axali aRTqmis Sesavali

axali aRTqmis wignebis warmoSoba

saxelwodeba axali aRTqma (berZn. he kaine diaTeke) pirvelad TiTqos Zveli aRTqmis
(uflis mier abraamTan da mere egvipteSi dadebuli aRTqmis) sapirispirod gaCnda Tavad `Zveli
aRTqmis~ teqstSi. ieremias wignSi vkiTxulobT:

`aha, dadgeba Jami, ambobs ufali, da axal aRTqmas davudeb israelis saxls da iudas saxls.
ara iseT aRTqmas, romelic davudevi maT mama-papas, roca xelCakidebuli gamomyavda
isini egviptis qveynidan. daarRvies is Cemi aRTqma, Tumca me maTi patroni viyavi,
ambobs ufali. radgan es aris is aRTqma, romelic unda davudo israelis saxls im drois
Semdgom, ambobs ufali. `wiaRSi Cavudeb maT Cems rjuls da gulze davawer. maTi
RmerTi viqnebi da isini Cemi eri iqnebian~ (31:30-32).

aqedan Cans, rom sityvebi axali aRTqma ar aRniSnavs wigns, daweril teqsts, aramed
religiur gardaqmnas, religiuri Segnebis ganaxlebis, axali religiuri epoqis niSans, Semobrunebas,
rwmenis gaRvivebas adamianTa gulebSi, formaluri anderZis nacvlad, romelic iuridiul sferoSi
rCeba.
axali aRTqmis wignebi ver Seiqmneboda, rom jer eklesia, rogorc religiuri Temi, ar
daarsebuliyo. qristianTa wmida werili qristes eklesiis wiaRidan amoizarda.
versad pavle mociqulis epistoleebSi, romlebic 48-63 wlebSi saxarebebze adre iwereboda,
ver aRmovaCenT miTiTebas qristes mociqulTa Tu mowafeTa wreSi Seqmnil raime werilobiTi
dokumentis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi, rasac imowmebs pavle, es aris isev da isev Zveli aRTqmis
wignebi, romlebic Semdgom saxarebebSic iqna damowmebuli, da cocxali cnobebi qristes
Sesaxeb, romlebic mis mowafeTa da TviTmxilvelTa wreSi zepirad inaxeboda da vrceldeboda.
Tavdapirvelad, qristianul eklesiaSi karga xnis manZilze ar arsebobda erTi avtoritetuli
wigni (msgavsi Zveli aRTqmisa), romelsac axaldaarsebuli eklesia daeyrdnoboda. qriste Tavad
iyo moZRvreba, romelic yvela wignze srulyofilad moicavda WeSmaritebas. `me var
WeSmariteba~, ambobda igi. arc erT saxarebaSi imis miniSnebac ki ar aris, rom mociqulebs
ecadaT qristes qadagebebis, igavebis, logiebis (berZn. logia kviriaka `uflis naTqvamebi~) da
saubris Cawera. sakmarisi iyo, rom maT esmodaT misi sityvebi. ai, ra ambobda evsebios
kesarielis (260-340) mowmobiT (`eklesiis istoria~, w. III, 39) papiasi, hieropolisis episkoposi:
`me mivxvdi, rom wignebs ufro meti ar mouciaT CemTvis, vidre cocxal da gamudmebul
xmas~. papiasi usmenda im adamianebs, romelTac uSualod mociqulTagan hqondaT mosmenili
qristes Sesaxeb. mis dros jer kidev ar arsebobda axali aRTqma, rogorc aseTi, werilobiTi
dokumenti, romelic dRes qristianobis fuZemdebluri wignia. evsebios kesarieli imasac wers, rom
mociqulTagan mxolod maTem da ioanem aRweres qristes amqveyniuri cxovreba, oRond
mogvianebiT. maTe ebraelebs uqadagebda maTsave enaze da misca kidec wigni. rac Seexeba
ioanes, igi didxans zepirad gadascemda saxarebas da mxolod mas Semdeg gadawyvita Caewera,
rac sami saxareba ukve dawerili iyo. raki isini mxolod im ambebs aRwerdnen, romlebic ioane
naTlismcemlis datusaRebis Semdeg moxda, ioanem isurva, Tavis mxriv qristes Tavdapirveli
saqmeni moeTxro (evseb. III, 24).
 axali aRTqmis ena

ra enaze daiwera axali aRTqmis wignebi? axali aRTqmis ena gamonaklisis gareSe
berZnulia, e. w. koine (berZn. `saerTo~), romelic gavrcelebuli iyo elinisturi samyaros axlo
aRmosavleTSi, kerZod, palestinaSi. es aris salaparako ena, romelic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba
klasikuri berZnulisgan, Tundac septuagintas enisgan. erTia koine, magram axali aRTqmis
wignebs Soris mainc ganirCeva sxvadasxva lingvisturi done: markozi iyenebs martiv berZnuls,
maTesa da lukas ena ufro daxvewilia. zogadad rom vilaparakoT, ufro martivia saxarebebis ena,
ufro rTuli _ pavle mociqulis epistoleebi, romelTa ena mwignobrulia, uaxlovdeba klasikurs,
Tumca igi xSirad salaparako berZnulisken ixreba. ioanes `gamocxadebis~ vulgaruli da,
SigadaSig, daudevari metyveleba amaRlebuli da maRalfardovani stiliT ifareba. sazogadod, axali
aRTqmis ena, gansakuTebiT, `gamocxadebisa~ da, Tundac, saxarebisa maTesagan semiturad
Seferili berZnulia. arsebobs azri, rom Tavdapirvelad zogierTi teqsti arameulad, palestinis
ebraelTa mSobliur enaze daiwera da mxolod Semdeg iTargmna berZnulad. es azri jer kidev
evsebios kesarielTan aris dadasturebuli. igi imowmebs papius hieropolels, romelsac uTqvams:
maTem qristes saubrebi `ebraulad dawera da mere Targmnes igi, visac rogor SeeZloo~ (ekl. ist.,
w. III, 39, 16). semitizmebi, kerZod, arameizmebi, Tanamedrove mkvlevars aZlevs imis Tqmis
uflebas, rom axali aRTqmis ena `berZnulad Targmnilad~ miiCnios, romlis dedani arameulia.
Tumca semitizmebi SeiZleba ar miuTiTebdes, rom teqsti maincdamainc ebraulad an arameulad
daiwera. isini advilad SeiZleba aixsnas enobrivi azrovnebis semituri stiliT _ qriste da mociqulebi
erTmaneTs da sxvebs xom arameulad elaparakebodnen! bolos da bolos, qriste Tavis qadagebebs,
igavebs da logiebs (gamonaTqvamebs) xom Tavis mSobliur enaze warmoTqvamda, im enaze,
romelzec mas, jvarze gakruls, ukanaskneli sityvebi aRmoxda. fsalmunis (21:2) sityvebi ara
dednis enaze, arc berZnulad, aramed arameuli versiiT warmoiTqva mecxre saaaTze (arameuli
eli, eli lama sabaxTani nacvlad ebraulisa: elohi, elohi, lama yazabTani, mT. 27:46).
axali aRTqmis teqstSi aris kidev ramdenime adgili, sadac calkeuli arameuli gamoTqma da
sityvebia gamoyenebuli: liturgiuli SeZaxili: maranaTa<maran aTa (1kor. 16:22), rac niSnavs
`Cveno ufalo, modi!~ an `Cveni ufali mova~; taliTa kumi (mr. 5:41) `gogona, adeqi!~; korban
(mr. 7:11), `Sesawiravi~; kefa (i. 1:42, 1kor 1:12; 3:22; 9:5; 15:5; gal 1:18; 2:9,11,14) `klde~
(petres saxelis arameuli varianti); raka (m. 2:22) salanZRavi sityva: `qarafSuta, suleli~; rabi (m.
23:7,8 da bevrgan) mimarTva `moZRvaro~; abba (mr 14:36) `mama~; boanerges (mr 3:17)
`Zeni quxilisa~.
ra Tqma unda, es arameuli sityvebi ar mowmobs imas, rom teqsti mainc da mainc
arameulad iyo dawerili. Tumca darwmunebiT imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom raki axali aRTqmis
avtorebis mSobliuri ena arameuli iyo, amdenad berZnulad werisas arameulad azrovnebdnen.
arameuli da ebrauli konceptualur donezea SeWrili berZnulSi. am SeWris magaliTad berZnuli
sityva-cneba aletheia (`WeSmariteba~) kmara, romelsac axal aRTqmaSi berZnulisTvis uCveulo
mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli. berZnul filosofiaSi aletheia `WeSmariteba~ aris is, rac da-u-
faravia (a-leTeia), ebrauli msoflxedvisTvis ki _ rac dafarulia, saidumloa (ix. pavles epistoleebi).
berZnuli ena, romelic airCies qristianebma, romSic iyo gavrcelebuli, masze laparakobdnen
mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela fenaSi, berZnuli romaelebs bavSvobidanve SeeZloT scodnodaT
berZeni ZiZebis meSveobiT. berZnulis, rogorc Zveli da didi kulturis enis, codna ganaTlebuli
adamianisTvis aucilebeli iyo. amitomac ara mxolod klimenti romaels SeeZlo romidan korinTos
eklesiisTvis miewera berZnulad epistole, aramed ufro adre pavle mociquli romael qristianebs
swerda berZnulad epistoleebs.
 axali aRTqmis Semadgenloba

axali aRTqma Tavisi literaturuli formiT elinistur epoqas (civilizacias) ekuTvnis. TiToeul
wigns SeiZleba moeZebnos Sesatyvisi Janri, romelic elinur literaturaSi iyo damkvidrebuli.
saxarebebi, rogorc qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis aRmweri naratiuli teqstebi, Seesabameba
biografiuli Janris Txzulebebs, rogoric aris berZnul enaze plutarqes biografiebi da laTinur enaze
svetoniusis keisrebis cxovrebani. epistoles Janri elinisturi werilobiTi kulturis monapovaria, man
gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba romaul samyaroSi hpova. mociqulTa saqmeebs analogia aqvs
berZnul-romaul qronikebsa da analebSi. rac Seexeba ioanes `gamocxadebas~, igi warmoSobiT
ar aris berZnul-romauli Janri, magram igi aseve elinistur xanaSi hpovebs gavrcelebas da
damkvidrebas.

yoveli nawarmoebi, romelic ki zepirad warmoTqmula Tu dawerila, romelime Janrs

ekuTvnis, rasac misi daniSnuleba gansazRvravs.
axali aRTqmis wignebi sxvadasxva Janris wignebisgan Sedgeba.
1) naratiuli teqstebi. esenia:
a) saxarebebi, romlebic aRweren qristes amqveyniur cxovrebas Sobidan
amaRlebamde. es aris saxesxvaoba biografiuli Janrisa, romelic Caisaxa saberZneTSi da farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli berZnul-romaul samyaroSi. sakmarisia davasaxeloT: plutarqes `paraleluri
biografiebi~, svetoniusis `Tormeti keisris cxovreba~.
b) saqme mociqulTa, romelic aRwers mociqulTa moRvaweobas qristes jvarcmisa,
aRdgomisa da amaRlebis Semdeg. es aris saxesxvaoba istoriuli Janrisa, romelic aseve farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli berZnul-romaul mwerlobaSi.
2) epistoleebi anu werilebi. axali aRTqmis wignTa Soris pirvelad swored epistole (da ara
saxareba) daiwera. es iyo pavle mociqulis epistole galatelTadmi (55 w.), romelic ar isaxavda
miznad qristes moZRvrebis sagangebod da sistematurad gadmocemas, aramed, rogorc kerZo
xasiaTis werili, exeboda konkretuli eklesiis gadaudebel problemebs.
2) „gamocxadeba”, gansakuTrebuli Janri, romlis msgavsi berZnul-romaul
literaturaSi ar ipoveboda. mis nimuSad davasaxelebT Zvel aRTqmaSi Semaval 3ezras, romelic
ebraul wreSi warmoiSva, Tumca igi ebraul enaze ar SemorCenila (arsebobs mxolod laTinuri,
qarTuli da somxuri Targmanebi).

saxarebebi

pirvel yovlisa, ras warmoadgens teqsti, romlis saxelwodebad qarTul enaze `saxareba~
damkvidrda?
berZnuli termini evangelion (“keTili Setyobineba, ambavi”), romelsac zedmiwevniTi
sizustiT Targmnis qarTuli sityva saxareba, Tavdapirvelad, Tavis genezisSi, ar gulisxmobda
werilobiT teqsts, aramed igi niSnavda adamianTa xsnis xarebas (xareba TavisTavad kargi, keTili
ambis Setyobineba da, maSasadame, gaxarebaa). es mniSvneloba daculia Tavad axali aRTqmis
teqstebSi: `xolo gauwyebT Tqven, Zmebo, rom saxareba, romelsac vaxarebdi (to evangelion to
evangelisTen), ar aris adamianuri~ (gal. 1:11). amrigad, aq saxareba aris ara wigni, aramed zepiri
Setyobineba yvelaferi imisa, rac adamianis xsnasTan aris dakavSirebuli. es aris axali ambavi,
axali saidumlo, romelic Zveli aRTqmis epoqis dasasruls qristes aRdgomam moitana. ras niSnavs
markozis saxarebis (wignis) pirveli sityvebi `dasawyisi saxarebisa ieso qristesi, RvTis Zisa~
(mark. 1:1)? cxadi unda iyos, rom aq saxareba ar niSnavs teqsts, moTxrobas, aramed ieso qristes
misiis gancxadebas (gamocxadebas), rac aucileblobiT ar moiTxovda mis naraciad, wignad
qcevas. cneba saxareba maSin gaxda literaturuli Janri, roca mas masSi nagulisxmevis Sinaarsis _
xsnis gadmocema daweril teqsts daekisra. am teqsts ewoda saxareba. ukve iustine martvili
(filosofosi, 100-165) qristes Sesaxeb monaTxrobs saxarebas uwodebs: `radgan mociqulebma
mogonebebSi, romelTac saxarebebs (evangeliebs) uwodeben, gadmogvces, rom maT amgvarad
eanderZaT: `iesom aiRo puri, warmoTqva madloba da Tqva: ase gaakeTeT Cem mosagoneblad,
es aris Cemi sxeuli...~ (apologia, I,66,3). Tumca saxarebis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba
ganagrZobs arsebobas, risi dasturic aris saxarebaTa oficialuri saxelwodeba „saxareba
maTesagan~, `saxareba markozisagan~ da a.S., da ara `maTes saxareba~, `markozis saxareba~
da a.S. saxareba qristesia, romelsac naratiul formas aZleven maxareblebi (evangelistebi).
am gagebiT, saxarebas, rogorc literaturul tips, ara aqvs paraleli elinisturi xanis Janrebs
Soris, arc plutarqes Tu diogene laertesis gamoCenil adamianTa biografiebSi, romlTa msgavsi
uamravi raodenobiT iwereboda. pirvel rigSi, gansxvaveba arsebiTia avtoris poziciaSi:
`saxarebaSi markozisagan~ avtori ver gamoicnoba, arsad is komentars ar akeTebs moTxrobili
faqtebis mimarT, ar gamoTqvams sakuTar azrs, damokidebulebas plutarqesgan da sxvaTagan
gansxvavebiT; ar Cans misi pirovneba, arc qveteqstebSi igulisxmeba; is dafarulia. meore ufro
arsebiTi aris is, rom mTavari `gmiris~, `personaJis~ _ ieso qristes moqmedebebi da qcevebi ar
aris gadmocemuli biografiulad. saxarebis mizani ar aris Tanamimdevruli da uwyveti aRwera
nazareTeli iesos cxovrebisa an misi xasiaTis warmodgena. yuradRebis centrSia iesos amocana,
rogorc RvTisgan movlinebulisa RvTis Zisa, misi mizani, romelic gamovlinda mis qmedebaSi,
qadagebaSi, vnebaSi da aRdgomaSi. ambebi, romlebic saxarebebSia gadmocemuli, swored am
upiratesi kuTxiT aris moTxrobili; yoveli faqti, yoveli monaTxrobi emsaxureba im moZRvrebis
gaxsnas, romelic qristem Tavisi qadagebebis, gamonaTqvamebis (logiebis, berZn. logia),
igavebis da, rac mTavaria, Tavisi pirovnebis saxiT moitana. maxarebeli luka swored am mizniT
Seudga weras, rogorc is mimarTavs Teofiles: `raTa Seicno im moZRvrebis simtkice, romelSic
ganiswavle~ (luk. 1:4). qriste Tavisi sityviT da saqmiT aaSkaravebs Tavis pirovnebas, romelic
Tavis TavSi moZRvrebas inaxavs.
Tu vilaparakebT saxarebaze, rogorc Janrze, unda iTqvas, rom masSi aris biografiuli
elementi (am mxriv, igi berZnuli biografiis Janrs enaTesaveba), oRond mxolod im faqtebis
gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic moZRvrebis naTelyofas emsaxureba. Txroba ganzavebulia
brZnuli sityvebiT, SegonebebiT da igavuri TqmebiT, rac Zveli aRmosavleTis literaturuli Janris
kuTvnilebaa (is Sumeruli mwerlobidan iRebs dasabams). esenia iesos gamonaTqvamebi
(logiebi), _ qadagebebi, igavebi, romlebic iesos saqmeTa _ saswaulqmedebaTa da kurnebaTa
gverdiT misi pirovnebis, misi misiisa da moZRvrebis ganmartebas emsaxureba.
Tu plutarqes an sxvaTa biografiebi adamianTa cnobismoyvareobis dasakmayofileblad an
pirovnebaTa Rvawlis ardasaviwyeblad aris dawerili, saxarebebaTa avtorebs sruliad
gansxvavebuli amocana aqvT dasaxuli, saxeldobr, rogorc ioane maxarebeli wers: `es ki daiwera,
raTa irwmunoT, rom ieso aris qriste, Ze RvTisa, da raTa morwmuneebs gqondeT sicocxle misi
saxeliT~ (ioan. 21:31). amrigad, saxareba ufro mowodebad unda CavTvaloT, vidre naratiul
Janrad.
saxareba rwmenis wignia, magram es ar gamoricxavs imas, rom igi aris amave dros
istoriuli mowmoba ieso qristeze, nazarevelze, romelic iSva beTlemSi imperator avgustusis da
iudas mefis herodes dros, da jvars acves pontoeli pilates prefeqtobisas. am mizniT moxvda
mrwamsis simboloSi pilates saxeli (“da jvars ecva CvenTvis pontoelisa pilates-ze”). amiT
naTqvamia, rom ieso qriste, nazareveli, arsebobda ara miTiur, aramed konkretul istoriul droSi.
 ramdenadac saxareba (da saxarebebi) qristes moZRvrebas anu mis sityvas Seicavs, xolo
qriste Tavad aris moZRvreba, Tavad es sityva _ sityva, berZnuli logos qristes saxelad
damkvidrda qristianul TeologiaSi. “pirveliTgan iyo sityva (ho logos) da sityva igi iyo RmrTisa
Tana” (ioan. 1:1).

maxareblebi

maxarebeli (berZn. euangelistes) zogadad ewodeba im pirs, romelic axarebs adamianebs

qristes mcnebas, axal aRTqmas da, sabolood, RvTis sasufevels, romelic movals, Tumca ukve
damdgaria. viwro azriT ki, maxareblebi arian isini, is oTxi piri, romelTac miewerebaT wigni,
sadac gadmocemulia xareba (euangelion `keTili ambavi~). amrigad, xareba erTia, magram is
oTxi piris mier aris gadmocemuli. amitomac, unda iTqvas ara maTes saxareba, markozis
saxareba (rogorc Cveulebriv vambobT), aramed: saxareba maTesagan, saxareba markozisagan...
rogorc viciT, xareba qristes xanaSi zepirad vrceldeboda da es sityva mxolod II saukunidan xdeba
wignis aRmniSvneli. qarTul enaze wignis aRmniSvnelad Tavidanve Semovida sityva sa-xareb-a
anu dawerili teqsti, romelic xarebas Seicavs.
maxareblebi sxvebic iyvnen da maTgan gadmocemuli, apokrifulad wodebuli saxarebebi
SemorCenilia, magram eklesiam oTxi SearCia, romelTac waruvali kanonikuri Zala aqvT. oTxi
maxareblidan mxolod oria qristes mociquli _ maTe da ioane, danarCeni ori _ markozi da luka arc
mociqulebi da arc mowafeni yofilan qristesi, arc icnobdnen mas. ratom ar gaxdnen maxareblebi
is mociqulebi, romlebic sxvebze metad iyvnen daaxloebulni iesosTan, saxeldobr, petre da iakobi
(isini, vinc ioanesTan erTad daaswro man Tavis feriscvalebas Taboris mTaze da ukanasknel
locvas geTsimaniaSi) _ samudamo saidumlod rCeba.

kanonis dadgena

II s.-dan daiwyo wignebis SerCeva, romelTac mkacrad gansazRvruli korpusi unda

SeedginaT. II s.-is SuaxanebSi cxovrobda vinme markioni, sinopeli mdidari gemTmepatrone.
140 wels igi Cavida romSi da iq myof eklesias SeuerTda, magram male moeqca qristian
gnostikosTa (ix. qvemoT) gavlenis qveS da gaxda Zveli aRTqmis dauZinebeli mteri. uaryofda ra
Zveli aRTqmis rjuls da mis wignebs, maTSi gacxadebul RmerTs, rogorc borot demiurgs,
gadawyvita maTTvis axali aRTqmis wignebi daepirispirebina. man Seqmna axali aRTqmis
Tavisi sakuTari krebuli, romelic ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda:
a) erTaderTi saxareba lukasagan, isic Semoklebuli, iudauri elementebisgan `gawmendili~
varianti. lukas saxareba im motiviT iyo SerCeuli, rom mas pavle mociqulidan momdinared
miiCnevda, pavles ki axali aRTqmis sxva avtorTa Soris erTaderT avtoritetad racxda. pavle iyo
erTaderTi, romelsac markioni qristes mowafed aRiarebda.
b) meore nawilad markions Tavis axal aRTqmaSi pavles 10 epistole hqonda SerCeuli,
oRond Taviseburad redaqtirebuli: uaryo rom. 4, sadac abraamzea laparaki, rogorc rwmenis
mamaze, rac misTvis, rogorc ebraelTa moZulisTvis, miuRebeli iyo. TviTneburad Sehqonda
Sesworebebi teqstSi, zogjer radikalurad cvlida azrs sityvebis gadanacvlebiT an gamotovebiT.
magaliTisTvis, gal. 1:1-Si gamotova sityvebi kai theou patros (`da mama RmerTis mier~), raTa
eCvenebina, rom RmerTs ar aRudgenia ieso qriste, aramed, rogorc gnostikosebi fiqrobdnen,
Tavad aRidgina Tavi. amgvar cvlilebaTa mizani iyo, mkveTrad ganesxvavebina erTmaneTisgan
mis mier borotad miCneuli Zveli aRTqmis RmerTi (e. w. boroti demiurgi) romelmac boroti
samyaro Seqmna, axali aRTqmis `ucnobi~ mowyale RmerTisgan, romelmac qristeTi gamoavlina
Tavi.
sabolood, 144 wels markionis Sexedulebebi dagmobil iqna da igi moikveTa romis
eklesiam. markionis mier daarsebulma seqtam misi sikvdilis Semdeg karga xans iarseba da,
bolos, maniqevelebs Seerwya. damaxasiTebelia markionis pirovnebisTvis, rom cnobilma
polikarpem, Semdgom martvilma (mowamem), roca mas romSi piradad Sexvda, `satanis
pirmSo~ uwoda. ai, aseTi reputacia hqonda markions. cxadia, miseuli axali aRTqma eklesiam ar
miiRo. mainc markioni pirveli iyo, romelmac axali aRTqmis struqtura nawilobriv moxaza
(saxareba da samociquli wignebi).
markionma erTaderTi lukas saxareba Seitana Tavis kanonSi, mis dros jer kidev ar iyo
dadgenili oTxi saxarebis kanonikuroba. pirvelad sirielma tatianem (daaxl. 175) moiyvana
harmoniaSi oTxi saxareba (diatesaronis saxelwodebiT), rasac farTod gauRo kari eklesiam.
irinevsi (daaxl. 200) ukve imowmebs 4 saxarebas, am dros ukve dadgenilia maTi
kanonikuroba, Tumca maTi rigi jer kidev ar aris mkacrad gansazRvruli. irinevss damowmebuli
aqvs pavles 11 epistole, kaTolike epistoleTagan: 1petre, 1 da 2 ioane, gamocxadeba, saqme
mociqulTa. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom danarCeni epistoleebi jer kidev ar iyo miCneuli
kanonikurad. mis mier hermas `mwyemsis~ damowmeba SeiZleba imaze laparakobdes, rom
irinevsi am nawarmoebs avtoritetulad miiCnevda da SesaZleblad Tvlida, rom igi axali aRTqmis
wignebs Soris Seracxuliyo.
arsebobs laTinuri xelnaweri, romelic misi aRmomCenis _ lodoviko antonio muratoris
saxeliT aris cnobili da 170-180 wlebiT aris daTariRebuli, sadac Semdegi wignebia Tavmoyrili: 4
saxareba, mociqulTa saqmeni, pavles 13 epistole, iudas da 2ioanes kaTolike epistoleebi,
gamocxadeba.
dReisaTvis cnobili kanoni mxolod IV saukunis bolos dadginda. evsebios kesarieli (260-
240) jer kidev yoymanobs zogierTi wignis avTenturobisa da utyuari avtoritetis Taobaze.
movusminoT, ras wers igi `eklesiis istoriaSi~:

`axla CamovTvaloT axali aRTqmis CvenTvis ukve nacnobi wignebi. pirvel adgilze, ra
Tqma unda, movaqcevT wmida oTx saxarebas, maT mosdevs `saqme mociqulTa~,
Semdeg pavles epistoleebi, uSualod maT Semdeg ki 1ioane da udaod petre, xolo Semdeg,
Tu gnebavT, ioanes `gamocxadeba~, ris Sesaxebac Tavis droze vilaparakebT. es wignebi
eWvmiutanelia. saeWvoTa, magram umravlesobis mier miRebulTa Soris arian: epistoleebi
iakobis, iudas, meore petresi, meore da mesame ioanesi (SesaZloa, isini ekuTvnian
maxarebels, SeiZleba vinmes mis mosaxeles). nayalbevebs ekuTvnian: `pavles saqmeni~,
wigni `mwyemsis~ saxelwodebiT, `petres gamocxadeba~, barnabaseulad aRiarebuli
epistole, `didaqe~ (`Tormeti mociqulis moZRvreba~) da, rogorc vTqvi, Tu gnebavT,
`ioanes gamocxadeba~, romelsac erTni uaryofen, meoreni aRiarebul wignTa Soris
moixsenieben. zogierTni am wignebs Soris aTavseben `saxarebas ebraelTagan~, romelic
qristes morwmune ebraelebs yvelaze metad uyvarT. yvela es wigni uaryofilia, magram
Cven saWirod miviCnieT, Segvedgina maTi sia im mizniT, rom vicodeT, romeli wignebia
namdvili, ara gamogonili, da miRebulia eklesiis gadmocemiT, da romeli wignebia axali
aRTqmidan amoRebuli, Tumca isini cnobili arian saeklesio mweralTa umetesobisTvis.
unda vicodeT es wignebic da isinic, romlebic eretikosTa Soris mociqulTa saxarebebis
saxeliT arian aRiarebuli (petresi, Tomasi da sxvaTa) da aseve TiTqos andrias, ioanes da
sxva mociqulTa `saqmeni~. es wignebi arc erT saeklesio mwerals ar gauxdia xsenebis
Rirsad...~ (w. III, 25).
 mogvianebiT aTanase aleqsandriels (296-373) Tavis siaSi saeWvoTa Soris aRar Seutania
2petr. da 2 da 3ioanes kaTolike epistoleebi. oRond mainc saeWvod miiCnevs „didaqesa“ da
hermas `mwyemss~. CamoTvlis ra Zveli da axali aRTqmis kanonikur wignebs, mRvdelmTavari
wers:

`meti sizustisTvis (amas aucileblobiT vwer) davsZen, rom am wignebs garda aris sxvebic,
romlebic kanonSi ar SeutaniaT, magram mamebma dauweses maTi kiTxva
axalSemomatebulebs da kaTakmevlebs. esenia: `sibrZne solomonisa~, `sibrZne ziraqisa~,
`esTeri~, `ivdiTi~, `tobia~, egreTwodebuli `mociqulTa moZRvreba (didaqe)~ da
`mwyemsi~. mokled, sayvarelno, roca wignTagan erTni Setanilia kanonSi, sxvani ki
sakiTxavad aris SeTavazebuli, arsad ar ixseneba apokrifuli wignebi; isini mwvalebelTa
gamonagonia, romlebic weren, roca surT, da aZveleben, raTa gulubryvilo adamianebi
moxiblon~ (XXXIX werilidan).

am nawyvetidan irkveva, rom aTanases dros ukve mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli erTmaneTisgan
arakanonikuri da apokrifuli wignebi, romlebic imxanad mravlad iyo dagrovili da, rogorc Cans,
eZaleboda eklesiis mrevls.

teqstebis SerCevis kriteriumebi

sul cota sami moTxovna unda daekmayofilebina teqsts, rom mas adgili epovna axal
aRTqmaSi:
1) masSi gacxadebuli unda iyos WeSmariti moZRvreba da saxarebaTa da sxva teqstTa
urTierT-Tanxmoba;
2) teqsti samociqulo warmoSobisa unda yofiliyo, anu mas fesvi mociqulTa xanaSi unda
hqonoda gadgmuli;
3) farTod unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli; misi gamoyeneba ar unda Semofargluliyo erTi
romelime eklesiis sazRvrebiT. magaliTisTvis, hermas `mwyemsi~, `didaqe~ da klimentis I
epistole akmayofileben or pirobas: isini Seicaven WeSmarit moZRvrebas da farTodac iyvnen
gavrcelebuli, magram ar iyvnen dakavSirebul mociqulTa xanasTan; amitomac ver vxedavT maT
axali aRTqmis wignebs Soris.
am sam kriteriums kidev unda davumatoT erTi niSani, romelsac swored apokrifuli
saxarebebia moklebuli. es aris istoriuloba, xdomilebaTa konkretuli konteqsti. ar aris sakmarisi,
rom qriste qadagebs saxarebas; qriste aris sityva, magram aucilebelia vxedavdeT da ganvicdideT
gankacebul sityvas konkretul sivrcesa da droSi, ai, axla da aq. es aris saxarebaTa erT-erTi
mTavari kriteriumi, romelmac ganapiroba swored am oTxi saxarebis kanonikuri adgili axali
aRTqmaSi.

origeni (gard. 254) ganarCevda qristianuli Sinaarsis wignTa Tu werilTa sam jgufs Tu dones:
1. homologumena anu utyuari teqstebi; aseTebi iyo misTvis 4 saxareba, pavles 13 epistole, 1 pet., 1
ioan., saqmeni, gamocxadeba.
2. amfiblomena anu sadaoni; aseTebia: 2 pet., 2 da 3 ioan., epistole ebraelTadmi.
3. noTa anu nayalbevni da amitom ukanononi; aseTebia: egviptelTa saxareba, Tomas saxareba da
sxva gnostikuri xasiaTis teqstebi, romlebic mravlad iyo mis xanaSi. origeni werilad (berZn. grafe)
moixseniebda `didaqes~, `mwyemss~, barnabas epistoles, magram ar miaCnda isini kanonikurad.
 saxarebis ძირითადი faqtebi

yvelaferi, rac saxarebebSia moTxrobili, ZiriTadad, ieso qristes exeba an mis irgvliv aris
dajgufebuli. yvelgan, saxarebaTa yvela monakveTSi, misi myofoba igrZnoba. Sobidan
amaRlebamde dro Sevsebulia epizodebiT, romelTac fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba aqvT iesos,
rogorc adamianis, cxovrebaSi da aqedan gamomdinare misi, rogorc RvTis Zis, Tavad RmerTis
bunebaSi. Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze qriste aCens Tavis or bunebas. Soba, Tundac qalwulisgan,
Tu kacebrivi aqtia, aRdgoma-amaRleba mis RvTiur bunebaze miuTiTebs.

I. Soba. ieso qristes Soba mxolod or saxarebaSia aRwerili. saxareba

maTesagan da lukasagan erTmaneTs avseben, sxvadasxva momentebze
amaxvileben yuradRebas. maTesTvis iesos beTlemSi Soba providenciulia,
radgan swored iudas beTlemSi unda Sobiliyo iudevelTa mefe, radgan
beTlemi iyo iudas istoriuli mefis daviTis qalaqi, ieso ki daviTis STamomavali
iyo (maTeseul moTxrobas ieso qristes genealogia uZRvis win). magram
maTes winaswarmetyvelur ganWvretaSi “iudevelTa mefe” ar aris
SemozRuduli beTlemiT da iudaTi, mogvebis gamoCena cxadhyofs, rom iesos
movlineba universaluri xasiaTisaa da pirvelad es WeSmariteba
aRmosavleTidan mosul mogvebs gamoecxadaT. ufro metic: maT mier
morTmeuli ZRveni _ oqro, gundruki da muri qristes bunebze mianiSnebs:
oqro, rogorc mefes; gundruki, rogorc RmerTs; muri, rogorc adamians. maTe
ar axsenebs adgils _ bagas, sadac iSva ieso.
luka, rogorc ufro yofiTi garemoebebis naratori uxsnis mkiTxvels, Tu rogor moxda
beTlemSi da mere beTlemis mwyemsTa bagaSi iesos Soba. luka sruliad samarTlianad abams
Zafs beTlemSi Sobasa romis imperiis mosaxleobis aRweras Soris, romelic keisar avgustusis
brZanebiT Sedga. es detali, Tu zustad ara, daaxloebiT mainc gansazRvravs qristes Sobis TariRs.
Lukas mixedviT, im xanad galileaSi, erT uCino sofelSi nazareTSi mcxovrebi ojaxi aRsawerad
beTlemSi Cavida, saidanac maTi sagvareulo iyo, Tanaxmad brZanebisa, rom TiToeuli israeliani
Tavis mSobliur qalaqSi unda aRweriliyo (luk. 2:3-4). ratom bagaSi? imitom, rom beTlemSi am
ojaxs, garda genealogiuri xsovnisa, aRaraferi akavSirebda: ar hqonda saxli da arc sastumroSi
aRmoCnda adgili, rom damgariyvnen da orsul mariams moeloginebina. bagaSi Soba iesosi
iZulebiT moxda, magram am faqtSi providenciuli sazrisi iqna amokiTxuli: Tu erTi mxriv baga
dakninebuli ojaxis mdgomareobis Sesatyvisi iyo, meore mxriv, bagaSi Soba gamoxatavs RvTis
ganxorcieleba-gankacebis Sinagan bunebas: RmerTma miiRo dacemuli adamianis xorci, rasac
Semdgom RvTismetyvelebaSi kenozisi ewoda (berZn. kenosis “warmocarieleba”). luka ar
“icnobs” mogvebis Tayvaniscemas, samagierod misi moTxrobiT, pirvelni, vinc ixiles
axladSobili yrma mwyemsebi iyvnen, rasac aranaklebi providencialuri sazrisi aqvs: iudevelTa
mefe (istoriuli daviTi) mwyemsi iyo da momavalSi is itvirTavs kacobriobis mwyemsobas. Tu
mogvebs varskvlavi miuZRoda win, mwyemsebs angelozebis meSveobiT euwyaT yrmis Soba
(luk. 2:9-15).

II. taZrad miyvaneba, rasac ori aRTqmis _ Zvelisa da axlis _ Sexvedris

sazrisi aqvs. svimon moxucebulis saxiT, romelmac ixila igi, vis xilvasac
natrobdnen patriarqebi da ver ixiles, daixura Zveli aRTqmis wigni, mis
mkvlavebSi mwolare yrmis saxiT ki gadaiSala axali aRTqmis wignis pirveli
furceli. es aris mirqma, romelsac mxolod lukasagan vecnobiT (2:25-35).

III. naTlisReba, romelic aseve or aRTqmas Soris aris moqceuli, Tu ioane naTlismcemels
Zveli aRTqmis ukanasknel winaswarmetyvelad CavTvliT, romelmac Jamis gansrulebisas,
svimon moxucebulis msgavsad, ixila mesia, oRond ara Cvili, aramed mTeli SegnebiT
samsxverplod gamzadebuli mowifuli da sruli kaci. misma sityvebma, romlebic man iordaneze
momaval iesoze warmoqva: `aha, RvTis kravi, romelic iRebs soflis codvebs~ (ioan. 1:29), mis or
mowafes gza gauxsna iesosken. `orma mowafem gaigona misi sityva da gahyva iesos~ (1:37). es
imas niSnavda, rom ioanes misia amowuruli iyo da iwyeboda mesiis xana.
ieso iqceoda (mimodioda) adamianTa Soris; garda imisa, rom Wamda da svamda maTTan
erTad, mrisxanebda, sinanuliT ivseboda, arRvevda SabaTs, cremlooda, kurnavda kidec
eSmakeulebs, SobiTgan brmebs, keTrovanebs, ganrRveulebs da mkvdreTiT aRadgenda, magram
misi es qmedebani jer kidev adamianur farglebSi iyo moqceuli. mowafeTa Soris is iyo RvTiuri
moZRvari, magram rogorc kaci _ pirveli TanasworTa Soris.

IV. gamocda-gansacdeli udabnoSi. es epizodi erTaderT maTes saxarebaSia aRwerili (T. 4).
udabnoSi ormoci dReRamis marxvis Semdeg ieso sami ganscdelis winaSe dadga. rodis moxda
es? rogorc saxarebis Txrobidan Cans, ieso sulma aiyvana udabnoSi mas Semdeg, rac iodaneze
naTlisRebisas cidan gaisma xma: “es aris Ze Cemi sayvareli, romelic moviwone me” (maTe,
3:17). es sami gansacdeli iyo: pirveli _ moSiebuli ieso uars ambobs qvebis purad qcevaze,
radgan “ara mxolod puriT cocxlobs kaci, aramed piridan gamomavali yoveli sityviT” (4:4);
meore _ ieso uars ambobs uflis (4:7); mesame _ ieso uars ambobs qveynierebis yvela samefoze
satanis Tayvaniscemis sanacvlod (4:9-10).
gasagebia, rom aq ieso qriste gamoiceba ara rogorc RmerTi, Ze Rვთisa, romelsac isedac
ekuTvnis qveyniereba, aramed rogorc kaci.

V. feriscvaleba. xdomileba, romelic feriscvalebis saxeliT aris cnobili da romelsac mxolod

sinoptikuri saxarebebi gadmogvcems, qristes RvTaebrivi bunebis warmoCenas emsaxureba.
rogorc maTes saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT, `da icvala feri maT winaSe: gabrwyinda misi saxe
mzesaviT, xolo misi samoseli naTeliviT gaspetakda~ (17:2). Ze RvTisa eCvena mowafeebs
Tavisi maradiuli bunebiT, im WeSmariti saxiT, rogorc arasodes sCvenebia maT.

VI. saidumlo anu ukanaskneli seroba. es iyo ebrauli paseqis aRmniSvneli

Sekreba, aseve iyo gadasvla Zveli aRTqmidan axal aRTqmaSi. faqtobrivad aq
gardaiqmna Zveli aRTqmis eklesia axali aRTqmis eklesiad, ramdenadac aq
Catarda pirvelad evqaristiis rituali, roca warmoiTqva sityvebi puris
gantexisas: `aiReT, WameT, es Cemi sxeulia~ da sasmisis aRebisas `es aris
Cemi sisxli axali aRTqmisa, mravalTaTvis daRvrili~. sulTmofenobis dros
(saqme, 2) es pirveli eklesia, ubralod, gascda mociqulTa wres da mTeli
msoflio moicva ierusalimSi amosulTa warmomadgenlobiT).

VII. geTsimania, locva geTsimaniaSi. Tu Taboris mTaze (feriscvaleba)

mowafeebs ieso RvTiuri bunebiT eCvena, geTsimaniis baRSi, sadac
macxovarma mowafeebi (iginive, vinc feriscvalebas daeswrnen) daaswro
Tavis ukanasknel agoniur locvas, maT winaSe ieso gamoCnda kacobriobis
codvebiT damZimebuli imdenad, rom `misi ofli sisxlis wveTebiviT gaxda da
epkureboda miwas~ (luk. 22:44). es samni _ petre, iakobi da ioane (mark.
14:33) unda mimxvdariyvnen, rom maT winaSe iyo is adamiani, romelic esaias
winaswarmetyvelebiss Tanaxmad, kacTa codvebs itvirTavda (es. 53). maT moismines agreTve
misi sityvebi, romlebic maTTvis iyo warmoTqmuli: `sasikvdilod aris damwuxrebuli Cemi suli.
darCiT aq da ifxizleT CemTan erTad~ (maT. 26:38). aseve gaigones maT, SesaZloa, buranSi,
radgan ver ifxizles: `mamao Cemo, Tu SeuZlebelia amcildes es sasmisi, rom ar Sevsva, iyos
neba Seni~ (26:42), romlebic ekuTvnoda kacs da ara RmerTs.

VIII. jvarcma, romelic golgoTaze moxda, ieso qristes amsofliuri cxovrebis dasasrulia. aq
ukidures satanjvelSia Cavardnili misi adamianuri buneba. Tu geTsimaniis agoniaSi, rodesac man
aiRo tvirTi da lamis gaiWylita misi simZimis qveS (rasac mowmobs sisxlis ofli), angelozi
amxnevebda mas (luk. 22:43), aq, golgoTaze araTu angelozi, mama-RmerTic ki aRar iyo
masTan. amas mowmobs sityvebi, romelic man Tavis mSobliur enaze warmoTqva: eli, eli, lama
sabaqTani anu ~RmerTo Cemo, RmerTo Cemo, risTvis mimatove me?~ (maT. 27:46).

IX. aRdgoma aris axali aRTqmis centraluri xdomileba (faqti), razec dafuZnebulia qristianoba
(amaze laparakobs mociquli pavle daJinebiT da dabejiTebiT, 1kor. 15). magram rogori
xdomilebaa igi _ warmoadgens is realur fizikur faqts Tu rwmenis sagans, romelic aravis uxilavs,
da netaria is, vinc irwmuna? Tumca qristianoba mowmobs da amowmebs, rom saxarebiseuli arc
erTi faqti zemoTCamoTvlilTagan ar aris ise mtkicebadi anu faqtebiT ganmtkicebuli, rogorc
aRdgoma.
beTlemis mwyemsTa bagaSi ixiles axladSobili mwyemsebma, magram ra sabuTi
eqnebodaT maT imis samtkiceblad, rom yrma qalwulisgan aris Sobili. mogvebma ixiles
axladSobili, miarTves ZRveni da dauyonebliv im gziT gabrundnen ukan, romliTac ar mosulan.
angelozebma ugalobes axladSobils, magram, ar viciT, vis axares es saidumlo da saswauli.
naTlisRebisas mtredis gadmosvla ixila da zecieri mamis xma moismina mxolod ioane
naTlismcemelma. misi, rogorc winaswarmetyvelis, avtoritetiT aris sarwmuno es faqti.
feriscvalebas sami mociquli (iakobi, petre da ioane) Seeswro da es maTi saidumlo iyo im
Jamamde, vidre saxarebebSi ar moxvdeboda. aseve iTqmis geTsimaniis agoniur locvaze.
erTaderTi jvarcmaa gareSe kacisTvisac eWvmiutaneli: igi xom sajarod moxda da yvelam ixila
jvarze gakruli, vin _ marTlac mefe iudevelTa, mesia, vin _ avazaki or avazaks Soris, da aq
gansakuTrebuli araferi iyo.
aRdgomis faqti, ufro sworad, Sedegi aRdgomisa, SesaZloa, mravals ar uxilavs, magram
vinc ixila, ar moeloda cariel saflavs, amis gamo maTi mowmoba obieqturi da eWvmiutanelia.
„bibliis SesavalSi“ ar vmsjelobT aRdgomis Teologiur saidumloze, aq saubari unda iyos
sakiTxze, romelic amgvarad SeiZleba daisvas: rogor avxsnaT carieli saflavis arseboba? vin
gadaagora lodi iesos samarxidan? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema savsebiT eqvemdebareba
adamianur SesaZleblobebs.

X. da, bolos, amaRleba, romliTac mTavrdeba qristes myofoba miwaze mowafeTa Soris (mar.
16:19; luk. 24:50-51). es xdomileba TerTmeti (meTormete, iudas nacvlad, jer kidev ar iyo
arCeuli) mowafis Tvalwin moxda. igi kravs wres: Ze, aRasrula ra man Tavisi misia, dabrunda
mamasTan ise, rogorc adre eubneboda maT: `mamisagan gamovedi da sofelSi movedi. kvlav
vtoveb sofels da mivdivar mamasTan~ (ioan. 16:28).