le korbiuzie

le korbiuzie (1887-1965, namdvili saxeli – Sarl eduard Janere-

gri), Tanamedrove arqiteqturis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli,
dizaineri da fermweria. igi daibada SveicariaSi, specialobas
eufleboda i. hofmanis saxelosnoSi venaSi, parizSi o.peresTan da p.
berensTan berlinSi. SemdgomSi man parizSi daaarsa sakuTari
arqiteqturuli saxelosno da avangardistuli Jurnali `espri nuvo~,
anu `axali suli~. swored am JurnalSi gamoqveynda misi saprogramo
debulebebi, anu `Tanamedrove arqiteqturis xuTi principi~, sadac
funqcionalizmis ZiriTadi moTxovnebia Camoyalibebuli:
1. sayrdeni boZebi. Senoba eyrdnoba Tavisuflad mdgar svetebs,
rac saSualebas iZleva, rom saxlis qvemoT arsebuli
teritoria gamoyenebul iqnas baRis an garaJisaTvis.
2. brtyeli saxuravi-terasa, romelzec rekreciuli zona – baRi
an auzia ganlagebuli.
3. Siga sivrcis Tavisufali dagegmareba. vinaidan kedels aRar
aqvs sayrdeni funqcia (es funqcia rkina-betonis karkass
gaaCnia), Siga sivrce sruliad Tavisufldeba kedlebisagan da
nebismier formas Rebulobs.
4. lentiseburi sarkmlebi, karkasuli konstruqcia saSualebas
iZleva, gakeTdes nebismieri zomisa da raodenobis sarkmlebi,
maT Soris – lentiviT gaiWimos fasadis erTi kididan
meoremde, rac maqsimaluri ganaTebis SesaZleblobas qmnis.
5. Tavisufali fasadi. Senobis sayrdeni svetebi ganTavsebulia
ara fasadis sibrtyeze, aramed siRrmeSi. amitom fasadi
Tavisufalia da SeiZleba Sesruldes nebismieri masalisagan
da mieces nebismieri forma.

unda aRiniSnos, rom calkeuli saxiT es principebi gamoiyeneboda

sxva arqiteqtorTa mierac, magram korbiuziem isini sistemis saxiT
Camoayaliba da maTi Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba daiwyo, rogorc,
magaliTad, `savois vilas~ Seqmnisas (puasiSi, parizis maxloblad).
amave dros, am SenobaSi korbiuzie qmnis axal esTetikas, romelic

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mkafio da ubralo geometriuli formebis, gluvi TeTri kedlebisa da
Seminuli zedapirebis kontrastebzea agebuli. mwvane mdelos fonze es
mkacri da sufTa, yovelive zedmets moklebuli nageboba
gansakuTrebiT efeqturad aRiqmeba.
korbiuzies mier xuTi principis gamoyenebiTaa agebuli ara marto
calkeuli kerZo vilebi, aramed didi mravalbiniani korpusebic da
sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebic, magaliTad, saxli
vaisenhofis gamofenisTvis, Sveicariuli pavilioni (studentTa saerTo
sacxovrebeli) parizSi, `salveiSen armis~ centri da sxv.
korbiuzie bevrs muSaobda Tanamedrove sacxovreblis axali tipis
koncefciis Seqmnaze. aseTia, magaliTad, 1914 wels mis mier Seqmnili
proeqti `dominos saxlebi~. es iyo fabrikuli elementebisagan
asawyobi saxlebis seriuli mSeneblobis msoflioSi pirveli
magaliTi. korbiuzies miaCnda, rom socialuri problemebis
dasaZlevad aucilebelia tipobrivi elementebisagan Semdgari
saxlebis masobrivi warmoeba. misi azriT, saxli unda iyos
`sicocxlisaTvis saWiro manqana~, iseTive mizanSewonili, praqtikuli
da moxerxebuli, rogorc samuSao iaraRebi da danadgarebia.
1924 wels korbiuziem amave principiT aago patara dasaxleba
`friuJes Tanamedrove saxlebi~. aq gamoyenebuli iyo 2-3 sarTuliani
saxlebis ramdenime tipi, gansxvavebuli konfiguraciisa da gegmarebis
mxriv: 1. lentiseburad gaSlili, 2. calke mdgomi da 3. blokebad
Sekruli. am proeqtSi korbiuzie Seecada, SeemuSavebina iafi da
xelmisawvdomi sacxovrebeli. mas axasiaTebs ubralo formebi, igi
advilad Sendeba da amave dros Tanamedrove komfortis maRali done
aqvs.
1925 wels parizis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze korbiuziem
warmoadgina `espri nuvos~ pavilioni, romelic mravalsarTuliani
saxlis erT sacxovrebel ujreds warmoadgenda. es eqsperimentuli
dupleqsi (or doneze ganlagebuli bina) Tavisi esTetikiTa da
Sinagani struqturiT modernistuli arqiteqturis deklaraciad
iTvleba. korbiuzie SemdgomSi xSirad iyenebda aseTi `ujredebisgan~
Sedgenil kompleqsebs, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT cnobilia

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sacxovrebeli korpusi marselSi, romelic SemdgomSi mraval qveyanaSi
masobrivi mSeneblobis prototipad iqca,
Tavdapirvelad es korpusi Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc
eqsperimentuli koleqtiuri sacxovrebeli, Taviseburi komuna,
damoukidebeli funqcionirebis saSualebiT, sadac Sua sarTulebze
ganlagebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis kompleqsi: kafe,
biblioTeka, fosta, maRaziebi da sxv.
`marselis saxlis~ fasadebis gadawyvetisas korbiuziem, romelic
adreul periodSi mkacri TeTri zedapirebis momxre iyo, pirvelad
SemoiRo mJReri poliqromiuli gadawyveta: fasadebze ganlagebuli
lojiebi intensiuri pirveladi ferebiT: wiTliT, yviTliTa da
lurjiT iyo SeRebili, rac mas uCveulod mxiarul iers aniWebs.
msgavsi saxiTaa gadawyvetili korbiuzies iseTi namuSevrebi,
rogoricaa berlinis `korbiuzie hauzi~, `braziliis pavilioni~
parizis studentur dasaxlebaSi da sxv.
korbiuzies didi Rvawli aqvs Setanili Tanamedrove
qalaqgegmarebis saqmeSic. misi ideebi da Teoriebi safuZvlad daedo
`aTenis qartias~, romelic miiRes Tanamedrove arqiteqturis IV
saerTaSoriso kongresze (1945) da romelic dResac moqmedebs. swored
aTenis qartiam Seuqmna mas agreTve ekuTvnis ramdenime uaRresad Tamami
proeqti, romlebic iTvaliswinebda momavlis qalaqis cxovrebis
organizebas ramdenime vertikalur iarusze. amave dros, qalaqi iyofa
sxvadasxva daniSnulebis zonebad – sacxovrebel, sawarmoo, `mwvane~
da sxv. qalaqis centrs warmoadgens Tavisuflad, erTmaneTisagan
moSorebiT dayenebuli giganturi caTambjenebi, sadac ganlagebulia
administraciuli, kulturuli da sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebi.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom es gegmebi xSirad ar iTvaliswinebda
qalaqebis istoriul ganaSenianebas.
aseTi tipis gegmebi SemuSavebuli iyo parizisaTvis (gegma
`vuazeni~), buenos-airesisaTvis, antverpenisaTvis, alJirisaTvis, rio-
de-JaneirosTvis, moskovisaTvis da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos korbiuzies mier Sesrulebuli
yvelaze masStaburi proeqti - qalaq Candigarhis (penjabis Statis
dedaqalaqi, indoeTi) generaluri gegma. axali qalaqi, romelic

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cariel adgilze unda agebuliyo, SesaniSnav saSualebas aZlevda
xuroTmoZRvars misi ideebisa da Teoriebis xorcSesxmisaTvis. qalaqis
ZiriTadi nawili, romelic Seicavda administraciul centrs,
sacxovrebel kvartalebs mTeli saWiro infrastruqturiT, skolebs,
sastumroebs da sxv., Sendeboda 10 wlis manZilze. yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nagebobebi, romlebic daproeqtebulia Tavad
korbiuzies mier, ganlagebulia administraciul centrSi. esaa
umaRlesi sasamarTlo, sekretariatisa (samdivnos) da asambleis
Senobebi. yoveli maTgani xasiaTdeba mZlavri monumenturobiT da
gamomsaxvelobiT. am STabeWdilebas aZlierebs fasadebis betonis
zedapirebis damuSaveba gansakuTrebuli teqnologiiT, romelsac
`brutalur (daumuSavebel, uxeS) betons~ uwodeben. korbiuzies es
teqnika SemdgomSi farTod gavrcelda da safuZvlad daedo axal
arqiteqturul mimdinareobas, romelsac `brutalizmi~ ewodeba.
korbiuzies gviandeli stilis saxecvlileba gansakuTrebiT naTlad
igrZnoba mis erT-erT yvelaze saxelganTqmul namuSevarSi _ `ronSanis
kapelaSi~ (igive `notr-dam-diu-o~). aq veRar vixilavT mkacr,
geometriul marTkuTxa formebs da TeTr, gluv zedapirebs:
asimetriuli, Tavisufali, TiTqos naZerwi moculobebi da dazneqili
zedapirebi bunebis organul formebs ufro mogvagonebs. sqeli
kedlebi, momrgvalebuli siluetebi da didi, masiuri saxuravi TiTqos
simZimis STabeWdilebas unda badebdes, magram misi denadi,
eqspresiuli siluetebi imdenad moZravia, rom Senoba mTlianobaSi
dinamikur, zemswraf STabeWdilebas stovebs.
emociurobas da eqspresiulobas, romlebic axasiaTebs ronSanis
kapelas, zustad Seesabameba misi interieris gadawyvetac: maRali,
burusSi CaZiruli sivrce, romelic asimetriulad ganlagebuli
sxvadasxva formis da zomis mravali patara sarkmlidan SemoWrili
feradi sxivebiT naTdeba, mistikuri gancdis SegrZnebas badebs da
TiTqos goTikis xanis taZrebis Soreul asociacias qmnis.
am periodSi korbiuzies mier Seqmnili namuSevrebi - `la turetis~
samonastro kompleqsi, tokios erovnuli muzeumi, harvardis
universitetis kulturuli centri, heidi veberis pavilioni ciurixSi
da sxv., Zalze mravalferovani da gansxvavebuli gadawyvetiT

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xasiaTdeba, magram yovel maTgans aerTianebs xedvis originaluroba
da novatoruli saxe, plastikuri formebis simdidre da
gamomsaxveloba axasiaTebs.
arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis garda, le korbiuzies Seqmnili aqvs
agreTve saxviTi xelovnebisa da dizainis mravali nawarmoebi –
ferweruli da grafikuli namuSevrebi, qandakebebi, avejisa da
xaliCebis eskizebi. igi aris agreTve mravali statiisa da wignis
avtori, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania `arqiteqturisken~,
`qalaqmSenebloba~, `gasxivosnebuli qalaqi~, `rodesac taZrebi TeTri
iyo~ da sxv.