ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

Tbilisi. 2011

roland TofCiSvili

`kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

bolo dros xSirad saubroben `kavkasiur civilizaciaze~ –

aseTi saTauriT gamoicema wignebi, sxvadasxva saxis naSromebi,
tardeba saerTaSoriso samecniero forumebi. Segnebulad ar va-
saxelebT am saTaurebis Semcvel qarTvel avtorTa samecniero
Tu sxva xasiaTis publikaciebs, Tumca, is ki unda aRvniSnoT,
rom bolo wlebSi TbilisSi Catarebuli ori saerTaSoriso
kongresis devizi iyo: `kavkasiuri civilizacia: istoria da Ta-
namedroveoba~.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom kavkasia evropisa
da aziis mijnaze mdebare sakmaod didi regionia, romlis far-
Tobi dRes miRebuli xelovnuri gansazRvriT 467 964 kvadratu-
li kilometria, xolo realurad _ ufro meti. aRniSnul far-
Tobs Tu davumatebT Tanamedrove TurqeTisa da iranis fargleb-
Si moqceul realuri geografiuli kavkasiis farTobs (Turqe-
Tis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi vilaieTebi da iranis Crdilo-dasavle-
Ti ori osTanis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi mxareebi), misi farTobi
580 000 kvadratul kilometrs aWarbebs. Tanamedrove mecnieru-
li monacemebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasia evropas ekuTvnis, samxreT
kavkasia _ azias. kavkasias erTi friad mniSvnelovani ram axa-
siaTebs: is mTeli istoriis manZilze da dResac eTnikurad da
kulturulad iyo da aris uaRresad Wreli. kavkasia iyo sxva-
dasxva kulturebisa da eTnosebis Tanaarsebobis, Sexvedris
geografiuli areali. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom, Tavisi

21
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, kavkasia sxvadasxva imperiebis in-

teresTa sferoSi Sedioda. asea es dResac.
sxvadasxva bunebriv-geografiul da klimatur pirobebSi
mcxovreb mravalricxovan da sxvadasxva ideologiis matarebel
xalxebs hqondaT Tu ara saerTo, msgavsi kultura da iyvnen Tu
ara isini erTi civilizaciis Semadgeneli nawili? ufro sxva-
nairad rom vTqvaT, arsebobda Tu ara `kavkasiuri civilizacia~?
mkiTxveli mixvdeba, rom kavkasiuri civilizaciis brWyalebSi
Casma dasmuli sakiTxisadmi Cvens damokidebulebas gamoxatavs.
upirveles yovlisa, termin `civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb. ras
gulisxmobdnen da ras gulisxmoben am terminSi? problemis ga-
dasawyvetad mis definicias uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
iseve rogorc `kulturis~, `civilizaciis~ mravali ganmarteba
arsebobs, ese igi mecnierebaSi am cnebis/terminis sayovelTaod
miRebuli gansazRvreba ar gagvaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, `civiliza-
ciis~ mTel rig postulatebze mecnierebi SeTanxmebuli arian.
termins safuZvlad udevs laTinuri sityva _ civilis _ rac niS-
navs `samoqalaqos~, `saxelmwifoebrivs~. Cveulebriv, filoso-
fiur leqsikonebsa da enciklopediebSi cneba `civilizacia~ asea
ganmartebuli: sazogadoebis materialuri da sulieri miRweve-
bis erToblioba. filosofiur koncefciebSi civilizacias msof-
lio-istoriuli procesis analizis konteqstSi ganixilaven.
frangi ganmanaTleblebi civilizebuls uwodebdnen iseT sazoga-
doebas, romelic gonebasa da samarTlianobaze iyo dafuZnebuli.
zogierTi mecnieri (i. kanti, o. Spengleri, n. danilevski) mas
`kulturis~ cnebas upirispirebda. a. toinbi civilizacias gan-
sazRvravs rogorc kvlevis xelovnurad izolorebul istoriis
monakveTs, ise rom yoveli monakveTis mTlianoba ganapirobebs
erTi civilizaciis meorisagan gamijvnas. Tanamedrove sociolo-
giaSi (l. uaiti) civilizacia ganixileba Sinagani organizebu-
lobis TvalsazrisiT, im azriT, rom sazogadoeba ganpirobebu-

22
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

lia sami ZiriTadi komponentiT: teqnikiT, socialuri organiza-

ciiTa da filosofiiT, Tanac danarCeni komponentebis ganmsazRv-
relad teqnikas miiCneven. iseve rogorc sxva SemTxvevebSi, marq-
sizmi (f. engelsi) civilizaciasTan mimarTebaSi klasobriobis
poziciidan gamodioda da mis qmnadobas wodebebsa da klasebs
Soris antagonizmis gaCenas, Sromis danawilebis gaRrmavebas,
klasobriv urTierTobaTa arsis gamomxatveli kanonebis warmo-
Sobas ukavSirebda. 1
amrigad, sxvadasxva gagebiT civilizacia aris: 1. kulturis
sinonimi, 2. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis safexuri, materialuri
da sulieri kulturis done, 3. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sa-
fexuri, romelic barbarosobis Semdeg Cndeba. 2
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ci-
vilizaciis frangul-inglisuri da germanuli gageba. civiliza-
ciis Sesaxeb cnobili mecnieris norbert eliasis zogierT Sexe-
dulebas SemogTavazebT: `civilizaciis~ cneba sruliad gansxva-
vebul faqtebs miesadageba: teqnikis mdgomareobas, manerebis sa-
xes, mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebas, religiur ideebs da Cveu-
lebebs. is SeiZleba qalisa da mamakacis cxovrebis wess, samarT-
lebrivi dasjis formebs Tu saWmlis momzadebas exebodes~. `mas-
Si (civilizaciaSi _ r. T.) Sejamebulia yvelaferi, raSic uka-
naskneli ori an sami saukunis dasavluri sazogadoeba ufro ad-
rindel an Tanamedrove `primitiul~ sazogadoebebTan mimarTe-
baSi Tavs aRmatebulad miiCnevs. misi saSualebiT dasavluri sa-
zogadoeba cdilobs daaxasiaTos yvelaferi is, rac mis TavisTa-
vadobas gamoxatevs da riTac is amayobs: Tavisi teqnikis mdgoma-
reoba, TavianTi manerebis saxe, Tavisi mecnieruli codnis Tu

1 filosofiuri leqsikoni. Tb. 1987, gv. 670. Targmani rusuli gamo-

cemisa _ Философский Словарь. Под редакцией И. Т. Фролова. М. 1980.
2 Философский энциклопедический словарь. M. 1989.

23
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba da sxva mravali.~ 3 civilizaciis

franguli da inglisuri cneba exeba politikur, ekonomikur,
religiur, moralur da sazogadoebriv faqtebs. am SemTxvevaSi
aqcenti ZiriTadad gadatanilia adamianTa miRwevebze, Tumca maT
qcevebsac gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aniWebdnen. `germanulenovan
sityvaTxmarebaSi, `civilizacia~, raRac Zalian saWiros, magram
mainc meore rangis Rirebulebas aRniSnavs, ufro zustad, ki
imas, rac adamianis garegnul mxares, adamianuri arsebobis zeda-
pirul Sres moicavs.~ 4
arsebobs civilizebuli adamianis cnebac. civilizebul ada-
mianSi gulisxmoben ganaTlebul, zneobriv, daxvewil, Tavazian,
kargi manerebis mqones. axali istoriis sawyisi etapidan evrope-
lebi mxolod TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen civilizebulad da kolo-
nizacias, dapyrobebs amiT amarTlebdnen, rom aracivilizebuli
xalxebi civilizebul xalxebad unda eqciaT. egviptis dapyrobis
dros napoleoni jariskacebs mouwodebda: `jariskacebo, Tqven
axorcielebT dapyrobas, romlis Sedegebi ganuzomeli iqneba ci-
vilizaciis TvalsazrisiT~. sxvaTa Soris, ruseTis imperiac ama-
ve deviziT amarTlebda imperiis sxvaTa xarjze gafarTovebas. 5
dResac ruseTSi gamosuli samecniero literatura imiTaa gams-
Wvaluli, rom kavkasiis aracivilizebul xalxebs civilizaciis
gzaze ayenebdnen.
`civilizacia~ garkveul dapirispirebaSia `kulturis~ cne-
basTan. kultura Tu eTnikuria/erovnulia, amas ver vityviT `ci-
vilizaciis~ Sesaxeb. kultura bevrad ufro adre, adamianis ga-
CenisTanave warmoiqmna: pirveli qvis iaraRi ukve kulturis
elementi iyo. civilizacia ki sakmaod gvian warmoiqmna. miiCneven,
rom civilizacia Tavis arsebobas iwyebs saxelmwifoebis da qa-
3 n. eliasi. civilizaciis procesis Sesaxeb. wigni I. Tb. 2005, gv. 62.
4 n. eliasi. civilizaciis procesis Sesaxeb, gv. 63.
5 В. В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ в системе межетнических отношений с

древнейших времен до 60-х годов XIX века. СПб. 2007, gv. 502.

24
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

laqebis gaCenis Semdeg. civilizaciisaTvis eTnikuri/erovnuli

gansxvavebani arsebiTi ar aris. mTeli rigi xalxebi SeiZleba
erTi civilizaciisadmi iyvnen mikuTvnebuli. `kultura materia-
lur da sulier faseulobaTa erTobliobaa, adamiani rom qmnida
dRidan misi gaCenisa. civilizacia ki msoflio-istoriuli pro-
cesis erT garkveul etapze warmoqmnili sazogadoebaa, an ro-
gorc mas uwodeben _ socialur-politikuri da kulturuli
organizmia. amitomacaa civilizacia ufro farTo cneba: igi
moicavs rogorc socialur-ekonomikur, sazogadoebriv-politi-
kur, aseve kulturul struqturebs.~ 6
`civilizaciis~ ganmsazRvrel kriteriumTagan da damaxasia-
Tebel niSan-TvisebaTagan yvelaze ufro srulyofiladaa miC-
neuli ingliseli istorikosisa da arqeologis gordon Caildis
SemuSavebuli sqema. g. Caildis mixedviT `civilizacias~ aTi ar-
sebiTi niSani axasiaTebs:
1. saxelmwifo organizacia;
2. socialurad diferencirebuli sazogadoeba; klasebis arse-
boba;
3. miwaze memkvidreobiTi sakuTreba;
4. gadasaxadebis sistema da regularuli xarkis miRebiT dag-
rovili centralizebuli simdidre;
5. savaWro urTierTobaTa ganviTareba;
6. profesional xelosanTa, specialistTa gaCena;
7. damwerloba;
8. qalaqebis gaCena;
9. monumenturi nagebobebi;
10. mecnierebisa da xelovnebis Canasaxebi. 7
1958 wels CikagoSi civilizaciisadmi sakiTxebisadmi miZRv-
6 o. lorTqifaniZe. Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan. Tb.
2002, gv. 5.
7 G. Childe. The Urban Revolution // Town Planning Review. Liverpool. 1950. V. 21.

#1. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Revo_Revolution.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

nil diskusiaze saWirod miiCnies CamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebis

Semcireba. g. Caildis CamonaTvalidan gamoiyo civilizaciis sami
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli: 1. qalaqebis gaCena; 2. damwerlobis ga-
Cena; 3. monumenturi nagebobebis gaCena. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
dReisaTvis mecnierebaSi ganmtkicebulia mocemuli midgoma. maga-
liTad, avtorebi wignisa «Древние цивилизаций» (redaqtori g.
bongrad-levini) xuT niSanze Cerdebian: 1. qalaqebis arseboba; 2.
saxelmwifo; 3. samarTali; 4. damwerloba; 5. socialuri stra-
tifikiacia, romlebic arsebiTad zemoT CamoTvlil kriteriumeb-
Si Tavsdebian. 8 civilizaciisadmi analogiuri damokidebuleba
gaaCniaT agreTve v. masons, r. adamss, k. renfrius, k. flaneris.
am ukanasknelis formulirebiT, civilizacia kulturuli feno-
menebis kompleqsia, romelic dakavSirebulia socialuri organi-
zaciis iseT formasTan, rogoricaa saxelmwifo. zemoxsenebuli
v. masoni pirveli civilizaciebis specifikur Taviseburebad fi-
zikuri Sromidan gonebrivi Sromis gamoyofasa da ideologiis
sferoSi cvlilebebs miiCnevda, rodesac _ axali ideologiuri
kanonebi formirdeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi, religiur for-
mebSi gamoixateba. 9 kidev erTi avtoris Sesaxeb: Zveli Cinuri
kulturis mkvlevari v. eberxardi civilizaciis aucilebel
elementebad miiCnevs: 1. socialurad diferencirebul sazoga-
doebasa da saxelmwifo organizacias; 2. marcvleuli kulture-
bis moyvanaze aqcentirebul miwaTmoqmedebasa da moSinaurebuli
saqonlis gamoyenebas; 3. saqalaqo centrebis (Tundac erTis) da,
Sesabamisad, qalaquri tipis arqiteqturis arsebobas; 4. liTone-
bis gamoyenebas; 5. damwerlobas; 6. saxelmwifo aRricxvianobas. 10
wignSi `Teoriuli eTnologia~ civilizaciis Semdegi gan-
marteba gvaqvs mocemuli: `adamianTa lokaluri socio-kultu-

8 http://kultby.in/tag/osnovnye-priznaki-civilizacii.
9 В. Массон. Первые цивилизации. Л. 1989; http://yanko.lib.ru/books/hist/masson-
first_civilizations.
10 o. lorTqifaniZe. Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, gv. 5.

26
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

ruli erToba, romelmac Tavisi ganviTarebisas materialuri da

sulieri kulturis mniSvnelovan progress miaRwia. civiliza-
ciis niSnebad miaCniaT: saxelmwifo, qalaqebi, moneta, vaWroba,
damwerloba da sxva. farTo mniSvnelobiT civilizacia moicavs
xalxTa jgufebs, agreTve vrcel geografiul sivrceebs an mTel
kontinentebs da varaudobs iseTi civilizaciebis arsebobas, ro-
gorebicaa evropuli, aziuri, arabuli da a. S. sazogadoebis gan-
viTarebis Tanamedrove doneze mecnierebi kacobriobas ramdenime
civilizaciad yofen (maTi raodenoba oTxidan rvamde meryeobs).
magaliTad, amerikeli sociologi hantingtoni amtkicebs, rom
dReisaTvis msoflioSi arsebobs iseTi civilizaciebi, rogorebi-
caa dasavluri, marTladideblur-qristianuli, konfuciuri,
iaponuri, islamuri, industriuli da afrikuli, romlebic xal-
xTa nacionalur-religiur Taviseburebebs eyrdnoba. rusebi cal-
ke gamoyofen rusul civilizacias, mas sxvanairad evraziul ci-
vilizaciasac uwodeben da aRniSnaven, rom masSi ori sawyisia
Serwymuli. TiToeuli civilizaciisaTvis met-naklebad damaxa-
siaTebelia istoriuli pirobebis, nacionaluri, kulturuli,
fsiqologiuri niSnebis erToba, romelSic sxvadasxva eTnosebi
globalur erTobebad arian gaerTianebulni.~ 11
civilizaciis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmu-
li mosazrebebi Sejerebulia: a) `civilizaciis erTi ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobaa misi, rogorc garkveuli tipis mTlianad warmodge-
na. rogorc ama Tu im socialuri erTobis ganviTarebis gar-
kveul safexurad yofna~; b) `civilizaciis cnebis meore mniSvne-
loba dakavSirebulia socialuri yofierebis garkveul etapTan,
velurobisa da barbarosobis Semdgom periodTan, romelic war-
modgenilia uwyvetad dRevandlamde~; g) civilizaciis mesame
mniSvneloba ganixileba rogorc calkeul kulturaTa ganviTa-

11r. TofCiSvili, q. xuciSvili, r. gujejiani. Teoriuli eTnolo-

gia. Tb. 2010, gv. 447-448.

27
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

rebis erT-erTi etapi~. 12 `civilizacia adamianTa kulturuli

dajgufebis yvelaze maRali safexuria, kulturuli gansazRvris
is umaRlesi done, rac sxva niSan-TvisebebTan erTad gamoarCevs
adamians danarCen biologiur saxeobaTagan. am Tu im civili-
zaciis gamorCeulobas ganapirobebs rogorc saerTo ena, isto-
ria, religia, adaTebi, wes-Cveulebebi _ ise adamianis mier saku-
Tari meobis gansazRvris subieqturi neba~. 13
zemoT civilizaciis sxvadasxva midgomaze gavamaxvileT yu-
radReba, magram aqcenti ZiriTadad istoriul midgomaze SevaCe-
reT. arsebobs regionaluri, stadiuri, formaciuli, lokaluri
civilizaciis cnebebi. regionalur civilizaciebSi eTnikur da
eTnosTaSoris civilizaciebs gulisxmoben, stadialurSi _ kapi-
talizmamdel, kapitalistur, postindustriul civilizaciebs,
formaciulSi – monaTmflobelur, feodalur, kapitalistur
civilizaciebs, lokalurSi – evropul, aziur, axloaRmosavlur
civilizaciebs. literaturaSi xSirad saubroben agreTve Sume-
rul, kretul, antikur, Cinur, bizantiur, indur, islamur da a.
S. civilizaciebze. advilad SesamCnevia, rom zogierTi civiliza-
cia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli eTnosebTan an saxelmwifoebTan:
iaponuri, rusuli, germanuli, ZvelberZnuli, romauli, Sumeru-
li, Cinuri, egvipturi, asiriul-babilonur-finikiuri, axal-semi-
turi anu arabuli, meqsikuri, peruanuli...14 a. toinbi 21 loka-
lur civilizacias gamoyofda. eTnikur civilizaciebs Soris
udavod gamoiyofa qarTuli civilizaciac, romelic civiliza-
ciis yvela kriteriums akmayofilebda. 15
arsebobda Tu ara kavkasiuri civilizacia, romelic regio-

12 e. kodua. kulturis sociologia. Tb. 2001, gv. 113-114.

13 sazogadoeba da politika. II. Tb. 1999, gv. 8.
14 Э. Сайко. Цивилизация в пространственно-временном континууме социальной эво-

люции и проблема ее системного слома, Цивилизация. Восхождение и слом: Струк-

турообразующие факторы и субьекты цивилизационного процесса. М. 2003, gv. 16.
15 o. lorTqifaniZe. Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan.

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 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

nalur civilizaciad unda ganixilebodes. `kavkasiuri civiliza-

ciis~ aqtiur momxreTa Soris SeiZleba i. xaZievi da v. davido-
viCi davasaxeloT. pirvelisaTvis civilizaciis niSnebia: teri-
toriis erTiani masivi, masze erTi da igive tomebisa da xalxe-
bis yofna, saerTo istoria, erTi rasa, fsiqologia, erTnairi
wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi, damwerloba... 16 i. xaZievisaTvis
kavkasiuri civilizaciis uaryofis safuZvels kavkasiel xalxeb-
Si sxvadasxva msoflio religiebis arseboba xelis SemSleli
faqtori araa. miuxedavad imisa, rom vainaxebi muslimebi arian
da qarTvelebi _ marTlmadideblebi, maT mainc erTnairi wes-
Cveulebebi da tradiciebi, tansacmeli da sakvebi, monaTesave
enebi aqvT, miekuTvnebian erT rasas. riT SeiZleba aRniSnul av-
tors vupasuxoT? mis mier CamoTvlili kriteriumebidan arc
erTi ar miekuTvneba civilizaciis niSnebs. civilizaciis niSani
araa `teritoriis erTiani masivi~, anu mezoblad cxovreba, rasa,
wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi. anda vin daadastura, rom qarTve-
lebsa da CeCen-inguSebs erTnairi wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi
hqondaT. mezobel qarTvel mTielebTan SeiZleba vainaxebs msgavsi
tradiciebi hqondaT, magram ra vuyoT danarCen saqarTvelos? er-
Ti rasobrivi tipi Tu civilizaciis niSania, maSin yvela evro-
peidi an mongoloidi evropeiduli da mongoloiduri civiliza-
ciebis warmomadgenlebi yofilan. vin adasturebs, rom CrdiloeT
kavkasielebsa da qarTvelebs saerTo istoria hqondaT? sainte-
resoa, am saerTo istoriaSi politikuri istoria igulisxmeba,
socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu eTnikuri? erTi sityviT, qarTve-
lebsa da vainaxebs saerTo arc kvebiTi kultura da arc samosi
hqoniaT. mezobeli qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufis _ xevsure-
bisganac ki (romlebic erTian qarTul saxelwifoebriv sistema-
Si avtonomiurad funqcionirebdnen), am mxriv gansxvavebuli
kulturis elementebi gaaCndaT. saerTod, vainaxebsa da qarTvel

16 http://www.ia-maxsimum.ru/press283.htm.

29
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

mTielebs mxolod kulturis zogierTi elementi hqondaT saer-

To. kulturis elementebis saerTooba ki sxvadasxva eTnosebs
erT saerTo civilizaciaSi ar aqcevs. rogor SeiZleba sxvadas-
xva religiebis, am SemTxvevaSi islamisa da marTlmadideblobis
mimdevarni erTi civilizaciis nawilni iyvnen? yvelaze gasaoca-
ri isaa, rom civilizaciis saerTo niSnad dasaxelebuli avtori
damwerlobasac asaxelebs. damwerloba kavkasiaSi xom mxolod
qarTvelebsa da somxebs hqondaT. qarTuli damwerloba CaCnebisa
da inguSebisac iyo? istoriaSi aseTi arc erTi faqti araa da-
dasturebuli. erTi niSandoblivi kriteriumi kavkasiuri
civilizaciisa Turme kavkasiaSi mcirericxovani xalxebis didi
raodenobiT arsebobac yofila (?!).
zemoT dasaxelebul meore avtorze _ v. davidoviCze sauba-
ric ar Rirs, imitom, rom qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufi _
xevsurebi _ mas calke eTnosi hgonia, xolo qarTvelebi da
Turqulenovani yumuxebi _ erTi xis sxvadasxva Stoebi, magram,
radgan is e. w. saerTo kavkasiuri civilizaciis eqvs niSans ga-
moyofs, am niSnebsac unda gavecnoT. avtori aRniSnavs: «Отме-
ченные А. Тойнби 36 цивилизаций не включают в себя кавказскую. Дума-
ется, что это, мягко говоря, недоработка крупного мыслителя». mis mier
17

gamoyofili eqvsi niSani ki Semdegia: 1. regionis yvela xal-

xiaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi dakavSirebulia mTur landSaf-
tSi mravalwliani cxovrebiT, ramac ganapiroba meurneobisa da
yofis Taviseburebebi, miTologiis erTiani elementebi, Cveule-
baTa da tradiciebis specifika. aqve xazi esmis mTielTa Tavise-
bur mentalitets, emociurobas, rac, Turme, ara mxolod mTaSi

17 В. Е. Давывович. Существует ли кавказская цивилизация? Научная мысль Кав-

каза. Ростов н/Д. 2000. №2 (22). civilizaciaze analogiuri Sexeduleba
qarTul samecniero literaturaSicaa gamoTqmuli: `arc erTi maT-
gani (n. danilevski da a. toinbi _ r. T.) kavkasiis civilizaciaze ar
miuTiTebs. vfiqrobT, kargi iqneba, Tu mecnierebaSi es xarvezi ga-
moswordeba~ (j. kviciani. kavkasia da kavkasielebi. Tb. 2010, gv. 14).

30
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

mcxovrebTaTvis, aramed yumuxebisa da afSeronis naxevarkunZul-

ze mkivdrebisaTvisac niSandoblivi yofila; 2. meurneobis, mem-
cenareobisa da mecxoveleobis, xalosnobis, arqiteqturuli
formebisa da kvebis Taviseburebani. istoriuli maxsovroba; 3.
gvarovnuli da feodaluri urTierTobebi; 4. sulieri kultu-
ris bevri niSnis Tanxvedra. am Tanxvedris damadasturebeli yo-
fila `narTebis~ eposisa da SoTa rusTavelis striqonebis
msgavseba; 5. nacionaluri fsiqologiis identuri momentebi: Ta-
visuflebismoyvare suli da sificxe, uxucesTa avtoritetis
aRiareba da etiketuri normebis skrupulozuri dacva; 6. war-
sulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo Sexla-Semoxla da TareSebi,
magram kavkasielebma erTmaneTs Soris xangrZlivi srulmasSta-
biani omebi ar icodnen.
rogorc aSkarad Cans, v. davidoviCisaTvis mTlad ucnobia
civilizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. zogierT kavkasiur
eTnoss meurneobis msgavsi formebi Tu gaaCnia, sxvaTa meurneo-
bis formebi friad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan; ramdenime kavka-
siur eTnoss Tu saerTo da msgavsi miTologia gaaCnia (magali-
Tad, `narTebis~ eposi), ZiriTadi eTnosebisaTvis is damaxasiaTe-
beli araa; CrdiloeT kavkasielTa mentalitets Tu saerTooba
gaaCnia, amas ver vityviT CrdiloeT kavkasielTa da samxreT kav-
kasielTa mentalitetze. samxreT kavkasielTa, kerZod, somexTa
da kavkasielTa mentalitetic ki miuxedavad qristianuli
sarwmunoebis mravalsaukunovani rwmenisa, friad gansxvavebulia;
gvarovnuli urTierToba da civilizacia erTmaneTTan Seu-
Tavsebeli movlenebia. feodaluri urTierTobani ki klasikuri
formiT samxreT kavkasielebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Crdi-
loeTkavkasielTa umetesoba ki feodalur formacias saerTod
ar icnobda an mxolod misi Canasaxebi gaaCndaT; arc sulieri
kultura hqoniaT kavkasiis xalxebs saerTo, gansakuTerebiT dia-
metralurad gansxvavebuli iyo erTmaneTisagan CrdiloeT kavka-

31
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

sielTa da samxreT kavkasielTa sulieri kultura. qarTvelTa

da somexTa sulieri kultura qristianobiT iyo nasazrdoebi,
sxvebisa ki _ ara. v. davidoviCi qarTuli mwerlobis Sedevrs
`vefxistyaosans~ agdebiT moixseniebs, rodesac am nawarmoebsa da
`narTebis~ eposs erTmaneTs adarebs. mas aSkarad arc `narTebi~
aqvs wakiTxuli da arc `vefxistyaosani~; Tavisuflebismoyvareo-
bac Turme kavkasiuri civilizaciis saerTo niSani yofila. uxu-
cesTa, beladTa avtoriteti (am SemTxvevaSi uxucesTa pativisce-
masa da mowiwebas ar vgulisxmobT) ki barbarosobis safexurze
mdgomi xalxebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da ara civilizebuli
xalxebisaTvis; farTomasStabiani da xangrZlivi omebis ar arse-
bobac ki civilizaciis niSani yofila. TareSebi Turme saTvalav-
Si Casagdebi araa.
avtorTa sxva rigi mxolod Crdilokavkasiur, anu mTur
civilizaciaze saubrobs. amasTan dakavSirebiT imas aRvniSnavT,
rom mTuri anu CrdiloeTkavkasiuri civilizaciis arseboba-
ararsebobis sakiTxi am statiis mizani ara aris. vimeorebT, naS-
romis mizania garkveva sakiTxisa _ arsebobs Tu ara kavkasiuri
civilizacia, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, saerTo kavkasiuri ci-
vilizacia.
manam sanam saTanado argumentebs warmovadgenT, aucilebe-
lia zustad gaverkveT geografiuli kavkasiisa da misi bunebriv-
geografiul da klimatur mravalferovnebaSi, eTnikur siWrele-
Si. rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, kavkasia sakmaod didi geogra-
fiuli erTeulia, romlis saerTo farTobi 580 000-ze meti
kvadratuli kilometria da romlis samxreTi sazRvari ara sa-
qarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis sazRvarze gadis TurqeT-
Tan da iranTan, aramed ufro samxreTiT; kavkasia moicavs Turqe-
Tis da iranis im mxareebs, romlebic Woroxis, mtkvrisa da
araqsis auzebSi mdebareoben. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia is,
rom kavkasia maRali wyalgamyofi kavkasionis qediT or nawilad

32
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

iyofa _ kavkasionis wyalgamyofi qedis CrdiloeT mxareze Crdi-

loeT kavkasia mdebareobs, samxreTiT _ samxreT kavkasia. weli-
wadis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mTeli istoriis manZilze kavka-
sionis qedi gauvali iyo. advili ar iyo misi gadalaxva. miuxe-
davad amisa, CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasielebs, gansakuTrebiT
mTaSi mkvidrebs, erTmaneTTan urTierToba mudmivad hqondaT, arc
migraciuli procesebi iyo iSiaTi movlena. samxreT kavkasiis
xalxebs xangrZlivi istoriis ganmavlobaSi urTierToba hqondaT
rogorc dasavluri/qristianuli, ise aRmosavluri/mazdeanuri-
/muslimuri civilizaciisa da kulturis mqone xalxebTan. ube-
durebasTan erTad samxreT kavkasieli xalxebisaTvis geogra-
fiul mdebareobas sxvadasxva civilizaciebis arealSi yofna da
gavlenac mohqonda Tan. mecnierebi samarTlianad miiCneven, rom
kacobriobis kulturis elementebi ara damoukidebeli aRmoCenis,
aramed garedan sesxebis Sedegadaa warmoqmnili. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, civilizaciebi dedamiwaze garkveuli kerebidan `gacoc-
da~. evropisaTvis Tu aseTi `kulturuli maswavleblis~ rols
xmelTaSuazRvispireTi asrulebda, saqarTvelosaTvis am rolis
Semsrulebeli axlo aRmosavleTi da berZnuli samyaro iyo. rac
Seexeba kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mdebare CrdiloeT kavkasias, is
evraziis nomadur zonas emezobleboda, sadac saukuneebis ganmav-
lobaSi aRmosavleTidan SemoWrili sxvadasxva momTabare eTno-
sebi (skviTebi, sarmatebi, alanebi, hunebi, avarebi, paWanikebi, yiv-
CaRebi, monRolebi...) enacvlebodnen erTmaneTs (CrdiloeT kavka-
sielebisaTvis CrdiloeTi mezoblebidan mxolod rusebi iyvnen
pirveli binadarni da saxelmwifoebriobis matarebeli xalxi).
rogorc samarTlianadaa SeniSnuli, momTabareTa mier TiTqmis
2500 wlis ganmavlobaSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis veeberTela kori-
doris kontroli mudmivad iwvevda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
sagareo-politikur presings. 18 Tqmuli arsebiTad ganasxvavebda

18 Э. Х. Панеш. Этническая психология и межнациональные отношения. Взаимо-

33
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

erTmaneTisagan CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da samxreT kavkasiaSi

mcxovreb xalxebs.
mravalferovania kavkasia reliefiT da bunebiT. SedarebiT
mcire sivrceze Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva warmoSobisa da aR-
nagobis zedapiris formebi _ dablobebi, vakeebi, zegnebi, mTiani
qedebi, vulkanuri mwvervalebi. kavkasiaSi 21 fizikur-geog-
rafiuli olqi da raioni gamoiyofa. 19 CrdiloeT kavkasias samx-
reT kavkasiasTan SedarebiT ladSafturi Taviseburebac axasia-
Tebs; esaa baridan mTian adgilebSi mkveTri gadasvla. kavkasiis
sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva klimatia _ kavkasiis maRalmTia-
neTis polaruli klimatidan dasavleT kavkasiis dablobis te-
niani subtropikul klimatamde, aRmosavleT kavkasiiswineTis
stepebis mSrali kontinenturi klimatidan aRmosavleT samxreT
kavkasiis mSral subtropikul klimatamde. aseve mravalferova-
nia kavkasiis mcenareuli samyaro: subtropikul tyeebsa da zo-
mieri klimatis tyeebs aq, erTi mxriv, alpuri mdeloebi da,
meore mxriv, aRmosavleT kavkasiswineTisa da samxreT kavkasiis
dablobi sivrceebis naxevrad udabnos mSrali mcenareuli enacv-
leba. dasavleT kavkasiiswineTSi Savmiwiani stepebis stepuri
flora gvxvdeba.
unda gavixsenoT, rom kavkasia polieTnikuri regionia. aq
50-mde xalxi mkvidrobs, romelTaganac yvelam originaluri
kultura Seqmna da aqvs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ena. kavkasia
xom jer kidev antikur periodSi mravali xalxiT iyo dasaxle-
buli. miuxedavad imisa, rom kavkasiaSi araerTi ena da eTnosi
gaqra, dResac is mravaleTnikuri olqia. kavkasiuri enebis ojaxs
miekuTvnebian: adiReelebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, abazebi, afxa-
zebi, inguSebi, CaCnebi, xunZebi, andielebi, axvaxelebi, bagulale-

действие и особенности эволюции (на примере западного кавказа). СПб. Европей-

ский Дом. 1996, gv. 225.
19 А. Ф. Ляйстер, Г. Ф. Чурсин. География Кавказа: природа и население. Т. 1924.

34
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

bi, boTlixelebi, Rodoberielebi, karataelebi, tindielebi, Wa-

malalebi, didoelebi, kapuWelebi, xvarSielebi, hinuxelebi, hun-
zibelebi, arCibelebi, darguelebi, xaidayelebi, yubaCelebi, la-
kebi, lezgebi, aRulebi, ruTulebi, Tabasaranelebi, waxurebi, xi-
naluRebi, kriwebi, buduxebi, udiebi; iranulenivani osebi, TaTe-
bi, mTis ebraelebi, TaliSebi; Turqulenovani yaraCaelebi, balya-
relebi, yumuxebi, noRaelebi, azerbaijanelebi; somxebi; qarTve-
lebi... 20 Tanamedrove kavkasiaSi araavtoqtoni, sxvadasxva dros
mosuli eTnosebic mkvidroben. eseni arian: rusebi, ukrainelebi,
qurTebi, asirielebi, berZnebi... kavkasiis eTnikuri siWrele gana-
piroba ramdenime garemoebam: evropisa da aziis mijnaze mdebareo-
bam da CrdiloeTi da samxreTi gzebidan xalxTa moZraobam; re-
gionis mTianma xasiaTma da adgilobrivi bunebis mravalferovne-
bam. CamoTvlilTagan zogierTi eTnosi uaRresad mcirericxovania
da maTi gansaxlebis areali erT an or-sam sofels ar cdeba.
qarTvelebis, somxebis, azerbaijanelebis da sxva ori-sami eTno-
sis garda, zemoT CamoTvlili xalxebi ZiriTadad mTis mkvidrebi
iyvnen. dRes ki maTi ZiriTadi nawili barSia migrirebuli.
qvemoT mogvixdeba kavkasieli xalxebis daxasiaTeba, gansa-
kuTrebiT civilizaciis niSnebTan mimarTebaSi. civilizaciis ar-
sebiTi da ZiriTadi niSani saxelmwifoebriobaa. samxreT kavkasiis
xalxTagan saxelmwifoebriobis matarebelni qarTvelebi, somxebi
da albanelebi iyvnen. albanelebis safuZvelze warmoqmnil azer-
baijanelebs ki patar-patara feodaluri saxelmwifoebrivi war-
monaqmnebi gaaCndaT. CrdiloeT kavkasiuri eTnosebidan saxelmwi-
foebrivi warmonaqmnebi xunZebs gaaCndaT (seriris samefo), rome-
lic XIII saukunidan wvril feodalur erTeulebad daiSala da
qveyanam faqtobrivi defeodalizacia ganicada. wvril erTeule-
bad daiSala agreTve tabasarani, lakzi, gumiki. CrdilieT kavka-
sielTagan saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni gaaCndaT osebsac,

20 r. TofCiSvili. kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia. Tb. 2007.

35
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

oRond ara mTebSi, sadac isini bolo dros, gvian Sua saukuneeb-
Si cxovrobdnen, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiis velebSi. XIII sauku-
neSi, sagareo faqtoris gamo, am saxelmwifomac kraxi ganicada.
saerTod, geografiuli mdgomareoba da araerTi momTabare tomis
moZraoba da migracia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi myari eTnikuri si-
tuaciisa da saxelmwifoebis anda saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmne-
bis arsebobas xels ar uwyobda. arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi
warmonaqmnebi monRolTa Semosevebma sabolood mospo da im
dros warmoqmnili eTnikuri da politikuri situacia, faqtob-
rivad, ruseTis imperiis mier kavkasiis dapyrobamde aRar Secv-
lila. danarCen CrdiloeT kavkasielebs, ufro swored, mTie-
lebs, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifoebrioba ar hqoniaT. saxelmwifo
struqturis Seqmnis aucilebloba kavkasiis xalxebma Zalian
gvian _ ruseTis imperiis eqspansiis TiTqmis damamTavrebel etap-
ze _ igrZnes. adiReelebs Soris amaze fiqri 1850-ian wlebSi
muhamed-aminma daiwyo da saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis for-
mireba misi sikvdilis Semdeg _ 1860-1864 wlebSi moaxdines.
magram ukve dagvianebuli iyo: imperiam formirebis procesSi
Seqmnili saxelmwifo struqtura da adiReelTa eTnosfera erT-
droulad gaanadgura. 21 ase rom, civilizaciis am niSans (saxel-
mwifoebrioba) kavkasielTagan mxolod qarTvelebi, somxebi,
azerbaijanelebi, adreul etapze nawilobriv osebi akmayofile-
ben. qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba Sua saukuneebSi ukve im doneze
avida, rom Tamaris mefobisas qveyanaSi parlamentarizmis Canasa-
xebic ki gaCnda. nomadur samyarosTan mezobloba da siaxlove
CrdiloeT kavkasiis eTnosebSi saxelmwifoebriobis mxriv keTi-
lismyofel gavlenas ver axdenda. mTa kavkasiel avtoqtonebs sa-
xelmwifoebis Seqmnis saSualebas naklebad aZlevda. barSi gasv-
lis saSualebas ki maT xan momTabare iranuli modgmis da xan

21
В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ в системе межэтнических отношений с
древнейших времен до 60-х годов XIX века. СПб. 2007, gv. 542-543.

36
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

Turquli modgmis xalxebi uSlidnen; barSi Seqmnili eTnikuri

sicarielis Sevsebas isini ver aswrebdnen.
civilizaciis Semdegi niSani socialurad diferencirebuli
sazogadoeba da klasebis arsebobaa. socialurad diferencirebu-
li iyo qarTuli, somxuri, albanuri, Semdeg azerbaijanuli sa-
xelmwifoebi da saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi (samTavroebi, saxa-
noebi). ra mdgomareoba iyo am mxriv CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi? ze-
moT daRestnis seriris samefo vaxseneT. garda seriris samefo-
si, daRestanSi sxva aseTi erTeulebic yofila. arabi avtorebi
aq masqutTa, tabasaranelTa, lakzTa `samefoebsac~ asaxeleben.
bunebrivia, samefoSi socialuri diferenciacia da klasebi iqne-
boda. saerTod, daRestanSi social-ekonomikuri urTierTbebi
ufro viTardeboda magram, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, XIII sau-
kunidan aq defeodalizacia moxda da saxeze mxolod naxevrad
feodaluri urTierTobebi arsebobda. CrdiloeT kavkasiis ste-
pebSi arsebuli osTa saxelmwifo monRolTa Semosevebis Sedegad
ganadgurda da mTaSi Sexvewil osebs aRarc saxelmwifo da faq-
tobrivad aRarc socialuri diferenciacia hqoniaT da arc kla-
sebi hyoliaT. zogierT osur sazogadoebaSi zedafena mxolod
formalurad arsebobda. monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg CrdiloeT
kavkasiis velebi yabardoelebma daikaves. magram yabardouli sa-
xelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni gansxvavdeboda klasikuri feodalu-
ri saxelmwofoebisagan _ yabardos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris
(`ualia~) Tanamdeboba arCeviTi iyo; mas Tavadebis sabWo irCevda.
SemorCenili iyo sajaro xelisuflebis arqauli formebi: sa-
xalxo kreba, mamakacTa faruli kavSirebi. yabardoSi patriar-
qaluri monoba gvarovnuli wyobilebis Zlier gadmonaSTebTan
iyo SeTanawyobili. dasavleT adiReelebis `demokratiul~ sazo-
gadoebebSi gaCenili iyo socialuri fena, romelsac `uorki~
ewodeboda. Tavisufali meTemeebis didi masis fonze, `uorkis~
gvarTa ricxvi didi ar iyo. am ukanasknelTa formireba moxda

37
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

ara miwis sakuTrebis bazaze, aramed ZiriTadad samxedro eqspan-

siis Sedegad mopovebuli nadavlis, alafis safuZvelze. saer-
Tod, ar yofila socialurad diferencirebuli da klasebi CaC-
neTSi da inguSeTSi. igive mdgomareoba gvqonda yaraCaisa da bal-
yareTSi. isini erTi mTliani administraciul-politikuri er-
Teulis saxiT ar cxovrobdnen. sazogadoebis ZiriTad nawils
Tavisufali meTemeebi warmoadgendnen. amrigad, am komponentiTac
CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasia arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda erT-
maneTisagan da civilizaciis es niSani mxolod samxreT kavka-
siaSi iyo.
civilizaciis mesame niSani miwis memkvidreobiT gadacemaa.
Tavisi klasikuri formiT es niSanic mxolod samxreT kavkasiis
xalxebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. ra mdgomareoba gvqonda
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi? am moTxovnilebas daRestani nawilobriv
akmayofilebs. sxvagan ZiriTadad miwaze saTemo sakuTreba arse-
bobda. iq, sadac saxvnel miwaze kerZo sakuTreba arsebobda, pat-
rons ar SeeZlo misi gasxviseba sxvaze, gareSeze, memkvidreoba
ar gadadioda qaliSvilze, ojaxSi vaJis ar yolis SemTxvevaSi
miwa gvaris, Temis sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. rogorc vxedavT, am
komponentiTac saerTo CrdiloeT kavkasielebsa da samxreT kav-
kasielebs araferi hqondaT. kidev erTi garemoebis Sesaxeb: samx-
reT kavkasielTagan miwaze mimagrebulni iyvnen qarTvelebi da
somxebi. isini binadar cxobrebas misdevdnen. aseTive cxovrebis
wesi hqondaT azerbaijanelebis umetesobas. ra mdgomareoba
gvqonda yabardoelTa saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnSi? yabardoe-
lebi da adiReelebic xSirad icvlidnen sacxovrebel adgils.
isini faqtobrivad naxevrad momTabareebi iyvnen. cnobilia, rom
yabardouli dasaxleba (`kabaki~) xSirad icvlida adgilmdeba-
reobas. maTTan miwa saTemo iyo. miwis gadanawileba erTi dasax-
lebuli punqtis farglebSi yovelwliurad xdeboda.
g. Caildi civilizaciis erT-erT niSnad asaxelebs gada-

38
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

saxadebis sistemas da regularuli xarkis miRebiT dagrovil

centralizebul simdidres; miuxedavad imisa, rom es niSani sxva
mkvlevarebTan aRar Cans, mainc unda aRvniSnoT, rom feodaluri
gadasaxadebis sistema mxolod samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi arse-
bobda. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tu vinmes xarki hqonda Sewrili, is
Tavs iyrida ara centralur aparatSi, aramed calkeuli pirov-
nebebis jibeSi. aseT xarks inguSebi, CaCnebi, balyarelebi, yara-
Caelebi da abazebi yabardoelebs uxdidnen. mTaSi arc SeiZlebo-
da gadasaxadis sistema klasikuri yofiliyo. ra unda gadaexada
mTiels, rodesac mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi moweuli mosavali
TviTon ar yofnida ojaxis gamosakvebad? cakeuli pirovnebebi
garkveuli simdidres Tu qonebas mxolod TareSebis Sedegad
iZendnen.
civilizaciis erT-erT niSnad savaWro urTierTobaTa ganvi-
Tarebas miiCneven. saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da albaneTSic sa-
xelmwifoebriobis Casaxvidan savaWro urTierTobani farTod iyo
ganviTarebuli, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, rogorc qveynis SigniT sa-
vaWro urTierTobebi, ise sagareo vaWroba. arqeologiuri masala
swored samxreT kavkasielTa aRmosavlur da romaul, Semedeg
bizantiur samyarosTan farTo savaWro urTierTobebs adastu-
rebs. araTanabari viTarebaa da didad gansxvavebuli situaciis
Semcvelia antikuri periodis kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili numizmati-
kuri masalis mixedviT. `kolxeTi samoneto civilizaciis erT-
erTi uZvelesi keraa. aq, albaT, Zv. w. VI s-is dasasrulidan
(ukidures SemTxvevaSi Zv. w. V s-is dasawyisidan) iWreba e. w.
kolxuri TeTri, romelic Zv. w. V_IV ss-Si yvelaze ufro
gavrcelebuli monetaa dasavleT saqarTvelos rogorc Sida re-
gionebSi, aseve _ sanapiro zolSi~22. aRniSnul periodSi kol-
xeTSi, iberiaSi, somxeTsa da albaneTSi ucxouri monetebis didi

22 g. dundua, T. dundua. antikuri periodis kavkasiis numizmatikis

sakiTxebi (zogadi mimoxilva). Tb. 2009, gv. 3.

39
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

mimoqceva iyo, xolo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi diametralurad sxva-

gvari viTareba gvqonda: `antikur xanaSi, samoneto mimoqcevis
TvalsazrisiT, Crdilo kavkasia gacilebiT dabal safexurze
dgas, vidre amierkavkasiis regioni. garda amisa, aq napovni mone-
tebi yovelTvis ar asrulebda fuladi erTeulis rols~ 23. iWe-
deboda da farTo mimoqcevaSi iyo qarTuli monetebi feodaliz-
mis periodSic. CrdiloeT kavkasielebs moneta ar hqoniaT. es
bunebrivicaa, radgan monetebs saxelmwifoebi Wridnen da uSvebd-
nen mimoqcevaSi. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ucxouri monetebi marTa-
lia aRwevdnen, magram monetebs vaWrobSi ki ar gamoiyenebdnen,
aramed qalis samosis samkaulad 24. CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebSi
mxolod gacvliTi urTierTobebi arsebobda. is ki ara, Sua sau-
kuneebSic Cerqezebi/adiReelebi mosul ucxoelebTanac (genuele-
bi, yirimelebi, Turqebi) mxolod naturaluri urTierTobiT ga-
moirCeodnen. CrdiloeT kavkasis savaWro saqmianobaSi ZiriTadad
somxebi iyvnen CarTulni. adiReeSi isini gansaxlebulni iyvnen
TemirRoelebs, xatukaelebs, bJeduxebs, SafsuRebs da sxvebs So-
ris da calke jgufis _ Cerqezohais saxeliT iyvnen Camoyalibe-
bulni. ra hqondaT gasayidi an gasacvleli CrdiloeT kavkasie-
lebs produqtebidan an xelosnuri nawarmidan _ TiTqmis ara-
feri (aq daRestnis zogierTi xalxi ar igulisxmeba)? maTi mTa-
vari savaWro sagani monebi iyvnen, romlebsac TareSebis Sedegad
Soulobdnen. sxvaTa Soris, adiReelebSi socialuri diferencia-
ciis Canasaxebi swored TareSebis Sedegad iyo gaCenili. aq
`uorkebis~ fenis formireba moxda ara miwis sakuTrebis bazaze,
aramed ZiriTadad samxedro eqspansiis Sedegad mopovebuli na-
davlis, alafis safuZvelze, e. i. `samxedro demokratiis~ (`Cif-

23 g. dundua, T. dundua. antikuri periodis kavkasiis numizmatikis

sakiTxebi, gv. 31.
24 История народов Северного кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в. М.

1988, gv. 282.

40
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

domis~) pirobebis gamo. samxreT kavkasiis samive ZiriTadi eTno-

sis teritoriul erTeulebs/istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebs
Soris damaxasiaTebeli iyo ara mxolod savaWro urTierTobebi,
aramed mWidro sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi. aseTi savaWro,
sameurneo da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis
xalxebis eTnografiul mxareebs Soris XIX saukunemde SeniS-
nuli ar aris.
gordon Caildi civilizaciis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad
profesional xelosanTa da specialistTa gaCenas asaxelebs. am
mxrivac araerTgarovani situacia gvqonda kavkasiaSi. xelosnoba,
bunebrivia, CrdiloeT kavkasielebSi gavrcelebuli iyo, magram
xalxTa did nawilSi is miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobisagan
gamoyofili ar yofila. isini xelosnobis nawarmiT ase Tu ise
TavianT Tavs ikmayofilebdnen. sxvagvari viTareba gvqonda daRes-
tansa da samxreT kavkasiaSi _ daRestnis soflebsa da samxreT
kavkasiis qalaqebSi xelosan specialistTa fenebi adre Sua sau-
kuneebidan arsebobda. XV_XVIII saukuneebSi aqauri xelosnuri
nawarmi da maRalxarisxovani saiuveliro nawarmi sxvaganac ga-
dioda gasayidad. ase rom, am komponentiTac arerTgvarovani si-
tuacia gvqonda da is saerTo kavkasiuri civilizaciis fargleb-
Si ver Tavsdeba.
civilizaciis erT-erTi yvelaze ZiriTadi niSani damwerlo-
ba gaxlavT. am komponentze yvela mecnieri erTxmadaa SeTanxme-
buli. samxreT kavkasiis sam eTnoss _ qarTvelebs, somxebs, al-
banelebs _ V saukunis dasawyisSi ukve damwerloba gaaCndaT.
rogorc mecnierebi amtkiceben, qarTuli damwerloba V saukune-
ze bevrad adre arsebobda. damwerloba samive samxreT kavkasiel
xalxs originaluri gaaCnda. amasTanave, imave droidan qarTvel
xalxSi mxatvrul mwerlobasac daedo safuZveli, rac dRemde
ar Sewyvetila da qarTulma mwerlobam Sedevrebic Seqmna. qar-
Tvelebma sakuTari saistorio mwerlobac Seqmnes. maRali donis

41
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

saistorio mwerloba gaaCniaT somxebsac. albanelTa gaqrobis ga-

mo, samwuxarod, albanuri mwerlobis nimuSebs Cvenamde ar mouR-
wevia. qarTvelebSi, somxebsa da albanelebSi sakuTari damwer-
lobisa da mwerlobis ganviTarebis maprovocirebeli faqtori
msoflio monoTeisturi religiis _ qristianobis gavrcelebac
iyo. qristianoba xom damwerlobiTi religiaa.
ra mdgomareoba gvqonda am mxriv CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi? aq
mcxovreb arc erT eTnoss sakuTari damwerloba ar Seuqmnia.
damwerlobas da mwerlobas saxelmwifoebriobis mqone eTnosebi
qmnidnen. Tumca yvela qristian xalxs Tavdapirvelad sakuTari
damwerloba ar Seuqmnia; aseTebi sxvaTa damwerlobas iyenebdnen,
sxvaTa enaze ismemdnen saeklesio RvTismsaxurebas. XIII saukunis
bolosa da XIV saukuneSi adiReaSi saRvTismetyvelo wignebi
berZnul enaze hqondaT. xunZeTSi napovnia orenovani qarTul-
arabuli warwerwebi, Sesrulebuli qarTuli asoebiT XIV sau-
kuneSi. daRestanSi XIII_XIX saukuneSi funqcionirebda medrese-
bi, romlebSic, bunebrivivia, arabul enaze aswavlidnen. Crdi-
loeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb xalxebSi damwerlobis arqonam faq-
tobrivad daamuxruWa maTi rogorc enobrivi, ise eTnikuri gan-
viTareba. miuxedavad amisa, samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnu-
lia, rom CrdileT kavkasiis eTnosebi TavianT sagareo urTier-
TobebSi sxvaTa enasa da damwerlobas iyenebdnen, magaliTad, adi-
Reelebi, abazebi, noRaelebi, balyarelebi da yaraCaelebi XVII
saukunidan diplomatiur urTierTobebSi rusul damwerlobas
iyenebdnen (adgilobrivi da rusi Tarjimnebisa da mwerlebis
daxmarebiT). mTian CaCneTSi, inguSeTsa da dasavleT daRestanSi
qarTul damwerlobas iyenebdnen. XVI saukunidan saqarTvelos
mezobeli daRestnis mxareebSi qarTuls arabuli Caenacvla, rac
aq islamis gavrcelebis procesis dasrulebas ukavSirdeba. 25

25История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в. М.

1988, gv. 253, 492.

42
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

sxvaTa damwerlobis gamoyenebis calkeuli SemTxvevebi mainc

zRvaSi wveTia. mecnierTa mier dafiqsirebuli aRniSnuli SemT-
xvevebi ZiriTadad bizantielTa da qarTvelTa mier qristianobis
da arabebis mier islamis gavrcelebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo ki qristianobam CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
sabolood fexi ver moikida. sadac is Sevida, mxolod zedapi-
rulad. amis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiis
xalxebs ar SeeZloT sakuTar enaze qristianuli wignebis wakiT-
xva. sxva mizezad ki SeiZleba mTuri sazogadoebis social-eko-
nomikuri ganviTarebis dabali done davasaxeloT. sabolood
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi islamma gaimarjva, zogan sakmaod adre (da-
RestanSi), zogan ki sakmaod gvian (CaCneTsa da inguSeTSi XVIII
saukuneSi).
zemoT faqtobrivad civilizaciis kidev erT niSans _ re-
ligias _ SevexeT. religias civilizaciebis yvelaze arsebiT
niSnad miiCnevda a. toinbi 26. is civilizaciaTa amaRlebis rea-
lur safuZvels religiaSi xedavs da mis mamoZravebel da ganm-
sazRvrel Zaladac religias miiCnevs. amave mosazrebis gaxlavT
s. hantingtonic. 27 ase rom, religiebis roli xalxTa kulture-
bisa da civilizaciebis formirebaSi ganusazRvrelia, gansakuT-
rebiT ki es monoTeistur religiebze iTqmis. Tumca monoTeis-
turi religiebis warmoqmnamdec arsebobda civilizaciebi da
isinic bevrad ganpirobebuli iyo religiuri sistemebiT. dRevan-
deli dasasvleT evropuli civilizaciis safuZvels kaToliciz-
mi warmoadgens. marTlmadidebloba ki daedo safuZvlad berZ-
nul-bizantiur civilizacias, qarTul, rusul civilizaciebs.
arabuli civilizacia ki islams efuZneba, induri _ induizms,
Cinuri _ budizms da a. S. ra viTareba gvqonda am TvalsazrisiT

26 А. Дж. Тойнби. Постижение истории. М. 1991 (эпитома 12-томного соч. Тойн-

би (Toynbee A. A. Study of History. l. 1934-1961). сделанная в 1972.
27 sazogadoeba da politika, II, Tb., 1999, gv. 21.

43
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

kavkasiaSi? _ araerTgvarovani da cvalebadi. jer istoriiT da-

viwyoT. monoTeisturi religiebis gavrcelebamde kavkasiis yvela
xalxs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnikuri rwmena-warmodgenebi
hqonda (Tumca zogierTi mecnieri, rogorc Cans, saerTo kavka-
siuri civilizaciis ideidan gamomdinare, raRac saerTo kavka-
siuri warmarTuli sakulto obieqtebis Sesaxeb saubrobs). qar-
Tuli wyaroebiT cnobilia saqarTveloSi ucxo religiebis gavr-
celebis qronologia. qarTvelTa pirveli saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebisas Zv. w. IV saukunis bolos mefe farnavazi saerTo
gamaerTianebel salocavs _ armazs _ uwesebs. ers gamaerTianebe-
li religia sWirdeboda da aseTi ucxo RvTaeba aRmoCnda, raTa
romelime qarTvelTa eTnografiul erTeuls Tavi daCagrulad
ar egrZno. Semdeg xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi qveyana ira-
nuli politikuri da kulturuli gavlenis arealSi moeqca. bu-
nebrivia, irani cdilobda qarTvel xalxSi Tavisi religiis _
mazdeanobis _ danergvas. rogorc irkveva, met-naklebi warmate-
biT, is amas aRwevda.
analogiuri viTareba gvqonda albaneTsa da somxeTSi. sabo-
lood IV saukunis dasawyisidan saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi
qristianobam gaimarjva, xolo albaneTSi oTxi-xuTi saukunis
Semdeg Turquli eTnosis damkvidrebis Semdeg islamma imZlavra,
ramac sabolood albanuri eTnosis asimilacia-gaqroba gamoiwvia.
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi cdebi jer bizantiisa da Semdeg saqarTve-
los mier qristianobis gavrcelebisa sabolood warumatebeli
aRmoCnda. mizezebis Sesaxeb zemoT visaubreT: mTuri sazogadoe-
bebi Tavisi ganviTarebis doniT saamisod mzad ar aRmoCndnen. is
mxolod zedapirulad gavrcelda. qristianobam SedarebiT ukeT
alan-osebSi moikida fexi, radgan alanebs maSin CrdiloeT kavka-
siis stepebSi saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni hqondaT; isini maSin
mTielebi ar iyvnen. Tumca wyaroebi aqac mis zedapirul ganviTa-
rebaze miuTiTeben. sailustraciod vrceli amonridis moyvana

44
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

dagWirdeba: «...следует иметь в виду, что в христианство или в ислам

(на Северном Кавказе) было обращено меньшинство населения. В Даге-
стане в X-XII вв. территория Аварии оставалась в основном языческой. В
середине XII в. жители Зирихгерана хоронили своих покойников по зороа-
стрийскому обычаю (Ал-Гарнати). Влияние христианства на население
Чечено-Ингушетии также было в целом поверхностным. Многие из адыг-
ских племен в X в. придерживались языческих верований. В частности, Ал-
Масуди писал о кашаках: «Этот народ исповедует религию магов», а
Ибн-Русте сообщал об аланах, что «царь алан – сам христианин, а боль-
шая часть его жителей – кафиры и поклоняются идолам». Дохристиан-
ские языческие верования оставались популярными у алан, а некоторые
районы Алании (особенно восточные) были почти полностью языческими.
В первой половине XIII в., со слов епископа Федора, «аланы – христиане
только по имени». Венгерский миссионер Юлиан (XIII в.) рассказывал, что
зихский князь имел 100 жен, хотя сам был христианином, а жители Ала-
нии «представляют смесь язычников и христиан». 28 qristianobis mya-
rad gavrcelebas mtkice socialuri bazis ar arseboba uSlida
xels. monRolTa Semosevebma da mTebSi Sexvewam alan-osebs
qristianobaze uari aTqmevina. rac Seexeba islams, man ufro
moikida fexi jer daRestnis xalxebSi da Semdeg daRestnelTa
meSveobiT _ kavkasiis sxva eTnosebSi. sabolood aq
gamarjvebuli mahmadianobis iseTi forma gamovida, rogoricaa
`mistikuri islami~/`sufizmi~, romelSic mTavar rols Zmoba
asrulebda. dRes ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi fexs islamis
reqciuli mimarTuleba – vahabizmi ikidebs, romelic
adgilobriv xalxebs sakuTar eTnikur kulturazec ki aTqme-
vinebs uars. muslimur religiasTanaa dakavSirebuli winadacve-
Tis Cveuleba. sxvaTa Soris, andielebSi qalebis winadacveTasac
ki axdendnen. qristianuli samyarosTvis xom winadacveTis Cveu-
leba ucxo iyo. ase rom, kavkasia ara mxolod bunebriv-geogra-

28 История народов Северного Kавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в.,

gv. 178.

45
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

fiuli garemoTi da eTnikuri TvalsazrisiTaa mozaikuri, aramed

religiuri TvalsazrisiTac da misgan gamomdinare wes-Cveulebe-
biT, msoflSegrZnebiT, qcevis stereotipebiT. arsad sxvadasxva
religiebisa da konfesiebis mimdevari xalxebi erTi, saerTo ci-
vilizaciis warmomadgenlebi ar arian. ar arian kavkasielebic
erTi, kavkasiuri civilizaciisadmi mikuTvnebulni, radgan reli-
gia Rirebulebebis ZiriTadi Semqmnelia. SeiZleba, erTi mxriv,
qristiani qarTvelebi da somxebi, da, meore mxriv, islamis mim-
devari azerbaijanelebi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxvadasxva eTno-
sebi saerTo `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Semadgeneli nawili iyv-
nen? ra Tqma unda, _ ara.
yvela mecnieri, romelic civilizaciis problemebs exeba,
civilizaciis erT-erT upirveles niSnad qalaqebis arsebobas
aRiarebs. sayovelTad cnobilia, rom qalaqebi warmoiqmna isto-
riuli ganviTarebis im safexurze, roca sazogadoebaSi moxda
Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba da socialuri diferenciacia.
amis gamo sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebTan dakavSirebuli mosax-
leobis ZiriTad nawils gamoeyo sxva socialuri jgufebi (xe-
losnebi, vaWrebi), romelTa koncentraciam garkveul dasaxle-
bul punqtebSi gamoiwvia qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebis Seqmna.
qalaqebis Seqmnam didi gavlena moaxdina sazogadoebis ganviTare-
baze. isini iqcnen saxelmwifo xelisuflebis da kulturis gan-
viTarebis organizaciul, kerZod, samSeneblo saqmisa da arqiteq-
turis ganviTarebis centrebad, xeli Seuwyves xelosnobisa da
vaWrobis ganviTarebas. qalaqebSi Caisaxa savaWro da savaxSo ka-
pitali. qalaqis xelosnobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli teqnikis
progresi. saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da albaneTSi qalaqebi jer
kidev antikur xanaSia dadasturebuli. qarTuli qalaqebis Ca-
moTvliT davkmayofildebiT, romlebic istoriis sxvadasxva mo-
nakveTSi warmoiqmneboda. antikuri xanis saqarTvelos qalaqebi
iyo: sarkine, ufliscixe, urbnisi, mcxeTa, vani, wunda, fasisi,

46
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

dioskuria, biWvinTa, gienosi, samSvilde, xunani, Sorapani, dimna,

Tuxarisi da sxv. antikuri xanis miwuruls ki axali qalaqebi
dawinaurda: ujarma, JaleTi, Tbilisi, rusTavi, xornabuji. mTel
rig am qalaqebze gadioda saerTaSoriso savaWro-satranzito
gzebi. adre Sua saukuneebidan dawinaurda Tbilisi, ujarma, We-
remi, artanuji, rasac ZiriTadad politikuri da strategiuli
faqtorebi ganapirobebda. qalaqebi saqarTveloSi Semdgom epoqeb-
Sic warmoiqmneboda, magaliTad, IX_XI saukuneebi saqarTvelos
istoriaSi iyo `axalqalaqebis~ warmoqmnis xana. gvian Sua sau-
kuneebSi, sagareo faqtorTa gamo, saqarTveloSi bevri naqalaqa-
ri gaCnda, magram saqalaqo cxovreba saqarTveloSi arasdros ar
Camkvdara.
Zvel somxeTSi uaRresad ganviTarebuli iyo saqalaqo
cxovreba. elinistur xanaSi qalaqmSeneblobam intensiuri xasia-
Ti miiRi, rac vaWrobisa da xelosnobis aRmavlobasTan iyo da-
kavSirebuli. am droindeli qalaqebi iyo: artaSati, armaviri,
ervandaSti, tigranakerti, vaRarSapati. somxeTSi didi qalaqebi
Sua saukuneebSic arsebobda _ dvini, anisi, erzinki, karini, yar-
si, vani, arwni, xlaTi, manazkerti. adre Sua saukuneebSi qalaqe-
bi iyo albaneTSic. ptolemeosi aq 29 qalaqsa da msxvili dasax-
lebuli punqtis Sesaxeb saubrobs.
ra viTareba gvqonda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi? ruseTis aq Se-
mosvlis momentisaTvis arc erTi qalaqi ar arsebobda. aRniSnu-
li droisaTvis dablobi ZiriTadad yabardoelebsa da noRaelebs
hqondaT dakavebuli. arc did yabardoSi da arc patara yabar-
doSi arc erTi, Tundac patara, qalaqi ar yofila. noRaelebi ki
momTabareobdnen da nomadebs mudmivi dasaxlebuli punqtebi
saerTod ar gaaCndaT. mTebSi ki arc erTi qalaqi ar arsebobda.
Tumca, saistorio sabuTebiT, monRolTa Semosevebamde CrdiloeT
kavkasiis stepebis zonaSi ramdenime qalaqi arsebobda. arqeolo-
gebis mier Seswavlilia alanTa naqalaqari qvemo arxizi md. di-

47
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

di zelenCukis xeobaSi (Tanamedrove yabardo-balyareTis teri-

toria). is iyo administraciuli da religiuri centri, bizan-
tiuri gavlenis forfosti X_XII saukuneebSi. XII saukuneSi
qvemo arxizSi cxovreba Cakvda. rogorc miuTiTeben, XI saukunis
bolosa da XII saukunis dasawyisSi alaniaSi swrafad mimdina-
reobda adre Camoyalibebuli saqalaqo centrebis dezurbaniza-
ciis procesi, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis meurneobisa da
yofis yvela sferos nomadizacia. CrdiloeT kavkasiis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani qalaqi iyo majaric, romelic XIII saukunis meore
naxevarSi md. yumis napirebze warmoiqmna (Tanamedrove q. budio-
novka, stavropolis mxareSi). mis mosaxleobas ZiriTadad ala-
nebi da yivCaRebi warmoadgendnen. aqve bevr vaWars ucxovria ev-
ropidan da aziidan. didi naqalaqarebia agreTve centralur kav-
kasiaSi qvemo julati (Tanamedrove yabardo-balyareTis q. maiko-
pis axlos) da zemo julati (CrdiloeT oseTSi sofel elxon-
tovos maxloblad). es iyo da es. mTebSi Sesaxlebis Semdeg,
osebs qalaqebi aRar hqoniaT. arqeologebs sxva araerTi naqala-
qaric aqvT gaTxrili CrdiloeT kavkasiis velebSi, magram umete-
si maTganis farTobi 6-7 heqtars ar aWarbebda, iSviaTad 10 heq-
tars. mTebSi, sadac Tanamedrove CrdiloeT kavkasiuri eTnosebis
gansaxlebis areali iyo, arsad qalaqebi arc saistorio wyaroe-
biT da arc arqeologiurad dadasturebuli ar aris. mTielTa
sazogadoebriv-ekonomiuri ganviTarebis done mas ar saWiroebda.
TiTqosda saqalaqo cxovreba unda gamoecocxlebina da ga-
neviTarebina venecielTa da genuelTa koloniebs, romlebic co-
ta ar iyo Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis SavizRvispireTSi.
XIII_XIV saukuneebis mijnaze, italiuri rukebis Tanaxmad, aq
30-ze meti kolonia iyo, sadac 1260 wlidan sabolood genue-
lebi gabatondnen. magram, italielebma vaWrobis iseTi saxe waa-
xalises, romelic sazogadoebis ganviTarebas xels ar uwyobda,
piriqiT _ amuxruWebda; esaa tyveebiT vaWroba. vaWroba fulis

48
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

niSnebiT ki ar xdeboda, aramed gacvliT. is ormxriv sargeblia-

ni ar iyo. adgilobriv kavkasielebs tyveebSi ucvlidnen qsovi-
lebs, veneciur sarkes, sapons, sakmevels, marils, brinjs,
mdogvs da zogierT sxva sanelebels... cnobilia, rom TviT ge-
nuelebic ar eridebodnen tyveebis gatacebas. mogvianebiT ge-
nuelTa analogiuri saqmianoba kavkasiaSi yirimelebma da Turqeb-
ma gaagrZeles. amrigad, qalaqebTan mimarTebaSic samxreT kavka-
siasa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi radikalurad gansxvavebuli viTa-
reba arsebobda. am komponentiTac zedmetia saubari saerTo kav-
kasiuri civilizaciis arsebobaze.
civilizaciis erT-erT niSnad g. Cailds monumenturi nage-
bobebic miaCnia, Tumca mTeli rigi mecnierebi am kriteriums ar
cnoben. rogorc Cans civilizaciis gansazRvraSi am niSnis Semo-
tana zogierT Zveli civilizaciaSi monumenturi nagebobebis ar-
sebobam ganapiroba, magaliTad SeiZleba egvipturi, ZvelberZnu-
li, romauli... davasaxeloT. migvaCnia, rom monumenturi nagebo-
bebis nacvlad upriani iyo mecnierebs aseT kriteriumad saqala-
qo da saeklesio arqiteqtura eRiarebinaT. samxreT kavkasiaSi
monumenturi nagebobebi namdvilad arsebobda. saamisod marTlma-
didebluri Zeglebis simravlec sakmariasia. bana, oSki, iSxani,
parxali, oTxTa eklesia, tbeTi tao-klarjeTSi aseTi Zeglebis
yvela moTxovnilebas akmayofilebs. Tavisi masStaburobiT ga-
moirCevian agreTve samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos cixe-simag-
reebi. magaliTad TorTumisa da artanujis dasaxelebac sakmari-
sia. danarCen saqarTveloSic bevri iyo aseTi kompleqsebi: sve-
ticxoveli, bagratis taZari, gelaTi, alaverdi, ufliscixe,
varZia, daviT gareji, gonios cixe, goris cixe, nariyala, xorna-
buji, svaneTis koSkuri kultura, TaRovani qvis xidebi, romel-
Ta mSeneblobasac saqarTveloSi Tamar mefes miaweren... qalaquri
tipis arqiteqtura jer kidev axali da Zveli welTaRricxvebis
mijnaze mcxeTaSi dadasturebuli aqvs strabons. mdidaria sasu-

49
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

liero monumenturi ZeglebiT somxeTic: zvartnoci, eCmiaZini,

mamaraSenis eklesia, geRardis monasteri... albanurma Zeglebma
Cvenamde ver moaRwies. wyaroebi mogviTxroben, rom VII saukune-
Si albaneTis damoukideblobis sabolood aRdgenis periodSi
mihranidebis dinastiis gamorCeul warmomadgenels _ juanSirs
mSobliur gardmanSi didebuli gumbaTiani taZari augia, rome-
lic SesaniSnavi freskebiT yofila damSvenebuli.
arsebobs kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT aseTi nagebobebi?
analogiuri CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi araferi ar yofila, Tu ar
CavTvliT ramdenime qarTul qristianul taZarsa da daRestnis,
inguSeTisa da CaCneTis Tavdasacav nagebobebs. adiReuri modgmis
xalxebs saerTod koSkuri kulturac ki ar gaaCndaT. maTTvis
ucnobi iyo qvis nagebobebi. rogorc samecniero literaturaSia
SeniSnuli, adiReur eTnosferaSi dasaxlebis Taviseburi tipi
hqondaT SemuSavebuli. maTi Tavisebureba `simsubuqe~ da `moZ-
raobiToba~ gaxldaT. rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT adiRee-
lebi msubuqi tipis nagebobebs upiratesobas imitom aniWebdnen,
rom stepebis mkvidrTa TareSebis gamo iZulebuli iyvnen xSirad
ecvalaT adgilsacxovrisi. 29 CrdiloeT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi Se-
morCenili ramdenime monumenturi arqiteqturuli Zegli _ ze-
lenCukis, Soanis, sentinis taZrebi, romlebic X_XI sauku-
neebidan arsebobda, bizantiuri da qarTuli kulturis Zeglebi
iyo. qarTuli kulturis Zegli gaxldaT IX saukuneSi agebuli
tyoba-erdis taZari inguSeTis asas xeobaSi. igive SeiZleba iT-
qvas Targimisa da ali-erdis taZrebze da `daTunas~ bazilikaze
deRestanSi. am komponentiTac ver vityviT, rom arsebobda saer-
To kavkasiuri civilizacia; am mxrivac samxreT kavkasia da
CrdiloeT kavkasia sxvadasxva samyaro iyo.
g. Caildi civilizaciis niSnad mecnierebisa da xelovnebis

29 В. В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ в системе межэтнических отношений с

древнейших времен до 60-х годов XIX века. СПб. 2007, gv. 195.

50
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

Canasaxebsac asaxelebs. meaTe niSans mwerlobac (literaturac)

unda daematos. civilizaciis es niSani qarTveli da somexi xal-
xisaTvis adre Sua saukuneebidanve iyo damaxasiaTebeli. somxebs
V saukunidan gaaCniaT originaluri da naTargmni literatura.
maT gaaCniaT mdidari istoriografiuli wignebi, prozauli da
poeturi nawarmoebebi. pirveli somxuri wigni marTalia somxeTs
gareT, magram mainc Zalian adre _ XVI saukuneSi daistamba.
mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs somxur musikasac, Tumca xal-
xuri simRerebi mxolod erTxmiani hqondaT. VIII_IX saukuneebSi
somxebma Seqmnes dRemde gauSifravi sanoto damwerlobis origi-
naluri sistema. somxuri Teatris sawyisebi cnobilia uZvelesi
droidan. Teatraluri dasebi arsebobda somxeTis samefo karze,
sadac idgmeboda berZnulidan Targmnili da originaluri piese-
bi.
saqarTveloSi XI_XII saukuneebSi arsebobda mecnierebisa
da ganaTlebis centrebi (gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebi). uZve-
lesi qarTuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi V saukuniT TariRdeba.
mTeli istoriis manZilze saqarTveloSi ar Sewyvetila mxat-
vruli literaturis Seqmna. XII saukuneSi Seiqmna qarTuli li-
teraturis Sedevri SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~. X sau-
kunis nawarmoebi `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ ara mxolod
mxatvruli nawarmoebi, aramed saistorio Txzulebaca. pirveli
qarTuli wignis dabeWvdis TariRia 1629 weli. mdidaria qarTu-
li saistorio mwerlobac. saqarTveloSi filosofiuri mecnie-
rebac saTanadod viTardeboda (efrem mcire, ioane petriwi). qar-
Tuli arqiteqturis Zeglebze zemoT vilaparakeT. mdidaria
qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebac. maRali donis iyo Weduri xelov-
neba. qarTvelebi SesaniSnav miniaturebsac da reliefur skulp-
turebsac qmnidnen. sayofelTaod cnobilia qarTuli mozaika da
freskuli xelovneba. maRali donis freskebiT damSvenebulia sa-
qarTvelos mTaSi (svaneTi) originaluri da mravalricxovani ba-

51
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

zilikebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia qarTuli musikaluri kul-

tura. bevri Sedevri aqvs qarTvel xalxs Seqmnili simRerebis
sferoSi (ori, sami da oTxxmiani gunduri simRerebi). mravalsau-
kunovani tradicia aqvs qarTul xalxur mravalferovan qoreog-
rafias. misi ganviTarebis procesSi Seiqmna Teatralizebuli
qarTuli cekvebic. mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da literaturis
sferoSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebs somexTa da qarTvelTa
msgavsi araferi aqvT Seqmnili. am niSniTac ar dasturdeba kavka-
siuri civilizaciis arseboba.
gansxvavebuli viTareba gvqonda samarTlis sferoSic. qarT-
velebsa da somxebs dawerili saxelmwifo (feodaluri) samarTa-
li gaaCndaT. saamisod bagrat kurapalatis, beqa-aRbuRasi da
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis Zeglebi SeiZleba davasaxeloT. somxebs
mxiTar goSis samarTali hqondaT. CrdiloeT kavkasiis TiTqmis
yvela xalxSi mxolod CveulebiTi, adaTobrivi samarTali moqme-
debda. gvian Sua saukuneebidan CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTel rig
xalxebSi adaTs muslimuri samarTali _ SariaTi Caenacvla. sa-
xelmwifo samarTlis mqone da adaTisa da SariaTis matarebeli
xalxebis erT civilizaciur sistemaSi CarTva araviTar logikas
ar eqvemdebareba.
xelT ara gvaqvs monacemebi somxeTSi saxelmwifo aRric-
xvianobis Sesaxeb. saxelmwifoebriobis dros, bunebrivia, saxelm-
wifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli es niSanic eqnebodaT somxebs. sa-
qarTveloSi es aRricxvianoba rom arsebobda cnobilia, magali-
Tad, Svid weliwadSi erTxel samefo kari mosaxleobis aRweras
atarebda. CrdiloeT kavkasiisaTvis aseTi ram damaxasiaTebeli ar
iyo.
zogadad kavkasiis xalxebis eTnikur kulturasac, eTnogra-
fiul yofasac unda SevexoT. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom kavkasia
friad mravalferovani regioni iyo, rogorc bunebriv-geografiu-
li, klimaturi, ise eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT.

52
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

e. eberxardi marcvleuli kulturebis moyvanaze aqcentire-

bul miwaTmoqmedebasa da moSinaurebuli saqonlis gamoyenebas
civilizaciis niSnebad miiCnevda. moSinaurebuli saqoneli msof-
lios TiTqmis yvela xalxs hyavda da amitomac mas civilizaciis
niSnad ver miviCnevT, Tumca sxvadasxva cxovelebis moSinaureba
adamianTa sazogadoebis mier civilizaciisaken gadadgmuli didi
nabiji iyo. rac Seexeba miwaTmoqmedebas, mas kavkasiis yvela
xalxi misdevda, garda momTabare noRaelebisa. kavkasiaSi mosuli
iranuli da Turquli modgmis xalxebic meurneobis am sferos
aq dasaxlkarebisTanave eziarnen. samxreT kavkasiaSi miwaTmoqme-
deba irigacias efuZneboda, maT Soris, did sarwyav sistemebs,
romelTa mowyoba did koleqtiur Sromasa da saxelmwifo Ro-
nisZiebebis, finansuri daxmarebis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswina Tu stepebis zolSi arqeologebs
analogiuri sarwyavi sistemebi dafiqsirebuli ara aqvT. miwaT-
moqmedebis maRali kulturis maCvenebelia samxreT-dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi teraseuli miwaTmoqmedebis maRali done. marTalia
terasebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic arsebobda, magram masStabebSi
didi sxvaobaa. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi 25-dan 40-mde sa-
fexuriani terasebi arsebobda. saqarTveloSi maRali donis meve-
naxeoba-meRvineoba arsebobda. aq 500-ze meti vazis jiSi hqondaT
gamoyvanili, rac qarTveli glexebis saukuneobrivi Semoqmedebis
Sedegi iyo. Rvino TiTqmis yoveldRiuri moxmarebis produqti
iyo; mas ritualuri daniSnulebac hqonda. somxeTSi, miuxedavad
araratis velis mkacri klimaturi pirobebisa, mevenaxeoba mainc
saTanadod iyo ganviTarebuli _ zamTarSi vazs miwaSi marxavdnen.
CrdiloeT kavkasiisaTvis analogiuri ram damaxasiaTebeli ar
yofila.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani bunebriv-geografiuli garemo
miwaTmoqmedebis farTod ganviTarebis saSualebas ar iZleoda.
amitom meurneobis sferoSi primati mecxoveleobas hqonda. ya-

53
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

bardoSi wamyvani dargi mecxenoeba gaxldaaT. gvian Sua sauku-

neebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis zogierTma xalxma saerTod uari Tqva
miwaTmoqmedebaze, radgan ZiriTad Semosavals TareSebi aZlevda,
magaliTad SeiZleba xunZebi davasaxeloT. XVIII saukunis bo-
losa da XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris Cerqezebis Sesaxeb
erT-erTi istorikosi werda: `Cerqezebs araviTar CemTxvevaSi ar
SeiZleba miwaTmoqmedi xalxi vuwodoT. isini xelebs omisaTvis
ufrTxildebian~. n. dubrovini maT mTavar simdidred cxenebis
Zalian did jogebsa da cxvris farebs Tvlida. italieli k.
glavani ki xazs usvamda, rom dasavleT adiReelebi `saWmelad
bevr xorcs da cota purs gamoiyeneben, romelsac fetvis fqvi-
lisagan acxoben~. 1821 wels CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi imyofeboda
Sotlandieli mogzauri robert laiela, romelic aRniSnavda,
rom `kavkasiis mTiel tomebs Zalian bevri saerTo aqvT da cdi-
loben gaagrZelon cxovrebis is gza, romelsac maTi winaprebi
misdevdnen. miwaTmoqmedebas misdeven mcired. maTi ZiriTadi saq-
mianoba nadiroba, mesaqonleoba da Zarcvaa~. yabardoelebSi
miwaTmoqmedebas intesiuri xasiaTi ar hqonia. yabardouli kabake-
bis xSiri adgilmonacvleobis mizezi miwebis gamofitvac iyo.
evlia Celebis sityvebiT, dasavleT adiReelebi xSirad gada-
diodnen erTi adgilidan meoreze da `amis gamo CerqezTa am qve-
yanaSi araa arc baRebi, arc venaxebi da arc mudmivi sacxovreb-
lebi~. moyvanili saistorio da eTnografiuli masala cxadyofs,
Tu raoden gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan samxreT kavkasiuri da
CrdiloeT kavkasiuri meurneobis formebi. es sxvaobac ar iZleva
imis safuZvels, rom isini erTiani kavkasiuri civilizaciis war-
momadgenlebad miviCnioT.
samxreT kavkasielebisaTvis Tu ZiriTad sakvebs puri war-
moadgenda, CrdiloeT kavkasielebisaTvis _ ara. yabardoeleb-
ma/adiReelebma puris kultura ar icodnen. is rusebisagan SeiT-
vises. maTi ZiriTadi saWmeli iyo `pasta~ _ fetvis burRulis

54
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

umarilo sqeli fafa. sqel gaciebul fafas naWrebad Seeqceod-

nen. cnobilia, rom sakvebi, da, ra Tqma unda, sasmelic warmoad-
gens eTnikuri stereotipis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils da
mkacradaa dakavSirebuli eTnosis meurneobasa da Sesabamisad mi-
si binadrobis garemosTan. kulturis am sferoSic gansxvaveba
aSkaraa.
axla socialuri urTierTobebze unda SevCerdeT. rogorc
samxreT, ise CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebisaTvis tradiciuli
iyo did da patara ojaxebad cxovreba. am sferoSi msgavseba di-
di iyo, magram saqorwino urTierTobebze amas ver vityviT. cno-
bilia, rom qarTvelebsa da CrdiloeT kavkasielebs, daRestnele-
bis gamoklebiT, gvari hqondaT. gvari ekzogamiuri iyo, e. i. er-
Ti gvaris wevrebi erTmaneTze ar qorwindebodnen (qarTuli
marTlmadidebeli eklesia Svidi Taobis gasvlis Semdeg rTavda
daqorwinebis uflebas). daRestanis yvela 26 xalxs da maTi mo-
naTesave azerbaijanSi mcxovreb xinaluRebs, kriwebs da budu-
xebs, agreTve azerbaijanelebs, gvarebi ar hqondaT da am xalxeb-
Si qorwineba endogamiuri gaxldaT, e. i. erTmaneTze qorwinde-
bodnen axlo naTesavebi, akrZalva mxolod da-Zmas exeboda. da-
Restnelebi mezobeli soflebis mkvidrebzec ki ar qorwindebod-
nen. sxvadasxvanairi saqorwino tradiciebis mqone xalxebi SeiZ-
leba erT civilizaciaSi Sediodnen? ra Tqma unda, _ ara. gan-
sxvaveba imaSicaa, rom qristiani xalxebisaTvis qorwineba kano-
nierad iTvleboda saeklesio jvriweris Semdeg, xolo Crdi-
loeT kavkasiis xalxebSi qorwinebis kanonierebis damdgeni sa-
qorwilo rituali iyo. samxreT kavkasiis xalxebis qorwilSi
daqorwinebulebi _ nefe da patarZali _ qorwilis mTavari per-
sonaJebi iyvnen, xolo CrdiloeT kavkasiis umetes xalxebSi
qorwils nefe-patarZali saerTod ar eswreboda, magaliTad, CaC-
neTSi. aq nefe megobris an naTesavis saxlSi imaleboda, anda
zogjer tyeSi midioda. qorwilis Semdeg, pirvel xanebSi, qmari

55
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

gareSeT, Tavis mSoblebsac ki Tavs aridebda, cols ki saidum-

lod _ mxolod RamiT xvdeboda.
religiidan gamomdinare CrdiloeT kavkasiel muslimebsa da
samxreT kavkasiel azerbaijanelebSi vaJi qals urvadis (gadasa-
xadis) gareSe ver SeirTavda, qristiani qarTvelebisa da somxe-
bisaTvis analogiuri ram ucnobi iyo. qorwineba xdeboda an qa-
lisa da vaJis urTierTmowonebiT, an garigebiT. lezgiebs Soris
gacvliTi qorwineba arsebobda, romlis drosac mxareebi erTma-
neTSi gogonebs (qaliSvilebs, debs) cvlidnen. muslimuri samya-
rosaTvis levirati da sororati iyo damaxasiaTebeli. aseTi
Cveuleba samxreT kavkasiis qristiani xalxebisaTvis ucnobi iyo.
es monacemebic ar gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom kavkasiur civi-
lizaciaze visaubroT. materialuri da sulieri miRwevebis er-
Toblioba kavkasiis samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb xal-
xebs ar hqoniaT. gansxvavebuli iyo qalis uflebrivi mdgomareo-
bac. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli azrovneba qalsa da mamakacs Tana-
bar doneze ganixilavda. sakmarisia SoTa rusTavelis aforizmi
gavixsenoT: `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tundac xvadia~.
qarTveli qalisadmi kldemamosileba, mowiweba Cans xalxuri
cekvis mwvervalSi `qarTuli~, romelic raindul-romantikuli
suliskveTebiT aRsavse cekvaa. am TvalsazrisiT xevsuruli swo-
rfrobisa da fSauri wawlobis wes-Cveulebis daviwyebac ar
SeiZleba. qarTuli ojaxi Tu mtkice iyo, amas ver vityviT CaC-
nuri ojaxis Sesaxeb. qmars SeeZlo coli yovelgvari argumente-
bis gareSe saxlidan daeTxova. aseT SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi mamasTan
rCebodnen da dedas saerTod veRarc naxulobdnen. ase rom, kaci
SeiZleba sam-oTxjer daqorwinebuliyo da qalic xelaxla gaT-
xoviliyo. ojaxebis daSla da xelaxla daqorwineba xSirad xde-
boda. aseTi sxvadasxva tradiciebis matarebeli eTnosebis erT,
saerTo civilizaciaSi yofna warmoudgenelia.
daRestnis xalxebi faqtobrivad izolati eTnosebi iyvnen.

56
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

amas maTi endogamiuri qorwinebac ganapirobebda. es iyo mizezi

imisa, rom erT enobriv-eTnikur erTeuls saerTo eTnikuri
TviTSegneba ar hqonda; ar hqondaT saerTo eTnonimi da isini
soflis saxelwodebiT iwodebodnen. igive SeiZleba iTqvas bal-
yarelebis Sesaxeb, romelTa eTnonimebs xeobaTa saxelebi war-
moadgenda. kavkasiis sxva eTnosebisaTvis aseTi saxeldeba ucnobi
iyo. am sferoSic sxvadasxvaoba gvaqvs. saerTo warmomavlobis
Crdilo kavkasiurma eTnosebma konsolidaciac ki ver moaxerxes,
magaliTad, osebi or erTeulad iyofodnen: ironelebad (aRmosav-
leT osebi) da digorelebad (dasavleTeli osebi). maTi eTniku-
ri konsolidaciis xelis SemSleli religiuri faqtoric iyo.
ukanasknelni mahmadianebi iyvnen. erT enaze molaparake yaraCaele-
bi da balyarelebi cal-calke eTnosebad darCnen, romelTa kon-
solidaciasac teritoriuli faqtori uSlida xels. igive SeiZ-
leba iTqvas adiReuri modgmis xalxebze. XIV saukuneSi adi-
ReelTa erTi nawilis aRmosavleTiT gadanacvlebam maTgan faq-
tobrivad yabardouli eTnosis formirebas daudo saTave. bevri
wvril-wvrili eTnosi darCa daRestanSi. daRestnelebis did eT-
nosebad gaerTianebas endogamiuri qorwineba abrkolebda.
oriode sityviT dakrZalvis wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxebac. qar-
Tvelebi micvalebuls marTlmadidebluri wesis mixedviT mesame
dRes krZalavdnen, CrdiloeT kavkasieli muslimebi _ imave dRes,
mzis Casvlamde. CrdiloeT kavkasieli CaCnebi, inguSebi, osebi,
yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi micvalebuls ara miwaSi, aramed miwis-
zeda akldamaSi krZalavdnen.
saerTo kavkasiuri civilzaciis arseboba arc musikaluri
folkloris SedarebiT dasturdeba. amjerad am TvalsazrisiT
CrdiloeT kavkasieli da samxreT kavkasieli xalxebis Sedarebas
ar SevudgebiT. mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom qarTuli gunduri
da mravalxmiani musikaluri folklori Janrobrivad mdidaria.
is moicavs SromiT, sayofacxovrebo, sawesCveulebo, saqorwilo,

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

istoriul, sagmiro, sasiyvarulo, saxumaro, saferxulo simRe-

rebs, Sairebs, moTqma-tirils. CrdiloeT kavkasieli adiReelebi-
sa da daRestnelTa zepir-poetur SemoqmedebaSi ki mniSvnelovani
adgili ekava simRerebs TareSebis Sesaxeb. aseTi saxis simRereb-
Si propaganda eweva TareSebs, romelic mimarTuli iyo sxvaTa
saZarcvavad da tyveebis xelSi Casagdebad, xotbas asxamdnen Ta-
reSebis organizatorebs, romelic TanameinaxeebTan erTad klavda
da atyvevebda sxva rjulis adamians. xunZTa simRerebSi dawvri-
lebiTaa gadmocemuli TareSebisaTvis mzadeba, aRweren im iaraRs,
romelic laSqrobisas Tan mihqondaT. erT-erTi simReris teqsti
ki ase JRers: `sadac Cveni xeli Seexo, iq tirili gaisma, sadac
mivida fexi Cveni, iq ali agizgizda. tyved Cagdebul iqnen xe-
leblamazi da Tallamazi qaliSvilebi; SevipyariT janmrTeli
biWebi...~ rogorc wesi, TareSebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili simRerebi
aseTi surviliT mTavrdeba: `dae, daebados yvela dedmamas msgav-
si Svilebi~. romeli civilizaciis CarCoebSi SeiZleba moTavs-
des aseTi musikaluri folklori? CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi adamian-
Ta motaceba da monebad gayidva danaSaulad ar iTvleboda, e. i.
maT samxreT kavkasielTagan gansxvavebuli stereotipebi da eT-
nofsiqologiuri ganwyoba gaaCndaT. qarTvelebi ramdenime sauku-
nis ganmavlobaSi TviTon ganicdidnen TareSebis uaryofiT Sede-
gebs, rasac sabolood qveynis CrdiloeTi sazRvris TiTqmis
mTel monakveTze eTnikuri situaciis Secvla da CrdiloeT kav-
kasiel mTielTa Camowola mohyva.
xalxuri kulturis araerTi sxva magaliTi SeiZleba kidev
moviyvanoT, magram, vfiqrobT, Tqmuli sakmarisia. kavkasiis xal-
xebs bevri kulturis elementi saerTo hqondaT: stumarTmoyva-
reobis tradiciebi, msgavsi adaTobrivi samarTali, sisxlis aRe-
bis wes-Cveuleba, samosis TiTqmis erTgvarovneba (Coxa gvian gax-
da saerTo kavkasiuri. mamakacis am samoss CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic
da qarTvelebSic ZiriTadad dawinaurebuli fena atarebda, xo-

58
 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

lo glexobaSi is sadResaswaulo samosi iyo _ did soflebSi

isini Coxas ZiriTadad qorwilSi icvamdnen), gaZiZaveba, koSkuri
kultura (adiReuri modgmis xalxebisaTvis koSkuri kultura
damaxasiaTebeli ar iyo), dasaxlebis Sejgufuli forma da sxva.
eTnikuri kulturis zogierTi msgavsi elementi araviTar safuZ-
vels ar iZleva imisaTvis, rom `kavkasiur civilizaciaze~ vila-
parakoT. kavkasiis xalxebs ufro meti ganmasxvavebeli ram hqon-
daT, vidre saerTo, gansakuTrebiT es samxreT kavkasielebisa da
CrdiloeT kavkasielebis kulturaze SeiZleba iTqvas. kavkasiuri
civilizaciis warmoqmnaze verc mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgu-
febis migraciam moaxdina raime gavlena. CrdiloeT kavkasiur eT-
nosebSi bevria qarTuli warmomavlobis, qarTvelTa Soris _
Crdilokavkasiuri warmomavlobisani, magram aseTi gadasaxlebani
raime simptomsac ki ar qmnida kulturaTa dasaaxloveblad,
msgavsi politikuri da social-ekonomikuri struqturebis Se-
saqmnelad. rasobrivad kavkasielebi axlos dganan erTmaneTTan.
anTropologiuri msgavseba ki sul sxva movlenaa; is bunebrivi
kategoriaa. anTropologiur tipsa da fenotipis msgavsebas kul-
turulsa da civilizaciur movlenebTan araviTari kavSiri ara
aqvs.
saerTo `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb Tanamedrove
mdgomareobidan gamomdinarec ar SeiZleba visaubroT: winaaRmde-
gobebi kavkasiel xalxTa Soris ganuzomlad didia. erTi civi-
lizaciis farglebSi amdeni dapirispireba, konfliqti ar xdeba.
mxedvelebaSi gvaqvs somxur-azerbaijanuli omi, `qarTul-afxazu-
ri~ da `qarTul-osuri omebi~, inguSur-osuri dapirispireba.
saerTo kavkasiuri civilizacia rom nonsensia, amas CrdiloeT
kavkaselTa Soris islamis reaqciuli mimarTulebis _ vahabizmis
farTod gavrcelebac uSlis xels, da, rac yvelaze mTavaria,
dRes gavrcelebuli terorizmi. terorizmi saerTod rogor
SeiZleba civilizaciur movlenad CaiTvalos?

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

ara mxolod kavkasiuri civilizaciis, aramed erTiani kavka-

siuri kulturis mimarTac sruliad samarTliani negatiuri da-
mokidebulebaa gamoTqmuli: `kavkasiuri identurobis arseboba ar
niSnavs erTiani kavkasiuri kulturis arsebobas iseve, rogorc,
vTqvaT, evropuli identurobisa _ erTiani evropuli kulturis
arsebobas~. 30 gamoTqmul Sexedulebas zemoT Cvens mier moxmobi-
li yofiTi kulturis monacemebis moxmobac adasturebs. ufro
metic: ar arsebobs saerTo Crdilokavkasiuri kulturac; da-
Restnis xalxebisa da adiReelTa kulturis komponentebi sru-
liad gansxvavebulia da erT saerTo CarCoSi ar Tavsdeba.A
norbert eliasis sityvebiT, `civilizacia~ imas gamoxatavs,
rac yvela xalxisaTvis saerToa, `kultura~ ki _ erovnul fe-
nomens. marTlac kavkasiis yvela xalxs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
eTnikuri kultura gaaCnia, magram es kulturis elementebi maT
saerTo ara aqvT, ara aqvT saerTo `civilizaciis~ niSnebi. Crdi-
loeT kavkasielebis kultura civilizaciaSi ver gadaizarda. im
dros, rodesac qarTvelebs, somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs civi-
lizaciis yvela niSani gaaCniaT da isini saukuneebis win war-
moiqmna, aseTsas CrdiloeT kakasiaSi ver vxedavT. rodesac rome-
lime avtori saerTo rasas, fenotips civilizaciis niSnad gani-
xilavs, aSkaraa, rom aseTi mosazrebis avtorebs, faqtobrivad,
mecnieruli saargumentacio monacemebi ar gaaCniaT. realurad
Cven saqme gvaqvs or, sruliad sxvadasxva, samyarosTan, romelic
gayofilia kavkasiis didi wyalgamyofi qediT. qedis CrdiloeTiT
mTebSi mcxovrebi eTnosebis sakontaqto zoli evraziis samomTa-
bareo sivrce iyo, xolo samxreT kavkasielebs urTierToba hqon-
daT sparsul, antikur, arabul, marTlmadideblur-bizantiur
civilizaciebTan.

30n. Ciqovani saqarTvelos kulturuli raoba da civilizaciuri

kuTvnileba civilizaciaTa Teoriis konteqstSi. Tb. 2005, gv. 163.

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 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

samxreT kavkasielTa saerTo civilizaciazedac ver visaub-

rebT. adre Sua saukuneebSi TiTqos isini (qarTvelebi, somxebi,
albanelebi) sparsuli civilizaciis raRac nawils warmoadgend-
nen, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis did gavlenas ganicdidnen, magram am
xalxebSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg civilizaciis veqto-
ri sxva mxareze gadaixara. cal-calke ganviTarda qarTuli da
somxuri civilizacia. saerTo qristianuli religiis miuxeda-
vad, somxebma da qarTvelebmac TavisTavadi eTnikuri civiliza-
ciebi Seqmnes. qarTvelTa diofizitoba da somexTa monofizitoba
erTi civilizaciis Seqmnis safuZvels ar qmnida. somxebs XI
saukunidan saxelmwifoebrioba moeSalaT da maT ZiriTad saqmia-
nobad, gansakuTrebiT sxva qveynebSi gadasaxlebulTaTvis, vaWro-
ba da xelosnoba iqca, xoli qarTvelTaTvis vaWroba sayovelTao
movlena ar yofila; isini miwas iSviaTad wydebodnen. didad gan-
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan qarTuli da somxuri xasiaTic (sxvaTa
Soris, bevri saerTo aqvs erTmaneTTan qarTul da espanur xasia-
Tebs). qarTuli civilizacia Sedegia sparsuli, ZvelberZnuli,
bizantiuri da TviT qarTuli kulturebis Serwyma-ganviTarebisa.
mis safuZvels ki marTlmadidebloba warmoadgens. zogierTTa
miTiTebiT, qarTuli civilizacia evropuli civilizaciis nawi-
lia. es mosazreba saargumentacio monacemebs ar eyrdnoba. evro-
pasTan saqarTvelos mxolod Sua saukuneebis socialuri siste-
mis – feodalizmis msgavseba aaxlovebda. Tanamedrove saqarTve-
lo evropuli civilizaciisagan imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom qarTve-
lebi, evropelebisagan gansxvavebiT, kanonmorCilebiT ar gamoir-
Cevian (sul sxva sakiTxia qarTvelebis TiTqmis mudmivi swrafva
evropisaken/dasavleTisaken).
amrigad, kavkasiuri civilizacia ar arsebobda da ar arse-
bobs. kavkasielebs (samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasielebs) ar hqo-
niaT kulturuli fenomenebis, social-ekonomikuri da sazoga-
doebriv-politikuri struqturebis saerTo kompleqsebi da

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. II

struqturebi, religiuri erToba. saerTo kavkasiuri kulturu-

li da civilizaciuri erTobis warmoqmnas xeli SeuSala regio-
nis bunebriv-geografiulma da klimaturma mravalferovnebam, ev-
ropisa da aziis damakavSirebelma gzebma da am gzebze sxvadasxva
dampyroblis migraciam da aq damkvidrebis survilma. ganviTare-
buli Sua saukuneebis periodSi qarTvelTa cda kavkasielebis
qristianuli ideologiis qveS gaerTianebisa warumatebeli aR-
moCnda. kavkasiis samxreTma da CrdiloeTma nawilebma ganviTare-
bis sxvadasxva gza gaiares. aq mcxovreb sxvadasxva xalxebs erTi
istoriuli marSruti ar gauvliaT. `kavkasiuri civilizacia~
mxolod civilizaciis TeoriebSi, istoriasa da eTnologiaSi
Cauxedavi mecnierebis mogonili sityvebia.

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 roland TofCiSvili. `kavkasiuri civilizaciis~ Sesaxeb

Roland Topchishvili

ABOUT “CAUCASIAN CIVILIZATION”

Summary

Recently many people has been talk about “Caucasian Civilization”

– books are published under this title, international conferences and fo-
rums take place quite often. Here, in this article, we discuss different opi-
nions about phenomenon of civilization, we are trying to set up the main
criteria of civilization that belong to famous scientist (A. Toynbee, N.
Danilovski, G. Childs, W. Mason, R. Adams, C. Renfro, C. Flanner, W.
Eberhard...). Regarding to those features that belongs to civilization the
conclusion is drawn that common “Caucasian Civilization” does not exist
at all. South and North Caucasians have never shared common cultural
features, socio-economic and political structures, or even the religious
unity. South Caucasian nations have almost all signs of civilization, but
North Caucasians have not. North Caucasian ethnic groups were con-
nected with nomadic world of Eurasia, while South Caucasians – with
the civilizations like Persian, Arabian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzan-
tine. Geographical, natural, or climate diversity, roads that connected Eu-
rope, Asia, and various conquerors whose invasions and migrations on
intention to settle in this region – all served to be contradiction towards
the creation of common Caucasian cultural and civilization unity. “Cau-
casian Civilization” is the artificial term invented by scientists being in-
competent in theories of civilization, history and ethnology.

63