uSualo Sejereba,
TiTqos, gvagebinebs nakecis cal mxares gamonaTebis viwro xaziT, xolo
meore mxares CaCrdilvis amgvaradve, arcTu ganieri xaziT Taviseburi
Zerwvis sazriss.

qarTuli Wedurobis ZeglTa Seswavlis msvlelobaSi am xanis sul

ufro bevri Zegli mzeurdeba, dabejiTebiT ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini
umniSvnelo nawiliRaa imisa, rac am SemoqmedebiT epoqaSi Seiqmneboda.
qandakebis calkeul ZeglTa freskul mxatvrobasTan Sepirispireba maT
genetikur urTierTkavSirze metyvelebs da gviCvenebs, rom ifrarisa da
nakifaris freskebi qarTuli monumenturi ferweris im xanas
warmogvidgens, rodesac masSi, drois mxriv ramdenadme dayovnebiT, aisaxa
progresuli ganviTareba XI saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli
mqandakeblobisa, romlis miRwevebi, rogorc es qarTuli Wedurobis
Taobaze uaxles gamokvlevebSia damtkicebuli, figuris sivrciT
garemoSi gamoyofiTa da formis WeSmaritad skulpturuli, plastikuri
gagebiT gamoixata.
meore mxriv, macxvariSis freskebi, msgavsad zemo krixis freskebisa,
agrZelebs ra X saukunis qarTuli mxatvrobis tradiciebs, romelic
“winareplastikuri” xanis mqandakeblobis xasiaTs pasuxobda,
garkveulwilad, qarTuli mqandakeblobis momdevno xanasTanacaa
SesabamisobaSi, rodesac igi, raki ar SeeZlo reliefuri gamosaxulebis
sazRvrebs gascdenoda, TandaTan Sordeba formis plastikuri gamoxatvis
amocanebs, romelTac ufro adreuli xana wamoWrida da maxvili ZiriTad,
rac SeiZleba meti dekoratiulobis Ziebaze gadaaqvs.
momdevno xanis mxatvroba ganviTarebis amave principul xazs
agrZelebs, zustad iseve, rogorc gza, beSqen da beqa opizarebis
nawarmoebebze gavliT, tbeTis oTxTavis [moWedilobisken] plastikuri
formis ZiebiT ki ara, dekoratiulobiTaa niSandebuli. garkveulwilad
asaxa ra XI-XII saukuneebis mxatvrobis mowinave mimarTulebis miRwevebi,
man ver moaxerxa isini WeSmaritad ganeviTarebina. angelozis figura
yincvisis mSvenieri “aRdgomis” scenidan 175, romelic pozis farTo
gaSliT SeiZleba gverdSi nakifarSi qristesa anda ifrarSi
RmrTismSoblis figurebs amovuyenoT, sxva stiliTaa Sesrulebuli. Tavis

175
Амиранашвили Ш. Я., История грузинского искусства, tab. 87.
93
rbili daxra da mimaTiTebeli xelis moxdenili moZraoba imgvarive
liriulobiTa da rbili eqspresiulobiTaa aRbeWdili, romelic tbeTis
oTxTavis ydaze “jvarcmis” figurebs axasiaTebs 176. qarTuli monumenturi
mxatvrobisa da mqandakeblobis organulma siaxlovem ganapiroba
mkafioeba, denadoba da moxdeniloba figuris konturebisa, romelnic
kidev ufro denadi da medinia, vidre XI-XII saukuneebis mxatvrobaSia,
magram misi gamosaxvisas moculobriobis elementebi, rac ifrarisa da
nakifaris gamosaxulebebSia TavCenili, am figuraze aRar ixilveba. igi
mTlianad erT sibrtyezea ganfenili, farTod gaSlili fexebis forma
uwvrilesi nakecebis rTulma naxatma danTqa, dekoratiulobas ki,
adreul gamosaxulebebSic rom iCina Tavi, isini kidev ufro Zlierad
SegvagrZnobinebs. angelozis samosze bac-lurji da bac-mwvane ferebis
didi laqebis ganawileba da momwiTuro dalalebTana da frTebTan maTi
Sexameba ki Tavisi dekoratiulobisasaa mSvenieri.

176
misive, Бека Опизари, Тб., 1937, tab. XVIII.
94
 10.

bolosken, Cven mefis gvirgvinis kurTxevis scenas unda

davubrundeT, romlis Sinaarsi Cven zemoT ganvixileT. rogorc ukve
aRgviniSnavs, CrdiloeTi kedlis kompozicia mxatvarma erT mTlianobad
Caifiqra. ori kedlis TaRis qveS simetriulad mefisa da wm. dedaTaTvis
gvirgvinis dadgmis scenebia ganTavsebuli. mefis SedarebiT mozrdili
figuris Sesatyvisad, meore scenaSi wm. ekaterines centraluri figura
simaRliT wm. barbares ramdenadme aRemateba. SeTanasworebiTaa
ganTavsebuli ferebic – wm. ekaterine nacrisferi samosiTaa
warmodgenili, gvirgvini ki mas wiTeli TvlebiT aqvs Semkuli, maSin
rodesac wiTel tanisamosSi gamowyobili demetres gvirgvins lurj-
nacrisferi Tvlebi amkobs. wm. barbares wiTeli mosavs, erisTavebs –
nacrisferi. savsebiT identuria ori angelozis Sesamoseli da dayenebac.
is garemoeba, rom orive angelozi erTi mimarTulebiT mavalia
gamoxatuli, mxatvar miqaelis kompoziciebisTvis tipiur moZraobis
zogad SegrZnebas aRZravs. igive qtitoruli jgufis agebulebasacaa
damCneuli.
rogorc zemoTac aRgviniSnavs, es gamosaxuleba imperatorTa
bizantiuri gamosaxulebebidan modis, romelTac mas sidideTa
primitiuli ierarqiac anaTesavebs. magram macxvariSis scenis
kompoziciur agebas mainc Taviseburi eTqmis. marCianas fsalmunis
miniatÁuraze imperator basili II-is kolosaluri figura kompoziciis
centrSi mdgomaredaa warmodgenili, bevrad ufro patar-patara gverdiTi
pawia figurebi misken ixreba. amasve vxedavT wm. ioane oqropiris
[TxzulebaTa] xelnaweris miniatÁuraze, romelzedac nikifore botaniatia
warmodgenili, Tavisi ministrebiT garSemortymuli 177. aRsaydrebuli
impertoris uzarmazari, frontaluri figura kompoziciis centrSi
masiurobiTa da umoZraobiT Trgunavs misken Setrialebuli ministrebis
pawia figurebs.
macxvariSSic mefis figura gverdiTebze didronia, kompoziciac
centrirebuladaa agebuli – gverdiTi figurebis centralurisken
swrafva scenis SinaarsiTaa nakarnaxevi – magram mxatvarma miqaelma
amgvar agebas mainc ramdenadme sxva elferi SesZina.
imisda miuxedavad, rom TaRis naxevarwriul moCarCoebas, romelsac
igi figurebis daxras umorCilebs, mxatvarisTvis, TiTqos, simetriuli
agebuleba unda ekarnaxa, kompozicia simetriasaa moklebuli. cal mxares
igi mTavarangelozis maRal figuras aTavsebs, qvemoTken SenobiT
gagrZelebuls, meore mxares ki qristes patara naxevarfiguras.
Sesatyvisad amisa, mefis figura mas kompoziciis centralur RerZze ki
ar mouqcevia, aramed igi ramdenadme marjvnivaa gaweuli. vinaidan sam
meoTxedSi gamosaxuli mefe iqiTkenvea mibrunebuli, garkveuli moZraobis
STabeWdileba iqmneba, romelic, Tanacve, Tavad winisken erTgvarad

177
Ch. Diehl, La peinture byzantine, tab. XXXIV.
95
miswrafebuli, qristesken xelapyrobili misi figuris dayenebiTacaa
gadmocemuli. am moZraobas diagonalurad Camavali xmali da samosis
dacerebuli kalTac amaxvilebs. amis wyalobiT kompozicia, miuxedavad
simetriuli, Tavisi arsiT statikuri aRnagobisa, ixsneba da dinamikuri
xdeba. vinaidan kompoziciis erTianoba statikasa da mkacr simetrias ar
emyareba, centraluri figura ar Trgunavs gverdiTebs.
amgvarad, am moxatulobis sxva kompoziciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
stilis niSnebi am gamosaxulebaSicaa TavCenili. amave dros, es niSnebi
macxvariSis gamosaxulebas amave xanis qarTuli monumenturi ferweris
sxva jgufur qtitorul gamosaxulebebsac aaxlovebs. atenSi, zemo
krixSi, yicvisSi, beTaniaSi da a.S. qtitorTa figurebi, rigad
damwkrivebulni da sam meoTxedSi gamosaxulni, TiTqosda, erTi
mimarTulebiT midiano. macxvariSSi qtitorTa figurebi Tavisi stiliTac
axlos dgas am gamosaxulebebTan da maT rigSi garkveul adgilsac
ikavebs. mkveTri konturuloba, maT SigniT moqceuli formis damuSavebis
erTgvari TavSekavebuloba da ganzogadebuloba, rac sazogadodaa am
gamosaxulebaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, macxvariSis figurebisTvisacaa
tipiuri. atensa da zemo krixis adreuli portretebis konturTa
erTgvari kuTxovaneba, macxvariSSi ufro denadsa da medin xasiaTs iZens;
yincvisisa da beTaniis figurebSi es niSnebi kidev ufro Zlierad da
garkveviTaa gamoxatuli.
am saero gamosaxulebebSi Cven ueWvelad portretulobis
garkveuli niSnebi gvaqvs; isini ara marto pirisaxisa da figuris
zogierTi individualuri niSnis pirobiTad gadmocemaSi gamoixateba,
aramed TviT weris xasiaTSic. Cven ukve gviTqvams, rom arsebobda wm.
istoriis sxvadasxva scenebSi “saero moqmed pirTa” gamoxatvis garkveuli
tradicia, romelic macxvariSSi “ierusalemad Sesvlis” scenis
iudevelTa gamosaxulebebSia gamovlenili. magram sakmarisia mxoldRa
SevadaroT “saero samosSi” gamowyobili es figurebi qtitorTa
gamosaxulebebs da maSinve SevigrZnobT, raoden gansxvavebulia mxatvris
am gamosaxulebebisadmi damokidebuleba.
mTlianobaSi weris erTi da imave teqnikis SenarCunebisas (saxeTa
weris xerxebze maTi fragmentulobis gamo ver vimsjelebT), qtitorul
portretebSi is met TavSekavebulobas iCens figuris nakecebiT
damuSavebisas, ukanasknelT figuris gamomsaxvel konturebs umorCilebs.
rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, es niSani sazogadodaa damaxasiaTebeli
qarTul moxatulobebSi qtitorTa gamosaxulebebisTvis da, amdenad,
tradiciuli, Tavisi sakuTari saTavis mqone niSania. amas garda ki, yovel
calkeul SemTxvevaSi, is gamoxatulebis nakleb pirobiTi formis
cnobieri Ziebis STabeWdilebasac axdens. am gamosaxulebebs swored
konturebis naxati aqvs yvelaze gamomsaxveli. iudevelTa figurebze
mkvdari da pirobiTi, qtitorTa figurebis moqnili konturebis
moxazvisas, is damajerebeli da cocxali xdeba.
kadrs SigniT figurebis Taviseburad ganlagebis wyalobiT,
figurebs Soris urTierTkavSiri maT dinamikazea damyarebuli. gverdiTi
96
figurebis cxadliv gamoxatuli moZraoba, ToTqosda, centralurzec
gadadis, romelzec is Sinagan, Sekavebul Zalad aRiqmeba, Tavs mxolod
da mxolod winwadgmul fexze dajerebiT dabjenili figuris myarad
dgomaSi, amayad SemarTul Tavsa da Ronieri tanisa da xelebis
moqnilobaSi rom iCens. es gamosaxuleba savsebiT epasuxeba im saxe-xats,
romelsac istorikosi gvawvdis, rodesac demetre mefis “tansa axovansa”
da “mklavTa lomebrTa” aRgviwers da kompoziciac mTlianobaSi
didebuli da sadResaswauloa.

97
 11.

Cveni gamokvlevis dasawyisSi aRniSnuli gvaqvs, rom istoriuli

svaneTis moxatulobani, Tavisi ganviTarebis gzaze drois did Sualeds
moicavs da gansxvavebuli mxatvruli doniT gamoirCeva, Tan ki sakvlevad
metad mdidarsa da mravalgvar masalasac warmoadgens. da mainc,
miuxedavad droiTa da sxvadasxva ostatis xelobisadmi kuTvnilebiT
ganpirobebuli ganmasxvavebeli niSnebisa, svaneTis moxatulobani
garkveuli erTianobis STabeWdilebas tovebs d saziaro damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebis mTeli rigi aqvs, rac garkveuli, adgilobrivi mxatvruli
tradiciis arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs. svaneTis moxatulobaTa
mkvlevaris winaSe, upirvelesad yovlisa, daismis kiTxva – raRa aris es
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da raSi gamoixateba maTi Tavisebureba?
yvelaze TvalsaCinod erTianobis niSnebi Tvals svaneTis
moxatulobaTa ikonografiul sqemaSi xvdeba. drois ganurCevlad, es
sqema erTiania principuli niSnebis mxriv. sakurTxevelSi aucileblad
“qristes gandidebis” Temis gadmomcemi kompoziciebi gamoisaxeba, kolofa
kamarasa da kedlebze saxarebis ricxvmcire scenebi da calkeul
wmindanTa gamosaxulebebia, gansakuTrebiT xSirad – wm. meomrebi, rasac
zogjer “cxorebaTa” scenebic emateba.
svaneTis moxatulobaTa ikonografiuli sqemis simdgrade am kuTxis
istoriuli ganviTarebis TaviseburebiTaa Sepirobebuli. moxatulobaTa
ikonografiis analizi, jer erTi, gviCvenebs, rom am mTiani mxaris
garkveuli karCaketiloba daizolirebuloba, rac ertiani qarTuli
saxelmwifos arsebobis xanaSi naklebad sagrZnobi iyo, didad gaizarda
misi daSlis Semdeg da, sabolood, misi saqarTvelos sxva raionebisgan
TiTqmis sruli mowyvetiT dasrulda.
Tuki uZveles xanaSi svaneTis moxatulobaTa ikonografia sazogado
cvlilebebs asaxavs, mere da mere axali Temebis gamoCena TiTqmis
gamoiricxa. ase, magaliTad, nezgunis (X s.) sakurTxevlis moxatulobaSi
Cven “qristes didebis” Temis ufro Zvel nairsaxeobas – “qriste
mTavarangelozTa Soris” * – vxedavT, maSin rodesac XI saukunis bolosa
da mas Semdeg “vedrebis” gamoxatva urCevniaT. analogiur movlenas
Tvali qarTulsa da kapadokiur moxatulobebSic gaedevneba. amave dros,
“mociqulTa ziarebis” kompozicia, romelmac saqarTveloSi TandaTan
gandevna sakurTxevlis ZvelTaZveli kompozicia “mociqulTa rigisa”, XIV
saukunidan ki rogorc bizantiuri, aseve qarTuli moxatulobebisTvis
savaldebuloc gaxda, svaneTSi saerTod ar Semosula da aq Zveleburad

*
SesaZlebelia nezgunis sakurTxevlis moxatulobis ramdenadme sxvagvari
interpretaciac, Tuki konqis kompozicias afsidis kedlis registrTan erTobliobiT
“wavikiTxavT” – aq macxovris Teofaniuri didebaa gamosaxuli, Taviseburi redaqciiT.
detalurad m. yenia, adreul qarTul moxatulobaTa programebis gamo, saqarTvelos
siZveleni, 11, 2007, gv. 45-46, misive, svaneTis moxatulobaTa afsidaluri sqemebi,
saqarTvelos siZveleni, 21, 2018, gv. 61; Sead., Н. Аладашвили, Композиции алтарной конхи . . . gv.
2; Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живописная школа . . . gv. 14 (mTargmn.).
98
kvlav rigad Camwkrivebul mociqulebs * gamosaxavdnen. gviani Sua
saukuneebis epoqaSi ZvelisZveli adgilobrivi nimuSebis asaxvis es
miswrafeba kidev ufro Zlieri gamodga. amiT aixsneba, rom XVI saukuneSi
amotivtivda ZvelTaZveli Tema “qriste mTavarangelozebs Soris”
(Taringzelis ekleisa macxvariSSi), xolo stiliT xalxuri “lubokis”
msgavsi gviani moxatuloba “barbalis” eklesiisa ifraris mezoblad
ganlagebul sofel xeSi, ifraris moxatulobis Soreuli gadamRerebaa,
sadac weris ZvelisZveli calkeuli xerxebis gameorebac scades. aseTsave
STabeWdilebas axdens gviani xanis laSTxveris moxatulobac, romelic
garkveulwilad macxvariSis sqemas asaxavs **.
sakuTriv macxvariSis eklesiaSi Cven danarCeni mxatvrobisgan
droiT gansxvavebul erTaderT gamosaxulebas vxedavT, rogorc Cans,
gacilebiT ufro gviani xanisas. es mamakacis diademian-gvirgviniani Tavis
fragmentia. calke patara CarCoSi moTavsebuli es gamosaxuleba
CrdiloeT kedelze, wm. ekaterines gamosaxulebis Camoswvriv,
moxatulobis qveda donis qvemoT da mis qveda ornamentul moCarCoebazea
dawerili. igi mxolooden yavisferi saRebaviT gluv nacrisfer tonze,
mSrali da primitiuli maneriTaa dawerili, magram dabal Sublze
zeddebuli yulfisebri patara naiWi, Tvalebisa da piris moyvaniloba
Tavad aqaur moxatulobaSi dadasturebuli weris ZvelisZveli xerxebis
midevnebas gamogviCens.
meore mxriv, SesaZlebelia, rom ikonografiuli Temebis garkveuli
SerCeva qristianuli kultis adgilobrivi TaviseburebebiTac iyos
Sepirobebuli. mxedvelobaSi warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis is
naSTebi gvaqvs, romelnic, gvarovnuli wyobis reminiscenciebTan erTad,
mTianma mxareebma yvela sxva formaciaSic gamoatara. svaneTSic unda
momxdariyo mecnierebaSi kargad cnobili ram, warmarul sakulto
warmodgenaTa qristianul religiur saxe-xatebaTa meSveobiT gadaazreba.
am TvalTaxedviT mTlianobaSi arebuli svanuri moxatulobebis
ikonografiis ganxilva scildeba mocemuli gamokvlevis CarCoebs. Cven
mis zogierT TaviseburebasRa SevexebiT, romelnic sxvagvarad, Tu ara
qristianuli kultis adgilobrivi niSan-TvisebebiT, ver aixsneba.
svaneTSi sakurTxevlis mxatvrobisTvis, ugamonaklisod,
savaldebulo “qristes didebis” kompozicia rCeba. konqSi “vedreba”
gamoisaxeba, ufro iSviaTad – “qriste or mTavarangelozs” Soris,
kedlebze mociqulni an wm. mRvdelmTavrebi. erT SemTxvevasac ver naxavT,
*
cxadia, es exeba mxolod im moxatulobebs, sadac sakurTxevelSi 3 registriani sqema
gvaqvs; sakurTxevlis mogviano svanuri moxatulobebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT
laSTxveris Taringzelis mxatvroba, sadac, II registrSi winandeburad wm. mociqulTa
rigia gamosaxuli (mTargmn.).
**
aq, rogorc sCans, igulisxmeba xesa da laSTxverSi ifrarisa da macxvariSis
moxatulobaTa calkeuli niSnebisa Tu motivebis gamoyeneba, rogorc magaliTad, xeSi –
monumenturi stilis maxasiaTebelTa SenarCunebis mcdeloba (Sead., Н. Аладашвили, Г.
Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живописная школа . . . gv. 117) an mTavarangelozTa Temis aqcentireba
da a.S., xolo laStxverSi – afsidis kedlis registrSi mociqulTa rigis ganTavseba,
ierusalebad Sesvlis dasavleT kedelze, xolo wm. mxedarTa grZiv kedlebze gamosaxva
(mTargmn.).
99
konqi “RmrTismSoblis didebis” (e.i. Cviledi RmrTismSoblis
mTavarangelozebs Soris) kompoziciis gamosaxulebas hqondes daTmobili.
gamonaklisi RmrTismSoblisadmi – lamariasadmi – miZRvnili
eklesiebisTvisac ar dauSviaT.
qarTuli taZrebis sakurTxevlis moxatulobebSi “qristes didebis”
Tema aseve sxva yvelaze metadata damkvidrebuli, magram jer kidev
adreul xanaSi, RmrTismSoblisadmi miZRvnil taZrebSi “RmrTismSoblis
didebis” Temaze Seqmnil kompozicias vxvdebiT 178. amitomac imas, rom am
gamosaxulebaze egzomi uryeobiT amboben uars, qarTuli tradiciis
siwmindes ver mivaCemebT.
svanTa panTeonSi RmrTismSobel-lamarias orTav sqesis wmindanTa
Soris rigiTi adgili uWiravs, wm. giorgis Semdgom, romelsac
formalurad qriste-macxovris-xoSa Rerbetis mere meore adgili uWiravs,
xolo faqtobrivad ZalmosilebiT mas uTanabrdeba kidec *. es garemoeba
sakmao safuZvelia saimisod, raTa avxsnaT, ratom ar surdaT svanebs misi
taZris umTavres adgilas, sakurTxevelis konqSi gamoxatva. egeve
garemoeba gvixsnis svanebis gamorCeul siyvaruls wm. giorgisa da sxva
wm. meomerebis gamosaxulebebis mimarTac. marTalia, es gamosaxulebebic
ar gaxlavT ram umagaliTad svanuri, isini saqarTvelos sxva regionebis
uamrav moxatulobebSicaa cnobili, magram ukanasknelSi cxenze
amxedrebuli wm. meomrebis kolosaluri gamosaxulebebi am
wmindanebisadmi miZRvnili eklesiebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, maSin
rodesac svaneTis Zvel moxatulobebSi ara marto jgrag-wm. giorgisadmi
miZRvnili eklesiebisTvisaa savaldebulo, aramed sxva wm. patronTadmi
miZRvnili taZrebisTvis, maT Soris lamarias saxelobis taZrebSi, sadac
Tavad misi gamosaxuleba ar moipoveba 179. safiqrebelia, rom

178
sakurTxevlis kompoziciis orive Tema – “qristes dideba” da “RmrTismSoblis
dideba” xatmebrZoleobamdeli xanis Zvelqristianul xelovnebaSi SemuSavda, rasac
makedoniis, konstantinopolis, egviptes, romisa da ravenas uZvelesi moxatulobebi
mowmobs. orive Tema, rogorc ukve gvqonda miTiTebuli, qarTuli xelovnebis
ganviTarebis mTel sigrZeze gvxvdeba, romelic ufjro erTgulebda Zvelqristianul
tradicias, vidre xatmebrZoleobasTan brZolagamovlili bizantia. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
SemorCenili ZeglebiT Tu vimsjelebT, ukanaskneli uporatesobas martooden
“RmrTismSoblis didebis” kompozicias aniWebda. “qristes didebis” kompozicia aseve
zogierT Zvelrusul moxatulobaSic gvxvdeba. Semoinaxa igi, “RmrTismSoblis didebis”
kompoziciasTan erTad, dasavlurma ikonografiamac.
*
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es maSindel eTnologiaSi gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisia
(mTargmn.).
179
lamarias eklesia JibianSi (uSgulSi) da sxv.
svaneTis taZarTa gare kedlebze xSirad gamoisaxeboda “wm. evstati plakidas
saswaulis” apokrifuli sÁuJeti, Tavisi semantikiT astralur kultTan dakavSirebuli;
evstati mxedris saxiT gamoisaxeba xolme. es scena gamosaxuli iyo ifraris eklesiis
samxreT fasadze, laRamisa da laSTxveris eklesiaTa aRmosavleT fasadze; amJamad es
moxatulobani uaRresad dazianebuli da gaqrobis pirasaa. maT Sesaxeb, ix.: Н. Аладашвили,
А. Вольская, Фасадные росписи . . . gv. 105-106; 109-110; 112 (mTargmn.).
lenjeris Temis sof. laSTxveris Taringzelis eklesiis gareTa kedelze
gamosaxulia amiranis miTis scenebi, romlis gmirebi aseve mxedrebad warmogvidgebian.
msgavsi Sinaarsisaa CaJaSis eklesiis CrdiloeTi fasadis moxatulobac. ix.: Л.
Шервашидзе, Стенные росписи с сюжетом "Амиран Дареджанисдзе" в Сванети, saqarTvelos ssr.
100
mTavarangelozTa, aseve wmm. kvirikesa da ivlitas gamosaxulebebis
farTo gavrcelebac amave mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli.
es yovelive uflebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom moxatulobaTa
ikonografiuli sqema adgilobrivi dakveTa iyo. amasTan, isic unda
gamovkveToT, rom specifikurad svanuri am sqemaSi mxolooden sÁuJetebis
SerCevaa, Tavad es sÁuJetebi ki rasme gamorCeulad svanurs sulac ar
warmoadgens da mTlianobaSi aRebul qarTul ikonografiaSi kargadaa
cnobili.
unda vifiqroT, rom svaneTis moxatulobaTa sqemis erTsaxovnebas
am kuTxis taZrebis sivrciTi tipis erTsaxovnebamac Seuwyo xeli. ase,
magaliTad, saqarTvelosTvis tradiciuli gumbaTuri kompozicia jvris
“amaRlebisa” Tu “livlivisa”, romelsac zogjer darbazuli eklesiebis
moxatulobebSic imeorebdnen, Tuki gumbaTuri taZrebis sqema
180
gadmohqondaT , araa damaxasiaTebeli svaneTisTvis, romelic gumbaTovan
taZrebs saerTod ar icnobda. magram macxvariSis gamosaxulebiT Tu
vimsjelebT, es Tema SigadaSig svaneTSic SemoaRwevda xolme. am
gamosaxulebis uaxloesi analogi favnisis moxatulobaSi gvaqvs, sadac
medalionSi moqceuli jvari sakurTxevlis sarkmlis aswvriv, mociqulTa
rigis qvemoT, wm. mRvdelmTavarTa registris SuaSia moqceuli 181. erT
rigSi qarTuli gumbaTuri taZrebisa (ateni, yincvisi da sxv.), medalionSi
moqceuli jvris gamosaxuleba sakurTxevlis bemis kamarazea
gameorebuli.
svaneTis moxatulobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel zogierT
ikonografiul tips sxva raionebis ZeglebSi analogiebi ar eZebneba –
aseTTagania Cvens mier aRniSnuli Semoklebuli redaqcia “amaRlebis”
scenisa.
sxva analogiebi – garda svanurive Cukulis xis karebze nakveTi
reliefebisa – ar moepoveba ifraris “naTlisRebis” scenaSi ufrTo
angelozebis gamosaxulebas, romelic, rogorc Cans, Zvelqristianul
tipebs asaxavs. magram vinaidan Zveli ikonografiuli motivebis
amotivtiveba mTel Suasaukunovan qarTul ikonografias axasiaTebs,
mocemul SemTxvevaSi svaneTis moxatulobani gamonakliss ar Seadgens.
dasasrul, svan mxatvarTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba
taZarSi kompoziciebis ganawilebis mxriv (ase, mag., ifxis wm. giorgis
patara eklesiaSi amxedrebuli wm. meomrebi kolofa kamarazea

mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XVII, #5, 1956, gv. 471-478; Н. Аладашвили, А. Вольская,
Фасадные росписи . . . gv. 112-117 (mTargmn.).
180
Гордеев Д. П., К анализу схемы росписи малых грузинских базилик типа Оциндале , Бюллетен КИАИ, #5,
Л., 1929, gv. 5.
181
simbolurad mas SeiZleba gverdiT aseve timoTesubnis moxatuloba amovuyenoT, sadac
mociqulTa rigis centrSi qristea gamoxatuli. Sed. qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan,
Tb., 2007, gv. 156; agreTve: Е. Привалова, Павниси . . . gv. 25, misive, Тимотесубани . . . gv. 104
(mTargmn.).
101
moTavsebuli), safiqrebelia, am Soreul provinciaSi eklesiisgan mkacri
zedamxedvelobis ararsebobiT unda aixsnebodes *.
amgvarad, Cven vxedavT, rom svaneTis moxatulobaTa ikonografiis
SefardebiTi Tavisebureba mTlianad am raionis istoriuli
ganviTarebiTaa Sepirobebuli.
aseTsave daskvnemde mivyavarT svaneTis moxatulobaTa stilur
analizsac.
svaneTis eklesiebis mxatvruli Semkulobis Taviseburi momenti –
gareTa kedlebisa da kankelis moxatva – adgilobrivi arqiteqturis
specifikiTaa ganpirobebuli. taZarTa gare kedlebica da kankelebic
gluvia, CuqurTmovan samkauls moklebuli da, bunebrivia, sxva,
saxeldobr, ferwerul morTulobas iTxovda. amitomac, gareTa
moxatulobani, ueWvelia, adgilobriv tradicias warmoadgens.
svaneTis moxatulobaTa kompoziciuri agebulebis principuli
Tanagvaroba aseve svanuri eklesiebis sivrciTi tipis TanagvarobiTaa
Sepirobebuli, Tanac, rogorc ramdenime svanuri moxatulobis garCevisas
gamoCda, mas sxva qarTuli eklesiebis moxatulobebSi araTu uaxloesi
analogiebi moepoveba, aramed igi ukanasknelTa analogiurad viTardeba
kidev.
aseTsave daskvnebamde migviyvana Cven moxatulobis sxva elementebis
(ornamentis, saxeTa weris maneris, mTagoriani Tu arqiteqturuli fonebis
da sxv.) ganxilvacam.
svaneTis moxatulobaTa damaxasaiTebeli niSania maTi
koloristuli gamis Tanagvarobac. mxatvrebis miqaelisa da Tevdores
ferweris Seswavlam, aseve svaneTis mravali sxva moxatulobis gacnobam
aCvena, rom sxvadasxva mxatvris maneris individualur TaviseburebaTa
miuxedavad, ufro gviani xanis moxatulobaTa tonis sitlanqisa da
simkveTris miuxedavad, svaneTis moxatulobani garkveuli feradovani
gamiT xasiaTdeba, romelic mcireodeni feris sxvadasxva elferTa
SexamebaT, Tbili wiTel-yavisferi da civi nacrisfer-lurji tonebis
dapirispirebiT igeba **.
es gama, ZiriTadad, mcirericxovani, rogorc Cans, adgilobrivi,
arcTu Zviri saRebaviTaa Sedgenili da maT iSviaTadRa emateboda sxva,
ufro Zviri saRebavebi, Tanac mTlianobaSi misi xasiaTi maSinac iseTive
rCeboda.
adreuli xanis qarTuli moxatulobebis mTeli rigis ganxilvisas
Cven imaSic SegveZlo davrwmunebuliyaviT, rom es koloristuli gama

*
1940-iani wlebis Semdeg dagrovebuli codnidan gamomdinare, wm. mxedarTa kamaraze
gamosaxvas SeiZleba sxvagvari axsnac moeZebnos (mTargmn.).
**
aq gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom es debuleba upirvels yovlisa gulisxmobs qarTul
moxatulobaTa zogad Sepirispirebas bizantiur mxatvrobasTan. cxadia, svaneTis
moxatulobaTa feradovani gama ufro mravalferadovania, xolo bizantiur
moxatulobaTa koloritis daxasiaTebisTvis ix. aqve, Tavi 4. faqtobrivad, sxvadaxsva
drois svaneTis moxatulobebSi SeiZleba vnaxoT ufro mravalferdovani palitra,
rogorc mag., adreul moxatulobebSi, e.w. paleologosuri xanis mxatvrobaSi da a.S.
(mTargmn.).
102
saqarTvelos sxva raionebSic gamoiyeneboda da ara mxolod
sadResaswaulo-gamosaCen moxatulobebSi, aramed – da ufro xSiradac –
soflis momcro eklesiebSic; e.i. is farTo erovnul tradicias
warmogvidgens, magram iq es tradicia erTaderTi ar yofila. am dros ki,
svaneTi, sadac socialuri diferenciacia SedarebiT susti iyo, mudam am
mkacrsa da TavSekavebul gamas erTgulobs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sivrciT formaTa mTeli simdidridan man
mxolod da mxolod momcro darbazuli eklesiebis mkacri arqiteqtura
airCia, egzom Cinebulad rom exameba mis grandiozul bunebas, iqaur
mTielTa Temebis mkacr cxovrebas. amgvarad, am SemTxvevaSic specifikas
garkveuli, adgilobrivi pirobebisa da gemovnebis Sesatyvisi SerCeva
qmnis.
dasasrul, Cven aRniSnuli gvaqvs, rom maneris xazovaneba,
mTlianobaSi aRebuli qarTuli moxatulobebisTvis damaxasiaTbeli,
svaneTis moxatulobebSi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT iCens Tavs. magram am
Tanagvarobis farglebSi TvalsaCinod warmoCnda naxatiT formis
gamoxatvisadmi ori gansxvavebuli midgoma, ori gansxvavebuli tendencia,
Tanac, am tendenciebsac, rogorc iTqva, uaxloesi analogiebi
saqarTvelos sxva raionebis ferweraSi eZebneba.
amgvarad, Cven vxedavT, rom svaneTis moxatulobaTa Tavisebureba
friad fardobiTia. ikonografiisa da stilis zemoganxiluli niSnebidan
arc erTi, calke aRebuli, ar gansazRvravs maT specifikurobas da
mzolod maTi erToblioba aniWebs svaneTis moxatulobebs
individuurobas, zogjer TiTqmis mouxelTebels.
swored macxvariSis moxatulobaSi yvela zemomiTiTebuli
Taviseburebis Tanaarseboba gvaZlevs Cven uflebas miqaeli adgilobriv,
svan xelovanad, e.i. (uSgulel niJaraZeTa msgavsad) sofel maRlakis,
svaneTSi gadmosaxlebul, mkvidrTa Camomavlad miviCnioT.
rac “mefis mxatvar” Tevdores Seexeba, misi warmomavlobis sakiTxi
mxolod da mxolod yvela misi moxatulobis dawvrilebiTi,
monografiuli Seswavlis Semdgom SeiZleba gadawydes. SesaZlebelia, rom
is warmoSobiT svaneTidan yofiliyo, samxatvro ganaTleba ki
dedaqalaqSi miiRo, iqneb mefeTa raRac dakveTebic hqonoda
Sesrulebuli. asea Tu ise, xazgasasmelia, rom ikonografiisa Tu stilis
niSnebiT, Tevdores moxatulobebsa da svaneTis sxva moxatulobebs
Soris umWidroesi genetikuri kavSiri ixilveba *.
ase da amgvarad, svaneTis moxatulobaTa erTi rigis Seswavla
gviCvenebs, rom momwifebuli Sua saukuneebis xanaSi svaneTis mxatvruli,
kerZod, ferweruli kultura umWidroesadaa dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos
sxva raionebis feodalur kulturasTan da ganviTarebis maRal doneze
iyo asuli, srul SesatyvisobaSi adgilobrivi mqandakeblobis, vercxlze
Wedurobis ganviTarebasTan.

*
Sdr.: Н. Аладашвили, Г. Алибегашвили, А. Вольская, Живописная школа . . . gv. 98-101 (mTargmn.).

103
 macxvariSis moxatulobis Seswavlisas Cven davrwmundiT, rom
feodaluri kulturis am saintereso da tipiuri Zeglis Taviseburebas
ara marto misi erovnuli (zog SemTxvevaSi ki adgilobriv-provinciuli)
specifika, arc mxolod misi Seqmnis dro gansazRvravs, aseve misi
garkveuli, saqarTvelos feodaluri kulturis Taviseburi ganviTarebiT
Sobili, mxatvruli mimarTulebisadmi kuTvnilebac. Cveni kvlevis
Sejamebisas SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom macxvariSis moxatulobis
ikonografiisa da stilis XI-XIII saukuneebis rig qarTul, pirvel rigSi,
svanur moxatulobebTan Sedareba adasturebs warwerebis enobriv
monacemebs da uflebas gvaZlevs es moxatuloba svani mxatvris
nawarmoebad CavTvaloT.
SedarebiTi analizi adasturebs aseve qtitoruli gamosaxulebisa
da warwerebis monacemebs moxatulobis Seqmnis drois Taobaze, e.i. mas
1140 wlisTvis migvakuTvnebinebs. is gviCvenebs, rom macxvariSis
moxatulobas savsebiT niSandoblivi adgili uWiravs am xanis qarTul
moxatulobaTa mwkrivSi; imasac, rom Tavisi mxatvruli monacemebiT,
macxvariSis moxatuloba, ZiriTadad, ufro adreuli – XI saukunisa da
XII-is damdegis – monumenturi stilis moxatulobaTa jgufs emxroba,
Tumca, amavdroulad, masSi dekoratiuli stilisken garkveuli Zvrebic
SeiZleba davadginoT. es Zvrebi taZarSi moxatulobis saerTo
kompoxiciur agebaSia TavCenili da monumenturi stilis
moxatulobaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mkacri simetriis darRvevasa Tu
registris mkafio horizontalis darRvevaSic, komponirebisas ferweruli
maxvilebisa da ornamentuli motivebis ufro Tavisufal mimonacvlebaSi
gamoixata. gamoixata isini ufro dinamikursa da gaxsnil agebulebaSi
calkeuli kompozciebisa, romelnic fonebis sigluveze nakecebiT
dekoratiulad gawyobili figurebis ritmuli ganawilebiTaa agebuli. es
niSnebi macxvariSs SedarebiT mogviano, XIII saukunis damdegis
moxatulobaTa mTel rigs aaxlovebs, sadac isini sruli garkveulobiTaa
gamovlenili 182.
amave dros, macxvariSisa da XI-XII saukuneebis qarTul
moxatulobaTa mTeli rigis calkeuli gamosaxulebebis, pirvel rigSi,
adamianis figurebis weris maneris SedarebiTma analizma am periodis
monumentur mxatvrobaSi sxvadasxva tendenciis arseboba naTelyo. man
dagvanaxa, rom freskuli ferweris mowinave nawarmoebebis Tanadroulad,

182
vinaidan macxvariSis moxatuloba im dros miekuTvneba, rodesac dinamikur-
dekoratiuli stili mxolodRa isaxeboda ZiriTadad jerac monumenturi agebulebis
wiaRSi, masa da XIII s-is Cvens mier ganxilul moxatulobebs Soris, ueWvelad, stilis
ganviTarebis kidev sxva, erTmaneTis momdevno safexurebic iqneboda, jerac
Seuswavleli, arc ki daTariRebuli ZeglebiT warmodgenili. amitomac gviani xanis
ZeglebTan Sedareba mxoldRa uzogadesi, ganviTarebis ZiriTadi, principuli xazebis
gamomvleni SeiZleba iyos, is ver daiCemebda calkeul Zeglebs Soris memkvidreobiTobis
ufr zustad dadgenas, maSin rodesac macxvariSis mxavrobis adreul moxatulobebTan
Sedareba, mis gasagebad arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone, ufro dawvrilebiTi unda
yofiliyo.
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romelTa xazobrivma gamomsaxvelobam Taviseburad asaxa XI saukunis
qarTuli reliefuri mqandakeblobis plastikuri miRwevebi, kvlavac
iqmneboda didwilad “winareplastikuri” periodis mqandakeblobasTan
stiliT dakavSirebuli, ufro adreuli mxatvrobis tradiciebis
moerTgule nawarmoebebi. Sesabamisad monumenturidan dekoratiul-
dinamikuri stilisken mimavali qarTuli freskuli mxatvrobis saerTo
evolÁuciisa, es mxatvruli midgomebi XI da XII saukuneebis ZeglebSi
sxvadasxvanairadaa gamJRavnebuli. svaneTis moxatulobebSi es
gansxvavebuli midgomebi “mefis mxatvar” Tevdoresa da mxatvar miqaelis
nawarmoebebiTaa warmodgenili. maTi Semoqmedebis SedarebiTma analizma
gviCvena, rom mxatvari miqaeli meti odenobiTaa winandeli mxatvruli
midgomis erTguli. mxolod da mxolod es garemoeba Tu agvaxsnevinebs
imas, rom macxvariSis ufro “norCi” moxatuloba, mTlianobaSi qarTuli
monumenturi mxatvrobis SedarebiT gviani safexuris warmomCeni, rigi
momentebiT mxatvar Tevdores moxatulobebze nakleb mowinavea. igive,
gansxvavebuli tendenciebi saqarTvelos sxva raionebis moxatulobaTa
stilSic iCens Tavs. rogorc etyoba, am xanis qarTuli monumenturi
mxatvrobis mowinave tendenciebi feodaluri saqarTvelos sruliad
sxvadasxva mxareSi met-naklebad damoukideblad Cndeboda. am
TvalsazrisiT, mxatvrobis evolÁucia Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
xuroTmoZrvrebisa da mqandakeblobis analogiuri iyo.
XI-XIII saukuneebis freskuli moxatulobebis ufro srulad da
farTod Seswavla mere da mere mogvcems SesaZleblobas ufro zustad
movxazoT mxatvrobis saerTo ganviTarebis suraTi, romelic amJamad
mxolod uzogadesad moiniSneba *. asea Tu ise, am moxatulobaTa
paraleluri Seswavla axlac ukve Cven im drois qarTuli monumenturi
mxatvrobis ganviTarebis friad Tavisebur suraTs gadagviSlis, im
TvalsazrisiT Taviseburs, rom igi, garkveulwilad, sxvaobs misi
Tanadrouli bizantiuri xelovnebis ganviTarebis gzaTagan. is gviCvenebs,
rom qarTulma monumenturma mxatvrobam, droiT mcire dayovnebiT,
SemoqmedebiT ZiebaTa aRmavlobis igive xana gamoiara, romelic X-XI
saukuneebis mijnis qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebasa da mqandakeblobas
axasiaTebs, mere da mere ki imave dekoratiuli rigis Ziebani asaxa,
romelTac arqiteqturisa da skulpturis Semdgomi ganviTareba
gansazRvra.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom qarTuli monumenturi mxatvroba,
mTlianobaSi aRebuli, qarTuli xelovnebis organuli elementia da
xorci xorcTagani im socialuri da politikuri pirobebisa, romelTac
qarTuli mqandakeblobis ganviTarebis gzebi gansazRvra.
msgavsad arqiteqturisa da skulpturisa, manac Tavisi evolÁuciiT
qveynis imdroindeli Tanmimdevari ganviTareba asaxa, rodesac
feodaluri sazogadoebis wiaRSi Casaxuli progresuli Zalebis
zemoqmedebiT, feodalur-daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos calkeul

*
Sdr.: Т. Вирсаладзе, Основные этапы . . . (mTargmn.).
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provinciebSi ganviTarebuli mwvave socialuri da politikuri brZolis
kvalad, moxda qveynis gaerTianeba, romelic mZlavri feodaluri
monarqiis SeqmniT dasrulda. is dro, rodesac feodaluri urTierTobebi
saqarTveloSi feodalur monarqiad CamoinakvTa, qveynis yvela Sida
Zalis SemoqmedebiTi daZabviTaa niSandebuli. is xelovnebaSic aisaxa,
romelic winare xanis miRwevebs ganasrulebs. feodaluri monarqiis
ganviTarebisa da Semdgomi ganmtkicebis drois xelovnebas ukve stilis
ganviTarebis sxva etapis anabeWdi atyvia.

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