ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

Tbilisi. 2011

marika mSvildaZe

dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis

mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis
ax. w. I-IV saukuneebSi
(gliptikuri masalis mixedviT. pitiunti)

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis qalaqebi – afsarosi, fasi-

si, sebastopolisi, pitiunti (ax. w. II saukunidan) ax. w. I-IV
ss. romisaTvis strategiuli daniSnulebis mniSvnelovan Tavdac-
viT sistemaSi Sedioda, rogorc provincia kapadokiis garkveuli
nawili, romelic romaelTa batonobis ukidures Crdilo-dasav-
leT forposti iyo kavkasiaSi. kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebSi
romaelTa garnizonebi idgnen. aRniSnuli e. w. cixe-qalaqebis
portebSi ganlagebuli iyo romaelTa samxedro xomaldebi, rom-
lebic akontrolebda trapezuntis Crdilo SavizRvispireTTan
damakavSirebel samxedro komunikaciebs.
II s. pirvel naxevarSi romaelTa samflobeloebi sebasto-
polisTan mTavrdeboda (Arr., PPE, 17). 1 maTi batonobis ZiriTadi
sayrdeni punqti aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis ukidures Crdi-
loeT nawilSi Tavdapirvelad sebastopolisis kastelumi iyo.
ax. w. II saukunis bolodan, romaelTa ukiduresi sasazRvro for-
posti dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi sebastopolisis `frurionidan~
pitiuntis cixe-simagreSi gadadis, rasac wyaroebic adasturebs.
Teodorite kBreli (394-457 ww.), rodesac ioane oqropi-

1 georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes
al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma. I. Tb. 1961, gv. 51.

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 marika mSvildaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis
mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis ax. w. I-IV saukuneebSi
(gliptikuri masalis mixedviT. pitiunti)

ris pitiuntSi gadasaxlebas exeba, aRniSnavs, rom `pitiunti

aris ukiduresi sazRvari pontosi da romaelTa samflobelosi~
(Teod., V, 34). 2 romauli samxedro nawilebis Cadgoma pitiuntSi
ax. w. II s. Sua xanebidan, kerZod 135-152 ww. SeiZleba vivarau-
doT, rac momTabare tomebis _ henioxebis Tavdasxmas unda davu-
kavSiroT. pitiunti II s. bolodan mniSvnelovani cixe-simagre
xdeba. rogorc aRvniSneT, ax. w. II saukunis bolos romis bato-
nobis forposti sebastopolisis `frurionidan~ gadadis pi-
tiuntSi, sadac romaelebi ageben safortifikacio nagebobebs da
sadac Cndeba saqalaqo dasaxleba (kanabe). prokofi kesarielis
mixedviT, sanigebis miwis zRvispira nawili ZvelTaganve epyraT
romaelebs, romlebmac aq ori qalaqi sebastopolisi da pitiun-
ti aages. II s. Sua xanebSi pitiuntSi Cayenebulia XV legionis 3
veqsilacia, romlis raodenoba biWvinTis kastelumis zomebis mi-
xedviT (140X170 m.), erT kohortas ar aRemateba. aqedan gamom-
dinare, pitiuntis kastelumi sakohorto, saSualo sididis ci-
xe-simagred unda CaiTvalos. 4
naSromSi pitiuntis magaliTze ganvixilavT aRmosavleT Sa-
vizRvispireTis teritoriaze arsebul religiur situacias ax.
w. I-IV ss. gliptikuri masalis mixedviT. gliptika, rogorc xe-
loba da xelovnebis erT-erTi dargi warmoadgens im dros arse-
buli religiuri kultebis gansaxierebas. gemebis mflobelis
qonebriv mdgomareobas. Wrilaqvebi gvevlineba erT-erT mniSvne-

2 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. I,

gv. 224.
3 XV Legio Apollinaris ierusalimis aRebis Semdgom, tituss (Caesar Titus
Vespasianus Augustus 71-81 ww.) axlda aleqsandriaSi, Semdeg masTan er-
Tad dabrunda panoniaSi. aRmosavleTSi am legionis dabruneba Se-
saZloa traianes (Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus 98-117 ww.) periodSi par-
TiasTan omiT iyo ganpirobebuli. adrianes (Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Au-
gustus 117-138 ww.) dros igi XII Legio Fulminata-sTan erTad kapadokiaSia.
4 g. gamyreliZe, T. Todua. romis samxedro-politikuri eqspansia
saqarTveloSi. Tb. 2006, gv. 73.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

lovan Zeglad religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis, arsebuli kul-

tebis, gavrcelebuli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb.
Cven amocanas warmoadgenda gangvesazRvra, Tu konkretulad
romel religiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli pitiuntis teritoriaze
dafiqsirebuli gliptikuri Zeglebis siuJetebi da aisaxeboda
Tu ara gliptikis nimuSebze is cvlilebebi, romlebsac ax. w.
dasawyisidan aqvs adgili antikuri samyaroSi, rac axali mono-
Teisturi religiis _ qristianobis gavrcelebaSi mdgomareobs.
niSandoblivia, rom swored am periods (II-IV ss.) ganekuTvneba
pitiuntis teritoriaze aRmoCenili gliptikis nimuSebi.
zemoaRniSnuls emateba is faqtic, rom pitiunti qarTuli
qristinuli kulturisaTvis gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis ma-
tarebeli qalaqia. kerZod, _ pitiuntma, saqarTvelos zRvispire-
Tis am umniSvnelovanesma kulturul-politikurma da strate-
giulma centrma, III s. bolosa da IV s. dasawyisidan gansakuT-
rebuli religiuri datvirTva miiRo da iqca axali, qristianu-
li civilizaciis sayrden punqtad dasavleT saqarTvelos teri-
toriaze. Sesabamisad, Cveni azriT, friad Rirebulia im faqtis
dadgena, aisaxa Tu ara yovelive gliptikis nimuSebze, Tu aRniS-
nuli periodisaTvis pitiuntSi Wrilaqvebi rCeboda antikuri
samyaros kuTvnilebad.
biWvinTis samarovnis teritoriaze aRmoCenilia 27 Wrilaq-
va. maT Soris aris ori portretuli gema (inv. #1416; inv.
#1436), RvTaebebi _ Svidi cali, romelTa umravlesoba uZveles
berZnul-romaul RmerTebad gvevlineba. magaliTad: afrodite
(inv. #1419), demetra (inv. #1429), amuri da fsiqea (inv.
#1431; inv. #1432), delfinze mjdari amuri (inv. #1423), sami
gracia (inv. #1418), hermesi (inv. #1437). aqve dafiqsirebulia
gema fantastikuri cxovelis _ grifonis gamosaxulebiT (inv.
#1414). 5

5 grifoni _ naxevradarwivi-naxevradlomi _ fantastikuri, miTo-

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 marika mSvildaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis
mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis ax. w. I-IV saukuneebSi
(gliptikuri masalis mixedviT. pitiunti)

biWvinTis samarovanze aRmoCenil gemebze kargad aris war-

modgenili rogorc cxovelTa da frinvelTa samyaro _ delfini
(inv. #1420), kreveti (inv. #1422; inv. #1425), lomi (inv.
#1426), morieli (inv. #1427), kiborCxala (inv. #1415), fut-
kari (buzi) (inv. #1428), TuTiyuSi (inv. #1435), ise simboloe-
bi _ vaza ori TavTaviTa da yayaCos yvaviliT (inv. #1417), puris
ori TavTavi (inv. #1430), xelisCamorTmeva (inv. #1429/1), daf-
nis gvirdvini (inv. #1433; inv. #1434)... sakurTxeveli (bomoni)
(inv. #1424), fiqsirdeba warweriani gema (NI) (inv. #1421).
niSandoblivia, rom biWvinTis samarovanze aRmoCenili Wri-
laqvebis gamosaxulebebi gavrcelebas povebs adreqristianul
samyaroSic, magaliTad grifoni, delfini, lomi... romlebic axa-
li welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi adreqristianul simbo-
loebad iqceva. Sesabamisad, III-IV ss. biWvinTis datvirTvidan ga-
momdinare, ar iyo gamoricxuli Sesaswavli periodisaTvis maTi
qristianuli samyarosaTvis kuTvnilebis faqti, magram viTvalis-
winebT ra zemoaRniSnuli siuJetebis mqone gemebis aRmoCenis ga-
remoebebs, kerZod samarxis tipsa da micvalebulis Tavis dam-
xrobas, siuJetebs antikuri samyaros kuTvnilebad miviCnevT.
biWvintis samarovanze aRmoCenili gliptikuri masalis Ses-
wavlis Sedegad dgindeba, rom pitiuntSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli

logiuri arsebaa gvelis didi kudiT. f. akermanis mixedviT, gri-

foni ganasaxierebs mzis ormag saxes (Ph. Ackerman. Sasanian Seals, dans
AU Pope. A Survey of Persian Art. 1938/39, gv. 795). es fantastikuri cxove-
li simbolurad yofierebis or sferoze _ miwasa da caze batono-
bis simboluri gamoxatulebaa. mzis stiqiis ori mTavari cxovelis
(arwivi, lomi) erT arsebaSi gaerTianeba mzis, siZlieris, sifxiz-
lis... ganasaxierebs. antikuri sinamdvileSi grifoni heraldikuri
cxovelis rols asrulebda. gamoisaxeboda romaul sasaxleebSi,
gansakuTrebiT Senobebis portalze, rogorc lomebze, gvelebze,
borot Zalebze gamarjvebis simbolo. grifoni calke dgas. igi
amaRlebulia gvelebsa da zRvis cxovelebze (Lexikon der christlichen
Ikonographie. Allgemeine Ikonographie. Rom-Freiburg-Basel-Wien. III. 1971, gv. 202-
204).

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

Cans berZnul-romauli RvTaebebi, ZiriTadad dafiqsirebulia ada-

mianis piradi qonebisa da keTildReobis mfarveli RmerTebi da
maTTan dakavSirebuli simboloebi. es ki xdeba im dros, rodesac
dgindeba qristianuli simboloebis _ gulze satarebeli da
sxva tipis jvrebis, amuletebis, lamprebis, minis WurWelis da
adreqristianuli simboloiani wiTellakiani keramikis gaCena pi-
tiuntis naqalaqaris kulturul fenebSi. Aaqvea aRmoCenili qvi-
Sa-qvis monoliTuri stela, romelSic rkinis jvari iyo Cadebu-
li da romelic faruli qristianis saflavze iyo aRmarTuli...
kvlevis Sedegad aseve irkveva, rom pitiuntis samarovanze II-IV
ss. dakrZaluli mosaxleobis 20% qristiani iyo. 6 saidanac Seg-
viZlia davaskvnaT, rom pitiuntSi yoveli mexuTe qristiani
cxovrobda, rac aRniSnuli periodisaTvis sakmaod didi cifria.
qristianul religiasTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri masalis
Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom pitiunti imperiaSi mimdinare pro-
cesebis epicentrSi imyofeboda da qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebi
mis cxovrebazec aisaxeboda. gamonakliss swored gliptikuri
Zeglebi warmoadgens, rac, Cveni azriT, qalaqis (kanabes) mosax-
leobis garkveuli nawilis religiuri orientaciis maCveneblad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rogorc cnobilia, kanabes mcxovreblebs
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan erTad mravali mileTis xalxi
Seadgenda _ vaWrebi, xelosnebi, veteranebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
saqmianobiT iyvnen dakvebuli, jariskacis ojaxebi, Tavgadasavle-
bis maZieblebi da a.S.
zemoT moyvanili masalidan Cans, rom biWvinTis teritoria-
ze dafiqsirebuli gvian antikuri periodiT daTariRebuli Wri-
laqvebis Tematika romauli gliptikisaTvis Cveulebriv damaxa-
siaTebeli Tematikisagan ar gansxvavdeba da TiTqmis mTels ro-
mis imperiaSi fiqsirdeba. analogiuri siuJetebi farTod aris

6М. Мшвилдадзе, О распространении христианства в Западной Грузии (Питиунт).

Кавказоведение. №3. М. 2003, gv. 44-49 (47).

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 marika mSvildaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis
mosaxleobis religiuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis ax. w. I-IV saukuneebSi
(gliptikuri masalis mixedviT. pitiunti)

gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos teritoriazec, kerZod mcxeTa, urb-

nisi da sxv. 7
pitiunts teritoriaze dafiqsirebuli yvela intalio,
formis mixedviT, ar scildeba gvianantikur xanas. qvis saxeobebi
ax. w. II-IV ss. TariRdeba da romauli gliptikisTvis aris dama-
xasiaTebeli. ar aris gamoricxuli intalioebis didi xnis gan-
mavlobaSi xmarebis SemTxvevebi.
amrigad, kvlevis Sedegad dgindeba, rom pitiuntis terito-
riaze Cvens xelT arsebul gliptikis nimuSebze naklebad aisaxa
romis imperiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis aRmosavleT provinciebSi
mimdinare religiuri cvlilebebi, rac qristes moZRvrebis gavr-
celebaSi mdgomareobda da Wrilaqvebi (maTi mflobelebi) anti-
kuri samyaros kuTvnilebad darCa.

7 М. И. Максимова. Геммы из некрополья Мцхета-Самтавро. akad. s. janaSias

saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe (ssmm). XVI. Tb.
1950; q. javaxiSvili. urbnisis naqalaqaris gliptikuri Zeglebi. Tb.
1972; q. ramiSvili. sasanuri gemebi saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1978.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

Marika Mshvildadze

TOWARDS THE QUESTION OF CONFESIONAL BELONGINGS

OF THE EASTERN BLACK SEA LITTORAL URBAN
POPULATION IN THE 1ST - 4TH CC.
(ACCORDING TO THE GLYPTICS. PITYUS)

Summary

The religious situation existing in I-IV centuries A.D. on the terri-

tory of the Eastern Black sea littoral (Pityus) according to the glyptics is
researched in this work. It is worth to be noticed that right in this period
new monotheistic religion spread and strengthened at the Eastern Black
Sea littoral but gemmas from Pityus surprisingly show no signs of Chis-
tianity, but again – pagan symbolics.

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