Tamar xundaZe

reliefuri qandakeba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

Sua saukuneebis qarTul saeklesio xelovnebaSi mniSvnelovani adgi-

li uWiravs qvis reliefur skulpturas.
saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanaSi, reli-
efur gamosaxulebebs mTavari roli ekisrebaT sarwmunoebrivi arsis xi-
lulad gacxadebaSi. isini gvxvdeba rogorc xuroTmoZRvruli monumentu-
ri skulpturis saxiT, ise mcire atrqiteqturul formebze – qvis ste-
lebze, kankelebze, embazebsa da trapezebze.
qarTul taZarTa fasadebze reliefuri gamosaxulebebi ZiriTadad
kar-sarkmelTa Tavze ikveTeba, interierSi ki – qvaze kveTili ornamen-
tuli Tu figuruli saxeebiT pilastrebis kapitelebi da kankelebia da-
mSvenebuli.
saqarTveloSi, umeteswilad, eklesiis yvela fasadi formdeboda imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu romeli mxridan miemarTeboda gza eklesiisaken
(xSirad CrdiloeTi fasadia sadad datovebuli, rogorc Crdilis, `bne-
lis~ mxare). reliefuri skulpturiT fasadTa mxatvruli gaformebisas
mTavari yuradReba sakurTxevlis sarkmlisa da Sesasvleli karis aqcen-
tirebas eTmoboda, romlebsac mniSvnelovani azrobrivi datvirTva aqvT
saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis simbolikaSi. sakraluri gamosaxulebebiT
sakurTxevlis sarkmlis da eklesiaSi Sesasvlelis gaformebas hqonda
apotropeuli – wminda adgilis dacvis funqcia. zogjer reliefuri fi-
lebi fasadis qveda nawilSia Casmuli, adamianisTvis axlo manZilidan
aRsaqmelad, rogorc salocavi xatebi; zogjer ki isini eklesiis kedle-
bis zeda areebzec gvxvdeba.
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul skulpturas axasiaTebs konstruqtiuloba,
arqiteqtonikuroba – reliefi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli taZris kedlis
sibrtyesTan da mis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. qvaze kveTili gamo-
saxulebebi organulad ewereba nagebobebis saerTo struqturaSi. relie-
furi scenebis kompoziciuri ageba eTanxmeba im arqiteqturuli detalis
formas, romelzedac is ikveTeba, iqneba es sworkuTxa arqitravi, naxevar-
 2

wriuli timpani Tu sarkmlis zedani. reliefuri gamosaxuleba mkveTrad

ar gamoeyofa kedlis sibrtyes da ar `arRvevs~ mas. reliefi rbilad amo-
dis fonis sibrtyidan da rogorc xati isea `dasvenebuli~ fasadze.
reliefuri plastikis dRemde moRweuli uadresi qarTuli nimuSebi
V saukunes ganekuTvneba, Tumca, es ar gamoricxavs ufro adreuli – IV s-
is reliefebis arsebobasac. 337 wels qristianobis oficialur religiad
gamocxadebis Semdeg saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi iwyeba eklesiaTa
mSenebloba. adreuli eklesiebi, umeteswilad, mcire zomisa iyo, romle-
bic mogvianebiT ufro did taZrebad gadakeTda, ris Sedegadac bevri ram
Tavdapirveli nagebobis detalebidan daikarga. amdenad, SesaZlebelia IV
s-Sic arsebuliyo am eklesiebis (aseve qvajvarebis) gamamSvenebeli qvaze
kveTili reliefebi.
qarTuli reliefuri qandakebis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, rome-
lic moicavs V-VII saukuneebs, mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis TvalsazrisiT
araerTgvarovani suraTi gvaqvs. am epoqaSi erTdroulad Tanaarsebobs
gansxvavebuli stilisturi mimarTulebebi. rig ZeglebSi adgili aqvs gvi-
anantikuri, elinisturi xelovnebis gavlenas, zogan vxvdebiT sasaniduri
iranis (romelic TavisTavad ganicdis Zlier elinizacias) xelovnebis ga-
moZaxils. aseve Zlieria adgilobrivi, qriatianobamdeli saqarTvelos
liTonmqandakeblobisa da liTonze gravirebis tradiciebi. calkeuli
reliefebis mxatvrul SesrulebaSi Cans aRmosavleT qristianuli qvey-
nebis (bizantia, siria, palestina) xelovnebis gavlena.
qvaze kveTili reliefebis adreuli (V s.) nimuSebis Tematika Semoi-
fargleba adreqristianuli xanis xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qris-
tianobis arsis gamomxatveli simbolur-alegoriuli saxeebiT (jvrebi,
cxovelebi, frinvelebi, mcenareuli Tu geometriuli motivebi). amis ma-
galiTia bolnisis sionis bazilikis (478-493 ww.) reliefebi, romlebic
ZiriTadad eklesiis interierSia ganTavsebuli. sada fasadebi mxolod
mcired aris gacocxlebuli reliefuri kveTiT, mag., sakurTxevlis sark-
mlis Tavze warmodgenili fila wreSi Caxazuli tolmklava jvris gamo-
saxulebiT, romlis garSemoc msxvili, reliefurad amoburculi asomTav-
ruli grafemebiT Sesrulebulia samSeneblo warwera. reliefebiT Semku-
lia bazilikis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi portikebis svetisTavebi, sadac
 3

gvxvdeba irmebis, Svlebis, Citebis gamosaxulebani, romlebic mcenareTa

nayofs Seeqcevian. adreqriatianuli xanidan momdinare es simboluri
scena morwmune sulebis qristianobasTan ziarebis gamomxatvelia da
sxvadasxva interpretaciiT mravlad gvxvdeba qarTul xelovnebaSic [mag.,
irmebi xeebTan - akaurTis (V-VI ss.), Telovanis (VIII s.) reliefebi; frin-
velebi venaxSi, romlebic mtevnebs kenkaven – akvanebis (VI s.), irmebi wya-
rosTan – atenis sionis (VII s.) reliefebi da sxv.].
bolnisis sionis interierSi reliefebi sakurTxevlis afsidis pi-
lastrebis kapitelebzea gamokveTili da wminda adgilis aqcentirebas
emsaxureba. aq mcenareul da geometriul motivebTan erTad gvxvdeba sce-
nebi cxovelTa gamosaxulebebiT – lomebs Soris moqceuli jixvi da
daTvi, romelic kurdRels misdevs. amgvari siuJetebic adreqristianuli
ikonografiisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da morwmune sulis saSiSroe-
bisgan, eSmakeuli, boroti Zalebisgan xsnis simbolos warmoadgens.
bolnisis sionSi reliefuri gamosaxulebebi warmodgenilia agreTve
eklesiis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi ganlagebul baftisteriumSi, pi-
lastrebis kapitelebze. aq vxvdebiT ori farSevangis gamosaxulebas
jvris orsav mxares. farSevangTa gamosaxulebani adreqristianuli xani-
dan farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mTeli saqristianos xelovnebaSi (maT
Soris, qarTul plastikaSi (mag., V saukunis ukangoris, akaurTis da sxv.
reliefebi), rogorc aRdgomis, sulis ukvdavebis simbolo. aqvea vazis
gamosaxuleba (foTlebiTa da mtevnebiT) – macxovris simbolo. aq vxvde-
biT agreTve xaris Tavis horeliefur gamosaxulebas rqebs Soris jvriT.
xaris kulti gavrcelebuli iyo warmarT qarTvelTa Soris. misi moTav-
seba sanaTlavSi rqebs Soris jvriT am warmarTuli RvTaebis (totemis)
gaqristianebas SeiZleba aRniSnavdes. baftisteriumis kapitelebze kvlav
gvxvdeba evqartiuli motivebi – irmebis gamosaxulebebi, romlebic mcena-
reTa nayofs Seeqcevian.
mxatvruli Sesrulebis mxriv bolnisis sionis reliefebi sibrtyob-
riv-grafikuli xasiaTisaa. gamosaxulebani mcired aris (1 sm) amaRlebuli
fonis mimarT. maTi zedapiri srulad brtyelia da zemodan mkveTri gra-
fikuli naxatiT damuSavebuli, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, mag., afsidis pi-
lastrebis lomebis fafrebis gadmocemisas, es naxati ornamentul-de-
 4

koratiul xasiaTs iRebs, da aRmosavlur, kerZod, sasanidur xelovne-

basTan iCens msgavsebas. rac Seexeba xaris Tavis gamosaxulebas, is bol-
nisis sionis sxva reliefebisagan gansxvavebiT horeliefurad aris ga-
movlenili, aseve moculobiTad aris Sesrulebuli misi rqebi da yurebi,
xolo Tvalebi, drunCi da sxva detalebi RrmadCaWrili grafikuli xa-
zebiTaa gadmocemuli. amgvaradve Sesrulebuli xaris Tavebi SemogvrCa
sveticxovlis V saukunis mefe vaxtang gorgaslis mier agebuli taZris-
gan, romlebic amJamad XI saukunis kaTedralis aRm. fasadzea Casmuli
(orive xars pirSi mcenaris totebi aqvs). amgvarive evqristianuli mniSv-
nelobis saxeebs vxvdebiT akaurTis eklesiis (V-VI ss.) arqitravis re-
liefze, sadac palmebis xeebTan irmebis gamosaxulebebia. akaurTis ek-
lesia erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli nagebobaa (bolnisis sionis Semdeg), sa-
dac reliefebis ZiriTadi nawili Tavdapirvel adgilebze SemogvrCa (ek-
lesiis zogierTi nawili mogvianebiTaa gadakeTebuli da Sesabamisad aq
moTavsebuli reliefebi SeiZleba dakarguli iyos), magram aq bolnisis
sionis piruku reliefebiT fasadebia gaformebuli, xolo interieris
gaformeba mxolod afsidis orsav mxares impostebze amokveTili orna-
mentuli saxeebiT (akanTis foTlebi, wreebi, rombebi) Semoifargleba. aka-
urTis eklesiaSi reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT gansakuTrebiT samxreTis
fasadia damSvenebuli, radgan gza eklesias swored am mxridan miemar-
Teba. gansakuTrebiT aqcentirebulia kari, romelsac zemodan didi zomis
(337- 50 sm) arqitravi sazRvravs, xolo gverdebze vertikalurad dauyveba
vazis ylortebisa da mtevnebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebi. arqitravis
gverdiT mxareebze warmodgenil irmebsa da palmebs Soris gamokveTilia
danieli lomebs Soris. Zveli aRTqmis am winaswarmetyvelis saswauleb-
rivi xsna lomTa xarodan, romelic qristianul saxiTmetyvelebaSi gai-
azreba qristes vnebebisa da aRdgomis winaswaruwyebad, adreqristianuli
xanidan metad popularulia katakombebis mxatvrobasa da sarkofagebis
reliefebis repertuarSi da micvalebulis kultTan iyo dakavSirebuli,
radganac es Tema adamianis sulis xsnis ideasac ganasaxierebs. metad
popularulia es Tema adreuli Suasaukuneebis qarTul reliefebze da
yovelTvis mniSvnelovan adgilasaa amokveTili. amave fasadze ornamen-
tuli sapiriT Semkuli sarkmlis gverdiT, calke filaze, wriuli for-
 5

mis CaRrmavebul areze amokveTilia fasSi warmodgenili kudgaSlili

farSevangi. Crd. fasadze SemorCa reliefuri fila jvris gamosaxulebiT
vazis foTlebSi.
akaurTis eklesiis SemorCenili reliefebi mWidro saxismetyvelebiT
kavSirSi arian da saerTo ikonografiul programas qmnian, romlis mTa-
vari Temaa sulis xsna da aRdgoma. yoveli gamosaxuleba – figuruli Tu
ornamentuli am ideas sxvadasxva formiT gamoxatavs. maT Soris centra-
luri adgili erTaderT siuJetur scenas – danielis saswaulebriv xsnas
uWiravs.
mxatvruli Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT akaurTis reliefebi ufro
grafikul da ara qandakebriv xasiaTs atarebs, rasac ganapirobebs kveTis
manera – gamosaxulebebi fasadis sibrtyis donezea, maT garSemo foni
mxolod 1 sm-zea amoRebuli. maTi zedapiri srulad brtyelia, gamosa-
xulebaTa momsazRvreli silueturi xazi Txeli, wvrili da ufro qvaze
grafikul naxats emsgavseba, vidre reliefs. didi, Tlili kvadrebiT
mopirkeTebuli fasadis masiur sibrtyeze reliefebi faqizi maqmaniviTaa
dafenili da dekoratiuli samkaulis StabeWdilebas qmnis. am reliefebis
mxatvruli Sesruleba msgavsebas iCens, erTi mxriv, qristianobamdel sa-
qarTveloSi gavrcelebul liTonze gravirebul gamosaxulebebTan da,
aseve, aRmosavleT qristianul, kerZod, siria-palestinis xelovnebasTan.
amgvarive sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stiliTaa Sesrulebuli VI sauku-
nis eklesiebis – qvemo bolnisis, walkis, TeTri wyaros karTa arqitra-
vebze gamokveTili gamosaxulebani. am reliefebSi ZiriTadad Teofaniuri
Temaa gaJRerebuli: qvemo bolnisis eklesiis SesasvlelTa arqitravebze
gamokveTilia macxovris amaRleba da Cviledi RvTismSoblis gandideba.
msgavsi sqemaa walkis eklesiis arqitravze – taxtze dabrZanebuli RvTis-
mSobeli yrmiT orsav mxares flankirebulia TiTo angeloziT, romleb-
sac xelSi sacecxlurebi da gvirgvinebi uWiravT. TeTri wyaros eklesiis
reliefze – jvris amaRlebaa warmodgenili (didi zomis wreSi Caxazul
tolmklava jvars amaRlebs ori mcire zomis angelozis figura); [jvris
amaRleba aseve gvxvdeba Tbilisis anCisxatis bazilikis (V-VI ss.) reli-
efze, romelic amJamad dasavleT fasadis sarkmelzea moTavsebuli, safa-
ris RvTismSoblis eklesiis wyobaSi Casmul filaze (VII s.)].
 6

am reliefuri gamosaxulebebis mxatvruli Sesrulebis xasiaTSi aS-

karad igrZnoba mcire plastikis nimuSebis gavlena. kompoziciebis mcire
masStabi, teqnikuri Sesruleba – qvaze amokawruli wvrili naxati ar
Seesabameba safasado sibrtyis zomebs da Tanadrouli qvis stelebis
reliefebis (mag. xandisis, pantianis stelebis) stilTan iCens msgavsebas.
am periodSi (V-VI ss.) ar aris diferencirebuli safasado monumenturi
da mcire plastikis reliefebis kveTis xasiaTSi gansxvavebuli midgoma.
safasado reliefis organuli dakavSireba taZris saerTo xuroT-
moZRvrul organizmTan dasrulebuli saxiT gvaqvs mcxeTis jvris ta-
ZarSi (VI saukuneebis 90-iani ww.). reliefuri gamosaxulebebi monumenturi
xasiaTisaa, rasac qmnis figuraTa mozrdili zomebiT, ganzogadebuli
formebiT da maRali reliefiT gamovlena. skulpturuli kompoziciebi
xazs usvamen taZris arqiteqturul dayofas, maTi masStabi srulad
Seesatyviseba nagebobis proporciebs. siuJeturi scenebi mkafiod aRiqmeba
fasadebze, isini taZris Tavis TavSi dasrulebul azrobriv da mxatvrul
nawilebs warmoadgenen.
taZris adgilmdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT figuruli reliefebi
mxolod aRmosavleT da samxreT fasadebzea ganTavsebuli, radgan maTi
aRqma am ori mxridan aris SesaZlebeli. danarCeni ori fasadi ki faq-
tobrivad Seumkobelia, radgan dasavleTi fasadi xramis pirzea, xolo
Crd. fasads mcire eklesia faravs.
aRm. fasadis sakurTxevlis afsidis samwaxnaga Sverilze, sarkmelTa
zemoT warmodgenilia sami reliefuri fila, romelic erTian samnawi-
lian kompozicias qmnis. reliefebze istoriul pirTa sulis xsnisaTvis
locva-vedrebisa da uflis mier maTi kurTxevis Temaa asaxuli, rac xaz-
gasmulia reliefebis Tanmxleb warwerebSic. TiToeuli filis fonis Ta-
visufal areebze Rrmad CakveTili Zveli qarTuli grafemebiT Sesru-
lebuli asomTavruli warwerebia, romlebic jvris eklesiis maSenebelTa
– qarTlis erisTavTa saxelebs gvamcnoben. centralur filaze warmod-
genilia fexze mdgomi qriste, romelic mis winaSe muxlmoyril qtitors
– erismTavar stefanoz I-s (586-604 ww.) akurTxebs – Tavze xelis dadebiT.
qtitoris figura qristesTan SedarebiT mcire zomisaa.
 7

sakurTxevlis afsidis gverdiTa waxnagebze ganlagebul filebze

warmodgenilni arian aseve muxlmoyrili da vedrebis JestiT qristesken
xelebgawvdili stefanoz erismTavris Zma demetre (marcxniv), marjvena
filaze ki adarnase vipatosi da misi mcirewlovani vaJi qobul-ste-
fanozi (SemdgomSi erismTavari stefanoz II). orive mxares gamosaxul qti-
torebs macxovars warudgenen mTavarangelozebi miqaeli da gabrieli.
isini xelebis JestiT centrisken mimarTaven am figurebs. sami reliefuri
filis erT-erT gamaerTianebel elements warmoadgens centraluri fi-
lis zemoT kedlis sibrtyidan gamoweul saTaurze gamosaxuli angelozi
xelSi sayviriT (i.nikoleiSvili, 1997, gv. 8), rac gankiTxvis dRis Temas
usvams xazs da am samnawiliani kompoziciis saerTo Sinaarss (sulis xsna
gankiTxvis Jams) aZlierebs. saerTo CanafiqriT da SinaarsiT es gamosa-
xulebebi exmianeba adrebizantiuri xanis sakonqo kompoziciebs, rogori-
caa mag., ravenis san-vitales eklesiis mozaika (521-527), sadac qristes
mTavarangelozebi warudgenen eklesiis patrons da qtitors (W.Djobadze,
160, 161). sakurTxevlis konqis scena mcxeTis jvris taZarSi sakurTxevlis
gare kedelzea gadmotanili, magram sruliad gadamuSavebuli kompozi-
ciiT da eqsterieris formebs misadagebuli.
jvris aRm. fasadis samnawiliani reliefuri kompozicia erTgvar
asociacias iwvevs triptiqonis samnawiliani xatis formasTan. SesaZloa
reliefis avtori triptiqonis kompoziciiTac yofiliyo STagonebuli,
Tumca man monumenturi xelovnebis amocanidan gamomdinare, igi Semoqme-
debiTad gadaamuSava da xuroTmoZRvrul formas miusadaga. qtitoruli
Tema kidev ramdenimejer aris gaJRerebuli mcxeTis jvris samx. fasadze:
savedrebeli warweris mixedviT samxreTi fasadis Sverili afsidis sarkm-
lis zemoT moTavsebul filaze gamokveTilia Wabuki qobul-stefanozi
wm. stefane pirveldiakvanis winaSe muxlmoyrili da vedrebad xelebga-
wvdili. gumbaTis yelis samx. waxnagze moTavsebulia mcire zomis re-
liefi muxlmoyrili da vedrebiT xelebgawvdili saero piris gamosaxu-
lebiT, romelic SesaZloa xuroTmoZRvars ganasaxierebdes (Г. Чубинашви-
ли, 1948, стр. 148).
samxreTi portalis timpanze gamokveTilia jvris amaRlebis kompozi-
cia. amaRlebis Tema kvlav xmianebs samxreTive fasadis meore Sesasvle-
 8

lis (patara karis) Tavze gamokveTil reliefze, mxolod aq qristes

amaRlebaa (gaSlili saxarebiT da naxevari taniT warmodgenil macxova-
ris wreSi Caxazul gamosaxulebas ori angelozi amaRlebs). xsnis Tema
ki orgzis meordeba samx. fasadis niSebis zeda, TaRovan nawilSi warmod-
genil, amJamad Zlier dazianebul reliefur kompoziciebSi. orive sce-
naSi gairCeva centraluri – fexze mdgomi figura da misken mimarTuli
muxlmoyrili saero pirebi (maT Soris erT-erTi qali).
mcxeTis jvris reliefebis mxatvrul-stilistur SesrulebaSi urTi-
erTSerwymulia gvianelinisturi da aRmosavluri, kerZod sasaniduri
iranis xelovnebis gavlenebi. gvianantikur skulpturul tradicias efuZ-
neba jvris reliefebis gamosaxulebaTa plastikuri, momrgvalebuli
formebiT, met-naklebad realurTan miaxlovebuli proporciebiTa da moZ-
raobebiT gamosaxva – samosis nakecebis mimarTuleba Seesatyviseba figu-
raTa moZraobas da avlens sxeulis moculobiT formebs. amasTanave, sa-
mosis drapireba, Tma-wveris gadmocema xazobriv-dekoratiul xasiaTs ata-
rebs, raSic vlindeba aRmosavluri da adgilobrivi mxatvruli tradi-
ciebi.
gvianantikuri da aRmosavluri xelovnebis tradiciebis gamoZaxils
vxvdebiT atenis sionis (VII s.) mravalricxovan, araerTgvarovan reli-
efTa mxatvrul SesrulebaSi – Crd. Sesasvlelis timpanSi gamosaxul
simbolur scenaSi – irmebi wyarosTan aSkaraa antikuri xelovnebis remi-
niscencia – dabali reliefiT Sesrulebuli figurebis konturi moqnili
da plastikuria, is moxdenilad gvixatavs irmebis graciozul formebsa
da proporcias; dasavleT fasadze warmodgenil nadirobis scenaSi maRa-
li reliefiT gamovlenili moculobiTi gamosaxulebani gadmogvcemen
irmebis da cxenis damaxasiaTebel plastikasa da moZraobebs. dinamiuria
mxedris pozac, romelic mSvildisars isvris. misi samosis da Tavsaburis
detalebi – gafrialebuli bafTebi sasaniduri gamosaxulebebisTvisaa sa-
xasiaTo. amave fasadze gamokveTili senmurvis gamosaxuleba sibrtyob-
rivadaa gadawyvetili, misi zedapiri dafarulia grafikulad CaWrili
ornamentuli naxatiT, es gamosaxuleba sasaniduri iranis nimuSebTan
iCens msgavsebas.
 9

atenis sionis reliefTa erT did jgufs warmoadgens qtitorTa da

wmindanTa didi zomis gamosaxulebebi, romlebic taZris kedlebis moyvi-
Talo tonis qvisagan gansxvavebiT momwvano feris qvaSia gamokveTili.
gansxvavebulia maTi mxatvruli Sesrulebac. uxeSi, daunawevrebeli, blo-
kuri formebi, statikuri, gayinuli pozebi, pirobiToba. reliefTa am
jgufis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi ar-
sebobs. g.CubinaSvili maT atenis sionis arqiteqturis Tanadroulad (VII
s.) miiCnevs, Tumca Tvlis maT xelosnur namuSevrebad (Г. Чубинашвили,
стр. 156-178), g.abramiSvili da n.aladaSvili ki am reliefebis Sesrulebis
xanad eklesiis restavraciis dros X saukunes Tvlian (Г. Абрамишвили.
Два строит. периода Атенского Сиона, `Наyка~, 1972, стр. 32-55; Н. Аладашвили,
стр. 49).
amave xanis martvilis taZarSi (VII s.) reliefuri kompoziciebi gan-
Tavsebulia erTian moCarCoebaSi Casmul or dekoratiul frizze, rom-
lebic aRm. da das. fasadebis Sveril afsidebzea ganTavsebuli. aq war-
modgenilia Zveli da axali aRTqmis siuJetebi. dasavleT frizze Zveli
aRTqmidan mocemulia samsonis brZola lomTan da danieli lomebis xa-
roSi, qristologiuri scenebidan ki qristes amaRleba da borot ZalTa
dammarcxebeli wminda meomrebi – wminda giorgi, romelic mefe diokle-
tianes gmiravs, da erTi orTaviani gveleSapis damTrgunveli wm. Tevdore
da wm. demetre.
aRm. frizze warmodgenilia `xareba~, wm. estates nadiroba da fas-
kunjebi. frizebis zemoT afsidebis karnizebis qveS kronSteinebze gamo-
kveTilia wmindanTa naxevarfigurebi da ornamentuli motivebi.
orive frizze fons avsebs erTiani mcenareuli motivi, kerZod vazis
ylortebi da mtevnebi, romlebsac Citebi kenkaven. es samoTxiseuli da ev-
qaristuli motivebi aerTianeben am calkeul scenebs, rogorc mxatvru-
lad ise azrobrivad, da erTiani programiT kraven maT, romlis Temebia
uflis gankaceba (xareba), rwmeniT borotebaze (warmarTobaze) gamarjveba
da xsna (wm. meomrebi), Teofania (amaRleba) da saerTod qristianobis
triumfi. martvilis reliefebis mxatvrul SesrulebaSi kvlav SeiniSneba
gvianantikuri xelovnebis gavlena. figurebis formebi momrgvalebulad
 10

aris amoyvanili da moculobiTobis STabeWdilebas tovebs; pozebi coc-

xali, moZravia, sxeulTa nawilebi xSirad rakursSia mocemuli, Tumca pi-
robiTad.
rogorc aRiniSna, reliefuri kompoziciebi adreuli xanidanve Se-
morCa eklesiaSi ganTavsebul saritualo daniSnulebis mcire arq. for-
mebis qvis nivTebzec. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia JaleTis embazi, zedaznis
fila, webeldis kankelis fragmentebi da sxv. marTkuTxedi yuTis formis
JaleTis embazze (VI-VII ss.) erT mxares gamokveTilia misi funqciuri
daniSnulebis Sesabamisad `naTliRebis~ kompozicia, meore mxares – sami
wmindanis figura da didi zomis tolmklava jvari postamentze. kompo-
ziciaTa moCarCoebebze da fonze ornamentuli motivebia gamokveTili,
romlebic figuraTa samosis nakecebis aRmniSvneli grafikulad CaWrili
xazebis ritmTan erTad dekoratiul xasiaTs aniWebs am scenebs. sainte-
resod aris gadawyvetili VI saukunis adgilobrivi wmindanis, zedaznis
monastris damaarseblis – ioane zedaznelis samarxSi aRmoCenili reli-
efuri filis kompozicia (VII s.). aq macxovris amaRlebis naxevradda-
kargul scenasTan erTad warmodgenilni arian berul samosSi mosili
sasuliero pirebi, maT Soris warweris mixedviT Tavad ioane zedazneli,
misi momdevno winamZRvarni zedaznis monastrisa, diakvani sacecxluriT
xelSi da sul qvemoT muxlmoyrili saero piri. JaleTis embazis deko-
ratiulobisgan gansxvavebiT es kompozicia ufro mkacri, statikur-iera-
tiulia.
webeldis kankelis or fragmentulad SemorCenil filaze gamokveTi-
li reliefuri kompoziciebi rTul ikonografiul programas qmnian: erT
filaze centrSi warmodgenilia RvTismSobeli yrmiT gaxsnili fardebis
fonze, mis garSemo ki – zemoT wm. mxedrebi – giorgi da Tevdore, rom-
lebic diokletianes da drakons gmiraven, Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmety-
veli danieli lomTa xaroSi, ori figura, romelTac xelSi eklesiis mo-
deli uWiravT; meore filaze centrSi gamokveTilia jvarcma da aRdgoma,
maT garSemo ki – abraamis msxverplSewirva, naTliReba, wminda petres
uaryofa da misi jvarcma, wminda estates nadiroba da liturgikuli sce-
na. filebze scenebis ganawilebiT da garkveuli ikonografiuli niSnebiT
Cans erTgvari msgavseba bizantiuri spilosZvlis firfitebis kompozici-
 11

ebTan; amave dros, calkeul detalebsa Tu atributebSi (mag. Tavsaburi

gafrialebuli bafTebiT) aSkaraa kavSiri sasanidur xelovnebasTan.
qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi, romelsac saxe-
lovnebaTmcodneo literaturaSi pirobiTad `gardamaval~ xanas uwodeben,
moicavs VIII-IX saukuneebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom es periodi emTxveva aRmo-
savleT saqristianos religiur da kulturul centrSi – bizantiaSi ga-
CaRebul xatmebrZoleobis xanas (726-843 ww). saqarTveloSi xatmebrZole-
obas adgili ar hqonia, qarTuli eklesia kvlav Zvel wess icavda da xa-
tebis Tayvaniscema ar uaruyvia (iv.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria,
t. II, Tb., 1983, gv. 121). swored am dros – VIII-IX saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi
iqmneba qvis reliefuri gamosaxulebebi, romlebic amkoben eklesiebis
fasadebs, kankelebs, stelebs (Telovanis, wirqolis, opizas, borjomis,
ubisis eklesiebis, usaneTis stelis, gveldesis kankelisa da sxv. relie-
febi), ixateba taZrebi (Telovanis, qemertis, akuris, sabereebis #5 da #6,
wm. dodos eklesiaTa freskebi), iqmneba Weduri (zarzmis feriscvalebis
886 wlis xati), ferweruli (wilknis RvTismSoblis IX saukunis xati) da
tixruli minanqris (martvilis enkolpiumi, VIII s.) xatebi. es nimuSebi
adastureben qristianuli mxatvruli azrovnebisa da xelovnebis uwyve-
tobas, maTi warmoCena mniSvnelovania ara mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed
saerTod aRmosavleT saqristianos xelovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad.
qarTuli saeklesio xelovnebis organuli ganviTarebis procesi ver
Seaferxa verc arabTa ganuwyvetelma Tavdasxmebma da mravalxnianma ba-
tonobam. am epoqis qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi bevri ram Tvisobrivad
Seicvala – reliefuri skulpturis nimuSTa stilisturi Sesruleba
mTlianad Tavisufldeba adrefeodaluri xanis Zeglebze SesamCnevi gvian-
antikuri Tu sasaniduri xelovnebis gavlenebisagan da eZebs sakuTriv
Tavis, qristianul msoflmxedvelobasTan Tanaziar gamomsaxvelobis enas.
qarTulma SemoqmedebiTma sulma sabolood gaiTavisa qristianuli sarw-
munoebis arsis gamomxatveli mxatvruli xerxebi. am periodis qvis plas-
tikaSi sayovelTaod damkvidrda sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stili, romelic
jer kidev adreuli xanis (V-VI ss.) xelovnebidan momdinareobda (akaur-
Tis, qvemo bolnisis, walkis, TeTri wyaros da sxv. reliefebi). am stilis
reliefebis mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobas qmnis ara plastikuri moculoba,
 12

aramed fonis zedapiridan mcired amoweuli da zemodan grafikuli xa-

zebiT damuSavebuli sibrtye. figurebi gadmoicema sruliad demateriali-
zebuli, pirobiT-sqematuri niSnebis saxiT, romelTa vinaobasac zogjer
maT gverdiT, fonze amoWrili warwerebi da damaxasiaTebeli ikonogra-
fiuli detalebi gvamcnoben. am periodis reliefuri gamosaxulebebi xa-
siaTdebian gansakuTrebuli eqspresiulobiT, rasac qmnis figuraTa dis-
proporcia. gadidebuli Tavebi da Tvalebi aniWebs saxeebs araamqveyniur
sulierebas, gadidebuli xelebiT ki kurTxevisa an locvis mniSvnelobaa
xazgasmuli; amasTan mokle, brtyeli, samosis nakecebis ornamentuli na-
xatiT dafaruli sxeulebi da pawawina fexis terfebi sruliad uxorco,
usxeulo sulebis gamoxatulebebad aqceven am figurebs. reliefuri
kompoziciebi umeteswilad igeba ara centrulobis, simetriulobis, ara-
med filis zedapiris xaliCisebri Sevsebis principze. reliefuri file-
bis sibrtyeebs avsebs erTmaneTis gverdiT Camwkrivebuli gamosaxulebebi,
maT Soris ganTavsebuli ganmartebiTi warwerebi da ornamentul-seman-
tikuri motivebi. yvelaferi es gadmoicema erTnairad CakveTili (CaWrili)
xazebis saSualebiT, rac qmnis grafikul-ornamentul naxats. amgvari
mxatvrul-stilisturi formiT Sesrulebulia VIII-IX saukuneebis rogorc
safasado (mag. opizis reliefi), ise mcire plastikis nimuSebi (mag. gvel-
desis kankeli da usaneTis stela).
saerTo epoqaluri stilis miRma TiToeul ZeglSi Cans ostatTa in-
dividualoba, rac vlindeba ara mxolod saxasiaTo xelwerasa da osta-
tobis doneSi, aramed religiuri siuJetebis Tavisufal interpretaciaSi
(ra Tqma unda, ikonografiuli kanonikis farglebSi). am TvalsazrisiT
erT-erT saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens Telovanis eklesiis reliefi
(VIII s.), romelzec erTmaneTisagan gaumijnavad ramdenime scena da maTTan
SedarebiT didi zomis mcenareuli ornamentia gamokveTili. filis marj-
vena, zeda nawilSi gamosaxulia daniel winaswarmetyveli lomTa xaroSi.
danieli tradiciulad orantis pozaSia warmodgenili or misken mimar-
Tul loms Soris. am scenis gverdiT gamosaxulia jvarcmis kompoziciis
originaluri versia – centrSi warmodgenilia sada jvari, romelzec ar
aris jvarcmuli macxovris figura. jvris qvemoT ki gamokveTilia xaz-
gasmulad didi zomis Tevzis gamosaxuleba, romelic ieso qristes sim-
 13

bolos warmoadgens da romlis gamosaxvac gansakuTrebiT adreqristia-

nul xelovnebaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi Tevzi
jvarcmuli qristes saxes enacvleba. amgvarad, aq adgili aqvs adreuli
xanis ikonografiisTvis damaxasiaTebel simbolur-niSnebriv azrovnebas –
mokrZalebas RvTis sxeulebrivi gamosaxvis mimarT (SesaZloa es momenti
xatmebrZoleobis movlenis erTgvar gamovlenasac warmoadgendes?). jvris
orsav mxares ori jvarcmuli avazakia gamosaxuli. maTken, danielis kom-
poziciis msgavsad, lomebis figurebia mimarTuli, romlebic borot Za-
lebs ganasaxiereben. sayuradReboa, rom jvrisken Tavmibrunebul da ter-
febmimarTul morwmune avazakis figuras, iseve rogorc marTal daniels,
lomis saxiT warmodgenili boroti Zala ver exeba, maT figurebs Soris
mcire intervalia, xolo meore, urwmuno avazaks (rac misi Tavisa da ter-
febis jvris sawinaaRmdego mxares mobrunebiT gamoixateba), lomi axteba
(lomis wina TaTebi da drunCi am figurazea mibjenili), mis suls bo-
roti Zala – eSmaki ipyrobs. danielisa da jvarcmis kompoziciebis qve-
moT gamosaxulia maTTan SedarebiT didi zomis mcenareuli ornamenti,
romelic warmoadgens frizulad gaSlil, morkaluri ReroTi gadabmul
akanTis foTlebs. amgvari motivi xSirad gamoiyeneba qarTul taZarTa
[mcxeTis jvris mcire (VI s.) da mTavari taZris (VI-VII ss.), JaleTis
embazis (VII s.), samSvildis eklesiis (VIII s.) da sxv.] ornamentul de-
korSi. igi sicocxlis xis, samoTxis, aRdgomis Temas ukavSirdeba, rac
gasagebs xdis Telovanis reliefze misi aseTi didi zomiT warmodgenas.
am Temas agrZelebs filis marcxena mxares, mis mTel simaRleze gamosa-
xuli palmis xe, romlis nayofsac jixvi da iremi Seeqcevian, rasac Sina-
arsobrivad exmianeba reliefis marjvena kideSi warmodgenili kurdRlis
msgavsi (Zlier dazianebulia) ori cxovelis figura mcenareebSi.
amgvarad, Telovanis reliefs yoveli mxridan samoTxisa da evqa-
ristul simbolikasTan dakavSirebuli sicocxlis xisa da cxovelTa mo-
tivebi akravs, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad exmianebian macxovris vnebebisa
da aRdgomis, amasTanave sulis xsnis gamomxatveli jvarcmisa da misi
ZvelaRTqmiseuli winaxatis – danielis saswaulebrivi xsnis Temebs.
danielis Tema sami yrmis saswaulebriv xsnasTan erTad figurirebs
amave epoqis wirqolis reliefze (VIII-IX ss.), romelic dazianebuli saxiT
 14

SemogvrCa (daculia Tbilisis xelovnebis muzeumSi). Tumca, Tanmxlebi

warwerebis Sinaarsisa da saxasiaTo ikonografiuli detalebis analiziT
SesaZlebeli gaxda am reliefis sruli saxiT aRdgena.
gamosaxulebani SemorCenilia sam fragmentze, romlebic Tavdapirve-
lad erT filas Seadgendnen. zeda, ufro did areze (or fragmentze) war-
modgenilia winaswarmetyveli danieli lomTa xaroSi. aq Zveli aRTqmis
winaswarmetyvelis saswaulebrivi xsnis tradiciul kompozicias (oran-
tis pozaSi warmodgenili danieli or loms Soris) emateba ori frin-
velis gamosaxuleba, romlebic lomebis zemoT simetriulad arian ga-
mosaxulni da frTebgaSlilni danielisken miemarTebian. SesaZloa, am
SemTxvevaSi Citebi simbolurad danielis mfarvel angelozebs ganasaxie-
reben (dan. 22) an ambakum winaswarmetyvelisa da angelozis saxeebs (dan.
14. 32-38) enacvlebian. reliefis fonis Tavisufal areebze amokveTilia
asomTavruli warwera, romlis teqsti - `danieli ityvis mixsen me ufalo
pirisagan lomTaisa~ - xazs usvams da aZlierebs locvad xelebapyrobili
danielis gamosaxulebis Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas, locvis Zalis mniSv-
nelobas am TemaSi. warweris RrmadCakveTili grafemebi SeRebilia wiTe-
li (singuris) feriT. saRebavis fena SemorCenilia gamosaxulebaTa zeda-
pirzec. meore, qveda kompoziciidan SemorCa damsjeli mefis da angelo-
zis figurebi Tanmxlebi, ganmartebiTi warwerebiT: `angelozi~ da `mefe ~,
amave fragmentze aseve darCenilia erT-erTi yrmis figuris nawili.
danielis wignis es ori epizodi adreqristianuli xanidan mTeli
Sua saukuneebis manZilze xSirad erTad gamoisaxeba qristianuli samya-
ros saxviT xelovnebaSi. orive Tema simbolurad qristes vnebebis da
aRdgomis da, amasTanave, adamianis sulis xsnis gamomxatvelia. erTad fi-
gurirebs es Temebi saeklesio sagalobelTa teqstebSic (uZvelesi iad-
gari, Tb. 1980, gv. 50, 452, xelnaweri A-93, giorgi mTawmindelis parakli-
toni).
gansxvavebuli saxismetyvelebiTaa gaJRerebuli sulis xsnis Tema am
epoqis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan da saxasiaTo ZeglSi – opizis re-
liefSi (IX saukunis dasawyisi), romelic Tavdapirvelad opizis monast-
ris mTavari taZris samxreT fasadze iyo moTavsebuli (amJamad daculia
Tbilisis saxelmwifo xelovnebis muzeumSi). kompozicia or filazea
 15

ganawilebuli. erT maTganze warmodgenilia bagrationTa dinastiis pir-

veli mefe – aSot I kurapalati eklesiis gamosaxulebiT xelSi, meoreze
ki – taxtze mjdomare macxovari da misken locviT xelebgawvdili daviT
winaswarmetyveli. gamosaxul pirTa vinaobas maT gverdiT amokveTili
asomTavruli warwerebi gvamcnoben. amgvarad, erT filaze gamosaxulia
miwieri, istoriuli pirovneba, meoreze ki – zecieri (RvTaebrivi) arse-
bani. es gancalkeveba irRveva macxovris Zlierad gadidebuli marjveniT,
romelic gadmodis `miwier zonaSi~ da kurTxeviT exeba eklesiis gumbaTs.
taZris gamosaxuleba warmoadgens rogorc aSot kurapalatis mier age-
buli konkretuli opizis taZris models, ise simbolos zogadad marTl-
madidebeli eklesiisa, romlis gziTac myardeba kavSiri adamiansa da
ufals Soris, romlis gziTac SesaZlebelia sulis xsna. am azrs aZli-
erebs eklesiis gamosaxulebis qvemoT didi, Rrmad CakveTili grafemebiT
dawerili sityva - `eklesia ~ - zogadi saxeldeba eklesiisa. opizis re-
liefze ukiduresad lakoniuri xatovani da sityvieri saxismetyvelebiTaa
gadmocemuli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi – uflis mier taZrisa da istoriuli
piris kurTxeva, da, amasTanave, vedreba sulis xsnisaTvis. locvis JestiT
warmodgenili daviT winaswarmetyveli, romlis Camomavlebadac iTvle-
bodnen bagrationebi, meoxad gvevlineba macxovris winaSe aSot mefis
sulis xsnisaTvis.
istoriul pirTa gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT borjomis reliefze (IX
s.), romelic naxevarwriuli formis timpanzea gamokveTili. kompoziciis
centrSi warmodgenilia makurTxebeli macxovari, romlis orsav mxares
misken locvis JestiT xelebgawvdili ori saero piris ufro mcire zo-
mis figurebia warmodgenili. maT zemoT aseve vedrebiT macxovrisken
mimarTuli TiTo frTebgaSlili angelozis patara figuraa gamokveTili.
am SemTxvevaSi qtitorTa sulis xsnisaTvis meoxebad angelozebi warmod-
gebian. fonis Tavisufali areebi msubuqad Cakawruli warwerebiTaa Sev-
sebuli.
am epoqis safasado skulpturis nimuSTagan aRsaniSnavia wirqolis
eklesiis (VIII s.) samxreT fasadis Sewyvilebuli sarkmlis zedanis re-
liefi, romelzec erTmaneTisken mimarTuli sxvadasxva zomis cxovelTa
(lomebi?) figurebia gamokveTili, rasac filis ganapira kideSi orantis
 16

pozaSi warmodgenili mamakacis gamosaxuleba emateba. reliefis zeda-

piris Zlieri dazianebis gamo am scenis zusti identifikacia Wirs; Se-
saZloa, es danielis Temis Taviseburi interpretacia iyos (?). sarkmlis
zedanzea gamokveTili reliefuri gamosaxulebani `Savi soflidan~ (am-
Jamad saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSia), sadac uflis didebis sainte-
reso ikonografiuli versiaa – or serafims Soris pirobiTad warmod-
genili arqiteqtura, romelic taZars an uflis saflavs ganasaxierebs.
figuruli reliefebiT damSvenebulia ruisis taZris (VIII-IX ss.) samxreTi
fasadis sarkmelic. aseve SeiZleba davasaxeloT qsnis armazis (IX s.) da
ubisis (IX s.) eklesiebis calke filebze amokveTili lomebis gamosaxu-
lebebi.
am periodis mcire plastikis nimuSebidan ki aRsaniSnavia gveldesis
kankelisa da trapezis reliefebi (VIII-IX ss.), romlebic rogorc maTi
Sesrulebis stilidan Cans, erTi ostatis naxelavi unda iyos. kankelis
filebis da svetebis, aseve trapezis mTeli zedapiri Sevsebulia mraval-
ricxovani figuruli gamosaxulebebiTa da ornamentuli motivebiT. gamo-
saxulebaTa metad sqematur-pirobiTi xasiaTis gamo, yvela maTganis zus-
ti identifikacia Zneldeba. amasTan maT ar gaaCniaT ganmartebiTi war-
werebi. kankelis erT svetze warmodgenilia aRsaydrebuli, makurTxeveli
qriste, mis qvemoT wminda meomari (wverosani - wm. Tevdore), romelic
jvriT dasrulebuli SubiT gvels gmiravs, am figuris qveS Cviledi
RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebaa, xolo sul qvemoT wverosani mamakaci xel-
Si patara jvriT. sxvadasxva wmindanTa calkeuli figurebi gamokveTilia
kankelis sxva svetebzec, xolo trapezis kedlebze wyviladi gamosaxu-
lebebia or iarusad warmodgenili. aseve or iarusad (rigad) aris gaS-
lili jvarcmis garTulebuli, mravalfiguriani kompozicia kankelis
erT-erT filaze. aq filis qveda areze centrSi grZel kolobiumSi mosi-
li (webeldis kankelis figuris msgavsad) jvarcmuli macxovaria warmod-
genili. mis zemoT, meore registrSi erTmaneTis pirispir ori farSe-
vangia, uSualod maT Tavze ki – diagonalurad ganlagebuli da centris-
ken mimarTuli ori angelozia gamosaxuli. am figurebsa da jvarcmuli
macxovris orsav mxares sxvadasxva wmindanTa figurebia Camwkrivebuli.
 17

farSevangis gamosaxuleba kvlav gvxvdeba gveldesis kankelis fragmen-

tebze (erT filaze da svetze), riTac aRdgomis Temaa xazgasmuli.
gveldesis kankelis, iseve rogorc am epoqis sxva reliefebis (opizis
reliefis, usaneTis stelis da sxv.) mxatvrul-esTetikur faseulobas
warmoadgens qvaze grafikulad CaWrili dekoratiuli naxatiT Seqmnili
gamomsaxveloba.
X saukunidan iwyeba qarTuli reliefuri qandakebis ganviTarebis ki-
dev erTi axali etapi. am periodis xuroTmoZRvruli skulptura xasiaT-
deba mravalferovnebiT rogorc Tematikis, ise mxatvrul-stilisturi Se-
srulebis TvalsazrisiT. am dros jer kidev didi raodenobiT iqmneba e.w.
sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stilis reliefebi, romlebic agrZeleben adreu-
li (V-VII ss.) xanidan momdinare da Semdgom, VIII_IX saukuneebSi dakano-
nebul mxatvrul tradiciebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am maarqaizebel reliefTa umetesi nawili Seqmni-
lia saqarTvelos imdroindeli kulturuli centrebidan moSorebul pe-
riferiebSi, sadac ufro didxans inaxeba Zveli tradiciebi. aseTebia ja-
vaxeTis (azavreTi, bavra, xospio, orjalari, tabawyuri, uravlis agara
da sxv.), qvemo qarTlis (aZikvi, bza, gumbaTi, Sepiaki), saqarTvelos mTiani
regionebis - raWisa da kudaros (joisubani, sxieris kankeli, nadarbazevi,
kvaisa-jvari) reliefebi. tradiciul mxatvrul xerxebTan erTad am rigis
reliefebSi aris iseTi niSnebi, rac ganasxvavebs maT `gardamavali xanis~
nimuSebisagan; kerZod, kompoziciebi ufro lakoniuri da statikuria, fo-
nebi ZiriTadad sada. VIII-IX saukuneebis kompoziciebis `xaliCisebri~ Sev-
sebis principze agebisagan gansxvavebiT X saukunis kompoziciebi ZiriTa-
dad centralur-simetriulia. Secvlilia naxatis xasiaTic – fonidan
mcired amoweul sibrtyeebze grafikulad CaWrili xazebis ritmi ufro
sworxazovani gaxda.
am mxatvruli mimdinareobis nimuSTa umetesoba provinciul, patara,
darbazul eklesiebs amSvenebs, xSirad sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze ik-
veTeba da nagebobis mTavar mxatvrul da azrobriv aqcents warmoadgens
(mag., bavra, xospio, burnaSeTi, Sepiaki); zogjer ki qvaze kveTili gamosa-
xulebebiT eklesiebi ufro uxvadaa morTuli (mag., tabawyuri, joisubani,
bza). saerTo maarqaizebel tendenciasTan erTad, am reliefebis mxatv-
 18

ruli Sesrulebis xasiaTSi, kveTis maneraSi, gamosaxulebaTa formebis

Tavisebur stilizaciaSi, tipaJSi Cans gansxvavebuli gemovneba, tradi-
ciebi, rac miuTiTebs adgilobrivi, regionaluri saxelosnoebis Tu sko-
lebis arsebobaze. mag., joisubnis reliefebi Tavisi Zlieri dekoratiu-
lobiT (reliefuri zedapiris sruli Sevseba uxvi xazebiT, wreebiT da
wertilebiT), metad saxasiaTo, uSualo, emociuri tipaJiT msgavsebas
iCens amave raWis regionis sxieris kankelis da mezobeli kudaros rai-
onis (nadarbazevis, kvaisas) reliefebTan. gansxvavebuli xasiaTis adgi-
lobrivi saxelosnos namuSevaria qvemo qarTlis sofel bzis reliefebi,
romelTa kveTis maneraSi, ornamentebis repertuarSi aSkaraa am saxe-
losnos kavSiri xalxur SemoqmedebaTan, kerZod, xeze Wris xelovnebas-
Tan.
am epoqis meore mxatvrul-stilisturi mimarTuleba xasiaTdeba adgi-
lobriv niadagze (da ara antikuri samyarodan nasesxebi) SemuSavebuli
axali plastikuri gamomsaxvelobis ZiebiT, rac gamoixata figurebis mo-
culobiTi formebiT gamovlenasa da kompoziciaSi garkveuli siRrmis
gadmocemis mcdelobaSi. gamosaxulebani ufri reliefurad gamoiyofian
fonis sibrtyidan, zog SemTxvevaSi sakmaod maRali reliefiT, horelie-
furadac ki. Tumca probiToba – figuraTa disproporcia, sxeulis na-
wilTa sxvadasxva xedvis wertilidan gamosaxva, statikuroba da ganyene-
buloba kvlav SenarCunebulia. amgvari stiliT aris Sesrulebuli
fetobanis, zarzmis wyaros, qoroRos, zeganis, wyarosTavisa da sxv. re-
liefebi.
xSirad erTi da igive taZris fasadebze vxvdebiT orive stilis re-
liefebs, sadac sxvadasxva mxatvruli gemovnebisa da gansxvavebuli xel-
weris mqone ostatebi muSaobdnen. asea, magaliTad, vales eklesiaSi. aq
portalebis timpanebze da karnizebze gamokveTili figurebi blokuri da
moculobiTia, aRmosavleT sarkmlis morTuloba da ramdenime calkeuli
fila – sibrtyobriv-grafikuli. kumurdos taZris reliefTa erTi nawi-
lic – gumbaTqveSa trompebSi gamokveTili qtitorebi, sakurTxevlis
sarkmlis ornamentebi maxarebelTa simboloebiT sibrtyobriv-grafikuli
stiliTaa Sesrulebuli, xolo niSebSi warmodgenili Tavebi da samxreT
portikis trompebis angelozebi – maRali reliefiTa da momrgvalebuli
 19

formebiT. sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stilis reliefebs vxvdebiT tao-

klarjeTis samefo taZrebzec, mag., dolisyanis eklesiis gumbaTis yelze
warmodgenili mefe sumbatis gamosaxuleba eklesiiT xelSi maRali re-
liefiTaa gadmocemuli, Tumca samosis drapireba da sxva detalebi gra-
fikulad gadmoicema, xolo amave eklesiis samxreT fasadis sarkmlis or-
sav mxares warmodgenili mTavarangelozTa figurebi dabali reliefiTaa
gamovlenili da zemodan grafikuli naxatiT damuSavebuli; xaxulis taZ-
ris samxreT fasadze, Sewyvilebuli sarkmlis Tavze arwivis didi, ho-
reliefuri gamosaxuleba gvaqvs, amave fasadis portali ki gaformebulia
sibrtyobriv-dekoratiulad gadawyvetili reliefuri kompoziciebiT.
am epoqis axali, plastikur-moculobiTi stili ufro mkafiod da
srulyofilad gamovlinda samefo karis xelovnebaSi. amis magaliTebia
tao-klarjeTis tbeTisa da oSkis da quTaisis (imereTi, das. saq.) bagra-
tis taZris reliefebi.
tbeTis taZris qtitoris figura erTian, masiur, blokur moculobad
gamoiyofa fonidan da profilSi warmogvidgeba. misi sxeulis nawilebi
sxvadasxva sibrtyeSia gaSlili. aRmosavluri, Calmis msgavsi Tavsabura-
viT da mogrZo wveriT damSvenebuli saxe sam meoTxedSia warmodgenili
(saxis nakvTebi dazianebulia) da moculobiTad gamovlenili. SedarebiT
dagrZelebulia proporciebi, gazrdilia figuris zoma – misi simaRle
113 sm-ia (Tavi – 28 sm), roca am periodis reliefebis figuraTa saSualo
simaRle 40-60 sm-ia (Tavisa ki – 20-30 sm).
am stilis ufro ganviTarebul safexurs warmoadgenen oSkis taZris
(963-973 ww.) safasado skulpturuli gamosaxulebebi, mag., samxreT fasadis
`vedrebis~ kompoziciis Semadgeneli qtitorebis figurebi horeliefurad
aris gadmocemuli. aq metadaa difenercirebuli sxeulis nawilebi,
metadaa gamovlenili moZraoba – figuris sam meoTxedSi Semobruneba.
proporciebic ufro dagrZelda, daixvewa – figuraTa simaRle 143 sm-ia,
Tavebisa ki – 20 sm. Tu tbeTis qtitoris gamosaxvisas mTavari yuradReba
eTmoboda figuris moculobiTobas, dgomas, simyaris gadmocemas, oSkSi
es TiTqos ukve daZleulia, ganvlili etapia. aq mTavaria daxvewili, wa-
grZelebuli proporciis figurebis warmodgena. miuxedavad maTi didi
zomebis da horeliefurad gamovlenisa, isini ar toveben simZimis da
 20

wonadobis STabeWdilebas. aq ukve vxedavT sulierebis sxvagvar, axlebur

gagebas, rasac qmnian daxvewili, msubuqi, natifi figurebi. (samwuxarod,
maTi saxeebi Zlier dazianebulia, iseve rogorc amave qtitor mefeTa ga-
mosaxulebebis saxeebi taZris interierSi).
am mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi midgomis Semdgom etaps warmoadgens
quTaisis bagratis taZris (X-XI ss.) samxreT fasadis zeda nawilSi mo-
Tavsebuli ori mamakacis skulpturuli Tavi, romlebic TiTqmis mocile-
bulni arian kedlis sibrtyes da lamis mrgval qandakebaSi gadadian. ma-
Ti saxeebi odnav erTmaneTisken aris Sebrunebuli. saxis nakvTebi mocu-
lobiTad, reliefuradaa gamovlenili. maTi dagrZelebuli ovalebi,
erTgvari Sinagani daZabuloba dasavleT evropis romanuli skulpturis
eqspresiul gamosaxulebebTan iwvvevs asociacias.
msgavsi suraTia X saukunis mcire plastikaSi. erTi mxriv, kvlav
gvxvdeba sibrtyobriv-grafikuli stilis maarqaizebeli reliefebi, ro-
goric aris sxieris, foToleTis, saorbisis kankelebis, udes stelis qva-
ze kveTili gamosaxulebebi, meore mxriv ki – plastikur-moculobiTi
formebiT gadmocemuli figurebi. mag., bediis filis, safaris wm. sabas
eklesiis kankelis fragmentebi, sadac vxedavT blokur, moculobiT sxeu-
lebs, erTgvari siRrmis Cvenebis cdas.
mravalferovania X saukunis qarTuli reliefuri skulpturis Tema-
tika. aq vxvdebiT Zveli da axali aRTqmis saxeebs, wminda meomrebs (wm.
mowameebs), adgilobriv wmindanebsa da istoriul pirebs. Zveli aRTqmidan
gansakuTrebiT popularulia winaswarmetyvelTa danielisa da ionas sas-
waulebrivi xsnis epizodebi, romlebsac qristianul saxiTmetyvelebaSi
msgavsi ganmarteba aqvT – qristes vnebebisa da aRdgomis, amasTanave, es
Temebi sulis xsnis simbolur gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. danielis Te-
ma qarTul plastikaSi gamoisaxeba sayovelTaod dakanonebuli mokle re-
daqciiT – danieli or loms Soris. es centrul-simetriuli, heraldi-
kuri kompozicia xSirad eklesiis umniSvnelovanes adgilze – sakurT-
xevlis sarkmlis Tavze ikveTeba da aRdgomis, sulis xsnis lakoniur, na-
Tel formulad warmoudgeba morwmuneT, mag., bavris, burnaSeTis, xispios,
bzis (2 eklesiis), azavreTis, gumbaTis eklesiebis reliefebi. zogjer es
scena Sesasvleli karis arqitravze (mag. vales eklesiis CrdiloeTi
 21

kari), zogjer ki – calke filebzea gamokveTili, mag., tabawyuris da-

savleT fasadze, zarzmis wyaros aRm. kedelze da sxv.
rac Seexeba winaswarmetyvel ionas saswaulebrivi xsnis kompozicias,
adreqristianuli periodidan sayovelTaod SemuSavebuli naratiuli xa-
siaTiT ionas istoriis gadmocemis nacvlad, qarTvelma ostatebma maqsi-
malurad lakoniuri gaxades es scena da aRdgomis azriT gamsWvalul
Semoklebul simbolod aqcies igi. zog nimuSebSi ionas mxolod xsnaa
gadmocemuli (mag., xaxulis taZris portalis morTulobis filis, go-
mareTis RvTismSoblis ekl. arqitravis da sxva reliefebze), zogan ki
ionas gansacdeli da xsna erTadaa mocemuli ori an erTi orTaviani ve-
Sapis mier winaswarmetyvelis CanTqmiTa da misi amonTxeviT (mag., saRamos,
kvaisas da joisubnis reliefebi). Tu danielis saswaulebrivi xsnis
dakanonebuli centralur-simetriuli kompoziciuri sqema pirdapir iqna
miRebuli qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi, winaswarmetyvel ionas Tema ori-
ginalurad iqna gadamuSavebuli. danielis scenis msgavsad isic lako-
niuradaa gadawyvetili. amas mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda reliefTa
adgilmdebareoba eklesiaTa fasadebze – sarkmelTa saTaurebsa Tu Se-
sasvlelTa arqitravebze, rac mkafio da adviladaRsaqmel gamosaxule-
bebs moiTxovda.
xSirad es Temebi konkretul istoriul pirTa sulis xsnis konteq-
stSi gamoisaxeba, rasac calkeul SemTxvevebSi azusteben sxva damatebiTi
gamosaxulebebi an Tanmxleb warweraTa teqstebi, mag., kvaisas reliefze
am saxiTmetyvelebiT (simbolur) datvirTvas ionas scenas aniWebs qti-
toris figura eklesiiT xelSi; gomareTis arqitravze kvlav ionas xsnis,
xolo burnaSeTis reliefze danielis Temas qtitorTa savedrebeli war-
werebis Sinaarsi. am konteqstSi gvxvdeba es orive Tema Tanadroul li-
turgikul teqstebSic.
danielisa da ionas saswaulebrivi xsnis kompoziciebi gverdi-gverd
erT filazea warmodgenili joisubnis eklesiis sakurTxevlis sarkmlis
momsazRvrel reliefebTan erTad, romlebic gankiTxvis dRis Temas ga-
moxataven da erTian ikonografiul programas qmnian: sarkmlis zedanis
naxevarwriul filaze warmodgenilia taxtze mjdomare msajuli qriste
mTavarmociqulebs – petresa da pavles Soris; am filis qvemoT sarkmlis
 22

erT mxares (marjvniv) Casmul filaze gamokveTilia – miqael mTavar-

angelozis mier SiSveli figurebis saxiT warmodgenili marTalTa da
codvilTa sulebis awonva, meore mxares ki – sulis xsnisaTvis maved-
rebeli qtitori eklesiis gamosaxulebiT xelSi gankiTxvis dRis mauw-
yebel, sayvirian angelozTan erTad. e.i. sayovelTao gankiTxvis TemaSi
CarTulia konkretuli istoriuli pirovneba (warweris mixedviT gabriel
mamasaxlisi). am ori filis qvemoT erTmaneTis msgavsi TiTo ornamentuli
filaa, romlebic qmnian erTgav pauzas da, ra Tqma unda, atareben se-
mantikur datvirTvas; maT qvemoT – erTmaneTis pirispir wamogvidgebian
wminda mxedrebi – giorgi da Tevdore – qristeSemosili mowameebi da
bolo wyvili – danieli da iona – aRdgomis da xsnis ZvelaRTqmiseuli
winaxatebi. amave eklesiis samxreT fasadze warmodgenilia `xarebis~ da
mariamisa da elisabedis Sexvedris reliefuri kompoziciebi, romlebic
RvTis gankacebis Temas ganasaxiereben. xolo CrdiloeTi fasadis qveda
nawilSi erTmaneTis gverdiT frizulad Camwkrivebul sasuliero pirTa
darad mosili (filonebSi) figurebi xelSi sanTlebiT, sefiskverebiT
TiTqos saritualo svlas asruleben.
rTul ikonografiul programaSia CarTuli ionas saswaulebrivi
xsnis kompozicia xaxulis taZris portalis reliefebs Soris: timpanze
warmodgenilia qarTul xelovnebaSi adreuli xanidanve gavrcelebuli
jvris amaRlebis scena, romelic qristes amaRlebis da qristianobis
triumfis gamomxatvelia. am Temas exmianeba karis erT mxares calke fi-
laze amokveTili aleqsandre makedonelis amaRlebis scena, romelic qar-
Tuli xelovnebisTvis uCveuloa, magram sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo bizan-
tiur da dasavleT evropul xelovnebaSi, metadre X-XIII saukuneebSi. am
kompoziciis gaswvriv, Sesasvlelis meore mxares gamoxatulia wm. petre,
romelsac marcxena xelSi samoTxis gasaRebi uWiravs, marjvenaSi ki
uzarmazari klite. igi warmogvidgeba, rogorc samoTxis mcveli, rac Se-
esatyviseba mis adgils eklesiis SesasvlelTan. wm. petres gamosaxulebis
qvemoT gamokveTilia ionas xsnis kompozicia (mtacebeli mxecis msgavsi
veSapis xaxidan amodis iona locvad zeaRmarTuli xelebiT, iqve ori
Tevzia gamosaxuli), riTac aRdgomis Temaa xazgasmuli. karis momsazR-
vrel danarCen filebze gamokveTilia faskunjis, mamlis, lomebis ga-
 23

mosaxulebani, romlebic, erTi mxriv, qristes meufebis, misi aRdgomis

simboloebs warmoadgenen, meore mxriv ki taZris mcvelis (siwmindis
darajis) funqcias atareben. am gamosaxulebebs exmianeba amave fasadis
zeda nawilSi, sarkmlis Tavze warmodgenili frTebgaSlili arwivi –
macxovris aRdgomisa da amaRlebis simbolo.
Zveli da axali aRTqmis Temebis saintereso kombinacia gvxvdeba
kumurdos (964 w.) taZris fasadebze. Zveli aRTqma aq Sesaqmiseuli saxee-
biT aris warmodgenili, kerZod, aRmosavleT fasadis niSebSi gamokveTil
wverosan mamakacTa Tavebi, romlebic warwerebis mixedviT casa da miwas
ganasaxiereben. samxreTi fasadis niSaSi gamosaxuli adamis, xolo Crdi-
loeTisaSi – evas Tavi; axali aRTqma ki – sakurTxevlis sarkmlis ga-
formebaSi CarTuli maxarebelTa simboloebis reliefuri figurebiT
(angelozi, arwivi, frTosani lomi da xari) warmogvidgeba. kumurdos ta-
ZarSi reliefebi interierSic gvxvdeba – centralur sivrceSi, gumbaT-
qveSa trompebSi, sakurTxevlis orsav mxares Casmulia – istoriul pirTa
– mefe leonis da dedofal guranduxtis gamosaxulebebi, aseve trompeb-
Sia Casmuli angelozebis figurebi samxreT minaSenSi. angelozis calke
filaze gamokveTili figura kvlav gvxvdeba eklesiis interierSi, qvemoT,
adamianis simaRleze, romelic, SesaZloa, salocavi xatis funqcias ata-
rebda. amgvarad, kumurdoSi vxedavT reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT mTeli
eklesiis organizmis – eqsterieris da interieris – mxatvruli da Si-
naarsobrivi gaerTianebis mcdelobas.
es tendencia Cans am epoqis sxva ZeglebSic, romelTa Soris gansa-
kuTrebiT sainteresoa oSkis taZris skulpturuli gaformeba. reliefuri
gamosaxulebebi moTavsebulia rogorc fasadebis qveda da zeda nawi-
lebSi, ise gumbaTis yelze.
fasadebze ZiriTadad didi zomis, monumenturi xasiaTis maRali re-
liefiT gamokveTili figurebia warmodgenili. gumbaTis da sarkmelTa sa-
pireebis reliefebi ki mcire zomis, ZiriTadad cxovelTa gamosaxulebebs
warmogvidgenen. fasadebze mravlad gvxvdeba angelozTa figurebi, ro-
melTa saxelebic wiTeli feris saRebaviT Sesrulebuli warwerebiTaa mi-
niSnebuli; aq aris simon mesvetis gamosaxuleba dasavleT fasadis Se-
wyvilebuli sarkmlis Tavze. arwivis horeliefuri figura klanWebSi
 24

cxoveliT warmodgenilia samxreT fasadze, sarkmlis TavsarTis zemoT;

amave fasadis aRmosavleT kedelze, qvemoT, adamianis simaRleze warmod-
genilia vedrebis kompozicia, romlis orsav mxares qtitor mefeTa –
bagratisa (+966 w.) da daviT magistrosis (+1001 w.) gamosaxulebebia ek-
lesiis gamosaxulebebiT xelSi. igive istoriuli pirebi gamosaxulni
arian taZris interieris reliefebze, samxreT-dasavleT gumbaTqveSa bur-
jis niSis orsav mxares (orive SemTxvevaSi mefeTa saxelebi da titula-
tura miTiTebulia Tanmxleb warwerebSi). `deisusis~ Tema ki gameore-
bulia taZris samxreT galereis burjis reliefze (es gamosaxuleba 2000
wels vandaluri aqtis Sedegad iqna dakarguli), romlis winaSec am
SemTxvevaSi sxva istoriuli piria (warweris mixedviT grigoli) vedrebiT
muxlmoyrili. burjze kvlav vxvdebiT svimon mesvetisa da angelozTa ga-
mosaxulebebs; amgvarad, taZris safasado skulpturis programa aq mcire
masStabiT da kompaqturad aris Tavmoyrili. garda amisa, burjis gamo-
saxulebebs Soris gvxvdeba wm. kozmanisa da wm. damianes, qarTvelTa gan-
manaTleblis wm. ninos gamosaxulebani Tanmxlebi warwerebiT.
X saukuneSi xSirad gvxvdeba reliefuri kompoziciebi istoriul
pirTa gamosaxulebebiT. es pirovnebani, umetesad, eklesiaTa mSeneblobis
damkveTi mefe-dedoflebi an didebulebi arian, aseve gvxvdeba sasuliero
pirTa, taZris xuroTmoZRvrisa da ostatTa gamosaxulebebic, romelTa
vinaobasac Tanmxlebi warwerebi, Cacmuloba an atributebi gvamcnoben. am
Temaze Seqmnili reliefebi xasiaTdeba Sinaarsobrivi variaciebiTa da
kompoziciuri sqemebis mravalferovnebiT. xSiria kompoziciebi, sadac
qtitori eklesiis gamosaxulebiT xelSi warmogvidgeba xan makurTxeveli
macxovris (mag., uravlis agaris, axalcixis reliefebi), xan RvTismSob-
lisa da yrmis (mag., benisebi, wyarosTavi, zegani, qoroRo) an romelime
wmindanis (mag., javaxeTis axaSenis reliefze wm. giorgi) winaSe warmo-
gvidgeba; zogjer eklesiis gamosaxulebiT erTi (mag., dolisyana, breZa)
an ori qtitori (mag. Sepiaki, fetobani, caiSi) calke, zeciuri arsebis
gareSe gamoisaxebian; zogjer istoriuli pirebi eklesiis modelebis ga-
reSe, sulis xsnisaTvis vedrebiT gamoisaxebian, mag., vales sakurTxevlis
sarkmlis zedanze da udes stelaze RvTismSoblis winaSe, orjalaris
reliefze - angelozis, oSkis svetze - `deisusis~ scenis winaSe, kvaisa-
 25

jvris, ijareTis, zeda Tmogvis reliefebze jvris orsav mxares, aZikvis

filaze oTxi saero piri (maTi saxelebi moCarCoebis zolzea amokveTili)
locvad xelebaRmarTulebi – erTnair pozebSi marto arian warmodge-
nilni; saqtitoro kompoziciis originaluri sqema gvxvdeba qoroRos re-
liefze, sadac vedrebis pozaSi warmodgenili sami figura mimarTulia
eklesiis gegmis gamosaxulebisaken, romelic sqematurad asaxavs TviT
qoroRos darbazuli tipis eklesiis gegmas. saqarTvelos mTiani regionis
(mTiuleTi) es patara, provinciuli eklesia warmogvidgens reliefuri
kompoziciebisgan Sedgenil taZris mSeneblobis cikls, romelSic moce-
mulia detaluri Txroba mSeneblobis procesisa (qvis damuSaveba, urmiT
gadazidva, xsnaris momzadeba da sxv., eklesiis kurTxeva da bolos misi
Cviledi (niSovani) RvTismSoblisadmi wardgena). reliefebi dasavleT fa-
sadis karnizis qvemoTaa Casmuli, centrSi warmodgenili RvTismSobeli
gaSlili xelebiT akurTxebs mSeneblobas. ostatTa calkeuli gamosaxu-
lebani ar aris ucxo qarTuli reliefebisaTvis, mag., ruisis taZris (IX
s.) sarkmlis saTaurze warmodgenili ori ostati iaraRebiT xelSi, do-
lisyanis samxreT fasadze medalionSi Casmuli figura warweriT: `Se-
iqmna xeliTa gabriel dekanozisaTa~, ostati qvis damuSavebis procesSi
gamokveTilia safaris miZinebis eklesiis aRmosavleT fasadis karnizis
qveS da sxv., magram iseTi gavrcobili, naratiuli xasiaTiT taZris mSe-
neblobis gadmocema unikaluri SemTxvevaa.
X saukunis rig ZeglebSi (joisubani, vale, kumurdo, tabawyuri, bza,
xaxuli, oSki) Cans midrekileba reliefuri kompoziciebis ganawilebiT
eklesiis xuroTmoZRvruli korpusis gamTlianebisa. es tendencia grZel-
deba da dasrulebul saxebs Rebulobs XI saukunis arqiteqturaSi. nage-
bobis mxatvruli mTlianobis Seqmnas emsaxureba dekoratiuli TaRnari,
romelic gars ertymis fasadebs. amis naTel magaliTs warmogvidgens ni-
korwmindis (XI saukunis dasawyisi) taZris fasadTa morTuloba, romelic
Tavdapirveli saxiT SemogvrCa. aq figuruli reliefebi organuladaa
CarTuli taZris eqsterieris gaformebis saerTo sistemaSi da erTian
mxatvrul ansambls qmnis. nikorwmindaSi reliefebiT yvela fasadia da-
mSvenebuli, romlebic Sinaarsobrivadac exmianebian erTmaneTs. SerCeu-
lia ganzogadebuli, sazeimo-reprezentaciuli xasiaTis scenebi, sadac
 26

uflis didebis, Teofaniuri, qristianobis triumfis gamomxatveli Teme-

bia gadmocemuli. dasavleT fasadze – Sesasvlelis timpanze makurTxe-
veli macxovrisken mimarTuli wminda mxedrebi arian warmodgenilni, rom-
lebic gveleSaps (wm. Tevdore) da mefe diokletianes (wm. giorgi) gmi-
raven; amave fasadis zeda nawilSi ki saydarze dabrZanebuli msajuli
qristea gamosaxuli; wm. mxedrebis Tema kvlav meordeba aRmosavleT fa-
sadis kexSi `feriscvalebis~ kompoziciis orsav mxares; samxreT porta-
lis timpanSi vxvdebiT qarTul xelovnebaSi adreuli xanidan popula-
rul `jvris amaRlebis~ scenas, kexSi ki – meored mosvlis kompoziciis
mokle redaqcias msajuli macxovriT, mesayvire angelozebiT da didi,
dekoratiulad gadawyvetili grafemebiT Sesrulebuli warweriT; Crdi-
loeT karis timpanze – mTavarangelozTa naxevari taniT warmodgenili
figurebia SubebiT xelSi; gumbaTis yelze uxv ornamentebTan erTad
vxvdebiT sxvadasxvagvar realur Tu fantastikur cxovelebsa da frin-
velebs (lomebs, frTosan cxenebs, faskunjebs, siraqlemebs, romlebsac
ganmartebiTi warwerebi axlavT). nikorwmindis taZris reliefebSi X sau-
kunis xelovnebaSi Casaxuli plastikuri amocanebi – figuris swori pro-
porciebisa da moZraobebis, formaTa moculobiTobis gamovlena ukve da-
Zleulia. aq gvaqvs profilSi, sam meoTxedSi gamosaxuli figurebi, da-
grZelebuli proporciebi, Tavisuflad gadmocemuli sxvadasxva moZra-
obebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mag., fasadis zeda nawilSi warmodgenil
feriscvalebis da meored mosvlis kompoziciebSi Sinaarsis gamZafrebis,
eqspresiuli gamomsaxvelobiTobis mizniT proporciebi ganzrax aris dar-
Rveuli – zedmiwevniT gadidebuli xelebiT da abstragirebuli sxeule-
biT. aRsaniSnavia agreTve dekoratiuloba, rac gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebs
raWis reliefebs (gavixsenoT joisubnis da sxieris reliefebi). de-
koratiulobas qmnis samosTa uxvi drapirebis, angelozTa frTebis, Tma-
wveris Tu sxva detalebis gadmomcemi mkafio, moqnili xazebiT Seqmnili
mravalferovani ritmi, moCarCoebaTa da scenebSi CarTuli sxvadasxva
detalebis ornamentebi, warwerebis dekoratiuli gadawyveta da maTi di-
namiuri CarTva kompoziciebSi.
XI saukunis sxva taZrebze reliefuri dekori fragmentulad da ara-
Tavdapirvel adgilebzea SemorCenili, rac maTi dangreva-aRdgenebis Se-
 27

degia. kacxis taZris samxreT fasadze SemorCenil wriul CarCoSi moq-

ceuli `jvris amaRlebis~ scena amJamad mogvianebiT miSenebul sivrceSia
moqceuli. am reliefis stilisturi da kompoziciuri gadawyveta did si-
axloves avlens nikorwmindis analogiur kompoziciasTan - saerTo saxis
tipi, msgavsi dekoratiuli motivebi, kveTis xasiaTi erTi ostatis xelze
miuTiTebs. es sruliad dasaSvebia kidev imitom, rom kacxi (zemo imereTi)
da nikorwminda (raWa) axlomdebare raionebSia. kacxis taZris fasads
amkobda didi zomis fila lomis monumenturi, moculobiTi figuriT,
sada, plastikurad modelirebuli zedapiriT.
mcxeTis sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris (1010-1029 ww.) mravaljer
aRdgenil fasadebze XI saukunis reliefebidan aRsaniSnavia dasavleT
fasadis kexSi warmodgenili makurTxeveli, saydarze dabrZanebuli mac-
xovari or angelozs Soris, romlebsac xelebSi evqaristuli mniSvnelo-
bis sagnebi – sura da sefiskveri uWiravT. gamosaxulebebi maRali reli-
efiT, skulpturuladaa gadawyvetili, msxvili, didi zomis (qristes zoma
– 1,40 sm) figurebi monumenturi xasiaTisaa. moculobiTi formebi zogan
(mxrebi, terfebi) cildeba fons da sivrceSi gamoinakvTeba. amave xanas
ganekuTvneba aRmosavleT fasadze Casmuli ori angelozis (romlebic,
SesaZloa, Tavdapirvelad amaRlebis an meored mosvlis kompoziciis na-
wilebs Seadgendnen) arwivisa da lomis didi zomis reliefebi, romlebic
maRali reliefiT, plastikur-moculobiTadaa Sesrulebuli, zedapiri ki
dekoratiulad aqvT damuSavebuli. asevea gadawyvetili samTavisis taZris
(XI s. I nax.) faskunjis monumenturi figura.
am periodSi Cans gansxvavebuli midgoma safasado da mcire plas-
tikis nawarmoebTa gadawyvetaSi rogorc mxatvrul-stilisturi, ise Tema-
tikis TvalsazrisiT. safasado reliefebi, romlebic adamianis Tvali-
sagan Sor manZilzea warmodgenili, gadmocemulia zogadi, msxvili for-
mebiT, mkafio siluetiT, gamZafrebuli moZraobebiT da JestebiT, rac
sxeulis nawilTa eqspresiuli gadidebiT, zogjer formaTa abstragire-
biTac gadmoicema. reliefis zedapiri umetesad dekoratiuladaa gada-
wyvetili, ornamentuli naxatiTaa dafaruli; sapirispirod amisa, mcire
plastikis nimuSebSi – kankelis filebze (mag., safaris miZinebis ekle-
siis, Sio mRvimis, urTxvis da sxv.), romlebic axlo manZilidan aRqmazea
 28

gaTvaliswinebuli, xazgasmuladaa naCvenebi figuraTa swori proporciebi

da moZraobebi, natifi, nazi saxeebisa da sxeulis formaTa moculobi-
Toba, rasac moqnili, denadi silueturi naxati da zedapiris rbili mo-
delireba avlens. aseve arqiteqturuli da peizaJuri fonebiT gadmoce-
mulia sivrcobrivi momentebi.
Tu xuroTmoZRvrul, monumentur skulpturaSi ZiriTadad gamosa-
xaven paraduli xasiaTis, simbolur, lakonur scenebs – jvris an mac-
xovris amaRlebas, feriscvalebas, wminda mxedrebs, cxovelTa da frin-
velTa (lomi, arwivi, faskunji) gamosaxulebebs, mcire plastikis nimu-
Sebze ZiriTadad gvxvdeba saxarebisa Tu wmindanTa cxovrebis epizodTa
axlo manZilze aRsaqmeli wynari Txroba (mag., safaris miZinebis eklesiis
kankelze - `xareba~, `mariamisa da elisabedis Sexvedra~, `mirqma~. . . ; Sio
mRvimis kankelze - `jvarcma~, `abraamis stumarTmoyvareoba~, simon me-
svetis da wm. Sios cxovrebis scenebi).
XI saukunis II naxevridan figuruli, siuJeturi reliefebi taZarTa
fasadebze TandaTan adgils uTmoben simbolur-semantikuri mniSvnelobis
ornamentul motivebs – jvrebs, vardulebs, rombebs (mag., samTavisi).
amgvarad, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli skulpturis saukuneTa ganmav-
lobaSi etapobrivad, bunebrivad warmarTuli ganviTarebis procesi mou-
lodnelad wydeba, rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli unda yofi-
liyo im faqtiT, rom swored am periodSi (1054 wels, konstantinopolis
patriarqis mixeil kerulariosis dros) aRmosavleT saqristianos
marTlmadidebeli eklesia sabolood gaeTiSa dasavleTis, laTinT ek-
lesias. mkafiod gaimijna maTi damokidebuleba rogorc sarwmunoebrivi
dogmebis, saeklesio ritualis, ise esTetikuri faseulobebis mimarT.
savaraudoa, rom swired marTlmadidebluri saeklesio principebis erT-
gulebis gamo eTqva uari TiTqmis mrgval qandakebamde misul plas-
tikurobis Semdgom ganviTarebas qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul skulpturaSi.
amis Semdgom figuruli reliefebi taZarTa fasadebze iSviaTad
gvxvdeba, mag., fitareTis (XIII s. 20-iani ww.), erTawmindas (XIII s.), safaris
wm. sabas (XIII-XIV ss.), zarzmis samreklos (XIV s.) da sxva ZeglTa cal-
keuli gamosaxulebebi, romelTac fasadebis mxatvrul gaformebaSi umni-
Svnelo roli eniWebaT.
 29

qarTuli monumenturi safasado qandakebis erTgvar `aRorZnebas~

gvian Sua saukuneebSi (XVII-XVIII ss.) vxvdebiT. amis magaliTebia ananuris
(1689 w.), sagarejos `petre-pavles~ (XVIII s. dasawyisi) da yinwvisis `gigos
saydris~ (XVII s.) xuroTmoZRvruli skulptura. am ZeglebSi XI saukunis
Semdgom pirvelad kvlav vxedavT erTiani ikonografiuli programiT fa-
sadebis gamTlianebis mcdelobas. sxvadasxva simboluri mniSvnelobis re-
liefuri gamosaxulebani ostaturadaa ganawilebuli am taZarTa ked-
lebze, romlebic erTmaneTTan saxiTmetyvelebiT kavSirSi qmnian erTian
mxatvrul-Teologiur sistemas.
am eklesiebis garda reliefuri kompoziciebi da calkeuli gamosa-
xulebebi SemogvrCa am epoqaSi agebul Tu ganaxlebul sxva Zeglebzec,
mag., tanZiis, tbisis, niabis, sveticxovlis, Tbilisis sionis, Tekenebis,
xatissoflis eklesiebze, Cxaris, CiTaxevis, xeoTis samrekloebze da sxv.
mravalferovania gviani Sua saukuneebis skulpturis repertuari. aq
vxvdebiT rogorc Zvel, miviwyebul, adreuli Sua saukuneebisTvis sa-
xasiaTo Temebs – sicocxlis xeebs cxovelebiTa da frinvelebiT, jvris
amaRlebas, wm. estates nadirobas, wm. giorgis, mTavarangelozTa gamosa-
xulebebs, ise Zvelis axleburad gaazrebas, mag., gveleSapebis damTrgun-
veli uzarmazari, triumfaluri jvrebi, uflis didebis originalurad
gadawyvetili scena (qriste venaxSi), aRmosavlur yaidaze fexmorTxmuli
gvirgvinosani RvTismSobeli da yrma ieso; xSiria mijaWvuli lomebis
motivi (ananuri, daviT-garejis lavra, Tbilisis sionis gumbaTi, Cxaris
samreklo, qolagiris cixe), gvxvdeba agreTve winaqristianul rwmenasTan
dakavSirebuli motivebi, romelTac saukuneebis manZilze xalxuri (fol-
kloruli) xelovneba inaxavda. es ufro saqarTvelos mTiani regionebis-
Tvisaa saxasiaTo, mag., leCxumis sof. mcxeTis eklesiis reliefebi nadi-
robis sceniT, sadac vxedavT frTosan da wverosan nadirT RvTaebis ga-
mosaxulebas.
gviani Sua saukuneebis reliefuri skulpturis stili iseTive ara-
erTgvarovania, rogoric misi ikonografia; gvxvdeba maRali reliefiT
gamoqandakebuli, didi zomis moculobiTi, Tumc skulpturulobis namd-
vil gancdas moklebuli, blokuri figurebi; mravladaa sibrtyobriv-
grafikuli, ufro dekoratiuli xasiaTis reliefebi; SedarebiT mcire ra-
 30

odenobiT SemogvrCa profesiuli, maRalmxatvruli donis nimuSebi, ro-

goricaa sveticxovlis aRm. fasadze XVII saukunis `vedrebis~ kompozicia,
maRalaZeebis koSkis wm. giorgis reliefuri xati, episkopos-xarWaSnelis
saflavis fila da sxv. aseve gvxvdeba xalxur xelovnebasTan dakavSi-
rebuli reliefebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia erTgvari aplika-
ciuroba, gamartivebuli formebi, Taviseburi, gulubryvilo tipaJi, mag.,
tbisis eklesiis fasadze gamokveTili ostatebis figurebi samuSao iara-
RebiT da ganmartebiTi warwerebiT. es ukanaskneli stili mogvianebiT
XIX saukuneSi saflavis qvebis gamosaxulebebSi ganagrZobs arsebobas.

bibliografia
 31

1. Айналов Д. Некоторые христианские памятники Кавказа. Археологические

известия и заметки, т. III, вып. 7-8, М., 1895, стр. 234-242.
2. Аладашвили Н. Монументальная скульптура Грузии. М., 1977.
3. Абрамишвили Г. Два строительных периода Атенского Сиони. – "Мацне", Вестник
Отделения общественных наук АН Грузии, I, Тб., 1972, стр. 32-55.
4. Амиранашвили Ш. История грузинского искусства. М., 1963.
5. Беридзе В. Архитектура Тао-Кларджети. Тб., 1981.
6. Вольская А. Рельефы Шио-Мгвиме и их место в развитии грузинской
средневековой скульптуры. Тб., 1957.
7. Чубинашвили Г. Памятники типа Джвари. Тб., 1948.
8. Чубинашвили Г. Из истории средневекового искусства Грузии. М., 1990.
9. Чубинашвили Н. Хандиси. Тб., 1952.
10. Шмерлинг Р. Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии. Тб., 1962.
11. Bryer A., Herrin J., e.d.s. Iconoclasm. Birmingham, 1977.
12. Djobadze W. Early medieval Georgian Monasteries in historic Tao, Klarjet'i and Savseti.
Stuttgart, 1992.
13. Grabar A. Sculpture Byzantines de Constantinople. Paris, 1963.
14. Lexikon Chistlichen Iconographie (LCI). Freiburg, 1994.
15. Winfield D. Some early Medieval figure sculpture from North-East Turkey. Journal of
the Warburg and Courtauld institute – XXXI, London, 1968.