Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • ადრეული ქრისტიანობის ისტორია - მარიკა მშვილდაძე

    Uploaded by

    GEOASTROLOG
    9 views153 pages
    This document provides a brief overview of early Christian history in 3 paragraphs or less. It summarizes the origins of Christianity in the Roman province of Palestine as a offshoot of Judaism, and how it gradually spread throughout the Roman Empire despite periods of persecution. Key figures mentioned include Justin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, who wrote important early theological and apologetic works defending Christianity. The document also notes some of the earliest Christian texts like the Gospels and Epistles that were compiled in the first centuries CE and became part of the New Testament canon.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    ადრეული ქრისტიანობის ისტორია_მარიკა მშვილდაძე

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    This document provides a brief overview of early Christian history in 3 paragraphs or less. It summarizes the origins of Christianity in the Roman province of Palestine as a offshoot of Judaism, and how it gradually spread throughout the Roman Empire despite periods of persecution. Key figures mentioned include Justin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, who wrote important early theological and apologetic works defending Christianity. The document also notes some of the earliest Christian texts like the Gospels and Epistles that were compiled in the first centuries CE and became part of the New Testament canon.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    9 views153 pages

    ადრეული ქრისტიანობის ისტორია - მარიკა მშვილდაძე

    Uploaded by

    GEOASTROLOG
    This document provides a brief overview of early Christian history in 3 paragraphs or less. It summarizes the origins of Christianity in the Roman province of Palestine as a offshoot of Judaism, and how it gradually spread throughout the Roman Empire despite periods of persecution. Key figures mentioned include Justin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, who wrote important early theological and apologetic works defending Christianity. The document also notes some of the earliest Christian texts like the Gospels and Epistles that were compiled in the first centuries CE and became part of the New Testament canon.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 153

    adreuli qristianobis istoria

    ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis


    Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

    marika mSvildaZe

    adreuli qristianobis istoria


    saxelmZRvaneloSi werilobiT wyaroebze, arqeologiur
    masalasa da epigrafikul Zeglebze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia
    adreuli qristianobis (325 w. nikeis I msoflio saeklesio kre-
    bamde) istoria romis imperiis magaliTze. gaanalizebulia
    pirveli msoflio monoTeisturi religiis arsi, gavrcelebis
    areali, misi mimdevrebis devnis raodenoba, mizezebi, qris-
    tianTa procentuli Semadgenloba romis imperiaSi. mocemu-
    lia romis imperatorTa sruli nusxa. igi qarTul enaze dawe-
    rili pirveli saxelmZRvaneloa adreuli qristianobis isto-
    riaSi, romelic gankuTvnilia msoflio istoriis (Zveli romi),
    antikuri kulturis, religiis istoriis Semswavleli umaR-
    lesi saswavleblebis studentebis, magistrantebis, axali
    aRTqmis samyaroTi dainteresebuli specialistebisa da mkiTx-
    velTa farTo wrisaTvis.

    redaqtori Tsu sruli profesori


    guram lorTqifaniZe

    recenzentebi: mitropoliti
    anania jafariZe
    Tsu sruli profesori
    beJan javaxia
    istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati
    goCa guguSvili

    © Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009


    ISBN 978-9941-13-093-9
    Sesavali

    qristianobas — pirvel msoflio monoTeistur reli-


    gias safuZveli romis imperiis aRmosavleT provincia pa-
    lestinaSi, iudaizmis wiaRSi eyreba. Tu arsebobis pirvel
    wlebSi qristianoba Tavis ZiriTad principebs gansazRv-
    ravda, sul male igi erT-erTi im ZalTagani xdeba, romel-
    Tanac iudaizms angariSis gaweva uxdeba.
    niSandoblivia, rom qristianoba, romelic iwyeboda ra
    rogorc umciresobis religia, samasi wlis manZilze jer
    romis ZiriTad saxelmwifo religiad gadaiqca, romelsac
    popularobiT Zlevamosili miTras kulti Tu Seedreboda,
    Semdeg ki im qveynebis warmmarTvel moZRvrebad, romlebic
    romis imperiis nangrevebze iyvnen Seqmnilni.
    antikuri periodis wyaroebi, romlebSic qristianobis
    Sesaxeb mogvepoveba cnobebi, ZiriTadad or nawilad iyofa
    — qristianulad da araqristianulad. pirvel jgufs ga-
    nekuTvneba: a) qmnilebebi, romlebic eklesiis mier aRiare-
    bulia wmidaTawmidaT da Setanilia saeklesio kanonSi (axa-
    li aRTqma); b) qristianobis apologetebisa (sarwmunoebis
    damcvelebi) da eklesiis mamebis qmnilebebi; g) e. w. apokri-
    febi (sityvasityviT `saidumlo“, `idumali“ , `faruli“) —
    qmnilebebi, romlebic amaTuim mizezis gamo ar Sevida sa-
    eklesio naSromebSi, magram eklesiis mier mainc mowonebu-
    lia. aqve calke jgufad SegviZlia gamovyoT qristianuli
    saeklesio dogmebis mowinaaRmdege eretikosebis mier Se-
    qmnili qmnilebebi an qmnilebebis nawilebi, romlebmac Cve-
    namde moaRwies; d) sxvadasxva epigrafikuli Zeglebi, ar-

    5
    qeologiuri monapovari. rac Seexeba meore jgufs, masSi
    erTiandeba ax.w. pirveli saukuneebis berZnul-romauli da
    iudeuri wyaroebi.
    qristianuli wyaroebidan uZveles qmnilebad SegviZ-
    lia miviCnioT `axali aRTqma~ — maTes, markozis, lukasa da
    ioanes saxareba, `mociqulTa saqmeebi“, mociqulTa werilebi
    sul 21 (epistole korinTelTa, kolaelTa, efeselTa...) da
    ioanes gamocxadeba (apokalifsisi). Tormeti mociqulis swav-
    leba (idache —aRmoCenili 1875 w.), ermas `mwyemsi“, romlebsac
    ufro gviani qmnilebebi mohyva. kerZod, msoflio saekle-
    sio krebebis gadawyvetilebebi, saeklesio werilebi da sxv.
    pirveli avtori, romelic saxarebis Sesaxeb mogviTx-
    robs, ise, rom am termins ar moixseniebs, aris iustine
    (Iustinus 100-165 ww.) — qristianobis apologeti da filoso-
    fosi, romlis Semoqmedebis didma nawilmac moaRwia Cve-
    namde. rac Seexeba oTxi kanonikuri saxarebis (`axali aRTq-
    ma“) moxseniebis faqts, igi pirvelad dafiqsirebulia
    meore saukunis udides moazrovne — irineosTan (berZnuli
    — Ειρηναίος. laT. — Irenaeus). igive avtori Tavis cnobil
    TxzulebaSi `eresebis winaaRmdeg“ (Adversus Haerasas, III, 11)
    gvawvdis metad Rirebul cnobebs qristianuli mwerlobis
    Sesaxeb, romelSic aRniSnavs, rom oTxi kanonikuri saxa-
    rebis garda kidev sxva saxarebebic arsebobdnen, romlebic
    `axal aRTqmaSi“ ar iyvnen Setanilni.
    `mociqulTa saqmeebi“, romelic oTx kanonikur saxarebas
    mohyveba mogviTxrobs iudevelebsa da warmarTebs Soris
    qristes mowafeTa petresa da ZiriTadad pavles mier qristi-
    anobis gavrcelebaze. igive `mociqulTa saqmeebidan~ vi-
    gebT, rom axali monoTeisturi religiis mimdevrebisaTvis
    damaxasiaTebeli iyo saerTo qoneba, gavrcelebuli iyo
    qvelmoqmedeba, calkeuli Temebi erTmaneTTan iyvnen da-
    kavSirebulni da erTmorwmuneebs Soris adgili hqonda mi-
    wer-moweras, arsebobdnen mociqulebi da mqadageblebi.

    6
    qristianuli wyaroebidan uZveles avtorad miCneulia
    iustine (Iustinus 100-165 ww.). igi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
    berZeni qristianobis apologetia. misi Semoqmedebidan
    SemorCenilia sami Txzuleba — `apologia“ — pirveli da
    meore ("Apologia prima pro Christianis ad Atoninum Pium", "Apologia
    Secunda pro Christianis ad Senatum Romanum". pirveli apologia,
    Sedgenilia 155 w.-Tvis, xolo meores daTariReba Zneldeba)
    da `saubari trifon iudevelTan” ("Cum Tryphone Iudeo Dialo-
    gus"). `apologiaSi“, romelic mimarTulia imperatorebis
    antoninus piusisa (138-161 ww.) da markus avreliusisadmi
    (161-180 ww.), iustine moiTxovda qristianebi sasamarTlo-
    saTvis gadaecaT mxolod TavianTi konkretuli danaSau-
    lisaTvis da ara `saxelisaTvis“. misi Txzulebebi mniSvne-
    lovan wyarod gvevlineba qristianuli Temebis Sesaxeb.
    naSromSi `saubari trifon iudevelTan“, iustine pirvelad
    gvawvdis cnobebs iesos — mesiis Sesaxeb. es moxetiale mqa-
    dagebeli da mwerali mowamebrivad aResrula romSi 165 w.
    tatiane (Tatianus II s.) — qristianobis cnobili apologe-
    ti. misi Semoqmedebidan SemorCa ori Txzuleba `sityva eli-
    nebis winaaRmdeg“ ("Oration ad Graecis", 176 w.) da `diatesa-
    roni“ ("Diatessaron", 165-170 ww.) pirvelSi avtori akritikebs
    yovelive berZnuls, gansakuTrebiT ki filosofias, pla-
    tonsac ki, xolo rac Seexeba meore Txzulebas, igi warmo-
    adgens oTxi kanonikuri saxarebis nakrebs, romelic SemorCe-
    nilia siriuli, arabuli, laTinuri da somxuri TargmaniT.
    aTenagora (berZnuli — Πατριάρχης ’Aθηναγόρας. laT. Athe-
    nagoras Atheniensis II s.) — aTeneli qristiani moRvawe, iusti-
    nes mowafe, avtori qristianTa SewyalebisaTvis dawerili
    Suamdgomlobisa (Txovnisa)("Legatio pro Christianis"), romelic
    SesaZloa Seqmnili yofiliyo 177 w. werili mimarTulia
    markus avreliusisa da misi Svilis komodusisadmi (180-192 ww.).
    naSromSi avtori uaryofs qristianebisaTvis wayenebul
    aTeizmis braldebas da gamodis znedacemulobis winaaRm-

    7
    deg. aTenagora gvevlineba aRdgomis (ganaxlebis) Sesaxeb
    erTi traqtatis avtorad ("De resurretione mortuorum", 180 w.).
    irineosi (berZnuli — Ειρηναίος. laT. Irenaeus, daaxloe-
    biT 120-200 ww.), gvianantikuri xanis udidesi moazrovne,
    177-178 ww. lionisa da vienis cnobili movlenebis dros
    lionis episkoposi. iyo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qristiani
    mwerali. irineosma 180 w. dawera didi naSromi "Adversus Hae-
    reses" (eresebis winaaRmdeg), xuT wignad, romelic eklesiis
    istoriis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoad-
    gens. Txzuleba SemorCenilia laTinuri TargmaniT da didi
    mniSvneloba aqvs adreuli qristianobis (II s.) gasaazreblad.
    tertuliane (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus daaxloe-
    biT 155/165 — 220/240 ww.) pirveli qristiani mweralia, ro-
    melic laTinur enaze werda. igi gvevlineba ori apologe-
    turi Txzulebis da TiTqmis ormocamde mqadagebluri,
    doqtrinaluri da polemikuri naSromebis avtorad. misi
    Semoqmedebidan mxolod 31 Txzulebaa SemorCenili, ro-
    melTa Soris aRsaniSnavia "Apologeticus" (warmarTebisagan
    dacva) Seqmnili 197-198 ww. da "De praescriptione haereticorum"
    (eretikosebis dagmoba), romlebSic avtori gvawvdis cno-
    bebs imis Sesaxeb, rom dedaeklesia jer kidev qristes mo-
    ciqulebis dros arsebobda. tertulianem gaamdira qris-
    tianuli leqsika. Semoitana axali iuridiuli cnebebi. igi
    Tavis TxzulebebSi qristianTa dacviTa da warmarTebis
    mxilebiT iyo dakavebuli da ara dogmatikis SemuSavebiT.
    klimenti aleqsandrieli (berZnuli — Κλήμης ο Αλεξαν-
    δρεύς. laT. — Clemens Alexandrinus 150-215 ww.) Tavis Txzule-
    baSi "Protreptokos pros Ellenas" (warmarTebis darwmuneba (dari-
    geba), "Paidagogos" (pedagogi), "Stromateis" (stromatebi) da sxv.
    cdilobda qristianuli swavleba SeeTanxmebina elinistur
    kulturasTan. acxadebda ra, rom berZnuli filosofia
    Zvel aRTqmasTan Tanasworad axali aRTqmisaTvis mosamza-
    debel safexurs warmoadgenda. rac TavisTavad mowmobs

    8
    qristianobis gavrcelebas elinisturi mosaxleobis SeZ-
    lebul fenebSi.
    klimenti aleqsandrieli cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom
    ar arsebobs rwmena codnis gareSe, rodesac igi Secnebaze
    saubrobs, mxedvelobaSi aqvs ara bunebis, aramed RmerTis
    wvdoma, xolo Secnebis kriteriumad yovelTvis rwmena evli-
    neba. misi naSromebi CvenTvis Rirebulia Tundac imis gamo,
    rom maTSi CarTulia 360 berZeni avtoris qmnilebebis nawili,
    rac mkvlevarTaTvis fasdaudebel masalas warmoadgens.
    origene (berZnuli — ’Ωριγένης. laT. Origenes Adamantius,
    185-254 ww.) klimenti aleqsandrielisa da amonius sakas mowa-
    fe. origene III s. yvelaze produqtiuli mwerali iyo. misi
    Semoqmedeba ramdenime nawilad iyofa: 1. bibliur-kriti-
    kuli Txzulebebi, romlebSic mocemulia ebrauli wminda
    werilebis teqstebis SedarebiTi Seswavla; 2. bibliur-eg-
    zegetikuri Txzulebebi, Sedgenili sqolioebis, saubre-
    bisa da komentarebisagan; 3. dogmaturi Txzulebebi. maga-
    liTad, `stromatebi“ da `sawyisebze“; 4. apologeturi Txzu-
    lebebi. magaliTad `celsusis winaaRmdeg“ ("Contra Celsum")
    8 wignad. Cvenamde moRweulia origenes mier Zvel da axal
    aRTqmaze dawerili komentarebis didi nawili. Tavis naS-
    romebSi origenem sistemaSi moiyvana qristianuli swavleba
    da gaagrZela qristianuli dogmatikis SemuSaveba. plato-
    nuri filosofiis qristianobasTan daaxloebaSi igi kli-
    menti aleqsandrielze Sors wavida.
    kipriane (berZnuli — Κυπριανός Καρχηδόνας. laT. — Tha-
    scius Caecilus Cyprianus 200-258 ww.) III s. qristianobis cno-
    bili apologeti, meore didi moRvawe iyo tertulianes
    Semdgom, vinc laTinurad werda. man didi literaturuli
    memkvidreoba datova. traqtatSi "Ad Donatum" igi mimar-
    Tavs SeZlebul qristianebs da amtkicebs qristianobis
    upiratesobas warmarTobasTan mimarTebaSi. misi mraval-
    ricxovani werilebi (Epistolae) mogviTxroben saepiskoposos

    9
    erTpirovnuli Zalauflebis gaZlierebisaTvis avtoris
    dauRalav brZolaze. kiprianes Txzuleba "De Catholicae
    Ecclesiae Unitate" (eklesiis erTianobis Sesaxeb, 251 w.) mniSv-
    nelovan SenaZens warmoadgens qristianuli eklesiis isto-
    riis mkvlevarTaTvis. masSi avtorma azri gamoTqva imis
    Taobaze, rom saWiro iyo eklesiisa da devnis periodSi
    misgan gandgomili xalxis gaerTianeba. aRiarebda ra romis
    saepiskoposos warmmarTvel rols, Tvlida, rom mas ar
    ekuTvnoda umaRlesi sasamarTlo avtoriteti danarCen sa-
    episkoposoebze. sul mis mier dawerili werilebis raode-
    noba 81-iT ganisazRvreba. Cvenamde 66 werilma da 12 traq-
    tatma moaRwia.
    evsebi kesarielis (Eusebius Pamphili Caesariensis 260-339 ww.)
    Semoqmedebidan SemorCenilia oTxi Txzuleba: 1. `qronika“
    (Chronicon) or wignad — msoflios mokle istoria dasabami-
    dan Tavis periodamde, romelSic didi yuradReba miaqcia
    qronologias. 2. `saeklesio istoria“ ("Historia eclesistica") aT
    wignad — qristianobis dasawyisidan 324 wlamde. 3. `konstan-
    tine didis cxovreba“ ("Vita Constantini") — oTx wignad — Ziri-
    Tadad panegirikuli Txzuleba, romelic moklebuli ar
    aris istoriul mniSvnelobas, vinaidan masSi bevri oficia-
    luri dokumentia Sesuli. 4. `Zvel wamebaTa krebuli“ — (sa-
    eklesio istoria, IV,15).
    misma Semoqmedebam didi gavlena iqonia qristianul
    literaturaze. igi, iseve rogorc origene, subordinaciis
    Sesaxeb swavlebis momxre iyo. mkvlevarTaTvis didi mniSv-
    neloba aqvs evsebi kesarielis `saeklesio istorias“, ro-
    melSic Txroba 324 wlamde modis. naSromSi Sesulia doku-
    mentebi da amonawerebi Cvenamde moRweuli Txzulebebidan.
    man swored am naSromis Seqmnis gamo miiRo `eklesiis is-
    toriis mamis“ wodeba. evsebi kesarieli literaturis Semg-
    rovebladac gvevlineba. mas ekuTvnis "Praeparatio evangelica"
    (berZnuli, προπαρασκευή ευ[αγγελική) da "Demonstratio evangelica",

    10
    romlebSic bevri Cvenamde mouRweveli literatura Se-
    vida, misma politikur-filosofiurma Sexedulebebma didi
    gavlena iqonia bizantiis saxelmwifoze.
    laqtanciusi (Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius, 250-
    325/30 ww.). misi Semoqmedebidan aRsaniSnavia "Divinae Institu-
    tiones" (RvTaebrivi dadgenileba, 303-311 ww.), romelic la-
    Tinur enaze qristianuli swavlebis ZiriTadi arsis gadmo-
    cemis pirvel cdas warmoadgenda da "De mortibus persecutorum"
    (mdevnelTa sikvdilis Sesaxeb, 318-321 ww.), romelSic Tx-
    roba moyvanilia diokletianes imperatorobamde. Tavisi
    Txrobis mdidruli stilis gamo humanistebi mas `qristi-
    anTa cicerons“ uwodebdnen.
    adreqristianuli wyaroebis Semdeg jgufs warmoad-
    gens apokrifebi, romelTa raodenobac gacilebiT metia,
    vidre eklesiis mier kanonikurad miRebuli Txzulebebi. maT
    Soris aRsaniSnavia ermas `mwyemsi“ da `didaqe“ (Didache).
    ermas (berZnuli — Ερμά. laT. — Hermas) — `mwyemsi“ ("Ποι-
    μήν". "Pasator"), romelic ukve Zvel droSi iTvleboda wmin-
    da wignad, didi xnis manZilze laTinuri teqstiT iyo cno-
    bili. misi avtoris Sesaxeb sami versia arsebobs : 1) erma iyo
    70-Tagan erT-erTi mociquli, romelic naxsenebia wminda
    pavles epistoleSi romaelTa mimarT (romaelTa mimarT,
    16:14), aqedan gamomdinare, klimenti, romelic aseve moxse-
    niebulia wignSi, klimenti romaelTan — romis erT-erT
    pirvel episkoposTan (gardaicvala 101 w.) aris identifi-
    cirebuli. amis Sesaxeb pirvelad azri gamoTqva origenem,
    amave Tvalsazriss iziarebda ieronime stridineli (Euse-
    bius Sophronius Hieronymus, 320-419/420 ww.) kanonikuri laTinu-
    ri bibliis teqstis Semdgeneli; 2) erma aris episkopos piu-
    sis (episkoposobis wlebi 142-157) Zma da 3) kompromisuli
    varianti — ermam, piusis Zmam Seavso da laTinurad Targmna
    mociqul ermas mier dawerili teqsti.

    11
    1922 wels gamoqveynebul iqna IV s. daTariRebuli erT-
    erTi papirusis nawyvetebi, romelic emTxveoda berZnul
    originals (P.Lond. V, 1783) da Seicavda nawyvetebs `mwyemsi-
    danac“ (Mand. IX). `mwyemsi“ sakmaod gansxvavdeba Cveulebri-
    vi qristianuli naSromisagan. masSi ar aris moxseniebuli
    iesos saxeli, magram bevria saubari eklesiaze. Txzuleba
    Sedgeba sami nawilisagan, romlis Sinaarss monaniebis qada-
    geba warmoadgens. avtori icnobs gnostikur literaturas.
    igi saeklesio organizaciis maRal fenas ganekuTvneboda.
    `mwyemsi“, iseve rogorc `didaqe“ gvaZlevs masalas saek-
    lesio organizaciis sawyis stadiaze, rodesac klirebTan
    erTad jer kidev moqmedebdnen winaswarmetyvelebi.
    `didaqe“ (Didache) gvevlineba qristianuli Temebis or-
    ganizaciebisa da maTi Sida cxovrebis Seswavlis mTavar
    wyarod. igi mniSvnelovania qristianuli wesebis gaazrebis
    TvalsazrisiTac. `didaqe“ gadmogvcems saeklesio Temis
    mdgomareobas misi Seqmnis periodSi. qristianuli wyaroe-
    bis mixedviT (Eusebius), igi didi popularobiT sargeblobda
    axali religiis mimdevrebSi.
    Cven mier calke jgufad gamoyofil qristianuli ekle-
    siis dogmebis mowinaaRmdege eretikosebis mier Seqmnili
    Txzulebebis rigSi SegviZlia gavaerTianoT 1946 w. luq-
    sosis maxloblad (50 km) xenoboskionSi, sardafSi, skivrSi,
    sxva sagnebTan erTad aRmoCenili gnostikuri papirusebis
    xelnawerebis koleqcia, romelic 44 Txzulebisagan Sedgeba.
    xenoboskionis dokumentebis nawili swored is gnosti-
    kuri Txzulebebia, romelTac Tavis droze epaeqrebodnen
    irineosi, origene da eklesiis sxva mamebi. aRniSnul do-
    kumentSi Sesuli zogierTi qmnilebis saTauri Seesabameba
    apokrifuli saxarebis saTaurebs, romelTa Sorisac aRsa-
    niSnavia egviptelebis gnostikuri saxareba.
    qristianuli Temis cxovrebis Seswavlis Tvalsazri-
    siT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs arqeologiur mo-
    napovars da epigrafikul Zeglebs, romlebic wlebis man-
    12
    Zilze sakmao raodenobiT dagrovda. maT Soris didi roli
    eniWeba katakombebis, qristianebis sacxovreblebis gaTx-
    rasa da analizs. Cven am sakiTxze saubars aRar gavagrZe-
    lebT, vinaidan warmoudgenelia yvela masalis motana.
    ubralod aRvniSnavT, rom pirveli qristianebis Sesaxeb
    masala mopovebulia palestinaSi, egvipteSi, romSi da sxv.
    cnobilia romSi gaTxrili lucinas, domicilas, kalistas
    katakombebi1 da sxv. maT Soris lucinasa da domicilas
    katakombebi I s. II naxevriT TariRdeba, kalistasi ki II s.
    1920 w. aRmoCenili filadelfosis (egvipte) papirusebi
    41 w. anu klavdiusebis periods ganekuTvneba. 1929 w. gamo-
    qveynebul iqna e.w. nazareTis warwera, romelic Zv.w. 31-
    ax.w. 54 ww. TariRdeba da mravali sxva.
    berZnul-romauli da iudeuri wyaroebidan, romlebic
    ama Tu im cnobebs gvawvdian qristianebis Sesaxeb, aRsaniS-
    navia, plinius umcrosi, tacitusi, lukiane, celsusi, fi-
    lostrate, porfiriosi da sxv., romelTa udidesi nawili
    qristianobas skeptikurad uyurebda. magaliTad, taci-
    tusi axali religiis mimdevrebs maTi `sisaZagleebisaTvis“
    saZulvel xalxs uwodebs, romlebic damRupvel crurwme-
    nas qadageben da damnaSaveni arian kacTa modgmis siZul-
    vilis gamo. mas qristianoba warmoCenili aqvs rogorc bo-
    roteba, romelic sxva sisaZagleebTan, usircxvilobasTan
    erTad miedineba romSi.

    1
    katakomba — (italiuri catakomba, gvianlaTinuridan, catacumba –
    miwiqveSa akldama) — xelovnuri an bunebrivi warmonaqmnis miwis-
    qveSa nageboba. gvianantikur xanaSi gamoiyeneboda rogorc micva-
    lebulTa dasakrZalavi da religiuri ritualebis Sesasru-
    lebeli Senoba. am mxriv yvelaze cnobili romauli katakombebia,
    romlebic ax.w. I-IV ss. TariRdeba da romlebSic SemorCenilia
    adreqristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebi da simboloebi. yvelaze
    cnobili katakombebia: lucinas, domicilas, kalistas...

    13
    svetoniusis mixedviT, qristianebi axali da mavne cru-
    rwmenis modgmis xalxia. pliniusi oficialurad acxadebs,
    rom man maTSi (qristianebSi) veraferi ipova uxeSi da
    usazRvro, crurwmenis garda. celsusTan, apuleiusTan, lu-
    kianesTan da sxv. qristianoba miRebulia rogorc mavne seqta.
    ukve saukuneze metia rac mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba
    adreuli qristianobis mecnierul Seswavlas. niSandobli-
    via, rom dasavlur istoriografiaSi adreuli qristianoba
    ganixileba antikuri kulturis WrilSi. adreuli qristia-
    nobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT
    sainteresoa im mecnierTa gamokvlevebis gacnoba, romle-
    bic exebian qristianobis gavrcelebas romis imperiis cal-
    keul provinciebSi, riTac umniSvnelovanesi wvlili SeaqvT
    zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis garkvevaSi, vinaidan imperiaSi gavr-
    celebuli religiebis Seswavla provinciebSi arsebuli
    mdgomareobis gaanalizebis gareSe SeuZleblad migvaCnia.
    aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom rigi mkvlevarebisa, Ziri-
    Tadad marqsistuli mimarTulebis, cdilobdnen moexdinaT
    religiebis kritikuli analizi da, am mxriv, gansakuTrebul
    aqcents monoTeistur moZRvrebebze (iudaizmi, qristia-
    noba) akeTebdnen. kritikulad swavlobdnen Zvel da axal
    aRTqmas. miuxedavad amisa, maT Sorisac iyo mTeli rigi
    naSromebi, romelTac dResac ar daukargavT Rirebuleba.
    romis imperiis periodSi qristianul religiasTan, pir-
    vel qristianul TemebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi aqvT
    gaanalizebuli iseT mkvlevarebs rogorebic arian: a. har-
    naki, p. alardi, p. Suveni, g. dagro, h. lusti, e. greguari,
    J. moro, h. moretini da sxv.
    qristianobis, misi warmoSobis istoriis, pirveli qris-
    tianuli Temebisadmi romis imperiis damokidebulebis
    TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan gamokvlevas warmoadgens m. si-
    monis monografia "La Civilisation de l’Antiquité et le Christianisme",
    Paris, 1972. naSromi fundamentur gamokvlevas warmoadgens

    14
    adreqristianuli periodis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, rac
    romSi arsebuli religiuri situaciis gaanalizebis fonze
    xdeba. avtori farTod iyenebs sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar-
    sebul memkvidreobas.
    adreqristianuli periodis SeswavlisaTvis mdidar ma-
    salas iZleva rusuli samecniero literatura (v. boloto-
    vi, m. posnovi, e. Staermani, a. ranoviCi, a. kaci, n. golubco-
    va, e. renani, i. svencickaia da sxv.), romelSic meoce sauku-
    nis bolos xelaxla gaCnda interesi qristianobis problema-
    tikasTan dakavSirebiT. am mxriv, gvinda gamovyoT, i. s. sven-
    cickaias monografia "От общин к церкви", М., 1985, romelSic
    dawvrilebiT aris gaanalizebuli adreqristianuli pe-
    riodis wyaroebi, epigrafikuli Zeglebi da, maTi Seswavlis
    safuZvelze, qristianTa mdgomareoba romis imperiis
    periodSi, pirveli samonastro mSeneblobebis dawyebis
    procesi da sxv.
    sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvnelovan naSroms
    warmoadgens i. levinskaias monogafia "Деяния апостолов на
    фоне еврейской диаспоры", Санкт-Петербург, 2000. naSromSi mec-
    niers gaanalizebuli aqvs `mociqulTa saqmeebis“ periodis
    romis imperiaSi arsebuli istoriuli foni. mkvlevari
    uaxloes epigrafikul Zeglebze, arqeologiur masalaze
    da mdidar samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT, Rire-
    bul daskvnebs akeTebs mociqulTa periodis qristianuli
    da iudeuri Temebis Sesaxeb. i. levinskaias gaanalizebuli
    aqvs lukas istoriuli koncefcia, romelic Seesatyviseba
    imas, rac CvenTvis cnobilia qristianobis sawyisi istori-
    is damoukidebeli wyaroebidan.
    qristianobis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT Cven-
    Tvis Rirebul naSromebs warmoadgens, agreTve, is mraval-
    tomeulebi, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebSi gamodis da am
    monoTeisturi religiis istoriis Sesaxeb fundamentur
    gamokvlevebs waroadgens. am mxriv, Cvens yuradRebas iq-

    15
    cevs eklesiis istoriis 21 tomeuli "Histoir de l’Eglise depuis
    les origines jusque’à nos jour", Paris, 1934-1964, qristianobis
    istoria warmoSobidan dRemde "Histoire du Christianism: des ori-
    gines à nos jour, (22 tomi), romlis meore tomi — Naissance d’une
    chrétienté: 250-430", Paris 1995 CvenTvis saintereso periods
    moicavs da sxv.
    dabolos gvinda aRvniSnoT is mkvlevarebi, romelTa
    naSromebSic msoflioSi arsebuli religiebi mokled arian
    gaanalizebulni da maT fonze vxvdebiT CvenTvis sainte-
    reso moZRvrebis mokle mimoxilvas (s. tokarevi, l. vasi-
    levi, m. kublanovi da sxv.).

    16
    Tavi 1

    qristianobis gavrceleba ax.w. I-III ss.

    adreuli qristianoba

    klavdiusebis1 imperatorobis xana sakmaod rTuli aR-


    moCnda romisaTvis. religia, romelic am periodSi vrcel-
    deba kacobriobas auwyebs axali moraluri Rirebulebebis
    damkvidrebas. uzarmazar imperiaSi mcxovreb xalxs poli-
    tikuri idealebis garda kidev `sxva ram“ esaWiroeboda da
    swored am `sxva ramed“ qristianuli moZRvreba iqca.
    romSi arsebuli yvela religiuri sistemisagan gansxva-
    vebiT, qristianobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba,
    romelic SemdgomSi msoflio religiad gadaiqca da ro-
    melmac momaval saukuneebs antikuri kulturis ramdenime
    elementi gadasca.
    SeiZleba iTqvas, roms ar SeeZlo SebrZoleboda mis aR-
    mosavleT provinciaSi Casaxul xalxTa moZraobis axal
    talRas, magram undoda ki SebrZoleba? mas xom ZiriTadad
    qveynis politikuri keTildReoba ainteresebda, adamians,
    rogorc sagans ise uyurebda da Tavis siZlieres kvlav
    Zlevamosil legionebs miandobda.
    romi, rogorc sxva religiebisadmi damokidebulebaSi,
    ise pirveli qristianuli Temebis mimarT, loialobas iCen-
    da da Semrigeblur politikas awarmoebda. mas xels ar

    1
    romis pirveli saimperatoro dinastia, romelic marTavda
    Zv.w. 27 – ax.w. 68 ww. Sedgenili ramodenime romauli gvarisagan,
    romelTaganac ZiriTadi klavdiusebis patriciuli gvari iyo.

    17
    uSlida kidev erTi axali RmerTis Semosvla Tavis samf-
    lobeloSi, Tuki igi morCili iqneboda da Seurigdeboda
    romis imperiaSi gabatonebul religiuri sinkretizmis
    process.
    romis pirvel magistrats,1 romlis winaSec Camoaya-
    libes qristianuli swavlebis arsi, ar hqonda qristianebis
    devnis ganwyoba, xsnida ra am faqts imiT, rom ar surda
    qveynis Teologiur sakiTxebSi mosamarTlis rolis TamaSi.
    roms ar undoda im saerTo religiuri Semwynareblobidan,
    romelsac misi moqalaqeebi iCendnen yvela kultis mimarT,
    qristianobis gamoricxva. SemdgomSi gaCnda survili axali
    RmerTis sxva RmerTebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisa. apolonis
    orakulic ki moCvenebiT didebas miagebda mas, xolo filo-
    sofos porfirioss (232/233-304/306 ww.), iyo ra Tavgamode-
    buli warmarTi, ar gaZnelebia eRiarebina qristes RvTaeb-
    rioba. aleqsandre severusma (208-235 ww.) brZana daedoT
    macxovris gamosaxuleba orfeosis da apolon tianelis
    gamosaxulebaTa gverdiT, Tavis saojaxo samlocveloSi,
    sadac igi yoveldRe larebze salocavad midioda. am faqt-
    ma saSinlad aRaSfoTa axali moZRvrebis mimdevrebi, vinai-
    dan monoTeisturi religiebisaTvis (romis imperiaSi aseT
    moZRvrebad qristianoba da iudaizmi gvevlineba) miu-
    Rebelia yovelgvari Serwyma sxva religiebTan. aqedan ga-
    momdinare, es ori moZRvreba romis saerTo saxelmwifo
    kultebisagan damoukideblad arsebobda da maTi reli-
    giuri sinkretizmis aspeqtSi ganxilva SeuZlebelia.
    qristianobas, rogorc aRvniSneT, klavdiusebis2 dinas-
    tiis imperatorobis xanaSi, romis aRmosavleT provinciaSi

    1
    laT. Magistratus – `ufrosoba” — qalaqis mmarTvelobis Ziri-
    Tadi organo. Zvel romSi aRniSnavda rogorc saxelmwifo Tana-
    mdebobas, ise am Tanamdebobaze myof pirT.
    2
    avgustusis sikvdilis Semdeg, romelsac pirdapiri memkvidre
    ar darCenia da arc taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb kanoni Seu-
    muSavebia, maSinve dadga sakiTxi Tu vis unda Seecvala igi. misi

    18
    eyreba safuZveli, sadac im dros sakmaod rTuli proce-
    sebi mimdinareobda. macxovris pirveli mimdevrebic swo-
    red iudeaSi — palestinis Semadgenel nawilSi, ebraul
    mosaxleobaSi unda veZioT. niSandoblivia, rom am proce-
    sebisagan ganze arc sxva modgmis xalxi darCenila.1
    saxelwodeba qristiani, rogorc `mociqulTa saqmeebi
    gadmogvcems“, qristes mimdevars niSnavs. sityvasityviT
    qriste momdinareobs ebrauli `maSiaxidan“ — mironcxebu-
    lis berZnuli Targmanidan, saidanac igi yvelgan, rogorc
    `mesia“ ise gavrcelda.
    `mociqulTa saqmeebis“ mixedviT, qristes mimdevrebs es
    saxeli pirvelad antioqiis mcxovreblebma Searqves (saqme-
    ebi, 11:26). mkvlevarTa nawilis TvalsazrisiT, am terminis
    saavtoro ufleba romis xelisuflebas ekuTvnis, romelic
    qristians ganixilavda rogorc damcinav an politikuri
    arakeTilsaimedoobis maniSnebels, SeiZleba iTqvas, meam-
    boxes. nawili ki miiCnevs, rom sityva `qristiani“ TviTwo-
    debas warmoadgenda. sakuTari hipoTezis sawyis wertilad
    ki berZnuli zmnis χρηματιζω-analizi moaqvT da aRniSnaven,
    rom χρηματιζω swori Targmani iqneboda ara rogorc miRe-
    bulia `ewodebodaT“, aramed `sakuTar Tavs uwodebdnen“.

    saojaxo saqmeebi sakmaod areuli iyo. jer kidev sicocxleSi, mas


    Semdeg, rodesac misi yvela sisxliT axlo naTesavi gardaicvala,
    romelTac taxtis dakavebis ufleba hqondaT (maT Soris iulia
    domnasTan saerTo Svilebi gaiusi da lucius cezari), avgustus-
    ma iSvila Tavisi mesame colis livia druzilas Svili pirveli
    qorwinebidan — tiberius klavdius neroni. romelic misi oja-
    xidan cocxlad gadarCenili erTaderTi warmomadgeneli iyo.
    swored tiberiusidan iwyeba romis axali dinastia klavdiusebi-
    sa, romelic oTxi imperatoriT aris warmodgenili 1) tiberiusi
    (14-37 ww.), 2) kaligula (37-41 ww.), 3) klavdiusi (41-54 ww.) da 4) ne-
    roni (54-68 ww.)
    1
    rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianu-
    li religia pirveli saukunidan Semodis, rac arqeologiuradac
    dasturdeba.

    19
    qristianobis pirveli sami saukunis istoria iyo mebr-
    Zoli, riskiani. rogorc eklesiis istoriis mkvlevari
    m. posnovi aRniSnavda, eklesiis istoriis pirveli periodi
    30-325 ww. (niSandoblivia, rom igi pirveli periods 313 w.
    amTavrebs), aris dro eklesiis daarsebidan moyolebuli
    qristianobis TandaTanobiT gavrcelebamde jer mxolod
    iudevelebSi, xolo Semdeg warmarTTa Soris, romelic ara
    Tu qveynis Zalebis daxmarebiT, aramed maTi mxridan mtru-
    li damokidebulebiTa da Ria devniTac ki xdeboda. aseT
    mdgomareobaSi eklesiam myari niadagi moimzada. mtrul
    samyaroze man Tavisi apologetebis, ZiriTadad ki mqada-
    geblebisa da wamebulTa meSveobiT gaimarjva. miuxedavad
    imisa, rom eklesias emuqreboda sxvadasxva Secdomebi da
    dayofa, erTianoba mainc SeinarCuna.
    pirveli saukunidan moyolebuli, oficialur reli-
    giad gamocxadebamde, qristianobis istoria ramdenime pe-
    riodad SegviZlia davyoT: pirveli etapi moicavs 30-125 ww.
    es aris periodi qristianobis swrafi eqspansiisa da qris-
    tianuli Temebis progresuli emansipaciisa iudaizmTan
    mimarTebaSi, romlis gulSic igi aRmocenda. meore etapi
    grZeldeba 125-250 ww., romlis drosac SesaZloa aris ni-
    Sani patara seqtebis gardaqmnisa eklesiebad da dedaekle-
    siasTan maTi SeerTebisa, rodesac masebma gaarRvies in-
    teleqtualuri SezRuduloba da gadalaxes fanatikuri
    rwmena. gambedaoba eyoT aeRoT dadebiTi elinisturi civi-
    lizaciisgan. es aris pirveli didi eresebis (gnosticizmi,
    markioneloba, montanizmi da sxv.), qristianobis apolo-
    getebis (klimenti aleqsandrieli, origene da sxv.) aRmoce-
    nebis epoqa, rodesac episkoposebis, rwmenis konfesiebis,
    bibliis kanonebi wesdeba. mesame etapi moicavs 250-325 ww.,
    romelic qristianobis ubralo transformaciiT xasiaT-
    deba. am periods emTxveva qristianTa saSineli devna romis
    imperiaSi, romelsac adgili III s. II naxevarsa da IV s. da-
    sawyisSi hqonda. es aris epoqa, rodesac qristianoba fexs
    ikidebs ara marto romis imperiaSi, aramed sasanianTa
    sparseTSi, somxeTSi, saqarTveloSi da sxv.
    20
    `axali aRTqmis~ werilebi da adreuli iudeo-qristi-
    anuli literaturis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs da-
    vaskvnaT, rom qristianobis pirveli mimdevrebi iudevelTa
    rigebSi unda veZioT. mociquli pavle kolaelTa mimarT
    mimarTvaSi `winadacveTilTagan“, anu ebraelTagan or pi-
    rovnebas moixseniebs: markozs — barnabas diswuls da
    iesos, romelsac iustoss eZaxian (4:10,11).
    qristianobis winaSe mdgar yvelaze mniSvnelovan sa-
    kiTxs I saukunis bolos warmoadgenda sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,
    qristianoba damoukidebel religias wamoadgenda, Tu rCe-
    boda iudaizmis ganStoebad, razec damokidebuli iyo,
    iqneboda Tu ara igi sabolood iudaizmis erT-erTi seqta,
    Tu gawyvetda masTan yovelgvar kavSirs, uars ityoda iu-
    develebis — rCeuli xalxis erTgulebaze da daiwyebda
    qadagebas, farTo propagandas warmarTebs Soris. swored
    am niadagze warmoiSva qristianobaSi pirveli ganStoeba —
    iudeo-qristianoba.1 es mimdinareoba ierusalimSi Seiqmna,
    romlis ZiriTad birTvs ebionitebi da nazarevelebi Se-
    adgendnen. `mociqulTa saqmeebSi“ maTi saxeliT iakobi —
    iesos xorcieli Zma da mociquli petre saubroben.
    did paeqrobas iwvevda, agreTve, sakiTxi, SeeZloT Tu
    ara araiudevelebs qristianobis miReba. gaismoda kiTxvebi
    imis Sesaxeb, rom qristianobis miRebisaTvis saWiro iyo Tu
    ara pirvelad iudaizmi eRiarebinaT, Tu pirdapir warma-
    rTobidan SeeZloT qristianobaze gadasvla. swored am
    sakiTxs mieZRvna qristes mociqulTa Sekreba ierusalimSi
    (saqmeebi, 15). pavle mociquli krebaze icavda im Tvalsaz-
    riss, romlis mixedviTac qristianoba damoukidebel re-
    ligias warmoadgenda da am moZRvrebis ziareba iudevele-
    bis garda warmarTebsac SeeZloT. iudeo-qristianebis in-
    teress, ZiriTadad iakobi — iesos xorcieli Zma icavda.

    1
    iudeo-qristianebs swamdaT, rom mesia ukve movida, magram
    imavdroulad misdevdnen moses kanonebs. axladgaCenili qristia-
    nobis damoukidebel moZRvrebad aRiareba maTTvis miuRebeli iyo.

    21
    mociqulTa am krebaze dadginda, rom qristianobis mi-
    Reba SeeZloT warmarTebsac, e.i. araiudevelebsac, ris
    Semdgomac iudeo-qristianoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, seqtad
    Camoyalibda, xolo ierusalimis dangrevis Semdgom (70 w.),
    ar iRebdnen ra romis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi monawileobas,
    dakarges TavianTi religiuri centric. isini arsebobas
    ZiriTadad iordaniaSi ganagrZobdnen. iudeo-qristianoba,
    rogorc iudevelebis, ise qristianebis mier sabolood
    ganixileboda rogorc eresi.
    qristianul religias ki SeeZlo ziareboda yvela mod-
    gmisa da rangis adamiani, `sadac ar aris arc barbarosi,
    skviTi, mona da Tavisufali, aramed qristea yovelive da
    yoveliveSi“ (kolaelTa mimarT, 3:11), rac SemdgomSi qris-
    tianobis msoflio religiad gadaqcevis winapiroba xdeba.
    mociqul pavles pozicia kargad Cans misi werilebidan,
    saidanac mtkicdeba, rom igi aqtiuri winaaRmdegi gamodi-
    oda mxolod iudauri wes-Cveulebebis Sesrulebisa, ani-
    Webda ra did rols warmarTebSi qristianobis qadagebas.
    `axal aRTqmaSivea“ moxseniebuli sakmaod didi raodenobis
    araebrauli saxelebi, romelTa patronebmac qristes rju-
    li miiRes, maT Soris monaTa da TavisufalTa zesaxelebic
    ki. magaliTad `filologosi“ (romaelTa mimarT, 16:15). am
    formis saxelebs monaTa inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs
    aniWebdnen romSi. imavdroulad, mociqulma pavlem qris-
    tianobaze moaqcia romaeli centurioni korneliosi, ro-
    melic pirveli araebraeli qristiani gaxda (saqmeebi, 10).
    didia pavle mociqulis damsaxureba qristianobis Ca-
    moyalibebisa da misi msoflio religiad gadaqcevis saq-
    meSi. wminda pavlem gaaTavisufla ra qristianoba iudaiz-
    misagan, SeiZleba iTqvas qristianoba gadaitana berZnul-
    romaul civilizaciaSi. aCvena, rom macxovris sikvdili
    Zveli aRTqmis dasasruls warmoadgenda, ris Semdegac iw-
    yeba axali aRTqma. pavle mociquli gvevlineba qristianu-
    li RvTismsaxurebis fuZemdeblad. swored wminda pavlem,
    suliwmindis madliT, pirvelma gamokveTilad Camoayaliba

    22
    qristianuli rwmena. aCvena macxovris sikvdilisa da aRd-
    gomis mniSvneloba, ganaviTara qristianuli RvTismsaxure-
    bis, eTikis principebi.
    ieso macxovris Semdeg, pirveli qristianuli Temebis
    aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba qristes mociqulebs, romlebic
    axali moZRvrebis saqadageblad mTel civilizebul samya-
    roSi gaifantnen. maTi meSveobiT qristianoba vrceldebo-
    da ZiriTadad im elinizebul ebraul TemebSi, romlebic
    TiTqmis mTel romis imperiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis aR-
    mosavleT provinciebSi Zlier iyvnen fexmokidebulni. `ga-
    mocxadebis“ avtori cnobebs gvawvdis mcire aziaSi pirve-
    li qristianuli Temebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. esenia: efesos,
    smirnis, pergamos, Tiatiras, sardis, filadelfiis, lao-
    dikiis Temebi. pirveli saukunis meore naxevridan ki, gansa-
    kuTrebiT pirveli iudeuri omis Semdgom, qristianuli
    Temebi farTod gavrceldnen. am periods ganekuTvneba e.w.
    kripto-qristianuli Zeglebi, romlebic sakmao raodeno-
    biT dafiqsirda arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad. magali-
    Tad: epitafiebi, kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebi, dasakrZala-
    vi katakombebi da sxv.
    mniSvnelovan masalas gvawvdis via apias, via nomenta-
    nasa da monteverdes katakombebi, romlebSic dafiqsirebu-
    lia mesianisturi simboloebi: palmebi, yurZeni, amforebi da
    vazebi zeTisaTvis, Rvino da wyali, Citebi, romlebic nis-
    kartiT saWmels eZieben, cxvrisa da xaris cxovrebis warmo-
    saxvis momentebi. via randaninis (via apia) katakomba, ro-
    melic I s. TariRdeba, cnobilia iseTi mesianisturi simbolo-
    ebiT, rogoricaa mtredebi, wiwilebi, mebrZoli mamlebi,
    xaris Tavi, cxvari. monteverdes (via hortenzia) katakom-
    baSi (I s.) ki gamosaxulia Citebi, romlebic saWmels eZieben
    niskartiT, palmebi, Sandlebi. xolo via apia pignatelis
    katakombaSi warmodgenilia qristianuli simbolo Tevzi1

    1
    berZnuli sityva ΙΧΘΥΣ (Tevzi) qristianebs miaCndaT Semdegi
    sityvebis simbolod `ieso qriste, Ze RmrTisa, macxovari“.

    23
    palmebsa da yvavilebs Soris. magram yvelaze mdidars mainc
    romis via torlonias (via nomentana) katakomba warmoad-
    gens, romelic II s. TariRdeba, sadac kedlebze gamosaxulia
    mironcxebisaTvis saWiro larnaki, kedris xe da sxv. romSivea
    napovni yvelaze adreuli qristianuli warwera daTariRe-
    buli II s. warmodgenili ori puriTa da ori TevziT. aqve
    unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom pirvel saukuneebSi gar-
    dacvlil qristianebs gafantulad krZalavdnen. maT ar ga-
    aCndaT specialuri sasaflaoebi.
    im dros rodesac antikur sinamdvileSi fizikuri srul-
    yofileba did rols TamaSobda (rogorc cnobilia, kla-
    sikur saberZneTSi moqalaqis ideals harmoniulad ganvi-
    Tarebuli adamiani warmoadgnenda), qristianebi TavianT
    rigebSi yvelas iRebdnen vinc qristes da mis mcnebebs aRia-
    rebda. maTTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda adamianis
    fizikur srulyofas. saWiro iyo mxolod codvebis mona-
    nieba da sulis silamaze — sulis siwminde.
    qristianoba warmoadgenda ara mxolod swavlebas, ara-
    med cxovrebis wess. man Secvala Tavisi mimdevrebis cxov-
    rebis yofa, wesebi da kultura. warmarTobasTan brZolam
    da Zveli aRTqmis tradiciebTan kavSirma safuZveli Cau-
    yara axal — qristianul kulturas, samyaros aRqmas da
    gansazRvra misi gansakuTrebuloba.
    niSandoblivia, rom axali religiis aRmsarebelTaTvis
    damaxasiaTebeli iyo erTmaneTis gverdiT dgoma, erTmane-
    Tis gatana, daxmareba, romlis naTel magaliTs warmoad-
    gens pavle mociqulis saqmeebi. man barnabasTan erTad anti-
    oqiel qristianTa uricxvi Semowiruloba iudeaSi mcxov-
    reb uqonel Zmebs Cautana, radgan, im xanad, klavdiusis
    zeobaSi (41-54 ww.) iq didi SimSiloba mZvinvarebda.
    romis imperiaSi arsebobdnen gansxvavebuli kolegiebi,
    romlebsac qristianebi TavianTi interesebisTvis iyenebd-
    nen, maT eklesiebs uwodebdnen, rac sityvasityviT Sekrebas
    niSnavs. eklesiebi Zvel berZnul qalaqebSi mmarTvelobis
    erT-erT organos warmoadgendnen, romelTac ara religi-
    uri, aramed politikuri datvirTva hqondaT. berZnulad
    24
    am Temebs Éκκλησiα ewodeboda. klasikur epoqaSi analogi-
    urad saxalxo kreba aRiniSneboda. `axali aRTqmis“ teqs-
    tebSi am sityvas ormagi datvirTva aqvs. igi gamoiyeneba an
    calkeuli adgilobrivi qristianuli Temis, an mTlianad
    eklesiis aRsaniSnavad, rac, Tavis mxriv, Teologebs saSua-
    lebas aZlevs daaskvnan, rom qristianuli eklesia qris-
    tianuli Temis Tanadroulad iqmneboda. swored amitom,
    pirvelyofili eklesiis Canasaxi Cven mociqulTa epoqaSi
    unda veZioT, razedac `axal aRTqmaSi“ Sesuli Txzulebebi
    mogviTxroben.
    Cven ukve aRvniSneT im Temebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
    ioanes gamocxadebis mixedviT, mcire aziaSi arsebobdnen.
    amas emateba samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebuli biTvi-
    niaSi qristianuli Temis arsebobis faqti. rac arc aris
    gasakviri, vinaidan igi teritoriulad Zalian axlo iyo
    ioanes gamocxadebaSi moyvanil qalaqebTan. rodis aRmo-
    cenda pirvelad saeklesio ierarqia da ra movlenebTan iyo
    igi dakavSirebuli? am mxriv, mniSvnelovan masalas gvawv-
    dis mociqul pavles werili korinTelTa mimarT, romel-
    Sic aRniSnulia: `zogni daadgina RmerTma eklesiaSi, pir-
    vel rigSi: mociqulebad, meore rigSi: mqadageblebad da
    mesame moZRvrebad“... (korinTelTa, 12:28), ramdenime wlis
    Semdeg werilSi efeselTa mimarT ufro rTuli ierarqiaa
    mocemuli: `man daayena erTni mociqulebad, meoreni winas-
    warmetyvelebad, zogni maxareblebad, zogni mwyemsad da
    moZRvrebad“ (efeselTa, 4:11).
    `mociqulTa saqmeebi“ mogviTxrobs mociqulebisa da
    presviterebis Sesaxeb. mociqulTa funqcias warmoadgen-
    da, magaliTad xeldasma (pavle), e.i. qristianuli Temis
    presviterebis daniSvna. mecnierulad dasabuTebulia, rom
    presviterTa instituti arsebobda mxolod aRmosavleTis
    provinciebis ramdenime qalaqSi arsebul eklesiebSi. igive
    `mociqulTa saqmeebi“ gvamcnobs, rom arsebobdnen winas-
    warmetyvelebi da maswavleblebi. pirvel saukuneSive Cnde-
    ba qristianul TemSi episkoposebi da diakvnebi, rac da-

    25
    fiqsirebulia mociqul pavles werilSi filipelTa mimarT
    (1:1). SesaZloa filipelTa Temi warmoadgenda pirvel Tems,
    sadac gaCndnen es Tanamdebobebi. sxva adgilebSi eklesiis
    msaxurni `mwyemsis“, `zedamxedvelis“ aRmniSvnelad ixmare-
    boda da ara Tanamdebobisa (I petre, 2:25; mociqulTa saq-
    meebi, 20:28).
    eklesiebis marTva atarebda kolegialur da ara erTpi-
    rovnul xasiaTs. rogorc araerTi istoriuli wyaro (moci-
    qul pavles, petresa da iakobis werilebi, netari ieroni-
    mesa da sxvaTa Txzulebebi) migvaniSnebs, funqciebisa da
    mdgomareobis mixedviT, qristianul TemebSi episkoposebi
    da presviterebi erTmaneTis mimarT Tanasworebi iyvnen. II s.
    dasawyisSi episkoposebisa da presviterebis rigebidan
    nel-nela daiwyo zogierTma maTganma dawinaureba, rome-
    lic yvelas saxeliT moqmedebda. pirvelad swored maT
    mimarT gamoiyeneboda xolme yvelaze xSirad sityva `epis-
    koposi“, maSin rodesac sxva episkoposebi gadavidnen pre-
    sviterebis rangSi. amis erT-erTi pirveli magaliTi misca
    ierusalimis eklesiam, romlis saTaveSic idga macxovris
    xorcieli Zma iakobi. ase rom daiwyo msxvili saepiskopo-
    soebis Camoyalibeba.
    imperiis sxvadasaxva nawilSi es procesi sxvadasxvana-
    irad mimdinareobda, magram adgilis miuxedavad, yvelgan
    saepiskoposo da sapresvitero sabWoebi CrdilSi dgeboda.
    wina planze erTi episkoposi iwevda, romelic droTa gan-
    mavlobaSi axorcielebda ara mxolod ganmkargulebel,
    aramed sulier xelisuflebasac, rac gamowveuli iyo rigi
    episkoposebis damsaxurebiT eresebis winaaRmdeg brZola-
    Si, maTi piradi avtoritetiT, maTi cxovrebis siwmindiT.
    ganmkarguleblisa da pedagogis funqciebis erTmaneT-
    Tan SeTavsebis Sesaxeb jer kidev pavle mociquli miuTi-
    Tebda. ase rom II s. erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis arseboba
    eklesiaSi Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda. Sedegad
    episkoposi marTavda olqebs, mxareebs, romelTa sazRvre-
    bic, Tavis mxriv, emTxveoda saxelmwifos provinciis ad-

    26
    ministraciul sazRvrebs. episkoposebis adgils calkeul
    TemSi ikavebda presviteri.
    IV s. Camoyalibda samsafexuriani ierarqia (episkoposi
    — presviteri — diakoni). gaCdnen, agreTve, diakonisagan
    warmomdgari (ipodiakoni da sxv.) da axali saeklesio Ta-
    namdebobebi — mkiTxvelebi, katexizatorebi, ekzorcistebi
    da a.S. erTiani ierarqiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas amZaf-
    rebda saxelmwifos mxridan devnisagan Tavdacvis survili.
    Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom im dros jer kidev ar
    iyo damtkicebuli da farTod gavrcelebuli axali aRTq-
    mis kanonebi, ar iyo miRebuli mrwamsi — monarqiuli saepis-
    koposoebis Seqmna warmoadgenda qristianobis ganviTare-
    bis obieqtur kanonzomierebas.
    mTeli qristianuli samyaro II-III ss. Sedgeboda Temebi-
    sagan, romlebsac marTavdnen episkoposebi. presviterebi
    qmnidnen sabWos da aRmasrulebel organos. organizebul
    qristianul Temebs ewodebodaT parikiebi (παροικιjα), e.i.
    calkeuli, adgilobrivi saepiskoposo eklesiebi.
    III saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi, kerZod diokleti-
    anes mmarTvelobis periodSi, qristianuli religiis arse-
    bobaSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena moxda, Camoyali-
    beba daiwyo ber-monaznobam, romelic Tavisi arsiT sak-
    maod rTul moZraobas warmoadgenda da asketur cxovre-
    basTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
    evsebi kesarieli gvevlineba pirvel qristian mwerlad,
    romelic Tavis TxzulebaSi `evangeluri winaswarmoxazu-
    loba“ (daax. 323 w.) gvawvdis cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom ekle-
    siam daadgina qcevis ori wesi, ori gansxvavebuli tipi-
    saTvis. erTi maTTvis, vinc umaRles religiur saTnoebas,
    zneobriobas aRiarebda da misdevda (umankoeba, uqor-
    winebelobis arCeva, simdidreze, socialuri mdgomareobis
    gaumjobesebaze uaris Tqma, RvTisTvis sakuTari cxov-
    rebisa da Tavis miZRvna da sxv.) da meore — maTTvis, rom-
    lebic yoveldRiuri arsebobis doneze rCeboda (saojaxo

    27
    kavSirebi, bavSvebis dabadeba, samxedro da moqalaqeobrivi
    movaleobis Sesruleba, materialuri mogebis miReba da sxv.).
    asketuri cxovrebis gandideba mocemulia IV-V ss. la-
    Tinuri eklesiis sam udides mamasTan: ambrosisTan (Ambro-
    sius 340-397 ww.), ieronimesTan (Hieronimus 346-420 ww.) da ne-
    tar avgustinesTan (Augustinus 354-430 ww.).
    absoluturi TavSekavebis ideali Camoyalibebul iqna
    odnav adre, III s. pirvel naxevarSi origenesa (Origenes Adama-
    ntus 185-254 ww.) da meTode olimpielis (gardaicvala 311 w.)
    mier, romelTa SromebSic tipuri neoplatonisturi moti-
    vebi Cndeboda. plotinic (Plotinus 204/205-269/270 ww.) aseve
    miiCnevda, rom religiuri aqtis pirvel moments realur
    cxovrebasTan kavSiris gawyveta warmoadgenda. mdinare
    iordanes gaRma meudabnoeni ax.w. I s. midian. maSin isini er-
    Teulebi iyvnen.
    pirvel qristian berad — mamad (berZnuli monachos —
    erTi) miCneulia wminda anton didi (Sanctus Antonius Aegyptus
    251-356 ww.) — egvipteli meudabnoe, romelic as wels gada-
    cilebuli gardaicvala 356 w. anton didi, rogorc Tqmu-
    leba gadmogvcems, iyo pirveli, romelmac `anaxoretis“
    (berZnuli αναχωρησις, is vinc Sordeba sazogadoebas, raTa
    martoobaSi icxovros — gandegili) wodeba miiRo. igi 270 w.
    wavida udabnoSi. amave xanebSi palestinaSi cnobili meuda-
    bnoe iyo ilarion didi (Hilarion 288-372 ww.)
    ber-monazonTa ricxvi TandaTan izrdeboda da male
    egviptes gascda, farTod gavrcelda siria-palestinaSi,
    Semdeg ki imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebis danarCen na-
    wilSi. berebi izolaciidan mxolod RvTis saqmeebisaTvis
    gamodiodnen. maTi keliebi ki sul ufro didi raodenobis
    xalxs izidavda. ase iqmneboda ber-monaznobis kidev erTi
    tipi, e.w. `samonastro“, `kinobionuri“ (berZnuli koinobion —
    erTiani, saziaro cxovreba). pirvel anaxoretul katego-
    rias antonis garda, ganekuTvnebodnen asketi berebi pavle,
    ilarioni da amoniusi. ber-monaznobis erT-erT fuZemdeb-
    lad gvevlineba egvipturi warmomavlobis beri paxomi.
    28
    rac Seexeba imperiis dasavleT provinciebs, monast-
    rebis mSenebloba aq mas Semdeg daiwyo, rodesac igi aRmo-
    savleTSi ukve aRmocenebuli iyo.

    antioqia

    romis imperiaSi pirveli qristianuli Temis aRmoce-


    neba antioqiaSi, qveynis sididiT mesame qalaqSi (romisa da
    aleqsandriis Semdeg) unda momxdariyo.1
    antioqiis eklesia wminda petres mier iyo daarsebuli
    da amitomac miiCneoda, rom antioqiis patriarqi ijda pet-
    res saydarze. rogorc `mociqulTa saqmeebi“ mogviTxrobs,
    sirielebi iyvnen pirveli warmarTni, vinc qristianoba mi-
    iRes da swored antioqiaSi uwodes pirvelad `qristianebi“
    axali, damoukidebeli religiis mimdevrebs (saqmeebi, 11:19-26).
    igive `mociqulTa saqmeebis“ mixedviT, antioqiis eklesia
    Tavis warmoSobas ramdenime kviprosel da kvirenel morw-
    munes unda umadlodes — `zogierTi kviproselni da kvire-
    nelni iyvnen, romlebic antioqiaSi mosvlisas elaparake-
    bodnen berZnebsac da axarebdnen ufal iesos“ (saqmeebi,
    11:20). Sesabamisad, antioqiaSi qristianoba Zalian adre gav-
    rcelda, ara marto ebrael mosaxleobaSi, aramed elinebSic.
    ra Tqma unda, ierusalimi yovelTvis darCeba msoflio
    religiis dedaqalaqad, magram yvela qristianis WeSmariti
    sawyisi punqti mainc antioqiaa. swored aq daarsda pirve-
    lad iudaizmisagan Tavisufali eklesia. aq daiwyo moci-
    qulTa epoqis didi qadageba. aq sabolood Camoyalibda
    wminda pavles pirovneba. antioqias SeiZleba qristianobis
    ganviTarebis meore etapi vuwodoT. qristianuli eklesiis

    1
    antioqia, romelic Zv.w. 300 wels daaarsa selevk I, mniSvne-
    lovan kulturul da savaWro centrs warmoadgenda, sadac moR-
    vaweobdnen ritorebi da sofistebi. aq arsebobda iudevelTa
    mniSvnelovani kolonia da sinagoga, romelic IV s. bolos ekle-
    siad gadakeTda.

    29
    siwmindiT mas verc romi, verc aleqsandria da verc kons-
    tantinopoli Seedreba. gabatonebul enad antioqiis
    eklesiaSi berZnuli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, aq bevri morw-
    mune siriulad saubrobda. antioqiaSi didi iyo moqceul
    ebraelTa ricxvic. SeiZleba iTqvas, maT pirveli nabiji
    gadadges warmarT-qristianebTan dasaaxloeblad. ase rom,
    orontis napirze aRsrulda rasebs Soris religiuri kav-
    Siri, romelzec ieso ocnebobda.
    qristianuli religiis swavlebis SeqmnaSi didi roli
    iTamaSa antioqiis saeklesio skolam, sadac aristoteles
    logika sWarbobda. man uaryo aleqsandriuli skolisaTvis
    damaxasiaTebeli SeuzRudavi alegoriebis gamoyeneba Zve-
    li da axali aRTqmis komentarebSi da icavda wminda wigne-
    bis sityvasityviT, pirdapir gaazrebas. es mimdinareoba
    ubralod xels uwyobda filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT teqs-
    tis ufro koreqtul formirebas. am skolis erT-erTi yve-
    laze cnobili warmomadgeneli iyo lukiane.
    antioqiis mitropoliti iwvevs saeklesio krebebs (evse-
    bi, saeklesio itoria, VI, 46) da Zalauflebac aqvs, rac ima-
    Si gamoixateba, rom mas eqvemdebareboda rigi episkopose-
    bisa. antioqia aRmosavleTSi qristianobis centrad iqca,
    sadac III s. ramdenjerme Catarda saeklesio kreba, romel-
    sac aRmosavleTis provinciebis (ponto, egvipte) episko-
    posebi eswrebodnen. gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovani iyo
    264-269 ww. Catarebuli sami kreba mimarTuli eresebis wina-
    aRmdeg. krebaze damswre aRmosavleTis qristianuli Temebis
    ierarqebma TvalnaTliv dainaxes antioqiis Temis siZliere.
    IV s. dasawyisSi antioqiis episkoposis gavlenaze mo-
    gviTxrobs evsebi kesarieli `saeklesio istoriaSi“ (VI,6). am
    droisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli aRmosavleTis ekle-
    siebis centri antioqia iyo. misi sulieri gavlena vrcel-
    deboda ara marto mcire aziaze, pontosa da aziis Crdilo-
    aRmosavleT nawilze, aramed Soreul sparseTze, somxeTsa
    da saqarTveloze. antioqiis episkoposebs unda ezrunaT am
    qveynebSi qristianobis gavrcelebaze, romelebic jer dax-

    30
    marebas uwevdnen sust qristianul Temebs, Semdeg, saekle-
    sio recefciis ZaliT, maTze imtkicebdnen ierarqiul
    mdgomareobas da maT TavianT xelisuflebas uqvemdebareb-
    dnen. episkoposTa erTpirovnuli Zalauflebis zrdasTan
    erTad antioqiis episkoposTa Zalac izrdeboda. ase gagr-
    Zelda nikeis I saeklesio krebamde. am krebam, antioqiis
    episkoposTa Semdgom gaZlierebas zRvari daudo. nikeis
    krebis meeqvse kanoniT, antioqiis episkoposis Zliereba
    sagrZnoblad SeizRuda, misi Zalaufleba am kanoniT mxo-
    lod or samoqalaqo provinciaze (Coele Syria da Augusta Euph-
    ratiensis) vrceldeboda. antioqiel saWeTmpyrobelebs am pro-
    vinciebis episkoposTa xeldasmis ufleba darCaT.
    nikeis krebis mier episkoposTa Zalauflebis SezRud-
    vis miuxedavad, antioqiis eklesia aziaSi mainc pirvelobas
    inarCunebda. ZvelTaganve momdinare tradiciiT, romelime
    saeklesio krebas Tu romisa da aleqsandriis episkoposebi
    ar eswrebodnen, krebis Tavmjdomare antioqiis episkoposi
    unda yofiliyo. magram Tu kreba imperiis aziur nawilSi
    gaimarTeboda, maSin krebaze romisa da aleqsandriis epis-
    koposebic rom yofiliyvnen, krebas mainc antioqieli epis-
    koposi Tavmjdomareobda. ase iyo 314 wels ankiris, neo-
    kesariis 315 da 325 wlebis adgilobriv saeklesio kre-
    bebze. antioqieli episkoposi aseve pirveli Cans 341 wlis
    antioqiis, 343 wlis filipopolisis, 363 wlis antioqiis
    adgilobriv, 325 wlis nikeis pirvel da 381 wlis kons-
    tantinopolis meore msoflio saeklesio krebebze. aseve,
    romelime saeklesio werilze Tu xels ar awerdnen romisa
    da aleqsandriis episkoposebi, pirveli yovelTvis antio-
    qiis episkoposis xelmowera iyo.
    325 wels nikeaSi gamarTuli pirveli msoflio saek-
    lesio krebis aqtebSi, antioqiis episkoposis evstaTis
    xelmoweris qveS 22 episkoposis xelmoweraa. mkvlevarTa
    azriT, es garemoeba imis damadastureblad aris miCneuli,
    rom am episkoposTa samwysoebi antioqiis episkoposis pro-
    vinciebi unda yofiliyo.

    31
    ierusalimi

    warmatebiT vrceldeboda qristianuli sarwmunoeba


    ierusalimSic.1 mociqulTa TaosnobiT ierusalimis ekle-
    sia male izrdeboda. rogorc cnobilia, ierusalimis pir-
    veli qristianuli Temis xelmZRvanelad iakobi — qristes
    xorcieli Zma gvevlineba. Sesabamisad, ierusalimis pirvel
    qristianebs iudeo-qristianebi warmoadgendnen. aramarto
    am qalaqis qristianuli Temi, armed saerTod palestinis
    qristianuli Temi iakobis xelmZRvanelobiT im imediT
    cxovrobdnen, rom mTel ebrael ers moaqcevdnen. magram
    male 70 wels ierusalimis dacemam misi varskvlavi Caaqro.
    Zveli qalaqidan mxolod sami koSki da qalaqis kedlis
    narCeniRa SemorCa.
    Zveli taZris nangrevebze imperatoris brZanebiT, aR-
    marTul iqna iupiter kapitoliumis taZari, ris Sedegsac
    bar-koxbas (ivriTi — ‫ )שמעון בר כוכבא‬ajanyeba warmoadgen-
    da, romelic imperiam 135 wels sastikad CaaxSo. adrianes
    brZanebiT ierusalimi meored daangries, xolo iudevelebs
    aukrZales im adgilas miaxloeba. ierusalimis dacemis Sem-
    deg (ax.w. 70 w.), aq sakmaod didi qristianuli Temi gaCnda,
    magram axla ukve warmarT qristianebisgan Semdgari.
    bar-koxbas ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdgom, warmarT qris-
    tianebis TemSi pirveli episkoposi iyo makari, romlis
    moRvaweobasac evsebi adrianes (117-138 ww.) imperatorobis
    me-19 wliT aTariRebs. ra Tqma unda, am warmarT qristi-
    anul Tems aRar SeeZlo im sapatio adgilis pretendenti
    yofiliyo, romelic adre ierusalimis qristianul Tems
    eWira mTel samyaroSi. TviT palestinaSic ki mTavari roli
    kesariis episkoposze gadavida, magram mainc ierusalimis

    1
    msoflios erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi. Zveli iudeis samefosa
    da Tanamedrove israelis saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi. gvevlineba
    sami monoTeisturi religiis — iudaizmis, qristianobisa da mah-
    madianobis centrad, sadac Tavmoyrilia istoriuli da kultu-
    ruli Rirebulebis mqone Zeglebis didi raodenoba.

    32
    qristianuli Temis roli, rogorc dedaeklesiisa, sakmaod
    maRali iyo qristianTa TvalSi. palestinaSi zogierTi Temi
    mimagrebuli iyo ierusalimis dedaeklesiaze.

    xmelTaSuazRvispireTi

    `mociqulTa saqmeebis“ teqsti gvauwyebs, rom ukve


    pirvel saukuneSi xmelTaSuazRvipireTis bevr qalaqSi
    unda veZioT pirveli qristianuli Temebi, pirveli qristi-
    anuli eklesiebi. am azris gansamtkiceblad pavle moci-
    qulis saqmeebi gamogvadgeba. pavle mociqulma oTxjer
    imogzaura xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da mcire aziis teri-
    toriaze qristes rjulis saqadageblad da pirveli mog-
    zaurobis dros (45-46 ww.) barnabasTan erTad gaemgzavra
    antioqiidan, moiara kviprosi, mcire azia inaxula qalaqebi
    antalia, pergea, pisidis antioqia, ikonia, dervia da
    listra. meore mogzaurobis dros (48-51 ww.), romelic moi-
    cavda TvrametTvian SeCerebas korinToSi, gaemgzavra ra
    antioqiidan xmeleTiT, silasTan erTad, moinaxula pir-
    veli mogzaurobisas daarsebuli eklesiebi. listraSi maT
    SeuerTda timoTe, saidanac gaemgzavrnen troaSi, Semdeg
    gadavidnen Crdilo saberZneTSi, filipedan gaiares Tesa-
    lonike, berea, aTeni da korinTo, sadac darCnen kidec.
    Semdeg pavle da misi Tanamgzavrebi dabrundnen korinTo-
    dan zRviT, efesosa da kesariis gavliT antioqiaSi. mesame
    mogzaurobisas (daiwyo 53 w.) pavlem da misma Tanamgzav-
    rebma gaiares galatia da frigia. ori weli maT dahyves
    efesoSi. saidanac gadavidnen filipeSi, korinToSi da ukan
    dabrundnen. troadan zRviT gaemgzavrnen, moinaxules ra
    asoni, militene, mileti, rodosi, tvirosi, patara da Ca-
    vidnen ptolemaidaSi, saidanac kesariis gavliT mividnen
    ierusalimSi. meoTxe mogzaurobisas pavles Tan axlda lu-
    ka, romlis drosac maTma gemma ganicada marcxi maltis na-
    pirebTan, sadac gamoizamTres kidec. sanam romSi Cavidoda,
    pavlem romaelebs miswera werili, romelSic Camoayaliba

    33
    qristianuli swavlebis safuZvlebi. romSi Casulebs maT
    adgilobrivi mosaxleoba miegeba. bolo ori weli, eloda
    ra ganaCens, pavle ar wyvetda qristes moZRvrebis qadage-
    bas (mociqulTa saqmeebi).

    ponto-kapadokia

    lukianes Txzulebidan vigebT, rom provincia ponto


    gavsebuli iyo qristianebiT (aleqsandre, 25). ponto-kapa-
    dokiis1 erovnuli eklesiebis qristianuli Temebi erT-erTi
    uZvelesi iyo imperiaSi. aq iyo iseTi cnobili saepisko-
    posoebi, rogoricaa: kesariisa, Tianisa, komanisa, kolonisa,
    kibistriisa, amasiisa, neokesariisa, sebastiisa, trapizo-
    nisa, nazianzisa, nisisa da sxv. mcire aziaSi, daiwyo, agreTve,
    mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze Seqmnili erovnuli
    eklesiebis Camoyalibeba, romelTagan ponto-kapadokiis
    eklesia erT-erTi Zlieri iyo. erovnul-eTnikur niadagze
    Seqmnili saepiskoposoebis arseboba scno 314 wlis ankiraSi
    gamarTulma adgilobrivma saeklesio krebam, romlis dad-
    genilebis me-18 kanoniT, zemoT dasaxelebuli saepiskopo-
    soebi Tanasworad da damoukideblad gamocxadda. es dadge-
    nileba daadastura nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio
    krebis me-4, me-5 da antioqiis adgilobrivi krebis (344 w.) me-9,
    me-14, me-15, me-19 da me-20 kanonebma. magram samwuxarod maTi
    SenarCuneba pontos episkoposebma ver SeZles. isini III-IV ss.
    monawileobas iReben antioqiis episkoposebis mier mowveul
    saeklesio krebebSi (251, 264 da 269 ww.). ufro metic, anti-
    oqiis episkoposebi Tavmjdomareobdnen 314 wels ianvris da
    TviT pontos saeklesio krebebze (neokesariaSi 314 da 325 ww.).
    miuxedavad imisa, rom am krebebs antioqiel episkoposTa
    Tavmjdomareoba mxolod maTi sulieri gavlenis damadas-

    1
    ponto (laT. Pontus) mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawili.
    kapadokia — aRmosavleT mcire aziis mxaris istoriuli evropu-
    li saxelwodeba.

    34
    turebeli iyo, sulieri gavlena ki saeklesio ierarqiaSi
    cotas ar niSnavs.
    unda aRiniSnos, rom mcire aziaSi episkoposebis garda
    iyvnen qorepiskoposebic, rac soflis mosaxleobaSi qris-
    tianobis gavrcelebaze metyvelebs. qorepiskoposebis ins-
    tituti gansakuTrebiT iyo TvalSisacemi kapadokiasa da
    isavriaSi.
    xmelTaSuazRvispireTis aRmosavleT sanapiros mTavar
    qalaqebSi qristianoba, rogorc aRvniSneT, mociqulTa pe-
    riodidan gavrcelda. siriidan da palestinidan igi Tan-
    daTan Sedis aziis dasavleTsa da saberZneTSi, semitur aR-
    mosavleTSi, siriis winamdebare qveynebSi da transior-
    danul regionSi. mesopotamiaSic, rogorc Cans, axali re-
    ligia gavrcelebuli iqna qristiani misionerebis mier jer
    kidev I s. bolomde.
    IV s. damdegidan wina da mcire aziaSi gamoikveTa da Tan-
    daTan Camoyalibda Cven mier zemoT aRniSnuli, mosax-
    leobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze Seqmnili iseTi didi sa-
    episkoposoebi, rogorebic iyvnen: tarsisa — kilikiaSi, ke-
    sariisa — kapadokiaSi, efesosi — aziaSi, tvirosisa — fi-
    nikiaSi, edesisa — mesopotamiaSi, bostrisa — arabeTSi, neo-
    kesariisa — polemonis pontoSi, ankirisa — galatiaSi, iko-
    niisa — likaoniaSi da sxv.

    aleqsandria

    rogorc im peroidis qristianuli literatura mogviTx-


    robs, qristianoba egvipteSi I s. Sua xanebidan vrceldeba. I s.
    60-70 ww. aleqsandriaSi1 ukve arsebobdnen pirveli qristi-
    anebi. qristianobis gavrceleba egvipteSi pirvelad qveynis
    dedaqalaqSi, udides qalaqsa da portSi — aleqsandriaSi

    1
    qalaqi nilosis deltaze, antikuri egviptis mTavari saporto
    qalaqi, romelic 332 wels daaarsa aleqsandre makedonelma. iyo
    ptolemaiosebis egviptis dedaqalaqi.

    35
    unda momxdariyo. Semdgom axali religiis mimdevarni sof-
    lis mosaxleobaSic unda gaCeniliyvnen.
    aleqsandriaSi, romelic egviptisa da axlomdebare
    qveynebis qristianul centrad gvevlineba, axali monoTe-
    isturi religia markozis mier iyo Setanili (evsebi, saek-
    lesio istoria, II, 16). aleqsandriis episkoposi1 eyrdno-
    boda ra Tavis umaRles mdgomareobas faqtobrivad egvip-
    tis, libiisa da pentapoliis qristianuli Temebis saTaveSi
    eqceva. droTa ganmavlobaSi ki faqtiuri xelisufleba ka-
    nonieri gaxda.
    egvipteSi, imperiis am aRmosavleT provinciaSi, sadac
    iudevelTa didi nawili cxovrobda da mniSvnelovan rol-
    sac TamaSobda, aseve aRmocenda pirveli qristianuli Te-
    mebi, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aleqsandriaSi qris-
    tianobis Sesvla sirTuleebTan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli
    qveyanaSi sakmao raodenobiT arsebuli gnostikuri seqte-
    bis gamo, ris dadasturebadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos egvip-
    teSi arsebuli sxvadasxva formis gnostikuri Txzulebebi.
    ukve II s. bolos klimenti aleqsandrielma icis egviptelTa
    saxareba da pirveli Taobidan gavrcelebuli erTi iudeo-
    qristianuli apokrifi. gnostikur literaturas amdid-
    rebs 1947 w. nag hamadis maxloblad aRmoCenili 30 codices,
    romelic II-III ss. ganekuTvneba.
    Zvel egvipteSi didi raodenobiT arsebobdnen, agreT-
    ve, orTodoqsaluri qristianobis mimdevrebic, rasac am
    teritoriaze aRmoCenili II saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRe-
    buli papirusic adasturebs. amas emateba isic, rom aleq-
    sandriaSi arsebobda qristianuli filologiis umniSvne-
    lovanesi orTodoqsaluri skola, romelsac wlebis man-
    Zilze saTaveSi edga udidesi pirovneba, qristianobis didi
    apologeti klimenti aleqsandrieli, romelic cdilobda
    mrwamsisaTvis racionaluri safuZveli mieca. igi mimar-

    1
    aleqsandriis pirveli episkoposi iyo dimitri.

    36
    Tavda bibliis alegoriuli axsnis meTods. unda aRiniSnos
    isic, rom aleqsandriul skolaSi upiratesoba eniWeboda
    platonis meTodologias. aleqsandriuli TeologiisaT-
    vis centralur Temas warmoadgenda adamiansa da RvTa-
    ebrivs Soris urTierToba `Semecnebis“ safuZvelze.
    evsebi kesarielis `saeklesio istoria“ (VI, 1-3) gvamc-
    nobs imis Sesaxeb, rom septimius severusis (193-211 ww.)
    mier Catarebuli qristianTa devnis dros, aleqsandriaSi
    gansakuTrebulad didi raodenobis morwmuneebma Seimkes
    Tavi wamebulTa gvirgviniT. 325 w. nikeis I msoflio saek-
    lesio krebaze, romlis iniciatoradac aleqsandre aleq-
    sandrieli gvevlineba, xolo misi mowafe aTanase aleq-
    sandrieli aRniSnul krebaze miRebuli rwmenis simbolos
    Camomyalibeblad (mformirebeli), egviptidan monawi-
    leobas iRebda 29 episkoposi. aleqsandriis episkoposi an-
    tioqiis, karTagenisa da romis episkoposebze naklebi gav-
    leniT ar sargeblobda.

    romi

    pirvel saukuneSi egeosis zRvis garSemo da qveynis


    dedaqalaqSic qristianTa didi Temis arseboba mtkicdeba.
    mociqul pavles mier romaelebisadmi gagzavnili episto-
    ledan vigebT, rom qristianebi romSi gansakuTrebul rols
    TamaSobdnen, romelTa rigebSi ebraelebTan erTad warmar-
    Tebsac vxvdebiT (romaelTa mimarT).
    romSi qristianuli Temis arsebobis Sesaxeb cnobebs
    gvawvdis svetoniusi klavdiusis (41-54 ww.) kanonTan dakav-
    SirebiT (iudevelTa cnobili gandevna romidan). miuxe-
    davad amisa, iudevelebi male dabrundnen romSi. ar aris
    gamoricxuli, rom qristianebi RvTis msaxurebaSi swored
    maSin gamoeyvnen iudeur sinagogebs. tacitusi 64 w. qris-
    tianebs ukve icnobs, rogorc calke, gankerZoebulad
    mcxovreblebs (Annal, XV, 44).

    37
    pavle mociquli dedaqalaqSi daaxloebiT 59-60 ww. Ca-
    vida,1 sadac darCa kidec daaxloebiT oTxi wlis manZilze —
    wamebamde. petre mociquli, rogorc Cans, wm. pavles Semdeg
    ar unda Casuliyo romSi — imperiis dedaqalaqSi, sadac
    moxda kidec mociqulTa wameba daaxloebiT 62-64 ww. petre
    mociqulis romSi Casvlisa da sikvdilis Sesaxeb cnobebi
    daculia klimenti romaelTan, klimenti aleqsandriel-
    Tan, irineosTan. romis presviteri gaiusi (ax.w. 200 w.) wers
    romSi mociqul petresa da pavles akldamebze.
    rogorc simeon metafrasti gadmogvcems, petre moci-
    qulTan erTad sxva mravali qristanic Seipyres, romelTa
    Soris iyvnen klimenti, irodioni, olimpi da sxva mRvdel-
    TmTavrebi da samRvdeloni. maT yvelas romaelTa msajulma
    maxviliT Tavis mokveTa miusaja. petres ki jvarze sikvdi-
    li gadauwyvites, da ai yvela sikvdilmisjili dasjis
    adgilze miiyvanes. klimenti, rogorc xelmwifis naTesavi,
    Seiwyales da gaanTavisufles. irodioni da olimpi ki ro-
    melnic petre mociqulTan erTad Camosuliyvnen romSi da
    misi TanamoRvaweni iyvenen maxviliT moakvdines. bevri sxva
    qristianis msgavsad maTac Tavebi mohkveTes. wminda pavle
    mociqulis vnebis droze saeklesio mematianeebs gansxva-
    vebuli cnobebi moaqvT. nikifore kaliste (+1350) Tavis
    `saeklesio istoriaSi“ (II wigni, Tavi 36) wers, rom pavle
    mociquli im dRes da im wels evno, roca petre mociquli
    acves jvars. sxva mematianeebic ki weren, rom petre mo-
    ciqulis aRsarebidan erTi wlis Semdeg, imave dRes 29 iv-
    niss, evno pavle mociqulic. neronis risxvac 64 w. xom ro-
    mis qristianebs daatydaT Tavs, romlebic im droisaTvis
    ukve sakmao Zalas warmoadgendnen.

    1
    wminda petresa da pavles mier romSi eklesiis daarsebis Sesaxeb
    cnobebs saeklesio gadmocemebSi pirvelad vxvdebiT 170 w. dionise
    korinTelis mier romis eklesiisadmi gagzavnil sapasuxo werilSi
    (evsebi, saeklesio istoria, II, 25; IV, 29). am faqtis Sesaxeb mog-
    viTxrobs wminda irineosic (eresebis winaaRmdeg, III, 1; III, 3).

    38
    I saukunis bolosaTvis sul ufro mtkicdeboda romis
    eklesiis avtoriteti, raSic didi roli mis rigiT meoTxe
    episkoposs klimentisac miuZRoda (daaxloebiT 92-101 ww.).
    Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, klimenti romaeli mowamebrivi sikv-
    diliT aResrula qersonesSi (yirimi), mas Semdeg rac igi iq
    traianes mier iqna gadasaxlebuli. rogorc `korinTelebi-
    sadmi pirveli werilis“ avtors (96 w.) mas miakuTvneben mo-
    ciqul mamebs. am droisaTvis romSi qristianebis raodeno-
    ba imdenad didi iyo, rom isini qalaqis sxvadasxva kvart-
    lebSi qmnidnen gansakuTrebul Temebs, rac rogorc taci-
    tusi gadmogvcems, kargad gamoCnda neronis devnis dros
    (Annal. XV, 44).
    romis eklesiis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis
    evsebi kesarieli `saeklesio istoriaSi“ romis episkoposis
    korneliusis werilSi antioqiis episkoposis fabiusisadmi,
    romlis mixedviTac, romSi 251 w. iyo 46 presviteri, 7 di-
    akvani, 7 ipodiakvani, 42 akolufa (morCili), 52 Semlocveli
    adamiani, mkiTxveli, mekare da 1500-ze meti qvrivi da Zabu-
    ni (uZluri) (saeklesio istoria, VI, 43). Semdeg evsebi gva-
    mcnobs, rom romSi eresebis gamo mowveul iqna sinodi, ro-
    melSic 60 italieli episkoposi monawileobda, rac, Tavis
    mxriv, qveynis dedaqalaqSi qristianobis gavrcelebaze me-
    tyvelebs. momdevno saukuneebSi romSi maTi ricxvi kidev
    ufro izrdeboda.
    didi mniSvneloba SeiZines romSi episkoposebma. samo-
    ciqulo memkvidreobis idea pirvelad swored romis epis-
    koposebma wamoayenes. romis episkoposi pirveli iyo epis-
    koposebs Soris romelmac mTeli Zalaufleba miiRo. pir-
    veli saepiskoposo katalogic, romelic petreTi da pav-
    leTi iwyeba romSi daiwera. romis qristianuli skoli-
    saTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo eklesiologiuri (saeklesio,
    saRvTismsaxurebo) pragmatizmi, romelic gansakuTrebul
    yuradRebas aniWebda saeklesio wes-Cveulebebsa da qce-
    vebs, rac, saorganizacio TvalsazrisiT, ufro orienta-
    ciaa, vidre skola.

    39
    imperiis dedaqalaqSi III s. Sua xanebSic ki qristianuli
    Temi berZnuli iyo. qristiani avtorebi berZnulad werd-
    nen, romis pirveli episkoposebic berZnebi iyvnen.
    galileis meTevzeTa erTi jgufi axali religiis mim-
    devrebis xerxemals Seadgenda. roca qristianoba pales-
    tinis gareT gavrcelda, is enTuziazmiT iyo miRebuli Zi-
    riTadad monebis, monadyofilebis, xelosnebis mier. romis
    aristokratia warmarTobis dasasrulis ukanasknel bas-
    tions warmoadgenda, amitom, maTi rwmenis simyares gansa-
    kuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda romis imperiisaTvis. miu-
    xedavad amisa, warCinebulebis erTi nawili, sul ramdenime
    weliwadSi iRebs qristianobas. ukve neronis dros impe-
    ratoris garemocvaSic qristianobis mimarT gaaCndaT sim-
    patiebi da, Sesabamisad, dedaqalaqis maRali sazogado-
    ebidanac xdeba axali religiis mimdevarTa ricxvis gazrda.

    romis imperiis dasavleT provinciebi

    `mociqulTa saqmeebis“ mixedviT, RvTis sityvis qme-


    diTi, warmatebuli qadagebiT movlo pavlem romis impe-
    riis dasavleT nawili da wminda sarwmunoebis naTeliT ga-
    aciskrovna iq mcxovrebi warmarTebi (mociqulTa saqmeebi).
    qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani cno-
    bebia daculi tacitusTan da klimenti romaelTan, rom-
    lebic axali religiis mimdevrebis Sesaxeb aRniSnaven, rom
    isini uricxvni arian ("multitudo ingens"). meore saukunis meo-
    re naxevarSi qristes rjulis aRmsareblobaze saubrobs
    tertulianec. igi aRniSnavs, rom qriste irwmuna yvelam da
    CamoTvlis sxvadasxva modgmis xalxsa da saxelmwifoebs,
    romelTa Sorisac Cven vxvdebiT mTel espaneTs, galebis
    sxvadasxva xalxs da romaelebisaTvis miuwvdomel brita-
    neTis mxareebs (Tert., Apolog).
    aRniSnuli wyaroebisagan gansxvavebul cnobebs gvaZ-
    levs, arqeologiuri masala. misi Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs,
    rom dasavleTSi qristianoba odnav mogvianebiT Sedis. un-
    40
    da aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom axali monoTeisturi religia
    am teritoriaze ufro mgrZnobiarea da nela vrceldeba,
    gansakuTrebiT soflis mosaxleobaSi, romelic qristia-
    nobisadmi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi rCeboda ugrZnobi. war-
    marTebSi, romlebic axali religiis mowinaaRmdegeebad
    gvevlinebian da mTeli ZaliT cdiloben xeli SeuSalon
    qristes moZRvrebis gavrcelebas, formirebul iqna axali
    saxeli pagani (laTinuri — paganus — soflis mcxovrebi),
    romelic SemdgomSi warmarTobis sinonimad gadaiqca.
    Crdilo afrikis mTavar qalaqebSi, espaneTSi, galiaSi,
    britaneTsa da rainis sanapiro regionebSi, dunaispireTsa
    da dalmaciaSi, jer kidev kostantinemde metnaklebad Cans
    gavrcelebuli qristianoba da, Sesabamisad, metnaklebad
    mtkicdeba saepiskoposoebis arsebobis faqtebi.

    a) Crdilo afrika

    qristianuli Temebis Seqmnis safuZveli Crdilo afri-


    kaSi jerjerobiT ar aris garkveuli. SesaZloa axali re-
    ligiis mimdevrebi karTagenis iudeur mosaxleobaSi unda
    veZioT, romlebsac siriisa da egviptis sazRvao centreb-
    Tan hqondaT savaWro kavSiri.
    karTagenis axlos — gamartaSi aRmoCenil ebraul sa-
    saflaoze dafiqsirebulia qristianuli warmomavlobis
    Zeglebi, romlebzec gamosaxulia qristianuli simbolo-
    ebi: Ruza, jvari, mtredebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts,
    rom tertulianes dros, Crdilo afrikaSi ebraelebi qris-
    tianebis winaaRmdeg yvelaze Zlier mebrZolebad gvevli-
    nebian, iudevelebisagan gandgoma adgilobrivi mosaxleo-
    bisaTvis mZime unda yofiliyo. romis afrikis istoriaSi
    qristianobam Tavi iCina mxolod 180 wels Catarebuli
    represiebis dros, romlebic provinciebs moedo markus
    avreliusis gardacvalebidan Zalian male. yvelaze adrin-
    deli qristiani wamebuli aq warmomavlobiT finikieli
    mona namfani iyo gadauridan. sxva wamebulebis mxolod
    41
    saxelebia cnobili, samwuxarod ucnobia maTi sikvdilis
    viTarebac. 197 w. aq Catarebuli devnis ambebs miuZRvna
    tertulianem Tavisi Txzuleba `wamebulebi“.
    202 w. septimius severusis mier gamocemuli ediqtis
    Semdeg, Crdilo afrikis prokonsulma minicius timiniusma
    brZaneba gasca SeepyroT 6 morwmune, romelTa ambavic gad-
    mocemulia TxzulebaSi `wminda perpetuias da felisites
    wameba“.
    sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, rom qristianulma qadage-
    bebma aq, rogorc qalaqis, ise soflis mosaxleobaSi, Zalian
    male ipova momxreebi. tertulianem, romelmac am periodis
    Crdilo afrikaSi arsebuli situacia aRwera, wers: Cven
    gamovCndiT mxolod guSin da ukve SevavseT miwebi da mTeli
    Cveni samflobeloebi, qalaqebi, gareubnebi, gamagrebuli
    punqtebi, municipiebi, yazarmebi, kvartlebi, skolebi, ezoe-
    bi, forumi (`apologetika“, XXXVII). am SemTxvevaSi, miuxe-
    davad imisa, rom, Cveni azriT, wyaros Crdilo afrikaSi
    arsebuli situacia gazviadebuli formiT aqvs warmoCe-
    nili, Znelia nawilobriv mainc ar verwmunoT, vinaidan sa-
    eklesio organizacia Crdilo afrikaSi am droisaTvis,
    ufro soliduri iyo, vidre italiasa da galiaSi. 198 w. kar-
    Tagenis Temis Tavma agripinem SeZlo moewvia laTinuri
    eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli kreba, romelsac saprokonsulo
    afrikidan da mavritaniidan 70 episkoposi eswreboda da ra
    gasakviria, rom amden axlad moqceulTa Soris gaCnda reli-
    giuri egzaltaciis zogierTi forma, romelmac, Tavis mxriv,
    niadagi moumzada montanizmis gavrcelebas am regionSi.
    aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom swored Crdilo afrikaSi
    daiwyo eklesiis laTinizacia da ara romSi (kaTolikuri
    eklesiis centri). afrikaSi, sadac romma danerga laTinuri
    ena, pirvelad iTargmna biblia laTinurad. mkvlevarebi
    Crdilo afrikaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas antoninu-
    sebis periodSi miiCneven da Tvlian, rom igi iq romidan iqna
    Setanili da ara aRmosavleTis provinciebidan. Tumca pir-
    veli mqadageblebis enad berZnuli miaCniaT, romelic aq

    42
    iseve iyo gavrcelebuli, rogorc laTinuri. magram male
    laTinuri sjobnis ra berZnuls, Crdilo afrikaSi myarad
    ikidebs fexs. ase rom afrikam laTinuri eklesiis pirveli
    magaliTi misca msoflios.
    Crdilo afrikis mTavari qalaqi karTageni III s. qris-
    tianobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani centri iyo. III s. Sua xa-
    nebze modis karTagenis episkoposis kiprianes moRvaweoba,
    romelic saxelmwifo eklesiebis xelmZRvanelobaSi romis
    episkoposis metoqed gvevlineba. 256 w. karTagenis saek-
    lesio krebaze afrikidan, numidiidan da mavritaniidan 87
    episkoposi monawileobda. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti,
    rom am krebaze Crdilo afrikidan yvela episkoposi ar
    Casula. zogi maTgani kiprianes mimarT opoziciaSi imyofe-
    boda da krebaze ar gamocxadebula. a.harnaki Crdilo af-
    rikaSi saepiskoposoebis ricxvs IV s. dasawyisSi 250 gan-
    sazRvravs da SesaZleblad miaCnia am dros iq amdeni saepis-
    koposos arseboba. 330 w. karTagenSi moewyo donatist epis-
    koposTa sinodi (donatisturi moZraoba IV s. dasawyisSi
    daiwyo), romelsac, rogorc avgustine gvamcnobs, 270 kaci
    eswreboda. rogorc tertuliane, ise arnobiusi da misi mo-
    wafe laqtanciusi aRniSnavdnen, qristianebi gabatondnen
    klasikur kulturaze.

    b) espaneTi

    espaneTSi qristianobis qadageba, rogorc Cans, pavle


    mociqulis damsaxurebaa, magram im periodis arqeologiu-
    ri da epigrafikuli Zeglebis uqonlobis gamo, Cven am
    mxareSi qristianobis gavrcelebas III s. Sua xanebamde ver
    vivaraudebT. pirveli qristiani romaelebis sarkofagebi
    aq mxolod IV s. dasawyisiT TariRdeba, Tumca irineosi da
    tertuliane sxvas qadageben. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSi-
    rebiT Cveni literaturuli wyaroebi elviris krebis (306-
    309 ww. elviris krebaze espaneTidan monawileobas iRebda
    19 episkoposi da 24 presviteri) kanonebiT, wamebis ramde-
    43
    nime aqtiTa da kipriane karTagenelis weriliT (ZiriTadad
    misi 67 weriliT, romelic 254-255 ww. Sedgenili) ganisazRv-
    reba, romelTa Seswavlis Sedegad, istorikosTa didi nawili
    iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom qristianoba espaneTSi Crdi-
    lo afrikidan Sevida, maSin rodesac mas Tavisi swavleba,
    Tavisi wesebi da ritualebi ukve SemuSavebuli hqonda.
    espaneTSi, iseve rogorc romis imperiis mTel rig rai-
    onebSi, arsebobdnen iudevelTa Temebi, romlebic am teri-
    toriaze qristianobis gavrcelebis safuZvlad SegveZlo
    CagveTvala, magram mkvlevarTa nawili ar eTanxmeba am mo-
    sazrebas artefaqtebis ararsebobis gamo. jerjerobiT ar-
    qeologiurad ar mtkicdeba irineos lionelisa da ter-
    tulianes cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom II s. bolosa da III s.
    dasawyisSi espaneTis bevr regionSi iyo eklesiebi, rasac
    ver vityviT III s. meore naxevarze. ukve IV saukunis dasaw-
    yisSi elviris krebis (306-309 ww.) me-16 muxli (kanoni) krZa-
    lavda axalgazrda qristianis qorwils ebraelze da ere-
    tikosze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi xuTi wliT idevne-
    boda eklesiidan am kanonis darRvevisaTvis. rogorc vxe-
    davT, ebraeli da eretikosi erTmaneTTan aris gaigive-
    buli. kanonis aseTi simkacre jer kidev winamorbed kanonSi
    iyo konstatirebuli, romlis mixedviTac, ikZaleboda Se-
    reuli qorwili.

    g) galia

    galiaSi SesaZloa qristianoba meore saukunemde ar iyo


    gavrcelebuli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom marselSi,1 arl-
    Si da maT SemogarenSi qristianuli qadageba pirvelad
    antoninusebis dros gaegoT, vinaidan axali religia ga-
    liis xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi swored marselis gziT unda

    1
    xmelTaSuazRvispireTis mniSvnelovani sasazRvro punqti,
    romelic aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken mimaval gzaze Suale-
    dur rols warmoadgenda.

    44
    Sesuliyo aRmosavleTis provinciebidan, saidanac qris-
    tianobam qveyanaSi ronadan rainis xeobamde miaRwia. 177 w.
    lionis qristianTa cnobili devna adasturebs erT-erTi
    mniSvnelovani eklesiis arsebobis faqts galiis terito-
    riaze. wminda kiprianes erTi werilic gvamcnobs am peri-
    odSi galiaSi marselisa da sxva saepiskoposoebis arsebo-
    bis faqts, romlebadac SeiZleba moazrebul iqnen: triri,
    reimisi, tuluza, narboni da zemoT aRniSnuli marseli.
    galiis gaqristianebis sakiTxSi gadamwyvet etaps war-
    moadgens wminda marten tuluzelis (IV s. II nax.) misi-
    onerobis dro. manamde galiis eklesiis prestiJis amaRle-
    baSi didi roli iTamaSa irineos lionelma. 250 w. ki impe-
    rator domicianes dros "Historia Francorum" avtori, Semd-
    gomSi lionis — galiis yvelaze Zveli qristianuli Temis
    epeiskoposi, misionerebis krebaze galiis moqcevis Semdeg
    gegmas warmogvidgens (gegma Svidi misionerisTvis iyo da-
    rigebuli) — turi, arli, narboni, tuluza, parizi, klemoni
    da limoJi.

    sxva miwebi

    imis dadgena Tu rodis Sevida qristianoba britaneTSi


    Zneldeba. faqti erTia, misionerebis survili axali reli-
    giis gavrcelebisa ver SeCerdeboda lamanSis srutesTan.
    britaneTSic aris gagebuli keTili sityvis qadageba ekle-
    siis simSvidemde. CvenTvis SedarebiT bneliT aris moculi
    qristianTa gabnevis ambavi am kunZulze III-IV ss. magram
    cnobilia axali religiis mimdevarTa devnis SemTxvevebi
    diokletianes imperatorobis periodSi. maTi ricxvis
    simciris miuxedavad, keisar konstancius I qlorusis dros
    mainc fiqsirdeba qristianTa wamebis sami SemTxveva. arlis
    krebaze 314 wels gagzavnilni iqnen iorkis, londonisa da
    linkolnis episkoposebi (Tertullian. Advers jud. c. VIII, Cristo
    vero subdita). rogorc wyaroebi gvamcnobs, romaelebisaTvis
    miuwvdomeli britanTa qveynebi, exla mibarebulni iyvnen
    45
    qristes. rac Seexeba irlandiasa da Sotlandias qristi-
    anoba am periodisaTvis aq naklebad iyo gavrcelebuli.
    Tanamedrove dobrujas1 teritoriaze arsebul anti-
    kur qalaqebSi qristianoba konstantine didis mefobamde
    Cans fexmokidebuli, xolo soflad axali monoTeisturi
    religia V saukunemde Sedis. qristes moZRvreba dunais
    marcxena sanapiroze da zRvis SenakadTan gadaSlil teri-
    toriaze III s. Sua xanebamde unda Sesuliyo. niSandoblivia,
    rom qristianoba dobrujas sanapiroze mdebare berZnul
    qalaqebSi, mcire aziis dasavleTis mxaris metropolias-
    Tan, egeosis zRvis kunZulebis mniSvnelovan centrebTan,
    kontinentur saberZneTTan da qvemo dunaispireTSi dis-
    locirebul mravalricxovan jariskacebTan erTad, aRmo-
    savleTidan Cans gavrcelebuli I s. mogvianebiT, ar aris
    gamoricxuli am teritoriaze ganmartoebuli qristiane-
    bis arsebobis faqtic. diokletianes dros, rodesac qris-
    tianoba romis armiisaTvis ganixileboda, rogorc yvelaze
    didi saSiSroeba, mcire skviTeTSi dislocirebul legio-
    nerTa Soris, romelTa umetesoba adgilobrivi jariska-
    cebi iyvnen, didi raodenobiT Cndebian axali religiis
    mimdevrebi. mcire skviTeTis cnobil qalaqebSi qristian
    martvilologebs dafiqsirebuli aqvT qristianTa wamebis
    bevri SemTxveva, romelTa Sorisac figurirebs laTinuri,
    berZnuli da aRmosavluri saxelebis matarebeli adgilob-
    rivi mosaxleoba. qristes mimdevarTa devna dafiqsire-
    bulia tomisSi — provinciis dedaqalaqi, dunais cnobil
    adgilebSi: durostorumSi, aqsiopolisSi, dinogetiaSi,
    noviodunumSi da haimirisSi.
    rogorc vxedavT, qristianoba `eklesiis simSvidemde“,
    anu konstantine I didis mier 313 w. gamocemul milanis
    cnobil ediqtamde da 325 w. nikeis I msoflio saeklesio

    1
    ruminulad — Dobrogea, bulgarulad — Добруджа. istoriuli
    mxare balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTiT, Tanamedrove
    rumineTisa da bulgareTis teritoriaze.

    46
    krebamde, metnaklebi sixSiriT mTel romis imperiaSi Cans
    gavrcelebuli. axali religia yvelaze adre da metad ro-
    mis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi ikidebs fexs,
    saidanac igi romSi da dasavleTis provinciebSi aRwevs.
    magram IV s. dasawyisamde Crdilo italiaSi, espaneTSi, bri-
    taneTSi, germaniaSi, dunais olqebSi qristianoba mniSvne-
    lovan rols ar TamaSobda.
    saerTo suraTi IV saukunis dasawyisidan nawilobriv
    icvleba. elviris saeklesio krebam, romelic 306-309 ww.
    mimdinareobda da romelSic 19 episkoposi da 29 presvi-
    teri iRebda monawileobas, naTlad dagvanaxa, rom espa-
    neTSi, betikaSi da tarakoniis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawil-
    Si, e.i. dRevandel andaluziaSi sakmao raodenobis qris-
    tiani cxovrobda.

    qristianTa procentuli Semadgenloba

    qristianuli religia warmatebiT sargeblobda, ro-


    gorc romis imperiis dedaqalaqSi, ise misi aRmosavleT
    provinciebis qalaqebis mosaxleobas Soris. ZiriTadad
    berZnul mosaxleobaSi. ase magaliTad, rogorc ukve
    aRvniSneT, III saukunis Sua xanebSi qristianuli Temi romSi
    berZnuli iyo, qristiani avtorebi berZnulad werdnen.
    romis pirveli episkoposebic berZnebi iyvnen.
    qristes mimdevrebi didi raodenobiT iyvnen zRvis pi-
    ras ganlagebul did qalaqebSi, sadac vaWroba da xe-
    losnoba iyo gavrcelebuli. dasavleTis provinciebSi ga-
    batonebuli iyo adgilobrivi RvTaebebis kultebi. mdgo-
    mareoba Seicvala mebrZoli mesianizmis ngrevis Semdgom,
    ramac movlenebi daaCqara da qristianobam romis TiTqmis
    yvela provinciaSi moikida fexi, ise rom III s. axali moZRv-
    reba imperiaSi erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul religias
    warmoadgenda. popularobiT mas mxolod iudaizmi da miT-
    ras kulti Tu Seedreboda.

    47
    romis imperiaSi qristianTa procentuli Semadgenloba
    konstantines iperatorobis dasawyisisaTvis, Zneli dasad-
    genia, vinaidan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qristianoba am
    uzarmazar teritoriaze erTnairi warmatebiT ar vrcel-
    deboda. swored amitom qveynis masStabiT saerTo procen-
    tis gamoyvana Secdoma iqneboda. samecniero literatu-
    raSi aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mosaz-
    reba arsebobs. rogorc qristianuli religiis didi mkvle-
    vari a. harnaki aRniSnavda, qristianebis namdvili procen-
    tuli Semadgenlobis dadgena TviTneburi saqmea. dasaSve-
    bia visaubroT mxolod maT raodenobaze imperiis sxva-
    dasxva nawilSi. am mxriv, mkvlevari roms oTx ZiriTad re-
    gionad yofs: 1) provinciebi da olqebi, sadac IV saukuni-
    saTvis qristianebi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT naxevars
    Seadgendnen. aseT teritoriebs miakuTvnebs dRevandel
    mcire azias. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxolod meCxerad
    dasaxlebuli da yuradRebis gareSe darCenili olqebi,
    romlebic kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, yovelTvis nak-
    lebad mniSnelovanni iyvnen. aqve Sedis afrikis nawili,
    somxeTi, SesaZloa kviprosi da edesa; 2) provinciebi, sadac
    qristianebi Seadgendnen mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan na-
    wils, gavleniT sargeblobdnen mmarTvel wreebSi da qris-
    tianobas SeeZlo metoqeoba gaewia sxva religiebisaTvis —
    antioqia, kelesiria, aleqsandria egviptiT da TebeTi, ro-
    mi, Sua da qvemo italiis nawili (konkretulad sanapiroe-
    bi), saprokonsulo afrika da numidia, samxreT espaneTi,
    aqaiis, Tesaliis sanapiro zoli, galiis sanapiro zoli
    xeobiT; 3) provinciebi, sadac qristianoba naklebad iyo
    gavrcelebuli — palestina, finikia, arabeTi, mesopotamiis
    nawili, aqaiis, makedoniis, Tesaliis, epiras, dardanelis,
    dalmaciis, meziis da panoniis Sida olqebi, italiis Crdi-
    lo da Sida olqebi da aRmosavleT zemo italia, samxreT
    safarngeTi, belgia, germania, mavritania, tripolitania,
    espaneTis zogierTi cnobili olqebi; 4) provinciebi da
    olqebi sadac qristianoba sakmaod mcired iyo gavrcele-

    48
    buli — filistimelebis Zveli qalaqebi, Crdilo da
    Crdilo-dasavleT SavizRvispireTi, dasavleT zemo ita-
    lia, Sua da Crdilo galia.
    am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT odnav gansxvavebuli Tval-
    sazrisi gaaCnia a. doninis, romelic aseve xazgasmiT aRniS-
    navs romis imperiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis araTanab-
    robas.1 igi gamoyofs qristianizaciis xarisxis sam ZiriTad
    zonas: 1) regionebs, sadac yvelaze metad SeaRwia qristi-
    anobam. eseni arian mcire azia, gansakuTrebiT frigia, biT-
    vinia da ponto kavkasionis sazRvramde, armenia — evfra-
    tidan dasavleTis raionebis CaTvliT, egeosis zRvis kun-
    Zulebi da edesas garkveuli teritoriebi; 2) sadac qris-
    tianobam mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili moicva, magram
    warmmarTveli mdgomareoba ar ekava: sabrZneTi, makedonia,
    siria, palestinis zogierTi berZnuli qalaqi. romi da misi
    axlo garemocva, samxreT italiisa da siciliis sanapiro
    zoli, espaneTi da galia centralur masivamde; dabolos
    3) naklebad dasaxlebuli raionebi, sadac evangelizaciis
    procesi mxolod iwyeboda — palestina, arabeTis nawili da
    mesopotamia, epiri, dalmacia, centraluri da Crdilo
    italia, gansakuTrebiT sakonsulo gzebis gaswvriv, dunais
    provinciebi. mezia da panonia, kirenaika, libani da mavri-
    tania, aqve aRniSnavs, rom arsebobdnen izolirebuli qris-
    tianuli Temebi Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi, odesasa da
    yirimSi. Crdilo galiaSi, belgiaSi rainis gaswvriv, recia-
    sa da norikSi, vindobonis garSemo, dRevandel venaSi da
    britaneTis kunZulebze hiberniis CaTvliT, rogorc laTi-
    nelebi eZaxdnen irlandias.
    qristianobisaTvis pirveli saukuneebi warmoadgenda
    gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan da saintereso periods. am

    1
    Cven samecniero literaturaSi TiTqmis ar Segvxvedria mkvle-
    vari, romelsac es faqti ar aReniSnos. azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, Zi-
    riTadad procentulad qristianobis gavrcelebis mikuTvnebu-
    lobaSia.

    49
    azris gansamtkiceblad pirveli saukunec kmara, vinaidan
    SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi man ga-
    iara ganviTarebis rTuli periodi. Caisaxa ra iudaizmis
    wiaRSi, gaxda damoukidebeli, mTlianad Camoyalibebuli
    religia, romelsac bevri mimdevari hyavda. is faqti, rom
    qristes moZRvreba warmatebas aRwevs Tavisi arsebobis
    pirvel periodSi bevris mTqmelia. vinaidan axal religias,
    rogorc aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva niadagi daxvda uzarmazari
    imperiis teritoriaze, romelic sam kontinentze iyo ga-
    daWimuli da aq sxvadasxva ganviTarebis, donisa da kultu-
    ris matarebeli xalxi cxovrobda.

    50
    Tavi 2

    qristianoba 30-250 ww.

    qristianTa devnis raodenoba

    rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, qristianoba iudaizmis


    wiaRSi aRmocenda. iudevelebi ki qristianebs `Secdenil
    Svilebad“ Tvlidnen, miaCndaT ra qristianoba iudaizmis
    erT-erT seqtad. swored amis gamo, axali religiis pirvel
    mowinaaRmdegeebad iudevelebi iTvlebodnen da, Sesaba-
    misad, qristianTa pirveli devnac ebrael mosaxleobas
    ukavSirdeba. `maT male qvebiT Caqoles stefane, qristia-
    nebi ki gaibnen iudeasa da samariaSi“ (mociqulTa saqmeebi, 8).
    Cven aseve aRvniSneT, imperiis loialuri damokidebu-
    lebis Sesaxebac pirveli qristianebis mimarT, magram,
    Zalian male, romi mixvda ra, rom SeuZlebeli iyo axali
    moZRvrebis saxelmwifo dogmebSi Casma, myisve Secvala maT
    mimarT politika.
    tradiciis Tanaxmad, qristianTa devnis raodenoba ro-
    mis imperiaSi aTiT ganisazRvreba da aT imperators mie-
    wereba: 1) nerons (54-68 ww.), romelmac 64 w. axali moZRv-
    rebis mimdevarTa devnas Cauyara safuZveli, 2) domicianes
    (81-96 ww.), 3) traianes (98-117 ww.), 4) markus avreliuss (161-
    180 ww.), 5) septimius severuss (193-211 ww.) 202 w. ediqti.
    6) maqsimine Trakiels (235-238 ww.), 7) deciuss (249-251 ww.).
    250 w. ediqti, 8) valerianes (253-260 ww.) 257 da 258 ww. ediq-
    tebi, 9) avrelianes (270-275 ww.) 275 w. da 10) diokletianes
    (284-305 ww.) 303-304 ww. gamocemuli oTxi ediqti.

    51
    aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqtic rom, pirveli saukunidan
    moyolebuli, qristianobis saxelmwifo oficialur reli-
    giad gamocxadebamde (325 w.), romis imperiaSi qristes mim-
    devarTa bevr darbevas hqonda adgili. TviT saeklesio mwer-
    lebic ki ar eTanxmebodnen yovelTvis qristianTa devnis am
    raodenobas, romelTa Sorisac, SeiZleba iTqvas, arsebobda
    ori mimdinareoba: erTni siamovnebiT zrdidnen devnis
    ricxvs da deciusamde eqvs an Svids asaxelebdnen da meo-
    reni, romelnic mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebdnen mas. ma-
    galiTad, melitoni uars ambobs moaTavsos qristianebis
    mdevnel imperatorebs Soris traiane (evsebi, saeklesio
    istoria, IV, 26), tertuliane ki traianes markus avrelius-
    sac umatebs (Apologeticum, 5). orive maTgans esmoda ra, rom
    devna iseTi imperatorebis mxridan, rogorebic zemoT da-
    saxelebuli pirovnebebi iyvnen, cud niSans warmoadgenda
    qristianuli swavlebisaTvis. qristiani avtorebi piriqiT
    imiT amayobdnen, rom maTi doqtrinis mtrebi mxolod ne-
    roni da domiciane, e.i. mTeli kacobriobis mtrebi iyvnen.
    mkvlevarTa nawili qristianTa devnis ricxvis aseT
    sxvaobas imiT xsnis, rom pirvel etapze, uzarmazar impe-
    riaSi devna saerTo xasiaTs ar atarebda da samarTlianad
    miiCneven netari avgustines sityvebs, rodesac igi aRniS-
    navda, rom vinaidan devna yvelgan iyo gavrcelebuli, SeiZ-
    leba ise momxdariyo, rom erT nawilSi qristianebs dev-
    nidnen, xolo meoreSi maT mSvidad tovebdnen (De civitate Dei.,
    XVIII, 52). imisTvis, rom ramdenime wlis simSvidis Semdeg
    provinciebSi kvlav ganaxlebuliyo qristianTa devna, saWi-
    ro ar iyo roms mieca biZgi. ucabed movlenebs, kerZo an ad-
    gilobriv interesebs SeeZloT swrafad aenToT goneba.
    romisaTvis yvelaferi ucxo iyo qristianebisa, cxov-
    rebis wesidan dawyebuli, religiiT damTavrebuli. es gau-
    gebroba gamoixateboda imaSic, rom isini qristianebs mia-
    werdnen yovelgvar uxamsobas — Cvili bavSvebis mkvle-
    lobidan da sisxliT ziarebidan dawyebuli, garyvnilebiT
    damTavrebuli. romelime ubedurebis Semdgom, `gantevebis

    52
    vacis“ Ziebisas, romi Sors ar midioda, yovelive qristia-
    nebs braldeboda. I-II ss. qristianobis amkrZalavi specia-
    luri kanoni imperiaSi ar arsebobda. ubralod, provinciis
    mmarTvelebs ufleba hqondaT micemuli sakuTari Sexedu-
    lebebis mixedviT emoqmedaT da isinic ar ayovnebdnen.
    raime gaugebrobis dros yuradReba isev axali moZRvrebis
    mimdevrebze gadahqondaT da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sikvdiliT
    dasjasac ki ar eridebodnen. qristianebs uqsevdnen ga-
    reul cxovelebs, wvavdnen, qvebiT qolavdnen.
    zogi mkvlevari qristianebis winaaRmdeg dawyebul re-
    presiebs jer kidev im periods miawers, rodesac axali re-
    ligia iudaizmis erT-erT ganStoebad aRiqmeboda da impe-
    ratorebi qristianebTan damokidebulebas ganixilavdnen
    iudevelebTan damokidebulebis aspeqtSi. magaliTad klav-
    diusis mier 41 wels romidan ebraelebis gandevnas sveto-
    niusis naSromze (Nero, 16,2) dayrdnobiT, qristianebs ukav-
    Sireben. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom svetoniuss sxva
    wyaroebisgan gansxvavebiT (dion kasiusi, luka) moxseniebu-
    li aqvs agreTve, klavdiusis mier dekretis gamocemis mi-
    zezi, romelic religiur moments ukavSirdeba. `klavdius-
    ma romidan ebraelebi gandevna, romlebic mudmivad aRel-
    vebulni iyvenen Christum“-iT. (Claudius Iudaeos impulsore Christo
    (sic!) adsidue tumuelteuantes Roma exspulit. citata amoRebulia oro-
    ziusis naSromidan Historiae adversus paganus, 7.6.15.), rac safuZ-
    vels aZlevs mkvlevarT Christum ieso macxovarTan gaaigivon.
    identifikaciis momxreebi, rogorc wesi imowmeben im faqts,
    rom Χριστοvς da Χρηστοvς, Χριστιανοιv da Χρηστιανοιv, Chrestus da
    Christus, Chrestiani da Christiani adreul etapze monacvleobd-
    nen TviT qristianebTanac ki. niSandoblivia, rom sinais
    kodeqsSi, romlisTvisac η da ί ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, mxo-
    lod orTografiuli varianti gvxvdeba Χριστιανοvς (Act.
    11:26; 26:28; 1 Pet, 4:16). tertuliane Tavis `apologiaSi“ (3,5)
    xsnis, rom warmarTebma araswori etimologiis Sedegad i
    Secvales e. amasve mowmobs meore wyaro laqtanciusi, rome-
    53
    lic aRniSnavs, rom saxeli qristiani, iseve rogorc misi
    mimdevrebis saxeli xSirad maxinjdeboda.
    arc erTi seriozuli argumenti ar arsebobs imis sawi-
    naaRmdegod, rom ukve klavdiusebis principatis pirvel
    wels qristianebi gamoCeniliyvnen romSi. savsebiT SesaZ-
    lebelia qrestusis qristusTan, qrestianis qristianTan
    gaigiveba da rom svetoniusis pasaJSi asaxulia mRelvareba
    romis iudeur mosaxleobaSi, rac pirveli qristianebis ga-
    moCeniT iyo gamowveuli. miuxedavad amisa, Cven axali mo-
    noTeisturi moZRvrebis mimdevrebis farTomasStabiani mi-
    sioneruli moZraoba pirveli saukunis 40-iani wlebis bo-
    losken, ierusalimis cnobili krebis (mociqulTa saqmeebi,
    15) Semdgom unda vivaraudoT. svetoniusis cnobebi ki Seg-
    viZlia ganvixiloT rogorc romSi qristianebis pirveli
    xseneba. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom qristianuli Teme-
    bis arseboba damaskoSi, finikiaSi, antioqiaSi, kviprosze...
    gacilebiT adrindel periods, jer kidev I saukkunis 30-ian
    wlebs unda mivakuTvnoT.
    gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom pirvel sauku-
    neSi imperatorebic ar gamoyofdnen qristianebs romSi didi
    raodenobiT arsebuli faruli kultebis mimdevrebs Soris,
    ris gamoc, pirvel saukuneSi qristes mimdevarTa mdgoma-
    reoba imperiaSi, erTi SexedviT, gaurkvevlad gamoiyureba.

    qristianTa devnis mizezebi

    sanam uSualod qristianobis istoriis pirveli perio-


    dis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, romelic ax.w. 30-325 ww. moi-
    cavs da, Tavis mxriv, iyofa sam etapad (1. 30-125 ww., 2. 125-
    250 ww., 3. 250-325 ww.), SevecdebiT gavaanalizoT qveyanaSi
    arsebuli meore monoTeisuri religiis mimdevarebis dev-
    nis mizezebi, rac dagvexmareba adreuli qristianobis is-
    toriis, gansakuTrebiT ki misi ganviTarebis mesame etapis
    ukeT gagebaSi, rodesac deciusidan (249-251 ww.) moyole-

    54
    buli saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi (Sesabamisad TviT imperia)
    ukve oficialurad upirispirdebian qristes mimdevrebs.
    romis imperiaSi qristianebis devnis mizezebis Sesaxeb
    sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. maTi umetesi nawili miaxloebulia
    gibonis TvalsazrisTan, romelic axali religiis mimdevre-
    bis devnas qristianebis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan gan-
    dgomas da imperatoris kultis uaryofas ukavSirebs. anti-
    kuri saxelmwifo, miuxedavad Tavisi religiuri Semwynareb-
    lobisa, saxelmwifo religiisadmi loialobas moiTxovda da
    gamonakliss mxolod iudaizmTan dakavSirebiT uSvebda. reli-
    giisadmi, romelic Zvel nacionalur tradiciebs eyrdnoboda.
    m. posnovi romis imperiaSi qristianTa devnis 3 mizezs
    gamoyofs: 1) sazogadoebrivs, 2) religiur-saxelmwifoeb-
    rivsa da 3) politikurs, romelTac ase xsnis.
    1) qristianebis gandgoma warmarTuli sazogadoebisagan
    da maT mier antikuri samyaros yvela kulturuli mona-
    povris dagmoba warmarTebs eCvenebodaT, rogorc civili-
    zaciisagan gandgoma da velur barbarosTa cxovrebasTan
    dabruneba, amitom qristianebs hostes populi Romani uwodebd-
    nen. aqedan gasagebia maTi kacobriobis modgmisadmi, e.i. ga-
    naTlebuli civilizebuli klasebisadmi siZulvilSi dada-
    naSauleba (odium humani generis), ramac udidesi roli Seasru-
    la qristianTa devnaSi. sazogadoeba da xalxi karakalamde,
    rodesac mTavroba iZulebuli iyo qristianebis damcvelic
    ki gamosuliyo, gansakuTrebuli siZulviliT iyo qristiane-
    bis mimarT ganwyobili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela dakano-
    nebuli calkeuli ediqtebi da brZanebebi markus avreli-
    usamde, romis administraciis mxridan, xalxis ganwyobas
    iTvaliswinebda da maTi Sesrulebisaken iyo mimarTuli.
    magram drom Tavisi gaakeTa. warmarTebi Tval-yurs adev-
    nebdnen qristianebs, axlos ecnobodnen maT, nel-nela egue-
    bodnen da uyvardebodaT kidec qristianebi. ai, swored ami-
    tom IV s. dasawyisSi maqsimine dazas mier maTi didi devnis
    dros, rogorc wminda aTanase gadmogvcems (Historia ad monach,
    64), warmarTebi malavdnen qristianT.
    55
    2) qristianebs devnidnen imitom, rom isini ewinaaRmde-
    gebodnen romis religiur kanonebs. uZvelesi saxelmwifo
    icnobda mxolod nacionalur religiebs, romelTac saku-
    Tari kulti hqondaT. romSi senati, xolo provinciebSi ad-
    gilobrivi magistrati da prokonsulebi ganagebdnen re-
    ligiur saqmeebs. religia atarebda saxelmwifo xasiaTs.
    maTi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba konservatizmi iyo. pirvel
    jgufSi aerTianebdnen nacionalur religiebs, meoreSi —
    saidumlo kultebs da mesameSi akrZalul religiebs (reli-
    giones illicitae) (iudaizmi da qristianoba), magram vinaidan iu-
    develebis religia eyrdnoboda nacionalur baziss da gan-
    Tqmuli iyo siZveliT, xolo romi Tayvans scemda yovel-
    gvar siZveles, Tavisuflebas aniWebda maT RvTismsaxure-
    baSi (religio licita), magram iudevelebs ekrZalebodaT Tavian-
    Ti religiis propaganda romis moqalaqeebSi.
    es nova religion, amis ptava et immodica superstitio (uxeSi da
    usazRvro crurwmena), qristianebis devnis gardauvaloba
    warmarTi sazogadoebis arsSi ido.
    3) unda dasjiliyvnen ara mxolod imitom, rom sZul-
    daT RmerTebi, aramed imitomac, rom axali RvTaebebis
    SetaniT, axali kanonebis Seqmnisaken acdunebdnen, saida-
    nac Semdeg saidumlo kavSirebi da SeTqmulebebi iqmneboda.
    imperiis kerpebis Tayvaniscemaze uaris Tqmis Sedegad qris-
    tianebi "hostes caesari" da "hostes rei publicae", e.i. politikuri
    damnaSaveebi xdebodnen.
    meore saukunis bolodan, rodesac qristianebi dacal-
    kevebuli Temebidan eklesiebSi erTiandebodnen, celsusi
    aRniSnavda, rom qristianebi kanongareSe myof saidumlo
    kavSirebs qmnidnen (Celsum, I, 1), vinaidan isini vinc saxelm-
    wifosagan calke mdgom separatul kavSirSi Sedian, gamoxa-
    taven saxelmwifo wesebisadmi ukmayofilebas da Seuracx-
    yofen "magesta popul Romani". iuridiuli gagebiT, romelic
    jer kidev sulam Seitana romis kanonmdeblobaSi, qristia-
    nebi idevnebodnen 1) rogorc saidumlo kavSirebis wevrebi,
    56
    2) rogorc saxelmwifo religiis mowinaaRmdegeebi (Secri
    legium) da 3) rogorc keisris kultis araTayvanismcemlebi
    (crimen laesat majestatis). saWiroa vicodeT, rom romis kanonebi
    sjidnen ara rwmenas, aramed qmedebebs.
    T. momzeni aRniSnavda, rom romis religiuri Semwyna-
    rebloba vrceldeboda im xalxze, vinc moqalaqeobis uf-
    lebiT ar sargeblobda. moqalaqeebisagan ki ucxo kulte-
    bis (religio externa) uaryofas moiTxovda. imavdroulad, sa-
    xelmwifo mosaxleobis religiur grZnobebTan SeTanxmeba-
    ze midioda, avrcelebda ra religio lisitas wres moqala-
    qeobis gavrcelebasTan erTad. T. momzeni ver poulobs ro-
    mis samarTalSi muxls, romlis mixedviTac, qristianebs
    qristianobis gamo SeeZloT pasuxi egoT. maT cils mwva-
    leblobasa da misi umaRlesobis SeuracxyofaSi debdnen.
    Sesabamisad, centraluri xelisufleba qristianebs sjida
    TiTqos da imis gamo, rom uTmobda masebis fanatizms. T.
    momzeni Tvlida, rom moqalaqeebs gadasuliyvnen ucxo
    kultebis Tayvaniscemaze winaaRmdegobas uwevda aramarto
    centraluri xelisufleba, aramed municipiebic.
    saidumlo da ucxo kultebis akrZalvas ukavSirebs
    qristianebis devnas r. reicenSteini, igi romael mmarTve-
    lebs yovelgvari saidumlo kavSirebis arsebobis SiSs mi-
    awers, romlebic SesaZloa antisaxelmwifoebrivi SeTqmu-
    lebis xelsayreli forma gamxdariyvnen.
    p. lusti uaryofs romSi yovelgvar religiur SezRud-
    vas. igi amtkicebs, rom CvenTvis cnobili ama Tu im kultis
    akrZalva gamowveuli iyo mxolod imiT, rom maT ritua-
    lebSi monawileebi eWvmitanilni iyvnen danaSaulebebSi
    (vaxkanaliis monawileebi), amoralobasa da TaRliTobebSi
    (tiberiusis dros isidas mimdevrebisa da iudevelebis
    devna). qristianebi idevnebodnen ara nacionaluri religi-
    idan gadaxvevisaTvis, aramed moqalaqeebis saxelmwifo lo-
    ialurobidan gadabirebis gamo.

    57
    e. m. Staermanma da a. l. kacma TavianT naSromebSi gaxsnes
    kavSiri qristanebis devnasa da provinciebSi antisamTav-
    robo xasiaTis gamosvlebs Soris. e. m. Staermani aRniSnavda,
    rom rodesac r. reicenSteini da T. momzeni qristianTa dev-
    naze saubroben, isini angariSs ar uweven im faqts, rom III s.
    kidev ufro Zlierdeba qristianTa winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi.
    maTi darbevebi, im dros, rodesac ucxo kultebisa da mis-
    teriebis Semosvlas aRaraferi eRobeboda win.
    n. i. golubcovas mixedviT, qristianobis gavrceleba
    miT ufro swrafad xdeboda, rac ufro mZime iyo axali re-
    ligiis mimdevrebis mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebiT mcire
    aziis provinciebsa da afrikaSi.
    qristianTa devna sxvadasxva imperatoris dros sxva-
    dasxva mizeziT iyo gamowveuli, romelTa Sesaxeb msjelo-
    bisas imperatoris faqtorTan erTad gasaTvaliswinebelia
    qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgoma-
    reoba. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva, rom imperiaSi yvela kri-
    zisis SemTxvevaSi gantevebis vacad swored qristianebi
    ratom iqceodnen xolme da ara sxva romelime religiis mim-
    devrebi (iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda). yovelive amis mizezi
    erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo politikaSi, xolo meore mxriv,
    qristes moZRvrebis arsSi unda veZioT. vinaidan qristia-
    nobisaTvis, miuRebelia yovelgvari Serwyma sxva reli-
    giebTan da misi mimdevrebi romTan kompromisze wasvlas
    imperiaSi arsebuli saerTo kultebisagan damoukideblad
    arsebobas, maTgan ganze dgomas amjobinebdnen.

    neroni (54-68 ww.)

    qristianTa pirvel did devnas romis imperiaSi adgili


    hqonda neronis (54-68 ww.) imperatorobis dros, rodesac
    jer kidev ar iyo qristianTa mimarT represiebis kanoni mi-
    Rebuli. miuxedavad amisa, am faqts xeli ar SeuSlia impera-
    torisaTvis romSi 64 w. gaCenili xanZari, romelic pretor

    58
    ofonius tigelinusis saxels ukavSirdeba, qristianebi-
    saTvis gadaebralebina. rogorc tacitusi1 gadmogvcems
    (Annales, XV, 44), romis 14 kvartlidan 10 daiwva. xanZarma
    romelic 6 dRe da 7 Rame grZeldeboda gaanadgura deda-
    qalaqis yvela Zveli Senoba. imperatori am dros romSi ar
    imyofeboda. igi dedaqalaqSi mxolod xanZris bolos da-
    brunda da saqmec iolad gadawyda. yvelaferi qristianebs
    dabralda. Zneli iqneboda ufro Sesaferisi obieqtis mo-
    Zebna xalxis ukmayofilebidan yuradRebis gadasatanad —
    `adamianis“ saidumlo kultis Tayvaniscemis mimdevrebi,
    romelic rogorc mona ise iyo jvarcmuli. ucnobi xalxi,
    romlebic saidumlod ikribebodnen katakombebSi da uars
    acxadebdnen warmarTul ritualebSi monawileobis miRe-
    baze (kerZod msxverplSewirvaSi monawileobaze da impe-
    ratoris kultis Tayvaniscemaze). Sesabamisad, qristianoba
    `mavne religiur seqtad“ ("Genus hominus supertitonis navacac
    malefical") ganixileboda.
    `keTilma“ imperatorma windaxeduloba gamoiCina, brZa-
    na ra dazaralebulebi sazogadoebriv SenobebSi gadaeyva-
    naT da saWiro sagnebiT moemaragebinaT. `xanZris gamCenebi“
    ki samagaliTod unda dasjiliyven da marTlac, tacitusis

    1
    tacitusis analebis am nawyvetis utyuarobis Sesaxeb sxva-
    dasxva azri arsebobs. magaliTad: r. viperis mixedviT, qristes
    Sesaxeb monaTxrobi Semdeg unda yofiliyo Casmuli (Виппер Р. Ю.,
    Рим и раннее христианство, М., 1954). drevsi mTeli am nawyvetis ori-
    ginalobas eWvqveS ayenebs (Древс, Миф о Христе, М.,1924, т.II, с.39-43),
    rac atacebul iqna SemdgomSi sabWoTa mecnierebis mier. Cveni
    azriT, drevsi masalis analizidan da interpretaciidan ki ar
    gamodis, aramed im faqtidan, rom neronis dros, qristianoba jer
    kidev iudaizmis Semadgenel nawilad aRiqmeboda da Tanadrouli
    wayroebi masze (qristianobaze) ase did yuradRebas ar gaa-
    maxvilebdnen. mkvlevari tacitusis cnobebTan erTad uaryofs
    svetoniusis cnobebsac (svetoniusi, neroni, XVI) da aRniSnavs,
    rom religiebis mimarT gulgrili neroni ar dasjida qris-
    tianebs, romlebic ase mcired gansxvavdebodnen ebraelebisagan.

    59
    mixedviT (Annales, XV, 44), xanZris dros pirvelad Sepyro-
    bil iqnen yvelani vinc Tavs qristianad aRiarebda. Semdeg
    didi raodenobiT sxvani, romlebic mxilebul iqnen ara
    imdenad xanZarTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenadac rogorc ka-
    cobriobis moZuleni. maT wamebas Tan erTvoda damcireba
    da dacinva. qristianebs faravdnen gareuli cxovelebis
    tyaviT da ZaRlebs aglejinebdnen, jvarze akravdnen,
    cecxlSi wvavdnen. neronma am sanaxaobisaTvis Tavisi par-
    kic ki dauTmo. igi TamaSobebs marTavda cirkSi, sadac ple-
    beebSi iyo Sereuli... swored amitom (am sisastikis gamo),
    aRniSnavs avtori, miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianebi Tumca
    damnaSaveni iyvnen da imsaxurebdnen ukiduresad mkacr
    sasjels, maT mimaT sibralulis grZnoba ibadeboda, vinai-
    dan isini nadgurdebodnen ara sazogadoebrivi sikeTi-
    saTvis, aramed erTi adamianis sisastkis gamo. amave dros
    imperatori romSi datrialebuli xanZris dros, rogorc
    amboben, troas xanZarze qmnida simReras. Sedegmac ar da-
    ayovna, icodnen ra misi survili aguris romis marmarilos
    romiT Secvlisa, qalaqSi xma gavrcelda, romelic impe-
    rators xanZris mowyobaSi adanaSaulebda. xmebi dadioda,
    rom misi msaxurni qalaqSi CiraRdnebiT xelSi darbodnen
    da wvavdnen saxlebs. am xmebis gavrcelebis sababad e.w
    `oqros saxlis“ (domus aurea), mSvenieri sasaxlis aSeneba
    iqca, romelic xanZris Sedegad gaTavisuflebul terito-
    riaze aigo palatinisa da eskvilionis moednebs Soris.
    tacitusisa da svetoniusis Semdeg qristianTa dar-
    bevaze mogviTxrobs tertuliane Tavis `apologiis“ V Tav-
    Si, sadac igi aRniSnavs, rom pirvelad swored neronma aR-
    marTa maxvili qristianebis winaaRmdeg.
    64 wlis ambavi qristianebis masiur devnad ar unda iq-
    nes ganxiluli.1 SegveZlo dagveSva, rom neronis gadawyve-

    1
    neronis imperatorobis dros iqnen wamebulni qristes mo-
    ciqulebi petre da pavle, rac daaxloebiT 62-64 ww. moxda.

    60
    tilebis mizezi TviT qristianebidan gamomdinareobda, vi-
    naidan qristianobisaTvis, rogorc monoTeisturi religi-
    isaTvis, ucxoa yovelgvari religiuri sinkretizmi, Serwy-
    ma sxva religiebTan, magram 64 w. qristianTa devnis mizezi
    es rom yofiliyo, monoTeizmidan gamomdinare, neroni arc
    iudevelebs daindobda. ebraelebis gadarCenis mizezad
    Cven SegveZlo imperatoris meore meuRle popia sabina Ca-
    gveTvala, romelic iyo ra kvaziprozeliti iudevelebs mfar-
    velobda (ioseb flaviusi, siZveleni, XX) da sakmaod zemoq-
    medebda kidec meuRleze. SesaZloa marTlac arsebobda
    misi faqtori, magram aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom
    neronis mier mogvianebiT arc popia sabina iqna dandobili.
    imperatorma morigi nervuli Setevis dros fexmZime dedo-
    fali mucelSi fexis CartymiT sicocxles gamoasalma.
    movlenis axsnis gasaRebi TviT imperatoris pirovne-
    baSi, mis pativmoyvareobaSi, egoizmSi unda veZioT. ro-
    gorc cnobilia, neronis dros aRdgenil iqna procesebi
    `udidebulesobis SeuracxyofisaTvis“. pasuxisgebasa da
    sikvdils eZleodnen senatorebi, warCinebuli moqalaqeni,
    yvelani, visac ar SeeZlo Tundac ubralod aRtaceba ga-
    moeTqva neronis `RvTaebrivi“ xelovnebisa da xelmwifobis
    mimarT. Tu Cven paralels gavavlebT monoTeisturi reli-
    giebis msoflmxedvelobasTan, maT imperatoris kultTan
    damokidebulebasTan da Seqmnil situaciasTan, Zneli war-
    mosadgeni ar iqneba imis axsna, Tu ram gamoiwvia neronis
    survili, gasworeboda qristianebs. qristes mimdevrebi-
    sadmi imperatoris uaryofiTi ganwyobileba gadaecemoda
    adamianTa garkveul nawils, romlebic cru dabezRebebiT
    aRwevdnen mizans. provinciebis gubernatorebi ki impera-
    torisadmi `erTgulebas“ iolad amtkicebdnen qristiane-
    bis xarjze.
    rac Seexeba iudevelebis sakiTxs, am SemTxvevaSi ar unda
    dagvaviwydes ebrauli diasporis faqtori, romelic impe-
    riaSi sakmaod did da angariSgasawev Zalas warmoadgenda.

    61
    domiciane (81-96 ww.)

    qristianebis meore did devnas romis imperiaSi domi-


    cianes (81-96 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros hqonda adgili, ro-
    melsac `gacocxlebul neronsac“ ki uwodebdnen. es ambavi
    yvelaze TvalnaTliv gadmocemuli aqvs laqtaciuss Tavis
    "De mortibus persecutorum" (mdevnelTa sikvdilis Sesaxeb), ro-
    melSic igi deciusamde mdevnel imperatorTa Soris mxo-
    lod neronsa da domicianes asaxelebs. svetoniusisa da
    laqtanciusis mixedviT, devna mxolod im aristokratuli
    dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg mZvinvarebda, romelTac uRmer-
    Tobasa da iudeuri wesebis mimsgavsebaSi edebodaT brali. ga-
    samarTlebulTa Soris vxvdebiT imperatoris biZaSvil kli-
    mentsa da mis meuRle domicilas. kliments sikvdili miesa-
    ja, xolo domicilas kunZul pandatariaze gadasaxleba.
    a. doninis mixedviT, domiciane 95 w. iudevelebisa da
    maTTan axlo mdgomTa winaaRmdegia imis gamo, rom isini
    uars ambobdnen ierusalimis dacemis Semdgom, iupiter
    kapitoliumisaTvis gankuTvnili gadasaxadis gadaxdaze,
    xolo patriciebis opoziciis ukan ucxo kultebis miRebas
    ar gamoricxavs. mkvlevarisaTvis ar aris gasakviri dapa-
    timrebulTa Soris qristianuli ideologiis gamtarebeli
    pirovnebebis moxvedra, rasac imiT xsnis, rom Zalaufalni
    jer kidev ver xvdebodnen iudevelebsa da qristianebs So-
    ris arsebul gansxvavebas. Sedegad, aRniSnavs igi, rogorc
    klimenti, ise domicila umaRlesi rangis moqceulebi
    gaxdnen, maTi mamulis teritoriaze arsebuli katakomba ki
    erT-erT pirvel qristianul katakombad gvevlineba.
    is faqti, rom orive wyaros mixedviT, domiciane ebrZ-
    vis uRmerTobas da iudauri wesebis mimbaZvel aristokra-
    tias, imaze metyvelebs, rom imperatori swored qristia-
    nebs ebrZoda. marTlac, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, am dro-
    isaTvis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelTa TvalSi, es monoTeisturi
    religia jer kidev iudevelTa erT-erT ganStoebad, seq-
    tad moiazreboda (pirveli wyaro, romelic aRar saubrobs

    62
    qristianebsa da iudevelebs Soris kavSirze aris 111-112 ww.
    daTariRebuli plinius umcrosis werili traianesadmi,
    sadac qristianoba seqtad, "nomen" moixsenieba). aqedan gamo-
    mdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom uRmerTobasa da iude-
    velebis mimsgavsebulebaSi Cven SegviZlia swored qris-
    tianoba moviazroT, iudaizirebul romaelebTan erTad.

    traiane (98-117 ww.)

    I saukunis bolos klavdiusebis mmarTveloba antoninu-


    sebisam Secvala. ase rom meore saukuneSi romi axali dinas-
    tiiT Sevida, romelic TiTqmis mTel saukunes moicavda — 96-
    192 ww. antoninusebis dinastiis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen nerva
    (96-98 ww.), traiane (98-117 ww.), adriane (117-138 ww.), antoninus
    piusi (138-161 ww.), markus avreliusi (161-180 ww.) da misi Svili
    komodusi (180-192 ww.). igi SeiZleba or periodad davyoT.
    pirveli nervadan antoninus piusis CaTvliT, romelic romis
    xelisuflebis maqsimaluri mdgradobiT gamoirCeva (tyuilad
    rodi uwodebdnen mas Tanamedroveni `oqros xanas“) da meore
    markus avreliusisa da misi Svilis komodusis imperatorobis
    epoqa, rodesac imperias Tavs daatyda mwvave da xangrZlivi
    krizisi. moCvenebiTi ayvavebis epoqa dasrulda da qveynis
    daSlis is procesebi, romlebic TiTqos arc ki Candnen sauku-
    nis dasawyisSi, axla mkveTrad gamoixata.
    rac Seexeba qristianobis istorias, antoninusebis mmarT-
    velobis periodze modis axali moZRvrebis pirveli etapis
    dasasruli, rodesac, SeiZleba iTqvas, romis imperiaSi mim-
    dinareobda qristianobis swrafi eqspansia da qristianuli
    Temebis progresuli emansipacia iudaizmTan mimarTebaSi
    da meore etapis dasawyisi, rodesac xdeba patar-patara
    eklesiebis erT dedaeklesiasTan gaerTianeba.
    epoqis sirTule mdgomareobs imaSic, rom swored am pe-
    riodze modis qveyanaSi mTeli rigi eresebis (iudeo-qris-
    tianoba, montanizmi, gnosticizmi...) arseboba. imavdrou-
    lad, samoRvaweo asparezze gamodian qristianobis iseTi
    63
    didi apologetebi, rogorebic arian irineosi, tertulia-
    ne, aTenagora da sxv.
    nervas orwlian mmarTvelobas cvlis romis imperiis
    istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani pirovnebis
    traianes epoqa, romlis imperatorobac romis politikuri
    ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens. igi iyo ro-
    mis yvelaze didi da, imavdroulad, bolo dampyrobeli im-
    peratori. misi Tanamedroveni iyvnen filosofiis, istori-
    is, xelovnebis, mxatvruli literaturis RirSesaniSnavi
    warmomadgenlebi.1
    yvelaze mniSvnelovan wyaros am periodis qristianTa
    mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad warmoadgens plinius umcrosis
    werili traianesadmi qristianebis Sesaxeb da traianes pasu-
    xi, daTariRebuli 111 an 112 ww. (X, 96-97).2 mniSvnelovan mo-
    ments, rogorc mwerlis, ise imperatoris werilSi warmoad-
    gens romis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis damokidebuleba axali
    religiis mimdevrebis mimarT. aq pliniusi aRar saubrobs
    qristianuli religiis mimdevrebis da iudevelebis kavSirze.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaroSi qristianoba seqtad (nomen)

    1
    dion qrizostomusi (oqropiri, Dio Cocceianus Chrizostomus 40-120 ww.)
    — berZeni filosofosi da oratori, plutarqe (Plutarchus 46-119 w.-is
    Semdeg) — udidesi mwerali, romlis `paraleluri biografiebi“
    fasdaudebel cnobebs gvawvdis antikur istoriaze, tacitusi
    (Tacitus 55-20 ww.) — ukanaskneli didi romaeli istorikosi, romelic
    rogorc mwerali cnobili gaxda domicianes sikvdilis Semdeg (96 w.),
    epiktetosi (Epiktetos 50-130 ww.) — berZeni filosofos-stoikosi,
    plinius umcrosi (C. P. Coecilius Secundus 61-113 ww.) — sazogado moR-
    vawe, mwerali, oratori, advokati, plinius ufrosis Svilobili,
    imperatoris legatis konsuli biTviniaSi 100, 111-112 ww.
    2
    istoriografiaSi am wyaros utyuaroba eWvis qveS iyo dayenebuli.
    ase magaliTad: b. baueri (Br. Bauer, Christus and die Caesaren ... p. 273) aRn-
    iSnavda, rom qristianebze pliniusis dadebiTi gamoxmaureba Txzu-
    lebaSi gviani CanarTi unda iyoso. a. ranoviCi miiCnevda, rom Txzu-
    lebaSi CarTulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos pliniusis werilis bolo na-
    wili (Ранович А .Б., Античные критики христианства, М., 1935, c. 244) da sxv.

    64
    aris moxseniebuli, igi iudaizmisgan mainc calke arsebobs,
    rac saSualebas gvaZlevs qristianoba traianes imperato-
    robis periodSi damoukidebel religiad ganvixiloT.
    qristes mimdevarTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba I-II ss.
    gaurkveveli iyo, maTi bedi ZiriTadad adgilobriv mmarT-
    velebze iyo damokidebuli, romelTac zogjer SeeZloT
    yuri ar egdoT masebis moTxovnisaTvis. zogjer piriqiT,
    qristianebi sikvdiliTac ki daesajaT. TiTqmis yvela is-
    torikosi, vinc am periodze muSaobs, erTxmad aRniSnavs,
    rom qristianTa devna sruliad SemTxveviT da lokalur
    xasiaTs atarebda. markus avreliusamde (161-180 ww.) mainc
    centraluri xelisufleba maTSi monawileobas ar Rebu-
    lobda da raime saerTo saxelmwifoebriv gankargulebas ar
    iZleoda. magram faqti erTia, am axali religiisadmi kuTv-
    nileba devnis sagani xdeboda. Tu plinius umcrosisa da
    traianes cnobil werilebs gadavxedavT, davinaxavT, rom
    qristianebs swored rwmenis gamo sdevnidnen. rogorc
    pliniusi aRniSnavs, igi maT ekiTxeboda iyvnen Tu ara isini
    qristianebi, vinc aRiarebda, maT dasjis SiSis qveS meored
    da mesamed ekiTxebodnen da Tu mainc aRiarebdnen axali
    religiisadmi kuTvnilebas — dasasjelad agzavnidnen.
    plinius umcrosi rCevas sTxovda imperators am sakiTxTan
    dakavSirebiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, qristianebis mimarT
    met loialurobas iCens da pasuxobs, rom ar iyo saWiro
    qristianebis Zebna. Tu maT daasmenen da isini mxilebul
    iqnebodnen, mxolod is qristianebi unda dasjiliyvnen da
    Tu romelime uaryofda qristianobas da amas saqmiT daa-
    dasturebda... unda mieRo Sendoba. dasmenebs xelmoweris
    gareSe ar unda hqonoda arc erT saqmeSi adgili — miuTi-
    Tebda igi. es Zalian cudi magaliTia da Cveni saukunis
    suls ar Seesatyvisebao (X,96-97).
    moyvanili magaliTidan naTlad dasturdeba Cven mier
    zemoT aRniSnuli. am SemTxvevaSi, warmarTebis mxridan
    xalxis fanatikur rwmenasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelSic, gan-
    sakuTrebul rols aRmosavluri kultebis qurumebi, mog-

    65
    vebi, winasarmetyvelebi TamaSobdnen. isini qristianebSi
    erTgvar konkurentebs xedavdnen. risi naTeli dadasture-
    baa `mociqulTa saqmeebidan“ (XIX, 24:39) cnobili efeseli
    xelosnebis gamosvla, romlebic taZarze muSaobdnen da
    eSinodaT qristianTa warmatebas maTi Semosavali ar Se-
    emcirebina. ar surdaT ra miniWebuli privilegiebisa da
    uflebebis gayofa, agulianebdnen mosaxleobas axali re-
    ligiis mimdevrebis winaaRmdeg, rac dasmenebis raodeno-
    biTac mtkicdeba. traianes pasuxi mowmobs, rom qristia-
    nebs devnidnen mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi, raTa xalxis
    masebis mRelvareba aecilebinaT Tavidan.
    traianes, erT-erT yvelaze saqmiansa da realisturad
    moazrovne romis imperators, SesaniSnavad esmoda, rom
    arc mas da arc mis administracias ar SeeZloT kontroli
    gaewiaT TavianTi mravalricxovani xelqveiTebis azrovne-
    bisaTvis. regulireba moexdinaT didi raodenobiT ar-
    sebuli sxvadasxva rwmerisaTvis. misTvis mTavari iyo ro-
    mis imperiis mosaxleobis loialoba da misi brZanebebi-
    sadmi morCileba.1

    adriane (117-138 ww.)

    adrianes (117-138 ww.) imperatorobis dros ZalaSia


    traianes mier Camoyalibebuli principebi. imavdroulad,
    xdeba qristianTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebac. xalxSi
    qristes mimdevarTa mimarT arsebuli zizRis sawinaaRmde-
    god damatebiTi RonisZiebebia miRebuli. evsebi kesariels
    `saeklesio istoriaSi“ (IV,8) daculi aqvs cnoba imis Se-
    saxeb, rom imperatori adriane savsebiT eTanxmeba aziis

    1
    miuxedavad amisa, traianes imperatorobis periodSi biTvinia-
    Si wamebis ori faqtia cnobili. simeoni, ierusalimis episkoposi,
    Cans gasamarTlebul iqna sasikvdilod provinciis gubernatoris
    mier da antioqiis episkoposi ignasi, romelic wamebul iqna romSi.

    66
    prokonsul minicius fundanuss, romelic arasworad
    Tvlida qristianTa devnas yovelgvari braldebebis uqon-
    lobis, mxolod brbos SeZaxilebis gamo. igi aRniSnavs, rom
    qristianTa braldeba mxolod brbos moTxovniT arasa-
    marTliania da damsmenTa waxaliseba ar iyo saWiro. Cven
    vxedavT, rom Tundac xelmowerili dasasmeni werilebi
    qristianTa winaaRmdeg aRar iyo sakamarisi, rom maT mimarT
    qmedeba dawyebuliyo. braldebebis motivacia ukve auci-
    lebeli Cans. danarCeni ki siuzerenze iyo damokidebuli.
    Tu braldeba araswori aRmoCndeboda, isjeboda damsmeni.
    romi TiTqos egueboda axali monoTeisturi religiis
    damkvidrebas Tavis samflobeloSi, magram imavdroulad,
    ar cxreboda iudevelebis risxva qristianTa mimarT. maga-
    liTisaTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT 132-135 ww. ebraeli xal-
    xis gmiris simon bar-koxbas mtruli damokidebuleba axali
    religiis mimdevrebisadmi.

    antoninus piusi (138-161 ww.)

    138 w. zafxulSi adriane gardaicvala da imperatorad


    antoninus piusi (138-161 ww.) akurTxes. antoninus piusis
    didi xnis mmarTveloba yvelaze wynari iyo imperiis mTeli
    arsebobis manZilze, rasac misi winamorbedebis imperato-
    robac ganapirobebda. antoninus piusma, romelic ar gamo-
    irCeoda azrovnebis originalobiT, gaagrZela adrianes
    Sidapolitikuri saqmeni. kerZod gaauqma ramdenime admi-
    nistraciuli RonisZieba. magaliTad, batonebs kanonis
    gziT aukrZala monebis mokvla, iudevelebs kvlav misca wi-
    nadacveTis ufleba da Sewyvita qristianTa devna. saerTod
    antoninusebidan iwyeba romauli sisxlis samarTlis Ser-
    bilebac. miuxedavad amisa, am periodSi qristes mimdevre-
    bis wamebis SemTxvevebic dasturdeba. polikarpe smirnis
    episkoposis dasjis faqti 156 w. mocemuli aqvs evsebi
    kesariels (saeklesio istoria, IV,15), romelic cirkSi Sek-
    rebili xalxis moTxovniT moxda.
    67
    rac Seexeba antoninusebis sxva wamomadgenlebs, am pe-
    riodSi axali monoTeisturi religiis mimdevrebis mimarT
    damokidebuleba SesamCnevad ar Secvlila. maTi bedi kvlav
    damokidebuli rCeboda provinciebis gubernatorebze, da-
    interesdebodnen Tu ara isini brbos braldebebiT. evsebi
    kesarielis `saeklesio istoriam“ Semogvinaxa erTi weri-
    lis teqsti. masSi antoninus piusi ganxilulia aziis pro-
    vinciis krebisadmi miwerili werilis avtorad, romelic
    faqtobrivad arsebobis uflebas aZlevda qristianobas,
    vinaidan am ediqtis mixedviT, mxolod RmerTebs mieniWa
    imis gadawyvetis privilegia, rom daesajaT isini vinc maT
    Tayvaniscemaze uars ambobdnen, Tu saWirod CaTvlidnen
    amas. amave TxzulebaSi qristianTa dasacavad gamocemuli
    aseTive specialuri ediqtebis avtorebad gvevlinebian
    adriane (117-138 ww.) da markus avreliusi (161-180 ww.). unda
    aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom mecnierTa umetesobis azriT, es
    ediqtebi nayalbevia, rac SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom im
    periodSi centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan, qristianTa
    didi devnis faqtebi ar arsebobda. imavdroulad, markus
    avreliusis dros cnobilia qristianTa samagaliTo dasjis
    SemTxvevebic, romlebic isev da isev xalxis moTxovnis
    gaTvaliswinebiT xdeboda.

    markus avreliusi (161-180 ww.)

    markus avreliusis imperatorobis xana gamoirCeva im-


    periis sisustiT, rac qveyanaSi Seqmnili rTuli socia-
    lur-politikuri mdgomareobiT aixsneba. meore saukunis
    60-ian wlebSi romi kvlav CaerTo omis qarcecxlSi. 161
    wlidan iwyeba parTiis (161-165 ww.) omi, romelsac mohyveba
    kidev ufro mZime markomanebis (167-180ww) omi. germanelma
    tomebma germundurebma, markomanebma, iazigebma, kvadrebma
    da sxv. isargebles ra rein-dunais sisustiT, rac maTi nawi-
    lebis evfratze gadasroliT iyo gamowveuli, Seteva mii-
    tanes italiaze. omi gansakuTrebul Zalebs moiTxovda. im-
    68
    perias didi ziani miayena Savma Wirmac (lues, pestis), romelic
    aRmosavleTidan iyo Setanili. sadac ki imperiis razmi
    Sedioda, iq maSinve iwyeboda epidemia. yovelive es xalxis
    ukmayofilebas iwvevda. Savma Wirma moicva yvela provincia
    da italia. dacarielda qalaqebi da soflebi. markus avre-
    liusis dros iwyeba bukolebis cnobili moZraoba egvip-
    teSi, sekvanebis gamosvlebi espaneTSi, ovodius kasisus
    ajanyeba aRmosavleTis provinciebSi. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom qristianebi ar iRebdnen aqtiur monawileobas am brZo-
    lebSi, maTi pasiurobac autaneli xdeboda saxelmwifos
    mmarTvelebisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, qristianTaTvis re-
    ligia romis imperiaSi arsebuli wyobis winaaRmdeg sapro-
    testo grZnobebis gamovlinebis erTaderTi forma iyo.
    viTarebis gamosasworeblad saWiro iyo zomebis miReba da
    imperatormac ar daayovna. man mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi ga-
    atara, rasac qristianTa mdgomareobis gauareseba mohyva.
    imperatoris brZanebiT, qristes mimdevrebs ekrZalebodaT
    iseT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi misvla, rogo-
    ricaa abanoebi, forumebi da sxva dawesebulebebi. ga-
    Zlierda maTi devna aziis provinciebsa da egvipteSi, sadac
    yvelaze cnobili qristiani moRvaweni iyvnen ayvanilni.
    sainteresoa ram aiZula tradiciuli religiis mim-
    devari imperatori Seecvala Tavisi winamorbedebis gezi
    qristianTa mimarT da maTi devna Tu ara darbevebi mainc
    daewyo qveynis calkeul provinciebSi. situacia marTlac
    saocrad daZabuli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom markus
    avreliusi araviTar simpaTias ar ganicdida axali reli-
    giisadmi, imperatorisaTvis xelsayreli mainc ar unda yo-
    filiyo qristianebis devna, magram garemoebam mainc aiZu-
    la Tavisi winamorbedebis principebi naklebad moqnilad
    da naklebad Semrigeblurad gamoeyenebina praqtikaSi. xal-
    xi Sewuxebuli iyo maT Tavs damtydari amdeni ubedurebiT.
    gauTavebeli omebiT, Savi WiriT. mZime Sedegi mohyva tibris
    adidebasac. saWiro iyo gantevebis vacis Zieba. brbo Tavi-
    sas iTxovda. igi yvela ubedurebis saTaves qristianebSi

    69
    xedavda da moiTxovda kidec maT dasjas. sayovelTaod
    cnobil faqts warmoadgens iustine didis gadacema de-
    daqalaqis prefeqtis tribunalisaTvis filosofos kini-
    kosis krescenciusis (Crescens an Crescentius) braldebis gamo
    165 w. da sxv.
    individualuri braldebebis garda unda aRiniSnos
    ufro didi maStaburi devna axali religiis mimdevrebisa
    egviptesa da mcire aziis provinciebSi (evsebi kesarieli,
    saeklesio istoria, IV, 26). amave periodSi xdeba galiis 177 w.
    ambebi, sadac lionSi qristianTa darbeva Catarda, romel-
    mac axali religiis mimdevarTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul yve-
    la represiebs gauswro neronis Semdeg (64 w.).
    es ambavi CvenTvis cnobilia im werilis meSveobiT, ro-
    melic linoisa da vienis qristianulma Temebma misweres
    aziis Tems. dokumenti Semogvinaxa evsebi kesarielis `saek-
    lesio istoriam“ (V,1). igi detalurad mogviTxrobs devnis
    mizezebs. aqac yovelive daiwyo iseve, rogorc yvela sxva
    SemTxvevaSi, rac brbos mier qristianTa SeuracxyofaSi
    gamoixata. axali religiis mimdevrebs scemdnen, TmebiT aT-
    revdnen da akeTebdnen yvelive imas, rasac gacofebuli
    xalxi Cadis Tavisi mowinaaRmdegeebis mimarT. xalxis zewo-
    lis qveS im situaciaSi, rodesac provinciis adgilobrivi
    mmarTveloba adgilze ar iyo kohortis tribunma da muni-
    cipalurma magistrebma forumSi miiyvanes ramdenime ada-
    miani da daapatimres. amasobaSi dabrunda adgilobrivi
    mmarTveloba, romelmac ZalaSi datova dapatimreba da
    sxva qristianebis Zebnasac Seudga. zogierTi maTgani sikv-
    diliT dasajes. werili aRniSnavs, rogorc gansakuTrebul
    faqts, rom rwmenis uarmyofi qristianebi mainc iyvnen
    datovebulni cixeSi, vinaidan maT winaaRmdeg gamovida
    ramdenime warmarTi msaxuri, romelTac SiSis qveS ZaliT
    brali dasdes batonebs uwmindurobaSi (qristianobaSi).
    qristianebs incestSi da antrofofobiaSi sdebdnen
    brals, rac sakmaod gavrcelebul braldebas warmoadgenda
    da, Sesabamisad, provinciis xelmZRvanelobam igi Zalian

    70
    seriozulad miiRo. dapatimrebulTa Soris romis moqa-
    laqeebic iyvnen, rodesac qalaqis mmarTvelobam es gaigo
    weriliT mimarTa imperators da sTxova direqtivebi. impe-
    ratoris pasuxi qristianebis sawinaaRmdego iyo (saekle-
    sio istoria, V, 1). amis miuxedavad, mecnierTa erTi nawili
    miiCnevs, rom II s. imperatorebi qristianobas ar gamoyof-
    dnen sxva faruli kultebidan, romlebic, maTi azriT, sa-
    SiSni iyvnen sazogadoebisaTvis. qveynis mmarTvelebi swo-
    red am kultebs ebrZodnen da ara uSualod qristianobaso,
    acxadeben isini, rasac ZiriTadad tertulianes da sardis
    episkoposis melitonis naSromebze dayrdnobiT amtkice-
    ben. es CvenTvis misaReb formulirebas ar warmoadgens,
    piriqiT, masalebis Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom qveynis
    mmarTveli `qristianobis saSiSroebas“ naTlad xedavda da
    mas ukve rogorc ubralo crurwmenas ise aRar aRiqvamda.
    am Tvalsazrisis gamoTqmis uflebas gvaZlevs is garemoeba,
    rom II s. romi ukve aRar ebrZvis aRmosavlur kultebs. pi-
    riqiT, am periodisaTvis imperiaSi intensiurad mimdina-
    reobs maTi gavrceleba, rasac saxelmwifo win ar eRobeba.
    dapatimrebebi, wameba da devna grZeldeboda. man kul-
    minacias agvistos didi zeimebis dros miaRwia, rodesac
    lionSi ikribeboda galiis 3 provinciis administraciisa
    da religiis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic galiis sakiTxebs
    ixilavdnen da imperatoris kults zeimobdnen. mmarTvelma
    tribunalis winaSe sajarod gamoiyvana morwmune qristia-
    nebi, maT Soris romis moqalaqeebic, maT Tavi mokveTes,
    danarCenebi ki mxecebs miugdes.1

    1
    CvenTvis cnobilia ramdenime msxverplis saxeli, romelTa So-
    ris bevri aziuri warmoSobisaa. poTini — lionis episkoposi, oTx-
    mocdaaTi wlis — mokvda cixeSi uxeSi moqcevis Sedegad. atal
    pergameli, aleqsandre — dabadebuli frigiaSi. vitius epiga-
    fusi, romelic galo-romaul burJuazias warmoadgenda. sanktu-
    si — vienis diakvani. pontikusi — TxuTmeti wlis yma. axalgazrda
    mona qali blandina, romelmac Tavisi jalaTis aRfrTovaneba

    71
    werili, romelic lioneli qristianebis devnas aRwers,
    rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gaigzavna lionisa da vienis ek-
    lesiebis saxeliT. es qalaqebi galiis sxvadasxva provin-
    ciebs lugundunumsa da narbons ekuTvnoda. lioni, anu
    lugundunumi galiis sami provinciis centrsa da imav-
    droulad dedaqalaqs warmoadgenda. rogorc cnobilia,
    sami galia ar iyo gaerTianebuli umaRlesi mmarTveliT.
    romidan galiaSi Casuli imperatorebi da misi ojaxis
    wevrebi, rogorc wesi, lionSi Cerdebodnen. karTagenTan
    erTad lioni imperiis laTinuri nawilis erTaderTi qa-
    laqi iyo, romelsac dedaqalaqis msgavsad garnizoni gaaCn-
    da. igi 1200 jariskacisagan Sedgeboda, romlis saSualebi-
    Tac, rogorc ioseb flaviusi (iud. omi, 12,16,4) iudeis me-
    fis agripas piriT gadmogvcems, damorCilebuli hyavda
    mTeli galia. lioni iyo saxelmwifos dasavleT nawilis er-
    TaderTi qalaqi, sadac imperiis xanis dasawyisSi impera-
    toris moneta iWreboda. igi galiis sabaJo sistemisa da
    sazRvao kvanZis centrs warmoadgenda. aqve iyo moTavse-
    buli galiaSi arsebuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebic, sa-
    dac yovelwliur religiur dResaswaulebs ixdidnen. ase
    rom, lionma Zalian male miaRwia warmatebas.
    rac Seexeba narbons igi grakxusebis periodSi daarsda.
    keisrisa da tiberiusis dros provincia Sevsebul iqna axa-
    li gadasaxlebulebiT, ris Sedegadac yvelgan adgilob-
    rivi keltebi adgils saqalaqo Tems uTmoben. vieni, keisris
    mier ronis sanapiroze daarsebuli kolonia iyo, rogorc
    gadasatvirTi navsadguri.
    orive qalaqi-provincia galiis mniSvnelovan centrs
    warmoadgenda. swored amitom am regionSi qristianobis ga-
    vrceleba bevris mTqmelia. miuxedavad orive qalaqis

    gamoiwvia. yovelive amis Sedegs gaugebari sisastikiT mokluli


    morwmune qristianebi warmoadgendnen, romelTa gvamebi dawves,
    ferfli ki mdinare ronas (berZn. Rhodanos, laT. Rodanus) moapnies,
    raTa maT aRdgomis imedi aRar hqonodaT.

    72
    struqturisa, ioli SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom qristes
    moZRvreba ara marto romaul, aramed adgilobriv keltur
    mosaxleobaSic iyo gavrcelebuli. rom araferi vTqvaT am
    qalaqebSi mcxovreb aziuri warmomavlobis xalxze. ro-
    gorc aRvniSneT, axali religia aq swored imperiis aziuri
    nawilidan unda iyos Sesuli.
    lionis eklesias mWidro urTierToba hqonda aziis
    provinciebTan, romelTa daxmarebiTac igi saswrafod iqna
    aRdgenili (aSenebuli) wminda irineos episkoposis mier.
    177 wlis lionis ambebis analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom es
    devna ar atarebda gansakuTrebul xasiaTs. igi ufro waagav-
    da provinciis municipaluri mmarTvelebis gadawyvetilebas
    Wkua eswavlebinaT adgilobrivi qristianebisaTvis, romel-
    nic sakmaod mZlavrad iyvnen warmodgenilni qalaqSi.
    Cven ar mogvepoveba sabuTi imis mtkicebisaTvis, rom
    qristianTa darbeva mezobel provinciebSic gavrcelda.
    SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom man mxolod gamoxmaureba hpova
    sasoflo regionebsa da vienaSi. arsebobs meore versiac. am
    versiis mixedviT, vienelma morwmuneebma gaiges ra lionis
    ambebi myisve iq gaCndnen TavianT diakvan sanktusTan er-
    Tad, romelmac Tavis mxriv, didi simamaciT gamoiCina Tavi.
    simkacris miuxedavad, devnam ver moicva mTlianad
    lionis qristianoba. morwmuneebis sakmaod didi nawili
    gadarCa. am SemTxvevaSi, socialurTan erTad ar aris gamo-
    ricxuli qveynis politikuri faqtoric. lugundunumi xom
    swored im sekvanebis provinciis mniSvnelovan qalaqs war-
    moadgenda, romelSic xalxTa didi gamosvlebi CaaxSo mar-
    kus avreliusma. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom am ajanyebaSi
    qristianTa monawileobas arc erTi wyaro ar adasturebs.
    markus avreliusis damokidebuleba axali religiis
    mimdevrebisadmi gvafiqrebinebs, rom II s. II naxevridan impe-
    ratorebis e.w. loialuri damokidebuleba qristianebi-
    sadmi nel-nela icvleba da aSkarad gansxvavdeba traianes
    cnobili pasuxisagan plinius umcrosisadmi.

    73
    komodusi (180-192 ww.)

    markus avreliusis gardacvalebis Semdgom qveynis sa-


    TaveSi misi Svili komodusi (180-192 ww.) modis. am periodSi
    igi mxolod 19 wlisa iyo. rogorc Cans, mas araviTari
    simpatia ar gaaCnda qristianebisadmi. miuxedavad amisa, igi
    uSualod ar iRebda Tavze am monoTeisturi religiis mim-
    devrebis devnis iniciativas. misi imperatorobis dros
    sarwmunoa qristes mimdevarTa ramdenime wamebis faqti.
    kerZod, 180 w. afrikis qalaq sciliumSi datrialebuli
    tragedia, rodesac Tormeti qristiani awames, ris Semde-
    gac eklesias ramdenime weli dasWirda daZabulobis mosax-
    snelad. es faqti komodusis imperatorobis sazomadac ki
    SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, uangarod as-
    rulebda brbos moTxovnas, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, gada-
    wyvita mSvidad ecxovra qristianebis gareSe. erTaderTi
    epizodi, romelic komodusisadmi simpatiiT gangvawyobs
    aris is, rom misi favoriti marcia, romelic qristianulad
    ar iyo monaTluli, guliTa da adaT-wesebiT qristiani iyo
    da imperatoris gverdiT myofic ki ieso qristes mimde-
    varTa mxares iRwvoda. man miaRwia ramdenime katorRa-
    misjili qristianis Sewyalebas, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia mo-
    nadyofili kaliste, romelic SemdegSi romis episkoposi
    gaxda (217-222 ww.). mis saxels atarebs via-apias erT-erTi
    udidesi sasaflao (katakomba). igi am dasakrZalavi miwis-
    qveSeTis erT-erT pirvel mmarTvelad gvevlineboda.
    tertulianem (Tertull., De pudicitia, C,1) Semogvinaxa cnoba
    kalistes mier romSi gamocemuli ediqtis Sesaxeb, rom-
    liTac saeklesio kanonikurad cxaddeboda patronsa da
    monas Soris qorwili, ris mizezadac evsebi kesarieli im-
    periis umaRlesi wreebis qalebSi qristianobis farTo
    gavrcelebas miiCnevs (evsebi, saeklesio istoria, V).
    aRniSnuli masalis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs da-
    vadginoT, rom II s. meore naxevarSi qristianobis mimdev-
    rebi iyvnen romSi arsebuli yvela fenis warmomadgenlebi.

    74
    risi mtkicebis uflebasac gvaZlevs, agreTve, 177 w. lionSi
    wamebul qristianTa vinaobis dadgena, sadac monebTan er-
    Tad galo-romauli burJuaziis fenebis warmomadgenleb-
    sac vxvdebiT.
    qristianebis winaaRmdeg Catarebul represiebs morw-
    muneni, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dumiliT xvdebodnen. iesos mim-
    devrebi mxolod im privilegiebiT sargeblobas moiTxovd-
    nen, romlebic imperiaSi sxva monoTeisturi religiis mim-
    devrebs — iudevelebs gaaCndaT da SesaZloa TviTonac sar-
    geblobdnen manam, sanam iudaizms gamoeyofodnen. es iyo
    samxedro samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba, iurisprudencia im
    saqmeebisa, romlebic religiur kavSirebs exeboda, saku-
    Tari kultis Tavisuflad gavrceleba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
    qristianebis mier oficialuri kultidan gadaxvevis da-
    mowmebas niSnavda. amave dros qristianobis apologetebi,
    icavdnen ra TavianT sarwmunoebas, aRiarebdnen mxolod am
    moZRvrebis WeSmaritebas da religiur sakiTxebSi aravi-
    Tar daTmobaze ar midiodnen.

    septimius severusi (193-211 ww.)

    romi III s. dasawyisisaTvis, SeiZleba iTqvas, mixvda, rom


    qristianuli eklesia sul ufro Zlierdeboda da saxelm-
    wifoSi saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, rac imperiis mamebis
    azriT, qveynis Zlierebas aryevda. maT unda emoqmedaT da
    arc ayovnebdnen. qristianTa devnas adgili provinciebSi,
    rogorc aRvniSneT, romis winaaRmdeg xalxTa gamosvlis
    CaxSobis Semdeg hqonda. axla ukve siriasa da palestinaSi
    ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, 202 w., septimius severusis (193-
    211 ww.)1 specialuri kanoniT aikrZala or monoTeistur

    1
    septimius severusma (193-211 ww.) romis imperiaSi axal dinas-
    tias Cauyara safuZveli. severusebis dinastias ekuTvnodnen,
    agreTve, misi Svili karakala (211-217 ww.), heliogabalusi (218-
    222 ww.) da aleqsandre severusi (222-235 ww.). 217-218 ww. impera-

    75
    religiaze — iudaizmze da qristianobaze gadasvla "Judaeos
    fieri sub gravipoena vetuit idem etiam Christianis sanxit". severusis
    brZanebis teqstSi, romelic spancianuss aqvs moyvanili
    (`avgustusebis istoriis“ erT-erTi avtori) naTqvamia:
    mkacri dasjis SiSis gamo iudaizmze moqceva akrZalulia
    da amaves vbrZaneb qristianobis mimarTac. dekretiT
    akrZalva iyo dadebuli winadacveTazec (gamonakliss iu-
    develebis Svilebi warmoadgendnen). severusis es brZaneba
    qristianebis devnis istoriaSi sayovelTao xasiaTis mqone
    pirveli oficialuri dokumentia.
    gadmocemis Tanaxmad, septimius severusis mmarTvelo-
    bis xanaSi, qristianTa wamebis mravali SemTxvevaa cnobili,
    rac cariel adgilze ar aRmocendeboda, vinaidan septi-
    mius severusis imperatorobis dros wyaroebSi marTlac
    fiqsirdeba meore monoTeisturi religiis mimdevrebis
    devnis SemTxvevebi. magaliTad, 202 w. karTagenSi (afrika)
    morwmuneebis perpetuias, felesites da maTi oTxi Tana-
    moazris wamebis ambavi. rogorc perpetuia, ise felesite
    sikvdilis Semdeg wmindanebad Seracxes.
    gansakuTrebuli ziani qristianebis devnam aleqsand-
    riis saRvTismetyvelo skolas miayena. septimius severu-
    sis devnas gaeqca udidesi moazrovne klimenti aleqsand-
    rieli, romelmac cxovrebis ukanaskneli wlebi kapadokia-
    Si gaatara. aleqsandriaSi gardaicvala qristianobis didi
    apologetis origenes mama da sxv.
    qristianTa represiebi ar cxreboda galiasa da Crdi-
    lo afrikaSi. am ukanasknelSi qristes mimdevrebis devna axa-
    li ZaliT warmoebda prokonsul skapulas dros 211-212 ww.,
    romelmac numidiasa da mavritaniamde miaRwia da mxolod
    skapulas gardacvalebis Semdgom Sewyda. am droidan moyo-
    lebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianobaze reaqcia uf-

    torad makrioni Tavis droze monadyofili kaci gvevlineba. se-


    verusebis mmarTvelobis xana axal furcels Slis romis imperiis
    istoriaSi. iwyeba romis armiis batonobis xana.

    76
    ro samxedro da saxelmwifo mosazrebebiT iyo nakarnaxevi,
    vidre religiuri da moraluri TvalsazrisiT.
    friad sayuradReboa septimius severusis imperatoro-
    bis meore mxarec, romliTac vlindeba, rom igi mtrulad ar
    unda yofiliyo ganwyobili qristes mimdevrebis mimarT. gan-
    sakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac igi, rogorc tertuliane gad-
    mogvcems, avadmyofobisagan qristianma proklem gankurna.
    momdevno imperatorebic — karakala (211-217 ww.) da maxlo-
    belaRmosavluri, siriuli RvTaebis heliogabalis (baalis)
    kultis Tayvanismcemeli heliogabalusi (218-222 ww.), ar unda
    yofiliyvnen qristianobis winaaRmdegni.

    aleqsandre severusi (222-235 ww.)

    romis imperiaSi mcxovrebi xalxi manamde arasodes sar-


    geblobda iseTi didi religiuri TavisuflebiT, rogorc
    aleqsandre severusis (222-235 ww.) — am RmerTebis Tayvanis-
    mcemeli da patiosani imperatoris mmarTvelobis dros.
    `ar aris saWiro Seuwynarebloba, dae iyos mSvidoba yvela
    religias Soris“ — acxadebda igi, rac imdenad dabeji-
    TebiT JRerda, rom Taobebma lamis imperatoris qristia-
    nuli aRmsareblobac ki irwmunes. marTlac, aleqsandre se-
    verusis dros, qristes mimdevrebi ara Tu gulgrilobas,
    guliTad simpaTiasac ki xvdebodnen. isini sakmaod iyvnen
    saimperatoro karzec (evsebi, saeklesio istoria, VI, 28).
    magram, imavdroulad, romis imperiis teritoriaze fiq-
    sirdeba qristianTa wamebis SemTxvevebi, rac isev da isev
    adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis xeldasmiT xdeboda. imperato-
    ri ki ise iyo gaJRenTili tolerantobiT, rom SeuZleblad
    miaCnda romelime RvTaebisaTvis mieniWebina upiratesoba
    da dakmayofilebuliyo mxolod erTi kultis CarCoebiT.
    ras SeiZleba mivaweroT aleqsandre severusis es Tvi-
    seba? saidan modis igi?
    axalgazrda imperatoris CamoyalibebaSi didi roli
    iTamaSa misma dedam iulia mameam, romelic Tvalyurs adev-

    77
    nebda ra sakuTari Svilis sulier ganviTarebas, qristia-
    nobis mxareze ganawyo igi. rac arc aris gasakviri, vinaidan
    iulia mamea warmomavlobiT im qveynidan iyo, sadac qristes
    mimdevrebi ukve didi xania sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen.
    miuxedavad imisa, rom igi warmarTi qurumis ojaxidan iyo
    gamosuli, sadac baalis kults scemdnen Tayvans,1 mas naTeli,
    yovelgvari crurwmenisagan Tavisufali goneba hqonda.
    cnobilma moazrovnem origenem igi qristianobis sibrZnes
    aziara,2 rasac ukvalod ar Cauvlia da yvelaze metad impe-
    ratoris pirovnebaze aisaxa. magram qristianebisaTvis sruli
    Tavisuflebis micema imas rodi niSnavda, rom aleqsandre
    severusi axali monoTeisturi religiis aRmsarebeli iyo.
    ra damokidebuleba hqonda sinamdvileSi qristianeb-
    Tan imperators? SeeZlo ki mas konstantine I didamde erTi
    saukuniT adre misi roli Seesrulebina da qristianoba
    oficialur religiad gamoecxadebina romSi?
    am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis miReba Zneldeba. aleq-
    sandre severusi marTlac sufTa, patiosani, suliT to-
    leranti imperatori iyo. cnobili faqtia, rom man Tavis
    kerZo samlocveloSi, sadac yoveldRe larebze salo-
    cavad midioda apolon tianelis, abraamis, moses, orfeosis
    da aleqsandre didis gamosaxulebaTa gverdiT, qristes ga-
    mosaxulebac daadgmevina. es faqti ki bevris mTqmelia, ga-
    modis, rom macxovars imperatori aRiqvamda ara rogorc
    RmerTs, aramed rogorc udides pirovnebas. winaaRmdeg
    SemTxvevaSi mis gamosaxulebas ar daadgmevinebda ubralo
    mokvdavTa gverdiT, iq sadac adgili ar qonda RmerTebs.
    aleqsandre severusi meti simpaTiiT iyo ganmsWvaluli
    uSualod qristesadmi, rogorc pirovnebisadmi, vidre

    1
    misma ojaxma imperias oTxi araCveulebrivi qali misca: iulia
    domna, septimius severusis meuRle, misi da iulia mesa da misi ori
    qaliSvili — iulia semia da iulia mamea — aleqsandre severusis deda.
    2
    iulia mameasa da irigenes Sexvedris zust TariRs evsebi kesa-
    rieli (saeklesio istoria, VI, 21) ar iZleva.

    78
    RmerTisadmi da saerTod qristianobisadmi, rogorc re-
    ligiisadmi. RmerTebis Tayvanismcemeli imperatori erTi
    mxriv, mzad iyo taZari aRemarTa macxovrisaTvis, xolo
    meore mxriv, ar surda qristianobas Seecvala sxva kultebi
    da gabatonebuli mdgomareoba daekavebina. igi erTdrou-
    lad Tayvans scemda isidasa da serapiss, uyvarda kapito-
    liumis taZrebis monaxuleba, surda didi dedis dResas-
    waulis gadaxda da ar Tvlida ebraelebs uwmindurebad. mas
    ar gaaCnda is mtkice nebisyofa, rac mkveTri RonisZiebebis
    Casatareblad esaWiroeba mmarTvels, romelic naTlad
    gamovlinda konstantine I didis pirovnebaSi.
    Sedegad, romis imperiaSi qristianobis oficialur
    religiad gamocxadeba TiTqmis erTi saukuniT gadaido.
    swored im saukuniT, romlis drosac qristes mimdevrebi
    sakuTari arsebobis manZilze yvelaze did devnasa da
    Seviwroebas ganicdidnen. axla ara mxolod adgilobrivi
    mmarTvelebisa da xalxis brbosagan, aramed imperatorebis
    mxridanac, rac ediqtebiT mtkicdeboda.

    maqsimine Trakieli (235-238 ww.)

    rogori iyo qristianTa mdgomareoba aleqsandre seve-


    rusidan deciusamde? anu qristes mimdevarTa winaaRmdeg
    Catarebul pirvel oficialur devnamde? aleqsandre se-
    verusis imperatorobidan sul male, rodesac eklesia
    tkbeboda Rrma simSvidiT, kapadokia da ponto ganadgure-
    bul iqna miwisZvrebiT. xalxma, Cveulebriv, yvelaferSi
    qristianebi daadanaSaula da kvlavac gaimeta isini sxva-
    dasxva saxis wamebisaTvis. es darbevebi, am SemTxvevaSic, ar
    modioda xelisuflebisagan. magram faqti erTia, Zlierni
    ama soflisani damnaSaveebs ar iWerdnen da ar sjidnen. yo-
    vel SemTxvevaSi, Cven am faqtebis Sesaxeb cnobebi wyaroe-
    bidan ar mogvepoveba.
    evsebi kesarieli (VI, 28) axsenebs maqsimines (235-238 ww.)
    mier qristes mimdevrebis devnas, magram konkretul SemTx-

    79
    vevebze ar Cerdeba. arafers ambobs amis Taobaze laqtan-
    ciusic,1 rac mecnierTa nawils afiqrebinebs, rom devnas
    adgili SesaZloa arc ki hqonia. isini aRniSnaven, rom maq-
    simines mier axali moZRvrebis winaaRmdeg Catarebul dev-
    nas adgili rom hqonoda, amis Sesaxeb sxva wyaroebSic iqne-
    boda aRniSnuli. nawili ki ar uaryofs maqsimine Trakielis
    dros qristianebis winaaRmdeg mowyobil devnas da aRniS-
    navs, rom 235 w. balkaneTsa da dunaize goTuri tomebis
    zewolis STabeWdilebis qveS myofma imperatorma marTlac
    ganaaxla qristianTa devna, romelic upirveles yovlisa,
    sasuliero pirebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. am faqtis
    sarwmunoeba Zneli gasarkvevia sxva raime xelSesaxebi masa-
    lis uqonlobis gamo. erTaderT wyaros, rogorc ukve aRv-
    niSneT, evsebis `saklesio istoria“ warmoadgens.
    marTlac, ar aris gamoricxuli maqsimines, am `jalaTi
    jariskacis“ imperatorobis dros qristianebis darbevis
    SemTxvevebs hqonoda adgili. maSin, rodesac mTel impe-
    riaSi mimdinareobda mZime finansuri gadasaxadebis gawera,
    qalaqebisa da saganZurTa, mosaxleobis qonebis konfiska-
    cia. Zarcva, sikvdiliT dasja Cveulebriv movlenad iTv-
    leboda. yovelive amis fonze namdvilad iyo SesaZlebeli
    qristianTa devnasac hqonoda adgili, magram es ubralod
    qristes mimdevrebisadmi zizRiT ar unda yofiliyo ga-
    mowveuli. maqsimines, xom yvelaferTan erTad TviT qveynis
    dedaqalaqic sZulda. cnobl faqts warmoadgens isic, rom
    Tavisi imperatorobis manZilze igi erTxelac ar Casula
    romSi. Cven SegviZlia verwmunoT an ar verwmunoT evsebis,
    magram faqti erTia, maqsimines mier qristianTa devnas
    adgili kidec rom hqonoda, igi mainc ar gamoiyofoda im
    saerTo saSineli mdgomareobidan, romelic qveyanaSi iyo
    gamefebuli.

    1
    laqtanciusi Tavis TxzulebaSi "De mortibus persecutorum" — qris-
    tianTa mdevnel imperatorebidan deciusamde mxolod nerons da
    domicianes aRniSnavs.

    80
    filipe arabi (244-249 ww.)

    qristes mimdevarTa cnobili devna moxda filipe


    arabis (244-249 ww.) imperatorobis drosac, romelic, dio-
    nise aleqsandrielis werilis mixedviT (evsebi, saeklesio
    istoria, VI, 21), daiwyo mogvebis Tu poetis waqezebiT. es
    istoriuli wyaro naTlad gvixatavs qristianTa darbevis
    suraTs.
    filipe arabi ar gamoirCeoda qristes moZRvrebis
    mimdevarTa mimarT cudi damokidebulebiT. mas mimowerac
    ki hqonda origenesTan. maS riT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli
    is faqti, rom misi imperatorobis bolo wels 248 w. bolosa
    da 249 wlis dasawyisSi, aleqsandriaSi moxda Zlieri anti-
    qristianuli gamosvla, romlis drosac qristes mimdev-
    rebis saSinel Seuracxyofas hqonda adgili (evsebi, sakle-
    sio istoria, VI, 21). yovelive amis saTave jer kidev wina
    saukuneSi qveyanaSi dawyebul krizisSi unda veZioT, ro-
    melmac III s. axali ZaliT ifeTqa. imperatorebis xSiri cvla
    (ZiriTadad samxedro wodebisa), politikuri da socia-
    luri krizisi, SimSili, gauTavebeli omebi, gamosvlebi
    provinciebSi. yovelive es ar SeiZleba ar asaxuliyo meore
    monoTeisturi religiis mimdevrebisadmi xalxis damoki-
    debulebaze, romlebic gawamebulni iyvnen da ukve me-
    ramdened joxi qristianebze gadatyda, rasac Cven dionise
    aleqsandrielis werilis is monakveTi gvafiqrebinebs, sa-
    dac daculia cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor cdilobda
    xalxi gaeZarcva Tavisi mezobeli da gaetacebina misi qo-
    neba. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme brbos moqmedebasTan ufro gvaqvs,
    vidre religiur fanatizmTan. imperators, qristianebis
    saxelmwifo sistemaSi Casma da opoziciis ganadgureba
    surda, raTa saxelmwifosaTvis Zveli dideba daebrunebina.
    filipe arabis mmarTvelobis dasasruliT, rogorc
    aRvniSneT, Cven vamTavrebT qristianobis istoriis or
    etaps, romelic 30-250 ww. moicavs.

    81
    Tavi 3

    qristianoba 250-325 ww.

    deciusi (249-251 ww.)

    pirvelma orma etapma, SeiZleba iTqvas, safuZveli mo-


    umzada mesames, rodesac ukve imperatorTa oficialuri
    brZanebiT xdeboda qristianebis devna saxelmwifos mier,
    rac gaformebuli iyo kidec Sesabamisi ediqtebiT.
    pirveli imperatori romis istoriaSi, romelmac Riad
    gailaSqra qristianuli religiisa da misi mimdevrebis
    winaaRmdeg gaxldaT deciusi1 (249-251 ww.). igi senatoruli
    orientaciis mmarTvelad gvevlineba da, Sesabamisad, ga-
    moxatavda kidec im partiis interesebs, romlis meSveo-
    biTac qveynis saTaveSi movida. romis istoriis Seswavla
    gviCvenebs, rom senatorTa wridan gamosuli imperatorebi
    didad ar wyalobdnen qristianebs. deciusis garda maT
    ricxvs ganekuTvnebian markus avreliusi da valeriane,
    romelTa damokidebuleba axali religiis mimdevrebis mi-
    marT, yovelTvis mtruli iyo, rac kargad Cans am fenis ideo-
    logebis tacitusis, svetoniusisa da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi.
    III s. pirvel naxevarSi senatorTa klasidan gamosul impe-
    ratorTa es orientacia ar Secvlila, rac naTlad SegviZ-
    lia davinaxoT dion kasiusis mier dawerili mecenatis si-
    tyvidan avgustusisadmi, romelSic garkveviT iZleva rCe-
    vas yvelanairad ibrZolon ucxo kultebis winaaRmdeg. an-

    1
    deciusis biografia samwuxarod SemorCenili ar aris, mis Se-
    saxeb cnobebs mxolod valerianes biografiidan viRebT.

    82
    tagonizmi senatis partiasa da qristianebs Soris mkveT-
    rad gaizarda III s. Sua xanebSi, rasac ver vityviT antise-
    natoruli orientaciis imperatorebze, romlebic, SeiZle-
    ba iTqvas, metnaklebad wyalobdnen kidec am monoTeisturi
    religiis mimdevrebs.
    deciusi sakmaod energiuli pirovneba iyo. mas romis
    nacionaluri tradiciebis dacva da imperiis krizisidan
    gamoyvana surda, romelic misi imperatorobis momenti-
    saTvis kidev ufro gaizarda da axal fazaSi Sevida, rom-
    lis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs romsa da provinciebs Soris
    urTierToba warmoadgenda. Tu markus avreliusis (161-180 ww.)
    dros Cven SegviZlia mxolod bundovnad vivaraudoT kavSiri
    provinciebSi opozicionerobis zrdas, qristianobis gavr-
    celebasa da maTi mTavrobis mier devnas Soris, ukve III s.
    Sua xanebSi es kavSiri gacilebiT sagrZnobia. axali mono-
    Teisturi religia xdeba provinciis saSualo miwaTmflo-
    belebis, municipaluri zeda fenisadmi ukmayofilebis ga-
    movlenis erT-erTi forma. miuxedavad imisa, rom qristia-
    nuli wyaroebis mixedviT, maT araviTari kavSiri ar hqon-
    daT am movlenebTan, mainc episkopos pavle samosatelis
    kavSiri palmiras dedofal zinobiasTan, romelic roms
    ebrZoda, sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs.
    deciusis imperatorad kurTxevisas qveyana mZime mdgo-
    mareobaSi iyo Cavardnili. md. reinisa da md. dunais napi-
    rebTan mimdinareobda barbarosebis jarebis Tavmoyra, ro-
    melTac gamudmebuli ieriSebi mihqondaT qveynis sasazRv-
    ro punqtebze. sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda ajanyebis
    kerebis raodenoba provinciebSi, rac adgilebze axal-axa-
    li imperatorebis gaCeniT mTavrdeboda. yovelive amas
    qveynis ekonomikuri da finansuri dauZlurebac emateboda
    da, rac yvelaze sazarelia, Savi Wiri, romelic imperiaSi
    daaxloebiT TxuTmeti weli mZvinvarebda. qveynisaTvis
    „saSiSi simptomebi“ SeimCneoda sasuliero cxovrebaSic,
    romelic axali religiebis gaZlierebaSi gamoixateboda.
    imperiaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba axla aRmosavlur

    83
    religiebsa da kultebs eniWebodaT. maT Soris warmmarT-
    veli iudaizmi da qristianoba iyo, romelTac ar Camouvar-
    deboda miTras, kibelas, didi dedis, serapisis da isidas
    kultebi. ax.w. II s. moyolebuli ukve TvalnaTliv gamoCnda
    TviT romauli religiis ususuroba, romelic, SeiZleba
    iTqvas, marcxdeboda axal konkurentebTan brZolaSi da
    meore planze iwevda.
    qveynisaTvis am gausaZlis pirobebSi qristianoba Zli-
    erdeboda. rac ufro rTuli xdeboda mdgomareoba provin-
    ciebSi, miT ufro male vrceldeboda iq axali moZRvreba
    (gansakuTrebiT aziasa da afrikaSi). farTovdeboda ekle-
    siis gavlena mosaxleobazec. swrafad icvleboda qristia-
    nuli Temis Semadgenlobac. simZime axla ukve SeZlebul fe-
    nebze gadadioda. III s. romael mebrZolTa didi nawili qris-
    tes mimdevari gaxda, rac, Tavis mxriv, qristianTa ricxvis
    zrdasTan erTad, afarToebda axali religiis geografiul
    areals. roms ukve aRar SeeZlo qristianobis ignorireba.
    qveynis socialur simSvides `saSiSroeba“ emuqreboda.
    filipeze gamarjvebidan sami Tvis Semdeg, daaxloebiT
    249 wlis dekembris bolosa da 250 w. ianvarSi deciusma ga-
    mosca brZaneba, romelic ZiriTadad qristianebis winaaRm-
    deg iyo mimarTuli. am cnobili ediqtis teqsti samwuxa-
    rod SemorCenili ar aris, magram SesaZlebelia misi Sina-
    arsis aRdgena dionise aleqsandrielis werilebiT, rome-
    lic Semonaxulia evsebi kesarielTan, kiprianes werilebi-
    Ta da traqtatis "De lapsis" (dacemulebi) da bolos ormo-
    ciode egvipturi papirusis saSualebiT.
    teqstis mixedviT, imperiis yvela dasaxlebul punqtSi,
    rogorc Cans, dgeboda komisia xuTi wevrisagan, romelTa
    mizans warmoadgenda sasamarTlosaTvis waredgina yvela
    moqalaqe, raTa TiToeuli maTganisagan mieRwia oficialu-
    ri RvTaebebisaTvis msxverplis Sewirva da imperatoris
    Tayvaniscema. am nabijiT imperias surda qristianebis
    gamoaSkaraveba, vinaidan qristianuli eklesiis kanonebi
    krZalavda warmarTul ritualebSi qristes mimdevrebis

    84
    monawileobas, romelic jer kidev ierusalimis cnobil
    saeklesio krebaze iqna miRebuli. amave krebaze dadginda
    TavSekaveba kerpebisaTvis Sewiruli sazrdosagan (saqmeebi,
    15). isini vinc daniSnul TariRamde ar Seasrulebdnen aR-
    niSnul rituals, gasamarTlebulni iqnebodnen pasuxismge-
    beli komisiebis mier, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, daSinebis,
    cixeSi Casmisa da wamebis meTodebiT, qristianebisagan,
    sarwmunoebisagan gandgomas moiTxovdnen. maT vinc impera-
    toris brZanebas Seasrulebda specialuri mowmoba Libelli
    eZleoda, romelSic maTi vinaoba iyo dafiqsirebuli. ediq-
    tiT, rogorc Cans, saxelmwifos ar surda araviTari reli-
    giuri kompromisi. deciusi cdilobda uzrunveleyo pro-
    vinciebis damorCileba da qristianobis amoZirkva, rome-
    lic regionebs saSualebas aZlevda gadaexviaT saxelmwifo
    valdebulebisagan.
    250 wlis qristianTa devna metnaklebi warmatebiT ro-
    mis yvela provincias Seexo. swored deciusis mier qristes
    mimdevarTa darbevis periodSi Cndeba pirvelad qristia-
    nul sinamdvileSi axali termini "lapsi"1 — dacemuli, rome-
    lic maT mimarT ixmareboda, vinc wamebas ver gauZlo da
    SiSis qveS imperatoris brZaneba Seasrula. `msxverplni“
    ewodebodaT maT vinc sakurTxevelze sakmevlis dawviT
    Semoifargla da cxovelebis msxverplSewirvaSi ar miiRo

    1
    kiprianes episkoposobis dros karTagenSi cnobilia Svidi
    saeklesio kreba, romlebic Catarda 251 wlis aRdgomis Semdgom
    252 wlis maisSi, 253-254 ww. Semodgomaze, 254,255 da 256 wlebis
    1 seqtembers. pirvelma oTxma krebam ganixila deciusis mier Ca-
    tarebuli devnis dros warmoqmnil `dacemulTa“ (lapsi) sakiTxi,
    xolo samma ki eretikosebis naTloba. merve krebis sakiTxebi,
    romelic 252 wels iyo mowveuli SedarebiT ucnobia (P. Moceaux,
    Histoir de l’Afrique chretienn, t. 2: 41-65. V. Saxep, Vielitur Frühjahr 257?, 251-
    253) pirvel oTx krebaze gansazRvrul iqna `dacemulTa“ ramdeni-
    me kategoria da monaniebis ramdenime xarisxi, romlis Semdgomac
    isini kvlav iqnebodnen miRebulni dedaeklesiis mier.

    85
    monawileoba. `turifikatnelebi“ — berZnuli "thur" — ezo,
    ezodan gandevnilebi, maT vinc SeZles administraciisa da
    mosamarTleebis moqrTamvis gziT eyidaT aucilebeli do-
    kumenti Libelli — wignaki. isini vinc gmirulad icavdnen
    sakuTar mrwamss, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva kategoriebad
    iyofodnen. maT vinc umaRlesi wameba — sikvdili miiRes `wa-
    mebulebi“ ewodebodaT. vinc sapyrobileSi moxvda, oRond
    sisxli ar daRvara `aRmsareblebi“, xolo vinc SiSs gauZlo,
    im momentisaTvis yovelgvari Sedegis gareSe `darCenile-
    bi“ (gadarCenilebi).
    mecnierTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom devnas dasavleT
    provinciebSi, galiasa da espaneTSi, ar hqonda is mrisxane
    xasiaTi, rogorc aRmosavleT provinciebSi. Cven SegviZlia
    nawilobriv daveTanxmoT am mosazrebas, vinaidan, erTi
    mxriv, sarwmunoebisaTvis wamebulTa saxelebi romis dasav-
    leT provinciebidan gacilebiT cotaa Semonaxuli. meores
    mxriv, karTagenis episkoposis werilidan Cven vigebT, rom
    galia da espaneTi ar iyo daculi devnisagan. piriqiT,
    qristianTa devna galiaSi Semovida mTeli sigrZe-siganiTo
    — aRniSnavs igi. aq mas imdenad mkacri xasiaTi hqonda, rom
    morwmuneTa dacema farTod gavrcelda, iseve rogorc
    espaneTSi. magaliTad espaneTSi leonisa da astorgas
    episkoposi basilidi yidulobs msxverplis Sewirvis
    mowmobas (bileTs), xolo misma kolegam merididan mar-
    cialma msxverpli Sewira kerpebs.
    imis gamo, rom qristianTa raodenoba dasavleTis pro-
    vinciebSi procentulad gacilebiT cota iyo aRmosavle-
    Tis provinciebTan SedarebiT, galiisa da espaneTis maS-
    tabiT devnas procentulad mcire raodenobis mosaxleoba
    ganicdida. rac Seexeba ediqtis gatarebis simkacres, qris-
    tianTa devnis meTodebi da formebi, provinciis guberna-
    torebze iyo damokidebuli.
    italiaSi, iseve rogorc saberZneTSi, anatoliasa da
    sxva provinciebSi wamebis uamravi SemTxvevaa dafiqsirebu-
    li. romSi episkoposi fabieni wamebul iqna 250 w. 20 ianvars.

    86
    amasTanave, daWeril iqna ramdenime morwmune qristiani —
    diakvani nikostratusi da sasuliero pirebi maqsimusi da
    mose. amas emateba imperiis msaxurebis msxverplTa saxele-
    bi celeriusisa da parTeniusis saxiT, romlebic Zveli
    martvilologebis SromebSi figurireben.
    evsebi kesarielis `saeklesio istioriam“ (VI,43) Semo-
    gvinaxa romis episkoposis korneliusis werili antioqiis
    episkoposis fabiusisadmi, romliTac Cven vigeb, rom de-
    ciusis mier qristianTa devnisas romSi rCeboda 46 pre-
    sviteri, 7 diakvani, 7 ipodiakvani, 42 akolufa (morCili), 52
    Semlocveli adamiani, mkiTxveli, mekare da 1500-ze meti
    qvrivi da Zabuni (uZluri) (saeklesio istoria, VI, 43).
    aseTive suraTi iyo aleqsandriaSi, dionise aleqsandrie-
    lis werilis mixedviT. qristianTa devanas masiuri xasiaTi
    hqonda aRmosavleTis provinciebSi. magaliTad, smirnaSi
    awames mRvdeli pioniusi, efesoSi "Sept Dormants", pergamoSi
    — episkoposi kaipusi, antioqiaSi — episkoposi babilasi.
    aleqsandre ierusalimeli gardaicvala cixeSi. kiprianem,
    grigoli neokesarielma (saswaulmoqmedi), dionise aleq-
    sandrielma devnas gaqceviT daaRwies Tavi.
    Zneli dasadgenia deciusis cnobili ediqtiT gamow-
    veul msxverplTa ricxvi, romelTa Sorisac samxedro mo-
    samsaxureebsac vxvdebiT. magaliTad, jariskaci polievqte
    melitenadan evfratze.
    afrikasac Seexo imperiaSi mimdinare procesebi. dioni-
    se aleqsandrieli 17 adamians asaxelebs (evsebi, saeklesio
    istoria, VI, 44). aseTive ricxvi moaqvs lukianes — celeria-
    nesadmi karTagenis eklesiisaTvis miweril werilSi. aqve
    unda aRiniSnos kiprianes werilSi (werili, 6) daculi cno-
    ba, romliTac vigebT, rom axali monoTeisturi religiis
    mimdevrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo erTmaneTis siyva-
    ruli, gatana, rom isini gasaWirSi myof xalxs marto ar
    tovebdnen da naxulobdnen xolme cixeSi, sadac daSve-
    bulni iyvnen presviterebi da diakvnebi.

    87
    deciusis mier 250 w. gamocemuli ediqtebis Sesaxeb sxva
    mosazrebac arsebobs. kerZod, rom libeli, deciusis ediq-
    ti exeboda ara marto qristianebs, aramed romis imperiaSi
    mcxovreb yvela xalxs. magram es rom ase yofiliyo ediqti
    ZiriTadad mainc qristianebs gulisxmobda, vinaidan sxva
    kultebi ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen msxverplSewirvis ritua-
    lebs, xolo ebraelebi, romelTaTvisac qristianebis gar-
    da TavianT rwmenas SeeZlo xeli SeeSala damorCilebodnen
    am ediqts, rogorc Cans, ediqtidan iyvnen amoRebulni. Se-
    saZloa ediqtis mizans qristianebis gamovlena warmoad-
    genda, raTa kanonieri mizezi mieRoT gasworebodnen maT
    imperatoris brZanebis SeusruleblobisaTvis. amaze mety-
    velebs is faqtic, rom valerianes ediqtSi, agrZelebda ra
    deciusis politikas, ukve aRar aris brZaneba msxverplSe-
    wirvis Sesaxeb. igi ufro Sors midis da ubralod qristi-
    anebis dasjas moiTxovs.
    arsebobs azri imis Sesaxeb, rom deciusis devna ar iyo
    gansazRvruli, sistematuri politikis Sedegi, rom igi Zi-
    riTadad gamowveuli iyo egvipteli qurumebis gamosavle-
    nad, rac deciusis imperatorobamde periodis movlenebs
    emyareboda. 250 wlis ediqts win uswrebda antiqristianu-
    li ajanyeba aleqsandriaSi. cnobilia, rom aseTi gamosvle-
    bi mxolod adgilobrivi qristianebis winaaRmdeg tarde-
    boda da sazogadoebis radenime cnobili wevris dasjiT
    mTavrdeboda. Tu deciusma CaTvala, rom ediqti saWiro
    iyo gavrcelebuliyo mTels imperiaze da aiZulebda kidec
    SeesrulebinaT igi, devnis gamomwvevi mizezi ufro Rrmad,
    mis politikaSi unda veZioT. dionise aleqsandrieli (evse-
    bi, saeklesio istoria, VI, 41) sulac ar akavSirebs aleq-
    sandriis darbevas deciusis mier qristianebis devnasTan.
    piriqiT, misi werilidan naTelia, rom qristes mimdevrebis
    darbevis Semdeg, warmarTebma Tavi daanebes maT da erT-
    maneTs daerivnen. da rom mxolod deciusis mosvlis Sem-
    deg, mTeli aleqsandrieli qristianebi elodebodnen dev-
    nis dasawyiss.

    88
    aseTive mdgomareoba iyo karTagenSic. kipriane karTa-
    genidan wavida jer kidev ediqtamde iq dawyebuli anti-
    qristianuli gamosvlebis gamo. rogorc Cans, senatis par-
    tiis mier dasmuli imperatori ukve adre iyo cnobili
    qristianTa mimarT arakeTilganwyobiT da rodesac igi
    qveynis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda, qristianebi ukve
    elodnen mis mier axali devnis dawyebas. axali religiis
    mtrebma igrZnes ra, rom maT ukan Zlieri sayrdeni iyo, Se-
    sabamisad, saWirod CaTvales Riad da aqtiurad gamosuli-
    yvnen qristianebis winaaRmdeg. imperiaSi meore monoTeis-
    turi religiis mimdevrebze nadiroba, romelic deciusma
    daiwyo, Sewyvetil iqna mxolod misi gardacvalebis Semdeg.

    valeriane (253-260 ww.)

    saimperatoro taxtisaTvis brZolam, romelic deciusis


    sikvdilis Semdeg mimdinareobda, qristianebidan TiTqos
    gadaitana yuradReba. ramdenime wlis moCvenebiTi siwynare
    SeCerebul iqna qristes mimdevarTa axali, ufro sastiki
    devniT, romlis iniciatoradac isev senatis partiis mier
    dasmuli imperatori valeriane (253-260 ww.) gvevlineba,
    risi mtkicebis safuZvelsac mis mier qristianebis wina-
    aRmdeg gamoqveynebuli ori oficialuri ediqti gvaZlevs.
    rogorc im istoriuli fonis Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs,
    romelic ediqtis gamoqveynebas win uswrebda, am sakiTxSi
    gadamwyvet moments isev da isev qveynis socialur-poli-
    tikuri situacia warmoadgenda. imperia isev daSlis saSiS-
    roebis winaSe imyofeboda. valerianem situaciis ganmuxtva
    qveynis decentralizaciis CatarebiT gadawyvita. man impe-
    riis dasavleTi nawili centriT romSi, galienuss (253-268 ww.)
    — Tavis Svilsa da Tanaimperators dautova, TviTon ki aR-
    mosavleTSi gaemgzavra da antioqiaSi dasaxlda. vinaidan
    imperatori maTSi politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs xedavda,
    kvlav dRis wasrigSi idga `qristianebis saSiSroeba“. swo-
    red am monoTeisturi religiisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, 257 w.
    89
    agvistoSi valerianem gamosca qristianebis winaaRmdeg mi-
    marTuli pirveli ediqti, romelsac sul male 258 w. Sua xa-
    nebSi (agvisto) kidev ufro mZime meore ediqti mohyva.
    pirveli ediqtis Seqmnasa da gamoqveynebaSi, rogorc
    evsebi kesarieli gadmogvcems, gadamwyveti roli impera-
    toris marjvena xels, mis mrCevels, aRmosavluri kulte-
    bis did Tayvanismcemels — makrianuss eniWeba. igi gata-
    cebuli iyo egvipturi magiiT da yvelanairad exmareboda maT
    mimdevrebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv, konkurents xedavdnen
    qristianebSi da SemTxvevas ar uSvebdnen xelidan, rom maT
    winaaRdeg gamosuliyvnen. aleqsandriaSi araerTxel mom-
    xdara qristes mimdevarTa darbeva am niadagze. makrianusi
    qveyanaSi swored egvipteli mogvebis interesebis damcve-
    lad gvevlineba, rodesac igi pirvelad ilaSqrebs qris-
    tianebis winaaRmdeg da urCevs imperators ediqtis gamo-
    qveynebas. magram swori ar iqneboda valerianes politikis
    ganxilvisas SevzRuduliyaviT mxolod makrianusis roliT
    da imperatorze misi gavleniT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
    mniSvnelovan faqtors provinciebSi arsebuli situacia
    warmoadgenda, vinaidan zustad romis provinciebSi Zala-
    uflebis mqoneni, kiprianes mowmobiT (werili, 65), gansa-
    kuTrebiT moiTxovdnen qristianTa devnas.
    257 w. agvistoSi gamoqveynebuli pirveli ediqtis mi-
    xedviT, idevneboda yvela sasuliero wodebis qristiani,
    vinc msxvepls ar Sewiravda warmarT RmerTebs. sikvdilis
    SiSiT ikrZaleboda qristes kultis qadageba da katakom-
    bebSi Sekreba. ediqtis mixedviT, episkoposebsa da sasulie-
    ro moRvaweebs ekrZalebodaT saeklesio msaxureba. erTi
    wlis Semdeg, 258 w. agvistoSi senatis iniciativiT, romlis
    mimarTac valeriane pasuxismgebeli iyo, gamosca kidev
    erTi werili gubernatorebisaTvis, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
    moqmedebis instruqcias warmoadgenda.
    meore ediqti, kidev ufro amwvavebda arsebul kanons.
    igi moiTxovda daesajaT umaRlesi fenebis warmomadgeneli
    qristianebi. qristes rjulis aRmsarebel senatorebs erT-

    90
    meodaT TavianTi uflebebi da wodebebi. maTi qoneba kon-
    fiskacias eqvemdebareboda, xolo TviTon isini igzavne-
    bodnen mZime samuSaoebze.
    rogorc vxedavT, meore ediqti, ZiriTadad maRali wo-
    debis qristianebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. naTelia,
    rom maTi ganadgurebiT imperators qristianobis amoZirk-
    va surda, vinaidan isini politikur mowinaaRmdegeebad mo-
    iazrebodnen. imperators esmoda, rom Zlieri religiis
    arseboba Zlieri organizaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Sesaba-
    misad, ebrZoda ra qristanul organizacias, imavdroulad
    ebrZoda qristianul rieligiasac. imperatori cdilobda
    gaenadgurebina opoziciurad ganwyobili zeda fena. imav-
    droulad, saxelmwifo xazina unda Sevsiliyo mdidari
    qristianebis qonebis konfiskaciis xarjze. es organizacia
    unda gaenadgurebinaT misi xelmZRvanelebis — klirebis
    umaRlesi warmomadgenlebis CamoSorebiT.
    ediqtebi imperiaSi mTeli simkacriT sruldeboda. romSi
    wamebul iyo episkoposi siqsti II da mravali diakvani, gar-
    dacvlilTa Soris vxvdebiT romis aristokratiis warmomad-
    genlebsac. dasavleTis provinciebSic sakmaod iyvnen qris-
    tianobisTvis wamebulebi. magaliTad, kasiusi da viqtorene
    klermonidan. espaneTSi 259 w. ianvarSi episkoposi fruqtuo-
    susi taragonadan cocxlad dawves or diakvanTan erTad.
    ediqtebis Sesruleba gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT ga-
    moirCeoda aRmosavleTis provinciebsa da afrikaSi, sadac
    qristianoba TiTqmis warmmarTvel religias warmoadgenda.
    258 w. xalxis darbeva warmoebda lambezSi, wamebulTa So-
    ris vxvdebiT karTagenis episkopos kipirianes. wminda kip-
    rianes 258 w. 14 seqtembers Tavi mokveTes. 258 w. 23 maiss
    karTagenSi dasjil iqna mravali qristiani. afrikaSi xal-
    xis darbeva grZeldeboda 260 wlamde. aseTive mdgomareoba
    iyo palestinaSi, egvipteSi, kapadokiasa da aRmosavleTis
    sxva provinciebSi.
    valerianes mier Catarebulma qristianebis devnam uku-
    Sedegi gamoiRo, moxda is risic imperatorsa da provin-

    91
    ciebis mmarTvelebs yvelaze metad eSinodaT. daiwyo ek-
    lesiis centralizaciis procesi. eklesiis poziciebi ki-
    dev ufro gamyarda. 257-258 ww. devnas, SeiZleba iTqvas,
    morwmuneni momzadebulni Sexvdnen, vinaidan maTTvis igi
    ucxo xils ar warmoadgenda. devnas ar gamouwvevia `dace-
    mulebis“ axali talRis gaCena, risi erT-erTi mizezic,
    drois is mcire monakveTi iyo, romlis ganmavlobaSic qris-
    tianTa or udides devnas hqonda adgili.

    galienusi (253-268 ww.)

    valerianes Semdgom imperiis taxti mis Svils galie-


    nuss darCa (253-268 ww.). igi aleqsandre severusis Semdgom,
    romis erT-erT pirvel mmarTvelad gvevlineba, romelmac,
    SeiZleba iTqvas, eklesiis mimarT Secvala damokidebuleba
    da qristianebis religiuri Semwynarebloba gamoacxada,
    rodesac Tavisi mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi (262 wels) ga-
    mosca specialuri ediqti, cnobili rogorc egviptis sa-
    episkopososadmi mimarTva. miuxedavad imisa, rom am do-
    kuments konkretuli adresati hyavda, savaraudoa, rom igi
    mainc mTel imperiaze vrceldeboda, vinaidan oficialur
    dokuments warmoadgenda. ediqtis mixedviT, imperatori
    brZanebda aRedginaT qristianebis samlocveloebi, sasaf-
    laoebi da saeklesio sazogadoebebi. episkoposebi ki uf-
    lebamosilni iyvnen oficialurad exelmZRvanelaT maT-
    Tvis, yovelive amis gamo, III s. II naxevris erT monakveTs,
    gansakuTrebiT ki galienusis imperatorobis periods, `ek-
    lesiaSi mcire simSvidis xanas“ uwodeben.
    sainteresoa, ram gamoiwvia qristianobisadmi impera-
    toris aseTi loialoba. amis ramdenime mizezi arsebobda.
    pirveli — qveyanaSi arsebuli saSinao da sagareo politi-
    kuri viTareba. imperiis SigniT ar cxrebodnen provin-
    ciebi, rac sabolood qveynis sxvadasxva regionebSi adgi-
    lobrivi imperatorebis ricxvis zrdiT mTavrdeboda. rac
    Seexeba sagareo viTarebas — romi gawamebuli iyo bar-
    92
    barosebis SemosevebiT da galienuss xels ar aZlevda
    imperiaSi amdeni ukmayofilos arseboba. meore mizezic
    aseve politikuri xasiaTisa iyo, rogoradac SegviZlia
    miviCnioT palmiras — siriis umdidresi kuTxis gaZliereba,
    rac publius septimius odenates saxelTan iyo dakavSire-
    buli. qveyanaSi simSvide rogorc arasodes ise esaWiroe-
    boda roms. mesame mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos imperato-
    ris qristiani meuRle, romlis Sesaxebac cnobebi ufro
    gviani saeklesio wyaroebidan mogvepoveba.

    avreliane (270-275 ww.)

    `eklesiaSi mcire simSvide“ ar darRveula arc avrelia-


    nes (270-275 ww.) imperatorobis pirvel periodSi. avre-
    liane iyo pirovneba, romelic sakmaod Zlier politikosad
    moiazreba. imperiis am energiulma mmarTvelma SeaCera ala-
    nebis winsvla italiaze, gaanadgura tetrikusi, daipyro
    egvipte, daikava darCenili siria da palmiras samefo.1 rac
    Seexeba roms, man qveynis dedaqalaqs axali — avrelianes
    kedeli Semoartya (merus Aureliani), romlis nangrevebi dRem-
    dea SemorCenili.2

    1
    avrelianes gansakuTrebuli dideba palmiras samefos dapy-
    robam moutana. zinobias (publius septimius odenates qvrivi)
    droindeli palmira gadaWimuli iyo palmiras samxreTidan meso-
    potamiamde. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania palmiras samefoSi sru-
    li SemwynareblobiT sargeblobda yovelgvari religiuri moZRv-
    reba. mTel regionSi qristianuli Temebi ayvavebas ganicdidnen.
    siriul enaze iTargmna biblia, romelic `peSitas“, anu `ubralos“
    saxeliT aris cnobili da dResac udidesi roli eniWeba bibliis
    uZvelesi teqstis rekonstruqciisaTvis. gnostikosma bardezan-
    ma udidesi kvali datova istoriaSi am Targmanis gamo, IV sau-
    kunis pirvel naxevarSi edesaSi aRmocenda siriuli efremis sko-
    la. es iyo egzegetikuri literaturis didi aRmavlobis periodi.
    2
    romis, rogorc xmelTaSuazRvispireTis imperiis restavracia
    III saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba, romelic galienusis me-

    93
    Tavisi mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi avreliane SesaZloa
    winaswarmetyvelebda ra saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris
    kavSiris momgebianobas, qristes mimdevrebisadmi sakmao
    loialobas iCenda. am periodSi man gadadga kidec momge-
    biani nabiji qveynis sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT,
    daexmara ra romis qristianul eklesias eretikos pavle sa-
    mosatelis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rodesac misi kavSiri
    palmiras dedofal zinobiasTan aSkara gaxda.
    avrelianes damokidebuleba qristianebisadmi ufro
    naTeli gaxda maSin, rodesac saqme qveynis simSvides Seexo.
    am periodSi daiwyo xalxis mRelvareba qveynis dedaqalaqsa
    da provinciebSi, romlebic imperatorma mTeli sisastikiT
    CaaxSo. aqve unda aRiniSnos mis mier gadadgmuli nabiji
    qveynis saerTo damonebisaken. zogierTi wyaros mixedviT
    (laqtanciusi, evsebi), Tavisi mmarTvelobis bolo wels av-
    relianem gamosca cruenta edicta — sisxliani ediqti, romelic
    yvela qristianisagan qristianobis uaryofas da msxverpl-
    Sewirvas moiTxovda. evsebi ufro frTxilad saubrobs am
    sakiTxze. kerZod igi aRniSnavs, rom avrelianem Secvala
    qristianebisadmi damokidebuleba, gadawyvita ra gamoeca
    ediqti, romelic maT winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, magram
    RvTis nebiT igi gardaicvalao. ediqti Tu marTla gamoica,
    igi gamoicemoda avrelianes imperatorobis bolo wels,
    mis gardacvalebamde ramdenime TviT adre.

    mkvidris — klavdius II goTels (268-270 ww.) miewereba, rac mis


    mniSvnelovan samxedro warmatebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. avre-
    liane (270-275 ww.), probusi (276-282 ww.) da diokletiane (284-305 ww.)
    klavdiusis imperiis restavratoruli politikis gamgrZeleb-
    lebad gvevlinebian, romlebic axal periods iwyeben romis
    imperiaSi, rac gviani, anu axali imperiis saxeliT aris cnobili.
    yvela Cven mier CamoTvlili imperatori saxelmwifo reformebiT
    iwyebda, romlebmac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebeli gaxades klavdiu-
    sis, avrelianesa da probusis brwyinvale gamarjvebebi.

    94
    avreliane imavdroulad, SeiZleba iTqvas, atarebs re-
    ligiur reformas. igi romis warmarTobisaTvis damaxasia-
    Tebel uamrav RmerTs aerTianebs erT `uZleveli mzis
    kultSi“, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, tendencia hqonda mono-
    Teizmisaken da, romelic qveyanaSi yvelaze gavrcelebul
    RvTaebas warmoadgenda. man romSi, marsis moedanze, aR-
    marTa kidec imperiis umaRlesi RvTaebisa da mfarvelis
    `uZleveli mzis“ ("Sol invictus") taZari. paralelurad qveya-
    naSi daiwyo uZvelesi romauli taZrebis aRdgena, rac im-
    peratoris axali politikis Sedegs warmoadgenda. yoveli-
    ve es ki gansazRvrul mizans emsaxureboda — msoflio im-
    periisaTvis moiZebna erTiani religia, mieca misTvis re-
    ligiuri safuZveli, riTac qveynis Seryeul Zalauflebas
    gaamagrebda, rac sabolood 274 w. mzis kultis saxelmwifo
    oficialur kultad aRiarebiT damTavrda, magram, miuxe-
    davad amisa, imperatoris ganzraxvas realizacia ar ewera.
    sparseTis winaaRmdeg omis sawarmoeblad gamgzavrebuli
    avreliane samxedro SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda, romlis
    avtorebadac senatis dajgufeba moiazreba.

    diokletiane (284-305 ww.)

    qveyanaSi arsebuli situacia, romelic qristianebs


    simSvides uqadda da jer kidev galienusis dros daiwyo,
    daaxloebiT 40 wels gagrZelda, rasac sabolood qris-
    tianTa yvelaze mZime, manamde arnaxuli devna mohyva romis
    imperiaSi, rac imperatorebis diokletianesa (284-305 ww.)
    da galeriusis (293-311 ww.) saxelebs ukavSirdeba. am orma
    imperatorma ramdenime ediqti gamosca qristes mimdevre-
    bis winaaRmdeg.
    284 w. romis imperiis taxtze adis gaius valerius avre-
    lius diokletiane (284-305 ww.), dalmacieli gaazatebuli
    monis Svili. kasiusis sikvdilis Semdeg 284 w. 17 seqtembers
    q. qalkedonSi jariskacebma igi imperatorad aRiares. da-
    iwyo e.w. `diokletianes era“ romis imperiis istoriaSi.
    95
    diokletiane ar gamoirCeoda didi samxedro niWiT. mas
    ganaTlebac sakmaod mokrZalebuli hqonda miRebuli,
    magram gaaCnda araCveulebrivi organizatoruli da admi-
    nistraciuli niWi, praqtikuli Wkua da rkiniseburi nebis-
    yofa. bunebiT konservatori imperatori eWideboda Zvel
    wesebsa da ideebs da midrekili iyo sqematurobisaken, rac
    gansakuTrebiT gamovlinda religiur sakiTxebTan dakavSi-
    rebiT, romelic SemdgomSi misi pirovnebis Sefasebisas
    sabediswero xdeba.
    diokletiane ar ganekuTvneboda meocnebe imperator-
    Ta ricxvs. igi mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze rCeboda
    daudgromel jariskacad da praqtikul politikosad. iyo
    sityvis kaci, rac yvelaze naTlad imperatoris taxtis da-
    tovebaSi gamovlinda. diokletianem ar uRalata micemul
    sityvas da 305 w. 1 maiss, Tavisi imperatorobis oci wlis-
    Tavis zeimis dros, moixsna saimperatoro valdebuleba.
    imavdroulad, iyo ra garkveulwilad ambiciuri pirovneba,
    moiTxovda, rom igi RvTaebrivi Tayvaniscemis sagani yofi-
    liyo.1 imperatori mTeli sisastikiT ebrZoda ucxo reli-
    giebs maniqevelobisa da qristianobis saxiT. aqve unda
    aRiniSnos is faqti, rom mizezi am ori aRmosavluri reli-
    giis devnisa absoliturad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan.
    diokletiane qveynis restavratoruli politikis gam-
    grZelebeli iyo, rasac SesaniSnavad arTmevda Tavs. mas
    sakmaod mZime viTarebaSi Cavardnili qveyana ergo. upirve-
    les amocanas imperiis sazRvrebis gaZliereba warmoad-
    genda da manac swored aqedan daiwyo. Tavisi imperatorobis
    dasawyisSi warmatebas miaRwia dunaize. 290 w. gawminda
    siria arabebisagan. diokletianem gaimperatorobisTanave
    daiwyo saxelmwifo reformebis gatareba (administraciu-
    li, samxedro, sagadasaxado, finansuri...), imperiis dasav-

    1
    diokletiane atarebda ioviusis (Iovius — iupiteridan warmoe-
    buli) tituls.

    96
    leTis problemebis mogvarebis sakiTxi Tavis megobar mar-
    kus avreliuss valerius maqsimianes1 (285-305 ww.) miando.
    285 wels igi keisrad daniSna, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg av-
    gustusoba uboZa. Sedegad qveyanam ori imperatori miiRo,
    ris Semdegac yvela brZaneba orives saxeliT gamodioda.
    293 wlisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom or imperators gau-
    Wirdeboda gadaewyvita qveynis saSinao da sagareo sirTu-
    leebi, ris gamoc TiToeulma maTganma dainiSna TanaSemwe
    (keisari). es daniSvnebi Catarda erTsa da imave dRes, 293
    wlis 1 marts. diokletianem nikomediaSi Tavis keisrad
    daniSna galeriusi (293-311 ww.). xolo maqsimianem konstan-
    cius I qlorusi (293-306 ww.). miuxedavad imisa, rom keisrebi
    mxolod imperatorebis TanaSemweebi iyvnen, TiToeuli
    maTgani samarTavad imperiis garkveul teritorias iRebda.
    Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo oTx nawilad aRmoCnda gayofili.
    diokletiane marTavda Trakias, azias, siriasa da egviptes.
    galeriusi balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls Trakiis garda, maq-
    simiane italias, espaneTsa da afrikas, konstancius I qlo-
    rusi galiasa da britaneTs. istoriaSi mmarTvelobis es
    sistema `tetrarqiis“ (oTxTa mmarTveloba) saxeliT Sevida.
    unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom arc erTma imperatorma ro-
    mi ar airCia Tavis sataxto qalaqad. diokletiane cxovrob-
    da nikomediaSi, galeriusi sirmiumSi, maqsimiane — milanSi,
    konstancius I qlorusi ki trevirSi (axlandeli triri).
    diokletianem imperia axali politikuri principiT
    daanawila. man romis saxelmwifo diocezebad dayo (berZ-
    nuli sityvisagan "diocesis" — mmarTveloba). sul 12 diocezi
    iyo: 1. aRmosaleTi (egvipte, kirenaika, siria, mesopotamia,
    arabeTi), 2. ponto, 3. azia (mcire azia), 4. Trakia (Trakia da
    qvemo mezia), 5. mezia (qvemo mezia, aqaia, epiri da kreta), 6. pa-
    nonia da noriki, 7. italia (siciliiTurT), 8. viena (samxreT

    1
    diokletianesTan erTad maqsimianec atarebda RvTaebriobis
    tituls — herkuliuss (Herculius — herkulesidan warmoebuli).

    97
    galia), 9. galia, 10. britaneTi, 11. espaneTi, 12. afrika (ki-
    renaikidan atlantis okeanemde).
    Zalauflebis aseTma dayofam pirvel periodSi dade-
    biTi Sedegi gamoiRo. diokletiane aqtiurad moqmedebda,
    man CaaxSo bagaudebis ajanyeba milanSi, blemiebis ajanyeba
    egvipteSi (296 w.). Semdeg daiwyo brZola sasanianTa sparse-
    Tis winaaRmdeg, romelmac aiRo armenia da mesopotamia. maT-
    Tan sabrZolvelad jer galeriusi iqna gagzavnili, rome-
    lic damarcxda, magram Semdgom diokletianes daxmarebiT
    romaelebma daikaves armenia. sparseTTan zavis dadebis
    Sedegad ki imperiam mesopotamiis didi nawili Caigdo xelT
    (297 w.). manamde galeriusma iazigebTan da karpebTan omis Se-
    degad, gaamagra imperiis dunaispireTis sazRvrebi. maqsi-
    miane warmatebiT ibrZoda mavritaniuli tomebis winaaRm-
    deg afrikaSi (296 w.). konstancius I qlorusma gaanadgura
    karauziis memkvidre aleqti, waarTva ra mas galebis nav-
    sadguri da britaneTi. aseTive warmatebiT moqmedebdnen
    imperiis danarCeni mmarTvelebic. ase rom, III saukunis bo-
    losaTvis TiTqmis mTeli imperiis teritoriaze likvidire-
    buli iyo separatistuli moZraobebi. imavdroulad, gamagre-
    buli iqna qveynis sazRvrebi, romlebic kidev ufro gaizarda.
    diokletianes SorsmWvretel saSinao da sagareo poli-
    tikas wiTel zolad gasdevs misi qveynis religiuri sakiT-
    xisadmi araswori damokidebuleba. III s. romis imperiaSi
    arsebuli saerTo religiuri suraTi, arc diokletianes
    mmarTvelobis dros Seicvala. qveyanaSi warmmarTvel re-
    ligiebad isev iudaizmi da qristianoba rCeboda. rac Se-
    exeba warmarTul panTeons, aq mniSvnelovan rols, isev
    aRmosavluri RvTaebebi TamaSobdnen. kvlav arsebobda im-
    peratoris kulti, romlis Tayvaniscema qveynis politi-
    kur Tu religiur cxovrebaSi monawileobisaTvis auci-
    lebel pirobas warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom romis
    aristokratia, ZiriTadad erTguli rCeboda tradiciebisa
    da Tayvans scemda Zvel romaul kultebs, qveynis cxovre-
    baSi mniSvnelovani roli mainc qristianul religias eni-

    98
    Weboda. arsebobs mosazreba imperator diokletianes coli-
    sa da qaliSvilis qristianuli aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb.
    rogorc aRvniSneT, diokletianes gadawyvetili hqon-
    da romis Zveli didebis aRdgena, risi miRwevac erTiani
    saxelmwifo religiis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. gamWriaxi,
    analitikuri gonebis mqone imperatori amas kargad xedav-
    da da Sesabamisad, arCevanis winaSe idga — dabruneboda
    Zvel, ukve dromoWmul kultebs, Tu Tavisi xalxisTvis Se-
    eTavazebina axali religiuri samyaro. bunebiT konserva-
    tori imperatori, SeiZleba iTqvas, swor gaTvlas ver
    akeTebs da aqcents mzard, sayovelTaod misaReb axal mo-
    noTeistur moZRvrebaze ki ar akeTebs, aramed romis uZve-
    les warmarTul RvTaebebze, romelTa saSualebiTac ime-
    dovnebs, rom gaaZlierebs imperias da ganamtkicebs mis sa-
    gareo politikas. am SemTxvevaSi imperators gacnobiere-
    buli ar hqonda is momenti, rom Zveli romauli RvTaebebis
    batonobis xana karga xania dasrulda da maTken mobruneba
    istoriuli procesis Semobrunebis tolfasi iyo. yovelive
    amis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom re-
    ligiuri sakiTxi diokletianes politikaSi yvelaze sust
    rols warmoadgenda, risi Sedegic savalalo aRmoCnda
    qveynis socialuri cxovrebisaTvis. gaerTianebis magivrad
    miRebul iqna kidev ufro didi, manamde arnaxuli daqsaqsva,
    vinaidan provinciebis orTodoqsalur qristianobas nel-
    nela sasaxlis karis aristokratia upirispirdeba, rac SeuZ-
    lebelia ar asaxuliyo qveynis saSinao cxovrebaze, romlis
    umniSvnelovanes faqtoradac TviT imperatori gvevlineba.
    diokletiane ebrZoda yovelgvar axal movlenas qvey-
    nis religiur cxovrebaSi. am fonze ar aris gasakviri misi
    reaqcia imperiisaTvis ucxo religiebis, maniqevelobisa da
    qristianobisadmi.
    maniqevelobas safuZveli romis imperiis mezobel qve-
    yanaSi — sparseTSi eyreba III s. Sua xanebSi. religiis Semqm-
    nelad gvevlineba mani (215-277 ww.), romelic wamebiT mok-
    luli iqna sparseTis mefis bahram I (sasanianTa dinastia)
    99
    brZanebiT 277 w. manis swavleba CvenTvis ZiriTadad cnobi-
    lia egviptisa da CineTis, Turqestanis teritoriaze aRmo-
    Cenili manuskriptebis meSveobiT, romelTa nawili moZRv-
    rebis Seqmnis periods ganekuTvneba, xolo nawili VIII s-s.
    Cvenamde moaRwia arabi mwerlebis Txzulebebma, romel-
    Tagan yvelaze adrindeli IX s. TariRdeba da im qristiani
    avtorebis Sromebma, romlebic ZiriTadad manis doqtrinis
    winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen. umniSvnelovanes Zegls warmoad-
    gens e.w. Acta Archelai, romelic maniqevelobis Sesaswavl
    erT-erT uZveles wyarod moiazreba, amitom oriod sity-
    viT SevCerdebiT masze.
    Acta Archelai Cvenamde nawilobriv berZnul, nawilobriv
    laTinur enaze moaRwia. mas ZiriTadad III s. bolosa da IV s.
    dasawyiss miakuTvneben. a.l. kaci Acta Archelai-s 296-303 ww.
    aTariRebs, Tvlis ra mas diokletianes mier maniqevlebis
    winaaRmdeg dawyebuli brZolis ideologiur dokumentad.
    h. piuSi da a. harnaki ki IV s. meore meoTxedSi nikeis I msof-
    lio krebis Semdgom periodSi Seqmnil Zeglad moiazreben.
    Acta Archelai-is mixedviT, SesaZlebeli xdeba manis mo-
    ZRvrebis socialuri aspeqtis Seswavla. Cven naSromis Si-
    naarsis gadmocemisagan Tavs SevikavebT. ubralod aRvniS-
    navT, rom am ZeglSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi na-
    wili. 1) swavleba dualizmis Sesaxeb, 2) kosmogoniuri miTi
    da 3) swavleba sulis Sesaxeb.
    manis sikvdilidan Zalian male maniqeveloba gavrcel-
    da saprokonsulo afrikaSi (Africa proconsularis), saidanac III s.
    70-iani wlebis bolos Sevida romis imperiaSi da, rogorc
    Cans, farTod moikida fexi. igi sinkretul religias warmo-
    adgenda, romelic aerTianebda iranul zoroastrizms, qris-
    tianobas (mis gnostikur formebSi), budizms da gviananti-
    kuri xanis filosofiur swavlebas. mani Tavis winamorbe-
    dad budas, zaratuStras da iesos Tvlida. maniqevelobis
    safuZvels samyaros dualisturi gageba warmoadgenda.
    manis moZRvreba yvelaze metad romis imperiis dabal
    fenebsa da soflis mosaxleobaSi gavrcelda, gansakuTre-
    100
    biT romis aRmosavleT provinciebSi. igi ainteresebda ga-
    naTlebul xalxsac, vinaidan Seicavda antikuri filoso-
    fiis, kerZod neoplatonizmis ideebsac, magram am moZRv-
    rebis saidumlo mistikurma ceremoniebma qveynis dawinau-
    rebul fenebSi fexi ver moikida.
    rogorc vxedavT, maniqeveloba Tavisi arsiT gansxvav-
    deboda romis imperiaSi arsebuli religiebisagan. amas
    emateba is faqtic, rom igi imperiaSi romis winaaRmdeg sa-
    omar moqmedebaSi myofi qveynidan Sedis, ris gamoc Se-
    saZloa imperatorma maniqeveloba Tavidanve aRiqva, ro-
    gorc qveynisaTvis miuRebeli moZRvreba, xolo misi mim-
    devrebi, rogorc imperiaSi arsebuli mexuTe kolona. Cven
    mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas ganamtkicebs maniqevelebis
    winaaRmdeg 297 w. 31 marts gamocemuli ediqti, romelic or
    saintereso moments Seicavda: 1) rom maniqeveloba romSi
    SeiWra sparseTidan da 2) rom igi meamboxeTa seqtaa, romel-
    mac jer kidev sparseTs miayena bevri boroteba (Cod. Greg.
    XIV,4). Tu Cven romis imperiaSi arsebul movlenaTa msvle-
    lobas Tvals gavadevnebT, davinaxavT, rom imperator di-
    okletianes mier 297 w. gamocemuli ediqti yovelive amis
    logikur Sedegs warmoadgenda, vinaidan arc erTi mo-
    azrovne qveynis mmarTveli ar dauSvebda imperiisaTvis
    miuRebeli religiis gavrcelebas Tavis samflobeloSi.
    Sedegad, manis mimdevrebi romSi kanongareSe gamocxaddnen
    da daiwyo maTi devna. zemoaRniSnuli ediqtis mixedviT,
    manis moZRvrebis Sesaxeb wignebi unda damwvariyo. sasu-
    liero pirni sasamarTloebs unda gadacemodnen da maRa-
    roebSi samuSaod gaegzavnaT. maTi qoneba ki konfiskacias
    daeqvemdebareboda.
    maniqevelobis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda ara marto impe-
    ria, aramed orTodoqsaluri qristianuli eklesiac. miu-
    xedavad imisa, rom manis moZRvreba damoukidebel reli-
    gias warmoadgenda, qristianuli eklesiis warmomadgen-
    lebi mas eresis (mwvaleblobis) saxeliT moixseniebdnen.
    mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs evsebi kesarielis `saeklesio isto-

    101
    ria“ (VII, 31), rac rig mkvlevarT safuZvels aZlevs iva-
    raudon, rom maniqeveloba romis imperiaSi qristianuli
    eresis formiT iyo gavrcelebuli.1

    1
    III s. bolosaTvis qristianul eklesiaSi ramdenime eresi ar-
    sebobda, rac qristianuli moZRvrebis ZiriTad dogmatur sakiT-
    xebze msjelobis Sedegs warmoadgenda. evsebi kesarielis mixed-
    viT, eresebi imperiaSi erTi meoris miyolebiT Cndeboda. fi-
    lastriusi Tavis TxzulebaSi `eresebis Sesaxeb“ qristianul
    eklesiaSi 150 eress iTvlida. eresebad moiazreboda yvela qris-
    tianuli religiuri seqta, romelic saeklesio dogmis winaaRm-
    deg gamodioda. maT ZiriTadad romis imperiis aRmosavleT pro-
    vinciebSi eyrebodaT safuZveli.
    eresul mimdinareobad iTvleboda iudeo-qristianoba — adre-
    qristianuli mimdinareoba, romelsac ierusalimSi eyreba safuZ-
    veli. ebionitebi da nazarevelebi — iudeo-qristianobis erT-
    erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebis mimdevrebi, Tvlidnen, rom mesia
    ukve movida, magram imavdroulad, saWiro iyo moses kanonebis
    dacva. montanizmi — Camoyalibda mcire aziaSi montanis mier II s.,
    romelic Tavs meored mosvlis mauwyeblad Tvlida. qadagebda
    samyaros dasasruls da 1000 wlovani samefos dasawyiss, aske-
    tizms. montanistebi Tavs adreqristianuli kavSirebis (Temebis)
    tradiciebis gamgrZeleblebad moiazrebdnen. gnosticizmi —
    warmoadgenda sxvadasxva gnostikuri jgufebis, seqtebis da
    eklesiebis gaerTianebas. novatianeloba — safuZveli eyreba
    romSi III s. saxeli eresis damaarseblis novatianes mixedviT mi-
    iRo. qristianuli eklesia yvelanairad ebrZoda mas. aRsaniSnavia
    is garemoeba, rom novatianelebs swavleba ar hqondaT gadmo-
    cemuli TavianT wignebSi. nestorianeloba — safuZveli romis
    aRmosavleT provinciebSi eyreba. isini Tvlidnen, rom ieso
    macxovrisagan damoukideblad arsebobda misi adamianuri buneba.
    aqve unda davasaxeloT monofizitoba, romlis mimdevrebic
    aRniSnavdnen, rom iesos hqonda ara ori buneba — RvTaebrivi da
    adamianuri, aramed mxolod erTi — RvTaebrivi. xeliasteloba —
    misi mimdevrebi aTaswleulis bolos elodnen meored mosvlas,
    romlis Semdegac dedamiwaze damyardeboda gancxromis aTas-
    wleuli. maT xelmZRvanelobda nepoti — egvipteli episkoposi.
    eklesia mTeli ZaliT ebrZoda mas. cnobilia dionise aleqsand-
    rielis Tavgamodebuli winaaRmdegobac, romelmac maT winaaRm-
    deg dawera `aRTqmis Sesaxeb“. arianeloba — safuZveli IV s. da-

    102
    evsebi eress, am SemTxvevaSi, maniqevelobis mimarT
    xmarobs mxolod imis gamo, rom mas Camoyalibebuli re-
    ligiis saxiT ar aRiqvams. xedavs ra maniqevelobaSi im re-
    ligiur sinkretizms, romelic manis moZRvrebis deda-
    azrSia Cadebuli. Zneli warmosadgenia romis imperiaSi
    mcxovreb xalxs, imperators da miTumetes qristianuli
    eklesiis winamZRvrebs erTmaneTSi areodaT qristianoba,
    romelsac ukve samsaukunovani istoria gaaCnda erTiani
    dedaeklesiiT, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
    religia iyo qveyanaSi da axladSemosuli manis moZRvreba,
    romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mravali religiis na-
    erTs warmoadgenda. amas emateboda is faqtic, rom maniqe-
    veloba Zveli da axali aRTqmis principebTan SeuTanxmeb-
    lobas qadagebda da uaryofda moses mkacr kanonebs, rom-
    lebsac mdidrebisas da SeZlebulebisas uwodebda. rom
    araferi vTqvaT manis damokidebulebaze ieso macxovri-
    sadmi. zogierT Tavis naSromSi igi mas cruwinaswarmety-
    vels uwodebda, zoggan iesos adamianad miiCnevda, romlis
    meSveobiTac RvTaebrivi qriste moqmedebda, zoggan ki
    aRniSnavda, rom ieso — adamiani saerTod ar arsebobda —
    iyo mxolod adamianis bundovani gamosaxulebiT arsebuli
    qristes RvTaebrivi suli.

    sawyisSi eyreba, saxelwodeba misi damaarseblis aleqsandrieli


    presviteris ariozisagan miiRo, romelic aRniSnavda, rom RvTa-
    ebriv samebaSi aris mxolod mama RmerTi, Svili (ieso) — mama Rmer-
    Tis qmnilebaa, romlisganac warmoiSva suli wminda. Svili ar
    SeiZleba mamis Tanaswori iyos. igi mamaze dabla dgas da mxolod
    misi msgavsia. ariozi gamodioda episkoposebis, marxvebisa da
    micvalebulebisaTvis locvebis winaaRmdeg. es mwvalebloba
    ZiriTadad gavrcelda qalaqis mosaxleobaSi. mis winaaRmdeg
    brZolis centrad egvipte iqca. arianelobis winaaRmdeg gamovida
    aTanase didi, romelmac nikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebaze
    wminda samebis dogma SeimuSava. arianelebi sabolood damarcxdnen
    381 w. konstantinopolis saeklesio krebaze da mravali sxva eresi.

    103
    IV s. dasawyisisaTvis dioklitianes religiuri poli-
    tikis sisuste sul ufro naTeli xdeboda. imperatorma
    TiTqmis 18 wlis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZlo Zveli romauli
    RvTaebebis wina planze wamoweva da imperiisaTvis erTiani
    religiis miwodeba, romelic qveynis ideologiur sayrde-
    nad iqceoda. amas daerTo romis sagareo mdgomareobis
    damZimeba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, xalxis gausaZlisi yofa ga-
    moiwvia. maniqevelebis devnasa da ganadgurebas qveynisaT-
    vis dadebiTi Zvrebi ar moutania. IV saukuneSi seqtaTa
    raodenoba araTu Semcirda, aramed axali mimdevrebic ki
    gaiCina. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, imavdroulad adgili
    hqonda sasaxlisa da provinciis aristokratiis intere-
    sebis Sejaxebas, ris gamoc orive mxare, gansakuTrebiT ki
    isini, vinc imperatoris uaxloes garemocvas warmoadgen-
    da, Tavisi poziciebis gansamtkiceblad mTeli ZaliT cdi-
    lobdnen diokletianeze zewolas. gulxeldakrefilni arc
    warmarTi qurumebi isxdnen, romlebsac kargad esmodaT,
    rom imperatori krizisidan gamosvlas qmediTi RonisZie-
    bebis gatarebaSi xedavda da yvelanairad cdilobdnen
    dartymis simZime maTTvis yvelaze `saSiS“ moZRvrebaze
    gadaetanaT. icodnen ra diokletianes crurwmenis Sesaxeb,
    kargad SeZles am sakiTxiT lavireba da sakuTari intere-
    sebis dacvis gamo qristianul eklesias mZime dartyma
    miayenes, rasac Sedegad qristianTa kidev erTi, yvelaze
    saSineli devna mohyva romis imperiaSi.
    maniqevelebis winaaRmdeg gamoqveynebuli ediqtidan
    6 wlis Semdeg, rodesac ramdenime maRali funqcionerisa
    da keisar galeriusis waqezebiT, xolo Semdgom apolonis
    orakulTan konsultaciis Sedegad, imperatori mivida im
    daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo bolo moeRo uRmerTobisaTvis
    imperiaSi da gadamwyveti brZola daiwyo qristianobis
    winaaRmdeg, romlisTvisac irCevs simboluri datvirTvis
    TariRs — 23 Tebervals, Zveli romauli dResaswaulis —
    terminalis dRes da 303 w. qmnis mniSvnelovani religiuri
    datvirTvis dokuments, romelic meore dRes 303 w. 24 Te-

    104
    bervals iqna gamoqveynebuli. masalis Sesaswavlad umniSv-
    nelovanes wyaros warmoadgens evsebi kesarielis `saekle-
    sio istoria“ da laqtanciusis "De mortibus persecutorum"
    (mdevnelebis sikvdilis Sesaxeb).
    diokletianes mier qristianTa devnis gamo romis isto-
    riis am monakveTs istoriografiaSi `wminda mowameTa era“
    ewoda.
    ediqtis mixedviT, eklesiebi unda dangreuliyo, saRv-
    To wignebi unda damwvariyo, xolo qristianebis qoneba
    konfiskacias daeqvemdebareboda. armiidan da saxelmwifo
    aparatidan idevneboda yvela viszec eWvi hqondaT, rom
    qristes rjulis aRmsarebeli iyo. ambobdnen, rom diokle-
    tianes meuRle prisca da qaliSvili valeriac iZulebulni
    iyvnen monawileoba mieRoT msxverplSewirvaSi, raTa maT
    qristianobaSi aravis Seetana eWvi. gaxurebuli devnis
    dros nikomediaSi, diokletianes sasaxleSi cecxli gaCnda,
    romelic qristianebs dabraldaT. istoria meordeboda.
    diokletianes sisastike qristianTa mimarT am ediqtiT
    ar Semofarglula. pirvels kidev ramdenime ufro damam-
    Zimebeli brZaneba mohyva II da III ediqtebis saxiT. II ediqtis
    Tanaxmad, yvela sasuliero piri unda daeWiraT, xolo III
    ediqtis mixedviT, msxverplSewirvaze Zlierdeboda kont-
    roli da sapatimroebidan Tavisufldebodnen is qristia-
    nebi, vinc msxverpli Sewires RmerTebs (evsebi, saeklesio
    istoria, VIII, 6:10), rac Seexeba danarCen morwmuneebs, isini
    saSinel wamebas ganicdidnen (evsebi, saeklesio istoria,
    VIII, 6:8).
    wyaroebidan CvenTvis cnobili ar aris am ori dadge-
    nilebis zusti TariRi. meore ediqts mecnierTa umetesoba
    303 w. aTariRebs. xolo mesames mkvlevarTa nawili 304 w. da-
    sawyisiT, nawili ki 303 w. 17 seqtembramde periods miakuTv-
    nebs. rac Seexeba meoTxe ediqts, igi pirveli ediqtis ga-
    mocemidan meore wels (Eusebius, Mart. Palest., 3,1) 304 wlis
    Semodgomaze gamodis, romelic mimarTuli iyo palestinis

    105
    gubernatorisadmi. `dae ganadgurdes sityva qristiani“ —
    "Nomen Christianorum de leto" , aRniSnuli iyo masSi.
    ediqtis SeqmnaSi didi roli iTamaSa galeriusma, vinai-
    dan im dros diokletiane avadmyofobda, saidanac ukve
    naTlad gamoCnda keisris (galeriusis) damokidebuleba am
    sakiTxisadmi. bolo ediqtis mixedviT, rogorc laqtanciu-
    si gadmogvcems (Lactance, Mort, Pers., 15,4), brundeboda de-
    ciusis procedurebi — imperiis yvela mcxovrebs msxverp-
    li unda Seewira warmarTi RvTaebebisaTvis. rogorc vxe-
    davT, qristianTa devnis organizatorebad romis aRmo-
    savleT provinciebis gamgeblebi — diokletiane da gale-
    riusi gvevlinebian.
    qristianTa devnis es yvelaze rTuli periodi daax-
    loebiT cxra wels 303-312 ww. grZeldeboda.1 aRsaniSnavia
    is garemoeba, rom devna, romelic samxedroebsa da sa-
    moqalaqo administracias Seexo, Tavidan ar atarebda iseT
    sastik xasiaTs, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi igi TandaTan
    izrdeboda da farTo masStabebs iRebda.
    sayuradReboa, rom qristes mimdevrebis devna Tavisi
    xasiaTisa da intensivobis mixedviT, gansxvavdeboda romis
    imperiis sxvadasxva provinciebSi. dasavleTSi, romelsac
    diokletianes kolega maqsimiane marTavda, gamoqveynebuli
    iyo mxolod erTi — pirveli ediqti. italiaSi, espaneTSi da
    Crdilo afrikaSi — maqsimianes samflobeloSi devnas adgi-
    li hqonda, magram ara iseTi sastiki formiT, rogorc
    aRmosavleTis provinciebSi da is ar gagrZelebula 304
    wlis iqiT, Tumca aqac dafiqsirebulia qristianTa wamebis
    SemTxvevebi, rolmelTa zusti ricxvis dadgena Zneldeba.
    romSi daiRupnen petre, marselini, sebastiani, agnesi da

    1
    samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT, qris-
    tianTa wameba 311 wlamde grZeldeboda, magram viTvaliswinebT
    ra imperiaSi Seqmnil situacias, miviCnevT, rom qristes mimde-
    varTa devnis dasasrulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 312 w. 28 oqtom-
    beri — konstantines maqsenciusze gamarjvebis TariRi.

    106
    sxv. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo omolasa da sirakuzSi. afri-
    kaSi cnobilia xalxis masebis egzekuciis SemTxvevebi, sa-
    dac bevri episkoposi iZulebuli iyo wirva SeeCerebina
    eklesiebSi, xolo wminda wignebi iZulebis wesiT gadaecaT
    damsjelTaTvis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini sikvdiliT
    isjebodnen, ris naTel dadasturebasac warmoadgens afri-
    kis episkoposis — feliqsis mkvleloba wminda wignebis ga-
    dacemaze uaris gamo. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom iyo Se-
    mTxvevebi, rodesac sasuliero pirni sruliad gansxvave-
    buli xasiaTis wignebs aZlevdnen damsjel razmebs, rom-
    lebic rig SemTxvevebSi, Tvals xuWavdnen am faqtebze.
    maqsimianes msgavsad iqceva konstancius I qlorusic,
    romelic Tavis mmarTvelobis adgilebSi, galiasa da bri-
    taneTSi mxolod pirvel ediqts aqveynebs.
    rac Seexeba romis aRmosavleT provinciebs, CvenTvis
    isini gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZenen im ubralo
    mizezis gamo, rom dasavleT saqarvelos teritoriis erTi
    nawili, kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebi (afsarunti, fazisi,
    sebastopolisi, pitiunti) Zv.w. 37 wlidan moyolebuli jer
    romis vasaluri saxelmwifos `polemonis pontos“ (kapa-
    dokiis pontos) SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen Seyvanilni, xolo
    polemon II sikvdilisa da am ukanasknelis samflobeloebis
    aneqsiis Semdeg, `provincia pontod“ gadaqcevis Sedegad
    ax.w. 63 wlidan imperiis Semadgeneli nawili gaxades da da-
    savleT saqarTvelos cixe-simagreebSi Caayenes pontoelTa
    garnizonebi, romlebic Semdgom romaelma legionerebma
    Secvales, ris gamoc romauli legionebi aRmosavleT Savi-
    zRvispireTis teritoriaze romis samxedro-sazRvao flo-
    tis sayrden punqts warmoadgendnen, ramac daaxloebiT sam
    saukunes gastana. aq saqme bevrad mZimed iyo. rogorc impe-
    ratori (diokletiane), ise keisari (galeriusi) daundob-
    lad eqceodnen qristianebs. isini TiTqos erTmaneTs ejib-
    rebodnen ediqtebis Seqmnasa da Sesrulebis simkacreSi.
    rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, diokletianes erT-erTi wamqe-

    107
    zebeli pirveli ediqtis gamocemaSi swored galeriusi iyo,
    romelic meoTxe ediqtis Tanaavtoradac gvevlineba.
    diokletianes mmarTvelobis qveS myof teritoriaze —
    egvipteSi, palestinaSi, siriaSi, pontoSi, qristianTa yve-
    laze Zlieri devnis faqtebia dafiqsirebuli, romelTac
    arnaxuli sisastike axlda Tan. ase magaliTad, 303 wlis 23
    aprils, paraskev dRes iqna dasjili giorgi kapadokieli.
    niSandoblivia rom qristianobamiRebuli romaeli legio-
    nerebi mTeli mesame saukunis manZilze ganicdidnen devnas.
    magaliTad, deciusis periodSi egvipteSi, galeriusis im-
    peratorobisas iudeaSi, magram diokletianesa da maqsi-
    mianes mmarTvelobisas isini yvelaze didi politikuri
    teroris qveS imyofebodnen. Teologebis mier aRiarebuli
    am devnis erTaderTi mizezi, aris is, rom armiaSi ukve aRar
    SeeZloT ganexorcielebinaT religiuri sinkretizmi, rome-
    lic aucilebeli iyo disciplinisaTvis. qristianTa RmerTi
    ar aRiarebda warmarTul ritualebs. imperators surda
    aekrZala is momTxovni morali, romelic jariskacebs agr-
    Znobinebda gansxvavebas maT da warmarTebs, qristes aRmsa-
    reblebsa da imperatoris kultis Tayvanismcemlebs Soris.
    ar aris gamoricxuli, rom eklesiis mamebi da Zveli qris-
    tianobis apologetebi SesaZloa aWarbebdnen, rodesac
    aRiarebdnen armiaSi eretikosebis simcires.
    qristianebis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli represiebi grZel-
    deboda. devnisagan arc arabeTi da mesopotamia iyo da-
    culi. Cven am regionebs kargad vicnobT wminda wignebis me-
    SveobiT, romlebSic dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili qristes
    mimdevarTa wamebis faqtebi.
    qristianTa devna-Seviwroeba mimdinareobda aRmosav-
    leT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebSic, rac arqeologiuri
    gaTxrebiTac dasturdeba. am mxriv, mniSvnelovan masalas
    warmoadgens Zveli pitiuntis teritoriaze, samarovnis
    ZiriTadi Txrilis centralur nawilSi, wriuli nagebobis
    kedlis nawilSi aRmoCenili adgilobrivi qviSa-qvis mono-

    108
    liTisagan damzadebuli stela, romelsac Ziri motexili
    hqonda. misi SerCenili maqsimaluri sigrZe 73,7sm. sigane
    30sm. monoliTis zeda nawilze amoWrilia oTxkuTxa 2,5sm.
    siRrmis foso 13,4sm X 7sm zomisa, romelSic Tavis mxriv,
    Taviseburi budea gakeTebuli 11 X 4,5sm. rkinis jvris Ca-
    sadgmeli. rkinisave jvari nawilobriv aris SemorCenili.
    jvriani bude saguldagulod daufaravT Rariani 0,7sm.
    sisqis kramitis naWrisagan gamoWrili specialuri 13sm X 7sm
    zomis sarqveliT, romelic kirxsnariT gamoulesavT. adgi-
    lobriv qristianebs jvris, qristianuli simbolos, rac
    Tavisi ideiT dakavSirebuli iyo qristes mowameobriv sikv-
    dilTan, ucxo Tvalisagan, warmarTebisagan damalva sur-
    daT. rogorc g. lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs, SesaZlebelia Ta-
    vis droze stela faruli qristianis samarxze iyo aRmar-
    Tuli, mogvianebiT ki, rogorc saamSeneblo masala, moxvda
    ucnobi daniSnulebis mxares nagebobis wriul kedelSi, ise
    rom mSenebelisaTvis misi saidumlo arc ki gamxdara
    cnobili. g. lorTqifaniZe stelas milanis 313 wlis ediq-
    tamde diokletianes imperatorobis periodiT aTariRebs.
    Cveni azriT, stelaSi Cadebuli jvris arqaulobidan da im
    faqtidan gamomdinare, rom samarovani ukve III s. inten-
    siurad iyo dasaxlebuli, romelzec yoveli mexuTe samar-
    xi qristianebs ekuTvnodaT, da rom amave saukunis Sua
    xanebSi qristianebi aranakleb devnasa da Seviwrovebas ga-
    nicdidnen, stela SesaZlebelia III s. Sua xanebiT — deciu-
    sisa (249-251 ww.) da valerianes (253-260 ww.) imperatorobis
    periodiT daTariRdes.
    sagulisxmoa is garemoeba, rom 303-304 ww. gamoqveyne-
    buli ediqtebis Sedegad, gamowveul devnas didi wina-
    aRmdegoba xvdeboda morwmuneTa mxridan. magram iyo e.w.
    `gadacemis“, `Cabarebis“ (laTinuri — "traditio") faqtebi, ro-
    melmac, Tavis mxriv, `Cambareblebis“ winaaRmdeg mimar-
    Tuli moZraoba warmoSva, ramac sabolood donatistebis
    didi sqizmis (berZnuli — σχίσμα, ganxeTqileba) saxe miiRo.

    109
    romis imperia ax.w. IV s. dasawyisSi da qristianebi

    305 wlis 1 maiss diokletiane da maqsimiane gadadgnen.


    axali keisrebis daniSvna diokletianem galeriuss miando,
    romelmac dasavleTis keisrad flavius valerius severusi
    (305-307 ww.), xolo aRmosavleTisad valerius maqsimine da-
    za (305-313 ww.) daniSna, riTac, Tavis mxriv, ukmayofiloni
    iyvnen, rogorc maqsimiane, ise konstancius I qlorusi,
    vinaidan maT Svilebs maqsenciuss da konstantines gverdi
    auares. Tu am faqts imasac davumatebT, rom maqsimiane Tvi-
    Ton iyo ukmayofilo Tavisi naxevradiZulebiTi gadadgomiT,
    saxeze gveqneba tetrarqiis swrafi msxvrevis yvela piroba.
    306 wlis 25 ivliss, avgustusis titulis miRebidan me-
    camete Tves, britaneTis kaledoniaSi Sotlandieli tome-
    bis piktebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad wasuli konstan-
    cius I qlorusi eborakumSi (Eboracum, Eburacum — iorki) gar-
    daicvala. jarma avgustusad da imperatorad maSinve misi
    Svili pirveli coli elenesagan — konstantine gamoacxada.
    galeriusi iZulebuli iyo kostantine jer keisrad, xolo
    Semdeg avgustusad eRiarebina. TiTqmis imavdroulad brZo-
    laSi maqsimiane Caeba, romelmac gadawyvita gamoeyenebina
    romSi severusebis mimarT arsebuli ukmayofileba da ke-
    isrobis kandidatad Tavisi Svili maqsenciusi wamoayena.
    igi im droisaTvis ukve galeriusis siZe iyo.
    maqsenciusma isargebla ra romis senatis, romSi mdgari
    pretorianelebisa da romaeli aristokratebis ukmayofi-
    lebiT, ajanyeba daiwyo. pretorianelebma mokles romis pre-
    feqti da imperatorad maqsenciusi gamoacxades. Svilis way-
    lobiT maqsimiane kvlav saxelmwifo saTaveSi moeqca, gamo-
    acxada ra Tavi avgustusad, ris Sedegsac imperiis saTaveSi
    myofi eqvsi xelmwife — galeriusi, maqsimiane, maqsimine
    daza, konstantine, severusi da maqsenciusi warmoadgenda.
    daiwyo xangrZlivi brZola, romlis drosac severusma,
    maqsimianesa da maqsenciusis daxmarebiT Tavi moikla (307 w.
    Tebervali). galeriusma mis adgilze valerius licianus

    110
    liciniusi (308-324 ww.) daniSna, miando ra iliriis marTva,
    sul male maqsimine daza (305-313 ww.) Tavs avgustusad acxa-
    debs, rasac galeriusi iZulebuli iyo daTanxmeboda. ase
    rom 308 wlisaTvis imperiaSi oTxi kanonieri avgustusi iyo
    — galeriusi, konstantine, liciniusi da maqsimine daza,
    romelTac ematebaT arakanonieri keisari romSi — maq-
    senciusi da uzurpatori afrikaSi — licius domicius
    aleqsandre (308-311 ww.). igi Tavis mxriv, maqsenciuss eda-
    veboda Zalauflebas.
    311 wlisaTvis galeriusi mixvda, rom avgutusebs Soris
    ufrosi liciniusi darCa. 312w maqsenciusma afrikeli
    uzurpatoris likvidacia moaxdina, Seekra ra maqsimine
    dazas liciniusisa da kostantines winaaRmdeg. rac Seexeba
    konstantines, igi 312 wlamde TiTqmis ar iRebda samoqa-
    laqo omSi monawileobas da did yuradRebas uTmobda
    armiis gawvrTnas, rac italiaSi, pos xeobaSi, misi SeWris
    dros maqsenciusis armiis ganadgurebis mizezi xdeba. Sem-
    deg konstantine romSi gaemgzavra da dedaqalaqis maxlob-
    lad maqsenciusi kidev erTxel daamarcxa. gaqceuli maq-
    senciusi md. tibrSi daixrCo 312 w. 28 oqtombers.
    maqsenciusis damarcxebis Semdeg konstantine didi zei-
    miT Sevida romSi da maqsenciusis samflobeloebi (italia,
    afrika da espaneTi), Tavisas (galia da britaneTi) SeuerTa.
    imave wels, konstantinesa da liciniusis milanSi Sexvedris
    Semgom, xelmoweril iqna milanis cnobili ediqti.
    qveyanaSi arsebuli aseTi aramyari politikuri situa-
    cia, romlis drosac mTeli datvirTva xalxis masebze mo-
    dioda, ra Tqma unda, gavlenas iqoniebda imperiaSi arsebul
    religiur mdgomareobaze, romlis erT-erT umniSvnelo-
    vanes sakiTxs imperiasa da qristes rjulis aRmsarebel
    xalxs Soris urTierToba warmoadgenda.
    kvlav sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda aRmosavleT
    da dasavleT provinciebi, rasac avgustusebis pirov-
    nebebTan erTad provinciebSi arsebuli politikuri si-
    tuacia ganapirobebda. Tumca qristianTa devna dasavleT

    111
    provinciebSic grZeldeboda (galia, britaneTi, espaneTi),
    romelTac yvelaze metad Seexo avgustusebis brZola
    pirvelobisaTvis. 305 wlis bolomde igi aq mainc Sesus-
    tebul xasiaTs atarebda da axlos ver midioda aRmosav-
    leTis provinciebSi arsebul situaciasTan. aRsaniSnavia
    is faqtic, rom wyaroebSi qristianTa devnis SemTxvevebi aq
    308, 309 da 310 wlebSic fiqsirdeba, ris mizezsac ufro
    politikuri sakiTxi warmoadgenda da ara maTi religiuri
    kuTvnileba. amis naTel magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Crdi-
    lo afrika, sadac qristes mimdevarTa devna-Seviwrovebis
    avtorad uzurpatori domicius aleqsandre (308-311 ww.)
    gvevlineba. swored amis gamo, aq qristianTa devnis dasas-
    rulad misi sikvdilis TariRia miCneuli.
    aRmosavleTSi piriqiT, politikuri situaciis stabi-
    luroba mmarTvelebs saSualebas aZlevda meti yuradReba
    daeTmoT religiuri sakiTxisaTvis da gaegrZelebinaT qris-
    tes mimdevarTa devna. galeriusi agrZelebs arc Tu didi
    xnis win dawerili ediqtebis gamoqveynebas. Sedegad, aq qris-
    tianTa daWerisa da wamebis SemTxvevebi grZeldeba, rasac
    misi memkvidris maqsimine dazas pirovneba emateba, romelic
    kidev ufro energiulad axorcielebs qristianTa devnas.
    galeriusi jer kidev keisrobis periodidian moyole-
    buli iseTive sisastikiT eqceoda qristianebs, rogorc
    Tavis droze diokletiane. cnobilia meziaSi, makedoniaSi,
    dalmaciaSi, panoniaSi momxdari qristianTa masobrivi wa-
    mebis SemTxvevebi. qristianebis, am monoTeisturi religi-
    is mimdevrebis aqtiuri devna imperiaSi 311 wlamde grZel-
    deboda. aRmosavleTis im provinciebSi, romlebic Cabare-
    buli hqonda maqsimine dazas, SeiZleba iTqvas, gaZlierda
    kidec qristianTa devna, ris mizezadac maqsimine dazas
    religiuri fanatizmi gvevlineba, romelmac, am sakiTxSi,
    Tavis biZas sagrZnoblad gadaaWarba. amis naTel magaliTs
    jer kidev 306 w. maqsimine dazas mier yvela qalaqis ma-
    gistratisadmi gagzavnili werilebi warmoadgens, romleb-
    Sic igi miTiTebebs iZleoda imis Taobaze, rom saWiro iyo

    112
    yvela mcxovrebs aucileblad Seewira msxverpli RmerTe-
    bisaTvis. im qristianebs, romlebic uars ityodnen brZane-
    bis damorCilebaze klavdnen. ufro xSirad mainc adamianTa
    wamebis da damaxinjebis SemTxvevebia dafiqsirebuli, rac
    maqsimine dazas sabrZanebloSi karga xans grZeldeboda.
    311 wlis aprilis bolosaTvis qristianebis Sesaxeb azri
    ecvleba mis erT-erT upirveles mters galeriuss, rome-
    lic iyo ra seriozulad avad ucnobi, momakvdinebeli se-
    niT da xedavda ra moaxloebul aRsasruls, gardacvale-
    bamde erTi kviriT adre, 311 wlis 30 aprils aqveynebs meo-
    re monoTeisturi religiis Sewyalebis sagangebo ediqts,
    romlis teqsti Cawerili laqtanciusis mier, Tavis berZ-
    nuli TargmaniT Semonaxulia evsebi kesarielis `saeklesio
    istoriaSi“ (VIII,17).
    ediqti gamoqveynebuli iyo oTxi imperatoris — gale-
    riusis, konstantines, liciniusisa da maqsimine dazas saxe-
    liT. miuxedavad imisa, rom maqsimine daza Cvenamde moRweul
    teqstSi ar fiqsirdeba, mainc savaraudoa, rom misi xel-
    mowera iqneboda, rogorc imperiis erT-erTi Tanagamgeblisa.
    es dokumenti iwyeba im faqtis aRiarebiT, rom qris-
    tianTa devna samarTliani iyo. `qristianebma daimsaxures
    dasja, radgan uari Tqves winaparTa kultebze, magram vi-
    naidan uZlurni varT aRmovfxraT maTi sijiute — iZule-
    bulni varT davuTmoT“ — aRniSnulia brZanebaSi.
    ediqti qristes mimdevrebs TavianTi kultis Tayvanis-
    cemisa da Sekrebebis aRdgenis nebas aZlevda im SemTxvevaSi
    Tuki igi qveynis simSvides ar daarRvevda — dae, iyvnen
    qristianebi da aSenebdnen TavSeyris adgilebs, raTa maT
    araferi gaakeTon sazogadoebrivi wesrigis winaaRmdeg
    (VIII,17) — Cawerilia brZanebaSi. es tolerantuli ediqti si-
    cocxles unarCunebda da itanda maT (qristianebs) rogorc
    aucilebel borotebas.
    brZanebis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT,
    rom mis Semdgenels, xedavda ra qristianobisaTvis dama-
    xasiaTebel prozelitizms, aRelvebda is faqti, rom qris-

    113
    tes mimdevrebs propaganda ar gaewiaT sakuTari reli-
    giisaTvis. rogorc ediqtidan Cans, galeriusisaTvis am
    brZanebis gamocema iZulebiT nabijs warmoadgenda da ara
    qristianebisaTvis raime uflebebis micemis survils, ra-
    sac misi cxovrebac adasturebs. galeriuss ar uyvarda axa-
    li RmerTi da misi mimdevrebi. momakvdinebeli senis Sey-
    raSic ki igi qristianTa RmerTs adanaSaulebda.
    SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es ediqti galeriusma kons-
    tantines gavleniT Seadgina. ramdenad Caeria am sakiTxSi
    konstantine Zneli saTqmelia, magram arc am faqtis gamo-
    ricxva SeiZleba, vinaidan arsebuli oTxi imperatoridan
    swored konstantine iyo qristianebis mimarT loialurad
    ganwyobili. galeriusis mier 311 wels gamocemuli ediqti
    namdvilad iZulebiT xasiaTs atarebs, romelic, Sedgeni-
    lia raRac auxsneli, Seucnobeli SiSis qveS myofi ada-
    mianis mer, razec brZanebis bolo nawili migvaniSnebs, ro-
    melSic galeriusi qristianebisagan moiTxovs SeTxovon
    TavianT RmerTs misi janmrTeloba da respublikis keTil-
    dReoba (evsebi, saeklesio istoria, VIII,17), rac TavisTavad
    qristes aRiarebis tolfasia.
    am brZanebis istoriuli mniSvneloba fasdaudebelia,
    vinaidan igi saxelmwifos mier qristianebis SerigebisaT-
    vis gadadgmul pirvel nabijad gvevlineba, romelic SeiZ-
    leba aRqmul iqnas, rogorc saxelmwifosa da qristianul
    eklesias Soris dadebul pirvel oficialur SeTanxmebad,
    rac sabolood nikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebaze da-
    gvirgvinda 325 w.
    311 wlis ediqtis gamoqveynebis Semdgom romis imperiis
    TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze qristianebis devna SeCerda, gar-
    da maqsimine dazas sambrZaneblo olqebisa, sadac avgustusma
    (maqsimine daza) misi gamoqveyneba saWirod ar CaTvala.
    galeriusis sikvdilis Semdeg, 311 w. 5 maiss, imperiis
    aRmosavleTi nawili Suaze gaiyves maqsimine dazam da
    liciniusma. pirvels ergo aziuri provinciebi da egvipte.
    meores — balkaneTi da dunaispireTi. SeTanxmeba garegnu-

    114
    lad TiTqos mSvidobian iers atarebda, magram sinamdvi-
    leSi orive mrZanebels erTmaneTTan saomrad samxedro
    Zalebi hyavda gamagrebuli bosforsa da helespontze. maq-
    simine dazas — aziidan, liciniuss — evropidan.
    maqsimine dazam 311 wlis Semodgomidan (noemberi) kvlav
    aqtiurad gaagrZela qristianTa devna. akrZala maTi sasaf-
    laoebze (sarkofagebze), eklesiebSi Sekreba. ganaxlda
    qristianTa wamebac. ucnobia sadamde gastanda misi aseTi
    TavzexelaRebuli saqcieli, rom ara kvlav politikuri
    situacia, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, mxsnelad moevlina
    qristes mimdevrebs. male igi maqsimine dazas sawinaaRmde-
    god Seicvala, rac konstantinesa da liciniusis daaxloe-
    bam gamoiwvia. liciniusi SeuerTda konstantines da kavSi-
    ris gansamtkiceblad colad misi da konstanca SeirTo.
    maqsimine dazas mier qristianTa devna savaraudod 312 w.
    28 oqtombramde, maqsenciusis — misi mokavSiris gardacva-
    lebamde gagrZelda. Semdeg, man Seafasa ra qveyanaSi arse-
    buli situacia, mixvda, rom ori avgustusis — konstanti-
    nesa da liciniusis pirispir marto aRmoCnda (isini am mo-
    mentisaTvis mokavSireebi iyvnen), iZulebuli iyo Tavis
    sambrZanebloSic gamoeqveynebina 311 wlis ediqti da for-
    marulad mainc daenebebina Tavi meore monoTeisturi re-
    ligiis mimdevrebisaTvis.

    konstantine I didi (306-337 ww.) da qristianoba


    nikeis 325 w. I msoflio saeklesio krebamde

    es ToTxmetwliani monakveTi 311-325 ww. gansakuTrebiT


    saintereso periods warmoadgens romis istoriaSi, romlis
    drosac qristianoba devnili religiidan ara marto Tana-
    sworuflebiani religiis rangSi avida, aramed gabatone-
    buli adgilic daikava, raSic gadamwyveti roli romis
    imperator konstantines eniWeba, marTlac udides pirov-
    nebas, romelmac Tavisi Tanmimdevruli politikiT Sedare-
    biT umtkivneulod moaxerxa es.
    115
    konstantine iyo ra bunebiT religiuri (evsebi kesarie-
    li mas Tavisi dedis elenes gaqristianebasac ki miawers –
    Vita Constantini, III, 13), sifrTxiles iCens da mxolod sicocx-
    lis bolos inaTleba. mas kargad esmoda, rom igi im qveynis
    imperatori iyo, romelic sam kontinentze iyo gadaWimuli,
    romelSic uamravi warmarTuli kulti arsebobda da pir-
    veli monoTeisturi religiis mimdevrebi cxovrobdnen.
    konstantines survilic rom hqonoda, mxolod qristianTa
    imperatori ver iqneboda. igi calkeul kultebze da reli-
    giebze maRla idga, Tumca ki misi cxovreba sulieri moq-
    cevidan 312 w. 27. X. moyolebuli am pirveli msoflio mono-
    Teisturi religiis gaZlierebisa da gavrcelebisaTvis
    brZolas warmoadgenda, rac naTlad warmoCinda konstan-
    tinesa da im periodSi misi mokavSiris liciniusis mier
    Sedgenil milanis ediqtSi 313 w., romelic galeriusis
    ediqtisagan ara marto datvirTviT, aramed saerTo xa-
    siaTiTac gansxvavdeboda.
    upirvelesad aRvniSnavT, rom ediqtis originali Cve-
    namde moRweuli ar aris. igi ar gvxvdeba arc Codex Theodosia-
    nus-Si (438 w.).1 brZaneba SemorCenilia mxolod laqtanciu-
    sis TxzulebaSi "De mortibus persecutorum" da evsebi kesarie-
    lis mier laTinuridan berZnulad Targmnil dokumenteb-
    Si, romlebic moTavsebulni arian `saeklesio istoriis“ X
    wignSi, rogorc saimperatoro dadgenilebis aslebi. aqve
    aRvniSnavT imasac, rom milanis ediqtis gamoqveynebamde
    erTi wliT adre 312 w. maqsenciusze gamarjvebis wels,
    konstantine aqveynebs ediqts, romelic bolos uRebs qris-
    tianTa devnas da aniWebs maT RvTismsaxurebis uflebas. es
    dokumenti samwuxarod SemorCenili ar aris.

    1
    pirvelad kodeqsebis wigni e.w. Codex Gregorianus, romelic
    adreanedan moyolebuli yvela kanons (konstituciebs) Seicavda,
    Sedgenil iqna diokletianes periodSi 294 w. meore kodeqsi e.w.
    Codex Hermogenianus ki konstantines imperatorobis dros 314 w.

    116
    Cven ar SevudgebiT dawvrilebiT milanis ediqtis teqs-
    tis gadmocemas, ubralod aRvniSnavT, rom igi SeiZleba or
    nawilad gaiyos. pirveli, romelSic religiuri aRmsareb-
    lobis Tavisuflebazea saubari. kerZod, rom amieridan
    TiToeuls SeeZlo im religiis mimdevari yofiliyo, rom-
    lisac surda da rom es Tavisufleba SeuzRudavi iqneboda
    (Liberam aqute), spobdnen ra yvela manamde arsebul SezRud-
    vas da meore, romelic qristianebis qonebriv, sazogadoeb-
    riv, kerZo Tu pirad uflebebze mogviTxrobs. qristes
    mimdevrebs ubrundebodaT maTi devnis dros warTmeuli
    qoneba, eklesiebi, sasaflaoebi. kerZo pirebs ki, romelTac
    saxelmwifom Tavis droze aCuqa eklesiebis qoneba, usas-
    yidlod unda daebrunebinaT igi. saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv,
    imeds iZleoda, Tu warmarTebis moTxovna samarTliani
    iqneboda, xazina maT zarals aunazRaurebda.
    313 wlis milanis ediqtis Seqmnisa da mniSvnelobis Se-
    saxeb, romlis mixedviTac qristianuli sarwmunoeba sxvaTa
    Tanabar uflebebSi dgeboda da saxelmwifos gansakuTre-
    buli mzrunvelobis qveS imyofeboda, gansxvavebuli azri
    arsebobs, Tumca erTi SexedviT, igi TiTqos yvelasaTvis
    naTeli unda iyos. zogierTi mkvlevari am brZanebis Sefa-
    sebisas movlenebs win uswrebs da misi gamoqveynebis Ta-
    riRs romis imperiaSi qristianobis oficialur religiad
    gamoqveynebis TariRad miiCnevs. zogi ki am ediqtis gamoqvey-
    nebas potenciuri monoTeizmis mosvlis tolfasad aRiqvams.
    Zneli warmosadgenia konstantines qristianTa yvelaze
    sastiki devnis dasasrulidan sul cota xanSi, niadagis
    momzadebis gareSe, qristianoba qveyanaSi gabatonebul re-
    ligiad gamoecxadebina, vinaidan, rogorc cnobilia, am mo-
    noTeisturi religiis mimdevrebis devnis erT-erT mizezs
    imperiis mosaxleobis im nawilis ganwyoba warmoadgenda,
    romelTac qristianebis mimarT rig SemTxvevebSi, SemorCe-
    nili hqondaT siZulvili. pirveli qristiani imperatoris
    siZliere swored mis mier situaciis swor gaTvlasa da
    ubadlo analizSi mdgomareobda.

    117
    Cven davadgineT, mivceT qristianebsa da sxva reli-
    giuri mrwamsis matarebelT Tavisuflad aRiaron is reli-
    gia, romelsac isini aniWeben upiratesobas. amieridan Cven,
    qristanebs uflebas vaZlevT daicvan TavianTi mrwamsi —
    aRniSnulia ediqtSi. konstantine da liciniusi brZanebaSi
    ramdenjerme imeoreben erTsa da imave azrs, rom isini
    Cuqnian qristianebs da yvela sxva religiuri aRmsareb-
    lobis xalxs Tavisuflebas. teqstSi arsad ar aris saubari
    imis Sesaxeb, rom qristianoba sxva religiebze maRla idga
    da upiratesoba eniWeboda. imperatorebi ediqtiT Riad
    acxadebdnen, rom amieridan TiToeuls miecemoda ufleba
    im religiis mimdevari yofiliyo, romlisac surda da rom
    es Tavisufleba SeuzRudavi iqneboda.
    cnobilia, rom saxelmwifoSi religia nacionalobis
    gamovlenis erT-erT TvalsaCino saxes warmoadgenda. Ti-
    Toeul qveyanas sakuTar kanonebTan erTad sakuTari RvTa-
    ebebic gaaCnda, romlis uaryofac SeuZlebeli iyo moqa-
    laqeobis uaryofis gareSe. ikrZaleboda ucxo religiebis
    daSvebac. manam, sanam adgilobrivi religiebis saxelmwi-
    foebi arsebobdnen, arc erT saxelmwifo mmarTvels ar
    mosvlia azrad gamoeyenebina religiuri Semwynareblobis
    kanoni. TviT udidesi moazrovneebic ki amis sastiki wi-
    naaRmdegni iyvnen. magaliTad platoni — gavixsenoT misi
    e.w. Sophronistere (sapyrobile) da ciceroni — erT-erTi yve-
    laze Tavisufali pirovneba, romelic aRniSnavda, rom ara-
    vis hqonda ufleba yoloda cal-calke RmerTebi, eRia-
    rebina Sereuli kultebi, Tu saxelmwifo ar miiRebda maT.
    TviT romSic, sadac yvela warmarTi kulti misaRebi
    iyo da erTi SexedviT ar ebrZodnen monoTeistur reli-
    giebsac ki (amis sxvadasxva mizezebi arsebobda), religiuri
    Tanasworobis idea warmoudgeneli fufuneba iyo (am SemTx-
    vevaSi saubari gvaqvs swored Tanasworuflebianobaze da
    ara saxelmwifoSi romelime religiis daSvebaze). TviT ise-
    Ti toleranti imperatori, rogoric aleqsandre severusi

    118
    iyo da qristianebis mimarT garkveul simpaTiasac ki amJRav-
    nebda, religiur Tanasworuflebianobaze ar saubrobs.
    Tu 311 wlis galeriusis brZaneba ZiriTadad qristia-
    nebis devnis Sewyvetisaken iyo mimarTuli, 313 wlis mila-
    nis ediqts qristianoba ukve sxva religiebis rangSi ahyav-
    da da ara umetes amisa. rogorc aRvniSneT, milanis ediqtis
    mixedviT, romis imperiaSi pirvelad iqna oficialurad
    aRiarebuli religiuri Tavisufleba.
    Cven am brZanebis istoriul da religiur mniSvnelobas
    namdvilad ar vayenebT Crdils, magram, Cveni azriT, igi
    SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes im erT-erT oficialur dokumen-
    tad, warmarTobidan qristianobaze gadasvlis erT-erT
    SemaerTebel rgolad, romelsac konstantine Tanmimdev-
    ruli politikiT axorcielebda am wlebSi (311-325 ww.) —
    galeriusis ediqtidan moyolebuli nikeis I msoflio sa-
    eklesio krebamde. Sesabamisad, Secdoma iqneboda milanis
    ediqtis calke, damoukideblad ganxilva mis gamoqveyne-
    bamde da gamoqveynebis Semgom momxdari movlenebis gaana-
    lizebis gareSe.
    konstantine didma milanis ediqtiT pirvelad gailaSq-
    ra arsebuli kanonebis winaaRmdeg da yvela erT rangSi da-
    ayena, riTac safuZveli Cauyara monoTeisturi saxelmwi-
    fos Camoyalibebas, razec mis mier SemdgomSi gadadgmuli
    nabijebi metyveleben. pirveli rasac igi akeTebs aris is,
    rom qristianul Temebs, klirebs da saeklesio nagebobebs
    mTel rig SeRavaTebs aZlevs. Codex Theodosianus (XVI, 2, 1:7)
    vigebT, rom 313 w. konstantine klirebs aTavisuflebs de-
    kurionatis simZimisagan. 315 w. brZanebiT, romliTac
    mtkicdeba saimperatoro domenis (resprivatae) gaTavisufle-
    ba saxazino gadasaxadisagan. mis Tanabrad ayenebs ekle-
    siebs ecclesial catholical saeklesio saojaxo samRvdeloebis
    sawinaaRmdegod. 319 w. kliris wevrebs yvela gadasaxadidan
    aTavisuflebs. imave 319 w. episkoposebs eniWebaT iuris-
    prudencia samoqalaqo saqmeebSi, ris Sedegadac yvela
    qristians SeeZlo Tavisi saqmis gadatana episkoposis sa-
    119
    samarTloSi, Cveulobrivi sasamarTlo instanciis gverdis
    avliT. 319 welsve akrZalul iqna monaTa gaTavisuflebis
    axali forma eklesiaSi episkoposis winaSe da qristianuli
    religiidan gamomdinare, kvira — `RvTis dRe“ romSi ofi-
    cialuri `dasvenebis dRed“ gamocxadda. imave wels ekle-
    siebs gansakuTrebuli ufleba miecaT SeeZinaT anderZiT
    damtkicebuli qoneba. 323 w. brZanebiT ki aikrZala qris-
    tianebisaTvis warmarTul ritualebSi monawileobis Zal-
    dataneba. Tu aqamde eklesiebi Tavad qristianTa Sewiru-
    lobaTa xarjiT igeboda, 324 wlis Semdeg konstantine
    eklesiebis aSenebas samefo xazinis saxsrebiT akanonebs. ase
    rom, mxolod am RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdgom SegviZ-
    lia qristianTa privilegirebul da gabatonebul mdgoma-
    reobaze saubari, rasac Sedegad 325 wlis nikeis I msoflio
    saeklesio kreba mohyva.

    120
    daskvna

    pirveli saukunidan moyolebuli saxelmwifo oficia-


    lur religiad gamocxadebamde, qristianobis istoria ram-
    denime periodad SegviZlia davyoT. pirveli etapi moicavs
    30-125 w. es aris periodi qristianobis swrafi gavrcelebi-
    sa da qristianuli Temebis progresuli emansipaciisa iu-
    daizmTan mimarTebaSi, romlis wiaRSic igi aRmocenda.
    meore etapi grZeldeba 125-250 ww., romlis drosac xdeba
    eklesiebis erTian dedaeklesiasTan SeerTeba. es aris pir-
    veli didi eresebis (gnosticizmi, markioneloba, montaniz-
    mi da sxv.) aRmocenebis epoqa, rodesac episkoposebis, rwme-
    nis konfesiebis, bibliis kanonebi wesdeba. mesame etapi mo-
    icavs 250-325 ww., romelic qristianobis ubralo trans-
    formaciiT xasiaTdeba. am periods emTxveva qristianebis
    saSineli devna imperiaSi, romelsac adgili hqonda III s. me-
    ore naxevarsa da IV s. dasawyisSi.
    romis imperiaSi pirveli qristianuli Temebis aRmoce-
    neba ieso macxovarsa da qristes mociqulTa misionerul
    saqmianobas ukavSirdeba, romlebic ZiriTadad iudeur mo-
    saxleobaSi qadageben. ierusalimis krebis Semdgom, qris-
    tianuli Temebi warmarTebSic iwyeben aRmocenebas.
    I-III ss. qristianoba romis aRmosavleT provinciebSi
    ikidebs fexs. dasavleT provinciebSi, gansakuTrebiT mis
    Sida regionebSi mogvianebiT Sedis.
    qristianoba warmatebiT sargeblobda, rogorc romis
    imperiis dedaqalaqis (sadac mesame saekunis Sua xanebSic ki
    qristianuli Temi berZnuli iyo da romis pirveli episko-
    posebic berZnebi iyvnen), ise misi aRmosavleTis provincie-
    bis mosaxleobas Soris. qristes mimdevrebi didi raodeno-
    121
    biT iyvnen zRvis piras ganlagebul qalaqebSic. mebrZoli
    mesianizmis ngrevam xeli Seuwyo qristianobis gavrcele-
    bas, ramac movlenebi daaCqara da am monoTeisturma reli-
    giam romis TiTqmis yvela provinciaSi moikida fexi. ase
    rom III s. bolosa da IV s. dasawyisisaTvis es moZRvreba ro-
    mis imperiaSi erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul religias
    warmoadgenda.
    pirveli saukunidan moyolebuli qristianobis saxelm-
    wifo oficialur religiad gamocxadebamde romis impe-
    riaSi qristianTa devnis raodenoba aTiT ganisazRvreba da
    aT imperators miewereba, Tumca romSi am dros qristianTa
    gacilebiT bevr darbevas hqonda adgili. qristianobis am-
    krZalavi specialuri kanoni imperiaSi I-II ss. ar arsebobda,
    ubralod, provinciis mmarTvelebs ufleba hqondaT mice-
    muli sakuTari Sexedulebebis mixedviT emoqmedaT.
    romi III saukuneSi SeiZleba iTqvas, mixvda, rom qristia-
    nuli eklesia sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeboda da saxelm-
    wifoSi saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, rac imperiis mamebis
    azriT, qveynis Zlierebas aryevda. roms unda emoqmeda da
    arc ayovnebda. 202 w. septimius severusis kanoniT, aikrZa-
    la qristianobasa da iudaizmze gadasvla.
    am monoTeisturi religiis mimdevrebis mdgomareoba
    gansakuTrebiT damZimda mesame saukunis Sua xanebidan, ro-
    desac ukve imperatorTa oficialuri brZanebiT xdeboda
    qristianebis devna saxelmwifos mier (deciusis 249-250 ww.
    ediqti, valerianes 257 w. VIII — 258 w. VIII 2 ediqti da dio-
    kletianes mier 303-304 ww. gamocemuli 4 ediqti).
    qristianobis istoriaSi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas
    iZens 311-325 ww., rodesac igi devnili religiidan ara mar-
    to Tanasworuflebiani religiis rangSi avida, aramed ga-
    batonebuli adgili daikava romis imperiaSi, raSic ga-
    damwyveti roli imperator konstantine I eniWeba, romel-
    mac Tavisi Tanamimdevruli politikiT SedarebiT umtkiv-
    neulod moaxerxa es.

    122
    romis imperatorTa nusxa

    oqtaviane avgustusi — Zv.w. 27-ax.w.14 (Caesar Augustus)


    tiberiusi — 14-37 ww. (Ti.Caesar Augustus)
    kaligula — 37-41 ww. (C. Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
    klavdiusi (I) — 41-54 ww. (Ti. Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
    neroni — 54-68 ww. (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
    galba — 68-69 ww. (Ser.Sulpicius Galba Caesar Augustus)
    otoni — 69 w. (M. Otho Caesar Augustus)
    viteliusi — 69 w. (A. Vitellius Augustus imp. Germanicus)
    vespasiane — 69-79 ww. (Caesar Vespasianus Augustus)
    titusi — 71-81 ww. (71-79 ww. vespasianes Tanamosaydre, Caesar
    Titus Vespasianus Augustus)
    domiciane I — 81-96 ww. (Domitianus Caesar Augustus)
    nerva — 96-98 ww. (Caesar Nerva Augustus)
    traiane — 98-117 ww. (Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus)
    adriane — 117-138 ww. (Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus)
    antoninus piusi — 138-161 ww. (Caesar T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoni-
    nus Augustus Pius)
    markus avreliusi — 161-180 ww. (Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus
    Augustus)
    lucius verusi — 161-169 ww. (Caesar L. Aurelius Verus Augustus)
    komodusi — 176-192 ww. (176-180 ww. markus avreliusis Tanamo-
    saydre, Caesar L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus)
    pertinaqsi — 193 w. (Caesar P.Helvius Pertinax Augustus)
    didius iuliane — 193 w. (Caesar M. Didius Severus Iulianus Augustus)
    septimius severusi — 193-211 ww. (Caesar L. Septimius Severus
    Pertinax Augustus)
    123
    klodius albinusi — 193-197 ww. (193-197 ww. septimius seve-
    rusis Tanamosaydre Caesar D.Clodius Septimius Albi-
    nus Augustus, Zalauflebas edaveboda septimius
    severuss)
    pescenius nigeri — 193-194 ww. (Caesar C. Pescennius Niger Iustus
    Augustus, Zalauflebas edaveboda septimius se-
    veruss)
    karakala — 198-217 ww. (198-211 ww. septimius severusis
    Tanamosaydre, Caesar M. Aurelius (Severus) Antoninus
    Augustus (Caracallus, Caracala)
    geta — 209-212 ww. (209-211 ww. septimius severusis Ta-
    namosaydre, 211-212 ww. karakalas Tanamosaydre,
    Caesar P. Septimius Geta Augustus)
    makrinusi — 217-218 ww. (Caesar M. Opellius Macrinus Augustus)
    elagabalusi — 218-222 ww. (Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus)
    aleqsandre severusi — 222-235 ww. (Caesare M.Aurelius Severus
    Alexander Augustus)
    maqsimine Trakieli — 235-238 ww. (Caesar C. Iulius Verus Maxi-
    minus Augustus)
    gordiane (I) — 238 w. (Caesar M. Antoninus Gordianus Sempronianus
    Romanus Africanus Augustus)
    gordiane (II) — 238 w. (Caesar M. Antoninus Gorfianus Sempronianus
    Romanus Africanus Augustus)
    pupienusi — 238 w. (Caesar M. Clodius Pupienus Maximus Augustus)
    balbinusi — 238 w. (Caesar D. Caelius Balbinus Augustus)
    gordiane (III) — 238-244 ww. (Caesar M. Antoninus Gordianus Augustus)
    filipe I arabi (ufrosi) — 244-249 ww. (Caesar M. Iulius Philippus
    Augustus)
    filipe II (umcrosi) — 244-249 ww. (mamis filipe I arabis Ta-
    namosaydre Caesar M. Iulius Philippus Augustus)
    uraniusi — 248-253 ww. (L. Iulius Aurelius Sulpicius Uranius Antoninus)
    marin pakaciane — 248 w. (Caesar Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatia-
    nus Augustus)
    124
    iotapianusi — 249 w. (Caesar Marcus Flavius Ru(fus?) Jatapianus
    Augustus)
    deciusi I — 249-251 ww. (Caesar C. Messius Quintus Traianus Decius
    Augustus)
    decius II (umcrosi) — 250-251 ww. (Caesar C. Herrenius Etruscus
    Messius Decius Augustus)
    hostilianusi — 250-251 ww. (Caesar C. Valens Hostilianus Messius
    Quintus Augustus)
    trebonianus gali — 251-253 ww. (Caesar C. Vibius Trebonianus
    Gallus Augustus)
    voluzianus gali — 251-253 ww. (Caesar C. Vibius Afinius Gallus
    Veldumnianus Volusianus Augustus)
    emilianusi — 253 w. (Caesar M. Aemilius Aemilianus Augustus)
    valeriane — 253-260 ww. (Caesar P. Licinius Valerianus Augustus)
    galienusi 253-268 ww. (Caesar P. Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Au-
    gustus)
    postumusi — 258-268 ww. (imperatorad gamocxadebuli iyo
    galiaSi, Caesar M. Cassianius Latinuss Postumus Augus-
    tus, Zalauflebas edaveboda galienuss)
    viqtorinusi — 268-270 ww. (Casear M.Piavonius Victorius Augustus)
    makrianusi — 260 w. (Macrianus Titus Fulvius Junius)
    regaliane — 261 w.
    avreoli — 267-268 ww. (manius acilius avreoli)
    lelianusi — 268 w. (Caesar Caius Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus Augustus)
    mariusi — 268 w. (Caesar Marcus Aurelius Marius Augustus, imperias
    marTavda sami dRe)
    tetrikusi — 270-273 ww. (Caesar C. Pius Esuvius Tetricus Augustus)
    klavdiusi II — 268-270 ww. (Casear M. Aurelius Claudius Augustus)
    kvintiliusi — 270 w. (Caesar M. Aurelius Claudius Quintillius Augiustus)
    avreliane — 270-275 ww. (Caesar L. Domitius Aurelianus Augustus)
    domiciane II 270-275 ww. (Domitianus)
    vabalati — 270-271 ww. imperatori keisar lucius iulius
    avrelius septimius vabalat amenodor avgus-
    125
    tusi. galienusis mier oficialurad aRiarebuli
    aRmosavleTis mmarTveli. zenobias da odinates
    Svili, Lucius Iulius Septimius Vaballatus Aphenodorus).
    tacitusi — 275-276 ww. (Caesar M. Claudius Tacitus Augustus)
    florianusi — 276 w. (Caesar M. Annius Florianus Augustus)
    probusi — 276-282 ww. (Caesar M. Aurelius Probus Augustus)
    saturninusi — 280 w. (gaius iulius saturnini, Saturninus Iulius)
    karusi — 282-283 ww. (Caesar M. Aurelius Carus Augustus)
    iuliane I — 283 w. (Caesar M. Aurelius Julianus Augustus, Zala-
    uflebas edaveboda karinuss)
    karinus I — 283-285 ww. (Caesar M. Aurelius Carinus Augustus)
    numeriane — 283-284 ww. (Caesar C. Aurelius Numerius Numerianus
    Augustus)
    diokletiane — 284-305 ww. (Caesar C. Aurelius Valerius Diocletia-
    nus Augustus)
    maqsimiane — 285-305 ww. (Caesar M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus
    Augustus)
    konstancius I qlorusi — 293-306 ww. (Caesar M. (C) Flavius
    Valerius Constantius Augustus)
    galeriusi — 293-311 ww. (Caesar C. Galerius Valerius Maximianus
    Augustus)
    karauziusi (britaneTSi) — 286-293 ww. (Caesar M. Aurelius Maus
    Augustus, Zalauflebas edaveboda konstanciuss)
    alektusi — 293-296 ww. (C. Allectus Augustus)
    domiciane — 296-297 ww. (Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Domi-
    tianus Augustus).
    aqilusi — 297-298 ww. (Aurelius Achilleus).
    flavius severusi — 305-307 ww. (Caesar Flavius Valerius Severus
    Augustus)
    maqsimine daza — 305-313 ww. (Caesar Galerius Valerius Maximinus
    Augustus)
    maqsenciusi — 306-312 ww. (Caesar M. Aurelius Valerius Maxentius
    Augustus)
    126
    aleqsandre (afrikaSi) — 308-311 ww. (Caesar L. Domitius Alexander
    Augustus, Zalauflebas edaveboda maqsenciuss)
    liciniusi — 308-324 ww. (Caesar Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus)
    konstantine (I) didi — 306-337 ww. (Caesar C. Flavius Valerius
    Constantinus Augustus)
    valenti — 314 w. (Caesar Aurelius Valerius Valens Augustus).
    konstantine II — 317-340 ww. (Caesar Flavius Claudius Constantinus
    (iunior) Augustus)
    martinianusi — 323 w (Caesar Sextus Marcius Martinianus Augustus).
    konstanti — 333-350 ww. (Caesar Flavius Iulius Constans Augustus)
    konstancius (II) — 324-361 ww. (Caesar Iulius Constantius Augustus)
    nepociane — 350 w. (Caesar Flavius Iulius Popilius Nepotianus Cons-
    tantinus Augustus).
    vetranione — 350 w.
    magnenciusi — 350-353 ww. (Caesar Flavius Magnentius Maxsimus
    Augustus, Zalauflebas edaveboda konstantis, xo-
    lo misi sivdilis Semdeg konstanciuss)
    silvanusi — 355 w. (Silvanus)
    iuliane (II) gandgomili — 355-363 ww. (Caesar Claudius Iulianus
    Augustus)
    ioviane — 363-364 ww. (Caesar Flavius Iovianus Augustus)
    valentiniane (I) — 364-375 ww. (Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Au-
    gustus)
    valenti II — 364-378 ww. (Caesar Flavius Valens Augustus)
    graciane — 367-383 ww. (Caesar Flavius Gratianus Augustus)
    valentiniane (II umcrosi) — 375-392 ww. (Caesar Flavius Valenti-
    nianus (iunior) Augustus)
    magnus maqsiamiane — 383-388 ww. (Caesar Magnus Maximus Augustus)
    flavius viqtori — 384-388 ww. (Caesar Flavius Victor Augustus)
    evgeniusi — 392-394 ww. (Caesar Flavius Eugenius Augustus)
    Teodosi (I) didi — 379-395 ww. (Caesar Flavius Theodosius Augustus)

    127
    gamoyenebuli literatura

    1. goilaZe v., qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, Tb., 1991.


    2. lorTqifaniZe g., biWvinTis naqalaqari, Tb., 1991.
    3. mSvildaZe m., milanis ediqtis analizis sakiTxisaTvis (Ta-
    namedrove istoriografiis fonze), kreb.: kulturis is-
    toriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XI, Tsu, Tb., 2002, gv. 80-90.
    4. mSvildaZe m., pirveli qristianebi romis imperiaSi, qris-
    tianoba: warsuli, awmyo, momavali (saerTaSoriso simpozi-
    umze wakiTxul moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi), Tb.,
    gamomc., `mematiane“, 2000, gv. 60 (qarTul, rusul da ingli-
    sur enebze).
    5. mSvildaZe m., qristianebis mdgomareoba romis imperiaSi III s. I
    naxevarSi, kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sa-
    kiTxebi, X, Tsu, Tb., 2001, gv. 96-102.
    6. mSvildaZe m., diokletianes religiuri politika (IV s. da-
    sawyisi), kreb.: `mesxeTi“ (saistorio krebuli), IV, Tbilisi-
    axalcixe, Tsu gamomc., 2001, gv. 29-35.
    7. patariZe l., Targmani, evsebi kesarieli — konstantine di-
    dis werilebi aRmosavleTis eparqiebs (nawyvetebi konstan-
    tine didis cxovrebidan), `mnaTobi“, Tb., 1991, 7, gv. 155-160.
    8. sanikiZe l., romis imperia, Tb., 1984.
    9. jafariZe a., saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria,
    oTx tomad, I, Tb., 1996.
    10. Болотов В. В., Введение в церковную историю, т. I, М., 1994.
    11. Болотов В. В., Лекции по истрии древней церкви, т. II, М., 1994.
    12. Буассье Г., Подение язышества, Исследование последней религиоз-
    ной борьбы на Западе в четвёртом веке, М., 1892.
    13. Буассье Г., Римская религия от времён Августа до Антонинов, М., 1914.
    14. Виппер Р. Ю., Рим и раннее христианство, М., 1954.
    15. Георгий Св. Великомученик, в энциклопедии Брахгауз-Ефрон, т.15.
    16. Гидулянов П .В., Восточные патриархи в период четырёх первых
    вселенских соборов, Ярославль, 1908.
    128
    17. Гидулянов П. В., Митрополиты в первые три века христианства, М., 1905.
    18. Голубцова Н. И., У истоках христианской церкви, М., 1967.
    19. Донини А., У истоков христианства (от зарождения до Юстиниана), М., 1989.
    20. Кац А. Л., Манихеиство в Римской империи по данным "Acta
    Archelai", ВДИ, 1955, №3, с.168-179.
    21. Левинская И., Деяния апостолов на фоне еврейской диаспоры,
    Санкт-Петербург, 2000.
    22. Машкин Н. А., История Древнего Рима, ОГИЗ, 1947.
    23. Моммзен Т., История Рима, т.I-III, М., 1936-1941.
    24. Моммзен Т., История Рима, т.V, М., 1949.
    25. Поснов М. Э., История христианской церкви до распада церкви
    1054, Брюсель, 1964.
    26. Ранович А. Б., Очерки по истории древнееврейской религии, М., 1937.
    27. Ранович А. Б., Первоисточники по истории раннего христианства,
    М., 1933.
    28. Свенцицкая И. С., От общины к Церкви, М., 1985.
    29. Свенцицкая И. С., Тайные писания первых христиан, М., 1980.
    30. Штаерман Е. М., Гонения на христиан в III в., ВДИ, 1940, № 2, с.96-105.
    31. Bernardi J., Les Premiers siècles de l'église, Paris, 1987.
    32. Berciu I., Petolescu C.C., Les cultes orientaux dans la Dacia Mérionale,
    Leiden, Brill, 1976, Dacia, 1977, XXI, p. 390-391, G. Popilian.
    33. Bertrandy F., Demarolle J. M., L'Empire romain de 192 à 337 après J. –
    C, Paris, 1998.
    34. Christol M., L’Empire romain du III-e siècle, Histoire politique 192-325
    après j.- C., Paris, 1997.
    35. Christol M., L'État romain et la crise de l'Empire (253-268), IH, 44,
    1982, p.156-163.
    36. Debord P., Aspects sociaux et économiques de la vie religieuse dans l'
    Anatolie greco-romaine, EPROER, 88, Leiden, Brill, 1982.
    37. Harnack A., Die Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums in den ers-
    ten drei Jahrhunderten, Leipzig, 1924.
    38. Harnack A., Überlieferung und der Bestand der altkirchlichen Literatur,
    Leipzig, 1895.
    39. Histoire de l’Eglise depuis les origines jusque’ à nos jour, Publ. sous la
    dir. de A. Fliche et V. Martin, Paris, 1934-1964, 21 vol.
    40. Histoire des religions, t. II, Paris, 1972.
    41. Histoire du Christianisme: des origines à nos jours, sous la dir. de J. M.
    Mayeur, C. et L. Pietri, A. Vaches. . . 2. Naissance d’une chrétienté: 250-

    129
    430, sous la responsabilité de Charles et Luce Pietri, avec la collabor. de
    J. Viarne, L. Brottier, A. Chauvot, Y. Puval, Paris, 1995.
    42. Knipfing J. H., The Libeli of Decius Persecution, dans H. Th.R. 16,
    1923, p. 345-359.
    43. Lane Fox R., Païens et chrétiens, La religion et la vie religieuse dans
    l’Empire romain de la mort de Commode au concile de Nicée, trad. R.
    Alimi, M. Montabrut et E. Pailler, Toulouse. Presses Universitaires du
    Mirail, 1997.
    44. Laporte J., La Biblle et les origines chrétienness, Paris, 1996.
    45. Lewis N., La Mémoire des Sables. La vie en Égypte sous la domination
    romaine. Préface et traducition de Pierre Chuvin, Paris, 1988.
    46. Luderitz G., What is the Politeuma? Studie in Early Jewish Epigraphy,
    Leiden, New York, Köln, 1994.
    47. Martin J.-P., Pouvoir et religions de l’avènement de Septime Sévère u
    concile de Nicée (193-325 ap. J.-C.), Paris, 1998.
    48. Meyers Eric M., Les Rabin et les premiers chrétien, Archéologie et
    Histoire, Paris, 1984.
    49. Moreau J., La Persécutions du Christianisme dans l’Empire roman, Paris,
    1956.
    50. Prigent P., L’Art des premiers chrétiens : L’héritage culturel et la foi
    nouvelle, Paris, 1995.
    51. Reinach S., Cultes, Mythes et Religions, Paris, 1996.
    52. Simon M., La Civilisation de l’ Antiquité et le Christianisme, Paris, 1972.
    53. Sotomayor M., La Iglesia en la España romana, Historia de la Iglesia en
    España, Madrid, 1979.
    54. Taylor J., Why were the Disciples First called "Christians" at Antioch?
    (Achs 11 : 26), RB, 101 : 1, 1994, p.75-94.
    55. Ubiňa J. F., Doctrine rituel et hiérarchie dans les premières communau-
    tés Chrétiennes d’Hispania, DHA, 17, 1, 1991, p. 401-422.

    gamoyenebuli internet-gverdebis misamarTebi


    www.photobucket.com
    www.sarmata.livejournal.com
    www.wikipedia.org
    www.krugosvet.ru
    www.uer.varvar.ru
    www.byzantium.ru
    130
    pirTa saxelebis saZiebeli

    a basilidi, 86
    abraami, 78 bahram I, 99
    adriane, 32, 63, 66, 67, 68, 123, bolotovi v., 15
    137 g
    avgustine, 28, 43, 52
    gaiusi, 19, 38, 95, 126
    avreliane, 51, 93, 94, 95, 125,
    galeriusi, 95, 97, 98, 104, 106,
    138
    aTanase, 37, 55, 103 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113,
    114, 116, 119, 126
    aTanase aleqsandrieli, 37
    galienusi, 89, 92, 93, 95, 125,
    aTanase didi, 103
    138
    aleqsandre
    giorgi kapadokieli, 108
    aleqsandrieli, 37
    golubcova n. i., 15, 58
    aleqsandre
    grakxusebi, 72
    ierusalimeli, 87
    greguari g., 14
    aleqsandre severusi, 18, 75,
    77, 78, 79, 92, 118, 124, 138 d
    amonius saka, 9
    dagro g., 14
    amoniusi, 28
    deciusi, 51, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87,
    anton didi, 28
    88, 89, 106, 108, 122, 125, 138
    antoninusebi, 42, 44, 63, 68
    domiciane, 45, 51, 52, 62, 64,
    apolon tianeli, 18, 78
    80, 123, 125, 126, 137
    ariozi, 103 domicila, 13, 62
    aristotele, 30 donini, 49, 62
    arnobiusi, 43 diokletiane, 11, 27, 45, 46,
    b 51, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,
    101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
    baali, 77, 78 110, 112, 116, 122, 126, 128,
    bar-koxba, 32, 67 138
    barnaba, 21
    131
    dionise aleqsandrieli, 81, irodioni, 38
    84, 87, 88, 102 isida, 57, 84
    dionise korinTeli, 38 iulia domna, 19, 78
    dion kasiusi, 53, 82 iulia mamea, 77, 78
    dion qrizostomusi iulia mesa, 78
    (oqropiri), 64 iulia semia, 78
    drevsi, 59 iupiter kapitoliumi, 32, 62
    e iustine, 6, 7, 70
    iustosi, 21
    evsebi kesarieli, 10, 27, 30,
    37, 39, 66, 67, 68, 70, 74, 78, k
    79, 87, 90, 101, 102, 105, 113, kaipusi, 87
    116, 128 kaligula, 19, 123
    elene, 116
    karakala, 75, 77, 124
    erma, 11
    kasiusi, 91, 95
    efremi, 93
    kaci a. l., 15
    v kibela, 84
    valeriane, 51, 82, 88, 89, 90, kipriane, 9, 43, 44, 45, 84, 85,
    91, 92, 109, 122, 125, 138 87, 89, 90, 91
    viperi r., 59 klavdiusebi, 13, 17, 18, 54, 63
    vitius epigafusi, 71 klavdiusi, 19, 24, 37, 53, 94,
    123, 125
    z klimenti, 8, 9, 11, 20, 36, 38,
    zaratuStra, 100 39, 40, 62, 76
    zinobia, 93 klimenti aleqsandrieli, 8,
    9, 20, 36, 76
    i klimenti romaeli, 39
    iakobi, 21, 26, 32 komodusi, 63, 74, 123, 138
    ignasi, 66 konstantine, 10, 46, 48, 78, 79,
    ieso, 7, 12, 21, 23, 29, 30, 53, 74, 106, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115,
    75, 100, 102, 103, 121 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 127,
    ilarion didi, 28 128, 138
    ilarioni, 28 konstanca, 115
    ioane, 6, 25 konstancius I qlorusi, 45,
    ioviusi, 96 97, 98, 107, 110, 126
    ioseb flaviusi, 61, 72 korneliusi, 39, 87
    irineosi, 8, 12, 38, 43, 44, 45, kublanovi l., 16
    64, 73
    132
    l meTode olimpieli, 28
    laqtanciusi, 11, 43, 53, 62, melitoni, 52, 71
    80, 94, 105, 106, 113, 116 miTra, 5, 47, 84
    livia druzila, 19 minicius timiniusi, 42
    levinskaia i., 15 minicius fundanusi, 67
    liciniusi, 111, 114, 115, 116, momzeni T., 57, 58
    118, 127 moretini h., 14
    licius domicius moro J., 14
    aleqsandre, 111 mose, 21, 78, 87, 102, 103
    luka, 15, 33, 53 n
    lukiane, 13, 30, 34, 87
    lusti h., 14, 57 namfani, 41
    lucius cezari, 19 nepoti, 102
    nerva, 63, 64, 123
    m neroni, 19, 38, 39, 40, 51, 52,
    maTe, 6 58, 59, 60, 61, 70, 80, 123, 137
    makari, 32 nikifore kaliste, 38
    makrianusi, 90 o
    makrioni, 76
    mani, 99, 100, 101, 103 origene, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 76, 78
    markozi, 6, 21, 36 oroziusi, 53
    markus avreliusi, 7, 41, 51, orfeosi, 18, 78
    63, 68, 69, 73, 74, 82, 83, 97, p
    123, 138
    marselini, 106 pavle, 6, 11, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,
    marcia, 74 28, 29, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43,
    60, 83, 94
    maqsenciusi, 110, 111, 115, 126
    pavle samosateli, 83, 94
    maqsimiane, 97, 98, 106, 107,
    paxomi, 28
    108, 110, 126
    maqsimine, 51, 55, 79, 80, 110, perpetuia, 42, 76
    111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 124, petre, 21, 26, 29, 38, 39, 60, 106
    126, 138 piuSi h., 100
    maqsimine daza, 55, 110, 111, platoni, 37, 118
    112, 113, 114, 115, 126 pliniusi, 14, 64, 65
    maqsimine Trakieli, 51, 79, plinius umcrosi, 13, 63, 64,
    80, 124, 138 65, 73
    maqsimusi, 87 plinius ufrosi, 64
    macxovari, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 78 plutarqe, 64
    133
    polemon II, 107 t
    polievqte, 87 tatiane, 7
    pontikusi, 71 tacitusi, 13, 37, 39, 59, 64, 82,
    popia sabina, 61 126
    porfiriosi, 13, 18 tertuliane, 8, 9, 40, 41, 42,
    posnovi m., 15, 20, 55 43, 44, 52, 53, 60, 64, 71, 74,
    prisca, 105 77
    probusi, 94, 126 tetrikusi, 93, 125
    prokle, 77 tiberiusi, 19, 57, 72, 123
    ptolemaiosebi, 35 timoTe, 33
    publius septimius tokarevi s., 16
    odenate, 93 traiane, 39, 51, 52, 63, 64, 65,
    r 66, 73, 123, 137
    ranoviCi a. b., 15, 64 f
    reicenSteini r., 57, 58 fabieni, 86
    renani e., 15 filastriusi, 102
    s filipe arabi, 81, 138
    felisite, 42
    sebastiani, 106
    filostrate, 13
    selevk I, 29 flavius valerius
    septimius severusi, 37, 42, severusi, 110
    51, 75, 76, 77, 78, 122, 123, fruqtuosusi, 91
    124, 138
    serapisi, 79, 84 S
    severusi, 76, 77, 79, 110, 124, 126
    Staermani e. m., 15
    svetoniusi, 14, 37, 53, 54, 59, 60
    Suveni p., 14
    svencickaia i., 15
    sila, 24 c
    simeon metafrasti, 38 celsusi, 9, 13, 56
    simeoni, 66 ciceroni, 11, 118
    simoni m., 14
    siqsti II, 91 h
    skapula, 76 harnaki a., 14, 48, 100
    spancianusi, 76 heliogabali, 77
    stefane, 51 heliogabalusi, 75, 77, 124
    herkuliusi, 97

    134
    geografiuli saxelebis saZiebeli

    a g
    azia, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 66, 68, gadauri, 41
    69, 70, 73, 97, 115 galatia, 33, 35
    aTeni, 33 galia, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 70,
    aleqsandria, 29, 30, 31, 35, 36, 71, 72, 86, 98, 111, 112, 125,
    37, 48, 76, 81, 87, 88, 90, 136 136
    andaluzia, 47 galilea, 40
    ankira, 34 gamarta, 41
    antalia, 33 germania, 47, 48
    antioqia, 19, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, d
    37, 39, 48, 54, 66, 87, 89, 136
    arabeTi, 35, 48, 49, 97, 108 dalmacia, 41, 48, 49, 112
    arli, 45 damasko, 54
    asoni, 33 dardaneli, 48
    astorga, 86 dasavleT provinciebi, 29,
    afrika, 41, 42, 43, 48, 58, 74, 76, 40, 86, 111, 121, 136
    84, 91, 97, 98, 107, 111, 127 dinogetia, 46
    aqaia, 97 dobruja, 46
    aqsiopolisi, 46 dunai, 46, 47, 49, 68, 80, 83, 96
    aRmosavleT provinciebi, dunais olqebi, 47
    23, 28, 47, 86, 101, 102, 106, dunaispireTi, 46, 98, 114
    107, 121 durostorumi, 46
    b e
    balkaneTi, 46, 97, 114 eborakumi, 110
    belgia, 48, 49 egeosis zRva, 37, 46, 49
    berea, 33 egeosis zRvis kunZulebi,
    biTvinia, 25, 49, 64, 66 46, 49
    bulgareTi, 46 egvipte, 13, 28, 30, 35, 36, 37,
    48, 69, 91, 93, 97, 98, 103, 108,
    114
    135
    edesa, 48, 49, 93 karTageni, 41, 42, 43, 72, 76,
    evfrati, 49, 68, 87 85, 86, 87, 91
    elviri, 43, 44, 47 kavkasioni, 49
    epiri, 49, 97 kelesiria, 48
    espaneTi, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, kesaria, 32, 33
    49, 69, 86, 91, 98, 106, 111, kviprosi, 33, 48, 54
    112, 136 kilikia, 35
    efeso, 23, 33, 35, 87 kirenaika, 49, 97
    v klermoni, 91
    konstantinopoli, 30, 31, 103
    vena, 49 kontinenturi saberZneTi,
    vieni, 8, 70, 71, 72 46
    vindoboni (vena), 49 korinTo, 33
    T kreta, 97

    Tebe, 48 l
    Tesalia, 48 lamanSi, 45
    Tesalonike, 33 lambezi, 91
    Tiatira, 23 laodikia, 23
    Trakia, 97 libani, 49
    i limoJi, 45
    linkolni, 45
    ierusalimi, 21, 22, 26, 29, 32, lioni, 8, 45, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75
    33, 54, 62, 66, 85, 102, 121, listra, 33
    136 lugundunumi, 72, 73
    ikonia, 33 luqsosi, 12
    iordane, 28
    iorki, 45, 110 m
    irlandia, 49 mavritania, 42, 43, 48, 49, 76
    isavria, 35 makedonia, 48, 49, 112
    israeli, 32 marseli, 44
    italia, 47, 48, 49, 69, 86, 93, mezia, 48, 49, 97, 112
    97, 106, 111 mesopotamia, 35, 48, 49, 93, 97,
    iudea, 19, 24, 32, 72, 108 98, 108
    k milani, 46, 97, 98, 111, 116, 117,
    119, 128
    kaledonia, 110 mileti, 33
    kapadokia, 34, 35, 76, 79, 107 militene, 33
    136
    mcire azia, 23, 25, 30, 33, 34, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62,
    35, 46, 48, 49, 58, 70, 97, 102 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74,
    75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84,
    n
    85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,
    narboni, 45, 72 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101,
    nikea, 4, 31, 34, 37, 46, 100, 103, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
    114, 115, 119, 120, 137 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 119,
    neokesaria, 31, 34 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 136,
    nikomedia, 97, 105 137
    nilosi, 35 rona, 45, 72
    noriki, 49, 97 s
    numidia, 43, 48
    saberZneTi, 24, 33, 35, 86
    p samaria, 51
    palestina, 5, 13, 19, 28, 32, 33, saprokonsulo afrika, 42,
    35, 40, 48, 49, 75, 91, 105, 108 48, 100
    palmira, 83, 93, 94 sardi, 23, 71
    panonia, 48, 49, 97, 112 saqarTvelo, 19, 20, 30
    parizi, 16, 45 sebastopolisi, 107
    patara, 20, 33, 63 sekvanebis provincia, 73
    pergamo, 23 semituri aRmosavleTi, 35
    pisidis antioqia, 33 sirakuzi, 107
    pitiunti, 107, 108 siria, 28, 35, 49, 93, 96, 97, 108
    po, 107, 111 siria-palestina, 28
    polemonis ponto, 35, 107 sirmiumi, 97
    ponto, 30, 34, 49, 79, 97, 107, sicilia, 49
    108, 136 smirna, 87
    ponto-kapadokia, 34, 136 somxeTi, 20, 48
    ptolemaida, 33 sparseTi, 20, 30, 95, 98, 99, 101

    r t

    raini, 41, 45, 49 tvirosi, 33


    reimisi, 45 tomisi, 46
    transiordanuli
    rodosi, 33
    regioni, 35
    romi, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15,
    17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, treviri, 97
    30, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, tripolitania, 48
    43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, triri, 45, 97

    137
    troa, 33, 60 S
    tuluza, 45 SavizRvispireTi, 49, 107, 108
    turi, 45 Sotlandia, 46
    f C
    fazisi, 107 CineTi, 100
    filadelfosi, 13 Crdilo afrika, 41, 42, 43, 44,
    filipe, 33, 81, 84, 124, 137 76, 106, 112, 136
    filipopolisi, 31
    finikia, 35, 48, 54 x
    frigia, 33, 49, 71 xenoboskioni, 12
    q xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, 33,
    44, 93, 136
    qalkedoni, 95
    qersonesi, 39 h

    y helesponti, 115
    hibernia, 49
    yirimi, 39, 49

    138
    romis imperia

    139
    ieso qristes gamosaxuleba domicilas katakombebidan.
    III-IV saukuneebis mijna

    ieso qristes monograma

    140
    priscilas katakombebi (romi). ax.w. II s. dasawyisi

    ieso da mociqulebi domicilas katakombebidan (romi).


    III s. bolo. 300 weli

    141
    keTili mwyemsis gamosaxuleba kalistas katakombebidan
    (romi). II-III ss. mijna

    keTili mwyemsis gamosaxuleba priscilas katakombebidan


    (romi). III s.

    142
    ieso qristes gamosaxuleba wm. petresTan, wm. pavlesTan
    da wamebulebTan erTad romauli katakombebidan. III s.

    143
    RvTismSobeli yrmiT. gamosaxuleba priscilas
    katakombebidan. ax. w. II s.

    144
    micvalebulis dakrZalva katakombebSi

    katakombebis mSenebloba

    145
    romauli katakombebi

    146
    romis katakombebi

    147
    keTili mwyemsis gamosaxuleba romauli katakombebidan

    ieso da samariteli. freska via latinas katakombebidan

    148
    wminda petresa da marcelinas katakombebi.
    marcxniv adami da eva. marjvniv oranta. III s.

    wminda sebastianes katakombebi

    149
    adreqristianuli simboloebi

    ieso qristes monogramebi

    150
    Sinaarsi

    Sesavali ........................................................................................ 5
    Tavi 1. qristianobis gavrceleba ax.w. I-III ss. .................... 17
    adreuli qristianoba ........................................................ 17
    antioqia ................................................................................... 29
    ierusalimi ............................................................................. 32
    xmelTaSuazRvispireTi ...................................................... 33
    ponto-kapadokia ................................................................... 34
    aleqsandria ........................................................................... 35
    romi .......................................................................................... 37
    romis imperiis dasavleT provinciebi .......................... 40
    a) Crdilo afrika .................................................................. 41
    b) espaneTi ............................................................................... 43
    g) galia .................................................................................... 44
    sxva miwebi ............................................................................... 45
    qristianTa procentuli Semadgenloba ....................... 47
    Tavi 2. qristianoba 30-250 ww. ................................................ 51
    qristianTa devnis raodenoba .......................................... 51
    qristianTa devnis mizezebi .............................................. 54
    neroni (54-68 ww.) ................................................................... 58
    domiciane (81-96 ww.) ............................................................. 62
    traiane (98-117 ww.) ............................................................... 63
    adriane (117-138 ww.) ............................................................ 66
    antoninus piusi (138-161 ww.) ............................................. 67
    151
    markus avreliusi (161-180 ww.) .......................................... 68
    komodusi (180-192 ww.) .......................................................... 74
    septimius severusi (193-211 ww.) ....................................... 75
    aleqsandre severusi (222-235 ww.) .................................... 77
    maqsimine Trakieli (235-238 ww.) ........................................ 79
    filipe arabi (244-249 ww.) ................................................... 81
    Tavi 3. qristianoba 250-325 ww. ............................................... 82
    deciusi (249-251 ww.) ............................................................. 82
    valeriane (253-260 ww.) ......................................................... 89
    galienusi (253-268 ww.) ......................................................... 92
    avreliane (270-275 ww.) ......................................................... 93
    diokletiane (284-305 ww.) ................................................... 95
    romis imperia ax.w. IV s. dasawyisSi da qristianebi ..... 110
    konstantine I didi (306-337 ww.) da qristianoba
    nikeis 325 w. I msoflio saeklesio krebamde ................. 115
    daskvna ........................................................................................... 121
    romis imperatorTa nusxa ........................................................ 123
    gamoyenebuli literatura ..................................................... 128
    pirTa saxelebis saZiebeli ...................................................... 131
    geografiuli saxelebis saZiebeli ....................................... 135

    152
    gamomcemlobis redaqtori maia ejibia
    garekanis dizaini TinaTin CirinaSvili
    kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa nino vaCeiSvili

    0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14


    14 I. Chavchavadze Ave., Tbilisi, 0128
    www.press.tsu.ge 995(32) 25 14 32

    You might also like