saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

g. laRundariZe s. bliaZe

sasrul elementTa
meTodi
Teoriidan praqtikamde
damwyebTaTvis

Tbilisi 2005
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

g. laRundariZe s. bliaZe

sasrul elementTa
meTodi
Teoriidan praqtikamde
damwyebTaTvis

rekomendirebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2005
 uak

wignSi moyvanilia samSeneblo meqanikis erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi ricxviTi meTodis “sasrul
elementTa meTodi”-s, rogorc aucilebeli
Teoriuli ganmartebebi, agreTve misi praqtikuli
realizaciisaTvis saWiro rCevebi. igi ZiriTadad
gankuTvnilia samSeneblo specialobis
studentebisa da magistrantebisaTvis, romelic
did daxmarebas gauwevs praqtikos inJinrebsac.

redaqtori: akademikosi r. adamia

recenzentebi: profesori z. gedeniZe

profesori r. cxvedaZe

© gamomcemloba “teqnikuri universiteti”, 2005

 winasityvaoba

Tanamedrove konstruqciebis sirTule da

muSaobis pirobebi praqtikulad gadauWrel
problemebs uqmnis Teoretikos mkvlevarebs.
gansakuTrebiT did sirTules warmoadgens
analizuri amoxsnebis miReba, romlebic zogjer
imdenad rTuli saxisaa, rom misgan ricxviTi
Sedegebis miReba Zalzed rTulia. kompiuteruli
gamoTvliTi teqnolo-giebis da Zlieri
gamoTvliTi teqnikis Seqmnam dasabami misca
ricxviTi meTodebis srulyofas da maT praqtikul
realizacias. yovelive zemonaTqvamidan
gamomdinare gaCnda SesaZlebloba sasruli
elementebis gamoyenebiT miRebuliyo ricxviTi
Sedegebi iseTi klasis amocanebisaTvis romelTa
gadawyveta sxva meTodebiT praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia. sasrul elementTa meTodi (sem),
dRes farTod gamoiyeneba drekadobis Teoriis,
samSeneblo meqanikis, aerodinamikis, firfitaTa
da garsTa Teoriis urTulsi amocanebis
amosaxsnelad. sasrul elementTa meTodi udevs
safuZvlad iseT cnobil sertificirebul

3
programul kompleqsebs rogoricaa: NASTRAN,
ANSYS, COSMOS, MARC, SAP, ABAQUS, ADINA da sxva,
romelTa SeqmnaSi monawileobdnen sazRvargareTis
udidesi samecniero da saswavlo kvleviTi
centrebi. aRniSnuli meTodis irgvliv gamoica
uamravi meToduri da samecniero xasiaTis
literatura, ikiTxeba saleqcio kursi. aRniSnul
meTodze sadReisod qarTul enaze ar arsebobs
aranairi literatura. aqedan gamomdinare
avtorebma miznad davisaxeT sem-is garSemo
mSobliur enaze gamogveca meTodis safuZvlebi da
misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi.
wigns monografiaze pretenzia ar gaaCnia,
romelSic avtorTa mravalwliani kvlevis
Sedegebic ki araa Sesuli da ZiriTadi aqcenti
gadatanilia meTodis praqtikul realizaciaze.
wignis bolos masalis aTvisebis kontrolis
mizniT moyvanilia saTanado kiTxvebi da pasuxebi.
avtorebi udides madlierebis grZnobiT arian
ganmsWvaluli wignis redaqtoris akademikos r.
adamias da recenzentebis profesorebis z.
gedeniZisa da r. cxvedaZis mimarT, romelTa
saqmianma SeniSvnebma srulyves wigni. cxadia igi
4
araa dazRveuli SeniSvnebisagan, amitom avtorebi
yvela saqmian SeniSvnaze winaswar madlobas
uxdian maT avtorebs. wigni daxmarebas gauwevs
teqnikuri universitetis studentebs, inJinrebs da
am sferoSi dakavebul damwyeb mecnierebs
muSakebs.

avtorebisgan.

5
 sasrul elementTa meTodis
ganviTarebis mokle istoria

1850-1875 ww. iTvleba Cveni mimoxilvis

asaTvlel wertilad, roca maqsvelis,
kastilianos da moris ZalisxmeviT SemuSavebuli
iqna Rerovani sistemebis analizis Teoriis
ZiriTadi koncefciebi. es koncefciebi iTvleba
ZiriTad qvakuTxedad samSeneblo meqanikis
matriculi meTodebisaTvis, romlebic sabolood
Camoyalibebuli iqna 80 wlis ukan da TavisTavad
iTvleba sasrul elementTa meTodis safuZvlad.
1875-1920 wlebSi sasrul elementTa meTodis
Teoria da damxmare disciplinebi susti tempiT
viTardeboda. rac ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli iyo
mravalucnobiani algebruli gantolebebis
amoxsnis dros arsebul rig sirTuleebTan.
menis aSS-Si da ostendalis niderlandebSi
ZalisxmeviT, miaxloebiT 1920 wels,
formulirebuli iyo fermuli konstruqciebis
ricxviTi gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi ideebi. es ideebi
win uswrebda Tanamedrove matriculi meTodebiT
konstruqciebis gamokvlevas. 1932 wels xardi

6
krosma SemogvTavaza meTodi, romelmac saSualeba
mogvca ricxobrivad gamogvekvlia konstruqciebis
qceva rigiT ufro rTul amocanebSi, vidre iseT
amocanebSi, romlebic ixsneboda adre arsebuli
meTodebiT. gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi, gamomTvleli manqanebis
gamoCenisTanave, zogierTma mecnierma wamoiwyo
mcdeloba moexdina kompiuterebisaTvis
mosaxerxebel matricul formaSi im droisaTvis
praqtikaSi kargad aprobirebuli damuSavebuli
formulebis formulirebisa.
am droisaTvis agriris, pettonis, kelsis da
terneris gamokvlevebSi damuSavda midgomebi,
matriculi meTodebiT fermuli konstruqciebis
gaangariSebis Sesaxeb.
am samuSaoebma moaxdines gadamwyveti
gavlena bolo wlebSi sasrul elementTa meTodis
ganviTarebaze. araswori iqneboda sasrul
elementTa meTodis yvela fundamenturi aspeqtis
gamovlena migvewera am Sromebze, radgan meTodis
ZiriTadi momentebi gamoCnda 1950 wlamde
kurantis, mak-genris da xrenikofis SromebSi. 50-
iani wlebis Sua periodidan sasrul elementTa
7
meTodma Tavis ganviTarebaSi gaiara rigi uwyveti
modifikacia. meTodis istoriis ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi mimoxilva gamoqveynebulia
zenkeviCis mier saTanado literaturaSi [6,7].
zemoxsenebulma kvlevebma safuZveli daudo
“saerTo daniSnulebis” gamoTvliTi programebis,
intensiur ganviTarebas.
rac Seexeba meTodis ganviTarebas
Tanamedrove droSic, bevri mkvlevari dakavebulia
axali sasrul elementiani modelebis agebiT da
algoriTmebis Semdgomi ganviTarebiT, aseve axali
programebis SedgeniT. sadReisod sasrul
elementTa meTodiT SesaZlebelia amoxsnili iyos
ara marto samSeneblo meqanikis mTeli rigi
amocanebi (rogorc wrfivi ise arawrfivi) aramed
aerodinamikis, aerodrekadobis, hidrodinamikis da
sxva mravali dargebis amocanebi. dRes sem-i sxva
uamrav ricxviT meTodebTan SedarebiT,
samSeneblo meqanikis amocanebisaTvis iTvleba
yvelaze universalur da srulyofil meTodad.
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom aseve intensiurad
mimdinareobs axali analizuri meTodebis
ganviTareba.
8
 1. ricxviTi gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi
etapebi konstruqciis simtkiceze
gaangariSebis dros.

Tanamedrove konstruqciebis muSaobis

pirobebis, maTi geometriuli formis sirTulisa
da zomebis gamo warmoudgenlad rTuli da Zvirad
Rirebulia konstruqciaTa naturi an
naxevradnaturi eqsperimentebis Catareba,
miTumetes Tu eqsperimenti exeba zRvruli
(mrRvevi) datvirTvebis dadgenas. aseTi
konstruqciebis Seqmna SeuZlebelia maTi daxvewis,
proeqtirebis avomatizebuli meTodebis, axali
masalebisa da teqnologiebis gamoyenebis gareSe.
aqedan gamomdinare, aseTi konstruqciebis Seqmnis
saqmeSi udides rols asrulebs konstruqciis
simtkiceze angariSi.
yoveli angariSis safuZvels warmoadgens
saangariSo sqema, romelic Tavis mxriv
iTvaliswinebs, rogorc konstruqciis geometrias,
ise sasazRvro pirobebsa da masze moqmed
datvirTvebs (meqanikursa da Tburs). amis Semdeg,
ganisazRvreba kostruqciis elementTa deformacia

9
da Zabva, xolo ZabvaTa velis analizis
safuZvelze ganisazRvreba konstruqciaSi
SedarebiT saSiSi zonebi, romelTaTvisac masalis
Tvisebebisa da konstruqcis muSaobis pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoiyeneba simtkicis esa Tu is
piroba.
bunebrivia, rom rTuli konstruqciebis
saangariSo sqemis Seqmnisas mivmarTavT
konstruqciis formis idealizacias, romlis
xarisxi gavlenas axdens saboloo Sedegebis
sizusteze.
analizuri amoxsnis meTodebis gamoyenebiT
SeiZleba gadawydes deformirebadi sxeulebis
meqanikis uamravi teqnikuri xasiaTis amocana,
magram rigi praqtikulad saWiro amocanebisa maTi
geometriis, datvirTvaTa da sasazRvro pirobebis
sirTulis gamo, SeiZleba igi mniSvnelovnad
garTuldes an saerTod SeuZlebeli gaxdes.
bunebrivia, rom saangariSo modeli rac
SeiZleba realur konstruqciasTan unda iyos
miaxloebuli Tavisi konstruqciebis geometriuli
formiTa da muSaobis pirobebiT, rac arTulebs
amocanis zust amoxsnas da dRis wesrigSi ayenebs
10
ricxviTi meTodebis srulyofisa da misi
avtomatizaciis auciloeblobis sakiTxs.
ganvixiloT ufro dawvrilebiT konstruq-
ciis simtkiceze saangariSo kvlevebis ZiriTadi
etapebi, kerZod: fizikuri da maTematikuri
modelebis ageba, maTematikuri modelebis kvlevis
meTodebi da miRebuli Sedegebis analizi.

1.1. fizikuri modelis ageba

fizikuri modelis ageba gulisxmobs

konstruqciis Tvisebebisa da gare zemoqmedebis
idealizacias.
zogadad konstruqcia Seqmnilia realuri
masalebisagan, romelic ganicdis gare da Siga
datvirTvebis zemoqmedebasda gaaCnia uamravi
Tavisebureba. kerZod, praqtikuli amocanebis
amoxsnisas yvela Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba
SeuZlebelia (masalebi, datvirTvebi, geometria da
sxva). e.g.m.-is TandaTanobiTma ganviTarebam da
misma gamoyenebam konstruqciis simtkicis

11
Sedarebisas sagrZnoblad gazarda zemoxsenebuli
Taviseburebebis SesaZlo gaTvaliswineba.
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, aucilebelia gvaxsovdes,
rom e.g.m.-is siswrafe da mexsierebis moculoba,
ragind didi ar unda iyos igi, mainc sasruli
sididea (SezRudulia), amitom praqtikuli
angariSebis Sesrulebis dros Cven realur ares
vcvliT idealizebuli obieqtebiT _ “meqanikuri
modelebiT”. ganvixiloT magaliTi, kerZod
Teoriuli meqanikis kursSi Semodis materialuri
wertilis cneba, rogorc garkveulwilad
idealizebuli (bunebaSi ararsebuli) obieqtisa,
romelsac gaaCnia masa, magram ar gaaCnia
ganzomileba. swored aseTi idealizacia gaxda
sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom gadawvetiliyo mTeli
rigi amocana. magaliTad, aseTi midgoma sakmarisi
aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom SeeswavlaT planetebis
moZraoba mzis garSemo. amasTan sakmarisia
CavTvaloT, rom mze da mis garSemo moZravi
planetebi materialuri wertilebia, radganac
mzesa da planetebs Soris manZili gacilebiT
ufro didia, vidre TviT ciuri sxeulebis zomebi.

12
 amis Semdgom realuri myari tani an siTxe
SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT, materialuri
wertilebis usasrulo sistemad, romlebic
garkveuli wesiT urTierTqmedebs erTmaneTze.
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve rom materialuri
wertilebis mdgomareobaze (mTlianobaSi)
dakvirveba SeuZlebelia, amitom Semodis zogierTi
saSualo maxasiaTebeli, romelic aRwers atomebs
Soris urTierTqmedebas imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom ugulebelyofilia TiToeuli atomis
yofaqceva (statikuri fizika). imisaTvis, rom
aRvweroT myari sxeulebis yofaqceva, araa saWiro
cnoba maTi atomebis Sesaxeb. realuri myari
sxeuli icvleba warmosaxviTi (modeluri) uwyveti
areTi. garemos ewodeba uwyveti (mTliani), Tu
misgan gamoyofili nebismieri moculoba Seicavs
nivTierebas. uwyveti garemos aseTi midgoma
ewinaaRmdegeba nivTierebis atomuri agebulebis
Sesaxeb warmodgenas. amasTan igi mniSvnelovnad
amartivebs datvirTvis qveS myofi myari sxeulis
qmedebis (qcevis) maTematikur aRweras.
realuri myari sxeulis kidev erT
idealicazias waroadgens misTvis erTgvarovnebis
13
mikuTvneba. garemos ewodeba erTgavarovani, Tu
misgan gamoyofili mcire moculobebis Tvisebebi
erTnairia. bunebrivia, saubaria im Tvisebebze,
romlebic miiReba meqanikuri eqsperimentis
meSveobiT. amasTan cnobilia, rom Cveulebrivi
liToni an Senadnobi Sedgeba kristaluri
nawilakebisagan, romlebic SemTxveviTi
orientaciisaa. cxadia, rom am nawilakebis
Tvisebebi gansxavebulia, ramdenadac liToni
nawilakebis doneze (sazRvrebSi) araerTgva-
rovania. magram am araerTgvarovnebis arseboba ar
axdens gavlenas nakeTobaSi metalis yofaqcevaze,
ramdenadac am nawilakebis zoma mcirea nakeTobis
zomebTan SedarebiT da amgvarad liToni
ganixileba, rogorc erTgvarovani mTliani garemo.
arsebobs araerTgvarovani masalebi, romlis
araerTgvarovnebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad
aRemateba liTonebisas (mag. betoni). magram aseTi
masalebisagan damzadebuli nakeTobebis zomebic
mniSvnelovnad aRemateba struqturuli elementis
zomebs. e.i. am SemTxvevaSic struqturuli
elementebis zomebi ugulebelyofilia.

14
 rig konstruqciebSi aseTi idealizacia
SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac idealizacia mogvcems
araswor amonaxsnebs. magaliTad, bimetalis
firfita, romelSic masalaTa gayofis sazRvarze
gadasvlisas Tvisebebi icvleba naxtomiseburad.
araerTgvarovani masalebis Tvisebebi SeiZleba
icvlebodes agreTve uwyvetad moculobaSi. amis
magaliTs warmoadgens araTanabrad gamTbari
sxeuli.
gansakuTrebul idealizacias eqvemdebareba
agreTve mcneba “garegan Zalebze”. meqanikaSi
Tvlian, rom Zala gansazRvrulia, Tu mocemulia
Sesabamisi veqtori. amasTan Zala ganixileba
rogorc ori myari tanis (sxeulis)
urTierTqmedeba. am TvalsazrisiT myari sxeulis
zedapirze moqmedi Zalis veqtori gansazRvravs
wertilSi modebul Zalas, rodesac realurad
wertilSi modebuli Zala ar arsebobs.
ori myari sxeulis wertilovani kontaqtis
idealizebuli cneba dakavSirebulia myari
sxeulis rogorc absoluturad myaris
idealizaciasTan. kontaqtis dros realuri myari
sxeuli deformirdeba (ganicdis deformacias), e.i.
15
iqmneba sakontaqto are garkveuli farTiT,
romelzedac wneva nawildeba uwyvetad da
araTanabrad. sakmarisad mtkice masalebisaTvis
sakontaqto ares farTi gacilebiT mcirea
konstruqciis sxva zomebTan SedarebiT, amitom
daZabul-deformirebuli mdgomareobis (ddm)
angariSisas (analizis dros) gamarTlebulia
moxdes sakontaqto farTis idealizacia, rogorc
wertili, xolo Zala ganixileba rogorc
wertilSi moqmedi (modebuli) Zala. dmm-is
angariSisas sakontaqto ares maxloblobaSi
ganawilebuli datvirTvis Secvla, wertilSi
moqmedi ZaliT, iZleva sagrZnob cdomilebas.
amgvarad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom fizikuri
modeli warmoadgens realuri konstruqciis
nawils, romelic maTematikurad martivad
aRiwereba. fizikuri modelis ageba damokidebulia
amocanis sirTuleze da Sedegebis sizusteze,
romlis drosac arsebiT rols TamaSobs
simtkiceze angariSis Semsruleblis gamocdileba
da konstruqciis muSaobaze misi warmodgena.

16
 1.2. maTematikuri modelis ageba

angariSis Semdeg etaps warmoadgens

modelis yofaqcevis aRwera iqnes maTematikurad,
anu maTematikuri modelis ageba.
modelis maTematikuri aRweris SemTxvevaSi
xSirad gvWirdeba SemovitanoT damatebiTi
gamamartivebeli winadadebebi (mosazrebebi),
romelic daaxasiaTebs modelisa da Sesabamisi
masalis calkeul Tvisebebs. amiT aixsneba erTi
da igive fizikuri modelisaTvis ramdenime
gansxvavebuli maTematikuri modeli. ase
magaliTad, Zelis Runvaze angariSisas, romelic
izotropuli masalisagan Sedgeba, sakmarisia
ganvsazRvroT mxolod normaluri Zabvebi,
risTvisac Runvis maTematikuri TeoriiT
sakmarisia SemovitanoT brtyeli kveTis hipoTeza,
romlis Tanaxmad Zelis ganivi kveTis sibrtye
deformaciamde da deformaciis Semdeg darCeba
sibrtyed da iqneba orTogonaluri Runvis RerZis
mimarT (teqnikuri Teoria an bernul-eileris
Teoria). imave amocanisaTvis Zelis Runvis

17
dazustebuli Teoria, romelic Tavis droze
gamoikvlia sen-venanma, rodesac Zeli
datvirTulia wertilSi moqmedi ZalebiT aCvenebs,
rom brtyeli kveTis hipoTeza ar sruldeba,
magram miRebuli Sedegebi Zalzed zustia
ZelisaTvis, romlis sigrZe gacilebiT didia,
vidre misi kveTis geometriuli zomebi. amave
dros, rogorc cnobilia, Runvis teqnikuri
Teoriidan brtyeli kveTis hipoTezis Semotanam
SesaZlebeli gaxada aRweriliyo Zelis
deformirebuli mdgomareoba, parametrTa arcTu
ise SezRuduli TanafardobisaTvis.
Zabvebze gadasasvlelad Runvis teqnikur
TeoriaSi saWiro gaxda damatebiTi pirobis
Semotana, kerZod, ugulebelyofili iqna
urTierTqmedeba Zelis RerZis pararelur fenebs
Soris.
izotropuli, orTotropuli an
anizotropuli firfitebis da garsebis qcevis
maTematikuri aRiwerisas aseve gamoiyeneba kirxof-
liavis, reisneris, timoSenkos, mindlidis,
karmanis da sxvaTa HhipoTezebi.

18
 1.3. maTematikuri modelis kvlevis
meTodi da miRebuli Sedegebis analizi

xSir SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im maTematikuri

modelisaTvis arsebobs ramdenime meTodi
romliTac SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes misi
kvleva. ase magaliTad diferencialuri gantoleba
″
 EI ( x ) w′′ ( x )  − Tw′′ ( x ) + k ( x ) w′′ ( x ) =q ( x ) (1.1)

zogierTi sasazRvro pirobebis dros qmnis

EI(x) _ sixistis toli da k(x) cvladi sixistis
mqone drekad sayrdenze mdebare araprizmuli
Zelis Runvis maTematikur models, romelzedac
moqmedebs q(x) intensivoba da T RerZuli Zala.
(ix.nax. 1)
mocemuli maTematikuri modelis analizi
anu miviRoT (1)
diferencialuri
gantolebis amo-
naxsnebi, sasaz-
Rvro pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
nax.1. SeaZlebelia:

19
sawyis parametrTa ganzogadoebuli meTodiT,
variaciuli meTodiT, badeTa meTodiT,
kolokaciis meTodiT, sasrul elementTa meTodiT
da sxva. maTematikuri modelis analizisaTvis
arCeuli meTodi arsebiTad gansazRvravs
amonaxsnebis sizustes. magaliTad drekad
sayrdenze moTavsebuli sakmarisad grZeli Zelis
angariSisas sawyis patrametrTa meTodi iZleva
Sedegebis did cdomilebebs, xolo sxva meTodis
gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia miviRoT SedarebiT
ufro zusti Sedegebi.

1.4. matriculi algebris elementebi

sasrul elementTa meTodis (sem) ZiriTadi

Tanafardobebi warmoidgineba matriculi saxiT.
qvemoT moviyvanoT mokle mimoxilva, matriculi
algebris im nawilisa, romelic gaaadvilebs sem-
is arsis gagebas.
n ucnobian wrfiv algebrul gantolebaTa
sistemas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

20
 a11 x1 + a12 x 2 +  + a1n x n = b1
a x + a x +  + a x =
 21 1 22 2 b2

2n n
(1.2)B

a n1 x1 + a n 2 x 2 +  + a nn x n =bn

sadac x1,x2 …,xn _ cvladebia.

(1.2) matriculi saxiT Caiwereba Semdegnairad
A⋅X=B (1.3)
sadac
 a11a12  a1n 
 
a 21a 22  a 2n 
A (=
= a ij )  ,
   (1.4)
 
 a n1a n 2  a nn 

 x1   b1 
   
x b
X =  2 , B=  2  . (1.5)
   
   
 xn   bn 
A-s ewodeba (nxn) ganzomilebis mqone
kvadratuli matrica, xolo X da B ewodeba sveti
matrica.
matricaTa jami da sxvaoba. ori erTi da
igive ganzomilebis mqone A da B matricebisaTvis
samarTliania Semdegi TanafarTobebi:

21
 C=A+B amasTan C=
ij
a ij + bij (jami)

D=A-B amasTan d=
ij
a ij − bij (sxvaoba)

matricis namravli skalarze ganisazRvreba

Semdegi tolobiT:
λA = (λ ⋅ a ij )

ori matricis namravli. ori A da B

matricisaTvis romelTa ganzomilebia Sesabamisad
(xm) da (mxn) marTebulia Semdegi Tanafardoba:
C=A⋅B sadac C = (C ij ) da
m
Cij = ∑ a ik b kj i=1,2,  ,; j=1,2,  ,n.
k =1

amasTan sazogadod A⋅B≠ B⋅A; xolo (AB)C=A(BC).

matricis transponireba. A=(aij) matricis
transponirebuli ewodeba, A T = (a ji ) matricas,

sadac (AB)T=BTAT.
simetriuli matrica. (nxn) ganzomilebis
mqone A kvadratul matricas ewodeba simetriuli
Tu A=AT anu aij=aji.
erTeulovani matrica ewodeba Semdegi saxis
kvadratul matricas:

22
 1 0  0 
 
0 1  0
I= 
  
 
0 0  1 
sadac A⋅I=A, I⋅X=X.
determinanti. A kvadratuli matricis
determinanti aRiniSneba detA, an A (2x2)

ganzomilebiani matricisaTvis determinati

ganisazRvreba tolobiT:

a b
det  = ad − bc ;
c d 

xolo (3x3) ganzomilebiani matricisaTvis

determinanti ganisazRvreba Semdegi tolobiT:

 a11a12 a13 
 
det  a 21a 22 a 23  = a11a 22 a 33 + a12 a 23a 31 + a 21a 32 a13 −
a a a 
 31 32 33 
−a13a 22 a 31 − a12 a 21a 33 − a 23a 32 a11 ;

matricas, romlisTvisac detA=0, ewodeba

singularuli anu gadagvarebuli.

23
 Sebrunebuli matrica (inversia). kvadratuli
da arasingularuli A matricis ( A ≠ 0)

Sebrunebuli matrica A-1 ewodeba matricas,

romlisTvisac A⋅A-1=A-1⋅A=I, amasTan (AB)-1=B-1⋅A-1
magaliTad

−1
a b 1  d −b
  =  
c d  (cd − bc)  −c a

(1.2) gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxseni

matriculi saxiT gamoisaxeba Semdegi formuliT:
X=A-1⋅B
am dros vgulisxmobT, rom detA≠0. amrigad
gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnisaTvis umTavress
warmoadgens, gantolebaTa sistemis ucnobebis
koficientTagan Sedgenili matricis, Sebrunebuli
matricis moZebna.
matricaTa diferencireba da integrireba.
A(t)=(aij(t)) matricisaTvis diferencireba da integ-
integrireba ganisazRvreba Semdegi saxiT:

24
  da (t) 
A(t) =  ij  , ∫ A(t)dt= ( ∫ a ij (t)dt )
d
dt  dt 

1.5. drekadobis Teoriis ZiriTadi

Tanafardobebis warmodgena matriculi saxiT

sxeulze temperaturisa da gare Zalebis

zemoqmedebiT misi wertilebi gadaadgildeba
erTmaneTis mimarT, am SemTxvevaSi samganzomi-
lebiani amocanisaTvis gadaadgilebis veqtori
Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:

{u} = {u x
, uy , uz} (1.5)

sadac ux, uy, uz (an Sesabamisad u, υ, w) _

gadaadgilebis veqtoris gegmilebia Sesabamisad x,
y da z RerZebze.
organzomilebiani amocanis SemTxvevaSi
gadaadgilebis veqtori Sedgeba ori
komponentisagan:

{u} = {u x
, uy} (1.6)

SemdgomSi figuruli frCxilebiT {}

aRvniSnavT svet veqtors, xolo marTkuTxa

25
frCxilebiT […] matricas.
ori mezobeli wertilis gadaadgilebis
sxvaoba iwvevs masalaSi deformacias, romelTanac
kavSirSia Zabva.
zogadad samgan-
zomilebian sis-
temaSi de-
formacia da
Zabva Sesdgeba
nax .2. eqvs-eqvsi kompo-
nentisagan (ix. nax. 2) kerZod:
σ x , σ y , σ z , τ xy , τ yz , τ zx _ Zabvebi da

ε x , ε y , ε z , γ xy , γ yz , γ zx _ deformaciebi.

1.6. brtyeli (organzomilebiani) amocana

brtyeli daZabuli mdgomareobis dros

gvaqvs Semdegi SemTxveva:

σ z =τ yz =τzx =0 (ε z ≠ 0) (1.7)

26
 amis magaliTad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
mudmivi sisqis Txeli
rgoli, romelic ganicdis
Sinagani wnevis moqmedebas.
(ix. nax. 3) brtyeli
deformaciuli mdgoma-
reobis SemTxvevaSi
nax. 3. gvaqvs:
ε z = γ yz = γ zx = 0 (σz ≠ 0) (1.8)

magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba aviRoT mudmivi

kveTis mqone grZeli cilindri, romelzec z
RerZis gaswvriv
moqmedebs mudmivi
Sinagani wneva (ix.
nax. 4) Sesalebelia
SemTxvevac, ro-
nax. 4 desac=
ε z co n s t ≠ 0

1.7. ZiriTadi Tanafardobebi Zabvasa,

deformaciasa da temperaturas Soris
organzomilebiani drekadi izotropuli
masalebisaTvis gvaqvs

27
  1 ν 
 E −E 0
ε x    σ x  ε x 0 
   ν    
0 σ y  + ε y 0 
1
ε y  = − 
(1.9)
   E E    
γ xy   1  τ xy  γ xy 0 
0 0
 G 
anu

{ε} [ E ] {σ} + {ε }
−1
= 0

sadac: ε0 _ sawyisi deformaciebia, E _ drekadobis

moduli, ν _ puasonis koeficienti, G _ Zvris
moduli
E
G= (1.10)
2(1 + γ )
(1.10)-is analizi gviCvenebs, rom erTgvarovani
izotropuli masalebisaTvis arsebobs ori
damoukidebeli mudmiva, romelic aRwers masalis
meqanikur mdgomareobas.
Tu amovxsniT (1.9) gantolebaTa sistemas
Zabvebis mimarT, miviRebT:

 
σ x  1 ν 0  ε x  ε x 0  

  E       
σ y  ν 1-ν 0   ε y  − ε y 0   (1.11)
  1 −ν
2

τ xy 
 1-ν   γ xy  γ xy 0  
0 0  
 2 

28
 anu {σ}= [ E ] ⋅ {ε} + {σ } ,
0
sadac {σ } =− [ E ]{ε }
0 0

sawyisi Zabvebia.
zemoT moyvanili formulebi samarTliania
maSin, rodesac gvaqvs brtyeli daZabuli
mdgomareoba. xolo brtyeli deformaciis
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac masala erTgvarovania,
formulebSi aucilebelia gamosaxulebebi
SevcvaloT Semdegnairad:
E ν
E→ , ν → , G→G (1.12)
1 −ν 2
1 −ν
magaliTad: brtyeli deformaciis
SemTxvevaSi kavSiri Zabvebsa da deformaciebs
Soris gadmoicema Semdegi saxiT:
 
σ x   1 −ν ν 0   ε x  ε x 0  
  E     
σ y  ν 1-ν 0   ε y  − ε y 0   (1.11a)
  (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )  1-2ν   γ xy  γ xy 0  
τ xy  0 0    
 2 
Tu α temperaturuli gafarToebis
koeficientia, xolo ∆T temperaturis cvlilebaa,
maSin sawyisi Zabvebi temperaturis cvlilebis
dros gamoiTvleba formuliT:

29
 ε x 0  α∆T 
   
ε y0  = α∆T  (1.13)
   0 
 γ xy0   

1.8. kavSiri Zabvebsa da deformaciebs Soris

mcire deformaciebisa da gadaadgilebebis

SemTxvevaSi, organzomilebian sistemaSi adgili
aqvs Semdeg damokidebulebebs:
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
εx = , εy = , γ xy = + . anu matriculi
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
saxiT:

ε x   ∂ ∂x 0 
    u 
ε y  =  0 ∂ ∂y    anu {ε } = [D]{u} (1.14)
   ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂x  v 
γ xy   

1.9. wonasworobis gantolebebi

drekadobis Teoriis Tanaxmad Zabvebma unda

daakmayofilos wonasworobis Semdegi
gantolebebi:

30
 ∂σ x ∂τ xy
+ + fx = 0
∂x ∂y
(1.15)
∂τ xy ∂σ y
+ + fy = 0
∂x ∂y

sadac: f x , f y _ moculobiTi Zalebia (magaliTad

simZimis an inerciis Zala) moculobis erTeulze.

1.10. sasazRvro pirobebi

sxeulis S sazRvari
SesaZlebelia davyoT or
nawilad (ix. nax. 5): Su da
St. maSin sasazRvro
pirobebi SeiZleba
Caiweros rogorc:
nax. 5

u = u, v=v Su_ze

=t x t=
x, ty t y St-ze (1.16)

sadac: t x , t y _ mocemuli Zalebia (an Zabvebi)

sazRvris St nawilze, u, v _ mocemuli

31
gadaadgilebebia S sazRvris Su ubanze
(kinematikuri sasazRvro piroba).
sem-Si yvela saxis datvirTvebi ganixileba
rogorc kvanZebSi moqmedi wertilSi modebuli
Zalebi.

1.11. sasrul elementTa

meTodis idea da gamoyenebis are
sasrul elementTa meTodis (sem) SemoReba
dakavSirebulia kosmosuri kvlevebis amocanebTan
(1950w.). meTodi Tavdapirvelad aRmocenda
samSeneblo meqanikisa da drekadobis Teoriisagan,
xolo Semdgom daxvewes da srulyves
maTematikosebma, romlebic Tavisi maTematikuri
bunebidan gamomdinare sem-s xSirad uwodeben
variaciul-sxvaobian meTods. maTematikosebi
uzrunvelyofdnen sem-is maTematikur dasabu-
Tebebs, e.i. atarebdnen Teoriul analizs misi
amonaxsnebis sizustisa da krebadobis Sesaxeb.
sainJinro sferos warmomadgenlebi xSir
SemTxvevebSi xsnian Zalze rTul teqnikur
amocanebs. isini arc ufiqrdebian maT mier
gamoyenebuli midgomebis sizustes da miRebuli

32
Sedegebis sizustes adarebdnen cnobil Teoriul
amonaxsnebs.
sem intensiurad ganviTarda mas Semdeg,
rodesac damtkicda (1963 w.), rom igi SeiZleba
ganxiluliyo rogorc samSeneblo meqanikaSi
kargad cnobili relei-ritcis meTodis erTi
varianti, sadac potencialuri energiis
minimizaciis gziT wonasworobis gantolebebi
daiyvaneba algebrul gantolebaTa sistemaze.
sem-is kavSirma minimizaciis procesTan
meTods misca saSualeba misi teqnikis sxvadasxva
sferoSi gamoyenebis. meTodi gamoiyeneba
amocanebSi, romlebic aRiwereba laplasisa da
puasonis gantolebebiT, romlis amoxsnac aseve
kavSirSia garkveuli funqcionalis minimizaci-
asTan.
sem-is ZiriTadi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
nebismieri uwyveti sidide (gadaadgileba,
temperatura, wneva da sxva) SeiZleba
aproqsimirdes modeliT, romelic Sedgeba
elementebisagan (ubnebisagan). calkeul ubnebze
sakvlevi uwyveti sidide aproqsimirdeba uban-uban
uwyveti funqciiT.
33
 sazogadod uwyveti sidide winaswar
cnobili ar aris, amitom aucilebelia
ganisazRvros am sidideTa mniSvneloba ares
SigniT zogierT wertilze. diskretuli modelis
ageba sirTules ar warmoadgens, Tuki winaswar
davuSvebT, rom cnobilia am sidideTa ricxviTi
mniSvnelobebi., ares zogierT Siga wertilze.
SemdgomSi am wertilebs ewodeba kvanZebi (kvanZiTi
wertilebi). amis Semdeg SesaZlebloba gvaqvs
gadavideT zogad SemTxvevaze:
1. are, romelzedac unda ganisazRvros uwyveti
sidideebi, iyofa sasruli raodenobis qveareebad,
romlebsac ewodeba elementebi. am elementebs
gaaCnia saerTo kvanZiTi wertilebi da
mTlianobaSi imeorebs ares formas (geometrias).
2. gansaxilvel areze fiqsirdeba wertilebis
sasruli ricxvi. es wertilebi iwodeba kvanZiT
wertilebad an ubralod - kvanZebad.
3. TiToeul kvanZiT wertilSi dasawyisisaTvis
uwyvet sidideTa mniSvnelobebi iTvleba
cnobilad, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom am
mniSvnelobebis, rogorc realuris, misaRebad

34
saWiroa damatebiTi SezRudvebi, imisda mixedviT,
Tu ra fizikuri arsi aqvs amocanas.
4. kvanZiT wertilebSi saZiebeli uwyveti
sididis mniSvnelobisa da ama Tu im
maaproqsimirebeli funqciis gamoyenebiT
sazRvraven ares SigniT saZiebeli sididis
mniSvnelobas.
zemoT naTqvamis sailustraciod moviyvanoT
magaliTi, kerZod, ganvixiloT siTbos ganawileba
ReroSi. sazogadod siTbos ganawileba cnobili
araa da gvsurs ganvsazRvroT siTbos sidideTa
mniSvnelobebi Reros zogierT wertilSi.
diskretuli modelis ageba zustad igivea,
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, magram davamatoT erTi
biji.
dasawyisisaTvis Tvlian, rom mocemuli
Reros sigrZis zogierT wertilSi siTbos
mniSvneloba cnobilia. ganisazRvreba kvanZebis
simravle da siTbos mniSvneloba am kvanZebze,
romlebic amJamad cvladia, radganac winaswar
isini ucnobia. Reros sigrZe iyofa elementebad,
romelTagan TiToeulisTvis ganisazRvreba
maaproqsimirebeli funqcia. siTbos mniSvnelobebi
35
kvanZebSi unda iyos “SerCeuli” iseTnairad, rom
sasazRvro pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT (mag.
siTbos mniSvnelobebi Reros boloebze).
uzrunvelvyoT ReroSi realur ganawilebasTan
siTbos saukeTeso miaxloeba. es SerCeva
xorcieldeba zogierT sidideTa minimizaciiT,
romelic kavSirSia amocanis fizikur arsTan.
minimizaciis procesi daiyvaneba algebrul
gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnaze, sadac cvladebs
warmoadgens siTbos mniSvnelobebi kvanZebSi.
simtkicis amocanebSi, sadac ganisazRvreba
gadaadgilebaTa, deformaciaTa da ZabvaTa velebi,
minimizirdeba deformadi sxeulis potenciuri
energia.
aproqsimirebad funqciad, Zalzed xSirad,
ganixileba wrfivi, kvadratuli an kuburi
polinomebi. TiToeuli elementisaTvis
SesaZlebelia SeirCes Tavisi polinomi, magram
iseTnairad, rom SenarCundes sidideTa uwyvetoba
elementis sazRvris gaswvriv. polinomi, romelic
kavSirSia mocemul elementTan, iwodeba
“elementis funqciebad”.

36
 maSasadame, am TvalsazrisiT nebismieri
konstruqcia SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc
konstruqciuli elementebis erToblioba,
SeerTebuli erTmaneTTan sasruli raodenobis
kvanZiTi wertilebiT. Tu cnobilia Tanafardobebi
TiToeuli elementisaTvis Zalebsa da
gadaadgilebebs Soris, samSeneblo meqanikis
cnobili meTodebis gamoyenebiT, maSin
SesaZlebelia mTlianobaSi gamokvleuli iqnes
konstruqciis yofaqceva.

37
 1.12. praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis
saWiro ZiriTadi etapebi

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT Tanaxmad sem-sa,

rTuli formis konstruqcia iyofa SedarebiT
ufro martivi formis Semadgenel nawilebad, anu
sasrul elmentebad (se), romlis sazRvrebSic
xdeba miaxloebiTi amonaxsnebis moZebna. aseTi
modelirebis Sedegs warmoadgens mTliani
konstruqciisaTvis deformaciaTa da ZabvaTa
velis gansazRvra.
amgvarad, sem-iT amocanis gadawvetisas,
SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi ZiriTadi etapebi:

1. amocanis indentifikacia, masze saxelis

miniWeba; konstruqciisa da masze moqmed ZalTa
sistemis naxazebis Sedgena;

38
 2. sem-saTvis Sesaferisi (mosaxerxebeli)
geometriuli modelis Seqmna;
3. modelis dayofa se-Ta baded;
4. modelze sasazRvro pirobebis datana
(Camagreba sazRvarze).
5. gantolebaTa sistemis ricxviTi realizacia;
6. Sedegebis analizi.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom dReisaTvis arsebobs
sem-is bazaze Seqmnili uamravi sertifikatize-
buli programuli kompleqsebi, romelTa
SeqmnaSic monawileobdnen sazRvargareTis
wamyvani samecniero institutebi Tu
universitetebi. sazRvargareTis saswavleblebSi,
aseTi saxis programuli kompleqsebi saswavlo
programebSia Setanili.
zemoxsenebuli pirveli oTxi etapi ekuTvnis
preprocesorul stadias, me-5 - procesorul
stadias, xolo me-6 ekuTvnis prostprocesorul
etaps. zemoT moyvanil kompleqsur programebSi es
etapebi avtomatizebuli an naxevrad
avtomatizebulia.
modelis dayofa se-ad martivad
xorcieldeba. cnobilia se-Ta ramdenime tipi,

39
romlis gadaadgilebis veli ganisazRvreba
kvanZebis gadaadgilebiTa da sainterpolacio
polinomis daxmarebiT. aseTi gziT gansazRvruli
gadadgilebis meSveobiT ganisazRvreba sakvlevi
obieqtis daZabul-deformirebuli mdgomareoba.
sem-iT amocanis amoxsnisas SedarebiT
Sromatevad etaps warmoadgens se modelis
momzadebis (Sedgenis) preprocesoruli stadia,
radganac elementebis badis avtomatizebuli
Sedgena ar gvaZlevs Secdomis ar daSvebis
garantias. garkveul sirTules warmoadgens,
agreTve modelze ZalTa sistemisa da sasazRvro
pirobebis swori ganTavseba. zemoCamoTvlili
etapebidan me-5 avtomatizebulia da igi sirTules
ar qmnis. xolo rac Seexeba me-6 etaps (Sedegebis
analizi), Tanamedrove kompiuterebis grafikuli
SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT aseve
avtomatizebulia.
cxrilebis daxmarebT moviyvanoT zogierTi
cnobili sertificirebuli programuli
kompleqsis Zalzed mokle mimoxilva, da romelTa
SedarebiTi analizi SesaZlebelia svetebis
mixedviT.

40
 analizis SesaZleblobebi
programebis stat. dinamik harmon. mdgrado postdef vibro temp.
dasaxeleba analiz uri ba ormacia meqanika analiz
i i
ABAQUS * * * * * *
ADINA * * * * * *
ANSYS * * * * * * *
APPLE-SAP * * * *
ASAS * * * *
ASKA * * * * * * *
BEASY * * * * *
BERSAFE * * * * * *
CASTEM * * * * * * *
CASTOR * * * * *
CHAIMFEM * * * * * *
COMET-PR * * *
COSMOS * * * * * * *
DART * * * * *
DIAL * * * * * *
DIANA * * * * * *
DREAM * * *
FASOR * * * *
FELCO G * * * *
FENRIS * * * * * *
FIDAP * * * * * *
FLASH2 * * * * *
HIFINEL * * * * *
LAWPIUP * * * *
LISA * * * * *
LUSAS * * * * * * *
MARS * * * * * *
MBB-MAN-ICES- * * * * * * *
STRUDL
MICAS * * * * *
MIX * *
MODEL *
MODULEF * * * * * *
PDA/PATRAN-G * * * * * * *
PECET * * * *
PREFEM&SERFE * * *
RAFTS * * * *
SCIA * * * * * *
SESAM-69 * * * * * *
SET * * * * *

41
 elementebis tipebi
programebis Rero 2 ganz. 3 ganz. RerZ. firfit gar sasazR. siTxis
dasaxeleba da sxeule sxeule myari is si elemen meqanika
Zeli bi bi tani Runva ti
ABAQUS * * * * * * *
ADINA * * * * * * *
ANSYS * * * * * *
APPLE-SAP * * * * * * *
ASAS * * * * * * *
ASKA * * * * * * *
BEASY * * * *
BERSAFE * * * * * *
CASTEM * * * * * *
CASTOR * * * * * * *
CHAIMFEM * * * * * * *
COMET-PR * * * * * *
COSMOS * * * * * * * *
DART *
DIAL * * * * * *
DIANA * * * * * *
DREAM *
FASOR * *
FELDOG * * *
FENRIS * * * * * *
FIDAP *
FLASH2 * * * * *
HIFINEL * * * *
LAWPIUP * *
LISA * * * * * * *
LUSAS * * * * * *
MARS * * * * * * *
MBB-MAN-ICES- * * * * * * * *
STRUDL
MICAS * * * * * * *
MIX * * * * * *
MODEL * * * * * * *
MODULEF * * * * * * *
PDA/PATRAN-G * * * * * * * *
PECET * *
PREFEM&SERFE * *
RAFTS * * *
SCIA * * * * * *
SESAM-69 * * * *
SET * * * * * * * *

42
 masalis Tvisebebi
programebis wrfivi wrfivi arawrfiv drekad- plasti didi keramik
dasaxeleba drekadi drekadi drekadi blanti kuri deform uli
izotrop. anizotr. mqone masal.
ABAQUS * * * * * * *
ADINA * * * * * * *
ANSYS * * * * *
APPLE-SAP * *
ASAS * *
ASKA * * * * * *
BEASY * * *spec.
Op
BERSAFE * * * * * *
CASTEM * * * * *
CASTOR * * * * * *
CHAIMFEM * * * * *
COMET-PR * *
COSMOS * * * * * * *
DART *
DIAL * * * * * *
DIANA * * * * * * *
DREAM * *
FASOR * *
FELDOG * *
FENRIS * * * * * *
FIDAP *
FLASH2 * *
HIFINEL *
LAWPIUP * * *
LISA *
LUSAS * * * * * *
MARS * * * * * * *
MBB-MAN-ICES- * * * * * * *
STRUDL
MICAS * * *
MIX *
MODEL * * * * *
MODULEF * * * *
PDA/PATRAN-G * * *
PECET * * *
PREFEM&SERFE * * *
RAFTS * * *
SCIA * * * *
SESAM-69 * * *
SET * * * * * *

43
 gamomTvleli manqanis tipebi da saprogramo enebi

programebis IBM VAX saprogramo

dasaxeleba enebi
ABAQUS * * Fortran IV &77
ADINA * * Fortran
ANSYS * * Fortran
APPLE-SAP Fortran IV
ASAS * * Fortran IV
ASKA * * Fortran IV
BEASY * * Fortran IV
BERSAFE * * Fortran IV
CASTEM * * Fortran IV
CASTOR Fortran
CHAIMFEM * Fortran
COMET-PR Fortran 77
COSMOS * * Fortran 77
DART * Fortran IV &77
DIAL * * Fortran IV
DIANA * Fortran IV
DREAM Fortran
FASOR Fortran IV
FELDOG * Fortran IV &77
FENRIS * Fortran IV &77
FIDAP * Fortran
FLASH2 * * Fortran IV
HIFINEL * Fortran IV
LAWPIUP Fortran IV &77
LISA * Fortran IV
LUSAS * * Icestran
MARS Fortran
MBB-MAN-ICES- * BBasic Fortran
STRUDL
MICAS * Fortran
MIX * Fortran
MODEL Fortran 77
MODULEF * * Fortran
PDA/PATRAN-G * * Fortran IV
PECET * * Fortran
PREFEM&SERFE * Fortran IV
RAFTS Fortran IV
SCIA Fortran IV
SESAM-69 * Basic (wand)
SET * Fortran IV

44
 sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebi
programebis badis kvanZebis xazva dialoguri monacemTa
dasaxeleba avtomaturi avtomaturi grafika Tavisufali
formireba aRqma Seyvana
ABAQUS * * * * *
ADINA * * * *
ANSYS * * * *
APPLE-SAP * * *
ASAS * * * *
ASKA * * * * *
BEASY * * * * *
BERSAFE * * * * *
CASTEM * * * *
CASTOR * * * *
CHAIMFEM * * *
COMET-PR * *
COSMOS * * * * *
DART * * *
DIAL * * * * *
DIANA * * * *
DREAM *
FASOR Ý* *
FELDOG * * * *
FENRIS * * *
FIDAP * * * * *
FLASH2 * * * * *
HIFINEL * * * * *
LAWPIUP * * * *
LISA * * *
LUSAS * * * *
MARS * * * *
MBB-MAN-ICES- * * * * *
STRUDL
MICAS * * *
MIX * * *
MODEL * *
MODULEF * * *
PDA/PATRAN-G * * * * *
PECET * *
PREFEM&SERFE * * * * *
RAFTS * * * * *
SCIA * * * * *
SESAM-69 * * * * *
SET * * * *

45
 aRsaniSnavia, rom sasrul elementian
amocanebSi ucnobebad gvevlineba kvanZebis
gadaadgilebebi, romlebic samganzomilebian
amocanebSi, SesaZlebelia iyos sami mimarTulebis,
anu tetraedraluri elementi yovel kvanZSi. (ix.
nax. 6)

nax. 6
aqedan gamomdinare matriculi saxiT
Cawerili wonasworobis gantolebaTa sistemas
SeiZleba hqondes 100000 da ufro meti
ganzomileba.
samganzomilebian modelebSi kvanZebis
ricxvbi sazogadod aRemateba elementTa ricxvs,
xolo Tavisuflebis xarisxis ricxvi 3-jer metia,
vidre kvanZebis ricxvi (garda kinematikuri
sasazRvro pirobebisa).

46
 [k] sixistis matrica amyarebs kavSirs {u}
kvanZebis gadaadgilebasa da {F} ZalTa
veqtorebs Soris. sixistis matrica warmoadgens
simetriul diagonalur matricas, rac
sagrZnoblad amartivebs mis damuSavebas.

1.13. sasruli elementebi (se)

sem-is arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mTeli

konstruqciis modeli (an misi raRac nawili)
dayofilia se-Ta simravled, romlebic
erTmaneTTan wveroebiT (kvanZebiT) aris
SeerTebuli (ix. nax. 7).

nax. 7
se ar warmoadgens, “absoluturad xist” tans.
gvaqvs ramdenime saxis se, romlebic ufro xSirad
gamoiyenebian ama Tu im konstruqciis simtkiceze

47
gaangariSis dros. (ix. nax. 7). aseTebia: Zeli (A),
Rero (B), Txeli firfita an garsi (C),
organzomilebiani an samganzomilebiani tani D.
bunebrivia, rom modelis agebisas SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebuli iqnes araerTi romelime, saxis se,
aramed ramodenime saxis se.
sem-iT simtkiceze angariSis Sedegebis
sizuste damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, maT
Soris se-is sixSireze. erTTavad, Tu Zabva
arsebuli modelis farglebSi sagrZnoblad ar
icvleba, maSin se-is raodenobas arsebiTi
mniSvneloba ara aqvs. anu se-is raodenoba
arsebiTad ar gansazRvravs ZabvaTa gamoTvlis
sizustes, gansazRvrul areze.
sasruli elementebi
SeiZleba iyos wrfivi
(pirveli rigis elemen-
tebi) an parabolurebi
(meore rigis elementebi)
nax. 8 (ix.nax. 8). wrfiv elemen-
tebs aqvs wrfivi gverdebi da kvanZebi mxolod
kuTxeebSi. amgvarad, kvanZebis minimaluri
raodenoba samganzomilebiani elementisaTvis 4-is

48
tolia. parabolur elementebs SesaZlebelia
hqondes TiToeuli gverdis gaswvriv Sualeduri
kvanZebi da swored amis gamoa SesaZlebeli
elementis gverdebi iyos mrudwirulebi
(parabolebi). elementebis toli raodenobis
SemTxvevaSi paraboluri tipis elementebi
gamoTvlebisas iZleva ufro did sizustes,
radganac maTi meSveobiT SedarebiT ufro zustad
aRiwereba geometriuli modelis mrudwiruli
zedapiri (garsuli tipis konstruqciebi da
nagebobebi) da aqvs ufro zusti formis funqciebi
(aproqsimirebuli funqciebi). magram angariSis
dros, Tuki gamoyenebulia maRali rigis sasruli
elementebi, is moiTxovs kompiuteris maRal
resurs (SesaZleblobebs) da did manqanur dros.
ganvixiloT yvelaze martivi samganzomilebiani
wrfivi 8 kvanZiani elementi. (ix. nax. 9)
TiToeul kvanZSi Tavisuflebis xarisxi 3-is
tolia, rac imas niSnavs, rom unda ganvixiloT
kvanZebis 24 gadaadgileba da amdenive kvanZuri
Zalebi. amgvarad, sixistis [k] matricis
ganzomileba, romelic kavSirs amyarebs kvanZebis

49
gadaadgilebis veqtorsa da kvanZebis Zalebis
veqtors Soris aris (24x24).
sixistis matricis
komponentebi ukup-
roporciulia dre-
kadobis modulisa.
e.i. drekadobis
modulis 0-Tan
toloba niSnavs se-
is arsebobas. (ix.
nax. 9 nax. 10) am SemTxvevaSi
0-is tol drekadobis modulze gayofa gvaZlevs
sagrZnob cdomilebas. usasrulod didi
drekadobis modu-
lis arseboba niS-
navs, rom moce-
muli elementi war-
moadgens absolutu-
rad xists. garda
amisa Tuki dreka-
nax. 10 dobis Teoria uSvebs
usasrulo Zabvebs (magaliTad, bzaris wverze),

50
maSin sem-iT yovelTvis miiReba mxolod sasruli
Zabvebi.
ramdenime SeniSvna kvanZebis gadanomvrisas
elementis gverdebis Tanafardobas Soris.
kvanZebis danomvra erT-erT umartives operaciad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kvanZis
nomers ar eqneboda gavlena gamoTvlebis
efeqturobaze. sem-is gamoyenebas mivyavarT
algebrul gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnaze,
rodesac koeficientTa didi nawili nulis
tolia. am gantolebaTa sistemis matrica
gviCvenebs, rom yvela aranulovani da zogierTi
nulovani wevrebi mdebareobs matricis mTavari
diagonalis paraleluri wrfeebis SigniT. aseTi
saxis matricebs lentur matricebs eZaxian, xolo
manZils mTavar diagonalsa da mis paralelur
wrfes Soris, romlis gareTac matricis yvela
elementi nulis tolia, lentis siganes uwodeben.
lentis siganis Semcireba iwvevs kompiuterSi
saWiro mexsierebis moculobis Semcirebas da
Tvlis drois Semcirebas. lentis sigane tolia:
R=(T+1)M

51
 sadac: T warmoadgens elementebis mixedviT
maqsimalur sxaobas kvanZiTi wertilebis nomrebs
Soris, TiToeuli elementisaTvis. M TiToeul
kvanZSi Tavisuflebis xarisxia. cxadia, rom R-is
minimizacia damokidebulia T-ze, romelic
SesaZlebelia miRweuli iyos kvanZebis
TandaTanobiTi danomvriT ares mcire gverdis
mimarTulebiT. “grZe-
li” elementebi, rom-
elTa gverdebis
Sefardeba 2 an 2-ze
metia (ix. nax. 11),
SesaZ lebelia gamo-
nax. 11 iyenoT, Tuki mosa-
lodneli araa gadaadgilebis, deformaciisa da
Zabvebis didi gradienti. mokled rom vTqvaT,
aseTi elementebi SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT
ZabvaTa koncentratoris zonidan daSorebiT, anda
sixisteTa sxvaobis zonis daSorebiT.
Tuki saanalizo konstruqcia da
datvirTvebi simetriulia RerZis mimarT, maSin
SesaZlebelia amocana amoixsnas brtyeli
simetriuli se-iT.

52
 1.14. se-iani badis ageba

se-ani analizis dros erT-erT

sapasuxismgeblo etaps warmoadgens modelis
dayofa patara nawilebad (se-ad), romlebic
erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba kvanZebiT. amasTan unda
aRiniSnos, rom mas Teoriuli dasabuTeba ar
gaaCnia. ares dayofa qveareebad damokidebulia
sainJinro praqtikasTan. arasworad dayofili
saangariSo are iwvevs Sedegebis uzustobas im
SemTxvevaSic ki, roca yvela sxva etapi zustad
aris Sesrulebuli. ares dayofasTan dakavSirebiT
aRsaniSnavia, rom elementebis raodenoba erTi
mxriv sakmarisad unda Semcirdnen, saWiro
sizustis misaRebad, magram amave dros elementTa
zomis zrda amcirebs gamosaTvlel samuSaoebs.
aqedan gamomdinare unda iyos zogadi warmodgena
saboloo Sedegebze, rac iZleva imis saSualebas,
rom elementTa zomebi aRebuli iqnes mcire (bade
gaxSirebulia) iq, sadac mosalodneli Sedegebi
Zalze cvalebadia da sasruli elementis zomebi
gaizardos (bade gauxSoebulia) iq, sadac
mosalodneli Sedegebi TiTqmis mudmivia.

53
 yvela zemoxsenebul progarmul kompleqsSi
iyeneben badis agebis or meTods. pirveli esaa
badis ageba qaosurad, romelic xorciledeba
avtomaturad (nebismierad), xolomeore gza esaa
badis ageba xelovnurad.
cxadia, rom rac
naklebia se-is wrfivi h
zoma (ix. nax. 12), miT
metia modelSi se-is
raodenoba da eqsponen-
cialurad izrdeba ga-
moTvlebis dro, xolo
nax. 12 Sedegebis cdomileba
mcirdeba. miuxedavaT amisa, cdomileba 0-is toli
mainc ar aris, radganac se-Ta raodenobis zrdiT
xdeba damrgvalebiTi cdomilebis dagroveba
kompiuterSi.
sem-is gamoyenebis praqtikiT SesaZlebelia
Camoyalibdes ramdenime rCeva. (ix. nax. 13)
1. wrfivi elementebis gamoyenebisas sasurvelia
ufro xSiri bade, vidre kvadratuli da kuburi
elementebis gamoyenebisas;

54
2. badis agebis xelovnuri gza (b), ufro
sasurvelia vidre badis agebis avtomaturi
gza (a);
3. marTkuTxa bade 4 kvanZiT (g) ufro sasurvelia
vidre bade samkuTxa elementebiT (b);

nax. 13

4. bades, romlic aigeba Sualeduri kvanZebis

mqone samkuTxa elemenetebiT (d), gaaCnia ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi igive sizuste, rac 4 kvanZian wrfiv
elements (g).
5. 8 kvanZis mqone marTkuTxa bade (e) ufro
sasurvelia, vidre bade, romelic Seqmnilia
samkuTxa Sualeduri kvanZebis mqone
elementebiT (d), miuxedavad marTkuTxa
elemnetebis didi zomisa;

55
6. gadaadgilebis aproqsimacia kuburi
polonomebiT (v) ar iTxovs badis raodenobis
(sixSiris) gazrdas.
sasurvelia yovelTvis gvaxsovdes, rom sem-
es aris miaxloebiTi meTodi, romlis sizuste
damokidebulia rogorc elementis tipis swor
SerCevaze, aseve se-is zomebze. ase magaliTad,
xSiri bade gamoiyeneba iq, sadac mosalodnelia
deformacis an Zabvis didi gradienti (ix. nax. 14)
amave dros iSvaiTi
bade SeiZleba gamoviye-
noT iq, sadac mosa-
lodnelia deformaciis
an Zabvis met naklebad
nax. 14 mudmivoba. aseve iS-
viaTi badis gamoye-
neba sasurvelia im areSi,
sadac ddm-is analizi
saintereso araa. aqedan
gamomdinare SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom meTodis
nax. 15 gamomyenebeli unda xedav-

56
des zonebs, sadac mosalodnelia ZabvaTa
Tavmoyra an sixisteTa mkveTri cvlileba
(naxtomi).
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom analizis
Sedegebis sizuste mcirdeba, Tu ZabvaTa
koncentraciis zonaSi mezobeli se-is zomebi
erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba (ix. nax. 15).
se-is forma aseve
mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs gamoTvlebis
sizustisaTvis. aqedan
nax. 16 gamomdinare unda veridoT
Zalze wvril da gaWimul se-ebs (ix. nax. 16),
radganac daaxloebiT
erTi da igive zomis
gverdebis mqone se iZleva
SedarebiT mcire cdomi-
lebas. badeSi aseve Se-
nax. 17 saZlebelia gamoyenebuli
iqnes samkuTxa da oTxkuTxa se-is erToblioba,
mxolod ar unda moxdes maT Soris wyveta
(ix. nax. 17). elementebis Semdgomi
gaerTianebis mizniT badeze kvanZebi inomreba.

57
 akrZalulia aigos
oTxkuTxa elementi
iseTi kuTxiT, romlis
gradusuli zoma
aRemateba 180  -ss (ix.
nax. 19 nax. 18).

1.15. sasrul elementTa meTodis

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi

sem-s sxva ricxviT meTodebTan SedarebiT

gaaCnia rigi upiratesobebi esenia:
1. sem-is gamoyeneba mosaxerxebelia fenovani da
sxvadsxva fizikur-meqanikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mqone masalebisagan Sedgenil konstruqcie-
bisaTvis.
2. mrudwiruli are SesaZlebelia aproq-
simirdes wrfivi elementebiT an aRiweros
zustad mrudwiruli elementebiT. e.i. meTodi
SiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos nebismieri sazRvris
mqone areebisaTvis.
3. elementTa zomebi SesaZlebelia icvlebodes,
rac saSualebas iZleva areze badis gazrdisa an

58
Semcirebisa, Tu igi aucileblobas warmoadgens.
meTodis mTavari uaryofiTi maxre aris is,
rom xeliT Tvlisas igi Zalze Sromatevadia,
Tundac umartivesi amocanebis amoxsnis dros.

1.16. sasazRvro pirobebi

sasrul elementiani analizis dros erT-erT

ganmsazRvrel etaps warmoadgens sasazRvro piro-
bebis uzrunvel-
yofa. ase maga-
liTad modelze
(ix. nax. 19) graf-
ikulad mocemuli
sasazRvro piro-
bebi A da B
nax. 19 kvanZebSi uzrun-
velyofen, rom modelSi mocemuli kvanZebis
gadaadgilebebi Seesabamebodnen realur
konstruqciaSi igive kvanZebis gadaadgilebebs im
pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTze dadebulia
bmebis SezRudvis moTxovna. amasTan gadaagileba
SesaZlebelia iyos nulis toli (kvanZi A) da

59
SesZlebelia gadaadgileba iyos nulis aratoli
(kvanZi B). aseve arsebobs sasazRvro piroba,
romlis drosac moicema Zala (C kvanZi).
sasazRvro pirobebi (gadaadgileba an Zala)
modebulia mxolod kvanZebSi (ix. nax. 20). kvanZSi
modebuli sasazRvro pirobebis raodenoba
tolia misi Tavisuflebis xarisxisa _ 3 Zala an 3
gadaadgileba.
aqve SevniSnoT
maszed, rom sasazRvro
pirobebis ricxvi unda
iyos aucilebeli mi-
nimumis toli. ase
nax. 20 magaliTad: araa aucile-
beli davafiqsiroT Tavi-
suflebis yvela xarisxi
(yvela gadaadgileba) ele-
mentis yovel kvanZSi ix.
nax. 21-e (a) aseve araa
sasurveli kvanZSi movdoT
Zala im mimarTulebiT, ra
mimarTulebiTac SezRudu-
nax. 21 lia gadaadgileba (b).

60
analizis dros romelime RerZis gaswvriv
Camagrebis srulma ugulebelyofam SeiZleba
migviyvanos amave RerZis gaswvriv cru Zvris
arsebobamde. aqedan gamomdinare ricxviT analizSi
gardauvalia cdomileba (g). ganxilul magaliTSi
Camagrebis swori variantebi mocemulia (d, e)
naxazze.
sasazRvro pi-
robebis ganTavsebis
sqema damokidebulia
datvirTvaTa gva-
robaze ( gaWimva,
nax. 22 sufTa Runva, Zvra ix.
nax. 22) cnobilia, rom gansakuTrebiT didi
gamWimavi Zabva warmoadgens bevri kontruqciis
rRvevis ZiriTad
mizezs. am SemTxvevaSi,
Tu maqsimaluri gam-
Wimavi Zabvis zona
nax. 23 imyofeba Zalis modebis
wertilidan sakmarisad Sors (ix. nax. 23), araa
aucilebeli aRebuli iqnes elementebis
dawvrilebiTi bade am Zalis modebis wertilis

61
maxloblobaSi, radganac aq moqmedebs ZiriTadad
mkumSavi Zabva.

1.17. Sedegebis sizuste

sem-i warmoadgens ricxviT meTods, romlis

drosac vaxdenT realuri konstruqciis
idealizacias. aqedan gamomdinare, mis mier
miRebuli Sedegebi araa dazRveuli
Secdomebisagan. sasrul-elementiani analizis
dros inJiners yovelTvis unda axsovdes:
1. ra saxis analizs moiTxovs mocemuli amocana;
2. mTeli konstruqciis ra nawilze unda
Catardes dawvrilebiTi analizi;
3. rogori gamartivebis daSvebaa SesaZlebeli
mocemul amocanaSi.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom konstruqciis ddm-is
analizisaTvis Semsrulebels aucileblad unda
gaaCndes garkveuli kvalifikacia.
cdomilebebi SesaZlebelia daSvebuli iqnes
sasrul-elementiani analizis garkveul etapze:

62
amocanis dasmisas, diskretizaciis (modelis
agebisas), an ricxviTi amoxsnis dros.
cdomilebebi amocanis amoxsnisas
SesaZlebelia gamowveuli iqnes imiT, rom
SerCeuli se-is tipi an misi zomebi ar Seesabameba
konstruqciaSi masalis fizikur yofaqcevas.
amocanis analizis dros ZiriTadad Secdomebis
wyaros warmoadgens arakoreqtulad sasazRvro
pirobebis dasma.
cdomilebebi diskretizaciis dros
gamowveulia realuri konstruqciis sasruli
raodenobis se-is SecvliT.
xolo rac Seexeba cdomilebebs, romlebic
warmoiqmneba gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis
dros, zemoCamoTvlil cdomilebebTan SedarebiT
umniSvneloa.
sem-iT analizis dros, rogorc wesi,
ucnobebad gvevlineba gadaadgilebebi. am
SemTxvevaSi amonaxsnebi iqneba kvanZebSi
gadaadgilebebis veqtori {u}, xolo
gadaadgilebebi yvela sxva wertilebSi moiZebneba
interpolirebiT.

63
 elementis farglebSi gadaadgilebis velis
Sesabamisi polinomiT aproqsimaciis Semdeg
(romlebsac “formis funqciebi” ewodebaT),
SesaZlebelia gamoTvlili iqnen deformaciebi da
Zabvebi. gamoTvlebis aRwerili sqema cxadyofs,
rom SedarebiT didi sizustis miRweva
SesaZlebelia kvanZebSi gadaadgilebebis
gamokvlevisas.
elementis tipi da misi raodenoba moqmedebs
gamoTvlebis si-
zusteze. ase ma-
galiTad, Zalis
gamoTvlisas ara-
wrfivi analizis
SemTxvevaSi se-is
arc Tu ise didi
nax. 24 raodenobisaTvis,
maTi raodenoba arsebiTad moqmedebs
gamosaTvleli Zalis sidideze (ix. nax. 24), magram
se-is raodenobis gazrdiT Sedegebi
stabilurdeba.
arsebobs sasrul-elementTa analizis ori
meTodi: h meTodi (h warmoadgens se-is gverdis

64
sigrZes) da P meTodi. (P warmoadgens
maaproqsimirebeli polinomis rigs) h meTodis
gamoyenebis dros sizustis gazrda SesaZlebelia
elementTa ricxvis gazrdiT, xolo P meTodis
gamoyenebisas sizustis gazrda miiRweva maapro-
qsimirebeli polinos rigis gazrdiT. ase
magaliTad: maRali rigis elementebs gaaCniaT
didi sizuste, vidre wrfiv
elementebs (ix. nax. 25).
Sedegebis sizustze
aseve moqmedebs elementis
orientacia. magaliTad:
konsoluri Zelis Runvis
nax. 25 dros Zelis simaRleSi
elementebis ricxvis zrda
ar iZleva Sedegebis
sizustes (ix. nax. 26).
gacilebiT ukeTes Se-
degs iZleva elementTa
ricxvis gazrda Zelis
sigrZeSi meore rigis
elementebiT.
nax. 26 sem-is ZiriTadi arsis

65
gasagebad moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi:
marcxena toreciT xistad Camagrebuli
orsa-fexuriani Rero, romlis
nax. 26 ganivkveTis farTobebia Sesa-
bamisad A1 da A2, xolo Reros sigrZeebia ,
sawinaaRmdego torecze datvirTulia RerZuli P
ZaliT. ganvsazRvroT 1,2 da 3 kveTebis
gadaadgileba (ix. nax. 27).
amoxsna: davyoT mocemuli Rero or ubnad
(or elementad): 1
da 2. Semo-
vitanoT ele-
mentis sazRrebze
1,2,3 kvanZi, sadac
unda ganisaz-
nax. 27 Rvros ucnobi u
gadaadgileba. e. i. safexu-
raini Zeli modelirda
erTmaneTTan mimdevrobiT
SeerTebuli ori Rerovani
sasruli elementiT. calke
nax. 28 ganvixiloT naxazze gamo-
saxuli Rerovani elementi (ix. nax. 28-e) romlis

66
sigrZea  da ganikveTis farTi aris -A. kvanZSi
moqmedebs P1 da P2 Zalebi, romliTac es kvanZebi
gadaadgildeba Sesabamisad u1 da u2 _ iT.
davweroT masalaTa gamZleobidan cnobili
Tanafardobebi:
E⋅A
=P1 (u1 − u 2 )

E⋅A
=P2 (u 2 − u1 )

rac matriculi saxiT Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

P1  E ⋅ A  1 − 1   u1 
 =  
P2    −1 1 u 2 

an

{P} = [ k ]{u} (1.17)

sadac: E Reros masalis drekadobis modulia.

[K]-s ewodeba elementis sixistis martica.
SevadginoT wonasworobis gantolebebi mTeli
RerosaTvis. radganac Rero Sedgeba ramdenime
elementisagan, amitom, bunebrivia rom mTeli
Reros sixistis matricaSi unda CaerTos
Semadgeneli elementebis sixistis matricebi.
mocemuli amocanisaTvis elementebis sixistis
matricis mTavari diagonali unda daemTxves

67
sixistis globaluri (zogadi) matricis mTavar
diagonals da unda moxdes SekavSireba meore
kvanZSi.
(1.17)-is Tanaxmad wonasworobis zogadi
gantolebaTa sistema SeiZleba Caiweros
Semdegnairad:
[K]{u} = {F}

 A1 − A1 0  u1  −F1 
E    
−A1 A1 + A 2 − A 2  ⋅ u 2  =
 0 (1.18)

 0 − A2 A 2  u 3   P 
 

sadac: ui _ mTeli sistemis i-uri kvanZis

gadaadgilebaa. (1.17)-Si gaTvaliswinebulia, rom P
Zala moqmedebs 3 kvanZSi, xolo F1 Zala (sayrdenis
reaqcia) 1 kvanZSi, me-2 kvanZi Tavisufalia
garegani datvirTvebisagan.
gaviTvaliswinoT sasazRvro pirobebi, kerZod,
u1=0 rac Semdegnairad miiRweva: CavsvaT matricis I
strofsa da I svetSi nulebi, garda mTavari
diagonalisa, a11-ze SeiZleba davweroT nulis ara
toli nebismieri ricxvi

1 0 0  u1  −F1 
E    
 0 A1 + A 2 − A 2  ⋅ u 2  =
 0

0 − A 2 A 2  u 3   P 
 

68
 romlis amonaxseni mogvcems:

u1 = 0;
P
u2 = ; (1.19)
EA1
P  A1 + A 2  P⋅
=u3 =  ( A1 + A 2 )
E  A1A 2  EA1A 2
ganvixiloT analogiuri magaliTi
samsafexuraini RerosaTvis.
amoxsna: radganac 2 da 3 kvanZi gare
datvirTvebisagan Tavisufalia, xolo me – 4 - e
kvanZSi modebulia P Zala miviRebT:

 A1 − A1 0 0  u1  −F1 
 0  u 2   0 
E  −A1 A1 + A 2 − A2
⋅  =  
 0 − A2 A 2 +A 3 0  u 3   0 
 
 0 0 − A 3 A 3  u 4   P 

sasazRvro pirobebis Tanaxmad gveqneba:

1 0 0 0  u1  −F1 

E 0 A1 + A 2 − A2 0  u 2   0 
⋅  =  
 0 − A2 A 2 +A 3 A 3  u 3   0 
 
0 0 − A3 A 3  u 4   P 
risi amoxsnis Semdeg miviRebT:

69
 u1 = 0;
P A 2
u2 = ;
E(A1 + A 2 )(A1A 2 + A1A 3 + A 2 A 3 − A 3 )
P
u3 = ;
E(A1A 2 + A1A 3 + A 2 A 3 − A 3 )
P(A1A 2 + A1A 3 + A 2 A 3 )
u4 = .
EA 3 (A1A 2 + A1A 3 + A 2 A 3 − A 3 )

2. sasrul elementTa tipebi

dReisaTvis arsebobs mravali saxis sasruli

elementi. mo-
viyvanoT zogi-
erTi maTgani
(ix.nax.29). konst-
ruqciis sasrul
nax. 29 elementebad dayo-
fis amocana aracalsaxaa. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
(mag. fermis angariSi) konstruqciuli elementebi
iseTia, rom emTxveva sasrul elements. ase, rom
mTeli ferma SesaZlebelia modelirdes wrfivi
Rerovani elementiT (nax. 29 a). amgvaradve
SeiZleba modelirdes sxvadasxva saxis drekadi
konstruqciuli elementebi (zambara, Reroebi,

70
aseve milgayvanilobis sistemebi da sxva). aseT
SemTxvevebSi konstruqciis modelireba ar
warmoadgens did sirTules da dayofa
standartuli wesiT xdeba. gacilebiT rTulia am
operaciis Catareba organzomilebiani an
samganzomilebiani areebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi,
pirvel yovlisa, unda SeirCes sasruli elementis
tipi (tipebi) (nax. 29 b, g.) rogorc sakvlevi ares
saukeTeso saproqsimacio saSualeba. brtyeli
organzomilebiani elementi (nax. 29 b) gamoiyeneba
ZiriTadad membranis, aseve Txeli firfitis,
Txeli garsisa da sxvaTa modelirebisas.
sivrculi samganzomilebiani elementi (nax. 29 g)
gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad temperaturuli velis
kvlevisas, aseve masiuri tanebisaTvis
deformaciebisa da Zabvebis gamoTvlisas da sxva.
naxazze moyvanil yvela elements aqvs wrfivi
gverdebi, xolo kvanZebi moTavsebulia elementis
boloebze (nax. 29 a), an kuTxis wveroebze (nax. 29
b) g)). yvela es elementebi SedarebiT martivi
elementebia.
SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT iseTi elementebi,
romlebsac nebismieri gverdis gaswvriv ori

71
kvanZis garda kidev aqvs damatebiT erTi an
ramdenime kvanZi
(ix. nax. 30).
aseT SemTxve-
vaSi damatebiTi
nax. 30 erTi an ramodenime
kvanZis Semoyvana iZleva imis saSualebas, rom
elementis gverdebi iyos mrude wirebi. swored
aseTi elementebi warmoadgens ddm-is
analizisaTvis ufro zusts, radganac elementis
funqciebi aigeba ara or wertilze, aramed sam
(nax. 30 a), b)) an 4 wertilze (nax. 30 g). aqedan
gamomdinare, polinomebi Sesabamisad meore an
mesame rigis iqneba.
organzomilebiani ares diskretizaciisaTvis
gamoiyeneba ori saxis organzomilebiani elementi:
samkuTxedi da oTxkuTxedi. am elementTa gverdebi
warmoadgens wrfeebs. kvadratul da kubur
elementebs gverdebi SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc
wrfivi, aseve mrudwiruli. mrudwiruli are
SeiZleba modelirdes elementis kvanZiT
wertilebs Soris mrudwirze kvanZis damatebiT.

72
 ares SigniT SesaZlebelia orive saxis
elementebis erTdrouli gamoyenebac. elementis
sisqe SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an warmoadgendes
koordinatis funqcias.
samganzomilebian elementebs Soris ufro
farTod gamoiyeneba tetraedri da parale-
lepipedi. wrfivi elementebi orive SemTxvevaSi
SemosazRvrulia sibrtyeebiT, maSin, rodesac
maRali rigis elementebs SesaZlebelia sazRvrad
hqondeT mrudwiruli zedapiri. ares dayofis
warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT upiratesobas aniWeben
samganzomilebian elements-paralelepipeds.
RerZul-simetriuli amocanebis amoxsnis
dros farTod gamoiyeneba elementi, romelic
miiReba samkuTxedis 3600-iT brunviT, analogiuri
elementi miiReba oTxkuTxedis brunviTac.
moviyvanoT organzomilebiani ares
elementebad dayofisa da kvanZebis danomvris
zogierTi rCeva. myari tanis dayofa
organzomilebian da samganzomilebian elemen-
etebad dayofis TvalsazrisiT praqtikulad
erTnairia, amitom ganvixiloT organzomilebiani
ares dayofa wrfiv samkuTxa elementebad.

73
 organzomilebiani ares dayofa samkuTxa
elementebad aRsaniSnavia im TvalsazrisiT, rom
samkuTxa elementi aris umartivesi
organzomilebian elementTa Soris, rac Cans mis
analizur formulirebaSic. samkuTxa elementis
simartive uzrunvelyofs ares modelirebis dros
gamoyenebul iqnes dayofaTa didi ricxvi.
nebismieri ares dayofis dros is iyofa oTxkuTxa
da samkuTxa qveareebad an zonebad, romlebic
SemdgomSi iyofa samkuTxa areebad. qveareebis
sazRvari unda gadiodes iq, sadac icvleba ares
geometria, Zalebis modebis adgilze, anda
icvleba masalis Tvisebebi.
samkuTxa ares samkuTxa qveareebad dayofa
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegnairad: TiToeul
gverdze viRebT garkveul kvanZTa raodenobas da
vaerTebT Sesabamis kvanZebs wrfiT. am wrfeTa
gadakveTis wertilebi CavTvaloT kvanZiT
wertilebad. aRsaniSnavia, rom savaldebulo araa
gverdebze kvanZebis ganlageba Tanabari iyos. Tu
samkuTxa are mrudwirulia da ares gverdze
aRebulia n kvanZi, maSin samkuTxa qveareebad
dayofaTa ricxvi tolia (n-1)2-isa.

74
 rac Seexeba oTxkuTxa zonas, igi iyofa
elementebad, romlebic miiReba urTi-
erTsawinaaRmdego mxareebze kvanZebis SeerTebiT.
wrfeTa gadakveTa warmoqmnis Siga kvanZiT
wertilebs da Siga oTxkuTxedebi ganixileba
rogorc elementebi, xolo maTi dayofa samkuTxa
elementebad xorcieldeba oTxkuTxa elementSi
diagonalis gavlebis gziT. amasTan,
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom oTxkuTxa ares dayofa
mokle diagonaliT ufro ukeTesia imis gamo, rom
tolgverda samkuTxedis msgavsi samkuTxa
elementi iZleva ufro zust Sedegebs, vidre
grZeli sxvadasxvagverda samkuTxedi.
samkuTxa da oTxkuTxa qveareebs
SesaZlebelia hqondeT saerTo sazRvari. amasTan
am sazRvarze orive aresaTvis kvanZiTi
wertilebis raodenoba unda iyos erTmaneTis
toli. uZravi kvanZebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben uZrav
saxsars. xolo Tu kvanZebs SeuZliaT
gadaadgileba, maSin iyeneben moZravi saxsris
aRniSvnas.
moviyvanoT organzomilebiani ares kvanZebis
danomvris ori sxadasxva wesi da SevadaroT isini

75
erTmaneTs. aviRoT erTi da igive are da davyoT
erTnairad. pirvel SemTxvevaSi kvanZebis danomvra
vawarmooT didi gverdis gaswvriv, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi - mcire gverdis gaswvriv. cxadia ares
dayofis pirveli SemTxvevisaTvis kvanZebs Soris
nomrebis maqsimaluri sxvaoba gacilebiT meti
iqneba, vidre dayofis meore SemTxvevisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare miviRebT, pirvel SemTxvevaSi,
gantolebaTa sistemis gacilebiT met raodenobas,
vidre meore SemTxvevaSi da cxadia, maTi amoxsnis
dros pirvel SemTxvevaSi miviRebT ufro did
cdomilebas, vidre meore SemTxvevaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
organzomilebiani ares SemTxvevaSi kvanZebis
danomvris dros unda vecadoT, rom kvanZebis
danonvra vwarmooT mcire gverdis gaswvriv.

2.1.1. wrfivi drekadi elementi.

sixistis matrica.

SevecadoT dawvri-
lebiT ganvixiloT
erTi umartivesi tipis
nax. 31 sasruli elementi _ drekad
76
wrfivi elementi (mag. drekadi zambara), romlis
sqema mocemulia nax. 31-ze. elementi Semo-
sazRvrulia ori kvanZiT, romelic aRvniSnoT i-iT
da j_iT. mocemul kvanZebSi moqmedebs fi da fj
Zalebi Sesabamisad romlebic iwvevs kvanZebis ui
da uj (m) an (mm) gadaadgilebas. elementi
xasiaTdeba K (n/m) sixistiT, e.i. ZaliT, romelic
saWiroa erTeul sigrZeze misi deformaciisaTvis.
amgvarad, Zalis damokidebuleba deformaciaze
Caiwereba rogorc f j = k∆ saxiT, sadac ∆= u j − u i

(elementis wagrZelebaa). amasTan wagrZeleba

tolia elementebis boloebis gadaadgilebebis
sxaobis, ( ∆= u j − u i ). miRebulia, rom Zala

dadebiTia, Tu misi mimarTuleba emTxveva x RerZis

dadebiT mimarTulebas.
ganvixiloT Zalebi, romlebic moqmedebs
mocemuli elementis kvanZebze.
f i k(u i − u j ); j kvanZze =
i kvanZze = f j k(u j − u i );

an matriculi saxiT:

 K -K  u i  f i 
-K K  u  = f  anu Ku = f (2.1)
  j  j

77
 sadac: K _ sixistis matricaa; u _ gadaadgi-
lebis veqtoria, f _ ZalTa veqtori. amasTan
SevniSnoT, rom K matrica simetriuli matricaa.

2.1.2. drekad elementTa sistema

da maTi sixistis matrica
ganvixiloT sistema, romelic Sedgeba ori
mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli drekadi elementisagan
(ix. nax. 32)

u1 , F1 u2 , F2 u3 , F3
nax. 32
(2.1)-is Tanaxmad pirveli elementisaTvis
SeiZleba davweroT:

 k1 − k1  u1   f11 
− k   =  .
 1 k1  u 2   f 21 

analogiurad meore elementisaTvis

 k2 − k 2  u 2   f 22 
− k   =  .
 2 k 2  u 3   f 32 

sadac: f i m _Sinagani Zalaa, romelic moqmedebs

m elementis i-ur kvanZze (i=1,2,3; m=1,2). ramdenadac

78
kvanZze SesaZlbelia ramdenime Zalis moqmedeba.
kvanZebSi ZalisaTvis SemoviRoT axali aRniSvna Fi.
amgvarad, kvanZebze moqmedebs Zalebi:
1 _ kvanZze: F1 = f11

2 _ kvanZze: F=
2
f 21 + f 22

3 _ kvanZze: F3 = f 32
mTeli sistemis sixistis matricis Sesadgenad
ganvixiloT yovel kvanZze moqmed ZalTa
wonasworoba:
=
F1 k1u1 − k2u2 ; 1 - kvanZi
−k1u1 + ( k1 + k2 ) u2 − k2u3 ;
F2 = 2 - kvanZi
F3 =
−k2u2 + k2u3 . 3 - kvanZi
anu marticuli saxiT.

 K1 − K1 0  u1  F1 
 −K    F  anu Ku = f
 1 K1 + K 2 − K 2  ⋅  u 2  =
 2 (2.3)
 0 − K 2 K 2  u 3  F3 
 

sadac: K _ sistemis sixistis matriciT.

wonasworobis pirobidan Cans, rom Tu
kvanZze ar moqmedebs garegani Zalebi (an
sayrdenis reaqciebi), maSin misTvis F=0. aRvniSnoT,
rom (9.1) gantolebis F svetSi ZalaTa jami udris
0. sistemis sixistis matricaSi punqtiriT

79
moniSnulia calkeuli elementebis (1 da 2-is)
sixistis matricebi. amgvarad, elementis sixistis
matricis mTavari diagonali emTxveva zogadi
sixistis matricis mTavar diagonals. rogorc
Cans, diagonalze aris mocemul kvanZTan
SeerTebuli elementebis sixisteTa jami.
sasazRvro pirobebis dasmisaTvis
CavTvaloT, rom 1 kvanZi xistadaa Camagrebuli (ix.
nax. 31). maszed Zala F1 _ sayrdeni reaqciaa, xolo
2 da 3 kvanZebSi moqmedebs P Zala. am SemTxvevaSi
gveqneba u=
1
0, F=
2
F=
3
P da sabolood miviRebT:

 K1 − K1 0  0  F1 
 −K K + K − K  u  =  
 1 1 2 2 2 P 
 0 − K2 K 2  u 3  P 
 

saidanac

 K1 + K 2 − K 2   u 2   P 
F1 = −k1u 2 da  −K  = 
 2
K 2  u 3  P 

sadac: F1, u2, u3 ucnobebia.

zemoT moyvanil gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsniT
2P 2P P
miviRebT: u2 = ; u3 = + ; F1 =
−2P
K1 K1 K 2
davubrundeT CvenTvis cnobili safexuraini
Reros sqemas da ganvixiloT igi rogorc

80
mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli drekadi elementebi
E ⋅ A1 E ⋅ A2
sixistiT: K1 = da K 2 = .
 
gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi sasazRvro
pirobebi: P Zala moqmedebs 3-kvanZSi, 1 kvanZSi
aRiZvreba reaqciis Zala F1, 2 kvanZi Tavisufalia
gare datvirtvebisagan, 1 kvanZSi gadaadgildeba
u1=0. Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis Setanis Semdeg (2.1)-
Si miviRebT Semdeg matricul tolobas:

 k1 − k1 0  0  F1 
 −k k + k − k  ⋅ u  =  
2   2 0 
 1 1 2
anu
 0 − k 2 k 2  u 3  P 
  

 K1 + K 2 − K 2   u 2  0 
 −K  =   , F1 = −K1u 2
K 2  u 3 
(2.2)
 2 P 
(2.2)-is amoxsna gvaZlevs:

P  K + K2 
u2 = ; u3 = P  1  ; F1 = −P
K  K1 ⋅ K 2 
SemoRebuli aRniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT igi
emTxveva winaT miRebul Sedegebs. magaliTebis
saxiT ganvixiloT sxvadasxva saxis sqema.
magaliTi #1: mocemulia sami mimdevrobiT
SeerTebuli elementi romlisTvisac K1=100n/mm
K1=200n/mm, K1=100n/mm. P=500n, u1=u2=0 ganvsazRvroT

81
a) sistemis globaluri sixistis matrica; b) 2 da
3 kvanZebSi gadaadgilebebi; g) sayrdenis
reaqciebi; d) Zala me-2 elementSi. (ix. nax. 32)

nax. 32
amoxsna: a) davweroT celkeuli elementebis
sixistis maricebi:
100 − 100   200 − 200  100 − 100 
K1 =   n/mm K 2 =   n/mm K 3 =   n/mm
 −100 100   −200 200   −100 100 
superpoziciis principis gamoyenebiT miviRebT
sixistis globalur matricas.
u1 u2 u3 u4
 100 − 100 0 0 
 −100 100 + 200 − 200 0 
K= =
 0 − 200 200 + 100 − 100 
 
 0 0 − 100 100 
 100 − 100 0 0 
 −100 300 − 200 0 
= 
 0 − 200 300 − 100 
 
 0 0 − 100 100 
aRsaniSnavia, rom miRebuli matrica aris
simetriulic da lenturic. davweroT

82
wonasworobis gantolebebi mTeli sistemisaTvis
matriculi saxiT gveqneba:

 100 − 100 0 0  u1  F1 

 
 −100
 300 − 200 0  u 2  0 
 =  (2.3)
 0 − 200 300 − 100  u 3  P 
 
 0 0 − 100 100  u 4  F4 

b) imisaTvis, rom gaviTvaliswinoT am

gantolebebSi wonasworobis pirobebi (u1=u4=0)
gadavSaloT 1 da 4 striqoni da sveti. miviRebT:

300 − 200  u 2  0 
 −200 300  u  = P 
  3  
mocemuli gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsniT
miviRebT:

 P 
u 2   250  2 
   =   mm
u 3   3P  3 
 500 
g) sayrdenis reaqciebis mniSvnelobebs miviRebT
(2.3) gantolebaTa sistemis pirveli da meoTxe
gantolebebidan:
F1=-100u2= - 200n. F2=-100u3= - 300n.
d) sasrul-elementiani gantoleba me-2-e
elementisaTvis iqneba:

83
 200 − 200  u i  f i 
 −200 200  u  = f 
  j  j
sadac: meore elementisaTvis i=2, j=3, maSin 2-
elementze moqmedi Zala SeiZleba gamoiTvalos
Semdegnairad:

u 2  2 
F = f 3 = − f 2 = [− 200 200]  = [− 200 200]  = 200 n.
u 3  3 
riTac pasuxi gaeca amocanaSi dasmul yvela
kiTxvas.
magaliTi #2. nax. 33-ze mocemuli sqemisaTvis
avagoT sixistis globaluri matrica.

nax. 33
amoxsna: SevadgonoT elementis kvanZebis
lokaluri da globaluri nomrebis kavSiris
cxrili.
elementi i-kvanZi j-kvanZi
1 4 2
2 2 3
3 3 5
4 2 1

84
 amjerad, ukve SevadginoT TiToeuli
elementisaTvis sixistis matrica. amasTan
mivuTiToT, romeli kvanZebis gadaadgilebebs
akavSireben:
u4 u2 u2 u3
 k1 − k1   k2 − k2 
k1 =  k2 = 
k1  k 2 
; ;
 − k1 − k 2
u3 u5 u2 u1
 k3 − k3   k − k4 
k3 =  k4 =  4
k 3  k 4 
; .
− k 3 − k 4
superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad
SesaZlebelia SevadginoT mTliani sistemis
sixistis globaluri matrica.
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5
 k4 − k4 0 0 0 
 −k k1 +k 2 +k 4 − k 2 − k1 0 
 4
k=  0 − k2 k2 + k3 0 − k3 
 
 0 − k1 0 k1 0 
 0 − k3 k 3 
 0 0
matrica lenturi da simetriulia. sayuradReboa,
rom zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi elementis
sigrZeebi ar monawileobs.

85
 2.2. Rerovani elementi

ganvixiloT RerZuli datvirTvis qveS myofi

mudmivi ganivkveTis
mqone Rero. (ix.
nax. 34-e) Rerovani
elementi xasiaT-
deba L sigrZiT
nax. 34 ganivkveTis A farTiT
da drekadobis E moduliT. ganvixiloT
damokidebuleba RerZuli gadaadgilebisa u=u(x),
fardobiTi deformacia ε = ε(x) da Zabva, rogorc
Reros RerZis wertilis koordinati.
drekadobis Teoriis kursidan cnobilia
Tanafardobebi gadaadgilebasa da deformacias,
deformaciasa da Zabvas Soris. Sesabamisad
du
ε= da σ = Eε .
dx

$ 2.2.1. sixistis matricis ageba

davuSvaT, rom u gadaadgileba elementis

RerZis gaswvriv icvleba wrfivad, kerZod:

86
 u= α1 + xα 2

amasTan,=
Tu x 0,=
maSin u ui , xolo

x L=
, maSin u u j e.i.

ui = α1 u j − ui
 ⇒ α2 =
u=j
α1 + Lα 2 L

 x
u ( x) =ui +
x
( u j − ui ) =ui − ui + u j =1 −  ui + u j
x x x
(2.5)
L L L  L L
e. i.

 x x
u(x) =−
1  ui + u j
 L L
matriculi saxiT miviRebT:

 x x  ui 
u= 1 −  
 L L  u j 

du  1 1  ui 
xolo ε= = −  . sazogadod
dx  l l  u j 

 1 1
B ≡ − da mas diferencirebis matricas
 l l 
uwodeben. amave dros
u j − ui ∆
=ε = (2.6)
L L
sadac ∆ elementis wagrZelebaa

87
 E⋅∆
σ = Eε = (2.7)
L
amave dros cnobilia, rom
E
σ= (2.8)
A
sadac F Reroze moqmedi Zalaa. (2.6) da (2.7)-is
Tanaxmad miviRebT:
E⋅A
F= ∆= k ⋅ ∆ (2.9)
L
E⋅A
sadac k= Zelis sixistea. e.i. Rero Cven
L
SemTxvevaSi muSaobs rogorc drekadi elementi da
aseTi elementis sixistis matrica miiRebs Semdeg
saxes:

 EA EA 
−
 k − k   L L 
=k =  
k   EA
an
 −k −
EA 
 L L 
EA  1 -1
k= (2.10)
L -1 1
sabolood elementis wonasworobis gantolebebi
Caiwereba aseTnairad:

E ⋅ A  1 − 1 u i  f i 
 =  (2.11)
L  −1 1 u j  f j 

88
 ganvixiloT ramodenime magaliTi.

magaliTi #1 ganvsazRvroT boloebiT xistad

Camagrebuli safexuraini Reros TiToeul ubanze
Zabvebis mniSvneloba, Tu Reroze moqmedebs P Zala
(ix. nax. 35 _e)
amoxsna: mode-
lireba movax-
dinoT 1-2 da 2-3
elementebiT, dav-
nax. 35 weroT TiToeuli
elementisaTvis sixistis matrica:
u1 u2 u2 u3
2EA  1 − 1 EA  1 − 1
=   L  −1 1
k1 ; k2
L  −1 1
Tu gamoviyenebT superpoziciis proncips sixistis
globaluri matricis Casawerad da davwerT
wonasworobis gantolebebs safexuriani
RerosaTvis, miviRebT:

2 − 2 0  u1  F1 
E⋅A     
 −2 2+1 − 1  u 2  =
F2  anu
L    
0 −1 1 u 3  F3 

89
  2 −2 0  u1  F1 
E⋅A     
−2 3 − 1 u 2  = F2 
L 
 0 −1 1 u 3  F3 

me-2 kvanZSi moqmedebs P Zala, xolo 1 da 3

kvanZebSi reaqciis F1 da F2 Zalebi. sasazRvro
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT u1=u3=0 (gadavxazoT I
da III striqoni da sveti), maSin wonasworobis
gantolebebi miiRebs Semdeg saxes:
E⋅A
[3]{u 2 } = P
L
 u1  0 
PL   PL  
amgvarad u2 = da u 2  = 1 
3EA u  3EA 0 
 3  
Zabva pirvel elementSi ganisazRvreba formuliT:

 1 1   u1 
σ1 = Eε1 = EB1u1 = E  −  =
 L L  u 2 
u 2 − u1 E  PL  P
= E =  −=
0 .
L L  3EA  3A

analogiurad ganvsazRvroT Zabva meore

elementSi:

 1 1  u 2 
σ2 = Eε 2 = EB2 u 2 = E  −  =
 L L  u 3 

90
 u − u2 E  PL  P
=
E 3 = 0− =− .
L L 3EA  3A
e. i. meore elementi muSaobs kumSvaze.

magaliTi #2: ganvsazRvroT boloebiT

xistad Camagrebuli samsafexuraini Reros
TiToeul ubanze Zabvebis mniSvneloba Tu Reroze
moqmedebs p1 da p2 Zalebi (ix. nax. 36)

nax. 36
amoxsna: mocemuli safexurebiani Reros
modelireba movaxdinoT sami Rerovani elementis
saSualebiT 1-2, 2-3 da 3-4 elementebiT. davweroT
sixistis matrica samive elementisaTvis:
u1 u2 u2 u3 u3 u4
2EA  1 − 1 EA  1 − 1 3EA  1 − 1
= =
L  −1 1 L  −1 1 L  −1 1
k1 ; k 2
; k 3
.

superpoziciis principis gamoyenebiT SevadginoT

sixistis globaluri matrica samive mimdevrobiT

91
SeerTebuli elementisaTvis da davweroT
wonasworobis gantolebebi safexuriani
RerosaTvis:

 2 −2 0 0  u1   F1 
    
EA  −2 3 −1 0  u2   F2 
⋅  =  
L  0 −1 4 0  u3   F3 
 
 0 0 −3 3  u4   F4 

me-2 da me-3 kvanZebSi moqmedebs p1 da p2 Zala,

Sesabamisad 1 da 4 kvanZSi sayrdenebis reaqciebi
F1 da F4 . gaviTvaliswinoT sasazRvro pirobebi

u=
1
u=
4
0 . yovelive amis Sedegad gveqneba:

 2 −2 0 0  0   F1 
 

EA  −2 3 −1 0  u2   p1 
⋅  =  
L  0 −1 4 0  u3   p2 
 
 0 0 −3 3  0   F4 

gadavSaloT pirveli da meoTxe sveti da

striqoni, maSin miviRebT:

EA  3 − 1  u2   p1 
⋅  =  
L  −1 4  u3   p2 

aqedan gamomdinare

u2 =
(12 p
1
+ 3 p2 ) L
da u3 =
(3 p1
+ 9 p2 ) L
.
33EA 33EA

92
 amgvarad,

u1   0 
u  12 p + 3 p 
 2 L  2
 =
1
 .
u3  33EA 3 p1 + 9 p2 
u4   0 

gamovTvaloT Zabva pervel elementSi:

 1 1  u1 
σ 1 = E ⋅ ε1 = E ⋅ B1 ⋅ u1 = E ⋅  − ⋅  =
 L L  u2 
E u  E
= ⋅ [ −1
1] ⋅  1 = ( u2 − u1 )=
L u2  L
E  (12 p1 + 3 p2 ) L  12 p1 + 3 p2
=  = − 0 .
L 33EA  33 A

e. i. perveli elementi muSaobs gaWimvaze.

gamovTvaloT Zabva meore elementSi:

 1 1  u2 
σ 2 = E ⋅ ε 2 = E ⋅ B2 ⋅ u2 = E ⋅  − ⋅  =
 L L  u3 
E u2  E
= ⋅ [ −1 1] ⋅  = ( u3 − u2 )=
L u3  L
E  3 p1 + 9 p2 − 12 p1 − 3 p2  6 p2 − 9 p1
=  L .
L 33EA  33 A
3
Tu p2 > p1 piroba daculia. Rero muSaobs
2
gaWimvaze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi _kumSvaze.
gamovTvaloT Zabva mesame elementSi:

93
  1 1  u3 
σ 3 = E ⋅ ε 3 = E ⋅ B3 ⋅ u3 = E ⋅  − ⋅  =
 L L  u4 
E u3  E
= ⋅ [ −11] ⋅  = ( u4 − u3 )=
L u4  L
E
=
( 3 p1 + 9 p2 ) L  = 3 p1 + 9 p2
0−  − .
L 33EA  33 A

e. i. mesame elementi muSaobs kumSvaze.

magaliTi #3: 37-e naxazze mocemul Reroze
moqmedebs P Zala. Reros marcxena bolo xistadaa
Camagrebuli. maSin, rodesac Reros da marjvena
sayrdens Soris aris ∆ sididis naprali,
ganvsazRvroT Reros
marjvena sayrdenis
reaqciebi, Tu PP=2⋅104n,
E=2⋅104n/mm, A=2⋅104n/mm2,
L=150mm, ∆ =1,2mm.
nax. 37 amoxsna: pirvel
rigSi SevamowmoT, moxdeba Tu ara Reros
kontaqti marjvena sayrdenTan. es miiRweva im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu Reros drekadi wagrZeleba ∆0
meti an toli iqneba ∆-ze, anu unda Sesruldes

piroba: ∆ 0 ≥ ∆.

94
 PL 6 ⋅104 ⋅150
∆= = = 1,8 mm > ∆=1,2 (mm).
EA 2 ⋅104 ⋅ 250
0

e.i. arsebobs kontaqti.

movaxdinoT Reros modelireba 1-2 da 2-3
sasruli elementebiT. wonasworobis gantolebebi
matriculi saxiT Caiwereba Semdegnairad:

 1 − 1 0  u1  F1 
E⋅A     
 −1 2 − 1 u 2  = F2 
L
 0 − 1 1  u 3  F3 

CavsvaT datvirTvebi da sasazRvro pirobebi:

F2 = P= 6 ⋅104 n, u1=0, u3=∆=1,2 mm. maSin gveqneba:

 1 − 1 0  0  F1 
E⋅A     
 −1 2 − 1 u 2  =
P 
L
 0 − 1 1  ∆  F3 
 

mocemuli gantolebaTa sistemis meore

gantolebidan miviRebT:

E⋅A u 
[ 2 − 1]  2  =
{P}
L ∆ 
e.i.
E⋅A EA∆ 
[ 2]{u 2=} P +  MMM
L  L 
gamoTvlis Sedegad gveqneba:

95
 1  PL 
=
MM u2  = + ∆  1,5 mm
2  EA 
xolo sayrdenis reaqciebis gansazRvravad
ganvixiloT pirveli da mesame gantolebebi.
pirveli gantolebidan miviRebT:

 u1 
EA   EA
F1 = [1 − 1 0] u 2  = ( −u 2 ) =−5 ⋅104 n.
L u  L
 3
xolo mesame gantolebidan miviRebT:

 u1 
EA   EA
F3 = [ 0 − 1 1] u 2  = ( −u 2 + u 3 ) =−104 n.
L u  L
 3
amrigad, gansazRvrulia sayrdenebis reaqciebi.
xSir SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba garkveuli
klasis amocanebisaTvis Q Reros gaswvriv moqmedi
ganawilebuli Zala SevcvaloT misi eqvivalentur
wertilSi modebuli ZalebiT, romlebic
modebulia elementis kvanZebSi. Rerovani
elementebisaTvis Reros sigrZeze moqmedi
Tanabarganawilebuli datvirTva q intensivobiT
Seicvleba or wertilSi modebuli ZaliT,
romlebic modebulia kvanZebSi iseTnairad, rom

96
 Reros deformaciis
dros Tanabar ganawi-
lebuli datvirTvisa
da wertilSi mode-
nax. 38 buli Zalebis muSaoba
erTmaneTis toli iyos.
e.i. daiyvaneba or
kvanZur Zalad, rom-
elic tolia qL/2 (ix.
nax. 38-e), xolo ori
nax. 39 mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli
RerosaTvis Tanabarganawilebuli datvirTvis
Secvlis sqema wertilSi moqmedi ZalebiT
mocemulia 39-e naxazze.

2.2.2. sibrtyeze nebismierad

ganlagebuli elementi.

aqamde Cven ganvixileT elementebi, romlis

orientacia emTxveoda x RerZis orientacias. axla
ganvixiloT zogadi SemTxveva, rodesac Rero
daxrilia marTkuTxa koordinantTa sistemis

97
 mimarT nebis-
mieri θ kuTxiT
(ix. nax.40-e). ganvi-
xiloT ori marT-
kuTxa koordi-
natTa sistema.
kerZod, loka-
nax. 40 luri xiy, (romelic
kavSirSia RerosTan) da globaluri XoY
(marTkuTxa koordinatTa sistema), radganac
elementi mdebareobs lokalur koordinatTa
sistemis x RerZis gaswvriv. am dros misi
boloebis gadaadgileba uilok da ujlok warmoebs
isev igive RerZis (x-is) mimarT (vilok da vjlok
gadaadgilebebi y RerZis mimarTulebiT nulis
tolia). globalur koordinatTa sistemaSi maT
Seesabameba uiglob ujglob., viglob. da vjglob.. ganvsazRvroT
kavSiri i da j kvanZebis gadaadgilebebs Soris
lokalur da globalur koordinatTa sistemaSi.
e.i. movnaxoT, erTi mxriv, uilok da ujlok da meore
mxriv, uiglob ujglob., viglob. da vjglob –s Soris kavSiri
(ix. nax. 40-e).

98
 geometriuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare
SeiZleba daiweros:

u i 
glob

=
u u lok
i
glob
i
cos θ + v glob
i
=
sin θ [l m ] ⋅  glob  ;
 vi 
u i 
glob

v lok
i
= −u glob
i
sin θ + v glob
i
cos θ = [ −m l] ⋅  glob  .
 vi 
sadac, l=cos θ, m=sin θ , rac matriculi saxiT
Caiwereba Semdegnairad:

u i    m  u i 
lok glob

= lok    ⋅  glob  anu {u } = T {u }

lok glob
(2.12)
 vi   −m    vi 
i

  m
sadac T =   (2.13) ewodeba gardaqmnis
 −m  
matrica.
elementis orive kvanZisaTvis gveqneba:

u lok
i
   m 0 0  u i
glob.

 lok   −m  
0 0   vi
glob.
 vi    
= lok  ⋅  glob.  anu
u j   0 0  m  u j 
 vlok   
 0 0 − m    vglob. 
 j   j 
T 0 
u lok = Tu glob , sadac T=  (2.14)
0 T 

99
analogiurad gardaiqmneba kvanZebSi modebuli
Zalebic:
f lok= T ⋅ f glob (2.15)

sixistis matrica

ganxiluli elementisaTvis (2.11)

wonasworobis gantolebaTa sistema samarTliania
lokalur koordinatTa sistemisaTvis.
SemoRebuli aRniSvnebis Tanaxmad (2.11) Caiwereba
Semdegi saxiT:

EA  1 − 1 u i  f i 
lok lok

  =  lok  .
L  −1 1 u lok
j 
 f j 
imisaTvis, rom davamatoT gadaadgilebis
ori axali mdgeneli davamatoT sistemas kidev
ori gantoleba, miviRebT:

0 − 1 0   u i  f i 
lok
 1
lok

 0    
0 0 0   vi  0 
lok
EA 
  =  lok  ,
L  −1 0 1 0  u lokj  f j 
 
 0 0 0 0   vlok   
 j  0 
anu
k lok ⋅ u lok =
f lok

100
(2.14) da (2.15) gaTvaliswinebiT es gantoleba
SeiZleba gadavweroT:
k lok Tu= T ⋅ f
am tolobis orive mxare gavamravloT TT da
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom T T T = I , miviRebT:
T T k lok Tu = f (2.16)
amgvarad elementis sixistis k matrica globalur
koordinatTa sistemaSi SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegi
saxiT:
k = T T k lok T (2.17)
igi aris 4x4 ganzomilebis simetriuli matrica.
gaSlili saxiT sixistis k matrica warmodgeba
Semdegi saxiT:

ui vi uj vj
 2 m −  2 − m 
 
EA  m m 2 − m − m 2  (2.18)
k=
L  −  2 − m  2 m 
 
 −m − m m m 2 
2

sadac
x j − xi y j − yi
=
l cos =
θ ; = sin =
m θ (2.19)
L L

101
 Zabvebi

zogadi orientaciis Rerovani elemen-

tisaTvis Zabva gamoiTvleba formuliT:

u lok   1 1
σ = Eε = E ⋅ B ⋅  lok  = E  − ×
i

u j   L L 
u glob
i

 glob 
l m 0 0   v i 
×   glob 
0 0 l m   u J 
 vglob 
 j 
anu SemoklebiT (movaSoroT indeqsi “glob”)

u i 
v 
E  i
σ= [ − − m  m]   (2.20)
L u j 
v j 
 
ganvixiloT magaliTebi:

magaliTi #1 brtyeli kronSteini, romelic

Sedgeba ori erTnairi Rerosagan da romelTa
maxasiaTeblebia sigrZe L (nax. 41-e), ganivkveTis
farTi A da drekadobis moduli E. kronSteinze
moqmedebs Zalebi P1 da P2, rogorc mocemulia

102
naxazze. ganvsazRvroT: a) 2 kvanZis gadaadgileba,
b) Zabva TiToeul ReroSi.
amoxsna: a) kronSteinis
sakvlevi konstruqcia
SeiZleba modelirdes ori
Rerovani elementiT 1 da 2-
iT. orive elementisaTvis
lokalur koordinatTa
sistemaSi:

EA  1 − 1
nax. 41 k=
lok
k=
lok

L  −1 1
1 2

2
pirveli elementisaTvis θ=450 =
 m= .
2
Tu gaviTvaliswinebiT, (2.17)-s miviRebT 1
elementisaTvis sixistis matricas globalur
koordinatTa sistemaSi
u1 v1 u2 v2
 1 1 − 1 − 1
 
EA  1 1 − 1 − 1
=k1 T= T lok
k T
2L  −1 − 1 1 1
1 1 1

 
 −1 − 1 1 1

103
 2 2
meore elementisaTvis: θ=1350  =
− ;m =
2 2
2- elementisaTvis sixistis matricas globalur
koordinatTa sistemaSi eqneba Semdegi saxe:
u2 v2 u3 v3
 1 −1 −1 1
 −1 1 1 − 1
EA 
=k 2 T= T lok
k 2 T2
2L  −1 1 1 − 1
2

 
 1 −1 −1 1
davweroT sasrul elementTa sistemisaTvis
wonasworobis gantoleba:
u1 v1 u 2 v2 u 3 v3
 1 1 − 1 − 1 0 0  u1  F1x 
 1 1 − 1 − 1 0 0   v  F 
   1   1y 
EA  −1 − 1 2 0 − 1 1 u 2  F2 x 
  =  
2L  −1 − 1 0 2 1 − 1   v 2  F2 y 
 0 0 − 1 1 1 − 1  u 3   F 
     3x 
 0 0 1 − 1 − 1 1  v3  F3y 
sasazRvro pirobebi. u1=v1=u3=v3=0 F2x=P1, F2y=P2
gadavxazoT 1,2,5 da 6 sveti da striqoni, maSin
miviRebT:

EA  2 0  u 2  P1 
 = 
L 0 2   v 2  P2 

104
am gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsniT ganisazRvreba
saZebni gadaadgileba 2 kvanZSi.

u 2  L P1 
 =  
 v 2  EA P2 
b) (2.20)-is Tanaxmad miviRebT orive ReroSi Zabvis
gamosaTvlel formulebs:

0 
 
E 2 L 0  2
=
σ1 [ −1 − 1 1 1] =  ( P1 + P2 ) ;
2L EA P1  2A
P2 

P1 
 
E 2 L P2  2
=
σ2 [1 − 1 − 1 1] =  ( P1 − P2 ) .
2L EA 0  2A
0 

magaliTi #2 brtyeli
Rerovani konstruq-
ciisaTvis (ix. nax. 42-e)
mocemulia P=1000kn,
L=1m, E=210gpa, A=6⋅10-4m2
(1 da 2 elementisaTvis)

=
A 6 2 ⋅10−4 m2 (3-elemen-
nax. 42 tisaTvis). ganvsaz-
RvroT gadaadgileba da reaqciebi sayrdenebSi.
105
amoxsna: SevadginoT mTeli konstruqciis
sixistis globaluri matrica 1 elementisaTvis:
=
θ 900=
,  0,=
m 1 sixistis matrica globalur
koordinatebSi tolia:

u1 v1 u 2 v 2
0 0 0 0 
 
210 ⋅10 ⋅ 6 ⋅10 0 1 0 − 1  (n/m)
9 −4

k1 =
1 0 0 0 0 
 
0 − 1 0 1 

2-elementisaTvis: =θ 00=
;  1;=
m 0. sixistis
matrica globalur koordinatebSi aseTia:

u 2 v2 u 3 v3
 1 0 −1 0
 0  (n/m)
210 ⋅109 ⋅ 6 ⋅10−4  0 0 0
k2 =
1  −1 0 1 0
 
 0 0 0 0

3-elementisatvis θ= 450 ; = m= 2 . sixistis

2
matrica iqneba:

106
 u1 v1 u2 v2
 0,5 0,5 − 0,5 − 0,5
 0,5 0,5 − 0,5 − 0,5 (n/m)
210 ⋅10 ⋅ 6 ⋅10 
9 −4

k3 =
2  −0,5 − 0,5 0,5 0,5 
 
 −0,5 − 0,5 0,5 0,5 

mTeli konstruqciis wonasworobis gantolebaTa

sistema tolia:

0,5 0,5 0 0 − 0,5 − 0,5 u1  F1x 

    
 1,5 0 − 1 − 0,5 − 0,5   v1  F1y 
 1 0 −1 0  u 2  F2 x 
1260 ⋅105   =  
 1 0 0   v 2  F2 y 
 (simm.) 1,5 0,5  u 3  F3x 
    
 0,5   v3  F3y 

aRsaniSnavia, rom ZalTa veqtorSi x,y indeqsi

Seesabameba globalur koordinatTa sistemas.
sasazRvro pirobebi:
u=
glob
1
v=
glob
1
v=
glob.
3
0; = =
F2 x P, Flok
3x
0.s
zemoT moyvanili gantolebebi sasazRvro
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT daiyvaneba Semdeg
saxeze:

 2 2  u glob 
  glob  = ( −u 3 + v3 ) =
2
=
−
3
vlok
3
glob glob
0
 2 2 
 3 
u  2

aqedan: (u glob
3
− vglob
3
)=
0

107
aseve miviRebT gamosaxulebas ZalisaTvis 3
kvanZSi.

 2 2  F3x 
= 
F3xlok  =
2  F3y 

2
( F3x + F3y=) 0
 2 2

e.i. F3x+F3y=0.
sasazRvro pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT
wonasworobis gantolebidan gadavSaloT 1,2, da 4
striqoni da sveti, maSin miviRebT:

 1 − 1 0  u 2  P 
   
1260 ⋅10  −1 1,5 0,5  u 3  =
5
F3x 
 0 0,5 0,5  v3  F3y 

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 3 kvanZSi ZalTa

Tanafardobas da pirobas u 3 − v3 =
0, zeda
gamosaxuleba miiRebs aseT saxes:

 1 − 1 0  u 2   P 
   
1260 ⋅10  −1 1,5 0,5  u 3  =
5
 F3x 
 0 0,5 0,5  v3  −F3y 

saidanac gamomdinareobs:

 1 −1  P 
   
1260 ⋅105  −1 2    =
u 2
 F3x 
 0 1   3  − F3y 
u

sabolood F3x= _1260⋅105⋅u3

108
2 da 3 striqonebis SekrebiT miviRebT:

 1 − 1  u 2   P 
1260 ⋅105   =  .
 −1 3 u 3  0 
am gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna mogvcems
gadaadgilebas:

u 2  1 P  0, 01191 
=  = 5     (m).
u 3  2520 ⋅10 0  0, 003968
globaluri sasrul-elementiani gantolebidan
matriculi saxiT SesaZlebelia gamovTvaloT
sayrdenebis reaqciebi.
SeniSvna: sibrtyeze nebismieri orientaciis
elementis, analogiurad sivrceSi nebismieri
orientaciis elementisaTvis, sixistis matrica
jer iwereba lokalur koordinatTa sistemisaTvis
da Semdeg xdeb misi transformacia (gardaqmna)
globalur koordinatTa x,y,z sistemaSi.

109
 2.3. Zelis elementi. sixistis matrica

ganvixiloT Zelis elementi. aseTi saxis

sasruli elementi xasiaT-
deba L sigrZiT, ganivi
kveTis inerciis momentiT I
da E drekadobis moduliT.
Zelis wrfivi elementi sqe-
nax. 43 maturad gamosaxulia me-43
naxazze. is SemosazRvrulia i da j kvanZiT.
TiToeuls cal-calke aqvs minimum ori
Tavisuflebis xarisxi: v CaRunva da Z RerZis
dv
mimarT mobrunebis kuTxe θ= . kvanZebSi
dx
moqmedebs gadamWreli Zala F da Z RerZis mimarT,
mRunavi momenti _M. Runvis Teoriis Tanaxmad:
d2v
EI 2 = M(x) (2.21)
dx
M⋅y
σ=− (2.22)
I
Tu Zelis Teoriis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT
gamovTvliT sixistis matricis elemenetebs i da j
kvanZisaTvis x,y koordinatebSi, maSin miviRebT:

110
  12 6L − 12 6L   vi  Fi 
 2   
EI  6L 4L − 6L 2L  θi  M i 
2

 =  (2.23)
L3  −12 − 6L 12 − 6L   v j  Fj 
 
 6L 2L2 − 6L 4L2  θ j  M j 

realurad Zelebi aRiqvams ara mxolod Zvras da

Runvas, aramed RerZul datvirTvasac. Zelis
elementisaTvis sixistis matrica zogad
SemTxvevaSi miiReba (2.23) kombinirebiT Reros
elementis sixistis matricasTan (2.17):
ui vi θi uj vj θj
 EA EA 
 L 0 0 − 0 0
L
 
 0 12EI 4EI
0
6EI
− 2
2EI 
 L3 L2 L L 
 EA EA 
K = − 0 0 0 0
 L L 
 −12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI 
 0 − 2 0 − 2 
 L3 L L3 L 
 6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI 
 0 0 − 2 
 L2 L L L 
aRsaniSnavia, rom K matricis elementebs gaaCnia
gansxvavebuli sidideebi es gamomdinareobs iqidan,
rom gadaadgilebisa da Zalis veqtorebis
komponentebs gansxvavebuli ganzomilebebi aqvs
(Sesabamisad (m), (rad) da (n), (n⋅m)).

111
 samganzomilebian sistemaSi sixistis
matricis gamosaTvlelad jer igi Caiwereba
organzomilebian lokalur koordinatTa
sistemaSi, xolo Semdeg gadadis globalur
sivrcul koordinatTa sistemaSi.
ganvixiloT magaliTebi.
magaliTi #1: xistad Camagrebuli Zeli (ix.
44-e naxazi) Sua
wertilSi datvir-
Tulia wertilSi
modebuli P ZaliT
da M momentiT.
nax. 44 ganvsazRvroT me-2
kvanZis gadaadgileba, mobrunebis kuTxe da
sayrdenis reaqciebi.
amoxsna: davweroT TiToeuli elementisaTvis
sixistis matrica:
v1 θ1 v2 θ2
 12 6L − 12 6L 
 2
EI  6L 4L − 6L 2L  ;
2

K1 = 3
L  −12 − 6L 12 − 6L 
 
 6L 2L − 6L 4L 
2 2

112
 v2 θ2 v3 θ3
 12 6L − 12 6L 
 2
EI  6L 4L − 6L 2L  .
2

K2 = 3
L  −12 − 6L 12 − 6L 
 
 6L 2L − 6L 4L 
2 2

davweroT globaluri sasrul_elementiani

gaantoleba:
v1 θ1 v2 θ2 v3 θ3
 12 6L − 12 6L 0 0   v1  F1y 
    
 6L 4L
2
6L 2L 0 0  θ1  M1 
EI  −12 − 6L 24 0 − 12 6L   v 2  F2 y 
  =  
L3  6L 2L2 0 8L2 − 6L 2L2  θ2  M 2 
 0 0 − 12 − 6L 12 − 6L   v3  F3y 
    
 0 0 6L 2L2 − 6L 4L2  θ3  M 3 

gaviTvaliswinoT sasazRvro pirobebi: v1=v3=0,

θ1 =θ3 =0 , F2y=-P, M2=M. ris Semdegac wina sasrul-
elementiani gantoleba matriculi saxiT miiRebs
Semdeg saxes:

EI  24 0   v 2  −P 
    =  .
L3 0 8L2  θ2  M 
am gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna gvaZlevs:

v2  L −PL 
2

  =  .
θ2  24EI  3M 

113
globaluri sasrul elementiani gantolebidan
miviRebT sayrdeni reaqciis gamosaTvlel
formulebs:
F1y  −12 6L  2P + 3M / L 
   2   
 M1  EI −6L 2L   v 2  1 PL + M 
  =3     
F3y  L −12 − 6L  θ2  4 2P − 3M / L 
M  6L 2L2  −PL + M 
 3
xolo Zelis boloebze Zabvebi ganisazRvreba
formuliT:
M⋅y
σ = σx = −
I
magaliTi #2:
mocemuli 45-e naxazze
mocemuli sqemisaTvis
gamovTvaloT marjvena
nax. 45 bolos gadaadgileba, mob-
runebis bkuTxe da say-
rdenis reaqciebi.
amoxsna: pirvel rigSi
movaxdinoT ganawilebuli
datvirTvis transfor-
macia kvanZebSi. SesaZlebe-
nax. 46 lia vaCvenoT, rom Zala

114
transformirdeba kvanZebSi imgvarad rogorc es
naCvenebia 46-e naxazze. yovelive amis Tu
gaTvaliswinebiT Cvens magaliTze mogvcems Semdeg
pL2
saangariSo sqemas (ix. nax. 47-e), sadac m = da
12
pL
f= . sasrul_elementiani gantolebaTa sistema
2

nax. 47
matriculi saxiT, mocemuli amocanisaTvis
miiRebs saxes:

 12 6L − 12 6L   v1  F1y 
     
EI  6L 4L2 − 6L 2L2  θ1  M1 
⋅  =  
L3  −12 − 6L 12 − 6L   v 2  F2 y 
 
 6L 2L2 − 6L 4L2  θ2  M 2 

SemovitanoT sasazRvro pirobebi: v1=θ1=0; F2y=-f,

M2=m. gadavxazoT striqonebi da svetebi nomrebiT
1 da me-2 ris Sedegadac gveqneba:

115
 EI 12 -6L   v 2  −f 
  =  
L3 -6L 4L2  θ2  m 

aqedan miviRebT Zelis marjvena bolos

gadaadgilebas:

 v 2  L −2L2 f + 3Lm  −PL / 8EI 

4

=  =     (a)
θ2  6EI −3Lf + 6m  − PL / 6EI 
3

wonasworobis zogadi gantolebaTa sistemidan (a)-

s gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT sayrdenis reaqciebs:
F1y  L3 −12 6L   v 2  PL / 2 
=  =  2    . (b)
M 2  EI −6L 2L  θ2  5PL /12 
2

aRvniSnoT, rom (b) gantoleba warmoadgens jamur

Zalas da moments, romlebic moqmedebs Zelis
pirvel kvanZSi. garda sayrdenis reaqciebisa, isini
Seicavs Tavis TavSi kvanZur Zalebs da momentebs,
romelic gamowveulia kvanZebSi ganawilebuli
datvirTvis gardaqmniT. rogorc naxazidan Cans

−PL / 2 
isini tolia   ase, rom sayrdenis
−PL /12 
2

WeSmariti reaqciebi unda iyos koreqtirebuli.

F1y  PL / 2  −PL / 2  PL 

  = −  = 2 
M1  5PL /12  −PL /12  PL / 2 
2 2

116
 magaliTi #3 1 wertilSi xistad
Camagrebul Zels me-2 wertilSi gaaCnia sayrdeni,
xolo me-3 wertilSi gaaCnia k sixistis mqone
zambariseburi sayrdeni. (ix. nax. 48-e).

nax. 48
moc: P=50kn, k=200kn/m, L=3m, E=210gpa, I=2⋅10-4m4.
ganvsazRvroT gadaadgileba, mobrunebis kuTxe da
sayrdenis reaqciebi.
amoxsna: amocanis amosaxsnelad gamoviyenoT
Zelis ori elementi 1 da me-2, aseve drekadi
elementi me-3. sixistis matrica me-3
elementisaTvis tolia:
v3 v4
 k − k
k=
k 
.
 −k
mag. 1-Si mocemulia ori mimdevrobiT
SeerTebuli Zelis sixistis globaluri matrica.

117
Tu am matricas davumatebT zemoT miRebuli
drekadi elementis sixistis matricas, gveqneba:
v1 θ1 v2 θ2 v3 θ3 v4

12 6L − 12 6L 0 0 0   v1  F1y 
    
 4L2 − 6L 2L2 0 0 0  θ1  M1 
 24 0 12 6L 0   v 2  F2 y 
EI      
 8L2 − 6L 2L2 0  θ 2  = M 2 
L3 

12 + K ′ − 6L − k ′   v3  F3y 
   
 4L2 0  θ3  M 3 
    
 (simm) k ′  v 4  F4 y 
 
sadac
L3
k′ = k
EI
sasazRvro pirobebi: v1=θ1=v2=v4=0; M2=M3=0; F3y=-P.
sasazRvro pirobebis Sesabamisad gadavSaloT
pirveli sami da me-7 sveti da striqoni, miviRebT:

8L2 − 6L 2L2  θ2   0 

EI      
−6L 12+k ′ − 6L  ⋅  v3  =
−P 
L3  2
 2L − 6L 4L  θ3   0 
2  

am gantolebis amoxsnis Semdeg vRebulobT me-2 da

me-3 kvanZebSi gadaadgilebas da mobrunebis
kuTxeebs.

118
 θ 2  3  −2, 49 ⋅10 m 
−3

  PL 2
   
 v3  =
− 7L  =
−0, 017 rad.  .
θ  EI (12 + 7k ′ )    
9  −7, 48 ⋅10 m 
−3
 3
gantolebaTa globaluri sistemidan miviRebT
sayrdenis reaqciebs.

 F1 y  −69, 78 kn 
   
 M 1  −69, 78 kn ⋅ m 
 = .
 F2 y   116,2 kn 
 F   3,488 kn 
 4y  
Zelis saangariSo sqema, sayrdenis reaqciebis
gamoTvlili mniSvnelobebiT ixile naxaz 46-e.

nax. 49
magaliTi #4: mocemulia CarCo (ix. nax. 50)
cnobilia: E=300gpa, I=0,3⋅10-4m4, A=0,44⋅10-2m2
ganvsazRvroT gadadgileba, 1 da 2-is kuTxis
SeerTebis mobrunebis kuTxe da sayrdenis
reaqciis Zalebi.

119
 nax. 50 nax. 51
amoxsna: pirvel rigSi daviyvanoT
ganawilebuli datvirTva kvanZebSi rogorc es
naCenebia 51-e naxaz. lokalur koordinatTa
sistemaSi TiToeuli am sami Zelis sixistis
matrica gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:
ui vi θi uj vj θj
 EA EA 
 L 0 0 − 0 0
L
 
0 2EI 6EI −12EI 6EI 
0
 L3 L2 L2 L 
 −EA EA 
k lok = 0 0 0 0 
 L L 
 −12EI −6EI 2EI −6EI 
0 0 
 L3 L2 L3 L2 
 6EI 2EI −6EI 4Ei 
0 0 
 L 
2
L L L2
SevadginoT elementTa kavSirebis cxrili:

120
 elementi i-kvanZi j-kvanZi
1 1 2
2 3 1
3 4 2

globaluri koordnatTa sistemis X da Y

RerZebi SevarCioT iseTnairad, rom igi emTxveodes
1 elementis lokalur koortdinatTa x da y
RerZebs. am elementisaTvis davweroT sixistis
matrica globalur koordinatebSi da CavsvaT
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi (x106) miviRebT:

ui vi θi uj vj θj
165 0 0 − 165 0 0 
0 0, 21 0,84 0 − 0, 21 0,84 

0 0,84 4,5 0 − 0,84 2, 25 
= k=
k glob. lok
 
165 0 0 165 0 0 
 0 − 0, 21 − 0,84 0 0, 21 − 0,84 
 
0 0,84 2, 25 0 − 0,84 4,5 

xolo me-2 da me-3 elementebis sixistis matrica

lokalur koordinatTa sistemaSi gamoisaxeba
Semdegi saxiT:

121
 u lok
i
vlok
i
θlok
i
u lok
j
vlok
j
θlok
j

 264 0 0 − 264 0 0 
 0 0,86 2,16 0 − 0,86 2,16 

 0 2,16 7,2 0 − 2,16 3,6 
= k 3lok
k 2glob. = 106 ⋅  
 −264 0 0 264 0 0
 0 − 0,86 2,16 0 0,86 − 2,16 
 
 0 2,16 3,6 0 − 2,16 7, 2 
sadac: i=3, j=1 me-2 elementisaTvis da i=4, j=2 me-3
elementisatvis. (2.12) Tanaxmad lokaluridan,

globalur sistemaze gardaqmnis T matrica,

gansaxilveli konstruqciis SemTxvevaSi miiRebs
Semdeg saxes:
 m 0 0 0 0
 −m  0 0 0 0 

0 0 1 0 0 0
T =  
0 0 0  m 0
0 0 0 −m  0
 
0 0 0 0 0 1

rogorc me-2 iseve me-3 elementisaTvis

gvaqvs Semdegi: l=0, m=1. aqedan gamomdinare

gardaqmnis T matrica mocemuli amocanisaTvis

miiRebs saxes:

122
  0 1 0 0 0 0
 −1 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 1 0 0 0
T =  
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 −1 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 0 1

(2.17) formulis gamoyenebiT me-2 da me-3

elementebisaTvis miviRebT sixistis matricebis
gamosaxulebebs globalur koordinatTa
sistemaSi.
u3 v3 θ3 u1 v1 θ1 (me-2 elementi)
u4 v4 θ4 u2 v2 θ2 (me-3 elementi)
 0,86 0 − 2,16 − 0,86 0 − 2,16 
 0 264 0 0 − 264 0 

 −2,16 0 216 0,86 0 2,16 
k= k= 106 ⋅  
 −0,86 0
2 3
216 0,86 0 2,16 
 0 − 264 0 0 264 0 
 
 −2,16 0 3,6 2,16 0 7, 2 

mTliani konstruqciis sixistis globaluri

matricis SedgenisaTvis jer vaCvenoT masSid
TiToeuli elementis sixistis lokaluri matri-
cis adgili (Seuvsebeli ujredebze dgas 0-ebi).

123
pirveli elementisaTvis (x106):
u1 v1 θ1 u2 v2 θ2 u3 v3 θ3 u4 v4 θ4
u1 165 0 0 -165 0 0
v1 0 0,21 0,84 0 -0,21 0,84
θ1 0 0,84 4,5 0 0,84 2,25
u2 -165 0 0 165 0 0
v2 0 -0,21 0,84 0 0,21 0,84
θ2 0 0,84 2,25 0 0,84 4,5
u3
v3
θ3
u4
v4
θ4

me-2 elementisaTvis (x106):

u1 v1 θ1 u2 v2 θ2 u3 v3 θ3 u4 v4 θ4
u1 0,86 0 2,16 -0,83 0 2,16
v1 2,16 0 7,2 0 -264 0
θ1 2,16 0 7,2 -2,16 0 3,6
u2
v2
θ2
u3 -0,86 6 -2,16 0,86 0 -2,16
v3 0 -264 0 0 264 0
θ3 2,16 0 3,6 -2,16 0 7,2
u4
v4
θ4

124
 me-3 elementisaTvis (x106):
u1 v1 θ1 u2 v2 θ2 u3 v3 θ3 u4 v4 θ4
u1
v1
θ1
u2 0,86 0 2,16 -0,86 0 2,16
v2 0 264 0 0 264 0
θ2 2,16 0 7,2 -2,16 0 3,6
u3
v3
θ3
u4 -0,86 0 -2,16 0,86 0 -2,16
v4 0 -264 0 0 264 0
θ4 2,16 0 3,6 -2,16 0 7,2

samive matricis SekrebiT miiReba sixistis

globaluri matrica (x106):
u1 v1 θ1 u2 v2 θ2 u3 v3 θ3 u4 v4 θ4
u1 165,9 0 2,16 -165 0 0 -0,86 0 2,16 0 0 0
v1 0 264,2 0,84 0 -0,21 0,84 0 -264 0 0 0 0
θ1 2,16 0,84 11,7 0 -0,84 2,25 -2,16 0 3,6 0 0 0
u2 -165 0 0 165,9 0 2,16 0 0 0 -0,86 0 2,16
v2 0 0,21 -0,84 0 264,2 -0,84 0 0 0 0 -264 0
θ2 0 0,84 2,25 2,16 -0,84 11,7 0 0 0 -2,16 0 3,6
u3 -0,86 0 2,16 0 0 0 0,86 0 -2,16 0 0 0
v3 0 -264 0 0 0 0 0 264 0 0 0 0
θ3 2,16 0 3,6 0 0 0 -2,16 0 7,2 0 0 0
u4 0 0 0 -0,86 0 -2,16 0 0 0 0,86 0 -2,16
v4 0 0 0 0 -264 0 0 0 0 0 264 0
θ4 0 0 0 2,16 0 3,6 0 0 0 -2,16 0 7,2

125
 aRviSnoT, rom sawyisi Sesakrebi matricebis
koeficientebi SeiZleba sididiT gansxvavdebodnen
ramodenime rigiT (magaliTisaTvis u1: 165⋅10-6 da
0,86⋅10-6) faqtiurad es metyvelebs imaze, rom
pirveli elementis winaRoba 1 kvanZis
gadaadgilebisas X RerZis gaswvriv 100-jer metia
vidre me-2 elementis.
SemovitanoT sasazRvro pirobebi:

u3=v3=θ3=u4=v4=θ4=0;
F1x=300n, F2x=0; F1y=F2y.=-200n;
MM1=2666,7n⋅m; MM1=2666,7n⋅m.

sasazRvro pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT

miviRebT gantolebeTa Semdeg sistemas:

165,86 0 2,16 − 165 0 0  u1   3000 

 0 264,21 0,84  
 0 − 0,21 0,84   v1  −2000 
 2,16 0,84 11,7 0 0,84 2,25  θ1  −2666,7 
106 ⋅    =  
 −165 0 0 165,86 0 2,16  u 2   0 
 0 − 0,21 − 0,84 0 264,21 
− 0,84 v 2   −2000 
    
 0 0,84 − 2,25 2,16 − 0,84 11,7  θ2   2666,7 

mocemuli sistemis amonaxsens warmoadges:

M
126
 u1   2,84 ⋅10 m 
−3

v   
−4, 77 ⋅10 m 
−6

 1 
θ1  −7, 23 ⋅10−4 rad 
 = 
u 2   2,83 ⋅10 m
−3

 v 2  −1, 04 ⋅10−5 m 
   
θ2  −1,56 ⋅10 rad 
−4

sayrdenis reaqciebis gasagebad SevadginoT da

amovxnaT gantolebaTa sistema matriculi saxiT
me-2 da me-3 elementebisaTvis.
me-2 elementisaTvis:

0,86 0 − 2,16 − 0,86 0 − 2,16   0   F3x 

 0 264 0   0   
 0 − 264 0    F3y 
 −2,16 0 7,2 2,16 0 3,6   0   M 3 
106 ⋅    = 
 −0,86 0 2,16 0,86 0 2,16   3 ⋅ 10−3   3000 
 0 − 264 0 0 264 0  −4,8 ⋅ 10−6  −2000 
    
 −2,16 0 3,6 2,16 0 7,2  −7,3 ⋅10−4  −2666,7 
me-3 elementisaTvis:

0,86 0 − 2,16 − 0,86 0 − 2,16   0   F4x 

  
 0 264 0 0 − 264 0 
 0   F4 y 
 
 −2,16 0 7,2 2,16 0 3,6   0   M 4 
106 ⋅   = 
 −0,86 0 2,16 0,86 0 2,16   3 ⋅10−3   0 
 0 − 264 0 0 264 0  −1,0 ⋅10−5  −2000 
    
 −2,16 0 3,6 2,16 0 7,2  −1,6 ⋅10−4  −2666,7 

127
 mocemul gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsnebs
warmoadgens:

F3x  −892,8 n  F4 x  −2107, 2 n 

       
=F3y  =
1260,1 n  ; F4 y  2739, 9 n 
  35331 n ⋅ m    4988, 0 n ⋅ m 
M 3    M 4   
amocanis amonaxsnebis Semowmebis mizniT
aviRoT CarCo da davitanoT yvela moqmedi Zala
da reaqciis Zalebi (ix. naxazi 52-e).

nax. 52
wonasworobis pirobebis SemowmebiT vrwmundebiT,
rom gamowveuli umaRlesi cTomileba miiReba ga-
moTvlebis dros damrgvalebiT.

128
 3. brtyeli amocana. sasruli elementebi
brtyeli amocanebisaTvis

(drekadobis Teoriis ZiriTadi Tanafar-

dobebi matriculi saxiT organzomilebiani
(brtyeli) amocanebisaTvis mocemulia dasawyisSi)

3.1. sasruli elementebis formis

funqciebi da sixistis matrica

pirvel rigSi SevadginoT sixistis matrica

Reros elementisaTvis “formis funqciis”
gamoyenebiT. SemdgomSi es midgoma Cvens mier
gamoyenebuli iqneba rTul SemTxvevebSi.
ganvixiloT Reros elementi, romlis sigrZea L,
ganivkveTis farTobia A da drekadobis moduli -
E, xolo elementis kvanZebia i da j.
ganvixiloT Semdegi ori wrfivi funqcia:

N i ( ξ ) = 1 − ξ, N j = ξ (3.1)

sadac: ξ aris elementis wertilis fardobiTi

koordinati lokalur koordinatTa sistemaSi.

129
 X
=ξ , 0 ≤ ξ ≤1 (3.2)
L
(2.9) gaTvliswinebiT u(x) gadaadgileba SeiZleba
CavweroT Semdegi saxiT:

u(x) = u ( ξ ) = N i ( ξ ) u i + N j (ξ)u j
anu matriculi saxiT:

u i 
=u =
N i N j    [ N ]{u} (3.3)
u j 
Ni(ξ) da Nj(ξ) wrfiv funqciebs ewodeba formis
funqciebi Reros elementisaTvis. (mas aseve eZaxian
sainterpolacio an maaproqsimirebul funqciebs).
realurad isini marTlac axdens saZiebel (Cvens
SemTxvevaSi gadaadgilebis) interpolacias
elementis sazRvrebSi. (3.1)-s gaaCnia Semdegi
Tvisebebi:
1) ∑ Ni = 1 (3.4 a)
e. i. formis funqciebis jami elementis yvela
kvanZSi igivurad udris 1.

1, ξ=0 (x=x i ) 1, ξ=0 (x=x j )

2) N i = ; Nj  (3.4 b)
0, ξ=1 (x=x j ) 0, ξ=1 (x=x i )

130
e.i. formis funqciebi udris 1 (erTs) romelime
kvanZSi da 0-s - yvela sxva kvanZSi.
formis funqciebis gaTvliswinebiT
fardobiTi deformacia SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegi
saxiT.
du  d 
=
ε = N {u=
} [ B] ⋅ {u} (3.5)
dx  dx 

sadac [ B] -s uwodeben gadaadgilebis

diferencirebis matricas.
d d dξ
[ B]=  N i (ξ) N j (ξ) =  N i (ξ) N j (ξ) 
dx dξ dx
e.i.

 1 1
[ B] =  − L (3.6)
L 
Zabva Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
σ = Eε = E [ B]{u} (3.7)

(3.5) da (3.7) gaTvliswinebiT Reros elementis

deformaciis energia tolia:

U=
1 T
∫ σ εdv=
2v
1
2v
T
(
∫ {u} [ B] E [ B]{u} dv=
T
)
(3.8)
= {u}  ∫ [ B] E [ B] dv  {u}
1 T T

2 
v 

131
amave dros kvanZebSi moqmedi fi da fj ZalebiT
Sesrulebuli muSaoba Seadgens:
1 1 1
W = f i u i + f j u j = {u} ⋅ {f }
T
(3.9)
2 2 2
erTTavad konservatiuli sistemisaTvis unda
Sesruldes Semdegi toloba

U=W (3.10)

(3.10)-Si (3.8) da (3.9)-is CasmiT miviRebT:

1
2
T

v
(
T
)
{u}  ∫ [ B] E [ B] dv  {u} = {u} {f }

1
2
T

amrigad,

(∫
 v
)
 [ B]T E [ B] dv  {u} = {f }

anu [ k ]{U} = {f }
sadac k-s ewodeba sixistis matrica.

[ k ] = ∫ ([ B] E [ B]) dv
T
(3.11)
v

xolo drekadobis moduli E mudmivi sididea

elementis mTel sigrZeze.

132
 sixistis matricis (3.11) formula sazogadod
SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnes sxvadasxva saxis
elementisaTvis. kerZod (3.11)-Si Reros
elementisaTvis B-s (3.6) mniSvnelobis CasmiT
gveqneba:

 1
− L   1
L 1 EA  1 -1
k=∫  E − =
L -1 1
Adx
0
 1   L L 
 L 
rac zustad emTxveva adre miRebul Sedegs.
(3.11) SesaZlebelia miviRoT potenciuri energiis
minimumis principis gamoyenebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom (3.8) da (3.11) safuZvelze
elementis deformaciis energia SeiZleba Caiweros
aseTi saxiT:
1
U= {u} [ k ]{u}
T
(3.12)
2
ganvixiloT formis funqciebis gamiyeneba
ufro rTuli elementebis sixistis matricis
asagebad.
(3.3) ganzogadebiT, rodesac kvanZebis ricxvi
metia 2-ze, miviRebT:

133
  u1 
v 
u   N1 0 N 2 0...   
1

 =  u 2  , anu {u} = [ N ]{d} (3.13)

 v  0 N1 0 N 2 ...  
v
 2
 

sadac [ N] aris formis funqciebis matrica, {u}

elementis nebismieri wertilis gadaadgilebis
veqtoria, {d} ki kvanZebis gadaadgilebis veqtoria.

am dros unda vivaraudoT, rom elementis

nebismier wertilSi u-s mimarTulebiT
gadaadgileba damokidebulia mxolod kvanZebis u-
gadaadgilebaze. igive mosazreba aseve
samarTlianad SeiZleba CaiTvalos v-sTvisac. (14) –
is gaTvaliswinebiT deformaciis veqtori
SeiZleba CavweroT Semdegi saxiT:

{ε}= [ D] ⋅ {u}= [ D] ⋅ [ N ]{d} anu

{ε} =[ B]{d} sadac

[ B] = [ D][ N ] gadaadgilebis diferencirebis

veqtoria. ganvixiloT elementis deformaciis

energia. (3.8)-is analogiurad SeiZleba CavweroT:

134
 ∫ ( σ x ε x + σ y ε y + τxy ν xy ) dv
1 1
= ∫ {σ} {ε} dv
= =
T
U
2v 2v
= ∫ ([ E ]{ε} ) {ε} dv = ∫ {ε} [ E ]{ε} dv =
1 T 1 T

2v 2v
1 1
={d} ∫ [ B] [ E ][ B] dv {d} {d} [ k ]{d}
T T T

2 v 2
am gamosaxulebidan miviRebT nebismieri brtyeli
elementis sixistis matricis gamosaTvlel
formulas:

[ k ] = ∫ [ B] [ E ][ B] dv
T
(3.15)
v

sayuradReboa, rom wrfivi elementisagan

gansxvavebiT am SemTxvevaSi [E] aris matrica,

romelic gamoiTvleba formulebiT:

 
1 ν 0 
E  
[E]
= ν brtyeli daZabuli
1 − ν 2 
1 0 
1− ν 
0 0 
 2 
mdgomareobisaTvis

 
1 − ν ν 0 
E  
=
da [E]  ν 1 0  brtyeli
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )  1 − 2ν 
 0 0 
 2 

135
deformaciis SemTxvevaSi, orive SemTxvevaSi ν-
puasonis koeficientia.

sixistis [k] matrica simetriuli matricaa,

radganac [E] matricac simetriulia. aseve

SevniSnoT, rom mocemuli masalisaTvis [k]

sixistis matrica damokidebulia mxolod
gadaadgilebis diferencirebis [ B] matricaze.

xolo [ B] matrica Tavis mxriv damokidebulia

formis funqcia N-ze. amrigad, sasrulelementiani

modeli Tu ramdenad asaxavs realuri
konstruqciis Tvisebas, damokidebulia mxolod
formis funqciebze, anu mokled rom vTqvaT
damokidebulia sasruli elementebis saxeze
(formaze).

3.2. wrfivi samkuTxa brtyeli elementi

elementis sqema mocemulia naxaz 53-ze. mas

gaaCnia sami kvanZi, romelic danomrilia saaTis
isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod. TiToeul

136
 kvanZs gaaCnia ori
Tavisuflebis xarisxi e.i.
SeiZleba gvqondes
gadaadgileba x da y
RerZebis gaswvriv.
CavTvaloT, rom ele-
nax. 53 mentis nebismier Siga wer-
tilSi u, v gadaadgileba warmoadgens wrfiv
funqcias x da y koordinatebis mimarT:
u =b1 + b 2 x + b3 y;
(3.16)
v =b 4 + b5 x + b 6 y

sadac bi, i=1,2,3,4,5,6 mudmivebia. (3.16)-dan da

ε x  ∂ / ∂x 0 
  0   U  anu=
=
ε y   ∂ / ∂y  V  {ε} [ D]{U}
  ∂ / ∂y ∂ / ∂x   
 γ xy 
gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba miviRoT
deformaciisaTvis Semdegi gamosaxuleba:

 ∂u ∂v
ε x= ∂x
= b 2 , ε y=
∂y
= b6

 (3.17)
γ = ∂u ∂v
+ = b3 + b5
 xy ∂y ∂x
(3.17)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom aq deformacia
araa damokidebuli wertilis koordinatze, e.i.
137
igi elementis farglebSi mudmivia. aqedan
gamomdinare aseT wrfiv samkuTxa elements eZaxian
“elementi mudmivi deformaciiT”.
aRsaniSnavia, rom TviTon kvanZebis
gadaadgilebac aseve unda aRiweros (3.16)
gantolebiT. amasTan x da y-is nacvlad unda
Caisvas kvanZis Sesabamisi (xi,yj) koordinati.
miviRebT eqvsucnobian, eqvs wrfiv gantolebaTa
sistemas, saidanac ganisazRvreba ucnobi eqvsi bi
koeficientebi.

 u1 = b1 + b 2 x1 + b3 y1 ;
u =
 2 b1 + b 2 x 2 + b3 y 2 ;
u 3 = b1 + b 2 x 3 + b3 y3 ;

 v1 =b 4 + b5 x1 + b 6 y1 ;
v2 = b 4 + b5 x 2 + b 6 y 2 ;

 v3 =b 4 + b5 x 3 + b 6 y3

mocemul gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsniT

miviRebT b1, b2, … b6 gamosaxulebebs. sabolood
elementis SigniT wertilis gadaadgilebisaTvis
gveqneba:

138
  u1 
v 
 1
u   N1 0 N 2 0 N 3 0  u 2 
 =  
N 3   v 2 
(3.18)
 v  0 N1 0 N 2 0
u 3 
 
 v3 
sadac Ni formis funqciebia, romlebic
wrfivebia x da y-is mimarT:
 1
 N1 2A ( x 2 y3 − x 3 y 2 ) + ( y 2 − y3 ) x + ( x 3 − x 2 ) y  ;
=

 1
=
N2 ( x 3 y1 − x1 y3 ) + ( y3 − y1 ) x + ( x1 − x 3 ) y  ; (3.19)
 2A 
 1
 N 3 2A ( x1 y 2 − x 2 y1 ) + ( y1 − y 2 ) x + ( x 2 − x1 ) y 
=

1 x1 y1 
A = det 1 x 2 y 2 
1
(3.20)
2
1 x 3 y3 

sadac A samkuTxa elementis farTobia.

gamoviyenoT (3.18), (3.19) da
ε x  ∂ / ∂x 0 
   0
{ε} = ε y  =  ∂ / ∂y  miviRebT:
 
 γ xy  ∂ / ∂x ∂ / ∂y 

139
  u1 
v 
ε x   y23 0 y31 0 y12 0   
1

  1   u 2 
ε y=  [ B]{=
d} 0 x 32 0 x13 0 x 21   
  2A  v
 x 32 y23 x13 y31 x 21 y12   2  (3.21)
 γ xy  u 3 
 
 v3 
sadac x ij =
x i − x j , yij =
yi − y j (i,j=1,2,3) .

(3.21)-dan gamomdinareobs rom elementis

nebismieri Siga wertilisaTvis, deformacia
mudmivia, razedac zeviT avRniSneT. aqedan
gamomdinare elementis Siga wertilebSi mudmivi
iqneba Zabvac. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT samkuTxa
elementis am Tvisebas, sasurvelia SeizRudos
aseTi elementis gamoyeneba im areze sadac araa
Zabvis didi gradienti, e.i. _ Zabvis koncentrato-
rebidan Sors. aseTi elementi SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT, rogorc winaswari SefasebiTi
angariSis dros.
(3.15) safuZvelze miviRebT samkuTxa
elementisaTvis, sixistis matricas romlis
gverdebic wrfis monakveTebia.

140
=
v
T
(
[ B] [ E ][ B] dv tA [ B] [ E ][ B]
[ k ] ∫=
T
) (3.22)

sadac t elemetis sisqea, [k] simetriuli

matrica ganzomilebiT (6x6). (3.19) –dan Cans, rom

brtyeli samkuTxa elementisaTvis globalur
koordinatTa sistemaSi formis funqciebi Ni
warmoadgens sakmaod
rTul gamosaxulebebs.
es gamosaxulebebi sagr-
Znoblad SeiZleba
gamartivdes Tu Se-
movitanT lokalur ko-
nax. 54 ordinatTa ξ, η koor-
dinatTa sistemas, romelic mocemulia naxaz 54-ze.
maSin formis funqciebi SeiZleba Cawerili iyon
sagrZnoblad gamartivebuli saxiT:
N1 = ξ, N 2 = η, N 3 = 1 − ξ − 4 (3.23)
amasTan
N1+N2+N3=1 (3.24)
aRvniSnoT, rom formis funqciebi (3.23)
samkuTxa elementis gverdebis gaswvriv iseTivea,
rogoric erTganzomilebiani drekadi elementis

141
 SemTxvevaSi: Ni=1 i
kvanZSi, Ni=0
nebismieri sxva
kvanZisaTvis da
icleba wrfivad
nax. 55 elementis gverdebis
gaswvriv. N1 formis funqciis cvlileba
mocemulia naxaz 55-ze. N2 da N3 formis funqciebis
yofaqcevac analogiuria.
brtyeli samkuTxa elementis SemTxvevaSi
kavSiri (x,y) globalur da (ξ,η) lokalur
koordinatTa sistemebs Soris moicema Semdegi
gantolebebiT:
x = N1 x1 + N 2 x 2 + N 3 x 3
(3.25)
y = N1 y1 + N 2 y 2 + N 3 y3
an
x= x13ξ + x 23η + x 3
(3.26)
y= y13ξ + y 23η + y3

sadac: x ij =
x i − x j ; yij =
yi − y j (i,j=1,2,3)

u da v gadaadgileba SeiZleba aRiweros

rogorc (x,y) globaluri koordinatebis funqcia,
an lokaluri (ξ,η) koordinatebis funqcia.

142
 cnobilia, rom globalur da lokalur
koordinatebSi warmoebulebis gardaqmna SeiZleba
Sesruldes iakobianis saSualebiT.

 ∂u   ∂x ∂y   ∂u   ∂u 
 ∂ξ   ∂ξ ∂ξ   ∂x   ∂x 
=   =   [ J ]  ∂u  (3.27)
 ∂u   ∂x ∂y   ∂u   
 ∂η   ∂η   ∂y   ∂y 
 ∂η
sadac [ J ] iakobis matricaa.

(3.26)-dan uSualo diferencirebiT gveqneba:

 x13 y13  1  y 23 − y13 

[J] ; [J]
−1
=   x13 
(3.28)
 x 23 y 23  2A  − x 23

sadac = =
2A det [ J ] x13 y23 − x 23 y13 (A samkuTxa elementis
farTobia).
(3.27), (3.28), (3.18) da (3.23) – iT miviRebT:

 ∂u   ∂u 
 ∂x  1  y 23 − y13   ∂ξ 
 ∂u  =   
  2A  − x 23 x13   ∂u 
 ∂y   ∂η  (3.29)

1  y 23 − y3  u1 − u3 
=   
2A − x 23 x13  u 2 − u3 
analogiurad

143
 ∂v 
 ∂x  1  y 23 − y13   v1 − v3 
 ∂v  =    (3.30)
  2A  − x 23 x13   v 2 − v3 
 ∂y 

(3.29), (3.30) da (3.14)-is gamoyenebiT miviRebT [ B]

matricas:

 y 23 0 y31 0 y12 0
1 
[ B] =  0 x 32 0 x13 0 x 21  (3.31)
2A
 x 32 y 23 x3 y31 x1 y12 

rogorc Cans, igi savsebiT emTxveva (3.21)

gamosaxulebaSi mocemul [ B] matricas.

3.3. kvadratuli samkuTxa elementi

gadavideT kvadratuli
samkuTxa elementis
ganxilvaze (ix. nax. 56)
wrfivi samkuTxa brtye-
li elementisagan gan-
sxvavebiT aseT elements
gaaCnia 6 kvanZi maT
nax. 56 Soris pirveli sami

144
kvanZi moTavsebulia elementis wveroebSi, xolo
danarCeni sami kvanZi _ gverdebis SuaSi. TiToeul
kvanZs, rogorc wrfivi samkuTxa brtyeli
elementis SemTxvevaSi, aqac gaaCnia ori
Tavisuflebis xarisxi. am dros wertilis (u,v)
gadaadgileba SesaZlebelia gamoisaxos (x,y)
koordinatis kvadratuli funqciebiT:
u =b1 + b 2 x + b3 y + b 4 x 2 + b5 xy + b 6 y 2
(3.32)
v =b 7 + b8 x + b9 y + b10 x 2 + b11 xy + b12 y 2

sadac bi (i=1,2,…,12) mudmivebia.

(3.32)-dan SeiZleba gamovTvaloT
deformaciebi:
∂u
=ε x =b 2 + 2b 4 x + b5 y
∂x
∂v
=ε y =b9 + b11 x + 2b12 y
∂y (3.33)
∂u ∂v
+ =γ xy =( b3 + b8 ) +
∂y ∂x
+ ( b5 + 2b10 ) x + ( 2b 6 + b11 )
cxadad Cans, rom elementis farglebSi
deformacia warmoadgens koordinatebis wrfiv
funqcias. amgvarad, eqvskvanZiani samkuTxa
elementi saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro zustad

145
aRvweroT ZabvaTa da deformaciaTa veli. (ξ,η)
lokalur koordinatebSi formis funqciebi am
elementisaTvis SeiZleba CavweroT Semdegi saxiT:

N1 = ξ ( 2ξ − 1) ; N 2 = η ( 2η − 1) ; N 3 = ζ ( 2ζ − 1) ;
(3.34)
N 4 = 4ξζ; N 5 = 4ηζ; N 6 = 4ζξ ( ζ =1-ξ-4 )
mocemuli Ni
(i=1,2,3,4,5,6) funqci-
ebisaTvis Ni=1 i kvan-
ZisaTvis, xolo yvela
sxva kvanZebSi Ni=0. (ix.
nax. 57 nax. 57)
formis funqciebis saSualebiT elementis
nebismier wertilSi gadaadgileba SeiZleba
davweroT kvanZebis gadaadgilebiT, kerZod:
6 6
=u ∑=
N i u i , v ∑ N i vi (3.35)
=i 1 =i 1

elementis sixistis matrica SeiZleba

[ k ] = ∫ [ B] [ E ][ B] dv ,
T
daiweros winas analogiurad
v

[ B] [ E ][ B] _s
T
magram iqneba kvadratuli x da y

koordinatebisaTvis.

146
 3.4. wrfivi oTxkuTxa elementi

wrfivi oTxkuTxa elementi mocemulia sqe-

maze, romlisaTvisac lokalur (ξ,η) koor-
dinatebSi formis funqciebi Semdegi saxiT
moicema:

nax. 58
1 1
N=
1 ( ξ − 1)(1 − η) ; N=2 (1 + ξ )(1 − η) ;
4 4 (3.36)
1 1
=
N 3 (1 + ξ )(1 + η) ; N=4 (1 − ξ )(1 + η) .
4 4
4
sadac ∑ Ni = 1
i =1

gadaadgilebis veli moicema Semdegi

gantolebiT:
4 4
u = ∑ N i u i ; v= ∑ N i vi (3.37)
=i 1 =i 1

147
 3.5. kvadartuli oTxkuTxa elementi

kvadratuli oTxkuTxa elementi (ix. nax. 59)

warmoadgens marTkuTxeds 8 kvanZiT: maT Soris 4
kvanZi moTavsebulia wveroebze da danarCeni 4
kvanZi moTavsebulia gverdebis SuaSi. lokalur
koordinatebSi formis funqciebi Semdegi saxsaa:

1
=
N1 (1 − ξ )( η − 1)( ξ + η + 1) ;
4
1
=
N 2 (1 + ξ )( η − 1)( η − ξ + 1) ;
4
1
N=
3 ( ξ + 1)( η + 1)( ξ + η − 1) ; (3.38)
4
1
N=
4 ( ξ − 1)( η + 1)( ξ − η + 1) ;
4
(1 − η) (1 − ξ2 ) ; N=6 (1 + ξ ) (1 − η2 ) ;
1 1
=
N 5
2 2
(1 + η) (1 − ξ2 ) ; N=8 (1 − ξ ) (1 − η2 ) .
1 1
=
N 7
2 2
8
aseve ∑ Ni = 1 elementis nebismieri Siga
i =1

wertilisaTvis. gadaadgilebaTa veli ganisaz-

Rvreba gantolebebiT:
8 8
u = ∑ N i u i v= ∑ N i vi (3.39)
i =1 i=1

148
romelic warmoadgens kvadratul funqcias.
deformacia da Zabva elementis SigniT aris
wrfivi funqcia, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro
zustad ganisazRvros Zabvebi da deformaciebi,
vidre oTxkvanZiani elementis SemTxvevaSi.

nax. 59

3.6. ZalTa gardaqmna

garda Zalisa, romelsac angariSis dros

vTvliT rogorc wertilSi moqmed Zalas,
konstruqciis elementze moqmedebs zedapiruli
Zalebi (mag. Sinagani wneva) da moculobiTi Zalebi
(mag. wona). rogorc zedapiruli Zalebi, aseve
moculobiTi Zalebi warmoadgens ganawilebuli
datvirTvis magaliTebs, romlebic sem-is arsidan

149
gamomdinare ar SeiZleba uSualod moqmedebdes
elementze rogorc ganawilebuli datvirTva,
aramed igi unda transformirdes kvanZebSi.
ganawilebuli datvirTvebis dayvana kvanZebze
dafuZnebuli aris drekadi deformaciis energiis
erTmaneTTan Sedarebaze. es midgoma formirebuli
gvqonda erTganzomilebiani Rerosa da ZelisaTvis
wina paragrafebSi.
ganvixiloT, Tu
rogor xorcieldeba
zedapiruli Zalebis
transformacia, romelic
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli
oTxkuTxa elementis gver-
nax. 60 debis gaswvriv. vigulisxmoT,
rom wrfivad ganawilebuli q datvirTva moqmedebs
wrfivi oTxkuTxa elementis AB gverdze ix. nax. 60
AB gverdis gaswvriv SemoviRoT lokaluri
S koordinati da davweroT q datvirTvisaTvis
muSaobis gamosaxuleba:

Wq = t ∫ u n ( S) q ( S) ds
L
(3.40)
0

150
 sadac t elementis sisqea, L elementis
sigrZea, romlis gaswvrivac moqmedebs q
datvirTva, un aris gadaadgilebis mdgenelis
sidide.
(2.5)-is gaTvaliswinebiT wrfivi oTkuTxa
elementisaTvis gvaqvs:

 S S
u n (S) =
1 −  u nA + u nB (3.41)
 L L

wrfivi q ( s ) datvirTvac aseve SeiZleba aRvweroT

analogiuri formuliT

 S S
q n (S) =
1 −  q nA + q nB (3.42)
 L L
amgvarad, Wn muSaobisaTvis gveqneba:

  s 
 1 − L     s s  q A  
Wq t ∫ [ u nA u nB ] 
L
=     1 −  =  ds
0
 s     L L  q B  
 
  L  
 s  2 s  s 
  1−  1 −   q
 L  L  L   A 
u nA u nB ] t ∫ 
[=
L
ds   (3.43)
0  s s  s   q B 
2

 1 −    
 L  L   L  
tL  2 1 q A 
= [ u nA u nB ]  
6 1 2  q B 

151
 saidanac miviRebT (ix. nax. 61) kvanZebSi
eqvivalentur datvirTvaTa veqtors:

f A  tL  2 1 q A 
 =    (3.44)
f B  6 1 2  q B 
Tu q=const, miviRebT:

f A  qtL 1
 =  ;
 B
f 2 1
kvadaratuli elementisaTvis,
nax. 61 romelsac aqvs Sualeduri
kvanZi, ganawilebuli datvirTva gadanawildeba
ara or kvanZze, aramed _ samze. analogiurad
daiyvaneba kvanzebze aseve moculobiTi Zalebi.
Zabva elementis wertilSi gamoiTvleba
Semdegi formuliT:
σ x  ε x 
   
σ y = [ E ] ε y = [ E ][ B]{d} (3.45)
   
τxy   γ xy 

152
 3.7. firfitebi da garsebi

3.7.1. firfitebisa da garsTa Teoriis

ZiriTadi Tanafardobebi

firfita ewodeba nebismieri konturis mqone

brtyel tans, romlis sisqe mis sxva or
ganzomilebasTan SedarebiT mcirea. saangariSo
sqema mocemulia 62-e naxazze. masze gamoiyofa gare

nax. 62
sibrtyeebis paraleluri Sua sibrtye, romelic
firfitis sisqes yofs Suaze, z koordianti
mimarTulia sisqis mimarTulebiT da rogorc wesi
aiTvleba Sua sibrtyidan. normaluri da mxebi

153
Zabvebis epiurebi mocemulia nax. 63
moviyvanoT Semdegi cnobili Tanafardobebi.

nax. 63
1) mRunavi momenti sigrZis erTeulze
t
2
M x= ∫ σ x zdz (3.46)
t
−
2

t
2
M y= ∫ σ y zdz (3.47)
t
−
2

2) mgrexi momenti (sigrZis erTeulze)

t
2
M xy= ∫ τx y zdz (3.48)
t
−
2

3) gadamWreli Zalebi
t
2
Q x= ∫ τxz dz (3.49)
t
−
2

154
 t
2
Q y= ∫ τ yz dz (3.50)
t
−
2

4) maqsimaluri Zabva Runvis dros.

6M
(σ )
x max
=
6M
± 2x;
t
(σ ) y max
=
± 2y
t
(3.51)

Zabva Runvis dros aRwevs eqstremalur

t
mniSvnelobas, rodesac z = ± .
2

3.7.2. Txeli firfitis ZiriTadi

Tanafardobebi.

Txeli firfita ewodeba iseT firfitas

romlisTvisac t sisqis Sefardeba sxva
maxasiaTebel mcire zomasTan L-Tan (sigane,
diametri) naklebia 0,1-ze.
Tu Sua zedapiris CaRunva mcirea firfitis
sisqeze, maSin adgili aqvs Semdeg daSvebas:
Runvamde Sua zedapiris normali rCeba normalad
am sibrtyisadmi Runvis Semdeg. e.i. Runvis dros
Txeli firfitebisaTvis ugulebelyofilia Zvris
deformaciebi. anu

155
 γ uz =γ yz =0 .

vTqvaT ω ( x, y ) iyos firfitis Sua zedapiris

CaRunva, xolo u, v _ iyos

Sesabamisad x da y RerZebis
paraleluri gadaadgilebebi
(ix. nax. 64).
mcire CaRunvebisaTvis
rodesac normalis daxris
nax. 64 kuTxe firfitis yoveli wer-
tilSi daaxloebiT tolia am kuTxis tangensisa,
SeiZleba davweroT:
∂ω ∂ω
u=
−z ; v=
−z (3.52)
∂x ∂y
maSin deformaciebi tolia:
∂ 2ω ∂ 2ω ∂ 2ω
εx =
−z 2 ; ε y =
−z 2 ; γ xy =
−2z (3.53)
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
gantoleba ZabvisaTvis matriculi saxiT
daiwereba Semdegi saxiT, (brtyeli daZabuli

 
σ x  1 ν 0  ε x 
  E   
mdgomareoba): σ=y  ν 1 0  ε y  an
  1− ν
2
 1 − ν   γ xy 
τxy  0 0 
 2 

156
  ∂ 2ω 
 2 
σ x  1 ν 0   ∂x2 
  E   ∂ ω 
σ y  =
−z ν 1 0  2  (3.54)
  1 − ν2 ∂y
τxy 
0
 0 (1-ν )  2 
∂ω
 
 ∂x∂y 
amgvarad, ZabvaTa da deformaciaTa veli
ganisazRvreba mxolod erTi damoukidebeli
cvladiT, ω ( x, y ) CaRunviT.

wonasworobis gantolebas Txeli

firfitisaTvis aqvs Semdegi saxe:
D∇ 4 ω =q(x, y) (3.55)

Et 3
sadac: D= firfitis cilindruli
12(1 − ν 2 )
sixistea.
 ∂4 ∂4 ∂4 
∇ 4 ≡  4 + 2 2 2 + 4  ; q(x,y) _ ganawilebuli
 ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y 
datvirTvaa (n/m2).
aseve samarTliania
∂M x ∂M xy ∂M xy ∂M y
Q x =+ ; Qy = +
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
 ∂ 2ω ∂ 2ω   ∂ 2ω ∂ 2ω 
=
M x D  2 + ν 2 = ; My D  2 + ν 2 
 ∂x ∂y   ∂y ∂x 

157
 (3.55) diferencialuri gantolebis amoxsni-
saTvis saWiroa sasazRvro pirobebi kerZod:
konturze xistad Camagrebuli firfiti-
saTvis gveqneba:
∂ω
=ω 0,= 0 ;
∂n
konturze saxsrulad damagrebuli firfiti-
saTvis gveqneba:
=ω 0,=
Mn 0 ;
Tasvisufali firfita
=
Q n 0,=
M n 0 sadac: n _ normalia firfitis
sazRvarze.

3.7.3. sqeli firfitis ZiriTadi

Tanafardobebi
Tu firfitis t sisqe arcTu ise mcirea

t 1 
 ≥ ,  sadac L filis maxasiaTebeli zomaa
 L 10 
maSin aseTi filebi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
“Txel” filebad. am SemTxvevaSi γ xz ≠ 0, γ yz ≠ 0 . rac

imas niSnavs, rom deformaciamde wrfe romelic

marTobulia Sua zedapiris, ar darCeba am

158
 zedapiris perpendiku-
laruli deformaciis
Semdeg. (ix. nax. 65). am
SemTxvevaSi axal cvla-
debad gvevlineba θx da θy,
romlebic warmoadgenen
deformaciamde Sua zeda-
piris marTobi wrfis
nax. 65 daxris kuTxebi Sesabamisad
x da y RerZebze. ZiriTadi Tanafardobebi:
u = zθ y , v= − zθx , (3.56)

∂θx ∂θ  ∂θ ∂θ 
ε x =z , ε y =−z x , γ xy =z  y − x  ,
∂x ∂y  ∂y x 
(3.57)
∂ω ∂ω
γ= + θ y , γ= − θx .
∂x ∂y
xz yz

3.7.4. sasruli elementebi firfitisa da

garsisaTvis
oTxkvanZiani Txeli marTkuTxa sasruli
elementi sqematurad mocemulia nax. 66-e.
TiToeul kvanZs gaaCnia Tavisuflebis 3 xarisxi.
∂ω ∂ω
ω, , . elementis SigniT wertilis ω ( x, y )
∂x ∂y

159
 gadaadgileba SiZleba Caiweros Semdegi saxiT:

4   ∂ω   ∂ω  
ω ( x,=
y ) ∑  N i ωi + N xi   + N  
 ∂x i  ∂y i 
yi
i =1


nax. 66
sadac Ni, Nxi, Nyi _ formis funqciebia. xolo
sixistis matrica daiwereba Semdegi saxiT:

[ k ] = ∫ [ B] [ E ][ B] dv
T

3.7.5. sqelkedliani marTkuTxa sasruli

elementi
sqematurad marTkuTxa oTxkvanZiani da
rvakvanZiani sasruli elementi mocemulia
Sesabamisad nax. 67 a) da b)-ze. amasTan TiToeul
kvanZs aqvs Tavisuflebis 3 xarisxi: ω1,θx,θy.
TiToeuli elementisaTvis wrfivi da kuTxuri
gadaadgilebebi SesaZlebelia gamovsaxoT
formis funqciebiT Semdegnairad:

160
 ω ( x, y ) = ∑ N i ωi ; θx ( x, y ) = ∑ N i θxi
n n

=i 1 =i 1

θ y ( x, y ) =
n
∑ N i θ yi .
i =1

a) b)
nax. 67
gansaxilveli elementisaTvis ω(x,y)
gadaadgileba warmoadgens wrfiv funqcias
oTxkvanZiani elementisaTvis da kvadratuli
funqcias, rvakvanZiani elementisaTvis.

kiTxvebi da pasuxebi

kiTxva 1: qvemoT moyvanil naxazze mocemul

models gaaCnia 520 kvanZi da 800 marTkuTxa se.
maT Soris 50 kvanZi xistadaa Camagrebuli, xolo
100 kvanZSi fiqsirebulia gadaadgileba x RerZis
gaswvriv. ra raodenobis ucnobebi gaaCnia

161
gansaxilvel models Tu TiToeul kvanZSi gvaqvs
Tavisuflebis 3 xarisxi?

pasuxi: ucnobi Tavisuflebis xarisxis ricxvi

D =3 ⋅ N − M sadac: N _ modelSi kvanZebis ricxvia;
M _ Tavisuflebis xarisxis nacnobi raodenobaa.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi M =3 ⋅ 50 + 100 =250 aqedan
gamomdinare D =⋅
3 520 − 250 =
1310 .
kiTxva 2: qvemoT moyvanil se-an modelSi ra
sWarbobs: elementTa ricxi, kvanZebis ricxvi,
Tavisuflebis xarisxis ricxvi Tu kinematikuri
sasazRvro pirobebi?

162
pasuxi:

sazogadod kvanZebis raodenoba metia

elementebis raodenobaze; Tavisuflebis xarisxis
ricxvi 3-jer metia vidre kvanZebis raodenobas
minus kinematikuri sasazRvro pirobebis ricxvi.
amgvarad mocemul modelSi Warbobs Tavisuflebis
xarisxTa ricxvi.
kiTxva 3: qvemoT moyvanili sqemis mixedviT,
romel SemTxvevaSia maqsimaluri amocanis
ganzomileba (Tavisuflebis xarisxis raodenoba)
a) siTbogamtarobis amocana. b) konstruqciis
sixSiris analizi. g) simtkicis analizi
(samganzomilebiani amocana); d) simtkiceze
analizi (garsuli elementi).

pasuxi: Tavisuflebis xarisxis jamuri

ricxvi ganisazRvreba kvanZebis ricxviTa da
163
Tavisuflebis xarisxiT TiToeul kvanZze. amrigad,
Tavisuflebis xarisxis jamuri ricxvi TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi iqneba:
a) 50⋅1=50
b) 25⋅2=50
g) 20⋅3=60
d) 9⋅6=54
e.i. maqsimums aRwevs variant (g)-Si.
kiTxva 4: sem-iT amoxsnam gviCvena, rom Zala
Fi=-10kn. iwvevs j kvanZSi gadaadgilebas romelic
tolia 1 mm. rogori gadaadgileba gveqneba i
kvanZSi Tu Zala _ 20kn. moqmedebs j kvanZze.

pasuxi: sem-is Sesabamisad gvaqvs Semdegi

sqema:

164
 Fi Fj
sadac =k ij = ; k ij saidanac
Wj ui

W  1 ⋅ (−20)
u=i  j  ⋅ =
Fj = 2mm. .
 Fi  −10

kiTxva 5: ra ganzomileba eqneba qvemoT

moyvanil sqemis mixedviT sixistis matricas?

pasuxi: mocemul elements gaaCnia 8 kvanZi,

TiToeul kvanZSi 3 Tavisuflebis xarisxia, e.i.
elementSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT 24 gadaadgileba
da 24 Zala kvanZebSi. sixistis matrica romelic
akavSirebs gadaadgilebis da ZalaTa veqtors
iqneba (24X24) ganzomilebis

 k1 L k1 24 
[ k ] = M M 
 k 24 1 L k 24 24 
sixistis matrica
kiTxva 6: qvemoT moyvanili sqemebisaTvis
romlisTvis aris SesaZleeli gamoviyenoT

165
“grZeli” elementi b/a>2 a) sazRvarze sadac
moqmedebs Zala da sasazRvro pirobebi; b) Zabvis
koncentratoris zonaSi; g) mudmivi Zabvis zonaSi;
d) aseTi elementebis gamoyeneba yovelTvis iwvevs
amonaxsnebis sagrZnob cTomilebebs.

pasuxi: “grZeli” elementi SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT im SemTxvevaSi sadac araa
mosalodneli Zabvis an deformaciis didi
gradienti (g) xolo a) da b) SemTxvevebSi Zabvis
gradienti didia da “grZeli” elementis
gamoyeneba araa sasurveli.
kiTxva 7: suraTze moyvanili elementebidan
romelia araswori?

pasuxi: 1 _ elementi sworia; 2 _ elementi

arasworia, mesame kiTxvisaTvis Siga kuTxe metia
1800-ze. 3 _ elementi sworia, savsebiT dasaSvebia

166
kvanZi 2 da kvanZi 3-is damTxveva; 4 _ elementi
arasworia, kuTxeebi 2 da 4 kvanZebTan metia 1800-
ze. 5 _ elementi sworia.
kiTxva 8: naxazze moyvanili badidan
romelia ara racionaluri?

pasuxi: radganac 1 wertilSi adgili aqvs

ZabvaTa Tavmoyras mizanSewonilia am wertilis
midamoSi bade gaxSirdes. b) sqemaze bade
gaxSirebuli araa, amirom es sqema ara
racionaluri. g) sqemaze ki aRiniSneba xvrelis
perimetrze badis gaxSireba.
kiTxva 9: sqemaze mocemuli romeli badea
misaRebi amonaxsnebis sizustis TvalsazrisiT?

167
 pasuxi: miuxedavad imisa, rom orive sqemaze
samkuTxedebis farTobebi daaxloebiT erTmaneTis
tolia meore sqemaze elementebi SedarebiT
naklebadaa gaWimuli vidre pirvel sqemaze. aqedan
gamomdinare SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom meore
sqemis gamoyenebis dros cTomileba naklebia
amitom meore sqema ufro misaRebia vidre pirveli
sqema.
kiTxva 10: naxazze mocemul samive modelSi
elementebis erTnairi raodenobaa. romeli
modelisaTvis aris badis gaxSireba sasurveli?

pasuxi: g) modelisaTvis.
kiTxva 11: ra gavlenas axdens h zoma
gamoTvlis drois xangrZlivobaze da ZabvaTa
gamoTvlis sizusteze?

168
 pasuxi: elementis h zomis Semcirebas
mosdevs badis gaxSireba. e. i. izrdeba modelSi
elementebis ricxvi amitom gamoTvlebis dro
izrdeba eqsponencialurad, xolo xolo Zabvebis
gamoTvlebis cTomileba mcirdeba magram igi 0 –is
toli ar xdeba.
kiTxva 12: naxazze mocemuli variantebidan
romelia ufro metad misaRebi Tu moiTxoveba
Sedegebis didi sizuste?

169
 pasuxi: rodesac saqme exeba Sedegebis
sizustes unda gvaxsovdes Semdegi: b) saxis bade
ufro sasurvelia vidre a) saxis bade; marTkuTxa
4 – kvanZiani elementi g) ufro misaRebia vidre
samkuTxa elementi b); kvadratul samkuTxa
elementebs d) – s aqvT igive sizuste rac 4 –
kvanZian wrfiv elementebs g); marTkuTxa 8 –
kvanZiani elementebi e) ufro misaRebia vidre
meore rigis samkuTxa elementebi d) miuxedavad
misi zomebis sididisa (2 – jer metia). amgvarad
moyvanili variantebidan yvelaze ufro did
sizustes uzrunvelyofs e) varianti.
kiTxva 13: ramdeni sasazRvro piroba unda
davadoT mocemul konstruqcias?

pasuxi: aucilebelia sasazRvro pirobis

saxiT mivceT 3 Zala da 8 kinematikuri sasazRvro
piroba. e. i. sasazRvro piroba tolia 11 – is.

170
 kiTxva 14: naxazze mocemuli romeli
elementebisaTvisaa sasazRvro pirobebi mocemuli
arasworad?

pasuxi: ar SeiZleba kvanZi davafiqsiroT da

imavdroulad igive kvanZze moqmedebs Zala
romelic mimarTulia fiqsaciisken rogorc es
naCvenebia a) elementze. yvela sxva SemTxvevebSi
sasazRvro pirobebi sworadaa naCvenebi.
kiTxva 15: naxazze naCvenebi sasazRvro
pirobebidan romeli Seesabameba sufTa Runvas?

171
 pasuxi: a) sqema Seesabameba ZiriTadad
gaWimvas. araa Camagreba X RerZis mimarTulebiT.
b) sqema Seesabameba sufTa Runvas. g) sqemaze
momenti moqmedebs lokalurad Zelis marjvena
boloze. e) sqema Seesabameba gaWimvas RunviT, aqve
araa aseve Camagreba X RerZis gaswvriv.
kiTxva 16: aris Tu ara yovelTvis
aucilebeli Zalis moqmedebis midamoSi avagoT
xSiri bade?

pasuxi: cnobilia, rom Zalis moqmedebis

areSi aRiZvreba mkumSavi kontaqturi Zabvebi, Tu
Cven gvainteresebs am Zabvebis ganawileba, misi
lokalurobis Tvisebidan gamomdinare
aucilebelia am zonaSi avagoT gaxSirebuli bade
rogorc a) naxazzea naCvenebi. Tu Cven
gvainteresebs maqsimaluri gamWimavi Zabvis
ganawileba da gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom
grZel konsolur Zelze isini moqmedeben Zalis
modebis wertilidan Sors maSin araa aucilebeli
172
Zalis moqmedebis midamoSi avagoT gaxSirebuli
bade b).
kiTxva 17: s.e.m.-is gamoyenebis dros Sedegis
sizuste romeli parametrebis gamoTvlis dros
aris maqsimaluri: a) gadaadgilebebis, b)
deformaciebis, g) Zabvebis?
pasuxi: s.e.m.-is gamoyenebis dros
ganisazRvreba gadaadgilebis veqtori kvanZebSi.
Sesabamisi formis funqciebis daxmarebiT
gadaadgilebis aproqsimaciis Semdeg vRebulobT
elementis SigniT gadaadgilebaTa vels, Semdeg
veZebT deformaciebs da Zabvebs. TiToeuli es
operacia Seicavs garkveul cTomilebas, amitom
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom Sedegis maqsimalur
sizustes vaRwevT kvanZebis gadaadgilebebSi.

173
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 sarCevi

winasityvaoba-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
sasrul elementTa meTodis ganviTarebis mokle istoria----6
$1. gamoTvlebis meTodebis roli da ricxviTi gamokvlevebis
ZiriTadi etapebi konstruqciis simtkiceze analizis dros.9
$1.1. fizikuri modelis ageba---------------------------------------------------11
$1.2. maTematikuri modelis ageba---------------------------------------------17
$1.3. maTematikuri modelis kvlevis meTodi da
miRebuli Sedegebis analizi------------------------------------------- 19
$1.4. matriculi algebris elementebi-------------------------------------20
$1.5. drekadobis Teoriis ZiriTadi Tanafardobebis
warmodgena matriculi saxiT-------------------------------------------25
$1.6. brtyeli (organzomilebiani) amocana.--------------------------- 26
$1.7. ZiriTadi Tanafardobebi Zabvasa, deformaciasa da
temperaturas Soris------------------------------------------------------- 27
$1.8. kavSiri Zabvebsa da deformaciebs Soris--------------------- 30
$1.9. wonasworobis gantolebebi--------------------------------------------- 30
$1.10. sasazRvro pirobebi--------------------------------------------------------- 31
$1.11. sasrul elementTa meTodis idea, gamoyenebis are da
ZiriTadi etapebi praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis---------32
$1.12. praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis saWiro ZiriTadi
etapebi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
$1.13. sasruli elementebi (se)-------------------------------------------------47
$1.14. se-iani badis ageba-----------------------------------------------------------53
$1.15. sasrul elementTa meTodis dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi mxareebi---------------------------------------------------------58
$1.16. sasazRvro pirobebi--------------------------------------------------------59

176
$1.17. Sedegebis sizuste-------------------------------------------------------------62
$2. sasrul elementTa tipebi--------------------------------------------------70
$2.1.1. wrfivi drekadi elementi. sixistis matrica.----------------76
$2.1.2. drekad elementTa sistema da aseTi sistemis
sixistis matrica-------------------------------------------------------------78
$2.2. Rerovani elementi--------------------------------------------------------------86
$2.2.1. sixistis matricis ageba--------------------------------------------------86
$2.2.2. sibrtyeze nebismierad ganlagebuli elementi.------------97
$2.3. Zelis elementi. sixistis matrica----------------------------------110
$3. brtyeli amocana. sasruli elementebi brtyeli
amocanebisaTvis------------------------------------------------------------------129
$3.1. sasruli elementebis formis funqciebi da
sixistis matrica--------------------------------------------------------------129
$3.2. wrfivi samkuTxa brtyeli elementi--------------------------------136
$3.3. kvadratuli samkuTxa elementi---------------------------------------144
$3.4. wrfivi oTxkuTxa elementi----------------------------------------------147
$3.5. kvadartuli oTxkuTxa elementi-------------------------------------148
$3.6. ZalTa gardaqmna----------------------------------------------------------------149
$3.7. firfitebi da garsebi-------------------------------------------------------153
$3.7.1. firfitebisa da garsTa Teoriis ZiriTadi
Tanafardobebi-----------------------------------------------------------------153
$3.7.2. Txeli firfitis ZiriTadi Tanafardobebi.------------------155
$3.7.3. sqeli firfitis ZiriTadi Tanafardobebi-------------------158
$3.7.4. sasruli elementebi firfitisa da garsisaTvis---------159
$3.7.5. sqelkedliani marTkuTxa sasruli elementi---------------160
kiTxvebi da pasuxebi -----------------------------------------------------161
literatura---------------------------------------------------------------------174

177