e.

gidensi
sociologia
ra aris sociologia?
Tavi 1

ZiriTadi cnebebi

sociologiis mizani: pirveli magaliTi

sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba

sociologiis Seswavla. ganzraxuli da ganuzraxavi Sedegebi

sociologiis sawyisebi
ogiust konti; emil diurkemi;
karl marqsi; maqs veberi

gviandeli moazrovneebi
miSel fuko da iurgen habermasi

aris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba?

rogor gvexmareba sociologia cxovrebaSi

kulturuli gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba;
politikiT gamowveuli Sedegebis Sefaseba;
TviTganaTleba; sociologiis roli sazogadoebaSi

daskvna
Sejameba
mniSvnelovani terminebi
 2

ZiriTadi cnebebi
sociologia. mecniereba

dRes – meoce saukunis bolos – Cven vcxovrobT samyaroSi,

romelic sul ufro metad gvaSfoTebs, da romelsac, amis miuxedavad,
momavlis yvelaze saocari perspeqtivebi gaaCnia. Ees aris cvlilebebiT
aRsavse samyaro, romlisTvisac niSandoblivia Rrma konfliqtebi,
daZabulobebi da socialuri dayofa, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis damangreveli zegavlena bunebriv garemoze. Tumca,
amasTan erTad, Cven gvaqvs SesaZleblobebi Tavad warvmarToT sakuTari
bedi da ukeTesad moviwyoT cxovreba, rac wina TaobebisaTvis
warmoudgeneli unda yofiliyo.
rogor gaxda msoflio aseTi? ratom aris Cveni cxovrebis wesi ase
gansxvavebuli Cveni mSoblebisa da wina Taobebis cxovrebisagan? ra
mimarTulebebiT warimarTeba cvlilebebi momavalSi? swored es kiTxvebi
Seadgens sociologiis - mecnierebis im sferos umTavres intess,
romelic fundamentur rols asrulebs Tanamedrove inteleqtualur
kulturaSi.
s o c i o l o g i a adamianis socialuri cxovrebis, jgufebis
da sazogadoebebis Seswavlaa. igi gasaocari da brwyinvale wamowyebaa
Tundac imitom, rom misi Seswavlis sagani Cveni, rogorc socialuri
arsebebis, sakuTari qcevaa. sociologiis kvlevis sfero metad farToa,
individebis quCaSi moulodneli Sexvedris analiziT dawyebuli da
globaluri socialuri procesebis kvleviT damTavrebuli. EerTi mcire
magaliTi SegiqmniT warmodgenas sociologiis bunebisa da miznebis
Sesaxeb.

sociologiis kvlevis sfero: pirveli magaliTi

yofilxarT odesme Seyvarebuli? AalbaT yofilxarT. adamianTa
umravlesobam, adreuli ymawvilobidan icis, rogoria es grZnoba.
siyvaruli da sasiyvarulo istoria mravali CvenganisaTvis erT-erTi
yvelaze Zlieri grZnobaa, rac ki odesme gangvicdia. ratom uyvardebaT
adamianebs erTmaneTi? EerTi SexedviT, pasuxi naTelia. siyvaruli
 3

gamoxatavs fizikur da pirovnul erTgulebas, rasac ori individi

ganicdis erTmaneTis mimarT. DdRevandel dRes, Cven, SesaZloa,
skeptikurad viyoT ganwyobili im azris mimarT, rom siyvaruli
`maradiulia~, Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom Seyvareba is gamocdilebaa, rasac
universaluri adamianuri emociebi warmoSobs. savsebiT bunebrivia,
Seyvarebul wyvils Tavisi pirovnuli da seqsualuri urTierTobis
ganxorcieleba, savaraudod, qorwinebaSi surdes.
Tumca, situacia, romelic dRes ase bunebrivad gveCveneba,
faqtobrivad Zalze uCveuloa. Seyvareba ar aris gamocdileba, romelic
msoflioSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli –
da Tu es xdeba, igi iSviaTad ganixileba qorwinebasTan raime kavSirSi.
Aam bolo dromde romantiuli siyvarulis idea ar iyo farTod
gavrcelebuli Cvens sazogadoebaSi da arc arasodes arsebula sxva
kulturaTa umravlesobaSi.
Mmxolod TanamedroveobaSi ganixilaven siyvarulsa da
seqsualobas mWidro kavSirSi. jon bosueli, Sua saukuneebis evropis
istorikosi, aRniSnavda, Tu rogor uCveulo iyo Cveni Tanamedrove ideebi
romantiuli siyvarulis Sesaxeb.
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, TiTqmis aravin qorwindeboda
siyvaruliT. Aarsebobda kidevac Suasaukuneobrivi gamonaTqvami:
`colis siyvaruli emociebiT, es adulteria~. im dros da Semdgom
saukuneebSic, mamakacebi da qalebi umetesad ojaxSi qonebis
SesanarCuneblad qorwindebodnen, an imisaTvis, rom bavSvebi saojaxo
meurneobaSi samuSaod gaezardaT. zogjer daqorwinebulebi, SesaZloa,
axlo megobrebic gamxdariyvnen, Tumca es qorwinebis Semdeg xdeboda da
ara manamde. zogjer adamianebs seqsualuri urTierTobebi qorwinebis
gareSec hqondaT, Tumca es naklebad iwvevda im emociebs, romelTac Cven
siyvarulTan vakavSirebT. romantiuli siyvaruli, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
sisusted iTvleboda; uares SemTxvevaSi ki - avadmyofobad.
DdRevandeli Cveni damokidebuleba, umTavresad, sruliad
sawinaaRmdegoa. Bbosueli savsebiT samarTlianad saubrobs imis Sesaxeb,
rom `Tanamedrove industriuli kultura virtualurad Sepyrobilia”
romantikuli siyvaruliT”:
 4

`siyvarulis zRvaSi~ gabmulebi amas TavisTavad arsebulad

miiCneven... Zalze cota premodernuli anu pre-industrializebuli
Tanamedrove kultura Tu daeTanxmeba imis mtkicebas – dasavleTSi
udaos – rom `mamakacis mizani qalis siyvarulia da qalis mizani -
mamakacis siyvaruli~. Aadamianebis umravlesoba, umetes SemTxvevaSi da
adgilebSi, am azrs arasakmarisad miiCnevs adamianuri Rirebulebis
sazomad (Boswell 1955, gv. 19).
amrigad, romantiuli siyvaruli, adamianis cxovrebis ubralod
bunebriv nawilad ar SeiZleba iqnes aRqmuli; igi, ufro farTo
socialuri da istoriuli gavlenebiT aris Camoyalibebuli.
sociologebi swored am gavlenebs Seiswavlian.
mravali Cvengani samyaros sakuTari cxovrebisTvis Cveuli niSan-
Tvisebebis mixedviT ganixilavs. sociologia ki imis demonstrirebas
axdens, rom saWiroa ufro farTo TalsazrisiT SevxedoT imas, Tu
ratom varT iseTebi, rogorebic varT da ratom vmoqmedebT swored
amgvarad. igi gvaswavlis, rom is, rac bunebrivad, aucileblad, keTilad
da WeSmaritad migvaCnia, SesaZloa aseTi arc iyos, da rom Cveni
cxovrebis `mocemulobebi~, socialuri da istoriuli gavlenebis Zlier
zemoqmedebas ganicdis. im faqizi, Tumca rTuli da Rrma mxareebis gageba,
romelSic Cveni individualuri cxovreba Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis
konteqstebs asaxavs, ZiriTadia sociologiuri TvalsazrisisTvis.

sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba

sociologiurad azrovneba – sxva sityvebiT, ufro farTo
TvalTaxedvis qona – warmosaxvis ganviTarebas niSnavs. rogorc
sociologebs, Cven warmosaxvis unari gvWirdeba; magaliTad, ras niSnavs
seqsisa da qowinebis gamocdileba adamianebisaTvis, - bolo dromde.
adamianebis umravlesobisaTvis – romelTaTvis romantiuli siyvarulis
idealebi ucxo, an Tundac absurdulia. sociologiis Seswavla ar
SeiZleba codnis miRebis rutinuli procesi iyos. sociologi aris
adamiani, visac ZaluZs gaTavisufldes myisieri pirovnuli
viTarebebisgan da movlenebi ufro farTo konteqstSi ganixilos.
sociologiuri muSaoba, rogorc amas amerikeli avtori C. raiT milsi
 5

Tavis cnobil gamonaTqvamSi uwodebda, sociologiur warmosaxvazea

damokidebuli (Mills, 1970).
socialuri warmosaxva, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs `g a m o v e -
T i S o T~ y o v e l d R i u r i c x o v r e b i s r u t i n e b s
i m i s T v i s, r o m a x l e b u r a d d a v i n a x o T i s i n i.
ganvixiloT, Wiqa yavis mirTmevis ubralo aqti. ra SegviZlia vTqvaT,
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, am, erTi SexedviT, savsebiT garkveul
qmedebaze? Zalze bevri. Uupirveles yovlisa, Cven SegviZlia aRvniSnoT,
rom yava ar aris mxolod `gamacocxlebeli~ sasmeli. Mmas s i m b o
l u r i R i r e b u l e b a gaaCnia, rogorc Cveni yoveldRiuri,
socialuri aqtivobebis nawils. xSirad, yavis dalevasTan dakavSirebuli
rituali ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Tavad yavis daleva. ori adamiani,
romelic Wiqa yavaze Sexvedras Tanxmdeba, ufro metad erTmaneTis
monaxulebiT da saubriT arian dainteresebuli, vidre imiT, Tu ras
miirTmeven. sufra, faqtobrivad, yvela sazogadoebaSi, socialuri
urTierTqmedebisa da ritualebis Sesrulebis saSualebas iZleva – rac
mdidar masalas warmoadgens sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis.
Mmeore – yava, kofeinis Semcveli T a v i s e b u r i n a r k o -
t i k i a, rasac mastimulirebeli gavlena aqvs tvinze. Ddasavlur
kulturaSi, yavaze damokidebuli adamianebi, umetesad, ar iTvlebian
narkomanebad. Aalkoholis msgavsad, yava socialurad misaRebi
`narkotikia~, maSin rodesac, magaliTad, marixuana socialurad
miuRebelia. Tumca, aris sazogadoebebi, romlebic tolerantulia
marixuanas an Tundac kokainis moxmarebis mimarT, xolo alkoholisa da
yavis mimarT arakeTilganwyobilia. sociologebis interess am
kontrastebis arsebobis mizezi warmoadgens.
Mmesame, individi, romelic Wiqa yavas miirTmevs, CarTulia mTel
msoflioSi gavrcelebuli s o c i a l u r i da e k o n o m i k u r i
u r T i e r T o b e b i s rTul qselSi. Yyavis warmoeba,
transportireba da distribucia, mudmiv saqmian garigebebs moiTxovs
adamianebs Soris, romlebic aTasobiT miliT arian daSorebuli yavis
momxmareblebisagan. AaseTi globaluri garigebebis Seswavla
sociologiis mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgens, vinaidan Cveni
 6

cxovrebis mravali aspeqti amJamad damokidebulia msoflioSi

gavrcelebul socialur gavlenebze da komunikaciebze.
Ddabolos, finjani yavis mirTmeva, gulisxmobs g a n v l i l i
s o c i a l u r i d a e k o n o m i k u r i g a n v i T a r e b i s
m T l i a n p r o c e s s.
Yyavis sociologia
1. simboluri Rirebuleba
dasavleTSi mcxovrebi mravali adamianisTvis, dilis finjani yava
pirovnuli ritualia, rasac Semdeg, dRis ganmavlobaSi, mohyveba yava
sxvebTan erTad, rac ufro socialur rituals warmoadgens.

2. yavis, rogorc narkotikis gamoyeneba

mravali adamiani yavas svams `gansakuTrebulad zeawevisaTvis~.
zogierTi kultura krZalavs mis gamoyenebas.

3. socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba

yavis moyvana, SefuTva, distribucia da gasaReba globaluri saqmianobaa,
romelic mraval kulturasTan aris SexebaSi; aseve, socialur
jgufebTan da organizaciebTan am kulturebis farglebSi, da aTasobiT
individebTan. EevropaSi da SeerTebul StatebSi moxmarebuli yavis meti
nawili samxreT amerikidan aris Semotanili.

4. ganvlili socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba

`yavasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi~ , rac amJamad gavrcelebulia,
yovelTvis aseTi ar iyo. isini TandaTanobiT ganviTarda da savsebiT
SesaZlebelia Sewydes momavalSi.

dasavleTisaTvis amJamad iseT cnobil produqtebTan erTad – rogoricaa

Cai, banani, kartofili da TeTri Saqari – yava, farTo moxmarebis
produqtad, mxolod gviani 1800-iani wlebidan gadaiqca miuxedavad imisa,
rom sasmeli axlo aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva, misi masiuri moxmareba
daaxloebiT saukune naxevris winandeli dasavluri koloniuri
eqspansiidan modis. sinamdvileSi, yavis mTeli maragi, romelsac dRes
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movixmarT, modis im adgilebidan (samxreT amerika da afrika), romlebic

evropelebis mier iyo kolonizebuli; igi ar aris dasavluri sakvebis
`bunebrivi~ nawili.

sociologiis Seswavla
sociologiuri warmosaxva, saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT, rom
mravali movlena, romelic TiTqosda individs exeba, sinamdvileSi, ufro
farTo sakiTxebs asaxavs. MmagaliTad, gayra, SesaZloa, Zalze mZime
procesi iyos imaTTvis, vinc is ganicada, rasac milsi pirovnul
usiamovnebas uwodebs. Tumca gayris procesi, xazs usvams igi, aseve
sajaro sakiTxia iseT sazogadoebaSi, rogoric dRevandeli inglisia,
sadac mTeli qorwinebebis mesamedi irRveva SeuRlebidan aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi. AaviRoT meore magaliTi, umuSevroba SesaZloa pirovnul
tragediad gadaiqces, rodesac adamians erTi samsaxuridan agdeben, xolo
meoris Sovna ar SeuZlia. Tumca, rodesac milionobiT adamiani
sazogadoebaSi igive situaciaSi imyofeba, es ukve kerZo sasowarkveTis
farglebs scildeba: es ukve farTo socialuri tendenciebis
gamomxatveli sajaro sakiTxia.
SeecadeT, amgvari Tvalsazrisi sakuTar cxovrebas miuyenoT. Aar
aris aucilebeli mxolod arasasiamovno SemTxvevebze fiqri. MmagaliTad,
dafiqrdiT, saerTod ratom aiReT xelSi es wigni – ratom gadawyviteT
sociologiis Seswavla. Tqven, SesaZloa, iZulebiT xarT sociologi
studenti da swavlobT sagans mxolod imitom, rom SeasruloT Tqveni
safexuris moTxovnebi; an, SesaZloa, enTuziasti brZandebiT, romelsac
surs meti icodes sagnis Sesaxeb. rogoric ar unda iyos Tqveni
motivacia, albaT, bevri saerTo gaqvT sociologiis sxva
SemswavlelebTan, Tundac Tavad ar icodeT amis Sesaxeb. Tqveni sakuTari
gadawyvetileba asaxavs Tqvens pozicias ufro farTo sazogadoebaSi.
Seexeba Tu ara Tqvens pirovnebas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi? xarT
axalgazrda? TeTrkaniani? Pprofesiuli an TeTrsayeloianTa fenis
warmomadgeneli? SegisrulebiaT, Tu exlac asrulebT raime samuSaos
(igulsxmeba arasruli samuSao dro), Tqveni Semosavlis Sesavsebad?
gsurT Tu ara, ipovnoT kargi samuSao ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, Tumca
 8

Tavad ara xarT mowodebuli swavlisaTvis? Tqven namdvilad ar iciT, ra

aris sociologia, Tumca fiqrobT, rom mas raRac saerTo aqvs imasTan,
Tu rogor iqcevian adamianebi jgufebSi? Tqvengan, sam meoTxedze meti,
yvela kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebs. Kkolejis studentebi, mTeli
mosaxleobis tipiuri wevrebi ar arian, aramed, rogorc Cans, ufro
privilegirebul fenebs miekuTvnebian. xolo maTi poziciebi, Cveulebriv,
maTi amxanagebisa da nacnobebis poziciebs asaxavs. socialuri fenebi,
romelTac vekuTvniT, didad ganapirobebs imas, Tu ra saxis
gadawyvetilebebs viRebT.
davuSvaT, Tqven uaryofiTad pasuxobT am SekiTxvaTagan erTs an
ramdenimes. Tqven SeiZleba ekuTvnodeT umciresobaTa jgufs an Rarib
fenas. Tqven SeiZleba iyoT Suaxnis an ufro xanSiSesuli. Tumca,
sulerTia, Semdgomi daskvnebi uTuod gakeTdeba. Tqven, SesaZloa, brZola
mogixdaT imisTvis, rasac miaRwieT; Tqven SesZeliT dageZliaT mtruli
reaqciebi megobrebis mxridan da sxvebisganac, rodesac uTxariT maT,
rom kolejSi wasvlas apirebdiT; an, SesaZloa, erTmaneTs uTavsebdeT
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas da mSoblis rols.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom Cven yvelani im socialuri konteqstebis
gavlenis qveSa varT, sadac Cvens Tavs moviazrebT, arc erTi Cvenganis
qceva ar aris ubralod gamowveuli am konteqstebiT. Cven vflobT da
vqmniT Cvens individualobas. sociologiis saqmea ikvlios kavSirebi maT
Soris, Tu ras qmnis Cvengan sazogadoeba da ras vqmniT Cven sakuTari
Tavisgan. Cveni qmedebebi rogorc Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros s t r
u q t u r i r e b a s – f o r m i s m i c e m a s – axdens, asave,
imavdroulad, socialuri samyaros mieraa struqturirebuli.
cneba s o c i a l u r i s t r u q t u r a mniSvnelovania
sociologiaSi. igi miuTiTebs faqtze, rom Cveni cxovrebis socialuri
konteqstebi, movlenebis an qmedebebis SemTxveviT arCevans ar
warmoadgens; isini gansxvavebuli gzebiT aris struqturirebuli an
m o d e l i r e b u l i. Aarsebobs wesrigi im saSualebebSi, romliTac
viqceviT, da im urTierTobebSi, romelic erTmaneTis mimarT gagvaCnia.
Tumca, socialuri struqtura ar aris fizikuri struqturis msgavsi,
rogoric, magaliTad, Senoba, romelic adamianis qmedebebisgan
 9

damoukideblad arsebobs. socialuri struqtura yovel wuTs ganicdis

rekonstruirebas misi Semadgeneli `samSeneblo blokebiT~ - Tqvennairi
da Cvennairi adamianebiT.

ganzraxuli da ganuzraxavi Sedegebi

socialuri cxovrebis konstruirebisa da rekonstruirebis es
mudmivi procesi dafuZnebulia im mniSvnelobebze, romlebsac adamianebi
TavianT qmedebebs aniWeben. Tumca, Cvenma qmedebebma, SesaZloa, Cveni
survilis miuxedavad, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi migvaRebinos. sociologebi
mniSvnelovan zRvars avleben Cveni qcevis miznebs Soris – ra gvaqvs
ganzraxuli ganvaxorcieloT – da am qcevis ganuzraxavi Sedegebi.
MmagaliTad, mSoblebs SesaZloa surdeT, TavianTi Svilebis qmedebebi
socialurad misaRebi gaxadon; am miznis misaRwevad, mSoblebi mkacr da
avtoritarul saSualebebs iyeneben, Tumca aman, SesaZloa, bavSvebSi
protestis grZnoba gamoiwvios da gaawyvetinos kavSiri qcevis miRebul
standartebTan.
zogjer, qmedebebs, romlebic konkretuli mizniT aris
wamowyebuli, iseTi Sedegebi aqvs, rac faqtobrivad xels uSlis am
miznis miRwevas. ramodenime wlis ukan, niu iork sitiSi warmodgenil
iqna kanonebi, romelic aiZulebda dabalSemosavlian adgilebSi
daZvelebuli saxlebis mepatroneebs SeekeTebinaT isini standartebiT
miRebul minimumamde. ganzraxul iyo sacxovreblis sabaziso donis
gaumjobeseba, erTobis yvelaze Raribi nawilisaTvis. Sedegad, ki
gamovida, rom daZvelebuli saxlis mepatroneebma uari ganacxades maTze
an gamoiyenes sxva daniSnulebiT; ase rom, damakmayofilebeli
sacxovreblis ricxvi adre arsebulze gacilebiT metad Semcirda.
ras vakeTebT cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da ra gziT axdens Cveni
qmedebebi gavlenas sxvebze, gagebul unda iqnes ganzraxuli da
ganuzraxavi Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sociologiis amocana,
Seiswavlos saboloo balansis Sedegebi socialur reproduqciasa da
socialur transformacias Soris. socialuri reproduqcia miuTiTebs,
Tu rogor `inarCunebel svlas~ sazogadoebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi;
socialuri transformacia ki aRniSnavs im cvlilebebs, romelsac isini
 10

ganicdian. socialuri reproduqcia mimdinareobs, vinaidan arsebobs

uwyvetoba imisa, rasac adamianebi yoveldRiurad da yovelwliurad
akeTeben, da socialuri praqtika, romelsac isini misdeven. cvlilebebi
xdeba nawilobriv imitom, rom adamianebi apireben maT moxdenas, da
nawilobriv im Sedegebis gamo, romlebsac aravin ganWvrets an
ganizraxavs.

Aadreuli sawyisebi
Cven, adamianebi mudam varT dainteresebulni sakuTari qcevis
pirvelwyaroebiT; magram, Cveni mcdeloba, gagvego sakuTari Tavi, rac
aTaswleulebs moiTvlis, eyrdnoboda azrovnebis gzebs, romelic
Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, da xSirad religiuri terminebiT
gamoixateboda (magaliTad, Tanamedrove mecnierebis warmoSobamde,
mraval adamians sjeroda, rom bunebrivi movlenebi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT,
miwisZvra RmerTebis da sulebis mier iyo gamowveuli). Aadamianis qcevisa
da sazogadoebis obieqturi da sistematuri Seswavla, SedarebiT axali
movlenaa, romlis warmoSoba adreuli 1800-iani wlebiT TariRdeba. foni,
sociologiis sawyisebisaTvis, radikaluri cvlilebebi iyo: 1789 wlis
safrangeTis revolucia da industriuli revoluciis aRmoceneba
evropaSi. Aam qmedebebiT gamowveuli cxovrebis tradiciuli gzebis
ngreva moazrovneTa mcdelobebiT dasrulda SeeqmnaT rogorc
socialuri, aseve bunebrivi samyaros axleburi gageba.
Ggadamwyveti movlena samyaros Sesacnobad, religiis nacvlad
mecnierebis gamoyeneba iyo. Mmecxramete saukunis moazrovneebi,
cdilobdnen Semdegi tipis kiTxvebze epasuxaT – rogoria adamianis
buneba? ratom aris sazogadoeba ise struqturirebuli, rogorc aris?
rogor da ratom icvleba sazogadoebebi? – es igive kiTxvebia, romelze
pasuxis gacemasac cdiloben dRes sociologebi. Cveni Tanamedrove
samyaro, warsulisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba; sociologiis
amocanaa, dagvexmaros am samyaros wvdomaSi da misi momavali
SesaZleblobebis garkvevaSi.
Oogiust konti
 11

Mmecnierebis mTeli sferos Seqmna, ra Tqma unda, erT adamians ar

SeuZlia da adreuli sociologiuri azrovnebis dafuZnebasac mravali
xelSemwyobi hyavda. Mmiuxedavad amisa, gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli
adgili frang avtors ogiust konts (1798-1857) ekuTvnis, Tundac mxolod
imisaTvis, rom faqtobrivad, man SemoiRo xmarebaSi sityva `sociologia~.
Tavdapirvelad, konti termin `socialur fizikas~ iyenebda; Tumca
zogierTi misi inteleqtualuri konkurentic igive terminiT
sargeblobda.
Kkonts surda, sakuTari Sexedulebebi sxvebisagan ganesxvavebina da
amitom termini `sociologia~ SemoiRo im dargis aRniSvnis mizniT,
romlis dafuZnebac surda.
konts sjeroda, rom es axali dargi SesZlebda, mecnierul
safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT, sazogadoebis Sesaxeb codnis Seqmnas.
sociologias igi bolo ganviTarebad mecnierebad miiCnevda – fizikis,
qimiisa da biologiis Semdeg – Tumca, aseve, rogorc yvelaze
mniSvnelovansa da kompleqsurs yvela mecnierebebs Soris. igi Tvlida,
rom sociologiam mecnierebis gamoyenebiT, wvlili unda Seitanos
kacobriobis keTildReobaSi imisaTvis, rom gaigos, amdenad, ganWvritos
da daareguliros adamianuri qceva. Tavisi moRvaweobis gviandel
periodSi, kontma, sakuTari sociologiuri Sexedulebebis safuZvelze,
sakmaod ambiciuri gegmebi dasaxa, konkretulad, franguli sazogadoebis,
da zogadad, adamianuri sazogadoebebis rekonstruqciisTvis.

Eemil diurkemi
GgacilebiT myari da xangrZlivi zegavlena, Tanamedrove
sociologiaze, moaxdina meore frangi moazrovnis emil diurkemis
naSromebma (1858-1917). Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom igi kontis naazrevis
aspeqtebs eyrdnoboda, diurkems miaCnda, rom misi winamorbedis mravali
idea Zalze spekulaturi da bundovani iyo, da rom kontma ver moiyvana
sisruleSi Tavisi programa – Seeqmna mecnieruli safuZveli
sociologiisaTvis. diurkemis mixedviT, sociologiam unda Seiswavlos
socialuri faqtebi, socialuri cxovrebis is aspeqtebi, romlebic saxes
aZleven Cvens, rogorc individebis qmedebebs, iseTebs rogoricaa
 12

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba an religiis zemoqmedeba. Ddiurkems sjeroda,

rom socialuri cxovreba igive xarisxis obieqturobiT unda iqnes
Seswavlili, rogorc bunebriv samyaros Seiswavlian mecnierebi. Mmisi
cnobili pirveli principi sociologiaSi iyo SeiswavleT `socialuri
faqtebi, rogorc sagnebi!” - AamiT igi gulisxmobda, rom socialuri
cxovreba SeiZleba iseve mkacrad iqnes analizs daqvemdebarebuli,
rogorc bunebis sagnebi an movlenebi.
iseve, rogorc sociologiis sxva fuZemdeblebi, diurkemi Zlier
iyo dainteresebuli cvlilebebiT, romelic sazogadoebis
transformirebas moaxdenda. Mmas sjeroda, rom sazogadoebis erTianobis
SenarCuneba mxolod Rirebulebebisa da wes-Cveulebebis gaziarebiT aris
SesaZlebeli. socialuri cvlilebis miseuli analizi, S r o m i s g a
n a w i l e b i s gafarToebas efuZneboda (kompleqsuri gansxvavebebis
zrdas sxvadasva profesiebs Soris). diurkemi amtkicebda, rom Sromis
ganawilebam, rogorc socialuri gaerTianebis safuZvelma, TandaTanobiT
religiis adgili daikava. Sromis ganawilebis gafarToebiT, adamianebi
sul ufro metad xdebian erTmaneTze damokidebulni, vinaidan TiToeul
adamians sWirdeba saqoneli da servisebi, romelsac sxva profesiebis
adamianebi awvdian. diurkemis mixedviT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
cvlilebis procesebi ise swrafi da intensiuria, rom igi ufro met
socialur siZneleebs warmoqmis, rasac igi anomias ukavSirebs, anu
miznis uqonlobis an uimedobis SegrZnebas, rac Tanamedrove socialuri
cxovrebiTaa gamowveuli. tradiciuli moraluri kontroli da
standartebi, rasac, Cveulebriv, religia axorcielebda, Tanamedrove
socialuri pirobebis gamo TiTqmis mTlianad dairRva da bevr adamians
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gauCina SegrZneba, rom maTi yoveldRiuri
cxovreba azrs moklebulia.
diurkemis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi TviTmkvlelobis
analizs ukavSirdeboda (Durkheim, 1952; pirvelad gamoica 1897 wels).
TviTmkvleloba, savsebiT pirovnul qmedebad, ukiduresi pirovnuli
sasowarkveTis Sedegad iTvleba. Tumca, diurkemma dagvanaxa, rom
suicidur qcevaze udides zegavlenas socialuri faqtorebi axdens, da
rom anomia aris swored erT-erTi aseTi zegavlenis mqone.
 13

TviTmkvlelobebis koeficienti yovelwliurad erTi da igive

monacemebiT gamoixateba da es monacemebi sociologiurad unda iqnes
axsnili. diurkemis kvlevam, SesaZloa, bevri sawinaaRmdego azri
gamoiwvios, magram igi klasikur naSromad rCeba, romlis aqtualoba
sociologiisTvis dRemde ar dakargula.

Kkarl marqsi
Kkarl marqsis ideebi (1818-83) mkveTrad upirispirdeboda kontisa da
diurkemis ideebs, Tumca, maT msgavsad, igic Seecada aexsna
sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi, romelic samrewvelo revoluciis dros
xdeboda. Aaxalgazrda marqsis politikurma moRvaweobam konfliqtamde
miiyvana igi germaniis xelisuflebasTan; safrangeTSi mokle droiT
yofnis Semdeg, samSoblodan gaZevebuli, igi mudmivad britaneTSi
dasaxlda. Mmisi naSromebi mraval sxvadasxva sferos moicavda. Mmisi
yvelaze mkacri kritikosebic ki Tvlian, rom misi moZRvreba Zalze
mniSvnelovania sociologiis ganviTarebisTvis. Mmisi Sromebis didi
nawili ekonomikur sakiTxebs eZRvneba, magram, vinaidan igi
dainteresebuli iyo, rom ekonomikuri problemebi socialur
institutebTan daekavSirebina, misi naSromebi iyo da aris
sociologiuri ganWvretebiT mdidari.
Mmarqsis Tvalsazrisi eyrdnoboda, rogorc Tavad igi uwodebda,
istoriis materialistur gagebas. Mmarqsis mixedviT, es ar aris (rogorc
diurkems miaCnda) adamianTa kuTvnili ideebi da Rirebulebebi, rac
socialuri cvlilebis mTavari wyaroa, aramed socialuri cvlileba
ZiriTadad ekonomikuri mizezebiT aris gamowveuli. KklasTa Soris
brZola – mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris – istoriuli ganviTarebis
qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. Mmarqsis sityvebiT, `kacobriobis istoria, es
klasTa brZolebis istoriaa~.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom marqsi istoriis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
fazebs exeboda, misi yuradReba, umTavresad, Tanamedrove cvlilebaze
iyo koncentrirebuli. Mmisi azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi
kapitalizmis ganviTarebaTan iyo dakavSirebuli. kapitalizmi
warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli sistemaa, romelic radikalurad
 14

gansxvavebulia istoriaSi arsebuli wina ekonomikuri sistemebisgan da

gulisxmobs saqonlisa da servisebis warmoebas, myidvelTa farTo
wrisaTvis warsadgenad. isini, vinc floben kapitals – qarxnebs,
danadgarebs da didZal fuls – ayalibeben mmarTvel klass.
mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba daqirvabuli muSebis klass qmnis, anu
muSaTa klass, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT sxva saarsebo saSualeba, Tu ara
samuSao, romelsac kapitalis mesakuTreni iZlevian. Aamrigad,
kapitalizmi aris klasobrivi sistema, romlis pirobebSic klasebs
Soris konflqti Cveulebrivi movlenaa.
Mmarqsis mixedviT, momavalSi kapitalizmi Secvlili unda iqnes
sazogadoebiT, sadac klasebi ar iarsebeben – ar iqneba didi gansxvaveba
mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. igi ar gulisxmobda, rom yvela
uTanasworoba adamianebs Soris gaqreba; aramed gulisxmobda, rom
sazogadoebebi ar iqnebian gaxleCili mcire klasebad, romlebic
monopolizebas uweven ekonomikur da politikur Zalauflebas da ar
iqneba adamianebis udidesi masa, romelic Zalze cotas sargeblobs im
simdidrisagan, romelsac Tavad qmnis. Seiqmneba saerTo sakuTrebaze
dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri sistema da Camoyalibdeba ufro Tanaswori
sazogadoeba, vidre dRemde vicodiT.
marqsis moZRvrebam didi gavlena iqonia meoce saukunis msoflioze.
Bbolo dromde, anu sabWoTa komunizmis daSlamde, msoflios
mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi cxovrobda sazogadoebebSi, romelTa
mTavrobebi acxadebdnen, rom marqsis ideebiT iyvnen STagonebuli. garda
amisa, marqsis ideebma klasebisa da klasobrivi dayofis Sesaxeb gavlena
moaxdina mraval sociologze.

Mmaqs veberi
Mmarqsis msgavsad, maqs vebersac (1864-1920) mxolod sociologs ver
vuwodebT; misi mecnieruli interesebi da urTieTobebi mraval sferos
moicavs. veberi, germaniaSi daibada, sadac ganvlo Tavisi samecniero
moRvaweobis umetesi nawili. igi farTo ganaTlebis adamiani iyo. Mmisi
naSromebi moicavs ekonomikis, samarTlis, filosofiis da SedarebiTi
istoriis sferoebs; aqvs mravali naSromi sociologiaSi da aseve bevrs
 15

muSaobda Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze. Mmisi

drois sxva moazrovneebis msgavsad, veberi cdilobda gaeazrebina
socialuri cvlilebis arsi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom marqsis gavlenas
ganicdida, igi metad kritikuli iyo marqsis zogierTi ZiriTadi ideis
mimarT. igi uaryofda istoriis materialistur gagebas da klasobriv
konfliqts nakleb mniSvnelovnad Tvlida, vidre amas marqsi miiCnevda.
veberis TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikuri faqtorebi Zalze mniSvnelovania,
Tumca ideebsa da Rirebulebebs aseTive zegavlena aqvs socialur
cvlilebaze.
veberis yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromebi eZRvneboda dasavluri
sazogadoebis, sxva ZiriTad civilizaciebTan SedarebiT analizs. man
Seiswavla CineTis, indoeTis da axlo aRmosavleTis religiebi, da am
kvlevebiT didi wvlili Seitana religiis sociologiaSi. CineTsa da
indoeTSi arsebuli wamyvani religiuri sistemebis dasavlur
religiebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze, veberma daaskvna, rom qristianuli
religiis garkveulma aspeqtebma, kapitalizmis warmoqmnaze didi gavlena
moaxdina. Ees Tvalsazrisi mxolod ekonomikuri cvlilebebis gamo ar
gaCenila, rogorc amas marqsi miiCnevda; veberis SexedulebiT,
sazogadoebisa da Cveni sakuTari individualuri qmedebebis Camoyalibeba
ganpirobebulia kulturuli ideebiT da RirebulebebiT.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis bunebis veberiseuli gageba da
cxovrebis dasavluri stilis gavrcelebis mizezebi, aseve arsebiTad
gansxvavebulia marqsis gagebisagan. veberis mixedviT, kapitalizmi –
ekonomikuri wamowyebis organizebis gansakuTrebuli gza – erT-erTi
ZiriTadi faqtoria socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis. Kkapitalizmis
safuZvelSi, ramdenadme ufro fundamenturad, mecnierebisa da
biurokratiis gavlena Zevs. mecnierebam saxe misca Tanamedrove
teqnologias da aseve gagrZeldeba nebismier momaval sazogadoebaSi.
biurokratia adamianTa didi ricxvis efeqturad organizebis erTaderTi
gzaa da amitomac aucieleblad farTovdeba, ekonomikur da politikur
zrdasTan erTad. Mmecnierebis, Tanamedrove teqnologiis da
biurokratiis ganviTareba, veberis mier, erTad iyo daxasiaTebuli
rogorc racionalizacia – socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
 16

organizeba efeqturobis principebis mixedviT da teqnikuri codnis

safuZvelze.

Ggviandeli moazrovneebi
MmiSel fuko da iurgen habermasi
Ggviandeli periodis yvelaze cnobil sociolog moazrovneTa
Soris, unda aRvniSnoT frangi avtori miSel fuko (1926-84) da germaneli
mecnieri iurgen habermasi (1929). sociologiis klasikosi fuZemdeblebis
msgavsad, arcerTi maTgani ar aris mxolod sociologi; TiToeul
maTgans mTeli rigi gamokvlevebi aqvs filosofiasa da istoriaSi.
cnobilia, rom miSel fuko meoce saukunis socialuri azrovnebis
erT-erTi brwyinvale warmomadgenelia. Mmisi Sromebi, maqs veberis mier
biurokratiis analizis msgavsad, exeba cixeebis, saavadmyofoebis,
skolebisa da sxva msxvili organizaciebis ganviTarebas. fukos
gviandeli gamokvleva seqsualobisa da meobis Sesaxeb, aseve Zalze didi
gavleniT sargeblobda, gansakuTrebiT feministi avtorebis muSaobaSi.
fukos mixedviT, `seqsualoba~ (rogorc adre aRvniSneT, romantikul
siyvarulTan dakavSirebiT) yovelTvis rodi arsebobda, Tumca Seqmnilia
socialuri ganviTarebis procesebis mier. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,
seqsualoba iqceva raRacad, rasac `vflobT~ - meobis sakuTrebad.
Zalauflebis kvleva – is, Tu rogor aRweven individebi da
jgufebi TavianT miznebs, rogorc sxvebis sawinaaRmdegos –
fundamenturi mniSvnelobisaa sociologiisaTvis. sxva klasikos
fuZemdeblebs Soris, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba Zalauflebaze marqsma
da veberma gaamaxviles. Ffukom gaagrZela im mosazrebis zogierTi
mimarTuleba, romelic maT wamoiwyes. MmagaliTad, misi azriT,
seqsualoba yovelTvis gadabmulia socialur ZalauflebasTan. igi eWvis
qveS ayenebda mosazrebas, rom codnis SeZenas meti Tavisuflebisken
mivyavarT. PpiriqiT, igi codnas ganixilavda, rogorc adamianebis
`Tvalyuris devnebis~ da kontrolis saSualebas.
iurgen habermasi, dRes, msoflioSi, SesaZloa yvelaze
mniSvnelovani sociologi moazrovnea. Mman ganicada marqsisa da veberis
zegavlena, Tumca, azrovnebis sxva tradiciebsac eziara. Hhabermasis
 17

mixedviT, kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi, sadac mudmivad xdeba cvlileba,

rogorc Cans, moraluri wesrigis ngrevisken ixreba, razec faqtobrivad
Tavad aris damokidebuli. Cven iseTi socialuri wesrigis pirobebSi
vcxovrobT, sadac ekonomikur zrdas eniWeba upiratesoba, sxva
yvelaferTan SedarebiT. magram amgvari situacia yoveldRiur cxovrebas
azrs ukargavs. aq habermasi diurkemis anomiis cnebas ubrundeba, Tumca
mas axali da originaluri gziT iyenebs.

Aaris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba?

diurkemi, marqsi da sociologiis sxva damaarseblebi, mas
ganixilavdnen rogorc m e c n i e r e b a s. Mmagram SegviZlia ki
SeviswavloT adamianis cxovreba mecnieruli gziT? Aam kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad, jer Tavad sityvis mniSvneloba unda gavigoT. ra aris
mecniereba?
Mm e c n i e r e b a e m p i r i u l i k v l e v i s s i s t e -
m a t u r i m e T o d e b i s, m o n a c e m e b i s a n a l i z i s,
T e o r i u l i a z r o v n e b i s da a r g u m e n t e b i s l o -
g i k u r i S e f a s e b i s g a m o y e n e b a a imisaTvis, rom
ganvaviTaroT sruli codna calkeuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. sociologia
mecnieruli Zalisxmevaa. igi gulisxmobs empiriuli kvlevis sistematur
meTodebs, monacemebis analizs da Teoriebis Sefasebas sicxadisa da
logikuri argumentis Suqze.
Aadamianebis Seswavla gansxvavdeba fizikur samyaroSi arsebuli
movlenebis kvlevisgan da sociologia ar unda ganixilebodes uSualod
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis msgavsad. Bbunebis sagnebisagan
gansxvavebiT, adamianebi TviT-Semmecnebeli arsebebia, romlebic azrsa da
mizans aniWeben imas, rasac akeTeben. Cven zustad verc ki davaxasiaTebT
socialur cxovrebas, Tu manamde ver CavwvdiT im zogad ideebs,
romelsac adamianebi TavianTi qcevis dros iyeneben. magaliTad,
imisaTvis, rom sikvdili TviTmkvlelobad davaxasiaToT, unda vicodeT,
ra hqonda mxedvelobaSi aRniSnul pirovnebas im dros. TviTmkvleloba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, rodesac piovnebas TviTganadgurebis idea
 18

aqtiurad utrialebs gonebaSi. Aadamians, romelic SemTxveviT moxvdeba

manqanis qveS da daiRupeba, ar SeiZleba TviTmkvleli vuwodoT.
is faqti, rom Cven ar SegviZlia adamianebis Seswavla zustad im
gziT, riTac bunebis obieqtebs vswavlobT, garkveuli azriT,
sociologiis upiratesobas warmoadgens. sociologi mkvlevarebis
upiratesoba is aris, rom SeuZliaT uSualod kiTxvebis dasma imaTTvis,
visac isini swavloben – sxva adamianebisaTvis. sxva mxriv, sociologia
qmnis iseT siZneleebs, romlebsac bunebismetyveli mecnierebi ar
xvdebian. Aadamianebma, romlebmac ician, rom maTi qmedebebi xSirad
dakvirvebiT Seiswavleba, aRar iqcevian ise, rogoradac Cveulebrivad
moiqceodnen. Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, maT SeiZleba iseTi warmodgena
Segviqmnan TavianT Tavze, rac gansxvavdeba maTi realuri
mimarTebebisagan. isini cdiloben kidevac `daexmaron~ mkvlevars im
pasuxebiT, rac, maTi rwmeniT, maTgan surT miiRon.

rogor SeuZlia sociologias dagvexmaros cxovrebaSi?

sociologias uzarmazari praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni
cxovrebisTvis, rogorc amas xazs usvamda milsi, rodesac aviTarebda
Tavis ideas sociologiuri warmosaxvis Sesaxeb.

Kkulturuli gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba

Ppirvelyovlisa, sociologia saSualebas gvaZlevs, samyaro
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan ganvixiloT. sakmaod xSirad, Tu sworad
gavigebT sxvebis cxovrebas, aseve ukeTesad gavigebT maTi problemebis
arss. Ppraqtikul politikas, romelic im adamianebis cxovrebis wesis
srul gacnobierebas ar emyareba, romlebzec igi zemoqmedebs,
warmatebis Zalze mcire Sansi aqvs. Aase rom, TeTri socialuri muSaki,
romelic Savkanianebis umetesobiT dasaxlebul erTobaSi muSaobs, ver
moipovebs misi wevrebis ndobas, Tu ar SeiZens mgrZnobelobas
gansxvavebebis mimarT im socialur gamocdilebaSi, rac xSirad
acalkevebs TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs.

politikis Sedegebis Sefaseba

 19

meorec, sociologiuri kvleva praqtikul daxmarebas

uzrunvelyofs p o l i t i k u r i i n i c i a t i v e b i s S e d e-
g e b i s S e f a s e b a S i. Ppraqtikuli reformis programam,
SesaZloa, ver ganaxorcielos is, rasac misi Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen an,
SesaZloa, warumatebeli Sedegebi gamoiwvios. MmagaliTad, meore
msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi, mraval qveyanaSi qalaqebis centralur
adgilebSi komunaluri saxlebis mTeli blokebi aSenda. Ddagegmili iyo,
dabal-Semosavliani jgufebi mivardnili adgilebidan, uzrunveleyoT
sacxovreblis maRali standartebiT, iqve axlos savaWro da sxva
samoqalaqo servisebiT. Tumca kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom bevri adamiani,
romelic Tavisi pirvandeli sacxovreblidan mravalsarTulian blokebSi
gadasaxlda, Tavs gariyulebad da ubedurad grZnobda.
mravalsarTuliani blokebi da savaWro centrebi RaribTa dasaxlebaSi,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, naxevrad nangrevebad gadaiqca da noyieri niadagi
gaxda qurdobisa da sxva Zaladobrivi danaSaulebebisaTvis.

TviTganaTleba
mesame, da albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom sociologias
SeuZlia uzrunvelyos TviTganaTleba – gazrdil TviTgageba. rac ufro
metad vacnobierebT, Tu ras vakeTebT, da aseve meti warmodgena gveqneba
Cveni sazogadoebis zogadi meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti
zegavlena SegviZlia viqonioT Cvens momavalze. Cven ar unda ganvixiloT
sociologia, mxolod rogorc politikis mkeTeblebis, anu Zlieri
jgufebis, damxmare Zala, srulyofili gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.
Zalauflebis mqoneni, yovelTvis ver iReben mxedvelobaSi naklebi Zalis
mqoneTa da politikaSi naklebad privilegirebulTa interesebs.
TviTganaTlebis mqone jgufebs SeuZlia isargeblon sociologiuri
gamokvleviT da efeqturad upasuxon mTavrobis politikas an dasaxon
sakuTari politikuri iniciativebi. TviTdaxmarebis jgufebi, rogoricaa
anonimuri alkoholikebi (Alcoholics Anonymous) da socialuri moZraobebi,
rogoricaa garemos dacvis moZraoba, socialuri jgufebis magaliTebia,
romelTa uSualo mcdelobaa, SesamCnevi warmatebiT ganaxorcielon
praqtikuli reformebi.
 20

ÓÏÝÉÏËsociologiis roli sazogadoebaSi

dabolos, mravali sociologi, rogorc profesionali, sakuTar
Tavs uSualod praqtikul saqmianobas ukavSirebs. sociologiaSi
ganswavluli adamianebi muSaoben, rogorc mrewvelobis konsultantebi,
urbanuli damgegmareblebi, socialuri muSakebi da personaluri
menejerebi; aseve, ewevian sxva mraval praqtikul saqmianobas.
saWiroa Tu ara, Tavad sociologebma aqtiurad daicvan da
agitacia gauwion reformis programebs an socialur cvlilebas? zogs
miaCnia, rom sociologias im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia SeinarCunos sakuTari
inteleqtualuri damoukidebloba, Tu sociologebi savsebiT
neitralurebi iqnebian moralur da politikur sadao sakiTxebSi. Tumca,
arsebobs kavSiri sociologiis Seswavlasa da socialur patiosnebas
Soris. ar aris sociologiurad ganaTlebuli adamiani, romelic ver
acnobierebdes msoflioSi dRes arsebul uTanasworobas, mraval
socialur situaciaSi socialuri samarTlianobis naklebobas, da
gaWirvebas, romelsac milionobiT adamiani ganicdis. sakvirveli
iqneboda, sociologebi rom ar damdgariyvnen praqtikuli sakiTxebis
mxares da alogikuri iqneboda, agvekrZala maTTvis gamoeyenebinaT
TavianTi eqspertiza amis keTebaSi.

Ddaskvna
winamdebare TavSi davinaxeT, rom sociologia is disciplinaa,
sadac gverdze vdebT pirovnul xedvas samyaros Sesaxeb imisaTvis, rom
ufro guldasmiT ganvixiloT gavlenebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Cvensa
da sxvebis cxovrebas. sociologia, rogorc garkveuli inteleqtualuri
Zalisxmeva, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebasTan erTad
warmoiSva, da aseTi sazogadoebebis Seswavla principul interess
inarCunebs; Tumca, sociologebi sakiTxebis ufro farTo wriT arian
dainteresebuli, rogoricaa, magalTad, socialuri urTierTqmedebis
buneba da zogadad adamianuri sazogadoebebi.
sociologia, mxolod abstraqtuli inteleqtualuri sfero ar
aris, aramed uzarmazari praqtikuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia adamianebis
 21

cxovrebisaTvis. sociologad Camoyalibeba ar unda gadaiqces mosawyen

akademiur Zalisxmevad! Yyvelaze ukeTesi gza imis dasarwmuneblad, rom
ase ar moxdeba, obieqtis mimarT warmosaxvis saSualebiT midgomaa, da
sociologiuri ideebisa da mignebebis sakuTari cxovrebis situaciebTan
dakavSirebaa.
EerT-erTi saSualeba amisaTvis aris im gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba,
romelic arsebobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Cveni cxovrebis wesebsa
da adamianTa sxva jgufebis cxovrebis wesebs Soris. yvela adamianur
arsebas Zalze bevri saerTo aqvs. Amsgavsad amisa, arsebobs didi
mravalgvaroba gansxvavebul sazogadoebebsa da kulturebs Soris. am
msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs me-2 da me-3 TavebSi ganvixilavT.

Sejameba
1. sociologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianTa
sazogadoebebis, gansakuTrebiT, Tanamedrove industriuli
sazogadoebebis sistematuri Seswavla.
2. sociologia warmoiSva, rogorc im didi cvlilebebis gaazrebis
mcdeloba, rac adamianTa sazogadoebebSi moxda bolo ori an sami
saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
3. sociologiur kvlevaSi mniSvnelovania gansxvavebis danaxva,
adamianis qmedebis ganzraxul da ganuzraxav Sedegebs Soris.
4. sociologiis praqtika gulisxmobs warmosaxviTi azrovnebis
unars da socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb winaswarSeqmnili
warmodgenebidan gaTavisuflebas.
5. sociologiis klasikos damfuZneblebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani oTxi figuraa: ogiust konti, karl marqsi, emil diurkemi
da maqs veberi. Kkontma da marqsma, romlebic mecxramete saukunis Sua
wlebSi moRvaweobdnen, sociologiis zogierTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi
Camoayalibes, romlebic mogvianebiT diurkemma da veberma ganaviTares. es
sakiTxebi exeba sociologiis bunebas da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis
ganviTarebis gavlenas socialur samyaroze.
 22

6. Tanamedrove gamoCenil sociolog moazrovneTa Soris arian

miSel fuko da iurgen habermasi. MmaTi moRvaweoba kidev ufro aviTarebs
klasikosi fuZemdeblebis mier warmodgenil Temebs.
7. misi fuZemdeblebis mixedviT, sociologia im azriT aris
mecniereba, rom igi gulisxmobs kvlevis sistematur meTodebs da
Teoriebis Sefasebas sicxadisa da logikuri argumentis safuZvelze.
magram ar SeiZleba misi modelireba uSualod bunebis mecnierebis
safuZvelze, radgan adamianuri qcevis Seswavla fundamenturad
gansxvavdeba bunebis samyaros Seswavlisgan.
8. sociologia mravali praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone
disciplinaa. Mmas SeuZlia, mravali mimarTulebiT, xeli Seuwyos
socialur kriticizmsa da praqtikul socialur reformas. Ppirveli,
mocemuli socialuri garemoebebis ukeTesad gacnobiereba, xSirad maTi
gakontrolebis ukeTes Sanss gvaZlevs, meore, sociologia saSualebas
gvaZlevs gavzardoT Cveni kulturuli mgrZnobeloba, exmareba ra
politikas, daefuZnos gansxvavebuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis
gacnobierebas. mesame, Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT calkeuli
politikuri programebis miRebis Sedegebi (ganzraxuli da ganuzraxavi).
da bolos, SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani, sociologia uzrunvelyofs
TviTganaTlebas, sTavazobs ra jgufebsa da individebs mzard
SesaZleblobas Secvalon sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebi.

MmniSvnelovani terminebi
sociologiuri warmosaxva
gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi
socialuri reproduqcia
socialuri transformacia
anomia
istoriis materialisturi gageba
kapitalizmi
TviTganaTleba
 Tavi 2
Kkultura, sazogadoeba da pirovneba

ZiriTadi cnebebi

adamianTa modgma
evolucia, instinqtebi da biologiuri moTxovnilebebi

kulturuli mravalgvaroba
K
kulturuli identoba da eTnocentrizmi

socializacia
arasocializebuli bavSvebi

bavSvis adreuli ganviTareba

AaRqmiTi ganviTareba. tirili da Rimili.
BbavSvebi da aRmzrdelebi. socialuri reaqciebis ganviTareba.

Teoriebi bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

Ffroidi da fsiqoanalizi. j. h. midis Teoria.
PpiaJe: SemecnebiTi ganviTareba. Teoriebs Soris kavSirebi.

cxovrebis gza
bavSvoba. siymawvile.
Aaxalgazrda mozrdili. zrdasruloba. sibere.

TaobaTa cvla

socializacia da pirovnuli Tavisufleba

D
Sejameba
 2

damatebiTi literatura
mniSvnelovani terminebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi
K kultura. sazogadoeba. Rirebulebebi. socializacia.
aracnobieri. TviTcnobiereba. identoba

cnebebi k u l t u r a da s a z o g a d o e b a, romlebic
winamdebare TavSi unda vikvlioT, sociologiaSi yvelaze farTod
gamoyenebuli cnebebia. rodesac sityva `kulturas~ Cveulebriv,
yoveldRiur saubarSi viyenebT, xSirad vgulisxmobT `gonebiT
momadlebul niWs~ - xelovnebas, Lliteraturas, musikas da mxatvrobas.
am terminis qveS sociologebi, `ra Tqma unda, igive aqtivobebs
gulisxmoben, Tumca bevr sxvasac. Kkultura exeba sazogadoebis yvela
wevris, an masSi Semavali jgufebis cxovrebis wess; es gulisxmobs maTi
Cacmis stils, maT saqorwino wes-Cveulebebs da ojaxur cxovrebas, maTi
samuSaos xasiaTs, religiur ritualebs da Tavisufali drois tarebas.
`kultura~ da `sazogadoeba~ konceptualurad gansxvavebuli
cnebebia, Tumca maT Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs. sazogadoeba u r T-
i e r T k a v S i r e b i s s i s t e m a a, romelic individebs
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. Aam azriT, britaneTi, safrangeTi da
SeerTebuli Statebi sazogadoebebia. isini milionobiT adamians Seicavs;
rogorc Semdeg TavebSi davinaxavT, zogierTi sazogadoebebi gacilebiT
mcire moculobisaa.
kultura ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sazogadoebebis gareSe. Tumca,
aseve sazogadoebebic ar arsebobs kulturis gareSe. kulturis gareSe,
Cven saerTod ar gverqmeoda `adamiani~ im azriT, romliTac, Cveulebriv,
gvesmis es termini. Cven ar gveqneboda ena, romelSic gamovxatavdiT
sakuTar Tavs, ar gveqneboda TviTSemecneba, da Cveni azrovnebisa da
msjelobis unari Zlier SezRuduli iqneboda. ramdenad asxvavebs amgvari
maxasiaTeblebi adamianebs cxovelebisagan? saidan movida Cveni
gansxvavebuli `adamianuri~ maxasiaTeblebi? rogoria adamianis buneba? es
kiTxvebi, sociologiisaTvis mTavari kiTxvebia, vinaidan igi safuZvels
 3

uyris codnis mTel sferos. imisaTvis, rom vupasuxoT am kiTxvebs, unda

gavaanalizoT, ra gvaqvs serTo Cven, rogorc adamianur arsebebs da
rogor ganvsxvavdebiT erTmaneTisgan.

Aadamianuri modgma
inglisis eklesiis gandobilma mRvdelma Carlz darvinma, misi
udidebulesoba dedoflis gemiT (HMS) `bigli~, msoflios garSemo ori
mogzaurobis Semdeg, 1859 wels gamoaqveyna naSromi `saxeTa warmoSoba~.
cxovelTa saxeebis SerCevisa da masze gulmodgine dakvirvebis Sedegad,
darvinma adamianTa da cxovelTa ganviTarebis axal xedvas daudo
safuZveli, rac sruliad gansxvavdeboda adre arsebuli
Sexedulebebisagan. Tumca, adreul xanaSi adamianebs SeeZloT
daejerebinaT naxevradcxovelisa da naxevradadamianis arseboba,
darvinis aRmoCenebma sruliad gaaqarwyla aseTi SesaZleblobis
arseboba. Ddarvini amtkicebda, rom arsebobs ganviTarebis uwyveti xazi
cxovelebidan adamianur arsebobamde, darvinis mixedviT, Cveni adamianuri
maxasiaTeblebi, biologiuri cvlilebebis kvaldakval yalibdeboda, rac
dedamiwaze sicocxlis gaCenisTanave daiwyo, sami miliardi wlis ukan.
Ddarviniseuli Tvalsazrisi adamianebisa da cxovelebis ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb, bevrisaTvis kidev ufro miuRebeli Seiqmna, vidre
naxevradcxoveli da naxevradadamianebis Sesaxeb Sexelebebi. Man
saSualeba misca ganviTarebuliyo, erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo, Tumca
damajerebeli Teoria Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi – e v o l u c i i s
Teoriaa.

evolucia
darvinis mixedviT, adamianuri modgmis ganviTareba S e m T x v e -
v i T i SerCevis procesis Sedegia. Mmraval religiaSi, qristianobis
CaTvliT, arsebobs rwmena, rom cxovelebi da adamianebi RvTaebrivi
CareviT arian Seqmnili. Amis sapirispirod, evoluciuri Teoria
cxovelebisa da adamianebis saxeTa ganviTarebas mizanmimarTul procesad
ar ganixilavs. Eevolucias darvini bunebrivi SerCevis process uwodebs.
bunebrivi SerCevis idea martivia; yvela organul arsebas sWirdeba
 4

sakvebi da sxva resursebi, magaliTad, mZime klimaturi pirobebisagan

sicocxlis dacva; Tumca, sakmarisi resursi ar arsebobs imisaTvis, rom
yvela saxis cxovels, nebismier dros, saWiro pirobebi gaaCndes
gadarCenisaTvis, vinaidan isini gacilebiT met STamomavlobas
warmoSoben, vidre garemo pirobebiT SesaZlebelia maTi gamokveba. isini,
romlebic ukeTesad eguebian garemo pirobebs, agrZeleben sicocxles,
xolo danarCenebi, romlebic ver pasuxoben garemos moTxovnebs –
iRupebian. zogierTi cxoveli ufro sazriania, ufro swrafad moZraobs,
an ufro maxvili Tvali aqvs; gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi maT upiratesoba
aqvT imaTze, visac amis naklebi unari gaaCnia. isini ufro didxans
cocxloben, gamravlebis unari aqvT da TavianT Tvisebebs Semdgom
Taobebs gadascemen. isini `SerCeuli~ arian gadarCenisa da
gamravlebisaTvis.
m u t a c i i s biologiuri meqanizmis saSualebiT, mimdinareobs
bunebrivi SerCevis uwyveti procesi. Mmutacia – SemTxveviTi genetikuri
saxecvlilebaa, romelic gardaqmnis zogierT biologiur maxasiaTebels
garkveul saxeobaSi. Mmutaciebis umetesoba sazianoa an usargeblo
gadarCenis Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca zogi maTgani
upiratesobas aniWebs cxovels sxvebTan SejibrSi: saxeebi, romlebsac
mutanti genebi gaaCnia, gadarCebian imaT xarjze, visac aseTi genebi ara
aqvs. Ees procesi xsnis, rogorc mcire cvlilebebs Tavad saxeobis
SigniT, aseve ZiriTad cvlilebebs, rac mTeli saxeobis gaqrobas iwvevs.
magaliTad, milionobiT wlebis win, msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi
giganturi reptiliebi binadrobda. MmaTi zoma, maTTvis maxed gadaiqca,
vinaidan mutacia, romelic ufro mcire zomis saxeobebSi xdeboda, maTi
Seguebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Aadamianebis Soreuli winaprebi
swored am ufro Semguebel saxeobebs Soris iyo.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciis Teoria darvinis Semdgom
sakmaod daixvewa, misi monacemebis arsebiTi mxare dResac farTodaa
aRiarebuli. evoluciuri Teoria saSualebas gvaZlevs, naTeli
warmodgena SeviqmnaT sxvadasxva saxeobaTa gaCenis da maTi
urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.
 5

Aadamianebi da maimunebi
AamJamad aRiarebulia, rom sicocxlis ganviTareba okeaneebSi
daiwyo. Ppirveli miwiszeda arsebebi daaxloebiT oTxasi milioni wlis
win gaCnda. zogi maTgani uzarmazar repitiliebad ganviTarda, romlebic
Semdeg ZuZumwovrebma Secvales. ZuZumwovrebi Tbilsisxliani arsebebia,
romlebic seqsualuri urTierTobiT mravldebian. Ggigantur
reptiliebTan SedarebiT, miuxedavad ZuZumwovrebis gacilebiT mcire
zomisa, isini ufro sazrianebi da magrebi iyvnen. ZuZumwovrebs
gamocdilebis aTvisebis meti unari aqvT, vidre sxva cxovelebs, da am
unarma Tavis umaRles ganviTarebas adamianis saxeobaSi miaRwia.
Aadamianuri arsebebi ZuZumwovrebis ufro maRal jgufs – primatebs –
miekuTvnebian, romlebic samocdaaTi milioni wlis win warmoiSvnen.
cxovelTa saxeobebs Soris, Cveni uaxloesi naTesavebi Simpanze,
gorila da orangutania. Aamboben, rom mas Semdeg, rac uorCesteris
episkoposis colma darvinis evoluciis Teoriis Sesaxeb Seityo, Tqva:
`warmoviSviT maimunebidan? Zvirfaso, imedi viqonioT, rom es swori ar
aris. Tumca, Tu es simarTlea, imedi viqonioT, rom igi bevrisTvis
cnobili ar gaxdeba~. rogorc bevrma adamianma im dros, qalbatonmac ver
gaigo, ras gulismxobda evolucia. adamianebi ar warmoiSvnen
maimunebidan; adamianebi da maimunebi, yvela ganicdis evolucias. winapar
saxeobaTa gacilebiT ufro primitiuli jgufebidan, romlebic mravali
milioni wlis winaT cxovrobdnen.

sociobiologia
miuxedavad imisa, rom biologebi aRiarebdnen evoluciur
uwyvetobas cxovelebsa da adamianebs Soris, ukanasknel xanebamde maTi
umravlesoba cdilobda xazi gaesva adamianuri saxeobis gansxvavebuli
TvisebebisTvis. Aam pozicias, eWvisqveS ayeneben s o c i o b i o l o g e
b i, romlebic axlo analogiebs xedaven adamianebisa da cxovelTa
qcevas Soris. termini sociobiologia amerikeli mecnieris eduard
uilsonis naSromebSi gaCnda (Wilson 1975, 1978) . Ees exeba biologiuri
principebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs, yvela socialuri cxovelis, adamianis
CaTvliT, socialuri aqtivobebis asaxsnelad. Uuilsonis mixedviT,
 6

adamianis socialuri cxovrebis bevri aspeqti Cvens genetikur wyobazea

damokidebuli. MmagaliTad, cxovelTa zogierT saxeobas
urTierTmowonebis saukeTesod ganviTarebuli ritualebi gaaCnia, rac
urTierTkavSiriTa da STamomavlobis gagrZelebiT sruldeba. AadamianTa
wyvilebis urTierTmowoneba da maTi urTierTkavSiric,
sociobiologebis azriT, zogadad igive ritualebs moicavs, rac
Tandayolil maxasiaTeblebs gulisxmobs. sxva magaliTi rom aviRoT,
vnaxavT, rom cxovelebSi mamrebi mdedrebze ufro didi zomisani da
ufro agresiulebi arian, amasTan, gabatonebulni `sust sqesze”.
SesaZloa, genetikurma faqtorebma axsnas, ratomaa rom CvenTvis cnobil
yvela adamianur sazogadoebebSi, mamakacebi cdiloben qalebze meti
avtoriteti moipovon.
EerT-erTi gza, romliTac sociobiologebi Seecadnen gaeSuqebinaT
sqesebs Soris urTierToba, `reproduqciuli strategiis~ ideaa.
reproduqciuli strategia qcevis modelia, rac evoluciuri SerCevis
gziT aris miRweuli da romelic STamomavlobis gadarCenas uwyobs
xels. Qqalis sxeuls, mamakacTan SedarebiT, Zalze didi wvlili Seaqvs
Tavis repoduqciul ujredebSi. Aamitom, qalebi uqmad ar xarjaven am
saSualebas da ar iswrafvian mraval partniorTan seqsualuri
urTierTobisaken; maTi umTavresi mizani STamomavlobaze zrunva da misi
dacvaa. Mmamakacebi ki, am mxriv, ganurCevlebi arian. mraval partniorTan
seqsualuri urTierTobis survili, maTi modgmis TvalsazrisiT, swori
strategiaa; isini TavianT rols Casaxvis SesaZleblobiT aRasruleben
da Semdeg Cveulebriv ganagrZoben. aRiniSna, rom am gziT SegviZlia
avxsnaT seqsualuri qcevis da mimarTebebis gansxvaveba mamakacebsa da
qalebs Soris da avxsnaT iseTi fenomeni, rogoric gaupatiurebaa.
Aamgvari ganmartebebis Sedegad wamoWrili mTavari sakiTxebi, am
bolo wlebSi, farTo ganxilvis sagani gaxda. igi dResac Zalze
sakamaTo rCeba. Mmecnierebi or banakad iyofian, rac maT inteleqtualur
safuZvlebzea damokidebuli. avtorebi, romlebic sociobiologiur
Tvalsazriss emxrobian, ufro metad biologiaSi arian ganswavlulni,
vidre socialur mecnierebebSi, maSin rodesac sociologebisa da
anTropologebis umravlesoba skeptikurad aris ganwyobili
 7

sociobiologebis mtkicebebis mimarT. SesaZloa, maT ramdenadme naklebi

ician adamianis cxovrebis genetikuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb, xolo
biologebs, aseve, SezRuduli codna aqvT sociologiur da
anTropologiur kvlevebze. TiToeuli mxarisaTvis Znelia srulad
aRiqvas meoris mier wamoyenebuli argumentebi.
uilsonis naSromis mier adre gamowveuli mRelvareba, amJamad
minelda da, rogorc Cans, SesaZlebeli xdeba vawarmooT arsebuli
sakiTxebis gonivruli Sefaseba. sociobiologias Zalze didi
mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca misi damsaxureba ufro cxovelTa cxovrebis
CvenebiT ganisazRvreba, vidre adamianebis qcevis demonstrirebiT.
eTologebis kvlevebze dayrdnobiT (biologebi, romlebic `savele
muSaobas~ awarmoeben cxovelTa jgufebs Soris da ara maT Seswavlas
xelovnurad zooparkebsa da laboratoriebSi), sociobiologebma aCvenes,
rom cxovelTa mravali saxeoba ufro metad `socialuria,~ vidre aqamde
iTvleboda. cxovelTa jgufebs mniSvnelovani zegavlena aqvs am
saxeobaTa calkeuli wevris qcevaze. Mmeore mxriv, Zalze cota
mtkicebulebaa mopovebuli imis sademonstraciod, rom adamianis
aqtivobis kompleqsur formebs genetikuri memkvidreobiToba marTavs.
amrigad, sociobiologebis mosazrebebi adamianis socialuri cxovrebis
Sesaxeb, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, spekulaturia da sxva araferi. Mmravali
kritikosi sruliad uaryofs adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zemoT
motanil interpretacias. isini amboben, rom ar arsebobs gza, romliTac
es SeiZleba damtkicebul iqnes. Uufro metic, yvela mamakaci rodia
ganurCeveli seqsualur urTierTobebSi; xolo Tu davakvirdebiT
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebul seqsualur qcevas, qalebi
gacilebiT Tavisufalni arian sakuTari seqsualuri garemos arCevaSi,
vidre iyvnen xolme, da maT, saSualod, imdenive sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebi aqvT, rogorc mamakacebs. MmaSinac ki, Tu es gazogadeba
sworia, arsebobs mravali fsiqologiuri, socialuri da kulturuli
faqtori, rasac amis axsna SeuZlia. MmagaliTad, sazogadoebaSi meti
Zalaufleba mamakacebs upyriaT; mravali partnioris ZebniT, maT,
SesaZloa, amoZravebdeT survili, ganaxorcielon es Zalaufleba da
qalebi TavianT srul kontrols dauqvemdebaron.
 8

instinqtebi da biologiuri moTxovnebi

biologTa da sociologTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom
adamianebs `instinqtebi~ ara aqvT. AaseTi debuleba ara marto
sociobiologiis hipoTezebs ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed adamianTa umetesobis
rwmenasac. Ggana cota ram aris, rasac Cven `instinqturad~ vakeTebT?
vinmem muSti rom `gviTavazos~, gana `instiqturad~ Tvals ar davxuWavT
an ganze ar gavxtebiT? sinamdvileSi, es instinqtis gamomxatveli
magaliTi ar aris im SemTxvevaSi, Tu termin instinqts zusti
mniSvnelobiT movixmarT. rogorc cnobilia, biologiasa da
sociologiaSi instinqti genetikurad gansazRvruli qcevis k o m p l e-
q s u r i formaa. Aam azriT, dabali ganviTarebis cxovelTa
urTierTltolva – instiqturia. magaliTad, Cxvletiebs (mtknari wylis
patara Tevzi) Zalze rTulad agebuli rituali aqvT, rac orivem,
dedalma da mamalma unda Seasrulos Sewyvilebis dros (Tinbergen, 1974) .
yoveli maTgani Zalze rTul moZraobebs asrulebs, rasac meore pasuxobs
da rac `Sewyvilebis cekvad~ gadaiqceva. Ees mTeli saxeobis genetikuri
modelia. Tvalis spontanurad moxuWva an Tavis uneburi gadaweva
moulodneli dartymisagan, r e f l e q s u r i qmedeba ufroa, vidre
instinqti. Ees ubralod, erTeuli pasuxia da ara gamomuSavebuli qcevis
modeli. igi ar ganixileba, rogorc `instinqturi~, Tavisi zusti
mniSvnelobiT.
Aadamianebs, mravali Tandayolili ZiriTadi refleqsi gaaCnia,
Tvalis moxuWvis msgavsi, da maT umetesobas, rogorc Cans, evoluciuri
gadarCenis Rirebuleba aqvs. Cvili bavSvebi, magaliTad, mowoven Tu ZuZus
an ZuZusmagvar sagans miawodeb. Ppatara bavSvi, ucabedad wonasworobis
dakargvisas, xels Slis, raTa raimes moeWidos, da xeli saswrafod ukan
miaqvs, cxel zedapirs Tu miekara. garemosTan SeguebisTvis yvela es
reaqcia Zalze saWiroa.
Aadamianebs, aseve, mravali biologiurad ganpirobebuli m o T x-
o v n i l e b e b i aqvT. Ees iseTi organuli moTxovnilebebia,
rogoricaa sakvebi, sasmeli, seqsualuri urTierTobebi da sxeulis
garkveuli temperaturis SenarCuneba. Tumca saSualebebi, romliTac es
 9

moTxovnilebebi kmayofildeba da ifareba, Zalze gansxvavebulia

sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris da mis farglebSi.
MmagaliTad, yvela kulturas urTierTmowonebis standartuli
qcevis Taviseburi forma gaaCnia. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom igi seqsualuri
moTxovnilebebis zogad xasiaTs ukavSirdeba, maTi gamoxatva sxvadasxva
kulturebSi – Tavad seqsualuri aqtis CaTvliT – Zalze gansxvavebulia.
dasavlur kulturaSi, seqsualuri urTierTobis Cveul mdgomareobas
warmoadgens, rodesac qali zurgze wevs, xolo mamakaci maszea. Aamgvari
pozicia absurdulad miiCneva bevr sxva sazogadoebebSi, sadac igive aqti
gverdigverd mdgomareobaSi xdeba, an qalia zemoT, an qali zurgiT aris
mibrunebuli mamakacTan, an sxva poziciebSi. Ggzebi, romliTac adamianebi
TavianTi seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas cdiloben, Cans,
kulturuli gamocdilebaa da ara genetikurad Tandayolili Tviseba.
Uufro metic, adamians SeuZlia Tavisi biologiuri
moTxovnilebebis daZleva, rac ar arsebobs cxovelebs Soris. religiur
mistikosebs marxvis Senaxva Zalze didi xnis manZilze SeuZliaT. mraval
adamians SeuZlia martoxela iyos mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. Yyvela
cxovels, adamianis CaTvliT, gaaCnia TviTSenarCunebisaken miswrafeba,
Tumca, sxva cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianebs SeuZliaT am
miswrafebas SeewinaaRmdegon, riskis qveS ayeneben ra
sicocxles,MmagaliTad, alpinizmiT an raime sxva saxifaTo saqmianobiT,
an Tundac imiT, rom SeuZliaT Tavi moiklas.

Kkulturuli mravalgvaroba
aRsaniSnavia adamianuri kulturis mravalgvaroba. Qqcevis
miRebuli formebi erTi kulturidan meoremde Zalze icvleba da xSirad
radikalurad gansxvavdeba imisagan, rasac dasavleTSi mcxovrebi
adamianebi `normalurs~ uwodeben. MmagaliTad, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi,
Cvilebis an patara bavSvebis ganzrax mokvdineba umZimes danaSaulad
iTvleba; Tumca tradiciul Cinur kulturaSi axladdabadebul gogonebs
xSirad gudavdnen, vinaidan gogonebis yola, ufro zedmet valdebulebad
iTvleboda ojaxisaTvis, vidre SenaZenad.
 10

DdasavleTSi xamanwkebs mirTmeven, magram ar miirTmeven knutebsa da

lekvebs; Tumca igi delikatesad aris miCneuli msoflios zogierT
qveyanaSi. Eebraelebi ar miirTmeven Roris xorcs, Tumca indoelebi
Roris xorcs miirTmeven da Tavs arideben saqonlis xorcs. dasavlelebs
kocna seqsualuri qcevis normalur gamovlinebad miaCniaT, maSin
rodesac bevri sxva kulturisaTvis igi an gaugebaria, an
zizRismomgvreli. Qqcevis yvela es Tavisebureba, farTo kulturuli
gansxvavebebis aspeqtebia, rac erT sazogadoebas gamoarCevs meorisagan.
Mmcire sazogadoebebi (me-2 TavSi ganxiluli, `monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa~ sazogadoebebis msgavsad) cdiloben kulturulad
unificirebuli iyvnen, Tumca Tavad industriuli sazogadoebebi
kulturulad mravalgvaria, romelic mraval gansxvavebul subkulturas
Seicavs. DdRes, Tanamedrove did qalaqebSi, mravali subkulturuli
erTobebi gverdigverd cxovroben; magaliTad, vest indoelebi,
pakistanelebi, indoelebi, bagladeSelebi, italielebi, berZnebi
londonis centris midamoebSi binadroben. yvela maTgans SeuZlia
hqondes sakuTari teritoria da cxovrebis sakuTari wesi.

kulturuli identoba da eTnocentrizmi

yovel kulturas qcevis sakuTari modeli gaaCnia, rac ucxod
eCveneba sxva kulturuli safuZvlebis mqone adamianebs. MmagaliTis
saxiT, SeiZleba aviRoT nakiremas kultura, romelic aRwerilia horas
maineris (1956) cnobil gamokvlevaSi. mainerma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
sxeulis rTul ritualebs miaqcia, romelTac narikema iyenebs;
ritualebs, romelTac ucnauri da egzotikuri xasiaTi aqvs. misi
msjeloba namdvilad imsaxurebs dawvrilebiT citirebas:
`mTlian sistemas, safuZvlad udevs fundamenturi rwmena, rom
adamianis sxeuli maxinjia da axasiaTebs tendencia sisustisa da
avadmyofobisaken. Aamgvar sxeulSi gansaxierebuli adamianis erTaderTi
imedi, am maxasiaTeblebis Tavidan acilebaa, ritualebis da ceremoniebis
mZlavri zegavlenis gamoyenebiT. Aam mizniT, yovel ojaxs gaaCnia
Tayvaniscemis erTi an meti sagani.... maTgan umTavresi mniSvnelobisaa
yuTi an skivri, romelic kedelSia CaSenebuli. Aam skivrSi inaxeba
 11

mravali amuleti da magiuri wamali, romelTa gareSe, adgilobrivi

rwmeniT, veravin SesZlebs cxovrebas. Aam saSualebebs sxvadasxva
daxelovnebuli praqtikosebi icaven. yvelaze uflebamosili maT Soris
eqimbaSebia, romelTa daxmareba mniSvnelovani saCuqrebiT unda iqnes
anazRaurebuli. Mmagram, eqimbaSebi TavianT pacientebs wamlebs ki ar
aZleven, aramed karnaxoben, ra ingredientebia saWiro wamlisaTvis da
Semdeg Caiweren maT raRac uZveles da saidumlo enaze. es Canaweri
mxolod eqimbaSisaTvis da samkurnalo mcenareebis SemgroveblebisTvis
aris gasagebi, romelic kidev erTi saCuqris fasad amzadebs sasurvel
wamals...
nakiremas warmomadgenlebs, TiTqmis paTologiuri SiSi aqvT da
aseve moxiblulni arian bage-piriT, romlis mdgomareoba mTel
socialur urTierTobebSi zebunebrivi zegavlenis mqoned aris miCneuli.
Tu ar Catardeba bage-piris rituali, maT sjeraT, rom kbilebi
CamoucvivdebaT, RrZilebidan sisxldena eqnebaT, ybebi moeqcevaT,
megobrebi miatoveben da sayvareli qalebi uars etyvian. maT aseve
sjeraT, rom arsebobs mWidro kavSiri oralur da moralur
maxasiaTeblebs Soris. magaliTad, arsebobs bavSvebisaTvis piris
gamovlebis rituali, rac miCneulia, rom aumjobesebs maT moralur
Tvisebebs.
sxeulis yoveldRiuri rituali pirTan dakavSirebul
manipulaciebsac gulisxmobs. im faqtis sapirispirod, rom es adamianebi
ase punqtualurad zrunaven piris movlaze, es rituali
gauTviTcnobierebul ucxo adamians aRmaSfoTeblad miaCnia. Ggadmomces,
rom aris rituali, romlis dros magiuri fxvniliT mofrqveul Roris
jagars pirSi ideben, rasac Tan axlavs Zlier formalizebuli
moZraobebis mTeli seria (Miner, 1956, gv. 503-4).
vin arian nakiremalebi da msoflios romel kuTxeSi cxovroben
isini? Tavad upasuxeTbT am SekiTxvas da aseve, aRwerili sxeulis
ritualis identificirebas SesZlebT, Tu sityva `nakirema~-s ukuRma
waikiTxavT. TiTqmis yvela nacnobi aqtivoba ucnaurad mogeCvenebaT, Tu
mas konteqstidan amoviRebT da ar ganvixilavT, rogorc adamianebis
mTeli cxovrebis gzis nawils. Ddasavluri higienuri ritualebi
 12

aranakleb ucnauria, vidre wynari okeanis romeliRac kunZulze

arsebuli jgufebis Cveuleba, romlis wevrebi wina kbilebs iZroben
Tavis gasalamazeblad, an samxreT amerikeli tomebis warmomadgenlebi,
romlebic firfitebs imagreben tuCebze, win rom wamoewioT, vinaidan
sjeraT, rom ase ufro momxibvlelni arian.
Cven ver gavigebT am qmedebebsa da Cveulebebs mTliani
kulturebisgan gancalkevebiT, romelTa nawilsac isini Seadgenen.
nebismieri kultura Seswavlil unda iqnes sakuTari mniSvnelobebisa da
Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT – rac sociologiis mTavari sazrunavia.
sociologebi iswrafvian, rogorc ki SesaZlebelia, Tavidan aicilon
eTnocentrizmi, romelic sxva kulturebze msjelobisas, maT sakuTar
kulturas adarebs. imis gamo, rom kulturebi ase mkveTrad
gansxvavdebian, gasakviri ar aris, rom sxva kulturidan mosul
adamianebs xSirad uZneldebaT simpatiiT ganimsWvalon gansxvavebuli
kulturis ideebisa da qcevis mimarT.

socializacia
evoluciis dabal safexurze myof cxovelebs, rogoricaa mwerebis
umetesi saxeobebi, SeuZliaT izrunon TavianT Tavze mozrdilTa mxridan
Zalze cota daxmarebiT an sulac mis gareSe, dabadebidan Zalian mcire
droSi. umdables cxovelebs ar aqvs Taobebi imis gamo, rom
,,axalgazrdebis~ qceva met-naklebad `mozrdilebis~ identuria. Tumca,
evoluciis safexurze aRmasvlis kvaldakval, es dakvirvebebi sul ufro
naklebad gamoiyeneba; umaRles safexurze myofma cxovelebma unda
i s w a v l o n qcevis Sesabamisi wesebi. ZuZumwovrebs Soris
axalSobilebi sruliad umweoni arian da TavianTi ufrosebis
mzrunvelobis qveS unda iyvnen, xolo adamianis axalSobili yvelaze
ufro umweoa. BbavSvi ver SeinarCunebs sicocxles daxmarebis gareSe,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi cxovrebis pirveli oTxi an xuTi wlis manZilze.
s o c i a l i z a c i a aris procesi, romlis drosac umweo
(25) bavSvi TandaTan gadaiqceva TviTcnobier, mcodne da im kulturis
SemTvisebel pirovnebad, romelSic igi daibada. socializacia ar aris
`kulturuli daprogramebis~ msgavsi ram, sadac bavSvi pasiurad iTvisebs
 13

im zegavlenebs, rasTanac kontaqtSi Sedis. sul axaldabadebul bavSvsac

ki aqvs moTxovnilebebi da saWiroebebi, rac gavlenas axdens mis
momvlelebze: ase rom bavSvi dabadebidanve aqtiuri arsebaa.
socializacia sxvadasxva Taobebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. BbavSvis
dabadeba imaT cxovrebas cvlis, vinc pasuxismgebelia mis aRzrdaze – da
isinic, Tavis mxriv, axal gamocdilebas iZenen. MmSobloba, Cveulebriv,
bavSvebis aqtivobas mSoblisas ukavSirebs maTi darCenili sicocxlis
manZilze. Mmoxuci mSoblebi mSoblebad rCebian maSinac ki, rodesac
bebia-babuebi xdebian da amiT qmnian axal urTierTobebs, rac sxvadasxva
Taobebs aerTianebs. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom kulturis SeTvisebis procesi
adreul bavSvobaSi gacilebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs, vidre ufro
gviandel periodSi, swavla da Segueba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
grZeldeba.
Mmomdevno qveTavSi, Cven gavnagrZobT Semdegi Temis ganxilvas:
`buneba~ da `aRzrda~. Ppirvel rigSi, gavaanalizebT individis
ganviTarebas Cvilobidan adreul bavSvobamde, da movaxdenT cvlilebis
ZiriTadi stadiebis identificirebas.

Aarasocializebuli bavSvebi
rogorebi iqnebodnen bavSvebi, rogorRac, ufrosebis gavlenis
gareSe rom gazrdiliyvnen? cxadia, rom vercerTi humanuri adamiani ver
gazrdida bavSvs adamianuri zegavlenis, rogorc eqsperimentis, gareSe.
Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime farTod ganxiluli SemTxveva bavSvebis
Sesaxeb, romlebmac cxovrebis adreuli wlebi normaluri adamianuri
kontaqtebis gareSe gaatares.

`aveironeli veluri biWi~

1800 wlis 9 ianvars, samxreT safrangeTSi, sofel sen-serinis
maxlobeli tyidan ucnauri arseba gamovida. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom
gamarTuli dadioda, igi ufro cxovels hgavda, vidre adamians. Mmale,
igi identificirebuli iyo, rogorc daaxloebiT TerTmeti an Tormeti
wlis biWi. igi mxolod mkveTr da ucnaurad mJRer xmebs gamoscemda.
cxadia, rom biWs warmodgena ar hqonda pirad higienaze; bunebriv
 14

saWiroebebs, sadac da roca undoda, maSin iTavebda. igi adgilobrivma

policiam waiyvana da Semdeg TavSesafarSi moaTavses. Ppirvel xanebSi,
igi mudmivad cdilobda gaqcevas da didi gaWirvebiT abrunebdnen ukan.
igi uars ambobda tansacmelze da rogorc ki Caacmevdnen, imwamsve
Camoiglejda. araviTar mSobels arasdros ar mouTxovia igi.
BbavSvs sruli samedicino Semowmeba Cautares da normidan didi
gadaxra ver daadgines. rodesac sarkeSi Caaxedes, Cans, rom dainaxa
gamosaxuleba, magram ver icno Tavisi Tavi. EerTxel, igi Seecada xeli
Caevlo kartofilisTvis, romelic sarkeSi dainaxa (sinamdvileSi,
kartofili mis ukan eWiraT). Mmravali mcdelobis Semdeg, Tavis
moubruneblad, igi miswvda kartofils mxrebis ukan. MmRvdelma, romelic
yoveldRiurad akvirdeboda biWs, ase aRwera kartofilTan
dakavSirebuli SemTxveva:
`yvela es mcire detali da bevri sxva, romelic SegviZlia
davamatoT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvi ar aris mTlianad moklebuli
azrs, refleqsias da gonebriv Zalas. Tumca, valdebuli varT, vTqvaT,
rom yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme ar exeba mis bunebriv
moTxovnilebebs an madis dakmayofilebas, masSi mxolod cxovelis qceva
SeiZleba davinaxoT. Tuki mas raime SegrZnebebi gaaCnia, isini ar iwvevs
araviTar azrebs. Mmas ar SeuZlia Tavisi SegrZnebebi erTmaneTs
Seadaros. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mis suls, gonebas da sxeuls Soris
kavSiri ar arsebobs...~ (Shattuck 1980, p. 69:Lane 1976).
mogvianebiT biWi parizSi gadaiyvanes da mudmivad cdilobdnen mis
gadaqcevas `cxovelidan adamianad~. Zalisxmeva mxolod nawilobrivi
warmatebiT dasrulda. Mman Tavis movla iswavla, daTanxmda tansacmlis
tarebas da damoukideblad Cacma iswavla, Tumca ar interesdeboda
saTamaSoebiTa da TamaSebiT da mxolod ramdenime sityvas daeufla.
ramdenadac SegviZlia vTqvaT, misi qcevisa da reaqciebis detaluri
aRweris safuZvelze, es imitom ar xdeboda, rom igi gonebrivad
CamorCenili iyo. rogorc Cans, mas an ar undoda, an ar SeeZlo srulad
daufleboda adamianur metyvelebas. Semdgomi cxovrebis manZilze
manZilze mcire progress miaRwia da 1828 wels, daaxloebiT ormoci
wlis asakSi gardaicvala.
 15

ra Tqma unda, sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT am saxis SemTxvevebis

interpretacias. SesaZloa,Aam SemTxvevaSi, gonebrivi gadaxra daudgeneli
darCa. sxva mxriv, im gamocdilebas, romelic bavSvma gamoiara, SesaZloa,
misTvis fsiqologiuri ziani mieyenebina, ramac xeli SeuSala
daufleboda unarebs, rasac bavSvebis umetesoba adreul asakSi iZens.
Tumca mainc arsebobs sakmarisi msgavseba mocemul SemTxvevasa da sxva
SemTxvevebs Soris, romlebic aRwerili iyo imis dasadastureblad, Tu
rogori SezRuduli iqneboda Cveni SesaZleblobebi, rom ar gvqonoda
adreuli socializaciis xangrZlivi periodi.
Mmodi, uSualod SevxedoT bavSvis ganvTarebis adreul fazas. amiT
SesaZlebloba gveqneba ufro sruliad gavigoT is procesebi, risi
saSualebiTac Cvili bavSvi `adamianad~ gadaiqceva.

Cvili bavSvis adreuli ganviTareba

AaRqmis ganviTareba
Yyvela Cvil bavSvs dabadebidanve aqvs unari, aRqmiT miRebuli
gansxvavebebi aRmoaCinos da reaqcia moaxdinos masze (Richard & Light, 1986).
Cveulebriv, fiqrobdnen, rom axalSobili mozRvavebuli SegrZnebebiT
gadatvirTulia da maTi diferencirebis araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs.
cnobili fsiqologi da filosofosi uiliam jeimsi Tavis gamokvlevaSi
wers: `Cvili, romelsac garemomcveli samyaro Tvalebis, yurebis,
cxviris, kanisa da Signeulobis saSualebiT gars axvevia, mas erT
uzarmazar xmaurian da bundovan uwesrigobad aRiqvams~. (James, 1890) . Ees
mosazreba, mecnierTa umetesobis mier aRar miiCneva Cvili bavSvebis
qcevis swor daxasiaTebad, vinaidan axaldabadebul bavSvebsac ki
SerCeviTi reaqcia aqvT garemos mimarT.
Ddabadebidan erTi kviris Semdeg, Cvili moxatul zedapirs (xazebi,
koncentruli wreebi an saxis-msgavsi moxazuloba) ufro xSirad uyurebs,
vidre Tundac kaSkaSa ferebiT SeRebil erTgvarovan zedapirs. EerTi
Tvis asakSi, es aRqmiTi unarebi jer kidev sustia da gamosaxulebebi,
romlebic erTi futiT mainc aris daSorebuli, misTvis ukve bundovani
xdeba. im droidan, mxedvelobis da smenis unari swrafad viTardeba.
daaxloebiT oTxi Tvisa, Cvili Tvals ayolebs oTaxSi moZrav adamians.
 16

mgrZnobeloba Sexebis mimarT da siamovnebis gancda siTboze bavSvs

dabadebidan aqvs.

tirili da Rimili
imis gamo, rom Cvili bavSvebi gamorCeviT reagireben TavianT
garemocvaze, mozrdilebi ganasxvaveben Cvilis qcevis sxvadasxva
nimuSebs, varaudoben ra, rom mixvdebian, ra surs an sWirdeba mas.
iTvleba, rom tirili SimSilsa da diskomfortze miuTiTebs, Rimili an
saxis garkveuli gamometyveleba kmayofilebas niSnavs. swored amgvari
gageba ganixilavs reaqciebs, rogorc bavSvis socialur qmedebebs. Tumca,
am procesSi kulturuli mosazrebebic Rrmad aris CarTuli. Amisi kargi
magaliTi tirilia. Mmraval kulturebSi dRis umetesi nawili bavSvi
fizikuradaa dacilebuli dedas, bavSvis sawolSi, bavSvis etlSi an
saTamaSo adgilebSi. tirili, am SemTxvevaSi, imis maniSnebelia, rom
bavSvs yuradReba sWirdeba. sxva kulturebSi, mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi,
axalSobili dRis umetes nawils dedis sxeulTan uSualo kontaqtSi
atarebs, mis zurgze mimagrebuli. iq, sadac amgvar praqtikas misdeven,
dedam mxolod maSin SeiZleba miaqcios yuradReba bavSvs, rodesac igi
Zalze Zlier tiris, rac gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad iTvleba. rodesac
bavSvi krunCxvas iwyebs, es imis niSania, rom mas Wama unda an raime sxva
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba.
Kkulturuli gansxvavebebi Rimilis interpretaciaSia naCvenebi.
daaxloebiT erTi Tvis an eqvsi kviris asakSi, yvela normaluri bavSvi,
garkveul viTarebebSi, iRimeba. Cvili gaiRimebs, Tu mas daanaxeben saxis
msgavs moxazulobas, sadac Tvalebis nacvlad ori wertilia aRniSnuli.
igi adamianis saxis danaxvaze maSinac iRimeba, rodesac piri dafaruli
aqvT ise, TiTqos igi arc aris. rogorc Cans, Rimili Tandayolili
reaqciaa da ara daswavlili, an sxva momRimari saxis danaxviT
gamowveuli. EerTi mizezi, rac amaSi gvarwmunebs, isaa, rom bavSvebi
Tandayolili sibrmaviT, imave asakidan iRimebian, rogorc mxedvelobis
mqone bavSvebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvisi mibaZvis araviTari Sansi ara
aqvT. Tumca situaciebi, sadac Rimili misaRebad aris miCneuli,
sxvadasxva kulturebSi sxvadasxvagvaria; igi damokidebulia ufrosebis
 17

reaqciaze bavSvis Rimilis mimarT. BbavSvebs ar sWirdebaT Rimilis

daswavla, magram maT unda SeiTvison, sad da rodis iTvleba misaRebad
amis gakeTeba. Aamitom, magaliTad, Cinelebi `sazogadoebriv~ adgilebSi
gacilebiT naklebad iRimebian, vidre dasavlelebi, vTqvaT, UucxosTan
Sexvedrisas.

Cvili bavSvebi da momvlelebi

Cvils dabadebian sam kviraSi SeuZlia ganasxvaos Tavisi deda an
momvleli sxva adamianebisagan. Cvili jer kidev ver aRiqvams sxva
adamians, rogorc p i r o v n e b a s; mas ufro garkvel niSnebze aqvs
reaqcia, Tvalebze, xmaze da imaze, Tu rogor uWiravT xelSi. Ddeda
xvdeba, rom pataram icno, vinaidan bavSvi tirils mxolod maSin anebebs
Tavs, rodesac dedas (da ara vinme sxvas) xelSi ahyavs; gamorCeulad mas
uRimis, xelebs uwvdis an taSs Semohkravs, misi oTaxSi Semosvlisas; an,
rodesac gadaadgileba, rac SeiZleba axlos micocdes masTan. ugandis
kulturis Seswavlisas, ainsvorTma aRmoaCina, rom xvevna-kocna dedebis
da bavSvebis urTierTobebSi Zalze iSviaTi iyo, Tumca taSiskvra
siamovnebis gamosaxatavad ufro xSiri iyo, vidre es evropul ojaxebSia
miRebuli (Ainsworth 1977).
Cvili bavSvis ufro myari SeTviseba Tavis momvlelTan dabadebidan
mxolod Svidi Tvis Semdeg xdeba. Aam dromde ki dedasTan daSoreba
gansakuTrebul protests ar iwvevs masSi da sxva momvlelebis mimarTac
reaqcia ar ecvleba. daaxloebiT amave asakSi, bavSvebi ufro metad,
gamorCeviT uRimian adamianebs, daaxloebiT amave stadiaSi Cvili, dedis,
rogorc gansxvavebuli adamianis, gacnobierebas iwyebs. BbavSvi
acnobierebs, rom deda maSinac arsebobs, rodesac mis Tvalwin ar aris
da SeiZleba raime saxis warmodgenac hqondes masze. Ees, aseve, drois
SegrZnebasac gulisxmobs, vinaidan bavSvs axsovs deda da elodeba mis
dabrunebas. rva an cxra Tvis bavSvs SeuZlia eZebos damaluli sagnebi,
igi iwyebs imis gacnobierebas, rom sagnebi damoukideblad arseboben,
miuxedavad imisa, im wuTas arian Tu ara mis Tvalwin.
 18

selma fraibergi (Selma F raiberg) aRwers Cvilis qcevis am fazas

naSromSi, romelic miznad isaxavs, informacia miawodos mSoblebs
bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
`gyavT Tu ara eqvsi-Svidi Tvis bavSvi, romelic Tqveni cxviridan
saTvalis CamoZrobas cdilobs? Tu gyavT, Tqven Zalze gWirdebaT es
rCeva: rodesac bavSvi miswvdeba saTvales, moiZreT igi da jibeSi
CaacureT, an divanze, baliSis ukan CadeT (da T a v a d ar dagaviwydeT
sad gadamaleT). Tavs nu SeiwuxebT imaze, rom es malulad gaakeToT,
daanaxeT bavSvs, rom damaleT igi. igi ar daiwyebs mis Zebnas. igi im
adgils Sexedavs, sadac bolos naxa saTvale – Tqvens cxvirs – Semdeg ki
interess dakargavs mis mimarT. igi ar eZebs saTvales, vinaidan ar
warmoudgenia misi arseboba, rodesac ar xedavs mas.
rodesac bavSvi, daaxloebiT cxra Tvisaa, Zvel xrikebs nuRar
endobiT. Tu dainaxa, rom moiZreT saTvale da divanze baliSis qveS
SeacureT, igi gadaswevs baliSs da xels stacebs Tqvens saTvales. igi
mixvda, rom sagani, SesaZloa, Sen Tvalwin ar iyos da mainc
arsebobdes!Man SeiZleba Tvali miadevnos mis gadaadgilebas Tqveni
xelidan samalavamde da aqtiurad eZebos iq. es uzarmazari
wingadadgmuli nabijia ganviTarebaSi da naklebad savaraudoa mSoblebma
ver SeamCnion, romelTa saTvaleebi, sayureebi, Cibuxebi, kalmistrebi da
gasaRebis budeebi ara marto xelidan eclebaT maT patronebs, aramed
damalvasac aRar eqvemdebareba. MmSoblebi, romelTa bavSvebi
ganviTarebis am stadiaSi arian, naklebad arian dainteresebulni
problemis Teoriuli aspeqtebiT, rogorc aq aris naCvenebi; Tumca
Teorias yovelTvis SeuZlia praqtikuli sargeblobis motana. Cven jer
kidev dagvrCa ramdenime xriki. Mmodi, amas SevecadoT: dae, dainaxos
bavSvma, rogor SeacurebT saTvales baliSis qveS. MmieciT moZebnis
saSualeba da Semdeg aiZuleT daabrunos saTvale; Semdeg kvlav
gadamaleT, ukve meore baliSis qveS. BbavSvi ukve daibna. igi, saTvales
p i r v e l i baliSis qveS dauwyebs Zebnas, pirvel samalavSi, magram
ar moZebnis meoreSi. Ees niSnavs, rom bavSvi saTvalis arsebobas maSin
aRiqvams, roca damalulia, Tumca mxolod erT adgilas, pirvel
samalavSi, sadac misi Zebna warmatebuli iyo. rodesac bavSvi veRar
 19

poulobs saTvales pirveli baliSis qveS, igi iqve ganagrZobs Zebnas,

Tumca TavSi ar mosdis azri, meore samalavSi an sadme sxvagan eZebos
saTvale. sagani mainc SesaZlebelia gaqres. ramdenime kviris Semdeg, igi
ganavrcobs Zebnas pirveli samalavidan meoremde da am gzaze miva imis
aRmoCenamde, rom sagani SeiZleba gadaadgilebul iqnes adgilidan
adgilze da, amasTan erTad, mudmivad arsebobdes~ (Fraiberg 1959, p.p. 49-50).
BbavSvis cxovrebis adreuli Tveebi dedisTvisac Seswavlis
periodia. Ddedebi da sxvebi, romlebic bavSvs uvlian, magaliTad, mamebi
an ufrosi bavSvebi, swavloben im informaciis gacnobierebas, rac
bavSvis qceviT gadmoicema da Sesabamisad reagireben masze. zogierTi
deda gacilebiT mgrZnobiarea am gamovlinebebis mimarT, vidre sxvebi;
sxvadasxva kulturul garemoSi sxvadasxva gamovlinebebia xazgasmuli
da reaqciac gansxvavebulia masze. BbavSvis qcevis `wakiTxva~, rasac deda
akeTebs, did zegavlenas axdens im urTierTqmedebaze, rac dedasa da
Svils Soris warmoiqmneba. MmagaliTad, erTma dedam bavSvis mousvenroba,
SesaZloa, gadaRlad CaTvalos da loginSi Caawvinos; meorem igive qceva,
SesaZloa, imis mimaniSneblad miiRos, rom bavSvs surs, rom gaarTon.
dedebi, xSirad, sakuTari maxasiaTeblebis proecirebas axdenen TavianT
patarebze, ase rom, visac uWirs gawonasworebuli mzrunveli
urTierTobis damyareba bavSvTan, SesaZloa, fiqrobdes, rom patara
agresiulad da uaryofiTad aris ganwyobili mis mimarT.
Ggarkveuli adamianebis mimarT mijaWvulobis formireba ZiriTad
aTvlis wertils aRniSnavs socializaciaSi. Tavdapirveli urTierToba,
Cveulebriv, dedasa da Svils Soris Zlier grZnobebzea agebuli da amis
safuZvelze dasawyiss iRebs socialuri daswavlis kompleqsuri
procesebi.

socialuri reaqciebis ganviTareba

Cvil bavSvs, dedasa da bavSvis sxva momvlelebs Soris
urTierToba, bavSvis dabadebidan daaxloebiT erTi wlis Tavze, icvleba.
am dros bavSvi ara marto laparaks iwyebs, aramed fexze dgomac SeuZlia
– bavSvebis umetesoba damoukideblad siaruls daaxloebiT ToTxmeti
Tvidan iwyebs. Oori-sami wlis asakSi bavSvebi sul ufro met unars
 20

iZenen, maTi ojaxis wevrebis urTierTqmedebebis da emociebis gasagebad.

bavSvi swavlobs, rogor daamSvidos da aseve, rogor gaaRizianos, sxvebi.
ori wlis bavSvebi Zalze ganicdian, Tu erTi mSobeli meores ujavrdeba,
da SeiZleba moexvion erTs an meores, Tu romelime dasanaxadaa
Sewuxebuli. igive asakis bavSvs aseve SeuZlia gamoajavros da an Zma, an
Tundac mSobeli.
DdaaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg, bavSvis cxovrebis umetes nawils
TamaSi ikavebs. PTavdapirvelad, bavSvi umTavresad marto TamaSobs,
Tumca sul ufro metad moiTxovs vinmesTan TamaSs. BbavSvebi, TamaSis
saSualebiT, sul ufro aumjobeseben koordinaciis unars da iwyeben
codnis gafarToebas mozrdilTa samyaros Sesaxeb. isini axal unarebs
iZenen da imeoreben mozrdilTa qcevebs.
Tavis adrindel naSromSi, mildred partenma Camoayaliba TamaSis
ganviTarebis ramdenime kategoria, romlebic dResac sayovelTaod
miRebulia (Parten, 1932).
pirvelad, patara bavSvebi g a n m a r t o e b u l d a m o u k i
d e b e l T a m a S S i arian Cabmulni. maSinac ki, roca sxva
bavSvebTan erTad imyofebian, marto TamaSoben da ar aqceven yuradRebas,
ras akeTeben sxvebi. amas mohyveba p a r a l e l u r i a q t i v o b a,
rodesac bavSvi imeorebs, rasac sxva bavSvebi akeTeben, Tumca cdilobs
ar Caerios maT aqtivobebSi. Semdeg (daaxloebiT sami wlis asakSi)
bavSvebi, sul ufro da ufro, a s o c i a c i u r T a m a S S i
erTvebian, sadac TavianT qcevas sxvisas ukavSireben. Aam SemTxvevaSi,
yoveli bavSvi moqmedebs, rogorc mas surs, Tumca mxedvelobaSi
Rebulobs, ras akeTeben sxvebi da pasuxobs maT. mogvianebiT, daaxloebiT
oTxi wlis asakSi, bavSvebi euflebian k o o p e r a t i u l T a m a S
s, sadac isini uTavseben TavianT qcevas sxvebisas, rac moiTxovs
TiToeuli bavSvis sxvasTan TanamSromlobas (magaliTad, rogoricaa
`dedebis da mamebis~ TamaSi).
erTidan oTxi-xuTi wlis asakis periodSi, bavSvi aseve eCveva
disciplinas da TviTwesrigs. EerTi aseTi saSualeba aris fizikuri
moTxovnilebebis kontroli da saTanadod moqceva.BbavSvebi eCvevian
tualetSi siaruls (Zneli da gawelili procesia) da swavloben faqizad
 21

Wamas. isini aseve swavloben `damoukidebel qcevas~ TavianTi aqtivobis

sxvadasxva konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT mozrdilebTan urTierTobisas.
daaxloebiT xuTi wlis asakSi, bavSvi sakmaod avtonomiuri arsebaa,
ukve Cvili aRar aris, aramed TiTqmis damoukidebelia ojaxSi cxovrebis
elementarul rutinaSi. igi mzad aris gadadgas nabiji gare samyaroSi,
SeuZlia mravali saaTi gaataros mSoblebis gareSe da amiT ar Sewuxdes.
bavSvi individi xdeba. adamianebs cxovelebisgan yvelaze metad is
asxvavebs, rom adamianebi T v i T c n o b i e r n i arian. rogor unda
gavigoT sakuTari Tavis Secnobis gaCena – imis gacnobiereba, rom
adamians gansxvavebuli, sxvebisagan gancalkevebuli identoba aqvs?
Ddabadebidan pirvel TveebSi, bavSvs Zalze cota an sulac ar gaegeba
Tavis garemoSi adamianebisa da sxva obieqtebis gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb da
ara aqvs gacnobierebuli sakuTari Tavi. iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebas,
rogoricaa `me~ da `Tqven~, bavSvebi mxolod ori wlis asakidan da
mogvianebiT iwyeben. Mmxolod TandaTanobiT midian isini imis gagebamde,
rom sxvebs gansxvavebuli, maTgan gancalkevebuli identoba, cnobiereba
da moTxovnilebebi aqvT.

BbavSvis ganviTarebis Teoriebi

meobis problemis warmoqmna didi kamaTis sagania da sakmaod
gansxvavebulad ganixileba Sepirispirebul Teoriul perspeqtivebSi.
mniSvnelovanwilad, es imitom xdeba, rom bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
yvelaze cnobili Teoriebi, socializaciis gansxvavebul aspeqtebze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Uudidesi fsiqologiisa da fsiqoanalizis
damaarseblis zigmund froidis moRvaweoba, yvelaze metad
koncentrirebulia imaze, Tu rogor akontrolebs bavSvi Tavis
ltolvebs, agreTve bavSvis ganviTarebis emociur aspeqtebze. Aamerikeli
filosofosi da sociologi jorj herbert midi umTavresad yuradRebas
uTmobs, Tu rogor swavloben bavSvebi cnebebis `me~-subieqti (I) da `me~-
obieqti (me) gamoyenebas. bavSvis qcevis Sveicareli mkvlevari Jan piaJe
bavSvis ganviTarebis mraval aspeqtebze muSaobda, magram misi yvelaze
cnobili naSromebi Semecnebas eZRvneba – gzas, romliTac bavSvebi
swavloben i f i q r o n sakuTar Tavze da sakuTar garemoze.
 22

Ffroidi da fsiqoanalizi
zigmund froidi, eqimi venidan, cxovrobda 1856-1939 wlebSi. man
Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Camoyalibebaze;
froidi me-20 saukunis erT-erTi gamoCenili moazrovnea. Mmisi ideebis
gavlena igrZnoba xelovnebaze, literaturasa da filosofiaze, iseve
rogorc adamianur socialur mecnierebebze. Ffroidi ara ubralod
adamianis qcevis mecnieruli mkvlevari iyo, aramed nevrotuli
pacientebis mkurnalobas eweoda. fsiqoanalizi mis mier Seqmnili
Terapiis teqnikas gulisxmobs, rac saSualebas aZlevs pacientebs
Tavisuflad isaubron TavianT cxovrebaze, gansakuTrebiT imaze, Tu ra
SeuZliaT gaixsenon TavianTi cxovrebis adreuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb.
froidi mivida daskvnamde, rom is, rac umTavresad marTavs Cvens qcevas,
a r a c n o b i e r S i a, da gulisxmobs ltolvebis daZlevis
meTodebis SenarCunebas zrdasrul asakSi, romelic cxovrebis adreul
asakSi Camoyalibda. adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebis didi nawili, Cveni
cnobieri mexsierebisTvis dakargulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom es
gamocdileba is safuZvelia, razec Cveni T v i T c n o b i e r e b a
Camoyalibda.
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba
froidis mixedviT, bavSvi momTxovni arsebaa, energiiT aRsavse,
rasac Tavad ver akontrolebs, Tavisi sruli umweobis gamo. BbavSvma
unda gaigos, rom misi moTxovnilebebi da survilebi, SesaZloa,
yovelTvis myisierad ar Sesruldes – es mtkivneuli procesia. froidis
TvalsazrisiT, Cvil bavSvs saWmlisa da sasmelis garda, moTxovnileba
erotikul dakmayofilebazec aqvs. Ffroidi ar gulisxmobda, rom Cvil
bavSvebs imgvari seqsualuri survilebi aqvT, rogorc ufros bavSvebs da
mozrdilebs. `erotikuli~, am SemTxvevaSi, exeba sxvebTan axlo da
sasiamovno sxeulebrivi kontaqtis zogad moTxovnilebas.
rogorc froidi aRwers, adamianis fsiqologiuri ganviTareba
Zlieri daZabulobis procesia. BbavSvi progresulad iTvisebs Tavisi
miswrafebebis kontrols, Tumca igi mZlavr motivaciad rCeba
aracnobierSi. Ffroidi, ramdenime tipiur stadias asxvavebs Cvilisa da
ufro mozrdili bavSvis ganviTarebaSi. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
 23

uTmobs ganviTarebis im stadias - daaxloebiT oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi -

romelSic bavSvebis umetesobas SeuZlia uari Tqvas mSoblebTan mudmiv
urTierTobaze da ufro farTo socialur samyaroSi Seabijos. Ffroidi
drois am monakveTs o i d i p o s i s stadias uwodebs. Aadreul
mijaWvulobas, rasac Cvilebi da patara bavSvebi mSoblebis mimarT
ganicdian, erotikuli elementi gaaCnia, zemoaRniSnuli azris
gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu amgvari mijaWvuloba SemdegSic grZeldeba da
viTardeba, bavSvis fizikur momwifebas Tan axlavs seqsualuri
midrekilebebi sawinaaRmdego sqesis mSoblis mimarT. es ar xdeba, radgan
bavSvebi swavloben mSoblebis mimarT erotikuli survilebis
daTrgunvas.
Ppatara biWebi xvdebian, rom isini `dedis kalTas~ veRar
Camoekidebian. Ffroidis mixedviT, biWi Zlier antagonizms ganicdis
sakuTari mamis mimarT, imis gamo, rom mamas seqsualuri uflebebi aqvs
dedaze. Ees aris oidiposis kompleqsis safuZveli. Ooidiposis kompleqsi
daiZleva, rodesac bavSvi daTrgunavs rogorc erotikul midrekilebas
dedisken, aseve antagonizms mamis mimarT (es umTavresad aracnobier
doneze xdeba). Ees avtonomiuri meobis ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs imitom,
rom bavSvi Tavad daSorda mSoblebze adrindel damokidebulebas,
gansakuTrebiT, dedaze damokidebulebas.
Qqalis ganviTarebis froidiseuli koncefcia gacilebiT
naklebadaa damuSavebuli. igi fiqrobs, rom aq biWebis SemTxvevaSi
aRwerili procesebis sawinaaRmdego movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. Ppatara
gogona Trgunavs mamis mimarT aRZrul Tavis erotikul survilebs;
cdilobs daZlios dedis aracnobieri uaryofa da iseTive gaxdes,
rogorc deda - `qaluri~. Ffroidis azriT, is, Tu rogor gaumklavdebian
bavSvebi oidiposis kompleqss, Zlier zegavlenas axdens Semdgom
urTierTobebze, gansakuTrebiT, seqsualur urTierTobebze, romelsac
individi amyarebs.
kritika
froidis Teoriebi xSirad yofila gakritikebuli da zogjer
Zalze mtruli gamoxmaurebac hqonda. zogierTi Cvili bavSvebis
erotikuli survilebis qonas uaryofda, da aseve, uaryofdnen Teziss,
 24

rom is, rac xdeba CvilobaSi da adreul bavSvobaSi, ayalibebs

ltolvebis marTvis aracnobier modelebs, rac mTel cxovrebas gasdevs.
feminist kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom froidis Teoria, umeteswilad,
mamakacur gamocdilebas ganixilavs da Zalze cota yuradRebas uTmobs
qalis fsiqologias. Ffroidis ideebi dResac Zlier zegavlenas axdens.
maSinac, Tu mTlianobaSi ar viziarebT mis ideebs, zogierTi maTgani ar
aris safuZvels moklebuli. TiTqmis utyuaria, rom arsebobs ltolvebis
marTvis modelebze dafuZnebuli adamianuri qcevis aracnobieri
aspeqtebi, romelic, pirvel rigSi, adreul bavSvobaSi yalibdeba.

j. h. midis Teoria
j. h. midis (1863-1931) warmomavloba da inteleqtualuri kariera,
umeteswilad, sruliad ar hgavda froidisas. Mmidi upirvelesad
filosofosi iyo, romelic TiTqmis mTeli cxovreba Cikagos
universitetSi aswavlida. igi sakmaod cotas werda, xolo misi wigni
`azrovneba, pirovneba da sazogadoeba~ (1934), romelmac saxeli gauTqva
mids, studentebma Sekribes misive leqciuri Canawerebis da sxva
wyaroebis safuZvelze; am naSromma Seqmna Teoriuli saazrovno
tradiciis ZiriTadi safuZveli – s i m b o l u r i i n t e r a q c i o
n i z m i; midis ideebma, Zalze farTo gavlena moaxdina sociologiaze.
(simboluri interaqcionizmis Sesaxeb Semdgomi msjeloba ixileT 24-e
TavSi `sociologiuri Teoria~). amasTan erTad, midis naSromSi
mocemulia bavSvis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi stadiebis interpretacia,
sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva meobis grZnobis warmoqmnas.
Aarsebobs, ramdenime saintereso damTxveva midisa da froidis
Tvalsazrisebs Soris, Tumca midi adamianis pirovnulobas ganixilavs,
rogorc naklebad damokidebuls daZabulobaze. midis mixedviT, rogorc
patara, aseve mozrdili bavSvebi socialur arsebebad yalibdebian,
upirveles yovlisa, maT garSemo myofTa qmedebebis mibaZviT. Aam azriT,
erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba TamaSia. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,
TamaSis dros patara bavSvebi xSirad mozrdilebs baZaven. Ppatara
`acxobs~ talaxis namcxvars, rodesac naxa mozrdili rogor amzadebda,
an Txris patara niCbiT, rodesac baRSi saqmianobas daakvirda. BbavSvebis
 25

TamaSi TandaTan viTardeba ubralo mibaZvidan ufro rTul TamaSebamde,

sadac oTxi-xuTi wlis bavSvi mozrdilis rols asrulebs. Mmidi amas
uwodebs – sxvisi rolis aRebas – imis daswavlas, Tu rogoria sxva
adamianis `qurqSi~ yofna. Mmxolod am stadiaSi iZenen bavSvebi sakuTari
meobis ganviTarebul SegrZnebas. BbavSvebi aRweven sakuTari Tavis,
rogorc damoukidebeli agentis - rogorc `me~-obieqtis - gaazrebis
SesaZleblobas, xedaven ra sakuTar Tavs sxvebis TvaliT.
Mmidis mixedviT, TviTcnobierebas vaRwevT, rodesac vswavlobT `me~
(obieqtis) `me~ (subieqtisagan) gansxvavebis danaxvas. `I~ anu `me~
(subieqti) arasocializebuli patara bavSvia, spontanuri survilebis da
ltolvebis nazavi. `me~ anu `me~ (obieqti) midis TvalsazrisiT aris
socialuri pirovneba. Mmidis mixedviT, individebi ayalibeben
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac iwyeben sakuTari Tavis gagebas ise,
rogoradac sxvebi xedaven maT. rogorc froidi, aseve midi Tvlian, rom
bavSvi xuTi wlis asakSi damoukidebeli agenti xdeba, romelsac SeuZlia
sakuTari Tavis Secnoba da uSualod ojaxis konteqstis gareT
moqmedeba. froidis mixedviT, es oidiposis stadiis Sedegia, maSin
rodesac midi Tvlis, rom es TviTcnobierebis ganviTarebuli unaris
Sedegia.
Mmidis mixedviT, bavSvis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi dgeba,
rodesac bavSvi rva-cxra wlis asaks aRwevs. es aris asaki, rodesac
bavSvebi organizebul TamaSebSi ufro monawileoben, vidre arasistemur
`garTobaSi~. Mmxolod am periodSi iwyeben bavSvebi sayovelTao R i r e -
b u l e b e b i s a da m o r a l i s gagebas, romlis mixedviTac
imarTeba socialuri cxovreba. Oorganizebuli TamaSebis SeswavliT,
gasagebi xdeba TamaSis wesebi da samarTlianobisa da Tanaswori
monawileobis cnebebi. swored am periodSi xvdeba bavSvi imas, rasac midi
ganzogadebul sxvas uwodebs - ZiriTad Rirebulebebsa da moralur
wesebs, rasac gulisxmobs kultura, romelSic bavSvi viTardeba. midi
yovelive amas ufro gviandel asaks miawers, vidre froidi, Tumca, am
TvalsazrisiT, maTi ideebi mainc aSkarad msgavsia.
Mmidis Sexedulebebi froidis Sexedulebebze naklebad
winaaRmdegobrivia. isini ar Seicavs amden saocar ideas da ar efuZneba
 26

pirovnebis aracnobieris Teorias. Mmidis Teoria TviTcnobierebis

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, damsaxurebulad iTvleba Zalze gavlenian
Teoriad. meore mxriv, midis Sexedulebebi arasodes gamocemula sruli
saxiT da isini mniSvnelovania, ufro rogorc damafiqrebeli mixvedrebi,
vidre rogorc bavSvis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi interpretacia.

PpiaJe: kognituri ganviTareba

Jan piaJes moRvaweobis gavlena Zalze mcired Camouvardeba
froidisas. PpiaJe 1896 wels daibada SveicariaSi, sadac cxovrebis
umetesi nawili JenevaSi bavSvis ganviTarebis institutis
xelmZRvanelobas miuZRvna. man gamoaqveyna naSromebisa da samecniero
werilebis Zalze didi raodenoba, rac ara mxolod bavSvis ganviTarebas
ganixilavs, aramed aseve, ganaTlebis, azrovnebis istoriis, filosofiisa
da logikis sakiTxebs moicavs. PpiaJe, Tavis nayofier samecniero
muSaobas sikvdilamde, 1980 wlamde agrZelebda.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom froidi ase did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
bavSvobis asaks, uSualod bavSvebi mas arasodes Seuswavlia. Mmisi
Teoria mozrdili pacientebis fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis periodSi,
dakvirvebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. Mmidic, aseve, uSualod bavSvebs ar
Seiswavlida; igi, Tavis ideebs filosofiuri msjelobis konteqstSi
amuSavebda. amis sapirispirod, piaJem Tavisi cxovrebis meti nawili
Cvilebis, patara da ufro mozrdili bavSvebis qcevaze dakvirvebas
moandoma. Mmisi Sromebis umetesi nawili, umTavresad, individebis
gansazRvrul ricxvze dakvirvebas efuZneboda, vidre didi SerCeviTi
erTobliobis Seswavlas. amasTan, igi acxadebda, rom misi ZiriTadi
mignebebi bavSvis ganviTarebaSi misaRebia yvela kulturisTvis.

Kkognitiuri ganviTarebis stadiebi

PpiaJe gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda bavSvis mier samyaros
aqtiurad gacnobierebis unars. BbavSvebi pasiurad ki ar isrutaven
informacias, aramed gamoarCeven da iazreben, rasac xedaven, esmiT da
grZnoben garemomcvel samyaroSi. Mmis mier bavSvebze dakvirvebisa da
maTi azrovnebis mimarTulebebze mravali eqsperimentis Sedegad, piaJem
 27

daaskvna, rom adamianebi, cxovrebis manZilze, kognituri ganviTarebis

ramdenime garkveul stadias gaivlian – anu swavloben TavianTi Tavisa
da maTi garemocvis g a a z r e b a s. Yyoveli stadia gulisxmobs axali
Cvevebis SeZenas, rac damokidebulia wina stadiis warmatebul
dasrulebaze.
pirveli stadia – sensomotoruli – grZeldeba dabadebidan or
wlamde. Ddabadebidan daaxloebiT oTx Tvemde, bavSvi ver ganasxvavebs
sakuTar Tavs garemosagan. MmagaliTad, bavSvs ar esmis, rom misi
moZraoba iwvevs misi saTamaSos Cxakuns; sagnebsa da adamianebs ver
asxvavebs da ar gaegeba, arsebobs Tu ara raime misi TvalTaxedvis iqiT.
rogorc adreulma kvlevebma gviCvenes, bavSvebi TandaTan swavloben
adamianebis sagnebisagan gamorCevas, da TandaTan xvdebian, rom rogorc
erTi, ise meore maTi uSualo aRqmis gareSec arsebobs. am adreul
stadias piaJe s e n s o m o t o r u l s uwodebs, vinaidan bavSvebi
SegrZnebebiT swavloben, umTavresad, sagnebis SexebiTa da maTi
manipulirebis saSualebiT erkvevian garemocvaSi. Aam stadiis ZiriTadi
miRwevaa, rom bavSvi Zalze axlosaa imis gagebasTan, rom mis garemos
garkveuli da myari Tvisebebi gaaCnia.
Semdgom stadias, romelsac pre-operaciuli stadia ewodeba, piaJem
Tavisi kvlevis didi nawili miuZRvna. Ees faza grZeldeba ori wlis
asakidan Svid wlamde; am dros bavSvebi enas euflebian da ukve
SeuZliaT, sityvebis gamoyenebiT, sagnebisa da warmodgenebis simboluri
saxiT gamoxatva. magaliTad, oTxi wlis bavSvs xelebis moZraobiT
SeuZlia `TviTmfrinavs~ mibaZos. PpiaJe am fazas pre-operaciuls imitom
uwodebs, rom am asakSi bavSvebs jer kidev ar SeuZliaT TavianTi
ganviTarebadi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis sistematuri saxiT gamoyeneba.
ganviTarebis am stadiaze bavSvebs egocentrizmi axasiaTebT. piaJe am
cnebas egoizms ki ar ukavSirebs, aramed bavSvis tendencias, samyaros
interpretacia mxolod sakuTari poziciidan moaxdinos. magaliTad,
bavSvs ar esmis, rom sxvebi sagnebs maTgan gansxvavebul perspeqtivaSi
xedaven. rodesac bavSvs wigni xelSi uWiravs da SeiZleba dasvas
SekiTxva suraTis Sesaxeb, romelic wignSia, igi ver acnobierebs, rom mis
win mjdomi adamiani wignis mxolod garekans xedavs.
 28

Ppre-operaciul stadiaze myof bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT hqondeT

gabmuli saubari vinmesTan. egocentrul metyvelebaSi, TiToeuli bavSvis
laparaki, ama Tu im zomiT, ar aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, Tu ras
ityvis wina mosaubre. BbavSvebi erTad laparakoben, Tumca ara
erTmaneTTan im azriT, rogorc es mozrdilebSi xdeba. GganviTarebis am
fazaSi, bavSvebs ara aqvT azrovnebis kategoriebis zogadi gageba, rasac
mozrdilebi TavisTavad cxadad miiCneven: cnebebs, rogoricaa
mizezobrioba, siswrafe, wona an ricxvi. MmaSinac ki, rodesac bavSvi
xedavs, rom wyali maRali da viwro WurWlidan gadmoisxa ufro dabal
da farTo WurWelSi, mas ar esmis, rom wylis raodenoba igive rCeba –
imis gamo, rom wylis niSnuli ufro dabalia, igi askvnis, rom axal
WurWelSi naklebi wyalia.
Mmesame faza, anu konkretuli operaciuli stadia, grZeldeba Svidi
wlis asakidan TerTmet wlamde. Aam fazaSi bavSvebi euflebian
abstraqtul, logikur cnebebs. MmaT SeuZliaT, didi siZneleebis gareSe,
daeuflon iseT ideebs, rogoricaa mizezobrioba. GganviTarebis am
fazaSi bavSvi xvdeba mcdar msjelobas, rasac Seicavs azri, rom farTo
WurWelSi naklebi wyalia, vidre viwroSi, maSinac ki, Tu wylis done
gansxvavebulia. BbavSvs ukve SeuZlia maTematikuri moqmedebebis Catareba,
rogoricaa gamravleba, gayofa da gamokleba. Aam stadiaSi myofi bavSvebi
gacilebiT nakleb egocentrulebi arian. pre-operaciul stadiaSi, Tu
gogonas SeekiTxebian, `ramdeni da gyavs?~, mas SeuZlia sworad upasuxos
`erTi~; magram, Tu SeekiTxebian, `ramdeni da hyavs Sens das?~, igi
gipasuxebT `arcerTi~, vinaidan ver xedavs sakuTar Tavs, Tavisi dis
TvalTaxedviT. konkretul operaciul stadiaze ki bavSvs aseT kiTxvaze
swori pasuxis gacema advilad SeuZlia.
TerTmetidan TxuTmet wlamde asaks piaJe uwodebs formalur
operaciul periods. Yymawvilobis periodSi, ganviTarebad bavSvs
SeuZlia gaiazros Zalze abstraqtuli da hipoTeturi ideebi. Aam asakis
bavSvebs, problemasTan pirispir dgomisas, SeuZliaT gadaxedon misi
gadaWris yvela gzebs da Teoriulad ganixilon isini imisaTvis, rom
miaRwion Sedegs. formalur operaciul stadiaze axalgazrda ymawvili
SeiZleba mixvdes, Tu ratomaa zogierTi SekiTxva `eSmakuri~. kiTxvaze
 29

`ra arsebebia pudelebi da ZaRlebi?~, bavSvma SeiZleba misces swori an

araswori pasuxi (swori pasuxi `pudelebi~), Tumca igi mixvdeba, Tu
ratom aris pasuxi swori da Seafasebs masSi nagulisxmev iumors.
PpiaJes mixedviT, ganviTarebis pirveli sami stadia universaluria;
Tumca yvela mozrdili rodi aRwevs formalur operaciul stadias.
formaluri operaciuli azrovnebis ganviTareba nawilobriv ganaTlebis
proceszea damokidebuli. Mmozrdilebi, romlebsac SezRuduli
saganmanaTleblo miRwevebi aqvT, agrZeleben ufro konkretuli saxiT
azrovnebas da egocentrizmis mniSvnelovan kvals inarCuneben.

kritika
Mmargaret donaldsonma eWvi Seitana piaJes SexedulebaSi, rom
bavSvebi mozrdilebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT egocentrulebi arian
(Donaldson 1979). Mmisi azriT, amocanebi, romlebsac piaJe bavSvebs usaxavda,
ufro mozrdilis SexedulebiT iyo warmodgenili, vidre im enaze,
romelic maTTvis gasagebi iqneboda. zogierT situaciaSi egocentrizmi
msgavsadve axasiaTebs mozrdil adamianebsac. Amis dasadastureblad
donaldsoni britaneli poeti lori lis avtobiografiidan nawyvetis
citirebas axdens, rodesac igi, patara biWi, pirvelad mivida skolaSi.
`is pirveli dRe skolaSi, furcelSi naxvretebis keTebaSi
gavatare; saxlSi rom vbrundebodi, sibrazes Zlivs vikavebdi.
`raSia saqme, sayvarelo? Aar mogewona skolaSi?~
`maT ar momces prezenti.~
`prezenti? ra prezenti?~
`maT miTxres, rom momcemdnen prezents~.
`ici,Ddarwmunebuli var, maT es ar giTxres~
`ki, miTxres!~ maT Tqves: `Tqven xarT lori li, ara? Kkargi; ijeqi
aq jerjerobiT~. Mme, mTeli dRe vijeqi, magram ver miviRe is. Mme aRar
davbrundebi iq~ (Lee, 1965, p.50).
aq sityvebis TamaSia – for t he P resent - `jerjerobiT~; sityvasityviT -
`saCuqrisTvis~ niSnavs).
Mmozrdilis poziciidan, Cven vfiqrobT, rom bavSvma arasworad,
komikuri azriT, gaigo maswavleblis instruqcia. Tumca, ufro Rrmad Tu
 30

CavakvirdebiT, donaldsonis azriT, mozrdilebma ver gauges bavSvs, ver

gauges frazis orazrovnebas `ijeqi aq jerjerobiT an saCuqrisaTvis (for
the P resent)”. aq mozrdilia da ara bavSvi egocentrizmSi
dasadanaSaulebeli.
piaJes naSromebi mkacrad aris gakritikebuli, misi meTodebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. rogor SegviZlia ganzogadebis moxdena, roca saqme
exeba aRmoCenebs, romelic dafuZnebulia erT qalaqSi mcxovrebi
bavSvebis mcire ricxvis gamokvlevaze? Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom piaJes
ideebis umetesma nawilma gaamarTla mraval Semdgom kvlevaSi, romelic
maTgan momdinareobs.Mmis mier dadgenili ganviTarebis stadiebi,
SesaZloa, naklebad mkafio iyos, vidre igi acxadebda, magram dRes
mravali misi idea farTod aris aRiarebuli.

KkavSirebi Teoriebs Soris

Ffroidis, midis da piaJes perspeqtivebs Soris arsebiTi
gansxvavebebi arsebobs; miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT
bavSvis ganviTarebis erTian suraTze, romelSic yvela maTganis Teorias
davesesxebiT.
samive avtori iziarebs azrs, rom Cvilobis pirvel TveebSi, bavSvs
ara aqvs mkafio warmodgena misi garemomcveli sagnebisa da adamianebis
xasiaTis Sesaxeb, an sakuTari identobis Sesaxeb. DdaaxloebiT cxovrebis
pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, ganviTarebuli lingvisturi unarebis
Camoyalibebamde, bavSvebis umetesobis swavleba aracnobierad (36) xdeba,
vinaidan bavSvs jer ara aqvs sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebis unari.
froidi, SesaZloa, marTali iyo, roca acxadebda, rom adreul periodSi
Camoyalibebuli ltolvebis marTvis gzebi – rac konkretulad dedasTan
da mamasTan urTierTobas exeba – mniSvnelobas inarCunebs ufro
gviandel pirovnul CamoyalibebaSi.
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom bavSvebi TviTcnobier arsebebad
gaxdomas swavloben, midis mier SemoTavazebuli procesis mixedviT - `me~
(subieqti) da `me~ (obieqtis) gansxvavebiT. Tumca, rogorc piaJe
aRniSnavda, bavSvebma, romlebmac SeiZines sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari,
inarCuneben azrovnebis egocentrul models. bavSvis avtonomiurobis
 31

ganviTareba, albaT, ufro met emociur siZneleebs Seicavs, vidre midi an

piaJe acnobierebdnen, da sadac gansakuTrebiT Sesaferisi froidis
ideebia. SesaZlebloba marTo adreuli ltolvebi, SesaZloa, zegavlenas
axdendes imaze, Tu rogor SeZlebs bavSvi warmatebiT daZlios
kognituri stadiebi, romelzec piaJe miuTiTebs.
iqamde, gansakuTrebiT froidisa da midis Sesaxeb msjelobisas,
umTavresad yuradReba mipyrobili gvqonda Cvilobasa da adreul
bavSvobaze da ara usafuZvlod, vinaidan cxovrebis pirveli wlebi
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania. ra SegviZlia vTqvaT cxovrebis gzis ufro
gviandel fazebze? Yyoveli adamianis cxovreba gaivlis mraval aseT
fazas, bavSvobidan, yrmobidan da axalgazrdobidan, Sua xanobamde da
moxucobamde. winamdebare Tavis adreuli qveTavebisgan gansxvavebiT, Cven
SevxedavT amas ara imdenad individis TvalsazrisiT, aramed imis
mixedviT, Tu rogor aris socialurad organizebuli ganviTarebis es
fazebi. vinaidan Cven gvWirdeba individis ganviTarebis gageba mis farTo
socialur konteqstSi.

cxovrebis gza
is mravalferovani gardaqmnebi, romlis gavlac individebs maTi
cxovrebis manZilze uwevT, erTi SexedviT, biologiurad unda iyos
fiqsirebuli – bavSvobidan zrdasrulobamde da sabolood sikvdilamde;
Tumca, aq saqme ufro rTuladaa. Aadamianis cxovrebis gzis stadiebi,
Tavisi bunebiT, socialuria, iseve rogorc biologiuri. MmaTze,
sazogadoebis mocemul tipSi, gavlenas axdens rogorc kulturuli
gansxvavebebi, aseve cxovrebis materialuri pirobebi. MmagaliTad,
Tanamedrove dasavleTSi, sikvdili Cveulebriv xandazmul asakTan
kavSirSi moiazreba, vinaidan adamianebis umravlesobis sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba samocdaaTi weli da metia. Tumca tradiciul
sazogadoebebSi, meti adamiani ver aRwevda siberes da ufro axalgazrda
asakSi kvdeboda.

bavSvoba
 32

mravali Cvengani fiqrobs b a v S v o b a z e, rogorc cxovrebis

naTel da gamorCeul etapze. `bavSvebi~, Cveni azriT, gansxvavdebian
`Cvilebisa~ da `axalfexadgmulebisagan~. BbavSvobaSi igulisxmeba
Cvilobasa da ymawvilobis dadgomas Soris arsebuli periodi. Tavad
bavSvobis cnebis gaazreba, msgavsad Cveni socialuri cxovrebis mravali
sxva aspeqtisa, mxolod bolo ori-sami saukunis win daiwyo. tradiciul
kulturebSi, axalgazrdebi pirdapir gadadiodnen xangrZlivi
bavSvobidan samuSao rolebze erTobebis farglebSi. Ffrangi istorikosi
filip ariesi amtkicebda, rom `bavSvoba,~ rogorc ganviTarebis calke
faza, Sua saukuneebSi ar arsebobda (Aries, 1973). Sua saukuneebis evropul
mxatvrobaSi, bavSvebi gamosaxulebi iyvnen, rogorc `patara mozrdilebi~.
maT mozrdili adamianebis saxeebi da ufrosebis msgavsi Cacmis stili
hqondaT.
Ffroidi midi
Ffroidis mosazreba bavSvis gan- Mmidis midgoma, zogierT funda-
viTarebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulia, mentur aspeqtSi, gansxvavdeba fro-
vinaidan igi gansakuTrebul idis midgomisagan. froidi eqimi da
yuradRebas bavSvis ganviTarebaSi Terapevti iyo; midi – filosofosi
aracnobiersa da emociur sawyisebs da sociologi. Mmas naklebad
aniWebs. Ffroidis mixedviT, yoveli ainteresebda individualuri
individis pirovnulobis ZiriTadi pirovnebis Sinagani emociuri
aspeqtebi, cxovrebis adreul qmedebebi; igi ufro socialuri
periodSi yalibdeba, ganskuTrebiT, urTierTqmedebis process
rogorc dedasTan urTierTqmedebis akvirdeboda. Aaracnobiers,
Sedegi. vinaidan qcevis es adreuli froidTan SedarebiT, midi ga-
magaliTebi SeTvisebulia, sanam cilebiT nakleb mniSvnelobas
bavSvi salaparako enis gamoyenebas aniWebda. DdaTrgunvis idea midis
daeufleba, isini aracnobier nawerebSi TiTqmis ar Cndeba. Uufro
doneze rCeba. metic, midi ar cnobda froidis
bavSvma unda gaigos, rom misi mosazrebas, rom CvilobaSi da
moTxovnilebebi ar SeiZleba adreul bavSvobaSi gancdili
yovelTvis da swrafad iyos arsebiTad marTavs Cven Semdgom
dakmayofilebuli. yvela deda gamocdilebas. MmidisaTvis, socia-
 33

aCvevs Tavis Svils kvebis luri swavlebis TvalsazrisiT,

disciplinas.BbavSvi TandaTanobiT yrmoba iseve mniSvnelovania,
eCveva TavSekavebas – aracnorbierad rogorc bavSvoba.
blokavs Tavis moTxovnilebebs Mmidi bavSvis ganviTarebaSi
swrafad daikmayofilos udides mniSvnelobas TamaSs
saWiroebebi. Ffroidis mixedviT, aniWebs. TamaSis warmosaxviTi
daTrgunva bavSvis ganviTarebis aspeqtebis saSualebiT, bavSvi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani swavlobs s x v i s i r o l i s
maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelia. bavSvs a R e b a s – samyaros danaxvas,
rogorc negatiuri, aseve pozitiuri rogorc sxvebi xedaven mas da
damokidebuleba aqvs dedis mimarT, egoisturi TvalTaxedvisgan
sadac siyvaruli da antagonizmi ganTavisuflebas. am procesis
Sereulia. Sedegad, bavSvebi ganasxvaveben `me~-
Ooidiposiseul gadanacvlebas, subieqts `me~-obieqtisagan; es `me~-
rac, Cveulebriv, oTxi an xuTi obieqti (`me~) socialuri
wlis asakSi xdeba, froidis pirovnebaa, pirovneba, rogorc
TeoriaSi centraluri adgili sxvebze reagirebis Sedegi.
uWiravs. idea modis ZvelberZnuli Ggviandel bavSvobasa da adreul
miTidan oidiposis Sesaxeb, ymawvilobaSi biWi an gogona
romelmac ar icoda, ise mokla swavloben ganzogadebuli sxvis
Tavisi mama da daqorwinda dedaze. rolis SeTvisebas – ufro
oidiposis stadiaSi, farTo abstraqtuli normebisa da Rirebu-
sazogadoeba moTxovnas uyenebs lebebisa, razec ufro farTo sazo-
bavSvs, Tavi daaRwios emociur gadoebaa dafuZnebuli. Ees, rogorc
TavSesafars, romelsac CvilobaSi Cans, upirveles yovlisa,
deda sTavazobda. Aam moTxovnis erToblivi TamaSebiT unda iyos
mTavari agenti ojaxis farglebSi daswavlili.
mamaa, bavSvisaTvis ufro meti
avtonomiis da damoukideblobis
misacemad. bavSvma unda daTrgunos
Tavisi siZulvili mamis mimarT da
amave dros unda daTrgunos Tavisi
adrindeli mijaWvuloba dedaze.P
 34

piaJe
bavSvis ganviTarebis mesame didi
Teoretikosi piaJe, gansxvavdeba
danarCeni ori avtorisagan.piaJe,
fsiqologi iyo da misi ideebis
umetesoba bavSvebze uSualo
dakvirvebas efuZneba. froidi da
midi ar ikvlevdnen bavSvebs
uSualod. froidisagan
gansxvavebiT, midis msgavsad, piaJec
nakleb yuradRebas amaxvilebda
aracnobierze; Tumca igi midze mets
werda bavSvis ganviTarebis emociur
mxareze.
piaJes TvalsazrisiT, bavSvi
Tavdapirvelad e g o c e n t r u
l i a – igi samyaros mxolod masSi
sakuTari poziciis perspeqtividan
xedavs. BbavSvebma unda iswavlon,
rom sxvebic arseboben, romlebsac
Sesabamisi fiqrebi da grZnobebi
gaaCniaT, da mraval Tves ando-
meben, Caswvdnen cnebebs, romlebic
mozrdilebisTvis TavisTavad cxa-
dia; magaliTad, siCqaris, simZimis
an raodenobis cnebebs. Eenis
daufleba amgvari cnebebis wvdomis
arsebiTi nawilia. Ggza
infantiluri egocentrizmidan
srul zrdasrulobamde gadis rigi
gansxvavebuli stadiis saSualebiT.
PpiaJe amtkicebs, rom yovel am
stadiaSi, bavSvi TandaTan zrdis
 35

Tavis SesaZleblobas, Caswvdes

abstraqtul cnebebs da gaigos
sxvebis grZnobebi. daaxloebiT
TxuTmet wlamde bavSvebi ver
euflebian logikisa da Semecnebis
rTul cnebebs, Tumca zogierTi
bavSvi saerTod ver aRwevs
ganviTarebis am safexurs.
froidi, midi da piaJe - SedarebiTi analizi.

bavSvebi igive samuSaosa da garTobaSi monawileobdnen, rogorc

mozrdilebi; maT ar hqondaT sabavSvo saTamaSoebi an garTobebi,
romlebic axla TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia.
Mmeoce saukunis dasawyisamde, britaneTSi da dasavleTis umetes
qveynebSi, Svidi an rva wlis bavSvebs amuSavebdnen, rac amJamad
muSaobisaTvis Zalze adreul asakad iTvleba. Ffaqtobrivad, dResac
bevri qveyanaa msoflioSi, sadac bavSvebi sruli samuSao dRis ganrigiT
muSaoben, xSirad fizikurad rTul garemoebebSi (mag.: QqvanaxSiris
maRaroebSi) (UNICEF 1987 ). is idea, rom bavSvebs gansakuTrebuli
uflebebi aqvT, da azri, rom bavSvis muSaoba moralurad miuRebelia,
sruliad axali miRwevaa.
zogierTi istorikosi, romelic aviTarebs ariesis Tvalsazriss,
acxadebs, rom Suasaukuneebis evropaSi adamianebis umetesoba gulgrili
iyo da mtruladac ki iyo ganwyobili Tavisi bavSvebis mimarT. Tumca es
Tvalsazrisi uaryofili iqna sxvebis mier da ar dasturdeba imiT, rac
dRemde arsebuli tradiciuli kulturebis Sesaxeb viciT. bevri mSobeli,
gansakuTrebiT dedebi, igive saxis siyvaruls amJRavnebdnen TavianTi
Svilebis mimarT, rac Cveulia dRes. Tumca `bavSvobis~ xangrZlivi
periodis gamo, rasac Cven dRes vacnobierebT, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebi, garkveuli azriT, ufro `bavSvze centrirebulia,~ vidre
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. rogorc mSobloba, aseve bavSvoba sxva
stadiebisgan ufro aSkarad gansxvavebuli gaxda, vidre es tradiciul
erTobebSia.
 36

Uxazi unda gaesvas, rom bavSvze centrirebuli sazogadoeba ar

aris is sazogadoeba, sadac yvela bavSvi siyvarulsa da zrunvas
ganicdis mSoblebis an sxva mozrdilebis mxridan. BbavSvebze fizikuri
da seqsualuri Zaladoba ojaxuri cxovrebis Cveuli niSania dRevandel
sazogadoebaSi – Tumca aseTi Zaladobis mTeli sisrule mxolod axlo
warsulSi gamomzeurda. bavSvebze Zaladobas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs
imasTan, rac dRevandeli sazogadoebrivi standartebiT, miiCneva
bavSvebis mimarT cud mopyrobad Zvel evropaSi.
SesaZlebelia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
Sedegad, `bavSvoba,~ rogorc gansakuTrebuli statusi, TandaTan gaqres.
zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom bavSvebi dRes `ise swrafad izrdebian~,
rom bavSvobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli niSnebi kvlav
sustdeba (Suransky 1982; W inn 1983) . MmagaliTad, sruliad patara asakis
bavSvebsac ki SeuZliaT mozrdilebisTvis gankuTvnili satelevizio
programebis yureba, ris gamoc ufro adre `Sedian mozrdilTa
samyaroSi,~ vidre es wina Taobebs SeeZloT.

siymawvile
`Tineijeris~ cneba SedarebiT axalia. biologiuri cvlilebebi,
rasac sqesobrivi momwifeba gulisxmobs (momenti, roca pirovneba
sqesobrivad aqtiuri da reproduqciuli xdeba), universaluria. Tumca,
mraval kulturaSi, es ar iwvevs im aurzaursa da gaugebrobas, rac
damaxasiaTebelia axalgazrdebisaTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi.
rodesac arsebobs asakobrivi zRvaris sistema, garkveul ritualTan
erTad, rac pirovnebis zrdasrul asakSi gadasvlas aRniSnavs,
fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis procesi, ZiriTadad, ufro advilad
mosagvarebelia. Yymawvilebma tradiciul sazogadoebebSi naklebi unda
`gadaiviwyon~, vidre maTma Tanatolebma Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi,
vinaidan cvlilebis mimdinareoba ufro Senelebulia. Ees iseTi droa,
roca Cven Svilebs aRar moeTxovebaT bavSvebad yofna: maT unda
gadaagdon TavianTi saTamaSoebi da miatovon bavSvuri Cvevebi.
tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebi mozrdilebis gverdigverd
muSaoben, es bavSvobis `gadaviwyebis~ procesi naklebad mkacria.
 37

Cvens droSi, `Tineijerad~ yofnis gansakuTrebuloba

dakavSirebulia rogorc bavSvis uflebebis gafarToebasTan, aseve
formaluri ganaTlebis procesTan. Tineijerebi, xSirad, ufrosebis gzas
mihyvebian, Tumca kanonebs eqvemdebarebian rogorc bavSvebi. maT,
SesaZloa, surT muSaoba, Tumca iZulebulni arian skolaSi darCnen.
Tineijerebi bavSvobasa da zrdasrulobas Soris imyofebian, izrdebian
ra sazogadoebaSi, romelic gamudmebiT icvleba.
A
axalgazrda zrdasrulebi
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, axalgazrda zrdasruloba, pirovnul da
seqsualur ganviTarebaSi, Cans, sul ufro metad iqceva specifikur
stadiad. DdaaxloebiT 20 wlis asakis adamianebi, gansakuTrebiT
SeZlebul jgufebSi da ara marto maTTan, `taim auts~ iyeneben
samogzaurod da seqsualuri, politikuri da religiuri gamocdilebis
SesaZenad. Aamgvari `moratoriumis~ saWiroeba, Cans, gaizrdeba, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedrove viTarebaSi ganaTlebis periodis zrdas.

zrdasrulebi
dRes, axalgazrda zrdasrulebis umetesobas SeuZlia winaswar
hqondes imedi, rom sicocxle moxucebulobamde gauxangrZlivdeba. Zvel
droSi, cotas Tu hqonda aseTi imediani momavlis molodini.
avadmyofobiT, epidemiebiT an travmebiT gamowveuli sikvdilianoba,
gacilebiT xSiri iyo winaT, yvela asakis jgufebSi, vidre es dRes aris;
gansakuTrebiT didi riskis qveS mSobiare qalebi iyvnen, maRali
sikvdilianobis gamo.
Mmeore mxriv, zogierTi daZabuloba, rasac dRes ganvicdiT,
naklebad mJRavndeboda wina epoqebSi. Aadamianebs, Cveulebriv, ufro
axlo urTierToba hqondaT TavianT mSoblebTan da naTesavebTan, vidre
dRevanel ufro mobilur moqalaqeebs; xolo yoveldRiuri saqmianoba
igive iyo, rogoric maT winaprebs hqondaT. Cvens sazogadoebaSi, ZiriTadi
gaurkvevlobebi unda gadawydes qorwinebaSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi da sxva
socialur konteqstebSi. Cven ufro metad unda `movawyoT~ Cveni
cxovreba, vidre amas warsulSi akeTebdnen. MmagaliTad, seqsualuri da
 38

saqorwino kavSirebi, ufro individis iniciativaze da arCevanzea

damokidebuli, vidre mSoblebis gadawyvetilebaze. Ees garemoeba
individs ufro did Tavisuflebas aniWebs, Tumca pasuxismgeblobis
grZnobam SeiZleba daZabulobebi da siZneleebi gamoiwvios.
saSualo asakSi SorsmWvretelobis SenarCunebas CvenTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. DdRes adamianebis umravlesoba ar
apirebs `erTi da igive saqmis keTebas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze,~
rogorc es, Cveulebriv, tradiciul kulturebSia miRebuli. Qqalebma da
mamakacebma, romlebmac TavianTi cxovreba erT romelime karieras
moandomes, SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom is done, romelsac saSualo asakSi
miaRwies, maT ar akmayofilebT, xolo Semdgomi SesaZleblobebi aRar
aris. Qqalebma, romlebmac TavianTi adreuli zrdasruli asaki bavSvebis
aRzrdas moandomes da romelTa Svilebma ukve datoves saxli, SesaZloa,
sakuTari Tavi socialuri Rirebulebis armqoned igrZnon. `saSualo-
asakis krizisis~ fenomeni savsebiT realuria asaks miRweuli
adamianebisTvis. Ppirovnebam SeiZleba igrZnos, rom man uari Tqva
cxovrebis mier SemoTavazebul SesaZleblobebze, an rom veRarasdros
miaRwevs im miznebs, romelzec bavSvobidan ocnebobda. Mmiuxedavad (40)
amisa, gardamavali periodi ar gulisxmobs morCilebas an bneliT mocul
uimedobas; bavSvuri ocnebebidan ganTavisufleba, SesaZloa, Svebis
momgrveli iyos.
sibere
sazogadoebis adreul formebSi, moxuci adamianebi, Cveulebriv,
didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen. `uxucesebis~ - moxuci asakis
adamianebis - sityva, Cveulebriv, mTavari da gadamwyveti iyo erTobis,
rogorc mTelis, mniSvnelovan saqmeebSi. rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis
avtoriteti ojaxSi, asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeboda. amis
sapirispirod, industriul qveynebSi, ufros adamianebs, Cans, akldeba
avtoriteti rogorc ojaxSi, aseve ufro farTo socialur erTobaSi.
samsaxuridan pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, isini SeiZleba ufro gaRaribdnen,
vidre winaT. Aamave dros, mosaxleobaSi matulobs samocdaxuT wels
gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi; 1900 wels, britaneTSi, samocdaxuT
 39

wels gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi ocdaaTidan erTs Seadgenda;

dRevandeli proporcia xuTidan erTia.
Mmoxucobis asakobrivi zRvaris gadalaxva tradiciul kulturaSi
xSirad im statusis kulminacias aRniSnavs, risi miRwevac individs
SeuZlia. Cvens sazogadoebaSi pensiaze gasvlas sruliad sawinaaRmdego
SedegebTan mivyavarT. sakuTari Svilebisagan gancalkevebiT cxovreba da
ekonomikuri sivrcidan gamodevna, uZnelebs moxuc adamianebs, cxovrebis
bolo periodi Rirseulad gaataron. xSirad fiqroben, rom isini, vinc
warmatebiT sZleven siberes, sakuTari Sinagani resursebisken mibrunebiT
axerxeben amas, naklebad interesdebian ra gare daxmarebebiT, rac
socialurma cxovrebam unda SesTavazos. Tumca, eWvi ar aris, rom es
xSirad SeiZleba marTali iyos, Cans, sazogadoebaSi, sadac bevri moxuci
fizikurad janmrTelia, `garesamyaros Tvalismidevnebis~ survili sul
ufro da ufro mosalodnelia. Mmoxucma adamianebma, romlebic
saqmianobis gareSe arian darCenilni, SesaZloa, ganaxleba hpovon imaSi,
rasac `mesame asaki~ ewodeba (bavSvobisa da zrdasrulobis Semdeg),
romelSic ganaTlebis axali faza iwyeba.

TaobaTa cvla
Suasaukuneebis evropaSi, sikvdili gacilebiT metad dasanaxi iyo,
vidre es dRes aris. Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianTa umetesoba
saavadmyofos Caketil garemoSi kvdeba, naTesavebsa da megobrebs
CamoSorebuli. DdRes, dasavleTSi sikvdili mravali adamianis mier
ganixileba, rogorc individualuri sicocxlis dasasruli da ara
rogorc TaobaTa ganaxlebis procesi. religiuri rwmenis Sesustebam,
aseve, Secvala Cveni damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT. CvenTvis,
sikvdili msjelobas ar eqvemdebareba. TavisTavad cxadia, rom adamianebs
sikvdilis eSiniaT; ase rom, eqimebi an naTesavebi sakmaod xSirad
umalaven sasikvdilod daavadebul adamians, rom igi male mokvdeba.
EelizabeT kiubler-rosis mixedviT, sikvdilis moaxlovebasTan
Seguebis procesi, socializaciis SekumSuli procesia, rac ramdenime
stadias moicavs.
 40

Ppirveli stadia aris u a r y o f a – individi uaryofs miiRos is,

rac xdeba. Mmeore faza – m r i s x a n e b a a, gansakuTrebiT imaT
Soris, vinc SedarebiT axalgazrda kvdeba da guli swydeba, rom srulad
ver icxovra. Amas mosdevs – S e v a W r e b i s stadia. individi
garigebas debs bediswerasTan an RmerTTan, rom mSvidad mokvdeba, Tu
miecema ufleba moeswros, rom dainaxos raime gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani movlena, magaliTad, ojaxuri qorwineba an dabadeba.
mogvianebiT, individi xSirad vardeba d e p r e s i a S i. Dda bolos, Tu
es mdgomareoba gadailaxeba, igi SeiZleba mivides m i R e b i s
stadiamde, rodesac moaxloebuli sikvdilis winaSe simSvide isadgurebs.
Kkiubler-rosi aRniSnavs, rom, rodesac igi msmenel auditorias
ekiTxeba, yvelaze metad ra aSinebT sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT, adamianTa
umetesoba ambobs, rom eSiniaT Seucnoblobis, tkivilis, sayvarel
adamianebTan daSorebis, an sanukvari gegmebis daumTavreblad datovebis.
Mmas miaCnia, rom es yvelaferi sinamdvileSi, mxolod aisbergis
mwvervalia. umetesad, rasac sikvdils vukavSirebT, aracnobieria, da Tu
Cven gvsurs misaRebi gziT movkvdeT, es aracnobieri unda gamovitanoT
sinaTleze. aracnobierad, adamianebi sakuTar sikvdils warmoidgenen,
rogorc maTi dasjisTvis winaswarganzraxuls. Tu isini SesZleben
mixvdnen, rom es asociacia iracionaluria, rom maTi avadmyofoba ar
aris sasjeli cudi qmedebebisTvis, procesi gaadvildeba (Kubler–Ross
1987).
tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebi, mSoblebi da moxucebi
xSirad erT saxlSi cxovroben, Cveulebriv, cxadad acnobiereben, rom
arsebobs kavSiri sikvdilsa da TaobaTa Tanmimdevrobas Soris.
individebi sakuTar Tavs SeigrZnoben, rogorc ojaxis da erTobis
nawils, rac ganusazRvrelad grZeldeba, pirovnuli arsebobis wamierebis
miuxedavad. AaseT viTarebaSi, sikvdili SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes naklebi
SeSfoTebiT, vidre es xdeba Tanamedrove samyaros swrafad cvalebad,
individualistur socialur pirobebSi.

socializacia da individualuri Tavisufleba

 41

imis gamo, rom socialuri garemo, sadac Cven davibadeT da

aRvizardeT, aseT gavlenas axdens Cvens qcevaze, SesaZloa, aRmoCndes,
rom Cven warTmeuli gvaqvs individualoba anu Tavisufali arCevani. Cans,
Cven ubralod daStampulebi varT sazogadoebis mier CvenTvis winaswar-
momzadebuli formebiT. zogierTi sociologi cdilobs socializaciaze
migvaniSnos da ufro zogadad, Tavad sociologiazec – TiTqos amaSi
iyos saqme; Tumca aseTi Sexeduleba Zireulad mcdaria. is faqti, rom
dabadebidan sikvdilamde Cven CarTulni varT sxvebTan
urTierTqmedebaSi, ra Tqma unda, ganapirobebs Cvens pirovnulobas,
Rirebulebebs, romlebic gagvaCnia da qcevas, romelsac vaxorcielebT.
Tumca, socializaciac, aseve, Cveni individualobis da Tavisuflebis
sawyisSia. socializaciis gzaze, TiToeuli Cvengani moipovebs i d e n t
o b as da damoukidebeli azrovnebisa da qmedebis unars.
Ees Tvalsazrisi advilad gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu enis daswavlis
magaliTs movitanT. Eenas, romelsac bavSvobidan vswavlobT, arc erTi
Cvengani ar igonebs; yvela Cvengani SeboWili varT lingvisturi kanonebis
zusti gamoyenebiT. Tumca, amave dros, enis codna erT-erTi ZiriTadi
faqtoria, romelic SesaZlebels xdis Cvens TviTcnobierebasa da
Semoqmedebis unars. Eenis gareSe Cven ar viqnebodiT TviTSemmecnebeli
arsebebi da vicxovrebdiT met-naklebad srulad aq-da-axlas mixedviT.
enis daufleba aucilebelia adamianis cxovrebis simboluri
sisavsisaTvis, CvenTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualuri maxasiaTeblebis
gacnobierebisaTvis da garesamyaros praqtikuli dauflebisaTvis.

Sejameba
1. kulturis cneba, yvelaze mniSvnelovania sociologiaSi.
kultura gulisxmobs sazogadoebis wevrTa an sazogadoebis farglebSi
arsebuli jgufebis cxovrebis wess, rac moicavs xelovnebas,
literaturas da ferweras, Tumca gacilebiT farToa. aseve, sxva
kulturul CamonaTvals, magaliTad, ra acviaT adamianebs, maT Cvevebs,
maTi samuSaos saxes da religiur ceremoniebs.
2. kultura imis didi nawilia, rac Cven adamianebad gvaqcevs.
Tumca, rogorc adamianuri arsebebi, Cven aseve viziarebT saerTo
 42

biologiur memkvidreobas. Aadamianis modgma gaCnda biologiuri

evoluciis xangrZlivi procesis Sedegad. Aadamianebi umaRlesi
ZuZumwovrebis jgufis nawili arian - primatebisa, romelTanac maT
fiziologiurad sakmaod bevri saerTo aqvT.
3. sociobiologia, upirvelesad, mniSvnelovania cxovelis
qcevasTan dakavSirebuli aRmoCenebiT. sociobiologebis mosazrebebi
adamianebis socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb Zalze spekulaturia. Cveni
qceva genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli, Tumca Cveni genetikuri
monacemebi, savaraudod Cveni qcevis potencias gansazRvravs da ara Cveni
aqtivobis namdvil Sinaarss.
4. adamianebs ara aqvT instinqtebi, dauswavleli qcevis rTuli
magaliTebis azriT. Mmartivi refleqsebis jgufi, plus organuli
moTxovnilebebi - es aris adamianis Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebi.
5. qcevis formebs, romlebic yvela an virtualurad yvela
kulturaSi gvxvdeba, kulturul universaliebs uwodeben. ena, incestis
akrZalva, qorwinebis institutebi, ojaxi, religia da sakuTreba –
kulturuli universaliebis ZiriTadi tipebia. Tumca, am zogadi
kategoriis farglebSi, arsebobs qcevis modelebisa da Rirebulebebis
mravali variacia, sxvadasxva sazogadoebebis mixedviT.
6. Cveni kulturis maxasiaTeblebs socializaciis procesis
saSualebiT vswavlobT. socializacia aris procesi, romlis dros, sxva
adamianebTan kontaqtis saSualebiT, umweo Cvili TandaTan gadaiqceva
TviTcnobier da gonier adamianad, romelic mocemul kulturaSi
gaTviTcnobierebulia.
7. zigmund froidis naSromi Seicavs mosazrebas, rom bavSvi
avtonomiur arsebad maSin gadaiqceva, rodesac iswavlis garemos
moTxovnilebebis im Zlier ltolvebTan dabalansebas, rac
aracnobieridan modis. Cveni TviTcnobiereba aracnobieri ltolvebis
daTrgunvis xarjze Sendeba.
8. j. h. midis mixedviT, bavSvi calke agentad yofnis gacnobierebas
maSin aRwevs, roca sistematurad Tvalyurs adevnebs, rogor eqcevian mas
sxvebi. ufro gviandel stadiaSi, rodesac bavSvi organizebul TamaSebSi
 43

monawileobs da swavlobs TamaSis wesebs, igi `ganzogadebul sxvas~ –

ZiriTad Rirebulebebsa da kulturul wesebs - acnobierebs.
9. Jan piaJe ramdenime ZiriTad stadias gamoarCevs bavSvis mier
samyaros Secnobis unarSi. yoveli stadia gulisxmobs axali SemecnebiTi
unarebis SeZenas da damokidebulia wina unarebis warmatebul
dasrulebaze. PpiaJes mixedviT, SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis es stadiebi,
socializaciis universaluri niSan-Tvisebebia.
10. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba. cxovrebis
yovel gansazRvrul fazas aqvs gardamavali periodi, romelic gavlil
unda iqnes, an krizisi, romelic unda gadailaxos. Ees gulisxmobs
sikvdilsac, rogorc pirovnuli arsebobis dasasruls.

DdamatebiTi literatura
Phillippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood (Hermondsworth: Penguin, 1973). klasikuri
– Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi – diskusia `bavSvobis,~ rogorc adamianis
ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli fazis, istoriuli warmoCenis Sesaxeb.
Ruth P enedict, Patterns of Culture (New york; M entor B ooks, 1946) . Kklasikuri
gamokvleva kulturuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb; dResac saintereso
sakiTxavia.
Ralf F asold, The Sociolinguistic of Language (Oxford: B lackwell, 199 1). saWiro
saxelmZRvanelo, romelic moicavs enisa da kulturis bunebis mraval
aspeqts.
Elisabeth K ubler-Ross, Living with Death and Dying (London: S ouvenir P ress, 1987)
sikvdilis mimarT damokidebulebis amaRelvebeli aRwera.
Elly S inger, Childcare and the Psychilogy of Development (London: R outledge, 1992).
diskusia bavSvis aRzrdisa da qalebisaTvis bavSvebis sadReRamiso
zrunvis Semsubuqebis Sesaxeb.
Frances C . W aksler, Studying the Social Worlds of Children: Sociological Readings
(London: Falmer, 1991). teqstebis krebuli bavSvebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
Raymond W illiams, Culture (Glasgow: F ontana, 1981) . sasargeblo zogadi
diskusia kulturis cnebis Sesaxeb.
 44

MmniSvnelovani terminebi
evolucia Ooidiposis kompleqsi
bunebrivi SerCeva socialuri me (obieqti)
mutacia Gganzogadebuli sxva
sociobiologia sensomotoruli stadia
instinqti Ppre-operaciuli stadia
subkultura Eegocentrizmi
eTnocentrizmi Kkonkretuli operaciuli stadia
Semecneba Fformaluri operaciuli stadia
fsiqoanalizi cxovrebis gza
 Tavi 3
sazogadoebis tipebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

uZvelesi sazogadoebebi: monadireebi da Semgroveblebi

Mmbutis pigmeebi. Ppirvandeli `siuxvis sazogadoebebi?~

mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi

MmesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi. miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi

araindustriuli civilizaciebi anu tradiciuli sazogadoebebi

Mmaias civilizacia. tradiciuli saxelmwifos niSan-Tvisebebi

Tanamedrove samyaro: industriuli sazogadoebebi

britaneTi, rogorc industriuli sazogadoebis nimuSi

pirveli, meore da mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi

dayofis sawyisebi. sabWoTa kavSiri da meore msoflios sazogadoebebi.
meore msoflios dasasruli. Mmesame msoflios sazogadoebebi. indoeTi,
rogorc mesame msoflios qveynis nimuSi. mesame msoflios siRaribe

axlad industrializebadi qveynebi

socialuri cvlileba dRes: globalizacia

daskvna

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi
 2

ZiriTadi cnebebi
industrializacia. industriuli sazogadoebebi.. globalizacia.
Gkulturuli mravalgvarobis gasagebad, warmodgena unda SeviqmnaT
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva tipebze, romlebic istoriis manZilze arebobda.
winamdebare TavSi, ganvixilavT premodernuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad
tipebs, Tumca yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT im cvlilebebze, romlebmac
axlo warsulSi gardaqmna socialuri samyaro. amasTan erTad,
vimsjelebT mniSvnelovan globalur movlenaze, romlis Sedegebi dRes
yvela Cvenganze axdens gavlenas: socialuri sistemis mTeli tipis -
meore samyaros sazogadoebebis anu sabWoTa komunizmis - gaqroba.
Ppirvelyovlisa, ganvixilavT sazogadoebis zogierT uZveles
formas, romlis sawyisebi aTaswleulebs iTvlis.

uZvelesi sazogadoebebi: monadireebi da Semgroveblebi

Aam planetaze Cveni arsebobis mTeli xnis ganmavlobaSi (mcire

drois gamoklebiT), adamianebi cxovrobdnen monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebSi, mcire jgufebis an tomebis saxiT,
romelic xSirad ocdaaT-ormoc kacs iTvlida. Mmonadireebi da
Semgroveblebi TavianT sarCos nadirobiT, TevzaobiT da bunebaSi
arsebuli sakvebi mcenareebis SegrovebiT moipovebdnen. Ees kulturebi
dRemde arsebobs msoflios zogierT nawilSi, magaliTad, afrikis
zogierT gvalvian mxareSi da braziliisa da axali gvineis junglebSi;
Tumca monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa kulturebis umetesi nawili
ganadgurda an absorbacia ganicada dasavluri kulturis gavrcelebis
Sedegad, xolo isini, romelic SemorCa, saeWvoa, SemdgomSi xeluxlebeli
darCes. amJamad msoflioSi meoTxed milionze naklebi adamiania,
romlebsac Tavi gaaqvT monadireobiTa da SemgroveblobiT – anu
mosaxleobis mxolod 0,001 procenti (ixileT diagrama 3.1).
Mmozrdil sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT – gansakuTrebiT
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebTan, magaliTad, rogorcaa britaneTi an
SeerTebuli Statebi – monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa jgufebSi
gacilebiT naklebi uTanasworobaa. MmaTi qoneba samonadireo TofebiT,
 3

miwis dasamuSavebeli da samSeneblo iaraRiT, da saojaxo da

samzareulo mowyobilobiT Semoifargleba. Aase rom, sazogadoebis
wevrebs Soris, materialuri qonebis mxriv, gansxvaveba mcirea – aq ar
iyofian mdidrebad da Raribebad. Mmdgomareobis an rangis mixedviT
gansxvavebas mxolod asaki da sqesi ganapirobebs; mamakacebi TiTqmis
yovelTvis monadireebi arian. xolo qalebi agroveben bunebriv sarCos,
amzadeben sadils da zrdian bavSvebs. Sromis ganaileba mamakacebsa da
qalebs Soris Zalze mniSvnelovania: mamakacebi metad ikaveben sajaro da
ceremoniebTan dakavSirebul poziciebs.
`uxucesebs~ - erTobaSi yvelaze xandazmul da gamocdil
adamianebs - Cveulebriv, yvelaze mniSvnelovani sityva ekuTvniT jgufSi
ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. Tumca qonebis mxriv arsebobs
patara gansxvavebebi Temis wevrebs Soris, gansxvavebebi Zalauflebis
sferoSi gacilebiT naklebia, vidre sazogadoebis ufro mozrdil
tipebSi. MmonadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv,
`monawileobiTia~ - mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas an
krizisis mosagvareblad, yvela mozrdili mamakaci ikribeba.
Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi mTlad qaoturad ar
gadaadgildebian. Uumetesobas mudmivi teritoriebi aqvs da wlidan
wlamde mis irgvliv gadaadgildebian; monadireebisa da Semgroveblebis
mraval Tems ar gaaCnia mudmivi wevrebi; adamianebi xSirad
gadaadgildebian sxvadasxva banakebsa Tu jgufebSi, iSlebian an sxvebs
uerTdebian, Tumca erTsadaimave teritoriaze.

diagrama 3.1 monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebis

ricxvis Semcireba, msoflios mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad.
wyaro: Richard B.Lee and Jrven de Lore (eds). Men the Hunter (Aldine de gruyter 1968).
Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 10 milioni. 10,000 Cvens welTaRricxvamde
MmonadireTa procentuloba: 100
Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 350 milioni. 1500 weli. Cveni welTaRricxviT
MmonadireTa procentuloba: 1.0
Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 3 miliardi. 1960 weli Cveni welTaRricxviT
MmonadireTa procentuloba 0,001
 4

mbutis pigmeebi
monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebis daxasiaTebas asobiT
naSromi mieZRvna; maTi cxovrebis wesis ilustraciisTvis, Cven erT-erTs
mivmarTavT: mbutis pigmeebis sazogadoebas (gamoiTqmeba `mabuti~),
romlebic centralur afrikaSi, kerZod, zairis midamoebSi cxovroben
(Turnbull 1983) . mbutis tomi gauvali tyis teritoriaze binadrobs,
romelic gareSeebisTvis Znelad SesaRwevia; maTTvis tyis garemo Zalze
nacnobia da ise gadaadgildebian, rogorc moesurvebaT. aq uxvadaa
wyali, sakvebad gamosayenebeli mcenareebi da cxovelebi sanadirod.
mbutis saxlebi mudmivi sacxovrebeli ar aris; isini foTlebisa da xis
totebisagan Sendeba ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi da aseve SeiZleba
swrafad iqnes aRebuli mbutebis gadaadgilebis dros, rasac isini
mudmivad ewevian; isini erT adgilas Tveze mets ar Cerdebian.
Mmbutebi oTxi-xuTi ojaxisagan Semdgar jgufebad cxovroben.
jgufebi sakmaod myari da mudmivia; Tumca, Tu individs an ojaxs erTi
jgufis datoveba da meoresTan mierTeba surs, aravis SeuZlia maTi
SeCereba. Aaravin `marTavs~ jgufs – aq ar arian beladebi. Tumca
uxucesebs evalebaT Cxubisa da davis `daSoSmineba,~ romelic higmeebis
rwmeniT, tyis sulebs awuxebs. Tu konfliqti Zalze mwvavdeba, jgufis
wevrebi toveben iqaurobas da sxvebs uerTdebian.
Mmbutis cxovrebis Seswavla, Tavdapirvelad, 1960 wels daiwyes; am
droisaTvis maTi cxovrebis wesi jer kidev xeluxlebeli rCeboda. Mmas
Semdeg igi sul ufro mzard zewolas ganicdis. Ggare samyaro sul
ufro metad SeiWra tyeSi da mbutis xalxi sul ufro metad iqna
CaTreuli tyis garSemo perimetrSi arsebuli soflebis fulad
ekonomikaSi. Cven maTi cxovrebis wesi awmyoSi warmovidgineT, Tumca
amJamad isini gaqrobis piras arian. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mcirericxovan
tradiciul sazogadoebebze, romlebzec, winamdebare TavSi, mogvianebiT
visaubrebT.
pirveli `siuxvis sazogadoebebi~?
 5

Mmbutis pigmeebisgan gansxvavebiT, monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa

sazogadoebebi, romlebmac dRemde arseboba SeinarCunes, momwyvdeulia
mkacr da miuval adgilebSi. AaseTi jgufebi, albaT, SimSilobis zRvarze
cxovroben imis gamo, rom garemo metad mkacria da Zlivs uzrunvelyofs
cxovrebis minimums. Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi didi xnis win iyvnen
gamoZevebuli nayofieri miwebidan, da im faqtma, rom amJamad maTi
cxovrebis pirobebi sicocxlis gadarCenisTvis mudmivi brZolaa, bevri
mecnieri miiyvana daskvnamde, rom es adamianebi materialuri siduxWiris
pirobebSi cxovrobdnen. Tumca, SesaZloa, warsulSi saqme amgvarad ar
iyo. cnobili anTropologi marSal salinsi monadire-Semgroveblebs
`pirvel siuxvis sazogadoebebs~ uwodebda imis gamo, rom maT meti
hqondaT, vidre saWiro iyo maTi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad
(Sahlins 1972). warsulis monadireebi da Semgroveblebi msoflios yvelaze
xelsayrel regionebSi cxovrobdnen; maT, ar uxdebodaT dRis umetesi
nawilis SromaSi gatareba, rac `warmoebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.”
mraval maTgans samuSaoze saSualod naklebi saaTis gatareba SeeZlo
yoveldRiurad, vidre es Tanamedrove qarxnebSi an dawesebulebebSia.
Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi naklebad iyvnen dainteresebulni
imaze meti materialuri dovlaTis SeqmniT, rac maTi ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisTvis iyo saWiro. Cveulebriv, isini
dakavebulni iyvnen religiuri RirebulebebiT, ceremoniebiT da
ritualuri aqtivobiT. Mmravali monadire da Semgrovebeli
regularulad monawileobda arsebul ceremoniebSi da didi dro SeeZlo
daeTmo im samoselis, niRbebis an sxva sakraluri nivTebis
damzadebisTvis, rasac ritualebis dros iyenebdnen.
zogierTi avtori, gansakuTrebiT sociobiologiis momxreebi, am
sazogadoebebSi monadireobis upiratesobas ukavSirebs adamianis
impulsebs omis mimarT; Tumca, sinamdvileSi, monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi omis suliskveTebas ar amJRavnebs. iaraRi,
romelsac isini nadirobisas iyeneben, iSviaTad aris mimarTuli sxva
adamianebis winaaRmdeg. zogjer sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris Setakebebi
SeiZleba moxdes, Tumca, es yovelTvis SezRudulia; danakargi Zalze
mcirea, an sruliad ar aris. Oomi, Tanamedrove gagebiT, sruliad
 6

ucnobia monadireebisa da SemgroveblebisTvis; maT ara hyavT

specialurad gawvrTvnili meomrebi. Nnadiroba TavisTavad aris
mniSvnelovani erToblivi aqtivoba. adamianebi aq SeiZleba martoni
wavidnen sanadirod, Tumca isini yovelTvis anawileben nadavls –
vTqvaT, gareuli taxis an Roris xorcs – jgufis danarCen wevrebs
Soris.
Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi ar arian ubralod `primitiuli~
adamianebi, romelTa cxovreba aRar Seadgens Cveni interesis sagans. maTi
kulturis Seswavla ufro naTlad dagvanaxebs, rom zogierTi Cveni
instituti Zlier daSorebulia adamianuri cxovrebis `bunebriv~ niSnebs.
ra Tqma unda, Cven ar unda movaxdinoT im pirobebis idealizeba,
romelSic monadireebi da Semgroveblebi cxovrobdnen, magram is faqti,
rom omi ar arsebobs, rom ar aris gansakuTrebuli uTanasworoba
simdidresa da ZalauflebaSi, da rom meti yuradReba TanamSromlobas
eqceva, vidre Sejibrs, yvelaferi es Zalumad Segvaxsenebs, rom
Tanamedrove industriuli civilizaciis mier Seqmnili samyaro
yovelTvis `progresuli~ ar aris.

mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi

DdaaxloebiT oci aTasi wlis win, monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa

zogierTma jgufma, arsebobis saSualebis mosapoveblad, cxovelTa
moSinaureba da miwis garkveuli nakveTebis damuSaveba daiwyo.
mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi ZiriTadad cxovelTa moSinaurebas
misdevdnen, xolo miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebs puri mohyavdaT
(muSaobdnen soflis meurneobaSi). Bbevr sazogadoebebs mesaqonleTa da
miwaTmoqmedTa Sereuli meurneobebi hqondaT.

mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi

im garemo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic uxdebodaT

cxovreba, mesaqonleebi aSinaurebdnen da uvlidnen Zroxebs, cxvars,
Txebs, aqlemebs an cxenebs. Bbevri mesaqonleTa sazogadoeba Tanamedrove
msoflioSic arsebobs, gansakuTrebiT iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa
 7

afrika, Sua aRmosavleTi da centraluri azia. Aam sazogadoebebs,

Cveulebriv, iseT adgilebSi pouloben, sadac nayofieri saZovrebia, an
udabnoebsa da mTebSi. Ees adgilebi gamousadegaria sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebisTvis, Tumca SesaZlebelia gamodges saqonlis mosaSeneblad.
MmesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, adgils icvlian sezonuri
cvlilebebis mixedviT. imis gamo, rom isini saqonels gadaadgilebis
saSualebad iyeneben, maT ufro didi distanciebis gavla SeuZliaT,
vidre monadireebsa da Semgroveblebs. MmomTabare cxovrebis gamo,
mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebSi adamianebi ver agroveben materialur
sakuTrebas, Tumca maTi cxovrebis wesi, materialuri TvalsazrisiT,
ufro kompleqsuria, vidre monadireebis an Semgroveblebis. imis gamo,
rom cxovelTa moSinaurebiT, maT sakvebi maragi mudmivad aqvT, maTi
sazogadoebebi gacilebiT mravalricxovania, vidre monadireTa an
SemgrovebelTa Temebi. Aarsebobs mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi, romlebic
meoTxed milion adamiansac ki iTvlis.
Uuzarmazar teritoriebze xSiri gadaadgilebis gamo, mesaqonleebs
mudam aqvT kontaqtebis saSualeba sxva jgufebTan. isini xSirad vaWroben
maTTan, Tumca aseve omebsac aCaReben. MmesaqonleTa kulturebis
umravlesoba mSvidobismoyvarea, romelTa survili mxolod saqonlis
patronoba da Temur ritualebsa da ceremoniebSi monawileobis miRebaa.
sxvebi meomruli suliskveTebiT arian ganmsWvalulni da rogorc
saqonlis movla-patronobiT, aseve ZarcviTa da darbevebiT irCenen Tavs.
mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebSi qonebisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebaSi
ufro meti uTanasworobaa, vidre monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa TemebSi.
kerZod, winamZRolebi, tomebis beladebi an mxedarTmTavrebi xSirad
mniSvnelovan pirovnul Zalauflebas floben.
MmesaqonleTa sazogadoebis klasikuri daxasiaTeba mogvca e. e.
evans-pritCardma, romelic ikvlevda nueris sazogadoebas samxreT
sudanSi, afrikaSi (Evans-Pritchard 19 40). nueris cxovrebis pirobebi,
umTavresad, mesaqonleobazea damokidebuli, Tumca, maT zogierTi
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturac mohyavT. Aadamianebi cxovroben soflebSi,
romlebic 5-20 miliT aris erTmaneTs daSorebuli. 1930-ian wlebSi,
rodesac evans-pritCardi kvlevebs awarmoebda, nueri daaxloebiT 200 000
 8

kacs ivlida. MmaT saerTo ena da erTnairi wes-Cveulebebi hqondaT, Tumca

aq ar iyo erTiani politikuri Zalaufleba an raime saxelisuflebo
forma. Nnueri dayofili iyo tomebad, romlebic zogjer
TanamSrolobdnen erTmaneTTan, Tumca umTavresad gancalkvebiT
cxovrobdnen.
Yyovel toms sakuTari miwa gaaCnda. es miwebi umTavresad
wyalgamyofiT esazRvreboda erTmaneTs. Nnuers ar hqonda
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli Tavisi miwis mimarT, aramed interesi imisa,
iyo Tu ara adgili vargisi saqonlis saZovrebisTvis. weliwadis
gvalvian periodSi, isini banakebad cxovrobdnen wyalTan axlos. nueris
cxovrebis umetesi nawili saqonelTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rac
centraluri iyo maTi kulturisTvis. isini srul upativcemulobas
iCendnen im mezobeli xalxis mimarT, romelsac mcire raodenobiT an
sruliad ara hyavda saqoneli. cxovrebis yvela ZiriTadi movlena -
dabadeba, srulwlovanebis miRweva, qorwineba da sikvdili - ritualebiT
aRiniSneboda, msxvilfexa saqonlis monawileobiT. mamakacebs xSirad
sayvareli xaris saxeliT mimarTavdnen, xolo qalebs - sayvareli
mewveli Zroxis saxeliT.
N nueris tomebi sakmaod xSirad eomebodnen erTmaneTs da zogjer
alianssac qmnidnen sxvebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. isini ara marto
sakuTari saqonlisTvis cxovrobdnen, aramed omebsac aCaRebdnen misi
gulisTvis – magaliTad, arbevdnen axlo mcxovreb dinkas, meore
mesaqonle sazogadoebas, saqonlis mosaparad. nueris andaza gveubneba:
`Zroxebis gamo meti adamiani daiRupa, vidre raime sxva mizeziT.~

miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi

MmiwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi, rogorc Cans, imave dros warmoiSva,

roca mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi. garkveul momentSi, monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa jgufebi, ama Tu im nayofis ubralo Segrovebidan,
sakuTari marcvleulis Tesvaze gadavidnen. Ees praqtika pirvelad e.w.
`mebaReobis~ saxelwodebiT warmoiSva, sadac patara baRebs amuSavebdnen
primitiuli Toxis an baris gamoyenebiT. MmsoflioSi bevri adamiani
 9

jerac mebaReobiT irCens Tavs (diagrama 3.2 gvaCvenebs, rogor misdeven

soflis meurneobas Tanamedrove msoflioSi).
soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulebis procentuli raodenoba
nepali 91,7
ruanda 91,3
uganda 80,9
eTiopia 74,5
bangladeSi 68,5

industriuli sazogadoebebi
avstralia 7,4
iaponia 6,4
germania 4,6
kanada 3,3
SeerTebuli Statebi 2,3
gaerTianebuli samefo 2,0

Ndiagrama 3.2. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovrebis wesis simyare Tanamedrove

industriul sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT: samuSao Zalis procentuli
maCvenebeli soflis meurneobaSi, 1990.
wyaro: Nikos Alexandratas (ed), msoflios soflis meurneoba: 2010 wlisaTvis.
An FAO study 1995

mesaqonleobis msgavsad, samiwaTmoqmedo kultura sursaTis ufro

garantirebul miwodebas uzrunvelyofs, vidre es monadireobiT an
SemgroveblobiT aris SesaZlebeli; amdenad, mas SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos
ufro didi Temebis warmoqmnas. imis gamo, rom miwaTmoqmedebi ar
gadaadgildebian, maT SeuZliaT meti materialuri sakuTrebis Seqmna,
vidre mesaqonleebis, monadireTa an SemgrovebelTa Temebs. jgufebis
konkretul adgilebSi dasaxlebis Semdeg, calkeul soflebs Soris
SeiZleba damyardes savaWro da politikuri kavSirebi. saomari
suliskveTeba miwaTmoqmedebsac axasiaTebT, Tumca Zaladobis xarisxi
maTTan naklebia, vidre mesaqonleTa jgufebs Soris. soflis meurneobaSi
 10

dakavebuli adamianebi, Cveulebriv, sabrZolo xelovnebas ar misdeven;

mesaqonleTa momTabare tomebs ki SeuZliaT masobrivad Seiyarnon da
maradiorebis armia Seqmnan.
MmagaliTisTvis ganvixilavT gururumbas, axali gvineis toms,
romelic aTasze cota meti adamianisgan Semdgar eqvs sofels moicavs
(Newman 1965) . Yyovel sofelSi ramdenime baRia, erTmaneTisgan RobeebiT
gamijnuli. am SemoRobil teritoriaze nakveTs ramdenime ojaxi flobs.
yvela adamiani, dididan pataramde, nakveTebis damuSavebiT aris
dakavebuli, Tumca mamakacebi da qalebi sxvadasxva saxis xilze da
bostneulze arian pasuxismgebelni. Yyovel ojaxs erTi an meti nakveTi
aqvs; maT weliwadis sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxis mosavali mohyavT,
riTac sakvebis mudmiv miwodebas uzrunvelyofen. gururumbas kulturaSi
arsebobs ojaxebs Soris saCuqrebis gacvlis ceremoniis rTuli sistema,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia prestiJis mopoveba TemSi. Aamitom
ojaxebs aqvT nakveTebi, sadac mohyavT mosavali yoveldRiuri
saWirobebisaTvis, xolo sxva nakveTSi `prestiJuli~ mosavali mohyavT.
`prestiJul~ mcenareuls gacilebiT ukeT uvlian, vidre mosavals
yoveldRiuri moxmarebisTvis.
gururumbas tomi Rorebsac aSenebs, romlebsac imdenad sakvebad ar
iyeneben, ramdenadac ZRvenis saxiT, rac TemSi statusis mosapoveblad
sWirdebaT. aq, ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel, imarTeba didi dResaswauli,
romlis drosac aseulobiT Rors klaven, amzadeben da ZRvnad miarTmeven.
mesaqonleTa jgufebis msgavsad, gururumbelTa Sorisac meti
uTanasworobaa, vidre monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa kulturebSi.
winamZRolebs da tomis beladebs gamorCeuli adgili uWiravT; aseve
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa adamianebis kuTvnil materialur sakuTrebaSi.

araindustriuli civilizaciebi anu tradiciuli

saxelmwifoebi

mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom Cvens welTaRricxvamde 6000

wlidan moyolebuli arsebobda sakmaod didi sazogadoebebi, romlebic
 11

sruliad gansxvavdeboda sazogadoebis adrindeli tipebisgan (Burns &

Ralph 1974). Ees sazogadoebebi qalaqebis ganviTarebaze iyo damokidebuli,
sadac mkveTri qonebrivi da Zalauflebrivi gansxvaveba arsebobda, da
mefeebis an imperatorebis Zalauflebas eqvemdebareboda. imis gamo, rom
aq wera-kiTxva ganviTarebuli iyo, xolo mecniereba da xelovneba
ayvavebas ganicdida, maT xSirad civilizaciebs uwodebdnen. Tumca, imis
gamo, rom maT Seqmnes ufro koordinirebuli mmarTveloba, vidre
sazogadoebis sxva formebma, maTi misamarTiT xSirad termins
tradiciuli saxelmwifo iyeneben.
tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba imperiebs warmoadgenda;
isini dapyrobebiTa da sxva xalxebis mierTebiT aRwevdnen TavianT
zomebs (Eisenstadt 1 963; C lassen a nd S kalnik 1978; K autsky 19 82). es ase iyo,
magaliTad, CineTsa da romSi. romis imperia, Tavisi ganviTarebis
umaRles stadiaSi, Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneSi, moicavda
teritorias britaneTidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT Sua aRmosavleTamde.
CineTis imperia, romelic or aTaswleulze metxans arsebobda damdegi
saukunis CaTvliT, aRmosavleT aziis udides regionebs faravda, rac
exla Tanamedrove CineTs ukavia. Tanamedrove msoflioSi tradiciuli
saxelmwifoebi aRar arsebobs, Tumca zogierTebi, rogoricaa CineTi da
iaponia, romlebic met-naklebad xeluxlebeli SemorCa meoce saukunis
dasawyisamde, amJamad Seerwya ufro Tanamedrove sistemebs.
Sua aRmosavleTis uZvelesi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi,
Cveulebriv, mdinareebis nayofieri napirebis gaswvriv iqmneboda (diagrama
3,3). CineTis imperia Cven welTaRricxvamde 2000 wlis win warmoiSva;
drois amave monakveTSi arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifoebi Tanamedrove
indoeTisa da pakistanis teritoriaze. mTeli rigi tradiciuli
saxelmwifoebi arsebobda meqsikasa da laTinur amerikaSi; magaliTad,
actekebis meqsikis naxevarkunZulze da inkebis saxelmwifo peruSi.
inkebis saxelmwifo daaxloebiT erTi saukuniT adre Camoyalibda,
espaneli Tavgadasavlebis maZieblis pizaros Camosvlamde, romelic
jariskacTa mcirericxovani razmiT 1535 wels moadga samxreT amerikis
napirebs. inkebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil sxva adgilobriv tomebTan
kavSiris damyarebis meSveobiT, pizarom SesZlo mokle droSi daemxo
 12

inkebis saxelmwifo, da arsebuli teritoria espaneTis mflobelobaSi

moeqca. Ees erT-erTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo dasavlur gavlenasa da
tradiciul saxelmwifoebs Soris mravalricxovan SetakebaTa rigSi,
ramac, sabolood, am ukanasknelis saboloo gaqroba gamoiwvia.

romi 400 Cv. w-mde – 400 Cv. w. AaR.

Mmezoamerika egvipte mesopotamia

300 Cv.w. 3500 – 1000 35000 - 400 CineTi 1800-300
Cv.w.aR. C.w.aR. Cv.w.-mde

samxreT amerika
600 – 1500
Cv. w.aR. indoeTi
2500 – 300
Cv.w.-mde

N diagrama 3.3. warsulis zogierTi ZiriTadi tradiciuli civilizacia

miaxloebiTi TariRebiT da ganlagebiT (Tumca yvelam gaiara eqspansiisa
da dacemis periodi).

maias civilizacia

tradiciuli saxelmwifos daxasiaTebisTvis, magaliTis saxiT,

ganvixilavT kidev erT amerikul civilizacias – maias, romelic
ganTavsebuli iyo iukatanis naxevarkunZulze, meqsikis yureSi. maias
civilizacia ayvavebas ganicdida Cveni welTaRricxvis 300-dan 800
wlamde. Mmaias civilizaciaSi aSenebdnen grandiozul religiur
centrebs, romelTa garSemoc aSenebdnen qvis sacxovrebel saxlebs.
religiur salocavebs didi piramidebis forma hqonda da yoveli
maTganis Tavze taZari idga. Tikalis - udidesi piramidis - irgvliv
qalaqi iyo gaSenebuli, 40000 macxovrebliT. Ees mTavari
administraciuli centri iyo - maias saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi.
 13

maias sazogadoeba imarTeboda meomari qurumebis aristokratiuli

klasis mier. isini umaRlesi religiuri moRvaweebi iyvnen, Tumca
imavdroulad samxedro winamZRolebic, da gamudmebul omebs
awarmoebdnen mezoblebTan. Mmosaxleobis umetesi nawili glexobisgan
Sedgeboda; TiToeuli maTgani valdebuli iyo, Tavisi mosavlis nawili
mieca aristokrati mmarTvelebisTvis, romlebic fufunebaSi
cxovrobdnen.
zustad ar aris dadgenili, ratom daeca maias civilizacia, Tumca
savaraudoa, rom is mezobelma tomebma daipyres. im droisTvis, rodesac
iq espanelebi Cavidnen, maias saxelmwifo ukve didi xania aRar arsebobda.

tradiciuli saxelmwifos niSan-Tvisebebi

istoriulad, tradiciuli saxelmwifo sazogadoebis erTaderTi

tipi iyo Tanamedrove industrializmis gaCenamde, sadac mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawili uSualod ar monawileobda sasursaTo produqciis
SeqmnaSi. MmonadreTa da SemgrovebelTa TemebSi, aseve mesaqonleTa da
miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebSi, Sromis ganawileba sakmaod martivi iyo.
movaleobebi umTavresad mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris nawildeboda. Aamis
sapirispirod, tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi ufro rTuli dasaqmebis
sistema arsebobda. Qaq jer kidev arsebobda Sromis mkacri danawileba
sqesis mixedviT; qalebis Sroma umTavresad ojaxSi da mindorSi
muSaobiT Semoifargleboda. Tumca, mamakacTa Soris gaCnda
specializebuli saqmianoba vaWris, kariskacis, saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris
da jariskacis saxiT.
Aadamianuri sazogadoebis adreuli tipebi
tipi arsebobis MmaxasiaTeblebi
monadireTa da periodi Sedgeba adamianTa mcire ricxvisgan,
SemgrovebelTa 50,000 C. w. aR-dan romlebic sasicocxlo pirobebs
sazogadoeba dRemde (axla monadireobiT, meTevzeobiT da nayofis
sruli gaqrobis SegrovebiT moipoveben.
pirasaa) Zalian mcire uTanasworobaa. G
gansxvaveba mdgomareobaSi asakiTa da
sqesiT Semoifargleba

miwaTmoqmedTa 12,000 C.w.aR-dan damokidebulia moSinaurebuli

sazogadoebebi dRemde. dRes cxovelebis movlaze, sakuTari
 14

ufro didi materialuri arsebobisaTvis.

saxelmwifoebis mosaxleobis raodenoba Seadgens
nawili; maTi ramdenime aseuli adamianidan mraval
tradiciuli aTasamde.
cxovrebis wesi gamoirCeva garkveuli uTanasworobiT.
irRveva imarTeba beladebiT an meomari
mefeebiT

miwaTmoqmedTa 12.000 C.w.-dan ganTavsebulia patara soflis

sazogadoebebi dRemde. DdRes Temebad, qalaqebis gareSe. Tavs irCens
maTi umetesoba soflis meurneobiT, romelsac
ufro didi uTavsebs monadireobasa da
politikuri Semgroveblobas.
mTlianobis ufro didi uTanasworoba, vidre
nawilia da monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa Soris.
kargaven TavianT imarTeba beladebiT.
gamorCeul
identobas
tradiciuli 6000 C.w-dan me-19 umTavresad dafuZnebulia soflis
saxelmwifoebi saukunemde; meurneobaze. Aarsebobs ramdenime
anu yvela qalaqi, sadac koncentrirebulia
civilizaciebi tradiciuli vaWroba da warmoeba.
saxelmwifo ukve moculobiT Zalian didi, zogierTi
gamqralia milionobiT adamians iTvlis (Tumca,
ar Seedreba ufro did industriul
sazogadoebebs).
mTavrobis garkveuli aparati,
romelsac mefe an imperatori marTavs.
didi uTanasworobaa sxvadasxva
klasebs Soris
A
arsebobda, aseve, klasebis ZiriTadi dayofa aristokratul
jgufebsa da mosaxleobis danarCen nawils Soris. mmarTveli `mmarTvel
klass~ ganagebda, romelsac maRali socialuri poziciis dakavebis
gansakuTrebuli ufleba hqonda. am klasis warmomadgenlebi, Cveulebriv,
materialur komfortsa da fufunebaSi cxovrobdnen. Mmeore mxriv,
mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis mdgomareoba Zalze mZime iyo. Aam
sazogadoebebis saerTo niSani monaTmflobeloba iyo.
tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis mcire ricxvi iqmneboda vaWrobis
ganviTarebiT an imarTeboda vaWrebis mier; maTi umravlesoba ki
yalibdeboda dapyrobiTi omebiT an mniSvnelovnad zrdida samxedro
Zalebs (MeNeill 198 3; M ann 1986) . tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi zrunavdnen
profesiuli jaris ganviTarebaze, romelic Tanamedrove tipis samxedro
 15

organizaciis winamorbedi iyo. MmagaliTad, romauli jari maRali

discipliniTa da meomrebis intensiuri varjiSiT gamoirCeoda, rasac
efuZneboda romis imperiis eqspansia. tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi, aseve,
SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT omis meqanizaciis sawyisebi. xmlebi, Subebi,
muzaradebi da mowyobiloba alyisaTvis, rasac romauli jari iyenebda,
specializebuli ostatebis mier iwarmoeboda. omebSi, romelic
warmoebda tradiciul saxelmwifoebs Soris, an am saxelmwifoebsa da
`barbarosul~ tomebs Soris, danakargi gacilebiT didi iyo, vidre
romelime wina periodSi.

Tanamedrove msoflio: industriuli sazogadoebebi

DdResdReobiT, tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi savsebiT aRigaven

pirisagan miwisa. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa,
mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi zogierT regionebSi
arsebobas ganagrZoben, maTi povna SedarebiT izolirebul
teritoriebzea SesaZlebeli – da, umetes SemTxvevebSi, es ukanaskneli
SemorCenili egzemplarebic dezintegracias ganicdis. ram gamoiwvia im
sazogadoebis formebis rRveva, romelic mTeli istoriis manZilze
batonobda, Tundac ori saukunis win? Ppasuxi, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT,
industrializaciaa – samanqano warmoebis gaCena, rac aracocxali Zalis
resursis gamoyenebas efuZneba (orTqlis an eleqtrobis msgavsi).
industriuli sazogadoebebi (rasac zogjer `Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebs~ uwodeben) socialuri wyobis nebismieri adrindeli
tipisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. maTi ganviTarebis Sedegebi Sors gascda
maTive evropul warmoSobas.
industrializacia me-18 saukunis inglisSi warmoiSva, rogorc
`samrewvelo revoluciis~ Sedegi, rac mTeli rigi teqnologiuri
cvlilebebis Semoklebuli saxelwodebaa da gavlenas axdens im
saSualebebze, riTac adamianebi moipoveben saarsebo wyaros. Ees
cvlilebebi moicavs axali manqana-danadgarebis gamogonebas (rogoricaa,
magaliTad, sarTavi dazga narTisaTvis), energiis resursis gamoyenebas
(gansakuTrebiT wylis da orTqlis) mrewvelobisaTvis da mecnierebis
gamoyenebas warmoebis meTodebis gasaumjobeseblad. vinaidan aRmoCenebi
 16

da gamogonebebi erT sferoSi, xels uwyobs ganviTarebas sxva

sferoebSic, teqnologiuri inovaciebis tempi industriul
sazogadoebebSi Seudareblad swrafia, tradiciul socialur
sistemebTan SedarebiT.
Tundac yvelaze warmatebul tradiciul civilizaciebSi, adamianTa
umravlesoba miwis damuSavebaSi iyo CarTuli. teqnologiuri
ganviTarebis SedarebiT dabali done mxolod patara umciresobas
aZlevda saSualebas, ganTavisuflebuliyvnen sasoflo-sameurneo
samuSaoebisgan. amis sapirispirod, dRes industriuli sazogadoebebis
upirvelesi niSani is aris, rom mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba ufro
metad qarxnebSi, dawesebulebebSi an maRaziebSi muSaobs, vidre soflis
meurneobaSi. adamianebis 90 procentze meti qalaqebSi cxovrobs, sadac
samuSao adgilebis umetesobaa Tavmoyrili da axali samuSaos Seqmnis
meti SesaZleblobebia. didi qalaqebi zomiT gacilebiT grandiozulia,
vidre urbanuli dasaxlebebi tradiciul civilizaciebSi. qalaqebSi
socialuri cxovreba sul ufro gaupirovnebuli da anonimuri xdeba, da
yoveldRiuri Sexvedrebi ufro metad ucxoebTan gvaqvs, vidre CvenTvis
axlobel adamianebTan. iseTi masStaburi organizaciebi, rogoricaa
saqmiani korporaciebi an samTavrobo organizaciebi, arsebiTad, yoveli
adamianis cxovrebaze axdens zegavlenas.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis Semdegi niSan-Tviseba politikur
sistemebs exeba, romlebic ufro metad ganviTarebuli da intensiuria,
vidre tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobis formebi. tradiciul
civilizaciebSi, politikuri xelisufleba (monarqebi an imperatorebi)
pirdapir zegavlenas didad ver axdenda misi qveSemrdomebis zne-
Cveulebebsa da adaT-wesebze, romlebic sakmaod damoukidebel
adgilobriv dasaxlebebSi cxovrobdnen. industrializaciasTan erTad,
transporti da kavSirebi gacilebiT swrafi gaxda, rac `erovnul~
erTobas ufro integrirebuls xdida.
industriulma sazogadoebebma erovnuli saxelmwifoebis saxiT
daiwyo arseboba. erovnuli saxelmwifoebi politikuri gaerTianebebia,
romlebic erTmaneTisgan gamoyofilia mkveTrad gamijnuli sazRvrebiT,
gansxvavebiT tradiciuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romelTac gaurkveveli
 17

sasazRvro teritoriebi gamohyofda. Nerovnuli saxelmwifoebis

mTavrobebs didi Zalaufleba aqvT moqalaqeTa cxovrebis mraval
aspeqtze. maT SemoaqvT kanonebi, savaldebulo maT sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi
yvela adamianisTvis. BbritaneTi erovnuli saxelmwifoa, rogorc TiTqmis
yvela sxva sazogadoeba Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
industriuli teqnologiis gamoyeneba sruliadac ar iyo
SemosazRvruli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mSvidobiani procesebiT.
industrializaciis yvelaze adreul fazaSic ki, Tanamedrove
samrewvelo procesebi samxedro miznebs emsaxureboda. am garemoebam
radikalurad Secvala omis warmoebis gzebi, gacilebiT ufro
gaumjobesebuli samxedro organizaciis tipebisa da SeiaraRebis SeqmniT,
vidre es iyo araindustriul kulturebSi. Eekonomikuri upiratesobis,
politikuri erTianobis da samxedro Zlierebis erTobliobas, cxovrebis
dasavluri wesis upirobo gavrceleba mohyva mTels msoflioSi, bolo
ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi.

britaneTi, rogorc industriuli sazogadoebis

magaliTi

DdRes msoflioSi orasze meti erovnuli saxelmwifo arsebobs; maT

Soris erT-erTi britaneTia. sxva Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebTan
SedarebiT, teritoriulad da mosaxleobiT igi ar aris didi. britaneTis
mosaxleoba 58 milionia. Ggermaniis - meore industriuli qveynis
mosaxleoba - 81 milions Seadgens, iaponiis – 125 mlions, xolo
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleoba 258 milionia. Tumca, mosaxleobis
mixedviT, SedarebiT mcirericxovan britaneTSi, ufro meti mosaxleobaa,
vidre es romis imperiaSi iyo, Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles stadiaze; es
imis maniSnebelia, Tu ramdenad mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli msoflio dRes,
vidre orasi wlis winaT.
BbritaneTis, rogorc industriuli qveynis, Tavisebureba kargad
Cans imaSi, rom soflis meurneobaSi dakavebuli adamianebi mTeli
samuSao Zalis 2 procentze naklebs Seadgens. sxva industriuli
qveynebis msgavsad, britaneTi sursaTis imports mTeli msofliodan
axorcielebs – Cais – samxreT aziidan, vaSlis – axali zelandiidan,
 18

Rvinis – safrangeTidan da uamravi sxva saxis sursaTis - sxva

qveynebidan. magram soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulTa 2 procentic ki
awarmoebs imaze mets, rac saWiroa britaneTis mosaxleobis gamosakvebad.
TiToeuli mosaxlis saSualo wliuri Semosavlis gazomvis Sedegad,
britaneTi, sxva industriul erebTan SedarebiT, ar aris Zalian mdidari
sazogadoeba. industriuli qveynebis gaerTianebaSi mas mxolod
ocdameerTe adgili ukavia; Sveicaria pirvelia, luqsemburgi - meore da
iaponia - mesame. Tumca, britanelebi dRes Zalze mdidrebi arian pre-
modernuli qveynebis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT da mesame samyaros
umetes qveynebTan SedarebiT. es is erebia, romlebzec axla visaubrebT.

pirveli, meore da mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi

dayofis sawyisebi

MmeCvidmetedan meoce saukunis dasawyisamde, dasavleTis qveynebma,

upiratesi samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT, mravali kolonia daaarses im
teritoriebze, romlebic tradiciul sazogadoebebs ekava. miuxedavad
imisa, rom faqtobrivad yvela koloniam miaRwia damoukideblobas,
kolonializmis procesi iyo is ZiriTadi mizezi, ramac msoflio
socialur rukas iseTi saxe SesZina, rogorsac dRes vicnobT. iseT
regionebSi, rogoricaa CrdiloeT amerika, avstralia da axali
zelandia, romlebic monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa SedarebiT
mcirericxovani TemebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, evropelebi mosaxleobis
umravlesobad gadaiqcnen. sxva teritoriebze, rogoricaa aziis umetesi
nawili, afrika da samxreT amerika, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
umravlesobad rCeboda.
pirveli tipis sazogadoebebi, SeerTebuli Statebis CaTvliT,
industriul qveynebad gadaiqca. Mmeore kategoriis sazogadoebebi,
umetesad, industriuli ganviTarebis gacilebiT dabal safexurze arian
da maT xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc mesame msoflios sazogadoebebs.
aseT sazogadoebebs miekuTvneba CineTi, indoeTi, afrikis umetesi qveynebi
(nigeria, uganada, alJiri), samxreT amerikis qveynebi (brazilia, peru da
venesuela). imis gamo, rom mravali es qveyana SeerTebuli Statebis da
evropis samxreTiT aris ganlagebuli, maT ganixilaven koleqtiurad,
 19

rogorc samxreTs, romelic gansxvavdeba ufro mdidari da industriuli

CrdiloeTisgan.
Tavdapirvelad, termini `mesame msoflio~ meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi sazogadoebis sam ZiriTad tips Soris gansxvavebis
xazgasmisTvis gamoiyeneboda. pirveli msoflios qveynebi iyo (da aris)
evropis industriuli qveynebi, SeerTebuli Statebi, avstralazia
(avstralia, axali zelandia, tasmania da melanezia) da iaponia. Ppirveli
msoflios TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebas aqvs mmarTvelobis
mravalpartiuli, parlamenturi sistema. meore msoflios sazogadoebebi
gulisxmobs komunistur sazogadoebebs, sabWoTa kavSirs (ssrk) da
aRmosavleT evropas, Cexoslovakiis, poloneTis, aRmosavleT germaniisa
da ungreTis CaTvliT. meore msoflios sazogadoebebs hqondaT
centralizebulad dagegmili ekonomika, rac Zalze mcire rols
akuTvnebda kerZo sakuTrebas an konkurentunarian ekonomikur
mewarmeobas.

sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc meore msoflios sazogadoeba

sabWoTa kavSirs, socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri

organizaciis Zalze gansxvavebuli forma hqonda. igi ZiriTadad
Tanamegobroba iyo, romelic Seiqmna gansxvavebuli erovnuli da
kulturuli jgufebis mravalferovnebisgan. maTgan yvelaze didi ruseTi
iyo da qveynis oficialuri ena rusuli iyo. Tumca bevr sxva enazec
laparakobdnen, magaliTad, latviur, germanul, arabul da qarTul
enebze.
sabWoTa kavSirs marTavda komunisturi partiis wesdeba. marqsizmis
erT-erT versiaze dayrdnobiT (ix. Tavi 1, gv. 9-10), sabWoTa komunizmi
erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis sistema iyo. komunisturi partia marTavda
rogorc politikur, ise ekonomikur sistemas. pirveli msoflios qveynebi
kapitalisturia da sabazro ekonomika aqvs: biznes firmebi kerZo
sakuTrebas warmoadgenen da konkurireben erTmaneTTan momxmareblisTvis
saqonlis gasaRebaSi. amis sapirispirod, sabWoTa kavSirSi da
aRmosavleT evropaSi, mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis umetesi
 20

nawili saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi iyo; Zalze mcire biznesi Tu rCeboda

mesakuTreTa xelSi.
iziarebdnen ra marqsis ideebs, komunist liderebs swamdaT, rom
warmoebis koleqtiuri mflobeloba ufro warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre
dasavluri Tavisufali sabazro sistema. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom saqme ase
ar iyo. sabWoTa kavSiri da aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebi
politikurad avtoritaruli da ekonomikurad uSedego iyo. am
SezRudvebma isini daSlamde miiyvana (meti informacia ixileT me-13
TavSi).
1989 wels, komunizmis rRvevasTan erTad, sabWoTa kavSiri calkeul
nawilebad daiSala. ruseTi kvlav calke saxelmwfo gaxda, rogorc es
1917 wlis revoluciamde iyo da misi sxva regionebis didma ricxvma
damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifoebi Seqmna – rogoricaa ukraina,
saqarTvelo an litva.
DdaaxloebiT samocdaTxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, msoflio
istoria, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa
da, meore mxriv, dasavleTis kapitalistur sazogadoebebs da iaponias
Soris globaluri Sejibris pirobebSi imyofeboda. dRes es konkurencia
dasrulda. civi omis damTavrebasa da yofil ssrk-sa da aRmosavleT
evropaSi komunizmis ngrevasTan erTad, meore msoflio aRar arsebobs.

meore msoflios dasasruli

ruseTi da yofili meore msoflos sazogadoebebi amJamad

konkurentuli sabazro ekonomikisken miiswrafvian, rogorc es
dasavleTis qveynebSia. amasTan, isini cdiloben aaSenon dasavlur
modelebze dafuZnebuli demokratiuli politikuri institutebi.
SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom is, Tu ra xdeba ruseTSi da sxva yofil
komunistur qveynebSi, naklebad exeba britanelTa cxovrebas. Tumca es
ase ar aris. yvela sxva industriul sazogadoebebTan erTad,
gaerTianebuli samefo isea CarTuli globalur ekonomikaSi, rom
movlenebs msoflios sxva nawilebSi momentaluri gavlena aqvs Cvens
aqtivobebze. MmagaliTad, imas, Tu ra moxdeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi,
 21

faqtiurad, SeuZlia gansazRvros, SesZlebT Tu ara kargi samuSaos an

Tundac saerTod samuSaos miRebas umaRlesi saswavleblis damTavrebis
Semdeg, vinaidan xangrZlivi ekonomikuri aRmavloba msoflios
ekonomikur stabilurobazea damokidebuli. Tu ruseTi SesZlebs
ekonomikur da politikur ganviTarebas, nayofieri vaWroba britaneTTan
xelsayreli iqneboda orive qveynisTvis. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
sazogadoebebSi ekonomikuri kolafsis SemTxvevaSi, saziano Sedegebi
SeiZleba aisaxos sxva sazogadoebebis socialur da ekonomikur
stabilurobaze.

mesame msoflos sazogadoebebi

termini ,,mesame msoflio” (pirvelad SemoiRo frangma demografma

alfred sovim), pirobiTad, naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis
mimarT gamoiyeneba, Tumca, garkveuli azriT, es termini mTlad
srulyofili ar aris. Ees saxelwodeba ise JRers, TiTqos es
sazogadoebebi sruliad gancalkevebulni arian industriuli
qveynebisgan, TiTqos Cvengan gamoyofili samyaroa. Tumca es simarTles
sruliad ar Seefereba; mesame msoflios sazogadoebebs mWidro kavSiri
aqvs industriul qveynebTan da piriqiT. isini kolonializmis
zemoqmedebiT Camoyalibdnen (diagrama 3.4) da savaWro kavSirebiT
TandaTan uaxlovdebodnen dasavleTis qveynebs. Tavis mxriv,
urTierTobebi, romelic dasavleTma daamyara msoflios sxva qveynebTan,
Zlier zemoqmedebda maT sakuTar ganviTarebaze. magaliTad, is faqti,
rom Savkaniani mosaxleoba mravladaa SeerTebul StatebSi da
braziliaSi, `adamianebiT vaWrobis~ - monebiT vaWrobis - Sedegia, rac
kolonizatorebma ganaviTares.
Mmesame msoflios sazogadoebebis didi umravlesoba aris im
teritoriebze, romlebmac koloniuri mmarTveloba ganicades aziaSi,
afrikaSi da samxreT amerikaSi. ramdenime maTgani jerac koloniebia (hon-
kongi britanuli kolonia iyo 1997 wlamde, kontrolis xelSekrulebiT
gadaeca CineTs aRniSnul wels). ramdenime koloniam adre moipova
damoukidebloba, haitis msgavsad, romelic 1804 wlis ianvarSi pirvel
 22

Savkanian avtonomiur respublikad iqca. samxreT amerikis espanurma

koloniebma Tavisufleba 1810 wels moipoves, Tumca braziliam
portugaliis mmarTvelobas 1822 wels daaRwia Tavi.
zogierTi qveyana, romelic arasodes iyo evropis mmarTvelobis
qveS, mainc Zlier ganicdida koloniuri urTierTobebis zemoqmedebas,
risi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi CineTia. samxedro Zalis saSualebiT,
CineTi me-17 saukunidan iZulebuli iyo daedo savaWro xelSekrulebebi
evropul saxelmwifoebTan, sanacvlod, evropelebi axorcielebdnen
mmarTvelobas garkveul adgilebSi, Uudidesi sazRvao portebis CaTvliT.
amis ukanaskneli magaliTi hong-kongi iyo. Mmesame msoflios erebis
umetesma nawilma damoukidebeli qveynis statusi mxolod meore
msoflio omis Semdeg moipova, sisxliani antikoloniuri brZolebis
Sedegad. magaliTis saxiT SegviZlia moviyvanoT indoeTi; aseve mTeli
rigi aziis qveynebisa (birma, malaizia da singapuri) da qveynebi afrikaSi
(kenia, nigeria, zairi, tanzania da alJiri).
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom am qveynebSi adamianebi tradiciuli
cxovrebis wess misdeven, mesame msoflios qveynebi mainc Zalze
gansxvavdebian tradiciuli sazogadoebebis adreuli formebisgan. am
qveynebis politikuri sistemebi agebulia dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi
Camoyalibebuli sistemebis mixedviT, anu es eri-saxelmwifoebia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba kvlav soflad
cxovrobs, am sazogadoebebis umravlesoba qalaqmSeneblobis daCqarebul
process ganicdis. Tumca soflis meurneoba ZiriTad ekonomikur
saqmianobad rCeba, mosavali ufro msoflios bazrebze gasayidad mohyavT,
vidre Sida moxmarebisTvis.
(diagrama 3.4. ruka)

afrikis evropuli kolonizacia; meoce saukunis dasawyisis ruka,

romelic aCvenebs evropuli qveynebis `samflobeloebs~ me-18 saukunidan.
wyaro: Phillip Lee et al. World Civilization, 8th edn, vol.2, 1991
G
ganvlil ramdenime weliwadSi, yvelaze Rarib sazogadoebebSi
arsebobis pirobebi, gamosworebis nacvlad, kidev ufro gauaresda.
 23

Sefasebebis mixedviT, 1993 wels mesame msoflios qveynebSi 1,2 miliardi

adamiani cxovrobda siRatakeSi; es mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis
TiTqmis meoTxedia. msoflioSi RaribTa TiTqmis naxevari samxreT aziaSi
cxovrobs, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa indoeTi, birma da kamboja;EerTi
mesamedi Tavmoyrilia afrikaSi; danarCenebi - centralur da samxreT
amerikaSi. 1984-1994 wlebSi cxovrebis maCvenebeli afrikaSi wliuri 2
procentiT daeca. umuSevroba 400 procentiT gaizarda, 100 milioni
umuSevari adamianiT. Qzemo saharis afrikas aseve uzarmazari valebi aqvs.
misi mTliani vali kidev gasammagda. Gyovelwliurad am valis gadasaxadi
oTxjer aRemateba imas, rasac afrikis qveynebis mTavrobebi xarjaven
janmrTelobaze da keTildReobaze.

indoeTi, rogorc mesame msoflios qveynis

magaliTi

indoeTi da CineTi msoflios udidesi qveynebia mosaxleobis

raodenobis TvalsazrisiT. indoeTSi 900 milioni adamiani cxovrobs;
CineTSi 1,200 milioni adamiania, ocdaorjer meti vidre gaerTianebul
samefoSi (UK). indoeTi britaneTis mier kolonizebul iqna orasi wlis
win da igi britaneTis imperiis nawili gaxda. qveyanam britaneTisgan
damoukidebloba meore msoflio omis Semdeg moipova, Tumca igi orad
gaiyo: pakistani, romelic umTavresad islamuria da gamoeyo indoeTis
ZiriTad nawils, sadac induizmi batonobs.
indoeTi rCeba sasoflo-sameurneo qveyanad: samuSao Zalis 33
procenti soflis meurneobaSia dakavebuli. Aaq sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivoba ufro maRalia, vidre mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, Tumca
sakmaod dabali imaze, rac Cveulia industriuli qveynebisTvis. indoeTSi
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebisaTvis 1996
welSi 63 weli iyo. britaneTSi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba amJamad 74
welia mamakacebisTvis da 79 weli qalebisTvis; iaponiaSi, sadac
adamianebi ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre sadme sxvagan, 77 welia
mamakacebisTvis da 83 weli qalebisTvis.
 24

Ppirveli msoflios qveynebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT,

indoeTSi mosaxleoba swrafad matulobs. mosaxleobis zrda
uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikur da saganmanaTleblo resursebze.
indoeTis mosaxleobis mxolod 50 procentia wera-kiTxvis mcodne
(inglisis mosaxleobis 99 procentTan SedarebiT). Ggasuli 30 wlis
ganmavlobaSi mravali adamiani gadavida sacxovreblad soflebidan
qalaqebSi. indoeTis qalaqebi deli, kalkuta da bombei Warbad
dasaxlebulia; mraval adamians quCebSi sZinavs da umuSevaria.
Tumca Secdoma iqneba indoeTis, rogorc dasavluri qveynebis
ubralod `ukan moCanCaled~ ganxilva. indoeTs Zalze mdidari da
mravalferovani kultura aqvs, romelic misi xangrZlivi istoriis,
rogorc tradiciuli civilizaciis memkvdrea. qveyana amJamad ekonomikis
ganviTarebis daCqarebul procesebs ganicdis. indoeTs Zalze Raribi
adamianebis didi ricxvi hyavs, romlebic yoveldRiuri sarCos mopovebiT
arseboben. Tumca mas, agreTve, mdidari adamianebic milionobiT hyavs;
aseve ganviTarebuli mrewveloba maRali teqnologiebiT. misi qalaqebi,
SesaZloa, gadatvirTulia, magram aq iseTi ubnebicaa, romlebic iseve
eleganturi da mdidrulia, rogorc pirveli msoflios qveynebSi.

mesame msoflios siRaribe

mesame msoflios umetes sazogadoebebSi, siRaribe ukiduresi saxiT

soflis regionebSi gvxvdeba. kvebis nakleboba, sicocxlis dabali
xangrZlivoba da dabali standartebis sacxovrebeli, Cveulebriv,
yvelaze mkacrad soflebSia gamoxatuli. mravali Raribi iseT
teritoriaze cxovrobs, sadac miwa mwiria, sasoflo-sameurneo mosavlis
produqtiuloba dabali, gvalva da wyaldidobebi Cveulebrivi ambavia.
qalebi, Cveulebriv, ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre mamakacebi.
isini mraval kulturul, ekonomikur da socialur problemebs
awydebian, romelsac yvelaze araprivilegirebuli mamakacic ki ar
icnobs; magaliTad, qalebi ufro met dros muSaoben da nakleb xelfass
iReben.
 25

Mmesame msoflios qveynebSi adamianebi iseT pirobebSi cxovroben,

rom britaneTSi an sxva industriul qveyanaSi mcxovrebTaTvis es
TiTqmis warmoudgenelia. mraval adamians ara aqvs mudmivi sacxovrebeli,
garda kartoniT an xis nafotebiT aSenebuli TavSesafrisa; mraval
maTgans ara aqvs wylis gayvaniloba, kanalizacia da Suqi. Dda mainc,
milionobiT Raribi adamiania britaneTSi, evropaSi da SeerTebul
StatebSi, da arsebobs kavSiri am sazogadoebebSi siRaribesa da
globalur siRaribes Soris. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi siRatakeSi
mcxovrebi adamianebis TiTqmis naxevari globaluri samxreTidan aris
warmoSobiT. es exeba Savkaniani monebis STamomavlebs, romlebic
saukuneebis win ZaliT Camoiyvanes da ufro gviandel, sakuTari
surviliT Camosul imigrantebs, romlebic laTinuri amerikidan, aziidan
da mravali sxva mxridan Camovidnen.

axlad industrializebadi qveynebi

mesame msoflio gaerTianeba ar aris. Tumca mesame msoflios

qveynebis umetesoba dasavlur sazogadoebebs ekonomikurad CamorCeba,
zogierTi warmatebiT erTveba industrializaciis procesSi. isini
ganixileba, rogorc axlad industrializebadi qveynebi (NIC); esenia
brazilia da meqsika samxreT amerikaSi, da hong-konti, samxreT korea,
singapuri da taivani aRmosavleT aziaSi. Eekonomikuri zrda warmatebul
axlad industrializebad qveynebSi, magaliTad, taivanSi, bevrjer
aRemateba dasavlur industriul ekonomikas. 1968 wels mesame msoflios
arcerTi qveyana ar figurirebda ocdaaT umaRles eqsportior qveyanas
Soris, magram ocdaxuTi wlis Semdeg hong-kongi da samxreT korea
TxuTmet yvelaze warmatebul qveyanaTa rigSi aRmoCnda.
aziis axlad industrializebadma qveynebma, iseve rogorc 1990-ian
wlebSi, ekonomiuri ayvavebis yvelaze warmatebuli done aCvena. es
qveynebi rogorc investiciebs axorcieleben sazRvargareT, aseve xels
uwyoben ekonomikur zrdas sakuTar qveynebSi. samxreT koreis mier
gamomuSavebuli foladi, bolo aTwleulSi, gaormagda, xolo misi
gemTmSenebloba da eleqtronuli industria msoflio liderTa Sorisaa.
 26

singapuri umTavresi finansuri da komerciuli centri xdeba mTels

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi. taivani samrewvelo da eleqtronuli
industriis mniSvnelovani monawilea. MmTeli es ganviTareba uSualod
axdens gavlenas britaneTze, romlis wili, magaliTad, saerTo foladis
warmoebaSi, bolo ocdaaTi wlis manZilze, mniSvnelovnad daeca.
Aam sazogadoebebSi cxovrebis wesic swrafad icvleba. Mmdidari
adamianebi aziis qveynebSi sul ufro meti enTuziazmiT erTvebian
moxmarebis axal sistemaSi.
`azieli mdidari daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba: igi imoseba
feragamos dizainiT Sesrulebul perangebsa da yelsaxvevebSi, roleqsis
an karties saaTs da luis vitonis tyavis xelCanTas atarebs, xels
awers monblanis kalmistriT, samsaxurSi sakuTari mbzinvare BMW-Ti
midis, gauTaveblad laparakobs motorolas mobiluriT, mTel Tavis
Semosavals amerikul eqspress baraTze aTavsebs, singapuris aeroxazebiT
mogzaurobs, flobs apartaments qalaqSi da agaraks qalaqgareT (Naislitt
1995, gv. 31).
simdidre da samomxmareblo swrafva qorwinebisa da ojaxis
tradiciul formebTan da zogjer arsebobisTvis brZolasa da soflis
siRatakesTan erTad arsebobs.

socialuri cvlileba dRes: globalizacia

maxlobel maRaziaSi an supermarketSi Sesvlisas, daakvirdiT

SemoTavazebuli produqtebis simravles. saqonlis is mravalferovneba,
rasac dasavleTSi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomad miviCnevT, visac fuli
aqvs, damokidebulia saocrad kompleqsur ekonomikur kavSirebze, rac
mTel msoflios moicavs. gamofenili saqoneli an misi damzadebisTvis
saWiro ingredientebi da nawilebi, asobiT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mzaddeba.
yvelaferi es regularulad unda iqnes transportirebuli mTels
msoflioSi, xolo milionobiT yoveldRiuri gacvlis sawarmoeblad,
saWiroa informaciis mudmivi miwodeba.
 27

sazogadoebebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi

tipi arsebobis periodi maxasiaTeblebi

pirveli msoflios meTvramete dafuZnebulia samrewvelo

sazogadoebebi saukunidan dRemde warmoebaze da ZiriTadad
Tavisufal mewarmeobaze.
adamianTa umravlesoba
cxovrobs qalaqebSi, mcire
ricxvi misdevs soflis
meurneobas.
Warbobs klasobrivi
uTanasworoba, Tumca
naklebad aris
gamJRavnebuli, vidre
tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi.
gamorCeuli politikuri
erTobebi an eri-
saxelmwifoebia: dasavleTis
erebi, iaponia, avstralia da
axali zelandia

meore msoflios meoce saukunis dasa- dafuZnebulia industriaze,

sazogadoebebi wyisidan (1917 wlis Tumca ekonomikuri sistema
ruseTis revoluciis gegmiuria.
Semdeg) adreul 1990- mosaxleobis mcire nawili
ian wlebamde muSaobs soflis
meurneobaSi, umetesoba
qalaqebSi cxovrobs.
klasobrivi uTanasworoba
arsebobs. gamorCeuli
politikuri erTobebi an
eri- saxelmwifoebia.
1989 wlamde Seadgenda
sabWoTa kavSirs da
aRmosavleT evropas, Tumca
socialurma da politikurma
cvlilebebma, isini
gadaaqcia Tavisufal
sawarmoo ekonomikur
sistemebad da Semdgom
pirveli msoflios
sazogadoebebad.

mesame msoflios meTvramete mosaxleobis umravlesoba

sazogadoebebi saukunidan eweva sasoflo-sameurneo
(umTavresad rogorc samuSaoebs da iyenebs
koloniebi) dRemde warmoebis tradiciul
meTodebs.
zogierTi soflis meurneo-
is produqti igzavneba
 28

msoflio bazrebze
zogierTs Tavisufali
mewarmeobis sistema aqvs,
danarCenebs gegmiuri
ekonomika.
gamorCeuli politikuri
erTobebi an eri-saxelmwi-
foebia: CineTi, indoeTi,
afrikis umetesi da samxreT
amerikis erebi.

axalad 1970-iani wlebidan yofili mesame msoflios

industrializebadi dRemde qveynebi; amJamad efuZneba
qveynebi samrewvelo warmoebas da
ZiriTadad Tavisufal
mewarmeobas.
adamianTa umravlesoba
qalaqebSi cxovrobs da
mxolod mcire nawilia
dakavebuli soflis
meurneobiT.
klasobrivi uTanasworoba
metad gamJRavnebulia, vidre
pirveli msoflios
sazogadoebebSi. saSualo
Semosavali erT sul
mosaxleze naklebia, vidre
pirveli msoflios
sazogadoebebSi.
es qveynebia: hong-kongi,
samxreT korea, singapuri,
taivani, brazilia, meqsika.

`Cvens dromde - wers anTropologi piter uorsli (Peter Worsley 1984,

gv. 1) - erTiani adamianuri sazogadoeba ar arsebobda~, gulisxmobda ra,
rom arc ise didi xania, rac SegviZlia saubari socialuri kavSirebis
formebze, ramac mTeli dedamiwa moicva. msoflio, mniSvnelovanwilad,
erT socialur sistemad iqca, rogorc sul ufro mzardi
urTierTdamokidebulebis Sedegi, rac, arsebiTad, yvela adamianze
axdens zemoqmedebas. globaluri sistema ar aris ubralod garemo,
romlis farglebSi konkretuli sazogadoeba – magaliTad britaneTi –
viTardeba da icvleba. socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri
kavSirebi, romlebic qveynebs Soris sazRvrebs kveTen, mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvraven maTSi mcxovrebi adamianebis beds.Mmsoflio sazogadoebis
 29

sul ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebulebis aRmniSvneli ZiriTadi

terminia globalizacia.
MmsoflioSi arc erTi sazogadoeba aRar cxovrobs sxvebisgan
savsebiT izolirebulad; yvelaze mdidar qveynebSic ki yoveli adamiani
im saqonelzea damokidebuli, rac ucxoeTidan Semodis. magaliTad,
inglisSi TiTqmis yvela televizori, rac gayidvaSia, sazRvargareT aris
damzadebuli an awyobili, umTavresad Soreul aRmosavleTSi. kidev erTi
Sesaferisi SemTxveva saavtomobilo industrias exeba. daaxloebiT
ormoci wlis win, SeerTebuli Statebis saavtomobilo warmoeba ufro
mZlavri iyo, vidre yvela qveynisa erTad aRebuli. amJamad SeerTebuli
Statebi mxolod mesame adgilzea, evropa da iaponia ufro met
avtomobils uSvebs. ufro metic, manqanebis asawyobad saWiro nawilebi
mraval sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mzaddeba. MmagaliTad, ford mondeos
avtomobilis nawilebi 112 sxvadasxva adgilas mzaddeba, romelic
Teqvsmet qveyanas da sam kontinents moicavs. Tavad avtomobilis
saxelwodeba `mondeo~ saavtomobilo warmoebis globalur xasiaTs
aRniSnavs. globalizaciis procesebma uamravi mogeba moutana mraval
industriul sazogadoebas: gacilebiT mravalferovani saqoneli da
sursaTi, vidre es manamde iyo. amave dros, im faqtma, rom yvelani erTad
Cabmulni varT gacilebiT ufro farTo msoflioSi, gamoiwvia mravali
seriozuli problema, romlis winaSec vdgavarT.
Gglobalizaciis procesebi yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri
cvlilebebis rigs ganekuTvneba, rac amJamad mimdinareobs.
sociologiuri analizi, romelic mxolod calkeuli sazogadoebebis
SeswavliT Semoifargleba, sul ufro moZvelebuli xdeba. rogorc
adamianuri arsebebi, Cven sul ufro metad viziarebT saerTo beds.
fundamenturi problemebi, romlebsac adamiani awydeba, magaliTad,
ekologiuri katastrofis daZleva, an farTomasStabiani samxedro
dapirispirebis Tavidan acileba, Tavisi masStabebiT globaluria.

daskvna
 30

miuxedavad sul ufro mzardi ekonomikuri da kulturuli

urTierTdamokidebulebisa, globalur wesrigs TiSavs uTanasworoba da
is, rom saxelmwifoebs, rogorc erTiani gadasafareblis sxvadasxva
nakuwebs, gaaCniaT rogorc saerTo, aseve gansxvavebuli interesebi. ar
arsebobs raime politikuri konvergenciis indikatori, rac gadalaxavda
qveynebis konfliqtur interesebs axlo momavalSi. erT-erTi aqtualuri
sakiTxi, rac awuxebs msoflio sazogadoebas, is aris, rom miuxedavad
gaerTianebuli erebis (United Nations) arsebobisa, mzard globalizacias ar
mosdevs arc politikuri integracia da arc saerTaSoriso
uTanasworobis Semcireba simdidrisa da Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT.

Sejameba

1. SesaZlebelia ganvasxvavoT premodernuli sazogadoebis

(sazogadoebis forma, romelic win uswrebs industriuli sazogadoebis
ganviTarebas) ramdenime tipi. MmonadireTa da SemgrovebelTa
sazogadoebebSi ar mohyavT xorbali an uvlian saqonels, aramed
cxovroben mcenareTa SegrovebiTa da cxovelebze nadirobiT.
mesaqonleTa sazogadoeba isaa, sadac moSinaurebuli cxovelebis movla
adamianTa arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa. miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi
amuSaveben miwis garkveul nakveTebs. Uufro didi, ganviTarebuli
miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi ayalibeben tradiciul qveynebs an
civilizaciebs.
2. dasavleTis ganviTarebam da eqspansiam igi miiyvana msoflios
bevri regionis dapyrobamde, ramac radikalurad Secvala didi xnis
Camoyalibebuli socialuri sistemebi da kulturebi. Ees procesebi
ukavSirdeboda kolonializms, dasavluri mmarTvelobis da dasavluri
kontrolis dawesebas.
3. industriul saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikis ZiriTadi safuZveli
samrewvelo warmoeba xdeba. Ppirveli msoflios industriul qveynebs
ganekuTvnebian `dasavleTis~ erebi da iaponia, avstralia da axali
zelandia.
 31

4. meore msoflios qveynebi industriuli saxelmwifoebi iyo,

romelic komunisturi mTavrobebiT imarTeboda. 1989 wlis revoluciebis
Semdeg, DaRmosavleT evropasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, ramac
komunizmi ngrevamde miiyvana, meore msoflios qveynebi aRar arsebobs.
5. mesame msoflios anu ganviTarebadi qveynebi, sadac msoflios
mosaxleobis umetesi nawili cxovrobs, umetesad, yofili koloniuri
teritoriebia. mosaxleobis umetesi nawili soflis meurneobis
produqtebis moyvanaze muSaobs. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom mesame msoflios
sazogadoebebi Zalze Raribia industriul erebTan SedarebiT, maTma
umciresobam (NIC anu axali industriuli qveynebi) am bolo dros
swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTareba ganicada.
6. msoflios qveynebi sul ufro urTierTdamokidebuli gaxda – es
procesi globalizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili. Mmsoflio socialuri
urTierTobebis ganviTareba gulisxmobs didi masStabis uTanasworobas
industriul da mesame msoflios Rarib qveynebs Soris.
7. dRes globalizacia gavlenas axdens adamianebis cxovrebaze
yvela qveyanaSi - mdidarsa da RaribSi - rac cvlis ara mxolod
globalur sistemebs, aramed yoveldRiur cxovrebas. Gglobalizaciam
ver warmoqmna unificirebuli msoflio; aramed, amis sawinaaRmdegod, man
gamoiwvia socialuri dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi, romelsac
winamdebare wignis sxvadasxva TavSi ganvixilavT.

damatebiTi literatura

Brian M.Fagan, People of the Earth (London: Harper Collins, 1992). avtoritetuli
gamokvlevis bolo gamocema, adamianuri kulturis warmoSobisa da
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb.
Stephan H aggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of growth in the Newly
Industrialized Countries (Ithaca, N .Y.: C ornell U niversity Press, 1990 ).
industrializaciis politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis analizi
ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
 32

Leslie H olmes, Post-Communism: An Introduction (Cambrige: P olity P ress, 1996)

komunisturi Zalauflebis dacemis Semdgomi sazogadoebebis pirveli
vrceli analizi.
Sheilagh C . Ogilvie and M arkus G erman ( eds), European Proto-Industrialisation
(Cambridge: C ambridge U nivwrsity P ress, 1996) evropaSi industrializaciis
procesebis vrceli analizi.
Robert S kidelsky, The World after Communism: A Polemic for our Times (London:
Macmillan, 1995) . Ddiskusia aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebis savaraudo
momavlis Sesaxeb, komunizmis dacemis Semdeg.

mniSvnelovani terminebi???
Tavi 4
socialuri urTierTqmedeba da
yoveldRiuri cxovreba

ZiriTadi cnebebi
yoveldiuri cxovrebis Seswavla
araverbaluri komunikacia

saxe, Jestebi da emociebi

`saxe~ da kultura

socialuri wesebi da saubari

urTierTgageba. Ggarfinkelis eqsperimentebi.
saubris formebi. sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi. wamocdena

saxe, sxeuli da metyveleba

kontaqtebi. Mmarkerebi. STabeWdilebis marTva. wina da ukana plani.
rolebis SeTviseba: intimuri saxis gamocda. Ppirovnuli sivrce

urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi

saaTobrivi dro

yoveldRiuri cxovreba kulturul da istoriul perspeqtivaSi

siaxlovis Zaldataneba

mikrosociologia da makrosociologia

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi
 2

ZiriTadi cnebebi:
socialuri urTierTqmedeba. kontaqti.
socialuri roli. socialuri pozicia.

qalaqis quCaSi ori adamiani erTmaneTisken miemarTeba. Soridan

isini Tvals Seavleben erTmaneTs da TiToeuli maTgani swrafad
afiqsirebs meoris saxesa da Cacmulobis stils. gverdze Cavlisas, isini
erTmaneTs Tvals arideben. aseTi SemTxvevebi milionobiT gvxvdeba mTeli
msoflios qalaqebSi.
im situaciaSi, rodesac es adamianebi Soridan Tvals Seavleben da
miaxloebisas Tvals arideben erTmaneTs, irvin gofmanis Tanaxmad (Erving
Goffman, 1967, 1971) , isini samoqalaqo uyuradRebobis demonstrirebas
axdenen, rasac erTmaneTisgan moviTxovT mraval situaciaSi. samoqalaqo
uyuradReboba meore pirovnebis ubralod ignorireba ar aris. Yyoveli
individi mianiSnebs, rom cnobs meore pirovnebis iq yofnas, Tumca
araviTari JestiT ar gamoxatavs amas, rom Zalze momabezrebeli ar iyos.
samoqalaqo uyuradReoba raRac iseTia, rac met-naklebad aracnobieria,
Tumca mas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs Cven yoveldRur cxovrebaSi.
Aamis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa, moviyvanoT magaliTebi, sadac
adgili ara aqvs samoqalaqo uyuradRebobas. rodesac erTi adamiani
meores daJinebiT uyurebs da aSkarad gamoxatavs emocias, es normaluria
sayvareli adamianis, ojaxis wevris an axlo megobris mimarT. ucxo
adamianebs an SemTxveviT nacnobebs Tu SexvdebiT quCaSi, samuSaoze an
wveulebaze, arasodes unda CaaSterdeT amgvarad. amgvari qmedeba,
SesaZloa, aRqmul iqnes, rogorc mtruli ganwyoba. am praqtikas ucnobebi
mxolod maSin iyeneben, roca ori jgufi Zalze antagonisturia
erTmaneTis mimarT. warsulSi, amiT iyvnen cnobilni TeTrkanianebi aSS-Si,
roca `moZule mzeras~ gaayolebdnen gzad Semxvedr Savkanianebs.
Mmegobrebic ki, guliTadi saubrisas, frTxilad unda moekidon
imas, Tu rogor uyureben erTmaneTs. yoveli individi yuradRebas da
monawileobas afiqsirebs saubrisas meore adamianis TvalebSi yurebiT,
Tumca ar aSterdeba mas. Zalze CaSterebuli yureba SeiZleba aRqmul
iqnes sxvisi monaTxrobis ardajerebis an sulac vergagebis niSnad.
 3

Tumca, zogierTi adamiani, romelic sruliad ar uyurebs mosaubres,

SeiZleba miCneul iqnes arapirdapir, cbier an ucnaur adamianad.

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Seswavla

ratom unda davinteresdeT socialuri qcevis aseTi aSkarad

trivialuri aspeqtebiT? QquCaSi vinmes gverdiT Cavla da ramdenime
sityviT megobarTan gasaubreba, umniSvnelo da Cveulebriv qmedebad
gamoiyureba, Cven amas dReSi mravaljer vakeTebT da araviTar
mniSvnelobas ar vaniWebT. FsinamdvileSi, socialuri urTierTqmedebis
aseTi umniSvnelo formebis Seswavlas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs
sociologiaSi; isini sakmaod sainteresoa da sociologiuri kvlevis
sferos yvelaze did nawils moicavs, rac ori mizeziTaa gamowveuli.
pirveli, Cveni yoveldRiuri rutina, TiTqmis uwyveti
urTierTobebiT sxvebTan, Cveni saqmianobis xasiaTsa da formas
gansazRvravs. misi SeswavliT, Cven SegviZlia Zalze bevri ram SevityoT
sakuTari Tavis, rogorc socialuri arsebebis da sakuTriv socialuri
cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Cveni cxovreba, dRidan dRemde, kviridan kviramde da
wlidan wlamde, qcevis erTgvarovani modelebiT yalibdeba. magaliTad,
ifiqre imaze, Tu ra gaakeTe guSin an guSinwin. Tu orive dRe samuSao
iyo, Sen, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTi da imave dros adeqi (TavisTavad
mniSvnelovani rutina), waxvedi skolaSi an leqciebze diliT da
Seasrule erTidaigive marSruti skolamde an institutamde, rasac,
rogorc wesi, yovel samuSao dRes asruleb. Sen, SesaZloa, Sexvdi Sens
megobrebs da waxvediT erTad sadilad, naSuadRevs ki daubrundiT
Tqvens mecadineobas. MmogvianebiT, igive marSruti SeasruleT saxlamde
da, SesaZloa, saRamos ukve sxva megobrebTan erTad gaxvedi saxlidan.
ra Tqma unda, rutina, rasac yoveldRiurad vasrulebT, identuri
ar aris, xolo Cveni qmedebebis xasiaTi samuSao dReebSi, gansxvavdeba
dasvenebis dReebis qmedebebisgan. xolo Tu arsebiTad SevcvliT Cvens
cxovrebas, vTqvaT, davamTavrebT kolejs da daviwyebT muSaobas, maSin
Cveni yoveldRiuri rutina aucileblad icvleba; am dros, Cven Tavidan
CamovayalibebT axal da sakmaod regularul qcevis wesebs.
 4

Mmeore, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebis

Seswavla, naTels hfens ufro didi socialuri sistemebis da
institutebis saqmianobas. Ffaqtobrivad, yvela didmasStabiani
socialuri sistemebi socialuri urTierTqmedebis im modelzea
damokidebuli, rasTanac Cven yoveldRiurad varT dakavSirebulni. amis
demonstrireba siZneles ar warmoadgens. Kkvlav ganvixiloT ori ucnobi
adamianis Sexvedra quCaSi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aseT SemTxvevas
naklebad aqvs saqme socialuri organizaciis farTomasStabian da ufro
myar formebTan. magram, Tu ganvixilavT amgvari urTierTqmedebebis
mraval SemTxvevas, saqme ase ar gaxlavT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi,
qalaqebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesoba mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSia
imaTTan, visac isini pirovnulad ar icnoben. moqalaqeobrivi
uyuradReboba erT-erTia im meqanizmebs Soris, rac acocxlebs qalaqs,
misi xmauriani xalxmravlobiTa da upirovno kontaqtebiT.
winamdebare TavSi, Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT araverbalur
miniSnebebs (saxis gamometyveleba da fizikuri Jestebi), rasac TiToeuli
CvenTagani iyenebs erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis dros. Semdeg gadavalT
yoveldRiuri metyvelebis analizze – Tu rogor viyenebT enas,
sxvebisTvis sasurveli azris gadasacemad. da bolos, fokusirebas
movaxdenT im saSualebebze, riTac Cvens cxovrebas yoveldRiuri rutina
ayalibebs, gavamaxvilebT ra gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imaze, Tu rogor
vaxdenT Cveni qmedebebis koordinirebas drosa da sivrceSi.

araverbaluri komunikacia

socialuri urTierTqmedeba araverbaluri komunikaciis

mravalricxovan formebs moiTxovs – informaciisa da azris gacvlas
saxis gamometyvelebiT, JestebiTa da moZraobebiT. araverbalur
komunikacias zogjer ganixilaven, rogorc `sxeulis enas,~ Tumca es
mcdari azria, vinaidan amgvar araverbalur miniSnebebs, Cveulebriv,
viyenebT sityvierad gamoTqmulis asacileblad an gasaZliereblad.

saxe, Jestebi da emocia

 5

Aaraverbaluri komunikaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi aspeqti, saxis

gamometyvelebiT emociebis gamoxatvaa. Ppol ekmanma da misma kolegebma
Seqmnes sistema, rasac isini saxis moZraobis kodirebis sistemas (FACS)
uwodebdnen da rac sWirdebodaT saxis kunTebis moZraobebis
dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic gansakuTrebul gamometyvelebas
gansazRvravs (Ekman & Friesen 1978). Aam mizniT, isini Seecadnen garkveuli
sicxade SeetanaT im sferoSi, romelic Ria iyo SeuTavsebadi da
winaaRmdegobrivi interpretaciebisTvis, vinaidan Zalian mcire Tanxmoba
Tu arsebobs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda iyos
identificirebuli da klasificirebuli emociebi. Eevoluciuri Teoriis
Seqmneli Carlz darvini amtkicebda, rom emociuri gamoxatvis ZiriTadi
formebi msgavsia yvela adamianur arsebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
mtkicebas zogi mecnieri ekamaTeboda, ekmanis gamokvlevebi, rac
tardeboda gansxvavebuli kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris,
rogorc Cans, adasturebs amas. Eekmanma da frizenma ikvlies
izolirebuli Temi axal gvineaSi, romlis wevrebs manamde, faqtiurad,
ar hqoniaT kontaqti ucxoebTan. rodesac maT anaxes saxis
gamometyvelebis gamomxatveli suraTebi, romlebic adamianis eqvs
emocias Seesabameboda (bedniereba, naRveli, sibraze, siZulvili, SiSi,
gaoceba), axali gvineis aRniSnuli Temis wevrebma SesZles am emociebis
identificireba.
Eekmanis Tanaxmad, misi sakuTari da sxva mecnierebis msgavsi
gamokvlevebis Sedegebi ganamtkicebs mosazrebas, rom emociebis
saxismieri gamoxatva da interpretacia adamianebSi Tandayolilia. Mmas
esmis, rom misi monacemebi saboloo ar aris da, SesaZloa, am procesSi
farTod gavrcelebuli kulturuli daswavlis gamocdileba iyos
CarTuli; Tumca, misi daskvnebi sxva saxis kvlevebiTac aris
damowmebuli. i. eibl-eibesfeldtma gamoikvlia eqvsi dabadebiT yru da
brma bavSvi imisaTvis, rom daedgina, gansakuTrebul emociur situaciebSi
ramdenad erTnairi saxis gamometyveleba eqnebodaT maT da im bavSvebs,
visac esmodaT da xedavdnen (1973). aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi iRimebodnen,
rodesac aSkarad sasiamovno qmedebebSi erTvebodnen; gakvirvebulebi
 6

warbebs iwevdnen, rodesac raime sagans ucxo suni sdioda; da

iRuSebodnen, rodesac ramdenjerme arasasiamovno sagans SesTavazebdnen.
imis gamo, rom isini ver xedavdnen sxva adamianebis Sesabamis qcevas,
unda vivaraudoT, rom es reaqciebi Tandayolili iyo.
FACS–is gamoyenebiT, ekmanma da frizenma, Cvil bavSvebSi saxis
kunTebis diskretuli moZraobis mravali SemTxvevis identificireba
moaxdines, rac aseve mozrdilebSi emociis gamoxatvisas dafiqsirda.
magaliTad, Cvili bavSvebi da mozrdilebi saxis gamometyvelebiT msgavs
emociebs gamoxataven mJave gemos SegrZnebisas (tuCebis mokumviT an
moRuSviT). Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxis gamometyvelebiT emociis
gamovlena nawilobriv Tandayolilia, individualuri da kulturuli
faqtorebi mainc zemoqmedebs saxis moZraobis formebsa da im
konteqstebze, romlebSic maTi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia. rogor
iRimebian adamianebi, magaliTad, maTi tuCebisa da saxis sxva kunTebis
zusti moZraoba da maTi wamieri Rimili, gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva
kulturaSi.
ar arsebobs Jestebi an sxeulis poza, rac erTnairad axasiaTebs
yvela an umetes kulturas. magaliTad, zogierT sazogadoebaSi,
uaryofis niSnad adamianebi Tavs dagiqneven, rac anglo-amerikul
praqtikaSi sawinaaRmdegos anu Tanxmobas niSnavs. Jestebi, rasac
evropelebi da amerikelebi farTod gamoiyeneben, rogoricaa TiTiT
Cveneba, garkveul xalxebSi ar arsebobs (Bull 1983) . Aaseve, loyaze TiTis
mideba da datrialeba qebis Jestadaa miRebuli italiis zogierT
nawilSi, magram sxvagan arsad ar aris cnobili.
saxis gamometyvelebis msgavsad, Jestebi da sxeulis moZraobebi
mudmivad gamoiyeneba sityvebis magivrad da azris gadasacemad, rodesac
realurad arafers amboben. samive saSualeba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
xumrobisTvis, ironiis dasafiqsireblad an skepticizmis
gasamJRavneblad. is aravelbaluri gamoxatvebi, rasac xSirad uneburad
gadavcemT, miuTiTebs, rom rasac vambobT, yovelTvis is ar aris, rasac
sinamdvileSi vgulisxmobT. yvelaze cxadi magaliTi, albaT, adamianis
gawiTlebaa, Tumca sxvebma, SesaZloa, sxva ufro Sesabamisi indikatorebi
SearCion. gulwrfeli saxis gamometyveleba oTxi-xuTi wamis Semdeg
 7

qreba. Rimilma, rac ufro metxans gastans, SeiZleba tyuili dagvanaxos;

gaocebuli gamometyveleba, romelic didxans grZeldeba, SesaZloa,
ganzrax iqnes gamoyenebuli parodiad – imis saCveneblad, rom individi,
realurad, srulebiTac ar aris gakvirvebuli, maSinac ki, roca amis
mizezi gaaCnia.

`saxe~ da kultura

sityva `saxe,~ SesaZloa, aseve ganvixiloT sxvebis mier individis

Sefasebad. yoveldRiur socialur cxovrebaSi, didi yuradReba eqceva
`saxis SenarCunebas.~ sazogadoebriv TavyrilobebSi, imas, rasac
Tavazianobas an etikets vuwodebT, umetesad, qcevis ugulebelyofis
aspeqtebs gulisxmobs, ramac, SesaZloa, saxis dakargvamde migviyvanos.
Cven ar ganvixilavT individis cxovrebis warsul epizodebs an pirovnul
maxasiaTeblebs, ramac, gaxmaurebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, uxerxuloba
gamoiwvios. Cven vcdilobT Tavi SevikavoT xumrobebisgan siqaClis
Sesaxeb, Tu viciT, rom romeliRac adamiani Tmis pariks iyenebs. es im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu axlo megobrebis wreSi ar vimyofebiT. taqti Tavis
dacvis erT-erTi saSualebaa, rasac yvela pirovneba iyenebs im imediT,
rom, sapasuxod, misi sakuTari sisusteebi ar iqneba sajarod
gamJRavnebuli. Aamitom Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba ubralod ki ar
mimdinareobs, aramed, sxvebTan urTierTqmedebisas, Cven ostaturad
vinarCunebT mudmiv kontrols saxis gamometyvelebaze, Jestebsa da
moZraobebze, Tumca umetesad gaucnobiereblad.
zogieri individi mSvenivrad axerxebs saxis gamometyelebis
kontrols da Zalze taqtiania sxva adamianebis mimarT. MmagaliTad,
warmatebul diplomats msubuqad da komfortulad unda SeeZlos
urTierTqmedeba sxvebTan, romelTa Sexedulebebs, SesaZloa, ar
eTanxmebodes an miuReblad miaCndes. iman, Tu rogori warmatebiT
axerxebs amas, SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos mTeli erebis bedze.
magaliTad, daxvewil diplomatias ZaluZs Seanelos daZabuloba qveynebs
Soris da Tavidan aicilos omi.
 8

socialuri wesebi da saubari

miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTar qcevasa da sxvebis qcevis gaazrebaSi

rutinulad viyenebT araverbalur miniSnebebs, Cveni urTierTqmedebis
umetesi nawili laparakiT – SemTxveviTi verbaluri urTierTobiT –
sxvebTan araformaluri saubrebiT xorcieldeba. sociologebi
yovelTvis Tvlidnen, rom enas fundamenturi mniSvneloba eniWeba
socialuri cxovrebisTvis. Tumca, axlaxans gaCnda midgoma, romelic
gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulia, Tu rogor iyeneben adamianebi enas
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveul konteqstebSi. saubrebis kvlevaze Zlieri
gavlena irvin gofmanis Sromebma moaxdina, Tumca am tipis kvlevebSi
yvelaze gavleniani mainc eTnomeTodologiis fuZemdebeli harold
garfinkelia (Garfinkel 1984).
EeTnomeTodologia `eTnomeTodebis~ - im xalxuri Tu yofiTi
meTodebis - Seswavlaa, rasac adamianebi imis gasacnobiereblad iyeneben,
Tu ras akeTeben, gansakuTrebiT ki, ras amboben sxvebi. Cven yvela
viyenebT am meTodebs, rogorc wesi, maTi gacnobierebis gareSe. xSirad,
Cven mxolod maSin vxvdebiT saubris Sinaarss, roca misi socialuri
konteqsti viciT, rac Tavad sityvebSi ar Cans. magaliTisTvis Semdegi
saubari movitanoT (Heritage 1984):
A. me ToTxmeti wlis vaJi myavs.
B. Zalian kargi.
A. me, aseve, ZaRlic myavs
B. oh, Zalian vwuxvar.
rogor fiqrobT, ra xdeba aq? rogori urTierToba aqvT saubris
monawileebs? Cven mxolod maSin mivxvdebiT saubris Sinaars, Tu
gvecodineba, rom saubari damqiravebelsa da saxlis patrons Soris
mimdinareobs. zogierTi mepatrone Tanaxmaa bavSvebze, Tumca nebas ar
rTavs damqiravebels, hyavdes cxovelebi. Tu Cven ar viciT socialuri
konteqsti, maSin individ A-s gamonaTqvamebsa da B-s pasuxebs Soris
kavSirs ver movZebniT. azris nawili sityvebSia, xolo nawili saubarTan
dakavSirebul socialur konteqstSi.
 9

urTierTgageba

yoveldRiuri saubrebis yvelaze umniSvnelo formebic ki rTul

urTierTgagebasa da codnas gulisxmobs, rasac am `TamaSSi~ mopaeqre
mxareebi iyeneben. sinamdvileSi, Cveni patara saubrebi ise rTulia, rom
dRemde SeuZlebelia iseTi srulyofili kompiuteris Seqmna, romelic
adamianebTan saubars SesZlebda. Cveulebriv, saubarSi gamoyenebuli
sityvebi yovelTvis ar aRniSnavs zust azrs; Cven `vafiqsirebT,~ ra
gvsurs vTqvaT, imis saSualebiT, rac xmamaRla ar gamogviTqvams da rac
saubris fons warmoadgens. Tu maria ekiTxeba toms `ras akeTebdi guSin?~
ar arsebobs cxadi pasuxi, rac TavisTavad sityvebiT SeiZleba gadmoices.
mTeli dRe sakmao dros moicavs da logikuri iqeba Semdegi pasuxi: `rvis
Teqvsmet wuTze gameRviZa, rvis Tvramet wuTze avdeqi, Sevedi abazanaSi
da kbilebi gavixexe. rvis cxramet wuTze CavrTe cxeli wyali
dasabanad...~ Cven gvesmis, rom SekiTxvaze pasuxis tipi moiTxovs mariasgan
imis kargad codnas, Tu ra saxis saqmianobas ewevian isini erTad da ras
akeTebs xolme tomi, Cveulebriv, kviris am konkretul dRes, sxva
saqmeebTan erTad.
garfinkelis eqsperimentebi

`safuZvelmdebare molodinebi~, rac yoveldRiuri saubrebis

organizebaSi gvexmareba, garfinkelma rigi eqsperimentebiT gaaSuqa,
romelsac igi moxalise studentebTan atarebda. students saubarSi unda
Caeba megobari an naTesavi, da SemTxveviTi SeniSvnebi da zogadi
komentarebi aexsna, raTa maTi mniSvneloba ufro zusti gaexada. Tu vinme
ityoda `mSvenier dRes gisurveb,~ students unda epasuxa `mSveniers ra
azriT?~, `dRis romel nawils gulisxmob?~ da a.S. erT-erTi aseTi
dialogi Semdegnairad warimarTa (Garfinkel 1963):
S. rogora xar?
F. rogora var rasTan mimarTebaSi? janmrTelobiT, finansurad,
saskolo samuSaoTi, simSvidis TvalsazrisiT...…
S. (gawiTlda da uceb moTmineba dakarga) ici ra! Mme mxolod
Tavaziani mindoda vyofiliyavi. sruliadac ar mainteresebs, rogor xar.
 10

ratom gamodian moTminebidan adamianebi, rodesac saubris savsebiT

umniSvnelo konvenciebi irRveva? pasuxi is aris, rom Cveni youldRiuri
socialuri cxovrebis stabiloba da sazrisi damokidebulia
gamouTqmeli kulturuli varaudebis gaziarebaze imis Taobaze, Tu ra
da ratom iTqva. Tu amas TavisTavad cxadad ar miviRebT, sazrisis mqone
komunikacia SeuZlebeli iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, nebismier SekiTxvas an
saubars mohyveba masiuri `kvlevis procedura~, rac garfinkelis
subieqtebma wamoiwyes, da urTierTqmedeba ubralod Sewydeba. Aamitom is,
rac, erTi SexedviT, saubris umniSvnelo konvenciebad gvesaxeba,
sinamdvileSi fundamenturia socialuri cxovrebisTvis, amitomacaa, rom
maTi darRveva aseT seriozul Sedegebs iwvevs.
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, zog SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ganzrax
aCveneben, rom ar esmiT, ra igulisxmeba. es SeiZleba imitom xdeba, rom
moigerion sxvebi, dascinon maT, gamoiwvion uxerxuloba, an yuradReba
gaamaxvilon mniSvnelobis orazrovnebaze. magaliTad, ganvixiloT es
klasikuri paeqroba mSobelsa da Tineijers Soris.
m. sad midixar?
T. gareT.
m. ra unda gaakeTo?
T. araferi.
Tineijeris es pasuxi namdvilad sapirispiroa garfinkelis
eqsperimentebis moxaliseTa pasuxebisa. uars ambobs ra saTanado pasuxis
gacemaze, Tineijeri arsebiTad gulisxmobs: `mixede Sens saqmes.~
pirvelma kiTxvam, SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli pasuxi gamoiwvios sxva
adamianisgan, sxva konteqstSi:
A. sad midixar?
B. me kuTxeSi unda Cavuxvio.
B–s ganzrax ar esmis A-s SekiTxva, raTa ironiaSi gadaitanos
aRelveba an wuxili. komedia da xumroba agebulia im gamouTqmeli
ganzraxvebis TiTqosda vergagebaze, rasac saubari Seicavs. masSi saSiSi
araferia, radgan monawile mxareebi acnobiereben erTmaneTis ganzraxvas,
rom gamoiwvion Rimili.
 11

saubris formebi

sakmaod keTilgonieri gamocdilebaa, xmis CamweriT sakuTari

saubris mosmena an Canaweris wakiTxva. saubrebi gacilebiT metad
dabneuli, gaubedavi da gaumarTavia, vidre es bevr adamians
warmoudgenia. rodesac yoveldRiur saubrebSi vmonawileobT, migvaCnia,
rom Cveni saubari sakmaod daxvewilia, vinaidan Cven aracnobierad
vavsebT, ukana planze, realurad warmoTqmul sityvebs; Tumca,
sinamdvileSi, cocxali saubari sakmaod gansxvavdeba romanebSi
gadmocemuli saubrebisgan, sadac gmirebi saubroben kargad
Camoyalibebuli da gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebebiT.
Ggofmanis naSromiT samoqalaqo uyuradRebobis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom yoveldRiuri saubrebis analizi sociologiis mTavar
interess naklebad Seesabameba; marTlac, bevri sociologi swored amis
gamo iyo kritikuli eTnomeTodologiuri kvlevis mimarT. Tumca,
zogierTi argumenti, romelic TvalsaCinos xdis, Tu ratomaa gofmanis
naSromi ase mniSvnelovani sociologiisTvis, aseTive warmatebiT
SegviZlia ganvavrcoT eTnomeTodologiaze. yoveldRiuri saubris
Seswavlam dagvanaxa, Tu rogori rTulia im enis floba, rasac
Cveulebrivi adamanebi iyeneben. swored amas adasturebs kompiuterebis
programirebisas gamowveuli udidesi sirTuleebi, ganexorcielebinaT is,
rasac adamanebi Zalisxmevis gareSe akeTeben saubrisas. amasTan erTad,
saubari socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri sferos arsebiTi elementia.
prezident niqsonis da misi mrCevlebis uotergeitis Canawerebi, sxva
araferi iyo, Tu ara saubris Cawera, Tumca maT dagvanaxes umaRlesi
donis politikuri Zalauflebis gamovlineba (Molotch & Boden 1985).

sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi

zogierTi gamonaTqvami ar warmoadgens saubars, aramed gaurkvevel

wamoZaxilebs Seicavs, rasac gofmani sapasuxo wamoZaxilebs uwodebs
(Goffman 1981) . vTqvaT, vinme ambobs `op,~ roca rames ejaxeba an xelidan
raime uvardeba. ,,op” mxolod arasaintereso sapasuxo refleqsad
 12

gveCveneba raime SemTxvevisas, msgavsad Tvalebis moxuWvisa, rodesac vinme

mkveTrad gamoswevs xels Seni saxisken. Tumca, es ar aris uneburi
reaqcia; rogorc faqti adasturebs, adamianebi SeZaxils ar gamoscemen,
rodesac marto arian. `op~ Cveulebriv mimarTulia damswreebze.
wamoZaxili uCvenebs garSemomyofebs, rom SemTxveva mxolod mcire da
umniSvneloa da ara iseTi, rac Crdils miayenebda adamianis qmedebas.
`op~ gamoiyeneba mxolod umniSvnelo marcxis situaciebSi da ara
ufro didi incidentebis an ubedurebis dros – rac aseve aCvenebs, rom
wamoZaxili aris socialuri cxovrebis Cvens mier kontrolirebuli
detalebis nawili. Uufro metic, igi SeiZleba gamoiyenos vinmem, vinc
Tvalyurs adevnebs meore individs, an SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes vinmes
gasafrTxileblad. `op!~, Cveulebriv, mokled gamoiTqmis, Tumca `o~
SeiZleba gagrZeldes zogierT situaciaSi. vinmem SeiZleba grZlad
gamoTqvas igi, samuSaos Sesrulebisas kritikuli momentis dasafarad.
magaliTad, mSobelma SeiZleba gaagrZelos `o-opi~ an `oopsa-a-mSveniero~,
rodesac xumrobiT haerSi aagdebs bavSvs. Ees SeZaxili faravs im drois
mokle monakveTs, rodesac bavSvma SeiZleba kontrolis dakargva
igrZnos, amxnevebs mas da, SesaZloa, imavdroulad, axdens bavSvis
tirilze reaqciis gacnobierebas.
termini `op,~ TavisTavad, kulturulad aris gansazRvruli.
magaliTad, rodesac rusebi raimes Zirs agdeben, isini ar amboben `op~-s,
aramed wamoZaxils, romelic JRers, rogorc `aii.~
yvelaferi es, SesaZloa, Zalze xelovnurad da gadametebulad
JRerdes. Tavs ratom viwuxebT aseTi umniSvnelo gamonaTqvamis detaluri
analiziT? gana, imdenad did yuradRebas vaqcevT, ras vambobT, rogorc
es magaliTi gviCvenebs? ra Tqma unda, ara – cnobier doneze. Tumca,
ZiriTadi azri is aris, rom Cven TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia Zalze
rTuli, mudmivi kontroli Cvens garegnul mxaresa da qmedebebze.
urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi Cvengan ar moelian, rom mxolod
moqmedebis adgilze unda viyoT. sxvebi elian Cvengan iseve, rogorc Cven
veliT maTgan, rasac gofmani `kontrolirebad sifxizles~ uwodebs.
adamianad yofnis fundamenturi nawilia, mudmivad vaCvenoT sxvebs Cveni
kompetencia yoveldRiuri cxovrebis rutinaSi.
 13

wamocdenebi

`op~ mcire reaqciaa raime patara marcxze. Cven aseve Secdomebs

vuSvebT metyvelebasa da gamoTqmaSi saubrisas, leqciis dros da sxva
salaparako situaciebSi. zigmund froidi, fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli,
Tavis gamokvlevaSi `yoveldRiuri cxovrebis fsiqopaTologia”
aanalizebda amgvari wamocdenis mraval magaliTs (Freud 1975) . froidis
mixedviT, Secdomebi metyvelebaSi, araswori gamoTqma an sityvebis
gadaadgileba da enis waborZikeba, sinamdvileSi, SemTxveviT arasodes
xdeba. isini aracnobierad motivirebulia SegrZnebebiT, romlebic
daTrgunulia Cveni cnobieriT, an romelTa daTrgunvasac warumateblad
vcdilobT. es SegrZnebebi xSirad, Tumca ara yovelTvis, Seicavs
seqsualur asociaciebs. MmagaliTad, vinmes surs Tqvas `organizmi~,
Tumca amis magivrad ambobs `orgazmi~. Aan froidis mier motanil
magaliTSi, qals ekiTxebian `romel batalionSia Tqveni vaJi?~ da igi
pasuxobs ,,mkvlelebis ormocdameore batalionSi~ (Morder germanulad; am
sityvis magivrad surda eTqva Morser anu naRmmtyorcni).
wamocdenebi xSirad sasaciloa da SeiZleba xumrobad miiRon.
gansxvaveba ubralod imaSia, gacnobierebulad apirebs Tu ara mosaubre
sityvebis ise Tqmas, rogorc aris. wamocdenebi SeumCnevlad gadadis
`Seuferebeli” metyvelebis sxva tipebSi, romlebic froids sjeroda,
xSirad aracnobierad arian motivirebuli, rogorc maSin, roca pirovneba
ver amCnevs, rom mis naTqvams aSkarad ormagi mniSvneloba aqvs. es
kvlavac SeiZleba xumrobad iqnes miRebuli, Tu winaswar ganzraxulia,
Tumca aris sxvagvari lafsusebi saubris kontrolirebul nawilSi,
rasac gvgonia, adamianebi mxars dauWeren.
Yyvelaze saukeTeso gza amis ilustraciisa, aris lafsusebis
ganxilva radios da televiziis diqtorebis metyvelebaSi. diqtorebis
metyveleba ar hgavs yoveldRiur saubars imis gamo, rom igi ar aris
spontanuri, aramed dawerilia. aseve, mosalodnelia, rom igi ufro
srulyofili iqneba, vidre yoveldRiuri saubari, da masSi naklebi
gaubedaoba iqneba da ufro mkafio artikulacia. swored amitom
diqtorebis Secdomebi da gaumarTavi teqsti gacilebiT metad Cans, vidre
 14

Cveulebriv saubrebSi. ra Tqma unda, diqtorebs wamoscdebaT xolme da

bevri aseTi wamocdena sasaciloa an `mxolod Zalze namdvili~
gveCveneba, rasac froidma miaqcia yuradReba. aq motanilia ori magaliTi
sityvebis SecdomiT warmoTqmisa (Goffman 1981):
`es aris kanadis mauwyeblobis kastracia” (,,korporaciis” nacvlad).
`aTqvifeT ori kvercxis guli, daumateT rZe, TandaTan SeurieT
Saqris fxvnili. amis keTebisas, SeamCnevT, rogor avaddeba (,,sqeldebas”
nacvlad) comi~.
sxva magaliTebi Seusabamo metyvelebis kategoriidan ormagi
mniSvnelobis gamJRavnebas exeba:
`im qalbatonebs, romelTac surT Camosvla da gaixdian tansacmels
(unda yofiliyo ,,gadaixdian tansacmlisTvis”), swrafad moemsaxurebian~.
`gamoscadeT Cveni sawolebi. Mme piradad vidgebi yoveli gasayidi
sawolis ukan” (unda yofiliyo ,,TavdebSi vudgebi yovel gasayid
sawols”).
`nadavli (unda yofiliyo ,,saqoneli”) da manqana aRricxulia,
rogorc moparuli, los-anjelesis policiis mier~.
`aq, holivudSi, miTqma-moTqmaa, rom yofili patara varskvlavi
(unda yofiliyo ,,kinovarskvlavi”) erT TveSi mexuTe bavSvs elodeba~.
Cven ufro metad im sityvier Secdomebze gvecineba, rasac
diqtorebi (an maswavleblebi leqciebze) uSveben, vidre imaze, rac
yoveldRiur saubarSi gvxvdeba. Rimils iwvevs ara mxolod sityvieri
Secdomebi, aramed dabneulobac, rasac diqtorebi an maswavleblebi
avlenen arasrulyofili wardgenisas. civi profesionalizmis niRbis
miRma, drodadro, Cveulebriv adamians davinaxavT xolme.

saxe, sxeuli da metyveleba urTierTqmedebaSi

modiT, SevajamoT is, rac aqamde gavigeT. yoveldRiuri

urTierTqmedeba damokidebulia im faqiz urTierTobebze, rac arsebobs
Cvens mier saxiTa da sxeuliT gamoxatulsa da sityvebiT gadmocemuls
Soris. Cven viyenebT sxva adamianebis saxis gamometyvelebas da Jestebs
sityvebiT gamoTqmulis Sesavsebad da imis Sesamowmeblad, ramdenad
 15

gulwrfelia maTi sityvebi. sxva adamianebTan urTierTqmedebis dros,

yoveli Cvengani, umeteswilad aracnobierad, Tavs iWers da gamudmebiT
akontrolebs saxis gamometyvelebas, sxeulis moZraobas da Jestebs.
Tumca, zogjer, Cven wamogvcdeba raRac, rogorc amas froidis
magaliTi `mkvlelebi~ gviCvenebs; ucabedad mJRavndeba is, rac cnobierad
Tu aracnobierad gvsurs davfaroT. mravali sityvieri wamocdena
uneblied amJRavnebs Cvens namdvil SegrZnebebs, rogorc es namcxvris
magaliTSia motanili da sadac diqtori, SesaZloa, namdvilad fiqrobs,
rom comi `daavadebulia~.
Aamgvarad, saxe, Jestebi da metyveleba gamoiyeneba garkveuli
mniSvnelobebis gamosaxatad da sxvebis dasafarad. aseve Cvenc vaxdenT
sakuTari qmedebebis organizebas socialuri cxovrebis konteqstSi, raTa
mivaRwioT igive miznebs, razec amJamad visaubrebT.

kontaqtebi
mraval socialur situaciaSi Cven verTvebiT, rogorc amas gofmani
uwodebs, arafokusirebul urTierTqmedebaSi sxvebTan. Aarafokusirebuli
urTierTqmedeba maSin xdeba, rodesac individebi daufaravad gamoxataven,
rom SeamCnies erTmaneTi. es, Cveulebriv, adamianTa didi TavSeyris
adgilebSi xdeba, magaliTad, gadatvirTul quCaze, TeatrSi an
wveulebaze, rodesac adamianebi sxvebis TandaswrebiT arian. Tundac ar
hqondeT erTmaneTTan saubris saSualeba, isini gamudmebiT urTierToben
araverbaluri komunikaciis gziT, kerZod, poziT, saxis gamometyvelebiT
da JestebiT.
fokusirebulia urTierTqmedeba, rodesac individebi uSualod
adevneben Tvalyurs, Tu ras amboben an akeTeben sxvebi. garda im
SemTxvevebisa, roca vinme marto dgas, vTqvaT, wveulebaze, mTeli
urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs orives - fokusirebul da arafokusirebul
gacvlebs. fokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis SemTxvevas gofmani kontaqts
uwodebs. Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis didi nawili sxva adamianebTan
kontaqtebisgan Sedgeba – ojaxTan, megobrebTan, TanamSromlebTan, rac
xSirad mimdinareobs sxva damswre pirebTan arafokusirebuli
urTierTqmedebis fonze. Mmokle saubrebi, seminaruli diskusiebi,
 16

TamaSebi da rutinuli pirispir kontaqtebi (bileTebis gamyidvelebTan,

oficiantebTan, maRaziis gamyidvelebTan da a.S.) - yvela kontaqtebis
magaliTebia.
kontaqtebs sWirdeba ,,gaxsna”, rac moqalaqobrivi uyuradRebobisgan
ganTavisuflebaze miuTiTebs. roca ucxos xvdebi da saubars uwyeb –
magaliTad, wveulebaze – moqalaqobrivi uyuradRebobis Sewyveta
yovelTvis risks Seicavs, vinaidan SeiZleba sworad ver gaigon
kontaqtis motivacia da xasiaTi (Goffman 1971). amitom, TvalebiT kontaqti,
pirvelad, SeiZleba orazrovani da gamosacdeli iyos. Tu Sesavali
nawili miRebuli ar iqna, maSin pirovnebam SeiZleba imoqmedos ise,
TiTqos mas pirdapiri nabiji ar gadaudgams. fokusirebuli
urTierToqmedebisas, TiToeuli pirovneba urTierTobs rogorc saxis
gamometyvelebiT da JestebiT, ise sityvebiT. gofmani individebs
gamoxatvis ori tipis mixedviT ganasxvavebs: isini, vinc `gadmoscemen~ da
isini, vinc `gamoscemen~. Ppirveli aris sityvebi da saxis gamometyveleba,
rasac adamianebi iyeneben garkveuli STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad. Mmeore
aris miniSnebebi, romliTac sxvebma SeiZleba Seamowmon maTi
gulwrfeloba da simarTle. magaliTad, restornis mepatrone Tavaziani
RimiliT usmens stumrebis mtkicebebs, Tu rogor moewonaT kerZebi,
imavdroulad akvirdeba ra, rogori kmayofilebi iyvnen Wamis dros,
ramdeni darCaT TefSebze da xmis intonacias, rac gamoiyenes TavianTi
kmayofilebis gamosaxatad.

markerebi
adamianTa umetesoba, saSualod, dRis ganmavlobaSi, mraval
adamians xvdeba da esaubreba. MmagaliTad, katerina diliT iRviZebs,
ojaxTan erTad sauzmobs, bavSvebs acilebs skolaSi, skolis karebTan
zogjer mokle Tavaziani saubari uxdeba nacnobebTan; Semdeg
miemgzavreba samsaxurSi, gzaSi, savaraudod, radios usmens; DdRis
ganmavlobaSi kontaqtebi aqvs TanamSromlebTan da momsvlelebTan,
maTTan xanmokle saubrebis da formaluri Sexvedrebis CaTvliT. Yyoveli
es Sexvedra TiTqos markerebiT an, rogorc gofmani ambobs, frCxilebiT
aris gamoyofili, rac ganasxvavebs fokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis
 17

yovel epizods winasgan da arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedebisgan, rac

ukana planze xdeba (Goffman 1974).
MmagaliTad, wveulebaze, erTad mosaubre adamianebi cdiloben
raRac adgili gamoZebnon, xmasac dauwion ise, rom Seqmnan sxvebisgan
gamoyofili erTgvari `jgufi~. isini, SesaZloa, erTmaneTis pirispir
idgnen da siZnele Seuqmnan danarCenebs, CaerTon maTTan saubarSi, sanam
ar gadawyveten, daiSalon an Searbilon TavianTi fokusirebuli
urTierTqmedebis gancalkevebuloba oTaxSi sxva poziciis dakavebiT.
ufro formalur situaciebSi, am gansakuTrebuli TavSeyris dasawyisis
da dasasrulis misaniSneblad, sagangebo saSualebebi gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, speqtaklis dasawyisis signali, Suqis Caqroba da fardis
awevaa. warmodgenis dasasruls Suqi inTeba da farda eSveba.
markerebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac Sexvedra
araordinaluria an rodesac, SesaZloa, gaurkveveli iyos, ra xdeba.
magaliTad, rodesac SiSveli modeli samxatvro studiaSi pozirebs, igi,
Cveulebriv, jgufis winaSe ar icmevs an ixdis. gancalkevebiT Cacma da
gaxda saSualebas iZleva, sxeuli moulodnelad iqnes warmodgenili da
aseve moulodnelad dafaruli. es arsebuli epizodis sazRvrebze
mianiSnebs da miuTiTebs, rom mas seqsualuri datvirTva ara aqvs, rac
sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba hqonoda.
Zalze SezRudul sivrceSi, magaliTad, liftSi, Znelia
SemosazRvro areali, romelSic fokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba
mimdinareobs. Ees advili ar aris iq damswre sxva adamianebisTvisac,
romlebmac unda daanaxon, rom saubars yurs ar ugdeben. aseve Znelia
ucxoebisTvis, ar uyuron `TvalebSi~ erTmaneTs imaze metad, vidre amas
moqalaqeobrivi uyuradRebobis normebi moiTxovs. amitom liftSi
yofnisas, adamianebi xSirad gadametebulad `ar usmenen~ da `ar uyureben~
erTmaneTs; isini sivrces an dasaWer Rilakebs arian miSterebulni.
saubari, Cveulebriv, naZaladevia da mokle frazebiT Semoifargleba.
msgavsad amisa, ofisebSi da saxlebSi, rodesac bevri adamiani erTmaneTs
esaubreba, xolo erTma telefonis zars unda upasuxos, sxvebi mTlad
ver amJRavneben srul uyuradRebobas telefonze saubris mimarT da amis
gamo maTi saubari, SesaZloa, zerele da ugulisyuro gaxdes.
 18

Streetwise - gamocdili
Aamerikis qalaqebSi, sadac danaSaulis done xSirad maRalia, qalaqis
mcxovrebni sifrTxilesa da SiSiT cxovroben. erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli mosaxleoba keTilgonieri unda iyos erTmaneTisa da quCis
cxovrebis mimarT. afro-amerikelebsa da TeTrkanian adamianebs msgavsi
Sexedulebebi aqvT sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, Ramis saaTebSi
gareT gamosvlis CaTvliT.
elia andersonma, urbanulma sociologma pensilvaniis
universitetidan, Seiswavla qalaqis ori mimdebare raionis quCaSi
socialuri urTierTqmedebis tipebi. misi wigni “Streetwise” (`gamocdili~)
(1990) ganixilavs im wess, romliTac Savkanianebi da TeTrkanianebi
urTierTmoqmedeben quCaSi, `minimaluri riskiTa da maqsimaluri
urTierTpativiscemiT samyaroSi, romelic savsea gaurkvevlobiTa da
safrTxiT~. rogorc socialuri urTierTqmedebis mkvlevarma sxva
sociologebma daaskvnes, andersonma aRmoaCina, rom yoveldRiuri
socialuri cxovrebis Seswavla naTels hfens, Tu rogor Seiqmna
socialuri wesrigi individualuri urTierTqmedebis saSualebiT. igi
gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo, gaego urTierTqmedeba, rodesac erTi
jgufi mainc moiazreboda, rogorc saSiSi. rogor xdebodnen ucxoebi
naklebad ucxoni erTmaneTisTvis?
vidre daakvirdeboda quCebs am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, andersoni
daubrunda irvin gofmanis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Cndeba
socialuri definiciebi konkretul konteqstebSi an adgilebSi: `rodesac
individi ucxoTa Soris aRmoCndeba, iq myofT mis Sesaxeb informaciis
mopoveba surT an aamoqmedeben ukve mopovebul informacias.… individis
Sesaxeb informacia situaciis gansazRvras uwyobs xels, saSualebas
aZlevs ra sxvebs winaswar gaarkvion, ras moelis igi maTgan an ras unda
elodnen isini misgan~.
xelmZRvanelobda ra gofmanis ideebiT, andersoni svamda SekiTxvas,
Tu ra qceviTi niSnebi da gamovlinebebi Seavsebda sazogadoebrivi
urTierTqmedebis leqsikons. man daaskvna rom kanis feri, genderi, asaki,
samegobro wre, Cacmuloba, samkaulebi da sagnebi, romlebsac adamianebi
 19

atareben, exmareba maT identificirebas; ase yalibdeba Sexedulebebi da

komunikaciac SesaZlebelia. moZraobebi (Cqari Tu Senelebuli, mcdari
Tu gulwrfeli, gasagebi Tu gaugebari) kidev ufro srulyofils xdis
sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs. faqtorebi, rogoricaa dRis monakveTi an
aqtivoba, rac pirovnebis iq yofnas `agvixsnis~, aseve gavlenas axdens
imaze, Tu ra gziT da ramdenad swrafad aris neitralizebuli `ucxos~
imiji. Tu ucxo ver gaivlis Semowmebas da ar iqneba Sefasebuli,
rogorc `usafrTxo,~ SeiZleba warmoiqmnas mtaceblis imiji da sxva
monawileebi Seecadon am imijis Sesabamisi distanciis dacvas.
ra saxis adamianebi gadian Semowmebas quCebSi? andersonis mixedviT,
`bavSvebi iolad gadian Semowmebas, TeTrkaniani qalebi da mamakacebi amas
ufro nela akeTeben; Savkaniani qalebi, mamakacebi da ymawvilebi ki
yvelaze ufro nela.~ mxolod gamocdilebiT swavloben qalaqis
macxovreblebi ganasxvaon namdvili saSiSroeba da cru safrTxe.

STabeWdilebis marTva

gofmani da socialuri urTierTqmedebis sxva mkvlevarebi,

socialuri urTierTqmedebis analizisas, xSirad iyeneben Teatralur
terminologiebs. magaliTad, cneba socialuri roli, Teatralur
garemoSi warmoiSva. rolebi socialurad gansazRvruli molodinebia,
rom pirovneba mocemul socialur pozicias iziarebs. maswavleblad
yofna niSnavs specifikuri poziciis dakavebas; maswavleblis roli
gulisxmobs Taviseburi formiT warsdges Tavisi moswavleebis winaSe.
gofmani, socialur cxovrebas ganixilavs, rogorc scenaze an bevr
scenebze rolis Sesrulebas, vinaidan Cveni moqmedeba damokidebulia im
rolebze, romlebsac konkretul droSi vasrulebT. es midgoma
miekuTvneba dramaturgiul models, romelic ganixilavs socialur
cxovrebas, rogorc Teatralur dramas. adamianebi mgrZnobiareni arian
imis mimarT, Tu rogor aRiqvamen maT sxvebi, da iyeneben STabeWdilebis
marTvis formebs, rom aiZulon sxvebi, iseTi reaqcia hqondeT maTze,
rogoric Tavad surT. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogjer amas gamiznulad
vakeTebT, Cveulebriv, es gacnobierebis gareSe xdeba. rodesac filipe
 20

saqmian Sexvedrebs eswreba, mas kostumi acvia, yelsaxvevi ukeTia da

saukeTesod iqceva; rodesac fexburTis matCze isvenebs megobrebTan
erTad, mas jinsebi da svitri acvia da Zalian bevrs xumrobs. Ees aris
STabeWdilebis marTva.

wina da ukana plani

gofmani Tvlida, rom socialuri cxovrebis didi nawili SeiZleba

gaiyos wina da ukana planebad. wina plani moicavs socialur situaciebs
an kontaqtebs, romlebSic individebi asruleben formalur rolebs; es
`scenuri warmodgenebia~. wina planis warmodgenebis Seqmna xSirad
gunduri muSaobiT xorcieldeba. Oor cnobil politikoss, erTidaimave
gundidan, SeuZliaT dadgan kargad damuSavebuli warmodgena
erTianobisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb satelevizio kameris win, maSinac ki,
Tu mTeli guliT sZulT erTmaneTi. col-qmarma SeiZleba damalos
uTanxmoeba bavSvebis winaSe, SeinarCunon ra harmoniis wina plani da
mxolod maSin waekidon erTmaneTs, roca bavSvebi usafrTxod arian
Cawolili loginSi.
ukana plani is aris, sadac adamianebi agroveben rekvizits da
emzadebian urTierTqmedebisTvis ufro formalur garemoSi. ukana plani
Teatris kulisebs an, filmis gadaRebisas, gadamRebi kameris ukan
aqtivobas hgavs. rodesac adamianebi scenis ukan usafrTxod arian, maT
SeuZliaT ganitvirTon, Tavisuflad gamoxaton grZnobebi da qcevis
stili Tavisufali gaxadon, rasac isini akontroleben wina planze
yofnisas. ukana plani uSvebs `profanacias, Ria seqsualur SeniSvnebs,
buzRuns... feTxumi tansacmeli, ~daudevari~ Jestebi, dialeqtis xmareba
an arastandartuli metyveleba, burtyuni da yvirili, saxumaro
agresiuloba da `bavSvuroba~, sxvebisTvis angariSgauwevloba,
wvrilmanebiT dakavebuloba, stvena, ReWva, boyini, gazebisgan
ganTavisufleba da a.w.~ (Goffman 1969) amgvarad, oficianti qali SeiZleba
saocrad Tavaziani iyos, rodesac momsvlels emsaxureba, magram
agresiuli da myvirala xdeba, rodesac samzareulos karebs miefareba.
 21

albaT Zalze cota restorans eyoleboda klientebi, maT rom imis

danaxva SeeZloT, ra xdeba samzareuloebSi.

rolebis SeTviseba: intimuri saxis gamocda

STabeWdilebis marTvaSi TanamSromlobis magaliTis mosatanad,

rac aseve Teatridan aris nasesxebi, ganvixiloT erTi konkretuli
gamokvleva ramdenadme detalurad. jeims henslinma da mei brigsma
gamoikvlies kontaqtis specifikuri da metad delikaturi tipi: qalis
viziti ginekologTan (Henslin a nd B rigs 1971) . im droisTvis, am tipis
Semowmeba mamakaci eqimebis mier tardeboda da amitom am proceduras,
orive mxridan, potenciuri uxerxuloba axlda (zogjer axlac asea).
dasavleTSi mamakacebi da qalebi im azriT izrdebian, rom genitaliebi
adamianis sxeulis yvelaze intimuri nawilia da maTi danaxva,
gansakuTrebiT ki, Sexeba seqsualur kontaqtTan aris dakavSirebuli.
zogierTi qali isea Sewuxebuli amgvari gasinjvis perspeqtiviT, rom
isini uars amboben eqimTan vizitze, qali iqneba is Tu kaci, maSinac ki,
rodesac amisTvis seriozuli samedicino mizezebi arsebobs.
henslinma da brigsma gaaanalizes brigsis, gamocdili eqTnis, mier
Segrovebuli masala ginekologiuri gasinjvebis didi ricxvidan da
aRmoaCines, rom am proceduras ramdenime tipiuri stadia gaaCnia.
xelmZRvanelobdnen ra dramaturgiuli metaforiT, isini miiCnevdnen, rom
yoveli stadia SeiZleba calkeul scenad iqnes ganxiluli, sadac
msaxiobebis mier Sesrulebuli rolebi, epizodis damTavrebasTan erTad
icvleba. prologSi, qali mosacdelSi Sedis, emzadeba ra pacientis
rolSi Sesasvlelad da droebiT Tavidan icilebs Tavis garegnul
identobas. sakonsultacio oTaxSi Sesvlisas, igi iTvisebs `pacientis~
rols da pirveli scenac iwyeba. eqims saqmiani, profesiuli manerebi
aqvs; pacients eqceva, rogorc wesier da kompetentur pirovnebas, uyurebs
TvalebSi da Tavazianad usmens, Tu risi Tqma surs qals. Tu eqimi
gadawyvets, rom gasinjva saWiroa, igi pacients amcnobs da oTaxs tovebs;
pirveli scena mTavrdeba.
 22

Eeqimis wasvlis Semdeg, Semodis eqTani. igi mniSvnelovani

monawilea im mTavari scenisa, romelic male unda daiwyos. igi pacients
amSvidebs, moqmedebs ra, erTi mxriv, rogorc gandobili, romelmac icis
zogierTi ram, rasac `qali unda Seeguos~ da, meore mxriv, rogorc
xelSemwyobi, romelsac pacienti unda dahyves. arsebiTad, eqTani pacients
exmareba pirovnebidan `upirovno~ arsebad iqces, rac ZiriTadi
scenisTvis aris saWiro da awesrigebs sxeuls, romlis mxolod erTi
nawili unda gamoaSkaravdes. menslinis da brigsis gamokvlevaSi, eqTani
ara mxolod Tvalyurs adevnebs pacientis tansacmlis gaxdis process,
aramed imas akeTebs, rasac, Cveulebriv, Tavad pacienti akontrolebs,
magaliTad, igi awesrigebs pacientis tansacmels da alagebs mas. Qqalebs
surT, TavianTi qveda sacvali ar daanaxon eqims da eqTani
pasuxismgeblobas iRebs, rom asec iqneba. igi miuZRvis pacients gasasinji
magidisken da zewriT ufaravs sxeuls eqimis mosvlamde.
Eaxla ki, warmogvidgeba centraluri scena, sadac eqTanic
monawileobs da eqimic. EeqTnis daswreba gvexmareba davrwmundeT, rom
urTierTqmedebas eqimsa da pacients Soris seqsualuri elferi ara aqvs;
is aseve warmoadgens kanonier mowmes eqimis araprofesionaluri qmedebis
dadanaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi. gasinjva ise mimdinareobs, TiTqos pacientis
pirovnuloba arc arsebobdes. Semoxveuli zewari gamoacalkevebs
genitaliis adgils danarCeni sxeulisgan, xolo misi pozicia
saSualebas ar aZlevs mas Tvalyuri adevnos; wminda samedicino
kiTxvebis garda, eqimi savsebiT ugulebelyofs mas, dabal skamze mjdomi,
pacientis TvalTaxedvis miRma. pacienti, Tavis mxriv, TanamSromlobs
masTan imiT, rom droebiT pirovnebis armqone gaxda, araviTar
iniciativas ar amJRavnebs saubris dasawyebad da nebismieri moZraoba
minimumamde dahyavs.
winamdebare scenasa da finalur scenas Soris intervalia, eqTans
aqac wamyvani roli aqvs; igi exmareba pacients kvlav srulyofil
pirovnebad gadaqcevaSi. aseT pirobebSi, es orni SeiZleba kvlav CaerTon
saubarSi. pacienti Svebas gamoxatavs gasinjvis dasrulebis gamo. Cacmisa
da Tavis wesrigSi moyvanis Semdeg, pacienti mzad aris warsdges
daskvniT scenaSi. eqimi brundeba, saubrobs pacientTan gamokvlevis
 23

Sedegebze da eqceva mas, rogorc srulyofil da pativsacem pirovnebas.

eqimi, Tavisi Tavaziani, profesiuli maneriT eubneba pacients, rom misi
damokidebuleba pacientis mimarT aranairad ar Secvlila imis gamo, rom
kontaqti hqonda mis sxeulTan. epilogi TamaSdeba, rodesac pacienti
tovebs eqimis misaRebs da ibrunebs Tavis identobas gare samyaroSi.
pacientma da eqimma iTanamSromles imgvarad, rom moaxdines
urTierTqmedebisa da TiToeuli monawilis STabeWdilebis marTva.

pirovnuli sivrce

pirovnuli sivrcis definaciaSi kulturuli gansxvavebebi

arsebobs. dasavlur kulturaSi, adamianebi, romlebic sxvebTan
fokusirebul urTierTqmedebaSi arian CarTulni, Cveulebriv, sam fut
distancias (90 sm) mainc icaven erTmaneTisagan; Tumca, maT SeuZliaT
ufro axlos idgnen eTrmaneTTan. Sua aRmosavleTSi adamianebi xSirad
ufro axlos dganan erTmaneTTan, vidre es dasavleTSia miRebuli.
dasavlelebi, am qveynebSi vizitebisas, Tavs uxerxulad grZnoben aseTi
siaxlovis gamo.
Eeduard T. holi (Edward T . Hall), romelic araverbalur
komunikaciebs ikvlevs, pirovnuli sivrcis oTx zonas ganasxvavebs.
intimuri distancia, rac erTnaxevar futs (45 sm) Seadgens, gankuTvnilia
socialuri kontaqtebis Zalze mcire ricxvisaTvis, sadac daSvebulia
regularulad sxeulTan Sexeba. magaliTad, Seyvarebulebi an mSobeli
da bavSvebi pirovnuli sivrcis am zonaSi operireben. pirovnuli
distancia (erTnaxevridan – oTx futamde (45 – 120 sm) aris Cveuli
manZili megobrebTan, axlo nacnobebTan SexvedrisaTvis. garkveuli
intimuroba daSvebulia, Tumca igi mkveTrad gansazRvrulia. socialuri
distancia oTxidan Tormet futamde (120 – 360 sm) is zonaa, romelic
miRebulia formalur garemoSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, interviuebi.
meoTxe zonaa sajaro distancia, Tormeti futis iqiT, rac gankuTvnilia
imaTTvis, vinc auditoriis winaSe warsdgebian.
Cveulebriv, urTierTqmedebaSi yvelaze gadatvirTulia intimuri da
pirovnuli distancia. Tu vinme am zonaSi SemoiWra, adamianebi cdiloben
 24

daibrunon TavianTi sivrce. daupatiJebel stumars Cven SeiZleba TvaliT

vaniSnoT: `daikarge aqedan!~ an mxari vkraT momxdurs. rodesac adamianebi
iZulebulni arian, imaze axlos iyvnen, vidre isini sasurvelad Tvlian,
maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan raRac fizikuri sazRvris magvari; magaliTad, Tu
mkiTxveli biblioTekis merxTan bevri xalxiTaa garSemortymuli, mas
SeuZlia sakuTari sivrcis demarkacia moaxdinos wignebis garSemo
SemowyobiT (Hall 1959, 1966).

urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi

imis codna, Tu rogor nawildeba aqtivobebi drosa da sivrceSi,

fundamenturia kontaqtebis analizisas da zogadad socialuri
cxovrebis gasagebad. yvela urTierTqmedeba situaciuria – xdeba
konkretul adgilas da specifikuri xangrZlivoba aqvs droSi. Cveni
qmedebebi dRis ganmavlobaSi `zonirebulia~ droSi, iseve rogor
sivrceSi. Aase, magaliTad, adamianebis umetesoba samuSaoze atarebs
`zonas~ dilis 9 saaTidan saRamos 5 saaTamde. maTi yovelkvireuli dro
aseve zonirebulia: isini, rogorc Cans, muSaoben samuSao dReebSi da
kviris bolos saxlSi atareben, cvlian ra TavianTi aqtivobis saxes
SabaT-kviras. dRis zonebis cvlis kvaldakval, Cven aseve sivrceSic
vmoZraobT: qalaqis erTi zonidan meoreSi samsaxurSi misasvlelad,
SesaZloa, avtobusi gamoviyenoT. rodesac socialur urTierTqmedebas
vaanalizebT, xSirad sasargebloa, davakvirdeT adamianebis
gadaadgilebebs da vicodeT droiT-sivrciTi konvergencia.
cneba regionalizacia dagvexmareba gavigoT, Tu rogor aris
socialuri cxovreba zonirebuli drosa da sivrceSi. MmagaliTisTvis
aviRoT kerZo saxli. Tanamedrove saxli regionalizebulia oTaxebad,
koridorebad da sarTulebad, Tu saxli erT sarTulze maRalia. es
sivrceebi ar aris mxolod fizikurad gamoyofili adgilebi, aramed
aseve droSia zonirebuli. sastumro oTaxebi da samzareulo,
umTavresad, dRis saaTebSi gamoiyeneba, sawoli oTaxebi – RamiT.
urTierTqmedeba, romelic am regionebSi xdeba, SemosazRvrulia droiTi
da sivrciTi sazRvrebiT. saxlis zogierTi adgili ukana plans qmnis,
 25

sxvebSi ki `warmodgenebi sruldeba.~ drodadro, mTeli saxli SeiZleba

ukana planad iqces. Ees idea SesaniSnavad aqvs danaxuli gofmans:
`kvira diliT mTel ojaxs SeuZlia gamoiyenos saxlis garSemo
arsebuli kedeli, raTa dafaron gantvirTviT gamowveuli daudevari
Cacmuloba: es araformaluroba saxlis yvela oTaxebzec vrceldeba,
rac, Cveulebriv, mxolod samzareuloTi da sawoli oTaxebiT
Semoifargleboda. asevea amerikuli saSualo klasis raionebSic:
naSuadRevs, gamyofi xazi bavSvebis saTamaSo moedansa da saxls Soris
SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc dedebis ukana plani; isini dadian iq
jinsebSi Cacmulebi, sportuli fexsacmliT da kosmetikis minimumiT.... da,
ra Tqma unda, regioni, romelic mondomebiT Camoyalibda, rogorc wina
plani, gansakuTrebuli rutinis regularuli SesrulebisaTvis, xSirad
funqcionirebs, rogorc ukana plani, yovel Sesrulebamde da mis Semdeg,
vinaidan am droisaTvis mudmivi mowyobiloba SeiZleba SekeTdes, aRdges
da Tavidan gaimarTos, an Semsruleblebma Caataron generaluri
repeticia. amisaTvis, sakmarisia Seixedo restoranSi, maRaziaSi an
saxlSi, ramdenime wuTiT adre, vidre isini gaixsneba dRis miRebisaTvis
(Goffman 1969).
saaTobrivi dro

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, saaTobrivi dro Zlier gavlenas

axdens Cveni aqtivobebis ,,zonirebaze.” industriuli sazogadoebebi ver
iarsebebda aqtivobebis zusti drois aRniSvnis da maTi sivrcesTan
koordinaciis gareSe (Mumford 1973). saaTebiT drois gazomva dRes mTels
msoflioSia standartizebuli, rac SesaZlebels xdis kompleqsur
saerTaSoriso satransporto sistemebs da komunikaciebs, romlebzec
damokidebulni varT.
drois msoflio standarti pirvelad 1884 wels iqna SemoRebuli
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze, romelic vaSingtonSi Catarda. msoflio
daiyo ocdaoTx drois zonad, TiToeuls Soris erTi saaTi gansxvavebiT,
da dafiqsirebul iqna sayovelTao dRis dasawyisi.
Aaqtivobebis zusti ganawileba dRisa da kviris ganmavlobaSi,
pirvelad meToTxmete saukuneSi monastrebSi gaCnda. dRes, faqtiurad ar
 26

arsebobs raime jgufi an organizacia, romelic amas ar akeTebdes, da

rac meti adamiani da resursia CarTuli, miT ufro zusti ganrigi unda
iyos Sedgenili. eviaTar zerubavelma gvaCvena es Tavis gamokvlevaSi,
didi Tanamedrove saavadmyofos droiTi struqturirebis Sesaxeb (1979,
1982). saavadmyofos unda emuSava ocdaoTxsaaTiani grafikiT, amdenad,
momsaxure personalisa da resursebis koordinacia Zalze rTuli
amocana iyo. magaliTad, eqTnebs, drois erT periodSi, A palataSi unda
emuSavaT, drois meore periodSi ki - B palataSi da a.S. muSaoba
rigrigobiT uwevdaT dRisa da Ramis cvlaSi. EeqTnebi, eqimebi da
danarCeni personali, Sesabamisi resursebiT, integrirebulni unda
yofiliyvnen drosa da sivrceSi.

yoveldRiuri cxovreba, kulturul da

istoriul perspeqtivaSi

socialuri urTierTqmedebis zogierTi meqanizmi, romelic

gofmanma, garfinkelma da sxvebma gaanalizes, rogorc Cans,
universaluria. magaliTad, markerebis gamoyeneba kontaqtis dasawyisisa
da dasasrulis misaniSneblad, adamianur urTierTqmedebas yvelgan
axasiaTebs. kontaqtebis organizebis gzebi, magaliTad, saubris
gasabmelad sxvebTan zurgSeqceviT dgoma, yvela adamianur jgufSi
moiZebneba. Tumca, gofmanis msjeloba samoqalaqo uyuradRebobisa da
urTierTqmedebis sxva formebis Sesaxeb, uSualod im sazogadoebebs
exeba, sadac ucxoelebTan kontaqti Cveulebrivi ambavia. magram ra
SeiZleba vTqvaT im mcire zomis tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb,
sadac ar arian ucxoebi da Zalze cota adgilia, sadac erT muWa
adamianebs SeuZliaT erTdroulad TavSeyra?
imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT gansxvaveba socialur urTierTqmedebebs
Soris Tanamedrove da tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, magaliTis saxiT
movitanoT, teqnologiebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi yvelaze nakleb
ganviTarebuli kultura, romelic ki msoflios SemorCa; es aris kunis
kultura, zogjer buSmenebad cnobili, romlebic samxreT afrikaSi,
namibiisa da botsvanas teritoriaze, kalaharis udabnoSi cxovroben (Lee
 27

1968, 1969) . miuxedavad imisa, rom gareSe zegavlenebiT, maTi cxovrebis

wesi icvleba, socialuri cxovrebis tradiciuli wesi maTTan
kvlavindeburad SemorCenilia.
Kkunis tomi 30-40-kacian jgufebad cxovrobs droebiT dasaxlebebSi,
wyalsatevebis maxloblad. maT siaxloves sakvebi Zalze mwiria da mis
mosapoveblad isini sakmaod Sors unda wavidnen. amgar mogzaurobebs
dRis umetesi nawili eTmoba. qalebi da bavSvebi xSirad banakSi rCebian,
Tumca aseve xSirad, mTeli jgufi mTel dRes mogzaurobaSi atarebs.
Temis wevrebi zogjer dRis ganmavlobaSi asi milis radiuss gadian;
RamiT, saWmelad da dasaZineblad, banakSi brundebian. mamakacebi dRis
umetes nawils marto an or-sam-kacian jgufebad atareben. Tumca, aris
erTi periodi weliwadSi, rodesac maTi yoveldRiuri aqtivobebis rutina
icvleba: zamTris wvimiani sezoni, rodesac wyali adidebulia da
saWmlis mopoveba advildeba, am periodSi kunis tomis yoveldRiuri
cxovreba mimarTulia ritualur da ceremoniul aqtivobebze, romelTa
momzadebas da ganxorcielebas bevri dro miaqvs.
Kkunis tomis wevrTa umetesobas arasodes unaxavs vinme, visac
sakmaod kargad ar icnobdes. am bolo wlebamde, rodesac kontaqtebi
gare samyarosTan gaxSirda, maT leqsikonSi sityva `ucxo~ ar iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am tomis mamakacebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis mTeli dRe
sxvebTan kontaqtis gareSe gaataron, Tavad Temis SigniT gancalkevebiT
yofnis SesaZlebloba TiTqmis ar aris. Oojaxebs Ria, farRalala
saxlebSi sZinavT, sadac maTi mTeli aqtivobebi Riaa sajaro
daTvalierebisTvis. aravis Seuswavlia kunis tomi, yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis gofmaniseuli gamokvlevis TvalsazrisiT; Tumca advili
dasanaxia, rom misi naSromis zogierTi aspeqti naklebad udgeba kunis
socialur cxovrebas. magaliTad, Zalze cota SesaZleblobaa wina da
ukana regionebis SeqmnisTvis. sxvadasxva Tavyrilobebisa da kontaqtebis
oTaxis kedlebiT, calke SenobebiT da qalaqis sxvadasxva ubnebiT
SemosazRvra, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisTvisaa Cveuli, Zalze
daSorebulia kunis tomis aqtivobebs.

siaxlovis Zaldataneba
 28

kunis tomisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi –

rogorc es momdevno TavebSi iqneba gamokvleuli – Cven mudmivad
vurTierTqmedebT sxvebTan, romlebsac, SesaZloa, verasodes SevxvdeT.
TiTqmis mTeli Cveni yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT, vTqvaT, maRaziebSi
sursaTis SekveTiT an sabanko depozitis gakeTebiT, Cven kontaqtSi varT
– Tumca arapirdapir kontaqtSi – adamianebTan, romlebic, SesaZloa,
Cvengan Zalian Sors cxovrobdnen. magaliTad, sabanko sistema
saerTaSorisoa. nebismieri Tanxa, romelsac daabandeb, finansuri
investiciebis mcire nawilia, rasac banki mTel msoflioSi avrcelebs.
Eaxla, roca es SedarebiT advilia, ratom ar aris Cveni
urTierTqmedebebis umravlesoba sxvebTan arapirdapiri? ratom ar
viyenebT yovelTvis telefons, faqss an komunikaciis saSualebebs
megobrebTan da kolegebTan kontaqtisTvis? magaliTad, saqmiani
adamianebi eswrebian Sexvedrebs, Tundac naxevar msoflioze gadafrena
mouwioT, maSin roca gacilebiT ioli da efeqturia biznesis warmoeba
kompiuteris an mravalmxrivi satelefono xazis gamoyenebiT.
daird bodenma da harvi molotCma gamoikvlies, rasac Tavad
uwodeben, siaxlovis Zaldataneba: individebis moTxovnileba, uSualod
Sexvdnen erTmaneTs pirispir urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi. bodenisa da
molotCis azriT, adamianebi Sexvedrebze dasaswrebad imitom midian, rom,
rogorc gofmani dokumenturad adasturebs Tavis kvlevebSi
urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb, pirispir urTierTqmedebis situaciebi
gacilebiT met informacias Seicavs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqroben da
grZnoben adamianebi, da ramdenad gulwrfelebi arian isini, vidre amas
eleqtronuli komunikaciebis nebismieri forma akeTebs. mxolod im
adamianebis garemocvaSi yofniT, romlebic CvenTvis mniSvnelovan
gadawyvetilebebs Rebuloben, SegviZlia gavigoT, Tu ra xdeba, da gvjera,
rom Cveni SexedulebebiTa da gulwrfelobiT, STabeWdilebas movaxdenT
maTze. bodeni da molotCi amboben: `Tandaswreba xelmisawvdoms xdis
sxeulis im nawils, romelic `arasdros tyuis~ - Tvalebs, `sulis
sarkmels~. TvalebiT kontaqti TavisTavad iZleva siaxlovisa da ndobis
 29

xarisxis signalebs; Tanadamswreni mudmivad amowmeben sxeulis am

yvelaze faqizi nawilis faqiz moZraobebs~ (1994).

mikrosociologia da makrosociologia

Ppirispir urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi yoveldRiuri qcevis

Seswavlas, Cveulebriv, mikrosociologia ewodeba. makrosociologia –
farTomasStabiani socialuri sistemebis analizia, politikuri an
ekonomikuri sistemis msgavsad. igi aseve Seicavs cvlilebis
grZelvadiani procesebis analizs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
industrializacia. EerTi SexedviT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mikro da
makro analizebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. faqtobrivad, es ori mWidro
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan (Knorr-Cetina and Cicourel 1981), rogorc es mocemul
TavSi vnaxeT.
Mmakro analizi arsebiTia yoveldRiuri cxovrebis instituciuri
safuZvlebis gasagebad. adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi didad
aris damokidebuli ufro farTo instituciur struqturaze, rac cxadi
xdeba, rodesac kulturis aqtivobebis yoveldRiur cikls, rogoric
magaliTad, kunis kulturaa, SevadarebT industriuli qalaqis garemoSi
cxovrebas. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, Cven
gamudmebul kontaqts vamyarebT ucxoebTan. Ees kontaqti SeiZleba
arapirdapiri da upirovno iyos. Tumca, dRes mniSvneloba ara aqvs,
ramden arapirdapir Tu eleqtronul urTierTobaSi SevalT; yvelaze
kompleqsur sazogadoebebSic ki, sxva adamianebis Tandaswreba
gadamwyveti rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven SegviZlia avirCioT da
internetSi e-mail-iT gavagzavnoT mokiTxva, Cven aseve SegviZlia avirCioT
da aTasobiT miliT daSorebuli manZili vifrinoT imisaTvis, rom
dasvenebis dReebi megobarTan erTad gavataroT.
Tavis mxriv, mikro-kvlevebi aucilebelia farTo instituciuri
formebis gasaSuqeblad. Ppirispir urTierTqmedeba namdvilad ZiriTad
safuZvels warmoadgens socialuri organizaciis yvela formisTvis,
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad farTomasStabiania igi. DdavuSvaT, Cven
vikvlevT biznes korporacias. SegveZlo bevri gagvego misi aqtivobebis
 30

Sesaxeb, qcevaze uSualo dakvirvebiT. magaliTad, SegveZlo

gagveanalizebina direqtorebis urTierTqmedeba maT kabinetebSi,
adamianebisa - sxvadasxva ofisebSi, an muSebisa - maRaziis sarTulze. am
gziT mainc ver Segveqmneboda sruli warmodgena mTlianad korporaciaze,
vidre misi saqme ar iqneboda ganxiluli nabeWdi masalebis, werilebis,
telefonisa da kompiuterebis saSualebiT. Tumca, namdvilad SevZlebdiT,
mniSvnelovani wvlili Segvetana imis dadgenaSi, Tu rogor muSaobs
organizacia.
Mmomdevno TavebSi ganvixilavT damatebiT magaliTebs, Tu rogor
gavlenas axdens mikrokonteqstebSi urTierTqmedeba ufro farTo
socialur procesebze da, Tavis mxriv, rogor zemoqmedebs makro
sistemebi socialuri cxovrebis ufro viwro garemoze.

Sejameba

1. socialuri urTierTqmedeba aris procesi, romlis saSualebiTac

vmoqmedebT da vreagirebT garSemomyofebze. Cveni yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis bevri, savsebiT trivialuri aspeqti socialuri
urTieTrqmedebis kompleqsur da mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs warmoadgens.
magaliTad, sxva adamianebis gamWoli mzera. urTierTqmedebaTa
umravlesobaSi, TvalebiT kontaqti sakmaod swrafia. sxva pirovnebis
gamWoli mzera SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes, rogorc mtrobis niSani, an,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc siyvarulis gamoxatuleba. socialuri
urTierTqmedebis Seswavla fundamenturi sferoa sociologiaSi, rac
socialuri cxovrebis mraval aspeqts aSuqebs.
2. adamianis saxis meSveobiT, mravali sxvadasxva gamometyveleba
gamoisaxeba. farTod miRebulia, rom emociis garegnuli gamoxatulebis
ZiriTadi aspeqtebi Tandayolilia. kulturaTaSorisi kvlevebi
adasturebs sakmaod axlo msgavsebas gansxvavebuli kulturebis
warmomadgenlebs Soris, rogorc saxis gamometyvelebiT, aseve adamianis
saxeze aRbeWdili emociebis interpretaciiT. SesaZloa, `saxe~ ufro
farTo azriT iyos gagebuli, rogorc individis reputaciasTan
 31

dakavSirebuli. sxva adamianebTan urTierTqmedebisas, Cveulebriv, Cven

vzrunavT ,,saxis SenarCunebaze~ - sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobis dacvaze.
3. yoveldRiuri saubris Seswavlas eTnomeTodologia daerqva;
termini, romelic harold garfinkelma SemoiRo. EeTnomeTodologia
aris im saSualebebis analizi, romliTac Cven aqtiurad – Tumca,
Cveulebriv, TavisTavad cxadad miCneulad – viazrebT, ras gulisxmoben
sxvebi, rodesac raimes amboben an akeTeben.
4. bevri ramis gageba SeiZleba saubris xasiaTis Sesaxeb – sapasuxo
SeZaxilebiT (wamoZaxili) da wamocdenebis SeswavliT (ra xdeba, rodesac
adamianebi SecdomiT gamoTqvamen an iyeneben sityvebs da frazebs).
wamocdenebi xSirad iumoristulia da, faqtobrivad, fsiqologiurad
axlosaa gonebamaxvilobasa da xumrobasTan.
5. arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba aris individebis mier
erTmaneTis ormxrivi gacnobiereba did TavyrilobebSi, Tumca maT Soris
uSualo saubari ar mimdinareobs. Ffokusirebul urTierTqmedebas, rac
SeiZleba dayofil iyos sxvadasxva saxis kontaqtebad an
urTierTqmedebis epizodebad, adgili aqvs, rodesac ori an meti individi
uSualod akvirdeba, Tu ras ambobs da akeTebs sxva an sxvebi.
6. socialuri urTierTqmedeba, SesaZloa, Seswavlil iqnes
dramaturgiuli modelis gamoyenebiT – TiTqos socialuri
urTierTqmedebis monawileni iyon msaxiobebi scenaze, dekoraciebiTa da
rekvizitiT. iseve, rogorc TeatrSi, socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva
konteqstSic SeiZleba iyos garkveuli gansxvaveba wina plansa (Tavad
scena) da ukana plans Soris, sadac msaxiobebi emzadebian
SesrulebisTvis an gantvirTvisTvis speqtaklis Semdeg.
7. socialuri rolebi aris individis socialurad gansazRvruli
molodinebi mocemul statussa an socialur poziciaSi.
8. socialuri urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSia ganTavsebuli.
Cven SeiZleba gavaanalizoT, Tu rogor aris `zonirebuli~ Cveni
yoveldRiuri cxovreba drosa da sivrceSi; amasTan erTad, davakvirdeT,
Tu rogor mimdinareobs aqtivobebi gansazRvrul periodebSi, rac
imavdroulad sivrciT gadaadgilebasac gulisxmobs.
 32

9. pirispir urTierTqmedebis Seswavlas, Cveulebriv,

mikrosociologias uwodeben; igi gansxvavdeba makrosociologiisgan,
romelic ufro farTo jgufebs, institutebs da socialur sistemebs
swavlobs. Mmikro da makro analizebi, sinamdvileSi, Zalze mWidro
kavSirSia da erTmaneTs avsebs.

damatebiTi literatura
MMichael A rgile, Experiments in Social Interaction (Aldershot, 1993) .
pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis socialuri da fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis mimoxilva.
Erving G offman, Behaviour in Public Places (New York: Free P ress, 1963) im
ritualebis analizi, romelTac individebi sazogadoebriv adgilebSi
axorcieleben.
Erving G offman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Harmondsworth: P enguin,
1969). gofmanis erT-erTi ZiriTadi naSromi, romelSic igi msjelobs
imaze, Tu rogor axdenen individebi sxvebTan urTierTqmedebis
organizebas, sakuTar Tavze sasurveli Sexedulebis Sesaqmnelad.
Henri L efebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World (London: A llen Lane, 1971) .
diskusia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove
socialurma cvlilebam yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xasiaTze.
Eric L ivingstone, Making Sense of Ethnomethodology (London: R outledge and K egan
Paul, 1987) .EeTnomeTodologiis zogadi daxasiaTeba. NnaTlad gadmoscems
naSromis ZiriTad ideebs.
Phil Manning, Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992).
gofmanis naSromebis, rogorc mTelis, saukeTeso mimoxilva.

MmniSvnelovani terminebi

moqalaqeobrivi uyuradReboba STabeWdilebis marTva

araverbaluri komunikacia wina plani
laparaki ukana plani
saubari pirovnuli sivrce
eTnomeTodologia socialuri distancia
 33

urTierTgageba sazogadoebrivi distancia

sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi droul-sivrciTi konvergencia
wamocdenebi regionalizacia
arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba saaTobrivi dro
fokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba mikrosociologia
dramaturgiuli modeli makrosociologia
 Tavi 5
Ggenderi da seqsualoba

ZiriTadi cnebebi

sqesi, genderi da biologia

genderuli gansxvavebebi: buneba aRzrdis sapirispirod

genderuli socializacia
mSoblebisa da zrdasrulebis reaqciebi. Ggenderuli daswavla.
wignebi da televizia. BbavSvebis araseqsisturad aRzrdis siZneleebi.
genderis keTeba

genderuli identoba da seqsualoba: ori Teoria

froidis Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Codorous Teoria
genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

adamianis seqsualoba
biologia da seqsualuri qceva. socialuri zegavlena seqsualur
qcevaze. seqsualoba dasavlur kulturaSi. Hhomoseqsualoba.
prostitucia

daskvna: genderi, seqsualoba da uTanasworoba

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi
 2

ZiriTadi cnebebi
sqesi. genderi

ras niSnavs iyo mamakaci? ras niSnavs iyo qali? Jan morisi,
cnobili avtori da mogzauri, winaT mamakaci iyo. jeims morisis saxeliT
igi ser edmund hilaris xelmZRvanelobiT mowyobili im eqspediciis
wevri iyo, romelmac warmatebiT dalaSqra everesti. is Zalze
`mamakacuri~ kaci iyo – avtomrboleli da aqtiuri sxvadasxva saxeobis
sportSi. Tumca mudam mainc mamakacis sxeulSi myof qalad SeigrZnobda
Tavs. man sqesis Secvlis operacia Caitara da mas Semdeg cxovrobda,
rogorc qali.
morisi Tavis wignSi aRwers sqesis Secvlis gamocdilebas, sadac
iZleva im gansxvavebuli samyaroebis perspeqtiul xedvebs, romelSic
qalebi da mamakacebi cxovroben:
`Cven gveubnebian, rom sqesTa Soris daSoreba mcirdeba; magram
minda giTxraT, rom meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, orive rolSi
(mamakacis da qalis) gamovcade cxovreba, da Cemi azriT, ar arsebobs
cxovrebis aspeqti, dRis arcerTi momenti, kontaqti Tu reaqcia, romelic
gansxvavebuli ar iyos mamakacebisaTvis da qalebisaTvis. xmis is
intonacia, romliTac axla mommarTaven, Cems gverdze myofi pirovnebis
is Jestebi, is SegrZneba, rac haerSi garSemo trialebda Cemi oTaxSi
Sesvlis dros, an restoranSi magidasTan yofnisas, mudmivad xazs
usvamda Cemi statusis Secvlas.
Tu sxvebis reaqciebi Cems mimarT icvleboda, aseve icvleboda
Cemic. rac ufro metad meqceodnen, rogorc qals, ufro metad qali
vxdebodi. Zalauneburad Sevegue am mdgomareobas. Tu arakompetenturad
macxadebdnen manqanis gadayenebaSi an boTlebis gaxsnaSi, vgrZnobdi, rom
arakompetenturi vxdebodi. Tu iTvleboda, rom yuTi Zalze mZime iyo
CemTvis asawevad, ucnauria, magram Tavadac ase vTvlidi...
MmagaliTad, rodesac Cems erT-erT axlobel megobar mamakacTan
erTad lanCze var, marTobs imis gafiqreba, rom arc ise bevri wlis win,
es laquca oficianti mec iseve momeqceoda, rogorc axla Cems megobars
eqceva. maSin igi mokrZalebuli seriozulobiT momesalmeboda. axla igi
 3

Cems xelsaxocs kekluci ceremoniulobiT Slis, TiTqos maqezebs. maSin

igi Cems SekveTas seriozuli yuradRebiT moismenda, axla ki elodeba,
rom raRac araseriozuls vityvi (da asec vakeTeb)” (Morris 1974).
Uumetesoba Cvengani ver xvdeba, rom pirovneba, romelic iyo `is~
(kaci), SeiZleba gaxda `is~ (qali), radgan seqsualuri gansxvavebebi aseT
gavlenas axdens Cvens cxovrebaze. Cveulebriv, Cven verc ki vamCnevT maT
– swored amitom arian isini ase gavrcelebulni. isini Tavidanve mtkiced
arian fesvgadgmulni CvenSi.
winamdebare TavSi, SevecdebiT SeviswavloT adamianis seqsualuri
qcevis buneba, iseve rogorc gavaanalizoT seqsualobis kompleqsuri
xasiaTi – adamianis seqsualuri modelebi – da seqsualuri gansxvavebebi.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi seqsualuri cxovreba, iseve rogorc bevri
sxva ram, mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis, rac gavlenas axdens
mravali Cvenganis emociur cxovrebaze. Cven gavigebT am cvlilebebis
raobas da SevecdebiT gavaanalizoT maTi farTo mniSvneloba mocemuli
Tavis bolos.
daviwyebT biWebsa da gogonebs, mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
gansxvavebebis warmoSobis SeswavliT. mecnierebi iyofian im Sexedulebis
safuZlevze, Tu ra moculobiT axdens gavlenas Tandayolili
biologiur maxasiaTeblebi Cvens genderul identobaze da seqsualur
aqtivobebze. debatebi mimdinareobis imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad aris es
Seswavlili. aravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom Cveni seqsualoba
instinqturia imave azriT, rogoriTac mravali ufro dabali klasis
cxovelebTan, magaliTad, CitebTan da futkrebTan. Tumca zogierTi
mecnieri, genderis da seqsualobis analizisas, socialur zegavlenebs
aniWebs upiratesobas.

sqesi, genderi da biologia

sityva `sqesi~, rogorc igi yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi gamoiyeneba,

orgvari mniSvnelobisaa; igi miekuTvneba rogorc pirovnebis kategorias,
aseve qmedebebs, romelSic adamianebi monawileoben, rogoricaa
`sqesobrivi urTierToba.~ meti garkveulobisTvis, unda ganvasxvavoT
 4

sqesi, rogorc biologiuri mniSvnelobis mqone, anu anatomiuri

gansxvaveba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris, sqesobrivi aqtivobisagan. aseve
saWiroa kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis dadgena sqessa da genders
Soris. Tu sqesi sxeulis fizikur gansxvavebas miuTiTebs, genderi
mamakacsa da qals Soris fsiqologiur, socialur da kulturul
gansxvavebebs exeba. gansxvaveba sqessa da genders Soris fundamenturia,
Tumca mravali gansxvaveba mamakacsa da qals Soris, Tavisi warmoSobiT
biologiuri ar aris.

genderuli gansxvavebebi: buneba aRzrdis sapirispirod

Ggansxvavebebi qalebis da mamakacebis qcevaSi, ufro metad sqesis

Sedegia Tu genderis? sxva sityvebiT, ramdenad aris es gansxvavebebi
biologiuri faqtoris Sedegi? zogierT avtors miaCnia, rom qalebis da
mamakacebis qcevebs Soris Tandayolili gansxvavebebi yvela kulturaSi
arsebobs, da rom sociobiologiis aRmoCenebi swored amaze miuTiTebs.
es mkvlevarni im faqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas, rom TiTqmis yvela
kulturaSi, ufro metad mamakacebi monawileoben nadirobasa da omebSi,
vidre qalebi. maTi azriT, gana es ar miuTiTebs rom mamakacebSi
arsebobs agresiisadmi biologiurad gamyarebuli tendencia, rac qalebs
ara aqvT?
sxva mkvlevarni am arguments aradamajereblad miiCneven. MmaTi
azriT, mamakacebis agresiulobis done sxvadasxva kulturebSi
sxvadasxvagvaria, da mosalodnelia, qalebic erT kulturaSi ufro
pasiurni da uwyinarni iyvnen, vidre sxva kulturebSi (Elstain 1987) . ufro
metic, imis gamo, rom xasiaTis Tviseba met-naklebad sayovelTaoa, es ar
niSnavs, rom Tavisi warmoSobiT igi biologiuria; aq SeiZleba saqme
gvqondes zogadi saxis kulturul faqtorebTan, rac amgvar
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs warmoSobs. magaliTad, umetes kulturebSi,
qalebis umravlesoba cxovrebis did nawils bavSvebze zrunvaSi atarebs
da ar SeuZliaT Tavisuflad miiRon monawileoba nadirobaSi an omSi. am
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, gansxvavebebi qalebisa da mamakacebis qcevaSi,
umTavresad, qalisa da mamakacis identobis - feminurobisa da
maskulinobis socialuri daswavlis Sedegia.
 5

samxili cxovelTa samyarodan

ras gviCvenebs faqtebi? informaciis erT-erTi wyaroa sqesTa Soris

gansxvavebebi hormonalur struqturaSi. zogi mkvlevari acxadebda, rom
mamakacis sqesobrivi hormoni, testosteroni, dakavSirebulia mamakacis
midrekilebasTan Zaladobisken. MmagaliTad, kvlevebSi aRiniSna, rom Tu
mamri maimuni dabadebisTanave iqna kastrirebuli, igi naklebad
agresiuli xdeba; da piriqiT, rodesac mdedr maimuns aZleven
testosterons, igi normalur mdedr maimunze ufro agresiuli xdeba.
Tumca, aseve dadginda, rom, Tu maimuns mieca saSualeba ibatonos
sxvebze, mas testosteronis done ezrdeba. amgvarad, SesaZloa,
agresiulma qcevam gavlena moaxdinos hormonis warmoSobaze da ara
hormoni iyos gazrdili agresiis mizezi.
Mmtkicebis kidev erTi SesaZlo wyaro cxovelis qcevaze uSualo
dakvirvebaa. Aavtorebi, romlebic mamkacur agresias biologiur faqtors
ukavSireben, xSirad xazs usvamen mamakacur agresias primatebs Soris.
maTi azriT, Simpanzes qcevas Tu davakvirdebiT, mamrebi yovelTvis ufro
agresiulebi arian, vidre mdedrebi. Tumca, sinamdvileSi, didi
gansxvavebaa cxovelTa tipebs Soris. magaliTad, gibonebis SemTxvevaSi,
sqesTa Soris TiTqmis SeumCneveli gansxvavebaa; ufro metic, bevri
mdedri maimuni zogierT situaciaSi Zalze agresiulia, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca Svilebs safrTxe emuqreba.

samxili adamianTa samyarodan

adamianebis SemTxvevaSi, informaciis ZiriTadi wyaro identuri

tyupebis gamocdilebidan modis. identuri tyupebi erTi
kvercxujredidan arian da zustad erTnairi genetikuri struqtura aqvT.
moxda erTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva, rodesac mamrobiTi sqesis
identuri tyupebidan erT-erTi seriozulad daSavda windacveTis
procesSi; gadawyda, misi genitalia gadaekeTebinaT qalisad. amis Semdeg
igi izrdeboda rogorc gogona. tyupebi, eqvsi wlis asakSi, dasavleTis
kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel tipiur mamakacur da qalur Tvisebebs
amJRavnebdnen. patara gogonas uyvarda sxva gogonebTan TamaSi,
 6

exmareboda saxlis saqmeebSi da surda gaTxoveba, rodesac gaizrdeboda.

biWuna sxva biWebis garemocvaSi amjobinebda yofnas, misi sayvareli
saTamaSoebi avtomobilebi da gadamzidi manqanebi iyo, surda mexanZre an
policieli gamxdariyo.
Aim droisTvis, es SemTxveva interpretirebul iqna, rogorc
genderul gansxvavebebze socialuri daswavlis damajerebeli
zegavlenis demonstrireba. Tumca, rodesac gogonam Tineijeris asaks
miaRwia, mas gamosvla hqonda satelevizio programiT da misma intervium
aCvena, rom igi erTgvar uxerxulobas grZnobda Tavisi genderuli
identobis gamo, albaT imitom, rom is `realurad~ biWi iyo. mogvianebiT,
man gaigo Tavisi uCveulo istoriis Sesaxeb da, SesaZloa, amis codna
Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo sakuTari Tavis sxvagvarad aRqmisTvis (Ryan
1985).
es SemTxveva ar uaryofs imis SesaZleblobas, rom biologiuri
faqtorebi gavlenas axdens qceviT gansxvavebebze mamakacsa da qals
Soris. Tuki isini arsebobs, maTi fsiqologiuri warmoSoba jer kidev ar
aris identificirebuli. sakiTxi kvlav winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba, Tumca
genetikos riCard levontinis daskvnas albaT bevri daeTanxmeba:
`pirovnebis Tavdapirveli TviTidentifikacia, rogorc mamakacis an
qalisa, Tavisi damokidebulebebiT, ideebiTa da survilebiT, rac am
identifikacias Tan axlavs, gamowveulia imiT, Tu ra kategorias
miakuTvnes is (qali an mamakaci) bavSvobaSi. Mmovlenebis normalurad
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, es kategoria Seesabameba SeTanxmebul
biologiur gansxvavebas qromosomebSi, hormonebsa da morfologiaSi.
amgvarad, biologiuri gansxvavebebi ufro signalia, vidre
diferenciaciis mizezi, socialur rolebSi (Lewontin 1982).

genderuli socializacia

miuxedavad imisa, rom biologiuri samxili gvexmareba genderuli

gansxvavebebis warmoSobis gagebaSi, kidev erTi saSualebaa genderuli
socializaciis kvleva, genderuli rolebis Seswavla iseTi socialuri
faqtorebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa ojaxi da media.
 7

mSoblebisa da zrdasrulebis reaqciebi

Mmravali gamokvleva Catarda imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad

warmoadgens genderuli gansxvavebebi socialuri gavlenebis Sedegs.
dedisa da patara bavSvis urTierTobis Seswavla gviCvenebs gansxvavebebs
biWisa da gogos mimarT damokidebulebaSi maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebs
sjeraT, rom orives erTnairad eqcevian. roca zrdasrulebs Cvili
bavSvis daxasiaTebas sTxoven, gansxvavebul pasuxebs iZlevian imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli amoicnes masSi - gogo Tu biWi. EerTi klasikuri
eqsperimentis dros, xuT axalgazrda dedaze Catarda dakvirveba, maTi
urTierTqmedebis dros eqvsi Tvis bavSvTan, romelsac saxelad beTi
erqva. isini uRimodnen bavSvs da Tojinas awvdidnen saTamaSod. bavSvs
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc `sayvarels~ da `nazi xmis~ mqones. Ddedebis meore
jgufis reaqcia igive asakis bavSvze, romelsac adami erqva, sruliad
gansxvavebuli iyo. bavSvs awvdidnen matarebels an raime sxva `mamakacur~
saTamaSos. sinamdvileSi, beTi da adami erTidaigive bavSvi iyo,
gansxvavebul tansacmelSi Cacmuli (Will et. al 1976).

genderuli daswavla
BbavSvebis mier genderuli daswavla, garkveulwilad,
aracnobierad mimdinareobs. sanam bavSvebi SeZlebdnen sworad miakuTvnon
sakuTari Tavi gogonebs Tu biWebs, amas win uZRvis preverbaluri
miniSnebebis mTeli rigi. magaliTad, zrdasruli mamakacebi da qalebi,
Cveulebriv, gansxvavebulad eqcevian bavSvebs. kosmetikas, romelsac
qalebi xmaroben, gansxvavebuli surneleba aqvs imisgan, romelsac bavSvi
SeiZleba mamakacebs ukavSirebdes. sistematuri gansxvavebebi
CacmulobaSi, Tmis stilSi da sxv. daswavlis procesSi vizualur
miniSnebebs awvdis bavSvs. ori wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebs nawilobrivi
warmodgena aqvT imaze, Tu ra aris genderi. maT ician, gogonebi arian Tu
biWebi, da Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT sxvebis sqesis garCeva. Tumca, xuT an
eqvs wlamde bavSvma ar icis, rom pirovnebis sqesi ar icvleba, rom
yovel adamians aqvs genderi da rom gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT
gogonebsa da biWebs Soris anatomiazea dafuZnebuli.
 8

saTamaSoebi, naxatebi, wignebi da satelevizio programebi,

romelTanac bavSvebs saqme aqvT, yvela Taviseburad xazs usvams
gansxvavebebs qalisa da mamakacis niSan-Tvisebebs Soris. saTamaSoebis
maRaziebi da dakveTis mimRebi katalogebi TavianT saqonels, Cveulebriv,
genderis mixedviT axarisxeben. iseTi sasamaTSoebic ki, romlebic
neitraluri gveCveneba genderis TvalsazrisiT, praqtikaSi aseTi ar aris.
magaliTad, saTamaSo fisuniebi da kurdRlebi gogonebisTvis aris
rekomendebuli, xolo lomebi da vefxvebi umetesad biWebisTvis aris
gankuTvnili.
vanda luCia zamunerma gamoikvlia, romel saTamaSos aniWeben
upiratesobas Svididan aT wlamde bavSvebi italiasa da holandiaSi
(Zammuner 1987). gaanalizebul iqna bavSvebis damokidebulebebi sxvadasxva
saxis saTamaSoebis mimarT. stereotipul mamakacur da qalur
saTamaSoebSi CarTul iqna saTamaSoebi, romlebic ar iyo gansazRvruli
romelime sqesiT. rogorc bavSvebs, aseve maT mSoblebs sTxoves,
ganesazRvraT Sesaferisi saTamaSoebi gogonebisa da biWebisTvis.
aRmoCnda, rom mozrdilebsa da bavSvebs Soris sruli Tanxmoba sufevda.
saSualod, meti italieli bavSvi irCevda sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebul
saTamaSos, vidre holandieli bavSvi. am kvlevebma daadastura
molodinebi, rom italiuri kultura metad uWers mxars genderuli
dayofis tradiciul Tvalsazriss, vidre es holandiur sazogadoebaSia.
rogorc amas sxva kvlevebic adasturebs, gogonebma orive
sazogadoebidan amoirCies gacilebiT meti genderulad neitraluri an
biWebis saTamaSoebi, vidre biWebma gogonebis saTamaSoebi.

wignebi da televizia

OocdaxuTi wlis win, lenora vaicmanma da misma kolegebma

moaxdines genderuli rolebis analizi skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisTvis
gankuTvnil, yvelaze popularul moTxrobebis wignebSi, da aRmoaCines
mravali aSkara gansxvaveba genderul rolebSi (Weitzman e t a l, 1972) .
mamakacebi gacilebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen moTxrobebSi da
naxatebSi, vidre qalebi, koeficientiT 11/1. genderuli identobis mqone
cxovelebis CaTvliT ki, es koeficienti Seadgenda 95/1. Mmamakacebisa da
 9

qalebis aqtivobebic gansxvavdeboda. mamakacebi monawileobdnen gare

saTavgadasavlo situaciebSi, rac damoukideblobasa da Zalas
moiTxovda. sadac ki personaJi gogonebi gamoCndebodnen, isini
daxasiaTebulni iyvnen, rogorc pasiuri arsebebi, romlebic Sinauri
saqmeebiT iyvnen dakavebulni. gogonebi sadils amzadebdnen
mamakacebisTvis, saxlSi saqmianobdnen da elodnen maT dabrunebas.
TiTqmis aseve iyo moTxrobebis krebulSi warmodgenili zrdasruli
mamakacebi da qalebi. qalebi, romlebic colebi an dedebi ar iyvnen,
warmodgenilni iyvnen iseT warmosaxviT personaJebad, rogoricaa
alqajebi an wmindanebi. MmTel wignSi erTi personaJi qali ar iyo,
romelic raime saqmianobas saxlis gareT eweoda. amis sapirispirod,
mamakacebi gamoyvanilni iyvnen, rogorc mebrZolebi, policielebi,
mosamarTleebi, mefeebi da a.S.
Uufro gviandeli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom mdgomareoba rogorRac
Seicvala, Tumca sabavSvo literaturis umetesi nawili iseTive rCeba
(Davis 1991). zRaprebSi, magaliTad, tradiciuli midgomaa genderis mimarT,
im imedebisa da miswrafebebis mimarT, romlebiTac gogonebi da biWebi
xelmZRvaneloben. `odesme Cemi princi gamoCndeba~ - rac mravali saukunis
win iyo Cadebuli zRaprebis versiebSi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobda, rom
Rarib gogonas SeeZlo eocneba simdidresa da karg bedze. dRes es azri
ufro romantikul siyvaruls ukavSirdeba. zogierTi feministi Seecada
Tavidan gadaewera zogierTi yvelaze cnobili zRapari, maxvilebis
gadaadgilebis saSualebiT.
`me namdvilad ver SevamCnie misi sasacilo cxviri.
Dda igi namdvilad ukeT gamoiyureboda, koxtad gamowyobili modur
tansacmelSi.
igi sruliadac ar aris iseTi momxibvleli, rogorc im Rames iyo.
ase rom, vfiqrob, Tavs movaCveneb, rom es SuSis qoSi Zalze viwrod
maqvs~. (Viorst 1987)
Mmagram konkias am versiis msgavsad, es Tavidan gadawerili ambebi,
umTavresad, zrdasruli auditoriisTvis aris gamiznuli da naklebi
gavlena aqvs zRaprebze, romlebic uamrav sabavSvo wignSia moTxrobili.
 10

Tumca arsebobs zogierTi TvalsaCino gamonaklisi; bavSvebisTvis

gankuTvnili satelevizio programebis analizi exmianeba daskvnebs
sabavSvo wignebis Sesaxeb. Yyvelaze popularuli multfilmebis Sesaxeb
gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom mTavari gmirebi mamrobiTi sqesis arian da rom
am mamakacebs mihyavT moqmedeba. msgavsi warmodgenebis mixedviTaa agebuli
reklamebic, romlebic programebs mTel sigrZeze gasdevs.

bavSvis araseqsisturad aRzrdis siZneleebi

jun statamma gamoikvlia mSobelTa erTi jgufis mier SeZenili

gamocdileba bavSvis araseqsisturad aRzrdasTan dakavSirebiT. kvlevaSi
monawileobas Rebulobda ocdaaTi zrdasruli Tvrameti ojaxidan,
romelSic CarTulni iyvnen eqvsi Tvidan Tormet wlamde asakis bavSvebic.
mSoblebi saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, umetesad akademiuri
wreebidan – maswavleblebi da leqtorebi. statamma aRmoaCina, rom
mSobelTa umetesoba ara ubralod cdilobda tradiciuli seqsualuri
rolis modificirebas, raTa gogonebs ufro metad hqonodaT biWebis
Tvisebebi, aramed surdaT qalurobisa da mamakacurobis axleburi
kombinacia moexdinaT. maT surdaT, biWebi ufro gulisxmieri
yofiliyvnen sxvebis grZnobebis mimarT, SesZlebodaT siTbos gamoxatva;
xolo gogonebs xels uwyobdnen, raTa moepovebinaT saSualebebi
swavlisa da TviTdamkvidrebisTvis. yvela mSobeli Tvlida, rom
genderuli daswavlis arsebuli mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg brZola Zneli
iyo. isini Seecadnen, garkveuli warmatebiT, rom bavSvebs imgvari
saTamaSoebiT eTamaSaT, romlebic genderis mxriv tipiuri ar iyo, Tumca
esec ki imaze metad gauZneldaT, vidre moelodnen. erT-erTi mSobeli
aseT komentars akeTebs mkvlevarTan:
`saTamaSoebis maRaziaSi yofnisas SeamCnevT, rom igi savsea
sabrZolo saTamaSoebiT biWebisTvis da saojaxo tipis saTamaSoebiT
gogonebisTvis, rac migvaxvedrebs, Tu rogori mimarTuleba aqvs
sazogadoebas. am gziT xdeba bavSvebis socializacia: es kargia
biWebisTvis, raTa iswavlon, rogor moklan an daasaxiCron, rac, vfiqrob,
saSinelebaa da Zalze madardebs. me vcdilob ar Sevide saTamaSoebis
maRaziaSi; es Zalian mabrazebs~.
 11

Ppraqtikulad, yvela bavSvs aqvs saTamaSo da isini erTobian

genderiT gansazRvruli saTamaSoebiT, romlebsac axloblebi Cuqnian.
DdRes arsebobs wignebi, romlebSic mTavari gmirebi Zlieri
gogonebi arian, magram Zalze mcirea maTi ricxvi, romelic biWebs
aratradiciul rols miakuTvnebda. xuTi wlis biWunas dedam mogviTxro
misi Svilis reaqciaze, rodesac man wakiTxvisas moTxrobis gmirebs sqesi
Seucvala.
`mas, faqtobrivad, cotaTi ewyina, rodesac mTeli kiTxvis manZilze,
moTxrobaSi, sadac gogona da biWi tradiciul rolebs asrulebdnen,
Sevcvale yvela gogonas roli biWad da biWisa - gogonad. rodesac es
pirvelad gavakeTe, igi mzad iyo eTqva: `Sen ar giyvars biWebi, Sen
mxolod gogonebi mogwons~. me momixda amexsna misTvis, rom es sul ar
iyo ase, rom es mxolod imitom gavakeTe, rom sakmarisad ar ewera
gogonebze~ (Statham 1986).
MmarTlac, genderuli socializacia Zalze Zlieria, da misi
gamowveva, SesaZloa, Zalze arasaxarbielo gamodges. mas Semdeg, rac
genderi erTxel `ganisazRvra~, sazogadoeba moelis, rom individebi
moiqcevian, rogorc `qalebi~ da `mamakacebi~. Cveni yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis praqtikaSi es molodinebi ganxorcielebuli da asaxulia
(Lorber 1994; Bourdieu 1990).

genderis keTeba

Cveni Sexedulebebi genderuli identobis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc

masTan dakavSirebuli seqsualuri ganwyobebi da midrekilebebi, ise adre
yalibdeba, rom zrdasrulobaSi maT TavisTavad cxadad miviCnevT. Tumca
genderi ufro metia, vidre gogonasaviT an biWiviT moqceva.
sxva sityvebiT, genderi ara ubralod arsebobs, aramed,
sociologebs rom davesesxoT, yvela `akeTebs genders~ yoveldRiur
socialur urTierTqmedebaSi sxvebTan (West and Zimmerman 1987). magaliTad,
Jan morisi unda mimxvdariyo, rogor aemoqmedebina genderi, rodesac
dainaxa, rom misgan, rogorc qalisagan, mamakacisgan gansxvavebul qcevas
moelodnen restoranSi. rogorc igi ambobs, `ar arsebobs cxovrebis
 12

aspeqti,~ romelic genderiT ar iyos gajerebuli. Tumca man ver SeamCnia,

rom es manamdec arsebobda, sanam igi sqess Seicvlida. is uxilavi gzebi,
romliTac CvenSi genderi moqmedebs, Cveni cxovrebis iseT
sisxlxorceul nawils warmoadgens, rom verc ki vamCnevT, vidre igi
xelidan ar gvecleba an radikalurad ar icvleba. genderis socialur
reproduqcias vaxdenT da vimeorebT uamrav wvrilman qmedebebSi mTeli
dRis ganmavlobaSi. Ees procesi gvexmareba, gavigoT genderi, rogorc
socialuri instituti, romelic iqmneba da meordeba Cveni sxvebTan
urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. rogorc Semdgom TavebSi davinaxavT,
genderuli gansxvavebebi aseve sxva socialuri institutebis
mniSvnelovani nawilia, magaliTad, ojaxis, religiis, Sromisa da klasis.
transseqsualebi, Jan morisis msgavsad, arian adamianebi, romlebsac
surT sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da romlebic amisTvis
qirurgiul Carevas mimarTaven. isini, hormonalur mkurnalobas itareben
sxeulis formisa da Tmis safaris Sesacvlelad, aseve meoradi
sqesobrivi niSnebis Sesaqmnelad, rogoricaa, magaliTad, wveri an mkerdi.
amgvari axali `genderuli datvirTvebi~ ar aris sqesis sruli Secvla;
maTi qromosomebi da maTi Sinagani organoebi, rogoricaa saSo, ucvleli
rCeba. erTi transseqsuali, saxelad mark riisi, am sakiTxs Semdegnairad
ganixilavs: `sruli rwmena imisa, rom araswor sxeulSi cxovrob,
arafriT Camouvardeba fsiqiatriul mkurnalobas. sxeulsa da gonebas
Soris mudmivi konfliqtis erTaderTi alternativa Zevs damRlel,
emociurad gamomfitav, xSirad uxerxul da yovelTvis mtkivneul
genderul cvlilebaSi. Tumca amisi jildo Tavisuflebaa - realur me-d
yofna~.
saubedurod, es Tavisufleba moqceulia sistemaSi, romelic, sxva
araferi rom vTqvaT, aralogikuria – da romelSic britaneTi fexs ar
uwyobs iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa kanada, italia, germania, holandia,
norvegia, SvedeTi, poloneTi, Sveicaria, TurqeTi da indonezia, aseve
SeerTebuli Statebis 48 Stati.
riisi aRniSnavs: `mTavroba uflebas iZleva Seicvalos pasporti da
sauniversiteto xarisxi, marTvis mowmoba da biblioTekis bileTi. igi
transseqsualizms ganixilavs, rogorc samedicino mdgomareobas da
 13

fsiqologiuri momsaxurebis, hormonaluri mkurnalobis da operaciebis

fulsac ixdis; Tumca, am yvelafris Semdeg, igi uars ambobs erTi
dokumentis Casworebaze, rac aucilebelia legaluri cnobisa da
adamianis uflebaTa srulad aRiarebisTvis~ - es dabadebis mowmobaa.
(suraTebze warmodgenilia brenda riisi – patara gogona, da mark riisi,
rogorc zrdasruli mamakaci)
wyaro: Guardian, 1996.

genderuli identoba da seqsualoba: ori Teoria

froidis Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

zigmund froidis Teoria genderuli identobis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb,

albaT yvelaze gavleniani da winaaRmdegobrivi Teoriaa. froidis
mixedviT, CvilebSi da patara bavSvebSi genderuli gansxvavebis Secnoba,
penisis qona-arqonazea damokidebuli. `me penisi maqvs~, niSnavs `me var
biWi~, maSin roca `me var gogo~ niSnavs, `me ara maqvs penisi.~ froidi
sifrTxiliT aRniSnavs, rom es mxolod anatomiur gansxvavebas ar
niSnavs; penisis qona Tu arqona mamakacurobis da qalurobis simboloa.
am Teoriis mixedviT, daaxloebiT oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi, biWi
SiSs grZnobs mamis mimarT, mis mier disciplinis da morCilebis
moTxovnis gamo, warmoidgens ra, rom mamas misTvis penisis moSoreba
surs. nawilobriv cnobierad, Tumca umetesad aracnobier doneze, biWi
mamas metoqed miiCnevs, dedis yuradRebis mopovebaSi. dedis mimarT
erotikuli grZnobebis daTrgunviT da imiT, rom mamas umaRles arsebad
miiCnevs, biWi sakuTari Tavis mamasTan identificirebas axdens da Tavis
mamakacur identobas acnobierebs. biWi uars ambobs dedis mimarT
siyvarulze, mamis mier misi kastraciis aracnobieri SiSis gamo. meore
mxriv, gogonebi, savaraudod, `penisis mimarT Surs~ ganicdian, vinaidan
maT ar gaaCniaT iseTi dasanaxi organo, romelic biWebs gamoarCevs. deda
gogonas TvalSi fass kargavs imitom, rom penisi ara aqvs da arc
SeuZlia hqondes. rodesac gogona dedasTan identificirebas axdens, igi
daqvemdebarebul pozicias aRiarebs, rac `meorexarisxovan arsebad
yofnas~ gulisxmobs.
 14

rodesac es faza sruldeba, bavSvma ukve icis erotikuli

grZnobebis darTgunva. froidis mixedviT, xuTi wlis asakidan sqesobriv
momwifebamde latenturi periodia – sqesobrivi aqtivoba SeCerebulia,
vidre biologiuri cvlilebebi ar Caereva sqesobriv momwifebaSi, rac
aaqtiurebs uSualod erotikul survilebs. latenturi periodi emTxveva
skolaSi swavlis adreul da Sua wlebs, rodesac imave sqesis
TanatolTa jgufebi yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben bavSvis
cxovrebaSi.
mTeli rigi argumentebi gamoiTqva froidis Tvalsazrisis
winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT, feministebis mier, Tumca sxva mravali
avtoris mierac (Mitchell 1973; C oward 19 84). pirveli, froidi, rogorc Cans,
genderul identobas Zalze mWidrod aigivebda genitalur
gacnobierebasTan; Tumca aq sxva nakleb TvalsaCino faqtorebic iyo
CarTuli. meore, froidis Teoria, Cans, eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom peniss
upiratesoba eniWeba vaginasTan SedarebiT, romelic miCneulia ubralod
mamakacuri organos arqonad. Tumca, ratom ar unda iyo miCneuli qaluri
genitaliebi mamakacis organoze upiratesad? mesame, froidi mamas
disciplinis gamtareblad miiCnevs, maSin roca mraval kulturaSi deda
TamaSobs ufro mniSvnelovan rols disciplinis gatarebaSi. meoTxe,
froids miaCnia, rom genderuli daswavla oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi iwyeba.
gviandeli avtorebis umetesoba ki xazs usvams ufro adreuli daswavlis
mniSvnelobas, rac Cvilobidan iwyeba.

Codorous Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

froidis midgoma genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb bevrma avtorma

gaiziara, Tumca maT mravali kuTxiT moaxdines am midgomis
modificireba. erT-erT maTgans sociologi nensi Codorou warmoadgens
(1978, 1988) . Codorou amtkicebs, rom mamakacurobis da qalurobis
SegrZneba bavSvebSi Zalze adreul asakSi, mSoblebis mimarT
siyvarulidan warmoiSoba. froidisgan gansxvavebiT, igi, mamasTan
SedarebiT, dedis rolis mniSvnelobas usvams xazs. Cvili emociurad
ufro metad dedasTan aris dakavSirebuli da amitomac deda axdens
 15

yvelaze met gavlenas mis adreul cxovrebaze. es siyvaruli erTgvarad

irRveva bavSvis mier sakuTari me-s gacnobierebis Semdeg; igi nakleb
damokidebuli xdeba dedaze.
Codorous azriT, es daSorebis procesi svadasxvagvarad
mimdinareobs biWebsa da gogonebSi. gogonebi ufro axlo urTierTobas
inarCuneben dedasTan, magaliTad, ufro metad exvevian da eferebian
dedas da mis qcevebs baZaven; imis gamo, rom dedisgan daSoreba mkveTri
ar aris, gogonas da Semdeg zrdasrul qals uyalibdeba me-s SegrZneba,
romelic ufro myaria sxva adamianebTan urTierTobaSi. misi identoba
TiTqos ufro uTavsdeba sxvebs an ufro damokidebuli xdeba maTze -
Tavdapirvelad dedaze, mogvianebiT mamakacze. Codorous azriT, swored
es ayalibebs qalebSi TanagrZnobisa da Sebralebis gancdas. biWebi
sakuTari me-s gacnobierebas dedebTan Tavdapirveli siaxlovis ufro
radikaluri uaryofiT aRweven. isini TavianTi mamakacurobis
gacnobierebas imiT axerxeben, rac qaluri ar aris. isini swavloben, ar
iyvnen `nazebi~ an `dedikos biWebi.~ amitom biWebi naklebad gawafulni
arian sxva adamianebTan axlo urTierTobebSi; isini ufro analitikurad
ganixilaven samyaros, ufro aqtiurad udgebian cxovrebas, met
Zalisxmevas iyeneben warmatebis misaRwevad, Tumca Trgunaven unars,
Caswvdnen rogorc sakuTar, aseve sxvis grZnobebs.
Codorou, garkveulwilad, anacvlebs froidis aqcentebs. masTan
mamakacuroba da ara qaluroba xasiaTdeba dedasTan xangrZlivi axlo
urTierTobis dakargviT. mamakacuri identoba gancalkevebis saSualebiT
yalibdeba, amitom mamakacebi mTeli cxovreba aracnobierad grZnoben,
rom maT identobis safrTxe daemuqrebaT, Tu sxvebTan mWidro emociur
urTierTobebSi CaerTvebian. qalebi, Tavis mxriv, grZnoben, rom sxvebTan
mWidro emociuri urTierTobis gareSe maTi TviTganmtkiceba ar Sedgeba.
es magaliTebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema; amitomaa, rom bavSvebis
adreul socializaciaSi qalebi TamaSoben upirveles rols. qalebi
sakuTar Tavs, umetesad, urTierTqmedebis gziT gamoxataven da
gansazRvraven. mamakacebi Trgunaven am moTxovnilebebs da ufro
manipulaciur pozicias avlenen samyaros mimarT.
 16

Codorous Sromam sxvadasxvagvari kritikuli gamoxmaureba

gamoiwvia. magaliTad, jenet seierss miaCnia, rom Codoroum ver
gaaanaliza qalebis brZola damoukideblobisa da avtonomiurobis
mosapoveblad, gansakuTrebiT Cvens droSi (Sayers 1986). igi aRniSnavs, rom
qalebi (da mamakacebi) TavianTi fsiqologiuri struqturiT gacilebiT
winaaRmdegobrivni arian, vidre amas Codorous Teoria gvTavazobs.
qalurobam SeiZleba SeniRbos agresiulobis an TviTdamtkicebis grZnoba,
rac mxolod iribad an garkveul konteqstebSi vlindeba (Brennan 1988) .
Codorou aseve gaakritikes misi ojaxis koncefciis SezRudulobis gamo,
romelic mxolod TeTrkanian da saSualo klasis modelze iyo
dafuZnebuli. ra xdeba, magaliTad, martoxela mSoblian ojaxebSi, an iq,
sadac bavSvebze erTze meti zrdasruli zrunavs?
E es kritika sruliadac ar akninebs Codorous ideebs, romlebic
dRemde inarCunebs aqtualobas. isini mniSvnelovan codnas gvawvdis
feminurobis fenomenis Sesaxeb da aseve gvexmareba e.w. `mamakacuri
araeqspresiulobis~ safuZvlebis gagebaSi - im sirTuleebisa, rac
mamakacebs axasiaTebT grZnobebis gamxelasTan dakavSirebiT.

adamianis seqsualoba

Ggenderuli gansxvavebebis Seswavlisas, mkvlevarebi, socialur da

kulturul zegavlenebTan erTad, adamianis seqsualur qcevaze
biologiuri zegavlenis mniSvnelobasac usvamen xazs. genderuli
gansxvavebebis da seqsualobis kvlevebis ZiriTadi msgavseba imaSia, rom
adamianebis ukeT gasagebad, es orive sfero cxovelTa samyaros
swavlobs. Tavdapirvelad, biologiur argumentebs ganvixilavT da im
kritikas, rasac es argumentebi iwvevs. Semdeg seqsualuri qcevis
socialur zegavlenebze visaubrebT, rac adamianis seqsualobis didi
mravalgvarobis Sesaxeb diskusiasTan migviyvans.

biologia da seqsualuri qceva

seqsualobas aSkarad biologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia, Tundac imis

gamo, rom qalisa da mamakacis anatomia erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba da
 17

orgazmis gamocdilebac gansxvavebulia. Aaseve, arsebobs gamravlebis

biologiuri imperativi, romlis gareSe adamianuri modgma
gadaSendeboda. zogierTi biologis azriT, arsebobs imis
evolucionisturi axsna, Tu ratom aqvT mamakacebs ufro xSiri
SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi, vidre qalebs (ixileT me-2 Tavi).
argumenti isaa, rom mamkacebi biologiurad midrekilni arian
gaanayofieron imdeni qali, ramdenic SesaZlebelia myari rwmenisaTvis,
rom maT kvercxujreds gadarCenis saukeTeso Sansi aqvs. qalebs,
romlebsac mocemul momentSi mxolod erTi ganayofierebadi
kvercxujredi aqvT, amgvari biologiuri interesi ar amoZravebT.
samagierod, maT stabiluri partniori surT biologiuri STamomavlobis
dasacavad, rac maTi bavSvebis dacvas gulisxmobs. Ees argumenti
ganmtkicebulia cxovelTa seqsualuri qcevis SeswavliT, rac aCvenebs,
rom, Cveulebriv, ama Tu im saxeobis mamrebi ufro xSir seqsualur
kavSirebs amyareben, vidre imave saxeobis mdedrebi.
Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma dagvanaxa, rom mdedris mxridan
`Ralati~ sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa cxovelTa samefoSi da bevri
cxovelis seqsualuri aqtivoba ufro kompleqsuria, vidre manamde
iTvleboda. EerT dros sjerodaT, rom mdedrebi wyvildebian iseT
mamrebTan, romlebsac potenciali aqvT, saukeTeso genetikuri
memkvidreoba gadascen TavianT STamomavlobas. Mmagram mdedri Citebis
bolo kvlevebma es argumenti sakamaTo gaxada da dagvanaxa, rom mdedri
Citebi damatebiT patniors ara misi genebis gamo irCeven, aramed imitom,
rom es partniori, SesaZloa, ukeTesi mSobeli iyos da ukeTesi
adgilsamyofeli SesTavazos STamomavlobis gasazrdelad. es kvleva
askvnis, rom `aq ufro metad kopulaciasTan (dawyvilebasTan) gvaqvs
saqme, vidre spermis gadacemasTan. es mdedrebi, SesaZloa, TavianT
momavalze fiqroben~ (citirebulia Angier 1994).
Ddaskvnebis gakeTeba amgvari kvlevebidan mxolod erTgvari
mcdelobaa, gansakuTrebiT, roca msgavs daskvnebs adamianis seqsualur
qcevebze vazogadebT. rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, seqsualoba gacilebiT
rTuli fenomenia imisaTvis, rom mxolod biologiuri niSnebiT moxdes
misi sruli axsna.
 18

socialuri zegavlena seqsualur qcevaze

yvela sazogadoebaSi, adamianebis umetesoba heteroseqsualia –

isini sapirispiro sqess emociuri urTierTobisa da seqsualuri
siamovnebis planSi ganixilaven. Yyvela sazogadoebaSi qorwinebisa da
ojaxis safuZvels heteroseqsualoba warmoadgens.
Tumca arseboben umciresobebic gansxvavebuli seqsualuri
gemovnebiTa da miswrafebebiT. judi lorberi adamianebSi aTi saxis
seqsualur identobas ganasxvavebs: heteroseqsuali mamakaci,
heteroseqsuali qali, lesboseli qali, gei mamakaci, biseqsuali qali,
biseqsuali mamakaci, transvestiti qali (qali, romelic mudmivad kacis
tansacmels atarebs), transvestiti mamakaci (mamakaci, romelic mudmivad
qalis tansacmels atarebs), transseqsuali qali (mamakaci, romelic qali
xdeba, Jan morisis msgavsad) da transseqsuali mamakaci (qali, romelic
mamakaci xdeba). seqsualuri praqtika kidev ufro mravalgvaria. froidi
adamianebs `polimorfulad gadaxrilebs~ uwodebs, raSic gulisxmobs,
rom adamianebs seqsualuri gemovnebis farTo speqtri gaaCniaT da
SeuZliaT misdion mas maSinac ki, roca mocemul sazogadoebaSi es
amoralurad da arakanonieradaa miCneuli. froidma Tavisi kvlevebi
mecxramete saukunis bolo wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac adamianebi
seqsualur sakiTxebSi metismetad morcxvebi iyvnen; Tumca misi
pacientebi mainc amJRavnebdnen seqsualuri midrekilebebis gasaocar
mravalgvarobas. SesaZlo seqsualur praqtikebs Soris SegviZlia
gamovyoT Semdegi: mamakacs an qals SeuZlia hqondes seqsualuri
urTierToba qalebTan, mamakacebTan an orivesTan. es SeiZleba moxdes
erTi erTze an sami da meti adamianis monawileobiT. individs SeiZleba
hqondes seqsi Tavis TavTan (masturbacia) an aravisTan (dauqorwinebloba,
celibati). zogierTs, SesaZloa, hqondes seqsualuri urTierToba
transseqsualebTan an adamianebTan, romlebic erotikuli miznebiT
sawinaaRmdego sqesis tansacmels atareben; iyeneben pornografias an
mimarTaven sado-mazoxizms (tkivilis gamowveva erotikuli mizniT), aqvT
sqesobrivi kavSiri cxovelebTan da a.S. (Lorber 1994). yvela sazogadoebaSi
 19

arsebobs seqsualuri normebi, romelTa mixedviT, zogierTi am saxis

praqtika miRebulia, xolo sxvebi - dagmobili da gakicxuli. Tumca
sxvadasxva kulturebSi amgvari normebi Zalze gansxvavebulia.
homoseqsualoba swored es SemTxvevaa, rogorc amas mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT. zogierT kulturaSi homoseqsualizmi garkveul
konteqstebSi an nebadarTulia, an aqtiurad mxardaWerilic ki.
magaliTad, Zvel berZnebTan mamkacebis patara biWebisadmi siyvaruli
idealizebuli iyo da seqsualuri siyvarulis umaRles formad iyo
miCneuli.
seqsualuri qcevis miRebuli tipebic aseve gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva kulturebSi, rac erT-erTi gzaa imis dasadgenad, rom
seqsualuri reaqciebi ufro SeZenilia, vidre Tandayolili. yvelaze
farTo kvleva am sakiTxebze ganxorcielebuli iyo ramdenime aTwleulis
win klelan fordisa da frenk biCis mier (1951), romlebmac orasze meti
sazogadoebis anTropoliguri monacemebi gamoikvlies. is, rac `bunebriv~
seqsualur qcevad da sqesobrivi mimzidvelobis normad aris miCneuli,
saocrad mravalgvari aRmoCnda. magaliTad, zogierT kulturaSi
uSualod sqesobrivi kavSiris wina periodi, rac zogjer saaTobiT
grZeldeba, aucilebel da sasurvel pirobad aris miCneuli; sxva
kulturebSi es wina periodi saerTod ar arsebobs. zog sazogadoebaSi
iTvleba, rom metismetad xSiri kavSiri fizikur sisustesa da
avadmyofobas iwvevs. wynari okeanis samxreTSi mcxovreb senangebs Soris,
uxucesi iZleva rCevas, ramdenad sasurvelia es kavSiri, da sjera, rom
qeraTmian individs yovel Rame SeuZlia sasiyvarulo urTierTobis qona!
Uumetes kulturebSi seqsualuri mimzidvelobis normebi (rasac
rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi iyeneben) ufro metad qalebis fizikur
monacemebzea fokusirebuli, vidre mamakacebis Sesaxedaobaze. es
situacia dasavleTSi, rogorc Cans, TandaTanobiT icvleba, vinaidan
qalebi gacilebiT aqtiurni xdebian saxlis gareT arsebul sferoebSi.
Strixebi, romlebic yvelaze mniSvnelovnad iTvleba qalis
silamazisTvis, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. Tanamedrove dasavleTSi
qalis gamxdari, koxta agebuleba moswonT maSin, rodesac sxva
kulturebSi ufro mimzidvelad qalis sruli formebia miCneuli
 20

(ixileT me-6 Tavi). zogjer mkerdi ar aRiqmeba seqsualuri mizidulobis

obieqtad maSin, rodesac zogierT sazogadoebaSi mas Rrma erotikuli
datvirTva aqvs. aris sazogadoebebi, romlebic did mniSvnelobas saxis
nakvTebs aniWebs maSin, rodesac sxvebi Tvalebis moyvanilobasa da fers
aZleven upiratesobas, aseve cxvirisa da tuCebis formas.

seqsualoba dasavlur kulturaSi

seqsualuri qcevis dasavluri xedva daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis

ganmavlobaSi qristianuli religiis gavlenas ganicdida. miuxedavad
imisa, rom sxvadasxva qristianul seqtebsa da moZRvrebebs gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebi hqondaT seqsualobis adgilis Sesaxeb cxovrebaSi,
qristianul eklesiaSi gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, nebismieri
seqsualuri qceva eWvis qveS iyo dayenebuli da gamonakliss mxolod
gamravlebis sakiTxi warmoadgenda. iyo periodebi, rodesac es
Sexeduleba sircxvilis gansakuTrebul grZnobas iwvevda sazogadoebaSi.
Tumca, sxva dros, mravali adamiani ugulebelyofda an winaaRmdegobas
uwevda eklesiis swavlebas da erToblivad erTvebodnen qmedebebSi
(rogoricaa, magaliTad, adiulteri), romelic akrZaluli iyo religiur
avtoritetTa mier. wignis 1 TavSi motanili idea, rom sqesobrivi
urTierToba SeiZleba da unda ganxorcieldes qorwinebaSi, iSviaTad
sruldeboda.
Mmecxramete saukuneSi, religiuri valdebulebebi seqsualobis
Sesaxeb, nawilobriv, samedicino mosazrebebiT iqna Canacvlebuli, Tumca
isinic iseTive simkacriT gamoirCeoda, rogorc eklesiis Sexedulebebi.
zogierTi amtkicebda, rom nebismieri seqsualuri aqtivoba, rac
gamravlebasTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli, organizms seriozul fizikur
zians ayenebda. magaliTad, naTqvami iyo, rom masturbacia sibrmaves,
sigiJes, gulis da sxva saxis daavadebebs iwvevda, xolo oraluri seqsi
kibos mizezi iyo. viqtorianuli periodi sqesobrivi farisevlobiT iyo
aRvsili. iTvleboda, rom patiosani qalebi indiferentulebi iyvnen
seqsis mimarT da qmrebis mier gamoxatul yuradRebas mxolod
valdebulebis moxdad Rebulobdnen. Tumca sul ufro mzard qalaqebSi
 21

prostitucia gavrcelebuli iyo, rasac xSirad Riad aRiarebdnen, da am

`dakargul~ qalebs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc TavianTi pativcemuli debisagan
sruliad gansxvavebulebs.
Mmravali viqtorianeli mamakaci, gareT keTilgonier, wesier
moqalaqeebad rom iTvlebodnen, romlebic TiTqos colebis erTgulebi
iyvnen, mudmivad stumrobdnen meZavebTan da sayvarlebs meurveobdnen.
marTalia, amgvar saqciels did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen, magram
`respeqtabeluri~ qalebi, romlebsac sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi
hqondaT, maTi saqcielis gamoaSkaravebis SemTxvevaSi, wesier
sazogadoebaSi skandals da zizRs iwvevdnen. Qqalisa da mamakacis
seqsualuri aqtivobebis mimarT gansxvavebulma midgomam ormagi
standarti Seqmna, rac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda da romlis
naSTebi dResac SemorCenilia.
Cvens droSi, tradiciuli damokidebuleba seqsualobis mimarT
gacilebiT liberalur damokidebulebebTan erTad arsebobs, rac
gansakuTrebiT Zlier ganviTarda 1960-ian wlebSi. adamianebs,
gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc qristianuli moZRvrebis gavlenas ganicdian,
swamT, rom seqsualuri urTierTobebi qorwilamde arasworia da
qorwinebis sazRvrebSi zogadad uaryofen seqsualuri qcevis yvela
formas heteroseqsualuris garda. Tumca dRes gacilebiT metad aris
aRiarebuli, rom seqsualuri siamovneba sasurveli da mniSvnewlovani
Tvisebaa. amis sapirispirod, sxvebi amarTleben an aqtiurad uWeren mxars
qorwinebamdel seqss da tolerantulni arian seqsualuri cxovrebis
mravalgvarobis mimarT. bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTis
qveynebis umetes nawilSi, seqsualuri damokidebulebebi gacilebiT
Tavisufali gaxda. filmebSi da TeatrSi warmodgenilia scenebi,
romlebic winaT savsebiT miuRebeli iqneboda, xolo pornografiuli
masala savsebiT xelmisawvdomia zrdasrulTa umravlesobisTvis, visac
misi mopoveba surs.

seqsualuri qceva: kinsis gamokvleva

 22

Cven gacilebiT meti damajereblobiT SegviZlia visaubroT

seqsualobis sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb, vidre kerZo
praqtikebis Sesaxeb, imis gamo, rom aseTi praqtikebi, umeteswilad,
aRnusxuli ar aris. rodesac 1940-1950-ian wlebis SeerTebul StatebSi
alfred kinsi Seudga Tavis gamokvlevas, es pirveli mniSvnelovani
naSromi iyo realuri seqsualuri qcevis Sesaxeb. rodesac kinsi da misi
TanamSromlebi sastikad iyvnen gakicxulni religiuri organizaciebis
mier, da gazeTebsa da kongresSi maT naSroms amoraluri uwodes, kinsim
ukan ar daixia da droTa ganmavlobaSi Seagrova Tvrameti aTasi
adamianis monacemebi seqsualuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, moaxdina ra amerikis
TeTri mosaxleobis sakmaod reprezentatuli SerCeva (Kinsey et a l, 1948;
1953).
Kkinsis Sedegebi umravlesobam gakvirvebiT miiRo da mravali
ubralod Sokirebuli iyo, vinaidan maT didi sxvaoba aRmoaCines
seqsualuri qcevis im dros gavrcelebul sazogadoebriv molodinebsa
da realur seqsualur praqtikas Soris. kinsim aRmoaCina, rom mamakacebis
TiTqmis 70 procenti meZavebTan dadioda da 84 procents qorwinebamdeli
sqesobrivi urTierTobebis gamocdileba hqonda. Tumca, ormagi
standartis gaTvaliswinebiT, mamakacebis 40 procenti moeloda, rom maTi
colebi qalwulebi iqnebodnen daqorwinebisas. mamakacebis 90 procentze
meti masturbacias eweoda da daaxloebiT 60 procenti raime formis
oralur seqsualur aqtivobas.. qalebs Soris, daaxloebiT 50 procents
qorwinebamdeli seqsualuri gamocdileba hqonda, Tumca umetesad
TavianT momaval meuRleebTan, daaxloebiT 60 procenti masturbacias
eweoda da igive procents oralur-genitaluri kontaqtebi hqonda.
sazogadoebrivad mowonebul damokidebulebebsa da realur qcevas
Soris garRveva, rac kinsis gamokvlevebma aCvena, albaT namdvilad didi
iyo im periodSi, uSualod meore msoflio omis Semdeg. seqsualuri
liberalizaciis faza gacilebiT adre daiwyo - 1920-ian wlebSi, rodesac
mravalma axalgazrdam im moraluri valdebulebebisgan
ganTavisuflebulad igrZno Tavi, riTic wina Taobebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen. seqsualuri qceva, albaT, didad Seicvala, magram
seqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ise Riad ar ganixileboda,
 23

rogorc es dRes xdeba. seqsualur aqtivobebSi monawile adamianebi,

romelTa qmedebebi mainc miuRebeli iyo sazogadoebriv doneze,
malavdnen maT da ar esmodaT, ramdenad didi iyo msgavs praqtikebSi
CarTuli adamianebis ricxvi. 1960-iani wlebidan dawyebulma ufro
permisiulma epoqam realobad aqcia seqsualuri ganwyobebis Riad
gacxadeba.
seqsuali qceva kinsis Semdeg

1960-iani wlebis socialuri moZraoba, romelmac brZola

gamoucxada arsebul wesrigs da aseve asocirdeba kontr-kulturasTan
anu `hipuri~ cxovrebis stilTan, daupirispirda arsebul seqsualur
normebs. es moZraoba seqsualur Tavisuflebas qadagebda. qalebisTvis
kontraceptivebis SemoReba saSualebas iZleoda seqsualuri siamovneba
da reproduqcia erTmaneTisgan savsebiT gamijnuliyo. qalTa
gaerTianebebma daiwyes zewola mamakacuri seqsualuri Rirebulebebisgan
meti damoukideblobis mosapoveblad, ormagi standartis uaryofisa da
meti seqsualuri siamovnebis misaRwevad qalebis moTxovnilebebis
gacnobierebisaTvis.
bolo dromde Zneli iyo imis zustad dadgena, ramdenad Seicvala
seqsualuri qceva kinsis gamokvlevebis Semdeg. 1980-iani wlebis bolos,
lilian rubinma gamohkiTxa cametidan ormocdarva wlamde aTasi
amerikeli imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis cvlilebebi moxda seqsualur
qcevaSi da damokidebulebebSi, daaxloebiT bolo 30 wlis manZilze. misi
kvlevebis mixedviT, ra Tqma unda, bevri mniSvnelovani cvlileba
dafiqsirda. seqsualuri aqtivoba, Cveulebriv, ufro adreul asakSi
iwyeboda, vidre es wina TaobaSi iyo; ufro metic, Tineijerebis
seqsualuri praqtika ufro mravalgvari da farTo iyo, vidre
zrdasrulebSi. Oormagi standarti jer kidev inarCunebda Zalas, Tumca
igi ise Zlieri ar iyo, rogorc wina TaobaSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
cvlileba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom qalebi ufro momTxovni gaxdnen
seqsualuri urTierTobis mimarT. maT surdaT, ara mxolod
uzrunveleyoT, aramed Tavadac mieRoT seqsualuri kmayofileba –
 24

fenomeni, rac rubinis azriT, orive sqesisTvis umTavres Sedegs

warmoadgens.
wina periodTan SedarebiT, qalebi gacilebiT Tavisufalni gaxdnen;
Tumca, am winsvlasTan erTad, rasac mamkacebi miesalmebian, gaCnda axali
moTxovnebi, romlebic mamakacebisTvis Znelad misaRebia. rubini
gadmogvcems, rom mamakacebi xSirad saubrobdnen, rom isini
`araadekvaturad grZnoben Tavs~, SiSoben, rom `verasodes gaakeTeben
raimes Sesabamisad~, da miaCniaT, rom dRevandel dRes `SeuZlebelia
qalebis dakmayofileba~ (Rubin 1990).
Mmamakacebi araadekvaturad grZnoben Tavs? Ggana es ar
ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rasac Cven moveliT? Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
mamakacebs kvlav gabatonebuli adgili uWiravT umetes sferoebSi da
isini met Zaladobas iCenen qalebis mimarT, vidre es ukanasknelni
mamakacebis mimarT. amgvari Zaladoba miznad isaxavs qalebis kontrolsa
da mudmiv daqvemdebarebas. Tumca arian avtorebi, romlebic garwmuneben
rom mamakacuroba es tvirTia, iseve rogorc jildo. amas umateben imasac,
rom mamakacis seqsualoba ufro metad ZaldatanebiTia, vidre
kmayofilebis momgvreli. Tu mamakacebi Sewyveten seqsualobis
gamoyenebas kontrolis mizniT, amiT ara marto qalebi, aramed Tavadac
mogebulni darCebian.

axali tipis erTguleba?

1994 wels, mkvlevarTa gundma gamoaqveyna naSromi `seqsualobis

socialuri organizacia: seqsualuri praqtika SeerTebul StatebSi~,
romelic am qveyanaSi seqsualuri qcevis yvelaze farTo kvlevas
warmoadgens, kinsis naSromebis Semdeg. bevris gasakvirad, am gundis
mignebebi miuTiTebs arsebiT seqsualur konservatizmze amerikelTa
Soris. magaliTad, gamokiTxulTa 83 procents mxolod erTi partniori
(an saerTod arc erTi) hyavda wina wels da daqorwinebul adamianebs
Soris es ricxvi 96 procentamde gaizarda. aseve savsebiT Cveulia
erTguleba meuRlis mimarT: qalebis mxolod 10 procentma da mamakacebis
25 procentma ganacxada sasiyvaruli kavSirebis Sesaxeb, col-qmruli
 25

cxovrebis periodSi. Aam kvlevis mixedviT, amerikelebs, saSualod,

mxolod sami partniori hyavT mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. miuxedavad
seqsualuri qcevis gawonasworebuli xasiaTisa, garkveuli cvlilebebi
mainc TvalsaCinoa am kvlevidan; yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba
SeimCneva qorwinebamde seqsualuri gamocdilebis zrdaSi, gansakuTrebiT
qalebs Soris. faqtobrivad, dRes amerikelebis 95 procents seqsualuri
gamocdileba qorwinebamde aqvs (Laumann et. al, 1994).
seqsualur qcevaze dakvirvebas bevri siZnele axlavs. Cven
ubralod ar viciT, amboben Tu ara simarTles adamianebi TavianTi
seqsualuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb mkvlevris winaSe. `seqsualobis
socialuri organizacia~ cdilobs dagvanaxos, rom amerikelebi
gacilebiT naklebad arian Tavgadasavlebis moyvarulni TavianT
seqsualur cxovrebaSi, vidre es kinsis angariSSi iyo mocemuli.
SeiZleba isic iyos, rom Tavad es angariSia arazusti. SesaZloa, AIDS-is
SiSiT mravalma adamianma SezRuda seqsualuri aqtivoba an, SesaZloa,
dRevandelobis sakmaod konservatul politikur viTarebaSi, adamianebi
ufro cdiloben dafaron TavianTi seqsualuri aqtivobebis aspeqtebi.
Cven darwmunebulni ver viqnebiT.
seqsualuri qcevis kvlevis sandooba bolo dros intensiuri
debatis sagani gaxda (Lewontin 1995) . ganxiluli kvlevis kritikosebi
acxadebdnen, rom amgvari dakvirvebebi ver uzrunvelyofs saimedo
informacias seqsualuri praqtikis Sesaxeb. am kamaTis erTi nawili
gamokiTxuli moxuci adamianebis pasuxebs exeba. mkvlevarebma ganacxades,
rom 80-85 wlis mamakacebi amboben, rom maT aqvT seqsi TavianT
partniorTan. kritikosebis azriT, es iseTi cxadi tyuilia, rom igi
mTel dakvirvebas eWvis qveS ayenebs. mkvlevarebma Tavi daicves am
braldebidan da erTgvari mxardaWera moipoves moxuci adamianebis
Semswavleli specialistebis mxridan, romlebmac daadanaSaules
kritikosebi, moxucebulobis Sesaxeb negatiuri stereotipis qonaSi. maT
aRniSnes, rom erT-erT kvlevaSi instituciebis gareT mcxovrebi moxuci
mamakacebis Sesaxeb, 74 procenti seqsualurad aqtiuri iyo. erT-erT
kvlevaSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom mamakacebis umravlesoba 90 wlis asakSic
ki seqsiT aris dainteresebuli.
 26

homoseqsualoba

homoseqsualoba yvela kulturaSi arsebobs. Tumca homoseqsuali

pirovnebis idea – adamianisa, romelic mkveTrad aris gamijnuli
mosaxleobis umravlesobidan misi seqsualuri gemovnebis TvalsazrisiT
– SedarebiT axali movlenaa. seqsualobis Sesaxeb Tavis kvlevaSi, miSel
fukom aCvena, rom me-18 saukunemde es cneba, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobda
(Foucault 1878). sodomis aqti gauqmebuli iyo saeklesio mmarTvelobisa da
kanonis mier; inglisSi da sxva bevr evropul qveyanaSi es sikvdiliT
isjeboda. Tumca sodomi ar ganixileboda, rogorc specifikurad
homoseqsualuri codva, aramed exeboda urTierTobebs mamakacebsa da
qalebs, mamakacebsa da cxovelebs, iseve rogorc Tavad mamakacebs Soris.
termini `homoseqsualoba~ pirvelad 1860-ian wlebSi Semovida xmarebaSi
da mas Semdeg homoseqsualebi sul ufro metad ganixilebodnen,
rogorc adamianebis gansakuTrebuli tipi, gansakuTrebuli seqsualuri
gadaxrebiT (Weeks 1986) . termin `lesboselis~ gamoyeneba, rac qalTa
homoseqsualobas aRniSnavs, odnav gviandeli droiT TariRdeba.
sikvdiliT dasja `arabunebrivi qmedebebisTvis~ SeerTebul
StatebSi gauqmebuli iyo damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, xolo
evropaSi me-18 saukunis bolos da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi. Tumca, jer
kidev ramodenime aTwleulis win, homoseqsualoba kriminalur qmedebad
rCeboda faqtobrivad yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi. es faqti imis
asaxsnelad gvexmareba, Tu ratomaa, rom antagonizmi homoseqsualebis
mimarT, miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoniT aRaraa ganmtkicebuli, mainc
aisaxeba mravali adamianis emociur damokidebulebaSi.

homoseqsualoba aradasavlur kulturebSi

zogierT ara-dasavlur kulturaSi homoseqsualuri urTierTobebi

miRebulia da mxardaWerilic ki garkveuli jgufebis mier. magaliTad,
kunZul sumatris CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb batakis xalxSi, mamakacebis
homoseqsualuri urTierToba nebadarTulia, Tumca qorwinebamde.
 27

sqesobrivi momwifebis dros biWi tovebs mSoblebis saxls da Rames

aTenebs SenobaSi, sadac Tormeti-TxuTmeti misi Tanatoli da masze
ufrosi mamakacia. jgufSi yalibdeba partnioruli wyvilebi da umcrosi
asakis biWebs acnoben homoseqsualur praqtikas. es viTareba grZeldeba
axalgazrda vaJis qorwinebamde. daqorwinebulTa umravlesoba, Tumca ara
yvela, Tavs anebebs homoseqsualur aqtivobas (Money and Ehrhardt 1972).
wynari okeanis kunZul melaneziis erT-erTi soflis – ist-beis
mcxovrebTa Soris homoseqsualoba aseve nebadarTulia, Tumca kvlav
mxolod mamakacebs Soris. qorwinebamde, ,,mamakacebis saxlSi” cxovrebis
dros, axalgazrdebi ewevian urTierTmasturbacias da oralur kavSirs,
Tumca arsebobs homoseqsualuri urTierTobebi ufros mamakacebsa da
axalgazrda biWebs Sorisac. xSirad Zalze axalgazrda biWebsac
aiZuleben icxovron mamakacebis saxlSi. urTierTobebis yvela tipi
savsebiT misaRebia da Riad msjeloben masze. mravali coliani mamakaci
biseqsualia, romlebsac urTierToba aqvT axalgazrda biWebTan da amave
dros ewevian aqtiur seqsualur cxovrebas TavianT meuRleebTan. Tumca
homoseqsualoba, heteroseqsualuri kavSirebis gareSe, amgvar
kulturebSi cnobili ar aris (Davenport 1965; Shepherd 1987).

homoseqsualoba dasavlur kulturaSi

KqeneT plameri, Tavis klasikur kvlevaSi, Tanamedrove dasavlur

kuluraSi homoseqsualobis oTx tips ganasxvavebda. SemTxveviTi
homoseqsualizmi – es aris warmavali homoseqsualuri urTierToba,
romelic arsebiTad ar ayalibebs pirovnebis mTlian seqsualur
cxovrebas.Mmoswavle biWebis gadaxrebi da urTierTmasturbacia amis
magaliTebs warmoadgens. situaciuri aqtivobebi iseT garemoebebs
ganekuTvneba, rodesac homoseqsualuri aqtebi regularulad sruldeba,
Tumca individi amas gansakuTrebul upiratesobas ar aniWebs. iseT
garemocvaSi, rogoric cixe an samxedro banakia, sadac mamakacebi
qalebis gareSe cxovroben, aseTi saxis homoseqsualuri qceva
gavrcelebulia da ganixileba ufro metad rogorc heteroseqsualuri
qcevis Semcvleli, vidre upiratesobis mqone.
 28

Ppersonizebuli homoseqsualoba im individebs axasiaTebs,

romlebic upiratesobas ki aniWeben homoseqsualur aqtivobebs, magram
izolirebulni arian im jgufebisgan, sadac es miRebulia. am SemTxvevaSi
homoseqsualoba faruli aqtivobaa, romelsac umalaven amxanagebs da
kolegebs. homoseqsualoba, rogorc cxovrebis wesi, imaT axasiaTebT,
vinc ukve `Sedgnen~, dakavSirebuli arian msgavsi seqsualuri gemovnebis
adamianebTan, da es maTi cxovrebis ZiriTadi nawilia. msgavsi adamianebi,
Cveulebriv, gei-subkulturas miekuTvnebian, sadac homoseqsualuri
aqtivoba cxovrebis garkveul wesSia integrirebuli (Plummer 1975).
Mmosaxleobis ricxvi, romlebsac homoseqsualuri gamocdileba
aqvT an Zlier midrekilebebs amJRavneben homoseqsualobis mimarT, imaTze
gacilebiT metia, vinc Riad misdevs gei cxovrebis wess.
homoseqsualobis SesaZlebeli gafarToebis Sesaxeb dasavlur
kulturebSi pirvelad cnobili gaxda alfred kinsis gamokvlevis
publikaciis Semdeg. misi monacemebis mixedviT, amerikeli mamakacebis
araumetes naxevrisa sruli heteroseqsualebi arian, Tu vimsjelebT maTi
seqsualuri aqtivobebis da midrekilebebis mixedviT sqesobrivi
momwifebis Semdeg. Kkinsis SerCeviT erTobliobaSi, aqedan 8 procents,
mxolod homoseqsualuri urTierToba hqonda sami da meti wlis
ganmvlobaSi. Semdegi 10 procenti, met-naklebad erTnairad,
homoseqsualur da heteroseqsualur kavSirSi iyo CarTuli. kinsis
yvelaze ufro moulodneli aRmoCena is iyo, rom mamakacebis 37 procents
sul cota erTi homoseqsualuri gamocdileba mainc hqonda orgazmis
doneze. kidev 13 procenti grZnobda homoseqsualur survilebs, magram ar
axorcielebda maT.
QqalTa Soris homoseqsualobis koeficienti, kinsis kvlevis
monacemebiT, ufro dabali iyo. qalebis 2 procenti iyo mxolod
homoseqsuali. Hhomoseqsualuri gamocdileba 13 procents gaaCnda, xolo
15 procentma aRiara, rom grZnobdnen homoseqsualur survils, Tumca ar
axorcielebdnen mas. kinsi da misi kolegebi gancvifrebuli iyvnen
homoseqsualobis im doniT, rac maT aRmoaCines; amitom Sedegebi kidev
erTxel gadamowmda, magram suraTi igive darCa (Kinsey et al. 1948, 1953).
 29

`homoseqsualobis socialuri organizaciis~ mier miRebulma

Sedegebma, kiTxvis qveS daayena kinsis kvlevis monacemebi
homoseqsualobis farTo gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. kinsis 37 procentis
sapirispirod, gviandeli kvlevis monacemebSi mamakacebis mxolod 9
procents hqonda homoseqsualuri urTierToba orgazmis doneze;
mamakacebis mxolod 8 procents hqonda homoseqsualuri survilebi (13
procentTan SedarebiT) da mxolod 3 procentma aRiara seqsualuri
urTierToba meore mamakacTan gasul wels.
rogorc am kvlevis avtorebma daadastures, sircxvilis laqa,
romelsac inarCunebs homoseqsualuri qceva, SesaZloa, xels uwyobda
ZiriTad cdomilebebs homoseqsualuri qcevis Sesaxeb. erT-erTma
kritikosma aRniSna avtorebis mier SemTxveviT SerCevaSi daSvebuli
Secdoma, rodesac saqme exeba homoseqsualebis geografiul TavSeyras
did qalaqebSi, sadac homoseqsualebi mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10
procents Seadgenen (Robinson 1994).
LlesboselTa jgufebi, rogorc Cans, nakleb organizebulni arian,
vidre mamakaci geebis subkulturebi da aseve naklebi proporciiT arian
CarTulni SemTxveviT urTierTobebSi. mamakacebis homoseqsualoba met
yuradRebas ipyrobs, vidre lesboseloba, da lesboselTa aqtivistebis
jgufebs xSirad ise eqcevian, TiTqos maTi interesebi mamakacTa
organizaciebis identuri iyos. Tumca zogjer mWidro TanamSromloba
arsebobs mamakac geebsa da lesboselebs Soris, arsebobs gansxvavebebic,
kerZod maSin, rodesac lesboselebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni
feministur moZraobaSi. lesboseli qalebis cxovrebis specifikuri
xasiaTi sociologebisTvis amJamad ufro detaluri analizis sagania.
Llesbosel wyvilebs xSirad Svilebi hyavT, zogjer mamakacTan
urTierTobis Sedegad, zogjer ki xelovnuri ganayofierebiT, Tumca
lesboselebisTvis Zalze Zneli iyo meurveobis mopoveba.
lesboselobis gamomJRavnebis procesic sakmaod rTulia.
MmSoblebs, naTesavebs, megobrebs da Svilebs unda gaumJRavnon, Tumca
gamocdileba SeiZleba Rirdes amad. lorali makpaikma Tavis wignSi `aris
raRac, rac minda, rom giTxraT~ Tavi mouyara im qalebis mier
 30

mowodebul monaTxrobs, romlebmac gadawyvites TavianTi

homoseqsualobis aRiareba. sakuTari gamocdilebis Sesaxeb is wers:
`rogorc bevri ,Tavidan dabadebuli lesboseli’, mec Zalze
gaxarebuli viyavi Cemi axlad mopovebuli me-Ti da Cemi axlad
gansazRvruli cxovrebiT. arc Cemi partniori da arc Tavad me aqamde
arasodes vyofilvarT lesboselebi, ase rom, arasodes gamovCenilvar
socialur fondebSi Tu kavSirebSi, rac gei erTobebis ganuyofeli
nawilia; Tumca vcdilobdiT frTxilad mivaxlovebodiT sxvebs,
romlebic ase Tu ise CvenTan daaxloebas cdilobdnen... (Cven) Zalze
iRblianebi aRmovCndiT... Sedegebi ufro pozitiuri da sasargeblo
aRmoCnda=o vidre SemeZlo warmomedgina~ (Mac Pike 1989).

damokidebuleba homoseqsualobis mimarT

Hhomoseqsualobis mimarT aratolerantoba warsulSi imdenad

gavrcelebuli iyo, rom mxolod bolo wlebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli am
sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli zogierTi miTis gaqarwyleba. homoseqsualoba
avadmyofoba ar aris da arc fsiqikuri aSlilobis raime formas
ukavSirdeba. homoseqsualebi ar Semoifarglebian mxolod raime
profesiiT, magaliTad, parikmaxerobiT an interieris mowyobiTa da
mxatvrobiT.
Mmamakaci geebis zogierTi qceva, SesaZloa, ganxilul iyos,
rogorc maTi mcdeloba Secvalon tradiciulad mamakacobasa da
ZalasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi; es, SesaZloa, erT-erTi mizezia imisa,
Tu ratom moiazrebs homoseqsualebs safrTxed heteroseqsualebis
sazogadoeba. gei mamakacebi cdiloben moicilon qaluri imiji, rasac
Cveulebriv maT ukavSireben; amas isini ori saSualebiT emijnebian. erTi,
TvalSisacemi qalurobis kultivirebiT – mamakacurobis `banakiT,~ rac
stereotipis parodirebas axdens. Mmeore, `vaJkacurobis~ imijis SeqmniT.
arc esaa namdvili mamakacuroba; mamakacebi motomrbolelebis da
kovbois tansacmelSi arian gamowyobilni da kvlavac mamakacurobis
parodirebas axdenen, misi gazviadebulad warmodgeniT (Bertelson 1986).
 31

Tumca, bolo periodSi, homoseqsualoba ufro normalizebuli

gaxda – yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ufro misaReb nawilad iqca.
Eevropis mraval qveyanaSi - daniaSi, norvegiaSi da SvedeTSi - ukve
nebadarTulia homoseqsuali wyvilebis daregistrireba da qorwinebis
uflebis mopoveba. holandiaSi, safrangeTSi da belgiaSi qalaqebma da
adgilobrivma mmarTvelobam aseve daiwyes homoseqsualuri
urTierTobebis aRiareba. Hhavais kunZulebze homoseqsualuri qorwinebis
ufleba SeiZleba kanonierad moipovon sasamarTlos gziT.
sul ufro meti gei aqtivistebi cdiloben homoseqsualuri
qorwinebis sruli legalizebis mopovebas. ratom zrunaven ase maSin,
rodesac heteroseqsualuri wyvilebis qorwineba sul ufro metad
kargavs mniSvnelobas? zrunaven imitom, rom maT igive statusis,
uflebebis da movaleobebis mopoveba surT, igive mdgomareobaSi yofna
surT, rac yvela danarCens aqvs. qorwineba dRes yvelaze emociur
valdebulebas warmoadgens, Tumca masSi gansazRvruli legaluri
mosazrebebia Cadebuli. igi partniorebs uflebas aZlevs, miiRon
sikvdilze an sicocxleze gadawyvetilebebi, memkvidreobis ufleba da
pensiis da sxva ekonomiuri daxmarebebis miRebis ufleba. `valdebulebis
ceremoniebi~ - aralegaluri qorwinebebi – rac popularuli gaxda
amerikaSi rogorc homoseqsualebs, ise heteroseqsualebs Soris, ar
atarebs am uflebebs da valdebulebebs. es erT-erTi mizezia imisa, rom
heteroseqsuali wyvilebi an gadaavadeben xolme qorwinebas an saerTod
ar qorwindebian.
Hhomoseqsualuri qorwinebis oponentebi ewinaaRmdegebian am saxis
qorwinebebs misi araseriozuli da arabunebrivi xasiaTis gamo. isini amas
ganixilaven, rogorc seqsualuri orientaciis legitimacias, rac
sinamdvileSi qveyanam unda aRkvecos. amerikaSi arsebobs gavlenis mqone
jgufebi, romlebic yvela Rones xmaroben, miaRwon imas, rom
homoseqsualebma Seicvalon orientacia da sawinaaRmdego sqesze
daqorwindnen. zogierTs axlac sjera, rom homoseqsualoba gadaxraa da
Zlier ewinaaRmdegebian misi normalizebis nebismier mcdelobas.
Tumca gei adamianebis umravlesobas surs, isini Cveulebrivad
miiRon. isini xazs usvamen, rom homoseqsualebs iseTive ekonomikuri da
 32

emociuri usafrTxoeba sWirdebaT, rogorc sxvebs. Tavis wignSi

`virtualurad normaluri~ endriu salivani (1995) cdilobs,
dagvisabuTos homoseqsualuri qorwinebis upiratesobebi. Tavad kaTolike
da homoseqsuali, is itanjeboda imiT, Tu rogor SeeTavsebina misi
religiuri rwmena homoseqsualobasTan. mas miaCnia, rom homoseqsualoba
nawilobriv mainc devs adamianis bunebaSi – es ar aris raRac iseTi, rac
ubralod `airCeva~. imis moTxovna vinmes mimarT, uari Tqvas
homoseqsualobaze, niSnavs mosTxovo mas (qals an mamakacs), uari Tqvas
siyvarulis SesaZleblobaze an imaze, rom vinmes uyvardes. Mmisi azriT,
imisaTvis, rom homoseqsualebi ar gaxdnen gaucxoebuli umciresoba, gei
qorwineba legalizebuli unda iyos.
Mmocemuli Tavis daskvniT nawilSi, Cven ganvixilavT sakiTxs
postituciis Sesaxeb. Mmamakacebis prostitucia gavrcelebulia zogierT
gei subkulturaSi. Tumca qalTa prostitucia ufro farTodaa
gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi da amitom masze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.

prostitucia

prostitucia SeiZleba ganisazRvos, rogorc seqsualuri

momsaxurebis gaweva fulis mopovebis mizniT. sityva `prostituti~
gamoyeneba me-18 saukunis bolodan daiwyo. Zvel msoflioSi seqsualur
momsaxurebas, ase vTqvaT, safasuris miRebis TvalsazrisiT, kurtizani
qalebi, xarWebi da monebi eweodnen. kurtizan qalebsa da xarWebs xSirad
maRali mdgomareoba ekavaT tradiciul sazogadoebebSi.
Tanamedrove prostituciis ZiriTad niSans is warmoadgens, rom
qalebi da maTi klientebi ucnobebi arian erTmaneTisTvis; miuxedavad
imisa, rom kacebi SeiZleba gaxdnen `mudmivi klientebi~, maTi urTierToba
adrindeli nacnobobiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. es ase ar iyo Zvel
droSi, seqsualuri momsaxurebis materialuri dainteresebiT gawevis
dros. Pprostitucia uSualodaa dakavSirebuli mcire zomis Temebis
daSlasTan, didi upirovno urbanuli sivrcis ganviTarebasTan da
socialuri urTierTobis komercializaciasTan. mcire zomis tradiciul
TemebSi, seqsualuri urTierTobebi martivad kontroldeboda, radgan
 33

advili dasanaxi iyo. axladganviTarebul urbanul sivrceSi, ufro

anonimuri socialuri urTierTobebi advilad iqna Camoyalibebuli.

prostitucia dRes

GgaerTianebul samefoSi prostitucia umTavresad uRaribesi

fenebidan wamovida, rogorc es warsulSic iyo, Tumca maT saSualo
klasis qalebis mniSvnelovani nawili SeuerTda. ojaxuri gayrebis
ricxvis zrdam, xeli Seuwyo gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili qalebis
prostituciaSi Cabmas. amasTan erTad, arian qalebi, romlebic
ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, muSaoben masaJistebad an gogonebad
gamoZaxebiT da, imavdroulad, eZeben sxva samuSaos Sovnis
SesaZleblobebs.
Ppol j. GgoldStainma prostituciis klasifikacia moaxdina
profesiuli valdebulebis da profesiuli konteqstis TvalsazrisiT.
valdebuleba exeba sixSires, riTac qali prostituciaSia Cabmuli.
mravali qali droebiT aris CarTuli, sul ramdenjerme Tu Caidina es,
Tumca Semdeg didi xniT an sulac samudamod rCeba prostitutad.
`SemTxveviTi prostitutebi~ arian isini, romlebic sakmaod xSirad
iReben fuls seqsisTvis, Tumca araregularulad, da TavianT Semosavals
sxva wyaroebiTac avseben. sxvebi mudmivad arian prostituciaSi
CarTulni da am saqmianobiT iReben ZiriTad Semosavals. profesiuli
konteqsti niSnavs samuSao garemos da urTierTqmedebis procesis tips,
romelSic qalia CarTuli. `quCaSi moseirne~, quCaSi sTavzobs Tavs
mamakacebs; `gogona gamoZaxebiT~ klientebs telefoniT uTanxmdeba da an
mamakacebi midian mis saxlSi, an Tavad midis maTTan. `saxlis
prostituti~ aris qali, romelic muSaobs kerZo klubSi an bordelSi.
`masaJis saxlis prostituti~ uzrunvelyofs seqsualur momsaxurebas,
romelic TiTqosda kanonier masaJs da gamajansaRebel procedurebs
sTavazobs.
Bbevri qali barterSia (sanacvlod raime saqonlis an sxva
momsaxurebis miReba) CarTuli seqsualuri momsaxurebisTvis.
`gamoZaxebiT gogonebis~ umetesoba, goldStainis gamokvlevebis mixedviT,
 34

regularulad eweva seqsualur barters – seqsi satelevizio

mowyobilobis, manqanis SekeTebis da eleqtro saqonlis, tansacmlis,
saadvokato an stomatologiuri momsaxurebis sanacvlod (Goldstein 1979).
1951 wels miRebuli gaerTianebuli erebis rezoluciis mixedviT,
brali edebaT prostituciis organizatorebs an visac mogeba aqvs am
saqmidan, Tumca Tavad prostitucias ar krZalavs. ormocdacametma
qveyanam, gaerTianebuli samefos CaTvliT, formalurad erTsulovnad
miiRo es rezolucia, Tumca maTi kanonmdebloba prostituciis Sesaxeb
mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. zogierT qveyanaSi prostitucia TavisTavad
arakanonieria. sxveSi, magaliTad, rogoric britaneTia, akrZalulia
mxolod garkveuli tipi, magaliTad, quCis an bavSvTa prostitucia.
zogierT qveyanaSi erovnuli an adgilobrivi xelisufleba oficialur
licenzias aZlevs bordelebs an seqs-salonebs, rogoricaa `erosis
centrebi~ germaniaSi an seqsis saxlebi amsterdamSi. Zalze cota qveyana
iZleva licenzias mamakacebis prostituciaze.
Kkanonmdebloba prostituciis winaaRmdeg didad ar aSinebs
klientebs. MmaT, vinc yidulobs seqsualur momsaxurebas, ar apatimreben
an sjian, da sasamarTlo procesebzec maTi vinaoba SeiZleba ar
gamomJRavndes. gacilebiT mcirericxovani kvlevebia Catarebuli
klientebze, vidre imaTze, vinc seqsualobas yidis, da es kvlevebi Zalian
iSviaTad Tu asabuTebs – rogorc es xSirad xdeba prostitutebis mimarT
– rom isini fsiqologiurad aSlilebi arian. kvlevaSi disbalansi
namdvilad gamoxatavs arakritikul damokidebulebas seqsualobis
orTodoqsuli stereotipebis mimarT, romelTa Tanaxmad, mamakacisTvis
`normalurad~ iTvleba aqtiurad eZebos sxvadasxvagvari seqsualuri
siamovneba, xolo isini, vinc momsaxurebas uwevs am saWiroebas,
gakicxulni arian.
B
bavSvTa prostitucia

prostitucia xSirad bavSvebsac iTrevs. BbavSvTa prostituciis kvlevam

SeerTebul StatebSi, britaneTSi da germaniaSi dagvanaxa, rom bavSvebis
umravlesoba, romlebic saxlebidan gaiqcnen da Semosavali ara aqvT,
 35

Tavis gadasarCenad prostitucias mimarTaven. is faqti, rom mravali

gaqceuli bavSvi prostitucias eweva, nawilobriv kanonebis
gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegia, romlebic krZalaven arasrulwlovanTa
muSaobas; Tumca eWvgareSea, rom yvela prostituti bavSvi ar aris
saxlidan gaqceuli. SeiZleba gamovyoT bavSvi prostitutebis sami
ZiriTadi kategoria (Janus a nd H ein B racey 1980 ): gaqceulebi, romlebmac an
datoves saxli da ar iZebnebian mSoblebis mier, an gamudmebiT da
daJinebiT garbian saxlidan, magram pouloben da saxlSi abruneben;
moseirneebi, romlebic ZiriTadad saxlSi cxovroben, Tumca raRac
periodebi gareT arian, magaliTad, gareT arian periodulad mravali
Ramis ganmavlobaSi. gagdebulebi, romelTa mSoblebi indiferentulni
arian maT mimarT an Riad uars amboben maTze. Yyvela kategoria moicavs
rogorc gogonebs, aseve biWebs.
BbavSvTa prostitucia `seqs-turizmis~ industriis nawilia
msoflios bevr nawilSi – magaliTad, tailandSi da filipinebze.
prostituciaze orientirebuli turebis paketi am adgilebSi iwvevs
mamakacebs evropidan, SeerTebuli Statebidan da iaponiidan – Tumca igi
arakanonieri gaxda gaerTianebul samefoSi. azieli qalebis
organizaciis wevrebma sazogadoebrivi protesti gamoucxades amgvar
turebs; miuxedavad amisa, isini grZeldeba. seqs-turizmi axlo
aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva maSin, rodesac prostituti qalebiT
uzrunvelyofdnen amerikul jars koreisa da vietnamis omebis dros.
`dasvenebisa da rekreaciis~ centrebi aSenda tailandSi, filipinebze,
vietnamSi, koreaSi da taivanze. zogi maTgani SemorCa, gansakuTrebiT
filipinebze, da emsaxureba turistTa jgufebs da samxdroebs, romlebic
am regionSi arian ganTavsebulni.
ratom arsebobs prostitucia? udavoa, is mudmivi fenomenia,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis mcdelobebs, aRkveTos igi. aseve,
TiTqmis yovelTvis es aris qalis mier mamakacisTvis seqsualuri
siamovnebis miniWebis saqme, vidre piriqiT – Tumca, arsebobs magaliTebi,
rogorc es germaniaSi, hamburgSia, sadac `siamovnebis saxlebi~
imisTvisaa, rom seqsualuri momsaxureba mamakacebma qalebs gauwion. ra
 36

Tqma unda, aseve SesaZlebelia biWebi an mamakacebi sxva mamakacebTanac

eweodnen prostitucias.
raime erT faqtors ar SeuZlia axsnas prostitucia. erTi SexedviT,
SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom mamakacebs ufro Zlieri da daJinebuli
seqsualuri moTxovnilebebi aqvT, vidre qalebs, da amitomac moiTxoven
siamovnebebs, romlebsac prostitucia uzrunvelyofs. magram amgvari
axsna aradamajerebelia. qalebis umravlesobas SeuZlia ganaviTaros
seqsualoba ufro intensiurad, vidre imave asakis mamakacebs.
Pprostitucia ubralod seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisTvis rom arsebobdes, maSin imave raodenobis mamakaci
prostituti iarsebebda qalebisTvis.
Yyvelaze ufro damajerebeli zogadi daskvna unda iyos is, rom
prostitucia gamoxatavs da ramdenadme xels uwyobs mamakacisTvis im
tendenciis SenarCunebas, rom qali obieqtia, romelic SeiZleba
seqsualuri miznebisTvis gamoiyeno. garkveul konteqstSi, prostitucia
mamakacsa da qals Soris ZalTa uTanasworobas gamoxatavs. ra Tqma unda,
aq mravali sxva elementicaa CarTuli. prostitucia sTavazobs
seqsualuri siamovnebis miRwevis saSualebas im adamianebs, romlebic
TavianTi fizikuri naklovanebebis an moraluri kodeqsis gamo, ver
pouloben partniorebs. prostituti qalebi gamosavalia mamakacebisTvis,
romlebic saxlis gareT imyofebian, surT seqsualuri urTierToba raime
valdebulebis gareSe, an uCveulo seqsualuri gemovneba aqvT, romlebsac
sxva qalebi ar dauSveben. Tumca es faqtorebi ufro prostituciis
sixSires exeba, vidre mis saerTo xasiaTs.

daskvna: genderi, seqsualoba da uTanasworoba

Bbolo wlebSi, sociologiis ramdenime mimarTuleba Tu

ganviTarda ise mniSvnelovnad da iseTi centraluri gaxda
disciplinisTvis, rogorc es genderuli urTierTobebis kvlevaa. es
yvelaferi asaxavs cvlilebebs Tavad socialur cxovrebaSi. ukve
Camoyalibebuli gansxvavebebi mamakacur da qalur identobas Soris,
 37

Sexedulebebi da qcevis tipuri modelebi, axali monacemebis Suqze unda

ganvixiloT.
Ggenderis Seswavla rTul problemebs ayenebs Tanamedrove
sociologiis winaSe – miT ufro, rom tradiciulad, igi am disciplinis
erT-erT centralur saqmed ar iyo miCneuli. ra koncefciebi SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT genderis mniSvnelobis gasacnobiereblad sazogadoebaSi?
SeiZleba Tu ara warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, sadac genderuli
gansxvavebebi gamqralia imgvarad, rom yvelani androgenulebi arian
(msgavsi genderuli maxasiaTeblebiT)?
seqsualoba warmoadgens adamianuri qcevis saocrad kompleqsur
sferos, romelic fundamentur cvlilebebs ganicdis Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi. Cveni damokidebuleba sqesis mimarT da Cveni seqsualuri
qceva ufro farTo socialur transformaciebs asaxavs, rasac momdevno
TavebSi ganvixilavT.

Sejameba

1. termini `sqesi~ araerTgvarovania. Cveulebriv xmarebaSi, igi

aRniSnavs fizikur da kulturul gansvxavebebs mamakacebsa da qalebs
Soris (rogoricaa `mamakacis sqesi~, `qalis sqesi~); aseve aRniSnavs
seqsualur aqts. saWiroa, aseve, ganvasxvavoT sqesi fiziologiuri an
biologiuri mniSvnelobiT, da genderi, romelic kulturuli
konstruqciaa (daswavlili qceviTi modelebis wyeba).
2. zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebs, rom sqesTa Soris qcevaSi
gansxvaveba genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli, Tumca amis damajerebeli
mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs.
3. genderuli socializacia bavSvis dabadebisTanave iwyeba. is
mSoblebic ki, romlebsac sjeraT, rom bavSvebs erTnairad eqcevian,
gansxvavebul reaqciebs amJRavneben gogonebis da biWebis mimarT. Ees
gansxvavebebi Zlierdeba bevri sxva kulturuli gavlenebis meSveobiT.
4. genderuli identobis ganviTarebis ori wamyvani Teoria zigmund
froidsa da nensi Codorous ekuTvnis. Ffroidis mixedviT, penisis
arseboba-ararseboba, mamakacurobisa da qalurobis simboloebi,
 38

kritikulia biWis identifikaciis dros mamasTan da gogonasi – dedasTan.

Codorou xazs usvams dedis mniSvnelobas. rogorc gogonebi, aseve biWebi
identificirebas dedasTan adre axdenen, Tumca biWebi wyveten kavSirs
dedasTan, TavianTi mamakacurobis dasamtkiceblad; gogonebi ki ufro
didxans rCebian masTan. Codorou anacvlebs froidis aqcentebs:
qalurobaze metad, mamakacuroba xasiaTdeba danakargiT - dedasTan
mudmivi mWidro urTierTobis dakargviT. Ees iwvevs mamakacis
araeqspresiulobas an im siZneles, rasac mamakaci grZnobebis
gamoxatvisas ganicdis.
5. genderi momcemuli ar aris; igi iseTi ramaa, rac unda `vakeToT~
Cvens yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi. transseqsualebis gamocdileba –
adamianebis, romlebic samedicino mkurnalobas daeqvemdebaren TavianTi
seqsualuri anatomiis Sesacvlelad – gvidasturebs, Tu ramdenad Znelia
erTi genderis meoriT Secvla.
6. dasavleTSi qristianobam didi gavlena moaxdina seqsualuri
damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebaze. sazogadoebebSi, sadac mkacri
seqsualuri kodeqsia, gavrcelebulia ormagi standarti da
TvalTmaqcoba. DdaSoreba normebsa da realur praqtikas Soris SeiZleba
uzarmazari iyos, rogorc es seqsualuri qcevis kvlevam dagvanaxa.
seqsualuri praqtika Zalze gansxvavebulia kulturebis SigniT da maT
Soris. 1960-ian wlebSi dasavleTSi seqsualobis mimarT represiulma
damokidebulebam gza dauTmo ufro permisiul Sexedulebebs, romelTa
Sedegebi dRes TvalsaCinoa.
7. seqsualuri identoba rTuli ramaa. zogierTi avtori
daaxloebiT aT gansxvavebul seqsualur identobas gamoyofs,
heteroseqsualebis, homoseqsualebis, biseqsualebis da transseqsualebis
CaTvliT.
8. homoseqsualoba, rogorc Cans, yvela kulturaSi arsebobs, Tumca
cneba `homoseqsuali~ SedarebiT axali warmonaqmnia. mxolod uanaskneli
asi wlis ganmavlobaSi iqna homoseqsualoba ganxiluli, rogorc
aqtivoba, romelsac adamianis garkveuli tipi Caidens –
aranormalurobisa da gadaxris kategoria Seiqmna `normaluri
heteroseqsualis~ kategoriis sapirispirod.
 39

9. prostitucia aris safasuris sanacvlod seqsualuri siamovnebis

miniWeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi prostituciis sxvadasxva tipi
arsebobs, mamakacis da bavSvTa prostituciis CaTvliT. licenzirebuli
prostitucia zogierT qveyanaSi nacionaluri da regionuli
xelisuflebis mier aris daSvebuli, Tumca umetes qveynebSi
prostitutebi kanonis gareSe moqmedeben.

damatebiTi literatura

Henning B ech, When Men Meet (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1997) . mamakacurobis
bunebis interpretacia da misi kavSirebi homoseqsualobasTan.
Nancy C hodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering (Berkeley: U niversity o f C alifornia
Press, 1978) . genderis Sesaxeb klasikuri gamokevleva, fsiqoanalizis
Teoriis gamoyenebiT, genderuli socializaciis asaxnelad.
R.W. C onnell, Masculinities (Combridge: P olity P ress, 1995) . vrceli Sesavali
codnis axali sferosa da politikisTvis.
Warren F arrell, The Myth of Male Power (London:Fourth E state, 1944) .socialuri
pirobebis analizi, romlebic ayalibebs mamakacurobis fsiqologiur
aspeqtebs.
Marilyn F rench, The War Against Women (London: Hamish H amilton, 1992) .
detalurad aRwers, Tu ra grZeli gzaa gasavleli mamakacebTan
Tanasworobis misaRwevad.
Lynne S egal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: V irago,
1990). sakamaTo diskusia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mamakacebis
cxovrebisa da gamocdilebis cvalebadi xasiaTis Sesaxeb.
Maryon Tysoe, Love Isn’t Quite Enough: The Psychology of Male/Female Relationships
(London: Fontana, 1992 ). saintereso da amaRelvebeli diskusia siyvarulis,
romantikisa da urTierTobebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove socialur
cxovrebaSi.
Jeffrey W eeks, Sexuality and its Discontents: Meaning, Myths and Modern Sexuality
(London: R outlde; 1989) . erT-erTi saukeTeso diskusia seqsualobis
problemebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi.
 40

mniSvnelovani terminebi

seqsualoba heteroseqsualoba
qaluroba (feminuroba) homoseqsualoba
mamakacuroba (maskulinoba) lesboseloba
genderuli socializacia prostitucia
mamkacuri araeqspresiuloba
 Tavi 6

sxeuli: kveba, avadmyofoba da dabereba

ZiriTadi cnebebi
sxeuli da sazogadoeba
kvebis darRveva da sxeulis kultivireba
sxeuli da reproduqciuli teqnologiebi
bavSvis dabadeba. Ggenuri inJineria: konstruirebuli bavSvebi
debati abortis Sesaxeb
sxeulis gamarTuli funqcionireba: warmodgenebi janmrTelobaze da
avadmyofobaze
janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi
avadmyofoba, rogorc stigma: Sidsis gavlena
jandacvis sistemebi
jandacva gaerTianebul samefoSi
jandacva SeerTebul StatebSi
Sefaseba
janmrTeloba da garemo
janmrTeloba da dabereba
daberebis fizikuri Sedegebi. dabereba momavalSi.
daskvna
Sejameba
damatebiTi literatura
mniSvnelovani terminebi
 2

ZiriTadi cnebebi
sxeulis sociologia. buneba

daxedeT or fotosuraTs momdevno gverdze. loyebCavardnili saxis

da gamofituli sxeulis gamosaxulebebi TiTqmis identuria. axalgazrda
gogona marcxena fotoze somalelia, romelic sakvebis naklebobis gamo
kvdeba. axalgazrda gogona marjvena fotoze ki amerikeli Tineijeria,
romelic aseve kvdeba Warbi sakvebiT uzrunvelyofil sazogadoebaSi,
radgan gadawyvita ar Wamos, an Wamos ise cota, rom mis sicocxles
safrTxe daemuqra.
socialuri dinamika, nagulisxmevi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, savsebiT
gansxvavebulia. sakvebis naklebobiT gamowveuli SimSilis mizezi gare
faqtorebzea damokidebuli, rac adamianebis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba da
rac mxolod Zalze Raribebze axdens zegavlenas. amerikel Tineijers
anoreqsia sWirs, avadmyofoba, romlis fizikuri warmoSoba ucnobia.
idealuri sxeulis misaRwevad, man TiTqmis miatova Wama. anoreqsia da kvebis
darRvevis sxva saxeebi mdidrebis daavadebaa da ara imaTi, vinc sakvebis
naklebobas ganicdis an sulac ara aqvs sakvebi. Mmesame msoflios arcerT
qveyanaSi, somalis CaTvliT, ar icnoben am daavadebebs.
kacobriobis istoriaSi ar aris bevri adamiani, vinc SimSili
nebayoflobiT airCia; aseTebi wmindanebi da mistikosebi iyvnen, romlebic
amas religiuri miznebiT akeTebdnen. amasTan, isini yovelTvis mamakacebi
iyvnen. DdRes, anoreqsia qalebis daavadebaa da mas ara aqvs gansakuTrebuli
kavSiri religiasTan. es sxeulis daavadebaa da amitom SeiZleba vifiqroT,
rom am SemTxvevaSi, mis asaxsnelad biologiur da fizikur faqtorebs unda
mivmarToT. Tumca, janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba, iseve rogorc sxva
sakiTxebi, romlebic gamovikvlieT, socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis
gavlenas ganicdis.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom anoreqsia daavadebaa, igi mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli dietasTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi qalebis fizikuri mimzidvelobis Sesaxeb cvalebad
 3

SexedulebebTan. iseT premodernul sazogadoebebSi, romelic wignis me-3

TavSi aRvwereT, qalis idealur formas sisavse warmoadgenda. gamxdroba
sasurveli saerTod ar iyo, nawilobriv imitom, rom igi sakvebis
naklebobas ukavSirdeboda da, aqedan gamomdinare, siRaribesac. evropaSic
ki, me-16 da me-17 saukuneebSi, qalis idealuri forma sisavse iyo. visac ki
unaxavs am periodis mxatvroba, magaliTad, rubensis, SeamCnevda, rogori
momrgvalebuli formebiT arian qalebi gamosaxuli. sigamxdre Tu
tanwerwetoba qalis sasurvel formad me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi
gadaiqca; igi saSualo klasis fenaSi warmoiSva, Tumca qalebis
umravlesobisTvis saerTo ideali mxolod am bolo dros gaxda.
Aamgvarad, anoreqsia ukavSirdeba qalebis sxeulis Sesaxeb
warmodgenis Secvlas Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. anoreqsia, rogorc
darRveva, pirvelad safrangeTSi iqna identificirebuli 1874 wels, Tumca
Seuswavleli iyo ukanasknel ocdaaT-ormoc wlamde (Broun and Yasper 1993). mas
Semdeg, igi sul ufro Cveuli gaxda axalgazrda qalebs Soris. asevea
bulimia – sakvebiT gataceba, rasac xelovnurad gamowveuli gulisreva
mosdevs. xSirad, anoreqsia da bulimia erTdroulad, erTsadaimave
individTan gvxvdeba. zogierTi SeiZleba Zalian gaxdes, ris Semdegac Zalze
bevri sakvebis miRebis faza dgeba da zedmeti wonis dagroveba; amas kvlav
Zlieri gaxdomis periodi mohyveba.
anoreqsia da WamasTan dakavSirebuli sxva darRvevebi, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi aRar warmoadgens avadmyofobis gaurkvevel formebs.
britaneTSi, qalebis daaxloebiT 20 procents aqvs kvebis darRvevasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi, cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze. bulemiis
SemTxvevebi kidev ufro xSiria. cameti wlis gogonebis samoc procents
ukve dawyebuli aqvs dieta; es procenti oTxmocamde izrdeba Tvrameti
wlis asakis gogonebTan.
kvebis darRveva Zalze gavrcelebulia mdidar da gamoCenil
adamianebs Soris. 1995 wels, britaneTis televiziasTan intervius dros,
princesa dianam sajarod ganacxada, rom anoreqsiis da bulemiis ramdenime
sastiki epizodis gamocdileba hqonda.
 4

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom raime, rac sufTa pirovnul problemad

gveCveneba – sakvebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi da SesaxedaobasTan
dakavSirebuli sasowarkveTileba _ sociologiuri kvlevis sagani xdeba.
Tu anoreqsias ara mxolod sicocxlisTvis saSiS formad CavTvliT, aramed
mas dietis da garegnobis problemebs davukavSirebT, kvebis darRveva
milionobiT adamianis cxovrebis nawilad warmogvidgeba; aseTi adamianebi
aramarto britaneTSi moiZebneba, aramed yvela industriul qveyanaSi.

sxeulis mdgomareoba da sazogadoeba

kvebis darRvevis gavrcelebis areali gansacvifreblad didia da

naTels xdis socialuri faqtorebis gavlenas Cvens cxovrebaze. Ees sfero
cnobilia, rogorc sxeulis sociologia da igi ikvlevs im gzebs, romlis
saSualebiTac, amgvari socialuri gavlenebi Cvens sxeulze zemoqmedebs.
rogorc adamianebi, Cven materialuri arsebebi varT – yovel Cvengans
sxeuli gaaCnia. Tumca, Cven marto sxeuli ar gvaqvs, da igi mxolod raRac
fizikuri ar aris, romelic sazogadoebis gareT arsebobs. Cveni sxeuli
Rrmad ganicdis Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis, iseve rogorc im jgufebis
normebisa da Rirebulebebis gavlenas, romelsac is miekuTvneba.
sociologebma mxolod am bolo dros daiwyes im Rrma urTierTkavSiris
gaazreba, rac socialur cxovrebasa da adamianis sxeuls Soris arsebobs.
amitom es sfero sruliad axalia, Tumca erT-erTi yvelaze sainteresoc.
sxeulis sociologia Tavs uyris ramdenime ZiriTad Temas, romlebsac
mTeli warmodgenili Tavis manZilze ganvixilavT. erT-erTi mTavari Tema
exeba Cvens sxeulze socialuri cvlilebis gavlenis Sedegebs (Tavad
socialuri cvlilebis Tema xazgasmulia mTels wignSi). meore Tema aris
sxeulis sul ufro meti daSoreba `bunebisgan~ - imisgan, rac cxovrebaSi
TavisTavad cxadad gveCveneba. Cveni sxeuli ganicdis mecnierebisa da
teqnologiis gavlenas, rac axal dilemebs wamoWris. magaliTad, mTeli
rigi reproduqciuli teqnologiebis Seqmnam axali SesaZleblobebi mogvca,
Tumca, imavdroulad, intensiuri socialuri dapirispirebebi warmoSva. am
 5

TavSi, Cven ganvixilavT ori saxis dapirispirebas, dakavSirebuls genur

inJineriasTan da abortTan.
termini `teqnologia~ aq ar unda iyos viwrod gagebuli. ZiriTadad,
igi materialur teqnologiebs exeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tanamedrove
medicina – aseTi magaliTia skanirebis aparati, romelic saSualebas aZlevs
eqims, aRnusxos bavSvis ganviTareba mis dabadebamde. magram, mxedvelobaSi
unda miviRoT aseve is, rasac miSel fuko (1988) socialur teqnologiebs
uwodebs, da rac zegavlenas axdens sxeulze; am frazaSi igi gulisxmobs,
rom sxeuli ufro metad is aris, rasac Tavad `vqmniT~, vidre is, rasac
ubralod viRebT. socialuri teqnologia nebismieri saxis regularuli
Carevaa Cveni sxeulebis funqcionirebaSi, raTa isini specifikuri
mimarTulebiT warvmarToT. Aamisi magaliTia dieta, romelic ase
mniSvnelovania anoreqsiis dros.
Aamis Semdeg, Cven unda gavaanalizoT is, Tu ratom gaxda ase
gavrcelebuli kvebis darRveva. Semdeg unda ganvixiloT reproduqciuli
teqnologiebis sociologiuri mniSvneloba. amisaTvis, Cven SeviswavliT
sxeulze zrunvis sakiTxebs Tanamedrove socialur pirobebSi, sxva
sityvebiT, janmrTelobas da jandacvas. daBbolos, Cven ganvixilavT
sxeulis daberebis sakiTxs. msgavsad Cveni cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebisa,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi dabereba aRar aris is, rac odesRac iyo!
daberebis procesi ubralod fizikuri movlena ar aris da dRes asakovani
adamianebis pozicia sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovnad icvleba.

Kkvebis darRveva da sxeulis kultivireba

imis gasagebad, Tu ratom gaxda kvebis darRveva ase gavrcelebuli

Cvens droSi, unda davubrundeT socialur cvlilebebs, rac wina TavebSi
iyo gaanalizebuli. sinamdvileSi, anoreqsia asaxavs socialuri cvlilebis
farTo aspeqtebs, globalizaciis gavlenis CaTvliT.
Kkvebis darRvevebis zrda dasavleTis qveynebSi, uSualod emTxveva
kvebis warmoebis globalizacias, romelic sami-oTxi aTwleulis win
 6

daCqarda. axali modelis samacivro mowyobilobebma da gadasazidma

konteinerebma, sakvebis didi xniT Senaxvisa da msoflios erTi nawilidan
meoreSi transportirebis SesaZlebloba mogvca. 1950-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli (da imaTTvis, visac amis saSualeba aqvs – esaa dasavluri
sazogadoebebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba), supermarketebis daxlebi savsea
sakvebi produqtiT msoflios yvela nawilidan. amgvari sakvebi produqti
weliwadis yvela dros xelmisawvdomia, rac winaT SeuZlebeli iyo,
vinaidan igi adgilobriv mohyavdaT sezonurad.
warsuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, TiTqmis yoveli adamiani
britaneTSi da sxva ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, dietazea. es srulebiTac ar
niSnavs, rom yoveli adamiani TavgamodebiT cdilobs gaxdes. ufro sworad,
maSin, rodesac yvela saxis sakvebis SeZena, weliwadis yovel dros aris
SesaZlebeli, Cven unda gadavwyvitoT, ra mivirTvaT – anu SevadginoT dieta,
sadac `dieta~ niSnavs sakvebs, romelsac Cveulebisamebr movixmarT.
pirveli, Cven unda gadavwyvitoT, ra mivirTvaT axali samedicino
informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac amJamad mecniereba gvaxvevs Tavs –
magalTad, is, rom qolesterolis done gulis daavadebebs iwvevs. meore,
Cven Zalze gvawuxebs kaloriebis Semadgenloba sxvadasxva sakvebSi.
sazogadoebaSi, sadac sakvebi Warbadaa, Cven SegviZlia forma mivceT
sxeuls, Cveni cxovrebis stilis Sesabamisad (sirbili, aerobika) da imiT,
Tu ras vWamT. kvebis darRvevas Tavisi sawyisebi SesaZleblobebis qonaSi
udevs, Tumca am Rrma daZabulobasa da stresebs situacia warmoSobs.
Aanoreqsiis SemTxvevebis oTxmoci procenti aCvenebs varjiSze
damokidebulebas. damokidebuleba qcevis iZulebiTi nimuSia, romlisTvis
winaaRmdegobis gaweva individisTvis Zneli an SeuZlebelia. MmagaliTad,
sali, ocdarva wlis martoxela deda midlendsidan, anoreqsiis msxverpli
gaxda mas Semdeg, rac, misi sityvebiT, `iZulebiT movarjiSe~ gaxda, misi
vaJiSvilis mamasTan daSorebis Semdeg. `rodesac Cveni urTierToba Sewyda,
me demoralizebulad da uvargisad vgrZnobdi Tavs da mindoda
damemtkicebina, rom jer kidev msurda cxovreba, da rom Zlieri viyavi.
Tavdapirvelad, varjiSiT kargad vigrZeni Tavi; mamakacebi yuradRebas
 7

maqcevdnen da TviTSefaseba amimaRlda. axla kaloriebis mudmivad dakargva

mWirdeba, normalurad rom vigrZno Tavi~. Mmisi akviatebuli azri varjiSze
maSinac ki gagrZelda, rodesac anoreqsiisagan gamojanmrTelda (Walker 1995).
ratom axdens kvebis darRveva zegavlenas qalebze, gansakuTrebiT,
axalgazrda qalebze? unda aRiniSnos, rom kvebis darRveviT mxolod
qalebi ar itanjebian. daaxloebiT 10 procenti mamakacia, Tumca mamakacebs
ise xSirad ara aqvT anoreqsia an bulimia, rogorc qalebs, nawilobriv
imitom, rom farTod gavrcelebuli socialuri normebi xazs usvams
fizikuri mimzidvelobis mniSvnelobas ufro metad qalebisTvis, vidre
mamakacebisTvis, da nawilobriv imitom, rom mamakacis sasurveli sxeulis
Sesaxeb warmodgena gansxvavebulia qalis sxeulze warmodgenisgan.
rodesac mamakaci Tavisi sxeulis kultivirebas aqcevs gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas, misi ideali dakunTuli sxeulia. bevri mamakacisTvis, romelic
amaSi Caeba, kunTebis kultivireba iseve iZulebiTi gaxda, anu Cvevad
gadaeqcaT, rogorc kvebis darRveva qalebisTvis. magaliTad, Tavis wignSi
`Muscle~ sem fiuseli aRwers, rogor daiwyo kunTebis kultivireba, raTa
gaekontrolebina sakuTari araadekvaturobis SegrZneba, misi, rogorc
`sustis~ Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, Zalze gamxdari adamianidan, igi Zalian
kunTiani gaxda, Tumca veRar SeZlo SeCereba. mas aRar SeeZlo Cveulebrivi
aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba, Tu yoveldRiurad saaTebs ar dauTmobda
simZimeebis awevas. kunTebis kultivirebiT gatacebuli, verasodes iqneba
kmayofili Tavisi kunTebiT, iseve rogorc anoreqstiki verasodes igrZnobs
Tavs sakmarisad gamxdrad (Fussell 1991).
AamJamad zogierTma qalmac mihyo xeli kunTebis kultivirebas, Tumca
umravlesobas ar itacebs es aqtivoba, rodesac idealuri sxeulis miRwevas
cdilobs.MmaTi mRelvareba umTavresad simsuqnis SiSzea koncentrirebuli.
sasurveli qalis Tanamedrove ideali sigamxdre da karg formaSi yofnaa.
anoreqsia da bulimia aqtiuri qalebis daavadebaa. isini TavisTavad ar
Cndeba, aramed aqtiurad miiRweva. anoreqtiki mkacr, minimalur dietas icavs
da SeuZlia yoveldRe daitvirTos aerobikiT.
 8

Aanoreqsia da kvebis sxva saxis darRveva asaxavs situacias, roca

qalebi farTo sazogadoebaSi gacilebiT did rols TamaSoben, vidre es
adre iyo, Tumca maT Sesaxeb, umetesad, mainc garegnobis mixedviT
msjeloben, vidre maTi miRwevebis mixedviT. kvebis darRveva sxeulis gamo
sircxvilis grZnobidan momdinareobs. qali Tavs araadekvaturad da
arasrulyofilad grZnobs, da imis SiSi, Tu rogor aRiqvamen mas sxvebi,
ZiriTadad fokusirebulia mis mier sakuTari sxeulis aRqmaze. am dros,
sigamxdris ideali misTvis yovlismomcveli xdeba, xolo wonis dakargva _
yvelafris saukeTesod mogvarebis saSualebaa. mas Semdeg, rac is iwyebs
dietas da iZulebulia ivarjiSos, man SeiZleba uari Tqvas sakvebze an, Tu
sakvebs miiRebs, yvelaferi ukan amoiRos. Tu qcevis es modeli ar iqna
daZleuli (aq garkveuli fsiqoTerapiuli da samedicino mkurnaloba
efeqturi aRmoCnda), dazaralebuli, SesaZloa, SimSiliT gardaicvalos.

sxeuli da reproduqciuli teqnologiebi

kvebis darRvevebis gavrceleba asaxavs mecnierebisa da teqnologiis

gavlenas Tanamedrove cxovrebis yofaze: kaloriebis daTvla mxolod
teqnologiis miRweviT gaxda SesaZlebeli. Tumca, teqnologiis zegavlena
yovelTvis socialuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli. Cven gacilebiT meti
avtonomia gvaqvs Cvens sxeulze, vidre odesme; amgvari situacia axal
pozitiur SesaZleblobebs qmnis, Tumca axal sazrunavsa da problemebsac
warmoSobs.
es yvelaferi imis Semadgeneli nawilia, rasac sociologebi bunebis
socializacias uwodeben. es fraza im faqts aRniSnavs, rom fenomenebi,
romlebic `bunebrivad~ anu bunebaSi mocemulad iTvleboda, axla
socialur fenomenebad gadaiqca, anu isini Cvens socialur
gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli. amisi magaliTia adamianis reproduqciis
unari. aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi, qalebis umetesobis ZiriTad movaleobas
Svilebis gaCena da maTi aRzrda Seadgenda. premodernul periodSi
kontracepcia miRebuli ar iyo, xolo zogierT sazogadoebaSi – saerTod
 9

ar icodnen amis Sesaxeb. evropaSic ki, meTvramete saukunis bolomde,

qalebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo ocze meti orsulobis gamocdileba
(rasac xSirad muclis moSla an Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianoba mosdevda).
kontracepciis gaumjobesebulma meTodebma am situaciis fundamenturad
Secvlas Seuwyo xeli. mas Semdeg, rac reproduqcia `bunebrivi~ fenomeni
aRar aris, industriul qveynebSi mcxovrebi qalebisTvis TiTqmis ucnobia
amdeni orsuloba. warmatebebma kontraceptul teqnologiaSi TiTqmis yvela
qalsa da mamakacs misca saSualeba, akontrlon, hyavdeT Tu ara, an rodis
iyolion Svilebi.
Kkontracepcia, reproduqciuli teqnologiis mxolod erTi
magaliTia. sxva sferoebi, sadac bunebrivi procesebi socialur procesebad
gadaiqca, qvemoT iqneba aRwerili.

Sobadoba

Mmedicina yovelTvis ar iyo CarTuli cxovrebis umTavres gardamaval

periodebSi, dabadebidan dawyebuli sikvdilamde. orsulobisa da Sobadobis
samedicino momsaxureba neli nabijiT viTardeboda; es maSin moxda,
rodesac mkurnalebi da bebia qalebi pediatrma specialistebma Secvales.
dRes, industriul sazogadoebebSi, mSobiarobis umetesoba saavadmyofoebSi
xdeba specializebuli samedicino gundis daxmarebiT.
warsulSi, mSoblebi mxolod bavSvis dabadebis dRes igebdnen mis
sqessa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. dRes, muclis Rrus Semowmeba,
rogoricaa sonograma (nayofis gamosaxuleba ultrasonuri talRebis
gamoyenebiT) da amniosenTezisi (romelic iRebs amniotur siTxes nayofis
irgvliv) SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes struqturuli an qromosomuli
anomaliebis aRmosaCenad, bavSvis dabadebamde. Aamgvari axali teqnologia
wyvilebsa da sazogadoebas axali eTikuri da iuridiuli
gadawyvetilebebis winaSe ayenebs. rodesac darRvevebi aRmoCenilia, wyvili
gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaSe dgas, iyolios Tu ara bavSvi im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac icis, rom mas seriozuli fizikuri darRvevebi aqvs.
 10

Ggenuri inJineria: konstruirebuli bavSvebi

dResdReobiT, mecnieruli Zalisxmevis didi nawili, genuri inJineriis

gafarToebas eTmoba, rac gulisxmobs nayofis genetikur struqturaSi
Carevas imgvarad, rom gavlena moaxdinos mis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. genuri
inJineriis SesaZlo socialuri gavlena, TiTqmis iseTive intensivobis
debatebs iwvevs, rogoric abortis sakiTxs axlavs Tan. misi mxardamWerebis
Tanaxmad, genuri inJineria did sargeblobas mogvitans. magaliTad,
SesaZlebelia iseTi gnetikuri faqtorebis identificireba, rac zogierT
adamians garkveuli daavadebebis mimarT midrekils xdis, genetikurad
Tavidan daprogrameba ki uzrunvelyofs imas, rom es daavadebebi Taobidan
Taobaze aRar gadaecema. SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, dabadebamde, Cveni sxeulis
`konstruireba~ movaxdinoT kanis feris, Tmisa da Tvalebis, wonisa da a.S.
mixedviT.
SeuZlebeli iqneboda, SesaZleblobebisa da problemebis aRrevis
imaze ukeTesi magaliTis gamonaxva, rasac bunebis mzardi socializacia
gviqmnis. ra arCevans gaakeTeben mSoblebi, rodesac maT TvianTi Svilebis
konstruireba SeeZlebaT, da ra SezRudvebi unda dawesdes maT arCevanze?
SeuZlebelia, genuri inJineria iafi iyos. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom mSoblebi,
romelTac gasamrjelos gadaxdis saSualeba aqvT, SeZleben TavianTi
Svilebis programidan amoiRon iseTi ram, rac maT socialurad
arasasurvel fizikur niSnad miaCniaT? ra moeliT ufro uqonel jgufTa
bavSvebs, romlebic bunebrivad ibadebian?
zogierT sociologs miaCnia, rom genuri inJineriisadmi
diferencirebulma midgomam, SesaZloa, `biologiuri qveklasis~ gaCenasTan
migviyvanos. adamianebs, romlebsac ara aqvT fizikuri upiratesobebi, rac
genurma inJineriam SeiZleba moutanos, SesaZloa, diskriminaciis obieqtebi
gaxdnen imaTi mxridan, visac es upiratesobebi aqvT. maTTvis, SesaZloa,
garTuldes samuSaos monaxva an sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dazRveva.
 11

Ddebati abortis Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove reproduqciuli teqnologiebis mier warmoqmnili

yvelaze sakamaTo eTikuri dilema Semdegia: ra pirobebSia dasaSvebi
qalebisTvis aborti? Ddebati abortis Sesaxeb ase intensiuri imitomaa, rom
igi exmianeba eTikis Zireul sakiTxebs, rac advilad gadasawyveti ar aris.
maT, vinc `sicocxlis momxreni~ arian, sjeraT, rom aborti yovelTvis
Secdomaa, gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda, vinaidan igi mkvlelobis
tolfasia. maTTvis eTikuri sakiTxi yvela im Rirebulebaze maRla dgas,
rac ki adamians unda gaaCndes. isini, vinc `arCevanis momxreni~ arian,
Tvlian, rom dedis kontroli sakuTar sxeulze – misi ufleba icxovros
Rirseulad – misi upirvelesi sazrunavi unda iyos.
Ddebats Zaladobis mravali epizodi mohyva. SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi
gadaWra? socialuri da samarTlis Teoriis cnobil Teoretikoss ronald
dvorkins (1993) miaCnia, rom es SesaZlebelia. igi Tvlis, rom am or mxares
Soris, anu imaT Soris, vinc `sicocxlis momxreni~ arian da vinc `arCevans~
emxrobian, SeTanxmebis Zlieri SesaZleblobebia dafaruli, rac
imedismomcemia. istoriis adreul periodSi, sicocxles SedarebiT naklebi
fasi hqonda. Tumca, amJamad, Cven gacilebiT metad vafasebT adamianis
sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobas.Yyoveli mxare aRiarebs am Rirebulebas, Tumca
sxvadasxvagvarad esmiT igi; erTni upiratesobas bavSvis interesebs aniWeben,
meoreni – dedis interesebs iTvaliswineben. Tu orive mxares davarwmunebT,
rom isini saerTo eTikur Rirebulebas iziareben, dvorkinis azriT,
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ufro konstruqciuli dialogi.

sxeulis gamarTuli funqcionireba: warmodgenebi janmrTelobaze da

avadmyofobaze

adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxebloba is upirvelesi Rirebulebaa, rac

safuZvlad udevs jandacvis sistemebis ganviTarebas Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi. `janmrTeloba~ da `avadmyofoba~ kulturulad da
 12

socialurad gansazRvruli terminebia. kulturebi erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ras arqmeven janmrTels da normalurs,
rogorc es kvebis darRvevebis Sesaxeb diskusiam dagvanaxa. yvela
kulturisTvis cnobilia janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis cnebebis
mniSvneloba, Tumca is, rac Cven axla medicinad migvaCnia, dasavluri
sazogadoebis bolo sami saukunis ganviTarebis Sedegia. premodernul
kulturebSi, ojaxi iyo ZiriTadi instituti, romelic avadmyofobasa da
ubedur SemTxvevebs umklavdeboda. yovelTvis arsebobdnen individebi,
romlebic mkurnalobaSi specializdebodnen; iyenebdnen fizikur da magiur
samkurnalo saSualebebs; dRes, mkurnalobis es tradiciuli sistemebi
SemorCenilia aradasavlur kulturebSi, mTeli msoflios masStabiT.
magaliTad, auroveduri medicina (tradiciuli mkurnaloba) indoeTSi,
daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis manZilze iyo gavrcelebuli. igi eyrdnoboda
pirovnebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis wonasworobis Teorias,
romelTa disbalansi ikurneboda dietiT da balaxeuli saSualebebiT.
Cinuri xalxuri medicinac pirovnebis sruli harmoniulobis koncefcias
eyrdnoba, rac gulisxmobs balaxeulis da akupunqturis gamoyenebas,
romlis teqnika mdgomareobs pacientis kanis qsovilis strategiul
adgilebSi nemsebis ganTavsebaSi.
Tanamedrove medicinam axali Tvalsazrisi warmoadgina avadmyofobis
Sesaxeb, romelic mis warmoSobasa da mkurnalobas fizikur bunebasTan
kavSirSi xedavs, da mas mecnieruli terminebiT ganmartavs. samedicino
diagnostikasa da mkurnalobaSi mecnieruli midgomebis gamoyeneba,
Tanamedrove jandacvis sistemis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebaa. sxva, masTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli maxasiaTebeli, saavadmyofoebis SemoRebaa _ iseTi
garemosi, sadac seriozuli daavadebebi ikurneba da viTardeba samedicino
profesia, rogorc organizacia, romelsac eTikis gansazRvruli kodeqsi da
mniSvnelovani socialuri Zala gaaCnia. daavadebisadmi mecnieruli midgoma
dakavSirebulia moTxovnasTan, rom samedicino momzadeba sistematuri da
grZelvadiani iyos; TviTnaswavli mkurnalebi gamoricxulia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom profesiuli samedicino praqtika ar SemoisazRvreba mxolod
 13

saavadmyofoebiT, saavadmyofo uzrunvelyofs garemos, sadac eqimebs,

pirvelyovlisa, saSualeba aqvT, umkurnalon da gamoikvlion pacientebis
didi ricxvi iseT garemoSi, sadac Tavmoyrilia samedicino teqnologia.
Sua saukuneebis ZiriTadi daavadebebi iyo infeqciuri daavadebebi,
rogoricaa tuberkulozi, qolera, malaria da Savi Wiri. MmeToTxmete
saukuneSi, Savma Wirma anu `Savma sikvdilma~ (romelic rwyilebiT
gavrcelda, romelTa gadamtani virTxebi iyvnen) inglisis mosaxleobis
meoTxedi gawyvita da daacariela evropis didi teritoriebi. axla
industriul qveynebSi infeqciuri daavadebebi TiTqmis aRar iwvevs
sikvdilianobas, xolo mravali maTgani arsebiTad gankurnebadia.
sikvdilianobis mizezi industriul qveynebSi umTavresad arainfeqciuri
daavadebebia, rogoricaa simsivne da gulis daavadebebi. Tu premodernul
qveynebSi sikvdilianobis yvelaze maRali done Cvil da patara bavSvebSi
aRiniSneboda, dRes es ricxvi asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba
(mosaxleobis yovelwliuri sikvdilianobis proporciulobis mixedviT).
Mmiuxedavad im prestiJisa, romelic Tanamedrove medicinam moipova,
meoce saukunemde, jandacvis gaumjobeseba mxolod sikvdilianobis donis
SemcirebiT aRiniSneboda. efeqturi sanitaruli pirobebi, ukeTesi kveba,
gaumjobesebuli sakanalizacio sistemebi da saerTo higiena ufro
Sedegiani aRmoCnda, gansakuTrebiT Cvilebisa da bavSvebis sikvdilianobis
SemcirebaSi. axalma preparatebma da warmatebebma qirurgiaSi, aseve
antibiotikebis gamoyenebam, mniSvnelovnad ver Seamcira sikvdilianobis
done me-20 saukunemde. antibiotikebi, rasac baqteriuli infeqciebis
samkurnalod iyenebdnen, misawvdomi pirvelad 1930-40-ian wlebSi gaxda,
xolo imunizacia (Sratebis gamoyeneba iseTi daavadebebis sawinaaRmdegod,
rogoricaa poliomeliti) kidev ufro gvian iqna SemoRebuli.

janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi

industriuli qveynebis farglebSi, gasaocari gansxvaveba SeiniSneba

ZiriTadi daavadebebis gavrcelebis mxriv. dasavleTis qveynebSi,
 14

sivdilianobis daaxloebiT 70 procenti ganisazRvreba daavadebis oTxi

ZiriTadi tipiT, es aris: simsivne, gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi,
insultebi da filtvebis daavadeba. erTgvari progresia miRweuli am
daavadebebis mizezebis dadgenaSi da maTi mkurnalobis efeqturobaSi;
magram arc erTi ar aris bolomde gankurnebadi. Tumca, am oTxi daavadebis
gavrcelebis masStabi meryeobs qveynebis, regionebis da klasebis mixedviT.
es cxadyofs, rom maTi gavrceleba kvebasa da cxovrebis wess ukavSirdeba.
adamianebi, romlebsac ufro maRali socioekonomikuri pozicia ukaviaT,
saSualod, ufro janmrTelebi, maRlebi da Zlierebi arian, da ufro
didxans cocxloben, vidre isini, romlebsac socialur safexurze dabali
poziciebi ukaviaT. yvelaze metad es gansxvaveba Cvilebisa da bavSvebis
sikvdilianobis raodenobaSi Cans, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Raribi
adamianebis sikvdilis riski yvela asakSi ufro didia, vidre ufro
uzrunvelyofili adamianebisa.
amas mravali mizezi uwyobs xels. sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofil
nawilSi, adamianebi ukeTesad ikvebebian da samedicino momsaxurebis meti
saSualebebiT sargebloben. samuSao pirobebic uSualo zegavlenas axdens
janmrTelobaze; isini, vinc ofisebSi an Sinaur pirobebSi muSaoben, raime
dazianebis an saSiS masalasTan Sexebis naklebi riskis qveS arian.
warmoebaSi muSaobiT gamowveuli daavadebebis dadgena Znelia, vinaidan
yovelTvis ar SeiZleba gansazRvro, daavadeba samuSao pirobebiT aris
gamowveuli Tu raime sxva mizeziT. Tumca, samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli
zogierTi daavadeba kargad aris dadgenili: filtvebis daavadeba
gavrcelebulia meSaxteebSi, rac gamowveulia mtvris SesunTqviT; asbestis
xmarebasTan dakavSirebulma samuSaom aCvena, rom igi zogierTi saxis
simsivnes iwvevs.
jeik neimanma axlaxans gamoikvlia janmrTelobis aSkara kavSiri
ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan. igi imasac ganixilavda, Tu rogori
strategia SeiZleboda yofiliyo saukeTeso, sazogadoebaSi uRaribesi
jgufebis janmrTelobis gasaumjobeseblad. mraval sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
monacemebis Seswavlis Sedegad, man daaskvna, rom Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT
 15

uRaribes 20 procents Soris, sikvdilianoba 1,5 - 2,5-jer maRali iyo, vidre

im 20 procentSi, visac saTanado Semosavali hqonda. Semcirebis nacvlad, es
kontrasti ufro izrdeba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sicocxlis xangrZlivobis
Sesaxeb – esaa asaki, sadamde sicocxlesac indvidi moelis dabadebisas.
rogor SeiZleba win aRvudgeT siRaribis zegavlenas janmrTelobaze?
erT-erTi saSualebaa janmrTelobis Seswavlisa da avadmyofobis prevenciis
farTo programebi. Tumca amgvari programebi ukeT muSaobs ufro
SeZlebul, kargad ganswavlul jgufebSi, da nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mxolod
patara cvlilebebi Seaqvs samuSao reJimSi. janmrTelobis momsaxurebis
meti xelmisawvdomoba dagvexmareba, Tumca mainc SezRuduli xarisxiT.
neimans miaCnia, rom erTaderTi realurad efeqturi polisi, Tavad
siRaribis daZlevaa, mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris Semosavlis sxvaobis
SemcirebiT (Najman 1993).

Aavadmyofoba, rogorc stigma: Sidsis gavlena

Aaris daavadebebi, romlebic ufro metad materialurad

uzrunvelyofil jgufebSi gvxvdeba, vidre Raribebs Soris. magaliTad,
anoreqsia ufro xSirad maRali socioekonomikuri mdgomareobis adamianTa
daavadebaa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sidsis Sesaxeb (imunodeficituri
sindromi), yovel SemTxvevaSi, britaneTSi da sxva industriul qvynebSi.
Sidsi idumalebiT moculi daavadebaa, romelic arsaidanaa mosuli,
da romelic janmrTelobis mTavar safrTxed iqca bolo ocdaxuTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi. Sidsi angrevs sxeulis imunur sistemas; igi TavisTavad ar
iwvevs sikvdils, magram dazaralebuli sabediswero daavadebebis msxverpli
xdeba. yovel adamians, romelic inficirebulia aiv virusiT, (adamianis
imunodeficitis virusi), adre Tu gvian Sidsi uviTardeba. miCneulia, rom
Sidsi gadaecema an uSualod sisxliT (rac sisxlis gadasxmisas an
narkotikebis moxmarebisas xdeba, roca narkomanebi saerTo nemsiT
sargebloben), an sqesobrivi urTierTobiT (spermis an vaginaluri sekreciis
saSualebiT).
 16

Aaravin icis, ukavSirdeba Tu ara Sidsis warmoSoba bunebis

socializacias, rogorc garesamyaroSi adamianis Carevis gauTvaliswinebel
Sedegs. Tumca, zogierTs asec miaCnia. magaliTad, iyo mosazrebebi, rom
daavadeba, SesaZloa, yofiliyo baqteriologiuri iaraRis formebze
eqsperimentis Sedegi, ramac moulodnelad sasikvdilo virusi warmoSva.
sxvebs miaCniaT, rom Sidsi da adamianis imunodeficitis virusi didi xania
Cvens irgvlivaa, SesaZloa, saukuneebis manZilze, msoflios garkveul
nawilebSi. am Teoriis mixedviT, simptomebi, romlebic axla Sidsis
simptomebad miiCneva, SesaZloa, adre sxva daaadebebSi eSlebodaT.
Sidsis gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli, sxva daavadebebis umravlesobasTan
SedarebiT, is aris, rom igi sqesobrivi urTierTobiT gadaicema. daavadeba,
Tavdapirvelad, CrdiloeT amerikaSi dafiqsirda, mamakaci homoseqsualebis
jgufebSi da rogorc medikos mkvlevarTa Soris, aseve sazogadoebis
TvalSi, igi homosequalebis daavadebad iyo miCneuli. Sidsi sazogadoebam
adreul 1980-ian wlebSi gaacnobiera, rodesac Canda, rom mravali
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba homoseqsualobis mimarT ingreoda. Tumca,
homosequalizmis mowinaaRmdegeebi da, gansakuTrebiT, zogierTi religiuri
jgufi, TavianT mtrul damokidebulebas am daavadebis arsebobiT
amarTlebdnen. im azrma, rom Sidsi RmerTis mier gamogzavnili ubedurebaa
garyvnilebis dasasjelad, Tavisi gamoxatuleba zogierT respeqtabelur
samedicino gamocemebSic hpova. erT-erTi samedicino Jurnalis saredaqcio
kolegia svamda SekiTxvas: `amJamad gavrcelebuli uwesrigobis
mdgomareobaSi, SegveZleba Tu ara davinaxoT, wminda pavles qadagebis
aRsruleba: ,maTi codvebisaTvis sasjelis jerovani mizRva’?~ (Altman 1986).
Sidsis swrafi gavrceleba, eWvgareSea, garkveulwilad, imiTac iyo
gamowveuli, rom gei subkulturebs sul ufro meti SesaZleblobebi
hqondaT SexvedrebisTvis rogorc CrdiloeT amerikaSi, aseve bevr sxva
adgilas. faqtobrivad, Tavdapirvelad, Sidsi gei mosaxleobis soliduri
wiliT gamorCeuli, amerikis udidesi qalaqebiT SemoisazRvreboda. presis
saTaurebi ubiZgebda sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis formirebas: ,,medicinis
mkvlevarebi SeaSfoTa homoseqsualizmis epidemiam” (Philadelphia Daily Ne ws, 9
 17

August 1982); iyo gei _ janmrTelobisTvis saSiSia~ (Saturday Evening Post, October
1982); `gei ubedureba kanadaSic movida~ (Toronto S tar). Jurnali Us gvamcnobda,
`mamakaci homoseqsualebi ukve aRar arian iseTi geebi.~ im dros, ukve
cnobili iyo, rom SeerTebul StatebSi SidsiT daavadebulTa mesamedi ar
iyo homoseqsuali, Tumca, Tavdapirvel publikaciebSi es faqti
ugulebelyofili iyo.
1985 wels, rodesac kinomsaxiobi rok hadsoni SidsiT gardaicvala,
msoflio presa, metwilad, misi daavadebis xasiaTma ki ar gaaoca, aramed
faqtma, rom mamakacuri vaJkacobis simbolo, homoseqsuali iyo. imis
magivrad, rom daavadebis mizezi konkretul virusSi moeZebnaT, mkvlevari
medikosebi Seecadnen misi warmoSoba gei praqtikis specifikur aspeqtebSi
aRmoeCinaT. imis mikvlevam, rom Sidsi heteroseqsualuri kontraqtebiTac
SeiZleba gavrceldes, movlenebis gadafaseba gamoiwvia; amis yvelaze cxadi
mtkicebuleba afrikis kontinentidan movida, sadac Sidsi farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli da ar iyo aucileblobiT dakavSirebuli mamakacebis
homoseqsualizmTan. `gei ubedureba~ presis mier male axlidan iqna
ganmartebuli, rogorc `heteroseqsualuri koSmari.~
Sidsis saSiSroeba, SesaZlebelia, seqsualuri qcevis mraval formaze
axdendes zegavlenas. homoseqsualur erTobebSi ukve SeimCneva
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi; radikalurad Semcirda SemTxveviTi seqsualuri
kavSirebi. zogierTi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli homoseqsualuri
praqtika, paradoqsulia, magram yvelaze metad usafrTxo gaxda. magaliTad,
sado-mazoxisturi praqtika, rac partniorisTvis diskomfortisa da
tkivilis miyenebas gulisxmobs, usafrTxo gaxda, vinaidan is ar Seicavs
uSualo genitalur kontaqts. dilema, romlis winaSe mamakacTa gei
erTobebi dgas, `usafrTxo seqsis~ procedurebis Seqmnaa, miuxedavad
ganaxlebuli Setevebisa gei erTobebis mimarT.

Sidsi da heteroseqsualuri mosaxleoba

 18

samedicino TvalsazrisiT, Sidsi moZravi samiznea, axali da

mouxelTebeli. samedicino codna am daavadebis Sesaxeb Zalze swrafad
Zveldeba. dResdReobiT igi globalur epidemiad iqceva. aiv virusiT
inficirebulebis realuri ricxvi ucnobia, Tumca yvelaze mokrZalebuli
gamoangariSebiT, mTels msoflioSi TiTqmis 13 milionia (ix. diagrama 6.1).

diagrama 6.1. Sidsi: mzardi saSiSroeba

wyaro: Michael kidron and Ronald Segal. The State of the World Atlas, 5th edn, 1995.

Sidsis virusTan dakav- Sidsis virusiT inficirebuli

Sirebuli sikvdilianoba zrdasrulebi
zrdasrulebSi

2 mln. 8 mln. 13-14 mln. 20 mln.

1994 wlisTvis 2000 wlisTvis 1994 wlisTvis 2000 wlisTvis

aqedan, daaxloebiT 500 000 modis evropaze, TiTo milioni _ Crdilo

amerikasa, laTinur amerikasa da karibis auzis kunZulebze, da 8 milionze
meti _ afrikaze. epidemiis ZiriTadi gavrceleba sul ufro fexs ikidebs,
vinaidan droTa ganmavlobaSi aiv (imunodeficitis virusi) infeqcia sruli
saxis Sidsad yalibdeba. dRes msoflioSi aiv infeqciiT daavadebuli
adamianebis umetesoba heteroseqsualebia; heteroseqsualuri gziT
gadadebuli daavadebis Sefardeba homoseqsualuri gziT gadadebis
SemTxvevebTan, aris oTxi erTTan.
Mmsoflio janmrTelobis organizaciis SefasebiT, 2000 wlisTvis 30
milionze meti zrdasruli da 10 milionze meti bavSvi iqneba inficirebuli.
im faqtma, rom Tavdapirvelad Sidsi, umetesad homosequalTa Soris
Warbobda, xeli Seuwyo maT mimarT mtruli ganwyobis ganaxlebas. Tumca,
 19

axali da iseTi saSineli daavadeba, rogoric Sidsia, SiSsa da mtrul

ganwyobas amisgan damoukidebladac iwvevs. amis magaliTi film `filadel-
fiaSia~ warmodgenili, sadac SidsiT daavadebuli, romlis rolsac tom
henksi asrulebs, kargavs samuSaos mas Semdeg, rac misi damqiraveblebi
Seityoben misi daavadebis Sesaxeb. igi samsaxuridan daTxovnilia ara
imisTvis, rom igi homoseqsualia, aramed im aRSfoTebis gamo, rasac misi
avadmyofoba iwvevs. filmi asaxavs mis medgar brZolas usamarTlo
daTxovnis gamo.
Sidsi iseTi daavadebis magaliTia, romelic stigmad aRiqmeba. stigma
iseTi maxasiaTebelia, rac individs an adamianTa jgufs acalkevebs
mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan, da ris Sedegadac, individis an adamianTa
jgufis mimarT eWviTa da mtruli ganwyobiT arian damuxtulni. daavadebis
umetesi formebi TanagrZnobas iwvevs danarCen adamianebs Soris. Tumca,
rodesac daavadeba uCveulo infeqciis matareblad iTvleba, an sircxvilisa
da uRirsobis niSnad aRiqmeba, am seniT daavadebulebi, SesaZloa, uaryofil
iyon `janmrTeli~ mosaxleobis mier. ase iyo Sua saukuneebSi keTriT
daavadebuli adamianebis mimarT, romlebic RmerTis mier dasjil
codvilebad iTvlebodnen, da amitom aiZulebdnen maT, gancalkevebulad
leprozoriumebSi ecxovraT. ra Tqma unda, naklebad mkacr formebSi, magram
Sidsi dResac iwvevs amgvari daRdasmulobis SegrZnebas – im faqtis
miuxedavad, rom keTrisgan gansxvavebiT, daavadebis gadacemis saSiSroeba,
Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur situaciebSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs.
Sidsis samkurnalo efeqturi saSualeba ar arsebobs, Tumca zogierTi
preparati, Cans, anelebs mis progress. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebas,
romelic aiv virusis matarebelia, SeiZleba wlebis manZilze ar
ganuviTardes Sidsi, rodesme daavadeba gamJRavndeba da misi ganaCeni
sikvdilia. misi Sedegi gansakuTrebiT tragikulia, vinaidan igi yvelaze
metad axalgazrdebis jgufebSia gavrcelebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, is ar
hgavs dRes industriul qveynebSi gavrcelebul sxva momakvdinebeli
daavadebebs, romlebic umTavresad xanSiSesulTa jgufebs ayenebs dartymas.
 20

Ddabereba da avadmyofobisadmi midrekileba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

aris sinonimuri, rogorc es mocemuli Tavis bolos gamoCndeba. Tumca, mas
Semdeg, rac iseTi infeqciuri daavadebebi, rogoricaa qolera da
tuberkulozi, daZleuli iqna industriul qveynebSi, jandacvis sistemebi,
ZiriTadad, orientirebulia im daavadebebTan brZolaze da maT
mkurnalobaze, romlebic asakovani adamianebisTvis ufro Cveulia. momdevno
nawilSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT janmrTelobis dacvis sistemebs
da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT jandacvis sistemebze
britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. Semdeg ki uSualod daberebis
problemas SevexebiT.

jandacvis sistemebi

jandacva gaerTianebul samefoSi

TiTqmis yvela industriul qveyanas, SeerTebuli Statebis

gamoklebiT, aqvs sazogadoebrivad uzrunvelyofili samedicino
momsaxureba. MmagaliTad, inglisSi nacionaluri janmrTelobis samsaxuri
(NHS) 1948 wels dafuZnda. Mmisi dafuZnebis ganmsazRvreli principi iyo,
rom jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba unda emyarebodes ufro samedicino
saWiroebas, vidre gadaxdis unars.
Nnacionaluri samedicino samsaxuri (NHS) centraluri mTavrobis
wliuri SemosavliTaa dafinansebuli, rac wliuri begaris nawils
warmoadgens. saerTo profilis eqimi-praqtikosis (GP) monaxuleba da
saavadmyofos mkurnaloba yvela momxmareblisTvis ufasoa. eqimis mier
receptebiT gacemuli wamlebi Tavdapirvelad ufaso iyo, Tumca arsebuli
mTavrobis mier SemoRebul iqna nawilobrivi gadasaxadis sistema. rodesac
NHS–ma pirvelad SemoiRo sazogadoebrivi jandacva, medikosTa zewolis
Sedegad da aseve sxva mosazrebebiT, ZalaSi darCa kerZo jandacvac.MmaSin
rodesac eqimi-praqtikosebis umetesoba muSaobs mxolod nacionaluri
jandacvis sistemisTvis (NHS), konsultantebis didi wili aseve kerZo
 21

praqtikiTac aris dakavebuli. arsebobs zogierTi kerZo saavadmyofo da

jandacvis momsaxureba, im personalTan erTad, romelic mxolod kerZo
seqtors ganekuTvneba; maTi dafinanseba da momsaxurebis gadasaxadi xSirad
janmrTelobis dazRvevis kerZo programebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca,
amgvari programebis monawile mxolod mosaxleobis umciresobaa.
saerTo profilis eqimebs ZiriTadi roli akisriaT pacientebis
warsadgenad ama Tu im specializebuli samedicino mkurnalobisTvis.
britaneTis saSualo moqalaqe, saerTo profilis eqimTan, weliwadSi
daaxloebiT oTxjer midis vizitad. saerTo profilis eqimebi uSualod
mkurnaloben mTeli daavadebebis 90 procents; yovel saerTo profilis
eqims daregistrirebuli pacientebis mTeli `sia~ aqvs, romlebic masze
arian miwerili (zogjer maTi ricxvi NHS-is mier dadgenili ricxvis
maqsimums aRwevs). pacientebs, romlebic miwerili arian saerTo profilis
eqimTan, ufleba ara aqvT uSualod mimarTon specialistebs; es praqtikosis
gadasawyveti saqmea. imis gamo, rom specialistebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTari
Tavis wardgena, kerZo konsultaciebze maTTan misvlac ki ar aris advili,
saerTo profilis eqimis dasturis gareSe.
ZiriTadi erTeuli, romelic dRes nacionaluri jandacvis sistemas
marTavs, janmrTelobis saolqo xelisuflebaa (DHA). igi Sedgeba
adgilobrivi mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis, medikosebis da araprofesionali
adamianebisgan, romlebic adgilobrivi interesTa jgufebis da
nebayoflobiTi asociaciebis warmomadgenelni arian. principSi, DHA-m
ufro farTo erTobis struqtura unda asaxos, rogoricaa klasi da
eTnikuri warmomavloba, Tumca praqtikaSi isini ufro saSualo klasis
damcvelebi arian. samedicino profesiis adamianebis yofna DHA-Si, maTi
specializebuli eqspertizis aucileblobiT aris gamarTlebuli. Tumca,
aRsaniSnavia, rom am situacias ver naxavT adgilobrivi mTavrobis sxva
sferoebSi, sadac mosamsaxureebs kanoniT ekrZalebaT, mxari dauWiron
komitetebis arCevas sakuTari organizaciebis farglebSi (Kingdom 1991).
1989 wels, konservatuli mTavrobis mier warmodgenilma TeTrma
wignma NHB-is Sesaxeb, warmoadgina ZiriTadi cvlilebebi janmrTelobis
 22

momsaxurebaSi. YyuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo biurokratiasTan brZolaze,

ufro Zlier `Sida konkurenciaze~ da ufro farTo samenejero
qmediTunarianobaze. Aadgilobriv moTxovnebze dafuZnebuli adgilobrivi
menejmenti, rasac reforma gulisxmobda, efeqturobis saukeTeso garantia
iyo. janmrTelobis sferos unda mieces meti Tavisufleba maRali
samTavrobo struqturebis zedamxedvelobisgan. NHS organizaciebi unda
gaxdnen mrewvelobaSi gaCenili `moqnili firmebis~ msgavsni (ix. Tavi 12,
`samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba~).
EerT-erTi yvelaze metad sadavo inovacia kerZo saavadmyofoebs
Seexeboda, romelTac TviTmmarTvelobaze gadasvla SeeZloT. am proeqtis
mixedviT, saavadmyofoebs avtonomiuri dafinanseba unda hqonodaT. maT
SeeZloT, SeecvalaT saerTo SeTanxmebuli xelfasis done, komerciuli
wyaroebiT gaezardaT kapitali da SeeqmnaT namati. rogorc es 1996-Si
moxda, bevrma didma saavadmyofom igive gza airCia, xolo danarCenebi
cdilobdnen, maTTvis miebaZaT. Tumca, am saqmis kritikosebi acxadeben, rom
amgvari saavadmyofoebi mxolod ufro mdidar raionebSia warmatebuli, rom
isini araaucilebel ZviradRirebul aRWurvilobas iZenen, romelic
SeiZleba mezobel saavadmyofoebsac hqondes, da maT, SesaZloa, uari
ganacxadon im pacientebis miRebaze, romelTa mkurnaloba Zviri daujdebaT
(Mohan 1991).
rogorc jandacvis umetesi aspeqtis SemTxvevaSi, NHS-is reformebis
Sefasebac advili ar aris. misi Sedegebi kompleqsuria; reformebis Sesaxeb
mcire kvlevebi Tu Catarebula da grZlvadiani Sedegebi mraval wels
moiTxovs SefasebisTvis. ufro metic, reformebi organizaciuli
cvlilebebis farTo speqtrs gulisxmobs. mocemul mtkicebulebaze
dakvirvebiT, julian le grandi askvnis, rom arsebobs imis potenciali
mainc, rom realuri warmateba iyos miRweuli pacientis movlis xarisxsa da
efeqturobaSi. mas miaCnia, rom NHS-is sxvadasxva seqtorebs Soris
konkurentulobis warmoCenam, SesaZloa, ufro metad warmateba moitana,
vidre uaryofiTi Sedegebi (Le Grand 1994).
 23

warwera naxatze: eqimi aRar modis. is ambobs, ratom ar Seuvlidi mas,

roca ukeT grZnob Tavs?

jandacva SeerTebul StatebSi

SeerTebul StatebSi, yovel wels, uamravi fuli ixarjeba

jandacvaze – faqtobrivad, mTliani gasavlis ufro maRali wili, vidre
romelime sxva qveyanaSi (ix. cxrili 6.1). amerikuli samedicino momsaxureba,
ZiriTadad, kerZo sadazRvevo programebs eyrdnoba, rasac samTavrobo
programebic emateba – samedicino mzrunveloba moxucebisTvis da
samedicino daxmareba RaribTaTvis. SeerTebul StatebSi, jandacvis sistema
gacilebiT metad danawevrebuli da mravalferovania, vidre sxva qveynebSi,
sadac mTavrobis mier marTuli nacionaluri janmrTelobis programebi
arsebobs. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi, saavadmyofoebs flobs
federaluri an Statis mTavrobebi, qalaqis an administraciis
xelisufleba, kerZo organizaciebi, religiuri ordenebi, nebayoflobiTi
jgufebi, an maTi erTgvari kombinacia.
Mmiuxedavad, qveynis keTildReobis maRali donisa da im udidesi
fulisa, rac jandacvis industriaze ixarjeba, janmrTelobis indeqsebis
Tanaxmad, SeerTebul Statebs ara aqvs saukeTeso maCveneblebi. magaliTad,
qveyana sakmaod dabal adgilzea mosaxleobis fizikuri uzrunvelyofis
saerTo maCveneblebiT: sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobiTa da bavSvTa
sikvdilianobiT. Eevropis umetes qveynebSi sicocxlis xan.grZlivoba ufro
maRalia da bavSvTa sikvdilianoba _ ufro dabali. erT-erTi mizezi isaa,
rom SeerTebul StatebSi 37 milion adamians ara aqvs kerZo samedicino
dazRveva da, faqtobrivad, xeli ar miuwvdeba sazogadoebriv jandacvaze.
Aamerikuli jandacvis sistemis logika efuZneba ideas, rom
konkurencia warmoqmnis yvelaze iaf momsaxurebas, vinaidan is saSualebas
aZlevs momxmarebels, eZebos da airCios. am poziciis sisuste kargad aris
cnobili. Mmomxmarebels ar SeuZlia iaros da airCios, rodesac igi avad
aris, da mas ar ZaluZs teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT Seafasos SeTavazebuli
 24

momsaxureba. imaT, visac Sesabamisi resursi ara aqvs, SezRudulia

samedicino momsaxurebis miRebaSi. SeZlebul adamianebs ufro xSirad
SeuZliaT miiRon Sesabamisi samedicino daxmareba. adamianebi, romlebsac
sruli samedicino dazRveva aqvT, naklebad eZeben ufro iaf momsaxurebas.
Sedegad, viRebT jandacvis sistemas, romelic ZviradRirebulia
janmrTelobis miRweul donesTan SedarebiT da romelsac seriozuli
xarvezebi aqvs mosaxleobis sruli samedicino momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT.

Sefaseba

jandacvis programebis Sefasebas, sabolood, garkveul Zireul

SekiTxvebamde mivyavarT, romlebic pasuxgacemuli unda iyos. Cven
koleqtiurad unda miviRoT zogierTi ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba. magaliTad,
aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba pacientis asaks? romels unda movandomoT meti
Zalisxmeva, moxucis Tu axalgazrdis sicocxlis gadarCenas? SeiZleba Tu
ara janmrTelobis da garegnobis zogierTi aspeqti ufro mniSvneovnad
iqnes klasificirebuli, vidre danarCeni? Tu asea, ra aris amis mizezi? am
SekiTxvebze pasuxi advili ar aris. britaneTSi da sxva industriul
qveynebSi, momavali, savaraudod, Zevs im iniciativebSi, romlebic unda
ganxorcieldes ara fasTan dakavSirebiT, aramed arsebuli praqtikis
amaRlebis mimarT: daavadebis mkurnaloba `ukanaskneli sisxlis wveTamde~
principis gareSe, prevenciuli medicinis mimarTulebiT, da aseve, cxovrebis
ufro janmrTeli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.

cxrili 6.1. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, janmrTeloba da

Mmaterialuri keTildReoba
qveynebi rigiToba sicocxlis mTliani janmrTelobaze
sicocxlis msoflioSi xangrZlivoba gasavali gasavali, erT
xangrZlivobis dabadebisas, janmrTelobaze sul
rigiTobis 1992, wlebis GDP-is % mosaxleze, 1991
mixedviT mixedviT (aSS dolari)
iaponia 1 78,6 6,8 1,1771
SvedeTi 4 77,7 8,8 2,372
 25

espaneTi 5 77,4 6,5 877

saberZneTi 6 77,3 4,8 274
kanada 7 77,2 9,9 1,847
niderlandebi 8 77,2 8,7 1,664
avstralia 11 76,7 8,6 1,446
safrangeTi 12 76,6 9,1 1,912
israeli 13 76,2 4,2 509
gaerTianebuli 14 75,8 6,6 1,003
samefo
germania 17 75,6 9,1 1,782
SeerTebuli 18 75,6 13,3 2,932
Statebi
irlandia 22 75,0 8,0 886
wyaro: msoflio banki, msoflio ganviTarebis angariSi 1994;
janmrTelobaze mTliani danaxarjis monacemebi GDP-is % mixedviT, igive
iyo 1996; ixileT The Economist, The Pocket World in Figures, 1996.

janmrTeloba da garemo

Cveni janmrTeloba uSualo kavSirSia Cvens irgvliv arsebul

garemosTan, rogorc lokalur, aseve globalur doneze. zustad aravin
icis, Tu ramdenad aris dakavSirebuli janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis
SemTxvevebi im saSiSroebebTan, rac amJamad globalur ekosistemasTanaa
dakavSirebuli; Tumca, garemos cvlilebebis zogierTi forma namdvilad
warmoSobs saSiSroebas janmrTelobisTvis. amitom garemos dacva
prevenciuli medicinis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
magaliTisTvis aviRoT qalaqis smogi, romelsac umTavresad manqanis
gamonabolqvi iwvevs. smogi londonisTvis mudmivi problemaa, iseve rogorc
sxva evropuli da amerikuli qalaqebisTvis.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom haeris dabinZurebas mavne
zemoqmedeba mxolod asTmiTa da emfizemiT daavadebulebze aqvs –
gansakuTrebiT bavSvebze.Aaxla miaCniaT, rom filtvis funqciis Sesusteba
da sxva respiratoruli problemebi, SesaZloa, nebismier zrdasruls
Seeqmnas, rodesac haeris xarisxi standartulze dabla iwevs. ra SeiZleba
gakeTdes am SemTxvevaSi? erTaderTi SesaZlebeli gadawyvetilebaa, movspoT
 26

manqanis mxuTavi gamonabolqvi da mTlianad gadaverToT eleqtro

satransporto saSualebebze.
Tumca, Tanamedrove ekonomika TiTqmis mTlianadaa damokidebuli
saavtomobilo da masTan dakavSirebul mrewvelobasTan, saWiro iqneba
Zireuli socialuri cvlilebebi ufro sufTa da janmrTeli garemos
Sesaqmnelad. manqanebis gamonabolqvis problema da haeris dabinZureba
mxolod erTia garemos dacvis problemebis CamonaTvalSi. erTi cnobili
gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, `bolo 40 wlis manZilze, mas Semdeg, rac
globalurma ganviTarebam realurad waiwia win, biosferos myife
struqturas meti ziani miadga, vidre wina ori-sami milioni wlis manZilze~
(Goldsmith 1988) . ros hium hols miaCnia, rom jandacvis sistemebi,
faqtobrivad, unda miebas garemos dacvas:
erTi mxriv, Cven gvyavs garemos damcvelebi, romlebic detalurad ikvleven
dedamiwis ekologiis TandaTanobiT dakninebas; meore mxriv, gvyavs medicinis avtoritetebi,
romlebic ver xedaven am dakninebas...…[am momentSi] Cven, janmrTelobisTvis saSiSroebis
identificirebas vaxdenT da masTan dakavSirebul mkurnalobas.…am midgomis sapirispirod,
prevenciuli meTodi naklebad aris dainteresebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvis
gansakuTrebuli mtkicebebis identificirebiT. Cven ubralod vambobT, rom zustad ar
viciT, ra Sedegebi moaqvs janmrTelobisTvis nebismier zegavlenas garemos mxridan, amitom
Cven ar davanagvianebT garemos toqsikuri narCenebiT da ar davangrevT ekosistemis cikls
(Hall 1990).

janmrTeloba da dabereba

jandacvis reformis problemebi ar SeiZleba gancalkevebuli iyos im

faqtidan, rom Cven daberebul sazogadoebaSi vcxovrobT, sadac
samocdaxuTi da meti wlis adamianebis ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeba. Aamave
dros, sakiTxi moxucebulobis socialuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb farTo
ganxilvis sagania. xandazmuli asakis mniSvneloba, im SesaZleblobebiT,
rasac is gvTavazobs da im tvirTiT, romelsac atarebs – dramatulad
icvleba.
Aaq ori winaaRmdegobrivi procesia CarTuli. erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi xandazmul adamianebs ufro dabali statusi da naklebi
 27

Zalaufleba aqvT, vidre premodern kulturebSi. am kulturebSi, msgavsad

Tanamedrove aradasavluri sazogadoebebisa (magaliTad, indoeTi an CineTi),
moxucebulobis xana iTvleboda sibrZnis momtanad, da nebismier TemSi,
swored xandazmuli adamianebi iRebdnen mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs.
dRes, xandazmul asaks, Cveulebriv, sapirispiro moaqvs. mudmivad cvalebad
sazogadoebaSi, rogoric Cvenia, xandazmuli adamianebis dagrovili codna
axalgazrdebs xSirad aRar miaCniaT Rirebul sibrZned, an ubraod mas
araaqtualurad Tvlian. Tumca, meore mxriv, xanSiSesuli adamianebi, dRes,
naklebad arian midrekilni imisken, rom dabereba miiRon, rogorc sxeulis
daZabunebis gardauvali procesi. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven kidev erTxel unda
gadavavloT Tvali bunebis socializaciis gavlenas. daberebis procesi
imTaviTve aRiqmeba, rogorc drois damangreveli Zalis dadastureba. Tumca,
moxucebuloba aRar aris raRac TavisTavad cxadi, bunebrivi movlena;
miRwevebma medicinaSi da kvebis sakiTxebSi dagvanaxa, rom is, rac odesRac
gardauvalad gveCveneboda xandazmulobis asakSi, an Tavidan iqna
acilebuli, an Semcirda. saSualod, adamianebi cocxloben ufro didxans,
vidre es saukunis win iyo, kvebis, higienisa da jandacvis gaumjobesebis
wyalobiT (ix. cxrili 6.2).
1850 wels, britaneTSi, samocdaxuT wels zemoT myofi adamianebis
ricxvi mosaxleobis 5 procents Seadgenda. dRes es maCvenebeli 15 procents
ascda da agrZelebs zrdas (ix. cxrili 6.3). britaneTSi, adamianebis
saSualo asaki izrdeboda saukune naxevris manZilze. 1800 wels, saSualo
asaki daaxloeiT 16 weli iyo. Mme-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis igi 23 wlamde
gaizarda. 1970 wlisaTvis, igi 28 wels Seadgenda, da dRes es cifri
ocdaaTs ascda. saSualo asakis zrda gagrZeldeba momavalSic, Tu
arsebuli demografiuli tendenciebi ZiriTadad ar Seicvleba. es
daaxloebiT 35 weli iqneba 2000 wlisaTvis, xolo 2030 wlisaTvis,
SesaZloa, 37 wels miaRwios.
Aaseve, izrdeba Zalze xandazmulebis ricxvi. zogierTi Sefasebis
mixedviT, britaneTSi oTxmocdaxuTs gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi 2000
 28

wlisaTvis 50 procentiT gaizrdeba dRevandelTan SedarebiTYda mTeli

mosaxleobis 1,2 procenti iqneba.

cxrili 6.2. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba gaerTianebul samefoSi,

sqesis da asakis mixedviT
1901 1931 1961 1991 1993 1996 2001 2021
mamakacebi
dabadebisas 45,5 57,7 67,8 73,2 73,6 74,4 75,4 77,6
asakidan: 54,6 62,4 69,5 73,8 74,1 74,8 75,7 77,9
1 wlis
10 wlis 60,4 65,2 69,9 73,9 74,2 75,0 75,9 78,0
20 wlis 61,7 66,3 70,3 74,2 75,5 75,3 76,1 78,2
40 wlis 66,1 69,3 71,4 75,1 75,4 76,3 77,2 79,3
60 wlis 73,3 74,3 74,9 77,7 77,8 78,6 79,5 81,4
80 wlis 84,9 84,7 85,2 86,4 86,4 86,8 87,2 88,2
qalebi
dabadebisas 49,0 61,6 73,6 78,7 78,9 79,7 80,6 82,6
asakidan: 56,8 65,3 75,1 79,2 79,3 80,1 80,9 82,8
1 wlis
10 wlis 62,7 67,9 75,4 79,4 79,5 80,3 81,1 83,0
20 wlis 64,1 69,0 75,6 79,5 79,6 80,4 81,2 83,1
40 wlis 68,3 71,9 76,3 80,0 80,1 80,9 81,7 83,5
60 wlis 74,6 76,1 78,8 81,9 81,9 82,6 83,3 84,9
80 wlis 85,3 85,4 86,3 88,3 88,3 88,8 89,1 90,0

Aam cxrilSi mocemuli sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, aris im wlebis

mTliani ricxvi, rac adamians SeuZlia icocxlos.
Source: Government Actuary’s Department. Social Trends-dan, 1996. gv. 130.

cxrili 6.3. xanSiSesuli adamianebis procentuli monacemebi

(65 weli da zemoT) SerCeul qveynebSi, 1988 wels 2010 welze proeqciiT
 29

1988 2010
gaerTianebuli samefo 15,5 15,9
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 12,1 13,9
dania 15,4 16,7
safrangeTi 13,6 16,9
dasavleT germania 15,4 20,5
italia 13,7 20,2
irlandia 11,0 12,8

wyaro: S. Arber and J. Ginn, Gender and Later Life, 1991, cxrili 1.3, gv. 8

daberebis fizikuri Sedegebi

xandazmuli asaki TavisTavad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos avadmyofobad an

uZlurebad, Tumca momatebul wlebs, ra Tqma unda, moaqvs
janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi problemebi. daaxloebiT
bolo oci welia, rac biologebi Seecadnen, ganesxvavebinaT daberebis
fizikuri gamovlinebebi daavadebiT gamowveuli Sedegebisgan. Tumca,
zustad ramdenad icvleba sxeuli wlebis matebasTan erTad, es sadavo
sakiTxia. Znelia aseve erTmaneTs ar daukavSiro socialuri da ekonomikuri
danaklisi da fizikuri gamofitvis Sedegebi. megobrebisa da naTesavebis
dakargva, sakuTar SvilebTan daSoreba, romlebic sadRac cxovroben, da
samuSaos dakargva _ yvelaferi es fizikur janmrTelobaze aisaxeba.
zogadad, kvlevis Sedegebi gvaCvenebs, rom cudi janmrTeloba da
xandazmuli asaki araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris sinonimuri cnebebi.
arsebobs samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli bevri adamiani, vinc acxadebs,
rom savsebiT janmrTelia.
sxeulis dabereba socialuri zegavlenis Sedegia, Tumca igi
genetikur faqtorebzecaa damokidebuli. biologebs, ZiriTadad, miaCniaT,
rom adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba misi genebiTaa ganpirobebuli –
 30

rac, iTvleba, rom 120 wels unda Seadgendes. yvela cxovelis msgavsad,
adamianis sxeuli sikvdilisTvis genetikurad programirebulia.
Tumca, sakiTxavia, ramdenia misi xangrZlivoba? Tu genetikosebi
moZebnian saSualebas, gaakontrolon dabereba da sikvdili, es iqneba adre
aRniSnuli bunebis socializaciis yvelaze Rrma da mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
mecnierebma ukve gvaCvenes, rom cxovelebSi xandazmuli ujredebis
manipulireba ise SeiZleba, rom maT axalgazrda ujredebis msgavsad
imoqmedon. ronald klatcma, daberebis sawinaaRmdego medicinis amerikuli
akademiis xelmZRvanelma, Semdegi komentari gakeTa: `me mjera, rom Cven
moveswrebiT sicocxlis xangrZlivobis mkveTr zrdas Cveni sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi. axali teqnologiebi ukve xelTa gvaqvs. saWiroa maTi
ganviTareba. saWiroa daviwyoT mzadeba uasako sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad.
dabereba daavadebaa, romelsac SegviZlia vumkurnaloT~ (citirebulia
Kelsey 1996, gv. 2).

Mdabereba momavalSi

sazogadoebaSi, sadac maRali Rirebuleba axalgazrdobas, qmediTobas

da fizikur mimzidvelobas aqvs miniWebuli, xandazmuli adamianebi TiTqos
SeumCnevelni xdebian. Tumca, bolo wlebSi, xandazmuli asakis mimarT
ganwyobaSi erTgvari cvlilebebi SeimCneva. SesaZlebelia, xandazmulma
adamianebma srulad ver moipovon iseTi avtoriteti da prestiJi, rogoric
Temis uxucesebs hqondaT Zvel sazogadoebebSi; Tumca, imis gamo, rom maTi
ricxvi mosaxleobaSi izrdeba, xandazmulebma meti politikuri gavlena
moipoves, vidre es adre hqondaT. maT ukve gavleniani politikuri lobis
saxe miiRes.
GgaCnda aqtivistTa jgufebi, romlebmac brZola daiwyes eijizmis anu
im diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, rasac xandazmuli adamianebis mimarT iCenen.
isini cdiloben, xeli Seuwyon xandazmuli asakis adamianebis Sesaxeb
pozitiuri Tvalsazrisis gavrcelebas. eijizmi zustad iseTive
ideologiaa, rogoric seqsizmi da rasizmia. Aarsebobs xandazmuli
 31

adamianebis Sesaxeb imdeni mcdari stereotipi, ramdenic sxva sferoebSia.

magaliTad, xSirad fiqroben, rom samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli
adamianebis umetesoba an saavadmyofoebSia, an moxucTa TavSesafrebSi; rom
maTi umravlesoba uZluria; rom xanSiSesuli muSakebi naklebad
kompetenturebi arian, vidre axalgazrdebi. Yyvela es warmodgena mcdaria.
samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli adamianebis 95 procenti sakuTar saxlebSi
cxovrobs; samocdaxuTidan oTxmoc wlamde adamianebis mxolod 7 procenti
amJRavnebs fizikur uZlurebas, xolo samoc wels gadacilebuli muSakebis
produqtiulobisa da daswrebis maCveneblebi, saSualod, aRemateba ufro
axalgazrda jgufebis maCveneblebs.
TavianT wignSi “Life A fter W ork: T he A rrival o f A geless S ociety” (1991) maikl
iangi da Tom Suleri acxadeben, rom asaki damTrgunveli meqanizmia,
adamianebis fiqsirebul stereotipul rolebSi mosaqcevad. mravali
asakovani adamiani ibrZvis aseTi damokidebulebis winaaRmdeg da cdilobs,
aRmoaCinos TviTrealizaciis axali aqtivobebi da saSualebebi. isini
uaryofen imas, rasac iangi da Suleri `asakiT Caketil sazogadoebas~
uwodebs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, rogorc axalgazrda, ise xandazmuli,
ufro metad asakis mixedviT fasdeba, vidre maTi maxasiaTeblebis,
dasaqmebis an identobis mixedviT. am orma jgufma, iangisa da Suleris
azriT, unda Seqmnas aliansi, imisaTvis, rom Tavi daixsnan maTi
kategoriebad dayofisgan da Seqmnan uasako sazogadoeba. isini SeiZleba
gamxdariyvnen pionerebi ara marto sakuTari socialuri poziciebis
interesebis dacavaSi, aramed dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis umravlesobis
interesebis dacvaSic.
iangsa da Sulers miaCniaT, rom axalgazrdebs da xandazmulebs
erTad SeuZliaT, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba daaSoron momxmareblur
uRimRamo arsebobas. virjinia vulfis citirebiT, isini amboben, rom sul
ufro met adamians SeeZleba ganTavisufleba mZime Sromis uRlidan, im
valdebulebidan, rom `yovelTvis Seasrulo iseTi samuSao, rac ar ginda
akeTo, da akeTo is, rogorc monam, mliqvnelma da naZiralam.~ isini
 32

SeZleben, ganaviTaron sakuTari ganumeorebeli Tvisebebi da midrekilebebi,

rogorc es vulfma efeqturad gaakeTa. sxvanairad, misi mwerlis talanti
`mcire, Tumca Zvirfasi misi matareblisTvis~, igi fiqrobda, rom
`Cakvdeboda da masTan erTad, Tavad me, Cemi suli.... rogorc Jangi, romelic
gazafxulis yvavils Wams.~
Ddaskvna

mocemul TavSi Cven ganvixileT sxvadasxva socialuri gavlenebi,

romelic zemoqmedebs Cvenze, rogorc xorciel arsebebze – Cveni sxeulis
dacvasa da zrunvaze. socialuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis Sedegad,
Cven aRar ganvicdiT Cvens sxeuls, rogorc mxolod cxovrebis mocemul
nawils. arsebobs Cveni sxeulebrivi gamocdilebebis aspeqtebi, romelSic
axla mecniereba da teqnologia iWreba – Sereuli SedegebiT. mravali
warmateba iqna miRweuli medicinaSi da jandacvaSi, ramac saSualeba misca
adamianebs, icocxlon imaze metxans, vidre odesRac iyo SesaZlebeli. amave
dros, xandazmulobam Seicvala Tavisi mniSvneloba da asakovani adamianebi
moiTxoven uflebas, SeinarCunon sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevroba, da
ar surT, iyvnen `pensiaze gaSvebulni~ axalgazrdebis mier. es movlenebi
mniSvnelovania rogorc politikurad, aseve socialurad. Seadgines ra
mosaxleobis, rogorc mTelis, mzardi nawili, xandazmuli adamianebi,
potenciurad, warmoadgenen jgufs sakmaod didi politikuri ZalauflebiT.

Sejameba

1. sxeulis sociologia Seiswavlis, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs Cvens

sxeulze socialuri gavlenebi. anoreqsia da sxva kvebiTi darRvevebi
iZleva am gavlenebis magaliTs. anoreqsia da kvebis problemebi, rac
umTavresad axalgazrda qalebTan gvxvdeba, dakavSirebulia im Zireul
cvlilebebTan, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi xdeba – gansakuTrebiT,
cvlilebebTan sakvebis moxmarebis xasiaTSi da qalebis sazogadoebriv
poziciaSi.
 33

2. kvebis darRveva aseve dakavSirebulia bunebis socializaciis ufro

farTo procesebTan. bunebis socializacia niSnavs, rom bevri fenomeni,
romelic iTvleboda `bunebrivad~ _ bunebis nawilad – axla socialuri
faqtorebiTa da teqnologiuri cvlilebiT aris gansazRvruli. amis
magaliTi reproduqciaa. qalebis cxovreba ukve aRar ganisazRvreba
SobadobiTa da bavSvebis aRzrdiT, rogorc es adre xdeboda. Tanamedrove
kontracepcia da sxva inovaciebi niSnavs, rom `arCevani~ anacvlebs
`bunebas~.
3. yvela sazogadoebas `kargad funqcionirebadi sxeulis~
warmodgenebi gaaCnia – sxva sityvebiT, janmrTelobis da avadmyofobis
Sesaxeb warmodgenebi. janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis Seswavla sxeulis
sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sferoa.
4. sociologiuri kvleva aCvenebs mWidro kavSirs avadmyofobasa da
uTanasworobas Soris. industriuli qvynebis farglebSi, uRaribesi
jgufebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, saSualod, ufro moklea da isini
metad arian midrekilni avadmyofobis mimarT, vidre uzrunvelyofili
strata. ufro mdidar qveynebSi, aseve, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba
ufro maRalia, vidre Rarib qveynebSi.
5. Tumca, zogierTi daavadeba ar aris Zalze gavrcelebuli Raribebs
Soris. amis magaliTi Sidsia, romelic industriul qveynebSi ufro metad
gavrcelebulia maRali socioekonomiuri warmomavlobis mqone adamianebSi.
Sidsi dRes globaluri epidemia xdeba. jer kidev ar Cans am saSiSi da
sruliad axali daavadebis efeqturi mkurnalobis gzebi.
6. jandacvis sistemebi gansxvavdeba gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi.
gaerTianebul samefos mkacrad Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
sistema aqvs – nacionaluri janmrTelobis samsaxuri. zogierT sxva
qveyanaSi, rogoric magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebia, jandacva ufro
metadaa damokidebuli kerZo jandacvis programebze; sazogadoebriv
jandacvas naklebi roli eniWeba. mravali dava arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos jandacva momavalSi.
 34

7. garemosTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi sul ufro mzard gavlenas

axdens janmrTelobasa da avadmyofobaze. magaliTad, haeris dabinZurebam,
SesaZloa, imoqmedos aTasobiT an milionobiT adamianis janmrTelobaze.
amas mosdevs azri, rom jandacvam momavalSi yuradReba unda gadaitanos
ufro xelsayreli garemo pirobebis Seqmnaze adamianebisTvis, romlebic
masSi cxovroben da Sromoben.
8. Semdgomi mniSvnelovani sfero sxeulis sociologiaSi aris
daberebis Seswavla. Mdaberebis procesi radikalurad damokidebulia
bunebis socializaciaze. Tu rogor vberdebiT, sul ufro metad
damokidebulia socialur faqtorebze: adamianebi, saSualod, gacilebiT
didxans cocxloben, vidre winaT.
9. xandazmuloba mraval SesaZlelobas uqmnis adamianebs, Tavi
gainTavisuflon mZime samuSaos SezRudvebisagan. Tumca, imavdroulad, igi
socialur, ekonomikur da fsiqologiur problemebsac warmoqmnis
individebisTvis (da xSirad ojaxebisTvis). adamianebis umravlesobisTvis
pensiaze gasvla mniSvnelovani garamavali periodia, rac dakavSirebulia
statusis dakargvasTan. amas SeiZleba martooba da dezorientacia mohyves,
radgan adamianebma unda Secvalon maTTvis Cveuli cxovrebiseuli rutina.
10. bolo wlebSi, asakovanma adamianebma, romlebic axla mosaxleobis
did procents Seadgenen, industriul qveynebSi, daiwyes zewola maTi
gansakuTrebuli interesebisa da saWiroebebis aRiarebis mizniT. brZola
`eijizmis~ winaaRmdeg (adamianebis mimarT diskriminacia, maTi wlovanebis
safuZvelze) am procesis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.

DdamatebiTi literatura

Ellen A nnandale, The Contemprorary Sociology of Health and Illness (Cambridge: P olity
Press, 1996) . diskusia tradiciuli da axali sakiTxebis Sesaxeb am sferoSi
da janmrTelobis, avadmyofobis da jandacvis sociologiis mdgomareobis
uaxlesi Sefaseba.
 35

Kenneth R . D utton, The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Physical Development
(London: Cassell, 1995). Sesavali ,,bodibildingis” xelovnebaSi.
Ross H ume H all, Health and the Global Environment (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1990) .
ganixileba jandacvis sistemis srulyofili gadafasebis saWiroeba;
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia prevenciaze da garemos dacvaze.
Sarah N ettleton, The Sociology of Health and Illness (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1995) .
Tanamedrove mniSvnelovani debatebis Sesavali janmrTelobisa da
avadmyofobis sociologiis farglebSi.
Michael Y oung a nd T om S chuller, Life After Work: The Arrival of the Ageless Society
(London: H arper C ollins, 1991) . gamomwvevi diskusia asakovani adamianebis rolis
Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

anoreqsia
bulimia
damokidebuleba
bunebis socializacia
reproduqciuli teqnologiebi
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
Sidsi
stigma
sazogadoebrivi jandacva
kerZo jandacva
eijizmi
Tavi 7

ojaxi, qorwineba da piradi cxovreba

ZiriTadi cnebebi

sakvanZo cnebebi

ojaxis istoria

ojaxuri cxovrebis ganviTareba

ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba msoflios masStabiT

cvlilebis mimarTulebebi

ojaxi da qorwineba gaerTianebul samefoSi

• zogadi daxasiaTeba
• ganviTarebis tendenciebi

ganqorwineba da gaSoreba dasavleTSi

• ganqorwinebaTa raodenobis zrda

• ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli gamocdileba
• ganqorwineba da bavSvebi
• erTmSobliani ojaxebi
• “saxeze armyofi mama”

xelaxali qorwineba da axlad SeZenili mSoblebi

• xelaxali qorwineba
• ojaxi, romelSic bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs
• davemSvidoboT bavSvebs?

ojaxis bneli mxare

• bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba da incesti

• Zaladoba ojaxSi

qorwinebisa da ojaxis alternativebi

• komunebi
• Tanacxovreba
• geimSobliani ojaxebi
• marto cxovreba

debati “ojaxuri Rirebulebebis” Sesaxeb

Sejameba

1
damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

• ojaxi
• naTesaoba
• qorwineba

am wignis ZiriTadi Tema cvlilebaa. Cven Zalze aqtiur, rTul da

moulodnelobebiT aRsavse samyaroSi vcxovrobT. rogorc ar unda
vecadoT, am samyarosTan dakavSirebul SesaZleblobebsa da risks Tavs
ver avaridebT. es yvelaze kargad Cvens pirad da emociur cxovrebaSi
vlindeba.

pirad cxovrebaSi “urTierTobebis” mogvareba gviwevs. rodesac vinme

gekiTxeba: “rogori urTierToba gaqvT?”, Cveulebriv, is seqsualur
kavSirs gulisxmobs. magram Cven xSiri urTierToba gvaqvs mSoblebTan,
megobrebTan da sxva adaminebTanac. terminis “urTierToba” pirad
cxovrebasTan mimarTebaSi gamoyeneba 20-30 wlis win daiwyo; swored am
dros gaCnda ideac, rom piradi cxovreba “intimurobasa” da garkveul
“valdebulebas” moiTxovs.

is faqti, rom umravlesoba Cvengani, misaRebia misTvis es cvlilebebi Tu

ara, did yuradRebas uTmobs maT, im ZiriTadi transformaciebis
maniSnebelia, romlebic, ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi,
did gavlenas axdens Cvens pirad da emociur cxovrebaze. urTierToba
aqtiur qmedebas moiTxovs – mis mogvarebas Zalisxmeva sWirdeba.
urTierTobis SesanarCuneblad, meore pirovnebis ndoba unda moipovo.
seqsualur urTierTobaTa umravlesoba da qorwineba, dResdReobiT,
amgvar damokidebulebazea agebuli.

imisTvis, rom gavigoT, ra procesebi mimdinareobs Cvens dRevandel

intimur cxovrebaSi, unda vicodeT, rogor cxovrobdnen adamianebi
warsulSi. am TavSi, pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor viTardeboda
Zvelad ojaxi da qorwineba, Semdeg ki Tanamedrove cvlilebaTa Sedegebs
gavaanalizebT.

sakvanZo cnebebi

pirvel rigSi, zogierTi ZiriTadi cneba unda ganvsazRvroT, rogoricaa

ojaxi, naTesaoba da qorwineba. o j a x i naTesaur kavSirze damyarebuli
adamianTa jgufia, romelSic zrdasrul wevrebs bavSvebze zrunvis
pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT. n a T e s a u r i k a v S i r e b i
adamianebs Soris qorwinebis an STamomavlobis safuZvelze myardeba,
romelic akavSirebs sisxliT naTesavebs (dedebs, mamebs, Svilebs, bebiebs,
babuebs da a.S. Soris). q o r w i n e b a or zrdasrul individs Soris
socialurad aRiarebuli seqsualuri kavSiria. rodesac ori adamiani
qorwindeba, isini erTmaneTis naTesavebi xdebian. qorwineba naTesaur
2
jgufSi bevr sxva adamiansac aerTianebs. mSoblebi, Zmebi, debi da sxva
sisxlis naTesavebi, qorwinebis Semdeg, maTi ojaxis wevris meuRlis
naTesavebi xdebian.

ojaxur urTierTobebs yovelTvis farTo naTesauri jgufi aRiarebs.

TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs fenomeni, romelsac sociologebi
da anTropologebi nuklearul ojaxs eZaxian. es aris ojaxi, romelSic
ori adamiani sakuTar an naSvileb SvilebTan erTad cxovrobs. umravles
tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, nuklearuli ojaxi garkveuli tipis didi
sanaTesao qselis nawilad moiazreboda. rodesac daqorwinebuli
wyvilisa da maTi Svilebis axlo naTesavebi erT ojaxad cxovroben, an
erTmaneTTan mWidro da xangrZlivi urTierToba akavSirebT, aseT
fenomens gafarToebul ojaxs vuwodebT. gafarToebul ojaxSi, SesaZloa,
bebiebi da babuebi, Zmebi da maTi colebi, debi da maTi qmrebi, deidebi,
mamidebi, ZmisSilebi da disSvilebi cxovrobdnen.

dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, qorwineba, Sesabamisad, ojaxi monogamiasTan

asocirdeba. aq qalisa da mamakacis erTdroulad erTze met adamianze
daqorwineba aralegalurad miiCneva. monogamia mTel msoflioSi
damkvidrebuli forma ar aris. jorj merdokma erTmaneTs ramdenime
aseuli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba Seadara da daadgina, rom 80%-ze met
SemTxvevaSi, nebadarTuli iyo poligamia, rodesac qmars an cols erTze
meti meuRlis yolis ufleba aqvs (Murdock 1949). ori tipis poligamia
arsebobs: poliginia, rodesac mamakacs SeuZlia, erTdroulad, erTze met
qalze daqorwindes da, naklebad gavrcelebuli, poliandria, rodesac
qals SeiZleba erTad ori an meti qmari hyavdes.

ojaxis istoria

sociologebs adre miaCndaT, rom Tanamedrove qorwinebamde arsebuli

ojaxis dominanturi forma, gafarToebuli tipis ojaxi iyo. kvlevis
Tanaxmad, es mosazreba mcdari aRmoCnda. nuklearuli ojaxi, didi xania,
upiratesobiT sargeblobs. Zveli tipis ojaxi dRevandel ojaxze didi
iyo, magram maT Soris ar aris gansakuTrebuli gansxvaveba. magaliTad,
inglisSi me-17-19 saukuneebSi, ojaxi, saSualod, 4.75 wevrisgan Sedgeboda.
gaerTianebuli samefos dRevandeli saSualo maCvenebeli ki 3.04-ia. Zveli
monacemi Sinamosamsaxureebsac gulisxmobs, amitom gansxvaveba Zalze
mcirea. gafarToebuli ojaxis formebi ufro aRmosavleT evropasa da
aziaSi gvxvdeba.

Zvelad, evropaSi, bavSvebi xSirad Svidi-rva wlis asakidan muSaobdnen

da mSoblebs fermaSi exmarebodnen. is, vinc ojaxis saqmianobaSi ar
iRebda monawileobas, mSobliur ojaxs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, adreul asakSi
tovebda, sxvis ojaxSi Sinamosamsaxured muSaobda an xelobas
eufleboda. bavSvebi, romlebic sxva ojaxebSi midiodnen samuSaod,
sakuTar mSoblebs iSviaTad xedavdnen.

imis miuxedavad, rom dRes ganqorwinebis Zalian maRali maCvenebelia,

Zveli ojaxuri jgufebi mainc naklebad stabiluri iyo, Tumca es sul
sxva faqtorebiT iyo gamowveuli. yvela asakis adamianebs Soris, Zalze
maRali iyo sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli (weliwadSi mosaxleobis aTas

3
sulze asaxuli sikvdilis SemTxvevebi). adreul Tanamedrove evropaSi,
Cvil bavSvTa meoTxedi an meti erTi wlis asaks ver aRwevda (dRevandel
dRes Tu SevadarebT, es 1 procentic ar aris). qalebi xSirad kvdebodnen
mSobiarobisas. bavSvebis da erTi an orive meuRlis gardacvaleba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, arRvevda ojaxur urTierTobebs.

ojaxuri cxovrebis ganviTareba

istoriis sociologma lorens stounma aRnusxa zogierTi cvlileba,

romelmac gamoiwvia evropaSi premodernulidan modernuli tipis ojaxze
gadasvla. stounma 1500-1800-ian wlebSi ojaxis ganviTarebis sami faza
gamoyo. adreul periodSi ojaxis ZiriTadi forma nuklearuli,
SedarebiT mcire zomis ojaxi iyo, romelic Temis wevrebTan da sxva
naTesavebTan mWidro urTierTobebs inarCunebda. ojaxis struqtura
Temisgan mkveTrad ar iyo gamijnuli. stounis Tanaxmad (misi
Tvalsazrisi zogierTma istorikosma ar gaiziara), im periodis ojaxi ar
iyo is ZiriTadi birTvi, romelzec adamiani emociurad iyo mijaWvuli da
damokidebuli. adamianebs maSin ar hqondaT da arc surdaT iseTi
emociuri intimuri urTierTobebi, romelic dRevandel ojaxTan
asocirdeba. qorwinebis farglebSi seqsi ara siamovnebis wyarod, aramed
gamravlebisTvis aucilebel qmedebad aRiqmeboda.

qorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli individualuri arCevani da ojaxuri

cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebi, mSoblebis, naTesavebisa da Temis interesebs
eqvemdebareboda. aristokratuli wris warmomadgenlis erotikul da
romantikul sasiyvarulo urTierTobas misi wodebisTvis Seuferebel
adamianTan, moralistebi da Teologebi sisusted miiCnevdnen, Tumca,
zogjer Tavad sazogadoebis SigniT, amgvari kavSirebi misaRebi iyo.
stouni am periodis ojaxs “arasaimedo, aramyar, uemocio, avtoritarul
instituts uwodebs... es, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi kavSiri ar iyo,
radgan ojaxis rRveva qmris an colis gardacvalebiT, an ojaxidan
bavSvebis naadrevi wasvliT iyo gamowveuli” (Stone 1977).

am tipis ojaxi gardamavalma formam Secvala, romelmac meCvidmete

saukunis dasawyisidan meTvramete saukunis dasawyisamde iarseba. amgvari
ojaxi, ZiriTadad, maRali sazogadoebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli; amis
miuxedavad, mas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan misi wyalobiT
gavrcelebulma atitudebma TiTqmis univesaluri datvirTva
SeiZina.Anuklearuli ojaxi, naTesavebisgan da adgilobrivi Temisgan
mowyvetil, calkeul erTeulad iqca. ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda
meuRleebis erTmaneTis mimarT, da mSoblebis Svilebis mimarT siyvaruli,
aseve gaizarda mamebis avtoritetic.

mesame fazaSi, gaCnda umravlesoba CvenganisTvis kargad nacnobi,

dasavluri ojaxuri sistemis tipi. es piradi emociuri kavSirebiT
ganmtkicebuli ojaxia, romelic umTavresad bavSvebis aRzrdiT aris
dakavebuli. mas afeqturi individualizmis zrda da piradi SerCevis,
seqsualuri mizidulobisa da romantikuli siyvarulis safuZvelze,
saqorwino kavSirebis formireba axasiaTebs. qorwineba siyvarulis
seqsualur aspeqtebTan gaigivda, qorwinebis gareT ki amgvari
urTierToba naklebad misaRebi gaxda. Sinaur garemos mowyvetili

4
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis wyalobiT, ojaxma momxmareblis da ara
mwarmoeblis saxe miiRo.

jon bosueli, romelic pirvel TavSi movixsenieT, aRniSnavs:

Zvelad, evropaSi, adamianebi kerZo sakuTrebaze zrunvis mizniT qorwindebodnen,

qorwinebis Sua periodSi isini bavSvebis aRzrdiT iyvnen dakavebulni, qorwinebis
bolos ki, maTSi erTmaneTis mimarT siyvarulis grZnoba iRviZebda. “siyvaruliT” Zalian
cota adamiani qorwindeboda, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, ojaxuri Tanacxovrebis,
bavSvebis aRzrdisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis gaziarebis periodSi, maT
erTmaneTi uyvardebodaT. amas meuRleebisadmi miZRvnili Zveli epitafiebic adasturebs.
amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi, qorwineba, ZiriTadad, siyvaruliT iwyeba,
Sua periodSi Svilebis aRzrdiT grZeldeba (Tu ojaxs Svilebi hyavs) da kerZo
sakuTrebaze zrunviT sruldeba. siyvaruli am dros an saerTod ar arsebobs, an
Soreul mogonebad rCeba. (Boswell 1995, gv. xxi)

ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba msoflios masStabiT

mTeli msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi, ojaxis mravalgvari forma

dResac arsebobs. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, aziis, afrikisa da
wynari okeanis auzis Soreul regionebSi, tradiciulma ojaxurma
sistemebma mcire cvlilebebi ganicada. umravles qveynebSi ki masStaburi
cvlilebebi mimdinareobs. am cvlilebaTa mizezebi kompleqsuri
xasiaTisaa, magram maTgan SegviZlia ramdenime gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani faqtori gamovyoT. erT-erTi maTgani dasavluri kulturis
gavrcelebaa. magaliTad, romantikuli siyvarulis dasavluri idealebi
iseT sazogadoebebSi gavrcelda, sadac adamianebs maT Sesaxeb manamde
aranairi warmodgena ar hqondaT. meore faqtori, manamde mcire
avtonomiuri sazogadoebebisgan Semdgar regionebSi, centralizebuli
mTavrobis Seqmnaa. adamianTa cxovrebaze erovnul politikur sistemaSi
CarTvac axdens gavlenas; garda amisa, mTavroba aqtiurad cdilobs
qcevis tradiciuli stilis Secvlas. magaliTad, swrafad mzardi
mosaxleobis gamo, CineTsa da monRoleTSi, saxelmwifo xSirad
afinansebs programebs, romlebic kontracepciis moxmarebas, mcire
ojaxebis popularizacias da a.S. uwyobs xels.

am cvlilebebma mTel msoflioSi safuZveli Cauyara moZraobas,

romelmac gafarToebuli ojaxuri sistemebisa da sxva tipis naTesauri
jgufebis rRveva da nuklearuli ojaxis gavrceleba gamoiwvia. es
procesi, pirvelad, ocdaaTi wlis win, wignSi World Revolution in Family
Patterns (1963) uiliam j. gudma asaxa, rasac Sesabamisi kvleva mohyva.

cvlilebis mimarTulebebi

qvemoT mogvyavs msoflioSi mimdinare yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi:

1. gafarToebuli ojaxisa da sxva naTesauri jgufebis gavlena

mcirdeba;
2. SeimCneva meuRlis sakuTari surviliT SerCevis zogadi tendencia;
3. sul ufro farTod xdeba qalTa uflebebis aRiareba, qorwinebis
iniciativasa da ojaxSi gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT.
4. naklebad gvxvdeba naTesauri qorwinebebi;

5
 5. Zalze SezRudul sazogadoebebSi, seqsualuri Tavisuflebis
xarisxi matulobs;
6. igrZnoba bavSvTa uflebebis gafarToebis zogadi tendencia.

am tendenciebis gazviadeba da imis miCneva, rom nuklearuli ojaxi yvela

sazogadoebaSi dominanturi formaa, mcdari mosazrebaa. dRevandel
sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi, gafarToebuli ojaxi kvlav normad
miiCneva da tradiciuli ojaxuri praqtika grZeldeba. garda amisa,
cvlilebebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli tempiT,
tendenciebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT mimdinareobs. magaliTad, filipinebze
warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad, urbanul teritoriebze gafarToebuli
ojaxebis ufro didi wili gamovlinda, vidre garSemo ganlagebul
soflis regionebSi. es gafarToebuli, magram axali tipis ojaxebia.
sofelSi mcxovrebi biZaSvilebi, deidaSvilebi da mamidaSvilebi sakuTar
ojaxebs toveben da, xelmisawvdomi samuSao adgilebis gamo, qalaqSi
naTesavebTan midian sacxovreblad.

ojaxi da qorwineba gaerTianebul samefoSi

Tanamedrove britaneTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis gamo, am qveyanaSi

ojaxisa da qorwinebis Zalze gansxvavebuli tipebia. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia TeTrkanian da araTeTrkanian ojaxebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvaveba. axla am movlenis mizezze vimsjelebT. Semdeg ojaxuri
cxovrebis Tanamedrove nimuSebTan mimarTebaSi, ganqorwinebas, xelaxal
qorwinebasa da iseT ojaxebs SeviswavliT, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an
maminacvali hyavs.

pirvel rigSi, im ZiriTad niSnebs aRvwerT, romelic TiTqmis yvela

britanul ojaxs axasiaTebs.

zogadi daxasiaTeba

gaerTianebuli samefoSi ojaxs, zogadad, Semdegi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs:

1. sxva dasavluri ojaxebis msgavsad, britanuli ojaxi, kanonis

mixedviT, monogamiuria. Tumca, mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom
gaerTianebul samefoSi amJamad arsebuli ganqorwinebis maRali
maCveneblis gamo, britanul qorwinebas SeiZleba seriulad
monogamiuri ewodos. es imas niSnavs, rom adamians ufleba aqvs,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, ramdenime meuRle gamoicvalos, magram
erTdroulad ramdenime meuRlis yolis ufleba ara aqvs. kanoniT
dadgenili monogamia seqsualur praqtikaSi ar unda avurioT.
yvelasTvis naTelia, rom bevr britanels, meuRlesTan kavSiris
garda, sxva seqsualuri urTierToebebic aqvs.
2. britanuli qorwineba romantikuli siyvarulis ideas efuZneba.
masze Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina afeqturma individualizmma.
yvelas aqvs imis molodini, rom qorwinebaSi myof wyvils
erTmaneTTan, pirad grZnobebsa da urTierTgagebaze dafuZnebuli
siyvaruli unda akavSirebdes. saqorwino urTierTobebs swored
amgvari kavSiri amyarebs. Tanamedrove britaneTSi qorwineba
romantikul siyvarulTan aris gaigivebuli; es ufro adamianuri

6
 arsebobis bunebrivi nawilia, vidre Tanamedrove kulturis
gamorCeuli Tviseba. ra Tqma unda, realoba ideologiisgan
gansxvavdeba. britaneTSi qorwinebiT kmayofileba dadebiTad
fasdeba, magram amgvari molodini yovelTvis ar amarTlebs.
ganqorwinebis maRali maCvenebeli swored am faqtoriT aris
gamowveuli.
3. britanuli ojaxi mamis xaziT gansazRvruli da neolokaluria.
mamis xaziT memkvidreoba gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebs mamis gvari
gadaecemaT da kerZo sakuTreba mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidreebze
gadadis (msoflioSi bevri dedis xaziT gansazRvruli
sazogadoebaa – Svilebi dedis gvars iReben da kerZo sakuTreba
mdedrobiTi sqesis memkvidreebs gadaecemaT). neolokalurad
mcxovrebi daqorwinebuli wyvili calke, sakuTari ojaxebisgan
gamijnulad saxldeba. neolokalizmi yvela britanuli ojaxisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba ar aris. bevri ojaxi, gansakuTrebiT
dabali klasis ubnebSi, matrilokaluria – axlad daqorwinebulebi
colis mSoblebis maxloblad saxldebian.
4. britanuli ojaxi nuklearulia. is erTi an ori mSoblisgan da
Svilebisgan Sedgeba. Tumca, nuklearuli ojaxi naTesauri
kavSirebisgan srulad izolirebuli ar aris.

ganviTarebis tendenciebi

ojaxis nimuSebis nairsaxeobebi

rapoportis Tanaxmad, “adre britanul ojaxs erT dadgenil normasTan

uxdeboda Segueba, dRes ki is iseT gardamaval fazaSi imyofeba, rodesac
sazogadoeba normebis pluralizms legitimur da sasurvelad movlenad
miiCnevs” (Rapoport and Rapoport 1982, gv. 476). am argumentis gasamyareblad,
rapoporti xuTi tipis mravalgvarobas gamoyofs: organizaciuli,
kulturuli, klasobrivi, cxovrebiseuli da kohortuli.

ojaxebi sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen maTi Sinauri individualuri

movaleobebisa da farTo socialur garemosTan kavSirebis organizebas.
orTodoqsuli ojaxi, romelSic qali “diasaxlisia,” mamakaci ki “ojaxis
marCenali”, Zlier gansxvavdeba erTmSobliani an iseTi ojaxisgan,
romelSic orive mSobeli dasaqmebulia. kulturuli TvalsazrisiT,
mniSvnelovania ojaxebis rwmenebisa da RirebulebaTa mravalgvaroba.
eTnikurma umciresobebma (vest indoelebma, azielebma, berZnulma da
italiurma Temebma) da iseTma moZraobebma, rogoric feminizmia, ojaxuri
formebis kulturuli mravalgvaroba gamoiwvies. Raribebs, profesional
mosamsaxureTa da saSualo da maRali klasis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris
arsebuli mudmivi klasobrivi dajgufeba ojaxur struqturaSi
mniSvnelovan variaciebs ganapirobebs. aSkaraa, rom ojaxuri gamocdileba
icvleba cxovrebiseuli gzis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, individis
mSoblebs SeiZleba myari qorwineba hqondeT, magram TviTon ganqorwindes.
meore pirovneba SeiZleba erTmSoblian ojaxSi aRizardos, ramdenjerme
daqorwindes da TiToeuli qorwinebidan bavSvi SeeZinos.

termini kohortuli ojaxebSi arsebul Taobebs niSnavs. magaliTad,

mSoblebsa da bebia-babuebs Soris urTierTobebi, warsulTan SedarebiT,

7
naklebad myaria. meore mxriv, amJamad xandazmul asakamde ufro meti
adamiani aRwevs da erTmaneTTan axlo urTierToba SeiZleba ojaxis sam
Taobas hqondes: daqorwinebul SviliSvilebs, maT mSoblebsa da bebia-
babuebs.

warwera naxatze: “Tu vinmem aq icis erTi mizezi mainc, ratom ar SeuZlia
am or adamians TavianTi nivTebis binaSi Setana...”
Daily Telegraph: The Best of Matt, Orion, 1995

samxreT aziuri ojaxebi

britanuli ojaxis tipebs Soris mkveTrad gamoirCevian samxreT aziuri

warmoSobis ojaxebi. gaerTianebul samefoSi, samxreT aziuri mosaxleoba
milions aWarbebs. migracia 1950-ian wlebSi indoeTis subkontinentis sami
ZiriTadi regionidan – panjabidan, gujaraTidan da bengalidan daiwyo.
emigrantebma britaneTSi religiis, warmomavlobis, kastisa da, rac
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, naTesaobis safuZvelze, Seqmnes Temebi. bevr
emigrants miaCnda, rom Rirsebasa da ojaxisadmi erTgulebasTan
dakavSirebiT, maT ZirZveli britanuli mosaxleobisgan sruliad
gansxvavebuli ideebi aqvT. isini ojaxis erTianobis SenarCunebas
cdilobdnen, magram amaSi maT gansaxlebis problema uSlida xels. didi
Zveli saxlebis moZieba mxolod keTilmouwyobel ubnebSi iyo
SesaZlebeli; pirobebis gaumjobeseba, sacxovreblad patara saxlebSi
gadasvlas da, Sesabamisad, gafarToebuli ojaxis rRvevas gulisxmobda.

gaerTianebul samefoSi dabadebuli samxreT azieli bavSvebi,

dResdReobiT, or sruliad gansxvavebul kulturas eziarebian. saxlis
pirobebSi, mSoblebi am bavSvebisgan TanamSromlobis normebis aRiarebas,
pativiscemasa da ojaxisadmi erTgulebas moiTxoven. skolis
konkurentul da individualistur socialur garemoSi ki _ akademiuri
warmatebis miRweva moeTxovebaT. umravlesoba Sinaur da pirad cxovrebas
eTnikuri subkulturis safuZvelze agebs, radgan maTTvis tradiciul
ojaxur cxovrebasTan asocirebuli axlo urTierTobebia Rirebuli. amis
miuxedavad, britanul kulturasTan kavSirma cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.
orive sqesis axalgazrdebi, maTi qorwinebis mowyobisas, met Carevas
iTxoven.

rogorc gaerTianebuli samefoSi, ise aziur qveynebSi mcxovrebi azieli

ojaxebis siZliere, axlaxans didi diskusiis sagnad iqca. frensis
fukuiama (1994) aziuri ojaxis mier Seqmnil “socialur kapitalze” –
aziur qveynebSi ojaxis mier uzrunvelyofili ndobisa da
urTierTgatanis formebze – saubrobs. misi azriT, iseTi aziuri
sazogadoebebis, rogoricaa taivani, hong kongi da singapuri, swrafi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori,
swored socialuri kapitalia.

britaneTSi aziuri ojaxis tradiciul formebs safrTxe emuqreba, magram

igive mdgomareobaa Tavad aziur qveynebSic. zemoT CamoTvlil qveynebSi
ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli izrdeba, Sobadobisa ki _ ecema (ix. diagrama
7.1). ekonomikuri ganviTareba da demokratizaciis zrda individualizmisa
da sqesTa Tanasworobis zrdas uyris safuZvels.

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SavkanianTa ojaxebi

britaneTSi mcxovreb vest induri warmoSobis ojaxebs axlac

gansxvavebuli struqtura axasiaTebT. qmarTan erTad 20-dan 45 wlamde
asakis gacilebiT naklebi Savkaniani qali cxovrobs, vidre igive
asakobrivi jgufis TeTrkanaini qali. igive mdgomareobaa SeerTebul
StatebSi afro amerikel qalebs Soris, sadac am faqtma cxare debatebi
gamoiwvia. ocdaaTi wlis win, senatorma deniel patrik moinihenma
SavkanianTa ojaxebs “araorganizebuli” da “paTologiuri” (Moynihan 1965)
uwoda.

diagrama 7.1: gansxvaveba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi ganqorwinebisa da Sobadobis

maCveneblebs Soris (sxvadasxva qveynis skalebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba ar xdeba;
Sobadoba gulisxmobs TiToeuli qalisTvis Svilebis saSualo raodenobas)
wyaro: erovnuli statistika; msoflio banki. The Economist-ze dayrdnobiT, 28 maisi, 1994,
gv. 77

hong kongi
ganqorwineba
1 000 sul mosaxleze
Sobadobis maCveneblebi

singapuri
ganqorwineba
1 000 sul mosaxleze
Sobadobis maCveneblebi

samxreT korea
ganqorwineba
ganqorwinebiT dasrulebul qorwinebaTa wili (%)
Sobadobis maCveneblebi

SeerTebuli Statebi
ganqorwineba
1 000 sul mosaxleze
Sobadobis maCveneblebi

SeerTebul StatebSi, SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTaA ojaxis nimuSebs

Soris gansxvaveba 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisidan sagrZnoblad gaizarda.
moinihanis kvlevac swored am periodSi Catarda. 1960 wels, afro
amerikuli ojaxebis 21%-s qalebi uZRvebodnen; TeTrkanianTa ojaxebs
Soris es maCvenebeli 8%-s udrida. 1993 wels, SavkanianTa ojaxebSi am
proporciam 58%-s gadaaWarba, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebSi ki 26%-s miaRwia.
ojaxebi, romlebsac qalebi uZRvebian, Rarib Savkanianebs Soris ufro
gvxvdeba. gasuli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qalaqis Sida ubnebSi
mcxovrebi afro amerikelebis sacxovrebeli pirobebi didad ar
gaumjobesebula. maTi umravlesoba dabalanazRaurebad samuSaozea
dasaqmebuli an, met-naklebad, mudmivad umuSevrebi arian. es situacia
xels uSlis xangrZliv saqorwino urTierTobas. londonis Rarib ubnebsa
da gaerTianebuli samefos sxva qalaqebSi mcxovreb SavkanianTa
ojaxebzec igive faqtorebi axdens gavlenas.

SavkanianTa ojaxebSi arsebuli situacia mxolod uaryofiTi mxridan ar

unda davinaxoT. vest indoelTa jgufebSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs

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gafarToebul naTesaur qselebs – gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre
umravles TeTrkanianTa TemebSi saqorwino kavSirebs. dedas, romelic
erTmSoblian ojaxs uZRveba, naTesavTa qseli uWers mxars. es mosazreba
ewinaaRmdegeba ideas, TiTqos Savkaniani martoxela mSoblebisa da maTi
Svilebis ojaxebi yovelTvis arastabilurobiT gamoirCeva. iseT afro
amerikul ojaxebSi, sadac ojaxs qali uZRveba, sxva naTesavebic
cxovroben, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebSi ki sxvagvari mdgomareobaa.

jois aSenbrenerma wignSi Lifelines (1983) afro amerikul ojaxebSi

gafarToebuli naTesauri urTierTobebis detaluri suraTi
warmogvidgina. aSenbrenerma, manamde pakistanSi Catarebuli savele
kvlevis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi
TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa ojaxebis tipebi axal peqspeqtivaSi
warmoaCina. pakistanelebis TvalsazrisiT, SeerTebul StatebSi
mcxovrebi TeTrkanianTa ojaxi susti da “araorganizebulia.” maTTvis
gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba bavSvi mxolod erTi wyvilis mier
aRizardos, rom araferi vTqvaT mxolod erT mSobelze. maTTvis
miuRebelia, mSoblebis Sin aryofnis periodSi, bavSvis ZiZisTvis
mibarebac. sad arian am dros biZebi, bebiebi da babuebi? ratom ar
exmarebian marto darCenil dedas Svilis aRzrdaSi Zmebi? pakistanelebis
Sexeduleba ojaxis Sesaxeb afro amerikul ojaxur situacias ufro
uaxlovdeba, vidre TeTrkanianTa ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebel struqturas.

aSenbreneris azriT, SavkanianTa ojaxis Sesaxeb diskusiaSi zedmetadaa

yuradReba gamaxvilebuli saqorwino urTierTobaze. es imiTac aris
ganpirobebuli, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qorwinebas didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba. Tumca, Tanamedrove saqorwino urTierTobebi
aucileblobiT ar gansazRvravs SavkanianTa ojaxis struqturas. im
sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi, sadac gafarToebuli ojaxebia
gavrcelebuli, dedasa da qaliSvils, mamasa da vaJiSvils, an da-Zmas
Soris urTierToba, SesaZloa, socialuri TvalsazrisiT, col-qmrul
kavSirze ufro mniSvnelovani iyos.

ganqorwineba da gaSoreba dasavleTSi

ganqorwinebis maCveneblis zrda

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTSi, qorwineba, umravles SemTxvevaSi,

urRvev kavSirad miiCneoda. ganqorwineba mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi,
magaliTad, uSvilobisas, iyo daSvebuli. zogierTi industriuli qveyana
dResac ar scnobs ganqorwinebas. Tumca es iSviaTi gamonaklisia.
umravles qveynebSi, ganqorwinebis procedura Zlier gamartivda. TiTqmis
yvela industriul qveyanaSi arsebobda e.w. momCivanTa sistema.
ganqorwinebis aRiarebisTvis, erT-erT meuRles meores winaaRmdeg
(sisastikis, gulgrili damokidebulebis an Ralatis gamo) braldeba
unda waeyenebina. zogierT qveyanaSi, Sua 1960-iani wlebidan, pirvelad
SemoiRes ”ubraldebod” ganqorwinebis kanoni. mas Semdeg, mTel rig
dasavlur qveynebSi, ganqorwinebis moTxovniT, gansxvavebuli saqmeebi
irCeva. 1969 wels, gaerTianebul samefoSi, dadebiTad Sefasda kanoni
ganqorwinebis reformis Sesaxeb, romelic ganqorwinebis proceduris
gamartivebasa da braldebis gareSe dakmayofilebas isaxavda miznad.

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kanoni 1971 wels amoqmedda. “ubraldebod” ganqorwinebis principi, 1996
wlis axali kanonproeqtis SemuSavebis Semdeg, kidev ufro gamyarda.

1960-1970 wlebSi, britaneTSi ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli, Tanmimdevrulad,

yovel wels 9 procentiT izrdeboda, aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi is orjer
gaizarda, rac, nawilobriv, 1969 wlis kanonis amoqmedebiT iyo
gamowveuli. am kanonis wyalobiT, formalur qorwinebaSi myof bevr
wyvils ganqorwinebis saSualeba mieca. 1980 wlidan, ganqorwinebis
maCvenebeli, garkveuli xarisxiT, stabiluri gaxda, magram nebismier wina
periodTan SedarebiT, is mainc bevrad maRalia (Clark and Haldane 1990; ix.
cxrili 7.1).

ganqorwineba sul ufro Zlier gavlenas axdens bavSvebis cxovrebaze.

Sefasebebis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebul samefoSi 1980 wels dabadebuli
bavSvebis TiTqmis 40 procenti, zrdasruli asakis miRwevamde,
erTmSobliani ojaxis wevrebi iqnebian. Tumca, ganqorwinebuli qalebis 75
da mamakacebis 83 procenti, ganqorwinebis Semdeg, sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi, meored qorwindeba, amitom bavSvebi mainc ojaxur garemoSi
izrdebian.

ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli uiRblo qorwinebasTan pirdapir kavSirSi ar

aris. amis erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom procentuli maCveneblis
gamoTvlisas, ar xdeba gaSorebuli wyvilebis aRnusxva, romlebic
iuridiulad ganqorwinebulni ar arian. amasTan, uiRblo qorwinebaSi
myofi wyvili, SesaZloa, qorwinebisadmi sakraluri damokidebulebis,
gaSorebis Tanmxlebi finansuri da emociuri problemebis Tavidan
aridebis, an bavSvebisTvis ojaxuri garemos SenarCunebis mizeziT, ar
ganqorwindes.

ratom gaxSirda ganqorwinebis SemTxvevebi? es farTo socialur

cvlilebebTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime faqtoriT aixsneba. mdidari
adamianebis Zalze mcire wilis gamoklebiT, qorwinebas dRes aRaravin
ukavSirebs kerZo sakuTrebisa da statusis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemas.
qali ekonomikurad ufro damoukidebeli gaxda, amitom is materialurad
aRar aris SezRuduli. zogadad, ukeTesi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,
qorwinebiT ukmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, ufro
metad iZleva calke dasaxlebis saSualebas. es cvlilebebi umniSvnelo
stigmis arsebobas ganapirobebs, magram, amave dros, SeiZleba
stimuladac iqces. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria is mzardi
tendencia, rom qorwineba imis mixedviT unda Sefasdes, Tu pirovnulad
ramdenad akmayofilebs is qorwinebaSi myof adamianebs. ganqorwinebis
zrdis faqtori, TavisTavad, qorwinebiT ukmayofilebis indikatori ki ar
aris, aramed imas adasturebs, rom adamianebi sul ufro cdiloben,
meuRleebTan srulyofili da damakmayofilebeli urTierTobebi aagon.

cxrili 7.1 ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli evropul kavSirSi 1000 sul

mosaxleze, 1981 da 1993

1981 1993
gaerTianebuli samefo 2.8 3.1
dania 2.8 2.5

11
fineTi 2.0 2.5
SvedeTi 2.4 2.5
belgia 1.6 2.1
avstria 1.8 2.0
holandia 2.0 2.0
safrangeTi 1.6 1.9
germania 2.0 1.9
luqsemburgi 1.4 1.9
portugalia 0.7 1.2
saberZneTi 0.7 0.7
espaneTi 0.3 0.7
italia 0.2 0.4
saSualod, evropul 1.5 1.8
kavSirSi
wyaro: Eurostat. Social Trend-ze dayrdnobiT, 1996, gv. 57

ganqorwinebis gamocdileba

Znelia, zustad gansazRvro, Tu rogor abalansebs erTmaneTs

ganqorwinebis socialuri sargebeli da is maRali sazRauri, romelic
Tan axlavs aRniSnul movlenas. ganqorwinebisadmi ufro tolerantuli
damokidebuleba niSnavs, rom wyvils ufleba aqvs, usargeblo
urTierToba Sewyvitos da amisTvis mas socialuri devna ar elodeba.
meore mxriv, ganqorwineba, emociuri TvalsazarisiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis
stresuli movlenaa da SeiZleba erT an orive mxares finansuri
problemebi Seuqmnas.

wyvilebis daSla

daian voenma gaaanaliza partniorebis urTierTobebi gaSorebis an

ganqorwinebis periodSi (Vaughan 1986). man axlad gaSorebuli an
ganqorwinebuli asze meti wyvili (ZiriTadad saSualo klasis
warmomadgeneli) gamokiTxa. misi mizani erTad cxovrebidan partnioris
gareSe cxovrebaze gardamavali periodis aRwera iyo. wyvilis daSla
xangrZlivi intimuri urTierTobis Sewyvetas niSnavs. daian voenma
daadgina, rom, bevr SemTxvevaSi, fizikur gaSorebas win socialuri
gaSoreba uZRvis – erTerTma partniorma axali cxovrebiseuli gza
airCia, axali interesebi da megobrebi gaiCina, am situaciaSi meore
partniori ar figurirebda, rasac informaciis gasaidumloeba mohyva,
gansakurebiT maSin, roca saqme sasiyvarulo urTierTobas exeboda.

voenis kvlevis Tanaxmad, wyvilebis daSla, Tavidan, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

uneburad xdeba. erT-erT individs – romelsac is iniciators uwodebs –
meore partniorTan SedarebiT, maTi urTierToba naklebad akmayofilebs
da is wyvilis saerTo aqtivobebisgan gamijnul, damoukidebel
teritorias iqmnis. manamde, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi,
iniciatori SeiZleba warumateblad ecados partnioris qcevis Secvlas
ise, rom is misTvis misaRebi gaxdes da SesaZlebeli iyos saerTo
interesebis gaziareba. garkveul momentSi, iniciatori grZnobs, rom misma
mcdelobam ar gaamarTla da urTierTobam fundamenturi marcxi ganicada.
mas Semdeg, is gamudmebiT fiqrobs araefeqtur urTierTobasa da
Seuferebel partniorze. voeni acxadebs, rom es sasiyvarulo
urTierTobis dawyebis procesis sapirispiro procesia. urTierTobis

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dasawyisSi, adamiani, piriqiT, meore adamianis mimzidvel Tvisebebzea
fokusirebuli da misTvis naklebad misaReb Tvisebebs ignorirebas
ukeTebs.

iniciatorebi, romlebic seriozulad fiqroben partniorTan daSorebas,

maT urTierTobebze sxvebTanac aqtiurad msjeloben da gamoTqmul
azrebs erTmaneTs adareben. isini iTvaliswineben, Tu ramdenad maRali
iqneba sazRauri da gadaswonis Tu ara daSorebiT ganpirobebul dadebiT
mxareebs. SevZleb Tu ara marto Tavis gatanas? rogori iqneba
megobrebisa da mSoblebis reaqcia? dazaraldebian Tu ara bavSvebi?
finansurad uzrunvelyofili viqnebi? am da sxva problemebze fiqris
Sedegad, zogierTebi urTierTobis SenarCunebas cdiloben. mas ki, vinc am
dabrkolebaTa miuxedavad, mainc daSorebis sasargeblod iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, es kiTxvebi sakuTar arCevanSi kidev ufro daarwmunebs.
iniciatorTa umravlesoba TviTganviTarebas sxva pirovnebis winaSe
aRebul valdebulebaze ufro mniSvnelovan pasuxismgeblobad
miiCnevs.

ra Tqma unda, wyvilebis daSla yovelTvis mxolod erTi adamianis

iniciativiT ar aris gamowveuli. gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom maT
urTierTobas veRaraferi ixsnis, SeiZleba orive partniorma
erTdroulad miiRos. zogierT situaciaSi rolebis uecari Canacvleba
xdeba. pirovneba, romelsac Tavidan urTierTobis SenarCuneba surda,
uecrad mis dasrulebas indomebs, iniciatori ki urTierTobis
gagrZelebas iTxovs.

warwera naxatze: “aq iyo Cemi qorwineba xeldasmuli?”

atitudebis cvla

ojaxuri cxovrebis cvlilebasa da ganqorwinebis maRali xarisxis

mimarT gamovlenil reaqciebze klasobrivi gansxvaveba mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens. wignSi Families on the Fault Line (1994), lilian rubinma
siRrmiseuli interviu Cautara 32 muSaTa klasis ojaxis wevrebs. man
daaskvna, rom saSualo klasis ojaxebTan SedarebiT, muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli mSoblebi ufro tradiciulebi arian. saSualo klasis
warmomadgeneli mSoblebisTvis misaRebi normebi, magaliTad,
qorwinebamde seqsualuri urTierTobebi, muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli
mSoblebisTvis, umravles SemTxvevaSi, miuRebelia, maSinac ki, Tu isini
gansakuTrebiT religiurebi ar arian. aqedan gamomdinare, muSaTa klasis
ojaxebSi ufro xSiria Taobebs Soris konfliqtebi.

rubinis kvlevaSi axalgazrdebi erTxmad acxadeben, rom maTi atitudebi

seqsualuri qcevis, qorwinebisa da sqesobrivi uTanasworobis mimarT,
mSoblebis atitudebisgan gansxvavdeba. magram isini daJinebiT acxadeben,
rom maTi sazrunavi mxolod siamovnebis Zieba ar aris. ubralod, maT
ufrosi Taobisgan gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi aqvT.

rubinma daadgina, rom mis mier gamokiTxuli axalgazrda qalebi,

qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi, bevrad ufro ambivaleturni arian, vidre maTi
mSoblebis Taoba warsulSi. maTTvis mamakaci srulyofilebis simbolo

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aRar aris. isini maTi dedebisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli SesaZleblobebis
moZiebas cdiloben, raTa ufro srulyofili da Tavisufali cxovreba
hqondeT. mamakacTa atitudebi, Taobebis mixedviT, ase mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli ar aris.

rubinis kvleva SeerTebul StatebSi ganxorcielda, magram misi Sedegebi

britaneTsa da evropul qveynebSi warmoebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis
msgavsia. Hhelen vilkinsonma da jef mulganma, gaerTianebul samefoSi, 18-
dan 34 wlamde asakis mamakacebisa da qalebis ori masStaburi kvleva
Caatares (Wilkinson 1994; Wilkinson and Mulgan 1995). maT Zireuli cvlilebebi
aRmoaCines, gansakurebiT, axalgazrda qalebis SexedulebebSi. britaneTSi
mcxovrebi 18-34 wlis asakis Taobis Rirebulebebi, zogadad,
gansxvavdeboda ufrosi Taobis Rirebulebebisgan.

axalgazrda qalebs “samuSaosa da ojaxSi avtonomiisa da

TviTrealizaciis survili aqvT da maTTvis Rirebulia riski, vnebaTa
Relva da siaxle.” am mxriv, mamakacebis tradiciul Rirebulebebsa da
qalebis axal Rirebulebebs Soris sul ufro mzardi gansxvaveba
aRiniSneba. vilkinsonisa da mulganis azriT, axalgazrda Taobis
Rirebulebebis formireba, Zveli TaobebisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli
Tavisuflebis – qalTaA samuSao uflebis, reproduqciis kontrolis,
orive sqesis Tavisufali mobilobisa da sakuTari cxovrebis gankargvis
SesaZleblobis _ safuZvelze moxda. amgvari Tavisufleba ufro met
gaxsnilobas, guluxvobasa da tolerantobas iwvevs. magram aman SeiZleba
viwro egoisturi individualizmisa da undoblobis warmoSobac
ganapirobos. gamokiTxulTagan, qalTa 29 da mamakacTa 51 procenti
“Svilebis gaCenas rac SeiZleba Soreul momavalSi gegmavda.” 15-24 wlis
qalebis 75 procents miaCnda, rom martoxela mSobels iseve kargad
SeuZlia Svilebis aRzrda, rogorc wyvils. kvlevam daadastura, rom am
asakobriv jgufSi, rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs Soris, qorwinebaze
moTxovnileba mcirdeba.

ganqorwineba da bavSvebi

Znelia gansazRvro, Tu ra gavlenas axdens Svilebze mSoblebis

ganqorwineba. Seguebis procesze SeiZleba mravalma faqtorma imoqmedos –
ramdenad xSiri iyo ganqorwinebamde mSoblebs Soris konfliqti; ra
asakis iyo bavSvi ganqorwinebis momentSi; hyavT Tu ara bavSvebs debi da
Zmebi; aqvT Tu ara urTierToba bebiebTan, babuebTan da sxva naTesavebTan,
bavSvebis urTierToba TiToeul mSobelTan, ra sixSiriT xvdebian orive
mSobels da a.S. Znelia imis Sefaseba, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs ganqorwinebas
bavSvebisTvis, radgan bavSvisTvis saziano SeiZleba warumateblad
daqorwinebuli mSoblebis Tanacxovrebac da misi Tanmdevi daZabulobac
aRmoCndes.

kvleva adasturebs, rom mSoblebis ganqorwinebis Semdeg, bavSvs, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, emociuri SfoTva aReniSneba. judiT valerStainma da joan
kelim kaliforniaSi, merinis olqSi, samoci gaSorebuli wyvilis
Svilebi Seiswavles (Wallerstein and Kelly 1980). isini bavSvebs pirvelad im
dros daekontaqtdnen, rodesac maTi mSoblebis ganqorwinebis saqme

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sasamarTloSi irCeoda, mere weliwadnaxevris Semdeg Sexvdnen da bolos
_ xuTi wlis Semdeg. avtorebi amboben, rom TiTqmis yvela _ 131 bavSvi,
ganqorwinebis procesSi, emociur daZabulobas ganicdida. skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebi dabneulebi da SeSinebulebi iyvnen. isini mSoblebis
ganqorwinebaSi sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebdnen. maTze ufrosi asakis
bavSvebisTvis, mSoblebis ganqorwinebis motivacia ufro gasagebi iyo,
magram isini, xSirad, Relavdnen im SesaZlo zemoqmedebis gamo, romelsac
mSoblebis ganqorwineba maT momavalze moaxdenda da daufaravad
gamoxatavdnen sibrazes. xuTi wlis Semdeg, mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom
bavSvebis ori mesamedi Sinaur cxovrebasa da valdebulebebs sakmaod
kargad umklavdeboda. darCenili mesamedi sakuTari cxovrebiT Zlier
ukmayofilo iyo da depresiasa da martoobas ganicdida.

valerStainma bavSvTaA imave jgufis Seswavla ganagrZo da, aTi-TxuTmeti

wlis Semdeg, 131-dan 116 maTgani zrdasrul asakSi gamohkiTxa.
gamokiTxviT dadasturda, rom mSoblebis ganqorwinebasTan
dakavSirebuli mogonebebi da grZnobebi maTY romantikul
urTierTobebSic aisaxeba. yovel maTgans miaCnda, rom mSoblebis mier
daSvebulma Secdomebma, garkveuli xarisxiT, maTzec imoqmeda. ar aris
gasakviri, rom am bavSvebis umravlesoba imaze ocnebobda, rasac maTma
mSoblebma ver miaRwies. es myari, urTierTndobaze, siyvarulsa da
erTgulebaze dafuZnebuli qorwinebaa. jgufis TiTqmis naxevari _
rogorc qali, ise mamakaci _ zrdasrul asakSi “SfoTavda, warmatebas
ver aRwevda, dabali TviTSefaseba hqonda da zogjer agresiulic iyo.”
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri maTgani daqorwinda, mSoblebis ganqorwinebis
procesi maT verasodes daiviwyes. is, vinc yvelaze metad warmatebuli
aRmoCnda, xSirad, erT-erTi an orive mSoblis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda
(Wallerstein and Blakeslee 1989).

martin riCardsma (1995) gaaanaliza britaneTSi, SeerTebuli StatebSi,

avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da sxva qveynebSi warmoebuli kvlevebis
monacemebi, bavSvebze mSoblebis gaSorebisa da ganqorwinebis zegavlenis
Sesaxeb. is acxadebs, rom am kvlevis Sedegebi saimedoa. erTi socialuri
warmomavlobis gaSorebuli an ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebi
zrdasrul asakSi umniSvnelod, magram yovelTvis gansxvavdebian im
bavSvebisgan, visi mSoblebic erTad cxovroben. isini, saSualod, dabali
TviTSefasebiT gamoirCevian da skolaSi uaresi Sedegebi aqvT; zrdasrul
asakSi ufro xSirad icvlian samuSaos da ganqorwinebis ufro maRali
maCvenebeli aReniSnebaT.

Tanmimdevrulobis miuxedavad, amgvari Sedegebis interpretacia rTulia.

zogierTi bavSvi, romelsac ganqorwinebuli mSoblebi hyavs, skolaSi
warmatebulia da arc dabal TviTSefasebas avlens. aseve, bevr bavSvs,
romelTa mSoblebi erTad cxovroben, sevdiani bavSvoba aqvs, skolaSi
cudad swavlobs da samsaxurSic warumatebelia.

kvlevis Sedegebis interpretaciis ZiriTadi sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom problemis xangrZlivi Seswavla warsulze dakvirvebas gulisxmobs.
ganqorwinebisadmi damokidebuleba swrafad icvleba. sul ramdenime wlis
win, ganqorwineba stigmasTan ufro iyo gaigivebuli, vidre es dRevandel
dRes xdeba. ganqorwinebisadmi damokidebulebis garda, mniSvnelovania

15
keTildReobis samsaxuris, sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis, bavSvze
zrunvis SesaZleblobisa da sxva faqtorebis gavlena. arsebobs faqtebi,
rom wyvilebis gaSoreba da ganqorwineba naklebad sazianoa
skandinaviaSi, radgan aq keTildReobis yvelaze kargad ganviTarebuli
sistemaa. Tumca es faqtebi ar aris bolomde saimedo.

SekiTxva TiTqos martivia: aris Tu ara wyvilebis gaSoreba da

ganqorwineba bavSvebisTvis saziano? magram es sakmarisi ar aris. ojaxis
bunebis cvlileba ise unda Sefasdes, rom ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad
maRalia sazRauri dadebiT mxareebTan mimarTebaSi. SeiZleba is faqti,
rom bavSvs orive mSobeli saxeze hyavs, mis cxovrebaSi naklebad
mniSvnelovania, vidre mSoblebis buneba da maTi qcevis stili. bavSvebi
yvelaze warmatebulebi maSin arian, rodesac isini uyvarT, mSoblebi
avtoritetiT sargebloben da ara avtoritarulebi arian, da bavSvebis
moTxovnilebebs kargad grZnoben (Amato 1993). ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi,
amgvari stilis SenarCuneba, savaraudod, Zneli iqneba. magram aseve
saziano SeiZleba aRmoCndes bavSvisTvis erTad mcxovrebi mSoblebis
konfliqtebi.

erTmSobliani ojaxebi

am bolo dros, Zalze gaxSirda erTmSobliani ojaxebi. amgvari ojaxebis

umravlesobas qalebi uZRvebian, radgan bavSvze meurveoba, ganqorwinebis
Semdeg, Cveulebriv, dedas ekisreba (iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, erTmSoblian
ojaxSi mSobeli, umetesad qali, aRar qorwindeba). britaneTSi dRes
milionze meti erTmSobliani ojaxia da maTi raodenoba izrdeba (ix.
cxrili 7.2). xuTidan erTi ojaxi, sadac bavSvebi keTildReobis
samsaxurze arian damokidebulni, erTmSobliania. saSualod, es
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yvelaze Raribi jgufia. bevri martoxela
mSobeli, imis miuxedavad, iyo Tu ara odesme daqorwinebuli, dResac
sazogadoebis uaryofiT ganwyobas grZnobs da ekonomikuradac
daucvelia. Tumca, warsulSi damkvidrebuli kritikuli terminebi _
“mitovebuli colebi”, “umamo ojaxebi” da “dangreuli ojaxebi” _ nel-
nela qreba.

erTmSobliani ojaxis kategoria Sinaganad mravalgvaria. magaliTad,

qvrivi dedebis naxevarze meti sakuTari saxlebis mflobelebi arian,
magram martoxela dedebi, romlebic qorwinebaSi arasodes yofilan,
daqiravebul binebSi cxovroben. martoxela mSoblis gageba cvlilebas
eqvemdebareba da am fenomenis sazRvrebi bundovania. daqvrivebis
SemTxvevaSi, martoxela mSoblis statusSi gadasvla uecrad xdeba,
Tumca, Tu partniori saavadmyofoSi imyofeba, gardacvalebamde
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, SesaZloa, meuRle marto cxovrobdes.
dRevandeli erTmSobliani ojaxebis 60 procenti wyvilebis gaSorebis an
ganqorwinebis Sedegad warmoiSva. aseT SemTxvevebSi, adamianebma SeiZleba,
sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, erTad sporadulad icxovron.
erTi martoxela deda aRniSnavs:

martoxela dedis statusSi yofnis Seguebas, Cemi azriT, garkveuli dro sWirdeba.
piradad me, es mxolod SarSan davijere; manamde Serigebis imedi mqonda, magram rodesac
daqorwinda, xeli Caviqnie. im dros, Zalian cudad vgrZnobdi Tavs, axla ki vTvli, rom

16
saukeTeso ram moxda, Cems cxovrebaSi bevri ram ufro naTeli gaxda. (citirebulia Crow
and Hardey – dan, 1992, gv. 149).

adamianTa umravlesobas bavSvis marto aRzrda ar surs, magram izrdeba

imaTi raodenobac, vinc Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebas bavSvis aRzrdasTan
dakavSirebiT, meuRlis an partnioris mxardaWeris gareSe. zogierT
martoxela mSobels SegviZlia “nebayoflobiT martoxela deda”
vuwodoT. es qalebi, Cveulebriv, ojaxis marTvisTvis saWiro resursebs
floben. Tumca ganqorwinebuli Tu qorwinebaSi armyofi dedebis
umravlesoba gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. qorwinebis gareSe
dabadebuli bavSvebis mSoblebi siRaribesa da socialur deprivacias
ganicdian. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, gaerTianebul samefoSi vest induri
warmomavlobis ojaxebs Soris erTmSobliani ojaxebis simravle swored
am gavleniT aixsneba.

“saxeze armyofi mama”

1930-ani wlebis bolodan 1970-ian wlebamde periods zogjer “saxeze

armyofi mamebis” periods eZaxian. meore msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi,
samxedro samsaxurSi yofnis gamo, mamebi Svilebs iSviaTad xedavdnen.
omis Semdgom periodSi, qalebis umravlesobas ar hqonda anazRaurebadi
samuSao, isini ZiriTadad Sin iyvnen da bavSvebs uvlidnen. ojaxis
ZiriTadi marCenali mama iyo da, Sesabamisad, mTel dRes gareT, samuSaoze
atarebda; is bavSvebs mxolod saRamoobiT da uqmeebze xedavda.

ukanasknel wlebSi, ganqorwinebis maCveneblisa da erTmSobliani

ojaxebis raodenobis zrdis Sedegad, “saxeze armyofi mamis” Temam axali
datvirTva SeiZina. amJamad saxeze armyof mamas, wyvilis gaSorebis an
ganqorwinebis Sedegad, SvilebTan iSviaTi kontaqti aqvs an saerTod ara
aqvs kavSiri. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebis yvelaze
maRali maCvenebelia msoflios masStabiT, amitom am Temam intensiuri
debatebi gamoiwvia.

umamo ojaxebis raodenobis zrda socialuri problemebis

mravalgvarobiT aixsneba, danaSauliT dawyebuli da keTildReobis
samsaxurze damokidebulebiT damTavrebuli. diskusiaze, romelic
gaerTianebul samefoSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gaimarTa, didi
gavlena iqonies amerikelma avtorebma. devid blenkenhorni wignSi
“Fatherless America” (1995) acxadebs, rom is sazogadoebebi, romlebsac
ganqorwinebis maRali maCvenebeli aqvT, mxolod umamobis problemas ki
ar ganicdian, aramed am qveynebSi, SesaZloa, Tavad mamobis idea
aRmoifxvras. es movlena socialur Sedegebs gamoiwvevs, radgan, amJamad,
bevr bavSvs ar hyavs ojaxSi iseTi pirovneba, romelic avtoritetiT
sargeblobs da SeuZlia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTos. dRemde,
nebismier sazogadoebaSi, qorwineba da mamoba seqsualuri da agresiuli
energiis gamovlenis saSualeba iyo. am fenomenebis aRmofxvris
SemTxvevaSi, energia danaSaulsa da sisastikeSi gamovlindeba. rogorc
blenkenhornis wignis erT-erTi mimomxilveli aRniSnavs: “sjobs, gyavdes
mama, romelic cudi samsaxuridan Sin dabrundeba da televizoris win
luds dalevs, vidre saerTod ar gyavdes mama” (The Economist, 8 aprili,
1995, gv. 121).

17
marTlac asea, ara? saxeze armyofi mamebis Tema ufro zogad sakiTxs _
bavSvebze ganqorwinebis gavlenas – ukavSirdeba. aq, rogorc vnaxeT,
xelmisawvdomi faqtebi naTel suraTs ar qmnis. rogorc igive
mimomxilveli ambobs: ”gana cudi mamebi cud vaJiSvilebs ar zrdian?
zogierTi mama ojaxisTvis xom uvargisia?”

am mosazrebas SvedeTSi moZiebuli faqtebi adasturebs (es dasavleT

evropaSi erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelSic, 1970 wlis mere, Sobadoba
gaizarda). SvedeTSi dabadebuli bavSvebis naxevarze mets qorwinebaSi
armyofi dedebi hyavT (ix. cxrili 7.2). ocidan cxramets ojaxSi mama
elodeba, magram bevri maTgani mamis gareSe gaizrdeba, radgan SvedeTSi
qorwinebaTa naxevari ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba, da dauqorwinebeli
mSoblebi, daqorwinebulebTan SedarebiT, samjer ufro xSirad
Sordebian. 1994 wels, SvedeTSi erTmSoblian ojaxebSi bavSvebis 20
procenti cxovrobda.

SvedeTSi warmoebuli kvlevis mixedviT, umamoba socialur problemebs

ar warmoSobs. gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul StatebSi,
danaSaulsa da Zaladobas ara ojaxi, aramed siRaribe ganapirobebs.
SvedeTis keTldReobis samsaxuri erTmSoblian ojaxebs uxvad afinansebs,
amitom maT siRaribe ar emuqrebaT. 1994 wels, SvedeTSi bavSvebis
mxolod 6,4 procenti cxovrobda iseT ojaxebSi, romelTa Semosavali
saSualo Semosavlis naxevarze naklebi iyo, rac britaneTsa da
SeerTebul Statebze gacilebiT dabali maCvenebelia (The Economist, 9
seqtemberi, 1995).

cxrili 7.2 qorwinebaSi armyofTa Sobadobis da martoxela mSoblebis

saerTSoriso Sedareba

qorwinebaSi armyofi qalebis Sobadobis erTmSobliani ojaxebis

procentuli maCvenebeli procentuli maCvenebeli
qveyana 1960 1990 1960 1988
gaerTianebuli 5 28 6 13
samefo
SeerTebuli 5 28 9 23
Statebi
kanada 4 24 9 15
dania 8 46 17 20
safrangeTi 6 30 9 12
germania 6 11 8 14
italia 2 6 n.a n.a
holandia 1 11 9 15
SvedeTi 11 47 9 15

wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, SeerTebuli Statebis

statistikuri mimoxilva, 1993; konstans sorentino, “ojaxis cvlileba saerTaSoriso
perspeqtivaSi”, Monthly Labor Review (marti, 1990), gv. 41-58. sara maklanahenisa da gari
sandeferis wignidan “aRzrda martoxela mSoblis mier: ra gtkens guls, ra gexmareba”
(Harvard University Press 1994).

18
xelaxali qorwineba da axlad SeZenili mSoblebi

xelaxali qorwineba

meore qorwinebas SeiZleba sxvadasxva garemoebebi axldes. zogierTi

meored daqorwinebuli wyvili oc wels aris gadacilebuli da bavSvi ar
yavs. rodesac meored ocdaaTamde, ormocamde an ormocdaaT wlamde
asakis wyvili qorwindeba, maT SeiZleba pirveli qorwinebidan erTi an
meti Svili yavdes, romelic mSobelTan da mis axal partniorTan erTad
iwyebs cxovrebas. Tu meored asakovani adamiani qorwindeba, mas
SeiZleba zrdasruli Svilebi yavdes, romlebic mSoblis axladSeqmnil
ojaxTan erTad arasodes isurveben dasaxlebas. Svilebi axali
qorwinebis Semdegac Cndebian. erT-erTi partniori manamde SeiZleba
dauqorwinebeli, ganqorwinebeli an qvrivi iyos. aq kidev rva kombinacia
aris SesaZlebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, meore qorwinebis ganzogadebul
gagebas sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, Tumca arsebobs zogadi sayuradRebo
Tvalsazrisebi.

1900 wels gaerTianebul samefoSi yvela qorwinebaTa, daaxloebiT, cxra

meaTedi, pirveli qorwineba iyo. umravles meored daqorwinebul wyvilebs
Soris erT-erTi maTgani qvrivi gaxldaT. ganqorwinebis maCveneblis
zrdasTan erTad, meore qorwinebaTa ricxvmac imata; meored, ZiriTadad,
ganqorwinebuli adamianebi qorwindebodnen. 1960-ian wlebSi meore
qorwinebaTa raodenoba swrafad gaizarda, 1980-ian-1990-ain wlebSi ki
ricxvma sul ufro imata.

dRes asidan 28 wyvilis SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi maTgani meored aris

daqorwinebuli. 35 wlamde asakis meored daqorwinebuli wyvilebi,
ZirTadad, ganqorwinebuli adamianebi arian. 35 wlis zemoT asakis
wyvilebSi qvrivebis raodenoba izrdeba, 55 wlis asakisTvis ki, meored
daqorwinebul ganqorwinebul wyvilebs, proporciulad, meored
daqorwinebuli qvrivebi aWarbeben.

rogor ucnauradac ar unda JRerdes, orive sqesis SemTxvevaSi, manamde

qorwinebaSi myofi adamianebi ufro advilad qorwindebian. asakobrovi
jgufis ganqorwinebuli adamianebi, savaraudod, ufro qorwindebian,
vidre imave asakobrivi jgufis qorwinebaSi armyofi adamianebi. yvela
asakobriv doneze, ganqorwinebuli mamakacebi, ganqorwinebul qalebTan
SedarebiT, meored ufro xSirad qorwindebian. oTx ganqorwinebul
qals Soris meored sami qali qorwindeba, eqvs ganqorwinebul mamakacs
Soris ki xuTi mamakaci. statistikuri monacemebiT, meore qorwineba,
pirvel qorwinebasTan SedarebiT, naklebad warmatebulia. meore
qorwinebis Semdeg ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia, vidre
pirveli qorwinebis Semdeg.

es imas ar niSnavs, rom meore qorwineba yovelTvis ganwirulia.

ganqorwinebuli adamianebi qorwinebisgan ufro mets elian, vidre is,
vinc qorwinebaSi arasodes yofila. meored daqorwinebuli adamianebi,
savaraudod, ufro advilad arRveven saqorwino kavSirs, vidre erTxel
daqorwinebuli adamianebi. magram stabiluri kavSiris SemTxvevaSi,

19
wyvilebi meore qorwinebiT, saSualod, pirvel qorwinebasTan SedarebiT,
ufro kmayofilebi arian.

ojaxi, sadac bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs

amgvar ojaxebSi, erT_erTi mSobeli dedinacvali, an maminacvalia. aseTi

ojaxebis ricxvi gacilebiT ufro didia, vidre es oficialuri
xelmisawvdomi statistikiT fiqsirdeba, radgan aq mxolod is ojaxebia
aRnusxuli, romlebSic bavSvi cxovrobs. bevri meored daqorwinebuli
adamiani gerTan erTad saerTo ojaxSi ar cxovrobs, magram bavSvi mas
regularulad estumreba.

iseTi ojaxebic arsebobs, romlebSic mSoblebi naSvileb bavSvebs

zrdian. brenda medoqsis gamoTvlebis mixedviT, SeerTebul StatebSi
gaSvilebuli bavSvebis erT mesameds dedinacvali, an maminacvali yavda.
britaneTSi es maCvenebeli ufro dabalia, magram is sul ufro izrdeba.
aRmzrdeli mSoblebi bavSvis sakuTar Svilad aRiarebis gziT
ararsebuli genetikuri kavSiris Sevsebas cdiloben. maT naSvileb
bavSvebze kanonieri uflebebi da maT winaSe garkveuli valdebulebebi
aqvT. dedinacvalsa da maminacvals aseTi valdebul;ebebi ara aqvs, amitom
qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, maTi bavSvebTan urTierToba mTavrdeba.
umravles qveynebSi moqmedi kanonis Sesabamisad, aseT ojaxSi
biologiuri mSoblis gardacvalebis, an wyvilis ganqorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi, dedinacvals an maminacvals bavSvze meurveobis ufleba ara
aqvs, maSinac ki, Tu bavSvi dedinacvlaTan an maminacvalTan didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda. biologiuri mSoblis gardacvalebis dros , Tu
meore biologiur mSobels bavSvze meurveoba surs, mas, samarTlebrivad,
dedinacvalze da maminacvalze gacilebiT ufro meti uflebebi aqvs.

iseT ojaxebSi, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali yavT,

garkveuli problemebi iCens Tavs. pirvel rigSi, rogorc wesi, meore
biologiuri mSobelic arsebobs, romelic calke cxovrobs da bavSvze,
an bavSvebze garkveuli gavlena aqvs. meore, rodesac ganqorwinebuli
wyvilidan erT-erTi meored qorwindeba, es, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
urTierTobis daZabvas iwvevs. magaliTad, orSvilian, qals SeiZleba
orSviliani qmari yavdes da mTeli ojaxi erTad cxovrobdes. Tu
biologiuri mSoblebi bavSvebTan Sexvedras Zveleburi ganrigis mixedviT
moiTxoven, es axladSeqmnil ojaxs problemebs Seuqmnis. magaliTad,
axali ojaxi ver SeZlebs uqmeebis erTad gatarebas.

mesame, bavSvs, misi warmomavlobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ojaxSi

misaRebi qcevis Sesaxeb dedinacvlisgan, an maminacvlisgan gansxvavebuli
Sexeduleba qondes. amgvari bavSvebis umravlesoba or ojaxad izrdeba,
rac gansxvavebuli Cvevebisa da Tvalsazrisebis gamo, urTierTobis
daZabvas iwvevs. erTi dedinacvali aRgviwers problemebs, romelTa gamo
is partniors daSorda:

sul danaSaulis grZnoba mtanjavda. rogorc sakuTar Svils ise ver moeqcevi, radgan
mere Tavs damnaSaved grZnob. magram rodesac cudad iqceva, normaluri reaqcia gaqvs da
brazob. Semdeg Tavs amis gamoc damnaSaved grZnob. sul imas SiSob, bavSvs usamarTlod
ar moeqce. me da mamamiss bevr sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gvqonda uTamxmoeba. disciplinis
damyarebas Tu vcdilobdi, meubneboda Tavs mabezrebo. is arasodes ar sayvedurobda,

20
me ki sul Tavs vabezrebdi... mindoda bavSvis cxovrebaSi siaxle Semetana, sicariele
Semevso, SeiZleba sakmarisad moqnili ar var. (Smith 1990 gv. 42)

dedinacvlis, an maminacvlisa da geris urTierTobis dasaxasiaTeblad

ramdenime dadgenili norma arsebobs. bavSma maT saxeliT unda mimarTos,
Tu jobs deda, an mama dauZaxos? dedinacvalma da maminacvalma bavSvis
disciplinaze iseve unda izrunos, rogorc misma biologiurma mSobelma?
rogor unda moeqces dedinacvali, an maminacvali misi yofili
partnioris axal meuRles, rodesac is bavSvebs wasayvanad miakiTxavs?

bevr amerikul gazeTSi ibeWdeba sveti saxelwodebiT “Zvirfaso ebi”,

romelic problemebze saubars eTmoba. qvemoT am svetSi dabeWdil
werilebs warmogidgenT.

Zvirfaso ebi,

erTi wlis win tedze davqorwindi. misi coli (maqsini) gardaicvala. mas ori, eqvsi da
rva wlis, bavSvi darCa. es Cemi pirveli qorwinebaa. maqsini gardaicvala, amitom teds,
Cemi azriT, mis naTesavebTan aRaraferi akavSirebs. tedi ki ambobs, rom maqsinis ded-mama
yovelTvis misi sidedri da simamri iqneba. mSoblebi mec myavs, maS, Cems mSoblebs ra
funqcia eqnebaT? adamians, erTdroulad, mxolod erTi didedri da simamri unda yavdes,
Cemi mSoblebi bebiad da babuadac unda CaiTvalon, magram ase aravin fiqrobs. bebia da
babua maqsinis mSoblebi arian. Cems mSoblebs “mama pitsa” da “deda meris” eZaxian.
Tqveni azriT, es samarTliania... es problema rogor movagvaro” [xels awers gasaWirSi
myofi rZali]

Zvirfaso gasaWirSi myofo rZalo,

marTalia, teqnikurad tedi maqsinis mSoblebis siZe aRar aris, girCev, am sakiTxs
teqnikurad ar miudge. tedis yofil sidedrsa da simamrs da mis Svilebs erTmaneTTan
bevri ram akavSirebT, amitom gonivruli iqneba, Tu am kavSirs xels ar SeuSli. es
kavSiri manam arsebobda, vidre Sen tedze daqorwindi. bebia da babua samudamod bebia
da babuaa. (Vischer and Vischer 1979, gv. 132)

ojaxebSi, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali yavT, dasavluri

sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli axali naTesauri kavSirebi yalibdeba.
Tumca problema, romlis gamo gasaWirSi myofi rZali ebis mimarTavs,
Cveulebrivi movlena iyo Sua saukuneebis evropasa da tradiciul
sazogadoebebSic. ganqorwinebis Semdeg meored Seqmnil ojaxSi axali
sirTuleebi iwyeba. ojaxis wevrebi maTTvis manamde ucnob garemoebebs
ergebian. dRes zogierTi avtori binuklearul ojaxze saubrobs. ori
ojaxi, bavSvebis gamo, ganqorwinebis Semdeg erT ojaxur sistemas qmnis.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amgvarad organizebuli SesaZlebeli ojaxuri

kavSirebi da variaciebi Zalze bevria. magaliTad, ganqorwinebuli,
orSviliani col-qmari meored qorwindeba. cols axladSeqmnil ojaxSi
Tavisi orive Svili miyavs, sadac SeiZleba meore qmris erTi an meti
bavSvi cxovrobdes. misi yofili meuRlec Svilebian qalze qorwindeba
da maTTan erTad iwyebs cxovrebas. am sistemaSi CarTuli oTxive adamiani
sakuTar SvilebTan da gerebTan regularul urTierTobas ganagrZobs,
imis miuxedavad, vin visTan erTad cxovrobs. am urTierTobas sxva
naTesauri kavSirebic mosdevs, magaliTad, yofili meuRlis mSoblebTan.
garda amisa, meore qorwinebis Sedegad axali bavSvebi Cndebian; aqedan
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rim qorwinebis rRvevis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxi,
mTlianobaSi, ar iSleba. Tu wyvils Svilebi yavs, meore qorwinebis
21
Sedegad saxecvlili ojaxuri urTierTobebis miuxedavad, Zveli
kavSirebi mainc ar ikargeba.

davemSvidoboT bavSvebs?

1976 wels, britanuli ojaxis formirebis kvlevis mizniT, Catarebuli

gamokiTxviT dadasturda, rom im dros qalebis mxolod 1 procents ar
surda dedoba. amis sapirispirod, mosaxleobis aRwerisa da Seswavlis
ofisis mier warmodgenil angariSSi vkiTxulobT, rom 1960-dan 1990
wlamde dabadebuli qalebis 20 procenti, sakuTari surviliT, uSvilo
iqneba. britaneTSi mcxovrebi qalebi bavSvTan dakavSirebul
gadawyvetilebas sxva motivaciebis – warmatebuli samuSaosa da piradi
cxovrebis avtonimiurobis - konteqstSi ganixilaven. Sobadobis
maCvenebeli TiTqmis yvela sxva dasavlur qveyenaSic ecema (cxrili 7.3).

uSvilo qali sevdian SinaberasTan aRar asocirdeba. daqorwinebulma, Tu

qowinebaSi armyofma qalma, Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT, SeiZleba
Tavad Tqvas uari dedobaze. Tumca zogjer amgvar gadawyvetilebas
uaryofiTi mizezebic ganapirobebs. keTidReobis samsaxuris mier,
dekretSi myofi dedisTvisa da bavSvisTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi,
warmatebuli karieris pirobebSi, gamomuSavebul Semosavalze gacilebiT
naklebia. zogierTma qalma bavSvis gaCenaze Tavi SeiZleba imis gamo
Seikavos, rom SesaZlebeli ganqorwinebisa da siRaribis SeeSindes.

cxrili

erT qalze gaTvlili Sobadobis maCvenebeli

italia

espaneTi

saberZneTi

germania

portugalia

evropuli gaerTianeba (12 saxelmwifo)

luqsemburgi

holandia

belgia

dania

safrangeTi

gaerTianebuli samefo

22
irlandia

cxrili 7.3 Sobadobis maCvenebeli evropuli gaerTianebis qveynebSi, 1960 da 1990

wyaro: Eurostat 1993. Sociology Review. noemberi 1995 (Philip Allan Publishers), gv. 34

sakuTar momavalTan mimarTebaSi es tendenciebi qalmac da mamakacmac

unda gaiTvaliswinos. Tqvenc xom ar ganacxadebT, rom Svilebi arasodes
gendomebaT? aT-TxuTmet weliwadSi isev ase iqnebiT ganwyobili?

ojaxis bneli mxare

ojaxsa da naTesaur kavSirebs nebismieri adamianis cxovrebaSi

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs, amitom ojaxi emociuri gamocdilebis
farTo speqtrs moicavs. ojaxuri – col-qmruli, mSoblebisa da
Svilebis, da-Zmebis, an Soreul naTesavebs Soris arsebuli –
urTierTobebi SeiZleba Tbili da srulyofili iyos. magram daZabuli
urTierTobebic arsebobs, romelTa gamo adamianebs sasowarkveTileba,
danaSaulis grZnoba da SfoTva euflebaT. ojaxis “bneli mxare” sakmaod
Zlieria da is satelevizio reklamebsa da popularul mediaSi,
vardisfer ferebSi gamosaxul, ojaxis harmoniul imijs ewinaaRmdegeba.
ojaxis damTrgunveli mxare mraval aspeqtSi, magaliTad, konfliqtebsa
da erTmaneTisadmi mtrul damokidebulebaSi, vlindeba. am procesebs,
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganqorwinebamde mivyavarT. amis gamo adamianebi
ojaxur urTierTobebs, xSirad, fsiqikur daavadebas ukavSireben.
konfliqturi ojaxuri urTierTobebis yvelaze mZime Tanmxlebi
garemobebi, incesti da ojaxuri Zaladobaa.

bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba da incesti

bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba farTod gavrcelebuli movlenaa da,

ZiriTadad, ojaxSi vlindeba. bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba zrdasruli
adamianebis mier (britaneTSi srulwlovan asakad Teqvsmeti weli
iTvleba) arasrulwlovan bavSvebTan ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri
aqtia. incesti axlo naTesavebs Soris damyarebuli seqsualuri kavSiria.
incesti yovelTvis ar aris bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba. magaliTad, da-
Zmas Soris seqsualuri kavSiri incestia, magram mas Zaladobas ver
vuwodebT. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis dros, zrdasruli adamiani
bavSvs seqsualuri mizniT uwevs eqspluatacias (Ennew 1986). magram
incestis yvelaze gavrclebuli forma _ mamebisa da mcirewlovani
qaliSvilebis seqsualuri kavSiri _ seqsualur Zaladobasac
gulisxmobs.

incesti da bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis fenomeni gasuli aTi-oci

wlis win “aRmoaCines.” rasakvirvelia, amgvari seqsualuri aqtebi manamdec
xorcieldeboda, magram socialuri mkvlevrebis azriT, aseTi qceva
mkacrad iyo dagmobili da amitom Zalze iSviaTad iCenda Tavs. dRes
sxvagvari mdgomareobaa. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba SemaSfoTebeli
sixSiriT vlindeba. is, savaraudod, dabali klasis ojaxebSi ufro iCens
Tavs, magram socialuri ierarqiis yvela doneze arsebobs.

23
amis gamo, dRes, am problemas keTildReobis saagentoebisa da policiis
mxridan ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba. magram aSkaraa, rom statistika
realur suraTs srulad ar asaxavs. 1980-ian wlebSi, britaneTsa da
SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, qalebis erTi
mesamedi bavSvobaSi seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli aRmoCnda. es imas
niSnavs, rom maT gamoscades arasasurveli seqsualuri urTierToba.
mamrobiTi sqesis msxverplTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 10 procentia (Russel
1984).

aSkarad gamovlenili seqsualuri Zaladobis buneba martivia, magram

sruli suraTis dadgena sakmaod rTulia an SeuZlebelic ki, radgan am
qmedebis interpretacia mravali formiT aris SesaZlebeli. zogadi
gansazRvreba mravalgvar interpretacias gulisxmobs. yvelaze
gavrcelebuli formulireba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “seqsualurad
momwifebuli adamianis mier bavSvis iseT aqtivobaSi CarTva, romelic am
adamianis seqsualur aRgznebas gamoiwvevs. es SeiZleba urTierToba,
Sexeba, seqsualuri organoebis demonstrireba, pornografiuli masalis
Cveneba, an erotikuli saubari iyos.” (citirebulia Taylor, 1992, gv. 26-7).

Tumca, zogadad, bavSvze Zaladobis, kerZod, seqsualuri Zaladobis

sayovelTaod dadgenil definiciasTan dakavSirebiT, verc mkvlevrebi
SeTanxmdnen da verc sasamarTlo. 1989 wlis bavSvebis kanonmdeblobis
seqciaSi Semdegi saxis ganmartebaa mocemuli: jansaRi mzrunvelobis
naklebobiT gamowveuli “mniSvnelovani ziani” – magram, ra igulisxmeba
“mniSvnelovan zianSi,” sakmaod bundovania. bavSvTa dacvis erovnuli
sazogadoeba Zaladobis oTx kategorias gamoyofs: “gulgrili
damokidebuleba,” “fizikuri Zaladoba,” “emociuri Zaladoba” da
“seqsualuri Zaladoba.” seqsualuri Zaladoba, “zrdasruli adamianis
seqsualuri dakmayofilebis mizniT, bavSvsa da zrdasrul adamians
Soris ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri kontaqtia.” (Lyon and de Cruz 1993).

1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan Sua 1990-ian wlebamde, britaneTSi bavSvebze

Zaladobis daaxloebiT ormoci SemTxveva iqna Seswavlili. yvelaze didi
diskusia 1987 wlis klivlendis SemTxvevam gamoiwvia. am saqmeSi ori
eqimi, marieta higsi da jefri viati, monawileobdnen. maT am regionSi
ramdenime bavSvi daafiqsires, romlebzec ojaxebSi seqsualuri Zaladoba
xorcieldeboda. rodesac socialurma muSakebma bavSvebi mSoblebs
daaSores, mSoblebma protesti gamoTqves da sakuTari udanaSaulobis
mtkicebas Seudgnen.

policiis eqimebma diagnozi ar daadastures da am Temaze debatebma

mTeli qveyana moicva, mravali statia gaCnda presaSic. 26 bavSvze
ganxorcielebuli ZaladobisTvis Tormet ojaxs hqonda wayenebuli
braldeba, maTi udanaSauloba klivlendis socialuri samsaxuris
direqtormac daadastura. aseTi SemTxvevebi Zlier emociur vnebaTa
Relvas iwvevs. moZaladeebi, Cveulebriv, braldebas kategoriulad
uaryofen. meore mxriv, ojaxis wevrebis usafuZvlo braldeba Zlier
emociur tkivils iwvevs.

24
ratom miipyro incestma da bavSvze seqsualurma Zaladobam, ase uecrad,
sazogadoebis yuradReba? es, albaT, nawilobriv imis bralia, rom am
Temaze warsulSi arsebuli tabus gamo, keTildReobis samsaxuris
muSakebi da socialuri mkvlevrebi, bavSvebsa Tu mSoblebs am sakiTxebze
Tamamad ver esaubrebodnen. bavSvze Zaladobis problebis mimarT
sazogadoebrivi interesis gaRvivebaSi mniSvnelovani roli qalTa
moZraobam Seasrula da es sakiTxi seqsualuri Zaladobisa da
eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli farTo kampaniis erT-erT
elementad iqca. rodesac mkvlevrebma bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis
saeWvo SemTxvevebis gamoZieba daiwyes, kidev ufro meti danaSauli
gamoaSkaravda. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba SeerTebul StatebSi
“aRmoaCines” da mas mere is saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis fenomeni gaxda
(La Fontaine 1990).

Znelia zustad gansazRvro, bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis ramdeni

SemTxveva ukavSirdeba incests, magram maTi umravlesoba ojaxSi xdeba.
incesturi kavSirisa da seqsualuri aqtis buneba erTmaneTisgan Zlier
gansxvavdeba. kvlevebis umravlesoba adasturebs, rom incestis
SemTxvevaTa 70-80 procenti mamisa da qaliSvilis, an maminacvlisa da
geris urTierTobas gulisxmobs. Tumca, biZisa da Zmis Svilis an dis
Svilis, da-Zmis, mamisa da vaJiSvilis, dedisa da bavSvis, da babuisa da
SviliSvilis SemTxvevebic arsebobs. incesturi kontaqti zogjer
xanmoklea. zrdasruli adamiani aseT dros bavSvis seqsualur organebs
exeba an bavSvs aiZulebs, mis genitaliebs Seexos. arsebobs ufro
eqstensiuri kavSirebic, romlebic SeiZleba ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
ganmeordes. incestis msxverplni, Cveulebriv, or wels zemoT asakis
bavSvebi arian, magram dafiqsirebulia Cvil bavSvebTan ganxorcielebuli
seqsualuri aqtebis SemTxvevebic.

zogjer, erTsa da imave ojaxur jgufSi incestis ramdenime SemTxveva

arsebobs. magaliTad, erTi kvlevis daskvnaSi aRwerilia SemTxveva,
romelSic mamas erTdroulad hqonda seqsualuri kavSiri 14 wlis
qaliSvilTan da 13 wlis vaJiSvilTan. vaJiSvils ki, Tavis mxriv, dasTan
da meore ZmasTan hqonda seqsualuri urTierToba. dedam am aqtivobebis
Sesaxeb yvelaferi icoda, magram, qmris SiSiT, Sesabamis samsaxurs ar
Seatyobina. Zaladobis Sesaxeb mxolod maSin gaxda cnobili, rodesac
mama qaliSvilis fizikuri Seuracxyofis gamo daapatimres (CIBA Foundation
1984, gv. 128).

incestis bevri SemTxveva Zaladobas ukavSirdeba. bavSvebi zogjer

sakuTari surviliT monawileoben, magram es iSviaTi SemTxvevaa. bavSvi
seqsualuri arsebaa. is sakmaod xSirad erTveba msubuq seqsualur
TamaSebSi, an sxva bavSvze dakvirvebiT iZens axal gamocdilebas. magram
ojaxis zrdasruli wevrebis mier bavSvebTan damyarebuli seqsualuri
kontaqti, bavSvTa umravlesobisTvis damTrgunveli da samarcxvino
procesia.

Zalian didi masala arsebobs, romelic adasturebs, rom bavSvebze

seqsuluri Zaladobis Sedegebi maTze didi xnis ganmavlobaSi axdens
gavlenas. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom meZavebis, qurdebis, saxlidan gaqceuli
mozardebisa da narkotikebis momxmareblebis sakmaod did wilze

25
warsulSi seqsualuri Zaladoba ganxorcielda. Tumca, amgvari kavSiris
sixSire imas ar niSnavs, rom am qmedebis mizezi mxolod Zaladobaa. am
kategoriis adamianebi seqsuluri Zaladobis msxverplni aRmoCdnen,
magram mainc ver ganvacxadebT, rom maTi qceva ZaladobiT aris
gamowveuli. aq, savarudod, sxva mravali faqtori, ojaxuri konfliqtebi,
mSoblis mxridan bavSvisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba da fizikuri
Zaladoba, moqmedebs.

ganmartebebi

imisTvis, rom ganvmartoT, Tu ratom iCens Tavs incesti, an ufro

zogadad, seqsualuri Zaladoba, ori sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
pirveli, ratom uCndeba zrdasrul adamians bavSvebTan seqsualuri
aqtivobis ganxorcielebis survili da, meore, ratom arian moZaladeebi,
umravles SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebi? aqtebisa da urTierTobebis
mravalgvari bunebidan gamomdinare, orive Tema kompleqsur sakiTxebs
wamoWris. darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moZaladeebs Soris
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamians iSviaTad SexvdebiT. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, zrdasrulTa mxridan bavSvebTan seqsualuri kontaqtis
damyarebis survili fsiqikuri moSlilobiT ar aixsneba.

moZaladeTa umravlesoba, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan SedarebiT,

bavSvebTan seqsualur urTierTobas upiratesobas ar aniWebs. es, albaT,
ufro xelmisawvdomobiT da Zaluflebis SegrZnebiT aixsneba. ojaxSi
mcxovrebi bavSvebi sxva ojaxis wevrebze arian damokidebulni, isini
mSoblebis moTxovnebsa da zewolaze mtkivneulad reagireben.
zrdasruli adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar SvilebTan incestur kavSirs
amyareben, xSirad, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan urTierTobaSi gaubedavi,
mouqneli da araadekvaturi pirovnebebi arian. zogierT maTgans
seqsualuri impulsebi ar akmayofilebs da iseT SegrZnebebs eZiebs,
romlebzec sxvagan xeli ar miuwvdeba. amitomac moZaladeTa umravlesoba
mamakacebia. me-5 TavSi “genderi da seqsualoba” Cven mamakacTa
araeqspresiulobaze vimsjeleT. sakuTari grZnobebis gamoxatva bevr
mamakacs uWirs. am fenomens, albaT, Rrma fsiqologiuri safuZveli aqvs.
mamakaci grZnobebis gamoxatvas uSualod seqsualobas ukavSirebs, qali
ki ufro mTlian urTierTobebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. mamakacebisTvis
seqsualoba Zalauflebis SegrZnebasa da partnioris misdami
daqvemdebarebasTan asocirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, mamakacebisTvis,
qalebisgan gansxvavebiT, zrdasruli adamianebis seqsualobasa da
bavSvebisadmi seqsualur ltolvas Soris naklebi gansxvavebaa.

bavSvze Zaladobis erT-erTi wamyvani specialistis, devid finkelhoris

gancxadebiT, amgvari interpretaciiT SeiZleba imis gansazRvrac, Tu ra
socialuri da fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi dagvexmareba bavSvebis
seqsualur eqspluataciasTan brZolaSi:

pirvel rigSi, mamakacebma siyvaruli da masze damokidebulebis SegrZneba iseT

urTierTobebSi unda gamoscadon, romelic seqss ar gulisxmobs; vTqvaT, mamakacis
mamakacTan megobroba da interaqcia, romelic bavSvebze zrunvas moiTxovs. meore,
mamakacebi unda darwmundnen, rom heteroseqsualuri seqsi mamakacuri srulyofilebis
adekvaturobis kriteriumi ar aris. mesame, mamakacebma unda iswavlon Tanaswor
partniorTan siamovnebis miReba. mamakacebi, romelTac qalebTan srulyofili

26
seqsualuri urTierToba aqvT, savaraudod, bavSvebis seqsualur eqspluatacias ar
Seecdebian. rodesac mamakacebis urTierToba qalebTan icvleba, aseve icvleba maTi
urTierToba bavSvebTan (Finkelhor 1984, gv. 13).

Zaladoba ojaxSi

ojaxSi ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis iniciatorebic, ZiriTadad,

mamakacebi arian. ojaxuri Zaladoba erTi ojaxis wevris mier sxva, erT
an ramdenime, ojaxis wevrze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri Zaladobaa.
kvleva gviCvenebs, rom Zaladobis msxverplni, ZiriTadad, am SemTxvevaSic,
bavSvebi, gansakuTrebiT, mcirewlovani, eqvs welze naklebi asakis,
bavSvebi arian. Zaladobis meore gavrcelebuli tipi qmris mier colze
ganxorcielebuli Zaladobaa. Tumca, ojaxSi fizikuri moZalade zogjer
qalia, romelic qmarsa da mcirewlovan Svilebs sastikad epyroba.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, faqtobrivad, yvelaze saxifaTo adgili

ojaxia. statistikuri monacemebiT, nebismieri asakisa da sqesis
pirovnebas Tavs fizikurad Sin ufro esxmian, vidre RamiT quCaSi.
gaerTianebul samefoSi, oTxi mkvlelobidan erT SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis
erTi wevri meores klavs.

amboben, rom ojaxSi qalebi qmrisa da Svilebis mimarT iseTive

sisastikiT gamoirCevian, rogorc mamakacebi. zogierTi gamokiTxva
adasturebs, rom colebi qmrebs TiTqmis iseTive sixSiriT urtyamen,
rogorc qmrebi colebs. magram qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro
TavSekavebulebi arian, maT mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba epizodur
xasiaTs atarebs da, savaraudod, naklebad iwvevs xangrZliv fizikur
zians. “colebis cemas” – qmrebis mier colebis mudmiv fizikur
Seuracxyofas _ ekvivalenti ar gaaCnia. mamakacebi, romlebic Svilebs
mudmivad cemen, maT ufro xangrZliv zians ayeneben, vidre qalebi.

ratom aris ojaxuri Zaladoba ase gavrcelebuli? amas sxvadasxva

faqtorebi ganapirobebs. erT-erTi faqtori ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
emociuri intensiurobisa da pirovnuli intimurobis nazavia. ojaxuri
kavSirebi, Cveulebriv, Zlier emociebTan aris dakavSirebuli. aq
erTmaneTSia aRreuli siyvaruli da siZulvili. ojaxSi dawyebuli
konfliqti antagonizms warmoSobs, sxva socialur konetqstSi ki es
naklebad igrZnoba. erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo incidenti, SesaZloa,
meuRleebs an mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris seriozuli mtrobis mizezi
gaxdes. sxva qalebis eqscentriuli qcevis mimarT tolerantuli mamakaci,
SesaZloa, saSinlad gaRiziandes, Tu misi coli wveulebaze Zalian bevrs
isaubrebs, an misTvis arasasurvel, pirad informacias gaamJRavnebs.

meore faqtori imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Zaladobas ojaxSi, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, iTmenen da zogjer dadebiTadac ki afaseben. miuxedavad
imisa, rom socialurad sanqcirebuli ojaxuri Zaladoba SedarebiT
SezRuduli xasiaTisaa, is SeiZleba ufro Seuracxmyofel formebSi
gadaizardos. britaneTSi ver naxav bavSvs, romelic erT-erT mSobels,
Tundac msubuqad, arasodes ucemia. amgvar qmedebas sxva adamianebi,
Cveulebriv, dadebiTad afaseben da mas “Zaladobad” ar Tvlian. magram,
Tu bavSvs maRaziaSi ucnobi adamiani daartyams im mizeziT, rom mis

27
naTqvams an saqciels ar moiwonebs, es SemTxveva sxvagvarad Sefasdeba.
Tumca, bavSvi orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairad zaraldeba.

meuRleebs Soris Zaladoba warsulSic dadebiTad fasdeboda. ojaxuri

Zaladoba kulturulad misaRebi fenomeni rom iyo, es kargad gaJRerda
Zvel xalxur simReraSi:

qals, cxensa da xes rac mets urtyam, miT ukeTes Sedegs iReb.

samsaxurSi da sxva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi, SesaZloa, vinme

gamaRizianeblad moiqces, magram, wesebis mixedviT, fizikuri
Seuracxyofis miyeneba yvela adamians ekrZaleba. ojaxSi sxva
mdgomareobaa. kvlevebis mixedviT, bevr wyvils miaCnia, rom garkveul
garemoebebSi, meuRles SeuZlia cols an qmars daartyas. orive sqesis
oTxi amerikelidan erTi Tvlis, rom qmars ufleba aqvs cols daartyas.
SedarebiT nakleb raodenobas miaCnia, rom amgvarad SeiZleba qalic
moiqces (Greenblat 1983).

ojaxSi ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba Zaladobrivi qcevis ufro farTo

nimuSebs avlens. qmrebs, romlebic colebsa da Svilebs sastikad
eqcevian, Zaladobrivi qmedeba warsulSic aqvT Cadenili. jefri feganma,
sxva mkvlevrebTan erTad, nacemi colebis erovnuli SerCeviTi
erToblioba Seiswavla da daadgina, rom maTi qmrebis naxevarze meti
sxvebs da yofil partniorebsac sastikad eqceodnen. 80 procentze meti,
ojaxis gareT ganxorcielebuli ZaladobisTvis, erTxel mainc iyo
patimrobaSi namyofi (Fagan et al. 1983).

qorwinebisa da ojaxis alternativebi

komunebi

ojaxs, didi xania, bevri adamiani akritikebs. mecxramete saukuneSi,

mraval moazrovnes miaCnda, rom ojaxi Tanacxovrebis ufro komunaluri
formebiT unda Seicvalos. zogierTi idea ganxorcielda kidec. amis erT-
erTi saukeTeso magaliTi, mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi, SeerTebul
StatebSi, axal inglisSi daarsebuli oneidas Temia. is jon hamfri
noisis religiuri rwmenis safuZvelze Seiqmna. TemSi mcxovrebi yvela
mamakaci da qali erTmaneTze iyo daqorwinebuli da TiToeuli maTgani
Temis bavSvebis mSoblad iTvleboda. garkveuli sirTuleebis gadalaxvis
Semdeg, Temi gafarTovda da mis SemadgenlobaSi samasi adamiani
gaerTianda. Temma daaxloebiT ocdaaTi weli iarseba, Semdeg ki daiSala.
mas Semdeg britaneTsa da sxva dasavlur qveynebSi bevri komuna daarsda.
axali komunaluri jgufebis simravliT 1960-iani wlebi gamoirCeoda.
Temebi Tavisufal seqsualur urTierTobebsa da bavSvebis erTobliv
aRzrdas qadagebdnen. amgvari komunebi, mcire raodenobiT, dResac
arsebobs.

komunaluri saojaxo cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove

magaliTi israelSi gavrcelebuli kibucizmia. kibucizmi ojaxebisa da
individebisgan Semdgari Temia, romelSic adamianebi bavSvebis aRzrdaSi
erToblivad monawileoben. kibucizmi, Tavidan, umetesad fermaSi momuSave

28
koleqtiuri sawarmo iyo, magram dRes amgvari Temebi industriul
warmoebaSic gaCnda. israelSi 240-ze meti kibucizmia, romlebic 100 000
wevrs aerTianebs. mcire, ormocdaaTwevriani jgufebic arsebobs,
zogierTi Temi ki SeiZleba 2 000 wevrisgan Sedgebodes. yoveli kibuci
erTi ojaxis msgavsad moqmedebs, bavSvze zrunva mTel Tems ekisreba da
ara erT calkeul ojaxs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi ara mSoblebTan,
aramed specialur “bavSvTa saxlebSi” cxovroben, uqmeebs ki sakuTar
ojaxebSi atareben.

kibucizmi Tavidan radikaluri mosazrebiT dafuZnda. sakuTrebis

komunaluri floba da bavSvebis erToblivi aRzrda, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualisturi da
konkurentuli garemosTvis Tavis aridebas isaxavda miznad. kibucizmis
mimdevrebi am idealebs uaryofdnen. magram umravlesobisTvis, wlebis
ganmavlobaSi, adreul safexurze arsebuli ideebi ufro misaRebi
sacxovrebeli pirobebiT Seicvala. magaliTad, warsulTan SedarebiT,
bavSvebi axla Rames mSobliur saxlSi ufro xSirad aTeven. dRevandeli
kibucis bavSvTa saxlebi ufro bavSvebze zrunvisTvis aucilebel
pirobebs uzrunvelyofs, vidre maT aRzrdaze komunalur
pasuxismgeblobas.

Tanacxovreba

Tanacxovreba – seqsualur urTierTobaSi myofi dauqorwinebeli wyvilis

erToblivi cxovreba – umetes dasavlur qveynebSi Zlier aris
gavrcelebuli. britaneTSi, bolo dromde, Tanacxovreba, zogadad,
skandalur movlenad iTvleboda. 1980-ian wlebSi, qorwinebaSi armyofi
Tanamcxovrebi qalebisa da mamakacebis raodenoba ukiduresad gaizarda.
Tanacxovreba kolejisa da universitetis studentebis yofis
gavrcelebul formad iqca. SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebuli gamokiTxva
gviCvenebs, rom, kolejSi swavlis periodSi, daaxloebiT oTxidan erTi
studenti partniorTan erTad cxovrobs da masTan seqsualuri
urTierToba aqvs.

dRevandel britaneTSi Tanacxovreba qorwinebis wina, eqsperimentul

safexurad iTvleba. axalgazrdebs Soris es urTierToba, Cveulebriv,
daugegmavad, spontanurad iwyeba. seqsualur urTierTobaSi myofi wyvili
erTad sul ufro met dros atarebs da bolos erT-erTi an orive tovebs
Tavis individualur sacxovrebels. Tanamcxovrebi axalgazrdebi TiTqmis
yovelTvis gegmaven momavalSi daqorwinebas, magram ar aris
savaldebulo, rom amJamindeli partniori adamianis momavali meuRle
gaxdes. finansebs, saziarod, amgvari wyvilebis mxolod mcire raodenoba
xarjavs.

gasuli ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, qorwinebamde

Tanamcxovreb adamianTa raodenoba 400 procentiT gaizarda. partniorTan,
daqorwinebis gareSe, 1920-ian wlebSi dabadebul qalTa sul 4 procenti,
1940-ian wlebSi dabadebul qalTa _ 19, xolo 1960-ian wlebSi dabadebul
qalTa TiTqmis naxevari cxovrobda. navaraudebi iyo, rom 2000 wlisTvis
xuTidan oTxi wyvili qorwinebis gareSe erTad icxovrebda (Wilkinson and
Mulgan 1995).

29
eseqsis universitetSi warmoebuli kvleva Tanacxovrebisa da qorwinebis
msgavsebas adasturebs. es monacemebi 7.4 diagramaSia warmodgenili.
wyvilebis umravlesoba, savaraudod, Tanacxovrebas aTi wlis Semdegac
ganagrZobs, sabolood TiTqmis ori/mesamedi daqorwindeba. es arc aris
gasakviri, radgan gamokiTxuli axalgazrdebis umravlesoba
Tanacxovrebas “qorwinebis gamocdad” afasebs.

diagrama 7.4

urTierToba dasrulda

kvlav erTad cxovroben

daqorwindnen

diagrama 7.4 rogor viTardeba qorwinebaSi armyofi partniorebis urTierToba droTa

ganmavlobaSi: gaerTianebuil samefoSi Tanacxovrebis mosalodneli Sedegebi aTi wlis
Semdeg

wyaro: “Living in Britain,” respondentTa gamoikiTxvis angariSi, University of Essex, 1995.

zogierT evropul qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT soflebSi, Tanacxovrebis

legitimacias xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. amgvari situaciaa skandinaviur
qveynebSi, romlebic dRes Tanacxovrebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebliT
gamoirCeva. Tumca, warsulSi aq sul sxvagvari suraTi iyo. magaliTad,
SvedeTSi 1960 wels qorwinebis gareSe wyvilebis sul 1 procenti
cxovrobda, dRes ki am maCveneeblma 40 procents miaRwia. evropis sxva
qveynebis msgavsad, qorwinebaSi armyofi Tanamcxovrebi wyvilebis
umravlesoba, garkveuli drois an Svilebis gaCenis Semdeg, qorwindeba.
Tanacxovrebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, legaluri statusi aqvs da, daSorebis
Semdeg, sakuTrebis ganawilebisa da finansuri anazRaurebis moTxovniT,
adamianebs SeuZliaT sasamarTlos mimarTon.

geimSobliani ojaxebi

dRevadel dRes bevr homoseqsual mamakacsa da qals erTmaneTTan

stabiluri urTierToba aqvs da zogierTi maTgani “formaluradac” aris
daqorwinebuli, Tuncad es ceremonia kanoniT ganmtkicebuli ar iyos.
homoseqsualobis mimarT warsulSi arsebuli aratolerantuli
damokidebuleba gacilebiT ufro liberaluri ganwyobiT Seicvala,
ramac, lesboseli dedebisTvis bavSvebze meurveobis miniWebasTan
dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, sasamarTlos politikac
Searbila. xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnikis wyalobiT, lesbosel
dedebs Svilebis gaCena da geimSobliani ojaxis Seqmna,
heteroseqsualuri kontaqtis gareSe SeuZliaT. Tumca britaneTSi,
TiTqmis yvela geimSoblian ojaxSi, orive mSobeli dedaa, 1960-1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, SeerTebuli Statebis ramdenime qalaqSi, socialuri
keTildReobis saagentoebma usaxlkaro gei zrdasrul biWebze meurveoba
gei mamakacTa wyvilebs daakisres. sazogadoebis mwvave reaqciis gamo, am
praqtikam did xans ar iarseba (ix. Tavi 5 “genderi da seqsualoba”).

30
marto cxovreba

Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, marto mcxovrebi adamianebis

ricxvi, ramdenime faqtoris gamo, gaizarda. erT-erTi faqtori gvian
daqorwinebis tendenciaa – adamianebi axla, saSualod, 1960 welTan
SedarebiT, sami wliT gvian qorwindebian. meore faqtori ganqorwinebis
mzardi maCvenebelia. kidev erTi faqtori iseTi xandazmuli adamianebis
momravlebaa, romlebsac partniori gardacvlili hyavT. marto cxovrebis
forma cxovrebis sxvadasxva periodSi gansxvavebulia. warsulTan
SedarebiT, axla oci wlis da oc welze zemoT asakis ufro meti
adamiania dauqorwinebeli. ocdaaTi wlis zemoT asakSi, qalebisa da
mamakacebis Zalze mcire raodenoba arasodes yofila daqorwinebuli,
ocdaaTidan ormocdaaT wlamde adamianebis umravlesoba ganqorwibelia
da “qorwinebebs Soris” periodSi imyofeba. ormocdaaT wels zemoT
asakis martoxela adamianebis umravlesoba qvrivebi arian.

piter steinma 25-dan 45 wlamde asakis samoci martoxela adamiani

gamohkiTxa (Stein 1980). umravlesobam marto cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT
ambivalenturi damokidebuleba gamoavlina. isini aRiarebdnen, rom
martooba, xSirad, xels uwyobda maTi karieris ganviTarebas, radgan maT
mTeli energiis samuSaoze koncentrireba SeeZloT; cxovrebis am formis
wyalobiT, maT mravalgvari seqsualuri gamocdileba da sruli
Tavisufleba da avtonomia hqondaT. meore mxriv, isini imasac
acnobierebdnen, rom iseT samyaroSi marto cxovreba, sadac maTi asakis
adamianTa umravlesoba qorwinebaSi imyofeba, rTulia da izolaciasa da
martoobas ganicdidnen. mTlianobaSi, qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul
zewolas umravlesoba ufro Zlierad miiCnevda, vidre marto cxovrebis
motivacias.

debati “ojaxuri Rirebulebebis” Sesaxeb

“ojaxi gadaSenebis gzaze dgas!” _ Relaven ojaxur

RirebulebaTaAadvokatebi. isini am daskvnas gasul ramdenime aTwleulSi
momxdar cvlilebebze – seqsualobis mimarT Ria da liberalur
damokidebulebaze, ganqorwinebis mzard maCvenebelze da tradiciuli
ojaxuri valdebulebebis xarjze, piradi bednierebis Ziebaze _
dakvirvebis safuZvelze gamoTqvamen. maTi azriT, ojaxuri cxovrebis
moraluri arsi aRdgenas moiTxovs. Cven tradiciuli ojaxi unda
davibrunoT. es gacilebiT ufro stabiluri da mowesrigebuli sistema
iyo, vidre urTierTobaTa is CaxlarTuli qseli, romelSic dRevandel
adamianTa umravlesoba aRmoCnda.

kritikosebi am Tvalsazriss ar iziareben. “Tqveni azriT, ojaxi

gadaSenebis gzaze dgas. sinamdvileSi, is ubralod saxecvlilebas
ganicdis. Cven erT yalibze moWrili ojaxebi ki ar unda wavaxalisoT,
aramed ojaxuri formebisa da seqsualuri cxovrebis mravalferovneba”.

romeli Tvalsazrisia swori? albaT, kritikas orive mosazreba

imsaxurebs. tradiciuli ojaxis dabruneba SeuZlebelia. amis mizezi
mxolod is ki ar aris, rom, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, tradiciuli ojaxi,
sayovelTaod cnobili formiT, warsulSic ar arsebobda, an imitom, rom

31
adre ojaxs mravali uaryofiTi Tviseba hqonda da is dRevandeli ojaxis
nimuSad ar gamodgeba. amis mizezi is aris, rom qorwinebis adreuli
formebisa da ojaxis tranformaciis gamomwvevi socialuri cvlilebebis
ukan dabruneba, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. qalma ojaxuri yofidan Tavi didi
Zalisxmevis Sedegad daixsna da is Zvelebur rols arafriT aRar
Seegueba. rogoric ar unda iyos dRevandeli seqsualuri urTierTobebi
da qorwineba, isini Zvelebur saxes veRar miiRebs. pirovnul da ojaxur
cxovrebaSi centraluri adgili emociurma komunikaciam – ufro zustad,
urTierTobaTa aqtiurma formirebam da maT SenarCunebaze zrunvam –
daikava.

ra iqneba am procesebis Sedegi? ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli SeiZleba aRar

matulobdes, magram arc qvemoT iwevs. qorwinebis SesanarCuneblad zomebs
iReben, magram gasuli wlebis tendenciebs Tu gadavxedavT, dRevandel
qorwinebaTa 60 procenti, aTi wlis Semdeg, savaraudod, ganqorwinebiT
dasruldeba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, ganqorwineba yovelTvis ubedurebas ar niSnavs.

uiRblo qorwinebaSi myofma adamianebma, ganqorwinebis Semdeg, SeiZleba
axali cxovreba daiwyon. magram, eWvgareSea, rom seqsualuri cxovreba,
qorwineba da ojaxi zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTvis mizezia, zogs ki
TviTkmayofilebisa da srulyofilebis grZnobiT uzrunvelyofs.

Tanamedrove mravalgvari ojaxuri formis mxardamWerebi acxadeben, rom

amgvari ojaxi adamians SezRudvebisa da warsulis uaryofiTi
gadmonaSTebisgan aTavisuflebs. es Tvalsazrisi, nawilobriv, sworia.
qalsa da mamakacs SeuZliaT saerTod ar daqorwindnen da isini amisTvis
socialur ukmayofilebas ar daimsaxureben. warsulSi aseT adamianebs
Sinaberebsa da berbiWebs eZaxdnen. qorwinebaSi armyof wyvilebs maTi
“respeqtabeluri” qorwinebaSi myofi megobrebi qedmaRlurad aRar
uyureben. gei wyvilebs erT ojaxad cxovreba da bavSvebis aRzrda
SeuZliaT, radgan isini veRar grZnoben im mtrul damokidebulebas,
romelic warsulSi aseTi adamianebis mimarT arsebobda.

am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, Znelia ar aRiaro, rom amJamad

gzajvaredinze vdgavarT. momavalSi grZelvadiani qorwinebebi da
kavSirebi kidev ufro Semcirdeba? emociuri da seqsualur cxovreba
mtkivneuli da sastiki sul ufro xSirad iqneba? amis Tqma
danamdvilebiT aravis SeuZlia. magram qorwinebisa da ojaxis Cvens mier
warmodgenili sociologiuri analizi adasturebs, rom problemebi,
warsuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar mogvardeba. Cven
individualuri Tavisuflebis mopovebas unda vecadoT. imisTvis, rom
SevZloT stabiluri da xangrZlivi urTierTobebis formireba, Cveni
piradi cxovrebis dafaseba unda viswavloT.

Sejameba

1. naTesaoba, ojaxi da qorwineba sociologiasa da anTropologiaSi,

erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli, uaRresad mniSvnelovani
terminebia. naTesaoba genetikur an qorwinebis Sedegad warmoqmnil
kavSirebs efuZneba. ojaxi naTesauri jgufia, romelsac Svilebis

32
 aRzrdaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. qorwineba socialurad
aRiarebul seqsualur urTierTobaSi mcxovrebi ori adamianis
kavSiria.
2. nuklearul ojaxSi daqorwinebuli wyvili (an martoxela mSobeli)
sakuTar an naSvileb SvilebTan erTad cxovrobs. Tu daqorwinebul
wyvilTan da maT SvilebTan erTad sxva naTesavebic cxovroben, an
erTmaneTTan axlo da xangrZliv urTierTobaSi imyofebian, es
gafarToebul ojaxs niSnavs.
3. dasavlur sazogadoebebSi qorwineba da, Sesabamisad, ojaxi
monogamiasTan (rodesac kultura erT qalsa da erT mamakacx
Soris kavSirs aRiarebs) asocirdeba. sxva bevri kultura
poligamiis mimarTac tolerantulia. aseT dros individi SeiZleba
erTdroulad or an met adamianze iyos daqorwinebuli. poliginia
poliandriaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,
mamakacs SeiZleba erTze meti coli hyavdes, meore SemTxvevaSi ki,
qali SeiZleba erTdroulad or an met mamakacze iyos
daqorwinebuli.
4. dasavleT evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi, nuklearuli ojaxis
nimuSebi, industrializaciis ganviTarebamde didi xniT adre
dainerga, magram Semdeg maTze industrializaciam didi gavlena
moaxdina. ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba centralizebuli mTavrobis
Seqmnam, qalaqebis gafarToebam da ojaxuri gavlenis miRma,
organizaciebSi dasaqmebam gamoiwvia. am cvlilebebma, mTel
msoflioSi, nuklearuli ojaxisken swrafvis tendencia ganapiroba,
rasac gafarToebuli ojaxisa da sxva tipis naTesauri jgufebis
rRveva mohyva.
5. industriuli qveynebis umravlesoba mravalgvar ojaxur formebs
moicavs. magaliTad, britaneTSi samxreT aziuri da vest induri
warmomavlobis ojaxebi dominanturi ojaxis tipebisgan
gansxvavdeba.
6. omisSemdgom periodSi, dasavleTSi ojaxuri cxovrebis nimuSebi
sagrZnoblad Seicvala. qalebis procentulad didi raodenoba
anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi CaerTo, ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli
gaizarda, mosaxleobis didi nawili erTmSoblian an iseT ojaxebSi
cxovrobda, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavda.
Tanacxovreba (qorwinebis gareSe seqsualur urTierTobaSi myofi
wyvilis erTad cxovreba) bevr industriul qveyanaSi sul ufro
Cveulebriv movlenad iqca.
7. dRes bevri adamiani iseT ojaxSi cxovrobs, sadac bavSvs
dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs. aseTi ojaxi maSin iqmneba,
rodesac Sviliani an Svilebiani mSobeli meored qorwindeba, an
axal partniorTan iwyebs Tanacxovrebas.
8. ojaxuri cxovreba yovlTvis harmoniulobisa da bednierebis
simbolo ar aris. ojaxs “bneli mxarec” aqvs. aq xSirad iCens Tavs
seqsualuri da ojaxuri Zaladoba. bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba,
ZiriTadad, mamakacebis mier xorcieldeba, mas sxva tipis sastiki
qcevac ukavSirdeba.
9. qorwineba aRarc erTi sqesisTvis aRar aris (Tuki odesme yofila)
mxolod regularuli seqsualuri gamocdileba; is aRarc
ekonomikuri aqtivobis safuZvelia. TiTqmis darwmunebiT SegviZlia
ganvacxadoT, rom socialuri da seqsualuri urTierTobis

33
 mravalgvari forma momavalSic ganviTardeba. qorwineba da ojaxi
myar institutebad rCeba, magram maT mravali stresi da daZabuloba
ukavSirdeba.

damatebiTi literatura

Stewart Asquith and Anne Stafford, Families and the Future (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1995).
bavSvebsa da ojaxis momavalTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis analizi.

Diana Gittins, The Family in Question (London: Macmillan, 1992). Tanamedrove

sazogadoebebSi ojaxuri cxovrebis ZiriTad aspeqtebTan dakavSirebuli
aRiarebuli naSromis ganaxlebuli versia.

Helen O’Connell, Women and the Family (London: Zed Books, 1994). ojaxur
urTierTobebSi qalis rolis gadaxedva.

Roderick Phillips, Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce (Cambridge: Cambridge
Universuty Press, 1991). evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebis
istoriis Seswavla.

Ann Phoenix, Young Mothers? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991). diskusia Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi mozardi dedebis problemebis Sesaxeb.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

• nuklearuli ojaxi
• gafarToebuli ojaxi
• monogamia
• poligamia
• poliginia
• poliandria
• afeqturi individualizmi
• seriuli monogamia
• mamis xaziT memkvidreoba
• dedis xaziT memkvidreoba
• erTmSobliani ojaxi
• saxeze armyofi mama
• ojaxi, sadac bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs
• bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba
• incesti
• kibucizmi
• Tanacxovreba
• geimSobliani ojaxebi

34
 deviacia da danaSauli
Sinaarsi

ZiriTadi cnebebi
devianturi qcevis Seswavla
ra aris deviacia?
normebi da sanqciebi
danaSaulisa da deviaciis Teoriebi
biologiuri Tvalsazrisi
fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi
sazogadoeba da danaSauli: sociologiuri Teoriebi
Teoriuli daskvnebi
danaSauli da danaSaulis statistika
axali memarcxene realizmi
mkvleloba da sxva mZime danaSaulebi
cixeebi da sasjeli
dasjis formebis cvlilebebi
cixeebi da moraluri gamosworeba
cixisadmi protesti da cixeSi Casmis alternativebi
sikvdiliT dasja
genderi da danaSauli
mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenil danaSaulTa doneebi
gogonebi bandebSi
Zaladoba qalTa sapatimroebSi
Sefaseba
danaSauli da `maskulinobis krizisi~
danaSaulis msxverplni
qalTa mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebi
mamakacebis gaupatiureba
mdidrebis da Zalauflebis mqoneTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebi
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli
mTavrobis danaSauli
organizebuli danaSauli
danaSauli, deviacia da socialuri wyoba
Sejameba
damatebiTi literatura
mniSvnelovani terminebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi

▪ deviacia ▪ normebi ▪ konformuloba ▪ danaSauli

yvelam viciT, vin arian deviantebi, an vfiqrobT, rom viciT. deviantebi arian is
adamianebi, romlebic uars amboben, icxovron im wesebis Sesabamisad, romlebsac
sazogadoebis umravlesoba icavs. isini arian moZalade damnaSaveebi, narkomanebi an
is pirovnebebi, romlebmac cxovrebaSi yvelaferi dakarges _ vinc ar uTavsdeba imas,
rasac adamianTa umravlesoba normalur, misaReb standartebad miiCnevs. magram
faqtebi sruliad ar aris iseTi, rogoric Cans _ ase gvaswavlis, xSirad,
sociologia; igi gvexmareba, davinaxoT is, rac Tvalxilulis miRmaa. rogorc
vnaxavT, deviantis cnebis gansazRvra, faqtobrivad, ar aris advili.
adre Cven vnaxeT, rom adamianTa socialur cxovrebas marTavs wesebi da normebi.
Cveni saqmianoba qaosuri gaxdeboda, Tu zustad ar davicavdiT im wesebs, romelTa
mixedviTac zogierTi qceva garkveul konteqstebs Seesabameba, xolo sxva
konteqstebisTvis - Seuferebelia. magaliTad, gzebze wesebis Sesabamisad moZraoba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu mZRolebi marcxniv moZraobis wesebs ar daicavdnen. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ar aris devianturi qceva da mZRoli, albaT, mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi aris devianti, Tu is mTvralia an Tavze xelaRebuli. Tu Tqven marTlac
ase ifiqrebdiT, ar iqnebodiT marTali. mZRolTa umetesoba ara mxolod deviantebi,
aramed krinimalebic arian. mZRolTa umravlesoba, mudmivad, sakmaod aWarbebs
dasaSveb siCqares, roca darwmunebulia, rom axlomaxlo ar dgas policiis manqana.
Cven yvelani varT rogorc wesis damrRvevebi, ise konformistebi. Cven aseve
vqmniT wesebs. mZRolebma SeiZleba avtomagistralebze daarRvion kanoni, magram,
sinamdvileSi, isini qmnian araformalur wesebs, romlebic legalur wesebzea
damyarebuli. rodesac avtostradaze kanoniT dawesebuli siCqaris zRvari aris 70
mili saaTSi, mZRolebis umravlesoba 80-s ar aWarbebs da kidev ufro nela atarebs
manqanas, rodesac qalaqis farglebSi moZraobs.
erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli wesebi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra aris da ra ar aris manqanis TavzexelaRebuli tareba. magaliTad, Crdilo
evropelebi, romlebic manqaniT mogzauroben italiis samxreTSi, sadac mZRolebi
moZraobis sxva wesebsac arRveven, yovelTvis awydebian iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac
adamians Tma yalyze udgeba. braziliaSi SuqniSnebsa da sxva makontrolebel
saSualebebs ganixilaven ara rogorc savaldebulo wesebs, aramed ubralo
miniSnebebs. rio de JaneiroSi mZRolebi wiTel Suqze ar aCereben manqanebs, Tu
gzajvaredinze sxva manqana ar Semodis. iq, sadac mTavari quCa kveTs ufro patara
quCas, mZRoli, romelic mTavar quCaze moZraobs, Tavis Tavs uflebas aZlevs,
moipovos gzaze moZraobis privilegia, miuxedavad imisa, ras aCvenebs sagzao niSnebi.
mZRolma, romelic ufro patara quCidan moZraobs, signali unda misces an aanTos
manqanis farebi, sxva mZRolebi rom gaafrTxilos (Lull, 1995).
rodesac viwyebT devianturi qcevis Seswavlas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, romel
wesebs icaven da romels arRveven adamianebi. arc erTi adamiani ar arRvevs yvela
wess; aseve, aravin emorCileba yvela wess. is adamianebi, romlebic, SesaZloa,
saerTod ar miekuTvnebian wesier sazogadoebas, magaliTad, bankis mZarcvelebi, Cans,
2
icaven im jgufebis wesebs, romelTa wevrebic isini arian. zogierT aSkarad cudi
reputaciis mqone jgufebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, motociklistTa bandebi, TavianTi
wevrebisTvis dawesebuli aqvT qcevis mkacri wesebi. vinc maT arRvevs, sjian da
jgufidan agdeben.

devianturi qcevis Seswavla

devianturi qcevis Seswavla sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da

rTuli sferoa. is gvaswavlis, rom arc erTi Cvengani ar aris savsebiT iseTi
normaluri, rogorc Tavad migvaCnia. is agreTve gvexmareba, davinaxoT, rom
adamianebi, visi qcevac, SesaZloa, gaugebari da ucxo Candes, SeiZleba gonier
arsebebad miviCnioT, Tu gavacnobierebT maTi moqmedebis realur mizezs.
deviaciis, iseve rogorc sociologiis sxva sferoebis, Seswavla, Cvens
yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialur Zalauflebaze, agreTve socialuri klasis
gavlenaze _ mdidarsa da Raribs Soris gansxvavebaze. rodesac deviacias
ganvixilavT socialuri wesebisadmi an normebisadmi konformulobis TvalsazrisiT,
yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes kiTxva - visi wesebi? rogorc vnaxavT, socialur
normebze Zalian did gavlenas axdens Zalauflebis ganawileba da klasobrivi
gansxvaveba.

ra aris deviacia?
deviacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc arakonformuloba normebis
garkveuli erTobliobisadmi, romelic adamianTa erTobis an sazogadoebis
mniSvnelovani nawilis mier aris aRiarebuli. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar SeiZleba,
sazogadoeba adamianTa mxolod or kategoriad davyoT: adamianebi, romlebic
normebs arRveven da adamianebi, romlebic maT misdeven. zog SemTxvevaSi, bevri
Cvengani qcevis sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesebs arRvevs. magaliTad, Cven, SesaZloa,
garkveul momentSi wvrilmani qurdoba CavidineT, rogoricaa, maRaziidan raRacis
moparva an, piradi moxmarebis mizniT, samuSaodan patara nivTebis waReba, rogoricaa
ofisis safosto qaRaldi da kalmistrebi.
rogorc magaliTebi gviCvenebs, deviaciis cnebis gamoyenebis sfero Zalian
farToa. miliarderma hovard hiuzma Tavisi uzarmazari qoneba mZime Sromis, Rrma
Canafiqrebisa da praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis Serwymis saSualebiT daagrova.
warmatebisaken swrafvis TvalsazrisiT, misi saqmianoba dasavleTis sazogadoebebis
ZiriTad Rirebulebebs Seesabameboda, im Rirebulebebs, romlebic materialur
dajildovebasa da individualur miRwevebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. meore mxriv,
zog sferoSi misi qceva sayovelTaod miRebuli normebidan mkveTrad gadaxrili iyo.
h. hiuzma cxovrebis bolo ramdenime weli gaatara gare samyarodan sruliad
izolirebulad. TiTqmis arasdros bedavda sastumros im luqsis nomris datovebas,
romelic misTvis saxlad iqca. igi Tmebs saerTod ar iWrida, grZeli, awewili wveri
mouSva da ase ufro bibliur winaswarmetyvels daemsgavsa, vidre warmatebul
biznesmens.
Tavisi qceviT, hiuzi rogorc araCveulebrivad warmatebuli, ise Zalian
devianturi pirovneba iyo. amis sapirispiro magaliTad ted bandis kariera SegviZlia
moviyvanoT. bandis cxovrebis gza, erTi SexedviT, kargi moqalaqis qcevis normebs
3
Seesaabameboda. garegnulad is ara ubralod normalur, aramed Zalian Rirseul
cxovrebas eweoda. is Zalian aqtiur rols TamaSobda samaritelebis sazogadoebaSi,
kerZod, asociaciaSi, romelic ocdaoTxsaaTian satelefono momsaxurebas uwevs im
adamianebs, romlebic stresul mdgomareobaSi arian an TviTmkvlelobas apireben.
magram, miuxedavad amisa, bandim ramdenime saSineli mkvleloba Caidina. mosamarTlem
sasamarTlo procesze, sanam sikvdils miusjida, bandi misi unarebis gamo Seaqo
(bandim Tavad moamzada Tavisi dacva), magram Tavisi sityvis bolos man aRniSna, rom
msjavrdadebulma cxovreba fuWad ganvlo. bandis kariera gviCvenebs, rom pirovneba,
SesaZloa, normaluri Candes da, amave dros, farulad iyos CarTuli ukiduresad
deviantur qmedebebSi.
deviacia ara mxolod individualur qcevas, aramed jgufis saqmianobasac exeba.
amis naTeli magaliTia hare kriSnas kulti, religiuri jgufi, romelic britaneTis
mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan sarwmunoebrivi moZRvrebiTa da cxovrebis wesiT
gansxvavdeba. kulti Seiqmna 1960-ian wlebSi. Sril prabhupada dasavleTSi
indoeTidan Camovida, rom gaevrcelebina ambavi kriSnas cnobierebis Sesaxeb. misi
qadageba, ZiriTadad, im axalgazrdebisken iyo mimarTuli, romlebic narkotikebis
momxmareblebi iyvnen. is acxadebda, rom adamians SeeZlo `mudmivad amaRlebul
mdgomareobaSi darCena da samaradiso netarebis aRmoCena,~ Tu mis moZRvrebas
gahyveboda. hare kriSnas mimdevrebis cekva da galoba quCebSi, aeroportebsa da
Sekrebis sxva adgilebSi, Cveulebrivi sanaxaoba gaxda. mosaxleobis umravlesoba
maT mimarT tolerantulad iyo ganwyobili, maSinac ki, Tu maTi Sexedulebebi
eqscentruli Canda. hare kriSnas mimdevrebi devianturi subkulturis magaliTs
warmoadgenen. Tumca, dRes maTi ricxvi Semcirda, mTel msoflioSi maT SeZles,
sakmaod advilad, TavianTi kultis SenarCuneba. es organizacia mdidaria, igi misi
wevrebisa da misdami simpaTiiT ganwyobili adamianebis SewirulebebiT finansdeba.
misi mdgomareoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sxva devianturi subkulturis _ mudmivi
usaxlkaroebis _ mdgomareobidan; es arian adamianebi, romlebmac cxovrebaSi
yvelaferi dakarges, dRisiT quCebSi cxovroben, parkebsa da sazogadoebriv
SenobebSi (magaliTad, biblioTekebSi) atareben dros. maT quCebSi an TavSesafrebSi
sZinavT. sazogadoebisgan gariyuli mudmivi usaxlkaroebis umravlesobas gaWirvebiT
gaaqvs Tavi.

normebi da sanqciebi
yvela socialur normas Tan axlavs sanqciebi, romlebic xels uwyobs
konformulobas da gvicavs arakonformulobisgan. sanqcia aris individis an jgufis
qcevaze sxvebis nebismieri reaqcia, romlis mizania, pirovnebam an jgufma imoqmedos
normebis Sesabamisad. sanqciebi SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri (konformulobisTvis
dajildoveba) an negatiuri (arakonformuli qcevis gamo dasja). sanqciebi, SesaZloa,
iyos formaluri da araformaluric. formalur sanqciebs adamianTa garkveuli
jgufi an organizacia iyenebs im mizniT, rom daculi iyos gansazRvruli normebi.
araformaluri sanqciebi ki naklebad organizebuli da ufro spontanuri reaqciebia
arakonformulobaze. magaliTad, rodesac students megobrebi imis gamo abrazeben,
rom is Zalian bevrs muSaobs an mosawyeni pirovnebaa, radgan urCevnia, saRamos
imecadinos, vidre wveulebaze wavides.

4
 Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi formaluri sanqciis ZiriTadi saxeebi gamoiyeneba
sasamarTloebsa da cixeebSi. policia, ra Tqma unda, aris organizacia, romlis
movaleobaa damnaSaveebis sasamarTloSi gadacema da, SesaZloa, Semdeg maTi cixeSi
Casma. kanonebi aris formaluri sanqciebi, romlebsac xelisufalni gansazRvraven,
rogorc principebs, romlebic maTi qveynebis moqalaqeebma unda daicvan. maT im
adamianebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben, romlebic konformulebi ar arian. sadac aris
kanonebi, iq danaSaulic arsebobs, radgan danaSauli SeiZleba yvelaze advilad
ganisazRvros, rogorc nebismieri tipis qceva, romelic kanons arRvevs.
axla SegviZlia ganvixiloT is ZiriTadi Teoriebi, romlebic Seiqmna deviaciis
axsnisa da gaanalizebis mizniT. deviaciis SefasebaTa umravlesoba, umTavresad,
efuZneba danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis im gamokvlevebs, romlebzec Cvenc gavamaxvilebT
yuradRebas.

danaSaulisa da deviaciis Teoriebi

biologiuri Tvalsazrisi
danaSaulis axsnis zogierTi pirveli mcdeloba, ZiriTadad, biologiuri
xasiaTis iyo. italieli kriminologi Cezare lombrozo, romelic 1870-ian wlebSi
muSaobda, Tvlida, rom SesaZlebelia kriminaluri tipebis gansazRvra Tavis qalis
formis mixedviT. is aRiarebda, rom socialur swavlebas SeuZlia, gavlena
moaxdinos kriminaluri qcevis ganviTarebaze, magram mas miaCnda, rom damnaSaveebis
umravlesoba biologiurad ganuviTareblebi an defeqturebi arian. lombrozos
ideebi Semdeg mTlianad uaryves. miuxedavad amisa, sxva mecnierebma male wamoayenes
msgavsi Sexedulebebi. isini cdilobdnen, eCvenebinaT memkvidreobiTobis gavlena
individebis kriminalur midrekilebebze. erT-erTi aseTi tipis popularuli meTodi
iyo geneologiuri xeebis Seswavla. magram, es faqtobrivad, arafers miuTiTebs
memkvidreobiTobis gavlenaze, radgan SeuZlebelia, erTmaneTisgan ganvacalkevoT
memkvidreobiTi da garemos zegavlenebi.
ufro gviandeli Teoria adamianebs sxeulis agebulebis mixedviT ganasxvavebda.
is gamohyofda 3 tips da amtkicebda, rom erT-erTi tipi uSualod iyo
dakavSirebuli damnaSaveobasTan. kunTebiani, aqtiuri tipebi (mezomorfebi), Cans,
ufro xdebian damnaSaveebi, vidre gamxdrebi (eqtomorfebi) an ufro msuqnebi
(endomorfebi) (Sheldon, 1949; G lueck a nd Glueck, 1956 ). aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi farTod
gaakritikes. romc arsebobdes yovelmxrivi kavSiri adamianis sxeulis tipsa da
damnaSaveobas Soris, is mainc ver daadgens memkvidreobiTobis zegavlenas.
kunTebiani adamianebi, SesaZloa, CarTulni iyvnen kriminalur qmedebebSi, radgan es
maT saSualebas aZlevs, aCvenon TavianTi Zala. ufro metic, am sferoSi Catarebuli
TiTqmis yvela gamokvleva Semoifargleboda gamosasworebel skolebSi moTavsebuli
damnaSaveebis SeswavliT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs raime kavSiri sxeulis
agebulebasa da damnaSaveobas Soris, albaT, mxolod imitom, rom Zlieri, aTleturi
aRnagobis damnaSaveebs ufro agzavnian aseT skolebSi, vidre sust, gamxdar
damnaSaveebs.
zogierTi pirovneba SeiZleba iyos Zalian ficxi an agresiuli da es aisaxos
sxvebis mimarT Cadenil danaSaulSi, magaliTad, fizikur TavdasxmaSi. da mainc, ar
arsebobs udavo mtkicebulebebi, rom pirovnebis romelime Tviseba memkvidreobiT
5
aris miRebuli; asec rom yofiliyo, maTi kavSiri damnaSaveobasTan mxolod
Soreuli iqneboda.

fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi
danaSaulis fsiqologiuri Teoriebi, biologiuri axsnis msgavsad,
damnaSaveobas pirovnebis garkveul tipebTan akavSirebs. zogi Tvlis, rom
adamianebis mcire nawili amoralur, fsiqopaTur pirovnebad yalibdeba. fsiqopaTebi
arian gariyuli, uemocio adamianebi, romlebsac siamovnebas aniWebs Tavad Zaladoba
ZaladobisTvis.
fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi zogjer sCadian mZime danaSauls,
magram Tavad fsiqopaTiis cnebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mniSvnelovani
problemebi. sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebi kriminaluri
xasiaTis iyos. im adamianebTan Catarebuli TiTqmis yvela gamokvleva, romlebsac,
miiCnevdnen, rom fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebdaT, exeboda sasjelmisjil
patimrebs. es pirovnebebi, ra Tqma unda, uaryofiTad iyvnen warmodgenilni. Tu Cven
imave Tvisebebs dadebiTad aRvwerT, miviRebT pirovnebis sruliad gansxvavebul tips.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, albaT, aRar iqneba imis mtkicebis safuZveli, rom amgvari tipis
adamianebi TavianTi bunebiT damnaSaveebi arian. Cveni kvlevisTvis fsiqopaTuri
individebi rom gveZebna, Semdegi gancxadeba unda gamogveqveynebina (Widom and Newman,
1985):
Tqven Tavgadasavlebis maZiebeli xarT?
mkvlevars surs, daukavSirdes Tavgadasavlebis maZiebel, udardel adamianebs, romlebic
amaRelvebel, impulsur cxovrebas ewevian. Tu Tqven xarT aseTi tipis pirovneba, romelic TiTqmis
yvelafers gaakeTebs riskis mizniT, dagvirekeT telefonze 337-XXXX, nebismier dros.

aseTi tipis adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen mkvlevrebi, jaSuSebi, banqos moTamaSeebi

an yoveldRiuri cxovrebis rutiniT Tavmobezrebulebi. SesaZloa, isini mzad iyvnen
kriminaluri avanturis dasagegmad, magram, aseTive warmatebiT, SeeWidon gamowvevebs
socialurad misaRebi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
damnaSaveobis fsiqologiur Teoriebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT, axsnan
danaSaulis mxolod zogierTi aspeqti. SesaZloa, zogierT damnaSaves hqondes iseTi
pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romlebic ganasxvavebs mas mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilisgan,
magram yovlad warmoudgenelia, rom damnaSaveebis umravlesobas axasiaTebdes aseTi
Tvisebebi. arsebobs uamravi saxis danaSauli da daujerebelia vifiqroT, rom im
adamianebs, romlebic danaSauls sCadian, zogierTi msgavsi gansakuTrebuli
fsiqologiuri Tviseba axasiaTebT. maSinac ki, Tu Cven danaSaulis erTi kategoriiT
SemovifarglebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mZime danaSaulebi, unda gaviTvaliswinoT
maTi Cadenis sxvadasxva garemoeba. zogierTi maTgani Cadenilia calkeuli
individebis mier, sxvebi ki - organizebuli jgufebis mier. SeuZlebelia, martoxela
damnaSaveebis fsiqologiuri xasiaTi iseTive iyos, rogorc mWidrod dakavSirebuli
bandis wevrebis. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SesaZlebelia myari fsiqologiuri
gansxvavebebis dakavSireba damnaSaveobis sxvadasxva formasTan, mainc ver avxsniT,
rogor moqmedebs aseTi mizezobrivi kavSiri. SesaZloa, kriminalur jgufebSi CarTva
ufro axdendes gavlenas adamianebis Sexedulebebze, vidre Tavad Sexedulebebi
iwvevdes kriminalur qcevas.

6
 sazogadoeba da danaSauli: sociologiuri Teoriebi
danaSaulis bunebis nebismieri damakmayofilebeli axsna unda iyos
sociologiuri, radgan danaSauli dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis socialur
institutebTan. danaSaulis Sesaxeb sociologiuri Tvalsazrisi Zalian did
yuradRebas amaxvilebs konformulobisa da deviaciis urTierTkavSirze sxvadasxva
socialur konteqstSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi arsebobs uamravi gansxvavebuli
subkultura. qceva, romelic Seesabameba romelime subkulturis normebs, SeiZleba
am subkulturis farglebs gareT ganvixiloT, rogorc devianturi. magaliTad,
SesaZloa, biWebis bandis romelime wevrze did zewolas axdendnen, rom man, Tavis
gamoCenis mizniT, manqana moiparos. garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi arsebobs didi
gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Zalauflebis mixedviT, rac did gavlenas axdens
sxvadaxva jgufis SesaZleblobebze. ar aris gasakvirveli, rom jibis qurdobasa da
qurdobas gatexviT, ZiriTadad, mosaxleobis Zalian Raribi nawilis
warmomadgenlebi sCadian; gaflangvebi da gadasaxadebidan Tavis arideba, definiciis
Tanaxmad, damaxasiaTebelia im adamianebisTvis, romlebic SeZlebulad cxovroben.

daswavlili deviacia: diferencirebuli asociacia

edvin h. sazerlendi danaSauls akavSirebda imasTan, rasac man diferencirebuli
asociacia uwoda. es idea Zalian martivia. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac arsebobs
sxvadasxva subkultura, zogierTi socialuri garemo xels uwyobs ukanono
moqmedebebs, zogierTi ki _ ara. individebi damnaSaveebi xdebian im adamianebTan
urTierTobis Sedegad, romlebic kriminalur normebs misdeven. sazerlendis
mixedviT, kriminalur qcevas, umetesad, swavloben pirvelad jgufebSi,
gansakuTrebiT, TanatolTa jgufebSi. es Teoria upirispirdeba im Tvalsazriss, rom
fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebi aris damnaSaveebis sxva adamianebisgan gansxvavebis
mizezi. am Teoriis mixedviT, kriminaluri saqmianobis daswavla TiTqmis iseve
SeiZleba, rogorc kanons daqvemdebarebuli moqmedebebis. orive saxis moqmedebebi
mimarTulia erTi da imave moTxovnilebebisa da Rirebulebebisaken. qurdebi iseve
cdiloben fulis gakeTebas, rogorc is adamianebi, romlebsac Cveulebrivi
samsaxuri aqvT, magram amis gasakeTeblad isini arakanonier saSualebebs irCeven.

struqturuli wnexi: anomia, rogorc danaSaulis mizezi

robert k. mertoni, danaSaulis interpretaciis dros, damnaSaveobas akavSirebs
devianturi qcevis sxva tipebTan da, amgvarad, xazs usvams damnaSavis normalurobas
(Merton 1957). mertonma mimarTa anomiis cnebas, rom Seeqmna Zalian mniSvnelovani
Teoria deviaciis Sesaxeb. rogorc I TavSi vnaxeT, anomiis cneba pirvelad Semoitana
emil diurkemma, sociologiis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma. igi Tvlida, rom Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, normebi da standartebi irRveva da ar xdeba maTi axliT Secvla.
anomia warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac socialuri cxovrebis garkveul sferoSi ar
arsebobs qcevis mkafio standartebi. diurkems miaCnda, rom aseT pirobebSi
adamianebi Tavgzaabneulebi da SeSfoTebulebi arian; amitom anomia aris erT-erTi
socialuri faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens TviTmkvlelobisken midrekilebaze.

7
 mertonma moaxdina anomiis cnebis modificireba, im wnexis aRsaniSnavad, romlis
qveSac xvdeba individi, roca miRebuli normebi upirispirdeba socialur realobas.
amerikul sazogadoebaSi da, garkveulwilad, sxva industriul qveynebSi,
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs materialur
warmatebas. warmatebis miRwevis mTavar saSualebebad iTvleba TviTdisciplina da
Seupovari muSaoba. amgvarad, adamianebs, romlebic namdvilad bevrs muSaoben,
SeuZliaT warmatebis miRweva, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra iyo maTi cxovrebis sawyisi
pozicia. sinamdvileSi, es ase ar aris, radgan im adamianebis umravlesobas,
romlebic Tavidanve araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, warmatebis misaRwevad
mxolod SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvT, an saerTod araviTari SesaZlebloba ar
eZlevaT. isini, vinc ver aRweven `warmatebas,~ ganwirulad Tvlian Tavs, TavianTi
aSkara uunarobis gamo, miaRwion materialur progress. am situaciaSi, didi zewola
xdeba, miaRwion winsvlas nebismieri saSualebiT, kanonieriT Tu ukanonoTi.
mertonis mixedviT, deviacia aris ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Tanmdevi Sedegi.
mertoni gamoyofs xuT SesaZlo reaqcias im daZabulobaze, romelic warmoiSoba
socialurad mxardaWeril Rirebulebebsa da maTi miRwevis SezRudul saSualebebs
Soris. konformistebi aRiareben rogorc sayovelTaod miRebul Rirebulebebs, ise
maTi ganxorcielebis sayovelTaod mxardaWeril saSualebebs, ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
warmatebulia isini Tu ara. mosaxleobis umravlesoba am kategorias ganekuTvneba.
inovatorebi aRiareben socialurad mowonebul Rirebulebebs, magram maT misaRwevad
ukanono da akrZalul saSualebebs iyeneben. ukanono saqmianobiT gamdidrebuli
kriminalebi am tipis deviaciis nimuSia.
ritualistebi eguebian socialurad aRiarebul standartebs, Tumca isini ukve
aRar aqceven yuradRebas im Rirebulebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven am standartebs.
wesebs Tavad wesebis gamo icaven, yovelgvari miznis gareSe, TiTqos iZulebiT.
ritualistebi, rogorc wesi, arian is adamianebi, romlebic mondomebiT asruleben
mosawyen samuSaos. Tumca, aseT samuSaoze karieris gakeTebis araviTari perspeqtiva
ar arsebobs da fuladi anazRaurebac umniSvneloa. retretistebi arian isini, vinc
mTlianad uars amboben konkurenciis perspeqtivaze da, amgvarad, uaryofen rogorc
gabatonebul Rirebulebebs, aseve maTi miRwevis saSualebebs. amis magaliTia
damoukidebeli erTobis wevrebi. bolos, meamboxeebi uaryofen arsebul
Rirebulebebs da saSualebebs, magram Zalian surT, isini Secvalon axali
RirebulebebiTa da saSualebebiT, da gardaqmnan socialuri sistema. radikaluri
politikuri jgufebis wevrebi miekuTvneba am kategorias.
mogvianebiT, zogma mkvlevarma sazerlendis diferencirebuli asociaciis cneba
(Sexeduleba, rom adamianebis jgufi, romelTanac individebi dakavSirebulni arian,
gavlenas axdens danaSaulis mimarT maT damokidebulebaze) daakavSira mertonis
tipoligiasTan. TavianT gamokvlevaSi biWebis damnaSave bandebis Sesaxeb, riCard a.
qlouardi da loid e. olini (1960) amtkicebdnen, rom aseTi bandebi warmoiSoba
subkulturul erTobebSi, sadac kanonieri gziT warmatebis miRwevis
SesaZleblobebi Zalian mcirea, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gaWirvebuli eTnikuri
umciresobebi. mkvlevrebis naSromSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda swored
konformulobasa da deviacias Soris kavSirs. warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobis
nakleboba, ufro farTo sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT, aris mTavari ganmasxvavebeli

8
faqtori kriminalur saqmianobaSi CarTul adamianebsa da kanonmorCil pirovnebebs
Soris.
Cven sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT im Sexedulebis mimarT, rom adamianebi ufro
Raribi erTobebidan da ufro mdidrebi erTnairad iswrafvian warmatebisaken.
sinamdvileSi, adamianebis umravlesoba cdilobs, sakuTari miswrafebebi miusadagos
imas, rac realisturad miaCnia. ar iqneba swori, Tu CavTvliT, rom miswrafebebisa
da SesaZleblobebis Seusabamoba damaxasiaTebelia mxolod naklebad
privilegirebuli adamianebisTvis. sxva jgufebSic arsebobs zewola kriminaluri
saqmianobis mimarT, magaliTad, e.w. TeTrsayeloianTa danaSaulebi _ gaflangva,
TaRliToba, gadasaxadebisgan Tavis arideba, rasac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

stigmatizaciis Teoria
erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan midgomas, romlis mizania damnaSaveobis gageba,
stigmatizaciis (iarliyis miwebebis) Teoria ewodeba, Tumca Tavad es termini
aRniSnavs urTierTdakavSirebuli ideebis jgufs da ara erTian Tvalsazriss.
stigmatizaciis Teoretikosebi deviacias gansazRvraven ara rogorc individebisTvis
an jgufebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis erTobliobas, aramed rogorc
deviantebsa da aradeviantebs Soris urTierTqmedebis process. maTi azriT,
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Tavad deviaciis buneba, upirveles yovlisa, unda
gamovikvlioT, ratom awebeben `deviantis~ iarliys zogierT adamians.
ZiriTadad, swored is adamianebi awebeben iarliys, romlebic kanonisa da
wesrigis damcvel Zalebs warmoadgenen, an SeuZliaT, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
zneobis definiciebi sxvebs moaxvion Tavs. amgvarad, iarliyebi, romlebic deviaciis
kategoriebs qmnian, asaxavs sazogadoebis Zalauflebis struqturas. saerTod, wesebi,
romelTa mixedviTac deviacia ganisazRvreba, Seqmnilia mdidrebis mier
RaribebisTvis, kacebis mier qalebisTvis, asakovani adamianebis mier ufro
axalgazrdebisTvis da eTnikuri umravlesobebis mier umciresobebis jgufebisTvis.
magaliTad, bevri bavSvi Zvreba da daxetialobs sxva adamianebis baRebSi, iparavs
xils an acdens gakveTilebs. mdidar samezobloSi, bavSvebis es qcevebi mSoblebma,
maswavleblebma da policiam, SesaZloa, Seafason erTnairad, rogorc udanaSaulo
bavSvuri garToba. Rarib raionebSi ki, es qmedebebi, SesaZloa, CaTvalon mozardTa
damnaSaveobisadmi midrekilebis damadasturebel faqtebad.
rogorc ki bavSvs damnaSavis (delinquentis) iarliys miawebeben, is ukve xdeba
damnaSavis stigmis matarebeli da, albaT, maswavleblebi da, momavalSi, samsaxurSi
damqiraveblebi, mas arasando pirovnebad miiCneven. Semdeg, individi kvlav sCadis
kriminalur qmedebas da amiT ufro Sordeba sayovelTaod miRebul socialur
wesebs. edvin lemerti (1972) kanonis darRvevis Tavdapirvel aqts uwodebs pirvelad
deviacias. meoradi deviacia xdeba maSin, rodesac individisTvis misaRebi xdeba
miwebebuli iarliyi da Tavis Tavs deviantad miiCnevs.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT lukas qceva. biWma vitrinis fanjara Caamtvria, rodesac
SabaTs, RamiT, amxanagebTan erTad qalaqgareT imyofeboda. es qmedeba, albaT,
Sefasdeba, rogorc aRgznebuli qcevis SemTxveviTi Sedegi, rac axalgazrdebs
epatiebaT xolme. luka, albaT, dasjas gadaurCeba da dasjerdebian mxolod
miTiTebas, sayvedurs an mcire jarimas. Tu is `respeqtabeluri~ ojaxidan aris,
9
albaT, Sedegi aseTi iqneba. fanjris gatexvas CaTvlian pirvelad deviaciad, Tu mas
miiCneven wesier, kargi xasiaTis axalgazrdad, romelic im SemTxvevaSi Zalian
Tavqarianad moiqca. meore mxriv, Tu policia da sasamarTlo gamoitanen pirobiT
sasjels da aiZuleben lukas, mimarTos socialur muSaks, incidenti, SesaZloa,
gaxdes pirveli nabiji meoradi deviaciisaken mimaval gzaze. `devianturi qcevis
daswavlis~ procesze swored is organizaciebi amaxvileben yuradRebas, romlebic,
savaraudod, Seiqmna misi gamosworebis mizniT _ cixeebi da TavSesafrebi.
stigmatizaciis Teoria Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan is Tvlis, rom arc erTi
moqmedeba ar aris kriminaluri Tavisi bunebiT. damnaSaveobis gansazRvrebebs qmnian
Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi. isini amas axorcieleben kanonebis SeqmniTa da
policiis, sasamarTloebisa da gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis mier am kanonebis
interpretaciis saSualebiT. stigmatizaciis Teoriis kritikosebi zogjer
amtkiceben, rom arsebobs garkveuli moqmedebebi, romlebic, sinamdvileSi, yvela
kulturaSi mkacrad aris akrZaluli, rogoricaa mkvleloba, gaupatiureba da
yaCaRoba. es Sexeduleba, ra Tqma unda, ar aris swori. Tqvens sakuTar kulturaSic
ki, mokvlas yovelTvis ar ganixilaven, rogorc mkvlelobas, danaSauls. omis dros
mtris mokvla dadebiTad aRiqmeba; bolo dromde, britaneTis kanonebis Tanaxmad,
qmris mier colis mimarT ZaliT ganxorcielebuli sqesobrivi kavSiri ar
iTvleboda gaupatiurebad.
Cven SegviZlia ufro dasabuTebulad gavakritikoT iarliyis miwebebis Teoria
sxva mizezebis gamo. pirveli, stigmatizaciis Teoretikosebi did mniSvnelobas
aniWeben iarliyis miwebebis aqtiur process, xolo is procesebi, romlebic iwveven
deviantur moqmedebebs, maTi yuradRebis miRma rCeba. aSkaraa, rom garkveuli
qmedebebisTvis deviantis iarliyis miwebeba ar aris mTlianad TviTneburi;
socializaciis, atitudebisa da SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebebi gavlenas axdens
imaze, Tu ramdenad arian adamianebi CarTulni qcevaSi, romelsac, albaT,
devianturis iarliys awebeben. magaliTad, Zalian Raribi ojaxis bavSvebi, SesaZloa,
ufro xSirad iparaven maRaziidan, vidre ufro mdidari bavSvebi. jer erTi, isini
iarliyis miwebebis gamo ki ar iparaven, aramed im mdgomareobis gamo, romelSic
cxovroben.
meore, sinamdvileSi, ar aris cxadi, iarliyis miwebeba axdens Tu ara gavlenas
devianturi qcevis ricxvis gazrdaze. Cveulebriv, msjavris dadebis Semdeg,
delinquenturi qceva izrdeba, magram es Tavad iarliyis miwebebis Sedegia?
SesaZloa, aq sxva faqtorebic erTveba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxva delinquentebTan
urTierTqmedebis gazrda an axali kriminaluri SesaZleblobebis gacnoba.

naxati: legaluroba da aralegaluroba: wamali da kanoni Tanamedrove

britaneTSi. wamlis miReba stigmatizaciis Teoriis karg ilustrirebas axdens,
radgan adamianebs, zogadad, gacilebiT tolerantuli damokidebuleba aqvT,
magaliTad, alkoholis, vidre iseTi wamlis mimarT, rogoricaa kanafi an heroini.
Tumca, sxvebis msgavsad, alkoholic wamalia da janmrTelobis araerT problemas
iwvevs.
wyaro: Guardian, pirvelad gamoqveynda Education Guardian-Si, 12 noemberi, 1991, gv. 2. grafikis avtoria
pedi aleni.

10
 gamowerili wamlebi: legaluria
wamlebi legaluria, Tu isini gamowerilia. aq Sedis barbituratebi da
trankvilizatorebi, romelTac adamianebs dasamSvideblad an Zilis mosagvrelad
uweren. mralavi maTgani damokidebulebas iwvevs. Tavis danebebis Sedegia
mRelvareba, uZiloba da mentaluri aRreva.

alkoholi: legaluria
alkoholis yidva, gayidva da miReba zrdasruli adamianebis mier legaluria.
iwarmoeba xilis, bostneulis da xorblis fermentebisgan. misi momxmareblebi Tavs
grZnoben nakleb moridebulad da metad gantvirTulad. alkoholze damokidebuleba
iwvevs kuWis da RviZlis darRvevebs, aseve araswor kvebas da saRi azris Sesustebas.
axasiaTebs damokidebulebis Zlieri riski.

lsd: aralegaluria
lizergiuli mJava (lsd) umetesad kafsulis saxiT miiReba. misi moqmedebis qveS
myofi adamianebi gansxvavebulad xedaven an esmiT. ar aris cnobili misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli raime fizikuri gverdiTi movlena, Tumca cudma gamocdilebam,
SesaZloa, gamoiwvios mRelvareba da depresia. wamali ,,eqstazi” warmoadgens
amfetaminebisa da lsd-s kombinacias.

kanafi: aralegaluria
buCqovani mcenare, romelic velurad izrdeba msoflios umetes nawilSi.
Cveulebriv, ewevian. is iwvevs gantvirTvas, zrdis metyvelebis unars da
mgrZnobelobas xmis, gemos da sxv. mimarT. mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios aRreva,
mRelvareba da depresiac. miiCneva, rom kanafi ar iwvevs damokidebulebas.

gamxsneli: SezRudulia
maRaziebs ekrZalebaT misi gayidva 16 welze umcrosi asakis bavSvebisTvis, Tu
isini fiqroben, rom bavSvebi daiwyeben mis CasunTqvas. orTqlis CasunTqva xdeba
webodan, saRebavebidan, acetonidan da a.S., rac yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia 12-16
wlis mozardebSi. misi Sedegia siamovnebis an Tavbrusxvevis SegrZneba. misma
gamoyenebam, SesaZloa, gamoiwvios tvinis dazianeba. gamoirCeva damokidebulebis
maRali riskiT. SesaZloa sikvdilic, mowamlvis an SemTxveviT daxrCobis gamo.

heroini: aralegaluria
narkotikis yvelaze gavrcelebuli borotadgamoyenebadi forma. narkotikebi
moqmedebs nervul sistemaze da xSirad iwvevs siamovnebis gancdas. ganmeorebiTi
gamoyeneba iwvevs damokidebulebas. Tavis danebeba iwvevs tkivils, kankals da
spazmebs. axlavs inficirebis riski, Tu gamoiyeneba saerTo an arasteriluri nemsebi.

Teoriuli daskvnebi
rogori daskvnis gakeTeba SegviZlia, danaSaulis Teoriebis ganxilvis Semdeg?
upirveles yovlisa, Cven unda gavixsenoT adre gakeTebuli SeniSvna: miuxedavad
imisa, rom danaSauli aris mTeli devianturi qcevis mxolod erTi qvekategoria, is
11
moicavs saqmianobis iseT mravalferovnebas _ maRaziaSi Sokoladis filis
SeumCnevlad moparvidan, masobriv mkvlelobamde _ rom sruliad SeuZlebelia iseTi
erTiani Teoriis Seqmna, romelic axsnis kriminaluri qcevis yvela formas.
zemoT ganxiluli TiToeuli Teoria gvexmareba, kargad gavigoT danaSaulis
zogierTi aspeqti an tipi. biologiuri da fsiqologiuri midgomebis saSualebiT,
SesaZlebelia im pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra, romlebic socialuri
codnis da gamocdilebis calkeul konteqstSi, winaswar ganawyobs garkveul
individebs, ifiqron kriminaluri moqmedebebis Cadenaze. magaliTad, adamianebi, visac
axasiaTebT iseTi niSnebi, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, fsiqopaTurs uwodeben, SeiZleba
ufro metad iyvnen warmodgenilebi mZime damnaSaveebis zogierT kategoriaSi, vidre
mTel mosaxleobaSi. meore mxriv, SesaZloa, isini Zalian bevrni iyvnen im adamianebs
Soris, romlebic udides gmirobas sCadian an sarisko saqmianobas ewevian.
danaSaulis sociologiuri Teoriebis wvlili ormagia. pirveli, es Teoriebi
samarTlianad aniWebs did mniSvnelobas kriminalur da `wesier~ qcevas Soris
arsebul uwyvet kavSirs. is situaciebi, sadac garkveuli tipis saqmianobebi
kriminalurad miaCniaT da isini kanoniT isjeba, mniSvnelovnad varirebs. meorec,
socialuri codna da socialuri garemo arsebiT gavlenas axdens imaze, CaerTveba
Tu ara pirovneba kriminalur aqtivobaSi da ganixilaven Tu ara mas kriminalad.
miuxedavad zogierTi xarvezisa, stigmatizaciis Teoria yvelaze ufro farTod
gavrcelebuli midgomaa, romelic gamoiyeneba danaSaulisa da devianturi qcevis
asaxsnelad. am Teoriis saSualebiT, Cven gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vaqcevT im
pirobebs, romlebSic zogierTi saqmianoba miiCneva kanoniT dasasjelad, da
Zalauflebis im urTierTobebs, romlebic aseT warmodgenebs ganapirobeben, aseve, im
garemoebebs, romlebSic garkveuli individebi kanons arRveven.
axla uSualod im kriminaluri qmedebebis buneba ganvixiloT, romlebic
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi xdeba, da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gavamaxviloT
danaSaulze gaerTianebul samefoSi.

danaSauli da danaSaulis statistika

ra sixSiriT aqvs adgili danaSauls da sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis romeli

formebia yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli:? am kiTxvebze pasuxi rom gavceT, SegviZlia
gavecnoT danaSaulis oficialur statistikas. radgan aseTi statistika
regularulad qveyndeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Zneli ar aris danaSaulis
raodenobis gansazRvra, magram es varaudi mcdaria. statistika danaSaulisa da
mozardTa damnaSaveobis Sesaxeb, albaT, yvelaze nakleb sarwmunoa socialuri
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb oficialurad gamoqveynebul yvela monacems Soris.
danaSaulis oficialuri statistikis yvelaze mTavari nakli is aris, rom igi
Seicavs mxolod im danaSaulebs, romlebic, faqtobrivad, policiis mier aris
registrirebuli. SesaZlo danaSaulsa da policiis mier mis registracias Soris
arsebobs problemuri gadawyvetilebebis grZeli jaWvi. danaSaulebis umravlesobis,
gansakuTrebiT, wvrilmani qurdobis, Sesaxeb policias arasdros atyobineben.
adamianebi gansxvavdebian unariT, gamoicnon danaSauli, da surviliT, acnobon

12
policias amis Sesaxeb. im danaSaulebidan, romelTac policias atyobineben,
garkveuli nawili ar aris aRniSnuli statistikur monacemebSi, magaliTad, policia,
SesaZloa, skeptikurad iyos ganwyobili Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb misTvis
miwodebuli informaciis sandoobis mimarT. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom yvela
seriozuli danaSaulis, sul cota, naxevars (maT Soris, Zaladobrivi gaupatiurebis,
Zarcvis, mZime Sedegebis mqone Tavdasxmis), ar atyobineben policias.
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 1973 wlidan atarebs
intervius SemTxveviTi SerCevis gziT arCeul 60000 ojaxSi, wina eqvsi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva saxis danaSaulebis msxverplTa raodenobis dadgenis
mizniT. am gamokvlevas ewodeba `danaSaulis erovnuli gamokiTxva.~ am gamokvlevam
daadastura, rom policias ar awvdian informacias seriozuli danaSaulebis
umetesobis Sesaxeb. yvelaze xSirad atyobineben komerciuli xasiaTis Zarcvis
Sesaxeb (86 procenti), xolo yvelaze iSviaTad _ binaSi 50 dolarze naklebi Tanxis
qurdobis Sesaxeb (15 procenti). 1982 da 1984 wlebis `danaSaulis britanul
gamokiTxvamde~ (BCS), ar arsebobda gaerTianebul samefoSi araregistrirebuli
danaSaulis oficialuri Sefaseba. britaneTSi araregistrirebuli danaSaulebis
magaliTebi, romlebic gamovlinda danaSaulis Sesaxeb britanuli gamokiTxvis
Sedegad, zustad Seesabameba amerikul monacemebs.

diagrama 8.1 mizezebi, romelTa gamoc policias ar acnobes danaSaulebis

Sesaxeb (maTi procentuli wili, vinc sakuTar Tavze iwvnia danaSauli da ar acnoba
amis Sesaxeb policias; SesaZlebeli iyo erTze meti mizezis miTiTeba), inglisi da
uelsi, 1993
Zalian umniSvnelo danaSauli, danakargi ar iyo
policias arafris gakeTeba ar SeeZlo
Cven Tavad gavumklavdiT, policiis Careva ar iyo saWiro
es policias ar daainteresebda
Seatyobines xelisuflebis sxva organoebs
SetyobinebisaTvis mouxerxebeli situacia
SiSis represalia (samagieros gadaxdis SiSi)
policiis SiSi/siZulvili
sxva
wyaro: British Crime Survey, Home Office, From Social Trends, 1996, gv. 165.

danaSaulis namdvili raodenobis gasagebad ar aris sakmarisi, rom policiis

mier oficialurad registrirebuli danaSaulebis raodenobas, ubralod, davumatoT
is danaSaulebi, romlebic policias ar Seatyobines, radgan gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva adgilobrivi policiis Zalebis mier danaSaulis registrirebis praqtika.
zogierTi policia ufro nakleb danaSauls aRniSnavs, vidre sxvebi. es an maTi
muSaobis araefeqturobis gamo xdeba, an imitom, rom maT mier Sedgenili
dapatimrebis pataki ukeTesi gamoCndes. britaneTSi, mTavroba regularulad atarebs
ojaxebis sayovelTao gamokiTxvas, erovnuli SerCevis safuZvelze. gamokiTxvam
moicva 1972, 1973, 1979 da 1980 wlebSi binebis Zarcvis Sesaxeb SekiTxvebic. ojaxebs
sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT nebismieri aseTi Zarcva, romelic moxda intervius
Catarebamde, wina Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi. 1981 wels Catarebulma gamokvlevam
13
aCvena, rom 1972-1980 wlebSi TiTqmis ar Secvlila binis Zarcvis SemTxvevis ricxvi,
Tumca, im periodSi, britaneTis danaSaulis oficialurma statistikam, romelic
iyenebs informacias policiisadmi Setyobinebul danaSaulTa Sesaxeb, aCvena, rom
aseTi tipis danaSauli 50 procentiT gaizarda. albaT, es aSkara zrda imis Sedegia,
rom amaRlda danaSaulis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis informirebulobis done, rac iwvevs
met Setyobinebas; da kidev, ufro efeqturi gaxda policiis mier monacemebis
Segrovebis meTodebi.
im danaSaulebis statistikuri gazomvis mixedviT, romlebsac policias
atyobineben, gaerTianebul samefoSi, naxevar saukuneze metia, danaSaulis raodenoba,
met-naklebad, mudmivad izrdeba. 1920 wlamde, policia inglissa da uelsSi
yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 100.000 danaSaulis Sesaxeb iRebda Setyobinebas. 1950
wlisTvis am ricxvma daaxloebiT 500.000-s miaRwia, xolo 1991 wels _ 5 milions
gadaaWarba. amgvarad, dRes policia yovelwliurad aregistrirebs cxraze met
danaSauls yovel as kacze. SesaZloa, CrdiloeT irlandia asocirdeba
teroristuli Zaladobis maRal donesTan, magram, policiis statistikuri
monacemebis mixedviT, iq danaSaulis saerTo done sakmaod Camouvardeba inglisisa
da uelsis dones da warmoadgens mxolod oTx danaSauls yovel as kacze.
oficialuri statistikiT, Zaladobis gamoyenebiT Cadenili danaSaulis raodenoba
mkveTrad gaizarda bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. danaSaulis britanuli
gamokvlevebis monacemebi imasac aCvenebs, rom 1981 wlidan 1991 wlamde, sakuTrebis
xelyofasTan dakavSirebuli danaSauli 95 procentiT gaizarda, xolo pirovnebis
mimarT Cadenili danaSauli _ 21 procentiT. Cans, aq aris sakmaod mWidro
urTierTkavSiri danaSaulis aseT zrdasa da mamakacTa umuSevrobis donis matebas
Soris. 16-29 wlis umuSevari axalgazrda mamakacebis raodenoba danaSaulis orive
kategoriaSi Zalian didia. regionuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi kavSiri
realurad arsebobs. qveyanaSi dasaqmebis ZiriTadi adgilebi, rogoricaa mersisaidi,
didi manCesteri, dasavleT midlendi, samxreT uelsi da didi londoni, agreTve
warmoadgenen danaSaulis `Sav laqebs~ (Wells 1995).

diagrama 8.2 policiis mier registrirebuli danaSaulebi 100 sul mosaxleze,

1951-1994
inglisi da uelsi
CrdiloeT irlandia
wyaro: Home Offence; Royal Ulster Constabulary. Social Trends-dan, 1996, gv. 159.

axali memarcxene realizmi

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, kriminologebs, gansakuTrebiT, ufro liberaluri an
memarcxene Sexedulebis kriminologebs, undodaT, minimumamde daeyvanaT danaSaulis
oficialuri maCveneblis zrdis mniSvneloba. isini cdilobdnen, eCvenebinaT, rom
mediam gamoiwvia zedmeti saxalxo mRelvareba aRniSnuli sakiTxis gamo. isini
amtkicebdnen, rom danaSauli, yvelaze metad, uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
protestis SeniRbuli formaa. am pozicias daSorda axali memarcxene realizmi,
romelic asocirdeba joq iangis naSromTan (Young 1988).
axali memarcxene realizmi acxadebs, rom danaSauli, sinamdvileSi, gaizarda da
rom sazogadoeba samarTlianad wuxs am faqtis gamo. Sesabamisad, es midgoma
14
cdilobs, ufro metad danaSaulis msxverplze gaamaxvilos yuradReba da naklebad
ainteresebs mxolod is adamianebi, romlebic danaSauls sCadian. amtkiceben, rom
msxverplTa gamokiTxvebi ufro sarwmuno suraTs gvaZlevs danaSaulis
gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT, vidre oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi an
danaSaulis britanuli gamokiTxva (Ewans, 1992). iangis azriT, msxverplTa Seswavla
aCvenebs, rom policia agebs brZolas danaSaulis winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT,
qalaqis Sida, uRaribes, umuSevarTa raionebSi. quCis danaSauli, maT Soris,
sxvadasxva saxis Zaladoba, narkotikebiT vaWroba da vandalizmi, mkveTrad gaizarda.
es midgoma eyrdnoba qlouordisa da olinis, mertonisa da sxvebis
Sexedulebebs. is miuTiTebs, rom Sida qalaqebSi viTardeba kriminaluri
subkulturebi. aseTi subkulturebi ar warmoiqmneba Tavad siRaribis gamo, aramed
imitom, rom iq mcxovrebi adamianebi ar arian CarTulni ufro did erTobaSi.
magaliTad, kriminaluri axalgazrduli jgufebi moqmedeben `respeqtabeluri
sazogadoebis~ zRvarze da upirispirdebian mas. is faqti, rom Savkanianebis mier
Cadenili danaSaulis raodenoba bolo wlebSi gaizarda, imiT aixsneba, rom
rasobrivi integraciis politikam marcxi ganicada.
am midgomis kritikosebi aRiareben, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania danaSaulis
msxverplze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, magram isini miuTiTeben, rom sazogadoebis mier
danaSaulis aRqma, xSirad, stereotipebs anu mcdar warmodgenebs efuZneba. SesaZloa,
axali memarcxene realizmi uneblied mxars uWers stereotips: Savkaniani =
kriminali. es midgoma gaakritikes imis gamoc, rom mas zedmetad gadaaqvs yuradReba
msxverplze. saWiroa, rogorc msxverplis, ise damnaSavis cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis gamokvleva (Hughes 1991).

mkvleloba da sxva mZime danaSaulebi

mkvleloba
mkvlelobebis Sesaxeb monacemebi, albaT, yvelaze ufro zustia danaSaulis
statistikaSi. Tumca, aqac aris problemebi. imisaTvis, rom sikvdils mieces
mkvlelobis klasifikacia, saWiroa dadgindes, rom Cadenili iyo danaSauli.
Cveulebriv, es niSnavs, rom saWiroa gvamis povna; mxolod sikvdilis mcire ricxvs
aRiareben mkvlelobad, rodesac gvami ar aris napovni. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
gvamis adgili dadgenilia, mkvleloba SeiZleba mxolod maSin vivaraudoT, Tu
arsebobs iseTi garemoebebi, romlebic miuTiTebs, rom sikvdili ar iyo `bunebrivi,~
magaliTad, Zlieri sisxlCaqcevebi an gaxeTqili Tavis qala. Tu saqme aRiZvreba
vinmes winaaRmdeg, eWvmitanili, SesaZloa, aRiaron damnaSaved adamianis SemTxveviT
mkvlelobaSi (ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenil ukanono qmedebaSi) da ara ganzrax
mkvlelobaSi.
koronerebis (gamomZieblebis, romlebic mkvlelobisa da uecari sikvdilis
gamokvlevas awarmoeben) angariSebze damyarebuli sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis
statistikuri monacemebi, iZleva mkvlelobaTa donis gazomvis saSualebas, romelic
policiis angariSebisgan met-naklebad damoukidebelia. koronerTa angariSebi ar
aris mTlianad zusti, radgan maT, SesaZloa, SecdomiT miiCnion mkvlelobad raime
SemTxveva, an arasworad CaTvalon mkvleloba TviTmkvlelobad. magram aseTi
15
statistikuri monacemebi, ZiriTadad, Seesatyviseba policiis angariSebSi aRniSnuli
mkvlelobebis dones da, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es monacemebi, albaT, sakmaod
zustia.

diagrama 8.3 mkvlelobis aRnusxvis (an araRnusxvis) sxvadasxva gza danaSaulis

statistikaSi
wyaro: A. K. Bottomley and K. Pease, Crime and Punishment: Interpreting the Data (Open University
Press 1986), gv. 9.
sikvdilis Tavdapirveli klasifikacia mkvlelobad

sikvdili ,,moxsnili” kriminaluri statistikidan ← sikvdils kvlavac ganixilaven, rogorc

mkvlelobas ← sikvdilis Semdgomi klasifikacia mkvlelobad → sikvdilis faqti ar aRiricxeba
kriminalur statistikaSi
kriminalur statistikaSi aRar Seyvana ← mkvleli dasjilia
kriminalur statistikaSi Seyvana mkvlelobis saxiT ← mkvlelobis verdiqtis gamotana
kriminalur statistikaSi Seyvana ganuzraxavi mkvlelobis saxiT ← mkvlelobis verdiqti
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobiT
kriminalur statistikaSi Seyvana sxva saxis SemTxveviTi mkvlelobis saxiT ← SemTxveviTi
mkvlelobis verdiqti

mZime danaSauli aSS-Si

aravin davobs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelic kriminalurma statistikam
gamoavlina. mZime danaSaulebis done gansakuTrebiT maRalia SeerTebul StatebSi,
sxva industriul qveynebTan, maT Soris britaneTTan, SedarebiT (Tumca, es ar unda
SevadaroT mesame msoflios dones - ix. diagrama 8.1). detroitSi, romlis
mosaxleoba mxolod erT milion naxevarze metia, weliwadSi ufro meti mkvleloba
aris registrirebuli, vidre mTel gaerTianebul samefoSi, romlis mosaxleoba 55
milioni adamiania. am konteqstis mixedviT Tu SevafasebT, SeerTebuli Statebi aris
kultura, romelSic mZime danaSaulebi yvavis. ratom xdeba ase?
pasuxis gacemisas, amis mizezad zogjer im faqts asaxeleben, rom qveyanaSi
Zalian bevri revolveri da sxva saxis cecxlsasroli iaraRia. es, ra Tqma unda,
sinamdviles Seesabameba, magram mxolod amaze dayrdnobiT ver gavcemT srul pasuxs.
SveicariaSi mZime danaSaulis Zalian dabali donea, Tumca cecxlsasroli iaraRi
advilad xelmisawvdomia. yvela moqalaqeobis mqone mamakaci aris moqalaqeTa
laSqris wevri da saxlSi inaxavs iaraRs, maT Soris, SaSxanebs, revolverebsa da,
zogjer, sxva avtomatur iaraRs, agreTve, samxedro aRWurvilobas. arc iaraRze
licenziis miReba aris Zneli (Clinard 1978). albaT, SeerTebul StatebSi mZime
danaSaulis maRali donis axsna unda veZeboT Semdegi mizezebis erTobliobaSi:
cecxlsasroli iaraRis xelmisawvdomoba, `axalmosaxleTa tradiciebis~ sayovelTao
zegavlena da did qalaqebSi Zaladobrivi subkulturebis arseboba. axalmosaxleTa,
kolonistebisa da vijilantebis (`sifxizlis komitetis~ wevrebis) Zaladoba
amerikis istoriis nawilia, romelsac Tayvans scemen. qalaqebSi dafuZnebuli
zogierT pirvel emigrantul raionSi axlad dasaxlebulebma Seqmnes TavianTi
samezoblos socialuri kontrolis sakuTari araformaluri meTodi, romelic
emyareboda Zaladobasa da Zaladobis muqaras. msgavsad amisa, axalgazrdebma

16
SavkanianTa da espanurenovan erTobebSi Camoayalibes vaJkacobisa da Rirsebis
subkulturebi, romlebic asocirdeboda Zaladobis ritualebTan.
mniSvnelovania, aRvniSnoT, rom bevri mZime danaSauli yoveldRiuri xasiaTisaa.
SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebisa da mkvlelobebis umetesoba nalebad hgavs
SeiaraRebuli banditebis sisxlismsmel, gaafTrebul moqmedebebs, romlebsac
masmedia yvelaze mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs. saerTod, mkvleloba xdeba an
ojaxSi, an sxva naTesauri kavSirebis mqone adamianebs Soris. aseTi danaSauli
bevrad ufro xSirad alkoholis zemoqmedebiT xdeba, vidre narkotikebis gamo, rac
ar aris gasakviri - is gapirobebulia alkoholis ufro didi moxmarebiT.
mkvlelobaTa mniSvnelovani nawili aris `msxverplis mier wamowyebuli~ _
msxverpli fataluri ganrisxebis moTavea. is akeTebs muqaris gamomxatvel pirvel
moZraobas an pirvelad is artyams. bevri aseTi magaliTia mocemuli volfgangis
kvlevaSi, romelic SeerTebul StatebSi Catarda. masSi Tavidanvea yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli am movlenaze, magaliTad, `msxverpli ganrisxda, rodesac SesaZlo
mkvlelma mas mosTxova fuli, romelic mas emarTa. msxverplma uceb xeli staca
najaxs da gaemarTa Tavisi kreditorisken, romelmac amoaZro dana da mas daartya~
(Wolfgang 1958, gv. 253; ixileT, agreTve, Campbell and Gibbs 1986).
modiT, vnaxoT, ra emarTebaT maT, vinc, sinamdvileSi, damnaSaved scnes.
danaSaulis sazRauri aris sasjeli; dRes danaSaulisTvis sasjelis yvelaze ufro
gavrcelebuli forma aris cixeSi Casma, Tumca umniSvnelo danaSaulisTvis
sayovelTaod miRebulia jarimis gadaxda.

cixeebi da sasjeli

dasjis formebis cvlilebebi

mecxramete saukunis adreul periodamde, cixeSi Casma, rogorc sasjeli
danaSaulisTvis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda. nebismieri zomis qalaqebis umetesobaSi
iyo adgilobrivi cixe, magram es cixeebi, Cveulebriv, Zalian mcire iyo da iq
erTdroulad sam an oTxze meti patimris moTavseba SeuZlebeli iyo. isini
gamoiyeneboda Ramis ganmavlobaSi mTvralebis `gasagrileblad~, iSviaTad ki,
rogorc adgilebi, sadac braldebulebi sasamarTlo process elodebodnen. did
evropul qalaqebSi, cixeebi sxvadasxva zomis iyo. maTSi aTavsebdnen adamianebs,
romelTa umetesoba ukve damnaSaved scnes da isini ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvanas
elodebodnen. es dawesebulebebi Zalian gansxvavdebodnen im cixeebisgan, romlebic
didi raodenobiT aaSenes mecxramete saukunis bolosa da Semdgom periodSi.
disciplina cixeSi Zalian susti iyo an saerTod ar arsebobda. zogjer maT, vinc
unda daesajaT, miwisqveSa sapyrobileSi agdebdnen da ganaCenis aRsrulebamde isini
mxolod sapyrobilis zedamxedvels xedavdnen, magram, ufro xSirad, cixis
atmosfero saocrad Tavisufali da mSvidi iyo, Tanamedrove standartebTan
SedarebiT.
jonaTan aTolma, danaSaulis istorikosma, aRwera cxovreba niugeitSi,
londonis erT-erT Zvel cixeSi. es iyo xmauriani, mxiaruli adgili, mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi uamravi mnaxveliT. 1790 wels, erT-erTma msjavrdebulma cixeSi
mejlisi moawyo. Cans, es ar iyo uCveulo movlena: `Cai miarTves SuadRis 4 saaTze,
17
violinosa da fleitis musikis TanxlebiT, amis Semdeg kompania cekvavda 8 saaTamde,
roca civi vaxSami moitanes. saRamos wveuleba daiSala 9 saaTze, rodesac,
Cveulebriv, cixe iketeboda” (Atholl 1954, gv. 66). mecxramete saukunemde,
danaSaulisTvis sasjelis mTavari formebi iyo: adamianebis xundebSi Casma,
gamaTraxeba, cxeli rkiniT daRis amowva an CamoxrCoba. ganaCeni sisruleSi
mohyavdaT saxalxod da mas bevri adamiani eswreboda. zogi dasja aTasobiT adamians
izidavda. CamosaxrCobad gamzadebul patimrebs SeeZloT sityvis warmoTqma, TavianTi
moqmedebebis gamarTleba da Tavis udanaSaulod gamocxadeba. brbo msjavrdebulebs
amxnevebda mowonebis SeZaxilebiT, an gamkicxavi SeZaxilebiT gamoTqvamda Tavis
damokidebulebas, an vaSas SemosZaxebda Tu ustvenda imisda mixedviT, iq damswre
sazogadoeba rogor afasebda damnaSavis warmoTqmul sityvas.
Tanamedrove cixeebi saTaves iRebs warsulis SromiT-gamosasworebel
banakebidan da ara sapatimroebidan an miwisqveSa sapyrobileebidan. SromiT-
gamosasworebeli banakebi Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna meCvidmete saukuneSi, evropis
qveynebis udides nawilSi da gavrcelda feodalizmis rRvevis periodSi; bevrma
glexma ver SeZlo miwis damuSavebis samuSaos miReba da amitom gaxda mawanwala.
SromiT-gamosasworebel banakebSi maT aWmevdnen, magram aiZulebdnen, drois udidesi
nawili am dawesebulebaSi gaetarebinaT da Zalian bevri eSromaT. miuxedavad amisa,
SromiTi saxlebi gaxda is adgilebi, sadac aTavsebdnen sxva jgufebs, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gareT aravin zrunavda maTze. eseni iyvnen: avadmyofebi,
xandazmulebi, gonebasustebi da suliT avadmyofebi.
meTvramete saukuneSi, cixeebi, TavSesafrebi da samkurnalo dawesebulebebi
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gaxda. reformatorebi protests gamoTqvamdnen
tradiciuli sasjelebis gamo. maTi azriT, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iyo ufro
efeqturi saSualeba kriminaluri saqmianobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mkvleloba
yvelaze ufro saSiS danaSaulad aRiares, radgan ufro did politikur sistemaSi
gaCnda pirovnuli Tavisuflebis uflebebi da sxva pirovnebis mokvla miCneul iqna
saboloo Setevad adamianis uflebebze. mas Semdeg, rac miiCnies, rom cixeebs
kriminalebis gawvrTnis mizani unda hqonoda _ maT unda eswavlaT disciplinisa da
konformulobis jansaRi Cvevebi - adamianebis sajarod dasjis idea TandaTan gaqra.

cixeebi da moraluri gamosworeba

cixeSi Casma aris damnaSaveebis dasjisa da maTgan moqalaqeebis dacvis
saSualeba. magram cixis sistemis mTavari principi aris individis `gamosworeba~,
raTa SemdegSi man SeZlos sazogadoebaSi Sesaferisi da saTanado rolis
Sesruleba. axdenen ki cixeebi aseT efeqts im adamianebze, romlebic izolirebulni
arian iq garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi? faqtebi aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom ara.
rogorc wesi, axla patimrebs fizikurad ukve aRar sjian, rogorc es adre iyo
miRebuli, Tumca cemis faqtebi cixeebSi, qalebis cixeebSic ki, jer kidev arsebobs.
patimrebs bevri sxvadasxva tipis deprivacia awuxebT. isini moklebulni arian ara
marto Tavisuflebas, aramed Semosavals, ojaxebsa da yofil megobrebTan
urTierTobebs, heteroseqsualur kavSirebs, sakuTar tansacmelsa da sxva pirad
nivTebs. isini xSirad cxovroben xalxiT gadavsebul saknebSi da iZulebulni arian,

18
daemorCilon TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis disciplinis wesebsa da
reglamentacias.
aseT pirobebSi cxovreba, cixis patimrebsa da gare sazogadoebas Soris
gaTiSvas ufro iwvevs, vidre am sazogadoebis normebisadmi maTi qcevis adaptacias.
patimrebma urTierTobebi unda daamyaron im garemosTan, romelic Zalian
gansxvavebulia gare samyarosgan. is Cvevebi da atitudebi, romlebsac isini cixeSi
swavloben, Zalian xSirad, diametralurad imis sapirispiroa, rac maT unda SeiZinon.
magaliTad, maT uviTardebaT Suris grZnoba sxva moqalaqeebis mimarT, Zaladobas
normad Tvlian, damnaSave recidivistebTan amyareben urTierTobebs, rasac
ganTavisuflebis Semdegac agrZeleben, da iZenen iseT kriminalur unar-Cvevebs,
romlebic maT adre TiTqmis ar hqondaT. amitom, ar aris gasakvirveli, rom
recidivizmis _ danaSaulis gameoreba im adamianebis mier, romlebic adre ukve
isxdnen cixeSi _ done SemaSfoTeblad maRalia. sasjelis moxdis Semdeg,
gaerTianebul samefoSi, cixidan ganTavisuflebuli mamakacebis 60 procentze meti
kvlav xvdeba cixeSi, pirveli danaSaulis Cadenidan 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
ganmeorebiTi kanondarRvevebis realuri done, SesaZloa, ufro maRali iyos, radgan,
ueWvelia, zogierT maTgans, vinc daubrunda kriminalur saqmianobas, ver iWeren.
Tumca cixeebi, Cans, ver aRweven warmatebas patimrebis reabilitaciis saqmeSi,
SesaZloa, isini xels uSlidnen maT danaSaulis CadenaSic. isini, vinc cixeSi
moxvda, realurad ver SeaCeres, magram, SesaZloa, cixis aramimzidvelma cxovrebam
SeaCeros sxvebi danaSaulis Cadenisgan. es aris TiTqmis gadauWreli problema cixis
reformatorebisTvis. Tu cixeebs gadavaqcevT iseT adgilebad, romlebSic yofna
ukiduresad gausaZlisi iqneba, es, albaT, potenciur kanondamrRvevebs SeaCerebs
danaSaulis Cadenisgan, magram, amave dros, SeuZlebels gaxdis cixeSi patimrebis
reabilitaciis amocanebis ganxorcielebas. magram, rac ufro naklebad mkacri iqneba
cixis pirobebi, cixeSi Casma miT ufro metad kargavs Tavis Semakavebel efeqts.

cixisadmi protesti da cixeSi Casmis alternativebi

dRes cixeebi britaneTSi, sxva industriuli qveynebis umravlesobis msgavsad,
masiurad gadavsebulia patimrebiT (patimarTa Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad, ix.
diagrama 8.4). radgan cixeSi Casma, Cveulebriv, ver uwyobs xels patimarTa
reabilitacias da, albaT, amis gamo adamianebi arc danaSaulis Cadenisgan ikaveben
Tavs, ratom ar unda ganvixiloT cixis alternativebi, rogorc danaSaulis
raodenobis Semcirebis saSualeba. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ramdenime alternativa ukve
gamoiyeneba an amJamad ganixileba maTi gamoyenebis sakiTxebi.
erT-erTi aseTi alternativa aris supervizia erTobis SigniT, maT Soris,
probacia (damnaSavis, gansakuTrebiT mcirewlovanis, pirobiTi sasjeli), patimris
vadamde ganTavisufleba da TavdebiT supervizia.
gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebobs aseTi alternativebis gamoyenebis
precedentebi. dRes, Cadenili danaSaulis gamo sasjelmisjili adamianebis bevrad
ufro didi raodenoba aris probaciaze an vadamde ganTavisuflebuli, vidre zis
cixeSi. probacia farTod gamoiyeneba SedarebiT umniSvnelo danaSaulebis
SemTxvevaSi; es niSnavs, rom pirovneba `kargad unda iqceodes~ garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi da regularulad unda cxaddebodes policiis ganyofilebaSi. am
19
periodis bolos saqme ixureba. patimris vadamde ganTavisufleba aris sasjelis
vadis Semcireba, rac warmoadgens jildos patimrisTvis, cixeSi yofnis dros misi
kargi qcevisTvis. TavdebiT supervizia xSirad gamoiyeneba SeerTebul StatebSi. am
SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi cixis gareT rCebian, sando meTvalyureobis qveS, sasamarTlo
procesamde, vidre maT damnaSaved an udanaSaulod scnoben.
kidev erTi alternativaa diversia, rac exeba programebs, romlebic mTlianad
aTavisuflebs individs sasamarTlo procesidan. arsebuli programebis umetesoba,
romlebic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi farTod gamoiyeneba, exeba im adamianebs, vinc pirveli
an umniSvnelo danaSauli Caidina. damnaSave muSa an mosamsaxure diversiis
saSualebiT iwyebs mis mier Cadenili da sasamarTlo procesze gansaxilveli
qmedebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas da Semdeg gegmavs, ris gakeTeba SeiZleba
sanacvlod. am alternativis idea aris danaSaulisa da stigmis Semcireba da
reabilitaciis kargad dagegmva.
arsebobs bevri sxva SesaZleblobac, maT Soris sasjeli, romlis mixedviTac,
msjavrdebuls evaleba adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis Sesruleba
anazRaurebis gareSe; sasjelis Secvla jarimiT, romlis safasuri damnaSavem Tavisi
SromiT unda gamoimuSavos; damnaSavis mier msxverplisTvis zaralis anazRaureba,
fulis an momsaxurebis saSualebiT; msxverplisa da damnaSavis Serigebis
programebi; Terapiuli erTobebi da cixidan droebiT gasvlis Svebulebebi,
romlebic patimrebs saSualebas aZlevs, garkveuli periodi cixis gareT gaataron.
zogi amtkicebs, rom saWiroa cixeebis saerTod gauqmeba. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, isini SedarebiT gvian Seiqmna da arasdros umuSaviaT
kargad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maT mTavar miznebs. miuxedavad amisa, dRes, albaT,
qveynebis umravlesobaSi SenarCunebuli iqneba damnaSavis dasjis forma _ cixeSi
Casma, magram sxva alternativasTan erTad (Vass 1990).

diagrama 8.4 patimrebi evrokavSiris qveynebSi (100,000 sul mosaxleze), 1992

wyaro: Council of Europe, Home Office. Social Trends-dan, 1995, cxrili 9.27.

portugalia
gaerTianebuli samefo
luqsemburgi
espaneTi
safrangeTi
italia
germania
belgia
dania
irlandiis respublika
saberZneTi
holandia

sikvdiliT dasja
mas Semdeg, rac kriminaluri danaSaulis gamo, cixeSi Casma dasjis mTavar
formad iqca, sikvdiliT dasja sul ufro da ufro sadavo xdeba. reformatorebis
umravlesobis azriT, danaSaulis gamo, adamianebis sikvdiliT dasja barbarosobaa.
ufro metic, iq, sadac sikvdiliT dasja gamoiyeneba, SeuZlebelia usamarTlo
20
sasamarTlo saqmeebis gamosworeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamovlinda samxilebi,
romlebic aCvenebs, rom pirovneba SecdomiT aRiares damnaSaved.
SeerTebuli Statebi aris dasavleTis TiTqmis erTaderTi qveyana, sadac
sikvdiliT dasja jer kidev gamoiyeneba. 1972 wels, uzenaesma sasamarTlom
sikvdiliT dasja, faqtobrivad, gaauqma, magram 1976 wels is kvlav aRadgines.
sikvdiliT dasja yovelwliurad izrdeba, magram apelaciebisa da sxva faqtorebis
gamo, sikvdiliT dasjilTa wili, sinamdvileSi, naklebia.
bevr sxva qveyanaSi, sazogadoebrioba aqtiurad moiTxovs sikvdiliT dasjis
aRdgenas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi saxis danaSaulisTvis (rogoricaa terorizmi
an policielis mokvla). did britaneTSi, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi
mudmivad aCvenebs, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas surs sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgena.
adamianebis did nawils, albaT, sjera, rom dasjis SiSis gamo, potenciuri
mkvlelebi Tavs Seikaveben danaSaulis Cadenisgan. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT diskusiebi grZeldeba, am ideis mxardasaWeri
damamtkicebeli sabuTi an Zalian cotaa, an saerTod ar arsebobs. im qveynebSi,
romlebmac gaauqmes sikvdiliT dasja, mkvlelobebis raodenoba, adrindelTan
SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad ar gazrdila. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi
isev arsebobs sikvdiliT dasja, iq mkvlelobaTa done, udavod, yvelaze maRalia
mTel industriul samyaroSi.
ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebrivi mRelvareba am sakiTxis gamo, SesaZloa, ufro
asaxavs danaSaulebis mimarT damokidebulebas, vidre is Sexeduleba, rom sikvdiliT
dasja danaSaulis Semakavebeli faqtoria. adamianebi, SesaZloa, Tvlian, rom mas,
vinc xelyofs sxva adamianis sicocxles, samagiero unda miezRos da is msgavsi
meTodiT unda daisajos.
alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, sazogadoebisTvis zneobrivad ar aris
gamarTlebuli Tavisi wevrebis sikvdiliT dasja, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi
danaSauli. am meore Sexedulebam, dasjis Semakavebeli efeqtis ararsebobis faqtTan
erTad, didi gavlena moipova dasavleTis bevr kanonmdebels Soris.

adamianTa dasjis mizniT gamoyenebuli meTodebi

meTodi: dasja eleqtroskamiT
gamoiyeneba: SeerTebuli Statebis 12 StatSi
meTodi: gazis kamera
gamoiyeneba: SeerTebuli Statebis 5 StatSi
meTodi: ineqcia sasikvdilo SedegiT
gamoiyeneba: SeerTebuli Statebis 32 StatSi
meTodi: CamoxrCoba
iranSi, eraySi, avRaneTSi, iamaikaSi, iaponiaSi, malaiziaSi, SeerTebuli
gamoiyeneba:
Statebis 4 StatSi
meTodi: qvebiT Caqolva
gamoiyeneba: iranSi
meTodi: msrolelTa razmi
indoneziaSi, iranSi, eraySi, nigeriaSi, taivanze, SeerTebuli Statebis
gamoiyeneba:
2 StatSi
meTodi: Tavis mokveTa
gamoiyeneba: saudis arabeTSi

21
 ruka: sasjelis aRsrulebis zonebi
sasikvdilo ineqciis oTaxi ilinoisSi, romelsac gverdiT ganagebuli aqvs oTaxi,
saidanac 30 adamians SeuZlia Tvalyuris devneba.
san quentinis gazis kamera. kalifornia im xuT Stats Sorisaa, romelic am
meTods iyenebs.

qveynebi, romlebic iyeneben sikvdiliT dasjas

avRaneTSi CamoxrCoba, xSirad, sajarod xdeba.
saudis arabeTSi, 1994 wels, 192 adamians Tavi mokveTes sxvadasxva
danaSaulisTvis, gaupatiurebiT dawyebuli, RvTis dagmobiT damTavrebuli.
CineTSi sikvdiliT dasjili adamianebis gvamebs, xSirad, `agroveben~ organoebis
transplantaciis mizniT.
msrolelTa jgufis daxmarebiT, damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja gavrcelebuli
meTodia Sua da Soreul aRmosavleTSi.

wyaro: Amnesty International.

ruka arbi jonsisgan “Sentenced to Death,” Cosmopolitan, marti, 1996, gv. 17.

genderi da danaSauli

sociologiis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, kriminologiur kvlevebSi, tradiciulad,

uyuradRebod aris datovebuli mosaxleobis naxevari. kriminologiis bevr
saxelmZRvaneloSi, faqtobrivad, araferia naTqvami qalebis Sesaxeb, garda im
nawilebisa, sadac ganxilulia gaupatiureba da prostitucia. aseve, deviaciis
Teoriebis umravlesoba TiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelyofs qalebs. amis magaliTia
mertonis Sexeduleba socialur struqturasa da anomiaze. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, faqtobrivad, yvelas SeiZleba ganicdides `zewolas warmatebis
miRwevis mizniT.~ amitom, vinmes SeeZlo logikurad daemtkicebina, rom qalebi
mamakacebze ufro xSirad monawileoben mertonis mier gansazRvrul sxvadasxva
kategoriis deviaciebSi, maT Soris danaSaulSi, radgan qalebisTvis, mamakacebTan
SedarebiT, `dawinaurebis~ naklebi SesaZleblobebi arsebobs. magram danaSaulis
done qalebs Soris aris _ an Cans, rom aris _ Zalian dabali. miuxedavad imisa, rom,
garkveuli mizezis gamo, qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, naklebad monawileoben
deviantur qmedebebSi, es ar aris imis mizezi, rom maT saTanado yuradReba ar
mivaqcioT.

mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis doneebi

statistikuri monacemebi gendrisa da danaSaulis Sesaxeb gansacvifrebelia.
magaliTad, arsebobs uzarmazari disbalansi cixeSi moTavsebuli mamakacebisa da
qalebis raodenobas Soris, ara marto britaneTSi, aramed yvela industriul
qveyanaSi. qalebi britaneTis cixeebis patimarTa mxolod 3 procents Seadgenen.
aseve, gansxvavebulia mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis tipebi,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTia oficialuri statistikis monacemebi. qalebis mier

22
Cadenil danaSaulebs Soris iSviaTia Zaladoba da TiTqmis yvela maTgani mcire
masStabisaa. wvrilmani qurdobebi, magaliTad, maRaziaSi nivTebis moparva da
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRveva, rogoric sajaro loToba da prostitucia, aris
qalebis mier Cadenili tipuri danaSaulebi (Flowers 1987).
ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa, realuri gansxvaveba mamakacebisa da qalebis mier
Cadenili danaSaulebis doneebs Soris naklebia, vidre amas oficialuri statistika
aCvenebs. magaliTad, SeiZleba policiam da sxva oficialurma pirebma nakleb
saxifaTod miiCnion samarTaldamrRvevi qalebis iseTi qmedebebi, ris gamoc
mamakacebs daapatimrebdnen. danaSaulebis msxverplTa gamokiTxvebi SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs, SevamowmoT es versia. SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebul erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi, 1976 wlis danaSaulis erovnuli gamokiTxvis masalebi Sedarebul iyo
gamoZiebis federaluri biuros statistikis monacemebTan, rom gaegoT, arsebobs Tu
ara maT Soris raime gansxvaveba, kriminalur saqmianobaSi monawile qalebis
raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT (Hindelang et al. 1978). mcire gansxvaveba aRmoaCines qalebis
mier Cadenili seriozuli danaSaulebis SemTxvevebSi; gamoZiebis federaluri
biuros statistikuri monacemebi, faqtobrivad, ufro maRal dones aCvenebs, vidre
gamokiTxvis angariSebi. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom im qalebis wili,
vinc CarTulni arian `mamakacTa~ danaSaulebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
SeiaraRebuli Zarcva, Cans, izrdeba, magram ar arsebobs am tendenciis
damamtkicebeli aSkara monacemebi.
danaSaulis erTaderTi saxeoba, ris gamoc damnaSaved aRiarebuli qalebis
raodenoba TiTqmis utoldeba damnaSave mamakacebis raodenobas, maRaziaSi qurdobaa.
zogierTis azriT, es imaze miuTiTebs, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, ufro metad
`sazogadoebriv~ situaciaSi sCadian kriminalur qmedebebs, magaliTad, maRaziaSi
sayidlebze siarulis dros, vidre saxlis garemoSi; sxva sityvebiT, iseT
viTarebaSi, sadac danaSaulis Cadenis SesaZlebloba met-naklebad Tanabaria
mamakacebisa da qalebisTvis. Cans, isini erTnairad arRveven kanons da sCadian
danaSauls, magram arsebobs ramdenime gamokvleva, sadac erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia
qalebisa da mamakacebis mier maRaziebSi nivTebis moparvis SemTxvevebi da miRebuli
daskvna, garkveulwilad, hipoTeturia (Buckle and Farrington 1984).

cxrili 8.2 qali da mamakaci braldebulebi, romlebic sasamarTlom damnaSaved

scno, danaSaulis tipis mixedviT, inglisi da uelsi, 1993
danaSauli qalebi (000) % mamakacebi (000) %
pirovnebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba 3.4 8.7 35.3 91.3
seqsualuri Zaladoba 0.1 2.0 4.3 98.0
Senobis gatexva 1.0 2.5 39.2 97.5
Zarcva 0.3 5.9 4.8 94.1
qurdoba da moparuli nivTebis gamoyeneba 22.1 18.2 99.5 81.8
TaRliToba da gayalbeba 3.9 22.3 13.6 77.7
kriminaluri zianis miyeneba 0.8 8.5 8.6 91.5
narkotikebis moxmareba 2.0 9.1 19.9 90.9
sxva (sagzao darRvevebis garda) 3.6 9.5 34.2 90.5
manqanis tarebasTan dakavSirebul darRvevebi 0.5 4.6 10.3 95.4
sul 37.7 12.3 269.9 87.7

wyaro: Home Office, 1993. Sociology Review-dan, seqtemberi, 1995 (Philip Allan Publishers), gv. 4.
23
 gogonebi bandebSi
axalgazrdul bandebSi monawile qalebsa da qalebis bandebs mxolod ramdenime
Sroma eZRvneba. Zalian bevria dawerili mamakacebis quCis jgufebisa da bandebis
Sesaxeb, magram am gamokvlevebSi qalebi Zalian iSviaTad Cndebian. Tumca, enn
qempbelma Seiswavla gogonebi niu-iorkis quCis bandebSi (Campbell 1986a). man
gamosakvlevad sami banda SearCia, rom Rrmad da dawvrilebiT Seeswavla maTi
cxovreba: erTi banda eTnikurad Sereuli iyo, meores puerto rikoelebi
warmoadgendnen, mesameSi ki Savkanianebi iyvnen. bandebis wevrebis asaki meryeobda
TxuTmetidan ocdaaT wlamde. TiToeul jgufTan e. qempbelma eqvsi Tve gaatara. is
maTTan erTad cxovrobda da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebda bandebis
liderebze.
koni iyo `sendmenis qalbatonebis~ lideri. es iyo qalebis dajgufeba, romelic
dakavSirebuli iyo `sendmenis baikerebTan,~ bandasTan, romlis winamZRoli misi
qmari iyos. kvlevis dros is ocdaaTi wlis iyo da meTaurobda Sereul,
espanurenovani da Savkaniani wevrebisagan Semdgar bandas harlemSi, niu-iorkSi.
`sendmenis baikerebis~ Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo narkotikebiT vaWroba. es
jgufi CarTuli iyo xangrZliv SidabrZolaSi `rCeulebTan,~ qalTa bandasTan zemo
manhetenidan. maT, vinc uerTdeboda `sendmenis qalbatonebs~, unda daemtkicebina
Tavisi sabrZolo SesaZleblobebi; bandaSi miRebis sakiTxs wyvetda koni. is iRebda
gadawyvetilebas, SeeZlo Tu ara romelime gogos maTTan erTad `xetiali~
gamosacdel periodSi da mogvianebiT mieRo Tavisi `balTebi~ (warCinebis niSnebi).
koni yovelTvis atarebda gasaSlel danas, hqonda cecxlsasroli iaraRic. is
ambobda, rom vinmesTan brZolis dros misi mizani iyo mowinaaRmdegis mokvla.
Cxubebi, romlebsac mosdevda fizikuri Sexla-Semoxla, muSti-krivi, tipuri iyo
rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis dajgufebebisTvis.
uiza iyo espanurenovani bandis, `seqsualuri gogonebi,~ meTauri. am bandaSi
Sediodnen rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis dajgufebebi. uizas ar SeeZlo arc
kiTxva da arc wera, man arc Tavisi namdvili asaki icoda. is, albaT, ocdaeqvsi
wlis qali iyo. bandis gafurCqnis periodSi, masSi ormocdaaTze meti qali iyo.
qalebi cdilobdnen saxelis moxveWas fizikuri siZlieriT, amtanobiTa da uxeSobiT.
muSti-krivi da cema-tyepa Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. amis gamo, bandis mamakacebi
aRfrTovanebulebi iyvnen qalebiT, magram, sxva mxriv, isini xels uwyobdnen maT
tradiciul rolebs, rogoricaa, bavSvebis movla, saWmlis keTeba da kerva.
mesame dajgufeba, romelsac qempbeli ikvlevda, iyo `eris xuTi procenti,~
Savkanianebis religiuri organizacia. maTi wevrebis azriT, mosaxleobis 10
procenti eqspluatacias uwevs mTeli mosaxleobis 85 procents, xolo danarCen 5
procents Seadgenen islamis gasxivosnebuli mimdevrebi, romelTa amocanaa
Savkanianebis aRzrda-ganaTleba. policia `eris xuT procents~ quCis bandad Tvlida.
pirovneba, romelzec mkvlevarma yuradReba gaamaxvila, iyo `afrikis mze.~ man uaryo
Tavisi, rogorc Tavad ambobda, `mTavrobis mier darqmeuli saxeli.~ rogorc sxva
jgufebi, ise am jgufis qalebi, xSirad monawileobdnen SetakebebSi. dajgufebis
24
wevrebi dapatimrebulebi iyvnen ZarcvisTvis, saSiSi iaraRis SenaxvisTvis, RamiT
qurdobisa da manqanebis gatacebisTvis.
sxva gamokvlevis dros, qempbelma interviu CamoarTva moswavle gogonebs muSaTa
ojaxebidan. is Seecada, Seeswavla maTi damokidebuleba cema-tyepis mimarT. man
aRmoaCina, rom gogonebi ufro xSirad monawileobdnen am qmedebebSi, vidre,
Cveulebriv, sxvebs miaCniaT (Cambell 1986b). TiTqmis yvela gamokiTxuli aRiarebda,
rom monawileobda SetakebebSi; gogonebis meoTxedi aRniSnavda, rom eqvsze met cema-
tyepaSi hqonda miRebuli monawileoba. umravlesoba uaryofda mosazrebas: `me
vfiqrob, rom muSti-krivi mxolod biWebisTvis arsebobs.~
1990-ian wlebSi, bevri gogona SeuerTda amerikis qalaqebis Sida bandebs. maT
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba bandaSi saqmianobiT moipoves da amas ZaladobiT
miaRwies. bruklinis `saxenaiarevi bandis~ erT-erTi wevri SeniSnavda, `rodesac
vxedav rames, rac Zalian mindoda, me namdvilad miviReb mas, gamovaZrob danas, me
mxolod nivTebi minda~. gogonebis dajgufebam niu-iorkis metroSi mokla TxuTmeti
wlis mozardi, misTvis sayureebi rom waerTmiaT. zogierT bandaSi mxolod qalebi
arian. am axali bandebis saxelebia: `meeqvse quCis meZavebi~, `tamberis gogoebi~ da
`brZeni inteligenti debi.~ axla ramdenime aseTi saxis banda arsebobs londonis
iseT nawilebSi, rogoricaa stoqueli da briqstoni, Tumca, Cans, orive nakleb
formalizebuli da naklebad moZaladea (Nicoll 1995).

Zaladoba qalTa sapatimroebSi

pet qarlenma Seagrova britaneTis cixeebis patimari qalebis avtobiografiuli
ambebi, romlebSic aRwerilia Zaladobis uamravi SemTxveva da naCvenebia, rom es
qalTa cixeebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSania (Carlen et al. 1985). londonis holoueis
erT-erTi patimari, jozi o'deieri aRwers, Tu mcveli qalebis `saSiSi xrova~ rogor
iyo gawafuli patimrebis Zaladobriv dasjaSi. Tu mcvelebi Tvlidnen, rom patimari
qalebi cudad iqceodnen, isini maT sastikad uswordebodnen, scemdnen. sayovelTaod
iyo gavrcelebuli zogierTi patimris mier sxva patimrebis cemac:
erTi romelime morige mcveli yovelTvis energiulad SemoiWreboda da iwyebda Sens cemas
mkerdze, radgan undoda, rom misTvisac gagertya _ es is aris, ris miRwevac mas undoda _ brZola da
cema-tyepa. isini gaTreven `yelsabamiT~, xelborkilebiT da, SesaZloa, kiserze erTdroulad sami
jaWvi Camogacvan. Sens kiserze mewamuli sisxlCaqcevebi Cndeba _ mewamuli yelsabami. Sen cota xniT
gonebas kargav da fiqrob: `ai, es aris, axla me mokvdebi”... me SeiZleba momkvdariyavi. magram me ar
movkvdi, me gamimarTla da gadavrCi (Carlen et al., 1985, gv. 149).

Sefaseba
qempbelisa da qarlenis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom Zaladoba
mxolod mamakacebis kriminaluri saqmianobisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. albaT,
qalebi bevrad ufro iSviaTad monawileoben Zaladobriv danaSaulebSi, vidre
mamakacebi, magram isini yovelTvis ar ikaveben Tavs Zaladobrivi qmedebebisgan. maSin,
ratom aris qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis done bevrad ufro dabali, vidre
mamakacebis?
arsebobs garkveuli samxili, rom kanondamrRvev qalebs, sakmaod xSirad,
SeuZliaT, Tavi daaRwion sasamarTlos, radgan exerxebaT policiisa da sxva
organoebis darwmuneba, rom samarTladamcvelebma maT qmedebebs sxvagvarad Sexedon.
25
isini mimarTaven e.w. `genderul kontraqts~ _ mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris usityvo
SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviTac, qali, erTi mxriv, asocirdeba ucnaurobasTan,
meryeobasa da impulsurobasTan da, meore mxriv, misi dacvis saWiroebasTan.
magaliTad, uoroli aRwers im qalis SemTxvevas, romelmac Tavisi da samzareulos
daniT mokla. imis magivrad, rom cixeSi CaesvaT, is sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
probaciaze imyofeboda da gadioda iZulebiTi Terapiuli mkurnalobis kurss. imis
detalebi, rac sasamarTloSi moxda, SesaZleblobas iZleva, vivaraudoT, rom, albaT,
mosamarTlis azriT, `Zalian tipuri axalgazrda qali~ da sastiki Zaladoba
erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelia. amitom miiCnies, rom is ar iyo pasuxismgebeli am
danaSaulisTvis (Worrall 1970).
da mainc, gansxvavebul midgomas ar SeuZlia axsnas uzarmazari gansxvaveba
mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenobas Soris. ra Tqma
unda, es TiTqmis igive mizezebia, romlebic xsnis genderul gansxvavebebs
socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi. udavoa, arsebobs specifikuri `qalebis
danaSaulebi~, gansakuTrebiT, prostitucia, romlis gamoc qalebi isjebian, xolo
maTi klienti mamakacebi ki - ara. `mamakacebis danaSaulebi~ rCeba `mamakacur~
danaSaulebad, socializaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamo. amis mizezi isic aris,
rom mamakacebis saqmianoba, qalebis umravlesobis saqmianobisgan gansxvavebiT, jer
kidev ufro `araojaxuria.~ danaSaulis genderuli gansxvavebebs xSirad xsnidnen,
savaraudod, Tandayolili biologiuri da fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebiT _
gansxvavebuli fizikuri ZaliT, qalis pasiurobiT, gamravlebaze zrunviT. dRes
miaCniaT, rom `qaluri~ Tvisebebi, iseve rogorc `mamakacuri~ Tvisebebi,
mniSvnelovanwilad, socialuri faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli. socializaciis
procesSi, qalebs sruliad gansxvavebul Tvisebebs aswavlian, vidre mamakacebs
(sxvebze zrunva da pirovnuli urTierTobebis xelSewyoba). aseve mniSvnelovania,
rom ideologiisa da sxva faqtorebs zegavleniT, rogoricaa, Sexeduleba `karg
gogonaze,~ qalebis qceva xSirad SezRudulia, garkveul sazRvrebSia moqceuli da,
mamakacebis saqmianobisgan gansxvavebiT, mas gansakuTrebulad akontroleben.
mecxramete saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, kriminalistebi
winaswarmetyvelebdnen, rom genderuli Tanasworoba an Seamcirebs, an mTlianad
aRmofxvris gansxvavebebs mamakacebisa da qalebis kriminalur saqmianobebs Soris,
magram dRes es gansxvavebebi jer kidev mkveTradaa gamoxatuli. Cven ar SegviZlia
darwmunebiT vTqvaT, gaqreba Tu ara odesme qalebisa da mamakacebis mier Cadenili
danaSaulebis raodenobas Soris gansxvaveba.

danaSauli da `maskulinobis krizisi~

danaSauli genderuli xasiaTisaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs gogonebis

ramdenime banda, qalaqebis Rarib ubnebSi danaSaulis maRali done ZiriTadad
axalgazrda mamakacebis moqmedebebTan asocirdeba. ratom xdeba, rom am ubnebSi
amdeni axalgazrda mamakaci sCadis danaSauls? zogierT pasuxs Cven ukve mokled
SevexeT. xSirad, biWebi adreuli asakidan xdebian bandebis wevrebi. es aris
subkultura, sadac danaSaulis zogierTi forma cxovrebis wesia. da roca
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi damnaSaveebis iarliys miawebeben, isini iwyeben

26
regularul kriminalur saqmianobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes arsebobs gogonebis
bandebi, aseTi subkulturebi, arsebiTad, mamakacuria da maT Tavgadasavlebis,
mRelvarebisa da amxanaguri urTierTobebis mamakacur Rirebulebebs unergaven.
zogierT qalaqSi, axalgazrda mamakacebis Zaladobrivi qcevis empiriuli
Seswavlis safuZvelze, beatrisa qembpmelma daaskvna, rom maTi qceva, nawilobriv,
aris pasuxi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi `maskulinobis krizisze~ (Campbell 1993).
warsulSi, im raionebSic ki, sadac danaSaulis done maRali iyo, axalgazrda
mamakacebs hqondaT mkafio miznebi, romelTa miRwevasac isini cdilobdnen: eSovnaT
kanonieri samuSao da gamxdariyvnen colisa da ojaxis marCenalni. qempbeli
amtkicebs, rom axla mamakacis am rolis Sesruleba ZalisxmevasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, gansakuTrebiT, Ratak raionebSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda
mamakacebisTvis. iq, sadac xangrZlivi umuSevroba erTaderTi perspeqtivaa, ojaxis
rCenis miznad dasaxva ar aris arCevani. ufro metic, qalebi, wina periodTan
SedarebiT, ufro damoukideblebi gaxdnen da axla maT aRar sWirdebaT mamakaci, rom
garkveul socialur statuss miaRwion ufro farTo sazogadoebaSi. amis Sedegia,
qalaqis Ratak ubnebSi arsebuli socialuri pirobebis gauareseba. qempbelis kvleva
Zalian hgavs siRaribis, danaSaulisa da qalaqis Temebze Catarebul sxva
Tanamedrove sociologiur Sromebs.
axalgazrda mamakacebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis done mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli umuSevrobasTan. zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom mamakacebis
umuSevrobis maRali done qmnis profesiuli damnaSavis axal kategorias. 1996 wels,
ojaxis problemebis Semswavleli biuros mier gamoqveynebul angariSSi _
`axalgazrdebi da danaSauli~ _ mocemulia kvlevis masalebi, romlebic Seesabameba
am debulebas. angariSSi aRwerili kvleva Seicavda 2500 axalgazrdasTan _ orive
sqesis 14-25 wlebis axalgazrdebTan _ Catarebul interviuebs.
mkvlevrebi ar iyenebdnen policiis statistikur monacemebs, aramed
respondentebs sTxovdnen, konfidencialurad moeyolaT, odesme CaudeniaT Tu ara
danaSauli. Sedegebma aCvena, rom gamokiTxuli axalgazrda mamakacebis 30 procenti
25 wlis asakamde CarTuli iyo garkveuli saxis kriminalur saqmianobaSi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, narkotikebis ukanono moxmareba da satransporto
danaSaulebebi. adre ymawvilkacebis kriminaluri moqmedebebi, saerTod, mkveTrad
mcirdeboda oci wlis asakidan, magram gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom axla sul sxva
suraTia. magaliTad, qonebis qurdobaSi monawile 22-25 wlis vaJebis wili ufro
didia, vidre 18-21 wlis asakobrivi jgufisa. angariSSi mocemuli daskvnis mixedviT,
stabiluri samuSaos perspeqtivis ararseboba siZneleebs uqmnis axalgazrda Taobis
did nawils, rom isini gaxdnen wesieri, respeqtabeluri mozrdilebi.
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom mozardi gogonebi TiTqmis iseve monawileobdnen qonebis
qurdobaSi, rogorc vaJebi, magram gogonebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenoba
mkveTrad mcirdeba 22 wlis asakis zemoT.

diagrama 8.5 im asakobrivi jgufis wili, romelic monawileobs qonebis

qurdobaSi, did britaneTSi, 1992
vaJebi gogonebi
14-17 weli 17 procenti 13 procenti
18-21 weli 25 procenti 9 procenti
27
 22-23 weli 27 procenti 3 procenti
wyaro: Home Office. masala aRebulia The Gardian-dan, 19 ianvari, 1996, gv. 1.

danaSaulis msxverplni

qalebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebi

axla ganvixiloT zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, romelsac Zalian bevri qali
pirdapir an arapirdapir awydeba. yvela es problema dakavSirebulia cxovrebis im
sferoebTan, sadac mamakacebi qalebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben TavianTi socialuri an
fizikuri Zalis upiratesobas, rogoricaa ojaxuris Zaladoba, seqsualuri xelyofa
da gaupatiureba. zogjer qalebic iyeneben aseT Zaladobas mamakacebis winaaRmdeg,
magram, uricxv SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebi arian Tavdamsxmelebi, qalebi ki _ msxverplni.

ojaxuri Zaladoba
xSirad xdeba ojaxis gaidealizeba, misi usafrTxoebisa da bednierebis
navsayudelad miCneva. magram ojaxuri Zaladoba _ Zaladoba ojaxuri garemos
konteqstSi _ bevri qalisTvis erT-erTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebaa. es ar aris
axali socialuri mankiereba. qalebis mimarT Zaladoba qorwinebis Cveuli aspeqti
iyo SuasaukuneebSi da industrializaciis adreul periodSi. mecxramete saukunis
bolomde, gaerTianebul samefoSi, ar arsebobda kanonebi, romlebic mamakacs
aukrZalavda colis fizikur Seuracxyofas, Tumca seriozuli travmebis miyeneba an
mokvla dauSveblad iTvleboda. axla kanoni qalebs metad icavs, magram Zaladoba
jer kidev Zalian gavrcelebulia.
samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, im qalebisTvis,
romlebic ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplni arian, Znelia, mimarTon kanons
daxmarebisTvis. Cveulebriv, policiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia `ojaxur kamaTSi~
Caurevlobis politika da misi pozicia xSirad sargeblis momtani ar aris. rodesac,
ojaxuri konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi, iZaxeben policielebs, isini cdiloben,
minimalurad Caerion, mxolod Cxubis SewyvetiT Semoifarglebian da ar moiTxoven
damnaSavis dasjas. xSirad, qalebisTvis, romlebic ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplni
arian, Znelia saxlis datoveba sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da socialuri mizezebis
gamo, magaliTad, bavSvebis mimarT maTi pasuxismgeblobis gamo. sabinao sakiTxebis
adgilobrivi saxelmwifo departamentebi zogjer eWviT uyureben im qalebs,
romlebic fizikuri Seuracxyofis gamo saCivrebiT mimarTaven. isini eWvoben, rom
qalebi azviadeben da maTi saCivrebis mizania, saswrafod miiRon damoukidebeli
alternatiuli sacxovrebeli adgili.

sqesobrivi xelyofa
samuSao adgilze qalebis uflebebis dacva ufro advilia da qalebis mimarT
Cadenili Zaladobis done dabalia. miuxedavad amisa, seqsualuri xelyofa Zalian
gavrcelebulia. seqsualuri xelyofa samuSao adgilze SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis gamoyeneba _ profesiuli avtoritetis an
Zalauflebis gamoyeneba _ seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT. aman
28
SeiZleba miiRos aRmaSfoTebeli formebi, magaliTad, rodesac TanamSromel qals
sTavazoben seqsualur urTierTobebs, is aseT kavSirs unda daTanxmdes an
samsaxuridan wasvla mouwevs. seqsualuri xelyofis umravlesoba, garkveulwilad,
ufro daxvewili da mzakvrulia. magaliTad, miniSnebebi, gadakruli sityvebi, rom,
Tu qali seqsualur keTilganwyobas gamoavlens, amas garkveuli dajildoveba
mohyveba, xolo qalis mxridan sijiutisa da winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi
iqneba garkveuli saxis dasja, magaliTad, samsaxurSi dawinaurebisTvis xelis
SeSla.
aSkaraa, advili ar aris, mkafio xazis gavleba seqsualur xelyofasa da
mamakacis qalTan kanonier da dasaSveb daaxlovebas Soris. Tavad qalebisgan
miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze, dadgenil iqna, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi,
aTidan Svidi qali ganicdis seqsualur xelyofas didi xnis manZilze, TavianTi
SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi. seqsualuri xelyofa SeiZleba iyos erTjeradi
SemTxveva an qcevis mudmivi modeli (Kelly 1988). Tu xelyofa iSviaTi ar aris,
qalebisTvis xSirad Znelia maTi Cveulebrivi samuSao reJimis SenarCuneba; SesaZloa,
isini ar gamovidnen samuSaoze, aiRon Svebuleba avadmyofobis gamo an, saerTod,
Tavi daanebon samsaxurs.

gaupatiureba
Zalian Znelia, zustad SevafasoT gaupatiurebis masStabebi. sinamdvileSi,
gaupatiurebaTa mxolod mcire nawili xdeba cnobili policiisTvis da aRiniSneba
statistikur monacemebSi. realuri raodenoba SeiZleba xuTjer meti iyos, vidre
amas oficialuri statistika aCvenebs, Tumca Sefasebebi Zalian gansxvavebulia.
londonSi, 1236 qalis gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom gamokiTxuli qalebidan yoveli
meeqvse iyo gaupatiurebuli, xolo danarCenebidan yovelma mexuTem moaxerxa Tavis
daRweva gaupatiurebis mcdelobisgan. Tavdasxmebis naxevari moxda qalis an
Tavdamsxmelis saxlSi (Hall 1985). gaupatiurebuli qalebis umravlesobas surs am
incidentis daviwyeba an ar unda, monawileoba miiRos samedicino Semowmebis
damamcirebel procesSi, policiisTvis Cvenebis micemaSi an sasamarTlo darbazSi
dakiTxvaSi. sasamarTlo procesi, xSirad, didxans grZeldeba. es SeiZleba iyos
Tvrameti Tve, incidentidan sasamarTlos mier gamotanil verdiqtamde.
Tavad sasamarTlo ganxilva SeiZleba iwvevdes SiSs. sasamarTlo darbazSi
mimdinare procedura sajaroa da msxverpli pirispir unda Sexvdes damnaSaves.
saWiroa danaSaulis nivTmtkicebulebebi, moZaladis pirovnebis dadgena da imis
gansazRvra, rom seqsualuri aqti qalis Tanxmobis gareSe moxda _ yvelaferi es
warmodgenili unda iqnes procesze. Tavdamsxmelis pirovnebis damamtkicebeli
sabuTebis mopoveba, SesaZloa, rTuli iyos, Tu danaSauli bnel quCaSi an parkSi
moxda. SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom RamiT marto mimavali qali cdilobs mamakacis
yuradRebis mipyrobas. qalis unarze, mkafio `ara~ pirdapir Tqvas mamakacis
seqsualur iniciativaze, gavlenas axdens sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli stereotipebi
da warmosaxvebi, romlebmac, agreTve, SesaZloa, zegavlena moaxdinos sasamarTloSi
saqmis mosmenaze. Tu qali Tanaxmaa, kacTan erTad wavides am ukanasknelis saxlSi an
masTan seqsualuri kontaqti hqondes, xSirad iTvleba, rom qali Tanaxmaa, srul
seqsualur kavSirze an sxva seqsualur urTierTobebze, romlebic mamakacs surs. ar
29
scnoben qalis uflebas, Tqvas `ara~ momdevno etapze; faqtobrivad, is
pasuxismgebelia imaze, rom mamakaci ver akontrolebs mis qcevas. sadac ar unda
moxdes gaupatiureba, SesaZloa, qalebi dakiTxon maTi wina seqsualuri
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, iTvleba, rom mamakacis seqsualur istorias
saqmesTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. faqtobrivad, wina SemTxvevebi, rodesac
braldebuli damnaSaved aRiares gaupatiurebaSi an mis mcdelobaSi, SeiZleba, arc
iyos moxseniebuli gaupatiurebis mimdinare saqmeebSi.
mosamarTlem ser meTiu heilma, 1736 wels, oficialurad warmoadgina
sasamarTlo dadgenileba, romlis mixedviT, qmari `ar SeiZleba damnaSaved iqnes
cnobili misi kanonieri colis gaupatiurebis gamo, radgan maTi saqorwino
urTierTTanxmobisa da kontraqtis Sesabamisad, aseT SemTxvevaSi, colma Tavad unda
dauTmos sakuTar qmars da mas ar SeuZlia amaze uaris Tqma.~ am formulirebas
kanonis Zala hqonda inglissa da uelsSi 1991 wlis oqtombramde, roca lordTa
palatam uari Tqva, daekmayofilebina satvirTo manqanis im mZRolis apelacia,
romelic protests gamoTqvamda, rom igi damnaSaved scnes Tavisi colis
gaupatiurebis mcdelobisTvis. am saqmis ganxilvis dros, lordma qeiTma Tqva:
`heilis winadadeba asaxavda saqmis viTarebas im periodisTvis, rodesac is iyo
gacxadebuli... axala nebismierma gonierma adamianma es koncefcia unda CaTvalos
miuReblad.~ magram qorwinebaSi myofi colis gaupatiureba arakanonierad iTvleba
dasavleTis qveynebis mxolod mcire nawilSi, maT Soris daniaSi, SvedeTSi,
norvegiasa da kanadaSi. 1971 wels, SeerTebul StatebSi mogebul iqna pirveli
sasamarTlo saqme, romelic aRiZra k. qretienis winaaRmdeg. igi damnaSaved scnes
kanonieri colis gaupatiurebis gamo. qretienis saqmemde, mamakacis mier sakuTari
colis gaupatiureba ukanonod iTvleboda mxolod xuT StatSi. amis Semdeg, bevr
sxva StatSi miiRes kanoni an gansaxilvelad Seitanes sasamarTlo saqmeebi,
romlebic danaSauls adgenda.
Cveulebrivi atitudebi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris da ra ar aris gaupatiureba,
SeiZleba Zalian myari iyos. mkvlevrebma, romlebic swavloben Zaladobriv
seqsualur kavSirebs dadgenili urTierTobebis farglebSi, aRweres Semdegi
SemTxveva: mTvrali mamakaci Seecada, analuri seqsi daemyarebina Tavis partniorTan
_ megobar gogonasTan. man uari uTxra da kivili daiwyo; aman mamakaci gaamxeca,
qali waaqcia, moZraobis saSualeba ar misca da aiZula, damorCileboda. miuxedavad
amisa, rodesac gogonas hkiTxes, odesme Tu hqonda mas sqesobrivi kavSiri misi nebis
sawinaaRmdegod, man Tqva `ara~ (Finkellor and Yllo 1982).
kvlevam aCvena, rom bevri sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli warmodgena gaupatiurebis
Sesaxeb, ar Seesatyviseba sinamdviles: magaliTad, ar aris swori, rom ar SeiZleba
moxdes gaupatiureba, Tu msxverpli moZalades winaaRmdegobas uwevs, rom albaT,
mxolod `mimzidvel~ qalebs aupatiureben, rom zogierT qals siamovnebs, rodesac
mas aupatiureben; an rom moZaladeTa umravlesobas, garkveulwilad, fsiqologiuri
wonasworoba aqvT darRveuli (Hall 1985). gaupatiurebaTa umravlesoba ar aris
spontanuri, aramed, nawilobriv mainc, winaswar aris dagegmili. ueWvelia,
gaupatiureba dakavSirebulia mamakacebis Zalauflebasa, batonobasa da
siZlieresTan asocirebasTan. umetesad, gaupatiureba aris ara gaSmagebuli
seqsualuri ltolvis, aramed seqsualobis, Zalauflebisa da upiratesobis
SegrZnebebis SeerTebis Sedegi. albaT, naklebi kavSiria avxorcobasa da
30
gaupatiurebas Soris. moZaladeTa mniSvnelovan nawils, sinamdvileSi, mxolod maSin
SeuZlia aRgzneba, rodesac aSinebs an daamcirebs msxverpls. aseTi mamakacebisTvis
Tavad sqesobrivi aqti naklebad aris mniSvnelovani, vidre qalis damcireba (Estrich
1987).
bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, qalTa jgufebi cdiloben, Secvalon
rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise sazogadoebrivi azrovneba gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb. isini
xazs usvamen, rom gaupatiureba ar unda ganixilon, rogorc seqsualuri
samarTaldarRveva, aramed, rogorc mZime danaSaulis erT-erTi tipi. es aris ara
mxolod fizikuri Zaladoba, aramed pirovnebis patiosnebisa da Rirsebis
Seuracxyofa. rogorc erTi avtori werda, gaupatiureba aris `agresiis aqti,
romelSic msxverpls uars eubnebian mis TviTgansazRvraze. es aris Zaladobis aqti,
romelsac, sinamdvileSi, ar mosdevs cema-tyepa an mkvleloba, magram is Seicavs
sikvdilis SiSs~ (Griffin 1978, gv. 342). qalebis mier wamowyebulma kampaniam garkveul
warmatebebs miaRwia _ Seicvala kanonmdebloba da dRes gaupatiureba, kanoniT,
specifikuri tipis kriminalur Zaladobad iTvleba.
garkveuli azriT, yvela qali aris gaupatiurebis msxverpli. xSirad qalebs,
romlebic arasdros gauupatiurebiaT, iseTive SiSis grZnoba aqvT, rogorc
gaupatiurebul qalebs. SeiZleba maT eSinodeT RamiT saxlidan marto gasvla,
Tundac xalxmraval quCebSi. aseve, SesaZloa, maT SiSs hgvrides sakuTar saxlSi an
binaSi yofna. siuzan braunmileris azriT, arsebobs mWidro kavSiri gaupatiurebasa
da Cveulebriv mamakacur seqsualobas Soris. is amtkicebda, rom gaupatiureba aris
mamakacebis mier qalebis daSinebis sistemis nawili, romlis gamoc, yvela qals aqvs
SiSis grZnoba. isini, vinc ar gauupatiurebiaT, mainc mRelvarebas ganicdian da,
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, mamakacebze bevrad ufro frTxilad
iqcevian (Brownmiller 1975).
braunmileris Sexeduleba, SesaZloa, Zalian mkveTri Candes, magram sul cota
dafiqrebac ki gviCvenebs, ramdenad frTxili unda iyo qali, Tu mas surs,
minimumamde Seamciros gaupatiurebis SesaZlebloba.
qvemoT mocemulia rCevebis CamonaTvali _ `ra unda~ da `ra ar unda~ gaakeTon
qalebma, romlebic cdiloben, Seamciron gaupatiurebis riski. es CamonaTvali
gamoaqveyna SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTma qalTa organizaciam. rCevebi
ganamtkicebs im Tvalsazriss, rom gaupatiureba aris danaSauli, romelic gavlenas
axdens yvela qalis qcevaze (Katz and Mazur 1979, gv. 307).
1. Tqveni saxli, SeZlebisdagvarad, usafrTxod aqcieT. saketebi, fanjrebi da
karebi karg mdgomareobaSi unda iyos. Tu Tqven axal saxlSi an binaSi gadadixarT,
SecvaleT saketebi. adgilobrivi policiis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis
ganyofilebam unda mogceT rCeva, rogor daicvaT Tqveni sacxovrebeli adgili
mZarcvelebisgan da seqsualuri moZaladeebisganac.
2. Tu Tqven marto cxovrobT:
a) datoveT sinaTle, rom SeqmnaT iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos saxlSi, Tqvens
garda, sxvebic cxovroben.
b) rodesac dakakunebaze, karis gasaRebad midixarT, ise moiqeciT, TiTqos
saxlSi mamakacia (xmamaRla daiZaxeT: `me gavaReb kars, bob!~).
g) karis firfitaze an telefonis wignSi ar daweroT Tqveni saxeli, amis
magivrad gamoiyeneT inicialebi.
31
 3. saerTod, erideT ucnobebs da ucxo adamians nurasdros gauRebT kars.
saxlSi mosul momsaxurebis sferos TanamSromels yovelTvis sTxoveT,
warmoadginos Tavi (SeiZleba man savizito baraTi Semoacuros karis qvemodan). Tu
saxlSi bavSvebic cxovroben, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom isini ar gauReben kars
ucxo adamians.
4. Tu Tqven mravalsarTulian saxlSi cxovrobT, ar SexvideT an marto ar
darCeT ukacur sardafSi, garaJSi an samrecxaoSi.
5. Tu Tqven uxamsi sityvebiT mogmarTes telefoniT, araferi TqvaT, saswrafod
dakideT telefonis yurmili da am zaris Sesaxeb policias SeatyobineT.
6. Tavi aarideT gvian RamiT quCaSi an sauniversiteto qalaqSi (kempusSi) marto
yofnas. magram, Tu es aucilebelia, xelSi geWiroT `praqtikuli~ iaraRi, rogoricaa
anTebuli sigareti, qudis qinZisTavi, qolga, plastikuri nivTi, kalmistari,
samzareulos Cangali, gasaRebebis acma, Tmis jagrisi an savarcxeli (Tavdamsxmelis
saxis daservis mizniT) an policielis sastveni (is yelze ki ar CamoikidoT, aramed
gasaRebis Zewkvze).
7. gzaze ar isargebloT ucxo adamianis transportiT (yvela Tanxmdeba, rom es
Zalian mniSvnelovania!). Tu es Zalian aucilebelia, wadiT jgufTan erTad da
mxolod iseT gzaze, sadac didi moZraobaa.
8. Tu Tqven saWesTan zixarT:
a) yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Tqveni manqanis avzSi sawvavi ar unda iyos erT
meoTxedze naklebi;
b) yovelTvis daketeT Tqveni manqana, rodesac mas tovebT;
g) sanam manqanaSi CajdebiT, SeamowmeT ukana dasajdomi da sivrce wina da ukana
dasajdomebs Soris;
d) Tu Tqveni manqana mwyobridan gamovida, nu miiRebT daxmarebas ucxo
mamakacisgan an mamakacebis jgufisgan. amis magivrad, manqanis kapoti aswieT, CajeqiT
manqanaSi da Caketil manqanaSi daelodeT policiis mosvlas.
9. frTxilad iyaviT da ucnob mamakacebs nu `gamoiWerT~ barebSi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, Tu bevri dalieT an narkotikebi miiReT.
10. liftSi marto ar SexvideT ucxo mamakacTan erTad. maSinve datoveT lifti
an dadeqiT sakontrolo marTvis dafasTan.
11. Semdeg raime gaugebroba rom ar moxdes, paemnis dros, mamakacs winaswar
acnobeT, rom Tqven ar xarT mzad seqsualuri urTierTobebisTvis.
12. ZiZebma, samsaxuris dawyebamde, unda Seamowmon ojaxis reputacia. mSoblebmac
frTxilad unda SearCion ZiZa.
13. Tu Tqven Tavs dagesxnen, nu iyvirebT `maupatiureben~, iyvireT `xanZari!~

mamakacebis gaupatiureba
mamakacebis gaupatiureba (mxolod mamakacebis mier Cadenili) ufro farTodaa
gavrcelebuli, vidre es odesme miaCndaT _ gansakuTrebiT daxuruli tipis
dawesebulebSi, rogoricaa cixeebi. mamakacTa cixeebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis
mixedviT, dapatimrebuli mamakacebis 15 procenti gaupatiurebulia. cixeSi
gaupatiureba, SesaZloa, gagrZeldes ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi da xSirad aris
daSinebis da mudmivi kontrolis nawili. magram cixis samyaroSi gaupatiurebulma
32
msxverplma unda gadauxados samagiero (Rideau and Wikberg, citirebulia M. Walker-Tan,
1994, gv. 13).
oficialurad, britaneTis cixeebSi ar arsebobs gaupatiureba. bristolSi, 1991
wels, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros winaaRmdeg saqme aRZra erT-erTma patimarma,
romelic amtkicebda, rom 1991 wels is gaaupatiura misi saknis amxanagma. misi TqmiT,
rodesac man amis Sesaxeb cixis TanamSromlebs acnoba, maT amas yuradReba ar
miaqcies da araferi iRones. ,,gadarCenilebi,” jgufi, romelic exmareba seqsualuri
Seuracxyofis msxverpl mamakacebs, yovel weliwads samocidan samocdaaTamde kacs
uweven konsultacias; yovelwliurad ori an sami maTgani iyo gaupatiurebuli
cixeSi yofnis dros. organizaciis warmomadgeneli acxadebda, rom mamakacebis
gaupatiureba aris iseTi danaSauli, romelic qveyanaSi yvelaze naklebad aris
registrirebuli.

mdidari da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebi

Tumca cixis patimarTa ZiriTad masas sazogadoebis Raribi wevrebi Seadgenen,

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mTeli kriminaluri saqmianoba
mxolod maTi danaSaulebrivi saqmeebiT Semoifargleba. bevri mdidari da
Zalauflebis mqone adamiani sCadis danaSaulebs, romelTa Sedegi SeiZleba bevrad
ufro Sorsmimavali iyos, vidre Raribebis mier Cadenili umniSvnelo kriminaluri
qmedebebisa. axla Cven ganvixilavT aseTi danaSaulebebis zogierT formas.

`TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli
termini `TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSauli pirvelad edvin sazerlendma Semoitana
(1949) da is exeba iseT danaSauls, romelsac sazogadoebis ufro mdidari
seqtorebis warmomadgenlebi sCadian. termini moicavs kriminaluri saqmianobis bevr
tips, maT Soris: gadasadebTan dakavSirebul TaRliTobebs, aralegalur savaWro
garigebebs, fasian qaRaldebsa da miwis sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebul maqinaciebs,
sicocxlisTvis saSiSi produqtebis warmoebas an gayidvas, garemos dabinZurebasa
da, agreTve, ubralo qurdobas. sxva tipis danaSaulebTan SedarebiT,
`TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSaulebis raodenoba ufro Zneli gasazomia. aseTi saxis
danaSaulebaTa umetesoba saerTod ar aisaxeba oficialur statistikaSi. Cven
erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli da Zalauflebis
mqone adamianTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebi. pirveli, ZiriTadad, gulisxmobs
adamianebis mier saSualo klasis poziciisa da profesiuli mdgomareobis
gamoyenebas arakanonier saqmianobaSi Cabmis mizniT. Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis
mier Cadenili danaSaulebi iseTi saxis danaSaulebia, sadac socialuri
mdgomareobiT mopovebuli avtoriteti, kriminaluri miznebiT gamoiyeneba,
magaliTad, rodesac Tanamdebobis piri iRebs qrTams garkveuli politikisTvis
xelis Sewyobis gamo.
Tumca, xelisuflebis damokidebuleba zemoT aRniSnuli danaSaulebebis mimarT
bevrad ufro Semwynarebluria, vidre naklebad privilegirebuli adamianebis mier
Cadenili danaSaulebisadmi. ,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulis sazRauri uzarmazaria.

33
SeerTebul StatebSi, britaneTTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro meti gamokvleva Catarda
amgvari danaSaulebis Sesaxeb. amerikaSi gamoTvales, rom Cveulebriv danaSaulTan
SedarebiT, ,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli fulis raodenoba
(gadasaxadebis gayalbeba, fasian qaRaldebTan dakavSirebuli TaRliTobebi, wamlebi
da samedicino momsaxureba, motyueba saxlis gadakeTebisa da manqanis remontis
dros) ormocjer metia im Tanxaze, romelic sakuTrebis xelyofis mizniT Cadenil
danaSaulebTan aris dakavSirebuli (yaCaRobebi, Zarcva, qurdoba, yalbi fulis
damzadeba da avtomanqanebis qurdoba) (prezidentis mier Camoyalibebuli
organizebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Semswavleli komisia, 1985). ufro metic,
,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulis zogierTi forma bevrad met adamianze axdens
gavlenas, vidre dabali klasis warmomadgenlebis mier Cadenili danaSauli. fulis
gamflangvelma, SesaZloa, gaZarcvos aTasobiT _ an dRes, kompiuteruli gayalbebis
gziT, milionobiT _ adamiani; gafuWebulma sakvebma produqtebma da aralegalurad
gayidulma wamlebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios bevri adamianis janmrTelobaze da
fataluri Sedegebic ki gamoiwvios.
,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulis Zaladobrivi aspeqtebi nakleb SesamCnevia, vidre
mkvlelobis an yaCaRuri Tavdasxmis Sedegebis, magram isini iseTive realuria da,
zog SemTxvevaSi, maTi Sedegebi, SesaZloa, ufro seriozulic ki iyos, magaliTad,
axali wamlebis damzadebis dros instruqciisa da wesebis ugulebelyofam, samuSao
adgilze usafrTxoebis wesebis darRvevam an garemos dabinZurebam, SesaZloa,
uamravi adamianis fizikuri dasaxiCreba an sikvdili gamoiwvios. samuSao adgilze
saxifaTo SemTxveviT gamowveuli sikvdilianoba, bevrad ufro didia, vidre
mkvlelobebi, Tumca Znelia samsaxurebrivi ubeduri SemTxvevebis statistikuri
monacemebis mopoveba. ra Tqma unda, Znelia vivaraudoT, rom aseTi saxis yvela an
Tundac umravlesi sikvdilis an dasaxiCrebis mizezi aris samuSaoze damqiravebelTa
mier usafrTxoebis im zomebis ugulebelyofa, romlebic maT, kanonis Tanaxmad,
aucileblad unda daicvan. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs garkveuli safuZveli,
vivaraudoT, rom bevri sikvdili da dasaxiCreba imis Sedegia, rom samuSaoze
damqiraveblebi an menejerebi ugulebelyofen kanoniT dadgenil usafrTxoebis
wesebs.
rogorc gamoTvales, aSS-Si yovelwliurad samuSao travmebis 40 procenti
ukanono, akrZaluli samuSao pirobebis uSualo Sedegia, 24 procenti ki
ganpirobebulia kanonieri, magram safrTxis Semcveli pirobebiT, da mxolod
mesamedi gamowveulia Tavad mosamsaxureebis an muSebis saSiSi, sarisko moqmedebebiT
(Hagen 1988). arsebobs dokumentebiT damtkicebuli bevri magaliTi, roca samuSaoze
damqiraveblebi Segnebulad qmnian saSiS samuSao pirobebs da xels uwyoben maT
SenarCunebas, maSinac ki, Tu es kanonsawinaaRmdegoa. zogi amtkicebs, rom aseTi
pirobebis gamo gamowveul sikvdils SeiZleba vuwodoT korporaciuli mkvlelobebi,
radgan isini, sinamdvileSi, gulisxmobs biznes korporaciebis mxridan sicocxlis
arakanonier (da Tavidan acilebad) xelyofas.

mTavrobis danaSauli
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mTavrobis Cinovnikebi CarTulni arian danaSaulSi? Tu
`danaSauls~ ufro farTo konteqstSi ganvsazRvravT (vidre es zeviT gavakeTeT), rom
34
avxsnaT aramoraluri qmedeba, romelsac mZime, damRupveli Sedegebi moaqvs, pasuxi
savsebiT naTeli iqneba. saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi, bevri umZimesi danaSauli
CaudeniaT, maT Soris mTeli rigi xalxebis ganadgureba, totaluri masobrivi
dabombva, nacistebis holokosti da stalinis sakoncentracio banakebi. magram,
maSinac ki, Tu danaSaulis gansazRvrebas SemovfarglavT dadgenili kanonebis
darRveviT, aRmoCndeba, rom mTavrobebis qmedeba xSirad kriminaluria. e.i. isini
ugulebelyofen an arRveven swored im kanonebs, romlebic maTma xelisuflebam unda
daicvas. magaliTad, koloniuri britaneTis istoriaSi iyo Sesabamisi magaliTebi,
rodesac fexqveS Telavdnen afrikis xalxebisTvis micemul samarTlebriv
garantiebs _ pirobas, rom daicavdnen maT miwasa da cxovrebis wess.
policia, saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, romlebic danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis
mizniT arian Seqmnili, zogjer Tavad monawileobs kriminalur saqmianobaSi.
kriminalur qmedebebSi CarTva ar niSnavs mxolod calkeul izolirebul aqtebs,
aramed es aris policiis saqmianobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, farTod gavrcelebuli
niSan-Tviseba. policiis Tanamdebobis pirTa kriminaluri saqmianoba moicavs
eWvmitanilTa daSinebas, cemas an mokvlas, qrTamebis aRebas, kriminaluri qselebis
Seqmnis xelSewyobas, samxilebis gayalbebas an damalvas, da nivTieri
mtkicebulebebis miTvisebas, rodesac amoRebulia fuli, narkotikebi an sxva
moparuli nivTebi.

organizebuli danaSauli

organizebuli danaSauli dakavSirebulia saqmianobis iseT formebTan,

romlebsac Cveulebrivi biznesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri niSani aqvs, magram maTi
saqmianoba arakanonieria. amerikaSi, organizebuli danaSauli aris uzarmazari
biznesi, romelic konkurencias uwevs ekonomikuri saqmianobis nebismier did,
sayovelTaod aRiarebul seqtors, rogoricaa, magaliTad, manqanaTmSeneblobis
mrewveloba. erovnuli da adgilobrivi kriminaluri organizaciebi aralegalur
saqonelsa da momsaxurebas sTavazoben uamrav momxmarebels, xolo zogierTi
kriminaluri qseli transnacionaluria. organizebuli danaSauli, sxva
saqmianobebTan erTad, moicavs aralegalur azartul TamaSebs, prostitucias,
msxvilmasStabian qurdobasa da gamoZalvas (rekets).
cxadia, Znelia organizebuli danaSaulis bunebis Sesaxeb zusti informaciis
mopoveba. gangsterebis cxovrebis romantikuli aRweris dros naCvenebia, rom
SeerTebul StatebSi, organizebul danaSauls, Cveulebriv, erovnuli masStabis
saidumlo sazogadoeba `mafia~ akontrolebs. Tavad mafia, kovboebis msgavsad,
garkveulwilad, aris amerikuli folkloris qmnileba. ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi,
ar arsebobs siciliuri warmoSobis saidumlo bandituri jgufi, romelic
saerToerovnuli organizaciis mwvervalze zis. magram, Cans, fesvgadgmuli, myari
kriminaluri organizaciebi arsebobs amerikis TiTqmis yvela did qalaqSi; zog
maTgans erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirebi aqvs.
SeerTebul StatebSi, organizebuli danaSauli bevrad ufroa damkvidrebuli,
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli da sicocxlisunariani, vidre sxva industriul

35
sazogadoebebSi, magaliTad, safrangeTSic arsebobs organizebuli danaSauli,
magram misi zegavlena, ZiriTadad, Semoifargleba ori didi qalaqiT: pariziTa da
marseliT. samxreT italiaSi, gangsterebis stereotipebis regionSi, kriminalur
qselebs Zalian didi Zalaufleba aqvT, magram isini, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli
arian ojaxuri organizaciis tradiciul modelebsa da Temis kontrolTan Raribi
soflis regionebSi. albaT, organizebuli danaSauli aseTi mniSvnelovani imitom
gaxda amerikul sazogadoebaSi, rom adre mas kavSiri hqonda _ da, nawilobriv, amis
magaliTze Seiqmna _ mecxramete saukunis gviandeli periodis industriuli `yaCaRi
baronebis~ saqmianobasTan. adreuli periodis bevrma mewarmem warmatebas emigrantTa
Sromis eqspluataciiT miaRwia. isini, ZiriTadad, ugulebelyofdnen kanoniT
dadgenili samuSao pirobebis wesebs da xSirad mimarTavdnen rogorc korufcias,
ise Zaladobas TavianTi industriuli imperiebis Sesaqmnelad. organizebuli
danaSauli ayvavda Rarib eTnikur getoebSi (sadac adamianebma araferi icodnen
TavianTi samarTlebrivi da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb), sadac gamoiyeneboda
konkurentebis Tavidan moSorebisa da korufciis qselebis Seqmnis msgavsi meTodebi.
ukanono azartuli TamaSebi, doRi, latariebi da sportuli Sejibrebebi
warmoadgens im Semosavlebis uzarmazar wyaros, romlebsac SeerTebul StatebSi
organizebuli danaSaulis saSualebiT iReben. SeerTebuli Statebisagan
gansxvavebiT, dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi arsebobs legaluri totalizatorebi.
gaerTianebul samefoSi aris licenzirebuli sazogadoebrivi `sanaZleos dadebis
dawesebulebebi.~ isini Tavisufali ar arian kriminaluri zegavlenisgan, magram
azartuli TamaSebi ar kontroldeba aralegaluri organizaciebis mier im
masStabiT, rogorc es SeerTebul StatebSia.
Tumca, gaerTianebul samefoSi, organizebuli danaSaulis Sesaxeb Cven mcire
sistematuri informacia gvaqvs, mainc cnobilia, rom londonsa da sxva zogierT
qalaqSi farTo kriminaluri qselebi arsebobs da zogierT maTgans saerTaSoriso
kavSirebi aqvs. kerZod, londoni aris im kriminaluri operaciebis centri, romlebic
warmoebs SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi.
dRes, wina ramdenime welTan SedarebiT, britaneTSi, organizebuli danaSauli
ufro kompleqsuria. ar arsebobs arc erTi erTiani erovnuli organizacia, romelic
akavSirebs sxvadasxva kriminalur jgufs, Tumca aseTi danaSauli ufro rTuli da
gawafuli gaxda, vidre es odesme iyo. magaliTad, zogierTi didi kriminaluri
organizacia `aTeTrebs~ fuls didi kliringuli bankebis saSualebiT, Semdeg ki
TavianT `sufTa~ fuls kanonier biznesSi debs. policiis azriT, yovelwliurad
kriminaluri saqmianobiT miRebuli 2,5-dan 4,0-mde miliardi funti sterlingi gadis
gaerTianebuli samefos bankebis saSualebiT. rTuli organizebuli danaSaulis
gawafulobisa da raodenobis gazrdis gamo SeSfoTebuli policia iZulebuli iyo,
Seeqmna bandebis sxvadasxva teritoriaze saqmianobis oficialuri erovnuli
reestri. qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxidan, policiis eqvsi qvedanayofi da sabaJos
oficrebi gaerTiandnen, rom SeegrovebinaT eWvmitanili kriminaluri saqmianobebis
detalebi. oficialuri sia Seicavs Zalian mniSvnelovani kriminalebis 400-mde gvars.
britanul organizebul danaSauls hyavs Tavisi `ojaxebi~, romlebic Seqmnilia
SeerTebuli Statebis mafiis ojaxebis modelis mixedviT. erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri
Tanamedrove kriminaluri ojaxi aris ,,arifebis” ojaxis stoquelidan _ samxreT
londonidan. arifebis ojaxi monawileobda SeiaraRebul Zarcvebsa da narkotikebis
36
kontrabandaSi 1980-ian wlebSi. isini, agreTve, flobdnen ludis barebis,
restoranebisa da klubebis qsels, romelic, TiTqmis ueWvelia, SeiZines TavianTi
kriminaluri saqmeebis safuZvelze miRebuli SemosavlebiT. bekir arifi, 1980-iani
wlebis bolos, 5 wliT Casves cixeSi, mas Semdeg, rac is damnaSaved scnes yaCaRobis
gamo.
arifebis ojaxis batonoba damTavrda 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rac
policielTa mier Catarebuli mTeli rigi warmatebuli operaciebis Sedegi iyo. 1990
wels, policiam dagegmili SeiaraRebuli Zarcvis dros gaanadgura erT-erTi banda.
axla ojaxis ufrosi, dogan arifi cixeSi ToTxmetwlian sasjels ixdis,
narkotikebis kontrabandis 8,5 milionian garigebaSi monawileobis gamo (Bennetto
1995).
iaponuri iakuzas bandebma da italieli da amerikuli mafiebis saqmosnebma
yvelaferi gaakeTes britaneTSi dasafuZneblad. axalCamosulebs Soris arian
kriminalebi yofili sabWoTa kavSiridanac. orma Tanamedrove komentatorma axali
rusuli mafia Seafasa, rogorc `msoflios yvelaze daundobeli kriminaluri
sindikati~ (Elliot and Lin 1995). rusuli kriminaluri qselebi Rrmad arian CarTulebi
fulis `gaTeTrebaSi~ da TavianTi saqmianobiT dakavSirebulebi arian ruseTis
arakontrolirebul bankebTan. zogi fiqrobs, rom rusuli dajgufebebi, SesaZloa,
gaxdes msoflios udidesi kriminaluri qselebi. maTi safuZveli aris `mafiiT-
dacxriluli~ rusuli saxelmwifo, sadac axla sazogadoebis naZirlebis
`proteqcia~ bevri biznesisTvis dadgenili praqtikaa. yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli
perspeqtiva aris is, rom axali `mobsterebi~ (`xrovis wevrebi~) saerTaSoriso
masStabiT ewevian im birTvuli masalis kontrabandas, romelic sabWoTa birTvuli
arsenalidan aris aRebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavroba da policia mravalricxovan operaciebs
atareben, narkotikebiT vaWroba aris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli saerTaSoriso
kriminaluri industria. 1980-ian wlebsa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, igi
yovelwliurad 10 procentiT izrdeboda da Zalian didi mogeba hqonda. heroinis
qselebi gaWimulia mTel Soreul aRmosavleTSi, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT aziaSi da,
agreTve, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, Sua aRmosavleTsa da laTinur amerikaSi. miwodebis
marSrutebi parizsa da amsterdamze gadis, iqidan ki, Cveulebriv, narkotikebi
britaneTSi xvdeba.

kriminaluri qselebi: mTavari operatorebi

triadebi
vin arian isini: Cineli gangsterebi, warmoSobiT hong-kongidan da samxreT-
aRmosavleT aziidan. aqvT oTxi ZiriTadi sazogadoeba: 14K, W o S hing W o, Wo O n Lock,
San Yee On.
sad arian isini dafuZnebulebi: londoni, agreTve manCesteri, hali da glasgo.
rogor akeTeben isini fuls: narkotikebis gayidva, prostitucia, TaRliToba,
proteqcia, fulis gamoZalva, aralegaluri azartuli TamaSebi da imigracia.
agreTve gayalbeba, video piratoba, fulis motexva.

37
 Zalauflebis reitingi: afarToeben TavianT interesebs gaerTianebul samefoSi.
iyeneben Zaladobas da daSinebas Cinur erTobebSi, raTa moipovon Zalaufleba.
Zalian Znelia, daarwmuno TviTmxilvelebi, monawileoba miiRon sasamarTlo
procesebSi, radgan maT sastikad uswordebian da emuqrebian.

iardebi
vin arian isini: termini xSirad gamoiyeneba karibis kunZulebTan, kerZod,
jamaikasTan, dakavSirebuli narkotikebis dilerebis aRsaniSnavad. ar arsebobs imis
dadastureba, rom maT meTaurebi hyavT. Cveulebriv, Zaladobrivi reputaciisa da
mkvlelobis gamocdilebis mqone iardi, britaneli afro-karibelebis mxardaWeras
moipovebs, narkotikebis gasaRebis mizniT. bevri ubralod iZens iardis tituls,
pativiscemis mopovebis mizniT.
sad arian isini dafuZnebulebi: umetesad, samxreT londoni, kerZod, briqstoni,
agreTve mancesteri, bristoli, birmingemi, leiCesteri, notingemi da lidsi.
rogor akeTeben isini fuls: TiTqmis mTlianad narkotikebiT vaWrobiT. amJamad,
jamaikeli bandebi TiTqmis srulad akontroleben kokainiT vaWrobas gaerTianebul
samefoSi. agreTve iaraRis da raketebis trefikingi.
Zalauflebis reitingi: iardebi gamorCeulni arian mzadyofniT, gamoiyenon
ukiduresi Zaladoba da cecxlsasroli iaraRi. amasTan, isini sul ufro metad
uswordebian TviTmxilvelebs. policias sjera, rom kokainis bazris zrdasTan
erTad, swored iardebi ubiZgeben policias, rac SeiZleba farTod SeiaraRdes maT
winaaRmdeg.

tradiciuli ojaxuri bandebi

vin arian isini: xSirad, muSaTa klasis kriminaluri jgufebi, romlebic
moqmedeben sagangebo zonebSi, akontroleben ra narkotikebis distribucias. ojaxebi
warmoadgenen bandebis birTvs, romelTac Zlieri regionuli identoba axasiaTebT.
sad arian isini dafuZnebulebi: yvela did qalaqs hyavs sakuTari bandebi, Tumca,
bolo periodSi, maT Soris kavSiri izrdeba, narkotikebis gavrcelebis mizniT. maTi
mTavari centrebia: londoni, glasgo, manCesteri, liverpuli, niukasli.
rogor akeTeben isini fuls: umTavresad, sCadian danaSauls, mcire SeWriT
finansur samyaroSi da narkotikebis trefikingiT, pabebisa da klubebis kontrolis
gziT. tradiciuli danaSaulidan, rogoricaa SeiaraRebuli Zarcva, isini
gayalbebasa da TaRliTobaze gadavidnen; agreTve CarTulni arian gamoZalvasa da
satvirTo avtomanqanebis qurdobaSi.
Zalauflebis reitingi: maT Zaladobriv bunebaze miuTiTebs ukanasknel xanebSi
momxdari sisxliani Setakebebi narkotikul bandebs Soris glasgoSi, manCestersa da
liverpulSi. TumCa, maT ar amoZravebT ambicia, ganavrcon maTi Zalaufleba erTi
qalaqis sazRvrebs miRma, maT Soris mainc arsebobs garkveuli qselebi.

organizebuli danaSaulis sxva jgufebi

aRmosavleT evropelebi
umTavresad, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan. isini iyeneben britanul sabanko
sistemas fulis mosatexad, Tumca maTTvis arc iaraRiT vaWrobaa ucxo.

38
 teroristebi
miuxedavad cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebisa, rogorc respublikeli, ise
loialisti teroristuli jgufebi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi kvlavac zrdian maT
Semosavlebs SeiaraRebuli Zarcvis, gamoZalvis, kontrabandis, aralegaluri
azartuli TamaSebis, piratuli videos da iaraRiT vaWrobis gziT. es jgfebi
akontroleben mraval pabsa da klubs. loialisturi jgufebis garkveuli nawili
CarTulia narkotikebiT vaWrobaSi, magram IRA uars ambobs narkotikebiT vaWrobaze.

mafia
bolo xuTi wlis manZilze gamoikveTa mafiasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivobebis
zrda gaerTianebul samefoSi, gansakuTrebiT, londonSi. isini, umetesad,
TaRliTobiT da narkotikebis trefikingiT arian dakavebulni, Tumca azartul
TamaSebSic arian Cabmulni.

baikerebi
eseni arian ,,jojoxeTis angelozebi,” romelTac 250 wevrisgan Semdgari 12
organizacia aqvT gaerTianebul samefoSi da monawileoben SeiaraRebul
TavdasxmebSi, narkotikebis trefikingSi, manqanebis qurdobaSi da gamoZalvaSi.
ramdenime bandam daafuZna legitimuri biznesi, ,,miwisqveSa” sabanko sistemiT.

dasavleT afrikelebi
umetesad nigerielebi, romlebic Cabmulni arian TaRliTobasa da gayalbebaSi,
raTa moipovon sxvadasxva saxis SeRavaTebi. es Zalian mcirericxovani jgufia da
moicavs daaxloebiT 50 adamians, ZiriTadad londonSi.

kolumbieli kartelebi
TiTqmis mTlianad dakavebulni narkotikebis trefikingiTa da fulis motexviT.

Turqebi da qurTebi
arsebobs samxili, rom ramdenime klani CarTulia narkotikebis trefikingSi,
fulis gamoZalvasa da manqanebis qurdobaSi. politikuri jgufebi, rogoricaa Dev
Sol da PKK, Cabmulni arian teroristul kriminalur aqtivobebSi. hyavT daaxloebiT
1000 wevri.

vietnamelebi
arsebobs garkveuli samxili, rom triaduli bandebi qiraoben vietnamelebs,
Zaladobrivi dartymebis da sarisko saqmeebis gansaxorcieleblad.

azielebi
pakistanur da bangladeSur TemebSi, rasistuli Setevebis sapasuxod, xSirad
iqmneba garkveuli dajgufebebi. H ome O ffice xSirad iZleva gafrTxilebas, rom
demografiuli drois bombi mzadaa asafeTqeblad, srulwlovanebas miRweuli
axalgazrda azieli kriminalebiT. maTi sayvareli kriminaluri aqtivobebia: fulis
gamoZalva da proteqcia, sakredito baraTebiT TaRliToba, narkotikebi, imigracia,
kontrabanda da manqanebis qurdoba, umetesad bredfordSi, londonsa da boltonSi.
39
 iaponeli iakuzebi
iaponuri organizebuli danaSaulis ,,Zaladobis jgufis” wevrebi. aq uSualo
CarTuloba naklebia, magram arsebobs samxili, rom texaven fuls britanuli
sakuTrebis SeZenis xarjze.

wyaro: Jason B ennetto, ‘Caution: you a re a bout to e nter g angland B ritain,’ Independent, 21 agvisto, 1995, gv. 2-3
(Sesavali).

danaSauli, deviacia da socialuri wyoba

Secdoma iqneboda, danaSauli da deviacia mxolod uaryofiTi aspeqtiT

gangvexila. nebismierma sazogadoebam, romelic aRiarebs, rom adamianebs
gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi da interesebi aqvT, im individebisTvis an jgufebisTvis
unda monaxos sivrce, visi saqmianobac ar Seesabameba umravlesobis mier dacul
normebs. adamianebs, romlebic axal ideebs aviTareben politikaSi, mecnierebaSi,
xelovnebaSi an sxva sferoebSi, xSirad, eWvis TvaliT an mtrulad uyureben isini,
vinc sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesebs icavs. amerikis revoluciis dros
Camoyalibebuli politikuri idealebs, magaliTad, pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da
SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobas, maSin bevri adamiani sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda.
Tumca, axla isini mTel msoflioSia miRebuli. gabatonebuli normebidan gadaxveva
moiTxovs simamacesa da simtkices, magram xSirad es Zalian mniSvnelovania im
cvlilebebis mxardasaWerad, romlebic mogvianebiT yvelasTvis saintereso da
mniSvnelovani aRmoCndeba.
aris `saSiSi deviacia~ sazRauri, romelic sazogadoebam unda gadaixados imis
gamo, rom is mniSvnelovan Tavisuflebas aZlevs adamianebs, Caeban arakonformistul
saqmianobaSi? magaliTad, aris kriminaluri Zaladobis maRali done is safasuri,
romelsac daJinebiT moiTxoven sazogadoebaSi misi moqalaqeebis individualuri
Tavisuflebis sanacvlod? zogierTebi asec Tvlian. isini amtkiceben, rom
Zaladobrivi danaSaulebi gardauvalia sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar arsebobs mkacri
konformizmi. Tu am Tvalsazriss yuradRebiT ganvixilavT, aRmovaCenT, rom is arc
ise logikuria. zogierT sazogadoebaSi, romelic aRiarebs pirovnuli Tavisuflebis
farTo speqtrs da tolerantulad aris ganwyobili devianturi qmedebebisadmi
(rogoricaa holandia), mZime danaSaulis done dabalia. meore mxriv, qveynebma, sadac
pirovnuli Tavisuflebis done SezRudulia (zogierTi laTino-amerikuli
sazogadoebis msgavsad), SesaZloa, aCvenon Zaladobis maRali done.
sazogadoeba, romelic mimtevebelia devianturi qcevis mimarT, ar unda dauSvas
socialuri dayofa. amis miRweva mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu pirovnuli
Tavisufleba Serwymulia socialur samarTlianobasTan _ socialur wyobilebaSi,
sadac uTanasworoba ar aris Zalian didi da romelSic mTel mosaxleobas aqvs
SesaZlebloba, srulfasovani da sasiamovno cxovrebiT icxovron. Tu Tavisufleba
TanasworobiT ar aris dabalansebuli da Tu bevr adamians ara aqvs
TviTrealizaciis SesaZlebloba, devianturi qceva, albaT, mimarTuli iqneba
socialurad destruqciuli miznebisken.

40
 Sejameba

1. devianturi qceva gulisxmobs iseT qmedebebs, romlebic arRvevs

sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod miRebul normebs. is, rasac ganvixilavT, rogor
devianturs, SeiZleba icvlebodes droisa da adgilis mixedviT. `normalur~ qcevas
erT socialur garemoSi SeiZleba meoreSi `devianturis~ iarliyi miawebon.
2. sanqciebi, formaluri an araformaluri, sazogadoebis mier socialuri
normebis dasacavad gamoiyeneba. kanonebi aris normebi, romlebsac xelisufleba
adgens da cxovrebaSi axorcielebs. danaSaulebi aris qmedebebi, romlebsac es
kanonebi krZalavs.
3. biologiuri da fsiqologiuri Teoriebis mixedviT, danaSauli da deviaciis
sxva formebi genetikurad aris gansazRvruli. magram axla maT eWvqveS ayeneben.
sociologebi amtkiceben, romo konformizmi da deviacia sxvadasxva socialur
konteqstSi gansxvavebulad ganisazRvreba. sazogadoebaSi simdidrisa da
Zalauflebis ganawilebis uTanasworoba did zegavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra
SesaZleblobebia xelmisawvdomi adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebisTvis da ra saxis
saqmianoba iTvleba kriminalurad. kriminalur qmedebebs TiTqmis iseve swavloben,
rogorc kanondaqvemdebarebul qmedebebs da isini, zogadad, mimarTulia imave
moTxovnilebebisa da Rirebulebebisadmi.
4. stigmatizaciis Teoria (is varaudobs, rom vinmesTvis deviantis iarliyis
miwebeba aZlierebs mis deviantur qcevas) aris mniSvnelovani, radgan is iwyeba
varaudiT, rom TavisTavad arc erTi qmedeba ar aris kriminaluri (an normaluri).
magram stigmatizaciis Teoria unda SevavsoT kiTxviT: ra mizezi devs devianturi
qcevis safuZvelSi?
5. nebismier sazogadoebaSi, Znelia danaSaulis gavrcelebis masStabis Sefaseba,
radgan yvela danaSauli ar aris registrirebuli. magram zogierT qveyanaSi
danaSaulis done bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre sxvebSi _ dasavleTis sxva qveynebTan
SedarebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis mkvlelobis ufro maRalia donea.
6. dasjis formebi, iseve rogorc `danaSauli~, gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva periodsa
da gansxvavebul kulturebSi. cixeebi warmoiSva nawilobriv, damnaSaveebisgan
sazogadoebis dacvis, nawilobriv ki, maTi `gamosworebis~ mizniT. am mxriv, Cans,
isini, ZiriTadad, araefeqturia. dRes bevr qveyanaSi gauqmebulia sikvdiliT dasja.
7. rogorc Cans, cixeebi ver akavebs danaSauls da gaurkvevelia, ramdenad
uwyoben isini xels patimrebis reabilitacias, rom Semdeg gabedulad Sexvdnen gare
samyaros da xelaxla ar CaerTon danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi. dRes arsebobs cixis
bevri alternativa, maT Sorisaa probacia, sazogadoebrivi samuSaos usasyidlod
Sesruleba, jarimebi, msxverplisTvis zaralis anazRaureba da sxva zomebi.
zogierTi maTgani ukve farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
8. qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis done bevrad ufro dabalia, vidre
mamakacebis mier Cadenilisa; albaT, amis mizezi aris gansxvaveba mamakacebisa da
qalebis socializacias Soris, agreTve, mamakacebis monawileoba ojaxis gareT
arsebul sferoebSi.

41
 9. ueWvelia, gaupatiureba bevrad ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli, vidre amas
oficialuri statistika aCvenebs. garkveuli azriT, yvela qali gaupatiurebis
msxverplia, radgan isini iZulebulni arian, miiRon sifrTxilis winaswari zomebi
Tavis dasacavad da icxovron gaupatiurebis SiSiT.
10. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ da Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa mier Cadenili
danaSaulebi gulisxmobs iseT danaSaulebs, romlebsac sazogadoebis ufro mdidari
fenebis warmomadgenlebi sCadian. organizebuli danaSauli gulisxmobs kriminaluri
saqmianobis institucionalizebul formebs, romlebSic vlindeba sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri niSan-Tviseba, magram maT saqmianobas
aralegaluri xasiaTi aqvs.

damatebiTi literatura
1. Patricia Adler and Peter Adler (eds), Constructions of Deviance: Social Power, Context, and Interaction
(Belmont, C alif.: W adsworth, 1994 ). devianturi qcevis analizi interaqciuli
perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT.
2. Stanley Cohen and Lauric Taylor, Escape Attempts (London: Routledge, 1992). gamokvlevis meore,
Sesworebuli gamocema. gamokvleva Seiswavlis sxvadasxva gzas, romelTa
saSualebiT individebi cdiloben, Tavi aaridon yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
Cveulebebsa da rutinas.
3. Janet Foster, Villains: Crime and Community in the Inner City (London: Routledge, 1990). saintereso
Sexeduleba centraluri londonis raionSi kriminaluri subkulturebis
Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb.
4. Stephen H ester an d P eter E glin, A Sociology of Crime (London, Macmillan, 1992) . zogadi
kriminologiis sasargeblo saxelmZRvanelo.
5. M. Maguire et al (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994).
6. Stephen Pilling, Rehabilitation and Community Care (London: Routledge, 1991).
7. Robert Reiner, The Politics of the Police (London: Harvester, 1992). aRiarebuli naSromis axali
gamocema. teqsti exeba britaneTSi policiis istoriasa da sociologias.
8. John W ells, Crime and Unemployment (London: E mployment P olicy Institute, 1995) . sasargeblo
diskusia kriminaluri qcevis formebze umuSevrobis zegavlenis Sesaxeb.
9. Ann Worrall, Offending Women (London: Routledge, 1990). genderisa da kanonis saintereso
da mniSvnelovani analizi.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

banda organizebuli danaSauli

gaupatiureba ojaxuri Zaladoba
devianturi subkultura recidivizmi
diferencirebuli asociacia sanqciebi
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli seqsualuri xelyofa
stigmatizaciis Teoria fsiqopaTi
kanonebi Zalauflebis mqoneTa danaSauli
meoradi deviacia

42
Tavi 9

eTnikuroba da rasa

ZiriTadi cnebebi

eTnikuroba

• umciresobaTa jgufebi
• rasa da biologia

mikerZoeba da diskriminacia

• fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi
• sociologiuri interpretaciebi

eTnikuri antagonizmi: istoriuli perspeqtiva

rasizmis aRzeveba

eTnikuri urTierTobebi istoriul perspeqtivaSi: magaliTebi

• eTnikuri urTierTobebi braziliaSi

• samxreT afrikis socialuri ganviTareba
• SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebi SeerTebul StatebSi
• laTinosebi da azielebi SeerTebul StatebSi

eTnikuri mravalferovneba gaerTianebul samefoSi

• adreuli imigracia
• gviani ganviTareba
• rasa, rasizmi da uTanasworoba
• eTnikuroba da polisi

eTnikuri urTierTobebi kontinentze

eTnikur urTierTobebis savaraudo momavali ganviTareba

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

1
ZiriTadi cnebebi
• eTnikuriba
• rasizmi
• mikerZoebuli ganwyoba
• diskriminacia

dRevandeli msoflios mraval nawilSi, erTmaneTs sxvadasxva

kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufi ebrZvis, rac zogjer savalalo Sedegs
da sisxlisRvrasac ki iwvevs. aseTi sisxliani omis SemTxvevebi iyo
bosnia hercogovinaSi (yofili iugoslavia), eTiopiaSi (afrika),
saqarTvelosa (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris nawili) da sxva regionebSi.

ltolvilebi da imigrantebi samyaros sxvadasxva regionSi

gadaadgildebian. zogi cdilobs konfliqts daaRwios Tavi, zogi ki,
ukeTesi cxovrebis ZiebaSi, siRaribes gaurbis. axal qveyanaSi Casul
imigrantebs, xSirad, im adamianTa qedmaRluri ganwyoba xvdebaT,
romlebic, Taobebis winaT, Tavad iyvnen imigrantebi.

aseTi ram SeerTebul StatebSi Casulma mravalma adamianma gamoscada.

aSS, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi yvelaze mravalferovani
sazogadoebaa. mas SeiZleba emigrantebis sazogadoeba vuwodoT: ZirZveli
mosaxleoba - amerikeli indielebi, mTlianobaSi, aSS-s mosaxleobis 1
procentsac ki ar Seadgenen. SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, mosaxleobis
swrafi kulturuli aRreva britaneTsa da evropaSic mimdinareobs.
CrdiloeT amerikaSi Casuli pirveli imigrantebi, rasakvirvelia,
evropelebi iyvnen; bolo dromde, isini dominanturni iyvnen imigraciaSi,
romelmac SeerTebuli Statebsa da kanadas daudo safuZveli. dRes,
imigraciis axali, legaluri Tu aralegaluri, talRa Tavad dasavleT
evropaSic SeimCneva. imigrantebi dasavleT evropaSi aRmosavleT
evropidan, afrikidan, axlo aRmosavleTidan da aziidan Cadian.
sargebelTan da axal SesaZleblobebTan erTad, evropam is Tanmdevi
dilemebi, konfliqtebi da winaaRmdegobebic gaiara, rac, emigraciis
wyalobiT, aSS-ma gamoscada.

evropa aseTi eTnikurad heterogenuli arasodes yofila.

eTnikuroba

eTnikuroba adamianTa garkveuli sazogadoebis im kulturul praqtikasa

da Tvalsazriss warmoadgens, romelic mas sxva adamianebisgan
gamoarCevs. eTnikuri jgufis wevrebs miaCniaT, rom isini sazogadoebis
sxva jgufebisgan kulturulad gansxvavebdian da am sxva jgufebsac maT
mimarT analogiuri damokidebuleba aqvT. eTnikuri jgufebi
erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva niSnebiT gansxvavdebian, magram yvelaze xSirad,
am mizniT, enas, istorias, warmomavlobas (realurs an warmosaxviTs),
religias, Cacmasa da samkaulebs mimarTaven. eTnikur gansxvavebaTa
sakiTxi srulad aris Seswavlili. TiTqos aq saeWvo araferia, vidre
gavixsenebT, rom zogierT jgufs, xSirad, rogorc “samarTavad gaCenils,”
“usargeblos,” “araintelqtualurs” da a.S. moixsenieben. (did britaneTSi
eTnikur jgufTa mravalferovnebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. cxrili 9.1.)

2
am TavSi ganvixilavT, Tu ratom warmoSobs, ase xSirad, socialur
konfliqtebs eTnikuri mravalferovneba. amgvar konflitebze udides
gavlenas rasis “idea” axdens. Cven rasis bunebasa da warmomavlobas
ganvixilavT. Semdeg yuradRebas rasobrivi da eTnikuri mikerZoebuli
ganwyobis formebze gavamaxvilebT da gavaanalizebT, Tu ratom isaxeba
zogierT jgufSi siZulvili sxva jgufis mimarT. am Tavis momdevno
qveTavebSi SeviswavliT eTnikur urTierTobebs sxvadasxva erovnul
konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s, britaneTsa da evropas gamovyofT.

cxrili 9.1. didi britaneTis mosaxleobis eTnikur jgufTa Semadgenloba

(procentebSi) 1992 wels

eTnikuri jgufi didi inglisi inglisi uelsi Sotlandia

britaneTi da uelsi
TeTrkaniani 94.5 94.1 93.8 98.5 98.7
eTnikuri 5.5 5.9 6.2 1.5 1.3
umciresobebi
Savkanianebi 1.6 1.8 1.9 0.3 0.1
Savkaniani 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.1 0.0
karibielebi
Savkaniani 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1
afrikelebi
danarCeni 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1
Savkanianebi
samxreT 2.7 2.9 3.0 0.6 0.6
azielebi
indoelebi 1.5 1.7 1.8 0.2 0.2
pakistanelebi 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.4
bangladeSelebi 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0
Cinelebi da 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.5
sxvebi
Cinelebi 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
danarCeni 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1
azielebi
sxvebi 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.2
mTeli 54 888.9 49 890.3 47 055.2 2 835.1 4 998.6
mosaxleoba
(000)
wyaro: d. oueni, eTnikuri umciresobebi britaneTSi, dasaxlebaTa nimuSebi, 1992, gv. 2,
aRwera eyrdnoba Crown Copyight-is monacemebs.

umciresobaTa jgufebi

sociologiaSi farTod gamoiyeneba cneba umciresobaTa jgufebi (an

eTnikuri umciresobebi), rac ricxobriv definiciaze gacilebiT mets
gulisxmobs. statistikuri TvalsazrisiT, mravali umciresoba arsebobs,
mag.: eqvs futze meti simaRlis da 250 futze didi wonis adamianebi,
magram sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es adamianebi umciresobebs ar
ekuTvnian. sociologiaSi umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi, mosaxleobis
umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, wamgebian poziciaSi arian da jgufuri
solidarobisa da erTmaneTisadmi kuTvnilebis SegrZnebiT gamoirCevian.

3
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia aZlierebs jgufis wevrebs
Soris erTgulebas da xels uwyobs saerTo interesebis ganviTarebas.

umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi sakuTar Tavs, xSirad, umravlesobisgan

gamijnul adamianebad xedaven. umciresobaTaA jgufebi, Cveulebriv,
farTo sazogadoebisgan fizikur da socialur izolaciaSi imyofebian.
isini Tavs qveynis garkveul ubnebSi, qalaqebsa an regionebSi iyrian.
umravelesobisa da umciresobis, an umciresobaTa jgufebs Soris,
iSviaTad aris Sereuli qorwinebis SemTxvevebi. kulturuli
gamorCeulobis SenarCunebis mizniT, umciresobaTa jgufis
warmomadgenlebi, xSirad, aqtiurad uwyoben xels endogamias (jgufis
SigniT qorwinebas).

umciresobaTa bevri jgufi eTnikurad da fizikurad gamoirCeva danarCeni

mosaxleobisgan. magaliTad, did britaneTSi aseT jgufebs vest
indoelebi da azielebi, SeerTebul StatebSi ki afro amerikelebi,
Cinelebi da sxva jgufebi ekuTvnian. kanis feris mixedviT gansxvavebas,
Cveulebriv, rasobriv gansxvavebas eZaxian. eTnikuri gamorCeuloba
iSviaTad aris neitraluri xasiaTis; is, Cveulebriv, qonebriv da
Zalauflebriv uTanasworobasTan da jgufebs Soris antagonizmTan
asocirdeba. eTnikur jgufebs Soris arsebuli daZabuloba, ZiriTadad,
rasobriv niadagze warmoiSoba.

rasa da biologia

arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom biologiuri niSniT, adamianebis

sxvadasxva rasebad dayofa upirobodaa SesaZlebeli. es arc aris
gasakviri, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mraval mecniers hqonda
msoflioSi mcxovreb adamianTa rasobrivi kategorizaciis mcdeloba.
zogierTma maTganma oTxi an xuTi ZiriTadi rasa daasaxela, zogma ki -
sami aTeuli. es klasifikaciebi mraval gamonakliss gulisxmobda, amitom
arc erTma maTganma ar imuSava.

magaliTad, yvelaze gavrcelebuli, negroiduli tipi – feradi kaniT,

Savi, Zlier xveuli TmiTa da sxva garkveuli fizikuri TvisebebiT
gamorCeul adamians gulisxmobs. Tumca avstraliis ZirZvel mosaxleobas,
aboirigenebs, feradi kani da naklebad xveuli, zogjer qera Tma aqvT.
amgvar gamonaklisTa magaliTebi nebismier martiv klasifikaciaSi
gvxvdeba. ar arsebobs “rasa”, romelic mkveTrad gamoxatuli TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeba, adamianebi mTeli rigi fizikuri mravalferovnebiT
xasiaTdebian. jgufebisa da adamianebis fizikuri gansxvaveba Sejvarebis
safuZvelze warmoiSoba, rasac sxvadasxva socialur da kulturul
jgufebs Soris kontaqtis done gansazRvravs. mosaxleobis jgufebi
SeiZleba kontinuums SevadaroT. TvalsaCino fizikuri msgavsebis mqone
mosaxleobis SigniT iseTive genetikuri mravalgvarobaa, rogoric
gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris. amis gamo, mravali biologis,
anTropologisa da sociologis azriT, rasis cneba saerTod ar unda
arsebobdes.

aSkaraa, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisgan fizikurad gansxvavdebian. zogjer

gansxvaveba adamians memkvidreobiT gadaecema. magram pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu

4
ratom gaxda esa Tu is gansxvaveba socialuri diskriminaciisa da
mikerZoebuli ganwyobis sagani, biologiis sferoSi ar unda veZioT.
amdenad, rasobrivi gansxvavebebi unda gavigoT, rogorc fizikuri
variaciebi, romlebic erTobis an sazogadoebis wevrebis mier
socialurad mniSvneladad miiCneva. magaliTad, kanis feri, am
TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad miiCneva, Tmis feri ki ara. rasizmi aris
socialurad mniSvnelad fizikur sxvaobaTa safuZvelze warmoqmnili
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba. rasisti aris pirovneba, romelsac miaCnia, rom,
rasobriv gansxvavebaTa gamo, zogierT individs, sxva individTan
SedarebiT, upiratesoba gaaCnia.

mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia

rasa Tanamedrove cnebaa, magram adamianis arsebobis istoriaSi

yovelTvis farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da
diskriminacia. es ori movlena erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad unda gavmijnoT.
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba im Sexedulebebsa Tu ganwyobebs aerTianebs,
romlebic erTi jgufis wevrebs meore jgufis wevrebis mimarT gaaCiaT.
mikerZoebuli adamianis winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi, xSirad,
yurmokrul informacias ufro efuZneba, vidre uSualo faqtebs. es
informacia rTulad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas axali informaciis miRebis
SemTxvevaSic. adamiani SeiZleba winaswar ukve dadebiTad, an piriqiT,
uaryofiTad, iyos ganwyobili mis mier identificirebuli jgufis mimarT.
mas, visac garkveuli jgufis mimarT mikerZoebuli azri ukve gaaCnia,
samarTliani azris mosmena ar surs.

diskriminacia meore jgufis mimarT ganxorcielebul konkretul qcevas

gulixmobs. is SeiZleba gamovlindes im aqtivobebSi, romelic erTi
jgufis wevrebs arTmevs im SesaZlebl;obebs, rac sxvebisTvis
xelmiswvdomia. magaliTad, roca TeTkanianisTvis xelmisawvdomi
samuSaodan Savkanian adamians uariT istumreben. miuxedavad imisa, rom
diskriminaciis safuZvels, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mikerZoebuli ganwyoba
warmoadgens, es ori movlena damoukidebladac gvxvdeba. adamiani
SeiZleba mikerZoebulad iyos ganwyobili, magram es saqmiT ar
gamoavlinos. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom diskriminacia aucileblobiT ar
momdinareobs uSualod mikerZoebuli ganwyobidan. magaliTad,
TeTrkanianma SeiZleba Savkaniani adamianebiT dasaxlebul ubanSi saxlis
yidvaze uari SavkanianTa mimarT mtruli ganwyobis gamo ki ar
ganacxados, aramed momavalSi saxlis Rirebulebis mosalodneli klebiT
iyos SeSfoTebuli. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba am SemTxvevaSic axdens
gavlenas diskriminaciaze, magram es arapirdapiri gziT xdeba.

fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi

fsiqologiuri Teoriebi mikerZoebuli ganwyobis bunebasa da imis

gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom aniWeben adamianebi esoden did
mniSvnelobas eTnikur gansxvavebas. aRsaniSnavia fsiqologiuri midgomis
ori tipi. pirveli, mikerZoebuli ganwyobis analizis mizniT,
stereotipuli azrovnebis cnebas iyenebs. meore midgomis mixedviT,
arsebobs pirovnebis garkveuli tipi, romelic umciresobaTa jgufebis
mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyobiT gamoirCeva.

5
stereotipebi da gantevebis vacebi

mikerZoebuli ganwyoba, ZiriTadad, stereotipuli azrovnebis Sedegad

yalibdeba, anu dadgenili da mouqneli kategoriebiT azrovnebis Sedegad.
stereotipTa miniWeba, xSirad, mWidrod ukavSirdeba Canacvlebis
fsiqologiur meqanizms, romlis drosac mtruli ganwyoba da sibraze
iseT obieqtTa mimarT vlindeba, romlebsac amgvari ganwyobis realur
mizezTan saerTo araferi aqvT. antagonizmis gamoxatvis mizniT,
adamianebi “gantevebis vacs” eZeben, anu adamians, romelic SeuZliaT
usafuZvlod daadanaSaulon. termini “gantevebis vaci” pirvelad HZvelma
iudevelebma gamoiyenes. isini sakuTar codvebs yovel wels, ritualurad,
vacs miawerdnen da Semdeg mas velur bunebaSi uSvebdnen. gantevebis vacs,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, maSin eZeben, rodesac ori Cagruli eTnikuri jgufi
erTmaneTs ekonomikuri upiratesobis mopovebaSi ejibreba. magaliTad,
adamianebi, romlebic Savkanianebze axorcieleben rasobriv Tavdasxmebs,
xSirad, Tavadac analogiur ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebian.
Savkanianebis mimarT maT mier gamoxatuli agresiis realur mizezs sul
sxva safuZveli aqvs.

gantevebis vacad, Cveulebriv, gansxvavebuli da SedarebiT uZluri jgufi

gvevlineba, radgan amgvari jgufi advilad iqceva samizned. dasavleTis
istoriaSi aseTi arasaxarbielo roli, sxvadasxva dros, protestantebs,
kaTolikebs, ebraelebs, italielebs, Savkanian afrikelebsa da sxvebs
ergoT.

gantevebis vacis Zieba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, proeqcias, adamianis

survilebisa da Tvisebebis sxva adamianebisTvis aracnobier mikuTvnebas,
ukavSirdeba. es movlena SeiZleba seqsualobasac gulisxmobdes. kvlevis
Sedegad mudmivad vlindeba, rom, rodesac dominanturi jgufis wevrebis
mier umciresobebze seqsualuri Zaladoba xorcieldeba, dominanturi
jgufi seqsualuri Zaladobis gamovlenis niSnebs Tavad umciresobaTa
jgufSi xedavs. magaliTad, Zvelad, samxreT amerikaSi, TeTrkanian
mamakacTa ucnauri Sexeduleba afro-amerikeli mamakacebis aqtiuri
bunebis Sesaxeb, Tavad TeTrkanian mamakacTa frustraciis safuZvelze
warmoiSva, radgan TeTrkanian qalTan seqsualuri kavSiri, qalTan
urTierTobis formaluri wesebis gamo, izRudeboda. amis msgavsad,
samxreT afrikaSi, TeTkanianTa Soris gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba
Savkaniani mamakacebis gamorCeuli seqsualuri potenciisa da Savkaniani
qalebis vnebianobis Sesaxeb. Savkaniani mamakacebi, seqsualuri
TvalsazrisiT, TeTkaniani qalebisTvis Zlier saxifaTod miiCneoda, maSin
rodesac, realurad, Savkanian qalTan seqsualuri kontaqti yovelTvis
TeTrkaniani mamakacis iniciativiT xdeboda.

avtoritaruli pirovneba

adreuli socializaciis Sedegad, zogierTi tipis adamiani, gansakurebiT

aris midrekili stereotipuli azrovnebisa da proeqciiisadmi. 1940-ian
wlebSi Teodor adornom da misma mimdevrebma cnobili kvleva Caatares.

6
am klevaSi maT daaxasiaTes adamianis tipi, romelsac avtoritaruli
pirovneba uwodes (Adorno et. al 1950). mikerZoebuli ganwyobis doneTa
Sefasebis gazomvis mizniT, mkvlevarebma ramdenime skala SeimuSaves.
magaliTad, erT skalaze adamianebs ekiTxebian, eTanxmebian Tu ara isini
mkveTrad gamoxatul anti-semitur Sexedulebebs. man, vinc ebraelTa
mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba gamoxata, sxva umciresobaTa mimarTac
aseTive uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoavlina. kvlevis Sedegad
dadginda, rom avtoritaruli Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi ucvleli
konformistebi arian, romlebic zemdgom adamianebTan urTierTobisas
TavmdablobiT, qvemdgomebTan urTierTobisas ki - qedmaRlobiT
gamoirCevian. aseTi adamianebi aseve uaRresad aratolerantulebi arian
religiur d seqsualur sakiTxebSi.

mkvlevarTa azriT, avtoritaruli pirovneba aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdeba,

rodesac mSoblebi Svilis mimarT siyvarulis uSualod gamoxatvas ver
axerxeben, arian gulgrilni da mkacr disciplinas moiTxoven. zrdasrul
asakSi aseT individebs SfoTva axasiaTebT, romelsac mxolod
dadgenili, ucvleli xedvis gaziarebiT akontroleben. maT uWirT
orazrovan situaciebTan gamklaveba, Tavs arideben arastabilurobas da
stereotipul azrovnebas irCeven.

adornos kvlevam kritika daimsaxura. zogierTebma eWvqveS daayenes im

skalebis Rirebuleba, romlebsac mecnierebi gazomvis mizniT iyenebdnen.
zogma ganacxada, rom avtoritarizmi pirovnuli Tviseba ar aris da is
mxolod farTo sazogadoebis SigniT arsebul konkretul subkulturaTa
Rirebulebebsa da normebs asaxavs. maTi azriT, kvleva ufo Rirebulad
CaiTvleboda, Tuki misi mizani, konkretuli tipis pirovnebis gamovlenis
nacvlad, zogadad azrovnebis avtoritarul maxasiaTeblTa gageba
iqneboda. Tumca mikerZoebuli ganwyobis kvlevis mizniT warmoebul am da
sxva kvlevaTa Sedegebs bevri ram aerTianebs. magaliTad, iujin harTlim
ocdaTxuTmeTi eTnikuri umciresobis mimarT arsebuli ganwyoba
Seiswavla. am kvleviTac dadginda, rom man, vinc erTi eTnikuri jgufis
mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba gamoavlina, sxva jgufTa mimarTac
uaryofiTi ganwyoba gamoxata. ebraelebisa da afro-amerikelebis mimarT
iseTive negatiuri damokidebuleba gamovlinda, rogoric valonianebis,
pirenianebis da darinianebis mimarT. (Hartley, 1946). es ukanaskneli sami
jgufi, realurad, ar arsebobs; harTlim es jgufebi im mizniT daasaxela,
rom gaerkvia, eqnebodaT Tu ara adamianebs mikerZoebuli ganwyoba im
jgufTa mimarT, romelTa Sesaxeb arasodes araferi smeniaT.

sociologiuri interpretaciebi

stereotipuli azrovnebis, Canacvlebisa da proeqciis fsiqologiuri

meqamizmebi yvela sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris gvxvdeba da imis gagebaSi
gvexmareba, Tu ratom aris eTnikuri antagonizmi sxvadasxva
kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo elementi. Tumca es meqanizmebi
diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri procesebis Sesaxeb bevrs
arafers gveubneba. am procesebis Seswavlis mizniT, sami sociologiuri
idea unda moviSveloiT.

7
eTnocentrizmi, Caketili jgufi da resursebis ganTavseba

eTnikur konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli sociologiuri cnebebi, zogadad,

eTnocentrizmi, Caketili eTnikuri jgufi da resursebis ganTavsebaa.
eTnocentrizmis cnebis Sesaxeb, rac jgufis gareT myofi adamianis mier,
misi kulturuli TvalTaxevdiT, sxva adamianTa kulturis Sefasebis
tendenciasa da amasTan dakavSirebul eWvs niSnavs, wina TavebSic (Tavi 2)
visaubreT. realurad, yvela kultura, metnaklebad, eTnocentrulia da
aSkarad Cans, Tu rogor xdeba eTnocentrizmis stereotipul
azrovnebasTan kombinireba. jgufis gareT myof adamianebs ucxoebad,
barbarosebad an, moraluri Tu gonebrivi TvalsazrisiT, CamorCenil
pirovnebebad miiCneven. amgvari iyo umravles civilizaciaTa mcire
kulturebis mimarT damokidebuleba da es ganwyoba, istoriulad, uamravi
eTnikuri Sejaxebis mizezad iqca.

eTnocentrizmi da jgufis Caketiloba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tanmdevi

movlenebia. “Caketilobis” procesSi, jgufebi, sxva jgufebisgan gamijvnis
mizniT, sazRvrebs aweseben. es sazRvrebi iseTi saSualebiT formirdeba,
romlebic jgufis gamorCeulobas usvams xazs da erT eTnikuri jgufs
meore jgufisgan gamijnavs. am saSualebebSi jgufebs Soris qorwinebis
SezRudva, socialuri kontaqtebisa da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis,
magaliTad, vaWrobis akrZalva da jgufis fizikuri niSniT gamoyofa
(vTqvaT, eTnikuri geto) igulisxmeba. SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb
afro-amerikelebs samive gamoucdiaT: zogierTi Stati Sereul qorwinebas
krZalavs, samxreTSi ekonomikuri da socialuri segregacia dakanonda da
bevr did qalaqSi jer kidev arsebobs SavkanianTa segregirebuli
getoebi.

Caketilobisken zogjer Tanabari Zalauflebis mqone jgufebic

iswrafvian: jgufis wevrebi erTmaneTs emijnebian, magram arc erTi
maTgani ar aris dominanturi; Tumca, ufro xSirad, erTi eTnikuri jgufi,
meore jgufTan SedarebiT, met Zalauflebas flobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
jgufis CaketilobasTan erTad, resursebis ganTavsebac xdeba da qoneba
da materialuri dovlaTi araTanabrad nawildeba.

eTnikur jgufebs Soris yvelaze mZafri konfliqtebi jgufis

Caketilobis gamo xdeba, radgan jgufis Caketiloba qonebrivi,
Zalauflebrivi da socialuri mdgomareobis uTanasworobaze mianiSnebs.
eTnikuri jgufis Caketilobis cneba im dramatul da farul
gansxvavebaTa gagebaSi gvexmareba, romlebic adamianTa Temebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas uwyobs xels. Cven mxolod is ki ar
gvainteresebs, Tu ratom klaven, linCis wesiT asamarTleben, cemen da
awameben zogierTi jgufis wevrebs, aramed isic, Tu ratom ver iwyeben
isini karg samsaxurs, ver iReben saTanado ganaTlebas da ar cxovroben
maTTvis sasurvel adgilas. simdidre, Zalaufleba da socialuri
statusi deficituri resursebia – zogierT jgufs, sxvasTan SedarebiT,
meti amgvari resursi gaaCnia. gamorCeuli poziciis SesanarCuneblad,
privilegirebuli jgufi zogjer sxva jgufis mimarT eqstremaluri
Zaladobis aqts axorcielebs. Sesabamisad, sakuTari situaciis
gaumjobesebis mizniT, Zaladobas SeiZleba naklebad privilegirebulma
jgufmac mimarTos.

8
eTnikuri antagonizmi: istoriuli perspeqtiva

mimdinare periodSi, eTnikuri urTierTobebisa da eTnikuri antagonizmis

srulyofili analizi am movlenis istoriul perspeqtivaSi ganxilvas
moiTxovs. Tu samyaros danarCen nawilze dasavleTis kolonializmis
gavrcelebis mniSvnelobas ar gaviTvaliswinebT, dRevandeli ganawilebis
gageba SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.

meTxuTmete saukuneSi, evropelebma, teritoriis Seswavlisa da vaWrobis

motiviT, manamde ucnobi da Seuswavleli zRvebisa da miwebis dalaSqvra
da, amasTan erTad, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dapyroba da Seviwroeba
daiwyes. axal teritoriebze dasaxlebis mizniT, evropidan milionobiT
adamiani Camovida. afrikidan amerikaSi, monobiT vaWrobis formiT, didi
moZraoba daiwyo (ix, nax. 9.1). qvemoT, gasuli 350 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis magaliTebs warmogidgenT:

• evropidan Crdilo amerikaSi. meCvidmete saukunidan dRemde,

evropidan amJamindel SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi 45 milioni
adamiani emigrirda. CrdiloeT amerikaSi amJamad mcxovreb
adamianTagan 150 milioni aq am migraciis Sedegad dasaxlda.
• evropidan centralur da samxreT amerikaSi. evropidan, ZiriTadad,
espaneTidan, portugaliidan da italiidan, centralur da samxreT
amerikaSi 20 milioni adamianis migracia moxda. dRevandel dRes am
teritoriebze mcxovrebi 50 milioni adamiani evropuli
warmomavlobisaa.
• vropidan afrikasa da avstraliaSi. am kontinentze mcxovrebi
daaxloebiT 17 milioni adamiani evropuli warmomavlobisaa.
afrikaSi mcxovreb emigrantTa umravlesoba samxreT afrikaSi
emigrirda, romelic, ZiriTadad, britanelebisa da holandielebis
kolonia iyo.
• afrikidan amerikaSi. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi, daaxloebiT 15 milioni
Savkaniani, sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg, CrdiloeT da samxreT
amerikis kontinentebze gadaiyvanes. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi TiTqmis 1
milioni Caiyvanes, meCvidmete saukuneSi - 1.3 milioni, meTvramete
saukuneSi - 6 milioni, mecxramete saukuneSi ki - 2 milioni.
Savkaniani afrikelebi amerikis qveynebSi borkilebiT CayavdaT, raTa
maT Semdeg monebad emuSavaT; amis gamo umowyalod daingra ojaxebi
da daiSala mTliani Temebi.

mosaxleobis amgvarma dinebam SeerTebuli Statebis, kanadis, centraluri

da samxreT amerikis, samxreT afrikis, avstraliisa da axali zelandiis
dRevandel eTnikur struqturas Cauyara safuZveli. zemoTYxsenebuli
yvela sazogadoebis ZirZveli mosaxleoba evropuli marTvis wess
daeqvemdara, CrdiloeT amerikasa da avstraliaSi ki mcirericxovan
eTnikur umciresobebad Camoyalibda. evropelTa gansxvavebuli
warmomavlobis gamo, axal samSobloSi mravali eTnikuri danayofi
dafuZnda. kolonializmis ganviTarebis xanaSi, mecxramete saukunesa da
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, evropelebi ZirZvel mosaxleobas bevr sxva
regionSi - indoeTSi, birmaSi, malaiasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi marTavdnen.

9
evropuli eqspansiis periodSi, kolonizatorebi eTnocentruli
ganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen da sakuTar misias samyaros danarCen nawilSi
civilizaciis SetanasTan aigivebdnen. ZirZveli mosaxleobis
warmomavlobasTan SedarebiT, sakuTar warmomavlobas upiratesobas
ufro liberalurad ganwyobili evropelebic ki aniWebdnen. is faqti, rom
am adamianTa umravlesoba kolonizatorTa Sexedulebas iziarebda,
mxdvelobaSi misaRebi ar aris, radgan evropelebi Zalauflebas
flobdnen da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT Tvalsazriss yvela
iTvaliswinebda. kolonializmis adreuli periodi rasizmis aRzevebas
daemTxva da mas Semdeg rasobriv gamijvnasa da konfliqtebs, zogadad
eTnikur konfliqtebSi, wamyvani adgili uWiravs. evropul ganwyobebSi,
centraluri pozicia im rasistulma Tvalsazrisma daikava, romlis
mixedviT, adamianebi TeTrkanianebad da Savkanianebad iyofian.

nax. 9.1

1601-1700 Zveli samyaro 0.001 m.

espanuri amerika 0.3 m.
britaneTis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.3 m.
safrangeTis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.2 m.
holandielebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.6
brazilielebi 0.6 m.
sul 2 milioni

1701-1801
britanelebi CrdiloeT amerikasa da aSS-Si 0.3 m.
espanuri amerika 0.6
britaneTis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 1.4 m.
holandielebis daqvemedebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.5 m.
sul: 6 milioni mona

1811-1870
aSS 0.05 m.
espanuri amerika 0.6 m.
frangebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi karibielebi 0.1 m.
brazilielebi 1.1 m.
sul: 1.9 milioni mona

nax. 9.1 monebiT vaWroba atlantikis okeanis mimdebare teritoriaze, 1601-

1870. aqamde, am mxriv, yvelaze didi raodenobiT brazilia gamorCeoda, 300
weliwadSi braziliaSi 3.6 milioni adamiani iqna Cayvanili.

wyaro: Ben Crow and Mary Thorpe, Survival and Change in the Third World (The Open University 1988), gv.
15

rasizmis aRzeveba

ratom moxda rasizmis aRzeveba? amis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs. erT-

erTi mizezi is aris, rom TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa, rogorc

10
kuklturul simboloTa, dapirispirebas, Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi
evropul kulturaSi. TeTrkaniani adamiani, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi,
siwmindesTan, sisufTavesTan, Savkaniani ki - borotebasTan asocirdeboda
(am simbolizmSi araferia bunebrivi; zogierT kulturaSi es Tvisebebi
sapirispirod aRiqmeba). dasavleTis mier SavkanianebTan aqtiuri
kontaqtis damyarebamde, siSavis simbolos uaryofiTi datvirTva qonda.
am simbolurma mniSvnelobam gavlena iqonia evropelTa reaqciebze,
rodesac isini pirvelad aRmoCdnen afrikul sanapiroebze. SavkanianTa da
TeTrkanianTa Soris arsebulma radikalurma gansxvavebam da afrikelTa
“kerpTayvanismcemlobam,” evropelebs Soris SavkanianTa mimarT SiSi da
qedmaRluri damokidebuleba gamoiwvia. meCvide saukuneSi erTma
damkvirvebelma aRniSna, rom Savkanianebi “feriTa da mdgomareobiT
reinkarnirebuli eSmakebisgan cotaTi gansxvavdebiano” (Jordan, 1968).
miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar eqstremalur gamonaTqvamebs dRes iSviaTad
gaigonebT, Zneli dasajerebelia, TiTqos Sav-TeTri kulturuli
simbolizmis elementebi bolomde aRmoifxvra.

Tanamedrove rasizmis gamomwvevi meore mniSvnelovani faqtori Tavad

rasis cnebis Seqmna da gavrceleba gaxda. kvazi-rasistuli ganwyobebi
asobiT welia arsebobs. magaliTad, CineTSi, Cv. welTaRricxviT 300 wlis
CanawerebSi, barbarosebi Semdegnairad arian aRwerili: “Zalian gvanan
maimunebs, radgan isini maimunebis STamomavlebi arian.” rasis, rogorc
STamomavlobiT gadacemul TvisebaTa erTobliobis gageba, meTvramete-
mecxramete saukuneebis evropul naazrevs efuZneba. garkveul wreebSi
didi gavleniT sargeblobda graf jozef artur de gobinos (1816-1882)
ideebi, romelsac, zogjer, Tanamedrove rasizmis mamas eZaxian. gobinos
azriT, sami - TeTrkanianTa, SavkaniaTa da yviTelkaniaTa - rasa arsebobs:
TeTkanianTa rasa gansakuTrebuli inteleqtiT, moraluri TvisebebiTa da
nebisyofiT gamoirCeva. dasavluri gavlena mTel msoflioSi swored am,
memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli, Tvisebebis wyalobiT gavrcelda.
Savkanianebs uunaroba axasiaTebT, bunebiT cxovelebs gvanan da
moraluri Tvisebebis naklebobiTa da emociuri arastabilurobiT
gamoirCevian.

gobinosa da sxvebis msgavsi Sexedulebebi savaraudo mecnieruli

Teoriebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. am ideebma, mogvianebiT, gavlena
moaxdina adolf hitlerze, romelmac es Tvalsazrisi nacisturi partiis
ideologiad aqcia. TeTkanianTa rasis upiratesobis idea, romelsac
aranairi faqtobrivi safuZveli ar gaaCnia, kvlav TeTri rasizmis
ZiriTad elementad rCeba. is, magaliTad, ku kluqs klanis ideologiis
faruli elementia; samxreT afrikaSi aparteidis (gamoyofili rasobrivi
moZraobis) safuZvelsac es Tvalsazrisi warmoadgens – razec
mogvianebiT vimsjelebT.

Tanamedrove rasizmis aRzevebis mesame mizezi is eqsploatatoruli

urTierTobebia, romlebic evropelebma feradkanian adamianebTan
urTierTobisas daamkvidres. evropelebs sayovelTaod rom ar miaCndeT,
rom Savkanianebi maTTvis Seuferebeli rasaa, romelic adamianis
wodebasac ki ar imsaxurebs, monebiT vaWroba arasodes iarsebebda.
rasizmma xeli Seuwyo koloniuri batonobis dakanonebas araTeTr

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mosaxleobaze da waarTva maT politikur procesebSi monawileobis
uflebebi, rac TeTrkanianebma mSobliur evropul qveynebSi moipoves.

TeTrkanianTa da feradkanianTa urTierTobebi koloniebis mixedviT

gansxvavdeboda. am urTierTobebze Tavad evropelTa kulturuli
gansxvavebac axdenda gavlenas. am sakiTxebis demonstrirebis mizniT,
braziliaSi, samxreT afrikasa da aSS-Si arsebul rasobriv
urTierTobebs ganvixilavT, Semdeg ki ufro detalurad gavaanalizebT im
rasobriv da eTnikur danayofebs, romlebic gaerTianebul samefoSi
gvxdeba.

eTnikuri uTierTobebi istoriul perspeqtivaSi: magaliTebi

Tu britaneTSi arsebul eTnikur urTierTobebs sxva sazogadoebaTa

eTnikur urTierTobebs SevadarebT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba davinaxoT, Tu
ra saxiT vlindeboda mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia
istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. zogjer amboben, rom braziliis
sazogadoebaSi Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebs Soris eTnikur niadagze
mikerZoeba ar arsebobs, magram axla davrwundebiT, rom es ar aris zusti
informacia. amis sapirispirod, samxreT afrikaSi mikerZoebuli ganwyoba
da diskriminacia eqstremaluri formiT ganviTarda da SavkanianTa da
TeTkanianTa segregaciam institucionaluri xasiaTi miiRo. am movlenebs
xeli bolodroindelma cvlilebebma Seuwyo, romelTa safuZvelze
SemuSavebuli wesebi umravlesobaTa interesebs iTvaliswinebs. aSS-ze
msjelobas SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis kampaniiT daviwyebT.

eTnikuri urTierTobebi braziliaSi

mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi, monebiT vaWrobis dasrulebamde,

braziliaSi TiTqmis oTxi milioni afrikeli iqna Cayvanili. SeerTebul
StatebSi sxvadasxva afrikuli kulturis warmomadgeneli Savkanianebi,
Cveulebriv, mTel qveyanaSi iyvnen mimofantuli, braziliaSi erTsa da
imave regionidan Casuli adamianebi ki erTianobis SenarCunebas
cdilobdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb
SavkanianebTan SedarebiT, isini mSobliuri kulturis SenarCunebasac
ufro axerxebdnen. braziliaSi mcxovreb monebs, maTi mepatroneebis
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, mainc hqondaT daqorwinebis ufleba. isini,
Cveulebisamebr, agrZelebdnen Zveli mepatronis samsaxurSi yofnas, magram
daqorwinebuli wyivilis individualur monebad gayidva aRar iyo
SesaZlebeli. TeTrkaniani mamakacebi monebTan seqsualur kontaqts
xSirad amyarebdnen. amgvari kavSiris Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs zogjer
aTavisuflebdnen da ojaxis sruluflebian wevrebadac ki aRiarebdnen.
monoba, sabolood, 1888 wels gauqmda, magram TeTrkanianebi, didi xniT
adre, ukve Seguebulni iyvnen Tavisufali Savkanianebis arsebobas (Swartz,
1985).

monobis dasrulebis Semdeg, bevri Savkaniani brazilieli sacxovreblad

qalaqSi gadasaxlda. maTi umravlesoba siRaribeSi cxovrobda (aseTi
SemTxvevebi dResac arsebobs), magram maT leiboristul kavSirebSi
gaerTianebis ufleba hqondaT, amitom bevri maTgani gamdidrda da
Zalaufleba moipova. braziliaSi gavrcelebulia gamoTqma: “mdidari

12
Savkaniani TeTria, Raribi TeTrkaniani ki Savio.” am frazaSi rasobrivi
gansxvavebis Tvalsazrisi SedarebiT rbilad aris asaxuli, magram mainc
TeTri kanis upiratesoba igrZnoba. sazogadoebis yvela seqtorSi
TeTkanianebi isev maRal pozicias inarCuneben.

Tu brazilielebis mier Seqmnil rasobriv urTierTobaTa sistemas

SeerTebuli Statebis ufro segregirebul sistemas SevadarebT, is
gacilebiT Semwynarebluri mogveCveneba, magram 1960-ian da 1970-ian
wlebSi, rodesac amerikel SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis
moZraobas Caeyara safuZveli, braziliuri rasobrivi sistemis amerikul
sistemasTan Sedareba, braziliisTvis wamgebiani aRmoCnda. 1960-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, braziliis kongresma sazogadoebriv adgilebSi
diskriminaciis amkrZalavi kanoni miiRo. am gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad
amerikeli Savkaniani qalbatonis, ketrin danhemis, saCivari daedo,
romelsac san paulus sastumroSi oTaxi ar miaqiraves. Tumca, es kanoni
simbolur Jests ufro gavda, radgan mTavrobas ar hqonia SesaZlebeli
diskriminaciis sixSiris gamoZiebis mcdeloba.

damkvirvebelTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom braziliaSi diskriminaciis

SemTxvevebs iSviaTad hqonda adgili, magram mainc SemuSavda
feradkanianTa socialuri da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis
gaumjobesebaze orientirebuli ramdenime samTavrobo programa.
brazilielebs sjerodaT, rom maT qveyanaSi TeTrkanianebi da
feradkanianebi erTnairi uflebebiT sargebloben, Tumca am mosazrebas
ewinaaRmdegeboda is faqti, rom Savkanianebi kvlavA sazogadoebis
yvelaze Rarib ubnebSi agrZelebdnen dasaxlebas. braziliam aseve airida,
amerikis istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, linCis wesiT gasamarTleba da
amboxebebi; aq eqstremaluri formiT arc SavkanianTa mimarT
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba gamovlenila.

samxreT afrikis socialuri ganviTareba

samxreT afrikaSi pirvelad holandielebi dafuZndnen. adgilobrivma

mosaxleobam evropul sawarmoebSi muSaoba ar isurva, amitom maT monebi
afrikis sxva regionebidan da holandiuri ist–indoeTidan SemoyavdaT.
mogvianebiT, samxreT afrikaSi dominanturi pozicia britanelebma
daikaves, romlebmac 1830-ian wlebSi sabolood gaauqmes monoba.
TeTrkanianebisa da adgilobrivi afrikelebis gamijvna ufro gvian
daiwyo. monobis gauqmebis Semdeg, SavkanianebisTvis axali gadasaxadebi
dawesda, ramac bevri maTgani aiZula evropel damsaqmeblebTan daewyo
muSaoba; axalgazrda afrikel mamakacebs ki, gadasaxadis dafarvis gamo,
samuSaos Zebna saxlidan moSorebiT uxdebodaT. dainerga “emigrantTa
samuSao Zalis” sistema, ramac samxreT afrikis ekonomikis Semdgomi
evoluciis pirobebis gansazRvras Cauyara safuZveli. bevri afrikeli
oqrosa da almasis sabadoze midioda samuSaod, isini evropelTa
sacxovrebeli adgilebidan moSorebiT, specialur karvebSi cxovrobdnen.
aman xeli Seuwyo segregirebuli sistemis warmoqmnas, ramac Semdeg
formaluri samarTlebrivi saxe miiRo.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, aparteidis sistemis warmoSobisas, samxreT

afrikis mosaxleoba oTx ,,registrirebul jgufad” daiyo – 4.5 milioni

13
evropel emigrantTa TeTrkaniani STamomavlebi; 2.5 milioni e.w
feradkanianebi, romelTa winaprebi erTze meti “rasis” warmomadgenlebi
arian; 1 milioni aziuri warmomavlobis adamianebi; 23 milioni ki
Savkaniani afrikelebi. pier van den bergem, aperteidis wlebSi, samxreT
afrikis sazogadoebaSi segregaciis sami ZiriTadi done gamoyo (Van den
Berghe, 1970).

1. mikrosegregacia – segregacia sazogadoebriv adgilebSi (msgavsi

SemTxvevebi amerikis samxreT nawilSic aRiniSneboda).
TeTkanianebsa da feradkanianebs sxvadasxva sapirfareSoebiT,
mosacdeli oTaxebiT, rkinigzis vagonebiTa da sxva sazogadoebrivi
adgilebiT unda esargeblaT.
2. mezosegregacia – TeTrkanianebisa da feradkanianebis ubnebis
segregacia, urbanul teritoriebze gansaxlebis mixedviT.
Savkanianebs maTTvis specialurad gamoyofil zonaSi unda
ecxovraT.
3. makrosegregacia – adamianebis segregacia gamoyofil teritoriebze
anu bunebrivi rezervaciebSi.

samxreT afrikis ekonomika ver SesZlebda funqcionirebas qalaqebSi an

qalaqis maxloblad mcxovrebi milionobiT feradkanianTa samuSao Zalis
gareSe. Tavdapirvelad, ZiriTadi urbanuli teritoriebi eTnikurad
Sereuli ubnebiT gamoirCeoda, magram, TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebuli
teritoriebidan ramdenime miliT daSorebul, e.w. “modelur
dasaxlebebSi” sul ufro met Savkanians asaxlebdnen. garda amisa,
milionobiT adamiani, qalaqidan Sors, e.w. mamulebSi gadahyavdaT. es
regionebi, nawilobriv, avtonomiur Statebad iyo organizebuli,
romlebsac TeTrkanianianTa centraluri mTavroba akontrolebda.
aparteidis pirobebSi feradkanianebs ar hqondaT xmis ufleba, da, aqedan
gamomdinare, arc centralur mmarTvelobaSi hyavdaT sakuTari
warmomadgeneli.

maTTvis gamoyofil teritoriaze anu mamulSi, Savkanianebi politikuri

uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, rac CamorTmeuli hqondaT TeTkanianTa
samxreT afrikaSi. 1970 wels mamulis moqalaqeobis miniWebis aqtis
safuZvelze, samxreT afrikis mier “damoukideblobis” mopovebis dRes,
mamulis macxovreblebs avtomaturad CamoerTvaT samxreT afrikis
moqalaqeoba. e.w. “sazRvars miRma macxovreblebs”, anu maT, vinc ojaxTan
erTad mamulSi cxovrobda, TeTrkanianTa samxreT afrikaSi
gasamgzavreblad, yoveldRiurad, sazRvris gadakveTa uxdeboda.

aparteidis mimarT mTel saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba iyo. mas sakuTar sazogadoebaSic bevri mowinaaRmdege
hyavda. samxreT afrikis mimarT, am sistemis moqmedebis SeCerebis mizniT,
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, xorcieldeboda ekonomikuri sanqciebi. samxreT
afrika mTel rig saerTaSoriso sportul RoniZiebebzec ki ar dauSves.
sanqciebma, Sinagan protestTan erTad, garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo, magram
1980-ian wlebSi aparteidis dezintegraciis dasawyisis erT-erTi mTavari
mizezi is gaxda, rom bevrma Savkanianma, xelisuflebis mxridan
mosalodneli sasjelis miuxedavad, mizanmimarTulad daiwyo mis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba. magaliTad, bevri maTgani kanons ar

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daemorCila da, samuSaos Ziebis mizniT, urbanul teritoriebze gadasvla
daiwyo.

1990 wels prezidentma de klarkma afrikuli nacionaluri kongresis

(ANC), komunisturi partiisa da im mravali sxva opoziciuri jgufis
amkrZalavi sanqciebi gaauqma, romelTac manamde aralegalurad,
konspiraciulad uxdebodaT moRvaweoba, an gandevnilni iyvnen qveynidan.
cixidan gaaTavisufles 1962 wlidan patimrobaSi myofi, ANC–is lideri
nelson mandela. Seiqmna axali konstitucia, romlis Tanaxmad, qveynis
istoriaSi pirvelad, yvelas mieca xmis ufleba. 1992 wlis martSi
TeTrkanian amomrCevlebs Soris referendumi Catarda da umravlesobam
mxari reformis amoqmedebas dauWira.

dRes samxreT afrikaSi demokratiaa, xalxma prezidentad nelson mandela

airCia. aparteidi xanmokle droSi warsuls Cabarda. dResdReobiT
qveyanaSi harmonia sufevs. Tumca, did qalaqur regionebsa da gavleniani
TeTkanianebiT dasaxlebul ubnebSi, xSiria sastiki danaSaulis
SemTxvevebi. jer kidev didi droa saWiro, raTa davrwmundeT, rom
qveyanaSi Zaladobriv eTnikur konfliqtebs adgili aRar eqneba.

aparteidis dasrulebis Semdeg, samxreT afrikaSi mravali investicia

ganxorcielda. bevrma msxvilma samxreT afrikulma kompaniam afrikis
sxva regionebSi investirebac daiwyo. magaliTad, 1994-5 wlebSi kompaniam
South African Breweries tanzaniisa da zambiis saxelmwifo ludsaxarSi
kompaniebis didi nawili Seisyida. es produqcia ukve bosvanaSi,
lesotosa da svazilandSi gaaqvT gasayidad. 1995 wels zambiaSi, samxreT
afrikis yvelaze didi savaWro centris - pepkoris filialis sami didi
maRazia gaixsna da momavalSi axali maRaziebis gaxsna igegmeba.

samxreT afrikuli kapitalizmis gavrcelebas problemebic axlavs.

rodesac zimbabves savaWro qselis ufrosma konferenciaze samxreT
afrikelebi “afrikis Caylapvis” mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula, mas
auditoria ovaciebiT Seegeba. mozambikelma fermerebma demonstracia
moawyves, romelic mTavrobis mier samxreT afrikeli investorebisTvis
saxnavi miwebis miyidvis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad. amgvari daZabulobis
arseboba arc aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aparteidis
periodSi, samxreT afrikis mTavroba mxars uWerda mozambiksa da sxva
mimdebare qveynebze ganxorcielebul samxedro intervencias. am saqmian
kontaqtebze jer kidev axdens gavlenas rasobrivi da eTnikuri niSniT
ganpirobebuli mtruli ganwyoba, rasac xels isic uwyobs, rom samxreT
afrikeli gavleniani saqmosnebi, rogor wesi, TeTkanianebi arian.

fergal kini Tavis wignSi SiSis tyveobaSi (1995), romelic samxreT

afrikaSi umciresobaTa marTvasTan dakavSirebul gardaqmnebs aRwers,
aRniSnavs:

am qveyanaSi kvlav SeimCneva seriozuli da saxifaTo xarvezebi. maSin, rodesac wlebis

ganmavlobaSi, qveyanas umciresobebi marTavdnen, SeiZleboda myari infrastruqturisa da
afrikaSi yvelaze ganviTarebuli ekonomikis Seqmna, magram isini Tanxebs umisamarTod
xarjavdnen... eqvsi milioni adamiani umuSevari iyo, aT milions ar SeeZlo gamdinare
wyliT sargebloba, ocdasam milions ar hqonda eleqteroenergia; skolaSi 14 wlamde

15
asakis Savkanian bavSvTa 50 procentze naklebi swavlobda, cxra milioni siRatakeSi
cxovrobda. (gv 238).

SavkanianTa uflebebi SeerTebul StatebSi

monobis gauqmeba da adreuli gardaqmnebi

CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis

Semdeg, CrdiloeT amerikaSi monoba dasrulda. emansipaciis proklamacias
xeli, realurad, 1863 wels, omis damTavrebamde erTi wliT adre, moewera.
Tumca, monobis gauqmebas SavkanianTa bedze mniSvnelovani zegavlena ar
mouxdenia, radgan maTi umravlesoba kvlav siRatakeSi ganagrZobda
cxovrebas. 1890-1912 wlebSi samxreTSi “jim krous” kanonebis seria miiRes,
romelTa Tanaxmad, Savkanianebs TeTkanianTa rkinigzis vagonebSi,
sazogadoebriv tualetebsa da kafeebSi Sesvla ekrZalebodaT. es
segregacia 1896 wels, umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze, oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli, romlis Tanaxmad,
konstituciurad, TeTkanianebsa da Savkanianebs ,,Tanabari, magram
erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli” pirobebiT unda esargeblaT. Zaladobrivi
saidumlo sazogadoebis ku kluqs klanis moRvaweobac am segregaciis
SenarCunebas isaxavda miznad.

Tanabari uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis damkvidrebis mizniT,

umciresobaTa brZolas, revoluciis CaTvliT, amerikis istoriaSi
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. umciresobaTa didma nawilma politikuri
gavlenis mopovebis, ekonomikuri anazRaurebis miRebis, umravlesobasTan
Tanabari statusis moTxovnis saqmeSi warmatebas miaRwia, magram 1940-iani
wlebis dasawyisamde, maTi didi nawili ar iyo CarTuli
TviTdawinaurebis amgvar procesebSi. 1909 wels feradkanianTa
ganviTarebis nacionaluri organizacia (NAACP), 1910 wels ki,
nacionaluri urbanuli liga daarsda. orive organizacia SavkanianTa
uflebebis damkvidrebisTvis ibrZoda, magram maTi moRvaweobis realuri
Sedegi mxolod meore msoflio omis periodSi da misi dasrulebis
Semdeg gamoCnda.

vidre SeerTebuli Statebi saomar moqmedebebSi CaerTo, NAACP–isa da

urbanuli ligis liderebs, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis desegregaciis
moTxovniT, prezident franklin ruzveltTan hqondaT Sexvedra.
ruzveltma ara marto uaryo es winadadeba, aramed iseTi sajaro
gancxadeba gaakeTa, TiTqos samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli liderebi,
Sexvedris dros daTanxmdnen segregaciis gagrZelebaze. Sekrebas
SavkanianTa kavSiris lideri filip rendolfic eswreboda, romelic am
aSkara sicruis gamo Zlier gaRizianda da vaSingtonSi asi aTasobiT
Savkanianis saprotesto gamosvla moiTxova. saproteso gamosvlamde
ramdenime dRiT adre, ruzveltma, dasaqmebisas, eTnikuri gansxvavebis
safuZvelze, disriminaciis amkrZalav brZanebas moawera xeli, rac
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi segregaciis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul
qmedebasac gulisxmobda.

ori wlis Semdeg rasobrivi Tanasworobis axlad dafuZnebulma

kongresma (CORE) Cikagos restornebSi, sacurao auzebsa da sxva

16
sazogadoebriv adgilebSi segregaciis winaRmdeg brZola daiwyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom man bevrs verafers miaRwia da TeTkanianTa mxridan
am qmedebaze Zalze mwvave reagireba moxda, am konfrontaciuli
moZraobiT SavkanianTa uflebebis dacvas Caeyara safuZveli, rac,
TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg, masobriv moZraobaSi gadaizarda.

meore msoflio omis dasrulebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, NAACP-ma wamoiwyo

kampania segregirebuli saxelmwifo ganaTlebis winaaRmdeg. am kampaniam
kulminacias maSin miaRwia, roca, organizaciis iniciativiT, xuTi skolis
sabWos winaaRmdeg saqme aRiZra. am qmedebiT maT im periodSi moqmedi
koncefciis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres, romlis Tanaxmad, TeTrkanianebsa da
feradkanianebs sxvadasxva skolaSi unda eswavlaT. 1954 wels umaRlesma
sasamarTlom erTxmad miiRo gadawyvetileba, “rom saswavlo procesSi,
rasobriv safuZvelze, sxvadasxva pirobebiT sargebloba uTanasworobaze
mianiSnebs.” es gadawyvetileba sabrZolo platformad iqca, samoqalaqo
uflebebis dasamkvidreblad brZola ki kidev or aTwleuls gagrZelda.
rodesac umaRlesma sasamarTlom pirvelad miiRo amgvari
gadawyvetileba, ramdenime Stati da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba misi
amoqmedebis SezRudvas Seecada. federaluri brZanebis safuZvelze,
skolebSi integraciis process sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda ku kluqs
klani, “TeTrkanian moqalaqeTa sabWoebi” da adgilobriv aqtivistTa sxva
jgufebi. 1960-iani wlebis bolos, samxreTel Savkanian moswavleTa 1
procenti jer kidev desegregirebul skolebSi swavlobda.

TeTrkanianTa urCma winaaRmdegobam, Savkaniani liderebi, samoqalaqo

uflebebis realizebis mizniT, masobrivi saprotesto moZraobis
aucileblobaSi daarwmuna. 1956 wels montgomeriSi, alabamaSi, Savkaniani
qalbatoni - roza parkeri daapatimres, radgan man avtobusSi adgili ar
dauTmo TeTrkanian mamakacs. amis sapasuxod, qalaqis Savkaniani
mosaxleobis umravlesobam, baptisturi eklesiis mRvdlis, doqtor
martin luTer king umcrosis xelmZRvanelobiT, satransporto sistemas
381 dRiani boikoti gamoucxada. sabolood, qalaqis xelmZRvaneloba
iZulebuli gaxda satranspotro sistemaSi segregacia gaeuqmebina.

boikoti da mjdomare aqciebi sxva sazogadoebrivi adgilebis

segregirebis winaaRmdegac gagrZelda. am msvlelobebsa da demonstaciebs
mravali Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani mxardamWeri SeuerTda. kingma
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, daumorCileblobis aqtiuri, magram
mSvidobiani kampania dagegma, Tumca reaqcias, romelic am moZraobas
mohyva, mSvidobians ver daarqmevdiT. arkanzasis gubernatorma faubusma
liTl rokis centralur skolaSi Savkaniani studentebi ar SeuSva da
maT SesaCereblad Statis samxedroebi gamoiZaxa. alabamaSi, birmingemSi,
Serifma “bul” konorma saprotesto aqciis monawileni saxanZro wylis
milebiT, xelketebiTa da policiis ZaRlebis daxmarebiT daSala.

birmingemis incidentis Semdeg, amerikis qalaqebSi, aTi kviris

ganmavlobaSi, asobiT demonstracia Catarda. dapatimrebul iqna 15 000-ze
meti monawile. 1963 wels samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis 25 000-ma
mxardamWerma vaSingtonSi msvleloba moawyo, sadac kingma Semdegi saxis
gancxadeba gaakeTa: “Cven manam ar davkmayofildebiT, vidre samarTali
wyaliviT ar daiwyebs denas, simarTle ki Zlier nakadad ar

17
gadmodindeba.” 1964 wels kongresma samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqti miiRo,
romlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebriv adgilebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi,
dasaqmebisas da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul nebismier saagentoSi,
diskriminacia sayovelTaod ikrZaleboda. momdevno wlebSi miRebuli
kanonebis safuZvelze, Savkanianebs xmis daregistrirebis sruli ufleba
miecaT da kanonsawinaaRmdegod iqna miCneuli disriminacia gansaxlebis
dros.

moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis mizniT

samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis mizniT dawyebulma moZraobam, formaluri

miznisa da sabrZolo obieqtis garda, Savkaniani aqtivistebi
kulturuli Tavisuflebisa da TviTdamkvidrebis SegrZnebiTac
uzrunvelyo. studentTa koordinaciis mSvidobian komitetSi (SNCC)
iyvnen “TavisuflebisTvis momRerlebi”, romlebic sakuTar grZnobebs
musikisa da simReris saSualebiT gamoxatavdnen. vinsent hardingi im
energiis mozRvavebasa da siaxlis gancdas aRgviwers, rasac im periodSi
mravali Savkaniani ganicdida:

organizebiT, msvlelobebiT, simReriTa da patimrobiT gajerebul adreul Tveebs eniT

aRuwereli imedi, idealizmi, simamace da rwmena sdevda Tan... maT sakuTari saqmis
sjerodaT. rodesac cixeebSi, masobriv Sexvedrebsa da policielebisa da samxedroebis
winaSe mRerodnen: “Cven amas gadavlaxavT”, maT am sityvebis marTlac sjerodaT...
gadalaxva “Tavisuflebis” “uflebebis dacvis”, “Rirsebisa” da “samarTalis” miRwevas,
Savkanianebisa da TeTrkanianebis gaTanabrebasa da sxva bevr iseT rames niSnavda, rasac
moZraobaSi CarTuli xalxi ufro SeigrZnobda, vidre gamoxatavda. (Harding 1980)

axali samoqalaqo uflebebis samarTlebrivi dakanonebis mcdelobas

kvlav oponentTa gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegoba mohyva. maT, vinc samoqalo
uflebaTa miniWebis moTxovniT, msvlelobaSi iRebda monawileobas,
Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen, cemdnen, zogma sakuTari sicocxlec ki Seswira.
am qmedebaTa sapasuxod, meamboxeTa “Sav Zalad” wodebuli Savkanianebis
agresiuli jgufebi Seiqmna. zomieri qmedebis momxreni am jgufebs
gaemijnen da kvlav reformebisa da kanonebis dafuZnebis moTxovna
ganagrZes. 1965-1968 wlebSi, amerikis qalaqebSi, SavkanianTa getos
teritoriebze didi amboxebebebi daiwyo.

samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis sruli realizebis Semaferxebel

dabrkolebaTa miuxedavad, is mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. am
aqtis principebi, Savkaniani mosaxleobis interesebis garda, sxva
eTnikuri jgufebisa da qalebis CaTvliT, diskriminaciis nebismieri
msxverplis interesebs iTvaliswinebda. man Cagruli jgufebis uflebebis
dacvis ganviTarebaze orientirebul moZraobas Cauyara safuZveli.

1960-iani wlebis brZolis periodSi SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis

dacvaze mimarTuli moZraobis miznebi, garkveulwilad, Seicvala.
samoqalaqo uflebebis liderTa moTxovna manam, ucvlelad, amerikul
kulturaSi SavkanianTa sruli integracia iyo. SavkanianTa Savi Zalis
memboxeTa jgufebis aRzevebam idealebis Secvla gamoiwvia, rac
Savkanianad yofnis Rirsebasa da SavkanianTa kulturis farul
Rirebulebaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. Savkanianebma amjerad
sazogadoebaSi damoukidebeli pozicia moiTxoves, riTac, TeTkanianTa

18
sazogadoebriv wyobaSi asimilirebas WeSmaritad pluralistuli
sazogadoebis ganviTareba amjobines. xedvis amgvari cvlileba imis
SegrZnebamac gamoiwvia, rom kanoniT dawesebuli Tanasworoba arafers
niSnavs, Tuki praqtikaSi diskriminacia mainc arsebobs.

integracia da antagonizmi

samoqalaqo uflebaTaA aqtis miRebidan icdaaTi wlis Semdeg

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganxorcielda. Sua 1990-ian wlebSi
Tanamdebobaze arCeul SavkanianTa raodenobam Svidi aTass miaRwia, maSin
rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi SavkaniaTa Soris sul asi Tanamdebobis piri
iyo. am periodSi, kolejebsa da universutetebSi oTxjer meti Savkanaini
Cairicxa. warmoiSva Savkanian saqmosanTa da profesionalTa mzardi
saSualo klasi. qveynis zogierT did qalaqSi, magaliTad, niu iorkSi,
CikagoSi, atlantasa da baltimorSi, Savkaniani meri dainiSna.
Savkanianebma saxeli literaturaSi, Teatrsa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva
dargSi gaiTqves. (Marable, 1991).

yvelafris miuxedavad, am periodSi mainc naadrevi iyo saubari rasobrivi

harmoniisa da integraciis axali xanis Sesaxeb. piriqiT, 1980-iani wlebis
bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, aSS-s sxvadasxva nawilSi,
rasobrivi dapirispirebiT motivirebuli Zaladobis asobiT aqtma iCina
Tavi. niu iorkSi, bostonsa da CikagoSi rasobriv safuZvelze
ganviTarebulma daZabulobam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia; 1991 wels
SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa jgufebis mier masobrivi saxalxo
demonstraciebi ewyoboda, TiToeuli jgufi meores rasizmSi
adanaSaulebda. 1992 wels los anjelessa da aSS-s sxva qalaqebSi
Zaladobis mniSvnelovani faqtebi dafiqsirda. los anjelesSi Sua 1990-
ian wlebSi amboxebebi kvlav grZeldeboda. zemoxsenebul xangrZliv
periodSi ganxorcielebuli miRwevebis miuxedavad, SavkanianTa
socialuri da ekonomikuri statusi, mTlianobaSi, isev Seilaxa.
magaliTad, SavkanianTa ojaxebis saSualo Semosavali Sua 1990-ian
wlebSi mkveTrad daeca da kolejebSi SavkanianTa miRebac Semcirda.

Sida qalaqis teritoriebze Zlier gaxSirda narkotikebis aralegaluri

moxmarebisa da spiraluri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi. 1980-ian wlebSi
Savkanian mamakacTa gardacvalebis mizezi, ZiriTadad, mkvleloba iyo.
1990 wels New England Journal of Medicine werda, rom niu iorkSi, harlemSi
mcxovrebi axalgazrda Savkaniani mamakacis sicocxlis mosalodneli
xangrZlivoba ufro mcirea, vidre bangladeSSi mcxovrebi igive asakis
mamakacisa. 1963 wels martin luTer kingma Tavis gamosvlaSi, ganacxada,
rom is “ferebisadmi brma sazogadoebaze ocnebobs,” romelic mis
Svilebs mxolod kanis feris mixedviT ki ar gansjis, aramed xasiaTis
mixedviT; magram, Cans, rom amgvari miznisgan jer kidev Sors varT.

SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi laTinosebi da azielebi

19
dampyrobluri omebi, romlebmac Tanamedrove SeerTebuli Statebi
warmoSva, mxolod indieli mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg ar iyo mimarTuli.
SeerTebulma Statebma 1848 wels, amerikis meqsikasTan omis Sedegad,
samxreT dasavleTis didi nawili miitaca, 25 000 meqsikelTan erTad.
termini “Cikano” am adamianTa STamomavlebsa da meqsikel emigrantebs
gulisxmobs. termini “laTinosi” SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb,
espanurenovani regionebidan Camosul, nebismier adamians exeba.

SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi laTinosebi sam ZiriTad jgufSi arian

gaerTianebuli: meqsikeli amerikelebi (daaxloebiT 13.5 milioni), puerto
rikelebi (2.7 milioni) da kubelebi (1 milioni). espanurad mosaubre kidev
5 milioni macxovrebeli centraluri da samxreT amerikis regionebidaaa
Camosuli. laTinosTa mosaxleoba udidesi siswrafiT izrdeba – 1980-1990-
ian wlebSi mosaxleobis ricxvi, ZiriTadad, meqsikuri sazRvridan axali
emigrantebis masiuri dinebis Sedegad, 53 procentiT gaizarda. arsebuli
tendenciis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, momaval aTwleulSi, laTinos
macxovrebelTa raodenoba afrikeli amerikelebis raodenobas
gadaaWarbebs.

aziuri kavSirebi

SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 3 procents – 8 milions

aziuri warmomavlobis adamianebi Seadgenen. yvelaze did jgufs Cinelebi,
iaponelebi da filipinelebi (emigrantebi filipinis kunZulebidan)
ekuTvnian. amjerad amerikaSi mcxovreb indoelTa, pakistanelTa,
koreelTa da vietnamelTa ricxvmac imata. vietnamis omis Sedegad, 1970-ian
wlebSi, amerikis sazRvari 350 000-ma vietnamelma ltolvilma gadmokveTa.

Zvel Cinel emigrantTa umravlesoba kaliforniaSi dafuZnda, sadac

isini, ZiriTadad, mZime industriaSi - maRaroebsa da rkinigzis
mSeneblobaSi iyvnen dasaqmebulni. Tavdapirvelad, Cinelebis gamijnulad
- CainaTaunebSi - dasaxleba maTi survilis winaaRmdeg moxda. amis mizezi
maT mimarT gamovlenili mtruli damokidebuleba gaxda. 1882 wels
miRebuli kanonis Semdeg, CinelTa emigracia dasrulda, magram Cinelebi,
bolo dromde, farTo sazogadoebisgan izolaciaSi imyofebodnen.

Zveli iaponeli emigrantebi aseve kaliforniasa da wynari okeanis

sanapiros sxva StatebSi dafuZdnen. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mas
Semdeg, rac iaponiam perl harborze Tavdasxma ganaxorciela, yvela
iaponeli amerikeli “relokaciis centrebSi” gadaiyvanes, rac,
faqtobrivad, ekliani mavTuliT garSemortymul da SeiaraRebul
policielTa dacvis qveS myof sakoncentracio banaks warmoadgenda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am adamianTa umravlesoba amerikis moqalaqe iyo,
isini aiZules, omis dasrulebamde, saswrafod gaSenebul sakoncentracio
banakebSi ecxovraT. paradoqsia, magram am situaciam maTi farTo
sazogadoebasTan ufro swrafi integracia gamoiwvia, radgan omis
dasrulebis Semdeg, iaponeli amerikelebi maTTvis gankuTvnil
gancalkevebul dasaxlebebs aRar daubrundnen, romlebSic isini omis
dawyebamde cxovrobdnen. maT ganaTlebisa da Semosavlis iseT maRal
dones miaRwies, rom, garkveulwilad, TeTkanianebsac ki ajobes. iaponel

20
amerikelTa da TeTkanianTa Sereuli qorwinebis raodenoba, amJamad,
daaxloebiT, 50 procentia.

azielma, gansakuTrebiT, iaponelma amerikelebma, dResdReobiT did

warmatebas miaRwies. maT, skolis damTavrebisas, TeTrkanianebTan
SedarebiT, saSualod, ukeTesi Sedegebi da universitetebSi Cabarebis
ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT. maTi saSualo Semosavalic ufro
maRalia.

axla britaneTSi arsebuli eTnikuri danayofebi ganvixiloT. am

SemTxvevaSi, SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa dapirispirebaze ki ar
visaubrebT, aramed, zogadad, eTnikur jgufTa mravalferovnebaze.

eTnikuri mravalferovneba gaerTianebul samefoSi

adreuli emigracia

inglisSi xSirad vxvdebiT irlandiur, uelsur da Sotlandiur gvarebs,

rac inglisis urbanul centrebSi keltebis tradiciul
dinebaze migvaniSnebs. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi, Soreuli
koloniebidan ZiriTadi emigraciis dawyebamde didi xniT adre,
ganviTarebadi inglisuri qalaqebi emigrantebs britanuli kunZulebis
naklebad warmatebuli regionebidan izidavda. 1867 wels taimsi
sinanuliT aRniSnavda: “am kunZulze namdvil inglisels TiTqmis veRar
Sexvdebi.” monarqia, romelsac dRes “inglisur institutebs Soris
yvelaze gamokveTilad inglisur instituts” uwodeben, mraval “ucxour”
elements Seicavs. ingliss frangi, Sotlandieli, holandieli da
germaneli monarqebi hyavda; dRevandel samefo ojaxs imdeni ara-
ingliseli winapari hyavs, rom mas, yvelaze metad, zedsarTavi
“evropuli” esadageba.

meCvidmete saukunidan londonSi mzardi da warmatebuli irlandiuri

Temi arsebobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom irlandiel emigrantebs Tavidan
umetesad fizikuri samuSaos Sesruleba uwevdaT, droTa ganmavlobaSi
isini ufro daxelovndnen da ukeTesad anazRaurebadi poziciebi daikaves.
mecxramete saukuneSi dasavleT evropis qveynebSi irlandiuri
mosaxleobis raodenoba Semcirda. londonSi, manCesterSi, liverpulsa
da glazgoSi aTi aTasobiT irlandieli emigranti Cavida, ufro didi
raodenoba ki SeerTebul StatebSi emigrirda. 1830-1847 wlebSi marto
liverpulis sazRvari 300 000-ma irlandielma gadakveTa. 1851 wlisTvis
inglissa da uelsSi naxevari milioni irlandieli iyo dasaxlebuli.
sainteresoa, ratom Camovida inglisSi amdeni irlandieli? irlandiaSi
mudmivi SimSiloba iyo, amitom xalxi sxva qveyanaSi cdilobda axali
cxovrebis dawyebas. irlandiisa da inglisis teritoriuli siaxlovis
gamo, irlandielebi didi britaneTis qalaqebSi Casvlas axerxebdnen da,
amave dros, garkveulwilad, mSobliur qveyanasTanac inarCunebdnen
urTierTobas.

mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebis inglisSi irlandiuli mosaxleoba im

sazogadoebis emigrantTa yvelaze did jgufs Seadgenda, romelic,
londonis gareT, daculi iyo ucxoelTa “Semosevisgan”. Tavad dedaqalSi

21
mraval “egzotikur” jgufs SexvdebodiT. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
arsebobda ebraelTa Temi, romelic, momdevno asi wlis Semdeg
sagrZnoblad gaizarda, radgan ebraelebi sxva qveynebSi maT mimarT
ganxorcielebul mwvave represiebs gaurbodnen da SedarebiT usafrTxo
inglisSi saxldebodnen. 1800 wlis gamoTvlebiT dadginda, rom
provinciul qalaqebSi 6 000 ebraeli cxovrobda, londonSi ki maTi
raodenoba 15000-20000-s Seadgenda. Rarib ebraelebs akritikebdnen,
mdidrebs ki kicxavdnen. oliver tvistis personaJis fejinis Seqmnisas
Carlz dikensma swored yvelasTvis nacnobi tipaJis karikatura gamoiyena.

industriuli revoluciis periodSi, holandielma emigrantebma xeli

Seuwyves britaneTSi ,,holandiuri finansebis” saxeliT cobili, sabanko
qselisa da finansuri saagentoebis dafuZnebas – rac uaRresad
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda qveynis ekonomikuri gardaqmnis TvalsazrisiT.
saqmiani da ganaTlebuli holandieli emigrantebis wyalobiT, inglisSi
socialuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, revoluciuri mniSvnelobis
siaxleebi dainerga. aqedan gamomdinare, araingliselebma inglisis
socioekomonikuri klimatis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes.

inglisis industriuli eqspansiis periodSi, Cineli emigrantebi

mozRvavda, rac inglisur qarxnebs iafi samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofda.
amis miuxedavad, mecxramete saukuneSi kavSiris liderebma ramdenjerme
gailaSqres Cineli emigrantebis winaaRmdeg, radgan, maTi azriT,
Cinelebis dasaqmeba adgilobrivi muSakebis xelfasis doneze uryofiTad
moqmedebda.

SavkanianTa dasaxleba britaneTSi mecxramete saukunis bolos gaxSirda,

rac dasavleT afrikasa da karibis kunZulebze gemebis moZraobis
gazrdas mohyva. am periodSi britanul universitetebSi sakmaod bevri
afrikeli da vest indoeli Cairicxa, magram emigrantTa yvelaze didi
jgufi Savkanian mezRvaurebs moicavda, romlebic britaneTis qalaqebSi
dasaxldnen. SavkanianTa pirveli Tanamedrove Temebi britaneTSi
(gansakuTrebiT kardifSi) swored am adamianTa mier daarsda. pirveli
msoflio omis dros saWiro gaxda britanuli samxedro Zalebis gazrda;
amis gamo, Savkanian vest indoelTa samxedro nawilis Seqmnis mizniT,
britanuli karibis kunZulebidan 15 000-ze meti mamakaci gaiwvies. saomari
moqmedebis dasrulebis Semdeg, vest indoel jariskacTa didma
raodenobam, ekonomikurad dabalganviTarebul vest indoeTSi
dabrunebas, britaneTSi dasaxleba da am qveynis mier SemoTavazebuli
pirobebiT dakmayofileba arCia (Fryer 1984).

SavkaniaTa istoria britaneTSi: mniSvnelovani TariRebi

1596 elisabed I gamoscems proklamacias, romelic SavkanianTa

inglisisdan gandevnas isaxavs miznad.
1772 mosamarTle mensfildis mier dakanonebuli wesis Tanaxmad,
Savkanianebis inglisidan gansaxleba ikrZaleba.
1807 britaneTis imperiaSi gauqmda monebiT vaWroba.

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 1823 1823 wels SemuSavebuli navigaciis aqti feradkanianebs,
britanul gemebze muSaobas ukrZalavs, gamonaklisi mxolod
omis periodSi dauSves.
1834-38 britaneTis imperia auqmebs monobas da yofili monebis
“momzadebis” xuTwlian sistemas nergavs.
1892 dababai naoroji pirveli azielia, romelic TemTa palatis
wevradaa arCeuli
1919 liverpulSi SavkanianTa winaaRmdeg amboxebebi iwyeba da
moklulia Carlz vutoni
1925 gamoica specialuri brZaneba (feradkaniani ucxo
mezRvaurebi), romelic krZalavs Savkanian mezRvaurTa
muSaobas britanul gemebze da zogierT, britaneTSi
dabadebul, Savkanian mezRvaurs britaneTidan wasvlas
aiZulebs

wyaro: Sociological Review, 3, 4 (aprili, 1994)

ganviTarebis procesi 1930-iani wlebidan

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, nacisturi devnis gamo, evropel ebraelTa

mTeli Taoba, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, dasavleTisken daiZra. erTi
gamokiTxvis Sedegad dadginda, rom 1933-1939 wlebSi gaerTianebul
samefoSi 60 000 ebraeli dafuZnda, magram realuri cifri SeiZleba
gacilebiT ufro maRali yofiliyo. 1933-1939 wlebSi centraluri
evropidan 80 000 ltolvili Camovida, omis periodSi ki am cifrs kidev
70 000 daemata. 1945 wlisTvis evropa, ltolvilebis gamo, uprecedento
problemis winaSe dadga: milionobiT adamiani ltolvilad iqca. maTgan
ramdenime asi aTasi ki britaneTSi dasaxlda.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTSi emigrantTa dinebam uprecedento

masStabs miaRwia – axal mosaxleTa umravlesoba, Tanamegobrobis
qveynebidan, samuSaos Ziebis mizniT Camodioda. britaneTis mosaxleoba
emigrantTa mozRvavebaze, klasebis mixedviT, reagirebda. mmarTvel
wreebs, britaneTis imperiuli memkvidreobis ideidan gamomdinare,
miaCndaT, rom vest indoelebi, indoelebi, pakistanelebi da afrikelebi
britaneTis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen da hqondaT britaneTSi dafuZnebis
ufleba. omis Semdgom periodSi, britaneTSi dasaqmebis adgilebis
nakleboba iyo; damsaqmeblebi ki, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi,
samuSaod emigrantebs izidavdnen. Rarib ubanSi bevri dasaqmebuli
cxovrobda (iq, sadac axali emigrantebi saxldebodnen) da yoveldRiuri
yofis siduxWires ganicdida. isini, xSir SemTxvevaSi, axalmosulebisadmi
mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili. Tanamegobrobis qveynebidan Camosul
emigrantTa TiTqmis mesamedi londonis garkveul nawilebSi saxldeboda;
garda amisa, emigrantebi vest midlendSi, bredfordSi da sxva Rarib
urbanul teritoriebze iyvnen Tavmoyrili.

momdevno mTavrobebi axali emigrantebis britanul sazogadoebasTan

sruli integraciis mizans sasurvelad da miRwevadad miiCnevdnen. 1960-ian
wlebSi, leiboristuli mmarTvelobis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma, roi

23
jenkinsma ganacxada, rom integracia “gamosasworebeli asimilaciis
procesi” ki ar aris, aramed “ormxrivi tolerantobis pirobebSi,
kulturuli mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tanasworuflebiani
SesaZlebobebiT sargeblobaa.” 1966 wels, leiboristuli mTavrobis mier
SemuSavebuli rasobriv urTierTobaTa aqtis safuZvelze, rasobriv
urTierTobaTa sabWoEdafuZnda. sabWo, rasobriv niadagze, dasabuTebuli
diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi, intervencias isaxavda miznad. 1968 wels
diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg ufro arsebiTi kanoni SemuSavda, magram mas
qveyanaSi Semosvlis kontrolTan dakavSirebuli axali kanonmdeblobac
daerTo, ramac axal emigrantTaA raodenoba Zlier Seamcira. imave wels
parlamentSi rasobriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli diskusia daiwyo;
inoq pauelma (Tavdacvis sakiTxebSi konservatorTa imdroindelma
spikerma) birmingemSi, sakuTar gamosvlaSi, feradkaniani mosaxleobis
uaRresad SesamCnev zrdaze isaubra: “romaelebis msgavsad, meCveneba,
TiTqos mdinare tibrosSi sisxli moedineba.” gelapis mier warmoebuli
gamokiTxviT dadasturda, rom pauelis Tvalsazriss mosaxleobis 75
procenti iziarebda.

1976 wlis rasobriv urTierTobaTa aqti rasobrivi diskriminaciis

Semcirebas isaxavda miznad. aqtis safuZvelze ikrZaleboda diskriminacia
samuSao aplikaciebis ganxilvis, gansaxlebis da organizaciebsa an
klubebSi gawevrianebis dros. aqtis amoqmedebis mizniT, axali organo,
rasobrivi Tanasworobis komisia, Seiqmna. am organos didi uflebebi, mis
mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs ki samarTlebrivi Zala mieniWa. 1970-ian
wlebSi, kidev erTi gamokveTilad rasistuli, memarjveneTa partia,
nacionaluri fronti daarsda, romelsac sxva organzaciebis mxridan
didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda: magaliTad, 1977 wels nacionaluri frontis
propagandasTan brZolis mizniT, antinacisturi liga Seiqmna.

londonis didma sabWom eTnikur umciresobaTa komiteti daafuZna,

romelic, mogvianebiT, konservatuli mTavrobis mier gauqmda. am
komitetis farTo uflebamosileba adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
Tanamdebobebze eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgelobis kontrols
iTvaliswinebda. londoni “anti-aparteidul” zonad gamocxadda da aq,
1984 wels, wlis “anti-rasistuli” festivalebi da koncertebi Catarda.
londonis samxreT nawilSi ganlagebul brokvelis parks anti-
aparteiduli kampaniis organizatoris sapativcemulod, zefania
moTofengis parki ewoda. am gamokveTili eTnikuri politikis sapasuxod,
torebis partiam farTod gaavrcela axali sareklamo slogani.
sloganze Savkaniani mamakaci da Semdegi saxis gancxadeba iyo
gamosaxuli: “Sromis bazarze mas Savkanians uwodeben, Cven ki mas
britanels veZaxiT.” Tumca eTnikur umciresobebs Zlier uWirdaT
sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba “britanulobis” im eTnocentrul
definiciasTan, romelic konservatul wreebSi iyo gavrcelebuli.

torebis partiis liderma da ministrma - jon patenma musulmanur

jgufebs weriliT mimarTa, sadac ganmarta, Tu ras niSnavs, iyo
britaneli, gaamaxvila ra yuradReba pluralizmze. patenma ganacxada,
rom “britaneTSi qristianebs, musulmanebs, ebraelebs, indusebs, siqxebs
da sxva erebis warmomadgenlebs erTad cxovreba da muSaoba SeuZliaT,
maT siamayiT unda SeinarCunon sakuTari identoba da rwmena, da

24
gaiziaron is, rac dabadebidan da sakuTari arCevanis mixedviT
arsebobasTan akavSirebT – ,,britaneloba”. am werilSi gakeTebuli
TiToeuli gancxadeba multikulturuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis
sirTuleze miuTiTebs. “sakuTari identobisa da rwmenis siamayiT
SenarCunebam” SeiZleba “britanelad” Camoyalibebis mizans SeuSalos
xeli. magaliTad, britanel musulmanTa sazogadoeba mTavrobas islamuri
religiuri kanonis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli winaaRmdegobis gamo
daupirispirda, radgan britaneTis sasamarTlom aRniSnuli kanonis
miRebaze uari ganacxada.

1990 wlisTvis vest induri da samxreT afrikuli warmomavlobis

adamianTa umravlesoba gaerTianebul samefoSi iyo dabadebuli (maTma
raodenobam, proporciulad, 55 procents gadaaWarba). es proporcia sul
ufro izrdeba da es jgufebi, amJamad, feradkanian britanul
sazogadoebas Seadgenen. isini aRar arian emigrantebi, radgan sruli
samoqalaqo uflebebi gaaCniaT. aRniSnuli jgufebi, amJamad, mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 5 procents Seadgenen.

1981 wels miRebuli britaneTis erovnulobis aqtis safuZvelze,

warsulSi an amJamad, britaneTze damokidebul teritoriebze mcxovreb
adamianTa gaerTianebul samefoSi Semosvla Zlier SeizRuda. britaneTis
moqalaqeoba da britaneTze damokidebul teritoriebze mcxovreb
adamianTa moqalaqeoba erTmaneTisgan gaimijna. gaCnda kategoria
“britanel ucxoelTa moqalaqeoba”, romelic, ZiriTadad, hong-kongSi,
malaiziaSi da singapurSi mcxovreb adamianebs miesadaga; maT ufleba ar
hqondaT britaneTSi dasaxlebuliyvnen, maT Svilebs ki - memkvidreobiT
mieRoT mSoblebis moqalaqeoba. Tanamegobrobis moqalaqeebs, romelTac
adre, qveyanaSi xuTi wlis gatarebis SemTxvevaSi, britaneTis
moqalaqeebad SeeZloT daregistrireba, axla moqalaqeobis misaRebad
igive procedura unda gaevloT, rogoric msoflios sxva nebismieri
regionidan Camosul adamianebs. moqalaqeobis uflebis miRebasa da
qveyanaSi Sesvlas sxva SezRudvebic daemata. 1988 wels SemuSavebuli
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, es SezRudvebi kidev ufro gaizarda.

britaneTma qveyanaSi politikuri an religiuri niSniT devnil

ltolvilTa Semosvlac Seamcira. 1991 wels, maTTvis, vinc britaneTis
TavSesafars iTxovda, axali kanoni iqna miRebuli. am kanonis Tanaxmad,
ltolvilis statusiT Camosul adamianebs mkacri kontroli unda
gaevloT, rac TiTis anabeWdebis aRebas, ufaso iuridiuli konsultaciis
xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvas da im aviakompaniebis gaormagebul jarimebs
gulisxmobda, romelTa saSualebiT mgzavrebi aralegaluri vizebiT
mainc axerxebdnen qveyanaSi SemoRwevas. axali wesebi mkacrad iqna
gakritikebuli eklesiis liderebisa da ltolvilTa sakiTxSi
gaerTienebuli erebis komisris mier; Tumca, amis Sedegad, wesebi mainc ar
Secvlila.

britaneTis saemigracio politika ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebuli TanmimdevrobiT ar gamoirCeva. amas ori
ZiriTadi niSani mowmobs. pirveli - Sromis bazris moTxovnilebaTa
gauTvaliswinebloba – ar aris maRali kvalifikaciis adamianebisTvis
qveyanaSi Semosvlis pirobebis gamartivebisa da dovlaTis mozidvis

25
mcdeloba (rogorc es, magaliTad, aSS-s SemTxvevaSi xdeba). meore niSans
“kidev erTi Savkanianis gamovlenisa da misi Tavidan mocilebis” axirebas
eZaxian (Plummer, 1979, gv. 8). rasakvirvelia, oficialur doneze, rasizmis
nebismieri gamovlena idevneba, magram Znelia ar aRiaro, rom mainc
Zlieria misi faruli gavlena. erTma germanelma mkvlevarma aRniSna,
“qveyanaSi ukanonod Semosvlis Tavidan acilebis mcdeloba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, ewinaaRmdegeba adamianTa saerTaSoriso uflebebis dacvis
konvencias, rac, ZiriTadad, axali Tanamegobrobis feradkanian
adamianebTan mimarTebaSi, vizis gacemaze uaris Tqmas, TiTis anabeWdebis
aRebas, “ginekologiuri testis” Catarebasa da sapatimroSi moTavsebis
msgavs radikalur zomebsac moicavs. am qmedebaTa gzavnili naTelia:
Savkanianebi arasasurvelni arian (Jopke 1995, gv. 38).

cxrili 9.2 umuSevroba eTnikuri jgufebis mixedviT, didi britaneTi, 1991

umuSevrobis sixSire

eTnikuri jgufi umuSevari sqemaze Aadamiani mamakaci qali

(000) (000) (%) (%) (%)

TeTrkaniani 2 246.1 318.6 8.8 10.7 6.3

eTnikuri 238.4 33.1 18.3 20.3 15.6
umciresobebi
Savkanianebi 94.0 13.3 21.1 25.2 16.6
Savkaniani 53.8 6.7 18.9 23.8 13.5
karibiliebi
Savkaniani 26.1 4.1 27.0 28.9 24.7
afrikelebi
danarCeni 14.1 2.5 22.2 25.5 18.3
Savkanianebi
samxreT 105.0 12.9 18.2 19.2 16.5
azielebi
indoelebi 51.7 7.2 13.1 13.4 12.7
pakistanelebi 40.1 4.4 28.8 28.5 29.6
bangladeSelebi 13.2 1.3 31.7 30.9 34.5
Cinelebi da 39.4 6.9 14.1 15.5 12.1
sxvebi
Cinelebi 7.0 1.2 9.5 10.5 8.3
danarCeni 12.8 2.7 13.4 14.2 12.3
azielebi
sxva eris 19.5 3.0 17.7 19.7 14.8
warmomadgenlebi
mTliani 2 484.5 351.7 9.3 11.2 6.8
mosaxleoba
wyaro: d. ouveni, Etnic manorities in Britain: Economic Charactaristics, 1993. aRweris monacemebi
eyrdnoba Crown Copyright-s.

rasa, rasizmi da uTanasworoba

britaneTSi feradkanianebi, saqmianobis mixedviT, sxvadasxvagavarad arian

ganawilebulni. SavkanianTa umravlesoba fizikur saqmianobas eweva; maT
26
Soris, TeTkanianebTan SedarebiT, meti umuSevaria (ix. cxrili 9.2).
fizikur samuSaoebze Savkanian mamakacTa 80 procenti, samxreT aziel
mamakacTa 70 procenti, xolo TeTkanian mamakacTa 50 procentia
dasaqmebuli. vest indoeTidan wamosul adamianTagan fizikur samuSaos
Zalian cota eweva, profesionaluri saqmianobiT ki bevri maTgania
dakavebuli. bangladeSelTa umravlesobas naxevradprofesiuli an
araprofesiuli samuSao aqvs. britaneTSi aRmosavleT afrikidan Camosul
azielebs, proporciulad, arafizikuri samuSaos ufro maRali
maCvenebeli aqvT, vidre TeTkanianebs. feradkaniani qalebi gacilebiT
uares pirobebSi arian, vidre feradkaniani mamakacebi. maT,
proporciulad, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, arafizikuri da profesiuli
dasaqmebis ufro dabali maCvenebeli aqvT. (Hamnett et al. 1990).

bevri feradkaniani, samxreT azielTa umravlesobis CaTvliT, qalaqis

centraluri teritoriebidan moSorebiT cxovrobs. eTnikur
warmomavlobasa da sacxovrebel adgils Soris Zlieri kavSiria;
londonis SigniT, birmingemsa da manCesterSi, vest indoelTa dasaxleba
Svidjer ufro mosalodnelia, vidre TeTkanianianebis. am ubnebSi Zalze
maRalia mamakacTa umuSevrobis done. SavkanianTa umravlesoba Sida
qalaqs sacxovreblad sakuTari surviliT ar irCevs; isini aq imitom
dafuZdnen, rom es ubnebi TeTkanianTa Soris naklebi popularobiT
sargeblobda da mas Semdeg, rac TeTkanianebi sxva ubnebSi gadasaxldnen,
SesaZlebeli gaxda Tavisufali miwebis aTviseba.

Savkanianebi da azielebi, socialurad, kvlav wamgebian poziciaSi arian

Savkanianebi da azielebi, TiTqmis yvela socialuri da ekonomikuri

indikatoris mixedviT, kvlav wamgebian poziciaSi rCebian. zogierTma
jgufma, gansakuTrebiT indoelebma, garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad,
ganaTlebasa da saxlebis mflobelobaSi, warmatebas miaRwia, magram,
zogadad, eTnikuri umciresobebi, dasaqmebis, gadaxdis sistemisa da
gansaxlebis sakiTxebSi, TeTkanianebTan SedarebiT, uares mdgomareobaSi
arian. isini danaSaulis msxverpladac ufro xSirad iqcevian.

nacionaluri statistikis ganyofilebis mier 1996 wels gamoqveynebuli

angariSi - socialuri fokusi eTnikur umciresobebze - sazogadoebaSi
arsebul monacemTa kompilacias warmoadgens.

bolo dromde, rasebis mixedviT statistikuri monacemebis mopovebaze

oficialurad ikavebdnen Tavs. es angariSi am kuTxiT ganxorcielebuli
pirveli mcdelobaa, magram misi avtorebi aRiareben, rom eTnikur
umciresobaTa cxovrebis stilis sruli sqemis Seqmna arc amjerad gaxda
SesaZlebeli.

feradkanianTa raodenoba 3 milionze mets, anu mosaxleobis TiTqmis 6

procents Seadgens.

qorwinebaSi myof mamakacTan da qalTan Savkanian karibielTa bavSvebis

sul 34 procenti cxovrobs, 54 procents ki martoxela dedebi hyavs. amis
sapirispirod, aziur TemSi mcxovreb bavSvTa 90 procents qorwinebaSi
myofi wyvilebi zrdian.

27
indoel ojaxTa 83 procenti ukve flobs sakuTar saxls an saxlis
yidvas apirebs, bangladeSelTa Soris amgvari ojaxebis 36 procentia,
SavkaniaTa Soris ki - 40 procenti.

ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, yvela sxva jgufTan, maT Soris

TeTrkanianebTan, SedarebiT, saSualo ganaTlebis Sedegebis serTifikatis
mixedviT, yvelaze warmatebulni azieli bavSvebi arian. srul ganaTlebas
18 wlis indoelTa 65, pakistanelTa da bangladeSelTa 61, danarCeni
azielebis 72 da SavkanianTa 50 procenti iRebs, TeTkanianTa maCvenebeli
ki, am mxriv, 38 procentia. Tumca, YTeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT,
umciresobaTa yvela jgufSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRalia.

Savkanianebs, pakistanelebsa da bangladeSelebs Soris umuSevroba,

TeTkanianebTan SedarebiT, samjer ufro maRalia.

sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi pakistaneli/bangladeSeli qalis saSualo

saaTobrivi anazRaureba 4.78 funts Seadgens, xolo TeTkaniani qalis
anazRaureba 6.59 funtia. pakistaneli/bangladeSeli mamakacis anazRaureba
6.87 funts udris, TeTkaniani mamakacis ki, 8.34 funts.

rac Seexeba danaSauls, statistikurad, TeTkanianianebTan SedarebiT,

umciresobaTa jgufis warmomadgenlebis Seuracxyofasa da maTi piradi
qonebis xelyofas ufro xSirad aqvs adgili. miuxedavad amisa, angariSSi
vkiTxulobT, rom danaSaulis maCvenebeli SavkanianebiT dasaxlebul
Sida qalaqis teritoriebze ufro maRalia.

britaneTSi mcxovreb bangladeSelTa mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxedi, ist

londonis erT-erT ubanSi, tauer hemleTsSia Tavmoyrili.

angariSi politikur mecnierebaTa institutis analizis jer

gamouqveynebel zogierT monacemsac Seicavs. am monacemTa mixedviT,
SavkanianTaA da azielTa TiTqmis naxevari xuT weliwadSi erTxel midis
mSobliur qveyanaSi. Cinelebs Soris ki es maCvenebeli 60 procents
aRwevs.

politikur mecnierebaTa institutis monacemebi agreTve gviCvenebs, rom

britaneTSi mcxovreb 10 pakistanel/bangladeSel qalidan rvas yovelTvis
tradiciuli tansacmeli acvia, maSin rodesac igive Temis mamakacTagan
tradiciul tansacmels aTidan erTi Tu atarebs.

tradiciuli tansacmeli yvelaze metad xandazmul aziel mamakacTa

Soris aris gavrcelebuli. SavkanianTa Soris axalgazrdebis 25
procents drodadro acvia tradiciuli tansacmeli da sakuTari
varcxnilobiT xazs usvams kavSirs afrikasa da karibis kunZulebTan.

wyaro: Guardian, 8 agvisto, 1996.

danaSauli

1993 wels danaSaulis msxverpl jgufTa procentuli raodenoba

28
inglisi da uelsi

Tavdasxma Sinameurneobebze piradi Seuracxyofa

Savkanianebi 36
13
indoelebi 35
9
pakistanelebi/bangkladeSelebi 34
10
TeTkanianebi 33
8

anazRureba umuSevroba
sruli dasaqmebis saSualo yvela asakis procentuli
anazRaureba maCvenebeli
saaTobrivi anazRaureba funtebSi gazafxuli, 1995
1995/95
Savkanianebi 6.88 24
indoelebi 7.12 12
pakistanelebi/ 6.43 27
bangladeSelebi
sxva erebi 7.32 16
TeTrkanianebi 7.73 8

sayofacxovrebo pirobebi
garkveuli probebiT uzrunvelyofil saxlTa procentuli raodenoba
inglisi, 1991
centraluri gaTboba; ormagi gadaxurva; manqanis sadgomiT uzrunvelyofa

Savkanianebi
81
36
91
indoelebi
91
60
67
pakistanelebi/bangladeSelebi
59
40
69
sxva erebi
82
34
63
TeTrkanianebi
81
52
77

29
Semosavlis donis mixedviT, yvelaze warmatebuli feradkanianebi,
samxreT azielebi arian. isini an TviTdasaqmebulebi arian, an mcire
damsaqmeblebi. am kategoriis adamianTa raodenoba ukanaskneli 20 wlis
ganmavlobaSi Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda: axla aRmosavleT afrikel
aziel mamakacTa es jgufi 23 procents Seadgens, analogiur TeTkanian
mamakacTa raodenoba ki 14 procentia. patara aziuri maRaziebi da aziuri
biznesis sxva formebi britanuli sazogadoebis iseT mniSvnelovan
aspeqtad iqca, rom zogierTma maTganma Sida qalaqis teritoriis
ekonomikuri gardaqmis warmarTvac ki ganizraxa. es, udavod, Zalze Tamami
ganzraxvaa, radgan TviTdasaqmebuli azielebi samuSaos Zalian did dros
andomeben, maTi mTliani Semosavlis done ki SedarebiT dabalia. isini
TviTdasaqmebul muSakebad registrirdebian, realurad ki maT ojaxis is
wevrebi asaqmeben, romlebic bizness uZRvebian. maTze arc is SeRavaTebi
vrceldeba, romliTac, Cveulebriv, dasaqmebuli adamianebi sargebloben.
es avadmyofobaze gaTvlili anazRaureba, anazRaurebadi Svebuleba da
dasaqmebulTa mier nacionalur dazRvevaSi Setanili wvlilia.

rogori mravalricxovanic ar unda iyos feradkanianTa jgufi, yovelTvis

arsebobs rasizmis, ama Tu im formiT, gamovlenis saSiSroeba – rac
SeiZleba rasobrivi niSniT motivirebuli TavdasxmiTac ki gamoixatos.
adamianTa umravlesobam am saSiSroebas Tavi daaRwia, magram
umciresobisTvis amgvari gamocdileba SeiZleba uaRresad mZime
aRmoCndes. kvlevis angariSSi Semdegi saxis SemTxvevebia aRwerili:

biWs sZinavs, mas fanjaraSi Roris Tavs ugdeben, romelsac Tvalebi, yurebi, nestoebi da
piri anTebuli sigaretebiT aqvs datenili. ojaxi saRamos Svidi saaTis Semdeg saxlidan
arsad gadis; isini erT did oTaxSi arian Seketili, pirveli sarTulis karTan ki
barikadebi aqvT aRmarTuli. ojaxi sakuTar binaSia datyvevebuli, radgan TeTkanianma
mezoblebma maT Semosasvlel karze rkinis gisosebi daamagres da boqlomi daades.
patara biWi masze ufrosma TeTkanianma daniT daWra, rodesac man, saklaso oTaxebs
Soris, derefanSi gaiara. (gordoni, 1986).

eTnikuroba da policia

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rasizmis niSniT, adamianTa deprivaciis niadags

Sida qalaqebSi arsebuli mZime garemo qmnis. (ix. Tavi 17, “qalaqebi da
Tanamedrove urbanizmis ganviTareba”). aq naTlad Cans kavSiri rasas,
umuSevrobasa da danaSauls Soris, rac, ZiriTadad, axalgazrda Savkanian
mamakacTa mdgomareobaze aisaxeba. 1982 wels policiam quCaSi
ganxorcielebuli Zarcvis SemTxvevebis rasobrivi kuTxiT Sefaseba
daiwyo. amgvari statistikuri monacemebi manamde arasodes
gamoqveynebula. ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelic televiziam da presamac
aitaca, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom wvril qurdobasa da maRaziebis
ZarcvaSi Savkaniani axalgazrdebis “araproporciulad didi raodenoba”
iyo SemCneuli. amis Sedegad, sazogadoebam rasa da danaSauli erTmaneTs
daukavSira. gazeTma Daily Telegraph Semdegi saxis komentari gaakeTa:
“britaneTSi mcxovreb bevr vest indoels da, amavdroulad, sul ufro
met TeTrkanians, ara aqvT imis gancda, rom qveyana, romelSic isini
cxovroben, maTi Semadgeneli nawilia. aqedan gamomdinare, am qveynis
moqalaqeebi maTTvis mxolod da mxolod sastiki eqsploataciis

30
obieqtebi arian” (citata gamoiyena solomosma da rekitma, 1991, gv. 44).
Tumca, TeTkanianebTan kontaqtis dros, bevri axalgazrda Savkaniani
Tavad xdeba “sastiki eqsploataciis obieqti” da, samwuxarod, es
eqsploatatori, xSir SemTxvevaSi, policiaa.

policiis saqmianobis kvlevisas, rojer graefma dadgina, rom policiis

oficrebi Zalian xSirad rasistulad arian ganwyobilni. man daaskvna,
rom policiis “damokidebuleba umciresobaTa jgufebis mimarT Zlier
mtrulia”. policielebi uxeS, stereotipul gancxadebebsa da damcinav
komentarebs akeTebdnen, gansakuTrebiT Savkanianebze. rodesac erT-erTma
oficerma interviueris ukmayofileba SeniSna, is xumrobiT mis
gadarwmunebas ecada: “policielebi yvelas ayeneben Seuracxyofas, ara
marto zangebs. es SeiZleba homoseqsuali, pakistaneli, lesboseli, qali,
studenti, irlandieli – nebismieri vinme iyos. Cven yvela gvZuls” (Graef,
1989, gv. 124).

aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gasakviri, rom kvlevaSi SavkanianTa

jgufebis mxridan policielTa mimarT analogiuri mtruli ganwyoba
gamovlinda. amgvari ganwyoba, garkveulwilad, sakuTar Tavze uSualod
gamocdili agresiis Sedegia. SavkanianTa ganwyobas maT mimarT
ganxorcielebuli policiuri strategia ganapirobebs. 1983 wels
gamoqveynebuli kvlevis daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT: vest indoelTa mxridan
policiis mimarT gamoxatul undoblobas SeiZleba sagangaSo vuwodoT”
(Smith and Small, 1983, gv. 326) es situacia ukeTesobisken arc momdevno
wlebSi Secvlila.

mikerZoebul ganwyobasa da diskriminacias Savkaniani qalebic ganicdian.

Savkanian qalTa didi umravlesoba ojaxs marto uZRveba, ris gamoc,
xSirad, mediisa da TeTkanianTa sazogadoebis kritikis obieqtad iqceva.
magaliTad, “London Evening Standard” werda: “axalgazrda Savkanian mamakacTa
didi raodenoba sastik danaSauls Cadis, radgan Savkaniani dedebis
umravlesoba, axalgazrdobaSi Svilebs qorwinebis gareSe aCens da maT
mamebis xelSewyobis gareSe zrdis” (citata gamoyenebulia Cigvadas mier,
1991, gv. 138).

policiis SexedulebaTa Seswavlisas vxedavT, rom is Savkanian qalebs

mtrulad ganwyobil, agresiul da “rTulad dasamorCilebel” Zalad
afasebs. qalebs, romlebsac policiasTan problema eqmnebaT, ormagi
safrTxe emuqrebaT; isini SeiZleba SavkanianTa Temidanac ganidevnon.
sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis mier, Savkaniani jgufebis mxridan
damnaSave qalebis mxardaWeris waxalisebis mizniT, Savkaniani
qalebisTvis cixis programa Seiqmna. kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom
axalgazrda Savkaniani qalebi iseve kritikulad arian policiis mimarT
ganwyobili, rogorc maT mdgomareobaSi myofi Savkaniani mamakacebi.
Savkanian qalTa Soris Catarebuli gamokvlevis daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT:
“uklebliv yvela gamokiTxulma qalma antipoliciuri ganwyoba
gamoavlina da policia rasobriv mikerZoebul ganwyobasa da korufciaSi
daadanaSaula” (Player, 1991, gv. 122).

31
eTnikuri urTierTobebi evropis kontinentze

meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, pirveli ori aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi, evropaSi masStaburi migracia moxda. xmelTaSua zRvis
mimdebare qveynebi CrdiloeTiT da dasavleTiT mcxovreb erebs iafi
samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofda. dasaqmebis naklebobis gamo, am qveynebSi
emigrantebi TurqeTidan, CrdiloeT afrikidan, saberZneTidan da samxreT
espaneTidan moemgzavrebobdnen. SveicariaSi, germaniaSi, belgiasa da
SveciaSi emigrant muSakTa sakmaod didi mosaxleoba gaCnda. amave dros,
Zvel kolonialistur qveynebSi, yofili koloniebidan bevri emigranti
saxleboda; es, ZiriTadad, safrangeTs (alJirelebs), holandias
(indonezielebs) da gaerTianebul samefos exeba.

ori aTwleulis win, dasavleT evropis qveynebSi recesiis periodi

daiwyo da dasaqmebis Ziebis mizniT migracia sagrZnoblad Semcirda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom emigrantebis dafuZnebis sakiTxi yvelgan kargad
aris ganviTarebuli, ganviTarebadi qveynebis eTnikur umciresobebs,
kanonTan dakavSirebiT, problemebi mainc eqmnebaT. Zveli struqtura
dRevandel situacias aRar ergeba, Tumca zogierT qveyanaSi mainc is
samarTlebrivi struqtura SenarCunda, romelic Tavidan, dasaqmebis
mizniT, droebiTi emigraciis regulirebis mizniT Seiqmna. sxva qveynebSi
(magaliTad, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi) umciresobaTa mosaxleobis
kontrolis mizniT, axali SemzRudveli politika SemuSavda. magaliTad,
axali wesebis mixedviT, qveyanaSi didi xnis winaT dafuZnebul
emigrantebs aRar aqvT axlo naTesavebis Tavisuflad Camoyvanis ufleba.

emigrantebis mSobliur qveyanaSi dabrunebis mizniT, kampania bevrma

dasavleT evropulma qveyanam wamoiwyo. es umuSevrobis an danaSaulis
Cadenis SemTxvevaSi deportacias da sxva amgvar politikas gulisxmobs.
aseTi qmedeba did safrTxes uqmnis umciresobaTa axalgazrda
warmomadgenlebs, romlebic im qveyanaSi daibadnen, romelSic maTi ojaxi
emigrirda, maT ki iseT qveyanaSi dabrunebas aiZuleben, romelTanac
aranairi realuri kavSiri ar gaaCniaT.

1990-ian wlebSi, emigracia da masTan dakavSirebuli rasizmi evropisTvis

Zalze mtkivneuli sakiTxi iyo. evropul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT,
safrangeTsa da italiaSi, CrdiloeT afrikidan aralegalur emigrantTa
didi raodenoba Semovida. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam da aRmosavleT
evropaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma evropis kontinentis dasavleT nawilis
mmarTvelobebs aRmosavleTidan emigrantTa masiuri Semodinebis safrTxe
Seuqmna. 1991-1992 wlebSi axladgaerTianebul germaniaSi ucxoelebze
asobiT Seteva ganxorcielda. am adamianebTan erTad, Turqi muSakebic
dazaraldnen, romelTagan zogierTi germaniaSi oci wlis win Camovida.

avstriaSi, ucxoelTa qveyanaSi Semosvlis winaRmdeg kampania memarjveneTa

jgufma, Tavisuflebis partiam, wamoiwyo. italiaSi arsebuli analogiuri
organizacia, lombardis liga, qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi, amomrCevelTa
didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. skandinaviis qveynebSic ki, romelTac
rasobrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxSi, didi xania, liberaluri qveynebis
reputacia aqvT, sazogadoebaSi Zlier popularuli memarjvene jgufebi
gaCnda.

32
meore msoflio omis dasasrulidan berlinis kedlis aRebamde,
germaniaSi, ufro sworad, imdroindel dasavleT germaniaSi, 18 milioni
adamiani emigrirda. amis miuxedavad, germaniis momdevo mmarTvelobebs
arafriT ar surdaT imis aRiareba, rom germania emigraciis qveyanaa.
germanuli moqalaqeobis idea sisxlTan asocirdeboda da ara dabadebis
adgilTan. amis miuxedavad, “Camosuli muSakebis” Svilebi, romlebsac ar
hqondaT sruli moqalaqeobrivi uflebebi, ekonomikur winsvlas, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, mainc axerxebdnen. germaniis gaerTianebis Semdeg,
aRmosavleT germaniaSi mcxovreb zogierT germanels miaCnda, rom is im
adamianebze uares ekonomikur pirobebSi cxovrobs, visac, misgan
gansxvavebiT, moqalaqeobrivi uflebebiT sargebloba ar SeuZlia (Baldvin-
Evans and Schain 1995).

1990 wels germanuli federaluri parlamentis mier miRebuli

kanonmdebloba emigrantebis uflebebis sasargeblod, garkveuli zomebis
liberalizebas gulisxmobda. magaliTad, qveyanaSi rvawliani cxovrebis
Semdeg, emigrantebs eZleodaT mudmivi moqalaqeobis moTxovnis ufleba.
Tumca kanonSi “emigrantis” nacvlad sityva “ucxoeli” iyo moxseniebuli.
mwvaneTa partiam kanonmdeblobas “instituciuri rasizmis” produqti
uwoda da parlaments mosTxova, “am kanonis momaval msxverplTa xsovnis
ukvdavyofa” “dumilis wuTiT” aReniSnaT.

zogadad evropaSi, adamianTa uflebebis dacvisa da saemigracio

organizaciebi SiSiT reagirebdnen rasizmis aRzevebaze, rasac “evropuli
cixe-simagris” agebis mcdelobac adasturebda. es tendencia mxolod
tolerantobis SesustebaSi ar gamoixata. yvela zemoxsenebul qveyanaSi
anti-rasistuli organizacia Seiqmna da mmarTvelobaTa umravlesobam
diskriminaciis Semcirebaze mimarTul zomebze daiwyo muSaoba.

eTnikur urTierTobaTa samomavlo mosalondeli ganviTareba

eTnikuri konfliqtebi da dayofa mxolod Cvens mier xsenebuli qveynebiT

ar Semoifargleba. sabWoTa komunizmis daSlis Semdeg, yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris respublikebSi, Tavad ruseTis CaTvliT, eTnikuri brZolebi
daiwyo. eTnikuri uTanxmoebis SemTxvevebi indoeTis zogierT regionsa da
Sri lankazec SeimCneoda. afrikaSi, ruandaSi, dawyebulma eTnikurma
dapirispirebam iseTive sastiki sisxliani samoqalaqo omi gamoiwvia,
rogorsac evropaSi, bosniaSi, hqonda adgili. aqedan gamomdinare,
eTnikuri mravalferovnebis sakiTxis mogvareba globaluri
sazogadoebisTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis problemad iqca.

dasavleTSi, eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT, aSS yvelaze mravalferovani

qveyanaa, radgan is “emigrantTa sazogadoebis” safuZvelze Seiqmna. am
qveynis eTnikuri ganviTarebis samomavlo modeli evropasa da sxva
qveynebSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. SeerTebul StatebSi
eTnikur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis sam models gvTavazoben. erT-erTi
maTgani asimilaciaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom emigrantebi uars amboben
mSobliur wes-Cveulebebsa da saqmianobaze da sakuTar qcevas
umravlesobis Rirebulebebsa da normebs argeben. amgvari “asimilirebis”

33
gamo, emigrantTa bevrma Taobam Zlieri zewola ganicada, magram maTi
Svilebi, metnaklebad, WeSmarit “amerikelebad” Camoyalibdnen.

meore models moTuxTuxe qvabs uwodeben. emigrantebi ar Tmoben sakuTar

tradiciebs dominanturi sazogadoebis sasargeblod, aramed axal
kulturul maxasiaTebelebs aviTareben. bevri adamianis azriT, es
modeli, eTnikuri gansxvavebis problemis mosagvareblad, yvelaze
sasurveli gamosavalia. garkveulwilad, is zustad gamoxatavs amerikuli
kulturuli ganviTarebis aspeqtebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom wamyvan
kulturad mainc “anglo-kultura” rCeba, masSi amerikuli mosaxleobis
Semadgenel sxvadasxva jgufTa gavlenac aisaxeba.

mesame models kulturuli pluralizmi warmoadgens. am modelis

mixedviT, yvelaze misaRebi WeSmaritad pluralistuli sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaa, romelic mraval sxvadasxva subkulturaTa Tanabar
uflebebs aRiarebs. SeerTebuli Statebi, didi xania, pluralisturi
qveyanaa, magram eTnikuri gansxvavebebi uTanasworobasTan ufro
asocirdeba, vidre qveynis Tanasworuflebian, magram damoukidebel
sazogadoebis wevrobasTan.

analogiuri daZabuloba da problemebi evropaSic aRiniSneba. britaneTsa

da sxva qveynebSi mmarTvelobis oficialuri politika pirvel modelze
anu asimilaciaze orientirdeba. SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, am
modelis amuSaveba Zalze problemuri xdeba, rodesac eTnikuri
umciresoba mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan fizikurad sagrZnoblad
gamoirCeva; magaliTad, aseT problemas vawydebiT vest indoelebisa da
azielebis SemTxvevaSi. evropaSi, rasizmis stabiluri (xSirad
instituciuri) arsebobis gamo, moTuxTuxe qvabis modeli nakleb
relevanturia.

TiTqmis yvela eTnikuri umciresobis lideri sul ufro amaxvilebs

yuradRebas pluralizmze. “gamorCeuli, magram Tanabari” statusis
miRweva did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da es, jerjerobiT, Soreuli momavlis
sakiTxia. eTnikur umciresobas safrTxed jer kidev bevri adamiani
aRiqvams. isini SiSoben, rom maT samuSaos, simSvidesa da “erovnul
kulturas,” SesaZloa, umciresobaTa saxiT, safrTxe daemuqros. mudmivi
tendenciaa eTnikur umciresobebSi gantevebis vacis Ziebisa. dasavleT
evropaSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebi, ufrosi Taobebis msgavsad, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, mikerZoebul ganwyobas avlenen, rac imas niSnavs, rom
umravles qveynebSi eTnikur umciresobebs momavalSic xangrZlivi
diskriminacia da daZabulobiTa da SfoTviT gajerebuli socialuri
klimati eliT.

samomavlod, iseve rogor warsulSi, savaraudod, samive modelis aRreva

moxdeba; oRond momavalSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, pluralizms ufro
didi yuradReba daeTmoba. eTnikuri pluralizmis garedan Semosuli
sxvadasxva kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da normebis sazogadoebaSi
“Semotanis” SedegTan gaigiveba swori ar iqneba. kulturuli
mravalferovneba, farTo socialur garemoze adaptirebisas, eTnikuri
jgufebis gamocdilebis safuZvelzec Seiqmna.

34
 Sejameba

1. eTnikur jgufebs mosaxleobaSi arsebuli danayofebi

ayalibebs. maT saerTo kulturuli Tvisebebi aqvT da amis
gamo mosaxleobaSi arsebul sxva jgufebs emijnebian.
eTnikuroba is kulturuli gansxvavebaa, romelic erT jgufs
meore jgufisgan gamoyofs. ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebic eTnikur jgufs gamoarCevs, ena, warmomavlobis
istoria, religia da Cacmulobisa da morTulobis stilia.
eTnikuri gansxvavebebi srulad aris Seswavlili, Tumca am
gansxvavebebs zogjer “bunebrivs” eZaxian.
2. umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi sazogadoebis mosaxleobis
umravlesobisgan diskriminacias ganicdian. umciresobaTa
jgufis wevrebs erTmaneTTan, xSirad, solidarobis Zlieri
grZnoba akavSirebT, romelsac, nawilobriv, koleqtiuri
devnis saerTo gamocdileba ganapirobebs.
3. rasa fizikur maxasiaTeblebs, magaliTad, kanis fers,
ukavSirdeba, rasac erTobis an sazogadoebis wevrebi,
eTnikuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, gamorCeul Tvisebad
miiCneven. rasis Sesaxeb arsebuli rwmena miTiuri xasiaTisaa.
ar arsebobs gamokveTili maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic adamians
sxvadasxva rasas miakuTvnebs.
4. rasizmi aris memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli pirovnuli
Tvisebebisa an qcevis, garkveuli fizikuri garegnobis mqone
individebTan gaigivebis mcdari mcdeloba. rasisti aris
adamiani, romelic Tvlis, rom adamianebis erT fizikur
jgufs SeuZlia meore fizikuri jgufi, biologiuri niSniT,
Seufereblad miiCnios.
5. mikerZoebul ganwyobasa da diskriminacias iseTi
fsiqologiuri meqanizmebi ukavSirdeba, rogoric Canacvleba
da gantevebis vacad yofnaa. Canacvlebisas, mtruli ganwyoba
iseTi obietis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, romelic
pirovnebis SfoTvis realur mizezs ar warmoadgens.
adamianebi sakuTar SfoTvasa da daucvelobas gantevebis
vacebze mimarTaven. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba individisa da
jgufis Sesaxeb winaswar, usafuZvlod Seqmnil Sexedulebas
gulisxmobs. diskriminacia aris qceva, romelic erT jgufs
sxva jgufebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebiT
sargeblobis uflebebs CamoarTmevs.
6. eTnikur ganwyobebebTan asimilireba adreul asakSi xdeba;
magaliTad, bavSvebs miaCniaT, rom TeTrkanians, SavkanianTan
SedarebiT, upiratesoba gaaCnia.
7. jgufis Caketiloba da resursebze privilegirebuli
xelmisawvdomoba eTnikuri antagonizmis gamovlenis bevri
situaciis mniSvnelovani nawilia. Tumca, Tanamedrove
eTnikuri konfliqtebis fundamenturi aspeqtebi,
gansakuTrebiT, TeTrkanianebis SavkanianTa winaRmdeg
gamovlenili rasistuli ganwyobebi, dasavleTisa da
kolonializmis gafarToebis istoriis konteqstSi aixsneba.
8. sazogadoebis eTnikur umciresobebTan urTierTobis mravali
istoriuli magaliTi arsebobs, iqneba es monoba, aparteidi,

35
 SedarebiTi Segueba Tu umciresobaTa mier gamovlenili
reaqcia.
9. emigraciis Sedegad britaneTSi, aSS-sa da sxva industriul
qveynebSi bevri sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufi gaCnda. SeerTebul
StatebSi mravali eTnikuri dayofa arsebobs, rac, ZiriTadad,
Savkanianebisa da TeTkanianebis jgufebSi aisaxeba.
gaerTianebul samefosa da sxva evropul qveynebSi aseTi
mkveTri dayofa ar SeimCneva, magram seriozuli konfliqtebi
aqac gaxSirda.
10. eTnikur urTierTobaTa savaraudo samomavlo ganviTarebis sam
models gamovyofT – pirveli asimilaciaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, meores moTuxTuxe qvabs vuwodebT, mesame ki
kulturuli pluralizmia. asimilacia: axal emigrantTa
jgufebi dominanturi sazogadoebis ganwyobebsa da enas
iTviseben. moTuxTuxe qvabi: sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
sxvadasxva kulturebi da eTnikur jgufTa Tvalsazrisebi
erTmaneTs ereva. pluralizmi: eTnikuri jgufi gamijnulad
arsebobs, magram ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi
monawileobs. ukanasknel wlebSi am sami modelidan
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mesames eTmoba, romlis Tanaxmad,
mTeli qveynis erovnuli kulturis konteqstSi, sxvadasxva
eTnikur identobas Tanabari uflebebiT aRiareben.

damatebiTi literatura

Frances A bound, Children and Prejudice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989). wigni warmoadgens
diskusias bavSvobaSi formirebul mikerZoebul ganwyobebze.

Steven Fraser, The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence and the Future of America (New York:
Basic Books, 1995). kritikuli statiebis krebuli wignze Murray and Herrnstein,
The Bell Curve.

Geoffrey Harris, The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today (Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, 1990). SedarebiTi diskusia Tanamedrove evropaSi memarjvene
eqstremalur jgufTa mozRvavebis Sesaxeb

Trevor J ones, Britain’s Ethnic Minorities (London: Policy Studies Institute, 1993).
gamokiTxva britaneTSi arsebul umciresobaTa jgufebis Sesaxeb.

David Mason, Race and Ethnicity in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxsford University Press, 1995).
rasis da eTnikurobis rolisa da mniSvnelobis analizi Tanamedrove
britanul sazogadoebaSi; migraciisa da eTnikuri mravalferovnebis
istoriuli safuZveli; sazogadoebrivi politikis eTnikuri sakiTxebi.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

• umciresobaTa jgufi (an eTnikuri umciresoba)

• stereotipuli azrovneba
• Canacvleba
36
• gantevebis vacad yofna
• proeqcia
• avtoritaruli pirovneba
• jgufis Caketiloba
• resursebis ganTavseba
• eTnikuri antagonizmi
• rasa
• aparteidi
• mikrosegregacia
• mezosegregacia
• makrosegregacia
• asimilacia
• moTuxTuxe qvabi
• kulturuli pluralizmi

37
Tavi 10
stratifikacia da klasobrivi struqtura

ZiriTadi cnebebi
socialuri stratifikaciis sistemebi
• monoba
• stratifikaciis Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi
• karl marqsis Teoria
• maqs veberis Teoria
• erik olin raitis Teoria klasis Sesaxeb
• frenk parkini: veberiseuli midgoma

klasebi dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebebSi

• gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Semosavlis mixedviT
• socialur klasebad dayofa
• struqturuli klasobrivi cvlilebebi

genderi da stratifikacia
klasobrivi dayofa da genderi
socialuri mobiloba
• SedarebiTi mobilobis Seswavla
• daRmavali mobiloba
• socialuri mobiloba da warmateba
• mobilobis doneebi
• socialuri mobilobis Seswavlis problemebi
• Tqveni, mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli Sansebi

siRaribe da uTanasworoba
• ra aris siRaribe?
• siRaribe dRes

• ratom agrZeleben Raribebi siRaribeSi cxovrebas?

• siRaribe da damokidebuleba keTildReobis samsaxurze
• usaxlkaroni

klasi, uTanasworoba da ekonomikuri konkurencia

Sejameba
damatebiTi literatura
mniSvnelovani terminebi

1
ZiriTadi terminebi
• socialuri stratifikacia
• klasi
• statusi
• klasobrivi struqtura
• socialuri mobiloba

ra aris imis mizezi, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli zogierTi jgufi, sxva

jgufTan SedarebiT, met simdidres flobs da ufro didi gavleniT
sargeblobs? ramdenad vlindeba uTanasworoba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi? ramdenad aqvs sazogadoebis dabali fenis
warmomadgenels ekonomikuri kibis bolo safexurze asvlis Sansi? ratom
arsebobs dResac siRaribe ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi? es is
kiTxvebia, romlebzec am TavSi SevecdebiT gavceT pasuxi. sociologiis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sfero socialuri uTanasworobis
Seswavlaa, radgan adamianis cxovrebas, mniSvnelovanwilad, misTvis
xelmisawvdomi materialuri resursebi gansazRvravs.
socialuri stratifikaciis sistemebi
uTanasworoba nebismieri tipis sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. yvelaze
primitiul kulturebSic ki, sadac simdidris an kerZo sakuTrebis
mixedviT realuri gansxvaveba ar arsebobs individebs, qalebsa da
mamakacebs, axalgazrdebsa da xandazmulebs Soris, uTanasworoba mainc
SeimCneva. adamians, SesaZloa, maRali statusi nadirobis dros
gamovlenil gansakuTrebul miRwevaTa gamo mieniWos, an amis mizezi
SeiZleba gaxdes rwmena, rom mas winaparTa sulebTan dakavSirebis unari
aqvs. uTanasworobis aRsawerad, sociologebi s o c i a l u r s t r a
t i f i k a c i a s mimarTaven. stratifikacia adamianTa sxvadasxva
dajgufebebs Soris arsebuli struqturuli uTanasworobaa.
stratifikacia SeiZleba dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli qvis safaris
geologiur Sreebs SevadaroT. sazogadoebac ierarqiuli “Sreebisgan”
Sedgeba, mwvervalze gansakuTrebiT pativsacemni, ZirSi ki naklebad
privilegirebulni eqcevian.
stratifikaciis oTx ZiriTad sistemas - monobas, kastas, wodebebsa da
klass - gamovyofT. es sistemebi, zogjer, erToblivad gvxvdeba.
magaliTad, Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi, aseve, samoqalaqo omamde,
SeerTebuli Statebis samxreT nawilSi, klasebi da monoba erTdroulad
arsebobda.
monoba
monoba uTanasworobis eqstremaluri formaa, romlis dros, erTi
individi meore individs, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, kerZo sakuTrebis
saxiT flobs. monaTmflobelobis legaluri pirobebi sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeboda sazogadoebebis mixedviT. zogjer monebs yvela
samarTlebrivi ufleba hqondaT CamorTmeuli – rogorc es samxreT
SeerTebul StatebSi xdeboda – sxva SemTxvevebSi ki, monis pozicia
msaxuris movaleobiT Semoifargleboda.

2
meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebis SeerTebul StatebSi, samxreT
amerikasa da vest indoeTSi, monebs, TiTqmis yovelTvis, plantaciebsa da
saojaxo saqmeze amuSavebdnen. amis sapirispirod, klasikur aTenSi maT
bevri gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT da zogjer didi pasuxismgeblobac
hqondaT dakisrebuli. monebi politikur da samxedro Tanamdebobebze ar
iniSnebodnen, magram TiTqmis yvela sxva saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni.
zogierTebi ganaTlebas iRebdnen da mTavrobis administratorebad
muSaobdnen, bevri maTgani xelobas iyo dauflebuli. romSi mmarTvel
jgufebs Soris vaWroba da komercia araprestiJul saqmianobad
iTvleboda, amitom monebi, am aqtivobis wyalobiT, zogjer Zalian
mdidrdebodnen; zogierTi SeZlebuli mona Tavadac ki iyo
monaTmflobeli. Zvel samyaroSi yvelaze dabal fenad plantaciebsa da
maRaroebSi momuSave monebi iTvlebodnen da maT xSirad gansakuTrebuli
sisastikiT epyrobodnen (Finley, 1980).
monebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ver eguebodnen da ebrZodnen
monaTmflobelobas. istoriaSi dafiqsirebulia monaTa amboxebebis
SemTxvevebi; zogjer isini koleqtiurad axerxebdnen mflobelebisgan
gaTavisuflebas. iZulebiTi monuri Sromis sistemebi, magaliTad,
plantaciebSi muSaoba – arastabilurobiT gamoirCeoda; maRali
produqtiuloba mxolod mudmivi zedamxedvelobiTa da dasjis sastiki
meTodebiT miiRweoda. monuri Sromis sistemebi, nawilobriv, monebis
winaaRmdegobis gamo daiSala, magram amis mizezi isic iyo, rom adamianis
motivacias ekonomikuri da sxva saxis iniciativa ufro efeqturad
aviTarebs, vidre iZulebiTi muSaoba. monuri Sroma efeqturi ar aris.
dasavluri Zalebis mier ganxorcielebuli monebiT vaWroba, romelic
mecxramete saukunemde gagrZelda, ukanaskneli, magram amave dros, am
tipis yvelaze eqstensiuri sistema iyo. samxreT da CrdiloeT amerikaSi
monebi erTi saukunis win gaTavisufldnen; monoba, rogorc formaluri
instituti, sabolood gauqmda da dRevandel samyaroSi is TiTqmis aRar
arsebobs.
kasta
kasta, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, induri subkontinentis kulturebTan
asocirdeba. TavisTavad termini “kasta” induri ar aris, es
portugaliuri sityvaa, rac “rasas” an “sufTa warmomavlobas” niSnavs.
Tavad indoelebs mTeli kastobrivi sistemis, rogorc erTi mTlianis,
maxasiaTebeli erTi termini ar gaaCniaT, gansxvavebuli kastobrivi
aspeqtebis aRsawerad, isini sxvadasxva sityvas iyeneben. maT Soris
yvelaze mniSvnelovani varna da jatia. varna oTxi kategoriisgan Sedgeba,
TiToeul maTgans, socialuri ierarqiis mixedviT, sxvadasxva rangi
eniWeba. am oTx jgufze ufro dabali “xelSeuxebelTa” jgufic arsebobs,
romelTac yvelaze dabali pozicia ukaviaT. jati adgilobrivad
gamijnuli jgufia da mis SigniT kastobrivi rangebia organizebuli.
kastobrivi sistema uaRresad daxvewili, teritoriebis mixedviT,
struqturulad gansxvavebuli sistemaa. es erTiani gamokveTili sistema
ki ar aris, aramed gansxvavebul rwmenaTa da gamocdilebaTa nakleb
dakavSirebul mravalgvarobas warmoadgens. varnas umaRlesi jgufis
wevrebs, brahminebs, sisufTavisa da siwmidis amaRlebul grZnobebs
miaweren, xelSeuxeblebs ki – yvelaze yofiTs. brahminebma
xelSeuxeblebTan garkveul kontaqts Tavi unda aaridon; cxovelebi da

3
zogierTi nivTiereba uwmindurad miiCneva, amitom maTTan fizikuri
kontaqti mxolod xelSeuxeblebs SeuZliaT. kastobrivi sistema mWidrod
ukavSirdeba indusTa rwmenas meored dabadebis Sesaxeb; individi,
romelic ar Seasrulebs sakuTari kastis ritualebsa da movaleobebs,
reinkarnaciisas arasaxarbielo pozicias daikavebs. induri kastobrivi
sistema bolomde statikuri arasodes yofila. miuxedavad imisa, rom
individebs kastebs Soris moZraoba ekrZalebaT, kastobrivi ierarqiuli
pozicia SeiZleba mTelma jgufma Seicvalos, rac araerTxel momxdara.

kastis cneba zogjer araindur konteqstSic ixmareba, rodesac ori an

meti eTnikuri jgufi Zlier aris erTmaneTisgan segregirebuli da
rasobrivi siwmindis idea dominirebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi, Zlieri tabu (an
zogjer legaluri akrZalva) moqmedebs, romelic xels uSlis aRniSnul
jgufTa Soris Sereul qorwinebas. amerikis samxreT StatebSi, monobis
gauqmebis Semdeg, Savkanianebad da TeTrkanianebad dajgufeba isev Zlier
iyo gamokveTili, amitom stratifikaciis sistemasTan mimarTebaSi,
zogierTma termini kastac ki gamoiyena. kastis cneba samxreT afrikaSic
arsebobda, sadac, bolo dromde, Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebs Soris
Zlieri segregacia SenarCunda da maT Soris Sereuli qorwineba da
seqsualuri kontaqti kanoniT ikrZaleboda (ix. Tavi 9, “eTnikuroba da
rasa”).

wodeba

wodeba evropuli feodalizmis nawili iyo, magram is bevr sxva

tradiciul civilizaciaSic arsebobda. feodaluri wodeba sxvadasxva
dones gulisxmobda, romlebic gansxvavebuli movaleobebiTa da
erTmaneTis mimarT garkveuli uflebebis ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobebiT gansxvavdeboda. zogierTi amgvari gansxvaveba kanons
efuZneboda. evropaSi yvelaze maRal wodebebs aristokratia da
aznauroba flobda. garkveuli wodebis formireba sasuliero pirebs
Sorisac moxda; maT ufro dabali statusi hqondaT, magram gamokveTili
privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen. e.w “mesame wodebaSi” – yvelaze dabali
fena - msaxurebi, Tavisufali glexebi, vaWrebi da xelosnebi
gaerTiandnen. kastebisgan gansxvavebiT, wodebebs Soris, garkveuli
xarisxiT, daSvebuli iyo Sereuli qorwineba da individualuri
mobiloba. magaliTad, rigiT adamians SeeZlo raindis wodeba mieRo da
monarqis garemocvaSi emsaxura; zogjer wodebebs vaWrebic yidulobdnen.
am sistemis gadmonaSTi britaneTSi dResac arsebobs, sadac
memkvidreobiT gadacemul wodebebs dResac eqceva yuradReba. raindis an
peris wodeba, Rvawlis aRiarebis niSnad, SeiZleba saqmosanma liderma,
samoqalaqo mosamsaxurem, an nebismierma sxva adamianma daimsaxuros.

wodebebi warsulSi, keTilSobiluri gvaris warmomadgeneli tradiciuli

aristokratiis arsebobis periodSi, ganviTarda. feodalur sistemebSi,
magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, wodeba mWidrod ukavSirdeboda
adgilobriv Tems: es stratifikaciis adgilobrivi sistema ufro iyo,
vidre erovnuli. tradiciul centralizebul imperiebSi, magaliTad,
CineTsa da iaponiaSi, wodebebi ufro erovnul safuZvelze iyo
organizebuli. wodebebs Soris gansxvavebas zogjer religiuri rwmena

4
gansazRvravda, Tumca, indusTa kastobriv sistemasTan SedarebiT, es
ufro rbili formiT xdeboda.

klasi

klasobrivi sistemebi monobisgan, kastebisgan da wodebebisgan, mravali

niSniT, gansxvavdeba. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas oTxi gansxvaveba
imsaxurebs:

1. sxva fenebisgan gansxvavebiT, klasebi ar yalibdeba samarTlebriv

an religiur safuZvelze. klasis wevroba arc samarTlebrivi an
adaT-wesebiT dadgenili, memkvidreobiT gadacemuli poziciiT
ganisazRvreba. klasobrivi sistema, stratifikaciis sxva tipebTan
SedarebiT, Cveulebriv, ufro eqvemdebareba cvlilebas da klasebs
Soris sazRvrebi mkveTrad arasodes aris gamokveTili. sxvadasxva
klasebs Soris Sereuli qorwineba formalurad SezRuduli ar
aris.
2. individualuri klasi, garkveulwilad, miRwevadi movlenaa;
stratifikaciis sistemis sxva tipebisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac
adamiani ibadeba, is arc erT klass ar ekuTvnis. socialuri
mobiloba ki – klasobriv struqturaSi aRmavali da daRmavali
moZraoba – stratifikaciis sxva tipebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze metad
am struqturas axasiaTebs. (kastobriv sistemaSi erTi kastidan
meoreSi individualuri mobiloba SeuZlebelia).
3. klasebs dajgufebebsa da individebs Soris ekonomikuri gansxvaveba
– qonebrivi da materialuri resursebis flobasa da kontrolze
dafuZnebuli uTanasworoba – gansazRvravs. stratifikaciis
sistemis sxva tipebSi ki ufro mniSvnelovani ara-ekonomikuri
faqtorebia (magaliTad, indur kastobriv sistemaSi aseTi faqtori
religiuri gavlenaa).
4. stratifikaciis sistemis sxva tipebSi uTanasworoba, ZiriTadad,
pirad – msaxursa da batons, monasa da mepatrones, dabali da
maRali kastis individebs Soris - urTierTobebsa da movaleobebSi
aisaxeba. amis sapirispirod, klasobrivi sistemebi ufro masStabur,
arapirovnul kavSirebs gulisxmobs. magaliTad, klasobrivi
gansxvavebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels gadamxdelunarianobiTa
da samuSao pirobebiT gamowveuli uTanasworoba warmoadgens; es
faqtori specifikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul yvela adamianze
moqmedebs, radgan ekonomikuri garemoebebis Sedegi mTel
ekonomikaSi aisaxeba.

klasi saerTo ekonomikur resursebis mqone adamianTa did dajgufebas

warmoadens. cxovrebis xelmisawvdom stils swored es resursebi
gansazRvravs. klasobriv gansxvavebaTa ZiriTadi safuZveli dovlaTis
floba da saqmianobaa. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi
klasebia: maRali klasi (SeZlebuli adamianebi, damsaqmeblebi,
industrialistebi da ufrosi aRmasruleblebi - is, vinc produqtiul
resursebs flobs an uSualod ganagebs); saSualo klasi (TeTrsayeloian
muSakTa da profesionalTa umravlesoba); da muSaTa klasi
(cisfersayeloianebi an fizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi).

5
zogierT industriul qveyanaSi, magaliTad, safrangeTsa an iaponiaSi,
bolo dromde Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo meoTxe klasi _ glexoba
(adamianebi, romlebic tradiciul, sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobas
ewevian). mesame samyaros qveynebSi glexebi isev yvelaze didi klasis
warmomadgenlebi arian.
suraTi: “imas vambobdi, rom odesme erTad unda visadiloT.”
axla sociologiaSi ganviTarebul stratifikaciis ZiriTad Teoriebs
ganvixilavT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki Tanamedrive sazogadoebebTan
maT Sesabamisobaze gavamaxvilebT.
stratifikaciis Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Teoriuli midgomebi karl marqssa da maqs vebers
ekuTvnis; SemdgomSi ganviTarebul stratifikaciis TeoriaTa
umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, maT ideebs efuZneba. gviandeli periodis, erik
olinisa da frenk parkinis mier SemoTavazebul or Teoriasac
gavaanalizebT. sociologiis ganviTarebas Zlier Seuwyves xeli marqsisa
da veberis ideebma, maT am disciplinis sxva sferoebzec moaxdines
gavlena. maTi Sromebis aspeqtebze sxvadasxva TavebSi vimsjelebT.
karl marqsis Teoria
marqsis Sromebis umravlesoba stratifikacias da socialur klass
exeba, magram, amis miuxedavad, man klasis cnebis sistemuri analizis
uzrunvelyofa ver moaxerxa. xelnaweri, romelzec marqsi gardacvalebis
win muSaobda (romelic, Semdgom, rogorc misi ZiriTadi naSromis -
kapitalis erT-erTi Tavi gamoqveynda), swored im adgilas wydeba, sadac
marqsi svams kiTxvas: “ra warmoSobs klass?” aqedan gamomdinare, klasis
marqsiseuli cnebis formulireba misi naSromebis safuZvelze unda
moxdes. imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva nakveTi, romlebSic is klasis Sesaxeb
msjelobs, yovelTvis bolomde Tanmimdevruli ar aris, mecnierebi
xSirad daoben, “Tu ra igulisxma marqsma sinamdvileSi.” Tumca, misi
Tumca, misi ZiriTadi Tvalsazrisi sakmaod naTelia.
klasis buneba
marqsis gagebiT, klasi im adamianTa jgufia, romlTaTvisac Tanabrad
xelmisawvdomia warmoebis - anu saarsebo - saSualebebi. Tanamedrove
industriis aRzevebamde, warmoebis saSualebebi, ZiriTadad, miwa da
mosavlisTvis Tu cxovelebis samwyemsad saWiro iaraRebi iyo. aqedan
gamomdinare, winaindustriul sazogadoebaSi ori ZiriTadi klasi
arsebobda – miwaTmflobelebi (aristokratebi, aznaurebi da
monaTmflobelebi) da is, vinc aqtiurad iyo CarTuli miwis meurneobaSi
(msaxurebi, monebi da Tavisufali glexebi). Tanamedrove industriul
sazogadoebebSi, ufro mniSvnelovani qarxnebi, ofisebi, manqanebi da is
simdidre da kapitalia, romelic am yvelafris SeZenas sWirdeba. ori
ZiriTadi klasidan erT-erTis warmomadgenlebi warmoebis am axal
saSualebaTa mflobelebi – industrialistebi an kapitalistebi arian –
meore klasi ki imaT aerTianebs, vinc saarsebod yidis sakuTar Sromas –
es muSaTa klasi, anu marqsis, amJamad ukve arqauli, terminis mixedviT –
“proletariatia”.
marqss miaCnda, rom klasebs Soris eqsploatatoruli kavSiria.
feodalur sazogadoebebSi eqsploatacia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, glexobisgan

6
aristokratiisTvis produqciis uSualod gadacemis formiT
xorcieldeboda. aristokrati batonebi msaxurebis kuTvnili
produqciis garkveul nawils iTvisebdnen, TveSi ramdenime dRe maT
sakuTar yanebSi amuSavebdnen, moweuli mosavali ki, Semdgom, batonsa da
mis amalas rCeboda. Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi
eqsploataciis wyaro ase naTlad gamokveTili ar aris, amitom marqsi
did yuradRebas uTmobs misi gamoaSkaravebis mcdelobas. marqsi askvnis,
rom samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi, muSa ufro mets awarmoebs, vidre
damsaqmebels misi daqiravebis xarjebis asanazRaureblad sWirdeba. es
damatebiTi Rirebuleba aris is mogebis wyaro, romliTac kapitalistebi
sargebloben. magaliTad, tansacmlis fabrikaSi muSaTa jgufma SeiZleba
dReSi asi kostumi Sekeros. muSebis xelfasebze gayiduli nawarmis
Tanxis naxevari ixarjeba, danarCeni Semosavali ki mogebaa.
marqsi kapitalisturi sistemis mier danergilma uTanasworobam
aRaSfoTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom aristokratebi adre, glexobisgan
gansxvavebiT, fufunebaSi cxovrobdnen, agraruli sazogadoebebi
siRaribiT gamoirCeoda. cxovrebis standarti aristokratiis
ararsebobos SemTxvevaSic, dabali iqneboda. Tanamedrove industriis
ganviTarebam, warsulTan SedarebiT, bevrad didi dovlaTis warmoebas
Seuwyo xeli, magram maTi SromiT mopovebul dovlaTze muSebs xeli
TiTqmis ar miuwvdebaT. isini, zeda fenisgan gansxvavebiT, siRaribeSi
cxovroben, kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli klasis mier dagrovili qoneba
ki sul ufro izrdeba. garda amisa, Tanamedrove qarxnebisa da warmoebis
meqanizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, samuSao Zalze erTferovani da
damTrgunveli xdeba. Sroma, romelic Cveni dovlaTis wyaros
warmoadgens, xSir SemTxvevaSi, fizikurad da gonebrivad damqancvelia -
magaliTad, qarxnis muSis samuSao, Sin da gareT, ucvlel garemoSi,
erTferovani movaleobebisgan Sedgeba.
klasobriv sistemaTa kompleqsuroba
marqsis Teoriis mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi ori klasi arsebobs – is, vinc
warmoebis saSualebebs flobs da is, visac es saSualebebi ar gaaCnia;
magram is kargad acnobierebs, rom, realurad, klasobrivi sistemebi, am
modelTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuria. ori ZiraTadi
klasis garda, arsebobs klasebi, romlebsac marqsi zogjer gardamavals
uwodebs. es warmoebis Zveli sistemidan SemorCenili klasobrivi
jgufebia, magaliTad, glexoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi.
marqsi yuradRebas klasebs SigniT arsebul dajgufebebzec amaxvilebs.
moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:
1. maRali klasis warmomadgenlebSi xSiria konfliqtebi finansur
kapitalistebsa (magaliTad, bankirebs) da industriul
mwarmoeblebs Soris.
2. mcire biznesisa da didi korporaciebis mflobelebsa da
menejerebs Soris xSirad aris interesTa konfliqti. orive
kapitalistur klass ekuTvnis, magram didi biznesisTvis misaRebi
politika yovelTvis ar emTxveva mcire biznesis interesebs.
3. muSaTa klasis yvelaze dabal fenaSi grZelvadian umuSevrebs,
muSaTa umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT uaresi
sacxovrebeli pirobebi aqvT. amgvar jgufebSi xSirad mravlad
arian eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi.

7
 klasis marqsiseuli cneba sazogadoebaSi obieqturad arsebul
struqturul ekonomikur uTanasworobazea mimarTuli. klasi im
rwmenas ki ar gulisxmobs, romelic adamians sakuTari poziciis
Sesaxeb gaaCnia, aramed obieqtur pirobebs, romelTa daxmarebiT,
zogierT adamians, sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT, materialur dovlaTze
xeli ufro miuwvdeba.
maqs veberis Teoria
stratifikaciisadmi veberiseuli midgoma marqsis analizs efuZneba,
magram man es Teoria daxvewa da misi modificireba moaxdina. am or
Teorias Soris ori ZiriTadi gansxvavebaa.
pirveli, veberi iziarebs marqsis im Tvalsazriss, rom klasi obieqtur
ekonomikur pirobebs efuZneba, magram mas, marqsisgan gansxvavebiT,
miaCnia, rom klasis formireba gacilebiT met ekonomikur faqtors
moiTxovs. veberis azriT, klasebad dayofa mxolod warmoebis
saSualebebis kontroliT, an kontrolis naklebobiT ar
ganisazRvreba, aranakleb mniSvnelovania is ekonomikuri
gansxvavebebic, romlebsac uSualod kerZo sakuTrebasTan saerTo
araferi aqvs. es unar-CvevebTan da kvalifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli
resursebia, romlebic adamianTa samuSaos tipze aisaxeba. mas, vinc
menejeruli an profesionaluri saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli,
cisfersayeloianebTan SedarebiT, meti anazRaureba da ukeTesi
samuSao piroebebi aqvs. maTi kvalifikaciebis, magaliTad, xarisxis,
diplomisa da unar-Cvevebis wyalobiT, isini “bazars ukeTesad
ergebian”, vidre isini, vinc am kvalifikaciebs ar flobs. dabal
fenaSi, cisfersayeloianTa Soris, profesional xelosnebs, naxevrad
profesional an araporfesional xelosnebTan SedarebiT, ufro
maRali anazRaureba aqvT.
meore, veberi, klasis garda, stratifikaciis kidev or ZiriTad
aspeqts gamoyofs. pirvels is statuss uwodebs, meores ki - partias.
statusis jgufTa idea man, faqtobrivad, Sua saukuneebis wodebas
miusadaga, sityva ki, romelic germanul enaze gamoiyena (Stand), orive
mniSvnelobas aerTianebs.
statusi
veberis Teoriis mixedviT, statusi, socialur jgufTa Soris,
socialuri ierarqiiTa da prestiJiT ganpirobebul gansxvavebas
gulisxmobs, romelic maT sxva jgufTa mier eniWebaT. statusi
SeiZleba klasobrivi dajgufebisgan damoukideblad arsebobdes,
socialuri reputacia ki pozitiuri iyos an negatiuri. pozitiurad
privilegirebuli statusis jgufi adamianTa nebismier dajgufebebs
moicavs, romlebic arsebul socialur wyobaSi maRali prestiJiT
sargebloben. magaliTad, britanul sazogadoebaSi prestiJul fenad
eqimebi da iuristebi iTvlebian. paria jgugebi negatiurad
privilegirebuli statusis jgufebia. isini diskriminacias ganicdian,
ris gamoc ver sargebloben umravlesobisTvis Ria SesaZleblobebiT.
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi am jgufs ebraelebi ganekuTvnebodnen,
romlebsac garkveul saqmianobaSi monawileoba da oficialuri
Tanamdebobebis dakaveba ekrZalebodaT.

8
 qonebis floba, Cveulebriv, maRal statuss gulisxmobs, magram bevri
gamonaklisi arsebobs. magaliTisTvis termini “keTilSobiluri
siRaribe” gamodgeba. britaneTSi aristokratuli warmomavlobis
individebi, imis miuxedavad, rom maT qoneba aRar gaaCniaT, socialur
wreebSi mainc pativiscemiT sargebloben. didi xnis winaT dafuZnebul
mdidrebs ki, piriqiT, “axali fulis” mimarT zogjer qedmaRluri
damokidebuleba aqvT.
klasi obieqturad arsebobs, statuss ki adamianTa mier socialur
gansxvavebaTa subieqturi Sefaseba gansazRvravs. klass kerZo
sakuTrebasTan da gamomuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri
faqtorebi ayalibebs; statuss ki jgufebis gansxvavebuli cxovrebis
stili marTavs.
partia
veberis azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi partiis formireba
Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia da mas, klasisa da statusis
miuxedavad, stratifikaciaze didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia. “partia”
aris im individTa jgufi, romlebic erTad muSaoben, radgan maT
saerTo warmomavloba, miznebi da interesebi aerTianebT. marqsi
cdilobda, gansxvavebuli statusi da partiuli organizacia klasTan
mimarTebaSi ganemarta. amis sapirispirod, veberi amtkicebs, rom
klasobrivi dajgufebiTA arc erTi maTgani ar Semoifargleba, Tumca
es ukanaskneli oriveze axdens gavlenas. Tavis mxriv, statusma da
partiam SeiZleba individebisa da jgufebis ekonomikur garemoebebze
imoqmedos, rac imas niSnavs, rom es klaszec aisaxeba. partiis
problema SeiZleba klasobriv gansxvavebasac Seexos; magaliTad,
partia SeiZleba religiuri kavSiris an nacionaluri idealebis
safuZvelze Seiqmnas. marqsisti CrdiloeT irlandiaSi kaTolikebsa da
protestantebs Soris konfliqtis mizezs klasTan mimarTebaSi axsnis,
radgan muSaTa klasis samuSaoebze ufro meti kaTolikea dakavebuli,
vidre protestanti. veberis mimdevari amis sapasuxod ganacxadebs, rom
es araefeqturi ganmartebaa, radgan, muSaTa klass, warmomavlobiT,
bevri protestanti ekuTvnis. partiebi, romlebSic adamianebi
erTiandebian, rogorc religiur, ise klasobriv gansxvavebebs
gamoxatavs.
naSromebi, romlebSic veberi stratifikacias ganixilavs, Zalze
mniSvnelovania, radgan maTi saSualebiT vrwmundebiT, rom klasis
garda, adamianTa cxovrebaze stratifikaciis sxva ganzomilebebic
axdens Zlier gavlenas. sociologTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom
veberis sqema, marqsis TeoriasTan SedarebiT, stratifikaciis
analizisTvis ufro moqnil da daxvewil safuZvels gvTavazobs.
marqsisa da veberis ideebi dResac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba
sociologiaSi, Tumca maT modifikaciis gareSe iSviaTad mimarTaven.
marqsis tradiciis gamgrZeleblebma marqsis ideebi ufro ganaviTares;
zogierTebi veberis koncefciebis daxvewas ecadnen. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am or Tvalsazriss bevri ram aerTianebs da isini kidev ufro
ganviTarda, Tavi axalma, ufro martivad gasagebma ideebmac iCina. axla
mokled mimovixilavT or Tanamedrove Teoriul perspeqtivas.

9
 erik olin raitis Teoria klasis Sesaxeb
amerikeli sociologis erik olin raitis Teoriuli pozicia,
mniSvnelovanwilad, ganapiroba marqsis Teoriam, magram man garkveuli
yuradReba veberis ideebsac dauTmo (Wright 1978, 1985). raitis azriT,
Tanamedrove kapitalistur warmoebaSi ekonomikuri resursebis
kontrolis sami ganzomileba arsebobs, rac ZiriTadi klasebis
identificirebis saSualebas iZleva.
1. investiciebisa an fuladi kapitalis kontroli.
2. warmoebis fizikuri saSualebebis (miwis, qarxnebis da ofisebis)
kontroli
3. samuSao Zalis kontroli.

kapitalisturi klasis warmomadgenlebi, warmoebis sistemis SigniT,

zemoT dasaxelebul yvela ganzomilebas akontroleben. muSaTa klasis
wevrebs arc erTi ganzomilebis gakontroleba ar SeuZliaT. am or klass
Soris arian jgufebi, romlebsac ormxrivi pozicia ukaviaT. raitis
azriT, am jgufebSi gaerTianebul adamianebs dapirispirebuli
klasobrivi poziciebi ukaviaT, radgan maT warmoebis zogierT aspeqtze
gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT, magram sxva aspeqtebis gakontrolebis
saSualeba ar eZlevaT. magaliTad, TeTrsayeloian da profesional
dasaqmebulebs, fizikurad momuSave adamianebis msgavsad, saarsebo
saSualebis mopovebis mizniT, damsaqmeblebTan kontraqtis gaformeba
uxdebaT, magram samuSao garemos isini, cisfersayeloianTa
umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, ufro metad akontroleben. raiti aseTi
muSakebis klasobriv pozicias “ dapirispirebuls” uwodebs, radgan isini
arc kapitalistebi arian, arc fizikurad muSaoben, magram orive klasis
Tvisebebs iziareben.

frenk parkini: veberiseuli midgoma

britaneli avtoris frenk parkinis midgoma, marqsTan SedarebiT, veberis
Teorias ufro eyrdnoba (PParkin 1971, 1979). parkini, veberis msgavsad,
iTvaliswinebs marqsis Tvalsazriss imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
klasobrivi struqturis ZiriTadi safuZveli kerZo sakuTrebis -
warmoebis saSualebebis - flobaa. magram, parkinis azriT, kerZo
sakuTreba socialuri Caketilobis erTerTi formaa, romelic
umciresobam SeiZleba monopoliisa da sxva adamianebze Zalauflebis
mopovebis mizniT gamoiyenos. socialuri Caketiloba aris procesi,
romelSic jgufebi resursebze eqskluziuri kontrolis SenarCunebasa
da maTi xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvas cdiloben. socialuri Caketilobis
Sesaqmnelad, kerZo sakuTrebisa da simdidris garda, veberis mier
gansxvavebul statusTan dakavSirebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebis, magaliTad,
eTnikuri warmomavlobis, enisa da religiis gamoyenebac SeiZleba.
socialur Caketilobas ori tipis procesi ganapirobebs. eqskluzia aris
strategia, romlis dros jgufebi jgufis gareT myof adamianebs
emijnebian da maT Rirebuli resursebiT sargeblobaSi xels uSlian.
warsulSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, TeTrkanianTa kavSirebi, sakuTari
privilegiebis SenarCunebis mizniT, Savkanianebs gaemijnen. uzurpacia
aris naklebad privilegirebul adamianTa mxridan, manamde sxva

10
adamianebis mier monopolizebuli resursebis mopovebis mcdeloba - ase
ibrZvian Savkanianebi kavSiris wevrobis uflebebis mosapoveblad.
zogierT garemoebaSi, SesaZloa, erTdroulad orive strategiam iCinos
Tavi. magaliTad, profkavSirma SeiZleba damsaqmebelTa winaaRmdeg
uzurpatoruli aqtivoba ganaxorcielos (gaificos firmis resursebidan
ufro didi wilis miRebis moTxovniT), magram, amave dros, eTnikur
umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs uari ganucxados kavSiris wevrobaze.
parkini amas ormag Caketilobas uwodebs. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
parkini da raiti saerTo Tvalsazriss iziareben. ormagi Caketiloba
igive procesebs gulisxmobs, rasac raitma dapirispirebuli klasobrivi
poziciebi uwoda. orive ideis Tanaxmad, mas, vinc stratifikaciis
sistemis SuaSi eqceva, gezi umaRlesi mwvervalis dasapyrobad aqvs
aRebuli da cdilobs qveda fenas gaemijnos.

klasebi dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebebSi

zogierTi avtoris azriT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebebSi
klasebs naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba. zogadad, miCneulia, rom 150 wlis
win, industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi,
mniSvnelovani klasobrivi gansxvavebebi arsebobda. im faqts, rom mdidar
industrialist damsaqmeblebsa da mSromel Ratakebs Soris udidesi
gansxvaveba iyo, marqsistuli ideis mimarT kritikulad ganwyobili
adamianebic ki aRiareben. mas Semdeg industriul qveynebSi materialuri
uTanasworoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda. mdidrebze gaTvlili gazrdili
gadasaxadebisa da iseTi adamianebisTvis SemuSavebuli keTildReobis
programebis wyalobiT, romlebsac saarsebod fulis gamomuSaveba ar
SeuZliaT, uTanasworobis skalaze zeda da qveda fenebi gaTanabrda.
ufro metic, sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis ganviTarebis gamo, niWier
adamianebs socialur da ekonomikur sistemaSi maRali poziciebis
dakavebis saSualeba miecaT.
Tumca, es ar aris zusti suraTi. klasis gavlena SeiZleba ar iyos im
masStabis, rogorc amas marqsi varaudobda, magram socialuri cxovrebis
mxolod ramdenime sfero arsebobs, romelsac klasobrivi gansxvaveba ar
Sexebia. fizikuri gansxvavebebic ki korelaciaSia klasobriv
kuTvnilebasTan. muSaTa klasi, saSualod, ufro dabali SobadobiTa da
Cvil bavSvTa maRali sikvdilianobiT aRiniSneba. isini momwifebis asakSi
naklebad arian fizikurad ganviTarebulni, ar gamoirCevian sijansaRiT
da, maRali klasis adamianebTan SedarebiT, adre kvdebian. gonebrivi
moSliloba da fizikuri daavadebebi, magaliTad, avTvisebiani simsivne,
diabeti, pnevmonia da bronqiti, maRal fenebTan SedarebiT, klasobrivi
struqturis dabal fenebSi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba (Waitzkin 1986).
gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Semosavlis mixedviT
marqss miaCnda, rom industriuli kapitalizmis momwifeba kidev ufro
gazrdida sxvaobas umciresobis simdidresa da masis siRaribes Soris.
marqsis Tanaxmad, muSaTa klasis xelfasebi saarsebo minimumis dones
bevrad verasodes gascdeboda da dovlaTi kapitalis mflobelTa xelSi
dagrovdeboda. sazogadoebis yvelaze dabal fenebSi, gansakuTrebiT, maT
Soris, vinc xSirad an mudmivad umuSevari iyo, “sasowarkveTileba,
SromasTan dakavSirebuli agonia, monoba, umecreba, sisastike da

11
moraluri degredacia daisadgurebda...” (Marx 1970, gv. 645). rogorc amaSi
Tavad davrwmundebiT, marqsis mosazreba, TiTqos industriul qveyenebSi
isev iarsebebs siRaribe da qonebiTa da SemosavlebiT ganpirobebuli
uTanasworoba gagrZeldeba, gamarTlda. magram is Secda, rodesac
ganacxada, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas ukiduresad dabali
Semosavali eqneboda, umciresoba ki, umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, sul
ufro metad gamdidrdeboda. Tanamedrove dasavlur qveynebSi, adamianTa
umravlesoba bevrad ukeT cxovrobs materialurad, vidre marqsis
periodis analogiuri jgufebi. movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis
mizezebis Seswavlis mizniT, Tvali gadavavloT, Tu rogor xdeboda me-19
saukuneSi dovlaTisa da Semosavlis ganawileba.
dovlaTi adamianis mflobelobaSi arsebul aqtivebs gulisxmobs (aqciebi
da wilebi, danazogi da sakuTreba, rogoricaa saxlebi an miwa; is, risi
gayidvac SesaZlebelia). Semosavali aris saaTobrivi an Tviuri xelfasi,
romelic adamians, saqmianobis mixedviT, anazRaurebis saxiT eZleva. es
SeiZleba, investiciis Sedegad, (Cveulebriv, procentis an dividendis
saxiT) “gamoumuSavebeli” fulic iyos. adamianTa umravlesoba fuls
samuSao anazRaurebis saxiT iRebs, SeZlebuli adamianebis Semosavals ki,
ZiriTadad, investiciebi gansazRvravs.
dovlaTi
dovlaTis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli saimedo informaciis mopoveba
Znelia. zogierT qveyanaSi, ufro zusti statistikuri monacemebi aqvT,
magram, am sferoSi, mainc bevri pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva rCeba da
monacemebi, ZiriTadad, varauds efuZneba. SeZlebuli adamianebi,
Cveulebriv, sakuTari aqtivebis srul raodenobas sajarod ar aqveyneben.
xSirad aRniSnaven, rom Ratakebis Sesaxeb gacilebiT meti viciT, vidre
mdidrebis Sesaxeb. erTi ram naTelia, rom im adamianTa raodenoba,
romelTa xelSic dovlaTia Tavmoyrili, SedarebiT cotaa. britaneTSi
umaRles safexurze myof adamianTa 1 procenti mTeli personaluri
(individebisa da ara organizaciebis) dovlaTis 17 procents flobs,
yvelaze SeZlebuli mosaxleobis 10 procenti mTeli dovlaTis
daaxloebiT naxevrs flobs (ix. cxrili 10.1).
aqciebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis floba ufro metad asaxavs
uTanasworobas, vidre zogadad dovlaTis floba. gaerTianebul
samefoSi, maRali fenis 1 procenti piradi korporatiuli aqciebis 75
procents flobs, mTeli dovlaTis 90 procents ki - maRali fenis 5
procenti. magram am kuTxiT mravali cvlileba moxda. amJamad aqciebs
mosaxleobis 25 procenti flobs, 1986 wels ki maTi raodenoba 14
procents Seadgenda. bevrma maTganma aqciebi pirvelad konservatuli
mTavrobis privatizaciis programis periodSi SeiZina. Tu am movlenebs
ufro xangrZliv periodSi ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom aqcionerTa
raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda, radgan 1979 wels aqciebs mosaxleobis
sul 5 procenti flobda. am aqciebis umRavlesobaTa Rirebuleba didi
ar aris (1991 wlis fasebiT 1 000 funtze naklebi); aqciebis instituciuri
mflobeloba – sxva firmebis kompaniebis mier SeZenili aqciebi - ufro
swrafad izrdeba, vidre individualuri mflobeloba. individTa aqciebis
mTliani Rirebuleba 1963-1990 wlebSi naxevrad Semcirda (HMSO 1992).
SeerTebul StatebSi mTeli dovlaTi, daaxloebiT, iseve nawildeba,
rogorc gaerTianebul samefoSi, im gansxvavebiT, rom korporaluri

12
aqciebi aq ufro metad aris koncentrirebuli. specifika imaSic aisaxeba,
rom yvelaze SeZlebuli ojaxebis 10 procenti korporaluri da biznes
aqciebis 90 procents da fasiani qaRaldebis 95 procents flobs. yvelaze
mdidari ojaxebis (400 000 Sinameurneoba) 0.5 procenti korporaluri
aqciebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis 40 procentis mflobelia.

Semosavali
gasul saukuneSi, dasavlur qveynebSi momxdari yvelaze mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi, dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis umravlesobis realuri
Semosavlis zrdaSi aisaxa (realuria Semosavali, romelic inflaciis
gavlenas gamoricxavs da yovelwliur dadgenil standarts
uzrunvelyofs). dasavlur sazogadoebebSi cisfersayeloianTa
dRevandeli gamomuSaveba samjer an oTxjer aRemateba im anazRaurebas,
romelsac igive fenis warmomadgenlebi saukunis dasawyisSi iRebdnen. am
periodSi TeTrsayeloianTa, menejerebisa da profesionali muSakebis
anazraureba odnav ufro maRali iyo. TiTo mosaxlis gamomuSavebisa da
SesaZeni saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobis mixedviT,
dRevandeli dasavleTi, istoriaSi yvelaze SeZlebuli mosaxleobiT
gamoirCeva. gamomuSavebis matebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezi
produqtiulobis – yoveli muSakis mier warmoebuli produqciis –
zrdaSi mdgomareobs, romelsac industriaSi arsebuli teqnologiuri
ganviTarebac uzrunvelyofs. 1900-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, TiToeul
muSakze gaTvlili, warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba
bevr industriaSi, met-naklebad Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda.
amis miuxedavad, dovlaTi, iseve rogorc Semosavali, mainc araTanabrad
nawildeba. 1994 wels mosaxleobisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli
Semosavlis naxevari ojaxebis 20 procentma miiRo. SeerTebul StatebSi
mTeli Semosavlis 17.6 procents gamommuSavebelTa umaRlesi fenis 5
procenti iRebs; yvelaze maRali fenis 20 procents Semosavlis 44.6
procenti ergeba, qveda fenis 20 procents ki - sul 4.4 procenti. yvelaze
Raribi mosaxleobis mexuTedis gamomuSaveba, sagadasaxado daqviTvamde,
1977 wlidan 1997 wlamde, daaxloebiT, 5 procentiT Semcirda;
SeZlebulTa mexuTedis Semosavali ki, sagadasaxado daqviTvis gareSe, 9
procentiT gaizarda. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am adamianebis
gadasaxadebi 1992 wels, 1977 welTan SedarebiT, ufro dabali iyo.
axla, gaerTianebuli samefos klasobrivi dajgufebis erT-erT
maxasiaTebels - k l a s o b r i v s t r u q t u r a s – ganvixilavT
da, paralelurad, sxva qveynebzec vimsjelebT.
cxrili 10.1 dovlaTis ganawileba gaerTianebul samefoSi
1976 1981 1986 1991 1993
sabazro dovlaTi
mflobelobaSi arsebuli
dovlaTis procentuli
raodenoba
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 1% 21 18 18 17 17
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 5% 38 36 36 35 36
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 10% 50 50 50 47 48
yvelaze SeZlebulebi25% 71 73 73 71 72

13
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 50% 92 92 90 92 92

mTeli sabazro dovlaTi 280 565 955 1711 1 809

(miliardebSi)
sabazro dovlaTi, saqmianobiTi da
saxelmwifo sapensio uflebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
mflobelobaSi arsebuli
dovlaTis procentuli
raodenoba
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 1% 13 11 10 10 10
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 5 % 26 24 24 23 23
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 10% 36 34 35 33 33
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 25% 57 56 58 57 56
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 50% 80 79 82 83 82
mTeli sabazri dovlaTi 472 1036 1784 3014 3383
(miliardebSi)

dajgufeba socialuri klasebis mixedviT

maRali klasi
britanul sazogadoebaSi maRali klasi, kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli,
SedarebiT mcire raodenobis individebisa da ojaxebisgan Sedgeba –
miaxloebuli statistikuri monacemebiT, sakuTar Tavs SeZlebul maRal
fenad mosaxleobis 1 procenti miiCnevs. maRali klasis warmomadgenelTa
statusSi, “axali” da “Zveli” fulis mflobelebis mixedviT, mkveTri
gansxvavebaa. is ojaxebi, romlebsac fuli memkvidreobiT, Taobidan
Taobamde gadaecaT, xSirad qedmaRlurad arian ganwyobilni maT mimarT,
vinc simdidre sakuTari ZalisxmeviT daagrova. SesaZloa, zogierT
konteqstSi, es jgufebi erTmaneTs Seerios, magram dabali warmomavlobis
adamianebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar daiSvebian wreebSi, romlebsac mxolod
xangrZlivi istoriis SeZlebuli adamianebi ekuTvnian.

rogorc marqsi da veberi aRniSnaven, Zalaufleba kerZo sakuTrebas

moaqvs da maRali klasis warmomadgenlebi araproporciulad arian
warmodgenili Zalauflebis maRal safexurebze. maT gavlenas,
nawilobriv, industriuli da finansuri kapitalis kontroli,
nawilobriv ki, politikur, saganmanaTleblo da kulturul sferoSi
wamyvan poziciaTa xelmisawvdomoba ganapirobebs.

jon skoti mecxramete saukunis maRali klasis sam seqtors aRwers:

msxvili miwaTmflobelebi, finansuri mwarmoeblebi da
insdustrialistebi. (Scott 1991). pirveli jgufi sakuTar Tavs
aristokratias akuTvnebda, magram saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmatebul
finansur jgufebTan gaigiveba daiwyo. danarCeni ori jgufi
industrialistebTan distancias icavda da Tavad industrialistebic,
romelTa sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad, CrdiloeTiT iyo ganTavsebuli, am
distanciis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen. saukunis ganmavlobaSi maTi
materialuri SesaZleblobebi gaizarda, amitom es seqtori danarCeni ori
seqtorisTvisac misaRebi gaxda. saukunis bolos industrialistebma

14
fuli miwebSi, bankebsa da sadazRvevo kompaniebSi daabandes,
miwaTmflobelebis Semosavali ki industriuli kompaniebis marTvaze iyo
damokidebuli.

naxati: “rodesac davbrundiT, rols roisi da ferari SekeTebuli

dagvxvda. Cemi cxovrebisTvis es ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.”

skoti acxadebs, rom maRali klasis sxvadasxva dajgufebaTa gaerTianeba

meoce saukeneSic gagrZelda – Tumca, maT Soris garkveul konfliqtebsa
da gamijvnasac hqonda adgili. magaliTad, londonis sitis finansuri
liderebi zogjer ver agvarebdnen urTierTobas saqmiani korporaciebis
mmarTvelebTan; erTi jgufisTvis sasargeblo politika, SesaZloa, meore
jgufisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCndes. dRevandel dRes, miwaTmflobeloba,
rogorc maRali klasis calke arsebuli seqtori, TiTqmis aRar arsebobs.
Zveli kerZo miwebis umravlesoba sazogadoebriv mflobelobaSi
gadavida. is, visac tradiciuli saxiT, sxva adamianebis marTvis
materialuri SesaZlebloba gaaCnia, fuls sxva saSulebiT Soulobs.

saSualo klasi

fraza saSualo klasi sxvadasxva saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs

gulisxmobs. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, britaneTis dRevandeli
mosaxleobis umravlesoba am klasSia gaerTianebuli, radgan
TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebi, cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebTan
SedarebiT, proporciulad sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. Tavis 12, “samuSao
da ekonomikuri cxovreba.”)

saSualo klasSi SegviZlia sami gamokveTili seqtori gamovarCioT. Zveli

saSualo klasi mcire biznesis mflobel TviTdasaqmebul mesakuTreebs,
adgilobrivi maRaziebis mesakuTreebsa da mcire fermerebs moicavs.

TviTdasaqmebulTa proporciuli raodenoba saukunis ganmavlobaSi

Semcirda. Tumca, momdevno TxuTmeti wlis periodSi, es tendencia
Seicvala. 1981 wels, samuSao Zalis 6.7 procents TviTdasaqmebulebi
Seadgendnen. 1991 wlisTvis am cifrma 10 procents miaRwia. erTi kvleva
imis garkvevas isaxavda miznad, Tu ras saqmianobdnen 1991 wels 1981
welSi TviTdasaqmebuli adamianebi. aRmoCnda, rom yvela aRar iyo Sromis
bazarze dakavebuli da maTgan mxolod 2/3 iyo TviTdasaqmebuli (FFielding
1995).
im periodSi isini, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva biznesSi iyvnen CarTulni.

mcire biznesi, did biznesTan SedarebiT, naklebad stabiluria.

umravlesoba, saqmis dawyebidan ori wlis Semdeg, warumatebeli
aRmoCndeba. gaerTianebul samefoSi, nebismier weliwads dafuZnebul
mcire biznesTagan, xuTi wlis Semdeg, mxolod 20 procenti ganagrZobs
arsebobas. mcire firmebi da maRaziebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, did
kompaniebTan, supermarketebTan da restornebis qselebTan efeqtur
konkurencias ver uZleben. Tu Zveli saSualo klasi ar Semcirebula,
rogorc amas zogierTi (maT Soris marqsi) miiCnevda, es mxolod imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom Zalian bevr adamians sakuTari biznesis wamowyeba surs.
adamianebi mcire bizness Tavs anebeben, magram male xdeba maTi sxva

15
adamianebiT Canacvleba. mcire biznesiT dakavebul mamakacebsa da
qalbatonebs sakuTari gamokveTili socialuri da politikuri
TvalTaxedva aqvT. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, safrangeTSi, mcire
biznesis bevri warmomadgeneli mxars mudmivad eqstremalur memarjvene
partias uWers.

zeda saSualo klass, ZiriTadad, menejerebi an profesionali

Tanamdebobis pirebi ekuTvnian. es kategoria individTa da ojaxebis did
raodenobas moicavs, amitom maTi atitudebisa da Tvalsazrisis
ganzogadeba riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. umravlesobas, garkveuli
formiT, miRebuli aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba; socialur da politikur
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT, profesionalTa jgufebSi,
ZiriTadad, liberaluri ganwyoba aRiniSneba.
oqsfordeli sociologi jon gouldTorfi termins “zeda saSualo
klasi” “mosamsaxureTa klass” amjobinebs. mosamsaxureTa klasi
profesional, menejer da teqnikur muSakebs aerTianebs. rogorc
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, es kategoria Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi sul
ufro izrdeba. Tumca es termini, potenciurad, dabneulobas iwvevs.
gouldTorfi am klasSi momsaxurebis seqtorSi dasaqmebul adamianebs ar
gulisxmobs, aramed maT, vinc damsaqmebelTa ,,saWiroebebs” emsaxureba -
vinc uzrunvelyofs administraciul aparats biznesis da organizaciebis
arsebobisTvis. isini personals specialuri codniTa da menejeruli
unar-CvevebiT uzrunvelyofen, sapasuxod ki, maRali xelfasiT, saimedo
samuSao adgiliTa da damatebiTi privilegiebiT, magaliTad, kerZo
sapensio uflebebiT, sargebloben. daaxloebiT ori aTwleulis win,
rodesac firmebi muSakTa Semcirebasa da konkurenciis gazrdas
Seecadnen, mosamsaxureTa klasis ekonomikuri pirobebi arastabiluri
gaxda da zogierTma jgufma TviTdasaqmebas mimarTa.
dabali saSualo klasi heterogenuli kategoriaa. es klasi ofisis
TanamSromlebs, savaWro qselis warmomadgenlebs, maswavleblebs,
eqTnebsa da sxva muSakebs moicavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am klasisa da
cisfersayeloianTa wevrebis umravlesobas msgavsi samuSao pirobebi
aqvT, maTi socialuri da politikuri atitudebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba.
saSualo klasis mravalferovani buneba, garkveuli xarisxiT, raitisa da
parkinis mier SemoTavazebul koncefciebSi aisaxa. saSualo klasis
adamianebi, konfliqturi zewolisa da gavlenis gamo, “ormagi
Caketilobis” winaaRmdegobriv situaciebSi aRmoCndebian xolme.
magaliTad, bevri dabali saSualo klasis warmomadgenels igive
Rirebulebebi gaaCnia, rac masze gacilebiT ukeTesad anazRurebad
Tanamdebobebze myof adamianebs. Tumca, maTi Semosavali zogjer
fizikurad momuSave, magram kargi anazRaurebis mqone muSakze ufro
dabalia.
muSaTa klasi
muSaTa klasi cisfersayeloian, fizikurad dasaqmebul adamianebs
moicavs. saSualo klasis msgavsad, aqac mravali sxvadasxva dajgufeba
arsebobs. am dajgufebis erT-erT wyaros, pirvel rigSi,
profesionalizmis done warmoadgens. zeda muSaTa klass, romelic
profesionali muSakebisgan Sedgeba, xSirad “mSromelTa

16
aristokratiasTan” aigiveben, radgan am fenis warmomadgenlebs, sxva
cisfersayeloianebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi Semosavali, samuSao pirobebi
da saimedo samsaxuri aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, rom teqnologiurma
ganviTarebam zogierTi muSakis - magaliTad, mbeWdavis - profesionalizmi
eWvqveS daayena da maTi saqmianobrivi poziciis Sesusteba gamoiwvia,
profesionali muSakebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, ukanasknel wlebSi,
zogadad, kidev ufro gaumjobesda. bevri profesiis muSakTa SedarebiT
maRali xelfasebi ucvleli darCa da maTma samuSaom stabiluroba
SeinarCuna. mzardma umuSevrobam maTze, nakleb profesional
cisfersayeloinTaA samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, naklebi gavlena iqonia.
dabali muSaTa klasi araporfesiul an naxevradprofesiul samuSaoebs
moicavs, romlebic xangrZliv wvrTnas ar moiTxovs. aseT samuSaoebze
dasaqmebulTa umravlesobas, profesional muSakebTan SedarebiT, naklebi
Semosavali da daucveli samuSao garemo aqvT.
muSaTa klasis saqmianoba SeiZleba srul an nawilobriv datvirTvas
moiTxovdes; is samuSao garemos daculobis mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. amis
gansazRvraSi ekonomikis centraluri da periferiuli sferoebis
gamijvnac gvexmareba. centraluria seqtori, romelSic muSaki sruli
datvirTviT muSaobs, SedarebiT maRali gamomuSaveba da grZelvadiani
saimedo samuSao aqvs. periferiul seqtorSi arasaimedo,
dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao igulisxmeba, romelSic muSakTa
umravlesoba nawilobriv aris dasaqmebuli. centralur seqtorebSi
profesionali da naxevradprofesionali an araprofesionali
dasaqmebulebi (ZiriTadad TeTrkaniani mamakacebi) Warboben, romlebic,
xSirad, profesiul kavSirebSi erTiandebian. danarCeni muSakebi
periferiul seqtors ekuTvnian da maTi profesiul kavSirebSi
gaerTianebis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia.

qveklasi
muSaTa klasSi dajgufeba eTnikuri umravlesobisa da naklebad
privilegirebul umciresobaTa safuZvelze xdeba, romlebic qveklass
ganekuTvnebian. qveklasis wevrebs, mosaxleobis umravlesobasTan
SedarebiT, gacilebiT uaresi samuSao pirobebi da dabali cxovrebis
standarti aqvT. bevri maTgani xangrZlivad aris umuSevari, an
arastabiluri saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli. britaneTSi qveklasSi
Savkanianebi da azielebi araproporciulad arian warmodgenili.
zogierT evropul qveyanaSi, emigranti muSakebi, romlebmac samsaxuri 20
wlis win, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis periodSi daiwyes, amjerad muSaTa
klasis am seqtoris yvelaze did nawils Seadgenen. es, magaliTad,
safrangeTSi mcxovreb alJirelebsa da dasavleT germaniaSi emigrirebul
Turqebs exebaT.
qveklasebis buneba sociologiaSi mwvave debatebis sagania. es debatebi,
ZiriTadad, SeerTebul StatebSi Sida qalaqis teritoriaze mcxovreb
Savkanianebs exeba. uiliam julius uilsonis azriT, SeerTebul StatebSi
SavkanianTa mosaxleoba orad iyofa.
CikagoSi Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze Seqmnil naSromSi ,,rasis
mniSvnelobis Semcireba,” uilsoni aRniSnavs, rom SeerTebul StatebSi,
gasuli sami-oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, SavkanianTa SeZlebuli

17
saSualo klasi _ TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi da profesionalebi – gaCnda.
yvela afro-amerikeli qalaqis getoSi aRar cxovrobs. uilsoni askvnis,
rom getoSi cxovrebas ara aqtiuri diskriminacia, aramed ekonomikuri
faqtorebi - sxva sityvebiT, klasi da ara rasa – ganapirobebs. Zveli
rasistuli barierebi qreba; Savkanianebi getoSi ekonomikuri
warumateblobis gamo rCebian (Wilson, 1978).
uilsonis Sromam azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia da es diskusia
amJamadac grZeldeba. konservatori politikosi da mwerali Carlz
miurei uilsons didi qalaqebis umravlesobaSi SavkanianTa dabali
klasis arsebobis sakiTxSi eTanxmeba. magram miurei acxadebs, rom
afrikeli amerikelebi, maTi mdgomarebis gamosworebis mizniT,
keTildReobis samsaxuris mier SemuSavebuli politikis wyalobiT, kvlav
sazogadoebis yvelaze dabal fenad rCebian. es adamianebi keTildReobis
programis daxmarebaze arian damokidebuli, rac “siRatakis kulturis”
Seqmnas uwyobs xels. isini samuSaos moZebnas, myari erTobebis an
stabiluri ojaxebis Seqmnas ar cdiloben. (Murray 1984).
miureis gancxadebaTa sapasuxod, uilsonma, CikagoSi Catarebuli kvlevis
safuZvelze SemuSavebuli argumentebi ganavrco. misi azriT, afro-
amerikel mamakacTa umuSevrobis zrda, TeTrkanianTa didi qalaqebidan
gareubnebSi gadaadgilebam, urbanul industriaTa Semcirebam da sxva
urbanulma ekonomikurma problemebma gamoiwvia. miureis mier aRwerili
socialuri dezintegraciis formebi, romelTagan erT-erTi qorwinebaSi
armyofi Savkaniani dedebis didi raodenobaa, uilsonma saqorwino asakSi
myofi (dasaqmebuli) mamakacebis naklebobiT axsna.
miureim Tavisi argumentebi gaerTianebul samefosac (1990) miusadaga. misi
azriT, gaerTianebul samefoSi jerjerobiT gamokveTili qveklasi ar
arsebobs, magram is swrafad viTardeba. am klasSi eTnikur umciresobaTa
garda, im Rarib regionebSi mcxovrebi TeTrkanianebic gaerTiandebian,
sadac sul ufro metad iCens Tavs socialuri dezintegracia. britaneTSi
momuSave sociologebma miureis naSromi mwvaved gaakritikes.
miureis gancxadebebis validurobas mogvianebiT SevafasebT. pirvel
rigSi, im cvlilebebs ganvixilavT, romlebic klasobrivi struqturis
maRal fenebze axdens gavlenas.

cvlilebebi klasobriv struqturaSi

maRali klasis dekompozicia?
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maRali klasis (ise, rogorc yvela klasobrivi
jgufis) SigniT ramdenime dajgufeba arsebobs. zogierTi avtoris azriT,
dRevandel dRes maRali klasi imdenad aris desegregirebuli, rom is
erTian klasobriv kategoriad aRar moiazreba. isini acxadeben, rom
mecxramete saukuneSi da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi maRali klasis
wevroba kerZo sakuTrebis - biznesis, finansuri organizaciebis an miwis -
mflobelobiT ganisazRvreboda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, miwa,
dResdReobiT, Zalauflebis mniSvnelovan wyaros aRar warmoadgens,
ekonomikas msxvili korporaciuli biznesi marTavs, romelic individTa
mflobelobaSi ar aris. is aTasobiT sxvadasxva mewiles aerTianebs,
romlebic kompaniebis marTvisas didi gavleniT ar sargebloben. msxvil
korporaciebs maRali Tanamdebobis aRmasrulebleblebi akontroleben,
18
romlebic maT mier marTuli firmebis mesakuTreni ar arian. isini,
ubralod, maRali donis TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi an profesionalebi
arian.
aqedan gamomdinare, jon gouldTrofis klasobrivi sqemis mixedviT,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi maRali klasi aRar arsebobs, is
“mosamsaxureTa klasma” Caanacvla, romelic maRali donis biznes
menejerebs, profesionalebsa da administratorebs moicavs. sxva avtorebi
mewileobis instituciur fenomenze saubroben (ix. Tavi 12, samuSao da
ekonomikuri cxovreba), ramac kapitalis kerZo mesakuTreobis
mniSvneloba Seamcira. dRevandel dRes, wilebis maRal procents
sadazRvevo kompaniebi, sapensio da gaerTianebuli fondebi floben,
romlebic mosaxleobis Zalian did raodenobas moicavs. magaliTad,
gaerTianebuli samefos mosaxleobis naxevars fuli kerZo sapensio
struqturebSi aqvs dabandebuli.
amis miuxedavad, Sexeduleba maRali klasis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, mraval
SekiTxvas warmoSobs. Cven ukve visaubreT jon skotis mier maRali
klasis cvalebadi bunebis analizis Sesaxeb. es avtori acxadebs, rom
dRevandelma maRalma klasma forma Seicvala, magram gamokveTili
pozicia SeinarCuna. maRali klasis warmomadgenlebs, jon skotis azriT,
msxvili biznesiT ganpirobebuli Zalauflebis “interesebis
konstelacia” aerTianebT. SeiZleba did korporaciaSi momuSave ufrosi
aRmasrulebeli kompanias ar flobdes, magram is xSirad am kompaniis
mewile xdeba, rac mas rogorc Zveli stilis mewarmeebTan, ise “finansur
kapitalistebTan” akavSirebs. “finansuri kapitalistebi” sadazRvevo
kompaniebisa da sxva instituciuri saaqcio kompaniebis mmarTvelebi arian
da dRevandeli maRali klasis birTvs swored isini Seadgenen.

profesionalebi, menejerebi, administratorebi

profesiuli, menejeruli da administraciuli saqmianobiT dakavebul
adamianTa raodenobis zrda, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, masStaburi
organizaciebis mniSvnelobiT aris gamowveuli (ix. Tavi 11, Tanamedrove
organizaciebi). am profesiis adamianebi iseT ekonomikur seqtorebSic
arian dakavebuli, romlebSic saxelmwifo Zalian mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs, magaliTad, mTavrobaSi, ganaTlebaSi, jandacvisa da socialuri
keTildReobis samsaxurSi. privatizaciis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, 1994
wels, samuSao Zalis 28 procenti saxelmwifo industriebSi muSaobda.
profesiuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli – eqimebis, buRaltrebis, iuristebis
da a. S. _ adamianTa umravlesoba, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifos mier aris
dasaqmebuli.
profesionalebi, menejerebi da maRali donis administratorebi
Tanamdebobas, ZiriTadad, xarisxis, diplomis da sxva kvalifikaciebis
saSualebiT iReben. maT, zogadad, SedarebiT ufro saimedo da
maRalanazRaurebadi kariera aqvT da ukanasknel wlebSi isini kidev
ufro gaemijnen rutinuli arafizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs.
zogierTebi profesionalebsa da TeTrsayeloianTa jgufis sxva
warmomadgenlebs specifikur, “profesional menejerTa klass” akuTvneben.
es jgufi TeTrsayelian muSakTa jgufs Rrmad da mkveTrad ar emijneba,
amitom es pozicia mxedvelobaSi misaRebi ar aris.

19
TeTrsayeloianebi, cisfersayeloianebi: feminizacia da proletarizacia

dRes, warsulTan SedarebiT, arafizikuri saqmianobiT bevrad ufro meti

adamiania dakavebuli; magram ekuTvnian Tu ara es adamianebi ,,saSualo
klass,” sociologiaSi mwvave debatebis sakiTxia. aq ori ram aris
gasaTvaliswinebeli: pirveli, TiTqmis yvela axladwarmoqmnil rutinul
arafizikur saqmianobas qalebi ewevian. am process TeTrsayeloianTa
rutinuli dasaqmebis feminizacias eZaxian. rogorc mogvianebiT
davrwmundebiT, klasisa da sqesis sakiTxi Zalze kompleqsuria.
meore, amgvari saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebis pirobebi saTanadod
dafasebuli ar aris da maRal profesionalizms ar moiTxovs. codna,
romelic amgvar samuSaoze dakavebul muSakebs moeTxovebodaT, manqanis
wyalobiT, gaufasurda, radgan man maTi garkveuli funqciebi SeiTavsa.
magaliTad, aviRoT klerkis anu saofise mdivnisTvis savaldebulo
funqciebi. angariSs, weras da sxva organizaciul unar-Cvevebs sabeWdi
manqana, kalkulatori da qserokopirebis aparati, bolo dros ki,
kompiuteri da procesori asrulebs.
feminizaciasa da deprofesionalizacias Soris uSualo kavSiri
arsebobs. magaliTad, rac ufro izrdeba, proporciulad, klerkisa da
sxva msgavsi saqmianoba, aseve izrdeba am sferoSi dasaqmebul qalTa
raodenoba da es saqmianobebi sul ufro rutinul xasiaTs iZens. qalebma
mamakacebs ricxobrivad gadaaWarbes ufro dabali donis samuSaoebzec,
marketingis mzard seqtorSi, savaWro da dasvenebis industriebSi.
gamyidvelebisa da registratorebis Tanamdebobebi Zlier aris
feminizebuli.
20 wlis win heri breivmenma mniSvnelovani naSromi ,,Sroma da
monopolizebuli kapitali” Seqmna; misi azriT, TeTsayeloianTa
rutinulma samuSaom iseTi deprofesionalizacia ganicada, rom is
fizikuri samuSaosgan didad aRar gansxvavdeba. is faqti, rom “saSualo
klasSi” sul ufro meti adamiani erTiandeba, avtoris sityvebiT,
“proletarizaciis” Sedegia. jgufebi, romlebic mzard muSaTa klasSi
wevriandebian, sul ufro metad arian arafizikuri saqmianobiT
dakavebuli. (Braveman 1974).

sociologTa umravlesobam breivmenis Sefaseba gazviadebulad miiCnia.

zogierTma saqmianobam, teqnologiuri progresis gamo,
deprofesionalizacia marTlac ganicada, radgan es saqmianoba ufro
ganviTarebul unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs. es iseT samuSaoebs exeba,
romlebzec kompiuterebis danergvam moaxdina gavlena (Tumca, zogierT
samuSaoze igive procesma SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos). garda amisa,
qorwinebaSi myofi individis socialuri klasi meuRlis poziciiTac
ganisazRvreba. rutinuli arafizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul qalebs,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, maRali Tanamdebobis TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze
dasaqmebuli meuRleebi hyavT, rac imas niSnavs, rom mTeli ojaxi
saSualo klass ekuTvnis.

proletarizaciis ideasTan mimarTebaSi, TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli

saqmianobebisa da amgvar samuSaoebze dasaqmebul muSakTa kvlevis
Sedegebi, urTierTsapirispiro xaisaTisaa. rozmari kromptonma da garet
jounsma (1984) bankSi, adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi da sadazRvevo
20
kompaniaSi dasaqmebuli TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi Seiswavles. maT
daadgines, rom klerkis Tanamdebobaze momuSave qalebs, TeTrsayelianTa
Tanamdebobebze, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, naklebad awinaureben. isini maT
mier Seswavlil samuSaoTa umravlesobas proletarizebuls uwodeben.
muSakebi rutinul cxovrebas ewevian da naklebad iCenen iniciativas.
mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, amgvari poziciis Secvlas ufro
axerxeben. aqedan gamomdinare, gaufasureba, ZiriTadad, qalebiT
dasaqmebulma TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebma ganicada.

gordon marSali da sxv. (1988) breivmenis Sexedulebebsa da misi kvlevis

daskvnebs kritikulad afaseben. maT sxvadasxva saqmianobiT dakavebuli
qalebi da mamakacebi gamokiTxes da dainteresdnen, moTxovs Tu ara maTi
samuSao amJamad imaze ufro ganviTarebul unar-Cvevebs, vidre isini
samuSaos dawyebisas flobdnen. mxolod 4-ma procentma ganacxada, rom
maT samuSaos naklebi profesionalizmi sWirdeba da es samuSao, sxva
TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, cotaTi ufro
feminizirebulia. isini askvnian, rom TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebi,
fizikur samuSaoze dasaqmebulebTan SedarebiT, ufro avtonomiuria.
klasTan dakavSirebuli cnobierebidan gamomdinare, TeTsayeloianebi,
fizikur samuSaoze dasaqmebuli adamianebis umravlesobisgan
gansxvavebiT, sakuTar Tavs “saSualo klass” ufro akuTvneben.

cvlilebebi, romlebic muSaTa klasze zemoqmedebs

mogvianebiT am TavSi imaze visaubrebT, rom britanul sazogadoebaSi,

sxva industriuli qveynebis msgavsad, mravlad arian Raribi adamianebi.
Tumca, cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobiT dakavebul individTa umravlesoba
siRatakeSi aRar cxovrobs. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, fizikuri
saqmianobiT dakavebuli muSakebis Semosavali, gasuli saukunis Semdeg,
sagrZnoblad gaizarda. cxovrebis gazrdil standartze, yvela klasis
warmomadgenelTa Soris, saqonlis moxmarebis xelmisawvdomobis zrda
miuTiTebs. cisfersayeloianTa daaxloebiT 50 procenti amJamad sakuTar
sacxovrebels flobs. TiTqmis yvela ojaxs aqvs manqana, sarecxi manqana,
televizori da telefoni.

muSaTa klasis materialuri keTildReobis fenomeni kidev erTi gzaa

imisTvis, rom misi warmomadgeneli ufro maRal, “saSualo klasis
sazogadoebaSi” gawevriandes. sociologebisTvis damaxasiaTebel rTul
termins Tu gamoviyenebT, am ideas “gaburJuazebas” uwodeben.
gaburJuazeba niSnavs “gaxde burJua”, rasac marqsi “saSualo klasis
warmomadgenlad gadaqcevas” uwodebs.

1960-ian wlebSi jon gouldTorfma da misma kolegebma gaburJuazebis

hipoTezad cnobili kvleva Caaatares. lutonSi, manqanebisa da qimiur
industriebSi dasaqmebul muSaTa gamokiTxvaze dafuZnebuli kvleva sam
tomad gamoica. am kvlevas, xSirad, SeZlebul muSaTa kvlevas uwodeben
(Goldthorpe et al., 1968-9). kvlevis procesSi 229 fizikuri saqmianobiT
dakavebuli muSa da, Sedarebis mizniT, 54 TeTrsayeloiani muSaki iqna
Seswavlili. am midamoSi bevri cisfersayeloiani emigrirda, kargad
anazRaurebadi samuSaos Ziebis mizniT; TiTqmis yvela sxva
cisfesayeloianTan da dabali Ddonis TeTrsayeloian muSakTan

21
SedarebiT, maT ufro maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao da meti gamomuSaveba
hqondaT.

avtorebis azriT, kvlevis Sedegi sruliad naTelia: gaburJuazeba

araswori Tezisia. es muSakebi saSualo klasSi gawevrianebis procesSi
ar arian. maT, gouldTorfisa da misi kolegebis sityvebiT, sakuTari
samuSaos mimarT “instrumentuli” damokidebuleba aqvT. maTTvis samuSao
ukeTesi xelfasis mopovebis saSualebaa. maTi samuSao, ZiriTadad,
erTferovania, ar aris saintereso da masTan arc uSualo
pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba akavSirebT. isini TeTsayeloianebTan arc
dasvenebis dros asocirdebian da arc ufro maRal klasobriv safexurze
asvlis survili aqvT; gamomuSavebul fuls isini sxvadasxva saxis
SenaZenisTvis iyeneben.

momdevno wlebSi, uSualod SedarebiTi kvleva aRar Catarebula, amitom

rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia amJamad gouldTorfisa
da misi kolegebis mier miRebuli Sedegebi. zogadad yvelas miaCnia, rom
manufaqturuli industriisa da momxmarebluri interesebis gavlenis
SemcirebasTan erTad, muSaTa klasis tradiciuli Temebi daiSala, an
saerTod Sewyvita arseboba. Tu ramdenad Sors wavida aRniSnuli
procesi, es Ria da sakamaTo sagania.

muSaTa klasis SigniT arsebuli dajgufeba, individebis garda, ojaxebs

Soris arsebul gansxvavebebsac asaxavs. naSromSi “dajgufeba Sromis
mixedviT” (1984), rei pali ikvlevs kentSi, Sepis kunZulze mcxovreb
muSaTa klasis ojaxebs. man daadgina, rom arsebobs “muSaTa mdidari” da
“Raribi” ojaxebi. pirveli iseT ojaxebs aerTianebs, romelSic or an met
wevrs stabiluri samuSao aqvs; am adamianebs, Cveulebriv, sakuTari
saxlebi da cxovrebis komfortuli stili aqvT. “Rarib” muSaTa ojaxis
warmomadgenlebs gacilebiT didi brZola uxdebaT Tavis sarCenad.

mTlianobaSi, Zneli iqneba imis dadgena, muSaTa klasSi da klasTa Soris

stratifikacias mxolod saqmianobebs Soris gansxvaveba gansazRvravs Tu
gansxvavebuli moxmarebisa da cxovrebis stili. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
momxmareblur, materialuri dovlaTis dagrovebaze orientirebul
sazogadoebad iqca. momxmarebluri sazogadoeba, garkveulwilad,
“masobrivi sazogadoebaa”, sadac, zogierT doneze, klasobrivi
gansxvaveba aRar igrZnoba. magaliTad, sxvadasxva klasobrivi
warmomavlobis adamianebi SeiZleba erTsa da imave satelivizio
programebs uyurebdnen. miuxedavad amisa, klasobrivi gansxvaveba,
SesaZloa, cxovrebis stilisa da “gemovnebis” variaciebma gaamZafros
(Bourdieu 1986).

qveklasis sakiTxi

miurei Tvlis, rom gaerTianebul samefosa da evropaSi qveklasis

formirebis tendencia, sakamaTo sakiTxia. lidia morisma inglisis
Crdilo-dasavleTiT, harTlpulSi, kvleva Caatara. inglisis zogierT
regionSi manufaqturuli industriis Semcireba igrZnoboda, ramac
umuSevrobis masStaburi zrda da, savaraudod, qveklasis warmoSoba
gamoiwvia. erT-erT aseT regions harTlpulic ganekuTvneboda.

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morisma umuSevari muSebis sami jgufi Seiswavla: pirveli iseT wyvilebs
moicavda, sadac mamakaci, sul cota, Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi iyo
dausaqmebeli; meore jgufi iseT wyvilebs aerTianebda, romelSic
mamakaci ukanaskneli Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave
samuSaoze iyo dakavebuli; mesame jgufSi gaerTianebul wyvilebSi ki
mamakacs ukanaskneli Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi axali samuSao hqonda
dawyebuli. morisis mier gamokvleul adamianTa umravlesoba
TeTrkanianebi iyvnen. morisi aRniSnavs, rom gaeTianebul samefoSi, aSS-
sgan gansxvavebiT, kanis feri umuSevrobas gamokveTilad ar ukavSirdeba.

morisis azriT, es sami jgufi erTmaneTisgan, socialuri inkluziis

TvalsazrisiT, anu imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad grZnoben individebi da
ojaxebi garkveuli qselis mxardaWeras - TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba. is,
vinc weliwadze metia, ar muSaobs, kvlav samuSaos ZebniT aris
dakavebuli; maT anti-samuSao kultura SeimuSaves. es mamakacebi msgavs
situaciaSi regionSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis grZelvadiani
gauaresebis, unar-CvevaTa da samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli iseTi
araformaluri kontaqtebis naklebobis gamo aRmoCdnen, romlebic maT
adgilobrivi dasaqmebis mizniT unda gamoeyenebinaT. morisma aseve
daadgina, rom xangrZlivad dausaqmebel adamianebs aseTive umuSevari
partniorebi da, proporciulad, didi raodenobis umuSevari megobrebi
hyavdaT. miuxedavad amisa, morisma daaskvna: ,,Cemi kvlevis mixedviT, ar
arsebobs faqtebi, romlebic gamokveTili ,,qveklasis” kulturis
arsebobas daadasturebs.” (Morris 1993, gv. 410).

morisis kvlevas amomwuravs ver vuwodebT. is qveynis mxolod erT

nawilSi Catarda, sadac eTnikur jgufTa didi raodenoba ar iyo
warmodgenili. vest indoeli da azieli mamakacebi naxevradprofesiul
samuSaoebze arian Tavmoyrilni da, TeTrkanian mamakacebTan SedarebiT,
dasaqmebis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT (Pikington 1992).

ekonomikuri dajgufebisa da socialuri gamorCeulobis amerikisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli tendencia sul ufro SeimCneva britaneTsa da evropaSic.
aq Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs rasobriv da eTnikur elements.
londonSi, manCesterSi, roterdamSi, frankfurtSi, parizsa da neapolSi
urbanuli Raribebis mdgomareoba sul ufro uaresdeba. hamburgi,
saSualo Semosavlis mixedviT, evropaSi yvelaze mdidari qalaqia da aq,
germaniis masStabiT, proporciulad yvelaze meti milioneri cxovrobs.
magram am qalaqSi, amave dros, proporciulad yvelaze meti
keTildReobis programa da umuSevrobaa - qveynis saSualo maCvenebelze
40 procentiT maRali. 1994 wlamde, TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, qalaqSi
da qalaqis maxloblad, industriuli samuSaoebis mesamedi gauqmda.

dasavleT evropis qveynebSi Raribi da umuSevari adamianebis umravlesoba

am qveynis ZirZvel mosaxleobas ekuTvnis; siRatakeSi pirveli da meore
Taobis emigrantebic cxovroben, romelTa sacxovrebeli ubnebis pirobebi
sul ufro uaresdeba. maT Soris izrdeba erTmSoblian ojaxTa
raodenoba. amgvari ubnebi manCesterSi mos saidi, frankfurtSi
galusvierteli, roterdamSi ki niuev vesternia.

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holandiel sociologTa jgufma holandiis yvelaze Rarib qalaqur
ubnebSi mcxovrebi ramdenime aseuli adamiani gamohkiTxa. maT (morisis
daskvnebis sapirispirod) daadgines, rom xangrZlivad dausaqmebel
gamokiTxulTa 55 procentma samuSaos Zebna Sewyvita. mkvlevarebma
daaskvnes, rom maTma umravlesobam samuSaos Zebnas Tavi daaneba da
keTildReobis samsaxuris xarjze gadawyvita cxovreba (Endbersen et al. 1993).

genderi da stratifikacia

stratifikaciis kvlevebi, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, ar iTvaliswinebda

genderis faqtors. stratifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi ise
iqmneboda, TiTqos genderi saerTod ar arsebobda, an Zalauflebis,
simdidrisa da prestiJis analizis dros qalebi umniSvnelo da
uintereso fenomenad miiCneoda. amis miuxedavad, genderi stratifikaciis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTia. ar arsebobs iseTi
sazogadoeba, sadac mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, socialuri
cxovrebis zogierT aspeqtSi, met simdidres, statussa da gavlenas ar
flobdnen.

genderi da klasobrivi dajgufeba

erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema, romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi

genderisa da stratifikaciis Seswavlisas vawydebiT, erTi SexedviT,
martivia, magram, mogvianebiT, vrwmundebiT, rom is arc Tu martivad
mogvarebadia. sirTule genderuli uTanasworobis Tanamedrove
gagebasTan, gansakuTrebiT, klasobriv dajgufebasTan mimarTebaSi
warmoiSoba. genderuli uTanasworoba, istoriulad, klasobriv sistemaze
adre arsebobda; mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, upiratesobiT jer kidev
monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebSi sargeblobdnen, Tumca am
sazogadoebebSi klasebis Sesaxeb aravin araferi icoda. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi klasobrivi dajgufebebi Zlier gamoikveTa, maT did
yuradRebas uTmoben, genderuli uTanasworoba ki, am fonze, naklebad
SeimCneva. qalTa umravlesobis materialuri mdgomareoba maTi mamebisa an
qmrebis materialur SesaZleblobebs asaxavs. amis miuxedavad, mainc
arsebobs mosazreba, rom genderuli uTanasworoba, ZiriTadad, klasTan
mimarTebaSi aixsneba.

es Tvalsazrisi Zalian kargad gamoxata frank parkinma, romelic

stratifikaciis Sesaxeb Tavis klasikur naSromSi wers:

qalis statusi, socialuri cxovrebis bevr sferoSi mamakacis statusTan SedarebiT,

dabalia. es dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebul SesaZleblobebs, uZravi qonebis flobas,
Semosavals da a.S., exeba. amis miuxedavad, sqesobriv gansxvavebasTan asocirebuli
uTanasworoba stratifikaciis komponentad ar miiCneva. mizezi is aris, rom qalTa
umravlesobis socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba maTi ojaxebis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
ojaxis ufrosi mamakacis poziciiT ganisazRvreba. dResdReobiT qalebs, maTi sqesidan
gamomdinare, garkveuli zogadi statusi gaaCniaT, magram resursebiT sargeblobas,
Cveulebriv, ara maTi, aramed maTi mamebisa da meuRleebis saqmianoba ganapirobebs. da
Tumca araprofesionali mSromelebisa da SeZlebuli miwaTmflobelebis meuRleebsa da
qaliSvilebs garkveuli Tvisebebi SeiZleba aerTianebT, situaciidan gamomdinare, maT
Soris Zalian bevri TvalsaCino da specifikuri gansxvaveba iCens Tavs. sqesi
stratifikaciis mniSvnelovan ganzomilebad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiCneva, Tu qalis

24
statusTan dakavSirebuli problemebi klasobriv gansxvavebaze ufro didia. (Parkin 1971,
gv. 14-15)

qalebis cxovreba, DdResac ki, xSirad, “kerZo” ojaxuri da SvilebTan

dakavSirebuli problemebiT Semoifargleba. mamakacebi, piriqiT,
“sazogadoebrivi” cxovrebiT cxovroben da qonebisa da Zalauflebis
ganawilebac maT ufro moeTxovebaT. maTi samyaro anazRaurebadi samuSao,
industria da politikaa.

Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom genderul stratifikacias, ZiriTadad,

klasobrivi uTanasworoba marTavs, bolo dromde aSkarad ar iyo
gamokveTili, amJamad ki es sakiTxi debatebis Temad iqca. jon
gouldTorfi gvTavazobs ideas, romelsac is klasis analizis dros
“pirobiT pozicias” uwodebs. mas miaCnia, rom qalebis samuSao
anazRaureba, mamakacebis anazRaurebasTan SedarebiT, umniSvneloa, amitom
qalebi maTi meuRleebis klass unda mivakuTvnoT (Goldthorpe 1983).
gouldTorfi xazs usvams, rom es seqsizmis ideologiaze dafuZnebuli
Sexeduleba ar aris. piriqiT, is aRiarebs, rom dasaqmebul qalTa
umravlesoba daqvemdebarebul poziciaSi aRmoCndeba. qalebs, mamakacebTan
SedarebiT, ufro xSirad aqvT arastabiluri samuSao da maT,
fexmZimobisa da bavSvebze zrunvis mizeziT, xSirad, xangrZlivad uxdebaT
anazRaurebadi samuSaosTvis Tavis danebeba. imis gamo, rom qalebis
umravlesoba ekonomikurad meuRleebzea damokidebuli, maTi klasobrivi
pozicia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, meuRlis klasobrivi situaciiT imarTeba.

gouldTrofis mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenime kritikuli

Sexeduleba arsebobs. pirveli, ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da
cxovrebis wesis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT, qalis Semosavals bevri
ojaxisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. aseT garemoebebSi ojaxis
klasobriv pozicias, nawilobriv, qalis anazRaurebadi samuSao
gansazRvravs. meore, qalis dasaqmebaze yovelTvis meuRlis dasaqmeba ar
axdens gavlenas, SeiZleba piriqiTac moxdes. qals SeiZleba qmarze
dabali anazRaureba hqondes, magram misma samuSao adgilma, meuRlis
klasis gansazRvris dros, gadamwyveti faqtoris roli Seasrulos.
magaliTad, es SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi moxdes, Tu qmari
araprofesionali an naxevradprofesionali cisfersayeloiani muSakia,
coli ki maRaziis menejeri. aseT situaciaSi, mTeli ojaxis poziciis
standarti qalis saqmianobiT dgindeba.

mesame, bevri “Sereuli klasis” ojaxi arsebobs, romelSic qmars, colTan

SedarebiT, ufro maRali klasobrivi kategoriis samuSao aqvs; zogjer,
(Tumca ufro iSviaTad), piriqiTac xdeba. amgvar ojaxTa Sesaxeb ramdenime
kvleva Catarda, magram imis darwmunebiT gancxadeba, rom klasze
yovelTvis mamakacis saqmianoba axdens gavlenas, ar SeiZleba. zogjer
erTsa da imave ojaxSi mcxovrebi qali da mamakaci SeiZleba sxvadasxva
klass ekuTvnodes. meoTxe, izrdeba iseT ojaxTa raodenoba, sadac
ojaxis erTaderTi marCenali qalia. sakuTar klasobriv pozicias Tavad
qali gansazRvravs. gamonakliss mxolod iseTi SemTxveva warmoadgens,
rodesac misi Semosavlis wyaro alimentia, rac mas da mis yofil
meuRles erTsa da imave ekonomikur pozicias akuTvnebs (Stanworth 1984;
Walby 1986).

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kvlevis safuZvelze vaskvniT, rom qalis ekonomikuri pozicia, martivad,
mxolod qmris statusiT ar ganisazRvreba. SvedeTSi Catarebulma
gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom am qveynisTvis Sereuli klasis ojaxebia
damaxasiaTebeli (Leiuffsrud and Woodward 1987). saqmianobidan gamomdinare,
qmari, colTan SedarebiT, umravles SemTxvevaSi, upiratesobiT
sargeblobda, magram iyo iseTi mcirericxovani magaliTebic, sadac
amgvari pozicia cols ekava. kvlevam aCvena, rom aseTi ojaxebis wevrebi
klasobrivi gansxvavebis aspeqtebis danergvas ojaxSic cdilobdnen.
magaliTad, gadawyvetileba, Tu vin darCeboda Sin da mouvlida avadmyof
bavSvs, ojaxSi klasisa da sqesis interaqciis mixedviT miiReboda. Tuki
cols qmarze ukeTesi samuSao hqonda, es pasuxismgebloba qmars
ekisreboda.

debatebi grZeldeba

gouldTorfi da sxv. sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dacvas dakvirvebis Sedegad

mopovebuli damatebiTi informaciiT cdiloben. maTi azriT, ojaxis
klasificirebisas, mizanSewonilia maRali klasis partnioris kvleva,
iqneba es mamakaci Tu qali. garda amisa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
kvlevaSi colebTan dakavSirebuli masalac aris CarTuli, Sedegi
“pirobiTi poziciis” radikaluri Secvla ki ar aris, aramed misi
modificirebaa (Golgthorpe et al. 1988).

debatebis procesSi gamoiTqva azri, rom individis klasi ojaxTan

mimarTebaSi ar unda ganisazRvros. sxva sityvebiT, yovel individs
socialuri klasi damoukideblad, misi saqmianobis mixedviT, ojaxuri
situaciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe unda mieniWos. am midgomas
gaerTianebuli samefos klasobrivi sistemis Seswavlis Sesaxeb naSromSi
gordon marSali da misi kolegebic iyeneben (Marshall et al. 1988).

am perspeqtivas garkveuli sirTuleebic axlavs. is calke ixilavs

adamianebs, romlebsac ara aqvT samuSao anazRaureba – anu diasaxlisebs,
pensionrebsa da umuSevrebs. ukanaskneli ori jgufi SeiZleba
gaerTiandes maT mier Sesrulebuli bolo saqmianobis mixedviT, magram,
Tu isini xangrZlivad iyvnen dausaqmebelni, am niSniT kategoriis miniWeba
problemuri iqneba. garda amisa, ojaxis sruli ignorireba potenciurad
mcdar gzaze dagvayenebs. martoxela da partniorebTan Tanamcxovrebi
adamianebisTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebi uaRresad gansxvavebulia.

norman bonis mier Catarebuli kvleva (1992) adasturebs, rom

maRalanazRaurebad qalbatonebs, Cveulebriv, maRalanazRaurebadi
partniorebi hyavT da profesionali da menejeruli saqmianobiT
dakavebuli mamakacebis meuRleebs, sxva dasaqmebul qalebTan SedarebiT,
ufro maRali gamomuSaveba aqvT. kvlevis mixedviT, dasaqmebuli qalebis
raodenobrivma zrdam, SesaZloa, ojaxebis klasobriv dajgufebaze
gadaitanos aqcenti. individebis damoukideblad ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi
ki, am faqtors aravin gaiTvaliswinebda. qorwinebis Sedegad warmoiSoba
kavSiri, romelSic orive individi, saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT,
privilegirebul an arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba.

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axla socialuri mobilobis Temas ganvixilavT. klasobrivi analizis
sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, genders saTanado
yuradReba arc am sferoSi eTmoboda.

socialuri mobiloba

stratifikaciis Seswavlisas, ekonomikur poziciebsa da saqmianobebs

Soris arsebul gansxvavebaTa garda, isic unda ganvixiloT, Tu ra
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian individebi, romlebic am saqmianobebs ewevian.
termini s o c i a l u r i m o b i l o b a individebisa da jgufebis
sxvadasxva socioekonomikur poziciebs Soris moZraobas niSnavs.
vertikaluri mobiloba socioekonomikur skalaze aRmavali da daRmavali
moZraobaa. is, vinc kerZo sakuTrebas flobs, aqvs maRali Semosavali, an
garkveul warmatebul statuss imkvidrebs, aRmaval mobilobas
axorcielebs, is ki, vinc sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraobs – daRmaval
mobilobas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi uxvad aRiniSneba lateraluri
mobilobac, rac ubnebs, qalaqebsa an regionebs Soris geografiul
gadaadgilebas gulisxmobs. vertikalurma da lateralurma mobilobam
SeiZleba Tavi erTdroulad iCinos. magaliTad, erTi qalaqis kompaniaSi
momuSave individi SeiZleba daawinauron da sxva qalaqSi, an Tundac sxva
qveyanaSi, imave firmis filialSi gadaiyvanon.

socialuri mobilobis Seswavlis ori gza arsebobs. pirveli, individTa

karieraze dakvirvebaa – karieris ganviTarebis procesSi vakvirdebiT,
Tu rogor gadaadgildeba adamiani socialur skalaze aRmavali an
daRmavali mimarTulebiT. am process, Cveulebriv, TaobisSida mobilobas
uwodeben. garda amisa, SegviZlia imasac davakvirdeT, Tu ra sixSiriT
irCeven Svilebi maTi mSoblebis, bebiebisa da babuebis saqmianobas. amgvar
mobilobas TobaTaSorisi mobiloba ewodeba.

mobilobis SedarebiTi Seswavla

vertikaluri mobilobis done sazogadoebis “Riaobis” xarisxis ZiriTadi

maCvenebelia, radgan vertikaluri mobiloba gamoxatavs, ramdenad aqvs
dabali warmomavlobis niWier pirovnebas socioekonomikur kibeze
aRmasvlis Sansi. ramdenad Riaa industriuli qveynebi socialuri
mobilobis TvalsazrisiT? aqvs Tu ara, am mxriv, britaneTs, sxva
qveynebTan SedarebiT, meti SesaZleblobebi? socialuri mobilobis
Seswavla 50 weliwadze didi xania mimdinareobs da es procesi, xSirad,
saerTaSoriso Sedarebebsac moiTxovs. am sferoSi erT-erTi pirveli
naSromi pitirim sorokins (1927) ekuTvnis. sorokinma, tradiciuli romisa
da CineTis CaTvliT, mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebi Seiswavla.
SeerTebul StatebSi mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi pirveli
kvlevac am mecniers ekuTvnis. man daadgina, rom swrafi aRmasvlis
SesaZleblobebi amerikaSi gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre es
amerikuli folkloridan Cans. Tumca, monacemebis Segrovebisas,
sorokinma SedarebiT primitiuli teqnika gamoiyena.

gacilebiT ufro daxvewili da mravlismomcveli aRmoCnda piter blausa

da otis dadli dankenis mier, ormoci wlis Semdeg, Catarebuli
gamokvleva (Blau and Duncan 1967). am naSromSi socialuri mobiloba

27
yvelaze detalurad aris ganxiluli, Tumca erTi qveynis magaliTze
(mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva, manamde Catarebuli, masStaburi
kvlevebis msgavsad, esec analogiuri wesiT ganxorcielda – dakvirvebis
obieqtebi mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen). blaum da dankenma, erovnuli niSniT,
200 000 mamakacze moagroves informacia. maT daadgines, rom SeerTebul
StatebSi vertikaluri mobiloba Zlier aris ganviTarebuli, magram is,
ZiriTadad, msgavs saqmianobebSi vlindeba. am qveyanaSi iSviaTia
“masStaburi” mobilobis SemTxvevebi. Tavs iCens daRmavali mobilobac,
magram individTa karieraSi da Taobebs SigniT, is, aRmaval mobilobasTan
SedarebiT, naklebad gvxvdeba. amis mizezi is aris, rom TeTrsayeloianTa
da profesiuli samuSaoebis raodenoba, cisfersayeloianTa
saqmianobasTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafad gaizarda da
cisfersayeloianTa Svilebs TeTrsayeloianebis poziciebze gadasvlis
saSualeba miecaT.

socialuri mobilobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso kvlevad

SeiZleba seimur martin lipsetisa da reinhard bendiqsis mier
Catarebuli kvleva (1959) CaiTvalos. maT aTi industriuli sazogadoebis
– britaneTis, safrangeTis, dasavleT germaniis, SvedeTis, Sveicariis,
iaponiis, daniis, italiisa da SeerTebuli Statebis - monacemebi
Seiswavles da cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa
samuSaoebze mamakacTa mier ganxorcielebul mobilobaze gaamaxviles
yuradReba. maT moulodnelad aRmoaCines, rom SeerTebuli Statebi, am
TvalsazrisiT, ar iyo ufro Ria, vidre evropuli sazogadoebebi.
cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze
vertikaluri mobilobis maCvenebeli aSS-Si 30 procents udrida, sxva
sazogadoebebSi ki es maCvenebeli 27-31 procents Soris meryeobda.
lipsekma da bendiqsma daadgines, rom TeTrsayeloiani samuSaoebis
gavrcelebis mxriv, yvela industriul qveyanaSi msgavsi cvlilebebi
mimdinareobda. amis gamo, maT aRmavali mobilobis zrdasTan
dakavSirebul Sesadarebel ganzomilebebze gaamaxviles yuradReba.
zogierTma mecnierma es daskvnebi eWvqveS daayena da ganacxada, rom
qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis danaxva mxolod im SemxvevaSi
aris SesaZlebeli, Tuki daRmaval mobilobasac meti yuradReba daeTmoba
da gaTvaliswinebul iqneba drois xangrZlivi monakveTi (Heath 1981; Grusky
and Hauser 1984).

robert eriqsonisa da jon gouldTorfis naSromi M,,mudmivi cvlileba”

(1993) am mecnierTa socialur mobilobasTan dakavSirebul bolo
kvlevas aRwers; maT dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi, aSS-Si,
avstraliasa da iaponiaSi mimdinare mobiloba Seiswavles. ganxorcielda
meoce saukunis pirvel samocdaaT weliwadSi Tormeti qveynis
mobilobasTan dakavSirebul monacemTa analizi. mecnierebma daadgines,
rom mobilobis xangrZlivi zrdis tendencia ar SeimCneva. saerTo
mobiloba, ZiriTadad, “mimarTulebis gareSe icvleba.” (gv. 367). sxva
Seswavlil qveynebTan SedarebiT, mobilobis maRali maCvenebliT arc
SeerTebuli Statebi gamoirCeva.

daRmavali mobiloba

28
miuxedavad imisa, rom daRmavali mobiloba, aRmaval mobilobasTan
SedarebiT, naklebad gvxvdeba, is mainc farTod gavrcelebuli fenomenia.
aseve xSiria daRmavali TaobisSida mobiloba. am tipis mobilobas
xSirad iseT fsiqologiur problemebsa da SfoTvas ukavSireben, roca
adamians aRar ZaluZs misTvis Cveuli cxovrebis stilis SenarCuneba.
daRmavali mobilobis kidev erTi ZiriTadi wyaro samsaxuridan
daTxovnaa. saSualo asakis adamianma, samsaxuris dakargvis Semdeg,
SeiZleba saerTod ver SesZlos dasaqmeba, an ufro dabalSemosavliani
samuSaos dawyeba mouxdes.

gaerTianebul samefoSi, daRmaval mobilobaze aqamde bevri kvleva ar

Catarebula. Tumca, savaraudod, britaneTSi, Taobis Sida da
TaobaTaSorisi daRmavali mobiloba, SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad,
izrdeba. SeerTebul StatebSi am fenomenze axlaxans ramdenime kvleva
Catarda. 1980-ian da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, meore msoflio omis
Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi pirvelad dafiqsirda saSualo donis
TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze dasaqmebuli adamianebis realuri
gamomuSavebis (inflaciis Semdeg gamomuSavebis) saerTo kleba. maSinac ki,
Tu am tipis samuSaoebis ricxvi gaizrdeba, sxva samuSaoebTan SedarebiT,
isini am sferoSi dasaqmebuli adamianebisTvis Cveuli cxovrebis stilis
moTxovnebs Zveleburad veRar daakmayofilebs.

am cvlilebaTa mTavari mizezi korporaciuli restruqturizacia da

kadrebis “Semcirebaa.” globaluri konkurenciis pirobebSi, bevri
kompania iZulebuli gaxda samuSao Zalebi SeezRuda. TeTsayeloianma da
srulad dasaqmebulma cisfersayeloianma muSakebma samuSao dakarges da
is dabalanazRaurebadi arastabiluri saqmianobiT Caanacvles.

aSS-Si, dRevandel dRes, daRmavali mobiloba, yvelaze metad, iseT

ganqorwinebul da gaSorebul qalebs Soris aris gavrcelebuli, visac
Svilebi hyavs. amgvari SemTxvevis sailustraciod, jon Svarcis wignis
,,daviwyebuli amerikelebi” gmiris sandra boltonis magaliTs mogiyvanT.
sandras bediswera abaTilebs im mosazrebas, rom, Tu adamiani
gulmodgined Sromobs da wesebs icavs, mas warmateba elodeba.
eqvswliani qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi, sandras meuRle mudmivad scemda,
ris gamoc keTildReobis oficialurma warmomadgenlebma sandras ori
Svilisa da maTi mamis Tanacxovreba saxifaTod miiCnies. bavSvTa dacvis
samsaxurma sandras ganucxada, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is qmars ar
gaeyreboda, bavSvebze zrunva saxelmwifos daekisreboda; amitom sandram
ganqorwineba moiTxova.

ganqorwinebamde ori kviriT adre, sandras meuRlem sabargo manqana

avejiTa da Rirebuli nivTebiT gaavso da saxlidan wavida. mas Semdeg
sandras yofili qmari aRar unaxavs da misgan arc finansuri daxmareba
miuRia. qorwinebis periodSi is saSualo klasisTvis Sesaferisi
komfortuli cxovrebis wesiT cxovrobda, amJamad ki mxolod saarsebo
minimumiT uwevda dakmayofileba. is kolejSi swavlis gagrZelebas
Seecada, paralelurad, Svilebisa da sakuTari Tavis rCenis mizniT,
sxvadasxva saxis fizikur samuSaosac iTavsebda, magram mainc ver
axerxebda sakmarisi Tanxis gamomuSavebas.

29
rodesac sandram samedicino centrSi mdivnad sruli datvirTviT daiwyo
muSaoba, mis Svilebs mezobeli uvlida. leqciebs saRamos saaTebSi da
zafxulobiT eswreboda da sabolood SesZlo kolejis damTavreba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom is mravaljer ecada daewyo samsaxuri, mdivnis
Tanamdebobaze ufro maRalanazRurebadi samuSao ver iSova. mis mier
gamomuSavebuli fuli sakmarisi ar iyo saojaxo xarjebis dasafarad,
amitom man saRamos saaTebSi supermarketis registraciaSi kidev erTi
samuSao SeiTavsa. miuxedavad amisa, mis ojaxs mxolod saarsebo
minimumiT uwevda dakmayofileba.

“cdilob saqmes pasuxismgeblobiT moekido”, ambobs sandra, “magram mainc

sayvedurs imsaxureb, radgan arsebuli sistema sworad moqmedebis
saSualebas ar gaZlevs. imis Tqma minda, rom me Zalian bevrs vmuSaob,
magram SeuZlebelia erTma adamianma amden saqmes Tavi marto gaarTvas”.
(Schwarz 1991).

sandra, romelic meuRlesTan erTad komfortulad cxovrobda,

ganqorwinebis Semdeg siRaribeSi aRmoCnda. es ar aris erTaderTi
SemTxveva, romelic SeerTebul StatebSi, an gaerTianebul samefoSi
dafiqsirda.

socialuri mobiloba da warmateba

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi bevrs miaCnia, rom Tanmimdevruli da

Tavdadebuli Sromis pirobebSi, umaRles mwvervalze asvla nebismier
adamians SeuZlia, Tumca statistika sawinaaRmdego suraTs gviCvenebs.
ratom aris ase rTuli warmatebis miRweva? erTi mxriv, pasuxi Zalian
martivia. iseT sazogadoebaSic ki, sadac maRali poziciis dasakaveblad
yvelas Tanabari Sansi gaaCnia, amas mxolod umciresoba axerxebs.
umaRles safexurze arsebul socioekonomikur wyobas piramidis forma
aqvs da Zalauflebis, statusisa da simdidris mflobeli adamianebi,
romlebic piramidis wverze moeqcnen, SedarebiT cotaa. britaneTis
mTeli mosaxleobidan, romelic ormocdaTvramet milions Seadgens, asi
an orasi msxvili kompaniis direqtoris Tanamdeboba or an sam aTass Tu
uWiravs.

suraTi: rogor gavxde warmatebuli

Zalauflebisa da simdidris mflobelebi ukeT axerxeben qonebis

SenarCunebas, radgan maTi simdidre Semdeg STamomavlobas gadaecema.
SeZlebul adamianebs SeuZliaT sakuTar Svilebs Rirebuli ganaTleba
miscen, rac momavalSi maT kargi samsaxuriT uzrunvelyofs.
mdidrebisTvis dawesebuli maRali gadasaxadebisa da gardacvalebasTan
dakavSirebuli valdebulebebis miuxedavad, isini, Cveulebriv, mainc
axerxeben uZravi qoneba da kerZo sakuTreba Tavis memkvidreebs gadascen.
umaRles safexurze myof umravles adamianTa warmatebas maTi
profesiuli an materialuri warmomavloba ganapirobebs. SeZlebulTa
Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevam gviCvena, rom maT Soris iSviaTad SexvdebiT
adamians, romelsac karieris dasawyisSi araferi gaaCnda. im adamianTa
umravlesobam, romelmac “fuli iSova”, an es fuli memkvidreobiT miiRo,

30
an Tundac umniSvnelo kapitals flobda da Semdgom es Tanxa
miznobrivad gamoiyena.

uiliam rubinSteinma 1980-ian wlebSi britaneli milionrebis

warmomavloba gamoikvlia (Rubinstein 1986). misi naSromi 1984-1985 wels
gardacvlil iseT milionrebs Seiswavlis, romlebmac, sul cota,
milioni funtis Rirebulebis memkvidreoba datoves. (cocxal
milionrebze saimedo faqtebis mopoveba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.)
rubinSteinma daadgina, rom milionerTa 42 procents SeZlebuli
biznesmenebisa da miwaTmflobelebis Svilebi Seadgens. im adamianTa
raodenoba, romlebmac, savaraudod, ojaxebisgan miiRes materialuri
daxmareba (maRali profesionalebis Svilebi), 29 procentia. milionerTa
43 procentma 100 000 funtze meti Rirebulebis memkvidreoba miiRo, 32
procentma ki 10 000-100 000-s Soris Rirebulebis. britaneTSi rom
gamdidrde, mdidar adamianad unda daibado.

mobilobis doneebi

mobilobis doneebi mTel britaneTSi eqstensiurad omis Semdgom

periodSi Seiswavles – Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, ZiriTadi aqcenti
mamakacebze gakeTda. erT-erTi pirveli kvleva devid glass (1954)
ekuTvnis. glasi, Tavis naSromSi, TaobaTaSorisi mobilobis xangrZliv
periods aanalizebs 1950-ian wlebamde. mis mier mopovebuli monacemebi
emTxveva zemoxsenebul saerTaSoriso monacemebs (cisfersayeloianTa
samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa saqmianobaze mobiloba 30 procentia).
glasis kvlevas farTod iyenebdnen saerTaSoriso Sedarebis dros.
mobilobis SemTxvevebi xSiri iyo, magram, umravles SemTxvevaSi, es ar
iyo masStaburi mobiloba. daRmaval mobilobasTan SedarebiT, ufro
aRmavali mobiloba dafiqsirda, romelic umetesad klasobrivi
struqturis Sua doneebze iyo koncentrirebuli. qveda fenis
warmomadgenlebi kvlav qveda fenaSi darCnen; profesiuli da menejeruli
saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianTa Svilebis 50 procenti ki analogiur
saqmianobas eweoda.

jon gouldTorfma da misma kolegebma oqsfordSi kidev erTi, 1972 wlis

gamokiTxvaze dafuZnebuli, kvleva Caatares (Golgthorpe et al. 1980). maT
miznad daisaxes, SeeswavlaT, Tu ramdenad Seicvala socialuri
mobilobis maxasiaTeblebi glasis naSromis Semdeg. gouldTorfma
daaskvna, rom mamakacebis mobilobis done, wina periodTan SedarebiT,
ufro maRali iyo, radgan am dros ufro masStaburi da xangrZlivi
moZraoba dafiqsirda. amis mizezi dasaqmebis sistemis gaTanabreba ar iyo.
cvlilebebi, cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebTan SedarebiT,A
TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebis zrdam ufro gamoiwvia. mkvlevarebma
daadgines, rom, araprofesional da naxevradprofesional, fizikurad
momuSave adamianTa Svilebis ori mesamedi aseve fizikuri saqmianobiT
aris dakavebuli. profesionalTa da menejerTa 30 procenti muSaTa
klasis warmomavlobisaa, cisfersayeloianTa 4 procenti ki warmoSobiT
profesionalTa da menejerTa klass ekuTvnis.

entoni hiTis mier mopovebul monacemebs srulyofils ver vuwodebT,

magram misi kvleva adasturebs, rom profesiul da menejerul

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saqmianobaSi, qalebisTvis arsebul SesaZleblobaTa naklebobis gamo,
qalTa mobilobis Sansebi Zlier SezRudulia. (Heath 1981). profesionalTa
da menejerTa qaliSvilebis naxevarze meti rutinul saofise saqmianobas
eweva, mamis TanamdebobasTan miaxloebuli maRali donis pozicia mxolod
8 procents uWiravs. cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobis qalTa mxolod
1.5 procenti aris am saqmianobiT dakavebuli (48 procenti ki rutinul
saofise samuSaos asrulebs).

aTi wlis Semdeg, oqsfordSi mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi

kvleva Catarda (Goldthorpe and Payne 1986). kvlevam pirveli naSromis
ZiriTadi Sedegebi daadastura, magram Tavi iCina cvlilebebmac.
magaliTad, cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobis biWebisTvis profesiul an
menejerul Tanamdebobaze muSaobis Sansebi gaizarda. aman, Tavis mxriv,
dasaqmebis struqturis Secvla gamoiwvia. cisfersayeloianTa
saqmianobebi Semcirda, TeTrsayelianTa saqmianobebis raodenoba ki,
Sesabamisad, gaizarda. daRmavalma mobilobam, pirvel kvlevasTan
SedarebiT, amJamad Tavi naklebad iCina. magram aRniSnul kvlevaSi,
proporciulad, muSaTa klasis warmomavlobis meti umuSevari mamakaci
dafiqsirda, rac 1970-iani wlebSi dawyebul masobriv umuSevrobas mohyva.

marSalma da misma kolegebma 1980-iani wlebis kvlevis Sedegebi

warmoadgines, romelic gouldTorfisa da sxvebis aRmoCenebs daemTxva.
maT daadgines, rom TeTrsayeloianTa an profesiul samuSaoebze
dasaqmebul adamianTa daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi cisfersayeloianTa
warmomavlobisaa. amgvari aRmoCenebi britanuli sazogadoebis Zlieri
denadobis faqts adasturebs. socialur ierarqiul kibeze aRmasvla,
rogorc TaobisSida, ise TaobaTaSoris mobilobasTan mimarTebaSi,
marTlac bevr adamians SeuZlia. magram skala, am SemTxvevaSic, qalebis
sawinaaRmdego maCveneblebs afiqsirebs, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi
arsebuli denadoba ki maRali donis saqmianobebisken aris mimarTuli.
marSali da misi kolegebi askvnian: ,,mwvervalze adgilis dakavebas” ar
axlavs Tanabari SesaZleblobebi” (Marshall et al 1988, gv. 138). Tumca, mudam
unda gvaxsovdes sakiTxi, romlis Sesaxeb adrec vimsjeleT: mobiloba
xangrZlivi procesia da Tu sazogadoeba “Ria” sazogadoebad gadaqcevis
procesSi imyofeba, Sedegebi rom sruli saxiT gamoCndes, amas mTeli
Taoba dasWirdeba.

socialuri mobilobis Seswavlis Tanmxlebi problemebi

socialuri mobilobis Seswavlas sxvadasxva problema axlavs.

magaliTad, ar aris naTeli, ramdenad sworia, rom cisfersayeloianTa
samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze mobiloba “aRmaval”
procesad fasdeba. profesional cisfersayeloian muSaks, SesaZloa,
TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli saqmianobiT dakavebul bevr adamianTan
SedarebiT, ukeTesi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba hqondes. samuSaos buneba
mudmivad icvleba da msgavsi saqmianobebi SeiZleba Semdeg gansxvavebuli
aRmoCndes. magaliTad, klerkis saqmianoba, saofise samuSaos
meqanizaciisa da kompiuterizaciis gamo, ukanaskneli ramdenime
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, Zlier Seicvala. kidev erT sirTules imis
gadawyveta warmoadgens, TaobaTaSorisi mobilobis Seswavlis procesSi,
karieris romel safexurs mivaniWoT upiratesoba. rodesac Svili

32
muSaobas iwyebs, mSoblisTvis SeiZleba am dros karieris Sua periodi
iyos. mSoblebma da Svilebma SeiZleba erTdroulad, erTi an sxvadasxva
(rac naklebad aRiniSneba) mimarTulebiT ganaxorcielon mobiloba. es
jgufebi erTmaneTs karieris dasawyisSi unda SevadaroT Tu karieris
dasasruls?

am sirTuleebis daZleva, garkveulwilad, SesaZlebelia. rodesac,

specialuri Seswavlis Sedegad, naTeli xdeba, rom samuSaos bunebam
radikaluri cvlileba ganicada, dasaqmebis kategoria unda Seicvalos.
magaliTad, maRali donis cisfersayeloianTa samuSao da
TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli saqmianoba SeiZleba erT jgufSi moTavsdes
da erTi saqmianobidan meore saqmianobaSi ganxorcielebuli mobiloba
erTianad iqnas Seswavlili. aseve mogvarebadia imasTan dakavSirebuli
problemac, Tu karieris romel safexurze unda moxdes Sedareba
TaobaTaSorisi mobilobis dros. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelT gvaqvs saWiro
monacemebi, mSoblebi Svilebs rogorc karieris dasawyisSi, ise karieris
bolos unda SevadaroT. Tumca, es strategia yvela moTxovnas ar
akmayofilebs. cifrebs, romlebic mobilobasTan dakavSirebul kvlevaSi
gvxvdeba, frTxilad unda mivudgeT. mobilobis kvleva mxolod zogadi
daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva, rac, gansakuTrebiT, iseT
kvlevebs exeba, sadac saerTaSoriso Sedarebebia warmodgenili.

Tqveni, mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli, Sansebi

mobilobis kvlevidan gamomdinare, ra Sansebi hqonda 1990-ian wlebSi

adamians, romelic karg samuSao adgils eZebda? wina Taobebis msgavsad,
is, savarudod, aRmaval mobilobas ganaxorcielebda, Tu imTaviTve ar
iqneboda privilegirebuli warmomavlobisa. menejeruli da profesiuli
samuSaoebi, dabali donis poziciebTan SedarebiT, albaT, proporciulad
isev gaizrdeba. am “Tavisufal adgilebs” is Seavsebs, vinc ganaTlebis
sistemaSi miaRwevs warmatebas.

magram maRali statusis poziciebi sakmarisi raodenobiT mainc ar aris

da, aqedan gamomdinare, maTze xeli yvela msurvels ar miuwvdeba. amitom,
karierasTan dakavSirebuli imedebi yovelTvis ar marTldeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom dRes, warsulTan SedarebiT, ufro meti menejeruli da
profesiuli samuSao arsebobs, saerTo ekonomikuri mdgomareoba
uaresdeba, samuSaos aqtiur maZiebelTaAricxvi ki izrdeba. amis erT-erTi
mizezi isic aris, rom garkveul samuSaoebze mamakacebs qalebi sul
ufro metad uweven konkurencias. kidev erTi mizezi (Sedegebi jer
bolomde Sefasebuli ar aris) warmoebis procesebSi informaciuli
teqnologiebis mzardi moxmarebaa. urTulesi samuSaoc ki, romelsac
adre mxolod adamiani asrulebda, amJamad kompiuteriT xorcieldeba,
ramac bevri samuSao adgilis gauqmeba gamoiwvia.

qals karieraSi warmatebis miRwevis sul ufro meti Sansi mieca, magram
mas am procesSi ori ZiriTadi sirTule xvdeba. muSaobis dawyebis
mosurne qali, mamakaci menejerebisa da damsaqmeblebis mxridan, kvlav
diskriminacias ganicdis. es, nawilobriv, imiT aris gamowveuli, rom,
damsaqmebelTa azriT, qalebs kariera ar ainteresebT da isini,
savaraudod, qorwinebis Semdeg aRar isurveben muSaobas. qalebis

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dasaqmebis Sansebze kidev erTi faqtori zemoqmedebs. qals SeiZleba
karieris gagrZeleba surdes, magram iZulebuli gaxdes, Svilebsa da
samsaxurs Soris gaakeTos arCevani. mamakacebi, saojaxo da Svilebze
zrunvis saqmeSi, sruli datvirTviT, iSviaTad monawileoben. miuxedavad
imisa, rom dRes sul ufro meti qali axerxebs saojaxo saqmisa da
warmatebuli karieris SeTavsebas, maT am gzaze, jer kidev, bevri
mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba xvdebaT.

siRaribe da uTanasworoba

gaerTianebul samefoSi, klasobrivi sistemis qveda fenis mravali

adamiani siRatakes ganicdis. bevri maTgani saTanadod ver ikvebeba,
antisanitariul pirobebSi cxovrobs da, mosaxleobis umravlesobasTan
SedarebiT, sicocxlis ufro dabali mosalodneli xangrZlivoba aqvs.
Tumca, bevr SeZlebul adamians Zalze mwiri warmodgena aqvs siRaribis
masStabebis Sesaxeb.

siRaribe axali fenomeni ar aris. 1889 wels gamoqveynda Carlz buTis

naSromi, romelic adasturebs, rom londonis mosaxleobis mesamedi
ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrobda (Booth 1889). sazogadoebam am informaciis
mimarT mwvave reaqcia gamoavlina. rogor moxda, rom erT dros
msoflios umdidres qveyanaSi, uzarmazari imperiis centrSi, ase
gavrcelda siRatake? buTis naSromi misi mosaxelis, xsnis armiis
generlis, uiliam buTis nawarmoebs efuZneba. ,,bneli inglisi da aqedan
gasaRwevi gza” (1970, pirvelad 1890 wels gamoqveynda) Carlz buTis
gamoTvlebis SedegebiT iwyeba. am cifrebis mixedviT, londonSi 387 000
“Zalian Raribi” adamiani cxovrobs, 222 000 “SimSilis zRvarze” imyofeba,
300 000 ki “SimSilobs.” uiliam buTis wignma sazogadoebaze imdenad didi
STabeWdileba moaxdina, rom erT weliwadSi milioni egzemplari gaiyida.
misi azriT, siRaribesTan brZola praqtikuli reformatuli
programebiTa da keTildReobis samsaxuris daxmarebiT aris SesaZlebeli.

ra aris siRaribe?

rogor gansazRvraven siRaribes? Cveulebriv, erTmaneTisgan saarsebo

zRvarze myofTa anu absolutur da SedarebiT siRaribes asxvaveben.
saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribis standarti pirvelad Carlz buTma
daamkvidra, rac fizikuri jansaRi arsebobisTvis savaldebulo
moTxovnaTa – sakmarisi sakvebisa da sxeulis efeqturi
funqcionirebisTvis saWiro TavSesafris - naklebobas gulisxmobs. buTis
azriT, es moTxovnebi met-naklebad saerToa nebismier qveyanaSi
mcxovrebi, msgavsi asakisa da fizikuri monacemebis, adamianebisTvis.
siRaribis analizis dros, mTel msoflioSi, ZiriTadad, isev am cnebas
iyeneben.

saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribe zogjer araadekvaturad fasdeba. es,

yvelaze xSirad, Semosavlis specifikuri donis formulirebis dros
xdeba. Tu siRaribe aSkarad gamovlenili ar aris, siRaribis raime erTi
kriteriumiT, zogierTi individi SeiZleba siRaribis zRvars zemoT
Sefasdes, realurad ki misi Semosavali saarsebo minimumis moTxovnebsac
ar akmayofilebdes. magaliTad, qveynis zogierTi nawilSi, sxva

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regionebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali fasebia. garda amisa, saarsebo
zRvarze myofTa siRaribis donis Sefasebisas, ar iTvaliswineben
saarsebo standartis zrdas. siRaribis doneebTan dakavSirebuli ideebi,
ekonomikuri zrdis kvaldakval, sazogadoebaSi normebisa da
molodinebis cvlilebas unda miesadagos. samyaros mosaxleobis
umravlesobas saxlSi ara aqvs Sxapi da abazana; industriul qveyanaSi ki
wylis gayvaniloba erT-erT aucilebel sayofacxovrebo pirobad miiCneva.
kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa SedarebiTi siRaribis formulirebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebic. am SemTxvevaSi, zogad kriteriumad
Semosavali moiazreba, magram adamianebs sxva realuri moTxovnilebebic
gaaCniaT.

siRaribe dRes

SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva bevri qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac

“siRaribis zRvari” oficialurad aris dadgenili, britaneTis mTavroba
siRaribis interpretacias ar axdens.

gaerTianebul samefoSi Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT, “siRaribeSi”

cxovrobs is, visac damatebiTi daxmarebis odenobis an am Tanxaze ufro
dabali Semosavali gaaCnia. “damatebiTi daxmareba,” naRdi fulis saxiT,
iseT adamianebs eZlevaT, romelTa Semosavali saarsebo minimumums ver
akmayofilebs. adamianebi, romelTa Semosavali damatebiTi daxmarebis 100-
dan 140 procentamde Seadgenda, “siRaribis zrvarze myof adamianTa”
jgufs miakuTvnes. damatebiTi daxmareba amJamad aRar arsebobs, magram
Cvens xelT arsebuli cifrebi im periodSia mopovebuli, rodesac is jer
kidev arsebobda.

siRaribeSi an siRaribis zRvarze mcxovreb adamianTa ricxvi 1980-ian

wlebSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda. 1979 wels pirvel kategorias 6 milioni
adamiani anu mosaxleobis 12 procenti ekuTvnoda. orive kategoria ki 22
procents Seadgens. 1987 wels, igive TanmimdevrobiT, 19 da 28 procenti
dafiqsirda; 10 milioni adamiani siRaribeSi, kidev 5 milioni ki -
siRaribis zRvarze cxovrobda. (Bleckburn 1991). orive kategoriaSi
gaerTianebul adamianTa ricxvi, daaxloebiT, ori mesamediT gaizarda,
rac am periodSi umuSevrobis zrdam ganapiroba.

vin arian Raribebi? amgvar kategoriebs, savaraudod, umuSevrebi,

nawilobriv an arastabilurad dasaqmebuli, avadmyofi da
unarSezRuduli adamianebi, didi ojaxebis wevrebi da erTmSobliani
ojaxebi ekuTvnian. xandazmul pensionerTa daaxloebiT naxevari
siRaribeSi cxovrobs. bevr adamians, romelic, dasaqmebis periodSi,
maRal anazRaurebas iRebda, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, Semosavali
sagrZnoblad Seumcirda. erTmSobliani ojaxebis zrdasTan erTad,
proporciulad, Rarib ojaxTa raodenobac izrdeba. aseT ojaxebs,
umravles SemTxvevebSi, qalebi uZRvebian. 1980-1990-ian wlebSi dawyebuli
umuSevroba, uaxloes momavalSi, savaraudod, ar Semcirdeba; ojaxis
ZiraTad marCenalTa da maTi Svilebis xangrZlivi umuSevroba sul ufro
meti ojaxis siRaribes ganapirobebs.

35
siRaribis kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli iseT ojaxebSi mcxovreb bavSvTa (15
wlis qvemoT) proporciuli raodenobaa, romelTa Semosavali saSualo
erovnul standartze 50 procentiT dabalia. es maCvenebeli ukanasknel
wlebSi gaizarda. 1979 wels amgvar ojaxebSi bavSvTa 10 procenti
cxovrobda; 1991 wlisTvis es proporcia 31 procentamde gaizarda. vinod
kumari, am da sxva kvlevis Sedegebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, askvnis, rom
,,siRaribis sxvadasxva maCvenebelze dafuZnebuli faqtebis ganxilva,
bavSvTa mkveTrad mzardi siRaribis tendencias adasturebs.” (KKumar 1993,
gv. 187).

bavSvTa siRaribis gavrcelebas, yvelaze metad, umuSevroba,

dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaoebisa da erTmSobliani ojaxebis zrda
ganapirobebs.

ratom agrZeleben Raribebi siRaribeSi cxovrebas?

siRaribis doneebze, zogadad, garkveuli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas.

siRaribis winaaRmdeg, samTavrobo programebTan erTad, kargad
ganviTarebuli da sistemurad administrirebuli keTildReobis
programebi moqmedebs. samTavrobo programebi umuSevrobis Semcirebaze
muSaobs. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, SvedeTSi, saarsebo zRvarze
myofTa siRaribe TiTqmis bolomde aRmoifxvra. am miznis ganxorcielebas
socialuri sazRauri esaWiroeba, romelic mxolod maRali gadasaxadebis
dawesebiT ki ar miiRweva, aramed, zog SemTxvevaSi, gavleniani
biurokratuli samTavrobo saagentoebis ganviTarebis gziT. Tumca,
materialuri uTanasworoba iseT qveyanaSi ufro igrZnoba, romelSic
dovlaTi da Semosavali Riaa sabazro meqanizmebisTvis - magaliTad,
aseTi iyo 1980-iani wlebis didi britaneTi. misis tetCeris
saxelisuflebo politika individebisa da korporaciebisTvis
gadasaxadebis Semcirebas gulisxmobda; amas ekonomikuri zrda unda
gamoewvia, riTac, Sesabamisad, Raribebic isargeblebdnen. faqtebi am
Tezisis winaaRmdeg metyvelebs. aseTi politikaM SeiZleba gaxdes an ar
gaxdes ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizezi, magram misi Sedegebi kidev ufro
gazrdis Rarib da SeZlebul adamianebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebasa da
saarsebo zRvarze myofTa ricxvs. (socialuri programebis moculobisa
da gavlenis saerTaSoriso SedarebisTvis, ix. cxrili 10.2).

gamokiTxvidan gamomdinare, britanelTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom

siRaribis gamo pasuxismgebloba Tavad Raribebs unda daekisroT da
eWviT uyurebeben maT, vinc mTavrobis xarjze cxovrobs. bevri adamianis
azriT, mas, vinc keTildReobis programiT sargeblobs, SeuZlia, magram
ar surs muSaoba. es Sexedulebebi realobas ar Seesabameba. oficialuri
monacemebiT, siRaribeSi mcxovreb adamianTa meoTxedi muSaobs, magram
maTi gamomuSaveba siRaribis zRvars ar scdeba. danarCen umravlesobas 14
wels qvemoT asakis bavSvebi, samocdaxuTi wlis an samocdaxuT wels
zemoT asakis xandazmulebi da avadmyofi an unarSezRuduli adamianebi
Seadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom keTildReobis programebTan
dakavSirebuli TaRliTobis Sesaxeb mravali miTqma-moTqma ismis, amgvar
SemTxvevaTa 1 procentic ar aris dafiqsirebuli – TaRliTobas
sagadasaxado sistemaSi ufro vawydebiT, sadac gadasaxadebis damalvis

36
an gadaxdisTvis Tavis aridebis mizeziT, Semosavlis 10 procentze meti
ikargeba.

cxrili 10.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu ra mimarTebaSia maRali fenis

warmomadgenel mamakacTa 10%-is gamomuSaveba dabali fenis
warmomadgenel mamakacTa 10%-is gamomuSavebasTan. rac ufro maRalia
cifri (daakvirdiT vertikalur xazs), miT ufro didia uTanasworoba

yvelaze Rarib adamianTa Semosavlis 10% gayofili yvelaze mdidar

adamianTa Semosavlis 10% -ze

aSS
kanada
gaerTianebuli samefo
axali zelandia
avstralia
iaponia
italia
SvedeTi

wyaro: Independent on Sunday, 21 ivlisi, 1996.

cxrili 10.2 socialuri programebis SedarebiTi masStabi da gavlena

Svid dasavlur qveyanaSi

im dabali im dabali im dabali

Semosavlis mqone Semosavlis mqone Semosavlis mqone
adamianebis ormSobliani xandazmulTa
sruli ojaxebis sruli ojaxebis sruli
procentuli procentuli procentuli
maCvenebeli, maCvenebeli, maCvenebeli,
romlebmac romlebmac romlebmac
samTavrobo samTavrobo samTavrobo
daxmarebis daxmarebis daxmarebis
wyalobiT, wyalobiT, wyalobiT,
saSualo saSualo saSualo
Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis
dones miaRwies dones miaRwies dones miaRwies

gaerTianebuli 68.5 63.1 77.0

samefo
SeerTebuli 38.1 19.4 71.5
Statebi
israeli 50.0 42.9 58.1
kanada 52.7 40.5 84.4
norvegia 80.1 56.4 94.0
(dasavleT) 78.8 69.8 88.4
germania
SvedeTi 87.8 76.5 99.9

37
wyaro: Timothy M. Smeeding et al. (eds), Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in
Comparative Perspective, 1990, gv. 30-1, cxrili 2.1 da gv. 67, cxrili 3.5

siRaribe da keTildReobis samsaxurze damokidebuleba

siRaribeSi cxovreba mudmivad am mdgomareobaSi yofnas ar niSnavs.

siRaribeSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesobas odezRac ukeTes pirobebSi
ucxovria, an imedi aqvs, rom momavalSi, odesme, Tavs daaRwevs siRaribes.
magram iseTi adamianebic arseboben, romelTa xvedri bolomde siRaribeSi
cxovrebaa; es, gansakurebiT, xangrZlivad dausaqmebel adamianebs exebaT.

keTildReobis institutebisadmi kritikulad ganwyobili adamianebi

acxadeben, rom is “keTildReobaze damokidebulebas” iwvevs, rac imas
niSnavs, rom adamianebi swored im programebze arian damokidebulni,
romlebic maT, TiTqos, damoukidebeli da srulyofili cxovrebis
dawyebaSi exmareba. isini ara mxolod materialurad, aramed
fsiqologiurad damokidebulnic xdebian, radgan mudmivad
keTildReobis samsaxuris fuladi daxmarebis molodinSi arian. sakuTari
cxovrebis mimarT aqtiuri damokidebulebis gamomuSavebis nacvlad,
adamianebi pasiur da umoqmedo gzas irCeven da keTildReobis sistemisgan
elian mxardaWeras.

keTildReobaze damokidebulebis ideas urTierTsapirispiro

Tvalsazrisebi axlavs. zogierTebi amgvari damokidebulebis gavrcelebis
faqts uaryofen. isini acxadeben, rom “keTildReobis samsaxuriT
sargebloba,” Cveulebriv, uxerxulobis grZnobas iwvevs da am
mdgomareobaSi myof adamianTa umravlesoba aqtiurad ibrZvis, raTa, rac
SeiZleba swrafad gaTavisufldes am saxis daxmarebisgan.

kerol uolkerma Seiswavla, Tu rogor axerxeben fuladi mxardaWeriT

msargebeli adamianebi maTi cxovrebis organizebas. man daadgina, rom
realuri suraTi sruliad gansxvavdeba im adamianTa Tvalsazrisisgan,
romlebic keTildReobis programebis SemosavliT arsebobas martiv
gamosavlad miiCneven. erT kvlevaSi dausaqmebel respondentTa 80-ma
procentma, keTildReobis programebiT sargeblobis Semdeg, cxovrebis
standartis gauareseba daafiqsira. umravlesobas kidev ufro metad
uxdeba arsebobisTvis brZola. meores mxriv, umciresoba acxadebs, rom
socialurma daxmarebam maTi cxovrebis standartis gaumjobeseba
gamoiwvia. magaliTad, dausaqmebel 60 wlis adamians, SeuZlia pensiaze 30-
procentiani danamati moiTxovos, ris Sedegad misi Zveli Semosavali
gaizrdeba.

im kategoriaSi, romelsac pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sansi aqvs, martoxela

mSoblebic erTiandebian. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom martoxela
mSobelTa erTi mesamedi – romelTagan TiTqmis yvela qalia –
ganqorwinebis Semdeg, ukeTes materialur pirobebSi cxovrobda. Tumca,
didi umravlesoba uares pirobebSi aRmoCnda.

1990-ian wlebSi socialuri daxmarebiT msargebelTa 12 procenti

acxadebs, ,,rom maTi saqmeebi sakmaod kargad midis.” umravlesoba

38
acxadebs, ,,rom maT minimaluri Semosavali aqvT” da “bevri sirTulis
daZleva uxdebaT”: winaswar verafers gegmaven, samomavlod fulis
dazogva ar SeuZliaT da mudmivad Relaven sayofacxovrebo
gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom kvebis sakiTxi Zalze
mniSvnelovania, fulis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, xSirad, swored sakvebis
xarjze uxdebaT ekonomiis gakeTeba. uolkeri askvnis: “sagazeTo
sensaciebis miuxedavad, Tavisufali arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, socialuri
daxmarebis xarjze cxovrebaze adamianTa umravlesoba uars ganacxadebda.
umravlesoba am mdgomareobaSi maT cxovrebaSi arsebuli travmuli
gamocdilebis – samsaxuris dakargvis, partnioris dakargvis, an
avadmyofobis - gamo aRmoCnda” (Walker 1994, gv. 9).

imis miuxedavad, Tu ramdenad gavrcelebulia keTildReobaze

damokidebuleba, misi daZleva keTildReobis institutebSi arsebuli
reformis erT-erT mniSvnelovan amocanad iqca. amgvar reformebs Soris,
yvelaze metad, samuSaoze orientirebuli keTildReobis programebi
gamoirCeva, romelTa mizans sazogadoebrivi daxmarebiT msargebel
recipientTa anazRaurebad samuSaoebze gadayvana warmoadgens. es
programebi gaerTianebul samefoSi da sxva evropul qveynebSi
xorcieldeba, SeerTebul StatebSi ki didi xania arsebobs. aqedan
gamomdinare, maTi gamocdilebis gaziareba sxva qveynebsac SeuZliaT.

deniel fridlenderma da gari bertlesma xelisuflebis mier

inicirebuli oTxi gansxvavebuli programa Seiswavles, romelTa mizans
keTildReobis recipientebisTvis anazRaurebadi samuSaos moZebnaSi
xelSewyoba warmoadgenda. es erTmaneTis msgavsi programebi iyo. isini
keTildReobis iseT recipientebs uwevdnen finansur daxmarebas,
romlebic aqtiurad eZebdnen samuSaos, maT samuSaos moZiebis teqnikas
aswavlidnen da ganaTlebis miRebisa da wvrTnis SesaZleblobebiT
uzrunvelyofdnen. samizne mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, erTmSoblian ojaxebs
moicavda. isini qveyanaSi arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze msxvili -
damokidebulbavSviani ojaxebis daxmarebis - programiT sargeblobdnen.
fridlenderma da bertlesma daadgines, rom programebma Sedegi gamoiRo.
am programebiT msargebeli adamianebi marTlac dasaqmdnen da es im
adamianebze adre moaxerxes, romlebic programaSi ar monawileobdnen.
oTxive programis farglebSi, gamomuSaveba programis xarjebs
ramdenjerme aRemateboda. Tumca, programa araefeqturi aRmoCnda
xangrZlivad dausaqmebeli adamianebisTvis, anu maTTvis, visac misi
daxmareba yvelaze metad sWirdeboda.

samuSaoze orientirebuli keTildReobis programebis mizani

keTildReobis recipientTa mier samuSaos moZiebis pozitiuri
xelSewyobaa. Tumca, zogierTi keTildReobis analitikosi ufro
kategoriul midgomas gvTavazobs. maTi azriT, garkveul garemoebebSi,
keTilReobis fuladi daxmareba unda Semcirdes an saerTod gauqmdes.
magaliTad, daxmarebiT ar unda isargeblos martoxela dedam, romelic,
keTildReobis samsaxuriT sargeblobis pirobebSi, meore Svilsac
gaaCens. amgvari sqemis mizans iseTi pirobebis aRmofxvra warmoadgens,
romlebic aviTareben keTildReobaze damokidebulebas, raTa adamianebi
iZulebulni gaxdnen eZebon anazRaurebadi samsaxuri. kritikosebi
acxadeben, rom, Tu adamianebs keTildReobis daxmareba SeumcirdebaT an

39
CamoerTmevaT, maT, SesaZloa, saarsebod danaSauls an prostitucias
mimarTon. am sferoSi aqamde bevri eqsperimenti ar aris Catarebuli,
amitom Sedegebze msjeloba naadrevia (fridlenderi da bertlesi 1994).

usaxlkaroni

Raribebis umravlesoba sacxovreblad Seuferebel SenobaSi an mudmiv

TavSesafarSi cxovrobs. ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, didi
qalaqebis quCebSi iseTi usaxlkaro adamianebi gamoCdnen, romlebsac
amgvari pirobebic ar gaaCniaT.

“zRvars miRma” – ase axasiaTebs marta berti amerikaSi arsebul

usaxlkarobis problemas (Burt 1993). bertma am problemis Seswavla 1980-
ian wlebSi daiwyo da saswrafo daxmarebis fondisa da TavSesafris
programis Sefasebas ecada. es programebi, aRniSnul aTwleulSi,
usaxlkaro da mSieri adamianebis mozRvavebis gamo SemuSavda. bertma
daadgina, rom zogierTma adamianma quCebSi xetiali, sasurvel adgilas
Ramis gaTeva da kerZo sakuTrebis gareSe arseboba Tavad airCia. magram
umravlesoba amgvar mdgomareobaSi sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg
aRmoCnda; isini zRvars miRma, usaxlkarod, imitom darCnen, rom veRar
SeZles garkveul faqtorTa kontroli. mudmivi sacxovreblis gareSe
yofnas sxva bevri danakargi axlavs. britaneTSi usaxlkaroba “quCis
mankier wres” ukavSirdeba (ix. naxati).

siRaribis msgavsad, martivi arc usaxlkarobis gansazRvraa. ori Taobis

win, adamianTa umravlesobis mier “saxlad” ojaxis saxli aRiqmeboda.
usaxlkaroebs TavSesafrebSi mcxovreb an dasaRupad ganwirul adamainebs
uwodebdnen, radgan isini marto cxovrobdnen da sakuTari ojaxis
wevrebsa da naTesavebs iSviaTad xedavdnen.

ori-sami aTwleulis Semdeg, marto cxovrebas gacilebiT meti adamiani

aniWebs upiratesobas. usaxlkaroebs uwodeben adamianebs, romlebsac
Ramis gasaTevi ara aqvT, amitom Tavs afareben an quCis ufaso
TavSesafars, an droebiT, sacxovreblad Seuferebel adgilebs,
magaliTad, saxlis sadarbazos, parks, rkinigzis sadgurs an mitovebul
Senobas.

vin arian britaneTSi mcxovrebi usaxlkaroni? es Sereuli kategoriaa.

daaxloebiT meoTxeds fsiqiatriuli saavdmyofoebidan gamowerili
adamianebi Seadgenen. 1960-ian wlebamde zogierTi maTgani stacionarul
mkurnalobaze imyofeboda, 1960-ian wlebSi ki, jandacvis politikis
Secvlis Sedegad, saavadmyofoebidan qronikuli fsiqikuri avadmyofebis
gamoSveba daiwyes. deinstitucionalizaciis procesi ramdenime faqtorma
ganapiroba. erT-erTi, mTavrobis mxridan fulis dazogvis survili iyo,
radgan pacientebis rogorc fsiqiatriul, ise sxva tipis saavadmyofoebSi
gaCereba, did xarjebs ukavSirdeba. meore, ufro pozitiuri motivi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom, wamyvani fisqiatrebis azriT, xangrZlivi
hospitalizacia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ufro sazianoa, vidre sasargeblo. Tu
pacientze zrunva saxlis pirobebSic aris SesaZlebeli, is
saavadmyofodan unda gaeweros. magram im adamianTa imedebi, romlebic
deinstitucionalizacias pozitiur nabijad miiCnevdnen, ar gamarTlda.

40
zogierTi saavadmyofodan iseTi adamianebi gaewernen, romlebsac arsad
hqondaT wasasvleli da saavadmyofos gareT wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar
ucxovriaT. pacientis saxlis pirobebSi zrunvis uzrunvelsayofad, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, saTanado konkretuli zomebi ar iqna miRebuli.

Tumca usaxlkaroTa umravlesoba arc yofili fsiqikuri pacientebi arian

da arc alkoholze an narkotikebze damokidebuli adamianebi. isini
quCaSi piradi, zogjer erTdroulad ramdenime, tragediis Sedegad
aRmoCdnen (ix. naxati 10.2) magaliTad, ganqorwinebulma qalma, SesaZloa,
erTdroulad samuSaoc dakargos da saxlic. axalgazrdas, SesaZloa,
saxlSi problema Seeqmnas da, yovelgvari saxsrebis gareSe,Edid qalaqSi
gaemgzavros. kvlevam daadastura, rom usaxlkaroebi ZiriTadad dabali
muSaTa klasis warmomavlobis adamianebi arian, romlebsac profesiuli
unarebi ar gaaCniaT da Zalian dabali Semosavali aqvT. ZiriTadi
indikatori xangrZlivi umuSevrobaa.

dasaxlebis programis jgufma ‘SelTer” ramdenime adgilobrivi kvleva

Caatara, ris safuZvelzec usaxlkaroTa raodenoba dadginda. ,,SelTeris”
mixedviT, 1978-1992 wlebSi usaxlkaroba 300 procentiT gaizarda. 1995
wels inglisisa da uelsis adgilobrivma xelisuflebam, mudmivi
sacxovreblis gareSe myofi 450 000 adamiani daaregistrira. Tumca,
,,SelTeris” realuri monacemebiT, maCvenebeli bevrad ufro maRalia.
xelisuflebis mier mowodebuli im “usaxlkaro ojaxebis” statistika,
romlebsac droebiTi sacxovrebebli aqvT, 10,3 cxrilSia mocemuli.

es srulyofili gamosavali ar aris, magram am problemiT dainteresebul

sociologTa umravlesobas, miaCnia, rom, imis miuxedavad, uSualod
afinansebs Tu ara gansaxlebas mTavroba, usaxlkarobis daZlevis
procesSi, uaRresad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs gansaxlebis ufro adekvaturi
formebiT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens. kristofer jenksis wignis
,,usaxlkaroni” (1994) daskvniT nawilSi vkiTxulobT: “ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, Tu ratom aRmoCnda adamiani quCaSi, Cven mas sacxovrebeli
adgili unda SevTavazoT, radgan, misi cxovrebis gaumjobesebisTvis,
Zalian mniSvnelovania privatuloba da stabiluroba. stabiluri saxlis
gareSe araferi gamova.”

quCis mankieri wre (naxati)

1. quCaSi cxovrobs, an male aRmoCndeba aseT mdgomareobaSi

normaluri sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa nawilobriv agvarebs

usaxlkarobis problemas. gansaxlebis saagentoebi acxadeben, rom maT,
drodadro, erTi da imave adamianebis dakmayofileba uwevT.

73 procenti pirveli sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi tovebs saerTo

sacxovrebels.

2. pirveli safexuri – adamiani, romelic Rames saerTo sacxovrebelSi

aTevs

41
 zogierTi adamiani uSualod saerTo sacxovrebels mimarTavs, magram
mas ara aqvs imis garantia, rom aseT adgilas daxvdeba Tavisufali
sawoli. adamianebi, romlebic quCaSi xangrZlivad aTeven Rames,
gansaxlebis saqvelmoqmedo samsaxurs, magaliTad, seint mungos,
xSirad, Tavad mihyavs saerTo sacxovrebelSi. Semdeg maTi Sefaseba
xdeba, raTa isini proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielebul meore
safexurs daeqvemdebaron.

es procesi, adamianebis saWiroebaTa da adgilebis xelmisawvdomobidan

gamomdinare, SesaZloa, ori kviridan or wlamde gagrZeldes. bevri
maTgani, gansakuTrebiT is, visac alkoholze an narkotikebze
damokidebulebis, an fsiqikuri janmrTelobis problema aqvs, isev
quCas ubrundeba, radgan specialur saagentoebs am safexurze swrafad
moqmedebisTvis savaldebulo resursebi ar gaaCnia.

erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, aTidan sami saimedo sacxovrebels tovebs da

isev quCas ubrundeba.

4. saxelmwifo an kerZo sacxovreblis mflobelebi

maTgan, vinc saerTo sacxovrebelSi pirvel safexurze aRmoCnda,

daaxloebiT 10 procenti cxovrebas sakuTar saimedo sacxovrebel
adgilze agrZelebs. problema amiT ar sruldeba. isini kvlav Zalian
mgrZnobiareni arian da uWirT problemebis damoukideblad mogvareba.
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs, xSirad, aviwydebaT wamlis daleva,
alkoholze damokidebuli adamianebi ki, zogjer, kvlav sasmels
ubrundebian. aseT adamianebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uWirT xmaurian
mezoblebTan urTierToba da ver axerxeben gazis safasuris regularul
gadaxdas, ris gamoc isev quCaSi dabrunebas amjobineben.

19% tovebs saerTo sacxovrebels da proeqtebSi wevriandeba, magaliTad,

TavSesafarSi midis da sxvebTan erTad iwyebs cxovrebas.

3 meore safexuri - proeqtebSi gawevrianebuli adamianebi

es SeiZleba sasikvdilod daavadebul adamianTa TavSesafari iyos,

an xangrZlivi fsiqikuri avadmyofebisTvis gankuTvnili
registrirebuli mzrunvelobis saxli, romelSic avadmyofs
sicocxlis bolomde aTavseben. proeqti mcire qiriT erTobliv
gansaxlebasac gulisxmobs, misi mizania, rom adamianebi isev
dasaqmdnen da sakuTar Tavze Tavad izrunon.

am proeqtebSi, adamianebi, Cveulebriv, erTidan or wlamde

wevriandebian.

wyaro: seint mungos saerTo sacxovreblebi, Guardian Education –is masalebi, 5 marti,
1996; gamoyenebulia jeni ridlis originaluri grafika.

cxrili 10.2 usaxlkaro ojaxebis usaxlkarobis mizezebi;

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa;
inglisi, uelsi da Crdilo irlandia, 1994.

42
 mSoblebi, naTesavebi an megobrebi, romlebsac aRar ZaluZT an ar surT
Tanacxovreba

partniorTan urTierTobis dasruleba

sasamarTlos ganaCeni: sesxis an qiris gadauxdeloba

kerZo sacxovreblis dakargva/ arendis momsaxurebis Sewyveta/ sxva mizezebi

wyaro: garemos departamenti, uelsis ganyofileba; garemos departamenti,

CrdiloeT irlandia. Social Ends-ze dayrdnobiT.

cxrili 10.3 droebiTi sacxovreblis mqone usaxlkaro ojaxebi did

britaneTSi, 1982-1994 (000)

sawoliTa da sauzmiT saerTo xanmokle sul

uzrunvelyofa sacxovreblebi qira
1982 2.0 3.7 4.8 10.5
1983 3.0 3.6 4.5 11.1
1984 4.2 4.2 5.3 13.7
1985 5.7 5.0 6.7 17.4
1986 9.4 5.0 8.3 22.7
1987 10.6 5.7 10.5 26.8
1988 11.2 6.8 14.2 32.2
1989 12.0 8.6 19.9 40.5
1990 11.7 10.4 27.0 49.1
1991 12.9 11.7 39.7 64.3
1992 8.4 12.6 46.6 67.6
1993 5.4 11.9 40.7 58.0
1994 4.7 11.9 35.7 52.3

wyaro: garemos departamenti; uelsis ofisi. Sotlandiis ofisi. Social Trend-ze

dayrdnobiT, 1996, gv. 187.

klasi, uTanasworoba da ekonomikuri konkurencia

ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, britaneTSi Raribebsa da SeZlebul

adamianebs Soris uTanasworoba kidev ufro gaizarda. aris Tu ara
klasobrivi uTanasworobis zrda is safasuri, romelsac aucileblobiT
iwvevs saimedo ekonomikuri ganviTareba? am sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba tetCeris mmarTvelobis periodSi eniWeboda. maSin es
movlena Semdegnairad ganimarta: dovlaTis dagrovebis mcdeloba iwvevs
ekonomikur ganviTarebas, radgan es inovaciisa da winsvlis
motivaciisTvis saWiro Zalaa. magram am mosazrebis sapirispiro bevri
faqti arsebobs. wignSi ,,kapitalizmi kapitalizmis sapirispirod” (1993)
maikl alberti erTmaneTs sistemurad adarebs warmoebisa da ekonomikuri
organizaciis or models. pirveli, romelsac is “amerikul models”
uwodebs (magram is gaerTianebul samefosac Seesabameba), mniSvnelovnad
aris damokidebuli araregulirebul bazrebsa da keTildReobis
saxelmwifo sistemaTa dabal doneebze, da mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris
uTanasworobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. meore models is “reinis
models” uwodebs, radgan is evropaSi mdinare reinis maxloblad mdebare
qveynebis – germaniis, Sveicariisa da holandiis – ekonomikur sistemas

43
efuZneba, Tumca mas iaponiisa da sxva warmatebuli aziuri qveynebis
ekonomikasTanac bevri mniSvnelovani Tviseba aerTianebs.

reinis modelSi upiratesoba, individualur interesebze metad,

koleqtiur interesebs eniWeba. es ar aris agresiulad individualuri
sazogadoebebi. stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis gadamwyvet garantad,
nebismieri saxis Temi, magaliTad, biznes sawarmo, qalaqi an SromiTi
gaerTianeba iTvleba, romlebic individebisgan Sedgeba. reinis modelis
qveynebSi gansakurebiT didi mniSvneloba egalitarul sazogadoebebs
eniWeba; aq, mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, britaneTsa da aSS-Tan
SedarebiT, naklebi gansxvavebaa.

globaluri ekonomikuri konkurenciis procesSi, reinis modeli

amerikul modelze ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda. alberti mis
egalitarul bunebaze saubrobs. albertis Tvalsazriss, warmatebul
aziur qveynebSi, magaliTad, iaponiaSi, singapurSi, samxreT koreasa da
taivanSi, ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli kvlevebic
adasturebs. is qveynebi, sadac uTanasworoba SedarebiT dabalia, ufro
warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre qveynebi, sadac Raribebsa da mdidrebs
Soris didi gansxvavebaa. Raribebi farTo sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebi
arian, isini Tavs gariyulad ar grZnoben, amis gamo maT Zalauflebis
mopovebis meti survili da SesaZleblobebi aqvT. Tumca, uTanasworobasa
da ekonomikur zrdas Soris kavSiri aqac diskusiis sagania.

daskvna

ekonomikuri uTanasworoba yvela socialuri sistemisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli mudmivi Tvisebaa, gamonakliss mxolod monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi warmoadgens, radgan aq didi dovlaTis
warmoeba ar xdeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi arsebuli ekonomikuri
uTanasworoba klasobriv dajgufebaTa saxiT yalibdeba. klasi Cvens
cxovrebaze Zalian did gavlenas axdens. magram Cveni aqtivoba yovelTvis
mxolod klasobrivi dajgufebiT ar ganisazRvreba. bevri adamaini
socialur mobilobas axorcielebs. zogi siRaribeSi cxovrobs da uWirs
am situaciidan Tavis daRweva. uTanasworobis sazomi, faqtobrivad,
SedarebiTi siRatakea; sxva dasavlur sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT,
britanuli sazogadoeba ufro aris uTanasworobisadmi midrekili.
zogierTebis azriT, uTanasworobis maRali done xels uSlis ekonomikur
ganviTarebas. siRaribesTan da uimedobasTan brZola, pirvel rigSi, am
mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis aris sasikeTo, magram amgvarma
politikam, SesaZloa, globalur ekonomikaSi gaerTianebuli samefos
konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebasac Seuwyos xeli.

44
 Sejameba

1. sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas socialuri stratifikacia ewodeba.

socialur stratifikaciaze saubrisas, yuradRebas sazogadoebaSi
dabal poziciebze myof indidvidebze vamaxvilebT. yvela
sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba stratifikacia genderisa da asakis niSniT.
tradiciul sazogadoebebsa da Tanamedrove industriul qveynebSi,
stratifikacias qonebis, kerZo sakuTrebis, materialuri da
kulturuli produqtis xelmisawvdomoba gansazRvravs.
2. stratifikaciis sistemis oTx ZiriTad tips - monobas, kastas,
wodebasa da klass – gamovyofT. pirvel sam tips legaluri da
religiurad sanqcirebuli uTanasworoba gansazRvravs, klasobrivi
dajgufeba oficialurad ar xdeba; klass adamianTa materialur
garemoebebze zemomqmedi ekonomikuri faqtorebi ayalibebs.
3. startifikaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gavleniani Teoriebi
marqss da vebers ekuTvnis. marqsi Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
klass da mas sazogadoebis ekonomikuri struqturis obieqtur
maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs. misi azriT, kapitalis mflobelebsa da
kapitalis armqone mSromelebs Soris fundamenturi gansxvavebaa.
veberi msgavs Tvalsazriss iziarebs, magram, amave dros,
startifikaciis or damatebiT aspeqts – statussa da partias -
gamoyofs. statusi individebisa da jgufebisTvis “socialuri
Rirsebis” miniWebaa; partia, garkveuli miznis safuZvelze, jgufTa
aqtiuri mobilizaciaa.
4. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ufro meti SeZlebuli adamiani
cxovrobs, vidre ramdenime Taobis winaT. miuxedavad amisa, dovlaTi
da Semosavali mainc araTanabrad nawildeba. mdidrebi sxvadasxva
saSualebas mimarTaven, raTa maTi sakuTreba Taobidan Taobas
gadaeces. dovlaTi individebis mflobelobaSi myof yvela saxis
aqtivebs – naRd fuls, danazogs, mimdinare angariSs, aqciebSi
investirebul Tanxebs, fasian qaRaldebs, uZrav qonebas da sxva
saxis investiciebs moicavs. Semosavali anazRaurebadi saqmianobis
Sedegad miRebuli xelfasi da investiciebidan Semosuli fulia.
5. ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, romelic maRal klass sxva klasobrivi
jgufebisgan mijnavs, didi raodenobis dovlaTis flobaa; es
faqtori gansakurebiT maSin aris mniSvnelovani, rodesac dovlaTi
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. saSualo klasi TeTrsayeloianTa
saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebisgan Sedgeba, magram aq Zvel
saSualo klass (magaliTad, mcire biznesis mflobelebs), maRal
saSualo klass (profesionalebsa da menejerebs) da dabal
saSualo klass (ofisis personals, maswavleblebs, eqTnebs, a.S.)
gamoyofen. muSaTa klasi cisfersayeloianebs an fizikuri
saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs aerTianebs. qveklasi qronikulad
Raribi da iseTi adamianebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic mudmivad ar
arian dasaqmebulni. qveklasi, ZiriTadad, eTnikur umciresobebs
aerTianebs.
6. cvlileba TiToul klasobriv jgufze moqmedebs. dasaqmebis
struqturaSi arsebul cvlilebaTa Sedegad, sxva klasebTan
SedarebiT, muSaTa klasi ufro mcirdeba. ZiriTadi sakamaTo Temaa,
Tu ramdenad viTardeba qveklasi.

45
 7. startifikacias, tradiciulad, mamakacis Tvalsawieridan
aanalizeben. es, nawilobriv, im misazrebiT aris gamowveuli, rom
genderuli uTanasworoba klasobriv gansxvavebas asaxavs; es
mosazreba mraval kiTxvas badebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi
genderi stratifikaciaze, klasisgan damoukideblad, axdens
gavlenas.
8. klasobrivi pozicia, Tundac nawilobriv, individis mier miiRweva.
is adamians dabadebidan ar mosdevs. klasobriv struqturaSi xSiria
rogorc aRmavali, ise daRmavali mobiloba.
9. socialur mobilobaSi ori saxis mobilobas – TaobisSida da
TaobaTaSoris mobilobas gamoyofen. pirveli, muSaobis procesSi,
socialur skalaze individis aRmaval an daRmaval moZraobas
gulisxmobs. meore Taobebs Soris moZraobaa, rodesac
cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobis qaliSvili an vaJiSvili
SeiZleba profesionali gaxdes. socialuri mobilobis masStabi,
ZiriTadad, SezRudulia. adamianTa umravlesoba warmomavlobis
donesTan inarCubs siaxloves, Tumca, ukanasknel aTwleulebSi,
TeTsayeloiani samuSaoebis matebam, mcire masStabis aRmavali
mobilobis SesaZleblobaTa zrda gamoiwvia.
10. siRaribe warmatebul qveynebSi kvlav farTod aris gavrcelebuli.
siRaribis Sefasebis ori meTodi arsebobs: erTi arsebobis zRvarze
myofTa siRaribea, rac janmrTelobis SenarCunebisa da sxeulis
efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis saWiro ZiriTadi resursebis
naklebobas gulisxmobs. meore, SedarebiTi siRaribe, zogierTi
jgufisa da mosaxleobis umravlesobis sacxovrebel pirobebs
Soris arsebul gansxvavebas asaxavs.
11. ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, savaraudod, qveynis globalur
ekonomikaSi arsebuli konkurenciis relevanturia. zogierTebis
azriT, msoflio ekonomikis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze warmatebul
industriul qveynebSi uTanasworoba SedarebiT dabalia.

damatebiTi literatura

Richard B reen an d D avid R ottman, Class Stratification (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf,

1995). socialuri klasebis ganaxlebuli mimoxilva.

T. Butler and M. Savage, Social Change and the Middle Classes (London: UCL Press, 1995).
saSualo klasebis ganviTarebis uaxlesi tendenciebis analizi.

Rosemary C rompton, Class and Stratification (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993). meore
msoflio omis Semdgom ganviTarebuli klasisa da stratifikaciis
Seswavlisadmi Teoriul da meTodologiur midgomaTa srulyofili
mimoxilva.

Robert E rikson a nd J ohn G oldthorpe, The Connstant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in
Industrial Societies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993). meoce saukunis evropaSi
socialuri mobilobis istoriuli analizi.

Frank Fi eld, Losing Out: The Emergence of Britain’s Underclass (Oxford, Blackwell, 1989).
britaneTSi mimdinare diskusia dabali klasis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. avtori:
cnobili parlamentis wevri leiboristuli partiidan.

46
David Lockwood, The Black Coated Worker: A study in Class Consciousness (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1989). klasis klasikuri Seswavlis axleburi mimoxilva,
TandarTul komentarebTan erTad.

Peter Sa unders, Social Class and Startification (London, Routledge, 1990). mokle da
martivad gasagebi teqsti klasisa da stratifikaciis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

John W erstergaard, Who Gets What? (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1995). Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT, kvlav klasis kvlevis mniSvnelobis
damasabuTebeli argumentebi.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

• monoba
• kasta
• wodeba
• maRali klasi
• saSualo klasi
• muSaTa klasi
• glexoba
• warmoebis saSualebebi
• kapitalistebi
• damatebiTi Rirebuleba
• gardamavali klasebi
• prestiJi
• paria jgufebi
• dapirispirebuli klasobrivi pozicoebi
• socialuri Caketiloba
• simdidre
• Semosavali
• qveklasi
• vertikaluri mobiloba
• lateraluri mobiloba
• TaobisSida mobiloba
• TaobaTaSorisi mobiloba
• daRmavali mobiloba
• absoluturi siRaribe
• SedarebiTi siRaribe
• keTildReobaze damokidebuleba

47
Tanamedrove organizaciebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

organizaciebi da Tanamedrove cxovreba

organizaciis Teoriebi

• biurokratiis veberiseuli xedva

• biurakratiebSi arsebuli formaluri da araformaluri
urTierTobebi
• organizaciebis fizikuri garemo
• miSel fukos Teoria organizaciebis Sesaxeb: droisa da sivrcis
kontroli
• biurokratia da demokratia

biurokratiis miRma?

iaponuri modeli

msxvili korporaciis gavlena

• transnacionaluri korporaciebis masStaburoba

• transacionaluri korporaciis tipebi
• axali tendenciebi: Semcireba da decentralizeba
• organizaciebi rogorc qselebi

teqnologiisa da Tanamedrove organizaciebis wyobis Secvla

daskvna

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

1
 ZiriTadi cnebebi

• organizacia
• biutrokratia
• formaluri urTierTobebi
• araformaluri urTierTobebi
• socialuri jgufebi

odezRac yvelani sakuTar saxlebSi vibadebodiT. qalebi, Cveulebriv,

sacxovrebel adgilas mSobiarobdnen, amitom adamianebi did
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen maTi dabadebis uSualo adgils, adgilobriv
Tems, sofels, ama Tu im saxls, an ama Tu im oTaxs. Cveulebriv, qali
sakuTar saxlSi, ZiriTad an saerTo oTaxSi mSobiarobda. mSobiarobis
pirveli niSnebis Semdeg, mis dasaxmareblad adgilobrivi qalebi
ikribebodnen. mSobiares, Cveulebriv, Rumelis win aTavsebdnen,
gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gareT civi amindi iyo. saxlSi Cala
SemohqondaT, romelsac iatakze fendnen, TiTqmis igive wesiT, rogorc
amas boselSi, xbos dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, akeTebdnen.

mSobiare mandilosans araferi gaaCnda Temis mier SeTavazebuli

resursis garda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sofelSi mcxovreb qals
azrad ar mouvidoda daxmarebisTvis Temis farglebs gareT miemarTa.
meTvramete saukuneSi da mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi saeklesio
pirebisa da administratorebis mier warmoebul, axalSobilTa bavSvebis
aRmnusxvel CanawerebSi mudmivad vkiTxulobT, ,,Tu rogor exmarebodnen
qalebi erTmaneTs” da ,,rogor xdeboda urTierTdaxmareba”. am procesSi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura bebia qali iyo, romelsac mSobiare qalis
daxmarebis saqmeSi garkveuli gamocdileba gaaCnda. Tavidan bebia qals
“karg dedas” eZaxdnen: es iyo pirovneba, romelsac fexmZimobis
mniSvnelovan periodSi da mSobiarobis procesSi axalgazrda qalis
tkivilis moSuSeba da misi problemebis mogvareba SeeZlo. 1920 wels
safrangeTSi Sedgenili dokumenti bebia qalis savaldebulo Tvisebebs
asaxavs. is “Zlieri, gabeduli, sxarti da moqnili unda yofiliyo, ar
unda hqonoda fizikuri nakli, magram unda hqonoda grZeli, kargad
ganviTarebuli xelebi.” aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo sulieri mxarec. is
unda yofiliyo “Rirseuli, mokrZalebuli, windaxeduli, kargi qceviTa
da CvevebiT” (Gelis 1991).

1950-ian wlebamde britaneTSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesoba sakuTar

saxlSi iyo dabadebuli, am periodSi Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo bebia
qalis funqciac. dRes qalebi, ZiriTadad, saavadmyofoebSi mSobiaroben,
ramac sxva mniSvnelovani transformaciebi gamoiwvia. adamianebi
emociurad naklebad arian dabadebis adgilTan dakavSirebulni. es arc
aris gasakviri. adamiani amJamad did saavadmyofoSi ibadeba, romelTanac
mas pirovnulad saerTo araferi aqvs. bebia qals, romelic qalebs
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi amSobiarebda, axla saerTod veRar SexvdebiT,
an man SeiZleba qals zogjer fexmZimobis adreul fazaSi gauwios
daxmareba. Tavad mSobiarobis process monitoringsa da kontrols
saavadmyofoSi momuSave profesionalebi – eqimebi, eqTnebi da sxva
samedicino personali uwevs.

2
organizaciebi da Tanamedrove cxovreba

Tanamedrove saavadmyofo organizaciis kargi magaliTia. o r g a n i z a

c i a aris adamianTa didi jgufi, romelTa wevrebs pirovnulad
erTmaneTTan araferi akavSirebT da specifikuri miznebis miRweva aqvT
dasaxuli; saavadmyofos SemTxvevaSi es miznebi avadmyofTa gankurneba da
samedicino daxmarebis sxva formebiT uzrunvelyofaa.

amJamad organizaciebi Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, warsulTan

SedarebiT, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. garda imisa, rom
samyaros maTi daxmarebiT vevlinebiT, isini Cven mier miRweul progressa
da gardacvalebasac afiqsireben. jer kidev Cvens dabadebamde, Cveni
dedebi da mamebi klasebSi erTiandebian, saavdmyofoebisa da sxva
samedicino organizaciebis mier warmoebul, fexmZimobasTan dakavSirebul
registracias gadian da a.S. dRevandel dRes dabadebuli TiToeuli
bavSvi samTavrobo organizaciebis mier registrirdeba. es organizaciebi
Cvens Sesaxeb dabadebidan gardacvalebamde informacias agroveben.
dResdReobiT adamianTa umravlesoba, warsulisgan gansxvavebiT,
saxlebSi ki ara, saavadmyofoebSi kvdeba. gardacvalebis yoveli
SemTxveva xelisuflebis mier formalurad unda daregistrirdes.

telefoniT sargeblobisas, wylis, televizoris, an manqanis moxmarebisas,

mudmiv kontaqtSi imyofebiT organiziciebTan da, garkveuli xarisxiT,
maTze xarT damokidebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom organizaciebi
erTmaneTTan da TqvenTanac mudmiv interaqciaSi arian. magaliTad,
rodesac onkans uSvebT, wylis moxmarebas wylis kompania uzrunvelyofs.
magram wylis kompania, Tavis mxriv, sxva organizaciebzea damokidebuli,
magaliTad, maTze, vinc rezervuarebis mSenebloblobasa da momsaxurebas
axorcielebs; es organizaciebic aseve sxva organziciebzea
damokidebuli... da es TiTqmis dausrulebeli procesia. onkans sakuTar
saxlSi uSvebT, magram wyali, umravles SemTxvevaSi, Soridan moedineba.
wylis kompaniam - an, ufro xSirad, wylis kompaniaTa mTelma jgufma -
Tqvens garda, erTdroulad, aTasobiT da milionobiT adamiani unda
moamaragos. wylis kompaniis mier ganxorcielebuli samuSao gacilebiT
ufro mravlismomcvelia, radgan wyliT regularuli momarageba Cveni
organizaciebze damokidebulebis mxolod erT-erT magaliTs
warmoadgens.

unda gvaxsovdes, rom, istoriulad, organizaciul ganviTarebamde

adamianebi moklebulni iyvnen cxovrebis iseT aspeqtebs, romlebic dRes
Cveulebriv movlenad miiCneva. magaliTad, mecxramete saukunis
britaneTSi cota saxli Tu iyo aRWurvili wyalgayvanilobiT; wyali,
romelsac adamianebi moixmardnen, dabinZurebuli iyo da bevr daavadebasa
da epidemias avrcelebda. dResac ki, naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis
did teritoriebze (magaliTad, aziasa da afrikaSi) wyalgayvaniloba ar
arsebobs; adamianebi yoveldRiurad baqteriebis Semcveli, daavadebaTa
gamavrcelebeli wyaros an Wis wyliT sargebloben. Tanamedrove qveynebSi
wylis Semadgenloba mkacrad mowmdeba, rac ufro meti organizaciisa da
janmrTelobis standartebis samsaxurebis ganviTarebas moiTxovs.

3
is udidesi gavlena, romelsac organizaciebi axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze,
yovelTvis dadebiTad ver Sefasdeba. organizaciebis wyalobiT, xSirad
bevri ram xelidan gvecleba, rasac Semdeg oficialuri pirebi da
eqspertebi akontroleben, am adamianebze ki Cven Zalian mcire gavlena
gvaqvs. magaliTad, mTavrobis mxridan bevri ram – gadasaxadebis gadaxda,
kanonTa aRsruleba, saomrad wasvla an sasjelisadmi daqvemdebareba –
gvevaleba. aqedan gamomdinare, organizaciebi socialuri Zalauflebis
wyaroa da individi valdebulia maT diqtats daeqvemdebaros.

am TavSi Tanamedrove organizaciaTa aRzevebasa da Cvens cxovrebaSi

organizaciebis ganviTarebis wyalobiT gamovlenil Sedegebs
ganvixilavT. pirvel rigSi, im ori mecnieris ideebs gavaanalizebT,
romlebmac gansakuTrebiT Zlieri gavlena moaxdines sociologebis
Sexedulebebze organizaciebTan dakavSirebiT. es maqs veberi da miSel
fukoa. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu ra gziT funqcionirebs organizaciebi –
biznes korporaciebi, saavadmyofoebi, skolebi, samTavrobo ofisebi,
kolejebi da cixeebi – da SeviswavliT, Tu riT gansxvavdeba es tipebi
erTmaneTisgan. gansakurebul yuradRebas msxvil biznes korporaciebs
davuTmobT, romlebic sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba msoflio doneze.
bolo qveTavebSi imaze vimsjelebT, ramdenad eqvemdebareba Tanamedrove
qveynebSi moqmedi biznes korporaciebi da sxva organizaciebi cvlilebis
mniSnelovan procesebs.

organizaciis Teoriebi

maqs veberma Tanamedrove organizaciaTa aRzevebis pirveli sistemuri

interpretacia moaxdina. man organizaciebs adamianTa aqtivobebis Tu maT
mier warmoebuli produqciis drosa da sivrceSi stabiluri
koordinaciis gza uwoda. veberis azriT, organizaciaTa ganviTareba
informaciis kontrolzea damokidebuli. man am procesSi weris
mniSvnelobas gausva xazi; organizaciis funqcionirebisTvis acilebelia
dawerili kanonebisa da iseTi saqaRaldeebis arseboba, romelSic
“damaxsovrebuli informacia” Seinaxeba. veberis azriT, organizaciebi
Zlieri ierarqiulobiT gamoirCeva, sadac Zalaufleba umaRles
safexurzea koncentrirebuli. am TavSi veberis Tvalsazrisis sisworeze
vimsjelebT. amas TiToeuli CvenTaganisTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, radgan veberma Tanamedrove organizaciebsa da demokratias Soris
kavSiris garda, maT Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobac asaxa, rac, misi
azriT, socialur cxovrebazec axdens gavlenas.

biurokratiis veberiseuli xedva

veberis TvalsazrisiT, msxvili organizaciebi biurokratiuli

xasiaTisaa. termini “biuriokratia” 1745 wels monsior de gurnem
daamkvidra. man sityva “biuros”, rac sawer magidasa da ofiss niSnavs,
berZnuli zmnis “marTvis” mniSvneloba daurTo. aqedan gamomdinare, b i u
r o k r a t i a Tanamdebobis pirTa mier marTvas niSnavs. termini
biurokratia Tavidan mxolod saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis pirebTan
mimarTebaSi ixmareboda, magram Semdeg misi mniSvneloba gafarTovda da
is zogadad msxvil organizaciebs Seexo.

4
am cnebas Tavidanve uaryofiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. de gurne
Tanamdebobis pirTa gavlenis zrdas “biuromaniis daavadebas” uwodebs.
frangi mwerali onore de balzaki biurokratias “ pigmeebis gigantur
Zalauflebad” moixseniebs. amgvari Sexeduleba dResac aris SemorCenili.
biurokratias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, qaRaldebTan dakavSirebul usargeblo
drois xarjvas ukavSireben. Tumca, zogierTi mwerali biurokratias
gansxvavebuli – yuradRebiani midgomis, sizustisa da efeqturi
administraciis - kuTxiT ganixilavs. maTi azriT, biurokratia adamianTa
mier SemuSavebul yvelaze efeqtur organizaciul formas warmoadgens,
radgan yovelgvar qmedebas mkacri proceduruli wesebi aregulirebs.
veberis Tvalsazrisi biurokratiis Sesaxeb am or ukidures Sexedulebas
Soris meryeobs.

veberi acxadebs, rom tradiciul civilizaciebSi SezRuduli

raodenobiT arsebobda biurokratuli organizaciebi. magaliTad,
imperialistur CineTSi samTavrobo saqmeebTan dakavSirebuli mTeli
pasuxismgebloba oficialur biurokratul samsaxurs hqonda
dakisrebuli. magram biurokratia srulad mxolod Tanamedrove periodSi
ganviTarda.

veberis azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi gardauvalia biurokratiis

gavrceleba; masStaburi socialuri sistemebis administraciul
moTxovnebTan gamklaveba mxolod biurokratul xelisuflebas SeuZlia.
amis miuxedavad, veberi biurokratiis mniSvnelovan warumateblobebsac
aRiarebs, rac, rogorc amaSi Tavad davrwmundebiT, mniSvnelovnad
aisaxeba Tanamedrove socialur cxovrebaSi.

biurokratuli organizaciebis gafarToebis mizezebisa da bunebis

Seswavlis mizniT, veberma biurokratiis idealuri tipi SeimuSava.
(“idealuri”, am SemTxvevaSi, ara yvelaze sasurvels, aramed
biurokratuli organizaciis wminda formas niSnavs. idealuri tipi
realur SemTxvevaTa garkveul Tvisebebis aqcentirebiT miRebuli
abstraqtuli aRweraa, romelic miznad isaxavs maTi ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenas.) veberi biurokratiis idealuri tipis
ramdenime maxasiaTebels gvTavazobs (1978):

• biurokratias gamokveTili saxelisuflebo ierarqia axasiaTebs.

organizaciuli amocanebi “oficialuri movaleobebis” mixedviT
aris ganawilebuli. biurokratia piramidas mogvagonebs, yvelaze
maRali saxelisuflebo poziciebi ki mis wverzea moqceuli.
brZanebebi, jaWvis msgavsad, zeda safexuridan qveda safexuramde
vrceldeba, rac koordinirebul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas uwyobs
xels. yoveli zemdgomi ganyofileba zedamxedvelobas uwevs da
akontrolebs ierarqiulad masze qvemdgom rgols.
• yvela organizaciul doneze Tanamdebobis pirTa qceva dawerili
wesebiT imarTeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom biurokratuli
movaleobebi mxolod dadgenil ganrigs eqvemdebareba.
gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebisTvis Sesaferisi wesebis misadageba da
interpretaciaSi moqnilobis aucilebloba maRali Tanamdebobis
pirebs ufro moeTxoveba.

5
 • Tanamdebobis pirebi sruli datvirTviT muSaoben da regularul
xelfass iReben. ierarqiaSi arsebuli yoveli samuSao garkveuli
fiqsirebuli xelfasiT anazRaurdeba. organizaciaSi individebisgan
karieris ganviTarebas elian. dawinaureba SromisunarianobiT,
asakobrivi upiratesobiT an orive faqtoriT erToblivad miiRweva.
• Tanamdebobis pirTa organizaciis Sida movaleobebi maTi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavdeba. Tanamdebobis pirTa piradi
cxovreba samuSao adgilze maT mier ganxorcielebul aqtivobas
fizikurad emijneba.
• organizaciis wevrebi ar floben organizaciaTa im materialur
resursebs, romlebsac muSaobis dros iyeneben. veberis azriT,
biurokratiis ganviTareba SeuZlebels xdis muSakebis mier
warmoebis saSualebaTa kontrols. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi
fermerebi da xelosnebi, Cveulebriv, warmoebis process
akontrolebdnen da flobdnen maT mier gamoyenebul iaraRebs.
biurokratiis SemTxvevaSi, Tanamdebobis pirebi arc im ofisebs
floben, romlebSic muSaoben, maT arc saofise aparatura ekuTvniT
da arc is saweri magidebi, romlebsac muSaobis dros usxedan.

vebers miaCnda, rom, rac ufro metad uaxlovdeba organizacia

biurokratiis idealur tips, miT ufro efeqturad aRwevs dasaxul
miznebs. is biurokratias xSirad rTuli konstruqciis manqanas adarebda.

biurokratiaSi arsebuli formaluri da araformaluri urTierTobebi

biurokratiis veberiseuli analizi mniSvnelovan adgils aniWebs

organizaciebSi arsebul f o r m a l u r u r T i e r T o b e b s. es
adamianTa Soris organizaciis wesebiT dadgenili urTierTobebia (ix.
magaliTebi, nax. 11.1). veberma organizaciebSi SesaZlebel araformalur
da mcire jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebel urTierTobebs naklebi yuradReba
dauTmo. Tumca moqniloba zogjer mxolod biurokratiebSi arsebuli
araformaluri qmedebiT miiRweva.

Tavis klasikur naSromSi piter blaum saxelmwifo saagentos a r a f o

r m a l u r i u r T i e r T o b e b i Seiswavla, rac saSemosavlo
dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli proceduris SesaZlo darRvevis kvlevas
isaxavda miznad (Blau 1963). agentebs, romlebsac uWirdaT Seqmnil
problemebTan gamklaveba, dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, uSualo
zedamxedvelisTvis unda miemarTaT; es procedura ar iTvaliswinebda
konsultacias igive rangis kolegebTan. Tumca, realurad, Tanamdebobis
pirTa umravlesoba zedamxedvelebs iSviaTad uTanxmdeboda, radgan
miaCnda, rom es maTi kompetenciis naklebobaze mianiSnebda da maTi
dawinaurebis Sansebs amcirebda. amitom erTi donis Tanamdebobebis
kolegebi erTmaneTTan konsultacias aniWebdnen upiratesobas da ar
emorCilebodnen oficialurad dadgenil wesebs. am faqtma, konkretuli
rCeviT uzrunvelyofis garda, simartoveSi muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli
SfoTis ganelebac gamoiwvia. s o c i a l u r i j g u f i s pirvel
doneze, erTi donis Tanamdebobis pirTa Soris erTgulebaze
dafuZnebuli urTierTobebi ganviTarda. blau askvnis, rom muSakebma
problemebs, savaraudod, Tavi gacilebiT ufro efeqturad gaarTves.
jgufma araformaluri procedurebi ganaxorciela, riTac organizaciis

6
mier uzrunvelyofil formalur wesebTan SedarebiT, meti iniciativa da
pasuxismgebloba gamoavlina.

araformaluri qselebi SeiZleba organizaciis yvela doneze

ganviTardes. umaRles safexurze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, formalur
situaciebze ufro mniSvnelovani zogjer piradi kavSirebi da
urTierTobebia. magaliTad, biznes korporaciebis politikas, savaraudod,
direqtorTa sabWosa da aqcionerTa Sekrebebi gansazRvravs. realurad ki,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, korporacias sabWos ramdenime wevri marTavs, isini
gadawyvetilebas araformalurad iReben, romelic Semdgom sabWom unda
daadasturos. am saxis araformaluri qselebi sxvadasxva korporaciebs
moicavs. sxvadasxva firmis saqmosani liderebi xSirad erTi da igive
klubebisa da dasvenebis asociaciaTa wevrebi arian, amitom maT Soris
konsultaciebi araformalur viTarebaSi mimdinareobs.

imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad uwyobs, an piriqiT, uSlis xels

araformaluri procedurebi organizaciis efeqtur muSaobas, martivi
sakiTxi ar aris. veberis idealuri tipis msgavsi sistemebi xels uwyobs
araoficialur qmedebaTa momravlebas. amis mizezi, nawilobriv, is aris,
rom am sistemebs moqniloba aklia da es danaklisi oficialuri
wesebidan gadaxveviT Seivseba. erTferovani samuSaos araformaluri
procedurebiT Sesruleba zogjer ufro damakmayofilebel samuSao
garemos qmnis. maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa araformaluri kavSirebi
SeiZleba mTeli organizaciisTvis efeqturi aRmoCndes. magram, meores
mxriv, am Tanamdebobis pirebma SeiZleba mTeli organizaciis interesebs
sakuTari interesebi amjobinon.

nax. 11.1 organizaciebis SigniT arsebuli formaluri urTierTobebi

wyaro: Shaun Gregson and Frank Livesey, Organizations and Management Behaviour 1993

organizaciuli ierarqia/piramida

adgilobrivi xelisufleba kerZo organizaciuli seqtori

mrCevlebi aqcionerebi
umaRlesi
saxaven miznebs mTavari menejmenti direqtorebi saxaven
da aRmasrulebe da menejeri miznebs da
akontroleben li da direqtori marTaven
xelisuflebis menejerTa bizness
menejments jgufi
ganageben ufrosi marketingis, marTaven
sapecialistTa oficrebi warmoebis da specialist
ganyofilebebs a.S ufrosi Ta
aRmsruleble funqciebs
bi
ganageben seqciis saSualo seqciis spqcialist
ganyofilebebSi ufrosi menejmenti ufrosi da Ta
arsebul da TanaSemweebi funqciebida
seqciebs zedamxedve n

7
 lebi gamomdinare
marTaven
sakuTar
seqciebs
akontroleben zedamxedvele zedamxedvele ganaTavseben
mcire samuSao bi, bi, da
jgufebs xelmZRvanele xelmZRvanele akontroleb
bi bi en samuSao
jgufebs
asruleben klerkebi, muSakebi klerkebi, asruleben
samuSaos mbeWdavebi, mbeWdavebi, samuSaos
miTiTebis policielebi, muSebi, miTiTebis
mixedviT gzis xelosnebi, mixedviT
TanaSromlebi SemkeTeblebi,
a.S. a.S,
A

organizaciebis fizikuri garemo

Tanamedrove organizaciebis umravlesoba specialurad Seqmnil fizikur

garemoSi funqcionirebs. Senoba, romelSic garkveuli organizaciaa
ganTavsebuli, saorganizacio aqtivobis Sesabamis specifikur Tvisebebs
flobs, magram sxva organizaciebis Senobebis mniSvnelovan
arqiteqturul maxasiaTeblebsac iziarebs. magaliTad, saavadmyofos
arqiteqtura, garkveuli TvisebebiT, saqmiani firmis, an skolis
arqiteqturisgan gansxvavdeba. saavadmyofos calkeuli palatebi,
sakonsultacio da saoperacio oTaxebi da ofisebi esaWiroeba, rac am
Senobis gansxvavebul struqturas moiTxovs, skola ki, saklaso
oTaxebisgan, laboratoriebisa da sportuli darbazisgan Sedgeba. Tumca
am organizaciebs Soris mainc arsebobs garkveuli msgavseba: orive
Senobas aqvs derefnebi gasasvleli kariT, dizainze muSaobisas
standartuli dekoracia da aveji gamoiyeneba. Tu ar CavTvliT
personalis gansxvavebul Cacmulobas, Senobebi, romlebSic Tanamedrove
organizaciebiaA ganTavsebuli, Zlier hgavs erTmaneTs. maTi eqsterieri
da interieri erTnairad gamoiyureba. aravis gaukvirdeba, Tu vinme
SenobasTan Caivlis da ikiTxavs: “es skolaa?” sapasuxod ki gaigonebs:
“ara, es saavadmyofoa.” Sida mniSvnelovan modifikaciaTa saWiroebis
miuxedavad, skola SeiZleba iseT SenobaSi ganTavsdes, romelic erT
dros savadmyofos ekava.

miSel fukos Teoria organizaciebis Sesaxeb: droisa da sivrcis

kontroli

miSel fukom daamtkica, rom organizaciis arqiteqtura uSualo

kavSirSia mis socialur struqturasa da saxelisuflebo sistemasTan
(Foucault 1970, 1979). organizaciaTa fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla
axali kuTxiT warmoaCens veberis mier gaanalizebul problemebs.
ofisebi, romelTa Sesaxeb veberma abstraqtulad imsjela,
organizaciebSi arsebuli arqiteqturuli garemo – derefnebiT
gamoyofili oTaxebia. Senobebi, romlebSic didi firmebia ganTavsebuli,
zogjer, fizikuradac ierarqiis mixedviT aris agebuli; saxelisuflo

8
ierarqiis Tanaxmad, maRali Tanamdebobis piris ofisi, qveda safexurTan
SedarebiT, ufro maRla aris ganTavsebuli; frazas “maRali sarTuli”
organizaciaSi zogjer yvelaze gavlenian pirebTan aigiveben.
organizaciis geografia mis funqcionirebaze sxva saxiTac zemoqmedebs.
amas gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, Tu sistema Zlier aris
damokidebuli araformalur urTierTobebze. fizikuri siaxlove
pirveladi jgufebis formirebas uwyobs xels, fizikuri distancia ki
jgufebs mijnavs da ganyofilebebs Soris ,,Cven”/,,isini” ganwyobis
formirebas uwyobs xels.

zedamxedveloba organizaciebSi

organizaciis SenobaSi oTaxebis, derefnebisa da Ria sivrcis ganlageba

imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu rogor moqmedebs misi saxelisuflebo
sistema. zogierT organizaciaSi adamianTa jgufi Ria sivrceSi
koleqtiurad muSaobs. zogierTi saxis industriuli samuSaos,
magaliTad, konveieruli warmoebis, erTferovani buneba, samuSao tempis
SenarCunebis mizniT, regularul zedamxedvelobas moiTxovs. es
mbeWdavTa rutinul samuSaosac exeba, romlebsac erT did oTaxSi
aTavseben, raTa zemdgomma pirebma maTi aqtivobis gakontroleba SeZlon.
fuko imaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens da
ramdenad gamoxatavs saxelisuflo maxasiaTeblebs Tanamedrove
organizaciebis arqiteqturul garemoSi TvalsaCinoebis siWarbe an
nakleboba. TvalsaCinoebis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove organizaciebSi
TanamSromelTa aqtivoba kontrols, rasac fuko zedamxedvelobas
uwodebs, advilad eqvemdebareba. Tanamedrove organizaciebSi yvela,
SedarebiT maRali Tanamdebobis pirebic ki, zedamxedvelobis qveSaa;
magram, rac ufro dabal poziciazea pirovneba, misi qceva miT ufro
safuZvlian kontrols eqvemdebareba.

zedamxedveloba ori formiT xorcieldeba. pirveli zemdgomi pirebis

mier uSualod qvemdgom pirebze ganxorcielebuli zedamxedvelobaa.
aviRoT saklaso oTaxis magaliTi. moswavleebi magidebs an merxebs
usxedan, romlebic, Cveulebriv, mwkrivebad aris ganlagebuli, raTa
TiToeuli moswavle maswavleblis xedvis areSi moeqces. bavSvebs an
maswavleblis yuradRebiT mosmena, an damoukideblad muSaoba evalebaT.
ramdenad xorcieldeba es praqtikulad, maswavleblis unarsa da
bavSvebis sapasuxo qmedebazea damokidebuli.

zedamxedvelobis meore, SedarebiT susti, magram aranakleb

mniSvnelovani forma arsebobs. aseT dros adamianTa cxovrebasTan
dakavSirebuli faqtebi saqaRaldeebSi ikribeba, xorcieldeba Canawerebi
da mimdinareobs maTi istoriis aRwera. veberma dainaxa, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove organizaciebSi Canawerebis (dRes xSirad
kompiuteruli Canawerebis) warmoeba, magram mas srulad ar hqonda
Seswavlili, Tu rogor SeiZleba maTi qcevis regulirebis mizniT
gamoyeneba. dasaqmebulTa Sesaxeb Canawerebis warmoeba, Cveulebriv, maT
srul samuSao biografias uzrunvelgvyofs. maTi saSualebiT
personaluri detalebis registracia da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, pirovnebis
Sefaseba xdeba. es Canawerebi, dasaqmebulTa qcevis monitoringisTvis da,

9
dawinaurebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi rekomendaciisTvis gamoiyeneba. bevr
saqmian firmaSi, organizaciis nebismier doneze dasaqmebul individebs,
qveda doneebze dasaqmebul TanamSromelTa muSaobis Sesafaseblad,
wliuri angariSis momzadeba evalebaT. individTa qcevis monitoringis
mizniT, Canawerebs skolebsa da kolejebSic awarmoeben.

organizacias efeqturad funqcionireba ar SeuZlia, Tu misi

TanamSromlebi usistemod muSaoben. veberi aRniSnavs, rom saqmian
firmebSi adamianebs samuSaod regularuli dro aqvT gamoyofili.
mudmivad unda moxdes aqtivobaTa drosa da sivrceSi koordinacia, rasac
fizikuri garemos xelSewyoba da zusti detaluri ganrigi sWirdeba.
ganrigi aqtivobebs drosa da sivrceSi aregulirebs – fukos sityvebiT,
ganrigi ”individebs organizaciaSi efeqturad anawilebs,” is
organizaciuli disciplinis mdgomareobas asaxavs, radgan mraval
adamianTa aqtivobas uyris Tavs. magaliTad, universiteti sakuTar
saleqcio ganrigs mkacrad rom ar akontrolebdes, iq male umarTavi
qaosi daisadgurebda. ganrigi droisa da sivrcis - rac SeiZleba meti
adamianisa da aqtivobis - intensiuri gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva.

zedamxedvelobis qveS! cixe

fukom didi yuradReba dauTmo organizaciebs, romlebSic individebi,

cixis msgavsad, gare samyaros xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi arian
mowyvetilni. amgvar organizaciebSi adamianTa inkarceracia xdeba – isini
daSorebulni arian gare socialur garemos. zedamxedvelobis detaluri
buneba yvelaze kargad cixesTan Sedarebis Sedegad Cans, radgan
adamianTa qcevis kontroli maqsimalurad am dawesebulebaSi xdeba. fuko
svams kiTxvas: “gasakviria Tu ara, rom qarxnebi, skolebi, yazarmebi,
saavadmyofoebi cixes gvagonebs, cixeebi ki, piriqiT, zemoT CamoTvlil
dawesebulebebs?” (1979).

fukos Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Tanamedrove cixe panoptikonidan

warmoiSva. es organizacia mecxramete saukuneSi filosofosisa da
socialuri moazrovnis jeremi bentemis mier daigegma. bentemma
“panoptikoni” mis mier Seqmnil idealur cixes uwoda da britanul
xelisuflebas ramdenjerme am proeqtis Sesyidva SesTavaza. es wamowyeba
srulad ver dafuZnda, magram misi ZiriTadi principebi mecxramete
saukuneSi britaneTis, evropisa da aSS-s cixeebSi dainerga. panoptikoni
mrgvali formis unda yofiliyo, gare kedelTan ganlagebuli saknebiT.
centrSi sainspeqcio koSki iyo aRmarTuli. yovel sakans ori fanjara
hqonda, erTi sainspeqcio koSkisken mimarTuli, meore ki - gareT gamavali.
amgvari dizaini imas isaxavda miznad, rom yvela patimari meTvalyuris
TvalTaxedvis areSi moqceuliyo. Tavad koSkis fanjrebi iseTi darabebiT
iyo aRWurvili, rom cixis personals patimrebze mudmivi dakvirveba
SeeZlo, Tavad patimrebi ki maT ver xedavdnen.

biurokratia da demokratia

fukom cixe panoptikons marTebulad Seadara. cixeTa umravlesoba

dResac panoptikons hgavs. aseve swori iyo misi Tvalsazrisi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi zedamxedvelobis centraluri rolis

10
Sesaxeb. am sakiTxma dRes, informaciisa da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis
mzardi gavlenis wyalobiT, ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. Cvens
sazogadoebas zogjer meTvalyure sazogadoebas eZaxian (Lyon 1994) –
sazogadoebas, romelSic Cveni cxovrebis Sesaxeb informacias yvela
tipis organizacia agrovebs.

rogorc adre aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo organizaciebi Cvens Sesaxeb uamrav

informacias flobs – dabadebis, skolebis da samsaxurebis monacemebiT
dawyebuli, gadasaxadebis mosakrebad, marTvis mowmobis gasacemad da
erovnuli dazRvevisTvis saWiro monacemebiT damTavrebuli.
kompiuterebisa da eleqtronuli monacemebis damuSavebis sxva
aRWurvilobis ganviTarebis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli gaxda Cveni cxovrebis
yoveli sferos gakontroleba. warmoidgineT, rom 26-milionian qveyanaSi
mTavroba 2 220 monacemTa bazas amuSavebs, romelic, saSualod, yovel
moqalaqeze 20 fails Seicavs. mosaxleobis 10 procenti policiis
centralur kompiuterSia dafiqsirebuli. Tqven, albaT, ggoniaT, rom am
qveyanaSi diqtatura batonobs. qveyana, romlis Sesaxeb axla gesaubreT,
kanadaa (Lyon, 1994).

veberi Zalian SeSfoTebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom organizaciisa da

sainformacio kontrolis axali formebis ganviTarebam, SesaZloa,
demokratiis Sesusteba gamoiwvios. mas yvelaze metad usaxuri
biurokratebis gabatonebis perspeqtiva awuxebda. rogor iarsebebs
demokratia boirokratiuli organizaciebis mzardi gavlenis pirobebSi?
veberma daaskvna, rom biurokratia yovelTvis specializebuli da
ierarqiuli formiT viTardeba. is, visac organizaciaSi dabali safexuri
uWiravs, saqmes veRar akontrolebs da gavlena zemdgom pirebs
gadaecemaT. veberis studentma robert mixelsma (1976) gamoigona fraza,
romelic, mas Semdeg, Zalauflebis dakargvasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba.
msxvil organizaciebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT sazogadoebebSi, sadac
organizaciebi dominireben, oligarqiis rkinis kanoni moqmedebs.
oligarqia mcirericxovani jgufis mier batonobas niSnavs. mixelsi
Tvlis, rom Zalauflebis zeda fenebis xelSi moqceva anu igive “rkinis
kanoni” mzardi biurokratuli samyaros ganuyofeli nawilia.

zedamxedvelobis sazRvrebi

veberis da fukos azriT, organizaciis marTvis yvelaze efeqturi gza

zedamxedvelobis maqsimaluri zrda – Zalauflebis mkafio da
Tanmimdevruli ganawilebaa. magram es mcdari Sexedulebaa; magaliTad, is
ar amarTlebs saqmiani firmebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac daxurul garemoSi
(rogorc es cixeebSi xdeba) adamianTa cxovrebaze sruli kontroli ar
xorcieldeba. cixe organizaciis zogadi modeli ver iqneba. uSualo
zedamxedvelobam SeiZleba iseT SemTxvevaSi gaamarTlos, rodesac
adamianebi, patimrebis msgavsad, zemdgomi pirebis mimarT mtrulad arian
ganwyobilni da garkveul adgilas sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg
uxdebaT yofna. magram situacia gansxvavebulia iseT organizaciaSi,
sadac menejerebi danarCen personalTan TanamSromloben da saerTo
miznebs emsaxurebian. zedmeti uSualo zedamxedveloba TanamSromelTa
gaucxoebas iwvevs, radgan isini Tvlian, rom maT ar eZlevaT maT mier
Sesrulebul saqmianobaSi CarTulobis SesaZlebloba (Grint 1991; Saebl 1982).

11
es aris im didi sirTuleebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, romlis
gadalaxva uxdebodaTE sabolood veberisa da fukos mier
formulirebul principebze dafuZnebul organizaciebs, magaliTad,
konveieruli wesiT momuSave did qarxnebsa da ucvlel saxelisuflo
ierarqiebs. muSakebi amgvar garemoSi sakuTari saqmisadmi erTgulebas ar
iCendnen; maTi sruli datvirTviT amuSaveba mudmiv zedamxedvelobas
moiTxovda, magram am process Tan sdevda uaryofiTi ganwyoba da
antagonizmi.

fuko kidev erT maRali donis zedamxedvelobas asaxelebs, romelsac

aseve rTulad eguebian adamianebi. es maT Sesaxeb werilobiTi
informaciis mogrovebaa. sabWoTa komunistur sazogadoebaTa ngrevis
erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored amgvari zedamxedveloba gaxda. am
sazogadoebebSi uSualod saidumlo policiis mier an misi davalebiT
TvalTvali, Cveulebriv movlenad miiCneoda. zogjer saidumlo policia
am mizniT saTvalTvalo obieqtis naTesavebsa da mezoblebsac ki iyenebda.
xelisuflebas, opoziciis SesaZlebeli SemTxvevebis aRsakveTad,
sakuTari moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb detaluri informacia gaaCnda. amis
Sedegad politikurad avtoritaruli sazogadoeba Camoyalibda,
romelic, sabolood, ekonomikuradac araefeqturi aRmoCnda. mTeli
sazogadoeba erT gigantur cixes mogagonebdaT, mTeli im
ukmayofilobiT, konfliqtebiTa da opoziciiT, rasac cixe warmoSobs;
amitom sabolood mosaxleoba am sistemisgan ganTavisuflda.

biurokratiis miRma?

veberis modeli, romelic fukos SexedulebebSic aisaxa, dasavlur

sazogadoebaTa ganviTarebis procesSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
amarTlebda. mTavrobas, saavadmyofos administracias, universitetebsa da
saqmian organizaciebs biurokratia marTavda. piter blaum aRniSna, rom
biurokratiul garemoSi yovelTvis xdeba araformaluri socialuri
SerCeva, romelsac efeqturi Sedegi moaqvs. amis miuxedavad, samomavalod
mosalodneli iyo movlenebis veberis prognozis mixedviT warmarTva -
biurokratizaciis mudmivi zrda.

dasavleTSi biurokratia kvlav xSirad gvxvdeba, magram veberis

ierarqiul xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli idea, romelic codnisa da
gavlenis umaRles safexurze koncentracias gulisxmobs da amas
organizaciis marTvis erTaderT gzad miiCnevs, sul ufro arqaul
xasiaTs iZens. mravali organizacia cdilobs iyos naklebad ierarqiuli.
am miznis misaRwevad, bevri dasavluri biznes korporacia e.w. “iaponuri
modelis” mixedviT viTardeba.

iaponuri modeli

iaponiis ekonomikur warmatebas xSirad msxvili iaponuri korporaciebis

gamorCeuli, umravles dasavlur biznes firmaTagan gansxvavebuli,
struqturiT xsnian. iaponuri korporaciebi veberis biurokratiuli
modelisgan ramdenime niSniT gansxvavdeba:

12
• gadawyvetilebis miReba qveda safexuridan iwyeba. did iaponur
korporaciebSi ar xdeba iseTi piramidis formireba, romelSic,
veberis mier aRwerili suraTis Tanaxmad, yovel doneze
dasaqmebuli adamiani mxolod zemdgom safexurs eqvemdebareba.
piriqiT, menejmenti, maT Soris umaRlesi aRmasruleblebic ki,
konsultaciis mizniT, regularulad xvdebian organizaciis
qveda safexurebze dasaqmebul muSakebs.
• naklebi specializacia. iaponur organizaciebSi TanamSromlebs,
dasavlur organizaciebSi igive Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebul
adamianebTan SedarebiT, naklebi specializacia moeTxovebaT.
aviRoT uiliam uCis (1982) mier aRwerili sugaos magaliTi:
sugaom universiteti daamTavra da axlaxans tokioSi micubenis
bankSi daiwyo muSaoba. is firmaSi menejmentisTvis daiwyebs
mzadebas da pirvel weliwads, zogadad, bankis sxvadasxva
departamentis muSaobas Seiswavlis. Semdeg, garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi, adgilobriv filialSi molared imuSavebs da
bolos komerciuli sabanko saqmis Sesaswavlad isev bankis Stab-
binas daubrundeba. amis Semdeg mas sxva, sakredito filialSi
gadaiyvanen. savaraudod, iqidan is isev Stab-binaSi personalis
marTvis departamentSi dabrundeba. amasobaSi aTi weli gaivlis
da sugao ganyofilebis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze dainiSneba.
magram samuSao rotaciis procesi amiT ar sruldeba. mas bankis
sxva filialSi gadaiyvanen, sadac amjerad, savaraudod, mcire
biznesis dafinanseba Seexeba, Semdeg ki Stab-binaSi sxva saxis
samuSaos daubrundeba.
karieris dawyebidan daaxloebiT ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg, is yvela
mniSvnelovan saqmianobas iqneba dauflebuli. amis sapirispirod,
igive asakis adamiani, romelic amerikaSi sabanko menejmentSi
iwyebs karieras, savaraudod, sabanko saqmis erT sferoSi
daxelovndeba da cxovrebis bolomde am sferoSi ganagrZobs
muSaobas.
• saimedo samuSao. iaponiis msxvili korporaciebi valdebulebas
iReben cxovrebis bolomde izrunon maT mier daqiravebul
TanamSromelTa dasaqmebaze; dasaqmebul adamians samuSao adgili
mudam garantirebuli aqvs. anazRaureba da pasuxismgebloba
dawinaurebisTvis brZoliTa da konkurenciiT ki ar miiRweva,
aramed muSakis asakiTa da firmaSi misi dasaqmebis
xangrZlivobiT.
• jgufze orientirebuli warmoeba. korporaciis yvela doneze
adamianebi mcire korporaciul “gundSi” an samuSao jgufSi
erTiandebian. Sesrulebuli samuSao jgufis da ara
individualuri wevris miRwevebiT fasdeba. dasavluri
sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, iaponuri korporaciebis
“saorganizacio struqtura” – saxelisuflo sistemis ruka –
individualur poziciebs ki ar asaxavs, aramed mxolod jgufebs.
es Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan amgvari midgoma oligarqiis
rkinis kanons ewinaaRmdegeba.
• samuSaosa da piradi cxovrebis gamijvna. biurokratiis
veberiseul modelSi, organiziaciis SigniT adamianTa cxovrebas
araferi aqvs saerTo maT aqtivobasTan organizaciis gareT.
dasavlur korporaciaTa umravlesoba am principiT moqmedebs, iq
13
 firmasa da TanamSromels mxolod ekonomikuri urTierToba
akavSirebT. amis sapirispirod, iaponuri korporaciebi
TanamSromlebs mraval problemas ugvareben, sapasuxod ki
firmisadmi erTgulebis gamovlenas moiTxoven. yvela iaponeli
TanamSromeli, dabali Tanamdebobebidan umaRlesi
aRmasruleblebis CaTvliT, xSirad atarebs kompaniis uniformas.
isini SeiZleba yovel dilas Seikrobon da erTad Seasrulon
kompaniisadmi miZRvnili simRera, regularulad miiRon
monawileoba uqmeebze korporaciis mier organizebul,
gansatvirTad gamiznul aqtivobaSi (kompaniisadmi miZRvnili
simRera axla ramdenime dasavlur korporacias, magaliTad, Apple
da IBM–sac aqvs). TanamSromlebi, xelfasis garda, kompaniisgan
damatebiT materialur daxmarebas iReben. magaliTad,
eleqtronulma firmam Hitachi, romelic ronald dorma (1980)
Seiswavla, yvela dauqorwinebeli TanamSromeli da
daqorwinebul mamakac TanamSromelTa TiTqmis naxevari
sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyo. kompania gascems sesxebs bavSvebis
ganaTlebis da TanamSromelTa qorwinebisa da dakrZalvis
xarjebis dasafarad.

britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, iaponelebis mier marTuli

sawarmoebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadasturda, rom gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi qveda safexuris CarTva, iaponiis garda, sxva qveynebSic
amarTlebs. TanamSromlebi am saxis aqtivobaze pozitiurad reagireben
(White and Trevor 1983). aqedan gamomdinare, unda vaRiaroT, rom iaponuri
modeli biurokratiis veberiseuli koncefciisTvis samagaliTo unda
iyos. veberis idealuri tipis msgavsi organizaciebi, albaT, amitomac
aris naklebad efeqturi, vidre es qaRaldze Cans, radgan isini dabal
doneze dasaqmebul TanamSromlebs ar aZlevs avtonomiurobisa da
saqmianobaSi CarTulobis SegrZnebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.

iaponuri korporaciis magaliTidan gamomdinare, uCi (1979, 1982) acxadebs,

rom veberis Tanaxmad, biurokratuli ierarqiis efeqturoba gamokveTili
SezRudvebiT xasiaTdeba. zedmetad biurokratul organizaciebs,
ucvleli, mouqneli da Caketili struqturis gamo, funqcionirebis
TvalsazrisiT, “Sida warumatebloba” eliT. iaponur firmebSi arsebuli
samuSao jgufebi erTaderTi magaliTi ar aris, klanuri tipis sistemebi,
araformalurad, xSirad, dasavlur sazogadoebebSic viTardeba.

msxvili korporaciis gavlena

zogierTma iaponurma korporaciam, bevri firmis, magaliTad toiotas,

sonisa da micubiSis CaTvliT, globalur bazarze did warmatebas
miaRwia da saxeli gaiTqva dasavleTSi. axla ufro detalurad
ganvixiloT globaluri korporaciebi da masStaburi biznes kompaniebi.
maT, Cveulebriv, transanacionalur (an multinacionalur) kompaniebs
uwodeben. ufro misaRebia termini “transnacionaluri”, radgan es
kompania randenime an bevri qveynis SigniT ki ar moqmedebs, aramed
sxvadasxva qveynis sazRvrebs scdeba. transacionaluri korporacia iseTi
kompaniaa, romelsac or an met qveyanaSi aqvs sakuTari sawarmoebi da
ofisebi.

14
udidesi transnacionaluri korporaciebi giganturi kompaniebia, maT mier
gayiduli produqciis Rirebuleba mravali qveynis erovnuli produqtis
Rirebulebas aWarbebs (ix. naxati 11.2). msoflios dRevandel umsxviles
ekonomikur gaerTianebaTa naxevari qveynebs ekuTvnis; meore naxevari ki
transacionaluri korporaciebia! am kompaniebis mier Sesrulebuli
operaciebi saocrad mravlismomcvelia. globaluri ekonomikis mTeli
industriuli da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis erT mexuTeds 600
umsxvilesi transacionaluri kompania axorcielebs. am tipis TiTqmis
samocdaaTi giganturi kompania pasuxs agebs mTeli globaluri
gayidvebis naxevarze (Dicken 1992). 200 umsxvilesi kompaniis wliuri
Semosavali Sua 1970-iani wlebidan 1990-ian wlebamde 10-jer gaizarda.
momdevno 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi transacionaluri kompaniebis aqtivobam
sul ufro globaluri xasiaTi miiRo; 1950 wels msoflios 315
umsxvilesi kompaniidan sawarmoebs ocze met qveyanaSi mxolod sami
kompania flobda, dRes ki aseTi ormocdaaTi kompania arsebobs. es mainc
umciresobaa; transacionaluri kompaniebis umravlesobas 2-dan 5
qveyanaSi hyavs Svilobili kompaniebi.

msoflios yvelaze gavleniani 200 transacionaluri korporaciidan

oTxmoci SeerTebul StatebSia dafuZnebuli da mTeli gayidvebis
naxevarze mets axorcielebs. amerikuli kompaniebis wili 1960 wlis
Semdeg sagrZnoblad daeca, samagierod, am periodSi Zlier gaizarda
iaponuri kompaniebis ricxvi. 1960 wels 200 yvelaze gavlenian kompanias
Soris sul xuTi iaponuri korporacia iyo, 1991 wels ki maTma
raodenobam 28-s miaRwia. (sruli saerTaSoriso suraTi ix. nax. 11.3)

gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, transacionalur kompaniaTa

investiciebis umravlesoba industriul samyaroSi xorcieldeba; uSualo
ucxour investiciaTa sami meoTxedi ki industrul qveynebs Soris. amis
miuxedavad, transacionaluri korporaciebi eqstensiur kavSirSi arian
mesame samyaros qveynebTan, romelTa Soris brazilia, meqsika da indoeTi
ucxouri investirebisA yvelaze maRali doniT gamoirCeva. 1970 wlis
Semdeg axal industriul aziur qveyenebSi, singapurSi, samxreT koreasa
da malaiziaSi, korporaciuli investirebis yvelaze swrafi zrda
aRiniSna.

nax. 11.2 zofierTi umsxvilesi multinacionaluri kompaniis sruli

gayidvebi SerCeuli qveynebis erovnuli produqtis zrdasTan SedarebiT,
1992

wyaro: Comission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford University Press 1995).

sruli gayidvebi, 1992

\
General Motors
Exxon
Ford
Royal Dutch Shell
IBM
Matsushita

15
GNP, 1992
saudis arabeTi
indonezia
norvegia
pakistani
nigeria
egvipte

$US miliardebSi

nax. 11.3 yvelaze mniSvnelovan multinacionalur kompaniaTa qoneba maTi

warmomavlobis qveynebSi, 1992

wyaro: UNCTAD, The Economist- ze dayrdnobiT, 24 ivnisi, 1995

$US miliardebSi

SeerTebuli Statebi
iaponia
germania
safrangeTi
britaneTi
britaneTi-holandia
italia
Sveicaria
SvedeTi
holandia
kanada
sxva qveynebi
belgia

ucxouri qoneba
saSinao qoneba

transnacionaluri korporaciebis masStaburoba

ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, transnacionaluri

korporaciebis amgvari masStaburoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda transportisa
da komunikaciebis ganviTarebis gareSe. TviTmfrinavis saSualebiT
adamianebi uaRresi siswrafiT gadaadgildebian, naxevari saukunis win ki
es SeuZlebeli iyo. okeanis gavliT uzarmazari xomaldebis (superfreighters)
daxmarebiT konteinerebis erTi satransporto saSualebidan pirdapir
meore saxis transportze gadatanam Zlier gaamartiva masiuri masalebis
gadazidva.

telesakomunikacio teqnologiebi iZleva samyaros erTi nawilis

meoresTan metnaklebad swrafi komunikaciis saSualebas. satelitebs 1965
wlis Semdeg iyeneben komerciuli telekomunikaciis mizniT, imdroindel
pirvel satelits erTdroulad 240 satelefono saubris gadacema
SeeZlo. dRevandel satelits erTdroulad 12 000 saubris gadacema
SeuZlia! umsxviles transnacionalur kompaniebs amJamad sakuTar

16
satelitze dafuZnebuli sakomunikacio sistemebi gaaCniaT. magaliTad,
amgvar masiur qsels flobs micubiSis korporacia, romlis saSualebiT
tokios Stab-binaSi da Stab-binidan yovel dRe xuTi milioni sityva
gadaicema.

transnacionaluri korporaciis tipebi

transnacionalurma korporaciebma gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi

msoflio ekonomikaSi Zalian mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidres. maT
Zalze didi wvlili miuZRviT Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebaSi –
msoflio masStabiT samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi. calkeuli qveynis, iseve
rogorc msoflio ekonomika, sul ufro koncentrirebul xasiaTs iZens,
radgan mas SezRuduli raodenobis Zalze didi kompaniebi marTavs.
SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva ramdenime wamyvani industriuli qveynis
yvelaze gavlenian firmebs mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso miRwevebi
gaaCniaT. msoflio warmoebis (magaliTad, agrobiznesis) bevri seqtori
oligopolias warmoadgens – warmoebas sami an oTxi korporacia
akontrolebs da bazarsac ganagebs. gasuli ori-sami aTwleulis
warmoebaSi saerTaSoriso oligopolia manqanebis warmoebasTan,
mikroprocesorebTan, eleqtronul industriasa da msoflio bazris sxva
saqonelTan mimarTebaSi ganviTarda.

h.v. perlmateri sami tipis transnacionalur korporacias gamoyofs (ix.

nax. 11.4). pirveli iseTi eTnocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebisgan
Sedgeba, romelTa politikas maTi warmomavlobis qveynis Stab-bina
SeimuSavebs da, SeZlebisdagvarad, praqtikulad axorcielebs kidec.
mSobeli kompaniis mflobelobaSi myofi, mTel msoflioSi gafantuli
kompaniebi da sawarmoebi am kompaniis kulturas avrceleben – mTel
samyaroSi mis mier ganxorcielebuli praqtikis standartizeba
mimdianareobs. meore kategoria policentrul transnacionalur
kompaniebs aerTianebs, sadac ucxour Svilobil kompaniebs yoveli qveynis
adgilobrivi firma ganagebs. kompaniis warmomavlobis qveyanaSi an
qveynebSi arsebuli Stab-binebi mravlismomcvel principebs SeimuSaveben,
raTa adgilobrivma kompaniebma sakuTari saqmeebi maTi daxmarebiT
warmarTon. da bolos, arsebobs menejmentis saerTaSoriso struqturiT
gamorCeuli geocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi. menejeruli
sistemebi globalurad aris integrirebuli, maRali Tanamdebobis
menejerebi Zalze mobilurebi arian da, saWiroebis mixedviT, erTi
qveynidan meore qveyanaSi gadaadgildebian (Perlmutter 1972).

perlmateris azriT, transnacionalur kompaniebs Soris yvelaze

eTnocentruli iaponuri kompaniebia. maT mier msoflio masStabiT
ganxorcielebuli operaciebi mSobeli korporaciis mkacr kontrols
eqvemdebareba, raSic zogjer iaponiis mTavrobac aqtiurad ereva. iaponiis
saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da industriis saministro (MITI), dasavleTis
xelisuflebebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT metad akontrolebs iaponuri
warmoSobis ucxour sawarmoebs. MITI–m gasuli ori aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi ucxoeTSi momravlebuli iaponuri firmebis koordinaciis
ganviTarebis mravali gegma SeimuSava. iaponur transnacionalur
kompaniaTa erT-erTi gamorCeuli tipi gigantur savaWro kompaniebs anu
sogo slosha-s aerTianebs. es uzarmazari konglomeratebia, romelTa

17
ZiriTad amocanas vaWrobis dafinanseba da mxardaWera warmoadgens. isini
sxva kompaniebs finansuri, saorganizacio da sainformacio momsaxurebiT
uzrunvelyofen. iaponiis eqsportisa da importis daaxloebiT naxevari
aTi umsxvilesi sogo slosha-s saSualebiT xorcieldeba. zogierT kompanias,
magaliTad, micubiSis, sakuTari mniSvnelovani sawarmoo interesebi
gaaCnia.

axali tendenciebi: Semcireba da decentralizacia

warmatebis miuxedavad, globalur doneze moqmed kompaniebSi

organizaciuli cvlileba mimdinareobs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos arsebul
msxvil korporaciasa da gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi arsebul analogiur
korporacias Soris didi gansxvavebaa. robert reiCi aSS-s korporaciebze
mogviTxrobs:

amerikis yvelaze mniSvnelovan korporaciaSi aRar xdeba didi raodenobis produqciis

warmoebisa da momsaxurebis dagegmva da danergva; is aRar axdens mravalricxovani
qarxnebis, manqanebis, laboratoriebis, gamogonebebisa da sxva saxis materialuri
qonebis investirebas; mas aRar sWirdeba uamravi mwarmoebeli muSakisa da saSualo
donis menejerTa daqiraveba... faqtobrivad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani korporacia
amerikulic aRar aris. is sul ufro emsgavseba fasads, romlis miRma
decentralizebuli jgufebi da qvejgufebi mTel msoflioSi mimofantul aseTive
usistemo SromiT erTeulebTan aformeben kontraqtebs. (Reich 1992)

globaluri kompania, romelmac xanmokle periodSi radikalurad

decentralizebuli saxe miiRo, msoflioSi erT-erTi umsxvilesi
sainJinro firma Asea Brown Boveri-a. misi wliuri Semosavali 30 miliard
amerikul dolars aRemateba. is 1200 sxvadasxva, erTmaneTTan arc Tu
mWidrod dakavSirebul, organizaciad daiSala. misi Tavmjdomare persi
barveniki acxadebs: “Cven mudmivad vizrdebiT, magram, imavdroulad,
mudmiv Semcirebasac ganvicdiT.” kompaniam am procesSi mravali
TanamSromeli daiTxova. ciurixSi kompaniis Stab-binis personali,
romelic 4 000 adamianisgan Sedgeboda, 200–ze davida (Naisbitt 1995).

erT-erTma damkvirvebelma Semdegi saxis komentari gaakeTa: “momaval

wels yvela did kompanias gauWirdeba mcire, ufro swrafad ganviTarebad
da inovaciur kompaniebTan konkurencia da maT mier ganxorcielebuli
saqmianoba, zogadad, naklebad damakmayofilebeli iqneba. mosazreba,
TiTqos did globalur ekonomikaSi msoflio bizness multinacionaluri
kompaniebi ganageben, ar gamarTlda. rac ufro gaizrdeba da
xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba msoflio ekonomika, miT ufro didi iqneba mcire
da saSualo kompaniebis gavlena (iqve, gv. 47).

organizaciebi rogorc qselebi

stenli devisi acxadebs, rom saqmiani firmebi da sxva organizaciebi

naklebad ierarqiuli xasiaTis qselebad yalibdeba, sadac
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi dabali Tanamdebobis TanamSromlebic
monawileoben. movlenebis amgvari ganviTareba globalizaciam da am
procesiT ganpirobebulma axalma intensiurma maxasiaTeblebma da
cvlilebebma gamoiwvia. veberiseuli biurokratia aRar ergeba swraf da

18
mravlismomcvel cvlilebas da SeuZlebeli xdeba biurokratiisTvis
misaRebi dadgenili wesebiT moqmedeba. rogorc devisi acxadebs:

organizaciebi SeiZleba Semcirdes, aliansis safuZvelze gaizardos, an ucvleli

darCes, magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, maT mouwevT Sida sivrcis reorganizeba. rodesac erT
mTlians anawevreb, warmoqmnil nawilebs maT Soris arsebuli sivrce aerTianebs. axali
ekonomikisTvis da misi axali organizaciebisTvis gadamwyveti faqtori swored es
uxilavi sivrcea. magaliTad, struqturis industriul imijs Senobis arqiteqtura
ganapirobebs. axal ekonomikaSi struqturis imijs masala ki ar gansazRvravs, aramedE
energiasa da informaciaze agebul atomTa arqitetura. (Davis 1988)

sivrceSi aqtivobaTa reorganizebas drois maqsimaluri gamoyeneba

sWirdeba. globalur bazarze firmebi momxmarebelTa zewolas ganicdian,
radgan isini maT rac SeiZleba swrafad unda moemsaxuron. momxmarebeli
ki, savaraudod, samyaros meore nawilSi imyofeba. toiotas erT-erTi
TanamSromlis, taiCi onos, mier danergili warmoebis sistema, romelsac
man “drouli” uwoda, iaponiis garda, sxva qveynebis biznes
organizaciebmac aitaces. am wamowyebas drouli imitom ewoda, rom
nawilebi qarxanas zustad saWiroebis dros, moxmarebis momentSi
miewodeboda. amitom aRar iyo saWiro maTi sawarmoSi xangrZlivad
Senaxva. “drouli” warmoeba warmoebis procesis yvela elementis – maT
Soris maRali menejmentis - integrirebas moiTxovs, rac kompanias
zedmeti operaciebisa da drois danakargisgan icavs (J. Blackburn 1990).

am praqtikis aTvisebas, bolo dros, garkveulwilad, evropuli da

amerikuli korporaciebic Seecadnen. maikl hameri da jeims Cempi (1993) –
IBM-is Svilobil, IBM-is sakredito korporaciaze gvesaubrebian. bolo
dromde klients kreditis moTxovnis Semdeg ramdenime safexuris gavla
uxdeboda da TiToeuli safexuri calkeuli specialistis momsaxurebas
gulisxmobda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kompania, veberiseuli gagebiT,
biurokratuli iyo. kreditis moTxovniT aplikaciis dakmayofilebasTan
dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba erTidan or kviramde periods
moiTxovda. zogierTi adamiani, amis gamo, kreditis aRebis mizniT sxva
dawesebulebas akiTxavda.

imis dasadgenad, SeiZleboda Tu ara am procesis gamartiveba da

daCqareba, menejmentis mrCevelTa jgufma Tavad Seitana ganacxadi
dafinansebis moTxovniT da am procesisTvis savaldebulo yvela
safexuri gaiara; isini yovel ofisSi, sawer magidaze, saqaRaldeSi
Senaxvis nacvlad, maTi moTxovnis dauyovnebliv ganxilvas iTxovdnen.
mrCevlebma daadgines, rom samuSaos Sesrulebas, realurad, sul
oTxmocdaaTi wuTi dasWirda. sabuTebis erTi departamentidan meore
departamentSi gadacemis procesi ki Svid dRes gagrZelda.

efeqturobis miRweva, individualuri nabijebis nacvlad, mTeli procesis

Secvlas moiTxovda. speicialistebi TiToeul ofisSi iseTi muSakebiT
Caanacvles, romlebsac Tavidan bolomde mTeli samuSaos Sesruleba
SeeZloT. Sedegma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. Svidi dRis samuSao
process oTxi saaTi dasWirda – Zveli stilis gawelili samuSaosgan
gansxvavebiT, am saqmianobas naklebi TanamSromeli asrulebda.

19
teqnologiaTa da Tanamedrove organizaciebis wyobis Secvla

Tanamedrove qveynebSi arsebuli organizaciebi sivrcisa da drois wyobis

Secvlas moiTxovs. dRevandeli sainformacio teqnologiebi da
eleqtronuli komunikaciebi droisa da sivrcis iseTi kontrolis
saSualebas iZleva, rac SeuZlebeli iyo Tundac uaxloes warsulSi.
kompiuterSi dagrovili kompleqsuri informaciis mTel msoflioSi
wamierma gavrcelebam, SesaZloa, Cveni cxovrebis bevr aspeqtze imoqmedos.
am teqnologiebis Sedegad ganviTarebulma globalurma procesebma
mravali organizaciis struqturuli cvlileba gamoiwvia. es
gansakuTrebiT iseT biznes korporaciebs Seexo, romlebmac erTmaneTs
globalur bazarze unda gauwion konkurencia.

organizaciebi sadRac unda ganTavsdes. fukos ase miaCnda da es marTlac

Rirebuli Tvalsazrisia. am WeSmaritebas nebismier did qalaqSi saqmiani
dawesebulebebisTvis gankuTvnili teritoria da caTambjenebi
adasturebs. Senobebs, romlebSic msxvili korporaciebis
aRmasruleblebi da samuSao personali, bankebi da ofisebia
ganTavsebuli, mcire teritoria uWiravT.

amave dros, dRevandeli didi organizaciebi, SesaZloa, “fizikurad

arsad” ar iyos ganTavsebuli. isini an sxvadasxva adgilas gafantuli
individebisa da jgufebisgan Sedgeba, an erTsa da imave fizikur
sivrceSi, saofise SenobaSi koncentrirebuli adamianebisgan. amis mizezi,
nawilobriv, mTel msoflioSi komunikaciis gamartivebaa; es
sainformacio kavSiri momavalSi kidev ufro advili gaxdeba. amas isic
ganapirobebs, rom Cvens socialur arsebobas informaciis mniSvnelobis
zrda ufro gansazRvravs, vidre fizikuri produqcia.

fizikuri adgili da saqoneli erTsa da imave sivrces ver daikavebs,

fizikuri adgilisa da informaciis, telekomunikaciis SemTxvevaSi ki es
SesaZlebelia. warsuli gamocdilebisgan gansxvavebiT, organizaciis erT
garkveul adgilas ganTavseba aRar aris savaldebulo. sad aris saaqcio
birJa? Tqveni azriT, is londonSi mdebareobs, birJis maklerebi SenobaSi
aqeT-iqiT darbian da erTmaneTs qaRaldis furclebs ucvlian? saaqcio
birJa aRar aris fizikuri adgili, sadac Zvelad aqciebisa da wilebis
SeZena iyo SesaZlebeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is yvelgan aris da arsad
ar aris. saaqcio birJa didi raodenobiT dilerebs aerTianebs, romelTa
umravlesoba sxvadasxva ofissa da garemoSi kompiuterebTan muSaobs. maT
mTel msoflioSi, niu iorkSi, parizSi, tokiosa da frankfurtSi, mudmivi
kontaqti aqvT Tavis kolegebTan. msxvil korporaciebs TandaTan
“sawarmoTa qseli” - mcire firmebis damakavSirebeli centraluri
organizacia - enacvleba. magaliTad, erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli
korporacia IBM, 1980-1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi strategiuli
dagegmarebis gaziarebisa da warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
ukeT daZlevis mizniT, amerikuli warmoSobis ramdenime kompaniasa da
oTxmocze met ucxouri warmoSobis firmasTan gaerTianda.

zogierTi korporacia kvlav Zlier biurokratiuli rCeba da ar scdeba

erTi qveynis farglebs. magram korporaciaTa umravlesobasA fizikuri
ganTavsebis adgili ar gaaCnia. Zvelad, transnacionaluri korporacia

20
ZiriTadad Stab-binidan imarTeboda. mis ucxour warmoebasa da Svilobil
kompaniebze kontrolic iqidan xorcieldeboda. amJamad, droisa da
sivrcis transformaciis wyalobiT, romlis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve
visaubreT, telekomunikaciisa da kompiuteris saSualebiT, sxva
jgufebTan muSaoba msoflios nebismier regionSi myof jgufebs SeuZlia.
qveynebi kvlav cdiloben informaciis gadinebis, resursebisa da fulis
gakontrolebas. magram Tanamedrove sakomunikacio teqnologebi am
process sul ufro arTulebs da zogjer sruliad SeuZlebels xdis.
informacia da finansebi mTel msoflioSi telekomunikaciis saSualebiT
sinaTlis siCqariT vrceldeba.

daskvna

gaamarTleben Tu ara momavalSi, veberis pesimisturi xedvisgan

gansxvavebuli qselebi, romlebic gadawyvetilebis miRebisas dabali
Tanamdebobis personalis monawileobas iTvaliswineben? am Tvalsazriss
bevri adamiani iziarebs, magram mas sifrTxiliTY unda movekidoT.
biurokratuli sistemebi, veberiseuli xedvisgan gansxvavebiT, Sinaganad
ufro cvalebadia da sul ufro iRebs sxva, naklebad ierarqiuli formis
organizaciaTa gamowvevas. es sistemebi, dinozavrebis msgavsad, bolomde
albaT arasodes aRmoifxvreba. uaxloes momavalSi organizaciebSi civi
da ierarqiuli struqturis damkvidrebis, meore mxriv ki, sapirispiro
xasiaTis sistemis ganviTarebis, tendenciebs Soris mudmivi Widili
iqneba.

Sejameba

1. organizaciebs dRes Cvens cxovrebaSi centraluri adgili uWiravs.

organizacia adaminTa didi kavSiria, romelic specifikuri miznebis
miRwevas emsaxureba. organizaciis magaliTebia: biznes
korporaciebi, saxelmwifo saagentoebi, skolebi, universitetebi,
saavadmyofoebi da cixeebi.
2. yvela Tanamedrove organizacia, garkveuli xarisxiT,
biurokratiulia. biurokratia gamokveTil saxelisuflebo
ierarqias gulisxmobs; Tanamdebobis pirTa (romlebic sruli
datvirTviT muSaoben da xelfass iReben) qmedeba dawerili
kanonebiT imarTeba. organizaciis SigniT Tanamdebobis pirTa winaSe
dasaxulE amocanebs araferi aqvT saerTo maT cxovrebasTan
organizaciis kedlebs gareT. organizaciis wevrebi ar floben im
materialur resursebs, romlebTanac maT muSaoba uxdebaT. maqs
veberis gancxadebiT, Tanamedrove biurokratia didi raodenobis
adamianTa organizebis maRalefeqturi saSualebaa, sadac
gadawyvetilebebi saerTo kriteriumebis safuZvelze miiReba.
3. araformaluri qselebi organizaciis SigniT da organizaciebs
Soris yvela doneze viTardeba. am araformaluri kavSirebis
Seswavla iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc veberis mier ganxiluli
formaluri maxasiaTeblebis.
4. veberisa da mixelsis Sromebi biurokratiasa da demokratias Soris
arsebul daZabulobasac asaxavs. gadawyvetilebis miRebis
grZelvadiani centralizebuli procesi, erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove

21
 sazogadoebebis ganviTarebasTan asocirdeba. meore mxriv, gasuli
ori saukunis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani demokratiis ganviTarebis
mzardi mcdelobaa. tendenciaTa konfliqti grZeldeba, magram arc
erTi ar dominirebs.
5. organizaciaTa fizikuri garemo Zlier gavlenas axdens maT
socialur Tvisebebze. Tanamedrove organizaciebSi,
xelisuflebisadmi morCilebis misaRwevad, zedamxedvelobas
mimarTaven. zedamxedveloba adamianTa aqtivobaze dakvirvebas, maT
Sesaxeb saqmeebis warmoebasa da Canawerebis Segrovebas gulisxmobs.
6. iaponuri korporaciebi, organizaciis struqturis mixedviT,
dasavlur kompaniaTa umravlesobisgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba.
aRmasrulebeli menejerebi konsultacias dabali Tanamdebobis
personalTan gadian; anazRaureba da pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba
asaks ukavSirdeba; Sesrulebuli saqmianobis mixedviT, ara
individebi, aramed jgufebi ufro fasdeba. iaponiis ekonomikam rom
dasavluri qveynebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT upiratesobas
miaRwia, swored am faqtiT aixsneba. ukanasknel wlebSi zogierTma
dasavlurma firmam iaponuri menejeruli sistemis aspeqtebi aiTvisa.
7. Tanamedrove kapitalistur ekonomikaSi msxvili biznes
korporaciebi dominirebs. rodesac erT korporacias industriaSi
wamyvani pozicia uWiravs, amas monopolia ewodeba. ufro xSiria
oligopolia, rodesac industriaSi msxvil korporaciaTa mcire
jgufi dominirebs.
ekonomikis globalizaciasTan erTad, msxvil korporaciaTa
umravlesoba transnacionalur an multinacionalur kompaniebad
iqca. isini sxvadasxva, or an ufro met, ucxo qveyanaSi moRvaweoben.
8. msxvil biznes korporaciebSi ukanasknel wlebSi
restruqturizaciis procesi daiwyo. Semcirebis – Sida
reorganizaciis gamo pesonalis daTxovnis – Sedegad isini
naklebad masStaburi da naklebad biurokratiuli xdeba. bevri
maTgani, veberiseuli biurokratiuli ierarqiisgan gansxvavebul,
jgufTa Tavisufal qselebad iqca.
9. TiTqmis eWvgareSea, rom biurokratiuli organizaciebi ar gaqreba,
aramed iarsebebs sxva tipis organizaciebsa da jgufebTan erTad.
10. yvela Tanamedrove organizacia codnis spezializaciasa da
informaciis gavrcelebazea damokidebuli. profesionalizmisa da
mzardi teqnologiuri ganviTarebis wyalobiT, SesaZloa,
organizaciebi ufro moqnili gaxdes. Tumca am cvlilebaTa
gavlena, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gazviadebulia.

damatebiTi literatura

John Allen et al., Political and Economic Forms of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press and
Open University, 1992). Seicavs ramdenime sasargeblo statias dRevandeli
politikuri da ekonomikuri organizaciebis cvalebadi bunebis
Sesaxeb.

Richard B rown, Understanding Industrial Organizations (London: Routledge, 1992).

gamokiTxva industriul organizaciaTa gagebasTan dakavSirebul
sxvadasxva Teoriul midgomaTa Sesaxeb.

22
Jeff H earn et al.(eds), The Sexuality of Organisation (London: Sage 1989). acxadebs,
rom organizaciaTa orTodoqsuli sociologia axdens gendersa da
seqsualurobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ignorirebas.

Christel L ane, Management and Labour in Europe (London: Elgar, 1989). diskusia
safrangeTSi, germaniasa da gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebul biznes
organizaciaTa Sesaxeb.

David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Cambridge: Polity Press,
1994). sainformacio teqnologiis rolis, rogorc socialuri
kontrolis saSualebis, damaintrigebeli analizi.

John McD ermott, Corporate Society (Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1991). diskusia
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi korporaciis rolis Sesaxeb.

Michel R eed, The Sociology of Organizations: Themes, Perspectives and Prospects

(London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992). sasargeblo zogadi teqsti Tanamedrove
organizaciaTa sociologiis Sesaxeb.

mniSvnelobani terminebi

• Tanamdebobis pirebi
• idealuri tipi
• zedamxedveloba
• inkarceracia
• meTvalyure sazogadoeba
• oligarqia
• globaluri korporaciebi
• transnacionaluri kompaniebi
• Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawileba
• eTnocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi
• policentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi
• geocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi

23
Tavi 12
samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba

ZiriTadi cnebebi
anazRaurebadi da araanazRaurebadi samuSao

Sromis ganawileba da ekonomikuri damokidebuleba

• teilorizmi da fordizmi
• teilorizmisa da fordizmis SezRudvebi
• dabali ndobis sistemebi da maRali ndobis sistemebi
• avtomatizacia
• jgufuri warmoeba
• moqnili warmoeba

tendenciebi dasaqmebis sistemaSi

kavSirebi da industriuli konfliqti

• kavSirebis ganviTareba
• ratom arsebobs kavSirebi?
• uaxlesi ganviTarebebi
• gaficvebi

qalebi da samuSao
• qalebi da samuSao adgili: istoriuli TvalTaxedva

• araTanabari samuSao pirobebi

• saojaxo saqme

umuSevroba
• umuSevrobis analizi
• ratom gaizarda umuSevrobis maCvenebeli?
• umuSevroba evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi

dasaqmebis momavali

• kvalificirebuli muSaki
• samuSaos mniSvnelobis kleba?

Sejameba
damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

1
ZiriTadi cnebebi
• samuSao
• ekonomika
• Sromis ganawileba
• umuSevroba

umravlesoba Cvenganis cxovrebaSi, samuSaos gacilebiT didi adgili

uWiravs, vidre nebismier sxva erTjerad aqtivobas. xSirad, samuSao Cvens
mier erTferovan mZime saqmianobasTan – iseT amocanaTa erTobliobasTan -
asocirdeba, romelTaA minimumamde dayvanas an, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi,
Tavis aridebasac ki vcdilobT. SesaZloa, amgvari azri TavSi maSinac ki
mogividaT, rodesac am Tavis kiTxvas SeudeqiT. aqvs Tu ara adamianTa
umravlesobas samuSaos mimarT amgvari damokidebuleba, da Tuki asea, ra
aris amis mizezi? amis garkvevas momdevno gverdebze SevecdebiT.
samuSao mxolod iZulebiTi erTferovani saqmianoba ar aris. ase rom iyos,
samuSaodan daTxovnili adamianebi dabneul da dezorientirebul
mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndebodnen. rogori iqneboda Tqveni ganwyoba,
muSaobis dawyebis aranairi Sansi rom ar gqondeT? Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi samuSaos didi mniSvneloba eniWeba maRali TviTSefasebis
miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. maSinac ki, rodesac adamians arc Tu sasiamovno
samuSao pirobebi da erTferovani saqmianoba aqvs, samuSao misi
fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel elements warmoadgens da mis
yoveldRiur aqtivobebs garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTavs. samuSaos
ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli aqvs:
• fuli. xelfasi is ZiriTadi resursia, romelzec mravali adamiania
damokidebuli, moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT. amgvari
Semosavlis gareSe, adamians yoveldRiur saarsebo saSualebaze
uxdeba fiqri, rac SfoTvis gamZafrebas iwvevs.
• aqtivobis done. samuSao, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRrmavebs codnas da
aviTarebs unar-Cvevebs. rutinuli samuSaoc ki im struqturul
garemos gvTavazobs, romelSic adamians energiis daxarjva
SeuZlia. samuSaos arqonis SemTxvevaSi, unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis
SesaZlebloba naklebia.E
• mravalferovneba. samuSao ojaxuri garemocvisgan gansxvavebul
konteqstSi mimdinareobs. SedarebiT erTferovani samuSaos
pirobebSic ki individebi saojaxo saqmisgan gansxvavebul
saqmianobas ewevian.
• droiTi struqtura. regularulad dasaqmebuli adamianebisTvis
dRe, Cveulebriv, samuSao ritmis mixedviT aris organizebuli. es
SeiZleba damTrgunvelic iyos, magram yoveldRiuri aqtivoba
garkveuli mimarTulebiT warimarTeba. dausaqmebeli
adamianebisTvis ZiriTadi problema mowyenilobaa da maT drosTan
dakavSirebuli apaTia uviTardebaT. erTma umuSevarma aRniSna: “dro
2
 CemTvis amJamad uwindeburad mniSvnelovani aRar aris... radgan
Zalian bevri dro maqvs” (Fryer and McKenna 1987).
• socialuri kontaqtebi. samuSao garemoSi adamianebi xSirad iZenen
megobrebs da sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi sxvebTan erTad monawileoben.
rodesac adamiani wydeba samuSao garemos, SesaZlo megobrebisa da
nacnobebis wre, savaraudod, viwrovdeba.
• pirovnuli identoba. samuSao, Cveulebriv, imiT aris Rirebuli, rom
is adamians stabiluri socialuri identobis SegrZnebiT
uzrunvelyofs.EgansakuTrebiT mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi, maRali
TviTSefaseba mWidro kavSirSia im ekonomikur wvlilTan, romelic
maT saojaxo biujetSi SeaqvT.

es STambeWdavi CamonaTvali naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ratom SeiZleba Searyios

umuSevrobam individTa rwmena sakuTar socialur RirebulebaSi.

anazRaurebadi da araanazRaurebadi samuSao

,,samuSaos gareSe yofnis” cnebidan gamomdinare, samuSao xSirad
anazRaurebad dasaqmebasTan asocirdeba; Tumca es zedmetad gamartivebuli
Tvalsazrisia. araanazRaurebad samuSaos (magaliTad, sakuTari manqanis
SekeTebas an saojaxo saqmes) bevri adamianis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs. mravali tipis samuSao arsebobs, romelic ar eqvemdebareba
anazRaurebadi dasaqmebis orTodoqsul kategorias. magaliTad,
araformalur ekonomikaSi Sesrulebuli mravali samuSao ar aris
aRnusxuli oficialuri dasaqmebis statistikaSi. termini araformaluri
ekonomika regularuli dasaqmebis sferos miRma arsebul transaqciebs
niSnavs, amgvari momsaxureba zogjer naRdi fuliT anazRaurdeba, zogjer
ki -Dsaqonlisa da momsaxurebis uSualo gacvla-gamocvliT.
televizoris SesakeTeblad mosuli xelosnis samuSao, SesaZloa, qviTris
gamowerisa da detaluri Canaweris gareSe, naRdi fuliT anazRaurdes.
adamianebi nacnobebsa da megobrebs, gaweuli samsaxuris sanacvlod,
zogjer iaffasian, ufro sworad, naqurdal saqonels sTavazoben.
araformaluri ekonomika, “maluli” fuladi transaqciebis garda,
adamianebis mier Sin da gareT ganxorcielebul TviTuzrunvelyofis
mraval formasac gulisxmobs. magaliTad, damoukidebel aqtivobas, Sinaur
teqnikasa da saojaxo iaraRebs iseTi saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT
uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia, romlisTvisac adamianma sxva situaciaSi fuli
unda ixados (Gershuny and Miles 1983).
saojaxo saqmes, romelsac, tradiciulad, umetesad qalebi uZRvebian, aravin
anazRaurebs xolme; Tumca is xSirad Zalze mZime da damqancveli samuSaoa.
mniSvnelovani socialuri adgili uWiravs saqvelmoqmedo an sxva saxis
organizaciebisTvis ganxorcielebul moxaliseTa samuSaosac.
3
anazRaurebadi samuSaos mniSvneloba zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebiT aixsneba,
magram “samuSaos” kategoria bevrad ufro mravlismomcveli cnebaa.
anazRaurebadi Tu araanazRaurebadi samuSao garkveul amocanaTa
Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rasac didi gonebrivi da fizikuri Zalisxmeva
sWirdeba. samuSaos mizani adamianis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis warmoebaa. saqmianoba an samsaxuri is samuSaoa, romlis
sanacvlod adamians regularuli xelfasi eZleva. yvela kulturaSi e k o n
o m i k i s safuZvels samuSao warmoadgens. ekonomikuri sistema iseTi
institutebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebasa
da ganawilebas uzrunvelyofs.
am TavSi Tanamedrove qveynebSi arsebuli samuSaos bunebas gavaanalizebT
da dRevandel ekonomikur cxovrebaze zemomqmed ZiriTad cvlilebebs
ganvixilavT. samuSao farTo ekonomikuri sistemis ganuyofeli nawilia.
Tanamedrove qveynebSi es sistema industriul warmoebazea damokidebuli.
rogorc am wignis sxva TavebSi aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove industria
fundamenturad gansxvavdeba warmoebis manamde arsebul im sistemaTagan,
romlebic warmoebis sxva formebTan erTad, soflis meurneobasac
efuZneboda. adamianTa umravlesoba an yanaSi muSaobda an saqonels uvlida.
amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi sasoflo meurneobaSi
mosaxleobis Zalze mcire nawili muSaobs, fermam ki industriuli saxe
miiRo – samuSao, ZiriTadad, ara xeliT, aramed manqanebiT sruldeba.
TviT Tanamedrove industriac mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis – misi erT-erTi
ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli teqnologiuri cvlilebaa. efeqturi warmoebis
misaRwevad, teqnologia mecnierebasa da teqnikas mudmivad akavSirebs
erTmaneTTan. mniSvnelovani socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi
industruli warmoebis bunebis cvlilebas ganapirobebs. am TavSi
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT rogorc teqnologiur, ise ekonomikur
cvlilebebze da giCvenebT, Tu rogor gardaqmnis es cvlilebebi dRevandel
industrias.
yuradRebas Tavidan anazRaurebad anu industriul garemoSi
ganxorcielebul samuSaoze gavamaxvilebT. agreTve ganvixilavT
industriuli warmoebis procesSi mimdinare cvlilebebsa da imas, Tu
rogor zemoqmedeben isini dasaqmebaze. industriuli warmoeba yovelTvis
harmoniulad ar mimdinareobs. momdevno qveTavebSi industriuli
konfliqtis warmoSobis mizezebs ganvixilavT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
ki gaficvebis Sedegebze gavamaxvilebT. Semdeg, industriaSi qalTa rols
gavaanalizebT. warsulTan SedarebiT, dRevandel dRes ufro meti qalia
dasaqmebuli; movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis mizezebsa da Sedegebzec
vimsjelebT. bolos umuSevrobasac SeviswavliT da SevecdebiT amgvar
kiTxvas gavceT pasuxi: rogori iqneba dasaqmebis momavali?
4
msjelobas Tanamedrove industriuli warmoebis cvalebadi maxasiaTeblebis
analiziT daviwyebT.

Sromis ganawileba da ekonomikuri damokidebuleba

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistemis erT-erTi gamokveTili
maxasiaTebeli Sromis uaRresad kompleqsuri ganawilebaa. samuSao uamrav
sxvadasxva saqmianobad daiyo da adamianebi am saqmianobebis mixedviT iReben
specializacias. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, zogi soflis meurneobas
misdevda, zogi ki xelobas eufleboda. xelobis Seswavlas Segirdad yofnis
xangrZlivi periodi sWirdeboda da xelosani, Cveulebriv, warmoebis
process Tavidan bolomde asrulebda. magaliTad, liTonis xelosans,
romelic miwis dasamuSavebel iaraRebs amzadebda, aseTive warmatebiT
SeeZlo uTos Camosxma, awyoba da amuSaveba. Tanamedrove industriuli
warmoebis aRzevebam TiTqmis mTeli tradiciuli xelobis gaqroba gamoiwvia.
es saqmianobebi iseTma profesiebma Secvala, romlebic ufro masStaburi
warmoebis procesebis Semadgeneli nawilia. magaliTad, dRevandel
industriul garemoSi dasaqmebul eleqtrikoss mxolod erTi tipis
manqanis ramdenime nawilis Semowmeba da SekeTeba SeuZlia; sxva nawilebi da
manqanebi sxva adamianebis sazrunavia.
tradiciul da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Sroma sruliad
sxvadasxvagvarad nawildeba. yvelaze did tradiciul sazogadoebebSic ki,
sul oci an ocdaaTi saxis mniSvnelovani xelobaa, aq iseTi
specializebuli saqmianobebic igulisxmeba, rogoric zRvis vaWari,
jariskaci da mRvdelia. Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba aTasobiT
calkeul saqmianobas iTvlis. gaerTianebul samefoSi, mosaxleobis aRweris
Sedegad, britaneTis ekonomikaSi 20 000 calkeuli samsaxuri gamovlinda.
tradiciul sazogadoebebSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba fermebSi muSaobda
da ekonomikur moTxovnilebebs ikmayofilebda. isini sakvebs, tansacmelsa
da sxva saarsebo produqts awarmoebdnen. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaTa erT-erT ZiriTad Tvisebas ekonomikuri
urTierTdamokidebulebis arsebiTi zrda warmoadgens. TiToeuli Cvengani,
arsebobisTvis saWiro produqtebiTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelsayofad,
mTeli msoflios masStabiT, sxva mraval muSakze aris damokidebuli. mcire
gamonaklisis garda, Tanamedrove qveynebSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesoba,
ar awarmoebs produqts, romliTac ikvebeba, saxlebs, romlebSic cxovrobs,
da im materialur saqonels, romelsac moixmars.

teilorizmi da fordizmi

5
ori saukunis win, Tanamedrove ekonomikis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, adam
smitma, warmoebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT, Sromis ganawilebis dadebiTi
mxareebi gamoavlina. misi cnobili naSromi ,,erebis simdidre” qinZisTavebis
qarxanaSi Sromis ganawilebis procesis aRweriT iwyeba. damoukideblad
momuSave adamians, dReSi, savaraudod, oci qinZisTavis damzadeba SeeZlo.
misi saqmianobis ramdenime martiv operaciad ganawilebis Sedegad, romelsac
erToblivad aTi specializebuli muSaki asrulebda, koleqtiuri SromiT
dReSi 48 000 qinZisTvis warmoeba gaxda SesaZlebeli. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, erTi muSakis mier warmoebul qinZisTavTa raodenoba 20-dan 4 800-
mde gaizarda, TiTo specializebulma operatorma, erToblivi Sromis
Sedegad, 240-jer meti produqcia Seqmna, vidre amas damoukideblad momuSave
adamiani axerxebda.
erTi saukunis Semdeg es ideebi kidev ufro ganviTarda amerikeli
menejmentis konsultantis frederik vinslou teiloris naSromebSi.
teilorma Tavis midgomas mecnieruli menejmenti uwoda, rac industriuli
procesebis detalur Seswavlas gulisxmobda, maTi, droulad da
organizebulad, martiv operaciebad daSlis mizniT. mecnieruli menejmenti,
romelsac teilorizmi ewoda, mxolod akademiuri kvleva ar iyo. es iyo
warmoebis sistema, romelic industriuli warmoebis maqsimalur zrdas
isaxavda miznad da did gavlenas axdenda industriuli warmoebisa da
teqnologiis organizebaze.
teilors industriuli efeqturobis amaRleba surda, magram man naklebi
yuradReba dauTmo im Sedegebs, romlebsac es procesi gamoiwvevda. masobriv
warmoebas masobrivi bazari sWirdeba da erT-erTi pirveli industrialisti,
romelmac es urTierTkavSiri gaacnobiera, henri fordi gaxldaT.
fordizmma ganavrco teiloris mecnieruli menejmentis principebi da
masobrivi warmoebis sistema masobriv bazrebTan erTobliobaSi ganixila.
fordma hailend parkSi, miCiganSi gaxsna avtomobilebis pirveli qarxana;
1908 wels man mxolod erTi saxeobis produqti - T Ford–is modeli gamouSva
da iseTi specializebuli iaraRebisa da nawilebis warmoeba daiwyo,
romlebic siCqaris ganviTarebas, sizustis daxvewasa da marTvis
gamartivebas isaxavda miznad. fordis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
inovacia moZravi asawyobi konveieruli xazi iyo. man es inovacia Cikagos
cxovelTa sasaklaos STagonebiT Seqmna, sadac maT sxvadasxva, erT moZrav
mwkrivSi ganlagebul, seqciebSi anawevrebdnen. fordiseul asawyob
konveierSi yoveli TanamSromeli specialurad misTvis gankuTvnil
davalebas asrulebda, magaliTad, manqanis marcxena kars, moZraobis
procesSi, argebda saxelurs. 1929 wlisTvis, rodesac T Fo rd–is modelis
warmoeba Sewyda, fordis mier 15 milion manqanaze meti iyo gamoSvebuli.

6
 fordizmisa da teilorizmis SezRudvebi
odezRac fordizmi samomavlo industriuli warmoebis nimuSad
moiazreboda. magram es mosazreba ar dadasturda. sistemam mxolod iseT
samanqano industriaSi gaamarTla, romelic msxvil bazrebze gaTvlil
standartul produqts awarmoebs. meqanikuri warmoebis xazis damontaJeba
uzarmazar Tanxebs moiTxovs. fordizmis sistema cvlilebas rTulad
eqvemdabareba. produqtis gadakeTebas sistemis safuZvliani ganaxleba
sWirdeba. fordizmis warmoebis aTviseba advilia, Tu msurvels qarxnis
asamuSaveblad sakmarisi finansebi gaaCnia. magram iseT qveynebSi, sadac
samuSao Zala Zvirad fasobs, firmebi ver uweven konkurencias sawarmoebs,
romlebic TanamSromlebs dabal xelfass uxdian. iaponuri, da bolo dros,
samxreT koreuli samanqano industriis aRzeveba, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,
amanac gamoiwvia (Tumca dRes iaponiaSi xelfasis done gaizarda).
dabali ndobis sistemebi da maRali ndobis sistemebi
fordizmsa da teilorizms zogierTi sociologi dabali ndobis sistemebs
uwodebs. samuSao adgilebs menejmenti qmnis, rac manqanebTan dakavSirebul
saqmianobas gulisxmobs. davalebis Sesruleba sagangebo kontrols
eqvemdebareba da Semsrulebels TiTqmis ar aqvs avtonomiurad moqmedebis
ufleba. iq, sadac mravlad aris dabali ndobis poziciebi, xSiria muSakTa
ukmayofileba da samuSaos gacdenis SemTxvevebi. aq industriuli konfliqti
Cveulebrivi movlenaa. maRali ndobis sistemaSi TanamSromlebs, saerTo
principebis fonze, Tavad SeuZliaT sakuTari samuSao tempisa da
struqturis gakontroleba. amgvari sistemebi, Cveulebriv, industriul
organizaciaTa maRal doneebzea koncentrirebuli.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, dasavleT evropaSi, SeerTebul Statebsa da
iaponiaSi dabali ndobis alternatul sistemebs mimarTavdnen. es
avtomatizebuli konveieruli xazebi da iseTi jgufuri warmoebaa,
romelSic samuSao jgufi did gavlenas axdens samuSao davalebis bunebaze.
axla Tanmimdevrulad ganvixiloT es strategiebi.
avtomatizacia
avtomatizaciis anu daprogramebuli aparaturis cneba 1800-iani wlebis
SuaxanebSi gaCnda, rodesac amerikelma kristofer spenserma avtomati -
WanWikebis, qanCebisa da sxva instrumentebis damamzadebeli daprogramebuli
dazga gamoigona. im periodSi avtomatizacia bevr industriaSi ar
danergila, magram industriuli robotebis Seqmnis Semdeg, misi gavlena
sagrZnoblad gaizarda. roboti avtomaturi danadgaria, romelsac,
Cveulebriv, adamianebis funqciebis SeTviseba SeuZlia. termini ormocdaaTi
wlis win dramaturgma karel kapekma daamkvidrda. robota Cexuri sityvaa da
savaldebulo Sromas niSnavs.
7
robotebis garkveuli raodenoba industriaSi pirvelad 1946 wels gaCnda.
danadgari sainJinro industriaSi manqanebis avtomaturi regulirebis
mizniT gamoigones. ufro kompleqsuri robotebis gamoCena 1970-ian wlebSi
mikroprocesorebis Seqmnas daemTxva. pirveli, minikompiuteris mier
kontrolirebadi roboti, 1974 wels cincinati mileisonma aawyo. dRes
robotebs mravali davalebis Sesruleba, magaliTad, SeduReba, Rebva,
nawilebis aweva da gadazidva, SeuZliaT. zogierTi roboti nawilebs
SexebiT arCevs, zogierTi ki vizualur gansxvavebas xedavs. robert airesi
da stiven mileri aRniSnaven:
robotze ufro Tavdadebuli da dauRalavi qarxnis muSa ar arsebobs. robots SeuZlia
sxvadasxva saxis SesaduRebeli da SesaRebi unaklo samuSaos Sesruleba; SesaZlebelia
maTi, axali samuSaos Sesrulebis mizniT, swrafi xelaxali daprogramebac... momaval
wlebSi saSualo zomis manufaqturul sawarmoebSi bevri industriuli robotis
instalirebaa mosalodneli. roboti produqts mraval avtomatur meqanizms miuerTebs, rac
mikroprocesorebis mier kontrolirebad daxurul seriul warmoebas daamkvidrebs. (Ayres &
Miller 1985)

msoflio industriaSi robotebi yvelaze mravlad avtowarmoebaSi

gamoiyeneba. maTi produqtiuloba jerjerobiT SedarebiT SezRudulia,
radgan robotebis mier sxvadasxva obieqtis Secnobisa da arazusti
formebiT manipulirebis unari kvlav rudimentul donezea. Tumca
eWvgareSea, rom momavalSi avtomatizebuli warmoeba swrafad gaizrdeba;
robotebi sul ufro ixveweba, maTi Rirebuleba ki mcirdeba.
jgufuri warmoeba
jgufuri warmoeba - konveierul xazze dasaqmebuli erToblivi samuSao
jgufebi - zogjer avtomatizaciasTan erTad gamoiyeneba, rogorc samuSaos
reorganizebis saSualeba. amgvari sistemis ZiriTadi idea TanamSromelTa
motivaciis zrdaSi mdgomareobs, dasaqmebulTa jgufs warmoebis procesSi
TanamSromlobis saSualeba eZleva da TiToeul muSaks, dRis ganmavlobaSi,
erTferovani samuSaos Sesruleba, magaliTad, manqanis karze WanWikebis
damagreba, ar moeTxoveba.
jgufuri warmoebis magaliTs xarisxis wreebi (QC) warmoadgens. es jgufebi
xuTidan ocamde muSaks aerTianebs; isini regularulad ikribebian
warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Seswavlisa da gadawyvetis
mizniT. QC-Si gaerTianebuli muSakebi damatebiT wvrTnas gadian, rac maT
warmoebis sakiTxebis Taobaze diskusiisTvis savaldebulo teqnikuri
codniT uzrunvelyofs. QC-ebi pirvelad SeerTebul StatebSi Seiqmna,
Semdeg ki isini ramdenime iaponurma kompaniamac daafuZna. 1980-ian wlebSi es
jgufebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda dasavleTSic. isini teilorizmis
Tvalsazriss emijnebian, radgan aRiareben, rom muSakebi kompetenturni unda
iyon maT mier Sesrulebuli saqmianobis arsisa da meTodebis sferoSi.

8
 moqnili warmoeba
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic gasuli ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi mTeli msoflios sawarmo procesebSi ganxorcielda,
kompiuteriT damzadebuli dizainia. teilorizmma da fordizmma masobriv
bazrebze gaTvlili masobrivi (erTnairi) produqtebis warmoebaSi did
warmatebas miaRwies, magram ver SeZles mcire SekveTebisa da
individualuri momxmareblis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. kompiuteriT
damzadebuli dizainisa da kompiuterze dafuZnebuli sxva tipis
teqnologiebis wyalobiT, situacia radikulad Seicvala. stenli devisi
saubrobs ,,masobrivi momxmareblis” dakmayofilebis aucileblobaze: axali
teqnologiebi konkretul momxmareblebze gaTvlili nivTebis masStaburi
warmoebis saSualebas iZleva. tradiciulma konveierulma xazma SeiZleba
dReSi xuTi aTasi mamakacis perangi awarmoos. amJamad, xuTi aTasi identuri
perangis nacvlad, imave periodSi da igive xarjebiT, gansxvavebuli,
individualur moTxovnebze gaTvlili, amdenive perangis damzadebaa
SesaZlebeli (Davis 1988).
kompiuteriT damzadebuli dizainis damkvidrebamde, iaponiaSi pirvelad
daiwyo warmoeba, romelsac moqnili warmoeba ewoda. es sistema
radikalurad gansxvavdeba detroitSi henri fordis mier dafuZnebuli
masobrivi warmoebis sistemisgan. manqanebis iaponelma mwarmoeblebma Sua
1970-iani wlebidan adreul 1990-ian wlebamde globaluri gayidvebis
mniSvnelovan zrdas miaRwies (Dertouzos 1989). iaponelebma gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba profesiuli samuSao Zalis Seqmnas, produqtis dizainze
muSaobisa da axali produqciis bazarze gatanis daCqarebis gzebs dauTmes.
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropuli da amerikuli manqanebis mwarmoebel
qarxnebSi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas 24 saaTi sWirdeboda, iaponur
qarxanaSi ki igive proceduris Sesasruleblad xuTi wuTi iyo sakmarisi.
iaponelebma, pirvelive jerze, miznad iseTi xarisxis miRweva daisaxes,
romelsac Semdgom gaumjobeseba aRar dasWirdeboda. maT umaRles doneme
daxvewes jgufuri warmoeba; integrirebuli samuSao jgufi amwyobebisgan,
muSebisa da mommarageblebisgan Sedgeboda. damgegmavebma miiCnies, rom
amgvari teqnikiT Sesrulebul warmoebas Svidnaxevarwliani cikli
dasWirdeboda (pirveli modelis SemuSavebidan warmoebis xazze pirveli
manqanis gamoSvebamde). amis sapirispirod, evropel da amerikel damgegmavebs
warmoeba, bolo dromde, aTidan TxuTmetwlian ciklze hqondaT gaTvlili.
axla isini iaponuli praqtikis aTvisebas cdiloben, rac sagrZnoblad
aCqarebs warmoebas. Tumca lester Turou, SeerTebul StatebTan
mimarTebaSi, aRniSnavs: “saukeTeso amerikul qarxnebs saukeTeso iaponuri
qarxnebi jobia, yvelaze cudi amerikuli qarxnebi ki gacilebiT uaresia
yvelaze cud iaponur qarxnebze” (Thurow 1993).
9
 dasaqmebis sistemaSi arsebuli tendenciebi
gasuli saukunis dasawyisidan yvela industriuli qveynis dasaqmebis
sistemam sagrZnobi cvlileba ganicada. 1900 wels dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis
sam meoTxedze meti fizikur (cisfersayeloianTa) samuSaos eweoda. aqedan
daaxloebiT 28 procenti profesionali muSakebi iyvnen, 35 procenti -
naxevrad profesionali, 10 procenti ki - araprofesionali. SedarebiT
naklebi iyo TeTrsayeloianTa da profesiul saqmianobaTa raodenoba. me-20
saukunis Sua wlebisTvis fizikurad dasaqmebulni Seadgendnen
anazRaurebad samuSaoze dakavebuli mosaxleobis or mesameds; dRes
Sesabamisad gaizarda gonebrivi samuSaoTi dakavebulTa wili.
1971 da 1981 wlebSi gaerTianebul samefoSi mosaxlebis aRwera
ganxorcielda. am periodSi cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoze dasaqmebul
mamakacTa ricxvi 62-dan 56 procentamde Semcirda, qalebisa ki - 43-dan 36
procentamde. profesional da menejerul Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebul
mamakacTa raodenoba daaxloebiT erTi milioniT gaizarda. 1981 wels
TeTsayeloianTa rutinul samuSaoze 170 000 mamakaciT naklebi iyo
dasaqmebuli, samagierod, amgvar Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebul qalTa
raodenoba 250 000-iT gaizarda. fizikuri dasaqmebis kleba manufaqturul
industriaSi CarTul adamianTa raodenobis Semcirebas daemTxva. 1981 wels,
1971 welTan SedarebiT, manufaqturul industriaSi 700 000-iT naklebi
mamakaci da 420 000-iT naklebi qali muSaobda. es tendenciebi dResac
grZeldeba, magram, garkveulwilad, daregulirda. 1990 wels, samuSao Zalis
Sesaxeb xelisuflebis mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad dadasturda,
rom fizikuri saqmianobiT mamakacTa mxolod 50 da qalebis 33 procenti iyo
dakavebuli. sqesTa Soris kontrasti gansakuTrebiT TeTrsayeloianTa
rutinuli saqmianobisa da profesional cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobis
Sedarebisas gamoikveTa. 1990 wels pirveli tipis samuSaos qalebis 31
procenti eweoda, mamakacTa ki sul 6 procenti; samagierod, profesiuli
fizikuri saqmianobiT mamakacTa 25 procenti iyo dasaqmebuli, qalebisa ki
sul 4 procenti. sxva zogierT industriul qveyanaSi es cvlilebebi,
britaneTTan SedarebiT, ufro metad dafiqsirda. magaliTad, Sefasebebis
mixedviT, dRes SeerTebul StatebSi fizikuri saqmianobiT mosaxleobis 40
procentic ki ar ar aris dakavebuli (Rossides 1990).
am cvlilebebis gamomwvevi mizezebis dasadgenad, mniSvnelovani debatebi
mimdinareobs. mizezi SeiZleba ramdenime iyos. pirveli, Sromis Semsubuqebis
mizniT Seqmnili aparaturis danergvaSi mdgomareobs, ramac, ukanaskneli
wlebis industriaSi, sainformacio teqnologiisa da kompiuterizaciis
gavrcelebis Semdeg, kulminacias miaRwia. meore mizezi dasavleTis
farglebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT Soreul aRmosavleTSi, manufaqturuli
industriis aRzevebaa. Soreuli aRmosavleTis ufro efeqturi
10
mwarmoeblebisTvis konkurenciis gawevis uunarobis gamo, dasavlur
qveynebSi arsebulma Zvelma industriebma mniSvnelovani danakargi ganicada.
Tanac Soreul aRmosavleTSi Sromis anazRaurebac gacilebiT dabalia.
industriuli konfliqti, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, movlenebis amgvarma
ganviTarebamac gamoiwvia. axla swored am Temaze vimsjelebT.

kavSirebi da industriuli konfliqti

muSebsa da im pirebs Soris, romlebsac ekonomikuri da politikuri
TvalsazrisiT, maTze maRali pozicia ukaviaT, yovelTvis iyo konfliqti.
samxedro valdebulebis Sesrulebis, maRali gadasaxadebisa da
warumatebeli mosavlis periodSi, sakvebis naklebobis gamo, amboxebis
mowyoba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo meTvramete saukunis evropis urbanul
teritoriebze. SromiTi konfliqti am moZvelebuli formiT zogierT
qveyanaSi me-19 saukuneSic vlindeboda. magaliTad, 1868 wels italiis
ramdenime qalaqSi sakvebis moTxovniTAmravali amboxeba moewyo (Geary 1982).
konfrontaciis amgvari tradiciuli formebi mxolod sporaduli da
iracionaluri ar iyo. Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaram Sedegi gamoiRo da
xorbali da sxva mniSvnelovani sakvebi produqti gaiafda.
profesiuli kavSirebis ganviTareba
mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi muSebsa da damqiraveblebs Soris
arsebuli industriuli konfliqti xSirad ar iyo bolomde organizebuli.
konfrontaciis dros muSebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, samuSao adgils tovebdnen
da quCebSi ikribebodnen; isini sakuTar satkivars umarTavi qceviT an
pasuxismgebel pirebze ZaladobiT gamoxatavdnen. safrangeTis zogierT
regionSi mecxramete saukunis bolos muSebi maTTvis arasasurvel
damqiraveblebs CamoxrCobiTac ki daemuqrnen. gaficvis forma, romelic
dRes TanamSromlebsa da menejments Soris organizebul garigebasTan
asocirdeba, nela da Tanmimdevrulad ganviTarda. 1799 wels britaneTSi
kombinaciis aqtebi SemuSavda, romelTa safuZvelze 1800 wels muSaTa
jgufebis organizebuli Sekreba aralegalurad gamocxadda da saxalxo
demonstraciebi aikrZala. es aqtebi oci wlis Semdeg gauqmda, radgan
naTeli gaxda, rom amgvarma SezRudvam sazogadoebrivi ukmayofilebis
Semcirebis nacvlad, misi zrda gamoiwvia. imata profesiul kavSirebSi
gawevrianebul adamianTa ricxvma da profesiuli kavSirebis moRvaweoba
male masobriv moZraobad gadaiqca. kavSirebi mecxramete saukunis bolo
meoTxedSi dakanonda, mas Semdeg maTi Semadgenloba gaizarda da 1920
wlisTvis kavSirebSi fizikurad dasaqmebul mamakacTa 60 procenti iyo
gaerTianebuli. britanul profesiul kavSirebs koordinacias centraluri
organizacia, profesiuli kavSirebis kongresi (TUC) uwevs, romelic 1868
11
wels daarsda britaneTSi. am organizacias mWidro kavSirebi aqvs
leiboristul partiasTan.
gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi kavSirebsa da gaficvebis tendenciebs Soris
pirdapiri kavSiri TiTqmis ar arsebobda. am perodSi gaficvebi ufro
spontanurad, muSaTa organizaciebis mxridan provocirebis gareSe
xdeboda. SeerTebul StatebSi dasaqmebis sferoSi uflebamosili piris
angariSSi vkiTxulobT, rom im periodSi ganxorcielebul gaficvaTa
TiTqmis naxevari kavSirebis mier ar iyo inicirebuli (Ross 1954).
savaraudod, TiTqmis igive mdgomareoba iyo britaneTSic. pirveli msoflio
omis bolos situacia Seicvala da kavSirebis mxardaWeris gareSe,
araorganizebulad ganxorcielebul gaficvaTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad
Semcirda.
kavSirebis ganviTareba qveynebis mixedviT Zlier gansxvavdeba; aseve
gansxvavebulia samuSao Zalaze, damsaqmeblebsa da xelisuflebaze
kavSirebis gavlena. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, evropuli qveynebis
umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, kavSirebi didi xniT adre dafuZnda.
magaliTad, germanuli profesiuli kavSirebi 1930-ian wlebSi nacistebis
mier ganadgurda da mxolod meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg
ganaaxla moRvaweoba. safrangeTSi ki kavSirebis moZraoba mxolod 1930-ian
wlebSi ganviTarda da kavSirebis organizebisa da koleqtiur SromiT
kontraqtebTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebebis oficialuri aRiareba
mxolod am wlebSi moxda.
ratom arsebobs kavSirebi?
wevrobis donisa da Zalauflebis gansxvavebis miuxedavad, kavSiris
orgnizaciebi yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi arsebobs. yvela am qveynis
kanonmdebloba aRiarebs, rom muSaks ekonomikuri miznebis misaRwevad,
gaficvis legaluri ufleba aqvs. ratom iqca kavSiri Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad? ratom warmoadgens kavSirebsa da
menejments Soris konfliqti industriuli garemos met-naklebad myar
maxasiaTebels?
zogs miaCnia, rom kavSirebi Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli gildiebis – erTi
da imave saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianTa asociaciebis – efeqturi versiaa,
romelic Tanamedrove industriaSic damkvidrda. amgvari interpretaciiT
mxolod im faqtis axsna SeiZleba, rom kavSirebi xSirad xelosnebis mier
iqmneboda, magram ra aris imis mizezi, rom kavSirebi mudmivad xelfasebis
momatebis moTxovnebTan da industriul konfliqtebTan asocirdeba? aqedan
gamomdinare, ufro misaRebi iqneba ganmarteba, rom kavSirebi industriul
garemoSi muSebis materialuri interesebis dacvis mizniT Seiqmna. samuSao

12
garemo maT aerTianebT, ganapirobebs solidarobis grZnobas, magram am
garemoSi maTi formaluri gavlena Zalze mcirea.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi umravles
qveynebSi muSebs ar hqondaT politikuri uflebebi da veraviTar gavlenas
ver axdendnen im pirobebze, romlebSic uxdebodaT muSaoba. kavSirebi,
pirvel rigSi, muSakebsa da damqiraveblebs Soris arsebul Zalauflebriv
disbalanss aregulirebs. muSaki, rogorc individualuri pirovneba, mcire
gavleniT sargeblobda, magram koleqtiur organizaciaSi misi gavlena
sagrZnoblad gaizarda. damqiravebels nebismieri muSakis daTxovna
SeuZlia, magram qarxana ver imuSavebs mTeli personalis an muSebis
umravlesobis gareSe. Tavidan kavSirebs “damcveli” organizaciis xasiaTi
hqonda, romelic muSakebs damsaqmebelTa ganusazRvreli Zalauflebis
gakontrolebis saSualebas aZlevda.
uaxlesi miRwevebi
cxadia, Tavad kavSirebma, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, cvlilebebi ganicada.
zogierTi maTgani Zlier gaizarda da, rogorc permanentulma organizaciam,
biurokratiuli xasiaTi miiRo. kavSirebSi dasaqmebuli oficialuri
personali sruli datvirTviT muSaobs, magaram mas SeiZleba ar hqondes
sakmarisi warmodgena im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic kavSiris wevrebs
uxdebaT muSaoba. aqedan gamomdinare, kavSiris liderebis aqtivoba da
Sexedulebebi SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes kavSiris wevrebis interesebs.
sawarmoSi dasaqmebul jgufebsa da maTi kavSirebis strategiebs Soris
zogjer konfliqturi situacia iqmneba. kavSirebis umravlesobam qalebis
didi raodenobiT gawevrianeba ver SeZlo. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTma
am mizniT sainiciativo kampania wamoiwyo, warsulSi bevri maTgani qalebis
kavSirebSi gaerTianebas aqtiur winaaRmdegobas uwevda.
dRes dasavlur qveynebSi arsebul profesiul kavSirebs safrTxes
cvlilebaTa sami urTierTdakavSirebuli procesi uqmnis: es umuSevrobis
maRali donea, rac asustebs kavSirebis garigebisTvis xelsayrel pozicias;
Zveli manufaqturuli industriebis Semcireba – kavSirebis saqmianoba,
tardiciulad, am sferoSi iyo Zlieri; da saerTaSoriso konkurenciis
intensiuri zrda, rac, gansakuTrebiT aziur qveynebSi SeiniSneba, sadac
xelfasebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dasavleTTan SedarebiT, dabalia. SeerTebul
Statebsa da sxva ramdenime evropul qveyanaSi, britaneTis, safrangeTis,
germaniisa da daniis CaTvliT, 1870-1980-ian wlebSi mmarTveli Zala
memarjvene xelisufleba gaxda, romelmac gadawyvita SeezRuda industriaSi
kavSirebis moWarbebuli gavlena.
1980-1982 wlebSi britaneTSi dasaqmebis aqtebi SemuSavda, romlebmac kidev
ufro SezRuda kavSirTa legaluri uflebebi. ,,profesiuli kavSirebis

13
protestis” oficialuri ganmartebidan gamoiricxa damsaqmeblis
mommarageblis piketireba. 1984 wels SemuSavebuli profesiuli kavSirebis
aqti, industriuli qmedebis ganxorcielebamde, kavSirebis mier wevrebis
gamokiTxvas moiTxovda; am aqtiT kavSirebis sxva prerogativebic SeizRuda.
samTavrobo sakomunikacio centrSi (GCHQ) dasaqmebul samoqalaqo pirebs
ekrZalebodaT kavSirSi gawevrianeba. es im mosazrebiT aixsneba, rom GCHQ–
Si ganxorcielebuli industriuli qmedebiT SeiZleba safrTxe daemuqros
erovnul usafrTxoebas. rasakvirvelia, am zomebma, erovnul da adgilobriv
doneze, mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda kavSirebis moZraobaze. am da sxva zemoT
xsenebulma ufro zogadma faqtorebma sagrZnoblad Seamcira kavSirebis
gavlena.
evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi kavSirebs kidev ufro
didi krizisi emuqrebaT. gasuli TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, mraval
mniSvnelovan industriaSi gauqmda kavSirebis mier samuSao pirobebisa da
xelfasebis kontroli. sagzao, transportis, foladisa da avto
industriaSi dasaqmebuli muSakebi imaze dabal xelfass iReben, vidre maT
manamde, molaparakebis safuZvelze SesTavazes. ramdenime mniSvnelovan
gaficvaSi kavSirebma meorexarisxovani roli Seasrules; maTi gavlenis
Sesustebis erT-erTi aRsaniSnavi magaliTi, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
sahaero transportis makontrolebeli kavSiris daSlaa.
kavSirebis wevrTa raodenobisa da gavlenis Semcireba industriuli
qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi fenomenia, rac ar unda aixsnas
memarjevene xelisuflebis mier kavSirebis winaaRmdeg politikuri zewolis
gamoyenebiT. kavSirebis gavlenis Sesusteba, Cveulebriv, maRali umuSevrobis
periodSi xdeba, rac mraval dasavlur qveyanaSi aRiniSna (ix. momaval
qveTavebSi). ufro moqnili warmoebis ganviTarebis tendenciebi amcirebs
kavSirebSi gaerTianebisadmi miswrafebas. kavSirebi iseT garemoSi
viTardeba, sadac did qarxnebSi erTad bevri adamiani muSaobs.
gaficvebi
ra aris gaficva? pasuxi bundovania da misi formulireba martivi ar aris.
magaliTad, ra gansxvavebaa gaficvasa da muSaobis xanmokle droiT Sewyetas
Soris? bevri qveynis statistikaSi samuSaos SeCerebas gaficvasTan im
SemTxvevaSi aigiveben, Tuki is dadgenil periods (magaliTad, naxevar dRes)
gascdeba, an Tu muSaobas muSakTa garkveuli raodenoba SeaCerebs. aris Tu
ara muSaobis SeCerebisas drois gadacileba an samuSao wesis darRveva
gaficvis amsaxveli aqtivobis magaliTi?
ukeTesi iqneba, Tu “gaficvas” ufro viwro gansazRvrebas mivusadagebT;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, termini zusti ar iqneba. gaficva, ukmayofilebis
gamoxatvis an garkveuli moTxovnis mizniT, dasaqmebulTa jgufis mier

14
samuSaos droebiTi SeCerebaa (Hyman 1984). am definiciis yvela komponenti
mniSvnelovania, radgan is gaficvas dapirispirebisa da konfliqtis sxva
formebisgan ganasxvavebs. gaficva ukmayofilebis gamoxatvis droebiTi
formaa, radgan muSakebs, samomavlod, igive samuSaoze dabruneba da igive
damsaqmebelTan TananSromlobis gagrZeleba aqvT ganzraxuli; Tu muSakebi
muSaobas Tavs samudamod anebeben, amgvari qmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad es
termini ar gamodgeba. gaficva muSaobis SeCerebaa da ara drois
gadaWarbebis akrZalva an “Senelebuli tempiT muSaoba.” gaficvaSi muSakTa
jgufi unda monawileobdes, radgan es koleqtiuri qmedebaa da ara erTi
individualuri muSakis mier gamoxatuli reaqcia. gaficva damsaqmeblis
winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli aqtivobaa, rac mas studentebisa Tu
mdgmurebis mier gamoxatuli protestis formebisgan ganasxvavebs. da
bolos, gaficvis mizans ukamyofileba da garkveuli moTxovna warmoadgens;
Tu muSaki samuSaos individualurad, sportul RonisZiebaze daswrebis
mizeziT, acdens, mas gaficuls ver vuwodebT.
gaficva muSakebsa da menejments Soris SesaZlebeli konfliqtis mxolod
erT aspeqts Tu tips warmoadgens. organizebuli konfliqtis sxva formebi
lokauti (aseT SemTxvevebSi samuSaos SeCereba ara muSakebis, aramed
damsaqmeblebis mier xdeba), warmoebis SezRudva da kontraqtTan
dakavSirebuli molaparakebis CaSlaa. naklebad organizebuli konfliqti
SeiZleba samuSao Zalis naklebobiT, samsaxuris gacdeniTa da sawarmoo
aparaturis wyobidan gamoyvaniT gamoixatos.
gaficvebis statistika
vinaidan gaficvis ganmarteba subieqturi interpretaciis sagania, ar aris
gasakviri, rom sxvadasxva qveyanas gaficvis statistikis registrirebis
gansxvavebuli praqtika gaaCnia. SesaZlebelia gaficvis doneebis
saerTaSoriso Sedareba, magram misi interpretacia didi sifrTxiliT unda
moxdes. is, rac erT qveyanaSi gaficvad miiCneva da, aqedan gamomdinare,
statistikaSic aisaxeba, SeiZleba meore qveyanaSi gaficvad ar CaiTvalos.
magaliTad, britaneTSi samuSao aTma an metma TanamSromelma unda
Sewyvitos, raTa qmedeba gaficvad Sefasdes. SeerTebul StatebSi ki (1982
wlidan) samuSaos gaCereba gaficvis saxelwodebiT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
aris statistikaSi registrirebuli, Tu masSi aTasi an meti TanamSromeli
monawileobs.
Cveulebriv, gaficvebTan dakavSirebiT samgvar informacias aqveyneben –
gaficvaTa raodenoba wlis ganmavlobaSi, aRniSnul weliwadSi gaficvaSi
monawile samuSao Zalis proporciuli wili da gaficvis gamo dakarguli
samuSao dReebis ricxvi. samive punqti erTad uxeS warmodgenas gviqmnis
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gaficvaTa doneebs Soris arsebuli gasxvavebis Sesaxeb.
am sami kriteriumis mixedviT, gaficvebisadmi yvelaze midrekili qveynebi
15
italia da kanadaa, yvelaze naklebad ki gaficvebi germaniasa da
skandinaviis qveynebSi fiqsirdeba. SeerTebul Statebsa da britaneTs
saSualo maCvenebeli aqvT. oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, gaficvis
doneebsa da ekonomikas Soris gansakuTrebuli kavSiri ar arsebobs. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar aris savaldebulo, rom gaficvaTa dabali
maCvenebliT gamorCeul qveynebs, im qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac gaficvaTa
didi raodenoba fiqsirdeba, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali done axasiaTebdes.
es arc aris gasakviri; gaficvaTa SedarebiTi statistikis Rirebuleba eWvs
iwvevs, industriuli konfliqti an daZabuloba ki gaficvebis garda,
SeiZleba sxva mravali saSualebiTac gamoixatos. garda amisa, harmoniuli
industriuli urTierTobebi yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs maRal
produqtiulobas.
industriuli konfliqtis mimdinare tendenciebi
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamocemul cnobil naSromSi vkiTxulobT, rom
gaficvebi Tavs sul ufro naklebad iCens. avtorTa azriT, xangrZlivi da
intensiuri dapirispireba ZiriTadad industrializaciis adreul fazebs
axasiaTebs. gaficvebTan dakavSirebuli aqtivoba mcirdeba, rodesac
arsebobs SeTanxmebuli struqturuli industriuli garigeba (Ross a nd
Hartman 1960). am Tezisis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, bevr dasavlur qveyanaSi,
britaneTis CaTvliT, gaRvivda industiuli konfliqti. britaneTSi 1960-ian
wlebsa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi araoficialuri gaficvebis
SeTxvevebma sagrZnoblad imata. rogorc Cans, am periodSi mravali muSaki
ukmayofilo iyo rogorc damsaqmebliT, ise kavSirebis oficialuri
organizaciebis muSaobiT.
1980-ian da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi oficialurma kavSirebma isev daiwyo
sagaficvo aqtivobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. amave dros, gaficvebis
SemTxvevevebi sagrZnoblad Semcirda did britaneTSi, rac umTavresad
kavSirebis garSemo politikuri da ekonomikuri klimatis daZabvam
gamoiwvia. es saerTaSoriso tendenciebis nawilia. or an sam gamonakliss
Tu ar CavTvliT, am periodSi sagaficvo aqtivobis Semcireba yvela
dasavlur qveyanaSi aRiniSna.

qalebi da samuSao
bolo dromde, dasavlur qveynebSi anazRaurebadi samuSao, ZiriTadad,
mamakacTa sferod miiCneoda. ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi situacia radikalurad Seicvala. samuSao ZalaSi sul ufro
meti qali erTveba. momdevno qveTavebSi am fenomenis warmoSobasa da arss –
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebas _
ganvixilavT.
16
 qalebi da samuSao adgili: istoriuli TvalTaxedva
preindustriul sazogadoebaTa mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis (da mesame
samyaros qveynebSi mcxovrebi bevri adamianisTvis) saojaxo aqtivoba
produqtiul aqtivobasTan iyo gaigivebuli. warmoeba Sin an saxlis
maxloblad xorcieldeboda. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi ojaxis yvela wevri
miwas amuSavebda an xelobiT iyo dakavebuli. qalaqis macxovreblebi,
Cveulebriv, saxelosnoebs saxlis pirobebSi awyobdnen da ojaxis TiToeul
wevrs warmoebis procesis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi sakuTari wvlili Sehqonda.
magaliTad, Tu ojaxi qsovils amuSavebda, bavSvebi Zafs asworebdnen da
matyls varcxnidnen, ufrosi qaliSvilebi da maTi dedebi Zafs axvevdnen,
mamebi ki rTavdnen. colebi da Svilebi mamakacebTan erTad Sromas Tanabrad
inawilebdnen da kervaSi, fexsacmelebis damzadebasa da cxobaSi iRebdnen
monawileobas. ekonomikur procesebSi mniSvnelovani rolis gamo, qalebi
ojaxSi didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen, Tumca ar monawileobdnen
politikasa da saomar saqmeebSi, radgan es mamakacis sferod iTvleboda.
xelosnebisa da fermerebis colebi xSirad awarmoebdnen saqmian angariSebs,
qvrivebi ki, Cveulebriv, bizness euflebodnen da uZRvebodnen kidec.
mas Semdeg, rac Tanamedrove industriis ganviTarebasTan erTad, samuSao
adgilma saSinao pirobebidan gareT gadainacvla, bevri ram Seicvala.
erTaderTi da umTavresi faqtori, warmoebis meqanizebul qarxnebSi
gadanacvleba gaxldaT. samuSao, manqanis daxmarebiT, garkveuli davalebis
Sesrulebis mizniT, sagangebod daqiravebuli adamianebis mier sruldeboda,
amitom damsaqmeblebi kontraqts, mTeli ojaxis nacvlad, individualur
pirebTan aformebdnen. imis gacnobierebas, rom ojaxi, Zveleburad, erTian
birTvad aRar aRiqmeba, didi dro dasWirda. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi,
britaneTsa da sxva evropul qveynebSi damsaqmeblebi samuSaoze xSirad isev
mTel ojaxs qiraobdnen. magaliTad, Tu qmars qarxanaSi asaqmebdnen, coli
da Svilebi Sina mosamsaxureebad ahyavdaT an fermaSi amuSavebdnen.
droTa ganmavlobaSi es praqtika aRmoifxvra da saxli da samuSao adgili
erTmaneTs sul ufro metad gaemijna. qali “saojaxo” RirebulebebTan
asocirdeboda, Tumca mosazrebas, rom qalis adgili Sin aris,
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva doneze gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen. mravali qali
Sina mosamsaxured, eqTnad, an saojaxo saqmeSi damxmared muSaobda.
xelmokle qalebs ufro mZime pirobebi hqondaT, radgan isini saojaxo
saqmesac uZRvebodnen da, qmris arasakmarisi Semosavlis gamo, industriuli
saqmianobiTac iyvnen dakavebulni.
meoce saukunemde qalTa dasaqmebis maCvenebeli yvela klasSi Zalze dabali
iyo. britaneTSi, 1910 wlis bolosac ki, dasaqmebul qalTa erTi mesamedi
Sina mosamsaxured an saojaxo saqmeSi damxmared muSaobda. qalTa samuSao
Zala, ZiriTadad, axalgazrda martoxela qalebs moicavda. Tu es qalebi
17
qarxnebsa an ofisebSi muSaobdnen, damsaqmeblebi xelfass, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
pirdapir maT mSoblebs ugzavnidnen. daqorwinebis Semdeg ki isini muSaobas
Tavs anebebdnen.
mas Semdeg, anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi qalTa monawileoba metnaklebad
Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda. erT-erTi ZiriTadi zemomqmedi faqtori pirveli
msoflio omis periodSi samuSao Zalis Semcireba gaxldaT. saomari wlebis
ganmavlobaSi qalebi bevr iseT samuSaos asrulebdnen, rac manamde mxolod
mamakacis saqmianobad miiCneoda. omidan dabrunebis Semdeg, am saqmianobaTa
umravlesoba kvlav mamakacebma gadaibares, magram omamde damkvidrebuli
Tvalsazrisi Seirya. dRevandel evropul qveynebSi, saxlis gareT,
anazRaurebad samuSaoze Teqvsmetidan samoc wlamde asakis qalTa 35-60
procentia dasaqmebuli. gansakuTrebuli mateba qorwinebaSi myof qalTa
Soris aRiniSna. gaerTianebul samefoSi es maCvenebeli 53 procents udris.
anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul qorwinebaSi myof qalTa raodenoba,
romlebsac sam wlamde asakis mcirewlovani Svilebi hyavT, 40 procentze
metia. miuxedavad amisa, anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi, mamakacebTan
SedarebiT, proporciulad bevrad naklebi qalia. anazRaurebad samuSaoze
ocdaxuTidan samoc wlamde asakis mamakacTa 74 procentia dasaqmebuli.
anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul mamakacTa proporciuli raodenoba
naklebad Seicvala gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli.

araTanabari samuSao pirobebi

dRes qalebi, ZiriTadad, dabalanazRaurebad, rutinuli xasiaTis samuSaoze
arian dasaqmebulni, rac dasaqmebis organizaciaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma
da sqesTan dakavSirebulma stereotipebma gamoiwvia. amis TvalsaCino
magaliTs “klerkis” Tanamdebobis prestiJisa da am TanamdebobisTvis
savaldebulo amocanebis axleburi xedva warmoadgens. 1850 wels,
gaerTianebul samefoSi klerkebis 90 procenti mamakacebi iyvnen. klerkis
samuSao sapasuxismgeblo poziciad iTvleboda, rac sabuRaltro unar-
Cvevebis flobasa da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, menejerisTis savaldebulo
pasuxismgeblobasac ki gulisxmobda. yvelaze dabal safexurze dasaqmebuli
klerkic ki sargeblobda garkveuli statusiT gare samyaroSi. meoce
saukuneSi saofise samuSaos zogadi meqanizacia moxda (rasac win uZRoda
mecxramete saukuneSi sabeWdi manqanis SemoReba). aman klerkis statusisa da
unar-Cvevebis Selaxva da masTan miaxloebuli dabali statusisa da
dabalanazRaurebadi mdivnis saqmianobis danergva gamoiwvia. imis gamo, rom
mdivnis TanamdebobasTan asocirebuli prestiJi da anazRaureba maRali ar
iyo, es samuSao adgilebi, ZiriTadad, qalebma Seavses. 1991 wels,
gaerTianebul samefoSi saofise muSakebis 90% da mdivnebis 98% qalebi
Seadgendnen.
18
qalebis anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT, Zalze
mniSvnelovania, hyavT Tu ara am qalebs maTze damokidebuli Svilebi. yvela
socioekonomikur jgufSi qals, savarudod, ufro aqvs sruli samuSao
datvirTva, Tu mas saxlSi Svilebze zrunva ar uwevs. Tumca dRes, 1980-ian
wlebTan SedarebiT, dedebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, isev iwyeben sruli
datvirTviT muSaobas, ubrundebian igive samuSaos da imave damsaqmebelTan
agrZeleben TanamSromlobas. 1980-ian wlebSi, dedebis umravlesoba, Zveli
samuSao adgilisgan gansxvavebiT, arasruli datvirTviT an ufro
dabalanazRurebad Tanamdebobaze muSaobda. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
qalebi karieras ubrundebian, gansakuTrebiT im SemxvevaSi, Tu isini manamde
maRalanazRaurebadi saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni (HMSO 1992).
arasruli datvirTviT, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, bevrad meti qalia
dasaqmebuli (ix. nax. 12.1). maTi umravlesoba srul anazRaurebad datvirTvas
arasrul samuSao dRes amjobinebs. magram arsebobs erTi mniSvnelovani
sfero, sadac qalebs Tavisufali arCevani ara aqvT. mamakacebs, zogadad,
Svilebis aRzrdis saqmeSi gadamwyveti pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebaT. es
pasuxismgebloba (sxva saojaxo movaleobebTan erTad – ix. qvemoT), qalebs
aqvT dakisrebuli; amitom qalebi, romlebsac surT an sWirdebaT dasaqmeba,
arasrul samuSao grafiks aniWeben upiratesobas.
nax. 12.1 mamakacebisa da qalebis sruli da arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmeba
gaerTianebul samefoSi, 1987-1995
wyaro: gamokiTxva samuSao Zalis Sesaxeb, centraluri statistikuri ofisi Social T rend-ze
dayrdnobiT, 1996, cxrili 4.1.

milionebSi srulad dasaqmebuli mamakacebi

srulad dasaqmebuli qalebi

arasrulad dasaqmebuli qalebi

arasrulad dasaqmebuli mamakacebi

bolo dros qalebi iseT Tanamdebobebs ikaveben, romlebic ,,mamakacTa

samuSaoebad” iTvleba. Tumca jerjerobiT aseTi SemTxvevebi bevri ar aris.
britanul kompaniebSi xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze qalebis 5 procentic
ar aris dakavebuli. xuTidan oTx firmaSi arc erT qals ar ukavia
direqtoris Tanamdeboba. igive mdgomareobaa ekonomikis sferoSic.
magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefos did bankebSi amJamad daaxloebiT erTi
milioni qali muSaobs. vestminsteris nacionalur bankSi qalebs menejerTa
Tanamdebobobebis 2 procenti, midlendSi 3 procenti, barkleisSi ki 4
procenti ukaviaT.
analogiuri situaciaa sxva profesiebSic. ukanaskneli oci wlis
ganmavlobaSi, advokati qalebis raodenoba gaizarda, magram maTi raodenoba
19
sul 14 procents Seadgens. umaRles sasamarTloSi qalebs mosamarTleTa
Tanamdebobebis sul 3 procenti ukaviaT da maTi umravlesoba qalTa
ganyofilebaSi muSaobs. saapelacio komisiaSi qalebi saerTod ar arian
(Grint 1991).
Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad mwvave iqneba uaxloes momavalSi genderuli
uTanasworobis problema. dRes mniSvnelovani gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs,
magram karieris ganviTarebas didi dro sWirdeba, amitom Sedegebi mxolod
wlebis Semdeg gamovlindeba. magaliTad, aviRoT iuridiuli profesia.
britaneTSi, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iurisprudenciis studentebis
naxevars qalebi Seadgendnen, rac wina aTwleulTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT
meti iyo. savaraudod, maTi umravlesoba iuristis karieras ganagrZobs;
saintereso is aris, maTgan ramdeni daikavebs maRal Tanamdebobas.
warmatebis problemebi
amJamad ekonomikurad warmatebul qalebs iseT samyarosTan uxdebaT
Segueba, romelsac isini Sinaganad ar ekuTvnian. aRmasrulebel
Tanamdebobebze dakavebuli qalebis gamocdileba ucxoeTSi xangrZlivi
periodiT gamgzavrebuli qalebis gamocdilebas Seadares. aseT dros
cnobari, rukebi da adgilobrivi macxovreblebis wes-Cveulebebis codnaa
saWiro. amgvar mogzaurobas Tan “kulturuli Sokic” axlavs da mosaxleoba
ucxoels bolomde maSinac ver egueba, Tuki is aRniSnul qveyanaSi
samudamod apirebs darCenas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, qalebma SeiZleba
zemoqmedeba moaxdinon maskulinul RirebulebaTa sistemaze da ojaxTan
dakavSirebuli pasuxismgebloba da samuSao valdebulebebi erTmaneTs
SeuTavson.
qalebis karieris ganviTarebas mamakacTa is damokidebuleba uSlis xels,
rom qalisTvis samuSao meorexarisxovania Svilebis yolasTan SedarebiT.
britaneTSi Seiswavles im menejerTa misazrebebi, romlebic jandacvis
samsaxurSi teqnikuri personalis Tanamdebobaze dasaqmebis msurvel
qalbatonebTan uZRvebodnen intervius. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom
interviurebi qalebs mudmivad ekiTxebian, hyavT Tu ara Svilebi, da Tu ar
hyavT, apirebeben Tu ara momavalSi dedobas. amgvar SekiTxvas arasodes
usvamen mamakac aplikantebs. rodesac interviuerebs amgvari qmedebis mizezi
hkiTxes, orgvarma pasuxma gaiJRera: a) im qalebma, romlebsac Svilebi hyavT,
SesaZloa, skolis ardadegebis periodSi an bavSvis avadmyofobis
SemTxvevaSi, samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis mizniT, damatebiTi dro
moiTxovon; b) bavSvze zrunva ganixileba ara orive mSoblis, aramed dedis
pasuxismgeblobad.
zogierTma menejerma miiCnia, rom dasmuli kiTxvebi TanamSromel qalebze
zrunvis xarisxis dadgenas isaxavda miznad, umravlesobam ki CaTvala, rom

20
gamokiTxva imis Sesafaseblad Catarda, Tu ramdenad saimedo kolega iqneba
samsaxuris dawyebis msurveli qalbatoni. aqedan gamomdinare, erTma
menejerma aRniSna: ,,Cemi azriT, es piradi xasiaTis SekiTxvaaa, magram es
sakiTxi aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT. es SeiZleba usamarTlobadac
CaiTvalos – qals igive SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCnia, radgan mamakaci ojaxis
gamo SezRuduli ar aris” (Homans 1987, gv. 92). Tumca mamakacs ar SuZlia
biologiurad ,,hyavdes ojaxi,” radgan fizikurad ar aCens Svilebs,
bavSvebis aRzrdaze pasuxismgebloba masac ekisreba. amgvari SesaZlebloba
mxedvelobaSi arc erT gamokiTxul menejers ar miuRia. igive ganwyoba
aisaxa qalebis dawinaurebasTan mimarTebaSic. menejerebma aRniSnes, rom
qalma, Tundac maRali Tanamdeboba ekavos, mcirewlovan bavSvebze zrunvis
mizniT, samuSaos Tavi unda daanebos. ufrosma menejerma Semdegi komentari
gaakeTa:
“maRali Tanamdebobebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebs ukaviaT, radgan qalebi, bavSvebis
gaCenisa da sxva msgavsi mizezis gamo, muSaobas Tavs anebeben... Cven mamakacebs
mizanmimarTulad ar vawinaurebT, magram cxovrebiseuli faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom qalebi
qorwindebian da ojaxebs qmnian; amis gamo maTi kariera fragmentuli xasiaTisaa. isini
samuSaos ubrundebian, magram gacdenili dro maT gamocdilebasa da profesionalizmze
isaxeba; amitom, rodesac kandidatebis SerCevis dro dgeba, es ara sqesis, aramed adamianis
damsaxurebis mixedviT xdeba. davuSvaT, gvyavs ori kandidati: qali, romelsac ojaxuri
pirobebis gamo, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi ar umuSavia da mamakaci, romelic mudmivad
muSaobs. rasakvirvelia, Tanabar pirobebSi, Tanamdebobaze mamakaci dainiSneba.” (Homans 1987,
gv. 95)

im mcirericxovan qalebs Soris, romlebsac menejeruli Tanamdebobebi

ekavaT, Svilebi arc erTs ar hyavda; maT ki, vinc samomavlod gegmavda
Svilebis gaCenas, ganacxades, rom Tanamdebobis datoveba da Semdeg, sxva
poziciis dakavebis mizniT, xelaxali wvrTnis gavla aqvT ganzraxuli.
1992 wels, ist angliaSi menejeri qalbatonebis gamokiTxvis Sedegad,
msgavsi Sedegebi gamovlinda (Verney 1992). 200-ma gamokiTxulma qalma
ganacxada, rom warmatebuli biznes karieris Seqmnis msurveli
qalbatonisTvis yvelaze didi problema baSvze zrunvis sakiTxia. yvelaze
misaReb, magram moklevadian gamosavlad, isini samuSao adgilze sabavSvo
bagebis gaxsnas miiCneven. magram amgvari SesaZleblobiT TanamSromlebs
gamokiTxul kompaniaTa mxolod 2 procenti uzrunvelyofda.
ra daskvna unda gamovitanoT am Sedegebis safuZvelze? qalebis samuSao
SesaZleblobebs dabrkolebas mamakacTa mikerZoebuli ganwyoba uqmnis?
zogierTma menejerma aRniSna, rom qalebma, romlebsac Svilebi hyavT,
anazRaurebadi samuSao ar unda eZebon, saojaxo saqmiT dakavdnen da
Svilebze izrunon. Tumca umravlesoba aRiarebs im princips, rom qalma da
mamakacma, karierasTan momarTebaSi, erTnairi SesaZleblobebiT unda
isargeblon. maT mikerZoebul ganwyobas samuSao ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed

21
mSoblisTvis savaldebulo saojaxo pasuxismgebloba. aqamde mosaxleobis
umravlesobas miaCnda, rom mSoblis funqciebi Tanabrad ver ganawildeba da
amasTan dakavSirebiT TanamSromel qalebs mudmivad eqnebaT problemebi.
erT-erTma menejerma ganacxada, rom qalebi, karierasTan mimarTebaSi,
mamakacebTan SedarebiT, wamgebian poziciaSi arian. es usamarTlobaa, magram
cxovrebiseuli faqtebiT jerjerobiT amgvari mdgomareoba dasturdeba
(Cockburn 1991).
kanonmdebloba, romelic Tanabar SesaZleblobebs iTvaliswinebs
1979 wels, gaerTianebul samefoSi Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa aqti SemuSavda.
aqtis punqtebis mixedviT, qalma da mamakacma erTsa da imave samuSaoSi
Tanabari anazRureba unda miiRon. amgvari formulirebis safuZvelze, bevr
damsaqmebels mieca lavirebis saSualeba. maT samuSaos dasaxeleba
Seucvales da qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis “gansxvavebuli” samuSao
adgilebi Seqmnes; amgvarad, aqtma maSin ar gaamarTla. 1975 wels evropulma
gaerTianebam Tanabari anazRaurebis aqti SeimuSava, romlis safuZvelze
“Tanabari anazRaurebis principi” dainerga. Tanabrad ara mxolod ,,msgavsi
samuSao”, aramed “Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaoc” unda anazRaurdes.
axali samuSao: ojaxze mzrunveli mamasaxlisi
jonaTan rurki, 29 wlis, vaJiSvili semis dabadebis Semdeg, orweliwadnaxevaria, ojaxze
zrunavs. man sabavSvo baRis maswavleblisTvis savaldebulo wvrTna gaiara, cxovrobs
londonSi, haunslouSi.
ratom gadawyviteT am saqmianobis arCeva? Cemi meuRle Llindi muSaobda, me ki ara. Tanac me
mcirewlovan bavSvebTan muSaobis ufro didi gamocdileba maqvs, is ki skolaSi
ufrosklaselebs aswavlis.
ra Tanxas gamoimuSavebT? arafers, bavSvs TveSi 41.20 funti daxmareba eZleva.
rogori samuSaoa? sems daaxloebiT 7 saaTze vayeneb da vacmev. kviraSi samjer dilaobiT
saTamaSo moedanze vtoveb, Semdeg iqidan momyavs da lanCs vaWmev. SuadRisas sZinavs, Semdeg
parkSi mivdivarT, iq SeiZleba mis megobrebs SevxvdeT. Tavisi asakis bavSvebTan SedarebiT,
semi cota ufro gvian iZinebs, radgan lindis masTan erTad yofna surs. rodesac saTamaSo
moedanze mimyavs, iq ZiriTadad dedebi ikribebian, amitom Tavs uxerxulad vgrZnob. bavSvebi
saseirnod dedebs ufro xSirad mohyavT.
semi rogoria? Tavidan Zalian ucxoobs, TiTze raRac niSani aqvs da imiT TamaSobs, magram
rodesac situacias egueba, sakmaod aqtiuria. xandaxan hiTrous aeroportSi mimyavs,
TviTmfrinavebi Zalian moswons. rodesac misi zrdis process vakvirdebi, es yvelaze did
siamovnebas maniWebs – axla imdens laparakobs, erTi wlis win ki TiTqmis verafers
ambobda.
ra aris TqvenTvis idealuri samuSao? maswavlebloba minda, magram Tavs Sin semTan
erTadac Zalian kargad vgrZnob.
momavalze ras ityviT? amJamad samuSao vakansiebs Tvals vadevneb; axla saxls vqiraobT,
sakuTari saxlis SeZenas vgegmavT, amitom rodesac semi skolaSi wava, samuSao aucileblad
unda movZebno.

22
 Zveli samuSao: ojaxze mzrunveli diasaxlisi
snezana teilori, 36 wlis, xuTi welia, diasaxlisia. warsulSi, sxvadasxva adgilas,
mdivnis droebiT da mudmiv Tanamdebobeze muSaobda, daasrula orenovani samdivno kursi.
misi mSoblebi yofili iugoslaviidan arian.
ratom airCieT es samuSao? Sin, bavSvebTan mindoda yofna.
ra Tanxas gamoimuSavebT? mgoni, or bavSvs TveSi daaxloebiT 70 funtis odenobis
daxmareba eZleva.
rogori samuSaoa? bavSvebs vaWmev, vban, tansacmels vurCev, skolaSi da sxvadasxva
aqtivobaze damyavs, kiTxvasa da saSinao davalebaSi vexmarebi, maTTan erTad vTamaSob,
varTob (icinis). maTi movla sasiamovno procesia. saojaxo da sxva saxis saqmeebTan
gamklaveba xandaxan stress mgvris. Cems qmars timoTisac unda mivxedo; is xarjTaRricxvis
inJineria da gvianobamde muSaobs. zogjer rTulia, rodesac garSemo yvela yviris da
sadils iTxovs.
rogori bavSvebi arian? tania xuTi wlis aris da skolaSi dadis. is sakmarisad
kontaqturi da moZravi bavSvia. nataSa samnaxevari wlis aris, mas xatva da gaferadeba
uyvars da cotaTi morcxvia. curvaze da baletze dadian.
ra aris TqvenTvis idealuri samuSao? am wuTas es CemTvis saukeTeso arCevania.
momavalze ras ityviT? momavali wlidan nataSa skolaSi did dros gaatarebs. SeiZleba
iseT samuSaos davubrunde, romelic bavSvebis movlis saSualebasac momcems.
esaubra piter karti, en morous ilustraciebi

wyaro: Guardian, 6 marti, 1996, gv. 3.

am or monaTxrobs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. evropuli

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, qals, romelic mamakacis eqvivalentur
samuSaozea dasaqmebuli, SeuZlia ganacxados, rom mis mier Sesrulebuli
samuSao eqvivalenturi Rirebulebisaa da igive anazRaureba moiTxovos.
britanul xelisuflebas, Tanabar SesaZleblobebTan dakavSirebuli susti
kanonmdeblobis gamo, evropul sasamarTloSi uCivles.

Tumca, saeWvoa, ramdenad aisaxa praqtikulad es gansxvaveba dasaqmebis

sistemaSi. britaneTis Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa komisiam qalTa
diskriminaciis ramdenime gaxmaurebuli saqmis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra.
magaliTad, 1989 wels loidis bankis mbeWdav da mdivan qalTa industriul
tribunalze gadacemuli saqme momCivanTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda; maT
ganacxades, rom am Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebuli qalebisa da bankis mamakaci
kurierebis samuSao Tanabari Rirebulebisaa, kurierebs ki maTze maRali
xelfasi eZlevaT.

Tumca amgvari miRwevebi xSiri ar iyo. amaze im firmis mier gamoqveynebuli

reklamac metyvelebs, romelic eZebda ragbis moTamaSe mamakacs an qals
marketingis aRmasruleblis Tanamdebobaze. kompaniam ganacxada, rom am
reklamaSi aranairi diskriminacia ar iyo, radgan qveyanas ragbis moTamaSe
Tormeti qalTa gundi hyavda. saqme momCivanTa damarcxebiT dasrulda
(Neuberger 1991).

23
 dabali anazRaureba da qalTa siRaribe
dasaqmebuli qalis saSualo anazRaureba bevrad ufro dabalia mamakacis
saSualo anazRaurebaze, Tumca es gansxvaveba ukanaskneli oci wlis
ganmavlobaSi garkveulwilad Semcirda. dabalanazRaurebad samuSao
seqtorSi qalebi Warboben. qalebis xelfasebi, saSualod, maSinac ufro
dabalia, Tuki isini da mamakacebi erTsadaimave kategoriaSi arian
dasaqmebulni. magaliTad, britaneTSi saofise samuSaoze dasaqmebul qalebs
igive Tanamdebobaze dasaqmebuli mamakacis gamomuSavebis 60 procenti
eZlevaT; maRaziebSi dasaqmebul qalebs ki igive saqmianobiT dakavebuli
mamakacis xelfasis - 57 procenti.

gaerTianebul samefoSi qalebis didi procenti siRaribeSi cxovrobs. es

gansakuTrebiT iseT qalebs exeba, romlebic ojaxs uZRvebian. imis
miuxedavad, rom siRaribeSi mcxovreb adamianTa raodenoba 1960-ian wlebSi
Semcirda da 1970 wlebSi stabilur maCvenebels miaRwia (1980-1990-ian
wlebSi isev daiwyo zrda), ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi
siRaribeSi mcxovreb qalTa procentuli raodenoba Tanmimdevrulad
gaizarda. siRaribis problema gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas qalebSi,
romlebsac mcirewlovan bavSvebze mudmivad uxdebaT zrunva. aq
mojadoebuli wre iqmneba: Tu qals kargad anazRaurebadi samuSao aqvs, is
did finansur danakliss ganicdis, radgan bavSvis movlis safasuris
gadaxda uxdeba. meore mxriv, Tu is arasruli datvirTviT imuSavebs, misi
gamomuSaveba da karierasTan dakavSirebuli perspeqtivebi Semcirdeba da is
sxva saxis ekonomikur daxmarebas – pensiiT sargeblobis uflebasac
dakargavs, radgan amgvari privilegia mxolod srulad dasaqmebul muSakebs
aqvT.

ramdenad gansxvavebuli situaciaa sxva qveynebSi? SedarebisTvis SvedeTis

magaliTs ganvixilavT, sadac, qalebis ekonomikuri statusis gaumjobesebis
mizniT, gacilebiT meti zoma iqna miRebuli, vidre britaneTSi.

SvedeTis SemTxveva
SvedeTs, sqesTa Tanabari pirobebis xelSemwyobi kanonmdeblobis
SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT, dasavlur samyaroSi wamyvani pozicia uWiravs
(Scriven 1984). SvedeTSi mcxovreb qalTa didi wili anazRaurebad samuSaozea
dasaqmebuli – 1986 wels Teqvsmetidan samocdaoTx wlamde asakis qalTa 80
procenti garkveuli saxis anazRaurebad samuSaos asrulebda (Allman/manad
statistik 1987). mSobiarobamde erTi TviT adre da bavSvis dabadebidan eqvsi
Tvis ganmavlobaSi, nebismier qals saxelmwifo daxmareba eZleva, romelic
saSualo gamomuSavebis 90 procents uzrunvelyofs. es periodi, survilis
mixedviT, SeiZleba orive mSobelma gainawilos. daxmarebis miReba damatebiT
kidev 180 dRis ganmavlobaSi aris SesaZlebeli, romliTac deda an mama
sargeblobs. arsebobs bavSvze zrunvis centrebi, romlebic ardadegebze da
skolis Semdgom saaTebSi 12 wlamde asakis bavSvebs emsaxureba.

24
am zomebma nawilobriv gaamarTla, radgan qalebs maRali Tanamdebobis
dakavebis SesaZlebloba miecaT. magaliTad, SvedeTis parlametis wevrTa
meoTxeds qalebi Seadgenen, rac yvelaze maRali saerTaSoriso maCvenebelia.
Tumca saqmiani firmebis menejmentSi qals iSviaTad SexvdebiT da umravles
samuSao adgilebze qalebis igive raodenobaa warmodgenili, rac sxva
dasavlur sazogadoebebSi. 1985 wels, SvedeTSi qalTa 45 procenti
arasruli datvirTviT iyo dasaqmebuli da sruli datvirTviT dasaqmebul
adamianebTan SedarebiT, karieris ganviTarebis naklebi SesaZlobebi,
naklebi socialuri daxmareba da sapensio uflebebi gaaCnda (SvedeTSi
Teqvsmetidan samocdaoTx wlamde asakis mamakacTa mxolod 5 procentia
arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebuli). bevr qals, sruli samuSao dRis gamo,
sakuTari Svilis dRis centrisTvis xangrZlivad mibareba ar surs. isini
Tavad iReben Svilsa da saojaxo saqmeebze pasuxismgeblobas. paradoqsia,
magram bavSvze mzrunvelobis centrebis arsebobis gamo, mamakacebs miaCniaT,
rom maT bavSvis aRzrdaSi monawileoba naklebad evalebaT.

saojaxo saqme

saojaxo saqmis Tanamedrove forma ojaxisa da samuSaos gamijvnis Sedegad

gaCnda (Oakley 1974). saxli ufro produqtis moxmarebis da ara warmoebis
adgilad iqca. saojaxo saqme aRar aris iseTi ,,TvalsaCino”, radgan
,,realuri samuSaos” cnebas sul ufro aigiveben saqmianobasTan, romelSic
adamians xelfasi eZleva. cvlilebebi moxda im periodis ganmavlobaSic,
romelmac sakuTari saxlis flobis praqtikamde migviyvana.
industrializaciiT ganpirobebulma gamogonebebma da danadgarebma saojaxo
sferoze didi gavlena iqonia. manamde es Zalze mZime da damqancveli
saqmianoba iyo. magaliTad, ZalianN rTuli da Sromatevadi iyo sarecxis
yovelkvireuli recxva. The Maytag Washing Machine Co.–m gamoikvlia, Tu rogor
recxavdnen sarecxs mecxramete saukuneSi. maT daaskvnes, ,,rom Zvelad,
sarecxis recxvisas, adamiani dReSi igive energias xarjavda, rac xuTi
milis gadacurvisas ixarjeboda; es aqtivoba igive moZraobas moiTxovda da
recxvisas adamiani iseve sveldeboda, rogorc curvisas.” (citirebulia
Hardyment, 1987, gv. 6).

naxati – ,,es uToa. perangebi Sen unda gaauToo. me gogonebTan erTad

mivdivar. kargi?”

saxlebis cxeli da civi gamdinare wyliT uzrunvelyofis Semdeg, bevri

Sromatevadi da xangrZlivi saqme gamartivda; manamde wyali saxlamde unda
migezida. cxeli wylis moxmarebis mizniT, wyali aduRebas moiTxovda.
eleqtroenergiisa da gazis milebis saxlebSi Seyvanis Semdeg, naxSirisa da
SeSis qurebi usargeblo sagnebad iqca. Sesabamisad, TiTqmis gauqmda SeSis
Cexvis, naxSiris mozidvisa da quris mudmivad wmendis saqmianobebi. iseTma
danadgarebma, rogoric mtversasruti da sarecxi manqanaa, Sroma Zlier
Seamsubuqa. ojaxis wevrTa raodenobam iklo, rac nakleb bavSvze zrunvas
gulisxmobda. ucnauria, magram amis miuxedavad, qalis mier saojaxo saqmeze
daxarjuli dro sagrZnoblad ar Semcirebula. mecxramete saukunis meore
naxevarSi umuSevari britaneli qalebis mier saojaxo saqmeze daxarjuli

25
drois raodenoba ar Secvlila. saojaxo danadgarebis wyalobiT, zogi
mZime saojaxo saqme gamartivda, magram isini axalma saqmianobebma Secvala.

qalebis samuSao ZalaSi CarTulobis zrdis tendenciam saojaxo aqtivobaze

imoqmeda. gareT dasaqmebuli qorwinebaSi myofi qalebi, sxva qalebTan
SedarebiT, naklebad arian saojaxo saqmiT dakavebulni, Tumca, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, inawileben saxlze zrunvasTan dakavSirebul ZiriTad
pasuxismgeblobas (ix. cxrili 12.1). maTi aqtivoba sruliad gansxvavebulia.
isini saojaxo saqmes ZiriTadad saRamos saaTebsa da uqmeebs uTmoben. gareT
dausaqmebeli diasaxlisebi ki saqmes sxvagvarad anawileben.

araanazRaurebad saojaxo Sromas ekonomikisTvis uzarmazari mniSvneloba

aqvs. gamoTvlebis mixedviT, industriul qveynebSi Seqmnili dovlaTis 25-40
procenti saojaxo saqmis Sedegia. saojaxo samuSao iseT ufaso
momsaxurebas uzRunvelyofs, romelzec dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis didi
nawilia damokidebuli, es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs ekonomikis
ganviTarebas.

ojaxze mzrunvel diasaxlisebs (dRes iseTi Semxvevebic gvxvdeba, rodesac

ojaxze mamakacebi zrunaven), ara aqvT anazRaurebadi samuSao. Tumca
statistikaSi maT “umuSevrebad” ar Tvlian. realurad, ras niSnavs,
“umuSevroba”? am sakiTxs yuradRebas momdevno qveTavSi davuTmobT.

cxrili 12.1 col-qmars Soris saojaxo saqmis ganawileba, didi britaneTi

1994 (procentebSi)

yovelTv Cveuleb orive Cveulebri yovelTv yvela

is riv TiTqmis v is wyvi
qalebi qalebi Tanabrad mamakacebi mamakaceb li
i

recxva da 47 32 18 1 1 100
gauToeba

gadawyvetileba, 27 32 35 3 1 100
Tu ra kerZi
unda momzaddes
sadilad

avadmyofi 22 26 45 _ _ 100
ojaxis wevrebis
movla

sursaTis yidva 20 21 52 4 1 100

saxlis mcire 2 3 18 49 25 100

SesakeTebeli
samuSao
aq iseTi SemTxvevebic igulsixmeba, rodesac SekiTxvas ar upasuxes an samuSaos mesame piri
asrulebda.
26
wyaro: britanelTa socialuri ganwyobis gamokiTxva, Social & Community Planning R esearch, S ocial
Trend-ze dayrdnobiT, 1996, gv. 216

umuSevroba
gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi u m u S eEv r o b i s maCvenebeli Zlier
Seicvala. 1930-ian wlebSi dasavlur qveynebSi umuSevrobam kulminacias
miaRwia, britaneTSi am periodSi samuSao Zalis 20 procenti iyo
dausaqmebeli. omis Semdgom wlebSi, evropisa da SeerTebuli Statebis
sazogadoebriv politikaze Zlier imoqmeda ekonomist jon meinard keinesis
ideebma. keiness miaCnda, rom umuSevrobis zrdas saqonlis Sesyidvis
uunaroba iwvevs; mTavrobas SeuZlia ekonomikaSi Caerios da moTxovnis done
gazardos, rasac axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna mohyveba. bevri adamianis
azriT, saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri cxovrebis marTvis gamo, umuSevrobis
maRali maCvenebeli warsuls Cabarda. sruli dasaqmebis valdebuleba
TiTqmis yvela dasavluri qveynis samTavrobo politikis Semadgenel
nawilad iqca. 1970-ian wlebamde es politika TiTqos amarTlebda da
ekonomikuri zrda metnaklebad Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobda.

Tumca, gasuli TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, umuSevrobis maCvenebeli bevr

qveyanaSi gaizarda da keinesianizms, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRar iyeneben,
rogorc ekonomikuri aqtivobis kontrolis mcdelobis saSualebas. meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, britaneTSi
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli 2 procentsac ar Seadgenda. 1980-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi es maCvenebeli 12 procentamde gaizarda, Semdeg daeca,
aTwleulis bolos ki isev aRmasvla daiwyo; 1995 wels is 11 procents
Seadgenda.

umuSevrobis analizi

umuSevrobis oficialuri statistikis interpretacia sworxazovani ar aris

(ix. 12.2). umuSevrobis dasaxasiaTeba ar aris advili amocana. is ,,samuSaos
gareSe yofnas” niSnavs. magram samuSaoSi aq “anazRaurebadi samuSao” an
“aRiarebuli saqmianobiT dakaveba” igulisxmeba. umuSevris statusiT
registrirebuli adamiani SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis produqtiuli
aqtivobiT, magaliTad, saxlis RebviT an baRis movliT, iyos dakavebuli.
bevri adamiani arasruli anazRaurebadi datvirTviT muSaobs an
anazrurebadi samuSaoTi periodulad aris dakavebuli; pensionrebs
,,umuSevarTa” kategorias ar akuTvneben.

mravali ekonomistis azriT, umuSevrobis standartul maCvenebels kidev

ori faqtori unda daematos. arseboben ,,uimedobiT Sepyrobili muSakebi”,
romlesac muSaoba surT, imedi gaucruvdaT da samuSaos Zebnaze xeli
Caiqnies; ,,iZulebiT arasrulad dasaqmebuli muSakebi” iseT kategorias
ekuTvnian, romlebsac srulad dasaqmebis survili aqvT, magram ver
axerxeben amgvari samuSaos moZiebas. am faqtorebis damateba,
umuSevrobasTan mimarTebaSi, ufro srulyofil demografiul suraTs
uzrunvelyofs (ix. 12.3). 1993 wels evropuli kavSiris qveynebSi 4 milioni
,,uimedobiT Sepyrobili” da 15 milioni “iZulebiT arasrulad dasaqmebuli”
27
muSaki iyo. umuSevarTa ofocialuri raodenoba ki 34 milions Seadgenda
(The Economist, 22 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 92). Tu iaponiis umuSevrobis maCvenebels am
ori damatebiTi kategoriiT SevavsebT, umuSevrobis saerTo done orjer an
metad gaizrdeba.

nax 12.2 SesaZlebeli dasaqmebis, umuSevrobis, an samuSaos gareSe yofnis

taqsonomia
wyaro: Peter Sinclair, Unemployment: Economic Theory and Evidence (Blackwell Publishers 1987), gv. 2

skolis Semdgomi asakis mosaxleoba

dasaqmebuli xarT?

diax ara

sruli datvirTviT? gsurT muSaobis dawyeba?

ara diax

gsurT ufro xangrZlivi amJamad eZebT samuSaos?

samuSao dRis qona?

diax ara diax diax ara

sruli arasruli SegiZliaT axlave

datvirTviT datvirTviT daiwyoT muSaoba?
dasaqmeba dasaqmeba

diax jer amJamad sruliad

ara ara ar veZeb

dasaqmebulebi dausaqmebeli naxevrad arc

dausaqmebeli dasaqmebuli,
arc
dausaqmebeli

ekonomikurad aqtiurebi

nax. 12.3 sxvadasxva qveynis umuSevarTa: dausaqmebeli muSakebis, uimedobiT

Sepyrobili muSakebisa da iZulebiT arasrulad dasaqmebuli muSakebis
procentuli maCvenebeli, 1993

wyaro: OECD. Economist-ze dayrdnobiT, 22 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 92

espaneTi

avstralia

kanada

28
britaneTi

SvedeTi (1992)

SeerTebuli Statebi

germania

iaponia

umuSevrebi

uimedobiT Sepyrobili muSakebi

arasrulad dasaqmebuli muSakebi

britaneTis xelisuflebis mier dokumenturad kargad aris aRnusxuli, Tu

rogor aisaxa umuSevroba sxvadasxva fenebSi. umuSevrobis maCvenebeli
qalebs Soris ufro maRalia, vidre mamakacebSi da eTnikur umciresobebSi
ufro maRalia, vidre TeTrkanianebSi. eTnikur umciresobebs Soris, danarCen
mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT, aseve yvelaze maRalia grZelvadiani
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli. umuSevrobis bolodroindeli zrda gansakurebiT
axalgazrdebs Seexo; am kategoriaSic igive problema - is TeTrkanianebTan
SedarebiT, eTnikur umciresobebze ufro mZafrad aisaxa. Teqvsmetidan
cxramet wlamde asakis adamianTa umuSevrobis maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 20
procentia. SeiZleba es ar iyos realuri monacemi, radgan studentTa
umravlesoba arasruli datvirTviT muSaobs an droebiT samuSaozea
dakavebuli. Tumca, xangrZlivad dausaqmebel adamianTa Soris, Zalian bevri
axalgazrdaa, romelTa umravlesoba eTnikur umciresobas ekuTvnis.
mozardi asakis biWebis naxevarze meti umuSevrad rCeba eqvsi Tvis an ufro
xangrZlivi drois manZilze.E

umuSevroba Zneli gadasatania saimedo samsaxurs miCveuli adamianebisTvis.

ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi, Tavs Semosavlis dakargva iCens. am garemoebis
Sedegi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba, radgan yvela qveyana
sxvadasxva moculobis umuSevrobis daxmarebas gascems. magaliTad,
britaneTi umuSevrebs keTildReobis xangrZlivi daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofs.
umuSevrobam SeiZleba mwvave finansuri problemebi gamoiwvios, magram
saxelmwifo jandacva da keTildReobis sxva saxis daxmareba
umuSevrebisTvis mainc xelmisawvdomia. meore mxriv, SeerTebul StatebSi,
espaneTsa da sxva zogierT dasavlur qveyanaSi umuSevrebs daxmareba ufro
xanmokle vadiT eZlevaT da, Sesabamisad, aseTi adamianebi uares ekonomikur
pirobebSi aRmoCndebian.

ratom gaizarda umuSevrobis maCvenebeli?

ukanasknel wlebSi dasavlur qveynebSi umuSevroba gaizarda. sxvadasxva

sazogadoebaSi es procesi gansxvavebuli formiT aisaxa. dasavleTis
29
farglebs gareT, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, naklebi umuSevroba iyo
iaponiaSi. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTis qveynebSi
arsebuli umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebeli sxvadasxva faqtorTa kombinaciiT
aixsneba.

• mniSvnelovani elementia saerTaSoriso konkurenciis zrda im

industriebSi, romlebsac efuZneboda dasavleTis keTildReoba. 1947
wels foladis msoflio warmoebis 60 procenti SeerTebul StatebSi
xorcieldeboda. dRevandeli maCvenebeli 15 procentia, maSin roca
iaponiasa da mesame samyaros qveynebSi (kerZod, singapurSi, taivansa
da hong kongSi, romlebic iaponur fasebsac amcireben) foladis
warmoeba samjer gaizarda.

• sxvadasxva garemoebis, magaliTad, 1973 wlis “navTobis krizisis”

(maSin navTobis mwarmoebeli ZiriTadi qveynebi Seikribnen da
koleqtiurad gadawyvites navTobis safasuris gazrda) gamo, msoflio
ekonomikam seriozuli recesia da warmoebis Seneleba ganicada.

• industriaSi mikroeleqtronikis moWarbebulma gamoyenebam Seamcira

moTxovna samuSao Zalaze.

• warsulTan SedarebiT, sul ufro met qals surs dasaqmeba, ramac

xelmisawvdomi samuSao adgilebis Semcireba gamoiwvia.

Zneli saTqmelia, kidev gaizrdeba Tu ara uaxloes momavalSi

umuSevrobis maCvenebeli. zogierT qveyanas masStabur umuSevrobasTan
sabrZolvelad ukeTesi pirobebi gaaCnia. umuSevrobam
SeerTebulAStatebSi, britaneTTan da sxva mniSvnelovan evropul
qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro warmatebiT iklo. amis mizezi SeiZleba is
iyos, rom ekonomikuri siZlieris gamo, es qveyana msoflio bazarze,
mcire arastabilur qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro didi gavleniT
sargeblobs. garda amisa, savaraudod, SeerTebul StatebSi
gansakuTrebiT farTo momsaxurebis seqtoris arsebobis gamo, aSS ufro
meti samuSao adgiliT uzrunvelyofs, vidre qveynebi, romelTa
mosaxleoba, tradiciulad, manufaqturul warmoebaSia dasaqmebuli.

umuSevroba evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi

1980-ian wlebsa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, SeerTebul StatebSi,

dasavleT evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti samuSao
adgili Seiqmna. gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, es ar iyo
e.w. “maksamuSaoebi” anu dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaoebi swrafi
momsaxurebis restornebSi. SeerTebul StatebSi xuTidan oTxi adamiani
menejeruli an profesiuli saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli.

ratom Seiqmna evropul qveynebSi naklebi samuSao adgilebi?

zogierTebis azriT, amis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom ramdenime
evropuli qveynis, maT Soris safrangeTis, kanonmdeblobam umaRlesi
xelfasis minimaluri zRvari daawesa. kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
30
faqtori SeiZleba produqciis – saqonlisa da momsaxurebis _ gasayid
bazrebze barierebis arseboba iyos. magaliTad, industriuli qveynebis
samuSao adgilebis saSualod 10 procents vaWrobis sfero Seadgens.
amerikaSi samuSao adgilebis ZiriTadi wyaro savaWro seqtoria; amis
sapirispirod, safrangeTSi vaWrobis sferoSi dasaqmeba Semcirda. es,
savarudod, savaWro teritoriebisTvis gankuTvnili zonebisa da samuSao
saaTebis mkacrma SezRudvam gamoiwvia – SeerTebul StatebSi zogierTi
maRazia 24-saaTiani grafikiT muSaobs.

umuSevrobis maRali donis gamo, kritikosebma Cvens cxovrebaSi

anazRaurebadi samuSaos rolze daiwyes saubari. iqneb momavalSi bevr
Cvengans, samuSaosTan mimarTebaSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebuli
damokidebuleba ganuviTardes? am problemaze daskvniT nawilSi
vimsjelebT.

dasaqmebis momavali
kvalificirebuli muSaki

zogierTi sociologi da ekonomisti acxadebs, rom globaluri

ekonomikisa da ‘moqnil” samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdis pirobebSi,
momavalSi bevri “kvalificirebuli muSaki” gveyoleba. am adamianebs
unar-Cvevebis nakrebi – gansxvavebuli samuSao unar-Cvevebi da diplomebi
unda hqondeT, rasac isini samuSao karieris ganviTarebis gzaze
sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi gamoiyeneben. mxolod dasaqmebulTa mcire wils
eqneba grZelvadiani ,,kariera” Tanamedrove gagebiT.

zogierTebi kvalificirebuli muSakis damkvidrebisken swrafvas

dadebiTad afaseben. muSaki wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave
samuSaoze ar iqneba dakavebuli da mas sakuTari samuSao karieris
SemoqmedebiTad dagegmvis saSualeba eqneba (Handy 1994). zogi Tvlis, rom
“moqniloba” praqtikaSi organizaciebis mier muSakebis TviTneburad
daqiravebasa da daTxovnas niSnavs, ris gamoc TanamSromlebs
daucvelobis grZnoba euflebaT. damsaqmeblebs samuSao ZalasTan
xanmokle valdebuleba akavSirebT, rac maT minimaluri damatebiTi
daxmarebis gadaxdisa da sapensio uflebebis SezRudvis saSualebas
aZlevs.

kaliforniaSi Silicon V alley-is mier axlaxan Catarebuli kvleviT

dadasturda, rom adgilobrivi ekonomikuri warmateba kvalificirebul
samuSao Zalas efuZneba. Silicon V alley-is firmebSi Zalian maRalia
warumateblobis maCvenebeli: yovel wels daaxloebiT 300 axali
kompania ixsneba, magram TiTqmis igive raodenobis kompania ixureba.
situaciis Sesabamisad iqceva samuSao Zala, romelSic didi raodenobiT
aris profesionali da teqnikuri muSaki. avtorebi amboben, rom erTi
firmidan meoreSi niWisa da unarebis swrafi gadineba da, paralelurad,
personalis adaptacia mimdinareobs. teqnikuri specialisti
konsultantis pozicias ikavebs, konsultanti - menejeris, rigiTi

31
 TanamSromlebi kompaniis kapitalistebi xdebian; SeiZleba procesi
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiTac ganviTardes (Bahrami and Evans 1995).

amgvari situacia jerjerobiT gamonaklisi ufroa, vidre Cveulebrivi

movlena. dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli uaxlesi statistikis mixedviT,
industriul britaneTsa da aSS-Si, anu im qveynebSi, romlebsac
industriul qveynebs Soris yvelaze nakleb regulirebadi Sromis
bazari aqvT - srulad dasaqmebuli muSakebi igive datvirTviT muSaoben,
rogorc aTi wlis win (The Economist, 21 maisi, 1995). amis mizezi is aris,
rom menejerebi personalis reorganizacias kompaniisTvis
ZviradRirebul da, moraluri TvalsazrisiTac, saziano RonisZiebad
miiCneven, amitom maT axali TanamSromlebis miRebas, Zveli personalis
gadamzadeba urCevniaT, Tundac amisTvis sabazro Rirebulebaze maRali
safasuris gadaxda gaxdes saWiro. wignSi Built to L ast (1994) jeims
kolinzma da jeri porasma meTvramete saukunis amerikuli kompaniebi
gaaanalizes; 1926 wlidan am kompaniebs saaqcio birJaze mudmivad kargi
Sedegi aqvT. avtorebma daadgines, rom isini TanamSromlebs
TviTneburad ar qiraobdnen da arc samuSaodan uSvebdnen, piriqiT,
kompania personalis mimarT mfarvelobiT politikas atarebda.
erTmaneTs TxuTmeti kompania Seadares. aRmoCnda, rom cameti naklebad
warmatebuli korporaciisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod orma daniSna
aRmasrulebeli direqtoris Tanamdebobaze pirovneba, romelic ar iyo
kompaniis TanamSromeli.

kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs im adamianTa Tvalsazriss, romlebsac

miaCniaT, rom ekonomikaSi adgils kvalificirebuli muSaki imkvidrebs.
organizaciaTa zomis Semcireba realobaa, ris Sedegad samuSaos bevri
iseTi muSaki kargavs, romelsac Sromis bazarze sicocxlis bolomde
dasaqmebis imedi hqonda. axali samuSaos misaRebad, maT SeiZleba
sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis daufleba mouxdeT. bevrma, gansakurebiT
asakovanma adamianma, SeiZleba saerTod ver SeZlos Zvelebur, an
zogadad, anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmeba.
samuSaos mniSvnelobis kleba?

,,yvela adamians aqvs muSaobis ufleba” - vkiTxulobT adamianis uflebaTa

universalur deklaraciaSi, romelsac meore msoflio omis Semdeg
gaerTianebuli erebis Sekrebaze moewera xeli. maSin es gancxadeba
anazRaurebad samuSaos gulisxmobda. umuSevrobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi,
am mizans realizeba ar uweria. iqneb anazRaurebadi samuSaos buneba
Seicvalos, kerZod, adamianTa cxovrebaSi misi dominanturi pozicia.

damsaqmeblebi da muSakebi umuSevrobas uaryofiTad aRiqvamen, magram es

Tvalsazrisi gadaxedvas saWiroebs. ar aris marTebuli “samuSaos”
,,anazRaurebad dasaqmebasTan” gaigiveba. Tu vinmes gansakuTrebuli
miswrafeba aqvs, magaliTad, lamaz baRs sakuTari interesiT amuSavebs da
materialur anazRaurebas ar elis, gana es samuSao ar aris? sityva
,,umuSevroba” enaSi mecxramete saukunis bolos damkvidrda; iqneb meoce
saukunis bolos am terminis gamoyeneba aRar iyo mizanSewonili. aseT
32
situaciaSi dasaqmeba iseve dakargavs enobriv mniSvnelobas, rogorc es
sityva ,,umuSevrobis” SemTxvevaSi moxda. zogierT mecniers miaCnia, rom
umuSevrebs TviTdasaqmebulebi unda vuwodoT da Aadamianebs unda mieceT
arCevanis SesaZlebloba.

samuSao kviris saSualo xangrZlivoba yvela industriul qveyanaSi

mcirdeba. bevri muSaki mainc dadgenil samuSao saaTze mets muSaobs, magram
zogierTi mTavroba samuSao saaTebis xangrZlivobis limits awesebs.
magaliTad, safrangeTSi damatebiTi samuSao dro weliwadSi maqsimum 130
saaTiT ganisazRvra. umravles qveynebSi, pensiaze gasasvlelad,
oficialurad dadgenili asaki samocda xuTi welia, magram saSualo
samuSao kariera, SesaZloa, samomavlod Semcirdes da iklos pensiaze
gasvlis asakma (Blyton 1985 ). samuSao Zalas, materialuri SesaZleblobis
SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, samoci an samoc wlamde asakis ufro meti adamiani
datovebs.

Tu anazRaurebadi dasaqmebisTvis dadgenili periodi kidev ufro

Semcirdeba da dasaqmebis aucileblobis mniSvneloba daiklebs, SeiZleba
moxdes karieris bunebis mniSvnelovani reorganizeba. magaliTad, SeiZleba
Cveulebriv movlenad iqces SeTavsebiT muSaoba da samuSao saaTebic ufro
moqnili gaxdes. zogierTi Sromis analitikosis azriT, universitetSi
arsebuli samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis principi, sxva sferoebSi dasaqmebul
muSakebzec unda gavrceldes da yvelas mieces raime formiT,
TviTganviTarebis an swavlis mizniT, samsaxuridan erTi wliT
gaTavisuflebis SesaZlebloba. bevri adamiani, cxivrebis sxvadasxva etapze,
savaraudod, Tavad dagegmavs Tavis cxovrebas (airCevs anazRaurebad an
araanazRaurebad samuSaos, srulad an arasrulad daitvirTeba da a.S).
aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTma adamianma SeiZleba jer formaluri
ganaTleba miiRos da mere CaerTos samuSao ZalaSi, zogma ki mogzauroba
arCios. bevr adamians Tavad surs arasruli datvirTviT muSaoba mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze; maT arCevans sruli datvirTvis samuSao adgilebis
nakleboba ar ganapirobebs.

samuSaos Sesaxeb bolo gamokiTxvebi gviCvenebs, rom arsebul pirobebSic ki,

arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebuli muSakebi, sruli datvirTviT dasaqmebul
adamianebTan SedarebiT, ufro kmayofilebi arian samuSao pirobebiT. amis
mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebulTa
umravlesoba qalebi arian, romlebsac karierasTan mimarTebaSi, mamakacebTan
SedarebiT, naklebi molodinebi aqvT da monotonuri saojaxo
saqmianobisgan gaTavisufleba surT. bevr adamians kmayofilebas swored is
faqti aniWebs, rom mas anazRaurebadi samuSaos sxva aqtivobebTan SeTavseba
da mravalferovani cxovrebiT tkboba SeuZlia. zogierT adamians
,,umaRlesi mwvervalis” miRweva surs da axalgazrdobidan Sua xnis asakamde
anazRaurebad samuSaozea dasaqmebuli; SeiZleba aseTma adamianma Semdeg
kariera Seicvalos da axali interesebi gauCndes.

frangi sociologisa da socialuri kritikosis andre gorzis azriT,

anazRaurebadi samuSao momavalSi adamianTa cxovrebaSi sul ufro nakleb

33
adgils daikavebs. gorzi sakuTar mosazrebas marqsis naSromebis kritikuli
Sefasebis safuZvelze ayalibebs. marqss miaCnda, rom muSaTa klasi,
romelic mudmivad gaizrdeba, revolucias gamoiwvevs, Sedegad ki ufro
humanuri tipis sazogadoeba Seiqmneba. am sazogadoebaSi adamianis ZiriTad
moTxovnilebebs samuSao daakmayofilebs. gorzi am Tvalsazriss ar
iziarebs. muSaTa klasi sazogadoebis yvelaze did jgufad ki ar iqca
(rogorc amas marqsi amtkicebda) da warmatebuli revolucia ki ar
gamoiwvia, is Semcirda da es procesi axlac grZeldeba. cisfersayeloiani
muSakebi samuSao Zalis umciresobas warmoadgenen da maTi raodenoba sul
ufro iklebs.

gorzis azriT, im mosazrebam, rom muSebi Caibareben sawarmoebs, romelTa

Semadgenel nawils Tavad warmoadgenen da saxelmwifo gavlena Semcirdeba,
azri dakarga. anazRaurebadi samuSaos bunebis samomavlo gardaqmna
realobas ar Seesabameba, radgan misi organizeba teqnikuri faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, warmatebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi ki
SeuZlebelia am faqtorebisTvis Tavis arideba. gorzi acxadebs, rom
ZiriTadi sakiTxi axla “Sromisgan gaTavisuflebaa…” (Gorz 1982, gv. 67 ). es
gansakuTrebiT iq unda ganxorcieldes, sadac samuSaos organizeba
teilorizmis xazebiT xdeba, raTa muSaoba damTrgunveli da erTferovani
ar iyos.

gorzis azriT, umuSevrobisa da arasruli samuSao datvirTvis zrdis

Sedegad, stabilurad dasaqmebulTa paralelurad ukve Seiqmna fena,
romelsac “arc samuSao aqvs da arc erT klass ar ekuTvnis.” adamianTa
umravlesoba, faqtobrivad, arc erT klass ar ekuTvnis, radgan stabilur
anazRaurebad samuSaoze mosaxleobis SedarebiT mcire nawilia
dasaqmebuli, Tu ar CavTvliT axalgazrdebs, pensionrebs, avadmyofebsa da
diasaxlisebs, arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebulebsa da umuSevrebs. gorzs
maiCnia, rom mikroteqnologiis gavrceleba momavalSic Seamcirebs sruli
datvirTvis samuSao adgilebis raodenobas. es ki dasavluri sazogadoebis
“produqtivistuli” TvalTaxedvis uaryofas gamoiwvevs, romlisTvisac
mTavari dovlaTi ekonomikuri zrda da materialuri produqtia. momaval
wlebSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba mudmiv anazRaurebad samuSaos cxovrebis
mravalferovan stils amjobinebs.

gorzis Tanaxmad, dRes “dualisturi sazogadoeba” yalibdeba. erT seqtorSi

maqsimalurad organizebuli warmoeba da politikuri administracia iqneba.
meore seqtorSi adamianebi, sakuTari siamovnebis an TviTrealizaciis
mizniT, sxvadasxva Tavisufali saqmianobiT iqnebian dakavebulni.

ramdenad validuria es Tvalsazrisi? is, rom industriul qveynebSi,

samuSaos bunebasa da organizaciasTan mimarTebaSi, mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi mimdinareobs, sakamaTo ar aris. isic dasaSvebia, rom
“produqtivizmis” – mudmiv ekonomikur zrdasa da materialuri dovlaTis
dagrovebaze aqcentirebis _ ideiT sul ufro naklebi adamiania Sepyrobili.
udavod Rirebulia gorzis Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
umuSevroba yovelTvis uaryofiT movlenad ki ar unda Sefasdes, aramed

34
rogorc interesebisa da axali unarebis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca,
dRemde am kuTxiT didi progresi ar yofila. gorzis mier aRwerili
situaciidan jer kidev Sors varT. samuSao karieris ganviTarebisTvis sul
ufro meti qali ibrZvis da saimedo anazRaurebadi dasaqmebiTac aqtiurad
kvlav bevri adamiania dainteresebuli. mravalferovani cxovrebisTvis
savaldebulo materialuri resursebis dagrovebis ZiriTad faqtorad
bevri adamianisTvis isev anazRaurebadi samuSao rCeba.

Sejameba
1. muSaoba amocanaTa Sesrulebas gulisxmobs, rasac gonebrivi da
fizikuri Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. am amocanaTa mizani adamianTa
moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi saqonlisa da momsaxurebebis warmoebaa.
bevri mniSvnelovani samuSao, magaliTad, saojaxo da moxaliseTa
saqmianoba, materialurad ar anazRaurdeba. saqmianoba aris samuSao,
romelic regularuli xelfasis sanacvlod sruldeba. ekonomikuri
sistemis safuZvels yvela kulturaSi samuSao warmoadgens.

2. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ekonomikuri sistemis gamorCeuli

Tviseba Sromis maRalkompleqsuri da mravalferovani ganawilebis
ganviTarebaa.

3. Sromis ganawileba samuSaos sxvadasxva saqmianobebad dayofas

niSnavs. TiToeuli maTgani garkveul specializacias moiTxovs. es
ekonomikur urTierTdamokidebulebas iwvevs: saarsebo saSualebebis
mopovebis mizniT, yvelani erTmaneTze varT damokidebulni.

4. amis erT-erTi gamovlineba teilorizmi anu mecnieruli menejmentia.

teilorizmi samuSaos martiv davalebebad dayofas gulisxmobs,
romlebic droSi ganawilebuli da organizebulia. fordizmma
samecniero menejmentis proncipebi ganavrco da masobrivi warmoeba
masobriv bazrebs daukavSira. fordizmi da teilorizmi dabali
ndobis sistemebia, sadac muSaki maqsimalurad aris gaucxoebuli.
maRali ndobis sistema muSakebs samuSaos tempisa da Sinaarsis
gakontrolebis saSualebas aZlevs.

5. gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi, dasaqmebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi moxda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, fizikur saqmianobaTa
Semcirebis xarjze, gonebriv saqmianobaTa zrda. Tumca am
cvlilebaTa interpretacia sakamaTo sakiTxia.

6. yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi ekonomikuri cxovrebisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia kavSirebis warmoSoba da gaficvis uflebis
aRiareba. kavSirebi damcavi organizaciebia, romlebic mSromelebs
samuSao pirobebis kontrolisTvis saWiro zomebiT uzrunvelyofs.
dRes kavSirTa liderebi xSirad mniSvnelovan rols asruleben
erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis formulirebaSi. Tumca, britaneTSi
amgvar SemTxvevebs warsulSi ufro hqonda adgili, vidre amJamad.

35
7. samuSao adgilis saxlidan gareT gadanacvlebam mniSvnelovnad
imoqmeda qalis samuSaos bunebaze. qorwinebaSi myofi bevri qali
,,diasaxlisia,” magram is ,,umuSevrad” iTvleba – imis miuxedavad, rom
qalis mier saojaxo saqmeebze daxarjuli dro SeiZleba misi qmris
samuSao saaTebs aRematobodes. amJamad, anazRaurebad samuSaoze
gacilebiT ufro meti qalia dasaqmebuli, vidre ramdenime
aTwleulis win; magram qalebi araproporciulad arian
koncentrirebulni dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoebze.

8. qalebma warmatebiT daZlies sqesTan dakavSirebuli mikerZoebuli

ganwyoba, magram maT saqmianobas kidev erTi mosazreba abrkolebs –
qalma karieris interesebze maRla ojaxis interesebi unda daayenos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul qalTa
procentuli maCvenebeli gaizarda, ZiriTad saojaxo saqmes mainc
qali uZRveba, romelic bavSvebis aRzrdiTa da saxlze zrunviT aris
dakavebuli.

9. meoce saukuneSi industriul qveynebSi kvlav gaCnda umuSevrobis

problema. samuSao adamianis fsiqologiuri struqturis ZiriTadi
elementia, amitom umuSevroba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dezorientacias
iwvevs. umuSevrobis zrdaze, savaraudod, axali teqnologiis
ganviTarebac imoqmedebs.

10. zogierTebi kvalificirebuli muSakebis damkvidrebaze saubroben –

muSakebis, romlebic sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebs floben da advilad
SeuZliaT erTi samuSaodan meoreze gadasvla. aseTi muSakebi
marTlac arseboben, magram dasaqmebulTa umravlesoba ,,moqnilobas”
dabalanazRaurebad da naklebad perspeqtiul samuSaos ukavSirebs.

11. samuSaos buneba da organizacia amJamad mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs

ganicdis, rac momavalSi, savaraudod, Tavs kidev ufro metad iCens.
mravalferovani cxovrebisTvis saWiro resursebis dagrovebis
ZiriTad saSualebad bevri adamianisTvis isev anazRaurebadi samuSao
rCeba.

damatebiTi literatura
Godfried E ngbersen et al ., Cultures of Unemployment: A Comparative Look at Long-Term
Unemployment and Urban Poverty (Boulder, C olo: W estview, 1993) . diskusia imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad uviTardebaT xangrZlivad umuSevar adamianebs
“siRaribis kultura.”

Keith Gr int, The Sociology of Work: An Introduction (Cambridge: P olity Press, 1991) .
Zalian sasargeblo saxelmZRvanelo, romelic Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi muSaobis Seswavlis aspeqtebis umravlesobas exeba.

Ray P ahl, Divisions of Labour (Ozford: B lackwell, 1984) . mniSvnelovani diskusia

muSaobis, saojaxo saqmisa da ojaxis Sesaxeb.

36
Andrew S ayer and Richard W alker, The New Social Economy (Oxford: B lackwell, 1992 ).
sasargeblo diskusia dRes industriul warmoebaze zemomqmedi
movlenebis Sesaxeb.

Neil J . S melser and Richard S wedberg (eds), The Handbook of Economic Sociology
(Princeton: P ronceton U niversity P ress, 1994) . zogadi rideri ekonomikuri
cxovrebis sociologiis Sesaxeb.

mniSvnelovani terminebi
• araformaluri ekonomika

• moxaliseTa samuSao

• saqmianoba

• ekonomikuri sistema

• teqnologia

• ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba

• teilorizmi

• fordizmi

• dabali ndobis sistemebi

• maRali ndobis sistemebi

• avtomatizacia

• moqnili warmoeba

• dasaqmebis sistema

• profesiuli kavSirebi

• gaficva

• saojaxo saqme (saSinao saqme)

• kvalificirebuli muSaki

37
 mTavroba, politikuri Zalaufleba da omi

Sinaarsi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
Zalaufleba da xelisufleba
saxelmwifos cneba
demokratia
monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTveloba
monarqiebi da liberaluri demokratiebi
liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba
demokratias safrTxe emuqreba?
politikuri partiebi da xmis micema dasavleTis qveynebSi
partiuli sistemebi
partiebi da xmis micema britaneTSi
qalebis monawileoba politikaSi
xmis micemis modelebi da politikuri ganwyobebi
globaluri Zalebi
evropuli kavSiri da evropis Secvlili ruka
cvlilebebi aRmosavleT evropaSi
omi da samxedroebi
lokaluridan totalur omamde
samxedro xarjebi da civi omi
iaraRiT vaWroba
omi da globaluri usafrTxoeba
msoflio omis gareSe?
Sejameba
damatebiTi literatura
mniSvnelovani terminebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi

xelisufleba politika Zalaufleba avtoriteti

saxelmwifo erovnuli saxelmwifo demokratia
omis industrializacia

1989 wels, CineTis dedaqalaq beijingSi, tiananmenis moedanze, movlenebi

dramatulad ganviTarda. iq aTasobiT adamiani Seikriba demokratiis mxardasaWerad.
CineTis komunisturi mTavroba sastikad gausworda maT. wiTeli armiis nawilebi
Tavs daesxnen demonstrantebs, beri maTgani mokles, asobiT adamians ki alya
Semoartyes da daapatimres.
demokratia jer kidev ar arsebobs CineTSi, magram msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi
demokratiis mxardamWerma moZraobebma warmatebas miaRwies da Secvales
avtoritaruli reJimebi. yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi, am
moZraobebis Sedegad, daemxo komunizmi. bolo periodSi, mmarTvelobis
demokratiuli formebi Camoyalibda, agreTve, bevr laTino-amerikul qveyanaSi,
aziisa da afrikis zogierT qveyanaSi. demokratiuli mTavrobebi, ukve didi xania,
arseboben dasavleT evropaSi, Crdilo amerikaSi, avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi.
demokratizacia erT-erTi ZiriTadi politikuri Zalaa dRevandel msoflioSi _
igi zemoqmedebas axdens globalizaciaze da Tavadac ganicdis mis zemoqmedebas.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mravali aspeqtis msgavsad, cvlilebebi xorcieldeba
mmarTvelobis formebisa da politikuri cxovrebis sferoSic. mmarTveloba exeba
saxelmwifos politikuri kursis, gadawyvetilebebisa da dadgenilebebis
regularuli miRebas da maT cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebas politikuri aparatis
Tanamdebobis pirTa mier. politika warmoadgens saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiT
xelisufleba iyenebs Zalauflebas xelisuflebis saqmianobis masStabebsa da
ZiriTad Sinaarsze zemoqmedebis mizniT. `politikuri~ sfero SeiZleba sakmaod
scildebodes Tavad saxelmwifo instituts.
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT im ZiriTad faqtorebs, romlebic politikur
cxovrebaSi zemoqmedeben.
Cven gavaanalizebT demokratiis bunebas da ganvixilavT politikuri partiebis
rols. Cven vimsjelebT bolo wlebSi britaneTis politikaSi momxdar zogierT
transformaciaze da Semdeg mimovixilavT politikas saerTaSoriso sferoSi. am
Tavis bolos ki Cven ganvixilavT aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlidan momxdari 2
cvlilebis Sedegebs da SeviswavliT sazogadoebaze omis zemoqmedebas.
Tumca, jer ganvixiloT politikuri cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis aucilebeli
ramdenime ZiriTadi cneba _ Zalaufleba, xelisufleba da saxelmwifo. mTeli
politikuri cxovreba, ama Tu im mniSvnelobiT, dakavSirebulia ZalauflebasTan: vin
flobs mas, rogor aRweven mas da ras akeTeben isini misi meSveobiT.

Zalaufleba da xelisufleba
rogorc I TavSi aris aRniSnuli, sociologiisaTvis Zalauflebis Seswavlas
fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. Zalaufleba aris individebis an jgufebis unari,
2
ganaxorcielon TavianTi interesebi an saqmeebi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sxvebi
winaaRmdegobas uweven. is zogjer Zalis pirdapir gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, rogorc
es CineTSi moxda, rodesac xelisuflebam tianmenis moedanze demokratiuli
moZraoba CaaxSo. Zalaufleba TiTqmis yvela urTierTobis Semadgenel elements
warmoadgens, rogoric aris, magaliTad, damqiravebelsa da daqiravebuls Soris
urTierToba. am TavSi yuradReba aris gamaxvilebuli Zalauflebis ufro viwro
aspeqtze, xelisuflebis Zalauflebaze. Zalauflebis am formas TiTqmis yovelTvis
Tan axlavs ideologiebi, romlebic ZlierTa moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad
gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, CineTis xelisuflebis mier demokratiisTvis mebrZoli
studentebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba iyo komunisturi ideologiis, rogorc
mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi formis, dacva.
xelisufleba aris mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis legitimuri gamoyeneba.
legitimuroba niSnavs, rom adamianebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian xelisuflebis
kanonier Zalauflebas, aRiareben mas. amgvarad, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba
xelisuflebisagan. rodesac CineTSi demokratiis mxardamWeri demonstraciebi
daiwyo, xelisuflebam demonstrantebis cixeSi CasmiTa da mokvliT upasuxa. es iyo
Zalis gamoyeneba, magram es agreTve mianiSnebda mTavrobis avtoritetis dakargvaze.
bevri adamianis Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, demokratia ar aris mmarTvelobis
erTaderTi tipi, romelsac xalxi legitimurad miiCnevs. diqtaturebs, agreTve,
SeiZleba hqondeT legitimuroba. magram rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, amJamad
demokratia legitimuri mmarTvelobis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa.

saxelmwifos cneba
saxelmwifo arsebobs iq, sadac funqcionirebs mmarTvelobis politikuri
aparati (parlamenti an kongresis msgavsi institutebi da saxelmwifo samsaxuris
Cinovnikebi), romelic marTavs garkveul teritoriaze, misi legitimuri Zalaufleba
ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi sistemiT da SeuZlia samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba
Tavisi politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. yvela Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
eri-saxelmwifoa. es niSnavs, rom maTi mmarTvelobis sistema kanonier uflebas
acxadebs garkveul teritoriebze, gaaCnia formalizebuli kanonis kodeqsebi da
axorcielebs kontrols SeiaraRebul Zalebze. eri-saxelmwifoebi msoflios
sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dros warmoiSva (magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebi 1776
wels, CexeTis respublika 1993 wels). maTi da tradiciuli civilizaciebis
saxelmwifoebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
• suvereniteti _ teritoriebi, romlebsac tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi
marTavdnen, arasdros ar iyo zustad gansazRvruli, centraluri
xelisufleba ver axerxebda maT saTanado kontrols. suvereniteti
niSnavs, rom mTavroba flobs xelisuflebas garkveul teritoriaze,
mkafiod gansazRvruli sazRvrebiT, sadac is aris uzenaesi Zalaufleba.
tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi, es gansazRvreba ar aris
relevanturi; yvela erovnuli saxelmwifo ki, piriqiT, suverenulia.
• moqalaqeoba _ tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi, sadac mefe an imperatori
umaRles xelisuflebas warmoadgenda, mosaxleobis umravlesobam ar
icoda da arc ainteresebda, vin marTavda maT. maT arc politikuri

3
 uflebebi da arc zegavlena gaaCndaT. Cveulebriv, mxolod gabatonebul
klasebs an ufro mdidar jgufebs hqondaT imis SegrZneba, rom isini
ekuTvnodnen saerTo politikur erTobas. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ki,
piriqiT, im adamianebis umravlesoba, romlebic politikuri sistemis
sazRvrebSi cxovroben, arian moqalaqeebi, gaaCniaT saerTo uflebebi da
movaleobebi da TavianT Tavs saxelmwifos nawilad miiCneven. Tumca
arseboben politikuri ltolvilebi an `moqalaqeobis armqoneni~, dRes
msoflioSi TiTqmis yvela garkveuli erovnuli politikuri wyobis wevria.
• nacionalizmi _ eri-saxelmwifoebi nacionalizmis zrdasTan asocirdeba.
nacionalizmi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc simboloebisa da rwmenebis
erToba, romlebic gvaZlevs erTi politikuri erTobis wevrobis
SegrZnebas. amgvarad, adamianebs siamayis grZnoba aqvT imis gamo, rom isini
arian britanelebi, kanadelebi an rusebi. albaT adamianebs yovelTvis
hqondaT garkveuli identoba romelime socialur jgufTan _ maT ojaxTan,
sofelTan an religiur TemTan. magram nacionalizmi mxolod Tanamedrove
saxelmwifos CamoyalibebasTan erTad Cndeba. es aris garkveul suverenul
erTobasTan identobis grZnobis mTavari gamoxatuleba.
dRes, msoflioSi nacionaluri loialoba yovelTvis ar ganisazRvreba
saxelmwifoebis teritoriebis aRmniSvneli fizikuri sazRvrebiT. faqtobrivad,
yvela eri-saxelmwifo sxvadasxva modgmis Temebidan warmoiSva. amitom adgilobrivi
nacionalizmi xSirad warmoiSoboda im adamianebTan dapirispirebis Sedegad,
romlebsac saxelmwifoebi exmareboda. magaliTad, kanadaSi, kvebekis frangulenovani
mosaxleobis erovnuli grZnobebi `kanadelobis~ grZnobis mqone adamianebisaTvis
gamowvevas warmoadgens. da Tumca eri-saxelmwifosa da nacionalizms Soris
urTierToba rTulia, orive maTgani warmoiSva, rogorc erTi da imave procesis
nawili.

demokratia
sityva `demokratia~ warmoiSva berZnuli terminidan “demokratia~, romelic
Sedgeba ori nawilisgan: demos (xalxi) da kratos (marTva). amitom demokratia, Tavisi
sawyisi mniSvnelobiT, aris politikuri sistema, romlis drosac xalxi da ara
monarqebi (mefeebi an dedoflebi) an aristokratebi (keTilSobili warmomavlobis
adamianebi, magaliTad, lordebi) marTaven qveyanas. es martivad da gulaxdilad
JRers, magram sinamdvileSi ase ar aris. ras niSnavs xalxis mmarTveloba? rogorc
devid heldma aRniSna, am frazis nebismier nawilis Sesaxeb SeiZleba wamoiWras
kiTxvebi. daviwyoT sityviT `xalxi~:
• vin aris xalxi?
• ra saxis monawileobis ufleba aqvs xalxs?
• ra pirobebia saWiro monawileobis misaRebad?
rac Seexeba `mmarTvelobas~:
• ramdenad farTo an viwro unda iyos mmarTvelobis masStabi? unda
Semoifarglos is, magaliTad, mmarTvelobis sferoTi, Tu demokratia
SeiZleba iyos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi, rogoricaa
samrewvelo demokratia?
4
 • SeiZleba mmarTvelobam moicvas xelisuflebis mier misaRebi yoveldRiuri
administraciuli gadawyvetilebebi, Tu is exeba mxolod ZiriTad
politikur gadawyvetilebebs?
`vis mieraa marTulis~ SemTxvevaSi:
• xalxis mmarTvelobas unda daemorCilon? ra adgili uWiravs
valdebulebebsa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobas?
• zogierTma adamianma unda daarRvios kanoni, Tu maT sjeraT, rom
arsebuli kanoni usamarTloa?
• rogor pirobebSi (Tuki aseTebi arsebobs) unda gamoiyenon demokratiulma
xelisuflebebma Zala imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar eTanxmeba maT politikas?
aseT kiTxvebze pasuxebi gansxvavebuli iyo sxvadasxva periodsa da sxvadasxva
sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, `xalxi~ sxvadasxvanairad aRiqmeboda: rogorc qonebis
mepatroneebi, TeTrkanianebi, ganaTlebuli adamianebi, kacebi, zrdasruli kacebi da
qalebi. zogierT sazogadoebaSi oficialurad miRebuli demokratiis areali
SezRudulia politikis sferoTi, zogierT sazogadoebaSi ki is socialuri
cxovrebis sxva sferoebzec vrceldeba.

monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTveloba

monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis (anu pirdapiri demokratiis) dros,
is adamianebi, romlebzec gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebebi, erToblivad iReben maT.
es iyo demokratiis Tavdapirveli tipi, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo antikur
saberZneTSi. isini, vinc iyvnen moqalaqeebi, sazogadoebis mcire nawili,
regularulad ikribebodnen politikuri sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad da ZiriTadi
gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. monawileobiT demokratiul mmarTvelobas didi
mniSvneloba ara aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, sadac mosaxleobis udides
nawils gaaCnia politikuri uflebebi da amitom SeuZlebelia, yvela maTganma
aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos yvela im gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebaSi, romlebic
maTze zemoqmedebas axdens.
Tumca, monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis zogierTi aspeqti
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSic gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, monawileobiTi demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis erT-erTi formaa referendumebis Catareba, rodesac xalxi raime
konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tavis Sexedulebas gamoxatavs. adamianTa didi
raodenobis TaTbiri SesaZlebeli xdeba, rodesac sakiTxs vaadvilebT erT an or
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT. zogierT evropul qveyanaSi refendumi regularulad
tardeba erovnul doneze.

monarqiebi da liberaluri demokratiebi

Tumca zogierT Tanamedrove saxelmwifos (rogoricaa, magaliTad, britaneTi da
belgia) kvlavac keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba aqvs monarqebis mimarT,
monarqiuli saxelmwifoebi sul ufro iSviaTi xdeba iq, sadac aseTi saxis
tradiciuli mmarTvelebi jer kidev gvxvdebian, maTi realuri Zalaufleba,
Cveulebriv, SezRudulia an saerTod ar arsebobs. mxolod ramdenime qveyanaSi,

5
rogoricaa saudis arabeTi da iordania, monarqebi inarCuneben garkveul kontrols
mmarTvelobaze, magram, umetes SemTxvevebSi, isini ufro erovnuli identobis
simboloebi arian, vidre realuri politikuri Zalauflebis mqone mniSvnelovani
pirovnebebi. gaerTianebuli samefos dedofali, SvedeTis mefe da iaponiis
imperatoric ki konstituciuri monarqebi arian. maTi realuri xelisufleba mkacrad
aris SezRuduli konstituciiT, romelic uflebebs gadascems xalxis mier arCeul
warmomadgenlebs. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis didi umravlesoba respublikebia _ iq
arc mefea da arc dedofali. TiTqmis yoveli maTgani, konstituciuri monarqiebis
CaTvliT, Riad aRiarebs demokratiis erTgulebas.
im qveynebs, sadac amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT or an met partias Soris gaakeTon
arCevani da sadac srulwlovani mosaxleobis udides nawils xmis micemis ufleba
aqvs, liberalur demokratiebs uwodeben. am kategorias miekuTvneba britaneTi da
dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, iaponia, avstralia da
axali zelandia. mesame samyaros zogierT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa indoeTi, arsebobs
liberaluri demokratiuli sistema.

liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, msoflios politikuri sistemebi iyofoda liberalur
demokratiad da komunizmad, rogorc es iyo yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi (da romelic
kvlav arsebobs CineTsa da ramdenime sxva qveyanaSi). komunizmi, arsebiTad,
erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis sistema iyo. amomrCevlebs saSualeba hqondaT, arCevani
gaekeTebinaT ara ramdenime partias Soris, aramed erTi partiis _ komunisturi
partiis _ sxvadasxva kandidats Soris, xSirad kenWs mxolod erTi kandidati
iyrida. amgvarad, realuri arCevani saerTod ar arsebobda. komunisturi partia,
udavod, gabatonebuli Zalaufleba iyo sabWoTa stilis sazogadoebebSi; is ara
marto politikur sistemas, aramed ekonomikasac akontrolebda.
1989 wlidan, rodesac daemxo sabWoTa kavSiris batonoba aRmosavleT evropaze,
demokratizaciis procesebma moicva mTeli msoflio, jaWvuri reaqciis procesis
msgavsad. iseTma qveynebma, rogoricaa nikaragua centralur amerikaSi da zairi da
samxreT afrika afrikaSi, daamyares liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba.
CineTSi, romlis mosaxleoba mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT mexuTeds
warmoadgens, komunisturi mmarTveloba demokratizaciis procesebis Zlieri
zewolis winaSe aRmoCnda. iq aTasobiT adamiani rCeba cixeSi imis gamo, rom maT
demokratiisadmi TavianTi ltolva araZaladobrivi gziT gamoxates. magram CineTSi
kvlav arian jgufebi, romlebic miuxedavad komunisturi xelisuflebis
winaaRmdegobisa, aqtiurad muSaoben, rom uzrunvelyon demokratiul sistemaze
usafrTxod gadasvla.
ratom gaxda demokratia ase popularuli? mizezebi, romlebic socialur da
ekonomikur cvlilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, am wignSi dawvrilebiT aris
ganxiluli. pirveli, demokratias tendencia aqvs, ekonomikur sistemaSi
konkurentunarian kapitalizms daukavSirdes, da kapitalizmma aCvena, rom is
saukeTesoa komunizmTan SedarebiT, rogorc keTildReobis Semqmneli sistema. meore,
rac ufro metad globaluri xdeba socialuri aqtivoba da xalxi xedavs, rom maT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaze sul ufro met zegavlenas axdens maTgan Soris mimdinare

6
movlenebi, miT ufro meti daJinebiT moiTxoven isini met informacias imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor marTaven maT da, Sesabamisad, ufro met demokratias.
mesame aris masobrivi komunikaciebis, gansakuTrebiT televiziis, gavlena.
demokratiis gavrcelebis jaWvur reaqciaze, albaT, Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina
msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis xilvadobam. dRes, msoflioSi televiziis axali
teqnologiebis, kerZod, sateliturisa da sakabelos, danergvis gamo, mTavrobebi ver
inarCuneben kontrols imaze, rasac maTi moqalaqeebi uyureben, magaliTad,
tiananmenis moedanze momxdari konfrontacia. CineTis msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSirisa da
aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi partiebi yovelTvis inarCunebdnen mkacr
kontrols satelevizio qselebze, romlebic xelisuflebis sakuTrebas
warmoadgenda da romlebsac xelisufleba marTavda. magram satelitis gavrcelebis
Sedegad, dasavleTis satelevizio programebi uamravi adamianisaTvis xelmisawvdomi
gaxda. maT SesaZlebloba miecaT, maTi sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb orTodoqsi
xelisuflebis propagandisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi moesminaT.

demokratias safrTxe emuqreba?

radgan liberaluri demokratia ase farTod vrceldeba, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom misi funqcionireba uaRresad warmatebulia, magram ase ar aris. demokratia
TiTqmis yvelgan garkveul siZneleebs awydeba. es mxolod imitom ar xdeba, rom
Zneli aRmoCnda stabiluri demokratiuli wyobis damyareba ruseTsa da yofil
komunistur sazogadoebebSi. demokratias safrTxe emuqreba im qveynebSi, sadac is
warmoiSva: britaneTSi, evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi. gamokiTxvebi aCveneben, rom
sul ufro izrdeba im adamianTa raodenoba, romlebic ukmayofilo arian
politikuri sistemiT an indiferentulobas iCenen mis mimarT.
ratom aris amdeni adamiani guldamZimebuli swored im sistemis gamo, romelic,
TiTqosda, yvela dabrkolebas umklavdeba Tavis gzaze mTel msoflioSi. ucnauria,
magram pasuxebi dakavSirebulia im faqtorebTan, rolebmac xeli Seuwyves
demokratiis gavrcelebas _ kapitalizmis zegavlena da socialuri cxovrebis
globalizacia.
rogorc sociologma daniel belma aRniSna, erovnuli xelisufleba Zalian
pataraa imisTvis, rom gavlena moaxdinos iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, rogoricaa
globaluri ekonomikuri konkurencia an msoflios garemos ganadgureba, magram is
metad didi gaxda imisTvis, rom ganixilos iseTi sakiTxebi, problemebi, romlebic
aRelvebs garkveul qalaqebsa da regionebs. mTavrobebs didi Zalaufleba ar
gaaCniaT, magaliTad, giganturi biznes korporaciebis globaluri ekonomikis
ZiriTadi aqtorebis saqmianobaze. SeiZleba, SeerTebuli Statebis romelime
korporaciam gadawyvitos misi produqciis gamomSvebi qarxnebi britaneTSi da, amis
magivrad, gaxsnas axali fabrika meqsikaSi, im mizniT, rom fasebi daswios da sxva
korporaciebs ufro efeqturi konkurencia gauwios. amis Sedegad, aTasobiT
britaneli muSa dakargavs samsaxurs. albaT, maTi survilia, rom mTavrobam raime
moimoqmedos, magram erovnul mTavrobebs ar SeswevT unari, gaakontrolon msoflio
ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi. erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac mTavrobas
SeuZlia, aris mcdeloba, Searbilos dartyma umuSevarTa daxmarebebisa da maTi
gadamzadebis gziT.

7
 qvemoT mocemulia gaerTianebuli samefos xarjebi 1992-3 wlebSi (£ miliardi) –
wyaro HM xazina, hagCinsonisgan gallup info 95 (helikani, 1994).
miliardi funti sterlingi
sxvadasxva 7.2
ganaTleba 32.3
valis procenti 18.4
sxva 9.9
Tavdacva 23.8
saerTaSoriso servisi 3.6
soflis meurneoba 3.3
socialuri dazRveva 79.2
personaluri socialuri momsaxureba 5.4
janmrTeloba 34.6
erovnuli memkvidreoba 2.7
kanoni da wesrigi 14.3
garemo 8.6
sabinao mSenebloba 6.2
transporti 10.8
vaWroba, mrewveloba, energetika da dasaqmeba 3.3

garda imisa, rom am mTavrobebs ar xelewifebaT globaluri sakiTxebis gadaWra,

isini, agreTve, daSordnen moqalaqeTa umravlesobis cxovrebas. bevri adamiani
aRSfoTebulia im faqtiT, rom gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic maT cxovrebaze gavlenas
axdens, iReben londonSi, maTgan Sors myofi `Zalauflebis Suamavlebi~ _ partiuli
Tanamdebobis pirebi, interesTa jgufebi, lobistebi da Cinovnikebi. maT miaCniaT, rom
maT mTavrobas ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi problemebis mogvarebac,
magaliTad, danaSaulisa da usaxlkarobis. amitom xelisuflebisadmi rwmena
mniSvnelovnad Seirya. es, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas axdens xalxis mzadyofnaze,
monawileoba miiRos politikur procesebSi.
Semdeg, cotaTi mogvianebiT, Cven vnaxavT, zogierTi es zegavlena rogor
SeigrZnoba britanul politikaSi. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, liberaluri demokratia
ramdenime partiis arsebobas gulisxmobs. pirvel yovlisa, Cven mimovixilavT
partiuli sistemis sxvadasxva tipebs, romelTa dajgufeba liberaluri demokratiis
saerTo iarliyiT SeiZleba.

politikuri partiebi da xmis micema dasavleTis qveynebSi

xmis micema SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc organizacia, romelic
orientirebulia, miaRwios mTavrobaze legitimur kontrols arCevnebis procesis
meSveobiT. zogierT situaciaSi, SeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi organizaciebi,
romlebic Zalauflebis miRwevas cdiloben, magram maT amis sayovelTaod miRebuli
saSualebebiT gakeTebis SesaZlebloba ara aqvT. umjobesia, aseTi organizaciebi
ganvixiloT, rogorc politikuri seqtebi an moZraobebi, sanam isini aRiarebas ar
miaRweven. magaliTad, social-demokratebi mecxramete saukunis bolos, germaniaSi,
bismarkis mier kanongareSed iyvnen gamocxadebulebi. isini warmoadgendnen
organizebul politikur moZraobas, romelic sayovelTaod aRiarebuli xerxebis
ignorirebiT moqmedebda. magram mogvianebiT, social-demokratebma miaRwies
aRiarebas da XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi, ramdenjerme movidnen xelisuflebaSi.

8
 partiuli sistemebi
arsebobs mravali saxis partiuli sistema. orpartiuli sistema iqneba
warmatebuli Tu mravalpartiuli sistema, es, umTavresad, mocemuli qveynis
saarCevno procedurebis xasiaTzea damokidebuli. ori partia aris gabatonebuli im
politikur sistemaSi, sadac arCevnebi dafuZnebulia principze `gamarjvebuli iRebs
yvelafers~. kandidati, romelic xmebis umravlesobas agrovebs, arCevnebs igebs,
miuxedavad imisa, man xmebis saerTo ricxvis ra wili miiRo. iq, sadac arCevnebi
dafuZnebulia gansxvavebul principebze, rogoricaa proporciuli warmomadgenloba,
operatiuli sistemebi naklebad gvxvdeba.
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi sxvadasxva tipis partiuli organizaciebi gvxvdeba,
magram yvela maTgani ar aris warmodgenili britaneTis politikaSi. zogi partia
religiur denominaciazea dafuZnebuli (rogoricaa, belgiuri partiebi, social-
qristianTa partia da kaTolikuri saxalxo partia); zogierTi eTnikuri partiaa,
romelic specifikuri nacionalisturi an lingvisturi jgufebis interesebs
gamoxatavs (rogoricaa Sotlandiuri nacionaluri partia britaneTSi an Sveduri
saxalxo partia fineTSi); arsebobs, agreTve, soflis partiebi, romlebic soflis
mosaxleobis agrarul interesebs warmoadgenen (magaliTad, centraluri partia
SvedeTSi an Sveicaruli saxalxo partia SveicariaSi). amis garda, arsebobs garemos
dacvis partiebi, romlebic ekologiuri problemebiT arian dainteresebulni
(rogoricaa mwvaneTa partia germaniaSi).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, drois ama Tu im monakveTSi, dasavleT evropis
sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi, socialisturma an leiboristulma partiebma
Camoayalibes mTavrobebi. ukanasknel dromde, komunisturi partiebi oficialurad
iyo aRiarebuli faqtobrivad yvela aseT qveyanaSi. zogierTi maTgani didi partia
iyo (rogoricaa, magaliTad, italiaSi, safrangeTsa da espaneTSi). aRmosavleT
evropaSi momxdari cvlilebebis kvaldakval, axla bevrma partiam Seicvala
saxelwodeba. arsebobs bevri konservatuli partia (rogoricaa respublikuri partia
safrangeTSi an konservatuli da unionistTa partia britaneTSi) da `centristuli~
partiebi, romlebsac `memarcxeneebsa~ da `memarjveneebs~ Soris `Sualeduri pozicia~
ukaviaT (rogoricaa liberalur-demokratiuli partia britaneTSi). (termini
`memarcxene~ gamoiyeneba im radikaluri an progresuli politikuri jgufebis
aRsaniSnavad, romlebic socializmisken ixrebian. termini `memarjvene~ exeba ufro
konservatul jgufebs).
zogierT qveyanaSi, umravlesobis partiis an koaliciaSi Semavali erT-erTi
partiis lideri avtomaturad xdeba premier-ministri, qveynis umaRlesi sajaro
Tanamdebobis piri. sxva SemTxvevebSi (magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi), prezidents
irCeven mTavar warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi, partiuli arCevnebisagan
damoukideblad. dasavleTis qveynebSi arc erTi saarCevno sistema ar aris zustad
erTnairi da umetesoba ufro rTulia, vidre gaerTianebul samefoSi. amis kargi
magaliTia germania, sadac bundestagis (parlamentis) wevrebs irCeven iseTi sistemiT,
romelSic gaerTianebulia `gamarjvebuli iRebs yvelafers~ da proporciuli
arCevnebi. bundestagis wevrebis naxevars irCeven saarCevno olqebSi, sadac imarjvebs
kandidati, romelic xmebis umravlesobas iRebs. danarCen 50 procents irCeven im
9
xmebis wilis Sesabamisad, romlebic maT garkveul regionul mxareSi miiRes. es is
sistemaa, romlis saSualebiTac mwvaneTa partiam moigo saparlamento adgilebi.
dawesebuli iyo xuTprocentiani barieri, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT parlamentSi
patara partiebis ricxvis gadaWarbebuli gazrda _ es aris xmebis mTliani
raodenobis minimaluri wili, rac partias unda mieRo parlamentSi adgilebis
dasakaveblad. msgavsi sistema gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi arCevnebis Catarebis drosac.
sistemebs, sadac, ZiriTadad, ori partiaa dominanturi, rogorc es britaneTSia,
midrekileba aqvT, yuradReba gaamaxvilon `Sua adgilze~, sadac xmebis umravlesoba
grovdeba da gamoricxon ufro radikaluri Sexedulebebi. aseT qveynebSi partiebi,
Cveulebriv, zomier imijs iqmnian da zogjer imdenad emsgavsebian erTmaneTs, rom
maT mier SemoTavazebuli arCevani umniSvneloa. SesaZloa, TiToeulma partiam
interesebis mravalferovneba gamoavlinos, magram, Zalian xSirad, isini aRireva
xolme sakmaod sust programaSi sul ramdenime TvalsaCino politikuri strategiiT.
mravalpartiuli sistemebi saSualebas iZleva, gansxvavebuli interesebi da
Sexedulebebi ufro pirdapir da Riad iqnes gamoxatuli da, agreTve, uzrunvelyofs
radikaluri alternativebis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas; meore mxriv, albaT, verc
erTi partia ver aRwevs srul umravlesobas. amis Sedegad, iqmneba koaliciebi,
romelTac mniSvnelovani konfliqtebis, arCevnebisa da axali mTavrobebis swrafi
monacvlebis gamo, ar SeswevT gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari da, aseT situaciaSi,
xelisuflebaSi didxans darCena ar SeuZlia, Sesabamisad, misi saqmianoba sakmaod
SezRudulia.

partiebi da xmis micema britaneTSi

mecxramete saukunemde, britaneTSi partiebs ganixilavdnen mxolod rogorc
droebiT meqanizmebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeboda Zalebis mobilizacia
specifikuri movlenebisa da krizisuli situaciebis mxardaWeris mizniT. rodesac
partiebi ufro stabilur organizaciebad Camoyalibdnen, isini asocirdeboda
ideasTan, rom maTi liderebis mxardaWeras SeeZlo garkveuli sargeblobis motana.
partiis wevroba da misdami loialoba daukavSirda patronaJis sxvadasxva formas,
rac gulisxmobda, rom erTguli adamianebi jildos saxiT miiRebdnen garkveul
Tanamdebobebs axal administraciaSi. meoce saukunis udidesi periodis
ganmavlobaSi, ori mTavari partia (leiboristuli da konservatuli) dominirebda
erovnul politikur scenaze da imis Sedegad, rom izrdeboda ori alternatiuli
samTavrobo gundis mxardaWera (TiToeuli gundi Sedgeboda mxolod erTi partiis
wevrebisgan), Camoyalibda metoqeobis politika.
britaneTis saarCevno politika mniSvnelovnad Seicvala daaxloebiT bolo oci
wlis ganmavlobaSi. erTi faqtori struqturuli xasiaTisaa. am periodSi
tradiciul mrewvelobaSi, gansakuTrebiT gadamamuSavebel warmoebaSi, dasaqmebuli,
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. udavoa, rom am
movlenam leiboristebis mxardamWer zogierT tradiciul wyaros TandaTanobiT
niadagi gamoacala. meore faqtori aris is ganxeTqileba, romelic partiaSi 1980-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi moxda. aman social-demokratiuli partiis (sdp) daarseba
gamoiwvia. marTalia, sdp ukve aRar arsebobs, magram sul axlaxans Camoyalibebulma
liberalur-demokratiulma partiam mniSvnelovani mxardaWera moipova. mesame
10
faqtori aris 1979-1990 wlebSi konservatuli partiis premier-ministris m. TetCeris
gavlena. qalbaton TetCerisa da misi kabinetis mier wamoyenebuli cvlilebaTa
gabeduli programa mniSvnelovnad gaemijna adreul konservatul filosofias.
TetCerizmma ZiriTadi yuradReba gaamaxvila ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos
rolis SezRudvaze da sabazro meqanizmebis ganviTareba aRiara rogorc
individualuri Tavisuflebis, ise ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvlad.
1970 wlamde orive ZiriTadi partia amomrCevelTa stabiluri mxardaWeriT
sargeblobda (Heath et al . 1986). eleqtoratis umravlesoba konservatorebis an
leiboristebis mimarT Zalian loialurad iyo ganwyobili. es gacnobierebuli
hqondaT partiis kampaniebis dros, roca mTavar amocanad ufro amomrCevlebis
gaerTianeba miaCndaT da ara alternatiuli Sexedulebis mqone adamianebis momxroba.
1974 wels Catarebulma orma arCevnebma aCvena, rom amomrCevlebis tradiciuli
erTguleba SesamCnevad Sesustda. im amomrCevelTa wili, romlebic ambobdnen, rom
gadawyvetileba bolo kampaniis dros miiRes, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. amitom,
sarwmunoa, rom kampaniebi ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda arCevnebis saboloo
SedegebisTvis, vidre es adre iyo. aq, albaT, mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia
televiziamac, rogorc partiebisa da politikosebis imijebis `gayidvis~ saSualebam.

qceva xmis micemisas _ momxreTa CamoSoreba

1970-ian wlebamde, gaerTianebul samefoSi xmis micemisas qcevis modeli, romlis
arsi ori ZiriTadi partiidan erTis an meoris mimarT erTgulebis gamoxatvaSi
mdgomareobda, cnobili gaxda, rogorc momxreTa dajgufeba. momxreTa dajgufebis
idea gulisxmobda, rom socialuri klasi yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda
qcevaze xmis micemisas da rom amomrCevlebi TavianT Tavs `aigivebdnen~ erT an meore
partiasTan. sxva sityvebiT, isini TavianT Tavs `konservatorebad~ an
`leiboristebad~ Tvlidnen. 1960 w. devid batlerisa da donald stoukis mier
Catarebulma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom mosaxleobis 90 procentze meti Tavs erT an
meore partiasTan aigivebda. umravlesoba ambobda, rom isini TavianT Tavs `sakmaod
Zlier~ an `Zalian Zlier~ aigivebdnen maT mier arCeul partiasTan.
amJamad klassa da xmis micemas Soris korelacia bevrad ufro bundovania.
garda amisa, axla amomrCevelTa bevrad ufro didi raodenoba acxadebs, rom xmis
micemisas maT qcevaze gavlenas ufro partiebis politika da Sexedulebebi axdens,
vidre maTi myari erTguleba erTi an meore partiis mimarT. amitom es aris
mxardamWerTa Camocilebis procesi _ myari partiuli identifikaciisagan gamijvna.
ra aris mxardamWerTa CamoSorebis zrdis mizezi? aivor qriu (1983) aRniSnavs
ori tipis zegavlenas. pirveli dakavSirebulia adamianTa cxovrebis im aspeqtebis
mzard mniSvnelobasTan, romlebic uSualod klasobriv gansxvavebaze ar aris
damokidebuli _ magaliTad, adamianebi naqiraveb saxlebSi cxovroben Tu sakuTarSi,
an arian Tu ara isini profkavSirebis wevrebi. amgvarad, profkavSiris wevrebi
leiboristebs, konservatorebTan SedarebiT, Tanamimdevrulad sul ufro met xmas
aZleven, da es xdeba imis miuxedavad, romeli profkavSiris wevrebi arian isini _
`TeTrsayeloianTa~ Tu `lurjsayeloianTa~ profkavSiris.
meore is faqtoria, rom amomrCevlebi sul ufro naklebad arian im adre
arsebuli politikuri damokidebulebebis tyveobaSi, romlebic gansazRvravs maT
mier romelime partiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebas. axla isini amjobineben, xma im
11
partias miscen, romelic, maTi azriT, maT interesebs yvelaze ukeT daicavs.
amgvarad, 1970-iani wlebis bolos da 1980-ian wlebSi, qriu varaudobs,
leiboristulma partiam eleqtorats SesTavaza is politikuri kursi, romelic mis
bevr mxardamWers ar moswonda _ aman ganapiroba konservatorTa mmarTvelobis
xangrZlivi periodi.

1992 wlis arCevnebi

1992 wlis arCevnebSi leiboristebs orprocentiani upiratesoba hqondaT,
konservatorebma parlamentSi sruli umravlesoba SeinarCunes, Tumca am
umravlesobis zoma Zalian Semcirda. im mosaxleobis nawili, romelic toris
aZlevda xmas, sakmaod stabiluri rCeboda 1979 wlidan (44,9 procenti) 1992 wlamde
(42,8 procenti). leiboristebis xmebis raodenobis wili ufro didi iyo, vidre
odesme. yvelaze mcire upiratesoba (30%-ze naklebi 1983 wlis arCevnebze), romelic
xmaTa 35,2%-s Seadgenda, leiboristebma 1992 wels miiRes, Tumca es wili mainc
naklebi iyo partiis mier 1979 wels miRebul xmebze. mesame partiam, liberal-
demokratebma, mTeli xmebis 18.3 procenti miiRo. wina or arCevnebTan SedarebiT, es
TvalsaCino kleba iyo.
samive partiis Tanamimdevruli mxardaWeris miuxedavad, rogorc arCevnebis
dros Catarebulma gamokvlevebma daadastura, arsebobs meryevi xmebis soliduri
raodenoba. daaxloebiT 1500 amomrCevlis reprezentatuli jgufis gamokvlevam
aCvena, rom 21 procentma saarCevno kampaniis mxolod bolo kviras airCia, rogor
miscemdnen xmas.
saerTod, arCevnebis Sedegebma daadastura Tezisi momxreTa CamoSorebis Sesaxeb,
magram isic aCvena, rom es procesi, konservator amomrCevlebTan SedarebiT, ufro
arakonservatorTa Soris progresirdeboda. es leiboristuli partiisaTvis mniSvne-
lovani problema gaxda. 1992 wlis arCevnebi zedized meoTxed mogebuli arCevnebi
iyo.

TetCerizmi da momdevno periodi

rogorc adre iyo aRniSnuli, 1970-iani wlebis bolosa da 1990-ian wlebSi,
britaneTis politikis erT-erTi yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo qalbaton
TetCeris saxelTan dakavSirebuli politikuri ideebis gavlena. ra iyo TetCerizmis
safuZvlebi? riT iyo is mimzidveli britaneTis amomrCevlebis aseTi didi
nawilisTvis? advili dasaSvebia, rom xalxi qalbaton TetCeris mTavrobis mier
gatarebul politikas ufro unificirebulad da Tanmimdevrulad miiCnevda, vidre es
sinamdvileSi iyo. TetCerizms hqonda garkveuli ganmsazRvreli mimarTulebebi,
magram bevr SemTxvevaSi, is iyo programebisa da iniciativebis sakmaod arazusti,
gaurkveveli nakrebi. zogi maTgani pragmatuli mosazrebebis gamo iyo miRebuli,
sxvebi ki mudmivad icvleboda an droTa ganmavlobaSi ukugdebul iqna (rideli, 1985;
kavanagi, 1987).
xelisuflebis saTaveSi yofnis pirveli vadis ganmavlobaSi, TetCeris politika
ZiriTadad koncentrirebuli iyo monetarizmze. fulis maragis kontroli
iTvleboda inflaciis Semcirebisa da ekonomikis keTilgonieri menejmentisaTvis
xelSewyobis saSualebad, magram fuladi saxsrebis kontrolis gziT miznebis
miRweva SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda da amis Semdeg monetarizmi faqtobrivad
12
ugulebelyofil iqna. 1983 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg, ekonomikis sakiTxebSi
TetCerizmis mamoZravebeli Zalis SenarCuneba saxelmwifo kompaniebis privatizaciis
gziT gaxda SesaZlebeli. aqciebis gayidvas iseT kompaniebSi, rogoricaa `British
Telecom~, `British Gas~, `British Steel~, `British Airways~ da `British Petroleum~ didi reaqcia
mohyva.
rogorc amtkiceben, privatizacias mravalgvari upiratesoba aqvs. igi tardeba
uzarmazari mouxerxebeli da araefeqturi saxelmwifo biurokratebis nacvlad,
jansaRi ekonomikuri konkurenciis aRdgenis, saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebisa da
marTvasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebSi politikuri Carevis Sewyvetis mizniT.
TetCeris mier dawyebul privatizaciis politikas xangrZlivi zegavlena hqonda.
Tavdapirvelad, leiboristebi gaafTrebuli ibrZodnen privatizaciis winaaRmdeg,
magram mogvianebiT, maT arakeTilganwyobili pozicia Secvales da im daskvnamde
mividnen, rom aseTi privatizacia gardauvali iyo.
qalbatonma TetCerma Tavis erT-erT sakmaod cnobil sajaro gamosvlaSi
ganacxada: `ledi gzidan ar gadauxvevs!~ SesaZloa, Tavad qalbaton TetCeris
pirovneba da moraluri stili iyo TetCerizmis xangrZlivobis yvelaze Zlieri
elementi. misma Sexedulebam kampaniis Catarebaze, eleqtoratis didi nawilis
simpaTia ver daimsaxura, magram pirovnuli Tvisebebis gamo mas, rogorc erovnul
liders, pativs scemdnen. argentinis mier folklendis kunZulebis okupaciis dros
TetCeris uari ukan daxevaze bevrisTvis am Tvisebebis konkretuli gamoxatuleba
iyo. misi dominanturi roli mTavrobaSi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gamyarda, rac man
TandaTan, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maneriT, daiTxova kabinetis is wevrebi,
romlebic mis Sexedulebebs ar iziarebdnen.
magram 1987 wlis arCevnebSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis miuxedavad, qalbaton
TetCeris popularoba eleqtorats Soris mkveTrad ecemoda, risi ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebic iyo fuladi gadasaxadis arapopularoba, evropul TanamegobrobaSi
britaneTis rolis Sesaxeb misi winaaRmdegobrivi Sexedulebebi da ekonomikis
moZraoba recesiisken. misi xelmZRvanelobis gamo, ukmayofilebis donem konservatul
partiaSi iseT zRvars miaRwia, rom 1990 wlis noemberSi, maikl hezeltainma SeZlo
meore kenWisyrisTvis ebiZga, waarTva ra TetCers xmebis 15 procenti, rac mas
absoluturi gamarjvebisTvis sWirdeboda. am situaciaSi ufrosma kolegebma TetCeri
daarwmunes, rom mas monawileoba aRar mieRo brZolaSi. swored amis Sedegad,
politikur arenaze gamoCnda jon meijori, rogorc konservatorTa axali lideri
da qveynis premier-ministri.

`axali leiboristebi~
jon meijoris premierministrobis periodSi, konservatorebi agrZelebdnen
saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizacias iqac ki, sadac aseTi gegmebi eleqtoratSi
naklebi popularobiT sargeblobda. magaliTad, `britaneTis rkinigza~ gayves da
kerZo tenderiT gayides, Tumca gamokiTxvebma aCvena, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba
aseT programas mxars ar uWerda. leiboristuli partia am gegmebs ewinaaRmdegeboda
da rkinigzebis xalxis mflobelobaSi dabrunebis valdebuleba aiRo, Tu momaval
erovnul arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRwevda.

13
 nawilobriv, TetCerizmis gavlenisa da, nawilobriv, didi globaluri
movlenebis gamo, leiboristuli partia TandaTan cvlis Tavis ideologiur
Sexedulebebs. es procesi daiwyo neil kinoqis dros. igi leiboristuli partiis
liderobidan mas Semdeg gadadga, rac partiam 1992 wlis arCevnebi waago. es procesi
gagrZelda axali lideris jon smitis dros. magram misi xelmZRvanelobis periodi
xanmokle aRmoCnda, misi udroo gardacvalebis gamo. 1994 wels toni bleri gaxda
partiis lideri da dauyovnebliv Seudga Semdgomi Sorsgamiznuli Sida reformebis
ganxorcielebas. blerma Tavis reformirebul partias `axali leiboristebi~ uwoda
da partiis SigniT warmatebul kampanias eweoda ybadaRebuli 3-4 muxlis
gasauqmeblad _ partiis wesdebis im muxlisa, romelic avaldebulebda mas,
ganexorcielebina mrewvelobis sayovelTao saxalxo sakuTrebaSi gadacema.
amgvarad, leiboristulma partiam formalurad aRiara im sabazro ekonomikis
ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, romlis gavrceleba TetCers mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili.
amis gakeTebiT, partia imave cvlilebebs atarebs, rac dasavleT evropis bevr sxva
socialistur partiaSi moxda. aq gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina sabWoTa kavSirsa da
aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis ngrevam, rasac mokled mimovixilavT am TavSi.
leiboristuli partiis Sexedulebebi yovelTvis sakmaod gansxvavdeboda
komunisturi Tvalsazrisisagan _ komunistur sazogadoebebSi, saxelmwifos
mflobelobaSi myofi industriuli sawarmoebis raodenoba bevrad ufro meti iyo
imaze, rasac leiboristuli partia odesme varaudobda. mainc, adamianTa
umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom komunizmis dezintegracia agreTve imis niSania, rom
saWiroa socializmis naklebad eqstremistuli ideebis radikaluri, saguldagulo
gadasinjva. axla moZvelebulia is Sexeduleba, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikis `marTva~
SesaZlebelia, Tu mas saxelmwifos kontrols dauqvemdebareben. es idea
mniSvnelovania rogorc komunizmisTvis, ise leiboristuli stilis
socializmisTvis.

qalebis monawileoba politikaSi

xmis micemis modelebi da politikuri ganwyobebi

xmis micemas qalebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, sayovelTao
saarCevno uflebis mosapoveblad maT mier adre warmoebuli brZolis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac yvelgan didi dro dasWirda. adreuli periodis qalTa
moZraobebis wevrebi saarCevno uflebas ganixilavdnen, rogorc politikuri
Tavisuflebis simbolos da ufro didi ekonomikuri da socialuri Tanasworobis
miRwevis saSualebas. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac qalTa mcdeloba,
mieRoT saarCevno uflebebi, ufro aqtiuri iyo da mas ufro meti Zaladoba
xvdeboda, vidre sadme sxvagan, qalTa moZraobis liderebs, miznis misaRwevad,
mniSvnelovani siZneleebis gadalaxva uwevdaT. dResac, yvela qveyanaSi qalebs ara
aqvT mamakacebis Tanaswori xmis micemis uflebebi, Tumca saudis arabeTi aris
erTaderTi saxelmwifo, sadac qalebs ar SeuZliaT xmis micema erovnul doneze.
xmis micemis uflebebisaTvis Seupovarma brZolam gamoiRo qalebisTvis sasurveli
Sedegi?

14
 mokle pasuxi aris `ara~. dasavleTis mraval qveyanaSi, sadac qalebma pirvelad
miiRes saarCevno uflebebi, qalebi kenWs mainc bevrad naklebi raodenobiT iyrian,
vidre mamakacebi. 1929 wels, britaneTSi Catarebuli pirveli erovnuli arCevnebis
dros, rodesac yvela Zalas hqonda arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, qalebis
mxolod daaxloebiT erTma mesamedma misca xma, mamakacebis or mesamedTan
SedarebiT. daaxloebiT igive Tanafardoba iyo SeerTebul StatebSi da msgavsi
modeli gvxvdeba sxva saxelmwifoebSi adreul periodSi, sayovelTao xmis uflebis
dawesebis Semdeg. dResac, bevr saxelmwifoSi qalebi ar monawileoben arCevnebSi
imave proporciiT, rogorc mamakacebi, Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi sxvaoba gaqra.
amerikaSi amomrCevel qalTa raodenoba, bolo sami saprezidento arCevnebis dros, 3-
6 procentiT naklebi iyo, mamakac amomrCevlebTan SedarebiT. britaneTSi, 1970
wlidan moyolebuli, saparlamento arCevnebSi (im wlis CaTvliT) sxvaoba ar iyo 4
procentze meti. genderuli sxvaoba xmis micemis dros sruliad gaqra SvedeTSi,
dasavleT germaniasa da kanadaSi, xolo italiaSi, fineTsa da iaponiaSi xmis mimcem
qalTa raodenoba mamakacebze odnav metia.
es cifrebi gviCvenebs, rom realuri dabrkoleba sqesTa Soris
TanasworobisaTvis, iyo ara uaris Tqma saarCevno uflebaze, aramed ufro Rrma
socialuri gansxvavebebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, ris gamoc qalebis saqmianoba
mxolod ojaxiTa da saSinao saqmeebiT ifargleboda.
swored cvlilebebma socialur sxvaobaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris,
gamoiwvia qalTa politikuri aqtiurobis Secvla. radgan TandaTan mcirdeba
Zalauflebisa da statusis gansxvavebebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, qalebis xmis
micemis done izrdeba.
ramdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan qalebisa daa mamakacebis politikuri
ganwyobebi? bevr sufraJists, qalTa xmis micemis uflebis adreul damcvels,
sjeroda, rom qalebis politikaSi monawileoba radikalurad Secvlida politikur
cxovrebas, masSi altruizmsa da zneobas Seitanda. isini, vinc qalebisaTvis xmis
uflebis gazrdis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, aseve amtkicebdnen, rom qalTa
politikur monawileobas mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyveboda, magram es Sedegi
damRupveli iqneboda. britaneTSi erT-erTi aseTi cnobili mamakaci oponenti
afrTxilebda sazogadoebas, rom `aseTi didi mniSvnelobis revolucia ar SeiZleba
moxdes inglisisTvis udidesi riskis gareSe~ (citirebulia qareli, 1974 w. gv. 2).
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, qalTa CarTva politikaSi, politikur
cxovrebas trivialurs gaxdida da, amave dros, ojaxis stabilurobas Zirs
gamouTxrida.
magram arc erTi es ukiduresi daskvna ar gamarTlda. qalebis mier xmis micemis
uflebis mopovebas politikis arsi didad ar Seucvlia. qalebis xmis micemis
nimuSebi, iseve rogorc mamakacebisa, partiis arCevis, politikuri kursis SerCevisa
da arsebuli kandidatebis arCevis SesaZleblobis gziT yalibdeba, Tumca zogierTi
gansxvaveba qalebisa da mamakacebis xmis micemas Soris mainc gvxvdeba. ZiriTadad,
amomrCeveli qalebi ufro konservatulebi arian, vidre mamakacebi, rogorc amis
daskvnis saSualebas memarjvene partiebisaTvis xmis micemis done iZleva. amis
dasturia, magaliTad, safrangeTi, germania da italia. britaneTsa da SeerTebul
StatebSi es damokidebuleba ufro gaurkvevelia. britaneTSi leiboristul partias
ufro meti axalgazrda qali aZlevs xmas, vidre axalgazrda mamakaci, magram ufro
15
asakovani qalebi araproporciulad xmas konservatorebs aZleven. ori tendencia
met-naklebad abalansebs erTmaneTs. SeerTebul StatebSi konservatulma
orientaciam ar SeiZleba advilad gamoiwvios uSualo asociacia ori ZiriTadi
partiidan erT-erTTan, radgan respublikebsa da demokratebs Soris gansxvaveba ar
gulisxmobs pirdapir opozicias politikur memarjveneebsa da memarcxeneebs Soris.
Tumca, genderuli sxvaoba gamovlinda SeerTebuli Statebis xmis micemis
modelebSi. TeTrkaniani mamakacebi ufro respublikelebs uWeren mxars, vidre
demokratebs, gansxvavebaa 51 procenti 23 procentTan mimarTebaSi. xolo TeTrkaniani
qalebis xmebi Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli partiebs Soris. amave dros, orive sqesis
Savkaniani da laTino-amerikeli amomrCevlebi demokratebi arian. Suaxnis
daqorwinebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi gaxdnen respublikelebis ZiriTadi
mxardamWerebi, xolo dauqorwinebeli qalebi, TeTrkanianebic da Savkanianebic,
demokratiuli partiis mTavari amomrCevlebi gaxdnen.
qalebis gavlena politikaze ar SeiZleba Sefasdes mxolod xmis micemis
TvalsazrisiT. feministurma jgufebma zegavlena moaxdines politikur cxovrebaze,
xmis uflebis mopovebisagan damoukideblad, gansakuTrebiT bolo aTwleulebSi.
1960-iani wlebidan, SeerTebul StatebSi qalTa erovnulma organizaciam (NOW) da
qalTa sxva jgufebma daJinebiT moiTxoves, politikur dRis wesrigSi SeetanaT
mTeli rigi sakiTxebi, romlebic uSualod qalebs Seexeboda. es sakiTxebia: Tanabari
uflebebi samuSaoze, abortis SesaZlebloba, cvlilebebi ojaxisa da ganqorwinebis
kanonSi, agreTve lesboselTa uflebebi. umetes evropul qveynebSi, yovelTvis
SeimCneva qalTa erovnuli organizaciebis nakleboba, magram cvlilebebma, romlebic
gavlenas axdens qalebis mdgomareobaze ufro farTo sazogadoebaSi, igive sakiTxebi
daayena politikuri asparezis centrSi. bevri es sakiTxi, magaliTad, rodis iqneba
SesaZlebeli abortis Tavisuflad gakeTeba, sakamaTo aRmoCnda rogorc qalebs, ise
mamakacebs Soris.
britaneTSi qalTa jgufebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes, magaliTad, 1967 wels
`abortis aqtisa~ da samsaxurSi seqsualuri diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego kanonebis
miRebis saqmeSi. qalTa organizaciebma daJinebiT moiTxoves sxva cvlilebebic,
romlebic kanoniT aris aRiarebuli, rogoricaa 1976 wels miRebuli ojaxuri
Zaladobis msxverplTa dacva, romelic uzrunvelyofilia kanoniT `saojaxo
Zaladobisa da saqorwino procedurebis Sesaxeb~. 1992 wels Catarebulma erovnulma
gamokiTxvam wina planze wamoswia is sakiTxebi, romlebic Zalian prioritetulia
qalebisaTvis, magram nakleb mniSvnelovania mamakacebisaTvis. maT ricxvSi Sedis,
magaliTad, skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisaTvis sabavSvo baRebiT uzrunvelyofis
politikis ganviTareba, agreTve bavSvTa daxmarebis politikis srulyofa (Kellner
1992). rac ar unda moxdes momavalSi, aSkaraa, bevri problema da sazrunavi,
romlebic uSualod qalebze axdens gavlenas da romlebic adre ugulebelyofil
iyo an iTvleboda `politikis miRma~ arsebulad, axla politikuri debatebis
centraluri sakiTxi gaxda.

16
 qalebis mier mamakacebTan gaTanabrebuli xmis micemis uflebis mopoveba 1
_ safrangeTi, ungreTi, italia,
1893 _ axali zelandia 1945 iaponia,
vietnami, iugoslavia, bolivia
1902 _ avstralia 1946 _ albaneTi, rumineTi, panama
1902 _ fineTi 1947 _ argentina, venesuela
1913 _ norvegia 1948 _ israeli, korea
1915 _ dania, islandia 1949 _ CineTi, Cile
1917 _ ssrk 1950 _ el salvadori, gana, indoeTi
1918 _ kanada 1951 _ nepali
1919 _ avstria, germania, 1952 _ saberZneTi
niderlandebi,
poloneTi, SvedeTi,
luqsemburgi,
Cexoslovakia
1920 _ aSS 1953 _ meqsika
1922 _ irlandia 1954 _ kolumbia
1928 _ didi britaneTi 1955 _ nikaragua
1929 _ ekvatori 1956 _ egvipte, pakistani, senegali
1930 _ samxreT afrika 1957 _ libani
_ espaneTi, Sri lanka,
1931 1959 _ maroko
portugalia
1932 _ tailandi 1962 _ alJiri
1934 _ brazilia, kuba 1963 _ irani, kenia, libia
1936 _ kosta rika 1964 _ sudani, zambia
1937 _ filipinebi 1965 _ avRaneTi, gvatemala
1941 _ indonezia 1977 _ nigeria
_ dominikis respublika,
1942 1979 _ peru, zimbabve
urugvai

globaluri Zalebi

am Tavis danarCen nawilebSi, britaneTidan gadavinacvlebT ufro farTo

saerTaSoriso arenaze arsebuli politikuri Zalebisa da gavlenebis ganxilvaze.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, demokratia globaluri Zala gaxda. globalizacia cvlis
erovnuli politikisa da eri-saxelmwifos Zalauflebis bevr sxva aspeqtsac.
evrokavSiri globalizaciis gamoZaxilia _ mcdeloba, moaxdinos eri-saxelmwifos
Sesustebuli Zalauflebis kompensacia, evropuli saxelmwifoebis zenacionaluri
asociaciis SeqmniT.
rodesac adamianebi ekiTxebian `Tqven xarT evropis momxre Tu mowinaaRmdege?~
aq `evropa~ niSnavs evrokavSirs. `evropa,~ ra Tqma unda, ufro metia teritoriulad,
vidre evrokavSirSi Semavali qveynebi; iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa norvegia da
Sveicaria, romlebic evropas miekuTvnebian, ar arian evrokavSiris wevrebi. ufro
metic, evropaSi aseve Sedian aRmosavleT evropis yofili komunisturi qveynebic,
romlebic ar arian evrokavSiris wevrebi _ Tumca, zogierTs amis survili aqvs.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, evropa omebiT gaxleCili kontinenti iyo. pirveli
msoflio omi da meore msoflio omi evropaSi daiwyo. evropaSi omis ganmeorebis
1
wyaro: Liza Tutle, Encyclopedia of Feminism, 1986, gv. 370-371.
17
prevencia iyo im saxelmwifo moRvaweebis erT-erTi motivacia, romlebmac dasabami
misces politikur kurss, ris Sedegac sabolood evrokavSiri Seiqmna. isini
amtkicebdnen, rom ekonomikurad integrirebuli da politikurad gadajaWvuli
qveynebi erTmaneTTan oms ar daiwyebdnen.

evropuli kavSiri da evropis Secvlili ruka

kavSiris ganviTareba. 1946 wels, ciurixSi sityviT gamosvlis dros, uinston
CerCilma ganacxada, `Cven raRac evropis SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi unda
avaSenoT.” magram is, vinc iniciativa gamoiCina da ZalRone ar daiSura amis
gansaxorcieleblad, iyvnen ara britanelebi, aramed evropis sxva qveynebi,
gansakuTrebiT safrangeTi da maSindeli dasavleT germania. 1951 w. parizis
xelSekrulebam daafuZna evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba. amas mohyva
evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianeba, mogvianebiT ki _ evropis ekonomikuri
gaerTianeba (EEC). 1958 wels, romis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Seqmnilma evropulma
ekonomikurma gaerTianebam daafuZna saerTo bazari, evrokavSiris wevr
saxelmwifoebs Soris saqonliT vaWrobisaTvis. magram britaneTi ganze idga, igi
ufro mTlianad iyo CarTuli Tanamegobrobis sxva qveynebsa da SeerTebul
StatebTan kavSirSi. 1973 wlamde qveyana evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis wevri
ar gamxdara.
radganac evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba sul ufro didi politikuri
gaerTianebisaken miemarTeboda, misi saxelwodebidan sityva `ekonomikuri~ amovarda
da is cnobili gaxda, rogorc evropuli gaerTianeba (EC). Semdgomi integraciis
Sedegad, is evrokavSiri (EU) gaxda. dRes evrokavSiri Sedgeba warmomadgenlobiTi
da biurokratiuli organizaciebis rTuli erTobliobisagan. umaRlesi mdgomareoba
uWiravs evrosabWos, romelic Sedgeba wevri qveynebis saxelmwifo meTaurebisagan an
mTavrobis meTaurebisagan. isini weliwadSi erTxel ikribebian. ministrTa sabWo
Sedgeba wevri saxelmwifoebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisa da msxvili Cinovnikebis
sxva muSa jgufebisagan. is warmoadgens evrokavSiris politikis ganmsazRvrel
mTavar organos da iRebs sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetilebebs. adre aseTi
gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiro iyo sruli erTsulovneba, magram axla
gadawyvetilebebis umetesobas iReben xmebis umravlesobis safuZvelze _ es
mniSvnelovani nabijia, radgan niSnavs, rom kanonmdeblobas SeuZlia ama Tu im
qveynis survilebis winaaRmdeg wasvla.
evropis komisia ministrTa sabWos gansaxilvelad Tavazobs moqmedebis kurss,
sxvadasxva winadadebis misaRebad an Sesasworeblad da is pasuxismgebelia sabWos
gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebaze. mas xelmZRvaneloben wevri saxelmwifoebis mier
daniSnuli komisiis wevrebi. evropul parlamentSi 518 arCeuli wevria, romlebic
gamoTqvamen Sexedulebebs sabWoSi warmodgenil winadadebebze da uzrunvelyofen
forums maTi ganxilvisTvis. evroparlaments ar gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo
uflebamosileba. es awuxebs bevr im adamians, romlebic Tvlian, rom dRes arsebuli
formiT, evrokavSiri arsebiTad arademokratiulia. da bolos, arsebobs
evrosasamarTlo, romelic ganmartavs da xels uwyobs evrokavSiris kanonebis
ganxorcielebas. mas ar gaaCnia policiuri Zalebi Tavisi gadawyvetilebebis

18
mxardasaWerad, magram maTi Sesruleba aucilebelia wevri qveynebis
sasamarTloebisTvis.
Tavdapirvelad evrogaerTianebis wevrTa raodenoba iyo eqvsi. 1973 wels,
rodesac dania da irlandia, britaneTTan erTad, gaerTianebas SeuerTdnen, maTi
raodenoba cxramde gaizarda. TandaTan, wevri qveynebis ricxvma Tormets miaRwia,
xolo 1996 wels ki _ TxuTmets. didma dapirispirebebma, gansakuTrebiT agrarul
politikasTan dakavSirebiT, daRi daasva, agreTve Seaferxa Tanamimdevruli
SeTanxmebebis formireba. 1987 wels miiRes erTiani evropis aqti, rasac mohyva mTeli
rigi inovaciebi, romelTa mizani iyo ufro didi gaerTianebis Seqmna, yvela
darCenili savaWro barieris gauqmebis CaTvliT.
evrokavSiris Semdgomi ganviTareba problemuri gaxda im gansakuTrebuli
cvlilebebis gamo, romlebmac aRmosavleT evropa da Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri moicva,
1989 wlidan moyolebuli. `evropas~ zusti sazRvrebi hqonda, rodesac is dasavleT
evropis liberalur demokratiebad aRiqmeboda. igi aRmosavleTis komunisturi
sazogadoebebisagan iyo gamijnuli. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam es yvelaferi Secvala.
axla aRar aris naTeli, sad mTavrdeba `evropa~ da aRmosavleT evropis bevri
axlad formirebuli liberaluri demokratia apirebs gawevriandes evrokavSirSi.
ra saxis warmonaqmnia evrokavSiri? SesaZlebelia, is ubralod erTgvari ze-eri-
saxelmwifo gaxdes, an gansxvavdeba is adre arsebuli politikuri sistemebisgan?
filip Smiteri (1991) miuTiTebs, rom axla evrokavSiri eri-saxelmwifosagan mravali
niSan-TvisebiT gansxvavdeba. rogorc zeviT iyo aRniSnuli, mas ar gaaCnia umaRlesi
xelisuflebis erTiani forma: sasamarTlos SeuZlia ugulebelyos misi wevri
saxelmwifoebis garkveuli kanonebi, magram ar arsebobs gadawyvetilebebis
realizaciis universaluri saSualebebi. Tumca mas suverenuli saxelmwifos
garkveuli niSnebi gaaCnia, magaliTad, is msoflios 130 saxelmwifos mieraa
aRiarebuli, rogorc saxelmwifo warmonaqmni da maT evrokavSirTan diplomatiuri
urTierTobebi aqvT damyarebuli.
eri-saxelmwifoebi garkveul teritoriebze arseboben, magram Sexeduleba,
romlis Tanaxmadac, evrokavSirs Tavisi `sakuTari~ teritoria gaaCnia, ufro
bundovania. evrokavSiri Tavad ar `marTavs~ Tavis teritorias da misi sazRvrebi ar
aris zustad dadgenili, radgan uaxloes momavalSi albaT kidev araerTi
saxelmwifo gaxdeba misi wevri. evrokavSirs difuzuri struqtura aqvs. zogierT
`gare~ saxelmwifos masTan TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebebi aqvs gaformebuli. eri-
saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT, evrokavSirSi ar aris administraciuli
dawesebulebebis ierarqia. winaswar, zogadad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo misi
struqturis Semadgeneli sxvadasxva nawilis moqmedebebis nawilobrivi damTxveva
Zalauflebisa da kompetenciis sxvadasxva sferoSi. komisias centraluri roli aqvs
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesebSi, magram Tavisi rolis Sesrulebis dros, is
did yuradRebas aqcevs evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisa da misi sxva
organizaciebis Sexedulebebs.
Smiteri amtkicebs, rom evrokavSiri politikuri wyobis Zalian specifikuri
formaa da mas SeuZlia, gza gaukafos im cvlilebebs, romlebic msoflios sxva
regionebs misabaZ models sTavazobs. evrokavSiri ar aris arc eri da arc
saxelmwifo, is ufro orives alternatiuli politikuri sistemaa. garkveuli azriT,
is federaluria, magram ara tipuri federaluri saxelmwifos msgavsad, radgan is,
19
ubralod, Sedgeba ara erToblivad organizebuli regionebisagan, aramed sxvadasxva
erTeulisa da qveerTeulis mTeli mravalferovnebisagan. garkveuli miznebisTvis, is
aris erTiani politikuri aqtori, sxva amocanebisTvis ki _ agregati, romelic
damokidebulia mudmivad `cvalebad SeTanxmebebze~.
momavalSi evropuli gaerTianeba iqneba politikuri batonobis unikaluri forma. SeiZleba, is
daemsgavsos zogierT arsebul saxelmwifos, rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi, germaniis federaciuli
respublika, Sveicaria, kanada, espaneTi da a.S. misi aRwera SesaZlebeli iqneba nacnobi terminebiT:
federaciuli, konfederaciuli, teqnokratiuli, demokratiuli, pluraluri da a.S., magram is
gansxvavebuli iqneba (Schmitter, 1991, gv. 29).
maastrixSi xelmowerili xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis bolosTvis
evropa politikurad ufro integrirebuli gaxdeba, vidre axla aris. mas erTiani
valuta eqneba. rac Seexeba 1996 wels, jer kidev ar aris naTeli, erTiani valuta
iqneba Tu ara saukunis bolomde. albaT, mxolod ramdenime qveyana aris mzad,
daakmayofilos misi gavrcelebisaTvis saWiro rTuli ekonomikuri kriteriumebi.
miuxedavad amisa, axali valutis saxelwodeba ukve SerCeulia: `evro~.

cvlilebebi aRmosavleT evropaSi

1989 weli safrangeTis revoluciis meorase wlisTavis iubile iyo. is, aseve,
evropaSi axali `revoluciebis weli~ iyo, albaT, 1789 welze aranakleb
mniSvnelovani Tavisi Sorsmimavali SedegebiT. 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropis
komunisturma reJimebma, erTimeoris miyolebiT, dakarges Zalauflebaze kontroli
(am movlenebis Semdgomi ganxilvisTvis, ixileT Tavi `revoluciebi da socialuri
moZraobebi~). mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi gavrcelebuli mmarTvelobis sistema,
romelic TiTqos myari da uryevi Canda, uceb daemxo. komunistebi daCqarebuli
tempiT, Tanamimdevrulad, kargavdnen TavianT Zalauflebas im qveynebSi, sadac isini
naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi batonobdnen: ungreTi (Tebervali), poloneTi
(ivnisi), bulgareTi, aRmosavleT germania da Cexoslovakia (noemberi), rumineTi
(dekemberi). aRmosavleT evropis TiToeul qveyanaSi, CamorCenil albaneTSic ki, 1992
wlis ianvrisTvis, Tavisufali arCevnebis Sedegad, Seiqmna axali mTavrobebi. da rac
ufro mniSvnelovania, amave periodisTvis, komunisturma partiam dakarga Zalaufleba
Tavad sabWoTa kavSirSic, romelic mTel rig damoukidebel qveynebad daiSala.
ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, aRmosavleT evropam, axali konstituciebis
dawerisa da mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistemebis Seqmnis procesSi, did
warmatebebs miaRwia. umetes SemTxvevaSi, partiebis speqtri dasavleT evropis
qveynebis partiebis msgavsia. zogierTi yofili komunisturi partia kvlavac
agrZelebs arsebobas, magram Zalian xSirad maT saxelwodeba aqvT gamocvlili.
amasTanave, isini ukve veRar moqmedeben ise, rogorc erTpartiul sistemebSi,
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis Sua periodSi maT arCevnebSi saocrad karg Sedegebs
miaRwies. magaliTad, 1995 wels ruseTis dumis (parlamentis) arCevnebis dros,
xelaxla aRmocenebulma ruseTis komunisturma partiam xmaTa 22 procenti moagrova
da parlamentSi yvelaze didi partia gaxda.
aRmosavleT evropis yvela qveyana awydeba Zalian mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da
politikur siZneleebs gardamaval periodSi, axali sazogadoebis mSeneblobis
gzaze. am sazogadoebebis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs
TavianT qveynebSi demokratiis ganviTarebis gamo, bevri ki Sewuxebulia danaSaulisa
20
da Zaladobis gazrdis gamo. evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis
monacemebis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT evropis umetesi qveynebis ekonomikam did
warmatebas miaRwia gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, demokratiuli
kapitalizmis imedebi bevri adamianisaTvis fuWi aRmoCnda aRmosavleT evropaSi, iq
samocdaTxuTmeti milioni `axali Raribi~ gaCnda, umuSevrobisa da fiqsirebuli
Semosavlebis pirobebSi, xalxis msyidvelobiTi unaris rRvevis gamo da es ricxvi
moicavs qveynebs yofili sabWoTa kavSiridanac. dasavleT evropis daxmareba
aRmosavleTisaTvis sakmaod mcirea.
momxdarma cvlilebebma, Cans, gansakuTrebiT araxelsayreli gavlena qalebze
moaxdina. zogierT qveyanaSi qalebis wili parlamentsa da sxva politikur
organoebSi mkveTrad daeca. magaliTad, cvlilebebis sawyis etapze, parlamentSi
qali-wevrebis procenti CexoslovakiaSi 34-dan 4 procentamde Semcirda, poloneTSi
_ 20-dan 3 procentamde, bulgareTSi _ 21-dan 8 procentamde. sabazro ekonomikaze
gadasvlis gamo, umuSevarTa ricxvi Zalian gaizarda da maT Soris didia qalebis
raodenoba.
ramdenad aRmatebuli iqneba aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebis mcdeloba,
Seqmnan mmarTvelobis stabiluri liberaluri demokratiuli sistemebi? samuel
hantingtonis (1990) azriT, arsebobs eqvsi faqtori, romlebic albaT, gadamwyvet
gavlenas axdenen am procesze:
1. Tavisi istoriis adreul periodebSi, ramdenad aqvs qveyanas gamocdili
liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba. yofil Cexoslovakias, am mxriv, yvelaze
sasurveli istoria aqvs, xolo albaneTs, piriqiT, araxelsayreli. magram
CexoslovakiaSi Cexebsa da slovakebs Soris didi daZabuloba iyo da qveyana or
damoukidebel saxelmwifod gaiyo.
2. qveynis mier miRweuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done. am mxriv, CexeTis
respublikasa da ungreTs wamyvani adgili ukaviaT.
3. ramdenad efeqturad marTavdnen qveyanas wina komunisturi reJimis dros.
arsebobs varaudi, rom saxelmwifo, romelic efeqturad marTavda avtoritaruli
sistemis dros, savaraudod, aseTive efeqturi iqneba demokratiuli sistemis dros.
4. im socialuri da politikuri organizaciebis Zalaufleba da
mravalferovneba, romlebmac SeZles damoukideblobis SenarCuneba komunisturi
mmarTvelobis dros.
5. ramdenad kargad SeZleben axali mTavrobebi ekonomikuri reformis
radikaluri politikis Seqmnasa da ganxorcielebas.
6. subnacionalur an eTnikur jgufebs, regionebs an klasebs Soris arsebuli
gaTiSvisa da mtruli damokidebulebis done. aseTi dayofis gamo, iugoslaviam ver
gauZlo dezintegracias da daiSala; Cexoslovakiac gaiyo. magram ramdenad
gahyvebian sxvebi maT gzas, jerjerobiT ar aris cxadi.
bevri aseTi msjeloba gamoiyeneba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad Seqmnili
axali saxelmwifoebisa da Tavad ruseTis mimarT. maTi umetesoba, aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro dabali donidan iwyebs axali saxelmwifos
mSeneblobas. umravlesobas ar hqonia liberaluri demokratiis damoukidebeli
istoria, zogierTi maTgani manamde saerTod arc ki arsebobda, rogorc calke
saxelmwifo. rac ar unda moxdes momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi, evropis ruka

21
samudamod Seicvala, masTan erTad ki globaluri politikuri wyobac _ mas Semdeg,
rac yofili sabWoTa kavSiri gaWimuli iyo Soreul aziamde.
myarad moikidebs Tu ara fexs demokratia, albaT, damokidebulia imaze,
ramdenad aris gavrcelebuli sabazro ekonomika. 1994 wlis bolos gamoqveynebul
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis angariSSi, yuradRebiT aris
ganxiluli yofil komunistur qveynebSi sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis
saWiro ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. cvlilebis ZiriTadi maCveneblebia: mrewvelobis
privatizaciis done da masStabi, biznesis restruqturizaciis xarisxi, marTvis wina
stilis ukugdeba, Ria konkurencia da sagareo vaWroba, sabanko sistemis reforma. am
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, CexeTis respublikaSi, ungreTsa da poloneTSi
cvlilebaTa done yvelaze maRalia, xolo azerbaijanSi, saqarTveloSi, TurqmeneTsa
da ukrainaSi _ yvelaze dabali.
iugoslavia, yofili komunisturi qveyana, federaluri saxelmwifo, romelic
1989 wlamde erT-erT yvelaze mowinaved miaCndaT, daiSala iq gaCaRebuli sisxliani
omis Sedegad. konfliqtma bosnia-hercogovinaSi, yofili iugoslaviis erT-erT
Semadgenel nawilSi, romelic damoukideblobas iTxovda, 500 000 sicocxle Seiwira.
rogori SemaZrwunebelic ar unda iyos es cifri, konfliqti bosniaSi SedarebiT
lokaluri da Semofargluli iyo. aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris damyarebuli
urTierTobis Sedegad, SesaZlebeli gaxda, Tavidan aecilebinaT zogierTi sxva
iseTi masStaburi omis gaCaReba, romlebic XX saukuneSi moxda. axla Cven
vubrundebiT im problemebs, romlebic gamowveulia adamianTa socialur
saqmianobaSi samxedro Zalauflebis da omis mudmivi mniSvnelobiT.

omi da samxedroebi

1989 wlisa da Semdgomi movlenebi naTlad gviCveneben samxedro Zalauflebis

gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas, socialuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani
gardamavali periodebis dros. samxedro Zalauflebis sociologia politikuri
sociologiis mniSvnelovani nawilia da swored amas ganvixilavT am Tavis bolo
nawilSi. pirvelad ganvixilavT omis istorias, Semdeg ki civ omsa da mis Sedegebs.

lokaluridan totalur omamde

meoce saukunemde, maSinac ki, rodesac didi brZolebi warmoebda, isini
Semoifargluli iyo mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawiliT _ jariskacebiT,
romlebic ibrZodnen (Cveulebriv, sazogadoebis zrdasruli mamakacebis mcire
procenti) da samoqalaqo mosaxleoba, romelic uSualod im regionebSi cxovrobda,
sadac omebi mimdinareobda. aseTi omebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc lokaluri
omebi. magram I msoflio omi (1914-18), romelSic uamravma jariskacma miiRo
monawileoba, namdvilad ar iyo lokaluri omi. totaluri omi moicavs ramdenime
antagonistur saxelmwifos, maTi mosaxleobis mamakacTa maRal wils, mTeli maTi
ekonomikis mobilizebasa da mTel msoflioSi brZolas. pirveli msoflio omi anu
`didi omi,~ mravali aspeqtiT, wyalgamyofi iyo meoce saukunis samxedro saqmis

22
ganviTarebaSi. man mTlianad gaamarTla Tavisi saxelwodeba. masSi CarTuli qveynebis
raodenobis TvalsazrisiT, evropuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba, agreTve ruseTi,
iaponia da SeerTebuli Statebi _ istoriuli paralelebi ar arsebobda. mokluli
meomrebisa da samoqalaqo pirebis raodenoba bevrad ufro didi iyo, vidre
romelime wina SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros.
sul mcire orma mTavarma movlenam Seuwyo xeli lokaluridan totalur omze
gadasvlas: omis industrializaciam da masobrivi militaristuli organizaciis
warmoqmnam. omis industrializacia gulisxmobs Tanamedrove samrewvelo meTodebis
gamoyenebas iaraRis warmoebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tanamedrove masobrivi
samxedro sistemebi biurokratiul organizaciebad Camoyalibdnen da mniSvnelovnad
Secvales omebis momzadebis da brZolis xasiaTi. garda amisa, mTavrobebma SemoiRes
sayovelTao samxedro begara _ garkveul asakobriv farglebSi, samxedro
samsaxurisTvis vargisi yvela mamakacis gawveva _ radgan omis masStabi gaizarda.

samxedro xarjebi da civi omi

kacobriobis istoriaSi meoce saukune, udavod, mravalricxovani da
damangreveli omebiT gamoirCeva. aqamde, omebSi 100 milionze meti adamiani daiRupa,
saSualod 3 500 dReSi. umravlesoba or msoflio omSi mokles. samxedro biujetebi
1989 wlamde progresulad izrdeboda; samxedro SeiaraReba sul ufro rTuli da
damangreveli xdeba. didi zomis birTvul iaraRs milionobiT adamianis mokvla
SeuZlia.
1980-iani wlebis bolomde, globalur samxedro xarjebs, ZiriTadad, civi omi
gansazRvravda _ SeerTebul Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris arsebuli
antagonisturi metoqeoba, romelic 1940-iani wlebis bolodan daaxloebiT 1990
wlamde gagrZelda. yovel weliwads TiToeuli mxare ara marto uzarmazar Tanxas
xarjavda SeiaraRebis srulyofasa da samxedro personalis didi raodenobis
Senaxvaze, aramed sxva qveynebTan aliansebis farTo sistemebsac qmnida da xSirad
mokavSire saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebul Zalebs wvrTnida. sabWoelebi yuradRebas
aRmosavleT evropaze amaxvilebdnen, magram isini Sua aRmosavleTis, aziisa da
afrikis qveynebsac amaragebdnen iaraRiT da maTTvis samxedro kadrebs amzadebdnen.
SeerTebulma Statebma Camoayalibes aliansebis sistema, maT Soris
Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato), romelic msoflios
udides nawilze vrceldeba.

iaraRiT vaWroba
SeiaraRebis sferoSi msoflio vaWrobis ZiriTadi nawils _ iaraRiT vaWrobas _
mesame msoflios qveynebisTvis industriuli qveynebis mier gayiduli SeiaraReba
Seadgens. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebuli Statebi da ssrk iyvnen iaraRis
msoflios wamyvani eqsportiorebi. 1991 wels, sparseTis yureSi omis dawyebamde, ssrk
da dasavleTis zogierTi saxelmwifo erays awvdidnen da hyidnen iaraRsa da
samxedro daniSnulebis sxva produqcias. erays im dros iranTan omis wagebis
saSiSroeba emuqreboda. rogorc sparseTis yuris omis Sedegma aCvena, zogierTi
iaraRi, gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSiris mier miwodebuli, aRmoCnda moZvelebuli an
23
Seuferebeli, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis uaxlesi iaraRis teqnologiasTan
SedarebiT. am omSi erayi sastikad daamarcxes gaerTianebuli erebis samxedro
Zalebma, romlebsac, ZiriTadad, SeerTebuli Statebi afinansebda. Tumca, mowinave
teqnologias sTavazoben yvelas, visac surs da SeuZlia misi SeZena.
1950-iani wlebidan 1980-iani wlebis bolomde, msoflio samxedro xarjebi zrdis
tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda. 1977 wels msoflio xarjebma SeiaraRebaze gadaaWarba 1
miliard amerikul dolars dReSi. es niSnavs, rom yovel saaTSi 50 milioni dolari
ixarjeboda. 1980-iani wlebis bolos, realuri gamoTvliT (inflaciis faqtoris
gamoklebiT), es maCveneblebi TiTqmis gaormagda. 1993 wels globaluri samxedro
xarjebi Seadgenda msoflios mTliani Semosavlis daaxloebiT 5 procents. es
bevrad ufro metia, vidre mTeli afrikuli kontinentis ekonomikuri warmoeba; is
metia, vidre mTeli aziis (iaponiis gamoklebiT) ekonomikuri warmoeba.
civi omis dasrulebis fonze, vinmem SeiZleba imedianad ganWvritos msoflios
ganviTarebuli qveynebis samxedro danaxarjebis Semcireba. SeiaraRebasTan
dakavSirebuli xarjebi mkveTrad Semcirda ruseTsa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
sxva saxelmwifoebSi. SeerTebulma Statebma, britaneTma da dasavleTis sxva
qveynebmac Seamcires Tavdacvis xarjebi momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi. Tumca, es
gazrdis dawolas iaraRis eqsportze saSinao bazrebis Sevsebis mizniT. ar SeiZleba
darwmunebiT Tqma, rom civi omis dasruleba Seamcirebs usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs
mesame msoflios qveynebSi, es moTxovnebi rogorc Sida, ise sagareo xasiaTisaa.
rogorc Semdeg nawilebSi vnaxavT, jer kidev bundovania, ramdenad SeiZleba vendoT
globaluri mSvidobis dividends.

omi da globaluri usafrTxoeba

xdeba Tu ara msoflio ufro usafrTxo adgili uaxlesi politikuri
cvlilebebis Sedegad? ra Tqma unda, sayovelTao birTvuli ganadgurebis
perspeqtiva Zalian Semcirda. magram birTvuli omis SesaZlebloba ar gamqrala. 1992
wels msoflioSi jer kidev arsebobda sul mcire 50 000 birTvuli iaraRi (Barnaby
1992), xolo 1994 wels _ 20 000 (ix. diagrama 13.2).
iaraRis umravlesoba ekuTvnis SeerTebul Statebs, ruseTsa da yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris sxva saxelmwifoebs. britaneTi, safrangeTi da CineTi mniSvnelovan maragebs
floben. ukve ramdenime xania, rac israeli birTvuli iaraRis saxelmwifoa.
indoeTsa da pakistans, SesaZloa, hqondeT potenciuri SesaZlebloba, sxva
saxelmwifoebs ki gaaCniaT saSualebebi, mibaZon maT.
dRes mTavari problemaa, rogor Seakavon birTvuli proliferacia _ birTvuli
iaraRis gavrceleba im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic amJamad maT ar floben (Levanthal &
Tanzer 1991 ). Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom globaluri usafrTxoeba gaizrdeboda, Tu
ocdaaT, ormoc Tu met saxelmwifos eqneboda birTvuli iaraRi. magram dasavleTis
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic TavianTi birTvuli arsenalebis arsebobas amarTleben
imiT, rom maTi saSualebiT isini akaveben agresias, albaT, ar gaukvirdebaT, Tu sxva
qveynebic imave motiviT Seecdebian maT mopovebas. Tu romelime saxelmwifo miaRwevs
mizans, misi metoqe Seecdeba, igive gaakeTos. amgvarad, prioliferaciis
SesaZlebloba izrdeba.

24
 sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gamowveuli pirdapiri safrTxe, Cans, acilebul iqna.
birTvuli iaraRi, gaSlili Tormeti damoukidebeli respublikis teritoriebze,
koncentrirebul iqneba ruseTis teritoriaze, sadac SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi
usafrTxoebisa da kontrolis zomebis ufro drouli ganxorcieleba. magram radgan
birTvuli iaraRebisa da masalebis karg pirobebSi Senaxva dakavSirebulia did
xarjebTan, arsebobs eWvebi maT xangrZliv usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT. garda
amisa, sxva qveynebma SeiZleba gadaibiron yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebi, maTi
kompetenturobis gamo.
proliferaciis problemis arsi aris is, rom birTvuli iaraRis warmoebisaTvis
saWiro ori nivTiereba, gamdidrebuli urani da plutoniumi, aucilebelia agreTve
birTvuli energiis mSvidobiani warmoebisaTvis. teqnologiuri eqspertizis Tanaxmad,
erT-erTi am nivTierebis flobis dros SesaZlebelia birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna.
kerZod, iaponiasa da germanias aqvT plutoniumis maragebi, romlebic iseTive didia,
rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis birTvul arsenalebSi. am qveynebma rom moindomon,
isini SeZleben birTvuli SeiaraRebis Zalian swrafad Seqmnas. atomur
eleqtrosadgurebSi daxarjuli sawvavis xelaxali gadamuSaveba aseve qmnis farTo
masStabis proliferaciis saSiSroebas. arsebuli gegmebis Tanaxmad, XXI saukunis
damdegisTvis, evropisa da iaponiis gadamamuSavebel qarxnebSi gamoyenebuli
sawvavidan, ori aTasi metruli tona plutoniumi iqneba miRebuli. TxuTmet funtze
naklebia saWiro atomuri bombis Sesaqmnelad. radgan plutoniumi aTasi wlis
ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs Tavis Tvisebebs, misi usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobiani
gamoyenebis garantiebis problema, Cans, Znelad gadasalaxia.

msoflio omis gareSe?

birTvuli iaraRi ar aris erTaderTi damangreveli SeiaraReba, romlis Seqmna

adamianebs SeuZliaT. magaliTad, qimiuri iaraRis warmoeba iafia. 1980-ian wlebSi,
iranTan omisas, erayma qimiuri SeiaraReba gamoiyena da imuqreboda, rom gamoiyenebda
mas sparseTis yuris omSi 1991 wels. qimiuri iaraRi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba mtris
samxedro danayofebis an samoqalaqo mosaxleobis momwamvleli gzebiT dabombvis
dros, rac SeiZleba imwamsve fataluri iyos. erT-erTi aseTi xelovnurad Seqmnili
momwamvleli gazi gamoiyenes tokios metroSi 1995 wels mgzavrebze Tavdasxmis
dros, rodesac ramdenime adamiani mokles da bevri hospitalizebuli iyo.
axla msoflio politikur wyobaSi fundamenturi cvlilebebis droa da
arsebobs ufro usafrTxo msoflios Seqmnis realuri SesaZleblobebi. riskebis
danaxva advilia. SesaZlo birTvul proliferaciasa da masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva
iaraRebs unda davumatoT nacionalizmis, eTnikuri da religiuri antagonizmebis
axali formebis gavlena, mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli
uTanasworoba, anu globaluri konfliqtebis yvela potenciuri wyaro. meore mxriv,
zogierTi faqtori, rac warsulSi saomar moqmedebebs ganapirobebda, gansakuTrebiT
ki swrafva, moepovebinaT axali teritoriebi dapyrobis gziT, dRes nakleb
relevanturia. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi bevrad ufro globalurad arian
urTierTdamokidebulni, vidre adre da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, maTi sazRvrebi zustad

25
aris dadgenili da aRiarebuli saxelmwifoTa msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier.
Tanamedrove saomari moqmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT birTvuli omi, iseTi damangreveli
gaxda, rom misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia realuri politikuri an ekonomikuri
miznebis misaRwevad.
sul ufro izrdeba imis Segneba, rom birTvul epoqaSi miuRebelia Zveleburi
gamonaTqvami: `mSvidoba Tu ginda, emzade omisTvis~; es ki bolo wlebis erT-erTi
imedis momcemi movlenaa. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu moxerxda birTvuli
konfrontaciebis Tavidan acileba, SesaZloa, mainc ar Sewydes omebi, sadac
Cveulebrivi tipis iaraRi iqneba gamoyenebuli, rac masobrivi ganadgurebis mizezi
SeiZleba gaxdes. magram imedis realuri safuZvelic arsebobs.
maikl maqguaieri, Tavdacvis saqmis cnobili analitikosi, amtkicebs, rom
momdevno oci an ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, birTvuli iaraRisagan Tavisufali
msoflios Seqmnis realuri SesaZlebloba arsebobs. birTvuli iaraRisagan
Tavisufali msoflio iqneba iseTi msoflio, sadac birTvuli saxelmwifoebi
SeTanxmdebian, rom jarTad aqceven mTel TavianT birTvul SeiaraRebas garkveul
daTqmul vadaSi. misi azriT, birTvuli iaraRisagan Tavisufali msoflio,
proliferaciis SeCerebisa da agresiuli saxelmwifoebisa da teroristuli
jgufebisagan birTvuli iaraRis dacvis erTaderTi saSualebaa. es realisturi
arCevania, radgan bevri samxedro politikuri lideri mixvda, rom birTvuli iaraRi
strategiuli miznebisTvis gamousadegaria. maTi flobis erTaderTi mizezi aris is,
rom isini sxvebsac aqvT an SeiZleba SeiZinon. amis gamo, rac ar unda moxdes, omis
riski yovelTvis iqneba. magram birTvuli iaraRisgan Tavisufali msoflio
erTaderTi gzaa, rom Tavidan aviciloT kacobriobis damRupveli birTvuli
konfrontaciebis SesaZlebloba, romelsac SeuZlia dedamiwis udidesi nawilis da,
albaT, mTeli kacobriobis ganadgureba.

Sejameba
1. saxelmwifo arsebobs iq, sadac aris politikuri aparati, romelic marTavs
garkveul dadgenil teritorias da romlis xelisufleba emyareba legalur
sistemasa da kanonier uflebas, gamoiyenos Zala Tavisi politikuri kursis
ganxorcielebis mizniT.
2. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi aris eri-saxelmwifoebi, sadac, Cveulebriv,
kongresis an saparlamento sistema arsebobs. suverenitetis cneba (mTavrobis
kanonieri Zalaufleba mkafiod gansazRvrul teritoriaze) gulisxmobs rogorc eri-
saxelmwifos aRiarebul legitimurobas, ise sxvebis mier saxelmwifo sazRvrebis
aRiarebas. TiToeuli erToba iZens gamorCeul xasiaTs nacionalizmTan misi kavSiris
gziT.
3. demokratia aris politikuri sistema, sadac xalxi marTavs. monawileobiTi
demokratiis dros, gadawyvetilebebs iReben isini, viszec es gadawyvetilebebi
gavlenas axdens. liberaluri demokratia aris warmomadgenlobiTi mravalpartiuli
demokratia (rogoricaa, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefo), sadac moqalaqeebs
SeuZliaT, xma miscen erT-erTs sul cota ori partiidan.
Tumca demokratia farTod gavrcelda, zogierTi siZnele mainc arsebobs. iseT
qveynebSi, rogoric gaerTianebuli samefoa, xelisuflebas misi moqalaqeebis
26
gasaWiris mogvarebis unari ara aqvs. mTavrobiT ukmayofileba izrdeba, xolo
politikuri monawileobis done klebulobs.
4. politikuri partia aris organizacia, romelic orientirebulia, arCevnebis
gziT miaRwios xelisuflebaze legitimur kontrols. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis
umravlesobaSi, yvelaze didi is partiebia, romlebic Semdeg ZiriTad politikur
interesebs gamoxataven: socializmi, komunizmi, liberalizmi an konservatizmi.
Cveulebriv, arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri xmis micemis nimuSebsa da klasobriv
gansxvavebebs Soris. bolo dros, dasavleTis bevr saxelmwifoSi SeimCneva
tradiciuli partiebis mimarT erTgulebis Semcireba da, saerTod, imedgacruebis
zrda partiuli sistemis gamo.
5. bolo wlebSi, britanulma politikam TetCerizmis Zlieri zemoqmedeba
ganicada. TetCerizmi aris doqtrinebis erToblioba, romelic Tavad qalbaton
TetCeris xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdegac arsebobs. TetCerizmi eyrdnoba
saxelmwifos rolis Semcirebisa da Tavisufali bazris batonobis aucileblobis
rwmenas.
6. TetCerizmma Secvala konservatuli partiis perspeqtiva. bolo oci wlis
ganmavlobaSi, leiboristulma partiamac ganicada mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi;
kerZod, toni bleris xelmZRvanelobiT, `axalma leiboristebma~ xeli aiRes Zvel
socialistur Sexedulebebze, maT Soris nacionalizaciasa da gegmur ekonomikur
mewarmeobaze.
7. evropuli kavSiris Seqmnam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina yvela mis wevr
saxelmwifoze. Tumca, srulad ar aris naTeli, rogori momavali eqneba evrokavSirs.
is, albaT, ar gaxdeba `ze-eri-saxelmwifo~, magram SeinarCunebs Tavis gamorCeul
xasiaTs.
8. evropis politikuri ruka Seicvala 1989 welsa da momdevno periodSi,
komunizmis daSlis Sedegad. ruseTi da aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebi xdebian
saparlamento demokratiebi da sabazro ekonomikis qveynebi, Tumca gadasvlis es
procesi aris Zneli da problematuri.
9. omi politikaSi yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
omis xasiaTi Zalian Seicvala. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,
omis industrializaciis procesi daiwyo, rac omis warmoebis dros industriuli
meTodebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. birTvul epoqaSi, arsebobs imedis safuZveli,
rom didi omebis raodenoba Semcirdeba, radgan omis SesaZlo Sedegebi metad
damRupvelia.

damatebiTi literatura
Christopher D andeker, Surveillance, Power and Modernity (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1990) .
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Zalauflebis sistemebis ganviTarebis mimoxilva,
romelic gansakuTrebiT samxedro Zalis rols usvams xazs.
Stephen George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1990) . britaneTsa da evropuli gaerTianebis sxva qveynebs Soris daZabuli
urTierTobis saintereso mimoxilva.
David Held, Models of Democracy. Second Edition (Cambridge: P olity Press, 1996). klasikuri da
mniSvnelovani angariSi demokratiis sxvadasxva formis Sesaxeb.
27
 John K ingdom, Government and Pilitics in Britain (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1991) .
yovlismomcveli da kritikuli teqsti britaneTis politikis Sesaxeb.
James N. R orenan, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (London.
Harvester, 1990) . mcdeloba, mogvces axali farTo formulireba imis Sesaxeb, rogor
unda gavigoT globaluri politikuri wyoba.
John S cott, Who Rules Britain? (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1991) . saukeTeso wigni britanul
sazogadoebaSi elitebisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb.
D.W. Urwin and W.E. Petterson, Politics in Western Europe Today: Perspectives, Politics and Problems
since 1980 (London: L ongman, 1990). sasargeblo zogadi mimoxilva, romelic warmoadgens
Sesavals dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

legitimuroba interesebi
suvereniteti axali leiboristebi
moqalaqe evrokavSiri
nacionalizmi samxedro Zalaufleba
monawileobiTi demokratia lokaluri omi
konstituciuri monarqi totaluri omi
liberaluri demokratia sayovelTao samxedro begara
politikuri partia civi omi
TetCerizmi iaraRiT vaWroba
qceva xmis micemisas birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba

28
 masmedia da popularuli kultura

Sinaarsi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
adreuli masmedia: gazeTebi
gazeTebis gamocema
televiziis gavlena
sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba
televiziis gavlena qcevaze
sociologebi swavloben satelevizio axal ambebs
televizia da Janri
Teoriebi mediis Sesaxeb
adreuli Teoriebi
iurgen habermasi: sazogadoebrivi sfero
bodriari: hiperrealobis samyaro
jon tompsoni: media da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
mediis globalizacia
axali ambebi
kino, televizia, reklama da eleqtronuli komunikacia
media imperializmi
mediis antrepreniorebi
mediis regulaciis problema
multimedia
interneti
daskvna
Sejameba
damatebiTi literatura
mniSvnelovani terminebi
 ZiriTadi cnebebi

popularuli kultura masmedia komunikacia ideologia

didi xnis win, saTamaSoebi saerTod ar arsebobda da yvela mowyenili iyo.

Semdeg gaCnda televizori, miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi mainc mowyenilebi iyvnen. maT
marTva surdaT, amitomac gamoigones `video TamaSebi~. aseTia kacobriobis istoria,
rogorc amas marSa kinderis 8 wlis vaJi, viqtori, aRwers. marSa kinderi naSromis _
`ZalauflebiT TamaSi~ (1991) _ avtoria. es aris kvleva mozardebze televiziisa da
videoTamaSebis gavlenis Sesaxeb. viqtori ojaxis nintendos Cempionia da agreTve
televizoris Tavgadadebuli mayurebeli.
marto viqtors ara aqvs aseTi gataceba. videoTamaSebi, gansakuTrebiT nintendo,
iseTi masStabisa da mimzidvelobis masobrivi garTobaa, romelic Cvens globalur
epoqamde ar arsebobda. magram dRes maT TiTqmis mTeli msoflios bavSvebi da
mozardebi TamaSoben. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi TamaSebis umravlesoba Zviria,
isini msoflios zogierT Rarib qveyanaSic ki didi raodenobiT iyideba. zogierT
ufro mdidar qveyanaSi milionobiT aseTi saTamaSo gaiyida. gamomsaxvelobisa da
bgeris sisufTave nintendosa da mzardi popularobis mqone sxva konkurentuli
sistemebis mTavari aspeqtia. TamaSebi imdenad `realuri~ xdeba, rom Cndeba
seriozuli kiTxva: nuTu viqtorisnairi biWebi nintendos samyaros iseve realurad
aRiqvamen, rogorc gare samyaros? SesaZloa, es kiTxva yvelas unda davusvaT, radgan
adamianebis umravlesoba popularuli kulturis mudmivi momxmarebeli gaxda.
termini `popularuli kultura~ exeba iseT garTobebs, romlebsac asobiT aTasi an
milionobiT adamiani uyurebs, kiTxulobs an masSi monawileobs. magaliTad, sapnis
operebis mimzidveli istoriebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ~East Enders~, milionobiT
mayurebels izidavs yovel kvira, zogs ki _ yovel dRe.
am TavSi ganvixilavT popularuli kulturis iseTi formebis zegavlenas,
romlebsac xSirad masmediis saxeliT moixsenieben. masmediaSi Sedis videoTamaSebi
da televizia, agreTve, gazeTebi, filmebi, Jurnalebi, reklamebi, videoebi da sidi.
rac Seexeba `popularuls~ `popularul kulturaSi~, isic `masobriv~ medias
gulisxmobs, radganac uzarmazar auditoriebs moicavs _ auditoriebs, romlebic
adamianTa Zalian did raodenobas aerTianebs. masmedias zogjer masobrivi
komunikaciebis saxeliTac moixsenieben.
masmedia xSirad asocirdeba mxolod garTobasTan _ rogoric nintendoa da
mravali adamiani mas sakmaod marginalurad aRiqvams. magram aseTi Tvalsazrisi
mikerZoebulia: masobrivi kounikaciebi Cveni socialuri saqmianobis mraval
aspeqtSic aris CarTuli. medias, rogoricaa gazeTebi da televizia, didi gavlena
aqvs Cvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasa da sazogadoebriv azrze. ase marto imitom
ki ar xdeba, rom isini gansakuTrebulad zemoqmedeben Cvens ganwyobebze, aramed imis
gamoc, rom maTi saSualebiT, xelmisawvdomi xdeba codna, romelzec bevri
socialuri saqmianoba aris damokidebuli, magaliTad, erovnul arCevnebSi xmis
micema SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda, Tu informacia mimdinare politikuri movlenebis,
kandidatebisa da partiebis Sesaxeb sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi ar iqneboda. isinic
ki, visac politika nakleb ainteresebT da cota ram ician masSi CarTuli pirebis
Sesaxeb, met-naklebad gaTviTcnobierebulni arian erovnul da saerTaSoriso
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movlenebSi. SesaZloa, mxolod gandegili yofiliyo mTlianad mowyvetili `axali
ambebisagan~, romlebic yvela Cvenganze zemoqmedebs; Tumca, savaraudod, meoce
saukunis gandegils radio mainc eqneba.
masmediis Seswavlas misi erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli formis _ gazeTebis
ganxilviT viwyebT. amis Semdeg gavaanalizebT televiziis gavlenas. ganvixilavT
ramdenime mniSvnelovan Teorias masmediis Sesaxeb da vimsjelebT iseTi media
antrepreniorebis warmatebaze, rogoric rupert merdokia. da bolos, ganvixilavT
axal eleqtronul medias: internetsa da sainformacio supermagistrals.

adreuli masmedia: gazeTebi

gazeTebi, Tanamedrove formiT, im pamfletebisa da sainformacio furclebis

gagrZelebaa, romlebic 1700-ian wlebSi ibeWdeboda da vrceldeboda. mxolod
mecxramete saukunis bolodan gaxda gazeTebi `yoveldRiuri~. maTi mkiTxvelebis
raodenobam mraval aTassa Tu milions miaRwia. Tanamedrove mediis istoriaSi
gazeTi, arsebiTad, mniSvnelovani movlena iyo, radgan is bevr sxvadasxva tipis
informacias mokled da advilad aRsaqmeli formiT aqveynebda. gazeTebis erT
nomerSi mocemulia informacia mimdinare sakiTxebze, garTobebsa da reklamaze.
axali ambebi da reklama erTad viTardebodnen, amitom gansxvavebebi axal ambebs,
reklamasa da garTobebs Soris xSirad icvleba da amis gamo maTi dadgena Znelia.
magaliTad, cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom gemi gadis an Camodis, erT konteqstSi SeiZleba
axal ambebad CaiTvalos, meoreSi ki _ rogorc reklama. sxva konteqstSi, Tu is
garkveul mgzavrebs exeba da maRali wris qronikis svetSi weria, is ukve
gasarTobia.
iafi yoveldRiuri presis gamoSveba, Tavdapirvelad, SeerTebul StatebSi
daiwyes. erTcentiani yoveldRiuri gazeTi niu-iorkSi daarsda, Semdeg ki
aRmosavleTis sxva didma qalaqebmac mibaZes. 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, qalaqisa
da regionuli gazeTebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis umravlesobaSi gamodioda
(evropis ufro patara qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikaSi erovnuli gazeTebi ar
daarsebula). masobrivi emigraciis periodSi, SeerTebul StatebSi bevri ucxoenovani
gazeTi qveyndeboda. magaliTad, 1892 wels yoveldRiurad oTxmocdaCvidmeti
germanulenovani gazeTi ibeWdeboda qveynis Sua-dasavleTisa da Crdilo-
aRmosavleTis qalaqebSi. iafi sagazeTo qaRaldis gamogonebam, mecxramete saukunis
bolodan dawyebuli da Semdgom, xeli Seuwyo gazeTebis masobriv gavrcelebas.
XX saukunis miwurulisTvis, prestiJuli gazeTebis or saukeTeso nimuSs ~New
York Times~ da londonis ~The Times~ warmoadgendnen. isini sxva qveynebis bevri
gavleniani gazeTisTvis sanimuSod iqcnen. gazeTebi, romlebzec didi moTxovnileba
iyo mkiTxvelTa bazarze, mTavar politikur Zalas warmoadgendnen da dRemde aseTad
rCebian.
naxevar saukuneze meti drois ganmavlobaSi, gazeTebi sazogadoebisTvis
informaciis swrafad da amomwuravad miwodebis mTavari saSualeba iyo. magram
radios, kinosa da, gansakuTrebiT, televiziis Seqmnis Semdeg, maTi gavlena
Semcirda. jer kidev 1960 wels, gaerTianebul samefoSi erT ojaxze yoveldRe erTze
meti gazeTi iyideboda, saSualod, yovel 100 ojaxze _ 112 gazeTi, magram amis Semdeg

3
Tanafardoba mudmivad klebulobs. dRes yovel 100 ojaxze 90-ze naklebi gayiduli
gazeTi modis. gansakuTrebiT Semcirda axalgazrdebze gayiduli gazeTebis ricxvi.

gazeTebis gamocema
didi xania, gazeTebi yovlisSemZle magnatis, sagamomcemlo imperiis
xelmZRvanelis saxesTan asocirdeba. suraTi sulac ar aris ararealuri. bevr
qveyanaSi gazeTebi sul ramdenime didi korporaciis sakuTrebas warmoadgens. xSir
SemTxvevaSi, es korporaciebi garkveuli pirebis an ojaxebis sakuTrebaa da maT
didi gavlena aqvT. dRes bevri aseTi firma uzarmazar aqciebs flobs televiziasa
da garTobis industriaSi. britaneTSi Zalian didi kompaniebi, romlebsac presis
baronebi, lordebi norTklifi, biverbruki da kemsli marTaven, 1920-ain da 1930-ian
wlebSi, maTi mravalricxovani tiraJis mqone gazeTebis warmatebis safuZvelze
ganviTardnen. safrangeTi momswrea erzanis sainformacio imperiis Seqmnisa,
germaniaSi Springerisa da grunebis uzarmazari organizaciebi gaCnda. amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi im qalaqebis ricxvi, sadac konkurenti gazeTebis firmebia,
mudmivad klebulobs. XX saukunis dasawyisSi xuTasze meti aseTi firma iyo, xolo
1984 wels maTi raodenoba ocdaaTamde Semcirda. amerikuli qalaqebis mxolod 3
procentSi aris konkurenti gazeTebi _ adgilobriv gazeTebis gamomcemloba
monopolisturi sawarmo gaxda.
SeerTebuli Statebis garda, dasavleTis yvela qveyanas SeuZlia iamayos
ramdenime erovnuli gazeTiT. xSirad, es gazeTebi sxvadaxva politikur
Tvalsazriss gamoxataven, amitom mkiTxvelebs didi arCevani aqvT. Tumca SeerTebul
StatebSi mxolod adgilobrivi gazeTebi gamodis, rogorc wesi, maTi mflobelebi
adgilobrivi moqalaqeebi ar arian: gazeTis 70 procentze mets gazeTebis koncerni
akontrolebs. zogierTi maTganis, iseve rogorc evropis didi tiraJis mqone bevri
gazeTis, saredaqcio politikas maTi mflobelebi gansazRvraven. aucilebelia, rom
es politika redaqtorebma da Jurnalistebma daicvan. herstis gazeTebis koncernSi
rva didi gazeTis redaqtorebs yoveldRiurad ugzavnian ramdenime mowinave statias,
zogierTi maTgani aucileblad unda gamoqveyndes, sxvebi ki, SesaZloa, rom
daibeWdos. Tavad redaqtorebi ar weren statiebs.
dasavleTis qveynebis mTavrobebis umravlesobas awuxebs is faqti, rom gazeTi
ramdenime adamianis sakuTrebaa. bevr qveyanaSi mTavrobebma garkveuli zomebi miiRes,
raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT didi koncernebis mier gazeTebis xelSi Cagdeba, magram
aseTi mcdeloba xSirad marcxiT mvardeboda. zogjer saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen
presaSi politikuri balansis damyarebas. magaliTad, 1970-ian wlebSi, norvegiaSi
miiRes kanon-proeqti sxvadasxva politikuri speqtris gazeTebSi investiciebis
Tanabari ganawilebis Sesaxeb da amJamad am qveyanaSi adgilobrivi erTobebis
umravlesobas aqvs ori an meti mravalferovani informaciis Semcveli gazeTi,
romlebic mkiTxvelebs erovnuli da saerTaSoriso ambebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebul
Tvalsazriss awvdian.
SesaZloa, kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam gamoiwvios gazeTebis
ufro didi raodenobiT gamoSveba, radganac axla maTi dabeWdva da gamoSveba
adrindelze bevrad ufro iafi gaxda. meore mxriv, eleqtronulma komunikaciam,
SesaZloa, faqtobrivad, mospos gazeTebis tiraJireba. magaliTad, teleteqstis
4
sistemebis saSualebiT, mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi xdeba axali ambebis Sesaxeb
informaciis mudmivi ganaxleba, pirdapir televizoris ekranze.
bolo wlebSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, faqtobrivad, daarsda ramdenime axali
erovnuli gazeTi, magram maTgan mxolod erTma Tu orma miaRwia warmatebas.

axali erovnuli gazeTebi

1980-ian wlebSi, britaneTSi gamoSvebul gazeTebs Soris iyvnen: ~Independent~,
~Today~, ~News on Sunday~ da ~Sunday Sport~. bolo ori gazeTis bedi Wkuis saswavlebeli
da damamZimebelia imaTTvis, visac, SesaZloa, surdaT britanuli presis
standartebis amaRleba. ~News on Sunday~ gamovida 1987 wels. gazeTi politikurad
damoukidebeli iyo, misi mflobeli iyo koncerni da ara romelime antrepreniori.
misi mizani iyo, yofiliyo `Ria demokratiuli bunebis~ gazeTi. mas surda, xeli
Seewyo socialuri samarTlianobisTvis da `ewinaaRmdegeboda yovelgvari seqsizmis,
rasizmisa da yvela sxva saxis diskriminacias, rac zRudavs pirovnebis unarebsa da
potencials.~
~Sunday Sport~, romlis mflobeli devid salivani gaxldaT, gansxvavebuli saxis
kompania iyo. misi saredaqcio politika sakmaod ucnaurad iyo formulirebuli.
gazeTi gamiznuli iyo Teqvsmetidan ocdaTxuTmetamde wlis mamakacebisTvis. ~News on
Sunday~-is TanamSromlebi am gazeTs `Jurnalistikis makulaturad~ Tvlidnen.
~News on Sunday~-is pirveli gamocema iwyeboda ambiT laTinur amerikaSi saSineli
siRaribis Sesaxeb, imave dRes ~Sunday Sport~-ma gamoaqveyna statia `samefo saxlis
sqesobrivi orgia~ _ sagazeTo masala pornografiuli filmis Sesaxeb, romelic
gadaiRes lord hertfordis mamulSi. ~News on Sunday~ ramdenime TveSi gakotrda,
xolo ~Sunday Sport~ dResac qveyndeba da misi tiraJia 500,000 (Trowler 1994).
mTlianobaSi, amJamad gazeTebi uwindel droze nakleb rols TamaSoben
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. mediis sxva saSualebebis, kerZod, televiziis
gavrcelebam, gamoiwvia maTi rols Semcireba.

televiziis gavlena

televiziis gavlena sul ufro izrdeba. SesaZloa, es yvelaze mniSvnelovani

miRwevaa mediis sferoSi bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tu televizoris
yurebis axlandeli tendencia gagrZeldeba, dRes dabadebul TiToeul bavSvs,
Tvrameti wlis asakisTvis, ufro meti dro eqneba daxarjuli televizoris yurebaze,
vidre sxva raime saqmianobis Sesrulebaze, garda Zilisa. faqtobrivad, dRes yvela
ojaxs aqvs televizori. gaerTianebul samefoSi, saSualod, ojaxebSi televizori
dReSi xuTi-eqvsi saaTia CarTuli. igive suraTia SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT
evropis sxva qveynebSic (Goodhardt e t a l. 1987). ojaxis TiToeuli wevris mier
televizorTan gatarebuli saaTebi, ra Tqma unda, naklebia, vidre am monacemebSia
naCvenebi, radgan ojaxis sxvadasxva wevri televizors sxvadasxva dros uyurebs,
magram britaneTSi, saSualod, zrdasruli moqalaqe dReSi daaxloebiT 3 saaTs
atarebs televizorTan.

5
 Tavisufali drois gamoyeneba asakis mixedviT, didi britaneTi, 1995 wlis maisi
(saaTebi kviraSi)1
16- 25- 35- 45- 60 da
24 34 44 59 zeviT
televizia an radio 14
megobrebTan stumroba (SesaZloa moicavdes
7
Wamasac)
kiTxva 1
saubari, socializacia da telefoniT megobrebTan
3
urTierToba
gareT Wama-sma 6
hobi, TamaSebi da kompiuteri 2
seirnoba da sxva gamajansaRebeli aqtivobebi 2
arafris keTeba (avadmyofobis CaTvliT) 1
monawileoba sportSi 3
religiuri, politikuri da sxva Sexvedrebi
koncertebi, Teatri, kino da sportuli
1
sanaxaobebi
sxva 1
mTeli Tavisufali dro 40
wyaro: mikro-socialuri cvlilebis kvleviTi centri, Omnibus Survey, Social Trends-
dan, 1996, gv. 217.

bolo wlebSi videoteqnika farTod gamoiyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

adamianebi iweren sxvadasxva programas saxlSi videoze maTi naxvis an filmebis
Cvenebis mizniT. aseve sayovelTaod vrceldeba sxvadasxva saxis videoTamaSebi. Tavis
wignSi `videos bavSvebi~, iujin provenzo aanalizebs nintendos zegavlenas.
SeerTebul StatebSi amJamad 19 milionamde nintendos TamaSebia da isini kidev
ufro metia sxva qveynebSi. TiTqmis yvela maTgani bavSvebs ekuTvnis da Tavad isini
marTaven maT. socialuri kodeqsebi da tradiciebi yalibdeba TamaSebisa da maTi
moqmedi pirebis safuZvelze. 1990 wels, SeerTebul StatebSi im ocdaaTi
saTamaSodan, rolebic yvelaze metad iyideboda, ocdaxuTi an video TamaSebi, an
videomowyobiloba iyo. xSirad, TamaSebi uSualod filmebisa da satelevizio
programebis personaJebTan an ambebTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tavis mxriv,
satelevizio programebis Sedgena nintendos TamaSebis safuZvelze xdeba. provenzo
askvnis, rom dRes videoTamaSebi kulturisa da bavSvobis gamocdilebis mTavari
nawili gaxda.

sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba
dRes televizia, masobrivi gazeTebis msgavsad, didi biznesia da qveynebis
umravlesobaSi saxelmwifo uSualod CarTulia mis marTvaSi. britaneTSi
`britaneTis samauwyeblo korporacia,~ romelmac pirvelma Seqmna satelevizio
programebi, saxelmwifo organizaciaa. misi dafinanseba xdeba salicenzio
gadasaxadiT, romelsac televizoris mflobeli yvela ojaxi ixdis. ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi, BBC iyo britaneTSi erTaderTi organizacia, romelsac rogorc
radio, ise satelevizio programebis gadacemis ufleba hqonda, magram dRes BBC-is
ori telearxis - BBC 1-isa da BBC 2-is garda, arsebobs ori Cveulebrivi arxi (ITV

6
da me-4 arxi). reklamis sixSire da xangrZlivoba kanoniT kontroldeba, saaTSi
dasaSvebia maqsimum eqvsi wuTi. es wesebi gamoiyeneba satelitur arxebzec, romlebic
jer kidev 1980-ian wlebSi abonentebisTvis farTod misawvdomi gaxda.
SeerTebul StatebSi, samive wamyvani satelevizio organizacia komerciuli
qselebia _ amerikis samauwyeblo kompania (ABC), kolumbiis samauwyeblo sistema
(CBC) da erovnuli samauwyeblo kompania (NBC). kanonis Tanaxmad, samauwyeblo
qselebs ara aqvs ufleba, hqondeT xuTze meti licenzirebuli sadguri. am sami
organizaciis sadgurebi qveynis udides qalaqebSi aris ganTavsebuli. amitom am
`didi sameulis~ mauwyebloba, misi sadgurebis meSveobiT, moicavs arsebuli
ojaxebis erT meoTxedze mets. daaxloebiT orasamde filiali aris mierTebuli
TiToeul qselTan da, erTianad, isini qveyanaSi arsebuli Svidasamde telesadguris
90 procents Seadgenen. qselebis Semosavali damokidebulia sareklamo drois
gayidvidan miRebul Tanxebze. mauwyeblobis erovnuli asociacia, kerZo organo,
adgens saxelmZRvanelo wesebs, romlebic gansazRvravs reklamisTvis dawesebul
satelevizio dros: saaTSi 9.5 wuTi `saukeTeso dros~ (`praim taim~-is dros) da 16
wuTi sxva gadacemebis dros. sareklamo gadasaxadebis dadgenis mizniT,
telekompaniebi iyeneben regularulad mopovebul statistikur monacemebs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni adamiani uyurebs specialur programebs. ra Tqma unda,
reitingebi Zlier gavlenas axdens imaze, gagrZeldeba Tu ara programebis
garkveuli seria.
satelituri da sakabelo televiziis Seqmnis Semdeg, didi qselebis
SesaZleblobebi Semcirda. evropis bevr qveyanaSi, gaerTianebuli samefosa da
amerikis didi qalaqebis CaTvliT, mayurebels SeuZlia sxvadasxva arxebsa da
programas Soris SearCios misTvis sasurveli gadacema. aseT pirobebSi,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu amas videos zegavlenac emateba, adamianebi sul ufro met
sakuTar `programas~ qmnian. isini Tavad adgenen sanaxavi programebis ganrigs da
naklebad arian damokidebulni qselis mier winaswar mowodebul ganrigze.
sateliturma da sakabelo televiziebma TiTqmis yvelgan Secvales televiziis
buneba. rogorc ki maT daiwyes Cveulebrivi satelevizio arxebis sferoSi SeWra,
mTavrobebisTvis gaZnelda teleprogramebis Sinaarsis gakontroleba, rasac adre
isini yovelTvis akeTebdnen. amgvarad, Cans, rom televiziam da eleqtronulma mediam
ZiriTadi roli Seasrules im movlenebSi, romlebmac 1989 wels aRmosavleT
evropaSi revoluciebi gamoiwvia.
bibisis momavali. bevr sxva qveyanaSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobebis
msgavsad, bibisis mdgomareoba mudmivad daZabulia da bevri urTierTsawinaaRmdego
diskusiis sagania. BBC-is momavali problemuri gaxda. mediis axali teqnologiuri
formebis gavrcelebis gamo, ganuwyvetliv fuZndeba axali arxebi; cifruli
teqnologiis ganviTarebis Sedegad, asobiT sakabelo da satelituri arxebi
advilad xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba. 1995 wels, satelevizio auditoriaSi BBC-is wili
40 procentze odnav meti iyo. amJamad mas im adamianebis mxolod 33 procenti
uyurebs, visac sakabelo an satelituri televizia aqvT.
zogierTebis azriT, unda moxdes BBC-is privatizacia. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, man sxva arxebis msgavsad, Tavisi wliuri Semosavali reklamis meSveobiT
unda miiRos da, amis Sedegad, salicenzio gadasaxadis gauqmeba SesaZlebeli
iqneboda. dRemde am ideas bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavs. mTavrobis 1994 wlis
7
oficialur moxsenebaSi BBC-is momavalTan dakavSirebiT, mocemulia rekomendacia
salicenzio gadasaxadis gagrZelebis Taobaze. masSi kvlav aris dadasturebuli,
rom BBC sazogadoebis sakuTrebaSi unda darCes.
miuxedavad amisa, salicenzio sagadasaxado sistemis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli
iqneba, Tu momavalSi bibisis auditoria kidev ufro Semcirdeba _ zogierTi
fiqrobs, rom es gardauvalia. amas winaT, erT-erTma mimomxilvelma SeniSna:
`SesaZloa, windauxedaobiT, saxelmwifo mauwyebloba teqnologiis ucnaurobad
CaiTvalos, radgan daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mxolod erTi
sainformacio saSualebisTvis iyo SesaZlebeli, msgavsi masala miewodebina qveynis
mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis” (Economist, 23 dekemberi, 1995, gv. 29).

televiziis gavlena qcevaze

uamravi gamokvleva Catarda satelevizio programebis gavlenis Sefasebis
mizniT. aseTi kvlevebis umravlesoba bavSvebs exeba, rac savsebiT gasagebia. maTi
amocana iyo, daedginaT im gadacemebis sruli moculoba, romlebsac bavSvebi
uyureben, da ganesazRvraT, ra rols TamaSoben isini bavSvebis socializaciis
procesSi. sami Tema, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad ikvleven, Semdegia: televiziis
gavlena danaSaulisa da Zaladobisadmi midrekilebaze, satelevizio axali ambebis
buneba da televiziis roli sazogadoebis socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi.

televizia da Zaladoba
satelevizio programebSi Zaladobis Tema Zalian gavrcelebulia da es
dokumenturad aris damtkicebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT, yvelaze farTomasStabiani
kvlevebi gerbnerma da misma kolegebma Caatares. 1967 wlidan moyolebuli, isini
yovel wels, monacemebze dayrdnobiT, aanalizebdnen yvela mTavari amerikuli
qselis im satelevizio gadacemebis SerCeviT erTobliobas, romlebic gadioda
saukeTeso saeTero dros da aseve SabaT-kviras dRisiT. satelevizio programebis
sxvadasxva tipis mixedviT, sqematurad iyo Sedgenili Zaladobrivi aqtebisa da
epizodebis raodenoba da sixSire. am kvlevaSi Zaladoba gansazRvruli iyo, rogorc
fizikuri Zalis muqara an gamoyeneba, rac mimarTulia Tavad pirovnebis an sxvebis
mimarT da iwvevs fizikur daSavebas an sikvdils. aRmoCnda, rom satelevizio
dadgmebi sakmaod gajerebulia ZaladobiT. saSualod, aseTi programebis 80
procenti Zalian gadatvirTulia ZaladobiT _ 7,5 Zaladobrivi epizodi saaTSi.
sabavSvo programebSi Zaladobis kidev ufro maRali done gamovlinda, Tumca maTSi
mkvleloba naklebad iyo naCvenebi. nebismier satelevizio gadacemasTan SedarebiT,
multiplikaciuri filmebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT Seicavdnen Zaladobis aqtebsa
da epizodebs (Gerbner et al. 1979, 1980; Gunter 1985).
rogor moqmedebs telemayureblebze Zaladobis Cveneba, Tu aseTi zemoqmedeba
saerTod arsebobs: andersonma Seagrova im samocdaSvidi gamokvlevis monacemebi,
romlebic oci wlis _ 1956 wlidan 1976 wlamde _ ganmavlobaSi tardeboda. maTi
mizani iyo, SeeswavlaT agresiisadmi bavSvebis midrekilebaze satelevizio
Zaladobis gavlena. am gamokvlevebis sami meoTxedis monacemebis Tanaxmad, aseTi
kavSiris arseboba dadasturda. SemTxvevebis 20 procentSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli
8
Sedegebi ar aris miRebuli, xolo kvlevebis sami procentis mixedviT, mkvlevrebma
daaskvnes, rom televiziiT Zaladobis yureba, faqtobrivad, amcirebs agresias
(Anderson 1977; Liebert et al. 1982).
Tumca, andersonis mier ganxiluli gamokvlevebi Zalian gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan gamoyenebuli meTodebiT, gamovlenili kavSiris doniTa da
`agresiuli qcevis~ gansazRvrebiT. kriminalur dramebs, romlebSic Zaladobas
aCveneben (agreTve bevr sabavSvo multfilms), safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobisa da
Surisgebis Temebi. kriminalur dramebSi marTlmsajuleba ufro met borotmoqmeds
sjis, vidre es realur cxovrebaSi xdeba, policielTa mier Catarebuli gamoZiebis
dros. multfilmebSic, Cveulebriv, ulmobel da saSiS personaJebs `sakadrisi
miezRvebaT~ xolme. daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom Zaladobis xSiri Cveneba uSualod
iwvevs mibaZvis survils telemayureblebSi, ar aris marTebuli, SesaZloa, maTze met
zemoqmedebas axdendes dramis safuZvelSi Cadebuli moraluri Temebi. zogadad,
auditoriaze televiziis `gavlenis~ gamokvlevis mixedviT, mayureblebi _ bavSvebi
da mozrdilebi _ pasiurebi da gulgrilebi arian televiziiT nanaxi gadacemebis
mimarT. saeWvoa, rom videoTamaSebSi, telegadacemebsa da filmebSi naCvenebi
Zaladobis gamomxatveli masala uSualod warmoqmnis Zaladobisadmi midrekilebas
imaTSi, vinc am masalas uyurebs. aseve, sadaoa, rom viqtoris nintendoTi gataceba
aucileblad zians ayenebdes mis warmatebebs skolaSi. videoTamaSebis gavlena,
SesaZloa, ganpirobebulia sxva zegavlenebiT, romlebic skolis procesze
zemoqmedeben. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iq, sadac Zlieria zewola, rom
moswavleebma maTi saskolo saqmeebiT daintereseba sxva rameze gadaitanon,
televiziiTa da videoTamaSebiT gatacebam, SesaZloa, am ganwyobebis gaZliereba
gamoiwvios. videoTamaSebi da televizia SeiZleba gaxdes TavSesafari maTTvis
arasasiamovno skolis garemosagan Tavis dasaRwevad.
magram aseve SesaZlebelia, rom videoTamaSebma xeli Seuwyos im unarebis
ganviTarebas, romlebic iqneba sasargeblo rogorc formaluri ganaTlebisTvis, ise
sazogadoebaSi ufro farTo monawileobisTvis, rac bevradaa damokidebuli
eleqtronul komunikaciaze. marSa kinderis azriT, im faqtma, rom misi vaJi viqtori
nintendos kargi mcodnea, didi gavlena moaxdina sxva sferoebzec. magaliTad, rac
ufro gaiwafa videoTamaSebiT, miT ufro dainteresda da daxelovnda multfilmebis
xatvaSi.
robert hoji da devid tripi xazs usvamen, rom bavSvebis reaqcia satelevizio
gadacemaze gulisxmobs nanaxis interpretaciasa da wakiTxvas da ara ubralod
programebis Sinaarsis damaxsovrebas. isini varaudoben, rom kvlevebis umetesobaSi
ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvebis gonebrivi procesebis sirTule. televizoris
yureba, trivialuri programebisac ki, Tavisi arsiT, ar aris dabali donis
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis gamovlena; bavSvebi `kiTxuloben~ programebs da
akavSireben maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelobis mqone sxva sistemebTan.
magaliTad, Zalian patara bavSvebic ki acnobiereben, rom mediaSi naCvenebi Zaladoba
`ar aris marTali~. hojisa da tripis mixedviT, satelevizio programebSi naCvenebi
Zaladoba ki ar moqmedebs adamianTa qcevaze, aramed im ganwyobebis zogadi
struqtura, romlis CarCoebSic Zaladoba naCvenebia da `ikiTxeba.~

9
 sociologebi swavloben satelevizio axal ambebs
televiziis sociologiur gamokvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba axal ambebs.
mosaxleobis didi nawili gazeTebs ar kiTxulobs. amgvarad, satelevizio axali
ambebi informaciis ZiriTadi wyaroa msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb.
glazgos universitetSi, glazgos media jgufis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi
swored satelevizio axal ambebs exeba. es gamokvlevebi Zalian cnobilia da,
amasTanave, sakamaToc. jgufma gamoaqveyna ramdenime kritikuli Sroma axali ambebis
wardgenis Sesaxeb: `cudi axali ambebi~, `ufro cudi axali ambebi~, `Zalian cudi
axali ambebi~ da `axali ambebi omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb~. aq dasaxelebul
TiToeul wignSi isini misdevdnen msgavs kvleviT strategiebs, Tumca cvlidnen
TavianTi kvlevebis fokuss.
`cudi axali ambebi~ (1976) iyo maTi pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani wigni.
masSi mocemulia 1975 wlis ianvar-ivnisis periodSi yvela arxze (im dros me-4 arxi
ar arsebobda) axali ambebis gadacemebis analizi. misi mizani iyo axali ambebis
Sinaarsisa da gadmocemis stilis sistemuri da miukerZoebeli gaanalizeba. `cudi
axali ambebi~ yuradRebas amaxvilebda sawarmoo disputebis gadmocemaze. Semdegi
wignebi ufro koncentrirebuli iyo politikur reportaJebsa da folklendis omze.
`cudi axali ambebis~ daskvna is iyo, rom axali ambebi sawarmoo urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb gadaicemoda SerCeviTi da tendenciuri formiT. iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa
`usiamovneba~, `radikaluri~ da `uminzo gaficva~, profkavSirebis sawinaaRmdego
azrebs iwvevdnen. rogorc Cans, es reportaJebi ufro metad gaficvebis im gavlenebs
exeboda, rac sazogadoebaSi ganxeTqilebas iwvevda, vidre maT gamomwvev mizezebs.
gamoyenebul masalebSi, xSirad ise iyo gaSuqebuli gaficvebi da protestebi, rom
isini gamoiyureboda, rogorc iracionaluri da agresiuli. magaliTad, gaficvis
Sesaxeb reportaJSi, SesaZloa, yuradReba gamaxvilebuliyo imaze, Tu ra Sejaxebebs
hqonda adgili, rodesac gaficulebi aCerebdnen qarxanaSi Semaval xalxs, Tumca
realurad es konfrontaciebi SeiZleba Zalian iSviaTi yofiliyo.
`cudi axali ambebi~ imasac miuTiTebdnen, rom isini, vinc axal ambebs adgens,
moqmedeben, rogorc dRis wesrigSi moxvedrili nebismieri sakiTxis `karis
mcvelebi,~ anu imis ganmsazRvrelebi, Tu ras moismens sazogadoeba. magaliTad,
gaficvebi, sadac muSebsa da menejments Soris aqtiuri dapirispirebebi xdeboda,
SesaZloa, farTod yofiliyo gaSuqebuli. ufro mniSvnelovani da xangrZlivi
sawarmoo disputebi ki, SesaZloa, ugulebelyofiliyo. media jgufis azriT, axali
ambebis Jurnalistebis Sexedulebebi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli im dominanturi
jgufebis Tvalsazriss asaxaven, romlebic gaficulebs aRiqvamen, rogorc saSiS da
upasuxismgeblo adamianebs.

kritikuli gamoZaxili
media jgufis naSromebis Sesaxeb bevrs msjelobdnen rogorc mediis wreebSi,
aseve akademiur sazogadoebaSi. axali ambebis zogierTma prodiuserma mkvlevrebi
daadanaSaula, rom isini, ubralod, mikerZoebulad udgebodnen TavianT saqmes, rac,
maTi azriT, gaficulebis gamo moxda. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom, Tumca wignSi `cudi
axali ambebi~ erTi Tavi eZRvneboda sakiTxs `profkavSirebi da media~, ar iyo arc
erTi Tavi iseTi Temis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa `menejmenti da media.~ mediis kritikosebi
10
amtkicebdnen, rom es sakiTxi aucileblad unda yofiliyo ganxiluli, radgan
xSirad axali ambebis Jurnalistebs Tavad menejmenti adanaSaulebda gaficulebis
mimarT mikerZoebul damokidebulebaSi.
akademiuri wris kritikosebi msgavs sakiTxebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.
martin harisonisTvis (1985) xelmisawvdomi gaxda im periodis ITN mauwyeblobis
transkripti, romelsac Tavdapirveli kvleva moicavda. amis safuZvelze is
amtkicebda, rom kvlevaSi gaanalizebuli xuTi Tvis masala ar iyo tipuri. dReebis
udidesi raodenoba amovardnili iyo am periodidan. axali ambebisTvis SeuZlebeli
iqneboda yvelafris gadacema da amitom gasagebi iyo, rom aqcenti keTdeboda
gamokveTil, mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebze.
harisonis azriT, media jgufi ar iyo marTali, rodesac amtkicebda, rom axali
ambebis gadacemebSi Zalian didi yuradReba eTmoboda gaficvis Sedegebs. bolos da
bolos, gaficvebi ufro meti raodenobis adamianebze axdenen gavlenas, vidre maTSi
monawile adamianebze. zogjer milionobiT adamianis cxovreba nadgurdeba erTi muWa
adamianebis qmedebebis gamo. da bolos, harisonis analizis Tanaxmad, media jgufis
mier gakeTebuli zogi daskvna, ubralod, mcdari iyo. magaliTad, imis
sawinaaRmdegod, rasac jgufi amtkicebda, axal ambebSi sworad iyo dasaxelebuli
disputebSi monawile profkavSirebi da imasac aRniSnavdnen, es gaficvebi
oficialuri iyo Tu araoficialuri.
aseTi kritikuli SeniSvnebis sapasuxod, jgufis wevrebma aRniSnes, rom
harisonis kvleva nawilobriv dafinansebuli iyo ITN-is mier, ramac, SesaZloa,
safrTxis qveS daayena misi akademiuri miukerZoebloba. harisonis mier zedmiwevniT
Semowmebuli transkriptebi ar iyo sruli da mxolod ramdenime nawyveti iyo
CarTuli, sadac aRniSnulia, rom, faqtobrivad, ITN saerTod ar mauwyeblobda.
im droidan moyolebuli, media jgufis wevrebma kidev ramdenime gamokvleva
Caatares. greg filom, erT-erTma wevrma, statiaSi `danaxva niSnavs dajerebas~
warmoadgina Tavisi kvlevis angariSi. kvleva exeboda adamianebis mogonebebs
warsuli movlenebis Sesaxeb (Philo 19 91). mas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda mogonebebi
1984-5 wlebis meSaxteTa gaficvis, meSaxteTa profkavSirsa da misis TetCeris
konservatul mTavrobas Soris farTomasStabiani da xangrZlivi konfrontaciis
Sesaxeb.
filo gaficvis amsaxvel suraTebs adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufs aCvenebda da
sTxovda maT, daeweraT axali ambebi maT Sesaxeb, TiTqos isini Jurnalistebi iyvnen.
is, agreTve, ekiTxeboda maT, ra axsovdaT gaficvis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, is
mSvidobiani iyo Tu ara. man aRmoaCina, rom maT mier dawerili ambebi Zalian hgavda
teleprogramebis im Tavdapirvel cnobebs, romlebsac gaficvis dros gadascemdnen.
bevri frazac ki identuri iyo. gamokiTxuli adamianebis naxevarze meti
darwmunebuli iyo, rom gaficvis dros mimdinare piketireba ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi
iyo (Tumca, Zaladoba, faqtobrivad, Zalian iSviaTi iyo). filom daaskvna, rom Zalian
Zneli iqneba, gaakritiko gabatonebuli mediis angariSi, Tu informaciis
alternatiuli wyaroebi naklebad aris xelmisawvdomi. aseT pirobebSi, ar unda
davakninoT mediis Zalaufleba (gv. 177).
wignSi `gzavnilis miReba~ media jgufma axali ambebis gadacemebze Seagrova
bolo periodis kvlevis monacemebi. wignis redaqtori jon eldriji miuTiTebs, rom
jgufis mier Tavdapirvelad Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad gamowveuli debatebi jer
11
kidev grZeldeba (Eldridge 1993 ). yovelTvis Zneli iqneba imis Tqma, Tu ra SeiZleba
CaiTvalos obieqturad axali ambebis reportaJebSi. xolo imaT sawinaaRmdegod, vinc
ambobs, rom obieqturobis ideas mniSvneloba ara aqvs (ixileT Jan bodriaris
Sesaxeb seqcia am TavSi), eldriji amtkicebs, rom mniSvnelovania kritikuli TvaliT
ganvixiloT mediis produqcia. SesaZlebelia da aucilebelia, SeviswavloT axali
abebis gadacemis sizuste.
mTavari mainc is aris, rom axali ambebi arasdros ar aris imis ubralo
`aRwera~, rac sinamdvileSi moxda mocemul dRes an mocemul kviraSi. `axali ambebi~
aris rTuli konstruqti, romelic mudmivad axdens zegavlenas imaze, ris
`Sesaxebac~ is gvamcnobs. magaliTad, rodesac romelime politikosi Cndeba axali
ambebis programaSi da komentars akeTebs sadavo sakiTxze _ davuSvaT, ekonomikis
mdgomareobaze da imaze, ra unda gakeTdes amasTan dakavSirebiT _ Tavad komentari
xdeba `axali ambebi~ Semdeg gadacemebSi.

televizia da Janri
dRes televizia uwyvet reJimSi muSaobs, SesaZloa, reklamam Sewyvitos
programebi, magram intervalebi mainc ar arsebobs. Tu ekrani cota xniT gamoirTo,
televiziis kompania Tavs yovelTvis valdebulad Tvlis, mayureblebs bodiSi
mouxados. prodiuserebic da mayureblebic Tvlian, rom televiziis gadacemebi
uwyvetia da, marTlac, bevri arxi saerTod ar wyvets mauwyeblobas. televizia aris
nakadi, magram televiziis programebis Sedgena sruli uwesrigobaa. magaliTad, erTi
saRamos gadacemebis ganrigi, Cveulebriv, mravali sruliad gansxvavebuli
programisgan Sedgeba. Janris idea sasargebloa, radgan misi saSualebiT garkveul
azrs iZens televiziis programebis Sedgenis moCvenebiTi qaoturoba. Janri
gulisxmobs imas, Tu rogor esmiT programis Semdgenlebsa da mayureblebs, `ra~
aris is, rasac uyureben _ is xsnis, rogor aris programebi kategoriebad dayofili,
magaliTad, axali ambebi, sapnis operebi, saTamaSo Sou, miuziklebi an Trilerebi.
TiToeul Janrs axasiaTebs Tavisi wesebi da konvenciebi, romlebic mas sxvebisgan
gamoarCevs.
aseTi wesebi, nawilobriv, Sinaarssac exeba. magaliTad, sapnis operis moqmedeba
mimdinareobs Sinaur garemoSi, vesternebi mecxramete saukunis istoriul konteqsts
asaxavs. isini agreTve exeba gmirebsa da konteqstebs. sapnis operebis mTavari
gmirebi, rogoricaa ojaxebi, TrilerebSi TiTqmis periferiulia. JanrebisTvis,
agreTve, damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva saxis molodinebi, deteqtiuri seriebis
aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia gaurkvevloba da saidumloeba, magram, Cveulebriv,
es ar aris damaxasiaTebeli sapnis operebisTvis.
saerTod, prodiuserebma kargad ician, ras moelian mayureblebi da amis
farglebSi moqmedeben, rac saSualebas aZlevs, miaRwion dawesebul wesrigs im
saqmeSi, rasac isini akeTeben. im msaxiobebis, reJisorebisa da scenaristebis gundebi,
romlebic ama Tu im mocemul JanrSi specializdebian, SeiZleba TandaTan
Camoyalibdes. butaforiebi, dekoraciebi da kostumebi SeiZleba mudmiv ganaxlebas
eqvemdebarebodes. auditoriis erTguleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas maSin, rodesac
adamianebi eCvevian ama Tu im Janris regularul programebs. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba
Janrebis sazRvrebi gafarTovdes, an zogjer isini ganzrax gascdnen zRvars, raTa
12
miaRwion garkveuli programis stils. magaliTad, gadacema `ara cxra saaTiani
axali ambebi~ iyenebda axali ambebis Janrs komediis Sesaqmnelad. Tavdapirvelad,
amas garkveuli Sokuri reaqcia hqonda, magram Semdeg auditoria swrafad mieCvia im
faqts, rom programa namdvilad miekuTvneboda komediis Janrs.
Janrebs Soris gansxvavebebi yovelTvis ar aris mkveTrad gamokveTili da maT
Soris dayofa droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba iseve, rogorc icvleba programis
Seqmnisa da yurebis konvenciebi. magaliTad, policiurma serialma, rogoricaa `Hill
Street Blues,~ sapnis operisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi niSani SeiZina. dramisa da
dokumenturi filmis Janrebi erwymian erTmaneTs. istoriuli warmodgenebis dadgmis
dros, magaliTad, rodesac gadaiRes dramatuli seria prezident niqsonisa da
uotergeitis skandalis Sesaxeb, masSi msaxiobebi niqsonisa da misi kolegebis
rolebs asrulebdnen.

sapnis opera
sapnis opera televiziis mier Seqmnili Janria da is programis yvelaze
popularuli saxeobaa. im teleSouebs Soris, romlebsac britaneTSi yvelaze xSirad
uyureben yovel kviras, TiTqmis yvela sapnis operaa _ ~East Enders,~ ~Coronation Street,~
~Brookside~ da bevri sxva. aravin icis, termini `sapnis opera~ sinamdvileSi saidan
wamovida, garda imisa, rom is warmoiSva SeerTebul StatebSi. axla zogierTi
seriali, romlebsac sapnis operis Janrad Tvlian, Tavidan ar iyo ase Cafiqrebuli _
isini im dros gadaiRes, sanam termins `sapnis opera~ gamoiyenebdnen gaerTianebul
samefoSi. magaliTad, filmi ~Coronation Street~ manamde arsebobda ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi, sanam mas sapnis operis kategorias mianiWebdnen.
sapnis operebi sxvadasxva gansxvavebul saxeobad anu qveJanrebad iyofa, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es britaneTis televiziaSi aris warmodgenili. gaerTianebul
samefoSi gadaRebuli sapnis operebi, rogoricaa ~Coronation Street,~ ufro gabeduli da
realisturia da xSirad exeba Raribi xalxis cxovrebas. meore, arsebobs amerikuli
importebic, romelTagan bevri, rogoricaa “Dallas” da “Dinasty,” asaxavs mdidari
adamianebis cxovrebas. mesame kategoriaa avstraliaSi gadaRebuli filmebi,
rogoricaa “Neighbours.” isini dabal-biujetian produqcias warmoadgenen da asaxaven
saSualo klasis ojaxebsa da cxovrebis stils.
mTlianobaSi, sapnis operebi televiziis msgavsia: isini uwyvetia. calkeuli
ambebi SeiZleba damTavrdes, sxvadasxva personaJi Cndeba da qreba, magram Tavad
sapnis operas dasasruli ara aqvs, sanam is mTlianad ar moixsneba eTeridan.
epizodebs Soris daZabuloba, e.w. `sulis SemxuTveli siuJetebis~ meSveobiT iqmneba.
epizodi uceb wydeba manam, sanam zogierTi gadamwyveti movlena moxdeba _
mayurebeli iZulebulia, Semdeg epizods daelodos imis sanaxavad, rogor
ganviTardeba siuJeti.
sapnis operis Janris ZiriTadi arsi is aris, rom saWiroa misi regularuli
yureba. calkeuli epizodis naxvas azri ara aqvs. sapnis operebi gvTavazoben raime
istorias, romelic erTgulma mayurebelma icis _ personaJebi, maTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebi da cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba misTvis maxlobeli xdeba. aseTi ambis
SeqmnisaTvis saWiro motivebi scildeba yovelgvar pirovnulsa da emociurs _

13
umetes SemTxvevaSi, sapnis operebi ar exeba farTo socialur an ekonomikur
struqturebs, romlebic mxolod garedanaa Tavsmoxveuli.
swored aseTi Tvisebebis gamoa, rom sapnis operebs regularulad, umetesad,
qalebi uyureben. sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi iTvleba, rom qalebi ara marto im
ojaxuri cxovrebis meqanizmis specialistebi arian, sadac sapnis operebis
moqmedebebi mimdinareobs da saidumloebebi ixsneba, aramed, agreTve, fiqroben, rom
maT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba da mgrZnobeloba aqvT emociebis mimarT.
sapnis operebis popularobis Sesaxeb sociologebs sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvT
_ marTlac, sapnis operebi mTel msoflioSia popularuli, ara marto britaneTsa
da amerikaSi, aramed afrikaSi, aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi. zogierTebi Tvlian,
rom isini realuri cxovrebidan gaqcevis saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT im qalebisTvis,
romlebic sakuTar cxovrebas mosawyenad da damTrgunvelad miiCneven. aseTi
Tvalsazrisi maincdamainc damajerebeli ar aris, Tumca imiT aris ganpirobebuli,
rom bevri seriali iseT adamianebs asaxavs, romelTa cxovrebac aseve problemuria.
ufro sarwmuno is azria, rom sapnis operebi pirovnuli da emociuri cxovrebis
universalur Tvisebebs exeba. isini aaSkaraveben im dilemebs, romlebsac TiToeuli
adamiani awydeba da, albaT, exmarebian zogierT mayurebels, ufro SemoqmedebiTad
miudges sakuTar cxovrebas.
rogor unda vifiqroT mediis ufro farTo mniSvnelobaze? es aris im
adamianebis erT-erTi mTavari sazrunavi, romlebmac SeimuSaves socialur
ganviTarebisa da socialuri organizaciis formirebaSi mediis rolis Teoriuli
interpretacia. axla swored am Teoriebs mivmarTavT.

Teoriebi mediis Sesaxeb

adreuli Teoriebi
adreuli periodis ori gavleniani mediis Teoretikosi kanadeli avtorebi
harold inisi da marSal makluhani iyvnen. inisi (1950, 1951) amtkicebda, rom
sxvadasxva media Zlier gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis kontrastuli formebis
organizaciaze. zogierTi media Zalian didxans Zlebs, magram maTi sivrceSi
gadatana Znelia. amis magaliTia qvis ieroglifebi _ qvaze amokveTili warwera _
romlebic zogierT uZveles civilizaciaSi aRmoaCines. qvaze amotvifruli didxans
Zlebs, magram misi gadazidva ar aris advili. is araxelsayreli saSualebaa Soreul
adgilebTan dasakavSireblad. aqedan gamomdinare, is sazogadoebebi, romlebic aseTi
formis komunikaciaze arian damokidebulni, ar SeiZleba gaxdnen Zalian didi.
komunikacia gulisxmobs informaciis gadacemas erTi individidan an jgufidan
meorisTvis, metyvelebis an sxva saSualebis gziT.
msubuq masalaze dawerili gzavnilebis, rogoricaa papirusi (qaRaldis msgavsi
masala, romelic mcenaris Rerosgan keTdeba), gadatana Soreul adgilebSi bevrad
ufro advilia, es SesaZlebels xdis, Seiqmnas ufro didi sazogadoebebi. magaliTad,
papirusis saSualebiT, romaelebma moaxerxes didi imperiis SenarCuneba mTavrobiT,
romelmac SeZlo Tavisi kontrolis qveS moeqcia Soreuli regionebi.
makluhanma (1964) ganaviTara inisis ramdenime idea da isini Tanamedrove,
industriuli sazogadoebebis mediasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyena. makluhanis
14
SexedulebiT, `media aris gzavnili~, anu sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mediis buneba
ufro metad axdens gavlenas mis struqturaze, vidre Sinaarsi an gzavnilebi,
romlebsac media gadascems. magaliTad, televizia, dabeWdil wignTan SedarebiT,
Zalian gansxvavebuli saSualebaa. is eleqtronulia, vizualuria da Sedgeba
cvalebadi imijebisgan. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac televizia ZiriTad rols asrulebs,
adamianebi yoveldRiur cxovrebas sxvanairad aRiqvamen, vidre iq, sadac mxolod
beWdviTi sityva arsebobs. amgvarad, satelevizio axali ambebi globalur
informacias momentalurad gadascems milionobiT adamians. eleqtronuli media,
makluhanis azriT, qmnis imas, rasac man globaluri sofeli uwoda _ mTel
msoflioSi msgavsi informacia vrceldeba axali ambebis saSualebiT da amitom
adamianebi erTi da imave movlenebis Tanamonawileebi xdebian. magaliTad, sxvadasxva
qveynis milionobiT adamianma icis princesa daianas cxovrebisa da problemebis
Sesaxeb da Tvals adevneben britaneTis samefo ojaxis sagis ganviTarebas.
Jan bodriarze, romlis ideebsac erTi paragrafis Semdeg gavecnobiT, didi
gavlena moaxdina inisisa da makluhanis ideebma, Tumca, Tavdapirvelad, germaneli
sociologisa da filosofosis iurgen harbermasis Teoriebs ganvixilavT.

iurgen habermasi: sazogadoebrivi sfero

germaneli filosofosi da sociologi iurgen habermasi, romlis naSromebsac
pirvel TavSi SevxvdiT, `frankfurtis skolasTanaa~ dakavSirebuli. frankfurtis
skola iyo marqsis ideebiT STagonebul avtorTa jgufi. miuxedavad amisa, maT
swamdaT, rom saWiro iyo marqsis Sexedulebebis radikaluri revizia, raTa isini
Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi gamxdariyo. maT, agreTve, sjerodaT, rom
marqss saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi
kulturis zegavlenisTvis.
frankfurtis skolis warmomadgenlebma vrceli gamokvleva Caatares im
movlenis Sesaswavlad, rasac isini `kulturis industrias~ uwodebdnen, rac
gulisxmobda filmebis, televiziis, popularuli musikis, radios, gazeTebisa da
Jurnalebis gasarTob industriebs. isini amtkicebdnen, rom kulturuli industriis
gavrceleba, misi arasaWiro da standartuli produqciiT, pirovnebebs kritikuli da
damoukidebeli azrovnebis unars arTmevs. komercializaciiT walekili xelovneba
qreba _ `mocartis udidesi hitebi~.
habermasma zogierTi es Tema gamoiyena, magram sxvanairad ganaviTara. igi
aanalizebs mediis ganviTarebas meTvramete saukunis dasawyisidan dRevandel dRemde,
ganixilavs `sazogadoebrivi sferos~ gamoCenasa da Semdgom dacemas. sazogadoebrivi
sfero aris sajaro diskusiebis adgili, sadac SeiZleba yvelasTvis mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb msjeloba da Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba.
habermasis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi sfero Tavdapirvelad londonis, parizisa
da sxva evropuli qalaqebis salonebsa da yavis saxlebSi Caisaxa. adamianebi
erTmaneTs xvdebodnen xolme aseT salonebSi, sadac arCevdnen uaxles ambebs. aseTi
debatebis mizniT, isini iyenebdnen iseT saSualebebs, rogoricaa axali ambebis
furclebi an uaxlesi gazeTebi. politikuri debatebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
gaxda. habermasi amtkicebs, rom Tumca maTSi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawili
monawileobda, salonebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda demokratiis adreuli
15
ganviTarebisTvis, radgan swored maT Semoitanes, sazogadoebrivi ganxilvis gziT,
politikuri problemebis gadawyvetis idea. sazogadoebrivi sfero, ZiriTadad, im
pirebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc Tanasworni, erTad monawileoben forumSi,
sajaro debatebis gamarTvis mizniT.
Tumca, habermasi askvnis, sazogadoebrivi sferos adreuli ganviTarebis mier
SeTavazebuli perspeqtiva, ar iyo srulad ganxorcielebuli. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, kulturuli industriis ganviTarebis Sedegad, demokratiuli
debatebi CaxSul iqna. masmediisa da masobrivi garTobebis ganviTarebam
mniSvnelovnad gamoiwvia sazogadoebrivi sferos TaRliTobad gadaqceva. politika
aris parlamentsa da mediaSi dadgmuli sanaxaoba, xolo komerciuli interesebi
sazogadoebriv interesebze maRla dgas. `sazogadoebrivi azri~ yalibdeba ara Ria,
racionaluri diskusiis safuZvelze, aramed manipulaciebisa da kontrolis
meSveobiT, rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, reklamaSi.

bodriari: hiperrealobis samyaro

mediis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gavleniani Tanamedrove Teoretikosia frangi
avtori Jan bodriari. igi Tanamedrove masmediis gavlenas ganxilavs, rogorc sxva
nebismieri teqnologiis zemoqmedebisagan savsebiT gansxvavebulsa da ufro Rrmas.
masmediis, gansakuTrebiT ki eleqtronuli mediis, rogoricaa televizia, warmoSobam
Secvala Tavad Cveni cxovrebis arsi. televizia ara mxolod `warmogvidgens~
msoflios, aramed sul ufro metad gansazRvravs, Tu ras warmoadgens is msoflio,
romelSic Cven sinamdvileSi vcxovrobT.
rogorc magaliTi, ganvixiloT o.j. simpsonis sasamarTlo, cnobili sasamarTlo
procesi, romelic gaimarTa los anjelesSi 1994-95 wlebSi. Tavidan simpsonma saxeli
gaiTqva, rogorc amerikuli fexburTis varskvlavma, xolo mogvianebiT mTel
msoflioSi gaxda cnobili sxvadasxva popularul filmSi TamaSis Sedegad, maT
Soris iyo seriali “Naked G un.” mas brali dasdes meuRlis, nikolis, mkvlelobaSi,
da xangrZlivi sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg, gaamarTles. procesi pirdapir eTerSi
gadaicemoda televiziis saSualebiT da mas mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris britaneTSi,
adevnebdnen Tvals. amerikaSi eqvsi satelevizio arxi uwyvet reJimSi gadascemda
sasamarTlo process.
sasamarTlo procesi sasamarTlos darbazSi ar mimdinareobda. es iyo
satelevizio movlena, romelmac milionobiT telemayurebeli da komentatori
gaaerTiana mediaSi; sasamarTlo procesi iyo imis ilustracia, rasac bodriari
hiperrealobas uwodebs. ukve aRar arsebobs `realoba~, romlis naxvis saSualebas
televizia gvaZlevs. `realoba~ sinamdvileSi aris msoflios teleekranebze naCvenebi
imijebis mTeli wyeba. sasamarTlo procesi warmoaCines, rogorc globaluri
movlena.
1991 wels sparseTis yureSi, zustad saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde, bodriarma
gazeTSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT `sparseTis yuris omi ar SeiZleba moxdes~.
rodesac sisxliani konfliqti daiwyo, vinmesTvis, SesaZloa, naTeli yofiliyo, rom
bodriari cdeboda. magram sruliadac ara. omis damTavrebis Semdeg, bodriarma
dawera meore statia `sparseTis yureSi omi ar momxdara~. ras niSnavda es? is
gulisxmobda, rom es omi ar hgavda istoriaSi odesme warmoebul omebs. es iyo
16
mediis epoqis omi, satelevizio sanaxaoba, romelsac, mTeli msoflios
mayureblebTan erTad, jorj buSi da sadam huseinic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen CNN-is
saSualebiT, raTa daenaxaT, ra `xdeboda~ sinamdvileSi.
bodriari amtkicebs, rom im epoqaSi, sadac masmedia aris yvelgan, arsebiTad,
yalibdeba axali realoba _ hiperrealoba, romelic iqmneba adamianebis qcevisa da
mediis gamosaxulebebis urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. hiperrealobis samyaro agebulia
simulakris safuZvelze _ imijebisa, romlebsac mniSvnelobas mxolod sxva imijebi
aniWeben da amitom maT ar gaaCniaT safuZveli `garegan realobaSi.~ magaliTad, ~Silk
Cut~ sigaretebis axlandeli reklamebi saerTod ar exeba sigaretebs, aramed mxolod
wina reklamebs, romlebic seriebis saxiT midioda. dRes arc erT politikur
liders ar SeuZlia arCevnebis mogeba, Tu is mudmivad ar Cans televiziaSi. lideris
teleimiji is `pirovnebaa~, visac mayureblebis umravlesoba icnobs.

jon tompsoni: media da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

eyrdnoba ra habermasis naSromebis nawils, jon tompsoni aanalizebs kavSirs
mediasa da industriuli sazogadoebebis ganviTarebas Soris (Thompson 1990, 1995). igi
amtkicebs, rom beWdvis adrindeli formebidan moyolebuli, eleqtronul
komunikaciamde, mediam Zalian mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove
institutebis ganviTarebaSi. tompsoni Tvlis, rom sociologiis mTavarma
fuZemdeblebma, marqsis, veberisa da diurkemis CaTvliT, umniSvnelo yuradReba
dauTmes mediis rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebis adreuli ganviTarebis procesSic
ki.
miuxedavad imisa, rom tompsoni iziarebs habermasis zogierT Sexedulebas, is,
agreTve, kritikulia mis mimarT, radgan frankfurtis skolisa da bodriaris
mimdevaria. frankfurtis skolis damokidebuleba kulturuli industriis mimarT
Zalian negatiuri iyo. tompsoni fiqrobs, rom Tanamedrove masmedia ar zRudavs
kritikuli azrovnebis SesaZleblobas. faqtobrivad, masmedia uzrunvelyofs
informaciis mraval formas, romlebic adre CvenTvis ar iyo xelmisawvdomi.
frankfurtis skolis msgavsad, habermasi gvepyroba, rogorc mediis gzavnilebis
Zalian pasiur recipientebs. tompsonis sityvebiT:
`media gzavnilebs adamianebi, Cveulebriv, ganixilaven maTi miRebis procesSi da amis Semdegac...
[isini] icvleba Txrobisa da xelaxali moyolis, interpretaciisa da xelaxla interpretaciis,
komentarebis, sicilisa da kritikis mimdinare procesebis saSualebiT... gzavnilebis dauflebiTa da
garkveuli wesiT Cvens cxovrebaSi maTi CarTviT... Cven ganuwyvetliv vqmniT da xelaxla vaZlevT
formas Cvens unarebsa da codnis marags, vcdiT Cvens grZnobebsa da gemovnebas da vafarTovebT Cveni
gamocdilebis Tvalsawiers~ (Thompson 1995, gv. 42-3).
tompsonis Teoria mediis Sesaxeb efuZneba urTierTqmedebis sam tips Soris
arsebul gansxvavebas. pirispir urTierTqmedeba, rogoricaa adamianebis saubari
wveulebaze, gajerebulia cnobebiT, romlebsac adamianebi iyeneben imisaTvis, rom
gaigon, ras amboben sxvebi. gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs
mediateqnologiebs _ qaRaldebis, eleqtrokavSirebis, eleqtronuli impulsebis _
gamoyenebas. gaSualebuli urTierTqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rom is
vrceldeba drosa da sivrceSi, is sakmaod scdeba Cveulebrivi pirispir
urTierTobis konteqstebs. gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba pirdapir dgeba pirovnebebs
Soris; magaliTad, ori adamiani telefoniT saubrobs, magram aq ar aris cnobebis
17
iseTive mravalferovneba, rogorc maSin, rodesac adamianebi erTmaneTis pirispir
imyofebian. urTierTqmedebis mesame tipia gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba. es
gulisxmobs socialuri urTierTobebis iseT saxes, romelic Seqmnilia masmediis
mier. aseTi urTierTqmedeba vrceldeba drosa da sivrceSi, magram is adamianebs
uSualod ar akavSirebs. aqedan modis termini `kvazi-urTierTqmedeba,~ pirveli ori
tipi `dialoguria~: individebs erTmaneTTan pirdapiri, uSualo urTierToba aqvT.
gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba `monologuria~: magaliTad, teleprograma aris
komunikaciis calmxrivi forma. adamianebma, romlebic programas uyureben, SeiZleba
ganixilon is da, albaT, ramdenime SeniSvnac gauCndebaT televizoris mimarT,
magram, ra Tqma unda, is arafers pasuxobs.
tompsonis Sexeduleba ar mdgomareobs imaSi, rom urTierTqmedebis mesame tipi
TandaTan gabatonebul mdgomareobas ikavebs sxva orTan SedarebiT; arsebiTad, es
aris bodriaris mier miRebuli Tvalsazrisi. piriqiT, dRes samive tipi erTmaneTs
Seeria. rogorc tompsoni varaudobs, masmedia Cvens cxovrebaSi cvlis balanss
sazogadoebrivsa da kerZos Soris. habermasis naTqvamis sapirispirod, amJamad bevrad
ufro meti modis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, vidre adre, da Zalian xSirad es
iwvevs debatebsa da polemikas.
amisi magaliTia 1995 wels `panoramasTvis~ princesa daianas mier micemuli
interviu. man Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvare mayurebelTa bevr SekiTxvas
upasuxa. man isaubra Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb da, amave dros, bevri ram
gamoaaSkarava monarqiis institutis Sesaxeb. intervius orive sakiTxma didi debatebi
gamoiwvia ara marto gazeTebsa da televiziaSi, aramed saxlebSi, barebsa da
kafeebSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT.

urTierTqmedebis tipebi1
interaqciuli pirispir gaSualebuli gaSualebuli
maxasiaTeblebi urTierTqmedeba urTierTqmedeba kvazi-
urTierTqmedeba
sivrcisa da Tanaarsebobis konteqstebis konteqstebis
drois konteqsti; gancalkeveba; gancalkeveba;
Semadgenloba sivrcisa da drois gazrdili gazrdili
gaziarebuli SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba
sistema drosa da sivrceSi drosa da sivrceSi
simboluri simboluri simboluri simboluri
miniSnebebis miniSnebebis miniSnebebis miniSnebebis
diapazoni mravalferovneba diapazonis diapazonis
Seviwroveba Seviwroveba
moqmedebis orientirebuli orientirebuli orientirebuli
orientacia specifikuri specifikuri potenciuri
,,sxvebis” mimarT ,,sxvebis” mimarT recipientebis
ganusazRvreli
arealis mimarT
dialoguri/monol dialoguri dialoguri monologuri
oguri
wyaro: John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity, Polity Press, 1995.

18
 ideologia da media
mediis gamokleva mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebaSi ideologiis
gavlenasTan. `ideologia~ gulisxmobs ideebis zegavlenas adamianTa rwmenebsa da
qmedebebze. es cneba farTod gamoiyeneba mediis kvlevebSi, agreTve, sociologiis
sxva sferoebSic. magram, miuxedavad amisa, mis Sesaxeb bevrs kamaToben. es sityva
pirvelad frangma mweralma destiut de trasim gamoiyena 1700-iani wlebis bolos,
`ideebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis~ mniSvnelobiT.
magram, mogvianebiT, sxva avtorebma am termins ufro kritikuli mniSvneloba
mianiWes. magaliTad, marqsi ideologias ganixilavda, rogorc `yalb cnobierebas~.
Zalauflebis mqone jgufebs SeuZliaT, gaakontrolon sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli
dominanturi ideebi, raTa gaamarTlon TavianTi pozicia. amgvarad, marqsis Tanaxmad,
religia, xSirad, ideologiuria: is Raribebs aswavlis, rom iyvnen TavianTi bediT
kmayofili. socialuri sferos analitikosma unda amxilos ideologiis
damaxinjebebi, raTa umweo adamianebs saSualeba mieceT, moipovon TavianTi
cxovrebis namdvili perspeqtiva da imoqmedon cxovrebis pirobebis
gasaumjobeseblad.
tompsoni (1990) de trasis Sexedulebas ideologiis neitralur koncefcias
uwodebs, xolo marqsis Sexedulebas _ ideologiis kritikul koncefcias.
neitraluri koncefciebi `movlenebs axasiaTeben, rogorc ideologias an
ideologiurs. amasTanave, isini ar miiCneven, rom es movlenebi aucileblad unda
iwvevdes Secdomebs, rom isini iluzorulia an romelime garkveuli jgufis
interesebTan aris dakavSirebuli. kritikuli Sexedulebebi ideologiis Sesaxeb
`gamoxatavs uaryofiT, kritikul an damamcirebel azrs~ da, agreTve, `Seicavs
arapirdapir kritikas an dagmobas~ (gv. 53-54).
tompsoni amtkicebs, rom kritikul Sexedulebas upiratesoba unda mieniWos,
radgan is ideologias ZalauflebasTan akavSirebs. ideologia exeba simboluri
Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas _ rogor xdeba ideebis gamoyeneba socialur wyobaSi
gabatonebuli jgufebis interesebis damalvis, gamarTlebis an dakanonebis mizniT.
glazgos media jgufi Tavis gamokvlevebSi, arsebiTad, aanalizebda televiziis
axali ambebis gadacemis ideologiur aspeqtebs. axal ambebSi mTavrobisa da
menejmentis mimarT keTilganwyoba iyo gamomJRavnebuli da es gaficulebis sazianod
xdeboda. saerTod, tompsoni Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi masmediam _
ara mxolod axalma ambebma, aramed sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da Janris gadacemebma _
Zalian gaafarTova ideologiis sazRvrebi. isini aRweven masobriv auditoriebs da,
misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, efuZnebian `kvazi-urTierTqmedebas~ _ mayureblebs ar
SeuZliaT, uSualod gascen pasuxi.

mediis globalizacia

Tu dRes yvelas gacnobierebuli gvaqvs, rom vcxovrobT `erT msoflioSi,~ es,

umeteswilad, komunikaciuri mediis saerTaSoriso diapazonis Sedegia. nebismieri
adamiani, vinc CarTavs televizors da uyurebs `msoflios axal ambebs,~ Cveulebriv,
xedavs Semdegs: im movlenebis gadmocemas, rac moxda im dRes an cotaTi adre

19
msoflios bevr sxvadasxva regionSi. satelevizio programebi da filmebi iyideba
msxvil saerTaSoriso bazrebze, asobiT milioni adamiani uyurebs aseT programebsa
da serialebs.
yvela es movlena gamoxatavs msoflio sainformacio wesrigis _ informaciis
warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis saerTaSoriso sistemis _ warmoSobas.
globaluri sazogadoebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, axali sainformacio wesrigi
araTanabrad ganviTarda da mowinave sazogadoebebsa da mesame msoflio qveynebs
Soris arsebul gansxvavebas asaxavs.

axali ambebi
axali ambebis uwyvet nakadebs ganagebs axali ambebis saagentoTa mcire ricxvi,
romelic uaxles informacias awvdis gazeTebs, radio da telesadgurebs mTel
msoflioSi. am sferoSi erT-erTi pirveli iyo roiteri, britanuli saagento. 1870
wels, frangul kompania havasTan (HAVAS) erTad, man mTeli dedamiwa dahyo
eqskluziuri axali ambebis teritoriebad. roiteri mauwyeblobda britaneTSi,
holandiasa da maT imperiebze damokidebul qveynebSi, romlebic im dros afrikisa
da aziis did nawils moicavdnen. ganawilebis Sedegad, havass Sexvda safrangeTi,
italia, espaneTi, portugalia da Sua aRmosavleTis zogierTi regioni. 1876 wels
roiterma aRiara havas-is gansakuTrebuli ufleba samxreT amerikaze, xolo Tavad
man miiRo mTeli Soreuli aRmosavleTi, maSindeli indoCineTis gamoklebiT, agreTve
avstralia da okeania. orive saagento yvelaze cnobil amerikul saagentosTan
Associated Press-Tan (AP) awarmoebda maT xelT arsebul axali ambebis gacvlas.
amgvarad, im dros AP didad iyo damokidebuli or evropul saagentoze, magram I
msoflio omis Semdeg, wamyvanma amerikulma saagentoebma evropul metoqeebs dauwyes
konkurenciis gaweva msoflios bevr nawilSi. aSS-is ori umsxvilesi saagento _ AP
da UPI (United Press International) TavianTi wliuri Semosavlis did nawils kvlavac
iReben SeerTebul StatebSi gamoqveynebuli gazeTebidan, radiosa da televiziidan,
magram, amasTanave, isini Zalian gavleniani saagentoebi gaxdnen mTel msoflioSi,
axali ambebis masalis miwodebis sferoSi.
roiteris, AP da UPI saagentoebi da, agreTve, France Press saagento, romelmac
Secvala havasi, akontroleben mTel msoflioSi gadacemuli saerTaSoriso axali
ambebis udides nawils. dRes UPI aris yvelaze didi saagento zemoT dasaxelebul
oTxeuls Soris. mas hyavs 6400 klienti 114 qveyanaSi, misi cnobebi iTargmneba 48
enaze. am saagentoebis mier mopovebuli informacia, romelic adre morzes anbaniT
an telefoniT gadaicemoda, axla kompiuterisa da satelituri kavSirebis
saSualebiT igzavneba. am arxebis meSveobiT, oTxi saagento dReSi 34 milion sityvas
agzavnis da TavianT uflebas acxadebs axali ambebis mTeli raodenobis cxra-
meaTedze, romelic miewodeba msoflio presas, radiosa da televizias.

kino, televizia, reklama da eleqtronuli komunikacia

20
 amerikul wyaroebs gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT satelevizio
programebis, filmebis, reklamebisa da eleqtronuli komunikaciis sxvadasxva
formis warmoebisa da ganawilebis sferoSi.
1920-ian wlebSi, rodesac mxatvrulma filmebma pirvelad ixiles dRis sinaTle,
holivudi awarmoebda gadaRebuli filmebis oTx-mexuTeds. dResac SeerTebuli
Statebi advilad inarCunebs udides gavlenas kinoindustriaSi. bevri qveynis
mTavrobebi gamoyofen subsidiebs TavianTi kinoindustriebis dasaxmareblad, magram
verc erTi sxva qveyana ver uwevs konkurencias SeerTebul Statebs, rogorc
mxatvruli filmebis eqsportiors. magaliTad, britaneTSi amerikuli filmebi
Seadgenen kinoTeatrebSi yovelwliurad naCvenebi filmebis ormoc procents. sxva
qveynebis umravlesobas, sadac arsebobs filmebis eqsportis industria, rogoricaa
italia, iaponia da germania, didi raodenobiT SeaqvT amerikuli filmebi. samxreT
amerikaSi maTi wili 50 procents aWarbebs. tailandis kinoTeatrebSi yovelwliurad
naCvenebi yvela filmis 90 procenti amerikulia.
satelevizio programebis sferoSi, amerikulTan erTad, britanul
korporaciebsac mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT mTel msoflioSi. Tu gamovricxavT
didi ekranisTvis gadaRebuli mxatvruli filmebis Cvenebas televiziiT, britaneTis
satelevizio eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebi TiTqmis imdenivea, rac SeerTebuli
Statebis. Tumca, britanuli programebis bevrad ufro didi nawili iyideba
erTaderT bazarze _ Tavad SeerTebuli Statebis bazarze, xolo amerikuli
produqciis SemTxvevaSi, sul sxva suraTia. amerikuli satelevizio programebis
saerTaSoriso gavlena, sinamdvileSi, ufro mniSvnelovania.
msoflioSi arsebuli aTi udidesi sareklamo firmidan cxra Crdilo-
amerikulia. kanadaSi, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, britaneTsa da avstraliaSi
ganTavsebuli mTavari saagentoebis naxevari amerikulia. aziis, afrikisa da samxreT
amerikis udidesi saagentoebi an amerikulia, an SeerTebuli Statebis kompaniebs
ekuTvniT. wamyvani saagentoebis pirveli aTeuli transnacionaluri korporaciebia,
zogierT maTgans sxva qveynebSi uamravi Svilobili kompaniebi aqvs. giganturi
transnacionaluri korporaciebi did sareklamo saagentoebs iyeneben im sareklamo
programebis koordinirebis mizniT, romlebsac bevr qveyanaSi erTdroulad uSveben.
amerikuli zegavlena Zalian Zlieria im eleqtronul arxebze, romlebsac didi
raodenobis informaciis gadacemis mizniT iyeneben. am informaciaze damokidebuli
arian Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi da didi korporaciebi. amerikelebis xelSia,
ZiriTadad, satelekomunikacio kavSirebi, romlebsac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT
sabanko sistemisTvis, msoflios fuladi transaqciebis operaciebis warmoebisa da
satelevizio da radiomauwyeblobis zogierTi saxeobisTvis. SeerTebul StatebSi
dafuZnebuli firma `International Business Machines~ (IBM) aris erT-erTi yvelaze didi
transnacionaluri korporacia da mas uzarmazari gavlena aqvs saerTaSoriso
sainformacio nakadze, gansakuTrebiT, kompiuteruli resursebiT uzrunvelyofaze.
dadgenilia, rom yvela im informaciuli Canaweris cxra meaTedi, romlebic
msoflios monacemTa bazebSi inaxeba, xelmisawvdomia amerikuli mTavrobisTvis an
SeerTebuli Statebis sxva organizaciebisTvis.
SeerTebuli Statebis mier aris dafuZnebuli, agreTve, Time-Warner, msoflioSi
yvelaze didi mediakompania. igi Camoyalibda 1989 wels, sxvadasxva kompaniis
Serwymis Sedegad. masSi daaxloebiT 350 000 adamiani muSaobs, aqvs ramdenime
21
Svilobili kompania evropaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, aziasa da avstraliaSi. misi
saqmianobis sferoSi Sedis filmebis warmoeba, televizia, video, wignebis gamocema
da musikis Cawera.
sxva didi korporaciebi (garda merdokisa da berluskonis imperiebisa,
romlebsac Semdeg ganvixilavT) arian iaponuri sonis korporacia (Japanese Sony
Corporation), romelic flobs CBS xmis Camwer kompaniebsa da holivudis studiebs;
germanuli bertelsman jgufi (German Bertelsmann Group), RCA-is xmis Camweri
kompaniebisa da SeerTebul StatebSi dafuZnebuli didi sagamomcemlo kompaniebis
qselis mflobeli, da bolos, franguli sagamomcemlo kompania haSeti (Hachette).

media imperializmi
mediis warmoebasa da gavrcelebaSi industriul qveynebs, yvelaze metad ki
SeerTebul Statebs, gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT. am movlenaze dakvirvebis
Sedegad, mkvlevarebma daiwyes saubari `media imperializmis~ Sesaxeb. isini
amtkiceben, rom Camoyalibda kulturuli imperia. mesame msoflios qveynebi
gansakuTrebiT zaraldebian amis gamo, radgan maT ar gaaCniaT resursebi sakuTari
kulturuli damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad.
marTlac, eleqtronuli mediis saSualebiT, dasavluri kulturis produqcia
farTod vrceldeba mTel msoflioSi. piko aieri saubrobs `video-Rameebze
katmanduSi~ da popularul diskoTekebze baliSi (Iyer 1989). rogorc amerikuli
videofilmebi, ise dasavleTis popularuli musikis audio kasetebi axla
Cveulebrivi ambavia iranis islamur respublikaSi; isini Sav bazarze SeaqvT (Sreberny-
Mohammadis 1992). magram ara mxolod popularuli garTobis formebi warmoadgens
kamaTis sagans. miaCniaT, rom dasavleTis saagentoebis mier msoflios axali ambebis
gakontroleba informaciul velSi `pirveli msoflios Tvalsazrisis~ gabatonebas
niSnavs. amgvarad, amtkiceben, rom axali ambebis gadacemis dros, mesame msoflios
yuradReba eqceva, ZiriTadad, ubedurebis, krizisis an samxedro konfrontaciis
SemTxvevaSi. aseve Tvlian, rom sxva tipis axali ambebis yoveldRiuri `failebi~
gankuTvnilia industriuli msofliosTvis da es informacia mesame msoflios ar
miewodeba.
herbert Sileri acxadebs, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mier globaluri
komunikaciebis gakontroleba unda ganvixiloT sxvadasxva faqtorTan kavSirSi. is
amtkicebs, rom amerikuli tele da radio qselebi sul ufro metad eqcevian
federaluri mTavrobisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Tavdacvis departamentis gavlenis qveS.
Sileri miuTiTebs, rom RCA kompania, romelsac ekuTvnis NCB-is tele da radio
qselebi, aris agreTve pentagonis _ SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
Stab-binis _ Tavdacvis ZiriTadi subkontraqtori. amerikuli televiziis eqsporti,
reklamebTan erTad, avrcelebs komerciul kulturas, rac anadgurebs adgilobrivi
kulturis gamoxatvis formebs. iq, sadac mTavrobebi krZalaven komerciul
mauwyeblobas TavianT qveynebSi, xSirad, SesaZlebelia radio da telegadacemebis
miReba uSualod mezobeli qveynebidan. Sileri amtkicebs, rom, marTalia,
amerikelebi iyvnen pirvelebi, vizec Zalian imoqmeda `korporaciuli gzavnilis
abreSumis Wiam... magram, rac amJamad xdeba, es aris axali, totaluri korporaciuli

22
informaciul-kulturuli garemos Seqmna da globaluri gafarToeba~ (Schiller 1989, gv.
168, 128). radgan SeerTebuli Statebis korporaciebi da kultura mTel msoflioSia
gabatonebuli, maT `msoflios mniSvnelovani nawili moicves~; amgvarad, amerikuli
kulturis batonoba sazRvrebs uwesebs erovnul diskurss” (Schiller 1991, gv. 22).

musikis industria: globaluri fenomeni

firfitebis gayidvis msoflio cifrebi 1992 wels. fonografiuli industriis saerTaSoriso
federaciis (IFPI) mier gamoqveynebuli statistikuri masalis mixedviT, 1992 wels msoflioSi
diskebisa da firebis gayidva 9 procentamde gaizarda. IFPI-is mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis Tanaxmad,
sacalo vaWrobam 59 qveyanaSi 28,7 miliardi dolari Seadgina.
gayidvebis gazrdili raodenobis TiTqmis mTeli nawili Crdilo amerikasa da aziaze modioda.
SeerTebul StatebSi `xmovani kasetebis~ bazarma TiTqmis 8,9 miliard dolars miaRwia, rac,
ZiriTadad, gayiduli kompaqtdiskebis raodenobis 22 procentamde gazrdis Sedegia. 1992 wels
msoflioSi gayiduli mTeli 1,5 miliardi kompaqtdiskidan, SeerTebuli Statebis momxmareblebma 400
milioni cali SeiZines.
1992 wels musikis gayidva, aseve, gaizarda samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi da am ricxvma 2 miliard
dolars gadaaWarba. es 44-procentiani zrda iyo, 1991 wels gamoqveynebul cifrebTan SedarebiT. am
regionSi kaseta Cawerili musikis mTavari formaa. aq msoflio firebis 40 procentze meti iyideba.
SeerTebuli Statebis Semdeg, indoeTi (240 milioni erTeuli) da CineTi (150 milioni erTeuli)
udidesi erovnuli bazrebia musikaluri kasetebisTvis.
aziisa da SeerTebuli Statebisagan gansxvavebiT, 1992 weli SedarebiT cudi periodi iyo
iaponiisa da evropis musikis Camweri industriisTvis. Tumca, iaponelebma 3 miliard dolarze meti
daxarjes firfitebsa da firebze, es mxolod 6 procentiT meti iyo, vidre 1991 wels. 181 milionidan,
iaponiaSi diskebis gayidvis raodenoba 6 procentiT gaizarda. evropaSi evrogaerTianebis TerTmeti
wevridan eqvs qveyanaSi, romlebmac IFPI-is warudgines monacemebi, gamovlinda zusti danakargi 1992
wlis gayidvebis dros. saberZneTSi mdgomareoba kidev ufro uaresi iyo. iq firfitebis bazari 26
procentiT daeca. saukeTeso maCvenebeli iyo portugaliaSi, sadac gayidvebi 9 procentiT gaizarda,
xolo safrangeTsa da germaniaSi umniSvnelo mateba aRiniSna.
qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi naCvenebia msoflio musikalur bazarze sxvadasxva formatis
yovelwliuri progresi. marTalia, kompaqtdiskebis gayidvebi 18 procentiT gaizarda, es, mainc,
mniSvnelovnad naklebi iyo 1990 da 1991 wlebis 28-procentian matebasTan SedarebiT. kompaqtdiskebis
revoluciis tempi, Cans, mniSvnelovnad Senelda ZiriTad industriul qveynebSi, SeerTebuli Statebis
garda, da fasTan dakavSirebulma faqtorebma xeli SeuSales, rom kompaqtdiskebi gamxdariyo
ZiriTadi xmovani diskebi aziaSi, afrikasa da laTinur amerikaSi. IFPI-is saerTo monacemebiT,
kasetebiT vaWroba odnav gaizarda, Tumca ormocdaxuTwuTiani firfitebis gayidva Semcirda; es,
SesaZloa, 1991 da 1992 wlebis angariSebSi arsebuli variaciebis Sedegi iyos. 1992 wlis msoflio
CamonaTvalSi pirvelad moxvda ruseTi da am qveyanaSi, daaxloebiTi gamoangriSebiT, gayiduli
kasetebis raodenoba 100 milion cals Seadgenda. IFPI-is 1992 wlis Semosavalma aCvena, rom 30 milioni
45-wuTiani firfita CineTSic gaiyida, Tumca wina wlebis monacemebze araferia naTqvami.
im dros, roca `singlebis~ gayidva mTel msoflioSi TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba, orsimReriani an
samsimReriani formati Zalian iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, iaponiis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleT
evropis garda. 1992 wels msoflioSi gayiduli 100 singlidan 96 am qveynebze modis.

1992 wels msoflio gayidvebi formatis mixedviT (milionobiT erTeuli)

`singlebi~ 331.6 (-0.4%)
45-wuTiani firfitebi (LP) 126.1 (-19.5%)
kasetebi 1551.9 (+2.8%)
CD (kompaqtdiskebi) 1152.9 (+18.0%)
wyaro: Dave Laing, Popular Music, Cambridge University Press, 1903.

23
 media antrepreniorebi
rupert merdoki. rupert merdoki avstraliuri warmoSobis antreprenioria,
romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi media imperiis mflobelia. misi imperiis
udidesi nawili, faqtobrivad, SeerTebul StatebSi aris dafuZnebuli. man Tavisi
kariera daiwyo gazeTSi ~Adelaide News~, romelic misi ojaxis sakuTreba iyo.
mogvianebiT, 1964 wels, man daaarsa pirveli erovnuli gazeTi ~Australian.~ gazeTma
didi warmateba moipova. merdokis biznes-interesebi sul ufro izrdeboda. amis
Sedegi iyo, rom 1969 wels man iyida ori britanuli gazeTi ~News of World~ da ~Sun,~
xolo 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodSi SeiZina ~New York Post,~ romelic mogvianebiT
gayida, Semdeg ki ukan daibruna. SemdgomSi merdokis amerikuli SenaZeni gamdidrda
san antonios, bostonis, Cikagos da sxva qalaqebis gazeTebiT.
merdokma bevri es gazeTi sensaciur Jurnalistikad aqcia, romelic efuZneboda
sam Temas: seqsi, danaSauli da sporti. ~Sun~ Zalian warmatebuli gazeTi gaxda,
dReSi 4 milionze meti tiraJiT. 1992 wels, arCevnebSi jon meijoris gamarjvebis
Semdeg, gazeTs aseTi saTauri hqonda _ `icodeT, swored Sun-ma gaakeTa es~.
savaraudod, swored merdokis xelmZRvanelobiT, gazeTma gaaCaRa sastiki kapmania
leiboristuli partiisa da, kerZod, misi lideris neil kinokis winaaRmdeg.
1981 wels merdokma gadalaxa winaaRmdegobebi da SeiZina gazeTebi ~The Times~ da
~Sunday Times~, bazarze arsebuli yvelaze warmatebuli gazeTebi. is TandaTan
daeufla, agreTve, televiziis sferos da daafuZna ~Sky TV~ satelituri da
sakabelo qseli, romelic, Tavdapirveli warumateblobis Semdeg, komerciulad
warmatebuli aRmoCnda. is akontrolebs ~Star TV~-is, romlis mauwyebloba vrceldeba
Soreuli aRmosavleTis mTel rig qveynebSi.
merdoki flobs ~Star TV~-is qselis 64 procents. ~Star TV~ dafuZnebulia hong
kongSi. igi daaarsa hatCison uampoam, iq adre Seqmnilma erT-erTma savaWro kompaniam.
mis mier gacxadebuli strategia aris `cis gakontroleba~ satelituri gadacemis
dros, iaponiidan TurqeTamde arsebul mTel teritoriaze, indoeTisa da CineTis
giganturi bazrebis CaTvliT. is mauwyeblobs xuT arxze, erT-erTi maTgania BBC-is
msoflio axali ambebi. satelitis saSualebiT, es qveynebi iReben iseT programebs,
rogoricaa opra uinfris Sou, romelic aCvenebs Zalian gulaxdil diskusiebs
seqsisa da urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. iTqva, rom jer kidev sakmaod tradiciul aziur
qveynebSi, yvelaferi isea, TiTqos 1960-iani da 1990-iani wlebi erTad iyos
gaerTianebuli _ es aris swrafi mediis saSualebiT gadacemuli seqsualuri
revolucia.
1985 wels merdokma Seisyida kinokompaniis “XX Century Fox” aqciebis naxevari.
Semdeg, kinokompaniaSi Tavis partniorebTan erTad, oficialurad daregistrirebuli
metromediisagan SeiZina SeerTebuli Statebis Svidi telesadguri, aqedan erT-erTi
maTgani maSinve gayida. merdokis ~Fox Broadcasting Company~ Camoyalibda 1987 wels.
imave wels, man SeiZina SeerTebul StatebSi dafuZnebuli gamomcemlobebi ~Harper~ da
~Row~, romlebsac saxeli Seucvales da axla ~HarperCollins~ hqvia.
mTavrobebma, SesaZloa, merdoks usiamovnebebi moutanon, radganac maT SeuZliaT,
TavianTi qveynebis farglebSi mainc, gansaxilvelad waradginon kanoni, romelic
zRudavs mediis jvaredin mflobelobas _ situacias, rodesac erTsa da imave firmas
24
ekuTvnis sxvadasxva gazeTi da telesadguri. evrokavSirma ukve gamoxata wuxili
Zalian didi media kompaniebis gabatonebuli mdgomareobis gamo. magram merdokis
Zalauflebis Sekaveba ar aris advili, radgan is mTel msoflioSia gavrcelebuli.
is sakmaod mniSvnelovani pirovnebaa da SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos mTavrobebze;
magram Tavad telekomunikaciebis biznesis bunebaa iseTi, rom is aris yvelgan da
arsad. merdokis Zalauflebis safuZveli Zalian didia, magram, amasTan, is
mouxelTebelia.
1994 wlis oqtomberSi warmoTqmul sityvaSi, merdokma gailaSqra imaT
winaaRmdeg, vinc mis media imperias aRiqvams, rogorc safrTxes demokratiisa da
debatebis TavisuflebisTvis. `radgan kapitalistebi yovelTvis cdiloben,
erTmaneTs zurgSi xanjali Cascen,” amtkicebda merdoki, `Tavisufali bazrebi ar
aris monopoliebis warmoSobis mizezi. ZiriTadad, monopoliebs mxolod maSin
SeuZliaT arseboba, rodesac maT mTavrobebi uWeren mxars.~ man moiyvana jorj
oruelis sityvebi erT-erTi misi romanidan: `rodesac xedavT quCis bazars, Tqven
iciT, rom inglisisTvis jer kidev arsebobs imedi.~
merdokis TqmiT, ,,es namdvili artistuli STagonebis momentia _ Tumca
yovelgvari racionaluri Tu mecnieruli mxardaWeris gareSe (rogorc zogjer
xelovanebs emarTebaT xolme). Tavisufleba, quCis bazris Zaldautanebeli gacvlis
procesi, mis mier adamianuri piradi interesis aRiareba da am interesis gardaqmna
raRac urTierTsargeblobis momtanad _ niSnavs, rom jer kidev arsebobs imedi
inglisisTvis da TiToeuli CvenganisTvis dasavlur samyaroSi.”
~News Corporation-Si Cven ganswavlulebi varT~ - ganagrZobs merdoki. man aRmoaCina,
rom indoeTSi, sadac televizia ~Star~ mauwyeblobs, aTasobiT kerZo operatorma
investiciebi satelituri antenis biznesSi Cado da ~Star~-is programebs
aralegalurad yidda. ho, Cven amas taSi unda davukraT! - amtkicebs merdoki. ~News
Corporation~ elodeba `xangrZliv TanamSromlobas am SesaniSnav antrepreniorebTan~,
askvnis is (Murdoch 1994).
cota xnis ganmavlobaSi, merdoki iyo msoflios udidesi, arnaxuli media
organizaciis xelmZRvaneli, magram 1995 wels mas gauswres. im wels gamoacxades
disneis kompaniisa da ABC-is, amerikuli satelevizio qselis, SeerTebis Sesaxeb. am
gaerTianebis Sedegad, Seiqmna merdokis korporaciaze didi korporacia, romelsac
disneis Tavmjdomare maikl aisneri xelmZRvanelobda. disnei flobda wilebs kino-
industriaSi, agreTve uamrav sxva sawarmos. gaerTianebamde, is ukve globaluri
masStabis korporacia iyo. mas Semdeg, rac disneis filmebi da sxva media
produqtebi TiTqmis yvelgan SeaRwevs, aisners eqneba uprecendento Zalaufleba
msoflios mosaxleobis kulturuli gemovnebis Camoyalibebaze.
1995 wels axal kompanias 16.5 miliardi amerikuli dolari Semosavali hqonda,
xolo merdokis ~News Corporation~-s _ 8 miliardi dolari. aisnerma naTlad aCvena,
rom mas surda, konkurencia gaewia merdokisTvis aziis mzard bazrebze. merdokis
reaqcia aRniSnul Serwymaze iyo aseTi: `axla isini orjer didebi arian, vidre me~.
Semdeg man daamata: `ufro didi samizne jgufi~. manqanis epoqis adreul wlebSi
bazarze fordi da jeneral motorsi dominirebdnen. Cans, merdoki da aisneri
apireben, daeuflon sainformacio da gasarTobi epoqis (“infotainment”) adreul fazebs
(Leadbetter da Helmore 1995).

25
 silvio berluskoni. 1976 wels italiaSi televiziis regulireba gauqmda. amis
Sedegad, eqvsasze meti sxvadasxva arxi dafuZnda. Tumca, male am patara kompaniebis
umetesobas daeufla didi satelevizio korporacia Mondadore, romlis mflobeli
iyo silvio berluskoni. dRes berluskonis qsels teleauditoriis daaxloebiT 40
procenti ekuTvnis; RAI-s, saxelmwifo samauwyeblo kompanias, telemayurebelTa
TiTqmis imdenive procenti Seadgens, danarCeni ki im patara sadgurebze modis,
romlebic jer kidev funqcionireben. berluskonim, agreTve, daaarsa me-5 arxi
safrangeTSi.
italiaSi, silvio berluskonim Tavisi media imperia gamoiyena uSualod
politikaSi misvlis mizniT. misi daxmarebiT, man Tavis memarjvene partias “Forza
Italia” 1994 wlis erovnul arCevnebSi gaamarjvebina da Tavad italiis premieri gaxda.
magram misi mmarTveloba xanmokle aRmoCnda. Zalauflebis dakargvis Semdeg, mas
sxvadasxva korufciul garigebaSi dasdes brali, rogoricaa sxva partiebis
liderebis moqrTamva da sakuTari telesadgurebis gamoyeneba Zalauflebis
mopovebis mizniT.
si-en-en (CNN). ted terneri aris damfuZnebeli CNN-isa _ uwyvet reJimSi
momuSave axali ambebis arxisa, romelic msoflios bevr qveyanaSi mauwyeblobs. CNN
SedarebiT mcire biujetis bazaze Seiqmna da Tavidanve ganacvifra sxva media
operatorebi miRweuli warmatebiT. terneris TqmiT, CNN iyo pirveli arxi, romelic
dafuZnda globalizaciis gazrdili tempis fonze. ternerma aRiara, rom mTel
msoflioSi Zalian bevri adamiani laparakobs inglisurad an swavlobs am enas. maT
ainteresebT inglisurenovani axali ambebis programebis yureba, msgavsad uamravi
inglisurad molaparake turistisa da biznesmenisa, romlebic Cerdebian yvelaze
feSenebelur sastumroebSi mTeli msoflios masStabiT.
terneri ambobs: `Cven varT pionerebi; da Cveni filosofia iyo da dResac aris
is, rom Cven yovelTvis gvinda Sesvla iq, sadac Cvenze moTxovnilebaa da arasdros
vcdilobT, ZaliT gavikafoT gza an iZulebiT mivceT vinmes mimarTuleba an forma~
(Turner 1994, gv. 39).
CNN-s eqvsi ofisi aqvs aziaSi da swrafad farTovdeba iq, gadascems ra Tavis
programebs oTxi satelitis saSualebiT.

mediis regulaciis problema

bevrs awuxebs media antrepreniorebisa da didi media kompaniebis aRzeveba da
zegavlena, radgan es korporaciebi bizness ewevian ara produqciis gayidvis, aramed
adamianTa Sexedulebebze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. aseTi korporaciis mflobelebi,
magaliTad, merdoki da berluskoni, ar malaven maT memarjvene politikur
Sexedulebebs, rac gansxvavebuli politikuri poziciebis mqone politikuri
partiebisa da sxva jgufebis SeSfoTebis mizezia.
WeSmaritebis garkveul marcvals Seicavs merdokis Tvalsazrisi, romlis
Tanaxmad, mxolod mTavrobebi qmnian monopoliebs. merdoki ver uzrunvelyofs
monopoliis arsebobas. mas uwevda uSvelebel finansur riskze wasvla (hqonda
danakargebic), rom mieRwia dRevandeli mdgomareobisTvis. mas konkurencias uweven
ara mxolod sxva media gigantebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad aisneris korporacia,

26
aramed uamravi sxva metoqe. gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zalian saeWvoa
is azri, rom bazris konkurencia xels uSlis did firmebs, gabatondnen
mrewvelobis ZiriTad dargebSi.
acnobiereben ra amas, yvela qveyanaSi miRebulia dadgenilebebi, romelTa
mizania media sakuTrebis gakontroleba. magram ramdenad mkacri unda iyos es
zomebi? media kompaniebis globaluri xasiaTis gamo, SeuZliaT erovnul mTavrobebs
hqondeT maTi gakontrolebis didi imedi?
media regulaciis sakiTxi ufro rTulia, vidre es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba
Candes. aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebas ainteresebs, arsebobdes mravalferovani media
organizaciebi. es, albaT, iqneba imis garantia, rom SesaZlebeli iqneba, bevri
sxvadasxva jgufisa da politikuri perspeqtivis mosmena. magram SezRudvebis
dawesebam imaze, Tu vis risi floba da media teqnologiis ra formebis gamoyeneba
SeuZlia, SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos mediis seqtoris ekonomikur keTildReobaze.
is qveyana, sadac SezRudvebi zedmetad mkacria, SeiZleba CamorCes saerTo
ganviTarebas. media industriebi aris Tanamedrove ekonomikis yvelaze swrafad
mzardi seqtori. marto audio-video industria, savaraudod, Seqmnis 1 milion axal
samuSao adgils momaval aT weliwadSi.
media koncentraciis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom didi media kompaniebi floben
metismetad did Zalauflebas. meore mxriv, biznesis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben, rom
Tu isini daeqvemdebarebian regulirebas, veRar miiReben efeqtur komerciul
gadawyvetilebebs da damarcxdebian msoflio konkurenciaSi. garda amisa, sakiTxavia,
vin unda areguliros isini? da vin unda areguliros maregulireblebi?
faqtobrivad, Zalian cota gamokvlevaa Catarebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan mediis mflobeloba da mediis Sinaarsi (Purnell and Collins 1995).
es sakiTxi adrec ki Zneli Sesaswavli iyo, mediis sxvadasxva formis arsebobis
gamo, romelic 1970-ian wlebamde arsebobda. kidev ufro Znelia misi gamokvleva
axla, rodesac gavrcelda axali interaqciuli media, magaliTad, video moTxovniT.
regulirebis problemis garkvevis mizniT gadadgmuli nabijebi, ZiriTadad,
damfuZneblebze iyo mimarTuli. magaliTad, 1991 wels masmediis politikisadmi
miZRvnil konferenciaze, evrosabWo, media regulirebis Sesaxeb ramdenime wlis
msjelobis Semdeg, Seecada, mieRwia SeTanxmebisTvis. verc erT SeTanxmebul daskvnas
ver miaRwies.
media regulirebis politikis erT-erTi warmmarTveli xazi SeiZleba iyos imis
aRiareba, rom bazarze ori an sami didi kompaniis mier mopovebuli gabatonebuli
mdgomareoba maSinve uqmnis safrTxes rogorc saTanado ekonomikur konkurencias,
aseve demokratias, radgan media mflobelebs ar irCeven. aq SeiZleba avamoqmedoT
arsebuli antimonopolisturi kanonmdebloba, Tumca is Zalian gansxvavebulia mTel
evropasa da sxva industriul qveynebSi. magaliTad, evrokavSirma axlaxans dabloka
erToblivi sakabelo da fasiani televiziis sarisko wamowyeba germanul telekoms,
bertelsmansa da kirh jgufs (Deutsche Telekom, Bertelsmann, Kirch Group) Soris.
konkurencia pluralizms niSnavs an unda niSnavdes; albaT, pluralizmi kargia
demokratiisaTvis. magram ramdenad sakmarisia marto pluralizmi? ganxilvis dros,
bevri miuTiTebs SeerTebul Statebze da aRniSnavs, rom media arxebis simravle ar
aris gadacemebis Sinaarsis xarisxisa da sizustis garanti. magaliTad, jei
blumlerma, SeerTebuli Statebis televiziis Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoaCina, rom
27
arsebobs `arakeTilganwyobili damokidebuleba mauwyeblobis mTeli speqtris
mimarT _ iqneba es programis forma, sasurveli xarisxi, mayureblis efeqti Tu
stimulirebuli gamocdileba” (Blumler 1986, gv. 141).
zogierTi Tvlis, rom Zlieri saxelmwifo mauwyeblobis seqtoris SenarCunebas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan es xels uSlis didi media kompaniebis
gabatonebas. magram saxelmwifo samauwyeblo sistemebi, magaliTad, BBC britaneTSi,
TavianT sakuTar problemebs qmnian. qveynebis umravlesobaSi, isini TavianT Tavs
monopolistebad Tvlidnen xolme da bevr qveyanaSi maT efeqturad iyenebdnen,
rogorc xelisuflebis propagandis saSualebas. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin unda
areguliros maregulireblebi, kvlav gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dgeba.
erTi problema, romelic arTulebs media regulirebis sakiTxs, aris
teqnologiuri cvlilebis Zalian swrafi tempi. media ganuwyvetliv icvleba
teqnikuri inovaciebis danergvis Sedegad. am momentisTvis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
inovacia exeba multimediisa da internetis gavlenas, romelsac am Tavis bolos
ganvixilavT.

multimedia
Tumca, aqamde, Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT gazeTebze, televiziasa da
`kulturis industriis~ sxva mxareebze, komunikaciis media mxolod maTiT ar
Semoifargleba. rogorc kompiuteri axdens gansakuTrebul zegavlenas mediaze, iseve
es ukanaskneli zemoqmedebs yvelaferze, rasac Cven vakeTebT bevr sxva sferoSi.
magaliTad, axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebi dgas msoflios savaluto
sistemebisa da saaqcio bazrebis Rrma cvlilebebis ukan. fuli ukve aRar aris oqro,
arc naRdi fuli Tqvens jibeSi. sul ufro da ufro metad, fuli xdeba
eleqtronuli, inaxeba ra msoflios bankebis kompiuterebSi. im fulis Rirebuleba,
romelic xandaxan, SemTxveviT, aRmogaCndebaT jibeSi, ganisazRvreba savaluto
bazarze birJis makleris saqmianobiT. aseTi bazrebi Seiqmna mxolod bolo 10-15
wlis ganmavlobaSi. isini kompiuterebisa da sakomunikacio satelituri
teqnologiebis urTierTkavSiris Sedegia. naTqvamia: `teqnologia safondo birJas
swrafad gardaqmnis mTlian globalur bazrad, romelic xelmisawvdomia dReSi 24
saaTis ganmavlobaSi~ (Gibbons 1990, gv. 111).
am movlenebs oTxma teqnologiurma mimarTulebam Seuwyo xeli, esenia:
kompiuterebis SesaZleblobebis mudmivi gaumjobeseba, fasebis SemcirebasTan erTad;
monacemTa cifruli gardaqmna, rac xels uwyobs kompiuteruli da
satelekomunikacio teqnologiebis integracias; satelituri komunikaciebis
ganviTareba; boWkovani optika, romlis meSveobiTac, bevri sxvadasxva gzavnili
vrceldeba erTi patara kabelis saSualebiT. bolo wlebSi, komunikaciebis mkveTrma
zrdam aCvena, rom tempis dacemis araviTari niSani ar arsebobs (ix. diagrama 14.1).
nikolas negroponte, masaCusetis teqnologiis institutis media laboratoriis
damfuZnebeli, Tavis wignSi “Being Digital” (1995), aanalizebs cifruli monacemebis
udides mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove komunikaciur teqnologiebSi. nebismieri
informacia, maT Soris suraTebi, moZravi gamosaxulebebi da bgerebi, SeiZleba
gadaviyvanoT `bitebSi~. biti aris an 1 an 0, magaliTad, ricxvebis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
cifruli gamosaxuleba aris 1, 10, 11, 100, 101 da a.S. cifruloba da siCqare
28
multimediis ganviTarebis safuZvelia. adre gansxvavebul medias sxvadasxva
teqnologiebi sWirdeboda (rogoricaa gamosaxulebebi da xma). axla es
gansxvavebuli teqnologiebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes saerTo mediad (CD-
ROM/kompiuteri da sxv.). kompiuterebis siCqare yovel Tvramet TveSi orjer izrdeba
da axla teqnologiam im stadias miaRwia, sadac videofiri SeiZleba vaqcioT
suraTad personaluri kompiuteris ekranze, da piriqiT.
negroponte winaswarmetyvelebs, rom personaluri kompiuteri (PC) momavalSi
iqneba multimediis savizito baraTi. Tanamedrove kompiuterebs ukve gaaCnia
multimediis SesaZleblobebis garkveuli diapazoni. magram momavalSi isini
mkveTrad gaizrdeba. personaluri kompiuteri iqneba televizoric da `eleqtronuli
gasayrelic~ kabelisTvis, telefonica da satelitic. momavalSi aRar iarsebebs
damoukidebeli satelevizio industria. cifruloba xels uwyobs interaqtiuli
mediis ganviTarebas, rac adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, aqtiuri monawileoba miiRon
masSi, an moaxdinon imis struqturireba, rasac xedaven an esmiT.
informaciuli supermagistralis Sesaxeb bevrs msjelobdnen 1990 wlebis Sua
periodSi. SeerTebuli Statebis vice-prezidenti el gori am termins xSirad
iyenebda. supermagistrali ufro momavlis saxea, vidre Tanamedroveobis aRwera. is
iTvaliswinebs situacias, sadac ojaxebis umravlesoba dakavSirebuli iqneba
boWkovani optikuri kabeliT. yovel saxlSi gaixsneba is eleqtronuli Sesasvleli,
romlis Sesaxeb laparakobs negroponte. amJamad, or damoukidebel teqnologias aqvs
saxlSi Sesasvleli damoukidebeli eleqtronuli gza: telefons, miwiszeda
mauwyeblobas, kabelsa da satelits (ra Tqma unda, yvela ojaxs es yvelaferi ar
gaaCnia). momavalSi es yvelaferi gaivlis erTsa da imave kabelSi da maTi
gamosasvleli iqneba calkeuli kopiuteri/televizia.
SesaZloa, `informaciuli supermagistrali~ ar iyos yvelaze Sesatyvisi termini
cifruli revoluciis mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad. is gvTavazobs rukas, radgan
axali interaqtiuli teqnologiebis Sedegad, xdeba manZilis gauqmeba. termini
gulisxmobs wesrigs, Tumca axali teqnologiebis gavlena, SesaZloa, sakmaod
qaosuri da damangreveli iyos.

interneti
bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, SeiniSneba, rom mediisa da komunikaciebis
titanebi awarmoeben oms cifruli teqnologiebis momavlisTvis:
didi zarzeimiT, satelefono da sakabelo televiziis kompaniebi mravaljer Seecadnen,
eCvenebinaT Cqari eleqtronuli qselebis maTeuli xedva. es qseli saxlebs akavSirebs informaciis,
komunikaciis, ganaTlebisa da garTobis udides saganZurTan. es kompaniebi laslasiT miemarTebodnen
sadeniani msoflios Soreuli miznebisken da imdenad dakavebulni iyvnen, rom ver SeamCnies im
kompiuteruli hakerebis, inJinrebisa da studentebis jgufi, romlebic facifuciT akeTebdnen TavianT
saqmes. maTTvis meti yuradReba unda mieqciaT. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, gigantebi mxolod
informaciuli supermagistralis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen, WianWvelebi ki realurad aSenebdnen mas:
internets (“The accidental superhighway”, The Economist, 1995 wlis 1 ivlisi).
negroponte ambobs: `Cven unda davemSvidoboT personalur kompiuters, uxeS
diskebsa (floppy discs) da failebis folderebs~. am Tvalsazriss bevri iziarebs. axla,
TiTqos, personaluri kompiuteris (PC) eraa, magram, sinamdvileSi, personaluri
kompiuteris batonoba TiTqmis damTavrda. lari elisoni, monacemebis bazis wamyvani
29
kompaniis ~Oracle~ mTavari administratori, ambobs, rom personaluri kompiuteri
`ucnauri mowyobilobaa~ (citirebulia Kelly 1995, gv. 105). im adamianTa umravlesoba,
romlebic erT kompiuters iyeneben, misi kompiuteruli Zalis mxolod erT nawils
amuSaveben. es aris mowyobiloba, romelic adamianebs erTmaneTisgan hyofs. maTi
azriT, momavali ekuTvnis ara personalur kompiuters, aramed
urTierTdakavSirebuli kompiuterebis globalur sistemas _ da swored es aris
interneti. axali lozungi aris: `qseli aris kompiuteri~, sxva sityvebiT,
personaluri kompiuteri xdeba terminali sadRac momxdari movlenebisTvis,
romlebic xdeba mTel planetaze gadaWimul qselSi, im qselSi, romelsac ar flobs
arc erTi pirovneba an kompania (ix. diagrama 14.2).
bil geitsma, amJamad msoflios erT-erTi udidesi korporaciis Microsoft-is
damfuZnebelma, iwinaswarmetyvela, rom aseTi ram moxdeboda da rom amis realizacia
mas saSualebas miscemda, moewyo Tavisi momavali. bolo dromde, kompiuteruli
samyaros gamoCenili meocnebeebic ki fiqrobdnen, rom mrewvelobis momavali
dakavSirebuli iqneboda teqnikur mowyobilobasTan _ individualur kompiuterTan.
geitsma gaacnobiera, rom is iqneboda dakavSirebuli kompiuterul programasTan,
romelic qmnis kompiuteris sxvadasxva funqcias. magram Tavad geitsic ki ver
akontrolebs internets, romelic misi inovaciebis saSualebiT Seiqmna.
interneti spontanurad Semovida, is aris ganuyofeli samyaros _ berlinis
dacemis Sedegad Seqmnili samyaros _ produqti. Tumca, misi pirveli nimuSebi
swored civi omis periodSi, 1989 wlamde arsebobda. qselis Seqmna Tavdapirvelad
daiwyes pentagonSi, amerikis samxedro Zalebis Stab-binaSi. is 1969 wels Camoyalibda
da ARPA qseli uwodes, pentagonis progresuli kvleviTi proeqtebis saagentos
(Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency) aRsaniSnavad. misi mizani SezRuduli iyo.
ARPA cdilobda, neba miecaT im mecnierebisaTvis, romlebic amerikis sxvadasxva
regionSi samxedro kontraqtebze muSaobdnen, gaeerTianebinaT TavianTi resursebi da
da gaenawilebinaT maT mier gamoyenebuli Zvirad Rirebuli aparatura. amis
sapasuxod, mogvianebiT, misma gamomgoneblebma moifiqres Setyobinebebis gagzavnis
saSualeba _ ase gaCnda eleqtronuli fosta ~e-mail,~ romelic korespondenciis
sistemaa, sadac Setyobinebebi (`mesijebi~) pirdapir igzavneba erTi kompiuteridan
meoreSi an bevr sxvaSi. dakavSireba momentaluria, radgan am dros ar arsebobs
lodinis periodi, rogorc es Cveulebrivi werilis gagzavnis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis, pentagonis interneti Sedgeboda xuTasi
kompiuterisgan, yvela moTavsebuli iyo samxedro laboratoriebsa da
universitetebis kompiuteruli mecnierebis departamentebSi. universitetebSi sxva
adamianebmac daiwyes misi danergva da sistemis sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoyeneba.
1987 wlisaTvis interneti ise gafarTovda, rom ukve moicavda 28 000 kompiuters bevr
sxvadasxva universitetsa da kvleviT laboratoriaSi. internetis gamoyenebam maT
saSualeba misca, SemoetanaT uamravi inovacia, SeeqmnaT axali programebi, ris
Sedegadac SesaZlebeli gaxda, individebs monawileoba mieRoT diskusiebSi da
gamoeyenebinaT kvlevis monacemebi.
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, interneti mxolod universitetebSi gamoiyeneboda.
magram, mas Semdeg, rac gavrcelda saxlis personaluri kompiuterebi, is TandaTan
gascilda maT farglebs da daiwyo misi Zalian swrafi gavrcelebis periodi.

30
internetSi “on-line” momsaxureba, `gancxadebebis dafebi~ _ eleqtronuli sadiskusio
jgufebi _ da kompiuteruli programebis biblioTekebi ganaTavsa adamianebis
saocrad didma raodenobam, romlebic ukve mxolod CrdiloeT amerikaSi ki ar
imyofebodnen, aramed mTel msoflioSi. am saqmes korporaciebmac mohkides xeli. 1994
wels kompaniebma gaaswres universitetebs, rogorc qselis mTavar momxmareblebs.
internetsa da informaciul supermagistrals Soris urTierToba problemuria.
zogierTis azriT, rasac zemoT warmodgenili citatac adasturebs, interneti,
faqtobrivad, informaciuli supermagistralia. is ubralod gansxvavebulad
ganviTarda, vidre es dagegmili iyo sakabelo da satelefono kompaniebis (da
mTavrobebis) mier. sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom internets ramdenime ZiriTadi Tviseba
aklia. maTi azriT, namdvili supermagistrali unda Seicavdes ara mxolod
kompiuterebs, aramed yvela sxva sakomunikacio serviss, telefonidan televiziamde.
internetis mTavari nawilia msoflio masStabis qseli _ World Wide Web.
marTlac, budeSi myofi gugulis msgavsad, is cdilobs SeaSinos maspinZeli da
ajobos mas. sinamdvileSi qseli aris globaluri multimediis biblioTeka. is
gamoigona kompiuteruli programebis inJinerma, Sveicariis fizikis laboratoriaSi
1992 wels; programa, romelmac qseli popularuli gaxada mTel msoflioSi,
dawerili iyo ilinoisis universitetis bolo kursis studentis mier.
ucnobia, realurad ramdeni adamiania CarTuli internetSi. varaudoben, rom
mTel msoflioSi daaxloebiT 35 milioni aseTi adamiania. mTeli msoflios
mosaxleobis raodenobasTan SedarebiT, es ricxvi arc ise didia, magram iseTivea,
rogorc saSualo zomis qveynis mosaxleoba. ufro mniSvnelovania misi gavrcelebis
tempi. dadginda, rom 1985 wlidan interneti yovelwliurad 200 procentiT izrdeba.

daskvna
srulad gansacvifrebeli teqnologiuri cvlilebis samyaroSi, aravis SeuZlia
darwmunebuli iyos, rogori iqneba momavali. aSkaraa, media teqnologiebis
ganviTareba aseTi cvlilebis safuZvels warmoadgens. bevri Tvlis, rom interneti
warmoadgens im msoflio wesrigis magaliTs, romelic warmoiSva meoce saukunis
bolos. internetis momxmareblebi cxovroben `kibernetikul sivrceSi.~ kibersivrce
niSnavs interaqciis sivrces, romelic Seqmna kompiuterebis globalurma sqelma. es
qseli ki qmnis internets. kibersivrceSi, rogorc amas bodriari ityoda, `Cven ukve
aRar varT `adamianebi~, aramed varT gzavnilebi erTmaneTis ekranebze. i-meilis
farglebs gareT, sadac momxmareblebi axdenen TavianTi Tavis identificirebas,
internetSi aravin icis, vin vin aris sinamdvileSi, kacia Tu qali, da sad imyofebian
samyaroSi. internetis Sesaxeb arsebobs cnobili multfilmi, sadac ZaRli zis
kompiuteris win, ekranze ki warweraa: `internetis sidiade isaa, rom aravin icis,
ZaRli rom xar~.
axali komunikaciuri teqnologiebis Sesaxeb sxva istoriac arsebobs:
`Teologma hkiTxa yvelaze ufro mZlavr superkompiuters: arsebobs RmerTi?
kompiuterma Tqva, rom amis codnisaTvis mas aklia gadasamuSavebeli Zala. man
iTxova msoflios yvela superkompiuterTan dakavSireba. magram Zala kvlav ar iyo
sakmarisi, amgvarad, kompiuteri miaerTes yvela mTavar sistemasTan msoflioSi,
Semdeg ki yvela minikompiutersa da personalur kompiuterTan da, saboloo jamSi,
31
is daakavSires yvela kompiuterTan manqanebSi, mikrotalRovan RumelebSi, VCR-Si,
cifrul saaTebsa da a.S. Teologma bolos ikiTxa `arsebobs RmerTi?~ da
kompiuterma upasuxa: `axla arsebobs!~ (Naisbitt 1995, gv. 80).
ambavi aerTianebs rogorc imedebs, ise SiSs, rasac interneti iwvevs. davkargavT
Cvens identobas kibersivrceSi? kompiuterizebuli teqnologia gabatondeba Cvenze,
Tu piriqiT moxdeba? gaanadgurebs eleqtronuli media komunikaciuri mediis yvela
sxva formas, rogoric, vTqvaT, wignia? sabednierod, TiToeul am kiTxvaze pasuxi,
TiTqmis danamdvilebiT, aris `ara~. adamianebi ar atareben video konferenciebs, Tu
maT SeuZliaT erTad Sekreba. axla biznes administratorebi iyeneben bevrad ufro
met sxvadasxva formis eleqtronuli komunikaciis saSualebebs, vidre odesme. amave
dros, pirispir biznes konferenciis ricxvi swrafad izrdeba.
rogorc adamianebi, Cven ver vakontrolebT teqnologiur cvlilebebs da aseTi
cvlilebebis axlandeli tempi Cvens sicocxles ganadgurebiT emuqreba. Tumca
mavTulebiT dakavSirebuli samyaros gaCenam, dRemde ver migviyvana ,,did Zmamde,”
piriqiT, man xeli Seuwyo decentralizaciasa da individualizms. da bolos, Cans,
wignebisa da sxva `wina-eleqtronuli~ mediis gaqroba ar aris mosalodneli; iseTi
didi moculobis wignic ki, rogoric es aris, ufro mosaxerxebelia gamosayeneblad,
vidre misi kompiuteruli versia. negropontes “Being Digital” dawerili iyo wignis
saxiT da ar iyo gamoSvebuli im teqnikuri siaxleebis gamo, romlebsac is aRwers.
bil geitsmac ki saWirod CaTvala, daewera wigni da aRewera axali teqnologiebis
samyaro, romelsac winaswarmetyvelebs.
amasobaSi, interneti iZireba Tavis miwier problemebSi. amaswinaT, gazeTSi
~Guardian~ gamoqveynebuli statiis saTaurma gvamcno, rom `internetze damokidebuli
adamianebi ewevian mosawyen virtualur cxovrebas. statiaSi aRwerilia im
adamianebis cxovreba, romlebic yoveldRe ramdenime saaTs atareben internetSi.
arsebobs kidec internetze damokidebuli adamianebis mxardamWeri jgufi
saxelwodebiT `qselSi gabmulebi~. ar SeiZleba kibersivrceSi kontaqtebi
Caenacvlos cocxal adamianebTan urTierTobas da, Cans, arc aris ase.

Sejameba
1. masmedia asrulebs fundamentur rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. masmedia
aris komunikaciis saSualebebi _ gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, televizia, radio, kino,
video, kompaqtdiskebi da sxva formebi _ romlebic masobriv auditorias aRweven.
2. gazeTebi adreuli masmediis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani formaa. isini
kvlavac Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asruleben, magram maT mediis sxva, ufro axali
formebi, gansakuTrebiT, radio da televizia, daemata.
3. masmediis gavlena Cvens cxovrebaze Zalian mniSvnelovania. masmedia ara
marto gvTavazobs gasarTob programebs, aramed gvawvdis da qmnis im informaciis
did nawils, romelsac viyenebT Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
4. televiziis da Zaladobis Sesaxeb arsebuli mravali gamokvlevis miuxedavad,
jer kidev ar aris naTeli, ramdenad da ra gziT uwyobs xels televiziiT naCvenebi
Zaladoba, agresiul qcevas realur cxovrebaSi. kvlevebis umetesoba saTanadod ver
afasebs imas, Tu ramdenad seleqciurad akeTeben mayureblebi nanaxis interpretacias
da ramdenad kompleqsuria `gamogonilisa~ da `realuris~ urTierTdamokidebuleba.
32
 5. sociologebma didi yuradReba dauTmes satelevizio axali ambebis
Seswavlas. satelevizio axali ambebis Sesaswavlad, mTeli rigi gamokvlevebi
Caatara glazgos media jgufma _ glazgos universitetSi momuSave mkvlevrebis
jgufma. maTma naSromma, romelic amtkicebda, rom axali ambebis reportaJebi,
garkveulwilad, tendenciuri iyo, dasabami daudo xangrZliv polemikas, romelic
dResac grZeldeba.
6. Janris idea mniSvnelovania teleprogramebis sxvadasxva tipis daxasiaTebisas.
Janri gulisxmobs im urTierTgagebas, romelic arsebobs programis Semqmnelebsa da
mayureblebs Soris imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu `ras~ uyureben. axali ambebi, sapnis
opera, saTamaSo Sou da Trilerebi, sxvadasxva Janris magaliTebia.
7. Camoyalibda mTeli rigi sxvadasxva Teoria mediisa da popularuli
kulturis Sesaxeb. inisi da makluhani amtkiceben, rom sazogadoebaze mediis gavlena
ufro metad gansazRvrulia imiT, Tu rogor gadascems da ara ras gadascems media.
makluhanis sityvebiT, `media aris Setyobineba~; magaliTad, televizia zegavlenas
axdens adamianTa qcevasa da ganwyobebze, radgan is Tavisi bunebiT Zalian
gansxvavdeba mediis sxva formebisgan, rogoricaa gazeTebi da wignebi.
8. habermasi, bodriari da tompsoni mniSvnelovani Teoretikosebi arian.
habermasi miuTiTebs mediis rolze `sazogadoebriv sferoSi~ _ sazogadoebrivi
azrisa da sazogadoebrivi debatebis sferoSi.
bodriarze didi gavlena moaxdina makluhanis Sexedulebebma. mas swams, rom
axali media, gansakuTrebiT televizia, faqtobrivad, cvlis `realobas,~ romelic
gamocdilebaSi gveZleva.
topsoni amtkicebs, rom masmediam Seqmna socialuri urTierTqmedebis axali
forma _ `gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba~, romelic ufro SezRuduli, viwro da
calmxrivia, vidre yoveldRiuri socialuri interaqcia.
9. dRes imis SegrZneba, rom vcxovrobT erT msoflioSi, umTavresad, imis
Sedegia, rom komunikaciis media saerTaSoriso masStabisaa. Seiqmna msoflio
informaciuli wesrigi _ informaciuli saqonlis warmoebis, ganawilebisa da
moxmarebis saerTaSoriso sistema. msoflio informaciul wesrigSi, industriuli
qveynebis dominanturi mdgomareobis gamo, bevrs sjera, rom mesame msoflios qveynebi
media imperializmis axal formaze arian damokidebulni.
10. Zalian didi kompaniebis mcire raodenobas gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia
media industriebSi mTel msoflioSi. zogierT maTgans xelmZRvaneloben gamoCenili
media antrepreniorebi, maTgan yvelaze cnobilia repert merdoki. bevri kritikosi
SeSfoTebulia imiT, rom mediis Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia iseTi Zlieri
pirovnebebis xelSi, romlebic, maTi TqmiT, ar arian angariSvaldebulni
demokratiuli procedurebis winaSe.
11. bolo wlebSi warmoiSva multimedia, rac dakavSirebulia internetis
ganviTarebisa da `informaciuli supermagistralis~ SesaZlo SeqmnasTan.
`multimedia~ gulisxmobs sxvadasxva teqnologiis mqone gansxvavebuli mediis
erTian mediad gaerTianebas im mizniT, rom, magaliTad, CD-ROM-s hqondes rogorc
gamosaxulebebi, ise xma, da misi dakvra SesaZlebeli iyos kompiuterze. bevri
pretenzia gamoiTqva am movlenebis SesaZlo socialuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb, magram
jer kidev Zalian adrea gavakeToT daskvnebi, Tu ramdenad dadasturdeba es
varaudebi.
33
 damatebiTi literatura
Nick Abercrombie, Television and Society (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1996) . Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi televiziis rolisa da im saSualebebis gacnoba, romelTa
daxmarebiTac iqmneba da moixmareba teleprogramebi.
James W. Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (London: Unwin Hyman,
1989). eseebis saintereso da xelmisawvdomi krebuli tradiciul da Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi komunikaciisa da mediis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
Richard Collins and Cristina Murroni, New Media, New Policies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
axali komunikaciebis, media teqnologiebisa da maTi regulirebis mimoxilva.
John Eldridge (ed.), Getting the Message: News, Truth and Power (London: Routledge, 1993).
glazgos media jgufis naSromebis ganxilvis ganaxlebuli versia.
John Eldridge (ed.), Glasgow Media Group Reader, vol. 1 (London: Routledge, 1995). axali ambebis
Sinaarsis enisa da gamosaxulebebis sasargeblo analizi.
John Fiske, Understanding Popular Culture (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990). masobrivi kulturis
Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso da maprovocirebeli kamaTi.
James Lull, Media, Communication, Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1955). sasargeblo kvleva
masobrivi komunikaciis kulturuli gavlenis Sesaxeb.
Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (London: Hobber and Stoughton, 1955). angariSi axali
informaciuli teqnologiis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
The Polity Reader in Cultural Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).
John Thompson, The Media and Modernity: a Social Theory of the Media (Cambridge: Polity Press,
1995). Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebaSi mediis rolis axali analizi.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

sazogadoebrivi azri gamosaxuleba gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba

Janri simboluri Zalaufleba
globaluri sofeli msoflio informaciuli wesrigi
sazogadoebrivi sfero mediis regulacia
hiperrealoba multimedia
simulakra sainformacio supermagistrali
pirispir urTierTqmedeba interneti
gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba kibersivrce

34
Tavi 15

ganaTleba

ZiriTadi cnebebi

wera-kiTxvisa da skolebis ganviTareba

britanuli sistemis warmoSoba da ganviTareba

• fasiani skolebi
• ganaTleba da politika

skolis sistemaTa Sedareba

dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba

umaRlesi ganaTleba

• saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi
• sistema britaneTSi

genderi da ganaTlebis sistema

genderi da umaRlesi ganaTleba

ganaTleba da eTnikuroba

Teoriebi skolis Sesaxeb

• bernStaini: enobrivi kodebi

• boulzi da gintisi: skolebi da industriuli kapitalizmi
• iliCi: faruli kurikulumi

ganaTleba da kulturuli aRwarmoeba

uilisi: kulturuli aRwarmoebis analizi

ganaTleba da uTanasworoba

• koulmanis kvleva SeerTebul StatebSi ganaTlebaSi arsebuli

uTanasworobis Sesaxeb
• ufro gviani kvlevebi
• skolis moswavleTa gadarCeva

inteleqti da uTanasworoba

• ra aris inteleqti?
• emociuri da interpersonaluri inteleqti

1
ganaTlebis momavali

• ganaTleba da axali sakomunikacio teqnologia

• ganaTlebis teqnologiebi

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

• ganaTleba
• kulturuli reproduqcia

sakuTari Tavi Jan-pol didionis adgilas warmoidgineT. es aris glexi

biWi, romelic daaxloebiT ori saukunis win, frang fermerTa TemSi
izrdeboda. 1750 wels Jan-poli ToTxmeti wlis iyo. man wera-kiTxva ar
icoda, magram im periodSi es sruliad Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeboda.
mis sofelSi zrdasruli asakis ramdenime adamians Tu SeeZlo erT-or
sityvaze metis wakiTxva. maxlobel regionebSi aris skolebi, romlebsac
berebi da monazvnebi uZRvebian, magram Jan-polma am skolebis Sesaxeb
araferi icis. misi garemocvidan, adgilobrivi mRvdlis garda, skolaSi
aravis uswavlia. gasul rva-cxra weliwads, Jan-poli umetes dros
yanaSi muSaobas andomebda da ojaxis wevrebs saSinao saqmeSi exmareboda.
rac ufro metad gaizrdeba, miT ufro meti drois daxarjva mouwevs,
mamis miwis dasamuSaveblad aucilebel mZime fizikur Sromaze.

savaraudod, Jan-poli mSobliur adgils arasodes datovebs, is mTel

cxovrebas sofelsa da mis garSemo ganlagebul yanebSi gaatarebs, sxva
adgilobriv soflebsa da qalaqebs iSviaTad estumreba. mamiseuli miwis
nakveTi mas, savaraudod, memkvidreobiT mxolod maSin gadaecema, rodesac
is ormocdaaTi wlis asaks gadascdeba da miwas umcros ZmebTan erTad
gankargavs. Jan-polma icis, rom is “frangia”, mis qveyanas erTi monarqi
marTavs da safrangeTis sazRvrebs miRma sxva, ufro didi samyaro
arsebobs. magram mas “safrangeTis,” rogorc gamokveTili politikuri
erTeulis, Sesaxeb bundovani warmodgena aqvs. Jan-pols sxvagan mimdinare
movlenebis Sesaxeb regularuli informaciis wyaro ar gaaCnia.
safrangeTis sazRvrebs miRma arsebuli didi samyaros Sesaxeb mas
mxolod ufrosebisgan, maT Soris, ramdenime mogzauris monaTxrobidan
smenia. Temis sxva wevrebis msgavsad, iseTi mniSvnelovani cnobebi,
rogoric, magaliTad, mefis gardacvalebaa, man SeiZleba ramdenime dRis,
kviris, zogjer ki, Tvis Semdeg Seityos.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Jan-poli, Tanamedrove gagebiT, gaunaTlebelia, is

sulac ar aris umecari. man Zalian kargad icis, rogor izrunos
ojaxsa da bavSvebze, radgan mcire asakidan, mas umcrosi da-Zmebis movla

2
evaleba. zedmiwevniT erkveva miwis damuSavebis sakiTxebSi, mosavlis
aRebis meTodebsa da sakvebis Senaxvis wesebSi. kargad icnobs
adgilobriv wes-Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs. sasoflo-sameurneo
saqmianobis garda, mas bevri sxva xeloba, magaliTad, qsova da kalaTebis
damzadebac xelewifeba.

Jan-poli gamogonili personaJia, magram is adreuli periodis modernuli

evropis tipuri warmomadgenelia. SevadaroT zemoT moyvanili magaliTi
dRevandel situacias. industriul qveynebSi, wera-kiTxva, savaraudod,
yvelam icis. Cven vacnobierebT, rom garkveuli sazogadoebis wevrebi
varT da Cveni geografiuli mdebareobisa da warsulis Sesaxeb
minimaluri warmodgena mainc gvaqvs. Cvens cxovrebaze, mcire asakidan
moyolebuli, gavlenas axdens informacia, romelic wignebis, gazeTebis,
Jurnalebisa da televiziis saSualebiT mogvewodeba. yovel Cvengans
skolaSi formaluri ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. Cveni cxovrebis wesze,
skolebisa da kolejebis mier uzrunvelyofil formalur swavlebasTan
erTad, beWduri sityva da eleqtronuli komunikaciac axdens
fundamentur gavlenas.

am TavSi SeviswavliT, Tu rogor ganviTarda dRevandeli ganaTleba da

mis socialur gavlenas gavaanalizebT. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor ganviTarda skolebi gaerTianebul samefoSi, gavaanalizebT ra
skolis arsebul sxvadasxva tipsa da ganaTlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
wamoWril politikur debatebs. Semdeg, erTmaneTs SevadarebT britaneTsa
da sxva qveynebSi skolebSi swavlebis process, sanam umaRlesi
ganaTlebis ganxilvaze gadavalT. aRvwerT ra ZiriTad Teoriul
midgomebs ganaTlebisadmi, momdevno TavebSi gavaanalizebT ganaTlebisa
da uTanasworobis sakiTxebs.

wera-kiTxvisa da skolebis ganviTareba

termini “skola” berZnuli warmoSobisaa da dasvenebas Tu rekreacias

niSnavs. preindustriul sazogadoebebSi, skolaSi swavla mxolod im
mcire raodenobis adamianebs SeeZloT, visac amisTvis sakmarisi dro da
saxsrebi gaaCndaT. xSir SemTxvevaSi, wera-kiTxvis unars srulyofilad
mxolod mRvdlebi an saeklesio liderebi flobdnen da am codnas
sakraluri teqstebis kiTxvisa da interpretaciis dros iyenebdnen.
aRzrdis procesSi, adamianTa umravlesoba imave socialur da SromiT
unar-Cvevebs iTvisebda, raSic maTi ufrosi ojaxis wevrebi iyvnen
daostatebulni. rogorc aRvniSneT, bavSvebi, Cveulebriv, mcire asakidan
saSinao saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni da ufrosebs miwis damuSavebasa
da xelobaSic exmarebodnen. yoveldRiur yofaSi, kiTxvis codna maT
srulebiT ar sWirdebodaT.

wera-kiTxvis arcodnis kidev erTi mizezi is gaxldaT, rom yvela teqsti

xeliT iyo gadawerili, Sesabamisad, iSviaTi iyo da ZviradRirebuli.
situacia mas Semdeg Seicvala, rac CineTSi dawyebuli beWdvis praqtika
evropaSic dainerga. pirveli sabeWdi presi dasavleTSi 1454 wels iohan
gutenbergma gamoigona. beWdvis Sedegad, teqstebi da dokumentebi
gacilebiT ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxda. es, wignebisa da pamfletebis
garda, kompleqsuri sazogadoebis marTvisTvis savaldebulo rutinuli

3
xasiaTis masalebsac moicavda. magaliTad, daiwera da farTod
gavrcelda samarTlis kodeqsi. Canawerebi, angariSebi da rutinuli
xasiaTis monacemebi mTavrobis, ekonomikuri sawarmoebisa da, zogadad,
organizaciebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi,
naweri masalebis mzardi moxmarebis gamo, wera-kiTxvis codnis done
(dawyebiT doneze kiTxvisa da weris unari), warsulTan SedarebiT,
gaizarda. am periodSi gaCnda g a n a T l e b i s Tanamedrove gageba,
rac sagangebod Seqmnil skolis garemoSi moswavleebis instruqtaJs
gulisxmobs. miuxedavad amisa, erTnaxevari saukunis Semdegac ki,
SeZlebuli adamianebis Svilebi xSirad kerZo maswavleblebisgan
iRebdnen ganaTlebas. mecxramete saukunis pirvel aTwleulebamde,
mosaxleobis umravlesoba skolebSi ar swavlobda. am dros evropul
qveynebsa da SeerTebul StatebSi kerZo saskolo sistemis Seqmna daiwyo.

industrializaciisa da qalaqebis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebuli

procesebis Sedegad, gaizarda moTxovna specializebul skolebze.
adamianebs mravali gansxvavebuli saqmianoba gauCndaT da maTi samuSao
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas, mSoblebisgan SvilebisTvis gadacemuli codna
aRar yofnida. codna mxolod specifikuri unar-Cvevebis gadacemas ki ara,
aramed sul ufro met abstraqtul (maTematikis, sabunebismetyvelo
sagnebis, literaturisa da a. S.) ganaTlebas gulisxmobs. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, adamianebs ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis, kiTxvis, weris,
angariSisa da maTi fizikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri garemos zogadi
codnac moeTxovebaT. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom maT swavlis unar-
Cvevebic hqondeT, raTa informaciis axali da zogjer Zalze teqnikuri
formebis daufleba SeeZloT.

britanuli sistemis warmoSoba da ganviTareba

Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis formireba, umravles dasavlur

sazogadoebebSi, pirvelad mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moxda.
sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, integraluri erovnuli sistema yvelaze gvian
britaneTSi dafuZnda. SotlandiaSi ganaTleba ufro iyo ganviTarebuli,
vidre inglissa da uelsSi. 1818 wels, ganaTlebis sakiTxebis
Semswavlelma komitetma ganacxada, rom “inglisi, ganaTlebis sakiTxSi,
kontinentze mis yvela sxva metoqes CamorCeba.” me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi,
holandiaSi, Sveicariasa da germaniaSi, dawyebiT skolebSi, met-naklebad,
mTeli mosaxleoba iRebda ganaTlebas, magram inglissa da uelsSi, am
mxriv, gacilebiT uaresi mdgomareoba iyo.

1870 wlis Semdeg (rodesac britaneTSi pirvelad dafuZnda savaldebulo

ganaTleba), meore msoflio omamde, arsebuli xelisuflebebis
iniciativiT, sul ufro izrdeboda ganaTlebis dafinanseba. skolis
damTavrebis asaki aTidan ToTxmet wlamde gaizarda, aSenda axali
skolebi, magram ganaTleba mTavrobis intervenciis ZiriTad sferod
mainc ar iqca. (Chapman 1986). skolebis umravlesobas, adgilobrivi
samTavrobo sabWos kontroliT, kerZo piri an saeklesio xelisufleba
marTavda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, ganaTlebisadmi amgvari
damokidebuleba Seicvala. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wvevamdelebs, unarebisa
da codnis Semowmebis mizniT, gamocda CautardaT. xelisuflebisTvis
moulodnelad, Sedegebma ganaTlebis uaRresad dabali done gamoavlina.

4
omis Semdgom reformebs Soris, erT-erT perspeqtivad mTavrobam
arsebuli ganaTlebis sistemis gadaxedva daisaxa.

1944 wlamde, britaneli bavSvebis didi umravlesoba mxolod ufaso

dawyebiT skolebSi swavlobda, romelsac 14 wlis asakSi amTavrebdnen.
dawyebiTi swavlebis sistemis paralelurad, saSualo skolebic
arsebobda, magram saSualo ganaTlebis misaRebad, mSoblebs fuli unda
gadaexadaT. am sistemis wyalobiT, bavSvebi mkveTrad iyvnen gamijnulni
socialuri klasebis mixedviT – TiTqmis yvela xelmokle bavSvi mxolod
dawyebiT ganaTlebas iRebda. universitetSi mosaxleobis ori procentic
ar swavlobda. 1944 wlis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis SemuSavebis Semdeg,
ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganxorcielda. erT-erTi aseTi
cvlileba sayovelTao ufaso saSualo ganaTlebis SemoRebas, skolis
damTavrebis asakis TxuTmet wlamde gazrdasa da yvela adamianis
Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobda. ganaTleba
adgilobrivi arCeuli xelisuflebis ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxad iqca.

kanonis amoqmedebis Sedegad, ganaTlebis adgilobrivi administraciis

umravlesobam, bavSvebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, saSualo
ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, akademiuri SerCeva daiwyo. TerTmeti
wlis _ anu dawyebiTidan saSualo skolaSi gadasvlis _ asakSi
akademiuri SerCeva, savaraudod, sicialuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad,
unariani da naklebad ganviTarebuli bavSvebis gadarCevis saSualebas
iZleoda. TerTmeti wlis asakSi, bavSvebis umravlesobas utardebodaT
gamocda, romlis Sedegad, isini an gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo
(ufro “akademiur” bavSvze gaTvlil), an saSualo Tanamedrove
(profesiul swavlebaze orientirebul) skolaSi rCebodnen. bavSvebis
umciresoba teqnikur an specialur skolaSi agrZelebda ganaTlebis
miRebas. ganaTlebis gagrZelebis msurvelebs, skolaSi swavlis
SesaZlebloba Cvidmeti wlis asakamde hqondaT.

1960-iani wlebisTvis – nawilobriv, sociologiuri kvlevis wyalobiT –

naTeli gaxda, rom TerTmeti wlis asakSi akademiuri SerCevis Sedegebma
molodini ar gaamarTla. 1959 wels krouteris mier warmodgenilma
angariSma daadastura, rom skolaSi Cvidmet wlamde swavla moswavleebis
mxolod 12%-ma gaagrZela. skolaSi swavlis ufro adreul asakSi
Sewyvetis mizezi klasobrivi warmomavloba ufro iyo, vidre akademiuri
moswreba. leiboristulma mTavrobam, romelic qveyanas saTaveSi kvlav
1964 wels Caudga, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebi daafuZna, riTic
gaauqma gaZlierebuli swavlebisa da Tanamedrove saSualo skolebs
Soris dayofa, ris Sedegad, gansxvavebuli klasobrivi warmomavlobis
bavSvebma erTnair skolebSi daiwyes swavla. Tumca,
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis SemoTavazeba bundovani xasiaTisa iyo:
“sayovelTao gaZlierebuli swavleba” Tu sruliad axali tipis
ganaTleba. problemis erTianad mogvareba ver moxerxda da sxvadasxva
skolam da regionma sakuTari midgoma ganaviTara. zogierTi adgilobrivi
xelisuflebisTvis, zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebi miuRebeli aRmoCnda da
gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebi ramdenime regionSi dRemde
arsebobs.

5
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, saxelmwifo ganaTlebaze Zlier imoqmeda
situaciis radikalurma cvlilebam. samuSao Zala Semcirda da
ekonomikisTvis savaldebulo unar-CvevebiT uzrunvelmyof skolebze
moTxovna gaizarda. am periodSi, umuSevroba gaizarda da samTavrobo
dafinanseba Semcirda. omisSemdgomi periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ganaTlebis ganviTarebis tendencia uecrad sapirispiro damokidebulebiT
Seicvala da, am mimarTulebiT, samTavrobo xarjebis Semcirebis
mcdelobebi ganxorcielda. Sua 1970-iani wlebidan 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisamde, saxelmwifos mier ganaTlebaze daxarjuli Tanxebi
sazogadoebrivi xarjebis 6.3 procentidan 5 procentamde daeca.

1988 wels, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb miRebuli kanonis Sedegad, ramdenime

mniSvnelovani reforma ganxorcielda – zogierT maTgans didi
winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. sxva sferoebSi ganxorcielebul politikasTan
erTad, konservatuli mTavroba ganaTlebaSi sabazro konkurenciis
elementis damkvidrebas Seecada. skolis direqtorebs ufro didi
finansuri pasuxismgebloba daekisraT da skolebs ganaTlebis sferoSi
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kontrolisgan ganTavisuflebisa da
“damoukidebeli saxelmwifo skolis” saxeliT moqmedebis ufleba
miecaT. SemoRebul iqna saxelmwifo seqtorSi swavlebis universaluri
struqturis ganmsazRvreli sayovelTao erovnuli kurikulumi (Johnson
1991).

1992 wels, axali safinanso saagento dafuZnda, romelsac damoukideblad

moqmedi skolebis teritoriiT uzrunvelyofa daekisra. TeTr wignSi,
romelic detalurad aRwers saagentos funqciebs, mTavroba imeds
gamoTqvams, “rom droTa ganmavlobaSi, grantiT yvela skola
dafinansdeba,” rac imas niSnavs, rom yvela skola damoukidebeli gaxdeba.
Tumca, 1995 wlisTvis, 23 000 saxelmwifo skolidan, amgvari gza mxolod
1000-ma skolam airCia.

fasiani skolebi

sazogadoebrivi skolebi britaneTSi iSviaTi movlenaa. sazogadoebrivi

skolebis nacvlad, aq, piriqiT, kerZo, fasiani institutebis simravle
aRiniSneba. sxva qveynebis sistemisgan es skolebi, ZiriTadad, ganaTlebis
sistemis damoukideblobis xarisxiTa da sazogadoebaSi maTTvis
gankuTvnili mniSvnelovani roliT gansxvavdeba. sazogadoebrivi skolebi,
rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba, magram, realurad,
maTze ganaTlebis kanonmdeblobis ramdenime mniSvnelovanma punqtma
moaxdina gavlena. 1944 wels miRebuli kanonis farglebSi
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis SemoRebis Semdeg, am skolebSi araferi
Secvlila; skolebis umravlesoba dRemde mxolod erTi sqesis
moswavleebs emsaxureba.

religiur dominaciebTan dakavSirebuli kerZo skolebi, yvela dasavlur

qveyanaSi arsebobs, magram britanulis msgavs eqskluziur da
mniSvnelovan kerZo skolebs, verc erT sxva sazogadoebaSi ver
SexvdebiT. dakvirvebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom saxelmwifo ganaTlebas
saukuneze met xans iseTi adamianebi edgnen saTaveSi, romlebsac es sfero

6
TiTqmis srulebiT ar ainteresebdaT da sakuTar Svilebs amgvar skolaSi
arasodes miabarebdnen.

inglisSi daaxloebiT 2 300 fasiani skolaa, romlebSic mosaxleobis 7

procenti iRebs ganaTlebas. es skolebi sxvadasxva organizaciebs, maT
Soris, iseT prestiJul institutebs, rogoric itoni, ragbi da
Carterhausia da, farTo sazogadoebisTvis ucnob, e.w. mcire
sazogadoebriv skolebs, moicavs. arsebobs izolirebul qalaqebSi
ganlagebuli sadReRamiso skolebi, zogierTi maTgani ki, magaliTad,
vestminsteri, qalaqebis centrSi, saqmian nawilSia ganTavsebuli. zogi
skola religiur denominaciazea mibmuli; amgvari skolebis ricxvs
eimplforTis kaTolikuri skola ganekuTvneba.

1988 wlis ganaTlebis reformis kanonis miRebis Sedegad, yvela

saxelmwifo skola standartul erovnul kurikulums daeqvemdara,
romlis Tanaxmad, moswavleebs Svidi, TerTmeti, ToTxmeti da Teqvsmeti
wlis asakSi, testirebuli gamocdis Cabareba daevalaT. erovnuli
kurikulumis SemoRebas, pedagogiuri profesiis zogierTma jgufma
aqtiuri winaaRmdegoba gauwia. maT standartizebuli testirebis forma
ar moiwones da miiCnies, rom kurikulumi usafuZvlo SezRudvebs
gamoiwvevda. 1993 wlis zafxulSi, testirebuli gamocdis danergvis gamo,
maswavleblebma gaficvis saprotesto formas mimarTes.

erovnuli kurikulumis SeqmnaSi fasiani skolebis warmomadgenlebmac

miiRes monawileoba; Tumca am skolebs kurikulumisadmi daqvemdebareba
ar evalebaT. fasian skolebSi swavlebis procesi, survilis mixedviT
xorcieldeba da maTTvis arc testirebuli gamocdis Catarebaa
savaldebulo. skolebis umravlesobam Tavad arCia erovnuli
kurikulumis mixedviT swavleba, Tumca zogierTma misi ignorireba
moaxdina.

zogierTi ganaTlebis specialisti ZiriTad fasian skolebs

“sazogadoebriv skolebs” uwodebs. arsebobs direqtorTa konferenciis
(HMC) wevri skolebi, romlebic, Tavdapirvelad, 1871 wels Seiqmna.
Tavidan konferencia sul ormocdaaT skolas aerTianebda. axla maTi
ricxvi 233-mde gaizarda. konferenciis wevrebi zemoxsenebuli itoni,
ragbi da sxva skolebia.

HMC skolis kursdamTavrebulebs, britanul sazogadoebaSi, maRali

poziciebi uWiravT. magaliTad, 1991 wels gamoqveynebuli ivan reidisa da
sxvebis kvleva adasturebs, rom mosamarTleTa 84, bankis direqtorebis 70
da maRali Tanamdebobis samoqalaqo moxeleTa 49 procenti HMC
skolebSi swavlobda (Reid et al. 1991).

1990 wels, jon meijorma, konservatuli partiis lideris Tanamdebobis

dasakaveblad, kampania wamoiwyo da ganacxada, rom is “uklaso
sazogadoebaze” ocnebobs. meijorma am idealisadmi erTguleba sakuTari
karieris magaliTze daamtkica. man Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi skolaSi
swavlas Tavi daaneba da arc ganaTlebis kvalifikaciebis simravliT
gamoirCeoda. miuxedavad amisa, misi kabinetis pirveli Sekrebis Semdeg,
naTeli gaxda, rom uklaso sazogadoebis Seqmna Soreuli momavlis

7
sakiTxi iyo (Walford 1993). kabinetis 22 wevridan 19-s fasiani skola hqonda
damTavrebuli (am kabinetis yvela wevri mamakaci iyo). kabinetSi mxolod
erTi iseTi warmomadgeneli aRmoCnda, romlis Svilebi saxelmwifo
saSualo skolaSi iRebdnen ganaTlebas (ix. cxrili).

konservatuli kabinetis wevrebis SvilebisTvis maTi mSoblebis mier

SerCeuli skolebi
ministri Svilebis raodenoba skolebi
jon meijori 2 dawyebiTi saxelmwifo,
saSualo kerZo
kenet klarki 2 dawyebiTi saxelmwifo,
saSualo kerZo
norman lemonti 2 kerZo
duglas herdi 1 3 kerZo
tom kingi 2 kerZo
kenet beikeri 2 kerZo
jon gumeri 4 ori dawyebiTi saxelmwifo,
erTi kerZo
toni niutoni 2 saxelmwifo
maikl hovardi 2 kerZo
jon makgregori 3 kerZo
maikl hezelTaini 3 kerZo
lord makei 1 kerZo
piter bruki 3 kerZo
devid hanti 4 kerZo
ian langi 2 kerZo
piter lili 0
devid melori 2 kerZo
kris pateni 3 saxelmwifo dawyebiTi/ erTi
kerZo
melkolm rifkindi 2 kerZo
jon veikhemi 3 ori swavlobs kerZo
skolaSi
viliam voldergreivi 4 kerZo
devid vedingtoni 5 kerZo
wyaro: Guardian, 19 Tebervali, 1992

ganaTleba da politika

ganaTleba, didi xania, politikuri davis sagania, rac 1990-ian wlebSic

grZeldeba. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis gavlenaze, ganaTlebis
standartebsa da farTo sazogadoebaSi arsebul uTanasworobaze, am
periodSi xangrZlivi debatebi mimdinareobda. Tavidan, zogad ganaTlebas
mxars politikuri speqtris orive mimarTuleba uWerda. rogorc
aRvniSneT, zogadi ganaTlebis sistema leiboristulma mTavrobam
aamoqmeda. aqedan gamomdinare, zogadi ganaTlebis mxardaWera, memarjvene
politikosebTan SedarebiT, ufro memarcxene politikosebTan
asocirdeba. zogadi ganaTlebis damfuZneblebs miaCndaT, rom axali
skolebi moswavleebs ufro uzrunvelyofda Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT,
vidre es SerCeviTi ganaTlebis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. isini
kurikulums nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da, ZiriTadad, ganaTlebis
miRebis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobaze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.

1
pirveli qorwinebidan; meore qorwinebidan ori Svili ar aris moxseniebuli

8
rodesac premier ministris posti qalbatonma tetCerma daikava,
konservatorebma zogadsaganmanaTleblo saskolo ganaTlebis kritika
ufro Tamamad daiwyes. zogadsaganmaTleblo sistemis SemoRebis Semdeg,
gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebis gaauqmeba daiwyo, rac maT
dauSveblad miaCndaT. isini Tvlidnen, rom saSualo doneze sxvadasxva
tipis skola unda arsebobdes, raTa mSoblebs hqondeT didi arCevani da
Svilebs maTTvis sasurveli ganaTleba miscen.

1980-iani wlebis bolos, qalbatoni tetCeri skolebis marTvis sistemaSi

“revoluciuri cvlilebebis” aucileblobaze alaparakda. revolucia
giganturi zogadsaganamnaTleblo skolebis daSlasa da ganaTlebis
sferoSi skolebis marTvaze pasuxismgebeli adgilobrivi xelisuflebis
gavlenis Semcirebas gulisxmobda. erovnuli kurikulumis dafuZnebis
garda, 1988 wels, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis farglebSi, skolis
menejmentis axali sistemac SemuSavda, saxelwodebiT “skolebis
adgilobrivi menejmenti”. skolebis administracias im centralizaciis
dabalanseba daevala, romelic uciloblad axlda erovnuli
kurikulumis SemoRebas. aseve daigegma qalaqis teqnologiis kolejebis
(CTC) axali jgufisa da grantiT dafinansebuli skolebis dafuZneba.

CTC programam ar gaamarTla da 1993 wels moqmedeba Sewyvita. am

periodSi, aseTi sul TxuTmeti koleji arsebobda. 1992 wels axali
TeTri wigni gamoica, romelic skolebis damoukideblobis procesis
daCqarebas isaxavda miznad. ganaTlebis sferoSi adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis roli sagrZnoblad unda Semcirebuliyo. grantiT
dafinansebul skolebs, romlebmac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis
kontrolis qveS yofna aRar isurves, amJamad axali samTavrobo
organizacia, skolebis dafinansebis saagento marTavs.

zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistema da misi kritikosebi

zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemis kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom man ormxriv

ar gaamarTla. maTi azriT, zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemam araTu ver
SesZlo Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa, aramed ukuprocesi
gamoiwvia. xelmokle niWier bavSvebs, TerTmeti wlis asakSi gardamavali
testirebuli gamocdis Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi, warmatebis miRwevis
saSualeba eZlevaT. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi ki, isini am mxriv,
SezRudul pirobebSi arian. kritikosTa gancxadebiT, aseve aRsaniSnavia,
rom zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola dabali donis standartul
ganaTlebas iZleva, radgan amgvar skolebSi ar xdeba warCinebuli
swavlis waxaliseba da specializacias naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

zogadsaganmanaTleblo saskolo sistemis SemoRebamde, moswavleTa 20

procenti TerTmeti wlis asakSi gardamaval testirebul gamocdas
abarebda da gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolaSi agrZelebda
ganaTlebis miRebas. reforma Sereuli skolebis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad,
sadac unarian da naklebad unarian bavSvebs erTad unda mieRoT
ganaTleba. savaraudod, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi
gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis 20 procents unda eswavla.

9
movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. sagamocdo Sedegebis mixedviT,
gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis 20-procentiani an ufro didi
maCvenebeli zogadsaganamnaTleblo skolebis mxolod 27%-Si dafiqsirda.
20-procentianze ufro maRali maCvenebeli skolebis 18 procentSi
gamovlinda. gansxvavebuli saxelwodebis miuxedavad, es skolebi,
realurad, gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebad iqca. am
sistemaSi arsebuli naklebad warmatebuli skolebi, met-naklebad,
saSualo Tanamedrove skolebis ekvivalenturi gaxda. am skolebis 38
procentSi, gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis 10 procenti
dafiqsirda, 16 procentSi ki _ maCvenebelma 5 procentsac ver miaRwia.

SerCevis procesi, romelic am situaciias udevs safuZvlad, ramdenime

gziT xorcieldeba. pirvel rigSi, TeTrTmeti wlis asakSi gardamavali
testirebuli gamocdis Cabareba bolomde arasodes gauqmebula.
arsebobs 95 gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skola, romlebic dResac
iyeneben am tests. gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebi CrdiloeT
irlandiaSi amJamadac moqmedebs. zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemaSi,
SerCeva araformalurad xorcieldeba, magram es procesi amis gamo
aranakleb mniSvnelovania. skolebSi garkveuli bavSvebi upiratesobiT
sargebloben. mSoblebi fuls ixdian, raTa bavSvebma skola saukeTeso
SedegebiT daamTavron. maT sWirdebaT garantia, rom skola sworad
SearCies.

Svidi xerxi imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom Tqveni Svilebi “karg skolaSi”

moxvdnen
1. gadaxda
2. sacxovreblad gadasvla iseT adgilas, sadac 11 wlis asakSi jer kidev bardeba
gardamavali testi da bavSvis kerZo momzadebaze didi Tanxebis daxarjva.
3. informaciis gadamowmeba uZravi qonebis agentebTan; saWiro misamarTis moZiebis
mizniT, grafikuli rukis Semdgenlis daqiraveba; Tanxis Sovnis mizniT, sesxis aReba; an
sakuTari misamarTis arasworad miTiTeba
4. imaSi darwmuneba, rom Tqvens Svilebs ara aqvT gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebi
5. grantiT dafinansebuli skolis xelmZRvanel pirebTan daaxloveba, raTa bavSvs
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion
6. inglisis eklesiis/ kaTolicizmis/ iudaizmis aRmsareblobis miReba
7. skolis xazinisTvis mniSvnelovani Semowirulobebis SeTavazeba
wyaro: Observer, 7 ianvari, 1996

im skolebis mniSvnelovani wili, romlebmac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis

kontrolis qveS yofna aRar isurves, moswavleebis skolaSi miRebisas,
pirovnul da samedicino faqtorebsac iTvaliswinebs. magaliTad, erT-
erTi aseTi faqtori imaSi mdgomareobs, iTvleba Tu ara bavSvi “Znelad
aRsazrdelad.” uaxlesi kvlevis mixedviT, amgvari skolebis 50 procenti,
SerCevis kriteriumad, swored am faqtors iyenebs (Hugill 1996). 1996 wels,
konservatorebis mier SemoTavazebuli winadadebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo
skolas moswavleTa 15 procenti gansakuTrebuli unaris flobisa an
specialuri sagnebis mixedviT, rogoricaa bunebis mecnierebebi da musika,
unda SeerCia. mTavrobisgan miRebuli sagangebo nebarTvis SemTxvevaSi,
isini proporciulad ufro didi raodenobis SerCevasac SeZleben.

xelisuflebis kontrolisgan ganTavisufleba, saskolo sistemaSi

mravalferovnebis Setanas isaxavda miznad, rac mSobels ufro didi
arCevanis saSualebas miscemda. magram am procesma, SesaZloa, uneburmad

10
arCevanis SezRudva gamoiwvios da bavSvebma ver SeZlon maTTvis
sasurvel skolaSi swavlis dawyeba.

leiboristul partias zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemis dacva sakuTar

valdebulebad miaCnia. magram toni bleris mTavrobam torebis mier
SemoRebuli yvela reforma ver aamoqmeda. bleri adasturebs, rom
britanuli saskolo swavlebis standartebi, saerTaSoriso sazomebiT,
maRali ar aris da axal saganmanaTleblo reformebs prioritetul
sakiTxad miiCnevs. is aseve aRiarebs, rom sasurvelia ganaTlebis
mravalferovani sistemis arseboba. problema imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu
rogor unda moxdes leiboristebis mier ganaTlebaSi arsebuli
uTanasworobis Semcirebaze orientirebuli valdebulebisa da am
mravalferovnebis Sejereba. es marTlac Zalze mniSvnelovani problemaa.
mravalferovani sistemis arsebobas fasiani da grantiT dafinansebuli
skolebi uzrunvelyofen; amave dros, isini, ZiriTadad, privilegirebuli
warmomavlobis bavSvebs emsaxurebian da amiT xels uwyoben ganaTlebis
sistemaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis SenarCunebas.

axla, vidre umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas ganvixilavT, kidev erTi

qveynis, SeerTebuli Statebis, skolebs gadavavloT Tvali.

skolis sistemebis Sedareba

SeerTebul StatebSi skolebi gaCnda, rogorc pasuxi bavSvebSi

disciplinis ganviTarebis aucileblobaze. meCvidmete saukuneSi,
puritanuli rwmenidan gamomdinare, damkvidrda mosazreba, rom yvela
bavSvi sakuTar mSoblebs usityvod unda damorCileboda. Zvel amerikul
koloniebSi es rwmena sakanonmdeblo kodeqsSic ki aisaxa. 1642 wlis
iuridiuli dadgenilebiT, im bavSvebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic, “wvrTnis
procesSi, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs ar damorCildebodnen,” ramdenime
mkacri sanqcia SemuSavda. es zoma araefeqturi aRmoCnda, amitom
puritanulma xelisuflebam yvela qalaqSi skolebis gaxsnis brZaneba
gasca. 1647 wels, masaCusetsa da konektikutSi pirveli skolebi
amoqmedda.

ganaTlebis miReba amerikis Zlier gazrdili mosaxleobisTvis

Cveulebriv movlenad mxolod ori saukunis Semdeg iqca. 1850-iani
wlebisTvis, mosaxleobas ufaso dawyebiTi ganaTlebiT yvela Stati
uzrunvelyofda, Tumca Tavidan skolaSi swavla savaldebulo ar iyo da
mosaxleobis umravlesoba oficialur saskolo ganaTlebas ar iRebda.
savaldebulo ganaTleba, umravles StatSi, mecxramete saukunis bolos
dainerga. am periodSi Zlier gaizarda skolebisa da kolejebis
mSenebloba. 1870 wels, qveyanaSi sul 160 sazogadoebrivi skola iyo, 1900
wlisTvis ki amgvari skolebis ricxvma 6 000-s miaRwia.

saskolo sistemis ganviTarebas, saukunis dasawyisSi, gansakuTrebiT

arTulebda amerikis kulturuli mravalferovneba. am periodSi,
amerikaSi, evropidan da sxva qveynebidan, sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre
emigrantebi dafuZndnen, didi samomavalo imedebiT. skola, emigrantebis
gaanglikanurebis procesSi, enobrivi da kulturuli TvlsazrisiT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovan gardamaval etapad iqca. garda amisa, skolaSi

11
moswavleebi amerikul, Tanabar SesaZleblobebze dafuZnebul idealebs
eziarebodnen, rac emigrantebs axali cxovrebis dawyebaSi uwyobda xels.
mosazrebam, rom yvela adamiani dabadebidan Tanasworia, SeerTebul
StatebSi masobrivi sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis ganviTareba gamoiwvia,
sxva qveynebSi ki analogiuri sistema gacilebiT ufro gvian Camoyalibda.
ganaTleba xels uwyobda mobilobas sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar scnobdnen
aristokratul ideals, TiTqos zogierTi adamiani, sxva adamianebTan
SedarebiT, dabadebidan upiratesobiT sargeblobs. Tanasworobis
ideasTan erTad, skolebi, warsulSi da amJamadac, aSkarad Tu farulad,
sxva amerikul Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebsac qadageben.

dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba

sxvadasxva qveynebis ganaTlebis sistema, skolaSi swavlis

xangrZlivobiTa (ix. cxrili 15.1) da saganmanaTleblo sistemis
organizebis gzebiT, erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba. zogierTi sistema
uaRresad centralizebulia; magaliTad, safrangeTSi yvela moswavle
erovnulad dadgenil kurikulums eqvemdebareba da erTnair erovnul
gamocdebs abarebs. amis sapirispirod, amerikuli sistema bevrad ufro
fragmentuli xasiaTisaa. skolebi yoveli Statis mier individualurad
da uxvad finansdeba. xarjebis 40 procents Stati uzrunvelyofs, 40
procents ki _ federaluri mTavroba. danarCeni xarjebi adgilobrivi
regionis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mier ifareba. amis Sedegad, skolis
administrireba sazogadoebrivi arCevnebis safuZvelze arCeuli
adgilobrivi saskolo sabWos mier xorcieldeba, romlis
uflebamosileba maswavleblebisa da skolis sxva oficialuri
warmomadgenlebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnas, an teqstebisa da sxva
sakiTxavi masalis SerCevas (zog SemTxvevaSi ki dablokvas)
iTvaliswinebs.

skolaze amgvari sazogadoebrivi kontrolis dawesebas, araerTgvarovani

Sedegebi moaqvs. is, rom skola sakuTari regionis saWiroebebsa da
interesebs pasuxobs, aSkarad, uaRresad dadebiTi faqtoria. meore mxriv,
yvela Tems gansxvavebuli materialuri SesaZleblobebi aqvs, amitom am
sistemidan gamomdinare, erTi ubnis skola, meore ubanTan SedarebiT, met
dafinansebas iRebs. amis gamo, klasis moculoba, skolisTvis
xelmisawvdomi pirobebi da kvalificirebuli maswavleblebis mozidvis
gzebi, ubnebis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba.

cxrili 15.1 qveynebi, saskolo wlebis xangrZlivobis mixedviT, 1992

1 SeerTebuli AStatebi 12.4
2 kanada 12.2
3 norvegia 12.1
4 avstralia 12.0
5 safrangeTi 12.0
6 gaerTianebuli samefo 11.7
7 germania 11.6
8 Sveicaria 11.6
9 avstria 11.4
10 SvedeTi 11.4
11 belgia 11.2

12
12 holandia 11.1
13 dania 11.0
14 fineTi 10.9
15 iaponia 10.8
16 axali zelandia 10.7
17 luqsemburgi 10.5
18 israeli 10.2
19 ungreTi 9.8
20 barbadosi 9.4
21 samxreT korea 9.3
22 argentina 9.2
23 yofili Cexoslovakia 9.2
24 islandia 9.2
25 estoneTi 9.0
26 latvia 9.0
27 litva 9.0
28 ruseTi 9.0
wyaro: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, Profile Books Ltd 1996

umaRlesi ganaTleba

saerTaSoriso Sedareba

sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisgan umaRlesi ganaTlebis (Cveulebriv, skolis

dasrulebis Semdgom, universitetetsa an kolejSi swavlis)
organizaciiTac gansxvavdeba. zogierT qveyanaSi, yvela universiteti da
koleji sazogadoebriv saagentos warmoadgens, romelic uSualod
samTavrobo wyaroebiT finansdeba. magaliTad, safrangeTis umaRlesi
ganaTleba erovnulad aris organizebuli da masze iseTive
centralizebuli kontroli xorcieldeba, rogorc dawyebiT da saSualo
ganaTlebaze. yoveli kursis struqtura umaRlesi ganaTlebis ministris
daqvemdebarebaSi myofi erovnuli maregulirebeli organizaciis mier
fasdeba. umaRlesi ganaTlebis ori tipis xarisxi arsebobs; erTs
individualuri universiteti aniWebs, meores ki _ saxelmwifo.
specifikuri universitetis mier miniWebul xarisxTan SedarebiT,
erovnuli xarisxi, zogadad, ufro prestiJulad da Rirebulad iTvleba,
radgan is garantirebul universalur standartebs ufro Seesabameba.
zogierT samTavrobo Tanamdebobaze muSaoba mxolod erovnuli xarisxis
mflobelebs SeuZliaT. industriul damsaqmebelTa umravlesobac
erovnul xarisxs aniWebs upiratesobas. safrangeTis skolebis,
kolejebisa da universitetebis TiTqmis yvela maswavlebeli
saxelmwifos mier daqiravebuli TanamSromelia. xelfasis odenoba da
swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebis struqtura centralurad
aris gansazRvruli.

ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris, kerZo seqtoris kolejebisa da

universitetebis didi raodenobiT SeerTebuli Statebi gamoirCeva.
SeerTebul StatebSi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis organizaciebis 54 procenti
kerZoa. maT Soris aris Zalze prestiJuli universitetebi, magaliTad,
harvardi, prinstoni da ieli. sazogadoebrivi da kerZo umaRlesi

13
ganaTleba amerikaSi erTmaneTisgan ise mkveTrad gamijnuli ar aris,
rogorc sxva qveynebSi. kerZo universitetebis studentebs
sazogadoebrivi grantebiTa da sesxebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba
eZlevaT da am universitetebSi warmoebuli kvleviTi samuSao
saxelmwofos mier finansdeba. sazogadoebrivi universitetebi xSirad
uxvad finansdeba SemowirulobebiT, maT kerZo firmebis mierac didi
Tanxebi ericxebaT. universitetebSi warmoebuli kvleviTi samuSao kerZo
industriuli wyaroebidan Semosuli grantebis saSualebiTac
xorcieldeba.

britanuli sistema

umaRlesi ganaTlebis britanuli sistema, safrangeTTan SedarebiT,

gacilebiT ufro decentralizebulia, magram ufro unitaruli, vidre
SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis sistema. universitetebi da kolejebi
mTavrobis mier finansdeba da maswavlebels, saganmanaTleblo sistemis
yvela doneze, erovnuli saxelfaso ganakveTiT dadgenil xelfass
uxdian. amis miuxedavad, am qveyanaSi arsebuli institutebi da
kurikulumebi sxvadasxvagvarad aris organizebuli.

uSualod omamdel periodSi, britaneTSi 21 universiteti arsebobda. am

universitetebis umravlesoba, dRevandeli standartebiT, Zalze mcire
iyo. 1937 wels, britanuli universitetebis studentTa mTeli raodenoba
odnav aWarbebda 1981 wels universitetebSi srulad dasaqmebuli
akademiuri personalis raodenobas (Carswell 1985). universitetis
damTavrebis maCvenebeli, iseT uZveles universitetebSic ki, rogoric
kembriji da oqsfordia, Zalze dabali iyo. 1937 wels, mTeli qveynis
masStabiT, kursdamTavrebulTa 75 procenti londonis universitetSi iyo
registrirebuli.

1945-1970 wlebSi, britaneTis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema oTxjer

gaizarda. gafarTovda Zveli da gaCnda axali, kapitalurad naSeni,
universitetebi (saseqsi, kenti, stirlingi da iorki). politeqnikuri
saswavleblebis Seqmnam, ordoniani sistemis danergva gamoiwvia. umaRlesi
ganaTlebis meore done SedarebiT ufro masStaburi iyo, msurvelebs
kursebis farTo arCevans oTxasi koleji sTavazobda. politeqnikuri
saswavleblebi, universitetebTan SedarebiT, profesiul kursebze ufro
amaxvilebda yuradRebas. Seiqmna Sefasebis erovnuli akademiuri sabWo,
organizacia, romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebiT miniWebuli xarisxebis
universalur standartTan Sesabamisobis aRiarebas isaxavda miznad.

dRes, umaRlesi ganaTlebis britanul institutebs “standartuli

sistemis” institutebs uwodeben. es imas niSnavs, rom lestersa an
lidsSi, Tundac Teoriulad, miniWebuli xarisxi imave standartisaa, rac
kembrijSi, oqsfordSi an londonSi. amis miuxedavad, studentebis
oqsfordsa da kembrijSi miReba yvelaze mkacri SerCeviT xdeba da am
studentebis daaxloebiT naxevari fasiani skolebis kursdamTavrebulebi
arian. kembrijisa da oqsfordis mier miniWebuli xarisxi ufro iZleva
maRali ekonomikuri pozocis miRwevis Sanss, vidre sxva universitetebSi
miRebuli kvalifikaciebi.

14
cxrili

germania 2

holandia

belgia

safrangeTi

dania

SvedeTi

kanada

irlandiis respublika

SeerTebuli Statebi

gaerTianebuli samefo

saberZneTi

cxrili 15.1 Tvrameti wlis asakis studentebis procentuli raodenoba, romlebic

ganaTlebas iReben da wvrTnas gadian (sruli an naxevari datvirTviT), saerTaSoriso
Sedareba, 1992

wyaro: OECD. Social Trends-idan, 1996, gv. 75

imis miuxedavad, rom omisSemdgom periodSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis

msurvelTa raodenoba gaizarda, britaneTis im mosaxleobis procentuli
maCvenebeli, romelic universitetebSi swavlobda, an ufro zogadi
wvrTnis saSualebiT agrZelebda ganaTlebis miRebas, ufro dabali iyo,
vidre sxva dasavlur qveynebSi (ix. cxrili 15.1). universitetebSi
ganaTlebis miRebis msurveli studentebis raodenobam, 1980-iani wlebis
bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sagrZnoblad imata. am periodSi,
universitetebSi axalgazrda mosaxleobis 25 procenti swavlobda. es
faqti, nawilobriv, imiTac aixsneba, rom universitetis statusi
politeqnikurma saswavlebelmac SeiZina.

gafarToebis procesSi, universitetebs mTavrobis mier dawesebul

fiqsirebul, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Semcirebul dafinansebasTan uxdebodaT
Segueba. aman umaRlesi ganaTlebis dafinansebaSi krizisi gamoiwvia.
Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelsac rod diaringi Caudga saTaveSi.
komiteti universitetebisa da, zogadad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis momavlis
kvlevas isaxavda miznad. Sua 1990-ian wlebSi, universitetebi da
kolejebi safinanso sistemaze morgebas cdiloben, bevri maTgani ki,
gakotrebis zRvarze imyofeba.

axla genderis, eTnikurobisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxebs ganvixilavT da

skolis Teoriebsac gavaanalizebT.

2
yofili federaluri respublika

15
genderi da ganaTlebis sistema

Tu ar CavTvliT TamaSebSi monawileobas, skolaSi dawesebuli

formaluri kurikulumi, biWebsa da gogonebs erTmaneTisgan sistemurad
aRar mijnavs. Tumca, skolaSi miRebis dros aris sxva mravali sakiTxi,
romelic xels uwyobs ganaTlebaSi genderuli gansxvavebis ganviTarebas.
es faruli kurikulumis zogierT aspeqts, magaliTad, maswavleblebis
damokidebulebasa da skolis ritualebs, moicavs. genderuli dayofis
erT-erTi aSkara maCvenebeli is aris, rom zogierTi regulaciis
mixedviT, gogonebs skolaSi kabis an qvedakabis Cacma evalebaT. am
qmedebis Sedegi mxolod garegnuli faqtoriT ar Semoifargleba. amis
gamo gogonebs Tavisuflad, mosaxerxebel pozaSi jdoma ar SeuZliaT,
ver erTvebian aqtiur da moZrav TamaSebSi, zogjer swrafadac ki ver
darbian. genderuli imijis SenarCunebas xels skolis sakiTxavi
teqstebic uwyobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad am mimarTulebiT samuSao
xorcieldeba, wignebSi, romlebsac dawyebiT skolebSi iyeneben, biWi
iniciativis mqone da damoukidebel arsebad aris warmodgenili, gogona
ki, Tu saerTod moixsenieben, ufro pasiur arsebad aris warmoCenili da
mxolod Zmebis movla evaleba. sagangebod gogonebisTvis dawerili
ambebi, xSirad, saTavgadasavlo elements moicavs, magram maTSi
warmodgenili intriga an idumalebiT moculi istoria, ojaxis an
skolis garemoSi viTardeba. biWebis saTavgadasavlo ambebi ufro
masStaburi xasiaTisaa, maTi gmirebi Soreul adgilebSi mogzauroben an
sxvamxriv amJRavneben damoukideblobas (Statham 1986).

wlebis ganmavlobaSi, gogonebi skolaSi, saSualod, biWebTan SedarebiT,

saSualo ganaTlebis Sua wlebamde ukeTesad swavlobdnen. Semdeg
warmatebas biWebi ufro aRwevdnen: O daAA doneze da universitetSi
biWebs ukeTesi akademiuri moswreba hqondaT. Tumca, am bolo dros, es
tendencia Seicvala. britanul skolebSi gogonebma, biWebTan SedarebiT,
ukeTesi Sedegebi gamoavlines. 1955 wels, qalTa skolebma xuTi saukeTeso
skolis wodeba moipoves. 20 skolidan 14 saukeTeso skola qalTa iyo.
1970-iani wlebis bolosTvis, O done biWebis da gogonebis msgavsma
raodenobam gadalaxa. momdevno wlebSi suraTi Seicvala. gogonebi O da A
doneze, biWebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesad swavloben.

msgavsi situacia dafiqsirda amerikaSic. gogonebTan SedarebiT,

specialur ganaTlebas orjer meti biWi iRebs da swavlasac,
damamTavrebel klasebSi, igive raodenoba wyvets. gansxvaveba Tavs
umaRles ganaTlebaSic iCens. SeerTebul StatebSi, universitetSi ufro
meti axalgazrda qali swavlobs, vidre mamakaci, universitetsac ufro
meti qali amTavrebs da, damTavrebis Semdeg, doqtoranturas ufro meti
qali agrZelebs (“karierasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebi”, The
Economist, 8 ivlisi, 1995).

zogierTebis azriT, es cvlileba mamakacebisa da qalebis poziciis ufro

farTo sazogadoebrivi transformaciiT aris gamowveuli. mamakacebis
pozicia bevr sferoSi dominanturi aRar aris da bevri mwerali
“saxeSecvlil maskulinobaze” saubrobs. amJamad ufro meti umuSevari
mamakacia, vidre qali da ojaxis marCenlad, Zveleburad, mxolod
mamakaci aRar iTvleba. biWebi, warsulTan SedarebiT, naklebad arian
16
darwmunebulni imaSi, Tu ra aris maTi samomavlo cxovrebiseuli mizani.
(ix. Tavi 8, gv. 195-6).

genderi da umaRlesi ganaTleba

britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi, qalTa organizaciebi xSirad ilaSqreben

skolebsa da umaRles ganaTlebaSi sqesobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg.
kolejebisa da universitetebis samuSao personalSi, jer kidev
sagrZnoblad naklebia qalebis raodenoba. britaneTSi, amJamad, sul 120
profesori qalia, rac mTeli Semadgenlobis 4 procentia. 1988 wels,
kontraqtiT momuSave mkvlevarebis 31 procents qalebi warmoadgendnen,
Tanamdebobebze ki sul 7 procenti iyo dakavebuli (Bogdanor 1990).
universitetSi srulad dasaqmebuli leqtori qalebis raodenoba
proporciulad izrdeba, magram 17 procents mainc ver ascda. wignSi
Storming the Tower (1990) siuzan li da virjinia o’liri mTel msoflioSi,
didi britaneTis, SeerTebuli Statebis, germaniis, norvegiis, indoeTisa
da israelis CaTvliT, umaRles ganaTlebaSi dasaqmebuli qalebis
SedarebiTi statistikis analizs awarmoeben. maT mier Seswavlil yvela
qveyanaSi, student qalTa wili Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda omisSemdgom
periodSi. SeerTebul StatebSi, israelsa da norvegiaSi, studenti
qalebis ricxvi mTeli raodenobis naxevars Seadgens. Tumca, rac Seexeba
akademiur poziciebs, aq situacia sakmaod mZimea. am qveynebSi,
universitetis padagogTa mxolod mcire wili Seadgens qalebs da maTi
ricxvi ufro dabal safexurebsa da Tanamdebobebzec disproporciulad
dabalia.

britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebuli SedarebiTi kvlevis

Sedegad gamovlinda, rom orive qveyanaSi qalebs, mamakac kolegebTan
SedarebiT, ufro didi akademiur datvirTva aqvT. isini naklebad arian
CarTulni doqtoranturis ganrigSi. mZime akademiuri datvirTvis gamo,
qalebs kvlevisa da publikaciebisTvis naklebi dro rCebaT; publikaciebi
da doqtorantebis xelmZRvaneloba ki dawinaurebisTvis mniSvnelovani
kriteriumebia.

ganaTleba da eTnikuroba

britaneTSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobaTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul

perspeqtivebze, sociologebis mier bevri kvleva Catarda. gamokvlevebis
seria, maT Soris svonis komitetis angariSi ,,ganaTleba yvelasTvis,”
mTavrobamac daafinansa. svonis angariSis mixedviT, ganaTlebaSi
miRweuli warmatebis saSualo donesTan mimarTebaSi, sxvadasxva eTnikuri
warmomavlobis jgufebSi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba warmoCinda.
akademiuri moswrebis oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, vest indielTa
ojaxebis Svilebi skolaSi uaresad swavlobdnen. aTi wliT adre, maT
ufro savalalo mdgomareoba hqondaT. imis miuxedavad, rom azielebi,
TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, ufro mZime ekonomikur pirobebSi
cxovrobdnen, aziel da TeTrkanian bavSvebs Tanabari maCveneblebi
hqondaT (Swann Committee 1985).

mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, suraTi Seicvala. trevor

jonsis (1993) mier Catarebuli gamokvlevis mixedviT, umciresobaTa yvela

17
jgufis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi, Teqvsmetidan cxramet wlamde,
TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, ufro xSirad agrZelebdnen srulyofili
ganaTlebis miRebas. 1988-90 wlebSi, skolebSi TeTrkanianTa 37, vest
indielTa 43, samxreT azielTa 50, da Cinelebis 77 procenti darCa.
jonsi am process uaryofiTi mizeziT xsnis. eTnikur umciresobaTa bevri
warmomadgeneli ganaTlebis miRebas, savaraudod, imitom agrZelebs, rom
maT samuSaos povnis problema aqvT.

Teoriebi skolis Sesaxeb

bernStaini: enobrivi kodebi

Tanamedrove ganaTlebis bunebasa da uTanasworobaze misi gavlenis

Sesaxeb ramdenime Teoriuli mosazreba arsebobs. erT-erTi midgoma
lingvistur unar-Cvevebs usvams xazs. bazil bernStains miaCnda, rom
sxvadasxva warmomavlobis bavSvebs adreul asakSi gansxvavebuli kodebi,
metyvelebis gansxvavebuli formebi uviTardebaT, rac Semdgom maTze
skolaSic axdens gavlenas (Bernstein 1975). mas tradiciuli kvlevis Tema -
leqsikur da verbalur unar-CevevebSi asaxuli gansxvavebebi - ar
ainteresebs; bernStaini yuradRebas enis gamoyenebis sistemur
gansxvavebaze amaxvilebs, rac xelmokle da SeZlebul bavSvebs mkveTrad
mijnavs erTmaneTisgan.

bernStaini acxadebs, rom muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvebis

metyveleba SezRudul kods gamoxatavs – isini Tvalsazriss bolomde ar
ayalibeben, radgan fiqroben, rom sxva maT saTqmels isedac gaigebs.
SezRuduli kodi dabali klasobrivi Temis an ubnis kulturuli
garemosTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis metyvelebaa. muSaTa klasis bevri
warmomadgeneli mkacrad eqvemdebareba ojaxisa da ubnis kulturas,
romelSic Rirebulebebi da normebi sayovelTaod dadgenili
WeSmaritebis tolfasia da enaSi ar aisaxeba. mSoblebi bavSvebis
socializacias da maTi qcevis koreqcias waxalisebiTa da sayveduriT
cdiloben. SezRuduli kodis ena praqtikul yofaSi ufro gamoiyeneba,
vidre abstraqtul ideebze, procesebsa da urTierTobebze diskusiebSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, SezRuduli kodirebuli metyveleba dabali klasis
ojaxebisa da TanatolTa im jgufebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,
romlebTan erTad bavSvebi drois umetes nawils atareben. metyveleba
jgufis normebzea orientirebuli da adamianebi verc ki xsnian, Tu ratom
iqcevian amgvarad.

bernStaini ambobs, rom, amis sapirispirod, saSualo klasis

warmomadgenel bavSvTa enobrivi ganviTareba daxvewil kods ukavSirdeba.
es aris metyvelebis stili, rodesac garkveuli situaciuri moTxovnis
mixedviT, SesaZlebelia sityvebis mniSvnelobebis individualizeba.
saSualo klasis warmomavlobis bavSvebis mier enis gamoyenebis Seswavla
garkveul konteqsts naklebad ukavSirdeba. bavSvs abstraqtuli ideebis
ganzogadeba da gamoxatva ufro martivad SeuZlia. rodesac saSualo
klasis warmomadgeneli dedebi bavSvebs akontroleben, isini maT xSirad
uxsnian, Tu ra mizezebiTa da principebiT aris gamowveuli bavSvis
qcevaze gamovlenili reaqcia. amave dros, Tu muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli deda bavSvs bevri tkbileulis Wamis gamo sayvedurobs,

18
is mas ubralod eubneba “tkbileuls aRar SeWam!”; saSualo klasis
warmoamdgeneli deda ki, savaraudod, Svils auxsnis, rom bevri
tkbileulis Wama misi janmrTelobisa da kbilebis mdgomareobisTvis
sazianoa.

bernStaini acxadebs, rom bavSvebi, romlebsac metyvelebis daxvewili

kodi aqvT, ufro ergebian oficialuri akademiuri ganaTlebis
moTxovnebs, vidre SezRuduli kodis moswavleebi. es imas ar niSnavs, rom
qveklasis warmomadgenel bavSvebs metyvelebis “Seuferebeli” stili an
“miuRebeli” enobrivi kodi aqvT. ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom maT
mier gamoyenebuli metyveleba skolis akademiur kulturas ar uTavsdeba.
is, vinc daxvewil kods flobs, skolis garemos ukeT ergeba.

Tumca bernStainis Teoriis sandooba dResac debatebis sagania, arsebobs

garkveuli samxili mis mxardasaWerad. joan Toum muSaTa klasisa da
saSualo klasis bavSvebis ena Seiswavla da maT Soris sistemuri
gansxvaveba aRmoaCina. is mxars uWers bernStainis Teziss, rom dabali
klasis bavSvebi iSviaTad iReben pasuxebs SekiTxvebze da maT sayveduris
mizezebsac iSviaTad ganumartaven (Tough 1976). analogiur daskvnamde
mividnen momdevno kvlevaSi Bbarbara tizardi da martin hiusi (1984).

bernStainis ideebi imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom aRweven nakleb

warmatebas skolaSi dabali socioekonomikuri warmomavlobis bavSvebi.
qvemoT CamoTvlili niSnebi SezRudul enobriv kods ukavSirdeba da
uaryofiTad moqmedebs dabali klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvis
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul Sansebze:

• bavSvi, savaraudod, SezRudul pasuxebs iRebs SekiTxvebze,

romlebsac saxlSi svams. aqedan gamomdinare, is daxvewili
enobrivi kodis mflobel bavSvebTan SedarebiT, garemomcveli
samyaros Sesaxeb naklebad informirebulia da nakleb
cnobismoyvarec;
• bavSvs uemocio da abstraqtul akademiur enasa da skolis
disciplinis zogad principebze reagireba gauWirdeba;
• maswavlebeli sxvadasxva lingvistur formas iyenebs, mis mier
warmoTqmul sityvaTa umravlesoba bavSvisTvis gaugebaria,
radgan es moswavlisTvis nacnobi metyvelebisgan ganxvavebuli
formaa. bavSvma, SesaZloa, maswavleblis enis misTvis nacnob
enaze gadmoTargmna scados, magram amis gamo, savarudod, ver
gaigebs maswavleblis mier gadmocemul ZiriTad principebs;
• bavSvs, SesaZloa, zepirad damaxsovreba da savarjiSoebis
Sesruleba ar gauWirdes, magram misTvis Zneli iqneba
konceptualuri gaazreba, rac ganzogadebasa da abstrahirebas
moiTxovs.

boulzi da gintisi: skolebi da industriuli kapitalizmi

semuel boulzis da herbert gintisis naSromi, ZiriTadad, skolis

Tanamedrove sistemis ganviTarebis instituciur safueZvels exeba (Bowles
and Gintis 1976). boulzisa da gintisis ideebi SeerTebuli Statebis

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skolebs efuZneba, magram isini sxva dasavlur qveynebsac miesadageba.
jenksis da misi kolegebis (1972) kvlevebis Tanaxmad, ganaTleba
ekonomikur Tanasworobaze did gavlenas ar axdens. maTi azriT,
Tanamedrove ganaTleba industriuli kapitalizmis ekonomikur
moTxovnebze reagirebis konteqstSi unda iqnas gagebuli. skola
industriuli sawarmosTvis savaldebulo teqnikuri da socialuri unar-
CvevebiT uzrunvelyofs; is moswavleebs avtoritetebisadmi pativiscemisa
da disciplinis grZnobas uviTarebs. skolis administracia da kontroli
ierarqiuli xasiaTisaa da morCilebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas;
analogiuri urTierTobebi dominirebs samsaxurebrivi movaleobis
Sesrulebis drosac. samsaxurSi waxalisebisa da dasjis igive meqanizmi
moqmedebs, rac skolaSi. skola zogierT adamians “miRwevebisadmi
swrafvas” da “warmatebis” motivacias uviTarebs, sxvebs ki
warumateblobisken ubiZgebs da maT, savarudod, dabalanazRaurebadi
samsaxuri elodebaT.

boulzi da gintisi aRiareben, rom masobrivi ganaTlebis ganviTarebas

mravali sargebeli moaqvs. wera-kiTxva, savaraudod, yvelam icis, skola
adamians Sinaganad amdidrebs da didi gamocdilebiT uzrunvelyofs.
Tumca, imis gamo, rom ganaTlebis ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, ekonomikur
moTxovnebs pasuxobs, skolis sistemam gacilebiT ufro didi datvirTva
SeiZina, vidre amas ganmanaTlebeli reformatorebi elodnen.

boulzisa da gintisis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove skolebi ususurobis

SegrZnebas warmoSobs, rasac bevri adamiani sxva situaciaSic ganicdis.
ganaTlebisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani, pirovnul ganviTarebasTan
dakavSirebuli, idealebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRweva, Tu adamianebs
sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebis gakontroleba, niWisa da TviTgamoxatvis
unaris ganviTareba SeuZliaT. dRevandeli sistemis pirobebSi,
“Tanamedrove skolebi samarTlebrivad uwyoben xels uTanasworobis
damkvidrebas, zRudaven pirovnul ganviTarebas, radgan adamiani
iZulebulia arbitraruli xelisuflebis moTxovnebs moergos da iseTi
pirobebis warmoqmnas ganapirobeben, rom axalgazrdebs sakuTar
bedisweraze uaris Tqma uxdebaT” (Bowles and Gintis 1976, gv. 266). boulzisa
da gintisis azriT, samuSao adgilebze meti demokratia rom iyos da,
zogadad, sazogadoebaSi adamianebi Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen,
ganaTlebis sistema adamianebis individualur ganviTarebas Seuwyobda
xels.

iliCi: faruli kurikulumi

ganaTlebis Teoriis sferoSi erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo Tvalsazrisi

ivan iliCs ekuTvnis. misi ideebi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
kritikiT gamoirCeva. is aRniSnavs, rom am procesSi adamianebi, romlebic
manamde TviTkmarni iyvnen, tradiciul unar-Cvevebs kargaven da
janmrTelobis sakiTxSi _ eqimebze, swavlebaSi _ maswavleblebze,
garTobisas _ televizorze da saarsebod _ damsaqmeblebze xdebian
damokidebulni. iliCis azriT, mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli,
savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis cneba gadaxedvas saWiroebs (Illich 1973).
boulzisa da gintisis msgavsad, iliCi xazs usvams kavSirs ganaTlebis
ganviTarebasa da disciplinasa da ierarqiaze orientirebul ekonomikas

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Soris. misi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, skola ganviTarebis procesSi oTx
ZiriTad amocanas – skolis pirobebSi bavSze zrunvas, saqmianobis
mixedviT adamianTa ganawilebas, dominanturi Rirebulebebis daswavlasa
da socialurad dadgenili unar-Cvevebisa da codnis dauflebas -
iTvaliswinebs: skola sapatimros msgavs oirganiziaciad iqca, radgan
skolaSi gakveTilebze daswreba savaldebuloa da moswavleebi, adreuli
bavSvobidan samuSaos dawyebamde, “quCas moSorebulni,” mTel dros
skolis kedlebSi atareben.

skolaSi bavSvebi bevr rames swavloben, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo

gakveTilebis formalur SinaarsTan. aq ganxorcielebuli disciplinisa
da reJimis gamo, skolis organizacia, iliCis sityvebiT, pasiuri
moxmarebis danergvas uwyobs xels – rac arsebuli socialuri wesrigis
upirobo aRiarebas niSnavs. gakveTilebze moswavleebs masala
gaucnobiereblad miewodebaT. es is masalaa, romelsac skolis
procedura da organizacia gulisxmobs. faruli kurikulumi bavSvebs
aswavlis, rom “maT sakuTari adgili unda icodnen da es adgili
usityvod unda daikavon” (iqve).

iliCi iseTi sazogadoebis momxrea, romelSic savaldebulo saskolo

swavleba ar arsebobs. is aRniSnavs, rom skolaSi savaldebulo swavla
SedarebiT axali movlenaa da ar arsebobs imis mizezi, rom is
gardauvali iyos. Tu skola xels ar uwyobs Tanasworobisa da
individualuri SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTarebas, ratom ar SeiZleba
uari vTqvaT mis amJamindel formaze? iliCi saganmanaTleblo
organizaciis yvela formis gauqmebis aucileblobas ar gulisxmobs. is
acxadebs, rom ganaTlebam swavlis mosurne adamiani – cxovrebis
nebismier periodSi da ara mxolod adreul bavSvobasa an mozard asakSi
_ xelmisawvdomi resursebiT unda uzrunvelyos. aseTi sistema codnis
farTod gavrcelebisa da urTierTgaziarebis saSualebas iZleva da es
ar aris privilegia, romliTac mxolod specialistebs SeuZliaT
isargeblon. moswavleebi standartul kurikulums ar eqvemdebarebian,
isini Tavad irCeven, ra iswavlon.

es mosazreba, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, bolomde naTeli ar aris.

skolebis nacvlad, iliCi ramdenime saganmanaTleblo struqturas
gvTavazobs. oficialuri swavlebisTvis saWiro materialuri resursebi
biblioTekebSi, gasaqiravebel saagentoebSi, laboratoriebsa da
sainformacio bankebSi iqneba daculi da maTze xeli yvela moswavles
miuwvdeba. Seiqmneba “sakomunikacio qselebi”, romlebSic SesaZlebeli
iqneba monacemebis moZieba sxvadasxva adamianis unar-Cvevebisa da imis
Sesaxeb, aqvT Tu ara maT maswavleblobis an erTobliv saswavlo
aqtivobebSi CarTvis survili. studentebs gadaecemaT vauCerebi, romelTa
saSualebiT isini, maTTvis sasurvel drosa da pirobebSi,
saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebiT isargebleben.

aris Tu ara es winadadebebi mTlianad utopiuri? bevri Tvlis, rom aris.

Tumca, momavalSi, anazRaurebadi Sromis Semcirebis an SezRudis
SemTxvevaSi, rac savsebiT mosalodnelia, es mosazrebebi naklebad
ararealisturad mogveCveneba. Tu anazRaurebadi dasaqmeba socialur
cxovrebaSi naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxdeba, adamianebma, SesaZloa, is

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sxvadasxva saqmianobiT Caanacvlon. aseTi perspeqtivis pirobebSi, iliCis
zogierTi idea yuradRebas imsaxurebs. ganaTleba aRar iqneba mxolod
adreul asakSi specialur institutSi gavlili wvrTna. is nebismieri
msurvelisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba.

1990-ian wlebSi, axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan

erTad, iliCis ideebi kvlav popularuli gaxda. zogierTebis azriT,
axali, uaRresad ganviTarebuli sainformacio saSualebebi, ganaTlebaSi
revoluciur cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs. am sakiTxze momdevno qveTavSi
vimsjelebT.

ganaTleba da kulturuli aRwarmoeba

am sami Teoriuli perspeqtivis zogierTi sakiTxis erTmaneTTan

dakavSireba, yvelaze TvalsaCinod k u l t u r u l i a R w a r m o e
b i s cnebis saSualebiT iqneba SesaZlebeli (Bourdieu 1986, 1988; Bourdieu
and Passeron 1977). kulturuli aRwarmoeba gviCvenebs, Tu rogor uwyobs
xels skola, sxva socialur institutebTan erTad, socialuri da
ekonomikuri uTanasworobis SenarCunebas. es uTanasworoba ramdenime
TaobaSi aisaxeba. koncefcia skolis faruli kurikulumis im
saSualebebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, romelTa mizani moswavleTa mier
Rirebulebebis, atitudebisa da Cvevebis SeTvisebaa. skola adreul asakSi
danergili kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da Tvalsazrisebis Secvlas
ganapirobebs. skolis gavlenis wyalobiT, skolis damTavrebis Semdeg,
zogierTi bavSvis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, zogierTi ki, piriqiT,
sasargeblo unar-Cvevebs iZebs.

eWvgareSea, rom farTo kulturul nairgvarobas, bernStainis mier

identificirebuli enis gamoyenebis xerxebic ukavSirdeba, romlebic
gansxvavebul interesebsa da gemovnebas usvams xazs. dabali klasobrivi
warmomavlobis, gansakuTrebiT, umciresobaTa warmomadgenel bavSvebs,
skolis dominanturi jgufisgan gansxvavebuli metyveleba da qceva aqvT.
boulzisa da gintisis Tanaxmad, skola moswavleebisgan disciplinisadmi
daqvemdebarebas moiTxovs, maswavlebelTa avtoriteti ki akademiur
swavlazea orientirebuli. muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel bavSvebs,
skolaSi swavlis dawyebis dros, privlegirebuli ojaxebis bavSvebTan
SedarebiT, ufro meti kulturuli winaaRmdegoba xvdebaT. isini maTTvis
ucxo kulturul garemoSi aRmoCndebian. bernStaini ambobs, rom isini
maRali akademiuri moswrebisTvis naklebad arian motivirebulni;
rogorc ar unda ecadon komunikaciis damyarebas, maTTvis
damaxasiTebeli metyveleba da qceva maswavleblebisTvis miuRebelia.

bavSvebi skolaSi did dros atareben. iliCi xazs usvams, rom isini am
garemoSi ufro met codnas iZenen, vidre gakveTilebze. bavSvebi adreve
swavloben, Tu rogori iqneba samuSao samyaro; isini xvdebian, rom maTgan
punqtualobas moiTxoven da cdiloben, administraciis mier dasaxuli
yvela amocana guldasmiT Seasrulon (Webb and Westergaard 1991).

uilisi: kulturuli aRwarmoebis analizi

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pol uilisis mier kulturuli aRwarmoebis Sesaxeb birmingemis skolaSi
warmoebulma savele kvlevam Zalze mniSvnelovani diskusia gamoiwvia
(Willis 1977). es kvleva imis dadgenas isaxavda miznad, Tu rogor iCens
Tavs kulturuli aRwarmoeba, anu, rogorc Tavad avtori acxadebs,
“rogor iReben muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi muSaTa klasis
samuSao adgilebs.” bevrs miaCnia, rom skolaSi swavlis procesSi, dabali
klasis an umciresobaTa jgufis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi fiqroben, rom
“isini gonebrivad naklebad ganviTarebulni arian” da samomavlod
maRalanazRaurebadi da maRali statusis samuSaos miRebis imedic ki ar
aqvT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dabali akademiuri moswrebis gamo, isini
Tavs inteleqtualurad SezRudul adamianebad miiCneven; aRiareben ra
sakuTar “arasrulfasovnebas,” isini iseT saqmianobas iwyeben, sadac
karieris ganviTarebis perspeqtiva ar arsebobs.

uilisi aRniSnavs, rom amgvari interpretacia adamianTa realur

cxovrebasa da gamocdilebas ar Seesabameba. SeiZleba Rarib ubanSi
aRzrdili adamianis “quCurma sibrZnem” akademiur warmatebaze ar
imoqmedos, magram es gamocdileba iseTive daxvewil da kompleqsur
unarebs moiTxovs, rogorsac skolaSi aswavlian. TiTqmis arcerTi bavSvi,
romelic skolas amTavrebs, ar fiqrobs: “me iseTi suleli var, rom
mTeli dRe qarxanaSi yuTebis zidvas vimsaxureb.” Tu naklebad
privilegirebuli warmomavlobis bavSvebi dabali donis samuSaos
eguebian da mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, Tavs warumatebel
adamianebad ar miiCneven, amis mizezi sxva faqtorebia.

uilisma Seiswavla skolis moswavle biWebis erTi jgufi, romelTan

erTad didi dro gaatara. am jgufis wevrebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs
“magar biWebs” eZaxdnen, TeTkanianebi iyvnen. skolaSi bevri vest indieli
da aziuri warmomavlobis bavSvi swavlobda. uilisma daadgina, rom magar
biWebs skolis administraciis sistemis mimarT sakuTari kritikuli
damokidebuleba hqondaT. isini sistemas ebrZodnen da naklebad
cdilobdnen masTan TanamSromlobas. skolas maTTvis ucxo garemod
miiCnevdnen, magram, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, skoliT
manipulireba surdaT. maT gansakuTrebul siamovnebas aniWebdaT mudmivi
konfliqti, samizned ki maswavleblebs irCevdnen. isini didi ostatobiT
cdilobdnen individualuri sisustisa da im Secdomebis aRmoCenas,
romlebsac maswavleblebi administraciuli movaleobis Sesrulebisas
avlendnen.

magaliTad, gakveTilze yvela bavSvs gaunZrevlad, Cumad jdoma da

muSaoba evaleboda. magari biWebi ki am wess ar eqvemdebarebodnen, maTze
maswavleblis gamWoli mzera ar moqmedebda. isini saubars agrZelebdnen,
Riad gamoTqvamdnen SeniSvnebs, riTac TiTqmis arRvevdnen subordinaciis
princips, magram, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari qcevis gamarTlebasac
axerxebdnen.

uilisi am process ostaturad aRwers:

magari biWebi faruli winaaRmdegobis gawevis ostatebi arian, isini Ria konfrontaciaze
arasodes midian. am jgufis wyalobiT, saklaso oTaxSi skamebis mudmivi gawev-gamoweva,
maswavleblis martivi Txovnis sapasuxod ukmayofilebis gamoTqma ismis. maT merxebTan
mSvidad jdoma an wola ar SeuZliaT. gakveTilze zogierTi maTgani Tavs merxze debs,

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TiTqos daZinebas cdilobs, zogi merxisken zurgiT zis da fanjaraSi iyureba, an
ubralod kedels Sescqeris.... saklaso oTaxSi mudmivad zuzunia, Tvalebis
gansakuTrebuli gamometyvelebiT, isini gamalebiT CurCuleben, TiTqos erTmaneTs
konspiraciuli saidumlo unda gaumxilon... derefanSi xmauriT dadian; maswavlebeli Tu
SexvdebaT, an megobrulad esalmebian, an uecrad Cumdebian. saklaso oTaxSi isteriuli
xarxari iwyeba. sicili SeiZleba im adamianma gamoiwvia, romelmac axlaxans derefanSi
Caiara, an SeiZleba sxva mizeziT aris provocirebuli. is iseve usafuZvlod wydeba,
rogorc iwyeba... skolisa da moswavleebis dapirispirebis mizezi, ZiriTadad,
institutisa da misi wesebisgan simboluri da fizikuri gamijvna da im ZiriTadi miznis
winaaaRmdeg brZolaa, romelic moswavles “muSaobas” aiZulebs. (Willis 1977, gv. 12-13, 26).

magari biWebi konformist bavSvebs, anu maT, visTvisac maswavlebelTa

avtoriteti misaRebia da akademiur moswrebas did yuradRebas aniWeben,
“Semsruleblebs” eZaxodnen. Semsruleblebi maswavleblebs usmendnen da
emorCilebodnen. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, isini warmatebas miaRwevdnen
da, magar biWebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRalanazRaurebad da komfortul
samsaxurs daiwyebdnen. magram, rogorc uilisi ambobs, skolis
kompleqsuri garemos Sesaxeb maT gacilebiT naklebi icodnen, vidre
magarma biWebma. maTTvis magari biWebis qmedeba upirobod misaRebi iyo.

moswavleebis umravlesoba arc erT jgufs ar ekuTvnoda. isini naklebad

konfliqturebi iyvnen, vidre magari biWebi da naklebad konformulebi,
vidre Semsruleblebi. dapirispirebis stilsa da gamoxatvis formebze
eTnikuri dajgufebac Zlier gavlenas axdenda. maswavlebelTa
umravlesoba TeTrkanianebi iyvnen da, skolisadmi uaryofiTi
damokidebulebis miuxedavad, magar biWebs maTTan ufro meti saerTo
hqondaT, vidre Savkanianebs. vest indielTa ojaxebis bavSvebi skolas
ufro Riad da Tamamad upirispirdebodnen, vidre magari biWebi. Tavad
magari biWebi aSkara rasistebi iyvnen da SavkanianTa bandebs mkveTrad
emijnebodnen.

magari biWebi samuSaosa da skolas Soris msgavsebas aRiarebdnen, magram

aqtiurad elodnen samsaxuris dawyebas. samuSao garemosgan isini uSualo
kmayofilebas ar elodnen, magram Zlier iyvnen dainteresebulni
xelfasebiT. maT mier SerCeuli saqmianobis – saburavebis dayenebis,
xaliCebis dagebis, santeqnikis, Rebvisa da saremonto samuSaoebis _
mimarT, arasrulfasovnebis gancdis nacvlad, maT iseTive qedmaRluri
damokidebuleba hqondaT, rogorsac manamde skolis mimarT ganicdidnen.
samsaxurTan erTad SeZenili zrdasrulobis statusi, maT siamovnebas
aniWebdaT, magram warmatebuli karieriT ar iyvnen dainteresebulni.
uilisi aRniSnavs, rom cisfersayeloianTa saqmianoba, xSirad, magari
biWebis mier skolaSi, administraciasTan dapirispirebis procesSi,
ganviTarebul kulturul Tvisebebs moiTxovs. es Tvisebebi uboroto
iumori, sxarti azrovneba da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,Eadministraciis
moTxovnebisTvis ostaturad Tavis aridebaa. mogvianebiT, SesaZloa, maT
mZime Sromas Tavi veRar daaRwion. am adamianebma, SesaZloa, mxolod
daojaxebis Semdeg gaacnobieron, rom ganaTlebis miReba maTTvis
erTaderTi gamosavali iyo, magram amJamad uimedo mdgomareobaSi arian.
Tumca, maSinac ki, Tu isini ecdebian, TavianTi gamocdileba sakuTar
Svilebs gauziaron, savaraudod, isini mSoblebze ufro warmatebulni
mainc ar aRmoCndebian.

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ganaTleba da uTanasworoba

ganaTlebis ganviTareba yovelTvis mWidrod ukavSirdeba masobrivi

demokratiis ideebs. reformatorebi, ra Tqma unda, sakuTriv ganaTlebas
afaseben, im unarebisa da SesaZlebobis gamo, romliTac is individebs
uzrunvelyofs. amasTan, ganaTlebas mudmivad miiCneven adamianTa
gaTanabrebis saSualebad. amboben, rom universaluri ganaTleba
axalgazrdebs iseTi unar-CvevebiT uzrunvelyofs, romlebic maT
sazogadoebaSi saTanado adgilis damkvidrebaSi daexmareba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, mdidari da gavleniani adamianebis privilegiebs Seamcirebs.
ramdenad warmatebulad ganxorcielda dRemde es procesi? am SekiTxvaze
pasuxis gacemis mizniT, mravali sociologiuri kvleva Catarda. Sedegebi
naTelia: cvlilebis nacvlad, ganaTleba arsebuli uTanasworobis
gamoxatvasa da xelaxal damkvidrebas uwyobs xels.

koulmanis kvleva SeerTebul StatebSi ganaTlebaSi arsebuli

uTanasworobis Sesaxeb

mTel rig qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi adasturebs, rom skolaSi

warmatebaze Zlier gavlenas axdens socialuri da ojaxuri
warmomavloba, rac, Sesabamisad, Semosavlis donezec aisaxeba. 1960-ian
wlebSi, SeerTebul StatebSi erT-erTi klasikuri kvleva Catarda. 1964
wels miRebul iqna kanoni samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb, ris
safuZvelzec, ganaTlebaze pasuxismgebel pirebs ganaTlebaSi arsebuli
ganxvavebuli eTnikuri, religiuri da erovnuli warmomavlobiT
ganpirobebuli uTanasworobis Sesaxeb angariSi mosTxoves. kvlevis
programis direqtorad sociologi jeims koulmani dainiSna. es
sociologiaSi warmoebuli erT-erTi yvelaze farTo kvleva iyo. misi
Sedegebi 1966 wels gamoqveynda.

informaciis Segrovebis mizniT, naxevar milion adamianze meti SeirCa.

maT verbaluri da araverbaluri unarebis, kiTxvis doneebisa da
maTematikuri unar-Cvevebis SefasebisTvis mravali testi CautardaT. oTxi
aTasi skolis Sesaxeb monacemTa formebi samoci aTasma maswavlebelma
Seavso. Sedegebma uzrunvelyo qveyanaSi skolaSi swavlebis zogadi
mimoxilva. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi sakmaod moulodneli aRmoCnda da
politikis dagegmvaze mniSvnelovani praqtikuli gavlena moaxdina.

angariSSi dafiqsirda, rom skolis moswavleebis didi raodenoba

Savkanianebad da TeTrkanianebad iyo segregirebuli. skolebis 80
procentSi, romlebSic, ZiriTadad, TeTrkaniani moswavleebi swavlobdnen,
Savkaniani moswavleebis sul 10 an naklebi procenti dafiqsirda.
TeTrkanianma da azielma moswavleebma akademiuri moswrebis testis
Cabarebisas, Savkanian an sxva eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenel
moswavleebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali qulebi miiRes. koulmani
varaudobda, rom kvlevis Sedegad, SavkanianTa skolebSi uaresi pirobebi,
ufro didi klasebi da uvargisi Senobebi gamovlindeboda, vidre im
skolebSi, romlebSic ricxobrivad TeTrkanianebi Warbobdnen. Tumca, misi
varaudi ar gamarTlda da am tipis gansxvaveba gacilebiT naklebi
aRmoCnda, vodre koulmani eloda.

25
koulmani askvnis, rom skolis mier uzrunvelyofili materialuri
resursebi akademiur moswrebaze did gavlenas ar axdens. ZiriTadi
faqtori bavSvebis warmomavlobaa. koulmani ambobs: “saxliT, ubniT da
Tanatolebis garemoTi ganpirobebuli uTanasworoba mozrdil asakSi,
skolis damTavrebis Semdegac iCens Tavs” (Coleman et. al. 1996, gv. 325). Tumca,
iseTi faqtebic arsebobs, rodesac dabali warmomavlobis moswavleebs
SeZlebuli megobrebi hyavT da, savaraudod, skolaSic ufro
warmatebulebi arian.

koulmanis angariSma sazogadoebrivi debatebi gamoiwvia skolis

integraciasTan dakavSirebiT, britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi.
gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom umciresobaTa jgufebis bavSvebi skolaSi
ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu moxdeba maTi SeZlebuli warmomavlobis
moswavleebTan aRreva.

ufro gviani kvlevebi

koulmanis Semdeg warmoebulma kvlevam avtoris zogierTi aRmoCena

daadastura, magram misi naSromis zogierTi aspeqti eWvqveS daayena.
koulmanis kvlevam drois garkveuli monakveTi moicva, amitom masSi
cvlilebebi ar iyo gaanalizebuli. maikl raterma londonSi Catarebul
kvlevaSi, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, Cvidmeti wlis asakis biWebis
jgufebis ganaTlebis ganviTareba Seiswavla. Sesaswavl bavSvebs,
pirvelad, dawyebiTi ganaTlebis dasrulebis periodSi, 1970 wels
daekontaqten. am dros Segrovda informacia socialuri warmomavlobisa
da akademiuri moswrebis Sesaxeb. 1974 wels ganmeorebiTi kvleva Catarda.
am dros biWebs saSualo skolaSi samwliani kursi hqondaT gavlili.
intensiuri kvlevis mizniT, jgufi ramdenime skolidan SeirCa:
gamoikiTxnen moswavleebi da maswavleblebi da ganxorcielda dakvirveba
saklaso aqtivobaze.

kvlevis SedegebiT dadasturda, rom skola bavSvis akademiur

ganviTarebaze did gavlenas axdens. faqtorebi, romlebic raterma
mniSvnelovnad miiCnia, magaliTad, maswavleblisa da moswavlis
interaqciis xarisxi, TanamSromlobisTvis xelsayreli atmosfero,
maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis urTierToba da kursis momzadebis
maRal doneze organizeba, koulmanis kvlevaSi TiTqmis ar iyo
gaanalizebuli. ukeTesi saswavlo garemoTi gamorCeuli skolebi
yovelTvis ar iyvnen aRWurvilni keTilmowyobili SenobebiTa da
materialuri resursebiT.

rateris kvleva ar uaryofs Sedegebs, rom socialuri uTanasworobis

SenarCunebas, skolaSi Sesvlis periodamde da mis gareT arsebuli
faqtorebi uwyobs xels. imis gamo, rom es faqtorebi Tavs gansakuTrebiT
iseT skolebSi iCens, sadac motivirebuli moswavleebis waxaliseba da
maswavleblebis xelSewyoba xdeba, rateris mier mopovebuli Sedegebi
gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu ratom uwyobs skola xels uTanasworobis
SenarCunebas. procesi mudmivad meordeba, SedarebiT privilegirebuli
ojaxebis Svilebi garkveul skolebSi swavloben da skolis xarisxis
SenarCunebas uwyoben xels; isini isev motivirebulebi arian da karg
maswavleblebs izidaven. skolas, romelSic, ZiriTadad, xelmokle

26
bavSvebi swavloben, analogiuri Sedegis misaRwevad meti Zalisxmeva
sWirdeba. Tumca, rateri askvnis, rom skolis organizaciisa da
atmosferos TvalsazrisiT, arsebuli gansxvaveba, garegani faqtorebis
miuxedavad, xels ar uSlis maRali akademiuri moswrebis miRwevas.
swavlebis xarisxis, skolis socialuri klimatis da skolaSi muSaobis
meTodebis gaumjobeseba xelmokle bavSvebs akademiuri moswrebis
gaumjobesebaSi exmareba. mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad,
koulmanmac msgavsi daskvnebi gamoitana (Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore 1981).

1972 wels jenksis “uTanasworoba” gamoqveynda, romelSic man, ZiriTadad,

ganaTlebisa da uTanasworobis Sesaxeb SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebul
kvlevaze dafuZnebuli empiriuli masala mimoixila (Jencks et al. 1972).
jenksma kidev erTxel daadastura, rom ganaTlebasa da saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebul miRwevebs, umetesad, ara skola, aramed ojaxuri
warmomavloba ganapirobebs da ganaTlebis reformebi arsebul
uTanasworobaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs. jenksis Sromam, meTodologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, kritika daimsaxura, magram misi zogadi daskvnebi dResac
damajereblad JRers (Oakes 1985).

gaerTianebul samefoSi, ganaTlebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis

magaliTebis Sesaxeb dRes mdidari informacia arsebobs. 1980 wels a. h.
helsim da misma kolegebma awarmoes kvleva, romelSic erTmaneTs muSaTa
klasis warmomadgeneli da “mosamsaxure klasis” (profesiuli da
menejeruli warmomavlobis) biWebis ganaTlebis miRebasTan
dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebi Seadares. omisSemdgom periodSi,
skolaSi, muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT, Tvrameti wlis
asakis mosamsaxure klasis warmomavlobis aTjer meti biWi swavlobda.
universitetSi swavlas ki TeTrTmetjer meti studenti agrZelebda.

skolis moswavleTa gadarCeva

skolis moswavleTa gadarCevis – maTi unarebisa da miRwevebis mixedviT

dayofisa da sxvadasxva tipis instruqtaJisadmi daqvemdebarebis –
praqtika sxvadasxva skolaSi sxvadasxvagvarad xorcieldeba. zogierT
skolaSi moswavleebis gadarCeva mxolod garkveul sagnebSi xdeba; zogan
ki - yvela saganSi. arsebul socialur uTanasworobaze skolis mcire
gavlena, nawilobriv, moswavleTa gadarCevis praqtikiT aixsneba.
garkveul jgufSi moxvedril students unariani, an piriqiT, uunaro
moswavlis iarliyi miekereba. rogorc iarliyebis mikerebasa da
deviaciaze msjelobis dros davrwmundiT, mikerebuli iarliyis
mocileba Zalze Znelia. privilegirebuli warmomavlobis bavSvebis
ojaxebSi akademiur muSaobas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba; es bavSvebi, amis
gamo, maRali moswrebis jgufSi aRmoCndebian da, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
bolomde am jgufSi rCebian.

Jan ouksma (1985) SeerTebuli Statebis 25 skolis maRal da

damamTavrebel klasebSi skolis moswavleTa gadarCevis praqtika
Seiswavla. am qveyanaSi moswavleebis gadarCeva Cveulebrivi movlenaa. es
skolebi qalaqisa da soflis did da mcire organizaciebs moicavda. man
yuradReba skolis SigniT da ara skolebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze
gaamaxvila. ramdenime skolam ganacxada, TiTqos is moswavleebs

27
jgufebad ar anawilebs, magram rogorc ouksma daadgina,
maswavleblisTvis Sromis gaadvilebis mizniT, unarisa da miRwevebis
mixedviT, moswavleebis gadarCevis meqanizmi realurad yovel maTgans
gaaCnia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, isini am meTods iyeneben, termins ki ara.
im skolebSic ki, sadac moswavleebis araformaluri gadarCeva
mimdinareobs, maT Zlieri iarliyebi – unariani, dabali moswrebis, neli,
saSualo da a.S _ miekerebaT. am jgufis individualuri wevri,
maswavleblebis, sxva moswavleebisa da sakuTari Tavis mier, am
iarliyidan gamomdinare fasdeba. moswavle, romelic “maRali moswrebis”
jgufSi swavlobs, warmatebul – gonier da sxart – pirovnebad Seafases.
“dabali moswrebis” jgufis moswavle ki nel, saSualoze dabali donis,
an popularuli eniT Tu vityviT, CamorCenil moswavled aRiqmeba. ra
gavlenas axdens “dabal” jgufSi moswavleebis gadarCeva? ouksis mier
mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvleva adasturebs, rom maTTvis xelmisawvdomi
saswavlo kursebis, maswavleblebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis xarisxis
TvalsazrisiT, es moswavleebi ufro dabali donis ganaTlebas iRebdnen
(Oakes 1990).

moswavleebis gadarCeva, Cveulebriv, imiT aixsneba, rom niWieri bavSvebi

Tanabari SesaZleblobebis jgufSi ufro swrafad da efeqturad
swavloben, Sereul jgufSi ki maTi swavlis procesi ferxdeba. faqtebis
Seswavlis Sedegad, ouksma es mosazreba eWvqveS daayena. mogvianebiT
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi bolomde Tanmimdevruli ar aris, magram
maTi umravlesoba adasturebs, rom Tanabari SesaZleblobebis jgufSi,
yvelaze niWieri studentebi ufro mets da ufro swrafad ar swavloben,
saSualo da neli bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi ki, moswavleebis gadarCeva
swavlebis ufro dabal dones ganapirobebs.

gaerTianebul samefoSi, zogierT saganSi, magaliTad, inglisursa da

maTematikaSi, erovnuli kurikulumi SemoiRes, romelsac yvela
ingliseli da uelseli moswavle unda daqvemdebareboda; amis Sedegad,
moswavleTa gadarCeva “normirebis” tendenciiT Seicvala. bavSvebis
gadarCeva mxolod ZiriTadi kurikulumis sagnebSi xdeba, sxva,
magaliTad, humanitarul sagnebs ki, isini Sereuli unarebis klasebSi
swavloben. ouksi aRniSnavs, rom Tu SeerTebul StatebSi moswavleTa
gadarCevas garkveuli Sedegebi axlavs, iarliyebis mikerebis negatiuri
praqtikisgan arc normirebaa dazRveuli. yvelaze mniSvnelovan sagnebSi,
anu ZiriTadi kurikulumis mixedviT, bavSvebi isev “maRali” da “dabali”
moswrebis mixedviT iyofian.

inteleqti da uTanasworoba

sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba imoqmedos unarze genetikurad miRebulma

gansxvavebebma, mimdinare diskusiebSi ugulebelyofilia. arada, miRwevebi
ganaTlebaSi, Semdeg ki samsaxurebriv poziciasa da SemosavlebSi
arsebuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, swored diferencirebuli inteleqtiT
aixsnebodes. Tu sakiTxs am kuTxiT ganvixilavT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT,
rom adamianebs skolis sistemaSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT, radgan
isini Tandayolili potencialis Sesabamisi donis ekvivalents irCeven.

ra aris inteleqti?

28
fsiqologebi mravali welia daoben, gaaCnia Tu ara realurad adamians
individualuri unari, romelsac SeiZleba inteleqti ewodos da Tuki
gaaCnia, ramdenad gansazRvravs es Tviseba adamianTa Soris arsebul
Tanadayolil gansxvavebas. inteleqtis daxasiaTeba rTulia, radgan is
bevr gansxvavebul, xSirad erTmaneTTan kavSirSi armyof Tvisebebs
gulisxmobs. davuSvaT, rom inteleqtis yvelaze saimedo maCvenebeli
abstraqtuli maTematikuri amocanebis amoxsnis unaria. magram adamianma,
romelsac amgvari amocanebis amoxsna exerxeba, SeiZleba sxva sferoSi,
magaliTad, istoriasa an xelovnebaSi, dabali unari gamoavlinos.
sayovelTaod miRebuli definiciis SemuSavebis sirTulis gamo,
fsiqologebma inteleqtis koeficientis dasadgeni testis SemoReba
SemogvTavazes (ganaTlebis yvela specialistma es SemoTavazeba erTxmad
miiRo). aSkaraa, rom amgvari midgoma amomwuravi ar aris, radgan
inteleqtis definicia Zalze zogad xasiaTs iRebs.

inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis testebis umravlesoba

konceftualuri da gamoTvliTi magaliTebis narevs moicavs. testis
struqturis mixedviT, saSualo Sefaseba 100 qulaa; 100 qulaze dabali
quliT Sefasebul adamians, “saSualoze dabali inteleqtis” iarliyi
miekereba, 100 qulaze maRali quliT Sefasebuls ki, “saSualoze maRali
inteleqtis.” inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis fundamenturi sirTulis
miuxedavad, es testebi kvlevebSi, skolebsa da biznesebSi farTod
gamoyeneba.

inteleqtis koeficienti da genetikuri faqtorebi

inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis testebis Sedegebi, umravles

SemTxvevaSi, akademiuri moswrebis Tanmxvedria (es arc aris gasakviri,
radgan inteleqtis koeficientis testebi, Tavidan, skolaSi miRweuli
warmatebis xarisxis dadgenis mizniT SemuSavda). testebi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba socialur, ekonomikur da eTnikur gansxvavebebsac, radgan es
faqtorebi ganaTlebaSi mopovebul gansxvavebul miRwevebTanac
asocirdeba. TeTrkanian moswavleebs, Savkanian da umciresobaTa sxva
warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, ufro maRali qulebi aqvT. 1969
wels, artur jensenis mier gamoqveynebulma statiam furori gamoiwvia,
radgan man SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa gansxvavebuli inteleqtis
koeficienti, nawilobriv, genetikur variaciebs miawera (Jensen 1967, 1979).

mogvianebiT, inteleqtis koeficientisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb

winaaRmdegobrivi debatebi kvlav ganaxlda fsiqolog riCard J.
hernStainisa da sociolog Carlz miureis mier. wignSi The Bell Curve:
Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (1994) vkiTxulobT, rom inteleqtis
koeficientsa da genetikur memkvdreobas Soris kavSiris arsebobis sul
ufro meti damadasturebeli masala moiZebna. maTi azriT, nawilobriv,
swored amiT aixsneba mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sxvadasxva rasobriv da
eTnikur jgufTa inteleqts Soris. maT mier mopovebuli monacemebi,
ZiriTadad, SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebul kvlevebs efuZneba.
hernStainisa da miureis azriT, es monacemebi adasturebs, rom zogierT
eTnikur jgufs, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, ufro maRali
inteleqtis koeficienti aqvs. azieli, gansakuTrebiT, iaponeli da Cineli

29
amerikelebi, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, inteleqtis ufro
maRal koeficients floben, Tumca Zalian didi gansxvaveba ar
gamovlenila. azielebisa da TeTrkanianebis inteleqtis koeficienti
sagrZnoblad ufro maRalia, vidre Savkanianebis. hernStainisa da miureis
mier warmoebuli 156 kvlevis Sejamebis mixedviT, am ori rasobrivi
jgufis inteleqtis koeficients Soris gansxvaveba, saSualod, 16 qulaa.
avtorebi acxadeben, rom amgvari memkvidreobiT miRebuli
inteleqtualuri gansxvaveba, amerikul sazogadoeobaSi arsebul
socialur dajgufebas ganapirobebs. rac ufro Wkviania adamiani, miT
metia misi socialur safexurze aRmasvlis Sansi. adamianebs maRali
Tanamdebobebi, nawilobriv, imitom ukaviaT, rom isini ufro Wkvianebi
arian, vidre mosaxleobis danarCeni nawili; aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom dabal safexurze naklebad Wkviani adamianebi rCebian.

hernsteinisa da miureis Tvalsazrisis kritikosebi uaryofen, rom

rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris inteleqtis koeficientis mixedviT
gansxvavebas, genetikuri safuZveli aqvs. maTi azriT, inteleqtis
gansxvavebul koeficients socialuri da kulturuli gansxvaveba
ganapirobebs. isini acxadeben, rom inteleqtis koeficientis dasadgeni
testebi abstraqtuli azrovnebis unaris gamosavlen kiTxvebs moicavs,
rasac Savkanian da eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT,
TeTrkaniani SeZlebuli bavSvebi ukeT arTmeven Tavs. inteleqtis
koeficientis dasadgeni testis qulebis raodenobaze, SesaZloa, ara
gasazomma unarebma, aramed sul sxva faqtorebma, magaliTad, stresulma
situaciam imoqmedos. kvlevam daadastura, rom rodesac tests TeTkaniani
damkvirvebeli atarebs, afro amerikelebi eqvsi quliT nakleb Sefasebas
iReben, vidre Savkaniani damkvirveblis SemTxvevaSi (Kamin 1977).

SeerTebul StatebSi, afro amerikelebs, saSualod, inteleqtis

koeficientis iseTive dabali maCvenebeli aqvT, rogorc sxva qveynebis
xelmokle eTnikur umciresobebs, magaliTad, “xelSeuxeblebs” (kastobriv
sistemaSi yvelaze dabal fenas) indoeTSi, maorisebs axal zelandiaSi da
burakuminebs iaponiaSi. am jgufis warmomadgeneli bavSvebis inteleqtis
koeficientis maCvenebeli, eTnikuri umravlesobis warmomadgenel
bavSvebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, 10-15 quliT dabalia. am mxriv,
gansakurebiT saintereso magaliTia burakuminebi. maTma winaprebma
meTvramete saukuneSi, adgilobrivi omebis Sedegad, kuTvnili miwa
dakarges da gandegil da momTabare adamianebad iqcnen. isini fizikurad
sxva iaponelebisgan sruliad ar gamoirCevian, magram, saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi, devnasa da diskriminacias ganicdian. am SemTxvevaSi,
inteleqtis koeficientis saSualo maCvenebels genetikuri gansxvaveba ar
ganapirobebs, radgan am adamianebsa da mosaxleobis umravles nawils
Soris aranairi genetikuri gansxvaveba ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, am ori
jgufis inteleqtis koeficients Soris iseTive gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba,
rogoric TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs Soris. amerikaSi burakumineli
bavSvebisa da sxva iaponelebis mimarT erTnairi damokidebulebaa; amitom
maTi da sxva iaponeli bavSvebis inteleqtis koeficienti erTmaneTisgan
ar gansxvavdeba.

amgvari dakvirvebis safuZvelze SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom SeerTebul

StatebSi afro amerikelebisa da TeTrkanianebis inteleqtis koeficients

30
Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba socialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebis
Sedegia. am daskvnas ToTxmeti qveynis (maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebis)
SedarebiTi kvlevac adasturebs, romlis mixedviT, gasuli naxevari
saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTeli mosaxleobis inteleqtis saSualo
koeficienti sagrZnoblad gaizarda (Coleman 1987). inteleqtis
koeficientis testebi regularul ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba. rodesac
adamianebis erTsa da imave jgufs Zveli da axali versiebi urigdebaT,
isini Zvel versiebSi gacilebiT ufro maRal qulas iReben. Tanamedrove
bavSvebma 1930-iani wlebis testebSi, 1930-iani wlebis jgufebTan
SedarebiT, saSualod, 15 quliT maRali Sefaseba miiRes. igive gansxvaveba
fiqsirdeba, saSualod, Savkanianebsa da TeTkanianebs Soris. es imas ar
niSnavs, rom Tanamedrove bavSvebis Tandayolili inteleqti maTi
mSoblebis, bebiebisa da babuebis inteleqtze maRalia; maRal maCvenebels
ukeTesi pirobebi da socialuri upiratesoba ganapirobebs.
TeTrkanianebsa da afro amerikelebs Soris, saSualod, iseTive
socialuri da ekonomikuri sxvaobaa, rogorc sxvadasxva Taobebs Soris.
inteleqtis koeficientebs Soris gansxvavebac amiT aixsneba. SeiZleba
inteleqtis koeficientze individebs Soris arsebulma genetikurma
gansxvavebamac imoqmedos, magram mosazreba, rom zogierTi rasa sxva
rasasTan SedarebiT ufro inteleqtualuria, usafuZvloa da
daudasturebeli.

Bell Curve Wars

wignSi Bell Curve Wars (Fraser 1995) hernStainisa da miureis ideebi ramdenime
cnobilma mecnierma Seiswavla. gamocemis redaqtori aRwers Bell Curve-s,
rogorc “ukanasknel aTwleulSi socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi
yvelaze Tamam nawarmoebs.” naSromSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebs “Jurnalebsa
da gazeTebSi redaqtoris misamarTiT dabeWdili uamravi werili da
satelevizio da radio komentari mohyva” (gv. 3).E

wignis Bell Curve Wars erT-erTi gamomcemeli stefan jei gouldi acxadebs,
rom hernStaini da miurei oTx ZiriTad sakiTxSi cdebian. mas arasworad
miaCnia mosazreba, rom inteleqtis Semowmeba mxolod inteleqtis
koeficientiT aris SesaZlebeli; rom adamianebis ranJireba SeiZleba
inteleqtis skalis mixedviT; rom inteleqts, ZiriTadad, genetikuri
memkvidreoba ganapirobebs; da rom is cvlilebas ar eqvemdebareba. is
yvela am mosazrebas eWvqveS ayenebs.

kidev erTi avtori, hovard gardneri acxadebs, rom im periodSi, rodesac

kvleva Catarda, “inteleqtis” cneba zogad kategoriad iyo gaazrebuli.
arsebobs mxolod “mravalgvari” – praqtikuli, musikaluri, sivrciTi,
maTematikuri da a.S. inteleqti. wignis Bell Curve Wars sxva avtorebi
acxadeben, rom inteleqtis koeficientis qulebsa da Semdgom samuSao
praqtikas Soris sistemuri kavSiri ar arsebobs. isini am ideebs, erTxmad,
“rasistul fsevdo mecnierebas” uwodeben.

gouldi askvnis: Bell Curve-is doqtrinas unda vebrZoloT, radgan es

mcdari doqtrinaa da misi danergva nebismieri adamianis inteleqtis
ganviTarebis yvela SesaZleblobis SezRudvas gamoiwvevs. ra Tqma unda,
yvela adamiani kosmosis mkvlevari mecnieri an tvinze momuSave qirurgi

31
ver gaxdeba, magram is, vinc am sferoSi warmatebas ver miaRwevs, SeiZleba
rok musikosi an profesionali sportsmeni gaxdes (da, Sesabamisad, ufro
maRali socialuri prestiJi da xelfasi hqondes)...” (Gould 1995, gv. 22).

emociuri da interpersonaluri inteleqti

amave saxelwodebis wignSi, deniel goulmani (1996) acxadebs, rom,

materialuri pirobebiT uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, “emociuri
inteleqti” SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovani iyos, rogorc inteleqtis
koeficienti. emociuri inteleqti gansazRvravs, Tu rogor iyeneben
adamianebi sakuTar emociebs – motivaciis, TviTkontrolis, enTuziazmisa
da Seupovrobis unars. es memkvdreobiT miRebuli unar-Cvevebi ar aris.
rac ufro kargad SesZlebs bavSvi maT dauflebas, miT ukeT gamoiyenebs
is Tavis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs.

goulmani ambobs: “niWier adamians vnebisa da impulsebis marTva unda

SeeZlos; ucnauria, magram maRali inteleqtis koeficientis mqone
adamiani pirad cxovrebas yovelTvis ver agvarebs” (gv. 34). Ees aris imis
erT-erTi mizezi, rom inteleqtis koeficientis maRali maCvenebeli
yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs warmatebas.

erT-erT kvlevaSi 1940 wlis 95 kursdamTavrebuli Seiswavles.

studentebi, romlebmac universitetis dasrulebisas inteleqtis
koeficientis testSi maRali qulebi miiRes, Sua xnis asakSi, karieris
TvalsazrisiT, dabali moswrebis studentebze bevrad warmatebulebi ar
iyvnen. kvlevis meore etapi inteleqtis koeficientis skalis sxva mxares
Seexo. Seswavlil iqna 450 biWi, romelTagan 2/3 harvardis maxloblad
RaribTa ubanSi cxovrobda da maTi ojaxebi keTildReobis programaSi
iyo gaerTianebuli. am jgufis mesameds 90-ze dabali inteleqtis
koeficienti hqonda. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, am maCvenebelma maT momaval
karieraze umniSvnelod imoqmeda. magaliTad, 80-ze dabali inteleqtis
koeficientis mamakacTa 7 procenti umuSevari iyo, magram aseve umuSevari
iyo iseT mamakacTa 7 procenti, romlebsac 100-ze maRali inteleqtis
koeficienti hqondaT. am mxriv, ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda bavSvobaSi
SeZenili unar-Cvevebi, magaliTad, emociebis gakontrolebisa da sxva
adamianebTan urTierTobis mogvarebis unari. rogorc hovard gardneri
aRniSnavs:

interpersonaluri inteleqti sxva adamianebis gagebis unaria: ra aris maTi motivacia,

rogor muSaoben, rogor unda iTanamSromlo maTTan muSaobis procesSi. warmatebul
gamyidvelebs, politikosebs, maswavleblebs, eqimebsa da religiur liderebs,
savaraudod, maRali interpersonaluri inteleqti aReniSnebaT. intrapersonaluri
inteleqti... ki sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb zusti, realisturi modelis formirebisa da am
modeliT cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi operirebis unaria. (Gardner 1993 gv. 9)

ideebi inteleqtis Sesaxeb gadaxedvas saWiroebs, radgan cxovrebiseuli

waramateba kidev mravalgvar faqtors gulisxmobs. msgavsi ram SeiZleba
ganvacxadoT Tavad ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi. rogorc am Tavis
dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, ganaTleba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre skola.
axali teqnologiuri miRwevebis, gansakuTrebiT sainformacio
teqnologiebis gamo, SesaZloa, momavalSi aucilebeli gaxdes ganaTlebis
procesebisadmi damokidebulebis gadaxedva.

32
ganaTlebis momavali

ganaTleba da axali sakomunikacio teqnologia

sainfrmacio teqnologiis gavrcelebam ganaTlebaze sxvadasxva saxis, maT

Soris, sakmaod fundamenturi, gavlena moaxdina. axali teqnologiebi
samuSaos bunebaze zemoqmedebs, zogjer xdeba adamianuri Sromis
manqanebiT Canacvleba. swrafi teqnologiuri cvlilebebi, warsulTan
SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro aCqarebs samuSao Zalis denadobas.
ganaTleba aRar miiCneva mosamzadebel safexurad, romlis dasrulebis
Semdeg, adamianma muSaoba unda daiwyos. teqnologiur cvlilebebTan
erTad, savaldebulo unar-Cvevebic icvleba. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba
miiCnevs, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ganaTlebas mxolod profesiuli
momzadebis kuTxiT SevxedavT da samuSaos Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis
uzrunvelyofis wyarod ganvixilavT, momavalSi mainc aucilebeli
gaxdeba, adamianma ganaTleba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi miiRos.

magaliTad, britaneTSi SemoTavazabul iqna “saswavlo bankis” danergva,

romliTac adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, met-naklebad, nebismier
dros isargebleben. bankSi fuls adamianebi, maTi damqiraveblebi an
saxelmwifo daabandeben. Semdeg, ganaTlebis dafinansebis mizniT, maT
SeuZliaT maRali procentiT gazrdili Tanxa gamoiTxovon da, axali
teqnikuri an samuSao unar-Cvevebis dauflebis mizniT, gadaemzadon.

jerjerobiT aravin icis, realurad ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevs sainformacio

da sakomunikacio teqnologiebi. zogierTebis azriT, axali samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnis nacvlad, es procesi ufro samuSao adgilebis
gauqmebas gamoiwvevs. saubaria “samuSaos dasasrulze” (samuSaos
mniSvnelobis Semcirebaze diskusia ix. me-12 TavSi). Tu sakmarisi
raodenobis anazRaurebadi samuSao aRar iarsebebs, bundovani
warmosadgenia, Tu rogori iqneba Tanamedrove sazogadoeba. bevri
adamiani da, maT Soris, qalebis sul ufro meti raodenoba, sakuTar
cxovrebas maT mier Sesrulebul samuSaos ukavSirebs da, sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis Sefasebisas, centralur adgils samuSaos aniWebs.

samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, amgvari damokidebuleba sul

ufro arqaul xasiaTs SeiZens da gaxSirdeba umuSevrobis Tanmxlebi,
ukve farTod gavrcelebuli usargeblobis gancdis SemTxvevebi.
ganaTlebam aq mniSvnelovani roli unda Seasrulos. magram es ar iqneba
ganaTleba viwro gagebiT, romelic mxolod wvrTnasa da gadamzadebas
gulisxmobs. Ees unda iyos ganaTleba, romelic ufro mravlismomcvel
adamianur RirebulebebTan iqneba kavSirSi. ganaTleba unda iqces
TviTganviTarebasa da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gagebaze
orientirebuli avtonomiuri TviTganaTlebis saSualebad. es idea
srulebiT ar aris utopiuri. is ganmanaTlebeli filosofosebis humanur
idealebs Seesabameba. amis magaliTi ukve arsebobs da mas “mesame asakis
universiteti” hqvia. “mesame asaki” sapensio anu iseT asakovan adamianebs
aerTianebs, romlebmac anazRaurebad samuSaos Tavi daanebes. pesiaze
gasvlasTan Segueba zogjer iseve Znelia, rogorc umuSevrobasTan,
radgan pensiaze gasvla, faqtobrivad, umuSevrobas niSnavs. mesame asakis

33
universiteti asakovan adamianebs, maTi arCevanisa da interesebis
mixedviT, TviTganaTlebis SesaZleblobiT uzrunvelyofs.

amgvari diskusiebi sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis tempiT

aris gamowveuli, radgan is uSualod ganaTlebis procesis bunebazec
moqmedebs. bolo qveTavSi swored am sakiTxze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.

ganaTlebis teqnologiebi

Tanamedrove gagebiT, ganaTlebis ganviTareba mecxramete saukuneSi

ganxorcielebul sxva mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. erT-erTi
aseTi cvlileba skolis ganviTarebaa. SeiZleba vinmem gulubryvilod
ifiqros, rom im periodSi ganaTlebaze moTxovna arsebobda da skolebi
da universitetebi am moTxovnis sapasuxod Seiqmna. realurad, movlenebi
sxvagvarad ganviTarda. rogorc miSel fuko aRniSnavs, skolebs
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos administraciuli aparatis Semadgeneli
nawilis funqcia daekisra. “faruli kurikulumi” disciplinasa da
bavSvebis kontrols isaxavda miznad.

ganaTlebaze beWdvis ganviTarebisa da “wignis kulturis” damkvidrebamac

moaxdina gavlena. industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi wignebis,
gazeTebisa da sxva beWduri mediis masobrivma gavrcelebam iseTive
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula, rogoric manqanebma da qarxnebma. wera-
kiTxvisa da angariSis codnis uzrunvelmyofi ganaTlebis wyalobiT,
adamianebs xeli beWduri mediis samyaroze miuwvdebodaT. skolis yvelaze
damaxasiaTebel simbolod skolis saxelmZRvanelo iqca.

suraTi

cnobismoyvare Taoba
avtorebi: toni rivi da stiv vei

met, axla mTeli dRe kompiuteris ekranTan aRar zixar. amden Tavisufal
dros raSi xarjav?
wignis wakiTxva mindoda, magram ar vici, ra movuxerxo...
Zalian mZimea?
ara, mZime sulac ar aris. magram paroli ar vici.
paroli araferSi gWirdeba, met.. ubralod gadaSale.
ra magaria! interaqciaze weren!

bevri adamianis azriT, situacia ganaTlebaSi kompiuterebisa da

multimediis teqnologiebis mzardi moxmarebis gamo Seicvala. amboben,
rom “mTel msoflioSi multimediis teqnologiebSi gamoyenebuli
telekomunikaciebis 70-80% ganaTlebas ukavSirdeba an ganaTlebis
komponents Seicavs” (citirebulia Kenway et. al.-Si 1995). Caanacvlebs Tu
ara saxelmZRvanelos kompiuteri, CD-ROM da videokaseta? iarsebebs Tu
ara tradiciuli formis skola, Tu bavSvi, merxTan jdomisa da
maswavleblis mosmenis nacvlad, kompiuteris meSveobiT iswavlis?

34
amboben, rom axali teqnologiebi arsebul kurikulums ki ar Seavsebs,
aramed mis rRvevasa da transformirebas gamoiwvevs. axalgazrdebi
informaciasa da mediaze damokidebul sazogadoebaSi izrdebian; isini
teqnologiebSi ufrosebze, maT Soris maswavleblebze, bevrad ukeT
erkvevian. me-14 Tavs Tu gavixsenebT, isini Nnintendo Taobas warmoadgenen
– teqnoaRzrdili da teqnologiasa da videoze ganswavluli bavSvebi
arian. zogi “saklaso oTaxis revoluciaze,” kompiuteruli virtualuri
realobis damkvidrebasa da kedlebis gareSe saklaso oTaxze saubrobs.

TiTqmis aravis epareba eWvi, rom multimediis teqnologiebi ganaTlebis

ganuyofeli nawili gaxdeba. am process gaerTianebul samefosa da sxva
qveynebSi politikurma partiebmac Seuwyves xeli. magram erT-erTi
mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala biznesia: skolebi da Sinauri garemo
msxvili media kompaniebis samizned iqca. magaliTad, SeerTebuli
Statebis Sida kompiuterulma bazarma srulyofilebas miaRwia, rodesac,
stimulirebis mizniT, saganmanaTleblo programebis axali formebis
gayidva daiwyo. kompaniebi axali saganmanaTleblo programebis gayidvas
internetis saSualebiTac gegmaven:

dasaqmebuli zrdasruli mosaxleobis dakmayofilebis mizniT, Jones International Ltd

“kibersivrcis biznes kolejs” daafuZnebs, sadac msurvelebs, internetis, sakabelo da
satelituri teeleviziisa da videokasetebis saSualebiT, biznes komunikaciebis
magistris xarisxi mieniWebaT. saerTaSoriso sauniversiteto kolejSi yovelwliuri
swavlebis sawyisi fasi 12 280 dolaridan daiwyeba da swavlebis formati Jones’s Mind
Extention University-is msgavsi iqneba, sadac studentebi profesorebs e-mail-ebis saSualebiT
ekontaqtebian da eleqtronulad asruleben davalebas. “universitetebi ganaTlebaSi
ZiriTad rols asruleben, magram milionobiT potenciuri studenti arsebobs,
romelsac codnis miReba surs, magram amas ver axerxebs,” acxadebs prezidenti glen r.
jounsi (Kenway et al. 1995, gv. 18)

Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, bazari da

sainformacio teqnologiebic ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul
cvlilebebzec axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas. magaliTad, konservatuli
mTavrobis mier danergil britanuli skolis sistemaze globalizaciis
zewolam imoqmeda, radgan man xarjebis Semcireba gamoiwvia. amgvari
zewola ganaTlebis komerciuli da sabazro mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSic
aisaxeba. skolebi, biznes korporaciebis msgavsad, restruqturizacias
eqvemdebarebian.

ganaTlebis sferoSi SeiZleba iseTi organiziaciebi CaerTos, romelsac

skolebTan manamde araferi hqonia saerTo. es sakabelo kompaniebi,
kompiuteruli programirebis ofisebi, satelekomunikacio jgufebi,
filmebis DSemqmnelebi da aRWurvilobis mimwodeblebi arian. am
organizaciebs skolebsa da universitetebze SeuzRudavi gavlena aqvT.
isini, ganaTlebis miRebis tradiciuli formis paralelurad, zogadad,
kompiuterul industriaze da muzeumebze, samecniero parkebsa da
istoriul adgilebze mibmul, axal saganmanaTleblo industrias, e.w.
“edu-tainment”-s qmnian.

eqneba Tu ara axal teqnologiebs ganaTlebaSi gadamwyveti roli, kvlav

Ria sakiTxad rCeba. kritikosebi acxadeben, rom, aseT SemTxvevaSi, maT
SeiZleba ganaTlebis sistemaSi uTanasworobis zrdas Seuwyon xeli.
swavlebis procesis ukve arsebul xelisSemSlel faqtors - materialur

35
siduxWires – savaraudod, “informaciuli siRatake” daemateba. “kedlebis
gareSe saklaso oTaxis” arseboba dResdReobiT Soreuli momavlis
movlenad gveCveneba. bevri skola da koleji finansebis naklebobasa da,
zemdgomi organoebis mxridan, mudmiv gulgril damokidebulebas
ganicdis.

Sejameba

1. ganaTleba, Tanamedrove formiT, romelic specialurad mowyobil

saklaso oTaxebSi moswavleebis instruqtaJs gulisxmobs, nabeWdi
masalebisa da wera-kiTxvis maRal doneze codnis moTxovnis gaCenis
Sedegad ganviTarda. codnis miReba, ganviTareba da moxmareba, meti
adamianis mier sul ufro met adgilas xdeba SesaZlebeli.
industrializaciis Sedegad, samuSaom ufro specializebuli
xasiaTi miiRo da praqtikul codnaze – kiTxvis, werisa da
angariSis unarze _ metad abstraqtul codnas mieniWa upiratesoba.
2. meoce saukuneSi, ganaTlebis gavrceleba ganswavlul da
disciplinirebul samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdas ukavSirdeba.
reformatorebi ganaTlebas uTanasworobis Semcirebis saSualebad
miiCnevdnen, magram, am mxriv, misi roli sakmaod SezRudulia.
ganaTleba arsebul uTanasworobas ufro usvams xazs, vidre
axorcielebs cvlilebebs mis aRmosafxvrelad.
3. 1944 wlis ganaTlebis kanonis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebul samefoSi
yvelas SeeZlo ufaso saSualo ganaTlebis miReba, skolis
damTavrebis asaki ki 15 wlamde gaizarda. Tumca, fasian
“sazogadoebriv skolebs” kvlav privilegirebuli adgili uWiravT
da sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT.
saxelmwifo saSualo skolebis funqcia, gaZlierebuli swavlebis
saSualo skolebma, Tanamedrove saSualo skolebma da mcire
raodenobis teqnikurma skolebma gainawiles. TeTrTmeti wlis
asakSi, moswavleebs gardamavali gamocda utardebaT, ris Sedegad
xdeba, unaris mixedviT, maTi sxvadasxva tipis saxelmwifo skolebSi
ganawileba.
4. 1960-ian wlebSi, skolebSi saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo
sistema dainerga. gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebsa da
Tanamedrove saSualo skolebTan erTad, TeTrTmeti wlis asakSi
gardamavali gamocdac gauqmda. ukanasknel wlebSi,
zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemaze mravali Tavdasxma ganxorcielda.
kritikosTa azriT, zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemam am iniciativis
avtorebis imedi ar gaamarTla, radgan maT mier dasaxuli
saganmanaTleblo standartebi ver daakmayofila.
5. skolebis organizacia da swavlebis sistema genderuli
uTanasworobis SenarCunebasac uwyobs xels. biWebisa da gogonebis
gamorCeuli tansacmlisa da stereotipuli personaJebis
monawileobiT Seqmnili teqstebis wyalobiT, sxvadasxva sqesis
warmomadgenelTa gamijvnis waxaliseba xdeba. faqtebi adasturebs,
rom maswavleblebi gogonebsa da biWebs sxvadasxvagvarad epyrobian,
zogierTi sagnebi gogonebisTvis Sesaferis sagnebad ufro miiCneva,
vidre biWebisTvis, da piriqiT. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi,
studentebsa da maswavleblebs Soris, dResac naklebi raodenobis

36
 qalia. vidre sxva faqtorebi ar Seicvleba, es situacia, savarudod,
ar gamoswordeba.
6. ganaTlebisa da saskolo swavlebis interpretaciebze sxvadasxva
sociologiurma Teoriam iqonia gavlena. bernStainis Teoriis
mixedviT, bavSvebi, romlebsac daxvewili enobrivi kodi aqvT,
ukeTesad umklavdebian formaluri akademiuri ganaTlebis
moTxovnebs, vidre SezRuduli enobrivi kodis mqone bavSvebi.
inteleqtis koeficientis testi “saWiro” unar-Cvevebis flobis
dadgenas isaxavs miznad. unar-Cvevebi kulturasTan aris kavSirSi,
Sesabamisad, maTi gamoyeneba SezRudulia.
7. skolis formaluri kurikulumi kulturuli aRwarmoebis ufro
zogadi procesis nawilia, romelzec swavlis, ganaTlebisa da
skolis garemos bevri araformaluri aspeqti axdens gavlenas.
kulturul aRwarmoebaSi mniSvnelovan rols “faruli kurikulumi”
asrulebs.
8. inteleqtis daxasiaTeba rTulia, amitom, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. zogierTebis azriT,
inteleqtis koeficients genebi gansazRvravs; zogi ki inteleqtis
koeficientis maCvenebels socialuri faqtorebiT xsnis. faqtebi
socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis sasargeblod metyvelebs.
inteleqtis koeficientTan dakavSirebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
wignis saxelwodebiT The Bell Curve-is gamocemam gamowvia. wignis
avtorebi acxadeben, rom rasebi memkvidreobiT miRebuli
inteleqtis saSualo doniT gansxvavdebian. kritikosebi mTlianad
uaryofen am Teziss.
9. devid goulmani did mniSvnelobas aniWebs emociur inteleqts.
emociuri inteleqti gansazRvravs imas, Tu ramdenad axerxeben
adamianebi emociebis marTvasa da sxva adamianebTan urTierTobebis
mogvarebas. misi azriT, karieraSi warmatebis miRwevisTvis,
emociuri inteleqti inteleqtis koeficientze aranakleb
mniSvnelovania.
10. sainformacio teqnologias – kompiuterebsa da multimedias –
skolebisa da ganaTlebis fundamenturad Secvla SeuZlia. skola
SeiZleba naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxdes, radgan moswavleebma Sin,
kompiuteris saSualebiT, miiRon ganaTleba.

damatebiTi literatura

Andy G reen, Education and State Formation (London: Macmillan, 1990). inglisis,
safrangeTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis erovnuli sistemis
aRzevebis analizi.

Mark H olmes, Educaional Policy for the Pluralist Democracy: The Common School, Choice,
and Diversity (Washington D.C: Falmer Press, 1992). ganaTlebis socialuri da
politikur aspeqtebis mimoxilva.

Sheila R iddell, Gender and the Politics of the Curriculum (London:Routledge, 1992).
kurikulumsa da genderul identobas Soris kavSiris analizis mizniT,
Seiswavlis SemTxvevebs or saSualo skolaSi.

37
 mniSvnelovani terminebi

• wera-kiTxvis codna
• saganmanaTleblo sistema
• umaRlesi ganaTleba
• SezRuduli kodi
• daxvewili kodi
• faruli kurikulumi
• skolis moswavleTa gadarCeva
• inteleqti
• inteleqtis koeficienti
• emociuri inteleqti
• mesame asakis universiteti
• saklaso oTaxi kedlebis gareSe
• informaciuli siRatakeE

38
Tavi 16

religia
Ziridi cnebebi

religiis daxasiaTeba

• ra ar aris religia
• ra aris religia

religiis saxeebi

• totemizmi da animizmi
• iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami
• Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebi

religiis Teoriebi

• marqsi da religia
• diurkemi da religiuri rituali
• veberi da msoflio religiebi
• Sefaseba

religiuri organizaciis tipebi

• veberi da trelCi: eklesiebi da seqtebi

• bekeri: denominaciebi da kultebi
• Sefaseba

genderi da religia

• religiuri xatebi
• qalebi religiur organizaciebSi

milenaruli moZraobebi

• ioakimes mimdevrebi
• aCrdilis cekva
• milenarul moZraobaTa buneba

religiis mimdinare ganviTarebebi: islamuri revolucia

• islamuri rwmenis ganviTareba

• islami da dasavleTi
• aRorZinebuli islamis gavrceleba
• civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?

religia gaerTianebul samefoSi

1
religia SeerTebul StatebSi

• mravalgvaroba
• qristianuli fundamentalizmi
• “eleqtronuli eklesia”

daskvna: religia, sekularizacia da socialuri cvlileba

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

• religia
• rituali
• sekularizacia

vficav riJraJs
da vficav Rames, roca is blantdeba.
arc dagtova Sen ufalma Senma da arca mogiZula.
zesTasofeli mjobi geqneba wuTisoflisa.
giboZebs ufali Seni da kmayofil-iqnebi.
gana ar gpova Sen uwin oblad da Segifara,
da gpova Sen gzaabneuli da giwinamZRvra,
da gpova Sen upovari da gagamdidra,
xolo obols rac Seexeba, nu gauwyrebi!
da maTxovars rac Seexeba, nu gaaZeveb.
da aha, Seni uflis madliT ilaparake!

es aris amonaridi wminda werilidan. is kargad aSuqebs im gavlenas,

romelsac religia aTasobiT welia axdens adamianTa cxovrebaze. teqsti
gvarwmunebs, rom RmerTi TiToeul Cvenganze zrunavs, siyvarulsa da
simSvides gvaniWebs, sakvebiTa da TavSesafriT uzrunvelgvyofs. RmerTis
Tayvaniscema da misi mowyalebis rwmena cxovrebiseul sikeTes gvaziarebs.

Semdgom davrwmundebiT, rom am rwmenas yvela religia ar iziarebs,

magram, ama Tu im formiT, religia CvenTvis nacnob yvela sazogadoebaSi
arsebobs. CanawerebSi uZvelesi sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
mxolod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebul informacias
eyrdnoba, naTlad Cans religiuri simboloebisa da ceremonialebis
kvali. istoriis ganviTarebis procesSi r e l i g i a s, adamianTa
gamocdilebasTan mimarTebaSi, kvlav centraluri adgili ekava da did
gavlenas axdenda Cvens mier garemos aRqmasa da mis mimarT gamovlenil
reaqciebze.

Cvens mier zemoT citirebuli wminda werili religias piradi simSvidisa

da mxardaWeris wyarod warmoaCens. Tumca religia bevrjer gamxdara
mwvave socialuri dapirispirebisa da konfliqtis sababi. axla im rCevasa

2
da emociur ganwyobaze vimsjeloT, romelsac Semdegi bibliuri
moZRvreba Seicavs:

gTxovT, Zmebo, scaniT Tqvens Soris mSromelni da Tqveni winamZRolni ufalSi da

Tqveni damrigebelni.
uaRresi siyvaruli gamoiCineT maTdami, maTi saqmis gamo iyaviT mSvidobiT erTmaneTSi.
da aha, SegagonebT Tqven, Zmano, daarigeT uwesoni, anugeSeT sulmokleni, mxari
dauWireT uZlurT da sulgrZelni iyaviT yvelas mimarT.
Tvali geWiroT, aravin miagos erTmaneTs borotis wil boroti. aramed mudam
cdilobdeT sikeTe uyoT erTmaneTs da yvelas.
medam xarobdeT.

pirveli teqstis msgavsad, es sityvebic universalur siyvarulsa da

RvTiur sikeTes RaRadebs. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom is, vinc pirvel
moZRvrebas iziarebs, SeiZleba meore moZRvrebas ar daeTanxmos. magram
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, morwmuneTa am or jgufs Soris xSirad hqonia
adgili sisxlian konfliqts. pirveli teqsti yuranidan, islamis wminda
wignidan, aris citirebuli. meore ki qristianuli bibliis axal aRTqmas
efuZneba. islamsa da qristianobas saerTo warmomavloba aqvT, orive
religiaSi bevri msgavsi winaswarmetyveli gvxvdeba. Tumca isini
erTmaneTis RmerTs uaryofen da alternatuli religiis an nebismieri
sxva religiis mimdevrebs, auTsaiderebad miiCneven.

XI-XIII saukuneebSi evropis jarebma Sua aRmosavleTis nawili daipyres.

maT miznad musulmanebisgan (islamis mimdevrebisgan) wminda miwis
gaTavisufleba da qristianobis gavrceleba hqondaT dasaxuli. am sastik
da sisxlian omebSi, romlebsac qristianebma “jvarosnuli” uwodes,
adamianebi alahisa da RmerTis saxeliT ibrZodnen. daiRupa aTasobiT
adamiani da orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qristiani da islamuri jarebi
erTmaneTs sisastikeSi ejibrebodnen. pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis
Semdeg, evropelebma didi teritoriebi da mniSvnelovani qalaqebi, maT
Soris, ierusalimic daipyres. magram 1272 wels, mecxre galaSqrebis
Sedegad, wminda miwa isev musulmanebma daibrunes.

jvarosnebis erT-erTi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli damcveli safrangeTSi

klearvos monastris abati wminda bernari iyo. “netar arian brZolaSi
daRupuli wamebulni”, werda abati. “Tu RvTis saxeliT cxovrob da
ipyrob, gixaroden, magram Tu gardaicvlebi da RmerTs SeuerTdebi,
dideba gelis” (Koenigsburger 1987).

ratom aqvs religias adamianTa cxovrebaze iseTi gavlena, rom isini mzad
arian misi idealebisTvis Tavi gawiron? ratom aris religia
sazogadoebis aseTi mravlismomcveli aspeqti? ra pirobebi uwyobs xels
religiis mier sazogadoebaTa gaerTianebas da ra pirobebSi xdeba
sazogadoebebs Soris ganxeTqileba religiuri motiviT? es is kiTxvebia,
romlebsac SevecdebiT, am TavSi gavceT pasuxi. am mizniT ki unda
gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris realurad religia. religiuri rwmenisa da
praqtikis gansxvavebul formebs ganvixilavT. aseve vimsjelebT religiis
ZiriTad sociologiur Teoriebze; religiuri organizaciis sxvadasxva
tips gavaanalizebT; da bolos, imaze vimsjelebT, Tu ra bedi ewia
religias Tanamedrove samyaroSi, radgan bevri mkvlevris azriT,
mecnierebisa da Tanamedrove industriis aRzevebis gamo, religias

3
socialur cxovrebaSi iseTi centraluri adgili aRar uWiravs, rogoric
Tanamedrove epoqamde hqonda gankuTvnili.

religiis Seswavla rTuli amocanaa, radgan is sociologiuri

warmosaxvis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. religiuri praqtikis analizis
dros, sxvadasxva kulturaSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli rwmenebisa da
ritualebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba gvixdeba. idealebs, romlebsac
morwmuneTa STagoneba efuZneba, didi sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT da,
amave dros, Cveni xedva maTTan mimarTebaSi unda davabalansoT. Cven iseT
ideebTan gvixdeba dapirispireba, romlebic maradiul WeSmaritebas
qadageben, radgan vacnobierebT, rom religiur jgufebs sruliad miwieri
miznebic – magaliTad, finansebis moTxovna an mimdevarTa mozidvis
mcdeloba – amoZravebT. unda vaRiaroT, rom bevri sxvadasxva religiuri
rwmena da ganxvavebuli qceva arsebobs, magram religiis buneba zogadi
fenomenis WrilSic unda ganvixiloT.

religiis gansazRvreba

Zalian bevri gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmena da organizacia arsebobs,

amitom mecnierebs uWirT religiis yvelasTvis misaRebi definiciis
SemuSaveba. dasavleTSi adamianTa umravlesoba religias qristianobasTan
– uflis rwmenasTan _ aigivebs, romelic am qveynad moraluri qcevisken
mogviwodebs da imqveyniur cxovrebas gvpirdeba. ra Tqma unda, zogadad,
religias am terminebiT ver davaxasiaTebT. amgvari rwmena da
qristianobis sxva mravali aspeqti msoflio religiaTa umravlesobaSi
ar gvxvdeba.

ra ar aris religia?

religiasTan mimarTebaSi, kulturuli mikerZoebis Tavis aridebis mizniT,

albaT sjobs, jer imaze visaubroT, Tu, zogadi gagebiT, ra ar aris
religia. pirvel rigSi, religia ar unda iqnas gaigivebuli monoTeizmTan
(erTi RmerTis rwmenasTan). religiaTa umravlesoba mraval RmerTs
aRiarebs. qristianobis zogierT versiaSic ki, sakraluri Tvisebebi
ramdenime salocavs _ RmerTs, iesos, wminda mariams, suli wmidas,
angelozebsa da wmindanebs _ miewereba; iseTi religiebic arsebobs,
romlebSic RmerTebi saerTod ar aris.

meore, religia ar unda iyos gaigivebuli morwmuneTa qcevis

makontrolebel, moralur receptebTan – amgvarad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
moses mcnebebi, romlebic mas, TiTqos, RmerTma ukarnaxa. idea, rom
RmerTebs Cveni miwieri qceva ainteresebT, ucxoa bevri religiisTvis.
magaliTad, Zveli berZnebis azriT, RmerTebs adamianTa aqtivobis mimarT
indiferentuli damokidebuleba hqondaT.

mesame, religia yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs imis axsnas, Tu rogor Seiqmna

samyaro. qristianoba pirveli adamianis gaCenas adamisa da evas miTiT
xsnis, amgvar miTebs bevr religiaSi vxvdebiT, magram bevri iseTi
religiac arsebobs, romelic amgvar ganmartebas ar moicavs.

4
meoTxe, religia ar unda iqnas gaigivebuli zebunebrivTan, romelsac
“grZnobadis miRma” arsebuli samyaro swams. magaliTad, konfucianizmi
samyaros bunebriv harmonias aRiarebs da ar eZebs samyaros miRma
arsebul realobas.

ra aris religia?

religiebs, savaraudod, Semdegi saerTo maxasiaTeblebi aerTianebT:

religia iseT simboloTa nakrebia, romlebic Tayvaniscemasa da SiSs
iwvevs da morwmuneebis jgufis mier Sesrulebul r i t u a l e b s a
da ceremoniebs (magaliTad, saeklesio wirvebs) ukavSirdeba. TiToeuli
elementi ganmartebas moiTxovs. SesaZloa, religia RmerTebis arsebobas
ar gulisxmobdes, magram is yovelTvis moicavs krZalvisa da SiSis
gamomwvev cocxal arsebebsa an nivTebs. magaliTad, zogierT religiaSi
adamianebs ara gapirovnebuli RmerTebis, aramed “RvTiuri Zalis” swamT.
iseTi religiebic arsebobs, romlebSic adamianebi RmerTebs ki ar
eTayvanebian, aramed iseT figurebs, rogoric buda da konfucia.

religiasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi erTmaneTisgan Zlier

gansxvavdeba. ritualuri aqti SeiZleba locvas, galobas, simReras,
garkveuli sakvebis Wamas, an piriqiT, akrZalvas – garkveul dReebSi
marxvas da a.S. moiTxovdes. imis gamo, rom ritualuri aqtebi religiur
simboloebzea orientirebuli, isini yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cvevebisa da
procedurebisgan Zlier gamoirCeva. Tu sanTels RvTis sadideblad
vanTebT, es qmedeba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT sruliad gansxvavdeba im
situaciisgan, rodesac sanTels ganaTebis mizniT viyenebT. religiur
rituals pirovneba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganmartoebiT asrulebs, magram
morwmuneTa mier ceremoniis koleqtiur Sesrulebas yvela religia
gulisxmobs. regularuli ceremoniebi, Cveulebriv, specialur adgilebSi
– eklesiebSi, salocavebSi, an ceremoniisTvis gankuTvnil moednebze
sruldeba.

sociologTa azriT, erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic religias

magiisgan gamoarCevs, koleqtiuri ceremoniaa; Tumca maT Soris arsebuli
sazRvrebi gamokveTili ar aris. magia movlenebis eleqsirebiT, galobiTa
da ritualebis saSualebiT marTvaa. is, Cveulebriv, ara morwmuneTa
jgufis mier, aramed individualurad sruldeba. adamianebi magias, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, warumateblobisa da mosalodneli safrTxis dros
mimarTaven. Tavis klasikur kvlevaSi wynari okeanis auzis trobriandis
macxovrebelTa Sesaxeb, bronislav malinovski sxvadasxva magiur
rituals aRwers, romlebsac kunZulis macxovreblebi kanoeTi saxifaTo
mogzaurobis win asrulebdnen (Malinowski 1982). isini amgvari ritualis
Catarebas saWirod ar miiCnevdnen, Tuki lagunaSi mSvid amindSi
midiodnen saTevzaod.

magiis praqtika Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi TiTqmis aRmoifxvra, magram

saxifaTo situaciebSi magiis msgavs crurwmenas mainc xSirad vawydebiT.
saxifaTo an iseTi saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi, romlebzec
SeiZleba SemTxveviTma faqtorebma imoqmedos, magaliTad, maRaroelebi,
mezRvaurebi da sportsmenebi, mcire crumorwmuneobriv ritualebs
asruleben, an stresul situaciaSi garkveul xerxebs mimarTaven.

5
zogierTi CogburTeli mniSvnelovani matCebis dros yovelTvis erTsa da
imave beWeds ikeTebs. Zvel sazogadoebebSi arsebul, magiur ideebze
dafuZnebul astrologiur rwmenas amJamadac didi gavlena aqvs, Tumca
adamianTa umravlesoba maT seriozulad ar miiCnevs.

religiis saxeebi

tradiciul sazogadoebebSi religias socialur cxovrebaSi, Cveulebriv,

centraluri adgili uWiravs. religiuri simboloebi da ritualebi, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis materialur da xelovnebis kulturasTan –
musikasTan, xatvasTan, xis damuSavebasTan, ambis Txrobasa da
literaturasTan aris integrirebuli. mcire kulturebSi profesionali
mRvdlis instituti ar arsebobs, magram arian garkveuli adamianebi,
romlebic gansakuTrebul religiur (xSir SemTxvevaSi magiur) codnas
avlenen. amgvari mcodne SeiZleba bevri iyos, magram erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli Samania (termini pirvelad Crdilo amerikel indielebs
Soris gavrcelda). Samani aris adamiani, romelsac, morwmuneTa azriT,
ritualis saSualebiT sulebis an zebunebrivi Zalebis marTva SeuZlia.
Samanebi magebi ufro arian, vidre religiuri liderebi. maT xSirad
akiTxaven Temis religiuri ritualebiT ukmayofilo adamianebi.

totemizmi da animizmi

mcire kulturebSi xSirad gvxvdeba religiis ori forma, romlebsac

totemizmi da animizmi ewodeba. sityva “totemi” pirvelad Crdilo
amerikeli indielebis tomebSi gaCnda da mas zebunebrivi ZaliT
dajildoebuli cxovelisa da mcenaris aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen.
sazogadoebaSi arsebul naTesaur jgufsa an klans, Cveulebriv, sakuTari
totemi aqvs, romelsac sxvadasxva ritualuri aqtivoba ukavSirdeba.
totemuri rwmena ucxoa industriuli sazogadoebis wevrebisTvis, Tumca
totemizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi, SedarebiT viwro
konteqstSi, aqac gvxvdeba – magaliTad, sportuli gundis emblemaze
SeiZleba cxoveli an mcenare gamoisaxos. Tilismac totemia.

animizmi sulebisa an aCrdilebis rwmenas niSnavs, romlebic, adamianTa

azriT, maT samyaroSi binadroben. es suli SeiZleba keTili an boroti
iyos da adamianTa qcevaze sxvadasxvagvarad imoqmedos. magaliTad,
zogierT kulturaSi miaCniaT, rom sulebi avadmyofobasa da sigiJes
iwvevs. maT SeiZleba adamianSi daibudon da misi qceva gaakontrolon.
animisturi rwmena mxolod mcire kulturebiT ar Semoifargleba; is,
sxvadasxva xarisxiT, bevr religiur garemoSi gvxvdeba. Sua saukuneebis
evropaSi adamians, romelsac avi suli eufleboda, xSirad, borot
jadoqrad naTlavdnen da sikvdiliT sjidnen.

mcire, SedarebiT “primitiuli” sazogadoebebi, xSirad, religiuri

rwmenis kompleqsuri sistemiT gamoirCeva. totemizmi da animizmi, msxvil
sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT, am sazogadoebebSi ufroa gavrcelebuli,
magram zogierT mcire sazogadoebas bevrad ufro meti kompleqsuri
religia gaaCnia. magaliTad, rogorc evans-pritCardi aRwers, samxreT
sudanSi Teologiuri ideebis mravlismomcveli nakrebi gvxvdeba, romlis

6
centraluri figura “maRali RmerTi” an “cis sulia” (Evans-Pritchard 1956).
monoTeizmisken mimarTuli religiebi SedarebiT naklebad aris mcire
tradiciul kulturebSi. maTi umravlesoba poliTeisturia – mraval
RmerTs aRiarebs.

iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami

msoflio istoriis sami yvelaze gavleniani monoTeisturi religia

iudaizmi, qristianoba da islamia. samive religia Sua aRmosavleTSi
warmoiSva da TiToeulma maTganma sxva religiebze didi gavlena
moaxdina.

iudaizmi

iudaizmi am sam religias Soris yvelaze Zveli religiaa, romelic Cv.w.-

mde daaxloebiT 1000 wlidan arsebobs. Zveli iudevelebi momTabare
adamianebi iyvnen da Zvel egviptesa da mimdebare teritoriebze
cxovrobdnen. misnebi anu religiuri liderebi, nawilobriv, regionis
religiur rwmenaze dafuZnebul ideebs qadagebdnen, magram erTaderTi
yovlisSemZle RmerTisadmi Tayvaniscemas sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxatavdnen.
maTi mezoblebis umravlesoba poliTeistebi iyvnen. iudevelebs swamdaT,
rom RmerTi mkacri moraluri kodeqsis morCilebas moiTxovs, erTaderT
WeSmaritebas aRiarebs da marTebul religiad mxolod maT rwmenas
miiCnevs (Zeitlin 1984, 1988).

meore msoflio omis dasrulebidan cota xnis Semdeg, israelis

saxelmwifo daarsda. manamde iudaizmi arc erTi saxelmwifos
oficialuri religia ar iyo. mudmivi devnis miuxedavad, ramac
kulminacias miaRwia nacistebis mier II msoflio omis periodSi
sakoncentracio banakebSi milionibiT ebraelis gaJletiT, ebrauli
Temebi evropaSi, Crdilo amerikasa da aziaSi SemorCnen.

qristianoba

qristianobam iudevelTa bevri Tvalsazrisi gaiTavisa. ieso orTodoqsi

ebraeli iyo da qristianoba Tavdapirvelad iudaizmis seqtad
Camoyalibda. surda Tu ara iesos damoukidebeli religiis dafuZneba,
amis mtkiceba Znelia. mowafeebi mas mesias uwodebdnen, rac ebraul
enaze “mxsnels” niSnavs, am sityvis berZnuli Sesatyvisi ki “qristea” -
mxsneli, romelsac ebraelebi elodnen. qristianobis gavrcelebis
ZiriTadi iniciatori berZnulad mosaubre romaeli moqalaqe pavle
gaxldaT, romelic aqtiurad qadagebda mcire aziasa da saberZneTSi.
qristianebis sastiki devnis miuxedavad, imperatorma konstantinem
qristianoba, sabolood, romauli imperiis oficialur religiad
gamoacxada. momdevno ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qristianobas
dasavleTis kulturaSi dominanturi adgili eWira.

dRes qristianobas ufro meti mimdevari hyavs da mTel msoflioSi

yvelaze gavrcelebuli religiaa. sakuTar Tavs qristians aTas milionze
meti adamiani uwodebs, magram Teologiisa da eklesiis organazaciis

7
TvalsazrisiT, maT Soris bevri gansxvavebaa. ZiriTadi ganStoebebi
romauli kaTolicizmi, protestantizmi da aRmosavluri orTodoqsizmia.

islami

islams, romelsac religiebs Soris msoflioSi meore adgili uWiravs,

(ix. cxrili 16.1), qristianobasTan bevri saerTo aqvs. islami
winaswarmetyveli muhamedis swavlebas efuZneba, romelic Cv.w-iT meSvide
saukuneSi moRvaweobda. islamis rwmeniT, adamianebsa da bunebas
erTaderTi RmerTi _ alahi _ ganagebs. islami musulmanebisgan (islamis
mimdevrebisgan) xuTi ZiriTadi religiuri valdebulebis Sesrulebas
moiTxovs. pirveli valdebulebis Tanaxmad, “erTaderTi RmerTi alahia,
muhamedi ki alahis mociquli”. meoris mixedviT, morwmunem locva dReSi
xuTjer unda waikiTxos, rasac win ganbanvis ceremoniali uZRvis. sadac
ar unda iyos mlocveli, man, am ritualis Sesrulebisas, saudis
arabeTSi mdebare wminda qalaq meqas mimarTulebiT unda gaixedos.

mesame valdebuleba ramadanis dacvaa; es aris erTTviani marxva, romlis

ganmavlobaSi morwmunes dRisiT sakvebisa da sasmelis miReba ekrZaleba.
meoTxe, islamuri kanoniT dadgenili Sesawiris gacemaa (fuli Raribebs
unda daurigdes). am valdebulebas saxelmwifo xSirad gadasaxadebis
akrebis mizniT iyenebs. da bolos, yvela morwmunes, Tundac erTxel,
meqaSi molocva moeTxoveba.

musulmanTa azriT, muhamedze adre moRvawe winaswarmatyvelnic, mosesa

da iesos CaTvliT, alahis saxeliT qadagebdnen, magram muhamedis
swavlebam misi survili yvelaze naTlad gamoxata. islami gavrcelebuli
religiaa, mas mTel msoflioSi 1000 milioni mimdevari hyavs. umravlesoba
CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT afrikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da pakistanSia
koncentrirebuli. (mokle diskusias musulmanuri rwmenis Sesaxeb
SegiZliaT gaecnoT qvemoT, qveTavSi, romelic islamur revolucias
exeba).

cxrili 16.1 msoflios religiuri mosaxleoba, 1993

religia raodenoba procentuli

maCvenebeli
qristianebi 1 869 282 470 33.5
roameli kaTolikebi 1 042 501 000 18.7
protestantebi 382 374 000 6.9
marTlmadideblebi 173 560 000 3.1
anglikanebi 75 847 000 1.4
sxva qristianebi 195 000 470 3.5
musulmanebi 1 014 372 000 18.2
arareligiurebi 912 874 000 16.4
indusebi 751 360 000 13.5
budistebi 334 002 000 6.0
aTeistebi 242 852 000 4.3
Cinuri xalxuri 140 956 000 2.5
religiebi
axali religiebi 123 765 000 2.2
8
tomebis religiebi 99 736 000 1.8
sikxebi 19 853 000 0.4
ebraelebi 18 153 000 0.3
sxvebi 49 280 000 1.0
wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis statistikuri mimoxilva, 1994, gv. 855

Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebi

induizmi

iudaizms, qristianobas, islamsa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebs

Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. uZvelesi religia, romelic dResac
didi popularobiT sargeblobs, induizmia. rwmena, romelsac es religia
efuZneba, eqvsi aTasi welia arsebobs. induizmi poliTeisturi religiaa.
is iseTi Sinagani mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, rom, zogierTi mecnieris
azriT, mas monaTesave religiebis erToblioba unda vuwodoT da ara
erTi religiuri orientacia; mraval adgilobriv kultsa da religiur
praqtikas ramdenime sazogadod miRebuli rwmena aerTianebs.

indusTa umravlesoba reinkarnaciis ciklis doqtrinas aRiarebs –

rwmenas, rom yvela sulieri arseba dabadebis, gardacvalebisa da meored
dabadebis mudmivi procesis nawilia. meore damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba
kastobrivi sistemaa, romelic efuZneba rwmenas, TiTqos adamians
dabadebisTanave socialur da ritualur ierarqiaSi garkveuli adgili
eniWeba, rasac mis mier wina cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebuli aqtivoba
ganapirobebs. TiToeul kastas sakuTari movaleobebi da ritualebi aqvs
da adamianis bediswera momaval cxovrebaSi ZiriTadad imiT
ganisazRvreba, Tu rogor asrulebda is manamde am movaleobebs.
induizmisTis misaRebia ramdenime gansxvavebuli religiuri
Tvalsazrisis arseboba; am religiaSi ar xdeba morwmuneebis
urwmunoTagan mkveTri gamijvna. induizms 750 milion adamianze meti
misdevs, savaraudod, yvela indoeTis subkontinentis macxovrebelia.
qristianobisa da islamisgan gansxvavebiT, induizmi sxvebis mozidvas da
maT “WeSmarit morwmuneebad” moqcevas ar cdilobs.

budizmi, konfucianizmi, taoizmi

aRmosavleTis eTikuri religiebia budizmi, konfucianizmi da taoizmi. es

religiebi RmerTebis Tayvaniscemas ar gulisxmobs. isini eTikur ideebze
ufro amaxvileben yuradRebas, romlebic morwmunes benebisa da samyaros
erTianobasTan akavSirebs.

budizmi Cv.w-mde meeqvse saukuneSi moRvawe, samxreT nepalis patara

samefos indusTa princis sidarta gautamas, budas (ganswavlulis),
swavlebas efuZneba. buda qadagebs, rom adamianisTvis reinkarnaciis
cikli savaldebulo aRar iqneba, Tu is yofiT survilebs uaryofs.
gadarCenisTvis man TviTdisciplinisa da meditaciis gza unda ganvlos,
romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo miwieri samyaros amocanebTan. budizmis
ZiriTadi mizani nirvanas, srulyofili sulierebis miRwevaa. buda
indusTa ritualebsa da kastebs uaryofda. induizmis msgavsad, religiis

9
adgilobrivi variaciebi arc budizmisTvisaa miuRebeli. es religia
mxolod erTi Tvalsazrisis arsebobas ar moiTxovs. budizmi dRes didi
gavleniT sargeblobs Soreuli aRmosavleTis bevr saxelmwifoSi, maT
Soris tailandSi, birmaSi, Sri lankaSi, CineTSi, iaponiasa da koreaSi.

konfucianizmma tradiciuli CineTis mmarTveli jgufebis kulturas

Cauyara safuZveli. ,,konfuci” (k’ung fu-cus laTinuri varianti) Cv.w-mde
meeqvse saukuneSi, budas periodSi, cxovrobda. taoizmis fuZemdeblis
lao-Tzus msgavsad, konfucic maswavlebeli iyo da ara axlo
aRmosavleTis religiuri lideri anu misani. konfucianizmis mimdevrebi
konfucs RmerTad ar aRiqvamen, isini mas ”brZenTa Soris ubrZenes kacs”
uwodeben. konfucianizmi adamianis cxovrebas bunebis Sinagan harmonias
ukavSirebs da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs winaparTa
Tayvaniscemas. igive principebs iziarebs taoizmi. am religiis principiT,
ukeTesi cxovreba meditaciiTa da mimteveblobiT miiRweva. Cinelma
xalxma zemoT xsenebuli religiuri rwmenisa da praqtikis zogierTi
elementi SeinarCuna, magram mTavrobis opoziciuri ganwyobis gamo,
konfucianizmi da taoizmi CineTSi Zveleburi gavleniT aRar sargeblobs.

religiis Teoriebi

religiisadmi sociologiur midgomaze jer kidev Zlier gavlenas axdens

sami ,,klasikosi” sociologi Teoretikosis – marqsis, diurkemisa da
veberis – ideebi. am sami mecnieridan, arc erTi ar iyo religiuri da
samives miaCnda, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi religia naklebad
mniSvnelovani gaxdeboda. TiTeuli Teoretikosis azriT, religia,
fundamenturi gagebiT, iluziaa. sxvadasxva rwmenis advokatebi
darwmunebulni arian maTi rwmenisa da im ritualebis validurobaSi,
romlebSic Tavad iReben monawileobas; samive moazrovenes miaCnia, rom
mravalgvari religiebis arseboba da maTi aSkara kavSiri sxvadasxva
tipis sazogadoebasTan, am mosazrebaTa usafuZvlobaze metyvelebs.
monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebaSi dabadebul avstraliel
adamians, indur kastobriv sistemaSi an Sua saukuneebis evropis
kaTolikur eklesiaSi dabadebuli adamianisgan gansxvavebuli religiuri
rwmena aqvs.

marqsi da religia

miuxedavad imisa, rom marqsis ideebma am sakiTxze didi gavlena moaxdina,

mas religia detalurad arasodes Seuswavlia. misi ideebi, ZiriTadad,
mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis ramdenime Teologisa da filosofosis
naazrevs efuZneba. erT-erTi maTgani cnobili naSromis ,,qristianobis
arsi” avtori ludvig foierbaxia (Feuerbach 1957; pirvelad 1841 wels
gamoica). foierbaxis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, religia iseTi ideebisa da
Rirebulebebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic adamianTa kulturuli ganviTarebis
procesSi yalibdeba, magram maT warmoSobas, SecdomiT, RvTiur Zalebs an
RmerTebs miaweren. imis gamo, rom adamianebma safuZvlianad ar ician
sakuTari istoria, isini socialuri procesebis Sedegad Seqmnili
Rirebulebebisa da normebis wyarod, RmerTisEaqtivobas miiCneven.
magaliTad, aTi mcneba, romelic mosem RmerTisgan moismina, ebrael da

10
qristian morwmuneTa cxovrebis ZiriTadi moraluri wesebis miTiuri
versiaa.

foierbaxi acxadebs, rom Cven Cvens mier Seqmnili religiuri

simboloebis buneba ar gvesmis; swored amitom veqceviT im istoriuli
Zalebis tyveobaSi, romelTa gakontroleba Tavad ar SegviZlia. foerbaxi
iyenebs termins gaucxoeba, am terminSi is RmerTebisa da RvTiuri
Zalebis adamianebisgan gamijvnas gulisxmobs. adamianis mier Seqmnili
Rirebulebebisa da ideebis warmoSoba ucxo an sadRac sxvagan myof
arsebebs – religiur Zalebsa da RmerTebs _ miewereba. gaucxoebas
warsulSi uaryofiTi Sedegi hqonda, magram, foierbaxis azriT, religiis,
rogorc gaucxoebis, gageba, samomavlod imedismomcemi movlenaa. Tu
adamiani gaacnobierebs, rom religiuri warmoSobis Rirebulebebi
sinamdvileSi misi Seqmnilia, is am Rirebulebebis amqveyniur cxovrebaSi
realizebis SesaZleblobaSi darwmundeba da mxolod imqveyniuris imedad
aRar iqneba. unari, romelsac, qristianuli rwmenis mixedviT, mxolod
RmerTi flobs, Tavad adamiansac gaaCnia. qristianebs miaCniaT, rom
RmerTi yovlisSemZlea da kacTmoyvare, adamiani ki arasrulyofili
arsebaa da mas bevri susti mxare axasiaTebs. foierbaxis azriT,
siyvarulis, sikeTisa da sakuTari cxovrebis gakontrolebis potencia
yvela adamianur socialur instituts gaaCnia da Tu amas bolomde
gavacnobierebT, am SesaZleblobaTa realizeba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba.

Tvalsazriss, rom religia adamianTa TviTgaucxoebas gulisxmobs,

marqsic eTanxmeba. bevrs miaCnia, rom marqsi religias saTanado
yuradRebas ar uTmobda, magram es mosazreba simarTles ar Seesabameba.
marqsi wers, rom ,,religia ugulo cxovrebis gulia” – yoveldRiuri
sastiki realobidan gamosavlis Zieba. marqss miaCnda, rom religia,
tradiciuli formiT, aRar iarsebebs da es gamarTlebulic iqneba; amis
mizezi Tavad religiuri idealebisa da Rirebulebebis miuRebloba ar
aris; pozitiuri religiuri ideebi SeiZleba kacobriobis ZiriTad
idealebad iqces da samyaros ganviTarebisTvis uaRresad sasikeTo
aRmoCndes. Cvens mier Seqmnili RmerTebis ar unda gveSinodes da maT ar
unda mivaweroT Rirebulebebi, romelTa realizeba Tavad SegviZlia.

marqsi Tavis cnobil frazaSi acxadebs: ,,religia adamianebisTvis

opiumia.” religia gvaswavlis, rom adamiani amqveyniur pirobebs unda
Seeguos, radgan im qveynad mas bedniereba da jildo elis. aqedan
gamomdinare, is amqveynad arsebul uTanasworobasa da usamarTlobasTan
Seguebas qadagebs da adamians imqveyniur sikeTes hpirdeba. religia
Zlier ideologiur elements Seicavs: religiuri rwmena da
Rirebulebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, simdidrisa da Zaluflebis araTanabari
ganawilebis gamarTlebas cdilobs. magaliTad, religiuri swavlebis
mixedviT, ,,morCilebi daimkvidreben samyaros”, rac CagvrasTan Seguebas
niSnavs.

diurkemi da religiuri rituali

marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, emil diurkemma Tavisi inteleqtualuri karieris

didi nawili religiis Seswavlas dauTmo. man, ZiriTadad, mcire
tradiciul sazogadoebebze gaamaxvila yuradReba. diurkemis naSromi

11
,,religiuri cxovrebis elementaluri formebi,” romelic pirvelad 1912
wels gamoica, albaT, religiis sociologiis erTaderT, yvelaze
gavlenian kvlevad unda CaiTvalos (Durkheim 1976). diurkemi religias,
pirvel rigSi, Zalauflebis araTanabar socialur ganawilebas ki ar
ukavSirebs, aramed sazogadoebrivi institutebis saerTo bunebas. misi
naSromi avstraliur aborigenul sazogadoebebSi gavrcelebuli
totemizmis Seswavlas efuZneba. diurkemis azriT, totemizmi religiis
,,elementalur” anu yvelaze martiv formas warmoadgens, rac misi wignis
saTaurSi aisaxeba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, totemi, Tavdapirvelad, jgufisTvis gansakuTrebuli

simboluri mniSvnelobis matarebeli cxoveli an mcenare iyo. es aris
sakraluri obieqti, romelic Tayvaniscemas imsaxurebs da mis
sadidebelad sxvadasxva ritualuri aqtivoba xorcieldeba. diurkemi
orgvar, sakralur da profanul, religias gamoyofs. misi azriT,
sakraluri sagnebi da simboloebi arsebobis rutinul aspeqtebSi –
profanul realobaSi _ ar moiazreba. totemuri cxovelis an mcenaris
Wama, Cveulebriv, mxolod specialur ceremonialzea daSvebuli.
morwmuneebs sjeraT, rom totems, rogorc wminda obieqts, RvTiuri
Tvisebebi axasiaTebs, rac mas sxva, nadirobisTvis gankuTvnili
cxovelebisgan da sakvebad vargisi mcenareebisgan gamoarCevs.

ratom aris totemi sakraluri? diurkemis mixedviT, amis mizezi is aris,

rom totemi Tavad jgufis simboloa; is jgufis an Temis yvelaze
mniSvnelovan RirebulebebTan aris gaigivebuli. mowiwebis grZnoba,
romelsac adamiani totemis mimarT ganicdis, realurad, mniSvnelovani
sicialuri Rirebulebebis pativiscemas efuZneba. religiaSi Tayvaniscemis
obieqti, realurad, Tavad sazogadoebaa.

diurkemi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom religia

mxolod rwmeniT ar amoiwureba. yvela religia regularul ceremoniebsa
da ritualur aqtivobas ukavSirdeba, romlis drosac morwmuneTa jgufi
ikribeba. koleqtiuri ceremonia jgufuri solidarobis SegrZnebas
aZlierebs. ceremoniebSi monawileobisas, adamianebs profanuli
socialuri cxovrebiseuli problemebi aviwydebaT da hgoniaT, rom
zebunebriv ZalebTan Sedian kontaqtSi. totemebisTvis miwerili
zebunebrivi Zalebi, anu RmerTebis RvTiuri zemoqmedeba, sinamdvileSi, im
gavlenis gamomxatvelia, romelsac koleqtivi individze axdens.

diurkemis TvalsazrisiT, ceremonia da rituali jgufis wevrebis

erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtoria. swored es
aris imis mizezi, rom es movlenebi mxolod regularuli Tayvaniscemis
gamomxatvel sityuaciebSi ki ar gvxvdeba, aramed cxovrebiseuli
krizisisa da mniSvnelovani socialuri gardaqmnebis, magaliTad,
dabadebis, qorwinebis, an gardacvalebis periodSic. aseT SemTxvevebSi,
TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi, ritualuri da ceremoniuli procedura
sruldeba. diurkemis azriT, koleqtiuri ceremonia maSin ganamtkicebs
jgufis solidarobas, rodesac adamians mniSvnelovan cvlilebebTan
uxdeba Segueba. amis maniSnebelia dasaflavebis ritualebi; jgufis
Rirebulebebi, gardacvalebis faqtTan SedarebiT, ufro mtkicea da isini
adamianebs axal situaciasTan SeguebaSi exmareba. glova dardis

12
spontanuri gamoxatuleba ar aris. gardacvlili realurad SeiZleba
mxolod iseTma pirovnebam iglovos, romelzec sikvdilis faqtma
uSualod imoqmeda. glova jgufis mier gamoxatuli valdebulebaa.

diurkemi acxadebs, rom mcire kulturul jgufebSi cxovrebis TiTqmis

yvela aspeqti religiis mier imarTeba. religiuri ceremoniebi rogorc
axal ideebs da azrovnebis kategoriebs uyris safuZvels, ise arsebul
Rirebulebebsac amyarebs. religia mxolod gancdebisa da aqtivobebis
nakrebi ar aris; is tradiciul kulturebSi individTa azrovnebis stils
ganapirobebs. azrovnebis ZiriTadi kategoriebic ki, drosa da sivrcesTan
dakavSirebuli naazrevis CaTvliT, Tavdapirvelad, religiuri kuTxiT
moiazreboda. magaliTad, ,,drois” cneba, Tavdapirvelad, religiur
ceremoniebs Soris arsebuli intervalebis aTvlas efuZneboda.

ra religiur cvlilebas elis diurkemi

diurkems miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ganviTareba religiuri

gavlenis Sesustebas gamoiwvevs. religiur dasabuTebas mecnieruli
azrovneba Secvlis, da ceremoniebsa da ritualur aqtivobas adamianTa
cxovrebaSi Zalze mcire adgili daeTmoba. diurkemi marqss eTanxmeba
imaSi, rom tradiciul religias – anu religias, romelic RvTiuri
Zalebisa da RmerTebis arsebobas gulisxmobs – gaqroba emuqreba.
diurkemi wers: ,,Zveli RmerTebi gardaicvalnen.” amasTan erTad is
acxadebs, rom religia saxecvlili formiT kvlav iarsebebs.
Rirebulebebis gamamyarebel ritualebze Tanamedrove sazogadoebebic
arian damokidebulni, Tumca, Zveli ceremoniebi SeiZleba axalma
aqtivobebma Caanacvlos. diurkemi naTlad ar ganmartavs, Tu, savaraudod,
ra saxis iqneba es aqtivobebi; rogorc Cans, is iseT humanur da
politikur Rirebulebebs gulisxmobs, rogoric Tavisufleba,
Tanasworoba da socialuri TanamSromlobaa.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umravles industriul saxelmwifoebSi samoqalaqo

religiebi ganviTarda (Bellah 1970). britaneTSi arsebuli simboloebi –
droSa, simRerebi – magaliTad, imedisa da didebis miwa da mefed
kurTxevis msgavsi ritualebi ,,britanuli cxovrebis wesis” ganmtkicebas
uwyobs xels. am konteqstSi ,,religiaze” saubari sakamaTo sakiTxia;
aseTi simboloebi da praqtika tradiciul religiebSic arsebobs. Tumca
Znelia imis uaryofa, rom samoqalaqo simboloebi da ritualebi iseTive
socialur meqanizmebs ukavSirdeba, romelTa msgavsi religiis
tradiciul formebSic arsebobs.

veberi da msoflio religiebi

diurkemis argumentebi mcirericxovan magaliTebs efuZneba, Tumca is

acxadebs, rom misi ideebi, zogadad, religias miesadageba. amis
sapirispirod, maqs veberma msoflio religiebi safuZvlianad Seiswavla.
aseTi masStaburi kvleva arc manamde, arc Semdgom, arc erT mecniers ar
uwarmoebia. mTeli misi yuradReba im religiebze iyo koncentrirebuli,
romlebsac is msoflio religiebs uwodebda, anu religiebze, romlebmac
mravali morwmune miizida da globaluri istoriis kursze didi gavlena
moaxdina. man detalurad Seiswavla induizmi, budizmi, taoizmi da Zveli

13
iudaizmi (Weber 1951, 1952, 1958, 1963), wignSi ,,protestantuli eTika da
kapitalizmis suli” (1976; pirvelad 1904-5 wels gamoica) da sxva
naSromebSic, is safuZvlianad ganixilavs qristianobis gavlenas
dasavleTis istoriaze. mas islamis Seswavlac hqonda ganzraxuli, magram
es naSromi ar daasrula.

veberis naSromebi religiis Sesaxeb imiT gansxvavdeba diurkemis

naSromebisgan, rom es ukanaskneli religiasa da socialur cvlilebas
Soris kavSirs nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs. is arc marqsis Tvalsazriss
eTanxmeba da acxadebs, rom religia yovelTvis konservatuli Zala ar
aris; piriqiT, religiiT STagonebuli moZraoba xSirad yofila
mniSvnelovani socialuri gardaqmnebis mizezi. magaliTad,
protestantizmma, gansakuTrebiT puritanizmma, Tanamedrove dasavleTis
kapitalistur Tvalsazriss Cauyara safuZveli. Zveli mewarmeebi,
ZiriTadad, kalvinistebi iyvnen. warmatebisadmi miswrafebas, Tavidan,
RvTis msaxurebis survili ganapirobebda, ramac, Tavis mxriv,
dasavleTis ekonomikur ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. materialur
warmatebas isini zeciuri wyalobis niSnad miiCnevdnen.

vebers msoflio religiebze erTjeradi kvlevis warmoeba hqonda

ganzraxuli. msjeloba imis Taobaze, Tu ra zegavlena iqonia
protestantizmma dasavleTis ganviTarebaze, im mravalmxrivi mcdelobis
nawilia, romelic sxvadasxva kulturis socialur da ekonomikur
cxovrebaze religiis gavlenis gaazrebas isaxavda miznad. aRmosavluri
religiebis analizisas, veberi askvnis, rom isini Zlier abrkolebdnen
dasavluri tipis industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebas. es
aradasavluri civilizaciebis CamorCenilobiT ki ar aixsneba, ubralod,
maTTvis gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi iyo misaRebi, evropaSi kapitalizmis
ganviTarebas ki sxva dominanturi Rirebulebebi uZRoda win.

veberi aRniSnavs, rom tradiciul CineTsa da indoeTSi, garkveul

periodSi, komercia, manufaqtura da urbanizmi ganviTarda, magram amas ar
mohyva is radikaluri socialuri cvlileba, romelic dasavleTis
industriuli kapitalizmis aRzevebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. amgvari
dabrkoleba, ZiriTadad, religiis gavlenam gamoiwvia. magaliTad, veberi
induizms ,,miRmuri samyaros” religias uwodebs, radgan misi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba materialisturi samyarosTvisTvis Tavis
aridebasa da umaRles sulier arsebobaSi mdgomareobs. induizmis
religiuri ganwyobisa da motivaciisTvis materialuri samyaros
formireba naklebad mniSvnelovania. piriqiT, induizmi materialur
realobas safarad aRiqvams; is adamians xels uSlis, gaacnobieros is
WeSmariti sazrunavi, romelzec unda iyos orientirebuli kacobrioba.
Zalisxmevis dasavluri tipis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sawinaRmdegod
warmarTvas cdilobs konfucianizmic. is samyarosTan harmoniis Ziebaze
ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas, vidre samyaros mier warmoebuli
produqtiT aqtiur sargeblobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi, CineTi msoflioSi yvelaze Zlieri da kulturulad
ganviTarebuli civilizacia iyo, misTvis dominanturma religiurma
Rirebulebebma ekonomikuri ganviTarebis seriozuli dabrkoleba
gamoiwvia.

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veberi qristianobas xsnis religiad miiCnevs. qristianuli rwmenis
mixedviT, adamians xsna im SemTxvevaSi elodeba, Tuki is religiis
rwmenasa da mis moralur principebs gaiziarebs. am religiaSi codvas da
mowyale RmerTis mier codvili adamianis Sendobas mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs. qristianoba daZabulobas emociuri dinamizmiT cvlis, rac,
umravles SemTxvevaSi, ucxoa aRmosavluri religiebisTvis. xsnis
religiebi ,,revoluciuri” aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba. aRmosavleTis religiebi
pasiuri damokidebulebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, qristianoba ki
codvasTan gamudmebul brZolas, anu realobis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas
gulisxmobs. religiuri liderebi, rogoricaa ieso, arsebuli
doqtrinebis gadafasebas axdenen, raTa Zalauflebis arsebul
struqturas daupirispirdnen.

Sefaseba

marqsma, diurkemma da veberma religiis mniSvnelovani zogadi

maxasiaTeblebi gamoavlines; maTi Tvalsazrisi, garkveulwilad, avsebs
erTmaneTs. marqsi marTebulad aRniSnavda, rom religia, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, ideologias gulisxmobs, romelic mmarTveli jgufis
interesebs emsaxureba da, Sesabamisad, wamgebiania sazogadoebis danarCeni
wevrebisTvis. istoriaSi amis uamravi magaliTi arsebobs. magaliTad,
gavixsenoT, Tu rogor uwyobda xels qristianoba evropeli
kolonizatorebis mier sxva kulturebis marTvis mcdelobas. misionrebi
,,barbarosebis” qristianebad moqcevis saqmes gulwrfelad
emsaxurebodnen, magram maTi swavlebis Sedegi tradiciuli kulturebis
ngreva da TeTrkanianebis gabatoneba iyo. mecxramete saukunemde,
SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi gavrcelebuli tyveoba TiTqmis
arc erTi qristianuli denominaciisTvis ar iyo miuRebeli. imdroindeli
doqtrinebis mixedviT, tyveoba zeciur kanons efuZneboda; urC monebs
rogorc maTi mepatroneebis, ise RmerTis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulSi
debdnen brals.

marTali iyo veberic, rodesac arsebul socialur wyobaze religiuri

idealebis revoluciur gavlenas usvamda xazs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
Zvelad eklesia xels uwyobda SeerTebul StatebSi monobis ganviTarebas,
mogvianebiT, misi gauqmebisTvis brZolis saqmeSi, bevrma religiurma
liderma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. religiurma rwmenam mraval
socialur moZraobas Cauyara safuZveli, romelic xelisuflebis
usamarTlo sistemis daSlas isaxavda miznad. magaliTad, religias
mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis SeerTebul StatebSi, 1960-ian wlebSi,
samoqalaqo uflebebis mopovebis mizniT ganviTarebul moZraobaSi.
religiam socialur cvlilebazec iqonia gavlena – religiuri motiviT
xSirad sisxlic daRvrila – is mravali SeiaraRebuli Setakebisa da
omis mizezi gamxdara.

istoriaSi mravlad aris imis magaliTebi, Tu rogor xdeboda religia

uTanxmoebis mizezi, magram diurkemi Tavis naSromebSi religias am
kuTxiT naklebad ganixilavs. diurkemi xazs usvams, rom religias, sxva
funqciebTan erTad, socialuri erTianobis xelSewyobis rolic akisria.
solidarobis garda, misi ideebiT SeiZleba religiuri dajgufeba,
konfliqti da cvlilebac aixsnas. sxva religiuri jgufebis winaaRmdeg

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gamovlenil uaryofiT ganwyobas, morwmuneTa TemSi arsebuli religiuri
Rirebulebebi ganapirobebs.

sxva aspeqtebis garda, diurkemis naSromebi kidev imiT aris Rirebuli,

rom isini yuradRebas amaxvilebs ritualsa da ceremoniaze. ritualuri
wesebis dacvasa da morwmuneTa regularul TavSeyras yvela religia
moiTxovs. diurkemi marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom ritualuri aqtivoba,
ZiriTadad, cxovrebiseul gardaqmnebs – dabadebas, zrdasrul asakSi
gadasvlas (bevr kulturaSi gvxvdeba momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli
ritualebi), qorwinebasa da gardacvalebas ukavSirdeba (van Gennep 1977).

am Tavis momdevno nawilSi samive avtoris ideebs gamoviyenebT. pirvel

rigSi, religiuri organizaciis gansxvavebul tipebs SeviswavliT da
religiisa da genderis sakiTxs ganvixilavT. Semdeg arsebuli socialuri
wyobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Sua saukuneebis evropis milenarul
moZraobebze da meoce saukunis zogierT araevropul kulturaze
vimsjelebT. mimdinare periodSi religiuri aRorZinebis erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan magaliTs, islamuri fundamentalizmis aRzevebas
ganvixilavT, bolos ki dRevandeli dasavluri sazogadoebebis
religiaze visaubrebT.

religiuri organizaciis tipebi

veberi da trelCi: eklesiebi da seqtebi

yvela religia morwmuneTa Tems aerTianebs, magram es Temebi

sxvadasxvagvarad aris organizebuli. religiuri organizaciebis
klasificirebis modeli pirvelad maqs veberma da misma kolegam
religiaTmcodne ernst trelCma SeimuSaves (Troeltsch 1981). veberma da
trelCma ermaneTisgan gamijnes eklesiebi da seqtebi. eklesia msxvili
religiuri saxelmwifo organizaciaa, rogoricaa kaTolikuri an
inglisis eklesia. seqta erTgul morwmuneTagan Semdgari ufro mcire,
naklebad organizebuli dajgufebaa, romelic, Cveulebriv, eklesiis
winaaRmdeg protestis gamoxatvis safuZvelze yalibdeba. amis MmagaliTia
kalvinistebi da meTodistebi.

robert vuTnou: sociologi religiuri morwmunis rolSi

bevri sociologi, romelic religias Seiwavlis, SeiZleba eklesiis an religiuri

dawesebulebis wevri iyos. maT SeiZleba gulis siRrmeSi miaCndeT, rom zogierTi
religiuri Tvalsazrisi, sxva realiebTan SedarebiT, ufro axlos aris RvTiur
WeSmaritebasTan. rogor aRweven sociologebi obieqturobas profesiuli
valdebulebisa da piradi rwmenis dabalansebis xarjze?

am kiTxvas robert vuTnou pasuxobs. misi wigni ,,qristianoba 21-e saukuneSi:

mosalodneli sirTuleebi” (1993) qristianobis momaval perspeqtivebs exeba. vuTnous
sfero socialuri mecnierebebia, magram is xazs usvams, rom kvlevis sagans qristianisa
da sociologis kuTxiT ganixilavs. vuTnous, rogorc qristians, Zlier ainteresebda,
SeinarCunebda Tu ara eklesia TviTmyofadobas 21-e saukuneSi. vuTnou, rogorc
sociologi, imis gagebas cdilobda, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens socialuri
cvlileba eklesiasa da mis wevrebze.

vuTnous kvlevis meTodi eklesiis wevrebis gamokiTxva iyo. am diskusiam is im

daskvnamde miiyvana, rom qristianuli identoba sul ufro globalur xasiaTs iZens.

16
denominanturi sazRvrebi iSleba. ,,warsulSi qristianebi baptistebi iyvnen an
presbiterelebi, axla ki qristianebi sakuTar Tavs mTeli msoflios qristianul
saZmosTan aigiveben.“ rogori iqneba denominanturi eklesiis roli globalizaciis
gazrdili gavlenis fonze?

vuTnous azriT, eklesiis wevrebs ,,globaluri azrovneba da lokaluri qmedeba surT”.

es imas niSnavs, rom isini msoflios sxva morwmuneebTan identobas eZeben, magram
urTierToba maT siaxloves myof erTmorwmuneebTan surT. magaliTad, lili da semi
presbiterelebi imitom ki ar arian, rom denominaciis erTguleba amoZravebT, aramed
imitom, rom ,,moZRvari moswonT, mrevlSi gaerTianebul adamianebTan erTad Tavs
komfortulad grZnoben, eklesiis Senoba maT arqiteqturul gemovnebas akmayofilebs da
maTTvis mosaxerxebelia eklesiis teritoriuli siaxlovec.” vuTrou acxadebs, rom
eklesia moqnilobas im SemTxvevaSi SeinarCunebs, Tu is ,,adamianebs iseTi Temisadmi
kuTvnilebisESegrZnebiT uzrunvelyofs, sadac isini mxardaWeras da TavSesafars
ipovian da RvTis samsaxurSi iqnebian.”

miuxedavad imisa, rom vuTnou qristiania, is sociologiuri kuTxiT azrovnebs da

obieqtur analizs awarmoebs. misi midgoma universitetis profesoris Tvalsazriss
efuZneba da ara qristianuli mrevlis wevris. es imas niSnavs, rom vuTnous, rogorc
qristianis, mikerZoebulma ganwyobam monacemTa Segrovebaze gavlena ar moaxdina.

rodesac iseT sociologiur sakiTxebs ixilavT, rogoric sekularizacia da

fundamentalizmia, religiis Sesaxeb sakuTari azrebi analizSi xels xom ar giSliT?

eklesia, Cveulebriv, formaluri, biurokratiuli struqturiTa da

oficialur religiur pirTa ierarqiiT gamoirCeva. is religiis
konservatuli formis SenarCunebas cdilobs, radgan arsebul
instituciur ganawesTan integrirdeba. Cveulebriv, eklesiis wevrebi
mSoblebi, Semdeg ki maTi memkvidreebi arian.

seqta wevrTa SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT Semoifargleba; is,

Cveulebriv, ,,WeSmariti gzis” aRmoCenasa da am gziT siaruls emsaxureba.
misi wevrebi sazogadoebidan gamijvnas da calkeul TemebSi gaerTianebas
cdiloben. seqtis wevrebi saxelmwifo eklesias korumpirebul
organizaciad miiCneven. maT umravlesobas mcire raodenobis oficialuri
warmomadgeneli hyavs, an saerTod ar hyavs oficialuri lideri. yvela
wevri Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobs. seqtaSi dabadebidan cota
adamiani Tu wevriandeba, wevrTa umravlesobas rwmenis ganmtkicebis
mizani amoZravebs.

bekeri: denominacia da kultebi

veberisa da trelCis mier SemoTavazebuli, eklesiis seqtisgan

ganmasxvavebeli tipologia sxva avtorebmac ganaviTares. amis magaliTs
hovard bekeris naSromi warmoadgens, romelmac maT mier SemuSavebul
klasifikacias kidev ori tipi - denominacia da kulti – daumata (Becker
1950). denominacia seqtis “Serbilebuli” formaa, romelSic opoziciurad
ganwyobili aqtiuri jgufi instituciurma organizaciam Caanacvla.
xangrZlivi arsebobis Semdeg, seqta sabolood denominaciad gardaiqmneba.
magaliTad, formirebis sawyis periodSi, kalvinizmi da meTodizmi
seqtebi iyo da radikalurad ganwyobili wevrebi hyavda; magram wlebis
Semdeg maT ,,respeqtabeluri” ieri SeiZines. eklesia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
garkveuli xarisxiT, aRiarebs denominaciebs, isini gverdigverd
arseboben da zogjer harmoniuli TanamSromlobac ki akavSirebT.

17
kultsa da seqtas erTmaneTTan bevri saerTo aqvs, magram maTi aqcenti
gansxvavebulia. es dajgufebebi ar arian myar kavSirSi sxva religiur
organiziciebTan da maTi wevrebi maTTvis ucxo sazogadoebis
Rirebulebebs uaryofen. isini yuradRebas individualur gamocdilebaze
amaxvileben da erTnairad moazrovne individebs uyrian Tavs. adamiani
kultSi formalurad ar erTiandeba, is ubralod garkveul Teoriebs
iziarebs da qcevis dadgenil wesebs misdevs. Cveulebriv, wevrebs sxva
religiuri kavSirebis SenarCunebis uflebac eZlevaT. seqtis msgavsad,
kultic, xSirad, iseTi lideris garSemo formirdeba, romelic wevrTa
STagonebis wyarod iqceva. dasavleTSi arsebuli kultebi
spiritualizmis, astrologiisa da transcendenturi meditaciis
mimdevrebs moicavs.

Sefaseba

zemoT ganxiluli oTxi cneba Zalze sasargebloa religiuri

organizaciis aspeqtebis analizis TvalsazrisiT, magram maT didi
sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, radgan isini mxolod qristianul
tradiciebs asaxavs. islamis magaliTiT vrwmundebiT, rom araqristianul
religiebSi eklesia sxva institutebs mkveTrad ar emijneba da sxva
saxelmwifo religiebs ganviTarebuli biurokratuli ierarqia ara aqvT.
magaliTad, induizmi Sinaganad imdenad heterogenuli religiaa, rom mis
struqturaSi biurokratuli organizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba. ,,denominacias” verc induizmis sxvadasxva
qvedajgufebas vuwodebT.

seqtisa da kultis cnebebi, savaraudod, farTod gamoiyeneba, magram am

sakiTxSic didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs. msoflio religiebSi xSirad
arsebobs seqtis msgavsi dajgufebebi. isini dasavluri seqtebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli bevri TvisebiT – valdebulebis grZnobiT,
gamorCeulobis SegrZnebiT, orTodoqsulobis wesebidan gadaxvevis
miswrafebiT – gamoirCeva. Tumca, am jgufTa umravlesobas, magaliTad, im
jgufebs, romlebic induizmSi gvxvdeba, tradiciul eTnikur TemebTan
ufro meti aqvT saerTo, vidre qristianul seqtebTan (B. Wilson 1982). am
jgufebis umravlesoba ,,WeSmariti morwmuneebisTvis” damaxasiaTebel
grZnobebs ise mwvaved ar gamoxatavs, rogorc es qristianobis mimdevrebs
axasiaTebT. amis mizezi is aris, rom aRmosavleTis ,,eTikuri
religiisTvis” gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi ufro misaRebia. romeliRac
jgufi “sakuTar gzas irCevs” da mas ufro myarad dafuZnebuli
organizaciis mxridan araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeba. termini
,,kulti” farTod gamoiyeneba, mas zogierT milenarul moZraobas
usadageben. Tumca am moZraobaTa definicia seqtebs ufro uaxlovdeba,
vidre bekeris mier formulirebuli kultis cnebas.

eklesiis, seqtisa da denominaciis cneba SeiZleba kulturasTan iyos

kavSirSi, magram es cnebebi im daZabuli viTarebis analizSi gvexmareba,
romelsac yvela religia gaivlis aRorZinebidan
institucionalizaciamde. religiuri organizaciebi, dafuZnebidan
garkveuli drois Semdeg, ufro biurokratiul da mouqnel xasiaTs iZens,
magram religiur simboloebs morwmuneebze Zlieri emociuri zemoqmedeba
aqvT, rac xels uSlis maT rutinul simbolikad gadaqcevas. axali

18
seqtebisa da kultebis ricxvi mudmivad izrdeba. am SemTxvevaSi
sasargeblo iqneba diurkemis mosazrebis gamoyeneba, romelic
erTmaneTisgan mijnavs sakralursa da profanuls. rac ufro metad
standartuli xdeba religiuri aqtivoba, anu rac ufro
gauTviTcnobiereblad sruldeba misi kanonebi, miT ufro ikargeba
sakralurobis elementi da rituali da rwmena yoveldRiuri miwieri
cxovrebis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva. meore mxriv, ceremoniebi
religiuri gamocdilebis gamokveTili maxasiaTeblebis axleburi kuTxiT
gaazrebaSi gvexmareba, amgvari STagonebiT miRebuli gamocdileba ki
SeiZleba dadgenili orTodoqsuli Tvalsazrisisgan gansxvavebuli
aRmoCndes. jgufebi, SesaZloa, mowydnen ZiriTad Tems, moaxdinon
saprotesto an separatistuli moZraobebis mobilizacia, an dafuZnebuli
rwmenisa da ritualebisgan gansxvavebuli qcevis nimuSebi SeimuSavon.

genderi da religia

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, eklesiebi da denominaciebi iseTi religiuri

organizaciebia, romlebic marTvis gamokveTili sistemiT xasiaTdeba.
socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, am ierarqiaSic qalebs
wamyvani poziciebi naklebad uWiravT. es naTlad ikveTeba qristianobaSi,
magram sxva ZiriTadi religiebisTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli.

religiuri xatebi

mamrobiTi sqesi ara marto qristianuli religiis ierarqiaSi, aramed mis

simbolikaSic dominirebs. wminda mariams, ieso qristes dedas, zogjer
RvTiur Tvisebebs miaweren, magram ufali mamakacia, mama RmerTi; qriste
dedamiwas mamakacis saxiT moevlina. bibliis mixedviT, qali mamakacis
neknisgan Seiqmna. bibliur teqstSi bevri qali personaJia, zogierTi
maTgani qvelmoqmedebiTa da simamaciT gamoirCeva, magram wamyvani rolebi
mamakacebs miewerebaT. magaliTad, moses mdedrobiTi sqesis ekvivalenti
ar arsebobs. axal aRTqmaSi yvela mociquli mamakacia.

es faqtebi uyuradRebod ar datoves qalTa moZraobebSi gaerTianebulma

aqtivistebma. 1895 wels elizabeT qeidi stentonma, ,,qalis bibliis”
saxelwodebiT, bibliur teqstTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime komentari
gamoaqveyna, (Stanton 1985). is acxadebs, rom RmerTma qali da mamakaci
Tanaswor arsebebad Seqmna da bibliaSi es faqti srulad unda iyos
asaxuli. misi azriT, mamakac personaJTa siWarbe RmerTis WeSmarit xedvas
ki ar adasturebs, aramed imas, rom biblia mamakacebis mier daiwera. 1870-
ian wlebSi inglisis eklesiam daafuZna komiteti, romelsac manamde
araerTxel ganxorcielebuli qmedeba – bibliuri teqstebis gadaxedva da
ganaxleba – daevala. rogorc elizabeT stentonma aRniSna, komitetis
SemadgenlobaSi arc erTi qali ar iyo. misi gancxadebis Tanaxmad, imis
mtkicebis aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs, TiTqos RmerTi, eWvgareSe,
mamakacia. bibliaSi gasagebad weria, rom RmerTma yvela adamiani Tavis
xatad da msgavsad Seqmna. misma erT-erTma kolegam qalTa uflebebisadmi
miZRvnili konferencia RvTis sadidebeli locviT gaxsna, romelic
Semdegi sityvebiT daiwyo: ,,ufalo, dedao Cveno”. saeklesio
xelisuflebis mxridan amas agresiuli reaqcia mohyva, magram stentonma

19
mainc ganagrZo 23 qalisgan Semdgari, qalTa cvlilebebze momuSave
komitetis organizeba, romlebmac mas qalTa bibliis momzadeba urCies.
winaTqmaSi man sakuTari pozicia Seajama:

saeklesio kanoni da samoqalaqo samarTali, eklesia da saxelmwifo, mRvdlebi da

kanonmdeblebi, politikuri partiebi da religiuri denominaciebi gvaswavlian, rom jer
mamakaci Seiqmna, Semdeg ki - qali. qali mamakacisgan, mamakacisTvis Seiqmna. is masze
qvemdgomiEarsebaa, romelic mamakacs unda daemorCilos. Cacmuloba, forma,
sazogadoebrivi ceremoniebi da wes-Cveulebebi, saeklesio wesebi da disciplina -
yvelaferi am ideas efuZneba... is, visac am sabralo arsebis amaRlebul Rirseul
pirovnebad gardaqmna da misi, rogorc kacobriobis dedis, Tayvaniscema SeuZlia,
aRmosavlel mahaTmasebis mistikur saidumlo ZalebTan ziareba unda mivulocoT. (Stanton
1985, gv. 7-8; aseve ix. Gage 1980, pirvelad 1893 wels gamoica)

qalRmerTebi msoflios bevr religiaSi gvxvdeba. maT qalur,

mosiyvarule da naz arsebebTan aigiveben; zog SemTxvevaSi, qalRmerTs
SiSis momgvreli damangreveli RmerTis imiji aqvs. magaliTad, xSirad
gvxvdeba meomari qalRmerTebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom realur socialur
yofaSi mdedrobiTi sqesis samxedro liderebi iSviaTia. aqamde
sxvadasxva religiaSi qalTa simboluri an fizikuri CarTuloba
masStaburad aravis Seuswavlia, radgan, simboluri an realuri
TvalsazrisiT, qali TiTqmis arc erT religiaSi ar gvevlineba
dominantur figurad (Bynum et al. 1986).

magaliTisTvis budizmi ganvixiloT. zogierT budistur swavlebaSi

qalebs mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT. religiis erT-erT ganStoebaSi,
mahaiana budizmSi, qalebi gansakuTrebulad dadebiTi kuTxiT arian
warmoCenilni. magram rogorc am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli naSromis
cnobili avtori aRniSnavs, zogadad, budizmi, iseve rogorc qristianoba,
Zlieri patriarqaluri struqturiT marTuli, mamakacis mier Seqmnili
institutia da masSi qali, ZiriTadad, yofiT, umweo, profanul da
arasrulyofil arsebasTan asocirdeba” (Paul 1985, gv. XIX). budistur
teqstebSi qalTa kontrastuli daxasiaTeba, miwier samyaroSi qalebis
mimarT mamakacTa ambivalentur damokidebulebas asaxavs. erTi mxriv,
qali brZen, dedobrivi Tvisebebis matarebel, naz arsebad, meore mxriv ki,
idumalebiT mocul, damangrevel da borot Zalad aris warmoCenili.

foierbaxis TvalsazrisiT, religia sazogadoebis siRrmiseul

Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs; vinc am mosazrebas iziarebs, arc is unda
gaukvirdes, rom religiebi mamakacTa saxeebze amaxvileben yuradRebas.

qalebi religiur organizaciebSi

budizmSi qals, tradiciulad, eqTnis movaleobis Sesrulebis ufleba

hqonda; igive religiuri samsaxuri SeeZlo gaewia qals qristianobaSic.
monastrebSi cxovreba, pirvelad, adreulma qristianulma jgufebma
daiwyes, romlebic ukiduresi siRaribiT gamoirCeodnen da mTel dros
meditacias uTmobdnen. am adamianebs (romelTagan bevri gandegil
cxovrebas eweoda) da jgufebs, zogjer, cota ram Tu akavSirebdaT
saxelmwifo eklesiasTan, magram Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi eklesiam
TiTqmis yvela monastris mier dafuZnebuli ordenis gakontroleba
daiwyo. monastrebi stabilur dawesebulebebad iqca da maTi binadrebi
kaTolikuri eklesiis saxelisuflebo sistemas daeqvemdebarnen. mamaTa
20
monastris zogierTi yvelaze gavleniani ordeni, magaliTad,
cistersianelebi da avgustinianebi, meTormete da mecamete saukuneebSi,
anu jvarosnuli moZraobis periodSi dafuZnda. qalTa ordenebis
umravlesoba mxolod ori saukunis Semdeg gaCnda. Tumca, me-19 saukunemde,
maTi Semadgenloba SedarebiT mcirericxovani iyo. me-19 saukuneSi qalebi
monazvnebad, nawilobriv, imitom iRkvecebodnen, rom maT mxolod am
SemTxvevaSi hqondaT maswavleblebad da eqTnebad muSaobis ufleba. am
saqmianobebs religiuri organizaciebi akontrolebdnen. rodesac
profesiebi eklesiebs gaemijna, religiur organizaciebSi qalTa
proporciuli raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela religiur organizacias gansxvavebuli

ritualebi da wesebi aqvs, monazons yvelgan “qristes sarZlos” uwodeben.
1950-60-ian wlebSi zogierT ordenSi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda, manam ki
monazvnad aRkvecis dros “qorwinebis” ceremoniali sruldeboda,
momaval monazons Tmas aWridnen, religiurad naTlavdnen da saqorwino
beWdiT asaCuqrebdnen. samonazvnes Tavidan arCevanis ufleba eZleva, mas
SeuZlia darCes an datovos monasteri. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ki is fics
sdebs da monastris mudmivi wevri xdeba.

qalTa dRevandeli religiuri ordenebi, rwmenisa da cxovrebis wesis

mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gasnxvavdeba. zogierT monasterSi
dedebs tradiciuli tansacmeli acviaT da dadgenil rutinul cxovrebis
wess misdeven. amis sapirispirod, iseTi religiuri erTobebic arsebobs,
romlebic Tanamedrove SenobebSi cxovroben da bevr Zvel wess uaryofen;
magaliTad, dedebs saero tansacmeli acviaT. naklebi simkacriT
moqmedebs akrZalva, romlis mixedviT, dedebs dRis garkveul monakveTSi
ara aqvT saubris ufleba, maT gulxeldakrefili siaruli da xelebis
kabis qveS damalva aRar moeTxovebaT. es cvlilebebi 1960-ian wlebSi,
saeklesio xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebuli sagangebo brZanebis
safuZvelze gaxda SesaZlebeli.

monastrebSi moRvawe pirebs saeklesio ierarqiaSi, Cveulebriv, Zalze

mcire avtoriteti aqvT, an saerTod ara aqvT avtoriteti; Tumca isini
eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebian. qalTa religiuri ordenebis
arsebobis miuxedavad, qalebi msxvil religiur organizaciebSi uSualo
gavelniT ar sargeblobdnen. TiTqmis yvela kaTolikur da anglikanur
eklesias dResac mxolod mamakacebi marTaven, Tumca isini qalTa
organizaciebis mxridan Zlier zewolas ganicdian. 1977 wels romSi,
rwmenis doqtrinis saxeliT, sakraluri kongregacia Seikriba da
oficialurad ganacxada, rom qalebi kaTolikur samRvdeloebaSi ar
daiSvebian. amis mizezad is dasaxelda, rom, rodesac iesom mociqulebi
Sekriba, mas arc erTi qali ar mouwvevia (Noel 1980). kaTolikurma
eklesiam 1987 weli, oficialurad, ,,wminda mariamis wlad” gamoacxada da
qalebs maTi tradiciuli movaleobis, meuRlisa da dedis rolis,
Sesrulebisken mouwoda.

1994 wlis maisSi gamoqveynebul werilSi papma ioane pavle II-m kidev
erTxel daadastura, rom kaTolikuri eklesiis akrZalvis Tanaxmad, qals
ar hqonda sasuliero pirad kurTxevis ufleba. werilSi vkiTxulobT:
,,sakiTxis mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT... vacxadeb, rom eklesias ara

21
aqvs qalis mRvdlad kurTxevis uflebamosileba da am wess yvela
morwmune eklesia unda daeqvemdebaros.”

1992 wlamde inglisis eklesiaSi qals mxolod diakvnad, magram ara

mRvdlad, msaxurebis ufleba hqonda. oficialurad, is saero pirad
iTvleboda da mniSvnelovani religiuri ritualebis, magaliTad,
dalocvis an saqorwino ceremonialis, warmarTva ekrZaleboda. diakvan
qals zogierTi saeklesio ritualis Sesruleba mxolod mRvdlis
xelmZRvanelobiT SeeZlo. sxva movaleobebTan erTad, mas monaTvlis
uflebac hqonda. 1986 wels inglisis eklesiis mmarTvel organos,
generaluri sinodis mudmivmoqmed komitets, kanonmdeblobis Seswavla
daevala, ris Sedegadac unda mieRoT gadawyvetileba, eqneboda Tu ara
qals mRvdlad msaxurebis ufleba. samuSao jgufi aTi mamakacisa da ori
qalbatonisgan Sedgeboda. maTi ZiriTadi amocana iyo dasabuTebis
SemuSaveba ,,inglisis eklesiis im wevrebisTvis, romlebisTvisac, raime
mizeziT, qalTa mRvdelmsaxureba miuRebeli iqneboda” (citirebulia
Aldrige-dan, 1987, gv. 377). qalebis gancdebsa da survilebs naklebi
yuradReba daeTmo.

qristianuli religia, fundamenturi gagebiT, revoluciuri moZraobis

safuZvelze Seiqmna, magram qalebisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT,
zogierTi wamyvani qristianuli eklesia Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi
yvelaze konservatuli organizaciebis ricxvs miekuTvneba. mRvdeli
qalebi didi xania misaRebia zogierTi seqtisa da denominaciisTvis,
magram kaTolikuri da anglikanuri eklesia, kvlav genderuli
uTanasworobis formalur mxardaWeras ganagrZobs. londonis anglikan
episkopos grehem leonards, 1987 wlis agvistoSi, qristianul radio
programaSi hkiTxes, imoqmedebs Tu ara RmerTis qristianul gagebaze
qalebis regularuli xilva sakurTxevelTan. man upasuxa: ,,Cemi azriT,
imoqmedebs. rodesac qals Sevxedav, instinqturad, misi gulSi Cakvris
survili gamiCndeba...” misi azriT, qalebis samRvdeloebis sruluflebian
wevrebad miuReblobis mizezi is aris, rom qal mRvdelsa da
kongregaciis wevrebs Soris seqsualuri ltolvis gaRviZebis
SesaZlebloba arsebobs. religiaSi, iseve rogorc sxva sferoebSi,
,,iniciativa mamakacs ekuTvnis, qali ki am iniciativiT sargeblobs.”
(Jenkins 1987).

1992 wels inglisis eklesiam, bolos da bolos, xmaTa umravlesobiT,

dauSva qalTa mRvdelmsaxureba. am gadawvetilebas mravalma jgufma, maT
Soris, Mmargaret braunis mier formirebulma organizaciam ,,qalebi
qalTa mRvdelmsaxurebis winaaRmdeg” gauwia winaaRmdegoba. margaret
braunisa da mamakacTa ramdenime anglikanuri jgufis azriT, qalTa
sruluflebiani mRvdelmsaxureba bibliur WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba.
zogierTma jgufma eklesiaSi msaxurebaze, sakuTari gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze, Tqva uari. sxva adamianebTan erTad, grehem leonardmac
ganacxada, rom is tovebs inglisis eklesias da kaTolikur eklesiaSi
iwyebs moRvaweobas.

22
milenaruli moZraobebi

milenaruli moZraobebis arseboba da sixSire naTlad adasturebs im

mosazrebas, rom religia xSirad aqtiuri qmedebisa da socialuri
cvlilebis STagonebis wyarod iqceva. milenaruli jgufi, mimdinare
periodSi, zogierT kataklizmur cvlilebebze reagirebis an, savaraudod,
warsulSi arsebuli oqros xanis aRorZinebis motiviT, morwmuneebs
swrafi koleqtiuri xsnis gzas hpirdeba (termini “milenaruli”
(aTaswleuli) qristes aTaswlovan batonobas, bibliaSi
nawinaswarmetyveleb mileniums efuZneba). milenaruli moZraobebi
mWidrod ukavSirdeba qristianobis istorias. am moZraobebma Tavi orgvar
konteqstSi – warsulSi, dasavleTSi mcxovreb xelmokle adamianebs
Soris da, SedarebiT axlo periodSi, msoflios sxva regionebSi
mcxovreb kolonizebul adamianebs Soris – iCina.

ioakimes mimdevrebi

Sua saukuneebSi ioakimizmis saxeliT cnobili milenaruli moZraoba

ganviTarda da aRorZinebas mecamete saukuneSi miaRwia (Cohn 1970a, 1970b).
am periodSi evropaSi ekonomika swrafad viTardeboda da dominanturi
kaTolikuri eklesia materialurad sul ufro Zlierdeboda. mravali
abatis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, monastrebi mdidrul cixe-simagreebad
gadakeTda, episkoposebma sasaxleebi aiges da saero feodalebma,
lordebis msgavsad, fufunebaSi daiwyes cxovreba. aseTive didebul
mefur cxovrebas eweodnen papebic. ioakimizmi oficialur eklesiaSi
arsebul amgvar tendenciebze protestis niSnad ganviTarda.

mecamete saukunis Sua wlebSi franciskanelma berebma (maTi ordeni

materialur siamovnebasa da simdidres uaryofda) saeklesio oficialuri
pirebis miwieri Cvevebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres. maTi moZraoba,
ormocdaaTi wliT adre gardacvlili, fioreli abatis ioakimes
misnobriv nawerebs daefuZna. ioakimes winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, 1260
wels, “spiritualebis” (ase uwodebdnen isini sakuTar Tavs) moZraobiT
qristianuli epoqis mesame da ukanaskneli faza unda dawyebuliyo. amas
mohyveboda aTaswleuli, romelSic yvela adamiani, imis miuxedavad, Tu
romeli sarwmunoebis mimdevari iyo manamde, qristes moZRvrebis erTguli
unda yofiliyo da sakuTari surviliT, siRaribeSi cxovrebis gza aerCia.
misi winaswarmetyvelebiT, arsebuli eklesia daiSleboda da sasuliero
pirebs germaniis imperatori gaanadgurebda.

rodesac 1260-ma welma amgvari kataklizmebis gareSe Caiara,

nawinaswarmetyvelebi mileniumis TariRmac gadaiwia da es procesi
dausruleblad gagrZelda. ioakimes mimdevrebi kvlav Zveleburi
TavdadebiT qadagebdnen. religiuri xelisuflebis mier devnili
ioakimisti spiritualebi oficialur eklesias babilonis codvasTan
aigivebdnen, paps ki antiqristesa da apokalifsis mxecs uwodebdnen. isini
mxsnelis gamoCenas sakuTar mimdevarTa Soris elodnen, romelic
,,angelozi papis” saxeliT daikavebda papis Tanamdebobas; es RmerTis
rCeuli mTel samyaros gardaqmnida, romelSic yvela adamians
nebayoflobiT siRaribeSi unda ecxovra. am moZraobis erT-erTi jgufis
winamZRoli fra dolCino iyo; is CrdiloeT italiaSi, aTasze met

23
SeiaraRebul adamianTan erTad, papis jarebis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda; bolos
damarcxda, misi meomrebi ki gaanadgures. dolCino boZze gaakres da
dawves, rogorc eretikosi, magram misi sikvdilis Semdeg, dolCinos
STagonebiT, sxva saprotesto jgufebi gaCnda.

aCrdilTa cekva

milenaruli moZraobis sruliad gansxvavebuli magaliTia aCrdilTa

cekvis kulti, romelic mecxramete saukunis bolos, CrdiloeT amerikaSi,
dablobze mcxovreb indielebSi ganviTarda. misnebi katastrofis
momaswavebeli mileniumis moaxloebas qadagebdnen; maTi mtkicebiT,
qariSxlebis, miwisZvrebis, qarbuqebisa da wyaldidobebis simravliT
gamorCeul aTaswleuls TeTrkaniani dampyroblebis ganadgureba mohyveba.
mxolod indielebi gadarCebian da bizonTa jogebiT savse preriebs
daibruneben. katastrofis Semdeg, yvela eTnikuri jgufi gaerTiandeba da
indielTa miwaze dasaxlebuli TeTrkanianebi da indielebi megobrulad
icxovreben. aCrdilTa cekvis rituali am teritoriaze dasaxlebul
TemebSi gavrcelda; swored ase gavrcelda bolo dros, soflidan
sofelSi, religiuri kultebi axal gvineaSic. aCrdilTa cekvis
ritualebi, romelic cekvas, galobasa da transis magvar mdgomareobaSi
gadasvlas gulisxmobda, nawilobriv, qristianul ideebs, nawilobriv ki,
indielebis teritoriaze TeTrkanianTa Semosvlamde indielTa tomebis
mier ganxorcielebul tradiciul rituals _ mzis cekvas _ efuZneboda.
aCrdilTa cekvis moZraoba dasrulda vundid nis sisxliani Jletis
Semdeg, rodesac TeTrkanianma jariskacebma 370 indieli mamakaci, qali da
bavSvi daxoces.

milenarul moZraobaTa buneba

ram gamoiwvia milenarul moZraobaTa ganviTareba? mravali iseTi

elementis identificireba SeiZleba, romelic umravles an yvela
moZraobas aerTianebs. TiTqmis yoveli maTgani misanTa (,,STagonebul”
liderTa an maswavlebelTa) aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. maTi mizani
dadgenili religiuri ideebis uaryofasa da maTi ganaxlebis
aucileblobis moTxovnaSi mdgomareobs. misani mimdevrebs warmatebiT
izidavs, Tu imis verbalur gadmocemas axerxebs, rasac adamianebi,
garkveulwilad, iziareben, magram bolomde ver acnobiereben. is mizans
im SemTxvevaSic aRwevs, Tu adamianebSi iseT emociebs gaaRvivebs,
romlebic maT garkveuli qmedebisken ubiZgebs. misnoba yovelTvis
mWidrod ukavSirdeboda xsnis religiebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, qristianobas.
koloniebSi milenarul moZraobaTa mqadageblebis umravlesoba kargad
icnobda qristianul rwmenasa da praqtikas. bevr maTgans, faqtobrivad,
misionrebis funqcia hqonda dakisrebuli. Tumca maT SeTvisebuli
religia sakuTari maswavleblebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes.

milenaruli moZraoba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, radikaluri kulturuli

cvlilebis an siRaribis uecari gamwvavebis periodSi viTardeba (Worsley
1970). is iseT adamianebs izidavs, romlebic am cvlilebaTa Sedegad
devnas ganicdian da Zvel statuss aRar floben. Sua saukuneebis
evropaSi milenarul moZraobas zogjer ukidures siRaribeSi aRmoCenili,
sasowarkveTili adamianebi afarebdnen Tavs. magaliTad, SimSilobis

24
periodSi, misnebis mimdevrebi fermerebi iyvnen, radgan isini maT
,,samyaros Tavdayira dayenebas hpirdebodnen.” am axal samyaroSi dedamiwa
RaribTa gankargulebaSi unda yofiliyo. milenarul moZraobaTa dawyeba
koloniebSi, dasavleli kolonizatorebis zewolis Sedegad,
tradiciuli kulturis ngreviT aris gamowveuli. aseTi moZraobis
magaliTi aCrdilTa cekvaa.

milenarianizms zogjer privilegirebuli jgufebis winaaRmdeg RaribTa

galaSqrebas an mCagvrelTa winaaRmdeg Cagrulebis amboxs uwodeben
(Lantenari 1963). bevr SemTxvevaSi, es marTlac mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
magram es Zalze primitiuli ganmartebaa: zogierT milenarul moZraobas,
magaliTad, ioakimist spiritualebs, materialur deprivaciasTan cota
ram Tu akavSirebs.

religiis mimdinare ganviTarebebi: islamuri revolucia

Tvalsazrisi, romelsac samive mecnieri _ marqsi, diurkemi da veberi –

iziarebs, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tanamedrove samyarosTvis tradiciuli
religia sul ufro marginaluri xdeba da sekularizacia gardauvali
procesia. am sami moazrovnidan, savaraudod, mxolod veberi eWvobda, rom
iseTi tradiciuli religiuri sistema, rogoric islamia, aRorZinebis
Zireul process gaivlis da, meoce saukunis bolos, mniSvnelovan
politikur ganviTarebas Cauyris safuZvels. swored amgvarad warimarTa
movlenebi iranSi 1980-ian wlebSi. ukanasknel periodSi, islamurma
fundamentalizmma (xazgasma uSualod wminda werilis teqstis
interpretaciidan momdinareobs) sxva qveynebze, maT Soris, egvipteze,
siriaze, libansa da alJirzec, mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. riT
aixsneba islamis masStaburi ganaxleba?

islamuri sarwmunoebis ganviTareba

am fenomenis gasagebad islami unda ganvixiloT, rogorc tradiciuli

religia da im yofiT cvlilebebzec vimsjeloT, romlebmac Zlier
imoqmedes Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebze. islami aris religia, romelic,
qristianobis msgavsad, mudmiv aqtiur qmedebas moiTxovs: yurani –
islamis wminda werili – morwmuneebs ,,RmerTis saxeliT brZolisken”
mouwodebs. es aris brZola urwmunoTa da im adamianebis winaaRmdeg,
romlebic musulmanTa TemSi xels uwyoben korufciis ganviTarebas.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi musulman reformatorTa warmatebuli Taobebi
arsebobda da islami, qristianobis msgavsad, Sida mimdinareobebad daiyo.
xarigizmi da Siizmi, orTodoqsuli islamis adreuli istoriis
periodSi, islamis safuZvelze Seiqmna. xarigitebi pirveli gamokveTili
seqtaa, romelic islamis farglebSi ganviTarda. maT mkacri
egalitaruli rwmena hqondaT, materialuri privilegiis yvela formas
uaryofdnen da acxadebdnen, rom adamiani veRar iqneba musulmani, Tu mas
seriozuli codva aqvs Cadenili. xarigizmi seqtis statusiT did xans ar
darCenila, aramed, garkveulwilad, yvela momdevno fundamenturi
reformistuli musulmanuri moZraobis winamorbedi gaxda – rac imas
niSnavs, rom moZraobaTa principebi kvlav islamis ,,ZiriTad safuZvlebs”
ubrundeba.

25
gavlena meore mniSvnelovanma seqtam _ Siizmmac _ SeinarCuna. Siizmi
dRes iranis (Zveli sparseTis) oficialuri religiaa. iranis revoluciis
ideebi swored am religiiT iyo STagonebuli. Siitebis mimdinareobas
safuZveli Cauyara meSvide saukuneSi moRvawe religiurma da
politikurma liderma imam alim, romelic, imdroindel msoflio
mmarTvelebs Soris, RmerTisadmi piradi erTgulebiTa da sxva
gansakuTrebuli RirsebebiT gamoirCeoda. Siitebs miaCndaT, rom islamis
lideris movaleobis Sesrulebis uflebamosileba mxolod alis
STamomavlobas hqonda, radgan, mmarTveli dinastiebisgan gansxvavebiT,
isini winaswarmetyveli muhamedis ojaxis warmomadgenlebad iTvlebodnen.
maT muhamedis Rirseuli memkvidris gabatonebisa da arsebuli tiranuli
da usamarTlo reJimis dasrulebis sjerodaT. muhamedis memkvidre
uSualod RmerTisgan miiRebda miTiTebebs da yuranis moZRvrebis
mixedviT imoqmedebda.

Siizmi meTeqvsmete saukunidan iranis oficialuri religiaa. Siitebis

mravalricxovan mosaxleobas axlo aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, maT
Soris eraySi, TurqeTsa da saudis arabeTSi, agreTve indoeTsa da
pakistanSic vxvdebiT. Tumca, am qveynebSi islamis liderebi mosaxleobis
umravlesobis warmomadgenlebi, sunitebi, arian. sunis musulmanebi
,,gakvalul gzas”irCeven, anu yuranis im tradiciebs iziareben, romlebic
SiitTa mkacrad dadgenil xedvas emijnebian da gansxvavebul azrTan
Seguebisken mouwodeben. ukanaskneli ori-sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
dasavluri gavlenis gavrcelebis Sedegad, sagrZnobi cvlilebebi Tavad
sunis doqtrinebmac ganicada.

islami da dasavleTi

Sua saukuneebSi, qristianul evropasa da im musulmanur saxelmwifoebs

Soris, romlebic axlandeli espaneTis, saberZneTis, iugoslaviis,
bulgareTisa da rumineTis did nawils akontrolebdnen, metnaklebad
uwyveti brZola mimdinareobda. musulmanebis mier dapyrobili miwebis
umravlesobaze evropelebi acxadebdnen pretenzias, musulmanTa kuTvnili
Crdilo afrikis teritoriebi ki, dasavleTis koloniebad iqca da
meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebSi aq dasavluri gavlena kidev ufro
gaizarda. es musulmanuri religiisa da civilizaciis katastrofuli
marcxi iyo; musulmani morwmuneebis azriT, islami religiebs Soris
yvelaze mowinave da progresuli religiaa da yvela danarCeni religia
mas efuZneba. mecxramete saukunis bolos musulmanurma samyarom
dasavluri kulturis gavrcelebas efeqturi winanaRmdegoba ver gauwia;
aman kvlav ganapiroba iseTi moZraobebis ganviTareba, romlebic Zveli,
WeSmariti da Zlevamosili islamis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad. ZiriTadi
idea imaSi mdgomareobda, rom islamma, sakuTari rwmenisa da praqtikis
identobis ganmtkicebiT, dasavleTis gamowvevaze unda moaxdinos
reagireba.

meoce saukuneSi es idea sxvadasxvagvarad ganviTarda da 1978-9 wlebSi

iranis ,,islamis revoluciis” fonis formireba ganapiroba. revoluciuri
moZraoba Sahis Sida opoziciam, muhamed rezam, wamoiwyo, romlisTvisac
dasavluri modernizaciis formebi - miwis reforma, qalebis gazrdili
saarCevno uflebebi da saero ganaTlebis ganviTareba - misaRebi iyo da

26
is am formebis danergvas Seecada. moZraobam, romelmac Sahis taxtidan
Camogdebas Seuwyo xeli, gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone adamianebi
gaaerTiana, zogierT maTgans islamur fumdamentalizmTan araferi ar
akavSirebda, magram moZraobis dominanturi figura yvelasTvis aiaTola
xomeini iyo, romelic SiitTa ideebis radikalur reinterpretacias
moiTxovda.

xomeinis mTavroba tradiciuli islamuri kanonis mixedviT iyo

organizebuli. man am mTavrobas ,,alis warmomadgenloba” uwoda.
islamurma revoluciam yuranis moZRvreba gaiziara da iranis
politikuri da ekonomikuri cxovreba uSualod religias daefuZna.
ganaxlebuli islamuri kanonis mixedviT, mamakacebi da qalebi mkacr
segregacias eqvemdebarebian, qalebs sazogadoebaSi sxeulis da Tmis
gamoCena ekrZalebaT, homoseqsualebs damsjel razmebSi uSveben, col-
qmruli Ralati ki CaqolviT isjeba. am mkacr kodeqss, dasavluri
gavlenis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erovnuli Tvalsazrisic amyarebs. imis
miuxedavad, rom revoluciurma ideebma, savaraudod, mTeli islamuri
samyaro dasavleTis winaaRmdeg unda gaaerTianos, qveynebi, romelSic
Siitebi umciresobaSi arian, sakuTar Tvalsazriss iranis islamur
revolucias mWidrod ar ukavSireben. Tumca islamurma fundamentalizmma
am saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi garkveul popularobas maiRwia da, misi
STagonebiT, sxvadasxva formiT, islamuri aRorZineba sxva qveynebSic
daiwyo.

iranis islamuri respublikis mizani islamis mTel saxelmwifoSi

gavrceleba – mTavrobisa da sazogadoebis imgvarad organizebaa, rom
islamuri swavleba yvela sferosTvis gaxdes dominanturi. es procesi
jer ar dasrulebula, radgan mas garkveuli Zalebi uweven
winaaRmdegobas. zubaidam (1996) sami, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli, jgufi
gamoyo. radikalebs islamuri revoluciis gagrZeleba da gaRrmaveba
surT. amasTan, maT miaCniaT, rom revolucia aqtiurad unda gavrceldes
sxva islamur qveynebSic. konservatorTa rigebs, ZiriTadad, religiuri
funqcionerebi Seadgenen, romelTac miaCniaT, rom revolucia sakmarisad
ganviTarda. maT sazogadoebaSi gavleniani pozicia uWiravT da am
poziciis daTmoba ar surT. pragmatistebi sabazro reformasa da
ekonomikaSi ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis Semosvlas uWeren mxars.
isini qalebze, ojaxsa da samarTlebriv sistemaze gavrcelebul mkacr
islamur wesebsac ewinaaRmdegebian. es jgufi aqtiur konfliqtSia
radikalebTan.

zubaida acxadebs, rom islamuri revoluciis Sedegad, ,,dasavluri”

reJimidan gacilebiT meti gadmonaSTi SemorCa, vidre miaCniaT xolme.
magaliTad, islamuri mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli sajaxo kanonis
punqtebis umravlesoba, am reJims efuZneba. qalebs iranSi, sxva islamur
qveynebTan, magaliTad, saudis arabeTTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro
aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi roli aqvT.

islamuri aRorZinebis gavrceleba

islamuri aRorZineba wminda religiuri kuTxiT ar unda iqnes gagebuli.

es erovnul da kulturul TviTdamkvidrebaze orientirebuli

27
moZraobaaa, romelic, nawilobriv, dasavleTis gavlenaze saprotesto
reaqcias gamoxatavs. saeWvoa, rom Tundac yvelaze fundamentalisturi
formis islamuri ganaxleba, mxolod tradiciuli ideebis aRdgenas
emsaxurebodes. islamuri aRorZineba gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuri
movlenaa. tradiciuli praqtika da cxovrebis wesi aRdga, magram moxda
maTi Tanamedrove problemebTan kombinireba.

gasuli 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi, islamurma fundamentalisturma

moZraobebma CrdiloeT afrikis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da samxreT aziis
mraval qveyanaze moaxdina gavlena (ix. naxati 16.1). erT-erTi maTgani
alJiria. islamuri xsnis frontma, 1991 wlis dekemberSi, uproblemod
gaimarjva erovnuli krebis arCevnebis pirvelive turSi. misi programa
alJiris iranis tipis islamur saxelmwofod Camoyalibebas
iTvaliswinebda. magram am procesSi jari Caeria da arCevnebis Sedegebi
gaauqma (Pilkington 1992).

civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?

bevri SiSobs, rom islamur samyaros konfrontacia aqvs dagegmili

msoflios im regionebTan, romlebic mis rwmenas ar iziareben. islamur
qveynebze TiTqos ar gavrcelebula demokratizaciis is talRa, romelic
msoflios udides nawilSi aRiniSna. im 39 qveynidan, romlebSic islami
dominantur religias warmoadgens, mxolod ramdenimes SeiZleba ewodos
liberaluri demokratiuli qveyana. amis erT-erTi magaliTi TurqeTia,
Tumca 1960 da 1980 wels samxedro mmarTvelobis ramdenime mcdeloba
aqac ganxorcielda.

zogierT qveyanaSi, romelic garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod

demokratiuli iyo, magaliTad, alJirSi, demokratia SeizRuda an
savsebiT aRmoifxvra. alJiris mTavrobam 1991 wels Tavisufali arCevnebi
dauSva, magram rodesac naTeli gaxda, rom arCevnebSi religiuri
fundamentalizmis gavlenis qveS myofi islamuri partia imarjvebs, man
meore turis Catarebaze uari Tqva. qveyanaSi samxedro mmarTveloba
gamocxadda; mTavrobasa da ,,gorilebis” islamur moZraobas Soris
samoqalaqo omis msgavsi movlenebi ganviTarda.

Tu alJirSi islamuri moZraoba gaimarjvebs, am mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba

sxva maxlobeli qveyanac aRmoCndes. egvipteSi 55 milioni adamiani
cxovrobs, romelTa Soris religiuri saxelmwifos damkvidrebis
mosurne, islamis mimdevari meamboxeebic arian. bevri analogiuri
SemTxvevaa marokosa da libiis musulmanTa Soris.

politologi semuel hantingtoni (1993) acxadebs, rom dasavlur da

islamur xedvas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoma, SesaZloa, msoflio
,,civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” mizezad iqces da civi omiTa da
globalizaciis aRzevebiT dasruldes. erovnuli saxelmwifo
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze gavlenas veRar axdens; amitom
dapirispireba da konfliqtebi ufro farTo kulturebsa da
civilizaciebs Soris iCens Tavs. aseT konfliqts hqonda adgili eqs-
iugoslaviaSi, bosniaSi, sadac bosnieli musulmanebi qristianuli
kulturis warmomadgeneli serbebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen.

28
orive religia – qristianobac da islamic – sakuTari religiis
utyuarobas iCemebs da acxadebs, rom mas RvTis moZRvrebis gadmocema
SeuZlia. qristianobisTvis misaRebi gaxda kapitalizmi da demokratia, da,
Tu maqs vebers davimowmebT, am mimdinareobebis adreuli ganviTareba
qristianobiT iyo STagonebuli. islamur morwmuneebs bevrad uWirT
kapitalimzmsa da demokratiasTan Segueba. kapitalistur warmoebasa da
liberalur demokratias isini dasavluri kulturis gavlenasTan
aigiveben. garda amisa, islami erTmaneTisgan ar mijnavs pirad da
sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.

Tumca, am Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili citatebi adasturebs, rom am or

,,civilizacias” - qristianobasa da islams - saerTo ufro meti aqvT,
vidre gansxvaveba, radgan maT erTi warmoSobis wyaro aqvT. TiToeulma
maTganma, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, asobiT sisxliani omi gamoiara. amis
sapirispirod, maT Semgueblobisa da zomierebis Zlieri tradiciebic
aqvT. imedi unda viqonioT, rom es faqtorebi SesaZlebels gaxdis am ori
kulturis mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas.

axla dasavleTSi religiis ganviTarebis uaxles periods mivubrundeT,

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ki britaneTsa da SeerTebul Statebze
gavamaxviloT.

mniSvnelovani islamuri regionebi

1. dasavleT sanapiro da Raza

fundamenturi jgufi, hamazi, romelic uars ambobs israelTan Tanaarsebobaze.

warmoiSva palestinis Tavisuflebis organizaciis safuZvelze; aqvs mxardaWera
israelis okupaciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli palestinelebis mxridan.

2. TurqeTi

keTildReobis partia, romelic islamur samyarosTan ufro mWidro kavSirebis

damyarebas cdilobs; Seqmna aliansi or nacionalistur partiasTan erTad da
monawileoba miiRo 1991 wlis arCevnebSi; moipova xmaTa 17%, magram xelisuflebaSi mainc
ver moxvda. ramdenime mcire fundamenturi jgufi teroristur organizaciebSic aris
gaerTianebuli.

3. siria

musulmanTa aralegaluri saZmo, romelic sastikad idevneba 1980-iani wlebidan. magram,

amboben, rom is kvlav mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.

4. libani

Sia musulmanTa ori jgufi, hazbola da amali, iranisa da siriis gansakuTrebuli

mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. am or jgufs Soris upiratesoba hazbolas eniWeba.

5. erayi

Sia fundamentalistTa iatakqveSa jgufebi samxreT eraySi Zlieri mxardaWeriT

sargebloben. maT monawileoba miiRes sparseTis yuris omis Semdeg mowyobil amboxSi.
yvelaze didi dajgufeba, dava, 1968 wels dafuZnda da sastik devnas ganicdis; am
dajgufebis bevri lideri da aqtivisti sikvdiliT daisaja.

29
 6. irani

1979 wlidan islamuri respublika. mTavroba, ZiriTadad, SiitTa elitisa da maT

mokavSireTagan Sedgeba. gavlena dapatimrebebiT, sasikvdilo ganaCenebiTa da
Tavisufali azris gamoTqmis SezRudviT miiRweva. islamuri samarTali 1983 wels
SemuSavda, magram, xelisuflebaSi gansxvavebuli politikuri orientaciis liderebis
arsebobis gamo, bolomde ar dainerga. sikvdiliT 100-meti danaSauli isjeba.

7. avRaneTi

sunitTa oTxi fundamentalisturi partia – hizb-i-islami, hizb-i-islami-xalisi, jamiaT -

i-islami, iTihad–i-islami da SiitTa ramdenime mcire jgufi, prezident najibulas
upirispirdebian. isini mkacri reJimis islamuri respublikis daarsebas iTxoven, rasac
avRanelTa umciresoba uWers mxars.

8. centraluri azia

damoukidebeli Aazerbaijani, yazaxeTi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi da tajikeTi

islamuri aRorZinebis periodSi arian, aq mravali meCeTi Sendeba da religiuri
ritualebi sruldeba. am regionSi gavlenis mopovebas irani da saudis arabeTi
cdilobs; zogs iranis msgavsi islamuri saxelmwifo surs; zogs ki TurqeTis msgavsi
saero saxelmwifo urCevnia. fundamentalisturi islamuri renesansis partiam
centralur aziaSi erTaderTi islamuri moZraobis dawyeba ganizraxa, magram es
mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda.

9. pakistani

islamuri demokratiuli aliansi (IDA), romelic erTmaneTTan ramdenime islamur da

memarjvene partias akavSirebs, islamizaciis ganviTarebis momxrea. man 1990 wlis
oqtomberSi, arCevnebis Sedegad, 217_wevrian parlamentSi 105 adgili moipova da
mTavrobis formireba moaxerxa. IDA-s SemadgenlobaSi fundamentalisturi jamaaT-i-
islami Sedis, romlis mizani islamuri saxelmwifos daarsebaa. 1979 wlidan aq
islamuri kanonmdebloba moqmedebs, magram, Tu gamaTraxebas ar CavTvliT, sasjeli
islamuri formiT iSviaTad xorcieldeba.

10. saudis arabeTi

vaxabistTa fundamentalistur reJims ramdenime iatakqveSa radikaluri jgufi

upirispirdeba. 1979 wlis noemberSi erT-erTma jgufma meqas didi meCeTi ZaliT daikava.
saudis mosamarTleebi sasjelis SariaTis formebs – sajaro TaviskveTasa da
qurdobisTvis xelebis amputacias _ mimarTaven.

11. iordania

22_adgilian parlamentSi yvelaze didi erTaderTi bloki musulmanTa saZmos ukavia.

1991 wlis ianvarSi, sparseTis yuris omis moaxloebisas, maT samTavrobo kabinetSi xuTi
Tanamdeboba eWiraT, magram ivnisSi Tamadebobebis datoveba mouxdaT, radgan mefe
huseini israelTan samSvidobo molaparakebas gegmavda, saZmo ki am gadawyvetilebas
upirispirdeba.

12. sudani

1989 wels xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida samxedro xunta, romelsac general-

leitenanti omar baSiri meTaurobda; aq sul ufro didi gavleniT sargeblobs
fundamentalistTa nacionaluri fronti, hasan turabis xelmZRvanelobiT. xuntas
kavSirebi aqvs iranTan, romelmac sudanSi revolucionerTa 2 000 sajaro SenaerTi
gagzavna. 1990 wels, SariaTis kanonis safuZvelze, axali sadamsjelo kodeqsi SemuSavda,
romelic sami qristianuli provinciis garda, mTel qveyanaSi dainerga da wels srulad
amoqmedda. samxreTis winaaRmdeg, jihadis mizniT, radikaluri jgufebi fuls saudis
arabeTSi agroveben.

30
 13. egvipte

1928 wels dafuZnebulma musulmanTa saZmom brZolisa da devnis periodi ganvlo. am

politikur partias axlac ar eZleva moRvaweobis saSualeba. 1887 wels man or saero
partiasTan Seqmna aliansi, arCevnebSi miiRo monawileoba da 37 adgili moipova. jihadis
(sadaTis mkvlel) msgavs radikalur jgufebTan erTad, isini iatakqveSa saqmianobas
ewevian. xSirad aqvs adgili policiasTan Setakebas, 1992 wels asobiT aqtivisti
daapatimres.

14. libia

reJims Sida safrTxe iseTi islamuri jgufebisgan emuqreba, romlebic aranair

struqturas ar eqvemdebarebian. am jgufebsa da usafrTxoebis Zalebs Soris xSirad
aqvs adgili Setakebebs. ramdenime aseuli aqtivisti patomrobaSi imyofeba.

15. tunisi

enadas (renesansuli) partiis wevrebma 1989 wlis aprilis arCevnebSi damoukideblad

miiRes monawileoba. partia, romelic arasodes yofila legaluri, 1990 wlidan devnas
ganicdis, misi gazeTi daixura da partiis aqtivistebi policiasTan Setakebisa da
,,islamur revoluciasTan” dakavSirebuli aralegaluri gegmis aRmoCenis Sedegad,
cixeSi aRmoCdnen. 1991 wels partiis xelmZRvaneloba daiSala.

16. alJiri

xsnis islamurma frontma (FIS) legaluri statusi 1989 wels SeiZina. 1989 wlis ivnisis
regionul arCevnebSi man xmaTa 55% moipova, 1991 wlis dekembris saerTo arCvenebis
pirvel turSi ki - 49%. mTavrobam meore turi gaauqma. FIS –is liderTa umravlesoba
daapatimres. partias moRvaweoba, formalurad, 1992 wlis martSi aekrZala. FIS–is
kontrolis qveS myofi adgilobrivi sabWo daiSala.

17. maroko

1990-1991 wlebSi, islamuri jgufebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen mTavrobis winaaRmdeg

saprotesto aqciebSi. yvelaze didi dajgufeba, ,,samarTali da keTildReoba”, arasodes
yofila legaluri. 1990 wels misi daSlis brZaneba gaica, moZraobis liders Sina
patimroba miesaja, zogierTi wevri ki daapatimres. partiam iatakqveSa, aralegaluri
moqmedeba daiwyo; partiaSi ufro radikaluri jgufebi gaerTiandnen; erT-erTi maTgani
,,islamuri axalgazrdobaa”.

naxati 16.1 1992 (Savad moniSnuli qveynebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba musulmanebi arian;
ar aris miTiTebuli bangladeSi, indonezia da malaizia)

wyaro: The Economist, 4 aprili, 1992, gv.73

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebs evangelistebi Seesien

komunizmis ngrevis Sedegad, yofil ssrk-Si religiur misionerTa msvlelobis talRa

daiwyo. ruseTis mTavarma, aRmosavlurma orTodoqsulma eklesiam SeSfoTeba gamoTqva
axal religiur moZraobaTa, maT Soris hari kriSnasa da sxva evangelistur da
fundamentalistur qristianul jgufTa, Semosvlis gamo. es SeSfoTeba yvela ZiriTadma
saxelmwifo eklesiam, magaliTad, romaulma kaTolikurma da baptisturma eklesiam
gaiziara.

dRes, mxolod ruseTSi, 300 amerikuli misioneruli jgufi moqmedebs; erT-erTi maTgani
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobasa (dsT) da aRmosavleT evropaSi weliwadSi
2 000-ze met misioners agzavnis. am jgufTa religiuri swavleba qveyanaSi arsebuli
Zveli eklesiebis moZRvrebisgan gansxvavdeba. bevr misionerul jgufs miaCnia, rom

31
Zveli eklesiebi ar aris validuri qristianuli eklesiebi. misionrebi sakuTar saqmes
didi mondomebiT asruleben, radgan sjeraT, rom Zveli eklesiebi gandgomilia da
SeiZleba eSmaksac ki emsaxurebodes.

bevr jgufs miaCnia, rom WeSmarit qristianul yofas yvelaze zustad amerikuli
cxovrebis wesi asaxavs. es Zalze macdunebeli mosazrebaa im adamianebisTvis,
romlebsac dasavleTis momxmarebluri cxovrebis stili izidavs. ZiriTadi eklesiebis
liderebi SiSoben, rom es Rirebulebebi dsT-s qveynebSi mxolod qristianul
moZrvrebasTan dakavSirebul azrTa sxvadaxvaobas ki ar gamoiwvevs, aramed
sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan tradiciul religiur Rirebulebebsac Selaxavs da
uaryofiTad imoqmedebs solidarobaze, romelic xalxma komunisturi reJimis drosac ki
SeinarCuna, axla ki mas SeerTebuli Statebis evangelisturi momxmarebluri moZRvreba
emuqreba.

wyaro: Hutchinson Gallup, INFO 1995 (Helicon 1994), gv. 183

religia gaerTianebul samefoSi

1851 wlis, religiasTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri monacemebis

mixedviT, inglissa da uelsSi saeklesio wirvas yovel kviras zrdasrul
adamianTa 40 procenti eswreboda; 1900 wels es maCvenebeli 35 procentze
davida, 1950 wels _ 20 procentze, dRes ki _ 10 procents uaxlovdeba.
1980-ian wlebSi mTavar britanul denominaciebSi mrevlis raodenobam,
saSualod, 5 procentiT iklo, gansakuTrebuli kleba (8 procenti)
romaul kaTolikur eklesiebSi aRiniSna (HMSO 1992).

Tumca es zusti monacemebi ar aris. magaliTad, arsebobs gansxvaveba

trinitarul da aratrinitarul eklesiebs Soris. trinitaruli –
anglikanuri, kaTolikuri, meTodisturi, presbiterianuli da sxv. _
eklesiebi wminda samebas, rogorc erT RmerTs, aRiareben. trinitaruli
eklesiis Semadgenloba 1970 wels 8.8 milioni iyo, 1994 wels ki es ricxvi
6.5 milions Seadgenda. amis sapirispirod, aratrinitarul eklesiebSi,
magaliTad, mormonebsa da ieRovas mowmeebSi, igive periodSi, morwmuneTa
raodenoba gaizarda (ix. cxrili 16.2).

britaneTis zrdasruli mosaxleobis umravlesoba Tavs religiuri

organizaciis wevrad miiCnevs. gamokiTvis dros, britanelTa mxolod 5%-
ma ganacxada, rom is arc erT sarwmunoebas ar iziarebs. mTeli
mosaxleobis 70 procenti Tavs inglisis eklesiis wevrad miiCnevs, Tumca,
maTi umravlesoba, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, SesaZloa, wirvas sul
ramdenimejer an saerTod ar daswrebia. inglisis eklesiis, Sotlandiis
presbiterianuli eklesiisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis garda, britaneTSi
ebraelebis, mormonebis, musulmanebis, sikxebisa da indusebis religiuri
jgufebic cxovroben. ufro mcire seqtebi plimutis saZmos,
rastafarelebsa da RvTiuri naTebis misias moicavs.

axalma religiurma moZraobebma Tavi dasavlur qveynebSi, maT Soris

gaerTianebul samefoSic, iCina. es moZraobebi bevr religiur tradicias
efuZneba, romelTa Sesaxeb aqamde dasavleTSi TiTqmis aravin araferi
icoda. ramdenime maTgani, magaliTad, esTeriusis sazogadoeba da eminis
fondi, ukve arsebobda adreuli periodis britaneTSi, danarCeni
moZraobebi ki sxva evropuli qveynebidan Semovida. umravlesoba
32
SeerTebul Statebsa an aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva. maTi wevrebi axali
rwmenis gavrcelebas ki ar isaxaven miznad, aramed adamianTa moqcevas maT
mier qadagebul sarwmunoebaze. moZraobis wevrebs, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
kargi ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli da warmomavlobiT saSualo klass
ekuTvnian.

axal religiur moZraobaTa umravlesobas sakuTari wevrebis mimarT,

Zvel saxelmwifo religiebTan SedarebiT, valdebulebebisa da drois
mimarTebaSi, ufro maRali moTxovnebi aqvT. zogierTi jgufi adamianebis
mxridan totaluri erTgulebis misaRwevad, ,,siyvaruliT ieriSis”
teqnikas iyenebs. im adamianis mimarT, romelic, potenciurad, misioneris
mier qadagebul rwenaze unda moeqces, mudmiv yuradRebasa da siTbos
iCenen, sanam is jgufSi emociurad ar CaerTveba. zogierT axal moZraobas
mimdevarTa ,,tvinis gamorecxvaSi” adanaSauleben – isini am adamianTa
gonebis gakontrolebas cdiloben, raTa maT gadawyvetilebis
damoukideblad miReba veRar SeZlon. amgvari praqtikis gamo brals
,,munistebs” deben (ix. qvemoT), Tumca kvlevebi adasturebs, rom es
xelovnuri interpretaciaa. moZraobebi sakuTar wevrTa gonebas amgvari
xarisxiT ar da ver akontroleben. potenciur wevrTa umravlesobas, Tuki
moesurvebaT, SeuZliaT uari Tqvan moZraobaSi gawevrianebaze.

gaerTianebul samefoSi religiuroba asakis, sqesis, klasisa da

geografiis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. asakovani adamianebi, axalagazrdul
asakobriv jgufebTan SedarebiT, zogadad, ufro religiurebi arian.
eklesiaSi siaruli axalgazrdebs Soris kulminacias TxuTmeti wlis
asakSi aRwevs, Semdeg eklesiis mimarT yuradRebis done, saSualod,
dabla iwevs; ocdaaTi-ormoci wlis asakSi adamianebs enTuziazmi
ubrundebaT da asakis matebasTan erTad, isini eklesias sul ufro
xSirad akiTxaven. qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro erTvebian
organizebul religiaSi. anglikanur eklesiebSi es marginaluri
SemTxvevaa, magram qristianul saiantistur eklesiaSi, qalTa raodenoba
mamakacTa ricxvs oTxjer aRemateba.

zogadad, saeklesio wirvebis daswreba da religiuri rwmenis mimdevroba,

Rarib jgufebTan SedarebiT, SeZlebul adamianebs Soris ufro
aRiniSneba. inglisis eklesias uwodes ,,konservatuli partia locvisas”
da es saxelwodeba simarTlis garkveul marcvals Seicavs. muSaTa
klasis warmomadgenlebi, ZiriTadad, kaTolikebi arian. klasobrivi
orinetacia Tavs arCevnebis drosac iCens: anglikanebi xmas, ZiriTadad,
konservatorebs aZleven, kaTolikebi da meTodistebis umravlesoba ki –
leiboristebs. leoboristuli partiis aRzeveba Tavidan mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli meTodizmTan. religiurobaze adamianTa sacxovrebeli
adgilic axdens gavlenas: mdinare mersis mimdebare teritoriaze
mcxovreb zrdasrulTa 35 procenti da lankaSiris mcxovrebTa 32
procenti eklesiis wevrebi arian; amis sapirispirod, hambersaidSi amgvar
adamianTa raodenoba 9 procentia, notingemSirSi ki
_ 11 procenti. amis erT-erTi mizezi emigraciaa – liverpulSi mravali
irlandieli kaTolike cxovrobs, CrdiloeT londonSi _ ebraeli,
bredfordSi ki _ musulmani da sikxi.

33
yoveldRiur qcevaSi gamovlenili religiuri gansxvavebebiT, mTel
britaneTSi, yvelaze metad, CrdiloeT irlandia gamoirCeva.
protestantebsa da kaTolikebs Soris arsebul dapirispirebaSi, orive
mxridan umciresoba aris CarTuli, magram es dapirispireba xSirad mwvave
da sastik xasiaTs iRebs. am antagonizms, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi arsebuli religiuri gavlenac ganapirobebs;
,,irlandiis erTianobis” ideas, romlis Tanaxmad, eire da Crdilo
irlandia erTi saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi unda iyos, Cveulebriv,
kaTolikebi iziareben, protestantebi ki am gegmas uaryofen. religiuri
rwmenis garda, politikur mosazrebebsa da nacionalistur ideebsac
mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba.

cxrili 16.2 eklesiebis wevrTa raodenoba gaerTianebul samefoSi

(milionebSi)

1970 1980 1992 1994

trinitaruli
eklesiebi
romauli 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0
kaTolikuri
(mesaze daswreba)
anglikanuri 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.8
presbiterianuli 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.1
meTodisti 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4
baptisti 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
sxva Tavisufali 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7
eklesiebi
orTodoqsuli 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
yvela 8.8 7.4 6.6 6.5
trinitaruli
eklesia
aratrinitaruli
eklesiebi
mormonebi 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
ieRovas mowmeebi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
sxva 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
aratrinitaruli
eklesiebi
yvela 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
aratrinitaruli
eklesia
sxva religiebi
musulamnebi 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6
sikxebi 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3
indusebi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
ebraelebi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
sxvebi 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
yvela sxva 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.2
religia
wyaro: qristianuli kvleva. Social Trend-ze dayrdnobiT, 1996.

religia SeerTebul StatebSi

mravalgvaroba

34
religiuri organizaciebis pozicia SeerTebul StatebSi, ramdenime
niSniT, sakmaod uCveuloa. religiuri Tavisuflebis gamoxatva gacilebiT
adre gaxda amerikuli konstituciis erT-erTi punqti, vidre nebismieri
dasavluri sazogadoeba Seegueboda gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmenisa
da praqtikis arsebobas. SeerTebul StatebSi damkvidrebuli adreuli
mosaxleoba, politikuri xelisuflebis mier religiur niadagze devnili
ltolvilebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebic saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas moiTxovdnen. SeerTebul StatebSi ar arsebobs,
inglisis anglikanuri eklesiis msgavsi, ,,oficialuri” eklesia.

SeerTebul StatebSi, sxva nebiesmier industriul qveyanasTan SedarebiT,

bevrad ufro mravalgvari religiuri jgufebi moRvaweoben. umetes
dasavlur qveynebSi, mosaxleobis umravlesoba, formalurad, erTi
eklesiis erTgulia, magaliTad, britaneTSi _ anglikanuri, italiaSi ki _
kaTolikuri eklesiis. amerikuli mosaxleobis 90 procenti qristianebi
arian, magram sxvadasxva eklesiebsa da denominaciebs ekuTvnian. zogierTi
jgufi sul as adamians aerTianebs, magram oTxmocdaaTze met religiur
organizacias ormocdaaTi aTasze meti wevri hyavs; oci iseTi
organizaciac arsebobs, romelTa wevrebis raodenoba milions aWarbebs.
SeerTebul StatebSi, dRemde dafiqsirebuli yvelaze didi religiuri
organizacia kaTolikuri eklesiaa, romelic daaxloebiT ormocdaaT
milion wevrs aerTianebs. Tumca es religiur organizaciebSi
gawevrianebul adamianTa sul 27 procentia. mosaxleobis 60 procenti
protestantebi arian da mravalricxovan denominaciebSi arian
gadanawilebulni. maT Soris yvelaze didi samxreTis baptisturi
konvenciaa, romelsac camet milionze meti wevri hyavs; rigiT meore _
gaerTianebuli meTodisturi eklesiaa; Semdeg _ nacionaluri baptisturi
konvencia, luTeranuli da episkopaluri eklesiebi. araqristianul
jgufebs Soris yvelaze didi ebraelTa kongregaciebia, romlebic eqvs
milion wevrs iTvlis.

amerikuli mosaxleobis 40 procenti saeklesio wirvas kviraSi erTxel

eswreba. eklesiebSi, sinagogebsa da sxva religiur organizaciebSi
mosaxleobis TiTqmis samocdaaTi procenti dadis da, umravlesobis
gancxadebis Tanaxmad, aqtiurad monawileobs kongregaciis msaxurebaSi.

1995 wels bosniaSi SeerTebuli Statebis sahaero Zalebis kapitnis skot

o’gradis TviTmfrinavi Camoagdes. is serbeTis samxedro Zalebis mier
datyvevebas gadaurCa, eqvsi dRis Semdeg ki samSvidobos iqna gayvanili.
,,zRvarze viyavi”, ganucxada kapitanma msoflio medias, ,,pirvel rigSi,
RmerTs unda gadavuxado madloba. rom ara Cemdami RvTis siyvaruli da
Cemi siyvaruli RvTis mimarT, amas ver gadavitandi. aq RmerTis wyalobiT
aRmovCndi, gulis siRrmeSi amis Zlier mjera.” britaneli an frangi
pilotis mier msgavs situaciaSi warmoTqmuli amgvari sityvebi gaocebas
gamoiwvevda, magram amerikeli pilotis naTqvamma sruliad bunebrivad
gaiJRera. amerikaSi, umravles evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT,
religiurobis ufro maRali donea. yovel amerikul banknotze Semdegi
sityvebi weria: ,,Cven RmerTis gvjera,”eeeeoooooooooeoeeeeeeexeooo rac
gamudmebiT Segvaxsenebs, Tu raoden didi gavleniT sargeblobs religia
SeerTebul StatebSi.

35
gamokiTxvis Sedegad vrwmundebiT, rom amerikelebis 95 procentis
gancxadebis Tanaxmad, maT RmerTis wamT; 80 procents saswaulebis da
saiqios arsebobis sjera, 72 procents angelozebis sjera, 65 procents ki
eSmakis (Stark and Bainbridge 1985). 1994 wels msoflio RirebulebaTa kvlevis
Sedegebi gamoqveynda. am Sedegebis mixedviT, respondentTa 82 procenti
Tavs ,,religiur adamianad” Tvlis, aseTi adamianebis ricxvi britaneTSi
_ 55%, dasavleT germaniaSi _ 54%, safrangeTSi ki – 48%-ia. igive
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, amerikelTa 44% acxadebs, rom isini eklesiaSi
kviraSi erTxel mainc dadian; gaerTianebul samefoSi amgvari adamianebis
ricxvi 14%, safrangeTSi _ 10%, SvedeTSi ki _ sul 4% Seadgens (ix.
cxrili 16.2 da The Economist, 8 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 20).

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi religiur

moZraobaTa yvelaze masStaburi momravleba aRiniSna, es periodi
denominaciebis gaerTianebisa da dayofis uprecendento matebiT
gamoirCeva. umravlesobam did xans ver iarseba, magram bevr maTgans
mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. erT-erTi magaliTi korean sun muung munis
mier daarsebuli gaerTianebuli eklesiaa. es seqta SeerTebul StatebSi
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCnda; is milenaruli moZraobis yvela
maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeoda. munis mimdevarTa winaswarmetyvelebis
mixedviT, samyaros aRsasruli 1967 wels unda damdgariyo; mas mere
cxovreba Cveuli riTmiT gagrZelda, magram amis gamo seqtas arseboba ar
Seuwyvetia. milenarul moZraobaTa sxva liderebis msgavsad, munma am
arSemdgar winaswarmetyvelebas axali ideebi miusadaga. misma axalma
doqtrinebma kidev ufro meti mimdevari miizida. amJamad es seqta ormoci
aTas wevrs aerTianebs. gaerTianebuli eklesiis rwmena aRmosavlur
swavlebebs, fundamenturi qristianobis zogierT aspeqts da
antikomunistur ideebs efuZneba. seqtis axali wevrebi mkacr religiur
wvrTnas eqvemdebarebian.

qristianuli fundamentalizmi

gasuli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi qristianuli

fundamentalisturi religiuri organizaciebis raodenobrivi zrda
aRiniSna. fumdamentalistebis azriT, ,,biblia aris wigni, romelic
adamians politikis, mTavrobis, ojaxis da yvela sxva saqmis gaZRolaSi
exmareba” (Capps 1990). fundamentalizmi liberaluri Teologiisa da im
adamianTa winaaRmdeg gamovlenili reaqciaa, romlebic wirvas eswrebian,
magram religiis mimarT aqtiur interess ar iCenen. SeerTebul StatebSi
yvelaze gavleniani fundamentalisturi jgufebi samxreTis baptisturi
konvencia, RvTis asamblea da meSvide dRis adventistebi arian.

cxrili

SeeTebuli Statebi

meqsika

kanada

espaneTi

36
britaneTi

dasavleT germania

safrangeTi

SvedeTi

mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba

Tavs religiur adamianebad miiCneven

religiur wirvas kviraSi erTxel an ufro xSirad eswrebian

cxrili 16.2 religis mimarT valdebuleba, qveynebis mixedviT 1990-1993

wyaro: msoflio RirebulebaTa Semswavleli jgufi, politikuri da socialuri

kvlevis intersauniversiteto konsorciumi. Economist-ze dayrdnobiT, 8 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 20

,,eleqtronuli eklesia”

eleqtronuli media (televizia da radio) aqtiurad aris CarTuli im

cvlilebebSi, romlebic 1960-iani wlebidan gavlenas axdens religiaze
SeerTebul StatebSi. misi uwmindesoba bili grehemi iyo pirveli
sasuliero piri, romelmac sahaero talRebis saSualebiT regularuli
qadageba daiwyo. mediis efeqturi moxmarebis wyalobiT,Bbaptist moZRvars
mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. gasuli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, mediis
saSualebiT religiuri gzavnilebis gavrcelebisa da saeklesio Tanxebis
mozidvis praqtika ufro daixvewa da sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo. gaCnda
,,eleqtronuli eklesia” – religiuri organizacia, romelic
kongregaciis adgilobrivi TavSeyris nacvlad, mediis saSualebiT
moqmedebs. satelituri komunikaciebis wyalobiT, religiur programebs
mesame samyaros yvela qveyana (magaliTad, afrika da azia) da sxva
industriuli sazogadoebebic uyureben.

eelqtronuli eklesiis mTavari pionerebi fundamentalistebi da sxva

jgufebi iyvnen, romlebsac urwmunoTa moqceva hqondaT dasaxuli miznad.
amis erT-erTi mizezi ,,varskvlavTa sistemaa” – STagonebuli moZRvrebi,
romlebic piradi zemoqmedebiT cdiloben mimdevarTa mozidvas. am tipis
moZRvarTaTvis eleqtronuli media idealuri saSualebaa, radgan maT
qarizmatul Tvisebebs, erTdroulad, aTasobiT an milionobiT adamiani
ecnoba. bili grehemis garda, media Tavis ZiriTad saqmianobad SeerTebul
StatebSi sxva ,,eleqtronulma moZRvrebma” – oral robertsma, jeri
felvelma, jimi svegertma, pet robertsonma, jimi bekerma da misma
yofilma meuRlem temi feimac aqcies. mimdevrebs isini TiTqmis mudmivad
saeTero gadacemebis saSualebiT izidaven.

zogierTi religiuri wamyvani, maT Soris jim da temi bekeri da jimi

svegerti, seqsualur da finansur skandalSi gaexvia, ramac maT
reputaciaze Zalze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. zogierTebis varaudiT, am
usiamovno SemTxvevis gamo, eleqtronuli eklesia Zveleburi gavleniT
veRar isargeblebda. SeiZleba revivalisturi da fundamentalisturi
jgufebi marTlac Tmoben dominantur pozicias, magram religiur
37
organizaciebsa da eleqtronul medias Soris kavSirebi, savaraudod,
gafarTovdeba da kvlav iarsebebs. me-14 TavSi vkiTxulobT, rom
televizia, radio da eleqtronuli komunikaciis sxva formebi yvelaze
did gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove samyaroze, es ki religiuri
programirebis samomavlo stimulirebasac ukavSirdeba.

cnobilma teleevangelistma pet robertsonma moisurva, rom 1988 wels

respublikur partias is prezidentobis kandidatad daesaxelebina, magram
misi mcdeloba marcxiT dasrulda. amgvari warumateblobis Semdeg, man
religiurad orientirebuli politikuri moZraoba, qristianuli
koalicia daarsa, romelmac sakmao gavlena moipova. koalicia 1.6 milion
wevrs aerTianebs da didi finansuri resursi aqvs, rac mas lobirebisa
da reklamirebis saSualebas aZlevs. 1995 wels koaliciam warmoadgina
,,kontraqti amerikul ojaxTan,” rac abortis akrZalvas, saojaxo
gadasaxadebis Semcirebis xelSewyobas, cixis disciplinasa da
pornografiis kontrols gulisxmobda.

amis sapasuxod, liberaluri eklesiis liderebma ,,ganaxlebisken

mowodeba” SeimuSaves. maTTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda qristianuli koaliciis
argumenti, rom moralur RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT politikuri
debatebi unda daiwyos, magram, maTi moTxovnis Tanaxmad, es Rirebulebebi
mimtevebloba da humanuroba unda iyos da ara respublikeli
memarjveneebis konservatuli Rirebulebebi.

religiis eleqtronuli qadageba gansakuTrebuli popularobiT laTinur

amerikaSi sargeblobs, sadac eTerSi Crdilo amerikuli programebi
gadis. amis Sedegad, iseT qveynebze, rogoric Cile da braziliaa, didi
gavlena moaxdines protestantulma moZraobebma, romelTa umravlesoba
ormocdaaTianelebis mimdevrebi iyvnen. manamde isini ZiriTadad
kaTolikuri qveynebi iyo.

daskvna: religia, sekularizacia da socialuri cvlileba

gamokiTxul britanelTa 70 procenti Tavs ama Tu im sarwmunoebis

mimdevrad asaxelebs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebul StatebSi,
saxelmwifo eklesiebTan erTad, mravali seqta da kulti moqmedebs.
iransa da axlo aRmosavleTis sxva regionebSi, afrikasa da indoeTSi,
vesternizacias uaRresad mniSvnelovani da dinamikuri islamuri
fumdamenetalizmi upirispirdeba. CrdiloeT irlandiaSi protestanizmi
da kaTolicizmi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, oficialurad Tanabari
reputaciiT sargebloben, Tumca denominaciis aqtivisti wevrebi Riad
ibrZvian meore denominaciis winaaRmdeg. papi xSirad Cadis samxreT
amerikaSi, sadac mas didi enTuziazmiT emxroba milionobiT adgilobrivi
kaTolike. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ucnauri iqneba imis mtkiceba,
TiTqos Tanamedrove samyaroze religiis gavlena mcirdeba.

Tumca sociologebi zogadad acxadeben, rom, Tu am movlenas

grZelvadiani tendenciebis fonze ganvixilavT, adgili namdvilad aqvs
gavlenis Sesustebas. religiis mxridan socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva
aspeqtze gavlenis dakargvis procesi s e k u l a r i z a c i i T
aixsneba. sekularizacia ganzomilebaTa mravali aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba.

38
erT_erTi maTgani religiur organizaciaTa wevrebis raodenobas exeba –
ramdeni wevri hyavs ama Tu im eklesias da religiur organizacias da
ramdeni adamiani eswreba aqtiurad wirvas an sxva ceremonias. amgvari
midgomiT, SeerTebuli Statebis garda, yvela industriuli qveyana
masStaburi sekularizaciis procesSi imyofeba. religiurobis kleba,
britaneTis garda, dasavleT evropis umravles, maT Soris iseT
kaTolikur qveynebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi da italia, dafiqsirda.
saeklesio wirvebs, frangebTan SedarebiT, italielebi ufro
regularulad eswrebian da mniSvnelovan ritualebSi (magaliTad,
saaRdgomo ziarebaSi) iReben monawileobas. magram, zogadad, saeklesio
wesebis dacvis Semcireba orive SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba.

sekularizaciis meore ganzomileba imas gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad

SeZles eklesiebma da sxva religiurma organizaciebma socialuri
gavlenis, materialuri uzrunvelyofisa da prestiJis SenarCuneba. Zvelad
religiur organizaciebs mTavrobasa da socialur saagentoebze didi
gavlena hqonda da sazogadoebis mxridan uaRresi pativiscemiT
sargeblobda. ra mdgomareobaa amJamad? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi naTelia. Tu
am saukunis magaliTze vimsjelebT, davinaxavT, rom religiuri
organizaciebis socialuri da politikuri gavlena iseTi Zlieri aRar
aris, rogorc Zvelad. es msoflio tendenciaa, Tumca gamonaklisebic
arsebobs. eklesiis liderebs aRar aqvT imis molodini, rom isini
xelisuflebaze avtomaturad moaxdenen gavlenas. miuxedavad imisa, rom
zogierTi saxelmwifo eklesia, nebismieri standartis mixedviT, isev
materialuri siZlieriT gamoirCeva da am kuTxiT warmatebis miRwevas
swrafad axerxeben axali religiuri moZraobebic, bevri xangrZlivi
istoriis mqone organizacia, materialuri pirobebis TvalsazrisiT,
daucvelia. eklesiebi da salocavebi iyideba, radgan isini SesakeTebel
samuSaoebs aRar eqvemdebareba.

sekularizaciis mesame ganzomileba rwmenasa da Rirebulebebs exeba. amas

SeiZleba religiurobis ganzomileba vuwodoT. saeklesio wirvebis
daswrebis sixSire da eklesiis socialuri gavlena, ar aris
savaldebulo, uSualod adamianis rwmenasa da idealebs gamoxatavdes.
bevr adamians religiuri rwmena aqvs, magram wirvebs regularulad ar
eswreba da sazogadoebriv ceremoniebSi monawileobas ar iRebs; meore
mxriv, regularuli daswreba da monawileoba yovelTvis religiuri
xedvis siZliereze ar mianiSnebs _ adamiani wirvas SeiZleba Cvevis an
imis gamo eswrebodes, rom misi Temi sakuTari wevrebisgan amgvar qmedebas
moiTxovs.

imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad aris dRes Semcirebuli religiuroba,

sekularizaciis ganzomilebebis garda, warsulic safuZvlianad unda
SeviswavloT. bevr tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, Sua saukuneebis evropis
CaTvliT, religiuri rwmenis valdebuleba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi,
savarudod, arc Tu Zlieri da mniSvnelovani iyo. magaliTad, inglisis
istoriis kvleva gviCvenebs, rom rigiT adamianebs religiuri rwmenis
mimarT gulgrili damokidebuleba hqondaT. religiuri skeptikosebi
TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, did tradiciul
sazogadoebebSi, moiZebneba (Ginzburg 1980).

39
miuxedavad amisa, eWvgareSea, rom dRes religiuri ideebi, tradiciul
samyarosTan SedarebiT, naklebi gavleniT sargeblobs – es mosazreba
kidev ufro swori iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ,,religiis” terminis qveS im
yvela zebunebriv ideas vigulisxmebT, romlisac swamdaTAadamianebs.
umravlesoba Cvengani aRar fiqrobs, rom garemo RvTiuri an
spiritualuri movlenebiT imarTeba. msoflioSi arsebuli zogierTi
mniSvnelovani konfliqti, magaliTad, konfliqti israelsa da mezobel
islamur respublikebs Soris, uSualod an nawilobriv religiur
niadagze warmoiSva. magram omebisa da konfliqtebis umravlesoba yofiTi
interesebiT _ gansxvavebuli politikuri SexedulebebiTa da
materialuri interesebiT _ aris gamowveuli.

religiis gavlena, sekularizaciis samive ganzomilebasTan mimarTebaSi,

Semcirda. SegviZlia Tu ara ganvacxadoT, rom mecxramete saukuneSi
moRvawe mecnierTa mosazreba WeSmaritebas Seesabameboda? iqneb religiis
gaqrobas ufro didi dro sWirdeba, vidre isini varaudobdnen? amgvari
daskvna mraval kiTxvas badebs. moTxovna religiaze, tradiciuli Tu
axali formiT, savarudod, kidev did xans iqneba. Tanamedrove
racionalistur azrovnebasa da religiur Tvalsazriss Soris daZabuli
urTierTobaa. Cveni arsebobis bevri aspeqti racionalisturma
perspeqtivam daipyro da misi gavlena uaxloes momavalSi ar Sesustdeba.
magram racionalizmis winaaRmdeg garkveuli reaqciebi arsebobs,
romlebsac religiuri aRorZinebis periodebamde mivyavarT. albaT,
dedamiwaze Zalian cota adamiani Tu arsebobs, romelsac arasodes
ganucdia religiuri emociebi. mecnierebasa da racionalistur
azrovnebas ar gaucia pasuxi fendamentur kiTxvaze – raSi mdgomareobs
cxovrebis sazrisi da mizani – es sakiTxebi mudmivad religiis ZiriTadi
Semadgeneli nawilia.

Sejameba

1. religia yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs, Tumca religiuri rwmena

da praqtika kulturebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. yvela religias
simboloTa nakrebi aqvs, romelic mowiwebis grZnobasTan
asocirdeba da morwmuneTa Temis mier ganxorcielebul ritualebs
ukavSirdeba.
2. totemizmi da animizmi mcire kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
religiis tipebia. totemizmis mimdevrebs swamT, rom garkveuli
jiSis cxoveli an mcenare zebunebriv Zalas flobs. animizmis
mimdevrebs iseTi sulebis an aCrdilebis sjeraT, romlebic
adamianTa samyaroSi cxovroben da zogjer maT suls euflebian.
3. msoflio istoriis sami yvelaze gavleniani monoTeisturi religia
(religia, romelic mxolod erT RmerTs aRiarebs) iudaizmi,
qristianoba da islamia. poliTeizmi (ramdenime an bevri RmerTis
aRiareba) sxva religiebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. zogierT
religiaSi, magaliTad, konfucianizmSi, RmerTebi da zebunebrivi
arsebebi saerTod ar arian.
4. religiisadmi sociologiur midgomaze yvelaze didi gavlena sami
,,klasikosi” moazrovnis – marqsis, diurkemisa da veberis – ideebma
moaxdina. samive mecniers miaCnia, rom religia, fundamenturi
gagebiT, iluziaa. maTi azriT, religiis mier Seqmnili ,,saiqio”

40
 sinamdvileSi, religiuri simbolizmis kuTxiT gaSuqebuli, Cveni
samyaroa.
marqss miaCnda, rom religia Zlier ideologiur elements Seicavs:
religia sazogadoebaSi simdidrisa da Zalauflebis araTanabari
ganawilebis gamarTlebas cdilobs.
diurkems miCnda, rom religia gamaerTianebeli funqciis gamo aris
mniSvnelovani; adamianebi saerTo rwmenisa da Rirebulebebisadmi
erTgulebis gamoxatvis mizniT, regularulad ikribebian.
veberis azriT, religia mniSvnelovania im rolis gamo, romelsac
is socialur cvlilebaSi asrulebs, es ki gansakuTrebiT
dasavluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebas exeba.
5. religiuri organizaciis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs. eklesia
msxvili saxelmwifo religiuri organizaciia, romelic,
Cveulebriv, formaluri biurokratiuli struqturiTa da
ofocialur religiur pirTa ierarqiiT gamoirCeva. seqta
morwmuneTa ufro mcire, naklebad formaluri jgufia, romelic
ZiriTadad saxelmwifo eklesiis ganaxlebas isaxavs miznad.
xangrZlivi arsebobisa da institucionalizaciis SemTxvevaSi, seqta
denominaciad iqceva. seqtasa da kults bevri saerTo aqvs, magram
saxelmwifo eklesiis ganaxlebis nacvlad, kulti axali religiis
formirebas cdilobs.
6. religiur organizaciebs, Cveulebriv, mamakacebi marTaven. umravles
religiebSi, gansakuTrebiT qristianobaSi, religiuri saxeebi da
simboloebi ZiriTadad mamrobiTi sqesisaa; Tumca, zogierT
religiaSi mdedrobiTi sqesis wmindanebic gvxvdeba.
7. milenaruli moZraoba swraf koleqtiur xsnas gvpirdeba – es an
awmyoSi ganxorcielebuli fundamenturi cvlileba, an didi xnis
dakarguli oqros xanis aRdgena iqneba. TiTqmis yvela amgvari
moZraoba misanTa aqtivobas gulisxmobs – isini an profesionalebi
arian, an ,,STagonebuli” adamianebi, romlebic dafuZnebuli
religiuri ideebis axlebur interpretacias gvTavazoben.
8. msoflios sxvadasxva religiur jgufSi fundamentalizmi
Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. isini sakuTar Tavs “fundamentalistebs”
eZaxian, radgan maT Zveli religiuri doqtrinebis dabruneba surT.
iranis revoluciis ZiriTadi wyaro islamuri fundamentalizmi iyo;
am revoluciis Sedegad, qveyanaSi religiurad STagonebuli
mTavroba gabatonda.
9. gaerTianebul samefosa da sxva umravles evropul qveynebSi
saeklesio wirvebze daswrebis maCvenebeli Zalze dabalia. amis
sapirispirod, SeerTebul StatebSi eklesiaSi regularulad dadis
mosaxleobis proporciulad ufro didi raodenoba. gaerTianebul
samefoSi, evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi sul ufro meti
adamiani acxadebs, rom mas RmerTis swams, magram saeklesio wirvas
regularulad ver eswreba.
10. sekularizacia religiis gavlenis Semcirebaa. sekularizaciis
donis gazomva rTulia, radgan mas cvlilebis ramdenime
ganzomileba ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis gavlena
aSkarad mcirdeba, mas gaqroba ar emuqreba da misi saxeliT
adaminebis gaerTianeba da dajgufeba Tanamedrove samyaroSic
grZeldeba. religia sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba rogorc
konservatuli, ise revoluciuri Zala iyos.

41
 damatebiTi literatura

Eileen B arker, New Religious Movements (London: HMSO, 1991). gamokiTxva

gaerTianebul samefoSi axal religiur moZraobaTa gavlenis Sesaxeb

Peter B . C larke and Peter B yrne, Religion Defined and Explained (Basingstoke: Macmillan,
1993). mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvanelo religiis bunebis Sesaxeb

Sir James G eorge F razer, The Golden Bough: A study in Magic and Religion (London:
Macmillan, 1995). miTologiis, magiis, crurwmenisa da religiis klasikuri
Seswavla

Ernest G ellner, Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (London: Routledge, 1992). cxare
diskusia Tanamedrove periodSi religiis aRorZinebisa da mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb

Gilles K epel, The Revenge of God (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). fundamentalizmis
Seswavla

Joseph M . K itagaura (ed.), The History of Religions: Retrospect and Prospect (London:
Macmillan, 1985). statiebis krebuli, romelSic mocemulia religiis Sesaxeb
sxvadasxva perspeqtiva

Josh Mcdowell and Don Stewart, Concise Guide to Today’s Religions (Amersham-on-the-Hill:
Scripture Press, 1988). religuri sakiTxebis farTo mimoxilva.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

• monoTeizmi
• magia
• Samani
• totemizmi
• animizmi
• poliTeizmi
• eTikuri religiebi
• gaucxoeba
• sakraluri
• profanuli
• samoqalaqo religia
• eklesia
• seqta
• denominacia
• kulti
• milenarizmi
• fundamentalizmi

42
Tavi 17

qalaqebi da Tanamedrove urbanizmis ganviTareba

ZiriTadi cnebebi

tradiciuli qalaqi

Tanamedrove urbanizmis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi

Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTareba: cnobiereba da kultura

urbanizmis Teoriebi

• Cikagos skola
• urbanizmi da Seqmnili garemo
• Sefaseba

dasavluri urbanuli ganviTareba omisSemdgom periodSi

• urbanizmi SeerTebul StatebSi

• urbanizmi britaneTSi

urbanizmi da saerTaSoriso gavlena

globaluri qalaqi

urbanizacia mesame msoflios qveynebSi

• deli
• mexiko
• qalaqebi da Warbi mosaxleoba
• cvlilebis perspeqtivebi

daskvna

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

1
 ZiriTadi cneba

• urbanizmi

tradiciuli qalaqi

tradiciul qveynebSi, Tanamedrove standartebis mixedviT, umetesad,

Zalian patara qalaqebi iyo. magaliTad, axlo aRmosavleTis erT-erT
yvelaze did da uZveles qalaq babilons sul 3.2 kvadratuli mili ekava,
umaRlesi ganviTarebis periodSi misi mosaxleobis raodenoba 15-20 aTasi
Tu iqneboda. msoflios pirveli qalaqebi daaxloebiT Cv.w.-mde 3500 wels
egvipteSi _ nilosis, tigrosisa da evfratis mimdebare dablobebis,
agreTve dRevandeli erayisa da pakistanis teritoriaze gaCnda.
imperator avgustusis mmarTvelobis periodSi, CineTs Tu ar CavTvliT,
yvelaze didi Zveli qalaqi romi iyo, romelsac 300 000 macxovrebeli
hyavda.

Zveli samyaros qalaqTa umravlesoba saerTo TvisebebiT gamoirCeoda,

imis miuxedavad, rom am qalaqebSi gansxvavebuli civilizaciis adamianebi
cxovrobdnen. qalaqs, Cveulebriv, gars galavani ertya, rasac, pirvel
rigSi, samxedro Tavdacvis, Semdeg ki _ qalaqis soflisgan gamijvnis
daniSnuleba hqonda. centralur adgilas, zogjer Sida kedliT
garSemortymuli, sazogadoebrivi TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnili sivrce iyo.
centSi, Cveulebriv, bazari ewyoboda, magram is Zlier gansxvavdeboda
Tanamedrove qalaqis mniSvnelovani saqmiani ubnebisgan. mTavar Senobebs
TiTqmis yovelTvis religiuri an politikuri daniSnuleba hqonda, es
salocavebi iyo an sasaxleebi, romlebSic sasamarTloebi imarTeboda.
mmarTveli klasisa da elitis sacxovreblebi, Cveulebriv, centrSi an
centris maxloblad iyo koncentrirebuli, naklebad privilegirebuli
adamianebi ki qalaqis ganapiras cxovrobdnen. zogierTi saxli galavans
miRma iyo ganlagebuli, magram, qalaqze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi,
macxovreblebi umal qalaqs afarebdnen Tavs.

gansxvavebuli eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebi xSirad sxvadasxva

ubnebSi iyvnen gansaxlebulni; maTi wevrebi erTsa da imave adgilas
cxovrobdnen da muSaobdnen. zogjer galavniT amgvari ubnebic iyo
gamoyofili. ceremoniebisTvis gankuTvnili centraluri moedani,
Cveulebriv, didi zomisa ar iyo da moqalaqeTa Zalze mcire raodenobas
itevda; amitom qalaqis macxovreblebis urTierToba naklebi
stabilurobiT gamoirCeoda; sazogadoebrivi gancxadebebis dros,
oficialur pirebs yvirili uwevdaT. tradiciuli qalaqebi xmauriani
prospeqtebiT ar gamoirCeoda da maT umravlesobaSi ,,quCis” Tanamedrove
gagebasTan miaxloebul quCebs iSviaTad Tu SexvdebodiT; gzebad jer
kidev gauSenebel miwis nakveTebs iyenebdnen. adamianTa umravlesoba
erTsa da imave SenobaSi, zogjer ki _ erTsa da imave oTaxSi cxovrobda
da muSaobda. samuSaoze wasvlis praqtika, metnaklebad, ar arsebobda.

ramdenime tradiciul saxelmwifoSi qalaqebs erTmaneTTan, ZiriTadad,

samxedro miznebze gaTvlili, daxvewili sagzao sistemebi akavSirebda,
magram udides nawilSi neli da SezRuduli komunikacia iyo. mogzauroba
2
mxolod specialuri mizniT xorcieldeboda; regularulad sazRvao
vaWrebi da mezRvaurebi Tu mogzaurobdnen. tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi
qalaqebi mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da kosmopolituri kulturis
centrebi iyo, magram maTi gavlena soflebze SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo.
qalaqSi mosaxleobis Zalze mcire wili cxovrobda da qalaqebi da
soflebi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli. adamianTa umravlesoba
soflis mcire TemebSi iyo dasaxlebuli da maTi iSviaTi qalaquri
kontaqtebi mxolod ofocialur pirebTan da vaWrebTan urTierTobiT
Semoifargleboda.

am TavSi, Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganxilvisas, im ZiriTad cvlilebebs

gavaanalizebT, romlebic Cvens samyaros tradiciuli urbanuli
garemosgan ganasxvavebs. yvela industriul qveyanaSi mosaxleobis
umravlesoba urbanul teritoriebze cxovrobs. garda amisa, Tanamedrove
urbanuli cxovreba ara mxolod qalaqis macxovreblebze, aramed yvela
adamianze zemoqmedebs. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor gaizarda
qalaqis macxovrebelTa raodenoba gasul saukuneSi; urbanizmis zogierT
mniSvnelovan Teorias gavaanalizebT, Semdeg ki, britaneTis, SeerTebuli
Statebisa da mesame msoflios qalaqebis kontrastul magaliTze,
erTmaneTs urbanizaciis gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebs SevadarebT.

Tanamedrove urbanizmis maxasiaTeblebi

yvela Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba mkveTrad urbanizebulia.

industriuli qveynebis yvelaze did qalaqebSi oc milionamde adamiani
cxovrobs, konurbaciebi ki – did teritoriaze mdebare qalaqTa
dajgufebebi – SeiZleba ufro did raodenobasac moicavdes. urbanuli
cxovrebis yvelaze eqstremalur formas e.w. megapolisi, ,,qalaqTa
qalaqi”, warmoadgens. termini qalaq-saxelmwifos Zvel berZnul
ganmartebas efuZneba; es yvela civilizaciis sanimuSo qalaqi unda
yofiliyo, magram axlandel definicias im saocnebo qalaqTan cota ram
akavSirebs. pirvelad termini, Tanamedrove periodSi, SeerTebuli
Statebis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvao sazRvris, CrdiloeT bostonidan
vaSingtonamde 450 milze ganlagebuli konurbaciis aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyenes. am regionSi daaxloebiT 40-milioniani mosaxleoba uaRres
simWidroveSi, kvadratul milze 700 adamiani, cxovrobs. aseTive
mravalricxovani da mWidrod koncentrirebuli mosaxleobaa SeerTebul
StatebSi greiT leiqsisa da kanadis teritoriaze.

britaneTi pirveli industriuli sazogadoebaa da, Sesabamisad, es iyo

pirveli saxelmwifo, romelic soflis tipis qveynidan urbanul qveyanad
gardaiqmna. 1800 wels 10 000 macxovreblidan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis 20
procenti cxovrobda. 1900 wlisTvis es proporcia 74 procentamde
gaizarda. britaneTis dedaqalaq londonSi 1800 wels 1.1 milioni adamiani
cxovrobda; misi mosaxleoba meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis 7 milionamde
gaizarda. londoni im periodSi msoflios yvela drois udidesi qalaqi
iyo, mzardi britanuli imperiis farTo manufaqturuli, komerciuli da
finansuri centri.

mogvianebiT urbanizaciis procesi sxva evropul qveynebsa da SeerTebul

StatebSic daiwyo – zog SemTxvevaSi, is sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro

3
swrafad warimarTa. 1800 wels SeerTebuli Statebi ufro soflis tipis
sazogadoeba iyo, vidre igive periodis sxva wamyvani evropuli qveynebi.
2500-ze meti Semadgenlobis TemebSi mosaxleobis 10 procentic ar
cxovrobda. dRes am pirobebSi amerikelebis sam meoTxedze meti
cxovrobs. 1800-1900 wlebSi niu iorkis mosaxleoba 60 000-dan 4.8
milionamde gaizarda.

meoce saukunis urbanizacia globaluri procesia da am procesSi sul

ufro erTveba mesame msoflioc. (ix. naxati 17.1). 1900 wlamde mzardi
qalaqebiT, ZiriTadad, dasavleTi gamoirCeoda; momdevno ormocdaaTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqebi mesame msoflios qveynebSic gafarTovda,
magram gansakuTrebuli zrdiT gasuli ormoci weli aRiniSna. 1960-1992
wlebSi mTel msoflioSi qalaqis macxovrebelTa ricxvi 1.4 miliardiT
gaizarda. momavali TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi is, savaraudod, kidev 1
miliardiT gaizrdeba. mesame msoflios qveynebSi qalaqSi mcxovreb
adamianTa raodenobis zrda espaneTis mosaxleobis wliuri matebis
ekvivalenturia.

urbanuli mosaxleoba gacilebiT ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre mTeli

msoflios mosaxleoba: qalaqebSi 1975 wels msoflio mosaxleobis 39
procenti cxovrobda. gaerTianebuli erebis gaangariSebis mixedviT, 2000
wels es cifri 50 procenti unda yofiliyo, 2025 wels ki _ 63 procenti
iqneba. 2025 wels msoflio mosaxleobis naxevari aRmosavleT da samxreT
aziaSi icxovrebs, am droisTvis afrikisa da samxreT amerikis urbanuli
mosaxleoba evropis mosaxleobas gadaaWarbebs.

naxati 17.1 qalaqebis msoflio: urbanuli teritoriebi, romelTa mosaxleobam 1950 da

1994 wels 10 milions gadaaWarba; ras unda velodoT 2015 wels

wyaro: msoflio banki, Economist-ze dayrdnobiT, 29 ivlisi, gv. 5

1950

didi londoni

niu iorki

(niu jersis CaTvliT Crdilo aRmosavleT nawilis)

1994

tokio

niu iorki

san Ppaulo

mexiko

Sanxai

bombei
4
los anjelesi

beijingi

kalkuta

seuli

jakarta

buenos airesi

osaka

tianjini

2015 wlis prognozi

tokio

bombei

lagosi

Sanxai

jakarta

san Ppaulo

karaCi

beijingi

daka

mexiko

kalkuta

deli

niu iorki

tianjini

manila

kairo

5
los anjelesi

seuli

buenos airesi

stambuli

rio de Janeiro

laxori

haiderabadi

banqoqi

osaka

lima

Teirani

Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTareba: cnobiereba da kultura

statistikosebma da socialurma mkvlevarebma mcire da didi qalaqebis

erTmaneTisgan gamijvna mxolod me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan daiwyes. didi
raodenobis mosaxleobiT gamorCeuli qalaqebi, mcire centrebTan
SedarebiT, ufro kosmopoliturad iqna miCneuli; maTi gavlena im
erovnuli sazogadoebis farglebs miRma vrceldeba, romlebsac es didi
qalaqebi ekuTvnian.

qalaqebis gafarToeba mosaxleobis zrdam da fermebidan, soflebidan

da patara qalaqebidan axali macxovreblebis migraciam gamoiwvia.
migracia xSirad internacionaluri xasiaTisa iyo, fermeruli
warmomavlobis emogranti pirdapir did qalaqSi saxldeboda. amis aSkara
magaliTi SeerTebul StatebSi Rarib evropel fermerTa
farTomasStabiani emigraciaa.

sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebis masStaburi imigracia Tavad evropuli

qveynebis qalaqebSic Zlier iyo gavrcelebuli. glexebi da soflis
macxovreblebi qalaqebSi modiodnen sacxovreblad (es masobrivi
movlenaa dRevandeli mesame msoflios qveynebSi), radgan sofelSi maT
naklebi SesaZleblobebi hqondaT da qalaqi ufro mimzidvelad
eCvenebodaT. maTi azriT, aq ,,quCebi oqroTi iyo mokirwyluli” (anu
simdidre, samuSao da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis didi arCevani iyo).
qalaqebi finansur da industriul centrebad iqca, mewarmeebi TiTqmis
daugegmavad qmnidnen axal urbanul teritoriebs. Cikago 1830-ian
wlebamde TiTqmis dausaxlebeli teritoria iyo, 1900 wels ki misma
mosaxleobam or milions gadaaWarba.

6
Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTarebam, Cvevebisa da qcevis stilis garda,
azrovnebasa da grZnobebzec imoqmeda. meTvramete saukeneSi msxvili
urbanuli aglomeratebis warmoSobam, socialur cxovrebaze qalaqis
zegavlenasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis polarizeba gamoiwvia da es
procesi dResac grZeldeba. zogierTi qalaqs ,,civilizebul Rirsebad,”
dinamizmisa da kuturuli Semoqmedebis wyarod aRiqvamda. am avtorebis
azriT, qalaqi ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis maqsimalur
SesaZleblobas iZleva da komfortuli da normaluri arsebobis
saSualebas uzrunvelyofs. jeims bosueli xSirad asxamda xotbas
londonis Rirseul mxareebs. is mas ,,muzeums, walkots, dausrulebel
musikalur kombinaciebs adarebda” (Byrd 1978, gv. 92). magram zogierTi
qalaqs agresiuli da erTmaneTis mimarT undoblobiT ganwyobili
adamianebiT savse mxrColav feCs adarebda, adgils, sadac danaSauli,
sisastike da korufcia mefobda.

qalaquri cxovrebis interpretaciebi

mecxramete da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac qalaqebi Zlier

gaizarda, zemoT warmodgenili kontrastuli Sexedulebebi axali
formiT warmoCinda. kritikosTa argumentebi ufro safuZvliani gaxda,
radgan swrafad ganviTarebad urbanul teritoriebze Raribebs xSirad
gausaZlisi sacxovrebeli pirobebi hqondaT. ingliselma romanistma da
socialurma analitikosma jorj jisingma 1870-ian wlebSi, londonsa da
CikagoSi cxovrebis dros, ukiduresi siRaribe sakuTar Tavze gamoscada.
mis mier aRwerili qalaqis yvelaze Raribi nawili, ist endi, Zalze mZime
STabeWdilebas axdens. jisingi ist ends Semdegnairad axasiaTebs:

ayrolebuli bazriT, qarxnebiT, xis sawyobebiT, binZuri TavSesafrebiT savse quCebi,

gasasvlelebi, sadac wvrili xelosnebi vaWroben da sibinZure da sibnele sufevs;
yoveli adamiani mZimed, uaRresad degradirebuli formiT, Sromobs; quCebSi
datvirTuli urikebis xmauri ismis, qvafenilebze uxeSi garegnobis muSebi darbian,
yovel kuTxeSi saSineli siduxWire igrZnoba. (Gissing 1973 gv.25-6)

am periodSi amerikuli qalaqebis siRaribe, evropasTan SedarebiT, nakleb

yuradRebas iqcevda. Tumca saukunis bolos reformatorebma niu iorkis,
bostonis, Cikagosa da sxva mniSvnelovani qalaqebis mouvleli nawilebis
kritika daiwyes. danieli emigranti iakob riisi, romelic Semdeg New York
Tribune–is Jurnalisti gaxda, intensiurad mogzaurobda SeerTebul
StatebSi, siRaribis amsaxveli pirobebis dokumentacias awarmoebda da
reformebis aucileblobaze kiTxulobda leqciebs. riisis wignma ,,rogor
cxovrobs meore nawili,” romelic 1890 wels gamoqveynda, farTo
sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro (Riis 1957; Lane 1974). mas sxvebic
SeuerTdnen. erTma poetma bostonel Raribebs leqsi miuZRvna:

did qristianul qalaqSi umegobrod, SimSilisgan daiRupa!

SimSilisgan daiRupa maSin, roca bevri sabanketo darbazi CaxCaxebs!
saavadmyofoebis qalaqSi cixeSi daiRupa!
daiRupa usaxlkarod iseT miwaze, sadac TiTqos yvelas aqvs ufaso saxli!
milionrebis qalaqSi ufulod daiRupa!
(citirebulia Lees-dan, 1985, gv. 128-9)

7
urbanuli siRaribis zrdam da qalaqis ubnebs Soris arsebulma didma
gansxvavebam im periodis urbanuli cxovrebis sociologiuri analizi
moiTxova. ar aris gasakviri, rom Tanamedrove urbanuli pirobebis
Sesaxeb pirvel mniSvnelovan siociologiur kvlevebsa da Teoriebs
CikagoSi Caeyara safuZveli, radgan es qalaqi ganviTarebis fenomenaluri
tempiTa da gamorCeuli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeboda.

urbanizmis Teoriebi

Cikagos skola

urbanuli sociologiis Teoria da kvleva, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, 1920-

1940-ian wlebSi Cikagos universitetSi moRvawe ramdenime mwerlis,
robert parkis, ernest burgesisa da luis virtis, mier SemuSavebul
ideebs efuZneboda. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ,,Cikagos skolis” mier
SemuSavebuli ori koncefcia imsaxurebs. pirveli, urbanuli
analizisadmi e.w. ekologiuri midgomaa; meore, u r b a n i z m i s,
rogorc cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTeba; meore idea virts ekuTvnis (Park
1952; Wirth 1938).

urbanuli ekologia

ekologia fizikis terminia da mcenarisa da cxoveli organizmebis

garemosTan adaptaciis Seswavlas niSnavs. (zogadad, ,,ekologia”
garemosTan dakavSirebuli problemebis konteqstSi ixmareba, ix. Tavi 19.)
bunebriv samyaroSi organizmebis ganawileba sistemuri reJimiT xdeba,
rac sxvadasxva saxeobebs Soris wonasworobasa da balanss uwyobs xels.
Cikagos skolas miaCnia, rom didi urbanuli dasaxlebebisa da sxvadasxva
tipis ubnebis ganawilebac am principiT unda aixsnas. qalaqebi
spontanurad ar izrdeba, qalaqebis zrda garemos xelsayrel pirobebze
gamovlenili sapasuxo reaqciaa. magaliTad, Tanamedrove qveynebSi didi
urbanuli teritoriebi, Cveulebriv, mdinaris sanapiros gayolebaze,
nayofier dablobebze, savaWro sarkinigzo gzajvaredinebzea
ganlagebuli.

parki ambobs: ,,rodesac qalaqi Sendeba, is TiTqos damaxarisxebel

meqanizmad iqceva... is mosaxleobidan iseT individebs irCevs, romlebic
garkveul regions an garemos saukeTesod ergebian” (Park 1952, gv. 79).
konkurenciis, dapyrobisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sedegad, qalaqi
,,bunebriv teritoriad” yalibdeba – es ki biologiuri ekologiisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli procesebia. Tu bunebriv garemoSi tbis ekologias
davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom saxeobaTa SedarebiT stabiluri gadarCeva
sxvadasxva saxeobis Tevzebis, mwerebisa da organizmebis konkurenciis
xarjze miiRweva. balansi mxolod iseTi axali saxeobebis ,,SemoWris”
SemTxvevaSi irRveva, romlebic tbaSi Casaxlebas cdiloben. organizmebi,
romlebic tbis centralur nawilSi mravldebodnen, iZulebulni arian
maTi kuTvnili teritoria datovon, ris gamoc isini arasaimedo
pirobebSi aRmoCndebian. centralur nawilSi axla Tavdamsxmeli
saxeobebi gabatondebian.

8
qalaqebSi dasaxleba, gadaadgileba da gadasaxleba, ekologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, analogiuri formiT mimdinareobs. ramdenime ubani im
macxovrebelTa adaptaciis safuZvelze iqmneba, romlebic qalaqSi
damkvidrebas cdiloben. Tu qalaqs rukaze gadavitanT, vnaxavT, rom is
gamokveTili da socialurad kontrastuli teritoriebisgan Sedgeba.
Tanamedrove qalaqebis zrdis adreul safexurze, industriebi Tavs
iyrida nedleulis mopovebis da momaragebis TvalsazrisiT xelsayrel
adgilebSi. adamianebi samuSao adgilebis garSemo saxldebodnen; es
ubnebi, qalaqis macxovrebelTa raodenobriv zrdasTan erTad, sul ufro
mravalferovan iers iZenda. sacxovrebeli pirobebi ufro mimzidveli
gaxda da adamianTa Soris konkurencia am kuTxiT gaZlierda. miwis
Rirebuleba da kerZo sakuTrebis begara gaizarda, ris Sedegad ojaxebs
centralur ubnebSi sakuTrebis SeZena uWirT. isini siviwroveSi an Zvel
SesakeTebel saxlebSi axerxeben dasaxlebas, radgan aseT saxlebSi ufro
dabali qiris gadaxda uwevT. centri, ZiriTadad, biznessa da gasarTob
adgilebs eTmoba. aq ufro SeZlebuli kerZo macxovreblebi saxldebian,
romlebic centris perimetris garSemo axali gareubnebis formirebas
uyrian safuZvels. am process satransporto samarSruto xazebis
SemoRebac axlavs, rac samuSaoze gamgzavrebis dros minimumamde
amcirebs; samarSruto xazebs Soris teritoriebi ufro nela viTardeba.

qalaqs SeiZleba koncentrirebuli wreebis forma hqondes da segmentebad

iyos dayofili. centrSi Sida qalaqis teritoriebia, romlebSic
paralelurad arsebobs warmatebuli biznesi da ngrevis procesSi myofi
kerZo saxlebi. garda amisa, qalaqSi didi xnis istoriuli ubnebic aris,
romlebSic fizikuri saqmianobiT stabilurad dakavebuli muSebi
saxloben. moSorebul gareubnebSi, Cveulebriv, maRalSemosavliani
jgufebi cxovroben. dapyrobisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis procesi
qalaqis koncentirirebuli wreebis segmentebSic mimdinareobs. Tu
centralur an aracentralur teritoriaze Senoba mwyobridan gamodis,
is SeiZleba eTnikur umciresobaTa jgufebma daikavon. amis Semdeg Zveli
macxovreblebi Senobas toveben da qalaqis sxva ubnebsa an gareubnebSi
saxldebian.

urbanuli ekologia garkveul periodSi Zveli reputaciiT aRar

sargeblobda, magram mogvianebiT es Teoria isev aRorZinda da sxvadasxva
avtorebis, gansakuTrebiT, amos holis (Hawley 1950, 1968) naSromebSi
ganviTarda. mis winamorbedTagan gansxvavebiT, holim deficitur
resursebTan dakavSirebul konkurenciaze ki ar gaamaxvila yuradReba,
aramed qalaqis sxvadasxva ubnebis erTmaneTze damokidebulebas gausva
xazi. diferenciacia – jgufTa da okupaciuri rolebis specializacia –
is ZiriTadi faqtoria, romlis saSualebiT, adamiani garemosTan
adaptirdeba. dominanturia jgufebi, romlebzec bevri sxva adamiania
damokidebuli, rac xSirad maT centralur geografiul poziciaSic
aisaxeba. magaliTad, msxvili bankebis an sadazRvevo kompaniis msgavsi
saqmiani jgufebi sazogadoebis did nawils mniSvnelovani momsaxurebiT
uzrunvelyofs, amitom es organizaciebi, Cveulebriv, centralur
adgilebSia ganTavsebuli. magram, holis azriT, urbanul teritoriebze
ganviTarebuli zonebi ara mxolod sivrciT, aramed droiT ganpirobebul
urTierTobaTa safuZvelzec warmoiSoba. magaliTad, biznesSi mopovebul
gavlenas mxolod miwis moxmareba ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed

9
yoveldRiur aqtivobaTa riTmi; amis naTeli magaliTi pikis saaTis
arsebobaa. adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis riTmi qalaqis ubnebis
ierarqias asaxavs.

ekologiurma midgomam empiriul kvlevebSic mniSvnelovani roli Seitana,

radgan am kvlevebis Sedegad, misi Rirebuleba Teoriul perspeqtivaSi
warmoCinda. ekologiuri azrovneba qalaqisa da konkretuli ubnebis
Semswavleli mravali kvlevis mizezi gaxda, romlebic, magaliTad, zemoT
xsenebuli ,,dapyrobisa” da ,,memkvidreobiT gadacemis” procesis
problemiT iyvnen dainteresebuli. Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
samarTliani kritikac arsebobs. ekologiurma perspeqtivam SeiZleba
gacnobierebuli dizaini da qalaqis organizaciis dagegmareba
daCrdilos da urbanuli ganviTareba ,,bunebriv procesad” miiCnios.
parkis, burgesisa da maTi kolegebis mier SemuSavebuli sivrciTi
organizaciis modeli amerikul gamocdilebas efuZneboda da mxolod
SeerTebuli Statebis zogierTi tipis qalaqisTvis iyo misaRebi, rom
araferi vTqvaT evropaze, iaponiasa da mesame msoflios qveynebze.

urbanizmi, rogorc cxovrebis wesi

virtis Teziss urbanizmis, rogorc cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, naklebad

aRelvebs qalaqebis Sida diferenciacia, vidre urbanizmi, rogorc
socialuri arsebobis forma. virti acxadebs:

,,urbanulobis” xarisxis zusti gazomva SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove samyaroSi qalaqSi

mcxovrebi mTeli mosaxleobis wilis dadgeniT. socialur cxovrebaze qalaqi
gacilebiT ufro did gavlenas axdens, vidre es urbanuli mosaxleobis koeficientSi
aisaxeba; qalaqi Tanamedrove adamianebs mxolod mzardi sacxovrebeli da samuSao
adgilebiT ki ar uzrunvelyofs, aramed im ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli
centris Seqmnis iniciatori da makontrolebeli erTeulic aris, romelic adamianebs
msoflios Soreuli regionebidan izidavs da mravalgvar teritoriebs, adamianebsa da
aqtivobebs erTian kosmosad gardaqmnis (Wirth 1938, gv. 342)

virti aRniSnavs, rom qalaqebSi adamianebi teritoriulad axlos

cxovroben, magram maTi umravlesoba erTmaneTs piradad arc ki icnobs –
patara tradiciul soflebSi ki am mxriv sruliad gansxvavebuli
suraTia. qalaqis macxovreblebs erTmaneTTan xanmokle da arastabiluri
kontaqtebi akavSirebT, romelTa dros, sasiamovno urTierTobebis Ziebis
nacvlad, maT sruliad sxva miznebi amoZravebT. maRaziebis
gamyidvelebTan, bankis molareebTan, mgzavrebTan an bileTebis
SemmowmeblebTan interaqcia xanmokle kontaqts moiTxovs, romelsac
adamiani sakuTari surviliT ki ar amyarebs, aramed garkveuli miznis
misaRwevad iyenebs.

qalaqSi mcxovrebi adamianebi mobilobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCevian,

amitom isini stabiluri kavSirebis damyarebas ar eswrafvian. adamianebi
sxvadasxva yoveldRiur aqtivobasa da situaciaSi arian CarTulni –
qalaqebSi, soflebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro Cqari ,,cxovrebis
riTmia.” TanamSromlobas konkurencia gadaswonis. virti adasturebs, rom
qalaqis daZabuli socialuri cxovreba gamorCeuli maxasiaTeblebis
mqone ubnebis formirebas uwyobs xels; zogierTma ubanma SeiZleba mcire
Temis Tvisebebi SenarCunos. magaliTad, emigrantebiT dasaxlebul

10
ubnebSi ojaxebi tradiciul kavSirebs inarCuneben da macxovrebelTa
umravlesoba piradad icnobs erTmaneTs. rac ufro metad iTqvifeba ubani
mravalferovan qalaqur cxovrebaSi, miT naklebia misi Zveli Tvisebebis
SenarCunebis albaToba.

virtis ideebi damsaxurebuli popularobiT sargeblobda. utyuari

faqtia, rom Tanamedrove qalaqebSi yoveldRiurma kontaqtebma
privatulobis elementi dakarga – garkveuli xarisxiT, es Tviseba
zogadad Tanamedrove sazogadoebis socialuri cxovrebisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. virtis Teoria Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan misi
mtkicebiT, urbanizmi mxolod sazogadoebis nawili ki ar aris, aramed
is farTo socialuri sistemis bunebas gamoxatavs da masze garkveul
gavlenas axdens. zogadad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa socialuri
cxovrebisTvis urbanuli cxovrebis wesis aspeqtebia damaxasiaTebeli da
ara did qalaqSi mcxovreb konkretul adamianTa aqtivobebi. virtis
ideebs garkveuli SezRudvebic axlavs. ekologiuri perspeqtivis
msgavsad, romelTanac virtis mosazrebebs bevri ram akavSirebs, misi
Teoriac ZiriTadad amerikul qalaqebze warmoebul dakvirvebas efuZneba,
rasac is urbanizmis saerTo konteqstSi ganazogadebs. urbanizmi yvelgan
da yovelTvis erTnairi ar aris. magaliTad, rogorc adre aRvniSneT,
Zveli qalaqebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa qalaqebisgan mravali niSniT
gansxvavdeboda. Zveli qalaqebi, iseve rogorc soflis Temebi, usaxuri,
pirovnul urTierTobebs moklebuli cxovrebiT ar gamoirCeoda.

virtis mosazreba Tanamedrove qalaqebSi pirovnuli urTierTobebis

naklebobis Sesaxeb gazviadebulia. Tanamedrove urbanul Temebs
gacilebiT ufro myari da mWidro megobruli da naTesauri
urTierTobebi akavSirebT, vidre virti miiCnevs. virtis kolega Cikagos
universitetidan, everet hiusi, Tavisi kolegis Sesaxeb werda: ,,luisi
mudmivad amtkicebda, rom qalaqSi pirovnuli urTierTobebi ar arsebobs
– sinamdvileSi ki naTesavebisa da megobrebis uzarmazar klanTan mas
swored aseTi urTierTobebi akavSirebs” (citirebulia Kasandra and Janowitz-
dan 1974). Tanamedrove qalaqSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa jgufebi, romlebsac
herbert gansi ,,urbanel soflelebs” uwodebs (Gans 1962). mis mier
moxseniebuli ,,urbaneli soflelebi” bostonis Sida qalaqis ubanSi
mcxovrebi italieli amerikelebi arian. TeTkanianTa es ,,eTnikuri”
dajgufeba amerikul qalaqebSi Zveleburad aRar gamoirCeva, magram Sida
qalaqSi maT adgils axal emigrantTa Temebi ikaveben. gacilebiT ufro
mniSvnelovania, rodesac ubnebs, mWidro naTesauri da pirovnuli
kavSirebis safuZvelze, Tavad qalaqis cxovreba qmnis; am ubnebs mxolod
Zveli cxovrebis wesi ar aerTianebs, romelic, qalaqSi arsebobis
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, maT TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebaSi
exmareba. klod fiSeri Seecada aexsna, Tu ratom uwyobs xels
masStaburi urbanizmi sxvadasxva subkulturis ganviTarebas, rom yvela
adamiani anonimur masaSi ar aiTqvifos. fiSeri aRniSnavs, rom qalaqis
macxovreblebs, adgilobrivi kavSirebis ganviTarebis mizniT, sxva
saerTo warmomavlobisa da interesebis mqone adamianebTan
TanamSromloba SeuZliaT. isini gamokveTil religiur, eTnikur,
politikur an sxva subkulturul jgufSi erTiandebian. patara qalaqi
da sofeli aseTi subkulturuli mravalgvarobis ganviTarebis
saSualebas ar iZleva (Fischer 1984). magaliTad, qalaqis eTnikuri Temis

11
wevrebi SeiZleba sakuTar qveyanaSi erTmaneTs arc ki icnobdnen. qalaqSi
Camosvlis Semdeg, isini iseT teritoriebze saxldebian, sadac igive
lingvisturi da kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebi cxovroben da
amis safuZvelze axali qvesazogadoebrivi struqturebi iqmneba. mxatvarma
SeiZleba patara qalaqSi an sofelSi ramdenime adamianTan daamyaros
urTierToba, magram did qalaqSi is, savaraudod, garkveuli samxatvro
da inteleqtualuri subkulturis nawili xdeba.

didi qalaqi ,,ucnobebis samyaroa”, Tumca is qmnis da xels uwyobs piradi

urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. es paradoqsuli movlena ar aris.
erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT ucnob adamianebTan kontaqtebis
sazogadoebrivi sfero da ojaxis, megobrebisa da kolegebis ufro
piradi samyaro. rodesac adamiani did qalaqSi gadadis sacxovreblad,
man, SesaZloa, Tavidan bevri adamianis gacnoba ver moaxerxos. magram
patara, didi xnis win dafuZnebul soflis TemSi, is macxovrebelTa
keTilganwyobas igrZnobs, radgan TemSi gaerTianebul adamianebs amgvari
damokidebuleba zrdilobian qcevad miaCniaT, Tumca ,,sazogadoebis
sruluflebian wevrad aRiarebas” SeiZleba wlebi dasWirdes. qalaqSi ki,
am amxriv, sxvagvari mdgomareobaa. edvard krupati aRniSnavs:

urbanul kvercxs... ufro magari naWuWi aqvs da misi gatexva Znelia. imisTvis, rom
gaRiaron, xelsayreli SemTxveva da garemoebebia saWiro. bevri adamiani erTmaneTs
yoveldRiurad avtobusis an rkinigzis sadgurSi, kafeSi an samuSao dawesebulebis
derefanSi xvdeba, magram isini erTmaneTisTvis mxolod ,,nacnobi ucnobebi” arian.
zogierTi adamiani, SesaZloa, socialuri unar-Cvevebis an iniciativis naklebobis gamo,
sazogadoebas saerTod ver SeeTvisos. amgvari WeSmaritebis ucnauroba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom ucnob adamianTa mravalgvarobis gamo, TiToeuli maTgani potenciuri
megobaria; qalaqSi gansxvavebuli cxovrebis stili da interesebia, amitomac modian
adamianebi sacxovreblad soflidan qalaqSi. rodesac isini romelime jgufSi an qselSi
wevriandebian, maTi kavSirebis gafarToebis SesaZlebloba sagrZnoblad izrdeba.
faqtebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, SeiZleba ganvacxadoT, rom qalaqSi, damabrkolebel
garemoebebTan SedarebiT, pozitiuri SesaZleblobebi ufro metia, ris gamoc adamianebs
maTTvis sasurveli urTierTobebis ganviTareba da SenarCuneba SeuZliaT. (Krupat 1985, gv.
36)

virtis ideebma, garkveulwilad, validuroba SeinarCuna, magram Tu mis

naazrevs mogvianebiT gamoqveynebuli naSromebis kuTxiT ganvixilavT, am
mosazrebebma zedmetad ganzogadebuli elferi SeiZina. Tanamedrove
qalaqebSi xSirad aqvs adgili gaucxoebasa da pirovnuli socialuri
urTierTobebis naklebobas, magram is, amave dros, mravalgvari
interesebisa da kavSirebis, zogjer intimurobis wyarodac SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.

urbanizmi da Seqmnili garemo

urbanizmis bolodroindeli Teoriebis mixedviT, urbanizmi avtonomiuri

procesi ar aris da is politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebis ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblebTan kavSirSi unda gavaanalizoT. urbanul analizTan
mimarTebaSi, sayuradReboa ori wamyvani mecnieris _ devid harvisa da
manuel kastelsis _ naSromebi; orive avtori marqsis Zlier gavlenas
ganicdis (Harvey 1973, 1982, 1985; Castells 1977, 1983).

12
harvi: sivrcis restruqturizacia

harvi urbanizms industriuli kapitalizmis gavrcelebis Sedegad

Seqmnili garemos erT-erT aspeqts uwodebs. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi
qalaqi da sofeli erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad iyo diferencirebuli.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi industriam es gansxvaveba bundovani gaxada.
soflis meurneoba, industriuli samuSaos msgavsad, meqanizebulia, mas
mxolod safasuri da mogebasTan dakavSirebuli interesi marTavs, rac
qalaqisa da soflis macxovrebelTa socialuri cxovrebis stils Soris
arsebul zRvars amcirebs.

harvi aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove urbanizmSi sivrce mudmiv

restruqturizacias eqvemdebareba. es procesi imazea damokidebuli, Tu
romel adgils irCeven msxvili firmebi maTi qarxnebis, kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis centrebisa da a.S. gansaTavseblad; rogor akontrolebs
mTavroba miwas da industiul warmoebas da rogoria kerZo investorTa
aqtivoba - saxlebisa da miwebis Sesyidva da gayidva. magaliTad, saqmiani
firmebi mudmivad ganixilaven axali lokaciebis upiratesobas, ukve
arsebul lokaciebTan SedarebiT. rodesac garkveul adgilas warmoeba
iafdeba, an firma sxva produqtis warmoebaze gadadis, qarxnebi da
ofisebi SeiZleba mocemul adgilas daixuros da sxvagan amoqmeddes.
aqedan gamomdinare, sargeblis mopovebis mizniT, didi qalaqis centrebSi
SeiZleba mravalsarTuliani ofisebis gamalebuli mSenebloba gaCaRdes.
rodesac ofisebis mSenebloba mTavrdeba da centraluri teritoriis
,,xelaxali aTviseba” xdeba, investorebi axali mSeneblobis dasawyebad
adgils eZeben. is, rac odezRac momgebiani iyo, finansuri klimatis
cvlilebis Semdeg, SesaZloa, wamgebiani aRmoCndes.

saxlebis SesyidviT dainteresebuli kerZo pirebis aqtivobaze Zlier

gavlenas axdens faqtori, Tu sad da ra raodenobiT yiduloben miwebs
saqmiani firmebi da ra moculobisaa adgilobrivi da centraluri
xelisuflebis mier miwaze dawesebuli qira da gadasaxadi. magaliTad,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebis ZiriTadi qalaqebis
gareubnebSi, mSeneblobis uaRresi zrda aRiniSna. es, nawilobriv,
eTnikuri diskriminaciiTa da TeTrkanianTa Sida qalaqis teritoriebidan
gasvlis tendenciiT iyo gamowveuli. harvis azriT, am process
xelisuflebis mier saxlebis myidvelebisa da samSeneblo firmebis
dabegvris pirobebis Serbilebam da finansuri organizaciebis mier
kreditebis gacemis specialuri struqturis Seqmnamac Seuwyo xeli. aman
qalaqis periferiebSi axali saxlebis mSeneblobasa da Sesyidvas Cauyara
safuZveli da, amave dros, erT-erT industriul saqonelze -
avtomobilze - gazarda moTxovna. 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg, inglisis
samxreT nawilSi qalaqebis gafarToeba da maTi materialuri
SesaZleblobebis zrda, uSualo kavSirSi iyo CrdiloeTSi ganlagebuli
mcire industriebis Semcirebasa da, Sesabamisad, axali industriuli
SesaZleblobebis investirebasTan.

kastelsi: urbanizmi da socialuri moZraoba

13
harvis msgavsad, kastelsac miaCnia, rom sazogadoebis sivrciTi forma
mWidrod ukavSirdeba misi ganviTarebis zogad meqanizmebs. qalaqis
aRsaqmelad, unda gaviazroT, Tu ra procesebs moiTxovs qalaqis
sivrciTi formis warmoSoba da transformireba. qalaqisa da misi ubnebis
dagegmareba da arqiteqturuli maxasiaTeblebi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
jgufebs Soris arsebul dapirispirebasa da konfliqts gamoxatavs. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, urbanuli garemo farTo socialuri Zalebis
simbolur da sivrciT manifestaciebs warmoadgens. magaliTad,
caTambjeni SeiZleba imitom aSendes, rom mSenebeli am saqmidan mogebas
elis, magram giganturi Senobebi aseve ,,qalaqSi macxovrebeli
adamianisTvis, teqnologiiTa da TavdajerebiT mopovebuli, fuladi
Zaluflebisa da korporaciuli kapitalizmis aRzevebis simboloa”
(Castells 1983, gv. 103).

Cikagoeli sociologebisgan gansxvavebiT, kastelsi qalaqs mxolod

gamokveTil lokaciad – urbanul teritoriad _ ar miiCnevs. qalaqi
misTvis koleqtiuri moxmarebis procesis integraluri nawilia, rac,
Tavis mxriv, industiuli kapitalizmis ganuyofel aspeqts warmoadgens.
adamianebi Tanamedrove industriis produqcias saxlebSi, skolebSi,
transportiT momsaxurebisas da dasvenebis dros ,,moixmaren”. maT, vinc
saxls qiraobs, yidulobs an aSenebs, dabegvris sistemasTan aqvs Sexeba.
im msxvil korporaciebs, bankebsa da sadazRvevo kompaniebs, romlebic
samSeneblo proeqtebisTvis saWiro kapitals uzrunvelyofen, am
procesebze didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. magram qalaqis cxovrebis
bevr aspeqtze, uSualod zemoqmedebs samTavrobo saagentoebic, radgan
maT gzebisa da saxelmwifo saxlebis mSenebloba, mwvane zonebis dagegmva
da sxv. evalebaT. aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis fizikuri forma sabazro
Zalebisa da xelisuflebis erToblivi produqtia.

magram Seqmnili garemos bunebas mxolod mdidari da gavleniani

adamianebis aqtivoba ar ganapirobebs. kastelsi im naklebad
privilegirebul jgufTa Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobasac usvams xazs,
romlebic sakuTari sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvlas cdiloben.
urbanuli problemebi mraval socialur moZraobas – sacxovrebeli
pirobebis gaumjobesebis moTxovnas, haeris dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg
brZolas, parkebisa da mwvane zonebis dacvas da garemosTvis
Seuferebeli mSeneblobis SeCerebis mcdelobas uyris safuZvels.
magaliTad, kastelsma san-franciskoSi geebis moZraoba Seiswavla,
romlebmac TavianTi kulturuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT, ubnebis
restruqturizacia daisaxes miznad da warmatebasac miaRwies – amis
Sedegad geebma bevri organizacia, klubi da bari aamoqmedes da
adgilobriv politikaSi mniSvnelovani pozicia daikaves.

harvi da kastelsi aRniSnaven, rom qalaqi Cvens mier Seqmnili, TiTqmis

xelovnuri garemoa. adamianTa intervenciasa da Tanamedrove teqnologiis
gavlenas soflebic ki ver gaurbian, radgan adamianTa aqtivobam
bunebrivi samyaros formisa da struqturis Secvla gamoiwvia. sakvebi
adgilobrivi macxovreblebisTvis ki aRar iwarmoeba, aramed misi
warmoeba erovnul da saerTaSoriso bazarze gatanazea orientirebuli.
meqanizebul fermebSi miwis zusti da miznobrivi ganawileba xdeba; axal
fizikur maxasiaTeblebsa da garemos bunebriv maxasiaTeblebs

14
erTmaneTTan cota aqvT saerTo. fermebisa da izolirebuli soflebis
macxovreblebs SeiZleba qalaqelebisgan gansxvavebuli qcevis stili
hqondeT, magram ekonomikurad, politikurad da kulturulad isini
farTo sazogadoebasTan mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli.

Sefaseba

kastelsisa da harvis Sexedulebebma farTo debatebi gamoiwvia. am

Sromebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT, radgan maT urbanuli analizi axali
mimarTulebiT warmarTes. ekologiuri midgomisgan gansxvavebiT, es
mecnierebi, ,,bunebriv” sivrcul procesebTan SedarebiT, imaze ufro
amaxvileben yuradRebas, Tu rogor aisaxeba Zalauflebis socialuri da
ekonomikuri sistemebi miwasa da Seqmnil garemoze. es imas niSnavs, rom
amjerad kvlevis gansxvavebul obieqtTan gvaqvs saqme. harvisa da
kastelsis ideebi zogjer Zalze abstraqtulad JRers da, Cikagos
skolis SromebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT nakleb kvlevas efuZneba.

harvisa da kastelsis da Cikagos skolis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi

erTmaneTs avsebs. es sasargeblo kombinacia urbanuli procesebis
mravlismomcvel suraTs qmnis. qalaqis teritoriebs Soris arsebuli
kontrastebi, aRwerili urbanuli ekologiis mier, da qalaqur
cxovrebaSi pirovnuli urTierTobebis nakleboba, realurad marTlac
arsebobs. magram Cikagos skola am procesebs naklebad cvalebad
movlenebad miiCnevda; cvlilebebi ki, ZiriTadad, harvisa da kastelsis
mier gaanalizebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri gavleniT aixsneba. jon
loganisa da harvi molotCis mier SemoTavazebuli midgoma harvisa da
kastelsis mier dasaxul perspeqtivebs uSualod ekologiuri
Tvalsazrisis zogierT mxares ukavSirebs (Logan and Molotch 1987). isini
iziareben harvisa da kastelsis Sexedulebas da acxadeben, rom
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis zogadi, erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze
asaxuli maxasiaTeblebi uSualod urbanul cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs.
magram, maTi azriT, es masStaburi ekonomikuri faqtorebi adgilobriv
organizaciebze, maT Soris, ubnis biznesebze, bankebsa da samTavrobo
saagentoebze, aseve saxlebis individualuri myidvelebis aqtivobazea
fokusirebuli.

loganisa da molotCis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, sxva

saqonelTan erTad, nakveTebis _ miwisa da Senobebis – Sesyidva da
gayidva mimdinareobs; magram qalaqis struqturis ganmsazRvrel bazarze
gavlenas is faqti axdens, Tu rogor iyeneben sxvadasxva jgufebi maT
mier SeZenil an gayidul miwas. es procesi mraval daZabulobasa da
konfliqs iwvevs _ qalaqis ubnebis warmoSobis ZiriTadi faqtoric
swored es aris. magaliTad, mravalsarTulian Senobas binadari sakuTar
saxlTan aigivebs, saxlis mepatronisTvis ki es Semosavlis wyaroa.
saqmosnebi miwis SesyidviTa da gayidviT, warmoebisTvis Sesaferisi
adgilis moZiebiT, an miwis gayidvis an gaqiravebis Sedegad miRebuli
mogebiT arian dainteresebulni. maTi interesi da sazrunavi
binadarTa interesebisgan sruliad gansxvavdeba, radgan binadarTaTvis
ubani aris ,,adgili, sadac isini cxovroben”.

15
rogorc logani da molotCi aRniSnaven, Tanamedrove qalaqebSi msxvili
finansuri da saqmiani firmebi mudmivad cdiloben miwis sfecifikur
teritoriebad Semofargvlas. am mxriv miRweuli warmateba ufro meti
teritoriis Sesyidvasa da gayidvas da axali sarfiani mSeneblobebis
dawyebas niSnavs. am kompaniebs naklebad aRelvebT, Tu ra socialur da
fizikur Sedegs gamoiRebs maTi aqtivoba mocemul ubanze – magaliTad,
daingreva Tu ara lamazi Zveli saxli imisTvis, rom mis nacvlad axali
uzarmazari mravalsarTuliani saofise Senoba aRimarTos. samSeneblo
firmebis mier waxalisebuli zrdis procesebi da adgilobrivi
saqmosnebisa da binadarTa interesebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs ar
emTxveva, rac am ukanasknelTa mxridan, savaraudod, aqtiuri
winaaRmdegobis gawevis mcdelobas gamoiwvevs. sakuTari interesebis
dacvis mizniT, erTi ubnis binadarni jgufebad erTiandebian. aseTma
adgilobrivma asociaciebma, SesaZloa, teritoriebis zonebad
gamocxadebis sababiT, farTo kampania wamoiwyon, mwvane an parkisTvis
gankuTvnil miwis zonaSi dagegmili mSeneblobebi dablokon da qiris
gadaxdis ufro misaRebi wesebi moiTxovon.

dasavluri urbanuli ganviTareba omisSemdgom periodSi

urbanul procesebze SeerTebul StatebSi, britaneTTan SedarebiT,

gacilebiT ufro meti kvleva Catarda, magram omisSemdgomi periodis
gaerTianebuli samefos urbanuli ganviTareba, zogadad, SeerTebul
StatebSi manamde ganviTarebul movlenebs emTxveva. amitom, vidre
gaerTianebuli samefos urbanul problemebsa da sakiTxebs ganvixilavT,
amerikul gamocdilebaze vimsjelebT.

urbanizmi SeerTebul StatebSi

suburbanizacia

erT-erTi siaxle, romelic omis Semdeg SeerTebuli Statebis qalaqebSi

gamoikveTa, gareubnebis (Suburbia) ganviTareba iyo. sityva “saberbi”
(gareubani) laTinuri warmoSobisaa - termini sub urbe ,,qalaqis
kontrolis qveS yofnas” niSnavs. urbanizmis istoriaSi es termini am
mniSvnelobas zustad Seesabameboda. gareubnebi mcire zomis, urbanul
centrebze damokidebuli sacxovrebeli adgilebi iyo. dRevandel dRes es
sityva didi qalaqis mimdebare gaSenebul teritorias niSnavs.

SeerTebul StatebSi suburbanizaciis procesma kulminacias 1950-1960-ian

wlebSi miaRwia. am aTwleulebSi centraluri qalaqebis 10-procentiani
zrda aRiniSna, gareubnis teritoriebisa ki _ 48-procentiani. gareubnebSi,
ZiriTadad, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebi saxldebodnen. skolebSi rasobrivi
aRrevis daSvebis gamo, TeTrkanianebi Sida qalaqebs tovebdnen, radgan
umravlesobas surda, rom maT Svilebs mxolod TeTrkanianebisTvis
gankuTvnil skolebSi eswavlaT. ra Tqma unda, am procesis ganviTarebas
sxva mizezebic hqonda. qalaqis centraluri ubnebis macxovreblebi
haeris dabinZurebas, transportis mozRvavebasa da mZafr kriminalur
situacias gaurbodnen; maT kerZo sakuTrebaze dawesebuli dabali
gadasaxadebi da didi saxlebis perspeqtivac izidavdaT. isini binebs iseT
saxlebs amjobinebdnen, romlebsac baRebic hqonda. amave dros, gzebis

16
mSeneblobis eqstensiuri programebis wyalobiT, am teritoriebidan
samuSao adgilze gadaadgilebac gamartivda da industriebi da
momsaxureba gareubnebSic dafuZnda. bevri gareubani Tavad iqca
damoukidebel qalaqad, romelic sxva qalaqebs swrafi magistralebis
saSualebiT ukavSirdeboda. 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg, erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli gaerubnebis wili, qalaqTan dakavSirebul gareubnebTan
SedarebiT, kidev ufro gaizarda (dRevandel gaerTianebul samefoSi
analogiuri situaciaa).

SeerTebul StatebSi, gareubnebSi umetesad TeTrkaniani mosaxleoba

cxovrobs, magram iq rasobriv da eTnikur umciresobaTa sul ufro meti
warmomadgeneli saxldeba. 1980-dan 1990 wlamde gareubanSi mcxovrebi
Savkaniani mosaxleobis raodenoba 34.4, laTinosTa 69.3, azielebisa ki
125.9 procentiT gaizarda. amis sapirispirod, gareubanSi mcxovrebi
TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis raodenoba sul 9,2 procentiT gaizarda.
umciresobebi gareubanSi imave mizeziT saxldebian, rac maT
winamorbedebs amoZravebdaT – isini ukeTesi saxlebis, skolebisa da
pirobebisken miiltvian. im adamianebis msgavsad, romlebmac 1950-ian
wlebSi gareubnebSi gadasaxlebis talRa wamoiwyes, axali mosaxleebic
saSualo klasis profesionalebi arian. Cikagos gansaxlebis samsaxuris
Tavmjdomarem ganacxada: ,,suburbanizacia rasasTan aRar aris kavSirSi;
es klasobrivi movlenaa. Raribebis maxloblad cxovreba aravis unda,
radgan RaribebTan erTad cxovrebas RaribTa problemebi – Raribuli
skolebi, daucveli quCebi da bandebi – axlavs.” (citirebulia DeWitt-dan
1994).

miuxedavad amisa, gareubnebi mainc TeTrkanianTa ubnebad miiCneva.

umciresobaTa jgufebi 1990 wels gareubnebis mTeli mosaxleobis 18
procents Seadgendnen. oTxidan sami afro amerikeli, oTxidan erTi
TeTrkanianis sapirispirod, kvlav Sida qalaqSi agrZelebs cxovrebas.
gareubnis Savkanian macxovrebelTa umravlesoba, qalaqis mosazRvre
SavkanianTa mcire dasaxlebebSi cxovrobs.

Sida qalaqis rRveva

ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, yvela did amerikul

qalaqSi Sida qalaqis rRveva aRiniSna, rac uSualod gareubnebis zrdam
gamoiwvia. maRalSemosavliani jgufebis qalaqidan gasvla, maT mier
Setanili adgilobrivi gadasaxadebidan miRebuli mogebis danakargs
niSnavs. qalaqSi darCenili an qalaqidan gasuli mosaxleobis nacvlad
dafuZnebul adamianTa umravlesoba Raribebi arian, amitom dakarguli
Semosavlis anazRaurebis SesaZlebloba Zalze mcirea. centralur
qalaqSi dabegvris gazrdis SemTxvevaSi, SeZlebuli jgufebisa da
saqmosnebis gareubanSi gadasaxlebis tendencia gagrZeldeba.

situacias is faqtic amZimebs, rom centralur qalaqSi samSeneblo

inventari, gareubnebTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro mZime mdgomareobaSia, da
danaSaulisa da umuSevrobis ufro maRali maCvenebelia. Sesabamisad,
keTildReobis programebze, skolebze, Senobebis garemontebaze,
policiasa da saxanZro samsaxurze ufro didi Tanxa ixarjeba. rac ufro
viTardeba gareubnebi, miT ufro izrdeba qalaqis centrTan

17
dakavSirebuli problemebi. bevri amerikuli gareubnis ganviTarebas,
gansakuTrebiT Zvel qalaqebSi, magaliTad, niu iorkSi, bostonsa da
vaSingtonSi, uaRresad mZime Sedegi mohyva. am qalaqebis zogierTi ubani,
mTeli industriuli samyaros did urbanul teritoriebs Soris,
yvelaze savalalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. ngrevis procesSi myofi,
mitovebuli da damwvari Senobebi qvaRorRian Tavisufal miwaze icvleba.

urbanuli rRveva da urbanuli konfliqti

1992 wlis gazafxulze los anjelesSi amboxebaTa talRa daiwyo. saqmis

viTarebis Seswavlis mizniT, qalaqSi piradad gansaxlebisa da urbanuli
ganviTarebis departamentis mdivani henri sisnerosi Cafrinda.

kvamlSi gaxveuli qalaqi vnaxe. yvelgan damwvari sadenebisa da plastmasis suni

igrZnoboda. iseTi buRi idga, rom gzis gakvleva im vertmfrenis pilotsac ki uWirda,
romelic qalaqis Tavze gvatarebda. yovel ramdenime wamSi sirenis xma ismoda. es
saxanZro manqanebis xmaa, romlebic jguf-jgufad moZraoben, kaliforniis sagzao
sapatrulo maqanebis TanxlebiT – oci manqana, romelsac patruli, pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT, icavs – mexanZreebi xanZris erTi keridan meore keris Casaqrobad
garbodnen... im xuTSabaTs narinjisfer kvamlSi gaxveuli saRamos los anjelesi
namdvil urbanul apokalifss mogagonebdaT. gafarToebuli TvalebiT momzirali
SeSinebuli adamianebi da xmauri, romelic mudmiv panikas Tesavs. (Cisneros 1993)

albaT, fiqrobT, rom los anjelesi gasxvavebuli qalaqia. aq, umravles

qalaqebTan SedarebiT, ufro daZabuli cxovrebis riTmia. is, geologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, saxifaTo zolzea ganlagebuli. 1994 wlis TebervalSi
momxdarma seriozulma miwisZvram zemoT aRwerili situaciis analogiuri
scenebi gamoiwvia. amis miuxedavad, los anjeless bevri aqvs saerTo
SeerTebulio Statebis, britaneTisa da samyaros sxva regionebis did
qalaqebTan. qalaqi mTeli amerikuli sazogadoebis socialur problemebs
koncentrirebulad da gaZlierebulad gamoxatavs.

erT-erTi aseTi problema siRaribea; meore _ eTnikuri dajgufeba da

antagonizmi, romelsac gansakuTrebuli ZaliT TeTrkanianebsa da
Savkanianebs Soris aqvs adgili; mesame _ danaSauli; meoTxe _ ubralod
daucveloba. SeiZleba pirvelma samma faqtorma uSualod adamianebze ar
imoqmedos, magram daucvelobasa da Tavdajerebis naklebobas swored es
faqtorebi ganapirobeben.

gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul StatebSi 1980-ian wlebSi

gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda siRaribe. Sua 1990-ian wlebSi, oficialuri
maCvenebliT, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis wilma 25-
wliani periodis Semdeg kulminacias miaRwia. usaxsrod darCenili
qveklasis warmoSobam mosaxleobis didi nawilis farTo sazogadoebisgan
gamijvna gamoiwvia; ukidures siRaribeSi mcxovrebi bevri jgufi rRvevis
procesSi myof Sida qalaqSi an nangrevebSia koncentrirebuli.

eTnikuri da klasobrivi dajgufeba erTiani procesia. 1980-ian wlebSi,

1920-iani wlebis Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi, sxva aTwleulebTan
SedarebiT, yvelaze meti emigranti Camovida. maTi umravlesoba did
qalaqebSi dasaxlda, ris Sedegad manamde arsebuli feradkanaini
mosaxleobis raodenoba gaizarda. atlantis, vaSingtonis, baltimoris,
Cikagos, detroitis, axali orleanisa da oklendis mosaxleobis 60
18
procents ,,umciresobebi” Seadgenen – albaT xvdebiT, rom es termini
realobas aRar Seesabameba. yvelaze segregirebul amerikul qalaq
detroitSi ,,umciresobebi” mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80 procents Seadgenen.
TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis umravlesobam, romlis mimarT danarCen nawils
undobloba da uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqonda, qalaqi ukanaskneli
ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi datova.

ZaladobiT gamowveuli danaSaulis sixSire epidemias mogagonebT.

amerikis mosaxleobis gacilebiT didi wili imyofeba patimrobaSi, vidre
nebismieri sxva qveyanis mosaxleobis. SeerTebuli Statebis quCebSi
iaraRiT yovel dRe aTi axalgazrda kvdeba, 30 ki _ iWreba. Sida qalaqis
ubnebSi saxlis xelmisawvdom fasad SeZena imdenad rTulia, rom qalaqis
Raribi mosaxleoba iZulebulia Semosavlis ori mesamedi saxlis qiraSi
gadaixados.

sisnerosi amas ,,siduxWiresa da tragikul Zaladobas” uwodebs:

es mxolod los anjelesSi ar xdeba – yvelgan analogiuri situaciaa. uyuradRebobis,

Cveni xalxis daxmarebis uunarobisa da usulgulobis Sedegad, nel-nela asobiT Temi
nadgurdeba... Tundac qalaqSi nakleb dros vatarebdeT, urbanuli cxovreba mTeli
qveynisTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan is produqtiulobas uwyobs xels, axali
SesaZleblobebis wyaroa da ukeTes momavals gvpirdeba. (1993)

los anjelesi: eTnikuri konfliqti da ekonomikuri

restruqturizacia
sami eTnikuri jgufi – Savkanianebi, laTinosebi da koreelebi _ samuSaosTan,
gansaxlebasa da sazogadoebrivi resursebis naklebobasTan dakavSirebiT, erTmaneTs
konkurencias uweven da mudmiv konfliqtSi arian.

am konfliqts, nawilobriv, ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, los anjelesis

restruqturizaciiT gamowveuli savalalo ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ganapirobebs.
restruqturizaciam, erTi mxriv, tradiciul kavSirebSi gaerTianebul manufaturebSi
maRalanazRaurebadi dasaqmebis Semcireba, meore mxriv ki, maRalteqnologiur,
specializebul manufaqturebsa da maRali donis momsaxurebis ekonomikur seqtorebSi
dasaqmebis zrda gamoiwvia. centraluri los anjelesis samxreT nawilSi – qalaqis
tradiciul industriul centrSi – manufaqturebSi dasaqmebis Semcireba aRiniSna, 1978-
1982 wlebSi stabiluri maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri 70 000-ma adamianma dakarga.

centraluri los anjelesis samxreT nawilSi, stabiluri da maRalanazRaurebadi

samuSao adgilebis dakargvis periodSi, adgilobrivi damsaqmeblebi manufaturuli
aqtivobisTvis alternatul adgilebs eZebdnen. am TiTqosda rutinuli gadawyvetilebis
Sedegad, san fernando veliSi, san gabriel veliSi da los anjelesis olqSi,
aeroportis maxloblad, eli segundosa da orinjis olqSi ,,teqnopolebis” saxiT
dasaqmebis axali perspeqtivebi gaCnda. garda amisa, am dekoncentraciis procesSi, los
anjelesSi dafuZnebuli firmebi monawileobdnen, satelegrafo sahaero ekipaJis,
norTrofis, rokuelisa da mcire firmebis CaTvliT. kapitalis amgvarma gadinebam,
qarxnebis daxurvasTan erTad, centraluri los anjelesis samxreT nawilis binadrebs
Zveli maRalanazRaurebadi, kavSirebis mier daculi samuSao adgilebis dawyebis
SesaZlebloba daakargina.

unda aRiniSnos, rom los anjelesis olqSi (orinjis olqis maxloblad da amerikisa
da meqsikis sazRvris gayolebaze) axali industriuli sivrce Seiqmna, ris Sedegad,
centraluri los anjelesis samxreT nawilis industriul centrSi an mis maxloblad,
dasaqmebis axali SesaZleblobebi gaCnda. magram Zvel manufaqturaSi arsebuli samuSao
adgilebi konkurentulma seqtorulma industriebma Secvala, sadac samuSao Zala
registracias ar gadis da xelfasic minimaluria.

19
naxati:

l o s a n j e l e s i s ol q i

msxvili teqnopoli

mcire teqnopoli

specializirebuli industriebi

tansacmlis kerva

100 TanamSromelze meti

25-99

1-24

samkaulebis damzadeba

30-ze meti

20-30

1-19

avejis damzadeba

dominanturi eTnikur-rasobrivi jgufi

TeTrkanianebi

espanuri warmoSobis

Savkanianebi

azielebi

Sereuli rasa

wyaro: Maya Blum, Kathryn Carlson, Exteln J. Morales, Ross Nussbaum and Patricia J. Wilson, “Bleck Male
Joblessness, Spatial Mismatch, and Employer Preferences: a Case Study of Los Angeles”, unpublished paper, Center
for the Study of Urban Poverty, University of California, Los Angeles, May 1993. rukis avtori Chase
Langford.

urbanizmi britaneTSi

suburbanizacia da Sida qalaqis rRveva

20
omis Semdgomi periodis amerikisTvis damaxasiaTebel urbanul
cvlilebaTa umravlesobam Tavi britaneTSic iCina. gasuli ocdaaTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi didi centraluri qalaqebi
Semcirda, rac umetesad mosaxleobis gareubnebSi da ganapira qalaqebsa
(es qalaqebi qalaqis sazRvars emijneboda da aq, ZiriTadad, qalaqSi
dasaqmebuli adamianebi cxovrobdnen) da soflebSi gadasaxlebam
gamoiwvia. 1970-85 wlebSi didi londonis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT
naxevari milioniT Semcirda, patara qalaqebis, magaliTad, kembrijis,
ifsviCis, norvikis, oqsfordisa da lesteris mosaxleoba ki, igive
periodSi, gaizarda. Sida qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTSi,
manufaqturuli industriis swrafi Semcireba aRiniSna.

Tu zogierT gamonakliss ar CavTvliT, ,,gareubnebSi gadasaxleba”

britaneTSi, SeerTebul StatebTan SedarebiT, naklebad ganxorcielda
da, Sesabamisad, Sida qalaqis rRvevac iseTi mkveTri ar yofila. amis
miuxedavad, Sida qalaqis zogierTi teritoria, magaliTad, liverpulSi,
SeerTebuli Statebis bevri ubnis msgavsad, savalalo mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba. inglisis eklesiam, 1985 wels, Tavis angariSSi saxelwodebiT
,,rwmena qalaqSi” Sida qalaqis teritoriebis mZime mdgomareoba asaxa:
,,nacrisferi kedlebi, nagviT savse quCebi, Carazuli fanjrebi, WuWyiani
kedlebi, Senobis nangrevebi _ qalaqis ubnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
suraTia da samRvdeloeba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeSfoTebas
gamoTqvams... Sida qalaqSi sacxovrebeli saxlebi, sxva adgilebTan
SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro Zvelia. uxeSi gamoTvliT, inglisis saxlebis
erTi meoTxedi 1919 wlamdea aSenebuli, magram Sida qalaqebSi aseTi
saxlebis wili 40-dan 60 procentamdea” (inglisis eklesia, 1985, gv. 18).

SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, axali industria fexs Sida qalaqis

gareT, qalaqis sazRvrebTan, an patara qalaqebSi ikidebs. am process,
nawilobriv, axali qalaqebis, magaliTad, bukingemSirSi Mmilton kinsis,
gegmazomierma Seqmnam Seuwyo xeli. sxvadasxva erovnuli sqema – rogoric
mflobelebisTvis saxlis sareabilitacio grantebis gacema, an biznesis
mozidvis mizniT, dabegvris pirobebis Semsubuqebaa – Sida qalaqebis
aRorZinebas isaxavs miznad, magram am mcdelobam, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
ar gaamarTla. 1982 wels briqstonSi erTi wliT adre momxdari
amboxebebis Sesaxeb warmoebuli oficialuri gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb
skarmenis angariSi adasturebs, rom Sida qalaqis problemebis mimarT
koordinirebuli midgoma ar arsebobda (Scarman 1982). amboxi ramdenime
adgilas 1985 welsac dafiqsirda (kidev erTxel briqstonSi da
CrdiloeT londonSi, totenhemSi broduoteris fermaze, rasac
policielis mkvleloba mohyva). urbanul amboxs 1990 da 1991 wels
oqsfordSi, bristolsa da sxva qalaqebSi hqonda adgili. amboxebebi 1995
wels briqstonSi kvlav ganmeorda.

pol harisoni londonis erT-erTi yvelaze Raribi ubnis, haknis,

damTrgunvel atmosferos aRwers:

policia TiTqmis SeuZlebeli amocanis winaSe dgas, radgan dinamiti, romelic

britanul sazogadoebaSi devs, Sida qalaqis asafeTqeblad emzadeba. es dinamiti
recesiiTa da umuSevrobiT gamowveuli, danaSaulis maRali maCvenebelia. amis gamo
policias aq sazogadoebasTan, rogorc potenciur eWvmitanilTan, ufro xSiri da

21
arasasiamovno kontaqti uwevs, rac xSirad usamarTlo gansjisa da Zaladobis mizezi
xdeba. (Harrison 1983, gv. 369)

es procesebi mankierebaTa wres warmoSobs. garda imisa, rom danaSaulis

msxverplni, xSir SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze usaxsro adamianebi arian, maT
policiasTan yvelaze xSiri kontaqti aqvT. mosalodneli kriminaluri
danaSaulis motiviT, yvelaze metad isini idevnebian. harisoni acxadebs,
rom haknis magvar ubnebSi ,,sazogadoeba Tavdacvis mizniT barikadebs
aSenebs” da, amasTan erTad, ,,mudmivad ilaxeba samoqalaqo Tavisuflebac.”

1995 wels londonis zogierT ubanSi 25 wlis qvemoT asakis mamakacTa 40

procenti umuSevari iyo, axalgazrda SavkaniaTa Soris es maCvenebeli
zogjer 60 procents aRwevda. londonsa da niu iorkSi usaxlkarobis
problemac mwvaved dgas; londonSi 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 1990-
iani wlebis dasawyisamde usaxlkaroTa ricxvi 4-5-jer gaizarda.
samTavrobo komisiam 1987 wels londonis Sida qalaqis urbanuli
menejmenti uaryofiTad Seafasa: sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis naklebobam
niu iorkSi problemebis gaCenas Seuwyo xeli da londonSic igive
tendencia igrZnoboda.

1988 wlis samTavrobo programam ,,qalaqebisTvis ganxorcielebuli

qmedeba”, saxelmwifo intervenciasTan SedarebiT, kerZo investiciebsa da
Tavisufal bazars ufro didi yuradReba dauTmo. Tumca ministri maikl
heseltaini, romelsac uSualod exeboda es sakiTxi, ,,TanamSromlobis” –
kerZo iniciativisa da sazogadoebrivi Zalisxmevis kombinaciis momxrea.
mTavroba acxadebs, rom 1990 wlisTvis grantebma da sazogadoebrivma
fondebma, problemuri ubnebis gaSenebis mizniT, kerZo pirebisgan 900
milioni girvanqis odenobis Tanxis mozidva SeZles. magram saqmiani
wreebis reaqcia gacilebiT ufro susti iyo, vidre isini elodnen.

kvleva adasturebs, rom sanimuSo proeqtebis garda, kerZo warmoebis

stimulireba da saqmeSi CarTva araefeqturia, radgan amgvari midgoma
centralur qalaqebSi arsebul fundamentur socialur problemebs ar
iTvaliswinebs. Sida qalaqSi Tavs imdeni damTrgunveli garemoeba iyris,
rom Tu rRvevis ukuqceviT procesebs saTanado yuradRebis gareSe
davtovebT, maTi gakontroleba sul ufro rTuli gaxdeba. am problemis
mogvarebas didi saxelmwifo xarjebi sWirdeba, rasac mTavroba,
savaraudod, ar gaiRebs. dafinansebis gareSe ki radikaluri
gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva saTuo xdeba (Macgregor and Pilmott 1991).

finansuri krizisi britanul qalaqebSi

finansurma krizisma britaneTis bevr Sida qalaqze imoqmeda. 1972 wlis

adgilobrivi samTavrobo aqtis safuZvelze eqvsi ,,qalaqis olqi” –
mersisaidi, didi manCesteri, samxreT iorqSiri, dasavleT midlendsi,
dasavleT iorqSiri, taini da veari – Seiqmna. am teritoriebis saolqo
sabWoebs urbanuli regionebis mTliani dagegmarebis pasuxismgebloba
daekisraT; mcire ubnebis sabWoebs ki ganaTlebiT, socialuri
momsaxurebiT, gansaxlebiTa da sxva saWiroebebiT uzrunvelyofa
daevalaT. londonSi gansxvavebuli sistema iyo. 21 wlis ganmavlobaSi
administraciul samsaxurs londonis didi sabWo (GLC) marTavda,

22
romelic 1965 wels dafuZnda. qalaqis olqebis Semosavlis TiTqmis
naxevars centraluri samTavrobo wyaro uzrunvelyofs; GLC-ac, 1985
wlamde anu gauqmebamde, centraluri mTavroba afinansebda.

1970-iani wlebis bolodan, adgilobrivi xelisufleba Zlier zewolas

ganicdida, rom biujetisa da adgilobrivi momsaxurebis xarjebi
Seemcirebina. es safrTxe rRvevis procesSi myof Sida qalaqebsac
daemuqra. 1980 wlis parlamentSi kanonproeqti SemuSavda, romlis
mixedviT, Tu pasuxismgebeli piri an organizacia mTavrobiT dadgenili
xarjebis zRvars gadascdeboda, mas jarima ekisreboda. zogierTi Sida
qalaqi uaRresad mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo, amitom sabWoebi, misi saqmeebis
mogvarebisas, biujetis mier dadgenil CarCoebSi ver eteodnen; amgvari
situacia mTavrobasa da qalaqis sabWoebs _ gansakuTrebiT
leiboristuli partiis mier kontrolirebad, magaliTad, liverpulis an
Sefildis sabWoebs _ Soris intensiuri konfliqtis mizezi gaxda.
zogierTma maTganma uaiTholis mier dadgenili limitis aRiarebaze
Tavidanve uari ganacxada, ris gamoc, 1986 wlis martSi, liverpulisa da
lambetis rva mrCeveli arakolegialobis gamo personalurad dajarimda.

1980-iani wlebis bolos, adgilobriv samTavrobo dafinansebaze

suladobis mixedviT dabegvris SemoRebam imoqmeda (rasac oficialurad
,,sazogadoebrivi gadasaxadi” ewoda). is, vinc arCevnebSi monawileobda da
adgilobrivi samTavrobo xarjebiT sargeblobda, gadasaxadi yovel
mdidar Tu Rarib individze dawesebuli dabegvris mixedviT unda Seetana
da ara kerZo sakuTrebaze dawesebuli gadasaxadis mixedviT.
modifikaciebis miuxedavad, gadasaxadis axali wesiT akrefa ufro
rTuli aRmoCnda. sabolood, dabegvra gauqmda, magram mas mniSvnelovani
Sedegebi mohyva. qalaqis bevr sabWos Semosavali Seumcirda, ris gamoc
maT mniSvnelovani momsaxurebis xarjze mouxdaT ekonomiis gakeTeba. im
adamianTa wili, romlebmac gadasaxadis Setanaze uari ganacxades, sxva
adgilebTan SedarebiT, Sida qalaqis teritoriaze gacilebiT ufro
maRali aRmoCnda. gadasaxadisTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT, RaribTa
jgufebis bevrma warmomadgenelma arCevnebSi registracias Tavi aarida
da xmis micemis uflebac dakarga.

saxelmwifo sacxovreblis kerZo sacxovrebliT Secvla

1980 wels SemuSavebuli aqtis safuZvelze, mosaxleobas saxelmwifo -

adgilobrivi mTavrobisgan daqiravebuli - saxlebis 60-procentiani
fasdaklebiT Sesyidvis ufleba mieca. saxlis safasuri binebSi
cxovrebis xagrZlivobiTac ganisazRvra. es Zalze popularuli politika
aRmoCnda da am SeTavazebiT mravalma adamianma isargebla. gayiduli
sacxovrebeli adgilebis 85 porcenti saxlebi iyo da ara binebi, rac
sacxovreblis qalaqgareT SeZenis tendencias asaxavda. 1988 wlisTvis
qveyanaSi daqiravebul saxlTa raodenoba 1.3 milioniT naklebi iyo, vidre
rva wliT adre.

es situacia, nawilobriv, sabWos mier gayiduli saxlebis ekvivalentTa

ararsebobam, nawilobriv ki _ gaqiravebuli sakuTrebis bazris SezRudvam
ganapiroba. gaqiravebis kerZo seqtori aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
ganicdida Semcirebas, magram adre mas axladaSenebuli saxelmwifo

23
gasaqiravebeli sacxovreblebi enacvleboda. 1988 wels SemuSavebuli
aqtis Sedegad, gaqiravebis bazris regulireba moxda, rasac gaqiravebaze
manamde dawesebuli kontrolis zogierTi samsaxuris gauqmeba mohyva. amis
miuxedavad, xelmisawvdomi saqiravebeli farTis raodenoba minimalurad
gaizarda.

saxelmwifo saxlebs SeZlebuli binadrebi ufro yiduloben. aqedan

gamomdinare, mosaxleobis umravlesobas arCevanis saSualeba ara aqvs.
iqmneba imis safrxe, rom zogierT adamians wasasvleli aRar darCeba da
degradirebul mdgomareobaSi myof saxlSi mouwevs cxovreba. sabWoebis
dafinansebis SezRudvis gamo, bevri saxelmwifo saxli dazianebulia
(Raynsford 1991).

1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, gaerTianebul

samefoSi arsebulma xangrZlivma recesiam saxlebis Rirebulebis mkveTri
vardna gamoiwvia. bevrma adamianma farTis, maT Soris saxelmwifo
saxlebis, iafad SeZenisa da momavalSi sarfianad gayidvis mizniT,
grZelvadiani sesxiT isargebla. magram maTi molodini ar gamarTlda,
samagierod gaizarda iseT adamianTa ricxvi, romlebmac ver SeZles
sesxis dafarva. gaerTianebul samefoSi, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT,
sacxovrebeli farTis gacilebiT meti mflobeli arsebobs. adamianTa
umravlesobas, naqiraveb farTSi cxovrebas, samSeneblo kompaniisTvis
valis gadaxda da sakuTari saxlis floba urCevnia. Tumca saxelmwifo
saxlebis Sesyidvam im adamianebis imedi ar gaamarTla, vinc am saqmidan
seriozul mogebas eloda.

jentrifikacia anu ,,urbanuli ganaxleba”

urbanuli ganaxleba – Zveli Senobebis axali mizniT gamoyeneba – did

qalaqebSi Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. es dagegmarebis programis nawilad
miiCneva, magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, is qalaqis migdebul ubnebSi ngrevis
procesSi myofi Senobebis aRdgenis Sedegia, riTac Semdgom
maRalSemosavliani jgufebi sargebloben. am ubnebSi uzrunvelyofis
obieqtebi, magaliTad, maRaziebi da restornebic Sendeba.

amis saukeTeso magaliTi londonis doklendsis ubnis aRdgenaa. rogor

unda Sefasdes es procesi – rogorc urbanuli regeneraciis unikaluri
warmatebuli nimuSi Tu metnaklebad sruli katastrofa? orive
Sexedulebas Tavis advokatebi hyavs, Tumca orive mxare aRiarebs, rom
doklendsis ganaxleba ekonomikis recesiis pirobebSi ise progresulad
ar warimarTa, rogorc amas mocemuli ideis mxardamWerni elodnen.
doklendss ist londonSi rvanaxevari kvadratuli mili uWiravs da is
temzas esazRvreba – es teritoria, dokis umoqmedobisa da industriuli
warmoebis Semcirebis gamo, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, funqciis gareSe
darCa. am ubans ,,dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze didi axlad gaSenebuli
teritoria” da ,,londonis xanZris Semdeg, saukeTeso xelsayreli
SesaZlebloba” uwodes.

doklendsi londonis finansuri ubnis, siTis, maxloblad mdebareobs,

magram meore mxridan, muSaTa klasiT dasaxlebul Raribul teritoriebs
esazRvreba. 1960-iani wlebidan dRemde, teritoriis samomavlo gegmebTan

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dakavSirebiT, intensiuri brZola mimdinareobs. isini, vinc doklendsSi
an doklendsis maxloblad cxovrobdnen, Temis ganviTarebis programiT
motivirebel mSeneblobas uWerdnen mxars, sadac yvelaze Raribi
binadrebis interesebi iqneboda daculi. 1981 wels, doklendsis
samSeneblo korporaciis dafuZnebis Semdeg, doklendsi centralur
startegiul obieqtad iqca, romelic ubiZgebda kerZo mflobelebs,
urbanul ganaxlebaSi CarTuliyvnen.

dResdReobiT ubani mimdebare Raribi teritoriebisgan aSkarad da

mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. aq Tanamedrove saintereso dizainis Senobebis
siWarbe igrZnoba. saxelosnoebi keTimowyobil binebad gadakeTda da,
paralelurad, mravali axali maRalsarTuliani saxli aSenda. qeneri
varfze bevri didi ofisi da centraluri Senoba aSenda, romlis danaxva
londonis sxva mxareebidanac aris SesaZlebeli. Tumca am fufunebis
fonze bevr dangreul Senobasa da gauSenebel miwebsac SexvdebiT.
saofise sivrce, iseve rogorc axali sacxovrebeli saxlebi, xSirad
auTvisebeli rCeba, radgan Senobebis Sesyidvisas gadaxdili safasuri,
samomavlod, realur Rirebulebas ar Seesabameba. doklendsis ubanSi
qveynis yvelaze Raribi dasaxlebebic arsebobs; am saxlebis mobinadreebs
maTi ubnis gaSenebiT TiTqmis ar usargebliaT. bevri saxli
,,xelmisawvdom” fasad iyideboda, magram maTi SeZenis survili da
SesaZlebloba adgilobriv mosaxleTa Zalze mcire raodenobas gaaCnda.
1991 wels qeneri varfi seriozul finansur krizisSi aRmoCnda da
SenobaTa umravlesoba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, carieli iyo.

iSviaTia doklendsis magvari adgili, sadac mdidarni da uqonelni

erTmaneTs amgvari xarisxiT emijnebian. imis miuxedavad, rom aq axali
mSenebloba da ganaxleba mimdinareobs, integrirebuli ubani mainc ar
warmoiSva. ,,uqmeebis gasatarebeli mitovebuli adgili, romelic fulis
keTebas isaxavs miznad” – ase uwodeben ubans, ,,sadac verc WeSmarit
sulierebas Sexvdebi da verc simSvidis momgvrel klasikur
arqiteqturas, aq arc normaluri satransporto moZraobaa da arc
sazogadoebrivi adgilebi” (Brownhill 1990, gv. 177).

riCard seneti Tavis wignSi qalaqis istoriis Sesaxeb, ,,Tvalis sindisi”

(1993), doklendsis magvar mSeneblobebs uaryofiTad afasebs. mas miaCnia,
rom is, vinc urbanul dagegmarebaze muSaobs, e.w. ,,adamianuri qalaqis”
SenarCunebasa da aRdgenas unda Seecados. bevr qalaqSi arsebuli didi
usaxuri Senobebi adamianTa karCaketilobasa da gaucxoebas uwyobs xels.
qalaqis daxmarebiT, adamiani SeiZleba gaixsnas da sxvadasxva kulturisa
da cxovrebis wesis adamianebTan daamyaros kontaqti. Cven ara mxolod
usafrTxo, aramed ,,sicocoxliT savse” qalaquri quCebis Seqmnas unda
vecadoT; quCa ar unda iyos mxolod moZravi ,,satransporto arteria.”
gareubnis savaWro centrs standartuli derefnebiTa da maRaziebiT,
,,adamianur qalaqTan Zalian cota aqvs saerTo”; igive SeiZleba iTqvas
satransporto trasebzec. aseTi obieqtebis nacvlad, Cven italiuri
qalaqis centrebis msgavsi, adamianze orientirebuli, Zveli tipis
qalaqebi unda vaSenoT, sadac mravalferovneba elegantur dizainTanaa
Serwymuli.

urbanizmi da saerTaSoriso gavlena

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urbanuli analizis, iseve rogorc sociologiis sxva sferoebis
analizis dros, mzad unda viyoT globaluri da adgilobrivi sakiTxebis
erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad. Sida qalaqze zemomqmed zogierT faqtors
londonis sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli cvlilebebi ganapirobebs.
magaliTad, liverpulis an Tisaidis problemebi iq ganlagebuli
mniSvnelovani industriebis SemcirebiT aris gamowveuli, romlebmac
saerTaSoriso konkurencias ver gauZles.

logani da molotCi imaze msjeloben, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba sul ufro

metad urbanuli teritoriebi ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saerTaSoriso
sistemas. am TvalsazrisiT, maT qalaqis xuTi axali forma ganasxvaves
(Logan and Molotch, 1987, Tavi 7). erT-erTi maTgani saTao qalaqia. am tipis
centrSi transnacionaluri korporaciebi mniSvnelovan saqmeebs
uZRvebian da globaluri sazrunaviT arian dakavebulni. magaliTad,
msoflios erT-erTi wamyvani qalaqi, londoni, saTao qalaqad _
finansuri da industriuli transaqciebis, aseve mTel msoflioSi
gavrcelebuli komunikaciisa da satransporto qselebis centrad iqca.

qalaqis meore tipi inovaciis centria. es iseTi urbanuli teritoriaa,

romelSic kvlevisa da ganviTarebis industriebia koncentrirebuli;
isini im teqnikuri da mecnieruli procesebis ganviTarebas uwyoben xels,
romlebic Semdeg sxva adgilas warmoebuli saqonlisTvis gamoiyeneba.
amis magaliTia kembriji; kembrijis universitets did ,,samecniero
parkTan” aqvs kavSirebi. msoflioSi yvelaze gavleniani centri
CrdiloeT kaliforniaSi ganlagebuli silikon velia. inovaciuri
centrebi SeerTebul Statebsa da naklebi xarisxiT britaneTSi, xSirad
uSualo kavSirSia samxedro warmoebis moTxovnebTan. Tavdacvis
departamentis kvlevisa da ganviTarebis biujetis mesamedi srulad
ixarjeba SeerTebuli Statebis kvlevisa da ganviTarebis programaze.
mniSvnelovani kontraqtebi pirdapir kavSirSia inovaciuri centrebis
warmatebis xarisxTan.

silikon veli did teritoriebze gadaWimul qalaqTa erTobliobaa.

analogiur movlenas SeiZleba sxva industriebSic hqondes adgili.
magaliTad, CrdiloeT italiaSi mdebare po veliSi italiis avejis
industriebia Tavmoyrili. am adgilTan erTmaneTze damokidebuli
saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi – dizainerebi, mkeravebi, mqsovelebi
da mRebavebi _ arian dakavSirebulni. teritoria patara, erT zolze
ganlagebuli qalaqebisgan Sedgeba, rogoricaa pratsi da biela, sadac
mTeli qveynis matylis qsovilis 80 procenti iwarmoeba.

mesame tipi modulTa warmoebis adgilia. Sromis amJamindeli

kompleqsuri saerTaSoriso ganawilebis pirobebSi, saqonlis damzadeba
da awyoba, mTel msoflioSi, erTmaneTisgan daSorebul regionebSi xdeba.
zogierTi urbanuli teritoria produqtis Semadgeneli nawilebis
warmoebis adgilad iqceva, aRniSnuli produqti ki sabolood sxva
regionSi an qveyanaSi iwyoba. magaliTad, belfastSi qarxnebi bevrma
transnacionalurma kompaniam gaxsna, sadac im produqciis nawilebs
amzadeben, romelic sabolood sxva adgilas moixmareba.

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meoTxe forma mesame msoflios karibWea, romelic, qalaqis danarCen
tipebTan SedarebiT, kidev ufro metadaa damokidebuli saerTaSoriso
gavlenaze. am tipis qalaqebi, ZiriTadad, mesame msoflios qveynebis
emigrantebiT dasaxlebuli sasazRvro centrebia. amis magaliTad Crdilo
afrikelTa mier safrangeTis sazRvris gadmolaxvis ZiriTadi punqti,
marseli, gamodgeba. SeerTebul StatebSi saukeTeso magaliTi samxreT
amerikelebiT dasaxlebuli maiamia, sadac kubidan emigrirebuli bevri
adamiani cxovrobs, agreTve mzardi meqsikuri teritoriebiT savse los
anjelesia.

da bolos, iseTi qalaqebic arsebobs, romlebic pensionerTa centrebis

saxiT viTardeba. bevri pensioneri karg klimatur pirobebSi dasaxlebas
cdilobs. es, nawilobriv, Sida migraciis procesia. magaliTad,
ingliselebi samxreT sanapiroze, bornmuTSi an vorTingSi saxldebian.
sapensio teritoriebs saerTaSoriso elferi aqvs: espaneTSi saagarako
saxlebis mflobeli ingliselebi, SesaZloa, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg,
sacxovreblad espaneTSi gadavidnen.

globaluri qalaqi

wamyvan saTao qalaqebs saskia saseni (1991) globalur qalaqebs uwodebs.

misi naSromi am tipis sami qalaqis, niu iorkis, londonisa da tokios
kvlevas efuZneba. is acxadebs, rom msoflio ekonomikis Tanamedrove
ganviTarebam mniSvnelovan qalaqebs axali strategiuli roli daakisra.
am qalaqebis umravlesoba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis centrebi iyo, magarm amJamad maT oTxi axali Tviseba SeiZines:

1. isini ,,brZanebis gamcem punqtebad” – globaluri ekonomikis

warmarTvisa da misTvis aucilebeli politikis SemuSavebis
centrebad _ iqcnen.
2. amgvar qalaqebSi finansuri da specializebuli momsaxurebis
firmebia ganTavsebuli, rac ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis
warmoebaze ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda.
3. aq axladgafarToebuli industriebis warmoeba da inovacia
xorcieldeba.
4. es aris bazrebi, sadac finansuri da momsaxurebis industriis
,,produqtis” Sesyidva, gayidva an sxva mizniT moxmareba xdeba.

niu iorki, londoni da tokio gansxvavebuli istoriis qalaqebia: Cven

SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT im cvlilebebs, romlebic am qalaqebis
bunebam gasuli ori-sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ganicada. dRevandeli,
uaRresad mravalferovani msoflio ekonomikis pirobebSi, centraluri
kontroli da gadamwyveti operaciebi amgvar qalaqebSi xorcieldeba.
saseni acxadebs, rom, rac ufro globalizebul xasiaTs iZens
ekonomikuri cxovreba, miT ufro metad xdeba menejmentis ramdenime
wamyvan centrSi koncentrireba. globaluri qalaqi mxolod
koordinaciis adgili ar aris, is warmoebis konteqsts gansazRvravs. aq
marto materialuri saqonlis warmoeba ki ar aris mniSvnelovani, aramed
specializebuli momsaxurebis warmoeba, romelsac msoflioSi
mimobneuli administraciuli ofisebisa da qarxnebis biznes

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organizaciebi, axali finansuri inovaciebi da bazrebi moiTxovs.
globaluri qalaqi momsaxurebasa da finansur saqonels uzrunvelyofs.

globaluri qalaqebis saqmiani centrebi imgvarad aris koncentrirebuli,

rom bevrma sxvadasxva ,,mwarmoebelma” erTmaneTTan mWidro interaqcia
SeZlos, rac zogjer pirovnul kontaqtsac gulisxmobs. globalur
qalaqSi adgilobrivi firmebi erovnul da mravalerovan
organizaciebTan, maT Soris, bevr ucxour kompaniasTan aris aRreuli.
magaliTad, niu iokSi 350 ucxour banks aqvs gaxsnili ofisi, aq 2 500
ucxouri finansuri korporaciaa; bankis oTxidan erTi TanamSromeli
ucxour bankSi muSaobs. globaluri qalaqebi erTmaneTs konkurencias
uweven, magram isini erTmaneTze damokidebul sistemasac qmnian, romelic
nawilobriv emijneba qveyanas, romlebSic es qalaqebia ganTavsebuli.

globalur qalaqs uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. mas, vinc finansuri da

globaluri momsaxurebis sferoSi muSaobs, maRali xelfasi aqvs, amitom
am tipis mosaxleobis sacxovrebeli adgilebi jentrifikacias
eqvemdebareba. amave dros, Zvel warmoebaSi samuSao adgilebi uqmdeba da
jentrifikaciis procesi xels uwyobs restornebSi, sastumroebsa da
maRaziebSi dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis warmoSobas. am
procesis Tanmdevi movlena siRaribec aris, rac mkveTrad aisaxa
londonis doklendsis kontrastul peizaJebSi.

mesame msoflios urbanizacia

urbanuli ubnebi, romlebic swrafad viTardeba mesame msoflios

qveynebSi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba industriuli qveynebis
qalaqebisgan. mesame msoflios qveynebSi adamianebi did qalaqebSi
sacxovreblad an soflis warmoebis tradiciuli sistemis
dezintegraciis gamo gadadian, an imitom, rom qalaqi maT ukeTes samuSao
pirobebs sTavazobs. maT SeiZleba qalaqSi migracia xanmokle droiT
hqondeT ganzraxuli da sakmarisi raodenobis fulis gamomuSavebis
Semdeg, kvlav sofelSi dabrunebas gegmavdnen. zogierTi maTgani marTlac
brundeba sofelSi, magram umravlesoba iZulebulia qalaqSi darCes,
radgan maT, ama Tu im mizeziT, dakarges is Zveli pozicia, romelic
soflis TemSi ekavaT. migrantebi qalaqis sazRvarze zonebad
erTiandebian. dasavleTis qalaqebSi axalCamosulebi qalaqis
centraluri ubnebis maxloblad cdiloben dasaxlebas, magram mesame
msoflios qveynebSi gansxvavebuli tendenciaa. migrantebiT dasaxlebul
urbanul ubnebs aq ,,septikur danamats” uwodeben. bevri maTgani,
dasavluri gagebiT, warmoudgenel pirobebSi, dangreul, sacxovreblad
uvargis ubnebSi cxovrobs.

magaliTisTvis SegviZlia indoeTisa da laTinuri amerikis qalaqebi

ganvixiloT. indoeTis mosaxleoba kvlav didi siswrafiT izrdeba da
soflis tradiciuli ekonomika moWarbebul mosaxleobas veRar
akmayofilebs. qalaqSi migraciis maCvenebeli, mesame msoflios qveynebis
standartebisTvisac ki, ukiduresad maRalia. indoeTis dedaqalaqi deli
yvelaze swrafad mzardi qalaqia, Tumca kalkutaSi, bombeisa da madrasSi
ramdenime milioni adamiani cxovrobs. qalaqi, transportis mxrivac,
Zlier gadatvirTulia. qalaqis bevr ubanSi mravali adamiani mTel dRes

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quCaSi atarebs da Ramec quCaSi sZinavs. maT aranairi TavSesafari ar
gaaCniaT.

zogierTebi muyaosgan damzadebul saxlebSi cxovroben, romlebsac

qalaqis ganapiras, yvela SesaZlebel adgilas ageben. romelime
emigrantma samuSao romc iSovos, urbanuli emigraciis uaRresad maRali
maCveneblis gamo, mudmiv sacxovrebelSi dasaxlebas mainc ver moaxerxebs.
indoeTis qalaqebis arastabilur saxlebSi mcxovreb adamianebs sakuTari
qoneba ar gaaCniaT, magram amgvari ubnebi xSirad Temisadmi kuTvnilebis
grZnobiTa da wevrebis xelSemwyobi organizaciebiT gamoirCeva.

axla ukve megapolisi: jakarta

axal aziur qalaqebs, evropelebis mier gaidealebul da Ria baraTebze

gamosaxul, toskanur mTagorian qalaqebTan an parizis bulvarebTan
araferi aqvT saerTo. es daZabuli, qaosuri da uzarmazari teritoriebia.
aq savaWro centrebi, maRalsarTuliani Senobebi, aeroportebi da saqmiani
parkebia ganlagebuli. qalaqisTvis Cveulma dagegmarebam aziaSi
saxecvlileba ganicada da dasavluri tipis qalaqisgan gansxvavebuli
elferi SeiZina. aqauri arqiteqtorebi gaprialebul TeTr filebs,
sarkeebsa da yviTel fers aniWeben upiratesobas. sazogadoebrivi
TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnili sivrceebi, grandiozuli proeqtebi da
STambeWdavi caTambjenebi realurad ar arsebobs.

evropaSi aRarc ki axsovT, rogor SeiZleba icxovro qalaqSi, romelSic

mosaxleoba, cxovrebis erTi ciklis manZilze, orjer an ufro metad
mravldeba, sadac triali mindori SeiZleba fotografiuli siswrafiT
caTanmbjenebis mwkrivad iqces. swored ase viTardeba movlenebi wynari
okeanis auzis garSemo, sadac iseTi gamalebuli mSenebloba
mimdinareobs, romlis msgavsi mxolod me-19 saukuneSi dafiqsirda da am
procesis Sedegad londoni da parizi msoflioSi yvelaze did qalaqebad
iqca. amis fonze, evropis mwvane zonasTan da Sida qalaqis rRvevasTan
dakavSirebuli dRevandeli sazrunavi, trivialurad gamoiyureba.

deli

imisTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba aRmosavluri ubnis

organizacia dasavlurisgan, indoeTis dedaqalaq delis magaliTs
ganvixilavT. deli ,,Zvel qalaqsa” da bevrad ufro gvian aSenebul axal
delis aerTianebs. samTavrobo Senobebi axal ubanSia koncentrirebuli.
sxva didi induri qalaqebis msgavsad, zogierT, SedarebiT mcire ubanSi,
mosaxleoba uaRresad mWidrod aris dasaxlebuli, zog teritoriaze ki
es maCvenebeli dabalia. Zveli qalaqi patara quCebis labirinTebisgan
Sedgeba, zogierTi mimdebare ubani ki farTo prospeqtebiT gamoirCeva.
mosaxleobis umravlesoba motorizebul transports, velosipediT an
fexiT gadaadgalebas amjobinebs.

dasavluri qalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebel saqmian ubans aq ver naxavT.

bankebisa da ofisebis umravlesoba centridan moSorebiT mdebareobs.
Zvel qalaqSi uamravi mcire biznesia, romlebic, ZiriTadad, komerciul
miznebs emsaxureba. maRaziebis farTi ramdenime futs ar aRemateba.

29
zogierT adgilas warmoeba da gayidva erToblivad mimdinareobs. qalaqSi
bevr quCis vaWars SexvdebiT. axali delis ubnebi SedarebiT gaxsnilia
da mSvidi. aq dasaqmebuli adamianebi, urbanuli teritoriis sazRvrebidan
ramdenime milis daSorebiT, ufro keTilmowyobil ubnebSi cxovroben.
qalaqis bolos ganlagebul droebiT dasaxlebul punqtebs qalaqTan
mravali samarSruto xazi akavSirebs. droebiTi dasaxlebebi axlad
ganTavisuflebel an gauSenebel teritoriebze, maT Soris,
sazogadoebriv parkebSi da odezRac keTilmowyobil ubnebSi Cndeba.
droebiTi dasaxleba zogjer mcire dajgufebas, zogjer ki aTasobiT
adamians aerTianebs. qalaqis xelisufleba qalaqs amgvari dasaxlebebidan
periodulad aTavisuflebs, ris Sedegad isini sxva adgilas inacvleben.

mexiko

laTinuri amerikis mniSvnelovan qalaqebs gars didi, naxevrad

dangreuli ubnebi akravs, romlebSic, axal emigrantebTan erTad,
urbanuli ganaxlebisa an gzebis mSeneblobis Sedegad, usaxlkarod
darCenili ojaxebic cxovroben. mexikoSi mosaxleobis mesameds gamdinare
wyliT sargebloba ar SeuZlia, SenobaTa meoTxedi ki ar aris aRWurvili
kanalizaciis milebiT. qalaqi Zvel centrs, saqmian da gasarTob ubnebsa
da keTilmowyobil sacxovrebel teritorias moicavs (turistebis
umravlesoba mxolod am ubnebs naxulobs). mTel gare perimetrze
dangreuli Zveli saxlebia ganlagebuli. qalaqSi saxelmwifos mier
subsidirebuli bevri saxlia, magram amgvari binis mflobelobas iseTi
Semosavali sWirdeba, romelic qalaqis mosaxleobis 40 procents Tu
gaaCnia. saxlis kerZo bazarze SeZena an daqiraveba mosaxleobis mxolod
10 procents SeuZlia. aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis mosaxleobis
umravlesobas sacxovrebel farTze xeli ar miuwvdeba. adamianebi Tavad
cdiloben sacxovreblis moZiebas. isini miwas aTavisufleben da sakuTar
saxlebs aSeneben. amgvari gansaxleba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, ukanonoa,
magram qalaqis xelisufleba am qmedebaze Tvals xuWavs.

mexikoSi ,,popularuli sacxovreblisTvis” gankuTvnili sami tipis ubani

arsebobs. colonias proletarias TviTnagebi droebiTi sacxovreblebia,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, qalaqis ganapiras ukanonod Sendeba. mexikos
mosaxleobis naxevarze meti amgvar saxlebSi cxovrobs. am teritoriis
binadrebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, spontanurad ki ar saxldebian, aramed
isini adgilobrivi xelisuflebisa da kerZo, ukanonod
momqmedEdeveloperTa SeTanxmebis safuZvelzea organizebuli.
developerebs organizatorTa sakuTari adgilobrivi qseli aqvT,
romelsac mosaxleebi regularulad fuls uxdian. colonias mier
dakavebuli teritoriebi Tavidan sazogadoebriv an komunalur
mflobelobaSi imyofeba da, konstituciis Tanaxmad, gayidvas da
gasxvisebas ar eqvemdebareba.

sacxovreblis meore tipi vecindadas an dangreuli gareubnebia. aseTi

ubnebi, ZiriTadad, Zveli qalaqisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, sadac
dazianebul gaqiravebul saxlSi erTad mravali ojaxi cxovrobs. aseTi
sacxovrebliT ori milioni adamiani sargeblobs, maT iseTive mZime
pirobebi aqvT, rogorc droebiT saxlebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas. mesame
tipi ciudades perdidas an dangreuli qalaqebia. es qalaqi colonias proletarias

30
hgavs, magram, periferiis nacvlad, qalaqis centrSi mdebareobs. bolo
dros qalaqis xelisuflebam zogierTi aseTi dasaxleba gaauqma da
mosaxleebi sxva ubnebSi gadasaxldnen.

mexikos federaluri raionis 94 procenti gaSenebuli teritoriebisgan

Sedgeba, Tavisufali sivrce sul 6 procentia. aq gacilebiT ufro
naklebi ,,gamwvanebuli sivrce” - parkebi da didi gamwvanebuli miwebia -
vidre mWidrod dasaxlebul Crdilo amerikul an evropul qalaqebSi. am
qalaqis yvelaze didi problema haeris dabinZurebaa, rasac, ZiriTadad,
avtomobilebiT, avtobusebiTa da satvirTo manqanebiT araadekvaturad
gadatvirTuli gzebi da sxva damabinZurebeli industriebi iwvevs.
gamoTvlebiT dadginda, rom mexikoSi cxovreba dReSi ormoci sigaretis
mowevis ekvivalenturia. 1992 wlis martSi haeris dabinZurebam umaRles
dones miaRwia. maSin, rodesac janmrTelobisTvis ozonis
damakmayofilebeli done 100 quliT fasdeba, erT TveSi aqaurma
maCvenebelma 398 qulas miaRwia. mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi, qarxnebi daexura, skolebSi swavla Sewyda da
maqanebis 40 procents quCaSi moZraoba aekrZala. erT-erTma
damkvirvebelma im periodis qalaqi Semdegnairad aRwera: ,,zemodan Tu
gadmoixedav... monacrisfro-moyavisfro burusSi verafers dainaxav; iseTi
STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos mexikoSi arnaxuli TqeSia. sinamdvileSi
qalaqi mSralia da mtvriani – is mxolod ,,ozonSi” banaobs (Reid 1992).

sul ocdaaTi wliT adre karlos fuentesma romans mexikos Sesaxeb La

Region Mas Transparente – ,,sadac aseTi sufTa haeria” uwoda.

qalaqebi da Warbi mosaxleoba

mesame msoflios yvelaze did qalaqebSi uamravi xalxi cxovrobs, rac,

nawilobriv, mosaxleobis zrdiT, nawilobriv ki, samuSaos Ziebisa da
sakuTar regionebSi siRaribidan Tavis daRwevis mcdelobiT aris
ganpirobebuli. am adamianebis mdgomareoba qalaqSi bevrad ar
umjobesdeba, magram qalaqSi dasaxlebul macxovrebelTa umravlesoba
ukan aRar brundeba.

industriul qveynebSi mcxovreb adamianebs albaT hgoniaT, rom mesame

msoflios qveynebis mosaxleobis zrda maTi sazrunavi ar aris da am
sazogadoebebma, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tavad unda gadaWran maTi problema.
es swori midgoma ar aris da Tu msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedis
mimarT moralur valdebulebas gamovricxavT, amis dasabuTeba kidev ori
mizeziT aris SesaZlebeli.

pirveli mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mesame msoflios mosaxleobis

zrdas dasavleTis gavlena ganapirobebs. es, garkveulwilad, sasargeblo
gavlenaa, romelic higienasa da jandacvas gulisxmobs. magram
dasavleTis gavlenis gamo, es qveynebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze gaxdnen
damokidebuli, ramac maTi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis rRveva gamoiwvia.
Tu dRevandeli maCvenebeli ar Seicvleba, msoflio mosaxleoba imdenad
gaizrdeba, rom samyaro globaluri katastrofis winaSe dadgeba.
SezRudul resursebze zewola globalur konfliqts gamoiwvevs, rac
seriozuli omebiT dasruldeba.

31
TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove industriuli qveyana, warsulTan SedarebiT,
Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis dabali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva. maS, ratom
gaizarda ase sagrZnoblad msoflios mosaxleoba? mesame msoflios
umravles qveynebSi Tanamedrove medicinisa da higienis danergvam
sikvdilianobis swrafi Semcireba gamoiwvia. magram Sobadobis
maCvenebeli mainc maRali darCa. am kombinaciis wyalobiT, mesame
msoflios qveynebSi, industriuli qveynebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli
asakobrivi struqtura Camoyalibda. magaliTad, mexikoSi TxuTmet wlamde
asakis mosaxleobis radenoba 45 procents udris. industriul qveynebSi
ki es asakobrivi jgufi mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxeds Seadgens.
araindustriul qveynebSi araTanabari asakobrivi ganawileba axal
socialur da ekonomikur sirTuleebs ganapirobebs. axalgazrda
mosaxleobas mxardaWera da ganaTleba esaWiroeba da es asakobrivi
jgufi naklebi ekonomikuri produqtiulobiT gamoirCeva. mesame
msoflios qveynebi ki universaluri ganaTlebiT uzrunvelsayofad
sakmaris resurss ar floben, amitom bavSvebma an sruli datvirTviT
unda imuSaon, an quCebSi icxovron da imaTxovron. momwifebis periodSi
quCis bavSvebis umravlesoba umuSevaria, zogierTs saxlic ar gaaCnia,
zogi ki orives naklebobas ganicdis.

cvlilebis perspeqtivebi

mesame msoflios qveynebi, didi ojaxisadmi tradiciuli midgomis

SenarCunebis wyalobiT, isev nayofierebiT gamoirCeva. bevri Svilis
yolas kvlav mravali ojaxi cdilobs, fermerebisTvis es damatebiTi
samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofis saSualebac aris. zogierTi religia
Sobadobis kontrols ewinaaRmdegeba an mravalSviliani ojaxebis
prioritets adasturebs. kontracefcia mravali qveynis islamis
liderisTvis da kaTolikuri eklesiisTvisac miuRebelia, rac,
gansakuTrebiT, samxreT da centralur amerikaSi igrZnoba. nayofierebis
Semcirebis waxaliseba arc politikuri xelisuflebis mxridan aris
mosalodneli. 1974 wels argentinaSi amoqmedda programa, romelic
mosaxleobis rac SeiZleba swrafad gaormagebis mizniT,
kontraceptivebis moxmarebis akrZalvasac gulisxmobda. es procesi
qveynis ekonomikuri da samxedro ganviTarebis saSualebad iqna miCneuli.

Tumca mesame msoflios zogierT did qveyanaSi nayofierebis Semcireba

sabolod mainc aRiniSna. magaliTad, CineTSi amJamad 1 miliardi adamiani
cxovrobs, rac TiTqmis msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxedia. CineTis
mTavrobam mosaxleobis kontrolis erT-erTi yvelaze eqstensiuri
programa aamoqmeda, romelic qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobis
amJamindeli donis stabilur SenarCunebas isaxavda miznad. mTavrobam
erTSviliani ojaxebis waxalisebis saSualebebi (magaliTad, ukeTesi
sacxovrebeli da ufaso jandacva da ganaTleba) SemoiRo. ojaxs ki,
romelsac erTze meti Svili hyavs, specialurad dawesebul
sirTuleebTan (mesame Svilis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, xelfasi eqviTebaT)
uxdeba gamklaveba. am samTavrobo programis amoqmedebis Semdeg,
zogierTma ojaxma eqstremalur gzebs mimarTa da mdedrobiTi sqesis
Cvilebis mokvla daiwyo. faqtebi imaze metyvelebs, rom Sobadobis
winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulma CineTis sastikma politikam mosaxleobaze

32
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. Tumca, meore mxriv, am midgomas qveyanaSi
didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. erTSviliani mSoblebi normalur ojaxebad
rTulad aRiqmeba.

CineTSi ganxorcielebuli programa centralizebul samTavrobo

kontrols moiTxovs, rac sxva bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis miuRebeli
da xelmiuwvdomeli amocanaa. magaliTad, indoeTSi ojaxis dagegmvis
xelSewyobis bevri sqema da kontraceptivebis moxmarebac mosinjes,
magram am mcdelobas didi warmateba ar mohyolia. indoeTis mosaxleobis
raodenoba 1988 wels 789 milioni iyo. 1975-1985 wlebSi yovelwliuri
zrdis saSualo maCvenebeli 2.3 procents udrida; 1980-dan 2000 wlamde,
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, mosaxleobis zrdis 1.8-procentiani kleba iyo
navaraudevi. 2000 wlisTvis indoeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba,
savaraudod, 1 miliardi unda yofiliyo. mosaxleobis zrdis Semcirebis
SemTxvevaSic ki indoeTSi Zalze mravalricxovani mosaxleoba iqneba.

Znelia winaswar ganWvrito, rogor ganviTardeba soflis meorneobisa da

industriis teqnologia, amitom veravin ityvis, ramdenad SeZlebs
sabolood msoflio uzarmazari mosaxleobis xelSewyobas. mesame
msoflios qveynebSi, globaluri resursebiT uzrunvelyofili
standartebi, industriul qveynebTan SedarebiT, dResac gacilebiT ufro
dabalia. energiis, nedleulisa da sxva produqtis moxmarebis done
dasavlur qveynebSi bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre sxva qveynebSi.
SeerTebuli Statebis yoveli moqalaqe CineTis an indoeTis erT
moqalaqeze 320-jer met energias moixmars. moxmarebis done, nawilobriv,
mesame msoflios regionebidan Semosul resursebzea damokidebuli. Tu
msoflioSi energiis moxmarebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar moxdeba –
magaliTad, ar gaizrdeba mzisa da qaris energiis gamoyeneba – saeWvoa,
rom yovelma adamianma iseTive raodenibis energiis moxmareba SeZlos,
rogorc es dasavleTis qveynebSi xdeba. amJamad, ramdenadac cnobilia,
amisTvis energiis sakmarisi resursi ar arsebobs.

daskvna

ra momavali elis qalaqsa da qalaqis macxovreblebs, mosaxleobis

zrdis pirobebSi? am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebi rTul Tavsatexs
mogvagonebs, romelSic erTi yvelasTvis misaRebi tendencia ar ikveTeba.
industriul qveynebSi qalaqebis gafarToeba, metnaklebad, SeCerebulia.
komunikaciis gaumjobesebuli sistemis wyalobiT, adamianebs axla
samuSao adgilebidan moSorebiT cxovreba SeuZliaT. garda amisa, maT
Tavad samuSao adgilebic uaxlovdebaT, radgan axali industriebic
qalaqis centridan moSorebiT aris ganTavsebuli. zogierT,
gansakuTrebiT Zvel manufaqturul industriebze damokidebul qalaqebSi,
mosaxleobis Semcireba gagrZeldeba, radgan adamianebi aseT qalaqebs
toveben da sacxovreblad sxva regionebSi gadadian. es garemoeba xels
uwyobs jentrifikaciis ganviTarebas. rac ufro mZime mdgomareobaSia
centraluri qalaqebi, miT ufro didia jentrifikaciis ganviTarebis
albaToba; miwa imdenad iafdeba, rom aRdgenas didi Tanxebi aRar
sWirdeba.

33
maSin, rodesac industriul qveynebSi qalaqebi stabilur dones
inarCunebs da mosaxleoba mcirdeba, ganviTarebadi sazogadoebebi isev
farTovdeba. mesame msoflios qveynebis qalaqebSi pirobebi kidev ufro
uaresdeba, gansakurebiT urbaneli RaribebisTvis. rogori mniSvnelovanic
ar unda iyos industriuli qveynebis problemebi, mesame msoflios
problemebTan SedarebiT, isini martivad mogeCvenebaT.

Sejameba

1. tradiciuli qalaqi Tanamedrove urbanuli teritoriebisgan

mravali niSniT gansxvavdeboda. Tanamedrove standartis mixedviT,
Zveli qalaqi patara iyo, gars kedeli ertya, centrSi ki
religiuri Senobebisa da sasaxleebis siWarbe igrZnoboda.
2. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, urbanul teritoriebze mosaxleobis
Zalze mcire raodenoba cxovrobda. dRevandel industriul
qveynebSi, qalaqSi mosaxleobis 60-dan 90 procentamde cxovrobs.
urbanizmi swrafad viTardeba mesame msoflios qveynebSic.
3. urbanuli sociologiis adreul midgomebze didi gavlena
moaxdines Cikagos skolis Sromebma. am skolis warmomadgenlebi
urbanul procesebs biologiidan aRebuli ekologiuri modelebis
fonze ganixilavdnen. luis virtma urbanizmis, rogorc cxovrebis
wesis, koncefcia SeimuSava. misi azriT, qalaqis cxovreba xels
uwyobs karCaketilobasa da socialur distancias. am midgomebma
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia, magram aqtualoba SeinarCuna.
kritikosTa azriT, qalaqis cxovreba yovelTvis karCaketilobas ar
gulisxmobs da piradi axlo kavSirebis damyareba urbanul
ubnebSic aris SesaZlebeli.
4. devis harvisa da manuel kastelsis bolodroindeli Sromebi
urbanizms farToO sazogadoebas ukavSirebs da urbanul procesebs
ganyenebulad ar ganixilavs. cxovrebis stili, romelic qalaqis
macxovreblebs uviTardebaT, agreTve sxvadasxva ubnis fizikuri
ganlageba, industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebis zogad
Tvisebebs gamoxatavs.
5. gareubnebis gafarToebam Sida qalaqis rRvevas Seuwyo xeli.
SeZlebuli jgufebi da saqmosnebi centraluri qalaqidan gasvlas
cdiloben, raTa ufro dabali adgilobrivi gadasaxadebiT
isargeblon. ngrevis cikli mudmivad grZeldeba – rac ufro
izrdeba gareubani, miT meti problemis winaSe dganan centraluri
qalaqis macxovreblebi. urbanuli ganaxleba – Zveli Senobebis
axali mizniT gamoyeneba _ bevri didi qalaqisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli, magram Sida qalaqis rRvevas es procesi naklebad
exeba.
6. dRevandel dRes urbanuli analizis dros mzad unda viyoT
globaluri da lokaluri sakiTxebis erTmaneTTan
dasakavSireblad. urbanul ganviTarebaze zemomqmedi adgilobrivi
faqtorebi zogjer ufro masStaburi procesebis nawilia.
adgilobrivi ubnebis struqtura, maTi zrdisa da Semcirebis
maxasiaTeblebi, xSirad, saerTaSoriso industriul warmoebaSi
arsebul cvlilebebs asaxavs.

34
 7. sociologiis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, globalizaciis procesi
urbanizmzec axdens gavlenas. klasifikaciis axalma modelma xuTi
axali tipis qalaqi gamoavlina: saTao qalaqi, inovaciuri centri,
modulTa warmoebis adgili, mesame msoflios karibWe da
pensionerTa centrebi.
8. mesame msoflios qveynebSi urbanuli ganviTarebis masobrivi
procesebi mimdinareobs. am sazogadoebebis qalaqebi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba dasavleTis qalaqebisgan, radgan isini droebiTi
ukanono mSeneblobebiTa da uaRresad mZime pirobebiT gamorCeva.

damatebiTi literatura

Jim K emeny, Housing and Social Theory (London: Routledge, 1991). kvleva, romelic
gansaxlebis problemas mecnierebisa da sociologiis sferoSi mimdinare
debatebs ukavSirebs.

Anthony D . K ing, Global Cities (London: Routledge, 1991). amtkicebs, rom

Tanamedrove qalaqis gageba globalur midgomas moiTxovs.

Paul Lawless, Britain’s Inner Cities (London: Chapmen, 1989). msjelobs Sida qalaqis
ganviTarebasa da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis
SesaZlebel politikaze.

Suzanne Ma cgregor and Ben P imlott, Tackling the Inner Cities (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1991).ganixilavs britaneTis dRevandeli Sida qalaqebis mdgomareobas.

Richard Se nnet, The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities (London:
Faber and Faber, 1993). istoriul WrilSi ganxiluli, urbanuli cxovrebis
bunebis warmosaxviTi interpretacia.

Philip J. Waller, Town, City and Nation: England 1850-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1991).
mecxramete - meoce saukuneebis urbanizaciis socialuri mdgomareobis
analizi

mniSvnelovani terminebi

• urbanizacia
• konurbacia
• megapolisi
• ekologiuri midgoma
• Sida qalaqi
• urbanuli ekologia
• Seqmnili garemo
• koleqtiuri moxmareba
• suburbanizacia
• urbanuli ganaxleba
• saTao qalaqi
• inovaciis centri

35
• modulTa warmoebis adgili
• mesame msoflios karibWe
• globaluri qalaqi

36
 Tavi 18
revoluciebi da socialuri moZraobebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

revoluciis gansazRvreba

rusuli revolucia

Teoriebi revoluciis Sesaxeb

marqsis Teoria. jeims devisi: ratom

xdeba revoluciebi? Carlz Tilis
protestis Teoria.

brbo, amboxi da
koleqtiuri qmedebis sxva formebi

socialuri moZraobebi
socialuri moZraobebis klasificireba. Ffeministuri
moZraobebi.

socialuri moZraobebi da sociologia

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

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 ZiriTadi cnebebi
revolucia, Zaladoba,
Kkoleqtiuri qmedeba, socialuri moZraoba

1989 wels, berlinis cnobili kedeli, romelic dasavleT

berlins imisagan yofda, rac Semdeg komunisturi germania gaxda,
daingra dasavleT germaniis xelisuflebis mier. aTasobiT
aRmosavleT germaneli, romlebsac arasodes hqoniaT SesaZlebloba,
Casuliyvnen gayofili qalaqis dasavleT nawilSi, niaRvariviT
wamovida. es movlena erT-erTi udidesi dResaswauli iyo. adamianebi
kedlis orive mxares, romlebsac TavianTi naTesavebi oci wlis
manZilze ar enaxaT, kvlav SeuerTdnen maTTvis Zvirfas adamianebs.
Bberlinis kedlis dacema arsebiTi cvlilebis simbolos
warmoadgenda Tanamedrove msoflios istoriaSi: civi omis
dasasrulis simbolos. Ees iyo im uzarmazari cvlilebebis jaWvis
nawili, rac ufro adre iyo aRwerili (Tavi 13) da ramac jer
aRmosavleT evropuli komunizmis gaqrobasTan migviyvana, xolo
Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris saboloo daSlasTan. ZiriTadi socialuri
Zala, ramac es cvlilebebi moitana, masobrivi mRelvareba iyo. amave
wels, aTasobiT adamiani gamovida quCaSi protestis gamosaxatavad,
aRmosavleT germaniis garda, aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi _
poloneTSi, CexoslovakiaSi, bulgareTSi da rumineTSi _ maT
qveynebze sabWoTa kavSiris batonobis winaaRmdeg da politikuri da
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis moTxovniT. maTma qmedebebma gamoiwvia am
qveynebSi komunisturi mTavrobebis saboloo ngreva da maTi Secvla
mTavrobis formebiT, romlebic Seiqmna dasavleT evropisa da
SeerTebuli Statebis modelebis mixedviT.
1989 weli `revoluciis wlad~ iqna aRiarebuli; da marTlac,
transformaciebi, romlebic maSin da momdevno periodSi,
aRmosavleT evropasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi moxda, namdvilad

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gamorCeuli iyo. magram ra aris revolucia? rogoria is
socialuri pirobebi, romelsac revoluciur cvlilebamde
mivyavarT? ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli saprotesto moZraobebis da
amboxis saukeTeso analizi? Ees aris kiTxvebi, romlebsac unda
vupasuxoT winamdebare TavSi.
erTma revoluciam yvelaze didi gavlena moaxdina msoflio
istoriaze meoce saukuneSi: es iyo 1917 wlis revolucia ruseTSi.
igi sabWoTa kavSiris SeqmniT dasrulda da komunisturi
sazogadoebebi aRmosavleT evropaSic gavrcelda. es swored is
sazogadoebebi iyo, romlebic 1989 wlis revoluciebis Sedegad
daeca.
Tumca, Tavdapirvelad unda gairkves, ras niSnavs Tavad
termini `revolucia.~

revoluciis gansazRvreba

saWiroa, zedmiwevniT zustad ganisazRvros cneba revolucia.

mas mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs:
• revolucia masobrivi socialuri moZraobaa. igi gamoricxavs
iseT situacias, rodesac romelime partia arCevnebis gziT modis
mTavrobaSi, an rodesac mcire jgufi, magaliTad, samxedro
meTaurebi xelSi igdeben Zalauflebas.
• revolucia reformebisa da cvlilebebis farTomasStabian
procesebs iwvevs (Skocpol 1979). rogorc jon dani miuTiTebs, es
niSnavs, rom xelisuflebaSi mosulebi namdvilad ukeTesad
SeZleben sazogadoebis marTvas da kontrolis ganxorcielebas,
vidre isini, vinc maT Camoagdes; liderebma unda SeZlon, Tundac
zogierTi dasaxuli miznis ganxorcieleba (Dunn 1972). im
sazogadoebaSi, sadac aseTi moZraoba Zalauflebis mxolod
formalur niSnebs iZens, magram Semdeg efeqturi marTva ar

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 ZaluZs, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom revolucia Sedga; aseTi
sazogadoeba, SesaZloa, qaosis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes an
daSla daemuqros.
• revolucia gulisxmobs Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaras an mis
realur gamoyenebas mis monawileTa mxridan. revoluciebi
politikuri cvlilebebia, ganxorcielebuli wina xelisuflebis
mowinaaRmdegeTa mier, radgan SeuZlebeli iyo am xelisuflebis
darwmuneba, daeTmo Zalaufleba, Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaris
an misi realuri gamoyenebis gareSe.
am sami kriteriumis kombinirebiT, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
revolucia, rogorc Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba, rac xSirad
gulisxmobs, masobrivi moZraobis liderebis mier Zaladobis
gamoyenebas, politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad, romelic
Semdgom gamoyenebulia socialuri reformis mniSvnelovani
procesebis inicirebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, 1989 wlis movlenebi
namdvilad revoluciebi iyo. maTSi masobrivi socialuri
moZraobebi iyo CarTuli. Zaladobis muqara zogjer (magaliTad,
rumineTSi) realurad iyo gamoyenebuli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg; da am movlenebma gamoiwvia
socialuri reformis arsebiTi procesebi.
1989 wlis revoluciebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, yvelaze
axalia revoluciuri cvlilebebis istoriaSi, romelic me-18
saukunidan iwyeba. 1776 wlis amerikuli revolucia da 1789 wlis
franguli revolucia, yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTebi iyo
meTvramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Tavisuflebis, moqalaqeobis da
Tanasworobis idealebi, romlis saxeliTac es revoluciebi iyo
Cafiqrebuli, fundamentur politikur Rirebulebebad gadaiqca.
marTlac, swored es Rirebulebebi daedo safuZvlad 1989 wlis
moZraobas aRmosavleT evropaSi. Ffaqtobrivad, meTvramete saukunis
revoluciebma iTamaSes ZiriTadi roli, umetesi dasavluri

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sazogadoebebis politikuri sistemebis CamoyalibebaSi, da ara
mxolod SeerTebul Statebsa da safrangeTSi. Tumca, TiTqmis yvela
revolucia, romelic msoflioSi meoce saukuneSi moxda, 1989 wlis
movlenebis CaTvliT, ganviTarebad qveynebSi dafiqsirda, rogoricaa
ruseTi, CineTi, meqsika, TurqeTi, egvipte, vietnami, kuba da mesame
msoflios sxva qveynebi.
Mmomdevno nawilSi, Cven ganvixilavT rusuli revoluciis
warmoSobasa da mis Sedegebs; Cven mas viyenebT, rogorc magaliTs
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom xdeba revoluciebi. Semdeg, ufro
zogadad, ganvixilavT revoluciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
aspeqts – socialur moZraobebs. Yyvela revolucia gulisxmobs
socialur moZraobebs, Tumca socialuri moZraobebi scildeba
revoluciuri cvlilebis situaciebs. socialuri moZraobebi
sxvadasxva formiTa da zomiT vlindeba da Zalze Zlieri gavlena
aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze.

rusuli revolucia

1917 wlis wina periodSi, ruseTi ekonomiurad CamorCenili

sazogadoeba iyo, avtokratuli mmarTvelobiT; mas carebi
marTavdnen (imperatorebi an mefeebi). Mmosaxleobis umetesoba
soflad, siRaribeSi cxovrobda, da caristuli reJimi maTi
umravlesobisTvis diqtatoruli iyo, romelic saidumlo policias
da informatorebs iyenebda disidentebis CamosaSoreblad. baton-
ymoba (anu monoba) ruseTSi 1860 wlamde arsebobda. mTavrobis
gadawyvetileba ymebis ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, nawilobriv,
sazogadoebis modernizacias emsaxureboda, imis gamo, rom
CamorCeboda wamyvan evropul Zalebs samxedro saqmeSi. ruseTi
damarcxda yirimis omSi 1854-5 wlebSi da kvlav damarcxeba ganicada
1904-5 wlis brZolebSi iaponiasTan. UumTavresad am damarcxebebis

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sapasuxod, miRebul iqna sainvesticio programebi industriis
ganviTarebaSi; kerZod, axali gzebis da rkinigzis mSenebloba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli ekonomikuri warmatebebi miRweul
iqna, caristuli mTavroba Zalze tradiciuli iyo imisaTvis, rom
daTanxmeboda safuZvliani socialuri reformebis ganxorcielebas,
rogorc es evropul qveynebSi moxda.
1905 wlisTvis, rusul sazogadoebaSi ukve SeiniSneboda
mniSvnelovani daZabuloba. swrafi industrializaciis dawyebam,
samrewvelo muSebis axali klasi warmoSva, romelTa cxovrebis
pirobebi iseTive gausaZlisi iyo, rogoric glexTa umetesobis.
muSebi, romlebic CamoSorebulni iyvnen politikaSi monawileobas
da aseve, sakuTari profkavSirebis organizebas, sul ufro
mtrulad ganwyobilni xdebodnen mTavrobis mimarT. (glexebis
ukmayofileba mefeebis mimarT kidev ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
mwifdeboda.) 1904-5 wlis ruseT-iaponiis omis dros, qarxnis muSebsa
da samxedro Zalebs imedgacrueba daeufla omis ganviTarebaSi da
ajanyeba moawyves. igi mxolod imis gamo Cawynarda, rom mTavrobam
saswrafod dado zavi iaponelebTan, dasaja amboxebuli razmebi da
aiZula isini, CaexSoT muSaTa ajanyeba. nikoloz meorem gaatara
ramdenime umniSvnelo reforma, magaliTad, Camoayaliba
warmomadgenlobiTi parlamenti, Tumca gaauqma igi, rogorc ki
igrZno, rom kvlav gaamyara Tavisi Zalaufleba.
1905 da 1917 wlebs Soris, mniSvnelovani ukmayofileba
SeiniSneboda muSebsa da glexebSi, rac mraval ajanyebaSi
gamoixata. zogierT ajanyebas bolSevikebi xelmZRvanelobdnen,
partia, romelic socializmisa da marqsizmis erTgulebas
aRiarebda. AaseTi partiebis zegavlena, pirveli msoflio omis (1914-
18) dasawyisSi gaizarda, romlis drosac ruseTs Zalian ar
gaumarTla da gacilebiT mZime Sedegebi miiRo, vidre winandel
omebSi, vinaidan aq adamianebis Zalze didi raodenoba iyo CarTuli.

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ruseTs 15-milioniani armia hyavda, Tumca ver axerxebda mis
sakmarisad aRWurvas, germanelebis dasamarcxeblad. mravali
milioni adamiani iyo mokluli, daWrili da datyvevebuli am omSi.
sursaTisa da sawvavis nakleboba did sasowarkveTilebas
iwvevda mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi, vinaidan mTeli resursebi omis
warmoebas xmardeboda. rogorc SeZlebulebis, aseve Raribebis
jgufebi mtkiced daupirispirdnen mTavrobas. nikoloz meore Tavis
xelisuflebas absoluturi mmarTvelobiT amyarebda da Tavisi
ucnauri mrCevlis rasputinis mier iyo marTuli; igi sul ufro da
ufro izolirebuli xdeboda. 1917 wlis martSi, petrogradSi,
muSebma da jariskacebma gaficvebisa da amboxebebis seria
wamoiwyes, rac mTel dasavleT ruseTSi swrafad gavrcelda. mefe
iZulebuli gaxda, gadamdgariyo; Seiqmna axali, droebiTi mTavroba.
am droisTvis, armia met-naklebad daiSala da jariskacebis
umravlesoba saxlebs daubrunda. Gglexebma daiwyes memamuleebisgan
ZaliT miwis warTmeva, xolo droebiTi mTavroba uZluri iyo,
gamklaveboda muSebisa da demobilizebuli jariskacebis mudmiv
mRelvarebas. leninma, bolSevikebis liderma, gadawyvita
xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba; misi cnobili lozungi `qarxnebi -
muSebs, miwa - glexebs, mSvidoba - jariskacebs,~ iyo mimarTva
uuflebo masebis misamarTiT. 1917 wlis oqtomberSi, bolSevikebma
Zalis gamoyenebiT gadaadgdes droebiTi mTavroba. SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis reorganizaciis, misi wiTel armiad Camoyalibebis da
umZimesi samoqalaqo omidan warmatebuli gamosvlis Semdeg, sabWoTa
mTavroba Seudga fundamenturi socialuri cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebas; ase Caeyara safuZveli imas, rac Semdeg gadaiqca
meore yvelaze Zlier samrewvelo da samxedro Zalad msoflioSi.
ruseTis revolucia, garkveuli azriT, uCveulo iyo.
Ggaficvebma, romlebmac Ziri gamouTxara caristul reJims, ufro
spontanuri iyo da ufro masStaburad mimdinareobda, vidre sxva

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revoluciebSi Cvens saukuneSi. 1917 wlis dasawyisSi, bolSevikebic
ki ar moelodnen imas, rom revolucia SeiZleba ase mokle droSi
momxdariyo. amasTan, rusuli gamocdileba bevrs gvaswavlis
zogadad Tanamedrove revoluciebis Sesaxeb. Ppirveli, Cven vxedavT,
rom revoluciebi, savaraudod, omis fonze xdeba – Tumca, 1989
wels ase ar momxdara. gaWianurebuli omi daZabulobas matebs
arsebul instituciebs da, SesaZloa, mTavrobis mxardaWeris
mkveTri vardniT dasruldes. ukmayofileba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi,
uunaros xdis xelisuflebas, daTrgunos opoziciis winaaRmdegoba.
meore, glexebma – soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulebma – SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSon. rusuli revoluciis win, mraval
admians (leninis CaTvliT) sjeroda, rom glexebi konservatuli
Zala iqneboda, mihyvebodnen cxovrebis tradiciul gzas da
naklebad SesaZlebeli iqneboda, SeerTebodnen raime moZraobas
radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebisaTvis. Ees mosazreba, rogorc
davinaxeT, mcdari aRmoCnda.

revoluciis Teoriebi

imis gamo, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze, revoluciebma

ase mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa msoflio istoriaSi, ar aris
gasakviri mravali gansxvavebuli Teoriis arseboba, romelic maT
axsnas cdilobs. zogierTi Teoria socialuri mecnierebebis
istoriis adreul periodSi Seiqmna; maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani
karl marqsis Teoriaa. marqss, romelic imaze karga xniT adre
cxovrobda, vidre misi ideebiT nakarnaxevi revoluciebi moxdeboda,
surda, misi ideebi ara marto revoluciuri cvlilebis pirobebis
analizisTvis gamoeyenebinaT, aramed amgvari cvlilebebis
gamosawvevad. rogoric ar unda iyos maTi sandooba, marqsis ideebma

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uzarmazari gavlena iqonia meoce saukuneSi momxdar socialur
cvlilebebze.
revoluciis Sesaswavlad, ganvixilavT sam Teorias. es aris:
marqsis Sexedulebebi, jeims devisis mier SemoTavazebuli
revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri molodinebis gazrdis
Teoria, da istoriis sociologis Carlz Tilis mier
SemoTavazebuli koleqtiuri protestis interpretaciis Teoria.

Mmarqsis Teoria

marqsis Tvalsazrisi revoluciaze efuZneba zogadad

kacobriobis istoriis miseul interpretacias (ix. Tavi 1). Mmarqsis
mixedviT, sazogadoebebis ganviTareba perioduli klasobrivi
konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba, da rodesac es konfliqtebi mwvavdeba,
isini revoluciuri cvlilebis procesiT sruldeba. Kklasobrivi
brZolebi sazogadoebebSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebidan _
gadauWreli daZabulobidan warmoiSoba; winaaRmdegobis ZiriTadi
wyaro, SesaZloa, ekonomikur cvlilebaSi an sawarmoo Zalebis
cvlilebaSi vipovoT. Nnebismier stabilur sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
balansi ekonomikur struqturas, socialur urTierTobebsa da
politikur sistemas Soris. sawarmoo Zalebis SecvlasTan erTad,
winaaRmdegoba mZafrdeba, rac klasebis Ria Sejaxebas iwvevs – da
sabolood revolucias.
marqsma es modeli miuyena rogorc feodalizmis warsul
ganviTarebas, aseve samrewvelo kapitalizmis SesaZlebel momaval
evolucias. evropis tradiciuli feodaluri sazogadoebebi
glexur warmoebaze iyo dafuZnebuli; mwarmoeblebi ymebi iyvnen,
romlebsac miwaTmflobeli aristokratebi an wvrili memamuleebi
marTavdnen. am sazogadoebebSi momxdarma ekonomikurma cvlilebebma
qalaqebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia, sadac vaWroba da warmoeba

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ganviTarda. es axali ekonomikuri sistema feodaluri sazogadoebis
farglebSi Seiqmna, rac mis Zireul safuZvlebs daeumuqra.
tradiciul baton-ymur damokidebulebebze damyarebuli
urTierTobebis nacvlad, axali ekonomikuri wesrigi xels uwyobda,
mwarmoeblebs ewarmoebinaT saqoneli Ria bazrebze gasatanad.
sabolood, winaaRmdegoba Zvel feodalur da axlad warmoqmnil
ekonomikas Soris Zalze gamwvavda, ramac Zlieri konfliqtis forma
miiRo aRmaval kapitalistur klassa da feodal miwaTmflobelebs
Soris. am procesis Sedegi revolucia gaxda, risi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani magaliTi 1789 wlis safrangeTis revolucia iyo.
marqsi Tvlida, rom amgvari revoluciebisa da revoluciuri
cvlilebebis saSualebiT, rac sxva evropul sazogadoebebSic
xdeboda, kapitalisturma klasma SeZlo gabatonebuli gavlena
moepovebina.
Tumca, marqsis mixedviT, industriuli kapitalizmis mosvla
axal winaaRmdegobebs iwvevs, rasac sabolood revoluciebis
Semdgom seriebTan mivyavarT da rac komunizmis idealebiT aris
gamowveuli. Kkomunizmis qveS, marqsi gulisxmobda mrewvelobis
flobas sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, da ara calkeuli
indvidebis mier. samrewvelo kapitalizmi _ ekonomikuri wesrigi,
romelic dafuZnebulia pirad mogebaze da firmebs Soris
konkurenciaze produqtis gasayidad _ qmnis ganxeTqilebas mdidar
umciresobas, romelic akontrolebs samrewvelo resurebs, da
daqiravebuli muSebis Rarib umravlesobas Soris. muSebi da
kapitalistebi sul ufro mZafr konfliqtSi modian erTmaneTTan.
muSaTa moZraobebi da politikuri partiebi, romlebic warmoadgenen
muSa mosaxleobis masis interesebs, bolosdabolos gamowvevas
ucxadeben kapitalisturi klasis mmarTvelobas da amxoben arsebul
politikur sistemas. Mmarqss sjeroda, rom, rodesac gabatonebuli
klasis poziciebi gansakuTrebiT gamyarebulia, Zaladoba

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aucilebelia, saWiro cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad. sxva
pirobebSi, es procesi SeiZleba mSvidobianad moxdes, saparlamento
qmedebebis saSualebiT da revolucia (zemoTmotanili
gansazRvrebiT) aRar iyos aucilebeli.

jeims devisi: ratom xdeba revoluciebi?

sociologi jeims devisi, akritikebda ra marqss, aRniSnavda,

rom iyo periodebi istoriaSi, rodesac adamianebi gausaZlis
siRaribeSi cxovrobdnen, Tumca protests ar mimarTavdnen.
gamudmebuli siRaribe an gaWirveba adamianebs revolucionerebad
ar aqcevda. Uufro metad, isini am gaWirvebas moTminebiT an utyvi
sasowarkveTilebiT itandnen. deviss miaCnia, rom socialuri
protesti da, sabolood, revolucia ufro metad maSin xdeba,
rodesac SeiniSneba adamianis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba.
rodesac cxovrebis standartebis gaumjobeseba iwyeba, adamianebis
molodinebic izrdeba. xolo, Tu realur pirobebSi gaumjobesebis
tempi klebulobs, mzardi molodinebis gacruebis gamo, iqmneba
pirobebi amboxisTvis (Davies 1962).
amgvarad, protests absoluturi deprivacia ki ar iwvevs,
aramed SedarebiTi deprivacia – winaaRmdegoba im cxovrebas Soris,
romelsac adamianebi iZulebulni arian misdion, da imas Soris,
risi ganxorcielebac maT realisturad miaCniaT. devisis Teoria
sasargebloa im kavSirebis gasagebad, romelic arsebobs
revoluciasa da Tanamedrove socialur da ekonomikur
ganviTarebas Soris. progresis idealebis zegavlena, ekonomikuri
zrdis molodinebTan erTad, met molodinebs iwvevs, romlebic, Tu
Semdeg gacruvda, protests aRvivebs. aseTi protesti met Zalas
ikrebs Tanasworobis da demokratiuli politikuri monawileobis
ideebis gavrcelebis safuZvelze.

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 Tumca, rogorc amas Carlz Tili aRniSnavda, devisis Teoria
ar gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor da ratom axdenen sxvadasxva jgufebi
mobilizebas revoluciuri cvlilebisTvis. protesti xSirad,
marTlac, SeiZleba gaCndes mzardi molodinebis fonze; imis
gasaazreblad, Tu rogor gadaiqceva igi revoluciur qmedebad, Cven
unda davadginoT, rogor organizdebian jgufebi koleqtiurad,
efeqturi politikuri cvlilebebis mosaxdenad.

Carlz Tilis Pprotestis Teoria

Carlz Tili, Tavis wignSi `mobilizaciidan revoluciamde,~

aanalizebs revoluciuri cvlilebis procesebs, protestisa da
Zaladobis ufro farTo formebis konteqstSi (Tilly 1978). igi
ganasxvavebs koleqtiuri qmedebis oTx ZiriTad komponents _
qmedebis, romelic arsebul wesrigTan sabrZolvelad an mis
dasamxobad aris mimarTuli:
1. monawle jgufis an jgufebis organizacia. saprotesto
moZraobebi mravalnairad aris organizebuli, dawyebuli
spontanurad formirebuli Tavyrilobebidan, mkacrad
disciplinirebul revoluciur jgufebamde. MmagaliTad, moZraoba,
romelsac lenini xelmZRvanelobda, aqtivistebis mcirericxovani
jgufidan daiwyo.
2. mobilizacia _ gzebi, romlis saSualebiTac jgufi
sakmaris resursebs moipovebs koleqtiuri qmedebis
gansaxorcieleblad. aseTi resursebi SeiZleba iyos materialuri
momarageba, politikuri mxardaWera an SeiaraReba. Lleninma SesZlo
materialuri da moraluri mxardaWeris mopoveba rogorc
TanamgrZnobi glexobisgan, aseve qalaqSi mcxovrebi mravali
adamianisgan.

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 3. imaTi saerTo interesebi, vinc koleqtiur qmedebaSia
CarTuli; ra miaCniaT maT maTi politikis ganxorcielebiT miRweul
monapovrad da danakargad. koleqtiuri qmedebis mobilizacias
yovelTvis udevs safuZvlad garkveuli saerTo miznebi. leninma
SesZlo mxardamWerTa farTo koaliciis darazmva, vinaidan bevr
adamians amoZravebda saerTo survili, daemxo arsebuli mTavroba.
4. xelsayreli pirobebi. SesaZloa SemTxveviTi movlenebis
ganviTareba, romlebic iZleva revoluciuri miznebis
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas. koleqtiuri qmedebis mravali
forma, revoluciis CaTvliT, didad aris ganpirobebuli amgvari
SemTxveviTi movlenebiT. Lleninis warmateba ar iyo gardauvali; igi
mraval SemTxveviT faqtorze iyo damokidebuli – maT Soris
warmatebaze brZolaSi. Llenini rom moeklaT, gana iqneboda
SesaZlebeli revolucia?
koleqtiuri qmedeba TavisTavad, SesaZloa, martivad
ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianebis erToblivi Zalisxmeva, maTi
gaziarebuli interesebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. magaliTad,
demonstraciis mowyoba maTi saerTo saqmis dasacavad. am
adamianebidan zogierTi SeiZleba Zalze aqtiurad iyos Cabmuli,
sxvebi SeiZleba ufro pasiurebi iyvnen, an regularulad ver
uWerdnen mxars. Eefeqturi koleqtiuri qmedeba, romelic
revoluciiT mTavrdeba, Cveulebriv, oTxive stadias gadis.
Tilis TvalsazrisiT, socialuri moZraobebi, rogorc
mobilizebuli jgufuri resursi, viTardeba maSin, rodesac
jgufebs ara aqvT sakuTari xmis miwvdenis instituciuri
saSualebebi, an rodesac maTi moTxovnebi pirdapir iTrguneba
qveynis xelisuflebis mier. Tumca, koleqtiuri qmedeba, garkveul
etapze, politikur xelisuflebasTan Ria konfrontacias anu
`quCaSi gasvlas~ gulisxmobs. Ees mxolod maSin xdeba, rodesac
amgvari qmedebis ukan mudmivad organizebuli jgufebi dgas da,

13
rogorc Cans, did zegavlenas axdens Zalauflebis arsebul
sistemaze.
koleqtiuri qmedebis tipiuri modelebi icvleba istoriuli
da kulturuli garemoebebis mixedviT. MmagaliTad, britaneTSi,
dRes, Cveulia demonstraciis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa masobrivi
marSebi, didi mitingebi da quCis aqciebi, miuxedavad imisa,
monawileobs Tu ara adamianTa umravlesoba amgvar aqtivobebSi.
Tumca, koleqtiuri protestis sxva tipebi naklebad misaRebi gaxda
an savsebiT gaqra Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis umetes nawilSi
(aseTebia brZolebi soflebs Soris, manqanebis damtvreva an linCi).
protestebi, SesaZloa, magaliTi gaxdes sxva qveynebisTvisac:
magaliTad, gorilebis moZraobebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi
gavrcelda, rodesac ukmayofilo jgufebma gaiges, Tu rogori
warmatebuli SeiZleba iyos gorilebis qmedebebi regularuli
armiebis winaaRmdeg.
rodis da ratom iZens koleqtiuri qmedeba Zaladobriv
xasiaTs? mravali SemTxvevis Seswavlis Sedegad, rac dasavleT
evropaSi 1800-iani wlebis Semdeg xdeboda, Tili askvnis, rom
TiTqmis yvela koleqtiuri Zaladoba iwyeba iseTi qmedebebisgan,
romelsac Tavdapirvelad Zaladobrivi xasiaTi ara aqvs. Zaladobis
warmoqmna imdenad aqtivobis xasiaTze ar aris damokidebuli,
rogorc sxva faqtorebze, kerZod, xelisuflebis reaqciaze. karg
magaliTs quCis demonstracia warmoadgens. amgvari demonstraciebis
umetesoba safrTxes ar uqmnis adamianebsa da maT qonebas.
umciresobas demonstraciebi ZaladobasTan mihyavs, rasac Semdeg
areulobebi mohyveba. xelisufleba, zogjer, iZulebulia Caerios
ukve momxdar ZaladobaSi; Tumca, rogorc istoriuli Canawerebi
gvidasturebs, ufro xSirad Tavad xelisuflebaa Zaladobis
iniciatori. Tilis sityvebiT, `Tanamedrove evropuli
gamocdilebiT, Tavad represiuli Zalebia koleqtiuri Zaladobis

14
iniciatorebi da Semsruleblebi~ (1978). Uufro metic, roca
Zaladobrvi dapirispireba xdeba, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi
pasuxismgebelni arian daWrisa da sikvdilis SemTxvevaTa
umravlesobaze. Ees gasakviric ar aris, vinaidan iaraRi da
samxedro disciplina maT xelSia. amis sapirispirod, jgufebi,
romlis kontrolsac xelisufleba cdilobs, did zians ayeneben
sxvadasxva obieqtsa Tu qonebas.
Tilis mixedviT, revoluciuri moZraobebi, koleqtiuri
qmedebebis erT-erTi tipia, romelic iseT situaciebSi xdeba,
romelsac igi mravaljerad suverenitets uwodebs. es maSin xdeba,
rodesac mTavroba, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, ver axorcielebs
srul kontrols im sferoebze, romelsac unda marTavdes.
mravaljeradi suvereniteti SeiZleba gamoiwvios gare omma, Sida
politikurma dapirispirebam an orivem erTad. Mmoxdeba Tu ara
Zalauflebis revoluciuri Secvla, damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad akontrolebs mmarTveli xelisufleba samxedro Zalebs,
ramdenad Zlieria winaaRmdegoba Tavad mmarTvel wreebSi, da
imazec, Tu ramdenad organizebulia saprotesto moZraoba, romelic
Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas cdilobs.
Tilis naSromi warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze srulyofil
analizs koleqtiuri Zaladobisa da revoluciuri brZolis
Sesaxeb. Mmosazrebebs, romlebsac igi aviTarebs, farTo gamoyeneba
aqvs, da igi maT zustad iyenebs istoriuli droisa da adgilis
mravalgvarobis mixedviT. rogor aris organizebuli moZraobebi,
rogoria resursebi, romlis mobilizeba xelewifebaT
xelisuflebaze pretenziis mqone jgufebs, rogoria saerTo
interesebi da xelsayreli pirobebi _ yvela es revoluciuri
gardaqmnis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebia.
Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Tili Zalze cotas saubrobs im
garemoebebis Sesaxeb, rasac mravaljerad suverenitetTan mivyavarT.

15
es ki revoluciis gagebis imdenad fundamenturi mxarea, rom misi
gamotoveba seriozul xarvezs warmoadgens. Teda skoqpolis
mixedviT, Tilis miaCnia, rom revoluciuri moZraobebi,
gacnobierebuli da winaswarganzraxuli interesebiT imarTeba da
revoluciuri cvlilebis warmatebuli procesebi maSin
xorcieldeba, rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT, gaiTavison es
interesebi. amis sapirispirod, skoqpoli revoluciur moZraobebs
ganixilavs, rogorc Tavis miznebSi ufro gaurkvevelsa da
aramyars. igi xazs usvams, rom revoluciebi umTavresad warmoiSoba,
rogorc ufro kerZo miznebis winaswarganuzraxavi Sedegebi:
faqtobrivad, istoriulad arsebul revoluciebSi, sxvadasxva
adgilze myofi da sxvadasxvagvarad motivirebuli jgufebi
gadaiqcnen mravalmxrivi konfliqtebis gaCaRebis monawileebad. Ees
konfliqtebi mniSvnelovanwilad formirebuli da gansazRvrulia
arsebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da saerTaSoriso mdgomareobiT.
isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT warimarTebian imis mixedviT, Tu
rogor aRmoCnda yoveli revoluciuri situacia pirvel adgilze
(1979).

warwera suraTze: franguli nuklearuli testirebis ganaxlebam

muraroas kunZulze 1995 wels, masobrivi aRSfoTeba da
demonstraciebi gamoiwvia azia/wynari okeanis regionSi.

brbo, amboxi da koleqtiuri

Qqmedebis sxva formebi

yvela revolucia koleqtiur qmedebas gulisxmobs. Tumca,

rogorc Tilis Teoria miuTiTebs, koleqtiur qmedebas,
revoluciuri cvlilebis garda, sxva viTarebebSic SeiZleba
hqondes adgili, roca erTad iyris Tavs mravali adamiani.
qalaqebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSive `urbanuli mdabioebi~
potenciur safrTxes warmoadgendnen politikuri
xelisuflebisTvis. soflis mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebiT, qalaqur

16
ubnebSi adamianebi Zalian axlos cxovroben erTmaneTTan da
SeuZliaT SedarebiT iolad gavidnen quCebSi, raTa gamoxaton
TavianTi mxardaWera an ukmayofileba raimes mimarT.
qalaquri jgufebis qmedebebi, brbos aqtivobis erTi
magaliTia. Bbrbo – es aris im adamianebis nebismieri sakmaod didi
TavSeyra, romlebic uSualo urTierTqmedebaSi arian erTmaneTTan
sajaro adgilas. brboebi, raRac azriT, qalaquri cxovrebis
yoveldRiuri nawilia. Cven vlaparakobT savaWro adgilebSi
TavSeyrebze, TeatrSi an gasarTob parkSi TavSeyraze, da
vgulisxmobT, rom mravali adamiani moqceulia fizikurad
SemosazRvrul sivrceSi. am SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi
arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis pirobebSi arian (ix. Tavi 4):
isini fizikurad erTidaimave garemoSi arian da acnobiereben
erTmaneTis yofnas, magram patara jgufebs an calkeul adamianebs
aqvT sakuTari miznebi da sakuTar gzas misdeven. Tumca, rodesac
saqme exeba areulobas, demonstracias, an panika isadgurebs, yoveli
adamianis qmedebebi dakavSirebulia sxvebis qmedebebTan. situacia.
ucabedad, fokusirebul urTierTqmedebad iqceva; brbo, droebiT,
iwyebs qmedebas, rogorc erTi mTeli. Bbrbos es qmedeba kargaxania
sociologebis da istorikosebis interess iwvevs, faqtobrivad, 1789
wlis safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg.
rogorc Tili aRniSnavs, brbos qmedeba da areulobebi
umTavresad im adamianebis imedgacruebas gamoxatavs, romlebmac ver
miaRwies kanonieri gzebiT TavianTi ukmayofilebis gamoxatvas an
imas, rom zewola moexdinaT aucilebeli reformebis gatarebaze.
yvela tipis mmarTvel xelisuflebas yovelTvis eSinoda brbos
aqtivobis, ara marto misi uSualo safrTxis gamo, aramed imitom,
rom igi iZleva socialuri usamarTlobis sajaro da TvalsaCino
formiT SegrZnebas. Tumca, areulobebmac ki, rac negatiurad

17
gamoiyureba da xSirad darbevebs, zogjer ki sikvdilsac iwvevs,
SesaZloa, ukeTesobisken cvlilebas Seuwyos xeli.

socialuri moZraobebi

Tanamedrove sazogradoebebSi, socialuri moZraobebis

mravali saxeobis garda, romlebic revoluciiT mTavrdeba, aris
moZraobebi, romlebsac xangrZlivi an droebiTi formebi aqvs.
socialuri moZraobebi iseve damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove
msofliosTvis, rogorc maTi sapirispiro formaluri da
biurokratiuli organizaciebi. MmaTi xasiaTisa da gavlenis
Seswavla sociologiis ZiriTadi interesis sferos Seadgens.
socialuri moZraoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc
koleqtiuri mcdeloba, gaRvivdes saerTo interesi an dacul iqnas
saerTo mizani, dadgenili institutebis sazRvrebs miRma
ganxorcielebuli koleqtiuri qmedebiT.Ddefinicia sakmaod farTo
unda iyos, Tavad moZraobebis sxvadasxva tipis gamo. zogierTi
socialuri moZraoba Zalze pataraa, romelic sul ramdenime
aTeul wevrs iTvlis; sxvebi, SesaZloa, Seicavdes aTasobiT an
sulac milionobiT adamians. zogierTi moZraoba Tavis aqtivobas im
sazogadoebis kanonebis farglebSi axorcielebs, romelSic
arsebobs, maSin rodesac sxvebi moqmedeben, rogorc aralegaluri
an iatakqveSa jgufebi. zogjer, socialuri moZraobebis qmedebis
Sedegad, sazogadoebaSi kanonebi icvleba. magaliTad, muSaTa
jgufebi, romlebic TavianT wevrebs gaficvisken mouwodebdnen da
CarTulni iyvnen ukanono qmedebebSi, mkacrad isjebodnen TavianTi
qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT gaTaliswinebuli sasjeliT. Tumca,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, kanonebSi Setanil iqna cvlilebebi, rac
gaficvas sawarmoo konfliqtis dasaSveb taqtikad miiCnevda. sxva
saxis ekonomikuri protesti, rogoricaa mjdomare gaficva

18
qarxnebSi an samuSao adgilebSi, umetes qveynebSi kvlav kanongareSe
qmedebad rCeba.
gamyofi xazi socialur moZraobasa da formalur
organizacias Soris zogjer bundovania, vinaidan moZraobebi,
romlebic kargad organizebuli xdeba, Cveulebriv, biurokratiul
niSnebs iZens.MmagaliTad, xsnis armia daiwyo rogorc socialuri
moZraoba, magram axla ufro mudmivmoqmedi organizaciis xasiaTi
aqvs. naklebad xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac organizacia gardaiqmneba
socialur moZraobad, roca, magaliTad, politikuri partia
aikrZaleba da iZulebulia iatakqveSeTSi gadavides; igi, SesaZloa,
gorilebis moZraobad gadaiqces.

socialuri moZraobebis klasifikacia

socialuri moZraobebis klasifikaciis mravali varianti iyo

SemoTavazebuli. SesaZloa, maT Soris yvelaze zusti da amomwuravi
devid aberlis klasifikaciaa, romelic ganaxsvavebs oTxi tipis
moZraobas (David Aberle 1966). transformatoruli moZraobebi miznad
isaxavs Sors mimaval, kataklizmur da xSirad Zaladobriv
cvlilebas sazogadoebaSi.Aamis magaliTebi revoluciuri
moZraobebi da zogierTi radikaluri religiuri moZraobaa;
mravali milenaruli moZraoba aseve winaswarmetyvelebs
sazogadoebis met-nakleb gardaqmnaze, rodesac xsnis xana dadgeba.
reformatoruli moZraobebi miiltvis arsebuli socialuri wyobis
mxolod ramdenime aspeqtis cvlilebisken. isini dakavSirebulia
uTanasworobis an usamarTlobis gansakuTrebul saxeebTan,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, ,,sicocxle” da abortis sawinaaRmdego sxva
jgufebi.
transformatoruli da reformatoruli moZraobebi
mimarTulia sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebis gasatareblad. aberlis

19
momdevno ori tipi, umTavresad, gulisxmobs individebis Cvevebisa
da Sexedulebebis cvlilebas. gamosasyidi moZraoba cdilobs
CamoaSoros adamianebi cxovrebis mankier wess. am kategorias
mravali religiuri moZraoba ganekuTvneba, ramdenadac igi
koncentrirebulia pirovnul xsnaze. magaliTs warmoadgens
ormocdaaTianelebis seqtebi, romlebsac swamT, rom adamianis
sulieri ganviTareba misi Rirsebis WeSmariti indikatoria.
rogorRac uxerxulad dasaTaurebuli, cvlilebis gamomwvevi
moZraobebi miznad isaxavs individebSi nawilobrivi cvlilebis
gamowvevas. isini ar cdilobs adamianis Cvevebis mTlianad Secvlas,
aramed daintersebulia garkveuli specifiuri Tvisebis SecvliT.
risi ilustraciaa ,,anonimuri alkoholikebis” sazogadoeba.

mwvaneTa moZraoba: qronologia

1798 Tomas malTusis naSromi “An Essay on the Principle of Population~
gamoqveynda, romelic gvacnobs ideas, rom adamianebi
SeboWilni arian ekologiuri SezRudvebiT.
1865 dafuZnda Commons Preservation Society, romelic ayenebda
sakiTxs, rom sasoflo garemo saxalxod xelmisawvdomi
gamxdariyo, romelic Semdgom aitaces 1930-ian wlebSi.
1893 National Trust dafuZnda gaerTianebul samefoSi, raTa
momxdariyo miwis Sesyidva, bunebrivi silamazis da
kulturuli RirsSesaniSnaobis dasacavad.
1930 qloroflurokarbonati (CFCs) Seiqmna; igi iyo Zalze
sasargeblo kacobriobisTvis, vinaidan ara marto iafi iyo da
araaalebadi, aramed iTvleboda, rom zians ar ayenebda
garemos.
1934 gvalviT gaZlierebuli niadagis erozia, romelic iwvevda
`mtvris qariSxals~ CrdiloeT amerikis udides dablobebze
da romelic 350 milion tonamde niadagis nayofier fenas

20
 anadgurebda.
1948 gaerTianebulma erebma, garemos dacvis specialuri saagento
Seqmna, saxelwodebiT ,,saerTaSoriso kavSiri bunebis
konservaciisTvis.”
1952 haeris dabinZurebam masiuri smogi gamoiwvia londonSi, ramac
4000 adamiani mokla, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna ,,sufTa haeris
kanonmdebloba.”
1968 garet hardinis essem `sayovelTao tragedia~ aiZula
adamianebi, gaecnobierebinaT pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba
garemos gadagvarebaSi, rogorc cxovrebis stilis arCevis
Sedegi.
1969 dedamiwis megobrebi (Friends of the Earth) daarsda aSS-Si, rogorc
konservatuli ,,sieras klubisgan” gamijnuli, ufro
dinamikuri jgufi. Semdgom wlebSi arsebobda ufro
radikaluri aqtiuri jgufebi garemos dacvis moZraobaSi.
1974 CFC-is mier, pirveli mecnieruli gafrTxileba, atmosferos
maRal fenebSi ozonis damcavi fenis gaTxelebis Sesaxeb.
1980 SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis jimi karteris komisiebis
Global 2000 angariSi, romelic asaxavs garemos dacvis
problemebis Sesvlas politikuri sakiTxebis wiaRSi.
1983 germanelma mwvaneebma (Die Grunen) saarCevno xmis uflebis 5%
moipoves da 27 adgili miiRes parlamentSi.
1985 mwvaneTa xomaldi Rainbow Warrior CaZires safrangeTis
dazvervis agentebma axali zelandiis yureSi, rodesac
gamoixata protesti safrangeTis birTvuli gamocdis
winaaRmdeg wynari okeanis samxreTSi. ekipaJis erTi wevri
moklul iqna.
1989 evropulma arCevnebma mwvaneTa sakiTxi myarad Seitana
politikuri dRis wesrigSi; mwvaneTa partiebma, mTels
evropaSi, uprecedento mxardaWera moipova, gansakuTrebiT,

21
 gaerTianebul samefoSi, sadac mwvaneebma xmaTa 15% miiRes
(Tumca ar miuRiaT saparlamento adgilebi).
1992 rio de JaneiroSi Catarebulma gaerTianebuli erebis
dedamiwis samitma udidesi media interesi gamoiwvia, Tumca
Zalze mcire progress miRwia globaluri garemos rTuli
sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi.
1994 gaerTianebul samefoSi ,,gzis sawinaaRmdego” protestma axal
simaRles miaRwia `uanstoniis brZolaSi~, vinaidan mwvaneTa
aqtivistebma daikaves Senobebi da xeebi uanstedSi,
aRmosavleT londonSi, imisaTvis, rom SeeCerebinaT M11
saavtomobilo gzis mSenebloba.
wyaro: 1994 Hutchinsow Gallup, INFO 1995, Helicon, gv. 514.

feministuri moZraobebi

revoluciis Teoriebi aucileblobiT gadajaWvulia

socialuri moZraobebis TeoriebTan. magaliTad, Carlz Tilis
aqcenti resursis mobilizaciaze, gamoyenebul iqna iseT socialur
moZraobebSi, rogoricaa feministuri moZraoba, rasac axla
ganvixilavT. feministuri moZraobebi ar iyo gamoyofili
socialuri moZraobis sxva formebidan. Ffeminizmze didi gavlena
moaxdina revoluciebma – meTvramete saukunis franguli da
amerikuli revoluciebis CaTvliT.
qalTa uflebebis damcavi pirveli organizaciebi TariRdeba
periodiT, romelic uSualod mosdevda xsenebul or revolucias.
1790-ian wlebSi, franguli revoluciis mier Tavisuflebisa da
Tanasworobis idealebiT STagonebulma adamianebma, Camoayalibes
mravali qalTa klubi parizSi da umTavres provinciul qalaqebSi.
klubebi uzrunvelyofdnen qalebisTvis Sexvedris adgilebs, aseve
adgendnen moTxovnebs ganaTlebis, Sromis da marTvis Tanaswor

22
uflebebze. EerT-erTi aseTi klubis xelmZRvanelma mari Juzma
Seadgina mowodeba saTauriT `qalTa uflebebis deklaracia~,
romelic efuZneboda `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaracias~ - revoluciis ZiriTad konstituciur dokuments. is
amtkicebda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo, miRweuliyo WeSmariti
Tanasworoba, rodesac mosaxleobis naxevari moklebuli iyo im
privilegiebs, romlebic mamakacebs hqondaT miniWebuli.
es mowodeba gaziarebuli ar iyo revolucioneri liderebis
mier – mari Juzi 1793 wels sikvdiliT dasajes, braldebiT, rom
`man daiviwya saTnoeba, romelic mis sqess axasiaTebs~. mTavrobis
dekretis Sesabamisad, qalTa klubebi daiSala. dasavleTis
qveynebSi feministuri moZraobebi maleve aRdga, Tumca, TiTqmis
yvelgan, mtrul damokidebulebas ejaxeboda da zogjer
Zaladobasac iwvevda mmarTveli xelisuflebis mxridan. Mmari Juzi
erTaderTi qali ar iyo, romelmac sicocxle gaswira Tavisi
sqesisTvis Tanaswori uflebebis mopovebisTvis.
Mme-19 saukuneSi, SeerTebul StatebSi feminizmi ufro
mowinave moZraoba iyo, vidre sadme sxvagan, da qalTa moZraobebis
liderTa umetesoba sxva qveynebSi, amerikeli qalebis brZolas
samagaliTod miiCnevda. 1840-ian da 1850-ian wlebSi, amerikeli
feministebi mWidrod iyvnen CarTulni im jgufebis muSaobaSi,
romlebic monebis gaTavisuflebisTvis ibrZodnen. Tumca,
formaluri politikuri uflebebis uqonlobis gamo (konstitucia
ar aZlevda xmis micemis uflebas qalebs), qalebs ekrZalebodaT
politikuri lobireba, romlis saSualebiTac reformatorebs
SeeZloT mieRwiaT TavianTi miznebisTvis. arc erT qals ar mieca
ufleba, monawileoba mieRo msoflios monobis sawinaaRmdego
konvenciaSi, romelic Sedga londonSi, 1840 wels. Aam faqtma
aiZula qalTa jgufebi, ufro swori mimarTulebiT midgomodnen
genderuli uTanasworobis sakiTxs. 1848 wels, iseve rogorc

23
naxevari saukunis win maTi frangi Tanamoazreebi moiqcnen,
SeerTebul StatebSi, qalTa liderebi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs
`grZnobebis deklaraciis~ misaRebad, romelic amerikuli
Tavisuflebis deklaraciis modelis mixedviT gakeTda. `Cven
TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia is WeSmariteba~, iwyeboda igi, `rom
yvela mamakaci da qali Tanasworad aris Seqmnili~. deklaraciaSi
Setanili iyo im usamarTlobebis grZeli CamonaTvali, romlis
subieqtebi qalebi iyvnen. Mmiuxedavad amisa, am periodSi, qalebis
socialuri an politikuri poziciis mxriv, Zalze mcire realuri
warmateba iqna mopovebuli. monobis gauqmebis Semdeg, kongresma xmis
micemis ufleba mxolod monobisgan ganTavisuflebul mamakacebs
daudgina.
SeerTebul StatebSi, qalTa moZraobis adreuli ganviTarebis
periodSi, afro-amerikeli qalebi garkveul rols TamaSobdnen
moZraobaSi, Tumca xSirad uxdebodaT TavianTi TeTrkaniani debis
mtruli damokidebulebis mogerieba. erT-erTi maTgania sojurner
truTi, romelic xmas imaRlebda rogorc monobis, ise qalebisTvis
samoqalaqo uflebebis warTmevis winaaRmdeg, da am or sakiTxs
mWidrod ukavSirebda erTmaneTs. rodesac 1850-ian wlebSi, indianas
StatSi monobis sawinaaRmdego masobriv mitingze igi mtkiced da
mgznebared laparakobda, TeTrkanianma mamakacma xmamaRla SesZaxa
mas: `ar mjera, rom namdvilad qali xar~; maSin, truTma gaiSiSvla
gul-mkerdi yvelas winaSe, imis dasamtkiceblad, rom mamakaci
tyuoda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom truTma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa
im periodis qalTa moZraobebSi (Hooks 1981), sxva Savkaniani qalebi,
romlebic Seecadnen, monawileoba mieRoT maTSi, imedgacruebulebi
darCnen im mtruli ganwyobis gamo, romelsac isini Seejaxnen.
EerT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena evropaSi
feministuri moZraobis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi, iyo 1500 qalis mier
xelmowerili peticia, romelic wardgenil iqna britaneTis

24
parlamentSi 1866 wels; qalebi moiTxovdnen, gansaxilveli
saarCevno uflebebis reformebSi, CaerToT sruli saarCevno ufleba
qalebisTvis. peticia ugulebelyofil iqna, amis sapasuxod, Semdeg
wels, misma organizatorebma Camoayalibes nacionaluri
sazogadoeba qalTa saarCevno uflebebisTvis.Aam sazogadoebis
wevrebi Semdgom sufraJistebis saxeliT gaxdnen cnobili, da mTeli
mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi isini agrZelebdnen peticiiT
mimarTvas parlamentisadmi, qalebze gaevrcelebinaT saarCevno
uflebebi. meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis, britanuli feminizmis
msoflio zegavlena konkurencias uwevda SeerTebuli Statebis
feministur moZraobas. xSiri saprotesto marSebi da quCis
demonstraciebi orive qveyanaSi iyo organizebuli. 1908 wlis
ivnisSi, londonSi, gareT mowyobilma mitingma naxevari milioni
adamiani moicva. am xnis ganmavlobaSi, qalTa moZraobebi sokoebiviT
momravlda yvela did evropul qveyanaSi, aseve avstraliasa da
axal zelandiaSi.
1920 wlisTvis, mraval dasavlur qveyanaSi, qalebma saarCevno
xmis ufleba moipoves. Tumca, am uflebis mopovebis Semdeg,
feministuri moZraobebis muxti daeca. radikaluri qalebi
cdilobdnen sxva moZraobebs mierTebodnen, magaliTad, rogoric
iyo faSizmTan brZola, radikaluri memarjvene politikuri
doqtrina, ramac niadagi hpova germaniaSi, italiaSi da sxvagan 1930-
ian wlebSi. feminizmisgan, rogorc gamokveTili moZraobisgan,
romelic mamakacebis dominirebul institutebs ebrZoda, cota ram
darCa. Tanaswori politikuri uflebebis miRwevam Zalze cota ram
Secvala qalTa cxovrebis sxva sferoebSic Tanasworobis mopovebis
TvalsazrisiT.

Ffeminizmis aRorZineba

25
 1960-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvis, qalTa moZraobebma kvlav
aRidgina mowinave poziciebi. Semdgom aTwleulebSi, feminizmma
didi zegavlena moipova msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, mesame
msoflios bevri qveynis CaTvliT. Mmisi aRorZineba SeerTebul
StatebSi daiwyo, razec zegavlena moaxdina moZraobam samoqalaqo
uflebebisTvis da im periodis studentTa aqtivobam. aqedan igi
msoflios sxva nawilebSic gavrcelda. qalebi, romlebic aqtiurad
iyvnen CarTulni moZraobaSi, xvdebodnen, rom samoqalaqo
uflebebis damcveli moZraobis liderebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen qalTa
uflebebis CarTvas maT mier Sedgenil Tanasworobis manifestSi.
amitom qalTa jgufebma daiwyes damoukidebeli organizaciebis
Seqmna, romlebic uSualod qalTa sakiTxebze iqneboda mimarTuli.
dResdReobiT, qalTa moZraobebi sakiTxTa gacilebiT farTo
sferos exeba, vidre maTi winamorbedebi. isini ibrZvian ekonomikuri
TanasworobisTvis, abortis daSvebisTvis da moiTxoven
ganqorwinebis kanonmdeblobis Secvlas. MmniSvnelovan praqtikul
miRwevebTan erTad, feministebma inteleqtualuri zegavlenac
moaxdines, rac yvela warsul miRwevaze mniSvnelovania. MmagaliTad.
feministma avtorebma ubiZges mTeli rigi cnebebisa da Teoriebis
Tavidan gaazrebas socialur mecnierebebSi. kvlevebis didi nawili,
romelic bolo wlebSi ganxorcielda, istoriuli da kulturuli
faqtorebis gavlenis Sesaswavlad qalebis poziciaze da, ufro
zogadad, genderul urTierTobebze, Tanamedrove feminizmis
zegavleniT gaxda SesaZlebeli.

Ffeminsturi moZraobebi: interpretacia

Ggasul saukuneSi qalTa moZraobebis aRmoceneba, SeiZleba

advilad iqnes interpretirebuli im koncefciebis mixedviT,
romlebic Carlz Tilim Camoayaliba. Tilis azriT, socialuri

26
moZraobebi warmoqmna, rodesac adamianebs aRar darCaT Sansi, vinmes
miawvdinon xma an SeZlon maTi suliskveTebis Riad gamoxatva.
mecxramete saukuneSi da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, feministuri
moZraobebis ganviTarebis pirvel fazaSi, feministi liderebi,
yvelaferTan erTad, cdilobdnen qalebisTvis xmis mopovebas
politikur procesebSi, sxva sityvebiT, arCevnebSi xmis micemis
uflebis mopovebas. meore fazaSi, qalTa moZraobebis
warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, gaefarTovebinaT is warmatebebi,
romlebsac miaRwies da ibrZodnen, rom qalebisTvis moepovebinaT
rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri Tanasworoba.
Oorive fazaSi, qalTa moZraobebis liderebma SeZles
koleqtiuri resursebis mobilizeba, raTa sakmaod efeqturi
zewola moexdinaT mmarTvel xelisuflebaze. adreul periodSi,
qalTa aqtivistebis mTavari resursi marSebi da demonstraciebi
iyo. MmogvianebiT ki, organizaciebs ukve SeeZloT, ewarmoebinaT
brZola qalTa uflebebisTvis ufro organizebuli da
Tanmimdevruli gziT. saerTo interesebi, romelTac qalTa
jgufebis liderebi usvamdnen xazs, moicavda iseT sakiTxebs,
rogoricaa qalebis roli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi,
survilis SemTxvevaSi anazRaurebadi samuSaos qona da Tanaswori
uflebebi ganqorwinebis samarTalwarmoebaSi.
da bolos, feministi aqtivistebis SesaZleblobebi, gavlena
moexdinaT socialur cvlilebaze, mravali faqtoriT iyo
ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, pirveli msoflio omis gaCaReba
daexmara maT saarCevno xmis uflebis miRebaSi: mTavrobebi,
romlebic Cabmuli iyo omSi, qalebis mxardaWerasa da aqtiur
CarTvas saWiroebda. feminizmis ganviTarebis meore fazaSi,
moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis iyo is naperwkali, ramac
aqtivobis axali talRa gamoiwvia.

27
 socialuri moZraobebi da sociologia

socialuri moZraobebi sociologebis ormag interess iwvevs.

isini iZleva karg masalas kvlevisTvis, Tumca, amasTan erTad,
exmareba sociologebs, axleburad Sexedon qcevis garkveul
sferoebs. MmagaliTad, qalTa moZraoba marto imitom ar iwvevs
sociologTa interess, rom igi masalas iZleva kvlevisTvis. man
sociologiuri azrovnebis ukve Camoyalibebuli struqturis
naklovanebebis identificireba moaxdina da Seqmna cnebebi
(magaliTad, patriarqati), romlebic gvexmareba genderisa da
Zalauflebis sakiTxebis garkvevaSi. es aris mudmivi dialogi ara
marto socialur moZraobebsa da maT dapirispirebul
organizaciebs Soris, aramed socialur moZraobebsa da Tavad
socialogias Soris.

Sejameba

1. gasuli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi, revoluciebi msoflios

mraval qveyanaSi moxda. 1776 wlis revoluciam amerikaSi da 1789
wlis safrangeTis revoluciam warmoSves is idealebi da
suliskveTeba, rac Semdeg farTod gavrcelda politikur
cxovrebaSi.
2. revolucia gansasazRvrad Zalze mouxelTavi cnebaa.
imisTvis, rom politikuri cvlilebis procesi revoluciad
CaiTvalos, igi unda Seicavdes masobriv socialur moZraobas,
romelic mzadaa, miznis misaRwevad Zaladoba gamoiyenos da
SeuZlia rogorc xelSi Caigdos Zalaufleba, ise gaataros
Tanmimdevruli reforma.
3. revoluciis mravali sxvadasxva Teoria iyo warmodgenili.
revoluciis marqsiseuli interpretacia gansakuTrebiT

28
mniSvnelovania, ara mxolod misi inteleqtualuri wvlilisTvis,
rac eWvqveS SeiZleba iyos dayenebuli sxvadasxva mizezis gamo,
aramed imitom, rom man erTgvarad samsaxuri gauwia am saukuneSi
revoluciis realuri procesis Camoyalibebas.
4. vinaidan revolucia aseTi rTuli fenomenia, im pirobebis
ganzogadeba, rasac revoluciur cvlilebasTan mivyavarT, Znelia.
revoluciebis umetesoba iseT garemoebebSi xdeba, sadac
saxelisuflo Zalaufleba danawevrebuli xdeba (magaliTad, omis
Semdeg), da sadac daCagruli jgufi SeZlebs, Camoayalibos da
gaamyaros masobrivi moZraoba. revoluciebi, Cveulebriv, ufro
kerZo miznebis winaswarganusazRvreli Sedegebia, romelTa
miRwevasac aseTi moZraobebi Tavdapirvelad cdilobs.
5. brbos aqtivoba mxolod revoluciebis dros ar xdeba,
aramed sxva, nakleb dramatuli socialuri cvlilebis drosac,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, quCis mRelvarebebi qalaqebSi. mRelvare
masis qmedebebi, SesaZloa, savsebiT destruqciuli da SemTxveviTi
mogveCvenos, Tumca isini, xSirad, monawileTa gansazRvrul miznebs
emsaxureba.
6. socialuri moZraobis mravali tipi SeiZleba moiZebnos
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. socialuri moZraobebi gulisxmobs
saerTo interesebis mxardaWeris mcdelobas erToblivi qmedebis
saSualebiT, romelic ukve Seqmnili institutebis farglebs
scdeba. sociologia ara marto swavlobs amgvar moZraobebs, aramed
pasuxobs kidec maT mier wamoWril SekiTxvebs.
7. Tanamedrove socialuri moZraobis ZiriTadi tipi feminizms
ukavSirdeba. pirveli mniSvnelovani feministuri moZraoba Seiqmna
mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi, romelic konkretulad mimarTuli
iyo qalebisTvis saarCevno xmis uflebis mosapoveblad. miuxedavad
imisa, rom 1920-ian wlebSi am moZraobam dacemis periodi ganicada,
1960-ian wlebSi feminizmma kvlav moipova mowinave poziciebi da mas

29
Semdeg, mas didi gavlena aqvs socialuri cxovrebis da
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis mraval sferoSi.

DdamatebiTi literatura

Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Failure (London: McDonald, 1989). Mmeoce

saukuneSi, komunizmis aRzevebisa da dacemis Sesaxeb gamokvleva,
sadac miCneulia, rom komunizmi warmoadgens `istoriul
tragedias~.
John Dunn, “Understanding Revolutions~ mis naSromSi Rethinking Modern
Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). diskusia
Tanamedrove revoluciebis gaazrebis problemebis Sesaxeb.
Ron Eyerman and Andrew Jamison, Social Movements (Cambridge: Polity Press,
1991). Tanamedrove Teoriuli azrovnebis sasargeblo gamokvleva da
analizi, socialuri moZraobebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, sadac
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba axal socialur moZraobebs eTmoba.
Chester Hartman and Pedro Vilanova, Paradigms Lost: The Post-Cold War Era
(London: Pluto, 1991). diskusia msoflioSi arsebuli mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, rac komunizmis ngrevas mohyva sabWoTa kavSirsa da
aRmosavleT evropaSi.
Max Weber, The Russian Revolutions (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995). veberis
Sexedulebebi ruseTSi revoluciuri movlenebis Sesaxeb.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

socializmi brbos aqtivoba

klasobrivi konfliqti amboxi
dapirispireba transformatoruli moZraoba
komunizmi reformatoruli moZraoba
mobilizacia gamosasyidi moZraoba

30
gorilebis moZraoba cvlilebis gamomwvevi moZraoba
mravaljeradi suvereniteti feministuri moZraoba

31
 Tavi 19

Gglobaluri cvlileba da ekologiuri krizisi

ZiriTadi cnebebi

cvlilebis gansazRvra

gavlenebi socialur cvlilebaze

fizikuri garemo. Ppolitikuri organizacia. Kkulturuli

faqtorebi

cvlileba Tanamedrove periodSi

ekonomikuri gavlena. Ppolitikuri gavlena. Kkulturuli gavlena

mimdinare cvlileba da momavlis perspeqtivebi

postindustriuli sazogadoebis mimarTulebiT? Ppostmodernizmi

da istoriis dasasruli. Sefaseba

safrTxeebi globaluri garemosTvis

safrTxis wyaroebi

garemo: sociologiuri problema?

globaluri cvlileba: momavlis xedva

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi

1
 ZiriTadi cnebebi
socialuri cvlileba. Ppostindustriuli sazogadoeba

adamianebi dedamiwaze daaxloebiT naxevari milioni welia

arseboben. soflis meurneoba, rac myari dasaxlebis safuZvelia,
Tormetiode aTas weliwads iTvlis. civilizaciebi araumetes eqvsi
aTasi wliT TariRdeba. adamianis arsebobis mTlian xangrZlivobas
erT dRed Tu warmovidgenT, soflis meurneobis damkvidreba
SeiZleba dRis 11,56 wuTze warmovidginoT, xolo civlilizaciis
gaCena _ 11,57 wuTze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis warmoSoba moxda
mxolod 11,59 wuTze da 30 wamze! Tumca, SesaZloa, imdeni cvlileba
moxda bolo 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi, ramdenic mTlianad mis
winamorbed periodSi.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi cvlilebis tempi advilad warmosadgenia,
Tu Tvalyurs mivadevnebT teqnologiuri ganviTarebis siswrafes.
rogorc ekonomikis istorikosi devid lendisi aRniSnavs mis
cnobil kvlevaSi:
Tanamedrove teqnologia ara marto ufro swrafad awarmoebs
ufro mets, igi qmnis iseT produqts, romelic ver erT SemTxvevaSi
ver iwarmoeboda warsulis xelosnuri meTodebiT. yvelaze
saukeTeso indieli xeliT mrTvelic ki ver SesZlebda iseTi
mSvenieri da sufTa narTis miRebas, rogoric sarTav dazgas
SeuZlia; meTvramete saukuneSi, qristianuli samyaros yvela
samWedlo erTad ver SesZlebda daemzadebina iseTi didi, gluvi da
homogenuri foladis furceli, rogorc amas Tanamedrove saglini
dgani akeTebs qarxanaSi. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom Tanamedrove
teqnologiam iseTi sagnebi Seqmna, rac warmoudgeneli iyo
preindustriuli epoqisTvis; fotoaparati, avtomobili,
TviTmfrinavi, eleqtronuli mowyobilobis mTeli CamonaTvali,
dawyebuli radiodan, damTavrebuli maRalsiCqariani kompiuteriT,
atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi da a.S. TiTqmis usasrulod.... Sedegad,
miviReT saqonlis da servisis uzarmazari zrda da
mravalferovneba; da mxolod aman Secvala adamianis cxovrebis
wesi ufro metad, vidre raime sxvam, cecxlis aRmoCenis Semdeg. 1750
wlis ingliseli mamakaci [da SegviZlia davamatoT ingliseli
qalic], materialuri sagnebiT, ufro axlos iyo keisris
legionerebTan, vidre Tavis SvilTaSvilebTan (Landes 1969).

2
 Tanamedrove samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis stili
da socialuri institutebi radikalurad gansxvavdeba Tundac
axlo warsulisgan. Mmxolod ori an sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi –
drois wuTieri gaelveba kacobriobis istoriis konteqstSi –
adamianis socialuri cxovreba Zalze daSorda socialur wyobas,
romelSic adamianebi aTaswleulobiT cxovrobdnen.
Cvens winamorbed nebismier Taobaze metad, Cven vdgavarT
gaurkveveli momavlis winaSe. ra Tqma unda, cxovrebis pirobebi
wina TaobebisTvisac ar iyo usafrTxo: adamianebi bunebrivi
katastrofebis, Savi Wirisa da SimSilis tyveobaSi iyvnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes, industriul qveynebSi Cven TiTqmis
daculni varT Savi Wirisa da SimSilisgan, unda gavumklavdeT
axal socialur Zalebs, romlebic Tavad gavanTavisufleT. Aam
Zalebs gamudmebiT moaqvs socialuri cvlileba Cvens cxovrebaSi.

cvlilebis gansazRvra

rogor unda ganvsazRvroT socialuri cvlileba? Aarsebobs

mosazreba, rom yvelaferi yovelTvis icvleba. Yyoveli dRe, axali
dRea; yoveli momenti, drois axali wamia. berZeni filosofosi
heraklite aRniSnavda, rom adamiani erTsadaimave mdinareSi orjer
ver Seva; meorejer mdinare gansxvavebulia, vinaidan wyali mdinarea.
adamianic SeumCnevlad icvleba. Tumca es dakvirveba garkveuli
azriT sworia, Cven, ra Tqma unda, Cveulebriv vambobT, rom es igive
mdinarea da orive SemTxvevaSi erTidaigive adamiani Seabijebs am
mdinareSi. Aarsebobs aSkara uwyvetoba, mdinaris moxazulobaSi an
formaSi da fexebdasvelebuli adamianis fsiqikasa da
pirovnulobaSi imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT, miuxedavad momxdari
cvlilebisa, TiToeuli `igive~ rCeba.

3
 cvlilebis identificireba gulisxmobs imis Cvenebas, Tu
ramdenad Seicvala mocemuli obieqtis an situaciis siRrmiseuli
struqtura, drois garkveul monakveTSi. adamianuri sazogadoebebis
SemTxvevaSi, imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad da rogor aris CarTuli
sistema cvlilebis procesSi, Cven unda vaCvenoT, Tu ra doneze
xorcieldeba ZiriTadi institutebis modifikacia, garkveuli
drois periodSi. cvlilebis yvelanairi aRricxva gulisxmobs imis
Cvenebasac, Tu ra rCeba ucvleli, rogorc ZiriTadi sayrdeni,
romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvreba cvlilebebi. dRevandel swrafad
cvalebad samyaroSic ki, arsebobs uwyvetoba sakmaod daSorebul
warsulTan. magaliTad, ZiriTadi religiuri sistemebi, rogoricaa
qristianoba an islami, inarCuneben kavSirs im ideebsa da
praqtikasTan, romlebsac ori aTasi wlis win Caeyara safuZvveli.
Tumca, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, instituciebis umetesoba,
aSkarad ufro swrafad icvleba, vidre amas tradiciuli samyaroSi
hqonda adgili.
Mmocemul TavSi, ganvixilavT im cvlilebebis interpretaciis
mcdelobebs, ramac gavlena iqonia mTlianad kacobriobis
istoriaze; Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs, Tu ratom aris
asocirebuli Tanamedrove periodi aseT Rrma da swraf socialur
cvlilebasTan. Bbevri cvlileba dRes globaluria –an
erTdroulad msoflios bevr nawilSi xdeba, an gavlenas axdens
planetis, rogorc mTelis, momavalze.

gavlenebi socialur cvlilebaze

Bbolo ori saukunis manZilze, socialuri Teoriis mimdevrebi

Seecadnen, SeeqmnaT grandiozuli Teoria, romelic axsnida
socialuri cvlilebis xasiaTs. Tumca, arc erT Teorias ara aqvs
imis Sansi, rom amomwuravad gadmogvces kacobriobis socialuri

4
ganviTarebis sruli suraTi, dawyebuli monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa, aseve sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebidan,
tradiciuli civilizaciis CaTvliT da DdRevandeli Zalze rTuli
socialuri sistemiT damTavrebuli, miuxedavad amisa, Cven
SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, davadginoT sami ZiriTadi faqtori, rac
myarad zemoqmedebs socialur cvlilebaze: fizikuri garemo,
politikuri organizacia da kulturuli faqtorebi.

Ffizikuri garemo

Ffizikuri garemo xSirad axdens gavlenas adamianis

socialuri organizaciis ganviTarebaze. Ees Zalze cxadia ufro
eqstremalur garemo pirobebSi, sadac adamianebs TavianTi
cxovrebis mowyoba uxdebaT klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
polaruli regionebis mkvidrni aucileblad ganaviTareben Cvevebsa
da cxovrebis wess, romelic gansxvavdeba subtropikebSi
mcxovrebTa wesisgan. alaskaze mcxovrebi adamianebi, sadac zamTari
xangrZlivi da mkacria, socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebul wess
iziareben, vidre is adamianebi, romlebic xmelTaSua zRvis Tbil
qveynebSi cxovroben. alaskelebi cxovrebis umetes nawils
SenobebSi atareben; gamonakliss mxolod mokle zafxuli
warmoadgens, rodesac isini dagegmil gare samuSaos ewevian, im
arasaxarbielo garemos gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic isini
cxovroben.
Nnaklebad eqstremalurma fizikurma pirobebma SeiZleba aseve
iqonios gavlena sazogadoebaze. magaliTad, avstraliis aborigenebs
arasodes SeuwyvetiaT monadireoba da Semgrovebloba imis gamo,
rom kontinentze TiTqmis ar moiZebneboda kultivirebadi
mcenareebi, da iseTi cxovelebic ar iyo, romelTa moSinaurebiT
SesaZlebeli iqneboda meurneobis warmoeba. msoflios adreuli

5
civilizaciebi, umTavresad, nayofier miwebze iqmneboda, magaliTad,
mdinaris SesarTavebSi. aseve Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo
gaadvilebuli komunikaciebi xmeleTze da sazRvao gzebis
arsebobis SesaZlebloba. sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisgan mowyvetili
iyo mTis qedebiT, gauvali junglebiT an udabnoebiT da amitomac,
xSirad, SedarebiT ucvleli rCeboda didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.
Dda mainc, garemos uSualo zegavlena socialur cvlilebaze
arc ise didia. xSirad, adamianebi axerxeben, Seqmnan mniSvnelovani
sawarmoo simdidre, SedarebiT arasaxarbielo garemoSi. es,
magaliTad, Seexeba alaskelebs, romlebmac SesZles navTobis
mopovebisa da mineraluri resursebis ganviTareba, miuxedavad maTi
garemos mkacri xasiaTisa. amis sapirispirod, monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa kulturebi, xSirad, Zalze nayofier regionebSi
cxovrobdnen, Tumca mainc ar erTvebodnen sasoflo-sameurneo an
mesaqonleTa warmoebaSi. magaliTad, vankuveris kunZulis kvakutis
indielebi, romlebmac sakuTari cxovrebis wesi xelSeuxeblad
SeinarCunes gasuli naxevari saukunis periodamde, cxovrobdnen
iseT garemoSi, romelic mdidari iyo TevziT, xiliT da sxva sakvebi
mcenareuliT. isini agrZelebdnen cxovrebas nadirobiTa da
SegrovebiT da arasodes ucdiaT, gadaeqciaT TavianTi garemo myar
sasoflo-sameurneo dasaxlebad.
uSualo kavSiri garemosa da warmoebis sistemas Soris didi
ar aris. amitom evolucionistebis aqcenti garemos mimarT
adaptaciaze, naklebad damajerebelia, vidre marqsis ideebi
socialuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan marqsi xazs usvamda im
garemoebas, rom adamianebi xSirad ver eguebian garemomcvel
pirobebs, rogorc es cxovelebis SemTxvevaSia. adamiani yovelTvis
cdilobs, ufro metad daimorCilos mis garSemo arsebuli samyaro,
vidre igi mzamzareulad miiRos. ufro metic, udavoa, rom
warmoebis tipebi Zlier gavlenas axdens socialuri cvlilebis

6
donesa da xasiaTze, Tumca, maT iseTi yovlismomcveli zegavlena
ara aqvs, rogorsac marqsi miawers.

Ppolitikuri organizacia

Mmeore faqtori, romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs socialur

cvlilebaze, politikuri organizaciis tipia. es zegavlena
monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebSi minimumamdea
dayvanili, vinaidan aq ar aris politikuri xelisufleba, romelic
Temis wevrebis mobilizebas SesZlebda. Tumca, sazogadoebis yvela
danarCen tipSi, arsebobs garkveuli politikuri organo _ beladi,
memamule, mefe Tu mTavroba – romelic sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
kursze Zlier gavlenas axdens. politikuri sistemebi ar
warmoadgens safuZvelmdebare ekonomikuri organizaciis uSualo
gamoxatulebas, rogorc es marqss sjeroda. msgavsi warmoebis
sistemis mqone sazogadoebebSi, SesaZloa, politikuri wyobis
sruliad gansxvavebuli tipebi arsebobdes. magaliTad, industriul
kapitalizmze dafuZnebul zogierT sazogadoebas avtoritaruli
politikuri sistema hqonda (magaliTad, nacisturi germania an
aparteidis qveS myofi samxreT afrika), maSin roca sxvebi
gacilebiT metad demokratiulebi arian (magaliTad, SeerTebuli
Statebi, britaneTi an SvedeTi).
Uumetesi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis CamoyalibebaSi
fundamentur rols samxedro Zala asrulebda; is erTnairad
axdenda zemoqmedebas rogorc am qveynis Semdgom gadarCenaze, aseve
mis mier moxdenil eqspansiaze. Tumca, kavSiri warmoebis donesa da
samxedro Zlierebas Soris, kvlav arapirdapiria. magaliTad,
mmarTvels SeuZlia mTeli resursi samxedro Zlierebis aSenebas
moaxmaros, maSin rodesac es mosaxleobis umravlesobas siRaribeSi
agdebs, rogorc es sadam huseinis mmarTvelobis dros eraySi moxda.

7
 kulturuli faqtorebi

Mmesame ZiriTadi zegavlena socialur cvlilebaze

kulturuli faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, rac gulisxmobs
religiis, komunikaciuri sistemebis da lideris gavlenas. rogorc
me-16 TavSi davinaxeT, religia SeiZleba iyos rogorc
konservatuli, aseve inovaciuri Zala socialur cxovrebaSi.
religiuri rwmenis zogierTi forma da praqtika cvlilebis
muxruWs warmoadgenda da, upirveles yovlisa, xazs usvamda
tradiciuli Rirebulebebisa da ritualebis aRiarebis saWiroebas.
Tumca, rogorc maqs veberi aRniSnavda, religiuri mrwamsi, xSirad,
mamobilizebel rols asrulebda socialuri cvlilebisTvis.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani kulturuli zegavlena, rac
zemoqmedebs cvlilebis saxesa da tempze, sakomunikacio sistemebia,
magaliTad, damwerlobis SemoRebam Seqmna Canawerebis Senaxvis
saSualeba, gaaZliera kontroli materialur resursebze da xeli
Seuwyo msxvili organizaciebis ganviTarebas. garda amisa,
damwerlobam Secvala adamianebis warmodgena warsulis, awmyosa da
momavlis kavSirze. sazogadoebebi, romlebsac damwerloba aqvs,
inaxavs warsuli movlenebis Canawerebs da acnobierebs, rom gaaCnia
istoria. istoriis gagebam SeiZleba warmoSvas ganviTarebis
mTliani dinamikis an xazis SegrZneba, romelsac misdevs
sazogadoeba, da adamianebi, SesaZloa, aqtiurad Seecadon mis
Semdgom xelSewyobas.
Kkulturuli faqtorebis zogadi saTauris qveS SeiZleba
movaqcioT liderobac. msoflio istoriaSi calkeul liderebs
uzarmazari zegavlena hqondaT. sakmarisia gavixsenoT udidesi
religiuri figurebi (qristes msgavsad), politikuri da samxedro
liderebi (rogoricaa iulius keisari), an axali mecnierebis da

8
filosofiis Semqmnelebi (rogoricaa niutoni). liders SeuZlia
gaataros dinamiuri politika, masiurad miizidos mimdevrebi, an
radikalurad Secvalos azrovnebis arsebuli modeli, SeuZlia
daamxos adre damyarebuli wesrigi.
Tumca, individebs liderobis miRweva da efeqturi marTva
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT, Tu xelSemwyobi socialuri
pirobebi arsebobs. magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebSi, germaniaSi adolf
hitlerma Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba rom SeZlo, nawilobriv
gamowveuli iyo daZabulobiTa da krizisiT, rasac qveyana im
periodSi ganicdida, Tu ara arsebuli garemoebebi, igi albaT
umniSvnelo figurad darCeboda romelime politikur fraqciaSi.
aqve SeiZleba gavixsenoT mahaTma gandi, gamoCenili pacefisti
lideri indoeTSi, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi
moRvaweobda. gandim SeZlo efeqturad daecva Tavisi qveynis
damoukidebloba britaneTis mmarTvelobisgan imis gamo, rom omma
da sxva movlenebma daangria arsebuli koloniuri institutebi
indoeTSi.

cvlileba Tanamedrove periodSi

riTi aixsneba is, rom bolo orasi wlis manZilze, anu

Tanamedrove periodSi, socialuri cvlilebis tempis amgvari
daCqareba SeimCneva? es rTuli sakiTxia, Tumca Zneli ar aris
zogierTi masSi Semavali faqtoris zusti gansazRvra. Ggasakviri ar
aris, rom maTi kategoriebad dayofa im erTiani xazis mixedviT
SegviZlia, romlis msgavsma faqtorebmac gavlena iqonia socialur
cvlilebaze mTeli istoriis manZilze; garda im siaxlisa, rom
fizikuri garemos gavlenas ganvixilavT ekonomikuri faqtorebis
saerTo mniSvnelobis konteqstSi.

9
 Eekonomikuri gavlena

Eekonomikuri gavlenebidan, yvelaze farTo samrewvelo

kapitalizmis zegavlenaa. Kkapitalizmis fundamenturi gansxvaveba
manamde arsebuli warmoebiTi sistemebisgan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
igi gulisxmobs warmoebis mudmiv gafarToebas da simdidris mzard
dagrovebas. tradiciul sawarmoo sistemebSi, warmoebis done
sakmaod statikuri iyo, vinaidan ucvlel da Cveul moTxovnebze iyo
damokidebuli. kapitalizmi xels uwyobs sawarmoo teqnologiis
mudmiv ganaxlebas; am procesSi Zalze didia mecnierebis wvlili,
Tanamedrove warmoebaSi teqnologiuri inovaciebis gamoyenebis
koeficienti gacilebiT maRalia, vidre manamde arsebuli
ekonomikuri wesis romelime tipSi.
Mmecnierebisa da teqnologiis zegavlena Cveni cxovrebis
wesze, SesaZloa, ekonomikuri faqtorebiT didad iyos
ganpirobebuli, Tumca igi ekonomikuri sferos miRmac vrceldeba.
mecniereba da teqnologia, udavod, axdens gavlenas, Tumca Tavadac
politikuri da kulturuli faqtorebis gavlenas ganicdis.
mecnieruli da teqnologiuri ganviTareba, komunikaciis iseTi
Tanamedrove formebis SeqmnaSi daexmara, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
radio da televizia. rogorc davinaxeT, komunikaciis es
eleqtronuli formebi, bolo wlebSi, cvlilebebs iwvevs
politikaSi. radio, televizia da sxva eleqtronuli media
saSualebebi, aseve, ayalibeben Cvens azrovnebis wessa da samyaros
xedvas.
P
politikuri gavlena

Tanamedrove periodSi, socialur cvlilebaze gavlenis

momxdeni meore ZiriTadi faqtori politikuri movlenebia. erebs

10
Soris brZola sakuTari Zalauflebis damkvidrebisTvis, miswrafeba
simdidris SeqmnisTvis da samxedro upiratesoba yvela konkurentze
– es iyo cvlilebis energetikuli muxti, bolo ori Tu sami
saukunis ganmavlobaSi. tradiciul civilizaciebSi, politikuri
cvlileba, Cveulebriv, elitiT Semoifargleboda. magaliTad, erT
aristokratiul ojaxs cvlida meore mmarTveli, maSin rodesac
mosaxleobis umravlesobis cxovreba SedarebiT ucvleli rCeboda.
Tanamedrove politikur sistemebSi ase ar xdeba; aq politikuri
liderebis da mTavrobis wevrebis aqtivoba mudmivad aisaxeba
mosaxleobis cxovrebaze. politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni,
rogorc sagareo, aseve saSinao saqmeebSi, mxars uWeren da
warmarTaven socialur cvlilebas gacilebiT farTod, vidre es
adre xdeboda.
Bbolo ori Tu sami saukunis manZilze, politikurma
ganviTarebam garkeveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina ekonomikur
cvlilebaze, Tumca iseve, rogorc ekonomikurma cvlilebam –
politikur ganviTarebaze. amJamad, mTavrobebi umTavres rols
asruleben ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis saqmeSi (zogjer ki
aneleben mas); yvela industriul sazogadoebaSi, saxelmwifo
maRali xarisxiT ereva warmoebaSi, vinaidan mTavroba
gaSualebulad Tavad aris udidesi damsaqmebeli.
AZalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs samxedro Zalas da omebsac. me-
17 saukunidan dawyebuli, dasavleTis qveynebis samxedro Zalebis
warmatebebma, saSualeba misca maT, zegavlena moexdinaT mTel
msoflioze da uzrunveleyoT dasavluri cxovrebis wesis
sayovelTao gavrceleba. Mmeoce saukuneSi, orma msoflio omma
Zalze Rrma gavlena iqonia – mravali qveynis gaCanagebam, romelsac
mohyva aRdgenis procesebi, mravali instituciuri cvlileba
gamoiwvia, magaliTad. Ggermaniasa da iaponiaSi, meore msoflio omis
Semdeg. gamarjvebulma qveynebmac ki, rogoric gaerTianebuli

11
samefoa, mravali Sinagani cvlileba ganicada, rac ekonomikaze omis
Sedegebis gavlenas warmoadgenda.

Kkulturuli gavlena

Kkulturul faqtorebs Soris, ramac, Cvens droSi, gavlena

iqonia socialuri cvlilebis procesebze – mecnierebis
ganviTarebam da azrovnebis sekularizaciam _ xeli Seuwyo
Tanamedrove msoflmxedvelobis kritikuli da inovaciuri xasiaTis
Camoyalibebas. Cven ukve aRar miviCnevT, rom Cvevebi da wes-
Cveulebebi misaRebia mxolod imitom, rom maT saukunovani
tradicia aqvs. amis sapirispirod, Cveni cxovrebis wesi, sul ufro
met `racionalur~ safuZvels moiTxovs. magaliTad, saavadmyofos
dizaini ar unda eyrdnobodes ZiriTadad tradiciul gemovnebas,
aramed saavadmyofos ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes –
avadmyofis efeqtur mkurnalobas.
AamasTan erTad, Seicvala Cveni azrovnebis wesi da Cveni
ideebis Sinaarsi. TviTsrulyofis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis da
demokratiuli monawileobis idealebi, umTavresad, gasuli ori-sami
saukunis produqtia. aseTi idealebi, socialuri da politikuri
cvlilebis procesebis mobilizebas emsaxureboda, revoluciebis
CaTvliT. es ideebi ar SeiZleba tradiciebTan yofiliyvnen
mibmulni, aramed ufro metad miuTiTebdnen cxovrebis wesis mudmivi
ganaxlebis aucileblobas, adamianis srulyofis mizniT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom es idealebi dasavleTSi Caisaxa, isini namdvilad
universaluri da globaluria, da xels uwyobs cvlilebas
msoflios umetes regionebSi.

mimdinare cvlileba da momavlis perspeqtivebi

12
 sad mivyavarT dRes socialur cvlilebas? GganviTarebis ra
ZiriTadi tendenciebia, romelmac, SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos
Cvens cxovrebaze ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi? sociologiis
Teoretikosebi ver Tanxmdebian am SekiTxvebis pasuxebze, radgan
isini mraval varauds Seicavs. aq ganvixilavT sam sxvadasxva
savaraudo perspeqtivas: mosazrebas, rom Cven amJamad
postindustrul sazogadoebaSi vcxovrobT; ideas, rom Cven
mivaRwieT postmodernul periods; da Teorias, rom Cven mivaRwieT
`istoriis dasasruls.~

Ppostindustriuli sazogadoebis mimarTulebiT?

zogierTi mkvlevari gamoTqvams azrs, rom is, rac dRes xdeba,

gardamavali safexuria axali sazogadoebisken. romelic ukve aRar
efuZneba industrializms. isini acxadeben, rom Cven SevdivarT
ganviTarebis fazaSi, romelic mTlianad industriuli epoqis
miRmaa. axali socialuri wesrigis aRsaniSnavad, mravali axali
termini Seiqmna, rogoricaa informaciuli sazogadoeba,
momsaxurebis sazogadoeba da codnis sazogadoeba. Tumca termini,
romelic damkvidrda _ pirvelad gamoiyenes deniel belma
SeerTebul StatebSi da alen turenma safrangeTSi –
postindustriuli sazogadoebaa (Bell 1973; Touraine, 1974). `post~
(niSnavs `Semdgomi~) ganmartavs azrs, rom Cven vmoZraobT
industriuli ganviTarebis Zveli formebis miRma.
saxelwodebebis mravalgvaroba ukve migvaniSnebs im uamrav
ideaze, romelic SemoTavazebulia mimdinare socialuri
cvlilebebis interpretaciisTvis. Tumca, erTi Tema, romelic
mudmivad Cndeba, es aris informaciis Tu codnis mniSvneloba
momavlis sazogadoebaSi. Cveni cxovrebis wesi, romelic efuZneba
materialuri saqonlis warmoebas, da dazgisa da fabrikis Zalas

13
eyrdnoba. iseTi warmoebiT icvleba, sadac informacia warmoadgens
sawarmoo sistemis safuZvels.
postindustriuli sazogadoebis yvelaze cxadi da amomwuravi
suraTi mogvca deniel belma Tavis wignSi “The Coming of the
Postindustrial Society” (1973). beli miuTiTebs, rom postindustriuli
wesrigi gamoirCeva momsaxurebis sferos gazrdiT, im samuSaos
nacvlad, romlis safuZvelze materialuri saqoneli
iwarmoeba.Llurjsayeloiani muSa, romelic fabrikaSi an
dazgasTanaa dakavebuli, ukve aRar warmoadgens daqiravebuli muSis
aucilebel tips. TeTrsayeloiani muSebi (klerkebi da
kvalificirebuli specialistebi) lurjsayeloianebze metni arian;
profesiuli da teqnikuri specialobebi yvelaze swrafad
izrdeba.
Aadamianebi, romlebic ufro maRali donis TeTrsayeloianTa
profesiebs floben, specializdebian informaciisa da codnis
warmoebaSi. warmoeba da kontroli imisa, rasac beli
kodificirebul codnas uwodebs – sistematur, koordinirebul
informacias – sazogadoebis ZiriTadi resursia. isini, vinc am
codnas qmnis da avrcelebs – mecnierebi, kompiuteris
specialistebi, ekonomistebi, inJinrebi da yvela saxis
profesionalebi – TandaTan wamyvan socialur jgufebad
yalibdebian da Zveli sistemis mwarmoeblebisa da mewarmeTa
adgils ikaveben. kulturis doneze, SeiniSneba
industrializmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `samuSao eTikis~
ugulebelyofa; adamianebi ufro Ria arian inovaciebisTvis da
siamovnebas Rebuloben rogorc TavianTi samuSaosgan, ise kerZo
cxovrebisgan.
ramdenad safuZvliania Tvalsazrisi, rom Zveli industriuli
wesrigi axali postindustriuli sazogadoebiT Seicvleba?
miuxedavad imisa, rom xsenebuli Tezisi farTod iqna miRebuli,

14
empiriuli mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac igi eyrdnoba, Semdegi saxis
eWvebs iwvevs:
1. tendencia momsaxurebis sferos mimarTulebiT, rasac Tan
axlavs samuSao adgilebis Semcireba sawarmoo seqtorebSi, TiTqmis
industrializaciis sawyisebidan daiwyo; es ar aris axali movlena
_ adreuli 1800-iani wlebidan warmoebac da momsaxurebac soflis
meurneobis xarjze gafarTovda; amasTan, momsaxurebis seqtori sul
ufro swrafad viTardeboda, vidre warmoeba. lurjsayeloiani muSa,
realurad, arasodes iyo daqiravebuli muSis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli tipi; daqiravebuli muSebi, yovelTvis, soflis
meurneobaSi da momsaxurebaSi muSaobdnen; amasTan, momsaxurebis
sfero izrdeboda maSin, roca soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulTa
ricxvi mcirdeboda. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba sawarmoo
samuSaodan momsaxurebaze gadasvla ki ar iyo, aramed sasoflo
saqmianobidan yvela sxva saqmianobaze gadasvla.
2. momsaxurebis seqtori Zalze mravalferovania. momsaxurebis
profesia ar SeiZleba ubralod gavaigivoT TeTrsayeloianTa
saqmianobasTan; momsaxurebis mravali saqmianoba (magaliTad, benzin
gasamrT sadgurze momuSave) lurjsayeloianebs ganekuTvneba im
mizeziT, rom is xeliT samuSaoa. TeTrsayeloianTa dasaqmebis
umetesoba mcire, magram mainc specializebul codnas moiTxovs da,
garkveulwilad, meqanizebuli xdeba. asea mravali dabali rangis
saofise samuSaos SemTxvevaSi.
3. momsaxurebis seqtorSi, mravali saqmianoba CarTulia
procesebSi, romelic, sabolood, materialur produqts qmnis da
amitom igi warmoebis nawilad unda CaiTvalos. Aamrigad,
kompiuteris programisti, romelic sawarmoo firmaSi muSaobs da
manqana-iaraRebis daproeqtebas da monitorings axorcielebs,
uSualodaa CarTuli materialuri produqtis Seqmnis procesSi.

15
 4. veravin ityvis darwmunebiT, Tu rogori iqneba
mikroprocesuli da eleqtronuli sakomunikacio sistemebis
zegavlena Soreul momavalSi. amJamad, igi ufro integrirebulia
samrewvelo sawarmoebaSi da naklebad aviwroebs mas. naTlad Cans,
rom aseTi teqnologiebi gaagrZelebs inovaciis maRali reitingis
Cvenebas da socialuri cxovrebis met sferoebSi gavrceldeba.
Tumca, jer kidev gaurkvevelia, ramdenad vcxovrobT iseT
sazogadoebaSi, sadac kodificirebuli codna ZiriTad resurss
warmoadgens.
5. postindustriuli sazogadoebis koncefcia azviadebs
ekonomikuri faqtorebis mniSvnelobas socialur cvlilebebSi.
aseTi sazogadoeba daxasiaTebulia, rogorc ekonomikis
ganviTarebis Sedegi, rac sxva institutebSic iwvevs cvlilebas.
postindustriuli hipoTezis mravali mimdevari Zalze mcire
gavlenas ganicdida an aSkarad kritikulad iyo ganwyobili marqsis
mimarT; Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom maTi pozicia kvazimarqsistulia,
gansakuTrebiT imaSi, rom maTi SexedulebiT, ekonomikuri faqtorebi
ganageben socialur cvlilebas.
Mmravali movlena, romlis citirebasac axdenen
postindustriis Teoretikosebi, Tanamedrove epoqis mniSvnelovani
niSan-Tvisebaa, Tumca aradamajerebelia, rom postindustruli
sazogadoebis koncefcia saukeTeso gzaa mis gamosaxatavad. Uufro
metic, Zalebi, romlebic dRes cvlilebis ukan dgas, politikuri
da kulturulia, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri.

Ppostmodernizmi da istoriis dasasruli

zogierTi avtori ise Sors wavida, rom ambobs, rom movlenebi,

romlebic amJamad xdeba, gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre industrializmis
dasasrulze signali. rac xdeba, mxolod da mxolod moZraobaa

16
modernizmis miRma – damokidebulebebi da cxovrebis wesi,
asocirebuli Tanamedrove sazogadoebebTan, gulisxmobs Cvens
rwmenas progresSi, mecnierebis upiratesobas da Cvens
SesaZleblobas, vmarToT Tanamedrove samyaro. Ppostmodernuli
epoqa modis an ukve mosulia.
Ppostmodernizmis damcvelebi acxadeben, rom Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebi STagonebulni arian ideiT, rom istorias aqvs
Tavisi moxazuloba – is `miemarTeba sadRac~ da mivyavarT
progresisken – da rom es warmodgena daingra. ukve aRar arsebobs
`didi narativebi~ _ istoriis yovlismomcveli koncefciebi _
romlebic raime sazrisis matarebelia (Lyotard 1985). ar arsebobs
ara marto progresis zogadi cneba, romelic SeiZleba davicvaT,
aramed saerTod ar arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac istoria hqvia.
amgvarad, postmodernuli samyaro Zalze pluralisturi da
mravalgvaria. uamravi filmis, video da satelevizio programis
gziT, warmosaxvebi cirkulirebs mTel msoflioSi. Cven veziarebiT
mraval ideasa da Rirebulebas, Tumca amas Zalze susti kavSiri
aqvs im konkretuli adgilis istoriasTan, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, an
Tundac Cvens pirad istoriebTan. yvelaferi mudmiv moZraobaSia.
avtorTa erTi jgufi ase gamoxatavda amas:
Cveni samyaro axlidan iqmneba. Mmasobrivi warmoeba, masobrivi
moxmareba, didi qalaqi, dangreuli mikroraioni, ufrosi Zma-
saxelmwifo, eri-saxelmwifo dacemas ganicdis. Warbobs moqniloba,
gansxvavebuloba, diferenciacia, mobiloba, komunikacia,
decentralizacia da internacionalizacia. am procesSi, Cveni
identoba, Cveni meobis SegrZneba, Cveni subieqtivoba gardaiqmneba.
Cven vimyofebiT axali epoqis gardamaval periodSi (S. Hall et al. 1988).
amboben, rom istoria mTavrdeba modernizmTan erTad, vinaidan
aRar arsebobs gza, zogadi terminebiT aRwero pluralisturi
samyaro, romelic Semovida Cvens yofaSi.

Ffukuiama da istoriis dasasruli

17
 Mmwerali, romlis saxeli gaigivebulia frazasTan `istoriis
dasasruli~ frensis fukuiamaa. fukuiamas koncefcia istoriis
dasasrulis Sesaxeb, erTi SexedviT, postmodernizmis
Teoretikosebis mier wamoyenebuli ideebis savsebiT sapirispiros
warmoadgens. Mmisi Sexedulebebi dafuZnebulia ara modernizmis
ngrevaze, aramed mis msoflio triumfze, kapitalizmisa da
liberaluri demokratiis saxiT. Ffukuiama Tvlis, rom aRmosavleT
evropaSi 1989 wlis revoluciebiT, sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT da
sxva regionebSi mravalpartiuli demokratiisTvis moZraobiT,
adreuli epoqebis ideologiuri brZolebi dasrulda. istoriis
dasasruli, alternativebis dasasrulia. ukve aRaravin daicavs
monarqizms, xolo faSizmi warsulis fenomenia. es exeba
komunizmsac, dasavluri demokratiis ZiriTad metoqes. marqsis
winaswarmetyvelebis sapirispirod, kapitalizmma mougo xangrZlivi
brZola socializms da liberalurma demokratiam gaimarjva.
fukuiama amtkicebs, rom Cven mivaRwieT `kacobriobis ideologiuri
evoluciis bolo wertils da dasavluri demokratiis
universalizacias, rogorc adamianuri mmarTvelobis saboloo
formas~ (1989).
Tumca, istoriis dasasrulis ori versia, ise daSorebuli ar
aris erTmaneTisgan, rogorc SeiZleba mogveCvenos. liberaluri
demokratia aris struqtura gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis da
interesebis gamosaxatavad. is ar adgens, rogor unda moviqceT,
garda imisa, rom moiTxovs sxvebis Sexedulebebis pativiscemas;
amitom igi uTavsdeba pluralistur Sexedulebebsa da cxovrebis
wess.
Sefaseba

Zalze saeWvoa, rom istoria SeCerdeba, im azriT, rom Cven

amovwuravT yvela arsebul SesaZleblobas. vis SeuZlia Tqvas,

18
rogori ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli wyobis axali
formebi gaCndeba momavalSi? iseve rogorc Suasaukuneebis
moazrovneebs ar hqondaT warmodgena industriul sazogadoebaze,
romelic feodalizmis daqveiTebis Semdeg unda gaCeniliyo, Cvenc,
am momentisTvis, ar SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, rogor
Seicvleba msoflio momaval saukuneSi.
Aamitom, Cven unda gvqondes varaudebi rogorc istoriis
dasasrulis ideis, aseve postmodernizmis ideis Sesaxeb.
Ppostmodernizmis Teoretikosebi zedmetad usvamen xazs
gansxvavebulobasa da fragmentacias, globaluri integraciis
axali formebis xarjze. pluralizmi mniSvnelovania, Tumca
kacobrioba dRes saerTo problemebis winaSe dgas, im problemebis,
romelTa gadawyveta saerTo wamowyebebs moiTxovs. erTi mxriv,
kapitalisturi eqspansia ar SeiZleba usazRvrod gagrZeldes;
msoflios mxolod sasruli resursebi gaaCnia. rogorc erTian
kacobriobas, Cven gvWirdeba, gadavdgaT nabijebi im ekonomikuri
dayofis gadasalaxad, romelic mdidar da Rarib qveynebs mijnavs
erTmaneTisgan, iseve rogorc sazogadoebebis SigniT arsebuli
segmentaciebis gadasalaxad. amiT Cven aseve vicavT resursebs,
romlebzec yvela varT damokidebulni. politikuri wyobis doneze,
mxolod liberaluri demokratia sakmarisi ar aris. rogorc
struqtura, SezRuduli eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebiT, is ver wyvets
problemas, Tu rogor SeiZleba Seiqmnas Zaladobisgan Tavisufali
globaluri pluralisturi wyoba.

safrTxeebi globaluri garemosTvis

Pproblema, romlis winaSec yoveli adamiani dgas, garemos

ekologias ukavSirdeba. samrewvelo warmoebis farTod gavrcelebis
Sedegad, garemos, SesaZloa, ukve miadga gamousworebeli ziani.

19
ekologiuri problema marto imas ki ar gulisxmobs, Tu rogor
gavumklavdeT da SevaCeroT garemosTvis zianis miyeneba da
perioduli samrewvelo katastrofebi, aramed cxovrebis swori
gzis gamonaxva industriuli sazogadoebebis farglebSi. Tu
gamudmebuli ekonomikuri zrda unda SeCerdes, SesaZloa warmoiSvas
axali socialuri institutebi. teqnologiuri progresis
winaswargaTvla SeuZlebelia, da SesaZlebelia, rom dedamiwam,
faqtobrivad, gaiRos sakmarisi resursebi industrializaciis
procesisTvis, Tumca, arsebuli momentisTvis, amis miRweva Znelia,
da Tu mesame msoflios qveynebma unda miaRwion dasavleTSi
miRebul standartebs, globaluri gardaqmna aucilebeli gaxdeba.
soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebis Semdeg, rac aTaswleulebis
win moxda, adamianebma kvali daaCines bunebas. monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi, ZiriTadad, bunebisgan boZebuliT
kmayofildebodnen; isini imiT arsebobdnen, riTac garemo
uzrunvelyofda, da TiTqmis ar cdilobdnen, maT irgvliv arsebuli
garemos gardaqmnas. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebasTan erTad,
situacia Seicvala. marcvleulis mosayvanad, miwa unda
gasufTavebuliyo, xeebi unda moeWraT da sarevela da veluri
mcenareebi unda amoeZirkvaT. im dros, primitiuli sasoflo-
sameurneo samuSaoebic ki niadagis erozias iwvevda. roca bunebrivi
tyeebi iWreboda da wmenda dasruldeboda, qarebs SeeZlo, gaefanta
niadagis nayofieri fena. Semdeg fermeruli Temebi wmendnen miwis
nakveTebs da ase grZeldeboda procesi. zogierTi landSafti,
romelic dRes bunebrivi gvgonia, rogoricaa, magalTiad, kldovani
adgilebi da daRaruli miwebi saberZneTis samxreT dasavleTSi,
sinamdvileSi, niadagis eroziis Sedegia, rac fermerebis
saqmianobiTaa gamowveuli, xuTi aTasi wlis win.
Tumca, Tanamedrove mrewvelobis ganviTarebamde, adamianTa
cxovrebaSi bunebas gacilebiT meti upiratesoba eniWeboda, vidre

20
raime sxvas. dRes, adamianis SeWra bunebaSi iseTi intensiurobiT
xdeba, rom Zalze cota bunebrivi procesi SeiZleba davasaxeloT,
razec adamianis aqtivoba ar axdendes zegavlenas. TiTqmis mTeli
nayofieri miwa sasoflo-sameurneo produqts aqvs dakavebuli. is,
rac TiTqmis daubegravi veluri adgilebi iyo, axla bunebis
fondad gadaiqca, rasac yoveldRiurad aTasobiT turisti
moinaxulebs. TviT msoflios klimatic ki, rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT,
mrewvelobis globaluri ganviTarebis gavlenas ganicdis.
`mwvaneTa~ moZraobebi da partiebi (rogoricaa, dedamiwis
megobrebi an grinpisi) romlebic, zogjer Tavad warmoadgenen
globalur organizaciebs, garemosTan dakavSirebuli axali
saSiSroebis pasuxad Camoyalibdnen. Tumca arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari
filosofiebi mwvaneTa rigebSi, ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa,
ganaxorcielos qmedebebi msoflio garemos dasacavad, ufro mis
konservaciaze izrunos, vidre gamofitos misi resursebi; aseve,
SeinarCunos cxovelTa darCenili saxeebi. AaseulobiT cxovelTa
saxe gadaSenda ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze da es
procesi axlac grZeldeba.
Ggaremos dacvasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi problema,
gansakuTrebiT mwvavea specifikur teritoriebze. AaRmosavleT
evropis yofil komunistur sazogadoebebSi da sabWoTa kavSirSi,
mdinareebi, tyeebi da haeri Zalze dabinZurebulia warmoebis
narCenebiT. Aam dabinZurebis Sedegebi, Tu zRvars gascdeba,
potenciurad, mTel msoflios edeba. rogorc viciT, sazogadoebebi
dedamiwaze gacilebiT metad urTierTdamokidebulni gaxdnen, vidre
odesme iyvnen. rogorc `dedamiwis kosmosuri xomaldis~ mgzavrebi,
ara aqvs mniSvneloba, sad vcxovrobT, yvela Cveni garemos
koroziis saSiSroebis winaSe varT. Ggermaneli sociologis ulrix
bekis sityvebiT, amgvari situacia ubiZgebs globaluri riskis
sazogadoebis Seqmnas (Beck, 1992). Cven axla globalur wesrigSi

21
vcxovrobT, sadac safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT, ekologiuri safrTxis
CaTvliT, rac wina Taobebs ar gamoucdiaT.

moxmareba da garemo
msoflio moxmarebis revolucias ganicdis. 1950-iani wlebidan
energiis, xorcis, spilenZis, foladis da a.S. moxmarebis gaormageba
moxda. manqanis mflobelebis ricxvi gaoTxmagebulia, plastikatis
gamoyenebam Zalze farTo saxe miiRo, xolo TviTmfrinaviT
mgzavroba gaxSirda daaxloebiT 33-jer.
resursebis gamoyeneba erTnairad ar xdeba. Mmsoflios
mosaxleobis mexuTedi ar iTvleba momxmareblad, Tumca
dasavlelTa saSualo klasis umetesoba CarTulia moxmarebaSi.
SeerTebul StatebSi, adamianebis mxolod meaTeds umgzavria
TviTmfrinaviT. miuxedavad amisa, momxmarebelTa es mcire jgufi
yvelaze Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens garemoze.
AaraaRdgenadi da SezRuduli resursebis daCqarebuli
gamoyeneba, ekosistemas riskis qveS ayenebs. kakao ganviTarebad
qveynebSi izrdeba, Tumca mas umTavresad CrdiloeTSi miirTmeven.
magaliTad, afrika mis mier warmoebuli kakaos mxolod 3 procents
moixmars. Tumca, bunebrivi ekosistemebi nadgurdeba Sokoladis
warmoebis gamo.
Ggaremos mzardi dabinZureba zians ayenebs tyeebs, sasmel
wyals da okeaneebs. germanelma mkvlevarebma gamoiTvales, rom aTi
wlis manZilze, saSualod, manqana gamoyofs 2,040 milion kub. m (cu
m) / 72,040 milion kub. ft (cu ft) dabinZurebul haers, 26,5 t / 29,9 t.
narCenebs, pasuxismgebelia 3 mkvdar xesa da 30 `daavadebul~ xeze,
misi wvliliT mJavur wvimebSi, agreTve 200 kv. metri / 2,200 kv. futi
gzebis gudronis feniT da betoniT dafarvaSi.
momxmarebloba gansakuTrebul zewolas sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebze da saTevzao adgilebze axdens. Tinusis mopoveba meqsikaSi
weliwadSi 50-100 aTas delfinis sicocxles iwiravs. sinTeturi
badeebiT 60 saxis zRvis frinvelis daWera xdeba mTels msoflioSi
da pingvinebi uSualo safrTxis qveS arian.
Mmiuxedavad bevri saubrisa, samxreTSi `mosaxleobis siWarbis~
Sesaxeb, msoflio resursebze zewola mdidari qveynebidan modis.
mTeli msoflios mosaxleobisTvis, ubralod SeuZlebeli iqneboda,
hqondeT moxmarebis iseTi done, rogoric CrdiloeTSia. aseTi
problemebis mogvareba advili ar aris. konservacias, gadamuSavebas
da grZelvadian produqtebs SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva. mgrZnobiare
sakiTxi, mdidrebs Soris moxmarebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb, Znelad
midis adresatamde da albaT ufro mniSvnelovani gaxdeba
momavalSi.
wyaro: 1994 Hutehinson Gallup, INFO 1995, Helicon, gv. 527.

22
 safrTxis wyaroebi

Ggaremos globaluri safrTxe mravali saxisaa: garemos

dabinZureba, narCenebis warmoqmna, romlebic ver gadamuSavdeba
mokle droSi, da resursebis amowurva, romelic ver Seivseba.
Sinauri narCenebis uzarmazari grova – rac nagvis bunkerebSi midis
– da rac yoveldRe warmoiqmneba industriul sazogadoebebSi,
SemaZrwunebelia; am sazogadoebebs zogjer `nagvis civilizacias~
uwodeben, radgan maTSi gadayrili sagnebis raodenoba Zalian
didia. magaliTad, sakvebs umetesad yiduloben paketebSi da am
paketebs dRis bolos yrian. zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba
gadamuSavdes, zogierTi ki _ ara. zogierTi, farTod gamoyenebuli
celofanis paketi, ubralod gamoyenebul narCenad iqceva; misi
gadamuSaveba SeuZlebeliaDda amitom is damarxuli unda iyos
bunkerebSi.
rodesac garemos Sesaxeb analizebi narCenebis Sesaxeb
informacias iZleva, es narCenebi ara marto gadagdebul saqonels
niSnavs, aramed aseve datumbuli airis Semcvel narCenebs; amis
magaliTia naxSirmJava, romelic atmosferoSi aRwevs, navTobis an
naxSiris wvis Sedegad, manqanebSi da gasamarTav sadgurebSi; gazic
aRwevs haerSi, aerozolis, kondicioneris an saizolacio masalis
gamoyenebiT; naxSirmJava umTavres gavlenas axdens globaluri
daTbobis procesze, rac, bevri mecnieris azriT, ukve xdeba (ix.
diagrama 19.1), Tumca sxva airebic axdens zegavlenas ozonis
safarze.
fiqroben, rom globaluri daTboba Semdegnairad
mimdinareobs: naxSirmJavas TandaTanobiTi dagroveba dedamiwis
atmosferoSi moqmedebs, rogorc sarke saTburSi. igi SeRwevis
saSualebas aZlevs mzis sxivebs, Tumca moqmedebs rogorc barieri,

23
xels uSlis sxivebis ukan dabrunebas. am procesis Sedegi
dedamiwis gaxurebaa. am azriT, globalur daTbobas zogjer
`saTburis efeqts~ uwodeben. Tu globalur daTbobas eqneba
adgili, Sedegebi, albaT, gamanadgurebeli iqneba. danarCen
movlenebTan erTad, zRvis donis aweva moxdeba da polaruli
yinulis safari dadneba, okeaneebi daTbeba da gafarTovdeba.
sanapirosTan gaSenebuli qalaqebi da dablobi adgilebi
daitboreba da sacxovreblad uvargisi gaxdeba. Nnayofieri miwebis
umetesoba udabnod gadaiqceva.
ozonis safari, romelic dedamiwis atmosferos zeda
SreebSia, qmnis safars, romelic icavs ultraiisferi
gamosxivebisgan. Aairi, romelic aerozolebSi da macivrebSi
gamoiyeneba, warmoqmnis nawilakebs, romelic reaqciaSi Sedis
ozonis safarTan imgvarad, rom asustebs mas. Ffiqroben, rom es
qimikatebi orive polusze warmoqmnian SesamCnev naxvretebs ozonis
safarSi da aTxeleben am safars sxvaganac. radiacia, rogorc
Sedegi, aRwevs dedamiwis atmsoferos, qmnis sxvadasxvagvar,
potenciurad zianismomtan efeqtebs, magaliTad, iwvevs Tvalis
kataraqtis gavrcelebas (ramac, SesaZloa, sibrmave gamoiwvios) da
sxvadasxva xarisxis kanis kibos.
Tanamedrove mrewvelobam, romelic jer kidev farTovdeba
mTel msoflioSi, uCveulod gazarda moTxovnebi energiis wyaroze
da nedleulze. Tumca, aseTi energis wyaro da nedli masala
SezRudulia. magaliTad, msoflioSi cnobili navTobis resursebis
moxmarebis arsebuli koeficienti, sruliad amoiwureba 2050
wlisTvis. SesaZloa, aRmoCenil iqnes navTobis axali rezervebi an
gamogonebul iqnes iafi energiis wyaro, Tumca namdvilad aris
zRvari, rodesac zogierTi arsebiTi resursi amoiwureba, Tu
globaluri moxmareba ar SeizRudeba.

24
 Ggaremo: sociologiuri problema?

ratom unda iyos garemo sociologebis sazrunavi? Ggana ar

vmsjelobT sakiTxebze, rac mxolod bunebis mecnierebisa da
teqnologebis sferoa? Ggana adamianebis zemoqmedeba bunebaze
fizikuri ar aris, industriuli warmoebis Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiT gamowveuli? Ddiax, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom
Tanamedrove mrewvelobam da industriam arseboba moipova garkveul
socialur institutebTan kavSirSi. Ggaremoze Cveni zemoqmedebis
warmoSoba socialuria, da aseTivea mravali misi Sedegic.
Aamitom, globaluri garemos gadarCena, niSnavs socialur,
iseve rogorc teqnologiur cvlilebas. mocemul globalur
uTanasworobaSi, Zalze mcire Sansia, rom mesame msoflios Raribi
qveynebi daTmoben ekonomikur zrdas, garemos problemebis gamo,
romlebze pasuxismgebelnic mdidari qveynebi arian. Tumca,
dedamiwaze ar aris sakmarisi resursi imisaTvis, rom planetaze
mcxovrebma yvela adamianma miaRwios cxovrebis im standarts, rac
industriul sazogadoebebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis
umravlesobisTvis TavisTavadi mocemulobaa. amitom, Tu msoflios
uRaribesi seqtorebi unda daewion ufro mdidrebs, am
ukanasknelebma unda gadaxedon maT molodinebs mudmiv ekonomikur
zrdasTan dakavSirebiT. zogierTi `mwvane~ avtori miiCnevs, rom
mdidari qveynebis adamianebi unda gamovidnen momxmareblobis
winaaRmdeg da daubrundnen cxovrebis ufro martiv wess, Tu gvinda,
rom globaluri ekologiuri katastrofa acilebul iqnes.

globaluri cvlileba: momavlis xedva

vinaidan momavals Cveni saukunis TvalTaxedviT ganvixilavT,

ver ganvWvretT, aRiniSneba Tu ara momavali asi weli mSvidobiani

25
socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, Tu globaluri
problemebi momravldeba, romelTa gadaWrac kacobriobis
SesaZleblobas aRemateba. gansxvavebiT im sociologebisgan,
romlebic ori saukunis win werdnen, Cven naTlad vxedavT, rom
Tanamedrove mrewvelobas, teqnologias da mecnierebas namdvilad
ar moutaniaT savsebiT warmatebuli Sedegebi. dRes, msoflio
gacilebiT mravalricxovani da mdidaria, vidre odesme; Cven gvaqvs
SesaZlebloba, vakontroloT Cveni bedi da ukeTesad moviwyoT
cxovreba, rac warmoudgeneli iyo wina TaobebisTvis; miuxedavad
amisa, msoflio Zalze axloa ekonomikur da ekologiur
katastrofasTan. Aamisma Tqmam xeli ar unda Seuwyos uimedo
damokidebulebis ganviTarebas.EerTi, rasac sociologia
gvTavazobs, aris socialuri institutebis adamianuri
pasuxismgeblobis Rrma cnobiereba. Cvens mier Tanamedrove
socialuri cvlilebis uaryofiTi mxaris gacnobiereba, xels ar
SegviSlis, mxari davuWiroT realistur da imedismomcem
Tvalsazriss momavlis Sesaxeb.

riskis qveS myofi axali saxeoba

industriul qveynebSi, SesaZloa, metad viyoT daculni iseTi

saSiSi movlenebisgan, rogoricaa Savi Wiri, naRmebi da sxva
bunebrivi ubedurebebi, da Cveni gauTviTcnobiereblobac msgavsi
masStabisaa. es yvelaferi warmoiSva teqnologiis ganviTarebis
Sedegad, ramac erT-erTma pirvelma moaxdina gavlena socialur
cvlilebaze.
yvelaze ufro saSiSi am gaurkvevlobebidan aris radiaciisa
da sxva saxis toqsikuri mowamvla. ubedureba moxda iseT
adgilebSi, rogorcaa sami milis kunZuli pelsilvaniaSi, bhopalSi
indoeTSi da CernobilSi, ukrainaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ubeduri
SemTxvevebi TavisTavad, SesaZloa, lokaluri iyo, maTi Sedegebi
Zalze Sor distanciebs miswvda da Segvaxsena, rom samyaro Cvens
garSemo sul ufro metad aris urTierTdakavSirebuli. safrTxe
imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom dRemde arsebul nebismier Taobaze
metad, Cven vdgavarT gaurkveveli bedis winaSe.

26
 NnaSromSi “A New Species of Trouble” (1994) eriqsoni, sociologi
ielis universitetidan, fiqrobs, rom adamianis mier Seqmnili
katastrofebi ar hgavs bunebriv ubedurebebs, romlebmac ngrevebi
gamoiwvia adreul sazogadoebebSi, vinaidan `toqsikuri sawamlavi
adamianebze axleburad da sxva gzebiT zemoqmedebs.~ eriksonma didi
dro moandoma iseT adgilebSi mogzaurobas, romlebmac ganicades
bunebrivi da adamianuri ubedurebebi. igi intervius iRebda
TviTmxilvelebisgan. rogorc sociologma, man am interviuebidan
monacemebi Tavis naSromebSi gamoiyena, magram aseve ganmeorebiT
Seamowma sasamarTlo procesebis Sedegebi, romlebic aseTi
katastrofebis mxsverplT Seexeboda, raTa misi samecniero
eqspertiziT Seefasebina arsebuli problemebi. rogorc
sazogadoebrivi katastrofebis kvlevis pioners, eriqsons miaCnia,
rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom bunebrivi katastrofebi, rogoricaa
qariSxlebi da SimSili, TvalsaCino da dakvirvebadia, toqsikuri
Sxamebis umetesi formebi `ar gamoicnoba Cveuli adamianuri
SegrZenebebiT~. Aadamianebma xSirad arc ician mavne zemoqmedebis
Sesaxeb. meore gansxvaveba bunebriv da adamianis mier gamowveul
katastrofebs Soris isaa, rom bunebriv katastrofas garkveuli
dasawyisi da dasasruli aqvs, maSin rodesac adamianis mier
gamowveul katastrofas `ara aqvs xangrZlivoba, bunebrivi dro; da
amitom misi msxverplni mudmivi safrTxisa da SiSis mdgomareobaSi
arian.~ gazis gaJonvis Sedegad, erTma dazaralebulma auxsna
eriqsons:
`me mgoni, Cemi uimedobis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom Cven
gvaqvs SegrZneba, rom es grZeldeba, grZeldeba da grZeldeba da
arasodes dasruldeba. es iseTi uimedo SegrZnebaa, iyo amgvar
situaciaSi da gindodes Seni momavali cxovrebis dagegmva.DSen ar
SegZilia amis gakeTeba, vinaidan xel-fex Sekruli xar imiT, rom ar
ici, SegiZlia Tu ara gayido saxli, SegiZlia Tu ara gadaadgilde.
gWirdeba qalaqSi yofna? SegiZlia datovo qalaqi? es rom bunebrivi
ubedureba yofiliyo, romelic dasrulda – tornado Tu miwisZvra
– Cven gvecodineboda, ra mdgomareobaSi vimyofebiT, da SevZlebdiT
win wasvlas da cxovrebasTan Seguebas.”
M
Sejameba

1. Tanamedrove periodma – daaxloebiT me-18 saukunidan

dRevandel dRemde – cvlilebis procesSi eqstraordinaluri
aCqareba ganicada.AalbaT am periodSi, rac kacobriobis istoriaSi
drois Zalze mcire segmentia, ufro meti cvlileba moxda, vidre
mTel winamorbed periodSi.

27
 2. verc erTi `erTi faqtoris~ Teoria ver axsnis mTlian
socialur cvlilebas. SesaZlebelia, ganvasxvaoT ramdenime mTavari
gavlena cvlilebaze, romelTagan pirveli materialur garemosTan
Seguebaa. sxvebia _ fizikuri garemo, politikuri organizacia da
kulturuli faqtorebi.
3. Tanamedrove socialuri cvlilebis mniSvnelovan
faqtorebs Sorisaa industriuli kapitalizmis ganvrcoba;
centralizebuli eri-saxelmwifoebis ganviTareba; omis
industrializacia; mecnierebis aRmavloba da azrovnebis
`racionaluri~ anu kritikuli modelis ganviTareba.
4. zogierTi saubrobs `postindustriuli~ sazogadoebis
damkvidrebaze. Aam Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Zveli industriuli
wyoba CamorCeba axali socialuri wyobis ganviTarebas, romelic
dafuZnebulia codnasa da informaciaze. Aam mosazrebebSi
saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli, Tu ramdenad aris momsaxureba
danergili mrewvelobaSi, aseve zedmetadaa xazgasmuli ekonomikuri
faqtorebis roli.
5. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom Cven mivuaxlovdiT modernizmis
dasasruls, rom mivemarTebiT `postmodernul~ samyaroSi. fukuiama
amtkicebs, rom Cven unda visaubroT `istoriis dasasrulze~. amiT
igi ar gulisxmobs, rom istoriuli cvlileba mivida dasasrulTan,
aramed imas, rom ar arsebobs kapitalizmis da liberaluri
demokratiis momavali alternativa, romlebmac globalurad
gaimarjva yvela konkurent sistemaze.
6. tradiciuli debatebi Tavisufali sabazro kapitalizmis da
socializmis damcvelebs Soris, moZvelda. axali, globaluri
sakiTxebi iwevs win, romelTa wvdoma an maTze pasuxis gacema ioli
ar aris, sociologiur TeoriaSi miRebuli poziciebis farglebSi.
7. garemosTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi warmoiSva, rogorc
erT-erTi yvelaze didi saSiSroeba, rac ki kacobriobis winaSe

28
dgeba axlo momavalSi. AaseTi safrTxeebis umravlesoba
globaluria – isini saSiSroebas uqmnis dedamiwas, rogorc mTels.
garemos safrTxeebis sami ZiriTadi tipia: narCenebis dagroveba,
garemos dabinZureba da mineraluri resursebis amowurva. garemoze
zrunva ara marto teqnologiuri, aramed socialuri sakiTxicaa;
adamianis Zaladoba bunebaze, dasavluri socialuri institutebis
ganviTarebas da globalur ganvrcobas mohyva, radgan maTTvis
uaRresad mniSvnelovania mudmivi ekonomikuri zrda.

damatebiTi literatura

KMartin Albrow, The global Age (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996). kritikuli
diskusia globalizaciis ideis modernistuli da
postmodernistuli xedvis Sesaxeb.
Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-industrial Society (London: Heinemann, 1974).
erT-erTi pirveli da yvelaze gavleniani wigni, postindustriuli
wyobis ideis Sesaxeb.
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamish
Hamilton, 1992). farTod diskusirebuli naSromi, romelic amtkicebs,
rom istoriuli alternativebi amowurulia, kapitalizmis da
liberaluri demokratiis garda.
Margaret A. Rose, The Post-modern and Post-industrial: A Critical Analysis
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). istoriuli da kritikuli
cnobari debatebze, postmodernizmisa da postindustriuli
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.
GDanilo Zolo, Cosmopolis: Prospects for World Government (Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1996). gamomwvevi kritika kosmopolisis anu ,,globaluri”
mTavrobis ideis Sesaxeb.
M
mniSvnelovani terminebi

29
• informaciuli sazogadoeba
• kodificirebuli codna
• istoriis dasasruli
• garemos ekologia
• riskis sazogadoeba

30
 sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi

Sinaarsi
ZiriTadi cneba
kvlevis procesi
kvlevis problema
problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalis ganxilva
kvlevis problemis dazusteba
kvlevis dizainis SemuSaveba
kvlevis Catareba
Sedegebis interpretacia
Sedegebis angariSis saxiT wardgena
realoba sul sxvaa!
kvlevis meTodebi
savele gamokvleva
masobrivi gamokiTxvebi
eqsperimentebi
cxovrebis istoriebi
istoriuli analizi
SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvlevebis Serwyma
kvleva realur samyaroSi: meTodebi, problemebi, Secdomebi
roi velisi da saientologia
sociologiis gavlena
danarTi 1: statistikuri terminebi
danarTi 2: cxrilis wakiTxva
danarTi 3: rogor gamoviyenoT biblioTekebi
zogadi informaciis wyaroebi sociologiaSi
sociologiuri Jurnalebi
sadisertacio gamokvleva an ufro xangrZlivi gamokvleva
ufro Sors Wvreta
Sejameba
damatebiTi literatura
mniSvnelovani terminebi
 ZiriTadi cneba

kvlevis meTodebi
problemebi, romlebsac sociologebi Teoriebsa da kvlevebSi exebian, xSirad im
problemebis msgavsia, romlebic bevr sxva adamians awuxebs. magaliTad, rogoria
pirobebi, romlebSic mcire eTnikuri jgufebi cxovroben? rogoraa SesaZlebeli,
masobrivi SimSili arsebobdes msoflioSi, romelic dRes bevrad ufro mdidaria,
vidre odesme? ra gavlenas moaxdens Cvens cxovrebaze informaciuli teqnologiis
sul ufro mzardi gamoyeneba? iwyeba Tu ara ojaxis, rogorc socialuri
institutis, dezintegracia? sociologebi cdiloben, am da sxva mraval problemas
gascen pasuxi. ra Tqma unda, maTi daskvnebi saboloo ar aris. miuxedavad amisa,
sociologiuri Teoriuli msjelobebisa da kvlevis mizans yovelTvis im
spekulaciuri xerxebisagan Tavis daRweva warmoadgens, romelTa saSualebiTac
rigiTi pirovneba, Cveulebriv, aseT sakiTxebs ganixilavs. karg sociologiur
naSromSi, Sesaswavli sakiTxebi, SeZlebisdagvarad, zustadaa dasmuli. mkvlevari
cdilobs, daskvnebis gakeTebamde faqtobrivi monacemebi Seagrovos. am miznebis
misaRwevad, unda vicodeT, ama Tu im konkretul kvlevaSi ra meTodebis gamoyenebaa
mizanSewonili da yvelaze ukeT rogor unda gavaanalizoT miRebuli Sedegebi.
rigi sakiTxebisa, romelsac sociologi kvlevaSi ayenebs, ZiriTadad, faqtebs
anu empirias exeba. magaliTad, danaSaulisa da samarTlianobis bevri aspeqtis
Sesaswavlad, uSualo da sistemuri gamokvlevis Catareba aris saWiro. amgvarad, Cven
SegveZlo gvekiTxa: danaSaulis romeli formebia yvelaze gavrcelebuli? policia
kriminalSi CarTuli adamianebis ra nawils iWers? sabolood, ramden maTgans
scnoben damnaSaved da apatimreben? pasuxi rom gavceT faqtebTan dakavSirebul
aseTi saxis kiTxvebs, xSirad, saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamokvlevis Catareba.
danaSaulis Sesaxeb arsebuli oficialuri statistika sando ar aris kriminaluri
saqmianobis realuri suraTis saCveneblad. mkvlevarebma, romlebmac Seiswavles
danaSaulis done, aRmoaCines, rom policiisTvis yvela seriozuli danaSaulis
mxolod daaxloebiT naxevari xdeba cnobili.
ra Tqma unda, faqtobrivi informacia erTi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb yovelTvis ar
gviCvenebs, saqme kerZo SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs Tu gavlenaTa zogad erTobliobasTan.
sociologebs xSirad surT, dasvan SedarebiTi kiTxvebi, romlebic gansazRvravs
sazogadoebis SigniT, erTi socialuri konteqstis meoresTan kavSirs, an sxvadasxva
sazogadoebidan aRebul magaliTebs erTmaneTs adarebs. mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi
arsebobs, magaliTad, britaneTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis socialur da
sakanonmdeblo sistemebs Soris. tipuri SedarebiTi kiTxva SeiZleba iyos: ra
gansxvavebaa ori qveynis kriminaluri qcevisa da kanonis gatarebis nimuSebs Soris?
(sinamdvileSi, maT Soris aRmoCenilia zogierTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba).
sociologiaSi unda ganvixiloT ara marto arsebuli sazogadoebebi
erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, aramed, agreTve, unda SevadaroT maTi awmyo da warsuli.
kiTxvebi, romlebsac sociologebi aq svamen, aris ganviTarebadi. Tanamedrove
msoflios arsis gasagebad, Cven unda SeviswavloT sazogadoebis wina formebi da
gavaanalizoT is ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelic cvlilebebis am procesebisTvis

2
iyo damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT, magaliTad, rogor
Seiqmna Tavdapirvelad cixeebi da rogoria isini dRes.
faqtobrivi anu, rogorc sociologebi uwodeben, empiriuli kvlevebis mizania,
Seiswavlon, rogor viTardeba movlenebi. miuxedavad amisa, sociologia ar aris
mxolod faqtebis Segroveba, rac ar unda mniSvnelovani da saintereso iyos isini.
Cven yovelTvis unda avxsnaT, ras niSnavs faqtebi da, am mizniT, unda viswavloT
Teoriuli kiTxvebis dasma. bevri sociologi, ZiriTadad, empiriul kiTxvebze
muSaobs, magram, Tu kvlevisas isini ar xelmZRvaneloben garkveuli TeoriiT,
saeWvoa, maTma samuSaom naTeli mohfinos faqtebs. es im SemTxvevaSic ki marTalia,
Tu gamokvleva mxolod praqtikuli miznebiT tardeba.
am TavSi gavecnobiT sociologiur kvlevaSi CarTul ramdenime sakvanZo
elements. Semdeg ganvixilavT kvlevis meTodebis sxvadasxva formas, romlebsac
sociologebi TavianTi muSaobis dros iyeneben. Cven, agreTve, gavaanalizebT
zogierT arsebul gamokvlevas _ radgan, xSirad, gansxvavebaa kvlevis idealurad
Catarebasa da namdvil cxovrebiseul gamokvlevebs Soris.

kvlevis procesi

pirvelad im etapebs gavecnoT, romlebisgan, Cveulebriv, kvleviTi samuSao

Sedgeba. kvlevis procesi ramdenime gansxvavebul safexurs moicavs, im etapidan
dawyebuli, rodesac gamokvleva igegmeba da im periodiT damTavrebuli, rodesac
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi qveyndeba an xelmisawvdomi xdeba naweri
formiT.

kvlevis problema
yvela kvleva kvlevis problemiT iwyeba. zogjer es aris faqtebis arcodnis
sfero: Cven, SesaZloa, ubralod, gvsurs, gavafarTovoT Cveni codna garkveuli
institutebis, socialuri procesebis an kulturebis Sesaxeb. romelime mkvlevars,
SeiZleba, hqonoda survili, mieRo pasuxebi iseT kiTxvebze, rogoricaa: mosaxleobis
ra nawils aqvs myari religiuri rwmena? dRes adamianebi namdvilad arian
ukmayofiloni `didi politikiT?~ ramdenad CamorCeba qalebis ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba mamakacebis mdgomareobas?
magram, saukeTeso sociologiuri kvleva iseTi problemebiT iwyeba, romlebic
bevr Tavsatexs Seicavs. Tavsatexi aris ara mxolod informaciis nakleboba, aramed
Cvens codnaSi arsebuli xarvezic. kargi sociologiuri kvlevis Catarebis unari,
ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia am Tavsatexebis sworad gansazRvrasTan. imis magivrad,
rom ubralod vupasuxoT SekiTxvas: `ra xdeba aq?~, kvleva, romlis mizania
Tavsatexis gadaWra, cdilobs, dagvexmaros, gavigoT, ratom xdeba raime movlenebi
ise, rogorc xdeba. amgvarad, Cven SegveZlo gvekiTxa: ratom icvleba religiuri
rwmenis formebi? ra axdens gavlenas imaze, rom icvleba mosaxleobis raodenoba,
romelmac bolo wlebSi arCevnebSi miiRo monawileoba? ratomaa, rom qalebi nakleb
ikaveben maRali statusis mqone samsaxurebriv poziciebs?
gamokvlevis arc erTi nawili ar aris damoukidebeli. kvlevis problemebi
Cndeba muSaobis procesSi. erTma kvlevis proeqtma, SesaZloa, advilad migviyvanos
3
sxva proeqtamde, radgan is gamoavlens sxva sakiTxebs, romlebic mkvlevarma adre
ver gaiTvaliswina. sociologma, SeiZleba, Tavsatexebi aRmoaCinos wignebsa da
specializebul JurnalebSi gamoqveynebul, sxva mkvlevrTa naSromebis kiTxvisas, an
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli specifikuri tendenciebis gacnobis Semdeg.
magaliTad, bolo wlebSi Zalian izrdeba im programebis raodenoba, romelTa
mizania, sulierad avadmyofebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTva da ara
fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi moTavseba. sociologebs, SeiZleba, daebadoT Semdegi
kiTxvebi: ram gamoiwvia sulieri avadmyofebisadmi damokidebulebis aseTi Secvla?
savaraudod, ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas rogorc Tavad pacientebisTvis, ise
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisTvis?

problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalis ganxilva

rogorc ki problemas ganvsazRvravT, Semdegi nabiji gamokvlevis procesSi,
Cveulebriv, aris am sferoSi arsebuli masalis mimoxilva. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom
wina gamokvlevam ukve sakmaod kargad axsna problema, magram, Tu aRniSnul
problemasTan dakavSirebiT sicxade ar arsebobs, mkvlevarma guldasmiT unda
Seiswavlos sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli yvela arsebuli gamokvleva, raTa
darwmundes, ramdenad sasargebloa isini misi momavali kvlevisTvis. SeamCnies wina
mkvlevrebma igive Tavsatexi? rogor Seecadnen isini mis gadawyvetas? problemis ra
aspeqtebi ver gaaanalizes maT TavianT kvlevaSi? sxvebis Sexedulebebis gamoyeneba
sociologs exmareba, zustad axsnas is sakiTxebi, romlebic SeiZleba kvlevis dros
wamoiWras da gansazRvros is meTodebi, romelTa gamoyeneba mizanSewonili iqneboda
mocemul gamokvlevaSi.

kvlevis problemis dazusteba

mesame faza kvlevis problemis mkafio formulirebas Seicavs. Tu Sesabamisi
literatura ukve arsebobs, mkvlevari biblioTekidan unda dabrundes zusti
warmodgeniT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miudges mocemuli problemis gadawyvetas.
zogjer varaudi problemis bunebis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, am stadiaze Camoyalibdes
garkveul hipoTezad. hipoTeza aris mecnieruli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rac xdeba.
kvleva rom efeqturi iyos, hipoTeza imgvarad unda iqnes formulirebuli, rom
Segrovebulma faqtobrivma masalam mogvces misi damamtkicebeli an uarmyofeli
monacemebi.

kvlevis dizainis SemuSaveba

Semdeg mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, rogor Seagrovos kvlevis masalebi.
arsebobs bevri sxvadasxva kvlevis meTodi da romeli maTgani iqneba arCeuli,
damokidebulia rogorc gamokvlevis saerTo miznebze, ise qcevis gasaanalizebel
aspeqtebze. zogierTi miznisTvis, SesaZloa, masobrivi gamokiTxva (romelSic,
Cveulebriv, kiTxvarebi gamoiyeneba) iyos Sesaferisi meTodi, sxva SemTxvevebSi,
interviu an dakvirveba gamoviyenoT. mogvianebiT, ufro mets gavigebT sxvadasxva
kvlevis meTodis Sesaxeb.
4
 kvlevis Catareba
kvlevis Catarebis dros, SeiZleba, moulodnelad gaCndes praqtikuli xasiaTis
siZneleebi. magaliTad, SeiZleba, ar moxerxdes kontaqtis damyareba zogierT
respondentTan, visac anketebi unda gaugzavnon an visi interviuireba mkvlevars
surs. kerZo (komerciulma) firmam an saxelmwifo dawesebulebam, SeiZleba, mkvlevars
ar misces dagegmili samuSaos Catarebis ufleba. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevari
Seiswavlis sakiTxs, rogor asruleben komerciuli korporaciebi qalebisTvis
Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis programebs, kompaniebs, romlebmac ar Seasrules es
programebi, SeiZleba, ar undodeT, rom maTTan Catardes gamokvleva. amis Sedegad,
aRmoCndeba, rom monacemebi ar aris zusti.

Sedegebis interpretacia
gasaanalizebeli masalis Segrovebis Semdeg, mkvlevris siZneleebi jer kidev ar
mTavrdeba _ isini SeiZleba swored maSin daiwyos! Segrovebuli monacemebis
mniSvnelobis dadgena da Semdeg maTi dakavSireba sakvlev problemasTan, rogorc
wesi, Znelia. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, miviRoT mkafio pasuxi Tavdapirvel kiTxvebze,
bevri gamokvleva, saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba nakleb damajerebeli aRmoCndes.

Sedegebis angariSis saxiT wardgena

kvlevis angariSi, Cveulebriv, qveyndeba Jurnalis statiis an wignis saxiT. igi
warmoadgens kvlevis bunebis axsnas da cdilobs miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTebas.
magram es mxolod individualuri kvlevis proeqtis bolo etapia.
angariSebis umravlesoba im kiTxvebze miuTiTebs, romlebzec pasuxebis gacema
ver moxerxda da gvTavazobs Semdgom kvlevas, romlis Catareba, SesaZloa,
sasargeblo iyos momavalSi. yvela individualuri mecnieruli gamokvleva
warmoadgens im uwyveti kvleviTi procesis nawils, romelic sociologiuri
sazogadoebis CarCoebSi warmoebs.

sociologiuri kvlevis procesis safexurebi

5
 gansazRvre problema
SearCie gamokvlevis Tema

mimoixile literatura
gaecani Temis Sesaxeb
arsebul gamokvlevebs

Camoayalibe hipoTeza
ris Semowmebas apireb?
ra kavSiria cvladebs Soris?

SearCie kvlevis dizaini

airCie erTi an meti kvlevis meTodi:
eqsperimenti, gamokiTxva, dakvirveba,
arsebuli werilobiTi wyaroebis gamoyeneba

Caatare gamokvleva
Seagrove monacemebi,
Cawere miRebuli informacia

axseni miRebuli Sedegebi

ganmarte Segrovebuli monacemebis
mniSvnelobebi

warmoadgine kvlevis monacemebi

ra mniSvneloba aqvT maT?
ra kavSiri aqvT maT wina kvlevebis
SedegebTan?

Tqveni monacemebi registrirebulia da

ganxilulia ufro farTo akademiuri
sazogadoebis mier _ es, albaT, Semdgomi
kvlevis safuZveli gaxdeba

realoba sul sxvaa!

zemoT mocemuli kvlevis nabijebis Tanamimdevroba aris imis gamartivebuli
varianti, rac namdvili kvlevis proeqtebis ganxorcielebis dros xdeba. realur
sociologiur gamokvlevaSi es etapebi iSviaTad gvxvdeba zustad aseTi
TanamimdevrobiT da TiTqmis yovelTvis arsebobs garkveuli raodenobis
gamokvlevebi, romlebsac Zlivs amTavreben. es gansxvaveba cotaTi imis msgavsia, rac
samzareulo wignSi mocemul receptebsa da saWmlis momzadebis namdvil process
Soris arsebobs. adamianebi, romlebic gamocdili mzareulebi arian, xSirad, ar
iyeneben receptebs, da, miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, ukeT amzadebdnen kerZebs,
vidre isini, vinc receptebs iyeneben. Tu zedmiwevniT davicavT mkacrad dadgenil
sqemebs, aman SeiZleba Zalian SegvzRudos. cnobili gamokvlevebis umravlesobaSi,

6
faqtobrivad, ar aris mkacrad daculi kvlevis aRniSnuli safexurebis
Tanamimdevroba, Tumca zogierTi safexuri mainc gamoyenebulia.

kvlevis meTodebi

axla ganvixiloT kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodi, romlebsac sociologebi,

Cveulebriv, TavianT samuSaoSi iyeneben.

savele gamokvleva
savele gamokvlevis anu CarTuli dakvirvebis dros (xSirad es sityvebi
urTierTCamnacvlebelia), mkvlevari jgufTan an erTobasTan erTad cxovrobs da,
albaT, mis saqmianobaSi uSualod monawileobs. mkvlevars ar SeuZlia ubralod
imyofebodes mocemul erTobaSi. man mis wevrebs unda auxsnas da gaamarTlos Tavisi
iq yofna. mkvlevarma unda miaRwios erTobasTan TanamSromlobas da es urTierToba
SeinarCunos garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, Tu surs, mniSvnelovan Sedegebs
miaRwios.
didi xnis manZilze, CarTul dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli gamokvlevis dros,
Cveulebriv, ar xdeboda im safrTxeebisa da problemebis aRniSvna, romelTa
gadalaxvac mkvlevars uwevda. mogvianebiT gamoqveynebul mogonebebsa da dRiurebSi,
mkvlevrebi amis Sesaxeb ufro gulaxdilad weren. xSirad, mkvlevars uwevs
martoobis grZnobis gadalaxva _ ar aris advili, Seeguo im socialur konteqsts,
romelsac Sen, sinamdvileSi, ar miekuTvnebi. mkvlevari, SesaZloa, mudmivad
daTrgunuli iyos, radgan jgufis wevrebs TavianT Tavze gulaxdilad saubari ar
surdeT. pirdapiri kiTxvebi, SesaZloa, uproblemod miiRon zogierT konteqstSi,
magram sxva konteqstebSi aseT kiTxvebs samariseburi siCumiT xvdebodnen. zogierTi
tipis savele gamokvleva, SesaZloa, fizikurad saSiSic ki iyos. magaliTad,
mkvlevari, romelic ikvlevs damnaSaveTa kriminalur bandas, SeiZleba policiis
informatorad miiCnion an, SemTxveviT, moqiSpe bandebTan konfliqtSi CarTuli
aRmoCndes.

savele gamokvlevis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi

Tu savele gamokvleva warmatebulia, is socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb ufro met
informacias gvaZlevs, vidre bevri sxva kvlevis meTodi. radgan vxedavT, rogor
gamoiyureba faqtebi, movlenebi da sagnebi uSualod mocemuli jgufis Signidan,
albaT, ukeTesad gavigebT, ratom iqcevian adamianebi swored ise, rogorc iqcevian.
savele kvlevisas, mkvlevars lavirebis meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre sxva kvlevis
meTodebis umetesobis gamoyenebisas. mkvlevars SeuZlia, Seeguos axal da
moulodnel pirobebs da misdios nebismier orientirs, romelic SeiZleba
ganviTardes. savele gamokvleva, albaT, iZleva ufro moulodnel Sedegebs, vidre
kvlevis sxva meTodebis umravlesoba, radgan gaognebulma mkvlevarma, SesaZloa,
aRmoaCinos, rom misi winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi jgufis Sesaxeb
sruliad mcdari iyo.

7
 magram savele gamokvlevas aqvs garkveuli SezRudvebic. am meTodiT mxolod
sakmaod patara jgufebis an erTobebis Seswavlaa SesaZlebeli. bevri ram aris
damokidebuli Tavad mkvlevris unarze, moipovos kvlevaSi CarTuli adamianebis
ndoba. am unaris gareSe, kvlevam, saeWvoa, saerTod raime Sedegi gamoiRos.
sapirispiroc aris SesaZlebeli. zogjer, mkvlevari muSaobis procesSi iwyebs
sakuTari Tavis gaigivebas jgufTan ise mWidrod, rom is xdeba zedmetad ,,Sinauri”
da garedan damkvirveblis perspeqtivas kargavs.

masobrivi gamokiTxvebi
savele kvlevebis Sedegebis interpretacia, Cveulebriv, dakavSirebulia
ganzogadebis problemebTan. radgan savele gamokvlevisas adamianebis mxolod mcire
raodenobas SeviswavliT, Cven ar SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, rom is, rasac erT
konteqstSi aRmovaCenT, sxva situaciebzec vrceldeba. arc imaSi SeiZleba viyoT
darwmunebuli, rom ori sxvadasxva mkvlevari, erTi da imave jgufis Seswavlis
dros, erTsadaimave daskvnamde miva. Cveulebriv, aseTi problema naklebad dgas
masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. am meTodis gamoyenebisas, kiTxvarebs ugzavnian an
pirdapir aZleven respondentebs _ adamianTa specialurad SerCeul jgufs. zogjer,
SesaZloa, am jgufSi ramdenime aTasi adamiani iyos. savele gamokvleva yvelaze
metad gamosadegia socialuri cxovrebis mcire fragmentebis siRrmiseuli
Seswavlis mizniT; masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegad ki, Cven viRebT naklebad detalur
informacias, magram, Cveulebriv, misi ganzogadeba SesaZlebelia socialuri
cxovrebis farTo speqtrze.

standartizebuli da Ria kiTxvebis Semcveli kiTxvarebi

masobriv gamokiTxvebSi ori saxis kiTxvari gamoiyeneba. zogierTi kiTxvari
Seicavs standartizebuli anu fiqsirebuli arCevanis kiTxvebs, romlebzec mxolod
fiqsirebuli pasuxebia SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, `diax/ara/ar vici~ an `savsebiT
SesaZlebelia/SesaZlebelia/SeuZlebelia/sruliad SeuZlebelia.~ aseT gamokiTxvebs
is upiratesoba aqvs, rom advilia pasuxebis Sedareba da Sejameba, radgan maTSi
kategoriebis mxolod mcire raodenobaa mocemuli. meore mxriv, radgan
gamokiTxvebis dros ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli Sexedulebebis an verbaluri
gamoxatvis detalebi, miRebuli informacia, garkveulwilad, SezRuduli iqneba.
meore saxis kiTxvarebi Ria kiTxvebs Seicavs. respondentebs SesaZlebloba aqvT,
TavianTi Sexedulebebi sakuTari sityvebiT gamoxaton. isini ar arian SezRudulebi
fiqsirebuli arCevanis pasuxebiT, anu imiT, rom mkvlevris mier winaswar mocemuli
pasuxebidan romelime airCion. rogorc wesi, Ria kiTxvarebi, standartizebulTan
SedarebiT, ufro detalur informacias gvawvdis. mkvlevars SeuZlia, CaeZios
pasuxebs, raTa ufro gulmodgined gamoikvlios respondentis azrebi. meore mxriv,
standartizaciis nakleboba niSnavs, rom pasuxebis statistikurad Sedareba,
SesaZloa, ufro rTuli iyos.
kiTxvaris SekiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, isea ganlagebuli, rom interviuerebis gundma
SeZlos kiTxvebis dasma da pasuxebis Cawera winaswar gansazRvruli
TanamimdevrobiT. informaciis yvela erTeuli advilad gasagebi unda iyos rogorc
interviuerebisTvis, ise respondentebisTvis. didi moculobis erovnuli
gamokiTxvebis dros, romlebsac saxelmwifo organoebi regularulad atareben,
8
interviuebi mTel qveyanaSi TiTqmis erTdroulad tardeba. isini, vinc atareben
intervius da isini, vinc aanalizeben intervius Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebs, ver
SeZlebdnen TavianTi samuSaos efeqturad Sesrulebas, Tu maT mudmivad mouwevdaT,
gadaemowmebinaT erTmaneTTan kiTxvebsa da pasuxebTan dakavSirebuli bundovani
sakiTxebi.
kiTxvarebSi, agreTve, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos respondentTa
maxasiaTeblebi. mixvdebian Tu ara isini, ras gulisxmobda mkvlevari garkveuli
kiTxvis dasmis dros? aqvT Tu ara maT sakmarisi informacia imisaTvis, rom maTi
pasuxebi gamosadegi iyos? upasuxeben ki isini, saerTod, dasmul SekiTxvebs?
kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli terminebi respondentebisTvis, SeiZleba, ucnobi iyos.
magaliTad, kiTxvam, `rogoria Tqveni ojaxuri statusi?~ SeiZleba zogierTi
respondenti daabnios. ufro mizanSewonilia, davsvaT aseTi SekiTxva: `xarT
martoxela, daojaxebuli, gaSorebuli Tu ganqorwinebuli?~ bevr gamokiTxvas win
uswrebs piloturi gamokvleva, romlis mizania im problemebis gamovlena, romlebic
mkvlevarma winaswar ver gaiTvaliswina. piloturi kvleva aris moklevadiani
sacdeli gamokiTxva, romlis drosac mxolod ramdenime adamiani avsebs kiTxvars.
amis Sedegad, ZiriTadi gamokiTxvis Catarebamde, SesaZlebelia yovelgvari siZnelis
Tavidan acileba.

SerCeva
xSirad sociologebs individTa didi raodenobis maxasiaTeblebi ainteresebT,
magaliTad, britaneTis mTeli mosaxleobis politikuri atitudebi. SeuZlebeli
iqneboda uSualod yvela maTganis Seswavla, amitom aseT situaciebSi gamokvleva
yuradRebas amaxvilebs SerCeviT erTobliobaze, anu mTeli jgufis mcire nawilze.
Cveulebriv, SegviZlia, darwmunebuli viyoT, rom mosaxleobis SerCeviTi
erTobliobisgan miRebuli Sedegebi, Tu es erToblioba wesis mixedviT aris
SerCeuli, SegviZlia mTel mosaxleobaze ganvazogadoT. mxolod ori-sami aTasi
amomrCevlis gamokiTxvam, SeiZleba, mTeli mosaxleobis politikuri atitudebisa da
xmis micemis miznebis suraTi mogvces.
magram imisaTvis, rom aseT sizustes mivaRwioT, SerCeviTi erToblioba
reprezentatuli unda iyos: individebis jgufi, romelTanac gamokvleva tardeba,
mTeli mosaxleobisTvis tipuri unda iyos. SerCeva ufro rTulia, vidre is SeiZleba
Candes. amitom statistikosebma SeimuSaves wesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
SerCeviTi erTobliobebis zusti zomisa da ZiriTadi niSnebis gansazRvra.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania procedura, romelic imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom
SereviTi erToblioba iyos reprezentatuli. es procedura SemTxveviTi SerCevaa,
romlis drosac SerCeviTi erToblioba isea arCeuli, rom mosaxleobis nebismier
wevrs aqvs gamokvlevaSi CarTvis SesaZlebloba. SemTxveviTi SerCevis gamoyenebis
yvelaze ufro miRebuli gzaa is, rom sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs mivaniWoT
garkveuli nomeri da Semdeg kompiuteri gamoviyenoT SerCevis siis Sesadgenad. am
siis saSualebiT, davadgenT SerCeviT erTobliobas, magaliTad, SerCevis siaSi
yoveli meaTe nomris arCevis gziT.

9
 `xalxis arCevani?~
masobrivi gamokiTxvis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili adreuli magaliTia `xalxis
arCevani?~, kvleva, romelic jer kidev naxevari saukunis win, pol lazarsfeldma da
ramdenime misma kolegam Caatares (Lazarsfeld et al. 1948). am gamokvlevis mizani iyo eris
olqis (ohaios Stati) mosaxleobis saarCevno miswrafebebis Seswavla, 1940 wlis aSS
saprezidento arCevnebis kampaniis dros. am kvlevaSi pirvelad gamoiyenes masobrivi
gamokiTxvis sxvadasxva ZiriTadi meTodika, romlebic dResac gamoiyeneba. imisaTvis,
rom sakiTxi ufro guldasmiT da siRrmiseulad gamoekvliaT, vidre es erTjeradi
gamokiTxvis dros iqneboda SesaZlebeli, mkvlevrebma amomrCevelTa SerCeviTi
erTobliobis TiToeul wevrTan Svidjer, sxvadasxva dros, Caatares interviu. aseTi
gamokiTxvis mizani iyo: dakvirvebodnen da gaegoT xmis micemis atitudebis
cvlilebis mizezebi dinamikaSi.
mkvlevrebs, kvlevis dawyebis dros, ramdenime hipoTeza hqondaT. erT-erTi
hipoTezis mixedviT, eris olqis amomrCevlebisTvis, axlo urTierTobebi da
movlenebi bevrad ufro did gavlenas axdenda maTi xmis micemis miznebsa da
miswrafebebze, vidre maTgan daSorebuli msoflio movlenebi. kvlevis Sedegad
miRebulma monacemebma, ZiriTadad, daadastura es hipoTeza. politikuri atitudebis
gasaanalizeblad, mkvlevrebma gazomvis rTuli teqnikebi SeimuSaves. amave dros,
maTma muSaobam didi wvlili Seitana Teoriul azrovnebaSi. im cnebebs Soris,
romlebic maTi daxmarebiT damkvidrda mecnierebaSi, iyo `azris liderebi~ da
`komunikaciis orsafexuriani nakadi.~ gamokvlevam aCvena, rom azris liderebs
midrekileba aqvT, maT garSemomyof adamianebs politikuri Sexedulebebi
Camouyalibon. adamianTa Sexedulebebi ar yalibdeba uSualod, aramed es
orsafexuriani procesia. pirvel safexurze, azris liderebi politikur movlenebze
reagireben, xolo meore safexurze, es liderebi sxvebze axdenen zegavlenas;
magaliTad, naTesavebze, megobrebsa da kolegebze.

gamokiTxvebis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi

masobrivi gamokiTxvebi farTod gamoiyeneba sociologiur gamokvlevaSi
ramdenime mizezis gamo. kiTxvaris SekiTxvebze miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis
gansazRvra da maTi gaanalizeba ufro advilia, vidre im masalis, romelic mravali
sxva kvlevis meTodis saSualebiTaa Segrovebuli. gamokiTxvis saSualebiT,
SesaZlebelia adamianTa didi raodenobis Seswavla. sakmarisi Tanxebis mopovebis
SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon saagentoebi, romlebic gamokiTxvisas
pasuxebis SegrovebaSi arian daxelovnebulebi.
Tumca, bevri sociologi masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodis mimarT kritikuladaa
ganwyobili. isini amtkiceben, rom damuSaveba qmnis monacemebis sizustis
moCvenebiTobas maSin, roca maTi siswore SeiZleba saeWvo iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
gamokiTxvis pasuxebis umravlesobis SedarebiT zedapirul xasiaTs. xSirad,
pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvarebis raodenoba didia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maT
fostiT gzavnian da abruneben. xSirad, kvlevis Sedegebi im monacemebze dayrdnobiT
qveyndeba, romlebic SerCeviTi erTobliobis naxevarze odnav meti raodenobis
respondentebis pasuxebis safuZvelzea miRebuli _ Tumca, Cveulebriv, mkvlevrebi
cdiloben, xelaxla daamyaron kontaqti im respondentebTan, vinc kiTxvarebi ar
Seavso, an isini sxva adamianebiT Caanacvlon. cota ram aris cnobili im adamianebis
10
Sesaxeb, romlebsac urCevniaT, ar gamoexmauron gamokiTxvebs an uars amboben
intervius micemaze.

eqsperimentebi
eqsperimenti SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc mcdeloba, SevamowmoT hipoTeza
mkvlevris mier Seqmnil da kargad kontrolirebul pirobebSi. eqsperimentebi
xSirad gamoiyeneba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, radgan maT, sxva kvleviT
procedurebTan SedarebiT, didi upiratesobebi aqvT. eqsperimentul situaciaSi
mkvlevari uSualod akontrolebs im pirobebs, romlebsac ikvlevs.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan SedarebiT, sociologiaSi eqsperimentirebis
sfero Zalian SezRudulia, laboratoriaSi Cven mxolod adamianis mcire jgufebis
moTavseba SegviZlia; aseTi eqsperimentebis dros adamianebma ician, rom mimdinareobs
gamokvleva da, SeiZleba, isini arabunebrivad moiqcnen.
miuxedavad amisa, sociologiaSi eqsperimentuli meTodebi zogjer warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba. amis magaliTia filip zimbardos mier Catarebuli originaluri
eqsperimenti. mkvlevarma aago e.w. `cixe,~ man moxalise studentebis erT jgufs cixis
mcvelebis rolis Sesruleba daavala, meores ki _ patimrebis (Zimbardo 1972 ).
zimbardos mizani iyo gaerkvia, am gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesruleba, ramdenad
cvlis adamianTa atitudebsa da qcevas. Sedegebi mkvlevrebisaTvis moulodneli da
Sokis momgvreli iyo. studentebma, romlebic mcvelebis rols asrulebdnen, qcevis
avtoritaruli manera swrafad aiTvises. isini `patimrebis~ mimarT namdvil mtrul
damokidebulebas avlendnen, sastikad epyrobodnen, sityvier Seuracxyofas
ayenebdnen da aSinebdnen; moxalise patimrebma, piriqiT, aCvenes erTdroulad rogorc
apaTia, ise meamboxe suli, rac xSirad axasiaTebT namdvil patimrebs cixeSi. es
efeqtebi imdenad SesamCnevi iyo da daZabulobis done _ imdenad maRali, rom
mkvlevari iZulebuli iyo, eqsperimenti sawyis etapze Seewyvita. magram kvlevis
Sedegebi mniSvnelovani iyo. zimbardom daaskvna, rom cixeSi myof adamianTa qcevas
ufro metad gansazRvravs Tavad cixis situacia, vidre masSi myofi adamianebis
individualuri maxasiaTeblebi.

cxovrebis istoriebi
cxovrebis istoriebi, eqsperimentebisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod sociologiasa da
sxva socialur mecnierebebs miekuTvneba. isini sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ar
gamoiyeneba. cxovrebis istoriebi Sedgeba biografiuli masalisgan, romelic
garkveuli individebis Sesaxeb aris Segrovebuli; rogorc wesi, faqtebi Tavad
individebis mier aris gadmocemuli. kvlevis sxva meTodebi, Cveulebriv, ar iZleva
imden informacias, ramdensac cxovrebis istoriis meTodi gvawvdis, garkveul
periodSi ganviTarebuli rwmenebisa da atitudebis Sesaxeb. magram cxovrebis
istoriis kvlevebi iSviaTad emyareba mxolod adamianTa mogonebebs. Cveulebriv,
iseTi dokumenturi wyaroebi, rogoricaa werilebi, Tanamedrove ambebi da sagazeTo
aRwerebi, gamoiyeneba individebis mier mowodebuli informaciis gasafarToeblad da
misi utyuarobis Sesamowmeblad. sociologebis Sexedulebebi cxovrebis istoriebis
Rirebulebis Taobaze gansxvavdeba. zogierTi maTganis azriT, es istoriebi ar aris
sando, sasargeblo informaciis misaRebad. sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom es meTodi sakiTxis

11
arsSi Rrmad Cawvdomis saSualebas iZleva da mxolod ramdenime kvlevis meTods
Seswevs unari, metoqeoba gauwios mas.
cxovrebis istoriebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda Zalian mniSvnelovan
gamokvlevebSi. erT-erTi ganTqmuli adrindeli gamokvleva iyo u. Tomasisa da f.
znaneckis `poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi,~ romlis xuTtomeuli pirvelad
1918-1920 wlebSi gamoqveynda (Thomas and Znaniecki 1966).

istoriuli analizi
istoriuli xedva, xSirad, arsebiTia sociologiur kvlevaSi, radgan Cven
xSirad gvWirdeba drois perspeqtiva, rom gavigoT garkveuli problemis Sesaxeb
mopovebuli monacemebis mniSvneloba.
xSirad, sociologebs surT, uSualod warsuli movlenebi ikvlion. istoriis
zogierTi periodis Seswavla SeiZleba pirvelwyaroebis meSveobiT, rodesac jer
kidev cocxlebi arian im garkveuli periodis mowmeebi, rogorc es meore msoflio
omis dros evropaSi holoqostis SemTxvevaSi moxda.
zepiri istoriebis meTodiT kvleva niSnavs adamianebis interviuirebas im
movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mowmeebic isini iyvnen TavianTi cxovrebis garkveul
periodSi. cxadia, aseTi kvleva SeiZleba Seexos, sul didi, samoci an samocdaaTi
wlis winandel ambebs, radgan ufro adreuli periodis istoriuli gamokvlevis
dros, sociologebi iyeneben dokumentebsa da werilobiT monacemebs, romlebic
biblioTekebisa da erovnuli arqivebis specialur koleqciebSi inaxeba.
istoriul konteqstSi, dokumenturi kvlevis saintereso magaliTia sociolog
entoni eSuortis gamokvleva, pirveli msoflio omis periodSi, sangrebSi
warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb (Ashworth 1980). eSuorts ainteresebda, gaeanalizebina,
rogori iyo im adamianebis cxovreba, romlebic iZulebulni iyvnen, moeTminaT
xalxmraval sangrebSi yofna ganuwyveteli cecxlis srolis dros, zedized
ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. am mizniT, man sxvadasxva saxis dokumenturi wyaroebi
Seagrova: oficialuri cnobebi omis Sesaxeb (maT Soris werilobiTi masalebi
sxvadasxva samxedro diviziisa da batalionis Sesaxeb), im periodis oficialuri
publikaciebi, jariskacebis mier araoficialurad Senaxuli Canawerebi da omis
gamocdilebis Sesaxeb piradi STabeWdilebebi. aseTi mravalferovani masalis
gacnobis Sedegad, eSuortma SeZlo, waredgina sangrebSi meomrebis cxovrebis
mdidari da detaluri suraTi. man aRmoaCina, rom jariskacebs CamouyalibdaT
Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad xSirad apirebdnen isini mterTan brZolaSi
Cabmas da ramdenad xSirad arafrad agdebdnen maTi oficrebis brZanebebs.
magaliTad, Sobis dRes mowinaaRmdege mxareebma _ germanelma da mokavSireTa
jariskacebma – droebiT mtruli moqmedebebi Sewyvites da erTxel araoficialuri
fexburTis matCic ki Caatares.

SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvlevebis Serwyma

eSuortis kvleva drois SedarebiT xanmokle periodze iyo koncentrirebuli.
bevrad ufro xangrZlivi periodis gamokvlevis magaliTia Teda skoqpolis Sroma
`saxelmwifoebi da socialuri revoluciebi~ (1979). es aris erT-erTi yvelaze

12
saukeTeso gamokvleva socialuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. masSi mkvlevarma gamoiyena
SedarebiTi analizi istoriul konteqstSi.
skoqpolma ambiciuri amocana daisaxa _ Seeqmna iseTi Teoria revoluciis
warmoqmnis mizezebisa da bunebis Sesaxeb, romelic daefuZneboda detalur empiriul
kvlevas. man revoluciis procesebi sam gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi
Seiswavla: safrangeTis 1789 wlis revolucia, ruseTis 1917 wlis revolucia
(romlis Sedegad, xelisuflebaSi komunistebi movidnen da Seqmnes sabWoTa kavSiri,
romelic 1989 wels daiSala) da CineTis 1949 wlis revolucia (romlis Sedegad,
komunisturi CineTi Seiqmna).
gaaanaliza ra sxvadasxva dokumenturi wyaro, skoqpolma SeZlo damajereblad
aexsna revoluciuri cvlileba. man gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa socialur
struqturul mdgomareobas, romelic safuZvlad udevs revoluciur cvlilebas.
mkvlevarma aCvena, rom socialuri revoluciebi, mniSvnelovnad, gauTvaliswinebeli
SedegebiTaa gamowveuli. magaliTad, ruseTis revoluciamde, sxvadasxva politikuri
jgufi cdilobda, daemxo arsebuli reJimi, magram arc erTi maTgani (maT Soris
bolSevikebi, romlebic, sabolood, xelisuflebaSi movidnen) ar eloda revolucias,
romelic moxda. mTeli rigi Setakebebisa da konfrontaciebis Sedegad, daiwyo
socialuri transformaciis procesi, romelic bevrad ufro radikaluri aRmoCnda,
vidre es vinmem ganWvrita.

sociologiur kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi

kvlevis Zlieri mxareebi SezRudvebi

meTodi
savele Cveulebriv, sxva meTodebTan misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
gamokvleva SedarebiT, ufro mdidar da mxolod patara jgufebis an er-
siRrmiseul informacias agro- Tobebis gamokvlevis dros.
vebs.
monacemebis Sedegebis gamoyeneba
mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, SeiZleba mxolod gamokvleul
Secvalos strategiebi da jgufebSi an erTobebSi.
gulmodgined misdios axal
orientirebs. advili ar aris Sedegebis gan-
zogadeba mxolod erTi savele
gamokvlevis safuZvelze.

masobrivi maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia Segrovebuli masala SeiZleba

gamokiTxvebi individTa didi raodenobis iyos zedapiruli; Tu kiTxvari
Sesaxeb monacemebis kvalifici-Zalian standartizebulia, SesaZ-
urad Segroveba. lebelia respondentTa pasuxebs
Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebe-
SesaZlebelia respondentTa bis miCqmalva.
pasuxebis zusti Sedarebebi.
respondentTa pasuxebi SeiZleba
asaxavdes ara maT namdvil Sexe-
dulebebs, aramed iseT mosazre-
bebs, rac sazogadoebisaTvis mi-
saRebia.

13
 dokumenturi SesaZlebelia rogorc siRrmi-
kvleva seuli masalebis Semcveli wya-
roebis gamoyeneba, aseve adami-
anTa didi raodenobis Sesaxeb
monacemebis miReba, Sesaswavli
dokumentebis tipis mixedviT.
xSirad is ZiriTadi meTodia,
rodesac gamokvleva an mTlia-
nad istoriulia an aqvs
gamokveTili istoriuli
ganzomileba.
mkvlevari damokidebulia arse-
bul wyaroebze, romlebic,
SesaZloa, sruli ar iyos.
SesaZloa, Zneli iyos dokumen-
turi wyaroebis interpretacia,
im TvalsazrisiT, rom rTulia
imis dadgena, Tu rogor asaxaven
isini namdvil tendenciebs, ro-
gorc es zogierTi oficialuri
statistikuri masalis SemTxveva-
Sia.

eqsperimentebi mkvlevars SeuZlia gaakontro- socialuri cxovrebis bevri as-

los gansazRvruli cvladebis peqtis laboratoriaSi gadatana
gavlena. SeuZlebelia.

Cveulebriv, sxva mkvlevrebis- Sesaswavli pirebis pasuxebze

Tvis advilia maTi gameoreba. SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos eq-
sperimentulma situaciam.

kvleva realur samyaroSi: meTodebi, problemebi, Secdomebi

kvlevis yvela meTods, rogorc adre xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, aqvs rogorc
upiratesobebi, ise SezRudvebi, amitom farTodaa gavrcelebuli erT kvlevaSi
ramdenime meTodis Serwyma. maTi erTdroulad gamoyenebis mizania, TiToeulma
meTodma Seavsos da Seamowmos sxva meTodebis saSualebiT miRebuli Sedegebi. Cven
SegviZlia gavigoT meTodebis Serwymis mniSvneloba da, ufro zogadad, namdvili
sociologiuri kvlevis problemebi da Secdomebi, Tu gavecnobiT religiis
sociologiaSi metad mniSvnelovan gamokvlevas: roi uolisis gamokvlevas
saientologiuri moZraobis Sesaxeb.

roi uolisi da saientologia

saientologiis fuZemdebelma l. ron habardma Camoayaliba religiuri
doqtrinebi, romlebic eklesias daedo safuZvlad. saientologiis Tanaxmad, Cven
yvelani varT sulieri arsebebi _ Tetanebi, magram Cven uarvyaviT Cveni sulieri
buneba. Cven SegviZlia aRvadginoT daviwyebuli zebunebrivi Zalebi wvrTnis Sedegad,
rac Cveni namdvili sulieri unarebis Secnobis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. Tavidan
uolisma gamokvleva daiwyo saientologiis `egzotikuri~ bunebis gamo. moZraoba
Zalian winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, magram man bevri mimdevari miizida. ratom gaxda es
moZraoba, erT-erTi uamrav axal religiur jgufs Soris, aseTi cnobili?
gamokvlevis dawyebas problemebi axlda. uolisma icoda, rom moZraobis
liderebs, SesaZloa, ar undodaT sociologiur gamokvlevaSi monawileoba, radgan
adre sxvadasxva samTavrobo organizaciam maTTan ukve Caatara gamokvleva. rodesac
uolisi moZraobis istorias ecnoboda, is SemTxveviT waawyda am moZraobis erT-erTi
yofili wevris wigns. is daukavSirda avtors da Semdeg, saboloo jamSi, gaicno misi
14
ramdenime nacnobi, romlebmac aseve gawyvites kavSiri saientologiasTan. bevri
maTgani daTanxmda intervius micemaze. am pirvelma respondentebma uoliss miawodes
mTeli rigi dokumentebi da literatura, maT Soris saientologiis organizaciis
literaturis xelmomwerTa sia. uolisma kiTxvari Seadgina da siaSi miTiTebuli
gvarebidan miRebul SerCeviT erTobliobas daugzavna, magram sia moZvelebuli
aRmoCnda. SerCeviTi erTobliobidan bevri adamiani ukve sxvagan iyo gadasuli
aRniSnuli misamarTebidan, sxvebis gvarebi ki siaSi mxolod imitom moxvdnen, rom
maT, ubralod, SeiZines wigni saientologiis Sesaxeb da sinamdvileSi, araviTari
kavSiri ar hqondaT am moZraobasTan.
amgvarad, gamokiTxvas naklebi Rirebuleba hqonda iseve, rogorc mTlianad
saientologebis SerCeviT erTobliobas. magram, misi meSveobiT, uolisma SeZlo
Semdgomi kontaqtebis damyareba. anketuri gamokiTxvis zogma monawilem miuTiTa, rom
isini mkvlevars siamovnebiT miscemdnen intervius. amitom, interviuebis Catarebisa
da, amave dros, ufro meti dokumenturi informaciis Segrovebis mizniT, uolisi
bevrs mogzaurobda britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. man daiwyo fiqsirebuli
kiTxvebiT, magram Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom ufro sasargeblo iyo SedarebiT moqnili
stilis gamoyeneba, rac respondentebs saSualebas miscemda, ufro detalurad
esaubraT maTTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. zog respondents surda, rom misi
naambobi firze CaeweraT, zogi ki amis winaaRmdegi iyo.
uolisi maleve darwmunda, rom saWiro iyo, meti gaego saientologiis
specifikuri doqtrinebis Sesaxeb. am mizniT, is Caewera ,,komunikaciis” Sesaval
kursze, romelsac saientologTa jgufi aswavlida. amgvarad, is gaxda CarTuli
damkvirvebeli, magram ar gaumxelia, rom mkvlevari iyo. mTeli kursis manZilze, is
saientologTa saxlSi imyofeboda da male aRmoaCina, rom gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli
damkvirveblis rolis atana Zneli iyo. sxva wevrebTan saubari moiTxovda, rom
uoliss eCvenebina im ideebisadmi erTguleba, romlebsac is, sinamdvileSi, ar
eTanxmeboda; radgan amis gakeTebis survili ar hqonda, man kursis damTavrebisa da
damSvidobebis gareSe, Cumad daaRwia Tavi iqaurobas.
mogvianebiT uolisma moZraobis liderebs miswera da auxsna, rom is iyo
sociologi, romelic saientelogiis gamokvlevas atarebda. is aRniSnavda, rom
saientologiuri moZraoba xSirad ieriSis obieqti iyo, da varaudobda, rom mis
gamokvlevaSi ufro gawonasworebuli Tvalsazrisi iqneboda mocemuli. Semdeg man
britaneTSi moinaxula seqtis Stab-bina da esaubra erT-erT xelmZRvanel pirs. es
pirovneba Sewuxebuli iyo imiT, rom uolisma datova komunikaciebis kursi. man,
agreTve, icoda im kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mkvlevarma bevr saientologs
daugzavna siis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, man uoliss organizaciis zogierTi
wevrisa da studentebis interviuirebis ufleba misca. am piris daxmarebiT,
mkvlevarma miiRo im adamianebis misamarTebi, romlebTanac mas kontaqti unda
daemyarebian SeerTebul StatebSi. sabolood, uolisma moaxerxa sakmarisi masalis
mopoveba, rom daemTavrebina Tavisi naSromi. gamokvlevis Sedegad, man daaskvna, rom
adamianebs saientologia izidavs ara imdenad im ideebis gamo, romelTa propagandas
es religiuri organizacia eweoda, aramed imiT, rom is aqtiurad cdilobda axali
wevrebis mizidvas da konformulobis wnexis qveS aqcevda mas Semdeg, rac isini
moZraobaSi CaerTvebodnen.

15
 kvlevis eTikuri problemebi: respondentebis negatiuri reaqcia
yvela kvlevam, romlebic adamianebs exeba, SeiZleba eTikuri dilemebi
warmoSvas. uolisi nakleb gulaxdili iyo imaTTan, vis qcevasac is swavlobda. man
ar gaamJRavna Tavisi pirovneba, rogorc sociologma, rodesac saientologiis
kursze Caewera. is Seecada, pirdapir ar eTqva tyuilebi, magram ar daasaxela Tavisi
monawileobis namdvili mizezi. iyo es qceva eTikuri? Tu yvela garemoebas kargad
avwoniT, albaT, iyo. Tu uolisi savsebiT gulaxdili iqneboda kvlevis yvela
etapze, gamokvleva ar gagrZeldeboda. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sazogadoebisTvis
sainteresoa icodes, ra xdeba saidumlo organizaciebSi. amis safuZvelze, SegviZlia
CavTvaloT, rom misi strategia gamarTlebuli iyo.

publikaciis problemebi: uolisis gamocdileba

eTikuri problemebi, agreTve, xSirad wamoiWreba gamokvlevis Sedegad
mopovebuli monacemebis gamoqveynebis potenciuri Sedegebis gamo. Tavisi wignis
gamoqveynebamde, uolisma xelnaweri saientologiis Stab-binaSi gagzavna. Semdeg man
garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana, rom daekmayofilebina saientologTa zogierTi
moTxovna. miuxedavad amisa, maT xelnaweri gaugzavnes advokats, romelic, saerTod,
ciliswamebis saqmeebs awarmoebda. misi rCeviT, uolisma xelnaweridan zogierTi
adgili amoiRo. gamokvlevis Sesaxeb komentari gaakeTa sociologma, romelic Tavad
iyo saientologi. man uolisis kvlevis meTodebi da daskvnebi sastikad gaakritika.
aRniSnuli komentari, garkveuli periodis Semdeg, Setanil iqna gamoqveynebul
wignSi, rogorc danarTi. saientologebma erT-erT Tavian periodul gamocemaSi
gamoaqveynes statia, sadac gaanalizebuli iyo uolisis gamokvleva. statiaSi
moyvanilia citatebi kvlevis saidumloebisa da mkvlevris qcevis Semswavleli
komisiis daskvnidan, Seqmnili SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis mecnierebisa da
teqnologiis ofisis mier. daskvnaSi xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom mkvlevrebma,
romlebic adamianebs Seiswavlian, unda miiRon maTi ,,informirebuli Tanxmoba.”
saientologebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxviles imaze, rom mkvlevrisTvis ar
miuciaT informirebuli Tanxmoba da, amasTan erTad, uolisis gamoqveynebuli Sroma
efuZneboda im informacias, romelic mkvlevarma miiRo saientologiis eklesiisadmi
mtrulad ganwyobili adamianebis mcire wrisagan.
uoliss saqme hqonda didi Zalauflebis mqone da kargad organizebul jgufTan,
romelmac SeZlo misi darwmuneba, Seecvala gamokvlevis angariSebis pirvandeli
variantebi.
sxva individebsa da jgufebs, romlebsac sociologebi Seiswavlian, msgavsi
gavlena ara aqvT. im adamianebis Seswavlis dros, romlebic sustebi da uZlurebi
arian, magaliTad, fsiqiatriuli avadmyofebi an patimrebi, mkvlevars garkveuli
valdebuleba aqvs, Seafasos Tavisi kvlevis eTikuri mniSvneloba. radgan aseTi
adamianebis SesaZlebloba, uSualod hqondeT negatiuri reaqcia, albaT,
SezRudulia.
gamokvlevis subieqtebma SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom gamoqveynebuli Sedegebi
Seuracxmyofelia imis gamo, rom, erTi mxriv, maTi azriT, isini arasasiamovno saxiT
arian warmodgenilebi (magaliTad, saientologebis reaqcia), an, meore mxriv, rom
kvlevis Sedegebis gamoqveynebis Sedegad, sajaro xdeba is atitudebi da qceva,
romlebic, urCevnodaT, konfidencialuri yofiliyo. adamianebs ar surT, rom
16
sajaro gaxdes socialuri cxovrebis mravali is sfero, romlebSic isini,
sinamdvileSi, CarTulebi arian. zogierTi adamiani, romelic muSaobs fabrikaSi an
ofisSi, regularulad ezideba saxlSi garkveul nivTebs (sagnebs, masalas);
saavadmyofos meddebi, zogjer, momakvdav pacientebs morgis zewrebSi axveven jer
kidev manam, sanam isini mokvdebian da TiTqmis ar aqceven maT yuradRebas. cixis
zedamxedvelebma, SesaZloa, miiRon qrTami patimrebisgan da zogierTi maTgani
aRiaron `sandod~ da miandon im samuSaos Sesruleba, rasac Tavad unda akeTebdnen.

sociologiis gavlena

sociologiuri gamokvleva iSviaTad aris saintereso mxolod sociologTa

inteleqtualuri sazogadoebisTvis. xSirad, misi Sedegebi ufro farTod vrceldeba.
igive moxda uolisis naSromis SemTxvevaSi, ramac ase SeaSfoTa saientologebi.
xazgasasmelia, rom sociologia ar aris mxolod Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis
Seswavla; is am sazogadoebebis uwyveti cxovrebis ciklis mniSvnelovani elementia.
magaliTad, SegviZlia aviRoT mimdinare transformaciebi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen qorwinebaze, sqesTa Soris gansxvavebasa da ojaxze. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb adamianTa mxolod mcire nawilma Tu ar icis am
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, rac sociologiuri kvlevis monacemebis gaJonvis Sedegia.
Cvens azrovnebasa da qcevaze mniSvnelovnad axdens gavlenas sociologiuri codna
da, am gziT, Tavad sociologiuri kvlevis sfero icvlis formas. am movlenis
aRweris erT-erTi gza (sociologiis specialur terminebs Tu gamoviyenebT) aris
imis aRniSvna, rom sociologias refleqsuri kavSiri aqvs im adamianebTan, vis
qcevasac swavlobs. `refleqsuri~ aRwers urTierTgacvlas sociologiur kvlevasa
da adamianTa qcevas Soris. ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom sociologiuri monacemebi,
xSirad, mWidro korelaciaSia yoveldRiur rwmenebTan. amis mizezi is ki ar aris,
rom sociologia, ubralod, gvacnobs CvenTvis ukve nacnob monacemebs, aramed is,
rom sociologiuri kvleva gamudmebiT axdens gavlenas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Cvens
yoveldRiur codnaze.

danarTi 1: statistikuri terminebi

sociologiuri kvlevis monacemTa analizis dros, mkvlevari xSirad
statistikur teqnikas iyenebs, romlis nawili Zalian rTuli da kompleqsuria,
magram is, rac yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, gasagebad advilia. yvelaze farTod
gavrcelebulia centraluri tendenciis sazomebi da korelaciis koeficientebi.
arsebobs saSualo sidideebis gamoangariSebis sami meTodi, romelTagan
TiToeuls aqvs garkveuli upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi. magaliTad, aviRoT
cameti individis mflobelobaSi myofi piradi simdidris raodenoba (iseTi qonebis
CaTvliT, rogoricaa saxlebi, manqanebi, sabanko angariSebi da kapitaldabandebebi).
davuSvaT, rom am camet adamians aqvs Semdegi odenobis qoneba:

17
 1 £ 000 (nuli) 5 £ 40.000 9. £ 100.000 13. £ 10.000.000
. .
2 £ 5.00 6 £ 40.000 10. £ 150.000
. .
3 £ 10.000 7 £ 40.000 11. £ 200.000
. .
4 £ 20.000 8 £ 80.000 12. £ 400.000
. .

saSualo ricxvi aq Seesatyviseba saSualo sidides, romelic miRebulia yvela

cameti adamianis piradi qonebis SekrebiTa da Sedegis 13-ze gayofiT. saerTo jami
aris £11.085.000. Tu am ricxvs 13-ze gavyofT, mivirebT saSualo ricxvs £852.692.31. es
saSualo ricxvi, xSirad, aris sasargeblo kalkulacia, radgan is emyareba miRebuli
monacemebis mTel moculobas. magram am proceduram SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos
iq, sadac erTi an ramdenime SemTxveva umravlesobisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba. zemoT
moyvanil magaliTSi, erTi didi ricxvis _ 10.000.000 _ arseboba yvela sxva danarCens
amaxinjebs. SesaZloa, iseTi STabeWdileba Seiqmnas, TiTqos, adamianTa umravlesobas
imaze ufro meti qoneba aqvs, vidre es sinamdvileSia.
aseT SemTxvevebSi, sxva ori sazomidan erT-erTi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. moda
aris ricxvi, romelic yvelaze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arsebul monacemebSi. Cvens
magaliTSi es aris £40.000. modas problema is aris, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebs
monacemebis saerTo ganawilebas, e.i. mocemuli yvela ricxvis mTel diapazons. ar
aris aucilebeli, rom SemTxveva, romelic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ricxvebSi,
reprezentatuli iyos mTeli ganawilebisTvis da amitom is SeiZleba ar iyos sando
saSualo sidide. Cvens SemTxvevaSi £40.000 Zalian axlosaa qveda zRvarze myof
ricxvebTan.
mesame sazomi aris mediana, romelic ricxvebis nebismieri erTobliobis SuaSi
mdebareobs. aq es meSvide ricxvia _ £40.000. Cvens magaliTSi, cifrebis kenti
raodenoba gvaqvs. aq rom luwi ricxvi yofiliyo, magaliTad, 12, medianas
gamoviTvlidiT SuaSi myofi ori SemTxvevis, 6 da 7 ricxvebis, saSualo ricxviT.
modas msgavsad, mediana ar gvaZlevs warmodgenas gazomili monacemebis namdvili
diapazonis Sesaxeb.
zogjer mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos ZiriTadi tendenciis erTze meti sazomi,
raTa Tavidan aicilos saSualo sididis mcdari suraTi. sakmaod xSirad, mkvlevrebi
iTvlian standartul gadaxras gansaxilveli monacemebisTvis. es aris ricxvebis
erTobliobis dispersiis xarisxis Tu diapazonis gamoTvlis saSualeba _ romelic
Cvens SemTxvevaSi nulidan 10.000.00-mdea.
korelaciis koeficientebi gvTavazobs sasargeblo gzas imis gamosaxatad, Tu
rogoraa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori (an meti) cvladi. Tu ori cvladi
erTmaneTTan srul korelaciaSia, Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT srul dadebiT
korelaciaze, romelic gamoixateba rogorc 1,0. rodesac or cvlads Soris
veraviTar kavSirs ver aRmovaCenT _ maT Soris saerTod ar arsebobs
Tanamimdevruli kavSiri _ koeficienti aris nuli. sruli uaryofiTi korelacia,
gamoxatuli rogorc -1,0, arsebobs maSin, rodesac ori cvladi mTlianad inversiul
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. socialur mecnierebebSi srulyofili korelaciis aRmoCena
SeuZlebelia. 0,6 an meti korelacia, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, Cveulebriv, ganixileba,
18
rogorc nebismier gasaanalizebel cvladebs Soris mWidro kavSiris maCvenebeli. am
doneze pozitiuri korelaciebis aRmoCena SesaZlebelia, vTqvaT, klasobriv
warmoSobasa da xmis micemasTan dakavSirebul qcevas Soris.

danarTi 2: cxrilis wakiTxva

cxrilis nimuSi
avtomobilebis floba: ramdenime SerCeuli qveynis saerTaSoriso Sedareba

avtomobilebis ricxvi mozrdili mosaxleobis 1000 pirze 1

wlebi
qveynebis
1993 da
dasaxeleba 1971 1981 1984 1989
Semdgom
brazilia 12 78 84 98 _
gaerTianebuli samefo 224 317 343 366 360
dasavleT germania 247 385 312 479 470 2
iaponia 100 209 207 286 300
irlandia 141 202 226 228 _
italia 210 322 359 424 500
saberZneTi 30 94 116 150 _
safrangeTi 261 348 360 475 420
SeerTebuli Statebi 448 536 540 607 570
SvedeTi 291 348 445 445 410
Cile 19 45 56 67 _

cxrilSi moyvanil cifrebSi Cven SegviZlia ramdenime saintereso tendencia

davinaxoT. pirveli, kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi: SeerTebul StatebSi kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvi 1000 sul
mosaxleze TiTqmis 10-jer metia, vidre CileSi.
meore, cxrili aCvenebs aSkara kavSirs kerZo avtomobilebis raodenobasa da
qveynis simdidris dones Soris. faqtobrivad, kerZo avtomobilebis Tanafardoba,
albaT, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, rogorc keTildReobis gansxvavebuli donis
maCvenebeli.
mesame, cxrilSi mocemul yvela qveyanaSi kerZo avtomobilebis raodenoba 1971
wlidan 1993 wlamde gaizarda, magram zogierT qveyanaSi zrdis tempi ufro maRalia,
vidre sxva qveynebSi, es, albaT, aCvenebs ekonomikuri zrdis sxvadasxva xarisxs.
meoTxe, es monacemebi unda ganvixiloT ufro farTo politikur konteqstSi.
magaliTad, 1993 wels, germaniaSi kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvis Semcireba asaxavs
dasavleT da aRmosavleT germaniis gaerTianebis process.

1
Seicavs yvela licenzirebul manqanas.
2
gaerTianebuli germania _ 1993 w.
wyaro: saerTaSoriso satransporto federacia, gaerTianebuli erebis transportis statistikis yovelwliuri
biuleteni. cxrili mocemulia “Social T rends” (londoni, H MSO, 1987, gv. 68); evrogaerTianebis statistikuri ofisi
“Basic Statistics of the Community” (luqsemburgi, evrokavSiri, 1991); 1993 wlis da ufro gviani monacemebi _ “The Economist,
Pocket World in Figures,” 1996.
19
 mexuTe, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT monacemebis wyaroebi. magaliTad,
gaerTianebul samefoSi, safrangeTSi, SvedeTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, 1993 wels,
kerZo avtomobilebis SedarebiT naklebi raodenoba, 1989 welTan SedarebiT, rac
SeiZleba aixsnas monacemTa wyaroebis gansxvavebiT. monacemebTan muSaobis dros,
saWiroa sifrTxile da, idealur SemTxvevaSi, statistikis jvaredini Semowmeba.
sociologiuri literaturis kiTxvisas, Tqven xSirad waawydebiT cxrilebs.
zogjer isini rTuli geCvenebaT, magram maTi gaSifvra advilia, Tu Tqven daicavT
qvemoT CamoTvlil ramdenime ZiriTad princips; muSaobis procesSi, es moqmedebebi
avtomaturi gaxdeba. cdunebas nu ahyvebiT da cxrilebs nu gadaaxtebiT. isini
Seicaven erTad Tavmoyril informacias, romlis wakiTxva ufro swrafad SeiZleba,
vidre es SesaZlebeli iqneboda sityvebiT gamoxatuli imave masalis wakiTxvis dros.
rodesac Tqven gaiwafebiT cxrilebis interpretaciaSi, agreTve SeZlebT,
gansazRvroT, ramdenad safuZvliania mocemuli masalis avtoris mier gakeTebuli
daskvnebi.
1. saTauri waikiTxeT mTlianad. xSirad, cxrilebs grZeli saTaurebi aqvT. es
warmoadgens mkvlevris cdas, zustad gansazRvros warmodgenili informaciis arsi.
warmodgenili cxrilis saTauri, Tavdapirvelad, miuTiTebs monacemebis sagans,
Semdeg _ faqts, rom cxrili gvawvdis masalas SedarebisTvis, mesamec _ faqts, rom
cxrilis monacemebi qveynebis garkveul ricxvs asaxavs.
2. moZebneT axsna-ganmartebiTi komentarebi an SeniSvnebi monacemebis Sesaxeb.
cxrilis pirveli svetis qveS moTavsebuli SeniSvna miuTiTebs, rom monacemebi
mxolod licenzirebul manqanebs exeba. es mniSvnelovania, radgan zogierT qveyanaSi,
swored licenzirebuli satransporto saSualebebis wili SeiZleba naklebi iyo,
vidre sxva qveynebSi. SeniSvnebSi SeiZleba miTiTebuli iyos, rogor Segrovda masala
da ratom aris is garkveuli saxiT naCvenebi. Tu monacemebi mkvlevris mier araa
Segrovebuli da isini efuZneba sxvagan gamoqveynebul pirvandel masalas, cxrilSi
wyaro iqneba miTiTebuli. wyaro zogjer gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, CavwvdeT,
ramdenad sando SeiZleba iyos informacia; is imasac gviCvenebs, sad moviZioT
pirvandeli monacemebi. Cvens cxrilSi wyaroze miTiTeba naTels xdis, rom
monacemebi aRebulia erTze meti wyarodan.
3. waikiTxeT saTaurebi cxrilis zeviT da marcxena mxares (zogjer cxrilebSi
saTaurebi SeiZleba iyos qveviT da ara zeviT). am saTaurebis saSualebiT gaigebT,
ra tipis informacias Seicavs TiToeuli rigi da sveti. cxrilis wakiTxvisa da
cifrebis daTvalierebis dros, daimaxsovreT yvela saTauri. Cvens magaliTSi,
marcxena mxares moTavsebuli saTaurebi exeba mocemul qveynebs, xolo zeviT
aRniSnuli saTaurebi ki _ kerZo manqanebis raodenobasa da wlebs.
4. gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli erTeulebi. cxrilSi mocemuli ricxvebi SeiZleba
aRniSnavdnen SemTxvevebs, procentebs, saSualo sidideebs da sxva sazomebs. zogjer
SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, Tu cifrebs TqvenTvis ufro gamosadeg formas miscemT;
magaliTad, Tu procentebi ar aris mocemuli, saWiroa maTi gamoangariSeba.
5. gaiazreT daskvnebi, romelTa miReba SesaZlebelia cxrilSi mocemuli
informaciis saSualebiT. cxrilebis umetesobis komentars Tavad avtori akeTebs da,
ra Tqma unda, Tqven unda mixvdeT, risi Tqma unda mas. magram isic unda gaarkvioT,
ra damatebiT sakiTxebs Tu SekiTxvebs gvTavazobs cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi.

20
 danarTi 3: rogor gamoviyenoT biblioTekebi
biblioTekebi, gansakuTrebiT didi zomis, SeiZleba naklebad mimzidvel
adgilebad mogveCvenos. bevri adamiani sakmaod ibneva, rodesac pirispir xvdeba
biblioTekebSi ganTavsebuli informaciis uricxv wyaros. amitom maT, SesaZloa,
mxolod mcire nawili gamoiyenon imisa, risi SeTavazebac biblioTekebs SeuZliaT,
rac, albaT, uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdens maT akademiur muSaobaze. kargia, Tu Tqveni
kursis dasawyisSi gaecnobiT mTel im resursebs, romlebic biblioTekebSia. Tu amas
adre gaakeTebT, Tqveni `dakargulobis~ SegrZneba didxans ar gagrZeldeba!
biblioTekaSi arsebuli yvela informacia Senaxulia da daxarisxebulia
sistemurad, maTi moZebna rom advili iyos. patara biblioTekebis umetesobaSi dgas
Ria stelaJebi _ Taroebze wignebis Tavisuflad daTvaliereba SeiZleba da
momxmarebels SeuZlia Tavad airCios misTvis saWiro nebismieri wigni. ufro didi
koleqciebis umetesobaSi, wignebis mxolod nawili devs Ria Taroebze, danarCeni ki
Senaxulia sacavebSi, sadac maT Sesanaxad naklebi farTobia saWiro. am
biblioTekebSi nebismierma adamianma, visac surs, biblioTekaSive isargeblos wigniT
an droebiT iTxovos is, pirdapir unda moiTxovos is an Seavsos SekveTis ganacxadi.
zogierT biblioTekaSi wignebi orive sistemiT gaicema.
Tu Tqven eZebT garkveul wigns, misi moZebna SegiZliaT avtoris an saTauris
indeqsis saSualebiT, an katalogis daxmarebiT. es SeiZleba iyos kompiuterSi
mocemuli sia, indeqsis baraTebis ujrebi an mikrofiSebi _ an samive erTad. rogorc
ki ipoviT TqvenTvis saWiro wignis katalogis nomers, SegiZliaT ganacxadis baraTSi
aRniSnoT es nomeri da wigni biblioTekis TanamSromlebs SeukveToT an Tavad
moZebnoT Ria Taroebze, sadac wignebi yovelTvis katalogis nomrebis mixedviT aris
dalagebuli. yvela sociologiuri wigni an maTi umravlesoba erTad iqneba
dalagebuli. nebismieri biblioTekari SeZlebs agixsnaT, rogor aris mowyobili
katalogis sistema.
garkveul Temaze dawerili wignebis moZebnis dros, rodesac ar iciT arc
avtorTa gvarebi da arc wignebis saTaurebi, saWiroa, gamoiyenoT Tematuri indeqsi
(esec SeiZleba iyos kompiuterizebuli an baraTebze). Tematur indeqsSi wignebi
Setanilia Temebis mixedviT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `klasi~, `biurokratia~ da a.S.
didi biblioTekebis umravlesobaSi aris kompiuteruli sistemebi, romelTa
marTva advilia. isini, Cveulebriv, biblioTekis yvela momxmareblisTvis aris
xelmisawvdomi. Tqven, ubralod, miuTiTebT kompiuterSi im sferos Tu sferoebs,
romelTa Sesaxeb bibliografiuli informacia gainteresebT da kompiuteri
Sesabamisi saTaurebis sias SemogTavazebT.
biblioTekebis umravlesoba momxmarebels zustad aseTive momsaxurebas
sTavazobs, magram sxvadasxva biblioTeka amas sxvadasxvanairad akeTebs.
gansxvavebulia katalogebis sistemebic. nurasdros SegeSindebaT, biblioTekars an
asistentebs sTxovoT daxmareba, Tu biblioTekis teqnologiuri procesis romelime
aspeqti sagonebelSi CagagdebT an rCeva dagWirdebaT. nu idardebT, Tu mogiwevT
maTi Sewuxeba. biblioTekarebi namdvili profesionalebi arian. isini valdebulebi
arian, daarwmunon momxmareblebi, rom biblioTekis resursebi xelmisawvdomia
yvelasTvis, visac surs maTi gamoyeneba. Cveulebriv, isini biblioTekaSi arsebul
mTel masalas Zalian kargad icnoben da surT, mkiTxvelebs rCeviT daexmaron.
21
 zogadi informaciis wyaroebi sociologiaSi
Tu Tqven iwyebT sociologiaSi raime garkveuli Temis Seswavlas da gsurT mis
Sesaxeb ZiriTadi informaciis moZieba, amisTvis arsebobs mravali sasargeblo
saSualeba. arsebobs sociologiis sxvadasxva leqsikoni. maTSi mocemulia sagnis
ZiriTadi cnebebis mokle ganxilva, agreTve, im gamoCenil mecnierTa Sexedulebebis
Sefaseba, romlebmac didi wvlili Seitanes am disciplinaSi. didi leqsikonebi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad ~Encyclopaedia Britannica~, Seicavs sociologiuri Temebis
Sesabamis bevr statias. leqsikonebsa da enciklopediebSi gamoqveynebul statiebs,
faqtobrivad yovelTvis, Tan axlavs wignebisa da statiebis mokle CamonaTvali, rac
damatebiT sakiTxav masalad gamodgeba.
arsebobs sxva mravali gza mocemuli problemis an sakiTxis Sesabamisi
wignebisa Tu statiebis mosaZieblad. Jurnali ~The International Bibliography of the Social
Scinces~, romelsac yovelwliurad gamoscems iunesko, aqveynebs im Sromebis amomwurav
sias, romlebic ibeWdeba socialuri mecnierebis sxvadasxva disciplinebSi yovel
wels. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT naxoT saTauri `ganaTlebis sociologia~ da
moZebnoT uamravi Tanamedrove masala am sferoSi. aseve sasargeblo wyaroa
~Sociological Abstracts~, sadac ara marto CamoTvlilia wignebi da statiebi, romlebic
exeba sociologiis sxvadasxva sferos, aramed mocemulia TiToeuli maTganis
Sinaarsis mokle mimoxilva.

sociologiuri Jurnalebi
aucilebelia gaecnoT sociologiis ZiriTad Jurnalebs. isini, Cveulebriv,
weliwadSi samjer an oTxjer gamodis. maTSi gamoqveynebuli informacia da
diskusiebi ufro Tanamedrovea, vidre wignebSi dabeWdili masala, radgan wignis
dawerasa da gamoqveynebas ufro meti dro sWirdeba. zogjer, JurnalSi
gamoqveynebuli statiebi exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da im pirovnebisTvis, romelmac
jer kidev ar icis sociologia kargad, Zneli gasagebia. magram yvela wamyvani
Jurnali regularulad aqveynebs zogadi xasiaTis statiebs, romlebic imaTTvisac ki
gasagebia, visac am sagnis mwiri codna aqvs.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Jurnalebia ~Sociology~ (britaneTis sociologiuri
asociaciis oficialuri Jurnali), ~British Journal of Sociology~, ~Sociological Review~ da
~American Journal of Sociology~.

sadisertacio gamokvleva an ufro xangrZlivi gamokvleva

zog SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, Tqveni biblioTeka gamoiyenoT garkveuli kvlevis
proeqtis ganxorcielebis mizniT, albaT, disertaciis weris dros. aseTi amocana
iwvevs Sesabamisi wyaroebis ufro `siRrmiseuli~ kvlevis Catarebas, vidre es
Cveulebriv saWiroa.
Tu Tqven gWirdebaT statistikuri informacia britaneTis Sesaxeb, kargia, Tu
daiwyebT wigniT `Social T rends~, romelsac yovelwliurad aqveynebs mTavroba (HMSO).

22
is Seicavs specialurad SerCeul statistikur informacias britaneTis socialuri
cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis Sesaxeb. damatebiT informacias Seicavs ~General
Household Survey~ da ufro detaluri statistikuri informacia mocemulia
yovelwliur ~Annual Abstract of Statistics.~ orives mTavroba gamoscems.
sagazeTo statiebi mkvlevrisTvis mniSvnelovani informaciis wyaros
warmoadgens. arsebobs mxolod ramdenime gazeTi, romlebsac, zogjer `faqtebis
Jurnalebs~ uwodeben. es niSnavs, rom isini ara marto axal ambebs Seicaven, aramed
aqveyneben nawyvetebs saparlamento gamosvlebidan, mTavrobis cnobebs da sxva
oficialur dokumentebs. ~The Times~, ~Guardian~ da ~Independent~ Zalian mniSvnelovani
britanuli gazeTebia da TiToeuli maTgani gvTavazobs im Temebisa da gvarebis
indeqss, romlebic mis gverdebze qveyndeba.

ufro Sors Wvreta

rogorc ki daiwyebT biblioTekis regularulad gamoyenebas, albaT, aRmoaCenT,
rom ufro Cveulia, iyoT aRelvebuli garkveul sferoSi arsebuli naSromebis
simravlis gamo, vidre Sesabamisi literaturis moZiebis siZneles ganicdideT. am
problemis gadaWris erT-erTi gzaa, wignebis an statiebis arCeva literaturis im
siebis gacnobas efuZnebodes, romlebsac Tqven leqtorebi da tutorebi gaZleven. Tu
aseTi sia ar arsebobs an Tqven gindaT damatebiTi masalis moZieba, yvelaze ukeTesi
iqneba, Tu, rac SeiZleba zustad gansazRvravT TqvenTvis saWiro informacias. es
saSualebas mogcemT, arCevanis areali SeZlebisdagvarad daaviwrovoT. Tu Tqvens
biblioTekaSi Ria stelaJebia, saWiroa, daaTvalieroT potenciurad Sesaferisi
wignebis an statiebis garkveuli raodenoba, sanam TqvenTvis aucilebel
literaturas aarCevT. Tu gaqvT wigni, romelsac endobiT, SegiZliaT masSi
mocemuli bibliografia gamoiyenoT orientiris saxiT. gadawyvetilebis miRebis
dros, wignis Sinaarsisgan damoukideblad, unda gaxsovdeT, rodis daiwera wigni.
sociologia, iseve rogorc sxva socialuri mecnierebebi, mudmiv ganaxlebas
eqvemdebareba da, ra Tqma unda, Zveli wignebi ar asaxavs am cvlilebebs.

Sejameba
1. yvela gamokvleva iwyeba kvlevis problemiT, romelic mkvlevars aRelvebs an
sagonebelSi agdebs. kvlevis problemebi SeiZleba warmoSvas arsebul
literaturaSi warmoCenilma xarvezebma an Teoriulma debatebma, an socialur
samyaroSi arsebulma praqtikulma sakiTxebma. kvleviTi strategiis SemuSavebaSi,
SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT ramdenime mkafiod Camoyalibebuli etapi, Tumca realur
gamokvlevaSi isini iSviaTad mihyveba erTmaneTs zusti TanmimdevrobiT.
2. seriozuli sociologiuri gamokvleva gulisxmobs, garkveuli socialuri
fenomenis analizis mizniT, sando midgomis gamoyenebas. kvlevis meTodebi exeba imas,
Tu rogor tardeba gamokvleva. savele gamokvlevis anu CarTuli dakvirvebis dros,
mkvlevari did dros atarebs Sesaswavl jgufTan an erTobasTan. meore meTodi,
masobrivi gamokiTxva, gulisxmobs kiTxvarebis fostiT gagzavnas an pirdapir
darigebas im adamianebisTvis, romlebic warmoadgenen didi populaciebis SerCeviT
erTobliobebs. sxva meTodebia eqsperimentebi, agreTve cxovrebis istoriebis,
dRiurebis da dokumenturi masalebis gamoyeneba.
23
 3. TiToeul kvlevis meTods aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. amitom mkvlevrebi, xSirad,
iyeneben or an met meTods erTi da imave gamokvlevis dros; TiToeulis mizania sxva
meTodebis saSualebiT miRebuli monacemebis Semowmeba da Sevseba. sociologiuri
kvlevis saukeTeso nimuSebSi SeerTebulia istoriuli da SedarebiTi perspeqtivebi.
4. sociologiuri gamokvlevis dros, mkvlevris winaSe xSirad dgeba eTikuri
dilemebi. isini SeiZleba wamoiWras an maSin, rodesac mkvlevari kvlevis pirebs ar
eubneba simarTles, an roca kvlevis monacemebis gamoqveynebam, SesaZloa,
arasasurveli gavlena moaxdinos Sesaswavli adamianebis grZnobebze an cxovrebaze.
ar arsebobs gza, romelic mTlianad gadaWris aseT problemebs, magram yvela
mkvlevari gulisxmierad unda moekidos wamoWril dilemebs.
5. iseTi kvlevis analizis dros, romlis mizania raodenobrivi monacemebis
mogroveba, sxvadasxva statistikuri teqnika gamoiyeneba. yvelaze mniSvnelovania
ZiriTadi tendenciis sazomebi da korelaciis koeficientebi. centraluri
tendenciis sazomebi aris ricxvebis mocemuli diapazonidan saSualo sidideebis
gamoTvlis saSualebebi. korelaciis koeficientebi zomavs erTi cvladis meoresTan
Tanamimdevruli kavSiris xarisxs.

damatebiTi literatura
Margaret F onow a nd J udith A . C ook, Beyond Methodology: Feminist Scholarship as Lived Research
(Bloomington: Indiana U niversity P ress, 1 991). eseebis krebuli, romelic Seiswavlis
feminizmis gavlenas socialuri mecnierebebis kvlevis meTodebze.
Lee Harvey, M orag M acDonald and A nne D evany, Doing Sociology (London: Macmillan, 1992) .
sociologiis axalbeda studentebisTvis dawerili proeqtze dafuZnebuli midgoma
meTodologiisadmi.
Catherine M arsh, Exploring Data (Cambridge: P olity P ress, 1988). monacemTa analizis
SesaniSnavi Sesavali, romelSic, statistikuri teqnikis ilustrirebis mizniT,
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia realuri problemebis Seswavlaze.
Ken P lummer, Documents of Life (London: R outledge, 1990 ). socialur mecnierebebSi
Tvisebri kvlevis Sesavali.
Lynne W illiams a nd A udrey D unsmuir, How to do Social Research (London: Carper C ollins, 1990 ).
praqtikaze orientirebuli socialuri kvlevis Sesavali, exeba sociologiuri
kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebis aspeqtebis umravlesobas.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

kiTxvebi faqtebis Sesaxeb SerCeva

reprezentatuli SerCeviTi
SedarebiTi kiTxvebi
erToblioba
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi SemTxveviTi SerCeva
empiriuli kvleva eqsperimenti
Teoriuli kiTxvebi cxovrebis istoriebi
hipoTeza dokumenturi kvleva

24
CarTuli dakvirveba SedarebiTi analizi
masobrivi gamokiTxva yoveldRiuri rwmenebi
standartizebuli kiTxvarebi korelacia
Ria kiTxvarebi

25
 Tavi 21
sociologiuri Teoria

ZiriTadi cnebebi

Teoriuli midgomebi

funqcionalizmi. struqturalizmi.

simboluri interaqcionizmi. Mmarqsizmi

Teoriuli dilemebi

dilema I: struqtura da qmedeba

dilema II : konsensusi da konfliqti

dilema III: genderis problema

dilema IV: Tanamedrove msoflios formireba

Teoriebi

magaliTi: protestantuli eTika

Teoriuli azrovneba sociologiaSi

Sejameba

damatebiTi literatura

mniSvnelovani terminebi
 2

ZiriTadi cnebebi
Kkonsensusi. Kkonfliqti. socialuri struqtura.
Teoriuli midgoma. Teoria.

winamdebare TavSi, gavaanalizebT ZiriTad Teoriul midgomebs

sociologiaSi, im dilemebis identificirebiT, romlebzec isini
miuTiTeben. Cven, aseve, ganvixilavT Tanamedroveobis ZiriTad Teoriul
transformaciebs.
Teoriuli midgomebi

sociologiis sawyisebi – marqsis, durkemisa da veberis naSromebSi

– umTavresad evropuli iyo. Tumca, Cvens saukuneSi am disciplinam
myarad moikida fexi TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi da umniSvnelovanesi
ganviTareba ganicada SeerTebul StatebSi. sociologiuri Teoriis
ganviTarebaze didi gavlena moaxdina amerikeli filosofosis herbert
midis (1863-1931) naSromebma, romelic Cikagos universitetSi aswavlida
da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana sociologiuri mecnierebis
ganviTarebaSi. Mmidi xazs usvamda enis da, mTlianobaSi, simboloebis
ganmsazRvrel rols adamianis socialur cxovrebaSi. midgomas, romelic
man ganaviTara, Semdeg simboluri interaqcionizmi ewoda. midi naklebad
ikvlevda sazogadoebas, rogorc mTels, igi met yuradRebas mcire
masStabis socialur procesebs uTmobda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod
adre warmoiSva, simboluri interaqcionizmi mxolod mogvianebiT gaxda
gavleniani. amitom Cven mas funqcionalizmisa da struqturalizmis
Semdeg ganvixilavT.
Mmeore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, yvelaze cnobili
amerikeli sociologi talkot parsonsi (1902-1979) iyo. igi sakmaod
produqtiuli avtori gaxldaT, romlis Sromebi exeboda rogorc
sociologiis empiriul sferoebs, aseve Teorias. sxva sferoebTan erTad,
man didi wvlili Seitana ojaxis, biurokratiis, profesiebis da
politikis kvlevis saqmeSi. igi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc xeli Seuwyo
funqcionalizmis ganviTarebas; es aris Teoriuli mdgoma, romlis
damfuZneblebi diurkemi da konti arian. funqcionalisturi midgomis
mixedviT, nebismieri sazogadoebis Seswavlisas, unda davakvirdeT,
 3

rogor arian dakavSirebulni sazogadoebis sxvadasxva ,,nawilebi” Tu

institutebi, misi uwyveti arsebobis SesanarCuneblad.
Tumca, mogvianebiT, ukve evropelma moazrovneebma gaiTqves saxeli
TavianTi wvliliT sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSi. midgoma,
romelmac gansakuTrebul warmatebas miaRwia, aris struqturalizmi,
romelic sociologiur analizs mWidrod ukavSirebs enis kvlevas.
struqturalisturi azrovneba, Tavdapirvelad, lingvistikaSi dafuZnda
da mogvianebiT gadatanil iqna socialur mecnierebebSi anTropolog
klod levi-strosis mier (1908-). am midgomis saTaveebi jer kidev
diurkemTan da marqsTan SeiniSneba.
Mmarqsis naazrevis Sesaxeb msjeloba grZeldeboda misi
gardacvalebidan asi wlis Semdegac ki. Mmarqsis mimdevrebis moRvaweoba
Semdeg marqsizmis saxiT Camoyalibda.

Ffunqcionalizmi

rogorc aRiniSna, funqcionalistur azrovnebas safuZveli daudo

diurkemma, romelic funqcionalur analizs sociologiuri
Teoretizirebisa da kvlevis amocanebis miseuli formulirebis sakvanZo
nawilad miiCnevda. Tumca funqcionalizmis Tanamedrove saxiT
ganviTareba anTropologebis damsaxurebaa. Cveni saukunis dasawyisamde,
anTropologia, umTavresad, efuZneboda im angariSebsa da dokumentebs,
romelsac koloniuri administracia, misionrebi da mogzaurebi
awvdidnen. amitom, mecxramete saukunis anTropologia ufro metad
spekulaciuri da araadekvaturad dokumentirebuli iyo. avtorebi
TavianT wignebs mTel msoflioSi Segrovili magaliTebis saSualebiT
qmnidnen da didad ar wuxdnen maT auTenturobaze an im kulturul
konteqstze, saidanac es magaliTebi mohqondaT. magaliTad, religiis
analizi xdeboda rwmenisa da praqtikis mravali magaliTis SedarebiTi
analiziT, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebuli kulturebidan iyo aRebuli.
Tanamedrove anTropologia im droiT TariRdeba, rodesac
mkvlevarebs ukve aRar akmayofilebdaT amgvari praqtika da daiwyes
savele kvlevebi msoflios qveynebis sxvadasxva kulturebSi.
 4

AanTropologiuri savele praqtikis fuZemdeblebi iyvnen a. r. radklif-

brauni (1881-1955), romelic diurkemis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida, da
bronislav malinovski (1884-1942), poloneli mkvlevari, romelmac Tavisi
karieris umetesi nawili britaneTSi gaatara. Mmalinovskim Caatara erT-
erTi yvelaze cnobili anTropologiuri kvleva, rac mis mier wynari
okeanis trobriandis kunZulebze xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegia. radklif-
braunma Seiswavla andamanis kunZulebis binadarTa yofa, romlebic
cxovrobdnen arqipelagze birmis sanapirosTan.
Oorive avtori amtkicebda, rom sazogadoeba Tu kultura unda
SeviswavloT, rogorc erTi mTliani, Tu gvinda, gavigoT misi ZiriTadi
institutebis arsi da avxsnaT, ratom iqcevian misi wevrebi swored
amgvarad. MmagaliTad, Cven SegviZlia gavaanalizoT sazogadoebis
religiuri mrwamsi da zne-Cveulebebi imisaTvis, rom vaCvenoT, rogor
urTierToben isini sxva institutebTan erTi sazogadoebis farglebSi,
radgan sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawili erTmaneTTan mWidro
urTierTkavSirSi viTardeba.
socialuri praqtikis Tu institutis funqciis Seswavla niSnavs im
wvlilis gaanalizebas, rac am praqtikas Tu instituts Seaqvs
sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, arsebobis SenarCunebaSi. Aamisi gagebis
saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens adamianis sxeulTan analogia, ris
Sedarebasac axdenen konti, diurkemi da bevri sxva momdevno xanis
funqcionalistebi. Aadamianis sxeulis garkveuli organos, magaliTad,
gulis Sesaswavlad, saWiroa vicodeT, Tu rogor urTierTobs igi
sxeulis sxva nawilebTan. mTel sxeulSi sisxlis gadatumbviT, guli
ZiriTad rols asrulebs organizmis sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebaSi.
msgavsad amisa, socialuri funqciis analizi niSnavs, misi rolis
Cvenebas sazogadoebis arsebobis SenarCunebaSi. MmagaliTad, diurkemis
mixedviT, religia ganamtkicebs adamianebis erTgulebas ZiriTadi
socialuri Rirebulebebisadmi, riTac xels uwyobs socialuri erTobis
mxardaWeras.
Ffunqcionalizmis mertoniseuli versia

Ffunqcionalizmi sociologiis wiaRSi talkot parsonsis (1952,

1966) da robert mertonis Sromebis meSveobiT `dabrunda~, romlebsac
 5

funqcionalizmi ZiriTad saSualebad miaCndaT, sociologiuri Teoriisa

da sociologiuri kvlevis ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad.
funqcionalizmis mertonis mier SemoTavazebuli versia gansakuTrebuli
gavleniT sargeblobda, ramac amerikeli sociologebis mTeli Taobis
muSaoba gansazRvra, Tumca sxvaganac aseve farTod gamoiyeneboda.
mertonma funqcionalisturi analizis ufro rTuli modeli Seqmna,
vidre es radklif-braunis an malinovskis mier iyo SemoTavazebuli.
amasTan, man moargo igi industriuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlas,
romlebic arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda anTropologebis mier Seswavlili
ufro martivi kulturebisgan.
mertoni ganasxvavebs aSkara da latentur funqciebs. AaSkara
funqciebi isaa, romlebic cnobili da nagulisxmevia gansakuTrebuli
tipis socialuri aqtivobis monawileTa mier. Llatenturi funqciebi im
aqtivobis Sedegebia, romlis Sesaxeb monawileebma araferi ician (Merton
1957). am gansxvavebis sailustraciod, mertons wvimis cekvis magaliTi
moaqvs, romelic niu-meqsikos hopi indielebma warmoadgines. hopi
indielebs swamT, rom es ceremoniali wvimas moitans, rac maT
mosavlisTvis sWirdebaT (aSkara funqcia). swored amitom awyoben isini
ceremonials da monawileoben masSi. Tumca, diurkemis religiis Teoriis
gamoyenebiT, mertons miaCnia, rom wvimis cekvas sazogadoebis erTianobis
SenarCunebis efeqtic gaaCnia (latenturi funqcia). mertonis mixedviT,
sociologiuri axsnis ZiriTad nawils Seadgens socialuri aqtivobebisa
da institutebis latenturi funqciebis gamoaSkaraveba.
Mmertoni aseve ganasxvavebs funqciasa da disfunqcias. igi
aRniSnavs, rom anTropologebis mier Seswavlili mcire kulturebi
gacilebiT integrirebuli da solidarulebia, vidre farTo-masStabiani
industriuli sazogadoebebi, romlebic sociologiis mTavar sazrunavs
warmoadgens. radklif-brauns da malinovskis SeeZloT yuradReba marto
maidentificirebel funqciebze gaemaxvilebinaT, vinaidan kulturebi,
romlebsac isini aanalizebdnen, stabiluri da integrirebuli iyo.
Tumca, Tanamedrove msoflios Seswavlisas, Cven dezintegraciuli
tendenciebic unda gavarkvioT. Ddisfunqcia socialuri aqtivobis im
 6

aspeqtebs exeba, romlebic cvlilebebs iwvevs, radgan is socialur

erTianobas emuqreba.
socialuri qcevis disfunqciuri aspeqtebis Seswavla niSnavs
socialuri cxovrebis im niSnebze fokusirebas, romlebic arsebul
wyobas gamowvevas ucxadebs. MmagaliTad, mcdaria imis daSveba, rom
religia mudam funqcionaluria – rom igi mxolod socialur
erTianobas uwyobs xels. rodesac ori jgufi sxvadasxva religias
misdevs, an Tundac erTi religiis sxvadasxva versias, aq SesaZlebelia
didi socialuri konfliqtebi, farTomasStaburi socialuri
ganxeTqilebiT. amitomac xSirad CaRdeboda omebi religiur erTobebs
Soris, rogoric protestantebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris Setakebebi iyo
evropis istoriaSi.

funqcionalizmis Tanamedrove ganviTareba

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, Ffunqcionalisturi azrovneba, SesaZloa,

wamyvan Teoriul tradicias warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT, SeerTebul
StatebSi. Bbolo wlebSi, misma popularobam kleba daiwyo, vinaidan
cxadi gaxda misi naklovanebebi – Tumca, am midgomas dResac hyavs aSkara
damcvelebi (Alexander 1985) . miuxedavad imisa, rom es mertons ar exeba,
mravali funqcionalisti moazrovne (magaliTad, talkot parsonsi)
zedmet yuradRebas im faqtorebze amaxvilebda, rasac socialur
erTianobasTan mivyavarT, da naklebad ikvlevda im faqtorebs, romlebic
dayofasa da konfliqtebs iwvevs. amasTan, bevri kritikosis azriT,
funqcionaluri analizi sazogadoebas iseT Tvisebebs miawers, rac mas
ar gaaCnia. funqcionalistebi xSirad weren, TiTqos sazogadoebebs
hqondes `moTxovnilebebi~ da `miznebi~, Tumca es cnebebi azrs maSin
iZenen, rodesac adamianis mimarT gamoiyeneba. aviRoT, magaliTad,
mertonis analizi hopis wvimis cekvis Sesaxeb. mertoni wers, Tu Cven
SevZlebT davinaxoT, rom ceremoniali exmareba hopi kulturis
integracias, Cven ukve avxseniT, ratom arsebobs igi `realurad~ -
vinaidan, yvelaferTan erTad, yvelam viciT, rom cekvas, sinamdvileSi, ar
moaqvs wvima. ase ar aris, Tu ar warmovidgenT, rom hopis sazogadoeba
`ubiZgebs~ mis wevrebs, imoqmedon ise, rogorc maTi erTianobisTvisaa
 7

aucilebeli. magram es ar SeiZleba ase iyos, vinaidan sazogadoebas ar

SeiZleba hqondes nebisyofa an miznebi; igi mxolod adamianebs gaaCniaT.

struqturalizmi

iseve rogorc funqcionalizmma, struqturalizmmac diurkemis

Sromebis gavlena ganicada, Tumca misi ganviTarebis mTavari
mamoZravebeli Zala lingvistikaa. Sveicareli lingvistis ferdinand de
sosiuris (1857-1913) Sromebi struqturalisturi ideebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani adreuli wyaro iyo. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sosiuri
mxolod enis Sesaxeb werda, Sexedulebebi, romlebic man ganaviTara,
mogvianebiT socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mraval
disciplinaSi aisaxa.
sosiuris moRvaweobamde, enis Seswavla, umTavresad, sityvaTa
gamoyenebis gzebis detalur cvlilebebze dakvirvebiT Semoifargleboda.
sosiuris mixedviT, es procedura uyuradRebod tovebs enis ZiriTad
niSan-Tvisebas. Cven verasodes davadgenT enis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs –
anu struqturas – Tu mxolod im sityvebs davakvirdebiT, romlebsac
adamianebi saubrisas iyeneben (Saussure 1974) . Eena Sedgeba gramatikuli
wesebisgan da mniSvnelobisgan, rac sityvebis `miRma Zevs~, magram ar
vlindeba maTSi. aviRoT martivi magaliTi: inglisur enaSi zmnas,
Cveulebriv, “ed” emateba, rodesac warsulis ambebs vexebiT. Ees erT-erTia
im aTasobiT wess Soris, rac am enaze mosaubrem icis, da rac gamoiyeneba
saubris konstruirebisTvis. sosiuris mixedviT, enis struqturis
analizi niSnavs, eZebo wesebi, rac Cveni metyvelebis qveS imaleba. Aam
wesebis umetesoba CvenTvis mxolod implicituradaa cnobili: Cven ar
SegviZlia advilad davadginoT, ras warmoadgenen isini. faqtobrivad,
lingvistebis amocanaa imis gamoaSkaraveba, rac impliciturad viciT, anu
viciT mxolod enis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis doneze.

ena da mniSvneloba

sosiuri miiCnevs, rom sityvebis mniSvneloba enis struqturidan

warmoiSoba da ara im obieqtebidan, romlebsac es sityvebi aRniSnaven.
 8

Cven SeiZleba gulubryvilod gvjerodes, rom sityva `xe~-s mniSvneloba

aris is foTliani obieqti, romelsac termini gulisxmobs. Tumca,
sosiuris mixedviT, es ase ar aris. es SegviZlia davinaxoT im faqtiT,
rom enaSi arsebobs Zalze bevri sityva, romelic arafers ar aRniSnavs,
magaliTad, `da~, `Tumca~ an `miuxedavad amisa.~ ufro metic, aris
mniSvnelobis Semcveli bevri sityva, romelic miTosur obieqtebs Seexeba
da realobaSi saerTod ar arsebobs, magaliTad, `martorqa.~ Tu sityva
ar warmoiSoba obieqtisgan, romelsac igi miekuTvneba, maSin saidan
movida is? sosiuris pasuxia, rom mniSvneloba iqmneba dakavSirebul
cnebebs Soris gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze, rac enis wesebiT
gamoicnoba. sityva `xe~-s mniSvneloba modis im faqtidan, rom Cven
vasxvavebT `xes~ `buCqis,~ `jagnaris,~ `tyis~ da sxva mravali msgavsi,
Tumca gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvisgan. Ggansxvavebebi
iqmneba Sinaganad, enis farglebSi, da ara gare obieqtebis saSualebiT,
romlebsac am sityvebiT aRvniSnavT.

struqturalizmi da semiotika

zemoT moyvanil analizs, sosiuri mniSvnelovan dakvirvebas

umatebs, rom ara mxolod bgerebs (laparaki) an qaRaldze niSnebs (wera)
SeuZlia mniSvnelobis Seqmna. nebismieri obieqti, romelic mudmivad
SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT sxva obieqtisgan, SeiZleba mniSvnelobis
Sesaqmnelad iqnes gamoyenebuli. amisi magaliTia SuqniSani. Cven viyenebT
kontrasts mwvanesa da wiTels Soris, romelic niSnavs `gaiare~ da
`SeCerdi~ (yviTeli niSnavs `moemzade gasavlelad~ an `moemzade
gasaCereblad~). daakvirdiT, rom swored gansxvaveba qmnis mniSvnelobas
da ara Tavad ferebi. sul erTia, mwvanes gamoviyenebdiT gasaCereblad
Tu wiTels gasavlelad, Tu myari warmodgena gveqneboda maT
gansxvavebulobaze. sosiuri aralingvisturi mniSvnelobis Seswavlas
semiologias uwodebs, Tumca dRes mas semiotikas vuwodebT.
semiotikuri kvlevebi, SesaZloa, kulturis mravali aspeqtis
SeswavliT ganxorcieldes. EerTi magaliTia tansacmeli da moda. ra
xdis tansacmlis garkveul stils modurad, mocemul droSi? Ees,
rasakvirvelia, is tansacmeli ar aris, romelsac vatarebT, vinaidan,
 9

magaliTad, mokle qvedakaba SeiZleba erT weliwads moduri iyos,

momdevno wels ki _ aramoduri. is, rac raimes modurs xdis, kvlav
gansxvavebaa maT Soris, vinc `icis,~ ra Caicvas da imaT, vinc CamorCeba.
kidev erTi magaliTi tansacmlis sferodan aris Savi tansacmlis Cacma
glovis dros. Cvens kulturaSi glovis niSani Savi tansacmelia. meore
mxriv, zogierT sxva kulturebSi, mgloviare adamianebi TeTr tansacmels
atareben. am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba Tavad fers ki ara aqvs, aramed
faqts, rom samgloviaro tansacmeli gansxvavdeba maTi yoveldRiuri
stilisgan.
struqturalisturi midgoma, ufro farTod anTropologiaSi
gamoiyeneboda, vidre sociologiaSi, gansakuTrebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi.
levi-strosis kvalad, romelmac popularoba SesZina termin
struqturalizms, struqturalisturi analizi gamoyenebul iqna
naTesauri kavSirebis, miTis, religiis da sxva sferoebis sakvlevad.
Tumca sociologiuri Teoriis mravali avtori im cnebebis gavlenis qveS
moeqca, romlebic struqturalizmidan aris aRebuli. Mmiuxedavad imisa,
rom ar surda, struqturalistad yofiliyo wodebuli, miSel fuko,
romlis Sromebs SevexeT wignis bevr TavSi, mraval ZiriTad termins
struqturalisturi azrovnebidan iyenebda. struqturalisturi
koncefciebi gamoyenebul iqna mediis (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, televizia),
ideologiis da, zogadad, kulturis kvlevisTvis.
struqturalistur azrovnebas sisusteebic aqvs, rac zRudavs mis,
rogorc zogadi Teoriuli midgomis, gamoyenebas sociologiaSi.
struqturalizmi warmoiSva enis sakiTxebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT da
sxvebze ufro gamosadegi gamodga adamianis qcevis garkveuli aspeqtebis
analizisTvis. igi sasargebloa komunikaciisa da kulturis kvlevisTvis,
Tumca naklebi gamoyeneba aqvs socialuri cxovrebis ufro praqtikul
sferoebSi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri an politikuri aqtivoba.

simboluri interaqcionizmi

simboluri interaqcionizmi ufro met mniSvnelobas aqtiur,

SemoqmedebiT individebs aniWebs, vidre romelime sxva Teoriuli midgoma.
Mmidis moRvaweobis Semdeg, es midgoma bevrma sxva avtorma ganaviTara da
 10

SeerTebul StatebSi igi funqcionalisturi Tvalsazrisis principuli

metoqe gaxda. iseve rogorc struqturalizmis SemTxvevaSi, simboluri
interaqcionalizmis warmoSoba enis problemebiT dainteresebidan iwyeba;
Tumca midma igi sxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTara.

simboloebi

Mmidi acxadebs, rom swored ena gvaZlevs saSualebas, TviT-

cnobieri arsebebi viyoT – SevicnoT sakuTari individualoba, xolo
ZiriTadi elementi am procesSi _ simboloa. simbolo iseTi ramea, rac
raRac sxvas aRniSnavs. sosiuris mier motanil magaliTs Tu gavixsenebT,
sityva `xe~ aris simbolo, romlis saSualebiTac Cven warmovidgenT
sagans, xes. midis mtkicebiT, Tuki erTxel daveuflebiT amgvar cnebas,
Cven SeiZleba vifiqroT xeze maSinac ki, Tu irgvliv araviTari xe ar
Cans. Cven viswavleT, vifiqroT obieqtze simbolurad. simboluri
azrovneba gvaTavisuflebs imisgan, rom viyoT SezRudulni Cvens
gamocdilebaSi mxolod imiT, rasac vxedavT, gvesmis an vgrZnobT.
cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianebi cxovroben simboloebiT
mdidar samyaroSi. Ees Cvens TviTcnobierebas exeba. (cxovelebs ara aqvT
sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari, rogorc es adamianur arsebebs aqvT.)
adamiani TviTcnobieri arsebaa, vinaidan Cven SegviZlia `SevxedoT~
sakuTar Tavs garedan – davinaxoT Cveni Tavi, rogoradac sxvebi
gvxedaven. rodesac bavSvi iwyebs sityva `me~-s gamoyenebas, im obieqtTan
(sakuTar TavTan) mimarTebaSi, romelsac sxvebi `Sen~-s eZaxian, is avlens
TviTcnobierebis sawyisebs.
Ffaqtobrivad, yvela urTierTqmedeba individebs Soris, rogorc
interaqcionistebs miaCniaT, gulisxmobs simboloebis gacvlas. rodesac
vurTierTqmedebT sxvebTan, Cven mudmivad veZebT `gasaRebs~, Tu rogori
saxis qceva iqneba Sesabamisi am kontesqtSi da rogori interpretacia
mivceT sxvebis ganzraxvebs. simboluri interaqcionizmi mimarTavs Cvens
yuradRebas interpersonaluri urTierTqmedebis detalebze, da rogor
gamoiyeneba esa Tu is detali imis misaxvedrad, Tu ras amboben an
akeTeben sxvebi. magaliTad, davuSvaT, mamakacsa da qals pirveli
 11

Sexvedra aqvT daniSnuli. TiToeuli maTgani, albaT, Sexvedris met

nawils gaatarebs imis mcdelobaSi, rom Seiqmnas STabeWdileba meoreze
da Seafasos, Tu rogor unda ganviTardes maTi urTierToba, Tu is
ganviTardeba saerTod. Aarc erTs ar unda amis Riad gamoaSkaraveba,
Tumca orive acnobierebs, rac xdeba. Oorive frTxilad iqceva da surs,
Tavi saukeTeso saxiT warmoaCinos; Tumca, imis gamo, rom yvelaferi es
ician, orive Seecdeba moZebnos is aspeqtebi meoris qcevaSi, rac
gamoamJRavnebs mis namdvil ganzraxvebs. simboluri interpretaciis
rTuli da zedmiwevniT faqizi procesi ayalibebs urTierTqmedebas am or
adamians Soris.
sociologebi, romlebic simboluri interaqcionizmis gavlenas
ganicdian, Cveulebriv, yuradRebas amaxvileben pirispir
urTierTqmedebaze yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kontesqtSi. irvin gofmanma,
visi wignic ganxiluli iyo me-4 TavSi (`Social Interaction a nd E veryday Life~),
gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino wvlili Seitana am tipis kvlevaSi, da misca
gonebamaxvili da cocxali saxe imas, rasac midTan ufro mSrali,
abstraqtuli Teoriuli midgomis saxe hqonda. Ggofmanisa da sxvebis
damsaxurebiT, simbolurma interaqcionizmma xeli Seuwyo yoveldRiur
socialur cxovrebaSi Cveni qmedebebis xasiaTis amocnobas. Tumca
simboluri interaqcionizmi yovelTvis Riaa kritikisTvis, rom igi
sakmaod mcire masStabebzea koncentrirebuli. simboluri
interaqcionistebi yovelTvis ganicdidnen sirTuleebs farTomasStabian
struqturebTan da procesebTan urTierTobisas – im fenomenebTan,
romelTac danarCeni ori tradicia yvelaze met yuradRebas uTmobs.

marqsizmi

funqcionalizmi, struqturalizmi da simboluri interaqcionizmi ar

aris Teoriuli tradiciebis sruli CamonaTvali, romelic
angariSgasawevia sociologiaSi; aseve, arc mocemuli dayofaa erTaderTi
gza, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia Teoriuli midgomebis
klasifikacia. Mmidgomebis kidev erTi Zalze gavleniani tipi, romelic
ar ganekuTvneba am dayofas, aris marqsizmi. marqsistebi, cxadia, TavianT
 12

Sexedulebebs, ama Tu im saxiT, marqsis Sromebs ukavSireben; Tumca,

marqsis ZiriTadi ideebis mravali interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli da
dResac arsebobs Zalze gansxvavebul poziciaze mdgomi marqsistuli
skolebi.
ufro farTod rom vimsjeloT, marqsizmi SegviZlia movaqcioT sami
aRniSnuli tradiciis CarCoebSi. Bbevri marqsisti, Riad Tu farulad,
istoriuli materializmis mimarT funqcionalistur midgomas iyenebs.
marqsizmis maTeuli versia sruliad gansxvavebulia im marqsistebis
Sexedulebebisgan, romlebic struqturalizmis gavlenis qveS arian;
yvelaze TvalsaCino avtori, romelmac es Tvalsazrisi ganaviTara,
frangi lui alTuseria (Althusser 1969) . marqsistuli Sexedulebebis es
ori tipi gansxvavdeba im marqsistebisgan, romlebic met upiratesobas
aniWebdnen adamianis qcevis aqtiur, SemoqmedebiT xasiaTs. aseTi
avtorebis mxolod mcire nawili ganicdida simboluri interaqcionizmis
uSualo gavlenas, Tumca emxrobodnen masTan sakmaod miaxloebul
pozicias. Aamis magaliTi iurgen habermasia, romlis naSromi ganxiluli
iyo 1 TavSi da sxvaganac (ix. Habermas 1987).
yvela Tavisi versiiT, marqsizmi gansxvavdeba sociologiis
aramarqsistuli tradiciebisgan. Mmarqsisti avtorebis umravlesoba,
marqsizms sociologiuri analizis da politikuri reformis nawilad
ganixilavs. MmiCneulia, rom marqsizmi qmnis radikaluri politikuri
cvlilebis programas. Uufro metic, marqsistebi ufro met aqcentebs
akeTeben klasobriv dayofaze, konfliqtze, xelisuflebaze da
ideologiaze, vidre bevri aramarqsisti sociologi, gansakuTrebiT imaTi
umetesoba, vinc funqcionalizmis gavlena ganicada. UukeTesia, marqsizmi
ganvixiloT, ara rogorc sociologiuri midgomis erT-erTi tipi, aramed
rogorc Sexedulebebis sistema, romelic sociologiis gverdigverd
arsebobs; isini erTmaneTs gadakveTen da sakmaod xSirad
urTierTgavlenas ganicdian. Maramarqsistuli sociologia da marqsizmi
yovelTvis imyofeboda erTmaneTis gavlenisa da opoziciis pirobebSi.
 13

Teoriuli dilemebi

rogor unda moxdes am oTxi Teoriuli midgomis Sefaseba?

miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel maTgans Tavisi erTguli momxre hyavs,
arsebobs sakiTxebi, romlebSic isini avseben erTmaneTs. Ffunqcionalizmi
da marqsizmis umetesi versiebi koncentrirebas axdens socialuri
jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis ufro farTomasStabian Seswavlaze. isini,
arsebiTad, mimarTulia `grandiozul sakiTxebze,~ magaliTad, `rogor
inarCunebs sazogadoeba erTianobas?~ an ,,ra ZiriTadi pirobebi iwvevs
socialur cvlilebas?“Aamisagan gansxvavebiT, simboluri
interaqcionizmi ufro metad fokusirebulia socialuri cxovrebis
pirispir urTierTqmedebis konteqstze. struqturalizmi sxva
midgomebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi, umTavresad, fokusirebulia
socialuri aqtivobis kulturul maxasiaTeblebze. A
amgvarad, specifikuri sociologiuri problemebis ganxilvisas,
Cven SegviZlia, garkveulwilad, seleqciurad visargebloT yvela
TeoriiT; Tumca, garkveuli azriT, isini mkveTrad upirispirdebian
erTmaneTs. arsebobs ramdenime ZiriTadi Teoriuli dilema – mudmivi
davisa da kamaTis sagani – rac swored Sexedulebebis am
dapirispirebulobiT izidavs Cven yuradRebas; zogierTi maTgani Zalze
zogad Temas exeba, Tu rogor unda movaxdinoT adamianuri qmedebebisa da
socialuri institutebis interpretacia. aq oTx amgvar dilemas
ganvixilavT.
1. erTi dilema exeba adamianur qmedebas da socialur struqturas.
sakiTxi SemdegSia: ramdenad warmovadgenT Semoqmed aqtorebs, romlebic
aqtiurad akontroleben sakuTari cxovrebis garemoebebs? Aaris Tu ara
imis didi nawili, rasac vakeTebT, Cvens kontrols miRma arsebuli
socialuri Zalebis arsebobis Sedegi? es sakiTxi yovelTvis mijnavda
da agrZelebs sociologebis gamijvnas. simboluri interaqcionizmi xazs
usvams adamianis qcevis aqtiur, SemoqmedebiT komponentebs. danarCeni sami
midgoma (marqsizmis zogierTi variantis gamoklebiT) gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobs Cvens qmedebebze socialuri gavlenis SemzRudav
xasiaTs.
 14

2. meore Teoriuli sakiTxi exeba konsensuss da konfliqts

sazogadoebaSi. sociologiaSi zogierTi Tvalsazrisi _ imaTi CaTvliT,
vinc funqcionalizmTanaa dakavSirebuli – xazs usvams adamianuri
sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebel wesrigsa da harmonias. isini, vinc am
Sexedulebas emxrobian, rogoricaa, magaliTad, talkot parsonsi,
sazogadoebebis yvelaze niSandobliv maxasiaTeblad uwyvetobas da
konsensuss miiCneven, rogorc ar unda icvlebodnen es sazogadoebebi
droSi. Mmeore mxriv, sxva sociologebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc
marqsis an veberis Zlieri gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen, xazs usvamen
socialuri konfliqtis dominanturobas. isini sazogadoebaSi xedaven
mudmiv danawevrebas, daZabulobas da brZolebs. MmaTi azriT, imis
mtkiceba, rom adamianebi, umetesad, megobrulad arian ganwyobilni
erTmaneTis mimarT, iluziaa; maSinac ki, rodesac ar SeimCneva Ria
konfrontacia, arsebobs interesTa Rrma sxvadasxvaoba, rac garkveul
dros mzadaa, Ria konfliqtebSi gadaizardos.
3. arsebobs Teoriis mesame ZiriTadi dilema, romelic TiTqmis ar
figurirebs sociologiis orTodoqsul tradiciebSi, Tumca misi
ugulebelyofa aRar SeiZleba. Eis aris problema, Tu rogor unda
CavrToT genderTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi sociologiuri analizis
farglebSi. sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi,
yvela ZiriTadi figura mamakaci iyo; TavianT nawerebSi, isini TiTqmis
uyuradRebod tovebdnen faqts, rom adamianebi sqesis mixedviT arian
dayofilni (Sydie 1987). maT naSromebSi, individebi `usqesoebad~ arian
warmodgenilni – isini ufro abstraqtuli `aqtorebi~ arian, vidre
diferencirebuli qalebi da mamakacebi. Tumca, Zalze patara safuZveli
gagvaCnia imisTvis, rom genderis sakiTxebi Teoriuli azrovnebis ukve
Camoyalibebul formebs davukavSiroT sociologiaSi. amJamad, es albaT
yvelaze mwvave problemaa, oTx gadasaWrel problemas Soris.
genderTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi ZiriTadi dilema Semdegia:
SevZlebT Tu ara `genderis,~ rogorc zogadi kategoriis `CaSenebas~
Cvens sociologiur azrovnebaSi? Aan sxvagvarad, gvWirdeba Tu ara
genderuli sakiTxebis danawevreba ufro konkretul faqtorebad,
romlebic Seexeba qalebisa da mamakacebis qcevas gansxvavebul
 15

konteqstebSi? Aan, sxva formulireba rom mivceT: arsebobs Tu ara

maxasiaTeblebi, rac yvela kulturaSi ganasxvavebs mamakacebs da qalebs,
maTi identobis da socialuri qcevis mixedviT? an, axsnili unda iyos
Tu ara yovelTvis genderuli gansxvavebebi sxva gansxvavebebis mixedviT,
rac hyofs sazogadoebebs (rogoric, magaliTad, klasobrivi dayofaa)?
4. meoTxe problema exeba ara imdenad adamianis qcevis an
sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, aramed ufro
Tanamedrove socialuri ganviTarebis niSan-Tvisebebs. saqme exeba ZiriTad
faqtorebs, romelic gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
warmoSobasa da bunebaze, da aramarqsistul da marqistul midgomebs
Soris gansxvavebebidan iRebs safuZvels. es dilema Tavs iyris Semdegi
sakiTxis garSemo: ramdenad ganisazRvreba Tanamedrove samyaro marqsis
mier aRniSnuli ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, kerZod, kapitalisturi
ekonomikuri warmoebis meqanizmebiT? meore mxriv, ramdenad gansazRvravs
sxva faqtorebi (socialuri, politikuri an kulturuli faqtorebi)
socialur ganviTarebas Tanamedrove epoqaSi?
TiToeul dilemas Tanmimdevrulad ganvixilavT.

dilema I: struqtura da qmedeba

ZiriTadi Tema, romelsac diurkemi da sxva sociologi avtorebi

aviTareben, gulisxombs, rom sazogadoebebi, romlis wevrebic Cven varT,
axorcieleben Cveni qmedebebis socialur SezRudvas. diurkemi Tvlida,
rom sazogadoebas gaaCnia upiratesoba calkeul individze; sazogadoeba
gacilebiT metia, vidre individebis qmedebebis jami; rodesac socialur
struqturas vaanalizebT, Cven vikvlevT maxasiaTeblebs, romlebsac
`simtkice~ Tu `simyare~ gaaCnia, msgavsad struqturebisa materialur
garemoSi. warmovidginoT adamiani, romelic imyofeba oTaxSi mravali
karebiT; oTaxis garemocva zRudavs mis SesaZlebel aqtivobebs. kedlebis
da karebis ganlageba gansazRvravs Semosasvlelsa da gasasvlels.
msgavsad amisa, socialuri struqtura, diurkemis mixedviT, zRudavs Cvens
aqtivobebs, gviwesebs sazRvrebs, Tu ra SegviZlia gavakeToT, rogorc
individebma. Ees Cvens `gareTaa~ iseve, rogorc oTaxis kedlebi.
 16

Ees Tvalsazrisi gamoxatulia diurkemis cnobil mosazrebaSi:

rodesac Zmis, meuRlis an moqalaqis movaleobas vasruleb, an vaxorcieleb
valdebulebebs, romelic aRebuli maqvs, es is movaleobebia, rac kanoniTa da
CveulebebiT aris gansazRvruli, da rac CemTan da Cems qmedebasTan mimarTebaSi –
garegania... igive SeiZleba iTqvas morwmune adamianze; igi dabadebidanve aRmoaCens misi
religiuri cxovrebis mza mrwamssa da praqtikas; Tu yvelaferi es mis dabadebamde
arsebobda, maSasadame, isini mis gareT arsebobs. niSanTa sistema, romliTac vsargeblob
sakuTari azrebis gamosaxatavad, fuladi sistema, rasac valebis dasafarad viyeneb,
sakredito saSualebebi, romliTac vagvareb finansur urTierTobebs, praqtika, rasac
mivdev Cems profesiaSi da a.S. – yvelaferi es imisgan damoukideblad funqcionirebs,
viyeneb maT Tu ara. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris Sesaxeb
(Durkheim, 1982, gv. 50-1).
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom diurkemis mier gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss
bevri momxre hyavs, zogjer igi mZafr kritikasac xvdeba. ra aris
`sazogadoeba,~ kiTxuloben kritikosebi, Tu ara mravali individualuri
qmedebis erTianoba? rodesac raime jgufs vikvlevT, Cven ar ganvixilavT
mas, rogorc koleqtiur mTlianobas, aramed, rogorc erTmaneTTan
urTierTqmedebaSi myof sxvadasxva individebs. `sazogadoebas~ qmnis
mravali individis mowesrigebuli urTierToba erTmaneTTan.
kritikosebis azriT (romelTa umravlesoba simboluri interaqcionizmis
mimdevaria), Cven, rogorc adamianur arsebebs, gvaqvs miznebi, risTvisac
viRwviT, da vcxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic kulturuli mniSvnelobebiT
aris ganmsWvaluli. MmaTi azriT, socialuri fenomenebi `sagnebis~
msgavsi ki ar aris, aramed damokidebulia simbolur mniSvnelobebze,
rasac Cvens qmedebebs vaniWebT. Cven sazogadoebis mier Seqmnilebi ki ara
varT, aramed misi Semqmnelebi.

Sefaseba

rogorc Cans, es winaaRmdegoba bolomde da srulad ar gadawydeba,

miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mas Semdeg arsebobs, rac Tanamedrove
moazrovneebi pirvelad Seecadnen, aexsnaT adamianis qceva. amasTan, es
aris debati, romelic mxolod sociologiiT ar SemoisazRvreba; igi
socialuri mecnierebebis yvela sferos warmomadgenlis interess iwvevs.
 17

am naSromis wakiTxvisas, Tavad unda gadawyvitoT, romeli pozicia

migaCniaT ufro sworad.
Ggansxvavebebi am or Sexedulebas Soris, SesaZloa, mainc
gazviadebulia, Tumca, ar SeiZleba orive savsebiT marTali iyos,
sakmaod advilad dasanaxia kavSirebi maT Soris. garkveuli azriT,
diurkemis Tvalsazrisi ufro safuZvliania. socialuri institutebi win
uswrebs nebismieri individis arsebobas; es cxadia iqidanac, rom isini
SezRudvebs axorcieleben Cvenze; ase magaliTad, me ar Semiqmnia fuladi
sistema, romelic arsebobs britaneTSi, aseve ar gamikeTebia arCevani,
minda Tu ara visargeblo am sistemiT, roca msurs, vflobde qonebas an
momsaxurebas, risi SeZenac am fuliT xdeba. Ffuladi sistema, iseve
rogorc yvela sxva Seqmnili instituti, arsebobs sazogadoebis
nebismieri individualuri wevrisagan damoukideblad da zRudavs am
individebis aqtivobebs.
Mmeore mxriv, aSkarad mcdaria mosazreba, rom sazogadoeba iseTive
garegania CvenTvis, rogorc fizikuri samyaro. faqtia, rom fizikuri
samyaro ganagrZobs arsebobas cocxali adamianebis arsebobis gareSe,
rac warmoudgenelia sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca sazogadoeba
garegania calke aRebuli TiToeuli individis mimarT, Tavisi
gansazRvrebiT, is ar SeiZleba iyos garegani erTad aRebuli yvela
individis mimarT.
Uufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom imas, rasac diurkemi
`socialur faqtebs~ uwodebs, SeuZlia SezRudos Cveni saqmianoba, is
ver axdens Cveni qmedebis gansazRvras. me SemiZlia fulis gamoyenebis
gareSe cxovreba avirCio da mtkiced mivsdio am princips, Tundac
yoveldRiurad Tavis gatana Zalian rTuli aRmoCndes. rogorc cocxalma
arsebebma, Cven unda gavakeToT arCevani da ubralod pasiuri ar unda
viyoT Cvens garSemo arsebuli movlenebis mimarT. magaliTad, Cems mier
fuladi sistemiT sargeblobas, mcire, magram aucilebeli wvlili Seaqvs
am sistemis arsebobaSi. Tu yoveli adamiani an Tundac adamianebis didi
nawili gadawyvets, uari Tqvas fuliT sargeblobaze, fuladi sistema
aRar iarsebebs.
 18

dilema II: konsensusi da konfliqti

rodesac konsensusisa da konfliqtis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisebs

vasxvavebT, umjobesia, kvlav diurkemiT daviwyoT. diurkemi sazoga-
doebas damoukidebeli nawilebis erTianobad ganixilavs.
funqcionalisti moazrovneebisTvis sazogadoeba integralur mTels
warmoadgens, romelic erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul struqturebs
moicavs. Ees namdvilad exmianeba diurkemis Tvalsazriss `socialuri
faqtebis~ `garegan,~ SemzRudav xasiaTze. Tumca aq analogebi Senobis
kedlebs ki ar exeba, aramed sxeulis fiziologias.
sxeuli, sxvadasxva specializebuli nawilebisgan Sedgeba
(rogoricaa tvini, guli, filtvebi, RviZli da a.S.); TiToeuli maTgani
xels uwyobs organizmis sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebas.
aucilebelia maTi erTmaneTTan harmoniuli muSaoba; Tu es ase ar aris,
maSin organizmis sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba. diurkemis (da parsonsis)
mixedviT, asevea sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSic. imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam
SeinarCunos arseboba, misi specializebuli institutebi (politikuri
sistema, religia, ojaxi da saganmanaTleblo sistema) erTmaneTTan
harmoniaSi unda funqcionirebdnen. Aamgvarad, sazogadoebis arsebobis
SenarCuneba TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli, rac, Tavis mxriv, saerTo
konsensuss gulisxmobs, misi wevrebis SeTanxmebas ZiriTad
RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT.
maT, vinc umTavresad konfliqtzea fokusirebuli, Zalze
gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi gaaCniaT. maTi mTavari mosazrebebi advilad
SeiZleba davinaxoT, marqsis mier aRniSnuli klasobrivi konfliqtis
magaliTis motaniT. marqsis mixedviT, sazogadoebebi araTanabari
resursebis mqone klasebad arian dayofilni. vidre es aRniSnuli
uTanasworoba arsebobs, aris aseve interesTa sxvaoba, rac socialur
sistemaSia `CaSenebuli.~ interesTa es konfliqti, garkveul momentSi,
klasTa Soris aqtiur brZolaSi gadaizrdeba, rasac SeuZlia
radikaluri cvlilebis procesebi warmoSvas. yvela misi mimdevari
msgavsi xarisxiT ar iziarebda marqsis klasobriv Tvalsazriss; sxva
saxis dayofac ganixileboda mniSvnelovan pirobad konfliqtis
 19

gasaRviveblad, magaliTad, dayofa rasobriv jgufebs an politikur

fraqciebs Soris. Tumca, romeli konfliqturi jgufebis aqcentirebac
ar unda moxdes, sazogadoeba arsebiTad ganixileba, rogorc
daZabulobiT aRsavse – yvelaze stabiluri socialuri sistemac ki
antagonisturi dajgufebebis aramdgrad balansad miiCneva.

Sefaseba

iseve rogorc struqturis an qmedebis SemTxvevaSi, es Teoriuli

debatic bolomde ar amoiwureba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom gansxvaveba
konsensusisa da konfliqtis Tvalsazrisebs Soris ufro farTo
gveCveneba, vidre sinamdvileSia. Ees ori pozicia, ar SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom savsebiT SeuTavsebelia. yvela sazogadoeba gulisxmobs SeTanxmebis
garkveul saxes saerTo RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT, da yvela, ra Tqma
unda, gulisxmobs konfliqtsac.
Uufro metic, sociologiuri analizis saerTo wesidan
gamomdinare, Cven yovelTvis unda vikvlioT kavSirebi konsensussa da
konfliqts Soris socialuri sistemis SigniT. Rirebulebebi, romlebsac
sxvadasxva jgufebi iziareben da miznebi, romliskenac misi wevrebi
miiltvian, xSirad, saerTo da gansxvavebuli interesebis naerTs
gamoxatavs. magaliTad, klasobrivi konfliqtis marqsiseul
daxasiaTebaSic ki, sxvadasxva klasebi garkveul saerTo interesebs
iziareben, miuxedavad imisa, rom mudmivad ebrZvian erTmaneTs.
kapitalistebi samuSao Zalas eyrdnobian sakuTar warmoebaSi iseve,
rogorc muSebi arian damokidebulni TavianTi xelfasis miRebaze. AaseT
viTarebaSi, Ria konfliqti xangrZlivi ar aris; ufro metad, orive
mxares axasiaTebs saerTo tendencia, gadalaxon maTi gansxvavebebi,
Tumca sxva SemTxvevebSi sawinaaRmdegoc xdeba.
sasargeblo cneba, romelic gvexmareba konfliqtsa da konsensuss
Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis analizSi, ideologiaa – Rirebulebebi
da mrwamsi, romelic exmareba ufro Zlier jgufebs poziciis
SenarCunebaSi, naklebad Zlieri jgufebis xarjze. Zalaufleba,
ideologia da konfliqti yovelTvis mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. Bbevri
konfliqti Zalauflebis gamo xdeba _ im upiratesobebis gamo, rac mas
 20

moaqvs. Zalauflebis mqoneni, umTavresad, ideologiis zegavlenas

eyrdnobian dominirebuli poziciis SesanarCuneblad, Tumca,
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT Zalis gamoyenebac. magaliTad,
feodalizmis periodSi, aristokratuli mmarTveloba mxardaWerili iyo
ideiT, rom adamianebis umciresoba `dabadebuli iyo samarTavad~, Tumca
aristokrati mmarTvelebi xSirad mimarTavdnen Zaladobas imaT
winaaRmdeg, vinc gabedavda win aRdgomoda maT Zalauflebas.

dilema III: genderis problema

Tanamedrove sociologiis fuZemdebelTa naSromebSi, genderis

problemas naklebad ukavia centraluri pozicia. Tumca, mcire
nawyvetebi, sadac isini genderis sakiTxebs exebodnen, saSualebas
gvaZlevs, davadginoT ZiriTadi Teoriuli dilemis Sinaarsi – miuxedavad
imisa, rom maT naSromebSi Zalian cotaa naTqvami am problemis gadaWris
Taobaze.Aam dilemis daxasiaTebis saukeTeso gzaa, im sakiTxis, romelic
drodadro diurkemis naSromebSi gvxedeba, Sedareba sakiTxTan, romelic
marqsTan gvxvdeba. diurkemi, erT-erT Tavis gamokvlevaSi
TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavs, rom mamakaci `TiTqmis mTlianad
sazogadoebis produqtia,~ maSin roca qali `gacilebiT metad
warmoadgens bunebis produqts.~ igi afarToebs Tavis dakvirvebas da
ambobs mamakacis Sesaxeb: `mis gemovnebas, miswrafebebs da iumors,
umTavresad, koleqtiuri warmomavloba aqvs, maSin roca misi kompanioni
qalis gemovneba, umTavresad, misi organizmiT ganisazRvreba. amitom misi
moTxovnilebebi sruliad gansxvavdeba qalis moTxovnilebebisgan...~
(Durkheim 1952, gv. 385). sxva sityvebiT, mamakacebsa da qalebs gansxvavebuli
identoba, gemovneba da midrekilebebi aqvT imis gamo, rom qalebi
naklebad socializebuli arian da `ufro axlos arian bunebasTan,~
vidre mamakacebi.
DdRes aravisTvis iqneboda misaRebi amgvarad formulirebuli
Tvalsazrisi. qaluri identoba iseve yalibdeba socializaciiT, rogorc
mamakacisa, Tumca, garkveuli modificirebis Semdeg, diurkemis
gancxadeba warmoadgens erT SesaZlebel Tvalsazriss genderis bunebisa
 21

da formirebis Sesaxeb. es niSnavs, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi

fundamenturad erydnoba biologiurad arsebul gansxvavebebs mamakacsa
da qals Soris. aseTi Tvalsazrisi aucileblad ar niSnavs, rom
genderuli gansxvavebebi umeteswilad Tandayolilia. ufro metad
ivaraudeba, rom qalebis socialuri pozicia da identoba umTavresad
yalibdeba (rogorc amas Codorou miiCnevs; ixileT, Tavi 5, `genderi da
seqsualoba~) maTi CarTviT reproduqciisa da bavSvis aRzrdis procesSi.
Tu es Tvalsazrisi simarTles Seesabameba, genderuli gansxvavebebi
Rrmadaa danergili yvela sazogadoebaSi. Zalauflebis flobis
uTanasworoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris aisaxeba im faqtiT, rom
qalebi zrdian bavSvebs da arian maTi uSualo aRmzrdelebi im dros,
rodesac mamakacebi aqtiurebi arian `sazogadoebriv~ sferoebSi,
politikaSi, dasaqmebaSi da omSi.
marqsis Sexeduleba arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. marqsisTvis,
genderuli gansxvavebebi Zalauflebasa da statusSi mamakacebsa da
qalebs Soris, umTavresad, sxva gansxvavebebs asaxavs, kerZod, klasobriv
dayofas. marqsis mixedviT, adamianuri sazogadoebis adreul formebSi
ar iyo arc genderuli da arc klasobrivi dayofa. mamakacebis
Zalaufleba qalebze mxolod klasobriv dayofas mohyva. qalebi,
mamakacebis `kerZo sakuTrebis~ formad gadaiqcnen qorwinebis institutis
meSveobiT. Qqalebi, TavianTi monuri mdgomareobidan gaTavisufldebian,
rodesac klasobrivi dayofa daiZleva. Zalze cota adamiania, vinc dRes
am analizs daeTanxmeba, Tumca is SegviZlia gacilebiT misaRebi
gavxadoT, Semdgomi ganzogadebis safuZvelze. Kklasi erTaderTi
faqtori ar aris socialuri dayofisTvis, romelic zegavlenas axdens
mamakacebisa da qalebis qcevaze. sxva faqtorebia eTnikuri kuTvnileba
da kulturuli warmomavloba. magaliTad, SeiZleba vikamaToT imis
Sesaxeb, rom qalebis umciresobaTa jgufebs (vTqvaT, Savkanianebs
SeerTebul StatebSi) ufro meti saerTo aqvT amave jgufis mamakacebTan,
vidre umravlesobis warmomadgenel qalebTan (anu TeTrkanian qalebTan).
an, SesaZloa, qalebs garkveuli kulturebidan (monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa mcire kulturis msgavsad), igive kulturis mamakacebTan
meti saerTo hqondeT, vidre industriuli sazogadoebis qalebTan.
 22

Sefaseba

sakiTxebi, romlebic mesame dilemaSia dasmuli, Zalze

mniSvnelovania, da im gamowvevas exeba, romelic feministma avtorebma
gamoucxades sociologias. veravin ikamaTebs imaze, rom warsulSi
sociologiuri analizis didi nawili an ugulebelyofda qalebis
sakiTxebs, an qaluri identobisa da qcevis araadekvatur interpretacias
iZleoda. miuxedavad bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi qalebTan
dakavSirebuli axali klevebisa, jer kidev bevri sferoa, sadac qalebis
gamorCeuli aqtivobebi da interesebi ar aris sakmarisad Seswavlili.
`qalTa problemebis Seswavlis Semotana sociologiaSi~ TavisTavad ar
niSnavs genderuli problemebis daZlevas, vinaidan genderi exeba
urTierTobebs qalebisa da mamakacebis identobasa da qcevas Soris.
amJamad, Riadaa darCenili sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba
iqnes gaSuqebuli genderuli sxvaoba sxva sociologiuri cnebebis
gamoyenebiT (klasi, eTnikuroba, kulturuli warmomavloba da a.S.), an
piriqiT, ramdenad sWirdeba sxva socialur gansxvavebebs axsna genderis
terminebiT. ra Tqma unda, sociologiis, rogorc amxsneli mecnierebis,
mTavari amocana momavalSi damokidebuli iqneba am dilemis efeqtur
gadawyvetaze.

dilema IV: Tanamedrove samyaros saxe

marqsistuli perspeqtiva

marqsis nawerebma mZlavri gamowveva gamoucxada sociologiur

analizs, rac yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila. misi moRvaweobis
periodidan dRevandel dRemde, marqsis ideam Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb uamravi debati gamoiwvia (Marx an d E ngels 1968).
rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, marqsi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs
ganixilavda, rogorc kapitalisturs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi, socialuri
cvlilebis mamoZravebeli impulsia zewola mudmivi ekonomikuri
transformaciis mimarTulebiT, rac kapitalisturi warmoebis
 23

integralur nawils warmoadgens. kapitalizmi gacilebiT ufro

dinamikuri ekonomikuri sistemaa, vidre romelime manamde arsebuli.
kapitalistebi ejibrebian erTmaneTs saqonlis momxmareblisTvis
gasaRebaSi da imisaTvis, rom gadairCinon Tavi konkurentul bazarze;
firmebma unda Seqmnan TavianTi nawarmi rac SeiZleba iafad da
efeqturad, amas mivyavarT teqnologiur inovaciamde, vinaidan
teqnologiis efeqturobis gaumjobesebiT sawarmoo procesSi, kompaniebs
SeuZliaT SeinarCunon upiratesoba TavianT konkurentebze.
Aarsebobs aseve Zlieri stimuli axali bazrebis moZiebisa, iafi
nedleulis SeZenisa da iafi samuSao Zalis mopovebisa, radgan
kapitalizmi, marqsis mixedviT, aris ganuwyvetlad mzardi sistema,
romelic mTel msoflioSi vrceldeba. ase xsnis marqsi dasavluri
industriis globalur gavrcelebas.
Kkapitalizmis gavlenis marqsiseulma interpretaciam bevri
mxardamWeri ipova da Semdgomma avtorebma mniSvnelovnad srulyves
marqsis es daxasiaTeba. Mmeore mxriv, mravali kritikosi Seecada,
uareyo marqsis Sexeduleba, moeca alternatuli analizi im gavlenebisa,
romelic Tanamedrove samyaros formirebas axdens. sinamdvileSi, TiTqmis
yvela aRiarebs, rom kapitalizmma ganmsazRvreli roli Seasrula im
samyaros CamoyalibebaSi, romelSic dRes vcxovrobT. Tumca, arian
sociologebi, romlebic daobdnen rogorc imaze, rom marqsma gaazviada
wminda ekonomikuri faqtorebis gavlena momxdar cvlilebebze, aseve
imaze, rom kapitalizmi naklebadaa centraluri faqtori Tanamedrove
socialuri ganviTarebisTvis, vidre igi acxadebda. am avtorTa
umravlesoba aseve skeptikuria marqsis im rwmenis mimarT, rom
sabolood, socialisturi sistema Secvlis kapitalizms. MmaTi
skepticizmi gamarTlda im movlenebiT, romlebic 1989 wels da momdevno
periodSi moxda aRmosavleT evropaSi.

veberis Tvalsazrisi

marqsis erT-erTi pirveli da yvelaze Zlieri kritikosi marqs

veberi iyo. veberis nawerebi, faqtobrivad, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
 24

brZola `marqsis arCdilTan~ - marqsis mier datovebul inteleqtualur

memkvidreobasTan. alternatuli pozicia, romelic veberma daamuSava,
dResac inarCunebs mniSvnelobas. veberis mixedviT, Tanamedrove
socialur ganviTarebaSi, gadamwyveti roli araekonomikurma faqtorebma
iTamaSa. Tavis cnobil naSromSi `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis
suli~ veberi amtkicebs, rom religiur Rirebulebebs – gansakuTrebiT
puritanizmTan dakavSirebuls – fandamenturi mniSvneloba hqonda
kapitalisturi msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi. es msoflmxedveloba
uSualod ekonomikuri cvlilebebidan ar gaCenila, rogorc es marqss
miaCnda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis bunebis da mTels msoflioSi
cxovrebis dasavluri modelis gavrcelebis mizezebis veberiseuli
gageba, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba marqsis gagebisagan. veberis mixedviT,
kapitalizmi – ekonomikuri warmoebis organizebis gansakuTrebuli gza –
erT-erTia im ZiriTad faqtorebs Soris, romelic Tanamedrove periodSi,
gansazRvravs socialur ganviTarebas. ZiriTadi kapitalisturi
ekonomikuri meqanizmebi, da garkveulwilad, maTze ufro mniSvnelovani
meqanizmebia, mecnierebisa da biurokratiis gavlenaa. mecnierebam
Camoayaliba Tanamedrove teqnologia da, savaraudod, gaagrZelebs am
saqmianobas nebismier momaval socialistur sazogadoebaSi. biurokratia
erTaderTi saSualebaa, romelsac SeuZlia adamianebis didi ricxvis
organizeba da amitom aucileblad farTovdeba ekonomikur da
politikur zrdasTan erTad. Mmecnierebis, Tanamedrove teqnologiis da
biurokratiis ganviTarebas veberi krebiTad racionalizacias uwodebs.
racionalizacia niSnavs socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis
organizebas efeqturobis principebis mixedviT, teqnikuri codnis
safuZvelze.

Sefaseba

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis interpretaciis romeli tipia swori _

is, romelic marqsTan warmoiSva, Tu is, romelic veberidan modis?
mecnierebi kvlav gayofilni arian am sakiTxis gamo. qvemoT warmodgenil
cxrilSi, am gansxvavebebis CamonaTvalia warmodgenili (unda gvaxsovdes,
 25

rom yvela banakis SigniT arsebobs gansxvavebebi, ase rom, yvela

Teoretikosi ar daeTanxmeba yvela punqts).
kontrasti marqsistul da veberiseul Tvalsazrisebs Soris
sociologiis bevr sferos exeba. Ees ara marto imaze axdens gavlenas,
Tu rogor vaanalizebT industriuli sazogadoebebis bunebas, aramed,
aseve, Cvens Sexedulebaze naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis
Sesaxeb. AamasTan, es ori perspeqtiva dakavSirebulia gansxvavebul
politikur poziciebTan; erT mxares arian avtorebi, romlebic emxrobian
memarcxene Sexedulebebs, meore mxares ki _ liberalebi da
konservatorebi. Tumca, faqtorebi, romelTac es konkretuli dilema
exeba, ufro empiriuli xasiaTisaa, vidre isini, romelTac sxva dilemebi
moicavs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisa da mesame msoflios qveynebis
ganviTarebis gzebis faqtobrivi Seswavla gvexmareba SefasebaSi, Tu
ramdenad marTebulad xsnis erTi an meore mxare cvlilebebis xasiaTs.

Mmarqsis da veberis Sedareba

zogadad marqsistuli ideebi zogadad veberiseuli ideebi
Tanamedrove ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Tanamedrove ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
dinamika mdgomareobs kapitalistu- mamoZravebelia warmoebis raciona-
ri ekonomikuri meqanizmebis gafar- lizacia.
ToebaSi.
klasi uTanasworobis erTi tipia,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi gaxle- uTanasworobis sxva saxeebs Soris,
Cilia klasobrivi uTanasworobiT, magaliTad, uTanasworobas mamaka-
rac maTi bunebis ganmsazRvrelia. cebsa da qalebs Soris Tana-
medrove sazogadoebebSi.

Zalauflebis iseTi dayofa, rac Zalaufleba ekonomikur sistemaSi,

gavlenas axdens mamakacebis da SeiZleba gamovyoT sxva wyaroe-
qalebis poziciebze, umTavresad, bidan.MmagaliTad, qalisa da mama-
warmoSobilia ekonomikuri uTanas- kacis uTanasworobebi ar SeiZleba
worobidan. aixsnas ekonomikuri terminebiT.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi, ro- racionalizacia dakavSirebulia

gorc maT dRes vicnobT (kapita-
listuri sazogadoebebi), gardama-
vali tipisaa – momavalSi SesaZle-
belia movelodeT maT radikalur
reorganizacias. socializmis esa
Tu is forma aucileblad Secvlis
kapitalizms.
progresTan Soreul momavalSic,
socialuri cxovrebis yvela sfe-
roSi. Yyvela Tanamedrove sazoga-
doeba damokidebulia socialuri
da ekonomikuri organizaciis imave
ZiriTad modelebze.
 26

dasavluri gavlenis gavrceleba dasavleTis globaluri gavlena

mTel msoflioSi, umTavresad, kapi- modis misi xelmZRvaneli pozicii-
talisturi ekonomikuri warmoebis dan industriul resursebze da,
eqspansionisturi tendenciebis Se- aseve, samxedro Zalaze.
degia.

Teoriebi

saWiroa, ganvavsxvavoT Teoriuli midgomebi da Teoriebi. Mmocemul

TavSi, ukve ganvixileT Teoriuli midgomebi, romlebic sociologiis
saganSi orientirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Teoriebi ufro viwro
fokusis mqonea da cdilobs axsnas calkeuli socialuri pirobebi Tu
movlenebi. Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, yalibdeba rogorc kvlevis procesis
nawili da, Tavis mxriv, ayenebs problemebs, romelTac kvleviTi
samuSaoebi unda mieZRvnas. MmagaliTis saxiT gamodgeba diurkemis
TviTmkvlelobis Teoria.
Kkvlevis sxvadasxva sferoebSi, sadac sociologebi muSaoben,
Zalze bevri Teoria Seiqmna. zogierTi Teoria iseTi sizustiTaa
warmodgenili, rom zogjer maTematikuri formiT aris gamoxatuli –
Tumca es sxva socialur mecnierebebs ufro exeba (gansakuTrebiT
ekonomikas), vidre sociologias.
zogierTi tipis Teoria cdilobs, gacilebiT meti axsnas, vidre
sxvebma; gansxvavebuli azri arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad saWiro
da sasurvelia sociologebisTvis farTomasStabiani Teoriuli
kvlevebis Catareba. magaliTad, robert mertoni dabejiTebiT acxadebs,
rom sociologebma TavianTi yuradReba unda mimarTon, rogorc Tavad
uwodebs, saSualo rangis Teoriebze (Merton 1957). grandiozuli
Teoriuli sqemebis Seqmnis mcdelobis nacvlad (magaliTad, parsonsis
msgavsad), umjobesia, ufro mokrZalebulebi viyoT.
saSualo rangis Teoriebi sakmaod specifikuria imisaTvis, rom
SesaZlebeli iyos maTi uSualod empiriuli Semowmeba; Tumca, sakmarisad
zogadi imisaTvis, rom SeZlos gansxvavebuli fenomenebis mocva.
Sesaferisi SemTxvevaa SedarebiTi deprivaciis Teoria. es Teoria
gulisxmobs, rom adamianebis mier sakuTari mdgomareobis Sefaseba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu vis adareben Tavs. ase rom, deprivaciis grZnoba
 27

uSualod ar ukavSirdeba materialuri keTildReobis dones, romelsac

individebi ganicdian. Oojaxi, romelic patara saxlSi, RaribTa ubanSi
cxovrobs, sadac yvela met-naklebad erTnair pirobebSia, Cans, nakleb
gariyulad grZnobs Tavs, vidre is ojaxi, romelic msgavs saxlSi
cxovrobs, xolo garSemo myofi saxlebi ufro didi da mdidrulad
mowyobilia.
ra Tqma unda, rac ufro farTomasStabiani da ambiciuria Teoria,
miT ufro Znelia misi empiriuli Semowmeba. Tumca, aSkara mizezi imisa,
Tu ratom unda SemoisazRvros Teoriuli azrovneba sociologiaSi
`saSualo rangiT,~ ucnobia. amis dasadgenad, magaliTisTvis aviRoT
Teoria, romelic veberma warmogvidgina Tavis naSromSi `protestantuli
eTika da kapitalizmis suli.~

MmagaliTi: protestantuli eTika

`protestantul eTikaSi~ (1976; pirvelad gamoica 1904-5), veberi

cdilobs, gadawyvitos fundamenturi problema: ratom ganviTarda
kapitalizmi dasavleTSi da ara sadme sxvagan. Zveli romis dacemis
raRac cametiode saukunis Semdeg, sxva civilizaciebs gacilebiT ufro
SesamCnevi adgili ekava msoflio istoriaSi, vidre dasavleTs.
faqtobrivad, evropa sakmaod umniSvnelo adgili iyo dedamiwaze,
rodesac CineTi, indoeTi da otomanTa imperia axlo aRmosavleTSi
mZlavr saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. ram gamoiwvia ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis aRmavloba evropaSi me-17 saukunidan moyolebuli?
veberis azriT, imisaTvis, rom am SekiTxvas vupasuxoT, aucilebelia
vaCvenoT, ra ganasxvavebs Tanamedrove mrewvelobas ekonomikuri
aqtivobis adre arsebuli formebisgan. simdidris dagrovebis survils
mraval sxvadasxva civilizaciaSi vxvdebiT da amis axsna Zneli ar aris:
adamianebi afaseben simdidres imis gamo, rom mas moaqvs komforti,
usafrTxoeba, Zalaufleba da garToba. maT surT, ar ganicdidnen
siduxWires, da simdidris dagrovebiT, komfortul pirobebs iqmnian.
DdasavleTis ekonomikur ganviTarebas Tu ganvixilavT, ambobs
veberi, raRac sruliad gansxvavebuls aRmovaCenT: qonebis dagrovebis
mimarT damokidebuleba, romelic sxvagan arsad gvxvdeba istoriaSi. es
 28

damokidebuleba, rasac veberi kapitalizmis suls uwodebs, aris

rwmenebisa da Rirebulebebis erToblioba, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen
pirveli kapitalisti vaWrebi da mewarmeebi. am adamianebs simdidris
dagrovebis dauokebeli swrafva hqondaT. Tumca, yvela sxva mdidrebisgan
gansxvavebiT, isini dagrovil simdidres fufunebaSi cxovrebisTvis ar
iyenebdnen. isini, faqtobrivad, momWirned da SezRudvebiT cxovrobdnen;
isini gonivrul da zomier cxovrebas eweodnen da eridebodnen TavianTi
simdidris gamomzeurebas. veberi cdilobs gvaCvenos, rom
maxasiaTeblebis es uCveulo Sexameba, gadamwyveti iyo dasavluri
ekonomikis adreuli ganviTarebisTvis. wina epoqebis da sxva
kulturebisgan gansxvavebiT, es jgufebi ar flangavdnen TavianT qonebas.
amis magivrad, isini xelaxla debdnen investiciebs warmoebebSi,
romlebsac xelmZRvanelobdnen, maTi Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT.
veberis Teoriis ZiriTadi azria, rom ganwyobebi, romlebic
kapitalizmis sulSia nagulisxmevi, religiidan warmoiSva. Qqristianobam,
zogadad, monawileoba miiRo amgvari Tvalsazrisis SeqmnaSi, Tumca
arsebiTi da ZiriTadi motivi protestantizmis gavlena iyo,
gansakuTrebiT misi erT-erTi ganStoebis _ puritanizmis. adreuli
kapitalistebi, umetesad, puritanebi iyvnen, da bevri maTgani kalvinistur
Tvalsazriss iziarebda. veberi Tvlida, rom kalvinisturi doqtrinebis
nawili, kapitalizmis sulis uSualo wyaro iyo. erT-erTi iyo azri, rom
adamianuri arsebebi RmerTis instrumentebi arian dedamiwaze, romlebsac
moeTxovebaT, iSromon profesiis Sesabamisad, RmerTis sadideblad.
K kalvinizmis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti iyo
winaswargansazRvrulobis cneba, romlis mixedviTac, garkveuli
winaswargansazRvruli individebi unda iyvnen `rCeulTa~ Soris –
sikvdilis Semdeg Sevidnen sasufevelSi. kalvinis originaluri
doqtrinis mixedviT, arc erT adamians dedamiwaze ar SeuZlia
gansazRvros, Tu vin iqneba rCeulTa Soris; es RmerTis mier aris
winaswargansazRvruli. Tumca, am mrwamsma iseTi mRelvareba gamoiwvia
mis mimdevrebs Soris, rom igi modificirebul iqna, rac nebas rTavda
morwmuneebs, amoecnoT rCeulobis garkveuli niSnebi. profesiuli
warmateba SromaSi, rac materialuri keTildReobiT iyo gamoxatuli,
 29

ganmsazRvrel niSnad gadaiqca, rom es adamiani namdvilad RmerTis erT-

erTi rCeuli iyo. am ideebis gavlenis qveS myof jgufebSi, uzarmazari
stimuli gaCnda ekonomikuri warmatebis mosapoveblad. Tumca, yvelafer
amas Tan axlda morwmuneTa survili, mokrZalebulad da momWirned
ecxovraT. puritanebs sjerodaT, rom fufuneba eSmakiseulia da amitomac
simdidris dagrovebas, mkacr da Seulamazebel cxovrebis stils
uxamebdnen.
Ppirveli mewarmeebi TiTqmis ver acnobierebdnen, rom xels
uwyobdnen Zalze did cvlilebebs sazogadoebaSi; isini, umetesad,
religiuri motivebiT iyvnen damuxtulebi. puritanebis asketuri anu
TviTSezRuduli cxovrebis stili, SemdgomSi Tanamedrove civilizaciis
Sinagan mxared gadaiqca. rogorc veberi ambobs:
puritanebs surdaT, emuSavaT zemodan mowodebiT; Cven iZulebulni varT,
viSromoT. vinaidan, rodesac asketizmi gadmotanil iqna samonastro kedlebidan
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da gabatonda msoflio moralSi, man Tavisi wvlili Seitana
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri wesrigis mqone uzarmazari samyaros mSeneblobaSi...
miuxedavad imisa, rom asketizmma iTava samyaros Tavidan modelireba da misi idealebis
gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi, materialurma sikeTeebma moipova Zalze farTo da iseTi
uryevi Zalaufleba adamianebis cxovrebaze, rac istoriaSi manamde ar dafiqsirebula...
movaleobis idea ipareba Cvens cxovrebaSi, rogorc mkvdari religiuri rwmenebis
aCrdili. sadac am Zaxilis dakmayofileba uSualod ar aris dakavSirebuli umaRles
sulier da kulturul RirebulebebTan, an rodesac, meore mxriv, is ar ganicdeba,
rogorc ekonomikuri aucilebloba, individi saerTodac ukuagdebs misi gamarTlebis
mcdelobas. misi umaRlesi ganviTarebis adgilas, SeerTebul StatebSi, simdidris
gamodevneba, misTvis religiuri da eTikuri mniSvnelobis mocilebiT, asocirebuli
xdeba wminda miwier vnebebTan... (Weber 1976, gv. 181-2).
veberis Teoria mravali kuTxiT iyo gakritikebuli. magaliTad,
zogierTi msjelobda imaze, rom Tvalsazrisi, rasac igi `kapitalizmis
suls~ uwodebda, SeiZleboda aRmogveCina adreul italiur savaWro
qalaqebSi, imaze gacilebiT adre, vidre kalvinizmze vinmes raime
smenoda. meoreni acxadebdnen, rom protestantizmTan dakavSirebuli
ZiriTadi cneba `muSaoba mowodebis mixedviT,~ razec veberi miuTiTebs,
ukve arsebobda kaTolikur sarwmunoebaSi. Tumca, veberis mier
SemoTavazebul debulebebs dResac bevri iziarebs da Tezisebi,
romlebic man wamoayena, ZalaSi rCeba iseve, rogorc es maTi pirveli
formulirebis dros iyo. Tu veberis Tezisi safuZvliania, Tanamedrove
 30

ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTareba Zlier gavlenas ganicdis, erTi

SexedviT misgan metad daSorebuli, mTeli rigi religiuri idealebisgan.
veberis Teoria mraval kriteriums akmayofilebs, rac
mniSvnelovania sociologiis Teoriul azrovnebaSi.
1. igi aris kontrintuiciuri – igi gvTavazobs interpretacias,
romelic daSorebulia saRi azrovnebidan.Aamgvarad, es Teoria aviTarebs
axal perspeqtivas gansasxilveli sakiTxebisadmi. avtorTa umravlesoba,
veberis moRvaweobamde, nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda im SesaZleblobebs,
rom religiur idealebs SeeZloT fundamenturi roli eTamaSaT
kapitalizmis warmoqmnaSi.
2. es Teoria arc wmindad `struqturulia~ da arc wmindad
`individualuri~. Kkapitalizmis adreuli ganviTareba winaswarganuz-
raxveli Sedegi iyo imisa, riskenac puritani biznesmenebi miiswrafvodnen
– ecxovraT umwikvlod, RmerTis nebis Sesabamisad.
3. es Teoria mniSvnelobas sZens movlenas, romelic sxvagvarad
gagvaocebda: ratom cxovroben adamianebi momWirned maSin, roca did
Zalisxmevas andomeben simdidris dagrovebas.
4. Teorias ZaluZs, gaaSuqos movlenebi, romlebic Tavidan misi
axsnis sazRvrebs scildeboda. veberi xazs usvamda, rom igi mxolod
Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobis gagebas cdilobda. miuxedavad
amisa, safuZvliania varaudi, rom puritanizmis STagonebiT gaCenili
Rirebulebebis msgavsi Rirebulebebi, SeiZleba CaerTos warmatebuli
kapitalisturi ganviTarebis sxva situaciebSic.
5. warmatebuli Teoria mxolod damajerebeli ar unda iyos. igi,
aseve nayofieri unda iyos im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia axali
ideebis Semotana da Semdgomi kvlevis stimulireba. veberis Teoria, am
TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, Zalze warmatebuli iyo, da erTgvar
tramplinad iqca mTeli rigi Semdgomi kvlevisa da TeoriisTvis.

Teoriuli azrovneba sociologiaSi

Teoriebisa da Teoriuli midgomebis Sefaseba sociologiaSi

gamomwvevi da rTuli amocanaa. Teoriuli debatebi, TavianTi
gansazRvrebiT, ufro abstraqtulia, vidre empiriuli xasiaTis
 31

problemebi. is faqti, rom ar arsebobs mxolod erTi Teoriuli midgoma,

romelic mTel sociologiaze batonobs, SesaZloa, sagnis sisustis
niSnad mogveCvenos, magram es ase ar aris. piriqiT, konkurentuli
Teoriuli midgomebisa da Teoriebis Widili sociologiis
sicocxlisunarianobis gamoxatvaa. adamianuri arsebebis – sakuTari
Tavis – Seswavlisas, Teoriebis mravalferovneba saSualebas gvaZlevs,
Tavidan aviciloT dogmebi. adamianis qceva rTulia da mravalmxrivi, da
Zalze saeWvoa, rom mxolod erT Teoriul perspeqtivas SeeZlos yvela
misi aspeqtis mocva. mravalferovneba Teoriul azrovnebaSi
uzrunvelyofs ideebis mdidar wyaros, rac SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
kvlevaSi da stimuli misces warmosaxviT SesaZleblobebs, rac ase
arsebiTia sociologiuri muSaobis ganviTarebisTvis.

Sejameba

1. sociologiisTvis (da sxva socialuri mecnierebebisTvis)

damaxasiaTebelia Teoriuli midgomebis mravalferovneba, rac gasakviri
ar aris: Teoriuli debatebi rTuli gadasawyvetia sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSic ki, xolo sociologiaSi vawydebiT siZneleebs im
kompleqsuri problemebis gamo, rom Seswavlis sagani Cveni sakuTari
qcevaa.
2. sociologiis ZiriTadi Teoriuli mdgomebia funqcionalizmi,
struqturalizmi, simboluri interaqcionizmi da marqsizmi. Ees
midgomebi, garkveuli azriT, urTierTSeTavsebadia; Tumca maT Soris
arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaobebic, rac gavlenas axdens avtorebis
gansxvavebul midgomebze Teoriuli sakiTxebis gadaWrisadmi.
3. sociologiaSi erT-erTi mTavari Teoriuli dilema exeba imas,
Tu ra mimarTebaa adamianis qmedebasa da socialur struqturas Soris.
Cven sazogadoebis Semqmnelebi varT Tu sazogadoebam Tavad Segvqmna
Cven? am alternativebs Soris arCevani ar aris ise mkacri, rogorc es
Tavidan Cans, da realur problemas warmoadgens is, Tu ra kavSiria
socialuri cxovrebis am or aspeqts Soris.
 32

4. meore dilema exeba sakiTxs, Tu rogor unda daxasiaTdes

sazogadoebebi _ rogorc harmoniuli da mowesrigebuli Tu rogorc
mudmiv konfliqtSi myofi? kvlavac, es ori Tvalsazrisi ar aris
savsebiT winaaRmdegobrivi da Cven unda vaCvenoT, rogori
urTierTdamokidebulebaa konsensussa da konfliqts Soris. ideologiisa
da Zalauflebis cnebebi gagviadvilebs am amocanis gadawyvetas.
5. mesame dilema exeba imas, Tu rogor unda ganvsazRvroT genderis
problema sociologiuri analizis farglebSi. feministebma gamowveva
gamoucxades sociologias, rac sakmaod nela mkvidrdeba empiriuli
kvlevis doneze: winandelze gacilebiT meti kvlevebi iqna Sesrulebuli
qalebis sazrunavisa da Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, es TavisTavad ver
gagvcems pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu rogor unda gavaanalizoT genderi
arsebul sociologiur midgomebTan da koncefciebTan kavSirSi.
6. sociologiaSi xangrZlivi debatis meoTxe sakiTxi exeba
Tanamedrove socialuri ganviTarebis analizs. aris Tu ara cvlilebis
procesebi Tanamedrove samyaroSi ganpirobebuli kapitalisturi
ekonomikis ganviTarebiT, Tu raime sxva araekonomiuri faqtorebicaa
CarTuli? poziciebi am debatSi, garkveulwilad, im politikuri
mrwamsiTa da atitudebiT aris ganpirobebuli, rac sxvadasxva
sociologebs gaaCniaT.
7. veberis Tezisi, puritanizmis gavlenis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, sasargeblo magaliTs warmoadgens imis
gaazrebisTvis, Tu ra aqcevs Teorias Rirebulebad. veberis ideebi
winaaRmdegobrivia, Tumca misma Teoriam, mravali kuTxiT, axali
perspeqtiva SemogvTavaza, moaxdina ra momdevno kvlevebis stimulireba.

DdamatebiTi literatura

Roslyn W. Bologh, Love or Greatness: Max Weber and Feminist Thinking – a Feminist
Enguiry (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990). Mmaqs veberis feministuri kritika.
Anthony Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, r evised ed. (Cambridge:
Cambridge U niversity Press, 1992) . diskusia marqsis, diurkemis da veberis
naSromebze.
 33

Charles W right M ills, The Sociological Imagination (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979 ).

im sakiTxebis klasikuri analizi, romlebmac informacia unda
mogvawodos Teoriul ganazrebebze sociologiaSi.
The Polity Reader in Social Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).
Quentin Skinner (ed.), The Return of Grand Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1986). statiebis krebuli, romelic exeba Teoriis wamyvan
tradiciebs.

mniSvnelovani terminebi

funqcionalizmi simbolo
anTropologia marqsizmi
aSkara funqciebi Teoriuli dilema
latenturi funqciebi socialuri SezRudva
disfunqciebi racionalizacia
struqturalizmi SedarebiTi deprivacia
semiotika kontrintuiciuri azrovneba
simboluri interaqcionizmi