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JHRORJLXUZUHEUXQYD6LDUDPHGTPQLDQV[YDGDV[YDHOHP
HQWHELVPDUDJHEVURPOHELF6HPGJRP6L6HL=OHED&DHU7RQ
ELRORJLXUZUHEUXQYD6L
DPULJDGQLY7LHUHED7DPLJUDFLLVDGDWUDQVIRUPDFLLV
ELRORJLXULGDDELRWXULSURFHVHELQLDGDJLVSURILO
6L GDNDY6LUHEXOLD HU7PDQH77DQ HU7LDQL ELRJHRTLPLXUL
ZUHEUXQYL7
QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHVLPLVLZDUPR6RELVDGDJDQYL
7DUHELV V[YDGDV[YD HWDSHE]H JDGLV UDPGHQLPH 7DQPLPGHY
UXOVWDGLDVURPHO7D[DQJU=OLYREDGDLQWHQVLXURED
GDPRNLGHEXOLDNRQNUHWXOQLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHOIDTWRU]H
 Z\DOPFHQDUHHEL OLTHQHEL [DYVHEL QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SLU
 QLDGDJPFRGQHRELVJDQYL7DUHELVLVWRULD YHODGLSURFHVL


10 31
 JDPRILWYLVDGDQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHVHELV6HGHJDG
JDPR7DYLVXIOHEXOL\YHODHOHPHQWLDUHU7YHEDGLGJH
RORJLXUEUXQYD6LPD7LQDZLOLSLUYHOULJ6LELRILO
XUL HOHPHQWHEL ELRORJLXUL ZUHEUXQYLV Z\DOREL7 DN
XPXOLUGHEDFRF[DORUJDQL]PHE6LGDQLDGDJLVRUJDQXO
QLY7LHUHEHE6LV[YDHOHPHQWHEL=QHODG[VQDGLDGDPRQDZL
OHREHQJDPRILWYLVTHUTLVIRUPLUHED6L
QLY7LHUHED7DGLGLJHRORJLXULZUHEUXQYLVPDV6WDEH
QLDGDJ]HFRGQLVLVWRULDD7DVZOHXOHEVL7YOLVPR
LFDYV VDLQWHUHVR GD PQL6YQHORYDQ IDTWHEV URPOHELF
P:LGURGDDGDNDY6LUHEXOLPLZD7PRTPHGHELVGDP7HOLFL
YLOL]DFLLV JDQYL7DUHEDV7DQ QLDGDJL \RYHO7YLV L\R ND
FREULRELV XPQL6YQHORYDQHVL EXQHEULYL VDZDUPRR =DOD
GDGLGL[DQLDJD[GD6URPLVVDJDQL
DP-DPDG JDPRL\RID QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV JDQYL7DUHELV 
=LUL7DGLHWDSL
EL =DOLDQ GLGLD \RYHOZOLXUDG PVRIOLRV  PGLQDUHHEV QLDGDJHELV7YLVHEHE]HPD7QD\RILHUHED]HGDGDPX
]5YHEVDGDRNHDQHHE6L&DPRDTY7PLOLDUGLWRQDP\DUL 6DYHELV [HU[HE]H  JDQFDONHYHEXOL IDTWHELV GDJURYHED
PDVDODGDPLOLDUGLWRQDP\DULZ\DO[VQDGLQLY7LHU QHROL7LEULQMDRV[DQD
HEHELHU7GURXODG[PHOH7LV]HGDSLULVZ\DOVDWHYHE6L  PRUZ\YLV7YLV QLDGDJHELV JDPR\HQHELV SLUYHODGL
\RYHOZOLXUDG&DGLVPLOLDUGLWRQDZ\DO[VQDGLQLY VLVWHPLV JDPR\RID QLDGDJHELV GDPOD6HEDV7DQ EU=ROLV
7LHUHEHELDTDU6HGLVQLY7LHUHED7DRGHQREDURPHOLF [HU[HELVJDPR\HQHEDPLZHELVSULPLWLXOLNDGDVWULHJYLS
JDGDDTY7JUXQWLVZ\OHEV WHPHVRSRWDPLDLQGRH7L&LQH7LPH]RDPHULND
QLDGDJ6L \RYHOZOLXUDG 6HPRVXOL PFHQDUHXOL  QLDGDJHE]H FQREHELV SLUYHODGL VLVWHPDWL]DFLD
QDU&HQHELVPD7L6HPGJRPLGD6ODăPLQHUDOL]DFLLVJ]L7 IHRIDVWL NDWRQL SOLQL PD7L NODVLILNDFLLV PFGHOR
[GHEDQD[6LUEDGLVD]RWLVDGDQDFULVHOHPHQWHELVZUHE ED NROXOHPOD QLDGDJHELV JDQR\LHUHELV SLUYHOL PDJD
UXQYLVIRUPLUHEDVLVWHPD6LQLDGDJLăPFHQDUHURPHOLF OL7HEL YDURQL QLDGDJHELV JHRJUDILD KHURGRWLV GD
FQRELOLD QLY7LHUHED7D PFLUH ELRORJLXUL ZUHEUXQYLV VWUDERQLV 6URPHE6L QLDGDJHE]H ZDUPRGJHQHELV &DU7YD
VD[HOZRGHEL7 ILORVRILXU OXNUHFLLV NDUL GD UHOLJLXU NRQFHIFL
QLY7LHUHED7D PFLUH  ELRORJLXUL ZUHEUXQYLV DUVL HE6L ,9 VDXNXQH &Y ZHO7D5ULF[YDPGH ă ,9 VDXNXQH &Y
6HPGHJ6LD  PFHQDUHHEL QLDGDJLGDQ IHVY7D VLVWHPL7 L7 ZHO7D5ULF[YLV
YLVHEHQ V[YDGDV[YD TLPLXU HOHPHQWV URPOHELF VD:LURD
PD7L TVRYLOHELV  DVDJHEDG GD VDVLFRF[OR SURFHVHELV
ZDUPDU7YLVD7YLV ELRILOXU HOHPHQWHEV PFHQDUH =LUL7D
GDG L7YLVHEV  QLDGDJXUL [VQDULGDQ [ROR ]RJLHU7HEV
PFLUHUDRGHQREL7PLQHUDOHELGDQ6HPGJRP6L[GHEDHO
HPHQWHELVWUDQVSRUWLUHEDPFHQDUH6LPLQHUDOXULHOHPHQ
QLDGDJHELVD5ZHUDURJRUFPLZLVVDYDUJXOHELVIH
RGDOXUL EHJDULVD GD SULYLOHJLHELV7YLV &LQXUL NDGDV
WUHEL³JHRSRQLNHEL´EL]DQWLD6LPLZLV6HPIDVHEHOLDTWH
EL JHUPDQLD6L VDIUDQJH7VD GD GDVDYOH7 HYSURSLV V[YD
TYH\QHE6L³&DQDZHULZLJQHEL´UXVH76LQLDGDJHELV6HIDVH
EDOLWYD6LEHORUXVLDVDGDXNUDLQD6L9,;9,VDXNXQHH
WHEL FQRELOLD  QDFULV HOHPHQWHELV VD[HOZRGHEL7 EL EL
RWDVPLHURUJDQXOLQDU&HQHELVGD6OLVDGDPLQHUDOL]D  D5RU=LQHELV HSRTD6L FRGQD QLDGDJLV 6HVD[HE DO
FLLV 6HPGHJ QDFULV HOHPHQWHEL XEUXQGHELDQ QLDGDJV EHUWGLGLVSHWUHNUHVFHQFLVDJURQRPLXOLWUDTWDWHEL
JDGDGLDQ QLDGDJLV [VQDU6L DQ [GHED PD7L  DGVRUELUHED QLDGDJL DEX LEQ VLQD DYLFHQD ZDUPRGJHQL7 OHRQDUGR
GDYLQ&LPFHQDUHHELV]HPRTPHGHEL7QLDGDJHELVZDUPRTPQLV

30 11
6HVD[HE PFHQDUHHELV NYHED6L QLDGDJLV PDULOHELV UROLV UXQYDPD7LVDIX=YHOLDELRORJLXULGDDELRWXULPLJUD
6HVD[HE SLUYHOL PRVD]UHEHEL ă EHUQDU SDOLVXVL ;9 FLXOLSURFHVL
;9,,VDXNXQHHEL ELRORJLXU PLJUDFLDV JDQDSLUREHEV FRF[DOL RUJD
 QLDGDJHELV QD\RILHUHELV 7DQDPHGURYH 6H[HGXOHEH QL]PL DP WLSLV  PLJUDFLDV DTYV 6HU&HYL7L XQDUL PD76L
ELV &DVD[YD GD PD7L NDY6LUL P7LV TDQHE7DQ ă YDOHULXVL &DU7XOLDQLY7LHUHEHELURPOHELFVDVLFRF[ORGDXFLO
6YHGH76L ORPRQRVRYL UXVH76L NDPD7L LPD]H DULV 7X HEHOLD ELRWLVD7YLV GD DUD LV QLY7LHUHEHEL URPOHEVDF
DUD QLDGDJL P[RORG ³VD\UGHQL´ PFHQDUHHELV7YLV I EH D[DVLD7HE7GLGLJDGDDGJLOHELVXQDUL
NRQL7XLV³NYHEDYV´PD7Z\OL7GDPDULOHEL7DJURQR ELRWXULPLJUDFLD[RUFLHOGHEDFRF[DOLRUJDQL]PH
PLXO 7[]XOHEHE6L QLDGDJLV UROLV JD=OLHUHED KRPL ELV  PRQDZLOHRELV JDUH6H KDHULV PDVHELV ]HGDSLUXOL
OLYDQRYLGDV[YIL]LRNUDWHELVHNRQRPLNXUVZDYOHED6L 6LGDQLDGDJXULJUXQWLVZ\OHELVQDNDGXOHELVDGDPGL
QLDGDJ]HPRQDFHPHELVJDPR\HQHED;9,,,VDXNXQH QDUH7DVD6XDOHEL7
QLDGDJHELVNYOHYHELVGDVSRUDGLXOL7HRUHWLNXOL QLY7LHUHED7D GLGL JHRORJLXUL ZUHEUXQYD \YHOD]H
JDQ]RJDGRHEHELV JDIDU7RHED GD JD5UPDYHED PFHQDUHHELV XIURPDV6WDEXULDGURVDGDVLYUFH6LGD6HGJHEDUDPGH
NYHELV KXPXVRYDQL 7HRULD NXOEHOL WHHUL NRPRYL SDY QLPHHWDSLVJDQ
ORYL PFHQDULV PLHU QLDGDJLV ³PDULOHELV´ JDPR\HQHELV  GHGDPLZD]HDPRIUTYHXOLTDQHELVJD&HQD
6HVD[HE OLEL[LV D5PR&HQLV ]HLPL 6DYPLZD]H VDXNXQRYDQL  JDPRILWYD
GLVNXVLLVGDZ\HEDSLUYHOLUXNHELăQLDGDJXULVWD6LFL  QLDGDJZDUPRTPQD
JURVXOWROVWRL YHVHORYVNL GD DJURJHRORJLXUL  HUR]LDGDGHQXGDFLD
ORUHQFL JHRORJLXUL QLDGDJPFRGQHRED JHUPDQLDVD GD  NRQWLQHQWDOXUL GD RNHDQXUL QDOHTHELV GDJURYH
V[YDTYH\QHE6LIDOXEHUHQGWLVHYHUJLQL;9,,,ERORă ED
;,;VDXNXQLVSLUYHOLQD[HYDUL  GDQDOHTLTDQHELVPHWDPRUIL]PL
 7HRULXOL QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV 6HTPQD PLVL XP7DYUH
VLNRQFHIFLHELVGDPWNLFHEDQLDGDJLăEXQHELVGDPRXNLG
HEHOLV[HXOLDURPHOVDFDTYVSURILOXUL6HQHEDQD\R
ILHUHEDăPLVLJDQPVD]5YUHOL[DULV[LVZDYOHEDQLDGDJ
XU WLSHE]H PD7 JHQH]LV]H GD HYROXFLD]H QLDGDJHELV
NODVLILNDFLDQLDGDJLGDODQG6DIWL]RQDORELVNDQRQH
EL GRNX&DHYL VLELUFHYL NRVWL&HYL YLOLDPVLJLOJDUGL
 GHGDPLZLV ]HGDSLU]H GDQDOHTL TDQHELV JDPRVYOD
TDQHELV JDPRILWYLV SURFHV6L 7DYLGDQ &DU7YL7 URPOH
ELF[HOD[ODHU7YHELDQTDQHELVJDPRILWYLVSURFHV6L
ZUHEUXQYD6L PRQDZLOH PDVDOD 6HL=OHED JDGDDGJLO
GHVGHGDPLZLVVL5UPH6LPR[GHVPLVLJDGDGQREDGDYXO
NDQHELVVD6XDOHEL7DPRYLGHVGHGDPLZLV]HGDSLU]HGLGL
JHRORJLXULEUXQYLVVDHU7RVTHPD6LFYOLOHEHEL6HDTYV
UDPDQQL WUHLWFL PXUJR&L GD V[Y QLDGDJXUL PLNUREL GHGDPLZLV]HGDSLULVVWUXTWXUHEVGDWHTQRJHQXUSURFH
RORJLLV GDZ\HED EHLUQLNL YLQRJUDGVNL RPHOLDQVNL  VHEVD]RWLVQD[6LUEDGLVJRJLUGLVZ\OLVGDV[YDHO
;,;VDXNXQLVPHRUHQD[HYDUL HPHQWHELVJOREDOXULFLNOLEHYUDGDULVGDPRNLGHEXOL
 PVRIOLR6L GRNX&DHYLV VZDYOHELV ZDP\YDQL PGJRPD DGDPLDQLV]HPRTPHGHED]HURPHOLF7DQGD7DQREL7D=OLHU
UHRELV PRSRYHED QLDGDJHELV D[DOL NODVLILNDFLHEL V[YD HEVPRQDZLOHREDVJOREDOXULSURFHVHELVPLPGLQDUHRED
GDV[YD TYH\QHE6L DP VDNL7[LVDGPL IRUPDOXUL PLGJRPLV 6L

12 29
 7DYL UHFLGLYHEL QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV GLIHUHQFLDFLD ULJ 6YL
VZDYOHEDQLDGDJHELVJHQH]LVLV6HVD[HE ORELOGLVFLSOLQHE]HQLDGDJHELVJHRJUDILDQLDGDJHELV
 IL]LNDQLDGDJHELV TLPLD GD V[YPVRIOLRV SLUYHOL QL
 QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHVLVDUVL DGDJXUL UXNHEL JOLQND SUDVRORYL QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV
 ZDUPDWHEHEL D]LLV DIULNLV OD7LQXUL DPHULNLV JDQYL7D
QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHVL [RUFLHOGHED FRF[DOL UHEDGTYH\QHE6LDJURQRPLXOLQLDGDJPFRGQHRELVJDUGDT
RUJDQL]PHELVX6XDORPRQDZLOHREL7HLQLDGDJHELVZDU PQD D[DO 7HRULXO VDIX=YOHE]H UDVHOL PLW&HUOL[L
PRTPQD GDLZ\R GHGDPLZD]H VLFRF[OLV JD&HQDV7DQ HU7DG VRNRORYVNL;;VDXNXQH
DPDV ZLQ XVZUHEGD GHGDPLZLV ]HGDSLU]H DUVHEXOL P\DUL  NRQVWUXTFLXOL QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV &DVD[YD 7DQD
TDQHELV JDPRILWYD P\DUL TDQLV JDPRILWXO ]HGD 7[HO PHGURYH SHULRGL PD7HPDWLNLV IL]LNLV TLPLLV XD[OHVL
THUT6L GDVD[OGQHQ SLUYHOL FRF[DOL RUJDQL]PHEL PLN PH7RGHELVIDU7RJDPR\HQHEDSHGRVWDWLVWLNDGDSHGRQL
URRUJDQL]PHEL GD GDLZ\R QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHVL ND QLDGDJXUL SURFHVHELV PRGHOLUHED QLDGDJHELV PHOL
URPHOPDF PLL5R SLUYHODGL QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHVLV RUDFLLV GD GDFYLV NDSLWDOXUL PH7RGHELV GDPX6DYHED
VD[HOZRGHED VDHU7RG QLDGDJ6L TDQLV JDUGDTPQD [GHED PVRIOLRV PLZLV UHVXUVHEL GD VXUVD7LV SUREOHPHEL
QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHV6L IDRLXQHVNRVPVRIOLRVQLDGDJXULUXND
PRYOHQHEL URPOHELF JDQDSLUREHEHQ QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV V[YDGDV[YD TYH\QHE6L QLDGDJHE]H FRGQLV JDQYL7DUHED
SURFHVV PUDYDOIHURYDQLD GD JDD&QLD7 IL]LNXUL TLPLX DUD7DQDEUDG PLPGLQDUHREGD DPLWRP JDPR\RILOL HWDSHEL
ULGDELRORJLXULEXQHEDPD76RULV=LUL7DGLD ]RJMHUGUR6LHP7[YHYDHU7PDQH7V
 TDQHELVPLQHUDOHELVJDUGDTPQD VDTDU7YHOR6L QLDGDJHELV 6HIDVHEDV GD GDFYDV PUD
 QLDGDJ6LRUJDQXOLQLY7LHUHEHELVGDJURYHEDPD7L YDOVDXNXQRYDQLLVWRULDDTYVUDFX6XDORGXNDY6LUGHED
7DQGD7DQREL7L GD6OD GD KXPXVRYDQL QLY7LHUHEHELV VLV TYH\DQD6LPLZD7PRTPHGHELVPD5DOGRQHV0PHFQLHUXOLJH
WHPLVIRUPLUHED QHWLNXUL QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV &DVD[YD XNDY6LUGHED QLDGDJP
 PLQHUDOXULGDRUJDQXOLQLY7LHUHEHELVXU7LHU FRGQHRELVIX=HPGHEOLVYGRNX&DHYLVVD[HOV
7TPHGHED U7XOL RUJDQXOPLQHUDOXUL QDHU7HELV ZDU 
PRTPQD 
 QLDGDJLVSURILOLV]HGDQDZLO6LELRILOXULHO 
HPHQWHELVDNXPXODFLD 
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PRTPQLVSURGXTWHELVPLJUDFLD 
\YHOD SURFHVL URPHOLF JDQDSLUREHEV QLDGDJHELV 
IRUPLUHEDV GD IXQTFLRQLUHEDV [RUFLHOGHED GHGDPLZD YDVLO
YD VLO
VLO GRGRNX
NX&D
NX&DHY
&D HYPD
HYPD 
]H PLPGLQDUH QLY7LHUHED7D U7XOL ZUHEUXQYLV &DU&R6L &DPRD\DOLED ZDUPRGJHQD QLDGDJ
HVDD  JHRORJLXUL ELRORJLXUL GD ELRJHRTLPLXUL ZUHE ]H URJRUF JDQVDNX7UHEXO EX
QHEULY ZDUPRQDTPQ]H URPHOLF

28 13

YDVLO
YDVLO
VLOGRNX
GRNX&D
NX&DH
&DHYL
LNDYHEVJDUNYHXODGJLOVV[YDEXQHEULYV[HXOHEV6RULV
GD PRL7[RYV 6HVZDYOLV JDQV[YDYHEXO G5HPGH XFQRE PH
7RGHEVLVD5QL6QDYGDURPQLDGDJLDULVGDPRXNLGHEHOL
EXQHEULYLVWRULXOL V[HXOL URPHOLF ZDUPRDGJHQV
JUXQWLV NOLPDWLV PFHQDUHHELV F[RYHOHELV GD JDUNYH
XOZLODG DGJLOLV UHOLHILV HU7REOLYL VDTPLDQRELV
SURGXTWV  ZOHE6L L\R QRYRDOHTVDQGULLV D[
VDNRQWURORNL7[YHELGDGDYDOHEHEL

 UDV VZDYOREV QLDGDJPFRGQHRED"  UD ID]HELVDJDQ
6HGJHEDQLDGDJL"URJRUXU7LHU7TPHGHEVQLDGDJLEXQH
ELVV[YDV[HXOHE7DQ"URJRULDQLDGDJLVVWUXTWXUXOL
RUJDQL]DFLLVGRQHHEL"  &DPR7YDOH7 QLDGDJHELV 6HVZDY
OLV =LUL7DGL HWDSHEL  GDDVD[HOH7 PHFQLHUHEL URP
ODQGHOL SRORQH7L VRIOLV PHXUQHRELV GD PHW\HYHRELV OHEPDF JDPRU&HXOL ZYOLOL 6HLWDQHV VDTDU7YHOR6L QL
LQVWLWXWLV GLUHTWRUL 0PLVL [HOP=5YDQHOREL7 DUVHEL DGDJPFRGQHRELVJDQYL7DUHED6LUD6LJDPRL[DWHEDQLDG
7DG JDXPMREHVGD VDVZDYOR GLVFLSOLQHELV VZDYOHELV DJXUL VDIDULV PQL6YQHORED"  UD6L PGJRPDUHREV DJUR
VLVWHPD GD 6HLTPQD UXVH76L SLUYHOL GDPRXNLGHEHOL QL QLDGDJPFRGQHRELVDUVL"
DGDJPFRGQHRELV ND7HGUD Y GRNX&DHYL GLG \XUDG5HEDV 
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ODV   GD  ZOHE6L PDQ VDPMHU LPRJ]DXUD DT
PUDYDO DGJLODV JDGDNYH7D P7DYDUL NDYNDVLRQL JDHFQR
GD5HVWQLV 5UX DGJLOHEV &DLV SODQWDFLHEV ED7XP7DQ
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NDYNDVLLV QLDGDJHELV PDJDOL7]H GDDGJLQD QLDGDJHELV JH
RJUDILLV HU7HU7L =LUL7DGL QLDGDJHELV YHUWLNDOXUL
VDUW\OLDQRELVNDQRQL






VHUJHL
VHU JHL ]D
JHL ]D[D
[DUR
[D URYL
UR YL 
YGRNX&DHYLVPRZDIH
GDLEDGD 7ELOLV6L GD
7L7TPLV P7HOL F[RYUHED
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L\R7ELOLVLVSROLWHTQL
NXUL LQVWLWXWLV SLUYHOL
GLUHTWRUL UHTWRUL 

14 27

VHUJHL
VHUJHL
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6RULVXU7LHU7NDY6LUHELVJDPRYOHQDGDDGDPLDQLV]HPRT
PHGHED DP NDY6LUHE]H JDQVDNX7UHEL7 PQL6YQHORYDQLD LV
ZHOV PRVNRYLV VD[HOPZLIR XQLYHUVLWHWLV GDP7DYUHELV
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NDYNDVLLV QLDGDJHELV 6HVZDYOLV PL]QL7 0PLVL =LUL7DGL
6URPHELPL=5YQLOLDNDYNDVLLVQLDGDJHELVZDUPR6RELVJH
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XU7LHU7RELVVDNL7[HELVDGPLLVDJUH7YHLNYOHYGDQLDG
DJZDUPRTPQLVVDZ\LVVWDGLHEVQLDGDJXU[VQDUHEVVWHSLV
QLDGDJHELVGDPOD6HEDVGDV[YV]D[DURYLVPLHUJDPRFH
PXOL VD[HOP=5YDQHOR ³QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV NXUVL´ 
URPGDGJHQLOLL\RQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHV6LGDQLDG
DJLV QD\RILHUHED6L PFHQDUHHELV PLNURRUJDQL]PHELV GD
RUJDQXOLQLY7LHUHELVPQL6YQHORED
JDVXOL VDXNXQLV GDVDZ\LV6L PR[HU[GD DJURQRPLXO
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RUJDQL]PHELV PQL6YQHORED QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHV6L
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  L7YOHED \YHOD GURLV HU7HU7 VDXNH7HVR VD
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OXUL VDUW\OLDQRELV 6HVD[HE SLUYHOPD 6HDGJLQD VDTDU
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PLWUL
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VRIOLV PHXUQHRELV GD PHW\H
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XOL IDNXOWHWL PRQDZLOHRE
GD 6RUHXOL D5PRVDYOH7LV
D]LLVD GD DPLHUNDYNDVLLV QL
GLPLW
GLPLWUL
PLWUL
ULJHGH
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GHYDQL6
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QL6YLOL
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26 15
DGDJHELVJDPRPNYOHYHTVSHGLFLHE6LDNDGHPLNRVNJOLQNDV  DGDPLDQLV DUVHERELV =LUL7DGL SLUREHELV X]UXQ
[HOP=5YDQHOREL7 L\R QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV GD ]RJDGL PL YHO\RID6LUDGJDQP[RORGQLDGDJHEVJDD&QLD7QD\RILHU
ZD7PRTPHGHELVND7HGULVJDPJH7ELOLVLVVD[HOPZLIRXQ HED GD XQDUL DZDUPRRQ PFHQDUHXOL QLY7LHUHELV PRVDYD
LYHUVLWHW6L  GD HU7GURXODG  ă 7EL
OLVLV SROLWHTQLNXU LQVWLWXW6L  ZOLGDQ VDTDU7YH
ORV VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR LQVWLWXW6L [HOP=5YDQHOREGD
QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV ND7HGUDV PDQ JDPRLNYOLD VDTDU7YH
ORV PHYHQD[HRELVD GD PH&DLHRELV UDLRQHELV DJUH7YH
NRO[H7LV GDEORELV QLDGDJHEL PLVL [HOP=5YDQHOREL7
6HGJD VDTDU7YHORV QLDGDJHELV UXNHEL VD\XUDG5HERD PL
VL 6URPD ³VDTDU7YHORV QLDGDJXUODQG6DIWXUL ]RQHEL´
GD J WDOD[D=HV7DQ HU7DG JDPRFHPXOL VD[HOP=5YDQHOR
OL=LUL7DGLHQHUJHWLNXOLELRORJLXULSURGXTWLUR
PHOVDF DGDPLDQL VDNYHEDG L\HQHEV DGDPLDQL DJUH7YH L\HQ
HEV VDNYHEDG F[RYHOXUL RUJDQL]PHEL7 JDUGDTPQLO PFH
QDUHXOL PDVLV QDZLOV PFHQDUHXOL GD F[RYHOXUL QHG
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VD:LURHELV7YLVGDPUHZYHORED6L
QLDGDJLP:LGURGDULVGDNDY6LUHEXOLDGDPLDQLVF[RY
UHEDV7DQ GD VDPHXUQHR VDTPLDQREDV7DQ VDF[RYUHEOHELV
VDPHXUQHR GD VDPUHZYHOR QDJHEREHELV JDQODJHED J]HELV
QLDGDJPFRGQHRED6L
JD\YDQD GD UDF P7DYDULD NXOWXUXOL PFHQDUHHELV JD[D
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HIHTWXUL PH7RGHELV GD WHTQRORJLHELV GDPX6DYHELV PL
ZLV HU7HXOL IDU7RELGDQ  ELRORJLXUL SURGXTFLLV JD
PRVDYOLDQRELVJD]UGLVHNRORJLXUDGVXI7DSURGXTFL
LVZDUPRHELVVD6XDOHEDVDVH7LVDVRIORVDPHXUQHRZDU
PRHELVVDNL7[HELVJDGDZ\YHWL7PHFQLHUHEDQLDGDJLV6HVD
[HEPLHNX7YQHEDGDUJREULYVSHFLDOXUVDVRIORVDPHXU
QHRDQDJURQRPLXOQLDGDJPFRGQHREDV
DJURQRPLXOL QLDGDJPFRGQHRED DJURQLDGDJPFRGQHR
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PFHQDUHHE7DQ VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR ZDUPRHED6L &DU7XOL
QLDGDJLVIXQTFLRQLUHELVGDHYROXFLLVNDQRQ]RPLHUHELV
GD UDFLRQDOXUDG JDPR\HQHELV QLDGDJXUL QD\RILHUHELV

16 25
6HPFYHORELV 6HQDU&XQHED6L DWPRVIHURV JD]LV UH-LPL PL[H
PL [HLO
[HLO VD
LO VDED6
ED6YL
YLOL
ED6YLOL
UHJXOLUGHEDVLVWHPL7PFHQDUHF[RYHOHELPLNURRUJD  DNDGHPLNRVL V[YDGDV
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ORYDQLMD:YLZDUPRGJHQLOLDQLDGDJXULWHQL7QLDGDJ]H QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV ND7HG
PRGLV DWPRVIHUXOL Z\OLV GLGL UDRGHQRED PD7L HU7L ULVJDPJHQLDGDJPFRGQHRE
QDZLOL IL]LNXUL DRU7TOHELVD GD WUDQVSLUDFLLV 6HGH LV DJURTLPLLV GD PHOLRU
JDG 7DYLGDQ [YGHED DWPRVIHUR6L PHRUH  LZULWHED PGL DFLLV LQVWLWXWLV GLUHT
QDUH6L  DQ QLDGDJ6L JDILOWYULV 6HPGHJ DYVHEV JUXQWLV WRUL VDTDU7YHORV PHFQL
Z\OHEVGDERORV[YGHEDZ\DURHE6LZ\DURVGDGHOXYL HUHED7DDNDGHPLLVELRORJ
XUZ\OHEVGLGLUDRGHQREL76HPRDTY7PGLQDUHHE6LPLQH LLVJDQ\RILOHELVDNDGHPLN
UDOXUL QDHU7HELLVLQL DPGLGUHEHQ ]5YHEV GD RNHDQH RVPGLYDQL VDTDU7YHORV
HEV JDYOHQDV D[GHQHQ PD7 Z\OLV 6HPDGJHQORED]H GD VRIOLV PHXUQHRELV PHFQL
IVNHUXO QDIHQHE]H GHGDPLZD]H Z\OLV ZUHEUXQYD]H QL HUHED7D DNDGHPLLV SLUYHOL PL[H
PL[HLO
[HLO
LOVDED6
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ED6YLOL
YLOL
DGDJXUVDIDU7DQHU7DGGLGJDYOHQDVD[GHQVKLGURVIH SUH]LGHQWL PGH VDPHF
UR QLHUR QD6URPLV PD7 6R
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GDPD7LPLQHUDORJLXUL6HGJHQLORELV6HFYOD6LGHGDPL P=5YDQHORV    DYWRUL VDJXOLV[PRD NDSLWD
ZD]HQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVDGDPD77DQHU7DGPLPGLQDUHPLQH OXUL PRQRJUDILHEL ³VDTDU7YHORV QLDGDJHEL´  ³VD
UDOHELV GD TDQHELV JDPRILWYLV SURFHVHEV PLOLRQREL7 TDU7YHORV VVU QLDGDJHEL´ ´ GD V[Y PLVL [HOP=5YD
ZOLV LVWRULD DTYV DP SHULRG6L GHGDPLZLV THUTLV ]HGD QHOREL7 6HGJHQLOLD V[YDGDV[YD PDV6WDELV QLDGDJXUL
QDZLO6L &DPR\DOLEGD NRQWLQHQWDOXUL GD ]5YLXUL ZDU UXNHEL
PR6RELV GDQDOHTL TDQHELV P=ODYUL 6UH URPHOPDF V[YD 
GDV[YD[DULV[L7JDQLFDGDJHRORJLXULSHULRGHELVQLDG
DJXUL VDIDULV PFHQDUHXOL GD F[RYHO7D VDP\DURV SLU
GDSLUL ]HPRTPHGHED 7DQGD7DQREL7 [GHERGD I[YLHUL GD
QDOHTL TDQHELV JD7L[HED PHRUDGL PLQHUDOHELV ZDUPRTPQD
NYDUFL OLPRQLWL GD V[Y EXQHEULYL IDTWRUHEL7 GDQD
OHTL TDQHELV PUDYDOMHUDGL JDGDOHTYD PD7 6HPDGJHQOR
ED6LRUJDQXOLQLY7LHUHELVGDQLDGDJXULZDUPR6RELVPL
QHUDOXUL D]RWLV &DU7YL7 ]RJLHU7L VDVDUJHEOR ZLD5
LVHXOLWRUIL:DRELVPDGDQLGDV[YZDUPRDGJHQVQLDG
DJXULSURFHVHELVX6XDOR6HGHJV

24 17
 PL[H
PL[HLO
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UDVH
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VHOLD   QLDGDJLVPQL6YQHOREDVDVRIORVDPHXUQHR
 FQRELOL DJURQRPQLDG
DJPFRGQH VDTDU7YHORV PHF
QLHUHED7D DNDGHPLLV ZHYUNR
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7DYUD 7ELOLVLV SROLWHTQL
NXUL LQVWLWXWLV VDVRIOR
VDPHXUQHR IDNXOWHWL 
ZZPX6DREGDR]XUJH7LV
VDFGHO VDGJXU6L QDNYH7HELV
JHRJUDILXOL TVHOLV JDPJHG
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PL[H
PL[HLO
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LOGDUD
GDUDVH
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ZDUPRHED6L
DJURQLDGDJPFRGQHRED

QLDGDJLV GD QLDGDJXUL VDIDULV PQL6YQHORED PUDYDO
ZD[QDJRYDQLDUDFJDPRL[DWHED
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P]DUGL [PHOH7LV PFHQDUHXORED IRWRVLQ7H]LV 6HGHJDG
DNXPXOLUHEVP]LVHQHUJLLVĆNYWĆVDD7VNDFREUL
RELVPLHUVDZYDYLVVDNYHELVGDVXUVD7LVVD[L7DPHQHU
JLLV ZOLXUL [DUML  6HDGJHQV   Ć  NYWĆVDD7V DPLV
JDUGDĆNYWĆVDD7LVIDUJOHE6LL[DUMHEDFRF[D
OL RUJDQL]PHELV PLHU DGUH GDJURYLOL HQHUJLD TYDQD[
PHFQLHURăNYOHYL7 LQVWLWXW
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VRIOLV PHXUQHRELV PHFQLHUHED7D SUREOHPHELV JDQ\RIL
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DJHELV HUR]LLV VDZLQDD5PGHJR 5RQLV=LHEHEL GD &DPRUHF
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ZDYOD VDTDU7YHORV HZHUL QLDGDJHEL GD ZL7HOPLZHEL GD
PD7L JDPR\HQHED VXEWURSLNXOL NXOWXUHELV7YLV VDJX
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6LUL WRUIL QDY7REL GD V[Y DTHGDQ JDPRPGLQDUH 6HL=
OHEDZDUPRLTPQDVHQHUJLLVGHILFLWLDPLWRP[GHEDGDPD
WHEL7LHQHUJLLVPR=LHEDLPLVJDPRURPHQHUJLLVGDPDWH
EL7L Z\DURHELV JDPR\HQHED XPQL6YQHORD QLDGDJL NLGHY
GLGL[QLVPDQ=LO]HGDU&HEDP]LVWUDQVIRUPLUHEXOLHQ
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DGDJXUL VDIDUL DULV PLVL DTWLXUL QDZLOL QLDGDJLV 
JUDP6L D5LQL6QHED  PLOLDUGL PLNURRUJDQL]PL \DPLUL
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FRF[DOLRUJDQL]PHELVPLHUF[RYHOPRTPHGHELVGDQLY7L
HUHELV FYOLV SURGXTWHELV JDPR\RID VLNYGLOLV 6HPGHJ
PD7LOSRELV6HGHJDGZDUPRTPQLOLRUJDQXOLGDPLQHUD
OXUL QDHU7HELV GDEUXQHED PQL6YQHORYQDG FYOLDQ ELRV
IHURVKDHULVZ\OLVGDPLQHUDOXULPDVLVTLPLXU6HGJH
QLOREDV
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D]RWLV QD[6LURU-DQJLV Z\DOEDGLV GD Z\OLV RU7TOLV

18 23
 6DT
6DTUR
6DT UR
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IDODYDQ
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GL6YLOL
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VHU JHL ]R
JHL ]RQLQL 
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HUHELV GDPVD[XUHEXOL PR5YDZH HUR PR5YDZHRED GDLZ\R
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GD VXEWURSLNXO NXOWXUD7D VD [QLVPDQ=LO]HQLDGDJPFRGQH
NDY6LUR VDPHFQLHURNYOHYL7L LQ RELVD GD JHRJUDILLV VDNL7
VWLWXWLV &DTYLV ILOLDO6L  [HE]HJDPRDTYH\QD]HPHWL
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VDPHFQLHURQD6URPLPD76R
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ULV  PRQRJUDILD ZLJQL
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YHOLVVD[HOPZLIRXQLYHUVLWHWLV VHUJHL
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JHRJUDILLV ND7HGULV GRFHQWLD 6DTUR
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GL6YLOL
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[RORZOLGDQDPDYHND7HG DJHEL´  PLHQL:D VWDOL
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LV=LUL7DGLPLPDU7XOHEDL\RD:DULVQLDGDJHELV7YLVHEH
ELV6HVZDYODPD7LJHRJUDILXOLJDYUFHOHEDGDGDFYD
VDTDU7YHORJDPRLU&HYDXD5UHVDGVDLQWHUHVRQLDGDJ
QXULVD[HOPZLIRSUHPLDV]RQLL\RVXEWURSLNHELVGD
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QHRED´ DJUH7YH PRQRJUDILHEL ³VXEWURSLNHELV GD WURSL
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JDQVDNX7UHEXOLLQWHUHVLTYH\QLVQLDGDJHELVPLPDU7VZR  LQVWLWXWHE7DQ V ]RQL ZDUPDWHEL7 LNYOHYGD QLDG
UHG DT PVRIOLR6L SLUYHODG LTQD D5ZHULOL ]RJLHU7L DJHEVGD QLDGDJXU VDIDUV  PVRIOLRV PUDYDO TYH\DQD6L
QLDGDJL\DYLVIHULPGHORV\DYLVIHUL\YL7HO\RPUDOL
GDVDYOH7 HYURSLV GD D66LV ]RJLHU7PD QLDGDJPFRG
QHP JDUNYHXOL ZYOLOL 6HLWDQHV VDTDU7YHOR6L QLDGDJP
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DJLV URJRUF EXQHEULYL V[HXOLV GD ZDUPRHELV VD6XDO
HELVUDFLRQDOXULHNRORJLXUDGJDPDU7XOLGDHNRQRP
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DJPFRGQHRELVXSLUYHOHVLDPRFDQDD
22
JDQVDNX7UHEL7 LQWHQVLXUDG NL  NDYNDVLD6L NHU=RG VD
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OL L\R PGH VDNDQGLGDWR GD VDGRTWRUR GLVHUWDFLD
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19
 DOHT
DO HTVDQ
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LEDGD  ZHOV T IR76L SRU QHRED6L
WLV PX6LV RMD[6L ZOHELV PDQ 
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QHRELVLQVWLWXW6LPLVLJDPRNYOHYHELQLDGDJXUVDIDU]H D7HXOL ZOHELV JDQPDYORED6L
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6HVD[HE VDIX=YODG GDHGR NRO[H7LV GDEORELV GD6UR PDWHEXO 6HPRTPHGHEL7 SHGD
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20 21
 VLDOLWL]DFLD ă SLUYHODGL DOXPRVLOLNDWHELV JDPR
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HELV JDPRWDQDV GD QLDGDJHELV NRUGLDQKXPXVLUHEXOL 7L
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76 45
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47
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 GD  W KXPXVLV GDJURYHED  KD]H [ROR PHRUHV
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KLGUR7HUPXOL SLUREHEL7 DUHV UHTFLL7 VDNYHEL QLY7L
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48
L\RV JDOHEHELV SURFHVL URPHOLF JDQV[YDYHEXOL [DULV
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ZDUPRTPQLVWLSL
73
 VDTDU7YHORVQLDGDJXUVDIDU6LD5LQL6QHEDJDQYL7DUH QLDGDJ6L PHU\HREV GDQ  POQPGH  JUDP6L NYHELV
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72 49
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QLOLQLDGDJLVPLHUPLVLJDQYL7DUHELVSURFHV6LXFYOHO
HNRORJLXUJDUHPR6LGDUHOLTWXUL7YLVHEHELHYROXF
LLV SURFHV6L 6HQDU&XQHEXOL ZLQD VWDGLLVJDQ DP GURV
QLDGDJLJDGDGLVHU7LJHQH]LVXULTYHWLSLGDQDQWLSLVJDQ
V[YD JHQH]LVXU TYHWLS6L DQ WLS6L QLDGDJLV SURILO6L
7DQGD7DQREL7 VXVWGHED LV 7YLVHEHEL URPOHELF 6HHVDE
DPHEDQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVZLQDID]DVGD&QGHEDD[DOL7YL
VHEHEL URPOHELF JDQSLUREHEXOLD QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV D[D
OLID]L7
SURILOLVDVH7LJDUGDTPQDJDPRZYHXOLDUDPGHQLPHPL
]H]L7 ELRNOLPDWXUL SLUREHELV 6HFYOL7 GD7ERED DQ
OHELVJDUGDTPQD-DQJLVPDULOHEDG[GHEDUNLQLVEDTWHUL
HELV PRQDZLOHREL7 URPOHELF PUDYODG DULDQ Z\DOVDWH
YHE6LGDGD:DREHEXOQLDGDJ6L
QLDGDJXULEDTWHULHELVPFLUHMJXIVJDD&QLDDWPRVIH
URVD]RWLVILTVDFLLVXQDULLVLQLL\RILDQRUMJXIDG
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7DQ GDNDY6LUHEXOL FYOLOHEHEL7 PFHQDUHXO VDIDU6L ă
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SLUREHELV 6HFYOL7 DGJLOLV DZHYL7 HUR]LXOL EDGLV
6H:UL7 GD JUXQWLV Z\OHELV GDZHYL7 DGJLOLV GDZHYL7
 QLDGDJ6L 7DYLVXIODG PF[RYUHEL DHUREXOL GD DQDHU GD JUXQWLV Z\OHELV DZHYL7 6HVDEDPLVL FYOHEL PFHQDUH
REXOL EDTWHULHEL GD  NR-UHELV EDTWHULHEL URPOHELF
VLPELR]6LF[RYUREHQSDUNRVDQPFHQDUHHE7DQ
VRNRHEL ZDUPRDGJHQHQKHWHURWURIXO RUJD
QL]PHEVLVLQLJY[YGHELDQ\YHODQLDGDJ6LVRNRHELPRQDZL
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XO VDIDU6L ă JDQYL7DUHELV ELRJHRPRUIRORJLXUL FLN
OLQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHV6LQLDGDJLV6HPDGJHQOREDVD
GD6HQHED6L5UPDFYOLOHEHEL7URPOHELF]RJMHUD[GH
QHQXNXTPHGHEDVPFHQDUHXOVDIDU]HGDVDHU7RGJHRJUD
ILXO ODQG6DIW]H HZHUHELV GD:DREHED ELFREHELVJDVR
XULVRNRPFHQDULVIHVYLV]HGDSLU]HZDUPRTPQLVPLNRUL ORGHED GD D6 DP FLNOV ]RJMHU JDQPDUWDYHQ URJRUF
]DV ]RJLHU7L PZYDQH PFHQDUH JDQVDNX7UHEL7 PHUTQLDQL ³7YL7JDQYL7DUHELVFLNOV´

50 71
PDWXU ]RQD6L TPQLV U7XO GLQDPLNXU 7YL7PDUHJXOLUH URPHOLF PRNOHEXOLD PLNRUL]DV VXVWDG YL7DUGHED DQ
EHO HNRORJLXU VLVWHPDV URPHO6LF QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV VUXOHEL7DUL]UGHED
SURFHVHE]H PXGPLY DTWLXU ]HPRTPHGHEDV SLUYHO ULJ6L DTWLQRPLFHWHEV ]RJMHUJDQVD]5YUDYHQ
D[GHQV PFHQDUHXOL VDIDUL GD NOLPDWL EXQHEULYL ELRF URJRUFV[LYXUVRNRHEVZ\DOEDGLVZ\DURGLVLQLL\HQHE
HQR]LV NXOWXUXOL  DJURFHQR]LV 6HFYOL7 DGDPLDQL HQV[YDGDV[YDRUJDQXOQDHU7HEV
DU5YHYV VDXNXQHHELV PDQ=LO]H &DPR\DOLEHEXO GLQDPLNXU PD7 6HX=OLD7 GD6DORQ XMUHGDQD OLJQLQL QLDGDJLV
ZRQDVZRUREDVQLDGDJVDGDPFHQDUHXOVDIDUV6RULVDP QH6RPSDODQLY7LHUHEDPRQDZLOHREHQKXPXVLVZDUPRTPQD6L
LV6HGHJDGIRUPLUGHEDD[DOLNXOWXUXOLHNRORJLXUL DTWLQRPLFHWHEL XNH7HVDG YL7DUGHELDQ RUJDQXOL QLY7L
VLVWHPDDJURELRJHRFHQR]LURPHO6LFQLDGDJVDGDPFH HUHEL7 PGLGDU QHLWUDOXUL GD VXVWDG WXWH UHDTFLLV
QDUHV6RULVXU7LHU7NDY6LULVUHJXOLUHELVZDP\YDQIDT QLDGDJHE6L
WRUVZDUPRDGJHQVDGDPLDQLVVDPHXUQHRVDTPLDQREDDJUR Z\DOPFHQDUHHEL JDYUFHOHEXOLD\YHOD
ELRJHRFHQR]6L QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHVHE]H PXGPLY DT QLDGDJ6L JDQVDNX7UHEL7 ]HGDSLUXO 6UH6L 7DYLV XMUH
WLXU ]HPRTPHGHEDV =LUL7DG6L D[GHQV DGDPLDQLV VDPHXU GHE6L LVLQL 6HLFDYHQ TORURILOV :DRELDQ QLDGDJ6L
QHR VDTPLDQRED GD NOLPDWL V[YDGDV[YD DJURFHQR]HELV Z\DOPFHQDUH DXPMREHVHEV DHUDFLDV [VQDGL CO2 6H7YLVH
NXOWXUXOL PFHQDUHHELV ELRORJLXUL 7DYLVHEXUHEHELV EL7 Z\DOPFHQDUH DTWLXUDG PRQDZLOHREV TDQHELV JDPR
JD7YDOLVZLQHEL7 QLDGDJLV PLPDU7 PR7[RYQHEL JDQV[YDYH ILWYD6LGDQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVVDZ\LVSURFHV6L
EXOLD DGDPLDQL JDUGDTPQLVQLDGDJVGDPL7 XIUR LQWHQ OLTHQHEL6HGJHELDQVRNRVDGDZ\DOPFHQDULV
VLXUDGUDFXIURQDNOHEDGDNPD\RILOHEHQPLVL7YLVHEH JDQ VRNR X]UXQYHO\RIV Z\DOPFHQDUHV Z\OL7 GD PDV6L
ELNXOWXUXOLPFHQDUHHELVPR7[RYQLOHEDV JD[VQLOL PLQHUDOXUL QLY7LHUHEL7 [ROR Z\DOPFHQDUH
 NL JDPRLPX6DYHEV QD[6LUZ\OHEV UDVDF L\HQHEV VRNR OL
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 QLDGDJHELVJDQYL7DUHEDGDHYROXFLD RP HNRORJLXUDG PD7 PLDNX7YQHEHQ OL7RILWHEV DU&HYHQ
 OLTHQHELVRU=LUL7DGWLSV HSLOLWXUVGD HQGROL7XUV
QLDGDJLV JDQYL7DUHED ZDUPRDGJHQV XFYOHO HNRORJL HSLOLWXUL OLTHQHELVKLIHELD5ZHYHQTDQLV6LJQL7[ROR
XU SLUREHE6L QLDGDJLV IRUPLUHEDV GD 6HPGJRP JDQYL7D V[HXOLYL7DUGHED]HGDSLU]HTHUTRYDQLGDTDILVIRUPH
UHEDV QLDGDJLV JDQYL7DUHED6L DU&HYHQ UDPGHQLPH ID]DV
JDPR\RIHQ VDZ\LV ID]DV URPHOLF 6HHVDEDPHED JD6L6YOH
EXO GHGDTDQ]H QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SLUYHO HWDSV DP GURV
\DOLEGHED QLDGDJXUL UH-LPHELV VLVWHPD &QGHED IUDJPHQ
WXOLQLDGDJXULKRUL]RQWHEL[GHEDEXQHEULYLQD\RILHU
HELV &DVD[YD 6HPGJRP6L XFYOHO HNRORJLXU SLUREHE6L
QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV JDQYL7DUHED D5ZHYV PZLIH ID]DV VUX
ODGJDQYL7DUHEXOLJHQH]LVXULSURILOL7EXQHEULYLQD
\RILHUHELV&DPR\DOLEHEXOLGRQL7
70
ELHQGROL7XULOLTHQHELKLIHEVDFGDV[HXOVDFDYL7DU
HEHQTDQLVVL]UTH6L
TDQ]H OLTHQHELV GDVD[OHELV 6HPGHJ LZ\HED XIUR LQ
WHQVLXUL ELRORJLXUL JDPRILWYD GD SLUYHODGL QLDGDJ
ZDUPRTPQD
PLNURRUJDQL]PHEVDGDPFHQDUHV6RULVJDPRL\RIDXU
7LHU7PRTPHGHELV 6HPGHJL =LUL7DGL WLSL VLPELR]L PHWD
ELR]LDQWDJRQL]PLSDUD]LWL]PL
51
 VLPELR]LV WLSXUL PDJDOL7LD P:LGUR 7DQDF[RYUHED
VRNRHEVD GD Z\DOPFHQDUHHEV 6RULV UDF LZYHYV XIUR
U7XOLGDJDUHPRSLUREHELVDGPLPLVDGDJHEXOLPFHQDUHX
OL RUJDQL]PLV ă OLTHQHELV ZDUPRTPQDV QLDGDJ6L VLPEL
R]XUL 7DQDF[RYUHELV V[YD QD7HOL PDJDOL7LD VRNRHELV
XU7LHU7RED XPD5OHV PFHQDUHV7DQ URGHVDF VRNRHEL
PFHQDUHHELV IHVYHE]H ZDUPRTPQLDQ PLNRUL]DV VLPELR]L
EXQHEULYDQ7URSRJHQXUL NXOWXUXO QLDGDJZDUPRT
PQLV SURFHVL PDU7DOLD DU DULV LQWUR]RQDOXUL V[YD
GDV[YD EXQHEULY ]RQHE6L JDD&QLD JDQYL7DUHELV VDHU7R
QL6QHEL 7XPFD DU DULV LQWUD]RQDOXUL PLX[HGDYDG EX
QHEULYL SLUREHELVGD QLDGDJHELV JDNXOWXUHELV 5RQLV=L
HEHELV PUDYDOIHURYQHELVD DGDPLDQLV ]HPRTPHGHEDV JDD&
QLDVDHU7RGDPD[DVLD7HEHOLQL6QHEL
DJUH7YHD5LQL6QHEDNR-ULVEDTWHULHEVDGDSDUNRVDQPFH  EXQHEULYL PFHQDUHXOL VDIDULV PRVSRED URPHOLF
QDUHV6RULV LZYHYV PLNURNOLPDWLV 6HFYODV GD QLDGDJ]H P]LV V[LYH
QLDGDJ6L PLNURRUJDQL]PHEV 6RULV XU7LHU7RELV XI ELV GD DWPRVIHUXOL QDOHTHELV X6XDOR ]HPRTPHGHELV
URJDYUFHOHEXOLWLSLD PHWDELR]L PLVLHU7HU7LWLSX JD=OLHUHEDV
UL PDJDOL7LD XU7LHU7REHEL D]RWREDTWHULV GD FHOX  QLDGDJLV ]HGD VD[QDYL 6ULV VLVWHPDWXUL JDI[YL
OR]DGDP6OHO EDTWHULDV 6RULV RUJDQL]PHEL 7DYLVL HUHEDGDJDGDUHYDUDFLZYHYVIL]LNXUPHTDQLNXUL7YLVH
F[RYHOPRTPHGHELV 6HGHJDG XU7LHU7JDQYL7DUHELV7YLV EHELVGDZ\ORYDQKDHURYDQLUH-LPLV6HFYODV
TPQLDQ[HOVD\UHOSLUREHEV  QLDGDJLV ELRTLPLXUL GD IL]LNXUTLPLXUL 7YLVHEH
QLDGDJ6L RUJDQXOL QLY7LHUHEHELV VZUDIL PLQHUDOL ELV6HFYODJDQVDNX7UHEL7NLPLNURELRORJLXULGDIHU
]DFLDPLPGLQDUHREVP[RORGPLNURRUJDQL]PHELVV[YDGDV PHQWDWLXUL DTWLYRELV JD]UGD RUJDQXOL QLY7LHUHEHELV
[YDMJXILVHU7REOLYLF[RYHOPRTPHGHELV6HGHJDGQLDG PLQHUDOL]DFLLVGDKXPLILNDFLLVJD=OLHUHED
DJ6L REOLJDWXUL DQDHUREXOL EDTWHULHELV JDQYL7DUHED QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHVLVLQWHVLYRELVJD]UGD
6HX=OHEXOLD7XPD77DQHU7DGDUYL7DUGHELDQPROHNX
OXUL -DQJEDGLV P67DQ7TPHOL DHUREXOL EDTWHULHEL QL
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JDPR\RIV JDUHPR6L QLY7LHUHEDV URPHOLF DPX[UX:HEV
PLNUREHELV V[YD MJXIHELV JDQYL7DUHEDV DVH PDJDOL7DG
QLDGDJHELV6HGJHQLORELVGD7YLVHEHELVPLPDU7XOL
6HFYOD UDF JDPRZYHXOLD DJURWHTQLNXUL DJURTLPLXUL
PHOLRUDFLXOL GD V[YD 5RQLV=LHEHELV JDPR\HQHEL7 URP
OLV PL]DQLD LVH7L PD5DOSURGXTWLXOL NXOWXUXOL QL
DGDJHELV 6HTPQD URPOHELF X]UXQYHO\RIHQ VDVRIORVD
PHXUQHR NXOWXUHELV PRVDYOLDQRELV VWDELOXU ]UGDV
6HDUELOHEHQ DUD[HOVD\UHOL DPLQGLV SLUREHELV XDU\R
IL7JDYOHQDVJDPR\HQHEXOLWHTQRORJLXUL[HU[HELVHI
HTWLDQREDVGDVDHU7RGPLZD7PRTPHGHED6L6URPLVQD\RIL
HUHELV ]UGDV JDQV[YDYHED EXQHEULY]RQDOXUL GD EXQHE
DTWLQRPLFHWHELV FDONHXOL VD[HREHEL JDPR\RIHQ QLDGDJ ULYDQ7URSRJHQXUL NXOWXUXOL QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SUR
6LQLY7LHUHEHEVDQWLELRWLNHELWRTVLQHELURPOHELFDP FHVHELV JDQYL7DUHED6L JDQSLUREHEXOLD EXQHEYHNRORJLX
X[UX:HEHQ ]RJLHU7L EDTWHULHELV JDQYL7DUHEDV PLNURRU ULVLVWHPHELVSULQFLSXOLJDQV[YDYHEL7NXOWXUXOLVJDQ
JDQL]PHELV VDP\DUR6L IDU7RG DULV JDYUFHOHEXOL SDUD ELRFHQR]LEXQHEULYLPFHQDUHXOLVDIDULLP\RIHEDPXG
]LWL]PLVPRYOHQDPDJDOL7DGEDTWHULDSDUD]LWLBdellovi- PLYP:LGURNDY6LU6L]RQDOXUQLDGDJ7DQGD\RYHONOL

52 69
EDV7DQTDQLV6HGJHQLORELV7YLVHELVGDUHOLHILVSLUR brio EDTWHULDOXUL XMUHG6L 6H5ZHYLV 6HPGHJ DQDGJXUHEV
ELVFYOLOHED]H PLV6HPFYHOREDV
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 P[ULY PRTPHGHEHQ PDV]H D&TDUHEHQ RUJDQXOL QDU&HQHELV
 DGDPLDQLVVDZDUPRRVDTPLDQRED GD6ODVGDDI[YLHUHEHQ QLDGDJV[HOV XZ\REHQ]RRJHQX
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EXQHEULYL QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHV]H DGDPLDQLV ]H QLDGDJ6L ELQDGUREV F[RYHO7D D7DVREL7 VD[HRED
PRTPHGHED  QLDGDJHELV JDQYL7DUHELV 7DQDPHGURYH HWDSLV URPOHELF PQL6YQHORYQDG JDQV[YDYGHELDQ ]RPHEL7 F[R
P7DYDUL7DYLVHEXUHEDDGDHU7HU7L\YHOD]HLQWHQVLXUDG YHOPRTPHGHEL7GDQLDGDJ]H]HPRTPHGHELVIRUPHEL7ZDU
PRTPHGL QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV IDTWRUL QLDGDJ]H DGDPLDQL PRGJHQLOLDWHQLDQJDUHPR6LPF[RYUHELQDQRIDXQL7ăXP
PRTPHGHEV X6XDORG GDPX6DYHED VDVXTHELV 6HWDQD V[YD DUWLYHVL RUJDQL]PL7 PLNURIDXQL7 ă XZYULOHVL PZHUH
GDV[YD PHOLRUDFLXOL VDPX6DRHELV &DWDUHED GD D6 DQ EL7 [XUYHOHEL WNLSHEL URWDWRULHEL PH]RIDXQL7 WH
LULEDG ILWRFHQR]HELV NOLPDWLV HOHPHQWHELV 6HFYOD QLV:LHELREREHELPUDYDOIH[HELZYULOLPROXVNHELGD
GD V[Y DQ7URSRJHQXUL ]HPRTPHGHELV P7DYDUL PL]DQLD PDNURIDXQL7URPHOLF6HLFDYV:LD\HOHEVNLERU&[DOHEV
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D5ZDUPRHED GD VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR VDYDUJXOHELV SUR QLDGDJLV\RYHONYDGUDWXOPHWU]HELQDGUREVGDQ
GXTWLXORELVJD]UGD  FDODPGH :LD\HOD D7DVL GD PLOLRQL PLNURVNRSXOL
NXOWXUXOL EXQHEULYDQ7URSRJHQXUL QLDGDJZDUPRT
PQLV SURFHVLV 6HGHJL 6HL=OHED L\RV QLDGDJHELV JDXPMR
EHVHEDDQJDXDUHVHEDNXOWXUXOLQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSUR
FHVL DU XQGD LZYHYGHV QLDGDJXUL QD\RILHUHELV 6HPFLUH
EDVQLDGDJHELVGHJUDGDFLDVPLVLEXQHEULYLJDPR[DWXOH
EDD QLDGDJHELV JDNXOWXUHED PD7L QD\RILHUHELV DPD5OH
ED QLDGDJ]H GD PLV QD\RILHUHED]H DGDPLDQLV VDPHXUQHR
VDTPLDQRELV]HPRTPHGHELVSULQFLSXODGJDQV[YDYHEXOL6H
GHJHELV JDPLMYQLV7YLV VD:LURD NXOWXUXO EXQHEULYDQ
X[HU[HPORHEL P5U5QHOHELV VRURHELV ULF[YL D5ZHYV 
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RUJDQXOLQDU&HQLV6LGDQLDGDJXULJDUGDTPQHELVMD:Y
6L IDXQD DVUXOHEVPFHQDUHXOLPDVLVGDF[RYHO7D QLY
7LHUHELVGD6OLVGDGDTXFPDFHELVPQL6YQHORYDQIXQTFL
DV F[RYHOHELV NX:QDZODYLV WUDTWLV JDYOLVDV QLDGDJX
ULPDVDJDQLFGLVGDPX6DYHEDVIHUPHQWHEL7UDFD&TDUHEV
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QXOPLQHUDOXUL XU7LHU7TPHGHEHEL PGLGUGHELDQ F[RYH
7URSRJHQXU QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHV6L JDQYDV[YDYR7 OXUL PHWDEROL]PLV SURGXTWL7 GD L=HQHQJDVWUXTWXUH
VWLTLXUDGJDQYL7DUHEXOLGDPL]DQGDVD[XOL7YL7NXO EDVMHUX[HU[HPORHEL[ROR6HPGJRP[HU[HPOLDQHELDP
WXUXOL QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHVHEL DGDPLDQLV ]HPRTPH ]DGHEHQPDVDODVPLNURRUJDQL]PHEL76HPGJRPL³GDPX6DYH
GHEL7 JDQYL7DUHEXOL 7YL7 NXOWXUXOL QLDGDJZDUPRT ELV7YLV´ NYHEL7L PR[PDUHELV WLSLV PL[HGYL7 QLDGDJXUL
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YL V[HXOLV  PD5DOSURGXTWLXOL NXOWXUXOL QLDGDJLV FRF[DOL PFHQDULV TVRYLOV QHPDWRGHEL P5U5QHOHEL
IRUPLUHEDV URPHOLF 6HHVDEDPHED PRVD\YDQL PFHQDUHHELV VDSURIDJHELăLNYHEHELDQPNYGDULPFHQDULVTVRYLOL7:L
ELRORJLXU7DYLVHEXUHEHEVVDHU7RGDJURFHQR]V D\HOHEL :LDQ:YHOHELPUDYDOIH[D QHNURIDJHEL ă LNYHEH

68 53
ELDQF[RYHOLVOH6L7[R:RHELEX]HELVPDWOHEL7PWD UDRELV VLVZUDIH \YHOD HV PRYOHQD JDYOHQDV D[GHQV EL
FHEOHELăLNYHEHELDQFRF[DOLDUVHEL7WNLSHELPRULHO RORJLXUL GD QLDGDJXUL SURFHVLV 7DYLVHEXUHED]H GD
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QLDGDJLVPUDYDOL7YLVHEDURPHOLFDV[YDYHEVPDVVDZ OREDDTYVQLDGDJLVIRUPLUHEDVDGDJDQYL7DUHED6L
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84 117
GXOHELV =DOHEL7 WHQLDQ PGJRPDUHRED6L OHTLV IUDTFLD
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116 85
 7DYL 
QLDGDJLVPRUIRORJLD F[ULOLQLDGDJXULPDVLVJUDQXORPHWUXOLHOHPHQ
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86
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PFLUGHED DP 6HP7[YHYD6L \RYHOL QDZLODNLV LUJYOLY LT
PQHED Z\OLV DIVNL URPHOLF NDYGHED PROHNXOXUL PL]L
115
6LDJUHJDWL6HL=OHEDGDL6DORʹPHTDQLNXUHOHPHQWDGPH QLDGDJXUL SURILOLV 6HQHELV JDQVD]5YULVDV JDPRL\R
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PLNURDJUHJDWHE6L  PP QDZLODNHEL XIUR P\DUDG
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PHWUXOL PHTDQLNXUL IUDTFLLV VD[HOZRGHEL7 F[ULOL C KRUL]RQWHELVPRUIRORJLLVJDQ


114 87
 E KRUL]RQWLZDUPRDGJHQVPLQHUDOXUKRUL]RQWVUR
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88 113
7LNDOLXPLLP\RIHEDGD6OLOLNULVWDOXULPHVULVNLGH
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93
 • TYL6QDULQLDGDJLEQHYDGLDGDP6UDOPGJRPDUHRE
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94 107
 NXWDQHEL ZDUPRDGJHQHQ QLDGDJXUL PDVDOLV EXQHEULYL
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95
 EXQHEULYPGJRPDUHRED6LQLDGDJVD[DVLD7HEVVWUXTWX FHV6L JDD&QLD JDGDDGJLOHELV XQDUL DQ XNYH JDGDDGJLOH
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96 105
 V[YDGDV[YDIRUPDVHNYULV7L7HEVQLDGDJLJDPR6UR VLD7HEHOLD DJUH7YH QLDGDJLV VD[QDYL IHQLV7YLV PZLIH
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104
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98
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103
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 • =DOLDQ PDJDUL ă JDPRLU&HYD ]HPRTPHGHELVDGPL =OLH
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 V[YDGDV[YD TDQ]H IRUPLUHEXOL QLDGDJLV WLSHEV GD QL JUDQXORPHWUXOL 6HGJHQLORED URPHOLF &DU7XOLD
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 F[ULOLQLDGDJLVGD\RIDSURILOLVGLIHUHQFLDFLLV QLDGDJLV P\DUL ID]LV GLD SDUD GD IHURPDJQLWXUL
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X6XDORG[YGHEDQLDGDJ6LPNYGDULIHVYHELVVD[L7QLDG UH-LPLVSLUREHEL

128 153
 NDOLXPLRUJDQL]P6LDVUXOHEVPQL6YQHORYDQIL]LRO
RJLXUIXQTFLDVPFHQDULVPLHUPRL[PDUHEDGLGLUDRGHQ
REL7 QLDGDJ6L NDOLXPLV =LUL7DGL QDZLOL 6HGLV SLUYH
ODGL GD PHRUDGL PLQHUDOHELV NULVWDOXUL PHVULV 6H
PDGJHQHORED6L GD PFHQDULV7YLV =QHODG PLVDZYGRPLD QL
DJ6L&DPRQDFYHQLV6HPRVYOLVJDQV[YDYHEXO[DVLD7VGLGL
PQL6YQHOREDDTYVPLVL6HPGJRPLJDUGDTPQLVSURFHVHE6L
RUJDQXOL QDU&HQHELV 6HPDGJHQORED]HD GDPRNLGHEXOL
PD7L 6HPGJRPL JDUGDTPQLV PLPDU7XOHED GD WHPSHEL \YH
OD]HVZUDIDGJDQLFGLVWUDQVIRUPDFLDVPLQHUDOL]DFLD
DGDJ6L NDOLXPL 6HL=OHED L\RV 67DQ7TPXO PGJRPDUHRED GDKXPLILNDFLD&DPRQDFYHQLURPHOLFPGLGDULDPLNURRU
6LGDPDUWLYLPDULOHELVVD[L7 JDQL]PHELV7YLV DGYLODG PLVDZYGRPL QLY7LHUHEHEL7 FL
NDOFLXPL GD PDJQLXPL PFHQDULV NYHELV DXFLOHEHOL OHEL DPLQRP-DYHEL [VQDGL QD[6LUZ\OHEL GD IX=HHEL7
HOHPHQWHELDPD7 LVHYH URJRUF NDOLXPV HNX7YQL7 PQL6 Ca, Mg). OLJQLQL7 P7ULPODYL QLY7LHUHEHEL7 ILVHEL7
YQHORYDQLIL]LRORJLXULUROLPDJQLXPL6HGLVTORUR ZLZYLPHUTDQLPGLGDULQDU&HQHELQHODL[UZQHELDQNXO
ILOLV6HPDGJHQORED6LNDOFLXPVGLGLPQL6YQHOREDDTYV WXUXOL PFHQDUHHELV &DPRQDFYHQLGDQ \YHOD]H VZUDIDG
QLDGDJ6L [HOVD\UHOL IL]LNXUL IL]LNXUTLPLXUL GD EL L[UZQHELDQSDNURVDQLEDOD[HELVQDU&HQHELGDQHOD[RU
RORJLXUL7YLVHEHELV6HVDTPQHODG EORYQHELV7LYD
 
 
QLDGDJLVPLNURHOHPHQWHEL QLDGDJ6LRUJDQXOLQDU&HQHELVJDUGDTPQLV
 SURFHVL
PLNURHOHPHQWL TLPLXUL HOHPHQWLD URPHOLF QLDGDJVD 
GDELRORJLXURELHTW6LXPQL6YQHORUDRGHQREL7LDERUL QLDGDJ6LRUJDQXOLQDU&HQHELVJDUGDTPQDKXPXV6L[GH
(B), PDQJDQXPL Mn), PROLEGHQL (Mo), VSLOHQ=L (Cu), 7X7LD ED PLNURRUJDQL]PHELV F[RYHOHELV KDHULV -DQJEDGLV GD
(Zn), LRGL(J), IWRUL (S) GDV[Y Z\OLVPRQDZLOHREL7
PLNURHOHPHQWL PQL6YQHORYDQ IL]LRORJLXU GD ELRT QLDGDJ6L PR[YHGULOL DQ PLV ]HGDSLU]H DUVHEXOL
LPLXU UROV 7DPD6REV PFHQDULV F[RYHOLV GD DGDPLDQLV PZYDQHPFHQDUHHELVQDU&HQHELL[UZQHEDPLNURRUJDQL]PHEL7
F[RYUHED6L6HGLVYLWDPLQLVIHUPHQWLVKRUPRQLV6HPDG GDJDPRL\HQHEDPD7PLHUURJRUFHQHUJLLVGDNYHELVZ\D
JHQORED6LVDNYHELVGDNYHELVSURGXTWHE6LPLNURHOHPHQ UR JD[UZQLV SURFHV6L HV QDU&HQHEL NDUJDYHQ DQDWRPLXU
WLV DUDQRUPDOXUL :DUEL DQ DUDVDNPDULVL  6HPFYHORED
LZYHYV F[RYHOVD GD DGDPLDQ6L QLY7LHUHED7D FYOLV GDU
5YHYDVGDP=LPHGDDYDGHEHELVJDQYL7DUHEDVLRGLVXNPDUL
VRELVDVF[RYHOHEVDGDDGDPLDQ6LYL7DUGHED&L\YLVHQGH
PLD IWRULV XNPDULVRELVDV YL7DUGHED NDULHVL NELOLV
6HQHEDV [ROR PD7L 6HPGJHQHOL QLY7LHUHED JDGDGLV XI
URPR=UDYGDPDUWLYQDHU7HE6LQDHU7HELVQDZLOLP7OL
DQDGPLQHUDOL]GHEDPLNURRUJDQL]PHEL7GDGD6OLVSUR
GXTWHEL DL7YLVHED PZYDQH PFHQDULV D[DOL 7DREL7 JD[U
ZQLV SURGXTWLV QDZLOL KHWHURWURIXOL PLNURRUJDQL]
HPDOLVGD]LDQHED[RORVL:DUELVDVHQGHPXULIOXRU PHEL7 JDPRL\HQHED PHRUDGL FLOHELV F[LPHELV QD[6LU
R]L HPDOLV ODTLDQRED PROLEGHQLV VL:DUEH [HOV XZ Z\OHELVGDV[YDQLY7LHUHELVVLQ7H]LV7YLVLVLQLZDUPRT
\REVQLNULVLVTDULVJDQYL7DUHEDVGDV[Y PQLDQ PLNURRUJDQL]PHELV D[DOL 7DRELV SOD]PDV GD ER
ORVJD[UZQLV6XDOHGXULSURGXTWLVJDUNYHXOLQDZLOL

152 129
JDUGDLTPQHED VSHFLILNXU U7XO PD5DOPROHNXOXU QLY
7LHUHED6L  KXPXVRYDQ P-DYHE6L HV DULV KXPLILNDFLLV
SURFHVLPLVLDJHQWHELDKDHULV-DQJEDGLZ\DOLPLNURRU
JDQL]PHELVIHUPHQWHEL
KXPXV6LRUJDQXOLQDU&HQLVJDUGDTPQD6LDTWLXUPRQD
ZLOHREDVL5HEHQPLNURVNRSXOLGDPDNURVNRSXOLF[RYH
OHEL URPOHELF QLDGDJ7DQ HU7DG D[GHQHQ RUJDQXOL
QDU&HQHELV PD7L JD[UZQLV SURGXTWHELV GD KXPLILNDFLLV
P7HOLPDVLVDUHYDVJDGDDPX6DYHEHQPD7GDDJGHEHQJDPR
X\HQHEHO QDZLOV HTVNUHPHQWHELV VD[L7 QLDGDJLV VL]UTH
6LJDQVDNX7UHEL7DUVHEL7LD:LD\HOHELVPQL6YQHORED
DPULJDG KXPXV6L RUJDQXOL QDU&HQHELV JDUGDTPQD KX
JHQORED6L KLGUR-DQJHELV GD -DQJHELV PDUWLYL PDULOH
ELV VD[L7 67DQ7TPXO PGJRPDUHRED6L GD RUJDQXOPLQH
UDOXUL NRORLGHELV 6HPDGJHQORED6L UNLQLV PDULOHELV
JDGLGHEXOL[VQDGRED7UJXQDYVPFHQDUHVQHLWUDOXUGD
WXWHQLDGDJHE6LPNDILRGJDPR[DWXOLGD-DQJYL7LSURFH
VHELV 6HGHJDG PFHQDUHV 6HL=OHED JDX&QGHV UNLQLV XNPD
ULVRED UDF JDUHJQXODG P-5DYQGHED TORUR]LV VD[L7
UNLQLV KLGUR-DQJV LVHYH URJRUF DOXPLQLV KLGUR-DQJV
6HX=OLD ZDUPRTPQDV RUJDQXO P-DYHE7DQ NRPSOHTVXUL QD
HU7HELVPR=UDYLIRUPHELURPOHEVDFJDD&QLD7SURILOLV
PL[HGYL7JDGDDGJLOHELVXQDUL
D]RWL 6HGLV \YHODFLORYDQL QDHU7LV 6HPDGJHQORED
PXVZDUPRTPQD ZDUPRDGJHQV VDZ\LVL RUJDQXOL QDU&HQHELV 6L FRF[DOL XMUHGLV TORURILOLV QXNOHLQLV P-DYLV
GD6OLVPLNUREXOLSOD]PLVPHRUDGLIRUPHELVVLQ7H]LV IRVIDWLGHELVGDV[YDPUDYDORUJDQXOQLY7LHUHED6LQL
GDPD7LKXPXILNDFLLVHU7REOLREDV DGDJXUL D]RWLV =LUL7DGL PDVD RUJDQXO QLY7LHUHED6LD
V[YDGDV[YD QDHU7LV JD[UZQLV GD PLQHUDOL]DFLLV VLV D]RWLVUDRGHQREDSLUGDSLUNDY6LU6LDQLDGDJ6LRUJDQX
ZUDIH JDQV[YDYHEXOLD \YHOD]H LQWHQVLXUDG PLQHUDOL] OLQLY7LHUHELV6HPFYHOREDV7DQGDSLUYHOULJ6LKXPXV
GHELDQ [VQDGL 6DTUHEL VD[DPHEHOL VDNPDRG NDUJDG L[U 7DQXPHWHVVQLDGDJ6L6HDGJHQVKXPXVLVQLDGDJ6L
ZQHELDQ FLOHEL KHPLFHOXOR]D GD FHOXOR]D JD[UZQLV D]RWLV GDJURYHED JDQSLUREHEXOLD DWPRVIHURGDQ ELRO
GDGD6OLVPLPDU7\YHOD]HPGJUDGLDOLJQLQLILVHELGD RJLXUL DNXPXODFLL7 QLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHO TDQ6L D]RWLV
FYLOL 6HPFYHORED =DOLDQ GDEDOLD PFHQDUH GLGL UDRGHQREL7
DQDHUREXOLSLUREHELVDJU=QREODGDPX[UX:HEHQJD[U PRL[PDUVD]RWVQLDGDJLGDQPL5HEXOLNYHELVHOHPHQWHEL
ZQLVSURFHVV GDQ PFHQDUH6L 6HPFYHOREL7 D]RWL LNDYHEV SLUYHO DG
RUJDQXOL QDU&HQHELV JD[UZQLVD GD PLQHUDOL]DFLDV JLOVDPLWRPPFHQDULVPD5DOLPR7[RYQLOHEDD]RW]HVD
7DQSDUDOHOXUDGQLDGDJ6LPLPGLQDUHREVPD7LKXPLILND :LURHEVQLDGDJ6LPLVLPDUDJLV6HYVHEDV
FLLVSURFHVHELULV6HGHJDGDFZDUPRLTPQHEDJD[UZQLVDG IRVIRUL6HGLVPUDYDOLRUJDQXOLQDHU7LV6HPDGJHQ
PL6HGDUHEL7PGJUDGLKXPXVRYDQLQLY7LHUHED ORED6LURPOLVJDUH6H6HX=OHEHOLDRUJDQL]PHELVF[R
 YHOPRTPHGHED QLDGDJ6L IRVIRUL LP\RIHED RUJDQXO GD
 PLQHUDOQDHU7HE6L
 JRJLUGL 6HGLV FLORYDQL QLY7LHUHELV H7HULV ]H7LV
6HPDGJHQORED6L PDV]H PFHQDULV PR7[RYQLOHED PFLUHD
&YHXOHEULY QDNOHEL YLGUH IRVIRULV JRJLUGLV ELRO
RJLXULDNXPXODFLD]HGDKRUL]RQW6LGDPRNLGHEXOLDQL
DGDJZDUPRTPQLVSLUREHE]H

130 151
D7HEHOLD ]HGD KRUL]RQW6L RUJDQXOL QLY7LHUHELV GDJ
URYHED DPDV7DQ GDNDY6LUHEXOLD ELRORJLXUDG PQL6YQH
ORYDQL HOHPHQWHELV QD[6LUEDGLV D]RWLV GD DJUH7YH
IRVIRULV JRJLUGLV NDOFLXPLV DNXPXODFLD TDQLV
FYOLOHEHELV [DVLD7L GD PDV6WDEL JDQSLUREHEXOLD QLDG
DJZDUPRPTPQHOLIDTWRUHEL7QLDGDJHELVTLPLXUL6HGJHQL
OREDPXGPLYDGLFYOHEDJDPRILWYLVGDQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV
SURFHVHELV6HVDEDPLVDG
QLDGDJ6L TLPLXUL HOHPHQWL LP\RIHED V[YDGDV[YD QDHU
76L
-DQJEDGL 6HGLV QLDGDJLV XPUDYOHV SLUYHODG GD PH
RUDG  PLQHUDO6L ZDUPRDGJHQV RUJDQXOL QLY7LHUHELV
HU7HU7=LUL7DGHOHPHQWV
ND-EDGL  QLDGDJ6L ND-EDGLV \YHOD]H JDYUFHOHEXOL
QDHU7LD NYDUFL  Si02. :H6PDULWDG [VQDGL GD NRORLGXUL
ND-PLZD IX=HHE7DQ GD -DQJHXOHE7DQ XU7LHU7TPHGHELVDV
ZDUPRTPQLVPHRUDGVLOLNDWHEV
DOXPLQL  LP\RIHED QLDGDJ6L SLUYHODGL GD PHRUDGL
PLQHUDOHELV 6HPDGJHQORED6L RUJDQXOPLQHUDOXUL NRP 
SOHTVHELV IRUPL7 GD 67DQ7TPXO PGJRPDUHRED6L P-DYH 
QLDGDJHE6L DOXPLQLV 6HPFYHOL SLUYHODGL GD PHRUDGL 
PLQHUDOHELV GD6OLVDV 7DYLVXIOGHED PLVL KLGUR-DQJL QD[KXPXVRYDQLQLY7LHUHEHELVZDUPRTPQLV=LUL7DGLJ]HEL
URPOLV XPHWHVL QDZLOL JDPRILWYLVDV U&HED DGJLO]H 
URJRUFVXVWDGPR=UDYLGDP[RORGQDZLOREULYJDGD KXPLILNDFLLV SURFHVL DULV RUJDQXOL QDHU7HELV JDQ
VDNX7UHEXOMJXI6LKXPXVRYDQP-DYHE6LRUJDQXOLQDU
GLV [VQDU6L ]ROLV VD[L7 P-DYH DUH6L pH<5) DOXPLQLV
&HQHELVJD[UZQLVPD5DOPROHNXOXUL6XDOHGXULSURGXT
KLGUR-DQJL[GHEDXIURPR=UDYLGDDOXPLQL&QGHEDQLDG
WHELV U7XOL ELRIL]LNXUTLPLXU SURFHVL KXPLILNDFLLV
DJXU[VQDU6LAL(0H)2+, AL(0H)2+ LRQHELVVD[L7UDFXDU\R
SURFHV6LGLGLPQL6YQHOREDDTY7QHOLELRTLPLXULGD-DQ
IL7DG PRTPHGHEV PFHQDULV ]UGD]H  DOXPLQLV Z\DO[VQD
JYLV UHDTFLHEVULV 6HGHJDGDFZDUPRLTPQHED PD5DOPROH
GLGDNRORLGXULKLGUR-DQJLRUJDQXOP-DYHE7DQXU7L
NXOXUL RUJDQXOL P-DYHELV VLVWHPD KXPLILNDFLD [DQ
HU7TPHGHELVDV ZDUPRTPQLV PR=UDY NRPSOHTVXU QDHU7HEV
JU=OLYLSURFHVLDURPOLVGURV[GHEDDUDNRQGHQVDFL
URPOHELFJDGDDGJLOGHELDQQLDGDJLVSURILO6L
LV[DUM]HDUDPHGD[DOZDUPRTPQLOLKXPLQLVP-DYHELV\YH
UNLQDPFHQDULV7YLVVD:LURHOHPHQWLDUNLQLVJDUH6H
OD]HQDNOHEDGPGJUDGLPDNURPROHNXOHELVQDZLOREULYL
TORURILOL DU ZDUPRLTPQHED QLDGDJ6L UNLQD JY[YGHED
JD[OH&LVJ]L7KXPLQLVP-DYHELVPROHNXOHELV7DQGD7DQR
SLUYHODGLGDPHRUDGLPLQHUDOHELVVLOLNDWHELV6HPDG

150 131
EL7L DURPDWL]DFLD D[DOZDUPRTPQLOL KXPLQLV P-DYHELV WXWHPLZDGDWXWHIX=HHELV6HPFYHORELVPL[HGYL7QL
PROHNXOXULPDVDXIURPD5DOLDYLGUHQLDGDJLVKXPLQLV DGDJZDUPRPTPQHOL TDQHEL L\RILDQ GDPOD6HEXO NDUERQD
P-DYHELVD [ROR HOHPHQWXUL 6HGJHQLORED PHU\HREV LP WXOGDJDPRWXWXOTDQHEDGJDPRWXWXOTDQ6LNDOFLXP
PFHQDUHXOL QDU&HQHELV TLPLXUL 6HGJHQLORELV PL[HGYL7 LV PDJQLXPLV QDWULXPLV NDOLXPLV -DQJHXOLV 6HPFYHOR
URPOHELF JDQLFGLDQ KXPLILNDFLDV KXPXVRYDQL P-DYHELV ED DU D5HPDWHED V NDUERQDWXOL TDQHEL 6HLFDYHQ
6HTPQLOLVLVWHPD6HGLVXU7LHU7TPHGHED6LPLQHUDOL]DFL NDOFLXPLV NDUERQDWHELV CaCO3) PQL6YQHORYDQ UDRGHQRE
LV SURFHV6L JDQ7DYLVXIOHEXO PFHQDUHXOL QDU&HQHELV DV GDPOD6HEXO TDQHE6L NDOFLXPLV NDUERQDWHE7DQ HU
QDFURYDQ HOHPHQWHE7DQ GD QLDGDJLV PLQHUDOXU QDZLO 7DG EHYULD NDOFLXPLV PDJQLXPLV GD QDWULXPLV VXOID
7DQ ULJL RUJDQXOPLQHUDOXUL ZDUPRHEXOHELV ZDUPRT WHELGDTORULGHEL
PQL7 QLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHOL TDQLV TLPLXUL 6HGJHQLORED JDU
 NYHXODG DVD[DYV PLV PHTDQLNXU GD PLQHUDORJLXU 6HGJH
 QLOREDVNYDUFL7PGLGDULTYL6DTDQHEL=LUL7DG6L6HGJH
RUJDQXOLQDU&HQHELV6HGJHQLORED
 ELDQ ND-PLZLVJDQ UDF XIUR P=LPHD TDQLV PHTDQLNXUL 6HG
 JHQLORED PL7 XIUR PHWLD PDV6L PD5DOGLVSHUVLXOL PH
QLDGDJXUL KXPXVLV SLUYHOZ\DURV ZDUPRDGJHQHQ RUJD RUDGL PLQHUDOL PD6DVDGDPH QDNOHELD ND-PLZD PHWLD DO
QXOL QDU&HQHEL URPOHELF [YGHELDQ QLDGDJLV ]HGDSLU]H XPLQLVUNLQLV-DQJHXOHELTLPLXUDGEPXOLZ\DOLVLDO
DQ PLV ]HGD 6UH6L FRF[DOL RUJDQL]PHELV NYGRPLVDV LWXUL WLSLV TDQ6L DJUH7YH PHWLD NDOLXPLV GD PDJQLXPLV
QDU&HQHEL 6HL=OHED L\RV PFHQDUHXOL F[RYHOXUL DQ PLN -DQJHXOHEL QLDGDJ6L PHPNYLGUHREL7 JDGDGLDQ QLDGDJZDU
UREXOL ZDUPR6RELV HL ZDUPRDGJHQGQHQ RUJDQL]PHELV PRTPQLV TDQLV VDZ\LVL PDVDOLV JHRTLPLXUL QL6QHEL TDQLV
PNYGDU V[HXOHEV DQ PD7 FDONHXO QDZLOHEV IR7OHEL VLPGLGUH  DLVD[HED PLV 6HPFYHORED6L QLDGDJ6L QLDGDJH
WRWHEL THUTL GD V[Y RUJDQXO QDU&HQHEV6RULV \YHOD EL JDQYL7DUHEXOL NDUERQDWXO TDQ]H GLGL UDRGHQREL7
]H GLGL UDRGHQREULYL PQL6YQHORED DTYV PZYDQH JDQVD 6HLFDYHQ NDUERQDWHEV QLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHOL TDQLV GDPOD
NX7UHEL7XPD5OHVLPFHQDUHHELVQDU&HQHEVDPDV7DQXQGD 6HEDQLDGDJLVGDPOD6HELVZ\DURDGDD6DPDV7DQQLDGDJ
JYD[VRYGHVURPF[RYHOHELVGDKHWHURWURIXOL PLNUR ZDUPRTPQLV SURFHV6L GHGDTDQHEL LFYOHED QLDGDJZDUPRT
RUJDQL]PHELV V[HXOHEL LTPQHED LPDYH PZYDQH PFHQDUHHELV PQLV WLSLV GD QLDGDJLV SURILOLV PL[HGYL7 LFYOHED
QDU&HQHELV[DUM]H V[YDGDV[YDTLPLXULHOHPHQWLV6HPFYHOREDQLDGDJLV\RYH
\YHOD]H GLGL ELRORJLXUL SURGXTWLXOREL7 [DVLD7 OL WLSL L=HQV GDPD[DVLD7HEHO GLIHUHQFLDFLDV KRUL]RQ
GHEDWHQLDQLWURSLNXOL GDVXEWURSLNXOL W\H \YHOD]H WHELVPL[HGYL7JDUNYHXOLTLPLXUL6HGJHQLOREL7
QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVTDQ7DQ6HGDUHEL7\YL7HOPLZDHZHUL
* QLDGDJHELV ]HGD KRUL]RQWHEL JDPGLGUHEXOLD ND-PLZL7
\YHODPLNURRUJDQL]PL7DYLVLNYHELV[DVLD7LVPL[HGYL7L\RIDRU
MJXIDGKHWHURWURIXOLURPOHELFNYHELV7YLVVD:L GD QDNOHEL UDRGHQREL7 6HLFDYHQ DOXPLQLV GD UNLQLV
URHEHQJDP]DGHEXORUJDQXOQLY7LHUHEDVGDDYWRWURIX -DQJHXOHEV 6DYL \RPUDOL GD \DYLVIHUL QLDGDJHELV7YLV
O L URPOHELF D[GHQHQ RUJDQXOL QLY7LHUHELV VLQ7H]LUHEDV DUD XPHWHVL -DQJHXOHELV 6HPFYHORED 7L7TPLV 6HXFYOHOL
RUJDQXOL QLY7LHUHELGDQ Z\DOEDGLV Z\DURG KDHULV QD[6LUP-DYDV
U&HED\YHODQLDGDJLV7YLVTDQLVJDQJDV[YDYHEL7GDPD[DVL
JDPR\HQHEL7PLNURRUJDQL]PHELVXPHWHVLQDZLOLKHWHURWURIXOLD

132 149
EXOLD RUJDQL]PHELV F[RYHOPRTPHGHEDV7DQ URPOHE6LF QDNOHEL7  XGDEQR IHVYLV PDVLV PL[HGYL7 SLUYHO DG
FRF[DO QLY7LHUHED]H PRGLV QD[6LUEDGLV  D]RWLV JLO]HDEDOD[RYDQLPFHQDUHXORED
 QLDGDJ6L OL7RVIHURV7DQ 6HGDUHEL7 PHWLD -DQJED RUJDQXOL QDU&HQLV HOHPHQWDUXO 6HPDGJHQORED6L
GL Z\DOEDGL URJRUF Z\OLV HOHPHQWL ND-PLZD GD QDN
OHELD DOXPLQL UNLQD NDOFLXPL PDJQLXPL QDWULXPL ND
OLXPL GD V[YD HOHPHQWHEL UDF JDPRILWYLV GD QLDGDJ
ZDUPRTPQLV SURFHVLV 6HGHJLD TDQHELV JDPRILWYLV PD7L
SURGXTWLVJDGDOHTYLVSURFHVLLZYHYVV[YDGDV[YDTLPLX
PQL6YQHORYDQL DGJLOL HNX7YQLV R7[ HOHPHQWV QD[6LU
EDGV-DQJEDGVZ\DOEDGVGDD]RWVURPOHELVJDQDF6HG
JHEDPUDYDOLRUJDQXOLQDHU7LDPQDHU7HELGDQDJHEXOLD
PFHQDULV GD F[RYHOLV RUJDQR DQ PLVL QDZLOL XMUHGLV
NHGOHEL XMUHGLV SOD]PD V[YDGDV[YD GDPFDYL ZDUPRQDT
UL6HGJHQLORELVI[YLHULTDQLVZDUPRTPQDVURPHOLFID
UDYV[PHOH7LVXGLGHVQDZLOVGDZDUPRDGJHQVXP7DYUHV
QLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHO TDQV TDQHELV ]HGD KRUL]RQWHE6L
IRUPLUGHEDQLDGDJL
I[YLHUL TDQLV TLPLXUL 6HGJHQLORED JDQSLUREHEXOLD
URJRUFSLUYHODGLTDQLVJDPRILWYLVSURGXTWHELVTLPLX
UL6HGJHQLOREL7LVHLPFYOLOHEHEL7URPOHELFGDNDY
6LUHEXOLD GDOHTYLVDV JDPRILWYLV SURGXTWHELV FYDOH
EDGREDV7DQ DPDV7DQ FDONHXOL TLPLXUL HOHPHQWLV DQ
-DQJHXOLV SURFHQWXOL 6HPFYHORED 6HL=OHED JDPRZYHX
OL L\RV \RYHOLPD7JDQLVDEVROXWXUL UDRGHQRELV 6HF
YOL7V[YDHOHPHQWLV6HPFLUHELVDQJDGLGHELV[DUM]H
TYL6LDQ TDQ6L ND-PLZLV 6HPFYHORED ]H PHWLD 7L[
QDUGD7L[D6LPGHD[RORAl203, Fe203 GDV[YD-DQ
JHXOHELV6HPFYHOREDL]UGHEDND-PLZLV6HPFLUHEDGDQD
[HYDU-DQJHXOHELVGDJURYHEDNDUJDGLOXVWULUGHEDQLDG
DJLVGDTDQLVOHTLVIUDTFLLVPROHNXOXUL6HIDUGHEL7
Si02 : AL203 DQSi02 : R203.
JDPRILWYLV SURGXTW6L \YHOD]H PR=UDYLD PDUWLYL PD
ULOHELPD7L[VQDGREDPL7PHWLDUDFXIURGDEDOLDPD
7L LRQHELV YDOHQWRED DPLWRP I[YLHU TDQ6L GD QLDGDJ6L
VD6XDORGIX=HHELQDNOHELUDRGHQREL7DDYLGUHOL7RV
IHUR6L WHQLDQL NOLPDWLV SLUREHE6L I[YLHUL TDQHEL JD
5DULEHEXOLD IX=HHEL7 [ROR P6UDO6L [GHED PD7L GDJ
URYHED
148
PQHELNXWLNXODTHUTLPHTDQLNXULHOHPHQWHELGDD6
PFHQDULV GD F[RYHOLV XPQL6YQHORYDQHV RUJDQXO QD
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146 135
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136 145
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198 163
 7DYL PH7RGLIDU7RGDULVJDYUFHOHEXOLHYURSLVDGDDP
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164 197
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196 165
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166
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195
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VD:LURDPD7LDUHYDNDUJDGJDUHF[LONYDUFLVTYL6DV7DQ
SLUYHODG D5QL6QXOL PH7RGL7 QLDGDJXUL [VQDULV JD
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YHUKSRYDJDYUFHOHEDNYOHYHELVSUDTWLND6L
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PRDGJHQV PLFHODV QD[ PLVL 6LGD QDZLOL ZDUPRDGJHQV
LVGDSUHVYLVSLUREHE6LSNHULXNRYLHVPH7RGLJDPRL\
ELU7YVGD6HGJHEDDPRUIXOLDQNULVWDOXULQLY7LHUHE
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LV DJUHJDWLVJDQ ELU7YL ]HGDSLU]H LRQHELV SRWHQFLDO
Z\DOWHYDGRELVDV DP PH7RGL7 QLDGDJLV  SURGXTWLXOL

194 167
JDQVD]5YUHOL6UL7JDPRL\RID JUDQXOLV VD[HOZRGHEL7
[RORJUDQXODX=UDYLLRQVDZLQDD5PGHJR6UL7 QDZLOD
NLDGDGLIX]XULLRQVDZLQDD5PGHJR6UHV7DQHU7DGDULV
PLFHOD P\DULQDZLODNLVPX[WLVQL6DQL6HL=OHEDJDQVD]
5YUXOLTQHVNRHQLVNDQRQL7URPOLVPL[HGYL7P\DULQD
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202 239
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238 203
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237
 QLDGDJLVZ\OLVUH-LPL RGHQREL7ZDUPRL6REDD5GJHQLOLPDQJDQXPLP-DYHQLDGDJ
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236 205
Z\DO6L JD[VQLOL VD[L7 DPDYGURXODG Z\DOL 6HL=OHED
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206 235
Z\OLV&D-RQYLVPXGPLYLVLVZUDIHDQILOWUDFLDPLVPLHU PRUIXOL QLDGDJHEL 6DYL \DYLVIHUL UX[L\DYLVIHUL QL
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234
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207
 -DS JDQYL7DUHEDV7DQ DULV GDNDY6LUHEXOL D]RWLV
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\YHWLVWHQLDQRED NJWPLVLVLGLGHV[YDGDQDU&HQL7DQD
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208 233
 7L[QDU GD 7L[D QLDGDJHE6L &DPRNLGHEXOL WHQLV UD
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232 209
 7DYL QLDGDJLV[YDGDV[YD=DOHEL7DULVZ\DOWHYDGREDDU&HYHQ
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210 231
 E PLEMHQLONDSLODUXOL JY[YGHED NDSLODUXOL DU6L
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230 211
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NHEV6RULV6HL=OHED6HNDYHEXOLTQHVNDSLODUXODG&DPR
NLGHEXOL Z\DOL QLDGDJ6L P7HOL IRUHELV GDD[ORHEL7
6UHHELGDQVDNYHELHOHPHQWHELVJDWDQD
QLDGDJHELVZ\ORYDQ7YLVHEHEVGDZ\OLVUH-LPVPUDYD
OLPHFQLHULVZDYOREGDJYLVRFNLHUDVHOLSIDJH
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NDUSD&HYVNLGDV[YVDTDU7YHOR6LDPVDNL7[HEVVZDYORE
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ELJHELV VYOHEL IHVYHELV JD[UZQLV 6HPGHJ GDU&HQLOL
5UXHELURPOHELFDGYLODGDWDUHEHQZ\DOVDGDKDHUV
QLDGDJL[HOVD\UHOLIL]LNXUL7YLVHEHEL7[DVLD7GHED
GQHQPGDUDVHOLDJNRVWDYDDPRZHUHOLDYDPLUDQL=H PD5DOLVDHU7RIRULDQREL7PRFXORELVGDDHU
DFLLV PD5DOL IRULDQREL7  HL KDHUL7 GD DUD

224 217
Z\OL7 6HYVHEXOL IRUHEL7 DUD[HOVD\UHOL IL]LNXUL
7YLVHEHELV GURV VDHU7R IRULDQRED 6HDGJHQV P[RORG
V [ROR DHUDFLLV IRULDQRED  V LOXYLXU
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 DGDJLVVLPNYULYHGDEPXORED"UD6LPGJRPDUHREVQLDG

QLDGDJLVIL]LNXUPHTDQLNXUL7YLVHEHEL


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QLD QLDGDJLV GDPX6DYHEDV7DQ GDNDY6LUHEXOL VDNL7[HELV
JHRJUDILXOL NYOHYLV VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR PDQTDQHELV
7YLV PDVDOHELV 6HU&HYLV P6HQHEORELV GURV GD V[Y QL
DGDJLV IL]LNXUPHTDQLNXU 7YLVHEHEV GLGL PQL6YQHORED
DTY7DJUH7YHPFHQDULVVLFRF[OLV7YLVURFDJDGDPZ\YHW
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IHVYLV [YHGUL7L GDZROD D5ZHYV NRORVDOXU VLGLGHV
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QLDGDJLV XP7DYUHVL IL]LNXUPHTDQLNXUL 7YLVHEHELD
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218 223
7DYLVHEXUHEHEL7GDDPLQGLVSLUREHEL7V[YDGDV[YDDJUR
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QLDGDJLV DUD[HOVD\UHOL IL]LNXUL 7YLVHEHELV PRFLOH
EDV
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NXUTLPLXUL 7YLVHEHELV P7HO NRPSOHTVV QLDGDJHELV IL
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222
ORELVQLDGDJL6HPGHJPRGLV7L[QDUHELTYL6HEVSODVWL
NXUREDDUJDD&QLD7
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219
PLQLPDOXULUDRGHQREDURPHOLFVD:LURDUD7DQLDGDJPD
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OREDP6UDOPGJRPDUHRED6LSODVWLNXURELVJD7YDOLVZL
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XIUR=OLHULDGDMGRPD
QLDGDJLVJDMLUMYHED ăGDWHQLDQHELVDVQLDGDJLVPRFX
ORELV]UGDDGDJDPRL[DWHEDSURFHQWHE6LP6UDOLQLDG
DJLV VDZ\LV PRFXOREDV7DQ JDMLUMYHED GDPRNLGHEXOLD
QLDGDJ6LNRORLGHELVGD7L[DPLQHUDOHELV6HPFYHORED]H
JDMLUMYHELV \YHOD]H PD5DOL PD&YHQHEOL7 [DVLD7GHELDQ
PRQWPRULORQLWLV6HGJHQLORELV7L[DGDQDWULXPL7PD=
5DULQLDGDJHEL



DJURQRPLXOLPQL6YQHORED


QLDGDJLV IL]LNXU 7YLVHEHEVJDGDPZ\YHWL PQL6YQHORED
DTYV PD5DOSURGXTWLXOL VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR NXOWXUH
ELVPR\YDQD6LQLDGDJLVVDHU7RIL]LNXULGDIL]LNXUPH
TDQLNXUL 7YLVHEHEL VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR JDPR\HQHELV
GURV 6HL=OHED 6HLFYDORV DJURWHTQLNXUL TLPLXUL GD
ELRORJLXUL]HPRTPHGHEL7
DJURWHTQLNXUL [HU[HEL7 PR[YQD NXOWLYDFLD PLWNHS
QLDGDJHELV ZHEYDGRED LVHYH URJRUF SODVWLNXURED QD GD V[Y PQL6YQHORYQDG LFYOHED VD[QDYL GD TYHGD KR
JDQSLUREHEXOLDOHTLVQDZLODNHELVGDZ\OLVDUVHEREL7 UL]RQWLVVLPNULYHGDVDHU7RIRULDQREDPD7L[YHGUL7L
P-5DYQGHEDWHQLDQRELVJDUNYHXOL[DULV[LVDVD5ZHYVPDT ZLQD5RED V[YDGDV[YD DJURWHTQLNXUL [HU[HELV JDPR\HQH
VLPXPV GD NOHEXOREV QLDGDJLV JDGDWHQLDQHELVDV ZHEYD EL7 QLDGDJLV ]HGD KRUL]RQWHEL L=HQHQ [HOVD\UHO 6HQH
GRED L]RPHED =DOL7 JDPR[DWXOV JUDPHE6L URPHOLF EDV QLDGDJLV VD[QDYL IHQLV RSWLPDOXUL VLPNYULYH JDQL
VD]5YUHED VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR NXOWXUHELV ELRORJLXUL

220 221
NPK) JDPR\HQHEDPPNYH7UDGJD]DUGDPFHQDUHXOLSURGXT 7DYL
FLLV UDRGHQRED DPDV7DQ \YHOD]H GLGL HIHTWL PL5HEXO QLDGDJHELVKDHURYDQL7YLVHEHELGD
LTQD GDEDOQD\RILHU PZLU QLDGDJHE]H PDJUDP DU 6HFYD KDHURYDQLUH-LPL
OD DGUH GDGJHQLOL NDQRQ]RPLHUHED JDQV[YDYHED JDQ[L

OXOL QLDGDJHELV QD\RILHUHED6L JDQSLUREHEXOLD SLUYHO
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PD&YHQHEHOHELV D]RWLV IRVIRULV NDOLXPLV PLVDZYGRPL QLDGDJXULKDHULQLDGDJLVXPQL6YQHORYDQHVL6HPDGJHQH
IRUPHELV6HPFYHOREDKXPXVLUHELVGRQHQLDGDJXUL[VQD OL QDZLOLD SLUYHOL FQREHEL PLV 6HPDGJHQORED]H PL5H
ULV UHDTFLD JDFYOL7L NDWLRQHELV 6HPFYHORED QLDGDJLV EXOLLTQDMHUNLGHYZHOVIUDQJLPHFQLHULV-EX
VWUXTWXUD GD D6 JDQV[YDYHEL7 UDF DVD[DYV DP QLDGDJ VHQJRV PLHU QLDGDJLV KDHUL 6HGJHED V[YDGDV[YD DLUHELV
HELVJHQH]LVXU7DYLVHEXUHEHEV JDQURPOHEVDFXNDYLDQLDGDJLVIRUHELGDLP\RIHED7D
VDTDU7YHORVQLDGDJHE6LVDNYHELQLY7LHUHEHELV6HPFYH YLVXIDOZ\DO[VQDGGDDGVRUELUHEXOPGJRPDUHRED6L
ORELVGDVDGJHQDGJDPR\HQHEXOLTQD6HPGHJLLQGHTVHEL QLDGDJLVKDHULZDUPRLTPQHED
  QLDGDJLV ]HGDSLU7DQ DWPRVIHURV 6H[HEL7 GD  IR
F[ULOLQLDGDJHELVX]UXQYHO\RIDVDNYHEL UHELV6HYVHEL7
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 SURFHVHELV6HGHJDG
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5DULEL   
VD6XDORG   QLDGDJHELVKDHURYDQL7YLVHEHELGD
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PGLGDUL ! ! 
IRVIRUL QLDGDJLV KDHURYDQ 7YLVHEHEV PLHNX7YQHED KDHUWHYDGR
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5DULEL  
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EHE6LJDPR\RIHQP7OLDQDQXSRWHQFLXUKDHUPRFXOREDV

280 241
URPHOLF D[DVLD7HEV P6UDO QLDGDJV GD XWROGHED PLV
IRULDQREDV PLQHUDOXU QLDGDJHE6L IRULDQRELV MDPXUL
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DQ7URSRJHQXUL IDTWRUHELV PRTPHGHEL7 PLZD7PRTPHGHELV
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UL7DG6L JDQLVD]5YUHED EXQHEULYL IDTWRUHEL7 QLDGDJLV
EXQHEULYL 7YLVHEHEL7 GD 6HGJHQLOREL7 PLZD7PRTPHGHELV
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YOHODG DUVHERELV SLUREHE6L DHUDFLD GDPRNLGHEXOLD 
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GLIX]LDDULVDLUHELVD5UHYDUDGJDQDFQLDGDJ6L-DQ J:XU:HOL  J:XU:HOL 
JEDGLQDNOHELD[RORQD[6LUEDGLPHWLDYLGUHDWPRVIH HZHUL    
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YOLVD GD QLDGDJLGDQ DWPRVIHUR6L QD[6LURU-DQJLV JD W\LVUX[L
WLSXUL GD &YHXOHEULYL    
GDVYOLVSLUREHEL
6DYPLZD
WHPSHUDWXULVDGDZQHYLVFYOLOHEHELV6HGHJDG[GH
VD[UH7LV 6DYPLZHEL GD    
ED QLDGDJLV KDHULV  6HNXP6YD DQJDIDU7RHED  GD =OLHU ZDEOD
GHED DLUHELV JDFYOD QLDGDJVD GD DWPRVIHURV 6RULV UX[LQLDGDJHEL    
SURFHVL GDPRNLGHEXOLD DJUH7YH QLDGDJLV WHQLDQRELV
FYODV7DQ ZYLPHELV DQ PRUZ\YHELV JDYOHQL7 DPDV JDUGD 
DRU7TOHELVWUDQVSLUDFLLVSURFHVHELPXGPLYDGX]UXQ \YHOD]H PD5DOL HIHTWXUL QD\RILHUHEL7 URPHOLF
YHO\RIHQKDHUJDFYODVQLDGDJVDGDDWPRVIHURV6RULV P-5DYQGHED WHPSHUDWXULV GD WHQLDQRELV RSWLPDOXU SL
GDGJHQLOLDQLDGDJLVDHUDFLLVG5H5DPXULGDVH]RQX UREHE6L JDPRLU&HYLDQ 6DYPLZHEL HZHUHELVNHQ &UGLORH7
ULGLQDPLND L7 GD UX[L QLDGDJHELVNHQ VDP[UH7L7 JDGDQDFYOHELVDV
QD\RILHUHELVGRQHPFLUGHEDVUXOLPLQHUDOXULVDVXTLV

242 279
5UPD5RU5LDQ7L[QDUQLDGDJHE]H OH5YL NDUJDGL]UGH
ED VD6XDORG WHQLDQ QLDGDJHE]H DGYLODG LWDQV ]HGPHW
VLP6UDOHV PDJUDP DP 6HP7[YHYD6L L=OHYD GDEDOL [DULV
[LV PRVDYDOV EURZHXOL DGYLODG HJXHED V[YDGDV[YD QL
DGDJXUSLUREHEVPD76RULVNDUERQDWXOP6UDO[LU[D
WLDQ QLDGDJHEV 7[LOL DU X\HQHEVGLG PR7[RYQHEV QLDG
DJXU SLUREHEV NDNDOLF QLDGDJXUL SLUREHELV PLPDU7 DU
D\HQHEVJDQVDNX7UHEXOPR7[RYQHEVFXGDGL]UGHED:DU
EWHQLDQ PNYULY GDZLGXO QLDGDJHE]H VDXNH7HVRD P=ODY
UL 7L[QDUL QLDGDJHEL ZDEOL NDUJDG HJXHED JDQV[YDYH
EXOQLDGDJXUSLUREHEVJDUGDNDURQDWXOLQLDGDJHELVD
&DLV PR7[RYQHEL QLDGDJXUL SLUREHELV PLPDU7 6HPGH
JLDQLDGDJVXQGDKTRQGHVP-DYHDQVXVWDGP-DYHUHDTFLD
pH=4,0-6,5) ZOLV JDQPDYORED6L L\RV 7DYLVXIDOL :DUEL
WHQLVJDQDUL\RVP=LPH7L[DDQTYL6DPHTDQLNXUL6HGJHQL
ORELV&DLV7YLVVDXNH7HVRDZL7HOPLZHELGDDJUH7YH\YL
7HOPLZDHZHULQLDGDJHEL\YL7HOPLZDHZHUOHELDQLQLDGDJ
HEL GD \YL7HOPLZHEL \YL7HOPLZDHZHUL QLDGDJHEL GD \YL
7HOPLZDHZHUOHELDQLQLDGDJHEL[6LUDGVD:LURHEHQZLQDV
ZDU PHOLRUDFLDV PD7L IL]LNXUL 7YLVHEHELV JDVDXPMREH
 G5H5DPXUL GLQDPLND JDQLVD]5YUHED DWPRVIHUXOL
ZQHYLV G5H5DPXUL FYOL7 WHPSHUDWXUL7 JDQD7HEL7 IR
WRVLQ7H]LV LQWHQVLYREL7 HV IDTWRUHEL JDQDSLUREHEHQ
VXQ7TYLVGLIX]LLVLQWHQVLXUREDVGDPLNURELRORJLXU
DTWLYREDV
VH]RQXULGLQDPLNDJDQLVD]5YUHEDDWPRVIHUXOLZQH
YLV ZOLXUL GLQDPLNL7 WHPSHUDWXULV QDOHTHELV GD PFH
QDUH7DJDQYL7DUHELVVH]RQXULVDYHJHWDFLRULWPHEL7
QLDGDJLV PDVLV IRUHEL GD VLFDULHOHHEL URPOHELF
DU DULV 6HYVHEXOL Z\OL7 GDNDYHEXOLD QLDGDJXUL KDHU
L7PLX[HGDYDGDWPRVIHURV7DQPXGPLYLNDY6LULVDGDDLU
JDFYOLVD QLDGDJXUL KDHUL UDPGHQDGPH JDQV[YDYGHED DW
PRVIHUXOL KDHULVJDQ PLV 6HPDGJHQORED6L 6HPDYDOL NRP
SRQHQWHELV IDUGREL7L 6HPFYHOREL7 QLDGDJ6L PLPGLQDUH
ELRORJLXUL GD ELRTLPLXUL SURFHVHELV Z\DOREL7 QLDG
DJXUL KDHUL DWPRVIHUXO7DQ 6HGDUHEL7 UDPGHQDGPH JD
5DULEHEXOLD-DQJEDGL7GDPQL6YQHORYQDGJDPGLGUHEX

F[ULOLDWPRVIHUXOLGDQLDGDJXULKDHULV
6HGJHQLORED
VHEODG PD7 6RULV GUHQD-V VLGHUDWHELV GD EDOD[QDUH PRFXOREL7SURFHQWHE6L
YLV7HVYDV&DLV7YLVPLX5HEHOLDNDUERQDWXOL=OLHUJD 
GDUHF[LOLGD=OLHUTYLDQLPFLUHVLP=ODYULVQLDGDJHEL JD]HEL DWPRVIHUXO QLDGDJXUL
VDNYHEL =LU[YHQHEL VDNPDRG PRP7[RYQLD QLDGDJXUL QD KDHUL KDHUL
\RILHUHELV PLPDU7 JDPRLU&HYD PRVDYDO7DQ HU7DG D]RW D]RWLN2)  

LVNDOLXPLVGDNDOFLXPLVPD5DOLJDPRWDQL7VDXNH7HV -DQJEDGLO2)  
RD6DYLPGHORV\DYLVIHULGDPGHORVUX[L\DYLVIHULQL DUJRQLAr)  
DGDJHEL QD[6LURU-DQJLV JD]L  
ERVWQHXOL NXOWXUHEL VDNPDRG PRP7[RYQL DULDQ QL (CO2)
DGDJXULNYHELVGDWHQL7X]UXQYHO\RILVPLPDU7VDXNH7 \YHOD GDQDU&HQL Ne,  
HVR QLDGDJHELD NDUJL KXPXVRYDQL 6UL7 QHLWUDOXU7DQ He, CH4, Kr, Na2O, O3,
D[OR UHDTFLL7 NYHELV HOHPHQWLV PD5DOL X]UXQYHO\R Xe, H2, Rn GDV[Y
IL7[HOVD\UHOLGDWHQLDQHEL7
D]RWLDUJRQL


278 243
OLD QD[6LURU-DQJL7 -DQJEDGLV PR[PDUHEDVD GD QD[6L
URU-DQJLVGDJURYHED6LGLGLPQL6YQHOREDDTY7PLNURRU
JDQL]PHEVDGDXPD5OHVPFHQDUHXOREDVIHVYHELVVXQ7TYL
VDV L[DUMHED /-DQJEDGL GD JDPRL\RID QD[6LURU-DQJL
URPOLV 6HPFYHORED QLDGDJXU KDHU6L IHVYHELV PD[ORE
ODGXIURPD5DOLDYLGUHV[YDJDQ
PLNURRUJDQL]PHELKHWHURWURIHELL\HQHEHQ-DQJEDGLV
PQL6YQHORYDQUDRGHQREDVGDRUJDQXOLQDU&HQHELVJD[U
ZQLVDVJDPR\RIHQQD[6LURU-DQJV
QDZLOREULYQH6RPSDODNDUERQDWXOL6DYL\RPUDOL\YL
7HOPLZDHZHUL\YL7HOPLZDGDDOXYLXULQLDGDJHELQLDG
DJLV PD&YHQHEOHELGDQ JDGDPZ\YHWLD DUHV UHDTFLD QHLWUD
OXU GD WXWH QLDGDJHE]H pH > 6,8) JDPRVD\HQHEHOLD P[R
ORG WXWHJDP=OH ML6HEL [ROR P-DYH UHDTFLLV SLUREHE
6LGDVD6YHELD\YHODVD=LULVJDPR\HQHED
[H[LOLV ED5LV7YLV VDXNH7HVRD PGHORV\DYLVIHUL GD
DOXYLXUL QLDGDJHELURPOHELF[DVLD7GHED NDUJL VWUXT
WXUL7 JUXQWLV Z\OLV 5UPD GJRPL7 [H[LOLV ED5LV JD
]RJLHU7 PLNURRUJDQL]P6L QD[6LUZ\OHELV GD6OLVDV 6HQHED GDX6YHEHOLD D GD:DREHEXO DJUH7YH JUXQWLV
ZDUPRTPQHEDQD[6LUP-DYDGDPH7DQL Z\OLV PD5DOL GJRPLV QLDGDJHE]H 7X X]UXQYHO\RILOL
-DQJEDGL L[DUMHED DJUH7YH RUYDOHQWLDQL JRJLUGLV DU DULV GUHQD-L7 E GDPOD6HEXO QLDGDJHE]H J =OLHU
PDQJDQXPLV UNLQLV GD V[YD RUPX[WD HOHPHQWLV 6HPFYHOL [LU[DW TYLDQ PFLUH VL5UPLV QLDGDJHE]H G PFLUH KDHU
PLQHUDOHELV GD-DQJYD]H 6LGDQLDGDJXUL JDPRILWYLV SUR DFLLVP=LPH7L[DQLDGDJHE]HPD7LZLQDVZDULJDXPMREHVH
FHVHELV GURV DPLWRP QLDGDJXU KDHU6L QD[6LURU-DQJLV ELV JDUH6H DPDV7DQ YD6OL PD-DORV VD=LUH]H VDNPDRG
6HPFYHORED \RYHO7YLV XIUR PD5DOLD YLGUH DWPRVIH NDUJDG HJXHED V[YDGDV[YD QLDGDJV VDXNH7HVRD ]RPLHUDG
UXO6LDWPRVIHUR6LCO2 NRQFHQWUDFLD6HDGJHQVV WHQLDQL NDUJDG GUHQLUHEXOL 7L[QDUL QLDGDJHEL PV[DOL
QLDGDJXUKDHU6LVUDF[6LUDGL]UGHEDPGH SDQWLV VD=LUH]H NDUJDG YL7DUGHED ]RPLHUDG WHQLDQ
[ROR JUDQXORPHWUXOL 6HGJHQLOREL7 P=LPH QLDGDJ6L NDUJDG DHUREXO QLDGDJHE]H P6UDO QLDGDJHE]H QD\RIL
JDGDWHQLDQHELV GD GD:DREHELV GURV L]UGHED PGH 6HGDUHEL7 GDEDOL [DULV[LVDD ZYULOLD GD GLG[DQV DU
-DQJEDGLV 6HPFYHORED QLDGDJXU KDHU6L SLULTL7 XIUR LQD[HED NRP6LV7YLV VDXNH7HVRD 5UPD NDUJDG GUHQLUHEX
GDEDOLD YLGUH DWPRVIHUXO6L GD 6HDGJHQV V QL
DGDJXU KDHU6L -DQJEDGLV LV 6HPFYHORELVDV  OC
SLUREHE6L PFHQDUH QRUPDOXUDG YL7DUGHED [ROR XIUR
PD5DOL 6HPFYHORELV GURV  FXGDG UDF XIUR PD5DOLD
WHPSHUDWXUDPL7PHWLUDRGHQREL7DULVVD:LUR-DQJEDGL
PFHQDULV QRUPDOXUL ]UGLV7YLV JDGDWHQLDQHEXO GD:D
REHEXO QLDGDJ6L PGH -DQJEDGLV 6HPFYHORELV 6HPFL
UHELV GURV IHVYHELV ]UGD QHOGHED Z\OLV GD VDNYHEL
QLY7LHUHELV 6H7YLVHED VXVWGHED Z\GHED PLZLV]HGD QDZL
OL7L[QDULQLDGDJHEL DWDPLVDNX7DUVD=LUH]H\YHOD]H
NDUJDGYL7DUGHEDNDUERQDWXO7L[QDU5RU5LDQNDUJDG
GUHQLUHEXO QLDGDJHE]H JDUJDUL NXUNRYDQ7D 6RULV QL
DGDJLVKDHUDFLLVPLPDU7D\HQHEV\YHOD]HPHWPR7[RYQHEV
VDXNH7HVRD 5UPD GUHQLUHEXO NDUERQDWXO QLDGDJHE]H
HJXHED P=LPH PHTDQLNXU 6HGJHQLOREDV TOLDYLV7YLV VDXN
H7HVRDP=ODYULWHQLDQLQLDGDJHELGDX6YHEHOLD]HGDKR
UL]RQWHELV :DUEL WHQLDQRED EDOL \YHOD]H NDUJDG L]U
GHED7L[QDUNDUERQDWXOQLDGDJHE]H DOXEDOLVDNX7DU
OHELV]UGD IHVYHE]H PRL7[RYV XIUR PVXEXT QLDGDJV YLGUH EDOL
DPULJDGQLDGDJXU KDHU6L QDU6LURU-DQJL GD -DQJEDGL QX6L V[YD [H[LO7DQ 6HGDUHEL7 NDUJDG HJXHED P6UDO
DULDQ DQWDJRQLVWHEL PFHQDULV VLFRF[OLV P7DYDU PDOL 5UPD 5RU5LDQ QLDGDJHEV IVWD \YHOD [H[LO7DQ 6HGDUH
PLWLUHEHOIDTWRUVZDUPRDGJHQVDUDQD[6LURU-DQJLVVL EL7 VDXNH7HVRG LWDQV JYDOYDV NDUJDG L]UGHED P6UDO

244 277
EHUV\RPUDOQLDGDJHE]HVHTWHPEHUVRTWRP :DUEH7DYLV7DYDGDUDPHGPLVL7DQP[OHEL-DQJEDGLVXNPD
EHUV \YL7HOPLZDHZHU QLDGDJHE]H   QRHPEHUV   ULVRED QLDGDJXU KDHU6L GDGJHQLOLD X6XDORG PFHQDULV
QRHPEHUVGDD6
THUL VD6HPRGJRPR [RUEDO7DQ 6HGDUHEL7 QDNOHEDG
PRP7[RYQLD QLDGDJXUL SLUREHELVDGPL [ROR 6YULDVD GD
:YDY7DQ6HGDUHEL7XIURPRP7[RYQLDPHTDQLNXUL6HGJHQL
OREL7VDXNH7HVRDVD6XDORGGDP=LPH7L[QDULDUDULV
[HOVD\UHOLPVXEXTL PHTDQLNXUL6HGJHQLORELVQLDGDJHEL
6HGDUHEL7 JYDOYDJDP=OHD PJU=QRELDUHD JDGDWHQLDQHELV
JDGLGHEXOLP-DYLDQRELVGDJDPNYULYHELVDGPL
:YDYL VD6HPRGJRPR [RUEDOVD GD THU7DQ 6HGDUHEL7
QDNOHEDG PRP7[RYQLD QLDGDJXUL SLUREHELVDGPL NDUJDG
PLHUQLDGDJXULKDHULV67DQ7TPDPLVLZLOLPZYDQHPFHQD
ULV PLHU QD[6LUP-DYDV 67DQ7TPLV VDHU7R UDRGHQRED6L
VDNPDRG6HVDP&QHYLD
]RJLHU7 QLDGDJ6L URPOHELF YL7DUGHELDQ PLZLVSLUD
DWPRVIHURV7DQJD=QHOHEXOLKDHUFYOLVSLUREHE6LQLDG
DJXUKDHU6LJURYGHELDQRUJDQXOLQDU&HQLVJD[UZQLVJD
]LVHEUL SURGXTWHEL DPLDNL JRJLUZ\DOEDGL IRVIRULV
KLGULGLPH7DQLDWRPDUXOLZ\DOEDGLD]RWLGDV[Y
QLDGDJXU KDHU6L &YHXOHEULY D5LQL6QHED DTURODGL
RUJDQXOL QDHU7HEL URPOHELF ZDUPRDGJHQHQ ]RJLHU7L
YL7DUGHED pH IDU7R GLDSD]RQ6L GDQ PGH VXVWDG
PRP7[RYQLDJDGDWHQLDQHELVDGPL
6YULD PDUFYOHXO NXOWXUHEV 6RULV \YHOD]H QDNOH
EDG PRP7[RYQLD QLDGDJXUL SLUREHELVDGPL VXVWDG UHDJ
LUHEVQLDGDJXUP-DYLDQRED]HVD6XDORELFRELDQRED]HGD
PDULOPGJUDGLD VD:LURHEV NDUJ GDWHQLDQHEDV PDJUDP GD
X6YHEHOLDQLDGDJHELVJDGDWHQLDQHEDYHJHWDFLLVPHRUHSH
ULRG6L
VLPLQGL JDGLGHEXO PR7[RYQHEV X\HQHEV QLDGDJLV GD
WHQLDQHEDVGDVDNYHELHOHPHQWHELV6HPFYHOREDVDUDULV
PGJUDGL JDGDWHQLDQHELV GDPOD6HELV ELFRELDQRELV GD
DJUH7YH=OLHUP-DYHUHDTFLLVPLPDU7PL5HEHOLDPVXEXTL
GDP=LPHPHTDQLNXUL6HGJHQLORELVQLDGDJHEL7HVYLVGDZ
\HEDGDGDP7DYUHEDXQGD[GHERGHVQLDGDJHELVWHPSHUDWX
ULVDGPLPR7[RYQLOHELVJD7YDOLVZLQHEL76DYQLDGDJHE]H
7HVYLV GDZ\HED  DSULOV P7DYUHED   PDLVV PGH
DQDHUREXOLPLNURRUJDQL]PLVF[RYHOPRTPHGHELVSURGXT
WHEV QLDGDJ6L DTURODGL RUJDQXOL QDHU7HELV PQL6YQH
ORED =DOLDQ GLGLD LVLQL 6HVD=OHEHOLD X6XDORG LTQDQ
6H7YLVHEXOL DHUREXOL PLNURRUJDQL]PHEL7 GD PFHQDULV
IHVYL7 QLDGDJXU KDHU6L DULV DJUH7YH Z\OLV RU7TOHEL
PRFHPXOWHPSHUDWXUD]HKDHULVVUXOJDMHUHELV7DQPLD[
ORHEXOLUDRGHQREL7


QLDGDJXULKDHULVDLUFYODDWPRVIHURV7DQ

QLDGDJXUL KDHULV GD PLVL 6HPDGJHQOHELV JDFYOLV
SURFHVHEL PLZLVSLUD DWPRVIHURV7DQ JDHU7LDQHEXOLD
FQHEL7³QLDGDJLVKDHUDFLD´
KDHUJDFYOLVVLVZUDILVPLPDU7XOHELVGDPRFXORELV
VLVZUDILVPDUHJXOLUHEHOLIDTWRUHELD
ORV\DYLVIHUQLDGDJHE]HDSULOVPDLVV\RP  QLDGDJLVGDDWPRVIHURVWHPSHUDWXULVFYOD
UDO QLDGDJHE]H   DSULOV   PDLVV \YL7HOPLZD  QLDGDJLVWHQLDQRELVFYOD
HZHUQLDGDJHE]HDSULOVPDLVVZL7HOPLZHE]H  EDURPHWUXOLZQHYLVFYOD
DSULOVPDLVVGDD6  TDUHELVPRTPHGHED
YD]LV7YLVJDPRVD\HQHEHOLD\DYLVIHULPGHORV\DYLVIH JDQYL[LOR7 SLUYHOL WHPSHUDWXUXOL IDTWRULV JDY
UL UX[L\DYLVIHUL QDZLOREULY PGHORVUX[L\DYLVIHUL OHQD WHPSHUDWXULV GDZHYDV 7DQ D[ODYV JD]HELV 6HNXP

276 245
6YD [ROR DZHYDV  PD7L JDIDU7RHED DPLWRP QLDGDJLV VDVRIORVDPHXUQHRNXOWXUHELV
WHPSHUDWXULV GDZHYLVDV PDV6L DWPRVIHURGDQ 6HPRGLDQ PR7[RYQLOHEDQLDGDJXULSLUREHELVDGPL
KDHULVD[DOLQDNDGHELQLDGDJLVJD7ERELVGDJD]HELVJD
IDU7RHELVDVQLDGDJLGDQDWPRVIHUR6LPLPGLQDUHREVKDHU
LV6HEUXQHEXOLGLQHEDDPSURFHVVDTYVG5H5DPXULULW
PL URPHOLF PLVGHYV QLDGDJLV WHPSHUDWXULV 'G5H5DPXU
FYODV GD PRLFDYV P[RORG ]HGD KRUL]RQWV VDGDF WHP
SHUDWXULVPHU\HRED\YHOD]HPQL6YQHORYDQLD
KDHUFYOLV PHRUH IDTWRULD QLDGDJLV WHQLDQRELV 6HF
YOD QLDGDJ6L Z\OLV PRVYODV GD IRUHELV 6HYVHEDV 7DQ
D[ODYV QLDGDJLGDQ KDHULV JDQGHYQD QLDGDJLV JDPR6UREL
VDVJDQ7DYLVXIOHEXOIRUHE6LPLLVZUDIYLVDWPRVIHURV
KDHULDPIDTWRUVGLGLPQL6YQHOREDVDTYVLPQLDGDJHELV
QD\RILHUHELVDGPL

V[YDGDV[YD VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR PFHQDUHHEL JDQV[YDYH
EXOPR7[RYQHEVX\HQHEHQQLDGDJXUQD\RILHUHEDVNYHELV
GRQHVWHQLVUDRGHQREDVQLDGDJXUUHDTFLDVGDD6DPDV
7DQGDNDY6LUHEL7V[YDGDV[YDNXOWXUHELJDQV[YDYHEXODG
DPFLUHEHQ 7DYLV SURGXTWLXOREDV RSWLPDOXUL GRQLGDQ
QLDGDJLVDPD7XLPPD&YHQHEOLVJDGD[ULVPL[HGYL7DPLW
RP QLDGDJHELV VDPLZD7PRTPHGR JDPR\HQHELVDV PFHQDUHHELV
XPD5OHVL SURGXTWLXORELV X]UXQYHOVD\RIDG GD QLDG
DJHELV \YHOD]H UDFLRQDOXUL JDPR\HQHELV PL]QL7 VD:L
7YLVURPOHELFLUZ\YHEDGDSHULRGXODGLWERUHED
PHVDPH IDTWRUL  EDURPHWUXOL ZQHYLV GDTYHL7HED DQ
DZHYDDJUH7YHLZYHYVQLDGDJLGDQDWPRVIHUR6LGDSLUL
TL7 DWPRVIHURGDQ QLDGDJ6L KDHULV QDNDGLV PLPDU7XOH
ELV 6HFYODV PDV DTYV PQL6YQHORED ZQHYLV DUVHEL7L YDU
GQLORELVGURV
PHR7[H IDTWRUL  KDHUL  7DPD6REV JDUNYHXO UROV
KDHUFYOD6LUDGJDQPDV6HX=OLD6HFYDORVDWPRVIHUXOL
ZQHYLVJUDGLHQWLPLZLV]HGDSLU7DQ
QLDGDJXULKDHULVJDQD[OHEDGDPRNLGHEXOLDPFHQDUHX
URD YLFRGH7 NRQNUHWXOL NXOWXUHELV DQ MJXIHELV
PR7[RYQLOHEDQLDGDJXULSLUREHELVDGPL
VD6HPRGJRPR [RUEDOL  HU7HU7L =LUL7DGL VDPDU
FYOH NXOWXUDD GD 7DY7DYLDQ NXOWXUHEV 6RULV \YHOD
]H PRP7[RYQLD QLDGDJXUL SLUREHELVDGPL PLV7YLV GDPD[D
VLD7HEHOLD PD5DOL PR7[RYQLOHED VDNYHEL HOHPHQWHELV
PLPDU7PD5DOPRVDYDOVL=OHYD6DYPGHORV\DYLVIHUQL
DGDJHE]H KXPXVLV VDNPDR 6HPFYHOREL7 QHLWUDOXU UHDT
FLDV7DQ PLD[ORHEXO  QLDGDJHE]H GDX6YHEHOLD ]HGDSL
UXODG JDGDWHQLDQHEXO P-DYH UHDTFLLV PTRQH PR=UDYL
OLVDIDULVVL[6LUH]HURPHOLFDPD7XLP[DULV[L7LF DOXPLQLV!PJJQLDGDJ]HGDPDQJDQXPLVPTRQHQL
DYVQLDGDJLV]HGDSLUVKDHULVX6XDOR]HPRTPHGHELVDJDQ DGDJHELV \YL7HOPLZDHZHUOHELDQL ZL7HOPLZD QDZLORE
KDHUFYOLVJDQ[LOXOLIDTWRUHELPDU7DOLDJDUNYHXO
UROV 7DPD6REHQ QLDGDJXUL KDHULV P7HOL PDVLV VDHU7R
6HFYOD6L PDJUDP QDNOHEDG PQL6YQHORYDQL DULDQ YLGUH
JD]HELV GLIX]LLV 6HGHJDG ZDUPRTPQLOL JD]FYOLV SUR
FHVHEL QLDGDJXU KDHUVD GD DWPRVIHURV 6RULV JD]HELV
GLIX]LD ZDUPRDGJHQV JD]LV GD RU7TOLV PROHNXOHELV
JDGDDGJLOHELV SURFHVV NRQFHQWUDFLLV DQ SDUFLDOXUL
ZQHYLV6HPFLUHELVPLPDU7XOHEL7
246
ULY \YL7HOPLZD GD  PHWL GDTDQHELV IHUGREHELV JDPR
\HQHEDDU6HL=OHEDDPNXOWXULV7YLVPVXEXTLPHTDQLNXUL
6HGJHQLORELV QLDGDJHELV JDPR\HQHED 6HGDUHEL7 PGJUD
GLDGDPOD6HELVELFRELDQRELVPLPDU77HVYLVGDZ\HEDGD
GDP7DYUHED XQGD L7YDOLVZLQHEGHV PR7[RYQLOHEDV QLDG
DJHELV WHPSHUDWXULVDGPL 6DY QLDGDJHE]H 7HVYD XQGD LZ
\HERGHV  VHTWHPEHUV P7DYUGHERGHV   RTWRP
EHUV 6DYPLZHE]H   DJYLVWRV   VHTWHPEHUV PGH
ORV\DYLVIHUQLDGDJHE]HVHTWHPEHUVRTWRP
275
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248 273
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249
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250 271
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RUHV P[YULY 6HX=OLD GDXEUXQRV QLDGDJV XIUR PHWL 6YULD:YDYL
YLGUHDPRL5RVPRVDYDO7DQHU7DGGDPHVDPH6HX=OLDQL VLPLQGL   
DGDJLV 7YLVHEHELV GD UH-LPHELV UHJXOLUHED QD\RILHUHE P]HVXP]LUD   
LVXIURPD5DOLGRQLV6HVDTPQHODG ORELR   
PLZD7PRTPHGHED6LHVDPRFDQHELZ\GHEDPHFQLHUHEL7GD VRLR   
PRZLQDYH SUDTWLNL7 QLDGDJHELV 7YLVHEHELV GD UH-LPHELV SRPLGRUL   
JDXPMHEHVHELV [HU[HELV SUDTWLNXOL JDQ[RUFLHOHELV VD NLWUL   
IX=YHO]H DPDV7DQ LVLQL 7[RXOREHQ PHFQLHUHELVJDQ QL 
DGDJXULQD\RILHUHELVUHJXOLUHELVD[DOLJ]HELV=LHEDV QLDGDJXULKRUL]RQWHELVWHPSHUDWXUDPLVL7EXULUH
LQWHQVLXU PLZD7PRTPHGHED6L QLDGDJLV D5ZDUPRHED -LPLV=LUL7DGLPD&YHQHEHOLDQLDGDJLVWHPSHUDWXUXOUH
[RU[LFHOGHED RUL J]L7 QLY7LHUHEL7L GD WHTQRORJLX -LP7DQ GDNDY6LUHEXOLD Z\DO6L PLQHUDOXUL QDHU7HELV
ULJ]L7 -DQJEDGLV GD QD[6LURU-DQJLV JD[VQD PFHQDUH6L VDNYHEL

270 251
HOHPHQWHELVGDWHQLV6H5ZHYLVVLVZUDIHQLDGDJLVWHPSH PHOLRUDFLLV V[YDGDV[YD [HU[HEL GD6URED PRUZ\YD GD
UDWXUDV SLUYHO[DULV[RYDQL PQL6YQHORED DTYV QLDGDJXUL V[YDQWURSRJHQXULQLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHOLSURFHVLVJDQYL
PLNURIORULV F[RYHOPRTPHGHED6L XPUDYOHVL QLDGDJXUL 7DUHELVGURVLFYOHEDQLY7LHUHEHELVELRORJLXULZUHE
PLNURRUJDQL]PLV7YLV JDQYL7DUHELV RSWLPDOXUL SLUREH UXQYLVLQWHQVLYREDGD[DVLD7LGDVDHU7RGQLY7LHUHED7D
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GQHQHUDVHOLUIUDQVHDYRHLNRYLPEXGLJRD6XO ELVDVQLY7LHUHEHELVGDHQHUJLLVZUHEUXQYLVXPQL6YQHOR
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DPLUDQL=HV 6 IDODYDQGL6YLOV 7 XUX6D=HV M ORPL=HV DQ7URSRJHQXUL QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHVLV JDQYL7DUHED
DXUX6D=HVYORPL=HVGDV[Y DGDPLDQLV JRQLYUXOL PL]DQGDVD[XOL VDTPLDQRELV GURV
 [HOV XZ\REV QLDGDJHELV JDXPMREHVHEDV GD PD7L QD\RIL
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QLDGDJLV7EXUL7YLVHEHEL RV QLDGDJXUL QD\RILHUHELV GDNDUJYD HUR]LLVGDPOD6H
 ELV JDQYL7DUHED KXPXVLV GDNDUJYD VWUXTWXULV GD6OD
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GDSLU]HVL7ERV=LUL7DGLZ\DURDQLDGDJLV]HGDIHQHE6L DQ7URSRJHQXULQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHVLVJDQYL7DUH
PLPGLQDUHTLPLXULGDELRORJLXULSURFHVHELVGURVRU ELV ZOLXU GD 7HVOEUXQYL7 FLNOHE6L [GHED QLDGDJLV
JDQXOL QDU&HQHELV JD[UZQD JDPR\RILOL GD VL5UPXOL
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QLDGDJLV =LUL7DGL 7EXUL 7YLVHEHELD  VL7ERV 67DQ
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EDTWHULHELV F[RYHOPRTPHGHELV 6HGHJDG VDUZ\DY QLDGDJ
HE6L JDPRUHF[YL7 PDYQH PDULOHELV PRFLOHED Z\DOKDHU
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DQUDFQDNOHELDDOEHGRPL7XIURPHWV[LYXUUDGLDF
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252
L7GDD6
XDU\RIL7L FYOLOHEHEL GDNDY6LUHEXOLD PRVDYOLV
SURGXTFLDV7DQHU7DGNYHELVHOHPHQWHELVPRFLOHEDV7DQ
VD[QDYL TYHIHQLV IL]LNXUL 7YLVHEHELV JDXDUHVHED WHTQL
NL7PLVLJDPNULYHEL7VDUZ\DYLQLDGDJLVIHVYHELVJDYU
269
UDF LZYHYV QD\RILHUHELV GDTYHL7HEDV VDNYHEL HOHPHQWH DGDJLVIHU]HVWUXTWXUD]HWHQLDQRED]H]HGDSLULVVLV
ELV JDWDQD PD7L GDPDJUHED =QHODG[VQDG IRUPHE6L ZRUHVDGDPFHQDUHXOVDIDU]H
VWUXTWXULVGD6ODGDD6URPHOLPHSHULRGLVPDQ=LO]H QLDGDJLV 7ERWHYDGRED DULV QLDGDJLV 7YLVHED 67DQ
QLDGDJLV 7YLVHEHELV 6HFYODP 6HL=OHED DJUH7YH PLJYL\YD 7TDV VL7ER JDQDV[YDYHEHQ [YHGUL7 GD PRFXOREL7 7ER
QRV QD\RILHUHELV 6HGDUHEL7 VDZ\LV GRQHPGH PD6DVDGDPH WHYDGREDV
JDUNYHXOL SHULRGLV PDQ=LO]H VDYHJHWDFLR SHULRGL [YHGUL7L 7ERWHYDGRED ZDUPRDGJHQV VL7ERV UDRGHQ
ZOLXUL DQ 7HVOEUXQYL7L FLNOL GD D6 QD\RILHUHELV
6HFYOD 6HL=OHED P-5DYQGHERGHV DUDVUXOL XEUDOR GD
JDIDU7RHEXOLNYODYZDUPRHEL7
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PR7 QL6QDYV QLDGDJXUL QD\RILHUHELV DUDVUXO D5ZDUPR
HEDV QLDGDJXUL  QD\RILHUHELV GDEUXQHEDV VDZ\LV GRQHP
GHQD\RILHUHELV XEUDORD5ZDUPRHEDPGHVDZ\LVGRQH]H
XIURPD5DOLQLDGDJXULQD\RILHUHELV6HTPQDZDUPRGJHQV
QD\RILHUHELVJDIDU7RHEXOD5ZDUPRHEDV
QLDGDJXULQD\RILHUHELVD5ZDUPRHEDZDUPRGJHQVQLDG
DJZDUPRTPQLVRELHTWXUNDQRQVQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVEXQHEUL
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7LQD\RILHUHELVD5ZDUPRHEDPLPGLQDUHREVEXQHEULYLIDT
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EXQHEULYL GD DQWURSRJHQXUL IDTWRUHELV HU7REOLYL
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ED]HWHQLDQREDVDGDRUJDQXOLQLY7LHUHELV6HPFYHORED
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OL EXQHEULYL SURFHVLV7YLV  QLDGDJLV GDPX6DYHED VDVX
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268
QLDGDJLV7EXULUH-LPL

QLDGDJLV7EXULUH-LPLDULVQLDGDJLVPLHUVL7ERV6H
PRVYOLV JDGDDGJLOHELV GD JDFHPLV \YHOD PRYOHQLV HU
7REOLRED DP UH-LPLV =LUL7DGL PD&YHQHEHOLD QLDGDJLV
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253
 7EXUUH-LP]HJDYOHQDVD[GHQHQNOLPDWLPFHQDUHXOR
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QLNXUL 6HGJHQLOREDWHQLDQREDGD IHUL QLDGDJHELV WHP
SHUDWXUXOL UH-LPL JDQLVD]5YUHED PLVL JHRJUDILXOL
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QLDGDJLV 7EXUL EDODQVL ZDUPRGJHQV 7EXUL UH-LPLV
UDRGHQREULY GD[DVLD7HEDV HQHUJLLV 6HQDU&XQHELV NDQR
QLV 7DQD[PDG QLDGDJLV 7EXUL EDODQVL ZDUPRGJHQV V[YD
GDV[YDQDNDGHELVVLGLGHHELVDOJHEUXOWROREDV
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7E7W7D7Q O
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WHPSHUDWXUD]H 6HL=OHED JDYOHQD PRD[GLQRV QDOHTHELV
Z\OLV JD\LQYLV GD O5RELV WHPSHUDWXUDP 7EXU EDODQ
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WXUXOL UH-LPL GDPD[DVLD7HEHOLD LP WHULWRULHELV7YLV
VDGDF QLDGDJLV SURILO6L :DUEREV GDGHEL7L VD6XDOR
JDQ[LOXOL NDQRQHEV JDUGD DUVHEREV V[YD NDQRQHELF
PDJDOL7DG PZYDQH PFHQDUHHELV DYWRWURILORELV NDQRQL
URPHOLF H\UGQRED PFHQDUHHELV PLQHUDOXUL NYHELV GD
IRWRVLQ7H]LV 7HRULDV IRWRVLQ7H]LV DTWLXURELV GD
IDTWRUHELV RSWLPL]DFLLV NDQRQV PFHQDUHHE6L PLQHUDOX
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GLD PD7L PHFQLHUXOL JDJHED GD SUDTWLNXOL JDPR\HQHED
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5RQLV=LHEHELV VZRUL JDPR\HQHELV PLZD7PRTPHGHELV NXO
WXULVDPD5OHELVQLDGDJLVQD\RILHUHELVGDVDVRIORVD
PHXUQHR NXOWXUHELV PRVDYOLDQRELV HIHTWXUL UHJXOL


QLDGDJXULQD\RILHUHELVD5ZDUPRHED

QLDGDJLV QD\RILHUHED ZDUPRDGJHQV QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV
SURFHVLV 6HGHJV DPDYGURXODG DULV PLVL JDQYL7DUHELV
DXFLOHEHOL SLURED UDGJDQ PDV]HD GDPRNLGHEXOL QLDG
DJZDUPRTPQLV P7DYDUL IDTWRULV JDPRP-5DYQHED  QLDGDJX
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HELV GD PLNURRUJDQL]PHELV LVHYH URJRUF QLDGDJZDUPRT
PQD QD\RILHUHED P:LGURG DULV GDNDY6LUHEXOL QLY7LHU
HEHELV GD HQHUJLLV JDUGDTPQLV DNXPXODFLLV GD JDGDFH
PLV SURFHVHE7DQ UDF ZDUPRDGJHQV IDTWRUHELV GD QD\R
ILHUHELV SLUREHELV UDRGHQREULYL GD [DULV[REULYL
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7YLV XIUR PLVDZYGRP IRUPHE6L JDGDVYOD VWUXTWXULV
ZOLXULWHPSHUDWXUDXDU\RIL7LWHPSHUDWXUDYUFHOGH JDXPMREHVHEDGDD6LVHDUD[HOVD\UHOLPLPDU7XOHEL7

254 267
ORVDPHXUQHR NXOWXUHELV VZRUL PRQDFYOHRELV DXFLO
HEORELV NDQRQL IL]LRORJLXUL ELRTLPLXUL DJURQRPLX
OL GD V[YD PD&YHQHEOHEL7 JDQV[YDYHEXOL NXOWXUXOL
PFHQDUHHELV PRQDFYOHRED GURVD GD VLYUFH6L HL VZRUL
7HVOEUXQYD
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PL]H]LVMJXIV
 TLPLXUL [DVLD7LV JDQSLUREHEXOLD PFHQDUHHELV TL
PLXUL 6HGJHQLORELV JDQV[YDYHEL7 GD PD7 PLHU VDNYHEL
QLY7LHUHEHELVPR[PDUHELV7DYLVHEXUHEL7
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JDQV[YDYHEXOL JDYOHQD QLDGDJLV IL]LNXU 7YLVHEHE]H GD
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UHHELV JDQV[YDYHEXOL GDPRNLGHEXOHEL7 GDDYDGHEHELV
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UDF JDQSLUREHEXOLD VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR NXOWXUHELV
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JDQDZLOHEL7
 EXQHEULYQLDGDJZDUPRTPQLVSURFHV6LGDGHEL7LHI
HTWLV NDQRQL DVD[DYV QLDGDJPFRGQHRELV DUVV URPHOLF
PGJRPDUHREVOL7RVIHURV]HGD6UH6LHQHUJLLVGDELRJ
HQXUL HOHPHQWHELV DNXPXODFLD6L FRF[DOL RUJDQL]PHEL
SURJUHVXODGPUDYOGHELDQGD67DQ7TDYHQJDUHPRGDQ7D
YLVL ELQDGURELV DGJLOHE6L DJURYHEHQ P]LV HQHUJLLV GD
VDNYHELQLY7LHUHEHELVP]DUGUDRGHQREDVDPDVJDUGDEL
RVIHUR6L PXGPLYDG PLPGLQDUHREV QLY7LHUHEHELV VWUXT
WXULV JDU7XOHELV LQIRUPDFLLV GDJURYHELV WURILNX
OLGRQHHELV]UGLVSURFHVHELDPLV6HGHJDGZDUPRLTPQH
EDJDQVDNX7UHEXOLEXQHEULYLV[HXOLQLDGDJLURPOLV
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OL QLY7LHUHELV GD NYHELV HOHPHQWHELV DNXPXODFLD 
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266
EDHU7PHWUDPGHJD\LQYLV[DQJU=OLYRED6HDGJHQVDUDQDN
OHE7YHV
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QHED


DJURQRPLXOLPQL6YQHORED

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255
DQDGJLOLVPLNURNOLPDWVDPFLUHEHQKDHULVVL&TDUHV5LD
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264 257
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258 263
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VDIDULV SUDTWLNXOL 6HIDVHELVD7YLV QLDGDJHELV DJURVD
ZDUPRRGDMJXIHELVD7YLVUXNDZDUPRDGJHQV=LUL7DGGR
NXPHQWV URPHOLF DVD[DYV QLDGDJLV PLZD7VDUJHEORELV
6LQDDUVV DPDYGURXODG QLDGDJLV VDIDULV NRQNUHWXOL
7YLVHEHELVGDVD[DVLD7HEODGVD:LURDNDUWRJUDPHELV6HG
JHQDFQRELOLDQLDGDJLVHUR]LLVP-DYLDQRELVGDWHQLDQ
HELV[LU[DWLDQRELVGDPOD6HELV[DULV[LVDPVD[YHOLNDU
WRJUDPHEL
QLDGDJLV ERQLWLUHED ă DULV QLDGDJLV 7YLVREULYL 6H
IDVHELV GD PLVL VDZDUPRR 6HVD=OHEORELV JDQVD]5YUD
V[YD VLW\YHEL7 URP Y7TYD7 ERQLWLUHED DULV QLDGDJHELV
VSHFLDOL]HEXOL JHQH]LVXUVDZDUPRR NODVLILNDFLD UR
PHOLF JDPRLVD[HED EDOHE6L QLDGDJHELV ERQLWLUHED ă QL
DGDJLV 7YLVREULYL PD&YHQHEHOLD PLVL YDUJLVLDQRELVD GD
SURGXTWLXORELVQL6DQL
QLDGDJLVERQLWLUHELV=LUL7DGLVDIX=YHOLDEXQHEULYL
QL6QHEL GD 7YLVHEHEL URJRUF QLDGDJHELV EXQHEULYL 6H
VD=OHEORELV RELHTWXUL GD VDQGR PD&YHQHEHOL 1QLDGDJ
HELV ERQLWLUHELV SURFHV6L SLUYHO ULJ6L L7YDOLVZLQH
EHQ7YLVHEHEVURPOHELF&DU7XOLDQLDGDJ6LGDD[GHQHQ
PRVDYOLV  NRUHTWLUHEDV DPLV VDIX=YHO]H [GHED QLDGDJ
LVERQLWLUHELVEDOXUL6HIDVHEDPD7L6HGDUHEL7LYDUJL
VLDQREDERQLWLUHED[RUFLHOGHEDRUPDJLNRQWUROL7ă
QLDGDJLV7YLVHELVD5ULF[YL7GDPRVDYOLDQREL7
285
 ERQLWLUHELV VDIX=YHOV ZDUPRDGJHQV PLZHELV 6HIDVH
ELV EXQHEULYLVWRULXOL PH7RGL URPHOLF JDPR\HQHEX
OL L\R YY GRNX&DHYLV PLHU MHU NLGHY  ZOHE6L
QL-HJRURGLVJXEHUQLLVPLZHELV6HIDVHELVDV
PH7RGLVDUVLLPD6LDURPQLDGDJLSLUYHOULJ6LIDV
GHED URJRUF  EXQHEULYL V[HXOL DGDPLDQLV ]HJDYOHQLV
GD GURLV  SLUREHELV PLX[HGDYDG HL QLDGDJLV 6HPDGJHQ
ORELVIL]LNXUL7YLVHEHELVGDQLDGDJLVTYHIHQLOLTDQLV
VDIX=YOLDQL6HVZDYOD
QLDGDJHELV6HIDVHELV7YLVLVZDYOHED7YLVHEHELGDPD&
YHQHEOHELPD76RULVQLDGDJLV6HQHEDVLP=ODYUHQLDGDJ
LVD GD TYHIHQLOLV VDHU7R 7YLVHEHEL GDPRNLGHEXOHED
UHOLHI7DQ PFHQDUHXOREDV7DQ GD V[YD QLDGDJZDUPRP
TPQHOIDTWRU7DQURPOHELFD[DVLD7HEHQQLDGDJVJDQVD]
5YUDYHQ  PLV JDYUFHOHEDV ODERUDWRULXOL DQDOL]HELV
PRQDFHPHELV JDPR\HQHEL7 JDPR\DY7 VD6XDOR PD&YHQHEOHEL
URPOHELF D[DVLD7HEHQ QLDGDJLV JHQH]LVXU 7DYLVHEXUH
EHEV
6HIDUGHED QLDGDJLV QL6QHEVD GD PRVDYOLDQREDV 6R
ULV URPHOLF PLL5HED HNRQRPLNXUVWDWLVWLNXUL 6HIDVH
EL7\RYHO7YLVD[ORVDDHU7PDQH77DQDPULJDGQLDGDJHE
LV  6HIDVHELV PH7RGLV VDIX=YODG PL5HEXOLD EXQHEULYL
7YLVHEHEL GD QL6QHEL [ROR NXOWXUHELV PRVDYOLDQRED
JDPRL\HQHEDHU7PDQH77DQ6HIDUGHELVSULQFLSHEL7
QLDGDJHELVERQLWLUHELVRELHTWVZDUPRDGJHQVVDNPDRG
GDQDZHYUHEXOLQLDGDJXULWDTVRQRPLXULHU7HXOLURPH
OLFILTVLUGHEDQLDGDJLVUXND]HQLDGDJLVVD[HV[YDRED
7R ]HGDSLUV QLDGDJHELV VD\UGHQL IXQTFLLV FYOLOHED
6HL=OHED JDPRLZYLRV JDUNYHXOPDFYOLOHEDP PFHQDUHHELV
PRUIRORJLD6LGDYHUWLNDOXURULHQWDFLD6L[RORULJ
6HP7[YHYD6LJDYOHQDLTRQLRVILWRFHQR]HELVVWUXTWXUD
]H
7HVOLVGDV[YD&DQDVD[LV6HQDU&XQHELVGDGHSRVIXQ
TFLLV DUVL LPD6LD URP 7DYLVL 7YLVHEHELV Z\DOREL7 QL
DGDJHELV XPUDYOHVRED [GHED DUDPDUWR PLZLV]HGD RUJD
QL]PHELV PUDYDOULF[RYDQL VD[HREHELV ELQDGURELV7YLV
YDUJLVL VDVLFRF[OR VLYUFH DUDPHG JDUHPR URPHO6LF
[GHED 7HVOHELV GD V[YD &DQDVD[HELV 6HQDU&XQHED QLDGDJ
LV]HGDSLU]HGDFRF[DO&DPRQDFYHQ6LL]DP7UHEHQXPD5
OHVL PFHQDUHHELV 7HVOHEL UD7D PRPDYDO ZHOV PLVFHQ
D[DOL7DREDDQ6HDYVRQPUDYDOZOLXUL6HQD[YLVQLDGDJX
UL7HVORYDQLPDUDJLQLDGDJ6LJDUNYHXOLGURLVPDQ=LO
]HLQD[HEDPUDYDOL RUJDQL]PLV VSRUHELGD X[HU[PORHE
LVNYHUF[HEL:LD\HOHELGHEHQNYHUF[HEV:LDVSDUN6LUR
PHOLFZDUPRLTPQHEDNDQLVMLU\YOHELVORUZRYDQLJDPRQD
\RILGDQ ]RJLHU7L VD[HRELV :LD GHEV  :LLV SDUNV
QLDGDJ6L WHPSHUDWXULV GD WHQLDQRELV PNYH7UL V[YDRELV
XTRQORELV Z\DOREL7 :LLV SDUNHEL NDUJDG LQD[HED NYHU
F[HELV JDQYL7DUHELV GDP7DYUHEDPGH UDF 6HL=OHED JDJU
=HOGHVUDPGHQLPH7YHV
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ELV 6HQDU&XQHELV XQDUL  JDQL[LOHED URJRUF JDUHPRVDG
PL DGDSWDFLLV HU7HU7L =LUL7DGL WLSL SLUYHOL WLSLV
7DULF[YLVGDGJHQD[GHEDQLDGDJLVUXNLVDQDOL]L7
ERQLWLUHELV7YLV QLDGDJLV VD[HV[YDRED ZDUPRDGJHQV
VDZ\LV RELHTWV QLDGDJLV ERQLWHWLV JDQVD]5YUD PL]QDG
LVD[DYVGDDGJLQRVNRQNUHWXOLWHULWRULLVJDPR\HQHELV
6HVD=OHEORED PLZD7VDUJHEORELV URPHOLPH VD[LVD7YLV
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6HTPQLOLDUD[HOVD\UHOLSLUREHELVDULGHEDVPDV7DQ&YH
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JDZ\YHWDV DQDELR]LV 6HP7[YHYD6L DGDSWDFLLV RULYH WLSL
7DQDEUDGPQL6YQHORYDQLDPDJUDPLVWRULXODGELRORJLD
VD[QDYLVD7LELVD=RYDULGDV[YFDONHXOLVDYDUJXOH 6L =LUL7DGL \XUDG5HED HTFHRGD JDUHPRVDGPL XPD5OHVL
EL HU7LDQGHELDQ PLZD7VDUJHEORELV WHULWRULD]H QLDGDJ

286 315
GHED 67DPRPDYORED V[YDGDV[YD P5U5QHOHELV VRURHELV
]RPHEL6HL=OHED=OLHUJDQV[YDYGHERGQHQ\YL7HOL7ULDV
VRURV=LUL7DGLVYODD5ZHYVPHWUVDPDV7DQPLVJDQNL
GHYJDPRL\RIDPUDYOP[YULYLJDQ6WRHEHELUX[LYLU]D]X
QDV VRUR 6HL=OHED D5ZHYGHV VDRFDU ]RPHEV  VLJU=L7
PHWUDPGH]RJMHU&DGLVVL5UPH6LPHWUDPGH
F[RYHOHELV PLHU PLZLVTYH6D QDJHEREHEL7 GDNDYHEXOL
VLYUFH 6HL=OHED L\RV PQL6YQHORYDQL DVH W\H6L 7[XQH
ODV URPHOLF 7L7TPLV P7HO 7DYLV F[RYUHEDV DWDUHEV
LVVD[HV[YDRELVGRQH]HDP6HP7[YHYD6LERQLWLUHELVRE
LHTWL LTQHED VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR VDYDUJXOHEL ERQLWLUH
ELV RELHTWL 6HL=OHED JD[GHV DJUH7YH P7OLDQDG PLZHEL
URPOHELFHNX7YQLVV[YDGDV[YDPLZD7PRVDUJHEOHHEVGDG
JHQLOLDURP\YHODQLDGDJ6LPLX[HGDYDGPD7LJHQH]LVX
UL  PUDYDOQL6QLDQRELVD DUVHEREV QLDGDJLV ERQLWLUHELV
GURV QD\RILHUHELV 6HIDVHELV ZDP\YDQL NULWHULXPL &YH
XOHEULY DVH7L NULWHULXPHELD QLDGDJLV KXPXVLV PGJRPD
UHRED 6HPFYHORED PLVL PDUDJHEL KXPXVLDQL KRUL]RQWLV
QLDGDJ6L PD5DOL ULF[RYQRELV GURV JDD&QLD VYOHEL
URPOHELFW\LVP7HOLIDU7RELVVD5ZHYHQ[RORPR
FXOREDQLDGDJLV]HGDVPPGH
PUDYDOL X[HU[HPOR IDU7RG L\HQHEV VDF[RYUHEODG
]RJLHU7L P5U5QHOLV VRURV DVH PDJDOL7DG 7ULDV VR
UR6L PHSDWURQLV JDUGD ELQDGUREHQ RERED QDPLV:DPLD
EX]L [R:R ZOLV FLY SHULRG6L DT DULV PD7L ]DP7ULV
7DY6HVDIDUL [ROR ]DI[XO6L  VLF[LVJDQ JDGDU&HQLV
DGJLOLUZ\LOLEX]LGD]RJLHU7L[R:RDTPUDYOGHEL
DQGHEHQNYHUF[HEV]D]XQDVFXUFO6LPUDYDOLPZHULJD
GLVQLDGDJ6LJDQYL7DUHELVP[RORGJDUNYHXOID]DVDVH
:UL:LQREHOD GHEV NYHUF[V ZYULOL IHVYLV THUTLV DQ
IR7OHELV \XQZHELV TYH6 PDWOL NYHUF[LGDQ JDPRVYOLV
6HPGHJ HFHPD PLZD]H GD D5ZHYV QLDGDJ6L  PPGH VDGDF
PLGLVPD7L6HPGJRPLJDQYL7DUHED
VD\UGHQLV IXQTFLLV PH6YHREL7 PFHQDUH LQDU&XQHEV
YHUWLNDOXU PGJRPDUHREDV PGJUDGREDV TDUTFHYDGRELV
GDXNXTPHGREDVVLP=LPLV=DOLVPLPDU7PFHQDUHHELVVLYU
FREULYL ILTVDFLLV P7DYDU [HU[V ZDUPRDGJHQV PD7L GD
PDJUHED QLDGDJ6L IHVYHELV PH6YHREL7 URPOHELF ZDUPRT
PQLDQPUDYDOJDQ6WRHEDVEHYU7DQDVD]RJDGRHED6LIHVYH
ELV 6H5ZHYLV VL5UPH URJRUF ZHVL QDNOHELD YLGUH 5H
URV VLPD5OH JYHUGL7L IHVYHEL [6LUDG XIUR JU=HOLD
YLGUH VD\UGHQL IHVYHEL [ROR IHVY7D VLVWHPLV MDPXUL
]HGDSLUL &YHXOHEULY D5HPDWHED 5HURV RUJDQRHELV VDHU
314
VLP=ODYUHKXPXVLăQLDGDJLVERQLWLUHELVXP7DYUHVLGD
VD\RYHO7DR NULWHULXPLD KXPXVLV VDHU7R PDUDJL WKD6L
L]RPHEDKXPXVLDQLKRUL]RQWHELVP7HOVLVTH6LPLVLXU
7LHU7GDPRNLGHEXOHEL7 VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR  NXOWXUH
ELVPRVDYOLDQREDV7DQGJLQGHEDDPRULPD&YHQHEOLVNR
UHODFLXUL PQL6YQHORED QLDGDJLV SURILO6L JDUGD RU
JDQXOL QLY7LHUHELV PDUDJLVD L7YDOLVZLQHEHQ DJUH7YH
KXPXVLV  KRUL]RQWHELV VLP=ODYUHV QLDGDJHELV  ERQLWL
UHELVD7YLV DU DUVHEREV HU7QDLUL PLGJRPD URFD VDTPH
JYDTYVQLDGDJHE7DQURPOHELFJHQH]LVXUDGGD6RUHEXOLD
HU7PDQH7LVDJDQ DVHYHD V[YDGDV[YD VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR
NXOWXUHELV 6HP7[YHYD6L DP GURV P7DYDULD QLDGDJLV QD
\RILHUHELVHNRORJLXULNRQNUHWXORED
VDHU7RGDUDUVHEREVQD\RILHULQLDGDJHELDUVHEREHQ
QLDGDJHELNRQNUHWXOLQD\RILHUHEL7DPD7XLPPFHQDUL
VD7YLVDQNXOWXUD7DMJXILV7YLVQLDGDJLVQL6QHEVUR
PHO]HF GDPRNLGHEXOLD VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR NXOWXUHELV
PRVDYOLDQRED HZRGHED ERQLWLUHELV NULWHULXPHEL KXPX
VLVPD&YHQHEOLVJDUGDQLDGDJLVERQLWLUHELVDVL7YDOLV
ZLQHEHQ JUDQXORPHWUXO 6HGJHQLOREDV [LU[DWLDQREDV
QLDGDJLV UHDTFLDV pH) GDPOD6HEDV ELFRELDQREDV GD
V[YURPOHELF6HL=OHEDJDPRYOLQGHVPLZD7VDUJHEORELV
QLDGDJXULVDIDULVNRQNUHWXOLDQDOL]L7
QLDGDJHELV HNRQRPLNXUL 6HIDVHED DULV PLVL URJRUF
ZDUPRHELV VD6XDOHELV 6HGDUHEL7L 5LUHEXOHED 6HIDVH
287
ELV VDJDQLD NRQNUHWXOL  PLZLV QDNYH7L GD PLVL QL6QHEL
URPOHELF NRUHODFLD6LD =LUL7DG VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR
NXOWXUHELV PRVDYDO7DQ DJUH7YH PLZLV  IDU7RELV NRQ
ILJXUDFLDV7DQ GDTDQHELV VLGLGHV7DQ HTVSR]LFLXU GD
V[YD SLUREHE7DQ URPOHELF  SLUGDSLU DQ LULE JDYOHQDV
D[GHQHQVDZDUPRRSURGXTFLLVVLGLGH]H6URPL7GDPDWH
ULDOXUGDQD[DUMHE]HPLZHELVQD\RILHUHELVPD&YHQHEOH
EL DULV =LUL7DGL URPOHELF JDQVD]5YUDYHQ 7YL7RHXOL
NRQNUHWXOLQDNYH7LV5LUHEXOHEDV
PLZLV QDNYH7LV DGJLOPGHEDUHREDV7DQ GDNDY6LUHEXOLD
DUDPDUWR GDPDWHEL7L [DUMHEL ă SURGXTFLLV  GD ZDUPR
HELV VD6XDOHEHELV WUDQVSRUWLUHED DUDPHG PRFHPXOL
QDNYH7LVJDPR\HQHELV[DVLD7L
V[YDGDV[YD7YLVHEHELVPTRQHPLZHELV6HIDVHELVPL]DQV
ZDUPRDGJHQV6HPRVDYOLVRGHQRELVGDGJHQDURPHOLF6H
L=OHEDPL5HEXOLTQDVIDU7RELVHU7HXO]H6URPL7LGD
QD[DUMHELVGDVD6XDOHEHELVJDPR\HQHEL7
PR\YDQLOLSLUREHELVHU7REOLREDVD6XDOHEDVL=OHYD
RELHTWXUDGGDYDGJLQR7PLZLVQDNYH7HELV6HPRVDYOLDQRED
GDPLYL5R7JDPDU7OHEXOLJDGDZ\YHWLOHEDPLZLVJDGD
VD[DG]H UHQWD]H URPOHELF ZDUPRDGJHQHQ  PLZD7PRVDU
JHEOHELVD GD VD]RJDGRHELV XU7LHU7GDPRNLGHEXOHELV
PRV 6HP7[YHYD6L 7[ULV7YLV GD VYOHELV PRZ\RELV7YLV
&QGHEDVSHFLDOXULPRUIRORJLXULPRZ\RELOREHELVDXF
LOHEORED
QLDGDJ6L EHYUL PRELQDGUH F[RYHOLV7YLV GDPD[DVLD7
HEHOLD ZOLV JDQPDYORED6L PD7L DTWLXURELV KRUL]RQWH
ELVFYOD
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PDUHREVLPD6LURPQLDGDJLLFDYVPUDYDOFRF[DORUJD
QL]PV JDGDPHWFLYHELV GD JDGDPHW[XUHELVJDQ PWDFHEOH
ELVJDQ URPOHELF ELQDGUREHQ GHGDPLZLV ]HGDSLU]H LV
URPQLDGDJV6HX=OLD6HDVUXORVVDF[RYUHEOLVIXQTFLD
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WHPSHUDWXUD GD WHQLDQRED JDQLFGLV XIUR QDNOHEDG
PNYH7U FYOLOHEHEV YLGUH GHGDPLZLV ]HGDSLU]H QLDGDJ
LV HV 7DYLVHEXUHED [GHED JDQVDNX7UHEL7 VDVDUJHEOR
HTVWUHPDOXU SLUREHE6L  PD5DOP7LDQH76L QD[HYUDG XG
DEQR6L GD DJUH7YH V[YD ODQG6DIW6L DPLQGLV PNYH7UL
FYOLOHEHELVSHULRGHE6L
VDF[RYUHEOLVGD7DY6HVDIDULVIXQTFLD\YHOD]HQD7
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SLUREHEV
$DPULJDG QLDGDJHELV ERQLWLUHED L=OHYD EDOHE6L QD
\RILHUHELV 6HIDVHEDV URPHOLF JYL&YHQHEV 7X UDPGHQD
GDD HU7L QLDGDJL XNH7HVL DQ XDUHVL V[YD QLDGDJ7DQ 6H
GDUHEL7 QLDGDJHELV ERQLWLUHELV NULWHULXPLD EXQHEULYL
7YLVHEHEL URPOHELF NRUHODFLD6LD VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR
NXOWXUHELVPRVDYDO7DQ
HNRQRPLNXUL 6HIDVHELVDV P[HGYHORED6L L5HEHQ PLZLV
URJRUF VRIOLV PHXUQHRELV ZDUPRHELV VD6XDOHELV 6H
GDUHEL7 5LUHEXOHEDV QLDGDJHELV ERQLWLUHED GD PLZLV
HNRQRPLNXUL 6HIDVHED XQGD L7YDOLVZLQHEGHV V[YDGDV[YD
NXOWXUXOPFHQDUH7D7DYLVHEXUHEHEV
288
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UXQGXNLV VRUR6L DULV VDNDQL EXGLV7YLV HU7L DQ RUL
GLGLVDNX:QDRPDUDJHELV7YLVGDHU7LRUL³&L[LVDSLUID
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HEHQ 7DYV 5DPL7 GD LP\RIHELDQ ]DP7ULV =LO6L GDIHQL
OLDIR7OHEL7GDP6UDOLEDOD[L7DTLEDGHEDGDL]U
313
]RQWHE7DQ DPDV7DQ HV KRUL]RQWHEL 7DYLVL PLNURELRO
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ELV7YLVPROXVNHELDJUH7YHFRWDDQLDGDJ6LEUW\HOL:L
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QLDGDJXULUXNHELGDNDUWRJUDPHEL

PHXUQHRELV UDFLRQDOXUL JD=5ROD QLDGDJHELV EXQHE
ULYLGDHIHTWXULQD\RILHUHELVJDPR\HQHED6HX=OHEHOLD
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L=OHYD QLDGDJHELV [DULV[VD GD JDQODJHED]H 6HPFLUHED
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IDU7RELZDUPRDGJHQVPDV6WDEV
DGJHQHQ GD L\HQHEHQ V[YDGDV[YD PDV6WDELV QLDGDJXU
UXNHEV
ZYULOPDV6WDELDQLUXNHEL PDV6WDEL   QDNOH
HELGDQ  V[YDGDV[YD UD]PHELV PUDYDOIH[LDQHEL REREDVHE EL DVD[DYHQ TYH\QLV DQ UHJLRQLV GDVDYOH7 D5PRVDYOH7
ULGDQ QLDGDJ6L PUDYODGDD WNLSHEL NLERVPDJYDUHELGDQ  VDP[UH7VDTDU7YHOR QLDGDJXU VDIDUV PD7L GDQL6QXOH
QDPLV:LHEL VLFRF[OLV DPD 7X LP SHULRG6L QLDGDJ6L EL EDDPLZLVIRQGHELVVD[HOPZLIRD5ULF[YDEXQHEULYLGD
QDGUREVPZHUHELVXPHWHVLQDZLOLPHWLHV\YHOD]H UDLRQHED ]RQDOXUL VDFGHOL VDGJXUHELV JDQ7DYVHELV
ZDUPRPDGJHQOREL7LMJXILDURPOLVZLO]HPRGLVGHGD GDJHJPDUHEDNXOWXUHELVGDML6HELVGDUDLRQHEDGDV[YD
PLZLV\YHODF[RYHOLVQD[HYDU]HPHWLPOQ]HPHWL 5RQLV=LHEHELTYH\QLVDPUHJLRQLVVRIOLVPHXUQHRED6L
UDRGHEULYDGQLDGDJ6LPRELQDGUHF[RYHOHELVJDYUFH VD6XDORPDV6WDELDQL UXNHEL PDV6WDEL       
OHEXOL MJXIHEL  =DOLDQ FYDOHEDGLD QLDGDJL 7DYLVL ZDUPRDGJHQHQDGPLQLVWUDFLXOLUDLRQHELVQLDG
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294 307
OLLPL7URP[PHOH7LVELRJHRFHQR]HEVJDD&QLD7VWUXT
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YLVHEXUHEDDQLDGDJLVXQDULL\RV[PHOH7LVRUJDQL]PHELV
7YLV QLY7LHUHELV GD HQHUJLLV DNXPXODWRUL GD Z\DUR
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LUGDSLUL PRQDZLOHRED PGJRPDUHREV LPD6L URP QLDGDJLV
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296
7H]LV OL7RVIHURV GD DWPRVIHURV NRQWDTWLV DGJLOL
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PHWDG PQL6YQHORYDQLD QLDGDJXUL KLGURORJLXUL IDT
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304
JDUGDTPQD PLQHUDOHELV TDQHELV VDVDUJHEOR ZLD5LVHXO
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HNRVLVWHPHELV ULF[RYQRELV 6HGJHQLORELV GD VWUXT PLQDUHYLV VD[L7 JY[YGHED LPHUH7LV PX[D LIDQL UF[LOD
WXULVUHJXODFLLVIXQTFLLVHU7HU7PQL6YQHORYDQIRU ODIDQLGDV[Y:DRE6L&YHXOHEULYLD:LOLLVOLGDV[Y
PDV ZDUPRDGJHQV QLDGDJXUL IDTWRUHELV ]HPRTPHGHED HN SURIL
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VHEL
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322 359
 \YL7HOPLZD L\RID VD[HREDG KXPXVRYDQL KRUL]RQWLV DJXULX[HU[HPORHELVJDQVD[OHELVNDY6LULQLDGDJLVNRQ
VLP=ODYULV PL[HGYL7 5UPDG KXPXVLUHEXOL ! VP DU NUHWXO 7YLVHEHE7DQ DVH PDJDOL7DG :LD\HOHELV GLIH
D5UPDGKXPXVLUHEXOLGDQVPPGHGDZYULOKXPXVL UHQFLDFLD GDPRNLGHEXOLD PNYGDUL VDIDULV PDVD]H PR
UHEXOLVP OXVNHELVQLDGDJLVpH-]H GDD6
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VL\YL7HOPLZLVJDYUFHOHEDGD7YLVHEHELJDQSL HNRVLVWHPLV 6HGJHQLORED]H QLDGDJLV JDYOHQLV PQL6
UREHEXOLDQLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHOLTDQHELVJDYOHQL7QLDGDJ YQHORYDQIRUPDVZDUPRDGJHQVPDV6LPR[YHGULOL7HVOH
ZDUPRTPQLVSURFHV6L[GHEDUNLQLVJDGDDGJLOHEDGDDPD ELVJDQYL7DUHELV[DVLD7L7HVOHELVPDVLGDQD5PRFHQGHED
YHGURVPLVLQDHU7HELV=OLHULKLGUDWDFLDDPXNDQDVNQH P[RORGXPQL6YQHORQDZLOLUDFEHYUDGDULVGDPRNLGH
OL7JDQLVD]5YUHEDSURILOLV\YL7HOL6HIHULORED\YL EXOL QLDGDJLV Z\ORYDQ7EXU WHPSHUDWXUXO GD NYHEL7
7HOPLZLV =OLHUL KLGUDWDFLD JDQLVD]5YUHED 7L[HELV GD UH-LPHE]H pH-]H, PDV6L PHWDEROLWHELV 6HPFYHOREDVD GD
7L[DILTOHELV 6LQDJDQL 7YLVHEHEL7 NHU=RG Z\OLV GLGL 6HIDUGHED]HPLZHELVIDU7RD7YLVHEDVDGDPD76LVDVXTH
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JDYV QD\RILHUHEDV PDV DJUH7YH JDD&QLD DUD[HOVD\UHOL ]RJLHU7L VXTFHVLLV JDP6YHEL PHTDQL]PLV IXQTFLD
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LD VXVWL JDVWUXTWXUHED DPLV JDPR \YHOD]H HIHTWXULD ELVDQGD:DREHELV 6HGHJDGHV \RYHOLYH LZYHYV QLDGDJLV
JDPR\HQHED PXGPLYL SODQWDFLHELV TYH6 &DL FLWUXVHEL URJRUF ELQDGURELV JDUHPRV VWDGLXU FYOLOHEDV GD
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358 323
JHQH]LVXU SURILO6L LQIRUPDFLDV QLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHOL
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VXOL QLY7LHUHELV GD HQHUJLLV WUDQVIRUPDFLLV DUVL ELV\YHODQL6DQLGD7YLVHED
PGJRPDUHREV QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV SURFHVL7 GHGDTDQHELV
VDZ\LVL QLY7LHUHELV GD  PWYUL7 DWPRVIHUXOL QDOHTH
EL7 ]HGDSLUXOL GD JUXQWLV Z\OHEL7 PFHQDUHXOL QDU
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JDG QLDGDJLV VXEVWUDWL L=HQV [HOVD\UHO 7YLVHEDV PDV
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324 357
 \YL7HOPLZHELV UHDTFLD P-DYHD KXPXVLV 6HPFYHORED
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325
 QLDGDJHELVEXIHUXOLIXQTFLHELVJDPRP-5DYQHEDDLVD[ GHEDUYD7YHVQDOHTHELVZOLXULUDRGHQREDGLGLD
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326 355
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YHOLV GD W\LV QLDGDJHELV ]RQD URPHOLF PRLFDYV 7UL
DOH7LV THGLV &UGLOR IHUGRELV P7LVZLQHELV \DYLVIHUL
PGHORV\DYLVIHUL GD NRUGLDQNDUERQDWXOL QLDGDJHELV
UDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7VRP[L7LVP7HELVP7LVZLQHELV\DYLV
IHULPGHORV\DYLVIHULQLDGDJHELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7
 P7DW\H7DQLDGDJHELV]RQDURPHOLFPRLFDYV7UL
DOH7LV THGLV &UGLOR IHUGRELV VD6XDORP7LDQL ]ROLV
\DYLVIHULPGHORV\DYLVIHUL\RPUDOLQLDGDJHELVUDLRQV
TYHUDLRQL7VRP[L7LVP7HELVVD6XDORGDGDEDOP7LDQL
]ROLV\DYLVIHULPGHORV\DYLVIHULGD\RPUDOLQLDGDJ
HELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7
345
  P7DPGHOR7D QLDGDJHELV ]RQD URPHO6LF 6HGLV
D:DUDLPHUH7LV GD 6DY6H7DUVLDQLV THGHELV PD5DOP7LDQL
]RQLVP7DPGHOR7DNRUGLDQLGDNRUGLDQWRUILDQLQLDG
DJHELVUDLRQLTYHUDLRQL7
D5PRVDYOH7VDTDU7YHORVQLDGDJXULROTLPRLFDYV
 P7D7D6RULVR GDEOREHELV GD ]HJQHELV TYHROTV
6HPGHJL]RQHEL7
 XGDEQRYHOHELVD GD YHOHELV QLDGDJHELV ]RQD UR
PHOLF PRLFDYV HOGDULV QD[HYUDGXGDEQRV UX[L\DYLVIH
QLDGDJHELVNODVLILNDFLDHIX=QHEDQLDGDJHELV7YLVH
ULPGHORVUX[L\DYLVIHULGDGDPOD6HEXOLQLDGDJHELV
UDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7JDUHND[H7LV]HJQLVVDP[UH7LQDZL
PRDGJHQHQ HURYQXOL NXOWXULV GD TYH\QLV PHFQLHUXOL
VDXQMLV QDZLOV GD PHRUHV P[ULY \RYHOL NRQNUHWXOL
TYH\QLV QLDGDJHELV NODVLILNDFLD XIUR GHWDOXULD GD
XNH7DVD[DYVPLVLQLDGDJXULVDIDULV7DYLVHEXUHEHEV
PVRIOLRV QLDGDJHELV PRQDFHPHELV UHIHUDWXOL ED]LV
WRB) SULQFLSHELPL5HEXOLTQDGDZOHE6LVR
ILD6L &DWDUHEXO 7D7ELUHE]H GD PX6DYGHERGD VSHFLDO
L]HEXOLVDPX6DRMJXIHELVPLHUPD7LDUVL6HPGHJ6LD
EHELV HU7REOLREDV URPHOLF GD\RILOLD  NDWHJRULDG
GLDJQRVWLNXUL KRUL]RQWHEL GLDJQRVWLNXUL QL6QHEL GL
OLVUX[L\DYLVIHULPGHORVUX[L\DYLVIHULGDGDPOD6H
EXOL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQV  TYHUDLRQL7  TYHPR TDU7OLV
YDNLV UX[L\DYLVIHUL PGHORV UX[L\DYLVIHUL GDPOD6H
EXOL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQV  TYHUDLRQL7 JDUH ND[H7LV YH
 GLDJQRVWLNXUL KRUL]RQWHELV GD GLDJQRVWLNXUL
OLDQL]HJQLV6DYLQLDGDJHELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7
 D5PRVDYOH7 VDTDU7YHORV YDNHHELV JDUGDPDYDOL
W\HYHOLVGDW\LVQLDGDJHELV]RQDURPHOLFPRLFDYV6L
GD TDU7OLV YDNLV DOXYLXUL 6DYL GD PGHORV\DYLVIHUL
QLDGDJHELV UDLRQV  TYHUDLRQL7 PX[UDQLV YDNLV DOXYLX
ULGDPGHORV\DYLVIHULUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7PWNYULVSL
UDYDNLVPGHORV\DYLVIHULQLDGDJHELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQ
 JDQ]RJDGHELV PD5DO GRQH]H VD:LURD LVH7L GLDJ
DJQRVWLNXUL PDVDOD VXEVWUDWHEL PD7L 7YLVHEHEL XQGD
L\RVPDTVLPDOXUDG]RPYDGLGD[LOYDGLVDYHOHD5ZHULV
GURV
7YLVHEHELV 6HU&HYLV GURV P[HGYHORED6L PLL5HED PD7L
NDY6LUL QLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHO SURFHVHE7DQ QLDGDJZDUPRP
TPQHOLSURFHVLVFRGQD[HOVXZ\REVQLDGDJLVVUXOGD
[DVLD7HEDV PDJUDP 7DYLV 7DYDG ZDUPRGJHQD SURFHVHE]H
DU6HL=OHEDJDPR\HQHEXOLLTQDVJDQFDONHYHEXONULWHUL
XPDG
L7 JDUH ND[H7LV LYULV YDNLV DOXYLXUL GD PGHORV\D QRVWLNXUL QL6QHELV 6HU&HYD URPOHEVDF PQL6YQHORED
YLVIHUL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQV  TYHUDLRQL7 ND[H7LV DOD] DTY7QLDGDJHELVJDPR\HQHELVGURV
QLV YDNLV PDUMYHQD QDSLULV &UGLORH7GDVDYOH7L QDZL
 NOLPDWXUL SDUDPHWUHEL DU JDPRL\HQHED QLDGDJHELV
OLVDOXYLXULGDPGHORV\DYLVIHULQLDGDJHELVUDLRQV NODVLILNDFLLVGURV
TYHUDLRQL7 ND[H7LV DOD]QLV YDNLV PDUMYHQD QDSLULV
PVRIOLRVQLDGDJHELVPRQDFHPHELVUHIHUDWXOLED]D
VDP[UH7D5PRVDYOH7L QDZLOLV 6DYL PGHORV\DYLVIHUL WRB) ZDUPRDGJHQV VD\RYHO7DR VDNODVLILNDFLR VLVWH
DOXYLXUL GD GDPOD6HEXOL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQV  TYHUDL PDV URPHOLF VD6XDOHEDV L=OHYD PDV7DQ HURYQXOL NOD
RQL7 ND[H7LV DOD]QLV YDNLV PDUF[HQD QDSLULV W\HPGH
ORVDOXYLXULQLDGDJHELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7
 NDYNDVLRQLVTYHROTV6HPGHJL]RQHEL7
 NDYNDVLRQLVP7LVZLQHELVJDUGDPDYDOLW\HYHOLVGD
W\LVQLDGDJHELV]RQDURPHOLFPRLFDYVNDYNDVLRQLVFHQ
344
VLILNDFLHELV6HMHUHEDVGDPRLFDYVRUEORNV
 UHIHUDWXO ED]DV 6H]5XGXOV SLUYHOL GRQL7 GD
URPHOLF6HGJHEDUHIHUDWXOLMJXILVJDQ
 VDNODVLILNDFLR VLVWHPDV URPHOLF 6HGJHED NYDOL
ILNDWRUHELZLQVDU7HELV GD NYDOLILNDWRUHELVXILTVHELV
337
VHULHELV NRPELQDFLHELGDQ URPHOLF HPDWHED UHIHUDWXOL UDLRQV  TYHUDLRQL7 VDP[UH7 DI[D]H7LVDPHJUHORV
MJXILV VD[HOV DVH URP 6HVD=OHEHOLD =DOLDQ ]XVWDG P7LVZLQHELV ZL7HOPLZD \YL7HOPLZD GD NRUGLDQNDUERQD
PRYD[GLQR7 QLDGDJXUL SURILOHELV GD[DVLD7HED GD NOD WXOL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQV  TYHUDLRQL7 LPHUH7LV P7LVZL
VLILFLUHED QHELVPD5ORELVNRUGLDQNDUERQDWXOLGD\YL7HO\RPUD

 UHIHUDWXOL MJXIHEL XQGD ZDUPRDGJHQGQHQ PVRI OLQLDGDJHELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7
OLRV =LUL7DG QLDGDJXU UDLRQHEV UD7D X]UXQYHO\RQ P7DW\H7DQLDGDJHELV]RQDURPHO6LF6HGLVNDYNDVL
[PHOH7LVQLDGDJXULVDIDULVVUXOLPLPR[LOYD RQLVVDP[UH7LIHUGRELVNDUVWXONLUTYLDQL]ROLVNRU

PVRIOLRVQLDGDJHELVPRQDFHPHELVUHIHUDWXOLED]D GLDQNDUERQDWXOQLDGDJHELVUDLRQLTYHUDLRQL7NDYND
WRB) DU XQGD HQDFYOHERGHV HURYQXO NODVLILNDFLHEV VLRQLV GDVDYOH7 QDZLOLV VD6XDORP7LDQL ]ROLV \YL
LV DVUXOHEV JDPDHU7LDQHEHOL VLVWHPLV IXQTFLDV URPH 7HO\RPUDOLGD\RPUDOLQLDGDJHELVUDLRQLTYHUDLRQ
OLF L=OHYD V[YDGDV[YD TYH\QLV VSHFLDOLVWHELV XU7LHU L7 ]HPR LPHUH7LV GD VXUDPLV THGLV \YL7HO\RPUDOL
7RELVVD6XDOHEDV \RPUDOL GD NRUGLDQNDUERQDWXOL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQL 

 PVRIOLRV QLDGDJHELV PRQDFHPHELV UHIHUDWXOL ED TYHUDLRQL7 UD:DOH&[XPLV TYDEXOLV NRUGLDQNDUERQDWX
]LV WRB   6HTPQLV VDIX=YHOV ZDUPRDGJHQV PVRIOLRV OLGD\RPUDOLQLDGDJHELVUDLRQLTYHUDLRQL7
QLDGDJXULUXNLV(FAO, 1988) ÄJDQD[OHEXOLOHJHQGD³UR  P7DPGHOR7D QLDGDJHELV ]RQD URPHOLF PRLFDYV
PHOLF DMDPHEV VDHU7D6RULVR NRUHODFLHELV PQL6YQHOR NDYNDVLRQLV GDVDYOH7L QDZLOLV DI[D]H7VYDQH7LV PD
YDQJDPRFGLOHEDV 5DOP7LDQL NULVWDOXUL PDVLYLV P7DPGHOR7D NRUGLDQL

 QLDGDJXUL HU7HXOHELV JDQPDUWHEDVD GD D5ZHUHE6L NRUGLDQWRUILDQL GD SULPLWLXOL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQV 
DVD[XOLD ODQG6DIWHE6L QLDGDJHEV 6RULV VLYUFREULYL TYHUDLRQL7 VDPHJUHOROH&[XPLV THGHELV P7DPGHOR7D
NDY6LUHELUDGLDOXULGDODWHUDOXUL
7YL7GDVD[HOHEDUHIHUDWXOLED]DDVD[DYVPQL6
YQHORYDQIXQTFLDVURJRUFCVDHU7RPQL6YQHOL´DPLWRP
VLVWHPLV&DU&RHELXQGDL\RVVDNPDRGIDU7RUD7DJDQD
[RUFLHORVHURYQXOLVLVWHPHELVQLDGDJHELVNRUHODFLD
JDUGD³VDHU7RPQL6YQHOLV´IXQTFLLVDDQV[YDGDV[YD
VLVWHPHEV6RULVGDPDNDY6LUHEHOLMD:YLVDPVRIOLRVQL
DGDJHELVPRQDFHPHELVUHIHUDWXOLED]DWRB) JDQNX7YQL
OLD PVRIOLRV QLDGDJHELV 6HVD[HE PRQDFHP7D ED]LV 6H
VDTPQHODG VDNDGDVWUR DPRFDQHELV 6HVDVUXOHEODG GD
PVRIOLRVQLDGDJXULUHVXUVHELVPRQLWRULQJLV7YLV
PVRIOLRVQLDGDJHELVPRQDFHPHELVUHIHUDWXOED]D
6LWRB) JDPR\HQHEXOLQLDGDJXULQRPHQNODWXUDPRLFDYV
QLDGDJHELV WUDGLFLXO VD[HOZRGHEHEV DQ VD[HOZRGH
EHEVURPOHELFDGYLODG6HL=OHEDL\YQHQ&DU7XOL7DQD
338
QLDGDJHELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7
J VDP[UH7 P7LDQH7LV JDQLYL THGHELV TYHROTL 6HPGHJL
]RQHEL7
JRUDNERUFYLDQLP7LVZLQHELVZL7HOPLZDGD\YL7HO
PLZD QLDGDJHELV ]RQD URPHOLF PRLFDYV PHV[H7LV THGLV
&UGLOR IHUGRELV P7LVZLQHELV \YL7HOPLZD \YL7HO\RP
UDOLGDNRUGLDQNDUERQDWXOLQLDGDJHELVUDLRQV
TYHUDLRQL7D:DUDJXULLVJRUDNERUFYLDQLP7LVZLQH
ELVZL7HOPLZHELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7
 P7DW\H7D QLDGDJHELV ]RQD URPHOLF PRLFDYV PHV
[H7LV THGLV VD6XDORP7LDQL ]RQLV \YL7HO\RPUDOL GD
\RPUDOL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQV  TYHUDLRQL7 D:DUDJXULLV
GD6DY6H7LVTHGLVVD6XDORP7LDQL]ROLV\RPUDOLQLDG
DJHELVUDLRQVTYHUDLRQL7
343
 7DYL PHGURYH HQREULY NRQVWUXTFLHE6L JDXJHEURELV 7DYLGDQ
VDTDU7YHORVQLDGDJHEL DVDFLOHEODG QLDGDJHELV VD[HOZRGHEHEV XQGD KTRQGH7
 HU7PQL6YQHORYDQL JDQPDUWHEHEL PLX[HGDYDG LPLVD URP
VDTDU7YHORVQLDGDJHELVGDUDLRQHED PVRIOLRV QLDGDJHELV PRQDFHPHELV UHIHUDWXOL ED]LV
 WRB VLVWHPD 6HTPQLOLD CIDR´V OHJHQGLV VDIX=YHO]H
VDTDU7YHORV WHULWRULD ZDUPRGJHQLOLD U7XOL IL URPHOLF 6HLFDYV RU WDTVRQRPLXU GRQHV GD UHNRPHQGD
]LNXUJHRJUDILXOL SLUREHEL7 ULV JDPRF TYH\QLV QLDG FLHEV PHVDPH GRQLV JDPRVD\RIDG D[DOL UHIHUDWXOL ED
DJXUL VDIDUL VDNPDRG PUDYDOIHURYDQLD VDTDU7YHORV ]LV VLVWHPD6L JDGDZ\GD HU7L GDEDOL GRQL7 6H]5XGYD
WHULWRULD]H JY[YGHED PVRIOLR6L JDYUFHOHEXOL PUDYD \RYHOUHIHUDWXOQLDGDJXUMJXIVPLHFHPD6HVD=OHEHOL
OLQLDGDJL NYDOLILNDWRUHELVZLQVDU7HELV GD VXILTVHELV JDUNYHXOL
VDTDU7YHORV WHULWRULD]H VDED6YLOL  XUX6D=H QDNUHELJDUNYHXOL7DQPLPGHYUREL7PD7LNRPELQDFLHELGDQ
JDPRL\RIDQLDGDJXULROTL
GDVDYOH7VDTDU7YHORV
D5PRVDYOH7VDTDU7YHORV
 MJXIHELV JDPR\RID ZDP\YDQL QLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHOL
VDP[UH7VDTDU7YHORV
DP ROTHELV IDUJOHE6L JDPRL\RID TYHROTHEL ]RQHEL
GDTYHUDLRQHEL
GDVDYOH7VDTDU7YHORVQLDGDJXULROTLPRLFDYV
D P7D7D6RULVR GDEORELV TYHROTV 6HPGHJL]RQHEL7
 QLDGDJHELV GD\RID PHRUH GRQH]H [RUFLHOGHED =L
GDVDYOH7VDTDU7YHORVGDEORELV\YL7HOPLZDHZHULGD
:DRELDQL QLDGDJHELV ]RQD URPHO6LF 6HGLV NRO[H7LV
GDEORELVGDVDYOH7LGDGDEOHEXOLQDZLOLV:DRELDQLQL
DGDJHELV UDLRQL  TYHUDLRQL7 DI[D]H7VDPHJUHORV \YL
7HOPLZDHZHUL GD DOXYLXUL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQL  TYHUDL
RQL7 NRO[H7LV GDEORELV D5PRVDYOH7L QDZLOLV LPHU
GJHED QLDGDJLV VD[HOZRGHED VD[HOZRGHEHELV DJHELV VD
HU7RZHVHEVPLHNX7YQHED6HPGHJL
SURFHVLVPL[HGYL7UDFLZYHYVGDPD[DVLD7HEHOLQL6QHELV
ZDUPRTPQDV JDPRQDNOLVV ZDUPRDGJHQHQ JDQVDNX7UHEXOL
GHGDTDQHEL URPHO7D 7YLVHEHEV DTY7 JDUNYHXOL PQL6YQH
OREDQLDGDJHELV]RJLHU7LMJXILVD7YLV
UL7DGL QLDGDJZDUPRPTPQHOL SURFHVLV GDPDWHEL7L QL6QH
EL7 URPOHELF 6HVDP&QHYDG FYOLDQ =LUL7DG QLDGDJXU
7YLVHEHEV ]RJLHU7 6HP7[YHYD6L DP GRQH]H L7YDOLVZLQH
EHQSUDTWLNXODGPQL6YQHORYDQQLDGDJXU7YLVHEHEV
]RJLHU7L UHIHUDWXOL QLDGDJXUL MJXIL JY[YGHED
V[YDGDV[YDNOLPDWXUSLUREHE6LPDJUDPQLDGDJHELVJDQVD
H7LV \YL7HOPLZHELV \YL7HOPLZDHZHUL  \YL7HOPLZDHZ FDONHYHEODGJDGDZ\GDDU\RILOL\R6HPR5HEXOLNOLPD
HUOHELDQL  GD DOXYLXUL QLDGDJHELV UDLRQL  TYHUDLRQ WXUL SDUDPHWUHEL UD7D QLDGDJHELV NODVLILNDFLDDU \R
L7 NRO[H7LV GDEORELV VDP[UH7L QDZLOLV JXULDD:DU ILOL\RGDPRNLGHEXOLNOLPDWXUPRQDFHPHE]H
LV ZL7HOPLZHELV \YL7HOPLZDHZHUL \YL7HOPLZDHZHUOH  DP-DPDGJDPRL\RIDPVRIOLRVUHIHUDWXOLQLDGDJ
ELDQLGDDOXYLXULQLDGDJHELVUDLRQLTYHUDLRQL7 HELV  MJXIL DNULVROHEL (Acrisols) (OD7LQXUL acris – =D
E NDYNDVLRQLVTYHROTL6HPGHJL]RQHEL7 OLDQP-DYHDOEHOLXYLVROHEL Albeluvisols) OD7LQXUL
JRUDNERUFYLDQLP7LVZLQHELV\YL7HOPLZDGDZL7HO albus – 7H7ULGDeluviereăJDPRUHF[YDDOLVROHELAlisols)
PLZDV]RQDURPHOLFPRLFDYVDI[D]H7LVP7LVZLQHELV\YL (OD7LQXUL alumen – DOXPLQL DQGRVROHELAndosols) (LDSRQ
7HOPLZDZL7HOPLZDGDNRUGLDQNDUERQDWXOLQLDGDJHELV XUL ³DQ´ ă 6DYL GD ³GR´ ă QLDGDJL DQWURVROHELV

342 339
Antrosols) (DQ7URSRJHQXOL QLDGDJHEL), DUHQRVROHEL VDNRQWURORNL7[YHELGDGDYDOHEHEL
Arenosols) (OD7LQXULarena – TYL6D NDOFLVROHEL (Calcisols) 
(OD7LQXULcalx – NLUL, NDPELVROHELVCambisols), &HUQR]HPH  UDV PRLFDYHQ QLDGDJHELV NODVLILNDFLLV 6HGJHQLV
EL6DYPLZHELChernozems), NULRVROHELCryosols) (EHU=QXOL SULQFLSHEL"  &DPR7YDOH7 QLDGDJHELV NODVLILNDFLLV =L
UL7DGL WDTVRQRPLXUL HU7HXOHEL  UDV QL6QDYV QLDGDJ
kraios – VLFLYH GXULVROHELV7YLV Durisols) (OD7LQXUL
HELVQRPHQNODWXUD"UDVQL6QDYVQLDGDJHELVGLDJQRVWL
durus - P\DUL IHUDOVROHELFerralsols) (OD7LQXUL ferrum -
ND"  GDD[DVLD7H7 QLDGDJHELV =LUL7DGL NODVLILNDFLHEL
UNLQD GD alumen – DOXPLQLXPL IOLXYLVROHEL Fluvisols)
 UDV ZDUPRDGJHQV QLDGDJXUL UHVXUVHELV PVRIOLR NR
(OD7LQXULfluviusăPGLQDUH JOHLVROHEL (Gleysols) (UXVX
UHODFLXUL ED]D"  UDPGHQL GD URPHOL MJXIL JDPRL\R
OL – ɝɥɟɣ – EODQWL JDGDWHQLDQHEXOL PLZD KLSVLVROHEV ID QLDGDJXUL UHVXUVHELV PVRIOLR NRUHODFLXUL ED]LV
(Gypsisols) EHU=QXOLCKLIVLVJDQ´7DED6LULKLVWRVROHEL PL[HGYL7"QLDGDJXULUHVXUVHELVPVRIOLRNRUHODFL
(Histosols) (EHU=QXOL “histos” – TVRYLOL NDVWDQR]HPHEL XUL ED]LV URPHOL MJXILD JDYUFHOHEXOL VDTDU7YHOR
Kastanozems) (OD7LQXUL– castanea – ZDEOLGDUXVXOL – ɡɟɦ 6L"
– PLZD OHSWRVROHEL Leptosols) (EHU= – “leptos” – 7[HOL),
OLNYLVROHEL Lixisols) (OD7LQXUL ă livixia – QLY7LHUHEHELV
JDPRUHF[YD OXYLVROHEL Luvisols) (OD7LQXUL – eluviere – 
UHF[YD JDPRUHF[YD QLWLVROHEL Nitisols) (OD7LQXUL –
nitidus - EUZ\LQYDOH), IDLR]HPHEL(Phaeozems) (EHU=QXOL “ID
LRVL´ GD UXVXOL – ɡɟɦ – PLZD SODQRVROHEL Planosols)
(OD7LQXUL – planus - EUW\HOL SOLQWRVROHEL Plinthosols)
(EHU=QXOL ³SOLQWRV´ăDJXULSRG]ROHELPodzols) (UXVX
OL VLW\YHELGDQ ă ³ɩɨɞ” – TYH GD ³ɡɨɥɚ´ – QDFDUL UHJRVR
OHEL Regosols) (EHU=QXOL ³UHJRV´ ă VDEDQL VDIDUL VR
ORQ&DNHELSolonchaks) (UXVXOL³ɫɨɥɶ´ăPDULOLGD7XUTX
OL ³&DN´ ă GDPOD6HEXOL DGJLOL VRORQFHEL Solonetzes)
(UXVXOL ³ɫɨɥɶ´ ă PDULOL VWDJQRVROHEL Stagnosols) (OD
7LQXUL stagnare – GDWERUYD), tHTQRVROHELTechnosols),XPEUL
VROHELUmbrisols) (OD7LQXUL umbra – &UGLOL), YHUWLVROH
ELVertisols) (OD7LQXULvertere – JDGDWULDOHED).

340 341
DULDQ GD PHRUDG DOXPR GD IHUVLOLNDWHE7DQ HU7DG
7DQGD7DQREL7JURYGHELDQSURILOLV]HGDQDZLO6L
]HGDKRUL]RQWHE6LP-DYHUHDTFLLVDUVHERED[HOVXZ
\REV UNLQLV PRELOL]DFLDV GD RUJDQXO P-DYHE7DQ NRP
SOHTVXUL QDHU7HELV 6HTPQDV HV XNDQDVNQHOQL QLDGDJLV
NRORLGXUL QDZLOLV VWDELOL]DWRULV UROV DVUXOHEHQ
NRPSOHTVXUL QDHU7HEL JDUV HNYULDQ PD7 GD LFDYHQ 6HP
GJRPL GD6OLVJDQ TPQLDQ 6HXFYOHOL PGJRPDUHREL7 PD7L
JDGDDGJLOHELVSLUREHEVDPDV[HOVXZ\REVNRPSOHTVXUL
QDHU7HELV PD5DOL =YUDGRED URPHOLF P-5DYQGHED UR
JRUF PLNURPRUIRORJLL7 LVH MHTVRQLV JDPRQDZXUL7
UD6LF JDGDGLV PD7L VDNPDRG GLGL UDRGHQRED JDQVDNX7
UHEL7EHYULDHVQDHU7HELB KRUL]RQW6LV[YDGDV[YD=YUD
GRELV XQDULV PTRQH UNLQLV 6HPFYHORED GD JDQDZLOHELV
NDQRQ]RPLHUHED ZDUPRDGJHQV DP QLDGDJHELV GLDJQRVWLNLV
VDLPHGRPD&YHQHEHOV
&DPR7YOLOL GLDJQRVWLNXUL PD&YHQHEOHEL GDPD[DVLD7
HEHOLDWLSXUL\RPUDOZDUPRTPQLV7YLVURPOHELFJDPRL\
RILDQOHTLVJDGDQDZLOHELVPL[HGYL7DUDGLIHUHQFLUHEX
OLDQVXVWDGGLIHUHQFLUHEXOLSURILOL7\RPUDOLQL
DGDJLV XIUR LQWHQVLXUL GLIHUHQFLDFLLV GURV SLUYHO
ULJ6L[GHEDZ\OLVUH-LPLV6HFYODURPHOLFP-5DYQGHED
JD7L[HEXOL B KRUL]RQWLV ]HGD QDZLOLV V[YDGDV[YD [D
ULV[LVD GD [DQJU=OLYRELV :DUEL WHQLDQREL7 PHTDQLNXUL
6HPDGJHQOREL7SURILOLVGLIHUHQFLUHEDLZYHYVDUHVUH
DTFLLV GLIHUHQFLDFLDV ]HGD KRUL]RQWHELV XIUR PHWL
JDP-5DYQHEL7QLDGDJXUSURILO6L-DQJHXOHELVJDQDZLOH
ELV PL[HGYL7 D6NDUDG 6HLP&QHYD ND-PLZLV ]HGD KRUL]RQ
W6LGDJURYHED[RORTYHGD6LNL6HPFLUHED7XPFDOH
TLV6HPDGJHQOREDDUJYL&YHQHEVDVH7GLIHUHQFLDFLDVKX
PXVRYDQL QLY7LHUHEHELV 6HPDGJHQORED6L :DUEREHQ IXO
YRP-DYHELURPOHELFURJRUF&DQVWRWDOXUDGUHF[DYHQ
SURILOVDPL7DL[VQHEDDUDVLOLNDWXULUNLQLVIRUPHELV
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400
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382 379
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380 381
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410 431
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430 411
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454 467
JRUF PD5DOP7LDQH7LV QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV JDQVDNX7UHEXO EL7OHTRVIUDTFLD6L[RORK20 PQL6YQHORYDQLUDRGHQ
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466 455
URP=LPHPHTDQLNXUL6HGJHQLOREL7KXPXVLVPD5DOL6HP SXU ]RQD6L ]5YLV GRQLGDQ   PHWULGDQ 
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456 465
FHV7DQ GD DJUH7YH WEHELV DPR6DOGDPHELV HYROXFLLV NDY6LUHEXOL IUDTFLLV JDGLGHEXOL UDRGHQREL7 KXPXVLV
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464 457
PHRUH QD[HYULGDQ  ]5YLV UHJUHVLLV 6HGHJDG QD]5YDXU
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458 463
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PFLUH VLP=ODYUL7 JDNRUGHEL7 ]HGDSLULGDQ 7L[QDUL DQ
7L[D PHTDQLNXUL 6HGJHQLOREL7 =LUL7DG6L P-DYH DQ VXV
WDG P-DYH UHDTFLL7 PD5DOL GD 5UPD KXPXVLUHEL7 67DQ
ULV THUTLV ZDUPRTPQL7 G-  HUR]LXOL QDIHQHEL7 GU  7TPLVGDEDOLDQVD6XDORWHYDGREL7FDONHXOLIUDTFL
SHVWLFLGHEL7 GV  SD7RJHQHEL7 LQIHTFLXUL WRTVLNXUL HELVGDP7OLDQLRTVLGHELVDUD7DQDEDULJDQDZLOHEL7PL
GDDOHUJLXOL QHUDOXULQDZLOLVJDPRILWYLVVLDOLWXULWLSL77L[DPL
PFHQDUHXOLSURGXTFLLV[DULV[LVGDUDRGHQRELVGDT QHUDOHE6L KLGURTDUVHELV GD TORULWLV VL:DUEL7 KXPX
YHL7HELV PD&YHQHEOLV PL[HGYL7 DU&HYHQ QLDGDJHELV GDELQ VLV IXOYDWXUL GD KXPDWXUIXOYDWXUL WLSL7 VL5UPL7
=XUHEDVURPHOLFPRWDQLOLDF[ULO6L VLOLNDWXULUNLQLVJDGLGHEXOL6HPFYHOREL7

518 483
 P7DPGHORVQLDGDJ6L=LUL7DGLHOHPHQWDUXOLQLDGDJ
ZDUPRPTPQHOL SURFHVHELD KXPXVVLDOLWL]DFLD KXPXVZDU
PRTPQDJDNRUGHEDGDJDVWUXTWXUHED
P7DPGHORV QLDGDJL JDQV[YDYGHED P7DW\HPGHORV QL
DGDJLVJDQ URPHOLF IRUPLUGHED VXEDOSXUL VDUW\OLV
6HVUXOHED]H NRQWUROLV X]UXQYHO\RIDV VDRUJDQL]D
FLRVDPHXUQHR5RQLV=LHEHELVHIHTWXUREDX6XDORGDDGD
NDY6LUHEXOL QLDGDJLV TDULVPLHUL HUR]LLV VD6L6URHELV
6HIDVHELVVL]XVWHV7DQ
VDLULJDFLR HUR]LLV VLGLGH GDPRNLGHEXOLD VLYUFHVD
TYHGDQDZLO6LPXTL6HIHULOREL7XNH7HVLGDXIURP\D
UL JDVWUXTWXUHEL7 [LU[DWLDQREL7 QDNOHEL DUDPD=5UR
EL7UNLQLVPR=UDYLIRUPHELVPHWL6HPFYHOREL7
P7DPGHORVQLDGDJLJDQV[YDYGHEDP7DPGHORV6DYPLZL
VHEUL QLDGDJLVJDQ XIUR 5LD 6HIHULOREL7 QDNOHEDG
PWNLFHVWUXTWXUL7XIURP-DYHUHDTFLL7XIURGDEDOL
67DQ7TPLVWHYDGREL7KXPXVLVXIURPFLUH6HPFYHOREL7
GDKXPXVLVIXOYDWXULWLSL7
 UHEDV QLDGDJLV GDELQ=LUHED XQGD L[LOHERGHV DUDPDUWR
 URJRUF ]RJLHU7L QLY7LHUHELV HOHPHQWLV PDYQH PLNUR
QD[P7DPGHORVQLDGDJLV=LUL7DGLPD&YHQHEOHEL
 QDVZRURELVGDU5YHYDURPOLVD5GJHQDVGURV:LUGHED
NODVL
NODVLIL
ILND
VLILNDFLD
ND FLD
FLDPD5DOP7LDQH7LVQLDGDJLVMJXI6LJDU
GD P7DPGHORV QLDGDJLVD 6HGLV V[YD QLDGDJLF WLSLV
GD GUR6L FYODG P7HO ULJ IDTWRU]H PD7JDQ XPUDYOH
VRED HTYHPGHEDUHED DGDPLDQLV ]HPRTPHGHEDV PD7 ULF[YV
PLHNX7YQHED[HORYQXULZYLPLVLQWHVLYREDZYH7HELV]RPD
GD YDUGQLV VLVZUDIH PRUZ\YLV ]HGDSLUXOL [HU[HELV
GURV Z\OLV [DUML IHUGRELV GD[ULORED GD IRUPD
VDUZ\DYL QDNYH7LV VLJU=H PRUZ\YLV [DQJU=OLYRED Z\DO
JDPWDUREDGDQLDGDJLVHUR]LLVVDZLQDD5PGHJRPGJUDGR
ED DP IDTWRUHELV UHJXOLUHEL7 6HVD=OHEHOLD PRUZ\YLV
GURV HUR]LLV SURFHVHELV PDU7YD GD GDVD6YHQ GRQHPGH
QLDGDJLVGDQDNDUJLV6HPFLUHED
 

QLDGDJLVGDELQ=XUHEDGDJDZPHQGLV
PH7RGHEL

QLDGDJL JDQLFGLV V[YDGDV[YD JDUH6H IDTWRUHELV ]H
PRTPHGHEDV QHELVPLHUL TPHGHED URPOLV 6HGHJDGDF [GHED
QLDGDJLVIL]LNXULIL]LNXUTLPLXULTLPLXULELRORJLX
UL GDELRTLPLXUL IXQTFLHELV GDU5YHYD  LZYHYV GDELQ=X
RUJDQL]PHELV 6H5ZHYDV DUDPHG URJRUF JDUNYHXOL ZR
HNRORJLXUL PGJRPDUHRED PZYDYGHED =OLHUGHED QLDG
DJHELVWHTQRJHQXULGDELQ=XUHELVSURFHVHEL7
GRQH]H VDVXTHELV PD5DOL GR]HELV [DQJU=OLYL VLVWHPDWXUL
P7DWRUILDQL QLDGDJL Z\OLV Z\DURHE7DQ PGLQDUHHE JDPR\HQHED LZYHYV WRTVLNXUL QLY7LHUHEHELV GDJURYHEDV
7DQWEHE7DQGDV[Y[DVLD7GHEDWRUILVKRUL]RQWLVDU QLDGDJ6L  PLQHUDOXUL VDVXTHELV EDODVWXU NRPSRQHQ
VHEREL7 NRUGLV XTRQOREL7 FXGL JDVWUXTWXUHEL7 JD WHEV PDJDOL7DG  W IRVIRUXOL  VDVXTHELGDQ QLDGDJ6L

484 517
 VDRUJDQL]DFLRVDPHXUQHR 5RQLV=LHEHELV =LUL7DGL GD
QL6QXOHEDDWHULWRULLVHUR]LLVVDZLQDD5PGHJRRUJDQL
]DFLD LVLQL XQGD [RUFLHOGHERGHV QLDGDJLV HUR]LXO
RELV  GD HUR]LLV VD6L6URHELV JD7YDOLVZLQHEL7 Z\DO
6HPNUHEIDU7RE]HXQGD[GHERGHVHUR]LLVJDQQLDGDJHELV
GDFYLV \YHOD 5RQLV=LHEHELV VZRUL 6H[DPHED GD JDQODJH
ED
QLDGDJHELV TDULVPLHUL HUR]LLV 7DYLGDQ DFLOHED [GH
ED DJURWHTQLNXUL DJURVDW\HRPHOLRUDFLXOL GD VDRUJD
QL]DFLRVDPHXUQHR5RQLV=LHEHEL7
DJURWHTQLNXUL5RQLV=LHEHELPRLFDYHQPLZD7PRTPHGHELV
OHEHELVQL6QHEL7FDONHXOLPHTDQLNXULIUDTFLHELVPHW
QDNOHEDG7DQDEDULJDQDZLOHEL77L[QDULDQ7L[DPHTDQL
NXUL6HGJHQLOREL7=LUL7DGLRTVLGHELVXPQL6YQHORJD
GDQDZLOHEL7 PLQHUDOXUL QDZLOLV JDPRILWYLV VLDOLWX
UL WLSL7 DPRUIXOL GD GDNULVWDOHEXOL UNLQLV 6HVDP
&QHYLJDGDDGJLOHEL7KXPXVLVIXOYDWXULWLSL7DUDKLG
UROL]DHEDGL QD67LV JDGLGHEXOL 6HPFYHOREL7 PD5DOL
GD5UPDKXPXVLUHEL7P-DYHUHDTFLL7DUDPD=5UREL7
P7DPGHORV KXPXVLOXYLXUL QLDGDJL [DVLD7GHED PFL
UH KXPXVRYDQL KRUL]RQWLV DUVHEREL7 URPHOLF ZDUPR
DGJHQV KXPXVLV UHWLQL]DFLLV
 6HGHJV DUDHU7JYDURYDQL
VLVWHPHELVUDPGHQLPHHOHPHQWVPD76RULVSLUYHOULJ6L
7HVOEUXQYD6LPLZHELVJDPR\HQHELVZHVVGDPHTDQLNXULGD
PX6DYHELV VLVWHPDV DP 5RQLV=LHEHEL7 DPFLUHEHQ TDULV
VLVZUDIHV GD ]UGLDQ QLDGDJLV GHIODFLXU VDZLQDD5PGH
JR PGJUDGREDV DP P[ULY IDU7R 6HVD=OHEOREHEL GDNDY
6LUHEXOLDPFHQDUHXORELVQLDGDJGDFYL7LUROLVJDPR\H
QHEDV7DQ QLDGDJGDFYL7L 7HVOEUXQYHELV JDQ[LOYLVDV =L
UL7DGL\XUDG5HEDXQGDJDPD[YLOGHVVDVRIORVDPHXUQHR
NXOWXUHELV QLDGDJGDFYL7 HIHTWXURED]H QD7HVHELV ]R
OHEULYJDQODJHED]HPXO&LUHED]H6XDOHGXULNXOWXUH
ELV GD7HVYD]H NXOLVHEVD GD EDOD[7HVYD]H PHTDQLNXUL
PHTDQLNXUL 6HGJHQLOREL7 =LUL7DGL RTVLGHELV 6HGDUH
EL7 7DQDEDUL JDQDZLOHEL7 UNLQLV FDONHXOL IRUPHELV
JDQDZLOHED6LUDLPHNDQRQ]RPLHUHELVXTRQOREL7KXPXVLV
IXOYDWXULDQKXPDWXUIXOYDWXULWLSL7]HGDKRUL]RQ
W6LKXPXVLV=DOLDQPD5DOL6HPFYHOREL7RUJDQXOLQLY
7LHUHEHELV KXPLILNDFLLV VD6XDOR [DULV[L7 P-DYH UHDT
FLL7 PD5DOL GD 5UPD KXPXVLUHEL7 67DQ7TPLV VD6XDOR
WHYDGREL7DUDPD=5URELVVDNPDRGPD5DOL[DULV[L7
PHRUDGL P7DPGHORV QLDGDJL [DVLD7GHED VDNPDRG
P=ODYUL SURILOL7 ÄW\LV³ QLDGDJZDUPRTPQLV QL6QHEL7
NDNORYDQLDQP\DUNR6WRYDQRVWUXTWXUDJDUNYHXOLJD
GDPX6DYHELV QLDGDJGDFYL7L VLVWHPD PRLFDYV =LUL7DG GD
PX6DYHEDV EU=RODV VDUHYHOHE7DQ 7HVYLVZLQD GDPX6DYH
EDVGD7HVYLVRSHUDFLHELV6H[DPHEDVGDPLQLPDOXUGDPX
6DYHEDV
VDW\HRVDPHOLRUDFLR5RQLV=LHEHE6LPHWDGPQL6YQHOR
YDQLD PLQGRUVDFDYL W\LV QDUJDYHELV 6HPDGJHQORED GD
VWUXTWXUDPLQGRUVDFDYLW\LV]ROHELVVLVWHPLVJDDQJD
UL6HEDGDW\LVQDUJDYHELV6HTPQD
TDULVPLHUL HUR]LLVJDQ QLDGDJLV GDFYLV VDRUJDQL]D
FLRVDPHXUQHR 5RQLV=LHEHEL PRLFDYHQ 6HPGHJ VDPX6DRHEV
&DVDWDUHEHOL 5RQLV=LHEHELV DXFLOHEORELV GDVDEX7HEDV
PD7 JDQVD[RUFLHOHEODG ZLQDSLUREHELV 6HTPQDV GD PD7
516
7L[HED QD5YHQ7L 7L[LV DUVHERED 7L[QDUL DQ 7L[D PHTD
QLNXUL 6HGJHQLOREL7 7L[DPLQHUDOHELV 6HPDGJHQORED6L
KLGURTDUVHELV GD TORULWHELV VL:DUEL7 =LUL7DGL RTVL
GHELV JDUNYHXOL HOXYLXULOXYLXUL JDGDQDZLOHEL7 KX
PXVLVIXOYDWXULWLSL7]HGDKRUL]RQW6LKXPXVLVPD5D
OL6HPFYHOREL7SURILO6LPNYH7UDG6HPFLUHEXOLJDQD
ZLOHEL7 RUJDQXOL QLY7LHUHEHELV KXPLILNDFLLV GDEDOL
[DULV[L7 DUDKLGUROL]HEDGL QD67LV GDEDOL 6HPFYHOR
*
QLDGDJLV P]UDORELV 6ULV ]HYLGDQ JDPR\LQYL7 NRDJXOLUHEXOL
KXPXVLV DNXPXODFLLV SURFHVL ULV 6HGHJDGDF IRUPLUGHED VSHFL
ILNXUL \RPUDOL DQ \RPUDOZL7HOL IHULV KXPXVLOXYLXUL KRUL
]RQWL
485
EL7KXPLQLV P-DYHE6L , GD IXOYRP-DYHE6L ,, GD ,,, IUDT
FLHELVVL:DUEL7DUDVLOLNDWXULUNLQLVGDJURYHEL7SUR
ILOLV 6XDGD ]HGD QDZLOHE6L DPRUIXOL UNLQLV LQWHQ
VLXUL JDGDQDZLOHEL7 P-DYH UHDTFLL7 PD5DOL GD 5UPD
KXPXVLUHEL767DQ7TPLVVD6XDORWHYDGREL7
JDQ[LOXOQLDGDJ6LJDPRL\RID6HPGHJLTYHWLSHEL
&YHXOHEULYL ă FDONHXOL WLSLV =LUL7DGL 7YLVHEHEL7
GDQL6QHEL7
PD=5DUL ă JDQYL7DUHEXOL IX=H TDQHELV JDPRILWYLV
SURGXTWHE]H
DUDVUXOJDQYL7DUHEXOL ă SURILOLV VDHU7R PFLUH
VLP=ODYULV IRQ]H HU7HU7L JHQH]LVXUL KRUL]RQWLV DP
RYDUGQL7
NRUGLDQNDUERQDWXOL ă JDQYL7DUHEXOL NDUERQDWXO
TDQHE]H
P7DPGHORVTYHWLSHE6LJYDUHEVJDPR\RIHQKXPXVRYDQL
KRUL]RQWLV [DVLD7LV GD DUD QLDGDJZDUPRTPQHOL TDQLV
6HPDGJHQORELV PL[HGYL7 UDGJDQ V[YDGDV[YD TDQ]H JDQYL
7DUHEXOL QLDGDJL DU DVD[DYV PD7 JDYOHQDV DP TDQHELV
GHOXYLXULEXQHELVJDPR
P7DPGHORVQLDGDJ6LJDPR\RIHQ6HPGHJJYDUHEVWRU
ILDQNRUGLDQLPNYULYNRUGLDQLID6DUDGNRUGLDQLQH6RP
SDODWRUILDQLWRUILDQL
P7DPGHORV QLDGDJL L\RID VD[HREDG KXPXVRYDQL SUR
ILOLVVLP=ODYULVPL[HGYL7PFLUHVLP=ODYULVăA + B <
20 VPVD6XDORVLP=ODYULVA + B = 21 – 40 VPP=ODYULA
+ B = 41-80 VPGD]HP=ODYULA + B > 80 VP
JHQH
JHQH]L
QH ]LVL
]LVL
VL P7DPGHORV QLDGDJL =LUL7DG6L IRUPLUGHED
P\DUL TDQHELV JDPRILWYLV JDPRWXWXO SURGXTWHE]H GD
LNDYHEVP7HELVGDIHUGREHELV]HGDQDZLOHELV\YHODHTV
SR]LFLDVNOLPDWXULSLUREHEL[DVLD7GHEDPRVXOLQDOH
THELVGLGLUDRGHQREL7QDOHTHELMHUGDPHWDGD:DU
EHEHQ DRU7TOHEDV UDF JDQVD]5YUDYV QLDGDJHELV &DPUHF[
UH-LPV PNDFUL NOLPDWXUL SLUREHEL 6H]5XGXOL VDYHJH
486
GDX7HVDYL DQHXOL ZDUPRDGJHQV QLDGDJHELV HUR]LLV
P[ULY\YHOD]HVD6L6VDYDUJXOVGDX7HVDYLDQHXOLV6HP
7[YHYD6L VD:LURD QLDGDJLV GDFYD VSHFLDOXUL [HU[HEL7
PD7PLHNX7YQHEDPR7HVLOLDQHXOLVGDQHUJYD6XDOHGXUL
GDHU7REOLYLQD7HVHELVJDPR\HQHEDIHUGREHE]HNXOWX
UHELV]ROHEULYLJDQODJHEDQLDGDJGDFYL7L7HVOEUXQYH
ELVGDPXO&LUHELVJRQLYUXOLJDPR\HQHED
QLDGDJLV HUR]LLV VDZLQDD5PGHJR GDPX6DYHEDV PLHNX7
YQHED =LUL7DGL GDPX6DYHED DQHXOLV PRYOD 7HVYLVZLQD
GDPX6DYHEDQDUJDYHELVGD7HVYDGDUJYDGDPRYOD
QLDGDJLV Z\DO6HPNDYHEL7L GDPX6DYHELV [HU[HEV PLHN
X7YQHED HUR]LLV VDZLQDD5PGHJR QDQRUHOLHILV 6HPTQD
Z\DODPULGL 5DUHELV PRZ\RED GD5DUYD 7RYO6HNDYHED GD
7RYOLVGQRELVUHJXOLUHED
DJURVDW\HRPHOLRUDFLD ZDUPRDGJHQV PHOLRUDFLLV QD
ZLOVURPHOLFPRLFDYVW\LVGDFYL7LQDUJDYHELVJDPR\H
QHEL7VDVRIORVDPHXUQHRVDYDUJXOHELVEXQHEULYLSLUR
EHELV JDXPMREHVHELV VDNL7[HEV W\LV QDUJDYHEL 6HL=OHED
L\RV&DPRQDGHQLVPDUHJXOLUHEHOLPD7L=LUL7DGLGDQL6
QXOHEDD ]HGDSLUXOL &DPRQDGHQLV JDGD\YDQD 6LGDQLDGDJ
XU &DPRQDGHQ6L PHWDG PQL6YQHORYDQLD DJUH7YH [UDPHELV
GD5HOHHELVVDW\HRPHOLRUDFLD
HUR]LLV VDZLQDD5PGHJR KLGURWHTQLNXU 5RQLV=LHEHEV
L\HQHEHQ PD6LQ URGHVDF DJURWHTQLNXUL GD DJURVDW\HRP
HOLRUDFLXOL5RQLV=LHEHELV&DWDUHEDDUDULVVDNPDULVL
Z\DO6HPNUHEIDU7REHE]HXPDUWLYHVLKLGURWHTQLNXUL5R
QLV=LHEHELD PLZD\ULOHELWHUDVHEL VDIH[XULVHEXUL WHUD
VHELWUDQ6HXOLWHUDVHEL&DPRQDGHQLVJDPDI[YLHUHEOHEL
Z\DO6HPNDYHEHOL PLZD\ULOHEL Z\DODPULGL PLZD\ULOHEL
7[ULOHELVDP7R 7[ULOHEL VDNPDRG U7XOL GD PUDYDO
IHURYDQLD KLGURWHTQLNXUL QDJHEREHEL [UDPHE]H  PD5OL
YL &DPRVDJGHEL QDJHEREHEL VDJXEUHEL [UDPHELV DPRYVHED
GDIHUGREHELVPRVZRUHED
515
  WDFLR SHULRGL VXV[LDQL GD 7RYOLDQL ]DP7DUL GD V[Y
HUR]LDURPHOLFP-5DYQGHEDDP-DPDGDULVX7XRGDG [HOV XZ\REV TDQHELVD GD PLQHUDOHELV IL]LNXU GD ]5X
DPLDQLV VDTPLDQRELV 6HGHJL GD FQRELOLD DQ7URSRJHQXUL GDYV TLPLXUV JDPRILWYDV PFHQDUHXOL VDIDUL ZDUPRGJH
HUR]LLVVD[HOZRGHEL7 QLOLD VD6XDOR EDOD[RYDQVXEDOSXUL GD GDEDOEDOD[R
GHGDPLZD]H VRIOLV PHXUQHRED6L JDPRL\HQHED PLZHELV YDQDOSXULPGHORHEL7GD]RJMHUEX&TQDUHEL7
GDD[ORHEL7  Ć  KD 6HVD=OHEHOLD NLGHY  Ć  KD QLDGDJXUL SURILOL JDPRLU&HYD VXVWL GLIHUHQFLDFL
D[DOL PLZHELV &DU7YD VDVRIORVDPHXUHQR JDPR\HQHED6L L7GDPFLUHVLP=ODYUL7QLDGDJL[DVLD7GHED]HGDKRUL
PDJUDP HV GDNDY6LUHEXOLD PD7 D7YLVHED]H P]DUG NDSLWD ]RQWHELV PFLUH VLP=ODYUL7 GLGL WHYDGREL7 URPHOLF
OXUGDEDQGHEHE7DQ VL5UPL7 NOHEXOREV GD PD5DOL Z\DOJDPWDUREL7 URPH
VDTDU7YHOR6LHUR]LUHEXOLPLZHELVIDU7RELGLGVL OLFDJUH7YHTYHGDKRUL]RQWLVNHQPFLUGHEDLVLQLGLGL
GLGHHEV D5ZHYV TYH\DQD6L VXO HUR]LUHEXOLD VD[QDYHELV UDRGHQREL7 6HLFDYHQ KXPXVV DPDV7DQ PLV 6HPDGJHQORED
 D5PRVDYOH7 VDTDU7YHOR6L HV VLGLGH LD DPDV 6L EHYULD VXVWDG KXPLILFLUHEXOL QDHU7HEL URPOHELF
7DQ \YHOD]H PHWDG HUR]LUHEXOLD VD[QDYHEL DGLJHQLV PD7ÄX[H6´[DVLD7VD=OHYHQKXPXV6L:DUEREHQIXOYRP-D
 JXUMDDQLV  ERUMRPLV  GX6H7LV  YHHELQLDGDJLVPLQHUDOXUQDZLO6LD5LQL6QHEDUNLQLV7D
D[DOFL[LV  GPDQLVLV  UDLRQHE6L GD VDP[UH7 YLVXIDOLRTVLGHELVPD5DOL6HPFYHOREDQLDGDJL[DVLD7
RVH76L\YHOD]HQDNOHEDGHUR]LUHEXOLVD[QDYHELD GHED P-DYH UHDTFLL7 GDEDOL 67DQ7TPLV WHYDGREL7 GD
ODJRGH[LV\YDUOLVGHGRIOLVZ\DURVQL IX=HHELVVXVWLDUDPD=5UREL7
QRZPLQGLVUDLRQHE6L DPVDHU7R7YLVHEHELVIRQ]HQLDGDJLJDQV[YDYGHEDQL
GDVDYOH7 VDTDU7YHOR6L HUR]LUHEXOLD VD[QDYHELV DGDJXULSURILOLV6HQHELVWLSL76HGJHQLORELV=LUL7D
 \YHOD]H P=LPH PGJRPDUHRED D5LQL6QHED TDODT :LD7 GLPD&YHQHEOHEL7GDURJRUF6HGHJLHOHPHQWDUXOLQL
XULV ]RQD6L  &R[DWDXULV  PHVWLLV  DP DGDJXUL SURFHVHEL7 DP QLDGDJ6L KRUL]RQW6HPTPQHOL
EURODXULV[DUDJRXOLVUDLRQHE6L
VDTDU7YHOR6LD5ULF[XOLDQLDGDJHELVTDULVPLHULHU
R]LL7VXVWDGĆKDVD6XDORGĆKDGD=OL
HUDGGD]LDQHEXOLDĆKD
QLDGDJHELV GDFYLV 5RQLV=LHEHEL 7DYLVL PL]QHEL7 DP
RFDQHEL7D GD PH7RGHEL7 L\RID 6HPGHJ MJXIHEDG DJUR
WHTQLNXUL DJURVDW\HRPHOLRUDFLXOL KLGURWHTQLNXUL
GDVDRUJDQL]DFLRVDPHXUQHR
HUR]LLV VDZLQDD5PGHJR DJURWHTQLNXUL 5RQLV=LHEHEL
PRLFDYV PLZD7PRTPHGHELV VLVWHPHELV UDPGHQLPH HOHPHQWV
PD76RULV7HVOEUXQYD6LPLZLVJDPR\HQHELVZHVVGDPHTD
QLNXULGDPX6DYHELVVLVWHPDV
514
SURFHVHELD KXPXVVLDOLWL]DFLD GD KXPXVZDUPRTPQD JD
NRUGHED GD DJUH7YH JDVWUXTWXUHED \YHOD QLDGDJLV7YLV
IRQXUL SURFHVLD JDPRWXWYD KXPXVVLDOLWL]DFLLV GURV
D5LQL6QHED LQWHQVLXUL KXPXVZDUPRTPQD GD KXPXVGDJURYH
ED DJUH7YH QLDGDJLV JD7L[HED 7L[RYDQL PDVDOLVJDGDDG
JLOHELV 6HVDP&QHYL QL6QHELV JDUH6H [ROR KXPXVZDUPRT
PQLVDVăDGJLO]HPFHQDUHXOLQDU&HQHELVGD6OLVSURFH
VL GD 6HPGJRP6L KXPXVLV ZDUPRTPQLV SURILO6L JDGDDG
JLOHELV JDUH6H NRUGLDQL SURFHVLV7YLV DJUH7YH GDPD[D
VLD7HEHOLDLQWHQVLXULKXPXVZDUPRTPQDGDKXPXVGDJURYH
EDEDOD[HXOLPFHQDUHXORELV]HPRTPHGHEL7P7DWRUILDQ
QLDGDJ6L \YHOD]H =OLHU JDPR[DWXOLD WRUIZDUPRTPQLV
GDJDOHEHELVSURFHVHELP7DPGHORVKXPXVLOXYLXULQL
487
DGDJL JDPRLU&HYD KXPXVLOXYLXUL GD UHWLQL]DFLLV SUR
FHVHEL7PHRUDGLP7DPGHORVQLDGDJLV7YLVGDPD[DVLD7HE
HOLDÄW\LV³HOHPHQWDUXOLQLDGDJXULSURFHVHELăOHVL
YLUHEDGDVLDOLWL]DFLD
D5QL6QXOLPVJDYVHEDGDJDQV[YDYHELVQL6QHELGDVWXU
GHED DP QLDGDJHEV 6RULV DUVHEXOL JHQH]LVXUL XU7LHU
7NDY6LUHELVDQDOL]L7PD5DOP7LDQH7LVQLDGDJLVFHQWUD
OXULWLSLDP7DPGHORVQLDGDJLURPHOLF\YHOD]HVUX
ODGDVD[DYVJDQ[LOXOLQLDGDJLV6HGJHQLORELVGD7YL
7DGDG :DYOLVHEUL QDNDGHEL7 ]HGDSLUXO GD [D]REULY
HUR]LHEV6RULVVD]5YDULDJUH7YHSLUREL7LD7XHUR]L
LVQL6QHELPLQGRU]HTUHEDQLDGDJLV&YHXOHEULYLGDPX6D
YHELV6HGHJDGHVDULV]HGDSLUXOLHUR]LD7XDUD[D
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554 523
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524 553
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552 525
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526 551
 ɉɚɦɹɬɶ ɩɨɱɜ: ɉɨɱɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɨɫɮɟɪɧɨ-ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ NYDUFLV GD6OL7 &DPUHF[L VL]UTLV JDUH7 GD6OLV SUR
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ // ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɅɄɂ, Ɇ., 2008.  GXTWHELVJDWDQL7GDPDV6LNYDUFLVUNLQLVGDDOXPLQLV
ɉɨɱɜɵ, ɛɢɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɚ // Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ KɆɄ, Ɇ., 2004.
ȼɨɥɶɤɨɜ ȼ.Ɏ. Ʉɚɡɟɟɜ Ʉ.ɒ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɧɢɤɨɜ ɋ.ɂ. ɉɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ
ȼɍɁ-ɨɜ, ɢɡɞ-ɰɟɧɬɪ “Ɇɚɪɬ”, ɆɨɫɤɜɚͲɊɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ-ɞɨɧɭ, 2006ɝ.
Ɇɚɦɨɧɬɨɜ ȼ.Ƚ., ɉɚɧɨɜ ɇ.ɉ., Ʉɚɭɪɢɱɟɜ ɂ.ɋ., ɂɝɧɚɬɶɟɜ ɇ.ɇ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ
ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “Ʉɨɥɨɫ”, 2006ɝ.
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Ɉɪɥɨɜ Ⱦ.ɋ., ɋɚɞɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ʉ., ɋɭɯɚɧɨɜ ɇ.ɂ. ɏɢɦɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ. ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ QDNOHEL KXPXVLV 6HGDUHEL7 PFLUH 6HPFYHOREL7  
ȼɍɁ-ɨɜ, ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “ȼɵɲɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ”, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,2005̐.
H.-P. Blume - Handbuch des Bodenschutzes // Ecomed, 1992.
P.M. Driessen & R. Dudal - Lcture Notes on the Major Soils of the World //
Agricultural University Wageningen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1989.
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Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ƚɥɚɡɨɜɫɤɚɹ - ɉɟɞɨɥɢɬɨɝɟɧɟɡ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ //
ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ʌɢɛɪɨɤɨɦ, Ɇ., 2009.
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ɜɨ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ⱦɪɭɠɛɵ ɇɚɪɨɞɨɜ, Ɇ., 1974.
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ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ // ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ “Ʉɨɥɨɫ”, Ɇ,, 2000.
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WHUHDTFLDNDUJLZ\DOJDPWDUREDSURILOLV6XDQDZLO
6L UDPGHQDGPH JD7L[HEXOLD DP QLDGDJHELV JDUGD  XGDE
QRV ROTHELV QLDGDJXUL VDIDULV VWUXTWXUD6L 6HVDP&QHY
DGJLOVLNDYHEHQPOD6REHELGD7D\LUHEL
536
VLVWHPHE6L WLEHWLV P7LDQH7L SDPLUL GD V[Y NOLPDWLV
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PXVLDQL6HNUXOGHSUHVLHE6LGDPOD6HEXOLWEHELVJDU6H
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VDIDULV VWUXTWXULV \YHOD]H GDPD[DVLD7HEHOL QL6DQLD
JDQVDNX7UHEL7QD[HYUDGXGDEQR6LăNRPSOHTVXURED&UGL
ORH7DPHULNLV ROTLV QLDGDJXU VDIDU6L :DUEREHQ TYL6D
GD [LU[DWLDQL PXUD QD[HYUDGXGDEQRV PFLUHNDUERQDWXOL
GD PFLUH7DED6LULDQL QLDGDJHEL URPOHELF FHQWUDOXUL
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WRULHEL GDNDYHEXOLD TYLDQL GD [LU[DWLDQL VXVWDG JDQ
YL7DUHEXOL QLDGDJHEL7 UHOLHILV GHSUHVLHE6L WEHELV
JDU6HPR JDYUFHOHEXOLD POD6REHEL GD ELFREHEL VDP
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SDWDJRQLLV ]HJDQLV 5LDZDEOD GD PXUD QD[HYUDGXGDEQRV
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VDVRIORVDPHXUQHR JDPR\HQHELV P[ULY VXEERUHDOXUL
541
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PLV QLDGDJHE7DQ &UGLORH7 DPHULNLV VWHSHELV QLDGDJXU
VDIDU6LQDNOHEDGDDELFRELDQLQLDGDJHELGDELFREHEL
VDP[UH7DPHULNXOL VWHSLV ROTL IDU7REL7 'GLGL DU
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540


VXEERUHDOXULVDUW\OLVQLDGDJXULVDIDUL

VDXEERUHDOXUL QLDGDJXUELRNOLPDWXUL VDUW\HOL
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QLDGDJXUL VDIDULV IDU7RELV   VXEERUHDOXUL VDU
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537
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JDQDZLOHED6L NDUJDG DULV JDPR[DWXOL KRUL]RQWDOXUL WLNLVSLUD ROTHEL GDVDYOH7HYURSXOPD \RPUDOW\LV
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GD ZLZYLDQL W\HHELV TYH6 GD [DVLD7GHELDQ &DPUHF[L
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JD7L[HEL7P7HOLSURILOLVDQPLVL]HGDQDZLOLVP-DYH
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QHE7DQ P7LV PDVLYHEL7 JDU6HPRUW\PXO 6LGD YDNHHE]H
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PGHEDUHREV DQWODQWLNLV RNHDQLV VDQDSLUR]H =LUL7DG6L
6HUHXOL GD IDU7RIR7ORYDQL W\HHELV ]RQD6L DP RO
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PR=UDYL IRUPHELV JDGLGHEXOL 6HPFYHOREL7 SURILOLV UH-LPL7 P-DYH UHDTFLL7 KXPXVLV =LUL7DG6L IXOYDWXUL
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OHEV\RIHQVXVWDGDUDPD=5DUWLSXULGD=OLHUDUDPD=
5DU QLDGDJHEDG PD77DQ HU7DG IDU7RG DULV JDYUFHOH
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ELV QL6QHEL DP QLDGDJHELV JHQH]LVL XIUR [6LUDG GDNDY
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538
WLV XTRQOREL7 VXVWDG GUHQLUHEXO QDNYH7HE]H  LVLQL
LFYOHELDQ 7DYLVHEXUL PGHOR6DYPLZLVHEUL GD XIUR WH
QLDQL 6DYPLZLVHEUL PGHORV QLDGDJHEL7 URPOHEVDF SUR
ILO6L JDD&QLD7 JDOHEHELV QL6QHEL GD UNLQDPDQJDQXPLV
NRQNUHFLHEL SUHULHELV PGHOR6DYPLZLVHEUL GD PGHORV
QLDGDJHEL JY[YGHELDQ D5PRVDYOH7D]LXU \RPUDOW\LV
ROT6LURPHOLFJDPRLU&HYDXIURFLYLPXVRQXULNOLPD
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539