I swavla-ganaTlebis da mwignobromis uZvelesi kerebi

saqarTveloSi

mimovixiloT Cveni didi winaprebis, uflisa da eklesiisaTvis Sewiruli

moRvaweebis damokidebulebas ganaTlebisadmi. iman, Tu rogor afasebdnen isini
ganaTlebis rols marTlmadideblur qristianobasTan mimarTebiT, gansazRvra qristianobis
mTeli istoria dRevandel dRemde. wmida mamebis azriT, ganaTlebis upirvelesi mizani
adamianTa sulieri da zneobrivi srulyofaa, ris gareSec warmoudgenelia WeSmariti
rwmena da ufalTan miaxleba. `sulis Tvalis” axilva ganaTlebis gareSe Zalian Znelia –
adamianis meyseuli Semosva rwmeniT mxolod erTeulTa xvedria, maTi ZiriTadi nawili
ki mxolod qristianul azrovnebasa da kulturasTan ziarebis rTuli gzis gavlis Semdeg
yalibdeba morwmune adamianad. `araTu umankoebaჲ oden gჳbrZana ufalman, aramed
sibrZneca” – gvaswavlis wm. ioane oqropiri. qarTulma marTlmadidebelma eklesiam
Zalian adre gaacnobiera, rom ganaTlebis gareSe srulyofili qristiani Znelad
warmosadgenia da ukve pirvel monastrebTan Seiqmna saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo
kerebi: ber-monazvnebi ganaTlebas swored monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi iRebdnen.
saRmrTo werili da galoba – ai, is, riTic iwyeboda momavali eklesiis msaxurebis saRvTo
sibrZneSi wvrTna. droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda da ixveweboda Rrma, yovlismomcveli
qristianuli codna da xdeboda misi morwmuneTaTvis gadacema.
qarTuli qristianuli kulturis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli roli sazRvargareTis qarTulma
literaturul-saganmanaTleblo kerebma Seasrules.
Cveni winaprebis samonastro kolonizaciis fesvebi axlo aRmosavleTs
ukavSirdeba. V s-is I naxevarSi petre iberi (411-491 ww.) erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli
piligrimi iyo palestinaSi. IV s-Si, Teodore tironis dros, mis mier daarsebulma savanem
qarTul kolonias Cauyara safuZveli.
483-484 ww-Si ierusalimis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT saba ganwmedilis mier
daarsebul lavraSi, sadac qarTvelebs sakuTari eklesia hqondaT, didi mwignobruli
saqmianoba iyo gaSlili. swored iq gatarda VIII s-Si qarTuli samwerlobo enis reforma,
Seiqmna Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis araerTi SesaniSnavi nimuSi.
qarTveli moRvaweebi X-XI ss-dan damkvidrdnen palestinaSi, xaritonis lavraSi,
sinas mTaze, sadac erT-erTi qarTuli eklesiis aSeneba daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels
ukavSirdeba, giorgi-proxores mier agebul jvris monasterSi, (palestina), golgoTis
eklesiaSi (ierusalimi), antioqiis maxloblad, Sav mTaze (svimeonis lavra, kaliposi,
kastana, romanwmida, ezras monasteri...). am savaneebSi iqmneboda qarTuli qristianuli
kulturis SesaniSnavi Zeglebi. Savi mTis gamorCeuli moRvawis, efrem kariWisZis
(efrem mcire) saxels ukavSirdeba iq qarTuli filosofiuri mwerlobisa da mecnieruli
filologiuri moRvaweobis dawyeba, axali mTargmnelobiTi meTodis danergva.
IX s-dan qarTuli qristianuli kulturis mravali kera gaCnda dasavleTSic,
bizantiaSi: konstantinepolSi, olimpze (igive `ulumbo”), romanaSi, kviprosze, aTonis
mTaze, petriwonSi...
konstantinepoli qarTvelTaTvis udides saswavlo centrad iqca: wm. giorgi
aTonelma (1009-1065 ww.) iq aRsazrdelad da ganaTlebis misaRebad 80 bavSvi
Caiyvana, mogvianebiT ki daviT aRmaSenebelma iqaur skolebSi imave mizniT 40
bavSvi wargzavna. konstantinepolis umaRles skolebSi leqciebs ismendnen arsen
iyalToeli da ioane petriwi. qarTvelebi moRvaweobdnen konstantinepolis mraval
monasterSi.

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 bizantiaSi, olimpze, moRvaweobda ilarion qarTveli da kidev bevri sxva cnobili
sasuliero piri.
876 w-s konstantinepolis maxloblad, romanaSi, daarsda qarTvelTa monasteri.
swored iq gadaiwera `vanis oTxTavi”, brwyinvale miniaturebiT da Zvirfasi ydiT Semkuli
saxarebis wm. giorgi mTawmideliseuli redaqcia.
saberZneTSi, qalkedonis naxevakunZulze mdebare aTonis mTaze, 980-983 ww-
Si wm. ioane mTawmidelisa da Tornike erisTavis mier daarsda iverTa monasteri
(`ivironi”). wm. ioanem safuZveli Cauyara aTonis mTaze qarTuli mwignobrobis
ganviTarebas. am saqmes saTaveSi Caudga misi Svili, aTonis literaturuli skolis
damaarsebeli, wm. eqvTime aToneli. erT-erTi winamZRvari am savanisa iyo wm. giorgi
mTawmideli (1044-1056 ww.), romelmac fasdaudebeli amagi dasdo Zveli qarTuli
sasuliero mwerlobis ganviTarebasa da gamdidrebas. aTonze qarTvelTa samonastro
cxovrebis aRmavlobis erT-erTi periodi ukavSirdeba bagrat IV-is asulis, dedofal mariam
marTayofilis saxels, romelic bizantiis ori imperatoris (mixeil VII duka parapinakisa da
nikifore III botaniatis) meuRle iyo, agreTve mis vaJs, konstantine porfirogenets.
X s-is dasasrulidan aTonis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli skola qarTuli
mwignobrobis udides centrad iqca, romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula Zveli
saqarTvelos saeklesio cxovrebisa da sazogadoebriv-literaturuli azris ganviTarebaSi.
grigol taoelma, erisTavTerisTav bakurianis Svilma, 1083 w-s bulgareTSi
daaarsa petriwonis monasteri. manve Seudgina monasters tipikoni (samonastro
wesdeba) qarTul da berZnul enebze. monasterSi arsebobda seminaria, romelSic swavla
qarTul enaze mimdinareobda. seminarias oci wlis manZilze saTaveSi edga Zveli qarTuli
literaturis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli ioane petriwi.
sazRvargareTis qarTuli savaneebis mniSvneloba ganuzomlad didia qarTuli
kulturuli memkvidreobisa da saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo kerebis Seqmnis
TvalsazrisiT.
droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan farTovdeboda aq miRebuli codnis areali. ZiriTad
sagnebad SemoRebul iqna: egzegetika, homiletika, liturgika da saeklesio galoba.
IX-X ss-idan am sagnebs ucxo enebi da filosofia daemata.
XI s-dan saqarTveloSi Seiqmna saganmanaTleblo kerebi gelaTisa da iyalTos
akademiebis saxiT.
XII s-is dasawyisSi erTiani saqarTvelos Zlevamosilma mefem, daviT
aRmaSenebelma, gelaTis monasterTan daaarsa akademia. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
gelaTis akademiaSi mowveul swavlulTa Soris iyvnen arsen iyalToeli, ioane tariWisZe,
ioane WimWimeli, petre gelaTeli, ioane petriwi, romelnic unayofieres literaturul da
mecnierul moRvaweobas eweodnen.
gelaTis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturul skolaSi saTargmni masala ZiriTadad iyo
filosofiis, egzegetikisa da dogmatikis sferodan; aq Seiqmna specialuri filosofiur-
saRvTismetyvelo terminologia.
gelaTSi Caeyara safuZveli antikuri filosofiisa da bizantiuri neoplatonizmis
Seswavlas. neoplatonikosTagan komentirebuli da wm. ioane damaskelis mier
damuSavebuli aristoteles logika gamoiyeneboda qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis
dasabuTebisaTvis.
is tendenciebi, romlebic axasiaTebda imdroindeli bizantiis kulturul samyaros,
qarTul niadagze gadmonerges da gelaTis skolaSi ganaviTares ioane petriwma da misma
TanamoRvaweebma, romelTac manganaSi gaiares bizantiuri ganaTlebis didi skola.

2
 gelaTis skolaSi Seqmnili literaturuli Zeglebidan Cvenamde mxolod mcire
nawilma moaRwia. maT Soris umniSvnelovannesia katenebiani biblia.
ioane zedaznelis mowafisa da TanamoRvawis, zenonis mier VI-VII
ss-Si daarsebuli iyalTos monastris mniSvneloba sagrZnoblad gaizarda
mas Semdeg, rac iq XII s-is I naxevarSi Camoyalibda umaRlesi
saswavlebeli – akademia, romlis pirveli reqtori iyo arsen iyalToeli –
cnobili qarTveli sasuliero moRvawe, mecnieri da filosofosi, romelmac
ganaTleba konstantinepolSi miiRo.
iyalTos akademiaSi, msgavsad gelaTis akademiisa (gadmocemiT,
aseTi akademia arsebobda gremSic), iswavleboda filosofia, romelic
gulisxmobda RvTismetyvelebasac, ritorika, dogmatika, gramatika,
ariTmetika, geometria, astronomia, musika, poezia, iurisprudencia.
im periodis saqarTveloSi swavla-ganaTlebisadmi interesze da
misTvis miniWebul mniSvnelobaze Tundac imiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT, Tu
ra pativs miagebdnen moZRvarT-moZRvars, romelic umaRles
saswavlebels ganagebda: mefe mas meti krZalviT epyroboda, vidre
TviT kaTolikoss. erTiani saqarTvelos pirveli moZRvarT-moZRvari
cxovrobda gelaTSi, episkoposis xarisxiT. momdevno saukuneebSi,
saqarTvelos daSlisa da daqucmacebis Semdeg, moZRvarT-moZRvris
instituti sxva samefoebsa da samTavroebSic gaCnda.
qveyanaSi arsebobda mwignobarTuxucesis instituti. es
Tanamdeboba Tavidan eriskacebs ekavaT, Semdeg – samRvdelo
pirebs, 1103 w-dan ki – Wyondidel mTavarepiskoposs.
mwignobarTuxucesi pirveli vaziri iyo saxelmwifoSi. bevr sxva
valdebulebasTan erTad, igi swavla-ganaTlebis meTvalyureobasac
iTavsebda.
akademiebis garda, sasuliero saswavleblebi iyo SiomRvimis, daviT garejis,
opizis, oSkis, Satberdis, berTas, xanZTis monastrebTan. TeologiasTan erTad iq
iswavleboda mwignobroba da istoria.
XIV-XV ss-Si monRolTa da Temur-lengis laSqrobebis Sedegad saqarTvelos
erTiani saxelmwifos daSlam Seamcira saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo kerebi, Tumca
periferiebSi mainc xerxdeboda zogierTi maTganis SenarCuneba.
XVII-XVIII ss-Si, gareSe mterTa ganuwyveteli Semosevis pirobebSi, arseboba ar
Seuwyvetia daviT garejis samonastro centrTan arsebul skolas, romelSic araerTi didi
saeklesio moRvawe aRizarda da romelic sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganviTarda: 1)
hagiografiul-himnografiuli krebulebis damuSaveba; 2) dogmatikur-polemikuri literaturis
Targmna da Seqmna; 3) kulturuli saqmianoba – xelnawerebis gamravleba, biblioTekebis
daarseba. amave periodSi mniSvnelovan mwignobrul keras warmoadgenda bodbis
monasteri - masTan arsebobda sasuliero saswavlebeli da mdidari biblioTeka.
XVIII s-dan saqarTveloSi saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba aRmavlobis gzaze
dadga. kaTolikos-patriarqma domenti III-m (1704-1724 ww.) `Tavi mouyara mweral-
mwignobarT, Sekriba mravali wigni, gaxsna yrmaTa saswavlo skola”. amave periodSi
qarTlis mefem, vaxtang VI-m, daaarsa saswavlebeli, sadac aswavlidnen yvelas,
ganurCevlad wodebisa da xarisxisa. gaCnda skolebi: Tbilisis (ioseb Tbilelis sionis
skola), kaloubnis, qaSveTis, metexis, anCisxatis, nekresis (erekle mefis dros
dosiTeos nekreselis mier daarsebuli).

3
 1755 w-s uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarq anton I-is locva-kurTxeviT gaixsna Tbilisis
sasuliero seminaria.
1758 w-s dosiTeos nekreselma akurTxa erekle mefis xelSewyobiT
TelavSi gaxsnili sasuliero saswavlebeli, romlis safuZvelzec 1782
w-s daarsda seminaria, romelic slavur-berZnul-laTinuri akademiebis
yaidaze agebda Tavis saganmanaTleblo sistemas.
Secvlili politikuri viTarebis gamo qarTuli saskolo-
saganmanaTleblo saqme saukuneze meti xniT Seferxda.
uwmidesma da unetaresma efrem II-m (1960-1972 ww.)
daiTanxma saero xelisufleba mcxeTaSi episkopos gabrielis
saxelobis samoZRvro kursebi gaxsniliyo. am kursebs
gaxsnisTanave, 1963 w-is seqtembridan, saTaveSi Caudga saqarTvelos
eklesiis yvelaze axalgazrda mRvdelmTavari, baTum-Semoqmedeli
episkoposi ilia SiolaSvili. 1965 w-s mcxeTis samoZRvro kursebi gadakeTda
episkopos gabrielis saxelobis mcxeTis sasuliero seminariad.
mcxeTis sasuliero seminariis pirveli reqtori iyo episkoposi ilia (SiolaSvili).
es mimoxilva davasruloT marTlmadidebluri qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis
dRevandeli keriT - Tbilisis sasuliero akademia-seminariiT. es umaRlesi saRvTismetyvelo
saswavlebeli 1988 wels daarsda da am dRidan misma pirvelma reqtorma, sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposma, uwmidesma da
unetaresma ilia II-m mas samoqmedo gegmad rwmenisa da codnis erTianoba dausaxa,
swored is, rac gansazRvravda saqarTveloSi manamde arsebuli yvela sasuliero
saswavleblis gezs. marTlac, Tbilisis sasuliero akademia-seminaria Rirseulad agrZelebs
im xazs, risTvisac ase TavgamodebiT iRvwodnen Cveni didi winaprebi. dResdReobiT es
ara mxolod saswavlo dawesebuleba, aramed saRvTismetyvelo kvleviTi centricaa: Cveni
saswavleblis profesor-maswavlebelTa damsaxurebaa Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis
kvlevis saqmeSi sakuTari, arcTu mcire wvlilis Setana da am sferoSi axali publikaciebis
Seqmna. am saqmianobaSi CarTuli arian rogorc sasuliero, aseve saero pirebi.
marTlmadidebluri tradiciis safuZvels uciloblad warmoadgens ganaTleba da
kultura da, RvTis madliT, amis gacnobiereba saqarTveloSi qristianobis gariJraJzeve
moxda.

II bibliuri wignebis qarTuli Targmanebis warmomavlobis

sakiTxi
(sakiTxis istoria; kvlevis Zveli da axali meTodologia)

bibliuri wignebis qarTuli Targmanis warmomavlobis kvlevas karga xnis istoria aqvs.
sakiTxis kvlevas arTulebs is, rom bibliuri wignebis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebis
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb adreuli, V-VIII ss-is periodidan ar moipoveba pirdapiri da zusti
istoriuli xasiaTis cnobebi. Zveli mTargmnelebi da redaqtorebi qristianuli TavmdablobiT
saxelmouxseneblad tovebdnen TavianT namuSakevs.
bibliis wignTa Zveli qarTuli Targmanebis aqamde Catarebuli teqstologiuri
analizi naTelyofs, rom Zveli aRTqmis wignebi sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva

4
mTargmnelis mier da sxvadasxva wyarodan aris Sesrulebuli. aqedan gamomdinare,
ar SeiZleba saubari mTeli qarTuli bibliis genezisis Sesaxeb erTi romelime wignis,
anda xelnaweris Seswavlis safuZvelze.
bibliuri Targmanebis warmomavlobis kompleqsuri kvleva gulisxmobs Semdegs: 1.
kritikulad iqnas Seswavlili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli literaturuli cnobebi; 2.
gaTvaliswinebul iqnas IV-V ss-is saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri da kulturuli
mdgomareoba; 3. lingvistur-filologiuri ZiebiT gamovlindes bibliis Zvel qarTul
redaqciebSi ucxoenovani elementebi da gairkves maTi qronologiuri uwinaresoba-
Semdgomoba.
aRniSnuli problemis kvleva XIX s-sa da XX s-is pirvel naxevarSi ZiriTadad meryev
meTodologias emyareboda: 1. qarTuli Targmanis uZvelesi redaqcia ar iyo dadgenili da
ucxo wyaroebTan Sedareba xdeboda nebismieri xelmisawvdomi, xSirad gviandeli
qarTuli teqstisa; 2. Sedarebisas yovelTvis arc ucxoenovani redaqciebis kritikuli
gamocemebi iyo moxmobili; 3. bibliis erTi romelime wignis ramdenime adgilis
Sedarebis Sedegad miRebuli daskvna vrceldeboda mTeli bibliis qarTul Targmanze.
gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan bibliuri wignebis qarTuli redaqciebis kvleva
intensiurad daiwyo saq. mecn. akademiis k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutSi
(amJamindel xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi). am periodamde, bibliologiiT dainteresebul
ucxoel qarTvelologTa SromebSi bibliuri wignebis qarTul TargmanebSi gamovlenil
somxur elementebs gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda da maTi somxuri wyarodan
momdinareobis damamtkicebel sabuTad iTvleboda. am Sexedulebas garkveulwilad adre
arsebuli tradicia asazrdoebda. XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi zogierT mkvlevars (koniberi, n.
mari) SeumCneveli ar rCeboda bibliis Zvel qarTul redaqciebSi siriuli elementebic,
magram esec somxuri wyarodan gamoyolilad miaCndaT. maSinac ki, rodesac TviT
somxuri wyaro siriul ikiTxviss ar Seicavda, ivaraudeboda, rom somxurma dakarga siriuli
ikiTxvisi, magram somxurze damokidebulma qarTulma Targmanma is SeinarCuna.
amitomac qarTuli teqsti somxuri da siriuli Targmanebis adreuli viTarebis aRdgenisaTvis
erTgvar sakontrolo saSualebad iTvleboda. am Teorias didi xnis manZilze hyavda
damcvelebi. cxadia, rom arc am Teoriis gamziarebelTaTvis iyo sadavo berZnizmebis
siWarbe bibliis Zvel qarTul redaqciebSi. miuxedavad amisa, maTi daskvnebi maTTvis
misaReb, magram metad sakamaTo debulebas emyareboda: ,,qarTul TargmanSi
armenizmebi ufro Zveli teqstobrivi fenisaa, vidre grecizmebi.”
qarTuli bibliis somxuridan momdinareobis Sesaxeb azrs safuZvlad edo saqarTvelos
politikuri viTarebisa da eklesiis istoriis araswori Sefaseba, kerZod,
a) TiTqosda saqarTvelos eklesias ar hqonda uSualo kavSiri bizantiasTan da mas
somxeTis proteqtoratis qveS myof qristianuli aRmosavleTis nawilad moiazrebdnen. Tu
somxur istoriografias gavcdebiT, realuri safuZveli am azrs ara aqvs. qarTli da egrisi IV
s-Si, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, bizantiur samyarosTan axlo kontaqtSi iyo, qarTuli eklesia ki
antioqiis sapatriarqosTan dakavSirebuli, sadac gabatonebuli ena da kultura berZnuli iyo.
b) TiTqosda saqarTvelo somxeTis meSveobiT gaqristianda, qarTuli anbani mesrop
maStocma Seqmna da, amgvarad, pirveli qristianuli literaturuli Zeglic da, pirvel rigSi,
biblia, somxuridan unda yofiliyo Targmnili. somxuri saistorio wyaroebidan da
armenistTa wreebidan momdinare es mosazreba sxvadasxva kuTxiT aris uaryofili qarTul
mecnierebaSi. gacilebiT logikuria imis daSveba, rom wmida werils, rogorc qristianuli
sarwmunoebis pirvelwyaros, qarTvelebi bizantiis meSveobiT gascnobodnen, im qveynis
meSveobiT, romelic im droisaTvis marTlac qristianobis centrs warmoadgenda.

5
g) Semdegi argumenti iyo is, rom qarTul TargmanebSi leqsikuri armenizmebis Semcveli
teqstologiuri fena qarTul-somxur eklesiaTa Soris ganxeTqilebamde periodisa (607-609
ww.) unda iyos. am droisTvis bibliis qarTul teqsts ganviTarebis ukve sakmaod didi gza
hqonda gavlili (bibliuri wignebis pirveli qarTuli Targmanebi IV s-is boloTi Tu ara, V s-
iT TariRdeba). amitom ar aris gamarTlebuli, armenizmebs qronologiuri uwinaresobis
statusi mivaniWoT grecizmebTan SedarebiT.
somxurenovani elementebis Semcveli qarTuli redaqcia somxofiluri qarTuli
saeklesio wreebisa da gaqarTvelebuli somxuri wreebis survilebis dasakmayofileblad unda
Seqmniliyo V-VI ss-isaTvis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos taos TemSi, romelic
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, somxuri provincia iyo da sadac somxuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis
xvedriTi wili didi iyo. teqstologiurma kvlevam cxadyo, rom aSkarad somxurelementovan
qarTul redaqciebSic ki dasturdeba berZnuli teqstis adreuli gavlenis mauwyebeli uZvelesi
teqstobrivi ikiTxvisebi. es myari argumentia im daskvnisaTvis, rom bibliuri wignebis
armenizmebis Semcveli Zveli qarTuli redaqciebi aris ara somxuri wyarodan momdinare
damoukidebeli Targmanebi, aramed Tavdapirveli, berZnulidan momdinare redaqciebis
gadamuSaveba somxuri wyaros kvalobaze. literaturul wyaroTa Cvenebebi amyareben am
daskvnas.

Cvenamde moRweuli bibliur wignTa qarTuli Targmanebis teqstebi rTuli

sakvlevia warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT: mTargmnel-redaqtorebi sakontrolod ramdenime
qarTul Tu ucxoenovan dedans iyenebdnen. garda amisa, gadamwerebs nakluli dednebis
sxva xelnawerebiT Sevseba uxdebodaT. ase rom, rTuli teqstebis SemTxvevaSi erTi
wignis warmomavlobazec ki ver vilaparakebT, Tu mxolod erT romelime xelnawers
daveyrdnobiT. amdenad, kvlevis dRevandel safexurze, Targmanisa Tu redaqciuli
sworebebis dadgenas win uswrebs calkeuli redaqciuli fenebis gamoyofa da Targmanis
uZvelesi variantis dadgena. aseT SemTxvevaSi marTebulia saubari teqstis calkeuli
fenebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.

III biblia
(zogadi, mokle mimoxilva)

qristianobam axali epoqa daiwyo kacobriobis istoriaSi: is Rirebulebebi, romlebic

man daamkvidra adamianTa cnobierebaSi, ukve ori aTasi wlis manZilze arsebobs.
qristiani erebisaTvis dRes warmoudgenelia wmida wignis, bibliis, gareSe arseboba.
masSi Cadebulia udidesi sibrZne, romelic iZleva imis saSualebas, rom yovelma
Cvenganma cxovrebis gza sworad gaiaros.
qarTveli xalxi erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinc qristianoba miiRo. es umniSvnelo
faqti ar aris: is maRali faseulobebi, romlebsac qristianoba qadagebs, Cveni Soreuli
winaprebisaTvis iseve misaRebi iyo, rogorc es aris dRes CvenTvis, es ki adamianTa
Sinagan srulyofilebaze metyvelebs.
yvela damwerlobis mqone erma, vinc qristianobas eziara, pirvel rigSi wmida
werili, biblia gadmoiRo sakuTar enaze. ase moiqca qarTveli adamianic. bibliur wignTa

6
pirveli Targmanebi V-VI ss-iT TariRdeba. imis gamo, rom bibliis Semadgeneli Zveli da
axali aRTqma Zalian mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, bibliis Targmna
qristianobis epoqaSi Zveli aRTqmis wignebis TargmniT iwyeboda. Cveni didi winaprebi
saxelis mouxseneblad akeTebdnen am did saqmes, amitom pirvelmTargmnelTa vinaoba
dRes CvenTvis ucnobia. X-XI ss-Si am did saqmeSi CaerTnen aTonis mTaze moRvawe
udidesi saeklesio mamebi da ganmanaTleblebi – eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi, Savi
mTis elinofiluri mimdinareobis safuZvlis Camyreli efrem mcire. XII s-Si es saqme
gaagrZeles arsen iyalToelma da ioane petriwma. am didi wamowyebis mniSvnelobam
ganapiroba is, rom udidesma qarTvelma moRvaweebma gaakeTes es uzarmazari saqme.
bibliis qarTul Targmans udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs mTlianad bibleistikis
konteqstSi. bevri originali, anu ebraul enaze Seqmnili wigni Tu nawyveti dakargulia,
dakargulia, aseve, berZnul enaze Seqmnili zogierTi Targmani. maTi aRdgena sxva
enebze Sesrulebuli uZvelesi Targmanebis meSveobiT xerxdeba. swored aseT uZveles
Targmans warmoadgens qarTuli biblia.
Zvel aRTqmaSi erTiandeba kanonikuri da arakanonikuri wignebi. bibliis
gamocemebSi ,,kanonikuri”, anu “dabeWdili” da ,,arakanonikuri”, anu “daubeWdavi”
teqstebi erTad aris warmodgenili, oRond arakanonikurs usvamen varskvlavs (*).
bibliologiis sagania mxolod kanonikuri da arakanonikuri (Zvel aRTqmaSi) teqstebi,
apokrifuli teqstebi (axali aRTqmis) bibliis gamocemebSi ar aris Setanili.
kanonikuroba, anu ,,RvTivsuliereba” aris is, rac wmida werils gamoarCevs yvela
sxva literaturuli nawarmoebisagan. wm. mociqul petres sityvebiT, ,,winaswarmetyveleba
arasodes ar warmoTqmula adamianis nebiT, aramed adamianebi, suliwmidis mier
aRZrulni, RvTis mier warmoTqvamdnen mas” (II petr. 1,21). mociqul pavlesTan
vxvdebiT TviT sityva ,,RvTivsuliers”: ,,mTeli werili RvTivsulieria da sasargebloa
saswavleblad, samxileblad, gamosasworeblad, dasarigeblad simarTleSi” (II timoTe 3,16).
ai, rogor afasebdnen kanonikur wignebs eklesiis mamebi: ,,werilebi dawerilia ara
monebis mier, aramed yvelas batonis _ uflis mier” (ioane oqropiri), xolo didi grigol
RvTismetyvelis mixedviT, ,,Tavisi winaswarmetyvelebisa da mociqulebis piriT
gvesaubreba ufali”. WeSmaritad “RvTivsulier” bibliur wignTa gverdiT sxvadasxva dros
gaCnda araWeSmariti, ara “RvTivsulieri” wignebi, romelTa avtorebi cdilobdnen am
wignebisaTvis “RvTivsulierTa” saxe miecaT. gansakuTrebiT bevri aseTi wigni gaCnda
qristianobis dasawyis periodSi, mag.: ,,iakobis saxareba”, ,,Tomas saxareba”, ,,wm.
petres apokalifsi”, ,,pavles apokalifsi” da a.S. aucilebeli iyo avtoritetuli sityva, romelic
gansazRvravda, romeli am wignTagani iyo namdvilad “RvTivsulieri” da WeSmariti,
romeli _ mxolod damrigebluri da sasargeblo, romeli _ gayalbebuli. aseTi miTiTeba
morwmuneebs misca TviT qristianulma eklesiam Tavisi swavlebiT ,,kanonis” Sesaxeb.
saboloo gamijvna kanonikuri da arakanonikuri wignebisa moxda ioane oqropiris,
ieronimesa da avgustines droidan: epiTeti ,,kanonikuri” amieridan ixmareboda bibliis im
wmida wignebis mimarT, romelTac mTeli eklesia aRiarebs rogorc “RvTivsulierT”,
romlebic arian rwmenis nimuSni da wesebis krebulebi, gansxvavebiT arakanonikuri
wignebisagan, romlebic, marTalia, arian sasargebloni da saxelmZRvaneloni sjulis
saswavleblad (swored amis gamo aTavseben maT bibliaSi), magram ar arian
“RvTivsulierni”. da bolos, apokrifebi, romelTac eklesia sruliad uaryofs (ajpovkrufos _
dafaruli, saidumlo). isini ar Sesulan bibliis SemadgenlobaSi.
bibliis arakanonikuri wignebi daiwera C.w.-mde bolo oTxi saukunis
ganmavlobaSi, rodesac ebrauli bibliis kanoni ukve dasrulebuli iyo. rogorc Cans, swored

7
amitom CaiTvala es wignebi arakanonikurad da ar Sevida ebrauli bibliis
SemadgenlobaSi. rac Seexeba sakiTxs, Tu sad da rodis Sevida arakanonikuri wignebi
bibliis SemadgenlobaSi, iTvleba, rom es wignebi Tavdapirvelad Targmnes septuagintas
mTargmnelebma kanonikur wignebTan erTad da Seitanes berZnul bibliaSi, Semdeg ki
maT daemata sxva arakanonikuri wignebi, romlebic ufro mogvianebiT ukve berZnul
enaze daiwera. qristianuli eklesiis damokidebuleba arakanonikuri wignebis mimarT
sxvadasxvanairi iyo. am damokidebulebaSi reformaciis periodamde (XVI s.) ganarCeven
sam etaps:
1) adreuli saukuneebis (IV s-mde) eklesiis wmida mamebi Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikur
wignebs ixseniebdnen rogorc ,,werils”, anda ,,saRvTo werils”, axdendnen maTgan
citirebas da kanonikuri wignebisagan TiTqmis ar mijnavdnen.
2) IV s-is bolosa da V s-is damdegs Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi sabolood
gamoiyo ebrauli kanonis wmida wignebisagan. yvela wigni, romelic Zvel ebraul kanonSi
ar Sedioda, apokrifad gamocxadda.
3) mesame Tvalsazrisi, romelic qristianul eklesiaSi imave IV s-is bolos SemuSavda,
pirveli oris morigebis cdas warmoadgens. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, arakanonikuri
wignebis gamoyeneba sarwmunoebis dogmatebis dasabuTebisTvis ki aikrZala, magram
mizanSewonilad iqna miCneuli maTi kiTxva RmrTismsaxurebis dros eklesiaSi. aqedan
warmodga Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis saxelwodebac - ,,saeklesioni”. am
Tvalsazrisis momxreebma Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebi gamijnes sakuTriv
apokrifebisagan, romlebSic mxolod eretikuli nawarmoebebi igulisxmeboda.
reformaciis droidan dasavleTis eklesiaSi Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis
mimarT sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba aRiniSneboda. protestantebi
da kaTolikeebi, upirispirdebodnen ra erTmaneTs, arakanonikuri wignebis sias
sxvadasxvanairad cvlidnen _ arakanonikuri wignebi xan SehqondaT bibliis krebulebSi,
xan - ara. rac Seexeba Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wignebis mimarT aRmosavluri anu
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis damokidebulebas, SexedulebaTa brZolasa da cvlas aq adgili ar
hqonia. aRmosavluri eklesia Tavidan bolomde iziarebda im Tvalsazriss, romelic
SjuliskanoniT iyo gansazRvruli da romelic, marTalia, arakanonikur wignebs
mniSvnelobiT kanonikurebTan ar aTanabrebda, magram arc gamoricxavda maT
bibliis Semadgenlobidan, radgan miiCnevda sulisaTvis sasargeblo nawarmoebebad.
saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc aRmosavluri eklesiis ganuyofeli nawili, arakanonikuri
wignebis SefasebaSic ZvelTaganve am ukanasknelis Tvalsazriss iziarebda.
arakanonikuri wignebi sxvadasxva rigiTa da raodenobiT Setanilia qarTuli bibliis
TiTqmis yvela xelnawerSi.
qristianoba axal aRTqmasTan erTad cnobs Zvel aRTqmasac, iudaizmi _ mxolod
Zvel aRTqmas. sityva ,,aRTqmas” aqvs ori ZiriTadi mniSvneloba: 1. xelSekruleba da 2.
dapireba (ebr.: ,,beriT”; berZn.: ,,diaTeke”; laT.: “testamentum”; rusuli ,,zavet”). sulxan-
sabas mixedviT, ,,aRTquma - ese ars sazRvris dadeba, raTa arRara gardahÃdes”.
bibliuri aRTqma, cxadia, RvTisa da adamianis urTierTobas asaxavs: RmerTi kravs
kavSirs adamianTan, raTa am ukanasknelma airCios sikeTe. es aris WeSmariti religia,
anu gza darRveuli kavSiris aRsadgenad, casa da qveyanas Soris xidis gasamTeleblad,
dakarguli samoTxis dasabruneblad.
termini ,,axali aRTqma” bevrjer aris naxmari qristesa da misi mociqulebis mier. sityva
,,aRTqma” TviT bibliidan aris aRebuli, igi arsebobda ukve moses dros. sinas mTaze mosem
ebrael xalxs waukiTxa uflisagan miRebuli mcnebebi (gam. 24,7). amas ewoda aRTqmis wigni. es

8
gamoTqma gvxvdeba bibliaSi ara mxolod sinas mTaze miRebuli mcnebebis, aramed mTeli
xuTwigneulis aRsaniSnavad (IV mef. 23,2,21; ziraq. 24,25; I mak. 1,57). Zvel aRTqmaSi aris
pirveli winaswarmetyveluri miniSneba axal aRTqmaze (ier. 31,31). termini ,,axali aRTqma”
araerTxel aris naxmari TviT ieso qristesa da misi wmida mociqulebis mier codvagamosyiduli da
axali cxovrebis mimRebeli kacobriobis aRsaniSnavad (maTe 26,28; mark. 14,24; luka 22,20; I
kor. 11,25; II kor. 3,6 ...). swored aqedan gavrcelda is am periodSi daweril wmida wignebze.
termini ,,Zveli aRTqma” garkveul wignebTan mimarTebaSi saTaves iRebs wm. pavles
sityvebidan: ,,daClungdeba maTi goneba, vinaidan Zveli aRTqmis kiTxvisas dRemde rCeba igive
mouxsneli ride, radgan igi qristes mier gadaixdeba” (II kor. 3,14).
biblia Tavisi arsiT erTiani da ganuyofelia: ,,Zvel aRTqmaSi dafarulia axali
aRTqma da axal aRTqmaSi gacxadebulia Zveli” (netari avgustine). es bunebrivicaa,
radgan ,,werili” aris erTi da imave Semoqmedi RmerTis sityva. Zveli aRTqmis
komentirebis iudeuri tradicia, dawyebuli uZvelesi droidan, iyo mudmivi Zieba da
migneba miniSnebebisa mesiis (ebr. maSiax – “cxebuli”) Sesaxeb. kavSirs Zvelsa da
axal aRTqmas Soris gansakuTrebiT kargad aaSkaraveben aleqsandriuli skolis
warmomadgenlebi. imave azrs aviTareben eklesiis didi mamebi: wm. ioane oqropiri,
basili didi, efrem asuri, netari ieronime, netari avgustine, wm. ambrosi mediolaneli. es
ukanaskneli werda: ,,sibrZnis wyaro Cvens xelTaa. es aris orgvari fiala _ Zveli da axali
aRTqma. SesviT maTgan, radgan orivedan Tqven svamT qristes. SesviT qriste imitom,
rom is aris sicocxlis wyaro”. mesianuri ideis ganviTarebas SeiZleba mivadevnoT Tvali
Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi. pirveli rgoli am jaWvisa aris is dapireba, is aRTqma mxsnelis
movlinebis Sesaxeb, romelic mieca Cvens dacemul pirvelmSobelT. daiwyo es adamidan
da dasrulda ioane naTlismcemlis mamiT, zaqariaTi. swored am adgils Zveli aRTqmisa
(dab. 3,15) ewodeba pirvelsaxareba. es mesianuri idea aranakleb gamosWvivis bibliis
saerTo agebulebaSi.
Zveli aRTqmis wignebi TavianTi SinaarsiTa da xasiaTiT SeiZleba sam
kategoriad daiyos: 1. kanonis damdgeni istoriuli wignebi; 2. winaswarmetyveluri da 3.
swavla-damoZRvriTi.
eklesiuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, biblia (Zveli da axali aRTqma) iqmneboda da
iwereboda cameti saukunis manZilze. Zveli aRTqma TariRdeba Zv. w-is XII-II ss-
eebiT: uZvelesia ,,moses xuTwigneuli”, ugvianesi _ ,,makabelTa wignebi”. rac
Seexeba axal aRTqmas, is I s-is Zeglia, dawerili qristes mociqulTa da mociqulTa
mowafeebis mier.
Zveli aRTqmis ena aris ebrauli, axlisa _ berZnuli. varaudoben, rom mxolod maTes
saxareba daiwera arameul enaze, radgan igi, pirvel rigSi, gankuTvnili iyo palestinaSi
mcxovreb ebraelTaTvis, romlebic maSin arameulad metyvelebdnen. aseve, arameul
enaze gvxvdeba mcire CanarTebi Zveli aRTqmis SedarebiT gviandel wignebSi (ezra,
danieli).
Zveli aRTqmis wignebis Tematika da mxatvruli forma did msgavsebas
amJRavnebs rogorc sakuTriv semitur, ise, saerTod, axloaRmosavleTis samyarosTan.
amitom misi istoriuli Tu literaturul-lingvisturi kvleva mxolod am garemoebis
gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba.
Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi mniSvnelovani cnobebia axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis
(babiloni, palestina, qanaani, egvipte) istoriis Sesaxeb, romlebsac xSirad arqeologiuri
kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebic adasturebs. eklesiaste da solomonis igavebi ganekuTvneba
Zveli da axloaRmosavleTis metad damaxasiaTebel literaturul Janrs, e.w. sibrZnis

9
literaturas. am wignebSi mravlad gvxvdeba filosofiuri da ganyenebuli xasiaTis
msjelobebi da sentenciebi.
axali aRTqmis wignebis Sekrebis mcdeloba II s-is dasawyisSi hqonda gnostikos
markions. axali aRTqmis kanonis saboloo Seqmnamde (IVs.) arsebobda sxvadasxva
Sedgenilobis qristianul TxzulebaTa krebulebi: markionis, irineos lionelis, klimenti
aleqsandrielis, tertulianesi... II s-is Sua wlebisaTvis jer pavles epistoleebi Seikriba,
Semdeg _ saxarebebi. moRweulia qristianuli dokumenti, e.w. ,,muratoris fragmenti”,
romelic daaxloebiT 200 wliT TariRdeba da Seicavs axali aRTqmis wignTa katalogs, sul
22 Txzulebas. nikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebis (325 w.) Semdeg maleve (IV s-is II nax.-
Si) sabolood dadginda axali aRTqmis kanoni im saxiT, ra saxiTac dRes aris cnobili: axali
aRTqmis pirveli oficialuri kanoni moipoveba laodikiis krebebis (343 da 381 ww.) me-60
dadgenilebaSi, romelSic Sedis 26 wigni. kanonizaciis procesis amgvari gaxangrZliveba
gamoiwvia iman, rom qristianuli Txzulebebi Zalian iyo momravlebuli: I-II ss-eebSi 20-
mde apokrifuli saxareba arsebobda (ebionitTa, nazarevelTa, ebraelTa, petres, filipes,
markionis, barnabas, barTlomes, iakobis, evas, mariamis, iudasi... cnobilia ,,pavles
saqmeni”, ,,petres saqmeni”, ,,barnabas epistole”, ,,12 mociqulis swavlani” (am
ukanasknelis sruli teqsti 1883 w-s ipoves konstantinepolSi ierusalimis monastris
biblioTekaSi).
Zveli aRTqmis yvelaze sruli adreuli ebrauli xelnawerebi IX-X ss-isaa. isini
daculia peterburgis saltikov-SCedrinis sax.-is biblioTekaSi, britaneTis muzeumSi,
saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi (lailaSis biblia). arsebobs kidev masoreTuli
redaqciis ramdenime kodeqsi.
1947-1965 ww-Si mkvdari zRvis yumranis xelnawerTa aRmoCenam gamoavlina
Zveli aRTqmis masoreTuli redaqciisagan gansxvavebuli, ufro adrindeli redaqcia.
aRmoCnda manamde sruliad ucnobi ebrauli teqstebi.
Zv. w.-is VI s-Si israelis samefo babilonis mefem, nabuqodonosorma, daipyro da
ebraelobis didi nawili msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gaifanta. maT TandaTan daiviwyes
dedaena. swored amis gamo rabinTa winaSe dadga saRvTo werilis morwmuneTaTvis
gasageb enaze Targmnis sakiTxi. es idea momwifda aleqsandriis ebraul diasporaSi da,
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, berZnulad iTargmna imperator ptolemeos filadelfosis dros (Zv.
w.-is 270 w.). swored amitom qristianulma samyarom Zveli aRTqma ZiriTadad
berZnulenovani TargmaniT gaicno. septuagintas, an septantas saxelwodebiT cnobili
Targmani Sesrulebulia masoreTulisagan sakmaod gansxvavebuli redaqciis
teqstidan. ,,septuaginta” laTinuri saxelwodebaa, niSnavs 70-s (gadmocemis mixedviT,
Targmani Sesrulebulia 70 mTargmnelis mier). es Targmani, Tavis mxriv, ramdenimejer
iqna Sesworebul-redaqtirebuli da safuZvlad daedo Zveli aRTqmis mraval Targmans.
mecnierebi cdiloben, sam redaqciaze (akvila, svimaxosi, Teodotiane) dayrdnobiT
aRadginon septuagintas Tavdapirveli saxe. am saqmeSi Zalian didi daxmarebis gaweva
SeuZliaT sxvadasxvaenovan Targmanebs, romlebic septuagintas safuZvelze Seiqmna,
maT Soris Zvel qarTul Targmansac.
bibliuri wignebis Targmnas gansakuTrebuli mokrZalebiT da RvTiuri SiSiT
ekidebodnen, radgan winaswarmetyvelTa da maxarebel-mociqulTa teqstebi yovelTvis
aRiqmeboda rogorc uzenaesis nebisa da fiqris gacxadeba, rogorc uflis mier nakarnaxevi
sityva. es garemoeba Tavidanve aiZulebda morwmune qristian mTargmnelT bibliis
_ ,,RmrTis sityvis” _ erovnul enaze gadmoRebisas maqsimalurad Cawvdomodnen
dedniseul azrs da zustad, yovelgvari individualuri interpretaciis gareSe, gadmoecaT is.

10
magram bibliis Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi uzustesad Targmnili adgilebis gverdiT mainc
moipoveba e.w. Tavisufali Targmanis nimuSebi: gansxvavebiT dednisagan, maTSi aris
garkveuli mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyenebiT agebuli winadadebebi, dedanSi ki isini
martivad, yovelgvari mxatvruli saSualebebis gareSe gadmoicema. axali aRTqma didad
aris davalebuli Zveli aRTqmisagan. is ebraizmebi, romlebic imdenad Warbad aris
septuagintaSi, rom mkvlevars aTqmevinebs: ,,berZnul Zvel aRTqmaSi ar aris gverdic ki,
sadac ar iyos ebraizmebi-”o, axal aRTqmaSi TiTqmis yvela moipoveba. qristianulma
religiam axali cnebebi SeimuSava, magram maT gadmosacemad axali berZnuli sityvebi
ki ar Seuqmnia (aseTi sityvebis raodenoba umniSvneloa), aramed ZiriTadad aiRo
arsebuli leqsikuri maragi da gansakuTrebuli, misTvis saWiro mniSvnelobebiT aRWurva
igi. aseve unda momxdariyo es qarTul sinamdvileSi - bibliuri cnebebis gadmocema
metwilad adre arsebul sityvebs unda dakisreboda. cnobilia, rom qarTul da berZnul
teqstebSi qristianuli Sinaarsis Zirebi metwilad qristianobamdeli, sakulto leqsikidan
momdinareobs. magram qarTulisaTvis iyo sxva gzac: a) specifikuri qristianuli terminebis
sesxeba, rogorebicaa: evangele, epistole, eklesia, angelozi, episkoposi, kuereqsi,
fsalmuni, diakoni, martÂlia, pasqa da a.S., oRond adreve cdilan zogi nasesxebi
terminisaTvis qarTuli Sesatyvisobebi daeZebnaT, risi Sedegicaa sinonimuri
paralelizmebi: evangele-saxareba; martÂlia-meergase; pasqa-vneba...; b) leqsikuri Tu
derivaciuli kalki. mag.: yovlismpyrobeli (pantokravtwr); mrguliad-dasawuveli
(oJlokauvtwma); mravalmowyale (poluevleo); winawarmetyueli (profhvth);g) sakuTari
sityvaTwarmoebiTi saSualebani, mag.: samociqulo, saxareba, naTliscema...
giorgi mTawmidelis cnobiT, aTonis iverTa monasters wm. efTvime mTawmidelis sikvdilis
Semdeg umZimesi dReebi daudga: ,,samgzis daityuena monasteri da raÁca dristi turfaÁ iyo
mamaTa CuenTa mogebuli, yoveli iavar-iqmna”(Zv. qarT. agiograf. lit.-is Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1967,
gv. 92).
manamdec, efTvimes sicocxleSi, aTonis monasters vinme giorgi winamZRvrobda,
romelmac qarTul monasterSi berZnebi moamravla da bolos TviTon eqsoriobaSi
gardaicvala. uwinamZRvrod darCenili monastris xelSi Cagdeba ganuzraxavT berZnebs:
,,vinaÁTgan berZenTa eseviTari Jami ipoves, Ãel-yves yovliTa RonisZiebiTa, raÁTamca
qarTvelni amis monastrisagan aRmohfxurnes”(iqve, gv. 93.). berZenTa am avkacobis
ardasaviwyeblad da momavalSi frTxilad yofnis mizniT qarTvelebs SeudgeniaT
,,mosaÃsenebeli”, romelic srulad moaqvs giorgi mTawmidels Tavis TxzulebaSi:
,,TiToeulad arcaTu SesaZlebel ars yovelsave warmoTqumaÁ, ravdenni ginebani,
ravdenni Seuracxebani da yuedrebani moiweodes maT mier Cuen zeda dRiTi-dRe. da
cemiTa da guemiTa da mwvalebelad xadiTa Seiwrebulni didsa urvasa Sina viyveniT da
eseca eneba, raÁTamca saxelica maSenebelTaÁ aRmohÃoces” (iqve, gv. 96.). msgavs
cnobebs gvawvdis giorgi mcirec: ,,rameTu kacni vinme sÂmeonwmidelni SuriTa
saeSmakoÁTa aRiZrnes Cuen zeda da eneba, raÁTamca naTesavi Cueni ZiriTurT
aRmofxurnes sÂmeonwmidiT. da ganizraxes gularZnilebiTa, raÁTa wmidasa amas da
marTalsa sarwmunoebasa Cuensa biwi raÁme daswamon” (iqve, gv. 159). giorgi mciris
sityvebiT, es xarbi cilismwamebelni antioqiis patriarqTan misulan da mouxsenebiaT:
,,Seguewien, wmidao meufeo, da gÂÃsen didisa Wirisagan da ganguaTavisuflen
kacTagan amaoTa da ucxoTeslTa, romelni qarTvelad saxel-ideben TavTa TÂsTa da ara
uwyiT, Tu rasa zraxven, anu raÁ ars sarwmunoebaÁ maTi” (iqve, gv. 150).
efrem mciris istoriuli xasiaTis Txzuleba, ,,uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa
moqcevisasa”, Seiqmna araberZnebis (,,barbarosebis”) gamkiTxavi qedmaRali berZnebisaTvis
imis dasamtkiceblad, rom qarTvelebi mtkice marTlmadidebelni iyvnen, rom bibliis Zveli qarTuli

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Targmanebi ar Seicavda mwvaleblur azrebs, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba kanonieri
iyo (efrem mcire, uwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa Tu romelTa wignTa Sina
moiÃsenebis, teqsti gamosca, Sesavali da leqsikoni daurTo T. bregaZem, Tb., 1959, gv. 06).

efrem mcire ,,samociqulos” Tavisi redaqciis winasityvaobaSi asabuTebs didi

maswavleblis, giorgi mTawmidelis mier Targmnili teqstis Sesworebis aucileblobas da sxva
mizezebTan erTad amasac aRniSnavs: ,,ara Tumca pirvelad sityuaÁ Semedara, Targmani
sityuisaÁ gairyuneboda da kualad Semdgomni mecnierni berZulisani mabralobel gueqmnebodes
gamouZiebelad dawerisaTÂs sityuaTaÁsa” (saqme mociqulTa, gamosca il. abulaZem, Tb., 1950,
gv. 030).
amgvarad, berZenTa braldebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTuli bibliuri Targmanebi
mcdari da uvargisi iyo, qarTvelebma SemdegiT upasuxes: 1. bizantiaSi moqmedi qarTuli
kulturis kerebisa da qarTvelTa naRvawis SenarCunebis mizniT daiwera cxovreba-
biografiebi (mag.: giorgi mTawmidelisa giorgi mciris mier); 2. qarTuli marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis damoukideblobis dasamtkiceblad Seiqmna efrem mciris istoriuli xasiaTis
Txzuleba; 3. iTargmna berZnul enaze im dros arsebuli qristianuli literaturis TiTqmis
yvela umniSvnelovanesi Zegli; 4. bibliuri wignebis manamde arsebuli qarTuli
Targmanebi maqsimalurad dauaxloves berZnul wyaros, rom ,,biwi raÁme” ar
daewamebinaT maTTvis. sul raRac naxevari saukunis manZilze bibliuri wignebis
Zvelma qarTulma Targmanebma ramdenimejer ganicades safuZvliani gadamuSaveba.
am gadamuSavebis mizani iyo ara imdenad enobrivi modernizacia, ramdenadac
maqsimaluri daaxloeba berZnul wyarosTan. efTvime da giorgi amas akeTebdnen, pirvel
rigSi, Sinaarsoblivi TvalsazrisiT. efremi ufro Sors wavida - samociqulos giorgiseuli
redaqcia kvlav dauaxlova berZnuls ara marto Sinaarsoblivi, aramed gramatikul-stilisturi
TvalsazrisiTac, ultraelinofilebi (arsen iyalToeli, ioane petriwi) ki TiTqos dasaSvebis
zRvars gadascdnen: maT TargmanebSi gaCnda gramatikuli kalkebi (enis gramatikuli
kanonebis farglebSi Txzavdnen axal formebs berZnulis gavleniT, misi kalkirebiT).
gviandel redaqciebSi bevri ram dazustda Sinaarsoblivad, magram enobriv-stilisturi
TvalsazrisiT aSkarad arabunebrivi gaxda qarTuli Targmani.
uZvelesi droidan dResdReobiT Cvenamde qarTuli bibliis ramdenime met-naklebi
sisrulis krebulma moaRwia. maTgan yvelaze adreulia 978 wels oSkSi aTonis mTis
cnobili moRvawis, warsulSi saxelganTqmuli sardlis, ioane Tornikes dakveTiT
gadawerili nusxa, romelic oSkis anu aTonis bibliis saxeliT aris cnobili da amJamad
aTonis mTaze inaxeba. ,,lavrasa Sina didsa oSksa” es xelnaweri daumzadebiaT miqael
varazvaCes Zes, stefane mweralsa da giorgi gelasis Zes. yvelafer amas vityobT
xelnawerze (Ath. 1) darTuli anderZidan.
gelaTis katenebiani biblia, meore sruli bibliuri krebuli, mravalmxrivaa saintereso
da sayuradRebo qarTuli enis, mwerlobis, filosofiisa Tu Teologiis istoriis
mkvlevarTaTvis. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom is antioquri skolis katenebiani bibliis
krebulis Targmans unda warmoadgendes: kimen-sqoliod aRnaweri orive qarTuli nusxa
zustad asaxavs da misdevs am tipis berZnuli krebulebis xelnawerTa formas; masSi
Tavmoyrili da koncentrirebulia is ZiriTadi msoflmxedvelobrivi Tu enobriv-stilisturi
tendenciebi da ganxorcielebulia is praqtikul-mTargmnelobiTi principebi, romlebic,
sazogadod, damaxasiaTebelia gelaTis Teologiur-filologiuri skolisaTvis da mis saxes
gansazRvravs. igi Sesrulebuli unda iyos mTargmnelTa jgufis mier erTi mTavari
redaqtor-mTargmnelis (SesaZloa, arsen iyalToelis) saerTo xelmZRvanelobiT (d.

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meliqiSvili, gelaTi _ ”sxua aTina da meore ierusalimi”, werili mesame, gelaTis mecnierebaTa
akademiis Jurnali, 2, gamomcemloba “inteleqti”, 2005, gv. 8-9).
bibliis mesame sruli krebuli aris e.w. mcxeTis biblia (A 51). mas sxvagvarad
sabas bibliasac uwodeben. igi Seadgina didma qarTvelma mweralma da sazogado
moRvawem, cnobilma leqsikologma da filologma, sulxan-saba orbelianma (1658-1725).
mcxeTis biblia gadawerilia ramdenime piris mier. erT-erTi gadamweri TviTon sulxan-
sabacaa (igulisxmeba xelnaweris mxedruli xeliT naweri nusxurad nawer ramdenime sxva
adgilTan erTad). krebulSi Setanilia Zveli aRTqmis 44 dasaxelebis wigni.
qarTuli bibliuri teqstebis beWdva iwyeba XVIII s-Si. amas win uZRoda XVII s-is 60-
70-in wlebSi gamococxleba bibliis Seswavlis saqmeSi. swored am droidan eyreba
safuZveli qarTuli bibliis wignebis Sekrebis, Seswavlis, aRdgenisa da gamocemis istorias.
am saqmianobis wamomwyebad da iniciatorad gvevlineba sulxan-saba orbelianis mama -
mdivanbegi orbel yaflanis Ze orbeliSvili, ase rom, vaxtang VI, sulxan-saba, arCili, baqar
da vaxuSti batoniSvilebi am wamowyebis da iniciativis gamgrZeleblebi da
damagvirgvineblebi arian.
gadasaxlebaSi myofma mefe arCilma (1647-1713 ww.) 1705 wels moskovSi
gamosca fsalmuni. misi dabeWdvisaTvis gamoiyenes TviT arCilis iniciativiT Seqmnili
Srifti: es iyo fsalmunis giorgi mTawmideliseuli redaqcia. arCili bibliis sxva wignebsac
agrovebda da redaqtirebas ukeTebda, sakontrolod ki iyenebda 1663 wels dabeWdil rusul
biblias.
1709 w-s arCilis diswulma, vaxtang VI-m, TbilisSi stamba daaarsa. pirvel rigSi aq
daibeWda axali aRTqma, 1709-1711 ww-Si gamovida fsalmunis sami gamocema (erT-
erTi - mxedruliT), agreTve winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi, romlebic sulxan-sabas mier iyo
nasworebi. Tu rogor esaxebodaT qarTuli stambis Seqmnis mesveurebs qarTuli wignis
beWdvis saqme, kargad aris Camoyalibebuli Tbilisis stambis pirveli nabeWdi saxarebis
(1709 w.) anderZSi, romelic nikoloz orbelians ekuTvnis: “odes ganagebda saqarTvelosa
Zmiswuli keTilmorwmunis mefis arCilisa da saxelovanis mefis giorgisa da Ze levanisa,
RvTismoyuare, ganaTlebuli vaxtang, igulsmodgina da moiRo stamba vlaxeTiT, romel
arodes yofiliyo saqarTveloSi, da ÃeliT weraSi Cveni saRmrToni werilni ganryvniliyo da
me, dedis Zmiswulsa ama mefeTasa da mosamarTleT-uxucis orbelis Zes, codvils mRdel-
monazons nikolaozs mibrZana wignebis gasworeba da ver urC veqmen. da es wmida
saxareba didis WiriTa berZenTa dabeWdils saxarebaTa SemowmebiTa sityva da aso
metnaklebi gavmarTe. da es saZiebeli arc erTs enaSi ar iyo, siadvilisa da adre
povnisaTÂs axla me gavakeTe. da Tu gulisÃma-yofT, diaR advilia: Tavisa muxlebis
angariSi napirze usxeTs da sxva niSnebi Sig CarTulia. da saZiebeli sworad iq
moaswavebs da mas mihyeviT” (qr. SaraSiZe, pirveli stamba saqarTveloSi, 1955, gv.
183). rogorc am anderZidan Cans, TbilisSi stambis daarsebis mizani iyo “ÃeliT weraSi
ganryvnili” saRmrTo werilis gasworeba da ase dabeWdva. gasworebaSi ki
igulisxmeboda ucxoenovan dabeWdil saxarebasTan qarTuli teqstis Sedareba da am
procesSi “sityva da aso met-naklebis” gasworeba, agreTve saxarebis Tavebad da
muxlebad dayofa da saZieblis darTva.
pirveli sruli bibliuri teqsti daibeWda moskovSi, 1743 w-s - is Seicavda rogorc Zvel,
aseve axal aRTqmas. es gamocema ganxorcielda gadasaxlebaSi myofi vaxtang VI-is
Svilis, ufliswul baqaris (1700-1750 ww.) saxsrebiT. biblias win uZRvis baqaris
winasityvaoba da amTavrebs misi Zmis, vaxuStis, bolosityvaoba (1696-1757 ww.). es
winasityvaoba da bolosityvaoba moicavs cnobebs ara marto am gamocemis Sesaxeb,
aramed zogadad, bibliis qarTuli Targmanis istoriasac. winasityvaobaSi baqari saubrobs

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arCil mefis damsaxurebaze bibliuri wignebis Sekrebis, redaqtirebisa da Targmnis
mimarTulebiT; aRniSnavs, rom manamde saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda bibliuri wignebis
arc erTi sruli krebuli, zogierTi bibliuri wigni ki dakarguli iyo. rac Seexeba arsebul
wignebs, maTSi daculi Targmani Zalian iyo damaxinjebuli gadamwerTa mier, ar iyo
dayofili Tavebad da muxlebad. arCilma es wignebi Sekriba da “Seawyo”, xolo nakluli
nawili ,,Zalisaebr TÂsisa” TviTon Targmna. baqarsa da vaxuStis mefe arCilis
namuSakevi dabadebis wignis teqsti SeudarebiaT rusuli bibliis swored am axal
versiasTan (baqarsa da vaxuStis, rogorc Cans, lopatinskis komisiis mier Casworebuli
rusuli bibliis teqsti hqondaT xelnaweris saxiT, radgan es nasworebi teqsti mxolod 1751
w-s gamoqveynda).
vaxuSti am faqts ase aRwers: raki arCils qarTuli teqsti pirveli dabadebis mixedviT
(igulisxmeba rusuli bibliis 1663 w-is gamocema) hqonda gamarTuli, Tanac damuxlvis
gareSe, mefe baqaris, arqimandritisa da sxvaTa TxovniT, sabeWdvelis gammarTvelis,
vinme andria irvanis Zis xelSewyobiT, vaxuStis dauwyia qarTuli bibliis gamocemaze
muSaoba. vaxuStis anderZi imasac gvamcnobs, rom bibliis teqsti dasabeWdad gadauciaT
daba ,,svesenwkas” (Vsesv%tskoe) sabeWdavSi (stambaSi) winamZRvrisa da
mRvdelmonazonisaTvis, qristefore guramiSvilisaTvis da mdivnis, melqisedek
kavkasiZisaTvis, romelic am wignis beWdvas ganagebda. wigni dabeWdila mefe baqaris
xarjiT, dasrulebula CRmg (1743) wlis 7 dekembers.
saqarTveloSi baqaris bibliis sul ramdenime calma CamoaRwia. CvenSi dReisaTvis
am wignis mxolod 4-5 egzemplari arsebobs, amitom TiToeul maTgans xelnaweris
mniSvneloba Aaqvs.
baqaris bibliaSi sami ZiriTadi wyaro gamoikveTa: mefeTa wignebidan dawyebuli
winaswarmetyvelTa wignebamde yvela bibliuri Txzuleba arCils TviTon uTargmnia,
fsalmunisa da winaswarmetyvelTa wignebis Tbilisis gamocema axal aRTqmasTan erTad
vaxtang VI-s gaugzavnia misTvis, xolo vaxuStis naTqvami - ,,xolo zogni TÂT aqundes”
- unda exebodes bibliis pirvel xuTwigneuls.
1883 w-s baqaris biblia xelaxla gamoica TbilisSi, eqvTime xelaZis stambaSi. am
ortomiani bibliis winasityvaobaSi aRniSnulia, rom gamomcemelTa komitetma teqsti
gaaswora oSkis bibliis mixedviT. dRes imis garkveva, Tu saxeldobr ra gasworda, Zalian
Znelia - aranairi kritikuli aparati am gamocemas ar axlavs.
am Zalian mokle mimoxilvidanac Cans, rom wmida werilis, bibliis, qarTul enaze
gadmoRebas udidesi yuradReba eqceoda. biblia upirvelesi wignia diad wignTa Soris.
mas ormagi datvirTva aqvs: sarwmunoebrivi da msoflmxedvelobrivi. amitom dRes mis
gareSe arseboba ganviTarebuli kacobriobisaTvis SeuZlebelia.

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