fridrix nicSe

tragediis dabadeba
musikis sulidan

gamomcemloba „aqti“

Tbilisi _ 2020
 mTargmnelis winasityva.................................................................5

TviTkritikis mcdeloba..............................................................11

tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan........................................24

germanulidan Targmna vaxtang gorgiSelma SeniSvnebi....................................................................................159

© ibooks

gamomcemloba „aqti“, 2020 weli

Filosoph199@gmail.com
tel: 591922123

ISBN 978-9941-8-0946-0

3
 fridrix nicSes pirveli mniSvnelovani naSromi, romelic
1872 wels gamoqveynda, iyo „tragediis dabadeba musikis suli-
dan“, romelic Tematurad miZRvnili iyo Zveli berZnuli tra-
gediis genezisis problemis ganxilvisadmi. magram es aris ara
mxolod klasikuri filologiis axalgazrda profesoris naS-
romi, aramed farTo filosofiuri, kulturuli da esTetiku-
ri kvleva, romelic acnobierebs ara mxolod Zveli berZnuli
sazogadoebis, aramed Tanamedrove dasavleTevropuli sazo-
gadoebis msoflmxedvelobiT paradigmebs. amasTan, nicSe ga-
nixilavs berZnulidan dasavleTevropuli msoflmxedvelobis
memkvidreobiTobisa da am msoflmxedvelobis Secvlis gzebs.
sxvadasxva saxis msoflmxedvelobaze saubrisas, moazrovne
iyenebs Zveli berZnuli kulturis, upirveles yovlisa, apo-
lonis da dionises, Semdeg ki sokrates cxad xatebs, asaxavs
ra maTSi adamianis urTierTsawinaaRmdego principebs. „raTa
orive es swrafva gavicnobieroT, Tavdapirvelad warmovidgi-
noT isini, rogorc sizmrisa da Trobis mxatvruli samyaroebi,
romelTa _ am or fiziologiur movlenas _ Soris SeiniSneba
winaaRmdegoba, rac apolonuri da dionisuri sawyisebis wi-
naaRmdegobas Seesabameba“ _ wers nicSe adamianis arsebobis or
sapirispiro principze _ apolonurze da dionisurze _ rome-
lic, miuxedavad amisa, dialeqtikurad ikveTeba, qmnis ra ar-
qauli berZnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel tragikul msoflmxedv-
elobas. magram mesame tipis msoflmxedveloba, sokrateseuli,
sruliad gansxvavebulad moqmedebs. is qadagebs racionalizm-
sa da optimizms, uaryofs berZnebisTvis bunebriv principebs,
aSorebs tragikul paradigmas. sokrateseuli suliskveTebis
gamoCenas nicSe ukavSirebs berZnul kulturaSi klasikuri
periodis dasawyiss da Tvlis, rom swored am suliskveTebam

5
ganapiroba eladis daknineba. igive suliskveTeba agrZelebs
batonobas evropul sivrceSi dRemde, riTac evropel-
Ta cxovreba arabunebrivi, racionalurad optimisturi da,
faqtobrivad, usicocxloa. swored mis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs
moazrovne Tavis nawarmoebSi da ambobs: „CvenTvis, vinc ar-
sebobis ori gansxvavebuli formis zRvarze dgas, elinuri
pirvelnimuSi im ganuzomel faseulobas inarCunebs, rom masSi
klasikuri da didaqtikuri formiTaa amoWedili yvela xsen-
ebuli brZola da gardaqceva. TiTqos Cven elinuri sulis cx-
ovrebis umTavres epoqebs xelaxla ganvicdiT Seqceuli mimar-
TulebiT da TiTqos axla aleqsandriuli periodidan ukan,
tragediis epoqisken vbrundebiT. amasTan, CvenSi jer kidev
cocxalia grZnoba, rom tragikuli saukunis dabadeba german-
uli sulisTvis mxolod sakuTar TavTan dabrunebas niSnavs,
sakuTari Tavis netar SeZenas, mas Semdeg, rac didi xnis Sem-
deg dauZleveli ucxo Zalebi akavebdnen mas, mcxovrebs for-
maTa barbarosul uZlurebaSi, sakuTar formaTa uRelqveS“.
tragikul suliskveTebasTan dabruneba ki mxolod musikis
saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli, romelsac gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis myofobisTvis, romelic individua-
lurobis safarvels CamoaSorebs da SeuZlia eris erTiani su-
lis gacocxleba. es idea mravali TvalsazrisiT iyo nasesxebi
a. Sopenhauerisgan, romelsac xSirad axsenebs nicSe da rome-
lic aseve gamoyofda musikas sxva xelovnebebs Soris, rogorc
nebis gansaxierebas, sakuTriv substanciur sawyiss adamian-
is sulSi. garda amisa, SesamCnevia nicSesTvis musikis esoden
didi mniSvnelobis kavSiri r. vagneris dramebTan. swored am
ukanasknelis dramebia dapirispirebuli operis sokrateseul
xelovnebas, sadac musika msxverpladaa mitanili mayureblis
mier imis gagebisTvis, Tu ra xdeba scenaze, risi mizeziTac
maqsimaluri yuradReba eTmoba msaxiobebis mier sityvebis
gamoTqmas. mogvianebiT, 1886 wels naSromis xelaxla gamo-
qveynebisas, nicSe yovelmxriv uaryofs vagnerisadmi mis siy-
varuls, amtkicebs, rom tragikulis aRorZineba SeuZlebelia,
da gzavnis „jojoxeTSi yvela metafizikur nugeSs _ upirve-
6 7
les yovlisa ki metafizikas“. magram misi moRvaweobis adreul
etapze nicSes namdvilad sjera axalgazrda vagneris musikaze
urCxulTa gamandgurebelebis mosvlisa, rac moazrovnis pir-
vel mTavar naSromSia asaxuli.
Tu axali kultura tragikulia, maSin axali adamiani tra-
gediis adamianad unda iqces, uari unda Tqvas optimistur
racionalizmze, racionalur eTikasa da sokrateseul imper-
ativebze. winamdebare naSromSi aseve SeiniSneba nicSes moma-
vali SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli idea zekacisa. mag-
aliTad, me-9 TavSi filosofosi sofokles oidiposis Sesaxeb
saubrobs: „keTilSobili adamiani ar scodavs _ ai, risi Tqma
surs CvenTvis Rrmaazrovan poets; dae, mis qmedebaTa Sedegad
ganadgurdes yvela kanoni, yvela saxis bunebrivi wesrigi da
zneobrivi samyaroc ki _ swored am qmedebebiT ifargleba gav-
lenaTa ufro maRali magiuri wre, romelic Zleuli samyaros
nangrevebze axals aSenebs“. oidiposisa da promeTes xatebi
nicSesTvis adamianis ideis demonstrirebas axdenen, rome-
lic titanurad miiswrafis Tavisi miznebis realizaciisken.
swored aseTebad Sedgomas sTavazobs nicSe arielebs, anu is
arielebSi xedavs xalxs, visac SeuZlia, zekacad iqces. aRsan-
iSnavia, rom SemdgomSi nicSem uaryo msgavsi ideebi, miiCnia ra
zekacis Camoyalibeba individualur procesad.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelsac nicSe „trage-
diis dabadebaSi“ exeba, aris mcdeloba istoriuli procesis
ganxilvisa, rogorc wreze moZraobis. moazrovne saubrobs
paralelebze germanuli da Zveli berZnuli kulturebis gan-
viTarebaSi, rogorc sxivebze, romlebic mimarTulia sapirisp-
iro mimarTulebiT. Tu berZnuli kultura, Tavdapirvelad
janmrTeli, CamoSorda dionises princips avadmyofi sokrates
sasargeblod, maSin germanuli kultura, romelic Tavdapir-
velad sokrateseuli suliskveTebiT iyo inficirebuli, unda
ganTavisufldes misgan imave wesiT, daubrundeba ra tragikul
gzas. sokratedan dionisesken gadanacvlebis pirveli niSani
aris imedgacrueba samecniero codnis yovlisSemZleobaSi. „da
ai, mecniereba, romelsac Tavisi mZlavri ocneba miaqanebs win,
Seukaveblad miiCqaris sakuTari sazRvrebisken, _ da swored
aq ganicdis katastrofas logikis arsSi faruli misi opti-
mizmi. mecnierebis garSemowerilobas usasrulod bevri wer-
tili aqvs, rodesac jer kidev sruliad SeuZlebelia imis wi-
naswar gansazRvra, ra gziT SeiZleba iyos misi wre sabolood
gazomili. keTilSobili da niWieri adamiani sakuTari arse-
bobis Suawels miRwevamde garduvalad ejaxeba garSemoweri-
lobis aseT sazRvrul wertilebs da maTgan miapyrobs mzeras
gaurkvevels. rodesac is aq, Tavisda Sesazarad, xedavs, rom
logika am sazRvrebTan wred ikvreba da sabolood sakuTar
kuds asobs kbilebs, swored maSin iCens Tavs cnobierebis ax-
ali forma _ tragikuli, romelic, raTa saerTod SesaZlebeli
iyos misi atana, dacvasa da xelovnebis mkurnal saSualebas
saWiroebs“. uars ityvis ra gabedul racionalizmze, german-
uli suli unda dabrundes jansaRi, tragikuli msoflmxedv-
elobis wiaRSi, da amiT daasrulos gza, romelic Zvelma ber-
Znebma daiwyes.
***
dabolos, kidev erTi msxvili problema, romelsac am
nawarmoebSi yuradReba unda mieqces. es adreuli nicSes an-
tiqristianuli motivebia. imisda miuxedavad, rom dionises
uSualo mowinaaRmdegeebad „tragediis dabadebaSi“ apoloni
da sokrate arian dasaxelebulni, swored qristianobaa, ro-
melic adamianSi moraluri da esTeturi sawyisebis winaaRmde-
gobis ufro Rrma doneze tragedias ewinaaRmdegeba. amasTan,
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom swored qristianobaa pasuxismge-
beli dasavleTevropuli paradigmis SeqmnisTvis, rasac ase
rixiT akritikebs f. nicSe. „TviTkritikis mcdelobaSi“ is
xazs usvams im „frTxil da mtrul siCumes, romliTac mTe-
8 9
li wignis manZilzea gverdavlili qristianoba, _ es yvelaze
daumorCilebeli gatareba moraluri Temisa mravalgvari va-
riaciiT, rac ki dRemde kacobriobas smenia“. gamodis ra sam-
yaros wmindad esTeturi aRqmis sasargeblod, nicSe am mid-
gomas upirispirebs qristianobis moralur absolutizms,
romelic nebismier xelovnebas sicruis samyaroSi ganizidavs.
Sesabamisad, qristianoba gamocxadebulia arajansaR koncef-
ciad, romelzec uari unda Tqvan adamianebma, romlebsac imis
pretenzia aqvT, rom zekacebad iqcnen.
amgvarad, ukve nicSes pirvelive msxvil naSromSi SeiZleba
SevniSnoT ZiriTadi problemebi, romlebzec is SemdgomSi iyo
fokusirebuli, kerZod ki adamianSi dionisuri, apolonuri da
sokrateseuli sawyisebis gamijvna, maradiuli ganmeorebisa da
zekacis, antiqristianuli eTikisa da mxsneli Semoqmedebis
idea. aseve unda aRiniSnos (amas TviT nicSe aRniSnavda 1886
wels) Zlieri romantikuli impulsi, romliTacaa gamsWvalu-
li winamdebare naSromi, impulsi, romelsac pretenzia aqvs
germanuli sulis ganaxlebaze, eris gajansaRebaze filosofi-
isa da musikis saSualebiT.
vaxtang gorgiSeli
 TviTkritikis mcdeloba

1.

rac ar unda dasdeboda am saeWvo wigns safuZvlad, es unda

yofiliyo pirveli rangisa da interesis sakiTxi, amasTanave,
Rrmad piraduli xasiaTisa; amis Tavdebia dro, rodesac is
Seiqmna da romlis miuxedavadac Seiqmna _ germania-safrange-
Tis 1870-71 wlebis omis SfoTiani periodi. im dros, rode-
sac viortTan Setakebis griali azanzarebda evropas, meocne-
be-moazrovne da amocanaTa moyvaruli, romelsac wilad xvda
am wignis Semoqmedi gamxdariyo, sadRac alpebis kideze ijda,
Tavis ocneba-fiqrebsa da amocanebSi CaZiruli, Sesabamisad
ki metismetad Sefiqrianebuli, imavdroulad ki udardeli,
da berZnebis Sesaxeb Tavis azrebs iwerda, rac im ucnauri da
naklebad xelmisawvdomi wignis marcvals warmoadgenda, ro-
melsac es dagvianebuli winasityvaoba (Tu bolosityvaoba)
eZRvneba. gavida kidev ramdenime kvira, rac Tavad is ukve me-
cis kedlebTan iyo, jer kidev SeboWili im kiTxvis niSnebiT,
romlebic dausva berZnebisa da berZnuli xelovnebis moCven-
ebiT „gulmxiarulobas“, sanam im Rrmad daZabul Tves, rode-
sac versalSi samSvidobo molaparakebebi mimdinareobda, igi
Tavad ar dauzavda sakuTar Tavs da, brZolis velze miRe-
buli Wrilobis Semdeg gamojanmrTelebis gzaze mdgarma sab-
olood ar daadgina sakuTari TavisTvis: „tragediis dabadeba
musikis sulidan“. musikis? musika da tragedia? berZnebi da
tragikuli musika? berZnebi da pesimizmis mxatvruli qmnado-
ba? yvelaze warmatebuli, yvelaze mSvenieri, yvelaze SesaSu-

11
ri, sicocxlisadmi yvelaze metad ganwyobili xalxi, visac ki
dRemde ucxovria, berZnebi, _ rogor? nuTu maT sWirdebodaT
tragedia? ufro metic _ xelovnebaSi? ras emsaxureboda ber-
Znuli xelovneba?
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, romel adgilas iqna dasmuli kiTx-
vis didi niSani arsebobis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. aris pesi-
mizmi dacemis, daRmasvlis, cxovrebiseuli warumateblobis,
gaTanguli da dauZlurebuli instinqtebis upirobo niSani,
rogorc es iyo indoeTSi da rogoric is, savaraudod, aris
CvenSi, „Tanamedrove“ adamianebsa da evropelebSi? Zlieris
pesimizmic arsebobs? inteleqtualuri winaswarganwyoba sas-
tikis, sazarelis, borotisa da amoucnobisadmi arsebobaSi,
gamowveuli keTildReobiT, janmrTelobiTa da arsebobis
sisavsiT? xom ar arsebobs tanjva metismeti sisavsisgan?
basri mzeris gamomcdeli gabeduleba, romelic saSinelebas
moiTxovs, rogorc mters, Rirseul mters, romelzec saku-
Tari Zalis gamocdas SeZlebs? romelzec surs iswavlos, ra
aris „SiSi“? ra mniSvneloba eniWeba saukeTeso, Zalmosili da
umamacesi drois berZnebTan tragikul miTs? da dionisuri
sawyisis Semzaravi fenomeni? da is, rac man Sva _ tragedia?
Semdeg ki is, ramac moakvdina tragedia, sokrateseuli mora-
li, dialeqtika, kmayofileba da sixaruli Teoriuli adamian-
isa? xom ar iyo sokrateseuli morali dacemis, daRlilobis,
daavadebis, anarqiulad xrwnadi instinqtebis niSani? xolo
gviani elinizmis „berZnuli mxiaruleba“ _ mxolodRa saRa-
mos dafioni? epikures neba, mimarTuli pesimizmis winaaRmdeg
_ mxolod tanjuli gafrTxileba? Tavad mecniereba ki, Cve-
ni mecniereba _ ras niSnavs saerTod nebismieri mecniereba,
ganxiluli, rogorc cxovrebis simptomi? da rac kidev ua-
resia, risTvisaa mecniereba? xom ar aris mecniereba SiSi da
pesimizmisgan Tavis daZvrena? natifi Tavdacva WeSmaritebis
winaaRmdeg? da, moralurad Tu vityviT, raRac msgavsi simx-
dalisa da sicruis? Tu aranormalurad vityviT, eSmakoba? o,
sokrate, sokrate, amaSi xom ar iyo Seni saidumlo. o, iduma-
lo ironikoso, iqneb amaSi iyo Seni ironia?
12
2.
is, rasac maSin wavatane xeli, raRac sazarelsa da saSiSs
_ rqiani problema iyo (ara maincdamainc xari, magram, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, axali problema). axla me vityodi, rom es iyo
Tavad mecnierebis problema _ mecnierebisa, romelic pirve-
lad iqna gagebuli, rogorc problema, raRac, rac kiTxvebs
imsaxurebs. magram wigni, romelSic Cems ymawvilkacur gambe-
daobasa da iWvneulobas miveci asparezi, _ raoden SeuZlebe-
li wigni unda Seqmniliyo ymawvilkacobisTvis esoden Seusa-
bamo amocanidan! mxolod naadrev, mwvane gancdebze agebuli,
romelTagan yvela imis zRvarze idga, rac SeiZleba sityve-
biT iqnas gadmocemuli, xelovnebis niadagze ganTavsebuli,
_ radgan mecnierebis problema ar SeiZleba gacnobierebul
iqnas mecnierebis safuZvelze, _ SesaZloa esaa wigni xelo-
vanTaTvis, romlebic imavdroulad analitikur da retros-
petqul unarebsac floben (anu xelovanTa gansakuTrebuli
saxeobisTvis, romlebic unda eZebo, Tumca Zebnac ar gsurs...),
aRsavse fsiqologiuri siaxleebiTa da artistuli saidum-
loebebiT, artistuli metafizikiT ukana planze, ymawvilka-
curi nawarmoebi, ganwonili ymawvilkacuri gambedaobiTa da
ymawvilkacuri sevdiT, damoukidebeli, jiutad damoukidebe-
li iqac ki, sadac, rogorc Cans, romelime avtoritetis winaSe
ixris qeds, _ erTi sityviT, pirveli nayofi, aseve gagebuli am
sityvis urigo azriTac, romelsac axalgazrdobis yvela Sec-
doma axasiaTebs, miuxedavad mis mier wamoyenebuli problemis
antikurobisa, upirveles yovlisa ki misi „wiladobilaTi“ da
misi „SturmiT da drangiT“; meores mxriv, warmatebis azriT,
romelic mas ergo (gansakuTrebiT im did xelovanTan, romel-
sac igi mimarTavda, TiTqos sasaubrod iwvevda, _ rixard vag-
nerTan), _ wignma gaamarTla sakuTari Tavi, imis Tqma msurs,
rom wigni iseTia, rom man nebismier SemTxvevaSi daakmayofila
„Tavisi drois rCeulni“. mxolod am mizeziT unda mivudgeT
mas erTgvari sifrTxiliTa da mdumarebiT. miuxedavad ami-
13
sa, me ar msurs srulebiT davfaro, ramdenad usiamovnod da
ucxod warmoudgeba axla is, Teqvsmeti wlis gasvlis Semdeg
Cems momwifebul, asjer metad ganebivrebul, magram kvlav
mxurvale mzeras, romlisaTvis metad ucxod arc is amocana
qceula, romlis gadawyvetas pirvelad Seudga es wigni _ dae-
naxa mecniereba xelovanis TvaliT, xelovneba ki cxovrebis
TvaliT...
3.
neba miboZeT, gavimeoro: dReisaTvis es CemTvis SeuZlebeli
wignia. vTvli, rom is cudadaa dawerili, mouxerxebelia, mZime,
fantastiuri da aburduli suraTebiT, alag-alag qalurobam-
de gadaSaqruli, araTanabari tempis mqone, logikuri mowes-
rigebulobisken swrafvis gareSe, metismetad Tavdajerebuli,
ris gamoc miaCnia, rom mtkicebulebebi ar unda warmoadgi-
nos, undo _ damtkicebis Sesabamisobis mimarT, rogorc in-
cirebulTa wignisa, rogorc musikisa am ukanasknelTa, musikis
niSniT monaTlulTaTvis, romlebic saganTa dasabamidan gaer-
Tianebulni arian xelovnebaSi erToblivi da iSviaTi ganc-
debisaTvis, _ niSniT, romliTac erTmaneTs cnoben sisxliT
naTesavebi xelovnebaSi, _ qedmaRali da rafsoduli wigni, ro-
melic dasawyisidanve metadaa hermetulad daculi „inteli-
genciis“ brboiTi vulgarulobis, vidre „xalxisagan“, magram
wigni, rasac misi warmateba adasturebs, romelsac sakmaod
kargad esmis is, Tu rogor moZebnos Tanarafsodebi da axal
bilikebsa Tu rokvis adgilebSi Seityuos. aq saubrobda _ amas
cnobismoyvareobiTa da erTgvari ganuwyoblobiT aRiarebdnen
_ ucxo xma, jer kidev „uxilavi RmerTis“ mowafe, romelic
jerjerobiT mecnieris CaCsa, germanelis mZimewonianobasa da
dialeqtikur usurvelobas ukan imaleboda, da TviT vagneris
mimdevris cud manerebs ukanac. saxeze iyo suli ucxo, jer
kidev saxeluwodebeli moTxovnebiT, mexsiereba, pirTamde
14
gavsebuli kiTxvebiT, cdebiT, gulCaxurulobiT, rasac di-
onises saxeli miewera, rogorc kidev erTi, zedmeti niSani
kiTxvisa; aq saubrobda _ ase eubnebodnen iWvneulad sakuTar
Tavs _ erTgvari mistiuri da TiTqmis menaduri suli, rome-
lic daZabulad da uneburad, TiTqos meryeobso _ gaamxilos
sakuTari Tavi Tu kvlav mimaluli iyos, _ raRacas ucxo enaze
luRluRebda. mas simRera ufro marTebda, am „axal suls“, _
da ara saubari! raoden samwuxaroa, rom is, rac maSin mqonda
saTqmelad, ver gavbede, poetis msgavsad meTqva; vfiqrob, Sev-
Zlebdi amas! an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, rogorc filologi: am
sferoSi filologisTvis xom dRemde yvelaferi aRmosaCeni
da misakvlevia! pirvel rigSi ki is problema, rom aq saxezea
problema, _ da rom berZnebi, sanam ar gvaqvs pasuxi kiTxvaze,
„ras niSnavs dionisuri dasawyisi“, CvenTvis rCebian sruliad
gaugebar da warmodgenisTvis miuwvdomel xalxad...
4.
ras niSnavs dionisuri dasawyisi? gansaxilvel wignSi Se-
ZlebT amoikiTxoT pasuxi am kiTxvaze, aq „mcodne“ gesaubre-
baT, kurTxeuli da sakuTari RmerTis mowafe. SesaZloa me
axla ufro frTxilad da naklebi mWevrmetyvelebiT mesau-
bra iseTi rTuli fsiqologiuri procesis Sesaxeb, rogor-
sac warmoadgens tragediis warmoSoba berZnebTan. erT-erT
fundamenturs warmoadgens sakiTxi tkivilisadmi berZnebis
damokidebulebis, maTi mgrZnobiarobis xarisxis Sesaxeb _
es damokidebuleba marad ucvleli iyo Tu piri icvala? aq
kiTxva imaSi mdgomareobs, maTi sul ufro mzardi ltolva
mSvenierebis, dResaswaulis, gasarTobisa da axali kultebi-
sadmi marTlac iyo Tu ara naklovanebis, xelmokleobis, me-
lanqoliisa da tkivilis gancdis Sedegi? Tuki davuSvebT, rom
es marTlac asea _ xolo perikle (an Tukidide) amas CvenTvis
15
gasagebad aqcevs saflavze warmoTqmul diad sityvaSi _ aseT
SemTxvevaSi sad unda hqonoda fesvebi sapirispiro ltolvas,
romelic drois mixedviT ufro adre Camoyalibda, _ ltolvas
simaxinjis, uZveles elinTa keTilsa da mkacr nebas pesimizmi-
sa, tragikuli miTisa, yovelive sazarelis, borotis, amouc-
nobis, gamanadgureblis, sabediswerosi arsebobis siRrmeebSi,
_ sad unda hqonoda sakuTari fesvebi tragedias? iqneb es iyo
siamovneba, Zala, ukiduresi janmrTeloba, sisavsis siWarbe?
da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakiTxs fiziologiurad davsvamT, ra
mniSvneloba eniWeba im siSleges, romlidanac amoizarda, ro-
gorc tragikuli, aseve komikuri gancda, dionisur siSleges?
da ra xdeba, Tu siSlege ar warmoadgens gadamwifebuli kul-
turis gadaSenebisa da dacemis aucilebel simptoms? kiTxva
fsiqiatrebs: SesaZloa janmrTelobis nevrozebic arsebobs?
axalgazrdebisa da axalgazrdobis? ras mianiSnebs RmerTisa
da Txis sinTezi satiraSi? romeli piradi gancdis, romeli
Sinagani aRtyinebis safuZvelze unda misuliyo berZeni di-
onisurad Slegi da pirvelyofili adamianis, rogorc satiris
warmodgenamde? rac tragikuli qoros warmoqmnas Seexeba,
im saukuneebSi, rodesac berZnuli sxeuli yvaoda, rodesac
berZnuli suli sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli, xom ar hqo-
nia adgili endemur aRtacebas? xilvebsa da halucinaciebs,
romlebsac mTel Temebsa da sakulto Tavyrilobebs gadas-
cemdnen? an iqneb berZnebi, swored sakuTari siymawvilis sim-
didridan gamomdinare, flobdnen nebas tragikulisTvis da
pesimistebi iyvnen? an iqneb swored SeSlilobam, Tu platonis
sityvas gamoviyenebT, moutana eladas udidesi kurTxeva? an
iqneb, meores mxriv da sapirispirod, berZnebi swored daSlisa
da sisustis periodebSi iqceodnen sul ufro optimistebad,
zedapirulebad, sul ufro metad imuxtebodnen msaxiobobiT,
da sul ufro meti gznebiT iltvodnen logikisa da samyaros
logikur CarCoebSi moqcevisken, anu erTsa da imave dros
„ufro mxiarulebic“ iyvnen da „ufro mecnierulebic“? an
iqneb yvela „Tanamedrove ideisa“ da demokratiuli gemovnebis
crurwmenaTa jibrze, optimizmis gamarjveba, wina planze
16
wamoweuli gabatoneba gonierebisa, praqtikuli da Teoriuli
utilitarizmi, da Tavad misi Tanamedrove demokratiac, _
mxolod da mxolod daSretadi Zalis, moaxlovebuli siberi-
sa da fiziologiuri daqanculobis simptomia? da saxeldobr
ara-pesimizmi? xom ar iyo epikure optimisti _ swored rom
tanjulis saxiT? rogorc xedavT, aq mTeli jaWvia rTuli
kiTxvebis, romlebic am wignma itvirTa. amas davamatoT kidev
erTi urTulesi kiTxva: ras warmoadgens cxovrebis Tvalsaz-
risiT morali?
5.
ukve rixard vagnerisadmi mimarTul winasityvaobaSi ada-
mianis metafizikur aqtivobad xelovneba da ara moralia
dasaxelebuli. Tavad wignSi araerTxelaa gameorebuli gamqir-
davi debuleba, rom samyaros arseboba SesaZloa gamarTlebul
iqnas, mxolod rogorc esTeturi fenomeni. marTlac, wigni
mxolod mxatvrul azrs cnobs, cxadsa Tu faruls, yofiere-
bis yvela process miRma _ Tundac es „RmerTi“ iyos, magram,
rasakvirvelia, sruliad uzrunveli da aramoraluri Rmer-
Ti-xelovani, romelic rogorc ngrevaSi, ise qmnaSi, rogorc
borotSi, ise keTilSi cdilobs ganicados sakuTari sixaruli
da TviTmpyrobeloba, romelic, qmnis ra samyaroebs, Tavisu-
fldeba sisavsisa da gadavsebulobis uRlis, masSi moqceul
winaaRmdegobaTa tanjvisgan. samyaro yovel wams RmerTis miR-
weuli manifestaciaa, rogorc marad cvalebadi, marad axali
xilva individisa, vinc savsea tanjviT, winaaRmdegobebiT, ro-
melsac xsna mxolod iluziaSi ZaluZs; mTeli es artistuli
metafizika SesaZloa TviTneburad, usafuZvlod da fantas-
tiurad mogveCvenos _ arsebiTi masSi is aris, rom aq saku-
Tar Tavs avlens suli, romelic erTxel iqneba da, miuxedavad
yvela safrTxisa, gabedavs aRdges arsebobis moraluri mniS-
17
vnelobisa da moraluri ganmartebis winaaRmdeg. aq SesaZloa
pirvelad vlindeba pesimizmi „sikeTesa da borotebas miRma“,
aq iRebs sakuTar gamoxatulebasa da formulas is „gaxrwni-
loba sulieri agebulebisa“, romlis winaaRmdeg Sopenhaueri
windawin da dauRalavad tyorcnida Tavis yvelaze mrisxane
krulvasa da cecxlovan isrebs, _ filosofia, romelmac gabe-
da, Tavad morali gadaetana movlenaTa samyaroSi, amgvarad
CamoeqveiTebina is da erT safexurze daeyenebina ara mxolod
„movlenebTan“ (idealisturi saboloo wertilis azriT), ar-
amed „iluziebTanac“, rogorc ocneba, cTomileba, ganmarte-
ba, morgeba, xelovneba. rogorc Cans, mTeli am antimoraluri
midrekilebis siRrme saukeTesod gaizomeba, Tu yuradRebas
mivaqcevT frTxil da mtrul siCumes, romliTac mTeli wignis
manZilzea gverdavlili qristianoba, _ es yvelaze daumor-
Cilebeli gatareba moraluri Temisa mravalgvari variaciiT,
rac ki dRemde kacobriobas smenia. marTlac, rTulia samyaros
wmindad esTetur ganmartebasa da gamarTlebas, rogorc es am
wignSia gadmocemuli, mouZebno metad gansacvifrebeli anti-
Teza, vidre qristianuli moZRvrebaa, romelic iyo, da surs,
rom darCes mxolod moraluri, xolo Tavisi absoluturi
standartebiT (magaliTad, RmerTis alalmarTlobiT) gzavnis
xelovnebas, yvela saxis xelovnebas _ sicruis samefoSi, anu
uaryofs, wyvelis, asamarTlebs mas. azrTa msgavsi wyobisa
da Sefasebis miRma, romlebic aucileblobidan gamomdinar-
ea mtrulad ganwyobili xelovnebisadmi, imdenad, ramdenadac
isini Tanmimdevrulobas inarCuneben, me imTaviTve ganvicdi-
di mtrobas cxovrebisadmi, mrisxane da Surismgeblur siZul-
vils misadmi: vinaidan nebismieri cxovreba efuZneba iluzias,
xelovnebas, sicrues, optikas, perspeqtivisa da cTomilebis
aucileblobas. qristianoba imTaviTve, arsebiTad da safuZ-
velSive iyo cxovrebis siZulvili da cxovrebiT moyirWeba,
romelic mxolod iniRbeboda, mxolod imaleboda, mxolod
imoseboda „sxva“ da „ukeTesi“ cxovrebis rwmeniT. „qveynis“
siZulvili, afeqtebis wyevla, SiSi mSvenierebisa da mgrZnobi-
arobisadmi, imqveyniuri samyaro, mogonili mxolod imisTvis,
18
rom ukeT ewamebinaT cili amqveyniurisTvis, sinamdvileSi ki
swrafva araras, dasasrulis, simSvidis, „SabaTTa SabaTisken“
_ yovelive es me, qristianobis upirobo nebasTan erTad,
ecno mxolod moraluri Rirebulebebi, yvelaze saxifaTod
da Semzaravad mimaCnda „daRupvisTvis nebis“ yvela SesaZlo
formidan an, sul cota, mZime senis, daqanculobis, pirquSo-
bis, gamofitvis, cxovrebis dakninebis niSnad, _ radgan winaSe
moralisa (gansakuTrebiT qristianuli anu upirobo morali-
sa) cxovreba mudmivad da garduvalad unda iyos aramarTali,
radgan cxovreba Tavisi arsiT aris is, rac aramoraluria;
sabolood, siZulvilisa da maradi „aras“ simZimiT gasresili,
is unda ganicdebodes, rogorc raRac, rac survebas ar imsax-
urebs, uRirsi TavisTavad. da Tavad moralic _ iqneb is „nebaa
cxovrebis uaryofisTvis“, ganadgurebis faruli instinqti,
dakninebis, damcirebis, ciliswamebis principi, dasasrulis
dasawyisi? Sesabamisad ki, safrTxeTa safrTxe? amgvarad, mor-
alis winaaRmdeg aRdga maSin am saeWvo wigniT Cemi instinqti,
rogorc cxovrebis qomagi instinqti, da Camoayaliba Zireu-
lad sapirispiro moZRvreba da Seqmna cxovrebis sapirispiro
Sefaseba, wmindad artistuli da antiqristianuli. ra saxeli
unda hqonoda mas? rogorc filologma da sityvaTa adamian-
ma, me is movnaTle _ arcTu garkveuli TviTnebobis gareSe
(radgan vin icoda antiqristes namdvili saxeli?) _ erT-erTi
berZnuli RmerTis saxeliT: me mas dionisuri vuwode...
6.
axla ki aris gasagebi, ra amocanasTan Serkineba gavbede am
wigniT? rogor vnanob axla, rom im dros sakmarisi gambedaoba
(an mouridebloba?) ar gamaCnda, raTa yvela SemTxvevaSi aseTi
piradi Sexedulebebisa da siTamamisTvis Cemi enis misadage-
bis uflebac mimeca sakuTari TavisTvis, _ is, rom me kantisa
da Sopenhaueris formulebiT guldasmiT vcdilobdi ucxo
19
da axali Sefasebebis gamoxatvas, romlebic safuZvelSive ew-
inaaRmdegeboda kantisa da Sopenhaueris suls, iseve, rogorc
maT gemovnebas! tragediis Sesaxeb Sopenhaueri ase fiqrobda:
„is, rac tragikuls Tavisebur aRmasvlas aniWebs, _ ambobs igi
wignSi „samyaro, viTarca neba da warmodgena“, II 495, _ aris
dasawyisi imis gacnobierebisa, rom samyarosa da cxovrebas
ar ZaluZT WeSmariti kmayofilebis moniWeba, ris gamo arc
imsaxureben Cvens siyvaruls: amaSi mdgomareobs tragikuli
suli, _ mas uaryofamde mivyavarT“. o, raoden gansxvavebuli
sityviT mommarTavda me dionise! o, raoden Sors iyo CemTvis
im momentSi mTeli es suli uaryofisa! _ magram wignSi mniS-
vnelovnad uaresic aris, rasac kidev ufro metad vnanob axla,
vidre imas, rom Cemi dionisuri winaTgrZnobebi Sopenhaueris
formulebiT davamwuxre da wavaxdine: saxeldobr is, rom me
Sevryveni grandiozuli berZnuli problema, rogorc maSin
warmodga is Cems winaSe, uTanamedroves sakiTxTa nazaviT! rom
me imaze vamyarebdi imeds, sadac arafris imedi arsebobda,
sadac yvelaferi cxadze ucxadesad mianiSnebda moaxlove-
bul dasasruls! rom me, uaxlesi germanuli musikis safuZ-
velze igavebis Seqmnas Sevudeqi „germanuli xasiaTis“ Sesaxeb,
TiTqos mas swored maSin SeeZlo sakuTari Tavis aRmoCena da
povna, _ da es swored im dros, rodesac germanulma sul-
ma, romelsac mcire xniT adre gaaCnda neba evropaze batono-
bisTvis da Zala evropis marTvisa, _ sabolood da upiro-
bod Camoixsna uflebamosileba da imperiis Seqmnis pompezuri
sababiT ganaxorciela gadasvla zomierebis, demokratiisa da
„Tanamedrove ideebisken“! am drois ganmavlobaSi me viswavle
sakmarisad uimedod da daundoblad fiqri am „germanuli xas-
iaTis“ Sesaxeb, zustad iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove germanuli
musikisa, romelic mxolod romantikaa da yvelaze ara-ber-
Znulia xelovnebis yvela SesaZlo formaTagan; garda amisa,
narkotikis usazarlesi saxeobaa, gansakuTrebiT saxifaTo
xalxisTvis, visac daleva uyvars da gaurkvevlobas Rirsebad
miiCnevs, radgan mas ormagi efeqti aqvs _ rogorc maTrobela
da rogorc gonebis dambindveli wamlisa. Tumca, Tu naCqarev
20
imedebsa da Tanamedroveobisadmi mcdar misadagebas gverdze
gadavdebT, romlebiTac me Cemi pirveli wigni wavaxdine, _
didi dionisuri kiTxvis niSani, rogorc is iqna dasmuli, ucv-
lelad rCeba ZalaSi musikasTan mimarTebiTac: rogori unda
iyos musika, romelsac ukve ara romantiuli warmomavloba
eqneboda, rogorc germanuls, _ aramed dionisuri?
7.
magram, mowyaleo xelmwifev, ras warmoadgens romanti-
ka, Tuki Tqveni wigni ar aris igi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
„sinamdvilis“, „realobisa“ da „Tanamedrove ideebis“ siZulvi-
li ufro Sors wavides, vidre es Tqven artistul metafizika-
Si xdeba, romelic umal „araras“ iwamebs, umal eSmaks aRi-
arebs, vidre „sinamdviles“? xom ar gugunebs risxvisa da
ganadgurebis Zlevamosili bani mTel Tqven kontrapunqtul
vokalur xelovnebasa da macTunebel bgeraTa qveS, _ Slegu-
ri simtkice winaaRmdeg yvelafrisa, rac aris „axla“, _ neba,
romelic ukve arc ise Sorsaa praqtikuli nihilizmisgan da
TiTqos ambobs: „umjobesia, araferi iyos WeSmariti, vidre
davuSvaT, rom Tqven xarT marTali, rom Tqveni WeSmariteba
iqna gamarTlebuli!“ ganixseniT yurni, batono pesimisto da
xelovnebis Tayvanismcemelo, da Tavad mousmineT erTaderT
pasaJs Tqveni wignisa, pasaJs urCxulTa momsvrelebis Sesaxeb,
rac iseve macTuneblad unda JRerdes axalgazrda gulebisa
da yurebisTvis, rogorc meTaguris ganTqmuli simRera. nuTu
es ar aris 1830 wlis romantikosis namdvili da WeSmariti aR-
iareba 1850 wlis pesimizmis niRabqveS? mis ukan xom ukve gais-
mis preludia da Cveuli romantiuli finali _ ganxeTqileba,
msxvreva, dabruneba da pirqve damxoba Zveli rwmenis, Zveli
RmerTis winaSe... da nuTu Tqveni pesimisturi wigni Tavad ar
warmoadgens antielinurobisa da romantizmis namsxvrevs, ra-
21
Racas Tavad „imdenadve maTrobelas, ramdenadac gonebis dam-
bindvels“, narkotiks nebismier SemTxvevaSi, TiTqos erTgvar
msgavsebas musikisa, germanuli musikis? modiT movisminoT:
„warmovidginoT mzardi Taoba am uSiSari mzeriT, am heroi-
kuli swrafviT jojoxeTurisaken, warmovidginoT drako-
nis momsvrelTa Tamami svla da amayi gambedaoba, romliTac
isini zurgs aqceven optimizmis yvela Zalasust doqtrinas,
raTa srulad da mTlianad „Seupovrad vicxovroT“: nuTu
aucileblobas ar warmoadgens, rom am kulturis tragikul-
ma adamianma, simkacrisa da saSinelebisken TviTaRzrdisTvis,
axali xelovneba isurvos, metafizikuri nugeSis xelovneba,
tragedia, viTarca misi sakuTari elene troeli da faustTan
erTad wamoiZaxos:
es gvirgvini mcinarisa, es vardis gvirgvini: me TviT david-
gi Tavs es gvirgvini, me TviT vcan RvTaebrivad Cemi sicili.
amisaTvis dRes sakmaod Zlieri aravin minaxavs.
zaratustra mocekvave, zaratustra msubuqi, romeli
frTebsa Slis, mza gasafrenad, yvela frinvelT rom Tvals
uSvreba, mza da mardi, netar msubuq-mardi: _
zaratustra misani, zaratustra momcinari, ara mouT-
menari, ara Seuwynarebeli, romels xtoma uyvars da gverdze
xtoma; me TviT davidgi ese gvirgvini.
es gvirgvini mocinarisa, es gvirgvini vardebisa: Tqven ges-
vriT am gvirgvins, Cemo Zmebo! me RvTaebrivad vaRiare sicili;
Tqven, maRalno adamianno, iswaveT sicili!1“
ese ityoda zaratustra, meoTxe nawili

da nuTu me Cemi ZaliT ar unda vuxmo

cxovrebis marad da erTian xats?“

„nuTu aucileblobas ar warmoadgens?“... ara, samgzis ara,

o, axalgazrda romantikosebo, es ar unda warmoadgendes
aucileblobas! magram savsebiT savaraudoa, rom Tqven ase sils-maria, zemo engadini, 1886 wlis agvisto
daasrulebT, anu „nugeScemulebi“, rogorc weria, miuxedavad
simkacrisa da saSinelebisken TviTaRzrdisa, „metafizikurad
nugeScemulebi“, erTi sityviT, ise, rogorc romantikosebi
asruleben, qristianebad... ara! jerxnobiT amqveyniuri nuge-
Sis xelovneba iswavleT, _ iswavleT sicili, Cemo axalgazrda
megobrebo, Tuki nebismier fasad gsurT pesimistebad darCeT;
SesaZloa amis Semdeg Tqven, moRimarni, rodesme jandabisken
moisvriT mTel metafizikur nugeSiscemas _ pirvel rigSi ki
mTels metafizikas! an, im dionisuri urCxulis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, romelsac zaratustra hqvia:
„ze gaqvndnen gulni, Zmano, ze! ufro maRla! da nu daiviw-
yebT fexebsac. aswieT Tqveni fexebic, Tqven, mardo mrokavno,
da ukeTesi: yiramalac dadeqiT!
22 23
 mxiarul TamaSs Soris winaaRmdegobis arsebobas dainaxavda;
piriqiT, am wignis namdvilad wakiTxvis SemTxvevaSi maTTvis
tragediis dabadeba gaocebamde cxadi gaxdeba, raoden mkacrad germanul prob-
musikis sulidan lemasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic Cvens winaSe dasmulia swored
germanul ocnebaTa SuagulSi, rogorc apogea da Semobrunebis
wertili. magram SesaZloa swored am adamianebs moeCvenoT mi-
uReblad esTeturi problemisadmi esoden seriozuli damok-
idebuleba, radgan maT ar SeswevT unari, xelovnebaSi imaze
meti dainaxon, vidre samxiarulo danamati, an eJvnis JRaruni,
winasityvaoba rixard vagnerisaTvis romelic „arsebobis seriozulobas“ axlavs Tan, magram arse-
biTad, zedmetobaa; TiTqos aravin icodes, rom „arsebobis se-
riozulobisa“ da xelovnebis dapirispireba ukve warmoadgens
raTa sakuTari Tavi yvela SesaZlo eWvs, mRelvarebasa da uxeS gaugebrobas.
gaugebrobas ganvarido, riskenac biZgs, Cveni esTeturi sazo- Tavs nebas mivcem am seriozulT ganvucxado, rom Cemi Sexed-
gadoebis TaviseburebaTa gamo, am nawarmoebSi mocemuli az- uleba xelovnebaze, rogorc uzenaes amocanasa da amqveynad
rebi SeiZleba warmoadgendnen, da raTa saSualeba mqondes es metafizikur moRvaweobaze, TanxmobaSia im adamianis Tvalsaz-
Sesavali sityvac imave mWvretelobiTi netarebiT davwero, risTan, visac, rogorc am gzaze Semdgar mebrZols, vuZRvni
romlis anabeWdi, rogorc bednieri da amaRlebuli wuTebis winamdebare wigns.
namarxi, yovel gverds amCnevia, _ Cemi mzeris winaSe im meys
vixmob, rodesac Tqven, Cemo maRalpativcemulo megobaro, am
wigns miiRebT: vxedav, Tovlian quCaSi saRamos seirnobis Sem-
deg rogor aTvalierebT mijaWvul promeTes sawyis gverdze,
Cems saxels kiTxulobT da myisve imsWvalebiT rwmeniT, rom
rogoric ar unda iyos am nawarmoebis Sinaarsi, mis avtors
udaod raRac seriozulisa da STambeWdavis Tqma surs, rom
imis gaazrebisas, rac aq aris mocemuli, is Tqven gxedavdaT
da Tqven mogmarTavdaT, aqedan gamomdinare ki, SeeZlo daew-
era mxolod iseTi ram, rac Tqvens iq-yofnas Seesabameboda.
amasTanave Tqven gaixsenebT, rom imave dros, rodesac Tqveni
bazeli, 1871 wlis dekemberi
gasaocari saiubileo nawarmoebi iqmneboda beThovenis Sesax-
eb, anu mcire xnis win gaCaRebuli omis saSinelebasa da sidia-
deSi mimdinareobda mzadeba am azrebisTvis. magram cTomile-
baSi aRmoCndebodnen isini, vinc am TanxvedraSi patriotul
gznebasa da esTetur avxorcobas, medgar seriozulobasa da

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