''ქრისტიანობის კვლევები'' # I Christian Researches # 1

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti;
qristianobis istoriis mimarTuleba da
studentTa samecniero-kvleviTi centri (Tbilisi)
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbisisi State University,

Faculity of Humanities. History of Christianity and
Center of students’s in the History of Christianity (Tbilisi)
qristianobis kvlevebi
Christian Researches
gamomcemloba ùniversali~
Tbilisi 2008
Tbilisi 2008
Q~qristianobis kvlevebi” warmoadgens qristiano-
bis istoriisa da masTan momqmedi studentTa sa-
mecniero wris periodul gamocemas. Jurnali in-
terdisciplinuria da misi pirveli tomi eTmoba
studentTa samecniero konferenciis_~qristianoba
da kultura” _masalebs.
redaqtori: qeTevan pavliaSvili

profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori.
recenzentebi: 1) giorgi oTxmezuri

profesori, istoriis mecniere-
baTa doqtori.
2) giorgi papuaSvili
docenti, istoriis mecnierebaTa
kandidati
gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2008

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, (: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge
ISBN 978-9941-12-265-1
2
sarCevi
mariam nozaZe
qristianobis safuZvlebis sakiTxi
gviandeli stoicizmis warmomadgenelTa
naazrevSi ................................................................................................ 5
mixeil qarTveliSvili
erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identurobis
problema ioseb stalinis TxzulebebSi ............ 20
ana doliZe
religiuri motivebis zogierTi aspeqti
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi ..................................... 28
daviT rekvava
xeTebis gansaxlebisa da eTnikuri vinaobis
sakiTxi bibliis mixedviT .................................................. 38
arCil xaCiZe
saeklesio Semosavlebis gankargvis da
klirikosTa Senaxvis sakiTxebi Crd. afrikis
eklesiaSi ................................................................................................ 46
Tamar adamia
“wminda ninos cxovrebis” paradigmatuli
saxismetyveleba. xis simbolika .................................... 57
gvanca burduli
wminda mamaTa swavlebani siyvarulisa da
sinanulisaTvis (basili didi, ioane
oqropiri, efrem asuri)......................................................... 67
giorgi gelutaSvili
ierusalimis jvris monastris metoqi
jvarismamis eklesia TbilisSi..................................... 76
3
naTia Skubuliani
mcire sjuliskanonisa da Tanamedrove
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
SedarebiTi analizisaTvis
(mkvlelobis Sesaxeb)................................................................. 87
eTer bokelavaZe
saeklesio-istoriul safuZvelTa
falsifikaciisaTvis kosovosa da afxazeTSi
(istoriuli paralelebi) .................................................... 96
cira SaloSvili
~didi sjuliskanonisa~ da saqarTvelos
sisxlisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsebis
SedarebiTi analizi (qonebrivi sakuTrebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebebi) ............... 119
giorgi metreveli
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos adgilis
istoriisaTvis msoflio marTlmadideblur
diptixSi .................................................................................................. 133
sandro nikolaiSvili
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierToba
adre Sua saukuneebSi ............................................................. 142
Tamar tlaSaZe
wmindanTa kanonizaciis evolucia
dasavleTis eklesiaSi ........................................................ 155
4
mariam nozaZe
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
I kursi
qristianobis safuZvlebis sakiTxi

gviandeli stoicizmis warmomadgenelTa
naazrevSi
qristianobis warmoSobis Taobaze arsebul

mraval polemikur mosazrebas Soris erT-erTi
aris versia, romlis mixedviTac qristianobis sa-
fuZlebi gviandeli stoicizmis wiaRSi unda veZi-
oT. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom sto-
iciozmi Zv.w III saukunidan mkvidrdeba saberZneT-
Si, rogorc filisofiuri mimdinareoba, romlis
fuZemdebelia Zenon kitioneli (Zv.w 335-262 ww)1
stoicizmi dayofilia sam periodad da swored me-
sames, gviandel stoicizms ukavSireben qristiano-
bas, kerZod, gviandeli stoicizmis (ax.w. I s. ) sam
gamoCenil filosofoss: lucius anius senekas,
epiqtetesa da markus avrelius antoninuss.
sanam uSualod sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavi-
dodeT, saWirod migvaCnia, aRvniSnoT, Tu ra gav-
1 r. gordeziani, m. danelia, Sesavali klasikur

filologiaSi, 2007, gv 217
5
lena hqonda imdroindel politikur viTarebas
sazogadoebasa da, gansakuTrebiT, filosofiur
skolebze. ax.w. I saukuneSi imperator oqtavianes
mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli (DZv.w 27 w. ) romSi,
formalurad, respublikuri mmarTveloba SenarCu-
nebuli iyo, magram princepsi, (anu “pirveli pir-
velTa Soris” ) saTaveSi edga magistratebsac da
senatsac. faqtobrivad, imperia erTi piris mier
imarTeboda, rac , upirveles yovlisa, niSnavda
imas, rom filosofia imperatoris survilebis
gavlenis qveS mainc eqceoda, winaaRmdegobis miu-
xedavad. amis magaliTia senekas is traqtatebi,
romlebic ideurad neronis mmarTvelobas upiris-
pirdeba (romelTa gamoc gauCnda senekas mowinaaR-
mdegeebi). Tumca, aseve, gavlenis sasargeblo
formis arsebobac SeiniSneba: rogorc cnobilia,
markus avreliusi exmareboda filosofiur sko-
lebs aTenSi. man daaarsa kaTedrebi, romlebsac
ori mowinaaRmdege filosofiuri mimdinareobis,
stoicizmisa da epikureizmis popularizacia unda
gaewiaT2. gavlenis avkargianobis miuxedavad, faq-
tia, rom politika da filosofia mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. albaT, es gaxda mize-
2
markus avreliusi fiqrebi, Targmani b.bregvaZisa 1984,
gv 39, winasityvaoba
6
zi imisa, rom XX saukunis mecnierebi saubroben
imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad axlos iyo im period-
Si dabal fenebSi gavrcelebuli da politikurad
devnili qristianuli ideologia da filosofiis
esa Tu is mimdinareoba. ase magaliTad, q-ni meri
WeliZe Tavis or naSromSi “elinizmis filoso-
fia” (1992 w. Tb.) da “elinizmis filosofia adre-
ul qristianul epoqaSi” (1998 w. Tb.) stoikos fi-
losofosTa naSromebis ganxilvisas wers, rom
qristianobis wanamZRvrebi swored stoicizmis wi-
aRSi momzadda da, rom maTma Semoqmedebam Teori-
uli safuZveli moumzada qristianobas.
gansxavebul daskvnamde mivyavarT gviandeli
stoikosebis biografiul cnobebs. aq, ra Tqma un-
da, igulisxmeba is cnobebi da varaudebi, romle-
bic istoriulad SemogvrCa da, romlebze day-
rdnobiTac, vfiqrob, warmoiSveba sawinaaRmdego
mosazreba. biografiaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs maTi azrovnebis gamov-
lenas da xorcSesxmas realobaSi, radgan qmedeba,
upirvelesad, ganpirobebulia msoflmxedvelobiTa
da miznebiT. es ori motivi ki metad Taviseburi
iyo I saukunis romSi. am periodSi sazogadoebis
yvela fenaSi igrZnoba ampartavnebiTa da pativmoy-
vareobiT ganpirobebuli gulgriloba garkveul
7
RirebulebaTa mimarT. saberZneTis diadi kultu-
ris saxecvlileba da daknineba romis yoveldRiu-
robis maxasiaTebelia. stoeli filosofosebi,
eladuri kulturis gavleniT, am idealebis misaR-
wevad axal gzebs eZieben. es maT traqtatebSi naT-
lad ikveTeba, magram biografiuli cnobebi, gar-
kveulwilad, sapirispiroze metyvelebs da eWvqveS
ayenebs filosofosTa miznebis gansazRvris sa-
kiTxs.
gviandeli stoicizmis pirveli warmomadge-
neli lucius anius seneka (Zv.w. 4 – ax.w. 62 ww.) ma-
Ral senatorul sazogadoebas miekuTvneboda. man
kargi ganaTleba miiRo da 31 wels, egviptidan
dabrunebulma, iurisprudenciaSi saqmianoba daiw-
yo3. karieris dasawyisSi igi Tavisi filosofiuri
SexedulebebiT cdilobda, gavlena moexdina im-
droindel politikaze, magram es survili waruma-
tebeli aRmoCnda. mas araerTi brali wauyena im-
peratorma klavdiusma, ris Semdegac kunZul kor-
sikaze gadaasaxles. romSi igi mxolod 49 wels
dabrunda dedofal agripinas SemweobiT da misi
vaJis, neronis aRmzrdelad dainiSna. neronis tax-
tze asvlis Semdeg ki (54 w.) udides politikur
3 r. gordeziani, n. tonia, antikuri literatura 2007,

gv 373
8
figurad iqca. am xanaSi senekas qoneba sagrZnob-
lad gaizarda da is erT-erT umdidresi kaci gax-
da romSi. Tumca mis imdroindel traqtatebSi
vawydebiT, rom igi materialuri faseulobebis
warmavlobaze “qadagebs” simdidris dagrovabis
paralelurad. am da sxva saxis acilebas xSirad
ganumartavs megobrebs da ambobs, rom misTvis ar
aris aucilebeli im “sikeTeebiT” cxovreba, rom-
lebzec wers: ”me ara var brZeni... amitom miznad
ar visaxav mivaRwio mTlian srulyofilebas, ara-
med me minda mxolod ugunur adamianze ukeTesi
viyo...”4
kidev erTi aspeqti, romelzec seneka msje-
lobs, aris socialuri Tanasworobis sakiTxi. igi
araerTgzis ganixilavs Tavis SromebSi monaTa
problemas: ” mona adamiania, Tanaswori sxva adami-
anisa. monis sulSi iseTivea siamaye, pativmoyvare-
oba, simamace, didsulovneba, rogorc sxva adamia-
nebSi, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi sazogadoebri-
vi mdgomareoba... me metyvian: isini xom monebi ari-
an, magram im monas aqvs Tavisufali suli”5 .
am da sxva Tamamma gancxadebebma mecnierebis
garkveuli nawili miiyvana im mosazrebamde, rom
4
m. WeliZe, elinizmis filosofia, 1992, gv 274
5 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr. gv 275
9
senekas Tavisi kacTmoyvare werilebiT aucileb-
lad eqneboda kavSiri qristianobasTan, maT Soris
m. WeliZis zemoTxsenebul naSromSi aRniSnulia: “
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom senekas eTikis sa-
xiT qristianobis wanamZRvrebi momzadda, rom se-
neka iyo qristianobis biZa, masTan Teologiam mo-
raluri dasabuTeba moipova, radgan adamianis mi-
er zneobrivi movaleobebis dacva RmerTis arse-
bobis gamarTlebul erT-erT argumentad Camoya-
libda “. 6
sainteresoa, am mosazrebis gamoTqmis dros,

gaTvaliswinebuli iqna Tu ara senekas piradi
cxovrebis gza, radgan Tu sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT
SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli
istoriuli cnobebidan gamomdinare, dasaSvebia va-
raudi imisa, rom seneka “aRiarebebs” Tavdacvis
mizniT werda. ufro zustad, Tavisi politikuri
poziciebis SesaniRbavad mas, ubralod, sWirde-
boda Tavdacva im ideiT, rom sikeTis mTesveli
iyo. aq, ra Tqma unda, niSandoblivia is faqti,
rom senekas mravali mowinaaRmdege gauCnda, maT
Soris imperator neronis saxiT. istoriulad
cnobilia, rom aRmzrdelisa da aRzrdilis urTi-
6 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr, gv 272
10
erToba, sawyisi etapisagan gansxvavebiT, droTa
ganmavlobaSi ufro da ufro garTulda. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom Tavis swavlebebSi seneka zneobrio-
bisaken mouwodebs nerons da traqtatSi “Semwyna-
reblobis Sesaxeb” igi mmarTvelis idealur saxes
warmoaCens, misi aRsazrdeli ver gaxda znesruli
monarqi da aRmzrdelTan dapirispirebiT, upirve-
les yovlisa, mis moZRvrebas aRudga win. es dapi-
rispireba, sabolood, neronis xeliT sikvdils
uqadda senekas, magram aq filosofosma Caidina
qristianuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze gaumarTlebe-
li saqcieli: abazanaSi venebi gadaiWra da Tavi
moikla. es faqti, upirvelesad, logikurad migvi-
TiTebs imaze, rom senekas SeuZlebelia hqonoda
rwmena qristianobisa, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi igi
aucileblad Tamamad Sexvdeboda gardauval sik-
vdils da sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT ar daas-
rulebda.7 miT umetes, rom mas mravali magaliTi
hqonda imisa, Tu rogor SeeZloT Tavis gawirva
ideologiisaTvis ubralo adamianebs. raRa Tqma
unda, aq igulisxmeba qristianTa masobrivi Jleti-
7 mecnierTa nawili am nabijs, ubralod, stuikuri

moZRvrebis praqtikul cxovrebaSi realizebad miiCnevs,
r.gordeziani, m. danelia, Sesavali klasikur
filologiaSi, 2007, gv 217, Tbilisi
11
sa da Seviwroebis faqtebi, romlebic neronis
epoqaSi arnaxuli simravliT gamoirCeoda. 8
gviandeli stoicizmis meore warmomadgene-

li epiqtete (50-138 ax.ww.) monad hyavda neronis yo-
fil monas epafrodites, romlis dawinaurebis
Semdeg, epiqtete ganTavisuflda. gaazatebis Sem-
deg man filosofias miuZRvna Tavi da 89 wels ni-
kopolSi daaarsa filosofiuri skola.9 misi nar-
kvevebidan Cvenamde mxolod mcire nawilma moaR-
wia. es gasakviri arcaa, radgan epiqtetes Tavad
araferi dauweria; misi moZRvreba Semogvinaxa is-
torikos Flavius adrianes wignma “mogonebebi
epiqteteze”10. am cnobebis mixedviT, igi Txzule-
bebSi saubrobs eTikaze, rogorc filosofiuri
moZRvrebis umTavres sakiTxze. aseve, ganixilavs
monobis sakiTxs da wers, rom mona SeiZleba uf-
ro metad iyos Tavisufali, vidre batoni. misi mo-
sazrebiT, namdvili Tavisufleba Sinagania: ” wa-
marTviT Cemi sxeuli, qoneba, patiosneba, ojaxi,
magram Cemi azrebi da neba aravis SeuZlia wamar-
Tvas, aravis SeuZlia daTrgunos”11 . mecnierTa na-
wili aqac imave pozicias inarCunebs; m. WeliZis
8 g. koplataZe, dasax. naSr. gv 40-48

10 b. bregvaZe, dasax. naSr. gv 280
11 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr, gv 279
12
“elinizmis filosofiaSi” epiqtetesTan dakavSire-
biT aRniSnulia, rom : “eptqtetes moZRvreba, sene-
kasTan erTad, imis nimuSia, gviandeli stoicizmis
formiT rogor mzaddeboda adrindeli qristia-
nobis epoqa Tavisi axali moraluri normebiT,
moTxovnilebebiT da interesebiT”12. epiqtetes
dros, marTlac, mzaddeboda ideologia qristia-
nobis momZlavrebisaTvis, magram epiqtetes miCneva
qristanobis fuZemdeblad misi SemorCenili Sro-
mebis mTavar aspeqtTa gaTvaliswinebiT sakmarisi
ar aris. Aaq, erTi mxriv, ufro mniSvnelovania
epiqtetes socialuri mdgomareoba. bunrebrivia,
Tavisuflebis mopovebis Semdeg yvela adamiani da-
iwyebda brZolas monaTa eqspulataciis winaaR-
mdeg. gansakuTrebiT ki swavluli epiqtete ar
darCeboda umoqmedod. igi, marTalia, ewinaaRmde-
geba monobas da Tanasworobis moTxovniT gamo-
dis, magram es ar unda iyos safuZvliani argumen-
ti imisaTvis, rom epiqtete qristianobis fuZemdeb-
lad miviCioT. miT umetes, romQI saukunidan ukve
sagrZnoblad gaizarda monaTa uflebebis dam-
cvelTa ricxvi. amas adasturebs Tavad imperator
markus avreliusis gadwyvetileba monaTa uflebe-
13
bis gazrdis gamo; maT Soris aRsaniSnavia is faq-
ti, rom am reformis Semdeg monis mokvla danaSa-
ulad CaiTvala da, aseve, monas mieniWa sasamar-
Tlos winaSe wardgomis ufleba. es imaze metyve-
lebs, rom monaTa ganTavisuflebaze msjeloba im-
droisaTvis Cveuli movlenaa. iuristTa nawili ki
dResac fiqrobs, rom romaulma stoicizmma pirve-
lad Sexeda monas, rogorc sruluflebian adami-
ans.13
gansxvavebulia gviandeli stoicizmis mesa-
me warmomadgenlis markus avrelius antoninus av-
gustusis (121-180 ax.w ) cxovrebis gza da mis Sesa-
xeb SemorCenili arc Tu ise mwiri cnobebi. igi
taxtze 40 wlisa avida 161 wels.14 istorikosis
cnobiT, igi siyrmidanve seriozuli da dinji iyo,
ris gamoc misma babuam, imperatorma hadrianem “
verrissimus “, anu “znefaqizi”15 uwoda. Tumca mis
pirovnebas yvelaze ukeT warmoaCens Tavad markus
avreliusis Txzuleba “fiqrebi” , romelic kei-
sarma germanul tomebTan omis dros dawera duna-
13 v. metreveli, g. daviTaSvili, politikur da

samarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoria, 2002, gv..49.
14 b. bregvaZe, dasax. naSr. gv 8
15 Targmanis meore variantis mixedviT, dasaSvebia
“umarTlesi” r. gordeziani, n. tonia, antikuri
literatura gv 418
14
ispireTSi. naSromi warmoadgens sakuTari miznebi-
sa da miswrafebebis, SexedulebaTa da SecdomaTa
ganxilvas, romelic imdenad gulwrfelad da bu-
nebrivad aris gadmocemuli, rom mkiTxvels auci-
leblad afiqrebinebs, rom mis winaSe gamocdili
da dabrZenebuli kacis aRsarebaa. am varauds uf-
ro metad amtkicebs is faqti, rom markus avreli-
usis “fiqrebi” farTo sazogadoebisaTvis ar aris
gankuTvnili ( Txzulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mxo-
lod avtoris sikvdilis Semdeg gaxda cnobili)16
. am mizezTa gamo ki, vfiqrobT, safuZvliania im
mosazrebis sarwmunod miCneva, romelsac avreliu-
si Tavis TxzulebaSi qristianebis Sesaxeb gamoT-
qvams. kerZod, igi kicxavs sulis cxonebisaTvis
Tavgadadebul qristianebs, amis mizezad ki asaxe-
lebs imas, rom sikvdilTan Sexvedrisas Sinagan
mzadyofnas Tavad tragizmisagan Tavisufal mov-
lenad miiCnevs da sikvdilTan miaxlovebisas
qristianTa “brma sikerpes” arafris momtans uwo-
debs.17
magram, isev da isev, “fiqrebidan” gamomdi-
nare, mecnierTa Soris aris eWvi markus avreliu-
16 r. gordeziani, n, tonia, antiluri literatura, 2007,

gv 422
17 markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, dasax. Targmani, gv 247
15
sis moZRvrebasa da qristianobas Soris kavSiris
Taobaze. am mxriv, sayuradRebo epizodia vnebaTa
da zraxvaTa daTmenis Sesaxeb mowodeba: “aris ka-
ci, romelic loculobs: ,,rogor daveuflo am
qals?!“ Sen ki iloce: ,,rogor davaRwio Tavi am
qalis flobis survils?!“ is: ,,rogor movicilo
Tavidan es kaci?!“ Sen: ,,rogor moviqce, rom ar
damWidres Tavidan mocileba misi?!“ is: ,,nu momas-
wreb Svilis sikvdils!” Sen: ,,nu momaswreb imas,
rom meSinodes Svilis dakargvis!“18 am da sxva
msgavsi saxis mowodebebis simravlem, bunebrivia,
mecnierebi daafiqra imaze, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu
ara, imperators hqonoda kavSiri qristianebTan.
magram istoriuli cnobebi ar adasturebs am vara-
uds: cnobilia, rom markus avrelius antoninusi
romma yvela tradiciis aRsrulebiT dakrZala da
mis pativsacemad taZari aigo, daarsda qurumTa
kolegia, xolo xalxma “keTilmowyale RmerTad”
gamoacxada imperatori. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is-
torikosTa cnobebs yalbad miviCnevT, isedac bu-
nebrivia imis Tqma, rom, markus avreliuss, ro-
gorc reformator da, amave dros, siqveliT ga-
morCeul keisars, saxelmwifoebrivi religia unda
18 markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, dasax. Targm. gv 222
16
daecva, rogorc romis erTianobis SenarCunebis
erT-erTi umTavresi piroba19. amitom, gacilebiT
marTebulia imis mtkiceba, rom markus avreliusi
qristianTa winaaRmdeg gamovidoda, vidre imisa,
rom maTi, rogorc “seqtantebis” pozicias daicav-
da.
ganxilul magaliTTa safuZvelze, SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, rom qristianobis warmoSobis am versi-
as ar gaaCnia istoriul cnobebze damyarebuli sa-
fuZveli da, rom igi konkretul mecnierTa subieq-
tur mosazrebas warmoadgens. amaze mianiSnebs is
naSromi senekasa da pavle mociqulis mimoweris
Sesaxeb, romelic, dadasturda, rom gviandel pe-
riods ekuTvnis,20 rac, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs imis
mcdelobas, rom SuasaukuneebSi senekas moZRvre-
bis araswori gageba iSviaTi ar iyo. amitom, da-
saSvebi iqneba varaudi imisa, rom stoicizmisa da
qristianobis kavSiri dRemde arasando faqtebze
dayrdnobiT ivaraudes, radgan, rogorc Tavad
stoicizmis warmoSoba iyo logikuri da istoriu-
li aucileblobis mqone elinizmis filosofiaSi,
aseve, mniSvnelovani da gardauvali movlena iyo
19b. bregvaZe, dasax. naSr. gv 44-45

20
r.gordeziani, n.tonia, antikuri literatura, gv.374,
Tb.2007
17
msoflio istoriaSi qristianobis ideologiis
TandaTanobiT damkvidreba. ase rom, SeiZleba iT-
qvas, Cv.w. I saukuneSi qristanobasa da stoicizms
mxolod epoqa aerTianebdaT, rac safuZvliani ar-
gumenti ar aris imisaTvis, rom gviandeli stoi-
cizmis warmomadgenlebi qristianobis fuZemdeb-
lad miviCnioT.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, Targmani baCana bregvaZi-

sa, Tbilisi 1984
2. r. gordeziani, n, tonia, antikuri literatura, Tbi-
lisi 2007
3. r. gordeziani, m. danelia, Sesavali klasikur filo-
logiaSi, Tbilisi 2007
4. m. WeliZe, elinizmis filosofia, Tbilisi 1992
5. g. koplataZe, qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbili-
si 2007
6. v. metreveli, g. daviTaSvili, politikur da samar-
Tlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoria, Tbilisi 2002
18
Mariam Nozadze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Faculity of Humanities, First year
The question of Christianity’s bases in the

conception of Late Stoicism
Summary
The article is about the versions of the bases of Christianity, which
has a connection with the Stoicism, a philosophical course, which was
created at the III century B.C. in Greece. The latest representatives of
Stoicism Seneca, Epictete and Marci Aurelii, mainly wrote about such
themes into their treatises, that they were considered to be very close to
Christianity, as they, herewith, were forming in the same epoch. But as
we look about the historical facts and biographical notifications of that
philosophers’ life we found that it’s practically impossible to announce
something resolutely about the relationship between Stoics and
Christianity.
19
mixeil qarTveliSvili
magistraturis I kursi,
specialoba_saqarTvelos istoria
erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identurobis
problema iosen stalinis TxzulebebSi
qarTul realobaSi erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi

identurobis problemis mecnierul Seswavlas
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan man didwi-
lad ganapiroba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
ganviTarebis araerTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi.
aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT vfiqrobT, rom gansa-
kuTrebiT saintereso periods warmoadgens sabWo-
Ta epoqis saqarTvelo, radgan swored am period-
Si eyreba safuZveli saazrovno sistemis anu men-
talitetis imgvar formas, romelic Cvens cnobie-
rebaze dRemde sakmaod did gavlenas axdens. aqe-
dan gamomdinare am problemis mecnieruli Seswav-
la uaRresad mniSvnelovan da saSur saqmed mig-
vaCnia.
viziarebT ra samecniero literaturaSi gamoT-
qmul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac sabWoTa pe-
riodis saqarTvelos istoria unda gaviazroT
sabWoTa kavSiris mTlian istoriasTan erTad, mig-
20
vaCnia, rom am epoqis mecnieruli Seswavla TiT-
qmis SeuZlebelia marqsizm-leninizmis Teoriuli
memkvidreobis saTanado gaazrebis gareSe, radgan
aRniSnuli gaxlavT is Teoriuli bazisi, romle-
sac daefuZna sabWoTa saxelmwifoebrioba da mas
gverds ver auvlis sabWoTa epoqaze momuSave ver-
cerTi mkvlevari.
aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT vfiqrobT gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT vladimer le-
ninis, lev trockisa da ioseb stalinis Semoqme-
debiTi memkvidreobis saTanado gaazrebas, radgan
maTma naazrevma Teoriuli safuZveli moumzada
sabWoTa politikur sistemas.
winamdebare gamokvlevis mokrZalebuli mizania
SeviswavloT ioseb stalinis TxzulebebSi erov-
nul-sarwmunoebrivi identurobis problemis adgi-
li da mniSvneloba. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom aR-
niSnuli uaRresad rTuli sakiTxis srulyofili
Seswavlis pretenzia ar gagvaCnia da am etapze
mxolod sakiTxis dasmiT SemovifarglebiT.
Semdgomi gaugebrobebis Tavidan acilebis miz-
niT gvsurs ganvmartoT, rom Tanamedrove samecni-
ero azrovnebaSi identurobis cneba ar gaiazreba,
rogorc udavo erTianoba. igi SeiZleba gaviaz-
21
roT problemad, romelic saerTo maxasiaTeble-
biT gamoirCeva.
qarTul, rusul da evropulenovan samecniero
literaturaSi ioseb stalini savsebiT samarTli-
anadaa miCneuli politikur moRvawed, romelic
Tavis Teoriul Tu praqtikul moRvaweobaSi gan-
sakuTrebiT did adgils uTmobda erovnul igive
nacionalur sakiTxs. misi mosazrebebi mTeli rigi
kritikuli SeniSvnebis miuxedavad dRemde didi
popularobiT sargeblobs da erovnuli sakiTxis
gadawyvetis erT-erT originalur, Tavisebur da
saintereso SemTxvevadaa miCneuli.
ioseb stalini bolSevik moRvaweTagan erT-er-
Ti gamorCeulia, vinc erovnuli sakiTxi siRrmise-
ulad Seiswavla da am Temas araerTi publicis-
turi werili da broSura miuZRvna. unda vivarau-
doT, rom aRniSnuli muSaoba Tavdapirvelad vla-
dimer leninis uSualo iniciativiT xorcildebo-
da, razec savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavs saer-
TaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis aRiarebuli
specialisti keneT n. uoleci. erovnul sakiTxSi
„Tavisi Tavdapirveli mosazrebebis mcdarobis aR-
moCenis Semdeg lenini gulmodgined Seudga sxva
axsnis Ziebas, radgan es socialisturi Teoriis
22
gadasarCenad iyo aucilebeli“ aseTi axsna ki man
swored ioseb stalinis naazrevSi ipova.
Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom ioseb stalinis mTe-
li SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba Zlieraa ideolo-
gizirebuli, metic aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT io-
seb stalini Tavad gvevlineba ideologiis er-
Tgvar Camomyalibeblad.
pirveli naSromi, romlic ioseb stalinma
erovnuli sakiTxis ganxilvas miuZRvna aris ~ro-
gor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri sa-
kiTxi“, romelic gazeT ~proletariatis brZolis“
1904 wlis 1 seqtembris me-7 nomerSi daibeWda.
statiaSi uaResad saintereso daskvnebia gake-
Tebuli, kerZod ioseb stalini pirdapir wers:
„nacionaluri sakiTxi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva
interesebs emsaxureba, sxvadsxva elfers iRebs
imis mixedviT Tu romeli klasi da rodis wamo-
wevs mas.“ aRniSnuli fraza mniSvnelovania, imiT,
rom ioseb stalini pirdapir aRniSnavs, rom erov-
nuli sakiTxis erTjeradad gadawyveta marTebuli
ar iqneba da igi epoqasTan mimarTebaSi unda gai-
azrebodes.
marTlac, SemdgomSi naTlad davrwmundebiT,
rom ioseb stalinis mTelma rigma Sexedulebebma
drois Sesabamisi cvlilebebi ganicada.
23
zemoaRniSnuli statia warmnoadgens qarTul
sinamdvileSi arsebuli nacionalisturi miswrafe-
bebis erTgvar mimoxilviT analizs.
mTeli rigi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas ioseb sta-
lini midis saintereso daskvnamde, romlis mixed-
viTac ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis naci-
onaluri sakiTxi ruseTis proletariatma unda
gadawyvitos.
amave statiaSi ioseb stalini axasiaTebs ra
qarTul feodalur nacionalizms masTan erTad
ganixilavs samRvdeloebis rolsac, romelic mas
ukiduresad uaryofiTad miaCnia, Tumca aRniSnul
sakiTxze vrclad ar Cerdeba da mxolod SeniS-
vnis saxiT akeTebs.
Semdgomi publicisturi naSromi, sadac ioseb
stalini erovnul sakiTxs exeba aris ~marqsizmi
da nacionaluri sakiTxi“. es werili funamenturi
xasiaTisaa da mas gverds ver auvlis sabWoTa
erovnul sakiTxze momuSave vercerTi mkvlevari,
masSi ioseb stalinis adrindelma mosazrebebma
ramdenadme cvlilebebi ganicades da Camoyalibe-
buli saxe miiRes. masSi naTladaa Camoyalibebuli
erTaTviTgamorkvevis principi, romelic rogorc
cnobilia proletariatis internacionalur Ta-
nasworobasa da Zmobas unda dafuZneboda.
24
aRniSnul naSromSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTi sa-
intereso fraza ~saeklesio rwmena feodaluri
erovnuli grZnobebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens“
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom io-
seb stalini ar uaryofda sarwmunoebis rols.
savsebiT bunebrivia, rom igi am mimarTulebiT
msjelobas ar agrZelebs, radgan es kategoriu-
lad ewinaaRmdegeboda sociial-demokratTa ofi-
cialur Sexedulebebs, religiisadmi, romelic am
ukanasknelis Taviuflebis ideiT praqtikulad
aTeizmis propagandirebas axdenda.
am werilSi ioseb stalini ukve aqtiurad Seewi-
naaRmdega partiis SigniT arsebul dapirispire-
bebs da cdilobs Tavisi Sexedulebebi warmoadgi-
nos, rogorc erTaderTi uryevi WeSmariteba.
oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg sabWoTa xeli-
suflebis gamarjvebis Semdeg ioseb stalini
erovnul sakiTxs sainteresod ganixilavs broSu-
raSi ~mimdinare sakiTxebi“, sadac oqtombris re-
volucias ruseTis imperiaSi myofi erebis ganTa-
visuflebis istoriul Sanss uwodebs, aq ioseb
stalini SedarebiT vrclad Cerdeba eklesiis
rolze da mas kategoriulad uaryofiTad axasia-
Tebs.
25
rodesac ioseb stalinis TxzulebebSi erov-
nul sakiTxze vsaubrobT yuradReba unda mivaqci-
oT im faqts, rom masSi sarwmunoebrivi aspeqtebis
Sesaxeb laparaki TiTqmis saerTod ar gvxvdeba,
Tumca aris calkeuli miniSnebebi, „sulier rol-
ze“, „idealur ganxilvaze“, sadac SeiZleba viva-
raudoT, rom sarwmunoeba unda igulisxmebodes.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ioseb sta-
linis TxzulebebSi erovnuli sakiTxis gadaw-
yvets uaRresad mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs,
rac Tavis mxriv ganpirobebulia problemaTa aq-
tualurobiTa da gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT,
rac Seexeba sarwmunoebas igi gaiazreba, rogorc
wmenis Tavisuflebis Sedegi.
1. ioseb stalini, Txzulebani, tomi I, Tb., 1947

2. erasti axobaZe, erovnuli sakiTxis istori-
idan saqarTveloSi (1900-1917ww.), Tb., 1965
3. vaxtang guruli, ioseb juRaSvilis arCeva-
ni, Tb., 2007
26
4. qeTevan pavliaSvili, saqarTvelos samoci-
qulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoria,
1800-1945, naw. I, Tb., 2008
5. nodar naTaZe, eri da erovnuli kultura,
Tb., 1990
6. Francoit Furet, Staline et la question nationale, Paris,
1987
7. keneT n. uolci, adamiani, saxelmwifo da
omi, Teoriuli analizi, Tb., 2003
MMikheil Kartvelishvili
The first year MA student of Ivane Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University,
Faculty of humanities,
direction of history of Georgia
Natiional and religional identical problems in the Ioseb
Stalin’s works
Summary
In this article is disscused national and religional identical
problems in the Ioseb Stalin’s works. the main stages it’s
development and charactericts, it are concrete historical-
political and cultural importartance.
27
ana doliZe
I kursi
religiuri motivebis zogierTi aspeqti

ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi
msoflio litraturaSi realizmis damkvidrebas

Tan axlda erTgvari skepticizmi religiisadmi,
rac renesansuli motivebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. aRor-
Zinebis xanis zegavlena an pirdapir daetyo
teqsts ( balzaki, stendali, floberi), an garkve-
uli improvizaciis ufleba daitova (tolstoi).
rwmenisadmi Tanmimdevruli damokidebuleba, misi
konceptualuri gadmotana literaturaSi TiTqmis
uaryofili iyo. am mxriv gamonakliss qarTuli
realizmi, kerZod ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba
warmoadgens. qarTveli klasikosis nawarmoebebis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi (Tu umTavresi ara) ganmsaz-
Rvreli xazi swored ufalTan mimarTebas, marTma-
dideblur-qristianuli msoflxedvis mkiTxvelTan
mxatvruli formiT mitanas gulisxmobs.
amis nimuSia ilias `locva~, romelic saxare-
biseuli mcnebebis da cnebebis leqsis saxiT amet-
yvelebis qrestomaTiuli magaliTia. ilias `loc-
28
va~ leqsikiTac ki mihyveba `mamao Cvenos~ _`mamao
Cveno, romelica xar caTa Sina.., “im gansxvavebiT,
rom ilias locvaSi naxsenebi ar aris `puri arso-
bisa~, magram TavisTavad igulisxmeba. leqsSi yu-
radReba gamaxvilebulia sulier sazrdelze, ro-
melic xels uwyobs adamianis SemoqmedTan kav-
Sirs, misi sulis zeaRsvlas. poeti muxlmodreki-
li da `lmobieri~ dgas uflis winaSe. `lmobieri~
niSnavs sxvis Semwyalebels, mzad myofs, Seundos
sxvas Secodeba.
uflis locvis citirebas eklesiasturi xedva
mosdevs _ ,,arca simdidris, arc didebis Txovna
ar minda” da winaswarmetyveluri fraza,Mromel-
Sic cxadadaa bibliuri sentenciebi warmodgeni-
li. SeadareT: ,,giyvardes mteri Seni...” da
,,... mterTaTvisac, romelT
Tundac guls laxvari mkran,
gTxovde, Seunde, ar ician
RmerTo, ras iqman.”
poetis Txovna uflisadmi ar aris gansazRvru-
li piradi sargebliT. iliam icis, rom misi loc-
va wmindaa (Tavad uwodebs ase) da ar unda Seu-
racxyos is miwieri surviliT:
àr minda amiT Seuracxvyo me locva wminda...~
29
poeti mxolod erTi TxovniT mimarTavs ufals
_ mieniWos mas RvTaebrivis Secnobis unari, raTa
Seimecnos uflis mier `namcnebi siyvaruli~. ili-
am kargad uwyis, ras niSnavs siyvaruli, rom uf-
lis trfoba mas mxolod moyvasis siyvaruls ar
avaldebulebs; rom moyvruli siyvaruli moicavs
moyvrisa da mtris _ orives _ siyvaruls.
`xolo me getyui Tqven: giyuarded mterni Tqu-
enni da akurTxevdiT mwyevarTa TquenTa da keTil-
sa uyofdiT moZuleTa TquenTa da ulocevdiT
maT, romelni gmZlavrobdnen Tquen da gdevniden
Tquen~ (mate 5, 44).
mxolod am gziT _ mtris siyvaruliT _ Seic-
nobs adamiani srulyofil siyvaruls; swored am
gziT aRwevs misi locvac srulyofas. mtris siy-
varulis motivis warmoCeniT ilias locva wminda
xdeba, radgan poeti Zlevs adanianTaTvis dauZle-
vels da mtris Sendobas, mtris kargadmyofobas
SesTxovs ufals.
ilias kidev ori locviTi Janris leqsi aqvs
Seqmnili. esenia: `locva~(òdes demoni urwmunoe-
bis~) da `g. abx…~. orive leqsi uflisadmi mimar-
Tvas warmoadgens. òdes demoni...~ saxarebiseuli
ambis, uflis cxovrebis erTi monakveTis _ geTse-
maniaSi iesos locvisa da qcevis _ Tanagancdaa.
30
urwmunoebis demoni, adamianTa macdunebeli, sawam-
laviT savse Tass awvdis wmindans, romelic Tavi-
si cxovrebiT baZavs ufals da mzadaa mis Sesasme-
lad. da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, igi dazRveuli
araa xorcieli grZnobisgan, romelsac SiSi hqvia.
amitom SesTxovs poeti ufals:
`da ukeTu ars SesaZlebeli,
me ganmariden igi sasmeli!~
da rogorc ki iesos am sityvebs ebmis misi
uaryofa, iliasac maSinve ukan miaqvs Tavisi sit-
yvebi:
`magram Tu RmerTo, Sen RvTaebas surs,
raTa gamocda miT hqondes Cems suls,
ganhqren Sen xmasTan survilni Cemni
da iyavn neba, ufalo, Seni!~
ìyavn neba Seni~ _ es sityvebi locvis umaRle-
si safexuria, wminda locvaa; xolo mTeli leqsi
wmindanis msoflxedvis gamoxatulebaa, kacis, ro-
melic mzad aris tanjvisaTvis. `sulieri Serige-
ba, Cven unda gavigoT da gamovsaxoT rogorc qme-
deba, rogorc moZraoba sulisa, rogorc procesi,
romlis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens Zal-Ronis daZab-
va da brZola da arsebiT momentad gvevlineba
tkivili, sikvdili, mwuxare grZnoba araraobisa,
tanjva sulisa da xorcisa (g. farulava, mxatvru-
31
li saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi, Tb.,
1982)
rac Seexeba leqss `g. abx/azs/~, konkretul miZ-
Rvnas warmoadgens, poetis pirad survilebs yrmi-
sadmi, anu aq Cans moyvruli siyvarulis gamom-
JRavneba, romelic `sawuTros kacTa~ cnobierebiT
_ keTili survilebiT _ ki ar ganisazRvreba, ara-
med qristianuli idealiT, yrmisaTvis tanjvis nu-
geSis STagonebiT.
literaturis kritikaSi SeniSnulia erTi as-
peqtic ,,yvarlis mTebidan”. poeti Tavis saprogra-
mo sityvaSi adresats vertikalurad miemarTeba.
igi TiTqos Tavis gegmas ufals gaandobs da mia-
barebs. am leqsSi isic kargad warmoCndeba, rom
`yrma~ axlos dgas ufalTan, swvdeba mis simaR-
les, magram zrdasTan erTad Sordeba mas da saWi-
ro xdeba sxva gza moZebnos ufalTan misasvle-
lad. es gza ganaTlebaa, romelic ilias Semoqme-
debaSi aRiqmeba ara mxolod rogorc swavla-ga-
naTleba (risTvisac miemgzavreba is peterburgSi),
aramed rogorc _ amaRleba, sulis ganaTleba. es
kargad Cans ilias mTel rig nawarmoebebSi mkveT-
rad gamoxatuli `kvali ganaTlebulis~ motivi-
dan. gavixsenoT ilias leqsi `qarTvlis dedas~:
`dedav! ismine qarTvlis vedreba:
32
ise aRzarde Sen Svilis suli,
rom win gauZRves WeSmariteba,
ukan hrCes kvali ganaTlebuli~.
ilias locvebidan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia
àCrdilSi~ CarTuli `dedao RvTisav...~
,,dedao RvTisav, es qveyana Seni xvedria…...
Sens meoxebas nu moakleb am tanjuls xalxsa;
saRmrTod miiRe sisxli, romel am xalxs uR-
vria,
CagrulT sasoo, nu arideb mowyale Tvalsa!~
_ es sityvebi pirdapiri miniSnebaa imaze, rom
ilias mTeli programa, `Sromis axsnis~ CaTvliT,
konstituciuri modelisaa da transcendentalur
nebas ukavSirdeba. Txovnac Sesabamisia:
`CagrulT sasoo, nu gvarideb mowyale Tval-
sa...~
vfiqrobT, poemis SesavalSic daxatulia adami-
anis ganwmendis, amaRlebis procesi, romlis gare-
Sec SeuZlebelia `wminda locva~. es procesi am
sityvebiT gamoixateba:
àma nugeSiT aRZruli suli
aRmevso nelis sixaruliTa,
eWvTagan winaT gvemuli guli
gancxovlda wmindis siyvaruliTa;
gardmomevlina yovlad SemZlebi
33
qveynisa amis sikeTis rwmena,
aRmifrTovana man ocnebebi
da ganmiwminda xedva da smena.~
calke Temaa ilias `gandegili~; Cven mxolod
erT frazas SevexebiT _ `xsna yvelgan aris~, ro-
melic am SemTxvevaSi imiT aris saintereso, rom
termini `xsna~ usaTuod religias, qristianobas
ukavSirdeba. ilia fiqrobs, rom yvelgan, yvela
sferoSi, yvela mxares adamiani swored xsnisaT-
vis unda iRvwodes, mxolod am Rvwis formebia
sxvadasxvagvari.
marTmadideblur-qristianuli msoflxedva
TvalsaCinod aisaxeba ilias prozaSic. oTaraanT
qvrivi qristianuli mcnebebis matarebeli adamia-
nis magaliTia, luarsabi ki maTi naklebobis;
,,mgzavris werilebis” manifestic amgvar ideebs
aviTarebs, rom araferi vTqvaT `glaxis naambobs”
moZRvarze, romelic nimuSia WeSmariti mRvdelmsa-
xurisa, adamianuri siTbos, siyvarulis da sulie-
rebisa. magaliTad mogvyavs mTavari gmiris, gabri-
elis sityvebi, miseuli daxasiaTeba moZRvrisa:
`me im mRvdelzed sityva Zalian gagigrZele,
batono, da ybedobaSi nu CamomarTmevT. oriode na-
Teli dRe me imasTan gamitarebia, gonebisa da ada-
mianobis Tvali,_ avad Tu kargad,_ imasTan amixi-
34
lebia. Cemis bnelis cxovrebis gzazed imis meti
varskvlavi ar amosula, _ da am upiro qveyanam
sxva nura damayvedros ra. amitom miyvars me im
mRvdelzed laparaki. roca ki vlaparakob xolme,
suli isev sulobs, roca imas vaxseneb, damijereT,
rom me imis xsenebazed am qveynad kidev madli
RvTisa mwams, kidev mgonia, rom es qveyana Sesafe-
ria da am qveyanasTan Zafi ar gamwydomia. daloca
RmerTma is kacad-kaci!..~ `kacad-kaci~ RvTis saxea,
zneobis etalonia, rwmenis Camnergavia, adamianTa
gadamrCenelia iseve, rogorc ufali.
ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi naTlad gamoixa-
ta qristianuli motivebi: yrmis ufalTan siaxlo-
vis, tanjviT bednierebis mopovebis, uflis mcneba-
Ta qadagebis, sisrulisaken swrafvis, moyvasisa da
mtris siyvarulis, mtris siyvaruliT ki srulyo-
filis _ uflis _ Secnobis, uflisadmi baZvis da
rwmeniT saukuno cxovrebis mopovebis. Cven mxo-
lod am motivebis zogierT aspeqts SevexeT.
35
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. axali aRTqumai, saqarTvelos sapatri-
arqos gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1955.
2. farulava griver, mxatvruli saxis bu-
nebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi, Tbi-
lisi, 1982.
3. WavWavaZe ilia, TxzulebaTa sruli kre-
buli oc tomad, t. I, `mecniereba~, `sab-
WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1987.
4. WavWavaZe ilia, TxzulebaTa sruli kre-
buli oc tomad, t. II, `mecniereba~, `sab-
WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1987.
36
Anna Dolidze
Some Aspects of Religious Motives In the Literary Works of

Ilia Chavchavadze
Summary
This paper analyzes religious motives in the literary works of
XIX century Georgian classical author Ilia Chavchavadze. These
motives are not represented in his works perfectly; author speaks
only about some of them: about the closeness of the Father and
Son; the achievement of the happiness by the way of torture,
preaching the Divine commandments, love one’s neighbor and
enemy – the way which shows us how to attain the perfection - to
conceive the God - and to achieve the eternal life by faith.
37
daviT rekvava
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
specialoba: Turquli ena da literatura
III kursi
xeTebis gansaxlebisa da eTnikuri vinaobis

sakiTxi bibliis mixedviT
Tanamedrove TurqeTis aziuri nawili _

anatolia, romelsac ZvelTaganve uwodebdnen ag-
reTve `mcire azias~, kacobriobis civilizaciis
erT-erT uZveles keradaa ariarebuli. es aris sak-
maod vrceli teritoria, sadac aTaswleulTa man-
Zilze xdeboda sxvadasxva warmoSobis tomTa Tu
xalxTa Sereva. Zv. aRmosavleT xanaSi aq araerTi
didi Tu patara saxelmwifo warmoiqmna, magram
sxvadsxva garemoebaTa gamo isiniTndaTan gaqrnen
istoriis aspaerezidan ise, rom verc erTma maT-
ganma ver moaRwia Cvens epoqamde.
am uzarmazar teritoriaze kulturulad
uZvelesi xanebidanve dawinaurda aR. anatolia,
gansakuTrebiT ki mcire aziis centraluri nawi-
li, sadac Camoyalibda saxelmwifo, romelic
erT-erT udides politikur Zalad gadaiqca ara
marto mcire aziaSi, aramed maSindel axlo aRmo-
38
savleTSic. es iyo xeTebis samefo anu x a T i,
romelic Zv. w II aTaswleulSi arsebobda da mci-
re aziis Zvel istoriaSi mTeli epoqa Seqmna.
`Zvel aRTqmaSi~ `xeTebi~ ramdenimejeraa
naxsenebi, magram aq igulisxmebian ara II aTaswle-
ulis centralur mcire aziaSi mosaxle tomebi,
aramed is xeTebi, romlebic Crd. siriaSi cxov-
robdnen Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, e.w. `gviandeli xe-
Tebi~.
`Zveli aRTqmis~ xeTebis Sesaxeb arsebul
cnobaTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia miTi-
Tebebs, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsaz-
RvroT xeTebis gansaxlebis areali siria-pales-
tinaSi. `dabadeba~ (10,15) gvanmcnobs, rom xeTebi
qanaanis Svilis qetelis STamomavlebad iTvlebi-
an da sxva moZme qanaanis tomebTan erTad mosax-
leoben sidonidan gerasamde, anu samxreT sirii-
dan samxeT palestinamde gadaWimul teritoriaze.
asurul babilonur wyaroebSi `xaTis~ uZ-
velesi moxsenieba ganekuTvneba samsudiTanas me-
fobis xanas, roca xeTebmababilons ilaSqres da
bolo mouRes babilonis I dinastias.
Zv. w. I aTaswleulis droindeli asuruli
da urartuli wyaroebi Crd. siriiasa da mcire
aziis aR. nawils `xaTes qveyanas~ uwodebdnen.
39
swored es garemoeba aisaxa `Zvel aRTqmaSi~, rom-
lis mixedviT `Zeni qetisni~ Crd. siriis mcxovreb-
ni gamodian.
`dabadebaSi~ (15,18) moTxrobilia RmerTsa
da abraams Soris dadebuli pirobis Sesaxeb, rom-
lis ZaliTac: `mas dResa Sina aRuTqva ufalman
aRTqumaÁ metYvelman: `Teslsa Sensa mivscne qveya-
na es emdinariTgan egviptisad, vidre mdinaredmde
didad evfratad. kinevelni da kenezelni da kedma-
zelni da qetelni da ferezelni...~
amgvarad RmerTis pirobis Tanaxmad abraa-
mis STamomavlobis e.i. ebraelebis xelSi unda ga-
davides qanaanuri tomebiT da maT Soris dsaxle-
buli teritoria nilosidan evfratamde, e.i. si-
ria-palestina SuamdinareTamde. adre ganxiluli
cnobis msgavsad es miTiTebac ar gvaZlevs saSua-
lebas konkretulad ganvsazvRoT xeTebis adgil-
mdebareoba siria-palestinaSi.
`dabadebaSi~ xeTebi kidev sam adgilas
arian moxseniebulni. I cnoba exeba abraamis dak-
rZalvas (25,9), meore gvamcnobs iakobis anderZis
(49,29), xolo mesame mogviTxrobs iakobis dakrZal-
vis Sesaxeb (50,13).
40
~gamosvlaTa wignSi~ xeTebi 6 adgilas
arian moxseniebulni. eqvsive cnoba CvenTvis sain-
tereso problemas exeba.
`Zveli aRTqmis~ pirveli 2 wignisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, danarCeni 3 wigni mwir cnobebs gvaw-
vdis xeTebis Taobaze.
...da kidev erTi cnoba, romelic xeTebis
adgilmdebareobaze migviTiTebs. cnoba, romelSic
CamoTvlilia iso naves (`Zveli aRTqmis~ VI wigni)
mier iordanis dasavleT mxares dapyrobil same-
foTa saxelebi. (T. 12,7-8): `da ese mefeni amorevel-
ni, romelni moisrna iso da ZeTa israelisaTa wi-
aR iordanesa da zRuasa Tana balgads, velsa ze-
da libanisasa vidre mTadmde alegisad aRmaval-
Tasa seirad da misca igi iso naTesavTa israeli-
saTa samkvidrebelad nawilad maTa~.
amrigad, es miTiTeba xeTebis samkvdro ad-
gilad palestinis Crd. nawils asaxelebs.
sxva qanaanuir tomebTan erTad xeTebi
cxovrobdnen palestinis iseT qalaqebS, rogori-
caa ierusalimi, sodomi samaria, razec mowmobs
iezekielis wignSi daculi 2 cnoba: aRniSnul qa-
laqebSi, dasaxlebulma ebraelebma daiviwyes is
adaT-wesebi, romlis mixedviTac ekrZalebodaT
ucxo tomebTan qorwineba. amas ki Sedegad is moh-
41
yva, rom xalxi gadagvarda da gamoiwvia winaswar-
metyvel iezekielis mier ierusalimis mcxovrebTa
dawyevla: `Ziri Seni da Soba Seni queyanisagan qa-
naanisa. mama Seni amoreveli da deda Seni qette-
la~ (T. 16,3).
amrigad, xeTebi mosaxleobdnen zemoaRniS-
nul qalaqebSi, xSirad qorwindebodnen ebraeleb-
ze, risTvisac am ukanasknelT RmerTi risxva da-
atydaT Tavs.
`Zvel aRTqmaSi~ mravlad moipoveba cnobe-
bi xeTebios eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb. `dabadeba~
(T 10,15) mogviTxrobs: èse Sobani ZeTa noesTan:
sem, qam da iafet. da iyvnes maTda Zeni Semdgomad
wyliT rRunisa... xolo qanan Sva sidon pirmSod
da qeteli da iobosleli da amoreveli da gerge-
seveli...Semdgomad ganeTesnes tomni qanaanelTani~.
am cnobis mixedviT, xeTebis winapari qete-
li, noes SviliSvilis-qanaanis Zea, xolo misi Zme-
bi qanaanuri-semituri tomrbis mamamTavrebi.
amgvarad, Tu zemoxsenebul miTiTeba sver-
wmunebiT, maSin xeTebi qanaanur-semitur warmomav-
lobis eTnikur jgufad unda miviCnioT, aqedan ga-
momdinare biblia xeTebs semitebad Tvlis. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom ebraelebi warmomavlobiT imave
qanaanur-semitur jgufs miekuTvnebian, rogorc
42
zemoT CamoTvlili tomebi. `Zveli aRTqma~ maT aS-
karad apirispiurebs erTmaneTTan. xeTebis eTniku-
ri dapirispireba semit-ebraelebTan aSkarad
vlindeba `mefeTa III wgnSi~ (11,3): `da mefe solo-
mon iyo dedaTmoyuare da moiyvanna colni ucxo
TeslTagan mravalni da asuli igi faraosi da mo-
avelTa da amoniotelTa da idumelTa da asuras-
tani da qetelTa da amorevelTa~.
aqedan gamomdinare bibliuri tradicia xe-
Tebs miakuTvnebs qanaanur-semitur warmomavlobis
tomebs, Tumca aSkarad mijnavs semit-ebraelebisa-
gan.
xeTebis eTnikuri vinaobis garkvevisTvis
aucilebelia SeviswavloT Tu ras niSnavs sakuT-
riv termini “hatti” da Zvel aRTqmaSi moxseniebu-
li xeTuri sakuTari saxelebi.
istoriulad dadasturebuli, rom termini
“hatti”-s qveS moiazreboda xaTis qveyana, qalaqi
xaTusa da am qalaqis uZvelesi mosaxleoba `xaTe-
bi~ an kidev `protoxeTebi~. termini “hatti” aRniS-
navda im samefos, romlis dedaqalaqic iyo “hat-
tutas” anu `xeTebis samefo~.
asuruli, elamuri, gvianbabilonuri da
urartuli wyaroebi amave terminis qveS gulis-
43
xmoben xeTebis imperiis yofili teritoriis mo-
saxleobas (mcire azia, siria-palestina).
pirvelad `xeTuri~ sakuTari saxelebi
gvxvdeba `dabadebis~ 23-e TavSi, sadac laparakia
abraamis meuRlis saras dasaflavebis Sesaxeb.
arabulad àbu~ niSnavs mamas, xolo `me-
liqi~ mefes. aSkaraa, romes saxelic semituri
warmomavlobisaa. saxeli ùria~ aseve semituria
da iTragmneba, rogorc `naTeli RvTisa~.
yovelive es sulac ar gulisxmobs
imas, rom am saxelis matarebeli xalxi aucileb-
lad semitebi unda yofiliyvnen. savaraudoa isic,
rom terminSi `xeTi~ `Zveli aRTqma~ miiCnevs ara
romelime gansazRvrul xalxs, aramed arasemitu-
ri zedafenis warmomadgenlebs.
1. Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, § 5 –

xeTebis Zveli samefo, gv. 218-223, Tb. 1988w;
2. erekle astaxiSvili – xeTebi bibliaSi, Tb.
2005w;
3. erekle astaxiSvili _ xeTebis adgilmdeba-
reoba bibliis mixedviT, Tb. 2005w;
44
4. erekle astaxiSvili _ xeTebis eTnikuri vi-
naoba, Tb. 2005w;
5. biblia, Zveli aRTqma.
David Rekvava
Faculity of Humanities, Direction Turkish
Language and Literature.Third year
The question of the lokalization an the etnic personality of Hittes by

the Bible
Summary
In the work I discussed the living site of the “hitittes”

tribe. There is discussed historical events and notifications of the
first millenium B. C. as well.
I have also directed my attention to the “hitittes” ethical
personality and to the origin of the word “hatti”.
45
arCil xaCiZe
Tbilisis sasuliero akademia,
RvTismetyvelebis fakulteti
III kursi
saeklesio Semosavlebis gankargvis da

klirikosTa Senaxvis sakiTxebi
Crd. afrikis eklesiaSi
sxvadasxva adgilobriv eklesiebs Soris

erT-erTi yvelaze nayofieri da gamorCeuli Crdi-
loeT afrikis eklesia iyo. am eklesiaSi gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda kanonSemoqmedebiT
process da saeklesio cxovrebis praqtikuli mxa-
ris aseTi saxiT fiqsacias. amaze am eklesiaSi ga-
marTuli mravali saeklesio krebac metyvelebs,
romlebze ganxilulTa Soris umniSvnelovanes sa-
kiTxTagani Semosavlebis gankargva iyo. msgavsad
yvela sxva eklesiisa, afrikis eklesiaSic sam-
RvdeloebisaTvis, rogorc saeroTagan gansxvave-
buli klasis adamianebze, romlebic RmrTismsaxu-
rebas aRasrulebdnen, SemowirulobiT arseboba
iyo dadgenili. netari avgustine samRvdeloebis
aseT rCenas macxovrisa da misi mowafeebis maga-
liTTan akavSirebs. afrikeli samRvdeloebis rCe-
nis pirvel wyaros morwmuneTa nebayoflobiTi Se-
46
mowiruloba warmoadgenda. metad sarwmunoa, rom
II da III saukuneebSi sasuliero wodebis Senaxvi-
saTvis rogorc iudevlebidan ise warmarTebidan
axalmoqceulTagan metad uxvi Semowirulobebi
Sedioda eklesiaSi. es Sesawiravebi upiratesad
fulis saxis iyo, risTvisac ukve tertulianes
dros eklesiebSi arsebobda gansakuTrebuli Wur-
Weli, romelSic yovelTviuri nebayoflobiTi Se-
sawiravi ikribeboda. fuladi Sesawiravebis garda
wiravdnen xils da miwis nayofs, Rvinos, rZes da
purs, romlebic rogorc wesi kvira dRes mihqon-
daT xolme eklesiaSi. karTagenis mesame saekle-
sio krebam daadgina, rom trapezisaTvis Rvino da
puri SeewiraT. karTagenis IV krebis dadgenilebe-
bi gvaZlevs safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom arsebob-
da ori saxis Sesawiravi, erTi trapezisaTvis, sa-
kurTxevlisaTvis, xolo meore _ eklesiis sala-
rosaTvis. sakurTxevels Rvinis da puris garda
arafers swiravdnen. gamonakliss warmoadgenda
rZe da Tafli, romelsac eklesia locviT akur-
Txebda, maT iyenebdnen kaTakmevelTa naTlobisas,
romlebsac sTavazobdnen SeesvaT rZe da Tafli,
rogorc qristianTa ucodvelobis niSani da ag-
reTve simbolo naTlobis gziT aRTqmul miwaze
damkvidrebisa, sadac moedineba rZe da Tafli, anu
47
qristes eklesiaSi. netari avgustine aseve axse-
nebs kerZo sacavebs – salaroebs, sadac inaxav-
dnen sels, selis Sesamosels da sxv. iyo Tu ara
afrikis eklesiaSi meaTedis wesi gavrcelebuli
pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, dazustebiT
Tqma ar SegviZlia, am sakiTxs garkveviT pirveli
avgustine axeba. rogorc Cans, afrikis eklesiaSi
garda mudmivi Semosavlisa, rasac meaTedi da Se-
sawiravebi warmoadgenda, arsebobda gadasaxadi
mRvdelmoqmedebisaTvisac, aseTi varaudis safuZ-
vels gvaZlevs netari avgustines wuxili da Civi-
li imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom bevri asrulebs
mRvdelmoqmedebas da qadagebs ara imdenad Tavisi
valdebulebis gancdiT da Tavad am moqmedebebis
mniSvnelobis SegnebiT, ramdenadac amaSi garkveu-
li gadasaxadis aRebis surviliT. garda yovel-
Tviuri da yoveldRiuri nebayoflobiTi Sesawira-
visa samRvdeloebisaTvis, gansakuTrebul SemTxve-
vebSi xdeboda xolme morwmuneTagan eqstraordi-
naluri Sesakrebelis mokrebac. aseT Sesakrebels
axsenebs kviprianec, romelmac, roca Seityo numi-
dieli qristianebis barbarosebis mier datyvevebis
ambavi, maT gamosasyidad amgvari xerxiT 1 000 000
sestercia Seagrova. xandaxan iyo xolme SemTxve-
viTi Semowirulobeic xelisuflebis mxridan. ma-
48
galiTad unda aRvniSnoT konstantine didis Sewi-
ruloba afrikeli samRvdeloebisaTvis. aseTi Sem-
TxveviTi Semosavlebis garda samRvdeloeba mud-
miv Semosavals iRebda misTvis Sewiruli miwebi-
dan, agarakebidan, savargulebidan, saxlebidan da
im yvelafridan, rasac uZravi qoneba qvia. Crdi-
loeT afrikis samRvdeloebis sasaxelod unda
iTqvas, rom aseTi saxis Semowirulobebs isini
mxolod maSin iRebdnen, roca igi nebayoflobiT
iyo gacemuli da aranair wyenas ar gaaCenda Sem-
wirvelis naTesavebSi. Tavad avgustinec, romelic
xSirad kicxavda mavanT, rom maT metad mcirediT
gaamdires eklesia, acxadebda, rom man, visac surs
sakuTar Zes daaklos memkvidreoba da eklesia Caa-
nacvlos mas (rogorc memkvidre), jobia sxva vinme
moZebnos, vinc aseT memkvidreobas miiRebs,
oRond ara avgustine; igi urTavda kidec, rom:
`RmerTma qnas, rom veravin ver naxos~. amitom, ro-
ca erTma hiponielma warCinebulma TavisTvis mxo-
lod mcire Semosavali daitova da TiTqmis mTe-
li qoneba eklesias gadasca, Semdeg ki inana saq-
cieli, ukan gamoiTxova naCuqrobis furceli da
mis nacvlad garkveuli Tanxa gaagzavna, avgusti-
nem mas erTic daubruna da meorec, da daumata,
rom eklesia miiRebs mxolod nebayoflobiT Semo-
49
wirulobas da arasodes iZulebiTs. sasuliero
wodebis Senaxvis saukeTeso saSualebad avgusti-
nes ar miaCnda miwebi, uZravi qoneba da a.S. aramed
amtkicebda, rom urCevnia icxovros mrevlis Semo-
wirulobiT, vidre marTos saeklesio qoneba da
mzadaa gasces kidec igi, Tuki eklesiis msaxurebi
Zveli aRTqmis RvTismsaxurTa msgavsad icxovreb-
dnen da maTive msgavsad trapezidanve gamoikvebe-
bodnen. unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom eklesia ar mi-
iCnevda arcerT Semowirulobas mxolod Tavis sa-
kuTrebad, aramed mis did nawils iyenebda qvrive-
bis, oblebis, Raribebis, patimrebis da sxvebis Se-
sanaxad da gamosakvebad. eklesiis am msaxurebi-
saTvis avgustine araviTar sazRvars ar cnobda
da saswrafod cdilobda maT dakmayofilebas,
radgan Sesawiris mesakuTreebad miaCnda ara mxo-
lod klirikosebi, aramed Raribebi da gaWirvebu-
lebi.
saeklesio qonebis mTavari ganmkargveli epis-
koposi iyo, rac kviprianes araerTi weriliTac
dasturdeba. magaliTad erTgan is ambobs, rom or
aRmsarebels _ celerines da avreliuss, romle-
bic wignismkiTxvelebad daniSna, presviteris wi-
li mieRoT. sxvagan is ambobs, rom devnulebaSi
myof presviterebsa da diakvnebs SeunarCundeT Ta-
50
visi wili saeklesio Semosavlebidan. igi aseve
sjis zogierT urC da gamousworebel klirikoss
erTTviani anazRaurebis dakavebiT. SeuZlebelia
ar vTqvaT, rom episkoposi ar iyo ukontrolo ba-
toni da ganmkargveli da ar SeeZlo am qonebis
Tavis nebaze xarjva, aramed unda gafrTxileboda
mas da Seenaxa Raribebi. saerTod ki afrikis ek-
lesiaSi sasuliero pirebi saeklesio qonebis gan-
kargvis movaleobas erT-erT yvelaze mZime da Ta-
visTvis usiamovno saqmed Tvlidnen, radgan igi
wyvetda maTi ZiriTadi movaleobis aRsrulebas.
imisaTvis, rom episkoposisaTvis saeklesio qone-
bis gankargvis mZime saqme SeemsubuqebinaT, am ek-
lesiis krebebze dadginda, rom mis damxmared ar-
qipresviteri da arqidiakoni gamorCeuliyvnen,
romlebic Raribebze da oblebze izrunebdnen.
amave krebam gansazRvra, rom maT, vinc qristes-
Tvis ewama, diakvnebisagan mieRoT Tavisi arsebobi-
saTvis saWiro saxsari. Cans rom saeklesio qone-
bis ganmkargveli garkveuli organo afrikis ek-
lesiaSi namdvilad arsebobda. zogierT afrikul
eklesiaSi savaraudoa ekonomosis specialuri Ta-
namdebobis arsebobac. amas gvafiqrebinebs is, rom
netarma avgustinem sikvdilis win mTeli Tavisi
qineba erT presviters gadasca, romelsac mis si-
51
cocxleSive ebara saeklesio saxli, evaleboda
Semosavlebze zrunva da maT Semodineba-gadineba-
ze angariSis Cabareba.
erT-erTi yvelaze bundovani sakiTxia, Tu ro-
gor iyofoda saeklesio Semosavlebi klirikosebs
Soris. avgustinesagan vigebT, rom Semosavlebis
gayofisas gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT sargeblob-
da episkoposi, Tumca isic aucileblad jdeboda
samarTlianobisa da kacTmoyvareobis CarCoebSi.
cota mets vigebT kviprianesagan. is gvamcnobs,
rom Tavis karTagenel klirikosebs TveSi erTxel
unawilebda Semosavals, mRvdlebs ki orjer uf-
ro mets aZlevda vidre sxvebs, pavle mociqulis
sityvebis Tanaxmad: `romelni keTilad ZRodian
xucesni, oris nawilisa pativisa Rirs iyvned, uf-
roÁs xolo, romelni Surebian sityviTa da moZ-
RurebiTa~ (1 tim. 5. 17). sxvaTa Soris didi wili
da TviT presviterebis odenic ki SeeZloT mie-
RoT dabal klirikosebs, Tu isini gansakuTrebul
gulmodginebas gamoiCendnen, an TavdadebiT daa-
mowmebdnen qristes sarwmunoebas. safiqrebelia,
rom yovelTviurad iyofoda mxolod fuli, sxvag-
vari Sesawiravebi ki yoveldRiurad, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi ki yovelkvireulad nawildeboda. mag.
puri da Rvino. Tumca ki yvelanairi Sesawiravidan
52
garkveuli wili gaWirvebulebisaTvis iyo gankuT-
vnili da amaSi eklesiis gulmowyalebas ar SeiZ-
leboda sazRvrebi hqonoda, karTagenis IV krebam
daadgina, rom eklesiaSi momsaxure Raribebs, mo-
xucebs da yvela uZlur adamians meti miscemoda,
vidre axalgazrdasa da janmrTels. Tu eklesiis
Semosavali ver akmayofilebda klirikosTa Senax-
vis moTxovnebs, episkoposs neba eZleoda gaeyida
eklesiis qoneba maTi cxovrebiseuli moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad. magram raTa am uflebiT ro-
melime episkoposs borotad ar esargebla, kanone-
biT gansazRvruli iyo, rom eklesiis qonebis ga-
yidvamde igi jer sakuTar samRvdeloebas dakiT-
xoda, Semdeg mxaris primass da sxva mezobel
episkoposebs, imis dasadgenad, marTla saWiroa
Tu ara iseTi ukiduresi zomebisaTvis mimarTva,
rogoricaa eklesiis qonebis gayidva.
CrdiloeT afrikis eklesiaSi ara marto neba-
darTuli, aramed rekomendirebulic ki iyo, rom
klirikosebi damatebiTi xelobiT dakavebuliyvnen.
savaraudoa, rom es wesi mxolod dabal kliriko-
sebze vrceldeboda, romlebsac naklebi valdebu-
leba hqondaT eklesiis winaSe da amasTan xSirad
sakmaod didi ojaxis rCenac uwevdaT, rasac saek-
lesio Semosavali da wili ver eyofoda. netari
53
avgustine aramarto emxroboda, aramed moiTxovda
kidec rogorc samRvdeloebisagan, ise monazvnebi-
sagan rame xelobiT dakavebas. TviTon ki wuxda,
rom qristianTa Soris davebis mudmivi momrigeb-
lobis gamo ver axerxebda TviTonac dakavebuli-
yo rame saqmiT. igives emxroboda ruspiis episko-
posi fulgenciusi da monazvnebs monastrebTan ba-
Rebis gaSenebas avalebda, riTac ara marto TiTon
ikmayofilebdnen saWiroebebs, aramed exmarebodnen
sxvebsac.
Tumca samRvdeloebas neba hqonda darTuli
dakavebuliyo xelsaqmiT da sxvadasxva sasargeb-
lo xelobiT, meores mxriv mas ekrZaleboda imgva-
ri saqmianoba, rasac SeeZlo Crdili mieyenebina
an eWvi gaeCina misi avtoritetis mimarT. qristes
mRvdlisaTvis Seufereblad iyo miCneuli da ukve
kviprianes dros ekrZaleboda samRvdeloebas rai-
me saxis saero valdebulebebis, magaliTad meur-
veobis an Tavdebobis kisreba, radgan, vinc er-
Txel Tavi Seswira trapezs, SemdegSi locviTa
da kurTxeviT unda ecxovra. sxva mraval moTxov-
nebs Soris unda gamovyoT, rom gansakuTrebiT ik-
rZaleboda mevaxSeoba. samRvdelo wodebis warmo-
madgenels aseve ekrZaleboda vaWroba, radgan amas
SeeZlo igi sixarbisaken miedrika, rasac Tan sic-
54
rue da tyuili sdevda. aseve ekrZalebodaT sar-
Cos Sovna Teatralur warmodgenebSi monawileo-
biT. imisaTvis, rom sasuliero wodebis gamorCeni-
saken swrafva SeezRudaT, karTagenis adgilobri-
vi krebis 41-e kanoniT dadginda, rom is kliriko-
sebi, romlebsac aranairi qoneba ar gaaCndaT Ta-
vis saxelze xarisxSi ayvanamde da SemdegSi gax-
dnen miwebis da sxva saxis qonebis mflobelebi,
uflis salaros mZarcvelebad iqnebodnen gamoc-
xadebulni Tu am yvelafers eklesias ar gadas-
cemdnen. Tavis nebaze klirikosebs SeeZloT gamoe-
yenebinaT is, rac memkvidreobiT, an vinmesagan sa-
Cuqrad hqondaT miRebuli. aseve episkoposebs ek-
rZalebodaT memkvidred warmarTis gamocxadeba
da valdebulni iyvnen daetovaT anderZi, raTa ti-
tulis Sesaferisi qoneba sworad miemarTaT. maga-
liTad, ruspiis episkoposma fulgenciusma Tavisi
eklesiis ekonomoss sikvdilis win dautova zus-
tad gawerili anderZi, sadac miTiTebuli iyo
ramden Tanxas tovebda da radgan qonebas Raribeb-
ze anawilebda, saxelebiT CamoTvlida TiToeul
maTgans da imas, Tu vis ramdeni rCeboda. netarma
avgustinem naTesavebs araferi dautova, radgan
mxolod biblioTeka gaCnda da isic hiponis ekle-
sias uanderZa. igi fuls naTesavebs sicocxleSic
55
mxolod maSin da imdens aZlevda, ramdensac hipo-
nis eklesiis sxva gaWirvebuls miscemda.
zogadad Crd. afrikis eklesiis klirikosebs
Tavisi neba-surviliT mxolod im qonebis gankar-
gva SeeZloT, romelic sasuliero wodebaSi Ses-
vlamde hqondaT SeZenili, an amis Semdeg, mxolod
memkvidreobis an saCuqris saxiT miRebuli, sxva
SemTxvevaSi, anu, roca qoneba sasuliero wodeba-
Si yofnisas iyo SeZenili, is eklesias unda dar-
Cenoda, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda sasu-
liero piri gankveTiliyo kidec.
1. Извеков Николай, Иерархия Северо-Африканской

церкви. Вильна. 1884.
Archil Khachidze
Tbilisi Theological Academy
Faculity of Theology
Third year
To manage church income and klerguman keeping questions
in the church of north Africa
Summary
The subject is about the one of the oldest church of north Africa and
the practice of Carthage church to distribute incomes and about the
feeding of members of the church. in the subject is shortly retell about
bishops and the meaning of clergymans and the place according this.
56
Tamar adamia
I kursi
“wminda ninos cxovrebis” paradigmatuli

saxismetyveleba. xis simbolika
me-4 saukune yvelaze mniSvnelovani periodia

saqarTvelos istoriaSi .am epoqas ukavSirdeba
movlena,romelmac,SeiZleba iTqvas,gansazRvra eris
Semdgomi bedi,ganviTarebis gza da erTgvari ga-
datrialeba moaxdina adamianTa cnobierebaSi. es
saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadeba iyo.
udavoa,rom warmartobidan qristianobaze ga-
dasvla ar aris ioli,igi umtkivneules Zvrebs
ukavSirdeba.amasTanave, Zalian sainteresoa kul-
turaTa cnobierebebis Serwymis,gardasaxva-gadamu-
Savebis procesi,rac cxadad Tu dafaruladaa ga-
movlenili unikalur qarTul agiografiul na-
warmoebSi_”wm.ninos cxovreba”.
marTalia,Zegli me_9 saukuniT TariRdeba mag-
ram mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs,rom “ninos cxovre-
bis” teqsti sxvadasxva drosaa Sesrulebuli da
masSi uZvelesi pasaJebis gamovlenaa SesaZlebe-
57
li.r.siraZem “ninos cxovrebis” mxatvrul saxeTa
sistemas mniSvnelovani gamokvleva uZRvna,romel-
Sic gamokveTilia Txzulebis araerTi saxe-simbo-
lo.am mravalsaxeobidan Cven varCevT xis simboli-
kas.Cveni Temis mizania,gamovkveToT “ninos cxovre-
bis” redaqciaTa mixedviT xeTa simboluri dat-
virTva.SevisawavloT,Tu ramdenad mihyveba igi mi-
Toss da rogor xdeba misi “moqceva”;bibliuri
wignebis, saRvTismetyvelo literaturis moSveli-
ebiT davZebnoT misi winamZRvrebi da vaCvenoT misi
paradigmuli Sinaarsi.
sxvadasxva tradiciaSi bevri xe iTvleboda
wmindad an magiurad.aseTi damokidebuleba xeebis
jadosnuri Zalisadmi warmomdgaria primitiuli
rwmenisagan,rom xeSi cxovroben RvTaebebi an su-
lebi.gasulierebuli xeebis simbolika Semonaxu-
lia evropul folklorSi adamiani-xis da mwvane
adamianis saxiT.xis jadosnuri Zala araerTxel
vlindeba zRaprebSi.
TandaTanobiT Zlevamosili xis idea,rogorc
RvTaebrivi Zalis gamovlineba da SemaerTebeli
cisa da miwisa gadaiqca simbolur gamoxatulebad
sicocxlisa da kosmogoniuri xisa.misi fesvebi
aris qvesknelSi,Rero amodis sknelSi,xolo misi
wvero zecas swvdeba.es simbolo TiTqmis yvela
58
xalxis miTologiaSia.es xe,sxvadasxva tradiciaSi
izrdeba wminda mTaze an samoTxeSi da misi fesve-
bidan moedineba RvTaebrivi wyaro(2,82).adamini
odiTganve eTayvaneboda am saocar qmnilebas.
qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi daculi sakma-
od vrceli masala ki miuTiTebs,rom aranakleb
popularuli unda yofiliyo xis kulti CvenSic.
al.oCiauris xevsurul masalebSi daculia
gadmocema Subnuris xatis daarsebis Taobaze.erT-
erTi ojaxis keraSi amosula ifnis xe,rac imis ni-
Sani iyo,rom am adgils RvTaeba daepatrona.mar-
Tlac,mosaxleobas miutovebia igi da aq Subnuris
xati damkvidrebula.saintereso warmodgenebi ukav-
Sirdeba xevsurTa saxlis Tavxes,romelsac kezi
ewodeba.kezi Zalian msxvili xea da Zirs boZebi
udgas.igi mTel saxls amagrebs,ris gamoc saxlSi
mTavar sayrdenad Tvlian.amboben,rom yvela saxls
yavs “mekeziswvre angelozi”,romelsac ojaxis
mfarvelobas SesTxoven.
am ori SemTxvevidan _ erTgan keraSi amosu-
li xe RvTaebis gamovlinebas warmoadgens,xolo
meoregan saxlis sayrdenSi damkvidrebulia oja-
xis mfarveli suli.
orive magaliTi cxadhyofs,rom saxlis arqi-
teqturaSi Sesuli xis sakraluri xasiTi ukavSir-
59
deba bunebaSi arsebuli,gaRmerTebuli xeebis
rwmenas.xis kultis farTod gavrcaelebas saqar-
TveloSi miuTiTeben iv.javaxiSvili,n.mari da
v.bardaveliZe.maT xis kultis gadmonaSTebi daa-
dastures rogorc yofaSi,ise werilobiT wyaroeb-
Si kultmsaxurebaSi,enobriv monacemebsa da topo-
nimikaSi aRsaniSnavia,rom saqarTvelos mTielTa
Soris xis dargva salocavSi bevrad ufro mniS-
vnelovan samsaxurad iTvleboda,vidre cxovelis
Sewirva(3,98)
xis kultTan dakavSirebuli legendebi gviC-
venebs,rom Cveni winaprebis kosmogoniur Sexedu-
lebebSi xes gardamavali rgolis funqciac ekis-
reboda.misi an xidan caSi asuli Sibis saSuale-
biT RvTaebebi,romlebic xSirad astralur sxeu-
lebs ganasaxierebdnen,cidan eSvebodnen da xeze
daivanebdnen(4,187).xe moiazreboda rogorc kavSiri
casa da miwas Soris,rogorc dedaboZi,romelic
samyaros centrSi iyo aRmarTuli da bibliuri
iakobis kibis datvirTvas imeorebda.xe iyo nayofi-
erebisa da sicocxlis ZalTa gamgebeli,samyarosa
da,Sesabamisad,kulturis centri.
“wminda ninos cxovrebis” uZveles,Satber-
dul-WeliSur redaqciaSi gvxvdeba xis kultTan
dakavSirebuli araerTi epizodi,romelTa Seswav-
60
liTa da amave nawarmoebis sxvadasxva redaqcieb-
Tan SedarebiT araerTi saintereso Sexeduleba
da varaudi warmoiSva.
wm.ninos mier brinjis xisTvis Tavis Sefareba
da masze jvris gamosaxva davukavSireT qarTul-
xalxur warmodgenebSi Semonaxul legendas,rom-
lis Tanaxmadac,me-17 s. lanCxuTSi,eklesiis dan-
grevis Semdeg wm.giorgis xati davanebula iqve
mdgomi muxis xis totebze. xati iqidan axladaSe-
nebul eklesiaSi gadausvenebiaT,magram is isev xe-
ze dabrunebula.ase grZeldeboda manam,sanam muxis
adgilas axali eklesia ar aages,sadac xati sabo-
lood damkvidrebula(4.187).
rogorc vxedavT,RvTaebis miwieri sadgomi
aris sakulto xe,romelic TavisTavad kultis
obieqtia an sakulto nagebobasTan dgas.”wm.ninos
cxovrebaSi” naxsenebi brinjis xec sakulto adgi-
las,armazis mTaze idga.wm.nino swored am sakra-
lur adgilas mivida da jvris gamosaxviT erTgva-
rad qristes rwmeniT dabeWda,suli STabera,axali
SinaarsiT datvirTa es miTologema.nawarmoebSi
pirvelad swored am epizodSia warmodgenili mi-
Tosuri xis qristianuli adaptacia.mxatvruli da
saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvne-
lovania wm.ninos sizmris epizodi,sadac saubaria
61
samefo baRze,romlis aRwerilobac sakmaod dama-
jereblad hgavs bibliuri samoTxis baRs,da
frinvelebze ,romlebic mdinareSi Cadian,”babilo-
sa moisTulebdian” da amboben,rom wm.ninos ekuT-
vnis samoTxe.sayuradreboa is momenti,rom sxvadas-
xva redaqciaSi sxvadasxva xezea saubari da zo-
gan,misi saxeli saerTod ar ixsenieba.es faqti Se-
iZleba samefo baRis bibliuri samoTxis baRTan
msgavsebis kidev erT magaliTad miviCnioT,radgan
zustad ar aris cnobili Tu risi xe idga samoT-
xeSi.rogorc bibliur,ise am siuJetSi yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia ara xeebis saxeobaze,aramed maT
mniSvnelobaze,aseve SesaZlebelia,is mdinare,rome-
lic samefo baRSi moedineboda da romelSic Ci-
tebi Cadiodnen,samoTxis baRis oTx mdinares davu-
kavSiroT.frinveli suliwmindis simboloa,rome-
lic mdinareSi Cadis,anu erTgvarad simbolurad
madls gadascems,romelic Semdgom mTel baRs moe-
fineba.samoTxis oTx mdinaresac,romlebic sicoc-
xlis xesTan iRebda saTaves,sasicocxlo energia
gadahqonda samyaros oTxive kuTxeSi(8,73).Tu wina
epizods qarTuli xalxuri legenda davukavSi-
reT,rogorc vxedavT,am SemTxvevaSi ukve bibliur
winamZRvrebTan gvaqvs saqme .
62
Zalian sainteresoa samefo baRSi sparsi xu-
ras gankurnebis epizodi,radgan aRniSnul monak-
veTSi kargad Cans,Tu raoden didi Zalis matare-
belia odesRac warmarTuli xis kulti,rogori
siwmindiTa da saswaulebrivi ZaliT gamoirCe-
va.kurneba swored am gamorCeuli xeebis samyo-
felSi aResruleba,radgan is qristianuli mad-
liT aivso,Zvels daefuZna axali,qristianuli
cnobiereba.
saxismetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelova-
nia abiaTar mRvdlis monaTxrobi mcxeTeli urie-
bis mier mis “baginTan”mdgari xis moWris Sesa-
xeb,radgan am epizodSi SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT
warmarTuli rwmenis kvali,romlis mixedviTac
xis waqceva,moWra niSnavda xis sulis mok-
vlas,rwmenis Seryevas.SesaZloa am aqtiT mcxeTe-
li uriebi mRvdlisTvis sarwmunoebrivi zianis mi-
yenebas apirebdnen.d.frezeri wignSi “zolotaia
vetv” aRniSnavs,rom Zveli slavebi muxas eTayvane-
bodnen da roca qristianebs am wminda xeebis moW-
ra dauwyiaT,xalxi Zalian ganicdida,radgan es ma-
Ti rwmenis mospobas niSnavdao.
sayuradReboa sajvre xesTan dakavSirebuli
epizodi,romlis moWris TariRad miCneulia 25
marti da Zalin sainteresoa,rom swored am dges
63
xdeboda warmarTuli kultis mixedviT sakulto
xis moWra.es xe Tavisuflad SegviZlia davukavSi-
roT bibliur sicocxlis xes,romlis Sesaxeb war-
modgenebi farTod Cans gavrcelebuli mTel sa-
qaTveloSi.v.bardaveliZis mixedviT,sicocxlis xis
variantebia CiCilaki,aseve saqorwino ritualebSi
gavrcelebuli “maSxala” an “CiraRdani”.rogorc
vxedavT,erTi da igive monakveTi erTdroulad
bibliur simbolikasac atarebs da Zvel qarTul
xalxur warmodgenebsac exmaureba.Cven SegviZlia
davimowmoT r.siraZis mosazreba,rom “wm.ninos
cxovrebaSi “ uSualo Sexvedra gvaqvs miTosuri
da Suasaukuneobrivi saxismetyvelebisa.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZ-
lia davaskvnaT,rom xe uZvelesi miTologiuri
kultmsaxurebis obieqtia rogorc msoflioSi,ise
saqarTveloSi.sxvadasxva tradiciaSi is iyo gaaz-
rebuli,rogorc sicocxlis,sikvdilisa da ganax-
lebis,dinamiuri zrdis,cisa dam iwis kavSi-
ris,RvTaebaTa sadguris da TviTon RvTaebis sim-
bolo.da bolos,rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,qris-
tianulma sarwmunoebam es warmarTuli simbolo
ki ar akrZala da uaryo _ SeiTvisa da axleburad
gaiazra,qristianul kanonikas moargo.am ori kul-
turis Serwyma-morigebis magaliTebi ki TvalsaCi-
64
nodaa warmodgenili unikalur qarTul agiogra-
fiul nawarmoebSi “wminda ninos cxovreba”.
1.revaz siraZe; “qarTuli agiografia” ;nakaduli
;Tbilisi; 1987w.
2.simboloTa leqsikoni; jek tresideri; moskovi;
2001w.
3.v.bardaveliZe; ”uZvelesi religiuri warmodgene-
bi”; 1957w
4.i.surgulaZe;” qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis sim-
bolika”; Tbilisi; 1993w.
5.Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeg-
lebi; t. 1; Tbilisi;1963w.
6.”cxovreba wminda ninosi Sedgenili didis arse-
nic qarTlisa kaTalikozisa mier”;gamocema saek-
lesio muzeumisa; Tbilisi;1902w.
7.ucnobi avtoris “ninos cxovreba”;qarTuli pro-
za; Tbilisi; 1982w.
8.simboloTa,niSanTa da emblemaTa enciklopedia;
moskovi; 2 000w.
9.”moqcevai qarTlisai”; axladaRmoCenili sinuri
redaqciebi ;Tbilisi;2007w.
65
10.a.SaniZe; qarTuli xalxuri poezia;xevsuru-
li;Tbilisi; 1931w.
11. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi;Satberdis
krebuli; mecniereba;Tbilisi;1979w.
12.k.kekeliZe; etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literatu-
ris istoriidan; Tbilisi;1956w.
Tamar Adamia
Summary
It’s a khown fact, that in old times some people edolized trees.
The tree is one of the Symbols in christian religion too.
Imaging coposition is about threes heathenish and Christian
simbolic which is shown in “Life of saint Nino”
66
gvanca burduli
specialoba_saqarTvelos istoria
wminda mamaTa swavlebani siyvarulisa da

sinanulisaTvis
(basili didi, ioane oqropiri,
efrem asuri)
Q
qristianobis umTavresi mcneba siyvarulia. gan-
kacebuli ufali aris yovelis arsebis mizezi da
piroba. Qqristianobam sul sxva saxiT dagvanaxa
RvTis arsi: “RmerTi siyvarul ars” (ioane 4,8) –
vkiTxulobT saxarebaSi. esaa yvelaze saukeTeso
ganszRvra RvTis bunebisa da Cvendami misi damoki-
debulebisa. Aamitomac namdvili qristianis mTeli
moRvaweoba gansaxierebaa WeSmariti siyvarulisa
da saTnoebisa, radganac igi grZnobs, rom ufali
misi usazRvrod mosiyvarule, mowyale da codva-
Ta mimtevebelia.
Mmxolod uflis siyvaruli aris erTaderTi
gza, romelsac adamiani WeSmaritebis Secnobamde
mihyavs. Mmxolod RvTis siyvaruli aniWebs adami-
67
ans im madls, romelic mas sikeTis samsaxurSi
ayenebs.
rodesac mociquleba hkiTxes macxovars, Tu
ra iyo Yyvelaze umTavresi mcneba, macxovarma upa-
suxa: “Seiyvaro ufali RmerTi Seni yovliTa gu-
liTa SeniTa da YyovliTa suliTa SeniTa da
YyovliTa gonebiTa SeniTa. Eese ars didi da pir-
veli mcnebai da meore, msgavsi misi: “Seiyvaro
moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Tvisi.” (maTe, 37-39) um-
Tavresi mainc siyvarulis mcnebaa.
Qqristianuli cxovrebis erT-erTi umniSvne-
lovanesi safexuria sinanuli da aRsareba. Qqris-
tiani mudam unda fiqrobdes Tavis codvebze. yu-
radRebiT unda Cxrekdes ara marto saqciels, ara-
med gulis siRmesac.
Aam TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
wminda mamaTa swavlebebi. amjerad mxolod basi-
li didisa, ioane oqropirisa da efrem mcires
swavlebebze SevCerdebi romelic siyvarulsa da
sinanuls exeba.
B basili didi werda, rom adamianis dacema da
uflisagan moSoreba codviT iwyeba, amitomac yo-
veli adamiani Tavis-TavSi unda ebrZodes codvas
da ganeSoros mas. Ppirvel rigSi adamianma unda
68
mospos Tavis-TavSi codvis mizezi, risi saSvale-
bac adamianebs Tavdad ufalma uboZa.
wminda mama Tvlis, rom codviT dacema adamia-
nisa pirvel rigSi gulis dabinZurebiT iwyeba.
ukeTuri saqmeebi boroti ganzraxvidan modis, xo-
lo ufalma ki adamianebs yoveli ukeTuris dasaT-
rguunda sikeTe uboZa.
U ufalma yovel borotebas sikeTe daupirispira
da adamianebsac cxovrebaSi am principiT xel-
mZRvaneloba urCia. Mmankierebebis daZleva sxva-
dasxva saSualebebiT SeiZleba. Aai, ras wers basi-
li didi amis
Sesaxeb: “RmerTs moucia Cvenda sabrZolve-
lad, gansaromelad yovlisagan borotisa, TiToe-
ulad wina-aRsadgomli: winaaRsadgomlad bnelisa-
naTeli, da simwarisa- sitkboebai, da Zilisa wina-
aRsadgomlad – mRviZarebai da SimSilisa- ganZRo-
mai, gemoTmoyvarebisa- marxvai, Surisa – siyvaru-
li, ampartavnebisa – simdable da sinanuli.”21
Aadamianis cxovrebaSi movlenili gansacdeli
Tu sixaruli uflis mieraa daSvebuli, amitomac
wminda mamaebi gvaswavlian, rom yovelive sixaru-
li iqneba Tu satanjveli madlobiT SevxvdeT,
21 wminda mamaTa swavlani; gv. 187. Tb. 2002
69
radgan RvTis nebis gareSe araferi xdeba cxovre-
baSi.
Uuflismier dawesebuli kanonebiT cxovreba da
am gzaze siaruli arc iseTi advilia, rogorc Se-
iZelba erTi SexedvT Candes, magram roca adamiani
erTxel am gzas daadgeba, sxvagan aRar unda gada-
uxvios, radgan maSin sasjeli ufro didia.
“ukeTu ganewesos kaci marjveniT, ara miidri-
kos igi marcxeniT da ukeTu ara uvar-yos samar-
Tali ara SeerTos igi sacdursa usamarTlobisa-
sa.”
B basili didi werda, rom qristes mcnebaTa
dacva iyo pirveli gamomxatveli uflismieri say-
varulisa, xolo vinc ar icavda qristes mcnebebs,
mas arc ufali uyvarda.22
wminda mama ioane oqropiri Tvlida, rom ada-
mianis ganwmendis erTaderTi saSvaleba sinanulia,
radgan sinanulSi myof adamians ufali Seundobs
da Seiwyalebs. ase Saewyala ufalma sinanulSi
myofi petre.
ioane oqropiri sinanulSi myof adamians das-
neulebuls, sikvdilis piras misuls adarebda,
romelic mkurnalisa da moZRvris meSveobiT gani-
22
RvTisaTno cxovrebis wesebi- wminda basili didi; Tb.
2005
70
kura, ise codvils, codviT dacemuls aRadgens
ufali Senanebis Semdeg.
“moviswrafoT cremlTa sinanulad, rameTu
cremlTa mier aRadgina qristeman safalviT laza-
re oTxisa dRisa mkudari, rajams-igi mariam dai
misi cremloda winaSe misa.”
“moviswrafoT sinanulad mowyalebiTa glaxak-
Ta, obolTa da qvrivTa da romelni-igi daglaxak-
nes mermisisaTvis simdidrisa. mieciT mas, romel-
man igi Tqva, viTarmed “mSioda da ara meciT me
Wamadi; mwyuroda da ara masviT; ucxo viyav da
ara SemiwynareT me; SiSuel viyav da ara SemmoseT
me; sapyrobiles viyav da ara moxved Cemda.” ( maTe
25, 42-42)
ioane oqropiris swavlebiT gza xsnisa da
codviT dacemulis aRdgomisa aris mowyaleba da
qvelmoqmedeba, radgan Tavad ufali aris mowyale
da saxieri, radganac ufali Seundobs kacT mra-
val Secodebas, aseve adamianebsac misca Zala Sew-
yalebisa da Sendobisa.
codva udidesi satanjvelia, radgan yovelgav-
ri codva nebayofilebiT uaris Tqmaa RvTaebriv
naTelze, xolo yovelgvari codva Secodebaa Ta-
vad siyvarulis winaaRmdeg, imdenad ramdenadac
ufali Tavad siyvarulia.
71
rac Seexeba siyvaruls, ioane oqropirma ase
martivad ganmarta igi: “siyvaruli aris saZirkve-
li, wyaro da deda yovelTa keTilTa”, rasac sxva
wminda mamebic eTanxmebian. isaak asurma siyvaru-
li zeciur samoTxes Seadara, xes cxovrebisas,
sufevas uflisas, rac fasalmuniT gavmcno. (fs.
109,15)
rogorc Cveni wminda mamebi aseve efrem asuric
adamianis cxovrebis gamsazRvrel faqtorad siyva-
ruls miiCnevs da mas umTavres adgils miakuT-
vnebs. Eefrem asuris swavlebiT siyvaruliT gake-
Tebul saqmeebs ufali Seiwiravs, siyvaruli aris
is Zala, romelic ixsnis adamianebs codvisagan,
magaram wminda mama gvaswavlis aseve imasac, rom
crua is adamiani vinc ambobs ufali miyvarso da
gverdSi mdgomi moyvasis siyvaruli ar gaaCnia.
“ mtyuar ars da WeSmaritebai ara ars mis Tana,
rameTu romelasa ara uyvardes Zmai Tvisi, romel
ixila, viTar uyvardes RmerTi, romel ara uxi-
lavs?” ( ioane, 4,20)
cxadia, rom uflis siyvaruli moyvasis siyva-
ruls gulisxmobs, TviT rjulic amazea damyare-
buli, radgan RvTis mcnebaTa Sesruleba siyvaru-
liT SeiZleba mxolod.
72
wminda efrem mcires swavlebiT ar arsebobs
qveyanaze da arc caTa Sina upatiosnesi imaze, ro-
goric siyvarulia. saRmrTo siyvaruli aris saTa-
ve yovelive sikeTisa, siyvaruli aris mizezi saT-
noebisa da udidesi magaliTi siyvarulisa da mis-
ken mowodebisa TviTon ufalia.
U ufalma siyvaruliT sikvdili daTrguna. siyva-
rulma samoTxis kari gaaRo da caTa sasufeveli
Seamzada mokvdavTaTvis. ioanes saxareba ki gvam-
cnobs, rom imaze didi siyavruli ar arsebobs am
qveyanaze, roca moyvasisaTvis Tavganwirva SeuZ-
lia adamians.
U uflismier siyvarulTan dakavSirebiT marTe-
buli iqneba Tu gavixsenebT uwmindesisa da uneta-
resis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriar-
qis ilia meoris sityvebs:
“ axalSobili yrmis, ieso qristes saxiT
RvTaebrivi siyvaruli gardamovida qveynad, raTa
adamiani sauflo didiebis Tanaziari gamxdariyo.
RvTis gankacebis diad saidumlos bolomde veras-
dros Seicnobs Cveni goneba. Uufalma ganxorcie-
lebiT cxadyo Tavisi unapiro siyvaruli kacTa
modgmisaTvis, siyvaruli, romeli aris aRmadgine-
beli, mkurnali, SemakavSirebeli, gadamrCeneli.
beTlemis gamoqvabulis bagaSi mwoli Cvili, mac-
73
xovari maradiuli magaliTia Tavmdablobisa, mas-
wavlebeli Tanadgomisa, Zmobisa, Tanasworobisa,
Tanxmobisa da siyvarulisa.
Aam saTnoebebiT, rom SevimosoT, jer sakuTar
sulSi Caxedva unda SevZloT, unda SevicnoT Tavi
Tvisi.”23
Dda marTlac siyvaruli Znelad asaxsneli
grZnobaa, magram erTi ram ki cxadia, rom siyvaru-
li RvTisagan gamodis da amave dros Cveni mimyva-
nebelia RmerTTan.
Ggamoyenebuli literatura
1) saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari; Tbilisi;

1989
2) saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari; Tbilisi;
1995
3) saRvTimetyvelo krebuli #2; Tbilisi; 1897
4) RvTisaTno cxovrebis wesebi – wminda mama ba-
sili didi kesaria- kabadokiis arqiepiskoposi;
Tbilisi; 2005
5) wmindanTa cxovreba; t. I; Tbilisi; 2003

6) wminda mamaTa swavlani (basili didi, ioane
oqropiri, wm. efrem asuri da sxvani); Tbilisi;
2002
7) qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia; Tbi-
lisi; 1979
23 saRvTismetyvelo krebuli ; Tbilisi; 1987
74
MGvanca Burduli
direction of history of Georgia
Saint Fathers tought about love and regert
It is very interesting to know saint fathers explanation about

real love and regert.The main point af this work is that fact that
“God is love.”
It is very difficult to explaine what is love but it is clear that it
comes from God and it is the oniy way which lead people away to
God.
75
giorgi gelutaSvili
II kursi
ierusalimis jvris monastris metoqi

jvarismamis eklesia TbilisSi
mravalsaukunovani qarTuli saxelmwifos is-

toriis sxvadasxva etapze gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba eniWeba mis saerTaSoriso kontaqtebsa da
kavSir-urTierTobebs.
saerTaSoriso sarbielze uZvelesi droidan
did rols asrulebdnen, rogorc saero, ise sasu-
liero moRvaweni.
uflis moRvaweobis vrceli areali palestina-
ierusalimi adreve moeqca Cvens gonier winaparTa
yuradRebis sferoSi. isini didad zrunavdnen
@”wmida miwaze” qarTvelTa saqmianobis gasafarTo-
eblad.
ierusalimTan saqarTvelos urTierToba sauku-
neTa siRrmeSi iRebs saTaves.
qarTvel saxelmwifo da sasuliero moRvaweTa
erToblivma Zalisxmevam daamSvena palestinis
sxvadasxva adgili, gansakuTrebiT “wminda qalaqi”
– ierusalimi.
76
qristianobis gavrcelebas Tan mohyva eklesia-
monastrebis mSenebloba, rogorc saqarTveloSi
ise mis farglebs gareT.
ierusalimis eklesia-monastrebSi qarTvelebis
moRvaweobis xana, anu rogorc xSirad ixsenieba,
ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoria, moicavs
daaxloebiT Tormetsaukunovan periods: V s-is
pirveli naxevridan, petre iberis mier ierusalim-
Si da mis maxloblad qarTuli monastrebis daar-
sebidan, XVIII s-is dasawyisamde, rodesac qarTve-
lebma dakarges uflebebi TavianT monastrebze.(1,
69-92)
saqarTvelos politikuri Sesustebisa da same-
fo-samTavroebad daSlas ucxoeTSi mdebare qar-
Tul monastrebsac daetyo. Semcirda saqarTvelo-
dan wasuli berebisa da momlocvelebis raodeno-
bac, ris gamoc mZime ekonomikur viTarebaSi aRmoC-
nda ierusalimis jvris monasteri.
qarTveli mefeebi da didebulebi xSirad swi-
ravdnen ierusalimis wminda adgilebs sxvadasxva
Sewirulobebs. (2,14)
TandaTanobiT, saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebis ga-
Rebuli Sewiruloba aRar kmaroda sameurneo xar-
jebisa da osmalTagan dadebuli gadasaxadebis
dasafaravad.
77
amitom Tavisi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gan-
samtkiceblad monastrebs sWirdebodaT (stabilu-
ri) Semosavali, rac umTavresad mxolod uZravi
qonebis mesakuTreobas SeeZlo uzrunveleyo.
cnobebi ierusalimis metoqi eklesiebis Sesaxeb
qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi dadasturebulia
XVI-XVII saukunidan da dakavSirebulia yma-mamu-
lis SewirvasTan ierusalimisadmi, romelic daiw-
yo am droidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze. XVI s-
is dasasrulze ufro adrindeli cnobebi jvris
monastris kuTvnili eklesiebisa da yma-mamulebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (da
saerTod saqarTveloSi) mdebareobdnen,@@ ar mog-
vepoveba. sainteresoa, rom aseTi cnobebi ar Seuna-
xavT jvris monastris svinaqsarul aRapebs, maSin,
rodesac es aRapebi warmogvidgenen mdidar masa-
las im SewirulebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic misdioda
jvars XI-XVII saukuneebis manZilze. maT Soris
aris cnobebi im uZravi qonebis Sesaxeb, romelsac
flobda jvari palestinaSi (3,14)
metoqi, rogorc am sityvas sulxan-saba ganmar-
tavs, aris “samyofi monacvle”. (4) Zveli qarTuli
enis leqsikonSi metoqis Sesaxeb weria: “monastris
kuTvnili daqvemdebarebuli eklesia mamuliT” (5)
78
iv. javaxiSvili ,,cxovreba ioanesi da efTÂmesi”
da aTonis aRapebidan motanili magaliTebis gan-
xilvisas werda: “metoqis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas
is garemoeba Seadgens, rom igi monastris ,,gareT”
mdebareobda, xSirad moSorebiTac… metoqebSi
xilnarebi da sasoflo meurneobis sxva dargis
uZravi qoneba hqondaT, rasakvirvelia, eklesiac
iyo. amgvarad, irkveva, rom metoqi monastris er-
Tnairi axalSeni iyo, romelic mTavari deda mo-
nastrisagansaWiro sameurneo, an sxva raime miz-
nebs emsaxureboda, magaliTad mimosvlisas, ro-
gorc gzaze sadgomi sastumro. (6,25-26) amgvarad,
metoqi anu nacvali eklesiebi, DSendeboda mTavari
monastrisagan Sors mdebare samonastro mamulSi
da warmoadgenda administraciul centrs maTi
marTva-gamgeobis saqmeSi. jvris monasteri aRm. sa-
qarTveloSi miwebs flobda qar-
Tlisa da kaxeTis samefoSi, Sesa-
bamisad ToToeul am kuTxeSi
jvars ekuTvnoda erTi an ramdeni-
me eklesia. (7,116-120)
jvaris mamis eklesia

ierusalimis jvris monasters TbilisSi ekuT-
vnoda jvaris mamis eklesia, rogorc saxelwodeba
79
migvaniSnebs is iyo ierusalimis arqimandritis,
jvris monastris winamZRvris da yma-mamulebis gam-
geblis, jvaris mamis rezidencia, “ierusalimis ma-
maTa sadguri.” (8,5) eklesia mdebareobs Zvel Tbi-
lisSi, sionis mopirdapire mxares. vaxuSti bagra-
tioni mis Sesaxeb ambobs: “eklesia jvaris, gumba-
Tiani, mSvenieri.”(9,55) igi miCneulia XVI s-is meo-
re naxevris nagebobad.(10,32,;51) platon ioseliani
CvenTvis ucnob, romeliRac wyaroze dayrdnobiT
wers, rom ierusalimis sapatriarqos ukve V sau-
kuneSive hqonia TbilisSi Tavisi metoqi eklesia,
romelic dangreula XIV s-is bolos Temur-len-
gis Semosevis Sedegad. MmogvianebiT, mis nangreveb-
ze aSenebula axali dRemde arsebuli. garda ami-
sa, jvaris mamis eklesia Tavisi arsebobis manZil-
ze iyo metoqi ierusalimis sami qarTuli monas-
trisa: ilia winaswarmetyvelisa, jvarisa da wmin-
da iakobisa. jvaris mamis istoriis aseTi adreu-
li xanis Sesaxeb garda platon ioselianis am
cnobisa, sxva raime sabuTi ar mogvepoveba. (11,27)
dokumenturad dadasturebuli cnobebi jvaris ma-
mis eklesiis Sesaxeb gvxvdeba XVII s-is dasasru-
lidan. ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi (1666-
1707ww.) erT-erT Tavis werilSi Txovs erekle I-s,
rom man gamouyos jvris monasters erTi eklesia
80
TbilisSi, sadac misi warmomadgeneli papa sergi
moawyobda senakebs wminda saflavis mamebisaTvis.
Nnazaralixanis(erekle 1) mier 1692 wels gacemul
erT sabuTSi naTqvamia: “mokiTxul vqeniT da aq qa-
laqSi, jvaris monastris metoqi saydari yofili-
yo. JamTa viTarebisagan iq, im saydris garSemo,
somxebi dasaxlebuliyvnen. isini iqdan avyareT da
is adgili, viTac jvaris monastrisa yofiliyo, is
jvaris monasters SevwireT da jvaris mama par-
Tens uboZeT"(12) disiTeos patriarqis werils ex-
maureba 1694 wels nazaralixanis mier gacemuli
kidev erTi sabuTi, sadac weria: ”viguleT da vi-
gulsmodgineT raiTamca mcired raime msaxurebabi-
na taZrisa TqvenisaTvis, awe vixileT tfilis qa-
laqsa Sina metoqi jvaris monastrisa eklesia Jam-
Ta viTarebisagan gaoxrebuliyo, ganvawmendineT da
wmindiT aiazmiT vakurTxebineT tfilel mitropo-
lit domentis.”(13) imave sabuTSi aRniSnulia, rom
eklesiis maxloblad mcxovrebi ori komli erov-
nebiT somxebi, vinme yuTluaSvilebi jvris monas-
trisaTvis SeuwiravT da, rogorc amgvar SemTxve-
vaSi xdeboda xolme, yovelgvari saxelmwifo ga-
dasaxadebisagan gauTavisuflebiaT.
aRniSnul sabuTebSi yuradRebas iqcevs eklesi-
is maxloblad mcxovrebi somxebis ayra, xolo
81
Semdeg maTi Sewirva jvris monastrisadmi. b. arve-
laZis azriT es gamowveuli unda yofiliyo Semde-
gi mizeziT: somexi moqalaqeebis kompaqturad da-
saxleba qarTuli eklesiebis maxloblad xSirad
mTavrdeboda imiT, rom isini epatronebodnen xol-
me am eklesiebs da gadaaqcevdnen maT somxur ek-
lesiebad, sxva SemTxvevaSi marTlac gaugebaria,
ratom unda moeTxova nazaralixans am teritorie-
bis somexi moqalaqeebisagan gaTavisufleba. (14,28)
imave sabuTSi aRniSnulia, rom eklesiis max-
loblad mcxovrebi ori komli erovnebiT somxebi,
vinme yuTluaSvilebi jvris monastrisaTvis Seuwi-
ravT da, rogorc amgvar SemTxvevaSi xdeboda
xolme, yovelgvari saxelmwifo gadasaxadebisagan
gauTavisuflebiaT.
aRniSnul sabuTebSi yuradRebas iqcevs eklesi-
is maxloblad mcxovrebi somxebis ayra, xolo
Semdeg maTi Sewirva jvris monastrisadmi. b. arve-
laZis azriT es gamowveuli unda yofiliyo Semde-
gi mizeziT: somexi moqalaqeebis kompaqturad da-
saxleba qarTuli eklesiebis maxloblad xSirad
mTavrdeboda imiT, rom isini epatronebodnen xol-
me am eklesiebs da gadaaqcevdnen maT somxur ek-
lesiebad, sxva SemTxvevaSi marTlac gaugebaria,
82
ratom unda moeTxova nazaralixans am teritorie-
bis somexi moqalaqeebisagan gaTavisufleba (15,28).
rogorc am warweridan irkveva karibWe da sax-
lebi auSenebiaT 1825 w-s. es karibWe XX saukunis
20-ian wlebamde jer kidev arsebobda.(16,28) (amJa-
mad aRniSnuli karibWis qva samreklos karibWeSia
CaSenebuli. g. g.).\
eklesiis aRmosavleT kedelze marcxena mxares
aris qvis fila berZnul-rusul-qarTuli warweriT.
berZnuli warweris qarTuli Targmani aseTia: “ ar-
qimandriti ieroTeosis samoseli ganisvenebs Rmer-
TSi. 12 noemberi 1896 w.”
yuradRebas iqcevs, agreTve, erTi garemoeba: sa-
istorio wyaroebSi ierusalimis jvris monastris
metoqi eklesia TbilisSi ramdenimenairadaa moxse-
niebuli. nazaralixanis mier gacemul sabuTSi igi
iwodeba “jvris monastris metoqi saydari.” (17)
anton kaTalikosi uwodebs “jvris mamis monas-
ters”, xolo 1844 wels Sedgenil eklesiaTa nusxa-
Si meeqvse adgilze dgas da ixsenieba “ierusali-
mis jvaris amaRlebis eklesia.” (18)
saistorio sabuTebidan aSkaraa, rom saqarTve-
loSi ierusalimis miwismflobeloba ZiriTadad
Camoyalibda XVI saukunis meore naxevridan, XVII
s-is meore naxevramde da miwebis Sewirvis parale-
83
lurad xdeboda eklesiebis Sewirvac. jvarismamis
eklesia warmoadgenda yma-mamulebis mmarTveli
berZeni sasuliero piris rezidencias. misi aSene-
bis dro XVI saukunis meore naxevriTaa daTariRe-
buli da amave droisaTvis unda iyos Sewiruli
ierusalimisadmi.
1. e. mamisTvalisSvili. qarTvelebi da bibliu-
ri samyaro, Tb., 1998,
2. el. metreveli. masalebi ierusalimis qar-
Tuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-XVII sau-
kuneebi), Tb., 1962,
3. iqve
4. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli,
t. II, Tb., 1991
5. il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsiko-
ni, Tb., 1973
6. n. xuciSvili, ierusalimis jvris monastris
miwis mflobeloba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1999,
7. n. xuciSvili, istoriul-filologiuri kre-
buli, Tb., 1997, ierusalimis jvris monas-
tris metoqi eklesiebi
8. pl. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi XII, Tb.,
1978,
84
9. vaxuSti bagrationi, saqarTvelos geogra-
fia, Tb., 1997
10. v. beriZe, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli sa-
eklesio xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1999
11. v. beriZe, iqve; n. xuciSvili, ierusalimis
jvris monastris miwis mflobeloba saqar-
TveloSi, Tb., 1999,
12. saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi
(scsa), 1450-51/183
13. scsa, 1450-51/177
14. n. xuciSvili, ierusalimis jvris monastris
miwis mflobeloba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1999
15. v. dondua. kalmasoba, rogorc yofa-cxovre-
biTi movlena Zvel saqarTveloSi, v. beriZe.
XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio
xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1999,
16. v. beriZe, iqve
17. scsa, 1450-51/188
18. xelnawerTa instituti. AD-799
85
Summary
In the work presented us we discussed as fast as possible

the church (dependent on the Jerusalem Cross Monastery),
the history of the Cross Father church. The exact date of the
church's construction is not know, but it considered to be
built in the second half of the 16th century.
Supposedly Cross Father Church was donated to the
Jerusalem Cross Monastery immediately after it was built
and was the residence of the archimandrites who had arrived
from Jerusalem and were the rulers of patrimony.
86
naTia Skubuliani
iuridiuli fakulteti
I kursi
mcire sjuliskanonisa”
da Tanamedrove qarTuli sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis SedarebiTi
analizisaTvis
(mkvlelobis Sesaxeb)
saeklesio Sinaarsis Zeglebs qristianul qvey-

nebSi, da kerZod, saqarTveloSi, moqmedi samar-
Tlis mniSvneloba hqondaT. aseTi Zeglebi orgva-
ria: msoflio krebebis kanonmdebloba, romelic
gadmoTargmnili iyo qarTulad da qarTuli, e.i.
adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebi.
“mcire sjuliskanoni” swored msoflio krebebis
kanonmdeblobas miekuTvneba, romelic aTonis
iverTa monasterSi moRvawe qarTvelma saeklesio
samarTlis cnobilma specialistma eqvTime mTaw-
mindelma Seadgina, berZnuli kanonikuri samar-
Tlis sxvadasxva wyaros gadamuSavebisa da masSi
qarTuli masalebis Setanis gziT. Zegli Sedgeni-
lia 1005-1028 wlebSi.
sasurveli iqneba, oriode sityviT ganvixi-
loT ra kavSiria “mcire sjuliskanonsa” da “did
sjuliskanons” Soris. am ori Zeglis Sedarebisas
87
irkveva, rom garkveul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
maTi avtorebi erTi da imave wyaroebiT sargeb-
lobdnen. bralis sakiTxi orive ZeglSi erTnai-
rad aris gadmocemuli. maT Soris gansxvaveba
terminebSi SeiniSneba. “didi sjuliskanoni” gansa-
kuTrebiT mdidaria samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis ter-
minebiT.
“mcire sjuliskanoni” oTxi nawilisgan
Sedgeba: 1) meeqvse msoflio krebis (trulis 692w.
kreba) kanonebi. 2) kanonni SecodebulTani ioane
mmarxvelisa. 3) kanonni dRiTi-dReTa cdomaTani. 4)
Zeglis wera sarwmunoebisa. eqvTime mTawmindelma
msoflio saeklesio krebis kanonebi gadaamuSava
da qarTul sinamdviles miusadaga. am ZeglSi mra-
vali muxli Tavad eqvTimes dawerilia. “mcire
sjuliskanoni” metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs Sei-
cavs sisxlis samarTlis problemebis Sesaxeb.
kerZod, danaSaulis, sasjelis Sesaxeb da rac
mTavaria, masSi damuSavebulia bralis problema
da misi calkeuli saxeebi.
ioane monazoni Tavis SromaSi – “kanonni
SecodebulTani” – acxadebs, rom amqveynad rva
xorcieli codva arsebobs, rogoricaa siZva, mru-
Soba, mamaTmavloba, sisxlaRreva, uasakoTgam-
xrwneloba da a.S. Tumca, yvelaze uares codvad
88
nebsiT da uneblie mkvlelobas miiCnevs. swored
am danaSaulis sakiTxs ganvixilavT winamdebare
naSromSi da SevecdebiT, aq moyvanili mkvlelo-
bis saxeebi da sasjelebi dRevandelobisas Seva-
daroT.
upriani iqneba, “mcire sjuliskanonTan” er-
Tad mokled ganvixiloT Tanamedrove sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTa-
uris 1993 wlis 26 dekembris gankargulebiT da-
fuZnda samarTlebrivi reformis saxelmwifo ko-
misia, romelmac miznad daisaxa samarTlis Ziri-
Tad dargebSi fundamenturi sakanonmdeblo aqte-
bis – kodeqsebis momzadeba. qarTuli sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsis SemmuSavebeli dargobrivi ko-
misiis Sromis Sedegad Seiqmna kodeqsi, romelic
saqarTvelos parlamentma 1999 wlis 22 ivliss mi-
iRo. xolo ukve 2000 wlis 1 ivnisidan sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsi ZalaSi Sevida da amoqmedda. am
sakanonmdeblo aqtis Seqmna mniSvnelovani movle-
naa Cveni qveynis istoriaSi.*
ioane monazoni Tavis SromaSi mkvlelobis
Sesaxeb Zalzed mcire informacias gvawvdis. mas
erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli aqvs nebsiTi da uneb-
*
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. 2007 w.
89
lie mkvleloba da ar saubrobs mis sxva saxeebze.
danaSaulis aseT dayofas dRevandeli termino-
logiiT ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba Seesaba-
meba. avtoris azriT, “nebsiTi mkvlelobis codva
aris yvelaze ufro gaumarTlebeli, Tumca arc
esaa miutevebeli. rac Seexeba uneblie mkvlelo-
bas, igi Rirsia yovelgvari Sendobisa rogorc ad-
vilad gasamarTlebeli.”* aRsaniSnavia is garemoe-
ba, rom XI saukunis dasawyisSi, anu im periodSi,
rodesac “mcire sjuliskanoni” Seiqmna, sasjelis
ZiriTad saxes uziarebloba warmoadgenda. amis
Sesabamisad, nebsiTi mkvlelobis epitimia oc we-
liwads Seadgenda, xolo unebliesi – aTs.
saqarTvelos konstituciis me–15 muxlis
mixedviT, sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali ufle-
baa da mas icavs kanoni. igi uzenaes samarTlebriv
Rirebulebas warmoadgens.* sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsic, ra Tqma unda, Seesabameba konstitucias
da sicocxlis mospobisTvis gansakuTrebiT mZime
sasjelebs awesebs. ganzraxi mkvleloba isjeba
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT Svididan Txutmet
wlamde da mas gaaCnia sxvadasxva saxeebi: ganzrax
mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebaSi, mkvleloba
*
“mcire sjuliskanoni”. Tbilisi.2003w. gv 3
90
msxverplis TxovniT, mkvleloba uecari, Zlieri
sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi, adamianis
TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana, dedis mier axalSobi-
lis ganzraxi mkvleloba da a.S. xolo sicoc-
xlis mospoba gaufrTxileblobiT isjeba Tavi-
suflebis SezRudviT vadiT xuT wlamde an Tavi-
suflebis aRkveTiT vadiT oridan oTx wlamde.
rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove kanonmdeb-
loba mkvlelobas ufro farTo masStabiT ganixi-
lavs da ar Semoifargleba mxolod da mxolod
ganzraxi da gaufrTxileblobiTi mkvlelobiT.
sasjelis daniSvnis dros yuradReba eqceva mra-
val garemoebas: rogor sulier mdgomareobaSi im-
yofeboda damnaSave danaSaulis Cadenis dros,
surda Tu ara mas am Sedegis dadgoma, Caidina Tu
ara man es danaSauli iZulebiT, muqariT, Santa-
JiT da a.S. “mcire sjuliskanonSi” ki mkvleloba
ase dakonkretebiT ar aris ganxiluli. es faqti,
ra Tqma unda, mravali garemoebiT aris gamowveu-
li, maTgan yvelaze mTavari ki is aris, rom eqvTi-
me mTawmindelis naSromsa da Tanamedrove kanon-
mdeblobas erTmaneTs 9 saukune aSorebs.
“mcire sjuliskanonis” mesame nawilSi –
“yoveldRiur SecodebaTa kanonebSi” – basili
dids, ioanes msgavsad, moxseniebuli aqvs nebsiTi
91
da uneblie mkvleloba. Tumca, amis garda, igi
mkvlelobis sxva ramdenime saxesac ganixilavs. ma-
galiTad, yaCaRuri mkvleloba, romelic isjeboda
21 wlis uziareblobiT, brZolaSi kvla - isjebo-
da 14 wlis uziareblobiT da a.S. aRsaniSnavia,
rom mkvlels sasjeli umsubuqdeboda im SemTxve-
vaSi, Tu igi Tavis Cadenil codvas sinanuliT eki-
deboda. es movlena SegviZlia SevadaroT im gare-
moebas, rom dRevandeli kanonmdeblobis gaTva-
liswinebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mkvleli danaSa-
uls aRiarebs, mas SedarebiT msubuqi sasjeli Se-
efardeba.
wminda basili didi calke muxlebSi saub-
robs Cvil da uSobel bavSvTa mkvlelobaze da
ganasxvavebs sasjelebs imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
aris Cadenili danaSauli. mag.: “Tu vinme Cvils
Sobs, magram ugulebelyofs mas da amis gamo Cvi-
li mokvdeba, mkvlelobis sasjels daeqvemdeba-
ros.”* xolo isini, vinc wamlebis miRebiT klaven
uSobel isjeba jarimiT an sazogadoebisTvis sa-
sargeblo SromiT vadiT oras ormoc saaTamde,
anda gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT erTidan or
wlamde. ufro mZime sasjeli edeba abortis Cam-
92
dens im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is gamoiwvevs Svilosno-
bis samudamo moSlas an sicocxlis mospobas.*
sainteresoa is faqti, rom wminda basili
didi erT-erT muxlSi ambobs: “is qali, romelic
Zaldatanebuli iqneba da iZulebiT gaixrwneba
vinmesgan, Tu mSveleli aravin iyo, aseTi qalwu-
li udanaSauloa, xolo moZalade – mkvleli.”***
anu avtori am codvas mkvlalobas adarebs da
iseTsave sasjels uwesebs mis Camdens, rogorc si-
cocxlis momspobs.
“mcire sjuliskanons” erTiani sakanon-
mdeblo aqtis mniSvneloba ar aqvs, radganac igi
eqvTime mTawmindelma sxvadasxva berZnuli wyaro-
dan Targmna, Tumca igi XI saukunis erT-erTi um-
niSvnelovanesi samarTlis Zeglia. Zalzed samwu-
xaroa is faqti, rom dReisaTvis XI saukuneSi yve-
laze gavrcelebul sasjels – uziareblobas –
ar gaaCnia raime
datvirTva da es sasjeli Tavisuflebis aRkveTam
Secvala. Tumca, yuradsaRebia is garemoebac, rom
“mcire sjuliskanonSi” moxseniebul ZiriTad sas-
jels ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi datvirTva da sa-
*
saqarTvelos konstitucia. 2007w. muxli 15
93
eWvoa, am sasjelma Tanamedrove epoqaSi danaSau-
lis raodenobis Semcireba an aRkveTa gamoiwvios.
_________
* “mcire sjuliskanoni”.Tbilisi..2003w. gv.113
* saqarTvelos konstitucia. 2008 w. muxli 15
* „mcire sjuliskanoni“. Tbilisi. 2003w. gv.132.
1. “mcire sjuliskanoni”, Tb., 2003

2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. gam.
„samarTali’. 2007w.
3. saqarTvelos konstitucia.
4. ivane surgulaZe – “qarTuli samarTlis isto-
riis wyaroebi”..
5. “saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samarTlis is-
toria”. -valerian metreveli. gam. “meridiani”.
2003 w.
6. “saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari”. – av-
torTa koleqtivi.
7. ”sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili.” – avtor-
Ta koleqtivi ( a. gabiani, n. gvenetaZe, i. dva-
liZe, n. Todua, m. mamulaSvili, g.naWyebia, g.
tyeSelaZe, g. xuroSvili.) gam. „meridiani“.
2007w.
94
MNatia Shkubuliani
Ivane Javakhishvili
Faculty of law,
first year
“Mcire sjuliskanoni”comparative
analisis of Georgian Criminal Law.
(About murder)
S ummary
Comparative analysis about crimy against the propersty
between church law “mcire sjuliskanoni” and conterprorary
Georgian Criminal Law is discussed in this work the similarities
and differences are marked between the old and todays Georgian
Law.
95
eTer bokelavaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul
mecnerebaTa fakulteti.
specialoba istoria IV kursi
saeklesio-istoriul safuZvelTa
falsifikaciisaTvis kosovosa da
afxazeTSi
(istoriuli paralelebi)
kosovosa da afxazeTis problemaTa Sina-

arsobrivi msgavsebebis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli
aTwleulis manZilze mravali mosazreba iqna
gamoTqmuli rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour sa-
mecniero wreebSi. mkvlevarTa nawili maT
identurobas usvams xazs, nawilis azriTi ki,
maT urTierTgamijvnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
rigi politikuri procesebis regulirebis
kuTxiT. aRsaniSnavia is, rom kosovosa da af-
xazeTis sakiTxTa irgvliv gamoqveynebul naS-
romTa umravlesoba mis politikur WrilSi
ganxilvasa da umTavresad, politikur aspeq-
tebze aqcentirebas moicavs. aRniSnulis fon-
96
ze, sainteresod mogvaCnia sakiTxis dasma da
gaanalizeba sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli faq-
toris farTod ganxilvis safuZvelze.
kosovosa da afxazeTis regionebi ZvelTa-
ganve serbul da qarTul saxelmwifoTa um-
niSvnelovanes geopolitikur da kulturul
centrebs warmoadgendnen. geografiulma mde-
bareobam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli maT da-
winaurebas savaWro-ekonomikuri kuTxiT jer
kidev antikuri periodidan; mogvianebiT ki,
romis, bizantiisa Tu nacionalur saxelmwi-
foTa sazRvrebSi, maT uaRresad mniSvnelova-
ni politikuri da kulturuli roli mieni-
WaT.
kosovosa da afxazeTis teritoria iTvle-
ba macxovris mociqulTa mier ganaTlebul mi-
webad. kerZod, saxarebiseuli gadmocemebiTa
da istoriuli wyaroTa mowmobiT, cnobilia,
rom balkaneTis n/k-is samxreT da aRmosavleT
nawilSi qristes sityva iqadages wminda an-
driapirvelwodebulma da pavle mociqulma,
CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi ki mociqulma an-
driam da svimon kananelma. I-IV ss-Si am teri-
97
toriebze ukve Camoyalibda qristianuli sae-
piskoposoebi. ax. w. V-VI ss-Si serbTa balka-
neTis n/k-ze damkvidrebisaTanave kosovosa da
metoqiis teritoria (~kosovo” warmodgeba
serbuli sityvisagan “kos:~, rac qarTulad
~Sav SaSvs” niSnavs, ~metoqia~ ki berZnuli
sityvaa da samonastro miwas aRniSnavs) iqca
serbTa ganaxlebisa da kulturis mniSvnelo-
van punqtad.
istoriulad cnobilia, rom serbTa masob-
rivi qristianizacia daiwyo VII-s-is pirvel
naxevarSi bizantiis imperator herakles mmar-
Tvelobis Jams. cnobili rusi mkvlevaris sku-
ratis mixedviT, sawyis etapze serbTa qristi-
anuli Temebi romis eklesiis samwysos warmo-
adgendnen, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac 732 wels
imperatorma leon isavrielma romis paps Ca-
moarTva serbebiT dasaxlebuli aRmosavleT
iliriis teritoria, serbebi konstantinepo-
lis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi gadavid-
nen (13, 100). aRniSnul faqts didi mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs Tanamedrove albanur istoriografia-
Si Zveli iliriis mkvidr albanelTa kaToli-
98
kobisa da uSualod kosovos teritoriaze
Suasaukunovani albanuri kaTolikuri ekle-
sia-monastrebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mosazrebis
farTod gavrcelebis pirobebSi. kerZod, al-
banel mkvlevarTa nawili (i. ragova, m. sopi)
~ilirizmis~ Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, miiCnevs,
ra albanelebs kosovos avtoqtonur mosaxle-
obad, aRniSnul teritoriaze arsebul Suasa-
ukunovan qristianul taZrebs albanur kaTo-
likur kerebad naTlavs. sainteresoa is, rom
maTi garkveuli nawili kosovoSi priStinas
axlos, q. ulpianaSi asaxelebs pirvel alba-
nel qristian mowameebs. aRniSnulTan dakavSi-
rebiT unda iTqvas, rom istoriul wyaroebSi
albanelTa moxseniebas ~arberebis~ saxelwo-
debiT, vxvdebiT mxolod ax. w. XI saukunidan,
bizantiur qronikebSi, romelTa mixedviTac
arberia mdebareobda Tanamedrove albaneTis
centralur nawilSi. serbuli wyaroebi ki
mxolod XIV saukunidan icnoben informacias
kosovos teritorize albanur tomTa gansax-
lebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba kosovoSi ulpia-
nas pirvelmowameebsa da kaTolikuri eklesia-
99
monastrebis arsebobis faqts unda aRiniSnos,
is rom q. ulpianaSi IIs-Si marTlac vxvdebiT
pirvelmowameebs florassa da lorass, ro-
melTac orTodoqsaluri eklesia pativs mia-
gebs. kosovoel albanelTa Soris ki arcerTi
wyaro ar adasturebs am wmindanTa kultis
arsebobas. niSandoblivia agreTve isic, rom
kaTolikur eklesia-monastrebs kosovos teri-
toriaze vxvdebiT jer kidev XIIIs-dan, uSua-
lod serbeTis samefo dinastiis warmomadge-
nelTa iniciativiTa da mfarvelobiT agebuls
(23).
albanel istorikosTa mxridan Sua sau-
kunovan serbul taZarTa sakuTar sarwmunoeb-
riv-kulturul centrebad gamocxadebis ten-
dencias saintereso paraleli SeiZleba moe-
Zebnos qarTul sinamdvileSi afxazeTis sa-
kiTxis saxiT. kosovosagan gansxvavebulma pi-
robebma da umTavresad saerTo rwmenis faq-
torma aq dRis wesrigSi daayena afxazeTis
damoukidebeli eklesiis arsebobis sakiTxi.
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebSi afxazeTis xe-
lisuflebis iniciativiT, kvlav ganaxlda af-
100
xazeTis eklesiis saqarTvelos sapatriarqos-
gan gamoyofis procesi. kerZod, cnobilia,
rom 1995 wels afxazeTis xelisuflebis meTa-
urma (v. arZinba) TxovniT mimarTa moskovisa
da sruliad ruseTis patriarqs aleqsi II-s
afxazeTis eparqiis ruseTis eklesiasTan Se-
erTebis Sesaxeb. 1997 wlis ianvarSi ki gaimar-
Ta cxum-afxazeTis samRvdeloebis kreba, ro-
melmac miiRo dadgenileba saqarTvelos sa-
patriarqos iurisdiqciidan gasvlisa da e.w.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis eparqiasTan mierTebis Se-
saxeb (sinamdvielSi, ruseTis eklesiasTan Se-
erTebis Sesaxeb, radgan Crd. kavkasiis yvela
eparqia Sedis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli ek-
lesiis iurisdiqciaSi) (1,3-5). aRniSnuli pro-
cesebis paralelurad, afxazur da rusul sa-
mecniero wreebSi daiwyo afxazeTis eparqiis
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisagan
gamoyofis istoriuli safuZvlebis Zieba. rac
maTi mxridan (e. ajinjali, d. dbari, e. smiri,
d. sarsania) afxazeTis sakaTalikosos-afsuur
eklesiad, xolo afxazeTis teritoriaze ar-
sebul qarTul eklesia-monasterTa _ afsuur
101
qristianul centrebad gamocxadebaSi gamoixa-
ta. SemuSavebul iqna Teoria afsuaTa I_VI ss-
Si monaTvlis Sesaxeb (1, 9-16).
qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mo-
sazrebis Tanaxmad, mociqulTa qadagebis Sem-
deg, afxazeTis miwaze qristianuli sarwmuno-
ebis kvlav ganvrcoba da ganmtkiceba dakavSi-
rebulia romis imperiisagan devnili qristia-
ni meomrebisa (mag. orentiosi) da mRvdelmTav-
rebis (klimenti romaeli (Is), ioane oqropiri)
saxelebTan (1, 51-55). afxazeTSi qristianobis
farTod gavrcelebis udavo faqtze metyve-
lebs biWvinTis episkopos stratofiles mona-
wileoba I msoflio saeklesio krebaze. qar-
Tul da ucxour wyaroTa mixedviT, aRniSnu-
li periodisaTvis Tanamedrove afxazeTis te-
ritoria dasaxlebuli iyo dasavlur qarTu-
li-kolxuri tomebiT. cxadia, swored isini
warmoadgenden Crd-das saqarTvelos terito-
riaze arsebuli eklesiis samwysos. rac Seexe-
ba afsuebs, maTi I-VI ss-Si monaTvlis faqti
seriozul eWvs badebs, radgan aRniSnuli pe-
riodisaTvis maTi afxazeTSi gansaxlebis faq-
102
ti arcerTi saistorio wyaroTi ar dasturde-
ba.
serbeTisa da saqarTvelos marTlmadide-
bel eklesiaTa istoriidan farTodaa cnobi-
li is samonastro kerebi Tu saepiskoposo
kaTedrebi, romlebic saukuneTa manZilze ser-
buli da qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobisa da
saeklesio-diplomatiur centrebs warmoadgen-
dnen da, romlebic swored kosovosa da afxa-
zeTis teritoriazea ganfenili. aRniSnuli
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
mqonea kosovoSi peCis, xolo afxazeTSi _biW-
vinTis sakaTedro taZrebi. peCis samonastro
kompleqsi XIIIs-is Sua xanebSi, serbeTis arqi-
episkopos arsen I-is mier iqna agebuli. 1253
wels aq q. JiCidan gadatanil iqna saarqiepis-
koposo rezidencia. 1346 wlidan ki rodesac
serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia saarqie-
piskoposodan ayvanil iqna sapatriarqo ran-
gSi, peCis monasterma ~peCis sapatriarqos~ sa-
xelwodeba miiRo (13, 19).
103
peCi
aRniSnuli saxelwodeba SemdgomSi sru-

liad serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
aRmniSvnel sinonimad iqca. niSandoblivia is,
rom peCis sapatriarqos arseboba ar Seuwyve-
tia osmalTa batonobis periodSic da Tana-
medrove etapze, uaRresad saintereso faqts
warmoadgens, is rom, serbeTis marTlmadide-
bel eklesiaSi arsebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad,
yoveli axali serbi patriarqis belgradSi
intronizaciis Semdeg, misi aRsaydreba xdeba
peCis monasterSic (peCis arqiepiskoposis tax-
tze) (13, 115). serbeTis marTlmadidebeli ek-
lesiis saWeTmpyrobeli ki iwodeba ~peCis mTa-
varepiskoposad, belgrad-karlovacis mitro-
politad da sruliad serbeTis patriarqad~.
104
peCis sapatriarqo taZarTan SedarebiT
gacilebiT met saukunes iTvlis biWvinTis ka-
Tedra afxazeTSi, romelic jer kidev adreq-
ristianul xanaSi daarsebula. saqarTvelos
gaerTianebis periodSi igi manamde arsebul
berZnuli eklesiis iurisdiqciisadmi daqvemde-
barebuli kaTedridan qarTul saepiskoposo
biWvinTa
kaTedrad gadaiqca. IXs-Si biWvinTa ukve dasav-

leT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso rezidencias
warmoadgenda. biWvinTis (afxazeTis) sakaTa-
likosos arseboba ar Seuwyvetia saqarTve-
los marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapatriarqo
rangSi ayvanis Semdeg, aramed igi warmoadgen-
da saqarTvelos sapatriaqoSi Semaval saek-
lesio samTavros (3, 45). XVs-is 70-ian ww-Si
saqarTvelos calkeul politikur erTeule-
105
bad daSlis pirobebSi, afxazeTis sakaTali-
koso dawinaurda. man TviT ierusalimel-anti-
oqieli patriarqisgan miiRo avtokefalia da
mitropolit ananias SefasebiT, Tavi ~qristes
mier~ dadgenil ~yovlisa saqarTvelos~ mwyem-
sad gamoacxada. Cvenamde moaRwia erTma sa-
buTma dadasturebulma biWvinTis mamamTavar
grigolis mier, sadac igi ~yovlisa saqarTve-
los kaTalikozad~ iwodeba (3, 49). XVIs-Si af-
xazeTis teritoriaze Crd. kavkasiur tomTa
da maT Soris afsuaTa Camowolis Sedegad
biWvinTis kaTedra gauqmebul iqna.. sakaTali-
koso rezidenciam ki biWvinTidan gelaTSi
gadmoinacvla (3, 55).
kosovosa da afxazeTis teritoriaze um-
niSvnelovanes serbul da qarTul saeklesio
centrebs warmoadgendnen agreTve studenica
da bedia. studenicas monasteri XII s-is miwu-
rulsa da XIII s-is damdegs, serbeTis didi
mTavris stefane nemanis mier iqna agebuli.
amave taZarSi aRikveca igi berad svimeonis sa-
xeliT da aqve iqna dabrZanebuli misi miron-
mdinare sxeulic. studenicas monasterSi moR-
106
vaweobda stefane nemanis vaJi da serbeTis
marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri eklesiis
pirveli saWeTmpyrobeli wminda saba (rastis-
lav nemani) (7, 24).
studenica stefane nemani

(umcrosi)
studenicas monasterSi dRemdea SemorCenili

nemanTa samefo dinastiis warmomadgenelTa
gamosaxulebani da, rac uaRresad mniSvnelo-
vania, aq ganisvenebs gaerTianebuli serbeTis
pirveli mefe_stefane nemani (umcrosi) (7, 36).
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT studenicas monas-
ters afxazeTSi utoldeba bediis taZari.
cnobilia, rom igi ~afxazTa mefem~ da
SemdgomSi erTiani saqarTvelos pirvelma
107
bedia bagrat III
xelisufalma bagrat III-m aago X saukuneSi.

manve daarsa bediis saepiskoposo kaTedrac.
taZarSi Semonaxulia bagrat III-is gamosaxu-
leba eklesiis modeliT xelSi (samxreT ked-
lis aRmosavleT nawilSi) (9, 21-22). 1014 wels
bediis taZarSi dakrZalul iqna gaerTianebu-
li saqarTvelos pirveli mefe bagrat III, ris
gamoc SemdgomSi bedieli episkoposi samefo
saflavis mfarvelad iTvleboda. (~xelmwifis
karis garigeba”) (9, 24).
afxazeTisa da kosovos teritoriaze gar-
da zemoaaRniSnulis samonastro kerebisa,
funqcionirebda iseTi mniSvnelobis saekle-
sio-diplomatiuri centrebi, rogorebicaa Ji-
Cisa da prizrenis saepiskoposoebi kosovoSi,
108
xolo drandisa da moqvis saepiskoposoebi
afxazeTSi.
JiCis monastris daarseba serbuli eklesi-
is didi reformatoris wminda sabasa da misi
Zmis (SemdgomSi serbeTis pirveli mefe) ste-
fane pirvelkurTxeulis saxelebTan aris da-
kavSirebuli. serbeTis marTlmadidebeli av-
tokefaluri eklesiis dafuZnebis dRidan
(1219w.) vidre 1253 wlamde igi serbeTis mTava-
repiskposis sakaTedro taZars warmoadgenda.
JiCi prizreni
serbi xalxi mas dRemde ~serbul eklesiaTa

dedas” uwodebs (17). rac Seexeba prizrenis
saepiskoposos igi jer kidev wminda sabas
moRvaweobamde warmoadgenda mniSvnelovan sae-
piskoposo kaTedras kosovos centrSi. ganvi-
Tarebul Sua saukunebSi ki man serbeTis
109
mZlavri ekonomikuri da politikur-diploma-
tiuri centris funqciebi SeiTavsa. serbeTis
nacionalur poeziaSi mas xSirad ~serbeTis
konstantinepoladac~ ki moixsenieben (40).
aranaklebi mniSvnelobis mqone iyo da-
savlur qarTuli samefosaTvis Sua saukunova-
ni moqvisa da drandis saepiskoposoebi. orive
maTgani Xs-Si iqna daarsebuli. msgavsad priz-
renisa, cnobilia, rom moqvis saepiskoposo
garda sasuliero daniSnulebisa, saxelmwifo
mniSvnelobis diplomatiur funqciebs asru-
lebda gvian SuasaukuneebSi. kerZod, cnobi-
lia, rusi elCebis pavle zaxarievisa da
moqvi dranda
fedot elCinis viziti 1640 wels moqvis sae-

piskoposoSi, samegrelos mmarTvel levan II
110
dadianTan diplomatiuri molaparakebis miz-
niT (12, 117-118). moqvis taZari XIX saukuneSi
warmoadgenda SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulo saZva-
les (33, 65). aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ro-
gorc moqvis, ise drandis saepiskoposoebma
arseboba Sewyvites XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi
Crdilo kavkasiidan afxazur tomTa moZale-
bis gamo (b. lominaZe. T. Jordania).
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze,
vfiqrobT, naTeli unda iyos Tanamedrove af-
xaz (da maTTan erTad rus) Tu albanel
mkvlevarTa argumentaciis usafuZvloba, qar-
Tul da serbul qristianul keraTa sakuTar
erovnuli kulturis Zeglebad warmoCenis sa-
kiTxSi. istoriis falsifikaciis utyuar das-
turs warmoadgens Tavad kosovos (deCani, ban-
Ska, mitrovica, lJeviSka, priStinas monaste-
ri) da afxazur miwebze (lixni, ilori, Zveli
gagra, komani, soxumis sakaTedro taZari) ar-
sebul eklesia-monasterTa arqiteqturuli
stili; arqeologiuri, lingvisturi, epigra-
fikuli, anTropo-geografiuli monacemebi da
sxv.
111
Kkosovosa da afxazeTis miwaTa udidesi
sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli da istoriuli
mniSvnelobis gaazreba qmnis safuZvels serb
da qarTvel mkvlevarTa Soris xSir SemTxve-
vaSi, tendenciur SefasebaTa CamoyalibebisaT-
vis. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos is, rom maTi um-
ravlesoba obieqtur, istoriul safuZvlebs
eyrdnoba. Aase, mag: cnobili serbi mkvlevari
duzan batakoviCi Tavis naSromSi “kosovosa
da metoqiis Sesaxeb” wers: “igi warmoadgens
im Senobis qvakuTxeds, rogoricaa serbeTis
erovnuli panTeoni. rodesac saubroben, rom
kosovos gareSe ar arsebobs araviTari ser-
beTi da serbi eri, es ar aris marto XIX s-is
erovnuli romantizmis aRorZineba, igi gulis-
xmobs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre mxolod
teritorias, romelic dafarulia misi kul-
turisa da civilizaciis ZeglebiT, ufro me-
tia, vidre myarad warmodgenili erovnuli da
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, _ miiCne-
ven, rom Kkosovo da metoqia serbTa identu-
robis gasaRebia” (14).
112
d. batakoviCis Sefasebas exmianeba ameri-
keli mkvlevaris protopresviter Tomas hop-
kos Sexeduleba kosovosa da metoqiis Sesa-
xeb: “kosovos olqi aris serbuli qristiano-
bisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis akvani. . .
kosovo igivea serbebisTvis, rac ierusalimi
da sioni ebraelTaTvis, bostoni da axali in-
glisi_TeTri rasis anglosaqsi protestanti
amerikelebisaTvis” (The Newspaper “OCA”, 1999,
june).
vfiqrobT, msgavs SefasebaTa ganvrcoba
SesaZlebelia afxazeTzec. Crdilo-dasavleT
saqarTvelos teritoria, romelic erTiani
qarTuli samefos SeqmnisTanave iqca qarTuli
erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganuyofel na-
wilad, warmoadgens saqarTvelos eklesiisa
da qarTuli sulierebis saZirkvels. saqvey-
nod cnobil zogad sruliad saqristiano
siwmindeTa (wminda mociqul svimon kananelis
saflavi, wminda ioane oqropiris gansasvenebe-
li(amJamad mxolod sarkofagi inaxeba afxa-
zeTSi), wminda RvTismSoblis sartyeli bedia-
Si da sxv.) mis wiaRSi arsebobis faqti kidev
113
erTxel adasturebs mis usazRvro mniSvnelo-
bas rogorc sakuTriv erTiani qarTuli sa-
xelmwifoebriobisaTvis, ise msoflio qristi-
anuli samyarosaTvis.
Bb i b l i o g r a f i a
samecniero literatura da wyaroebi
1. gamaxaria j, afxazeTi da marTlmadideblo-

ba (Is._1921), Tb., 2005
2. gasviani g. ~mcnebai sasjuloi” qristianuli

sarwmunoebis mdgomareobisa da afxazeTis
cnebaze. marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da
erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi,
Tb., 2005
3. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, afxazeTi,

qarTvelTa gaafxazeba, Tb., 2007
4. ~mosaxsenebeli mimosvlaTaTvis da qadageba-

Ta yovladqebulisa da didebulisa mociqu-
lisa andriasi”.
5. mRvdelmTavari inokenti xersoneli, ~wminda

mociqul pavles cxovreba, Rvawli, dasja”
Targmani g. royva, Tb., 2004
114
6. pavliaSvili q, marTlmadidebluri afxaze-
Ti (recenzia m. i. tarnavas naSromze), ~afxa-
zeTi” #1, Tb., 2004
7. ~cxovreba wminda sabasi, serbeTis mTavare-

piskoposisa, Tb., 2003
8. xvistani r, bedia_Sua saukuneebis saqarTve-

los religiur-politikuri centri, Jurn.
~saistorio Ziebani”, #3, Tb., 2000
9. xorava b, bediis saepiskoposo, Jurn. ~sais-

torio Ziebani”, #3, Tb., 2000
10. xorava b, drandis saepiskoposo, marTlmadi-

debloba. afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTiden-
tifikaciis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005
11. jojua d, kosovos precendenti, Jurn. ~sais-

torio Ziebani”, #8-9, Tb., 2006
12. Воронов Ю.Н,В Мире архитектурных Памятников

Абхазии, М.,1978
13. Скурат К.Е. История поместних Православних

Церквей,М., 1994,т,1
14. Batakovic D, Kosovo and Metohia (internet versia)
15. Bogdanovic D, The Kosovo Question: Past and Present

(internet versia)
16. Cirkovic S, Rises and Falls of the Serbian Statehood in

Middleages. (internet versia)
115
17. Dragnic A, Todorovic S, The Saga of Kosovo (inter-
net versia)
18. Non-Albanian Elements within the Fabric of Albanian

People(internet versia)
19. Patriachate of Pec(internet versia)
20. Patriachate of Serbia(internet versia)
21. Popovic R, Serbian church in History(internet ver-

sia)
22. Tbeolojikal V, Kosovo in the History of Serbian

Church(internet versia)
23. The Spiritual and Cultural heritage of Kosovo and

Metofia. (internet versia)
Pperioduli gamocemebi:
24. gaz. “madli” Tb. 1996 #6(111)
25. gaz. “mrevli” Tb. 1999 #1
26. gaz. “sapatriarqos uwyebani” Tb. 1999 #18
29. Jurn. “gumbaTi” Tb. 2007 #4
30. Jurn. “karibWe” Tb. 2006 #4 (39)
31. Jurn. “karibWe” Tb. 2006 #8 (43)
116
32. Jurn. “karibWe” Tb. 2008 #9 (96)
33. Jurn. “jvari vazisa” Tb. 1995 #1
internet saitebi
34. www.rastko.org.yu/kosovo/pecarsija/istorijat/img/jpg
35. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch of Serbia
36. http// www.serbianorthodoxchurch.net/historyofchurch
37. http//lamar.coostate.edu/~grjan/kosovohistory.html
38. http//www.rastko.org.yu/kosovo/pecarsija/istorijat/index-
eng.html
39. http//www.kosovo.net/kosovo1.html
40. http//www.kosovo.net/default3.html
41. http://religion.ng.ru/facts/2004-04-07/1-albania.html.
117
MEter Bokelavadze
Ivane Javakhishvili
specialization –history
IV year
Temperal and historical fountations’s falsification in Kosovo

and in Abkhazia (historical paralels)
Summary
In this article is disscused very important question in modern

historiographie- temperal and historical fountations’s falsification
and historical paralels in Kosovo and in Abkhazia, the questions
lern’s actuality and importance . The basic of this researches are
modern therotical and methodological approaches and scientifical
researches.
118
cira SaloSvili
iuridiuli fakulteti
I kursi
~didi sjuliskanonisa~ da
saqarTvelos sisxlisa da samoqalaqo
kodeqsebis SedarebiTi analizi
(qonebrivi_sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSaulebebi)O
saqarTvelo erT_erTi ZirZveli qristianuli qve-

yanaa. Cvens samSobloSi qristianobas misi xan-
grZlivi istoriis ganmavlobaSi, didi gavlena
aqvs cxovrebis yvela sferoze, maT Soris samar-
Talzec. saukuneTa manZilze qveyanaSi iqmneboda
da iTargmneboda samarTlis saeklesio Zeglebi
da eWvgareSea, rom moqmedebda kidec; amjerad
Tqvens yuradRebas mivapyrobT ~did skuliskanons~
da vecdebiT, aRmovaCinoT msgavseba Tu gansxvaveba
imdroindel realobasa da Tanamedroveobas So-
ris. aRniSnuli Zegli marTlmadidebluri qristi-
anuli eklesiis ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsia da
sabolood Camoyalibda IX saukunis ukanasknel
meoxedSi 14_titulovani nomokanonis e.w. 883 wlis
redaqciis saxiT. konstantinopolis 980 wlis sa-
eklesio krebaze ki zogadqristianuli saxel-
119
mZRvanelos saxe miiRo.1 Zegli qarTulad Targmna
arsen iyalToelma XI_XII saukuneebis mijnaze.
berZnulad ~sjuliskanoni~ aris nomokanoni, rac
niSnavs kanons, wess; nomokanonebi ewodeboda mar-
Tlmadidebluri saeklesio samarTlis krebulebs,
romlebic Seicaven eklesiis Sinaganawess, agreT-
ve, yofa_cxovrebisa da saojaxo samarTlis debu-
lebebs.2 ~didi skuliskanoni~ pirobiTad iyofa
oTx nawilad: ~mociqulTa~, ~msoflio saekleso
krebebis kanonebi~, ~adgilobrivi saeklesio kano-
nebi~, ~adgilobriv saeklesio moRvaweTa episto-
laruli kanonmdebloba~.
upriani iqneba, naSromSi ramdenime sityviT
davaxasiaToT saqarTvelos sisxlisa da samoqa-
laqo kodeqsebic. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTa-
uris 1993 wlis 26 dekembris gankargulebiT, da-
fuZnda samarTlebrivi reformis saxelwifo komi-
sia, romelmac miznad daisaxa samarTlis ZiriTad
dargebSi fundamenturi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis _
kodeqsebis _ momzadeba. qarTuli sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis SemmuSavebeli dargobrivi komisia
Tavdauzogavad Sromobda, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna
kodeqsi, romelic 1999 wlis 22 ivniss miiRo sa-
1 ~didi sjuliskanoni~, e. gabiZaSvili, red. Tb., 1975. gv 5

2 k. kekeliZe, ~Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria~, Tb., 1957, tomi I, gv 531
120
qarTvelos parlamentma, xolo ZalaSi Sevida 2000
wlis 1_el ivniss. unda aRiniSnos, rom axali sa-
zogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Sesatryvisi sis-
xlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Seqmnam, arsebu-
li samarTlebrivi tradiciebisa da dasavlur sa-
marTalTan harmonizaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, didi
garja da Zalisxmeva moiTxova. kanonSemoqmedTa
azriT, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi gardamavali
periodis sakanonmdeblo aqtia, romelic amoqmede-
bis Semdeg TandaTan ixveweba, Tumca ar egebis
imis SeumCnevloba, rom is pirveli sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsia, romelSic qarTvel kanonSemoqmed-
Ta damoukidebeli sakanonmdeblo neba gamJRav-
nda.3
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-
deqss, igi 1997 wlis 25 nombers amoqmedda. misi mi-
Reba umniSvnelovanesi niSansvetia qveynis kanonSe-
moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi. axali kodeqsiT, admi-
nistraciul _ mbrZanebluri ekonomikis dominire-
buli mdgomareobis nacvlad, wesrigdeba civili-
zebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobani. samoqalaqo
3 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gamomcemloba ~samarTali~,
2007, gv 3
121
kodeqsi yoveldRiurobis momwesrigebel normebs
yvelasa da TiToeuls exeba.4
rogorc naSromis saTaurSi aRiniSna, ganvi-
xilavT qonebriv _ sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tul danaSaulebTan dakavSirebul muxlebs ~didi
sjuliskanonsa~ da axal kanonmdeblobaSi. dasaw-
yisisaTvis upriani iqneba, movaxdinoT qonebisa da
sakuTrebis cnebebis definicia: ~qoneba, am kodeq-
sis mixedviT, aris yvela nivTi da aramaterialu-
ri qonebrivi sikeTe, romelTa floba, sargebloba
da gankargva SeuZliaT rogorc fizikur, ise iu-
ridiul pirebs da romelTa SeZenac SeiZleba Se-
uzRudavad, Tuki es akrZaluli ar aris kanoniT,
da ar ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis normebs, _ ambobs
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 147_e muxli.5 ~didi sjuli-
kanonSi~ ar aris saubari qonebis cnebaze; Zveli
qarTuli samarTlis mkvlevarebi qonebis Semdegna-
ir ganmartebas iZlevian: termini ~saqoneli~ sxva-
dasxva mniSvnelobisa da Sinaarsis matarebeli
iyo. Zvel epoqaSi ~saqoneli~ niSnavda rogorc su-
lier, ise usulo sikeTes, Rirebulebas. Zalze iS-
4
saqarTvelas samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari_gamomcem-
loba~samarTali~, 2002, wigni pirveli, gv 7
5
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi_ gamomcemloba ~bo-
na kauza~, Tb, 1007. gv.47
122
viaTad, magram igi zogadad qonebis aRmniSvneli
terminicaa, _ ambobs valerian metreveli,6 Tumca
ar akonkretebs zust termins, romelic am cnebas
gamoxatavda. rac Seexeba sakuTrebas, saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodedeqsis 170_e muxlis mixedviT: ~me-
sakuTres SeuZlia, kanonismieri an sxvagvari, ker-
Zod, saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSi Tavi-
suflad flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT (niv-
TiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT sar-
gebloba, gankargos igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba me-
zoblebisa an sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi anda,
Tu es moqmedeba ar warmoadgens uflebis boro-
tad gamoyenebas.~7 iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, piradi
sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli termini iyo ~sazepuro~.
igi warCinebul pirTa sakuTrebis aRsaniSnavad ga-
moiyeneboda, Tumca es ar aris am uflebis zogadi
cnebis gamomxatveli termini. ~sakuTreba~, ro-
gorc aseTi, pirvelad V saukuneSi gvxvdeba ~Su-
Sanikis wamebaSi~. v. metreveli sxvadasaxva samar-
Tlis Zeglebis dakvirvebis Sedegad sakuTrebis
cnebis aseT definicias axdens: ~qarTul samar-
6
v. metreveli_saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samar-
Tlis istoria_ gam. ~meridiani~2003, gv307
7
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi_ gamomcemloba ~bo-
na kauza~, Tb, 1007. gv51
123
TalSi sakuTreba gansazRvrulia, rogorc sruli
da gansakuTrebuli batonoba sxvadasxva saxis si-
keTeze, anu sakuTrebis uflebis obieqtebze~.8
qarTuli Tanamedrove samarTali gamoyofs
qonebrivi _ sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli da-
naSaulebis ramdenime saxes: qurdoba, yaCaRoba,
Zarcva, TaRliToba, gamoZalva... saqarTvelos sis-
xlis samarTlis kodeqsis 177_e muxlis mixedviT:
~qurdoba, ese igi sxvisi nivTis faruli daufle-
ba marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis mizniT, _
_ isjeba Tavisuflebis SezRudviT vadiT erTi-
dan sam wlamde anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT imave
vadiT.~9
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sisxlis samarTalSi
yoveli danaSauli, romelic Cadenilia ganmeore-
biT an damamZimebel garemoebebSi, amkacrebs sas-
jels.
~didi sjuliskanonSi~ vkiTxulobT: ~Tu
qurdma TviTon moinanios da Tavi TviTon gaam-
JRavnos, mxolod erTi weli aekrZalos mas siw-
8
v. metreveli_saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samar-
Tlis istoria_ gam. ~meridiani~2003, gv309
9
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gamomcem-
loba ~samarTali~, 2007. gv 124
124
mindeTa ziareba~.10 _ basili didi, muxli 61. _
Zegli erTmaneTisagan mijnavs saflavTa da ekle-
siaTa gaqurdvas da ufro mkacr sasjels awesebs:
~saflavTa mZarcveleba ganiyofeba Sesandoblad
da Seundoblad. Tu vinme cxedars moeridos, da-
marxuli sxeuli xeluxleblad datovos da da-
marxos isev... Tumca saqebeli arc es iyos, magram
Cveulebas es miuCnevia Sesandoblad... xolo gaC-
xreva, mtvrad da miwadqceuli xorcisa da Zvle-
bis aqeT_iqiT mimoyra... unda daisajos im kanonis
mixedviT, romliTac ganakanoneben martiv siZvas.~11
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar ganar-
Cevs erTmaneTisagan saflavebis, taZrebisa da sxva
sazogadoebriv adgilebsa Tu kerZo sakuTrbaSi
momxdar qurdobas. albaT, imitom, rom TviTon
faqti ukve marTlsawinaaRmdego da dasjadia; pa-
suxismgeblobis damZimeba damnaSavis interesebs
ewinaaRmdegeba; . Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobisa da
sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi ki erT_erTi yvela-
ze aqtualuri damnaSaveTa da patimarTa uflebe-
bia. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom praqtikaSi,
xSirad, mniSvneloba eniWeba danaSaulis adgils.
10
saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari _ sapatriar-
qos gamocema, 1987, gv. 418
11
iqve: 441
125
didi sjuliskanonSi~ vkiTxulobT: ~siwmindeTa
mkrexeloba, saeklesio nivTebis mitaceba, Zveli
aRTqmis mixedviT, Rirsia, aranaklebi sasjelisa,
vidre mkvleloba, radgan kacismkvlelica da
RvTisaTvis Sewiruli qonebis momxveWelic Caqol-
viT isjeba~12, _ basili didi.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisagan gansxvave-
biT vaxtangis samarTlis wigni axdens diferenci-
rebas qurdobisa, imis mixedviT, Tu sad aris Cade-
nili igi. 155_e muxli saydris gatexvas, jvrisa
da xatis damtvrevas, xelmwifis salaros gatexvas
Cveulebriv qurdobaze mZime danaSaulad miiCnevs,
Tumca sasjelis gadawyvetas mefesa da kaTali-
koss miandobs.13 am muxliT irkveva, rom Zvelad
msgavs danaSaulebs saero xasiaTis ZeglebSic
eniWeboda mniSvneloba, rac, albaT, saero da sa-
suliero xelisuflebis erTianobaze mianiSnebs;
es tendencia, saubedurod, dRes aRar aris gamok-
veTili. ~didi sjuliskanonSi~ sakmaod xangrZli-
vi Ziebis Sedegadac versad wavawydiT sxva qoneb-
riv danaSaulebs, Tumca dRevandelobaSi am qmede-
baTa statistika sakmaod did ricxvebs xatavs,
12 iqve: 441
13 v.metreveli
“saqarTvelos saxelmwigosa da sa-
marTlis istoria”, gam “meridiani” 2003, gv
126
ris gamoc miviCnevT, rom saWiroa TiToeuli gan-
vixiloT cal_calke. aqve davZenT dananebiT, rom,
rogorc Cans, es qmedebebi dRevandelobaSi gaxda
aseTi ~aqtualuri~, ~didi sjuliskanonis~ Sem-
qmnelT ki saWirod ar CaTvales misi moxsenieba.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom im epoqaSi saerTod ar
xdeboda msgavsi danaSaulebi, an imdenad umniSvne-
lo raodenobiT, rom ZeglSi ar asaxula. axla ki
ganvixiloT TiToeuli: ~Zarcva, ese igi, sxvisi
moZravi nivTis aSkara daufleba marTlsawinaaR-
mdego misakuTrebis mizniT, _
_isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis SezRudviT
oridan sam wlamde anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT
vadiT samadan xuT wlamde, _ vkiTxulobT sis-
xlis samarTlis kodeqsis 178_e muxlSi. kodeqsis
179_e muxliT yaCaRoba ganimarteba, rogorc qmede-
ba sxvisi moZravi nivTis marTsawinaaRmdego mita-
cebis mizniT, Cadenili sicocxlisaTvis an jan-
mrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT anda aseTi Za-
ladobis gamoyenebis muqariT.
TaRliTobaze saubaria 180-e muxlSi. TaRli-
Toba ewodeba sxvisi nivTis an qonebrivi sikeTis
motyuebiT miRebas, xolo gamoZalva (181-e muxli)
es aris pirisaTvis nivTis, qonebrivi sikeTis, an
qonebiT sargeblobis moTxovna, rasac Tan axlavs
127
dazaralebulis an misi axloblebis likvidaciis
da maTi jamrTlelobis dazianebis an raime sxva
muqara.14 aq kidev erTxel gavavlebT paralels
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTan; amjerad yaCaRo-
basTan dakavSirebiT:”... …dedakacs rom zed Sebmu-
li an kidebuli iaraRi an Tma, an Tmis satani,
rac ram feri samkauli zed Sexsnas an SeaWras,
monaparic Svideulad misces da sisxlis naxevari-
ca”15 _ aqedan varkvevT, rom am qmedebas Zegli
lamis mkvlelobamde amZimebs. dasafiqrebelia is
faqtic, ratom aris moxseniebuli qmedeba mxolod
saero xasiaTis samarTlis wyaroebSi. rTuli da-
sajerebelia CvenTvis rom “didi sjulikanonis”
Seqmnis periodSi saerTod ar gvxvdeboda qmedeba
da mxolod mogvianebiT iCina Tavi.
Zveli qarTuli samarTali mkacrad ebrZoda
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebs. da-
wesebuli iyo Semdegnairi sasjeli _ naparavis Ca-
morTmeva da patronisaTvis dabruneba. garda ami-
sa, parvisaTvis naqurdalis Svidmagi Rirebuleba
unda gadaexada qurds. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,
14 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gamomcemloba ~sa-

marTali~, 2007. gv
124_127
15 v.metreveli
“saqarTvelos saxelmwigosa da sa-
marTlis istoria”, gam “meridiani” 2003, gv 303
128
aseTi sasjeli pirvelad Cadenili danaSaulisaT-
vis iyo dawesebuli, xolo Tu qurdoba meored an
warmdebobiT (midrekilebiT) iyo Cadenili, igi
ufro mkacrad isjeboda.16 dasanania, rom aRniSnu-
li danaSaulebi ar aris moxseniebuli “didi sju-
liskanonSi”, radgan saintereso iqneboda sasuli-
ero pirebis mier qmedebaTa definicia da dakvafi-
cireba, maTi Sedareba TanamedroveobasTan. aRniS-
nuli sakiTxis kvlevas SevecadeT imitom, rom
gagverikvia mizezi, Tu ratom ar aris moxseniebu-
li qonebrivi danaSaulebis bevri saxe Zvel sasu-
liero kanonmdeblobaSi. miuxedavad Cven mier wa-
moyenebuli ramdenime varaudisa, dazustebiT vera-
fers vityviT. agreTve sainteresoa isic, Tu ra-
tom ar aris dRevandel kanonmdeblobaSi dife-
rencirebuli Cveulebrivi qurdoba da saflavebi-
sa da taZrebis gaqurdva. es faqti garkveulwi-
lad icavs sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso “hu-
manizmis princips” _ romelic aris ormagi gage-
bis; erTi mxriv es principi gamoiyeneba im pirebis
mimarT, romelTac pirvelad da arc Tu ise mZime
danaSauli Caidines, maT winaaRmdeg iyeneben huma-
nur RonisZiebebs. humanizmis meore arc Tu umniS-
16 iqve : gv 272
129
vnelo mxares warmoadgens _ sazogadoebis da mi-
si wevrebis dacva danaSaulisagan. am SemTxvevaSi
humanizmi gamoixateba daundobel brZolaSi im pi-
rebis mimarT, romelTac mravaljer Caidines mZime
danaSauli. humanizmis principis pirvel SemTxveva-
Si, albaT, isic moiazreba, rom danaSaulis simZi-
mis gansazRvrisas mniSvneloba ar unda mieniWos
misi Cadenis adgils. amas mowmobs isic, rom sa-
marTlianobis principis mixedviT sisxlis samar-
Tlis pasuxisgebaSi micema unda emyarebodes mxo-
lod obieqtur, damajerebel da kanonisadmi zus-
tad Sesatyvis monacemebs. obieqturobaze saubari
SeuZlebeli iqneba Tu pirs sasjels davumZimebT
danaSaulis adgilis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa,
rom zneobrivi Tu qristianuli, am SemTxvevaSi _
subieqturi _ principebi, absoluturad sxvas
gvkarnaxoben.
dananebiT davZenT, rom Tanamedrove kanon-
mdeblobaSi aRmofxvrilia “did sjuliskanonSi”
moxseniebuli sasjeli _ uziarebloba. rac, saube-
durod, Cveni azriT, kidev ufro gvafiqrebinebs,
rom saero da sasuliero xelisufleba gamijnu-
lia erTmaneTisagan, an ubralod, maTi erTianobis
damadasturebeli faqtebi ar aris asaxuli kanon-
mdeblobaSi. Tumca aq Cndeba kidev erTi kiTxva,
130
romelzec pasuxs ver vpoulobT da amas dros mi-
vandobT: gaamarTlebs ki dRes es sasjeli, aR-
kveTs danaSauls?!
· k. kekeliZe_ ~Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis is-

toria~_ Tb, 1957
· e. gabiZaSvili_ ~didi sjuliskanoni~, red.,
1975
· ~saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari~_ sapat-
riarqos gamomcemloba, 1987
· ~saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-
si~_gam. ~samarTali~, 2007
· sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili~, saxel-
mZRvanelo, avtorTa kolegia: a. gabiani, n.
gvenetaZe, i. dvaliZe, n. Todua, mg. mamulaS-
vili, g. naWyebia, g. tyeSelaiZe, g. xuroSvi-
li. gam. ~meridiani~, 2007
· ~saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi~_ gam.
~bona kauza~, 2007
· ~saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komenta-
ri~_ I wigni. gam. ~samarTali~ 2002
131
· v. metreveli_ ~saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa
da samarTlis istoria~_ gam, ~meridiani~_
2003
· iv. surgulaZe_ ~qarTuli samarTlis isto-
riis wyaroebi~, 2002
MCira Shaloshvili
Ivane Javakhishvili
Faculty of law,first year
“Didi sjuliskanoni” comparative analisis of Georgian

Civil and criminal law. (Crime against the property)
Summary
Comperative analysis abaut crimy against the propersty

beatween Church Low, “Didi sjuliskanoni” and conterprorary
Georgian civil low is discuced in this work the similarities and
differenes are marked beatween the old and todays Georgian low.
In several cases paralel is given with “book of Low” by King
Vakhtang the VI.
132
giorgi metreveli
II kursi
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos adgilis

istoriisaTvis msoflio
marTlmadideblur diptixSi
diptixi aris marTlmadidebluri RvTismsaxu-

rebis dros adgilobriv eklesiaTa moxsenebis ri-
giToba, anu msoflios marTlmadidebel eklesia-
Ta moxseniebis rigi. Tavdapirveli diptixis Seq-
mnis mizezi aRm. romis imperiaSi warmoiqmna. ekle-
siaTa rigi imdenad didi iyo, rom imperiis erTia-
nobisa da dauSlelobis saWiroebam moiTxova gan-
sazRvruliyo eklesiaTa rigiToba da damokidebu-
leba erTmaneTis mimarT. aRsaniSnavia, rom sarwmu-
noebrivTan erTad eklesiaTa mimdevrobas da ama
Tu im eklesiebis adgils ditixSi gansazRvravda
konkretuli kaTedris an misi saxelmwifos poli-
tukuri da ekonomikuri siZliere.
diptixis Sedgenas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
mieqca IV-V saukunis Semdeg, konstantinepolis
episkoposis adgilis gansazRvrisas (konstaninepo-
lisa da qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio krebaze)
(6:275). trulis krebam ki gansazRvra V-VI ss-Si
133
arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba. imperiis ekle-
siaTa Soris pirveli iy romis saydari, meore kon-
stantinepolis, mesame aleqsandriis, meoTxe anti-
oqiim mexuTe ki ierusalimisa.
bagrat III-is mier qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis
gaerTianebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze moqmedi
ori adgilobrivi eklesiis, ~afxazeTisa“ da
„mcxeTis“ sakaTalikosos gaerTianeba mohyva. da-
arsda erTiani qarTuli eklesia saqarTvelos sa-
patriarqos saxelwodebiT, daisva sakiTxi saqar-
Tvelos sapatriarqos adgilisa msoflio mar-
Tlmadideblur diptixSi.
Cvens mier zemoTmoyvanil qalkedonisa da tru-
lis msoflio saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebSi
diptixis Sesaxeb, araferia naTqvami saqarTvelos
kaTolikosze, radgan es krebebi gansazRvravdnen
mxolod imperiis SigniT Semavali avtokefaluri
eklesiebis moxseniebis rigiTobas. aseT dros iba-
deba kiTxva, Tu riTi vixelmZRvaneloT saqarTve-
los mamamTavris adgilis ZiebaSi.
sanam uSualod adgilis Ziebas SevudgebodeT,
mogaxsenebT Tu romel adgilze Tvlidnen Tavs
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patiarqebi da rogori
diptixiT sargeblobdnen isini.
134
saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc yovelTvis erTgu-
li damcveli msoflo saeklesio dadgenilebebisa,
aRiarebda qalkedonisa da trulis krebebis dad-
genilebebs, romliTac msoflios pirveli xuTi
eklesiis diptixi gansazRvruli iyo. Tavis ad-
gils ki qarTveli patriarqebi yovelTvis maT Sem-
deg Tvlidnen.
1057 wels mefe bagrat IV-is Sewirulobis si-
gels SiomRvimisadmi aqvs eklesiis meTauris mina-
weri, romlis Tanaxmadac is Tavs ayenebs meeqvse
adgilze. vinc es sigeli daarRvioso wers patri-
arqi „krulmca ars. . . xuTTa patriarqTa juariTa.
.. Cem glaxakisa juariTa“ (3;5-7)
1259 wlis Sewirulobis dawerils rkonis monas-
trisadmi amtkicebs saqarTvelos eklesiis meTau-
ri ~Cuenca, glaxakni, qristes mier Semdgomad
xuTTa patriarqTa... suetis cxovelis meequsisa
patriaqs da qristes mier yovlisa saqarTvelos
kaTalikozi nikoloz vamtkiceb da warvswer...“
zemoT moyvanili amonaridebidan Cans, rom qarTve-
li patriarqebi Tavs meeqvse adgilze Tvlidnen.
cnobila, rom Sua saukuneebis istoriis dasas-
ruli bizantiis dacemis TariRiT aris gansaz-
Rvruli, ris gamoc italiis qalaqebSi ferarasa
da florenciaSi 1437-39 ww Catarda gaxmaurebeli
135
uniaturi kreba, romelic miznad isaxavda dasav-
leTisa da aRmosavleTis ekleisebis gaerTianebas.
am gaerTianebis sanacvlod bizantias evropisagan
arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli daxmare-
bis imedi hqonda.
msoflio saeklesio krebebma XV s. pirvel naxe-
varSi Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles dones miaRwi-
es. isi saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis organoebs
warmoadgendenen da ganixilavdnen aramarto sasu-
liero, aramed saero da politikur sakiTxebsac
(4;10)
ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis Cvenamde
moRweul wyaroebs warmoadgens aqtebi, romlebic
kaTolikeTa da prolaTinurad ganwyobili ber-
Znuli delegaciis nawilis Tvalsazriss gadmog-
vcems. mesame wyaros warmoadgens diakvnisa da di-
di eklesiarxis silvestris memuarebi, romlebic
man 1444 w. axlo xanebSi dawera. laTinur versias
pirobiTad „Acta Latina“-s uwodeben, xolo ber-
Znuls ki „Acta Graeca“-s. es wyaroebi ganxiluli
aqvs oleg JuJunaZes naSromSi „saqarTvelos war-
momadgenelTa monawileoba 1437-39 wlebis ferara-
florenciis saekleso krebaze“.
sanam uSualod CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs Se-
vudgebodeT, gavixsenoT saqarTvelos samefosa da
136
misi eklesiis maSindeli mdgomareoba. iseT dros,
roca bizantiis imperia arsebobis ukanasknel
dReebs iTvlida saqarTvelos saTaveSi didad wo-
debuli mefe aleqsandre idga. igi cdilobda Te-
mur lengis Semosevebisagan dasustebuli saqar-
Tvelos maqsimalur gaZlierebas da misi eklesiis
udidesi mzrunveli iyo. faqtebidan Cans, rom Tu
qveynis politikur-ekonomikur gaZlierebas eqceo-
da ufro didi yuradReba, igi eklesiis gaZlie-
rebsken iyo mimarTuli. amas adasturebs diakvan
siropulosis cnobebi. memuarebidan vgebulobT,
rom konstantinepolis patriarqs survili hqonda
krebis konstantinepolSi Catarebisa, risTvisac
is Tanxebis miRebas ruseTis Semdeg saqarTvelosa
da serbeTis arqiepiskoposebisagan imedovnebda.
igive memuarebidan vgebulobT berZenTa azrs sa-
qarTvelos patriarqze „mas uxvad aqvs simdidre,
masTan arqaukli mivida da misgan mxolod oci
aTasi miiRo... igi mTeli aRmosvleTis patriar-
qia...“
saqarTvelos samefosa da eklesiis aseTi poli-
tikur-ekonomikuri siZlieris fonze ar unda iyos
gasakviri eklesiisaTvis kuTvnili meeqvse adgili
ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebaze, romelic
gadmocemulia „Acta Latina“-Si. mogvyvavs nawyveti
137
aqtebidan: ~patriarqis Semdeg oTx skamze ganlage-
buli iyvnen herakliis arqiepiskoposi (romelsac
aleqsandriis patriarqis kanonieri mandati hqon-
da da misi adgili ekava), antioqiis patriarqis mi-
er gamogzavnili efesos arqiepiskoposi, ierusa-
limis patriarqis warmomadgeneli – menezis arqie-
piskoposi da iberiis mefis warmomadgebeli-iberi-
is mitropoliti“ (5;214). maS ase, saqarTvelos ek-
lesiis warmomadgenels ferara-florenciis saek-
lesio krebaze ekava marTlmadidebelTa rigSi me-
xuTe, xolo zogadad eklesaTa diptixSi meeqvse
adgili.
am krebiT Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Sua
saukuneebSi saqarTvelos eklesias Tavisi sarwmu-
noebrivi da politikur-ekonomikuri siZlieris ga-
mo msoflio diptixSi meeqvse adgili ekava.
1453 wels daeca bizantiis imperia. 1490 wlis aq-
tiT faqtobrivad gaformda saqarTvelos daSla
samefo samTavroebad, amieridan saqarTvelos ek-
lesias saerTaSoriso asparezze veRar umagrebda
zurgs Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifo da aseT viTa-
rebaSi msoflioSi gamoCnda axali Zala romelic
Tavs „mesame roms“ uwodebda da Tavs bizantiis
memkvdred acxadebda. XVI-s-Si ruseTma manamde ar-
naxul siZlieres miaRwia. mefed nakurTxma ivane
138
IV mrisxanem (1553-1584) mTeli epoqa Seqmna ruseTis
istoriaSi da igi Zlier centralur samefod Ca-
moayaliba. 1588 wels moskovSi Cavida konstantine-
polis patriarqi ieremia, romelTanac molaparake-
bis Semdeg, 1598 wels mitropoliti iobi ruseTis
patiarqad ikurTxa.
ruseTis sapatriarqos daarsebiT situacia ic-
vleba diptixSic. bizantiis dacemiT aRmosavlur-
ri qristianoba Zlier ekonomikur kriziss ganic-
dida. ruseTma ki Tavisi politikuri da ekonomi-
kuri siZlieriT moaxerxa, rom msoflo patriar-
qebs da maT Soris saqarTvelosac, igi mexuTe ad-
gilze eRiarebinaT.
amasve adasturebs kaTolikos-patriarqi anton I-
ic, roca mas ruseTSi Casuls sinodis wevrebis
winaSe mouwia Tavisi marTlmadideblobis dacva
„rasaca aRiarebs da daamtkicebs, Seiwynarebs da
miiRebs dRes wminda eklesia aRmosavleTisa, ro-
mel ars konstantinepolisa, aleqsandriisa, anti-
oqiisaa da ierusalimisa da yovlisa ruseTisa me-
ca aRviareb ...“ Cvens mier moyvanili es dokumenti
faqtobrivad asaxavs marTlmadideblur eklesiaTa
diptixs Sua saukuneebis Semdeg. 1881 wels, anton
II-is ruseTSi gawveviT moixsna saqarTvelos sa-
139
patriarqos adgilis sakiTxi marTlmadideblur
eklesiaTa rigSi.
dasasruls, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Sua saukune-
ebSi roca saqarTvelo Tavisi ganviTarebis maRal
safexurxe idga da rodesac saqaRvelos sapatri-
arqo Zlieri qveynis, Zlier eklesias warmoadgen-
da, mas mowinave adgili ekava msoflio eklesiaTa
rigSi. misi adgili ganisazRvreboda marTlmadi-
deblur diptixSi mexuTe, xolo msoflio eklesi-
aTa rigSi meeqvese adgiliT. daSlili saqarTve-
los arsebobis periodSi saqarTvelos eklesiam
da misma saWeTmpyrobelma kuTvnili adgili ru-
seTs dauTmo da TviTon erTi adgiliT ukan gada-
inacvla.
1. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTve-

los samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi II,
Tb. 1998.
2. merab vaCnaZe, vaxtang guruli, ruseTis is-
toria (uZvelesi droidan 1801 wlamde), Tb.
2004.
3. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi II, Tb.
1965.
140
4. oleg JuJunaZe, saqarTvelos warmomadge-
nelTa monawieloba 1437-39 wlebis ferara-
florenciis saekleso krebaze.
5. ilia tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqiveb-
sa da wignTsacavebSi (XIII-XVIss), Tb. 1984.
6. didi sjuliskanoni, Tb. 1975.
7. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTve-
los samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi
III, Tb. 1999.
8. evsevi nikolaZe, saqarTvelos eklesiis is-
toria, tf. 1918.
141
sandro nikolaiSvili
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis
specialoba_msoflio istoria
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTo-

ba adre Sua saukuneebSi
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierToba Sua

saukuneebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. sa-
kiTxi uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo mTeli Sua sau-
kuneebis ganmavlobaSi da mas aqtualuroba dRe-
sac ar daukargavs.
am problemis ganxilvisas, aucileblad mig-
vaCnia SevexoT saero da sasuliero xelisufle-
bis urTierTobis erTmaneTisagan kardinalurad
gansxvavebul or models: aRmosavlur (bizantiur)
da dasavlur qristianul modelebs. mecnierTa
garkveuli nawili qristianul samyaroSi arsebu-
li urTierTobis zemoaRniSnuli modelebis iden-
tifikaciisas iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogoricaa
“cezaropapizmi” da “Teokratia”.
cezaropapizms SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mmarTve-
lobis iseTi forma, rodesac saero xelisufali,
xSir SemTxvevaSi imperatori, gvevlineba umaRles
142
avtoritetad religiis sferoSi da acxadebs pre-
tenzias papobaze, anu is aris mefe-mRvdeli [4,2].
Teokratia, mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, ro-
desac umaRlesi sasuliero xelisufali (romis
papi) axorcielebs politikur Zalauflebas da
Tavis avtoritets saero saqmeebSi mefeze an impe-
ratorze maRla ayenebs. SesaZlebelia, es koncef-
cia ar aris srulyofili da rTulia maTi aseTi
formiT aRmosavlur an dasavlur qristianuli
samyarosTvis mikuTvneba. am sakiTxze dResac az-
rTa sxvadasxvaobaa.
zemoaRniSnuli kvlevis mizans warmoadgens
im mizezebis dadgena, romlebmac ganapiroba sae-
ro da sasuliero xelisuflebis urTierTobis
Taviseburebebis Camoyalibeba bizantiis imperiasa
da dasavleT evropaSi.
IV saukuneSi romis imperiaSi arsebuli kri-
zisi ara marto politikur, aramed cxovrebis yve-
la sferoSi vlindeba. mosaxleobis didi nawilis
religiuri grZnobebi aSkara kriziss ganicdis.
warmarTuli kultebi veRar akmayofilebs xalxis
sulier moTxovnilebebs, kargavs ra pirvandel
mniSvnelobas, isini Cveulebriv yofiTi kulturis
nawilebi xdeba. romis imperiaSi aSkarad mZlav-
robs aRmosavluri provinciebidan Semosuli kul-
143
tebi da filosofiur-mistikuri ideebi, xdeba
RvTaebebis sinkretizacia. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mo-
saxleobis didi nawilisaTvis gaugebaria axali
filosofiur-mistikuri ideebi. axali religia _
qristianoba, Tavisi sayovelTao, gasagebi ideebi-
Ta da monoTeizmis wyalobiT swrafad vrceldeba
mosaxleobaSi.
ax. w. IV saukuneSi romis imperiaSi qristia-
nobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam warmar-
Tuli saxelmwifos transformacia gamoiwvia, rac
gamoixata rogorc religiur, aseve politikur da
socialur-ekonomiur sferoebSi mimdinare mniSvne-
lovani gardaqmnebiT. gansakuTrebuli Zvrebi sa-
xelmwifo wyobilebasa da politikur instituteb-
Si SeimCneoda.
oqtaviane avgustusis reformis Sedegad Camo-
yalibda imperatoris tradiciuli kulti, romel-
mac odnav saxecvlili formiT mravali saukune
iarseba, maT Soris qristianul periodSic. impera-
tori erTpirovneuli mmarTveli, UUumaRlesi qu-
rumi (pontifex maxzimus) da RvTebac gaxda. parale-
lurad SeizRuda senatis uflebebi da misi mniS-
vneloba politikur cxovrebaSi formaluri gax-
da. imperiis aRmosavluri provinciebis mzardma
progresma imperatoris yuradRebisa da politiku-
144
ri centris am mimarTulebiT gadatana gamoiwvia.
diokletiane Tavisi rezidenciisaTvis ukve aRmo-
savleTs irCevs, cvlis mmarTvelobis sistemas da
rac mTavaria, imperatoris kultis sruliad ax-
lebur, aRmosavlur models qmnis. mmarTvelobis
aRmosavluri sistemis mimzidveloba aSkarad
TvalSisacemi gaxda _ imperatoris Tayvaniscema
sparsul stilSi xorcieldeba, sul ufro ikarge-
ba Zveli romauli xasiaTi da sabolood, impera-
tori kidev ufro ganyenebul pirovnebad gvevli-
neba. yovelive es aSkarad warmatebuli aRmoCnda
imperatoris Zlierebisa da didebis xazgasasme-
lad.
konstantine I-ma kargad moirgo da SeiTvisa
diokletianes novatoruli ideebi da misi srul-
yofac moaxdina.
rodesac sakiTxi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
urTierTobis adreul etaps Seexeba, gverds ver
avuvliT “pirveli qristiani imperatoris” _ kon-
stantine I didisa da misi epoqis daxasiaTebas.
swored konstantines saxelTan aris dakavSirebu-
li qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxa-
deba da mTeli rigi Kkulturul-politikuri xa-
siaTis reformebi, romelmac warmarTuli saxel-
mwifos qristianul imperiad gardaqmnas Seuwyo
145
xeli. ra Tqma unda Zveli, warmarTuli tradicie-
bis, azrovnebis formis da religiuri kultebis
transpormacia rTuli da xangrZlivi procesi aR-
moCnda. qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad ga-
mocxadebis pirvelsave etapze gamovlinda is sir-
Tuleebi, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo axali
“qristiani imperatoris” koncefciis Camoyalibe-
basTan, kerZod, imdroindeli sazogadoebisaTvis
Zalze problemuri aRmoCnda antikur-elinuri
msoflmxedvelobisagan erTbaSad gaTavisufleba.
yvelaze naTlad antikur-elinuri ideebis gavlena
gamoixata imperatoris kultis gardaqmnisas, ro-
desac man qristianuli ideebic SeiTvisa. qristia-
nuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo da reli-
gia erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad unda yofili-
yo, xolo es azri ewinaaRmdegeboda imas, rac
mTeli antikuri periodis ganmavlobaSi erTmane-
Tisagan ganuyofelad da Serwymulad arsebob-
da[4,6]. konstantinesa da imdroindeli politiku-
ri elitisaTvis rTuli aRmoCnda antikuri mem-
kvidreobis uaryofa, amitomac “umaRlesi qurumi”
(pontifex maximus) gardaiqmna “RvTiT kurTxeul mo-
narqad”, romelsac Zalaufleba TviT uflisagan
hqonda boZebuli. am SemTxvevaSi, aSkarad hqonda
adgili warmarTuli da Kqristianuli ideebis
146
sinkretizacias, rac imperators uflebas aZlevda
gamxdariyo umaRlesi avtoriteti saeklesio saqme-
ebSic ki. inteleqtualuri da impulsuri aRmosav-
leTisaTvis imperatori eklesiisa da imperiis er-
Tianobis simbolod Camoyalibda da IV saukuneSi
Seqmnili mmarTvelobis es modeli karga xans Se-
morCa bizantielTa cnobierebaSi.
zemoaRniSnuli koncefciis SemuSavebaSi didi
wvlili IV saukunis istorikoss, Teologsa da
saeklesio moRvawes evsevi kesariels miuZRvis,
romelmac Zalze gadaWarbebulad Seafasa impera-
toris roli TviT qristiani xalxebis gadarCenis
saqmeSi da amiT pirdapir daamkvidra antikuri
gadmonaSTi qristianul azrovnebaSi. mecnierTa
garkveuli nawili, maT Soris fiustel de kulan-
Ji, mas bizantiuri “cezaropapizmis” sulisCam-
dgmeladac miiCnevs[4,8]. Tumca xelaRebiT mtkiceba
imisa, rom bizantiaSi eklesia da saxelmwifo ar
iyo erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, ise, rogor amas
dasavleli mecnierebi miiCneven, simarTles ar Se-
esabameba.
qristianobis gamarjvebis Semdeg, imperiaSi
Tavis adgilis damkvidreba daiwyo Zlierma da sa-
xelmwifos msgavsad ierarqiulad organizebulma
eklesiam, romelic sakuTari erTobiT mkveTrad
147
gansxvavdeboda misi winamorbedi, warmarTuli re-
ligiuri sistemisagan. saero xelisuflebis gver-
diT aRmocenda Zlieri, organizebuli da mtkice
ideologiis mqone instituti. swored aqedan moyo-
lebuli iwyeba imperatorisa da eklesiis uflebe-
bis arealis gansazRvra.
325 wels qalaq nikeaSi mowveulma I msoflio
saeklesio krebam zustad gamoxata saero da sasu-
liero xelisuflebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
is forma, romelic aRmosavluri qristianuli
samyarosaTvis xangrZlivad ucvleli darCa. Aari-
ozulma eresma saxelmwifos orad gaxleCis sa-
SiSroeba Seuqmna. swored am konkretul situacia-
Si, imperatorma gamoiyena Tavisi Zalaufleba da
misi brZanebiT mowveul iqna saeklesio kreba. kre-
bas uSualod imperatori adevnebda Tvalyurs,
krebis sxdomasac igi xsnida da misi avtoritetic
saeklesio saqmeebSi sasuliero pirebisaTvis ab-
soluturad misaRebi iyo. sazeimo sxdomaze impe-
ratoris mier warmoTqmuli misasalmebeli sityva
misi avtoritetisa da amave dros, krebis legiti-
murobis kidev erTi xazgasmaa. swored aqedan mo-
yolebuli, aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi saekle-
sio krebebi sasuliero sferoSi umaRles avtori-
tetadaa miCneuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, saeklesio
148
krebebis mowvevis gadawyvetilebac da masze sabo-
loo sityvis warmoTqmac imperatoris prerogati-
vas warmoadgens. kardinalurad gansxvavebulia vi-
Tardeba dasavleT qristianul samyaroSi, sadac
umaRlesi sasuliero piri - romis papi pretenzias
acxadebs iyos uzanaesi xelisufali ara marto
saeklesio, aramed politikur cxovrebaSic. amas
ramodenime mizezi ganapirobebda. romis imperiis
krizisi ufro TvalSisacemia mis dasavleT na-
wilSi da swored amiT aixsneba imperatoris aRmo-
savleTisaken swrafva, rac 330w. axali dedaqala-
qis _ konstantinopolis daarsebiT dagirgvinda.
odesRac didebiT mosili qalaqi romi da
mTlianad italia Tavis pirvandel mniSvnelobas
kargavs. inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiTi unaris
mqone mosaxleobis nawilic aRmosavleTisaken is-
wrafvis. germanel tomTa Semosevebi sul ufro
da ufro autanels xdis politikur mdgomareo-
bas. centraluri xelisufleba dezorganizebulia.
476 wels dasavleT romis ukanaskneli imperatori
goTebis mier taxtidan iqna Camogdebuli, riTac
xangrZlivad daesva wertili imperiaSi mSvidobasa
da stabilurobas. anarqiis periodSi papis mniS-
vneloba TandaTanobiT izrdeba. xSiria SemTxveve-
bi, rodesac umaRlesi sasuliero piri sakuTari
149
niWisa da unaris wyalobiT axerxebs Tavidan aaci-
los mosaxleobas mZime krizisi. 451 wels erTa-
derTi Zala, romelmac molaparakebebisa da didi
gamosasyidis safasurad romi kidev erTi, amjerad
atilas, darbevisagan ixsna papi leo I iyo. poli-
tikuri anarqia da centraluri xelisuflebis si-
suste papis, rogorc erTaderTi xelisuflis ro-
lis zrdas mniSvnelovnad aCqarebda. amave dros,
dasavleT qristianul samyaroSi romi erTaderTi
samociqulo avtokefaluri eklesia iyo, rasac
ver vityviT aRmosavleTze, sadac ukve arsebobda:
antioqiis, ierusalimis, aleqsandriisa da kon-
stantinopolis kaTedrebi.
dasavleTis inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobe-
bis daqveiTebas Tan mohyva elinistur-antikuri
tradiciebisa da memkvidreobis ufro mkveTri Se-
susteba aq, vidre aRmosavleTSi. aRmosavluri
sivrcisagan gansxvavebiT, swavla-ganaTlebis sis-
tema mTlianad sasuliero wodebis xelSi moeqca,
ramac eklesiis Zlierebis arsebobas Seuwyo xeli.
adre Sua saukuneebSi dasavleTSi aSkarad igrZno-
boda eklesiis dominirebis procesi. sainteresoa
IV saukunis Teologisa da saeklesio piris neta-
ri augustines koncefcia sasuliero da saero xe-
lisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelic man Tavis ,,RvTis
150
qalaqSi” Camoayaliba. man sasuliero xelisufle-
ba saeroze maRla daayena evsevi keserielisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelic imperators gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebda. netari augustine kaToli-
kuri eklesiisaTvis uaRresad didi avtoriteti
iyo da romis papebic warmatebiT iyenebdnen mis
naSromebs sakuTari uzenaesobis dasabuTebisaT-
vis.
amgvarad, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTi-
erTobis ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli siste-
mis Camoyalibebas qristianul samyaroSi ramode-
nime faqtori ganapirobebda: politikuri, socia-
lur-ekonomikuri da mentaluri. aRmosavleTis ek-
lesiis gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba ganpirobebuli
iyo bizantiis imperatoris ganuzomeli avtorite-
tiT, mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli cnobierebiTa da
Zlieri antikuri memkvidreobis SenarCunebis wya-
lobiT. xolo dasavleTSi politikuri xelisuf-
lebis sisustem, germanuli tomebis migraciam da
erTaderTi romis saeklesio kaTedris arsebobam
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis xangrZliv dapirispire-
bas Seuwyo xeli.
151
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi daLliteratura:
1. В.В. Болотов, Лекции по истории Древней Церкви
2..А.А. Васильев, История Византийской империи, т. 1, M.
1996
3. Енё Гергей, Иcтория Папства, М, 1996
4. Жилъбер Дагрон, Восточный цезаропапизм.
www.gummer.info.
5. Шарль Диль, Основные проблемы
византийской истории, M., 1947.
6. А.В. Карташев, Вселенские Соборы, M., 2006
7. А.П. Лебедев, Христианский Мир и Эллино-Римская
Цивилизация, СП., 2005
8. Й.Лортц. История Церкви рассмотренная в связи с
историей идей
9. М.Э. Поснов, История Христианской Церкви
10. Б.Рассел, История Западной философии, Новосибирск,
2003
11. CHRISTOPHER BRYAN. Render to Caesar: Jesus, the Early

Church, and the Roman Superpower, Оoxford. 2005
152
MSandro Nikolaishvili
direction of history of World
The relationship between church and state in early

middle ages
Summary
The relationship between church and state is one of the most

important issues in Medieval History. When Christianity was
declared as state religion in Roman Empire a newly formed
church became the strongest organization. After division of the
Roman Empire two different distinctive relations formed between
secular and Church authorities. In the west, strong, ideological
and political circumstances determined the Pope’s dominant
power. After the fall of Western Roman Empire in 5th century no
signal secular power emerged in West and the Pope religious
authority gained also secular functions.
Different process took place in Eastern Roman Empire also

known as Byzantium. The strong secular power and authority of
emperor didn’t give possibility church to be dominant, on the
contrary church and state were separate. Sometimes church was
under the big influence of the state... It will be very useful finally
to conclude and analyze the characteristic of ‘Caesaropapism”.
153
Was it typical for Western Europe in middle ages or for
Byzantium?
When we are dealing with relationship between state and

church we have to mention about Constantine I who transformed
the religious and political ideology, created new Christian empire,
with strong cult of Christian emperor.
The different cultural, religious and exceptional form of

thinking which developed in Byzantium and in Europe was very
important. Those issues determine the totally different relation
between State and Church.
154
Tamar tlaSaZe
specialoba-filosofia
IV kursi
wmindanTa kanonizaciis evolucia

dasavleTis eklesiaSi
qristianuli eklesia Tavisi arsebobis ad-

reuli sawyisebidanve pativs miagebs im pirovne-
bebs, romlebmac sagangebo RvawliTa da saTnoe-
biT gamoiara amqveyniuri cxovreba da didi msaxu-
reba gauwia eklesias. xSirad es mowameobrivi aR-
sasruliTac ki gamovlindeboda.
Tavdapirvelad ,,wmindanad” iwodaboda yove-
li monaTluli qristiani, eklesiis wevri, magram
IV saukunidan am sityvam sagangebo Sinaarsi SeiZi-
na da mxolod garkveul pirovnebebze gavrcelda.
pirvelni, romelTac miiRes ,,wmindanis”saxelwoda-
ba, am sityvis sagangebo mniSvnelobiT iyvnen moci-
qulebi da mowameebi.
wmindanTa dasSi Seracxva, romelic X sau-
kunidan laTinuri sityviT `kanonizaciiT~ moixse-
nieboda, warmoadgenda saeklesio xelisuflebis
garkveul qmedebas, aqts, sarwmunoebis gardac-
vlil moRvaweze. eklesiis istoriaSi kanonizaci-
155
am mravali saxecvlileba ganicada. xSirad masTan
iyo dakavSirebuli mcdeloba aecilebinaT wmin-
danTa dasSi siwmindiT saeWvo pirTa Seracxva.ase
magaliTad, Zvel eklesiaSi wmindanad Seracxul
adamianTa gancalkevebuli aqti ar moiTxoveboda
da saqme Semoifargleboda mxolod maTi saxele-
bis zepiri moxseniebiTa da aRsasrulis dReze
dResaswaulis dawesebiT.
ukve II saukunis saeklesio wyaroebSi saxa-
rebiseul movlenaTa aRsaniSnavad dawesebuli
sadResaswaulo dReebis gverdiT gvxvdeba cnobebi
mowameTa xsenebis dReebis aRniSvnis Sesaxeb. ad-
reuli periodis eklesiaSi Tayvaniscemul wmin-
danTa ricxvis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT Cve-
namde moRweuli kalendrebis, martirologebisa
da monologiebis mixedviT. maT Soris yvelaze ad-
rindeli III_IV saukunis martirologebi ZiriTa-
dad laTinuri sasamarTlo aqtebis, e.w. ,,prokon-
sulTa aqtebis” Targmans, an gadamuSavebul vari-
ants warmoadgenen.es aqtebi imperator konstanti-
nes brZanebiT imperiis yvela did qalaqSi inaxe-
boda. romis xelisuflebis faqtobrivi aqtebis
garda, I_II sakuneebidan Cvenamde SemorCenilia ama
Tu im mowamis cxovrebis aRweris pirveli mcde-
156
lobebi eklesiis mxridanac, rac mowameTa Tayva-
niscemaze metyvelebs.
Zveli eklesiis mowameTa Sesaxeb Semor-
Cenili Canawerebi sakmaod moklea, radgan romis
sasamarTloze stenografistTa mier xdeboda mxo-
lod mosamarTleTa SekiTxvebisa da braldebul-
Ta pasuxebis Cawera. sasamarTlo Canawerebs hqon-
da dakiTxvis oqmis saxe, sadac dasawyisSi aRniS-
nuli iyo prokonsulis saxeli, romlis olqSic
imarTeboda sasamarTlo, Semdeg weli, Tve, ric-
xvi, zogjer miTiTebuli iyo droc. bolos moce-
muli iyo dakiTxvis teqsti, romelic warmoadgen-
da dialogs sasamarTlo moxeleebsa da bralde-
buls Soris. dakiTxvis dasasruls igi prokonsu-
lis brZanebiT xmamaRla ikiTxeboda. Semdeg ki ga-
mohqondaT gadawyvetileba da acxadebdnen gana-
Cens.
wmindanTa Soris iricxeboda qristesaTvis
yveli wamebuli, romelTa saxelebic, rogorc mo-
wameobrivi sisxliT ganwmendilebisa maTi cxovre-
bis gamoZiebis gareSe avsebdnen wmindanTa dass.
eklesia zogjer am sasamarTloebze gzavnida pirs
romelsac evaleboda Caewera dakiTxulis naambo-
bi. es Canawerebi mogvianebiT SeuerTda monologi-
ebs rogorc ,,wamebani” da dalagebul iqna romis
157
kalendris dReebis mixedviT.IV saukunis bolos
kalendari sruli gaxda. wmindanTa ricxvi ki im-
denad gaizarda, rom wlis manZilze maTi xsenebis
gareSe ar rCeboda arc erTi dRe. magram aseTi
sruli Zveli qristianuli kalendari Cvenamde ar
SemorCenila.
imis gamo, rom V saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
wmindanTa pativad dResaswaulebis gamarTvam sak-
maod farTo xasiaTi miiRo, saeklesio xelisuf-
leba valdebuli gaxda Tvalyuri edevnebina wmin-
danTa SeracxvisaTvis da aseve aRekveTa cru kano-
nizebis faqtebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad
wmindanebi umetes SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi Tayva-
niscemiT ganididebodnen, Semdeg ki maT mier aR-
srulebul saswaulTa gamovlenasTan erTad, maTi
Tayvaniscema saerTo saeklesio xasiaTis xdebo-
da.
kanonizacia wesebis dacviT rom Sesru-
lebuliyo, dasavleTis eklesiaSi, adgilobriv
episkoposs evaleboda Tvalyuri edevnebina am
procesisaTvis da Tavisi azri Seetyobinebina ro-
mis papisaTvis, romelsac kardinalebTan erTad
gadamwyveti xma ekuTvnoda ama Tu im pirovnebis
wmindanad aRiarebis sakiTxSi. pirveli kanonizeba
exeboda augsburgis episkopos ulrixs, romelic
158
993 wels Sesrulebul iqna pap ioane XV-s mier
romis provinciis episkoposTa krebulTan er-
Tad.mogvianebiT episkoposTa krebam dakarga Tavi-
si mniSvneloba wmindanTa kanonizaciis saqmeSi,
rac mTlianad papisa da kardinalebis xelSi aR-
moCnda.
romaul-kaTolikur eklesiaSi wmindanad
Sesaracxi pirovnebisTvis arsebobda garkveuli
pirobebi, romelTa dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi da
gardacvalebidan xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg iwye-
boda kanonizaciis procesi. pirobebi iyo Semdegi:
kuTvnileba eklesiisadmi, kanonizebadi sikvdili,
Sesaracxi pirovnebis cxovrebis siwminde da sas-
waulebis gamovlineba. saswaulis aRsruleba wmin-
danad Seracxvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa,
romelic sikvdilis Semdeg unda aResrulebodes
moRvawis mier, amasTan es unda iyos aranakleb
oTxi saswaulisa,romelic damowmebul iqneba
TviTmxilvelebis mier.
dasavleTis eklesiaSi kanonizaciis aqts
XVII saukunidan win uZRoda beaTifikaciis aqti,
romelic warmoadgenda kanonizaciis dabal safe-
xurs, rodesac adamiani sikvdilis Semdeg cxadde-
boda netarad, Tumca amiT ar wydeboda misi wmin-
danobis sakiTxi. pirveli yvela wesiT gaformebu-
159
li beaTifikacia Sesrulebul iqna francisko
solskovos mimarT 1662 wels papis benediqte XIV-
s mier. manve daawesa gansazRvruli moTxovnebi be-
aTifikaciis procesis, romlis Tanaxmadac unda
Semowmebuliyo wmindanad Sesaracxi pirovnebisaT-
vis dawerili Txzuleba (aseTis arsebobis Sem-
TxvevaSi), unda Sefasebuliyo gmirobis xarisxi
da aseve gamocxadebuliyo mis mier Sesrulebuli
saswaulis faqti.
beaTifikaciis aqti dayofili iyo gamosac-
del processa da TviT beaTifikaciis aqtad. masSi
monawileobdnen rqmenis win wamomwevni, romelTac
sxvagvarad eSmakis winaSe wmindanis damcvelic
ewodeboda, romlis movaleoba iyo naTeli moefi-
na wmindanad gamosacxadebeli kandidatis cxovre-
bidan garkveul momentebisaTvis. mas hyavda opo-
nenti, romelic cdilobda dasaxelebuli argumen-
tebis uaryofas. adgilobrivi episkoposis mier
moZiebuli da mopovebuli masalebi Sesaracxi pi-
rovnebis Sesaxeb, gansaxilvelad waredgineboda
sagangebo kongregacias da amiT amoiwureboda ga-
mosacdeli procesi, ris Semdegac dgeboda Tavad
beaTifikaciis aqti, romelic mdgomareobda speci-
alur da generalur inkviziciaSi, ganacxadebda
ra sakiTxs didebisa da saswaulebis Sesaxeb, ri-
160
Tac garkveuli unda yofiliyo damtkicebulia Tu
ara moRvawis siwminde, mis mier aRsrulebuli
saswaulebi.
beaTifikaciis ceremonia rogorc wesi tar-
deboda da tardeba wminda petres taZarSi, sadac
farads xdidnen netaris xats, ikiTxeboda dekreti
beaTifikaciis Sesaxeb, wmindanis locva da
sruldeboda himni.
beaTifikaciis aqtis Semdeg papis TanxmobiT
dgeba kanonizebis aqti, imave rigiT, riTac beaTi-
fikacia aRsrulda. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas specialuri ganCineba,
yovelgvari formalobis gareSe wmindanad Serac-
xvis Sesaxeb.
dasasruls, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wmindanTa
kanonizacia eklesiis istoriaSi arasdros ar yo-
fila erTsaxovani. Seracxvis yovel calkeul Sem-
TxvevaSi arsebobda gansakuTrebuli mizezebi,
romlebic SeiZleba damokidebuli yofiliyo ro-
gorc moRvawis mier arCeul Rvawlze, aseve im su-
lier moTxovnilebebze,romlebic yovel istori-
ul momentSi eklesias miaCnda aucileblad.
eklesiis arsebobis sxvadasxva istoriul pe-
riodSi, wmindanTa kanonizebis mizezebisa da sa-
xesxvaobisas erTi ram yovelTvis ucvleli rCebo-
161
da: yovelgvari Tayvaniscema wmindanisa warmoad-
genda RvTis siwmindis gancxadebas da yovelTvis
aResruleboda eklesiis neba-surviliT.
1. Канонизация святых в ХХ веке, М., 1999

2. Полный православный богословний словарь, М., 1992
3. Католическая Энциклопедия
4. panaiotis bumisi, kanonikuri samarTali,
Tb., 2007
162
MTamar Tlashadze
Ivane Javakhishvili
specialization –philosophy
IV year
The evolution of canonization of saints in West

Christian Church
Summary
This work describes the evolution of canonization in West

Christian Church. Here are discussed first steps of canonization
when adoration of saints require any separate formal acts. in this
work there are represented the changes which were happening
during centuries and there are also characterized the canonization
and beatification acts the remain the same until today.
163

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbisisi State University,

redaqtori: qeTevan pavliaSvili

recenzentebi: 1) giorgi oTxmezuri

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2008

qristianobis safuZvlebis sakiTxi

qristianobis warmoSobis Taobaze arsebul

1 r. gordeziani, m. danelia, Sesavali klasikur

3 r. gordeziani, n. tonia, antikuri literatura 2007,

sainteresoa, am mosazrebis gamoTqmis dros,

6 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr, gv 272

7 mecnierTa nawili am nabijs, ubralod, stuikuri

gviandeli stoicizmis meore warmomadgene-

8 g. koplataZe, dasax. naSr. gv 40-48

12 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr. gv 282

13 v. metreveli, g. daviTaSvili, politikur da

16 r. gordeziani, n, tonia, antiluri literatura, 2007,

18 markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, dasax. Targm. gv 222

19b. bregvaZe, dasax. naSr. gv 44-45

1. markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, Targmani baCana bregvaZi-

The question of Christianity’s bases in the

qarTul realobaSi erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi

1. ioseb stalini, Txzulebani, tomi I, Tb., 1947

religiuri motivebis zogierTi aspeqti

msoflio litraturaSi realizmis damkvidrebas

Some Aspects of Religious Motives In the Literary Works of

xeTebis gansaxlebisa da eTnikuri vinaobis

Tanamedrove TurqeTis aziuri nawili _

1. Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, § 5 –

The question of the lokalization an the etnic personality of Hittes by

In the work I discussed the living site of the “hitittes”

saeklesio Semosavlebis gankargvis da

sxvadasxva adgilobriv eklesiebs Soris

1. Извеков Николай, Иерархия Северо-Африканской

“wminda ninos cxovrebis” paradigmatuli

me-4 saukune yvelaze mniSvnelovani periodia

wminda mamaTa swavlebani siyvarulisa da

21 wminda mamaTa swavlani; gv. 187. Tb. 2002

1) saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari; Tbilisi;

5) wmindanTa cxovreba; t. I; Tbilisi; 2003

23 saRvTismetyvelo krebuli ; Tbilisi; 1987

Saint Fathers tought about love and regert

It is very interesting to know saint fathers explanation about

ierusalimis jvris monastris metoqi

mravalsaukunovani qarTuli saxelmwifos is-

jvaris mamis eklesia

In the work presented us we discussed as fast as possible

saeklesio Sinaarsis Zeglebs qristianul qvey-

1. “mcire sjuliskanoni”, Tb., 2003

kosovosa da afxazeTis problemaTa Sina-

aRniSnuli saxelwodeba SemdgomSi sru-

kaTedrad gadaiqca. IXs-Si biWvinTa ukve dasav-

studenica stefane nemani

studenicas monasterSi dRemdea SemorCenili

xelisufalma bagrat III-m aago X saukuneSi.

serbi xalxi mas dRemde ~serbul eklesiaTa

fedot elCinis viziti 1640 wels moqvis sae-

samecniero literatura da wyaroebi

1. gamaxaria j, afxazeTi da marTlmadideblo-

2. gasviani g. ~mcnebai sasjuloi” qristianuli

3. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, afxazeTi,

4. ~mosaxsenebeli mimosvlaTaTvis da qadageba-

5. mRvdelmTavari inokenti xersoneli, ~wminda

''ქრისტიანობის კვლევები'' # I Christian Researches # 1

''ქრისტიანობის კვლევები'' # I Christian Researches # 1