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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
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Literary Researches
27
2006
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literaturuli Ziebani
27
2006


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redaqtori
maka elbaqiZe

saredaqcio kolegia

ivane amirxanaSvili
amiran arabuli
Tamaz vasaZe
mariam karbelaSvili
nona kupreiSvili
Tamar lomiZe


saredaqcio sabWo

manana kvaWantiraZe
helen kuperi (kembriji, sapatio wevri)
gaga lomiZe
irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare)
revaz siraZe
gaga SurRaia (romi, sapatio wevri)
rusudan ColoyaSvili
rostom CxeiZe
elguja xinTibiZe

pasuxismgebeli mdivani
soso tabucaZe

literaturuli Ziebani, 27, 2006
redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi,
merab kostavas q. 5.
telefoni: 99-63-84
faqsi: 99-53-00
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge
Editor
Maka Elbakidze

Editorial Board

Ivane Amirkhanashvili
Amiran Arabuli
Tamaz Vasadze
Mariam Karbelashvili
Nona Kupreishvili
Tamar Lomidze


Editorial Council

Manana Kvachantiradze
Helen Cooper (Cambridge, Honorary member)
Gaga Lomidze
Irma Ratiani
Revaz Siradze
Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Honorary member)
Rusudan Cholokashvili
Rostom Chkheidze
Elguja Khintibidze


Responsible Editor
Soso Tabutsadze

Literary Researches 27, 2006
Address: 0108, Tbilisi
M. Kostava str. 5
Tel.: 99-63-84
Fax: 99-53-00
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge
5

Sinaarsi

Contents


qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio
mwerloba

mariam karbelaSvili
mefis koncefcia ioane minCxis
sagalobelSi
`seneba wm. Tevdosi morwmunisa~
(masalebi qarTuli politikuri
azrovnebis istoriisTvis)
goCa kuWuxiZe
armazuli misteriebis detalebi
soso maxaraSvili
bibliuri da literaturuli
paradigmebi basili monazonis
(protoasikritis) `wm. ilarion
qarTvelis cxovrebaSi~
ia grigalaSvili
`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisi
irina javaxaZe
siuJetur-kompoziciuri
Sablonebi iovane damaskelisa da
kozman ierusalimelis da wminda
paxomiosis `cxovrebebSi~

qarTuli sakaro da
saero mwerloba

darejan menabde
`axali qarTlis cxovrebis~
hagiografiuli wyaroebi

rusTvelologiuri kvlevani

maka elbaqiZe
`seni me mWirs raca Wirad...~

boris darCia
isev `vefxistyaosnis~ fistikauri
strofis Sesaxeb

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura
zurab kiknaZe
`meranis~ genealogia
Tamar SarabiZe
romanuli epizodi
(nikoloz baraTaSvilis mier
naxWevanSi dawerili bolo ori
leqsis Sesaxeb)




8




13

19


24


29







39




49


55



62

71




Georgian Religious
Literature

Mariam Karbelashvili
The Conception of the King in Ioanne
Minchkhis Hymn
Dedicated to Theodosius the Great
(Materials for the History of
Georgian Political Thought)
Gocha Kuchukhidze
Details of Armazic Mysteries
Soso Makharashvili
Biblical and Literary Paradigms in
Basil the Protoascritos' "The life of
Saint Hilarion the Georgian"
Ia Grigalashvili
The Beginning Of "The Martyrdom
Of the Holy Queen Shushanik"
Irine Javakhadze
Plot and composition patterns in
Hagiographies of John Damascene
and Kozman Hierosolymitan and St.
Pachomius

Georgian Courtly and Secular
Literature

Darejan Menabde
Hagiographic Sources of New
Kartlis Tskhovreba

Rustaveli Studies

Maka Elbakidze
The Torment, the Great Illness
Which Afflicts Me
Boris Darchia
Once More on Phistikauri Strophe in
Knight in Panthers Skin

XIX Century: Epoch and Literature

Zurab Kiknadze
The Genealogy of Merani
Tamar Sharabidze
Romanesque Episode
(concerning two last poems written by
Nikoloz Baratashvili in Nakhichevan)

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XX saukunis mwerloba

zoia cxadaia
lado asaTiani
lali avaliani
poetebi da `winaswarmetyveli~

Tanamedrove literaturuli
procesebi
maia jaliaSvili
sityvis xelovneba qarTuli
modernistuli romanebis
konteqstSi
Tamar paiWaZe
kaleidoskopuri aRqma Tu
realoba?!

miTosi. rituali. simbolo

rusudan ColoyaSvili
vaxtang kotetiSvili da zRapruli
eposi
rusudan canava
odisevsis erTi niRabi
nestan ratiani
sad cxovrobda kirke
(odisevsis mogzaurobis
marSrutis dadgenisaTvis
homerosis `odiseas~ mixedviT)
inga milorava
miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli
dro da sivrce

poetikuri kvlevani

qeTevan bezaraSvili
klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis
cnebebis Sua saukuneebSi
gadaazrebis zogierTi nimuSi
soso sigua
teqsti: invarianti da struqtura
nona kupreiSvili
poetika rogorc socrealisturi
ritorikis alternativa

literaturuli meridianebi

qeTevan Sengelia
emili dikinsoni _ ucnobi da
maxlobeli
manana kvataia
es skandaluri adolf hitleri...



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80





88


95




101

105

116



121





128


132

140




146


151

XX Century Literature

Zoia Tskhadaia
Lado Asatiani
Lali Avaliani
The Poets and the "Prophet"

Contemporary Literary
Processes

Maya Jaliashvili
The Art of Word in the Context of
Modern Georgian Novels
Tamar Paichadze
Kaleidoscophical Perception or
Reality?

Mythology. Ritual. Symbol

Rusudan Cholokashvili
Vakhtang Kotetishvili and Fairytale
Epos
Rusudan Tsanava
One Mask of Odysseus
Nestan Ratiani
Where did Circe Live?
(For identifying the tour of Odyssey
Voyage according to Homer
Odyssey)
Inga Milorava
The Artistic Time and Space of the
Mythopoetic World

Poetical Studies

Ketevan Bezarashvili
Some Patterns of Reinterpretation of
the Concepts of Classical Rhetorical
Theories in the Middle Ages
Soso Sigua
Text : Invariant and Structure
Nona Kupreishvili
Poetics as an Alternative for
Socialist Rhetoric


Literary Meridians

Ketevan Shengelia
Emily Dickinson Unknown and
Familiar
Manana Kvataia
This Scandalous Adolf Hitler
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Tvalsazrisi

giorgi kankava
Cveni, humanitarTa, `korpusis~
mdgomareobis gamo

amagdarni

merab RaRaniZe
vladimir beneSeviCis sammagi
tragedia

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis institutis samecniero
publikaciebis stili



161





170


177

Vision

Giorgi Kankava
Towards the Condition of Our,
Humanities' "Corps"

Honoured

Merab Ghaghanidze
The Triple Tragedy of Vladimir
Beneevi

Style of academic publications in Shota
Rustaveli Institute of Georgian
Literature

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qarTuli sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba



mariam karbelaSvili

mefis koncefcia ioane minCxis sagalobelSi
`seneba wm. Tevdosi morwmunisa~
(masalebi qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis istoriisTvis)

samefo xelisuflebis fenomenis Seswavla dRes mTel msoflioSi istorikosTa
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagania. erT-erTi mTavari problema iseT sakiTxTa kvlevaa,
rogorebicaa Sexedulebebi samefo xelisuflebasa da mis funqciebze, xelisuflebis
sakralurobasa an sxva transcendentur Tvisebebze, xelisuflebis simboluri
gaformebis xasiaTze, mmarTvelobis dasaSveb da dauSvebel formebze da sxva (besmertni
1995: 5-19)
saqarTveloSi am problemis kvleva ivane javaxiSvilma XX saukunis dasawyisidnve
daiwyo, rasac mieZRvna misi naSromi `saqarTvelos mefe da misi uflebis istoria~
(javaxiSvili 1905: 1-90), romelic Semdgom Seudareblad gafarToebuli saxiT Sevida
missave `qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi~ (javaxiSvili 1929: 108-245), rac metyvelebs am
sakiTxis mimarT didi istorikosis gansakuTrebul interess.
amave sakiTxisadmi, rogorc aqtualuri problemisadmi, interesi cxadad gamoCnda
korneli kekeliZis mier 1940 wels Sedgenil proeqtSi `qarTuli sazogadoebrivi
azrovnebis istoria~ (kekeliZe 1974: 244-253), romelSic, faqtiurad, is sakiTxebia
wamoWrili, romelnic dRes msoflio istoriografiis yuradRebis centrSi dgas,
magaliTad: `RvTaebrivi wyaro mefis uflebisa~, `legitimizmis principi~, `mefis ideali~
da sxva. miuxedavad imisa, rom umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa farTo speqtris Semcveli es
proeqti ar ganxorcielebula, mas odnavadac ar daukargavs aqtualoba da
meTodologiuri Rirebuleba: korneli kekeliZis Tanaxmad, kvleva ara mxolod sakuTriv
saistorio mwerlobis, aramed sityvakazmuli mwerlobis gaTvaliswinebiTac unda
warmarTuliyo.
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebidan msoflio istoriografiaSi mniSvnelovani
gardatexa moxda: Tuki manamde mTeli yuradReba ekonomikis, sazogadoebis, kulturis
Seswavlaze iyo orientirebuli, axla man politikuri istoriis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.
politikuri istoriis Seswavlis aqtualobis TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmo movlena iyo
istorikos Jak le gofis gaxmaurebuli statia STambeWdavi saTauriT `aris Tu ara kvlav
da kvlav politikuri istoria xerxemali istoriisa?~, romelic 1971 wels gamoqveynda.
axali Tematikis SemotaniT istoriul gamokvlevaTa problematika ganaxlda da
gafarTovda: `momavalSi savsebiT ganaxlebuli adamianis Sesaxeb sxva mecnierebebiT
regenerirebul politikur istorias ar SeiZleba hqondes pretenzia avtonomiaze. dRes,
rodesac disciplinaTaSorisi midgoma zeobs, tixrebi erTsa da imave mecnierebaSi
gansakuTrebiT autanelia. liusien fevris sityvebi: ... `ekonomikuri da socialuri
istoria ar arsebobs. arsebobs istoria, rogorc aseTi, mis mTlianobaSi~, marTebulia,
rogorc arasdros. miuxedavad amisa, axali mTliani istoriis modelma unda SeunarCunos
politikur parametrebs is arsebiTi adgili, romelic sazogadoebaSi ukavia
xelisuflebis fenomens, politikuris Tanamedrove epistemologiur ganxorcielebas.
msgavsad Cveni epoqisa, romelic amieridan ara anatomiis, aramed atomis epoqaa,
politikuri istoria `xerxemali~ ki ara, istoriis `birTvia~ (le gofi 1924: 190). am
konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa warsulis gaazrebas politikur
aspeqtSi, ris SesaniSnav nimuSs warmoadgens ernst kantoroviCis gamokvleva SuasaukuneTa
politikuri Teologiis sferoSi (kantoriviCi 1957). am fundamentur naSromSi
gaanalizebulia mefisa da samefo xelisuflebis Teoriis sakiTxebi, Seswavlili
umdidresi faqtobrivi masalis safuZvelze.
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi mefis xelisuflebis raobaze warmodgenis SemuSavebas
udidesi zneobriv-politikuri mniSvneloba eniWeboda. sakiTxi mravalia, magram maTgan,
Cveni Temis interesebidan gamomdinare, gamovyofT mefis pirovnebis problemas, rogorc
is iyo gagebuli Sua saukuneebSi: esaa `samefo sameba~, anu mefis sami hipostasi. mefis
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pirovnebaSi _ `RvTis saxiT Cenil patronSi` _ gaerTianebuli iyo adamiani RvTaebrivi,
adamiani zneobrivi da adamiani politikuri (malinini 1995: 20-21).
politikuri Teologiis konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli, sruliad unikaluri movlenaa
didi qarTveli himnografis ioane minCxis sagalobeli `seneba RmrTivgrgnosnisa
mefisa Tevdosi morwmunisa saswaulTa moqmedisa~ (minCxi1946: 330-333), romelSic
Camoyalibebulia koncefcia idealuri mefisa. es, Tavisi arsiT, qristianuli Teoriaa,
romlis mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT qarTuli politikuri Teologiis doneze da isic
unda iTqvas, rom ioane minCxis am Txzulebam, rogorc konkretuli masala mowmobs,
udidesi gavlena iqonia rogorc Semdegdroindel saistorio mwerlobaze, aseve
sityvakazmul literaturaze.
ioane minCxis am SesaniSnav himnSi dasmulia ori ZiriTadi sakiTxi: samefo
xelisuflebis sakralurobisa da mefis pirovnebis zneobriobisa. Tu sakiTxs ufro
farTod SevxedavT, aq moralisa da politikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi ismis:
politika moraluri unda iyos.
korneli kekeliZis gamokvleviT, ioane minCxi X saukunis pirveli naxevris moRvawea;
mkvlevari varaudobs, rom himnSi moxseniebul qarTvel mefeSi afxazTa mefe giorgi
igulisxmeba. Tevdosisadmi miZRvnili himni minCxis sam sxva himnTan erTad Setanilia
miqael modrekilis sagalobelSi, romelic 987-988 wlebSia Sedgenili. k. kekeliZis
daxasiaTebiT `ioanes himnebs axasiaTebs Rrma patriotuli grZnoba..., subieqtivoba,
gulwrfeloba da uaRresi simartive, romelic Sorsaa Cveulebrivi himnografiuli
enawylianobisagan~ (kekeliZe 1951: 150-151). marTlac, rogorc mTis ankara wyaro
mowkrialebs bunebrivad, iseve bunebrivad moedineba qarTuli mxatvruli sityva am
himnografiul SedevrSi.
mcire uwyeba himnis obieqtis Sesaxeb: Tevdosi anu Teodosi pirveli anu Teodosi
didi (379-395 ww) wmindanadaa Seracxuli. istoriuli cnobebiT gracianem igi 379 wlis 19
ianvars avgustusad da imperiis aRmosavleTi provinciebis imperatorad gamoacxada
(viqtori 1997: 48). 380 wels mZimed daavadebuli da sasikvdilod ganwiruli Teodosi
moinaTla da male sruliad gamojanmrTelda (iordane 1997: 139-141). konstantinepolSi
arianel episkoposs demofiles wauyena moTxovna _ an eRiarebina qristes erTarseba mama-
RmerTTan, an daetovebina dedaqalaqi. demofilesTan erTad konstantinepoli bevrma
arianelma datova. 381 wels Teodosim meore msoflio kreba moiwvia, sadac arianeloba da
sxva mwvaleblobani dagmo, daamtkica nikeis krebis dadgenileba da gamosca rigi
kanonebisa, romliTac erTaderT namdvil rwmenad nikeis mamaTa rwmena gamocxadda.
Teodosim, pirvelma imperatorTa Soris, daiwyo warmarTTa devna da warmarTul taZarTa
ngreva (sokrati 1912: 5: 6-8). `mefe Teodosis taxtze aRsvlis Semdeg marTlmadideblobam
srulebiT gaimarjva da daibruna ariosianTagan warTmeuli ekklesiebi~ (saeklesio
istoria 1908: 35). aRniSnaven imasac, rom 390 wels TesalonikaSi momxdari saxalxo ajanyeba
Teodosim umowyalod CaaxSo, daiRupa 1500-mde moqalaqe, ris gamoc mediolanis
episkoposma ambrosim igi eklesiaSi ar SeuSva, radgan xelebi udanaSauloTa sisxlSi
hqonda gasvrili. pasuxad imperatorma monanies samosiT saxalxod moinania Tavisi codva
(sozomeni 1851: 7: 25). amrigad, Teodosi iyo pirveli imperatori, romelmac
demonstraciulad mouxara Tavi saeklesio meufebis avtoritets.
himnis mizani. ioane minCxi am himnSi qmnis qristiani mefis im ideals, paradigmas,
romlis mibaZvasac unda cdilobdes realurad arsebuli yoveli mefe: `...RmrTis-msaxuro
da mis mier pativcemulo dido mefeo Tevdosi RmerTSemosilo! ... saxe eqmen SemdgomTa maT
mefeTa da romelni gemsgavsnes, iSueben edems Sina Sen Tana!~ (minCxi 1946: 331).
mefe sakraluri pirovneba. `yovelni xelmwifebasa mas umTavresisasa daemorCilen,
rameTu ara ars xelmwifeba, garna RmrTisagan, da romelni igi arian xelmwifebani,
RmrTisa mier ganwesebul arian~ (romaelTa, 13,1) pavles epistoles es muxli aris is `qva
sakidur~, romelsac monarqia emyareba. samefo xelisuflebis sakralurobis idea
saxarebiseul moZRvrebas efuZneba, romlis Tanaxmad yoveli xelmwifeba RmrTismieria:
mefis xelisufleba ganixileba, rogorc RvTaebrivi nebis ganxorcieleba. ioane minCxis
himnSi es fuZemdebluri idea SesaniSnavi mxatvrulobiT aris ganxorcielebuli: urvaSi
myof ionel xalxs friadi vedrebis Semdeg uflisgan eZleva mefe: `raJams iyo urvasa Sina /
umwyemsovebisa zrunvasa / eri igi samwyso qristsi, / maSin movida maTa kaci RmrTisa, /
romeli ityoda: / `evedreniT RmerTsa friad / da mogces Tquen mwyemsi keTili~ (3). ufalma
`Seiwirna locvani maTni / da mosca maT sarwmuno da gonieri / Tevdosi marTali / saTnod
mefed da winamZRolad, / viTarca daviT isralTa~ (5). rogorc vxedavT, qristiani mefis
bibliuri paradigma daviT winaswarmetyvelia.
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mefis legitimacia samebis mier xdeba, aq xazgasmulia brZaneba, siyvaruli, neba:
`rameTu saydarTa sameufoTa / brZanebiTa mamisaTa, / siyuaruliTa ZisaTa, / sulisa
wmidisa nebiTa / Rirs iqmna dajdomad Tevdosi~ (19).
cxeba. ioane minCxi sagangebod gaxazavs mironcxebis mniSvnelobas mefis
legitimurobisTvis. minCxis himnis Tanaxmad, Tu bibliur daviTs qristian mefeTa
etalons winaswarmetyvelma samuelma scxo mironi, Tevdosis scxo suliwmidam, ramac
`gardacvala guli Tevdosisa~ (Sdr. saulis Sesaxeb: `da viTarca garemoiqca da zurgi
Seaqcia viTarca war-oden-vida samovelisagan, gardacvala guli misi RmerTman da
ganaxlda da moiwia yoveli ese saswauli mas zeda mas dReTa Sina~ (1 mefeTa, 10,9); `samuel
winaswarmetyuelman / scxo daviT mwyemsobasa Sina, / xolo aw Tevdosi marTalsa /
siglaxakesa Sina sulman wmidaman / scxo goniereba, / gardacvala guli misi da mefe yo
ionTa zeda~ (6).
gvirgvini. xelisuflebis sakralurobisa da mefis pirovnebis siwmindis niSani
misTvis RmerTis mier samefo gvirgvinis boZebaa. gvirgvins ioane gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs da himnSi am Temas eqvs sxvadasxva strofSi ubrundeba aseve
sxvadasxvagvar konteqstSi.
pirvel yovlisa, ioane ganmartavs, Tu ratom eboZa gvirgvini Tevdosis aq
upirveles adgilze uflis siyvarulia dayenebuli: `Tevdosi / Seudga kualsa
mociqulTasa, / Seiyuara man RmerTi / da RmerTman Seiyuara igi, / grgnosan yo da adida~
(12).
es Cveulebrivi gvirgvini ar aris igi `sameufo saRmrToTa yuavilTagan` aris
Seqmnili da Tevdosim igi Tavisi simdabliT moipova: `grgni sameufo saRmrToTa
yuavilTa, / romeli SegiTxzna simdableman Senman, / ver daaWno igi / aRmaRlebaman
orcielman, rameTu ufrosad moige / sruli simdable, / Rirso Tevdosi!~ (14).
gvirgvinis Rirsi xdeba is, `romelTa eSinis~ _ es gansakuTrebuli SiSia amaze cota
qvemoT mTavari ki isaa, rom moSiSi, mdabali suliT, aRmaRldeba: `aRmaRldebian
mdabalni suliTa, / da romelTa eSinis, / Sengan miiReben grgnsa, da esven / Zalsa Sensa
Zliersa / da adideben Zalsa Sensa, qriste!~ (17).
cxadia, Tevdosis gvirgvini srulebiT gansakuTrebulia da, rac mTavaria, es
gvirgvini mas, rogorc WeSmarit mefes, RvTaebrivi ganCinebiT aqvs miRebuli ara adamianis
xeliT, aramed `zeciT movlinebuli mfrinvelis~ meSveobiT. es metad saintereso
warmodgenaa mefis legitimaciaze da aq unda gavixsenoT, rom juanSeris qronikaSic
gvxvdeba analogiuri Sexeduleba: `angelozman uflisaman aRiRo grgni da daadga Tavsa
ivbimianossa, WeSmaritsa mefesa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 161). aseTi gvirgvinis Rirsni
xdebian mxolod `mefeni keTilad senebulni, romelTa daipyres sofeli ese da
sasufevelsa ara ganeSornes~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 165). es idea ioanes himnSi unatifesi
gaformebiTaa warmodgenili: `dRes zeciT movlinebulman mfrinvelman / sameufo
grgni / Semosa Tavsa Tevdosissa, / da gulisxma yves yovelTa, / viTarmed sTanda igi
RmerTsa maRalsa!~ (18).
himnografs SesaniSnavi mxatvruli gaazrebiT aqvs gvirgvinis Tema damuSavebuli:
keTilmsaxuri, RmerTSemosili mefis gvirgvins amqveyniurs gardacvalebis Semdeg
wmindanis gvirgvini enacvleba: `sawuTrosa amas Sina / keTilad pativ gca qristeman / da
mermed saukunod / mogiwoda wmidaTa Tana, / didebiTa da pativiTa grgnosan gyo, /
Tevdosi, CuenTsca meox gveyav!~ (34).
magram gvirgvins gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs da Tema kvlav grZeldeba ukve
sxva konteqstSi: ioane mis Tanamedrove mefes avedrebs Tevdosis, raTa qristes winaSe misi
meoxi iyos da sasufevelSi `grgnosan yos~: `Rirso mefeo, / sanatrelo Tevdosi! /
mogigebs meoxad / mefe Cueni, madidebeli Seni, / da pativ scems dResaswaulsa Sensa! /
iTxove qristsgan da SenTanave grgnosan yos sasufevelsa!~ (39).
mefis RvTaebrivi ganCinebiT arCevisa da gvirgvinis boZebiT mefis sakraluri
legitimaciis Tema amowurulia. cxadia, pirovneba mxolod maSin SeiZleba CaiTvalos
kanonier mefed, rodesac mas gvirgvini uflis nebiT zeciT moevlineba: es koncefcia
xelisuflebis da xelisuflis sakralurobisa myaradaa damkvidrebuli, rac SesaniSnavi
mxatvruli gaazrebiTaa asaxuli ioane minCxis himnSi.
mefe, rogorc moraluri pirovneba. Semdgomi mTavari Tema, romelic himnSia
gaSlili, mefis pirovnebis zneobriobis koncefciaa. minCxis himnis universaluri xasiaTi
idealuri mefis koncefciis SemuSavebaa, riTac Tevdosisadmi miZRvnili himni farTo
rezonass iZens: mxolod moralurad srulyofili pirovneba SeiZleba iyos xelisufali,
igi yvela qristianul saTnoebas unda flobdes.
11
`mwyemsi keTili~. mefe, msgavsad macxovrisa, Tavis qveSevrdomTaTvis unda iyos
`mwyemsi keTili~ (aRsaniSnavia: mefe, rogorc `mama~ qveSevrdomTa, minCxTan ar gvxvdeba).
es Tema minCxis himnSi araerTxel meordeba: `qristeman, Rirso Tevdosi, / mogca mwyemsad
samwysoTa / TsTa~ (26; aseve 3), rasac saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs: iq,
sadac xelmwifebs `mwyemsi keTili~, misi `samwysoc~, e. i. qveSevdromni, bednierni arian:
`sada ars mwyesi keTili, / mun mxiarul arn samwyso igi~ (26). es niSnavs, rom `mwyemsi
keTili~ sayovelTao sikeTis sawindaria, xolo mefe unda emsgavsos im saxarebiseul
gonier mnes, romelmac `ganamravla talanti~ uflis boZebuli: igi patronobs uflis mier
Cabarebul ers, aspetakebs zneobrivad da kvlav ufals uZRvnis: `mwyemso keTilo, /
saRmrToTa samwysoTao, / Rirso mefeo, Sen emsgavse mnesa mas goniersa, / da miiRe talanti
uflisa Senisa! / da ganamravle igi / da miuZRvane / mravalwilad / momniWebelsa!~ (36).
qveteqstSi ikiTxeba: iq, sadac mefe zneobrivia, qveSevrdomnic zneobrivni arian, anu: eris
zneobriobis sawindari pirovnulad zneobrivi mefea da eris zneobrioba mefis
upirvelesi sazrunavia.
`SiSi RmrTisa~. ioane minCxi himnis dasawyisSive axsenebs mefis zneobriobis
aucilebel pirobas _ esaa SiSi RmrTisa, umTavresi maxasiaTebeli mefisa, is kriteriumi,
romliTac ganisazRvreba mefis pirovnebis Rirseba. `dasabami sibrZnisa SiSi uflisa~
(fsalm. 110,10) uflis mcnebaTa ganuxrel aRsrulebas gulisxmobs. amrigad, ioanes himnSi
mTavari aqcenti mainc mefis pirovnul Tvisebebzea aqcentirebuli: rogori unda iyos
mefe, rogorc kerZo adamiani. mcnebaTa dacva upirvelesi pirobaa: `rameTu romelman
yoveli sjuli daimarxos da scTes erTiTa, iqmna igi yovlisave Tanamdeb, `rameTu
romelman-igi Tqua: nu imruSeb, manve Tqua: nu kachklav, xolo ukeTu imruSo da ara kac-
hkla, iqmen gardamaval sjulisa~ (iakob. 2; 10-11).
`SiSi RmrTisa~, rogorc mefis moralurobis aucilebeli piroba, minCxis
sagalobelSi sxvadasxva variaciiT ramdenjerme meordeba: `SiSi RmrTisa gaqunda
maradis, / netari Tevdosi, / da miT moiZule Sen / yovelive neba orcTa, / da viTarca
uorco iqceodi, / romlisTsca sacnaurad / gadida RmerTman!~ (9).
SiSi RmrTisa adamians yovelgvari sxva SiSisgan aTavisuflebs, radgan `suli
RmrTisa Zlierebisa~ icavs mas, rogorc moSiSs: `RmrTisa SiSman uSiS yvnis moSiSni /
goneba sulTa mimarT / borotTa ukeTurTa / da suli RmrTisa Zlierebisa / daadgrebis
mis Tana, / romeli vidodes ubiwod, / marTal iyo da moSiSi / qristsi Rirsi Tevdosi / da
madli misi daadgra mis Tana!~ (13). Tumca aq himnis mxatvrul mxares ver vexebiT, mainc
aRvniSnavT pirveli taepis SesaniSnav aliteracias.
mxolod zneobrivi, RvTis moSiSi mefis qveSevrdomni arian masaviT RvTis moSiSni, da
aq sayuradReboa ioane minCxis mier himnSi gatarebuli idea, rom mxolod moralurad
sufTa, anu RvTis moSiS ers scems `keTilad masa~ ufali: `umobdes RmerTsa mowyalesa, /
romeli masa scems keTilad / masa moSiSTa misTa!~ (23).
am SesaniSnav himnSi, romelic Tavisi zneobriv-politikuri koncefciiT da Temis
gaSliT amouwuravia, minCxi mefis zneobrivi aspeqtis friad metyvel suraTs xatavs
sruliad konkretuli maxasiaTeblebiT, rasac universaluri mniSvneloba aqvs. magram
sakiTxi amiT ar amoiwureba da Seudareblad farToa; Tu mas saxelmwifos Teoriis
konteqstSi ganvixilavT, miviRebT umniSvnelovanes daskvnas: minCxis mier himnSi
gatarebuli koncefciiT saxelmwifo ara represiuli, aramed aRmzrdelobiTi institucia
unda iyos.
saTnoeba. mefis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli saTnoebaa, RvTis winaSe krZaluloba,
simarTle, siwminde: `maradis iqceoden krZalulad, / simarTliT da simdabliT; / da
siwmidiT winaSe RmrTisa, / rameTu hxedven uCinoTa / da cxadTa saqmeTa / Tualni misni,
dafarulni mxedvelni~ (11).
mefis samarTlianoba. mefisTvis wayenebuli erT-erTi moTxovna misi
samarTlianobaa: `viTarca eklesiast iyav Sen sibrZniTa savs, / marTl-gangebiT msajuli,
/ obolTa mwyalobeli, / Semwe dawunebulTa / da msajuli qurivTa!~ (27).
mefis uangaroba. aucilebeli sazomi mefis, rogorc adamianis, zneobriobisa misi
uangarobaa. es Temac aqcentirebulia minCxis himnSi: `yovladve / arasada Seipyra Tavi
Tsi / Tevdosi / simdidreTa maT gardareulTa~ (16); mefe ar unda waritacos simdidrem:
`ara xvidode / mdidarTa Tana, arca / iqceode uRirsTa Tana, Tevdosi!~ (31).
zneobrivi mefe qveSevrdomTa keTildReobis garanti. mefis sazrunavia
qveSevrdomTa ara mxolod moraluri simrTele, aramed materialuri keTildReobac. es
Tema himnSi tropuladaa gaformebuli mdinare nilosis mxatvruli gaazrebiT: nilosi
siuxvis metaforaa. mefe _ `RmrTis msaxuri da mis mier pativcemuli~, `RmerTSemosili~,
`RvTis moSiSi~ uflis wyalobiT bunebazec ki mbrZaneblobs da amiT uzrunvelhyofs
12
qveSevrdomTa keTildReobas: `dagamorCilna mdinarenica qristeman, / RmerTSemosilo
Tevdosi! / miuwere Sen nilossa / da mouwode, raTa morwyos / queyana wyurieli!~ (22).
rogorc ukve vTqviT, ioane minCxis himnSi cxadad ikveTeba aRZruli Temis aqtualoba
da praqtikuli mizandasaxuleba: himnografi wmindanad Seracxuli mefis uaRresad
STambeWdavi saxis SeqmniT saqarTvelos mefes _ himnografis Tanamedrovesa Tu momavals
xelisuflis am ideals sTavazobs, rogorc misabaZ nimuSs.
unda iTqvas mTavari: am himniT ioane minCxi gvevlineba, rogorc qarTuli
politikuri Teologiis ara erT-erTi, aramed pirveli SesaniSnavi Teoretikosi, romelic
pirvelma Seqmna mefis, rogorc sakraluri da moraluri pirovnebis ideisa da idealis
Teoria. sagulisxmoa, rom mefis zemoxsenebuli sami hipostasidan adamiani sakraluri,
moraluri, politikuri xalxis cnobierebaSi saukuneTa manZilze yvelaze Zlierad
xelisuflis, rogorc moraluri pirovnebis, hipostasi aRibeWda; igi dResac
maqsimalurad aqtualuria.

damowmebani:

besmertni 1995: . .
. // . . . .:
1995.
viqtori 1997: . . . // . ., 1997.
iordani 1997: . . ., 1997.
kantaroviCi 1957: Kantorowocz Eznst H. The King's Two Bodies. A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology.
Princetin, New Jersey. Princeton University Press, 1957.
kekeliZe 1951: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. t. I, Tb.: 1951.
kekeliZe 1974: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. XIII, Tb.: 1974.
le gofi 1994: . ? //
Thesis, 1994, . 4.
malinini 1995: . . " " XIV-XV . // c. .
. .: 1995.
minCxi 1946: minCxi ioane. seneba RmrTiv-grgnosanisa mefisa Tevdosi morwmunisa
sasawauliTa moqmedisa. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia. I, Sedgenili
solomon yubaneiSvilis mier. Tb.: 1946.
saeklesio... 1908: mokle saekklesio istoria. quTaisi: 1908.
sozomeni 1912: . . , 1851.
sokrati 1912: . . , 1912.
qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1955.
javaxiSvili 1905: javaxiSvili i. saqarTvelos mefe da misi uflebis istoria. tf.: 1905.
javaxiSvili 1929: javaxiSvili i. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. wigni meore. nakveTi meore. tf.:
1929.

Mariam Karbelashvili


The Conception of the King in Ioanne Minchkhis Hymn
Dedicated to Theodosius the Great
(Materials for the History of Georgian Political Thought)

Summary

The article deals with the analysis of some problems of Georgian political theology reflected in Ioanne
Minchkhis (X century) hymn dedicated to the king Theodosius the Great (379-395).
The basis for this research is Ernst Kantorovichs book The Kings Two Bodies. A Study in Medieval
Political Theology, as well as I. Javakhishvilis and K. Kekelidzes works.
Ioanne Minchkhis hymn is prominent by its versatility of presentation the ideal image of Christlike king
and shows a high level of early medieval political thought in Georgia.

13
goCa kuWuxiZe

armazuli misteriebis detalebi

armazul dResaswaulSi, romelic, `moqceva qarTlisa~-s mixedviT, mcxeTaSi
Semosulma wmida ninom aRwera, SeiZleba gamomzeurdes qarTvelTa warmarTuli ritualis
araerTi detali: gaisma xma `sayvirisa da gamovida eri uricx, viTarca yuavilosanni,
zarni da saSinelni gamovidodes. xolo mef arRasada SeZrul iyo~ (Zeglebi 1964: 118)...
dResaswaulis dasawyisia. mcxeTaSi mosuli qarTvelTa momavali ganmanaTlebeli
zeims adevnebs Tvals. mis monaTxrobSi ritualisadmi ucxoeTidan Camosuli asulisaTvis
bunebrivi interesi igrZnoba; igrZnoba, rom ar icis, Tu rogoria es rituali; mas mefis
naxvac ainteresebs, _ hgonia, rom dResaswaulze pirveli igi gamoCndeba, _ ar icis, rom
mefis gamoCenamde dResaswauls sxva movlenebi uZRvis win (vfiqrobT, teqstis miRma
mimaluli es advilad verSesamCnevi ganwyobilebac, romelic imaze migvaniSnebs, rom
armazianTa dResaswaulis aRwera winaswar mofiqrebul, yalb gamonagons ki ara, aramed,
uSualo STabeWdilebas emyareba, mravalTa Soris, erT-erTi damatebiTi argumentia, rac
Zeglis meoTxe saukuniT daTariRebaSi gvexmareba... daTariRebis sakiTxebze ix.: siraZe:
1999, siraZe 1997; siraZe 1998; CxartiSvili 1987; baramiZe 2003).
zeimis dasawyisSi mravalferad Semosili adamianebi gamodian `viTarca
yuavilosanni,~ Semdeg ki sxva adamianebi gamoCndebian, _ `sxua simravle erTa gamovida
aRuracxeli dedebiTurT da yrmebiT. da mefe arRara SeZrul iyo jereT~, _ gviambobs
Satberduli `wmida ninos cxovreba~.
Satberduli redaqciiT iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos `folorcze~ pirvelad
mefe unda gamoCndes: `da mefe arRara SeZrul iyo jereT. da viTarca gamovidoda, iwyes
sivltola da mimorideba iqiT da aqaT gzisagan~ (Zeglebi 1964: 118), _ magram netari
nino Txrobas ase ganagrZobs: `da gamo-sadme-vidoda nana dedofali~.
Cans, zeimi ise warimarTeba, iseTi saritualo inventari gamoiyeneba, rac mefesTan
aris dakavSirebuli, masTan asocirdeba da miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe fizikurad jer ar
gamoCenila, misi myofoba mainc igrZnoba... albaT, moritualeTa qmedebac iseTia, rom iq
myofTa yuradRebis arealSi, maT warmosaxvaSi, folorcze jer argamosuli mefe ukve
moeqces...
`folorcze~ pirveli mainc nana dedofali gamodis (mefe iyo kidec da arc iyo
pirveli...)... WeliSuri redaqciiT, dedoflis gamosvlis win niSans iZlevian (`Jam-sca
Jamman~) da `folorcze~ nana dedofali modis. rogorc Cans, sasaxlidan Tu sakulto
Senobidan gamodian mefe da dedofali, kultmsaxurebi...
yuradRebas is faqti iqcevs, rom nana dedofals wmida nino, dedoflis momavali
mkurnali, ver xedavs, mxolod is icis, rom sadRac gaiara dedofalma (`gamo-sadme-vidoda
nana dedofali~)... sayuradRebo isic aris, rom irgvliv Sekrebili xalxi am dros mimorbis
da `yoveli kaci~, rogorc Cans, sagangebod maTTvis momzadebul `safarvelsa queSe~
imaleba.
Cans, es yofila rituali, romlis drosac sagangebo safarvels agebdnen, da amgvarad
xdeboda imitom, rom ritualSi monawile xalxs dedoflis Sexedvis ufleba ara hqonia...
winaswari niSnis Semdeg, dedoflis gasvlis win, xalxi imaleba. nino mociquli albaT
moSorebiT dgas, mas albaT ver xedaven warmarTebi; cxadia, wmida nino winaswar
momzadebul ,,safarvelSi~ ar daimaleba, dedoflisagan Tvalis aridebas veravin
mosTxovs mas, magram ninoc ver xedavs kerpebisaken salocavad mimaval dedofals...
unda vifiqroT, rom dedofali didZali mxleblebiT aris garSemortymuli, uTuod
taZris msaxurTa mier... qurumTa, taZris msaxurTa Soris Semaluli idumalad Caivlis
xalxis winaSe dedofali... da CvenTvis sruliad aSkara xdeba, rom armazul dResaswaulze
xalxs dedoflis Sexedvis nebas ar aZlevdnen; aSkaraa, rom xalxi imaleboda da imasac
cxadad vxedavT, rom am ritualze specialur `safarvels~ agebdnen _ armazobis
dResaswaulze xalxs dedoflis Sexedva ekrZaleboda.
dedoflis Cavlis Semdeg isev sxva xalxi gamodis ,,folorcze~ da sxvadasxva feris
`samosliTa~ da `furcliT~ amkobs mas: `maSinRa neliadRa gamovida sxua eri friad. da
Seamkves yoveli foloci bisoniTa da ZoweuliTa da samosliTa TTo saxiTa da ferad-
feradiTa WreliTa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 118).
,,neliad gamosuli~ `sxua eri~, wynarad momavali axali jgufi, amjerad ukve mefis
Sesagebeblad amkobs `yovel folocs~ (SesaZloa, iq ramdenime `folocia~, romlebic
odnav SemaRlebuli iqneba...); `da iwyo yovelman erman qeba mefisa. maSin gamovida mirian
mefe TualT-SeudgamiTa xilviTa~.
14
qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli Txrobas ase ganagrZobs: `xolo me vhkiTxe huriasa
dedakacsa, Tu ra ars? da man mrqua: `RmerTi RmerTTa uwess, romel (ars) armaz
dawyeuli~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119).
mcxeTaSi Camosuli asuli gviambobs: `da warved xilvad mis aramazissa. da aRivsnes
mTani igi droSiTa da eriTa, viTarca yuaviliTa. xolo meve Seuswar cixed armazad da
davdeg maxlobelad kerpisa mis napralsa kldisasa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119).
albaT, aqedan ukeT SeiZleba yovelives danaxva... Semdeg wmida nino kerpebs _
armazs, gacsa da gas aRgviwers.
`mefeTa cxovreba~, romelic `moqceva qarTlisas~ eyrdnoba, am epizods ase
gadmogvcems: `gamovida mirian mefe sazareliTa da TualT-SeudgamiTa xilviTa~ (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 88)...
rogorc Cans, dedoflisagan gansxvavebiT, mefis danaxva SesaZlebelia, magram
aSkaraa isic, rom misi saxe `TualT-Seudgamia~, mefis saxe ar Cans. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
mefes am dros niRabi ukeTia...
radgan netari nino aseT kiTxvas svams: `ra ars ese?~, radgan aseT pasuxs Rebulobs:
,,RmerTi RmerTTa uwess, romel (ars) armaz dawyeuli~, _ Cans, qarTvelTa momaqcevlis
TvalTa winaSe ucnauri sanaxaoba gadaSlila ,,TualT-Seudgami~ mefis saxiT da asuls
uxsnian, Tu rad aqvs mefes aseTi Sesaxedaoba _ mas armazi mouwodebs Tavisken, armazis
Tanaarsi unda gaxdes miriani, mas unda miemsgavsos, mirianis individualoba, misi ,,me~
armazs unda Seerwyas... ueWvelia, rom am dResaswaulze armazis niRabi ukeTia mirian
mefes... Cven eWvi ar gvepareba imaSi, rom armazobis dResaswaulze, romelic wmida ninos
unaxavs, dedoflis danaxva ekrZaleba xalxs da, Tumc, kerpebisaken mimaval mirian mefes
xedaven, misi saxis danaxvac akrZalulia...
sruliad ueWvelia gvgonia, rom armazobis dResaswaulze mefe da dedofali da,
albaT, araerTi kerpTmsaxuri da amisaTvis Rirsad miCneuli adamiani sulieri
metamorfozisaTvis emzadebian, isini armazis sulier sauflos unda Seerwyan da aseT
dros yuradReba, rogorc maT miaCniaT, dabal miwier sferoebSi mcxovrebma ubirma
adamianebma ar unda daurRvion; isini ganridebulni arian xalxisagan, armazis sulier
sauflos miaxlebulan, mirians armazis niRabi exmareba am miaxlebaSi da ar aris
SeuZlebeli, rom, armazisa ara, magram, metamorfozisaTvis, axal saxeSi SerwymisaTvis
saWiro raime niRabi nana dedofalsac ekeTos...
mouwodebs miriansa da nanas armazi Tavis sulier saufloSi... mefemac da
dedofalmac garkveulwilad unda dakargon sakuTari individualoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
misteriis dros mTeli arsebiT unda Seecadon, rom axal sulierebaSi gardaisaxon...
misteriis Semdeg Semobrundebian miwier samyaroSi, magram maT suls, maT saxes kerpebTan
mimsgavsebis raime niSani mainc unda Seematos... dedofali iqneb armazuli triadis im erT-
erT kerps unda Seerwyas, romelic qalur, dambadeblur sawyisTan igivdeba (vfiqrobT,
rom es aris `ga~... am sakiTxebze ix. _ kuWuxiZe 2000: 73-74) da amgvarad oriveni
garkveulwilad unda Seicvalon...
mefe da dedofali axali saxisani unda gaxdnen... Zveli suliereba SeZlebisdagvarad
unda Caklan TavianT sulSi da axali ki dabadon... xalxma arc `momakvdavi~ saxeba ar unda
ixilos mefisa da dedoflisa da arc axlis dabadebis uflebas aZleven mas... Zvelis kvdoma
da axlis dabadeba sakraluri procesia da esec aris erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc
misteriaze myofi mirianisa da nanas danaxvis ufleba xalxs ara aqvs.
armazobis dResaswaulze mefe-dedofali am samyaros sulierad scildeba,
armazul sulier saufloSi Sesuli ganaxlebuli saxisa xdeba da Secvlili ubrundeba am
samyaros... vfiqrobT, rom armazobis dResaswaulze axal adamianebad gardaqmnis misteria
aResruleba, ueWvelia, _ xalxs mefe-dedoflis Sexedvis ufleba ara aqvs.
armazis kerpi, romelsac, Cans, mieaxlnen mefe da dedofali, asea aRwerili: `dga kaci
erTi spilenZisa, da tansa ecua jaW oqroisa, da Tavsa missa edga Cafxuti oqrosa da
samarni oqrosanive da Tualni viTarca frcxili da bivriti, da elsa missa aqunda
rmali, viTarca elva ra brwyinvida da iqceoda elsa Sina missa, reca romelica
Seexebodis, viTarca Tavi Tsi sikudilad ganwiris~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119); WeliSur
redaqciaSi weria: `elsa missa aqunda rmali lesuli, romeli brwyinvida da iqceoda
elsa Sina~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119); `mefeTa cxovreba~ am suraTs ase gadmogvcems: `elTa
misTa aqunda rmali brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da iqceoda elTa Sina~ (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 89).
xalxi SiSiT Sehyurebs armazs, romlis xelSic `brwyinvale~ `rmali~ brunavs,
trialebs (`iqceva~)...
15
rogori unda iyos is `rmali lesuli~, `elvis msgavsi~, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi
`maxli~ ewodeba da romelic kerpis xelSi brunavs (xalxs eSinia, rom, Tu dideba daakles
am did kerp armazs, igi `scems~ maT Tavis `maxls~; _ qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 89)?
Zneli warmosadgenia Cveulebrivi xmlis formis msgavsi iaraRi, romelic qandakebis
xelSi brunavs... `rmali~ (`maxli~), Tuki igi qandakebis xelSi marTla trialebs
(`iqceva~), safiqrebelia, rom, aris maradiuli wrebrunvis gamomxatveli romelime
simbolo... ramdenadac teqstebSi alesil xmalze (maxvilze) aris laparaki, safiqrebeli
xdeba, rom armazis xelSi ara disko, aramed Tanabarzomieri, alesili gverdebis mqone
romeliRac emblema brunavs, es SeiZleba iyos warmarTuli jvari, ufro _ svastika...
teqstSi `rmali~ elvasTan aris mimsgavsebuli... an unda vifiqroT, rom mzis sxivi
irekleba am emblemidan, an is xdeba savaraudo, rom dResaswaulze romeliRac saSualebiT
cecxli elvardeba emblemaze, rom cecxlovan jvarsa Tu svastikas atrialeben
dResaswaulze qurumebi... am SemTxvevaSi saboloo mtkicebisagan Tavs SevikavebT, mxolod
varauds gamovTqvamT... sakiTxs met naTels warmarTul ritualebSi paralelebis moZieba
mogvcems. Tu armazuli triada xeTur kerpebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogorc es akad.
grigol giorgaZem sakmaod damajereblad, dokumentirebulad warmoaCina (giorgaZe
1985), maSin paralelebis Zieba upirvelesad xeTur samyaroSi iqneba saWiro...
xeTur samyaroze msjelobisas, mas Semdeg, rac xeTur da qarTul kerpTa
aRwerilobebSi gr. giorgaZis mier uSualo paralelebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb vsaubrobdiT,
Cven vwerdiT: sainteresoa, _ `kerpebi Ria cis qveS edgaT, rogorc amas garkveul
periodSi xeTebi akeTebdnen, Tu uSualod SenobaSi inaxeboda, rogorc es, xeTebis
SemTxvevaSi, `axali samefos~ Seqmnis periodidan xdeboda~ (statiaSi miTiTebuli gvaqvs:
gr. giorgaZe 1985: 151)... `am sakiTxis gadawyvetis Semdeg SeiZleba daaxloebiT mainc
gairkves, konkretulad xeTebis romeli xanis samefosTan iyo dakavSirebuli qarTveluri
tomi... unda zustad dadgindes, _ xom ar aris safiqrebeli, rom armazi, gaci da ga
dResaswaulisas taZridan gareT gamohqondaT xolme~ (kuWuxiZe 2004: 31).
Cven vxedavT, rom wmida nino Soriaxlodan, armazis cixidan, ufro Tu davazustebT,
,,kldis napralidan~ adevnebs Tvals armazobas (,,Seuswar cixed armazad da davdeg
maxlobelad kerpisa mis, napralsa kldisasa~, _ brZanebs wmida nino, _ Zeglebi 1964: 119).
irgvliv Sekrebili uamravi adamiani xedavs am kerpebs... teqstSi naxsenebia ,,zRudeni~,
romlebic ,,qarman sastikman~ [...] Cayarna kldesa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 121)... e.i. moCans es kerpebi.
`moqcevas~ Tanaxmad, mcxeTis dResaswaulisas movardnil qars marto kerpebi ki ara,
`zRudenic~ daungrevia... Cans, es zRudeebi uSualod kerpebs ertymoda gars, romlebic
wvimasa da qars kerpebTan erTad daungrevia... es zRudeebi, marTalia, ara klasikur,
magram erTgvar sataZro Senobad mainc SeiZleba miviCnioT...
SeiZleba Tu ara davuSvaT, rom kerpebi winaswar mihqondaT im adgilas, sadac Semdeg
mefe-dedofali da mTeli xalxi midioda? daatarebdnen maT iqiT-aqeT? vfiqrobT, es
naklebad savaraudoa.
adgili, romelzec kerpebi miriansa da nanas `iwvevdnen~ ritualisas, romlis
maxloblad gaemarTa netari nino, raTa `kldis napralSi~ Sefaruls kerpebi daenaxa
(`warved xilvad mis aramazissa~), am kerpebis mudmivi samyofelia... netari ninos
monaTxrobis Tanaxmad, setyva mxolod im adgilas misula, sadac kerpebi idga. TxrobaSi es
erTi adgilia gamokveTili rogorc warmarTTa umTavresi centri, rogorc
gansakuTrebulad uwmiduri... Txrobis konteqsts Tu verwmunebiT, armazis cixis axlos
mdebare es adgili unda moviazroT borotebis mTavar centrad... es SemozRuduli adgili
aris kerpebis mudmivi adgilsamyofeli...
setyva da qari angrevs kerpebs da, garda imisa, rom kerpebs yvela xedavs, aqedanac
Cans, rom isini mtkice SenobaSi ki ar inaxeba, amgvari Senobidan ki ar icqireba xalxis
SemaSinebeli armazi, aramed aSkaraa, rom kerpebi naxevrad gaxsnil nagebobaSi arian
daculni `zRudeTa~ mier... wmida nino brZanebs, rom `moiRo setyua litrisa swori~, _
Cans, es iseTi setyvaa, romelic erTi mxridan Zlierad ecema kerpebs, zRudeebs Soris
gasasvlels poulobs... zemoTqmulic ganamtkicebs mosazrebas, rom, rogorc ukve iTqva,
aseT SemTxvevaSi taZris klasikur Senobaze ara, magram iseT nagebobaze SegviZlia
laparaki, romelic mxolod zRudeebisagan Sedgeba, es ar aris daxurul kedlebiani
Senoba. kerpebi mTlianad ar arian daculni. nawilobriv Ria cis qveS imyofebian, oRond
mxolod nawilobriv... qarTuli kerpebi im periodis xeTur salocavebs hgavs, romelTac
Ria cis qveS inaxavdnen xeTebi... magram isic cxadia, rom sataZro nagebobis niSnebic
arsebobs me-4 s-is qarTlSi. safiqrebelia, rom kerpebis genezisi xeTebis uZvelesi
periodis panTeonidan iRebs saTaves, magram SemdgomSi Zvel qarTul salocavebs
cvlileba unda hqondes gancdili... am sakiTxebze ufro sruli pasuxi, xeTuri ritualebis
Sesaxeb SemorCenili cnobebis garda, arqeologiurma monacemebma SeiZleba mogvces...
16
aqve gvinda davZinoT, rom, rogorc adre Sesrulebul naSromSi aRvniSnavdiT, Cveni
azriT, is kerpebi, romlebic mcxeTaSi wmida ninom naxa, TavianTi SinaarsiT qarTulia.
kerpebs Sinaarsi, saxelebi, albaT, garegnuli formis araerTi niuansi, farnavazis dros
aqvs Secvlili... kerpebi, Cans, uZvelesi periodis xeTur samyarosTan kavSirSi Seiqmna,
magram farnavaziseuli reformis dros isini sruliad gansxvavebuli Sinaarsisa gaxda _
farnavazma Seqmna rogorc aRmosavlur (iranulTan), ise berZnul-romaul panTeonTan
mimsgavsebuli, oRond sruliad TviTmyofadi qarTuli salocavebi (am sakiTxebze ufro
vrclad vmsjelobT sxva werilSi _ kuWuxiZe 2000: 79). es aris erTgvarad oficialuri
salocavebi. xalxSi amavdroulad cnobilia sxva RvTaebebic, iqneba es kviria Tu mzeqali...
xalxi Tayvans scems `qvaTa da ZelTa, da spilenZsa da rkinasa da rvalsa, gamoberviT
ganWedilsa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 120)... farnavazi aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris
harmoniuli urTierTobis miRwevas cdilobs _ armazs gansxvavebul Sinaarss aZlevs,
magram saxeliT iranul RvTaebas _ ahuramazdas amsgavsebs... es, cxadia, iranis kulturul
samyarosTan urTierTobas garkveulwilad gauadvilebs, SedarebiT advili gaxdeba
urTierToba iranis momxre ZalebTan; udavoa, rom, qarTlSi arsebuli armazianobis
arsebobis miuxedavad, irani mainc cdilobs, rom aq oficialuri armazianobis
paralelurad mazdeanobac Zlieri iyos... qristianobis winare periodis qarTlis
kulturaze iranuli zegavlena marTlac SesamCnevia, `es dResac naTlad vlindeba
qarTveli xalxis materialursa da sulier kulturaSi: miTebsa da religiur
warmodgenebSi, enasa da mTel rig wes-CveulebebSi~ (giunaSvili 2006: 25), iranis
kulturul kvals adasturebs lingvisturi monacemebi, Sapur I-is da sasanelTa mTavari
mogvis _ qardiris warwerebi, arqeologiuri masala, mdidari enobrivi monacemebi
(giunaSvili 2006: 25).
`wmida ninos cxovrebis~ epizodi, romelSic kerpTa msxvrevaa aRwerili, garda imisa,
rom qarTuli warmarTobis uZvelesi Sreebis gamomJRavnebis saSualebas iZleva,
kompoziciurad sakmaod kargad aris gamarTuli da erTgvari damoukidebeli novelis
STabeWdilebas tovebs. am SemTxvevaSi, detalebze saubrisas, Cven xsenebuli epizodis
ukve mxatvrul formaze, masTan dakavSirebul niuansebsa da detalebze gvinda
gadmovitanoT sityva, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, amjerad zemodan davxedavT nawarmoebs...
Cven erTi garemoeba unda gaviTvaliswinoT aucileblad _ hagiografma mweralma
SeiZleba mravalgvari forma misces nawarmoebs, ama Tu im epizods... magram Tu mTxrobeli
marTla kargi ostatia, nawarmoebs igi arasodes ar daukargavs bunebrivobas, cocxali,
namdvili suraTebi, realurad momxdari ambavi yovelTvis sagrZnobi iqneba miseul
TxrobaSi (hagiografi zogjer miniSnebebiT gvixatavs ama Tu im gmiris sulSi momxdar
movlenebs...). CvenTvis saintereso epizodi erTi mcire magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor
SeiZleba mweralma imgvarad miiRos nawarmoebis sasurveli forma, rom teqstSi, vityviT
ase, `ar waiSalos is informacia~, romelic momavalSi mkvlevarT axali realiebis moZiebis
saSualebas miscems...
sakmaod efeqturia kerpTa msxvrevis epizodi. Tu epizodis dasawyisSi mozeimeTa xma
ismis, ismis `ora saSineli da SesaZrwunebeli erTa uricuTa da ma sayrTa friadTa~,
Tu wmida ninos winaSe `zarni da saSinelni gamovidodes~, epizodis bolos ukve sul sxva
xmebi moismis: ,,da aha wamis-yofiTa Tualisasa dasavleTiT SeiZrnes haerni da qarni
sastikni da ma-sces RrubelTa quxiliTa, miTa sazareliTa da saSineliTa. da aCnda
Rrubeli moswrafe, niSan-saSineli~ (Zeglebi 1964: 121).
axla ukve sul sxva movlenebis mauwyebeli niSnebi Cndeba. dasavleTidan erTbaSad
amovardnili sastiki qari moiwevs da zemodan sazareli da saSineli xmebi gadmodis
quxilisa... adamianTagan atexil xmaurobas zeciuri xmebi axSobs da zeciuri ganwyobileba
batondeba irgvliv... ase ikvreba epizodis dasawyisi da dasasruli...
mTxrobeli sulier movlenebze gvelaparakeba, magram Cven kargad unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom misTvis fizikuri movlenebi sulieris gamoxatulebaa, rom
yovelive, rac fizikur samyaroSi xdeba, sulieris gamovlinebaa da, amdenad, roca
mTxrobeli qarTvelTaTvis RmerTis Sewevnaze, am SemTxvevaSi, kerpebis daqcevaze,
gvelaparakeba, miseul TxrobaSi Tavisuflad ixateba am samyaroSi momxdari faqtebi
(hagiografia, Tu ki mas sworad wavikiTxavT, istoriografiisaTvis fasdaudebeli ganZia;
Tavis mxriv, saistorio proza mxatvruli literaturis Cinebul nimuSebad warmogvidgeba
xolme...).
TiTqos mTeli samyaro SeuZravs gamCens, ismis mexTatexis, zeciuri quxilis xmebi...
dasavleTidan uberavs qari, romelsac wamouRia suni `jerkuali simyralisa~ da, garda
imisa, rom aq kerpTmsaxurTa sulierebaSi uwmidurebis warwymedazea laparaki, teqsti
saSualebas gvaZlevs gavarkvioT, rom kerpTmsaxurebisas cecxlsa da sxvadasxva
saritualo zeTs iyenebdnen qarTveli armaziani qurumebi.
17
xalxi amjeradac garbis... jer folorcze dedoflisa da mefis Cavlisas daimalnen;
Semdeg SeZrwunebulni Sehyurebdnen maT winaSe aRmarTul, xelSi cecxlovani ,,maxlis~
motriale armazs da SiSiT iZaxdnen: `va, Tu povos ra biwi Cem Tana da mces me maxli misi,
romlisa eSinis yovelsa queyanasa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 119)...
amjerad ki ukve zeciur quxils SeuSinebia qarTveli warmarTebi da garbian yvelani:
`maSin ivltoda yoveli kaci soflad da qalaqad da me vxedevdi egodensa mas zargan-
dilebasa maTsa~, _ brZanebs wmida nino...
Semdeg qarTvelTa mociquli amas ambobs: ,,viTxove maRliT da eca dro da SeiWra
yoveli sayofelTa Sina TsTa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 121).
aq mxatvruli Sepirispirebaa _ Tu armazuli dResaswaulis dasawyisisas `Jam-sca
Jamman~ da ,,sivltola da mimodavla iyo yovlisa kacisa~, axla warmarTni dedoflisa
da mefisagan ki ara, aramed, ukve Tavad dambadeblis risxvisagan imalebian...
da lewavs qari da setyva kerpTa mxareSi yovelives. Zalian dinamiuria kerpTa
msxvrevis aRmweri winadadebebi. zmnaTa ganmeorebani iseT ganwyobilebas qmnis, TiTqos
sityvebi uecrad movardnili setyvis goraxebs damsgavsebulano da Cvens Tvalwin Zalian
cocxlad, xatovnad, naTlad warmodgeba, Tu rogor imtvreva, iqceva, rogor mieqaneba
ufskrulisaken ZvelTaZveli salocavebi: ,,da dalewna kerpni igi, dafqvna da daawulilna,
da daarRvna zRudeni igi qarman sastikman da Cayarna kldesa mas, romelsa Tvalni Tquenni
xedvides~ (Zeglebi 1964: 121).
TiTqos etapobrivad vxedavT kerpTa ganagurebis suraTebs da bolos ki saboloo
suraTis daxatva surs didostat aRmwers _ kldeSi Cayris suraTiT TiTqos beWedi esmeba
kerpTa saboloo ganadgurebis istoriis xatvas. aq aSkarad vxedavT im avtors, romelic
mxatvruli literaturis Semoqmedebis sferos Zalian kargad icnobs (Tavad wmida ninoa am
ambis momTxrobi. salome ujarmeli da peroJavr sivnieli ki iweren monaTxrobs... ,,wmida
ninos cxovrebaSi~ sxadasxva mTxrobelis avtoriseuli stili ZiriTadad SenarCunebulia,
monaTxrobTa SeerTebisas igrZnoba redaqtirebis kvali... am sakiTxebze vmsjelobT calke
werilSi _ kuWuxiZe 1999: 139-140).
armazobis grandiozul dResaswaulze masSi monawileTa emociebma kulminacias maSin
miaRwia, roca SeZrwunebulni Sehyurebdnen armazs... `wmida ninos cxovrebaSi~ CarTul am
patara `novelaSi~ Txrobis ganviTareba im epizodSi aRwevs kulminacias, roca wmida nino
tiriliT SesTxovs ufals qarTvelTa gadarCenas, kvanZi arcTu mosalodneli
dasasruliT ixsneba _ wvima da TqeSi, setyva amsxvrevs kerpebs da qarTvelebi
salocavebis gareSe rCebian da meore dRes ki Sewuxebulni eZeben TavianT kerpebs... locva
swadiaT da salocavebi ki aRar aqvT, hagiografiisaTvis arcTu damaxasiaTebeli
erTgvarad tragikuli suraTic ki ixateba TiTqos... magram es yovelive uflis
fericvalebis dRes xdeba, rac imis niSania, rom xalxisa da e. i. mTeli qveynis uflismieri
fericvaleba male moxdeba... tragikul mdgomareobaSi myof qarTvelebs male WeSmariti
RvTisadmi, swor gzaze yovlis damyeneblisa da ganmacocxlebelisadmi locvis saSualeba
miecemaT (mefe miriani salocavebis gareSe faqtiurad uRmerTod darCa maSin, roca
TxoTis mTaze myofi veRarc Zvel RmerTebze loculobda da jer wmida ninos RmerTic ver
eRiarebina, roca erTxans, macxovris gamocxadebamde, `cocxliv jojoxeTsa Sigan~ iyo
moqceuli... im wuTebSi saerTod uRmerTod aris darCenili miriani; man gaacnobiera, rom
kerpebi veRar gaunaTeben samomavlo gzas. TxoTis mTaze yofnisas gadawyvita qristianTa
devnis dawyeba da armazis Tayvaniscemis ganmtkiceba... radgan marTlac Zalian gonieri iyo
mefe, Cans, swrafad gaicnobiera, rom devnasa da kacis kvlas gadarCenisaken ver mihyavs
adamiani, rom Zveli kerpebi veRar gaunaTebdnen rwmenis gzas, ver daadginebdnen
WerSmaritebisaken, ukvdavebisaken aRmaval gzaze... da, radgan misi uRiareblobis gamo,
ukvdavebisaken, mamisaken wamyvani qriste macxovari jer ar iyo masTan misuli, sanam
gamoecxadeboda `sulieri mze~, manamde srul ukuneTSi Cavarda miriani (kuWuxiZe 2000: 89).
am sakiTxze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. mxolod erTs aRvniSnavT _ srul uRmerTobaSi
adamianis moqcevis motivi antikur literaturaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba (ufro _
alegoriuli formiT), me-19 da me-20 ss-is literaturaSi, cxadia, iZebneba igi... miriani
aRiarebs macxovars da am dros misTvis sicocxlisaken ixsneba gza...
kerpebis damsxvreviT daiwyo is movlena, romelic Semdeg TxoTis mTaze gagrZelda
_ mirianisaTvis `Zveli mze~ Caqra da `axalma mzem~ gaunaTa mas da mTel qarTvel ers
sicocxlisa da ukvdavebis gza...
`wmida ninos cxovrebaSi~ kargad ikveTeba kerpebis msxvrevisadmi miZRvnili novelis
msgavsi patara moTxroba, romelic iseTi saxis mxatvruli teqstiT aris mkiTxvelisaTvis
mowodebuli, rom Zvel qarTvelTa religiuri cxovrebis niuansebSi garkvevis saSualeba
eZleodes sruliad sxva periodSi mcxovreb mkvlevars.

18
damowmebani:

baramiZe 2003: baramiZe r. qarTuli mwerlobis saTaveebTan. literaturuli Ziebani. XXIV, Tb.:
2003.
giorgaZe 1985: giorgaZe gr. xeTur-armazuli `triadebi~. Jurnali mnaTobi, 5, Tb.: 1985.
giunaSvili 2006: giunaSvili e. islamamdeli irani da qristianobamdeli saqarTvelo:
kulturul zegavlenaTa sakiTxebi lingvistur monacemTa Suqze (iranuli
religiuri terminologia qarTulSi). mexuTe saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri
simpoziumis masalebi. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb.:
2006.
kuWuxiZe 1999: kuWuxiZe g. kidev erTxel `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ daTariRebisaTvis.
literaturuli Ziebani. XIX, Tb.: 1999.
kuWuxiZe 2000: kuWuxiZe g. qarTveli armazianebi qristeanuli epoqis zRurblze. Jurnali
religia, 1-2-3, Tb.: 2000.
kuWuxiZe 2004: kuWuxiZe g. uZvelesi qarTuli teqsti? kreb. klasikuri da Tanamedrove
qarTuli mwerloba, 7, Tb.: 2004.
siraZe 1989: siraZe r. `ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli mwerlobisa. J. ,,ganTiadi~, 2,
Tb.: 1989.
siraZe 1997: siraZe r. `wmida ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa. Tb.:1997.
siraZe 1998: siraZe r. `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ saxismetyveleba. Tb.: 1998.
qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. I, teqsti dadgenili yvela xelnaweris mixedviT
simon yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955.
CxartiSvili 1987: CxartiSvili m. qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis
problemebi. ,,cxoreba wmidisa ninosi~. Tb.: 1987.
Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. dasabeWdad moamzades il.
abulaZem, n. aTanelaSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da
c. jRamaiam ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. I, Tb.: 1964.

Gocha Kuchukhidze

Details of Armazic Mysteries

Summary

In the Life of Saint Nino there is one episode, which is connected with the smash of Georgian idols:
Armaz, Gats and Ga. Artistic-stylistic analyze shows that this episode in the writing is actually an introductory
small novel. It starts with the description of horrible and terrifying sound of thunder, which is the herald of
the beginning of heathenish ritual, how people are running and hiding on a festive occasion, while the king and
the queen are walking toward the idolsAt the end of the episode frightened people are again running, and
again hiding for this time they are frightened by the celestial thunder came running rain, wind and hail by the
will of God is destroying Georgians old sacred images and are preparing people to get the new religion.
This introductory episode in the Life of Saint Nino is well tied together composedly. The most
interesting is that according to Saint Ninos life, the tale about smashing the idols was narrated by saint Nino
herself and which was written down by two listeners: Salome Ujarmeli (Salome from Ujarma) and Perozhavr
Sivnieli (from Sivnieti) The text has an effect of editorial sign, but if we believe the story the author of this
place of life can be considered saint Nino herself.
The text of the Life of Saint Nino is created so that beyond narrating, with the style languages of images
are not only the soul appearances, but also historical details happened in the physical cases. The artistic
specification of Hagiographic text always implies such readers, who are able to read the historical realities. The
text of the Life of Saint Nino is interesting as for artistic analyzes, as well as for historical and ethnographical
research point of view. While searching it is observed that on the Festive occasion of Armaz, people did not had
any right to see the faces of the king and the queen, which is connected with the specificity of heathenish
mystery; The mystery described in the Life of Saint Nino implies the soul renovation of the person, similar as
reborn (there is a talk in the text about the beginning of soul renovation, when there is retold the episodes of
the King Mirian while hunting in the mountain of Tkhoti and episodes of building the Svetitskhoveli); In the
work there is consideration that idol Armaz is holding in the hands swastika or equal sided heathenish cross,
which was turned by the priests with some sources Armaz, Gats and Ga were located not in the classical but in
the half protected building The research gives us opportunity to share the consideration that mentioned three
idols genesis is related to the ancient kingdom of Yetis, but afterwards, mainly in the times of King Parnavazs
religious reforms, they may have undergone the several changes.
In the article there is talk about this and other issues in details.
19
soso maxaraSvili

bibliuri da literaturuli paradigmebi basili monazonis
(protoasikritis) `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebaSi~

basili monazonis `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba~ mesianisturi xasiaTis Zeglia.
qarTveli eris gamorCeulobis idea TxzulebaSi meore planiT, e. w. alegoriuli planiT
aris gadmocemuli. paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis mTeli mxatvruli aqsesuaris
gamoyenebiT, upirveles yovlisa ki, araCveulebrivad SerCeuli bibliuri paralelebiT,
Zveli da axali aRTqmidan damowmebuli citatebiT, hagiografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
myari kompoziciuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul movlenaTa da
moqmedebaTa logikiT _ mkiTxveli bunebrivad xdeba avtoris mxatvruli Canafiqris
Tanamoziare.
ilarionis mSoblebma TavianTi Ze RmerTs miuZRvnes, iseve rogorc pirvelad annam
aRuTqva ufals samoelio (`wmida ese aRTqumul iyo RmrTisada mSobelTa TsTagan,
viTarca pirvel samoel annasgan~), _ gvauwyebs basili da am bibliuri paraleliT
imTaviTve migvaniSnebs wmindanis gansakuTrebulobasa da gamorCeulobaze. gavixsenoT,
rom winaswarmetyvel samoelis (=micemuli RvTisa) msajulobis periodSi daibrunes
ebraelebma filistimelebisagan warTmeuli rjulis kidobani da am RvTisnieri kacis
ZalisxmeviT gandevnes isini TavianTi miwa-wylidan (1 mf. 1-7). sakuTari Svilis uflisadmi
Sewirvisa Tu aRTqmis motivi, cxadia, iwyeba abraamidan, romelmac Tavisi Ze _ isaki
uyoymanod miiyvana RmerTis samsxverploze. Tumca RmerTma daufasa abraams udidesi
RvTismoSiSoba da isakis nacvlad, verZis msxverpli Seiwira. abraamis Camomavloba RvTis
rCeuli eri gaxda. am eris wiaRidan iSva kacobriobis mxsneli _ mesia, anu qriste. wminda
mamebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom isakis msxverplad Sewirva simbolurad moaswavebda ieso
qristes sikvdilsa da aRdgomas. xsenebuli motivi hagiografiaSic imkvidrebs adgils.
magaliTad, giorgi mciris gadmocemiTac, giorgi mTawmidlis RvTismosavma mSoblebma
RmerTs Seswires rogorc pirveli Svili Tekla, ise mesame Svili giorgi, viTarca `verZi
rCeuli RmrTisa~ (yubaneiSvili 1960: 344-346). amgvar pirovnebas, rogorc isaks an
samoels, RmerTis gansakuTrebuli madlmosileba dahyveboda.
amis Semdeg sakvirveli sulac ar aris, rom wm. ilarioni bavSvobidanve iCens
gansakuTrebul siyvaruls da midrekilebas sasuliero wignebisadmi. es cnobili
kompoziciuri Sablonia hagiografiaSi. gasaxseneblad, wm. SuSanikisa da wm. grigol
xanZTelis magaliTebic ikmarebda.
basili protoasikrits xelewifeba personaJis fizikuri da sulieri xatis kalmis
erTi mosmiT Seqmna. magaliTad, rusTaveli episkoposis TvaliT danaxuli wm. ilarioni ase
gamoiyureba: `piri misi yviTeli, sityua mdabali da samoseli Seuracxi~ (abulaZe 1967:
11); xolo basili makedonelis winaSe warmdgari qarTveli berebis (wm. ilarionis
mowafeebis) saxe ki amgvarad airekleba imperatoris warmosaxvaSi: `ganixara mefeman
sixaruliTa didiTa, ixila ra angelozebrivi sax maTi, rameTu iyvnes wmidani igi
moxucebulni dRiTa da mcovanni hasakiTa. da Sueniereba igi gareSisa saxisa maTisa
Sinagansa sulisa brwyinvalebasa cxadad aCinebda da Semusvrili igi da mdabali sityua
maTi simSdesa da myudroebasa gonebisa maTisasa gamoaCinebda~ (abulaZe 1967: 31).
nawarmoebis es adgilebi uTuod mogvagonebs wm. grigol xanZTelis giorgi merCuliseul
daxasiaTebas: `xolo iyo xilviTa did, orciTa Txel, hasakiTa srul, yovlad keTil,
sruliad guamiTa mrTel da suliTa ubiwo~ (yubaneiSvili 1960: 134).
sazogadod, `wm. ilarionis cxovrebas~ bevri saerTo aqvs giorgi merCulis
TxzulebasTan: es exeba rogorc zogad kompoziciur sqemas, ise mraval msgavs epizodsa
Tu detals. SesaZlebelia maTi naTesaoba mxolod da mxolod hagiofrafiis cxovrebaTa
Janris specifikiT, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli myari literaturuli formebiTa da
CarCoebiT agvexsna. sakiTxi sagangebo Seswavlas moiTxovs. winaswar ki imis Tqma SegviZlia,
rom `wm. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ avtori kargad icnobs basili protoasikritis
nawarmoebs da zogierT SemTxvevaSi iyenebs kidec mas, rogorc hagiografiis erT-erT
saucxoo nimuSs. davimowmebT or pasaJs `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebidan~:
garejis udabnoSi damkvidrebuli wm. ilarionis siwmindisa da Rirsebis ambavi
sruliad qarTls moefina. rusTavelma episkoposma misi monaxuleba da mRvdlad kurTxeva
gadawyvita. wmindanma, romlisTvisac ucxo iyo yovelgvari kacobrivi dideba, Tavidan
uari Sehbeda mas da Seevedra, `raTa ganaTavisuflos igi uRlisa misgan mRdelobisa~.
bolos wm. mama veRar SeewinaaRmdega episkoposs, radgan CaTvala, rom misi uari SesaZloa
20
mRvdelT-moZRvris urCobad Seracxuliyo. amitom iZulebiT daTanxmda mis winadadebas da
mRvdlad ekurTxa (abulaZe 1967: 12)... palestinidan qarTlSi dabrunebul wm. ilarions,
romelmac samSobloSi dedaTa da mamaTa monastrebi daarsa, mTavari da mTeli eri
episkoposad dasmas daupirebs. wmindani TavisTvis ityvis: `dideba ese amis soflisa
momatyuebel ars saukunosa mis Seuracxebisa. da amiTca miemsgavsa didsa mas Sjulis-
mdebelsa moses kualad meored gamoslviTa egviptiT~. amitom gadawyvets cud-
didebisagan ganSorebas da Soreul qveyanaSi wasvlas (abulaZe 1967: 17).
visac erTxel mainc yuradRebiT waukiTxavs giorgi merCulis Txzuleba,
dagveTanxmeba, rom xsenebuli pasaJebi saocrad Tanxvdeba wm. grigol xanZTelis xucad
kurTxevisa da mTavarTa mier misi episkoposad dasmis ganzraxvis epizods. gavixsenoT mama
grigolis sityvebi, mRvdlad kurTxevasTan dakavSirebiT rom warmoTqva: `da aw pativsa
vxedav da patiJisagan meSiniso~. xolo rodesac Seityo episkoposobas upirebdnen da
`ixila Tavi Tsi orcielad didebasa Sina, friad wuxda guli misi da ganizraxa farulad
sivltola TsiT queyaniT saRrmToTa wodebiTa, romelica uZRoda mas mamaT-mTavrisa
abrahamis saxed, da viTarca isralni udabnod~ (yubaneiSvili 1960: 134-136). basili
protoasikritica da giorgi merCulec, asketuri cxovrebis apologetebi arian da
sakvirveli sulac araa, rom WeSmariti monazonis adgils `udabnoSi~ xedaven, xolo
episkoposobas `cudad-didebad~ an `orcielad-didebad~ miiCneven. Cven Sors varT im
azrisganac, rom hagiografma grigol xanZTelis mRvdlad kurTxeva Tu misTvis
episkoposobis SeTavazebis istoria basilis Txzulebis mixedviT SeTxza da amgvar
faqtebs wmindanis biografiaSi adgili ar hqonia. ara! ubralod imis Tqma gvinda, rom
xsenebuli epizodi imgvarad aris gadmocemuli, bibliur analogiebze damyarebuli
imgvari konstruqcia aqvs, rom giorgi merCule uTuod kargad icnobs da iyenebs (rogorc
models) `wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebas~.
wm. ilarionis garejaSi cxovrebiT, bernadet marten-hisaris azriT, iwyeba misi
cxovrebis aRmosavluri periodi. gaurbis ra didebas, igi midis salocavad palestinaSi.
RvTismSoblis CareviT brundeba saqarTveloSi, sadac didebas moixveWs monasterTa
dafuZnebiT. am periodSi bibliuri citatebi motanilia Zveli aRTqmidan, umTavresad ki
gamosvlaTa wignidan (dolaqiZe 1983: 253), xolo wmindanis ZiriTadi paradigma aris
ebraelTa mamamTavari mose.
`wminda werilSi~ a R m o s a v l e T i garda sakuTriv geografiuli miTiTebisa,
xSirad sakralur-alegoriuli mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. rogorc wesi, es mxare RvTiuri
madlisa da sikeTis momniWebel samyofadaa miCneuli (alibegaSvili 1993: 5-12). amgvarive
saxismetyvelebiTi datvirTva aqvs basilis teqstSi wm. ilarionis aRmosavleTSi
dabadebas (`aRmodomas~) da moRvaweobas. metic: wmindanis pirveli didi mogzauroba
aRmosavleTze _ qarTlidan palestinaze gadis, anu xorcieldeba Sesaqmiseuli istoria:
aRmosavleTidan kidev ufro aRmosavleTisaken.
basili protoasikriti wm. ilarionis mier garejis monastris datovebas ori
garemoebiT xsnis: 1. `da hasaksave siWabukisa m o x u c e b u l e b r i suli moipova,
viTarca didman mose, da msajul iqmna Soris sulisa da orcTa~ (Sdr.: `grigol xanZTelis
cxovreba~: `da Sen mogca qristeman keTili m o x u c e b u l e b a gonebisa~, _
mimarTaven mTavarni wm. grigols)... mouda wmidasa mas survili ucxoebisa da siZulili
cudad-didebisa~. 2. `da ufros da upirates amissa surviel iyo Tayuanis-cemad wmidaTa
maT da cxovels-myofelTa adgilTa, vina-igi Tavs-ixsna CuenTs vnebani orciTa amiT
kacobriviTa, romelni Cuengan miixuna sityuaman RmrTisaman uvnebelman~ (abulaZe 1967:
12-13).
wmindanis wasvla palestinisa da ierusalimis cxovelmyofeli adgilebisa da
siwmindeebis mosanaxuleblad da am gziT RvTaebriv madlTan ziareba gavrcelebuli
motivia hagiografiaSi. Sors rom ar wavideT, magaliTad `kostanti kaxis martvilobac~
SeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina (Sdr.: yubaneiSvili 1960: 75). arc mogzaurobisas wminda
mamaze Tavsdatexili gansacdeli _ yaCaRTa Tu barbarosTa mier masze ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxma aris ucxo da axali sasuliero literaturaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi wmindani
saswaulis ZaliT sZlevs mters da bolos Tavad momxvdurs uxdeba misgan Sewyalebis
miReba (Sdr.: imnaiSvili 1966: 98-99). sxvaTa Soris, `cxovrebaSi~ aRniSnulia, rom wm.
ilarionze avazakTa Tavdasxma moxda Samis qveyanaSi (siriaSi), sadac barbarosni
cxovrobeno. basilisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia mkiTxvelisaTvis imis miniSneba, rom
palestinis mimdebare teritoriebs araqristianebi akontroleben. konkretuli
istoriuli garemo _ arabul-mahmadianuri samyaro, romelic IX saukuneSi axlo
aRmosavleTsac moicavda, mwerals ar ainteresebs. sazogadod, hagiografi arcaa
valdebuli epoqis politikuri movlenebi Tu istoriuli realiebi asaxos (Sdr.: dolaqiZe
1983: 251). zemoT damowmebul Txzulebis teqstSi ufro sxva ram aris sagulisxmo da
21
mniSvnelovani, rac avtoris koncefcias imTaviTve amJRavnebs. esaa nawarmoebis mTavari
gmiris bibliur mosesTan Sedareba:
mose gaiqca egviptidan madiamis qveyanaSi, arad Caagdo is pativi, romelic eloda
faraonis karze, udabnoSi cxvrebis mwyemsvas mihyo xeli da Tavisi saTno cxovrebiT
miaRwia imas, rom qorebis mTaze RvTis gamocxadebis Rirsi Seiqna _ dainaxa mayvlis buCqi,
romelsac cecxli ekideboda da ar iwvoda. wm. ilarionic miatovebs qarTlsa da garejis
Zmebs (= egvipte da ebraeli eri), uars ambobs ra amqveyniur didebaze (= faraoni),
miemgzavreba palestinaSi (= madiami), udabnoSi mkacr asketur cxovrebas eweva, ris
Sedegadac ixilavs Cvenebas: zeTisxilis mTaze (=qorebis mTa), sadac ieso qriste zecad
amaRlda, RvTismSobeli (= Seuwveli mayvlis buCqi) gamoecxadeba da samSobloSi
dabrunebas ubrZanebs (Sdr.: abulaZe 1967: 12-15).
gavyveT kvlav `cxovrebis~ teqsts: wm. ilarioni `waremarTa queyanad Tsad da
naTesavTa mimarT TsTa zegardamo gulsavse-qmnuli, viTarca pirvelad m o s e , didi
igi sjulis-mdebeli, kualad meored ukuanqceuli egptedve gamoyvanebad naTesavTa
dakirTebulTa~ (abulaZe 1967: 15). maSasadame, wmindani, moses msgavsad, kvlav unda
dabrundes qarTlSi (igive egvipteSi), raTa Tavisi eri (igive ebraelebi) gamoixsnas
`uxilavisa mis faraos~ monobisagan. marTlac, mama ilarioni miemgzavreba samSobloSi,
aSenebs iq monastrebs da rogorc `winamZRoli da rjulmdebeli~ ganagebs samonastro
cxovrebas, awesebs tipikons.
basili mesamedac moixmobs Tavis TxzulebaSi moses analogias gamosvlaTa wignidan:
wm. ilarionma, iseve rogorc mosem, `sulni mravalni isnna monebisagan uxilavisa mis
faraosa da ganiyvanna daunTqmelad zRuasa Sina amis soflis(a)sa, vinaca mZlavri igi
mdevari medrebiTurT TsiT danTqmuli ixila da Zlevisa galobasa Zlevis-momcemelisa
RmrTisa sulieriTa saxiobiTa Seswirvida~ (abulaZe 1967: 17). sagulisxmoa, rom
damowmebul teqsts mosdevs wmindanis `uSores qveyanaSi~ gamgzavrebis ganzraxva. es
`uSoresi qveyana~, rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCndeba, aris berZnul-romauli imperia. ase rom,
nawarmoebSi araorazrovnad miniSnebulia ilarion qarTvelis misiaze _ gamoixsnas
bizantielebi, gadaarCinos codviT damZimebuli dasavleTis samyaro. sazogadod ki, moses
bibliuri paradigma mwerals sWirdeba imisTvis, rom qarTveli eris, gansakuTrebiT ki
berebis, RvTisgan gamorCeulobis idea iqadagos (dolaqiZe 1983: 254).
d a s a v l e T i s mxaris saxismetyvelebiTi gaazreba Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi
Zalze mkrTalia, Tumca zogierT adgilas, sadac es Cans, mas axlavs uaryofiTi konteqsti
(alibegaSvili 1993: 12-13). wm. ilarionis mogzaurobac aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken
`cxovrebaSi~ simbolizirebulia, rogorc naTlis gamobrwyineba, RvTaebrivi madlisa da
saTnoebis ganfena sibneleSi. dasavlur periodSi wmindani pirvel winaaRmdegobas
ucxoTSeuwynareblobis saxiT Sexvdeba ulumbos mTaze, sadac berZeni winamZRvari
qarTveli berebis aqedan gandevnas moindomebs... ulumbos monastris mamasaxlisis koWli
naTesavis gankurnebis Semdeg wm. ilarioni aRiarebuli iqna, `viTarca mociquli da mwyemsi
sakvirvelebisa misTs~ (abulaZe 1967: 21). Sesabamisad bibliuri citatebi teqstSi
ZiriTadad motanilia `samociqulodan~. am periodSi, rogorc bernadet marten-hisari
aRniSnavs, ilarion qarTveli aRar aris winamZRoli(?) da kanonmdebeli, misi modeli
petre da pavle mociqulebia (dolaqiZe 1983: 255).
marTlac, pavles msgavsad wmindani Tavad moipovebda yovelgvar `orciel samars~
(abulaZe 1967: 21), radgan axsendeboda mociqulis sityvebi: `elni Cemni mmsaxurebdes me~
(saqme 20, 34), anda: `dRe da Rame viqm eliTa CemiTa, raTa arara vis daumZimo~ (I Tes. 2,9; II
Tes.3,8). pavles imave epistoleebiTve aris STagonebuli wm. ilarionis sikvdiliswina
saubari mowafeebTan TesalonikSi ZmaTa Soris siyvarulisa da mSvidobiani cxovrebis
Sesaxeb (abulaZe 1967: 28). amave saubris dros igi orgzis moixmobs petre mociqulis
sityvebs: `da aha esera datevebad mic sayofeli miwisa~ (Sdr.: II petre 1,14) anda: `vidreca
ukuanasknelad aRmofSnvamde uwyodeT gonierad, rameTu mteri Cueni, viTarca lomi
myrali mimovals da eZiebs, raTamca STanTqa vinme Cuengani~ (I petre 5,8).
ilarion qarTvelis saocari swrafva romisken _ petresa da pavles samarxis
mosalocad da am gzaze Cadenili saswaulmoqmedebani, mas uTuod aaxloebs amave
mociqulebTan. iseve rogorc pavle gadawyvets jer ierusalimSi wasvlas, xolo Semdeg
romis monaxulebas (saqme 19,21), aseve wmindanic jer konstantinopolSi (`axal
ierusalimSi~) miemarTeba patiosani jvris Tayvansacemad, xolo Semdeg romisken iRebs
gezs. pavle mociqulis msgavsad igi or weliwads dahyofs romSi da Tavisi angelozebrivi
cxovrebiT, saRmrTo moqalaqeobiT, saswaulebaTa da kurnebaTa aRsrulebiT uamrav
Tayvanismcemels gaiCens am qalaqSi (Sdr.: saqme 28, 30). venaxis koWli mcvelis gankurneba
wm. ilarionis mier (abulaZe 1967: 22-23) Camohgavs fexebmowyvetili kacis aRdgenas pavles
mier qalaq listraSi (Sdr.: saqme 14, 8-10), iseve rogorc petre mociqulis analogiur
22
saswaulebs. Tavad `cxovrebis~ teqstSi Tesalonikis mTavris mxevlis 4 wlis Svilis
gankurneba wmindanis mier (abulaZe 1967: 24-25) Sedarebulia petresa da ioanes mier taZris
karibWesTan mowyalebis saTxovnelad mjdomi davrdomilis aRdgenasTan (saqme 3, 1-11) da
imave petre mociqulis mier eneas ganrRveulis gankurnebasTan (saqme 9, 31-34). dabolos,
ilarion qarTvelis mier moxdenili kidev erTi saswauli _ dapatimrebuli da jaWviT
ormagad Seborkili Tesalonikeli diakvnis warmarTTa qveynidan mSvidobiani gamosvla
(abulaZe 1967: 26-27) uTuod msgavsia herodes brZanebiT sapyrobileSi Casmuli petres
gamoxsnisa uflis angelozis mier (saqme 12, 6-11).
wm. ilarionis mier aRsrulebuli saswaulebi aranaklebia, vidre mociqulebisa, _
aRniSnavs basili da amgvar avtoriseul komentars gvTavazobs: rodesac wmindanma venaxis
win mjdomare koWlis gankurneba ganizraxa, upirveles yovlisa, iTxova misgan tkbili
nayofi, romlis micemac mas Tavad surda; yrmas rodesac kurnavda, pirvelad dedamiss
mosTxova wyali dasalevad, radgan surda, misi SvilisTvis mieca kurnebis wyali; agreTve,
rodesac ulumbos mTaze imyofeboda, amnairadve gankurna koWli, romelic evlogias
miarTmevda, radgan misca mas kurnebis evlogia (abulaZe 1967: 25).
jer ebraelTa winamZRol mosesTan, xolo Semdeg petre da pavle mociqulebTan
wmindanis Soreuli kavSiri da Rrma sulieri naTesaoba, romelic `cxovrebis~ teqstSi
etapobrivad viTardeba, saboloo jamSi mimarTulia iqiTken, rom moxdes Txzulebis
personaJis ieso qristesTan mimsgavseba. sxvanairad hagiografiis mTavari gmiris saxe ver
iqneba srulyofili. macxovari ambobs: `iyveniT Tqven srul, viTarca mama Tqueni zecaTa
srul ars~ (maTe, 5, 48). am sisrulisken miiltvis ilarion qarTveli mTeli Tavisi
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis manZilze, yovelgvar miwiersa da amqveyniur zrunvas
ganridebuli nabij-nabij miiswrafvis RmerTisken.
TesalonikSi, sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebSi wm. ilarioni amJRavnebs macxovarTan
miaxloebis tendencias Tavisi feriscvalebiT, gamosamSvidobebeli saubris SinaarsiT,
ukanaskneli `saidumlo serobiT~. rogorc qriste brundeba mamis didebaSi, wmindanic
daibrunebs Tavis didebas da am gandidebas adgili eqneba konstantinopolSi (dolaqiZe
1983: 255).
dasasruls, unda SevCerdeT wm. ilarionis kidev erT pirvelsaxeze, wm. ninoze,
romelsac ukve qarTuli qristianobis saTaveebTan mivyavarT. basili protoasikriti
uTuod STagonebulia `wm. ninos cxovrebiT~ da `ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis~ erT-erT
ZiriTad models swored xsenebuli Txzuleba warmoadgens. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba,
rom mwerals mudmivad Tvalwin udgas qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis diadi xati, rodesac is
mTavari gmiris saxes Zerwavs. sxvaTa Soris, es faqti imazec metyvelebs, rom `wm. ninos
cxovreba~ gacilebiT adrea Seqmnili, vidre is `moqceva qarTlisas~ saxiT
gaformebulia Satberdul da WeliSur redaqciebSi (maxaraSvili 2004: 212-213).
cxadia, SemTxveviTi araa, rom wm. ninos erT-erT arqetipad (ilarion qarTvelis
msgavsad) bibliuri mosea miCneuli. `ucxooba~ warmoadgens maT mdgomareobas... `wminda
ninoc, viTarca mose, movlenili suli iyo, romelsac evaleboda aRedgina codviT
dabnelebuli eri da misTvis miewvdina WeSmariti da marTali sityva RvTisa~ (metreveli
2000: 56-57). amgvaradve SeiZleba wm. ilarionis saxis gaazreba berZnebTan mimarTebaSi. wm.
nino, viTarca qarTlis gamqristianebeli, aRiarebuli unda iqnes qarTvelTa mier,
rogorc uflis nebis aRmsrulebeli da Seracxil iqnes `mociqulTa sworad~. rac Seexeba
wm. ilarions, petresa da pavles msgavsad RvTis madlmosilebiT aRvsili qarTveli beri
Sewynarebuli unda iqnes berZnebis mier da gandidebul iqnes, rogorc `axali mociquli~.
ubralod, aq masStabebi da moRvaweobis arealia sxvadasxva: wm. nino iberiaSi qadagebs
qristes rjuls, igi qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelia (da aqedan gamomdinare mociqulTa
swori), xolo wm. ilarionis mociqulebrivi misia, qarTlis garda, mTel dasavlur
qristianul samyaros moicavs; aq unda Seitanos man WeSmariti RvTis sityva, marTali
sarwmunoeba, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi bizantiis imperiam dakarga.
wm. ilarionis gamgzavreba ierusalimsa da palestinaSi _ es araa oden morwmunis
tradiciuli swrafva wminda adgilebisaken, an Tundac simbolurad aRmosavlur
qristianul samyarosTan erTgvari damSvidobeba. esaa, erTi mxriv, qarTuli eklesiis
pirvelsafuZvelTan dabruneba, meore mxriv, qristianobis wiaRTan, mis ZirTaZirTan
misvla. aq ilarion qarTveli RvTaebriv madls unda eziaros, wmindanis ZalmosilebiT
unda aivsos. iseve rogorc wm. ninom, manac aqedan unda daiwyos misioneruli moRvaweoba.
daucxromel asketur Rvawlsa da Sromas eweoda wm. ilarioni iordaniis udabnoebSi.
aq is `samaradisod xedvasa RmrTis(a)sa SeesakuTra~ da monazvnuri sisrulis mesame
xarisxs miaRwia. amis Semdeg mTeli misi arseba saRvTo misiis molodiniT iyo aRsavse;
ityoda: `mauwye me, ufalo, gza, romelsaca vidodi, da kualad maswave me, raTa vyo neba
Seni~ (fsalm. 142,8). da aha, masac, iseve rogorc wm. ninos (metafrasuli `cxovrebis~
23
mixedviT), RvTismSobeli gamoecxada da samSobloSi dabruneba auwya: `, ilarion, warved
da moiswrafe saxed Senda, daumzade seri ufalsa da Zesa Cemsa~ (abulaZe 1967: 15). Cvenebis
dros wm. ilarioni TiTqos zeTisxilis mTaze iyo asuli, iq, sadac ieso qriste amaRlda
zecad da mamis RvTaebriv wiaRs daubrunda.
maSasadame, wm. ilarionis xilva winaswarmoswavebiTia da axali gzis dasawyisze
miuTiTebs. es samisionero da samociqulo moRvaweobis gzaa, gandidebisa da RvTaebrivi
amaRlebisaken mimavali.
wm. ilarion brundeba saqarTveloSi. aq misi Zalisxmeva, viTarca axali mociqulisa,
sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis, monastruli cxovrebis damkvidrebis da sulierebis
aRorZinebisaken aris mimarTuli. aqedan ilarion qarTveli miemgzavreba dasavleTSi:
ulumbo, konstantinopoli, romi, Tesaloniki _ ai, wmindanis mier ganvlili marSruti da
misi samoRvaweo adgilebi. bizantiaSi is gvevlineba, rogorc `axali wm. nino~, romelsac
nebismier winaaRmdegobas RvTismSobeli daaZlevinebs. wm. ninos msgavsad igi kurnavs
avadmyofebsa da xeibarT, axdens sxvadasxva saswaulebs, zogjer mis analogiursac ki
(magaliTad, mTavris mxevlis Zis gankurneba).
sabolood ki, wm. ilarionis kultma igive mniSvneloba unda SeiZinos berZnul-
romauli imperiisaTvis, rac wm. ninos hqonda qarTlisaTvis, man igive funqcia unda
Seasrulos basili pirvelisa da misi memkvidreebisaTvis, rac ucxo tyve-qalma ikisra
mirianisa da misi CamomavlebisaTvis; wmindanis neStis saboloo adgilsamyofeli _
romanas monasteri unda gaxdes berZenTaTvis marTlmadideblobis dauSreteli wyaro,
maradiuli sulierebis da madlmosilebis, ganaxlebisa da aRorZinebis wmindaTawminda
adgili, anu is, rac iyo qarTvelTaTvis sveticxoveli da bodbis monasteri.
ase aRadgens ilarion qarTvelis mogzauroba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris
Catexil xids, ase akavSirebs uxilavi sulieri ZafebiT ierusalims, konstantinopolsa da
roms, ase aerTianebs da kravs is mTel qristianul samyaros. es gza kulturuli
msoflios, oikumenis, gamTlianebisa, basili protoasikritis azriT, qarTlze gadis,
radgan wmindani aRmosavleTSi ki daibada, magram `saTnoebaTa elviTa dasavalisa myofni
gananaTla~ (maxaraSvili 2002: 55-57).

damowmebani:

abulaZe 1967: abulaZe i. (redaqtori). Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. II,
(XI-XV s.s.). Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1967.
alibegaSvili 1993: alibegaSvili g. geografiuli mxareebi bibliaSi. J. literatura da
xelovneba. SoTa rusTavelis sax. qarTuli literaturis institutisa da g.
CubiniSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis institutis Jurnali, 1, Tb.:
1993.
dolaqiZe 1983: dolaqiZe m. axali naSromi ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. mravalTavi.
k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa institutis perioduli samecniero organo, XII. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1983.
imnaiSvili 1966: imnaiSvili i. (gamomcemeli). `epifane kviprelis cxovreba~. sakiTxavi wigni
Zvel qarTul enaSi, II. Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 10. Tb.: Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1966.
maxaraSvili 2002: maxaraSvili s. Teofile xucesmonazoni (SemoqmedebiTi por-treti). Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 2002.
maxaraSvili 2004: maxaraSvili s. wm. ninos saxe, rogorc arqetipi wm. ilarion qarTvelisa.
samecniero SromaTa krebuli. Tsu siRnaRis (kaxeTis) filialis yovelwliuri
samecniero organo, V. siRnaRi: 2004.
metreveli 2000: metreveli f. agiografiuli sityva da logosi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~,
2000.
yubaneiSvili 1960: yubaneiSvili s. (redaqtori). Cveni saunje. I, Zveli mwerloba. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1960.

Soso Makharashvili

Biblical and Literary Paradigms in Basil Protoascritos' "The life of Saint Hilarion the Georgian"

Summary

The research deals with biblical paradigms verified in "The Life of St. Ilarion from Georgia". An attempt is
made to find out. literary parallels between the mentioned writing and the other original hagiographic works, reveal
those firm composition motives that are characteristic to the concrete gernre. It is shown that for creating St. Ilarin's
24
image, Mpnk Basil uses sush archetypes as Moses the Prophet from the Old Testament, Disciples peter and paul and
even Jesus Crist and Saint Nino, the Enlightener of the Georgians, Moreover, paradigmatic topology (Image
Language) is rather the method for realizing the artistic desing and revealing the religious mission of the Georgian
monks in Byzantine Empire to proclaim significance and singularity of the Georgian nation, than the purport of the
author.






ia grigalaSvili

`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisi

hagiografiul TxzulebaTa istoriul-filologiuri analizi srulyofili ar
iqneba, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT maT saRvTismsaxuro xasiaTsac. maTi wakiTxva eklesiaSi
TviTonac ganapirobebda RvTismsaxurebisTvis garkveuli saxis gansazRvras.
eklesiaSi mimdinare RvTismsaxureba zeciur arsebaTa galobas, RvTisadmi maTgan
aRvlenil xotbas emsgavseba. miwieri da zeciuri dro erTiandeba morwmuneTa ziarebisas.
morwmune qristes sisxlTan da xorcTan ziarebisas uflis Tanaziari xdeba. zRvari iSleba
awmyosa da bibliur maradiulobas Soris.
hagiografiul TxzulebaTa kompozicia isea agebuli, rom RvTismsaxurebisTvis
sagulisxmo Temebze gamaxvildes yuradReba. es Temebia: samyaros Seqmna, adamianis
codviTdacema, samoTxidan gandevna, sinanuli, qristes mosvlis Sesaxeb
winaswarmetyveleba, qristes mosvla, jvarcma, aRdgoma, amaRleba, meored mosvlis
molodini.
hagiografiul TxzulebebSi mowamis amqveynad cxovrebis epizodebi Sedarebulia
bibliur rCeul pirTa TavgadasavalTa Sesabamis pasaJebTan. TxzulebaSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis Sesabamisad wmindani amJRavnebs mamamTavarTaTvis damaxasiaTebel RvTis
erTgulebas, winaswarmetyvelTa mamxileblur paTossa da winaswar ganWvretis unars,
maxarebelTa siyvaruls WeSmariti sityvisadmi, mociqulTa msgavs mzaobas saqadageblad
da wmindanTaTvis Cveul Tavganwirvas. rac mTavaria, Txzulebis mTavari gmiri
srulyofilebiT TviT iesos emsgavseba.
iakob xucesis `wmida SuSanikis wameba~ qarTvel mecnierTa mier ganxilulia rogorc
istoriul-literaturuli kuTxiT (ivane javaxiSvili, korneli kekeliZe, nikoloz
janaSia, ilia abulaZe, Sermadin oniani, ivane lolaSvili, beJan kilanava, manana
gigineiSvili, revaz baramiZe da sxv.), aseve saxismetyvelebiTi sakiTxebis wina planze
wamoweviTac (revaz siraZe, firuz metreveli, lali daTaSvili, qeTevan elaSvili da sxv.).
`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ ramdenime redaqcia arsebobs: vrceli, mokle da
svinaqsaruli rogorc qarTul, aseve somxur enaze. amasTan, zogierTi redaqcia ramdenime
variantiTaa warmodgenili.
Cvenamde moRweulia `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciebis or aTeulamde
xelnaweri. yvelaze meti TerTmeti xelnaweriTaa cnobili qarTuli vrceli redaqcia.
uZvelesi xelnaweri moTavsebulia X s. parxlis mravalTavSi, romelic yvelaze didi
qarTuli xelnaweri wignia. danarCeni xelnawerebi XVIII-XIX saukuneebiT TariRdeba.
qarTuli mokle redaqcia aTonis erT-erT xelnawer krebulSi, cnobil svinaqsarSia
(Ath. 57). igi n. marma aRwera da X s-iT daaTariRa (mari 1900: 47-72).
qarTuli svinaqsaruli `wameba~ ori xelnaweriTaa cnobili 425 (1718 w.) da 220 (1726)
(Zeglebi 1968: 385).
somxuri vrceli redaqciis erT xelnawers miakvlia ilia abulaZem eCmiaZinis erT-
erT mravalTavSi. xelnaweri gadawerili unda iyos 1689 wels, xolo meore vrceli
somxuri redaqciis gamocema ganxorcielebula veneciaSi 1853 wels. cnobil istorikossa
da mwerals l. aliSans gadauweria es nusxa da mas gadaucia veneciis xelnawerTa
biblioTekisaTvis.
somxuri mokle martvilobis wignis uTariRo nusxuri xelnaweri arsebula XIX s-Si q.
karinSi. misi piri gadauRia 1847-1852 ww. n. sargisians.
somxuri svinaqsaruli wamebani araerTi nusxiTaa warmodgenili. ilia abulaZem erT-
erTi ucnobi redaqcia aRmoaCina erevanSi. es xelnaweri 1296 wlisad iTvleba~ (abulaZe
1938: 04-06). `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ gamocemebze Cven ar SevCerdebiT. yuradRebas
gavamaxvilebT mxolod redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebis zogierT aspeqtze.
25
ilia abulaZis SexedulebiT, somxuri mokle wamebis teqsti met siaxloves amJRavnebs
iakob xucesis nawarmoebTan, rac qarTul vrcel redaqciaze damokidebulebis meti niSnis
gamovleniT dasturdeba. qarTulTan teqstobrivad Semxvedri adgilebia ufro meti,
vidre vrcel somxur martvilobasTan. mokle wameba enobrivad ufro Zvelia, vidre
vrceli. vrceli misi gadamuSavebaa.
ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, rom vrcel somxur wamebas qarTulTan dakavSirebiT
zogadi xasiaTis iseTi Taviseburebani axasiaTebs rogoricaa: 1. TariRis aRuniSvneloba. 2.
geografiuli punqtebis dausaxelebloba. 3. sayofacxovrebo mxareebisTvis gverdis avla.
4. `warxoca moqmed pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb, iseTi zedmiwevniTi cnobebisa, rogoric sakuTari
saxelebia~ (javaxiSvili 1921: 22). mas magaliTebad sasaxlis episkoposisa da karis xucesis
mouxsenebloba mohyavs. karis xucesi saxeliT arsad ixsenieba gamoqveynebul vrcel da
mokle martvilobaTa wignebSi, magram episkopos afocis saxels ilia abulaZem miagno
eCmiaZinis xelnawer nusxaSi (941). iv. javaxiSvilma qarTuli vrceli wameba dednad, xolo
somxuri mis mermindel gadakeTebad aRiara, rasac daeTanxma ilia abulaZe. misi TqmiT,
roca somxuri martvilobis orive redaqciis wignebs qarTuls vadarebT, pirveli, rac
SeiniSneba, isaa, rom orive qarTulis garkveul nawils uWers mxars, garkveuls ki ara.
mxaris daWera ufro Cans, roca moTxrobis faqtobriv mxares exeba saqme; erTmaneTs ki
maSin scildebian, roca saqme SuSanikis mowameobas exeba. mag.: locva-vedrebas,
moTminebasa da sxv. an roca qarTuliT SuSaniki baasobs, anda roca avtori iakob xucesi
sadme Tavis Sesaxeb iZleva cnobebs, an kidev, roca raime suraTi mxatvrul saxeebSia
mocemuli. amaT nacvlad xsenebuli orive teqsti an gavrcobilia xolme, an Sekvecili,
anda sruliad gverds uxvevs aseTebs. avtoris piradoba, romelic agreTve qarTuls
ramdenjerme aqvs aRniSnuli, somxurSi ar Cans. pirveli piriT Txroba qarTulisa
somxurSi mesame piriTaa warmodgenili. mxatvruli adgilebi da aRwerebic qarTulisa
somxurSi an sruliad ar SeiniSneba, anda metad mkrTalia.
somxur mokle wamebas vrcelisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc cnobilia, erTgvari
Sesavali moepoveba, romelSiac SuSanikis genealogiaa gadmocemuli. es Sesavali, rogorc
Tavis droze gamomcemelma aRniSna, Tanmxvdomia mose xorenelis `somxeTis istoriis~ III
wignis 51 da 49 Tavebis erTi nawilisa. egebis es adgili im vrceli wamebis wignsac hqonda,
romlisganac igi SeiZleboda yofiliyo gamokrebili. aseTi ram ki kvlav imis maCvenebeli
iqneboda, rom mokle wameba dResdReobiT cnobili vrceli wamebisagan gansxvavebuli
wignidan momdinarea. magram isic SesaZloa, rom mokles mier gamoyenebul vrcel wamebas
ar hqonda aseTi adgili. maSin igi Semmoklebelisa Tu gamomkrebelis naxelavi iqneboda
aRebuli mose xorenelisgan anda SeTxzuli TviT misgan da amdenad wyarod qceulic
mosesaTvis. arc erTs da arc meores ar ewinaaRmdegeba mose xorenelis moRvaweobis
wlebad nagulisxmebi dro. mose IX saukunis I naxevris moRvawed miiCneva. daaxloebiT am
drois unda iyos somxuri wamebis aRniSnuli Zeglic.
ilia abulaZe ar iziarebda n. marisa da iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas,
rom qarTuli mokle redaqcia Targmnilia somxuri mokle teqstidan. qarTuls, ise
rogorc somxursac urTierTTan Sepirispirebisas moepoveba rogorc zedmeti da
danaklisi sityvebi, ise winadadebebic. magaliTad, qarTul TargmanSi sruliad araferia
naTqvami SuSanikis aRsrulebis TariRis Sesaxeb, rac SesaZloa imiT iyos gamowveuli, rom
dedanSi aRniSnuli TariRi qarTulze gadmoyvaniT ar uWerda mxars dasawyisSi
mosaxseneblad gankuTvnil dRes _ 21 agvistos. qarTuli vrceli martvilobis teqstis
saTanado adgilebs somxuri mokle martvilobis teqsti ufro uWers mxars, vidre
qarTuli mokle martvilobis teqsti. qarTuli ramdenadme sxvagvari nusxis mokle wamebis
Targmani Cans, vidre dResdReobiT cnobilia.
erovnul-eklesiuri Tvalsazrisis SesamCnevi gamomJRaveba qarTulTan
dapirispirebiT somxur literaturSi qarTul-somxuri saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg
iwyeba, e. i. VII saukunidan. amitom SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom Tu am dromdis somxurad
SuSanikis wameba iqneboda, igi igive iqneboda, rac qarTuli (ukanasknelis Targmani), yovel
SemTxvevaSi, didad mainc ar unda gansxvavebuliyo qarTulisagan. misi gadakeTeba da
somxur Tvalsazrisze gawyoba ki amis Semdeg, TandaTanobiT unda momxdariyo
urTierTobis ganviTarebis Sesanamisad. amaze, sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, TviT Semonaxuli
martvilobebis teqstebic migviTiTeben. maTi dapirispirebiTi Seswavlidan naTlad Cans,
rom qarTulisagan daSoreba TandaTan xdeba (abulaZe 1938: 019-045).
mecnieri qarTul-somxuri redaqciebis Sedarebis Semdeg savsebiT swor daskvnamde
mivida: `qarTuli, Tavisi faqtobrivi mxaris zedmiwevniTi sisruliTa da siWarbiT, rac
misi litonobisa anu kimenobis damadasturebelia, adrindelobis niSnebis
matarebelicaa, xolo meore, somxuri, sadac es mxare, piriqiT, Sekvecilia da zogadi
26
StrixebiT Semcvleli zedmiwevnilobisa da imave dros wina planze mowameobrivi qcevis
damyenebelic, mermindelobas gviCvenebs~ (abulaZe 1938: 039) (xazi Cvenia i. g.).
samecniero literaturaSi araerTxel gaumaxvilebiaT yuradReba iakob xucesis
Txrobis bunebriobaze, rasac, Cveni azriT, adasturebs Txzulebis dasawyisic: `da aw
damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi~. qarTuli
vrceli redaqciis amgvari Sesavali ivane javaxiSvils afiqrebinebda, rom iakobis Sroma
warmoadgens meore nawils, SuSanikis aRsasrulis momTxrobels, xolo pirveli nawili,
romelSic laparaki iqneboda misi bavSvobis Sesaxeb, avtors am SemTxvevaSi gangeb ar
mouyvania (javaxiSvili 1945: 25).
korneli kekeliZe ki werda: `SeiZleba es asec iyos, Tumca agiografiuli mwerlobis
tradicias aseTi danawileba erTi mTliani nawarmoebisa ar sCvevia~ (xazi Cvenia i. g.)
(kekeliZe 1980: 115). maSasadame, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ubadlo mkvlevari
gamoricxavda `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ teqstis I nawilis arsebobas. korneli kekeliZe
mxolod hipoTezis saxiT gamoTqvamda varauds, rom SesaZloa iakobs dawerili hqonda
raRac istoriuli Sroma, romelSic SuSanikis wamebis Sesaxeb gakvriT iyo laparaki, ise
rogorc gakvriT ixseniebs mas mematiane. vinaidan aseTi gakvriTi moxseneba
RirsSesaniSnavi pirovnebis mowamebrivi aRsasrulisa maSindel eklesiurad moazrovne da
ganwyobil sazogadoebas cnobismoyvareobas uRizianebda, iakobma mere calke sagangebod
an damtkicebiT, rogorc TviTon ambobs, aRwera misi martviloba (kekeliZe 1980: 115).
sityva `damtkicebulad~ niSnavs `WeSmaritad~, `namdvilad~. Cveni azriT, SeiZleba
avtori gulisxmobdes wmindanis Sesaxeb Sekrebili cnobebis dalagebulad, gawyobilad,
saboloo saxiT gadmocemas. amgvari varaudis gamoTqmis saSualebas is garemoeba gvaZlevs,
rom jer kidev III saukuneSi, roca Sewyvetila qristianTa devna, dauwyiaT zrunva, rom
erTad SeekribaT mowameTa, maTi wamebis adgilisa da drois Sesaxeb cnobebi da
aResrulebinaT maTi xsenebani (tipikoni 1910: 306). mravali mowamis Sesaxeb SenarCunebuli
iyo oficialuri oqmebi (romlebsac awarmoebdnen prokonsulis mdivnebi an
prokuratura), sadac Sedioda braldeba, dakiTxva, mowameTa Cvenebebi, ganaCeni da
msjavri. Cvenamde SemorCa ramdenime aseTi oqmi. magaliTad, wmida kviprianes Sesaxeb aqti,
258, xsenebis dRe 31 agvisto; aseve maT mier warmoebuli Ziebisa da sasamarTlos oqmebi, an
kidev TviTmxilvel qristianTa Canawerebi, rimelTac awarmoebdnen uSualod maTi
wamebisas, an maSinve, mowamis aRsrulebis Semdeg. am monacemebs Semdeg ajgufebdnen,
alagebdnen. zogierT eklesiaSi yovelive amas daxvewili, sistematizirebuli saxe miuRia.
IV saukuneSi ki adgilobriv eklesiebs SeuqmniaT TavianT mowameTa Tveni (tipikoni 1910:
307).
rogorc Cans, iakob curtaveli sagangebod krebda, agrovebda masalebs, romlebic
wmida SuSanikis cxoreba-mowameobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. xucesi, rogorc dedoflis
sulieri moZRvari da pitiaxSis ojaxTan daaxloebuli piri, ra Tqma unda, winaswar
ganWvretda, Tu ra usiamovnebebis, tanjva-wamebis gadatana mouxdeboda dedofals
gamazdeanebuli meuRlisagan. swored amitom, roca varsqenis sparseTidan dabrunebamde
Seityo dedoflis eklesiis maxlobel senakSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb, moinaxula SuSaniki,
TanaugrZno da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Seamzada kidec mosalodneli gansacdelis dasaTmenad:
`Ruawlsa didsa Seslvad xar, dedofalo, ekrZale sarwmunoebasa qristssa, nuukue
mterman, viTarca srsvilman, saZovari poos Sen Tana~ (Zeglebi 1963: 13). dedoflis
sityvebidan xucesma Seityo, rom wmida SuSaniki mzad iyo tanjvaTa gadasatanad.
Txzulebidan naTlad SeigrZnobs mkiTxveli, ra saocari SiSi gamefebula varsqenis
sapitiaxSoSi: `da varq me sanatrelsa mas xvaSiadad-re: _ viTar gegulebis miTxar me
raTa uwyodi da aRvwero Sroma Seni~ (Zeglebi 1963: 14). savaraudoa, rom dedoflis
gadawyvetilebis uryevobaSi darwmunebul xucess imTaviTve ganuzraxavs Seegrovebina da
Semdeg saTanadodo, gaemarTa wmida SuSanikis mowameobrivi cxovrebis amsaxveli masala.
Txzulebis dasawyisSive avtori gadmoscems varsqenis sparseTSi gamgzavrebisa da
misi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da iqve SeniSnavs: `da colad misa iyo asuli vardanisi, somexTa
spapetisa, romlisaTs ese mivwere Tquenda, mamisagan saxeliT vardan, da siyuaruliT
saxeli misi SuSanik...~ (Zeglebi 1963: 11). `romlisaTs ese mivwere Tquenda~ SeiZleba ori
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gavigoT: 1. rom am pirovnebis, vardanis asulis gamo dauweria
`ese~, anu es Txzuleba; `Tquenda~, anu TqvenTvis, mrevlisTvis, eklesiaSi wasakiTxad; an 2.
SesaZloa, avtors masalis Sekrebisas epistoleTi miumarTavs im piris an pirebisaTvis,
romlebmac zedmiwevniT zustad icodnen wmida SuSanikis warmomavlobasa da bavSvobasTan
dakavSirebuli detalebic ki. safiqrebelia, rom man miagno swored aseT SetyobinebaSi,
pasuxSi cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom Tavdapirvelad wmindanisaTvis `vardani~ daurqmeviaT,
xolo Semdeg siyvaruliT, moferebiT uwodebiaT misTvis `SuSanik~.
27
Cven viziarebT ediSer WeliZis mier gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss, rom cnoba _ SuSaniki
iyo `moSiSi RmrTisa siyrmiTgan TsiT~, imdenad zogadi, imdenad sayovelTao miTiTebaa
nebismier wmindanTan dakavSirebiT, rom saubari iakobis mier SuSanikis yrmobis
sagangebod aRweris Sesaxeb uSedego Cans, radgan yvelaze mokle SetyobinebaSic ki
hagiografs SeeZlo (da SeiZleba iTqvas, evaleboda kidec), xazi gaesva SuSanikis
RvTismoSiSebaze adreuli asakidanve (amgvari xazgasma xSirad iCens Tavs wmindanTa
Sesaxeb daweril yvelaze mokle hagiografiul, Tundac sakuTriv svinaqsarul
sakiTxavebSi) (WeliZe 2005: 45).
iakob xucesi wmida SuSanikis Tanamedrovea, iseve rogorc mrevli, romelsac
uyveboda wmida SuSanikis mowameobrivi Rvawlis Sesaxeb. `vTquT~ niSnavs ara erTi piris
mier Tqmuls, aramed ramdenime adamianisas. maSasadame, wmida SuSanikis aRniSnuli
Tvisebis Sesaxeb sxvebmac icodnen, rac bunebrivia, radgan bavSvoba netar SuSaniks
varsqen pitiaxSis mamis sasaxlis karze gautarebia.
revaz siraZis TvalsazrisiT, `SuSanikis wameba~ TviTon Seicavs cnobebs, romelTa
mixedviT, sruliad cxadia, rom masze adrec unda arsebuliyo sxva Zeglebi qarTuli
qristianuli mwerlobisa. mravalgzis yuradRebuli fraza _ SuSaniki iyoo `moSiSi
RmrTisa, viTarca-igi vTqviT, siyrmiTgan TsiT~ _ gulisxmobs raRac sxva nawarmoebs da
ara amave nawarmoebis TiTqosda dakargul Sesavals. Tu ra saxis unda yofiliyo es
nawarmoebi, romelSic saubari iqneboda bavSvobidanve SuSanikis RvTismoSiSobaze, amis
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva varaudi arsebobs. misi azriT, aq unda igulisxmebodes saflavispira
sakiTxavi anu enkomia epitafia, romelic unda warmoeTqva SuSanikis dakrZalvisas
iakobs, viTarca mis sulier moZRvars, romelsac marTebda sikvdilisSemdgom wesTa
aRsruleba sasaxlis episkopos afocTan erTad. bunebrivia, rom amgvar enkomiaSi
yuradReba gamaxvilebuliyo SuSanikis bavSvobisdroindel ambebze, romelTa momswre
TviTon iakobi iyo (xazi Cvenia i. g.). es sakiTxavi daiwereboda SuSanikis kanonizaciamde
(anu wmindanad Seracxvamde), xolo `wameba~ kanonizaciis Semdeg Seiqmneboda.
sakiTxavTa Janrs am droisaTvis ukve garkveuli tradiciebi hqonda, rom araferi
vTqvaT bizantiur mwerlobaze, am mxriv, TviT `SuSanikis wamebis~ cnobebic sayuradReboa.
im dros ukve arsebula qarTuli `samartvileni~ anu mowameTa mosaxsenebeli adgilebi,
romlebic varsqenis mamasac augia. samartvileni ki sadResaswaulo sakiTxavebs
saWiroebdnen~ (siraZe 1997: 4-5).
maSasadame, revaz siraZis TvalsazrisiT, fraza `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen
aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi~ ar iZleva saSualebas gamoiTqvas varaudi
dakarguli Sesavali nawilis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, Cven ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas,
TiTqos xucess ekuTvnodes sxva nawarmoebic, kerZod, enkomia, romelSic yuradReba
gamaxvildeboda wmida SuSanikis bavSvobisdroindel ambebze. enkomia aris qeba, Sesxma,
xotba, romelic warmoiTqmeboda wmindanTa gansadideblad saeklesio dResaswaulebze.
Tundac Seqmniliyo enkomia, masSi ver aisaxeboda wmindanis bavSvobasTan dakavSirebuli
ambebi. sasuliero literaturaSi ar arsebobs faqti wmindanis bavSvobis, an bavSvuri
qcevebis amsaxveli epizodebis gadmocemisa. `kolael yrmaTa wamebaSic~ TviTon wamebis
faqtzea avtoris mier yuradReba gamaxvilebuli da ara wmindanTa bavSvobaze, an sxva
ambebze, romlebic maT bavSvur Tavgadasavals asaxavda. saxarebaSi araferia moTxrobili
TviT qristes bavSvobis Sesaxebac. sasuliero literaturis mTavari gmirebi sulieri
srulyofis sakmaod rTul gzas gadian. bavSvobidanve RvTismoSiSoba erT-erTi Tvisebaa
wmindanebisa. grigol xanZTelis Sesaxeb wers hagiografi, rom `siCCoTganve Rvino da
orci ara Seda pirsa missa~ (Zeglebi 1963: 249). miuxedavad imisa, rom moculobiT
sakmaod vrceli nawarmoebia, `wmida grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ ar aris moTxrobili
wmida grigolis bavSvobasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi, rac savsebiT bunebrivia.
iakob xucesi icavs da agrZelebs wmindanis mowameobis faqtebTan, aseve mis
gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebeli movlenebis daTariRebis gadmocemis tradicias. igi
zustad uTiTebs varsqenis sparseTSi gamgzavrebis TariRs: `iyo mervesa welsa sparsaTa
mefisasa, karad samefod waremarTa varsqen pitiaxSi~ (Zeglebi 1963: 11). varsqenis qmedebam
gamoiwvia wmida SuSanikis mowameobis rTul gzaze Sedgoma. hagiografi Txzulebis bolos
zustad uTiTebs wmindanis mowameobisa da aRsasrulis TariRebs: `da ars dasabami
tanjvaTa maT wmidisa SuSanikisTa TTuesa apnisisasa, mervesa TTsasa da dResa
oTxSabaTsa, da meored guema misi Semdgomad aRvsebisa zatiksa, dResa oTxSabaTsa, da
kualad tanjva vardobisa TTuesa aTcxrametsa da aRsruleba misi TTuesa okdonbersa
aTCvidmetsa saxsenebelsa wmidaTa maT da sanatrelTa mowameTa kozman da damiansTa~
(Zeglebi 1963: 28-28). rogorc Cans, im eklesiaSi, romelSic daaweses wmida SuSanikis
xsenebis dRe da sadac iakob xucesi atarebda RvTismsaxurebas, unda arsebuliyo Tveni,
romelSic Seitandnen ganwesebul saxsenebels.
28
`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ teqstSivea daculi cnoba, Tu rogor daukrZalavT
wmindani. `da maSin-Ra episkoposTa maT orTave, ioane da afoc, viTarca arTa mneTa
dauRlvilTa zesknelisa mis fasisaTa, yovliT krebuliTurT fsalmuniTa sulieriTa da
kerovniTa aRnTebuliTa da sakumeveliTa sulneliTa aRvixueniT patiosanni Zualni da
gamovixueniT wmidasa mas eklesiasa. da davhkrZaleniT wmidani igi da didebulni da
pativcemulni nawilni wmidisa SuSanikisni ganmzadebulsa mas adgilsa. da mas Ramesa
angelozTa saxed Ram igi ganvaTieT da daviTis qnariTa miT yovlad Zliersa RmerTsa da
Zesa missa ufalsa Cuensa iesu qristesa vadidebdiT, romeli yovliTa yovelTa mimarT
SemZlebel ars. da ganamnis mamanica da dedanica da TsTa maT Tsi igi Zlierebisa Zleva
mohmadlis yovelTa, romelni eZieben mas erTiTa guliTa~ (xazi Cvenia i. g.) (Zeglebi 1963:
28). hagiografis TqmiT, fsalmunTa galobiT daukrZalavT wmida SuSaniki `ganmzadebulsa
mas adgilsa~.
iakob xucesis Txzuleba imTaviTve saRvTismsaxuro daniSnulebisaTvis Seqmnila.
Sermadin onianis TqmiT, `SuSanikis mowameobriv sikvdils didi gavlena mouxdenia
Tanamedroveebze. qarTulma eklesiam is maSinve erovnul wmindanad Seracxa, daawesa misi
saxsenebeli (oniani 1978: 8).
aRsaniSnavia, rom wmindanis xsenebasTan dakavSirebuli zeimi imarTeboda saerTo
ziarebisas. `RvTismsaxurebisas warmoiTqmeboda wamebuli mowamis Sesaqebi sityva da
kiTxulobdnen mis wamebas~ (tipikoni 1910: 312). mas Semdeg, rac mRvdeli aRasrulebda
RvTismsaxurebas, ikiTxeboda wmindanis mowameobis Sesaxeb mis saflavTan, an mis saxelze
agebul eklesiaSi. srulebiT bunebrivad JRers `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisi _ `da
aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tqven~, anu axla ki `damtkicebulad~, WeSmaritad mogiTxrobT
Tqven wmindanis aRsasrulis Sesaxeb. iakob xucesma, mas Semdeg rac Caatara
RvTismsaxureba imJamindeli yvela wesis dacviT, saTanado sakiTxavebis wakiTxvis Semdeg
mrevls mouTxro wmindanis mowameobis ambavi.
is faqti, rom `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisi `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra
Tquen...~ ar arsebobs somxur redaqciebSi da arc mogviano xanis qarTul svinaqsarul
redaqciebSi, mowmobs, rom Txzuleba V saukuneSia Seqmnili wmindanis Tanamedrove
xucesis mier, romelic savsebiT bunebrivi fraziT iwyebs teqsts imJamindeli
saRvTismsaxuro praqtikis Sesabamisad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi dasawyisi aqvs `abibos nekreselis wamebasac~: `xolo jer-
ars mcired Suva SemoviRoT seneba wmidisa da ubiwosa mRdelTmoZRurisa da mowamisa~
(Zeglebi 1963: 240). `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dasawyisSive aRniSnuli `da aw~, anu axla ki,
amJamad da `abibos nekreselis wamebis~ dawyeba sityvebiT `xolo jer-ars~ anu axla ki aris
dro, rom daiwyo mowamis Sesaxeb Txroba, miuTuTebs wmindanis xsenebis Jamis dadgomas
eklesiaSi.
Cveni azriT, `da~ kavSiriT qadagebis dawyeba srulebiT bunebrivia da `wmida
SuSanikis martvilobis~ somxuri vrceli redaqciisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia, oRond
sxvagvari gagrZelebiT: `da iyo Jamsa mefobisa sparsasa pitiaxSi vinme soflisa mis
qarTlisa, romlisa saxeli vazgen, Z aSuSa pitiaxSisa, romeli waremarTa karad
samefod, uvar yo qristeanoba da iqmna sparsTa Sjulisa nebsiT da ara iZulebiT, gina
mZlavrobiT~ (abulaZe 1938: 3).
`wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ somxuri vrceli, mokle, svinaqsaruli da qarTuli mokle,
aseve svinaqsaruli redaqciebi uSualod ambis TxrobiT iwyeba, xolo qarTuli vrceli
redaqcia maTTan SedarebiT uZvelesia da bunebrivad asaxavs imJamindeli saRvTismsaxuro
praqtikis elementebsac.

damowmebani:

abulaZe 1938: abulaZe i. iakob curtaveli. martviloba SuSanikisi. qarTuli da somxuri
teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva, variantebi, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo ilia
abulaZem. tf.: 1938.
kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I, Tb.: 1980.
mari 1900: . . .
. .-: 1900.
oniani 1978: oniani S. iakob xucesis `wameba wmidisa SuSanikisi~. Tb.: 1978.
siraZe 1997: siraZe r. `wmida ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa. Tb.: 1997.
tipikoni 1910: . i i.
. I, :
1910.
29
Zeglebi 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni I (V-X ss.). dasabeWdad
moamzades il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c.
Wankievma da c. jRamaiam ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiT da redaqciiT. Tb.: 1963.
Zeglebi 1968: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni IV, svinaqsaruli
redaqciebi (XI-XIII ss.). gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo enriko
gabiZaSvilma. Tb.: 1968.
WeliZe 2005: WeliZe e. Zveli qarTuli saeklesio literatura. Zeglebi Targmna, gamosacemad
moamzada da sqolioebi daurTo ediSer WeliZem. I, moskovis wminda giorgis saxelobis
qarTuli eklesia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `axali ivironi~, 2005.
javaxiSvili 1921: javaxiSvili iv. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. Tb.: 1921.
javaxiSvili 1945: javaxiSvili iv. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba. meore Sevsebuli
gamocema. Tb.: 1945.
Ia Grigalashvili

The Beginning Of "The Martyrdom Of the Holy Queen Shushanik"

Summary

At the beginning of the vast Georgian redaction of ''The Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik" Jacob
Tsurtaveli declares:"Let me I pray, tell you of a surety about the decease of the holy and blessed Queen
Shushanik".Some critics considered that the author had described the childhood of the Saint Shushanik before he
wrote "The Martyrdom Of The Saint Shushanik".
It is important that hagiographic works had been read in the church.After the matins the priest read the
Martyrdom or the Life of the Saint. To my mind the priest Jacob after the matins began to read the story about
the martyrdom of the Saint Shushanik.So the work begins with such words:"Let me I pray, tell you of a surety
about the decease..."As for the words "Shushanik as I have already said was pious and Godfearing as a
child",we may understand that Jacob as a priest often talked with the members of the parish about the Saint
Shushanik.He was collected the notices about the Saint.He collected written and verbal notices.After that Jacob
Tsurtaveli wrote a true story about the Saint Shushanik.
In the vast redaction of "The Martyrdom Of The Holy Queen Shushanik"there are nicely reflected the
elements of the oldest Georgian liturgy.






irina javaxaZe

siuJetur-kompoziciuri Sablonebi iovane damaskelisa da
kozman ierusalimelis da wminda paxomiosis `cxovrebebSi~

agiografiuli mwerloba sasuliero mwerlobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dargia.
masSi aRwerili wmindanTa cxovreba-martvilobani sazogadoebisaTvis zneobrivi
magaliTis mimcemi iyo, amitomac iqmneboda da iTargmneboda isini sxvadasxva enebze.
Tanamedrove filologia da literaturaTmcodneoba, rusi mecnieris d. lixaCovis azriT,
mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs sxvadasxva qveynis literaturaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi
meTodiT Seswavlasa da kvlevas (lixaCovi 1963: 61), rac TavisTavad xels uwyobs
literaturaTa Soris struqturul, siuJetur-kompoziciur msgavseba-gansxvavebaTa
dadgenas. k. kekeliZec statiaSi `qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli paralelebi~
saubrobs bizantiuri mwerlobis mier jer kidev winametafrasul xanaSi SemuSavebul
garkveul sqemebze, Sablonebze, romlebic Semdgom savaldebulo gaxda bizantiur-
kulturul samyarosTan dakavSirebuli yvela xalxis mwerlobaSi (kekeliZe 1945: 99).
Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi fexi moikida originaluri da
naTargmni agiografiuli Txzulebebis Zveli qarTuli teqstebidan maT Tanamedrove
sametyvelo enaze gadmocemam. am muSaobam gamovlineba hpova rogorc saeklesio, ise
samecniero literaturaSi. saeklesio literaturis sferodan Cven magaliTisaTvis
SeiZleba davasaxeloT 2006 wels patriarqis locva-kurTxeviT dekanoz zaqaria maCitaZis
30
mier or wignad gamocemuli `wmidaTa cxovrebani~. krebulis Semdgenlis TvalTaxedviT,
ramdenadac wmindanTa cxovrebani eklesiebSi ikiTxeboda maTi xsenebis dReebSi, rac
TavisTavad moiTxovda kalendarul Tanmimdevrobas, dasaxelebuli krebulic am
principiT iyo Sedgenili. avtoris azriT, `yvela saTnomyofeli~ rom gaecno
sazogadoebas, amisTvis saWiro iyo wmindanTa cxovrebis Sedgena-gamokreba, rogorc
Zveli qarTuli teqstebidan maT Tanamedrove sametyvelo enaze gadmocemis, aseve rusuli
svinaqsaruli cxovrebidan Semoklebuli Targmanis saxiT (maCitaZe 2006: 5-6).
rac Seexeba samecniero literaturas, am mxriv SeiZleba dasaxeldes l.
kvirikaSvilis mier gamocemuli oTxtomeuli `bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia~. es
gamocemac miznad isaxavs bizantiuri mwerlobis Tanamedrove qarTul enaze
gadmoTargmnasa da qarTveli mkiTxvelisadmi gacnobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom krebulSi ar
Sesula iseT did moRvaweTa cnobili Txzulebebis aw ukve Zvel qarTulad gamocemuli
Targmanebi, rogorebic arian basili didi, iovane oqropiri, aTanase aleqsandrieli.
wignis avtoris TvalsazrisiT, krebulis Sedgenis dros mTavari iyo Janrobrivi
mravalferovnebis dacva da arcTu ise cnobil ZeglTa saSualebiT epoqis mxatvrul da
zogad socialur-istoriul saidumloTa wvdomis principebis asaxva.
naSromSi miznad visaxavT erTmaneTs SevadaroT siuJetur-kompoziciuri
TvalsazrisiT iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelisa (iovane damaskelis da kozman
ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 19-44) da wminda paxomiosis `cxovrebani~ (wminda paxomiosis
cxovreba 1993: 7-17), romelTa teqstebze muSaobisas vixelmZRvaneleT l. kvirikaSvilis
mier gamocemuli dasaxelebuli qrestomaTiiT (kvirikaSvili 1993).
rac Seexeba iovane damaskels, igi iyo VII-VIII s-is didi religiuri moRvawe. mis kalams
ekuTvnis mravali saRvTismetyvelo Sroma, sagalobeli, mwvaleblobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli epistole da apologia. iovane damaskelis naSromebs Soris gamorCeuli
adgili uWiravs `codnis wyaros~, romelic sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. cnobilia, rom `iovane
damaskelis cxovreba~ qarTulad iTargmna efrem mciris mier da miuxedavad imisa, rom am
TargmanSi gaerTianebulia `iovane damaskelisa da kozman maiumelis cxovreba~, Targmanis
zedwerilSi kozman maiumeli ar ixsenieba. xolo Tavad l. kvirikaSvili qarTuli teqstis
gamoqveynebisas emyareboda a. papadopulis-keramevsis mier berZnulad gamoqveynebul
`iovanesa da kozmanis cxovrebis~ redaqcias (kvirikaSvili 1993: 18).
xolo rac Seexeba wminda paxomioss, igi aris III saukunis sasuliero moRvawe,
dabadebuli q. TebaidaSi. wminda paxomi antoni didTan, makari da eqvTime didTan erTad
iTvleba meudabnoobisa da samonastro cxovrebis erT-erT damaarseblad egvipteSi.
`wminda paxomiosis cxovrebas~, romlis nawili warmodgenilia `qrestomaTiaSi~, ewodeba
paxomiosis ~pirveli cxovreba~, romelic daSorebulia uadresi hagiografiuli
Txzulebebis sqemas. Tavad krebulis Semdgeneli am teqstze muSaobisas efuZneboda 1932
wels f. alkenis mier gamocemul `Sancti Pachomii Vitae Graecae~-s (kvirikaSvili 1993: 6).
unda aRiniSnos, rom ZeglebSi srulad ar aris warmodgenili is aucilebeli
komponentebi, romlisganac Sedgeba esa Tu is agiografiuli nawarmoebi, maTSi ambis
Txroba ufro wyvetilad aris mocemuli, magram es xarvezebi, mkvlevris azriT,
ganpirobebuli unda iyos redaqciuli Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, saidanac Semdeg
iTargmna qarTulad. SeZlebisdagvarad iqneba cda, warmovaCinoT dasaxelebul
nawarmoebebs Soris arsebuli siuJetur-kompoziciuri Taviseburebani, msgavseba-
gansxvavebani.
1) agiografiuli TxzulebebisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, damaxasiaTebelia
nawarmoebis dasawyisSi an boloSi Txzulebis Seqmnis drois aRniSvna, agreTve wmindanis
aRsasrulis daTariReba. xSirad aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac avtori asaxelebs Tavis
vinaobasac, magram aRniSnul elementebs ver vawydebiT Cven mier warmodgenil
literaturul ZeglebSi, rac, rogorc iTqva, redaqciuli xarvezebiT unda iyos
gamowveuli.
2) avtorTa Tavmdabloba mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens agiografiul
TxzulebebSi. igi erTgvari moridebiT gamoxatavs wmindanis moRvaweobis aRweris
survils, xazs usvams Tavis umweobas am sapasuxismgeblo saqmis wamowyebaSi. `iovane
damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~ agiografi iTxovs Sendobas
wmindanisasgan da Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs mas: `es gadmogeca Cvengan, yovlad
unetareso mamao, ara Rirsebisamebr, aramed SeZlebisdagvarad. xolo Sen zegardmo
mogvxedavde Cven, Tu mravalTa da didTa saswaulTagan SenTa mciredi SevkribeT
gulmodgineTaTvis da rogorc simdidre SemovinaxeT. magram, o, samgzis netaro mamao,
romelic hxedav ara sityvis uZlurebas, aramed Sendami trfobas, Seiwynare Cvengan
gasrulebuli Sroma Seiwynare es mciredi da gazome igi vedrebiT Sendami~ (iovane
damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 44).
31
3) agiografTagan miTiTeba da dasaxeleba im wyaroebisa, romelze dayrdnobiTac
xdeba wmindanis cxovrebis aRwera, gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens agiografiul
nawarmoebebSi. `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebis~ agiografi aRniSnavs, rom `ZvelTa mamaTagan,
karga xans rom axlo urTierToba hqondaT masTan, SevityveT es ambavi, romelsac isini
saRvTo werilis sityvebis Semdeg hyvebodnen xSirad. ver SevZlebdiT, aRgvewera meti wili
imisa, rac movismineT, - amitom nawil-nawil mogiTxrobT~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba
1993: 10).
4) agiografiul TxzulebebSi siyrmeSi wmindanTa gamorCeulobas friad
mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. es gansakuTrebuloba ki aisaxeba maT socialur da erovnul
warmomavlobaze, siyrmiseul midrekilebebze swavlisa da religiisadmi, agreTve sxva
cxovrebiseuli detalebis mimarT. am mxriv SedarebiT mwir informacias vawydebiT iovane
damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelisa da wminda paxomiosis `cxovrebebSi~. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT es damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi:
a) `iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~ TiTqmis srulad aris
warmodgenili wmindanTa erovnuli da socialuri warmomavloba. kozman ierusalimels
`samSoblod eqmna kunZuli kreta, romelzedac iSva~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman
ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 19). iovane damaskelze ki avtori SeniSnavs, rom damaskos
mTavars, mansurs `ufladac saxeldebuls samarcxvinod, hyavda Rirseuli Ze, daaxloebiT
Tormeti wlisa~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 20), anu,
aqedan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba iovanes aristokratuli, didgvarovnuli warmomavloba.
xolo wminda paxomiosi `warmoSobiT elini iyo, Tebeli~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba
1993: 7), warmarTul ojaxSi dabadebuli. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom paxomioss devnian
warmarTuli salocavidan, rac iwvevs mSobelTa SeSfoTebas Svilis `urwmunoebis~ gamo.
da mxolod garkveuli periodis Semdeg, rodesac igi gaTvicnobierdeba qristianul
moZRvrebaSi, igi inaTleba. TiTqmis analogiur movlenaTa mimdinareobas vawydebiT
`efrem asuris cxovrebaSic~. efremic ibadeba warmarTul ojaxSi, sadac uxdeba Serkineba
mSoblebis warmarTul msoflmxedvelobasTan, ris gamoc gamoZevebuli iqna ojaxidan.
efrem asuric inaTleba cota mogvianebiT, kerZod, mas Semdeg, rac daewafeba da
Seiswavlis qristianul moZRvrebas (efrem asuris cxovreba 1975: 211-212).
b) wmindanebi gamoirCevian swavlis mimarT gansakuTrebuli midgomiT. am TvisebiT
dajildoebulia agreTve iovane damaskeli. mas `qristes Sesaxeb wminda maxarebelTa
moZRvrebis kiTxva da mosmena didad saamod da sawadinod hqonda. moZRvaric Sin hpova, mas
Semdeg, rac Seevedra Tavis mamas, samarTliani kacisaTvis daemowafebina, ...maswavleblis
swavleba Seiwynara da maswavlebelma ufro didi qeba, radgan yrmas axarebda mecadineoba
udidesi mowadinebiT, cxebuls swavlis trfialebis zeTiT. ...ase rom, mokle xanSi
yovelmxriv maswavleblis swori Seiqmna. daucxromlad swavlobda saRvTo rjuls dRisiT
da RamiT, fxizlad da bejiTad~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba
1993: 20-21).
g) wmindanebi gamoirCevian, agreTve, siyrmeSi Rrma religiurobiT, RvTis moSiSobiT.,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad iovane damaskeli ar iyo qristiani da am moZRvrebas
uefleboda kozman ierusalimelTan, `RvTaebrivi kozmani mowame iyo sakvirveli iovanes
moSiSobis da mxurvale rwmenis, Seagonebda, aswavlida da unergavda sarwmunoebisaTvis
imas, rac unda moemoqmeda, urCevda marxva Seenaxa da urwmunoebTan urTierTobisagan
Tavi Seekavebina~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 22).
d) uflisagan siyrmeSi wmindanTa winaswar gamorCeva da xeldasma metyvelebs kidev
erTxel wmindanTa gansakuTrebulobaze da aseTi SemTxvevebi friad gavrcelebulia
agiografiul TxzulebebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc iovane damaskeli da arc wminda
paxomiosi ar iyvnen dabadebidan qristianebi, maT bunebaSi ufalma gamoarCia is Tviseba,
romelsac Semdgom daefuZna qristianuli rwmena. magaliTad, `Caagona RmerTma utkbes
iovanes marTali rwmena. winaswar icnobda mis wminda, saRvTo da sarwmuno bunebas da im
sagaloblebiT RvTismetyvelad gamoaCina, aswavla sityvierad saRvTismetyvelo
saidumloTa wvdoma~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 23).
xolo paxomiosi `SfoTavda masTan myofTa sawuxariT sakacobrio siamtkbilobisaTvis da
guls stkenda sxvagvari uwesrigobac da es RvTis madli iyo, radgan siymawviliTve friad
etrfoda umankoebas~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 8).
5) ucxo aRmsareblobis mqone adamianTa qristianul rwmenaze gadmosvlis,
qristianuli moZRvrebiT moxibvlis faqts vxvdebiT `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebaSi~.
wminda paxomiosis cxovrebis gzis am monakveTs gadian TiTqos evstaTi mcxeTeli da abo
Tbilelic. TxzulebaSi paxomiosi qristianobiT interesdeba mas Semdeg, rac ixilavs
qristian winamZRvarTa Sepyrobas da maTze sxva qristiani moRvaweebisagan daxmarebis
xelis gawodebas. wmindanma `gamoikiTxa amis Taobaze da Seityo, rom qristianebi
32
Semwynarebelni arian ucxosa da yvelas mimarT. da meored euwyeba, ras niSnavs qristiani
da eubneba mas: `kacni arian da qristes saxels atareben, RvTis mxolodSobilis Zisas, da
yovelsave keTils iqman yvelasaTvis misi imediT~.
da esma ra esodeni madlis Sesaxeb, guli aRenTo RvTis SiSiT da sixaruliT. mcvelTa
Soris gadainacvla, cisken ganipyrna xelni salocavad da warTqva: `RmerTo, Semoqmedo
cisa da miwis, Tu moxilviT moixilav Cems modrekilobas, ris mizeziTac ar gicnob Sen,
mxolos da WeSmarit RmerTs, da am wamebisa da dawretisagan damixsni, gmsaxureb surviliT
samaradReod~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 8).
6) wminda mamebs axasiaTebT xorcieli didebis, pativis uaryofa. isini winaaRmdegni
arian yovelgvari fufunebis, Raribebs urigeben mTel qonebas da TviTon eswrafvian
ganmartoebas sulierebis amaRlebis da gawrTvnis mizniT. iovane damaskelma `mTeli
sacxovrebeli, rac ki ram gaaCnda gardacvlil mansurs, Raribebs gaunawila damaskosa da
mTels mis SemogarenSi ...
simdidre da saxeli uaryo da gaxda mTlad RmerTis metrfe, datova monapovari da,
aRtacebaSi moiyvana ra ierusalimi, rogorc vTqviT, mTeli miseuli simdidre qars
gaatana~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 25). agreTve iovane,
rodesac mixvda, rom `igi cnobilia da elis iq myofTagan garduvalad saxelis dafarva,
amitom daiviwya yoveli, uflis TanadgomiT gamovida monastridan, gaeqca fuW gandidebas
da surda, mxolod RvTisTvis yofiliyo cnobili~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman
ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 31).
xolo rac Seexeba wminda paxomioss, `SfoTavda masTan myofTa sawuxariT sakacobrio
siamtkbilobisaTvis da guls stkenda sxvagvari uwesrigobac~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba
1993: 8).
7) agiografiul TxzulebebSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor cxovrebiseul gzas gadis
wmindani uflis siyvarulisaTvis. igi Trgunavs sakuTar TavSi yovelgvar cTunebas da
aris mudmiv sulier RvwaSi. mogvyavs erTi epizodi `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebidan~:
moxuc gandegil palamonisTan erTad dayudebuli wminda paxomiosi `mocaleobiT
iwrTvnebodnen locvad. saqme maTTvis sasityvelis rTva da qsova iyo. SromiT rom
daiRlebodnen, ara Tavdasaxsnelad, aramed glaxakTa gulisTvis ixsenebdnen
samociqulos. mRviZare moxuci Tu naxavda, rom Zili amZimebdaT, orniv gamovidodnen
riyeze, mTis Ziras, da kalaTebiT gadahqondaT qviSa erTi adgilidan meoreze, rom
moeqancaT sxeuli fxizlad locvisaTvis~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 9).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom wminda moRvaweebi Semosilni arian Raribuli ZaZiT.
magaliTad, paxomioss da mis Zmas iovanes `sabralobelTa da glaxakTa samosi emosaT,
TiTqos manamde ar SeeZloT sxva ramis Cacma-daxurva, vidre am Zvels ar gairecxavdnen. da
mama Cveni paxomiosi xSirad balnis ZaZas icvamda daglaxakebisaTvis xorcisa~ (wminda
paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 12).
msgavsad aris aRwerili kozman ierusalimelis Semosilobac. nawarmoebis mixedviT,
kozmans `emosa mxolod qitoni da bewviani wamosasxamis naglejebi, rasac atarebda, roca
damaskodan wamovida. ocdasam wels imyofina es qitoni gauxdelad da gamoucvlelad~
(iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 41).
wminda mamebi `cxovrebebSi~ mowameTa msgavsad acxadeben mzadyofnas mowamebriv
cxovrebaze uflisa da rwmenis erTgulebis niSnad. am mzadyofnaze metyvelebs `wminda
paxomiosis cxovrebaSi~ moxuci gandegilis, palamonis is qmedeba: palamonisi
avadmyofobis Jams mcirediT ikvebeboda. sulierma Zmebma ki urCies ukeT gaxdomis mizniT
mieRo meti sakvebi. magram, miuxedavad amisa, ukeTesoba ar SeimCneoda, razec wminda mamam
ganacxada: `Tu qristes mowameni aso-aso ikafebodnen, Tu maT Tavebs hkveTdnen, swvavdnen,
xolo isini sikvdilamde Zalas ikrebdnen, rad unda SevukrTe ukninesi amagis debas, ris
movaledac Tavi micvnia? xom dagijereT da vWame Wamadi, romelsac sulis mosaTqmeli
gegonaT: veraferi margo. aha `Ruawlsa didsa Seslvad var~, romelsa Sina ars sruli Sveba,
da ganvikurnebi, vinaTgan Rvawlsa amas viqm ara kacebrivad, aramed RmerTis Sesaferisad~
(wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 11).
xolo iovane damaskeli, rodesac sparseTis mefem, xosrom, Seipyro da dasaja,
`RvTiskaci aseT borotebas umklavdeboda, ar dacemula, aramed madlobas swiravda
sasurvel RmerTs. moTminebiT gadaitana mSvenieri asparezoba~ (iovane damaskelisa da
kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 27).
8) uflisagan wminda mamebs eZlevaT garkveuli davaleba, romelic usaTuod unda
aRsruldes. am sulieri misiis Sesasruleblad ki isini ukve bavSvobaSive arian uflisagan
gamorCeulni. wminda paxomioss sityvierad euwyeba uflisagan: `darCi aq da aage
monasteri, WeSmaritad mravalni movlen SenTan, raTa berad aRikvecnen~ (wminda
33
paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 11), da wminda moRvawec mosavda `sabermonazvno sqimiT~ misken
mimavalT da Rirseulad tvirTulobda jvars.
9) agiografiul TxzulebebSi xSirad vxvdebiT wmindanTa uflis, suliwmindis
winamZRolobiT mgzavrobis SemTxvevebs. magaliTad, iovane damaskelma `ierusalimi
qmnilebebiT daipyro, Tayvani sca wminda saflavs, iqidan suliwmindam uwinamZRvra~
(iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 31), da sparseTs miaRwia.
10) arcTu ise iSviaTobas warmoadgens wminda moRvaweTagan ymawvilTa damowafebis
SemTxvevebi. isini sakuTar Tavze iReben aRsazrdelTa sulier ganaTlebas da aRzrdas.
ase, magaliTad, `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~ damaskos
mTavarma, sakuTari Svilis, iovanes aRzrda-ganaTleba da masze zrunva gadaabara kozman
ierusalimels. kozmanma aiRo agreTve sakuTar Tavze mkvdreTiT aRmdgari yrmis aRzrda,
romelic `SehRaRadebda wmindans, rom mas TavisTan hyoloda, daemowafebina, mfarveloba
gaewia~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 33).
`wminda paxomiosis cxovrebaSic~ moxuc gandegils, palamoniss `RviZl Svilad hyavda
miRebuli paxomiosi~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 12), zrunavda masze da sulierad
awrTobda.
11) droTa ganmavlobaSi wminda mamebi, miuxedavad gandegiluri cxovrebisa, irgvliv
ikreben sulier TanamoazreTa gunds. sulieri saZmos arsebobaze metyvelebs is faqti,
rom wminda paxomiosma wamoiwyo ufro didi monastris Seneba im mizniT, rom `mieRoT ama
soflad maTken momavlebulni~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 12).
eklesiaTa mSeneblobas Cven mier ganxilul nawarmoebebSic eTmoba garkveuli
adgili. magaliTad, kozman ierusalimelma `aaSena taZari am wminda mowamis iovanes
saxelze~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 42).
xolo paxomiosma, mas Semdeg, rac miiRo uflisagan davaleba tabenesad wodebul
adgilas monastris aSenebisa, palamonisTan erTad jer `aaSenes saxlaki, anu saydari
mcire~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 11), xolo palamonisis gardacvalebis Semdeg
paxomiosma wamoiwyo ufro didi monastris Seneba.
12) wmindanTa mimarT krZalva da usityvo morCileba axasiaTebT maT sulier Svilebs,
mowafeebs. aseTi morCilebiT gamoirCeva `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis
cxovrebaSi~ kozmanisagan mkvdreTiT aRdgenili giorgi, romelic `Semosa samonazvno
sqimiT da daarqva grigoli, da gaxda igi yoveli iqauri mamis morCili, gulmodgined
emsaxureboda da monurad aRasrulebda yvelafers, rasac ubrZanebdnen~ (iovane
damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 34).
krZalvasa da morCilebas iCens aseve wminda paxomiosi winamZRvris, palamonisis
mimarT.
13) wminda mamaTa erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aris agreTve Tavmdabloba. maT
moRvaweobas laitmotivad gasdevs sakuTari Tavis ganqiqeba, mdabiod warmoCena. amis
naTeli dasturia iovane damaskelis saqcieli, rodesac igi, ukve saxelmoxveWili moRvawe,
Tavis damdablebis mizniT, daemowafeba erT moxucs dawyebiTi ganaTlebis misaRebad.
suraTis naTlad warmoCenisaTvis movixmobT epizods: `moxuci wigns aswavlida mas,
rogorc sTxova, daeTanxma da anbani aswavla. filosofosi, romelmac srulad miiRo
elinuri ganaTleba da aRzrdis mwvervals miaRwia, swavlobda damarcvlas da iRebda
dartymebs, nebiT Tavs aCvenebda ra uwignurad da uniWod. gvema siamovnebda, hbaZavda
Tavis mbrZanebels, romelic RmerTi iyo da gankacda da sikvdilamde daimdabla Tavi.
amrigad, am netarsac zRva hqonda sibrZnisa da gulisxmobisa, nebiT gaixada Tavi
uwignuradac, raTa aq sircxviliT datanjuls, kidev ufro ganedidebina da aResrulebina
mbrZaneblis mcneba RmerTTan miaxlebis lodinSi, pirveli iyo da nebiT isurva,
gamxdariyo ukanaskneli, emsaxura da eswavla, nacvlad imisa, rom Tavad eswavlebina da
misTvis emsaxuraT~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 29-30).
kozman ierusalimelmac, rodesac SeamCnia misive dawerili sadResaswaulo kanonis
SecdomiT galoba, moindoma sulier pirebze SeniSvnis micema, oRond, sakuTari vinaobis,
rogorc kanonis SemTxzvelis, gauxmianeblad.
14) wminda mamebs axasiaTebT TavianTi saqmianobisa da adgilsamyofelis damalva im
motiviT, rom gaurbian adamianTa amao didebas, magram maTi namoRvawari mainc ar imaleba
da yvelaferi gacxaddeba uflis mier.
iovane damaskeli `sikeTiT cna RmerTma misi gangebisamebr, da urwmuno gvartomTa
mozRvavebam sacnauri gaxada, radgan, uwinac iTqva, ar ZaluZs qalaqs dafarul iyos, roca
Tavze gadmowolili mTis qveS mdebareobs~ (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis
cxovreba 1993: 19). analogiuri saxarebiseuli sityvebiTve aris gadmocemuli iovane
oqropirisa (aleqsandrieli 1986: 128) da Tevdosi didis `cxovrebebSi~ (cxovreba wmidisa
Tevdosisi 1975: 186) uflisagan wmindanis Rvawlis gacxadebis Sesaxeb.
34
xolo kozman ierusalimeli `sarwmunoebis sityvas Tesavs da suliwmindis madliT
saswaulebs moimoqmedebs, romlebiTac cnobili xdeba mTel romSi, axlomdebare qveynebsa
da qalaqebSi da gadawyvets, rom iqidanac unda wavides, raki gaurbis adamianTa amao
didebas~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 42).
15) agiografiul TxzulebebSi warmoCenilia, Tu rogor ganiTqvamen saxels
wmindanebi ara marto maTi moRvaweobis arealSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac da Tu
rogor miiswrafian mis sanaxavad mravalni da Txouloben kurTxevas.
magaliTad, iovane damaskelma `moqalaqobiT saxeli gaiTqva qalaqis mkvidrTa,
mTavarTa, mRvdelTmTavarTa da monazonTa Soris. yvelas Tvalwin saswaulad gadaiSala
kacis sikeTe Sesacnobi da TvalsaCino; misken eSurebodnen codnis SesaZenad da TiToeuli
misgan, rogorc dauSreteli wyarodan, sazrdoobda ara wyliT, aramed gulSi eRvrebodaT
sixaruliT cxovelmyofeli sityva da sarwmunoebisaken miiqceodnen. danarCeni xalxi
Sediodnen misi sityvis mosasmenad da sargeblobdnen; gulmodgineni kurTxevis Rirsnic
gaxdnen, zogi kurTxevas da sargeblobas Rebulobda ra, didad naamebi brundeboda Tavis
saxlSi~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 34).
aseve didi pativiT miiRes kozman ierusalimeli sabas lavraSi sulierma Zmebma da
misgan kurTxeva iTxoves.
16) mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens cxovrebaTa Janris agiografiul
TxzulebebSi sasuliero da saero wodebis pirebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis
warmoCineba. sasuliero pirebi didi avtoritetiT sargebloben da pativiT miiRebian
saero pirTa karze. `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSic~ wminda
mamaTa Segonebebs gulisyuriT ismenen xelisufalni.
sasuliero da saero pirTa urTierTobis saintereso SemTxvevas warmoadgens kozman
ierusalimelsa da mefe konstantines Soris momxdari erTi incindenti. rodesac mefe
konstantinemde miaRwia kozman ierusalimelis Rvawlis ambavma, moindoma wminda mamasTan
misvla. eSmakiseulma Zalebma scades mefis Seferxeba, magram wmindanis mimarT didma
rwmenam da ndobam saswaulebrivad gadaarCina mefe sikvdilisagan, ris Semdegac mefem
kidev ufro didi gulisyuriT moismina kozman ierusalimelisagan mis mimarT gamoTqmuli
Segoneba (iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 36).
aseTive didi pativi xvda iovane damaskels sparseTis mefis, xosros, karze.
miuxedavad religiuri sxvaobisa, sparseTis mefem `Seiwynara, Seitkbo da xarobda
mosmeniT~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 26).
saero xelisufalni materialuradac exmarebian sasuliero pirebs. magaliTad, mefe
konstantinem kozman ierusalimels `gaatana sakmaod didi sacxovrebeli, rac TvaliT
mnaxvelisTvisac daujerebeli iyo~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis
cxovreba 1993: 41).
17) yuradReba gamaxvilebulia wminda mamaTa gardacvalebis, dakrZalvisa da glovis
ritualze, radganac maT arsebiTi adgili eTmoba agiografiul ZeglebSi. Cven mier
warmodgenil TxzulebebSi gardacvalebis scena ar aris gadmocemuli iseTi sisavsiTa da
detalebis simravliT, rogorsac vxvdebiT, Tundac qarTul agiografiul TxzulebebSi.
magaliTad, maTSi vrclad ar aris warmodgenili wminda mamaTa ziareba sikvdilamde,
agreTve angelozTa dasis mikiTxva wmindanze sasufevelSi wasabrZaneblad da sxva.
kozman ierusalimeli `SeuerTda mamaTa, moZRvarTa da mRvdelTmTavarTa ... da
miicvala caTa karavSi, sxeuli miwas miando da suli RmerTs. yovlad patiosanma
stefanosma, sabas lavris winamZRvarma da misma mowafeebma igalobes dasakrZalavi
sagaloblebi, Tayvani sces da Rirseulad miiRes aiazma im Rirseulis sxeulze xelis
mikarebiT, miasvenes igi saflavTan, rogorc auwya maT jer kidev cocxalma unetaresma.
saflavi mas sakuTari xeliT amoeTxara. krZalviT damarxes~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman
ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 43).
18) avtoris mier wmindanis mimarT xotbis Sesxma da misi moRvaweobis gandideba
agiografiuli Txzulebebis Tanmxlebi momentia. asea gandidebuli kozman ierusalimelis
Rvawlic.
wminda mamaTa cxovreba xom misabaZia yvelasaTvis, aki kozman ierusalimeli Tavadve
aRniSnavs, rom gardasul wmindan moRvaweebze mibaZva aRavsebda mas axali energiiT: `me iq
is gza gavasrule patiosani da wminda xatebisaTvis martvilTa da mamaTa, netari
stefanosis da sxvaTa, gverdiT vdgebodiT, maTs mowamebriv gzas mivyvebodi, rac
ganamtkicebda da Cems Camoyril xelebs xelaxali ZaliT avsebda~ (iovane damaskelisa da
kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 38-39).
19) samecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebulia is Sexeduleba, rom agiografiul
mwerlobaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba wminda mamaTa Sedarebas bibliur
winaprebTan da sxva wminda mamebTan.
35
magaliTad, `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebis~ avtori SeniSnavs, rom paxomiosi
`mravalJam morkinali demonebTan, WeSmaritebisaTvis moRvawe da moaspareze, msgavsad
uwmindesi antonionis, ufals sTxovs Zelis ganfrTxobas, raTa dRedaRam mRviZare
vdevnideo mterTa~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 15).
xolo `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebis~ avtori iovanes
adarebs moses: `meore mose, werda RvTiv mocemul sjulis kanons~(iovane damaskelisa da
kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 26). agiografi agreTve aRniSnavs, rom iovane
`hbaZavda Tavis mbrZanebels, romelic RmerTi iyo da gankacda da sikvdilamde daimdabla
Tavi. amrigad am netarsac zRva hqonda sibrZnisa da gulisxmobisa, nebiT gaixada Tavi
uwignuradac~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 30).
saswaulTqmedebaTa aRwera, rogorc cnobilia, erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli
motivia zogadad agiografiuli Janris literaturaSi. saswaulTmoqmedebaTa simarTleSi
ar SeiZleboda aranairi eWvis Setana, radganac, r. siraZis azriT, ramdenadac
agiografiul literaturas moeTxoveboda sruli WeSmaritebis gadmocema, saswaulebic
religiuri TvalsazrisiT iseTive realobas warmoadgenda, rogorsac konkretul-
istoriuli faqtebi (siraZe 1975: 169). miuxedavad imisa, rom saswauli xdeba uflis ZaliT
da nebiT, miwier samyaroSi saswaulTa qmnadobas xorci esxmeba da realizdeba wminda
mamaTa meoxebiT.
Cven mier warmodgenil iovane damaskelis da kozman ierusalimelisa da wminda
paxomiosis `cxovrebebSic~ saswaulTmoqmedebebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT da
SevecdebiT maT aRwera-daxasiaTebas da klasificirebas.
I saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia xilvebi da RvTaebrivi gamocxadebebi
1) xilvebi cxadSi
a) gavrcelebulia xilvaTa is saxeoba, rodesac wminda mamebs ecxadebaT angelozi da
saTanado davalebas aZlevs aRsasruleblad. magaliTad, wminda paxomiosma locvis dros,
`ixila angelozi, movlenili uflisagan, rogorc manoes da mis cols gamoecxada da
samfsonis dabadebis ambavi amcno: `survili RvTisa ars hmsaxurebdes kacTa modgmas da
kvlav Seirigos~. samgzis Tqva es da ganvida~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 15).
xolo iovane damaskelma da misma naTlismcemelma kozman ierusalimelma naTlobis
Semdeg `ixiles wylis avazanSi yrma, romelic asxivebda mzis naTels. man saxeliT uxmo
orives da mimarTa did kozmans sagalobliT: `zRvar daudeblis SemZlebeli da eTerSi
zesTamdinare wyali~, xolo RvTaebriv iovanes miegaloba: `sxeulebrivad saflavSi,
suliT ki geeniaSi, viTarca RmerTi~ ...ase ganucxada, TiTqos cecxlis elvarebis saxed
gaSorda maT da ganusazRvreli keTilxmierebiT aRavso ara mxolod saxli da ezo-yure,
aramed mTeli damasko~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 22-
23).
b) aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gamocxadeba-xilvebi xdeba ara xiluli, aramed
sityvieri formiT. aseTi sityvieri xilva aqvs wminda paxomioss. mas, tabenesed wodebul
udabnoSi locvaSi garTuls, `miswvda xma (xilviT jer arcra sCveneboda): `darCi aq da aage
monasteri; WeSmaritad, mravalni movlen SenTan, raTa berad aRikvecnen~. ese ra esma da
gonebis siwmindiT da sinaTliT ra Seuwona saRvTo werils, mixvda, rom wminda xma iyo~
(wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 11).
g) xilvaTa jgufSi moiazreba RvTaebrivi saswaulebrivi Cvenebebic. sanimuSod
gavixsenoT epizodi `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebidan~: rodesac
iovanem da kozmanma ufals SesTxoves mansuris Sewynareba, `moulodnelad saxlSi naTelma
SemoanaTa SuaRamisas, mzis naTelze ufro brwyinvalem, da gacxadebuli naTlisagan xma
esmaT: `Tqveni vedreba aRxda RmerTamde~; gamoCnda uxilavi da xma moisma WeSmaritad:
`neba moSiSTa da metrfeTa misTa hyos da vedrebisa maTisa Seisminos~. am xilulma naTelma
mTeli saxli gamouTqmeli keTilsurnelebiT aavso, ise rom yvelam miaSura saxls, sadac
iyvnen wmindanebi da iqidan, rogorc samoTxidan, moedinebodnen mZafri surnelebis
nakadni~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 23-24).
2) xilvebi Zilis dros
wminda moRvaweebs Zilis drosac aqvT xolme xilvebi. magaliTad, wminda paxomiosma
naTlobis Semdeg ZilSi naxa Semdegi: `umzerda Tavis Tavs, ciT cvarnasxurebs. da cvari
moagrova marjvena xelSi da iqca nami Taflis goleulad da, davarda Tu ara goleuli
miwaze, gaisma ucxo xma: `gardaqmnili Seican, radgan Senia amieridan~ (wminda paxomiosis
cxovreba 1993: 8).
II. saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia zemoqmedeba adamianebze
1) agiografiul literaturaSi ukeTurTa da urwmunoTa dasjis konkretul
magaliTs vawydebiT `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~. kozman
ierusalimeli, rodesac gaigebs ori mwvaleblis, maqsimesa da florentiosis mier uflisa
36
da mis augad moxseniebas, ganacxadebs: `Tu me qristes mona var WeSmariti da RmerTi
WeSmariti aris qriste, im cecxlma, romlis gancdac miesaja urwmuno Tanamowafes
konstantines nawilobriv moicvas maqsime da florentiosi~. amis Tqmis umal wyvdiadis
msgavsma cecxlma moicva ubadrukni, sacodavad idgnen sibneleSi monastris ezos SuaSi da
iwvodnen cecxlSi; da iwyes vaeba, kbilTa RrWena da yvirili: `Segviwyale, uzenaesi
RmerTis monav~. amis Semdeg Rirseuli kaci Semobrunda da xeliT jvari gamosaxa im
wyvdiadis msgavssa da unaTlo cecxlze da miiwevda es cecxli nela, sanam mTlianad ar
ganeSora im ubadrukebs~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 38-
39), ris Semdegac isini daecnen wminda kozmanis ferxTiT da aRiares danaSauli.
2) aris saswaulebi, rodesac wminda mamebi, uflis TanadgomiT gaZlierebulni, Tavis
samyoflidan aZeveben saxeSecvlil eSmakebs, romlebic cdiloben wmindanTa SeSinebas da
cTunebas. magaliTad, SuriT Sepyrobil eSmakiseul Zalebs surdaT wminda paxomiosis
dacema da `pirispir warudgnen. zogjer, roca igi loculobda da muxli unda moeyara,
afiqrebinebdnen, TiTqos mis win Rrmuli iyo, raTa SiSiT muxlis morTxma ver gaebeda. da
Tavad, manqanebisa da mzakvrobis mcdelT rom miuxvdeboda, - rwmeniT aRvsebuli,
daecemoda muxlebze, demonebs arcxvenda da RmerTs akurTxebda~ (wminda paxomiosis
cxovreba 1993: 39-39).
3) wminda mamebi gamorCeulni da dajildoebulni arian winaswarmetyvelebis unariT.
`iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~ vxvdebiT ramdenime saswauls,
romlebSic warmoCenilia kozman ierusalimelisgan dafarulTa Secnobis, intuiciuri
SegrZnebis unari: kozmani daTanxmda amirasTan misvlaze, `radgan winaswarve cna, rarigi
nadavlis xelTgdeba eloda mTavris sasaxleSi~(iovane damaskelisa da kozman
ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 20) iovane damaskelis saxiT.
kozmanma iwinaswarmetyvela, agreTve, eklesiaze mosalodneli gansacdeli da Semdeg
ganucxada patriarqs: `mZvinvare nadirebs, romlebsac eklesiis SeZvra aqvT ganzraxuli,
suliero da wmindao mamao, ver dainaxav, radgan jer ori weli gaivlis, sanam
aResrulebode da ufalTan sasufevels hpovebde~. moxda ise, rogorc Rirseulma kacma
Tqva~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 41).
wmindanebi winaswarmetyveleben agreTve TavianTi gardacvalebis moaxloebas, ris
gamoc winaswar iWeren kidec Tadarigs. ase, magaliTad, kozman ierusalimeli, rodesac
mivida sabas lavraSi da `is adgilebi naxa, mZimed daikvnesa, es ariso Tqva, mravali gvemis
da ganuzomeli oflisRvrisagan gansasvenebeli Cemi da aq davmkvidrdebio, da icocxla mas
Semdeg sami Tve. eZeba weraqvi da mere Tavisi xeliT iwyo miwis Txra da sakuTari saflavis
momzadeba~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 42-43).
III. saswaulebi, romlebSic asaxulia wminda mamaTa Caurevlad uflisagan movlenili
sakvirvelebebi
1) saswaulTa gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens ukeTur adamianebze Tavsdamtydari
RvTaebrivi risxva. amis naTeli nimuSia `iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis
cxovrebaSi~ xatTmebrZol episkopos evsebiosze Tavsdamtydari risxva. suraTis naTlad
warmoCenisaTvis movixmobT magaliTs: kozman ierusalimelma naxa ra episkoposis
urwmunoeba, mkacrad ganucxada mas: `evsebios, boroti xar da borotive aRsasruliT
daasruleb sicocxles~. sami dRis Semdeg gamovida mRvdelTmTavari uRirsad sanadirod,
monadireebma gaaRviZes Zu daTvi, romelic gaiqca iqiT, sadac evsebiosi idga; cxeni Seeba
mas, fexebi gaukres da daTvs miugdes; daTvma dafliTa mxedari da ase sabraloblad
Sewyda episkoposis sicocxle~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba
1993: 33).
2) arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba saswaulebi, romlebSic warmoCenilia wminda
moRvaweebze uflis mxardaWera, Sewevna Tundac gansacdelis Jams. sanimuSod mogvyavs
pasaJi `wminda paxomiosis cxovrebidan~: wminda paxomioss da mis aRmzrdel moxuc
gandegil palamoniss, rodesac ixilaven damwvar zeTisxilis xes, maTTan misuli erT-erTi
berTagani ampartavnuli zraxvebiT ganucxadebT: `visac swams Tqveni, dadgeso am naxSirze
da warsTqvaso saxarebis locva. man daadga fexi naxSirs da warTqva locva saxarebidan. da
Sewyvita Tu ara eSmakeuli qmedebis Zalad miiCnia Zala RvTisagan daTmobis, ferxT rom ar
avno~ (wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: 9-10). es saswauli mogvagonebs `miqaelis wamebaSi~
aRweril saswauls, romlis mixedviT amira mumnis brZanebis Tanaxmad, wminda moRvawe
miqaeli SiSveli fexiT unda damdgariyo gaRvivebul nakverCxalze. `wmindani dadga kidec
da locvis Sedegad mas fexze ara evno ra~ (wameba miqaelisi 1918: 172).
uflis Sewevnaze metyvelebs agreTve epizodi `iovane damaskelisa da kozman
ierusalimelis cxovrebidan~. mas Semdeg, rac iovanes sapyrobileSi mohkveTen xels,
`mowyale RmerTma Tavisi mSobelis, yovlad umanko dedis meoxebiT, rogorc mravlis
metyvelma, locvis umal ganumTela xeli RvawliT da SaravandiT mosils~ (iovane
37
damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 27-28). xolo es SemTxveva ki
gagvaxsenebs `lukianozis martvilobaSi~ asaxul erT saswauls, romlis Tanaxmad,
sapyrobileSi mimaval wamebul lukianozs locvis Semdeg nawameb sxeuls SexebiT
gaumrTelebs angelozi da gamoucxadebs Tanadgomas da mfarvelobas~ (martviloba
lukianozisa 1946: 11).
IV. saswaulebi, romlebSic aRwerilia zegavlena micvalebulTa samyaroze
1) agiografiul TxzulebebSi Zalze gavrcelebulia wmindanTagan micvalebulTa
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis faqtebi. aseT SemTxvevas vawydebiT `iovane damaskelisa da kozman
ierusalimelis cxovrebaSi~: kozmanma, rodesac Seeswro gardacvlili Svilis datirebas
qvrivi dedisagan, iloca, `kvnesiT da gloviT daayara cremli, Semdeg Caavlo xeli
micvalebulis xels. da Tqva: ufalma Cemma, ieso qristem, romlis xelT arian
micvalebulni da cocxalni, aRgadginos Sen da SesZaxa xmamaRla: `uflisa Cvenisa ieso
qristes saxeliT aRdeg, Svilo~. da sityvis umal aRdga micvalebuli~ (iovane damaskelisa
da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 33).
V. saswaulebi, romlebSic asaxulia zegavlena materialur samyaroze
1) aris saswaulebi, romlebSic sulieri moRvaweebi zemoqmedeben bunebriv
movlenebze, isini imorCileben da mbrZanebloben maTze. ase daimorCila zRvaSi gasulma
kozman ierusalimelma qariSxali: `borans, romelzedac iyo Rirsi igi, CaZirva eloda;
magram netari dadga yvelas winaSe salocavad da xmamaRla evedreboda RmerTs ...amas rom
loculobda wmindani, myisve dacxra qariSxali da is erTaderTi xomaldi gadarCa
usafrTxod~ (iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: 19).
amrigad, winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenili iyo cda iovane damaskelisa da kozman
ierusalimelisa da wminda paxomiosis `cxovrebaTa~ siuJetur-kompoziciuri
TvalTaxedviT ganxilvisa, Txzulebebs Soris arsebuli siuJetur-kompoziciuri
paralelebis dadgenisa, da bolos ganxiluli masalis saTanado sqemebis mixedviT
dajgufebisa.

damowmebani:

iovane damaskelisa da kozman ierusalimelis cxovreba 1993: iovane damaskelisa da kozman
ierusalimelis cxovreba. bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia, t. II. kvirikaSvili
l. (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori). Tb.: gamomcemloba `qveli~, 1993.
`iovane oqropiris cxovrebis~... 1986: `iovane oqropiris cxovrebis~ Zveli qarTuli Targmani
da misi Taviseburebani. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo r. gvaramiam. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1986.
kekeliZe 1945: kekeliZe k. qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli paralelebi. etiudebi. t. II. Tb.:
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1945.
kvirikaSvili 1993: kvirikaSvili l. (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori). bizantiuri mwerlobis
qrestomaTia. t. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `qveli~, 1993.
lixaCovi 1963: . . , . . 9, .:
1963.
martviloba lukianozisi 1946: martviloba lukianozisi. qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi.
nawili pirveli, kimeni. tomi II, korn. kekeliZis redaqtorobiT. tfilisi:
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1946.
maCitaZe 2006: maCitaZe z. `wmidaTa cxovrebani~ ianvari-ivnisi. wigni pirveli. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2006.
siraZe 1975: siraZe r. Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis sakiTxebi. Tb.:
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.
cxoreba wmidisa efremisi 1975: cxoreba wmidisa efremisi. mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis
muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri XI saukunisa). teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,
gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo vaxtang imnaiSvilma. Tb.: Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.
cxoreba wmidisa Tevdosisi 1975: cxoreba wmidisa Tevdosisi. mamaTa cxorebani (britaneTis
muzeumis qarTuli xelnaweri XI saukunisa). teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,
gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo vaxtang imnaiSvilma. Tb.: Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1975.
wameba miqaelisi 1918: wameba miqaelisi. qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi. nawili pirveli,
kimeni. tomi I, korn. kekeliZis redaqtorobiT. tfilisi: saqarT. rk. gz.
sammarTvelos tipo-litografia, 1918.
wminda paxomiosis cxovreba 1993: wminda paxomiosis cxovreba. bizantiuri mwerlobis
qrestomaTia. t. II. kvirikaSvili l. (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori). Tb.:
gamomcemloba `qveli~, 1993.
38

Irine Javakhadze

Plot and composition patterns in Hagiographies of John Damascene and
Kozman Hierosolymitan and St. Pachomius

Summary

The aim of the work was to compare Hagiographies of John Damascene and Kozman Hierosolymitan
and St. Pachomius with the purpose of establishing plot and composition patterns. As a result of the
consideration, the following plot and composition elements characteristic of both works became apparent:
humbleness of hagiographers and their witnessing of the source, on the basis of which the description of the
saints lives takes place, social and national origin of the saints, their juvenescent predispositions, selectness by
the god. Also shown is the saints repudiation of fleshly pleasures, the spiritual mission entrusted to them by the
god and the road of the spiritual quest on the whole. An attempt of the saint figures to acquire apprentices, rally
spiritually like-minded persons and, in spite of humbleness, popularize their activities in the society can be seen
in the works. The ritual of the saints death, burial and mourning over them as well as praising of the saints and
comparison with the biblical ancestors is also presented.
At the same time, the miracles performed by the saints are presented in the work and, as far as possible,
put in order in accordance with a definite scheme.
39
qarTuli sakaro da saero mwerloba



darejan menabde

`axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ hagiografiuli wyaroebi

vaxtang meeqvsis swavlul kacTa komisiam qarTlis cxovrebis teqstze didi da
mravalmxrivi muSaoba Caatara, sasulierosaeklesio Tematika gazarda da istoriul-
hagiografiuli masala ufro srulad warmoaCina, rac saqarTvelos eklesiis wmindanebis
cxovrebaTa mokle teqstebis gamzadebasa da saTanado monakveTebSi CarTvaSi
gamoixateboda. saredaqcio muSaoba vaxtangis Semdegac ar Sewyvetila da karga xans
gagrZelda. momdevno xanis moRvaweni aRar dasjerdnen swavlul kacTa mier SemuSavebul
teqsts, igi ganavrces da Seavses _ xelnawerebSi Seitanes araerTi hagiografiuli
xasiaTis CanarTi.
Tavdapirvelad SevCerdebiT im hagiografiul CanarTebze, romlebic vaxtangis
swavlul kacTa mieraa momzadebuli an qarTlis cxovrebis redaqciis momdevno
periodSia Setanili, xolo Semdeg SevexebiT im hagiografiul teqstebs, romelTa Setana
axal qarTlis cxovrebaSi ratomRac aRar moxerxda (CanarTebi pirobiTadaa
dasaTaurebuli). CanarTebi dalagebuli da ganxiluli gvaqvs qronologiur-Tematuri
principiT. Tu rodis Seitanes esa Tu is CanarTi qarTlis cxovrebaSi, es detalurad
aqvs gamokvleuli k. grigolias (grigolia 1954: 215221; 291294; 297299).
1. moqceva qarTlisa (epizodi). leonti mrovelis mefeTa cxovrebaSi, iq, sadac
laparakia aderkis mefobaze da moxseniebulia qristes dabadeba da jvarcma, CarTulia
mozrdili nakveTi qristes kvarTis mcxeTaSi motanis Sesaxeb (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 36,
10-19; 37, 1-31).
leonti mrovels mokle cnoba hqonda: da warvides aqaT elioz mcxeTeli da
longinoz karsneli. da mun daxudes juarcmasa uflisasa da maT moiRes muniT kuarTi
uflisa, elioz mcxeTelman da longinoz karsnelman, viTarca weril ars ese
gancxadebulad moqcevasa qarTlisasa (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 36, 20-23).
Cans, es cnoba avtorma sakmarisad miiCnia, magram mkiTxvels moqceva qarTlisas
teqstze mainc miuTiTa. qarTlis cxovrebis gviandelma redaqtorebma ki es mokle cnoba
ganavrces, rasakvirvelia, moqceva qarTlisas mixedviT. magaliTi:

moqceva qarTlisa CanarTi

warvida aqaT mamis dedis Zma Cemi elios,
kaci moxucebuli. da esua maT deda
tomisagan eli mRdelisa, da esua erTi xolo
da eliozs. evedreboda deda Zesa Tssa
da etyoda: warved, Svilo, wodebasa
mefisasa da wessa Sjulisasa, xolo romelsa
igini ganizraxven, nu SeerTvin cnoba Seni
mas yoladve, nu, Svilo Cemo, rameTu sityua
ars winaswarmetyuelTa da igavi brZenTa,
saidumlo ars dafaruli huriaTagan, xolo
warmarTTa naTel da cxoreba saukuno
(Zeglebi 1964: 128, 1528).


warvida elioz, kaci moxucebuli. xolo esua
mas deda tomisagan eli mRdlisa, da kualad
erTi da. xolo warmavalsa mas evedreboda deda
Zesa Tssa, viTarmed: warved ukue, Svilo
sayuarelo, wodebasa mas meufisasa da wessa
sjulisasa, garna ese xolo, romelsa gamcneb
Sen, daimarxen, nu ukue SeerTn cnoba Seni
ganzraxvasa mas maTsa borotsa, da nuca vidreme
eziarebi daTxevasa sisxlisa mis misisasa. nu,
Svilo, Cemo, gevedrebi, nu. rameTu ueWvelad
uwyode, viTarmed igi ars sityua
winaswarmetyuelTa, romelsa pirveliTganve
moeswavebodes (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 36, 13
19).

rogorc warmodgenili masalidan Cans, axali qarTlis cxovrebis redaqtorebi
xSirad sityvasityviT imeorebdnen moqceva qarTlisas Txrobas, zogjer ki
ramdenadme cvlidnen mas (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 37, 120, 2330; Zeglebi 1964: 128, 35129,
35).
sagulisxmoa, rom moqceva qarTlisas amazaeri qarTlis cxovrebis gviandelma
redaqtorebma aderkiT Secvales, radgan leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi qristes cxovreba
aderkis mefobaSi iyo dadebuli. Cans, maT meqanikurad ki ar gadmoiweres moqceva
qarTlisas cnobebi, aramed SeuTanxmes da miusadages isini leonti mrovelis Txrobas.
40
aRsaniSnavia, rom, leonti mrovelis msgavsad, redaqtorebmac, kvarTze saubris
damTavrebisas, _ daasaxeles TavianTi wyaro da gaimeores leontis sityvebi: viTarca
weril ars ese gancxadebulad moqcevasa qarTlisasa (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 37, 31).
2. petre qarTvelis cxovreba. leonti mrovelis mefeTa cxovrebaSi, _ iq, sadac
mefe varazbakuris istoriaa moTxrobili, _ gvxvdeba ori CanarTi petre qarTvelis
Sesaxeb.
pirveli, SedarebiT mokle, CanarTi mxolod or nusxaSi moipoveba. igi ase iwyeba: iyo
ese uSvilo, rameTu ara esua Zewuli, da evedrebin RmerTsa marxviTa da murvaled
vedrebiTa, raTa Rirs iqmnes igi micemad Zisa, romlisaca mimTxuevad Rirs iqmna (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 132, 1214; CanarTi mTlianad _132, 12133, 29).
meore CanarTi, romelic mraval xelnawerSi gvxvdeba, SedarebiT vrcelia da ase
iwyeba: xolo amas angelozisa xarebiTa moeniWa Ze, romelsa uwodes murvanos (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 133, 32; CanarTi mTlianad _133,32135, 20)

.
or xelnawerSi (Sig teqstSi) aris anderZminaweri: wmidao petre, meox eyavn winaSe
RmrTisa batoniSvils vaxtangs meuRliT, ZiT da asuliTurT, romelman mopovnebul yo
cxovreba ese Seni da mciredi aRawerina wignsa amas Sina, aramed sruliad ara aRiwereboda
sididiTa (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 135, Sen. 1).
am anderZminaweridan Cans, rom petre qarTvelis cxovreba swored vaxtangma
Seatanina axal qarTlis cxovrebaSi. safiqrebelia, es iyo CanarTis erTerTi nimuSi,
romelic TviTon vaxtangis meTvalyureobiT gakeTda, xolo amis kvalobaze danarCenTa
Semzadeba mecnier kacebs ebrZanaT (grigolia 1954: 127, 160, 195, 217).
aRniSnuli minaweri azrTa sxvaobas iwvevs, magram erTi naTelia: anderZSi vaxtangi
ixsenieba ara mefed, aramed batoniSvilad, rac imas niSnavs, rom es Sroma vaxtangis
gamefebamde (janiSinobis dros) unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
SevudaroT aRniSnuli CanarTebi petre qarTvelis cxovrebis aRwerilobas
(cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa petre qarTvelisa, romeli
iyo Ze qarTvelTa mefisa) (Zeglebi 1967: 213-263).

petre qarTvelis cxovreba pirveli CanarTi

iyo mefe igi qarTvelTa marTlmorwmune
RmrTisa, da ara esua mas Svili wuli. amisTsca
evedrebin RmerTsa maradis murvaled, raTa
moaniWos mas Svili.
erTsa ukue Jamsa movida igi queyaniTgan
TsTa qalaqad Tsad sameufod mcxeTad, da
dauRamda kidesa mdinarisa mis didisasa,
romelsa ewodebis mtkuari. da ineba mefeman mun
gansuenebad mwuxrsa mas. da viTarca iloca,
miwva gansuenebad, rameTu Tnier locvisa ara
daiZinis. xolo viTarca mierula, warmoudga
mas angelozi uflisa brwyinvale da didebuli,
mosili samosliTa spetakiTa elvared da
brwyinvida piri misi viTarca mzisTuali.
xolo mefeman, viTarca ixila angelozi igi,
iqmna SeSinebul friad. hrqua mas angelozman
uflisaman: nu geSinin, mefe! me var angelozi
uflisa da mimavline Senda uflisa RmrTisa
mier, rameTu Seismines locvani Senni. da aha
miudges coli Seni da giSves Sen Ze, romeli iyos
did da srul winaSe RmrTisa da kacTa, da
mravalni erni RmrTisa moaqcines.
`da viTarca ganiRZa mefeman, iyo suli misi
mxiaruli da adidebda RmerTsa. da Semdgomad
dReTa ravodenTame miudga coli mefisa is da
uSva mas Ze. da ravodenisame Jamisa Semdgomad
naTelsces yrmasa mas saxelsa zeda wmidisa

iyo ese uSvilo, rameTu ara esua Ze
wuli, da evedrebin RmerTsa marxviTa da
murvaled vedrebiTa, raTa Rirs iqmnes igi
micemad Zisa, romlisaca mimTxuevad Rirs
iqmna. rameTu Jamsa romelsame momavali
queyanaTagan samefod misda, mcxeTad,
mwuxri daivana kidesa didisa mis
mdinarisasa, romelsa mtkuar ewodebis. da
viTarca aRasrula mwuxrisa locva, raTa
miiZinos, rameTu Tnier locvisa araodes
iseris, arca miiZinis, amas locvasa Sina
gamouCnda angelozi naTlisa brwyinvale,
romlisa xilvasa SeSinda mefe.
xolo man rqua: nu geSinin, mefe, rameTu
Seismes vedrebani Senni winaSe RmrTisa, da
mogeces Ze, romeli iyos did da srul winaSe
RmrTisa da kacTa, da mravalni erni
RmrTisad moaqcivnes. da viTarca ganiRZa
mefeman, mxiaruli suliTa adidebda
RmerTsa. da Semdgomad mciredisa miudga
coli mefisa da uSva mas Ze, da didi
sixaruli yves mefeman, yovliT sameufoT
misiTurT, Jamsa mas Sobisa misisasa da
naTelsces saxeliTa wmidisa samebisasa, da
uwodes saxelad murvanos (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 132, 1224; 133, 1420; Zeglebi
1967: 219, 827).

k. grigolias SeniSvniT, am CanarTebis rigi qarTlis cxovrebis ukanasknel gamocemaSi

darRveulia: Tavdapirvelad unda daebeWdaT vrceli redaqcia, xolo mokle _ sqolioSi an sxvagan
unda yofiliyo warmodgenili (k. grigolia, qarTlis cxovrebis axali gamocemis gamo, mnaTobi,
1956, 4, gv. 188).
41
samebisasa da uwodes mas saxeli murvanos
(Zeglebi 1967: 216, 11217, 24).

Zneli SesamCnevi araa, rom damowmebul teqstebSi msgavsebaa, magram pirveli mainc ar
aris meoris wyaro. saqme isaa, rom axali qarTlis cxovrebis pirveli CanarTi ufro
metad emTxveva (sityvasityviT imeorebs) petre qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle (B)
redaqcias. maT Soris iseTi zusti, sityvaSeucvleli Tanxvdenilobaa, rom paraleluri
adgilebis damowmeba saWiro araa (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 132, 12133, 20; Sdr.: Zeglebi
1967: 216, 15219,20; Zeglebi 1968: 194196). (sagulisxmoa, rom CanarTSi gvxvdeba dedofal
evdukias saxeli, romelic Semounaxavs petre qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle redaqcias

,
xolo vrceli redaqciis Sesatyvis adgilas ar ixsenieba) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133,12;
Sdr.: Zeglebi 1967: 219,6).
petre qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle redaqciisa da CanarTis Tanxvdeniloba zustad
(sityvaSeucvlelad, Tanamimdevrulad, faqtebis gamotovebisa Tu Secvlis gareSe)
grZeldeba CanarTis ukanasknel abzacamde, xolo es abzaci gamokrebilia mokle redaqciis
sxvadasxva adgilidan

.
petre qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle redaqciiTaa davalebuli meore CanarTic. masSi
SekumSulia mokle redaqciis faqtobrivi masala, pirvelwyarodan gamokrebili cnobebi
dalagebuli da mowodebulia qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT. davimowmebT magaliTs:

petre qarTvelis cxovreba meore CanarTi

Ramesa erTsa... gamovides sameufoT
qalaqiT. da aha sueti naTlisa wina uZRoda, da
ma iyo suetiT gamo: romeli Semomidges me,
ara vidodes bnelsa. da meyseulad
ganmxiaruldes.
da movides kidesa zRsasa, poves navi, da
wiaRdes aRmosavleTad da warumarTnes gzasa
Tssa.
xolo cna ra ltolva maTi mefeman Teodosi,
didad Sewuxna da Zieba yo yolgniT. xolo cud
iqmna Sroma maTi, rameTu RmerTman dafarna
monani misni.
da viTarca miiwivnes romelsame
qalaqTagansa, Seipyrna igini mTavarman da
Sesxna sapyrobilesa, viTarmed: monani xarT
ltolvilni.
xolo mas Ramesa Zrva iyo saSineli, elvani da
quxilni, vidremdis daecemodesca saxlni
mravalni. daadgra mTavarsa mas kaci vinme
saSineli da uTqmida, viTarmed: ganuteven
pyrobilni ege, ukueTu ara, amas Rame daqcevad
ars qalaqi ese (Zeglebi 1967: 224, 24226, 19;
243, 821. Sdr.: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 135, 37).


winamZRurebiTa uflisaTa ganvles Rame
da warvides. rameTu sueti naTlisa wina
uZRoda maT, viTarca israelTa, da ma esmaT
suetiT gamo: romeli Semomidges me, ara
vidodes bnelsa da poves navi da vles
raodenime dReni. xolo qalaqsa erTsa Sina
Sepyrobil iqmnes visganme da Seiyennes
sapyrobilesa. xolo mas Ramesa iqmna Zrva da
mexistexa, da elva friadi. da mTavarsa mas
qalaqisasa daadga kaci vinme, saSinelebiT
etyoda: ganuteven monani RmrTisani. ukeTu
ara, daiqcevis qalaqi ese (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 134, 1117).

qarTlis cxovrebis pirveli CanarTi safuZvlad daedo petre qarTvelis cxovrebis meore
svinaqsarul redaqcias (Zeglebi 1968: 195196).

ai, es abzacic: xolo mcireTa JamTa iswava ena berZnuli, da yovelive swavluleba saeklesio da
safilosofoso (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133,2122. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 224,69). egreTve warvida ra
ierusalmd (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 22. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 224, 1617), saflavsa uflisasa
miiwia, da mun akvecil iqmna monaznebad, da uwodes saxeliT petre (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 22
23. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 228, 17). iswava ena da swavluleba asurebrivi, vidremdis ukrda yovelTa
sifrTxile da simaxle gonebisa misisa. xolo dRiTidRe palatiT mocemulsa roWiksa glaxakTa
ganuyofda (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 2325. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 224, 1722), emosa flasi ficxeli
da mqise queSekerZo sameufoTa samoseliTa. imarxavn igi ororiT, samsamiT da ufrosRa
SdeuliT (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 2527. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 219, 2832), erTi odnav Secvlili
frazis garda, mTeli abzaci sityvasityviT petre qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle redaqciidanaa
gadawerili.
42
ukanaskneli magaliTi gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, radgan misi Sesatyvisi adgili
vrcel redaqciaSi saerTod ar moipoveba. es kidev ufro sarwmunos xdis meore CanarTis
wyarod petre qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle redaqciis miCnevas.
damowmebul magaliTebSi Sesadareblad SerCeuli teqstebis sityvier
frazeologiuri Tanxvdenilobac SeiniSneba. damatebiT aRvniSnavT, rom meore CanarTSi
sxvaganac xSirad SeiniSneba pirvelwyaros gamoyeneba. mokle redaqciidan gadmosula
meore CanarTSi Semdegi gamonaTqvamebi: angelozisa xarebiTa, saSoTganve... wmida iqmna,
viTarca winamorbedi, scna mefeman Tevdosi da daudginna mcvelni, iswava ena berZuli,
Ruawlni da Sromani, romelTac vrcel redaqciaSi ver vxvdebiT (qarTlis cxovreba 1955:
133, 31; 133, 32; 134, 1011; 133, 39; 134, 23. Sdr. Zeglebi 1967: 217, 26; 217, 2829; 222, 35223, 2;
224, 7; 228, 2122). iqidanvea uwodes murvanos, SeerTnen (mierTnen) qarTvelni sparsTa,
aRaSennes orni monasterni, mRdelad eldasxmuli, friad tanjna orcni Tsni da
sxv. (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 133, 31; 133, 35; 134, 20; 134, 29; 135, 10. Sdr.: Zeglebi 1967: 217,
2425; 218, 89; 227, 2526; 229, 2021; 257, 2122).
vfiqrobT, yovelive zemoTqmuli gvaZlevs uflebas davaskvnaT, rom orive CanarTi
petre qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle redaqciidan momdinareobs.
CanarTebis avtorebi rom Zveli wyaroTi sargeblobdnen, sakamaTo araa, sxvaTa
Soris, isini asaxelebdnen kidec pirvelwyaroebs, magram arazustad. saxeldobr, pirveli
CanarTis bolos vkiTxulobT: aravin SemZlebel iyo qebad missa (petresa d.m.), garna
grigoli dialoRi, patriarqi romisa, romel aRwera qeba misi wignsa Sina Tssa (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 133, 2829). meore CanarTSi erTgan petre qarTvelis cxovrebis vrceli
redaqciaa damowmebuli (xolo mieniWes mas madlni RmrTisa mier sneulTa kurnebisani,
romeli weril ars srulsa cxovrebasa missa) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 134, 12; Sdr.
Zeglebi 1967: 220, 68). xolo bolos aqac grigol papis wigni ixsenieba (xolo amis
netarisa friadi qeba aRewera grigol dialoRossa, wmidasa patriarqsa hromisasa, wignsa
Sina Tssa) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 135,1819; Sdr.: petre qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle
redaqciis sityvebi: xolo mosca mas RmerTman madli saswaulTa qmnisa da kurnebaTa
aRsrulebisa. Zeglebi 1967: 220,68).
agiografiuli wyaro, romelic teqstebis Sejerebisas davimowmeT da romliTac
CanarTebis avtorebi sargeblobdnen, miewereba makari mesxs (XIII s.), xolo misi
redaqtoroba pavle dekanozs (XV s.) (kekeliZe 1960: 334336).
grigol papis (VI-VII ss.) dasaxeleba petre qarTvelis biografad gaugebrobis
Sedegia. igi momdinareobs eqvTime aTonelis erTi Targmanidan (dialoRoni), romelSic
petre iberieli (espaneTis iberiidan) petre qarTveladaa miCneuli (kekeliZe 1960: 203.).
sayuradReboa, rom qarTlis cxovrebis pirvelma CanarTma gavlena moaxdina petre
qarTvelis cxovrebis svinaqsarul redaqciaze. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia,
rom petre qarTvelis cxovrebis svinaqsaruli redaqcia (meore) qarTlis cxovrebis
pirveli CanarTis Semoklebas da nawilobriv gadakeTebas warmoadgens (Zeglebi 1968: 194
195).
3. asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignebi. juanSeris TxzulebaSi mocemulia mokle
cnoba ioane zedaznelisa da misi mowafeebis qarTlSi mosvlisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
qarTlis cxovrebis gviandelma redaqtorebma es cnoba sakmarisad ar miiCnies da axal
nusxebSi araerTi nakveTi CaurTes asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignebidan.
qarTlis cxovrebis xelnawerebis SeswavliT aseTi suraTi gamovlinda: 1.
Tavdapirvelad juanSeris TxzulebaSi daculi iyo mokle cnoba ioane zedaznelisa da
misi mowafeebis Sesaxeb; 2. Semdeg xanaSi xelnawerebSi gaCnda asurel moRvaweTa sia
(saxelebi wmidaTa mowafeTa: iovane zedazadeneli, daviT garesjeli, stefane xirseli,
ioseb alaverdeli, zenon iyalToeli, antoni martomyofeli, ise wilkneli, TaTe
stefanwmideli, Sio mRmeli, isidore samTavneli, abibos nekreseli, miqel ulumbeli,
piros breTeli da elia diakoni) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 208, 25); 3. qarTlis
cxovrebis erTerT xelnawerSi (Q #795) adgili daeTmo ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis
erT redaqcias cxoreba wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa iovane zedaZnelisa, romeli brZanebiTa
RmrTisaTa da winamZRurobiTa sulisa wmidisaTa moivlina queyaniT SuamdinariT
queyanad qarTlisad aTormetTa mowafeTa misTa wmidaTa Tana (Zeglebi 1964: 191216); 4.
qarTlis cxovrebis zogierT xelnawerSi damowmebuli siis Semdeg ikiTxeba: mravalni
sxuanic daemowafnes wmidasa mas mamasa, kacni wmidani da sulierni mamani dahyuneT
JamisaTa. da Semdgomad oTxas ocisa wlisa gamoikiTxa da gamoiZia wmidaman mamaman Cuenman
arseni qarTlisa kaTalikosman; romelime wignTagan aRmovikiTxeT da romelime maTgan
smenil iyo saqmeTagan maTTa. da aRvwereT cxovreba da moqalaqoba wmidaTa maT mamaTa,
sacnobelad Cuen morwmuneTa da sadideblad samebisa wmidisa, aw da maradis, da ukuniTi
ukunisamde, amin (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 208,610). amas mosdevs mozrdili CanarTi,
43
romelic Seicavs ioane zedaznelis, daviT garejelis, Sio mRvimelis, ise wilknelisa da
anton martyofelis cxovrebis mokle aRwerilobas (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 208,12
214,24). SevCerdebiT am CanarTze.
marTalia, qarTlis cxovrebis gviandel nusxebSi Setanili asurel moRvaweTa
cxovrebis wignebis Semoklebulgamokrebili teqstebis avtorebi migviTiTeben
wyaroebze, magram am miTiTebebs konkretuloba akliaT da mxolod maTze dayrdnobiT
sakiTxs ver gadavwyvetT _ maT pirvelwyaroebs, asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignebis
simravlis gamo, ver davadgenT (magaliTad, CanarTSi, romelSic ioane zedaznelzea
saubari, ukanaskneli winadadeba ase ikiTxeba: xolo Semdgomad micvalebisa mravalni
saswaulni aResrulnes, romelTa sruli cxovreba wmidisa iovanesi mogTxrobs (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 209,1618). daviT garejelis cxovrebis bolos Teimuraziseul
xelnawerSi weria: saswaulni da Ruawlni misni sruliad srulsa cxovrebasa missa Sina
weril arian) (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 210,1213). ase rom, aucilebelia teqstebis
Sepirispireba da Semdeg gamotana saTanado daskvnisa.
a) ioane zedaznelis cxovreba. ioane zedaznelis Tavgadasavali ramdenime mwerals
aRuweria. cnobilia misi cxovrebis Semdegi redaqciebi: 1. cxoreba wmidisa mamisa
Cuenisa iovane zedaZnelisa, romeli brZanebiTa RmrTisaTa da winamZRurobiTa sulisa
wmidisaTa moivlina queyaniT SuamdinariT queyanad qarTlisad aTormetTa mowafeTa
misTa wmidaTa Tana (Zeglebi 1964: 191216); 2. cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa mamisa
Cuenisa iovane zedaZnelisa da mowafeTa misTa, romelTa gananaTles queyana ese
CrdiloeTisa () (Zeglebi 1964: 191217); 3. cxoreba wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa ioane
zedaZnelisa, romeli brZanebiTa RmrTisaTa da winamZRurobiTa sulisa wmidisaTa
moivlina queyaniT SuamdinariT queyanad qarTlisa aTormetTa mowafeTa misTa wmidaTa
Tana (Zeglebi 1971: 83107) da sxv.
imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli redaqciiT sargeblobdnen qarTlis cxovrebis
gviandeli redaqtorebi, saWiroa dasaxelebuli sami redaqciisa da qarTlis cxovrebis
CanarTis Sepirispireba. davimowmebT zogierT adgils:

ioane zedaznelis cxovreba
redaqcia a
redaqcia
ese netari iovane iyo queyaniT SuamdinariT
(Zeglebi 1964: 196, 3031).
ese netari mama Cueni iovane iyo queyaniT
SuamdinariT (Zeglebi 1964: 196, 3031).

ioane zedaznelis cxovreba
redaqcia a
redaqcia
ganmravldes Zalni igi, romelni iqmnnes
misgan RmrTisa mier, kurnebaTa mravalferTa
saxeTa senTasa gansxmad eSmakTasa (Zeglebi
1964: 197, 1518).
ganmravldes Zalni da sakrvelebani,
romelTa iqmoda RmrTisa mier mravalferTa
da TiTosaxeTa senTasa (Zeglebi 1964: 197,
1417).

metafrasuli redaqcia CanarTi
ese Rirsi... mama Cueni aRmoecena
queyanisagan Suamdinarisa (Zeglebi 1971: 85, 2
3).
arcaRa mSobelTa misTa vinaoba da
romeloba saxelisa gswavies, Tu vieTni
iyvnes da romelTagan STamomavalni (Zeglebi
1971: 85, 1213).
madli saswaulqmnisa moeniWa mas RmrTisa
mier... TiTosaxeTagan senTa Sepyrobilni
kurnebasa mrCobl kerZosa miemTxueodes amis
mier, vinabTgan brmaTa naTeli miemadleboda da
sneulTa simrTele da eSmakisa mier tanjulTa
Tavisufal-qmna mZlavrebisagan misisa
(Zeglebi 1971: 87, 817).
iovane iyo queyaniT SuamdinariT
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 208, 13).

romlisa mSobelni ara uwyiT (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 208, 13).


moeniWnes mas RmrTisa mier senTa kurneba,
da eSmakTa oteba, romlisa mier mravalni
saswaulni aResrulebodes" (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 208, 1516; Zeglebi 1964:
207,1621; 208,3140; 214,1034; Sdr. iqve,
207,1621; 208,3138; 214,921; 217,39;
Zeglebi 1971: 94,28; 95,2931; 100,2327;
101,2426; 102,23103,26; qarTlis cxovreba
1955: 208,2224; 209,13, 68, 1011, 1314).

warmodgenili masalidan Cans, rom CanarTis avtorebi ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis
metafrasuli redaqciiT sargeblobdnen, magram maTTvis arc sxva redaqciebi unda
yofiliyo ucnobi.
44
b. Siosa da evagres cxovreba. Siosa da evagres Tavgadasavali qarTlis
cxovrebaSi SedarebiT ufro sruladaa gadmocemuli. am CanarTis agiografiul
ZeglebTan (cxoreba da moqalaqoba Rirsisa mamisa Cuenisa Siosi da evagresi (Zeglebi
1964: 217-229) da cxoreba da sakrvelebani wmidisa da netarisa Siosni (Zeglebi 1971:
107-170) Sedarebam aseTi suraTi gamoavlina:

Siosa da evagres cxovreba

kimenuri redaqcia metafrasuli redaqcia CanarTi
`Sio... daemkdra dasavaliT
kerZo dedaqalaqsa mcxeTas da
pova evi Rrma friad
(Zeglebi 1964: 217, 3638).
ese wmida da RmerT
Semosili mama Sio iyo
queyaniT asureTisaT, didiT
miT RmrTis qalaqiT
antioqiaT (Zeglebi 1971:
108,2728).
waremarTa dasavaliT kerZo
mcxeTisaTa kacTagan yovlad
uvalTa maRnarTa da kldeTa
saSinelTa, vlo da ixila evi
rame Rrma (Zeglebi 1971: 126,
2224).
iyo wmida mama Sio
qalaqiT antioqiiT
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955:
210, 19).



warvida wmida Sio
dasavliT kerZo mcxeTisa,
marjueniT mdinaresa
mtkuarsa, romelsa hqan
mRme, RrmaTa evTa
friadTa (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 210,2325;
Zeglebi 1964: 218,2227;
219,1221; 219,36220,3;
220,1529; 221,1419. Sdr.
Zeglebi 1971: 130,1429;
132,1316; 134,817; 135,13
18; 138,26139,13; 144,26
145,17; 147,1928; qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 210,2632;
211,26, 816.).

qarTlis cxovrebis gviandeli redaqtorebisaTvis TiTqos Siosa da evagres
cxovrebis orive redaqcia unda yofiliyo cnobili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTlis cxovrebis zogierT xelnawerSi SeutaniaT kidev erTi
CanarTi (pirobiTi saTauri _ xaskunTa gandgomileba), romelic sityvasityviTaa
amoRebuli Siosa da evagres cxovrebis metafrasuli redaqciidan (Zeglebi 1971: 140,27-
141,7. Sdr.: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 214,27-34).
g. daviT garejelis cxovreba. daviT garejelis Tavgadasavlis Txrobisas
qarTlis cxovrebis redaqtorebs SeeZloT am moRvawis cxovrebis ramdenime redaqcia
gamoeyenebinaT, kerZod, cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa daviT
garesjelisa (Zeglebi 1964:229-240), `cxoreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da
RmerTSemosilisa mamisa Cuenisa daviT garejelisa~ (Zeglebi 1971: 170207) da sxv.
teqstebis SejerebiT garkveuli daskvnis gamotana Znelia, radgan Txrobis
Tanamimdevroba Tu leqsikurfrazeologiuri Tanxvdeniloba saerTo xasiaTisaa da
specifikurs arafers avlens.

daviT garejelis cxovreba
(kimenuri redaqcia)
daviT garejelis cxovreba
(metafrasuli redaqcia)
CanarTi

movides samni iremni,
romelTa ukuana sdevdes
nukrni maTni da warmoudges
winaSe maTsa viTarca cxovarni
damSdebulni... xolo man
daswera juari da Seiqmna
xaWod, da Wames da ganZlies...
da mieriTgan mividian iremni
yovelTa dReTa, Tnier
oTxSabaTparaskevisa
(Zeglebi 1964: 231,9230).

samni iremni nukrTa Tana
maTTa warmodges winaSe maTsa...
brZanebisaebr moZRurisa
mowuelna igini... xolo man,
sauflosa juarisa
gamomsaxvelman mis zeda,
meyuseulad axlad yvela
gardaaqcia igi (Zeglebi 1971:
181,23182,6).
iyo veSapi didi da
sazareli... dResa erTsa... myis

rameTu samni iremni
nukrosanni movidian da
mowvelian, da xaWosa missa
Wamdian; garna oTxSabaTs
da paraskevs ar movidian
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955:
209,2324).


Semdgomad mciredisa
Jamisa, erTi nukrTagani
45
da mieteva maT veSapi igi da
Seipyra nukri erTi da STanTqa
igi (Zeglebi 1964: 231,30).
moeteva iremTa da mistaca maT
nukri erTi da saWmel Tsa yo
igi (Zeglebi 1971: 183,1826).
STanTqa veSapman mZnva-
reman (qarTlis cxovreba
1955: 209,2425; Zeglebi
1964: 233,2730; 234,35.
Sdr.: Zeglebi 1971: 188,10
13; 189,1719; qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 209,3031;
210,1).

qarTlis cxovrebis Teimuraziseul xelnawerSi daviTis Tavgadasavlis
gadmocemisa da misi gardacvalebis aRniSvnis Semdeg damatebiT kidev erTi CanarTi
gvxvdeba: romlisa (daviTis d.m.) saswaulni da Ruawlni misni sruliad srulsa
cxovrebasa missa Sina weril arian. xolo amis wmidisa mamis daviTis sicocxlesave Sina
movida mama wmida dodo kaxeTiT, da misve mamis wmidisa ganvida mier udabnod da daemkdra
mun, da aRaSena monasteri friad didi, romelsa Sina mravalni Ruawlni da Sromani
aRasrulna. romlisa saswaulsa da cxovrebasa da Ruawlsa mogTxrobs cxovreba misi. da
amisa Semdgomad suli Tsi RmerTsa Sevedra, da daisxna wmida guami misi sayofelsa
Tssave (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 210, 1218).
aq yuradRebas iqcevs rogorc miTiTeba daviTis srul cxovrebaze, ise cnobebi
dodoze. CanarTis avtoris sityviT, dodos saswaulsa da cxovrebasa da Ruawlsa
mogTxrobs cxoreba misi (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 210,16). dodos cxovrebas, rogorc
damoukidebel hagiografiul Txzulebas, Cven ar vicnobT. safiqrebelia, aq igulisxmeba
daviT garejelis cxovreba, romelSic moipoveba cnobebi dodos Sesaxeb.
d. ise wilknelis cxovreba. CanarTi ise wilknelis Sesaxeb SedarebiT mcire
moculobisaa da oriode sagulisxmo faqts Tu Seicavs, magram rac aris, isic amoRebulia
Siosa da evagres cxovrebis im nawilidan, sadac ise wilknelis Sesaxebaa Txroba.

Siosa da evagres cxovreba
(kimenuri redaqcia)

Siosa da evagres cxovreba
(metafrasuli redaqcia)
CanarTi
ese netari ise Seipyra
wmidaman mamaTmTavarman,
kaTalikozman, da akurTxa igi
ebiskopozad saydarsa zeda
wilknisasa. da daRacTu igi ara
Tavsidebda saqmesa mas da
SevrdomiT iTxovda gantevebasa
(Zeglebi 1964: 222,14).
wmidaman ioane Rirssa ises...
hrqua: mamao... gunebavs, raTa
kurTxeva miviRoT Senganca...
xolo igi, vinaTgan
morCilebasa ganswavlul iyo
da aRsavse suliTa wmidiTa,
yovlad ara urC eqmna Rirssa
ioanes (Zeglebi 1971: 151).
mravliTa iZulebiTa
qarTlisa kaTalikosman
akurTxa
mRudelTmTavrad,
saydarsa wmidisa RvTis-
mSoblisasa, queyanasa
muxranisasa, da sofelsa
wilknisasa (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 212,810;
Zeglebi 1964: 224,319.
Sdr.: Zeglebi 1971:
151,13152,5; qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 212, 1118).

e. anton martyofelis cxovreba. aseTi saxelwodebis Txzuleba Zvel xelnawerebSi
ar gvxvdeba. saerTod, qarTuli mecniereba ar icnobs anton martyofelis cxovrebis
adrindel redaqcias. mokle redaqcia gvxvdeba qarTlis cxovrebis erTerT CanarTSi
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 212,23214,23). am redaqcias vaxtangis komisiis Sedgenilad
miiCnevdnen (kekeliZe 1956: 20,22). es varaudi ar gamarTlda. e. gabiZaSvilma gaarkvia, rom
anton martyofelis cxovreba, romelic svinaqsarul redaqcias warmoadgens, qarTlis
cxovrebaSi mzamzareuli saxiTaa Setanili liturgikuli krebulidan (Zeglebi 1968: 218
225).
rogorc vnaxeT, yvela asureli moRvawis cxovreba qarTlis cxovrebis
redaqtorebma Zveli teqstebis safuZvelze Seadgines, Tumca ki SeeZloT, aeRoT
mzamzareuli masala da TavianT krebulSi SeetanaT ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis,
daviT garejelis, dodo garejelisa da ise wilknelis svinaqsaruli cxovrebani. Cans,
radgan anton martyofelis cxovrebis Zveli redaqcia ar arsebobda, komisiam
svinaqsaruli cxovrebis gamoyeneba miiCnia erTaderT gzad da saSualebad.
4. `daviTisa da kostantines wameba. qarTlis cxovrebis ramdenime gviandel
nusxaSi, juanSeris TxzulebaSi, _ iq, sadac murvan yruzea laparaki, _ gvxvdeba aseTi
CanarTi (vimowmebT nawyvets): xolo amanve yrum Seipyra da awama daviT da kostantine,
romelTa wamebasa vrcelad mogTxrobs cxovreba maTi (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 235, 15-
46
16). xolo iqve arSiaze ikiTxeba: dasabamiTgan soflisaT equsi aTas oras
ormeocdacxrasa. qristes juarcmiTgan Sdas ocdaaTsa. mefobasa berZenTasa leon
isavrosa (zogierT nusxaSi iqve weria: wmida daviT da kostantine) (qarTlis cxovreba
1955: 235, 15-16). rogorc s. yauxCiSvilma miuTiTa, es SeniSvna momdinareobs daviTisa da
kostantines wamebidan, sadac weria: xolo iwamnes... daviT da kostantine dasabamiTganTa
welTa equs aTas oras ormocdacxrasa... mefobasa berZenTa zeda leon isavrosa, xatTa
mbrZolisasa (Zeglebi 1971: 263, 912).
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTlis cxovrebis~ m. janaSviliseul nusxaSi (S #4730) am
CanarTis win ori gverdi Tavisufalia, safiqrebelia, daviTisa da kostantines
wamebisaTvis.
zogierT xelnawerSi sxva viTarebaa _ daviTisa da kostantines wameba ufro
sruladaa gamoyenebuli. amasTanave, agiografiuli Txzulebis teqsti danawevrebulia da
sxvadasxva adgilasaa CarTuli. Tavdapirvelad, _ murvan yrus pirveli xsenebisTanave, _
gvxvdeba patara CanarTi (es da sxva CanarTebic, rogorc s. yauxCiSvilma aRniSna, TiTqmis
sityvasityviT imeorebs daviTisa da kostantines wamebis Sesabamis adgilebs) (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 233, Sen. 4; 234, Sen. 1, 2; 235, Sen. 4; 237, Sen. 13; 238, Sen. 2; 239, Sen. 1.
grigolia 1954: 165, 218, 296297). davimowmoT pirvelwyaro da CanarTi:

daviTisa da kostantines wameba

CanarTi
xolo man uRmrToman, raJams aRiRo
mTavroba sparsTa da arabTa, aRZra yovelive
Tesltomi warmarTTa miSuebiTa RmrTisaTa
samxilebelad codvaTa CuenTa da ganilaSqra
qristianeTa zeda, ersa amas rCeulsa da
sazepurosa da aRaora da mosra da tyue yo
queyana saberZneTisa da sasomxiTisa
zRuamde da merme moefina viTarca Rrubeli
bnelisa, simravliTa, viTarca mkali da mumli,
areTa CrdilosaTa da dafara piri queyanisa
(Zeglebi 1971: 250, 1219).
xolo raJams aRiRo mTavroba sparsTa da
arabTa, da aRZra yoveli Tesltomi
agarianTa, da ganilaSqra qristianeTa zeda,
da aRaora da mosra, da tyue yo queyana
saberZneTisa da sasomxiTosa vidre
zRuadmde, da moefina, viTarca Rrubeli
bnelisa, simravliTa, viTarca mkali da
mumli, areTa CrdilosaTa, da dafara piri
queyanisa (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 233, 16
234, 2).

Semdeg grZeldeba Txroba juanSeris sityvebiT, romelsac kvlav mosdevs CanarTi
(qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 234, 829. Sdr. Zeglebi 1971: 251, 20252, 20). mas mihyveba
juanSeriseuli teqsti: da viTar cna, rameTu mefeni qarTlisani da yovelni naTesavni
maTni warvides egrisad da muniT kualad miicvalnes afxazeTad.... Teimuraziseul
nusxaSi aris damatebiTi cnoba, romelic agreTve daviTisa da kostantines wamebidanaa
amoRebuli (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 234, Sen. 2. Sdr. Zeglebi 1971: 258, 710).
xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba kidev erTi CanarTi, romelic agreTve daviTisa da
kostantines wamebidan momdinareobs (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 237, 710. Sdr. Zeglebi
1971: 258, 1317. ix. agreTve qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 238, 1215; 239, 19. Sdr. Zeglebi 1971:
258, 26259, 2; 259, 921).
5. ioane da eqvTime aTonelebis cxovreba. matiane qarTlisas cnobebi daviT
kurapalatis mefobisa da misi drois qarTvelTa Sesaxeb qarTlis cxovrebis or
gviandel nusxaSi Sevsebulia giorgi mTawmidelis originaluri hagiografiuli
Txzulebidan amoRebuli TxrobiT, romelic barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg Tornikes
mxedrobis laSqrobas exeba. qarTlis cxovrebis redaqtorebi rom giorgi aTonelis
TxzulebiT sargeblobdnen, es savsebiT naTlad Cans hagiografiuli Zeglisa da qarTlis
cxovrebis Sesabamisi CanarTis SepirispirebiT.

ioane da eqvTime aTonelebis
cxovreba

CanarTi
da mas Jamsa iqmna gandgomileba, skliarisia
da meliT kerZi yoveli daipyra da mefeni da
dedofali Sewyudeulad iyvnes qalaqsa Sina
didiTa WiriTa da iwroebiTa. da amas ra Sina
iyvnes, ganizraxes, viTarmed: Cueni Semwe daviT
kurapalatisagan kide aravin ars (Zeglebi 1967:
45, 1418; Zeglebi 1967: 47, 2448, 6; 43, 1544; 4;
48, 719. Sdr.: qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 273, 532).
rameTu amaT JamTa Sina ganudga mefesa
berZenTasa skliarosi da yoveli meliT
kerZi daipyra; mefeni da dedofali
Sewyudeul yvna qalaqsa Sina didiTa WiriTa.
amas ra Sina iyvnes, ganizraxes, viTarmed:
Cueni Semwe daviT kurapalatisagan kide
aravin ars (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 273, 2
5).
47

6. giorgi aTonelis cxovreba. qarTlis cxovrebis xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba
zogierTi iseTi CanarTi, romlis safuZveli udavod giorgi mciris Txzulebaa:

giorgi aTonelis cxovreba

CanarTi
amis Semdgomad daemowafa mariam dedofali,
deda bagrat mefisa, da ikurTxa mis mier
sqemiTa (Zeglebi 1967: 136, 12).
amisa Semdgomad viTarca ixila RmrTis
msaxurman aman mefeman bagrat eseviTari ese
moqalaqoba misi da usxeuloTa msgavsi
cxoreba da zemowerilisaca amisca saswaulisa
xilviTa, yovliTurT iwyla suli misi
siyuaruliTa misiTa da Ronesa eZiebda,
raTamca Tssa mamulsa wariyvana. xolo ars
mamulsa missa warCinebuli samRdelTmoZRuro
saydarTa Soris samefosa misisaTa saydari
Wyondidisa, sada igi mravalTa wmidaTa
martlni dausuenebian, da Tsi saflavi mun
ganemzada, raTa, raJams aResrulos, mun
daemarxos (Zeglebi 1967: 138, 25139, 6).
amisa Semdgomad daemowafa dedofali
mariam, deda bagrat mefisa, da ikurTxa mis
mier sqemiTa (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 303,
1819).
amisa Semdgomad, viTarca ixila mefeman
bagrat eseviTari siwmidiT da RirsebiT
moqalaqoba da usxeuloTa msgavsi cxovreba
da saswauli misi, didad Seiyuara, viTarca
angelozi RmrTisa, da Ronesa eZiebda,
raTamca Tssa mamulsa wariyvana. da misca
mRdelTmoZRuroba Wyondidisa saydarsa,
sada Seqmna bagrat saflavi Tsi (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 303, 2326; Zeglebi 1967: 141,
610; 143, 1925. Sdr. qarTlis cxovreba 1955:
307, 1820; 308, 812).

7. dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT Semdegi: Cans, qarTlis cxovrebis gviandel
redaqtorebs krebulSi warmodgenili, _ axali teqstebiT Sevsebuli, _ masala mainc ar
akmayofilebdaT da sxva hagiografiuli Zeglebis Semoklebuli saxiT CarTvac surdaT.
aseTi varaudis safuZvels iZleva qarTlis cxovrebis zogierT xelnawerSi Semonaxuli
ramdenime minaweri.
a) juanSeris TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba cnoba SuSanikis wamebis Sesaxeb. qarTlis
cxovrebis rumianceviseul xelnawerSi, romelic Sevsebul qarTlis cxovrebis nusxaTa
Soris uZvelesia, es adgili ucvlelad gadauweriaT, magram Semdeg redaqcias am sakiTxze
ufro vrceli da konkretuli masalis Setana ganuzraxavs da am mizniT iqve (arSiaze)
miuweria: aqa wmidis SuSanikis cxoreba unda (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 216, Sen. 1).
aSkaraa, aseTi SeniSvnis azri imaSi mdgomareobda, rom momavalSi es garemoeba
gadamwers gaeTvaliswinebina da SuSanikis Sesaxeb CanarTi teqstSi Seetana. marTlac,
zogierT xelnawerSi, swored am adgilas, Tavisufali gverdebia datovebuli ganzraxuli
CanarTisaTvis da arSiaze miwerilia kidec: aqa wmidis SuSanikis cxoreba unda (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 216, Sen. 1). ratomRac amis iqiT am CanarTis SemuSavebis saqme ar wasula da
es adgili iqac carieli darCenila (grigolia 1954: 218219; 130, 142, 151).
b) rogorc Cans, matiane qarTlisas mokle cnoba gobronze, agreTve miTiTeba misi
cxovrebis aRwerilobaze, redaqtorebma sakmarisad ar miiCnies. amas unda mowmobdes
minaweri arSiaze: wameba wmidisa gobronisi da iqve Tavisufali adgilis datoveba,
albaT, gobronis wamebisaTvis (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 264, Sen. 1, 2).
vaxtang meeqvsis swavlul kacTa komisiis muSaobis processa Tu qarTlis
cxovrebis redaqtirebis momdevno periodSi axali qarTlis cxovrebis krebulSi
Setanili hagiografiuli CanarTebis avtorebma gaicnes winare xanis literatura,
SearCies wyaroebi, Seamokles teqstebi, CasarTavi masala SeuTanxmes da miusadages
qarTlis cxovrebis Txrobas.
axali qarTlis cxovrebis yvela CanarTi cnobili hagiografiuli Txzulebebis
safuZvelzea dawerili. maTi avtorebi zogjer miuTiTeben wyaroebze, magram es
miTiTebebi konkretuli ar aris, gvxvdeba Secdomebic, amitom mxolod maTze dayrdnobiT
sakiTxi ar wydeba; pirvelwyaroebis dadgena mxolod teqstebis SepirispirebiTaa
SesaZlebeli. irkveva, rom qristes kvarTis mcxeTaSi motanis ambavi moTxrobilia
moqceva qarTlisas mixedviT, petre qarTvelis Tavgadasavali gadmocemulia petre
qarTvelis cxovrebis mokle (B) redaqciis safuZvelze, cnobebi ioane zedaznelze, Sio
mRvimelze daviT garejelsa da ise wilknelze gamokrebilia asurel moRvaweTa
cxovrebis wignebis sxvadasxva redaqciidan, anton martyofelis cxovrebis aRweriloba
mzamzareuli saxiTaa Setanili liturgikuli krebulidan. cnobili aToneli moRvaweebis
saqmianoba warmoCenilia maTi cxovrebis wignebis (ioane da eqvTime aTonelebis
cxovreba, giorgi aTonelis cxovreba) safuZvelze da a.S.

48
damowmebani:

grigolia 1954: grigolia k. axali qarTlis cxovreba. Tb.: `Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1954.
grigolia 1956: grigolia k. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ axali gamocemis gamo. Tb.: Jurnali mnaTobi,
4, 1956.
kekeliZe 1956: kekeliZe k. sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb (kulturul
istoriuli problema). etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. I,
Tb.: `Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1956.
kekeliZe 1960: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. I
4
, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1960.
qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1955.
qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.
Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. I (V-X ss.). Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1964.
Zeglebi 1967: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. II (XI-XV ss.). Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1967.
Zeglebi 1971: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. III. metafrasuli
redaqciebi (XI-XIII ss.). Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1971.
Zeglebi 1968: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. IV. svinaqsaruli
redaqciebi (XI-XVIII ss.). Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1968.

Darejan Menabde

Hagiographic Sources of New Kartlis Tskhovreba

Summary

New Kartlis Tskhovreba is a collection of historical works, which comprises manuscripts of the 14
th
-
18
th
cc. and relates the history of this period. The Commission of Erudite Persons established by King
Vakhtang VI made an extensive and thorough study of the text of Kartlis Tskhovreba, enriched it with
additional religious themes and sought to present the historical and hagiographic material more
comprehensively. The Commission prepared short texts of the Lives of the saints of the Georgian Church and
inserted them in relevant passages. This work for the revision did not cease after Vakhtang and continued for a
long time. The figures of the subsequent period were no longer content with the text of the Erudite Persons,
and extended and supplemented the manuscripts with numerous hagiographic insertions.
The Commission of Erudite Persons added to the chronicle one episode from Moktsevai Kartlisai
(The Conversion of Kartli) and two insertions from The Life of the Holy Peter the Iberian. The insertions
from the books of the Lives of the Syrian Fathers, composed by the redactors of Kartlis Tskhovreba on the
basis of the texts are also identifiable. The later redactions of Kartlis Tskhovreba include insertions from The
Martyrdom of David and Konstantine, The Life of Our Fathers John and Euthymius, and The Life and Acts
of Our Holy and Blessed Father, George the Athonite. For some reason they were not introduced into the edited
text of Kartlis Tskhovreba.
The authors of the hagiographic insertions of the collection Kartlis Tskhovreba familiarized with the
literature of the preceding period, selected the sources, abridged the texts, and adapted the material to the
narration of Kartlis Tskhovreba.
All the insertions of New Kartlis Tskhovreba are based on well-known hagiographic works. Their
authors sometimes indicate the sources, but these references are not specified, some errors also occur, and
therefore, the primary sources can be established only as a result of the comparison of the texts. It becomes clear
that the story of the bringing of the Tunic of Jesus Chirst to Mtskheta is narrated according to Moktsevai
Kartlisai. The story of Peter the Iberian is given on the basis of the short redaction (B) of The Life of the Holy
Peter the Iberian, the information on St Ioane Zedazneli, St Shio of Mghwime, St David of Garesja and St Iese
of Tsilkani is taken from various redactions of the books of the Lives of the Syrian Fathers. The life of St
Anton of Martqopi is introduced unchanged from a liturgical book. The activities of the well-known Athonites
are offered according to their Lives (The Life of Our Fathers John and Euthymius, and The Life and Acts
of Our Holy and Blessed Father, George the Athonite), etc.
On the basis of the study made in the paper, comparison and juxtaposition of the redactions of texts
brought to light to date, it becomes possible to identify the hagiographic sources of New Kartlis Tskhovreba.
49
rusTvelologiuri kvlevani



maka elbaqiZe

`seni me mWirs raca Wirad...~

im konvenciur motivTa Soris, romlebic ganmsazRvrelia `vefxistyaosnis~ rogorc
struqturuli, ise konceptualuri Taviseburebisa, umTavresia sasiyvarulo tanjva,
romelic moiazreba, rogorc seni, avadmyofoba (sulxan-sabas ganmartebiTac `seni~ aris
`sneuleba, senT darTva). marTalia, vefxistyaosanSi ar gvxvdeba sityva `tanjva~, arc
sityva `wameba~ tanjvis mniSvnelobiT, magram rusTveli iyenebs ara erT cnebas, romlebic
swored samijnuro tanjva-wvalebaze miuTiTeben. esenia: vaeba, vaglaxeba, armeba,
almodeba, axi da oxi, bneda, gasamsaleba, gaSeTeba, dagva, SeWirveba, daRreja, retianoba,
sevda, seni, quSoba, Zrwola, Wiri, Wmunva, javri da a.S.
vefxistyaosnis personaJTagan Tavdapirvelad senze TinaTini saubrobs, rodesac
avTandils siyvaruls umJRavnebs: `seni me mWirs raca Wirad~ (rusTaveli: str. 126), Tumca
siuJetis ganviTarebisas cxadi xdeba, rom siyvarulis seni Tvisebrivadac da gamoxatvis
formebiTac gansxvavdeba adamianis fizikuri sneulebis, anu avadmyofobisagan. roca
tarieli nestan-darejanis pirveli danaxvisas dabndeba da mis gansakurnad aqimT uxmoben,
es ukanasknelni gakvirvebas ver faraven avadmyofis uCveulo mdgomareobiT _ `ese seni
ragvariao~, _ da sabolood daaskvnian: `samkurnalo ara sWirs ra, sevda rame Semohyria~
(rusTaveli: str. 345). cxadia, aqimebs amgvari daskvna tarielis mdgomareobaze
dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoaqvT _ `zojer Smagad wamoviWri, sityva mcTari wameria~
(rusTaveli: str. 345), romelic ara imdenad fizikur uZlurebas, ramdenadac avadmyofis
sulier SeWirvebas asaxavs. saerTod, siyvarulis sens yvela epoqaSi da yvela qveyanaSi
icnobdnen, magram arabul medicinaSi mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba hqonda daTmobili.
arabi eqimebi siyvarulis sens miiCnevdnen mijnurobiT gamowveul avadmyofobad, romelic
siSmage-sixeliT, an, Tundac, sikvdiliT mTavrdeboda. erT arabul anTologiaSi
moTxrobilia: metrfe poets ekiTxeba: ra unda iRonos Seyvarebulma mamakacma? poeti
upasuxebs: man unda damalos siyvaruli, sevda daiTminos, iyos Tavmdabali, morCili da
mokrZalebuli. xolo Tu mas siyvarulis daTmena ar ZaluZs, mxolod tanjvaa erTaderTi
sasurveli gza. metrfe: gemorCilebi, magram me mets veRar vicocxleb; acnobe mas, vinc
Cemi guli cecxlis alSi gaxvia, Cemi savalalo Tavgadasavali. me davwvebi misi karis
diresTan da Tavs moviklav. bednieri viqnebi, Tuki aRdgomis dRe erTmaneTs kvlav
Segvyris (Jan humberti 1819: 42).
siyvarulis senis gamoxatulebad miCneuli iyo: dabneda, gulis wasvla, cnobis
dakargva, sulTqma, oxvra, sevda, ferdakarguloba, caxcaxi, krToma, gafiTreba da sxva
amgvari movlena. `visramianSi~ vkiTxulobT: `ra ramin visis piri naxa, viTamca gulsa
utevani isari scemoda, cxenisagan furcelis odnad subuqad CamoiWra. moedva
mijnurobisa cecxli gulsa, dauwva tvini da goneba wauRo... ra cxenisagan CamoiWra,
dabnda da didxan uWkuod idva...~ (visramiani 1962: 44)
tarielic Tavisi gamijnurebis ambis Txrobisas ambobs: `qalsa Sevxeden, laxvari
meca cnobasa da gulsa~ (rusTaveli: str. 344). cxadia, rom tarielis dabneda rogorc
Tavisi Tavgadasavlis Txrobisas, ise nestanis pirveli danaxvisas, ridis kideSi
gamoxveuli mijnuris werilis xilvisas Tu sxv. veladgaWrili raindis Cveuli
mdgomareobaa. msgavs movlenas aRwers ibn hazmi `mtredis yelsabamSi~ _ `siyvarulis
mtanjveli seni adamians guls ufleTs~ (ibn hazmi 2006). amgvaradve aqvs daxasiaTebuli
siyvarulis seni ovidiussac. Tavisi elegiebis II wignis IX TavSi poeti mimarTavs
kupidons: `Cems Zvlebze afuWeb isrebs? Sexede, moucvdaT piri, ise damadno trfobam,
mxolod ZvlebiRa davrCi~ (ovidiusi 1987: 97). amasve ambobda andreas kapelani Tavis
`wesTa~ me-15 TavSi: yvela metrfe unda gafiTrdes satfos winaSe; mis anazdeul danaxvaze
guli unda auTrToldes (nozaZe 1975: 182).
siyvaruli, mijnuroba rom sneulebaa, amas aRiarebdnen XI_XII saukunis evropeli
trubadurebic da minezingerebic, romlebmac kritikulad gadaamuSaves ovidiusis
erotikuli poezia da feodalur samoselSi `gamoawyves~ igi. amgvari interteqstualizmi,
udavod, nawilia im fenomenisa, romelsac me-20 saukunis Suaxanebis
literaturismcodneobam finAmors uwoda (swored ase saxeldebdnen frangi trubadurebi
50
im siyvaruls, romelsac TavianT simRerebSi ganadidebdnen). unda iTqvas, rom garkveuli
erotizmiT es poeziac aris aRbeWdili, Tumca is iSviaTad iyenebs ovidiusis sardonikul
tons da saleqso striqonebidan frTxilad gamomkrTali seqsualobac, evfemizmis
saburvelSi gaxveuli, iSviaTad aris mkafio da suraTovani. ovidiusis pirobiTobaTagan
trubadurul poezias SemorCa siyvarulis, rogorc yovlismomcveli, adamianis
dammonebeli Zalis gageba (`mivxvdi, sacodav Cems guls Smagi amuri tanjavs/ davnebde?
vebrZolo? brZoliT ufro ar gaRvives cecxli,/ jobs movuxaro Tavi, iqneb damindos
cota~ (ovidiusi 1987: 54). kurtuazuli metfrec unda damSvraliyo Tavisi qalbatonis
samsaxurSi, magram Tu mijnuris keTilganwyobas ver daimsaxurebda, tirilSi, vaebasa da
moTqma-godebaSi unda CaexSo sasowarkveTa. gotfrid fon strasburgeli mijnurobis
damaxasiaTebel niSnad siyvarulTan erTad Wirsac miiCnevda: gamijnurebuli adamiani,
misi azriT, erTdroulad ganicdida sixarulsa da SeWirvebas, tanjva-wamebasa da
netarebas. pier vidali ambobs: mirCevnia davrdomili viyo, avitano Wiri da tanjva, vidre
bedniereba sxvasTan movipovo. imave azrisaa bernar de ventadorneli _ siyvarulma ise
sasiamovnod damWra, rom guli Cemi tkivilSic ki siamovnebas ganicdis; Cemi Wiri imdenad
uCveuloa, rom is yvela sxva sikeTes mirCevnia da raoden am WirT amdeni momxibvleloba
aqvT, imdenad am WirTa Semdeg iqnebian siamovnebani tkbilni (stepltoni 1996: 69-80).
motanil citatebSi striqonebs Soris SeiZleba amovikiTxoT ovidiusis kidev erTi
maqsima: `akrZaluls veswrafiT yvela, uari gviRviZebs survils, roca smas uSli sneuls,
swored maSin gTxovs sasmels~ (ovidiusi 1987: 124).
siyvaruliT dasneulebas mohyveba mijnuris xangrZlivi tanjva, romelic
vefxistyaosanSic, aRmosavlur Tu evropul sasiyvarulo poeziaSic Sesabamisi motivebiT
aris gamoxatuli: a) siSmage, gaxeleba, gagiJeba; b) sisxlis cremlebis Rvra; g) Cauqrobeli
cecxliT (saxmiliT) wva; d) gulis dalaxvra da dawyluleba; e) sikvdilis natvra; v) velad
gaWra.
bunebrivia, unda davsvaT kiTxva _ ra iwvevs mijnuris dasneulebas, Sesabamisad, mis
tanjvas, gaxelebas da gaSmagebas? pasuxi calsaxaa: satrfosTan ganSoreba _ droebiTi an
samudamo. orive SemTxvevaSi tanjva imdenad yovlismomcvelia da gausaZlisi, rom
mijnurs veRar ZaluZs Caketva mowesrigebul, Semofarglul sivrceSi, amitom igi arRvevs
am sivrcis sazRvrebs da siSmagis umaRles wertils mieaxleba. rogorc `visramianis~
qarTuli versiis avtori gvamcnobs: `mijnursa Wirad ese eyofis, romel miwyiT Wirsa Sigan
aris da moyvarisa natvrasa. niadag xvaSiadsa gulsa Sigan Senaxva unda, vervis glax
miandobs Tavis gulisa sityvasa... miwyiT ukacursa adgilsa eZebdis da martod dajdis,
tirodes Seusveneblad~ (visramiani: 1962: 277).
arabulenovan samyaroSi Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda legenda yais ibn-al-
mulavaxis siyvarulze, romelsac `xelobisaTvis~ majnuni uwodes. varaudoben, rom
swored es yaisia prototipi nizamis poema leilisa da majnunis mTavari personaJisa.
yaisis velad gaWra da udabur adgilebSi rbola `sixelis~ umaRlesi safexuria, saidanac
gmiri veRarasodes Semobrundeba daRmavali gziT da sawyis wertils verasodes
daubrundeba (Sdr. gaSmagebuli majnuni Tavis trfobas adarebs gareul frinvels,
romelic basri brWyalebiT daundoblad ufleTs guls). velad gaWra konvencionaluri
motivis saxiT kretien de truas ivenSic gvxvdeba. raindis gaxeleba am romanSi iwyeba mas
Semdeg, rac sityvis gamtex ivens CamoarTmeven meuRlis naCuqar jadosnur beWeds,
Sesabamisad ki, Tavis sayvarelTan dabrunebisa da misi siyvarulis uflebas. ubedurebiT
Tavzardacemul rainds isRa darCenia, uRran tyes Seafaros Tavi, radgan gaSmagebulsa da
sigiJis zRvars miaxlebuls veRar autania kacTa samyofeli Tavisi wesrigiT,
momabezrebeli yoveldRiurobiT da mkacrad gansazRvruli etiketiT (Sdr. `ar meamis
kacTa naxva, midaRvidis gulsa daRni~ (rusTaveli: str. 583). gaxelebul rainds
erTaderTi mizani amoZravebs _ rac SeiZleba swrafad ganeSoros im samyaros, romelic
mas sworupovar da uZlevel raindad icnobda, da Tavdaviwyeba ukacriel adgilebSi
povos... da mirbis gaxelebuli iveni uRrani tyisken, gzadagza kargavs cnobierebas da,
masTan erTad, wyvets ukanasknel damakavSirebel Zafs Tavis warsulTan, arturis
brwyinvale samefo karTan, meuRlesTan, Sesabamisad, im idiliur yofasTan, romliTac
aqamde iyo garemoculi. SeSlili, adamianis ierdakarguli raindi daexeteba tye-RreSi,
umi nanadireviT iklavs SimSils da SiSvel-titveli dasaZineblad notio miwaze miegdeba.
gaxelebuli ivenis mxatvruli saxe, gansakuTrebiT misi portretuli Strixebi, sakmao
msgavsebas amJRavnebs, erTi mxriv, nizamis majnunTan, meore mxriv, rusTvelis tarielTan.
Tumca qvemoT vnaxavT, rom am avtorTa midgoma erTi da imave motivisadmi sakmaod
gansxvavebulia, rac aRniSnuli konvenciis specifikur interpretaciaSi iCens Tavs.
51
gmiris gaxelebasa da velad gaWras vefxistyaosanSi sxva funqcia eniWeba,
Sesabamisad, am motivis `Semotanac~ gansxvavebul drosa (igulisxmeba literaturuli
dro) da situaciaSi xdeba.
ivenis gaxeleba iwyeba maSinve, rogorc ki igi dakargavs satrfos siyvarulsa da misi
meuRleobis uflebas. tarielsac, ivenis msgavsad, `guls gauqvavebs~ da `gonebas
gauSmagebs~ nestanis dakargva, magram es jer kidev ar aris is gaxeleba, romelsac mohyveba
raindis `gaWra~ da `velTa rbola~. miuxedavad Tavs datexili ubedurebisa, tariels
ZaluZs Tavis arsebaSi gamefebuli mtanjveli emociebis daTrgunva, mobilizeba Sinagani
Zalebisa da savali gzis siZneleTa warbSeuxrelad atana:

gulsa vuTxar, nu mohkvdebi, aras gargebs cudi wola,
gijobs gaWra Zebnad misad, gavardna da velTa rbola.
(rusTaveli: str. 577)

am gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan erTad tarieli `ficxlad Seekazmeba~ da as samoci
meomris TanxlebiT gaeSureba dakarguli satrfos saZebrad _ gadalaxavs zRvasa Tu
xmeleTs, moivlis qveynierebis oTxsav kides, magram amaod. raindi mainc jiutad
ganagrZobs dakarguli satrfos Zebnas da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac kidev erTxel uSedegod
moivlis `yovlsa pirsa qveyanisa~, sasowarkveTili datovebs `kacrielTa Tems~, gaiWreba
velad da vefxis tyaviT Semosili ukacriel gamoqvabulSi daidebs binas (`mas aqaT vaxlvar
nadirTa, Tavsa maTebrve mxsenebi~ (rusTaveli: str. 648).
aRniSnuli motivi mxolod erTi, umniSvnelo rgoli rodia siuJetur jaWvSi.
gaxelebuli, velad gaWrili raindis TemiT iwyeba romanSi moqmedebis ganviTareba,
romelic TandaTanobiT ivseba axali StrixebiT da niuansebiT da mxolod konfliqtis
ganmuxtvis Sedegad amoiwureba. sakmarisia, tarielma dainaxos nestanis ridis kideSi
gaxveuli misive `wigni~, rom moulodneli bednierebiT `ucnobod qmnilSi~ kvlav
gaiRviZos dakargulma imedma da sicocxlisa da moqmedebis stimuli mieces.
amieridan tariels miznis misaRwevad kvlav Tavisi gulovnebisa da mklavis Zalis
imedi aqvs. dayovneba misTvis sikvdilis tolfasia, amitom sixele da siSmage droebiT ukan
ixevs da adgils `gonebas~, civ gansjas uTmobs _ `merme tariel ambavsa hkiTxavs, aRara
bndeboda~ (rusTaveli: 1339). `momcinari da mxiaruli~, igi mzad aris rTuli, faTerakebiT
aRsavse mogzaurobis dasawyebad (Sdr. avTandilis dabrunebamde tarieli `feriTa
mkrTali~, `cecxlnadebari~ da `ucnobo qmnilia~).
yovelive zemoTqmuli rodi niSnavs, rom qajeTs gamgzavrebuli tarieli aRarc
xelia da aRarc Smagi. misi, rogorc mijnuris sixele mxolod da mxolod satrfos povnis
Semdeg dasruldeba. siSmage droebiT `gonebis~ kalapotSi eqceva, iseve rogorc uwin,
nestanis dakargvis Setyobis Jams. sagrZnobladaa Sesustebuli velad gaWris motivic,
vinaidan sivrce, romlis farglebSic amieridan moqmedebs vefxistyaosani raindi, kvlav
SemosazRvruli da `wriuli~ xdeba. Zmadnaficebis TanxlebiT tarieli miiswrafvis
qajeTis cixisken, raTa nestanis gaTavisuflebasTan erTad daibrunos dakarguli
siyvaruli da sulis mSvidoba.
qajeTidan gamarjvebiT Semoqceuli raindi kvlav `mZleTa mZle~ da mterTa `mosrviT
mspobeli~ xdeba. mas Semdeg, rac igi Seeyreba satrfos, misi sixele da siSmage sabolood
iTrguneba, Sesabamisad, romanSic aRar arsebobs gaxelebisa da velad gaWris motivis
saWiroeba. rogorc sworad aRniSnavs nodar naTaZe, tarielis sixeleSi konvencias
fsiqologiuri motivaciis xazi Crdilavs, romelic am romanSi ZiriTadia (naTaZe 1966:
135).
gaxelebisa da velad gaWris motivs ivenSi sxvagvari ganfeniloba da kompoziciuri
datvirTva aqvs, vidre vefxistyaosanSi. marTalia, gmiris gaxeleba satrfos dakargvis
momentidanve iwyeba, magram sruldeba gacilebiT adre, vidre igi samudamod
daibrunebdes mijnurs. `gaxeleba~, `siSmage~ aq Sewyvetilia `xelovnurad~, jadosnuri
Zalis CareviT (feria morganas saswaulmoqmedi balzamis daxmarebiT), rac kurtuazuli
tradiciis gavleniT SeiZleba avxsnaT (jadosnuri Zalebi erT-erTi mTavari funqciuri
kategoriaa (xelis SemSleli/xelis Semwyobi) e.w. faTerakis epizodebSi). siyvarulis
ritualizeba (iveni iZulebulia, mdumared aitanos satrfos sayvedurebi da arc ki
cdilobs Tavis marTlebas), fantastikuri elementebis siWarbe (jadosnuri beWedi,
saswaulmoqmedi balzami) da rainduli kodeqsisadmi morCilebis aucilebloba (iveni ver
dabrundeba meuRlesTan, vidre ar aRasrulebs Tavis raindul vals, misi keTilganwyobis
xelaxla mosapoveblad monawileobas ar miiRebs turnirebsa da orTabrZolebSi)
gansxvavebuli niuansiT warmogviCens am motivs da ganasxvavebs mas tarielis siSmage-
sixelisgan.
52
sasiyvarulo tanjvas, sens, romelic kacrielTa TemTagan gansvliT, anu velad
gaWriT kulminacias aRwevs, Tan sdevs sikvdilis natvra, romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi
marTlac letaluri dasasruli aqvs. cnobilia, rom sufist poetebs siyvarulis Sedegad
sikvdili bednierebad miaCndaT (Sdr. `kupidon, aRar Rirs trfoba, ganmSordi mag Seni
mSvildiT, / sikvdilis meti ukve aRaraferi minda!~ ovidiusi 1987: 90). rogorc erTi arabi
poeti werda: siyvarulSi mosveneba aris daRliloba, misi dasawyisi aris sneuleba, misi
dasasruli aris sikvdili. magram CemTvis ki siyvarulis gamo sikvdili aris sicocxle. is,
vinc kvdeba Tavisi siyvarulisgan, ar SeuZlia siyvarulSi icxovros. es aris siyvaruli
RmerTis mimarT da sikvdili RmerTisTvis... (nozaZe 1975: 187). arabul poeziaSi siyvaruli
Sedarebulia gaxurebul naRverdalTan, boboqar cecxlTan, gaxurebul rkinasTan,
maxesTan, romelSic ebmeba sabralo msxverpli. Tanac siyvaruli adamians moulodnelad
ewveva, aTas satanjvelSi agdebs, xSirad ki siSmagemdec mihyavs (filStinski 1977: 163).
amasTan dakavSirebiT ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes centraluri arabeTis beduinur
tomebSi Casaxuli poezia, romelsac uzras tomis analogiiT uzriuli poeziis saxeliT
vicnobT. zogierTi mkvlevari amgvar trfobas frangi trubadurebis finAmor-is (wmida
siyvaruli) beduinur variantsac uwodebda (filStinski 1977: 159). am tomis poetebi
Txzavdnen leqsebs sabediswero, TiTqmis mistikuri siyvarulis Sesaxeb, romelsac
mohqonda tanjva da misgan gaTavisufleba mxolod sikvdiliT Tu iyo SesaZlebeli.
Sesabamisad, uzriuli lirika gaJRenTili iyo fatalizmiT, dausrulebeli sevdiT,
ganwirulebiT. yvela poets hyavda mxolod erTaderTi trfobis obieqti, idealuri qali.
igi cdilobda gaTavisuflebuliyo seqsualuri instinqtebis tyveobidan, Tavisi
grZnobisTvis zeSTagonebis Zala mieniWebina da idealad daesaxa (filStinski 1977: 201-
215). vinaidan es sabediswero grZnoba poets alahisgan hqonda miniWebuli, SeuZlebeli iyo
misgan Tavis daRweva. sayovelTaod cnobilia erT-erTi poet-beduinis gamonaTqvami _ `me
vekuTvni im toms, romlis mamakacebic Seiyvareben Tu ara, kvdebian~. cxadia, es poeti
uzras toms gulisxmobda. am tomis mamakacebs, Sesabamisad ki poetebs, swamdaT, rom
siyvaruli iyo ara mxolod yovlismomcveli grZnoba, aramed TviT sicocxlec (Sdr. nizami
ganjeli _ sicocxlis silamaze sakuTari Tavis msxverplad mitanaSia, rodesac metrfes
warmoudgenlad miaCnia mijnurisgan gancalkevebiT cxovreba. siyvaruli arc vnebaa, arc
avadmyofoba, aramed adamianis arsebobis sazrisi (rafili 1947: 65). igive Tvalsazrisi
SeiZleba amovikiTxoT XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe provanseli trubaduris,
aqvitaniis hercogis, giiom IX-is sityvebSi: `siyvaruls moaqvs sikvdili da axalgazrdoba~
(stepltoni 1996: 75); `tristanisa da izoldas~ gotfrid strasburgeliseul versiaSi:
`izoldav, Cemo nandauro izoldav, Cemo megobaro, Sena xar Cemi sikvdili, Sena xar Cemi
sicocxle~ (wigni tristanisa da izoldasi 1984: 42) da vefxistyaosanSi: `Cemi lxinia
sikvdili, gayra xorcTa da sulisa~ (rusTaveli: 271).
evropeli medievistebi miuTiTeben, rom Suasaukuneebis rainduli romanis faTeraki
an avantiura, romelic romanis siuJetis mTavar RerZad moiazreba, imTaviTve gulisxmobs
Tavganwirvas, tanjva-wamebas, WirTa Tmenas (rasac ovidiusi tormentums uwodebs, xolo
andreas kapelani _ kotidiana tormentas), romelic, erTi mxriv, siyvarulisTvis
sicocxlis msxverplad mitanas gulisxmobs, meore mxriv, pirovnebis moraluri
srulyofis, misi sulieri harmonizaciis procesis damagvirgvinebelia. xangrZlivi,
momqancveli mogzauroba da yovel nabijze Casafrebuli sikvdilis SegrZneba Sinaganad
gardaqmnis kretien de truas `erekisa da enidas~ personaJs ereks, sakuTar Tavs
apovninebs, kriziss gadaalaxvinebs. Sesabamisad, raindis coli, enidac, sabolood
darwmundeba, rom misi meuRlis siyvaruli eWvmiutaneli da WeSmaritia. TiTqmis igive
azria Cadebuli avTandilis sityvebSi: `sdevs mijnursa faTeraki, sawuTrosa daanavlebs,
mijnuroba saWiroa, miT sikvdilTan migvaaxlebs~ (rusTaveli: str. 904), romlebic naTlad
gviCvenebs, rom mijnuroba Wiris momtania, siZneleTa da dabrkolebaTa Semqmnelia, rom
mijnurobas moaqvs mwuxareba, sevda da sikvdilTan gvaaxloebs (gavixsenoT tarielis
sityvebi: Cemi lxinia sikvdili, gayra xorcTa da sulisa (rusTaveli: 374) an visramianis
erT-erTi Segoneba: mijnursa tirili gamoacxadebs da avad mouxdebis. cxadsa mijnursa
dia faTeraki sdevs (visramiani 1962: 305). Tumca, imavdroulad, mijnuroba saukeTeso
gzaa sakuTari Tavis Sesamecneblad, mtanjvel emociebTan gasamklaveblad, nebisyofis
gasaZliereblad (am TvalsazrisiT Zalze sayuradReboa tarielisadmi mimarTuli nestan-
darejanis sityvebi: `bediTi bneda, sikvdili, ra mijnuroba ggonia? sjobs, sayvarelsa
uCveno saqmeni sagmironia!~ (rusTaveli: str. 370). Tu mijnurobas faTeraki sdevs, es
faTeraki da misi Tanamdevi Wiri gamocdaa SeyvarebulisaTvis. Tu sawuTro mijnurs
daanaRvlebs, sabolood lxenasac aZlevs. swored amis damtkicebas cdilobs gaxelebuli
tarielisTvis avTandili, Tumca, TinaTinTan ganSorebuli, TviTonac araerTgzis
`mimarTis danasa~. amgvarad, sikvdili avTandilisTvis aris survili Tavisi Rrma
53
grZnobebisa da mtanjveli emociebis gamosaxatavad, rasac masSi TinaTinis mier
`danerguli~ siyvaruli iwvevs. tarielis msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSi sikvdili masac lxinad
warmoudgenia (satrfosTan ganSoreba, romelic aravin icis, sadamde gastans, misTvisac
iseve gausaZlisia, rogorc tarielisTvis), radgan siyvaruls sikvdilTan ziari sazRvari
aqvs, magram es sikvdili avTandilisTvis mainc ar aris misaRebi, Tavis mokvla rainds
satanisebur survilad miaCnia, amitom is guls ubrZanebs, daTmeo (nozaZe 1975: 191).
siyvaruliT gamowveuli senis mkurnali SeiZleba iyos satrfo. (Tumca bevri
fiqrobs, rom siyvarulis tkivili ganukurnavia, anda misi mkurnali SeiZleba iyos
mxolod sikvdili). Tu kurtuazuli romanis metrfe qalbatonis keTilganwyobas ver
miiRebs, igi mxolod sikvdilSi povebs Svebas (tristani). am SemTxvevaSi misi malamo
sikvdilia, radgan sxva wamali, sxva malamo, sxva aqimi misTa wylulTa mosarCenad ar
arsebobs. (SemTxveviTi araa, rom vefxistyaosanSi ismis kiTxva: `raa wamali misisa
wylulisa gankurnebisa...~ rusTaveli: str. 692). ovidiusis kvalobaze, evropeli
trubadurebi da minezingerebi dabejiTebiT acxadeben, rom mijnuris gankurneba TviT
siyvarulis RmerTs, amursac ar ZaluZs. meore mxriv, `Tu mijnurs siyvarulis seni _ Wiri
_ awuxebs, meore mijnurma, ZiriTadad misma megobarma, pirvelis Wiri unda gaiziaros da
mtanjveli emociebi daaTrguninos~ _ `kvla mijnursa mijnurisa Wiri uCndes Wirad
didad~ (nozaZe 1975: 227-228), vinaidan siyvarulisgan gaxelebul adamians dakarguli aqvs
rogorc `civi gansjis~, ise sakuTari emociebis saTanadod warmarTvis unari, Sesabamisad,
siyvarulis senTan gamklaveba mas sxva aqimis gareSe ar ZaluZs:

ra aqimi dasneuldes, razom ginda saqebari,
man sxva uxmos mkurnali da majasisa Semtyvebari,
mas uambos, raca sWirdes seni, cecxlTa momdebari,
sxvisa sxvaman ukeT icis sasargeblo saubari (rusTaveli: str. 653).

Tuki siyvarulis `Wiri~ tanjvisa da vnebis momtania, adamianma an unda daiTminos is,
an unda ebrZolos. swored aq mJRavndeba adamianis nebisyofis, misi sulieri simtkicis
Rirebuleba. avTandili acxadebs: `xams, Tu kaci ar Seudrkes, Wirs miuxdes mamacurad~
(rusTaveli: str. 152), e.i. Wirs aqvs Tavisi dialeqtika _ is yovelTvis ar iarsebebs,
aramed icvleba lxiniT, Wiri ar SeiZleba maradiulad arsebobdes, igi lxinma unda
dasZlios. amitomac aris saWiro mamakacis gulovnoba, `Wirsa Sigan gamagreba~. amgvarad,
vefxistyaosanSi Wiris filosofia optimisturia. adamiani ar unda Seudrkes Wirs da unda
SeebrZolos mas. es aris pirovnebis srulyofis gza (nozaZe 1975: 229).
kretien de trua gveubneba: Cemi Wiri yvela Wirisgan gansxvavdeba; Cemi Wiri aris is,
romelic me msurs; me ver vxedav, raze viCivlo, radgan Cemi Wiri TviT Cemi nebisgan
momdinareobs; es aris Cemi nebeloba, romelic Wirad gadameqca: magram CemTvis
sasixaruloa mnebavdes da ase sasiamod vitanjo. es sityvebi, cxadia, siyvaruls exeba.
siyvaruli aq warmodgenilia Wirad, sneulebad, romelic adamians siamovnebas aniWebs;
siyvaruli aq aris seni, romelic tkivilebs iwvevs da siyvarulis tkivili aris sasiamovno,
salxino. da amas Seyvarebuli Tavisi nebelobiT hqmnis; nebelobas siyvarulis tkivilis
gancdebi izidavs da ara siyvarulis ganxorcieleba (nozaZe 1975: 230). me-13 saukunis
Suaxanebis frangi poeti giraut rikieric miuTiTebda, rom siyvaruli seriozuli aqtia,
romelsac uTuod tanjvac axlavs. magram tanjviT gamowveul sevdas, romelic ar aris
samudamo, uTuod gaawonasworebs dadebiTi Sedegi, vTqvaT, poeturi STagoneba
(SiSmariovi 1965: 207).
vefxistyaosanSi ki siyvarulis tkivili, tanjva, wameba, cecxli, dagva, bneda,
dabneda miuRweveli siyvarulis Sedegia da ara nebelobisa. vefxistyaosanSi aravis surs
Tavisi nebiT siyvarulis gamo daitanjos, aravis surs Tavisi Tavi gvemos, awamos, piriqiT,
aq TiToeuli gmiris neba gamoixateba siyvarulis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi da Tu
siyvaruli senia, misgan gankurnebas, am senisgan Tavis daRwevas yvela cdilobs (nozaZe
1975: 230):

aras gargebs SeWirveba, rom sWmunvide, ra gergebis!
ar Tu ici, ugangebod ara kaci ar mokvdebis?
mzisa SuqTa momlodine vardi sam dRes ar daWnebis.
bedi cdaa, gamarjveba, RmerTsa undes, mo-ca-gxvdebis .
(rusTaveli: str. 893)

rogorc vxedavT, sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi Wiris daTmena, rogorc
vefxistyaosanSi, ise aRmosavlur Tu kurtuazul poeziaSi erTnairad savaldebulod
aris miCneuli, magram Tu aRmosavlur lirikaSi an trubadurTa poeziaSi Wiri umravles
54
SemTxvevaSi poeturi samkaulis funqciiT gvevlineba (mogvianebiT es daZleuli iqneba
frangul raindul romanSi), vefxistyaosanisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Wiris damarcxeba,
misi lxinad Secvla, sicocxlis gamarjveba. rusTvelTan sasiyvarulo tanjva da
mijnurobiT mogvrili sixaruli mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli erTmaneTTan da gamijnulad
araa warmodgenili. aqcenti aq gadatanilia ara tanjvis siZlieresa da kvdomaze (Sdr.
`tristani da izolda~, `visramiani~, `leili da mejnuni~ da a.S), aramed am mtanjvel
emociaTa daZlevasa da maTi flobis unarze, rasac sabolood mivyavarT pirovnebis
srulyofasa da uzenaesi idealis amqveynadve wvdomamde.

damowmebani:

gotfrid strasburgeli 1976: . , .
. . . . :
, 1976.
visramiani 1962: visramiani. teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTes a.
gvaxariam da m. Toduam. Tb.: gamomcemloba `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.
ibn hazmi: Ibn Hazm. The Ring of the Dove. A Threatise on the Art and Practice of Arab Love. Translated by A.J.
Arberry (on-lain wigni) (gamomc. Luzac and Company, LTD, London, W.C.1, ganTavsebulia
5 agvistodan, 2006); mis.: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/hazm/dove/index.htm.
naTaZe 1966: naTaZe n. rusTveluri mijnuroba da renesansi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1966.
nozaZe 1975: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis mijnurTmetyveleba. parizi: 1975.
ovidiusi 1987: publius ovidius nazoni. trfobani. laTinuridan Targmna, Sesavali werili,
SeniSvnebi da saxelTa saZiebeli daurTo manana RaribaSvilma. Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1987.
rafili 1947: . . : 1947.
rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani. saredaqcio kolegia: irakli abaSiZe,
aleqsandre baramiZe, pavle ingoroyva, akaki SaniZe, giorgi wereTeli. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.
stepltoni 1996: Stapleton M.L. Harmful Eloquence. Ovids Amores from Antiquity to Shakespeare. The
University of Michigan Press, 1996.
trua 1980: . . . . :
, 1980.
trua 1974: . , . . I,
: , 1974.
filStinski 1977: . .
. : , 1977.
SiSmariovi 1965: . .
2- . I , -: , 1965.
wigni tristanisa da izoldasi 1984: wigni tristanisa da izoldasi. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`nakaduli~, 1984.
humberti 1819: Jean Humbert. Anthologie Arabe. Paris, 1819.

Maka Elbakidze

The Torment, the Great Illness Which Afflicts Me

Summary

The subject of our present interest is only one conventional motif of Rustavelis poem love (amorous)
suffering, which is interpreted as a disease. It is clear, that the individual details of Rustavelis conception of love
bear a clear imprint of oriental culture (the most obvious example of this is the reference to the main characters
as mijnur, an Arabic word denoting one maddened by love). We can tell the same about the motif cited above.
The suffering of a mijnur (the man in love) is expressed by the secondary motifs, such as: to be maddened by
love; shedding tears of blood; burning and flaming with an inextinguishable flame of love; to be wounded in the
heart; dreaming of death; ranging. Each of these motifs is often used in oriental love poetry and epic as well as
in the encyclopedic work about the love, such as Ibn Hazms The Doves Necklace.
Most of these motifs we can observe in European chivalry romances, particularly, in Chrtien de Troyes
Arthurian romances. Quite possible, that they made their path to Provence by the influence of Oriental (Arabic)
culture. As a definite concept courtly love developed in the midst of troubadour love poetry. Thereafter it
moved to the north of France and was taken over almost unchanged by the French trouvers, who converted
55
this traditional concept of love into the theoretical background of their chivalry romances. Love Suffering (as
Love Disease) is one of the main motifs of this model (although some troubadours describe love as suffering but
not a disease) which bears not only oriental, but also Ovidian influence (first of all we mean Ovids Ars amatoria
and Amores).
It must be said, that the conventional motifs, which are typical for oriental as well as for European love
poetry, have a function only of given formulas in Rustavelis poem and after the literary conversion have
absolutely different interpretation.
The motifs of suffering and a joy, which love gives to the man are not separated in Rustavelis poem, on
the contrary, they are strongly bounded together. Rustaveli makes an accent not on the strength and intensity of
suffering (as in Tristan & Yseult, Visramiani (Vis O Ramin), Leyli and Majnun), but he shows the way how to
overcome agonizing emotions and how to possess them, how to achieve perfection and innermost ideals.






boris darCia

isev `vefxistyaosnis~ fistikauri strofis Sesaxeb

cnobilia, rom `vefxistyaosani~ Tavidan bolomde, CanarT-danarTebianad, 16-
marcvlovani SairiTaa dawerili. erTaderTi gamonaklisia 771-e strofi, romelic rig
xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSi 20-marcvlovani sazomiT, _ fistikauriTaa Sesrulebuli.
Tumca nusxaTa umravlesobaSi da aqedan ramdenime gamocemaSi is 16-marcvlovani
SairiTacaa warmodgenili, magram ufro 20-marcvlovani saxiTaa gavrcelebuli. pirvel
saiubileo (1937) da misgan momdinare (1951, 1957 ww.) gamocemebSi amgvaradaa dabeWdili:

Sekra wiTeli asi aTasi pirad mzeman da tanad saroman,
samasi Tavi stavra-atlasi uxvman, niadag miumcTaroman,
samoci Tvali lal-iagundi ferad marT viTa miumxvdaroman,
kaci gagzavna vazirisasa, ese yvelai misTvis aro man.

1966 wels gamovaqveyneT gamokvleva `fistikauri strofi vefxistyaosanSi~
(rusTveli: 368_390), romelSic Cveni daskvnebi ase CamovayalibeT:
1. 771_e strofi Tavidan fistikauris formiT Seiqmna da zogierT xelnawerSi
Sairis saxiT Semdeg gadakeTda.
2. a) am strofis avTentikuri teqsti unda veZioT im xelnawerebSi, romlebic
fistikauris sazomiT warmogvidgenen mas.
b) miuRebelia 1937 wlis saiubileo da misgan momdinare gamocemaTa mesame taepis
meore naxevris wakiTxva: `... ferad m a rT v i Ta m i um x v da rom a n ~.
mis nacvlad unda iyos: `... ferad a r m a Tg a n s a ua ro, _m a n ~, rac niSnavs: man,
avTandilma, iseTi samoci Tvali lal_iagundi gaugzavna vazirs, rom feriT maTgan
(misgan, vazirisagan) ar sauaro (uari rom ar iTqmeboda, iseTi) iyo.
3. wamoyenebuli sabuTebi sakmarisi ar aris ganxiluli strofis CanarTobis
dasamtkiceblad (gv. 390).
am naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg ramdenime sagangebo gamokvleva daibeWda,
romlebSic grZeldeba kamaTi saZiebeli strofis ZiriTad sakiTxebze da kvlavac
urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebania gamoTqmuli.
rima fircxalaiSvili ganixilavs or sakiTxs: Tavidan rogori sazomiT Seiqmna es
strofi da ra saxisa iyo mesame striqoni (fircxalaiSvili 1973: 3_15).
isic aRniSnavs, rom am `strofis y a lb a d m i C n e v i s s a fuZ v e li m i s
g a n s x v a v e b ul s a zom s a da da m a x i n je b ul te q s tS i a s a Z i e b e li . magram
rusTvelologiis dRevandel doneze aRniSnuli strofis r u s T v e l u r o b a S i e W v i s
S e t a n a g a m a r T l e b u l i a r i q n e b o d a~ (fircxalaiSvili 1973: 8).
misi azriT, `a rc i s a a g a m ori cx uli , rom Sairis strofi im saxiT, rogorsac
Cven dRes vicnobT, marTlac ocm a rcv lov a n i s g a da k e Te b a s w a rm oa dg e n de s ,
56
magram Tavis mxriv ocmarcvlovanis amosavali yofiliyo avTentikuri, SairiT gamarTuli
strofi~ (fircxalaiSvili 1973: 12).
avtori gvTavazobs mis mier dadgenil teqsts, romelic SairiTaa gawyobili da erT
romelime xelnawers an redaqciul jgufs ki ar asaxavs, aramed sxvadasxva striqonSi
sxvadasxva nusxas eyrdnoba. misi sityvebiT, `e rTa de rTi gza taepis Sinaarsisa da
mxatvruli formis marTebulad warmodgenisa missave leqsikis safuZvelze,
konieqturebis gareSe, SeiZleba iyos m x olod S e rw y m a s x v a da s x v a
v a ri a n tuli m on a ce m e b i s a ~ (fircxalaiSvili 1973: 12).
r. fircxalaiSvili pirvel striqons amgvarad beWdavs: `wiTeli asi aTasi pir-mzeman,
tanad saroman~, romelic ufro mihyveba JT-s. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, am nusxebSi
striqoni ase iwyeba: `asi aTasi w i Te li ~. `w i Te li asi aTasi~ arc erT xelnawerSi ar
moipoveba.
meore striqonia: `samasi stavra-atlasi uxvman da miumcTaroman~, romelsac iZleva
sami nusxa _ EEIZ.
mesame striqoni: `samoci lal-iagundi ar maTman miumxvdaroman, _~. aq, garda bolo
sityvisa, gameorebulia A'-is wakiTxva. bolo sityva (`miumxvdaroman~) gvaqvs FGF'L'Q'
xelnawerebSi.
bolo striqoni `kaci gagzavna vazirTan, es yvela misTvis aro man~ aris EFHIKOYZQ'
nusxebSi.
sityvas ar gavagrZelebT imaze, rom aq erTmaneTisgan garCeuli araa nusxaTa
redaqciuloba, ramdenad sandoa esa Tu is redaqcia an xelnaweri, rogor sxvadasxvagvarad
amokleben isini striqonebs, rodesac dednis kvali Cans da a. S. gadaWriT vityviT: am
strofis variantebic gviCvenebs da teqstologiur mecnierebaSi miRebuli wesiTac
avTentikuri teqstis amgvari `SerwymiT~ dadgena yovlad gaumarTlebelia.
saZiebel strofs CanarTad miiCnevs magali Todua da misTvisac mizezi
gansxvavebuli sazomia. is ase msjelobs: `arafriTaa damtkicebuli es strofi rusTvels
ekuTvnodes. is CanarTi Cans. 'yvelaze metad mainc isaa damaeWvebeli, rom mTeli poema
SairiTaa gawyobili, aTas Svidasamde Sairis strofSi raRa erTi sxva sazomiT gawyobil
strofs gaurevda avtori. aseTi aRreva ar SeiniSneba im drois arc arabul, arc sparsul,
arc qarTul poeziaSi. vfiqrobT, es strofi viRacam miawera romeliRac nusxis aSiaze,
xolo gadamwerma rusTvelis striqonad miiCnia da teqstSi Seitana~ (Todua 1975: 106-107).
avtors mxedvelobidan rCeba, rom aRrevis SemTxveva gvaqvs CaxruxaZis `TamarianSi~.
Cvensa da r. fircxalaiSvilis naSromebs gamoexmaura aleqsi WinWarauli da friad
sayuradRebo azrebi gamoTqva (WinWarauli 1982: 38_50).
man ar gaiziara Cveni konieqtura. misi azriT, Sedareba `.. ar maTman sauaroman~
dedniseulia, oRond ararusTveliseuli, mTeli strofi CanarTia, sadavo teqsti ki
niSnavs: `avTandili ferad ar maTi (lal-iagundis)sauaro, anu (saxis) feriT lal-iagundis
msgavsi~ aris (WinWarauli 1982: 43). al. WinWaraulsac es dabali Rirsebis Sedarebad
miaCnia da mas imiT xsnis, rom strofi mimbaZvelis CanarTia. is ase msjelobs:
`interpolatori aq vefxistyaosnis teqsts baZavs, rusTvelis maneras baZavs _ igi
Sedarebis rusTvelur xerxs mimarTavs, xerxs, roca ra-jgufis sagani hgavs an ara hgavs
adamians. ai, aseTi Sedarebis ramdenime nimuSi vefxistyaosnidan:
asmaTi nestanis motacebis ambavs uambobs tariels da dasZens:

`ese vnaxe da ar movkve, ara mgavs arca sipia~ (584.4).

avTandili eubneba tariels:

`aw gamomgzavna, romelsa ver mze hgavs, ver eTeria~ (291.4).

avTandilzea naTqvami:

`vis badaxSi ara hgvandes da lerwami tanad ezros,
igi sadme gaRaribdes, samyofTagan iabezros~ (178.3).

asmaTi ambobs tarielis Sesaxeb:

`aw zafrania, vis winas ver vardi hgvandis, ver ia~ (855.3).
57

fatmani ase axasiaTebs nestans:

`mzesa siturfiT eyofis, iyos misiTa gvaniTa~ (1131.4).

TanmimdevrobiT rom mivhyveT: sipi asmaTiviT magari ar aris, mze da eTeri TinaTins
vera hgavs, badaxSi avTandils ara hgavs, lerwami avTandilis tani (zro) aris, vardi da ia
nestans ver hgavda, mze Tu nestans daemsgavseba, eyofa siturfed.
aseve iqceva interpolatori, roca ambobs: `avTandili misgan gagzavnili lal-
iagundis sauaro, (ferad) misgan dasawunebeli ar iyoo, anu lal-iagundis feri
avTandilis (saxis) fers hgavdao~ (iqve).
es striqoni amave SinaarsiT esmis ivane gigineiSvilsac. `vefxistyaosnis~ akademiuri
teqstis damdgeni komisiis 1977 wlis 24 ivnisis oqmSi vkiTxulobT: `i. gigineiSvili: mesame
taepis meore naxevari rig xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSi ase ikiTxeba: fe ra d a r
m a Tm a n s a ua rom a n . es unda iyos pirvandeli wakiTxva. taepis azria: samoci Tvali
lal-iagundi Sekra avTandilma, ferad maTze (lal-iagundebze) uaresad (uared)
armisaCnevma~ (oqmebi1978: 184.).
unda vaRiaroT, xatyvis es msgavseba da erToba marTlac niSandoblivi Cans da amis
mixedviT teqstis gageba, romelsac al. WinWarauli da i. gigineiSvili gvTavazoben, bevrad
ufro misaRebia, vidre Cveni, axalgazrdobisdroindeli, konieqtura. oRond am
SinaarsiTac misi dabali mxatvruli done CanarTobis ucilobeli niSani ar unda iyos. Tu
amgvari azrovneba da xatva, rogorc al. WinWarauli wers, `rusTvelis manera~, `Sedarebis
rusTveluri xerxia~, romelic poemaSi arc ise gavrcelebuli da TvalSi sacemia, rom is
misabaZi gamxdariyo, iqneb es gamorCeuli, Taviseburi xelwera piruku maCvenebelia da mis
organulobaze migvaniSnebdes?!
garda am striqonisa, al. WinWarauli strofis CanarTobis maCveneblad asaxelebs im
garemoebas, rom masSi naxmaria iseTi sityvebi da formebi, romlebic `vefxistyaosanSi~
sxvagan ar gvxvdeba. esenia: 1. `Tavi~ ca li s mniSvnelobiT, 2. kompoziti `stavra-atlasi~,
3. sityva `miumcdarebeli~, 4. `Tvali~,`Tavis~ msgavsad, ca li s mniSvnelobiT, 5.
kompoziti `lal-iagundi~, 6. `vazirisasa~ _ gavrcobili naTesaobiTi, 7.`ese yvelai~
zedmetia, 8. `aro~ g a g za v n i s mniSvnelobiT.
Salva Rlontma aRricxa is sityvebi (saxelebi, zmnebi, udetrebi), romlebic
`vefxistyaosanSi~ erTxelaa gamoyenebuli da miiRo or svetad awyobili 54-ze meti
nabeWdi gverdi (Rlonti 1961: 174_228).
ase rom, sakiTxisadmi midgoma, TiTqos mxatvrul TxzulebaSi sityvis an romelime
formis erTxel xmareba mis dedniseulobas saeWvos xdides, ZirSive mcdari da
miuRebelia.
ufro metic, am meTodis nakli da uvargisoba calkeul SemTxvevebSi pirdapir da
naTlad Cans. al. WinWarauli Tavad miuTiTebs, `vefxistyaosanSi~`stavra~ da `atlasi~,
`lali~ da `iagundi~ gverdi-gverd ikiTxeba:

`xaraja dasdves, SehkveTes drahkani asjer asia,
kvla xatauri aTasi, sxva s ta v ra , sxva a tla s i a ~ (471. 1_2).
`mun idvis gori larisa, s ta v ri s a da a tla s i s a ~ (1438).
`samiaTassa ahkides margaliti da Tvalebi,
Tvali yvelai daTlili, i a g u n di da la le b i ~ (1426. 2_3).

nawil xelnawerebsa da gamocemebSia:

`qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga i a g u n di s a la li s a ~ (329.2).

CvenTvis gaugebaria, roca poeti sityvebs gverdigverd asaxelebs, raa imaSi
moulodneli da saCoTiro, rom man isini kompozitebis saxiTac moixsenios! gana amave
principiT araa Sedgenili kompoziti:

`vefxisa tyavi acvia, cudad uCs s ta v ra - n a x le b i ~ (690.3).

stavra, atlasi da naxli, samive, Zvirfasi qsovilebis saxeobaa.
58
al. WinWarauli `lalisa~ da `iagundis~ Tanamimdevrobis Sesaxeb wers: poemaSi
`yovelTvis iagundi uswrebs lals~ (WinWarauli 1982: 45) da zemore moyvanil nimuSebTan
erTad asaxelebs 282.4-e striqons:

`qarvad Seqmnes i a g u n dn i maTni, Tuca la la d Rirdes~.

saerTod, da, kerZod, `vefxistyaosanSi~, am Zvirfas Tvlebs raime iseTi Taviseburi
niSani ar moepoveba, rom maT TanamimdevrobiT xmarebas gansazRvravdes. zemore
striqonebSi (1426. 2-3 da 329. 2) `lali~ meore adgilas imitom aris, rom igi sariTmo
sityvaa, xolo 282 .4-e striqonSi misi adgili winadadebis Sinaarsma ganapiroba.
Semdegi niSani: garda imisa, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ `Tavi~ ca li s mniSvnelobiT
sxvagan ar dasturdeba, al. WinWarauls strofis CanarTobis maCveneblad am sityvis am
SinaarsiT xmarebac esaxeba, radgan mis arsebobaSi eWvi Seaqvs. `Zveli qarTulis
leqsikonebSi _ wers igi, _ Tavi-s aseTi mniSvneloba (materiis, qsovilis raodenobis
gansasazRvrad) ara Cans. axal qarTulSi qsovilis gorgals _ Tof-s eZaxian~ (WinWarauli
1982: 44). sinamdvileSi, es sityva am gagebiT SoTa rusTvelamde arsebobda. XI saukunis
istorikosebis juanSeris (Tu leonti mrovelis) saistorio TxzulebaSi `Tavi~ sazomis
gagebiT swored s ta v ra s miemarTeba: `da ganvides myofni qalaqisani, miwevnulni
sikudilad, da misces madli vaxtangs, da misces ZRueni aTasi litra oqro da xuTasi
Ta v i stavra, da ganvida eri igi mSvidobiT savaWrosaTvis da saxmarisa~ (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 170, 16). mkvlevris sapasuxod isic unda vTqvaT, rom es magaliTi
aRniSnulia daviT CubinaSvilis `qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi~ (CubinaSvili 1984: 539).
al. WinWarauli mTel strofs iwunebs imis gamoc, rom `Tvali~ esmis rogorc sazomi
erTeuli. `sadavo konteqstSi _ wers igi, _ Tvali isea gamoyenebuli lal-iagundis
mimarT, rogorc Tavi stavra-atlasis mimarT wina striqonSi _ igi TiTqos calis
Semcvlelad gvevlineba. Tvali-s aseTi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis sxva SemTxveva
vefxistyaosanma ar icis, lal-iagundic Tvalia da samoci Tvali Tvali uxeiro
tavtologiaa~ (WinWarauli 1982: 44_45).
diax, `Tvali~ aris zogadi saxeli Zvirfasi qvebisa. rogorc `qarTuli enis
ganmartebiT leqsikonSia~ aRniSnuli, `briliantis Tvali igivea, rac b ri li a n ti ,
Zvirfasi Tvali, patiosani (keTilSobili) Tvali igivea, rac Tv a li (qegl 1955: 391).
asevea `vefxistyaosanSic~. amitomaa masSi erTad naxmari `Tval-margaliti~, rac
niSnavs m a rg a li ti s p a ti os a n q v a s :

`Seve saWurWles, romelsa fasi ar daedeboda,
Tv a l- m a rg a li ti aviRe, rac oden ameReboda~ (1177. 1-2).
`Tv a l- m a rg a li ti Raribi uZRvna oqrosa gobiTa~ (1385. 4).

sxvagan, rogorc `margalitis~ gverdiT, aseve `iagundisa~ da `lalis~ gverdiTac
ikiTxeba `Tvali~ zogadi mniSvnelobiT:

`mokrifes jori, aqlemi, raca vin poves malebi,
samiaTassa ahkides m a rg a li ti da Tv a le b i ,
T v a l i yvelai daTlili, i a g u n di da la le b i ,
igi mze Sesves kubosa, ars maTgan ganakrZalebi~ (1426).

es niSnavs: sazidrebze ahkides margaliti da (sxva Zvirfasi) Tv le b i , daTlili
(Zvirfasi) Tv le b i , (maT Soris), i a g un di da la le b i .
ratom ar SeiZleba, tavtologiad ki ara, amgvarad gavigoT saZiebeli striqonic:
avTandilma vazirs gaugzavna samoci (patiosani) T v a l i, (maT Soris) i a g un di da
la le b i ? winadadebaSi es azri gamova, Tu `Tvalis~ Semdeg davwerT mZimes an tires.
al. WinWarauli sakvlevi strofis rusTvelurobas uaryofs imiTac, rom masSi
ikiTxeba naTesaobiTi brunvis gavrcobili forma _ `vazirisasa~. misi azriT, `roca
nanaTesaobiTi micemiTiT vinmesTan vinmes saxlSi misvlis gamoxatva unda, rusTveli
naTesaobiTis gauvrcobel formas xmarobs~ (WinWarauli 1982: 45). nimuSad asaxelebs:
`mivlen srasa fri don i s s a ~ (990. 1), `ra fa tm a n i s s a Sevida...~ (1118. 1). misi
daskvniT, `sakuTar saxelebSi aseTi forma Zveli qarTulis normaa~. `poemaSi erTaderTi
SemTxvevaa, _ ganagrZobs avtori, _ roca sakuTar saxelTan gavrcobili naTesaobiTi
59
dasturdeba: `gardaxdes fri don i s a s a , sra naxes mosawonebi (1461. 1)~, magram mas es
strofic sandod ar miaCnia. wers: `TviTon am strofis (...) rusTveliseulobac CvenTvis
saeWvoa~ (WinWarauli 1982: 45).
sinamdvileSi es ase martivad ar aris. umetes, Zvel da SedarebiT sando xelnawerebSi
da aqedan gamocemebSi dawunebuli forma aris 951-e strofis win arsebul saTaurSi:
`waslva avTandilisagan fri don i s a s a ~. xelnawerTa meore nawilSi aris gauvrcobeli
forma `fridonisas~ da arsad `fridonissa~.
969-e strofis win mdebare saTaurSi _ `avTandilisagan fri don i s a s mislva~ _
oriode nusxaSia `fridonisasa~, danarCenebSi _ `fridonisas~ da arc erTxel _
`fridonissa~. samagierod, 1374-e strofis wina saTaurSi am sityvis gavrcobil brunvis
formas mxars uWers xelnawerTa da gamocemaTa absoluturi umravlesoba: `tarielisa da
avTandilisagan waslva fri don i s a s a ~. im oriode gamonaklis nusxaSi gvaqvs
gauvrcobeli brunva `fridonisas~ da sul ara _ `fridonissa~.
1428-e strofis wina saTaurSi`tarielisagan zRvaTa m e fi s a s mislva~ xelnawerTa
umravlesobaSi gauvrcobeli formaa _ `mefisas~, nawil xelnawerebSi _ `mefisasa~, arc
erTSi _ `mefissa~.
rogorc vxedavT, s a Ta ure b S i , romlebic, leqsisgan gansxvavebiT, marcvalTa
raodenobiTa da ritmiT SezRuduli araa, xelnawerebi ufro icaven -sasa, -sas da ara -issa
formebs.
s trofe b S i aseTi viTarebaa:
990-e strofis pirvel striqonSi _ `cxenTa Sesxdes, gaemarTnes, f r i d o n i s s a
mivlen srasa~ _ fridonisas warmogvidgens sami redaqciuli jgufis nusxebi.
igivea Semdeg strofebSic:

`ra fa tm a n i s s a Sevida lomi, mze, moyme wyliani~ (1118. 1).
`wam-erT mihxda fa tm a n i s s a , dRe iara ar mravali~ (1311. 2).

orivegan aRniSnul redaqciul jgufebSia `fatmanisas~.
aRarafers vambobT 1080. 2-e strofze, radgan CvenTvis saintereso sityva sariTmoa:

`zogjer uxmis fatman missa, zogjer iyvis fa tm a n i s s a ~.

rac Seexeba 1462-e strofs, _ `gardaxdes da fri don i s s a , sra naxes mosawonebi~
_ romlis avTentikurobaSi al. WinWarauls eWvi Seaqvs, xsenebuli sami redaqciuli
jgufis nusxebi aRniSnul sityvas `fridonisasa~ formiT warmogvidgens.
ase rom, Tavisuflad SeiZleba vifiqroT, samive forma -issa, -sas da -sasa
rusTveliseulia.
CvenTvis gaugebaria, roca `vefxistyaosanSi~ gvaqvs sityva `miumcTareblad~ (70. 4),
rac niSnavs S e ucdom la d, uS e cdom od, ratom gamoricxavs amave Sinaarsis
`miumcdaroman~ (S e ucdom e lm a ) formis dedniseulobas? an ratomaa `uxvi~ da
`SeucTomeli~ iseTi `ucnauri~ da `Sori Sori epiTetebi~, rom strofis rusTvelurobas
gamoricxavdes?
erTi sityviT, arc al. WinWaraulis moxmobili sabuTebia ise wyalgauvali, rom
saZiebeli fistikauri strofis ararusTvelurobas uciloblad amtkicebdes!
al. WinWarauls gamoexmaura murman TavdiSvili da am strofis CanarTobaze misi
Tvalsazrisi gadaWriT uaryo (TavdiSvili 1991: 60_73).
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi interpolatori Tavis vinaobasa da nasaqms
srulebiTac ar malavs, Cvenc ase vfiqrobdiT da axlac migvaCnia, gansxvavebuli metris
Taobaze m. TavdiSvilis msjeloba am SemTxvevaSi samarTliania: `swored interpolatori
ver moimarjvebda gansxvavebul, ararusTvelur ocmarcvlian sazoms, ra aris, advilad
SeniSnaven CanarTis ararusTvelurobaso. vfiqrob, amdeni goniereba ki unda SevarCinoT
interpolators~ (TavdiSvili 1991: 62).
mkvlevris azriT, organuli erTianoba sufevs saZiebelsa da mis wina da momdevno
xuT strofs Soris. esenia: 741-e (`kvla pir-mze etyvis vazirsa...~), 742 (`vazirman uTxra
siciliT...~), 743 (`Tavman misman, munve momklavs...~), 764 (`qrTamsa sTxovs da amxanagobs...~)
da 772-e (`SesTvala, Tu: raca gmarTebs...~). aqedan gamomdinare, avtori Sors mimaval
daskvnebs akeTebs. `Tu al. WinWaraulis mosazrebas gaviziarebT, _ wers igi, _ maSin unda
gamovemSvidoboT karis eqvs strofs. es eqvsi strofi avTandilis vezirTan vizitis
60
sakvanZo sakiTxebs exeba. amitom, Tu am eqvs strofs SeveleviT, maSin mTlianad am Tavs
unda SevelioT, radgan imsxvreva misi kompozicia: avTandili imitom ipareba arabeTidan,
rom mefem ar gauSva; rom ar gauSva, es aRniSnul karSia naCvenebi. amitom, Tu am Tavs
SeveleviT, maSin avTandili rostans ar unda gaeparos, xolo, Tu ar unda gaeparos, maSin
anderZic aRar unda daiweros. xolo uanderZo vefxistyaosani vefxistaosani aRaraa!~
(TavdiSvili 1991: 67).
es Sexeduleba uTuod gadaWarbebulia. gamokvlevaSi gviweria da aq unda
gavimeoroT: `ar iqneba marTebuli vamtkicoT, rom is, 771-e strofi, konteqstisaTvis
aucilebeliao... Tavisuflad SeiZleboda mocemuli epizodi 770-e strofiT, vaziris
maspinZlobiT, dasrulebuliyo. rom ar vicnobdeT 771_772-e strofebs, maTze
moTxovnileba, an raime naklulobis SegrZneba srulebiTac ar gveqneboda. magram, amasTan
erTad, arc is iqneboda samarTliani, ar aRiniSnos, rom dasaxelebuli strofebi aramcTu
ar Seesabameba konteqsts an zedmeti Cans, aramed erTgvarad avsebs da amdidrebs epizodis
Sinaarss~.
sarwmunod ar gvesaxeba agreTve poemaSi gansxvavebuli metris gaCenis
mkvlevriseuli axsna: `... rusTvelma mSvenivrad icis adamianis fsiqikis uCveulo Tviseba.
avtori grZnobs, rom, rakiRa manam uamravjer afrqvia oqro-vercxli da Tval-govari
aqeT-iqiT, am xerxiT (ese igi, ricxvisa da cifris dasaxelebiT) saocari siuxvis gancdas
mkiTxvels veRar aRuZravda. axla saWiro gaxda raRaca sxva, ufro efeqturi,
araordinaluri, moulodneli xerxi, rac warmoudgeneli, saamJamod saWiro
gansakuTrebeli siuxvis gancdas gamoiwvevda. da aseTi xerxi _ gansakuTrebuli siuxvis
STabeWdilebis Semqmneli xerxi avtorma ipova ara hiperbolis, ara metaforis, ara
ricxvis gadideba-gazrdis sferoSi, aramed striqonis sazomis, metris gadideba-
gafarToebis saxiT~ (xazgasma avtorisaa _ b. d.) (TavdiSvili 1991: 69-70).
da bolos: Cvens saZiebel strofs sagangebo naSromi uZRvna agreTve akaki xinTibiZem
(xinTibiZe 2000: 81_94.). mas sabolood Tavisi Sexeduleba ase aqvs Camoyalibebuli:
`sadavo strofi rusTveliseul teqstSi Sairis saxiT unda yofiliyo, misi 20-marcvlian
fistikaurad gadakeTeba ciciSvilTa sagvareulo simReris hangis meSveobiT unda
momxdariyo da es gadakeTebuli teqsti `vefxistyaosanSi~ nanuCa ciciSvils unda Seetana~
(xinTibiZe 2000: 94).
pirdapir unda vTqvaT, es aris avtoris iseTi varaudi, romlis raime
damadasturebeli niSani ar arsebobs da verc mas mohyavs, ise rogorc yovlad TviTneburi
da miuRebelia misi gancxadeba: `Tu mokle sazomis gagrZeleba Cveulebrivi ram aris,
grZelis damokleba rTulia da, TiTqmis, SeuZlebeli~ (xinTibiZe 2000: 87). Sors rom ar
wavideT, Cven mier moyvanil variantebSi TvalnaTlivadaa naCvenebi, Tu sxvadasxva
redaqciis nusxebSi fistikauris 20-marcvlovani striqonebi rogor sxvadasxvagvaradaa
damoklebuli 16-marcvlian strofad.
r. fircxalaiSvilis msgavsad, batoni akakic yovlad usafuZvlod, teqstologiis
anbanuri WeSmaritebis ugulebelyofiT iZleva sadavo strofis Tavdapirvel saxes:
pirvel striqonSi upiratesobas aZlevs JT_s variants: `asi aTasi wiTeli pir-mzeman,
tanad saroman~, meoreSi _ AA'-s: `samasi stavra-atlasi uxvman da miumcdaroman~, mesameSi
_ G-s: `samoci lal-iagundi ferad marT miumxdaroman~, meoTxeSi _ arc erT nusxas:
`ZRvnad gaugzavna vazirsa _ ese 'velai aro man~. sityvebi `ZRvnad gaugzavna~ piradad misi
gamogonilia.
arasworia a. xinTibiZis cnoba, TiTqos `zog i e rT x e ln a w e rs a da gamocemaSi es
strofi saerTod a r g v x v de b a ~ (xinTibiZe 2000: 83). gamokvlevaSi aRniSnuli gvaqvs,
`rom es strofi yvela un a k lo x e ln a w e rS i m oi p ov e b a ~ (rusTveli 1966: 388).
`unaklo~ miRebuli terminologiiT niSnavs da uzi a n e b e ls .
am naSromSi aris sxva calkeuli uzustobanic, magram maTze sityvas aRar
gavagrZelebT. mTavari da miuRebeli ukve vaCveneT.
Cveni daskvnebia: 1. swori Cans mosazreba, rom mesame striqonSi dedniseuli wakiTxva
unda iyos: `fe ra d a r m a Tm a n s a ua rom a n ~.
2. arc aq moxmobilili masalebi gviCvenebs imas, rom a) ganxiluli strofi CanarTad
vcnoT da arc imas, b) TiTqos Tavidan igi Sairis formiT Seiqmna.

damowmebani:

TavdiSvili 1991: TavdiSvili m. vefxistyaosnis dafantuli strofebi. Tb.: 1991.
61
Todua 1975: qilila da damana. sparsulidan Targmnili vaxtang meeqvsisa da sulxan-saba
orbelianis mier. teqsti daadgina da leqsikoni daurTo magali Toduam. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `merani~, 1975.
oqmebi 1978: vefxistyaosnis akademiuri teqstis damdgen komisiaSi [oqmebi]. macne (els), 4,
Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,1978.
rusTveli 1966: SoTa rusTveli. saiubileo krebuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1966.
fircxalaiSvili 1973: fircxalaiSvili r. oriode SeniSvna vefxistyaosnis axali
gamocemisaTvis. kreb.: Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa da rusTvelologiis sakiTxebi.
V, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1973.
qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. I. s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`saxelgami~, 1955.
qegl 1955: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tb.: saq. ssr mec. akad. gam-ba, 1955.
Rlonti 1961: Rlonti S. vefxistyaosnis mxatvruli enis specifikurobis problema. soxumi:
`afxazeTis saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~, 1961.
CubinaSvili 1984: CubinaSvili d. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni. sastambod moamzada da
winasityvaoba daurTo a. SaniZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1984.
WinWarauli 1982: WinWarauli a. vefxistyaosnis enisa da teqstis sakiTxebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`ganaTleba~, 1982.
xinTibiZe 2000: xinTibiZe a. versifikaciuli narkvevebi. Tb.: 2000.

Boris Darchia

Once More on Phistikauri Strophe in Knight in Panthers Skin

Summary

The article proves that the only phistikauri strophe in Knight in Panthers Skin (not including inner
syllables it contains 20 syllables) was created in the form and it had been changed into 16-syllable verse later in
some manuscripts. The arguments existing today are not sufficient to consider that the strophe is a later
interpolation in the poem.
62
XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura


zurab kiknaZe

`meranis~ genealogia

roca nikoloz baraTaSvilze vfiqrobT, skolis gakveTilebidan gamoyolili Teza
amotivtivdeba xolme cnobierebaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac poeti ver poulobda adgils
Tavis TanamedroveobaSi, gaucxoebuli iyo im sazogadoebis mimarT, romelsac dabadebiT
ekuTvnoda. amas amxels misi poezia, magram misi yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovreba
sawinaaRmdegos gveubneba. poetis cxovrebis niri sxvagvarad ixateba mis TanamedroveTa
arcTu mdidar da mravalferovan mogonebebSi: mxiaruli, oxunji, momlxeni, sazogadoebis
guli, naTesavTa da axlobelTa moyvaruli da Tavadac maTgan Seyvarebuli... arc erTi
qorwili, RamisTeva, sazogadoebrivi TavSeyra ar iqneboda Tbilisis sazogadoebaSi,
sadac is ar yofiliyo mTavar momlxenad; didebuli gvarisSvili, unaklod flobda lxinis
saidumlos _ moswrebuli molaparake, oxunji, mocekvave, meCongure, meTare, kartis
gatacebiT moTamaSe... saRamo ar gaivlida, rom sam-oTx ojaxs ar swveoda stumrad da
Worebi ar mietan-moetana, Tumca pirad werilebSi Tavad kicxavda Tbilisel Worikana
mandilosnebs (Worebi Worebad, magram mas SeeZlo Sesanaxavad Rirsi saidumlos Senaxvac:
`xom ici, _ vkiTxulobT erT werilSi megobari qalisadmi, _ Sevinaxav saidumlod~)
[werili XV]; Tavsac ki abezrebda xangrZlivi stumrobiT, xandaxan `maspinZeli Sin ar
brZandebao~, _ mouxsenebiaT misTvis msaxurebs. sazogadoebis gareSe, uyuradRebod,
CrdilSi, mas cxovreba ver warmoedgina. naxCevanSi samsaxurad ganwesebuli, Tbilisis
sazogadoebas moSorebuli erT kerZo werilSi moTqvams, sami Tvea aqa var da yvelas
ZaRliviT davaviwydio. arc erTi sityva raime konfliqtze sazogadoebasTan, an
ampartavnuli zemodan yureba an zekacuri gulgriloba moyvasisadmi, rogorc
romantikul epoqaSi sCveodaT (Tundac gavixsenoT puSkinis evgeni onegini an griboedovis
Cacki); misi arc erTi saqcieli ar mowmobs mis gulCaxveulobaze, msoflio sevdaze, suliT
oblobaze, Sinagan auxsnel SfoTze, riTac gasenilia (gamsWvalulia) misi poezia. da kvlav
paradoqsia, rom pirad werilebSi mas sastiki ganaCeni gamoaqvs im Tbilisis
sazogadoebisTvis, romlis suli da guli Tavad iyo, romlis gareSec, SesaZloa, sunTqvac
ar SeeZlo: `tfilisi isev is qalaqia, usargeblo gonebisa da gulisaTvis~, _ wers igi
Tavis biZas da megobars, poet grigol orbelians (werili V).
roca TanamedroveobasTan poetis SeuTavseblobaze laparakobda, skolas
mxedvelobaSi hqonda da sruliad samarTlianadac poetis ara empiriuli, yofiTi, aramed
misi poeziis metafizikuri arsis gamomxatveli pirovneba, romelic yvelasaTvis ucnobi
darCa im xanmokle drois manZilze, roca is maT Soris, rogorc stumari, cxovrobda da
mimodioda. is maT Soris iyo, magram maT ar ekuTvnoda. sisxliT da xorciT maTi iyo,
magram sulierad sxva drois (an maradadamianuri drois) Svili iyo, sxva epoqis tkivilebs
da eWvebs pasuxobda. aTaswlovani samefos da misi dinastiis kolafsis `meore dRes~
Seqmnil sicarieleSi, romelic axali epoqis winaTgrZnobiT ivseboda, _ auxsneli
msoflio sevda aqtualuri ar iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is ucxo iyo inteleqtualuri da
patriotuli elitisTvis, romelic 1932 wels gamJRavnebul SeTqmulebaSi iyo Cabmuli.
XIX saukunis I naxevari didi gardatexis xanaa, roca Zveli moubruneblad
dakargulia, mis adgilze, figuralurad rom vTqvaT, mxolodRa naxanZrali Cans. axla
yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba: axali mmarTveloba (saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiaSia), axali
adamianebi, axali arCevani, axali loialoba, axali ena... qarTveloba ferflidan unda
aRmdgariyo. da Tu Cven retrospeqtulad gavxedavT XIX saukunes, davinaxavT, rom
marTlac axali saqarTvelos Seneba swored am periodidan iwyeba, Tumca 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebis Cavardnam, arcTu mZime represiebma mcire xniT Seaferxa axali kulturis
fexis adgma da pirveli nabijebi. nikoloz baraTaSvilic Tavis megobrebTan erTad iRvwis
literaturis gadasayvanad axal liandagze. biZisadmi miweril werilSi igi wers:
`literatura Cveni, RvTiT, dRe da dRe Soulobs axalTa moyvareTa. mravalni ymawvilni
kacni, moclilni samsaxuriTgan, myudroebaSi da martoobaSi, Seewevian mameuls enas,
raodenica ZaluZT. ese sazogado suli bunebiTis enis trfialebisa ymawvilT kacT Soris
aRmoaCens, rom qarTvelT ara sZinavT gonebiT!~ (werili V). Tu ra mwiri iyo
inteleqtualuri niadagi iqidanac Cans, rom am droisaTvis qarTuli beWduri wigni oras
erTeulsac ar moiTvlida, amasTan, maTi absoluturi umravlesoba saeklesio xasiaTis
iyo. axali xanis dasawyisi, rogorc wesi, imediania, da misi mesveurnic optimizmiT arian
63
xolme aRvsilni. magram axlis dawyebis xaliss da imedianobas ar pasuxobs baraTaSvilis
poeturi qmnilebebi. im 36 leqsidan, 1 poemidan da 18 kerZo werilidan, romlebic Cven
dagvrCa baraTaSvilisgan, umravlesoba aSkarad amovardnilia epoqis konteqstidan. imave
werils, sadac poeti biZas axarebs literaturis axalgazrda moyvareTa gamoCenas, igi
urTavs Tavis saprogramo leqss `vpove taZari~, romelic gulgatexilobis, eWvebisa da
uimedobis qrestomaTiuli nimuSia. Tan urTavs sityvebs: `Seni azri CemTvis marad
sasiamovnoa~. literaturis istoriisTvis ucnobia poetis biZis, Tavadve poetis, azri ara
mxolod am leqsze, aramed mis poeziaze sazogadod. poeti biZa dumda Tavisi udrood
daRupuli diswulis poeziaze.
am cxovrebiseul faqtebs bunebrivad mivyavarT im azramde, rom qarTuli
literaturis istoriaSi am adgilas didi wyvetilia, rom baraTaSvilis poeziis ganxilva
da gaazreba Zneli warmosadgenia im epoqaSi, roca mas hyavda Tavisi axloblebi,
megobrebi, naTesavebi, romlebic mas, rogorc empiriul adamians, gulwrfelad uyvarda
da Tavadac uyvardaT, magram Tu SeeZlo am siyvaruls gamoecno misi pirovnebis saidumlo,
romelic Cadebuli iyo mis poeziaSi? niSandoblivia, rom ar aris Semonaxuli
korespondenciis is meore nawili, romelic mis adresatebs ekuTvniT. korespondencia
calmxrivia. ar viciT, Seicavdnen Tu ara isini misi leqsebis ramenair Sefasebas. im xanis
Rirseul adamianebs, maT Soris dimitri yifians, misi skolis megobars, romelTanac
erTad ymawvilobaSi literaturul aqtivobas eweoda, arsad _ arc sagangebod
mogonebebSi, arc gakvriT, arc pirad saubrebSi, sityva ar dascdenia Tavisi siyrmis
megobris Semoqmedebaze. raRa vTqvaT mis Zvirfas debze, romelTac saukunis
dasasrulamde miatanes _ sruli dumili maTgan misi poeziis Sesaxeb. is, rogorc poeti,
maTTvisac (naTesavebs epatiebaT. aseTia maTi xvedri!) sruliad SeumCneveli darCa da es
kanonzomieria _ misi poezia arafers eubneboda maT. araCveulebriv niWs ki xedavdnen
masSi, zogadad, did momavals uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, momavals _ Semoqmedebis
asparezze, Tu saxelmwifo samsaxurSi? simptomaturia erTi werili, romelsac misi
skolis megobari levan meliqiSvili wers grigol orbelians. am werilSi, romelic
rusulad aris dawerili, SegveZlo, rogorc literaturaSia aRniSnuli, poetisadmi
siyvarulis niSnad migveCnia, magram is misi Semoqmedebisadmi erTgvari gulgrilobis
niSanic aris. poetis sikvdilidan ramdenime xnis Semdeg misi megobrebi Sekrebilan wm.
ninos dResaswaulze, maT Soris imyofeboda imxanad ganTqmuli momRerali Tavadi yaflan
orbeliani (poetis axlo naTesavi), romlisTvisac uTxoviaT emRera simRera poetis leqsis
`sulo borotos~ sityvebze. magram aRmoCnda, rom leqsi aravis axsovda da xelnaweric
aravis hqonia. am ambiT Sewuxebulebs gadauwyvetiaT SeegrovebinaT fuli misi leqsebis
dasabeWdad, raTa exsnaT isini daviwyebisgan. wignis gayidviT mopovebuli fuliT daedgaT
misTvis Zegli. mcireodeni Tanxa ki Segrovebula (mxolod aTasi maneTi vercxliT), magram
arc xelnawerebad gafantuli leqsebi dabeWdila wignad da arc poetis Zegli dadgmula.
qarTuli mwerlobis Semdgomma svlam XIX s-is mTels sigrZeze cxadyo, rom
baraTaSvilis poeturi Temebi am saukunisTvis, roca axali qarTuli literatura da,
sazogadod, axali kultura iqmneboda, arcTu organuli iyo. am aRorZinebis xanam,
romelic aseve gardamavali iyo Zvelsa da axals Soris, ver SeiTvisa egsistencialuri
problemebi, romlebic msWvalavda baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas, ufro: jer mis pirovnebas,
mere Semoqmedebas. rogorc ucxo iyo is XIX s-is I naxevris sazogadoebisTvis, iseTive ucxo
darCa mTeli XIX s-is sivrceze. patriotul XIX s-s ar scaloda arc msoflio Tu
pirovnuli sevdisTvis, arc eksistencialuri problematikisTvis, romliTac aSkarad
datvirTuli iyo seren kirkegoris Tanamedrove qarTveli poeti.
aseTi viTarebaa: baraTaSvilis poeziis paTosi ucxoa XVIII saukunisTvis, kidev ufro
ucxo gamodga igi XIX s-is mentalitetisTvis. sadRaa misi adgili? ram warmoSva igi qveynis
istoriis am miyruebul aTwleulSi? Tu yoveli kultura nivTieri Tu sityvieri, rogorc
k. kapaneli wers erTgan, adamianisa da garemos organotropiuli urTierTobis Sedegia,
sad aris is garemo, romelTan urTierTSexlam baraTaSvilis empiriul `meSi~
metafizikuri `me~ dabada?
es garemo qarTuli istoriuli cxovrebaa mis mTlianobaSi, ramac istoriis manZilze
Seqmna garkveuli stereotipebi, romlebic, literaturul motivebad gardaqmnilni,
sruliad spontanurad amotivtivdebian ama Tu im epoqaSi.
mcire eqskursi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan.
erT-erTi motivi, romelic msWvalavs XIX s-mdel qarTul poezias, es aris
samSoblodan gadaxvewa, romelsac mravalgvari gamoxatulebebi aqvs jer yofaSi da mere
literaturaSi; anu sanam is literaturis faqti gaxdeboda, anu literaturul motivad
gadaiqceoda, mZime yofiTi faqti iyo. mas ver ascda verc baraTaSvilis poezia, ufro
metic, `meranSi~ man miiRo ukiduresi da piruku gamoxatuleba qveynidan nebayoflobiTi
64
gaqcevis saxiT. pirvelad am motivma (Tumca is literaturul motivze metia da sxva
saxels imsaxurebs) Tavi XII s-Si iCina. misi matarebeli avTandilia, rusTvelis poemis
`vefxistyaosnis~ gmiri.
gavixsenoT poemis fabula, igi klasikurad martivi da gamWvirvalea.
arabeTSi, saidanac iwyeba poema, istoria dasasrulisken midis. Txroba iwyeba
koronaciiT _ moxuci mefe taxtsa da gvirgvins gadascems Tavis asuls, qalwul TinaTins;
TinaTinis koronacias, mkiTxvelis winaTgrZnobiT, unda moyves qorwili _ misi da misi
satrfos, avTandilis SeuRleba, rac rogorc poemis, ise istoriis dasasrulis niSani
iqneba. magram poemis eqspoziciaSi damasrulebeli, esqatologiuri qorwili
gadadebulia. arabeTis sazRvarSi, romelic edemis amqveyniur xats ganasaxierebs,
moulodnelad SemoiWreba ucxo moyme, romlis gamoCena imas moaswavebs, rom arsebobs
qveyana, sadac raRac mouwesrigebelia, sadac arabeTisgan gansxvavebiT, ioane
RvTismetyvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~ (1 ioan. 5:19).
da ai, axladgamefebuli satrfos davalebiT avTandili tovebs edemisTvis gamzadebul
arabeTs, Tavis samSoblos, da TiTqos qveynis gareT im ucxo moymis saZebrad miemarTeba.
marTalia, misi, rogorc raindis, gasvla qveynidan satrfos davalebiT xdeba _ da am
davalebis aRsruleba misTvis sanukvari mizani unda iyos, rasac emateba ukve misTvis
cnobili `ucxo moymis~ gasaWiri, romlis saxsneladac is miemarTeba _ mainc es gasvla
iseve mtkivneulia, rogorc adamisTvis edemidan gandevna iyo mtkivneuli, metic:
katastrofuli. avTandilis pirovnul gancdaSi edemi, qveyana da satrfo gaigivebulia
erTmaneTTan. mis sityvebSi edems moSorebuli, gandevnili adamis godeba ismis:

va, sofelo, ra Sigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa,
yovli Seni mondobili niadagmca Cemebr tirsa!
sad waiyvan sadaursa, sad aufxvri sadiT Zirsa,
magra RmerTi ar gawiravs kacsa, Sengan ganawirsa.

am striqonebSi kacobriobis winapari, poemis gmiri da misi avtori unisonSi godeben
_ maT erTi satkivari aqvT: samiveni moSorebulini da mowyvetilni arian: adami
pirvelqmnil samoTxes, poemis gmiri arabeTis samoTxes, poemis avtori Tavis qveyanas
(sayovelTao azriT, Tumca dokumenturad es ar Cans, rusTaveli devnili iyo Tavisi
qveynidan).
`vefxistyaosnis~ es glova qveynidan (samSoblodan) gadaxvewis, misgan Sorsmyofobis
gamo, romelsac arqetipad adamis glova aqvs, Tavad Seiqna arqetipi momavali
TaobebisTvis, romelTa cxovrebaSi XVIII s-dan Semodis emigraciis, qveynidan nebsiT Tu
uneblieT an iZulebiT gadaxvewis gamocdileba, romelic literaturaSi garkveul Janrs
amkvidrebs `sawuTros samduravis~ saxiT. samSoblo _ edemi, ucxo qveyana _ sawuTro, am
ukanasknel sityvis im mniSvnelobiT, romelic berZnulma kosmosma SeiZina saxarebaSi
(qristianul msoflgancdaSi). emigracia, rogorc politikuri faqti, romlis saxeliT
ruseTSi gadaxvewili mefe-poetebi laparakoben TavianT poeziaSi, _ rusTavelma TiTqos
providenciulad am mdurvis gamosaTqmeli ena Seuqmna maT, _ eksistencialur
ganzomilebas iZens. aq mTavari damnaSave _ kacobriobis mteri sofelia (berZn. kosmos),
romelic mis sinonimTan (sawuTro) erTad rusTavelis poemaSi RmerT-sityvis Semdeg
yvelaze xSirad ixsenieba, rogorc wesi, uaryofiT konteqstSi.
`soflis mdurvis~ Tema da leqsika SeiZleba literaturuli gziT gadasuliyo
baraTaSvilis lirikaSi, magram aq mainc mTavaria ara imdenad literaturuli, ramdenadac
sulieri substrati, romelic saukunovan tradicias daxvda am adamianSi. am sulier
substrats daemyno tradiciuli motivi da ixara masze.
XVIII s-is `sawuTros mdurvis~ poetebs Soris gamovarCevT daviT guramiSvils. daviT
guramiSvilis axalgazrdobis wlebi daemTxva qveynis SinaaSlilobis mZime periods, risi
msxverplic xdeba igi. qveyanaSi daTareSoben CrdiloeTkavkasieli bandebi, awiokeben
qveyanas, arbeven mosaxleobas, arTmeven ukanasknel sarCos; mosaxleoba tyeebsa da mTebSi
ixizneba, ramac mTlianad moSala meurneoba _ Sewyda xvna-Tesva, daba-soflebi
gadaSenda... upatronod darCenili qveyana ucxo tomebis saTareSo Seiqna. axalgazrda
kaci, warCinebuli gvaris STamomavali, romelic ojaxis Sesaqmnelad emzadeba, SedarebiT
dacul mxareSi _ simamris (coleuris) sofelSi _ afarebs Tavs, magram swored aqedan
moitaces lekebma da mravali xani xaroSi hyavT datyvevebuli. es gansacdeli misTvis
meore dabadebis, aw ukve poetad Sobis impulsi aRmoCnda. xaros (ormos, mRvimis, saflavis)
qristianuli simbolika (*) sruliad spontanurad `amuSavda~ mis cnobierebaSi. xaroSi,
rogorc saflavSi, Cagdebuli momavali poeti Tavs sammagad mowyvetilad grZnobs: is
moSorebulia mSobliur qveyanas, rogorc erTi misi Svili; is moSorebulia saqristianos,
65
rogorc qristiani; da, bolos, is moSorebulia samoTxes, rogorc adami _ da am dros
masSi iRviZebs codvili, edemidan gandevnili adamis saxe. idumal xmaSi, romelic mas
Caesma xaroSi myofs da mouwoda dauyonebliv datovos tyveobis adgili, man
RvTismSobeli Seicno. xmam gamoafxizla igi Zilisgan, xmam ixsna igi, gzaze daayena da
samSvidoboze gaiyvana. es samSvidobo qristianTa qveyanaa, sadac mas xvdebian puriT,
romelic mis gzaze artosis mniSvnelobas iZens.
amieridan igi samyaros, Tavis mSobliur qveyanas, mis istorias, mis awmyos da, bolos,
sakuTar Tavs, Tavis Tavgadasavals, ganixilavs da ganmartavs sub specie christianitatis. poeti-
egzegetis gzaze yvelaferi providenciulia, yvela movlenaSi sazrisia, rasac amocnoba
esaWiroeba. misi bevri leqsi mkiTxvels amosacnobad iwvevs da maT erTgvari Janruli
kuTvnilebis niSnad amicana (amocana) uzis qvesaTaurad.
guramiSvilis `daviTianSi~ grZeldeba Sua saukuneebi Tavisi Zlieri
providencializmiT, Tumca realurad poeti sruliad gansxvavebul droSi cxovrobs.
klasicizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis suli, romliTac sunTqavda maSindeli dasavleTi da,
kerZod, is qveyanac, sadac is dasaxlda sabolood, ar uwyobda xels amgvar msoflgancdas,
arc qristianul istoriosofias da arc pirovnuli momentis wamowevas am istoriaSi.
`daviTianSi~ Cven vxedavT, rogor aris gadaWdobili erTmaneTTan qveynisa da adamianis
pirovnuli bedi, ufro metic, adamianis, rogorc qmnilebis, bedi: `daviTianSi~ gaismis
godeba ara mxolod Tavis qveyanas mowyvetili adamianisa, aramed edemidan gandevnili
adamisac.
ai, misi moTqma, sadac gaismis edemidan gandevnili adamis xma:

mamao, Tavsa mfaravi, dagedga kargi karavi,
ganiari da maRali, xelTgan miukaravi,
Sig viyav, gareT gamagde, paRuri amamkar avi,
miT cremli Cemi zRvad iqca, TvalTagan nawanwkaravi.
(daviTiani: 7, str. 16)

es teqsti gveubneba, rom samive momenti Tavs ikrebs erTi konkretuli adamianis
pirovnebaSi. guramiSvili albaT pirveli iyo qarTul mwerlobaSi, romelmac sakuTari
cxovreba egzegesis sagnad gaixada.
Zveli saqarTvelo dasrulda XVIII saukunis damlevs da esec SesaniSnavia: Tu odesme
sadme saukunis dasasruli qveynis dasasruls damTxvevia, es CvenSi moxda _ Cveni
istoriuli Segneba aris amis momswre da dRemde cxovlad atyvia Cvens cnobierebas.
dasrulda Zveli, `viTa sizmari Ramisa~ da yvelaferi Tavidan unda dawyebuliyo da daiwyo
kidec. am dasawyiss ekuTvnis da TiTqos arc ekuTvnis nikoloz baraTaSvilis poezia da,
rac mniSvnelovania, misi pirovnebac.
iseT ufskruls biologiur Sobasa da eksistencialur Sobas Soris, rogoric
baraTaSvilis fenomenSi SeiniSneba, verc erT qarTvel SemoqmedTan ver davadasturebT,
da verc im ufskruls istoriul realobasa da metafizikur sinamdviles Soris,
romelTac is paradoqsulad Tanabari simZafriT ganicdida. Cans didi kontrasti mis erT
werilSi (zaqaria orbelianis mimarT, werili X) aRweril mxiarul drostarebaTa da misi
damweris `Cveulebriv mowyinebas~ Soris. paradoqsuli is aris, rom am sayovelTao
mxiarulebaSi ibadeba misi `mowyineba~ da suliT obloba. da rac ufro mZafria mxiaruleba
da `siameni ama soflisa~, miT ufro ivseba misi suli sicalieriT. `
~. `sazareli sicaliere~ da sicalieriT avseba!
sad movuZebnoT adgili am ucnauri oqsimoronis avtors, poets, romelmac SeTxza
Tavisi poezia, rogorc sulis sityvieri anabeWdi, am cnebebiT _ `xvedri~, `sinidisis xma~,
`Cumi naRveli~, `gulis saidumlo~, `Tavisufali fiqri~, `sawyauli aRuvsebeli~, `zrunva~,
`usagno yofa~, `suliT obloba~ da sxvani? kirkegoris Tanamedrove scildeba
romantizmis CarCoebs, mis bundovanebas, egzaltacias. `ase gulcivad jer gancda ara
mqonia. aseTi Tavisufali fiqri maqvs da aseTi mtkice guli...~- wers is da grZnobs, rom
`usasyidlo (mousyidveli) msajulia~, upirvelesad sakuTari Tavisa. esTeturisa da
eTiuris (danieli filosofosis kategoriebiT Tu vityviT) safexurebi enacvleba mis
xanmokle cxovrebaSi da, sabolood, religiurSi gadadis (`SemoRameba mTawmindaze~). mas
gaazrebuli hqonda ` ~, Tumca mouwodebda sxvas da
Tavis Tavsac ` ~ (werili X).
sad mivuCinoT adgili poets, romlis sityvebs `rad aqvs guls ese Cumi naRveli",
romlebic exmianeba sxva xanis da gansxvavebuli tipis da kulturis adamianis, verlenis,
sityvebs: Quelle est cette langueure / Qui penetre mon coeur?... Ce deuil est sans raison. ... C'est bien le pire
peine / De ne savoir pourquoi"... eksistencialuri naRveli, mowyena, romelic arafriT
66
amqveyniuriT ar aris ganpirobebuli, araviTari konkretuli, garkveuli mizeziT. am
umizezobas mTeli sicxadiT, sastiki, ulmobelobamde misuli `gulcivobiT~ acnobierebs
igi. rogor daSorda is ara mxolod rusTavels da guramiSvils, aramed Tavis garemocvas,
Tanamedroveobas, Tavis megobrebs! romel mxares da romel xanas ekuTvnis igi?
moyolebuli gilgameSidan, yoveli xana badebs adamianis yofnis problemebs da arasodes
am problemebiT datvirTuli adamiani ar ekuTvnis srulad Tavis Tanamedroveobas - is
yovelTvis gaugebrobis yru kedels awydeba. is yvelgan `suliT oblobisTvis~ aris
ganwiruli. aseTni mudam Tavidan iwyeben da isic iwyebs eWvebiT, magram mis dawyebuls
veravin agrZelebs. amao iyo misi imedi, rom `gza uvali, Cemgan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc
darCeba~. yvela gza individualur-pirovnulia, yvelasaTvis sakuTriv gasaTel-
gasavleli.
magram Tu `merani~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos vinmes savalis prolegomenad, Tu vinmesTvis
SeeZlo gaekvlia gza, es `daviTianis~ avtoria, romelmac Tavis Tavze ganicada is, risi
gamoxatva `meranis~ avtorma scada. aq varRvevT qronologias: dro ukuqceulia:
Sesrulebul aqts `daviTianSi~ mosdevs misi winaTgrZnoba `meranSi~. `merani~
retrospeqtulad aSuqebs gamoqceuli tyvis gzas. `gaqceva~ orives bedisweraa, Sinagani
xma da gaqceva. `nu gZinavs~, CasZaxis xma xaroSi Cagdebul tyves da gamosaval gzas
uCvenebs: `adeo! raRaT maicadeo? / Tu ara iq, viT iqnas, rac rom daiqadeo?~ (daviTiani:
wigni a. 370) masac CasZaxis xma: `ras xvrinav, rasa fSvinao! aq ras uwev-xar saZilod...~
(daviTiani: wigni a. 398) `nu gZinavso~, eubneba xma baraTaSvils, da is pasuxobs: `me ar
mZinavs, magram kaci minda, rom am patara Rre-kldes gamiyvanos, da davdge gaSlils
adgilas~ (werili IX, gr. orbelianisadmi).
gamoRviZeba, xaro, `klde-Rre~, `gaSlili adgili~, `iq~, sadac unda aRsruldes
danaqadi, da `kaci~, romelic CaaxSobs boroti sulis xmas, da gaiyvans adamians
sifarToveSi, rogorc Tavad poeti ambobs, `savse da vrcel sofelSi~ _ es yvelaferi
aaxlovebs am ors, romelTac Soris xiluli misasvlelebi epoqaluri nangrevebiT aris
Caxergili. magram isini cnoben erTmaneTs, xelsac uwvdian, dafarul dinebaSi, rogorc s.
frankiseul metalogiuri yofierebis wiaRSi, sadac empiriuli Cveuli Tanamimdevruli
dineba droisa gauqmebulia, urTierToben isini.
miCneulia, rom `merani~ poetis Semoqmedebis mwvervalia, es leqsi misi pasportia,
misi poeturi pirovnebis identobis niSani. imasac amboben, rom masSi
nawinaswarmetyvelebia misi aRsasruli ucxoobaSi, misi mamulidan Sors, rogorc
sinamdvileSi moxda. magram is heroikuli gaqceva sinamdvilidan, romlis paToss Seadgens
`merani~, realobaSi banalurad aRsrulda: miyruebul provinciaSi, marTlac
moSorebulma Tavis Zvirfas naTesav-megobrebs, rogorc Cinovnikma dalia suli. sad iyo
merani, sad iyo mxedari? sad iyo bedisweris sazRvris gadalaxva?
mainc rogor warmoiSva `merani~? ra iyo sababi, Torem is Signidan mTeli misi
xanmokle sicocxlis manZilze mzaddeboda?
guramiSvilis aRsarebiT poezias realuri gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad. motaceba,
xaroSi jdoma, gaTavisufleba _ es yvelaferi moxda mis cxovrebaSi. jer cxovrebiseuli
faqtebi unda arsebobdes, rom mere maTi simboluri gaazreba moxdes. jer cocxali
abraami unda arsebobdes, rom misgan `rwmenis mamis~ simbolo warmoiSvas.
baraTaSvilis cxovreba mwiria faqtebiT. ara Tu mwiri, mis cxovrebaSi araferi
xdeba. riT iyo avsebuli misi yoveldRiuroba? _ misvla-mosvla, drostareba, qeifebi,
arc maincdamainc Tavdaviwyebuli da aSvebuli, zomieri bohema, Worebis smena da mitan-
motana usaqmuri mandilosnebis gasarTobad (rac TviTironiis saganic ki xdeba),
usargeblo yofa, araviTari mZafri gamocdileba, an uCveulo gansacdeli, romelic
gardaqmnida mis cxovrebas, rasac eloda... poeti ki, rogorc bevri axalgazrda, samxedro
karieraze ocnebobda, ris ganxorcielebaSi banalurma fizikurma naklma _ koWlobam
SeuSala xeli. sruli xelmocarva. aseve banaluri faqti _ uaryofili siyvaruli,
romelic mTelma sazogadoebam icoda, iyo mis gamocdilebaSi, ramac ramdenime leqsSi
iCina Tavi imave Zveli tradiciuli motivis _ miundobeli soflis mdurvis saxiT. es iyo
da es.
da ai, am rutinul cxovrebaSi, romelsac eweva Tbilisis sazogadoeba da Tavadac
CaTreulia masSi, xdeba ambavi, arcTu uCveulo qveynis istoriaSi, aramed sruliad
kanonzomieri, Tumca man uCveulod SeaSfoTa mTeli sazogadoeba. Samilis kacebma
moitaces ilia orbeliani, daRestnis brZolebis monawile, poetis biZa, Tumca misi
Tanatoli da klasis amxanagi (1817-1853), da rva Tve hyavdaT tyveobaSi.
grigol orbelianisadmi miweril werilSi vkiTxulobT: `zogjer amisTana
SemTxvevac kargia kacis sicocxleSi. es aris, rom iqneba Cven dagvigviandes ilias naxva,
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Tvarem imas am tyveobiT ara uSavs ra~ (werili VI). da kidev daurTavs komentaris msgavsad:
`xo ici, tyveoba da sikvdili Cvens dedakacebs erTi hgoniaT, metadre lekis tyveoba~.
erTgan henrik ibseni wers: rom yoveli misi naweri umWidroesad iyo dakavSirebuli
gancdilTan, Tundac es misi piradi gansacdeli ar yofiliyo. ase moxda baraTaSvilis
SemTxvevaSi. `zogjer amisTana SemTxvevac kargia kacis sicocxleSio~, ambobs is da imave
werilSi sruliad amxels Tavis grZnobebs, romlebic misi Tanatolis tyveobaSi yofnam
gamoiwvia, Tumca Tavad bolomde ar iyo garkveuli Tavis grZnobebSi: ~ilikos daWera rom
Sevityve, swore giTxra, Zalian Sevwuxdi, ase, rom sami dRe gabruebuli viyav aTasis sxva
ucnauris fiqrebiT da surviliT da rom ekiTxaT ki CemTvis, me ar vicodi, ra mindoda.
bolos mesame dRes es leqsebi davwere da TiTqos aman raRac Sveba momcao...~
es leqsebi, romlebzec is laparakobs, `merania~, poetma ilias nacvlad rom dawera,
`ai, ras fiqrobs poeti ilikos magivrad~ (es fraza rusulad aris dawerili: `
~), anu tyved Cavardnili ilikos gansacdeli impulsi gaxda imisaTvis, raTa
gamoTqmuliyo is, rac didi xnis manZilze iswrafoda gamosaTqmelad.
vidre `meranze~ vityodeT rames, gavecnoT ilia orbelianis mogonebas Tavisi
tyveobis Sesaxeb, romelic man mTavarmarTebel voroncovis davalebiT dawera, rogorc
oficris namsaxurobis dokumenti. magram misi naweris Rirebuleba oficialuri
dokumentis Rirebulebaze metia. mis nawerSi Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs ramdenime adgili,
romlebic erTgvarad exmaureba daviT guramiSvilis gamocdilebas, romelic win uswrebs
mas erTi saukuniT mainc. magram aq dro daZleulia, es saerTo sayovelTao gamocdilebaa,
romelic daaxloebiT erTi da imave cnebebiT gamoiTqmis.
`... ase vcxovrobdiT am xaroSi, mzis Suqs danatrebulebi. CvenTvis arc dila iyo da
arc saRamo, mxolod molis xmaze vigebdiT, rom gaTenda, axali dRe iwyeboda, didis
yuradRebiT viTvlidiT dReebs, rom ar gamogvparvoda aRdgomis dRe, es iyo 19 aprils.
mueZini marTlmorwmuneebs mouwodebda dilis namazisaTvis. Cven erTmaneTi gavaRviZeT.
gulmxurvaled viloceT, vigalobeT `qriste aRdga~ da naRvlianad gadavexvieT
erTmaneTs. es brwyinvale dRe Cven gavatareT mogonebebSi... xaros sibnele da mZafri haeri
suls gvixuTavda, suls gviklavda~ (ilia orbeliani 1991: 46-47. mogoneba rusulad aris
dawerili).
es aris prozauli varianti imisa, rac Tavisi tyveobis leqsebSi aRbeWda daviT
guramiSvilma.
axalgazrda (25 wlis) oficris ilia orbelianis am mogonebaSi sagulisxmoa
paralelizmi xaros sibnelesa da molis xmas Soris. Tumca wyvdiadi da urjuloTa qveyana
datyvevebuli ilia orbelianisaTvis wmidawylis empiriuli faqtia. magram am realiebSi
Cven metis danaxva SegviZlia, vidre mis ganmcdels da teqstis avtors. am bnelSi
erTaderTi droJamuli orientiri mueZinis xmaa _ anu isini ara ubralod mtris, aramed
urjuloTa qveyanaSi imyofebian da es xma bunebrivi xmaa im adgilze, sadac imyofebian.
magram aris uxilavi, TiTqos Tandayolili ritmi, romelic Zlevs am ucxo da mtrul xmas.
ufro sworad, es xma emsaxureba missave sawinaaRmdego realobas: mis gareSe aireoda
qristianuli kalendris dReTa saTvalavi da xaroSi myofT aRdgomis dRe daekargebodaT.
am urjulo droJamis dinebaSi aris garRveva da es Zala, romelic sCadis am mxsnel
garRvevas, qristiani adamianis cnobierebaSia Cadebuli. roca vkiTxulobT frazas `ase
vcxovrobdiT im xaroSi, mzis Suqs danatrebulni~, es `mzis Suqi~ imaze met mniSvnelobas
iZens Cvens aRqmaSi, vidre misi avtori akisrebs mas.
vambob `Cvens aRqmaSi~, radgan Cveni aRqma gamdidrebulia guramiSvilis
gamocdilebiT, romelic man tyveobaSi swored xaroSi jdomis da iqidan gaqcevisas gzaSi
gadaitana. Tumca fiqroben, rom tyve, momavali poeti, arc mjdara xaroSi, ramdenadac
Tavisi wignis istoriul nawilSi, sadac Tavisi qveynisa da Tavisi Znelbedobis ambavs yveba,
ar ambobs, rom lekebs is mainc da mainc xaroSi hyavdaT gamomwyvdeuli bibliuri
iosebiviT. magram xaro lekTa tyveobis aucilebeli Tanmdevi realiaa: xaroSi ijda ilia
orbeliani, brwyinvale Tavadi, da xaroSive ijda ubralo glexis biWi, romelic erT
xalxur leqsSi moTqvams:

me lekebma damiWires, TasmiT Semkres magra xelTa,
wamiyvanes tyveTa, mtanjes, cremliT vCivi maRla RmerTTan,
gadmiyvanes anwuxSiga, raja belads Camabares,
Sig Camagdes xaroSiga, zed didi qva damafares,
arca hqonda cas naTeli, arc Suqebi mze da mTvares...

es xalxuri leqsi iseTive dokumenturi Rirebulebisaa, rogorc ilia orbelianis
`mogoneba~. am leqsSic, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, `cis naTeli~, `Suqebi mzisa da
68
mTvarisa~, igive `xaro~, mxolod fizikuri realobebia da maT ukan sxva zegrZnobad-
simboluri mniSvnelobebi ar igulisxmeba. mzis Suqi mxolod aTbobs, mTvaris Suqs
mxolod realur gzis ganaTeba SeuZlia tyveobidan gamoqceulisTvis. ilia orbeliani ase
igonebs Tavisi gaqcevis erT epizods:
`kvlav saSinelma setyvam wamouSina. Tumca setyvam didxans ar gastana, magram
didad damasusta da gamaciva. mzem gamoanaTa Tu ara, iqve ferdobze wamovweqi, rom
gavmTbariyavi...~
an: `erT gamoqvabuls wavawydi, Sevedi SigniT da wamovweqi ZalRonis mosakrebad...~.
arc xaro, arc mze, arc gamoqvabulia mis gamocdilebaSi imaze meti, rasac isini
realurad warmoadgenen.
igive gansacdeli gaiara imave asakis guramiSvilma _ igive jdoma bnelSi (Tundac
xaroSi), igive haeri, igive umzeoba Tu mzis gamonaTeba, igive gaqceva, setyva gzaSi,
gamoqvabuli Tavis Sesafareblad... (daviTiani: 101, str. 407-409).
ilia orbelianma am gamocdilebis Sedegad yofiTi dokumenti datova im
`mogonebis~ saxiT. guramiSvilma mTeli es gamocdileba zemoT CamoTvlil fizikuri
samyaros (sinamdvilis) realiebiTurT sulieri gamocdilebis dokumentad aqcia. xaro _
misi siRrme guramiSvilis poetur monaTxrobSi misi gamocdileba-gansacdelis Sinagani
mxaris analogiuria. xaroSi mjdomisTvis mTlianad icvleba TvalTaxedva, mzeris
mimarTuleba. mzera introspeqtuli xdeba: yoveli sagani, yoveli movlena fizikur
samyaroSi, mTeli materialuri sinamdvile, niSnis Zalas da simbolur ganzomilebas iZens.
xaroSi myofisTvis misi sibnele sulier sibneled, fizikuri mze sulier mzed, romelsac
mxolod siTbo ar moaqvs, gardaiqmneba. xaro tyveobis adgili da misi simbolo, xaro _
dacemisa da codvis adgili da maTi simbolo, xaro _ sikvdilis adgili, xaro _
gamocxadebis adgili (rogorc gandegilTa da asketTa cxovrebidan aris cnobili), xaro
_ ganaxlebis (Zveli kacis sikvdilisa da axali kacis dabadebis) adgili. guramiSvilis
poeziam es yvelaferi erT fokusSi moaqcia. sabolood, xaro is adgilia, saidanac mxsneli
gamosvla unda ganxorcieldes. anu Tavdaxsna tyveobidan, Tavdaxsna, codvisgan,
SesaZloa, daumsaxurebeli sasjelisgan, sikvdilisgan da a.S., yovelive imisgan, rasac
adamians es sofeli umzadebs.
axalgazrda oficrisTvisac ar yofila ubralo xifaTi yvelaferi is, rac mas
Samilis tyveobaSi gadaxda. garkveul ganzogadebas iZens es gansacdeli, iseT fiqrebs
aRuZravs, romelTac Cveulebriv yofiTi, Tundac, samxedro-savele gamocdileba ver
aRZravda. amgvari gansacdeli erTgvarad aCqarebs pirovnebis gardaqmnas, rogorc Tomas
mani wers `jadosnur mTaSi~, rom sikvdilisa da sneulebis (rogorc misi winkaris), yvela
Semzaravi Tavgadasavali, rac ki Tavis gmirs, ubralo rigiT adamians, romelsac ocnebebSi
garTuli inteleqtuali ironiulad inJiners eZaxda, SeamTxvia, mxolod da mxolod
pedagogiuri saSualebaa, riTac miiRweva uzarmazari Zalis `aqtivizacia~, Cveulebrivi
adamianis amaRleba misi Tavdapirveli donidan. imgvar nawarmoebebs, sadac adamianis,
rogorc cdispiris, sulier-inteleqtualuri Zalebis es aqtivizacia xdeba, mwerali
`iniciaciur Txzulebebs~ uwodebs. magram aq mTavari is aris, rom vidre mwerlobaSi
moxvdebodes, `aqtivizacia~ jer cxovrebaSi xdeba, rogorc adamianis realuri
gamocdileba. Tavis `mogonebaSi~ axalgazrda oficeri, romelic erTganzomilebian
realobaSi arsebobisTvis iyo ganwiruli, amgvarad afasebs am Tavis gansacdels, rac
uTuod amaRlebs mas `Tavdapirveli donidan~. is wers:
`araerTxel vuxmobdi sikvdils, rogorc ukanaskneli xsnis sayudels,
keTilismyofels. is, rac maSin gadavitane, yovelgvar xorciel da sulier tanjvas
aRemateba. magram RmerTi mowyalea, man uwyis sazRvari Cveni tanjvisa, romelsac maRliT
mogvivlens xolme, uwyis Cveni uRlis simZime, romlis iqiT Cven mets ver vitvirTavT da,
ai, axlac gadmogvxeda...~.
axalgazrda oficeri, brwyinvale Tavadi erTgvarad mzad aRmoCnda am gansacdelis
misaRebad. baraTaSvilis werilSi, romliTac is Tavis biZas ilia orbelianis datyvevebis
ambavs amcnobs, mohyavs sityvebi, romlebic datyvevebuls uTqvams SamilisTvis: `Samil!
rogor ekadreba Sens saxels magisTana uwyaloeba [mis Tvalwin Samilma oc ymawvils,
romelic oficers axlda, Tavebi daayrevina, z.k.]! Tu ginda magiT SeaSino vinme, vin unda
SeaSino? yvelani sikvdilis Svilebi varT. WeSmaritad, axla mec sikvdili mirCevnia Sens
xelSi yofnas~.
davubrundeT isev baraTaSvils, romelsac bedma ar arguna, rom amgvari gansacdeli
gadaetana _ Tavi mainc gamoecada. misi cxovreba metismetad mwiria met-naklebad
SemZravi xdomilebebiT. orad ori SemTxveva aris dadasturebuli mis xanmokle
cxovrebaSi, romelTac albaT Tavisi wvlili unda SeetanaT mis msoflgancdaSi: erTi _
misi dakoWleba, meore _ gauziarebeli siyvaruli. am ukanasknelma stimuli misca mis
69
`egsistencialur~ leqsebs (gaamZafra masSi oblobis, pirovnuli unikalurobis (**) da, am
mizeziT, miusafrobis qveSecneuli Tandayolili gancda). pirvelma ki gza gadauketa
samxedro karierisken, rac bolomde misTvis saocnebo sagani iyo (Tumca misi wris
axalgazrdisTvis es Cveulebrivi kurikulumi unda yofiliyo). SesaZlebelia, is zedmetad
afasebda samxedro karieris mniSvnelobas Tavisi momavlisTvis, masSi ufro mets xedavda,
vidre mis garSemo warmoedginaT, Tundac mis biZas da megobars, grigol orbelians,
warmatebul oficers, romelsac emudareboda, gaeyvana am gzaze. ai, ras wers mas:
`me Sinagani xma miwevs saukeTesos xvedrisaken, guli meubneba, rom Sen ara xar
axlandelis mdgomareobisaTvis dabadebulio! nu gZinavso! (swored amas CasZaxoda xma
xaroSi Cagdebul guramiSvils, z.k.) me ara mZinavs, magram kaci minda, rom am patara Rre-
kldes gamiyvanos, da davdge gaSlils adgils. oh, ra Tavisuflad amovisunTqav maSin, ra
xelmwifurad gardavxedav Cems asparezsa!~ (werili IX).
es `saukeTeso xvedri~, es `gaSlili adgili~, es `Tavisufali amosunTqva~, es misi
`asparezi~ _ es yvelaferi, romelic mis ocnebaSi totalurad upirispirdeba
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis `Rre-kldes~, saidanac ymawvili kaci Tavis daRwevas cdilobs,
sruliad banalurad ukavSirdeba daRestnis diviziis ufrosis renemkampfis saxels. `Cemi
fiqri mandeT moqris. ecade, roma renenkamfTan damaniSvnino. xom am pirobiT waxvel, rom
es mogexdina CemTvis. vici, dagaviwyda, magram ara, ar dagviwyebia. es im sneulebis bralia,
romlis gamoc qarTveli Tavisians ar gamoadgeba...~ _ wers biZas imave werilSi (IX) ganjaSi
usaxelo sikvdilamde ori wliT adre (1843). qarTvelTa es `sneuleba~ mas imeds
akargvinebs, rom odesme gaarRvevs am rutinas (`Rre-kldes~), es uimedoba Cans am werilSi.
erTi wlis Semdeg uimedoba amgvarad gamoixata zaqaria orbelianisadmi miweril werilSi:
`aTasi rom viCanCaloT, isev saqarTveloSi unda davabolovoT Cveni cxovreba...~ (werili
X).
da mainc am `CanCalisgan~ TavdaRwevis uimedo molodinSi, am mudmiv xelmocarvaSi,
raRac unda momxdariyo iseTi, rac Seqmnida mas warmosaxviTi eksodusis gmirad. anu Cven
vambobT, rom is SemTxveva, romelic arcTu uCveulo iyo qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis, ufro
metic, paradigmatuli iyo qarTlis istoriaSi, saxeldobr, ilia orbelianis tyveoba,
ramac didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia Tbilisis sazogadoebaSi, aRmoCnda impulsi, romelmac
gamoiyvana misi essistencia am rutinidan da usazRvroebaSi gaiyvana. misi siyrmis
megobris gansacdelma, romelic man sakuTar gansacdelad miiRo, Seaqmnevina mas `merani~
_ misi cxovrebis tragizmis gamomxatveli leqsi (***). tyveobidan gaqceva wuTisoflidan
metafizikuri gaqcevis simbolo Seiqna. avtori TiTqmis ar gvitovebs hermenevtikisTvis
adgils _ is yvelafers ambobs im sityvebiT, romelic biZisadmi miweril werilSi Tqva am
leqsis Sesaxeb or enaze, jer rusulad (`ai ras fiqrobs poeti
ilikos magivrad~), mere qarTulad (mogvyavs meored): `ar vici, es leqsebi rigor
mogewoneba. aq bevri cremli, tyuili da marTali, dainTxa amis wakiTxvaze, rasakvirvelia,
imitom, rom amas ambobs ilia tyveobaSi, da ara me. _ ilias daWera rom Sevityve, swore
giTxra, Zalian Sevwuxdi, ase rom sami dRe gabruebuli viyav aTasis sxva da sxva ucnauris
fiqrebiT da surviliT da rom ekiTxaT ki CemTvis, mec ar vicodi, ra mindoda. bolos
mesame dRes es leqsebi davswere da TiTqos aman raRac Sveba momcao. vcdilob, rom ilikos
rogorme mivawodo, vici, gulSi Caicinebs da ar iqneba, miT ara enugeSos ra~ (werili VI).
am werilSi ori frazaa, romelic Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs: isini mkafiod da
araorazrovnad, SesaZloa, simwriTac, gamoxatavs poetis uimedobas, rom vinme Tavis wreSi
da, maSasadame, mis mamulSi da mTel qveyanaSi gaugebs mas. am leqsiT xom man Tavisi
ukanaskneli sityva Tqva, sadac misi oblobisa da miusafrobis yvela aspeqti gamoiTqva. `aq
bevri cremli, tyuili da marTali, dainTxa amis wakiTxvaze, rasakvirvelia, imitom, rom
amas ambobs ilia tyveobaSi, da ara me~, wers is. da mere isev: `vici, gulSi Caicinebs da ar
iqneba, miT ara enugeSos ra~.
`amas ambobs ilia tyveobaSi da ara me~ _ aravin mis maxlobelTa, Tundac gulis
mesaidumleTa Soris, ar ifiqrebs, rom amas poeti ambobs da ara ilia. es ucnauri
konspiraciaa. arc ilia ifiqrebs, rom leqsi `merani~, romelic sanugeSod gaegzavna mas,
avtoris dafarulis ukanaskneli amofrqvevaa. is `gulSi Caicinebs~. ar miiRebs
seriozulad iq naTqvams. miecema tyves nugeSi misi wakiTxvisas? poeti fiqrobs, rom
miecema nugeSi, rogorc mas mieca nugeSi da Sveba misi dawerisas. nugeSi nugeSad _
tyveobaSi miRebuli yoveli werili nugeSia, magram `merani~ imis sapirispiros ambobs,
rasac ucxo qveyanaSi datyvevebuli ilia unda ocnebobdes: ilia mamulisken da
axloblebisken moiswrafis (ara mxolod es daRestnis tyve, aramed mTeli gadaxvewili
saqarTvelo), mernis mxedari ki, piriqiT, mamulidan garbis. tyveobidan ilias empiriul
gaqcevas aq enacvleba egsistencialuri gaqceva rutinuli, Tundac mSobliuri
sazogadoebidan.
70
es aris `meranis~ Tavisebureba, misi gansakuTrebuloba qarTuli literaturis
istoriaSi. igi uprecedentoa da, amdenad, aratradiciuli, Tundac, aistoriuli, Tumca
ase ugzo-ukvlod gaWril poets erTaderTi imedi hqonda, rom misi gaWra mamulidan,
romelic ar iyo misi, rogorc poetis da adamianis, namdvili samSoblo, mis moZmeebs (anu
masaviT suliT obolT) gzas gaukafavda, misi merani maTac moemsaxureboda, igi maTi
bedisweris mZlevel huned (imave mernad. leqsSi `merani~ zRapruli mernis sinonimad
naxmaria es gaurkveveli warmoSobis sityva) gadaiqceoda. magram Tu gadavxedavT momdevno
xanis qarTul literaturas, iq ver vixilavT mernis floqvebis kvals, verc `gzas, misgan
Telils~, igi wuTisoflis Sambma dafara: rogorc iTqva, am soflis zrunvaSi Caflul XIX
saukunes ar ecala amgvari gaWrebisTvis... sofelSi darCenis da misTvis zrunvis
perspeqtiva Tavad man dasaxa erT adreul programulad miCneul leqsSi `fiqrni mtkvris
piras~ (1837). Tumca ufro adre, poeturi Semoqmedebis dasawyisSi (1833-1836), poeti
imediani esqatologiisken ixreboda: empiriuli bindi, romelic mas sulier oblobaSi
Svebas gvrida, dauRamebeli mziani dRis gaTenebis imeds iZleoda (`SemoRameba
mTawmindaze~).
magram, sabolood, poetma gaWriT daasrula am wuTisofelSi umizno `CanCali~ (misi
sityvaa) da bolo mouRo rutinuli wuTisoflis tyveobis perspeqtivas. es gaWra, es
sazRvris gadalaxva Zalauneburad gvaxedebs qristianuli tradiciisken, romelic
klasikuri sicxadiT gamoixata erTi agiografiuli teqstis im pasaJSi, sadac wmidani
tovebs am nivTier samyaros da gadadis Tavisi, rogorc qristianis, WeSmarit samSobloSi.
iq vkiTxulobT: `...ganTavisuflebul iqna sakrvelTagan xorcTasa... xolo siri (suli, z.k.)
aRfrinda, dauteva egvipte, romel ars cxoreba ese nivTieri da wiaR-vlo ara Tu zRva
igi mewamuli, aramed Savi ese da wyvdiadi zRua amis sawuTrosa, Sevida qveyanasa mas
aRTqumisasa, romel ars zecaTa ierusalimi... (Zeglebi 1967: 194). wmidani brundeba zeciur
ierusalimSi, RvTis qalaqSi, magram sad midis Cveni poeti anu misi suli, romelmac TiTqos
daaRwia Tavi wuTisoflis (anu bedisweris) sakvrelebs. igi gaeqca bedis sazRvrebs, raTa
udaburebasa da araraobaSi moxvedriliyo? Tumca es kanonzomieria: erTi wliT adre
daweril leqsSi `vpove taZari~ (1841) is wuxs napovni taZris gauCinarebaze _ `ganqra
taZari da udabno Cemda mdumarebs~ _ anu rwmenis dakargvaze an mis SeuZleblobaze
sekularul XIX saukuneSi, romelic, es-es aris, iwyeba.

SeniSvnebi

* SeniSvnebi yvelgan miTiTebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: baraTaSvili 1968.
** im aremareSi, sadac guramiSvilis winaprebi cxovrobdnen, asketur moRvaweobas eweoda
asureli (sirieli) beri Sio, romelmac askezis aseTi gza airCia: Cavida Rrma da viwro xaroSi da iq
damkvidrda, rom miwaSi damarxul-daTesili marcvaliviT aRorZinebuls mRvimis sibneleSi sulieri
naTeli exila. am xaros dResac uCveneben SiomRvimis monasterSi, sadac poets, rogorc Tavad ambobs
erT leqsSi, sagvareulo samarxi hqonda:

wminda ione kaxeTs zedaZens
saswaulobiT qvitkirs cremls adens.
qarTls wminda Sio mRvimes Zvlebs avlens _
orniv Svrebian saswauls amdens.
am or monasters maqvnda alagi,
sasaflao da ZvalTSesalagi...
[daviTiani, 304]

*** Tavisi ganumeorebeli eksistencialuri statusis gadmosacemad poets, garda sityvisa
oboli (`didi xania oboli var~, werili VII maiko orbelianisadmi), moxmobili aqvs arabuli
warmoSobis mdidari niuansis mqone sityva-cneba Raribi/yaribi, romelic Cveulebriv moxetiales da
ucxos, uTvistomos niSnavs, magram masTan sulier datvirTvas iZens: `moigonebdeT yarib mgosansac~
(`bedi qarTlisa~), `Semibraleb Sensa yaribsa Zmasa~ (werili III maiko orbelianisadmi). am sityvis gamo
unda iTqvas, rom klasikur enaSi igi oblis sinonimia unikalobis da erTaderTobis azriT: `Raribi
margaliti~, `(Zvirfasi) Tvalni, Raribad qebulni~ (rusTveli) `viT margaliti oboli~ (kvlav
rusTveli).
**** ilia orbelianisa da baraTaSvilis sabediswerod urTierToba poetis sikvdilis
Semdegac gagrZelda: swored ilias mouxda daedo qva poetis oboli saflavisTvis ganjaSi, sadac igi
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mazris ufrosad dainiSna. Tavad ilia orbeliani 1853 wels ruseT-
TurqeTis omSi daiRupa.

damowmebani:

baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.
71
daviTiani 1931: guramiSvili d. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti, gamokvleva, leqsikoni al.
baramiZisa da s. iordaniSvilis redaqciiT. tf.: `qarTuli wigni~, 1931.
ilia orbeliani 1991: rva Tve Samilis tyveobaSi. Tb.: 1991.
Zeglebi 1967: Zveli qarTli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. II, Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1967.

Zurab Kiknadze

The Genealogy of Merani

Summary

It is known that the stimulus for the creating of Merani was the ordinary fact the captivity of poet's
close relative and friend Ilia Orbeliani in Dagestan. The poem was writen as if its author were Ilia (Look, what
thinks the poet instead of Iliko). The fictive hero of Merani, the captive officer, speaks about the freedom,
overstepping of border of Fate, which are existential categories, the signs of the inner experience, as the whole
language of the poem, they have only formal relation with the passions and experience of an ordinary man as
was the Dagestan captive. The captivity and escaping (or liberating) from it which could be experience of any
warrior echos in the imagination of the poet to his real aspirations: the poet feels himself as a captive and alien in
the native country and society and tries to break the fetters which ties him up. This is the theme of Merani and
the same theme is elaborated openly or in hidden form in the letters to his close friends. This experience,
especially, sitting in the pit, could change the mentality of the captive officer, but he continues to be the same
what he was. Another captive, the habitant of the pit, in 18
th
century, was made a poet through this very
experience. It was David Guramishvili. But his name and course of life still unkown at that time for author of
Merani and for Georgian society at all.






Tamar SarabiZe

romanuli epizodi
(nikoloz baraTaSvilis mier naxWevanSi dawerili bolo ori leqsis Sesaxeb)

werilis saTauri ganapiroba sasuliero mwerlobaSi gaCenilma e.w. `romanulma
epizodebma~, romelTa gadmocema mwerlis mizans ar warmoadgenda, magram hagiografiaSi
es epizodebi mainc gaCnda sxvadasxva mizezis gamo; ZiriTadad _ wmindanis avtoritetis
warmosaCenad. e.i. `romanuli epizodebi~ namdvilad momxdari, cxovrebiseuli,
satrfialo, ambebia, nawarmoebSi araTviTmiznurad gaCenilni. isini Zalian mokled da
mSralad asaxaven im faqtebs, romelTa miRma didi vnebaTaRelva imaleba. Cven es saxeli
vuwodeT aseve cxovrebiseul, kerZod, satrfialo epizodebs, romelTa gaxmaureba
mwerals an ar surda, an arc ucdia, magram SemTxveviT gaJRerebulma an mSralad naTqvamma
frazam ambis miRma gancda, Relva, vneba da dardi dagvanaxa. amjerad `romanuli epizodi~
baraTaSvilis naxWevanidan gamogzavnil werilsa da poetis bolodroindel, SeiZleba
iTqvas, ukanasknel, or leqsSi davinaxeT.
oTxi Tve _ 1844 wlis noembris bolodan 1845 wlis martis dasasrulamde _
nikoloz baraTaSvilma ucxoeTSi, naxWevanis mazraSi, gaatara. es iyo samSoblodan
pirveli moSoreba, ganpirobebuli ojaxis rCenis mizniT. baraTaSvili, erTi SexedviT
mxiaruli, cota cinikuric da drostarebis moyvare, ojaxisTvisac iseTive
Tavdadebulia, rogorc siyvarulisTvis. arapoeturi seriozulobiT eZebs saxelmwifo
samsaxurs, Tanaxmaa TiTqmis yvelaferze, radgan saxlSi uimedobiT loginad Cavardnili,
dambladacemuli mama hyavs, dardiT Sepyrobili, arc Tu ise moxucebuli, sul 50 wlisa,
da siRatakeSi myofi ojaxis wevrebi, ukidures gaWirvebaSi Cavardnilni. naxWevanis
mazris mmarTvelad levan meliqiSvili iniSneba. nacnob-megobrebi exmarebian,
Suamdgomloben baraTaSvilis ojaxs da nikolozsac mazris mmarTvelis moadgiled
`uSveben~, `viTomda uSveben~, sinamdvileSi miyruebul provinciaSi tyuilad amsaxures
oTxi Tve, autanel pirobebSi, gausaZlis garemoSi, da roca levan meliqiSvili
72
naxWevanidan wamovida, gairkva, rom nikoloz baraTaSvili am Tanamdebobaze arc ki
dauniSnavT. igi ukan gamoiwvies TbilisSi. Zalze Seuracxmyofelia!..
Zneli iqneboda samSoblodan, Tbilisidan, nacnob-megobrebisagan moSoreba. `sami
Tvea aqa var da ZaRlad aravin maxsena~, _ axloblebis uyuradRebobas ganicdis poeti da
Civis maiko orbelianTan, _ `eh! magis dardsac gauZleb! aRarc me mcalian visTvisme; axla
me Cemi Tavi xelmwifobas da sazogadoobas SevsZRven, sul xom ymawviloba ar iqneba, dro
aris rigianis samsaxurisa, Tqvenc geyofaT buzebis xocva...~; seriozuli miznebi aqvs,
muSaoba swadia, magram mainc xinjad aqvs gulSi _ `rogorc erT qals ubrZanebia, ... aq
mogvwyindnen da gavyareTo!~ erT qals vinRa Civis, is akvirvebs, rom manana orbeliani
mokiTxvasac ar uTvlis. mizezi naTelia _ `axla Cven viRas movagondebiT, viRac ori tlu
biWi gdia naxeCevanSi. _ axla ca axalia, qveyana axalia da modaSi oTxmocis wlis kacebi
arian~ (baraTaSvili 1968: 194). Zneli amosacnobia, ras gulisxmobs am bolo frazaSi,
magram guli ki swydeba, rom yuradRebas aRar aqceven.
aseTi wvalebiT gatarebuli dReebi naxWevanSi da daufasebeli Sroma... daufasebeli
im `xelmwifobisa da sazogadoobisgan~, romelTaTvisac Tavis `SeZRvna~ hqonda
gadawyvetili... TiTqos arc aris gasakviri, radgan bedi arc maSin swyalobda, arc manamde
da arc mas Semdeg; samagierod ki, samagierod yovelTvis, da maT Soris _ naxWevanSic, mis
mxareze yofila muza; Tumca, samwuxarod, baraTaSvilis bolodroindeli leqsebi,
naxWevansa da ganjaSi dawerili, ar Semonaxula; isini arc erT xelnawer krebulSi (maiko
orbelianis, ekaterine WavWavaZis, Tavad baraTaSvilis, grigol orbelianis) ar aris
Sesuli. TiTqmis yvela daikarga, garda orisa. erTia `damqrola qarman sastikman~
(avtografi SenarCunda, radgan igi baraTaSvils maiko orbelianisaTvis gaugzavnia
werilTan erTad 1845 wlis 9 Tebervals) da meore _ ufro adre dawerili, isic naxWevanSi
amave wlis 10 ianvars _ `madli Sens gamCens~ (leqsis avtografi ar Semonaxula; igi ilia
WavWavaZem gamoaqveyna `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ _ 1863 w. 2).
orive leqsSi figurirebs satrfo, erTSi ki _ satrfos dakargviT gamowveuli
ubedoba; ubedobisa ar gvikvirs, ubralod gvainteresebs, amjeradac hyavs Tu ara
lirikul satrfos adresati, ramdenad Zlieria poetis grZnoba misdami da gansxvavdeba
Tu ara mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT es leqsebi adreuli satrfialo nimuSebisagan. leqsis
_ `madli Sens gamCens...~ _ mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, satrfo lamazi, wynari, SavTvaleba
qalia da Znelad Tu miesadageba poetis mudmiv muzas, cisferTvala ekaterine WavWavaZes,
romelic am dros didi xnis gaTxovilia (1839 w), darRveulia agreTve maTi megobrobac,
romelic ekaterines gaTxovebis Semdgom aRdga da ramdenime xans grZeldeboda (1840-1841
ww). satrfos mSvenier, `cisa feris~ Tvalebs leqsSi Savi Tvalebi cvlis, amaRlebul
ganwyobas ki, baraTaSvilis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, _ mdabiuri da `rogorRac fiqrSi
mosuli~. leqsi Tavisi sazomiT (16-marcvliani dabali SairiT, `me var da Cemi nabadis... ~
xmazed Tqmuli) da xalxuri leqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli intonaciiT sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeba ekaterine WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnili, daxvewili, cota filosofiuri, ufro
metic _ arqaistuli, maRali stilis metyvelebisagan. poetis adresati an sxva aris, an _
aravin. Tu arsebobs es sxva da iqauria, naxWevaneli, maSin kidev ufro mkveTri xdeba
miniSneba ucxoeTSi, satrfos qveyanaSi, droebiT myofi mgzavrisa:

yaribi vinme movsulvar, soflisa muSa sawyali,
amxanagad myavs nabadi, Zmobilad _ basri xanjali.
(baraTaSvili 1968 : 134)

naxWevanidan maiko orbelianTan gamogzavnil werilebSi gamokrTis erTi iqauri
qalis saxe, magram mxolod da mxolod gamokrTis da ufro metis Tqmis saSualebas ar
gvaZlevs. poeti mis Sesaxeb wers: `axla naxeCevanSi erTi axali leqsia, Tvrametis wlis
qalis naTqvami, romelsac saxelad gonCa-begum hqvian; xanis qalia, Zalian lamazi da
mariliania; bevrSi warmogidgenT orlovis cols. sacodavi damwvaria Tavis qmrisagan da
axla imasTan aRar aris da cdilobs rom gauSos; sawyali Tormetis wlisa yofila, rom
Zalad gauTxovebiaT. _ amaTi ambavi rom icodeT, erTi kargi romania, _ am leqsSi Tavis
Tavs stiris; erTs adgilas ambobs: Cemo mSveniero baxCao, minda movide, vimusaibo Sens
SadrevanTan, Sens yvavilebTan, magram meSinian, rom Cemi qmari iq ar iyoso. _ am leqss
davawerineb da Tavis TargmaniT gamogigzavniT. mgonia saTaram es xma unda icodes, kargi
xma aris~ (baraTaSvili 1968 : 194). saTara cnobili iraneli momRerali yofila,
aRmosavleTis hangebis didostati. nikos Zalian uyvarda musika da did pativs scemda
saTaras xelovnebas; misi dis _ barbare veziriSvilis _ TqmiT, sadac ki wavidoda, saTara
yvelgan Tan dahyavda Turme.
73
werilis mesame gverdis arSiaze miwerilia levan meliqiSvilis xeliT: `tato dRe da
Rame ixveweba, Tu RmerTi gwams gaaSvebine qmario, me, rogorc damjdari kaci, ara vSvrebi~
(baraTaSvili 1968 : 194). mazris ufrosis es minaweri gonCa-begums exeba. Cans, nikoloz
baraTaSvilis daintereseba am qalbatoniT sakmaod seriozulia da, Tundac warwera
saxumaro yofiliyo, poetis damokidebuleba scildeba xanis `lamazi da mariliani~
asulis poeziiT gamowveul xibls.
amgvaradve unda aReqva baraTaSvilis werili maiko orbeliansac da Tumca misi
pasuxi tatosadmi aRar aris SemorCenili (baraTaSvilis arqivi misi sikvdilis Semdeg,
sanam poetis deda da ilia orbeliani Cavidodnen ganjaSi, ganadgurda; 1844-1845 wlebis
nawarmoebebica da werilebic _ grigol orbelianis, ekaterinesi, maiko orbelianis da
sxvaTa _ gaibna da daikarga); baraTaSvilis Semdegi werilidan, romelic kvlav
naxWevanidan aris gamogzavnili, vigebT, rom maiko dainteresebula am ambiT da gonCa-
begumi Tavisi Zmobilis satrfod Tu ara, gatacebad mainc miuCnevia. swored amis
uaryofas cdilobs baraTaSvili, rodesac wers: `sayvarelo dao, maiko! didad vwuxvar,
rom ver gamoican Cveni moqmedeba. me kidec Sevarige col-qmario~ (baraTaSvili 1968 : 195).
1844 wlis 10 ianvridan _ ilia WavWavaZis mier leqsis, `madli Sens gamCens~, daweris
TariRad miCneuli droidan _ amave wlis 9 Tebervlamde _ maiko orbelianis werilze
miTiTebul TariRamde _ erTi Tvec ar aris gasuli da mkveTrad icvleba poetis
ganwyoba; kvlav saxezea uimedoba, satrfos dakargviT gamowveuli; aRar Cans silaRe,
romelsac lamazi qalis xilva iwvevs. marTalia, gancda im tragizms ver aRwevs, rom poeti
`ueno msxverplad~ (`miyvars Tvalebi mibnedilebi~, 1942 w.) miviCnioT, magram vfiqrobT,
xelaxali imedgacruebis kvali leqsSi namdvilad SeigrZnoba.
Zneli saTqmelia, hqonda Tu ara baraTaSvils grZnoba gonCa-begumisadmi da
miuZRvna Tu ara mas `madli Sens gamCens, lamazo~, magram erTi ki cxadia, naxWevanSi
daweril meore leqsSi _ `damqrola qarman sastikman~, romelic imave sazomiT aris
Sesrulebuli, romliTac erTi TviT adre dawerili `madli Sens gamCens~, kvlav Cndeba
didi simZimili da uimedobis gancda. sastiki qari poets sicocxlis damatkbobel yvavils
waarTmevs, ciuri cvariT danamuls, mis adgils ki `uJamo dro~ cremliT Secvlis:

damqrola qarman sastikman, Tan warmitana yvavili,
macxovlebeli sicocxlis, sunnelebiTa aRvsili!
igi niadag ciurTa cvarTagan iyo namili;
drom uJamurman aw cremliT Sesvara misi saxeli!
(baraTaSvili 1968 : 135)

leqsi Tavisi ganwyobiTa da msoflxedviT gvaxsenebs baraTaSvilisave nawarmoebs _
`vpove taZari~, dawerils 1841 wels, roca poets sabolood gadaewura ekaterine
WavWavaZisagan sapasuxo siyvarulis imedi. baraTaSvili arc aq Ralatobs Tavis mier wina
wlebSi ukve Camoyalibebul, SeiZleba iTqvas, dakanonebul xedvas siyvarulis
RvTaebriobis Sesaxeb da am grZnobas amjeradac `ciuri cvariT~ danamuls warmogvidgens,
iseTive enobrivi faqturiT, rogoriTac sxva leqsebia dawerili, lirikosis
mwignobruli eniT. baraTaSvilis stilSi poetis mxolod zogierTi leqsi ar `jdeba~ _
erT-erTi maTgania `madli Sens gamCens~ _ rasac folkloris gavleniT xsnian (ar
gamovricxavT cxovrebiseul siaxlesac, rac gavlenas axdens leqsis ganwyobazec da
sazomzec; xolo, roca siaxle qreba, poetic Tavisive Cveul stilSi eqceva). amas ver
vityviT meore leqsze _ `damqrola qarman sastikman...~ _ romelic iseTive sazomiTaa
dawerili, rogoriTac _ `madli Sens gamCens~, magram poetis sxva leqsTa stilisgan
verafriT ganasxvaveb. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas poeturi metyvelebis mxriv aCnevia
qarTuli himnografiis, zogadad _ Zveli qarTuli literaturis, didi gavlena. es
gavlena Zalze TvalsaCinoa bolo leqsSic.
`drom uJamurman aw cremliT Sesvara misi saxeli!~ (baraTaSvili 1968 : 135) _ am
strofma SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsenos cnobili nawyveti, RvTisadmi mimarTva
`vefxistyaosnidan~:

... he mzeo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad,
erTarsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad.
(rusTaveli 1966 : 826)

`vefxistyaosnis~ `uJamo JamSi~ anu `udroo droSi~ Tuki RmerTi igulisxmeba da es
cxadze cxadia RvTis saxelTa ganmartebis katafatikur-apofatikuri meTodis
safuZvelze, baraTaSvilis sityvebSic _ `drom uJamurman~ _ ufali xom ar unda
74
davinaxoT?! romeli ufro sworia _ avi dro (rogorc Cven tradiciulad gvesmis) cvlis
siyvarulis adgils cremliT, Tu _ RmerTi?
baraTaSvilis `Cemi locvis~ mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, poeti swored ufals
evedreba `vnebis qarTagan dacvas~ da `myudroebis sadgurs~. e.i. RmerTi gansazRvravs
adamianis beds da ara _ dro. RmerTi ki `uJamo Jamia~ anu `uJamuri dro~. ise rom,
SesaZlebelia baraTaSvilis sityvebSi _ `drom uJamurman~ _ qarTuli, tradiciuli,
qristianuli msoflxedvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, RvTis saxelTa gadmocemis
saukunovani gza davinaxoT. fsevdo-dionise areopagelis moZRvreba arc
romantikosebisaTvis yofila ucxo, radgan igi mudmivad aisaxeboda tradiciul
mxatvrul azrovnebaSi; magram ar unda dagvaviwydes erTi ramac _ RvTisa da soflis
dualizmis arseboba, rac ase TvalsaCinoa orive poetTan. rusTavelTan sawuTro
upirispirdeba uJamos, sofeli _ RmerTs; RmerTi mfarvelobs soflisgan ganawirs:

va, sofelo, raSigan xar, ras gvabrunveb, ra zne gWirsa!...
magra RmerTi ar gaswiravs kacsa, Sengan ganawirsa.
(rusTaveli 1966 : 940)

unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom sawuTro da sofeli iseve, rogorc ca, Jami da bedi,
rusTavelTan dasaZlevia, gangeba ki _ vera. gangeba RvTis nebaa: `gangebasa vervin
Sescvlis, ar-saqmneli ar iqnebis~(rusTaveli 1966 : 188), `ugangebod veras mizmen~
(rusTaveli 1966: 1027), `gangebaa ar davrCebi, laxvaria CemTvis mzani~ (rusTaveli 1966:
1027), `arvis Zal-uc xorcielsa gangebisa gardavlena~ (rusTaveli 1966 : 786).
baraTaSvilTanac Cndeba sawuTro da bediswera (Savi yorani xom avi bedis
personifikaciaa); poeti ki arasodes uSindeba maT:

mwuxri gulisa _ sevda gulisa _ nugeSsa amas Sengan miiRebs,
rom gaTendeba dila mziani da yovels bindsa is gananaTlebs.
(baraTaSvili 1968 : 89)

Cven winaSe kidev erTxel ismeba kiTxva: ras unda niSnavdes `drom uJamurman~ _ av
beds, romlis personifikacia Savi yorania, Tu gangebas, RvTis nebas?
Cveni azriT, avi bedis saxe leqsSi sastiki qaria, `uJamur dros~ ki gangebis
mniSvneloba eniWeba; Tanac ar dagvaviwydes, rom bedis daZleva `vefxistyaosanSi~
realurad warmoCndeba, baraTaSvilTan ki mxolod bedTan brZola da misi gadalaxvis
imedi Cans; gangeba da `mxvedri~ ki Tumca gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, magram maT Soris
mkveTri zRvari ar ikveTeba. swored es garemoeba gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom poetis
sityvebSi _ `drom uJamurman~ _ RmerTi da gangeba davinaxoT. realuradac ubedoba
baraTaSvils gangebad gadaeqca.
igive SeiZleba vTqvaT gonCa-begumzec. samwuxaroa, ubedobaa, rom misi leqsis araTu
mxolod baraTaSviliseuli Targmani, maiko orbelianisadmi dapirebuli, aRar arsebobs
(SesaZlebelia, rom misi Targmna verc moaswro baraTaSvilma, imdenad mokle droSi
datova naxWevani), aramed poeti qalis saxelic ki gamqralia da mas aravin icnobs TviT
naxWevanSic; aravin icnobs qals, romlis SemoqmedebiT qarTvelTa `pirveli~ poeti
dainteresda da Targmani ineba. Cvenamde ki mxolod yvavilis `danaWknobma~ furclebma
moaRwia, romlebmac mainc dagvatkbo, radgan es yvelaferi baraTaSvilis `moZulebul~
sicocxles exeba:

awca Tu sadme vixilav miss furcels, missa danaWknobs,
moZulebuli sicocxle myisve kvaladca damatkbobs.
magram mswrafladve gaxSirdnen mwareni Wirni gulisa,
ra fiqrTa warmoudgebaT dakargva sixarulisa.
(baraTaSvili 1968 : 135)

maiko orbelianisadmi miweril werilSi `SemTxveviT~ (Tu saguldagulod)
gaJRerebulma ramdenime winadadebam da poetis orma ukanasknelma leqsma saSualeba
mogvca gonCa-begumze, 18 wlis niWier poet qalze gvesaubra, xanis `lamaz da marilian~
asulze; misi saxeli `avma drom~ gaaqro, magram bolomde mainc ver mospo; `gangebam~ is
qarTveli poetis, didi poetis, grZnobebsa da fiqrebSi Semogvinaxa.

damowmebani:

75
baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. dabadebis 150 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.
rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. SoTa rusTavelis dabadebis 800
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.

Tamar Sharabidze

Romanesque Episode
(concerning two last poems written by Nikoloz Baratashvili in Nakhichevan)

Summary

The title of this letter Romanesque Episode is conditioned by episodes occasionally appeared in the
religious literature as the result of description of a certain fact and having the same title, transferring of which
was not proposed by writer. Under this title we understand the reality developed in the fiction and in particular
love episodes, which could be caused by a concrete fact and real feeling.
Two last years of Nikoloz Baratashvilis life and particularly the period spent in Nakhichevan from
November 1844 to March 1845 are described in this letter and two poems created in this period are analyzed
here. Our purpose is to compare these two poems The Strong Wind Blew At Me and God Bless Your
Parent- with poems of the previous period and to establish whether they correspond to Baratashvilis stylistic
peculiarity and the writers whole creature.
Analyzing the poems we see that the poem God Bless Your Parent differs from other Baratashvilis love
poems and from the high-style lexicology typical for the poet by its intonation distinctive for folk poetry, which,
from our point of view, should indicate to the fact that the addressee of his love poetry has changed. The letter is
certain attempt to establish this addressee who as we think is Goncha Begumi the daughter of Nakhicheveni
Khan.
Baratashvili writes about this woman to his friend Maiko Orbeliani in his letter sent from Nakhichevan.
From this letter we find out that Goncha-Begumi was 12 years old, when she was forced to marry. She was 18
years old when she decided to divorce from her husband; Baratashvili was also very interested in her divorce. He
asked his friend the governor of Mazra to allow this divorce. Goncha-Begumi wrote poems, which were very
popular and often sung in Nakhichevan. Baratashvili also liked these poems and promised his friend Maiko
Orbeliani to translate them and to send them to her. Along with the letter the poet sent to Maiko his new poem
The Strong Wind Blew At Me. It is written in the same style of Baratashvilis other poems. Influence of the
ancient Georgian literature is evident in this poem.
And in particular, we think the last line of the poem Hard time covered her name with tears is
connected with appeal to the God in the Knight in the Panthers Skin, where the God is shown as the sunny
night and perpetuity. Using cataphatical and apophatical method for explanation of Gods name, we think it
to be reasonable to understand also Baratashvilis words perpetuity as the God and not as the hard time, as we
traditionally understand. We think that the doctrine of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite was not strange for
romanticists too, because of the fact that it finds expression in the traditional poetical thinking.
The dualism of God and world existing in the Knight in the Panthers Skin is evident in this line of the
poem, where the moment is opposed to the perpetuity, the world to the God and the God protects the worlds
sacrifice. The moment and the perpetuity as well as the sky and the fortune are surmountable but the destine is
not. The destine in Baratashvilis poem can be understood in two ways: personification of the bad fortune can be
the black raven and the destine, which is the will of God. Surmounting of the fortune is divine prediction. The
bad fortune is presented in the poem as strong wind and the perpetuity has the meaning of destine.
76
XX saukunis mwerloba



zoia cxadaia

lado asaTiani

lado asaTians Tavis ubis wignakSi Cauweria: `ra iqneboda tolstoisa da goeTes xnis
baironi, puSkini, baraTaSvili an lermontovi~... (asaTiani 1988: 122). Tavadac adre
wasulTa xvedri gaiziara. gasaocari iyo am Taobis bediswera. omSi daiRupnen: mirza
gelovani, vladimer ubilava, giorgi nafetvariZe, severian isiani, aleqsandre sajaia
svaneTSi, megobarTan revaz margianTan _ stumrad myofi moulodnelad gardaicvala
filtvebis anTebiT. ase erTmaneTis miyolebiT dakarga qarTulma poeziam `oqrobiWebi~,
rogorc galaktioni moixseniebda maT sicocxleSive. es iyo ganwirulobis niSniT
aRbeWdili Taoba. amaze ityvis gulistkiviliT maTive Tanatoli, mwerali lado avaliani:
`mainc sakvirvelia is bedi da ubedoba, rac Cvens Taobas dahyva. samwerlo asparezze
gamosuli axali Taobis sami meoTxedi rom 22-25 wlis asakSi ganadgurebuliyos, meore
amgvari SemTxveva qarTul mwerlobas ar axsovs~ (avaliani 1972: 3). am Taobam axali
sicocxle Semoitana qarTul leqsSi, romelic qancgawyvetili iyo naZaladevi
ritorikisagan. maTi lirikuli teqstebi iyo Cinebuli Senakadi im didebuli poeziisa,
romelic, winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, mainc Seiqmna 30-ian wlebSi.
pirveli leqsi lado asaTianma quTaisSi gamoaqveyna (1935), TanamSromlobda
gazeTebSi: `literaturuli gazeTi~, `axalgazrda komunisti~, `muSa~, `norCi lenineli~;
JurnalebSi: `mnaTobi~, `oqtombreli~, `pioneri~ da sxv. 1938 wlidan sacxovreblad
TbilisSi gadmovida. aq moeyara Tavi niWier axalgazrda Taobas (a. sajaia, r. margiani, l.
asaTiani, m. gelovani, g. kalandaZe, a. Sengelia, k. ximSiaSvili, g. jabuSanuri, n. agiaSvili).
1939 wels ladom leqsi gamoaqveyna JurnalSi `Cveni Taoba~. amas mohyva sxva leqsebi
momdevno nomrebSi. amieridan Tbilisi iqca misi poetur-moqalaqeobrivi siyvarulis
simbolur centrad, romelic, cnobierad Tu impulsurad, avsebda mas SemoqmedebiTi
energiiT. pirveli mniSvnelovani werili, romelic mis Semoqmedebaze daiwera, simon
Ciqovans ekuTvnoda. `moamagis xeliT da keTili guliT gaxldaT dawerili, mtrul
kritikas erTxel da samudamod gzas uWrida da mzis sinaTleze frTxilad gamohyavda
poeti~ (lebaniZe 1986: 9), _ werda murman lebaniZe.
lado asaTiani ar ekuTvnoda `qarTuli sabWoTa literaturokratiis birTvs~
(andriaZe 2004: 43). samSoblos Tema, misTvis esoden gamorCeuli, ar ganzogadebula `diadi
samSoblos~ Temad. iyo erTi paradoqsic: 30-iani wlebis miwurulidan aRar ikrZaleboda
patriotuli, istoriuli Tematika. moaxlovebuli omis saSiSroebam ganapiroba
nacionaluri narativis `daSveba~ (samSoblo, rogorc didi samSoblos nawili, z. c.), rac
poetebma qarTuli poeziis sasikeTod gamoiyenes: saqarTvelos sadideblad bevri Sedevri
Seqmnes, romelTa Soris lado asaTianis lirikul teqstebs gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs (Tumca, isic gvaxsovs, lado asaTianis lirikuli krebuli `winaprebi~ am
saxelwodebam rom imsxverpla _ ra dros winaprebiao... _ esec paradoqsebis qveynis
stili iyo). saintereso daskvnas akeTebs amasTan dakavSirebiT bela wifuria:
`nacionaluri narativis kulturis sivrce sakmaod vrcelia da moicavs ramdenime
aTwleulis qarTul kulturas, nacional-realisturi reorientaciis gziT am sivrcis
moniSvna sruliad mizanmimarTulad jer kidev 20-iani wlebis bolodan daiwyes qarTvelma
simbolistebma. 40-iani wlebisaTvis, lado asaTianis Tu ioseb noneSvilis poeziaSi, ukve
naTeli niSnebi gvaqvs am kulturisa~ (wifuria 2005: 18).
lado asaTianis nacionalur narativs, mis amaRlebulobas gansazRvravs gulwrfeli,
imanenturi paTosi, Rrmad gancdili. amitomac da amdenad aris sagrZnobi da gauxunari
misi emociebis auTenturoba, `wrfeli guli~, rogorc Tavad ityoda. `Cemi qveynis
oqroyanav~, `Cemi samSoblo~, `rusTavelis prospeqti~, `ar vici ase ram Semayvara~,
`saqarTvelo iyo maTi saocnebo saxeli~, `leCxumuri Semodgomis suraTebi~, `sumbuli~ da
sxva, _ es is leqsebia, romlebSic ganfenilia Wabuki lados poeturi suli, misi uSurveli
damokidebuleba samSoblosadmi.
lado asaTianis Semoqmedebis bolo wlebi (1940-1943) umZimesi iyo mTeli qarTveli
erisaTvis da Tavad poetisTvis. `vici, Cemi cxovreba xanmokle iqneba~ (asaTiani 1988: 127),
_ werda igi. qarTul poeziaSi man Semoqmedis Tavisufali samyaro gaaxmiana, aras
dagidevdaT `socialur dakveTas~ da koniunqturas. im wlebis momabezrebel leqs-
77
qronikebis simravleSi l. asaTianis poezias sxva ganzomileba aqvs: `ar mexarbeba
pindarosis bedi, odebs tiranebisa da cnobil didkacTa dakveTiTa da garigebuli fasiT
rom werda, sazizRaria daqiravebuli poeti. saxarebas qarTuli sityvisTvis ufro
vkiTxulob, `netar iyvnen glaxakni~ _ Cemi saqme ar aris. cxovreba warmarTiviT unda
giyvardes~ (asaTiani 1988: 124). am patara CanawerebSic kargad Cans l. asaTianis pirovnuli
da poeturi suli: daucxromeli siWabuke, sicocxlis gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli,
aRtaceba amqveyniuri yofiT, silamaziT, awmyoTi Tu warsuliT. misi leqsebi gvaZleven
safuZvels, vifiqroT: l. asaTians saukunec rom ecocxla, Wabukuri gzneba da sicocxlis
trfiali ar ganeldeboda mis poeziaSi. ra iyo sicocxlisadmi aseTi damokidebulebis
mizezi? iqneb, Tavad misi Sina samyaro, adamianuri buneba, genetikurad Tandayolili,
istoriuli mexsierebidan gadmocemuli, romlis sawyisi, vin icis, winaparTa romeli
Taobidan modioda... an, iqneb, moaxloebuli, gardauvali sikvdilis SiSma gaaxelina
farTod Tvalebi da ufro aRmatebulad daanaxa materialuri samyaros mSveniereba.
`rusTavelis prospeqtze xetiali nu momiSalos RmerTmao~, _ rusTavelis prospeqti am
mSvenierebis centri iyo, saidanac ganumeorebeli xibliT moCanda bardnala, abasTumani,
qarTlis mindvrebi...
miuxedavad gardauvali sabediswero ganaCenisa, romelsac realoba umzadebda,
yofiereba misTvis absurdamde ar dasula, ar gaucxoebula misgan, mTeli arsiT Se-
ignrZnobda sicocxliT moniWebuli bednierebis mciredsac, TiTqos bolomde Seecnos
samyaros idumaleba. misi poeturi Tvalsawieri moixelTebda ara qaosiT damZimebul
samyaroseul xilvebs, aramed saocar mSvenierebas, silamazes, simSvides, romelsac
mxolod sicocxlis wyurvilis amaRlebuloba arRvevda. sicocxlisadmi misi aseTi
damokidebuleba, romantikuli aRma-frena atavisturia, sulismieri, ukurnebeli. amis
saukeTeso gamovlenaa `salaRobo~, teqsti, romelSic ikiTxeba samSobloze, sicocxleze,
warsulze, awmyoze anTebuli adamiani, pirovneba, poeti... teqsti, sadac droTa kavSiri
urRvevia da mTavari awmyoa, romelSic wamisyofac sakmarisia am kavSiris
gasamTlianeblad.
l. asaTianma RmerTi siyvarulisa da mSvenierebisa TiTqos aq ixila, miwaze... ase
daijera man, ase iwama; amaSi iyo albaT misi adamianuri bednierebac. sxva, rogor unda
aixsnas is faqti, rom gadasaxlebaSi myofi dedisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi, uaRres tragizmsa
da tkivils Caenacvleba aRmavali ganwyoba, mSvenierisaken swrafva. realurad
moaxloebuli sikvdilis miniSneba, es ufro zogadi ganwyobileba gaxldaT (Sdr. vaJa-
fSavelas _ `ra gulma unda gauZlos, am mTebis gulis Zgerasa?!). am leqsSi l. asaTiani
bunebrivi uSualobiT gadadis erTi ganwyobidan meoreze da uaRresad dramatizebul
poetur efeqts qmnis. igi TiTqos sunTqvaSekrulia ori realobiT: pirveli Sinagani
tragizmi (represirebuli deda da Seryeuli janmrTeloba) da meore garesamyaros
mSveniereba, sicocxlis arsis mSveniereba, ganWvretili axalgazrda kacis TvalTaxedviT.
`Tavs zeviT Zala ar ariso~, _ xatovani naTqvamia qarTulSi. l. asaTiani Tavs zeviT
Zalas poulobs im konkretuli drois ulmobel arealSic ki:

saqarTveloSi roca kvdebodnen,
ufro da ufro wuxdnen amaze;
eh, wuTiT mainc dabrundebodes
Cveni bavSvoba da silamaze!..
radgan sicocxle ase navardobs,
sikvdilis yvela kari darazeT
da im bednier dRes gaumarjos,
roca Cven gavCndiT am qveyanaze.
(saqarTveloSi)

sicocxlis upirvelesi daniSnuleba misTvis mainc mamuli iyo. `ra qarTveli xar da
ra Wabuki, Tu mamuls Tavi ar anacvale?! es awvalebda cotne dadians, mec qarTveli var da
es mawvalebs~ (`Tqven geubnebiT, Zmebo mgosnebo~).
amave wels Seqmna l. asaTianma sami brwyinvale leqsi: `qarTlis gzaze~, `krwanisis
yayaCoebi~ da `yayaCo~. uCveulo xibli mianiWa man am umSvenieres yvavils. yayaCos
metaforebiT axali silamaze Semoitana qarTul poeziaSi:

hei, Tqven, aragvelebo, gaumaZRarno omiTa-
Tqvens saflavebTan mosvla da muxlis modreka mominda.
SavCoxiano vaJkaco, Wriloba xom ar Segxsnia?!
es sisxli aris, Tu marTla yayaCoebis cecxlia?!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Tu arc yayaCos cecxlia da arc axali iara,
ma es beberi krwanisi ra Zalam aabdRiala?!
hei, Tqven, aragvelebo, gaumaZRarno omiTa,
Tqvens saflavebTan mosvla da muxlis modreka mominda.
(krwanisis yayaCoebi)

aq erTmaneTs avseben yayaCoebiT mofenili mindvris Tvalwarmtaci foni da poetis
warmosaxvaSi gacocxlebuli didebul winaparTa saxeebi. `yayaCos cecxli~ misTvis
vaJkacuri Wrilobis, ukvdavebis, sicocxlis da sikeTis simboloa

hei, Zmobilo, Sexede, ramdeni yayaCo gaSlila!..
rac ufliscixes gamovcdiT, ufro da ufro gaxSirda,
mindvrebs, gorakebs, ferdobebs efineba da edeba,
gzaSi yayaCos Sexvedra sikeTed dagvebedeba.
sul axalgazrda viqnebiT, guli ar dagviberdeba!..

lado asaTianis yayaCoebis cecxli da xibli axal-axali konteqstiT da
saxismetyvelebiT gagrZelda qarTul lirikaSi (a. kalandaZe, m. lebaniZe, m. maWavariani).
l. asaTiani sicocxlis trfiali, poeturi ganwyobiT enaTesaveba t. tabiZes da g.
leoniZes (amaze miuTiTebda guram asaTiani), magram, sadac didi siyvarulia, iq tkivili da
cremlic aris. poeti Tavis Zvirfas adresats, romelic male samudamod marto darCeba,
momavlis gzas daulocavs:

nu moisurveb sxva qveynis aminds,
giyvardes mxolod Seni mamuli
da Tu tirilis dagidges Jami,
monaxe Cangi da salamuri!
iyavi mudam ase warmtaci,
ar Searcxvino Seni mandili,

gaxsoveds mudam Seni vaJkaci
bnel ukuneTSi gadavardnili!
(anderZi)

`bardnala~ (1940) leqsi fuZesa da fesvebze, mamulis pirvelqmnil grZnobaze,
xatovnad warmoaCens lirikuli gmiris cnobierebaSi danaSrev STabeWdilebebs. teqsts
refrenad gasdevs `ra kargi iyo bardnala~... erTmaneTs cvlian sofluri peizaJi da
naturmorti: `afTari zamTari an gazafxuli piriqiT~... `sofeli larCvali da mewisqvile
damxrCvali~. dro, rogorc miwieri yofis sisastike, mwvave danakargis gancdas aRZravs
poetSi:

eh, ra iqneba xelaxla
daiwyebodes Tavidan,
rac drois denam Selaxa,
rac drosTan erTad wavida!
ra kargi iyo bardnala,
rogori saTayvanebi.

es 1940 welia. l. asaTianis deda gadasaxlebaSia da _ jer kidev cocxali, dardis da
wuxilis xmamaRali uflebac akrZalulia. leqsi am SemTxvevaSi Seudarebeli saSualebaa,
sruliad martivi poeturi fraza, SefarviT, saukunis tkivils daitevs:

Sen, mamaCemo, rad dardob,
ram dagisvela Tvalebi?
an Sen sada xar, dedilo,
rom leqsi gamabedvino?!
rad ar Wixvinebs veeba
lafSa, lagamis mkvnetavi?
hei, bavSvobis dReebo,
dabrundebodeT netavi!
(bardnala)

79
`rom leqsi Svelis yovelgvar tkivils da leqsi TviTon tkivili ari~, amas Tavadac
aRniSnavs lado asaTiani (`vaJa-fSavelas naambobi~ 1940). sikvdil-sicocxlis sazrisi
TandaTan gamZafrda poetis lirikaSi; filosofiuri gaazreba poetur warmosaxvebSia
gamotarebuli: xan `Savi SiSiT~ im mdumare lodebTan, romlebTanac male Tavad ipovis
gansasveebels (`sasaflao~, 1941); xan Tavis oda-saxlSi papis Zvel taxtze, `vidre
sikvdilis Wvali gulze damesobodes~ (`vidre sikvdili~, 1941). aseTive ganwyobilebiTaa
Seqmnili: `rogor ar minda, Zliero seno~ (1941), `abasTumani~ (1941), `sarwyuli~ (1941) da
sxv. l. asaTianis poeturi ganwyobilebebis umTavresi msazRveli am viTarebaSi aris
miwieri yofa da bediswera:

axla xom mxedav? vina var, ra var
ukanaskneli pirvandels vgavar.
mzes da sinaTles gamoveqeci,
miwa viyav da miwad viqeci.
(ucnobi poetis rveulidan)

poetma TiTqos Tavadve daxura bedisweris wigni. ase, gardauval sikvdilTan omSi
iyo CarTuli sruliad axalgazrda poeti, roca meore msoflio omi daiwyo. erTxans
Tavadac iyo jarSi, magram, avadmyofobis gamo, maleve daabrunes. 1939 wlis 5 noembers
werili gaugzavna nika agiaSvils rostovidan: `nikalai! rostovSi varT, irgvliv Tovlia
da yinva saSineli.
ar viciT, sad mivdivarT, me avad var, sicxe maqvs 37,5. ufro uaresad viyavi gzaze,
eqimic ki gamoiZaxes CemTvis maxaCyalidan. araferia, gavuZleb~ (asaTiani 1988: 143).
omis Tematikas l. asaTiani Taviseburad Seexmiana ara paTetikuri mowodebebiT,
aramed tradiciuli, gulSi gamotarebuli, ZarRviani qarTuli leqsiT winaparTa
vaJkacobaze, gmirobaze _ `cxra Zma xerxeuliZe~ (1943), `aspinZa~ (1942), `basianis brZola~
(1942) da sxv. sikvdilamde cota xniT adre, 1943 wels, aris dawerili lado asaTianis
`qarTuli ena~, deda-enis sadidebeli leqsi:

saqarTvelos mTebSi gagaCina zenam,
siyvarulis, leqsis, sadRegrZelos enav!
moimRera dRemdis uZvelesma tomma
Slegi CanCqerebis napralebze xltoma,
myinvarebis RvTiur brwyinvalebiT dnoba,
jagnarebSi irmis jogis navardoba...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
saqarTvelos mTebSi gagaCina zenam,
xmaTa xaverdebis da RmerTebis enav!

swored es poeturi silaRe da jiutad SenarCunebuli SemoqmedebiTi gulwrfeloba
ar apaties kompartiis ideologebma. es iyo mTavari mizezi misi pirveli wignis
ganadgurebisa. yvelaferi ki iqidan daiwyo, rom 1942 wlis miwuruls (10.11-12.XII),
saqarTvelos kp ck-is dadgenilebis Sesabamisad mweralTa gamgeobis plenumma imsjela
literaturul-mxatvruli produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis Sesaxeb (momxsenebeli i.
abaSiZe). plenumma gamoyo saredaqcio komisia, romelsac evaleboda gamomcemlobis mier
warmodgenil yovel ganxilul nawarmoebze werilobiTi daskvnis wardgena misi gamocemis
mizanSewonilobis Taobaze. saboloo gadawvetilebas prezidiumi iRebda. am saredaqcio
komisiaSi Sediodnen: l. qiaCeli (Tavmjdomare), a. gawerelia, g. leoniZe, b. JRenti, g.
qiqoZe, a. quTaTeli, d. Sengelaia; komisiis mdivnoba daevala klavdia devdarians. 1943
wels, lados sikvdilamde cota xniT adre, am komisiam (iZulebis wesiT uTuod) ganixila
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerlis~ mier gamogzavili lado asaTianis leqsebis krebul
`winaprebis~ dabeWdvis Sesaxeb saredaqcio komisiis daskvna~ da daadgina _ `uaryofili
iqnes saredaqcio komisiis daskvna lado asaTianis leqsebis wignis gamocemis Sesaxeb: wigni
ar gamoices~ (kverenCxilaZe 1997: 181). (prezidiumma Tavi Seikava agreTve lado avalianis
novelebis gamocemaze). am dadgenilebis Tanaxmad lado asaTianis wigni `winaprebis~ mTeli
tiraJi daWres (garda saavtoro calebisa). sul male, 23 ivniss lado gardaicvala... aq
SeiZleba gavixsenoT marina cvetaevas mSvenieri naTqvami Tavis `warumatebel~ lirikaze:
` , , ~... (cvetaeva 1990: 52). lados
`damnaSave~ leqsebsac male daudga Tavisi Jami. 1944 wels wigni xelaxla gamoica, Zalian
male qronikisaTvis, Zalian gvian ladosaTvis... `Sen roca am wigns xelSi aiReb,
cocxalTa Soris me ar viqnebi~-o Tqva da aRsrulda.
80

damowmebani:

avaliani 1972: avaliani l. aleqsandre sajaia. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 13, Tb.: 1972.
andriaZe 2004: andriaZe d. revoluciis weriTi proeqti. kriteriumi 11-12, Tb.: 2004.
asaTiani 1988: asaTiani l. rCeuli. gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb.: 1988.
kverenCxilaZe 1997: kverenCxilaZe r. saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiri 1917-1990. Jurnali
mnaTobi, 11, 12, Tb.: 1997.
lebaniZe 1988: lebaniZe m. lado asaTiani. lado asaTianis rCeuli leqsebis winasityvaoba. Tb.:
1988.
cvetaeva 1990: . . . .: . , 1990.
wifuria 2005: wifuria b. kulturuli identoba XX saukunis saqarTveloSi. Jurnali kritika,
1, Tb.: 2005.

Zoia Tskhadaia

Lado Asatiani

Summary

The period of Lado Asatianis creative work was the hardest both for the Georgian People and the poet
himself (The of the 30-ies, the Second World War); He voiced a creators free world in Georgian poetry; he
never abode to social commissions and the political situation. Among verses-chronicles abound in those years
Lado asatianis poetry acquired a different dimension. National narration was given more room in his lyrical
texts. This being conditioned by the fact that due to the impending was patriotism, historical themes (native land
as a part of the greater Soviet motherland) was no more a banned subject. That was superbly exploited by our
poets, especially by Lado Asatiani. His National narrative is determined by immanent pathos, authenticity of
deeply felt emotions sincere heart.
In spite of the imminent fatal verdict being stored for him by the reality Lado Asatiani never look life as
absurd but fully appreciated every tiny but of joy replaced by upbeat nodes. His poetic vision embraces beauty
and charm of this world and not gloomy pictures cast by chaos. This kind of attitude towards life is atavistic,
innate. Through his lyrical lines we see a man, personality, poet passionately keen on his native land, past,
present, life the lines where nothing is lost through the mists of time but still it is present which is the master
having the power to use even a split of a second to restore the continuity.






lali avaliani

poetebi da `winaswarmetyveli~
zogi ram cisferyanwelebsa da grigol robaqiZeze

XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis miwuruls cisferyanwelTa reabilitacia maTi
Txzulebebis gamocemiT dasrulda (ra Tqma unda, mkacri cenzuruli kupiurebiT),
`cisferi ordenis~ aRiarebuli maestrosa da ufrosi megobris grigol robaqiZis saxeli
80-iani wlebis meore naxevramde kvlav tabudadebuli iyo. aseTma viTarebam ganapiroba
xarvezi, rac amJamadac sacnauria. grigol robaqiZisa da cisferyanwelTa SemoqmedebiTi
da pirovnuli urTierTmimarTebis amomwuravi, safuZvliani da mravalmxrivi kvleva
dRemde ar ganxorcielebula, Tumca 10-20-iani wlebis presaSic da axal naSromebSic bevri
ram aris gabneuli da mosaZiebeli.
monografiuli narkvevi, romelic cisferyanwelTa da grigol robaqiZis
urTierTobis mraval aspeqts warmoaCens, ase mesaxeba: robaqiZis saleqcio moRvaweobis
mentaluri zegavlena cisferyanwelebze, _ imxanad, damwyeb poetebsa da gimnazielebze;
misi TanamSromloba paolo iaSvilis `oqros verZsa~ (1913 w.) da `cisfer yanwebSi~ (1916 w.);
reaqcia cisferyanwelTa gaxmaurebul, zogjer skandalur sajaro gamosvlebze (1916
wlidan) da maT poetur inovaciebze; mimarTeba saqarTvelos aneqsiasa (1921 w.) da 1924
wlis SeTqmulebasTan; `cisferi ordenis~ periodikaSi (1916-1924 ww.) gamoqveynebuli
81
mxatvruli da Teoriuli produqcia; monawileoba 1926 wels nikolo miwiSvilis `qarTul
mwerlobaSi~ wamowyebul diskusiaSi _ `fiqrebi saqarTveloze~; emigraciis dasawyisi da
`faSisti~ robaqiZis ZaldatanebiTi SeCveneba Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ (1935 w.) cisferyanwelTa
mier; cisferyanweli poetebis gaxseneba mis bolodroindel nawerebSi (memuaruli,
eseisturi, epistoluri memkvidreobis gaTvaliswinebiT).
is `TeTri laqa~, romelic 10-20-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobas dRemde amouvsebel
sicarieled damCnevia, mniSvnelovanwilad ukavSirdeba grigol robaqiZis xelovnurad
mokveTas, rasac saTave daedo 1935 wels, mweralTa kavSiridan garicxviT. mis gareSe
SeuZlebelia `cisferi ordenis~ srulyofili jgufuri portretis warmosaxva; meores
mxriT, maestrosadmi miZRvnili cisferyanwel poetTa leqsebi, werilebi Tu eseebi,
romelTac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT `grigol robaqiZis apologia~, Tundac
gazviadebulad, magram mainc migvaniSnebs mis adgils XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul
kulturul arealSi.
axla mxolod frTxil varauds Tu gamovTqvamT imis Taobaze, _ rodis daaxlovdnen
grigol robaqiZe da cisferyanwelebi; cxadia, misi SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisi (1901
wlidan qarTul presaSi aqveynebda arcTu gamorCeul statiebsa da leqsebs) momavali
cisferyanwelebisaTvis sruliad SeumCneveli darCeboda Tundac im ubralo mizezis gamo,
rom paolo iaSvili (d. 1892 w.), tician tabiZe (d. 1895 w.) da valerian gafrindaSvili (d.
1888 w.) maSin mcirewlovanni iyvnen.
grigol robaqiZem myisieri popularoba 1908 da, gansakuTrebiT, 1909-1911 wlebidan
moixveWa, _ intensiuri saleqcio moRvaweobiT. misi pirveli da Zalze efeqturi gamoCena
qarTul sinamdvileSi ilia WavWavaZes daukavSirda: 1908 wels evropidan droebiT
dabrunebulma, imJamad studentma robaqiZem Seufaravad ganacxada, _ ilias veragulma
mkvlelobam maiZula mimetovebina parizi da samSobloSi davbrunebuliyavio.
am wlebSi unda Semdgariyo imxanad quTaiseli gimnazielebis (romelnic, mkacri
akrZalvis miuxedavad, qandaraze mokalaTebulni, farulad eswrebodnen sajaro
saRamoebsa Tu speqtaklebs) Tundac Soreuli nacnoboba grigol robaqiZesTan.
XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisi erTgvari tixari
aRmoCnda, romelmac erTmaneTisagan daaSoriSora XIX da XX saukune. saukunis damdegi,
zogadad, pirobiTi cnebaa da misgan arc unda movelodeT myisier Tvisebriv cvlilebebs
literaturaSi; Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, rom siaxlis molodini TiTqos atmosferoSi
TimTimebda. mTeli msoflios xelovanebma (da, RvTis madliT, am mxriv arc qarTvelebi
iyvnen gamonaklisni), gumaniT `igznes~ diadi da SemaZrwunebeli, jer arnaxuli
kataklizmebiTa da tolupovari miRwevebiT dayursuli saukunis dadgoma, rac
SemoqmedebiT siaxleTa mZafr moTxovnilebas badebda.
yovelive es kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli dasavluri orientaciis iseT did
moazrovneebs, rogorebic iyvnen kita abaSiZe da arCil jorjaZe. swored maTi Tanamosagre
aRmoCnda grigol robaqiZe, am, aw ukve didebuli triadis umrwemesi wevri. grigol
robaqiZe rom unikaluri movlena gaxldaT Cvens sinamdvileSi, amaze jer kidev 1909 wels
miuTiTa arCil jorjaZem: `...adamiani niWiT dajildoebuli, ... amasTan imgvari tipisa,
romelic dRemde gamoucnobeli rCeba qarTvel sazogadoebisaTvis, gamoucnobeli
mistikuri filosofiis wyalobiT, romelsac aRiarebs igi da romelic Cveni
sazogadoebisaTvis sruliad axal da dRemde TiTqmis ucnob ideur movlenad CaiTvleba~
(jorjaZe 1909).
swored leqciebSi warmoCnda pirvelad misi TavisTavadi, RvTiT boZebuli niWiereba,
farTo Tvalsawieri da ganswavluloba, improvizaciis SesaSuri unari da polemistis
alRo, mWevrmetyveleba da novatoruli suliskveTeba.
misi auditoria, TbilisSic da quTaisSic, rCeuli qarTuli sazogadoeba iyo: akaki da
daviT kldiaSvili, kita abaSiZe da niko lorTqifaniZe, telemak gurieli, dimitri uznaZe,
ivane gomarTeli... axalgazrdebs, upirvelesad, `modernizmis qadageba~ xiblavda:
`grigol robaqiZis aqafebuli sityva, aRmafreni fantazia, TvalismomWreli saxeebi
Zvirfasi mogonebaa Cveni axalgazrdobisa, pirvelad iman Segvaxeda iohanaanis moWril
Tavs, pirvelad iman mogvasmenina nicSes mwvalebeli sityva~, _ werda mogvianebiT tician
tabiZe (tabiZe 1916: 22). sacnauria, rom leqcias nicSeze cxel kvalze, anu 1911 welsve
aRtacebiT gamoexmaura akaki wereTelic.
yvela Taobis poets Tanabrad efoneboda guls grigol robaqiZis mcdeloba _
ganexila qarTuli mwerloba msoflio literaturis konteqstSi. imTaviTve gamoikveTa
misi ganuxreli, mtkice erovnuli mrwamsic, riTac aSkarad gaemijna kosmopolitizmsac da
internacionalur radikalizmsac.
akaki baqraZis marTebuli mosazrebiT, mTavari da arsebiTi is iyo, rom axalma Taobam
igi literaturul reformatorad aRiara (baqraZe 1999: 39).
82
araordinaluri da mimzidveli gaxldaT grigol robaqiZis mier `sakuTari Tavis
Seqmnis~ mcdelobac (Sdr. evropul `dendizms~ an amerikul fenomens _ `Self made man~).
svireli xelmokle medaviTnis mravalSviliani ojaxis Svilma, mizanswrafulma da
mSromelma, ucxoeTSi ganswavlis rTuli da narekliani gza ganvlo; ucxoeTSi
mravalwliani yaribobis merec, samSoblosa Tu emigraciaSi, igi `ara marto Tavis
msoflmxedvelobasa da msoflxats ayalibebda, aramed Tavis garegnobasac~ (baqraZe 1999:
13).
erTaderTi, rasac ver umklavdeboda grigol robaqiZe, misi martosuloba iyo.
albaT amitomac aqvs pirovnuli, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiTac didi mniSvneloba mis
megobrobas cisferyanwelebTan.
Tu verwmunebiT grigol robaqiZis maradiuli kerpis nicSes sityvebs _ `sabolood,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rasac adamiani sakuTari arsidan tovebs, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara
Tavisive biografia~, _ upriani iqneba, sagangebo yuradReba mivaqcioT ara mxolod
SemoqmedebiT, aramed pirovnul urTierTmimarTebas cisferyanwelebTan, pirvel rigSi ki
paolo iaSvilTan.
safiqrebelia, rom maTi daaxloveba `oqros verZSi~ TanamSromlobiT daiwyo.
Jurnali im droisaTvis udavod gamorCeuli iyo. jer kidev gimnazielma,
arasrulwlovanma paolom (igi besarion jaianis saxels amoefara) moaxerxa mowinave
Jurnalis gamocema, gaaerTiana saukeTeso avtorebi (grigol robaqiZe, galaktioni,
tician tabiZe, ioseb griSaSvili, sandro SanSiaSvili, aleqsandre abaSeli, leo qiaCeli,
konstantine gamsaxurdia, niko lorTqifaniZe, Salva dadiani, sergo kldiaSvili da sxv.).
1913 wels

, Jurnalis mzadebis periodSi, paolo Tbilisis gazeT `TemSi~ aqveynebs

`werils redaqciis mimarT~ da qarTvel mwerlebs TanamSromlobas sTxovs: `redaqcia
mimarTavs monawileobis misaRebad Semdeg pirT: vaJa-fSavelas, kita abaSiZes, grigol
robaqiZes, i. evdoSvils, ia ekalaZes, v. gunias, Salva dadians, k. mayaSvils, i. griSaSvils, a.
abaSels, SiukaSvils, leo qiaCels, WumbaZes, n. lorTqifaniZes, d. kasraZes, barnovs, g.
quCiSvils, Turdospirels, axospirels, n. CxikvaZes, i. mWedliSvils, j. jorjikias, g. da t.
tabiZeebs, k. abaSiZispirels, dia Cianels da sxva~ (iaSvili 1913). uaRresad metyveli
dokumentia! cnobilia agreTve paolos ori piradi werili vaJa-fSavelasadmi, _
JurnalSi monawileobis TxovniT (am nusxaSi TiTqmis mTeli imJamindeli qarTuli
mwerloba Tavsdeba da bunebrvad Cndeba ritorikuli kiTxva _ ratom ver vxvdebiT akaki
wereTlis saxels? pasuxi ki, savaraudod, aseTia. paolom ver Sebeda saqarTvelos
ugvirgvino mefes... niSandoblivia, rom nusxis pirvel sameulSi, vaJa-fSavelasa da kita
abaSiZis Semdeg, grigol robaqiZis saxeli Cndeba, rac ueWvelad moaswavebs axalgazrda
redaqtoris gansakuTrebul pietets am ukanasknelisadmi.
`oqros verZSi~ gamoqveynebul grigol robaqiZis statiaSi `baraTebi `oqros verZs~
avtori Jurnals gadaWarbebul Sefasebas ar aZlevda, TumcaRa, qarTuli mwerlobis
imJamindeli siduxWiris pirobebSi mainc Rirssacnob movlenad miiCnevda. statia imiTac
aris saintereso, rom masSi pirvelad gaiJRera saqarTvelos renesansis ideam, ramac
SemdegSi safuZvliani ganviTareba pova cnobil werilSi `qarTuli renesansi~
(robaqiZe 1917).
Tamar barbaqaZem yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom qarTuli versifikaciis
zogadad da, kerZod, Tanamedrove leqswyobis xelovnebiT grigol robaqiZis sagangebo
daintereseba pirvelad swored zemoxsenebul statiaSi warmoCnda (barbaqaZe 2003: 34).
`arc mgonia aseTi verZisaTvis iazonma moacuros Tavisi gemi kolxeTis napirs,
magram masSi aris iseTi raRac, xeluxlebeli, gamouTqmeli, romelic siamovnebas hgvris
xelovnebis moyvaruls: es aris yvavilovani siymawvile, romlis laRad nakveT Sublze jer
kidev ar gaurbenia Wknobis fiqris frTas~ (robaqiZe 1913: 35) piruTvnelad SeniSnavda
grigol robaqiZe.
SeuZlebelia, gaucnobierebeli yofiliyo `oqros verZis~ saxelwodebis damTxveva
milioner riabuSiniskis dafinansebul, rusi simbolistebis mdidrul JurnalTan `
~ (1906-1909 ww.). mibaZvis uwinares, amaSi ufro kolxidis mkvidrTa mier
`samarTlianobis aRdgenis~ Tu rayifobis qveSecneul survils vxedavT. JurnalSi
moTavsebuli leonid andreevis, igor severianinis, vilie de lil a'danis TxzulebaTa
Targmanebi, cnobebi d'anuncios, valeri briusovis, konstantine balmontis, iurgis
baltruSaitisis da e. w. axali poeziis sxva warmomadgenlebze gvafiqrebinebs, rom `oqros
verZi~ sulac ar iyo provinciuli TviTSemoqmedebis nimuSi. cxadia, grigol robaqiZe

p. iaSvilis krebulis (`saiubileo-saarqivo gamocema or wignad~, wigni pirveli, Tb., 2004 w.)
`SeniSvnebsa da komentarebSi~ miTiTebulia 1914 w., rac uTuod koreqturuli Secdoma unda iyos.
83
mxolod erT-erTi avtori iyo Jurnalisa; naklebsavaraudoa, rom saredaqcio
saqmianobaSi Careuliyo: paolos organizatoruli niWi jer kidev 1911 wlidan iyo
cnobili, roca gimnaziis Jurnali ` ~ gamosca.
SemdegSi grigol robaqiZisa da momavali cisferyanwelebis gzebi droebiT gaiyara:
grigol robaqiZe kvlav sazRvargareT gaemgzavra, paolo iaSvilma weliwadnaxevari
parizSi dahyo (1913-1914 ww.) luvrTan arsebul xelovnebis institutSi xatvis
Sesaswavlad; peterburgsa da moskovSi iyvnen valerian gafrindaSvili, tician tabiZe,
Salva afxaiZe, sandro cirekiZe... maTi urTierTTanamSromlobis axal da umniSvnelovanes
etaps safuZveli 1916 wels, `cisferi ordenis~ daarsebisTanave Caeyara (jgufis Taobaze
dawvrilebiT ix. Cemi werili `cisferyanwelebi~, `literaturuli Ziebani~, XXV, Tb., 2004
w.).
`cisferi yanwebis~ pirveli nomris gamosvlisTanave (1916 wlis 28 Tebervali),
rogorc Cans, sazogadoebis erTma nawilma mtkivneulad aRiqva galaktionis, niko
lorTqifaniZis, ioseb griSaSvilisa da grigol robaqiZis monawileoba axalgazrduli
epataJiT Sepyrobil da `mexis gavardnis~ efeqtis mosurne almanaxSi. `cisferi yanwebi~
paolo iaSvilis deklaraciiT, `pirvelTqmiT~ iwyeboda, poeziis ganyofileba grigol
robaqiZis leqsiT `sirenas simRera~. dRes Cvens yuradRebas ufro miZRvna `T-d kita
abaSiZes~ da wiTeli saRebaviT gamoyofili riTma ipyrobs, vidre TviT leqsi. sityvam
moitana da barem aqve vityvi, rom kita abaSiZe robaqiZisTvisac da paolosTvisac suliT
xorcamde aristokrati iyo (es Sexeduleba ramdenadme ewinaaRmdegeba gvarovnuli da
sulieri aristokratizmis opoziciur wyvilad gaazrebas): `
,
. ,
, " "
. ... : , ~
( 1917).
didmniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom grigol robaqiZes am droisaTvis udidesi
popularoba hqonda mopovebuli saleqcio da literaturul-kritikuli moRvaweobiT,
uCveulo filosofiuri esTetikuri naazreviT (ufro naklebad, _ leqsebiT); Tanac is
mainc sxva Taobis kaci iyo da cisferyanwelebTan ufro ostat-Segirdis damokidebuleba
akavSirebda, vidre Tanamosagrisa.
tician tabiZem vrcel werilSi `cisferi yanwebiT~ sruliad araorazrovnad
gamoacxada simbolizmis `movlena~ saqarTveloSi da simbolizmis upirveles
mesaZirkvled grigol robaqiZe dasaxa: `simbolizmi CvenSi Semoitana grigol robaqiZem.
robaqiZeze ar gamarTlda saerTo debuleba, rom yovel novators win eRobeba
gaugebrobis galavani. mas arafrad dajdomia Zvel RirebulebaTa gadafasebis kadniereba,
axal ZiebaTa feierverkebis gasrola... safiqreli iyo, radgan sxvagan aseTi aRelveba
gamoiwvia simbolizmma, CvenSic monaxavdnen fiCxebs inkviziciis cecxlis dasanTebad,
magram grigol robaqiZes uTxres Tavis dasturi arCil jorjaZem da kita abaSiZem. am ori
pirovnebiT iwureba qarTuli esTetikuri kultura grigol robaqiZemdis~... (tabiZe 1916)
ticianis aSkarad gazviadebul mosazrebaTa sawinaaRmdegod unda iTqvas, rom
`gaugebrobis galavani~ grigol robaqiZis winaSec aRimarTa; Tumca, cxadia, mometebul
guliswyrobas misdami ar amJRavnebdnen, misi saxelovani moRvaweobisa da Tundac asakis
gamo. Tavis mxriv, grigolic aSkarad erideboda sazogadoebis gaRizianebas: ar
monawileobda jgufis skandalur sajaro gamosvlebSi 1916 wlis aprilsa da martSi; man
ganze gandgoma arCia, Tumc, rom moewadinebina kidec, gauWirdeboda cisferyanwelTa
`gafrenebis~ moTokva.
grigol robaqiZes araviTari `zewola~ ar mouxdenia arc paoloze (romlis
`pirvelTqma~ maestrosaTvis egzom saZulveli futurizmis manifestebisagan didad aris
davalebuli), arc ticianze (misi `cisferi yanwebiT~ xom robaqiZis aSkara apologiaa); igi
ar Careula redaqtoris saqmianobaSic. imdroindeli gaavebuli da wregadasuli kritikis
samizne paolo iaSvili gaxldaT: `pirvelTqmis~, saprogramo leqsis (`paolo iaSvils
momewyina yviTeli dante~...) da darianuli leqsebis gamo.
viTarebas naTels hfens ori publikacia, romelTac Tbilisisa da quTaisis
imdroindel presaSi mivakvlie.
umjobesi iqneba TviT robaqiZis imJamindel gancxadebas verwmunoT: `am dReebSi
quTaisSi gaimarTeba Cemi leqcia `cisferi yanwebis~ Sesaxeb. bevrsa hgonia, TiTqos me
marto `damcvelis~ rolSi gamovdiode. es moklebulia simarTles. marTalia, me piradad
`cisferi yanwebi~ mniSvnelovan movlenad mimaCnia Cvens literaturaSi, _ magram isic
marTalia, rom am almanaxis SedgenisaTvis saerTo redaqcia ar yofila gamarTuli (yoveli
monawile iq mxolod Tavis nawarmoebis pasuxismgebelia), _ da amisTvis iq gamoTqmuli
84
principebi CemTvis savaldebulo ar aris da arc romelime mxatvruli nawarmoebia iq
moTavsebuli CemTvis usaTuod mosawoni. zogi principi misaRebia, zogi ara, _ zogi
nawarmoebi mosawonia, zogi ara. swored amis gasarkvevad vapireb leqciis wakiTxvas
quTaisSi, saca `cisferi yanwebis~ garSemo aseTi sazari atmosfero Seiqna. movaleca var,
rogorc almanaxis monawile, sajarod vTqva Cemi sityva~ (robaqiZe 1916).
leqciis Taobaze daibeWda jafar-faSas (niko jafariZis) sakmaod susxiani statia
`baton grigol robaqiZis leqcia~: `b-ni robaqiZe am bolo dros Tavisive nebiT
awvrilmanebs da amdablebs Tavis Tavs.
raSi vxedavT Cven grigol robaqiZis Tavis damcirebas?.. Tundac imaSi, ramac aiZula
igi waekiTxa leqcia `cisferi yanwebis~ Sesaxeb.
am almanaxis garSemo atexili usiamovno atmosferos Sesamsubuqeblad grigol
robaqiZe, rogorc erTi monawile krebulisa, iZulebuli gaxda sajaro leqciiT
Tavdasacveli sityviT miemarTa quTaisis sazogadoebisaTvis.
ras miaRwia Tavis leqciaSi grigol robaqiZem? `cisferi yanwebis~ Rirebulebis
Sesaxeb hoc brZana da arac.
... sust mxares, samwuxarod b-i robaqiZis niWierma enametyvelebamac veraferi
SesZina. sazogadod es adgili leqciisa metad Zneli gamodga avtorisaTvis da ise susti,
rogorc am adgilze iyo grigol robaqiZe, Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom jer igi aravis
axsovs.
... paolo iaSvilis manifestSi grigol robaqiZe mxolod ymawvilur gatacebis
nayofsa xedavs. darianis leqsebSi niWier avtors eZebs, xolo TviT leqsebis Sesaxeb
acxadebs, zomierebis sazRvargadaWarbebulad mimaCniao.
...leqtori windaxedulad cdilobda msmenelTa Soris ukmayofilebis temperamenti
ar gamoewvia.
...grigol robaqiZe ambobda, rodesac `cisferi yanwebi~ Tavis movaleobas veRar
Seasrulebs, Cven TviTon davamsxvrevT maTo~... (jafar- faSa 1916).
rogorc vxedavT, grigol robaqiZis leqciis angariSic zedmiwevniT miesadageba misi
zemoxsenebuli werilis suliskveTebas.
robaqiZe ki ar ganudga cisferyanwelebs, Tavis gadasarCenad (es mas ar
esaWiroeboda) ki ar gawira isini, man sazogadoebas amcno Seqmnili viTareba, Cemi azriT,
sifrTxiliT, magram miukerZoeblad. `cisferi ordenis~ wregadasuli epataJi da
ragindara gziT Tavis damkvidreba, pirdapir unda iTqvas, paolos dauokebeli
temperamentisa da parizidan gamoyolili meamboxe sulis, rogorc SemdegSi kolau
nadiraZe ityoda, `esTet-buntarobis~ gamovlena iyo; mas, ra Tqma unda, Wabuki
cisferyanwelebic amoudgnen mxarSi.
grigol robaqiZe sruliadac ar iziarebda warsulis uaryofis paToss, zogjer
aSkara mkrexelobasTan rom iyo wilnayari; igi, rogorc Cans, mainc sxva literaturul
Taobas miekuTvneboda; cxovrebaSic robaqiZe ufro gawonasworebuli, TavSekavebuli,
Zlieri individualizmiT aRbeWdili, Tundac `narcisuli~ pirovneba gaxldaT. misi
yaidisa da temperamentis kacs cisferyanwelTa skandalur jgufur gamosvlebSi
monawileoba verafers SesZenda.
amitomac gadga ganze anu erTgvari distancia moniSna, Torem ideuri mrCevlisa Tu
keTilmosurne kritikosis funqcias yovelTvis asrulebda.
dRevandeli gagebiT, grigol robaqiZe ufro `sapatio Tavmjdomare~ gaxldaT
`cisferi ordenisa~ da ara lideri, an, miT umetes, _ rigiTi wevri.
zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, roca jgufis `sakralur~ 13 wevrs Soris robaqiZes
upirveles adgils miuCendnen xolme, igi protests ar gamoxatavda.
1922 wels paolo iaSvili `cisferi ordenis~ aT wevrs asaxelebda, sia grigol
robaqiZiT iwyeboda (iaSvili 1922); tician tabiZis TqmiT, jgufSi 13 wevri iyo (13 asureli
mamis analogiiT), nusxas kvlav robaqiZe edga saTaveSi (tabiZe 1924).
cxadia, cisferyanwelebs eamayebodaT maestros Tanadgoma; Tavis mxriT, robaqiZec
tols ar udebda maT megobrobasa da siyvarulSi: `viyav yanwelebTan mxolod rogorc
megobari, ufrosi damxmare da wamxalisebelio~, _ dawers xandazmuli mwerali
mogvianebiT.
cxadia, grigol robaqiZis fenomeni sxvebzedac Zalumad zemoqmedebda. nona
kupreiSvilma miakvlia vaxtang kotetiSvilis werilis _ `1922 wlis qarTuli mwerlobis
mimoxilva~ _ daubeWdav fragments, romelic robaqiZes exeba. Rirssacnobia misi
komentari: `robaqiZe avtors qarTuli kulturis axali stilis Semqmnelad miaCnia anu
imgvar Semoqmedad, romelsac ZaluZs danergos, ganavrcos da sxvebisaTvis gadamdebad
gaiazros mxatvruli aRqmisa da Semecnebis aqamde ucnobi formebi.
85
`...briusovma erT leqsSi balmonts mimarTa: ` , ~, _ vkiTxulobT
werilSi, `viRac unda arsebobdes, rom gr. robaqiZes mimarTos briusovis msgavsad. igi
marTlac rom Tavis poetur wreSi winaswarmetyvelia. igi iZleva parolebs. igi abrunebs
poeziis kompass~... (kupreiSvili 2003:64-65). vaxtang kotetiSvilis werili 1923 wliT
TariRdeba, CvendaTavad SevniSnavT, rom robaqiZe marto Tavis poetur wreSi rodi iyo
winaswarmetyveli, dRemde TiTqmis Seuswavlelia misi prozisa da dramaturgiis
zegavlena 20-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaze.
`modernizmis qadagi~, `winaswarmetyveli~, `mTawmideli~, `uwmindesi~, `unetaresi~ _
amgvarad amkobdnen maestros cisferyanwelebi, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom galaktionis
sarwmuno mosazrebiT, robaqiZes jgufis saxelwodebis SerCevaSic ki ar miuRia
monawileoba. galaktionis sityvebs (miuxedavad misTvis Cveuli ironiisa) namdvilad
daejereba: igi `cisferi yanwebis~ I nomerSic TanamSromlobda, Tumca maleve ganudga maT;
sabolood davSordiT erTmaneTs me, gafrindaSvili da iaSvilio, _ werda igi olia
okujavas.
`galaktionis da cisferyanwelTa urTierTobas exeba bela wifuria werilSi
`galaktioni da cisferyanwelebi~ (`galaktionologia~, I, Tb., 2002 w., gv. 60-78).
galaktionis arqivSi gamovlenili es unikaluri fragmenti gamoqveynda 1995 wels:
`eZebdnen iseT saxels, romelic unda yofiliyo 1) sruliad axali mimarTulebis
gamomxatveli, 2) erovnuli koloritis matarebeli da 3) romelic gamodgeboda jgufis
saxelwodebisTvisac. paolom sTqva `cisferi yanwebi~ da gaitana kidec, vinaidan mis mets
fuli aravis hqonda almanaxis gamosacemad. amgvarad daibada jgufi `yanwebis~
saxelwodebiT. rogorc maxsovs, sxva saxelwodeba ar yofila wamoyenebuli. `cisferi~
romantiulia, `yanwebi~ _ ormagad. jer rogorc TviT sagani da anbanTa rigiT y. w. _
erovnuliao, ambobdnen~ (tabiZe 1995).
ostat-SegirdTa wesisamebr, robaqiZesa da axalgazrda poetTa Soris arc wvrilmani
ganxeTqileba iyo ucxo. marTlac, paolosaTvis bevri ram mxolod `TamaSi~ iyo, mas SeeZlo
TveobiT ar mihkareboda sawer magidas, SeeZlo gadahyoloda nairgvar mistifikaciebs,
gadaxvewiliyo samogzaurod, sanadirod, sanadimod; artistuli, emociuri ticianisaTvis
sruliadac ar iyo saTakilo dadaizmTan Tu futurizmTan kavSiri.
yvelaze `orTodoqs-simbolistad~ aRiarebuli valerian gafrindaSvilis mrwamsi
ufro misaRebi iyo robaqiZisaTvis, swored mas mimarTavda maestro `samediatorod~. amis
dasturia misi uaRresad saintereso, 1919 wliT daTariRebuli kerZo werili quTaisSi
myofi valerianisadmi; magram aq mcire retro-eqskursi dagvWirdeba: 1917 wlidan
TbilisSi revoluciasa da samoqalaqo oms ganridebulma bevrma rusma avangardistma
moiyara Tavi. maT Soris iyo aleqsei kruCionixi, usaCinoesi futuristi da `zaumuri~ enis
fuZemdebelTagani. igi jer `futuristebis sindikatSi~ Sevida, ilia zdaneviCTan, kolau
CerniavskisTan, lado gudiaSvilTan da kirile zdaneviCTan erTad, xolo 1918 wlis
TebervalSi ilia zdaneviCTan da igor terentievTan erTad futurizmis `axali~ saxeoba
_ jgufi `41
0
~-is _ Seqmna.
qarTveli da rusi avangardisti poetebi da mxatvrebi mSvidobianad
Tanaarsebobdnen, monawileobdnen erTurTis saRamoebsa da beWdviT organoebSi,
ikribebodnen xan `fantastiCeski kabaCokSi~, xanac cisferyanwelTa kafe `qimerionSi~
(orive maTgani rusTavelis prospeqtze mdebareobda).
maT erTobliv saRamos exeba robaqiZis werili valerian gafrindaSvilisadmi:
`Zvirfaso valerian!
ivnisis Svids aq saRamo gaimarTa Sesaxeb mxatvrobis. ilaparakes: kakabaZem,
sudeikinma, ticianma, me. ticianis sityva CemTvis moulodneli iyo: jer erTi, TiTqos mas
daaswres futurizmis deklaracia (aseTi iyo STabeWdileba) ganacxada man: futurizmis
namdvili deklaracia am scenidan male moxdeba Cveni jgufis mier. garda amisa, iyo aseTi
xazi saxelebis: pikasso da skriabini, mallarme da kruConixi... da sxva...
me avReldi saSinlad: umTavresad imis gamo, rom Tema Cemi iyo sasicocxlo (_
CemTvis mainc), vilaparake kubizmis Sesaxeb: rogorc Tanamedrove ritmi kosmosis daSlis
aTvisebisa. miviRe igi imdenaT, ramdenaTac igi gamarTlebulia sulis tragediiT da
esTetiuri kaTarzisiT. gareSe amisa: igi mxolod demonologiaa. kruConixi davaxasiaTe
rogorc ` ~ da vamxile misi SemoqmedebiTi araraoba (mallarmes
gverdiT mas ra unda?!)... Cemi sityva albaT daibeWdeba.
Semdeg: ticiani gamomelaparaka:
man miTxra: rogorc `Cven~ gveCveneba `sio~ da sxva amgvari banalobad, ase eCveneba
albaT kruConixs banalobad balmonti da sxvao... da mec amas vgrZnob sworado.
me SevekiTxe: iqneba odesme qveyanaze iseTi ram, romelic Semdeg banalobad aravis
moeCvenos?
86
man momigo: ara.
me kidev: maS msoflios miReba SeuZlebelia?
ticiani: diax, SeuZlebelia...
me: aqedan daskvna?
ticiani: Tavis mokvla...
man isic gadmomca, rom Tqven uari giTqvamT sonetis weraze da paolos utiria, rom
poezia ukanasknelad daeWvebia...
me ar minda aq yvelaferi vTqva...
me minda mxolod Tqveni da paolos azri gavigo.
Tqven kargad iciT Cemi azri: poezia araritmuli sityvaa da msoflios metafizikuri
amowurva. es daskvna bevrs rames Txoulobs winaswar. me mwams, rom msoflio RvTis qmnadia
da xelovani misi TanaSemoqmedi. es ar aris figuruli Tqma. Tu es miRebuli iqna, mTeli
demonologia ticianis uaryofil unda iqnas...
Tqven iciT, rom me TqvenTan var rogorc Zma da Semoqmedi. Zalze vgrZnob Tqveni
(samis) siyvaruls. xolo, SesaZloa Tqven (paolo da Tqven) ise fiqrobdeT, rogorc
ticiani da marTlac gadawyvetili gqondesT axali `gamosvla~.
unda icodeT, rom am SemTxvevaSi ver gamogyvebiT. siyvaruli namdvili sastikia. me
ar SemiZlia Tavis Tavis Ralati. TqvenTvisac ufro kargi iqneba: ufro Tavisuflad
imoqmedebT.
nu gaikvirvebT, rom `ase~ gwerT: miuxedavad ticianis `impressionizmisa~, misma
sityvebma damafiqres.
es baraTi waukiTxeT paolos...
veli pasuxs: orivesagan...
Tqveni erTguli gr. robaqiZe.
misamarTi: Tbilisi, cxneTis q. 4, bina 1.
P.S. aucilebelia Tqveni da paolos aq Camosvla erTi kviriT mainc~ (robaqiZe 1988).
veras vityvi imis Taobaze, Tu ra Sedegi mohyva grigol robaqiZis Txovnas: SeiZleba
vivaraudo, rom maestros SeSfoTeba uTuod valeriansa da paolosac `gadaedo~
(grigolis ganawyeneba maTTvis warmoudgeneli iyo), maT saswrafod acnobes amis Taobaze
tician tabiZes... ase iyo Tu ise, araviTari erToblivi `futuristuri deklaracia~,
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, cisferyanwelebs ar gamouqveynebiaT. tician tabiZis
moulodneli gamosvla futurizmis deklaraciis `muqariT~ albaT ufro rus
futuristebTan metoqeobis grZnobiT Tu aixsneba. tician tabiZe didad afasebda
(Rirsebisamebr) kruCionixs. rusi poetis mimarT azri mas arc 1920 wels (anu
konfliqtidan 1 wlis Semdeg) Seucvlia, radgan sandro cirekiZis Jurnal `SvildosanSi~
werda: yvela politikur revolucias win uswrebda revoluciuri gardatexebi poeziaSi.
amis saukeTeso magaliTia kruCionixi, romlis zaumurma Tezisma `--~-ma
gauswro revolucias ruseTSio (tabiZe 1920).
paradoqsuli azrebiT da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse werilSi `dadaizmi da `cisferi
yanwebi~ tician tabiZe aRwerda Tbilisis kafe `imedSi~ gamarTul rusi futuristebis
saRamos. Cans, swored am saRamoze 1919 wlis 7 ivniss momxdarma incindentma gaagulisa
grigol robaqiZe.
`saRamo moawyves rusma futuristebma ilia zdaneviCma, a. kruCionixma da
terentievma. es saRamo iyo futuristebis mxatvrobis. umTavresad aq warmodgenili iyo
meore zdaneviCi (igulisxmeba ilias Zma kirile zdaneviCi l. a.) da lado gudiaSvili.
moxsenebas kiTxulobda `futuristuli sityvis iezuiti~ kruCionixi. rodesac tfilisis
akademiis wurbelebma ijeres guli (maxsovs iyvnen maTematikis doqtori xarazovi da s.
gorodecki), roca futuristebis fronti moixsna da a. kruCionixi Cxaoda, rogorc
mogdebuli kata, sityva aiRo grigol robaqiZem. es iyo qariSxlis movardna (albaT es Rame
daamaxsovrda al. kruCionixs, roca grigol robaqiZes daarqva `
~)...
...am apokalipsisis orkestridan ramdenime fraza davimaxsovre. aq iyo laparaki
nicSes instinqtebis anarqiaze, edgar pos miwis qvesknelis gaJrJolebaze, geologiur
katastrofebze... daskvna aseTi iyo: futuristebi gamarTlebuli arian cxovrebiT. Tqven
amtkicebT, rom isini Segnebulad jambazoben: magram kargi: Tu saukeTeso axalgazrdoba
safrangeTis, ruseTis, saqarTvelosi da SeiZleba mTeli qveynisac Segnebulad jambazobs,
miT uaresi TviTon qveynisTviso.
...im Rames grigol robaqiZem gaxsna Tavisi maska. am Rames is ar iyo mTawmindeli,
RvawliT Semosili, masSi dasZlia poetis ukiduresobam~... (tabiZe 1923).
ueWvelia, rom samiode wlis Semdeg, tician tabiZe sul sxvagvarad warmogviCens
kruCionixisa da robaqiZis `duels~: upiratesobas igi, ra Tqma unda, maestros aniWebs.
87
am incindentma, rogorc Cans, veraferi daaklo maT guliTad, wrfel siyvarulsa da
pativiscemaze dafuZnebul urTierTobas... win kidev didi gza iyo, magram `modernizmis
qadagi~ grigol robaqiZe cisferyanwelTa maradiul kerpad darCa.

damowmebani:

barbaqaZe 2003: barbaqaZe T. grigol robaqiZe da `poeziis akademia~. krebuli: TeTr siamayes
vaqandakeb Seni didebiT. Tb.: 2003.
baqraZe 1999: baqraZe a. kardu anu grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Rvawli. Tb.: 1999.
iaSvili 1913: iaSvili p. werili redaqciis mimarT. gaz. `Temi~, 170, Tb.: 1913.
iaSvili 1917: . 1917 . gaz. "", 40, .: 1917.
iaSvili 1922: iaSvili p. yanwelebi 1942 welSi. gaz. `barikadi~, 5, 1922.
iaSvili 2004: iaSvili p. saiubileo-saarqivo gamocema or wignad. wigni pirveli, Tb.: 2004.
kupreiSvili 2003: kupreiSvili n. literaturuli medalioni grigol robaqiZe. krebulSi:
TeTr siamayes vaqandakeb Seni didebiT. Tb.: 2003.
robaqiZe 1913: robaqiZe gr. baraTebi `oqros verZs~. Jurn. `oqros veZi~, 3, Tb.: 1913.
robaqiZe 1916: robaqiZe gr. aucilebeli ganmarteba. gaz, `saxalxo furceli~, 541, Tb.: 1916.
robaqiZe 1917: robaqiZe gr. qarTuli renesansi. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 257, Tb.: 1917.
robaqiZe 1988: robaqiZe gr. ori baraTi megobars. gaz. `Tbilisi~, 219, Tb.: 1988.
tabiZe 1995: tabiZe g. usaTauro. gaz. `poeziis dRe~, 15, Tb.: 1995.
tabiZe 1916: tabiZe t. cisferi yanwebiT. Jurn. `cisferi yanwebi~, 1-2, Tb.: 1916.
tabiZe 1920: tabiZe t. daisruli sebastiane. Jurn. Svildosani, quTaisi, 1920.
tabiZe 1923: tabiZe t. dadizmi da cisferi yanwebi. Jurn. meocnebe niamorebi, tfilisi.:
dekemberi, 1923.
jafar faSa 1916: jafar faSa (niko jafariZe). baton grigol robaqiZis leqcia. gaz. `samSoblo~,
330, 7 aprili, Tb.: 1916.
jorjaZe 1909: jorjaZe a. poeziis samflobeloSi. g. robaqiZis leqciis gamo. gaz. `droeba~,
239, Tb.: 1909. ganmeorebiT daistamba krebulebSi: Txzulebani arCil jorjaZisa.
wigni III, tf.: 1911; werilebi, Semdgeneli akaki baqraZe, Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,
1989.

Lali Avaliani
The Poets and the "Prophet"

Summary

The article researches mutual relationship between Grigol Robakidze and "Tsisperkantselebi" in 1909-
1924: mental influence of the lecturer Robakidze on the young poets; his participation in their magazines "Okros
Verdzi" and "Tsisperi Kansebi" with great sympathy and interest.
Based the press publications and private letters of that time, one can find some minor differences in
opinion among them, but this never influenced their mutual respest and love. Robakidze always remained the
idol of "Tsisperkantselebi".


88
Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi


maia jaliaSvili

sityvis xelovneba qarTuli modernistuli romanebis
konteqstSi

qarTul modernistul romanebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca sityvas,
aqcentirda misi mravalSrianoba Tu mravalmniSvnelovneba. sityvas damoukidebeli
substanciuri mniSvneloba mieniWa, iqca ara mxolod garkveuli azris, aramed ferisa da
musikis gamomxatvelad. qarTvelma modernistebma romani aqcies wminda mxatvrul-
esTetikur Rirebulebad, amitomac gamoxatvis formas mieniWa udidesi mniSvneloba.
grigol robaqiZe werda: `sityva TiTqos iWers sagans Tu movlenas, roca igi erqmeva
mas: `atyvevebs~, aqedan ~mWevrmetyvel~, xolo datyveveba aq Zaladobas ki ar moaswavebs,
aramed ganayofierebas~. misi azriT, `rqmevac~ amgvari agebulebisaa. `enis qvedenaSi
cnaurdeba pirvelad `logos~ _ da niSnavs igi xom `sityvasTan~ erTad `gonsac~. mwerlis
azriT, aristoteleseuli debuleba igiveobisa A=A-s, sabolood ver xsnis movlenas.
`kaci~ aris kaci, magram mis bunebaSi Tanve mziuricaa, muxuric, qvauric _ da ai romelime
saxsarSi Tavis yofisa igi `edareba~: mzes, muxas, qvas. robaqiZes magaliTad moaqvs axali
drois azrovnebaSi fesvgamdgari axali igiveoba. aq A=A-s, magram aqve B-c aris. frangebi
amas uwodeben `correspondanse~. qarTulSi am cnebis gamosaTqmelad moipoveba sityvebi:
Sesityveba, Sexameba, Sefereba, Sefardeba, SeTanxmeba. amrigad, saganni da movlenani erTi
meores exmaurebian da eTanxmebian. yoveli sagani Tu movlena amsaxveli sarkea meore
sagnis Tu movlenisTvis, ena amzeurebs am saidumlos~ (robaqiZe 1991: 249).
`gvelis perangSi~ sityvisadmi swored amgvari damokidebulebaa gamJRavnebuli. am
romanSi qarTuli ena xSirad amzeurebs saidumlos saganTa da movlenaTa urTierTasaxviT.
grigol robaqiZis werilebSi ara erTi saintereso da originaluri dakvirvebaa sityvaTa
etimologiaze. ai, rogor xsnis igi sityva `xelmwifeSi~ gamJRavnebul saidumlos: `ras
niSnavs mwife xeli? oqros xanaSi mmarTveli igulveboda mdidrad da uxvad _ ras niSnavs
`mwife xeli~ Tu ara simdidresa da siuxves? oqros xanis mmarTveli iyo Zlieri da marjve
_ ras niSnavs `mwife xeli~, Tu ara siZlieresa da marjs? mixeil wereTlis azriT, mwife
niSnavs `miwvdomasac~. maSasadame, mwife xeliT nagulisxmevia `mwdomelic~. e.i. is, vinc
wvdeba mas, raic sxvisTvis `miuwvdomelia~. `oqros xanaSi mmarTveli mefec iyo da
mRvdelic. qarTuli gagebiT, es asec unda yofiliyo, radgan, rogorc iTqva, `floba~
gamovlinebulia `uflisagan~. mflobeli, maSasadame, `mRvdelicaa~. imave mkvlevaris
mignebaSi sityva `mRvdeli~ warmosdgeba sityvisagan 'Rudva~, rac `wvas~ niSnavs. mRvdeli,
anu mwveli. igulisxmeba wva ara marto garegani: wva Sesawirav cxovelisa, aramed
Sinaganic: wva wadiliT RvTiuris misaRebad. mflobeli _ rogorc mefe da mRvdeli erT
pirovnebaSi kurTxevad iTvleboda~ (robaqiZe 1991: 261).
rogorc nebismier mwerals, qarTvel modernistebsac axasiaTebT gansakuTrebuli
siyvaruli zogierTi formisadmi. magaliTad, grigol robaqiZisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
erTgvari `hae~ _ metoba, ra Tqma unda, am terminis ara tradiciuli gagebiT. igi `h~-s
iyenebs sityvaSi: dah. `momikvda oTxi Zma da sami dah~ (robaqiZe, 1995). amgvarad, erTgvari
siZvelis elferi edeba sityvas da mis intimurobas gamohkveTs. `qalma sTxova Tavis dahs
amorZalTa dedofals _ ar gaeyidnaT ucxoelni~ (robaqiZe 1989). asevea sityva
`hellenur~ _ nacvlad elinurisa an antikuri berZnulisa. `hellenur sarkofagTan
sikvdili TiTqo TamaSia da sicocxle~ (robaqiZe 1989,:102), `irahSanda~ _ am sityvaSi `h~
qalis saxels siRrmes matebs da erTgvar saidumlo elfers adebs. aseve, xSirad aormagebs
`l~ asosac. magaliTad, `allan~.
`gvelis perangSi~ yuradRebas iqcevs zmnis modalobac. mwerali xSirad irCevs
imgvar kilos, rac gaocebas, daeWvebas gulisxmobs da Soreul sagnebsa Tu movlenebs
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da, imavdroulad, kidec acalkevebs.
`da yvelgan `mama~
romlis saxeli cecxlis nalebiT sdaRavs tvins.
aseTi cxeli nalebi Timuris gavardnils cxens Tu hqonda~ (robaqiZe 1989). aq
SeiZleboda sityva `Tu~ ar yofiliyo da TiTqos araferi Seicvleboda, magram am `Tum~
erTgvarad Seanela msgavsebis `gaqvaveba~ da moZraobaSi warmogvidgina. aqve yuradRebas
89
iqcevs mocemuli brunvis zedmeti `s~-c. unda iyos `gavardnil cxens~, magram amgvari
licenciebiT sityvas eniWeba striqonisTvis sasurveli JReradoba. amgvari gramatikuli
Secdomebi Tu darRvevebi sxvaganac gvxvdeba. magaliTad, subieqtis mesame piris
mravlobiTi ricxvis ase gamoyeneba: `gaxelden~ (nacvlad `gaxeldnen~), `gadacvivden~,
`daamsxvrien~ (nacvlad, `gadacvivdnen, daamsxvries~) da sxva.
vamexTan pirveli Sexvedrisas ase aRwers mwerali arCibaldis gancdas:
`salami.
arCibald uRimis. pirvelad gaxsnil Subls moavlebs Tvals TiTqo uCveuli xazi
dainaxa. arCibalds Crdili gadauars. wyenis _ Tu...~ (robaqiZe 1989). aq es `Tu~ sami
wertiliT gamoxatuli Tavisi gaurkvevlobiT avlens ara mwerlis `daeWvebulobas~, rom
ver miuxvda personaJs gulisTqmas, aramed TviT personaJisve gaognebas, romelsac ver
gaurkvevia Tavisi grZnobis arsi. ase ostaturad ixateba sityvebis saSualebiT sulis
uRrmesi moZraobani. sazogadod, damaxasiaTebelia amgvari daeWvebuloba, xan sami
wertiliT, xan kiTxvis niSniT, ufro xSirad ki kiTxva-Zaxilis niSnis gamoyenebiT.
mwerali ase gadmogvcems vamexisa da arCibaldis saubars:
`midian qalaqis gareT. dumili.
_ `sairme~ sad mdebareobs saqarTveloSi?!
fersaTis mTebis kalTebze...
_ fersaTis mTebis...
(xo araferi gaxsenebia?!)~
mwerali ar wers, rom gmirs raRac gaaxsenda an TiTqos raRac unda gaexsenebina.
pirdapir CaerTveba TviTon da Tavisi amgvari `myofobiT~ dialogs erTgvari
`gaSualebiT~, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiliT warmogviCens.
imave dialogs ase agrZelebs:
`_ imereTsa da samegrelos gadascqeris...
_ imereTsa da samegrelos...
(xom ar axsovs bavSvis cqera seridan?!~) (robaqiZe 1989).
gmiris gancdis gamosaxvaSi amgvari daeWvebuloba avlens mwerlis did krZalvasa da
ndobas gmirisadmi. personaJi cocxalia, namdvilia, rogorc TviTon mwerali da
mkiTxveli, amitomac mwerali eWvobs, sworad miuxvda Tu ara mas, gaigo Tu ara misi azri,
ganzraxva, an ra imaleba misi sityvebisa Tu mzeris miRma.
aseTi magaliTebi romanSi xSiria da amgvarad igi mwerlis stilis damaxasiaTeblad
iqceva.
robaqiZe wers: `gaqvaveba cremlebiT~. aq `moZravis~ (cremlebi) da `uZravis~ (qva)
amgvari Serwyma saocari siRrmiT xatavs gmiris sulier ganwyobilebas. aq erTdroulad
ixateba garegani da Sinagani. garegani gaqvaveba amxels Sinagan did mRelvarebas, rac
Rawvebze momdinare cremlebiT mJRavndeba.
`gaqvaveba cremlebiT.
_ es raRaa?!
sargis iRebs patara boxCas.
gaxsnis Sig: miwis natexi.
gakvirveba.
_saqarTvelodan gadaxvewilebs Tan mihqondaT misi miwa.
sargis garbis areuli.
arCibaldis qviTins ra daanelebs~ (robaqiZe 1989: 95). es patara epizodi Zvirfasi
TvaliviT brwyinavs teqstSi. igi dasrulebuli miniaturaa. qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis
Zalze nacnobi Tema, `erTi SexedviT `Zveleburi~ damuSavebiT, moulodneli, ucnauri
zemoqmedebis Zalas iZens. aq yoveli sityva cocxlobs, moZraobs TiTqos damoukideblad.
moaqvs raRac iseTi Sinaarsi, rac ar gamoiTqmis da mxolod cremlsa da qviTinSi
mJRavndeba.
petriZis sikvdilisas mwerali wers: `Tvalebi scildebian cocxlebs _ iq myofT.
Tvalebi udabnoSi imzirebian. udabnoSi nakverCxlebia.
nakverCxalT cremlebi sdiT~ (robaqiZe 1989: 106).
aq xdeba erTi sagnidan meoreze gadanacvleba, TiTqos Tvals mivadevnebT sulis
gardasxeulebas maradisobaSi, imavdroulad, sulis tkivils amqveyniurTan ganSorebis
gamo. Tvalebi imzirebian udabnoSi. mere Tvalebi ukve udabnoSi anTebuli nakverCxlebia,
swored am nakverCxlebs sdiT cremlebi. cecxlisa da wylis _ am ori
urTiergamomricxveli movlenis Tanayofna sikvdilis idumalebas warmoaCens.
kldeebSi qaravnis svlas amgvarad xatavs grigol robaqiZe:
`dzin. dzin. dzin. dzin. dzin.
don. don. don. don. don.
90
gaaun. gaun. gaun. gaun. gaun~.
5-jer (da ara 4-jer an sxva nebismierjer) gameoreba am sityvebisa qmnis aqlemebis
neli svlis ritms. TiTqos Cagvesmis kidec maTi mZime, ritmuli nabijebis xma, Tanve
zarebis JRarun-wkriali. aqve wers: `aqlemebi rbilsa da asevdil fexebs moTenTil lajiT
zarebis wkaruns ayoleben~ (robaqiZe 1989: 116). es epiTetebi: `moTenTili~, `rbili~,
`asevdili~ mkiTxvels SeagrZnobinebs aqlemTa utyv sevdas.
`aq: ritmia. simZime ra SuaSia?!~ (robaqiZe 1989: 117). Tavisi am moulodneli CarTviT
ki mwerali kontrasts qmnis daRlilobasTan. marTalia, aqlemebi grZeli gziT daiRalnen,
magram maTi siarulis ritmi msubuqia, radgan maTi gauTavebeli svla TiTqos miwaze ki
aRar mimdinareobs, aramed haerSi. mwerali aqlemTa qaravans xatavs rogorc erT sxeuls
da wers: `Zroba sxeulis: mediduri _ mzexiluli _ mzenakravi _ mravalnacadi~. mijriT
miwyobili es epiTetebi erTmaneTs aZliereben da mkiTxvelsac uRrmaveben
STabeWdilebas. roca arCibaldi matasis umzers, grigol robaqiZe wers: `modis qarTuli
miwa: misi mkerdebiT _ misi xnulebiT _ misi ZuZuebiT _ misi jejilebiT~ (robaqiZe 1989:
297). `nebas Svildavs~ _ aseTi sityvaTSeTanxmebiT ukeTesad ixateba sulieri
mdgomareoba gmirisa.
romanSi xandaxan gvxvdeba aliteraciac:
`Caqneul bages sevda gasCenia. sevdas ironia wamocmia.
Caqceuli mkerdi kidev ufro Caqceula. qSinavs CafuSuli saberveliviT~ (robaqiZe
1989: 104).
yovel mwerals aqvs Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli leqsika, gamorCeulad sayvareli
sityvebi. grigol robaqiZes uyvars sityva `luSi~ da xSirad iyenebs mas. `yana ufens mas
siluSes da mze ayris mas mewamuls~ (robaqiZe 1989: 92). am magaliTSi yuradRebas iqcevs
nacvalsaxeli `mas~, romelic orjer meordeba, rac xazs usvams qalisadmi yanisa da mzis
Tanabar `aRtacebul~ damokidebulebas. TiTqos mTeli kosmosi `fexqveS efineba~
xramisken gavardnil qalwuls. gramatikulad uadgilo `mas~ amgvarad iZens esTetikur
Rirebulebas. `Tvalebi _ Tvalebi. undobi talRa da xvliki luSi~. da sxva. aseve uyvars
mwerals sityva `alerdi~. `tans getmasneba sveli alerdi~ (robaqiZe 1989: 93). alerdi
sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, nedli Tivaa. `atevrili~: `da atevrili sxeulmziani~ (robaqiZe
1989: 93). tevridan warmoqmnili atevrili qalis sxeulis mSvenebas mTeli sisavsiT
warmogviCens. mwerali xSirad qmnis kompozitebs: `tanxurvali~, `sxeulmziani~,
`cxelwviviani~. robaqiZes aseve uyvars sityva `gasudruli~. `gasudruli mtevani~
(robaqiZe 1989:94). `olga gasudrulia~ (robaqiZe 1989: 103). ~iranis taSiri gasudrulia:
pani Tu ibadeba~ (robaqiZe 1989: 110).
stefan malarme werda: `me vambob: yvavili! da ai, daviwyebis siRrmidan, sadac Cemi
xmis bgerebi aZeveben yoveli konkretuli yvavilis siluets, aRmocendeba raRac sruliad
gasxvavebuli CemTvis cnobili yvavilebisgan, rogorc musikaSi Cndeba yvavilis
momajadoebeli idea, romelsac ver vipoviT verc erT namdvil TaigulSi... leqsi,
romelic gadaadnobs sityvebs axal, mTlian sityvad, sityva-Selocvad, iwvevs sakvirvel
SegrZnebas _ TiTqos aseTi, TavisTavad sakmaod ubralo enobrivi fenomeni manamde
arasdros gvsmenia da TviT amgvari sityviT aRniSnuli sagnis gaxsenebis procesic
uCveulo atmosferoSi mimdinareobs~ (malarme 1997: 7).
mwerali xSirad iyenebs `~-s formian sityvebs: `taba taba~, `maa~, `sarighi~
(nacvlad sargisisa. ase uwodebs momakvdav sargiss misi satrfo irahSanda da amgvarad
edeba ubralo saxels erTgvari romantikuli elferi) (robaqiZe 1989: 106).
momakvdavi petriZis bolo wuTebs ase aRwers mwerali: `xelebi _ Zvlebi qalis
Tmebisken iweven.
_ irahSanda.. irahSanda..
_ sairighi..
_ eloieloi lamah sabaqTani..
_ saairighi!
sargis aRaras ityvis~ (robaqiZe 1989: 109).
momakvdavis bolo sityvebi ise JRers, TiTqos ucxo ena_sxva ena. ebraulad CarTuli
jvarze gakruli iesos sityvebi ufro aZlierebs momakvdavis bolo amosunTqvisa da
RvTisTvis sulis mibarebis gancdas.
grigol robaqiZe xSirad iyenebs sityvebs: `mzera~, `cecxli~. am sityvebiT TiTqos
sicocxlesac moixelTebs. xom werda kidec am sityvebze: `mze aris sicocxlis Tesli.
qarTveli enis mkvlevari mixeil wereTeli gvamcnevs, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs
qarTulSi fesvs: `cx~ _ misi azriT, `mucelis~ pirvandeli forma iyo `mucxeli~. mTavari
aq `cx~ aris, rogorc sityvaSi `sicocxle~ _ Sesatyvisi rusulSi `Jivot _ Jizna~,
germanulSi `leib _ leiben~. Tu es asea, maSin `sicocxle~ da `cecxli~ sityvieri tyupebi
91
yofilan. rogor gaixarebda herakles efeseli, scodnoda mas, rom romeliRac enaSi
`sicocxle~ naazrevia, viTar `cecxli~, swamda xom mas, rom samyaros ZiriTadi Tauri
cecxlia~ (robaqiZe 1991: 255).
grigol robaqiZe uCveulo alRoTi grZnobda qarTuli enis uSinaganes siRrmeebs da
zedapirze natifi da daxvewili ostatobiT `amowerda~. `londaTi~ aRtacebuli valerian
gafrindaSvili werda: `qarTuli ena am piesaSi iZleva sakvirvel intonaciebs da, amave
dros, monumentaluria, rogorc qandakeba. aravis ar unaxavs iseTi sityvebi gaxelebuli
mzisTvis, rogorc `londas~ avtors. aq dausrulebeli orgiastobaa enis. aRmosavleTis
mze yviris `londaSi~ begemotis xmiT da sityvebi _ TiTqos avadmyofni _ cofianebiviT
igrixebian da gviyefen, rogorc avzniani sulebi. avtori sruliad daeufla qarTul enas
da sityvebis urdo emorCileba mas, Tumca es urdo mrisxaned Sehyurebs Tavis batons.
saWiroa magari ZarRvebi, rom gauZlo am sityvebis grigals da simfonias~ (gafrindaSvili
1990: 566).
TviTon grigol robaqiZe erTgan SeniSnavda, rom didad iyo davalebuli bodlerisa
da rembosgan da, sazogadod, frangi poetebisgan, romelTac musika samyaros mxatvruli
gardasaxvis umTavres `teqnikur instrumentad~ warmoadgines.
konstantine gamsaxurdia `dionisos RimilSi~ sityvaTqmnadobis sakiTxs udides
mniSvnelobas aniWebda. gansakuTrebiT ki, poetur prozas. `gasuli saukunis mwerlebma
gaaRaribes, gascviTes, gaaRatakes xelxvaviani ena qarTuli~, _ werda igi, _ leqsika
daiSrita, uadgilo barbarizmebiT gaivso, sintaqsi Seiryvna da daviwyebas mieca
darbaisluri da Warbi qarTuli prozis mravalnacadi tradicia. uTuod saWiro iyo
erTgvari anabazis da mec Segnebulad ukan davixie. leqsikuri masalis mxriv me savsebiT
Segnebulad, uxvad davesesxe `visramianis~ mTargmnels, sabas, Cvens did hagiografebs da
mTargmnelebs. aqve unda aRvniSno, d. guramiSvilis Semdeg arc erT qarTvel mwerals ar
mohgonebia uZlieresi qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis monapovris jerovnad gamoyeneba.
me SemovuSvi axal qarTulSi mravali gadasuli sityva. samagierod, aseve uxvad vasxure
Cems leqsikas xevsurulidan, imerulidan, qarTl-kaxuridan da megrul-gurul
enakavebidan nasesxebi sityvebi~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 386).
`ZiriTadi xelovneba literaturaa, xolo umSvenieresi da umdidresi Suamavali _
sityva, _ werda o. uaildi (uaildi 1982: 120).
bianka eubneba savarsamiZes: `saocari xalxi xarT, Tqven, poetebi, Tumca umetesad
garyvnili, mainc suliT mgloviareni, lamazi sityvisTvis berad Semdgari raindebi.
TqvenisTana xalxi codvaa am wyeul saukuneSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 98).
oskar uaildi fiqrobda, rom `masala, romelsac mxatvari an moqandake iyenebs,
Zalze mwiria sityvier masalasTan SedarebiT. sityvebi violasa da barbiTis xmebiviT
tkbilad JReren. iseTive mdidari da cincxali ferebi aqvT, rogoriTac gvxiblavs
veneciuri da espanuri tiloebi, aranakleb mtkice da gamokveTili formebi, vidre imas,
rac marmarilosa Tu brinjaoSi warmogvidgeba. garda amisa, sityvebs aqvT fiqri, vneba,
STagoneba da yovelive es mxolod sityvis kuTvnilebaa~ (uaildi 1982: 35).
xSirad sityvas sWirdeba foni _ Sinagani Tu garegani _ misi siRrmis
Sesamecneblad. swored amgvari siRrmiT warmoudga aTasgzis gagonili `amaoeba amaoTa~
savarsamiZes, roca albanos sasaflaoze, sanaxevrod daxavsebul lodze amoikiTxa.
`sityva xom gamosrolili tyviasaviT brmaa da daundobeli. xSirad aTasobiT gadagirbens
Tavze zuzuniT. Seni sulis sarkmelTan daiwyebs farfats, magram mainc ver mogwvdeba.
xanac moulodnelad dageZgereba da ukurnebeli gesliT dagkodavs~ (gamsaxurdia1992:
186).
saxelSi idumal igulisxmeba adamiani, amitom aris, rom jenetis saxelis xsenebac ki
sixaruliT aRavsebs savarsamiZes. `da me gimnazieliviT Seyvarebuli var mis saxelze.
bloknotebze, ubis wignakebSi, cariel qaRaldze, yvelgan mis saxels vawer. minda, mudam
misi saxeli mesmodes~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 71).
grigol robaqiZe udides yuradRebas aqcevda saxelebis `metyvelebas~. igi werda:
`saxeli: TiTqo totemi meomar klasis.
saxeli, romelSic fatumia dagrovili~.
es saxelia '`lenin~ (robaqiZe 1989: 184).
`gvelis perangSi~ sityva `mamas~ gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. gmiri TviTon
sityvas ganicdis. `saxeli cecxlis nalebiT sdaRavs tvins~ (robaqiZe 1989: 96).
galaktioni werda, rom sityvas azrisagan dmoukidebeli silamaze da fasi hqonda,
`rogorc Zvirfas qvebs, yelsaxvev margalitebs, an beWdebs... vinc icis fasi, igi
aRtacebulia mSvenier sityvebiT. aris sityvebi _ almasebi, iagundebi, lalebi, arian
sityvebi, romlebic brwyinaven fosforiviT~ (tabiZe 1986: 246].
92
van gogi erT werilSi SeniSnavs: `gana azris, sityviT gamoTqma iseTive saintereso,
iseTive Zneli ar aris, rogorc ferebiT gadmocema? arsebobs feris, arsebobs xazis
xelovneba, magram sityvis xelovneba masze naklebi arasodes yofila da arc iqneba~ (van
gogi 1981: 290).
erTi sareklamo sityva `pertinaqs~ `dionisos RimilSi~ warmoaCens civilizebul
yofaSi gaucxoebuli adamianis sulier tkivils. es sityva itevs uamrav uazro xmas,
WuWyian quCebs, maTxovrebs, meZavebs, kafeebs, adamianTa gacveTil, usulgulo
urTierTobebs, erTi sityviT, yvelafers, rasac qalaqSi SeiZleba Sexvdes adamiani.
berlinis erT-erT quCaSi, tyviebis wvimaSi moxvedrili savarsamiZe yvelgan
sikvdilis qrolvas xedavs da uceb mis yuradRebas miipyrobs wiTeli reklama _
`pertinaqs~ _ romelic yvelafers nTqavs _ adamianebs, sikvdils, sicocxles, qalaqs da
TiTqos mTel samyarosac. daRlil savarsamiZes TiTqos sdevnis es wiTeli plakati. uazro
`pertinaqs~ _ bgeraTa imgvari Serwymisaa, rom misi JReradoba eklebiviT Cxvlets, an
najaxiviT esoba gulze. es reklama gadainacvlebs fizikuri sivrcidan savarsamiZis
sulier samyaroSic da Signeuls ufleTs. miwis zedac da miwis qveSac _ yvelgan
`pertinaqsia~. savarsamiZe cdilobs, Tavi daaRwios, wavides `mousavleTisken, qaosisken~,
sadac `kedlebze, vitrinebze da afiSebis boZebze ar aweria uazro, absurduli, nervebis
amSleli: pertinaqs, pertinaqs, pertinaqs~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 262).
`sazogadod, Zvelad icodnen sityvis damorCilebac da patronobac, magram
meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneSi qarTul sityvas rixi ekargeba~, _ werda v.
kotetiSvili. (kotetiSvili 1986: 295). misi azriTve, arsebobs `Taviseburi qveyana _
sityvis. ucnauria igi. metad nazi moCans, magram, amave dros, saSineli despotia mefobs. aq
ise wmindad inaxaven modgmas, rom ucxos, agreTve Taviss, magram gonjs, ar ikareben. ara Tu
mwerlobaSi, sasaubro enaSic ki sityvis SemrCevi da mcodne cnobas imsaxurebs.
mwerlobaSi ki sityva _ patrici aris. igi gorozi TvalebiT gadascqeris garemos da
ufrTxildeba sakuTar ampartavnobas, ucxo sityva iq mxolod tvirTmzidvelis rols
asrulebs~ (kotetiSvili 1986: 294).
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sityvisadmi gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas amJRavnebda
H
2
S0
4-
is jgufi. misi wevrebi sityvis sruliad axal arqiteqtonikas qmnidnen. m. abulaZe
`sityvis katastrofas~ ukavSirebda teqnikur progress. misi azriT, ara mxolod sityvas,
aramed bgerasac SeeZlo movlenis gamoxatva, rom moZraobis simravle amcirebda maTi
gamosaxatavi sityvebis raodenobas. futuristebi werdnen `sityvis krizisze~ da
cdilobdnen sityvis `gaTavisuflebas~ Sinaarsisagan (e.w. zaumi). S. alxaziSvili werda,
radgan sityva jer xma aris, mere Sinaarsi, CemTvis sityva `ofli~ ufro lamazia, vidre
`vardio~. isini fiqrobdnen sityvis `qimiur daSlaze~, e.w. ~lingvoteqnikasa~ da '`sityvis
montaJze~, romelsac `roSvas~ uwodebdnen (aqedan, poeti iyo `roSari~). isini qadagebdnen
`bgeraTa fiziologias~, sityvebi `esmodaT~, rogorc mxolod xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa
harmoniebi. d. Sengelaia werilSi `taqtilizmi~ (gaz. `drouli~) werda, rom sityvas iseve
unda vexebodeT da vgrZnobdeT, rogorc skams, logins, kedels. taqtilizmi _ Sexebaa.
(taqtilizms unda Seecvala rusuli `zaumi~). misi azriT, `sityva iSleba formulad~.
Txzaven termin `optioakustikas~, e. i. xedviT bgeras da sxva.
joisi werda: `saxelebi, romelTac vxvdebiT Cvens enaze arsebul literaturaSi,
gadmogvecema, rogorc wminda saxelebi, ara imitom, rom qarafSutulad miviRoT, aramed
raTa windawinve pativiscemiT ganvimsWvaloT maTdami. isini gzas gviCveneben enis
gzajvaredinze, icaven enas gadagvarebisgan, sworad mimarTaven mas mTavar gzaze.
afarToeben da aumjobeseben win mimavals, magram yovelTvis mTavar gzaze rCebian, Tumca
bevri gverdiTi ganStoeba am gzisa yovelmxriv miemarTeba~ (joisi 1989: 385).
qarTul enaze Seyvarebuli savarsamiZe erTgan mis qebasac warmoTqvams: `ena
qarTuli _ myinvariviT gulzviadi, ena qarTuli _ zRvasaviT ulevi, ena qarTuli _
TasmasaviT moqnili, ena qarTuli _ RmerTebis ena, xandaxan mainc momadgebian pirze
marCbivi sityvebi. dasaklav mozveriviT vxixineb da vwyevli im dRes, roca sizmars
gadayolilma Wabukurma ocnebam me ucxoeTSi gadamityua.
ena qarTuli _ RmerTebis ena! roca misi genia Sublze mkocnis, maSin orlesuli
maxvili ielvebs Cems pirSi, da ase mgonia, me TviTon var gamouTqmelis warmomTqmeli
RmerTi. da mebadeba axali Tema: unda davwero meorejer qebai didebulisa qarTulisa
enisai~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 349).
d. Sengelaia werda: `axla sityvebi Cemi nacnobi megobrebi arian, zogi Cemi
sayvarelia, zogi ucxo dedofali. zogi sityva CemTan erTad wveba loginSi, nebier
bavSviviT mklavze Tavs damadebs da mieZineba. me miyvars sityvebi, rogorc kriJangs oqro
da fuli... me Zlier miyvars sityvebiT cxovreba~. Winkas roca alaparakebs mwerali
`sanavardoSi~, imgvar leqsikas urCevs, imgvar sintaqss, mkiTxveli daueWveblad ijerebs,
93
rom es, marTlac, Winkaa, radgan, marTalia, adamianis enaze laparakobs,magram imgvarad,
rom mxolod mas axasiaTebs. `guSin saxlis aivanze kata gamomekida. Zlivs avaswari buxris
Tavze. iq, Tavanze, bevri nigozia, xaxvi da bia! me da Cemi coli, yapuzuna, Tavs viqcevT,
nigvzebs vTamaSobT da imaze vayolebT guls!..axla isic avadaa!...meloginea Cemi yapuzuna!
mas ori patara Svili SeeZina: qia da koko! jer Wipic ar SexmobiaT mucelze da isini ise
Sesaqcevni arian. Zalian vemduri Cems cols, nametania, qalo!...axlos ar mikarebs da sul
marto var.xandaxan larZayinebze Camokidebul Ramurebs viWer da ise sacodavi arian is
ubedurni, wripineben umweod!.. da ase vcxovrob CemTvis!..~ (Sengelaia 1983: 19).
demna Sengelaias leqsikaSic gvxvdeba iseTi sityvebi, romlebic aRar gamoiyenebian
saliteraturo metyvelebaSi. aseTia, magaliTad, `gaisnata~. `bayayi gaisnata da ucdis
mgzavrs, rom isic daRupos Waobis uZiro lorwoSi~ (Sengelaia 1983: 21). `boRazi~_
`orpiris boRazSi gemi akivldeboda~ (Sengelaia 1983: 25) da sxva.
demna Sengelaia aRwers, Tu rogor enatrebaT yaramansa da cicinos qalaqSi wasuli
Svili. am monatrebas ki aseTi dialogiT amxels:
`gaxsovs, Tolige, rava uyvarda zamTris Rameebi? _ ambobs cicino.
_ maxsovs!...upasuxebs yaraman da Tavs mwared iqnevs.
_ gaxsovs, rava uyvarda cxenze jdoma? misi Wirime...
_ maxsovs!
gaxsovs, rava eSinoda Secxadebis?..
_ maxsovs! _ upasuxebs yaraman odnav SemkrTali.
_ gaxsovs, ra naRvliani gamoxedva icoda.
_ kmara, Se qalo!... _ daiZaxebs igi odnav xmamaRla, SeSfoTebuli fexze wamoiWreba,
Sublze kankaliT xels gadaisvams da midis nela, welgaRunuli karebisken~ (Sengelaia
1983: 24). jer monotonuri `gaxsovs?~ ise gaiweleba, TiTqos dasasruli arc uCans, rogorc
Svilis monatrebas, mere uceb moikveTeba `kmara, Se qalo!~ magram es mokveTa ki ar anelebs,
aramed ufro amZafrebs Svilis molodinis udides tkivils.
s. kirkegori erTgan ironiulad SeniSnavda: `Cemi cxovreba sruliad uazroa. roca
vixseneb ganvlil wlebs, uneblieT survili miCndeba, Cemi sityva Sevadaro germanul
sityvas `Schnur~, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnavs rogorc zonars, ise rZals. isRa
darCa, rom kidev aqlemi da cocxic aReniSna~ (kirkegori 1991: 15).
sityvaTa saidumloebas xSirad igzneben xolme mweralni.
Tomas mani erTgan zolas `nanaze~ dakvirvebisas SeniSnavs: saidan modis es saxeli? es
aris uZvelesi bgerebi, kacobriobis uadresi, grZnobismieri butbuti. nana, es babiloneli
iStaris metsaxelia~ (mani 1995: 7).
savarsamiZe `visramianis~ kiTxvisas darwmunda, rom `erosi marTlac, sityvaSi
ibadeba~ da rom~ arian sityvebi, romelnic manam ar moZveldebian, vidre mze am qveynidan
ar wasula~ (gamsaxurdia 1992: 99).
qarTul modernistul romanebSi xSirad gvxvdeba erTi da imave sityvaTa Tu saxeTa
gameoreba. amgvarad xdeba msmenlis dapyroba, TiTqos gaTangva. `udabno! udabno! didi
qalaqis quCaa Cemi udabno! udabnoSi moxetiale landi. udabno! udabno!~ (gamsaxurdia
1992: 67).
`ena da azrovneba erTmaneTSi ganuyofladaa gadaxlarTuli da urTierTze
zemoqmedebs. sityvebs Tan axlavs sakuTari istoria da asociaciebi, rac am sityvebiT
moubarTaTvis mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs maT sazriss, miT umetes, rom sityvis
mniSvnelobas adamiani ufro aracnobierad SeigrZnobs, vidre inteleqtis meSveobiT
swvdeba~ (gaTri 1983: 22).
demna Sengelaias erTxel guram asaTianTan saubarSi uTqvams: `ibsenSi
gansakuTrebiT mxiblavda is, rac norvegiuli, eposidan modis. ra hqvia, biWo, im qals? ho,
solveig, solveig! ra mSvenieria! me mgoni swored es iyo Cemi siyvarulis mizezi~ (asaTiani
1977: 59).
`sanavardoSi~ `sagangebo yuradReba eqceva xalxur poezias, gamocanebs da
Selocvebs, romlebSic ara mxolod calkeuli sityvebi, aramed mTeli taepebia gaugebari
da mxolod fonetikiT, JReradobiT erTiandeba, Tumca gamoyenebiTi funqcia ki aqvT
dakisrebuli. mag. devisa da qajis Selocva:

edenieiTa RaiRe SamaTe,
edenia iavi egramane,
egresim iosi erivane,
da iona iosave.

94
Cans, aseTi metyveleba uZveles droSi SemoiRes qurumebma, raTa ucxo da gaugebar
sityvebs hqonodaT magiuri zemoqmedeba. sityvebis nislSi imaleboda umaRlesi sikeTe,
romlis STagonebiT hkurnavdnen avadmyofs~ (sigua 1991: 240).
o. uaildi fiqrobda, rom mxolod da mxolod sityvebs SeswevdaT unari, saTuTad
gamoeZerwaT da daexvewaT sruliad Camouyalibebeli grZnobebi. `swored maTSi aris
raRac saidumlo musika, barbiTisa da violas haerovani xmebiviT tkbili. mxolod ubralo
sityvebi! da gana aris ram amqveynad sityvis fasi da masze ufro realuri!~ (uaildi 1982:
33).
k. gamsaxurdiam `dionisos Rimils~ leqsikoni daurTo, radgan igi bevr iseT
sityvas iyenebs, rac sruliad ucxo iyo an daviwyebuli hqonda qarTvel mkiTxvels.
daviwyebul sityvaTa Soris bevri iseTia, uromlisodac gaRaribdeba qarTuli leqsika.
`aminaSati~, `avli~, ~avrexi~ (gvarad unayofo vazi), davaneba, `gaqarCxuli~ (gaTvaluli),
`uSqari~ (milioni), `harile~ (bewveuli) da sxva mravali.
sityvis xelovneba umTavresi da umniSvnelovanesia qarTveli modernistebisTvis
da qarTul modernistul romanSic upirvelesad swored sityvis SerCevas, mis
ostaturad, originalurad gamoyenebas mieqca udidesi yuradReba.

damowmebani:

asaTiani 1977: asaTiani g. sami saRamo demna SengelaiasTan. wignSi: kritikuli dialogebi,
werilebi, portretebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1977.
gaTri 1983: gaTri u. berZeni filosofosebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1983.
gamsaxurdia 1992: gamsaxurdia k. dionisos Rimili. Txz. 20 tomad. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba
`didostati~, 1992.
gafrindaSvili 1990: gafrindaSvili v. leqsebi, Targmanebi, eseebi, werilebi. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `merani~, 1990.
gogi 1981: gogi v. werilebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1981.
kirkegori 1991: kirkegori s. esTetikurisa da eTikuris wonasworoba. kreb. `lari~, Tb.: 1991.
kotetiSvili 1986: kotetiSvili v. aziisken. wignSi: `96 esse~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1986.
malarme 1997: malarme s. simbolizmis Sesaxeb. gaz. `arili~, 27 marti, Tb.: 1997.
mani 1995: mani T. rihard vagneri. Tb.: gamomcemloba `lomisi~, 1995.
robaqiZe 1989: robaqiZe gr. `gvelis perangi~; `falestra~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1989.
robaqiZe 1991: robaqiZe gr. saqarTvelos saTaveni. J. `literatura da xelovneba~, 2, Tb.: 1991.
sigua 1991: sigua s. martvili da alamdari. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1991.
tabiZe 1986: tabiZe g. Zvirfasi saflavebi. wignSi: `96 esse~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1986.
uaildi 1982: uaildi o. dorian greis portreti . Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1982.
Sengelaia 1983: Sengelaia d. sanavardo. rC. Txzulebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1983.
joisi 1989: joisi j. `eseebi~. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1989.

Maya Jaliashvili

The Art of Word in the Context of Modern Georgian Novels

Summary

The aspects of word`s art of modern Georgian novels in the article is shown and is analyzed variation on
this theme.
According to the novels by Grigol Robakidze`s "Snake`s skin", Konstantine Gamsakhurdia`s "Smile of
Dionisious" and Demna Shengelaia`s "Sanavardo" is investigated what ways and methods Georgian writers use
to express their feelings. Georgian modern writers gave a special attention to the word.
The polysemantic and multilayer of the word was accented in their novels. The word was given
independent and substance meanings. The word become not only certain idea, but the expression of colour and
music too.
Georgian modernists made a novel as a pure artistic-aesthetical value. Because of that the way of
expressing was given a great meaning. Its For all the writers, Georgian modernists are fond of some forms of the
words. Sometimes they remember the forgotten words and use them in new context. These writers revival the
mystic, secret, deep assence of word.
Georgian modernists transformed words as a symbols, to express the variation of reality, its
mythological, religious levels.
The vocabulary of modernists is rich with new word-combinations and creation of words, strange
colouring and melodious sounding.
95
Modernists felt not only the music and colour of the word, but the smell as well, and tried to make the
readers feel the same.
In the Georgian modernists novel, the primary attention was paid to pick out the correct word, and to use
it in the right way and on the right place.






Tamar paiWaZe

kaleidoskopuri aRqma Tu realoba?!

arsebobs cargvalis meore naxevari,
romelic albaT ufro mousvenaria.
umberto eko

axla sxva droa... dro, faseulobaTa gadafasebisa, alternativaTa speqtric bevrad
farToa. vgulisxmobT sulieri da moraluri imperativebis kaleidoskopuri Wvretis
xanas, romelic CvenSi TandaTan ufro TvalSisacemi xdeba. arCeviTobis principi Cvens
Tanamedroves araerTi realobisa da faqtis winaSe ayenebs: subkulturaTa simravle,
gemovnebis ierarqizacia, maTSi Seqmnili trendi moduri da aqtualuri tendenciebi,
xelovnebis gasagnebis aSkarad TvalSisacemi procesi, kulturuleTikuri kategoriebis
mozaikuri da dinamiuri gaazreba _ bolo wlebis literaturuli procesebis ZiriTad
niSnebad iqca.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli literaturuli mimarTulebani bolo wlebSi
meyseuli reaqciiT gamoCnda qarTul mwerlobaSic, ramac sul ramdenime wlis winaT
eleqtroqselSi mokle CarTvismagvari reaqcia gamoiwvia ara marto qarTvel mkiTxvelSi,
aramed qarTvel SemoqmedTa SinsamyaroSic. am procesma arcTu umtkivneulod Caiara,
magram literaturuli qaosis dawmenda yvelaze piruTvnelma redaqtorebma _ drom da
mkiTxvelma _ maleve moaxerxes da qarTul SemoqmedebiT sivrceSi friad mniSvnelovani
novaciebic gamoaSkaravda da axali saxelebic gamoCnda.
qarTveli mkiTxveli kvlavac tradiciulad momTxovni aRmoCnda. axalma Taobam
axali saxelebic gamokveTa da literaturuli siaxleebisadmi yuradReba Tu
literaturul faseulobebze saubari kvlav cxovrebiseul realobad moiazreba.
TanamedroveTaTvis iseve iqca joisis da kafkas erTgvar alternativad harold blumis,
xulio kortasaris, xaruki murokamis, milorad paviCisa da paulio koelios
SemoqmedebiTi diskursebi, rogorc felinisa da antonionis msoflmxedvelobriv
substituciad almadovarisa da kiSlevskis kinonovaciebi, an Tundac Sanelisa da
valentinis avangardistul gradaciad vivian vestvudisa da iuSi iamamotos feSen
koleqciebi. ase rom, tradiciul qarTul sufras naCvevma qarTvelma qaTmis filesa da
ananasis kompoziciac daagemovna da suSi da Jasminis Caic siamovnebiT miirTva.
swored am fonze CvenSic gamoikveTa ramdenime axali saxeli. kulturologiis
sxvadasxva sferoSi mimdinare procesebSi TaobaTa amgvari cvlis warmatebul magaliTebs
dRevandel qarTul realobaSic vxvdebiT, ris warmosaxvis mcdelobasac amjerad
ramdenime prozauli teqstis zogad magaliTze ganvaxorcielebT, ikveTeba ra
Tanamedrove gmiris _ personis raoba da adgili dRevandel kaleidoskopur mxatvrul
samyaroSi, amiT avtoriseul msoflmxedvelobriv poziciasac moesinjeba niadagi.
sad aris adamiani? ra adgili aqvs mas Cvens realobaSi? ra aris adamianTa
urTierTobis safuZveli da sazomi? sad aris adamianis miwisa da cis samani, anu rodis
maRldeba misi suli missave msgavs individebze da xdeba ki es saerTod dRevandel mZime da
naturalistur garemoSi?!

***

am kiTxvis pasuxi erTi SexedviT iqneb verc vipovoT im mxatvrul teqstSi, romelsac
avtori XXI saukunis romans yovelgvari mikibvmokibvis gareSe uwodebs da Tan
antiromanadac asaxelebs. Cvenc ase movuxmoT: zaza burWulaZis antiromani mineraluri
96
jazi, SemoqmedebiTi klimaqsis nayofi, mkiTxvelis Tavsatexad, mkiTxvelisaTvis
safiqrelad, mkiTxvelTan erTad samoqmedod, mkiTxvelisken mimarTuli didi kiTxvis
niSnis amosacnobad Seqmnili wigni. rogorc Cans, SemoqmedebiT krizisi Tu klimaqsi
avtoris fantazias gamofitavs da radgan siuJetis gagrZelebas veRar axerxebs,
mkiTxvelis gatyuebas da drois mogebas cdilobs sxvadasxva saubriT. mkiTxvelic
elodeba fabulis dabrunebas, swored ase, metateqstebiT, interteqstualuri
interpretaciebiT, ironiulalegoriuli varirebiT avtori eTamaSeba molodiniT
aRsavse mkiTxvels da isic bolo gverdamde erTgulad elodeba.... am teqstis imTaviTve
antiromanad gamocxadeba avtors araerTi SemoqmedebiTi movaleobisagan aTavisuflebs.
gaxsnili xelebiTa da gaxsnili gonebiT TamaSi ki bunebrivia bevrad ufro advilicaa,
azartulic da saxalisoc swored amgvari ganwyobilebiT, rom yvelaferi Zalian ubralod
da advilad da amasTanave garkveuli kanonzomieri gadajaWvulobiT ganxorcielda,
iwyebs avtori siuJetis gaxsnas. Tumca es fsevdoSTabeWdileba an iluziaa, mkiTxvelic
mxolod unda miyves (da ar Seyves) nawarmoebSi datrialebul vnebebs da emocia sakuTari
fantaziisaTvis Semoinaxos, radgan mTavari saTqmelic, fiqric, iluziac, moqmedebac da
fantaziac misi Sesaqmnelia. antiromani ki Tavisas mierekeba. erTi personaJi, meore,
mesame, maTi urTierTmiaxleba Tu urTierTgamosvla es _ esaa samyaroseuli mTlianobis
analogiur gancdasac ki dabadebs da uceb... avtori zurgs aqcevs narCev personaJs: jer
gamomZiebel, peto Samugias, mere pepo oCigavas, naTelmxilvels, tambovel daTvs da isev
da isev mkiTxvels mimarTavs; moqmedi subieqtis arsis, daniSnulebisa da definiciis
gansazRvra mkiTxvelis saqme yofila, mimarTvisa da gansjis obieqtic, cxadia, mkiTxvelia.
amdenad, subieqtisa da obieqtis erTarsoba, mkiTxvelis cnebaSi gaerTianebaa am romanis
erTaderTi da ucvleli mizani. avtorisagan Sua romanSi mitovebuli personaJebi mxolod
komponentebia avtorisaTvis miznis misaRwevad, mTavari gmiri ki, romelzec amdens edava
avtori Tavis mkiTxvels da ramdenime kandidatic daasaxela, arc erTi ar aRmoCnda.
mTavari gmiri dausaxelebeli, magram realurad arsebulia, is Tavad avtoria, zaza
burWulaZe, mkiTxvelisaTvis de faqtod nawarmoebis gasrulebisas gacnobierebuli,
romelsac mkiTxveli arasodes aviwydeba, sul mas esaubreba, sul mas eTamaSeba, azrsac
ekiTxeba da sakuTari Canafiqris dasrulebis pativsac mas andobs.
amdenad, avtori yvelaze Tavisufalia Tavisufal adamianTa Soris. misTvis Sorsaa
literaturuli narcisizmi da oqropiroba, misi da misi mkiTxvelis fantazia sivrceebsac
gaWris da amavdroulad erT patara nabijsac gadadgams yvelaze idumal da Savbnel
realobasac kompiuteris Rilakze TiTis erTi daWeriT gamoaaSkaravebs _ `satanis veb
gverdi~ _ ase advilad da ubralod.
amdeni msjeloba da mieTmoeTi isev erT kiTxvamde midis _ sad aris adamianis adgili
am mineralur samyaroSi? ra azrs udebs sakuTar qmedebebs adamiani absolutze da
metafizikur principebze dayrdnobis gareSe, is, vinc uaryofs universalur da
kategoriul imperativebs? iqneb sworea urwmunoTa stereotipuli pasuxi: sxva CvenSia?
da es sxvaoba maTi Sexedulebebis aqsiomad miRebis pretenziasac Seicavs? dRes sabazro
ekonomikis junglebSi sxvas arafers aqvs isrerigad didi gasavali, viT bilwsityvaobas,
metadre mxatvrul literaturaSi, metic, erTaderTi, rac ki acocxlebs dRemde am
gadasaSenebel dargs mxolod bilwsityvaobaa da pornoepizodebis detaluri aRwera, rom
ara ubodiSo da uSveri sityvebiT Jangloroba, gind daijereT, gind ara literatura,
rogorc dargi male amowuravs TavisTavs, iseve rogorc sqolaqtika (burWulaZe 2003: 85)
msgavs gancxadebebs uapelaciobisa da TavzexelaRebulobasTan erTad, mwvave
groteskulironiuli fonic gaaCnia. mudmiv faseulobaTa rRvevis mcdeloba
sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis, mtkivneulad da uaryofiTadac aRiqmeba (ZiriTadad
damsaxurebulad). Tumca am Seuvali da ambiciuri Segonebebis Semdeg im namdvil
WeSmaritebasac veziarebiT, roca pirovnebis Tavisuflebis idea rwmenisa da zneobriv
arCevanTan aris asocirebuli, radgan es uflTan misasvleli gzaa mZime da narekliani
Torem eSmakTan misvlas ra unda... (burWulaZe 2003: 185).

***

...Turme ispahanis bulbulebi imqveynadac dafrinaven da aq datovebuli adamiani
iqac SeiZleba Segxvdes, Tuki misi monatreba da siyvaruli miwidan caSi gamogyolia. _
amgvari gancdiT toveben mkiTxvels ispahanis bulbulebis gmirebi da avtori nestan
kvinikaZe. SeuZlebelia am gmirTa istoriis erTi amosunTqvis gareSe gacnoba da am
mSvenier literaturul qmnilebaze ardafiqreba, romelic TiTqmis erTi kalmis mosmiT
dawerili patara ambavia mTel saqarTveloze, Cveni qalaqis bolo aTwleulis istoriaze,
TaobaTa yofasa da bedze. es ambebi da istoriebi ki furclidan furcelze saocari
97
eqspresiulobiT gadadis da sabolood isic cxaddeba, rom es yovelive ambebi ki ara.
ambavia erTi Taobis erTi xalxis, erTi istoria, irealuri impulsebiT gajerebuli.
hipirteqstuli Txrobis maneriT, literaturuli aluziebiT, kaleidoskopuri
STabeWdilebiT (formiTac) ixsneba gmirTa Sinasamyaro da sxvadasxva adamianebis yofa.
tata, nataSa, astamuri, nika... mkiTxvelisaTvis Tavdapirvelad TiTqos favoriti gmiric
gamosarkvevia, sizmareuli CvenebebiviT, Dreamis (sizmrebis fabrikis) msgavsad
enacvlebian isini erTmaneTs, kinokadrebiviT Caivlis maTi yoveldRiuroba, yovel
maTgans Tavisi jvari aqvs, sixaruli Tu fiqri, magram wre ikvreba da Cndeba, rom es
adamianebi erTmaneTisTvis yvelaze axloblebi yofilan, maTi sulebi erTmaneTze
gadajaWvulni. am gmirebs erTi warsuli akavSirebT TavianTi qalaqi da erTi mTavari
emocia siyvaruli, mudmivad erTmaneTs daeZeben da TiTqos erTmaneTSi gadadian,
yoveli maTgani calke gmiricaa da erTi gmiric, radgan isini arian adamianebi, romelTac
erTmaneTi uyvarT.
personaJis Sinagani gaoreba garesamyaros gaorebul aRqmaSic _ vlindeba ori
qalaqis yofa (Tbilisi da amsterdami), ori siyvarulis istoria (astamuri da nataSa, nika
da tata) _ Tumca es gaoreba gmirTa pirovnul bediswerasTanacaa wilnayari: astamuri,
rogorc irkveva, sinamdvileSi favrizia Tavisive tyupiscali, TviT astamuri ki
bavSvobaSive gamxdara Zmis msxverpli favrizma xeli mkra, SemTxveviT, ar undoda ... me
gadmovvardi da... mxrebis aCeCviT ambobs igi. cocxali romeli Zma darCa, veravin mixvda:
me ar vici romeli var favrizi romelic mokvda, Tu astamuri romelic gadarCa,
Semdeg ori qali tata _ bavSvobis siyvaruli _ da nataSa, romelic misi erTaderTi
megobari da Tanamoazrea didi martoobis xanaSi; swored aq, amsterdamSi, cdilobs
gadaemalos Tavis ganvlil cxovrebas astamuri, romelic erTi xelis mosmiT datovebs
TbilisSi axloblebs, megobrebs, zurgs aqcevs mogonebebs ... Turme siyvarulsac da
nataSasTan erTad gaeqceva yovelives. arc Tavs moviklav da arc vinmes movakvlevinebo,
_ es iyo erTaderTi ganmarteba wasvlis win. amsterdamSi TiTqos yvelaferi ise moewyo,
rogorc undoda: myudro bina, saintereso saqme, axali nacnobebi, nostalgiiT,
gajerebuli melodramatuli Sexvedrebi qarTvel emigrantebTan. am yovelives
simboluri rekvizitia qoTan boll-i da mezoblis binis fanjaraSi CarTuli
televizori _ drois gayvanisa da garTobis eqskluziuri gamogoneba, mokled, mSvidi
cxovreba. aq Soreuli eqos ukanaskneli ganmeorebisaviT Tu moaRwevda Tbilisuri ambebi;
oTos orive werili Tbilisidan TiTo wlis dagvianebiT miiRo astamurma, TiTqos gakvriT,
ramdenime frazaSia naTqvami, rom TbilisSi isev daZabulobaa, CveniT ver vwyvetT,
rasac gadagvawyvetineben egre iqneba, xalxi mokle droSi daberda da yvela
daTrgunulia, sxva qalaqi gaiCiTa, saqarTveloSi omia, adamianebi iRupebian, maT
Sorisaa fotografi gogonas Teklas _ sikvdilis orsityviani istoriac; magram
astamurisaTvis es Soreuli ambebia, igi Tavis profesiul saqmianobas bolomde miscemia.
ornitologia saintereso saqmea da bevr drosac moiTxovs. cxenismagvari hiparonebis da
xuTmetriani siraqlemebis Seswavla iSviaTi saqmea da astamuric oTos werilis wakiTxvis
Semdeg Savi yanCebis gadafrenis sanaxavad ungreTSi midis. Tumca gaucxoebis mZime
SegrZneba drodadro mainc axsenebs Tavs astamurs, gonebis fskerze daleqili emociebi
xandaxan mainc amotivtivdebian, zogjer sruliad SemTxveviTac: Tundac maSin, rodesac
tatas avadmyofobis ambavs Seityoben astamuri da nataSa (rogorc Cans, orivesaTvis
Zvirfasi adamianis), romlis arsebobasac aqamde ar umJRavnebdnen erTmaneTs.
tatasTan Sexvedris Semdeg TiTqos yvelaferi Tavis adgilas dgeba, gmirebis yofa
TiTqos realobas ubrundeba: megobroba, siyvaruli, sasowarkveTa, Ralati, ltolva da
ganSoreba... da yvelaferi uceb sruldeba. im dReebis erTaderT faqtad mxolod
peterburgSi gadaRebuli da miviwyebuli ucnauri fotosuraTi rCeba ucxo gamvlelTa
Tvalsaseirod. am droidan astamuris SinasamyaroSi TiTqos kidev erTxel iwyeba
faseulobaTa gadalageba, tatas frazebi zogjer Tbilisur realobasac agrZnobinebs
da amiT mis gamoRviZebasac cdilobs. bulbulebi marto kavkasiaSi galoben? _
ekiTxeba tata astamurs. nataSasTvisac cxadi xdeba, rom astamurTan cxovreba
iluzoruli realobaa, qimeraa, miraJia da sinamdvilec aqve iwyeba, fotogmirebi
erTmaneTs Sordebian. astamurisa da tatasaTvis mravalwlian siSores grZnobebi ar
gaunavlebia, nataSam ki iqneb SemdgomSi ufro gaacnobieros im saocari mizidulobis
mizezi, romelic mas amsterdamSi SemTxveviT gacnobili nikasadmi gaaCnda, romelic
Tavdapirvelad romanSi astamuris antipodis imijiT warmodgeba. mxatvari, romelic
Citebis xmaze ustvens da Tavisi Tanagmirebis msgavsad (iqneb ufro metadac)
gaucxoebulia sakuTar samyaroSi; aqac gaqceva amsterdamidan TbilisSi da Tbilisidan
niu-iorkSi. nikuSa sayvarel adamianebs meyseulad ekargeba: jer nataSas da Semdeg tatas,
orive SemTxvevaSi maSin, roca orivesTvis axlobeli xdeba friad saintereso da ucnauri
98
persona. nikuSasac da astamursac erTi mxriv erTi da igive axlobeli Tu sayvareli
adamiani hyavT nataSa da tata, romlebic erTnairi enTuziazmiTa da moTminebiT
eguebian Zvirfasi adamianis ucnaur Taviseburebebs... gansakuTrebuli simZafriT es
emociebi tatas pirovnebaze aisaxeba. misi tkivilamde misuli siyvaruli Tu siyvarulis
arCevani TiTqos cxovrebiseuli bedisweris winapirobaa; yvelaze didi msxverpli tatam
gaiRo. gmirebi mZimed, nelnela, magram mainc realobas ubrundebian da yovelive tatas
zogjer Zalauneburi Zalisxmevis Sedegia. am procesSi xan uSualod, xan ki arapirdapir
sxva gmirebic monawileoben: oTo, aCiko, Jan stovei, gia, tatas mSoblebi da mkiTxvelic
am procesebis uSualo mowme _ acnobierebs, rom es oTxi personaJi amavdroulad
erTmaneTSi mTliandeba, TiTqos erT adamianSi moiazreba, iseve rogorc erTimeoris
Tavisi sxva _ es adamiani Taobis saxea, romelic Tavisi Taobis istorias, tkivils,
sixaruls da Tvisebebs daatarebs. amitomac droTa nawyvetebSi avtoris montaJuri
Txroba pirvelidan mesame pirSi gadadis simboluri miniSnebebiT, literaturuli
aluziebiTa da interteqstualuri diskursebiT gajerebuli.
...da sad aris saSveli? saiT midian gmirebi? nuTu sakuTar TavTan da
garSemomyofTagan gaucxoebulni, isini sxvadasxva fizikur da sulier ganzomilebebSi
ikargebian?! magram adamianebi erTi Zveli SegonebasaviT mTebisebr Seuxvedrelni ar
rCebian; Tuki yoveli qaosi wesrigisa da sistematurobis potencias Seicavs, yvela
tkivili momavali simSvidis nirvanaa (da piriqiTac), an yvela Sexvedra ganSorebis
winapiroba, ganSorebani ki gonebasa da Sinasamyaros qvecnobierSi kvlav SexvedrisTvis
amzadeben. iluziebi horizonts iqiT ikargebian da Sinadabrunebuli astamuric TiTqos
gulgrilad ismens oTos sityvebs: Cven aq viyaviT, astamur da magra fexebze gvekida Seni
bulbulebis gadafrena. _ yvelani viyaviT poetebi, Zmao, magram gayinul tramvaiSi raRac
veRar vigrZeniT amis aucilebloba. ZaRlebi, Cvenive ZaRlebi gavyareT gareT, ici rato?
veRar vaWmevdiT. Sen ras ambob, Savi yanCebis gadafrena rom ar genaxa... maSin ki ara, axla
unda gaiqce?... Tumca Segonebani WeSmaritebasTan moaxloebis mxolod dasawyisia,
dasasruli ki wnoris gzaze frinvelebis gadafrena, naiz bebos saocari gandobili ambavi,
da soflis jadosnuri Ramea. gmirebi realobas ubrundebian, tatac Seicnobs namdvil
astamurs da nataSac. saganTa dublikacia dasasruls uaxlovdeba da CvenebaTa miRma
iqneb saSvelic cnobierdeba. ... Tumca sikvdilsicocxlis cargvalis mudmivi trialis
darad, vin icis, ra elis gmiris dadgenil Tu mopovebul WeSmaritebas?!

***

kaleidoskopuri realoba sruliad gansxvavebul WrilSi ikveTeba santaesperansas
kunZulze datrialebul istoriebSi. amTaviTve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aka morCilaZis
santa esperansa Cvens literaturaSi mimdinare postmodernistuli tendenciebis
saspensad unda aRviqvaT. zanduki xetialisa, rogorc avtori acxadebs, warmoadgens
Sav zRvis patara kunZulis cxovrebis ambavs, romelic man iq yofnis ramdenime Tvis
ganmavlobaSi Seityo, Semdeg ki santaesperansuli emociebi da STabeWdilebebi dRiurebis
msgavsad patara rveulebSi gaateqsta, amis Semdeg ki sruliad originaluri da
saintereso formiT gaaromana.
pirveli emocia da xazgasmac swored albaT am romanis formidan unda daviwyoT.
vizualuri da mxatvruli formiTac mogzauris dRiuri, romelic santeqsperansuli
qaRaldis TamaSis, intis, principzea Seqmnili, Tavidanve mkiTxvelisaTvis garkveul
intrigas da interess Seicavs. oTx ferSi Semdgari istoriebi sul ufro mZafrad
iyolieben mkiTxvels da TamaSic wesebic furclidan furcelSi cnobierdeba. meores,
rac aseve gansakuTrebuli emociasa da datvirTvis matarebelia, warmoadgens romanis
safirmo niSnebi simRera da TamaSi, santa esperansas kunZulis sakuTreba, romelTa
istoriebic aqaur Zvel Tqmulebebsa da foliantebSi Semonaxula. da mesamec
kunZulelebi personaJebi, romelTa yofnisa da wverTvanis aRwera mwerlisagan
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarisa da Zalisxmevis flobaze metyvelebs.
albaT, yvelaze stereotipuli gancxadeba isaa, rom santa esperansas cxovreba da
istoria aris erTi makrosamyaros modeli Tu ara, erTi patara qveynis mikromodeli mainc,
magram faqtia da cxadia, rom iqaur ambebs saqarTvelos ambebs Tu ar vuwodebT, qarTul
ambebad mainc aucileblad unda movuxmoT. patara kunZulebze rvaas welze metia erTad
cxovroben iovanelebi, jinovlebi da sungalelebi, kunZulTa centrSi santasitiSi
ioanelTa monasteri, kaTolikeTa kaTedrali da mahmedis meCeTi TavTavis mrevls
mwyemsavs. aq turistebisa da mogzaurebisaTvis mimzidveli adgilebi: saTamaSo, saxlebi,
duqnebi, kafeebi, plaJebi, sastumroebi da bunebaa, aqaurebic wynari, mSvidi da xalisiani
xalxia...
99
Tumca, sul axlaxans kunZulze didi vnebaTaRelvani datrialebula, omebic atexila
da dawmendildalagebuli yoveldRiurobac sadRac gamqrala, yovelive ki ara mxolod
Zalauflebisa da borotebis, aramed Turme siyvarulis saxeliTac momxdara.
magram fsevdosaqmea erTxel moyolili (umetes kargad moyolili) ambis adaptireba,
vinc ar icnobs santaesperansas teqsts, mxolod am striqonebiT, bunebrivia, ver
gavucxadebT mis Rirsebebs.
mTavari saTqmeli isaa, rom dasawyisSive mkiTxvelTan TamaSis uflebaaRebuli
avtori mis winaSe gansakuTrebuli ostatobiT gadaSlis romanis ramdenime personaJis
Tavgadasavals, salomeasa da sandro dela kostas, daTasa da kesanes siyvarulis ambavs,
agaTia dedoflisa da mis winaparTa, kaia visramianisa da mis mogvareTa, xetias, martiasa
da sxva sungalelTa, arCis, lukas, lamur mosiarules, maTalos, farnas, nikas
santaesperansuli istoriebi bolo wlebis qarTuli realobis rikoSetul suraTebs
warmoadgens. romanis mTlianobaSi gaazreba gmirebis iluziuri da mSvidi garemodan
realur garemoSi dabrunebasTan aris kavSirSi.
ufrosi visramianebisa da xetais provocirebulma areulobam kunZulis cxovreba
erTbaSad saSinel qaosSi gaxvia: amas ara mxolod adamianTa fizikuri msxverpli, aramed
sulier RirebulebaTa da tradiciaTa msxvreva, adamianTa gaucxoeba mohyveba. gmirebi ara
mxolod mkiTxvelisagan, aramed upirvelesad sakuTar TavTan xdebian Secnobilni. bu
visramiani saqarTveloSi mifrinavs, daTac tovebs kunZuls, sandro de la kosta
TviTmkvlelobiT amTavrebs sicocxles, arCis tyvedyofna sungalelTaTvis
sabediswerod dasruldeba, xolo salome, vis cxovrebasa da bediswerazec yvelaze mZimed
aisaxa yovelive, am sityvebs eubneba Tbilisidan Camosul daqiravebul meomrebs: me
zRaprebs maswavlidnen. me meubnebodnen, rom zRvis iqiT iyo Cemi namdvili samSoblo,
sadac yvelaferi yvaoda, sadac mefe iyo. sinamdvileSi Tqven yofilxarT... me qarTli
sxvanairi megona, sxvanairad miyvebodnen Tu iq yvela Tqvennairia, maSin ar vici...
gasruldeba erTmaneTSi gadajaWvuli Tu gadasuli es saocari istoriebi adamianTa
cxovrebisa da mkiTxveli erTi ganwyobilebiT rCeba: iqneb marTla aris saqarTvelos
amgvari mcire modeli an iqneb kidev darCa saTqmeli imaze, Tu ra daemarTaT gmirebs, Tu,
rogorc avtori ambobs, ambebis gaazreba, damateba Tu dasruleba mkiTxvelsac SeuZlia?!

***

faqtia, gmiris eTika Tu moraluri imperativi postmodernistul garemoSi isev da
isev maradiul Rirebulebebs efuZneba. RmerTi, adamiani, siyvaruli kvlav homo
sapiensis gadarCenis sawyisad rCeba. sicocxle mainc unda gvwamdes da sicocxlis
dapireba mainc SegveZlos axalgazrebisTvis, romlebic xSirad tyuvdebian, ama Tu im
kulturiT, Tavisuflebis saxeliT yovelgvari gamocdilebisaken rom epatiJeba maT da
bolos es eqsperimentebi xSirad marcxiT Tavdeba. Cveni epoqa savsea borotebis yvelaze
Semzaravi gamovlinebebiT, romlis mixedviT movlenebi TiTqmis TavisTavad cxaddeba, rac
ara mxolod borotebis gamovlinebas niRbavs, aramed im SegrZnebebsac anavlebs, rom
zneobrivi cxovreba brZola, Serkineba da SemarTebaa da simSvide mxolod gadalaxuli
tanjvis fasad miiRweva. _ am sityvebs XX saukunis bolos (1996 wels) wers kardinali
karlo maria martineli.
daskvnebis gamotana iqneb arc Rirdes. ara erTi avtoriseuli azrisaTvis komentari
isedac zedmeti iyo, gmirebi brundebian da ambebi maT sulier metamorfozebsa da
kaTarzisebze namdvili mwerlisagan moyolili, boTlSi Cadebuli da Semdeg zRvaSi
gadagdebuli saTqmeliviTaa, romelic sxva saTqmelTa Soris did, Sav da aRelvebul
zRvaSi momavalma mkiTxvelma aucileblad unda ipovos. ipovis kidec!...

damowmebani:

burWulaZe 2002: burWulaZe z. mineraluri jazi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `logos-presi~, 2003.
kvinikaZe 2003: kvinikaZe n. ispahanis bulbulebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `arete~, 2003.
morCilaZe 2004: morCilaZe a. santa esperansa. Tb.: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2004.
saubrebi 2002: saubrebi. Jurn. `liberali~, 1955-1996 (romi), Tb.: 2002.

Tamar Paichadze

Kaleidoscopical Perception or Reality?

Summary
100

Existed modern direction in the world literature has recently appeared in Georgian literature as well. This
process didnt pass without leaving damages, but the mass was cleared away by the best editors: the time and the
readers; and great and important innovations appeared as well as new faces
And where is the human being? What place does it take in our reality? The fact is that ethic of hero, or
his moral imperatives are based on the eternal values of the former modern environment. God, human being and
love still remain the foundation stone to save the Homo sapience. The heros come back again and stories about
their metamorphose and catharsis since it has been written, looks like a full bottle thrown away in the stormy and
huge sea where the reader will find it by all means.

101
miTosi. rituali. simbolo


rusudan ColoyaSvili

vaxtang kotetiSvili da zRapruli eposi

vaxtang kotetiSvilis folkloristul memkvidreobas, romelic Tavis droze
mravali siaxlis Semcveli iyo da did perspeqtivebs usaxavda mecnierebas, dReisaTvisac
ar daukargavs Tavisi fasi da mniSvneloba.
Cvens interess Seadgens v. kotetiSvilis mier zRaparTan, mis calkeul saxe-
simboloebTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mimoxilva. qarTul zRaprebs
mecnieri umaRles Sefasebas aZlevda: `qarTuli folkloris qveyanaSi bevri iseTi Sedevri
gveguleba, romelic daamSvenebda udidesi ostatebis Semoqmedebas~, _ werda is da
umniSvnelovanes Zeglebad miaCnda: `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~, romelSic `gilgameSis~
anarekls xedavda; aseve _ `asfurcela~, `eTeri~ da mravali sxva~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 235),
romelTac Targmnida kidec. rogorc v. kotetiSvilis biografi nana kotetiSvili
aRniSnavs, mecnieris pirad arqivSi daculia mis mier Sesrulebuli qarTuli zRaprebis
ormocamde nimuSis rusuli Targmani. esenia rogorc jadosnuri, aseve cxovelTa da
novelisturi zRaprebi (kotetiSvili 2006b: 37). samwuxarod, ar SemorCenila gamosacemad
momzadebuli zRaprebis qarTuli krebuli Tavisi gamokvlevebiT arc misi naSromi
`qarTuli ornamentis mimarTeba xalxur zRaparTan~, romlis Taobazec `eqskursebSi~
werda: `amJamad vmuSaob Temaze: qarTuli ornamenti qarTul zRaparTan dakavSirebiT da
amTaviTve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bevri ram irkveva friad SesaniSnavi da moulodnelic~
(kotetiSvili 1961: 368).
amdenad, specialurad zRaparTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili v. kotetiSvilis arc erTi
naSromi ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa, mecnieris mier Sedgenil `folkloris kursis
programaSi~, mis werilebSi: `qarTuli poeturi folkloris sakiTxebi~, `pirvelyofili
warmodgenebi~, `eposisa da lirikis warmoSoba~, `sagazafxulo dReobebi saqarTveloSi~,
`legendis warmoSoba~, `xalxuri `ambavi tarielisas~ Teatraluri Sesruleba
sagazafxulo ceremonialTan dakavSirebiT~, `il. WavWavaZe da xalxuri Semoqmedeba~, `ak.
wereTlis Semoqmedeba da folklori~ da misi `xalxuri poeziis~ `eqskursebSi~
(kotetiSvili 2006a) kargad Cans mkvlevris damokidebuleba am uZvelesi Janris mimarT.
Tumca, rasakvirvelia, dakargulia is siRrme da diapazoni, riTac iqneboda gajerebuli
specialurad zRapruli eposisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebi.
v. kotetiSvils folkloruli kursis programaSi zRaparTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi
sakiTxebi hqonda Setanili: `maTi danawileba; maTi kavSiri sagmiro simRerebTan;
cxovelTa eposi; zneobrivi zRaprebi; zRapruli saocrebani: cxra da Tormet Taviani
devebi, nacarqeqia, gvel-vaJi, asfurcela, natvris beWedi, raSebi; saswaulmoqmedi
maTraxi, bewvis xidi, kudianebi, Winkebi, rokapebi, majlajunebi, saswaulmoqmedi perangi,
mze-qala da mze-varda, mzeTunaxavi~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 52).
mas Semdeg rac v. i. propisa da a. i. nikiforovis Sromebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom
zRapari saerTaSoriso movlenaa msgavsi fabuliTa da morfologiuri xaziT, v.
kotetiSvils enaneboda erovnul zRaparTa mravalferovnebis ignorireba da miuTiTebda,
rom `es erTgvaroba zerele aris da sqematuri. sakmarisia erTi romelime fabulis
variantTa SedarebiTi ganxilva, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes is kerZo da individualuri, rac
zogjer ise mniSvnelovani aris xolme pirveli SexedviT `auxsnel~ movlenaTa azris
dasadgenad~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 65). Tumca drom gviCvena, rom v. propiseul struqturul
Ziebebs safrTxe ar Seuqmnia zRapris Semdgomi yovelmxrivi SeswavlisaTvis.
zRaparTa tipologiis sakiTxebze msjelobisas ki aRniSnavda, rom xSirad zRapari
aklimatizacias ganicdis, roca egueba axal pirobebs, Tumca Tvlida, rom sruliad
damoukidebladac iqmneba msgavsi tipis zRaprebi ((kotetiSvili 2006a: 180).
mecnieri miTosuri da sawesCveulebo poeziis calkeuli motivebisa Tu saxe-
simboloTa komentirebisas iSveliebda saTanado masalas jadosnuri zRaprebidan, ris
safuZvelzec met damajereblobas iZenda mis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi. jadosnuri
zRapris gaTvaliswinebiT ganxilul sakiTxTa raodenoba, zRaprebidan damowmebul
citataTa siuxve naTlad metyvelebs, raoden Rrmad flobda da rogor afasebda is
zRaprul eposs, rac am Janrze seriozuli muSaobis Sedegi iyo. xalxur sawesCveulebo
leqsTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli Sefasebebi ki SeiZleba piriqiTac iqnes gamoyenebuli, e. i.
102
poeziis calkeul pasaJebze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi zRapris Sesaswavladac gamodgeba.
amdenad, zRapris, kerZod, jadosnuri zRapris Sesaswavlad aucilebelia v. kotetiSvilis
folkloristuli Sromebis gaTvaliswineba.
mecnieris mier gaSuqebul masalaTa safuZvelze dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sawesCveulebo poeziisa da jadosnuri zRapris saxe-simboloebs genetikuri Zirebi
saerTo aqvT. yovelive es Semdgomma kvlevamac daadastura. e. i. naTeli gaxda, rom
rogorc sawesCveulebo poeziis, aseve jadosnuri zRapris dafarul sakiTxTa
gaSifvrisaTvis aucilebelia orives monacemTa gaTvaliswineba. e. i. maTi genetikuri
Zirebi urTierTmimarTebaSi unda Seiswavlebodes. Sesabamisad, v. kotetiSvilis mier
sawesCveulebo poeziis uZvelesi fesvebis Ziebisas Catarebuli muSaobis Sedegebi
jadosnuri zRapris calkeuli motivebis SeswavlisaTvisac misaRebia. Cven aq SevecdebiT,
warmovaCinoT jadosnuri zRapris is sakiTxebi, romelTac sruliad marTebulad aSuqebs
is `xalxuri poeziis~ `eqskursebSi~. esenia: xaris miTosuri saxe, mTvarisa da mzis
RvTaebebi; wyalSi gasvlis simboluri mniSvneloba; Tavi, rogorc sakulto movlena; nekis
beWdis funqcia; qcevadobis (metamorfozis) motivi; cxenis kulti rogorc CvenSi, aseve
msoflio miTologiaSi. agreTve ganxilulia: sicocxlis sulis CitTan Setoleba;
WianWvelis funqcia; tyeSi gadagdebuli bavSvis gamzrdeli cxoveli xalxur leqsTan _
`batoniSvil giorgisa irmis ZuZu uwovia~ _ mimarTebaSi; brolis koSki; orbunebovani
gmiris _ qala-biWas saxe da RvTaebisadmi mimarTviT nawarmoebis dawyeba.
xis kultTan dakavSirebiT saubrisas v. kotetiSvili ixilavs didZal masalas da
aRniSnavs, rom mravali xalxi ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurze xes winaprad Tvlida
da miuTiTebs, rom araerTi zRapari adasturebs adamianTa xisagan warmoSobas. mecniers
zRaparSi aqvs dafiqsirebuli, rom xes Tayvans scemdnen jer rogorc RvTaebas, Semdeg ki,
rogorc RvTaebaTa simbolos. muxa bevrjer aris damowmebuli zRaprebSi wyalTan,
nayofierebis ZalasTan kavSirSi.
`iam ra uTxra vardsa, vardma ra uTxra iasa~ (razikaSvili 1951: 51) _ am zRapris
mixedviT v. kotetiSvili askvnis, rom aq araviTar mcenareebze ar aris saubari da iac da
vardic qvesknelTan arian dakavSirebulni. uSvebs, rom `SeiZleba aq pirdapir qvesknelTa
RvTaebebis saxelebi ismodeso~. v. kotetiSvili ias qvesknelT dedoflis saxelTan da
vards _ qvesknelT mefis saxelTan akavSirebs. mecnieris am mosazrebas dRes iziarebs
sawesCveulebo poeziis mkvlevari m. giorgaZe da aRniSnavs, rom `bunebis nayofierebis
Zalebi Tavisi arsiT kataxTonuri bunebisani arian _ qvesknelTan dakavSirebulni.
mokvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi RvTaebis epifaniis niSnebi ki gazafxulze swored
pirveli yvavilebis aRmocenebaa~ (giorgaZe 1993: 88). ias qalRvTaebad Tvlis rusudan
canavac, romelic am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixilavs megrul sawesCveulebo leqss `o, io,
qomorTio?~ (`o, io, moxvedi?~) (canava 2002: 93), romelSic gamoxatulia ios molodini da
misi mosvliT gamowveuli sixaruli. r. canava `ios~ afiqsirebs qarTul Sromis
simRerebSic refrenis saxiT da miuTiTebs, rom `io~ berZnulad niSnavs ias da is heras
yvavilia. agreTve, ixsenebs, rom qarTul miTosSi ia didi dedis nanas yvavilad iTvleboda.
v. kotetiSvili nayofierebis RvTaebasTan akavSirebs, agreTve, fetvs da, marTlac,
Semdgomma kvlevam uCvena, rom Cvens zRaprebSi marcvleuls nayofierebis momniWebeli
Zala miewereboda (ColoyaSvili 2004: 135), magaliTad, zRaparSi `melias eSmakoba~
(razikaSvili 1951: 54-55) fetvi gamorCeul funqcias asrulebs:

fetvi gavyide mamlada,
mamali erkemalada,
erkemalai xarada,
xarai lamaz qalada.

rusul folklorSic fetvTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi saweso xasiaTisaa _
saqorwilo. `qarTuli poeturi folkloris leqciebis kursSi~ v. kotetiSvili
pirvelyofil warmodgenebze msjelobisas, agreTve, iSveliebs calkeul motivebs
jadosnuri zRaprebidan, magaliTad, sulis gancalkevebis unars, sizmars, metamorfozas.
rogorc qarTuli, aseve sxva xalxTa zRaprebidan moiZiebs magaliTebs, romlebSic
cocxali arsebis sxeulidan gamosuli suli ganicdis metamorfozas: `...Tu Svels
daiWeren, imaSi kurdReli ziso, kurdRelSi yuTia da yuTSi sami Citia. erTi _ suli, erTi
_ jani da erTic gonio. rodesac isini daixocebian, maSin me movkvdebio~ (razikaSvili
1909: 126). sulTan dakavSirebiT msjelobisas mkvlevari iziarebs vundtis mosazrebas,
romlis mixedviTac ara marto Tmisa da frCxilebis saxiT warmoedginaT sulis gamozrda
da gamosvla sxeulidan, aramed yovelive imiT, rac sxeuls tovebs da amdenad, Sardi,
eqskrementebi, nerwyvi yvela xalxis crurwmeniT did rols asrulebdnen, rogorc
103
jadosnuri saSualebani (kotetiSvili 2006a: 78). amis sabuTebi qarTul zRaprebSi
mravladaa.
sagulisxmoa cxovrebis anu sicocxlis CitTan Setoleba. mkvlevari suls zogjer
zRaprebSi mZivTan, krialosanTan akavSirebs (kotetiSvili 2006a: 81). aqve mecnieri
amaxvilebs yuradRebas crumorwmuneobaSi mifurTxebis, dasunTqvis, Sebervis magiur
mniSvnelobaze da magaliTebi moaqvs jadosnuri zRaprebidan, roca Sebervis saSualebiT
saswauli xdeba _ mTa oqrod iqceva, mkvdari cocxldeba, avsulebi qrebian da sxva
(kotetiSvili 2006a: 78). sulis gardasaxvasTan akavSirebs is qcevadobis motivs, romelsac
mkvlevari jadosnuri zRapris dasayrdenad, zRapris fantastikis RerZad Tvlida yvela
xalxis zRaprebSi (kotetiSvili 2006a: 82).
`vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia~ _ am leqsTan dakavSirebiT v. kotetiSvili gamoTqvamda
saintereso mosazrebas, rom adamianis sagnad gardasaxvis SesaZlebloba im droisaa, roca
gaigivebuli iyo adamianisa da sagnis sicocxle da aRniSnavda, rom igiveoba SemdgomSi
Sedarebam Secvalao.
v. kotetiSvilis marTebuli mosazrebiT, `usagno fantazia ar arsebobs. arc
legenda, arc zRapari da arc sxva raime saxe Semoqmedebisa ar da ver warmoiSoboda
sruliad garkveuli realobis gareSe. yovelgvari fantastikis Ziri realoba aris.
fantastika ki iq iwyeba, sadac realiebi kargaven TavianT pirdapir funqcias~
(kotetiSvili 2006a: 185).
mecnieri, agreTve, yuradRebas amaxvilebs jadosnuri zRaprisaTvis niSandobliv
erT motivze _ momakvdavis gankurnebisTvis adamianis gulis SeWmis saWiroebaze,
romelic sakmaod aris gavrcelebuli am JanrSi da misi Soreuli xma esmis TuSur leqsSi
`menacvale~:

dedav, dedav, dedSvilobas,
sikvdil mixmobs menacvale.

rac Seexeba zRapars _ `modi, vnaxoT venaxi~ _ misma kvlevam v. kotetiSvili
gasaTvalisawinebel daskvnamde miiyvana, romlis mixedviTac es leqsi adre Seicavda
Tqmulebas, dRes ki misi fragmentia SemorCenili. arsebobs gadmocema, romlis
mixedviTac RmerTma kacs venaxi misca, borotma sulma `salamma Txa gaaCina da SeuSva am
kacis venaxSi. maSin kacs RmerTma isari misca, romliTac kacma Txa mokla. eSmakma moavlina
Jangi da isari SeaWmevina da a. S.~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 112).
garda amisa, mkvlevari Tvlis, rom es nawarmoebi `iseTive rigis movlenaa, rogorc
Zveli berZnuli dramebi, sadac erTi aqtiori prologs ambobs, sxvebi moqmedebas
asruleben. an espaneTis xalxurma Teatrma rom icoda: erTs evaleboda Txroba, moqmedi
pirebi ki gamodiodnen Tav-Tavis adgilas da simReris Sinaarss JestebiT ambobdnen~
(kotetiSvili 2006a: 112).
v. kotetiSvili udarebda ra zRapris sqemas `vefxistyaosnisas~, iziarebda k.
balmontis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas da Tvlida, rom `poetis intuiciiT balmontma
miagno im saTaves, saidanac es grandiozuli poema unda wamosuliyoo~ (kotetiSvili 2006a:
207). igulisxmeba jadosnuri zRapari `vefxistyaosnis~ prototipad. aqve miuTiTebda,
rom ara marto nawarmoebis fabula, aramed motivTa mTeli wyebac xalxur `tarielianSi~,
msgavsad `vefxistyaosnisa~, `zRaprisTvis tipiuria: wyalSi gadagdeba, sami gmiris mier
Zebna da mzeTunaxavis gamoxsna, qajebis mier motaceba da sxv.~ (kotetiSvili 2006a: 208).
aseve sruliad samarTlianad miaCnda, rom zRapris saerTaSoriso sqema `daedo safuZvlad
`iliada~-`odiseas~ epizodebs, `gilgameSians~, `oqros verZis~ TqmulebaTa variaciebs,
`promeTes~ cikls, `herosa da leandaris~ variaciebs da sxva mravals~ (kotetiSvili 2006a:
208).
leqs `Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ ganxilvisas mkvlevari yuradRebas amaxvilebs sam
sakiTxze. esenia: Tavfaravani, dolabi, wiTeli movis perangi. is aRniSnavs, rom rogorc
msoflio miTologiaSi, CvenSic `Tavs~ gansazRvruli mniSvneloba hqonia da rom garkveul
sakulto movlenas warmoadgenda. amis niSnebs xedavda Cvens zRaprebSic da daZebnili aqvs
saTanado magaliTebi. mag.: zRaparSi `lurjasi~ cxenma qals uTxra: damkali, Cemi `Tavi
Suaze dade, dadeq zed da Tqvi: RmerTo da Cemi lurjas sialalmarTlev, iseTi saydari
dadgi, rogoric Cemi lurjas amags Seeferebodeso... Tqma da asruleba erTi iyo~
(razikaSvili 1951: 193).
zRapar `sakvirvelisaSi~saflavidan erTi Tavis goxa amovarda da vaJs gamoudga,
mosZaxis: `Tu mamaSens sakvirveli unda, cxrakliturSi rom raSi ubia, is mogceso. _ ai, is
wyeuli, cocxali iyo, Cemi mteri iyo, mokvda, iseva mtrobso~ (razikaSvili 1951: 94).
agreTve, miuTiTebs, rom Cvens zRaprebSi SerCenilia saxelebi: Tavbera, Tavzara,
104
Tavankara, TavRora da sxva. yuradRebas amaxvilebs aqve devebis Tavebze, romelTac
sWrian da isev amodian; an Tavi tans miekareba da cocxldeba da sxva. amdenad,
damafiqrebelia v. kotetiSvilis mosazreba, roca Tvlis, rom `TavfaravnelSic~ aseTsave
momentTan gvaqvs saqme da rom Wabukis Tavi sakralur movlenad aris gadaqceuli
(kotetiSvili 1961: 333-335).
dolabi _ wisqvilis qvac Cvens zRaprebSi mravaljer aqvs dafiqsirebuli mecniers
da uZveles rwmenebTan akavSirebs. magaliTad, qarTul zRaparSi `berdaTuna~: `Sexvdnen
erT kacs, romelsac zurgze ekida wisqvilis qvebi da erTi qvis saydari~. zRaparSi
`dalaRana~ gmirma devs dauSina sami wisqvilis qva; bebers naZvis xe TiTistarad aqvs,
wisqvilis qva ki kviristavad. zRaparSi `deda da Svili~ `devis deda ijda banze,
WandariviT tari eWira xelSi da zed dolabi xqonda kviristavad... mivida dedabris Svili,
moavlo xeli dolabs, esrola am bebers da kbilebi Seamtvria~ (razikaSvili 1951: 122).
mkvlevari wiTeli movis perangTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTebs, rom wiTeli feri
Wabukis sikvdilTan aris dakavSirebuli. Cvens zRaprebSic wiTeli sikvdilisa da
gansacdelis feri, an qvesknelis feriao, aRniSnavs v. kotetiSvili, rac kargad Cans mis
mier SerCeuli magaliTebidan: zRaparSi `vaSla~ `gauvso Wiqa wyliT da uTxra: sanam es
wyali WiqaSi fers ar icvlis, cocxali miguleT, gawiTldeba da mkvdari varo~; zRaparSi
`iadonisa da bulbulisa~: `wiTelze rom Semjdariyo kaci, ufro qveviT (qvesknelSi)
wamovidoda~ (razikaSvili 1951: 21).
v. kotetiSvili mnaTobTan akavSirebs oqros fersa da Zvirfas Tvlebs (brols,
margalits). leqs `qali xvaramzesTan~ dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom es miTosi odesRac
vrceli iqneboda, ris sabuTsac Cveni zRaprebi iZleva, rogorebicaa `mze-xaTunisa~,
`lurjasi~ da sxva, sadac xvaramzes tyupis calebi advilad sacnobni arian. `Cavida qali
salaroSi, moirTo vaJurad mSvenivrad, Seikeca Tmebi, daixura qudi da daiWira maTraxi...
moaxta qali lurjas, gadahkra maTraxi da gafrinda lurja~ (razikaSvili 1951: 191).
leqsSic xvaramze `TmebSekvecilia~, radgan Semdeg naTqvamia _ `CamoiSalna Tmania~. es
leqsi udidesi miTosia mzis amosvlisa, _ aRniSnavs mecnieri da dasZens, rom xvaramze
amomavali mzea.
v. kotetiSvils xalxuri poeziis zogierTi sakiTxis ganxilvisas paralelebi ar
mouxmia zRapruli eposidan, magram maTi gaTvaliswineba zRaparTmcodneobaSi
aucilebelia. esenia: RamiT manaTobeli qalis saxis mTvaresTan dakavSireba, cocxali
tyuili da sawesCveulebo leqsebi, sadac qmris sikvdilis gagebisTanave qali sxvas
misdevs.
es Ziebebi mkvlevars Catarebuli aqvs evropuli xalxuri sityvierebis masalebisa
(miTosi, poezia, zRapruli eposi) da XX saukunis pirveli mesamedis evropuli
folkloristikis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac kidev ufro zrdis am gamokvlevaTa Rirebulebas.

damowmebani:

giorgaZe 1993: giorgaZe m. qarTuli xalxuri kalendaruli poezia. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 1993.
kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1961.
kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi. II, Tb.: gamomceloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,
1967.
kotetiSvili 2006a: kotetiSvili v. folkloruli Ziebani. Tb.: gamomceloba `merani~, 2006.
kotetiSvili 2006b: kotetiSvili v. vaxtang kotetiSvili qarTli xalxuri sityvierebis
mecnieruli kvlevis fuZemdebeli. wignSi _ kotetiSvili v. folkloruli
Ziebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 2006.
razikaSvili 1951: razikaSvili T. (Semdgeneli). qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. Tb:. gamomcemloba
`sablitgami~, 1951.
ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis kvali xalxur zRaprul
eposSi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004.
canava 2004: canava r. miToritualuri modelebis genezisisa da formirebis sakiTxisaTvis.
ACADEMIA 4, 2004.

Rusudan Cholokashvili
Vakhtang Kotetishvili and Fairytale Epos

Summary

105
Folk-loristic heritage of V. Kotetishvili is still valuable and important. V. Kotetishvili valued
highly Georgian fairy-tales and he had prepared collected tales with his researches for publishment. He
even translated them into Russian. But neither collected tales nor translations reached us. Nevertheless,
in his folkloristic articles his position in connection with a tale and its separate items is well seen.
From this standpoint Excurses of his Folk Poetry are especially interesting considerations
expressed while discussing ritual poetry are important for understanding image symbols of the fairytale
epos. For example, even today the following observations of V. Kotetishvili should be taken into
account: about mythological image of a bull, deities of the moon and the sun, the coults of wood, a
horse, a violet and a rose, motives of metamorphosis, dream, soul separation, etc.
V. Kotetishvili has carried out these investigations with regard for European folk-lore (myth,
poetry, fairytale epos) and European folkloristic of the thirties of XX century, which increases the value
of these investigations.






rusudan canava

odisevsis erTi niRabi

homerosis odisevsi cnobilia, rogorc maxvilgonieri, crupentela da
enamoswrebuli adamiani. am personaJSi Tavi moiyara triksteris, Tavgadasavlis
maZieblisa da sxva folkloruli tipebis Tvisebebma; amavdroulad, odisevsi iTvleba
mxatvruli saxeebis (gmirebisa da antigmirebis) `mSoblad~ klasikuri epoqidan dRemde.
misi ukvdavebis mizezi martivia _ odisevsi aris folkloris wiaRidan amosuli personaJi
uamravi niRbiT. es niRbebi, erTi mxriv, mas dramis saTaveebTan akavSireben (rac
xalxurobis kidev erTi dasturia), meore mxriv, varirebisa da mravalferovnebis Zalian
farTo speqtrs qmnian.
rogorc aRvniSne, odisevsi xSirad cruobs. misi tyuilebi SeiZleba raRac principiT
davajgufoT kidec: odisevsi cruobs Tavisi Tavisa da megobrebis gadasarCenad
(magaliTad, polifemesTan). cruobs sifrTxilis mizniT (magaliTad, feakebTan).
axla ganvixiloT odisevsis erTi sicrue, romelic, Cemi azriT, gansxvavdeba sxva
tyuilebisagan. iTakaze dabrunebuli odisevsi samjer yveba Tavis fsevdoTavgadasavals,
samjerve igi ambobs, rom kretelia. ganvixiloT es epizodebi:
I ambavi:
feakebma odisevsi kunZul sqeriidan iTakaze miiyvanes TavianTi uswrafesi xomaldiT
da mSobliuri kunZulis napirze datoves. gamoRviZebul laertids gamoecxada qalRmerTi
aTena mwyemsis ieriT (XIII, 222). Sin dabrunebuli gmiri pirvelad swored aTena-mwyemss
uyveba Tavis ambavs: XIII, 256-286 (30 taepi). odisevsis Tavgadasavali sqematurad ase
warmogvidgeba:
1. iTakis saxeli gamigonia Cems kretazec _ zRvis gaRma rom didi kunZulia. axla ki
me Tavad movedi iTakaze (256-7).
2. Tan bevri simdidre wamoviRe, amdenive Sin davutove Svilebs (258).
3. me iqidan (kretidan) gamoviqeci; adamiani movkali _ idomenevsis Ze fexmardi
orsiloqosi
1
(259-261).
4. (orsiloqoss) surda CemTvis waeglija troaSi moxveWili ganZi (262), romlis
mosapovebladac mravali gansacdeli avitane (263-4).
5. me ar mindoda mamamisis (idomenevsis) xelqveiToba troas omis dros, amitom sxva
razmi Sevkribe (265-6).
6. Cems erTgul amxanagebTan erTad Cavusafrdi orsiloqoss da SubiT movkali (262-
3).

1
v. meris ganmartebiT, saxeli orsiloqosi fiqtiuria. xolo `fexmardi~ aqilevsis mudmivi epiTeti.
homerosi 1961, komentari XIII, 259-e taepisTvis. aq da SemdgomSi `odiseas~ teqsti damowmebulia am
gamocemidan.
106
7. bneli Rame iyo da veravin gvnaxavda, farulad movkali, magram mainc, mkvlelobis
Semdeg kvalis dasafarad finikielTa xomalds mivaSure, maT ZRvenic mivarTvi, raTa
pilosSi an elisSi _ epeelebis ganTqmul da RvTaebriv mxareSi waveyvane (269-275).
8. maT (finikiel mezRvaurebs) Cemi motyueba ar surdaT. bolos talRebma aq
gamogvriyes. vaxSmis Tavic ar gvqonda (276-280). daqanculs Zili momekida. finikielebs
Cemi ganZi gadmoutvirTavT, Cems gverdiT qviSaze dauwyviaT, Tavad ki gamgzavrebulan
sidonSi. ase davrCi marto, gulmokluli (282-286).
II ambavi
meored odisevsi Tavis gamogonil ambavs uyveba meRore evmeoss mis qoxSi
stumrobisas: XIV, 199-359. am epizods 160 taepi eTmoba:
1. igi (mTxrobeli)
1
kretelia. mamamisi mdidari kaci iyo deda ki mona qali, amitom
ukanono Svilad iTvleboda. mamis sikvdilis Semdeg Zmebma mcire memkvidreoba argunes,
magram mdidari qali SeirTo da SeZlebuli kaci gaxda (199-215).
2. man daiwyo metis da metis moxveWa mekobreobiT (215-234). Sroma ar uyvarda, hyavda
TanamoazreTa razmi da Zarcvavda sxva qveynebs _ 9-jer dalaSqra ucxo qveynebi (230).
kretelTa Soris didad pativcemuli iyo (234).
3. troas omSi igi idomenevsTan erTad ibrZoda: me da idomenevss mogvandes
kretelTa xomaldebis winamZRoloba (237-239) uari ar miTqvams. 9 weli vibrZodiT. omis
damTavrebis Semdeg meaTe wels Sin dabrunebulebi RmerTma zRvaSi dafanta. igi
(mTxrobeli) dabrunda da erTi Tve iyo col-SvilTan (244-245).
4. man (mTxrobelma) isev mekobreoba daiwyo. egviptisken wavida 9 gemiT (246-286).
egvipteSi Casulma megzurebma TareSi daiwyes. damxvdurebma isini daamarcxes _ bevri
daxoces, zogi monad gaixades. man egviptelTa mbrZanebels mimarTa _ muxlebze moexvia
da patieba sTxova. mefes Seebrala da Sin waiyvana. aq igi (mTxrobeli) 7 weli iyo.
5. merve wels erTma finikielma cbierma kacma (romelmac bevri daRupa) igi daiyolia
da finikiaSi waiyvana. iq erTi weli iyo (287-294).
6. Semdeg finikielma kacma libiaSi wayolaze daiyolia, sadac misi (mTxrobelis)
gayidva surda (295-299). gzaSi qariSxali amovarda, zevsma xomaldi daRupa (300-310). igi
(mTxrobeli) gadarCa zevsis nebiT _ gemis anZas CaeWida (311-312).
7. cxradRiani curvis Semdeg TesprotelTa mxareSi gairiya (315-320). iq mefe
feidonma miiRo stumrad.
swored feidonma uambo odisevsze: odisevsi feidonis stumari yofila. amis
dasturad mefem odisevsis uamravi ganZi aCvena, aT modgmas eyofao es ganZi (322-326).
Tavad odisevsi ki dodoneSi wasuliyo, raTa wminda muxisagan Seetyo zevsis neba _
gancxadebulad dabrunebuliyo iTakaSi, Tu farulad (328-330). odisevss gemic mzad
hyavda da megzurebic samSobloSi dasabruneblad. mefe feidonma me ufro adre
gamomiSvao, _ ambobs mTxrobeli (334).
8. gemi, romelsac mTxrobeli gayva, dulixionSi midioda (335). feidonma sTxova
mezRvaurebs, stumari mefe akastosTan mieyvanaT. mezRvaurebma ki igi (mTxrobeli) monad
aqcies (340), gaxades samosi da ZonZebi Caacves, gakoWes da gembanze daagdes (341-344).
9. wuxel maTi gemi iTakas miadga (344), mezRvaurebi napirze gadavidnen da vaxSmobas
Seudgnen. igi (mTxrobeli) RmerTebma gaaTavisufles borkilebisagan (348), curviT
gaaRwia napiramde (351). buCqebSi daimala; eZebes, ver ipoves, bolos wavidnen (352-356).
RmerTebma ixsnes gansacdelisagan (357).
10. axla SenTan var, rogorc Cans, sicocxle mewerao (359).
III ambavi
mesamed odisevsi Tavis Tavgadasavals uyveba penelopes XIX, 166-204; 38 taepi:
1. vxedav, rom Cemi warmoSobis ambis gageba gsurs (166-7). mogiyvebi, Tumca es me
sevdas gamiZlierebs. ase mosdis yvelas, vinc sayvarel ojaxs didi xniT daSorebia da,
CemsaviT ganadgurebuli, adamianebs Soris daexeteba, maT ojaxebs stumrobs Tavad
usaxlkaro (168-170).
2. Rvinisfer zRvaSia kunZuli kreta _ mSvenieri, mdidari, wyliT garSemortymuli,
xalxmravali (172-3). kunZulelebi 90 did qalaqSi cxovroben (174); erTmaneTSia Sereuli
sxvadasxva ena _ aqavelebisa (175), eteokretelebisa kidonelebisa, pelasgebisa,
romlebic sami tomisgan Semdgar dorielebs miekuTvnebian (176-7). dedaqalaqia knososi,
romelSic mefobda minosi _ Cemi papa.
minosi iyo mSobeli didi devkalionisa (180), romelsac SeeZina idomenevsi da me (181).

1
am epizodSi odisevsi mogonil saxelsac ar irqmevs. mas saxels arc evmeosi ekiTxeba, amitom ufro
marTebulad miviCnie II ambavSi odisevsi movixsenio, rogorc mTxrobeli.
107
3. idomenevsma, Cemma saxelovanma Zmam, mrgvalcxviriani xomaldiT gacura Soreul
troaSi atridTan erTad (181-183).
me mqvia aiToni (183), idomenevsis Semdeg gavCndi; igi ufrosia da ZalauflebiT
aRmatebuli (184).
4. odisevsi kretaze vnaxe da saCuqaric vuZRveni (185). igi kretaze qariSxalma
gamoriya (186); troasken mimavals malais koncxTan avdarma mouswro (187), iZulebuli
gaxda amisionSi Sesuliyo, eileTes gamoqvabulTan (188-9).
5. odisevsi qalaqSi idomenevsTan movida, ambobda, rom misi stumari iyo (190); did
pativs scemda idomenevss, magram man 10-11 dRiT gaaswro troaSi (192-3).
6. odisevsi mefis magivrad me vistumre sasaxleSi; xelgaSlilad vumaspinZle (193-5).
xalxisgan Segrovili Cveni mdidruli maragidan odisevssa da mis megzurebs puriT,
cecxlisferi RviniT, xorciT vapurebdiT. 12 dRe dayves aq aqavelebma (199); zRvaSi
gasvlis saSualebas ar aZlevda boreasi, romelic daimonma gaaSmaga (200-2003). me-13 dRes
qariSxali Cadga da iTakelebi zRvaSi gavidnen (203).
7. `aiTonma~ ase mravali sicrue simarTlis msgavsad warmoaCina (203-4). [Iske
yeuvdea polla; levgwn ejtuvmoisin oJmoi`a: (203).
rodesac odisevsi-aiToni penelopes uyveboda odisevsis kretaze stumrobis ambavs,
qali cxare cremliT tiroda (204-209). tiriliT guli rom ijera, ambis mTxrobels hkiTxa:
Tu Cemi qmari marTla iyo SenTan, miTxari, rogori tanisamosi ecvao (218). aiTonma ase
upasuxa: marTalia, bevri dro gavida, 20 weliwadi, (222), magram maxsovs, mewamuli
wamosasxami emosa, oqros ori sabeliT; balTaze gamosaxuli iyo ZaRli, romelsac wina
fexebi nukrze edga (226-228); ecva saocrad sifrifana mbzinavi perangi (232-234). amis
mosmenaze penelope ufro atirda (249), marTlad eniSna `ucxos~ naTqvami (250) da uTxra:
aqamde mxolod mebralebodi, axla megobrad mimaCnixar Cems saxlSio (254-5).
odisevsi-aiToni ganagrZobs ambis Txrobas, igi penelopes eubneba:
8. miTxres, rom odisevsi TesprotTa mdidar qveyanaSi Cavida (270-1); Tan moaqvs
uricxvi ganZi, sxvadasxva xalxSi Segrovili (272-3).
9. misi gemi da megobrebi zRvaSi dainTqnen (274)
1
. Trinakiis kunZulze misulebs
zevsi da heliosi ganurisxdaT (275-6), radgan, gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, mezRvaurebma
heliosis xarebi dakles (276-7).
10. Tavad odisevsi feakebis qveyanas miadga (278-9)
2
. feakebma igi daasaCuqres, magram
odisevsma gadawyvita meti qveyana Semoevlo da ganZi eSova; mas xom simdidris moxveWaSi
toli ara hyavs. (283-4).
11. es ambavi (e. i. rac odisevss kretaze yofnis Semdeg gadaxda Tavs) me TesprotelTa
mefe feidonma miambo (287) Tan Semomfica, rom odisevss gemic mzad hyavs da
Tanamgzavrebic, rom Sin dabrundes (288-290).
12. feidonma me ufro adre gamomiSva pirvelive gemiT, romelic dulixionSi
3

midioda (291-2), odisevsis ganZic maCvena, romelic aT modgmas eyofa (293-5). mefem miTxra,
odisevsi dodoneSi gaemgzavra, raTa Seityos zevsis neba _ rogor ajobebs dabruneba
_aSkarad Tu saidumlod (296-299).
13. odisevsi cocxalia da male mova _ Zveli mTvaris Casvlisas da axlis gamoCenisas
(307)
4
.
`kreteli~ stumris ambavs evmeosic uambobs jer telemaqoss (XVI, 62-67)
5
, Semdeg
penelopes (XVII, 523-547)
6
.

1
odisevsi-ucxo pirvelad amxels megzurTa daRupvis ambavs.
2
aq odisevsma gamotova kalifsosTan yofnis epizodi _ yvelaze xangrZlivi periodi (7 weli).
3
dulixionis adgilmdebareoba daudgenelia. `odiseas~ mixedviT, es kunZuli iTakis maxlobladaa.
4
am SemTxvevaSi axali mTvaris amosvla gulisxmobs _`odisevsi dabrundeba xval~. `odiseas~ XXI,
258, XX, 276-8-is mixedviT, swored am dRes (anu, xval) unda gamarTuliyo apolonisadmi miZRvnili
zeimi, romlisTvisac Tvis pirveli dRe iyo gankuTvnili. ix. homerosi 1961, XIX, 198-is komentari.
antikur literaturaSi cnobili xerxia SurisZieba romelime RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil
dResaswaulze. magaliTad, oreste egisToss heras dResaswaulze klavs (ix. evripides troas
ciklis tragediebi). amgvari SurisZieba msxverplSewirvad aRiqmeboda (ix. canava 2005:175).
5
evmeosis monaTxrobi: igi (ucxoeli) kretidanaa. rogorc ambobs, bevri xalxi da qveyana moixila da
imogzaura _ ase dauwesa bedma. amJamad Tesprotebis xomaldidan borot xalxs gamoeqca da Cems
qoxSi movida (XVI, 62-67).
6
evmeosi penelopesTan aqebs stumars _ kargi mTxrobeliao, kretidan aris, minosis modgmiso (523-
4). didi tanjva gadautania. ase Tqva, odisevsi axlos aris _TesprotTa mxareSi_ Sin dabrunebas
apirebs didi ganZiTo (525-7).
108
`odiseaSi~ odisevsis kretul warmomavlobas da kretasTan dakavSirebul istoriebs
230-ze meti taepi eZRvneba. es ki sakmaod vrceli monakveTia, jamSi _ erTi simReris
TiTqmis naxevari.
upirveles yovlisa, gamovyoT yvelaze arsebiTi, rac samive ambavSi gansakuTrebiTaa
xazgasmuli _ odisevsi kretelia da idomenevsTan Zalian daaxloebuli (an Zmaa, an
uaxloesi TanamebrZoli).
odisevsis mier kretelobis daCemebas samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad xsnian
imiT, rom kreta yvelasTvis cnobili kunZuli iyo. kreta Tavisi mdebareobiT, simdidriT,
mniSvnelobiT popularuli gaxldaT ara mxolod berZenTa Soris, aramed mTel
mediteranul sivrceSi. ase rom, mkvlevarTa azriT, odisevsis fsevdoTavgadasavalSi Cans
patara kunZulis, iTakis, mefis survili, ufro did da saxelganTqmul kunZuls
daukavSiros Tavi. cnobilia isic, rom kretelebi gaqnili matyuarebi iyvnen
1
. magram
poemebis teqstebis konstruirebis homerosiseul principebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, Zneli
dasajerebelia, rom mas amdeni taepi daeTmo odisevsis erT-erTi morigi (yvelaze
uwyinari) tyuilis gadmocemisaTvis.
Cemi azriT, es sami ambavi warmogvidgens fiqcias, romelic odisevsis aracnobiersa
da gulisgulSi Senaxul ocnebas ukavSirdeba. saqme is aris, rom odisevsma 20 wlis winaT
iTakidan gemebiT waiyvana rCeuli vaJkacebi troas omSi. troadan odisevsi marto
dabrunda 10 wlis xetialis Semdeg. es Zalian awuxebs Tavad odisevss (amisi
damadasturebeli informacia teqstSi uxvadaa. axla amaze ar SevCerdebi). SinmousvlelTa
axloblebic ver patioben winamZRols warumatebel sabrZolo eqspedicias (am sakiTxsac
ar gavavrcob). saqme is aris, rom marTalia, aseulobiT aqaveli mebrZoli, maT Soris
cnobili gmirebic daecnen troaSi, magram, ase iyo Tu ise, bolos da bolos garkveuli
nawili meTaurTan erTad Tu umeTaurod, mainc dabrunda Sin: mirmidonelebi _ aqilevsis
gareSe, magram neoptolemosTan, aqilevsis ZesTan, erTad; argoselebi _ agamemnonTan
erTad (Tumca Sin agamemnoni veragulad mokles); lakedemonelebi 7 wlis xetialisa da
tanjvis Semdeg dabrundnen menelaosTan da elenesTan erTad. piloselma nestorma
sayvareli Ze dakarga omSi. daiRupnen gmiri aiaqsebi. erTaderTi winamZRoli, romelmac
minimaluri danakargiT daabruna Tavisi xalxi, iyo kreteli idomenevsi. swored amitomac
kretel idomenevss ukavSirdeba odisevsis yvelaze sanukvari ocneba. ras ar miscemda
odisevsi, rom Sin Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad dabrunebuliyo. amitomac iTakaze
fexSedgmuls, nebsiT Tu uneburad, aekviata survili warmatebul winamZRolTan Tavis
misadagebisa. Cemi azriT, es fiqcia gansxvavdeba odisevsis sxva tyuilebisagan; kretelad
Tavis warmodgena misi gansakuTrebuli niRabia, romliTac homerosis gmiri axleburad
warmogvidgeba. odisevsis es Tviseba Tu Strixi (niRabi), SeiZleba iTqvas, saintereso
modelad iqca Semdgomi epoqebis mwerlebisaTvis
2
.
axla ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis detalebi:
idomenevsi miTosuri warmodgeniT, minosis SviliSvili iyo. igi meTaurobda 80
xomalds, romlebzec Seikribnen mebrZolebi kretis eqvsi qalaqidan (homerosi 2002, II, 645-
652; apolodorosi 1972, III, 13. am avtorTan ufro mcire raodenobaa dasaxelebuli).
`iliadaSi~ idomenevsi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCa xomaldebTan brZolisas (homerosi 2002,
XIII, 210-539). igi monawileobda patroklosis dakrZalvisas gamarTul TamaSebSi.
idomenevsi sxva berZen gmirebTan erTad ijda im xis cxenSi, romelmac troa daRupa. am
gmiris Semdgom bedze sxvadasxva versiebia: erTi gadmocemiT, idomenevsi Tavis xalxTan
erTad mSvidobianad dabrunda kretaze da bednierad ganagrZo mefoba. meore versiiT, Sin
ki dabrunda, magram kretaze rTuli viTareba dauxvda da sabolood igi kunZulidan
gaaZeves
3
.

1
teqstSi ar aris miTiTebuli, ramdenad icis odisevsma kretelebis am Tvisebis Sesaxeb, magram mis
`moTxrobebSi~ amis sapirispiros dasabuTebis survili Cans. yovel SemTxvevaSi, logikurad,
odisevsi arafriT ar daibralebda kretelobas imitom, rom isini matyuarebi arian. piriqiT, mas
surs, rom daujeron.
2
sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, jeims joisis `ulisec~ sakmarisia. am romanSi yvelaferi warmosaxvebis,
aluziebis, niRbebis TamaSs efuZneba. romanis mTavari gmirebi ar arian isini, vinc arian, an ar
surT iyvnen iseTebi, rogorebic arian, an periodulad erTvebian `warmodgenaSi~ da TamaSoben im
rols, romlis TamaSic surT. m. horkhaimerisa da T. adornos azriT: `odisea~ aris `evropuli
civilizaciis sabazo teqsti~ (horkhaimeri ...1972:46).
3
Cemi azriT, idomenevsis gaZevebis versiac Zalian sayuradReboa: igi, erTi mxriv, agamemnonis
Tavgadasavals esadageba, meore mxriv, odisevsisas, amitom mokled warmovadgen am personaJTan
dakavSirebul versiebs: idomenevsi elenes erT-erTi saqmroTagani iyo da gansakuTrebuli
silamaziT gamoirCeoda. rodesac berZenTa gaerTianebuli laSqari kunZul avlisze Seikriba,
kretidan movidnen elCebi da Tqves: idomenevsi troas dasalaSqrad 100 gems waiyvanda im pirobiT,
109
homerosis `odisea~ erTaderTi wyaroa, romlis mixedviT, idomenevsi kretaze
mebrZolebTan erTad dabrunda da bednierad ganagrZo mefoba. samecniero literaturaSi
ar Cans, iyo Tu ara es versia homerosamde. sxva avtorebTan daculi cnobebi idomenevsis
beds sxvagvarad warmogvidgenen. axla ki isev mTavars mivubrundeT _ Txzulebis
struqturis agebisas mwerals ar SeuZlia miTis urTierTsapirispiro versiebs
daeyrdnos. avtori irCevs imas, rac mis mTavar konceptualur mimarTulebas esadageba.
epikuri Txzulebebis saerTo struqturuli kanonzomierebebis Seswavlam mkafiod
gamoavlina, rom mwerali miTosur versiaTagan irCevs imas, rac misi koncefciisa da
esTetikisTvisaa misaRebi. Tu aseTi versia ar arsebobs, poeti Tavad qmnis mas.
idomenevsis SemTxvevaSi homerosi TviTon gvaZlevs konkretul ganmartebas, da Cemi
azriT, miniSnebasac: brZeni nestori masTan stumrad misul telemaqoss uambobs imas, rac
icis, kerZod, vin rogor dabrunda samSobloSi. igi ambobs:
K pavnta~ d j jIdomeneu;~ rhvthn eijshvgag j eJtaivrou~,
oi{ fuvgon ejk polevmou, povnto~ dev oiJ ou[ tin j ajphuvra ( homerosi
1961. III, 191-2).
(idomenevsma TanamebrZolebi, romlebic oms gadaurCnen, zRviT mSvidobiT miiyvana
kretaze).
Cemi azriT, swored aq, nestoris monaTxrobSi (III simRera), Zevs gasaRebi odisevsis
iluziisa (XIII, XIV, XIX simRerebi). nestori telemaqoss jer imas uyveba, rac Tavisi TvaliT
naxa, mere imas, rac Seityo sxva berZeni gmirebis dabrunebaze. sayuradReboa isic, rom am
ambavs yveba nestori _ yvelaze sarwmuno informatori _ romlis sityvas
gansakuTrebuli Zala da mniSvneloba hqonda (gavixsenoT nestoris funqcia `iliadaSi~).
nestori idomenevsis warmatebiT dabrunebas Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad troas omis
gmirebis `dabrunebaTa~ konteqstSi warmoadgens: mirmidonelebi dabrundnen aqilevsis
vaJTan erTad, cocxalia filoqtetesi (visTan erTad dabrunda igi, ar Cans), agamemnonis
sazareli ambavi ki Tqvenamdec movidodao (homerosi 1961, III, 185-200).
axla ganvixiloT odisevsis mier moTxrobili samive ambavi da maTi
urTierTSesabamisoba.
I ambavi: odisevsma gaiRviZa da ver icno mSobliuri kunZuli. aTenam iTaka nisliT
Sebura, rom droze adre aravis enaxa Sin dabrunebuli gmiri (XIII, 190-196). laertidi
zrunavs feakebis mier naCuqar ganZeulze, man saTiTaod gadaTvala yvela samfexa da qvabi
(XIII, 215-219). aTena mas cxvris (Txebis) mwyemsis ieriT warudga (ejpibwvtori mhvlwvn,
222) da detalurad aRuwera kunZuli (XIII, 237-249). es namdvilad iTakaa! magram odisevsi
ubralo mwyemsis winaSe iwyebs tyuilis xlarTvas: oujd o{ g j ajlhqeva ei\pe,
pavlin d j o{ ge lavzeto mu`qon (XIII, 254);. sityvasityviT es taepi ase iTargmneba:
(man) simarTle ar Tqva, sxva mimarTulebiT waiyvana ambavio. v. meris komentaris mixedviT,
(odisevsma) Semoatriala Tavisi moTxroba sxva mimarTulebiT ajlhqeva-s sapirispirod
1
.
teqstis Semdeg taepSi vkiTxulobT: aijei; ejni; sthvqessi novon polukerdeva
nwmw`n ( XIII, 255) _ gulSi eSmakobas ganizraxavdao.
rodesac aTena-mwyemsma moismina odisevsis gamogonili istoria (anu ambavi I),
loyaze mousva mas xeli, lamaz qalad gardaisaxa da uTxra: mzakvari da cbieri unda iyos,
vinc moisurvebs Sen aRgematos eSmakobiT, es RmerTsac gauWirdeba (kai; eij qeo;~
ajntiavseie XIII, 292). Semdgom aTena xumrobanarevi kiloTi ganagrZobs: (scevtlie,

Tu agamemnoni mas gauyofda Zalauflebas (zogi versiiT, es piroba miiRes. zogi versiiT _ ara.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, `iliadaSi~ amaze aranairi miniSneba ar gvxvdeba. aq idomenevsi mxolod Tavisi
armiis winamZRolia da sxvebiviT emorCileba agamemnons). idomenevsma TanaSemwed airCia merioni,
molosis Ze, romelic, minosis erT-erT ukanono Svilad iTvleboda. cnobilia isic, rom
idomenevsis farze gamosaxuli iyo mwyemsi, rogorc niSani imisa, rom igi heliosis modgmas
ekuTvnoda; mis muzarads ki amkobda taxis eSvebi.
apolodorosis mixedviT, idomenevsis saxlSi aRzrdilma levkosma acduna da sayvarlad
gaixada meda _ idomenevsis meuRle. (Seadare: agamemnoni klitemnestra _ egisTosis istoria).
mogvianebiT levkosma sasaxlidan gandevna medac da idomenevsis asulic, romlebic taZarSi
daxoca. amis Semdeg levkosma gadaibira 10 qalaqi da Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdo. amasobaSi troadan
kretisken momavali idomenevsi qariSxalSi moyva. igi Sehpirda poseidons, rom msxverplad
Seswiravda pirvel Semxvedrs. es Semxvedri aRmoCnda misi vaJi (an asuli). rodesac idomenevsi
msxverplSewirvisTvis emzadeboda, qveyanas epidemia daatyda da msxverplSewirva gadades. (sxva
versiiT, RmerTebma ar miiRes misi Sewiruli msxverpli; an idomenevsma msxverpli ar Seswira).
levkosma dro ixelTa idomenevsis gasaZeveblad. igi kalambriaSi gaemgzavra da iq dasaxlda.
(apolodorosi 1972: III, 3,1;VI, 9-10. vergiliusi 1913, III, 121 400. higinusi 2000, 81. pavsaniasi 1996, V.
25,5.). cimermani 1980.
1
homerosi 1961, XIII, 254-is komentari.
110
poikilomh`ta, dovlwn a\t j XIII, 293) _ jiuto, cbiergonebiano, eSmakobebs arc
mSobliur miwaze dabrunebuli eSvebi (XIII, 293-4). Tumca _ ambobs aTena _ tyuilebis Tqma
bavSvobidanve giyvardao: lhvxein ajpatavwn muvqwn te klopivwn oi{ toi
pedovqen fivloi eijsivn (XIII, 294-5). ajpatavw niSnavs `vatyueb~, `SecdomaSi
Semyavs~. e. i. aTena xazs usvams odisevsis erT-erT arsebiT Tvisebas _ matyuarobas. Tanac
aqve dasZens, rom es mas sulac ar aRizianebs, piriqiT, `me da Sen erTmaneTis msgavsni varT
eSmakuri CanafiqrebiT. Sen mokvdavTa Soris xar saukeTeso sxvadasxva rCevebiTa da
gamomgoneblobiT, me ki RmerTebs Soris~ ( eijdovte~ a[mfw kevrde j 296-7). ejpei;
su; mevn ejssi brotw`n o]c j a[risto~ aJpavntwn boulh/` kai; muvqoisin,
ejgw; d j ejn pa`si qeoi`si mhvti te klevomai kai; kevrdesin: (XIII, 297-9). kargad
Cans, rom aTena odisevsis matyuarobas (rac mas bavSvobidanve axasiaTebs) ar miiCnevs cud
Tvisebad (celqobad uTvlis), ufro metic, es aJpatavw `gamomgoneblobisa~ da
`sxvadasxva saukeTeso rCevebis micemis~ azrobliv datvirTvas iZens. faqtobrivad, am
dialogSi Cans, ratom uyvars aTenas odisevsi gamorCeulad (sxva gmirebze metad) _ isini
erTmaneTis msgavsni arian. aqve aTena amunaTebs odisevss _ ratom ver micani me, Seni Semwe
da keTilismyofeli?! gana me ar ganvawyve feakelTa gulebi Sendami siyvaruliTo (XIII, 300-
303). am `lirikuli~ gadaxvevis Semdgom qalRmerTi saqmeze gadadis da odisevss uxsnis,
rogor unda moiqces Semdgom: me movedi, raTa SenTan erTad yvelaferi Wkvianurad
movifiqro: sad Seinaxo feakelTa boZebuli ganZi; agreTve gauwyo, ra bedi gardagiwyvite
Sens samefoSi (XIII, 304-7). aTena, faqtobrivad, iwonebs odisevsis mier damoukideblad
miRebul gadawyvetilebas, rom mSobliur kunZulze dabrundes rogorc ucxo _ ar
gaamJRavnos Tavisi vinaoba. amas ori mizani aqvs: erTi: gamoarkvios, vin aris erTguli da
vin _ moRalate; meore: maqsimalurad daiTminos damcireba (ajlla; siwph/` pavscein
a[lgea polla; XIII, 309-310); raTa gamarTlebuli iqnas misi momavali SurisZieba.
rac Seexeba fiqcias, romelic odisevsma SeTxza _ kreteli varo _ amaze aTena
arafers ambobs. ambis (mu`qo~) mogoneba da mogonili ambis qveteqsti Tavad odisevsis
prerogativaa, raSic qalRmerTi ar ereva.
I ambis mizania, ucnob mwyemss auxsnas, rogor da ratom moxvda igi iTakaze; rom ganZi
misi kuTvnilebaa (man moipova sisxliTa da ofliT). am ganZs aravis dauTmobs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom martoa. igi TviT idomenevsis fexmard Zes ar Seepua da Tavi ar daaCagvrina.
finikielebmac ki ar axles xeli mis ganZs. rogorc vxedavT, am epizodis mTavari
laitmotivia _ ganZi. wvrilfexa saqonlis mwyemsze didi gavlena unda moexdina imas, rom
maT patara kunZuls SemTxveviT moadga didebuli, troas omSi monawile gmiri,
sayovelTaod cnobili kunZulidan. Tumca ki odisevsi amaod gaisarja. es mwyemsi
sinamdvileSi aTena aRmoCnda. ase rom, I ambis moTxrobiT odisevsi amaod daSvra.
II ambis Txrobisas odisevsi cvlis laitmotivs (ganZi saimedodaa dabinavebuli. mas
safrTxe ar emuqreba). I ambidan ucvlelad gadmodis is, rom igi kretelia da idomenevsTan
daaxloebuli piri. sayuradReboa isic, rom meore ambavs igi yveba evmeosis qoxSi, cecxlis
piras; odisevsma ukve zustad icis, rom samSobloSia da isic icis, rogor unda moiqces
(aTenam misca rCeva-darigebebi). ase rom, II ambavi raRaciT cecxlis piras SeTxzul
zRapars mogvagonebs, raRaciT personaJis Sinagan meditaciasa da gaorebas
warmogvidgens.
axla erTmaneTs SevadaroT iTakeli odisevsi da kreteli `stumari~:
iTakeli

1. kanonieri Svilia
2. mxolodSobilia
1

3. Tavisi wris coli hyavs.

4. uyvars Tavisi samSoblo, ojaxi. ar uyvars
omi.
5. mefea, `xalxis mwyemsi~

6. iTakelTa flotis erTaderTi
kreteli

1. ukanono Svilia
2. hyavs Zmebi
3. coli aRemateba warmoSobiTa da
simdidriT.
4. omisken miuwevs guli.

5. mekobrea (9-jer dalaSqra sxvadasxva
qveyana. kretaze simdidriT moixveWa
saxeli.
6. Zalauflebas iyofs idomenevsTan
1
.

1
odisevsis sagvareulos damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba is aris, rom mamakacebs TiTo vaJi hyavT:
laertesi arkesilaosis erTaderTi vaJi iyo, laertess mxolod odisevsi hyavda, odisevss ki
telemaqosi: w|de ga;r hJmetevrhn geneh;n mouvnwse kronivwn (XVI, 117 da Semd.) aseTia
miTis epikuri versia. sxva versiiT, odisevss kirkesganac SeeZina vaJi, magram amas homerosi ar
adasturebs.
111
winamZRolia.
7. troadan jer ar dabrunebula.

8. 7 weli dayo kalifsosTan k. ogigiaze.

9. 1 weli gaatara kirkesTan k. aiaiaze.
10. feakebTan ismens demdokosisgan troasa
da odsevsis ambavs.

7. troadan dabrunda. 1 Tve dayo Sin da isev
mekobreoba daiwyo.
8. mekobreobisas egvipteSi daatyveves da iq 7
weli dayo.
9. finikiaSi kinaRam gayides. iq 1 weli iyo.
10. Tesprotelebisgan igebs odisevsis
ambavs.


kreteli stumari arc Tavad ambobs Tavis saxels, arc aravin ekiTxeba. mas
moixsenieben, rogorc `xevno~ (ucxo, ucxoeli, yaribi). `kreteli~ odisevsis msgavs
personaJebs noumenebs (no-man) uwodeben
2
.
am ambavSi bevri ram aris sayuradRebo: xazgasmulia, rom kretel noumens
gansakuTrebul pativs scemdnen simdidris gamo. mamamisic RmerTiviT pativcemuli iyo
simdidrisa da Svilebis siqvelis wyalobiT:
K o{~ tovt j ejjni; rhvtessi qeo;~ w{~ tiveto dhvmw/
[lbw/ te plouvtw/ te kai; uiJavsi kudalivmoisin (XIV, 205-6).
amave epizodSi sayuradReboa, rom noumens (kretel stumars, anu faqtobriv
odisevss) ar surda troas omSi wasvla, magram mas ar hqonda sxva gza: oujdev ti mh`co~
h\en ajnhvnasqai, caleph; d j e[ce dhvmou fh`mi~ (XIV, 238 -239)
3
. cnobilia isic,
rom arc iTakel odisevss undoda troas omSi wasvla. maTi survili msgavsia, motivacia _
gansxvavebuli.
Zmebma noumens, rogorc ukanonos, mcire wili argunes mamiseuli qonebidan (XIV, 210).
imdroindeli kanonebis mixedviT, mas arc hqonda qonebis moTxovnis ufleba. yvelaferi,
rac miiRo, iTvleboda Zmebis saCuqrad.
noumenma sxva xelismaZieblebs ajoba. mdidari coli Tavisi siqveliTa da
moxerxebulobiT moipova:
hjgagovmhn de; gunai`ka poluklhvrwn ajnqrwvpwn
ei{nek j ejmh`~ ajreth`~, ejpei; oujk ajpofwvlio~ h\a (XIV, 211-2).
Zalian sainteresoa noumenis TviTdaxasiaTeba:
ajlj j e]mph~ kalavmhn gev s j ojivomai eijsorovwnta
gignwvskein: h\ gavr me duvh e]cei h]liqa pollhv (XIV, 214-5).
(axla gamoviyurebi, rogorc Calis Rero, romlis mixedviTac, vimedovneb, Sen
Semicnob, Tumca ki bevri ubedurebis gadamtani foTolgacvenili var
4
).
aresma da aTenam noumens simamacesTan erTad omebis siyvaruli, mebrZoli suli
(rJhxhnorivhn) Caunerges (XIV, 216-7). omSi Seupovars ar uyvarda mindorSi Sroma da
mSvidi cxovreba (XIV, 222-3).
iTakeli odisevsi kargi mebrZoli da monadirea (movigonoT, taxze nadiroba, ris
Semdegac igi e.w. `niSniani~ gmiri gaxda. iremze nadiroba k. aiaiaze. orTabrZolebis
epizodebis damowmeba ki gacilebiT metis SeiZleba), magram, miuxedavad amisa, `iliadasac~
da `odiseasac~ laitmotivad gasdevs azri, rom odisevss omi ar uyvars, mas surs omis
swrafad dasruleba, Sin dabruneba da yvelafers akeTebs am miznis misaRwevad.
troaSi wasvlamde noumeni mekobreobda. man cxrajer dalaSqra sxva qveynebi; mokle
xanSi gamdidrda da gaZlierda, pativiscema moipova kretelTa Soris (XIV, 233-4).

1
`kretel~ odisevss, rogorc ukanonos, ar mianiWes sruli uflebebi. igi mxolod or xomalds
miuZRvis ilionSi; anu igi meorea.
2
rodesac odisevsi Tavis amxanagebTan erTad polifemosis mRvimeSi aRmoCnda, kiklopma mas saxeli
hkiTxa. odisevsma uTxra, aravin mqviao (Ou\ti~ ejmoiv g j o[noma: IX, 366). sakuTar saxelad
warmodgenili Ou\ti~ inglisurad Targmnes, rogorc No-man mogvianebiT es sityva literaturul
kritikaSi garkveuli mxatvruli tipis aRmniSvnel terminad iqca.
3
teqstis komentatori _ v. meri am da momdevno taepebis analizisas askvnis, rom mas (noumens) gza ar
hqonda, win aRdgomoda kretelTa mowodebas, xalxis kategoriul moTxovnas, rac mis survils ar
Seesabameboda. kretelebs undodaT, rom mas _ ukanono Svils _ winamZRoloba gaeyo
idomenevsTan, qveynis kanonier mmarTvelTan. teqstSi ar aris gamokveTili: saerTod ar surda
noumens omSi wasvla, Tu imitom, rom idomenevsis daqvemdebarebaSi unda yofiliyo.
4
teqstis komentatoris azriT, am berZnulma frazam dasabami misca laTinur frTian gamoTqmas ex
stipula cognoscere (Calis ReroTi gamocnoba, Secnoba). ix. homerosi 1961, XIV, 214-is komentari. Cven
SegviZlia paralelisaTvis movixmoT mZime viTarebaSi Cavardnili tarielis sityvebi, romelic
avTandils eubneba: `aw maSindlisa Cemisa saxe var oden Crdilisa~ (333).
112
simdidreze am ambavSic aris yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. saerTod, simdidris, qonebis Tema
`odiseaSi~ Zalian aqtualuria.
rodesac troas omi daiwyo, kretelebma me da saxelganTqmuli idomenevsi agvirCies
ilionSi gasamgzavreblado (XIV, 237-8), _ ambobs noumeni.
Txroba namdvili ambavs rom daemsgavsos, odisevsi erTmaneTs usadagebs mis mier
realurad gancdilsa da gamogonils. magaliTad, noumenis Svidwliani yofna egvipteSi
esadageba odisevsis yofnas kunZul ogigiaze qalRmerT kalifsosTan; xolo erTwliani
yofna finikielebTan _ qalRmerT kirkesTan aiaiaze stumrobis analogiaa. am
literaturul xerxs SeiZleba vuwodoT fiqciis fiqcia. ra Tqma unda, aq pirveli fiqcia
(anu odisevsis realuri Tavgadasavali
1
) aRebulia, rogorc namdvili ambavi. masTan
mimarTebiT II fiqcia gamonagonis funqcias iZens, magram gmiri am sicrues `fuTavs~ da
cdilobs simarTlis ieri misces. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, iTakeli odisevsi ramdenime
punqtiT radikalurad gansxvavdeba noumenisagan: warmomavlobiT, ojaxiT, saqmianobiT,
funqciiT troas omSi. aseTi gansxvavebuli `biografiis~ SeTxzva sxvadasxvagvarad
SeiZleba aixsnas. erT-erTi axsna SeiZleba isic iyos, rom rom odisevss aseTadac
warmoudgenia Tavi, mis mier aRwerili tipi odisevsis erT-erTi niRabia. am niRbis miRma ki
yvelaze arsebiTi `idomenevsad yofnis~ (warmatebul `kretelad yofnis~) survilia,
romelic, (rogorc ukve vTqvi) homerosis versiiT, Tavadac dabrunda da xalxic daabruna.
es iluziebi qmnis teqstis sxva struqturas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uxilav, magram mtkice
`bades qsovs~. es bade, tradiciuli teqstis sxva sibrtyes qmnis, romelic fantaziis
unaris mqone mkiTxvelisTvisaa gamiznuli. swored amgvari miniSnebebi, narTaulebi,
warmosaxvebi miuTiTeben adamianis bunebis sirTulesa da mravalmxrivobaze. yvela didi
mwerali cdilobs mkiTxveli Tavisi gmirebis fiqrebisa da ocnebebis labirinTSi
Seiyvanos. rac ufro mravalsaxiania personaJi, miT ufro sainteresoa. am labirinTidan
mkiTxveli gmirebTan erTad gamodis TanagancdiTa da axali gamocdilebiT aRWurvili. Tu
es ase moxda, avtoris mizani miRweulia (swored es iyo antikuri esTetikis principi).
noumenis Tavgadasavlis simarTleSi meRore evmeoss eWvi ar Sehparvia, kidec
aaRelva ucxoelis ubedobam, magram ar daujera, rom odisevsi cocxalia da male
dabrundeba. evmeosi mimarTavs `sacodav ucxoels~ (deile; xeivnwn 361): odisevsze ki
upativcemulod Tqvi, ar mjera, raSi dagWirda tyuilubralod Cemi motyueba? (XIV, 363-5).
I ambisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic odisevsma aTena-mwyemss uambo (da rogorc gairkva,
fuWad) II ambavi orad iyofa: noumenis Tavgadasavali evmeoss sjera, odisevsisa _ ara.
meRores Tavisi argumentebi aqvs (XIV, 366-385). igi ambobs, rom ukve aRar midis
penelopesTan, romelic yovelTvis uxmobda xolme, rodesac romelime ucxoeli
Semoexeteboda kunZulze. dedofali da Sinaurebi, stumars garsSemojarulni, mosuls
kiTxvebs ayridnen, raTa rame SeetyoT (XIV, 373-377). evmeosi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg ver
itans fuW gamokiTxvebs, rac iTakaze movida erTi etolieli, romelic Sinidan sasjels
gamoeqca (adamiani mokla). etolielma evmeoss aseTi ram uambo: odisevsi kretaze
idomenevsis sasaxleSi vnaxeo. igi Tavisi gemebis SekeTebiT iyo dakavebuli. odisevsma
miTxra zafxulSi an Semodgomaze iTakaSi viqnebiT me da Cemi amxanagebi, eniT auwereli
qonebiT vbrundebiTo (kai; favt j ejleuvsesqai h[ ej~Eqevro~ h[ ej~ ojpwvrhn,
polla; crhvmat j a[gonta, su;n ajntiqevoi~ eJtavroisi XIV, 384-5). evmeoss es
bolo imedic gaucruvda, amitom stumars eubneba, nu matyuebo (mhvte tiv moi
yeuvdessi 387), am sicruis gamo ufro met pativiscemas Cemgan nu eli. me zevss vekrZalvi
_ stumarTa mfarvels (XIV, 386-9). evmeosis azriT, odisevsze amdeni tyuilis xlarTvis
mizezi isaa, rom misi cxedari aravis unaxavs, amitom kargi iqneba, gamoCndes Tundac erTi
TviTmxilveli, romelic ityvis, rom gardacvlili laertidi naxa; maSin yvelaferi cxadi
gaxdeba
2
.
me vfiqrob, Zalian sayuradReboa Tavad odisevsis Tvalsazrisi tyuilze.
imedgadawurul evmeoss odisevsi-noumeni eubneba: geficebi, odisevsi male dabrundebao
( O ajll j ejgw; oujk au]tw~ muqhvsomai, ajlla; su;n o{rkw/, wJ~ nei`tai j duseuv~:

1
samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom kikonebis qveynidan odisevsi irealur
samyaroSi, sxva sknelSi gadadis. amaze ix. segali 1962:17-36. vidal-nake 2001. edvardsi 1993:27-77.
`odiseaSi~ sammagi fiqcia gvaqvs: I miTi _odisevsis troadan dabrunebis ambavi; II. odisevsi
irealur samyaroSi; III. odisevs-noumenis iluzia _ misi savaraudo Tavgadasavali, romelSic
gadaxlarTulia sasurveli da realuri. amgvari fantasmagoria nebismieri adamianisTvis (miT
umetes, mwerlisTvis) fabulaTa dauSretel wyarod SeiZleba iqces.
2
miuxedavad imisa, rom evmeoss odisevsi cocxali aRar hgonia, stumris pativsacemad gamarTuli
vaxSmis win msxverplSewirvisas, samsxverplo xorcis naWeri cecxlSi Caagdo da RmerTebs
SesTxova, odisevsi Sin daebrunebinaT (XIV, 422-424).
113
XIV,151-2). Semdeg odisevsi-noumeni dasZens: hadesis karibWeze metad mZuls yvela
matyuara, romelic siRaribis gamo cruobs (ejcqro;~ gavr moi kei`no~ oJmw`~
A j ivdao puvlh/si givgnetai, o{~ penivh/ ei[kwn ajpathvlia bavzei XIV,156-7). e.
i. odisevsisTvis miuRebelia sicrue gamorCenis molodinis gamo. rogorc Cans, mas aqvs
sicruis Tqmis Tavisi koncefcia. miT umetes, misTvis warmoudgenelia tyuilad daficeba.
odisevss surs, rom meRore daarwmunos _ar vcruobo da sanaZleosac udebs (XIV, 391-400).
III ambavi penelopesTvisaa gankuTvnili, amitom aq odisevsi sxva fiqcias mimarTavs
(igi arc imas aqcevs yuradRebas, rom meRore evmeosma SeiZleba ufro detalurad uambos
dedofals ucxoelis ambavi da tyuilSi gamoiWiron
1
). am moTxrobaSi odisevsi
gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas kunZul kretis sidiadesa da simdidreze. am diadi
kunZulis RvTaebrivi mefe minosi
2
misi papaa, idomenevsi ki RviZli Zma. me aiToni mqviao, _
ambobs odisevsi. Ai[qwn-is (XIX, 183) erT-erTi mniSvnelobaa `wiTeli, alisferi,
cecxlovani wiTeli~
3
. sxvadasxva wyaroebis mixedviT, odisevsi wiTuri yofila
4
. ase rom,
aq odisevsi fizikur maxasiaTebels `irqmevs~ saxelad. saxeli aiToni odisevsis erT-erTi
niRabia. III ambavi-fiqciis mizania: a) penelopes Tavi moawonos didebuli warmomavlobiT. b)
daarwmunos, rom odisevsi cocxalia da male mova. wina ambisgan gansxvavebiT, aiToni
Tavad warmodgeba odisevsis maspinZlad k. kretaze. igi aRuwers penelopes odisevsis
Cacmulobis detalebs da amiT dedoflis srul ndobas moipovebs. erTaderTi, vinc
yvelaze metad irwmuna odisevsi-ucxos monayoli, penelope iyo (aTenam gaaqilika,
evmeosma ar daujera, penelopes ki guli autokda, Tumca ambis meore nawili _ odisevsi
male dabrundebao _ arc man daijera).
odisevsi-ucxo penelopes saqmroebsac `umxels~ Tavis vinaobsa, oRond maT ar
eubneba, saidanaa. erT dros mdidari kaci mekobreebs davukavSirdi. maTi wyalobiT
egvipteSi aRmovCndi, sadac damatyveves da monad mimyides kviprosels; axla iqidan
movdivaro (XVII, 415-444).
odisevsma veravin daarwmuna, magram raRac imedi mainc Causaxa. es imedi Zalian
myifea, magram mainc imedia. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom noumenma raRac TvalsazrisiT mizans
miaRwia.
antikuri epoqis literaturis Teoretikosebma Camoayalibes kriteriumebi _
rogori teqsti SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvrul nawarmoebad. am koncefciis
formulirebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aristoteles `poetika~ da `ritorika~,
platonis `saxelmwifos~ III wigni da ramdenime Tavi `kanonebidan~, strabonis `geografiis~

1
rodesac penelopem meRores hkiTxa, vin aris es kacio, evmeosma upasuxa: kargi mTxrobelia,
kretidan aris, minosis modgmisa, didi tanjva gadautania. ase ambobs: odisevsi axlosaa,
TesprotelTa mxareSi, Sin didi ganZiT apirebso dabrunebas (XVII, 523-7). aq Cans, rom evmeosi
dedofals eubneba yvelaze mniSvnelovan informacias stumris monayolidan. meRore aseve mokled
uxasiaTebs stumars telemaqossac: igi kretidanaa; rogorc ambobs, bevri xalxi da qveyana moixila
_ ase dauwesa bedma. axlaxan gamoiqca TesprotTa xomaldidan, Cvens qoxSi movida. axla Sen
mixedeo (XVI, 62-7).
2
sayuradReboa erTi detali: `iliadis~ mixedviT kretis epiTetia `asqalaqiani~ (eJkatovmpoli~
homerosi 2002:,649), asevea vergiliusis `eneidaSic~ (Centum urbes habibant magnas . vergiliusi:
1913: III,106). noumenis gadmocemiT ki kreta 90-qalaqiania (ejnnhvkonta). es SeiZleba imaze
miuTiTebdes, rom noumenma ar icis namdvili viTareba, Tumca igi detalurad axasiaTebs kretis
mosaxleobas (XIX,174-6). aqve komentatori aRniSnavs minosTan dakavSirebuli terminis Targmanis
sirTules: ejnnevwro~ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes (ise, rogorc `odiseas~ X, 19-Si) srul simwifes
zrdasrulobas; magram Tu sityvasityviT vTargmniT, `cxra wels~ aRniSnavs. am sityvis dakavSireba
basivleu~-sTan da ojaristhv~-sTan komentators amgvari wakiTxvis saSualebas aZlevs: cxra
wlis ganmavlobaSi asocirebuli (dakavSirebuli) iyo zevsTan~. platonis `minosis~
gaTvaliswinebiT es adgili ase SeiZleba gavigoT: minosi yovel cxra weliwadSi rCevebs iRebda
zevsisgan (saidumlo gamoqvabulSi) ix. homerosi 1961, XIX, 178-is ganmarteba.
3
dvorecki 1958. lidel-skoti 1968.
4
odisevsis Tmis ferTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi pasaJi teqstidan: saqmroebis daxocvis
Semdgom odisevsma ganibana, Caicva; aTenam silamaziT gaabrwyina, simaRle Sehmata (XXIII, 153-8) da
kovma~, uJakinqivnw/ a[nqei oJmoiva~ (XXIII, 158). am frazas ornairad Targmnian: Tma
hiakinTosis furceliviT dauxuWuWao; an Tma hiakinTosis yvavilisferi gauxadao. ix. homerosi
1961, XXIII, 158-is komentari. ufro miRebulia meore versia. amas aZlierebs Teokritosis fraza:
mevlan e[nti kai; aJ grapta; uJavkinqo~ _ Savi hiakinTosis feri (10.28). e.i. odisevss
hiakinTosis feri Tma hqonda. hiakinTosi, anu sumbuli mravalferovani yvavilia, xarobs
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi (igi SeiZleba iyos melnisferi, wiTeli, Savi da a.S.) minerali hiacinti
gamWvirvale wiTeli, an vardisfer-Zowisferia. (ix. enciklopedia 1981). `odiseas~ teqstis
komentatori ixreba iqiTken, rom aq Savi feri igulisxmeba, magram, Cemi azriT, amisi dabejiTebiT
mtkicebis safuZvels teqsti ar iZleva.
114
pirveli ori wigni, lukianosis `rogor unda daiweros istoria~, kvintilianusis
`oratoris aRzrda~ da sxva. am da sxva avtorebis mosazrebebi reziumirebulia dionise
Trakielis TxzulebaTa sqolioebSi, sadac weria: `poets amSvenebs 4 niSani (Tviseba):
saleqso sazomi (to; mevtron), gamonagoni (oJ mu`qo~), Txroba (hJ iJstoriva) da
sityvieri gamoxatvis saSualeba (hJ levxi~);; nawarmoebi, romelsac CamoTvlilTagan
romelime aklia, ar iqneba poeturi Txzuleba, Tundac leqsadac iyos dawerili~
1
.
kvintilianusi `oratoris aRzrdaSi~ wers: poezia aris TvalTmaqcoba
(TiTlibazoba) (ostentatio); misi mizania siamovneba (voluptas); siamovneba miiRweva
gamonagoniT (fingendo), gamonagoni ki Sedgeba sicruisa (falsa) da daujereblisagan
(incredibilis) (X, I, 28). i. Stalis dakvirvebiT, aristotelesa da kvintilianusis
Tvalsazrisebi gamonagonis Sesaxeb erTmaneTis msgavsia rogorc esTetikuri koncefciis,
ise leqsikis doneze
2
. gamonagonis funqciasa da mniSvnelobaze Zalian bevri daiwera
antikurobaSic da mas Semdegac. sicruis (fiqciis) fenomens dRes kompleqsurad
swavloben literatorebi, fsiqologebi, filosofosebi. axla am sakiTxs ar ganvavrcob,
isev aristoteles mivubrundebi. CemTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aristoteles
azri gamonagonze: nawili gamonagonebisa (oiJ mu`qoi) martivia, nawili _ CaxlarTuli,
radgan Tavad ambebi, romelTa mibaZvasac warmoadgenen es gamonagonebi, aseTebi
(martivebi an CaxlarTulebi. r.c.) arian~ (aristotele 2005, 1452a 12-14)
3
. sakvlev
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa ara imdenad aristoteles msjeloba, ratom aris
aucilebeli gamonagoni (miTi), raTa Sedges mxatvruli nawarmoebi, aramed misi
Tvalsazrisi TviT gamonagonis (miTis) arssa da am gamonagonTa sxvadasxvaobaze.
aristotele erTmaneTs upirispirebs terminebs dunatav (SesaZlebeli) da eijkovta
(mosalodneli, dasajerebeli). igi wers, rom gamonagoni (miTi) SeiZleba iyos rogorc
`SesaZlebeli mosalodneli~, ise `SesaZlebeli aucilebeli~; upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT
`SesaZlebel mosalodnels~ (ta; dunata; kata; eijkov~, 1460a 26-27). ndobas iwvevs
(piqanov~) SesaZlebeli (dunatav), magram mxolod iseTi SesaZlebeli (ambavi r.c.),
romelic dasturdeba cxovrebaSi (anu, romelic odesRac moxda, an xdeba; araferi ar
uSlis xels, rom aseTi ram garkveul viTarebaSi moxdes). swored `piqanov~ aris is
simarTlismagvari, rasac SeiZleba vendoT ara konkretulad, aramed zogadad,
cxovrebiseuli SesaZleblobis gadasaxedidan.
am msjelobidan gamomdinare, ufro TvalsaCinoa, rom homerosi, miTSi (gamonagonSi)
rTavs sxva gamonagonebs (fiqciebs), romlebic erwymian mTavar epikur Txrobas, rogorc
damoukidebeli ambebi. am fiqciebs, Tavis mxriv, ganmsazRvreli funqcia ekisrebaT
personaJis xasiaTis (carakthvr) warmoCenisas, radganac isini saSualebas gvaZleven,
CavwvdeT gmiris yvelaze sanukvar (gaumJRavnebel) gancdebs.
zemoT warmodgenili sami fiqcia ZiriTadad ganxilulia teqsturi informaciis
Sejerebis doneze. Zalian sainteresoa lingvisturi mxarec. avtori marjved unacvlebs
TxrobiT, kavSirebiT da natvriT kiloebs; svams ritorikul SekiTxvebs, iyenebs frTian
gamoTqmebs. aseve sayuradReboa erTi da imave ambis Txrobisas gamoyenebuli
literaturuli xerxebi _ ambis gavrcoba da reducireba. am xerxebis gamoyenebiT gmiri
aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs. ase rom, es fiqciebi, garda imisa, rom odisevsis ocnebas asaxaven,
avtoris mxatvruli ostatobis WeSmariti nimuSebia.



damowmebani:

apolodorosi 1972: . . . . .
: , 1972.
aristotele 2005: Aristotle. Poetics. Edited and Translated by St. Halliwell. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London:
Harvard University Press, 2005.
dvorecki 1975: . . - . . : , 1975.
dilsi: Diels H.25, A, 25.ACA (Ancient Commentartors on Aristotle). Berlin:Reiner 1882-1909.
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/hums/philosophy/aca/cag-guide.pdf
edvardsi 1993: Edwards A. T. Homers Ethical Geography: Country and City in the Odyssey. In: American
Philological Journal 123, 1993:27-77.

1
dilsi: 25.
2
Stali 1975:46.
3
aristotele 2005.
115
enciklopedia 1981: . : , 1981.
vergiliusi 1913: Vergilius, Aeneis. Ed. O. Gu>thling. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1913.
vidal-nake 2001: - . .
. . : , 2001.
lidel-skoti 1968: Liddel H. G., Scott R., Jones H. St., McKenzie R. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, 1968.
pavsaniasi 1996: . . . . . .
- : ,1996.
segali 1962: Segal Ch. P. The Phaeacians and the Symbolism of Odysseus Return: Arion, 1962.
Stali 1975: . . . : , 1975.
canava 2005: canava r. miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlobaSi da qarTuli
literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi. Tb.: logosi 2005.
cimermani 1980: Zimmerman J. E. Dictionary of Classical Mythology. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.
homerosi 1961: Homer. Odyssey. Vol. I-II. With Introduction, Notes, ets. W.W. Merry. Oxford: At the
Clarendon Press, 1961.
homerosi 2002: Homerus. Ilias. Ed. M. L. West. Stuttgart, Leipzig. Vol. I 1998. Vol. II 2002.
homerosi 1982: . . . c. :
, 1982.
higinusi 2000: . . . . . -: , 2000.
homerosi 1979: homerosi. odisea. ZvelberZnulidan Targmna p. beraZem. Tb.: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo, 1979.
horkhaimeri . . . 1972: M. Horkheimer and Th. Adorno. Dialectic of Enlightment. Transl. John Cummings. New
York: Herder and Herder, 1972.

Rusudan Tsanava

One Mask of Odysseus

Summary

Homers Odysseus is a convergence of characteristics of well-known folklore types of Trickster and
adventurer. At the same time it is considered as a parent of fictional characters (heroes and antiheroes) since
classical epoch till nowadays. The reason of immortality of this hero is simple Odysseus is a character rooted
deep in Folklore with various masks.
This article discusses (at the level of text analyses) one of the falsehoods (lies) of Odysseus, that takes
great enough part in the poem more than 230 lines and includes 3 songs: XIII (199-359), XIX (166-204). The
point is that after 10 year of wondering returned on Ithaca - Odysseus hides his name and tells everyone that he
is from Crete, brother or brother-in arms of Crete Idomeneusus. On the bases of texts detailed analyses I
observed that Odysseus claims that he was from Crete not for the reason that Crete is the most famous island (as
accepted in scientific literature), but because the fact that Idomeneusus was the only from the military leaders
gone to Troy who managed to return back the most compatriots to their motherlands. Despite that in Odyssey
Odysseus failure expedition is not highlighted its still obvious from the text, on the one hand, Odysseus sorrow
about lost of his compatriots and on the other hand, Ithacans anger caused by lost of their relatives. Hence,
comparison of himself with successful leader Idomeneusus of Crete unveils Odysseus very essential aspect of
character. This is an illusion that is in its turn one of the most interesting masks of Laertid and is related to a
heros unconsciousness. Accordingly, Odysseus this lie differs from other ones, which he used to tell in various
places and for various reasons. Fictions (allusions, imaginations) create the other structure of the text, and
penetrating in it is only available for emotional and imaginative readers. Returned as no man a hero of Troy is
bifurcated, tortured and nameless. The essential reason of his sufferings is that he returned home alone. Thats
why he, in his imagination, considers himself successful.
The poems textual analyses and summing up approaches of thetoricians of Antique epoch literature lets
us conclude that Homer skillfully manages to put other fictions in fiction (myth) that confluence together
organically with myth telling. These fictions in its turn have defined function of unclosing a character of a hero.
They give us possibility to unveil even the most implicit emotions and feelings.
Various readers see different masks of Odysseus: some see one or two, others - several, and the others
even see many... For some readers he is just a simple avantiurist, for others he is a flexible man who can think of
way out anytime, but a few are who can imagine crying Odysseus (and he cries frequently), who doesnt know
how to return to his island and hides his feelings even from himself.



116



nestan ratiani

sad cxovrobda kirke
(odisevsis mogzaurobis marSrutis dadgenisaTvis
homerosis `odiseas~ mixedviT)

odisevsis xetialis marSruti mecnierebaSi dRemde davis sagans warmoadgens. troas,
kikonebisa da iTakis garda yvela sxva punqti TiTqmis irealuri samyaroa. qarTveli
mkiTxvelisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qalRmerTi kirkes kunZulis, aiaies
lokalizaciis sakiTxi. mecnierTa nawili am kunZuls xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi aTavsebs,
meore nawilisTvis ki, homerosis sityvebze dayrdnobiT [`aiaiasTan migvabrunes talRebma
zRvisa. sad ciskris macne eoss aqvs bina da sad aris aRmosavali, sacekvao heliosisa...~
(homerosi 1979: 12.2-4)], kirkes jadosnuri samflobelo aRmosavleTSia. Tumca am sakiTxze
msjelobisas arc poeturi pirobiToba unda daviviwyoT. Cemi azriT (aqve aRvniSnav, rom
piradad me viziareb meore jgufis mecnierTa mosazrebas), arcTu ise didi mniSvneloba
aqvs geografiuli punqtis realur lokalizebas. ufro mniSvnelovania imis dadgena,
SeiZleba Tu ara sxva niSniT _ geografiul punqtSi arsebuli tradiciebiT, wes-
CveulebebiT _ kunZulis dakavSireba legendarul aiasTan da, Sesabamisad, kolxeTTan. am
statiis farglebSi Sevecdebi swored am kuTxiT ganvixilo odisevsis stumroba kirkes
sambrZanebloSi. magram Tavdapirvelad minda, yuradReba mravlismxilvevli odisevsis
xasiaTis erT Tvisebaze SevaCero. homerosi xasiaTebis gamosaxvis ostatia da es Tavis
droze aristotelemac SeniSna: `mcire Sesavlis Semdeg maSinve Semohyavs kaci an qali an
romelime sxva xasiaTi da aravin xasiaTis gareSe. aramed mxolod mqone xasiaTisa~
(aristotele 1968: 24). xasiaTis Tviseba, romelic odisevss aSkarad gamoarCevs aris mis
mier mimndobi adamianebis, arc meti da arc naklebi, motyuebis unari. odisevsi atyuebs
msmenels, atyuebs amxanagebs... zogi amas `moxerxebulobas~ daarqmevs, magram, Tuki
guldasmiT wavikiTxavT teqsts, SevniSnavT, rom odisevsi maSinac ityueba, rodesac mas es
araferSi sWirdeba. garda amisa, teqstis wakiTxvis dros yuradRebas is garemoebac
iqcevs, rom troadan wamosul odisevss da mis mxleblebs arcerT dasaxlebul punqtSi (aq
ar vTvli skilasa da qaribdiss, sirenebis kunZuls, radgan am punqtebs xomaldi mxolod
Cauvlis da arc kimerielTa mxares, radgan iq odisevsi oden micvalebulTa sulebTan
kavSiris dasamyareblad miemarTeba) arafers erCian. piriqiT, Tavad odisevsia mtrulad
da agresiulad ganwyobili am adgilTa binadrebis mimarT. sainteresoa, rom saxeli
odisevsi ukavSirdeba berZnul zmnas, romelic `mrisxanebas~, `siZulvils~ aRniSnavs
(homerosi 1958-1961: 19. 409).
ai, im adgilebis CamonaTvali, sadac gaCerda odisevsis xomaldi: 1) kikonebis qalaqi
ismari: am qalaqs iTakelebi umowyalod anadgureben; 2) lotofagebis mxare: lotofagebi
Taviseburi stumarTmoyvareobiT xvdebian mosulT; 3) kiklopebis kunZuli: eulad
mcxovrebi zRvis RmerTis, poseidonis vaJi kiklopi polifeme arafers dauSavebda
mogzaurebs, droze rom daetovebinaT maT mierve darbeuli gamoqvabuli; 4) eolosis
kunZuli: eolosi mTeli Tve guluxvad maspinZlobs stumrebs; 5) aiaie: qalRmerTi kirkec
bolos da bolos Tanxmdeba odisevss gaxdes keTilganwyobili da erTi wlis manZilze
Seudarebel xelgaSlilobas iCens; 6) Trinakia: heliosis kunZulze, Tumc kategoriulad
gafrTxilebulni arian, odisevsis amxanagebi mainc aCanageben mzis RmerTis naxirs; 7)
ogigia: nimfa kalifso Svidi weliwadi Seifarebs odisevss da ra aris imaSi dasaZraxi, Tuki
odisevsis coloba swadia? 8) sqeria: naosnobaSi daxelovnebuli feakebi araTu Tavad
ikisreben odisevsis iTakaze gacilebas, aramed stumrebis moyvare maspinZlebic
aRmoCndebian.
ai, am msvlelobaSi konteqstidan amovardnilia lamosel lestrigonTa
arastumarTmoyvare daxvedra, eolosis kunZulze meored misuli odisevsis armiReba da
gawbilebul mogzaurTa ukan gabruneba. ra mizezi aqvs amas? pasuxs isev teqstis
guldasmiT wakiTxva iZleva, pasuxi im epizodSi imaleba, romelic odisevsis stumrobas
kirkes kunZulze aRwers.
Tavdapirvelad eolosis kunZulze odisevsi da misi amxanagebi mTel Tves darCebian.
RmerTebisgan dafasebuli eolosi keTil maspinZlobas uwevs troadan momaval daRalul
stumrebs. es kunZuli xifaTiani odisevsisTvis SeCerebis meoTxe punqtia. erTi Tvis Tavze
117
dasvenebuli mgzavrebi isev gzas daadgebian, eolosi ki odisevss gudas usaxsovrebs. am
vercxlis ZafiT amokeril gudaSi damabrkolebeli qarebia Camwyvdeuli.

cxra dRe
dauRalavad darajobs odisevsi gudas, cxra dRe ar iZinebs gmiri samSoblos napirebis
male danaxvis surviliT Sepyrobili, meaTe dRes ki daRlil-daqanculi moiceleba da ise
Rrmad CaeZineba, rom megobrebi gudas gaxsnian, iqidan ki gamZvinvarebuli qarebi
amofrindebian da iTakas miaxloebul xomalds isev ukan, eolosis kunZulisken gaitacebs
zRva. ramdeni dRea xomaldi zRvaSi, avtori ar gveubneba, magram, Tuki eolosis
kunZulidan iTakamde curvas, karg amindSi aTi dRe dasWirdeboda, ukana gzas iTakidan
eolosos kunZulamde meti dro ar unda dasWirveboda. piriqiT, Tuki qarebic iTakidan
devnidnen xomalds, es dro Semcirdeboda kidec, e. i. ukan mgzavrobis dro oridan aT
dRemde meryeobs.

kunZulze gadasul odisevss eolosi ganrisxebuli dauxvdeba da im

sababiT, rom cxadi gaxda odisevsis mimarT RmerTebis siZulvili, mosulebs ukan
gauSvebs. gawbilebuli mogzaurebi isev xomaldebs ubrundebian da eqvs dRes
umisamarTod micuraven. meSvide dRes ki lestrigonebs miadgebian. teqstidan sruliad
gaugebaria, ratom, magram lestrigoni antifatosi erT mgzavrs daiTrevs da gemosac
gausinjavs. danarCeni mogzaurebi ki sirbiliT Tavs uSvelian. TumcaRa viciT, rom
gadarCa mxolod is, vinc aaRwia odisevsis xomaldze, danarCenebi ki lestrigonTa
daSenil veeberTela qvebs Seewirebian. ai, amis Semdeg xomaldi CaaRwevs kirkes kunZuls.
manZili lestrigonTa qveynidan kirkes samyofelamde arcTu ise didia, iq Casvla or
dReSic SeiZleba. magram arafriT ar SeiZleba, dasWirdes cxra dReze meti dro, radgan
vimeoreb, rom yvelaze grZeli manZili ogigiidan sqeriamde (xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi
xetialis SemTxvevaSi) odisevsma martom, amxanagebis gareSe, Tvramet dReSi dafara, xolo
aseve grZeli manZilis _ kikonebis mxaredan lotofagebamde gadacurvas cxra dRe
dasWirda.
aiaies kunZulze gadasulebi sam dRes napirTan axlos Seyovndebian, meoTxe dRes ki
odisevsi gadarCenil amxanagebs or jgufad gayofs da kenWisyriT gadawydeba, rom
kunZulis dasazverad unda wavides ocdaori kaci evriloqosis meTaurobiT. razmi imave
dRes miadgeba kirkes sacxovrebels. moxerxebuli evriloqosi gareT darCeba, misi
megobrebi ki, kirkes jadoqrobis wyalobiT, Rorebad iqcevian. evriloqosi isev ukan,
xomaldTan brundeba, iq, sadac darCenili amxanagebi arian. teqstidan Cans, rom mas kirkes
jadoqroba ar daunaxavs (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 250-260), magram mogvianebiT mainc cils
daswamebs kirkes, rom mas (sc. kirkes) aqvs unari, adamianebi Rorebad, morCil mglebad da
lomebad aqcios (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 430-433).
ase viTardeboda movlenebi. Tuki odisevsis monaTxrobs vendobiT, keTilad
ganwyobili eolosi boroti da daundobeli xdeba, lestrigonni umizezod daundobelni
xdebian, kirke veragi jadoqrobiT mosulebs mxecebad aqcevs. magram me gTavazobT,
gavixsenoT odisevsis xasiaTis Tviseba. rogorc dasawyisSive aRvniSne, igi matyuaraa.
amitom saWirod mimaCnia teqstis saguldagulo analizi da odisevsis `tyuilebSi
gamoWera~, amasTanave imis dadgena, raSi sWirdeboda odisevss es tyuilebi. amisTvis ki
pirvel yovlisa teqsts unda CamovaSoroT is adgilebi, romlebic jadosnur elementebs
Seicavs, e. i. eolosis mier qarebgamomwyvdeuli gudis Cuqeba da kirkes mier kverTxis
erTi dakvriT odisevsis amxanagTa Rorebad gadaqceva (Tanac gavixsenoT, rom am faqtebs
mowme ara hyavs). Cemi varaudi aseTia: meore epizodSi arafer SuaSia kirkes jadoqruli
maqinaciebi. odisevsis megobrebi Rorebad ar gadaqceulan! isini avad arian, raRac niSniT
Rorebsac ki gvanan. im avadmyofobas, romelic maT Seyria, epidemiuri parotiti (ybayura)
hqvia.
ai, ras vkiTxulobT, wignSi daicaviT bavSvebi infeqciuri daavadebebisgan
(soboleva 1965: 160-161) ybayuras Sesaxeb:

sruliad ucnauria, rom odisevsi megobrebs ar umxels, Tu ra aris gudaSi. es miT ufroa ucnauri,
rom Tavad megobrebi odisevss brmad endobian mihyvebian yvelgan, Tundac hadesisa da
persefones samyofelSi, marTalia, cremlebis RvriTa da Rawvebis xokviT, magram mainc mihyvebian;
gindac kiklopis gamoqvabulSi rCebian, rodesac gadasarevad grZnoben, rom maT iq darCena kargs
arafers uqadis. megobrebi Tvals xuWaven gajiutebuli odisevsis qedmaRlur sityvebze da
dayabuldebian winamZRols.

sainteresoa, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki pirveli jgufis mecnierTa pozicias gaviziarebT,

romlebic odisevsis mogzaurobis marSruts xmelTaSua zRvaSi moiazrebs, davinaxavT, rom ufro
Sor manZilebs odisevsi imave dros, anu aT dRes, andomebs. mag. Trinakiidan ogigiamde odisevsi
aT dReSi Cadis, xolo ogigiidan sqeriamde, rac samjer ufro grZeli manZilia, TvrametSi.

118
`diliT patara vasias gansakuTrebiT ar undoda adre adgoma... magram uecrad mas
gaaxsenda, rom maswavlebeli moswavleebs dahpirda, waukiTxavda erTi patara biWunas
Sesaxeb, romelic xelmarjve iyo. vasia wamoxta sawolidan... mesame gakveTilis bolos
vasias Seamcivna... Sesvenebaze masTan serioJam da lusiam moirbines, Sexedes Tanaklasels
da daiZaxes:
_ ra gWirs, vasia? saxe erT mxares raRacnairad dagisivda.
iqve axlos mdgomma kostiam gaicina da dasZina:
_ goWs daemsgavse!
am dros maswavlebelma yuri mokra bavSvebis laparaks, mivida maTTan, saswrafod
xeli Cahkida vasias da eqimis kabinetSi waiyvana. eqimma bavSvi yuradRebiT SeaTvaliera da
SeniSna:
_ arcaa gasakviri, megobrebma rom goWunas Segadares, Sen xom ybayura Segeyara
(rusul enaze ybayura aris `~)~.
rodis da sad SeeyaraT odisevsis amxanagebs es daavadeba? Cemi azriT, da am azris
warmoTqmisas vcdilob, gamovide mxolod da mxolod teqstidan, es unda momxdariyo
eolosis kunZulze iTakelebis pirveli stumrobisas. Tanac is piri, romelsac pirvels
Sexvda saxadi, Tavad odisevsi iyo. mogexsenebaT, rom parotitis mimdinareobas aqvs e. w.
faruli periodi, romelic 18-20 dRes grZeldeba. Tuki isev teqsts mivubrundebiT da
axla ukve eWvis TvaliT SevxedavT odisevsis monaTxrobs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom eolosisgan
gamgzavrebis meaTe dRes odisevss temperaturam auwia da avadmyofoba gamouvlinda. misi
TqmiT, igi ise sustadaa, rom megobrebi gudas gaxsnian da xomalds dasaRupavad
gaswiraven. imis nacvlad, rom odisevsi ganrisxdes, urCi amxanagebi dasajos an datuqsos
mainc, igi Seiburveba da xomaldis fskerze gaitruneba (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 50-53). aq
ikiTxeba odisevsis winaaRmdeg mowyobili SeTqmulebis niSnebi, mxolod am SeTqmulebas
ara SuriT dabrmavebuli amxanagebi gegmaven,

aramed SeSinebuli mgzavrebi, romelTac

avadmyofis xomaldidan moSoreba aqvT ganzraxuli da raRac mizeziT maT es ganzraxva
CaeSalaT. ratom ver unda ganexorcielebinaT mgzavrebs dagegmili? SesaZloa, amis axsna
SemdegSi mdgomareobdes: mgzavrTagan zogierTi ukve Tavadac grZnobda sisustes da
SeSinda, masac igive xvedri ar rgeboda.
amis Semdeg xomaldi isev eolosis kunZuls miadgeba. Tuki Cemi varaudi simarTles
Seesabameba, maSin am dros odisevss ukve daavadebis xiluli mwvave periodi aqvs (e. i.
rodesac SeSupeba Zlieria, savaraudod, meoredan meaTe dRemde), magram temperatura
daregulirebuli (mesame dRe). teqstis wakiTxvis amgvar SemTxvevaSi, ukve advili
asaxsneli xdeba eolosis gaoceba da SekiTxva, rogor moxvedi, Serisxuli RmerTebisagan?
(homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 63) eolosi xom imiT aris gaocebuli (teqstSi aris zmna `Tambeo~,
rac gaocebas, gancvifrebas, SiSisagan gaognebas, ucnaurad SeTvalierebas aRniSnavs), rom
marTla Zlivs cnobs saxeSecvlil dasiebul odisevss. aq ori variantia daavadebasTan
mimarTebaSi:
1) am mxareSi daavadeba cnobilia da saxadi eolosis SviliSvilebs SeyriaT. maT
Sesaxeb teqsti arafers gveubneba, Tumca viciT, rom eolosis eqvsi vaJiSvili endogamiur
qorwinebaSia Tavis eqvs dasTan. albaT, maT Svilebic hyavT, oRondac es da sxva bavSvi Tu
bavSvebi homeross da saerTod antikur literaturas ar ainteresebs. Sesabamisad
sasaxleSi karantinia gamocxadebuli da amitomac iq dabrunebul stumrebs aRar
SeuSveben;
2) am mxareSi daavadeba aqamde ucnobi iyo (iseve rogorc iTakelebisaTvis) da
saxeSecvlili odisevsis danaxvisTanave yvelaferi odisevss braldeba. bunebrivia, rom
eolosi odisevss RmerTebis mier Serisxuls uwodebs (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 73).
mimaCnia, rom meore varianti ufro marTebulia. kunZulze daavadeba mZvinvarebs da,
ra Tqma unda, aqac, iseve rogorc TiTqmis yvela Zvel xalxTan, daavadebis gamomwvevad
RmerTebis ganrisxeba miiCneoda. saqme isaa, rom arc pirveli da miT umetes arc meore
stumrobisas odisevsi ar umxels manamde stumarTmoyvare eoloss, rom mas zRvis RmerTi
poseidoni hyavs gadamterebuli. eolosi ki xvdeba, rom gmirze ukvdavebi arian
gabrazebulebi, odisevsi amas ise gvawvdis, TiTqos eolosi RmerTebis ganrisxebas
ukavSirebs maT xelisSeSlas, xomaldebi ar Cavidnen samSobloSi. magram isev aRvniSnavT,
rom esaa odisevsiseuli mcdeloba, ganmartos momxdari da Tavidan aicilos sakuTari
pasuxismgebloba. diax, poseidoni masze ganrisxebulia, magram igi Tavad troas
damangreveli gmiri aris da ar SeiZleba, vinmem igi sustad da dauZlurebulad aRiqvas.
amis Semdeg iTakelebi lamoss, lestrigoniul qalaqs miadgebian. am drois manZilze
(Svidi dRe) odisevss daavadeba bolomde ar gadauvidoda, Tumca saxe SedarebiT

id. 10. 34-46 yovel SemTxvevaSi odisevsi cdilobs, rom ase dagvixatos es ambavi.
119
Cauwynardeboda (SeSupeba meaTe dRes qreba, magram zogjer ramdenime kvirasac
grZeldeba), xolo saxadi sxvebs gamouvlindeboda. aqac aRvniSnavT, rom mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Cems varauds epidemiuri parotitis Taobaze marTebulad miviCnevT,
maSin advili asaxsnelia, rogor dafrTxebodnen lestrigonni dasnebovnebuli
iTakelebis danaxvaze. SesaZloa, antifatosis mier erTi mxleblis mokvla da SeWmac imis
niSania, rom kunZulelebma ar ician, maT adamianebi Semosevian Tu mxecebi. gadarCenilebi
xomaldiT gadacuraven da kirkes kunZuls miadgebian. teqstidan Cans, rom odisevsi ise
momjobinda, rom mas nadirobac ki SeuZlia. magram, rogorc vTqviT, meoTxe dRes
mgzavrebis nawili kunZulis dasazverad gaemarTeba. SesaZloa, jgufebi gaiyo principiT:
avadmyofobaSeyrilni _ janmrTelni. evriloqosi, romelic dasazverad wasul jgufs
udgas saTaveSi, ukan brundeba. vin abralebs kirkes jadoqrobas da adamianebis Rorebad
gadaqcevas? visi piriT vigebT am ambavs? ra Tqma unda, matyuara odisevsi uambobs am
yvelafers feakebis samefo ojaxs da Tanac ise, rom Tavisi danaSauli damalos. am
Txrobisas odisevsi bevr sxva ramesac malavs, rac mas arasaxarbielo kuTxiT warmoaCens.
magram Txrobisas Tavad ixlarTeba tyuilebSi da evriloqoss aTqmevinebs imas, rac mas ar
unaxavs, Tavdapirvelad ar mouyolia, anu kirkes mier adamianebis Rorebad gadaqcevis
unars. odisevsis aseTi tyuilebi erTi mosmeniT (am ambavs xom feakebi ismenen) Zneli
amosacnobia. arada, rom ar icruos, odisevss ar SeuZlia,

radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, man

Tu aRiara, rom is iyo daavadebis pirvelwyaro, maSin misi reitingic daecema,
feakebisTvisac naTeli gaxdeba, rom RmerTebisgan Serisxulia da, SesaZloa, daxmarebac
gadaifiqron. odisevsisTvis ki mniSvnelovania, rom feakebi darwmundnen mis rCeulobaSi
da xeli gaumarTon.
davubrundeT isev aiaies kunZul;s. ra Tqma unda, kirkes didad ar gaexardeboda
avadmyofi stumrebis danaxva da miReba. amitomac, maT sakmaod uxeSi formiT izolirebas
gaukeTebda, izolirebuli adgili ki, albaT, Sinauri cxovelebis sadgomi iqneboda. am
SemTxvevaSic ki kirke aranairad araa avi da boroti. evriloqosis dabrunebisTanave
odisevsi kirkes sasaxlisaken gaemarTeba. rogorc Cans, evriloqosma ambavi moitana, rom
amxanagebi, cudad Tu kargad, magram WerqveS arian.
kirkes sasaxlisken mimaval gzaze odisevss hermesi Sexvdeba, romelic jadosnur
balax mols aZlevs. Tuki aqac teqsts jadosnurobis moments CamovaSorebT, saintereso
dialogidan vigebT, rom kirkes mamakacuri Zalis warTmevis unari aqvs. gavixsenoT, rom
parotiti zogjer garTulebas iwvevs mamakacis saTesle jirkvalze da gasagebi gaxdeba,
ra aSinebs odisevss _ kirke ki ar waarTmevs mas potencias, aramed TviTon eWvobs,
SerCenili aqvs Tu ara mas potencia.
Tumca teqstis amgvari wakiTxvis garda, aris meore gzac. kirke, garda imisa, rom
RvTaebaa, mamidacaa. da es `mamidoba~ mis naTesaur kavSirs ki ara, aramed mis funqcias
asaxavs. kirke aris e. w. avadmyofobebis gamavrcelebeli batonebis mamida.
Cemi varaudiT, homerosi eyrdnoba raRac wyaros, romelSic daculi iyo informacia
kolxuri qalRvTaebis Sesaxeb. es qalRvTaeba zRvidan mosuli batonebis mamidacaa.

batonebis stumrobas, rac avadmyofobis gavrcelebis niSania, xSir SemTxvevaSi mebodiSe
qali mkurnalobs. homerosTan am informaciebis erTmaneTze dadeba xdeba. swored
amitom aRvniSne dasawyisSi, rom CemTvis didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sad cxovrobs kirke,
kolxeTSi Tu italiaSi (tirseniaSi). mTavaria is, rom igi zustad asaxavs Zvel warmarTul
warmodgenebs am daavadebis mkurnalobis Taobaze.

sainteresoa, rom odisevsi `genetikuri~ matyuaracaa. misi didi babuaa avtolikosi, romelic erT-
erTi olimpielis, hermesis Zea. hermesi aris is RmerTi, romelic akvnidan qurdi da matyuaraa (n.
tonia 1998: 76-80). misgan gadaeca vaJiSvils tyuilebis Tqmis niWi da qurdobis siyvaruli.
avtolikosis qaliSvil antikleas sisifosisgan Caesaxa odisevsis mama laertesi. sisifosic
aranaklebad cnobili matyuaraa. man erTaderTma SeZlo sikvdilis daundobeli RmerTis
Tanatosis, pirquSi miwisqveSeTis mbrZanebeli hadesisa da misi samarTliani meuRlis persefones
motyueba. ai, aseTia matyuara odisevsis warmomavloba:
avtolikosi hermesi

antiklea da sisifosi

laertesi

odisevsi

NB odisevsis SemTxvevaSi zRvidan mosuli batonebi poseidonis mrisxanebiTaa gamowveuli.

poseidoni ki zRvis RmerTia.
120
ra evaleba da vin aris batonebis mamida? saqarTveloSi dRemdea SemorCenili
Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac, zogierTi daavadeba gaiazreba rogorc batonebis
stumroba. batonebi aris didi, patara da keTili. parotiti, anu ybayura, patara
batonebis rigs ganekuTvneba da maT mobrZanebas saTanado daxvedrac unda. garda imisa,
rom batonebi zRvidan modian da maT TavianTi qveyanac aqvT, am qveyanaSi mamida
mbrZanebelic hyavT. Sesabamisad, adamianebTan stumrad mosul batonebsac Tavs evleba,
ealerseba, uvlis e. w. mamida anu mebodiSe qali. batonebis stumrobisas ar SeiZleba,
saxlSi iyos mwuxareba, savaldebuloa maTTvis tablis gaSla, alersi, mofereba, simRera,
feradi qsovilebiT avadmyofis loginis morTva, yvavilebiT oTaxis Semkoba.
Tuki kirke kolxuri warmarTuli panTeonis batonebis qalRvTaebaa, maSin gasagebi
xdeba ara marto odisevsis SiSi, raime garTuleba ar darCes avadmyofobis moxdis Semdeg,
aramed isic, rogor iqceva kirke mkurnalad, rogor SeiTavsebs igi mebodiSe qalis
funqcias. ras moimoqmedebs kirke oTx msaxurTan erTad mas Semdeg, rac odisevsi mas
xmliT daemuqreba? 1) taxts moageben koxta mewamul fardags (homerosi 1958-1961: 10. 351);
2) gaSlian vercxlis tablebs (id. 10. 354); 3) gaawyoben oqros kalaTebiT (id. 10. 355); 4)
Camoasxamen tkbil Rvinos (id. 10. 356); 5) Semouwyoben oqros sasmisebs (id. 10. 357); 6)
odisevss frTxilad abanaveben, dazelen, lamazad Semosaven (id. 10. 361-368); 7) saukeTeso
saWmliT umaspinZldebian (id. 10. 370-372); 8) kirke `Rorebadqceul~ amxanagebs malamos
usmevs (id. 10. 392) da maTac imave wesiT uvlis (id. 10. 450-452); 9) krZalavs tirilsa da
godebas (id. 10. 456), yvelas mxiarulebisken mouwodebs (id. 10. 465). aiaieze mgzavrebi erT
weliwads rCebian da aq gatarebuli uklebliv yvela dRe lxinisaa.
rodis toveben iTakelebi kunZuls? dRes miCneulia, rom epidemiuri parotitis
xangrZlivoba 21 dRemdea, CvenTvis ucnobia, iTvlida Tu ara Zveladac gamojanmrTelebis
periodi sam kviras. magram Tuki vivaraudebT, rom odisevsis danarCenma janmrTelma
amxanagebmac moixades es saxadi (cal-calke Tu ara jgufebad mainc), maSin gasagebi xdeba,
ratom darCnen ase didxans mgzavrebi kunZulze. kirke maT aranairad ar abrkolebda.
piriqiT, maSinve gauSva, rogorc ki iTakelebma gamgzavreba moiTxoves.
daskvna aseTia: miuxedavad imisa, rom kirkes samflobelos sazRvrebi dRemde
kamaTis sagans warmoadgens, homerosis `odiseas~ teqstSi aRwerilia da daculi iseTi
epizodebi, romlebic miuTiTebs kirkes kolxur warmomavlobaze. es dasturdeba kirkes
mamidobis funqciiT. igi aris e. w. avadmyofobebis gamomwvevi batonebis mamida. homerosi
ramdenimejer aRniSnavs, rom mgzavrebi ver xvdebian am (sc. kirkes) personaJis WeSmarit
saxes, maT uWirT misi bunebis amocnoba, ar uwyian igi ukvdavi RmerTia Tu mokvdavi qali.
saqme isaa, rom qarTul masalaze dayrdnobiT, mamida aris qalRmerTic, romelic
batonebis qveyanaSi saxlobs da imorCilebs avadmyofobebs da mamida aris is mokvdavi
qalic, romlis misiac avadmyofobis mkurnalobaa. Tuki CavTvliT, rom odisevss hyavda
realuri prototipi da man imogzaura istoriul mxareebSi, maSin mas, SesaZloa, marTlac
Sexvedroda aseTi mkurnali batonebis mamida, an adgilze gascnoboda sxvadasxva mxareSi
gavrcelebul tradiciebsa da wes-Cveulebebs, adgilobriv panTeons, ris Sedegadac
teqstSi Cndeba kolxuri qalRvTaeba, romelic kirkes saxeliT moixsenieba. kirke araa
negatiuri RvTaeba, arc jadoqrul maqinaciebs mimarTavs. Rorebadqceuli odisevsis
mxleblebi mxolod da mxolod avadmyofobaSeyrili, kerZod, parotitiani adamianebi
arian, romlebic avadmyofobis gamo Rorebs damsgavsebian. batonebis mamida kirke
mkurnalobs mogzaurebs. am ambis Sesaxeb Cven vigebT odisevsis piridan, romelic cnobili
`genetikuri~ matyuaraa. misi interpretaciiT aris, rom kirke Tavdapirvelad avismqnel
qalRmerTad moiazreba, xolo Semdeg transformirdeba stumarTmoyvare RvTaebad.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac odisevss `vamxelT tyuilebSi~, teqstSi moTxrobil bevr manamde
ucnaur faqts Tavisi axsna gamoeZebneba.

damowmebani:

aristotele 1968: Aristoteles Poetica, ed. R. Kassel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.
bardaveliZe 1957: bardaveliZe v. qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi sarwmunoeba da saweso grafikuli
xelovneba. Tb.: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1957.
berZnuli miTebis samyaro 1998: berZnuli miTebis samyaro, didi zeciuri RmerTebi. Txroba n.
toniasi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `logosi~, 1998.
ebelingi 1885: Ebeling H. Lexicon Homericum. Leipzig: in edibus B. G. Teubneri, 1885.
erqomaiSvili 2002: erqomaiSvili m. kirkes miTi da misi interpretacia antikur literaturaSi.
Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2002.
roSeri 1884-1937: Roscher W. H. Ausfuhrliches Lexicon der Griechischen und Romischen Mythologie. Leipzig,
1884-1937.
121
soboleva 1965: . . . : , 1965.
homerosi 1884: Homer, Odyssey, with introduction, notes, etc. by W. W. Merry, Oxford, 1958-1961.
homerosi 1979: homerosi. odisea. Targmani p. beriZisa. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1979. aseve am gamocemisTvis dawerili r. gordezianis
winasityvaoba.

Nestan Ratiani


Where did Circe Live?
(For identifying the tour of Odyssey Voyage according to
Homer Odyssey)

Summary

In spite of the fact that the borders of Circes domain has been the subject of discussion till today in the
text of Homers Odyssey such episodes have been described and preserved which indicate to the Colcheti
origin of Circe. By my supposition this is first of all approved by the function of fathers sister of Circe. She is
an aunt of Masters (Batonebi) causing the so called diseases.
Homer notes several times that the travelers do not meet a real image of this personage (sc. Circe), it is
difficult for them to find out her nature, they do not know whether she is an immortal Goddess or mortal woman.
The case is that on the basis of the Georgian material the aunt (fathers sister) is a Goddess as well who lives in
the country of misters and makes the diseases to obey her and the aunt is that mortal woman as well whose
mission is to heal the diseases. If we admit that Odyssey was a real person and he has traveled to the historical
places, than it might be that he had really met such an aunt the healer of the (Batonebi) Masters-disease), or he
was acquainted on place with the traditions and ceremonies spread out in various places, local pantheon as a
result of which in the text there appears a Colchian Goddess who is mentioned under the name of Circe.
Circe is not a negative Goddess, neither does she apply to the magic machinations. After, when we have
liberated the magic elements from the text of Odyssey and in particular the episode of Odysseys visit to
Circe, we can suppose that the guides transformed into pigs are only diseased, particularly the parotitic people
who because of diseased resemble the pigs. The aunt of Batonebi (infectious disease) treats the travelers. We
are informed about this from the words of Odyssey which is a well-known genetic fraud. It is by his
interpretation that Kirke has been considered as a villain Goddess and than is transformed into a hospitable
Goddess. Only than when we have catch Odyssey in false many strange facts known before have found their
explanation.









inga milorava

miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli dro da sivrce

modernistulma azrovnebam win wamoswia miTis filosofiur-esTetikuri
mniSvneloba da garkveul SemTxvevaSi nawarmoebis mTeli mxatvruli sistemis safuZvlad
aqcia. miTi _ is, rac TavisTavad drois miRma dgas, iZleva movlenis pirvelsawyisis
moZiebis, wvdomis, mxatvruli xorcSesxmis procesis analizisas ki, imgvari ganzogadebis
saSualebas, rac empiriuli ganWvretis sazRvrebs scildeba. miTosur arqetipebze
agebuli an Zlieri miTosuri planis nawarmoebis zedapiruli, `gareSris~ movlenebis
aRqmisas, romelTac ukve garkveuli dro-sivrculi CarCoebi gaaCniaT, gamudmebiT
igrZnoba kavSiri miRmur, zmanebismier, idumal samyarosTan. miTis emanacia xdeba
mxatvrul saxeebSi, poetur xilvebsa da aluziebSi. miTopoeturi mxatvruli samyaro,
mxatvruli qsovili rTuli da mravalplaniania. modernistuli proza naTlad warmoaCens
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rTuli amocanis amoxsnis erT-erT gzas: saxeldebul, xorcSesxmul, garkveuli
mxatvruli dro-sivrculi parametrebis mqone, realuri anu `cxadismieri~ faqtebiT
Sevsebul, magram uaRresad poetur teqstSi gamosaxos miRmuri, `zmanebismieri~ realoba,
gamosaxos miTi _ absoluturi sinamdvile, romelic droisa da sivrcis gareT arsebobs,
romelic `ar momxdara~, magram mainc iyo.
Selingi miTiur sinamdviles metafizikur myofads uwodebda. igi erTdroulad
kidec arsebobda, arsebobs da iarsebebs, rogorc kosmiuri saidumlo (ivanovi 1994: 78).
dro-sivrcis gareT arseboba, absoluturoba, miTosur saxeTa Zireuloba da
erTjeradoba (masze agebuli yvela saxe da movlena mxolod variaciaa) miTs aaxlovebs
transcendenturTan, ideaTa samyarosTan. miTi, adamianisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi,
iolad aRsaqmeli da gasagebi saxeebiT, niSnebiT ideebis arekvlis pirveli da yvelaze
maRali safexuria, romlis Semdegac iwyeba auracxel anarekl-ganStoebebad daSla, nel-
nela Cndeba realuri droisa da sivrcis niSnebi da samyaroc TandaTanobiT `irgebs~
CarCoebsa da sazRvrebs.
modernistul teqstebSi mocemuli zmanebisa da cxadis sinTezi zustad da naTlad
aisaxeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca nawarmoebis Sidasamyaro miTopoeturia. mxatvruli dro-
sivrcis TvalsazrisiT amgvari qsovili `orbunebovania~. masSi Tanaarsebobs miTis
zedroulobisa da zesivrculobis SegrZneba da sruliad konkretuli dro-sivrculi
niSnebi _ `ambis~ mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis xiluli gamovlinebebi.
modernistuli azrovnebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania miwierisa da miRmuris,
cxadisa da zmanebis, sikvdil-sicocxlis problemis esTetikuri gadawyveta, dro-sivrcis
sazRvebis jer dadgena, Semdeg ki raime saSualebiT meditacia, mxatvruli warmosaxva,
poeturi mgrZnobelobis gaaqtiveba da a. S. _ gadalaxva. droisa da sivrcis miRma arsebul
idumal zerealobas upirveles yovlisa qarTuli modernistuli romani gamosaxavs. Salva
CiCua wignSi `romanis Tanamedroveba~ aRniSnavs: `... `sanavardo~ da masTan erTad
`dionisos Rimili~, `TeTri sayelo~ pirvel rigSi eqsperimentuli romanebi iyo, romelTa
avtorebi gamZafrebuli ZiebiT miemarTebodnen samyaros aTvisebis axali gzebis
mosapoveblad, mxatvruli saxis agebis axali xerxebis, axali stilis aRmosaCenad. xandaxan
avtori demonstraciulad, cdis saxiT, sagangebod warmoaCenda kompoziciis manamde
ucnob an gamouyenebel saSualebebs. zogjer es aRiqmeba rogorc artistizmis
demonstracia, magram sabolood modernistuli, eqsperimentaluri romani marTlac
aRwevs sivrcis da drois daZlevis manamde ucnob saSualebebs~ (CiCua 1988: 182). magram
daZleulia mxolod realuri dro-sivrcis farglebi. rCeba miTis myari Sinagani dro.
miTis Sinagani, Caketili, avtonomiuri dro aRiqmeba, rogorc `didi xnis winaT gasuli~,
amJamadac `mimdinare~ da momavalSic. nawarmoebis miTopoetur samyaroSi miTis SegrZneba
erwymis mxatvrulad transformirebuli dro-sivrcis aRqmas. miTopoeturi teqstis
mxatvruli dro-sivrcis Taviseburebani damokidebulia masSi miTis funqcionirebis
xarisxze.
sagnebisa da movlenebis arsi miTSi, legendaSi, zRaparSi maT geneziss ukavSirdeba.
`Cven viciT, rom aseTi Sexedulebebis fesvebi mdebareobs sawyisisa da principis
miTologiur gaigivebaSi, droul da mizez-Sedegobriv TanamimdevrobaSi...~ (meletinski
1976: 172). miTiur droSi eyreba safuZveli realur movlenebsa da saxeebs, romlebic miTi-
mizezis pirdapir Sedegebad gardaisaxebian mxatvrul nawarmoebSi. miTis amgvar
funqciaSi Cans leibnicis da kantis mier Camoyalibebuli drois mizezobrivi
interpretaciis niSnebi. miTologiuri dro ar aris arc abstraqtuli warsuli an
realurad ganvlili dro, aramed gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone myari da mudmivi
samyaro, sadac xdeba `Seqmna~ da `pirveli nabijis~ gadadma. igi absoluturad
Tavisufalia, metafizikuria da udroobis elements Seicavs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi,
udroobis aqcentirebiT SeiZleba miRma samyarosgan gamyofi mijnis daZleva,
modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis niSandoblivi zmanebisa da cxadis, miRmuri da realuri
samyaros erTdroulad da bunebrivad Tanaarsebobis ganwyobilebis Seqmna. Semoqmedma
konkretuli droisa da konkretuli sivrcis gareT unda warmoadginos is, rac miTis
siRrmeSi xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi eniWeba miTosur arqetipze agebul mxatvrul nawarmoebs
ganzogadebuli saxe da mxolod amgvarad, dro-sivrcis farglebs miRma warmodgenis
Semdeg iwyeba ukuprocesi _ miTisTvis garkveuli koloritis, emociuri atmosferos
Semqmnelis, xasiaTebis struqturis safuZvelis, siuJeturi peripetiebis gamSlelisa da
alegoriuli Sinaarsis gadmomcemis funqciis miniWeba (baqraZe 2004: 328). miTis
modernistul nawarmoebSi gardasaxva axali Tvisobriobis warmoqmnis tolfasia.
transformacia calkeuli sawyisi miTosuri sqemebis da sayrdeni arqetipebis gamoyofiT
iwyeba.
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XX s-is I naxevris qarTul prozaSi miTTan, miTis mxatvrul gaazrebasTan upirveles
yovlisa grigol robaqiZis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, demna Sengelaias saxelebi
asocirdeba. miTologiuri elementebi gvxvdeba leo qiaCelisa da niko lorTqifaniZis
SemoqmedebaSic. Zlieria miTologiuri nakadi basil meliqiSvilis mxatvrul naazrevSic.
miTis mxatvrul teqstSi ganzaveba da mxatvrul saxeebSi transformacia srulyofilad
modernistuli romanis struqturaSi xdeba. XX s-is mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis froidis
da nicSes gavleniT mniSvnelovani gaxda dionises da oidiposis rkalebis miTebi (k.
gamsaxurdia, `dionisos Rimili~; `mTvaris motaceba~, `qalis saxe~. gr. robaqiZe, `gvelis
perangi~), agreTve qarTuli miTologiuri masala (k. gamsaxurdia, `mTvaris motaceba~. d.
Sengelaia, `sanavardo~). miTi Tavis adgils ikavebs romanis mravalplanian, vrcel
samyaroSi, Tumca, miuxedavad didi mniSvnelobisa, mainc erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia.
sxva SemTxvevaSi, moTxrobaSi, novelasa Tu miniaturaSi, miTTan gansxvavebuli mimarTebaa
asaxuli. miTi ikavebs mTavari sayrdeni sibrtyis adgils, masze `dafenilia~ mxolod erTi,
e. w. `faqtobrivi~, dro-sivrculi lokalis mqone, oRond miTiur arqetipebze
dafuZnebuli Sre. aqve xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom ermaneTisgan gansxvavdeba sayrdeni
sibrtye, mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ miTi da mxatvruli qsovilis ideur-mxatvruli
xerxemali, romlis garSemoc amozrdilia es mxatvruli qsovili Tavisi saxeebiT,
xasiaTebiT, movlenebiT, ferebiT, bgerebiT, SidaplanebiT, ganStoebebiT da a. S. Tu
warmosaxvaSi nawarmoebis ganikveTs gavacocxlebT, TvalnaTliv davinaxavT, rom isini
sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi arian moTavsebuli, magram rogorc paraleluri samyaroebi
Tanaarseboben da garkveul momentSi Tavisuflad gadadian erTmaneTSi. miTi _ sayrdeni
sibrtye SeiZleba vertikalurad gadakveTos nawarmoebis ideur-mxatvrulma,
problemurma xerxemalma. demna Sengelaias `guram baramandiaSi~ miTs kveTs xerxemali _
samSoblosTan da sakuTar TavTan gaucxoeba da am gadakveTis wertilSi warmoCdeba
nawarmoebis koncefcia. grigol robaqiZis `engadSi~ miTs _ sayrden sibrtyes kveTs
xerxemali _ darRveuli mTlianobis aRdgenis gza da am gadakveTis adgilis irgvliv
iqmneba sakraluri veli, mxatvrulad transformirebuli zerealoba, miTopoeturi dro-
sivrce. sxva SemTxvevaSi miTi sayrdeni sibrtye da problemuri xerxemali SeiZleba
mTlianad daemTxves erTmaneTs. aseTi struqturaa mocemuli konstantine gamsaxurdias
`xogais mindiasa~ da `tabuSi~.
SeiZleba gamovyoT miTis transformaciis ramdenime safexuri.
pirveli safexuri gulisxmobs nawarmoebSi mxolod miTis SegrZnebis, miTi Tanmxlebi
emociis, miTis `surnelis~, ganwyobilebis rekonstruqcias. am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs
miTis Sinagani `zedro~ da igi mudmivad aRiqmeba rogorc pirvelqmnadobis,
pirvelsawyisTa dro. am tipis mxatvrul qsovilSi ar gamoisaxeba romelime konkretuli
miTi. samagierod iqmneba miTis SegrZneba, ganwyobileba, miTopoeturi nisliani samyaro
(nislovani ferwera, puantilizmi), idumalebis gancda. gamosaxvis amgvar meqanizms
safuZvlad udevs poeturi mgrZnobelobis gaaqtiveba. miTis transformaciis pirvel
safexurze SeiZleba vigulisxmoT niko lorTqifaniZisa da basil meliqiSvilis
nawarmoebebi, gr. robaqiZis `engadi~.
Semdegi safexuria miTi da miTosuri saxeebi, rogorc nawarmoebis mxatvrul
qsovilSi CarTuli mxatvruli elementebi, romlebic ganmartaven da Tavisebur
kolorits sZenen ambavs (d. Sengelaia, `mordu~; `guram baramandia~).
da bolos miTi, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis siuJeturi da saxeobrivi
safuZveli. aseTia, magaliTad, k. gamsaxurdias `xogais mindia~ da `tabu~.
amjerad SevexoT mxolod pirvel safexurze moqmedi gamosaxvis meqanizmis
saSualebiT agebuli miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli dro-sivrcis ZiriTad
Taviseburebebs.
niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobebis miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli dro-sivrce
pirvelqmnadobis da pirvelsagnebis dro-sivrcea. masSi mniSvnelovania `pirvelis~,
gmiris, zeadamianis, zmanebisa da cxadis mijnaze gamokveTil bundovan, iluzorul
sivrceSi pirveli nabijis gadamdgmelis funqcia. am gmirs, zeadamians _ realuri
adamianis, xolo mis garSemo (an mis SigniT) ganfenil sivrcesa da dros _ konkretuli
dro-sivrculi niSnebi gaaCniaT. mxatvrul qsovilSi `ganzavebuli~, SegrZnebebis doneze
mowodebuli miTi Zlevs empiriul dro-sivrces, magram ar uSlis xels konkretuli
qronologiuri CarCoebis gareSe mowodebuli `warsulis~ realurobis STabeWdilebis
Seqmnas. miTi, zRapari, legenda, Tqmuleba mogviTxrobs ara marto RmerTebsa da
RmerTkacebze, aramed iseT gmirebzec, romelTac istoriuli prototipebi hyavT
(meletinski 1976: 172).
niko lorTqifaniZis miTopoetur samyaroSi aqcenti zeadamianis naxevrad miTiur,
naxevrad zRaprul, magram sruliad konkretuli miznebisa da qmedebis motivaciis mqone
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mxatvrul saxezea gadatanili. legendis formiT daweril moTxrobebSi, romlebic qveynis
warsuls asaxavs, epikur-pirobiTi dro-sivrce da miTis zedrouloba paralelurad
arsebobs. realuri movlenebidan areklil ambavs Tan sdevs miTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
`iyo~ da `arc iyo~ an `iyo~, `xdeba~ da imavdroulad `moxdeba~-s (Tanac mudmivad)
SegrZneba. `warsuli~ miTs erwymis. RmerTebi, gmirebi, romlebic am miTopoetur
`warsulSi~ moqmedeben, vasil barnovis am tipis personaJTa msgavsad, renesansuli
azrovnebis niSniTac arian aRbeWdilni. isini moiazrebian rogorc sxvadasxva kulturaTa
Serigebisa da Tanaarsebobis mijnaze Sobili mSvenieri, harmoniuli adamianebi, romelTa
Sinagan samyaroSi Tanaarsebobs miTis zerealoba, antikuri Tavisufleba, qristianuli
rwmena da erovnuli grZnoba. aseT gmirzea damokidebuli nawarmoebis arqiteqtonika. igi
gansazRvravs epikur-pirobiTi da miTologiuri Sreebis Tanxvedrasa da Serevis xarisxs.
rogorc aRvniSneT, miTopoeturi samyaro upiratesad pirvelsagnebis da
pirvelqmnadobis samyaroa. warmoiqmneba axali mxatvruli sinamdvile, romelSic
sakraluri ganirCeva profanulisagan, amorfuloba formaTqmnadobisagan. `ukeTes~
droSi, romelic win uswrebs istoriuls an dgas mis gareT, iqmneba mSveniereba. niko
lorTqifaniZe `veneras pirvel nabijebSi~ mSvenierebis Seqmnis procesis ferwerul
suraTSi aRviZebs miTis SegrZnebas. igi Slis drois sazRvrebs da erTmaneTTan aerTebs
Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul Sidaplanebs: mTxrobelis _ lirikuli gmiris realur plans
da qalRmerTis dabadebis miTopoetur suraTs. aq ar Cans miTi, magram ferweruli laqebis
ganlagebiT, xazebis plastikiT iqmneba silamazis pirvelqmnis mistiuri gancda, romelic
aRZravs am qmedebis mudmivad ganmeorebadobis, zedroulobis SegrZnebas. samyaros wiaRSi
axal cnebaTa gamoyofa, misi danawevreba da dajgufeba TavisTavad gulisxmobs qaosis
nel-nela daTrgunvas, wesrigis damyarebas (mocemul SemTxvevaSi veneras dabadebam erT
rkalSi moaqcia da moawesriga cnebebi: silamaze, mSveniereba, siyvaruli). miTopoeturi
samyarosTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs wesrigs. `rogorc ZvelberZnuli, aseve bizantiuri
kulturisaTvis sivrcesa da droSi samyaros yofierebis Sesaxeb warmodgena, upirveles
yovlisa, ukavSirdeba wesrigis ideas~ (averincevi 1977: 84). niko lorTqifaniZis
legendismier mxatvrul sinamdvileSi adamianebi cxovroben mowesrigebul zedroul
samyaroSi, sadac jer kidev ar SeWrila istoriuli drois nakadi, magram rogorc ki
miTologiuri plani `Seivso~ realuri droiT, daimsxvra naTeli kerpi _ `RmerTi mokvda
kacTa gulSi~. erTaderTi idealuri garemo zedrouli samyaroa. miTologiuri da epikur-
pirobiTi Sreebis sinTezi warmoqmnis iseT mxatvrul qsovils, sadac bgeris, feris, xazTa
plastikis, Suq-Crdilis TamaSis meSveobiT ikveTeba miTopoeturi axali sinamdvile,
romelSic mTavari roli eniWeba miTis qveteqstSi arsebobas, miTis SegrZnebas. `amaySi~,
`mamulis sulSi~, `es iyo ZvelaTsa~ da `qeduxrelnSi~ niko lorTqifaniZe gadmoscems
miTis SegrZnebas, ganwyobilebas. miTologiur planSi ikveTeba zeadamianis saxe da epikur-
pirobiT dros meti pirobiToba eniWeba. miTopoeturi mxatvruli qsovili nawarmoebis
ideur-mxatvruli, problemuri xerxemlis naTlad warmoCenis pirobas qmnis da amasTan
sayrdeni sibrtyis _ miTisa da problemuri xerxemlis irgvliv `amozrdili~ yvela Sre,
saxe, ganStoeba, plani erTnairi ZaliT iwyebs funqcionirebas.
pirvel nabijs, `pirvelis~ zeadamianis arsebobas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba basil
meliqiSvilis SemoqmedebaSic. isic ar eyrdnoba konkretul miTs, aramed cdilobs mis
mier SeTxzul ambavs mianiWos miTis elferi, aRZras miTis gancda. `TurmanSi~ moqmedeba
realurisa da irealuris, zmanebisa da cxadis mijnaze iSleba, Turmani _ zeadamiani,
`pirveli~ asrulebs mTavari musikaluri Temis rols, romelic variaciebad meordeba da
mTel poetur samyaros moefineba. moTxrobis mxatvruli qsovilis miTiur SegrZnebaTa
saburvelSi gaxveva da amgvarad gaSla gavlenas axdens ara marto saxeTa sistemaze, aramed
mTlianad nawarmoebis musikalur arqiteqtonikaze da stiluri Taviseburebebis
gamovlenis farTo areals qmnis. levi-strosis Tanaxmad, miTosuri da musikaluri
struqturebi msgavsia, miTi ki enasa da musikas Soris dgas (meletinski 1970: 169). `fr.
Slegelma wamoayena da siRrmis fsiqologiam ganaviTara idea, rom miTologia
gamomdinareobs ara imdenad samyaros Secnobidan, ramdenadac sulis siRrmidan,
fsiqikidan. xolo ena da miTosi ganuyrelia. amrigad, musika, miTosi, ena da fsiqika erT
xazze eqceva~ (sigua 1989: 145). musika, bgera miTosuri safuZvlis mqone nawarmoebSi
fsiqikur process aaqtiurebs, enis gamomsaxvelobiT funqcias aZlierebs da miTis
SegrZnebas, zedroulobis gancdas iwvevs. basil meliqiSvilis moTxrobebSi `Turmani~,
`geliyari~, `gvelebis tba~, `mokveTili TiTi~ siuJeturi dro-sivrcis miRma, gamokveTili
sivrculi modelebisgan TiTqmis damoukideblad arsebobs miTi, misi ganwyobileba.
modelebs _ `gza~, `mwvervali~, `mTa~ (`Turmani~, `mokveTili TiTi~), `tba~ (`gvelebis tba~)
Sesabamisi drouli segmantebi `efineba~, magram am TavisTavad mainc bundovani dro-
sivrculi lokalebis miRma bgeris, melodiis, poeturi mgrZnrobelobis gamaxvilebis
125
meSveobiT gamoisaxeba ufro mniSvnelovani zerealoba, metafizikuri sinamdvile, miTi
mocemuli mxolod SegrZnebebis doneze.
Turmani aris `pirveli~, igi dgams pirvel nabijs. igi miTiur gmirTa msgavsad
mxsneli, axlis momtania (promeTe cecxli, Turmani wminda marcvali). nawarmoebis
mxatvruli samyaro miTiuri, iracionaluri, mistiuri, zmanebismieri poeturi saxeebiTa
da gancdebiTaa savse. mwerali cdilobs daZabul, wyvetil, ucnaurad agebul frazebSi
aaJReros kosmiuri musika, miTis bgera gadmosces. aqedan momdinareobs misi stilis
arqaulobac. folklorTan da miTosTan ganuyofeli msoflmxedvelobrivi kavSiri
vlindeba xalxur poetur metyvelebasTan enobriv-stilur msgavsebaSi. am doneze
melodia qmnis Sesabamis ganwyobilebas, Slis droul sazRvrebs, `gandevnis~ istoriuli
drois narCenebs. mwerlis warmosaxvaSi ibadeba axali melodia, romelic Tavis mxriv
acocxlebs Zvel baladasac. `mokveTil TiTs~ ori konkretuli sayrdeni aqvs _ xalxuri
Tqmulebebi: `jarjis balada~ da `mokveTili TiTis ambavi~. xalxuri baladis striqonebi
moTxrobis TiToeul Tavs epigrafebada aqvs wamZRvarebuli. poetur striqonebs,
melodiur frazebs igi iyenebs rogorc musikalur ideas, mTavar Temas, romelic
safuZvlad edeba miTopoeturi samyaros mravalxmianobas. am musikas aranairi sazRvari
ara aqvs, is JRers yvelgan da yovelTvis. ZiriTadi Tema iSleba, variaciebad itoteba
mxatvrul teqstSi, iqmneba axali ambavi, romlis safuZvelSic konkretuli miTis (mindias
miTi) _ baladis (jarjis balada) da Tqmulebebis (mokveTili TiTis ambavi) elementebi da
maTi Tanmdevi SegrZnebani Zevs. ritmis, Sinagani musikalobis, variaciebad gaSlili
melodiuri Zafebis uwyveti wyebis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba moTxrobis mxatvruli samyaro
Tavis zedroul da zesivrcul metafizikur pirvelwyaroebs.
grigol robaqiZis `engadSi~ gmiris gza miedineba baridan mTisken, sakraluri
centris _ mwvervalisken, sadac is daibrunebs sakuTar Tavs, saxels, Sinagan harmonias.
`es gza erTi mTliani xelovnuri qmnilebaa, 2000 kilometrze harmoniulad gaSlili _
aqaa misi upiratesoba, yoveli nakveTi misi landSaftisa gulisxmieri elementia
kompoziciurad sastikad daculi mTelisa~ (robaqiZe 1994: 189). `gzis~ aRmasvlas baridan
mTisken, calkeuli elementebidan mTelisken, realuri samyarodan ufro mniSvnelovani,
zerealuri, nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovilSi miTopoeturad gamosaxuri pirvelsawyisis,
sakraluri centris, ideaTa mwvervalisa da wyarosaken safexurebrivi forma aqvs. aq Tavis
rols TamaSobs bgera, feri, mistika, fsiqikuri procesebis gamwvaveba, erotikuli da
poeturi gancdebi lagdeba am safexurebze, TandaTanobiT gviCvenebs darRveuli Sinagani
mTlianobis aRdgenis process, da, rac mocemul SemTxvevaSia mniSvnelovani, qmnis
zedroulobis, maradiulobis, miTis gancdas.
jer aris dumili. gzis dasawyisSi `irgvliv mdumareba sufevs. Cvenc vdumT~
(robaqiZe 1994: 191). dumilSi unda moxdes samyaroSi Cakargul, danawevrebul elementTa
nebis daZabva, TviTCaRrmaveba da momzadeba erTiani, harmoniuli mTelis Sesaqmnelad.
`gzaze~ TandaTan matulobs SiSi idumalis, maradiulis, amouxsnelis winaSe. igrZnoba,
rom axlovdeba adamianisTvis Znelad misaRwevi, maradiuli samyaro, romlis Secnoba
SeuZlebelia, magram SeiZleba misi SegrZneba. swored SegrZnebaTa gadmocemaze akeTebs
aqcents mwerali: `SiSma imata. xolo myisve vigrZeniT ucxo ram: TiTqo klde xomaldi
yofiliyos udidi da mZlavi; sizmareuli migvaqanebda igi usazRvroebaSi cis rZeTeTri
SoreTis mimarT. iyo erTi wuTi: megona Sevexe maradisobis samoselsa~ (robaqiZe 1994: 191).
am safexurebriv sistemaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba fers, rogorc zmanebismieri,
miTiuri surnelis mqone samyaros suraTis Seqmnis erT-erT saSualebas. aqve kidev erTxel
vimeorebT, rom gr. robaqiZis es moTxroba ganekuTvneba miTis mxatvruli
transformaciis im safexurs, romelzec miTopoetur samyaroSi cocxldeba ara
konkretuli miTi an misi elementi, aramed mxolod miTis SegrZneba. feri miTopoeturi
sivrcis gacocxlebisa da Sesabamisi gancdis aRZvris erT-erTi saSualebaa. rac ufro
uaxlovdeba gmiri `gzis~ sivrculi modelis dasasruls _ sakralur centrs, `mwvervals~,
siTeTre da nislovaneba adgils uTmobs gamokvTil xazebs da fers (dasaxelebuls Tu
asociaciurs). figurebi mkveTrad da zustadaa moxazuli. Tavidan tye odnav mwvandeba,
Semdeg ki matulobs mTebis, mcenareebis, qvebis feradovani laqebi. realuri samyaro
nisliani da uferuli iyo, svla, pirvelqmnili, zerealuri, TiTqmis zmanebismieri
sivrcisaken ki simkveTris da feradovnebis matebiTaa gamoxatuli. rac ufro uaxlovdeba
adamiani im adgils karibWes, romelic gadaiyvans mas cxadidan zmanebaSi, romelic axlos
dgas im pirvelqmnil sinamdvilesTan, romlis anareklicaa yovelive xiluli da sadac
warsuli, awmyo da momavali erTdroulad arsebobs miT ufro mSvenieri da feradovani
xdeba garemo. miTopoeturi samyaro ferTa harmoniaSi warmosdgeba, rogorc calkeuli
elementebis bunebrivi da Tanazomieri SexamebiT miRebuli mTeli. `am samyaroSi
cxovroben naSierni homerisa~ (robaqiZe 1994: 194). xevsurTa poezia aZlierebs
126
garemomcvelis arqaulobis SegrZnebas. poetur xilvebSi irekleba adamianebis erTianoba.
am erTianobas `gzaze~ damdgari adamiani intuiciiT grZnobs da axsnas istoriasa da
miTosur arqetipebSi eZebs. SairSi igi xedavs samyaros sayrdens, safuZvels: `sityvebi aq
yofis fesvebia TviTon, maT jer kidev ar daukargavs surneli pirvelqmnilisa~ (robaqiZe
1994: 194). poeturi eniTa da pirvelqmnili bgerebis meSveobiT aRZruli miTis SegrZnebis
TanxlebiT gaivlis gmiri gamTlianebis Semdeg safexurebs _ Zmadnaficobas da
sworfrobas _ ris Semdegac warmosdgeba rogorc mTliani, savse, daunawevrebi `me~.
valiauris `gza~ zustad asaxavs mwerlisTvis niSneul movlenaTa gaazrebis gzas _
moZebnos movlenis analogi jer istoriuli drois nakadSi, Semdeg ki misi miTosuri
arqetipi. man herodotesTan miagno sworfrobis msgavs qmedebas, TiTqos axsna kidec
`ucxosTan~ SeerTebiT da misi gaTavisebiT, magram Semdeg Tavadve dainaxa gansxvaveba
xevsurul adaTsa da afroditesTvis siyvarulis Sewirvis wess Soris.
igi xvdeba, rom unda miagnos ufro Soreul, SesaZloa drois miRma arsebul
pirvelsaxes, romelic safuZvlad udevs movlenas da romlisaganc mxolod SegrZnebaRaa
darCenili da poulobs kidec mas: `ucxo atmosfero iSleboda Cems irgvliv. yoveli
xevsuri cocxlobda aq sicocxliT mTelisa. pirovnuli Tauri, tomisgan gamoyofili,
ubrundeboda Tavis bnel saSos. calkeuloba hqreboda. gvaruli Rvioda. modgmis magari
sisxldeniT ayvanilni, monadireni fiziuri wevrebi iyvnen mxolod erT uxilavi mTelisa.
calkeulTa uTvalav qvedafenebSi _ vgonebdi ase _ unda xatuliyo uTuod cocxali saxe
mTelisa: tomis. Cavukvirdi sityvas `xati~. ra aris es, Tu ara Sinagani yalibi
xeluxlebeli mTelisa? salocavs `xati~ hqvia, sadac erTi xatic ki baris gagebiT ar
moipoveba. maS `xati~ suraTi ki ar yofila, aramed Sina-saxe~ (robaqiZe 1994: 203). `xati~
aris is, risi daSlac aRar SeiZleba da romelic nawarmoebis miTopoetur sivrceze
gakvalul `gzaze~ gamTlianebuli adamianis SegrZnebebSi cocxldeba.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi ganvixileT mxolod ramdenime yvelaze naTeli magaliTi,
romlebic modernistul nawarmoebSi miTis transformaciis pirvel safexurs
gulisxmobs. am procesis sruli suraTis warmodgena ramdenime modelis analiziT
SeuZlebelia, magram mocemuli magaliTebidanac ki Cans, rom nawarmoebis Sidasamyaros
miTopoeturobas da miTopoeturi samyaros mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis Taviseburebebs
ganapirobebs miTi, romelic faqtobrivad pirdapir da uSualod ar aris mowodebuli,
magram arsbeobs misi SegrZneba. es SegrZneba gansazRvravs sivrcis agebulebas, drois
aRqmas, movlenaTa arss, saxeobriv sistemas, stilur Taviseburebebs. miTis SegrZnebis
nawarmoebSi gacocxlebis gzebi da saSualebebi rTuli da mravalferovania. miTopoeturi
teqstis mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis agebis principi mxolod erT-erTi Semadgeneli
nawilia am meqanizmisa, romlis moqmedebac, miuxedavad masSi asaxuli modernistuli
azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi niSnebisa, ZiriTadad mainc mwerlis
individualur xedvasa da mxatvrul ostatobazea damokidebuli.

damowmebani:

averincevi 1977: . . . .: . , 1977.
baqraZe 2004: baqraZe ak. Txzulebani. II, Tb.: gamomcemlobebi `nekeri~, `lomisi~, 2004.
ivanovi 1994: . . . .: . , 1994.
meletinski 1970: . . - . .
, VII, .: 1970.
meletinski 1977: . . . .: . , 1977.
robaqiZe 1994: robaqiZe gr. Txzulebani. seria `Serisxulni~. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~,
1994.
sigua 1989: sigua s. konstantine gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura. Tb.: 1989.
CiCua 1988: CiCua S. romanis Tanamedroveoba. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1988.

Inga Milorava

The Artistic Time and Space of the Mythopoetic World

Summary

The modernist thinking puts forward the phylosophical aesthetical significance of the Myth and turns it
into the foundation of the whole artistic system of the work of art. When the internal world of the modernistic
text is mythopoetical we can see perfectly and clearly expressed synthesis of reality and imagination. In the
context of the artistic time and space such a text has a double nature. There are connected the sensation of
127
existence beyond the borders of the time and space and the signs of absolutely concrete time and space- the
visible images of the narratives time and space.
We can pick out some steps of the transformation of the myth in modernistic prose: 1) There is given only
the sensation of the myth in the work of art. There is reconstructed the emotion and attitude of the myth. In such
a case the artistic time is a time of the first creation. These texts dont express the concrete myth. The expression
lean on the active poetic sensation; 2) The myth and the mythological images as the insertions, which explain
and give some colour to the narrative (D. Shengelaia, Mordu, Guram Barramandia); 3) Myth as an image
and the plot of the work of art (K. Gamsakhurdia, Hogais Mindia, Tabu).
There are analyzed the peculiarities of the mythopoetic worlds artistic time and space on the first step of
imagination in this article. The artistic time and space of Nicko Lordckipanidzes stories are the time and space
of first creation and the first things. There is very important the function of first man and the hero on this step.
Such functions are given in Basili Melickishvilis story Turmani. There is a very important model of the
way in this story. The sensation of myth is given by the poetic language and sounds.
In Gr. Robackidzes story Engadi the space model the way is connected with sacral centre the
peack, where the destroyed identity and unity can be restored. On this way we can see the myth-animated and
became refined. Myth is given in sensations and the sensation of the myth in the world of the work of art has a
great influence on the structure of the mythopoetical text and on its artistic time and space.

128
poetikuri kvlevani



qeTevan bezaraSvili

klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis cnebebis Sua saukuneebSi gadaazrebis
zogierTi nimuSi

saxelmZRvaneloebi da gamokvlevebi Sua saukuneebis ritorikis TeoriaSi
ZiriTadad dasavleT evropis laTinurenovan samyaros exeba (Minnis, Scott, Wallace 1988;
Minnis, Johnson 2005; Curtius 1953). bizantiuri ritorikis Teoria naklebad an TiTqmis ar aris
Seswavlili samecniero literaturaSi (gamonaklisia: Kustas 1973). magram irkveva, rom Sua
saukuneebis berZeni da qarTveli avtorebi SesaniSnavad iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni
klasikuri da bizantiuri ritorikis TeoriaTa sakiTxebSi. isini kargad icnobdnen mag.,
baZvis, stilTa doneebis, mSvenierebisa da sxv. cnebebs da Sesabamisad axdendnen maT
gadaazrebas (bezaraSvili 2004: 147-155; 158-259; 530-587). winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli
magaliTebi kidev erTxel warmoaCens bizantieli da qarTveli mwignobrebis, basili
minimusisa (X s.) da efrem mciris (XI s.) mier
1
ritorikis Teoriebis karg codnas da
gaazrebas, kerZod, cxadyofs maT mier aristoteles moZRvrebis recefcias Txzulebis
kompoziciis Sesaxeb. qvemoT am Teoriis sami sakiTxi Sedarebulia imave problemebTan Sua
saukuneebis ritorikaSi. esenia ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri agebulebis
mSveniereba, prologisa da epilogis darTvis xelovneba:
1) aristotele saubrobs ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri struqturis
mSvenierebaze (to; ga;r kalo;n ejn megevqei kai; tavxei ejstivn.Arist. Poet. 7, 1450 b
9). aq igulisxmeba winasityva da bolosityva, anu Sesavali da dasasruli (Rhet. III, 13-14, 1414
b - 1416 a). ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciis klasikuri Teoria da am kompoziciis
mSveniereba kargad aris Seswavlili samecniero literaturaSi
2
.
2) aristotele agreTve ganmartavs, rom safleito musikaluri preludia
(proauvlion) da poeziis dasawyisi striqonebi (provlogo") imave funqcas asrulebs,
rasac sadResaswaulo sityvis Sesavali (prooivmion). (To; me;n ou\n prooivmiovn
ejstin ajrch; lovgou, o}per ejn poihvsei provlogo" kai; ejn aujlhvsei
proauvlion. Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1414 b 5).
3) aristoteles mixedviT, epilogi yovelTvis ar aris saWiro ritorikuli sityvis
yvela saxeobisaTvis, mag., roca igi aris mokle, anda roca misi Tema advili
dasamaxsovrebelia (oJ ejpivlogo" [sc. tw'n ajpodeiktikw'n] . e[ti oujde;
dikanikou' pantov", oi|on eja;n mikro;" oJ lovgo", h] to; pra'gma
eujmnhmovneuton.Arist. Rhet. III, 13, 1414 b 1).
ganvixlavT am Sexedulebebs X-XI saukuneebis dasaxelebuli avtorebis SromebSi
warmodgenil Teoriul mosazrebebTan SedarebiT, sadac klasikuri Sexedulebebi
gadaazrebulia.
1) grigol RvTismetyvelis homiliebze darTul basili minimusis komentarebSi
(iseve rogorc maT efrem mciriseul TargmanebSi) ganxilulia ritorikuli sityvis
winasityviTa da bolosityviT, anu prologiTa da epilogiT (i.e. exordium, peroratio; prologium,

1
basili minimusis komentarebis berZnuli teqsti damowmebulia r. kantarelasa da T. Smidtis
gamocemebis mixedviT (Cantarella 1926; Schmidt 2001), agreTve gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis mixedviT
(cod. Vat. Gr. 437, s.X; cod. Paris. Coisl. 240, s.XI; cod. Paris. Cois. 52, s. XI). basili minimusis komentarebis
efrem mciriseuli Targmani yvelgan damowmebulia T. oTxmezuris mier gamosaqveyneblad
momzadebuli teqstidan. komentarTa numeracia gakeTebulia efrem mciriseuli qarTuli
Targmanebis mixedviT T. oTxmezuris mier. basili minimusis berZnul teqstTa xelnawerebi,
romelTa umetesi nawili gamouqveynebelia, Segrovebulia prof. iustin moseis mier da inaxeba
luvenis kaTolikuri universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakultetTan arsebul grigol
RvTismetyvelis kabinetSi.
2
Sesavali da daskvna (prooimivon, ejpivlogo"), rogorc ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri
konstruqciis nawilebi, ganxilulia klasikuri ritorikis TeoriebSi (Martin 1974: 55, 147). epilogis
tradiciuli ganmartebisaTvis, rogorc homiliis Tematikis Semajamebeli nawilisaTvis, ix.
aristotele (Arist. Rhet. III, 19, 1419b) (Mnnlein-Robert 2003: 778-788).
129
epilogus) Semkobis sakiTxi da amgvari Semkoba ritorikuli xelovnebisa da mSvenierebis
nimuSad aris dasaxelebuli. sayuradReboa, rom qristianuli epoqis avtorTa nawerebSic
sityvis Semkoba SesavliTa da dasasruliT miCneulia ritorikuli xelovnebis wesad. es
cnebebi miRebuli iyo berZen avtorTa nawerebSi arsitoteledan moyolebuli da farTod
iyo gavrceleuli elinistur periodSi, gvian antikurobaSi da Sua saukuneebSi. mag.,
grigol RvTismetyvelis homiliebze darTul basili minimusis komentarebSi `litonoba~
(=litovn) ewodeba swored xelovanebis (tevcnh-s) gareSe Txzvas, kerZod, Sesavlis
gareSe Txzulebis Seqmnas. basili minimusi saubrobs homiliis iseTi ritorikuli
ornamentebiT Semkobaze, rogoricaa Sesavali da ritmuli perioduli kolonebi
1
. basili
minimusis mixedviT, homiliis SesavliT SemkobiT da am Sesavlis formis srulyofiT
acilebulia simartive, litonoba, `uelovnoba~ (aJplw'"`litonad~)
2
.
Sesabamisad, unda vigulisxmoT epilogis gareSe Txzvac. basili minimusi saubrobs
homiliis locviTi daboloebis, anu epilogis (ejpivlogo" _ `bolo~) tradiciuli
ritorikuli formis Sesaxeb qristianul literaturaSi. epilogiT Txzulebis daboloeba
ritorikul ostatobas miekuTvneba (tevcnai, o{roi rJhtorikoiv `elovnebani
metyuelTani~)
3
.
2) basili minimusi aseve saubrobs Txzulebis uSesavlod agebis Sesaxeb, rac grigol
RvTismetyvelma qristianuli homiliis ritorikul wesad gadaaqcia, roca pirdapir
TxrobiT daiwyo makabelTadmi miZRvnili homilia
4
an SesxmiTi galobis saxiT _ Sobis
homilia
5
. basili minimusis warmodgenili ganmarteba ZiriTadad efuZneba aristoteles

1
ix. berZnuli teqsti da misi efrem mciriseuli Targmani: Ou|to" oJ lovgo" pavsai" tai'"
tecnikai'" ajparaleivptw" ejgkekallwvpistai meqovdoi": ajqrei' ga;r ejn
prooimivoi" eujqevw", o{sai" ajretai'" plhvqei, th'/ ejx ejpembolh'" peribolh'/,
th'/ ejx aijtiva" kataskeuh'/, th'/ te makrokwliva/ ... `yovelTave elovnebiTa
RonisZiebiTa unaklulod Semkobil ars awindeli ese sityua ... rameTu ganicade myis dasabamsave
sitysasa raodeniTa SuenierebiTa Semkobil ars Sesavalovnad SemosilobiTa, mizezovnad
SenawevrebiTa grZelSenadgamobasave Tana~ (Or. 43, com. prooemium. Cantarella 1926: 21
28-31;
cod. Iber. Jer. 15,
s. XII, f. 22r); kavllo", kataskeuhv, kallwpivzesqai miekuTvneba sityvis garegnul xorciel
ornamentul Rirsebebs (ajretai; levxew"). (Martin 1974: 339, 340, 342; 252. Ernesti 1962: s.v.
kallwpivzesqai).
2
ix. basili minimusis teqsti da misi efrem mciriseuli Targmani: Televsa" to; th'" o{lh"
uJpoqevsew" prooivmion, oujc aJplw'" eij" to; gevno", ajlla; meta; tino"
prooimiakh'" ejnnoiva" eijsbavllei. `srul-yo yovelive winadawyeba Sesavalisa mizezTa
da amieriTgan ara litonad, aramed winaSesavalovanadve iwyebs naTesavTaTs didisa basilisTa
sityuad~ (Or. 43, com. 15. Cantarella 1926: 23
1
; cod. Iber. Jer. 15, f. 23v).
3
ix. basili minimusis komentari: a) to; e[scaton mevro" tou' o{lou lovgou ou|tov" ejstin
oJ keklhmevno" ejpivlogo", eujch'" tuvpon ejpevcwn, wJ" aiJ tevcnai
qesipivzousin. b) ejntau'qa to; teleutai'on tw'n kefalaivwn oJ ejpivlogo" tuvpon
e[cwn eujch'", wJ" qesmoi; kai; o{roi paradhlou'si rJhtorikoiv. `ese ars bolo
sakiTxavisa amis, romelsa locvis saxe zeda-ac, viTarca elovnebani metyuelTani ganaCineben~
(Or. 43, com. 216. Cantarella 1926: 32
15-19;
cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, s. XII-XIII, f. 69v).
4
basili minimusis da misi mTargmnelis, efrem mciris mixedviT, `makabelTa sityvis~ uSesavlod
dawyebis litonad da SemTxveviTad miCneva moCvenebiTia. amgvari meTodi ritorikis axali,
qristianuli xelovnebis damaxasiaTebel niSnad aris warmodgenili: oJ ga;r wJ" e[tucen oi\on
te tosou'ton ajxivwma levgein kai; gravfein ... kai; ouj aujto; tou'to dia; tou'
zhthtikou' kai; hjnivxato morivou protivqei" aujto; th'" luvsew" tw'n
zhtoumevnwn deiknu;" dia; th'" ajnaskeuh'" tw'n ejnantiologoumevnwn ajxivou"
ejgkwmivwn. `rame makabelni?~ rameTu ara saeWu ars] add. litonad da viTar damTxueviT rasme
Tquma esodenisa Rirsebisa kacisa mier ... myis saZiebliT marculiT iwyo da aRsnasa wina-moaqcia
saZiebeli da aCuena igi Rirs Sesxmisa...~ (Or. 15, com. 1. codd. Paris.Coisl. Fr. 240, s. XI, f. 187r; cod. Iber.,
Tbilis. A 109, f. 220r).
5
qristeSobis homiliis komentarSi basili minimusi ritorikuli Sesavlis Semcvlelad Tvlis
homiliis galobiT dawyebas, udidesi qristianuli dResaswauliT gamowveuli mometebuli
sitkboebisa da sixarulis gamo. amdenad aq, piriqiT, axali tipis dasawyisi axali, qristianuli
ritorikis Rirsebad aris dasaxelebuli: eijkovtw" kai; prooimivwn tavxin ei[lhfe
tau'ta, procoreuvonto" kai; proskirtw'nto" kai; oi|on proanakrouomevnou tou'
Patro;" th'/ th'" hJdonh'" te kai; eujfrosuvnh" uJperbolh'/. samarTlad nacvalad
winaSesavalisa moipova aqa didman aman moZRuarTa Soris winamZnobeloba da winaaRmRereloba,
viTarmca gardamatebulisa sitkboebisa da sixarulisa winamcemel iyo ebnisa" (Or. 38, com.
prooemium. Cantarella 1926: 5
22-25
; Schmidt 2001: 10-11; cod. Iber. Jer. 15, f. 10v). basili minimusis
warmodgenili ganmarteba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba aristoteles ganmartebas, rom musikaluri
130
ganmartebas, rom musikaluri preludia (proauvlion) sadResaswaulo sityvis Sesavals
(prooivmion) hgavs (Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1414 b 5). am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ritorikis
Teoriis sakiTxTan, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo ritorikuli sityvis axali saxeobisaTvis,
Tumca am SemTxvevaSic igi dasabams iRebs klasikosi Teoretikosis traqtatidan, magram
interpretirebulia axal sulier konteqstSi.
3) ritorikis klasikuri da bizantiuri Teoriebis mSvenierebis kategoriis
codnasTan erTad Txzulebis kompoziciuri nawilebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis aTvisebas
efrem mciris mier cxadyofs misi kidev erTi kolofoni, romelsac igi urTavs imperator
iulianes ganmaqiqebel meore sityvas (Or. 5). kolofoni exeba homiliis epilogis sakiTxs:
`xolo ubolood datevebisaTs nuvis usrulica hgonies (= Or. 5), rameTu berZulad esreT
ars Tqumuli wmidisa, ara litonad, arca sxuaTa aRmwerelTaebr, aramed, viTar-igi
aTormet arian elovnebani berZenTa swavlulebisani da TiToeuli aRmwereli miT saxiTa
aRmwerelobs, raca elovneba eswavos aTormetTa maTgan (=aq igi CamoTvlis 12
zogadsaganmanaTleblo sagans) ... aramed wmida ese da didi RmrTismetyueli, viTarca amiT
yovliTa sruliad swavluli, yovliTave amiT Seamkobs TqumulTa TsTa. amisTs sxsa
elovnebisa ars daboloeba da sxsa _ ara daboloeba. vinaca me, vinaTgan oqsino ara
maqunda saolavad skamarangisa, flasiTa ver davolevdi. aramed Sedarebulad berZulisa,
uboloo ubolood da daboloebuli daboloebulad miTargmnia...~ (bregaZe 1988: 171-172)
1
.
aRniSnuli sakiTxavi (Or. 5) `ubolood~, e.i. epilogis gareSea berZnulSi da
Sesabamisad, qarTul TargmanSic. meore mxriv, efrems berZnuli dednis erTgulebis gamo
daboloebuli, anu epilogiani (sxva sakiTxavebi) aseve epilogianad uTargmnia. efremi
xsnis, rom amgvari xerxi uepilogobisa ar aris sxva mweralTaebr `litonad TqumiT~
gamowveuli, aramed samecniero da ritorikuli xelovanebiT, e.i. ritorikuli
ostatobiT, aris Seqmnili, romelSiac kargad iyo ganswavluli grigol RvTismetyveli.
igi swored rom am swavlulebiT amkobda Tavis Sromebs _ `TqumulTa TsTa~
2
. amdenad, es
movlena uepilogobisa SemTxveviTi ki ar aris, aramed kanonzomieria. efremis
ganmartebiT, sakiTxavis daboloeba _ epilogis darTva sxva xelovnebaa da
dauboloebloba ki sul sxva xelovnebisaganaa, radgan epilogi, romelic Txzulebis
kompoziciis Semadgeneli nawilia, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes homiliis samkaulad.
aq efremi, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes ritorikuli sityvis agebis da misi mSvenierebis
klasikur Teorias (aristoteles ritorikidan da poetikidan). rogorc ukve iTqva,
aristoteles mixedviT, epilogi ar aris yovelTvis aucilebeli yvela saxis sityvisaTvis,
mag., roca igi moklea anda roca sityvis sagani advili dasamaxsovrebelia (Arist. Rhet. III, 13,
1414 b 1). marTlac, grigolis ganmaqiqebeli sityvis sagani
3
ioli iyo dasamaxsovreblad,
radgan ganqiqeba grZeldeboda mTeli homiliis manZilze da, Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebuli
mokle daboloeba aRar saWiroebda raime damatebas.
imperator iulianes ganmaqiqebeli meore sityvis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli
problema ganxilulia samecniero literaturaSi; aRniSnulia, rom epilogis darTvis
nacvlad grigol RvTismetyveli amTavrebs ganmaqiqebel homilias (lovgo"
sthliteutikov") iulianesadmi mamarTuli ironiuli sityvebiT (maWavariani 2002: 90-92;
bezaraSvili 2004: 573-576). igi ambobs, rom es sityva aris maradiuli Zegli iulianesaTvis
am frazis uaryofiTi mniSvnelobiT (Or. 5, c. 42. PG 35, 720A). aseTi daboloeba aRar
saWiroebs Semajamebel daskvniT epilogs.
efremma icis ritorikis bizantiuri Teoriebis es Tavisebureba _ kompoziciuri
agebuleba. Tumca amave dros, rogorc iTqva, igi aRniSnavs, rom ubolooba ar aris

preludia (proauvlion) emsgavseba epidiqtikuri sityvis Sesavals (prooivmion. Arist. Rhet. III,
14, 1414 b 5).
1
Cod. Iber. A 292, a. 1800, f. 215v. es kolofoni da masSi dasaxelebuli zogadsaganmanaTleblo sagnebi
ganxilulia samecniero literaturaSi (Rapava, Coulie 1991: 121-124). igive kolofoni grigol
RvTismetyvelis zogierT uepilogo sakiTxavze efTvime aTonelis mier darTul epilogebTan
mimarTebiT aseve ganxiluli iyo samecniero literaturaSi (Kourtsikidze 2000: 429-437).
2
aseve afasebs miqael fselosi grigol RvTismetyvelis xelovnebas da ostatobas. misi Txzulebebi
yovelgvari mecnierebis (ejpisthvmh) da xelovanebis tevcnh) codnas Seicaven (Mayer 1911:
14
254-273
; bezaraSvili 1996: 146).
3
ganmaqiqebeli homiliis klasikuri warmomavloba (yovgo", yektikov"), rogorc epideiqtikuri
Janris saxeoba (gevno" ejpideiktikov" - genus demonstrativum), e.w. negatiuri enkomia
(ejgkwvmion), romelic iqca qristianul ganqiqebad, e.w. lovgo" sthlieutikov",ganxilulia
samecniero literaturaSi (Menander Rhetor 1981; Hunger 1978: 120-122. Payr 1962: 332-343. Guignet 1911:
76-77. maWavariani 2002: 92).
131
litonoba da sworedac rom xelovnebaa. am SemTxvevaSi efremis Teoriuli wyaro
uepilogobis ostatobasTan dakavSirebiT unda exmaurebodes rogorc ritorikis zemoT
naxseneb aristoteleseul klasikur Teorias (Arist. Rhet. III, 13, 1414 b 1), ise qristianul
Teorias da esTetikas (ix. basili minimusis ganxiluli komentarebi). klasikur Teorias
rom SevadaroT, Sesavali iTvleba ritorikuli sityvis Semkobilebis mSvenebad (kovsmou
cavri"), roca misi ararseboba sityvas aZlevs saxeldaxelod warmoTqmulis saxes
1
.
efrem mcire kolofonSi Tavs imarTlebs, rom ritorikis xelovneba Zvirfasia da
fufunebaa, rasac igi TavisiT ver miwvdeboda da Tavad epilogs ver daurTavda: abreSumis
qsovili (oqsino) ar mqonda mosasxamis (skamarangis) Sesakerad da ubralo ZaZiT (flasiT)
xom ara Sevkeravdio. mosasxams an CarCos, rogorc gare samkauls, ritorikis TeoriebSi
swored ritorikul xelovnebas uwodeben, romliTac unda moapirkeTon Rrma Sinaarsi
2
.
marTalia, aq uSualod mSvenierebis cneba ar aris naxsenebi, magram vnaxeT, rom efremi
kompoziciis xelovnebis mSvenierebis Sesabamis problemas exeba, rac Seswavlilia
aristoteles ritorikasa da poetikaSi da basili minimusis komentarebSi. amave dros igi
ritorikis Zvirfas samkaulebs asaxelebs, romelTa Soris kompoziciis xelovnebac Sedis.
Seswavlilia, rom efremi am kolofonSi mSvenierebis cnebis aspeqtebsac ixilavs
(bezaraSvili 2004: 573-576). aSkaraa, rom efremi exeba ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri
struqturis cnebasac, kerZod, xan epilogis darTvas, xan ki homiliis daskvnis gareSe
dasrulebas ritorikis Teoriebis mixedviT.
amgvarad, cxadi xdeba, rom efremi SesaniSnavad icnobs ritorikis klasikur da
bizantiur Teoriebs da maTi meTodologiis gaTvaliswinebiT Targmnis grigol
RvTismetyvelis Txzulebebs qarTulad da qmnis Tavis kolofonebs literaturul-
Teoriuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. zemoT gaanalizebuli magaliTebi safuZvels umagrebs
mosazrebas, rom efremi dainteresebuli iyo ritorikis TeoriebiT Tavisi moRvaweobis
adreuli periodidanve (roca Targmna Or. 5)
3
. es imas niSnavs, rom bizantiaSi mimdinare
saazrovno procesebze efremma Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisidanve elinofiluri
kulturuli orientacia aiRo, maSin roca misi mTargmnelobiTi meTodi mxolod TandaTan
xdeboda elinofiluri. maSasadame, klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis cnebebi efrem
mcirisTvisac, iseve, rogorc misi winamorbedi basili minimusisTvis, kargad iyo cnobili
da gaTavisebuli.

damowmebani:

bezaraSvili 1996: bezaraSvili q. miqael fselosis traqtati saRvTismetyvelo stilis Sesaxeb
(gamokvleva, Targmani, komentarebi). bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia. III, Tb.:
1996.
bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol
RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 2004.
bregaZe 1988: bregaZe T. grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa Semcvel qarTul xelnawerTa
aRweriloba. Tb.: gamomcemloba "mecniereba", 1988.
Cantarella 1926: Cantarella R. Basilio Minimo. II, in Byzantinishce Zeitschrift, 26, 1926, p. 1-34.
Curtius 1953: Curtius. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages. Translated from the German by W.R. Trask.
London: Routledge and Regan Paul, LTD, 1953.
Ernesti 1962: Jo. Ch. Th. Ernesti. Lexicon Technologiae Graecorum Rhetoricae. Leipzig: 1795 / Darmstadt, 1962:
Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung.
Guignet 1911: Guignet M. St. Grgoire de Nazianze et la rhtorique. Paris: 1911, p. 76-77.
Hunger 1978: Hunger H. Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner. Bd. I, Mnich: C.H. Beck'sche
Verlagsbuchhandlund, 1978, S. 120-122.
Kourtsikidze 2000: Kourtsikidze T. La composition du manuscrit Iviron 68 et le colophon d' Ephrem Mtsir, dans Le
Muson. t. 113, 2000, p. 429-437.
Kustas 1973: Kustas G.L. Studies in Byzantine Rhetoric (Analekta Blatadon, 17). Thessaloniki: Patriarchikon Idruma
Paterikon Meleton, 1973.

1
gorgias leontielis eleelebisadmi mimarTuli saxotbo sityva (enkomia) dasaxelebulia
saxeldaxelo sityvis nimuSad (Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1415b12-1416a1).
2
Sdr. miqael fselosic grigolis Rrma saRvTismetyvelo azris garegnul Semosvas da Semkobas
ritorikuli samkaulebiT uwodebs saxarebiseuli Zvirfasi margalitis (maT. 13, 45-46) movarayebas
oqroTi da mis Casmas patiosani qvebiT mopirkeTebul CarCoSi (Mayer 1911: 5
85-90
).
3
grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTulad Targmanis qronologiis Sesaxeb ix. bezaraSvili
2004: 413.
132
maWavariani 2002: maWavariani m. efrem mciris damokidebuleba `gareSe~ sibrZnisadmi grigol
RvTismetyvelis imperator ivlianesadmi miZRvnili meore ganmaqiqebeli sityvis
(or.5) mixedviT. literaturuli Ziebani. XXIII, Tb.: 2002.
Mnnlein-Robert 2003: Mnnlein-Robert I. Peroratio, in Historishces Wrterbuch der Rhetorik, herausgegeben von
Gert Ueding. Bd. 6, Tbingen: 2003, col. 778-788.
Martin 1974: Martin J. Antike Rhetorik. Technik und Methode. Mnchen: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlund,
1974.
Mayer 1911: Mayer A. Psellos' Rede ber den rhetorischen Character des Gregorios von Nazianz, in Byzantinische
Zeitschrift. 20, 1911, S. 48-60.
Menander Rhetor 1981: Menander Rhetor, Peri ejpideiktikw'n. I, edited with translation and commentary by D.A.
Russel, N.G. Wilson, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.
Minnis, Scott, Wallace 1988: Minnis, A.J., Scott, A.B., Wallace, D. Medieval Literary Theory and Criticism. c.
11000-c. 1375, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.
Minnis, Johnson 2005: The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism. vol. 2, Middle Ages, edited by Minnis, A.,
Johnson, I., Cambridge: University Press, 2005.
Payr 1962: Payr Th. Enkomion, in Reallexikon fr Antike und Christentum. Bd. V, Stuttgart: 1962, S. 332-343.
Rapava, Coulie 1991: Rapava M., B. Coulie. Les Colophons d' Ephrem Mtsire et les traductions Gorgiennes de
Gregoire de Nazianze, dans Le Muson. Revue d' Etudes Orientales. t.104, fasc.1-2, 1991, p. 121-124.
Schmidt 2001: Basilii Minimi in Gregorii Nazianzeni orationem XXXVIII commentarii. ed. a Th. Schmidt, in Corpus
Christianorum, Series Graeca, 46. Corpus Nazianzenum, 13, Turnhout-Leuven: Brepols Publishers,
University Press, 2001.

Ketevan Bezarashvili

Some Patterns of Reinterpretation of the Concepts of Classical Rhetorical Theories in
the Middle Ages

Summary

The problems of acquiring the concepts of classical rhetorical theories in Byzantine and Georgian
literature are studied in the present article. The commentaries of Basilius Minimus (the 10th century) and the
colophon of renowned Georgian writer of the 11th century, the founder of hellenophile trend in Georgian
literature _ Ephrem Mtsire, are analyzed. Basilius Minimus's and Ephrem Mtsire's concept of compositional
construction of rhetorical speech is based on Aristotle's theory. The literary-theoretical opinions of the writers of
Byzantium and Christian East are not thoroughly studied in modern scholarly literature. The study of this
problem is important for revealing the Medieval approach to rhetorical theories, namely, to the concept of
compositional parts of speech. The analysis of the problem makes it evident that Basilius Minimus and Ephrem
Mtsire were well-acquainted with classical theories of rhetoric, and they re-interpreted the theory of
compositional construction according to the demands of new, Christian rhetoric.






soso sigua

teqsti: invarianti da struqtura
(wignidan _ `mxatvruli azrovneba: genezisi da struqtura~)

1. teqstis modelirebis saxe

teqsti leqsi, poema Tu romani avtorisagan avtonomiuri erTeulia, magram X
avtoris teqstebi yovelTvis qmnian aSkara Tu farul naTesaur suraTs, xolo avtorTa
teqstebis konglomeracia _ literaturis imperias, sadac sufevs mkacri xarisxobrivi
ierarqia, sadac ebrZvian sustebs ZlierTa gadasarCenad.

a) teqstis aRqma

133
teqstis rogorc warmoqmna, ise aRqma emyareba erTsa da imave fsiqo-nervul,
intuiciur da inteleqtualur faqtorebs.
erT mxares aris avtori-subieqti, meore mxares mkiTxveli-obieqti. mkiTxveli
teqsts ver Secvlis, magram Tavisi fsiqo-nervuli samyarosa da inteleqtualuri
interesebis Sesabamisad eqmneba iluzia, rom swored ase unda miviRoT da gaviziaroT X
teqsti, rac aris interpretaciis erTi varianti.
amdenad Seicavs yoveli aRqma Tanamdev da gardauval cdomilebebs, magram igi aseve
Seicavs genetikurad gansazRvrul esTetikur elementebs, rac kulturam saerTo bazisad
aqcia.
teqsti iqmneba sxvisaTvis da iWreba sxvis cnobierebaSi, Seaqvs Tavisi impulsebi da
koreqtivic. mkiTxvelic analogiurad iqceva (mag., muSa, glexi, inteligenti musikosi,
mecnieri, mwerali realisti Tu avangardisti, lirikosi Tu romanisti) anu teqsti mudam
da yvelas mier gansxvavebulad realizdeba, aSkaravdeba iseTi tendenciebi, emociur-
azrobrivi signalebi, razec avtors arc ufiqria. imitom, rom teqsti aviTarebs Cvens
arsebaSi pasiurad mocemul an Camqral SemoqmedebiT kerebs.
mkiTxveli-mkvlevari am instinqturi da intuiciuri warmosaxvebis
inteleqtualizebas axdens cvalebad dro-sivrceSi, rac aseve mudmivad cvlis avtorisa
da teqstis mniSvnelobas.
dro da sivrce teqsts uwyobs mudmiv gamocdas.
amitom icvleba myari teqstis gaazrebis variantebi. magram Tu struqturidan
wamosuli signalebi ar daeufla Cvens fsiqo-nervul sistemas da gonebas, asociaciebi
aRar warmoiqmneba da teqsts aRar eyoleba realizatori, warmosaxviTi TanaSemoqmedi.
igi darCeba mxolod avtoris kuTvnilebad.

b) teqsti da meTodi

calkeuli teqstebis analizs, miRebul Sedegebs emyareba rogorc X avtoris
Semoqmedebis, ise saliteraturo procesisa da literaturis istoriis axsna da gaazreba,
periodebisa da mimarTulebebis gamoyofa, genetikuri da tipologiuri kavSirebis
Cveneba.
magram roca vikvlevT gardasul process, erTmaneTisagan ganiyofa movlenaTa
istoria da RirebulebaTa istoria. filologiuri meTodi, romelic CvenSi damkvidrda n.
maris meoxebiT, swored movlenebsa da faqtebs, teqstis arsis garegan mxares ikvlevda,
rac saWiroa da aucilebeli, magram ara gadamwyveti: igi ar ukavSirdeba sulierebas,
mxatvrul azrovnebas, Rirebulebis cnebas.
am tendencias prioritets aniWebdnen komunistebi, aigivebdnen filologsa da
literators.
axalma drom wamoswia mxatvruli teqstis specifikis axsnis, gagebisa da gaazrebis
problema, am problemis dasaZlevi sxvadasxva meTodebi, mag., fsiqoanalizi, `axali
kritika~, rusuli formalizmi, struqturalizmi (1), radgan yoveli kvlevis safuZveli
aris Teoriuli Tvalsazrisi.
magram erTia zogadTeoriuli msjeloba, meore _ konkretuli teqstis an
Semoqmedebis analizi, ra drosac efeqturia esa Tu is meTodi: mag.: fsiqoanalizi _ ak.
wereTlis `gamzrdelis~ asaxsnelad; al. yazbegis cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebisaTvis; m.
javaxiSvilis Txzvis meqanizmisa da calkeuli teqstebisaTvis; fsiqoanalizi da
miTologiuri kritika _ k. gamsaxurdias prozisaTvis; teqstualur-semiotikuri _
avangardistuli teqstebisaTvis (mag.: o. CxeiZis, o. WilaZis, g. doCanaSvilis prozis
Sesaswavlad); impresionistul-sugestiuri kritika _ modernizmisaTvis; marqsistul-
sociologiuri kritika _ eg. ninoSvilis prozisaTvis; marqsistul-fsiqologiuri
kritika W. lomTaTiZis prozisaTvis.
yvela meTods erTi mizani aqvs, magram vin romels aiTvisebs an Seqmnis _ es
damokidebulia mraval faqtorze. ufro sworad meTodi Tavad gvpoulobs, romelic
aris Cveni temperamentis, fsiqikis, cnobierebis Sesatyvisi (mag., erTi mxriv
impresionizmi da simbolizmi, meore mxriv _ socialisturi realizmi g. tabiZis poeziaSi).
mag., g. baSliaris mixedviT, mxatvruli azrovnebis specifikas qmnis oTxi elementis
_ cecxlis, miwis, haerisa da wylis kombinacia, romelime maTganis primati, rac aris
temperamentis tipebis simbolur-metaforuli diferencireba (xovanskaia 1980:53-56).
xolo temperamenti, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba sxeulis agebulebas, nervul da endokrinul
sistemebs (Sdr ori poeti: g. leoniZe da t. graneli, rogorc miwisa da zecis, cecxlisa
da wylis antinomia).
134
praqtika cxadyofs, rom yvelaze efeqturia, roca teqstisa da Semoqmedebis kvlevis
procesSi erTdeba sami meTodi:
1. fsiqoanalizi, romelic gadadis miTologias, anTropologiasa da genetikaSi;
2. struqturalizmi, romliTac gamoiyofa ZiriTadi saazrovno modelebi,
arqetipebi da invariantebi;
3. esseizmi, romliTac SenarCundeba esTetikuri suli, mkvlevari ar mowydeba
teqstsa da mkiTxvels.
amitom am erTianobas SeiZleba ewodos integraluri kritika, romelic axleburad
dagvanaxebs qarTuli literaturis problemebs, struqturas, avtorebs, personaJebs
(Sdr. _ arn. Ciqobava enaTmecnierebas miiCnevda integralur mecnierebad).



g) teqsti da sulis arqaika

fsiqoanalizis gamoyeneba ar gulisxmobs z. froidis, k. g. iungis, a. adleris an e.
fromis SexedulebaTa kopirebas, aramed am meTodis arsis Sefardebas literaturis
procesTan da SemoqmedebasTan, Tavisufal aTvisebas.
fsiqoanalitikosebs literatura ainteresebdaT fsiqologiisaTvis, TavianTi
Teoriebis sailustracio masalad da amas Tavadac aRniSnavdnen.
Cven fsiqoanalizi gvainteresebs literaturisaTvis, Txzvis meqanizmis, teqstis
warmoSobis dasadgenad, avtorisa da personaJebis fsiqika-cnobierebis asaxsnelad Tu
rogor gardaisaxeba fsiqobiografia, cnobier-aracnobieri literaturad, leqsad Tu
romanad.
amgvari CaZieba aRmoaCens miToss, radgan igi adamianis winare cnobieri done da
arqauli ritualebis sityvieri gaformebaa (n. frai). xolo anTropologiisa da
paleontologiis monacemebi saWiroa imdenad, ramdenadac literaturaSi mTavaria
adamiani, avtori da personaJebi, maTi mamoZravebeli, sasicocxlo Zalebi.
am problematikis dalageba (mag., kultura da nevrozebis faqtori, progresi da
konfliqti mama-Svils Soris, mama da Zalaufleba, sizmari, misi simboloebi da Txzvis
meqanizmi, deda da dedasamSoblo, libido da nicSeanuri Zalauflebis nebis
modifikaciebi, SiSi da personaJis fsiqika, personaJi, rogorc aracnobieris figura,
instinqtebi da arqetipebi _ froidi 1998), misTvis sistemuri saxis miniWeba xdeba masalis
struqturizebiT (r. bartis mixedviT, struqtura aris qsovili, obobas qseli), rasac
fsiqoanalizze orientirebuli struqturalistebi sxvadasxvagvarad da nairgvari
terminologiiT ganmartaven.
magram Cven unda veridoT ultras da vecadoT tradiciebTan misadagebas, radgan
yvelaze adre Zveldeba ultrasiaxle. xolo tradiciebis niadagi myari sayrdenia,
saidanac amodis sicocxlis mwvane xe.
tradiciebis mudmivi modernizeba _ es aris ganviTarebis procesi, rac gamovlinda
fsiqoanalizis saxiTac.
teqstis struqturis konkretul sakiTxs, romelic mTelis nawilia, sWirdeba
vrceli da detaluri kvleva, raTa davadginoT ZiriTadi arsi, romlis gamoyeneba sxvasac
SeeZleba. xolo zogad process (mag., romantizms, simbolizms an romelime periodis
literaturas) _ mokled warmodgena, raTa asociaciuri ZiebiT, paralelebiTa da
aluziebiT am invariantul erTeulTa Soris vipovoT uxilavi kavSirebi da ase
gamovitanoT emociebis nisleulidan logikuri sistema.
am sistemis safuZveli aris arqaika, sulis siRrmeSi daZiruli, farulad Semonaxuli,
miTebis TvalebiT mzirali, Zlier gamRizianebels rom gamoaqvs samzeoze.
es Zlieri gamRizianebeli SeiZleba iyos _ erosi, Zalauflebis neba, fsiqo-
nevrozebi, fizikuri sneuleba, romelTa meSveobiT xelovani axdens sulier ZalTa
maqsimalur koncentrirebas. es ki niSnavs uZveles, arqaul vnebaTa, impulsTa, swrafvaTa
aRdgenasa da gamotanas simbolur saxeebad, romelTa ganlagebas awesrigebs cnobieris
kontroli.
arqaul-miTosuri modelebi ki vlindeba rogorc myari mocemulobis gaSliT, ise
misdami mimsgavsebiT, rogorc emociuri afeTqebiT, ise logikuri konstruqciiT:
personaJTa totemuri xatebis, arqetipebisa da simbolikuri hipostasebis povniTa Tu
TxzviT, realobis romantikul-heroikuli aRqmiT, saganTa da suraTTa, impulsTa da
ltolvaTa simbolur-alegoriuli xatviT (sigua 2002-2005).
135
zeSTagoneba da emociebSi daZirva atavisturi ukuqcevaa, pirveladi Tavisuflebis
gancdis aRdgena da Zlieri sixaruli, rac uZvelesi struqturebis saxiT stiqiurad
vlindeba, rogorc sizmari.
gancdebis saufloSi, romelic iseTive varvaraa, rogorc miwis guli, poeti Cadis
enis modulaciiT. es aris winaparTa ena, ara guSin SemoWrili leqsika, romliTac daiwyo
cnobierebis gaRviZebisa da aRqma-gancdis procesi. amave gzas gaivlis prozaikosi
personaJTa cxovrebis siuJeturi peripetiebiT.
is, rac arqaulia, amave dros aris mSobliuri. magram, cxadia, ar aris aucilebeli,
STagonebiT atavisturi ukuqceva gamovlindes arqaul-miTosur modelebad. amas akeTeben
is avtorebi, romlebic acnobiereben SemoqmedebiT process (mag., j. joisi, T. mani, k.
gamsaxurdia, gr. robaqiZe).
fsiqoanalizi siRrmiseuli, pirovnebis faruli da idumali samyaros kvlevaa,
romelSic kodur niSnebad CarCa preistoria da gvixdeba maTi rekonstruqcia (p. giro).
struqturalizmic aracnobieris kvlevaa, magram imisi, rac enad gaformda da azrad
gamovlinda. erTgan mTavaria fsiqika (suli), meoregan goni. orive maTgani ki erTdeba
teqstis labirinTis saxiT, romelSic gardaisaxa avtori.
struqturalizmis Serwyma fsiqoanalizTan araerTma literatorma scada, ramac
warmoSva struqturul-genetikuri meTodi, radgan xelovneba aris sulieri cxovrebis
simboluri ena (e. kasireri).
TviT semiotikosebic ki mimarTaven fsiqoanalizis ideebs. mag., r. bartisaTvis
semiologiis safuZvelze erTmaneTs uerTdeba marqsizmi da fsiqoanalizi (marqsi,
froidi, sosiuri, iakobsoni_barti 1989); i. kristevas azriT, semiotika froidis gareSe
ver amoxsnis SemoqmedebiT process (rJevskaia 1989: 93). aseve mouxmobs igi k. marqssa da ed.
huserls.

d) arqetipi da invarianti

rogorc mendeleevis elementTa tabula Seicavs 92 bunebriv nivTierebas, romelTa
kombinacia qmnis materialur samyaros, rogorc genetikuri kodi aZlevs dasabams saxeobis
mkacrad dacul, magram individTa usasrulo variaciebs, rogorc Sedgeba qarTuli anbani
33 aso-bgerisagan, magram maTgan warmoiSva aseul aTasobiT sityva, ise mxatvruli
azrovnebis ZiriTadi erTeulebis (romelTac pirobiTad invariantebs vuwodebT) ricxvi
SezRudulia da gansazRvruli, magram fantazirebiT, emociuri biZgebiT, asociaciuri
kavSirebiT ganiSleba variantebad anu individualur struqturad (Sdr. _ k.
gamsaxurdias personaJTa genetikuri struqtura da 4 invarianti, 4 totemi, arqetipi da
simbolikuri pipostasebi; jadosnuri zRapris siuJetur-kompoziciuri struqturis 7
invarianti da 31 funqcia v. propis mixedviT).
am simravleTa ricxvi usasruloa da ganusazRvreli, rogorc saWadrako
kombinaciebi. magram invariantebis indeqsireba darCeba statistikur aRricxvad Tu maTSi
ar davinaxeT sistemuri wesrigi, rogorc es gamoavlina avtorma enad gasulierebuli
sagnebiTa da ltolvebiT, roca myarad ucvleli erTeulebi warmosaxvis ZaliT pirobiT
sinamdviled gantota:
invarianti varianti.
personaJs, romelsac realur adamianad aRiqvams mkiTxveli, Cvenc ise vikvlevT,
rogorc realur adamians Tavisi fsiqikiTa da cnobierebiT, nacionalobiTa da
genetikiT, temperamentiTa da vnebebiT, xasiaTiTa da sneulebiT. xolo personaJTa masa
avtoris pirovnebis, misi cnobier-aracnobieris variantuli figurebia, rogorc sarkeSi
areklili sinamdvilis landebi:
realoba avtori teqsti.
ra gansxvavebaa invariantsa da arqetips Soris, xom ar aris es ori termini
sinonimuri cneba, Tumca erTi maTematikis sferos gankuTvneba, meore _ fsiqologiisas?
arqetipi uZvelesi fsiqikuri mocemulobaa, avtorisa da personaJis bunebis
ganmsazRvreli faqtori, rogorc genetikuri kodi _ realuri da warmosaxuli, cnobieri
da aracnobieri.
arqetipi aris `arqauli gadmonaSTi~, `pirvelyofili saxe~, instinqtebis simboluri
gamovlena (iungi 1991:97-128; iungi 1995: 52-61). dionise Tu apoloni, oidiposi Tu mose
aris am instinqtebis anTroponimizeba, simbolur-metaforuli saxeldeba.
invariantic ucvleli sididea, oRond ara usaTuod fsiqikuri. igi aris mxatvrul
specifikad formirebuli individualuri niSnebi, teqstebSi rom periodulad meordeba
da axal-axal variaciebad Slis struqturas (Sdr. _ miTologebis miTema, fonologebis
fonema).
136
Tu Tema an idea zogadia da specifikur saxes iRebs X avtorTan, invarianti
individualuri bunebis _ cnobier-aracnobieris pirveladi xatia, romelic iseve
mudmivia da ucvleli, rogorc TiTis anabeWdi an sisxlis jgufi.
igi TvalisaTvis uxilavi, farulad arsebuli da moqmedi, bedisweris msgavsi niSania,
romelsac sWirdeba povna da gamovlena.
invarianti gviCvenebs, Tu rogoria avtoris cnobierebaSi siuJetTa an personaJTa,
mxatvrul saxeTa an ideaTa pirveladi birTvi da ra saxiT ganiSleba teqstsa da teqstTa
simravleSi:
invarianti struqturuli modeli struqtura (varianti).
amitom X saxeli an termini zogjer SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc arqetipi, ise
invarianti: arqetipi, rogorc fsiqologiur-qaraqterologiuri cneba, invarianti _
poetikur-esTetikuri. orive maTgani ki avsebs da amkveTrebs Cvens warmodgenas
teqstebze, personaJebze, teqstebad gardasaxul avtoris mxatvrul azrovnebaze (mag.,
mamis kulti da TviTmkvleloba l. qiaCelTan, dedis kulti da mama-Svilis konfliqti,
zekacis modeli k. gamsaxurdiasTan, zekacis modeli gr. robaqiZesTan, omi da gmiri
homerosTan, al. yazbegTan, vaJa-fSavelasTan, k. gamsaxurdiasTan, daRupvis winaTgrZnoba
galaktionTan da ticianTan, tragediebis restavracia m. javaxiSvilTan, tragikuli
bavSvobis restavracia n. dumbaZesTan, gmiris Zieba S. niSnianiZesTan, zeca da sikvdili t.
granelTan, sneuleba da misi modifikaciebi T. manTan, k. gamsaxurdiasTan, d.
SengelaiasTan).
analogiur sakiTxebs yovelTvis ikvlevdnen (mag., Tema, idea, motivi), magram
aucilebelia Zireuli erTeulebis _ invariantuli maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofasTan erTad
maT Soris arsebuli kavSirebis dadgena, rac aris biologiurisa da fsiqikuris,
instinqtebisa da arqetipebis, enisa da warmosaxvis teqstualuri sinTezis gadatana
cnebaTa enaze, raTa horizontaluri kvleva Secvalos siRrmiseulma wvdomam.
yoveli teqsti avtoris gansazRvruli drois azrovnebis fiqsirebaa, rac mudmivad
icvleba, magram rCeba individualuri niSnebi cnobierebaSi, romelTac aRvadgenT da
gamovyofT teqstebisa da msgavsi epizodebis erTmaneTze wafeniT (sigua 2005).
am xerxiT vpoulobT rogorc invariants, ise arqetips (mag., maradqaluris modeli
da kleopatras xati al. blokTan, yivCaRi da vefxvi g. leoniZesTan), avtoris Tu
personaJTa cnobierebis rukas. am xerxiT SevZlebT avtoris mxatvruli azrovnebis
amoxsnas, cnobierebis sayrden pirvelad erTeulTa variaciebis warmodgenas, rac drois
konteqstSi vlindeba rogorc axal-axali struqtura, radgan literatura aris vnebebis,
instinqtebis, impulsebis, swrafvebis aRZvris, mowesrigebisa da sityvad marTvis unari,
esTetikur-poetikuri sistemiT struqturizeba da inteleqtualizeba, biologiuris
humanizeba.
ase mivdivarT invariantidan invariantuli sistemisaken, avtoris Semoqmedebis
struqturidan literaturuli procesis struqturisaken, riTac aigeba mxatvruli
azrovnebis istoriis modeli.
literaturis istoria ki, rogorc iTqva, emyareba teqstisa da Semoqmedebis kvlevis
Sedegebs, am SedegTa dakavSirebas, riTac yalibdeba mTliani sistema, rac ar iqneba
filologiur gamokvlevaTa qronologiuri krebuli, sadac Tanmimdevrulad gadmoicema
sqematuri biografia, teqstebis Sinaarsi, avtoris ideuri pozicia da Sexeduleba
literaturis daniSnulebaze.


2. esseizmi kritikul teqstSi

struqturul-genetikuri meTodi aRmoCndeba Teoriuli manifesti Tu konkretuli
kvlevis Jams ar gaiSala esseizmis safuZvelze: sxvagvarad es igive iqneba, SeviswavloT
niadagi da vardis fesvebi, magram vardis surneli da feri ar gvainteresebdes.
esseizmi, garda imisa, rom azrovnebis Tavisufali da integrirebadi modelia,
gulisxmobs esTetizmsac, mwerlur alRos, sityvis grZnobas, azrisa da emociis sinTezs:
g. qiqoZe: `Tu grigol orbeliani did bavSvad darCa sikvdilamde, misi diswuli
nikoloz baraTaSvili naoWebiani SubliT daibada~ (qiqoZe 1958: 102).
k. gamsaxurdia: `evropis moTenTil, dekadentur, Zveli kulturiT datvirTul
poeziasTan SedarebiT, uitmanis simRera amerikis vrcel pampasebidan movardnili
veluris Zaxilia~ (gamsaxurdia 1963: 415).
am TvalsazrisiT saukuneTa manZilze sanimuSod rCebian platoni da nicSe,
mweralTagan _ Tomas mani, elioti da pol valeri.
137
unda gvaxsovdes, rom literaturis mecnierebas mZlavr impulss, axal ideebsa da
meTodebs awvdidnen ara profesionali literatorebi, aramed filosofosebi,
fsiqologebi, politikosebi da mwerlebi.
magram isic cxadia, rom verc erTi stili, meTodi an mimarTuleba ver iqneba
warmatebis garanti;
verc erudicia da profesionalizmi;
verc kultura da gemovneba.
yvelafers wyvets talanti _ Seqmnis unari. meTodi, iseve, rogorc sxva danarCeni,
mxolod xels uwyobs niWis gamovlenasa da ganviTarebas, roca Seesabameba pirovnebis
fsiqikas, temperaments, cnobierebas.
igive iTqmis struqturul-genetikur meTodsa (romelsac zogi gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobiT iyenebs, mag., goldmani 1987: 335-348) da esseizmze, maT mimdevrebsa da
uarmyofelebze.
amjerad gvainteresebs ara esses istoria an Janri, aramed esseizmi, rogorc erT-
erTi saazrovno nakadi, rogorc mravali semantikuri plastis asociaciuri aRmomCeni da
gamaerTianebeli, roca igi stilidan meTodSi gadadis.

a) esse da esseizmi

esse da esseizmi sxvadasxva cnebebia, iseve rogorc Wavlis cimcimi da zRvis guguni
(Sdr. _ ak. gawerelias `lerwami da gobeleni~ da m. kveselavas `fausturi paradigmebi~, p.
valeris `sulis krizisi~ da T. manis `nicSes filosofia Cveni gamocdilebis Suqze~).
esse aris Janri, xolo esseizmi aRqmisa da azrovnebis forma, rogorc poezia,
semiotika Tu publicistika.
zogjer es ori cneba erTmaneTs emTxveva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca avtori aris
mwerali (mag., k. gamsaxurdias `axali evropa~, v. javaxaZis `ucnobi~).
montenidan dRevandelobamde esses ori sawyisi aqvs _ mxatvruli da mecnieruli,
saxeobrivi da cnebiTi, intuiciuri da racionaluri. igi aris STabeWdilebaTa fiqsireba
da noveliseburi gadmocema. esseisti wamoswevs Tavis `mes~, msjelobs analogiebiTa da
paralelebiT, romlebic trialeben sagnis garSemo; metaforebiTa da SedarebebiT,
romelTa meSveobiT gadaanawilebs Tavis dakvirvebebsa da sxvaTa mier mopovebul
informacias.
amdenad ar ainteresebs lingvisturi Tu filologiuri sizuste, mTelis detalebad
daSla, detalebis logikuri rekonstruqcia.
lingvistis an fizikosis naSromSi mTavaria daskvnebi, esseistur teqstSi
daskvnebisaken mimavali procesi.
Tu avtors ar gaaCnia mxatvruli aRqmisa da Txzvis, esTeturi metyvelebis unari
esseisti ver iqneba, radgan esseistis mizania arsis emociuri wvdoma, risTvisac ar kmara
logikuri sistema.
esseisti ar gvimtkicebs, aramed gvarwmunebs, zemoqmedebs fsiqikis aracnobier
sferoze da aseTi sugestiuri xerxiT imorCilebs mkiTxvelis gulisyurs, rac iwyeba
metaforuli saTauridanve (Sdr. _ g. buaCiZis `bodleris civi mze~, p. giros `malarmes
laJvardi~, r. bartis `ainStainis tvini~, m. kveselavas `sixarulis danaSuli~, `SuaRamis
sicxade~ da a. S.).
esseisti axdens balansirebas terminebsa da saxeebs Soris.
Tu Tanafardoba dairRva, maSin sagrZnobi iqneba, rom terminologiurma stilma
literaturas, teqsts dagvacila, abstraqtul sferoSi gadagviyvana. Tu saxeobrivi
metyveleba gabatonda, es niSnavs poeziis Tu beletristikis perifrazs (mag., T. WilaZis
`vardis furclobis niSani~).
amitom aris aucilebeli esTetizmi, esTeturi sulis gamovlena da dacva. esTetizmi
ki artistuli inteleqtualizmia, masalis musikaluri, xedviTi da WvretiTi aRqma da
gadanawileba, azris asociaciuri Zieba da gadmocema, romelTa meSveobiT xorcieldeba
sugestia.
teqstis sawyisi xom aracnobieris siRrmidan modis, romlis bolomde Secnoba
SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia mxolod miaxloeba da miaxloebiTi fantazireba (Sdr. _
mRvimis simbolika platonTan).
Cveulebriv, esses weren modernistebi da avangardistebi.
mas mudam hyavs mkiTxveli, xolo mecnieris logikuri gamokvleva, romelic
eswrafvis axali azris damkvidrebas, male Zveldeba da daviwyebas eZleva, iqceva im
niadagad, romelic aRmoacenebs axal hortenziebs.
138
informaciis siWarbe, msjelobis sirTule, terminologiuri stili da sqolioebiT
operireba zemoqmedebs mxolod gonebaze, cnobieris siRrmeSi ar Cadis, ver reagirebs
aracnobieris sferoze (gansxvavebiT esTeturi da artistuli sityvisagan), ver aRZravs,
ver aviTarebs farul impulsebs, mimqral SemoqmedebiT unars.
ase izRudeba misi gavrcelebisa da gavlenis areali.
realistebi arCeven publicistikas, radgan maT ufro sazogadoebriv-yofiTi da
socialur-politikuri problemebi aRelvebT (mag., i. WavWavaZe, m. javaxiSvili,
kritikosTagan _ ak. baqraZe).
esseisturi azrovneba, iseve rogorc esse, moicavs cnobierebis mraval sferos _
filosofias, fsiqologias, istorias, miTologias, politikas, ekonomikas, literaturas.
igi aris aradiferencirebuli, integraluri xedva da amdenad zogs miTis Txzvis
gagrZelebad miaCnia (epSteini 1987: 129-136).
am TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa impresionistuli esseizmi (qarTul sinamdvileSi _ g.
qiqoZe, k. gamsaxurdia, t. tabiZe, v gafrindaSvili, a. gawerelia, T. WilaZe, g. asaTiani, t.
Wanturia, o. paWkoria, r. miSvelaZe...) da analitikuri esseizmi (qarTul sinamdvileSi gr.
robaqiZe, k. kapaneli, m. kveselava, T. Cxenkeli, g. buaCiZe, g. gaCeCilaZe, v. javaxaZe, r.
CxeiZe...).
esseizmi eyrdnoba konkretuli codnis sferos (mag., mxatvroba, literatura,
egzistencializmi, fsiqoanalizi), romelSic axdens sxvadasxva masalis integrirebas,
poulobs maT Soris kavSirebs, adre rom ver warmogvedgina.
avtori zemodan damzers faqtebs da ase poulobs fesvebs.
analizisa da detalizebis process drodadro enacvleba sinTezireba, sagnisa da
movlenis mTliani aRqma, rac Semecnebis axal safexurze gadasvlaa. mas ki isev analizi da
detalizeba mohyveba.
yoveli didi moazrovne, pirvel yovlisa, didia sinTezuri xedvis unariT. igi
aerTianebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT wasuli kvlevis Sedegebs. maT cal-calke yuradReba
arc eqceva, magram axali konfiguracia uCveulo saxes iRebs da uCveulo xdeba Tavad
sinTetikosic (mag., fr. nicSe, z. froidi, a. bergsoni, o. Spengleri, J. p. sartri).
impresionistul esseSi, romlis pirveli qarTuli nimuSebi ekuTvnis g. qiqoZes,
informaciis kaskadi gadmoicema STabeWdilebaTa esTeturi gaformebiT: arsis
arteziuli wvdoma ar aris mizani (Sdr. _ p. valeri).
sapirispiroa teqstis struqturul-genetikuri wakiTxva, romelic ierTebs
fsiqoanalizs (mag., g. baSliari), magram xanac uaryofs, cvlis anTroposofiiT (mag., z.
gamsaxurdias `vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba~).
zogjer analitikur esseizmsa da inteleqtualur prozas Soris zRvari iSleba. mag.,
T. manis romanebisa da moTxrobebis mTeli rigi pasaJebi esseisturia (`jadosnuri mTa~,
`iosebi da Zmani misni~, `lote vaimarSi~, `doqtori faustusi~, `yalTaband feliqs krulis
aRsareba~), rasac Tavad avtoric SeniSnavda.
T. mani sakuTriv essebSic TiTqos prozis teqsts agrZelebda, oRond siuJeturi
qargisa da moqmedebis gareSe. aqac warmmarTvelia azris dinamika, inteleqtualuri
dramatizmi, Cveulebrivi faqtis uCveulo aspeqtSi warmodgena.
esseistur azrovnebas efuZneba a. Sopenhauerisa da fr. nicSes filosofia, z.
froidis kompleqsebisa da k. g. iungis arqetipebis Teoriebi, a. bergsonis intuitivizmi da
o. Spengleris msoflio istoriis morfologia.
igive iTqmis J. p. sartrze, a. kamiuze, T. s. eliotze, h. markuzeze, XX saukunis
araerT mweralsa da literatorze. magram mas uaryofen lingvistikaze
orientirebuli struqturalistebi, romelTac gaafetiSes axali terminologiuri
stili da ase Seecadnen irracionaluris racionalizebas (mag., r. iakobsoni, r. barti,
`tel kelis~ jgufis wevrebi m. fuko, J. derida, i. kristeva, J. lakani).
droTa manZilze icvleba esseisturi azrovnebac da essec, iseve rogorc
literatura, literaturis yoveli Janri. magram aris erTi ucvleli tendencia: esse
da esseisturi azrovneba xdeba ufro zusti da racionaluri.
amitom struqturul-genetikuri kvleva Tu azrobriv simtkicesa da sisrules
aniWebs esseistur stils, Tavisi mxriv esseisturi stili xels uwyobs am meTodiT
kvlevis gaSlas.

b) lingvisturi aneqsia

esseizmis sapirispirod literaturismcodneobaSi karga xania Sevida zusti
meTodebi, romelTa saTavea struqturuli lingvistika, xolo struqturul
139
lingvistikasa da xelovnebis maTematikur modelirebas mZlavri impulsi misca n. vineris
`kibernetikam ~ (1948) da k. Senonis informaciis Teoriam.
ganadamianebis paTosi exmianeboda futuristebis ocnebas (mag., s. markusis
`maTematikuri poetika~, i. gutCinis `Semoqmedebis kibernetikuli modelebi~).
roca viyenebT struqturul-teqstualuri Tu struqturul-semiotikuri kvlevis
meTods, magram gamovricxavT fsiqoanalizsa da esseizms, maSin lingvisturi terminebiT
vcdilobT abstraqtul niSanTa sistemis dadgenas, romelsac kavSiri ara aqvs mxatvrul
azrovnebasTan, esTetikasTan, sulier RirebulebebTan.
teqstis aracnobieris kvlevas enacvleba enis aracnobieris kvleva, ikargeba
adamiani, Semoqmedebis individualoba.
ena, rogorc niSanTa sistema da ena, rogorc esTetikur-poetikuri sistema,
sxvadasxva kategoriebia da erTi meoriT ver aixsneba (Sdr., r. iakobsoni: `poetika
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc lingvistikis Semadgeneli nawili~ _ iakobsoni 1975: 194).
safuZveli maT erTi aqvT, magram enis organizebis arsi cvlis masalasa da
warmodgenebs. erTgan mTavaria komunikacia, meoregan komunikacia iqceva eqspresiad,
racionalurSi aRdgeba biologiuri Zalebi, sisxli, seqsi da miwa anu adamiani da garemo.
amitom aris erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli gramatika da poetika,
sintaqsi da tropi, komunikacia da eqspresia.
literaturismcodneobis lingvisturi aneqsia qmnis racionaluri kvlevis mxolod
iluzias, teqsts cvlis metateqsti, mxatvrul realobas _ gamogonili problematika,
pirovnebas _ ena, literaturul figurebs _ lingvisturi kavSirebi, rac sabolood
azrovnebas aqcevs sqolastikad, sulisa da gonisaTvis usargeblo msjelobad (Sdr. _ r.
bartis azriT, literaturul-semiotikuri kvlevis mizania metyvelebis teqstualuri
organizeba, diskursebi da ara nawarmoebis tipebi).
qreba esTetikuri gancda da esTetikuri kriteriumi: aseTi meTodiT Sedevrisa da
xalturis kvleva erTnair Sedegs iZleva. Tavad mkvlevari ki mowyvetilia literaturis
process da moklebulia mxatvruli aRqmisa da gaazrebis survils (Sdr. i. kristeva:
`semiotikisaTvis literatura, rogorc esTetikuri obieqti, ar arsebobs~ _ xovanskaia
1980: 106).
aseTi kvlevis meTodi aris avangardizmis paraleli mecnierebaSi, romelic uaryofs
romantizmsa da esTetizms. magram literators sosiurze metad sWirdeba humboldti,
romelsac ena xalxis sulier energiad miaCnda (humboldti 1977: 349).
meore ukiduresobaa, roca mxatvruli azrovnebis kvlevas vcvliT
msoflmxedvelobis ZiebiT, azris dominantobiTa da grZnobis ignorirebiT, rac dResac
gansakuTrebiT popularulia rusTvelologiaSi. xolo adre mTeli sabWoTa
literaturismcodneobisaTvis prioritetuli mimarTuleba iyo.
msoflmxedvelobis gamo leqss an romans aravin kiTxulobs.
literaturaSi mTavaria is, rac itacebs inteleqtuali esTetis gulisyurs, rac
qmnis teqstis Rirebulebas, sulier gancdaTa samyaros, silamazesa da mSvenierebas,
romelTa simboluri gamotana da mowesrigebaa personaJi Tu siuJeti, ritmi Tu metafora,
Txroba Tu xatva.
sulier gancdaTa samyaro, romlis qvefenaa biologiuri instinqtebi da impulsebi
da romlebic aTaswleulTa kulturuli gamocdilebiT arqetipebad da invariantebad
STaibeWdnen Cvens fsiqikasa da cnobierebaSi, STagonebiTa da fantazirebiT, specifikuri
sistemiT axali drois struqturul saxed warmodgeba.

damowmebani:

barti 1989: . (. ). .: 1989.
gamsaxurdia 1963: gamsaxurdia k. rvatomeuli. t. VI, Tb.: 1963.
gei 1974: . . krebulSi: 1973. .: 1974.
goldmani 1987: . - . krebulSi:
XIX-XX .. , , . .: 1987.
humboldti 1985: . . .: 1985.
epSteini 1987: . ( ).
, 7, 1987.
veimani 1975: . , .: 1975.
iakobsoni 1975: . , krebulSi: : . .: 1975.
iungi 1991: . . . .: 1991.
iungi 1995: iungi k. g. analizuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. sizmrebi. Tb.: 1995.
140
literaturis Teoria 2006: XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da
mimdinareobebi. Tb.: 2006.
rJevskaia 1977: .
. wignSi: . .: 1977.
sigua 2001: sigua s. martvili da alamdari. II, konstantine gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura.
Tb.: 2001.
sigua 2005: orfeosi. Semoqmedi da sulis arqaika. Tb.: 2005.
sigua 2005: sigua s. teqstis struqtura da miTi. gaz. `mwerlis gazeTi~, 16-31 marti, 2005. misive:
arqetipebi da invariantuli sistema. gaz. `mwerlis gazeTi~, 1-15 aprili.
froidi 1999: . . .-: 1999.
qiqoZe 1958: qiqoZe g. etiudebi da portretebi. Tb.: 1958.
xovanskaia 1980: . .
.: 1980.
... 1969: . .: 1969.
... 1978: . , , . II, . .
, .: 1978.

Soso Sigua
Text : Invariant and Structure

Summary

Literature Studies use numerous methods of text and literary work research.
It is most efficient when three of them are combined:
1. Psychoanalysis, which transfers into Mythology, Anthropology and Genetics;
2. Structuralism, which expresses analytical models, archetypes and invariants.
3. Essays, which maintain the aesthetical conception of the text, scholar stays with the text and
reader.
We may call this integrity integral criticism, which demonstrates problems of the Georgian literature ,
structure, authors and personages in a new way.
Usage of psychoanalysis does not intend copying thinking of Z.Preuid, K.G. Yung, A. Adler or E.Phrom,
but comparison of this method to the process and art of literature.
By highlighting the archetypes, invariants and structural models we research not only structure and
genesis of the text, but specifics of authors thinking both conscious and unconscious layers.
On the basis of essays information is divided so that research stays in the field of literature and does not
transform into periphrasis or becomes surrogate of another discipline.
Structural-textual and structural-semiotic research, when psychoanalysis, essays and aesthetics are
excluded, goes beyond the text into rooms of abstractism where the quality border is deleted.






nona kupreiSvili

poetika rogorc socrealisturi ritorikis alternativa

stalinuri epoqis ritorika, romliTac Tavis droze sabWoTa mmarTvelobiTi
instituciebi gaformda, oficiozis mier sruli da saboloo gamarjvebis garantad
aRiqmeboda. ganixilavdnen ra enas koleqtiuri identobis umniSvnelovanes
maxasiaTeblad, `yvelasTvis gasageb niSanTa da simboloTa sistemad~, mis mimarT
gansakuTrebuli kontrolis politikas axorcielebdnen. axali sabWoTa nacionaluri
identobisTvis aucilebeli iyo imgvari naratuloba, teqstis imgvari sityvieri
organizacia, romelic mkiTxvels koleqtivis aqtiur, depersonalizirebul wevrad
aqcevda. sociolingvistur fenomenad qceuli ena sabWoeTis politikursa da lingvistur
landSaftSi imTaviTve ara geografiulad, aramed konceptualurad Canergili,
garkveuli drois manZilze `ideuri miTisqmnadobis formad~ ganixileboda. Tumca mas
Semdeg, rac destalinizaciisa da masTan erTad socializmis ideis diskreditaciis
141
procesi daiwyo (1953 wlidan, gansakuTrebiT ki XX yrilobis Semdeg) enaze zewola da
masTan erTad, socrealisturi ritorikis qmediTunarianobisaTvis brZolis taqtikis
srulyofa kvlav aqtualuri xdeba. `totalitarizmis ena~ Tavis pozicias arc inerciis
anu e. w. `daTboba-gardaqmnis~ wlebSi Tmobs. 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba
faruli Tu aSkara, orive SemTxvevaSi ki ukompromiso enobrivi brZola, romelic, erTi
mxriv, sabWoTa sazogadoebis diqotomiurobas warmoaCens, meore mxriv ki, xelovnebisa da
sicocxlis (realobis) urTiermimarTebis saerTo maxasiaTeblis uqonlobiTaa
gamowveuli, anu iqmneba ori sxvadasxva ganzomilebani diskursis, gansxvavebuli leqsikis
Tanaarsebobis motivacia, rac oficiozis lingvisturi zewolis dasasrulis dasawyiss
moaswavebs. sabWoTa imperiisaTvis ki sabediswero swored enis sferoSi gancdili marcxi
aRmoCnda.
destalinizaciis pirvelive etapze, XX yrilobisa da pirovnebis kultTan
dakavSirebuli ryevebis Sedegad, gansakuTrebTi ki 1956 wlis sisxliani martis Semdeg,
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis ukiduresma gaorebam SesaZlebeli gaxada ritorikis
Semdgomi biurokratizaciis procesisaTvis erTgvarad marTvadi xasiaTis miniWeba. is,
rac iwereboda Jurnal-gazeTebSi, gaismoda gamudmebiT CarTuli radiomimRebebidan
TandaTan araadekvatur, gaugebar, xSirad absurdul diskursad, amasTan, socrealizmis,
rogorc erTaderT SemoqmedebiT meTodze dafuZnebuli ritorikis mier sivrcis
uzurpirebis strategad aRiqmeboda. `cocxali ena~ ki, romelsac lokaluri pozicia ekava
da romliskenac mweralTa da kritikosTa axali Taoba ixreboda, sakuTari legitimaciis
molodinSi iyo.
Tumca molodinis cneba pirobiTi xdeba, rodesac ecnobi da aanalizeb im
mcdelobebs, romlebic qarTul mxatvrulsa da kritikul refleqsiaSi ara marto
sayovelTaod cnobili Jurnal `ciskris~ mier (1957 w.), aramed mis miRmac, arsebuli
kulturuli politikis Sesacvlelad ganxorcielda. dRes 50-60-iani wlebis mijnaze
Seqmnili viTareba SesaZloa davaxasiaToT, rogorc zogadad xelovnebis sxvadasxva
sferodan sociologizmis gandevnis procesi, ufro sworad am procesis Semadgeneli
nawili. maSin ki igi umetesad politikuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri, kritikuli
diskursis urTierTgamijvnis tendenciad iqna aRqmuli, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Seuqcevadi
swored Tvisebrivi siaxleebis Ziebam gaxada.
50-60-iani wlebis mijnaze aqtualizirdeba socrealizmTan dakavSirebuli arCevanis
problema: `miiRo igi Tu ar miiRo, ebrZolo Tu daicva, ganaviTaro Tu uaryo~. es sakmaod
macduri arCevani gamodga, vinaidan mTelma kulturulma Taobam (xruSCovidan
gorbaCovamde) socrealizmis esTetikis eqspluatireba SesaZleblad da, rac mTavaria,
nayofierad miiCnia. im gadasaxedidan arc e. w. adamianuri saxis mqone socializm-
komunizmi Canda uperspeqtivo. Zlieri sadamsjelo-sacenzuro manqanis funqcionirebis
pirobebSi SemoqmedTa mcire nawili mainc wavida socrealizmis esTetikis safuZvlian
gadasinjvaze, Tumca konkretulad ra saxe unda mieRo mosalodnel dekonstruirebas,
cxadia, bolomde cota vinmem Tu icoda. mTavari isaa, rom moxda aSkara poziciuri
gadaadgileba literaturisa kritikuli realizmisa da modernizmisaken (SesaZloa,
postmodernizmisaken, rogorc es l. bregaZem warmoaCina (bregaZe 2005), kritikisa _
ideologiis danamatidan uSualod literaturisaken.
kulturuli semiotikis TvalsazrisiT, ssrk niSanTa simravliT gamorCeuli
qveyanaa, sadac swored destalinizaciis pirvelive etapze miuRebeli xdeba ara marto
yalbi an arapragmatuli faqtebi, moqmedebebi Tu saqmeebi, aramed is indeqsirebuli
teqstebi anu uSinaarso Sablonuri gamonaTqvamebic, romlebic referenciasa da
sagnobriv ekvivalents arian moklebulni (lev rubinSteinis azriT, erT-erT yrilobaze
xruSCovis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba komunizmis aSenebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebam
ganxorcielebul realobad aRiqva. arc aravin eloda, rom igi realurad aSendeboda,
aravin aravis ar sayvedurobda sityvisa da saqmis gamijvnas. ruseTisaTvis, rogorc
konceptualuri xelovnebis qveynisaTvis, es sruliad bunebrivi gancda iyo) (rubinSteini
1994). amitom gamijvna sabWourisa arasabWourisagan (50-70-ian wlebSi sazogadoebis
wevrTa erTi nawili sabWourobis niSniT ecnoboda erTmaneTs. r. TvaraZe igonebs:
`axalgazrdis Sesaxeb, romelTanac megobrobis survili gagviCndeboda, vikiTxavdiT:
antia, anti?~) (TvaraZe 2005) kulturuli determinizmis funqcias iZens da axali talRis
SemoqmedT ara mxolod sabWouri, aramed konkretulad socrealisturi ritorikis
SeZlebisdagvarad ignoraciisaken ubiZgebs.
rodesac vsaubrobT poetikaze, rogorc socrealisturi ritorikis alternativaze,
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara mxolod an ara imdenad normatiuli poetika, aramed zogadad
poeturi azrovneba, mxatvruli da emociuri zemoqmedebis cxadlivi kanonebi, romlebic
literaturas araliteraturisagan Seucdomlad ganasxvavebs.
142
simon Ciqovanis redaqtorobis wlebSi (1955-60 wlebi) Jurnal `mnaTobis~ garSemo
Seqmnili atmosferos guram asaTianiseuli an sargis caiSviliseuli daxasiaTeba (aq
saubari iyo `xelovnebis Sinagan arsze~..., miuRebeli iyo `yovelgvari zerele
stereotipuli wyalwyala frazebi~, `simon Ciqovani axalgazrdobas aswavlida
literaturuli azrovnebis maRal kulturas~, fasdeboda `azris ara marto siRrme,
aramed simaxvilec~, `mTel Taobaze igrZnoboda miseuli azrovnebis wesis gavlena~ da a. S.)
cxadyofs Tavsmoxveuli da diskreditirebuli literaturuli politikidan
komprensatorulze gadasvlis tendencias, rasac rogorc kulturuli tradiciis wyvetis
reanimireba, ise XX s. I naxevris evropuli xelovnebis reformaciis SedegTa
inkorporireba unda moexdina. nodar CxeiZe, filipe beriZe, guram kankava, guram asaTiani,
giorgi margvelaSvili, revaz TvaraZe, giorgi gaCeCilaZe, irakli kenWoSvili (mogvianebiT
maT sxva saxelebic Seemateba) kritikosTa is axali talRaa, romelsac ar surs Tvalis
daxuWva arc kritikis diqtatze da arc am diqtatis literaturaze zemoqmedebis
xarisxze. igi arc esTetikuri gancdebis damalvas eswrafvis. literaturuli nawarmoebis
analizis arsebul sistemaSi cvlilebis Setana kritikosTa interesebis gezTa Secvlas
isaxavs miznad. frTxili msjelobebi literaturuli saxisa da ideis, Sinaarsisa da
formis, riTmisa da ritmis, tendenciisa da tendenciurobisa da a. S. garSemo
literaturis partiulobis leninuri principisa da socialisturi realizmis
literaturis daZlevis niSniT imarTeba. faqtiurad, yovelive es im enobriv warsulSi
dabrunebis winapirobaa, romelSic socrealizmamdeli ritorikuli sistemebi
arsebobdnen da sadac mxatvruli ostatoba mwerlobis arsebobis xelSeuxebeli norma
iyo.
partiul-literaturul bosebs, rogorc cnobilia, panikurad eSinodaT mxatvruli
faseulobebis damkvidrebuli normebis gadafasebisa. amitomac rkinis fardis
gaxsnisTanave, destalinizaciis pirvelive etapze mxatvruli ostatobisaken mowodebis
aqtualizeba moaxdines, rac socrealizmis esTetikasTan SemoqmedTa yvela Taobis
Seguebis morigi mcdeloba iyo. Tumca e. w. `ciskramdel~ periodSi am mowodebas,
magaliTad, oTar CxeiZe realuri problemebis aqcentirebis mizniT gamoiyenebs. 1955 wels
mis mier Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ dabeWdili werili sakmaod Tamamia. masSi sqematuri
literaturis ayvavebis xanisa da, gansakuTrebiT, nomenklaturuli kritikis dasasrulia
nawinaswarmetyvelevi: `...amaoa didaqtikuri werilebi TviTdarwmunebuli,
TviTdamSvidebuli kritikosebisa, literatura mainc Tavisi gziT midis da ufro
Zlevamosili iqneba~ (CxeiZe 1955). sagulisxmoa, rom werilis avtors optimizmis
safuZvels lirikis, rogorc poeturi Janris, Tavis uflebebSi aRdgenac aZlevs.
siyvarulis maradiuli Tema, romelsac sxva tabuirebul TemebTan erTad, axali Taobis
poetebi mimarTaven, literaturis meqanizirebisa da depersonalizirebis winaaRmdegaa
mimarTuli. igi, Tu mamardaSvilis termins gamoviyenebT, mwerlobas `lingvisturi
dabeCavebisagan~ ixsnis (frang JurnalistTan, ani epelbuanTan saubarSi mamardaSvili
acxadebs: `totalitarizmi, upirveles yovlisa, lingvisturi dabeCavebaa~) (mamardaSvili
1992). swored ara kliSirebuli, aramed cocxali sametyvelo enis, mSrali, gamomfitavi
ideis nacvlad mwerlobaSi ganusazRvreli, winaswar daugegmavi sicocxlis fragmentebis
Semotanas lamobs axalgazrda prozaikosi guram rCeuliSvili. sruliad usafuZvlo da
imavdroulad ulogiko (garSemo xom daxSuli sabWouri sivrcea) survili ara marto
Teoriulad gaiazros Tavisuflebis cneba, aramed `icxovros~ `Tavisufleba~, guram
rCeuliSvils erTgvar `ideologiur safrTxobelad~ (t. Wanturia) aqcevs. mwerlis
ganzraxvaTa seriozulobas, sxva simptomebTan erTad, 1956 wlis sisxliani martis
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT dRiurSi gakeTebuli es Canaweric mowmobs: `ra ampartavani
varT erTi muWa Tavisuflebismoyvare eri, romelmac ar icis, sad aris Tavisufleba~
(rCeuliSvili 2002: 332). 50-iani wlebis dasasruls, mwerlis brZola `cenzuris kedlisa~
da `Semoqmedis Tavisuflebis damTrgunveli Caketili sivrcis gasarRvevad~ ganwirulia,
radgan `daTbobasTan dakavSirebul imedTa~ did nawils ganxorcieleba ar uweria. guram
rCeuliSvilis Teoriuli xasiaTis Canawerebi ki, saxelwodebiT `Cemi pirveli
literaturuli Sexedulebebi~ arsebuli kritikuli refleqsiisadmi sruli ukmarisobis
grZnobiTaa gamowveuli, namdvili SemoqmedebiTi "self-made"-is

nimuSia da nodar CxeiZis,

guram asaTianisa Tu revaz TvaraZis werilebTan erTad kritikuli da politikuri
diskursis urTierTgamijvnis xelSesaxeb nimuSad unda miviCnioT.
sabWoTa literaturuli velis monoliTurobis rRveva qarTul mwerlobaSi,
faqtiurad, ufro adrec ki iwyeba, vidre ruseTSi. igi socrealistur ritorikasTan
gaucxoebis, politikuri da literaturuli diskursis erTmaneTisagan gamocalkevebis,

self-made - (ing.) adamiani, vinc Tavisi Tavi Seqmna.

143
poetikis sakiTxTa aqcentirebis, informaciuli vakuumis miuxedavad, xelmisawvdom
dasavlur literaturul-filosofiur da esTetikur novaciaTa aTvisebis, kritikis
literaturuli procesisaken Semobrunebis niSniT ganviTarda. is, rac rusul kulturaSi
`daTbobis~ periodadaa miCneuli (oTar CxeiZis azriT, `daTboba~ sulac araqarTuli
movlnaa) (CxeiZe 2006: 37) qarTuli cnobierebis seriozuli ryevis etapad iqca, ramac
CvenSive `mkvdari drois aRdgenis~, `droisa da cxovrebis xangrZlivi uqonlobis~ Semdeg,
droSi, istoriaSi dabrunebis imedi Casaxa. es imedi ki, pirvel rigSi, sityvasTan, rogorc
maradiulobis aqtTan, aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli.
bolSevizmis masobrivi recefciis analizma harvardis universitetis profesori
devid brandenbergeri miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom omisSemdgomi sabWoTa masobrivi
kultura istoriis rusocentrul gaazrebas daefuZna formuliT: `sabWoTa xelisufleba
_ es rusi xalxis istorias plus omis miTia~ (branderbergeri 2002). rusocentrizmi
sabWouri identurobis RerZad iqca. amitomac momdevno aTwleulebSi sabWoTa
sazogadoebis formireba rusuli sazogadoebis formirebad unda gaviazroT, xolo
sovetizaciis procesi rusifikaciad da asimilaciad. prof. d. brandenbergeris
daskvnebis gaTaliswineba myar argumentacias sZens swored am procesis gadamwyvet
stadiaSi (50-60-iani wlebis mijna) qarTul kritikul azrovnebaSi warmoCenil e. w.
warsulTan mibrunebis ciklur models (kvaWantiraZe 2002), romelic, awmyos uqonlobis
pirobebSi `warsulis gavliT momavlisaken~ (o. WilaZe) moZraobis proecirebas
warmoadgens. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs g. asaTianis ese `I dialogi vrceli remarkebiT~ (1957 w.),
romelsac CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT kritikosma nugzar muzaSvilma miaqcia yuradReba.
ruseTidan samSoblosken momavali ganaTlebuli qarTveli axalgazrda, romelic
saerTaSoriso vagonis kupeSi ucnaur Tanamemamulesa da TanamgzavrTan qarTuli
kulturis, gansakuTrebiT ki namdvili literaturuli kritikis, saerTo jamSi ki
imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi normebisa da damoukidebeli refleqsiis Sesaxeb saubrobs.
cxadia, aq `mgzavris werilebSi~ warmodgenili `gzisa~ da `mgzavris~ miTologemaa
gamoyenebuli, iseve rogorc `codnisa da mokeTis saZieblad~ (kankava 2005) wasuli
qarTvelis mxatvruli saxe, romelic warsulis gamocdilebas, am SemTxvevaSi XIX s. 60-
ianelTa ganmanaTleblur suls eyrdnoba da qarTul profesiul kritikaSi moRvaweobiT
raRac Zalze mniSvnelovanis Secvlas apirebs, anu dabrunebis motivacia TiTqmis igivea,
rac iliasTan. sxva sakiTxia, rogoria TviT es qarTveli, hgavs Tu ara igi `mgzavris
werilebis~ `rusultalavarian~ cnobierebiT ki aSkarad qarTvel gmirs, Tu aq seriozul,
drois niSniT aRbeWdil cvlilebasTan gvaqvs saqme. n. muzaSvilis azriT, iliaseuli
mgzavri Sinaganad mTliani, gaubzaravi pirovnebaa, maSin, rodesac guram asaTianis
mgzavri or personaJad, or urTierTdapirispirebul poziciad, emociur da racionalur
diskursad gaxleCila. imave n. muzaSvilis dakvirvebiT, es dialogi `mgzavris werilebis~
Tanamedrove, XX saukunis variantia da miuxedavad imisa, rom g. asaTians
postmodernizmTan Sexeba ar hqonda, SesaZloa es ucnauri ese `ilia WavWavaZis
qrestomaTiuli teqstis xelaxla gadaweris cdad miviCnioT~ (muzaSvili 2004).
maSasadame, Tavisufali refleqsiisken swrafva droSi socrealisturi ritorikis
poziciebis dasustebas emTxveva, ris Sedegadac qarTul-mxatvrul kritikul
azrovnebaSi, XX s. 50-ian wlebSi, Cndeba warsul-momavlis kulturuli mexsierebis
sinTezirebis axali tendencia, rogorc `zedsarTaviani realizmis~ uperspeqtivobis
gamoxatuleba. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavad problemis sirTule da is safrTxeebi,
romelic Tan axlavs mgzavrobas, saxelwodebiT `gamoRviZeba~, bolomde
gaTvaliswinebuli ar Cans, rac destalinizaciis stadialuri periodisaTvis sruliad
bunebrivia.
aRniSnul periodSi ramdenadme gansxvavebul midgomas avlens rusuli kritikuli
refleqsia andrei siniavskis gaxmaurebuli weriliT ` ~
(aseve 1957 weli), romelsac samarTlianad miiCneven rusul kulturaSi axali esTetikuri
koncefciis winamorbedad. am werilSi ar xdeba asi wlis win aprobirebuli modelis
gamoyeneba, arc momavlis ZalmosilebiT aRbeWdili warsulisken mzeris mipyroba, arc
kritikuli azrovnebis nacionaluri Taviseburebebis daZlevis aucileblobaze saubari
SeiniSneba. metic, werilis avtori TviT socrealizmis esTetikis dagmobas ar cdilobs.
igi mas ubralod mkvdar, samuzeumo eqsponatad qceul esTetikad warmogvidgens. axdens
ra am movlenis dro-sivrcul, formalur Tu Sinaarsobriv dasazRvras, erTgvar CarCoSi
moqcevas, avtori gadis am movlenidan, raTa sxvas misi gareSe TvaliT Sefasebis saSualeba
misces (genisi 1992). icis Tu ara a. siniavskim, rom amgvari esTetikuri reziumirebis
Semdeg, amasTanave, faqtiurad, funqciadakarguli socrealisturi ritorikis fonze,
socrealisturi esTetikis axliT Canacvleba unda moxdes. icis da arc icis, radgan jer
kidev xorcSeusxmelia misive abraam terci da arc rusuli `socartis~ mieraa
144
ganxorcielebuli `socrealisturi idealis rekonstruirebisa da amiT misi logikur
dasasrulamde miyvanis~ mxatvruli praqtika, romelic socrealizmis modernistuli
koncefciebis srul uaryofas efuZneba.
1957 welsve g. asaTiani werilSi `axali poetikis saTaveebTan~ ukve Zalze
gamokveTilad ayenebs `qarTuli poeziis, misi mxatvruli Sinaarsisa da formis, misi
ganviTarebisa da momavali perspeqtivebis~ sakiTxs. werilis avtori uTuod STagonebulia
qarTuli modernizmiTa da rusuli formalizmis Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenelTa (m.
baxtini, v. Sklovski, i. tinianovi, r. iakobsoni) naSromebiT, romelTa republikacia
swored 50-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan iwyeba. ostatobisa da formis sakiTxTa aqtualizeba
gamowveulia ara marto gr. robaqiZis, k. gamsaxurdias Tu galaktionis, hemingueisa da
remarkis SemoqmedebiT, aramed eliotisa da sartris kritikuli refleqsiiTac.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani am konteqstSi qarTuli poeturi xelovnebis, qarTuli
mxatvruli azrovnebis genezisis sakiTxis dasma iyo, romelsac memkvidreobiTobis axali
xazis gamomuSavebis funqcia daekisra. g. asaTiani am werilSi imaze mets ambobs
`cisferyanwelTa~ Sesaxeb, vidre amis uflebas reabilitaciis pirvel wlebSi
socrealizmis adepti besarion JRenti iZleoda. `droa, erTxel da samudamod iqnas
aRiarebuli, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTul poeziaSi moxda namdvili gadatrialeba,
romlis Sedegadac igi ayvanil iqna ganviTarebis axal safexurze... magram Cvens kritikul
azrovnebaSi es garemoeba ar aris bolomde gaTvaliswinebuli da, miT umetes,
dazustebuli. Cvens poetebs, da pirvel rigSi, axalgazrdebs mouwodeben weron ise,
rogorc maTi papis papebi, TiTqos qarTul poetur xelovnebaSi araferi Secvliliyos...~
(asaTiani 2003: 505) _ wers g. asaTiani da misi es mowodeba mTeli Taobis sulier
orientirad iqceva. Tumca Tu qronologiur sizustes gamovekidebiT, qarTuli lirikis
Sesaxeb drois imave monakveTSi axali kriteriumebi gamoiyena axalgazrda kritikosma
guram kankavam, romelmac 1956 wels gamocemul mixeil qvliviZis poetur krebuls
kritikuli analizi miuZRvna. werilSi prioritetuli leqsis Sinagan formaSi momxdar
cvlilebaTa aRniSvna da axali tipis Semoqmedis warmoCenaa da ara mSrali doqtrinebis
gariTmviT gamowveuli fsevdosixaruli, rac e. w. `siebiani werilebis~ (k. gamsaxurdia)
avtorebs axasiaTebdaT.
socrealisturi ritorikis poetikiT Canacvlebis procesSi literaturul kritikas
mniSvnelovani funqcia hqonda dakisrebuli. pirvel rigSi, unda momxdariyo
dekonstruireba refleqsirebis im yavlgasuli sqemisa, romelic d. weredianma ase
daaxasiaTa: `Camoiwereboda xolme vrceli da trafaretuli nusxa, Tu ras da rodis
umReroda `gulgaxsnili~ Semoqmedi. pirveli punqti _ Sesamabamisi citatebi, meore
punqti _ Sesabamisi citatebi, boloSi ramdenime SeniSvna. arsad arc erTi sityva mis
individualur Tvisebebze, mis SemoqmedebiT saxeze, mis adgilze Tanamedrove poeziaSi...~
(werediani 2006). oficiozur kritikaSi, marTlac, ar arsebobda iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa
profesiuli analizi, obieqturi gansja, `saTqmelis mniSvneloba~, `azrisa da sityvis
disciplina~, `SefasebaTa saerTo mniSvneloba~. aRreul kriteriumTa sistemaSi ki
kritikas, rogorc mwerlobis yvelaze mowyvlad Janrs, sakuTari uflebebi swored
`poeturi xelovnebisadmi maRali profesiuli momTxovnelobis gaZlierebiT~, poetikis
Sida da gare problematikaSi CaRrmavebiT unda moexdina. ramdenad SeZlebda Jandarmad
namyofi kritika rekonceptualizebas, momavali warmoaCenda.
jemal qarCxaZis azriT, stiluri Ziebebi, romelic totalitarizmis dauZinebel
mters _ individualobas avlenda, cxadia, kritikis mier, imTaviTve adekvaturad ver
iqneboda aRqmuli. kritikasTan SedarebiT mwerlobas garkveuli upiratesoba gaaCnda, es
iyo misi igavuroba, romelic misive gadarCenis safuZvels qmnida. maSin, rodesac `kritika
Tavisi arsiT swored igavuri idumalebis gaSifrvaa da gancdaTa samefos
racionalizaciaa. amitomac swored mas hqonda gacilebiT magrad Sekruli xel-fexi...
kritikas yvelaferi Tavidan hqonda dasawyebi, vinaidan gamrudebuli literaturuli
epoqa gaesworebina da amRvreuli faseulobebi daewminda. swored kritikam unda
aRadginos literaturuli epoqa, rogorc miwisZvrisgan waqceuli qalaqi... man unda
daiviwyos Zveli Cvevebi, roca wakiTxva ki ar sWirdeboda da gadakiTxviT
kmayofildeboda. axla gadakiTxva aRar ikmarebs~ (qarCxaZe 1991). Zneli misaxvedri ar
aris, rom am sityvebiT urTulesi 90-iani wlebis anu morigi gardamavali xanis epoqaa
daxasiaTebuli, magram maTSi sruli obieqturobiTaa warmoCenili is problemebic,
romelic 50-60-iani wlebis qarTuli kritikis winaSe idga.

damowmebani:

asaTiani 2003: asaTiani g. Txzulebani oTx tomad. t. II, Tb.: 2003.
145
branderbergeri 2002: Branderberger D. National bolshevism. Stalinist mass kulture and the farmation of modern
Russian National Identity (1936-1955). 2002.
bregaZe 2005: bregaZe l. postsabWouri kulturis sivrce da literaturuli procesi. Jurnali
kritika, 1, Tb.: 2005.
genisi... 1992: . : . , 7, 1994.
TvaraZe 2003-2004: mogonebaTa wigni. Tb.: 2003-2004.
kankava 1957: kankava guram. mixeil qvliviZis lirika. Jurnali mnaTobi, 1, Tb.: 1957.
kankava 2005: kankava giorgi. qarTvelis mgzavroba codnisa da mokeTis saZieblad umoklesi
gza Sinisaken. sjani, 6, Tb.: 2005.
kvaWantiraZe 2002: kvaWantiraZe m. literaturuli werilebi. Tb.: 2002.
mamardaSvili 1992: mamardaSvili m. CaxSuli fiqri (saubrebi ani epelbuanTan). Tb.:
gamomcemloba `Celmi~, 1992.
muzaSvili 2004: muzaSvili n. Cven da isini. ori mgzavroba ruseTidan saqarTveloSi. Tb.: 2004.
rCeuliSvili 2002: rCeuliSvili g. Txzulebani xuT tomad. t. I, komentarebi, Tb.: 2002.
qarCxaZe 1991: qarCxaZe j. dialogi mweralTan (j. qarCxaZes esaubreba kritikosi r. CxeiZe).
Jurnali kritika, 1, Tb.: 1991.
CxeiZe 1955: CxeiZe o. maRalmxatvruli ostatobisaTvis. mnaTobi, 1, Tb.: 1955.
CxeiZe 2005: CxeiZe o. gzasayarze. socrealizmi da globrealizmi. Jurnali Cveni mwerloba, Tb.:
2006.

Nona Kupreishvili

Poetics as an Alternative for Socialist Rhetoric

Summary

The 50s of XXth. centuare is regarded as a stage of desalinization. This period is taken to be a serious
probation for the Georgian critical reflection. Rhetorics that of Stalins period forming the Soviet administrative
institutions becomes deprived of its power to finally become `the language of totalitarism in its turn impeding
the evolution of artistic thought.
It is remarkable that the latter becomes an alternative for the Soviet realistic Rhetoric many during these
years to be operating as a living language, free from any clich, depicting adequately artistic target goals, in
other words becoming Poetics.
A new generation of critics decides to give a blind eye to neither the critics dictate upon the literature. At
the beginning of the 50s until The Tsiskari was issued, Simon Chikovani establishes pre-requisites novelties
and their realization via issuing The Mnatobi next to a group of writers and critics associated around his
person.
Otar Chkheidze could be justifying instanced as a proof to this thesis. The dealt with the Soviet criticism
aesthetics in a discrete way, making it some what disguised though clear enough to perceive this aesthetics as
mechanized and emasculated.
Observations and findings by two scholars like D. Branderbers from Harward University and Professor
M. Mamardashvili were used to indicate about mass reception of Bolshevism in general and to reveal basic
features of the stage. The word at hand has crystallized the character of the soviet mass culture history to be
immanently Russian, Russian-cent red. It also explains the reasons, taking place in the processes of sovietization
, transforming into assimilation.
Within this context, the search of a group of Tsiskari authors to somehow rescue belle-art is deemed as
logical since their search is directed into cultural past the past style as well as into innovations, stemming
from the Western reformation the latter fluctuating between Modernism and Past-Modernism.




146
literaturuli meridianebi


qeTevan Sengelia

emili dikinsoni _ ucnobi da maxlobeli

(ramdenime Strixi poetis cxovrebidan da Semoqmedebidan)

`sicocxlis mTeli sixaruli SemoqmedebaSia. qmnide, niSnavs mokla sikvdili~
(rolani 1989: 307). qmnide, ueWvelia da aravisTvis aris ucxo, rom niSnavs azrovnebde;
sxvaze metad gtkiodes da gesmodes am wuTisoflis wvrilman sazrunavTa amaoeba. qmnide,
niSnavs itanjebode qveynisa da moyvasTa tkivilis, daCoqebuli da gaTelili
gulisxmierebis gamo. qmnide, niSnavs ocnebasa da realobas Soris, mexsierebaSi garindul
fiqrs bavSviviT zrdide, romelic sulidan yvelaze mniSvnelovan naperwkals isesxebs da
mere cecxliviT ainTeba. qmnide, niSnavs iwvode.
mwerlis kalamma itvirTa sulisa da gonebis moZraobis, dasaSvebi da daSvebuli
realobis asaxva mxatvruli metyvelebis saSualebiT. poezia da mSveniereba `identur~
cnebebadac ki aris miCneuli xelovnebis moyvarulTaTvis. sanam romelime mwerlis sulSi
Caxedvas vecdebiT da misi Semoqmedebis mxatvrul-esTetikur an ideur mxares SevexebiT,
gavixsenoT, rom literaturaTmcodneoba mowodebulia Tanamedroveobis poziciidan
Seafasos Tavisi kvlevis obieqti; isic cnobilia, rom am Sefasebisas, bevri ram,
sazogadoebrivi gemovnebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da calkeul kritikosTa mier,
individualur da obieqtur motivTa nairsaxovnebiT aris ganpirobebuli. Tanamedrove
literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis, mkvlevaris mier nawarmoebis subieqturi aRqma da
Tanagancda Semoqmedis emociebisa, albaT, ufro sainteresoc unda iyos, vidre
`dakanonebuli~ Sexedulebebi. is, rac namdvilad faseulia, marad Tanamedrovea;
amitomac, WeSmariti poezia yovelTvis tovebs xelaxali wakiTxvisa da gaazrebisaTvis
mzaobis survils.
emili dikinsons, sul ramdenime poetTan erTad (edgar po, uolt uitmeni,
longfelo...) mniSvnelovani `misia~ daekisra amerikuli mxatvruli azrovnebisa da
gemovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. daibada 1830 wels, qalaq amherstSi, masaCusetsis StatSi. aqve
icxovra da gardaicvala 1886 wels. xelmouwerel nekrologSi poets ucnobma
`margalitis niJaraSi gamomwyvdeuli cecxlovani suli uwoda.~ es metafrazisi imitom
mogvagonda, rom am sityvebis avtori, poetis, erTi SexedviT, `umoZrao yofis~ miRma
energiiT da emociebiT savse, aforiaqebul sicocxles xedavs. amis dasturi msoflio
literaturisTvis emili dikinsonis gardacvalebis Semdeg gaxda sacnobi. sagulisxmoa is
mniSvnelovani faqti, rom Tavisi ganmartoebuli cxovrebis wesis gamo, rogorc
miCneulia, poets araviTari saerTo ar hqonia mimdinare literaturul procesebTan;
ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom verc erTma literaturulma mimdinareobam ver
moaxdina zegavlena mis poeziaSi leqsikur- formobriv Taviseburebasa da fsiqologiur-
analitikur, brZnul azrovnebaze. dikinsonis SemoqmedebaSi ar asaxula arc im periodSi
arsebuli mniSvnelovani istoriuli Tu politikuri yofis sakiTxebi. poeti sakuTari
Tavisa da samyaros SecnobiT aris dakavebuli. misi Semoqmedeba filosofiuri da
metafizikuri variaciebia; novatoria poeziaSi da nawilobriv winaswarmetyvelic. buneba,
RmerTi, sikvdili da siyvaruli misTvis yvelaze saintereso movlenebi da ZiriTadi
Temebia.

me dro ar myofnis siZulvilisTvis,
radgan sikvdili, vici, anazdad
momaSTobs sadRac da maSin mtrobas,
veRar movaswreb mTel qveyanasTan.

arc siyvarulis dro myofnis, magram
raki niadag unda Sromobde,
me siyvarulis yvelaze mcire
garjac CamiTrevs, albaT, bolomde. (dikinsoni 2005: 65)

TargmanSi yuradReba ar eqceva poetis damokidebulebas sasveni niSnebis mimarT.
emili dikinsoni tires iyenebs mZimisa da zogjer wertilis nacvladac ki. misi leqsebi
147
usaTauroa; didi asoTi wers striqonis pirvel da yvela im sityvas, romelsac, poetis
azriT, mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba. amgvari xerxiT aris mis SemoqmedebaSi xazgasmuli
intonaciuri maxvilic da arsic; vxvdebiT retardaciasac. dikinsoni atarebs enobriv
eqsperimentebs, arRvevs sityvaTa SeTanxmebis wess. erT-erTi mkvlevaris dakvirvebiT,
riTmebsac ugulisyurod epyroba. xan pirvel sam striqons saukeTesod riTmavs da
danarCens yuradRebas ar aqcevs, xan sagangebod iyenebs cud riTmebs. `man ugulvebelyo
zusti riTma, imitom ki ara, rom ezareboda Sroma da fiqri, aramed imitom, rom zusti
riTmebi, misi azriT, Semoqmedis Sinagani samyaros konservatulobas adasturebdnen. is
zust riTmebs `prozas~ uwodebda da kargad gariTmul leqsebs _ riTmebis monebs~
(uailderi). mkvlevrisa da dikinsonis azri bevri xelovnebis moyvarulisaTvis SeiZleba
miuRebelic aRmoCndes, magram poeti mxolod sakuTari Semoqmedebis samreklodan
gvesaubreba da iq, namdvilad, Tavad ukeT icis ra urCevnia.
emili dikinsonis poezia tragikuli adamianis mier dawerili striqonebia. is mTel
samyaros ekuTvnis. masSi aisaxeba sulismieri katastrofebi, simartovis SiSi, adamianTa
Soris gaugebrobis Sedegad gaCenili saSineli sevda. iqneb, swored amgvarma tkivilebma
aiZula poeti uari eTqva adamianebTan urTierTobaze da mxolod mimoweris saSualebiT
dakavSireboda maT. erT-erTi literatori da gamomcemeli, romelTanac xangrZlivi
mimowera hqonda, higinsonia. emili swored mis azrebs aniWebda upiratesobas Tavisi
Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. redaqtors ar eyo gambedaoba da, albaT, arc niWi, bolomde
gamoecno megobris talanti da mis xelT arsebuli leqsebi avtoris sicocxleSi
eRiarebina an daebeWda. `Semacbunebeli iyo misi stili _ raRac TamaSis msgavsi _
yoveldRiurobisa da maradiulobis erT sibrtyeze dayeneba... mkiTxvelisaTvis
moulodneli Sedarebebis gamoyeneba, axali, mkiTxvelisaTvis uCveulo sistema mxatvruli
saxeebisa... sruliad moulodneli, Seudarebeli metaforebi da epiTetebi (magaliTad,
banqos gamSleli RmerTi, anda satrfos wasvla, aRwerili rogorc maTematikuri
moqmedeba _ gamokleba), arazusti riTmebi...~(kobaiZe 2005: 11). emili dikinsonma, roca
mokrZalebuli kiTxviT mimarTa redaqtors _ cocxlobda Tu ara misi poezia _
sapasuxod, marTlweris Sesaxeb mis mier gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebi miiRo. poeti mainc
guliTad mimoweras agrZelebda higinsonTan da werilebSi arsad Canda misi gulistkivili
daubeWdavi leqsebis gamo; miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba aseT mgrZnobiare,
mokrZalebuli, martosuli da Rrma gancdebis mqone pirovnebis ganwyobilebaze amas
uaryofiTi gavlena ar moexdina. cnobilia is faqtic, rom poets mimowera hqonda samuel
boulzTan. man gamoaqveyna literaturuli werili, romelSic moixsenia `martoxela qalis
avadmyofuri poezia~. dikinsonma es mZimd ganicada; Tumca, arc masTan Seuwyvetia
urTierToba. Tu vinmes gamoucdia ramxela sixarulia, roca geguleba adamiani, visac
guls gadauSli da endobi, advilad mixvdeba ra mtkivneuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes misgan
moyenebuli amgvari Wriloba. aman SeiZleba suli mogiwamlos da sasowarkveTamde
migiyvanos.
poets ganuxorcielebeli da uiRblo siyvarulis tkivilebic ar mohklebia. misi
Semoqmedebis STagonebis erT-erTi wyaro moZRvari uodsvorTi iyo. masTan ganSorebac (is
samuSaos gamo san-franciskoSi gadavida sacxovreblad) da am pirovnebis gardacvalebac
emTxveva im wlebs, roca emilim sabolood gamoiketa Tavisi saxlis kari da mTlianad
Semoqmedebas uZRvna darCenili sicocxle.

ra pataraa kubo,
samefo mtkice sazRvrebiT,
samoTxis moqalaqeni
am siviwroves ar grZnoben.
...........................................
da Tu erTaderT megobars
andob pawia mRvimes _
nu eli sulis simSvides _
da nurc siaxlis imeds. (dikinsoni 1981: 25)

qali, romlis poeziac yvelaze xSirad sikvdilsa da siyvaruls dastrialebda, ra
gasakviria, rom advilad ver gadaitanda, Tundac `warmosaxviTi~, miuwvdomeli adamianis
dakargvas. mkvlevarTa da emili dikinsonis TanamedroveTa azriT, isini orjer Tu samjer
Sexvedrian erTmaneTs; mxolod mimowera asuldgmulebda poetis STagonebas. vfiqrob,
amgvari faqti da gansakuTrebiT `amgvar~ SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovan daskvnas ver
gagvakeTebinebs grZnobaTa simZafrisa da siZlieris Sesaxeb. aq mTavaria pirovnuli
faqtori. mTavaria, rogor pirovnebas uyvarda an, Tundac, egona, rom uyvarda, eg
148
sulerTia. iqneb, roca adamianisgan xelSesaxebs verafers Rebulob, verc Tavad exebi, arc
eli, rom odesme yvelaferi `kargad~ iqneba da mainc giyvars, esaa swored siyvaruli... vin
icis?! yvelaze didi adamianuri dResaswauli sasicocxlo energiaa da is qaRaldze
dawerili baraTebiT gasuldgmulebs Tu aT memkvidres SegZens, ra mniSvneloba aqvs emili
dikinsonis msgavsi emociuri, moazrovne da gonieri pirovnebisTvis. poetis tragedia,
raRa Tqma unda, aisaxa mis SemoqmedebaSic. 1861 wels an Semdgom Seqmnili leqsebi
gansakuTrebuli tragizmiT gamoirCeva. am TariRidan iwyeba misTvis SemoqmedebiTi
aRmavlobis periodic. mis poeziaSi sWarbobs sityvebi: `golgoTa~, `dasaflavebis dRe~,
`sibnele~. poeti sityvas `did tragedias~ uwodebs. is fiqrobs, rom `sikvdilsa da
sicocxles, am udides gigantebs sZinavT, xolo wvrilfexa ambebi ki, brma SemTxvevebis
imedad warmarTaven yvelafers.~
emili dikinsoni uZlieresi xasiaTisa da ufaqizesi grZnobebis pirovnebaa. ver aitana
amdeni Wriloba misma gulma; xasiaTma ki misca SesaZlebloba, TeTri xelTaTmani
`gadaegdo~ mTeli qveynisTvis da duelSi gamoiwvia igi; mainc veRaravin daWrida... iseT
safarvelSi gaexvia, iseTi fari aifara, romlis gakveTac sicocxlis bolomde veravin
SeZlo.
1862 wlis Semdeg poeti mamiseuli kar-midamodan TiTqmis aRar gamodioda. is xSirad
tkbileuliT savse kalaTs CamouSvebda xolme bavSvebisaTvis Tavisi saxlis fanjridan
ise, rom mxolod xelebi mouCanda. mis saxes ki veravin xedavda. mosul stumarsac sxva
oTaxidan esaubreboda. mudam TeTri samosi ecva. gaerida am realobas da Tavad icavda
sakuTar sulier samyaros, qveynad gamefebuli uxeSobisgan.
ucxo TvalisaTvis iyo garemos garidebuli, Caketili adamiani. adgilobrivi
mcxovreblebi `eqscentriul qalsac~ ki uwodebdnen. sicocxleSi bevri uRirsi ram
usafuZvlod daswames, magram mis gulSi dagubebuli cecxli dResac aTbobs mkiTxvels da
Svenis istorias. gasaWiris dros misi poezia gvagrZnobinebs, rom ar varT martoni, rom
SeiZleba tkivils gauZlo ise, rom moTqma aravis esmodes; miuxedavad mZime nerviuli
daavadebisa, ar eSinoda sikvdilis, radgan sicocxleSive daamarcxa is. amitom saubrobs
ase Tavisuflad ukvdavebazec:

radgan me sikvdils ver davucdidi _
TviTon meloda auCqareblad.
CemTan SeCerda etlSi CavsxediT
mxolod Cven orni da ukvdaveba.

nela wavediT _ is ar Cqarobda
da meqceoda ise TavaziT,
rom yvela saqme da usaqmoba
misi gulisTvis ganze gadavde _ (dikinsoni 2005: 37)

emili dikinsonis Semoqmedeba dRemde gvavsebs im energiiT, rac aucilebelia
moazrovne adamianis sulisaTvis; magram ra dautova qveyanas im kacma, romelic mis
gverdiT mofusfuse da yoveldRiuri yofiT garTuli, dafasebuli da misaRebi iyo
sazogadoebisaTvis?!
`sityva `aqtivoba~ sakmaod orazrovania. Tanamedroves gagebiT, sityva `aqtivoba~
Cveulebriv gulisxmobs qmedebas, romelic garkveuli energiis daxarjvis gziT iwvevs
cvlilebas arsebul garemoSi. amdenad, adamiani aqtiurad iTvleba, Tuki igi dakavebulia
bunebiT, eufleba medicinas, muSaobs konveierze, amzadebs magidebs an misdevs sports.
TiToeul am aqtivobas saerTo aqvs is, rom yvela isini mimarTulia garegani mzaobisaken;
magram ratomRac aravin iTvaliswinebs aqtivobis motivs. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT
adamiani, romelsac safrTxisa da simartovis Zlieri gancda aiZulebs Seusvenebliv
imuSaos; an, adamiani, romelsac amoZravebs pativmoyvareoba Tu fulis siyvaruli. yvela
am SemTxvevaSi, pirovneba vnebis monaa da misi `aqtivoba~ sinamdvileSi `pasiurobaa,~
radgan igi iZulebulia ase moiqces, igi msxverplia da ara `aqtiori.~ meores mxriv,
adamiani, romelic mSvidad zis, Wvrets, romelsac araviTari sxva mizani ar gaaCnia, garda
sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebisa da misi samyarosTan erTobis gacnobierebisa _ `pasiuradaa~
miCneuli, radgan igi arafers `akeTebs,~ sinamdvileSi koncentrirebuli meditaciis,
Wvretis amgvari mdgomareoba, umaRlesi donis aqtivobaa. es aris sulis aqtivoba,
romelic mxolod Sinagani Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis pirobebSi miiRweva~
(fromi 1991: 273). xSirad swored ase moazrovne pirovnebebi sZenen samyaros
gansakuTrebul xibls. maTi fiqrebi am samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobis rTul
process Serwymia. maTi TiTqos SeumCneveli cxovrebis wesi, sulieri Zala, amqveyniur
149
wvrilmanebze amaRleba, gansakuTrebuli wminda energetikiT gamoirCeva da sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis aris; miT ufro, Tu amgvari pirovneba xelovania. yvelaze sainteresoa, rom
TviT xelovanTa Sorisac Zalian cota moiZebneba, vinc uari Tqva an uars ityoda
amqveyniur didebaze, aseTi gamorCeuli pirovneba da poeti swored emili dikinsoni iyo,
romelmac moipova Sinagani Tavisufleba, garemosTan `urTierToba~ Sewyvita,
ganmartovda, Caicva TeTri samosi da Tavadve icoda, rom amayad SeeZlo miemarTa mTeli
samyarosTvis:

am baraTs Sen gwer, samyarov Tumca
cnobilTa Soris ar gegulebi _
gagiziareb, rac ki bunebam
gamando mwyazar didebulebiT _

uxilav xelebs miuva ambad _
mobarebuli ubralo sityva
da misi trfoba Tu gangicdia _
Sen Cemeburo, gamigeb, albaT. (dikinsoni 2005: 25)

poeti erT_erT werilSi wers: `Tu dideba miweria, sul erTia, versad gaveqcevi, Tu
ara _ da, nadirobaSi grZel dRes uqmad davaRameb da sakuTari maZebaric ki
amiTvalwunebs. mijobs usaxelo davrCe~-o (inwkirveli 1981: 76).
emili dikinsonis poeziaze roca vsaubrobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT misi
damokidebuleba zeciuri samyaros mimarT. poeti miiCnevs, rom RmerTTan ar usaubria,
magram `naTlad xedavs mis gza-kvals.~

gvianRa iyo kacisTvis ukve
da RvTicTvis mainc kvlav iyo adre,
roca Seqmnis dros gagvwires uceb
da CvenTvis mxolod locvebi daTmes. (dikinsoni 2005: 63)

mis poeziaSi xSirad aris moxseniebuli RmerTi. is xan `cnobili mRvdelia~, xan
`Zveli mezobeli~ da xan `bankiri~ (albaT meunjes gulisxmobs am SemTxvevaSi avtori).
gvxvdebian wmindanebi, serafimebi, angelozebi... uflis amgvari, uCveulo epiTetebiT
moxsenieba sruliadac ar gulisxmobs avtoris aTeistobas; es mxolod poeturi
gabedulebaa. emili dikinsonis cxovrebac da Semoqmedebac mxolod imis dasturia, rom
aRiarebda zeciur samyaros. Tavad morwmuneTa ojaxSi gaizarda. poetis mama mkacrad
icavda yvela im Cveulebas, romelic puritanelTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. emili ar
ewinaaRmdegeboda winaprebis rwmenas da cxovrebis wess, Tumca saeklesio dogmebis mimarT
protestis grZnoba namdvilad gaaCnda. is xSirad saqmianobda ojaxSi. iyo mowesrigrbuli
da Sromismoyvare adamiani. rogorc Cans, misi yofa da sulSi anTebuli cecxli sruliad
gansxvavebul `kalapotSi~ miedineboda; garda amisa, ar trialebda im sazogadoebaSi, vis
gverdiTac saintereso iqneboda misTvis amqveyniuri yofa. poetis nerviul daavadebas
biZgi, SesaZloa, amanac misca, Tumca mis fsiqikas mainc veraferi daaklo. emili dikinsonma
sakuTari samyaro Seqmna. amas poetis sulieri tanjva da ganmartoeba dasWirda.
mokrZalebul cxovrebis wess da midrekilebas `uCinari yofisken~ misi morwmuneobrivi
mrwamsic aZlierebda. es Tema originalurad warmoadgina kidec SemoqmedebaSi:
mravalspeqtriani fantaziebiT, mdidari azrovnebiT da eqstaziT. `radgan gare samyaro
xelidan usxlteba poets, dikinsoni ubrundeba Tavis erTaderT realobas _ Sinagan
samyaros; cikli im leqsebisa, sadac ganxorcielebulia adamianuri emociebis ori polusi
_ eqstazi da sasowarkveTa, bevrad mniSvnelovani da mravalmxrivia mis SemoqmedebaSi,
vidre SedarebiT gawonasworebuli frazebiT gadmocemuli striqonebi~ (dikinsoni
`~). eqstazi da sasowarkveTa ganuyofelia dausrulebeli
molodinis gancdisagan, rasac emili dikinsonis poeziaSi Semoaqvs sxva Tema _ imedi
adamianis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb da sabolood, amgvari meditaciebiT aRwevs SemoqmedebiT
mwvervalebs:

miicvalao _ iseTze miTxres _
mSvidad SeviZlebT sikvdils me da Sen_
Tu gaixseneb _ vis ucxovria _
ver daeWvdebi ukvdavebaSi. (dikinsoni 1981: 31)

150
emili dikinsonis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze saubris dros gverds ver avuvliT
TeTri da wiTeli ferebis kategorias. TeTr fers misTvis yovelTvis pozitiuri
mniSvneloba aqvs. wiTeli ki xan pozitiur, xan negatiur movlenebs ukavSirdeba. poeti
ferTa zusti an gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT axerxebs misTvis sasurveli mxatvruli saxe
Seqmnas. fsiqologebis ganmartebiTac TeTri sisufTavis, sulieri siwmindis, problemaTa
mogvarebis, dasawyisisa da cxovrebaSi siaxlis gancdis aRmniSvneli feria.
poetisaTvis `TeTri frTebi~ aRmafrenas gamoxatavs, `Tovli TmaSi~ _ WaRaras,
TeTri samosi, `TeTri qudi~ da `TeTri kaba~ _ xelovanTa an rCeulTa simbolod aqvs
miCneuli. garda amisa, es misTvis simSvidis da imedis maniSnebelia. emili dikinsonis
SemoqmedebaSi am fers filosofiuri datvirTvac aqvs _ `gardacvlili imoseba TeTr
saburvelSi.~ sikvdilTan poetebi yovelTvis Sav an muq fers ufro axseneben, aq ki piriqiT
aris, albaT imitom, rom emili dikinsonisaTvis sikvdili arasdros iyo saSiSi: `me
meSinodes! visi? _ sikvdilis?/ TviTon vin aris?~(dikinsoni 2005: 99) _ kiTxulobs
avtori da amave leqsSi gvpasuxobs, rom sikvdilze metad mamamisis karis msaxuris eSinoda,
yvelaze metad ki _ sicocxlis. ase rom, radgan poetis waromodgenaSi sikvdili
sicocxlesTan SedarebiT zeciur, ufro amaRlebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas gulisxmobs,
amitomac asocirebulia avtorisTvis naTel ferTan.
wiTeli feri poetisaTvis naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre TeTri, magram sxva
ferebTan SedarebiT, mainc meti Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva eniWeba. wiTeli feri leqsebSi
xan siyvaruls aRniSnavs, xan ojaxis keras, xan saxls, xan jojoxeTsa da xan xanZars...
sasicocxlo Zalas, Semodgomas... rogorc Cans, wiTeli feris mimarT meryevi,
araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba hqonda avtors:

me rom movkvdebi, gulwiTelebi
Tuki dabrundnen kidev,
daugde finCxa Cems samaxsovrod
maTgan yvelaze wiTels. (dikinsoni 2005: 81)

emili dikinsonis kubo, misi anderZis Tanaxmad, centralur gzaze ar CautarebiaT.
patara baRis gavliT miitanes sasaflaomde. gangebam talanti da simartove arguna.
poetma usayvedurod miiRo is. `tragedia didi pirovnebebis privilegiaao~, _ werda
hegeli.
daibada advokatis ojaxSi, hyavda da-Zma, swavlobda kolejSi da seminariaSi.
axalgazrdobaSi yovelTvis moxdenilad ecva da Tmaze an kabaze mudam yvavilebi ekeTa.
datova 1800-ze meti leqsi. Targmnilia sxvadasxva enaze. iyo momcro tanis da hqonda didi
Tvalebi. is msoflio literaturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani movlenaa.

damowmebani:

vebsteri 1995: vebsteris literaturis leqsikoni. springfildi: meriam, 1995.
dikinsoni 1981: dikinsoni emili, leqsebi. baTumi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa aWara~, 1981.
(dikinsoni 1981 a: 25), (dikinsoni 1981 b: 31).
dikinsoni 2005: dikinsoni emili, rCeuli lirika. Tb.: gamomcemloba `diogene~ 2005. (dikinsoni
2005 a: 65), (dikinsoni 2005 b:37), (dikinsoni 2005 g: 25), (dikinsoni 2005 d: 63), (dikinsoni
2005 e: 99), (dikinsoni 2005 v: 81).
inwkirveli 1981: inwkirveli d. emili dikinsoni. baTumi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa aWara, 1981.
kobaiZe 2005: kobaiZe m. emili dikinsoni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2005.
rolani 1989: gelovani a. sibrZnis simfonia. Tb.: gamomcemloba: `xelovneba~, 1989.
uailderi: uailderi torntoni: emili dikinsoni. htp://www.lib.ru/poeziaq/dikinson/shit.
fromi 1991: fromi e. siyvarulis xelovneba. J. `literatura da xelovneba~, 2, Tb.: 1991.
: `~ 2006, http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/89/1008942.

Ketevan Shengelia

Emily Dickinson Unknown and Familiar

Summary

Certain aspects from life and creative work of brilliant poet Emily Dickinson are presented in this work.
She together with several poets (Edgar Poe, Walt Whitman, Longfellow) played an important role in
formation of American artistic thinking.
151
She was born in 1880 in Amherst in the State of Massachusetts; she lived here and died in1886. None of
the literary movements had influence on the peculiar form of the verse and on authors psychological and
analytical thinking in her poetry.
An important historical or political questions of life existed in that period were not reflected in her
creative work. Emily Dickinson was engaged in getting to know her own emotions and universe. Her creative
work consists of philosophical and metaphysical variations. She is an innovator and partially prophet in the
poetry. God, nature, death and love these are those principal themes which interested her really.
Meditative thinking, human misfortunes caused by disappointment, fear of loneliness, terrible sadness
created as a result of misunderstanding between humans are outlined basically in her poetry. Perhaps such pains
forced the poet to refrain herself from communicating with people.
Since 1862 Emily had never left paternal country estate and dedicated the rest of her life to creative work.
Emily Dickinson has unaccustomed and easy manner of writing. She tampered freely with syntax and
liked to place a familiar word in an extraordinary context. She uses dash instead of full stop and comma. She
writes with a capital letter first line of the strophe and all those words which have special semantic meaning.
While discussing the poet meaning of white and red colors cannot be passed over. White is always a
positive color. She used to walk in white clothes herself. Red designates sometimes positive sometimes negative
phenomenon in her creative work. White color is considered to be symbol of art. For her white color expresses
hope, tranquility and also inspiration. Hope about immortality of mans soul nourishes Dickinsons poetry.
Thats why in her imagination even decease is connected with white color. Poets attitude towards divine
kingdom is very important. God is mentioned with strange epithets. Saints, angels, seraphim are found in her
work.
Emily Dickinson was not afraid of death because she defeated it till she was alive.






manana kvataia

es skandaluri adolf hitleri...

dRes yvelasaTvis misawvdomi gaxda mravali wlis manZilze tabudadebuli
Txzuleba, grigol robaqiZis `adolf hitleri, erTi ucxoeli poetis mier danaxuli,
romelic mweralma, misive miTiTebiT, 1938 wels dawera da 1939 wels germaniaSi
gamoaqveyna (TviT wignze gamocemis TariRi aRniSnuli araa). mkiTxvelma is qarTul enazec
ixila: misi S. SamanaZiseuli Targmani 1995 wels daibeWda, 2006 wels ki sakuTari Targmani
d. fanjikiZem gamosca. amis miuxedavad, `adolf hitleris mecnieruli Sefaseba dRemde
ar momxdara.
winamdebare naSromi miznad ar isaxavs am Txzulebis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT
konteqstSi warmodgenas. amjerad Cveni interesis sagania gr. robaqiZis skandaluri da
araordinaruli Tanamedrovis, meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris msoflios bediswerad
qceuli germaneli fiureris mwerliseuli portreti, rac, vfiqrobT, dResac faseuli da
aqtualuria, miT umetes, rom hitleris rTul fenomens intensiurad swavloben. misi
pirovnebiT grigol robaqiZis dainteresebac ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi. msgavsi
SemoqmedebiTi stilisa da maneris mwerali, bunebrivia, gverds ver auvlida usazRvro
gavlenisa da Zalauflebis mqone aRzevebuli fiureris Sefasebas, rac sruliad ar unda
niSnavdes robaqiZis `hitlerianelobas (amas misive ganmartebac miuTiTebs: 1941-1945
wlebSi gestapo mas mudmivad meTvalyureobda). rogorc mwerlis Tanamedroveni, ise
mkvlevrebi, erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom gr. robaqiZe hitlers piradad arasodes Sexvedria,
`arc im uTvalav mitingsa da krebas daswrebia, romelzec fiureri gamodioda (baqraZe
2004: 177).
`adolf hitlerma grigol robaqiZes droebiT warmatebasTan erTad mravali
usiamovneba moutana, Tumca Txzulebis teqstis gacnoba mowmobs, rom masSi mwerali
zomierebis dacvasac cdilobs: faSizmis an Tavad hitleris brma panegirikosad ar
gvevlineba (mTavari gmiris aSkara panegirikuli epiTetebic ki arsad gvxvdeba), saTqmels
xSirad metaforuli, miTologiuri Tu filosofiuri wiaRsvlebiT niRbavs. misi mTavari
mizani am udavod gamorCeuli pirovnebis qarizmis, misi Sinagani, mistikuri saxis kvleva
da gamomzeurebaa. ufro metic, survilisa da SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, dakvirvebuli
mkiTxveli TxzulebaSi gmiris pirovnebidan momdinare im `safrTxeebsac SeniSnavs, rac,
152
Segnebulad Tu qvecnobierad, mweralma striqonebs Soris igulisxma (amas is mogvianebiT
Tavis `ganmartebaSic miuTiTebs).
cnobilia, rom gamoCenili Tanamedroveebis mxatvrul xatebs grigol robaqiZe
saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis periodSic qmnida. 1919 wels TbilisSi rusul enaze wignad
gamocemula misi `portretebi. esseebis krebuli `demoni da miTosi (iena, 1935 w.)
stalinis, nefertitisa da greta garbos Seudarebel pirovnul daxasiaTebas gvTavazobs.
nicSes, rasputinisa da sxvaTa esseisturi portretebi ucxoeTSi, mwerlis arqivSi
SemorCenil TxzulebebSi yofila warmodgenili. TanamedroveTa gamorCeuli saxeebi
gamoZerwa mweralma romanebSic... gr. robaqiZis germanuli garemocvisaTvis misi
SemoqmedebiTi ostatoba cnobili gaxldaT da, dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, Tumca ar
gamovricxavT, rom `adolf hitleris, iseve, rogorc Semdgom `musolinis, Seqmna 1938-
1939 wlebSi mas germaniis dainteresebulma wreebma daukveTes. amas n. kakabaZis werilSi
dafiqsirebuli cnobac gvafiqrebinebs. mis naSromSi `grigol robaqiZis germanuli
portreti motanilia nawyveti nikolaus zombartis mogonebaTa wignidan (germanias
TavSefarebuli robaqiZe n. zombartis mSoblebis literaturuli salonis xSiri stumari
gaxldaT da wignis avtori bavSvobisas piradad icnobda mwerals): `grigolis am wigns
moulodneli, CvenTvis ki arasasurveli warmateba hqonda. giobelsma es wigni Seitana
partiis mier rekomendebul wignTa siaSi. gaiyida wignis asi-aTasobiT egzemplari.
gavigeT, rom giobelsma `ucxo mwerali propagandis saministroSi miiwvia da axla
robaqiZe aRtacebuli darCa iozef giobelsis didi TvalebiT. ufro metic, man miiRo
davaleba msgavsi wigni musolinizec daewera, rac man Seasrula kidec. robaqiZes romSi
audiencia gaumarTes, omis dros kvireebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda kaprize, italiis
mTavrobis xarjze. aq man dawera musolinize wigni... es wignic Sevida partiis
bibliografiaSi. robaqiZe amiT welSi gaimarTa (kakabaZe 1992: 227). imave n. zombartis
miTiTebiT, `hitlerSi grigol robaqiZe rusi bolSevik-komunistebisagan damonebuli
saqarTvelos hipoTetur ganmaTavisuflebels xedavda (baqraZe 2004: 168).
damafiqrebelia Txzulebis daweris TariRi: 1938 weli. es hitleris pirovnuli
zeobis weli gaxldaT. dokumenturi masalis gacnoba cxadyofs, rom imdroindeli
msoflios garkveuli nawili aRfrTovanebuli iyo germaneli fiureris moulodneli
elviseburi warmatebebiT, pirovnuli niWiT, siZlieriTa da ukompromisobiT. marTlac,
hitlerma da misma momxreebma `eqvsi wlis batonobis manZilze (1933-1939) versalis Semdegi
periodis `germanuli araraoba uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcies... 1933 wels maT TiTqmis
araviTari SeiaraReba ar hqondaT... 1939 wels ki mTeli evropa Seazanzara germanuli
iaraRis Zalam (kveselava 1991: 152). Cemberlens imave periodSi uTqvams: amgvari
nebisyofisa da Zlieri sulis adamiani inglissac sWirdebao. metic, amerikul Jurnal
`taimss, TiTqosda sabediswero winaswarmetyvelebiT, 1939 wlis 2 ianvars germaneli
fiureri dausaxelebia 1938 `wlis adamianad, romelic damdeg, 1939 wels, iseT raimes
gaakeTebda, rac kacobriobas didxans emaxsovreboda (wlis adamianis sapatio wodeba
manamde mxolod Teodor ruzveltsa da mahaTma gandis miuRiaT) (rozanovi 1991: 21). am
Sefasebebis avtorebs, iseve rogorc mTel kacobriobas, jer kidev ver amoexsnaT adolf
hitleris sfinqsisebri gamocana. vfiqrobT, esses dawerisas gr. robaqiZe imdroindeli
sayovelTao panegiristuli talRiTac unda yofiliyo STagonebuli.
sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba: 1938-1939 wlebSi adolf hitlerma
Tavdapirveli ganzraxva, aRmosavleTze galaSqreba, taqtikuri mosazrebiT, droebiT
gadaavada da, Tavdausxmelobis dadebuli pirobis miuxedavad, jer dasavleT evropis
qveynebs Seutia (aq gvinda gavixsenoT misi sityvebi: `saxelmwifos interesebi
molaparakebebze maRla dgas...). cbierma da gamWriaxma fiurerma amave periodSi ssrk-sTan
urTierTobebis droebiTi daTbobis politika gaiTamaSa. SesaZloa, amasac emTxveoda
yofili sabWoTa moqalaqis, gr. robaqiZisaTvis fiurerze wignis daweris SeTavazeba.
amgvari Txzuleba hitleris imijisaTvis momgebiani iqneboda. isic mniSvnelovani iyo,
rom gr. robaqiZe ioseb stalinis opozicioneri Tanamemamule gaxldaT da manamde misi
SesaniSnavi esseisturi portretic Seqmna. a. baqraZis azriT, `grigol robaqiZisaTvis...
lenini, stalini, hitleri, musolini ufro miTologiuri personaJebi iyvnen, vidre me-20
saukunis realuri adamianebi (baqraZe 2004: 178).
grigol robaqiZis `adolf hitleris analizi mraval sirTules ukavSirdeba. ver
vityviT, rom is mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia. Cveni dakvirvebiT, Txzuleba
esseisturi maneriTaa dawerili da misi kvlevisa da aRqmisas am Janris Taviseburebac unda
gaviTvaliswinoT. `introspeqciis gziT zogadad adamianis Semecnebisaken - es aris
yoveli esseisturi nawarmoebis principi (xelaia 1986: 352). xolo misi maxasiaTeblebi
aseTia: `miuxedavad garegnuli fragmentulobisa, esse Sinaganad Sekrulia, mTliani....
esses stiluri Taviseburebani _ fragmentuloba, araTanmimdevruloba,
153
arakategoriuloba, albaTuri xasiaTi, paradoqsuloba, subieqtivizmi, mozaikuroba,
gansjis silaRe, Tavisufleba da sxva da sxva mWidro kavSirSia mis TviTSemecnebiT
bunebasTan (xelaia, 1986: 350). Cans, esses Janri gr. robaqiZes hitleris pirovnebis
gaazrebis SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebasac aniWebda, aRqmis subieqtivizmi ki Txzulebis
saTaurSive igulisxmeba, Tumca, bunebrivia, amgvari gabeduleba im dros da im viTarebaSi
ufskrulis piras siarulis tolfasic gaxldaT.
1944 wlis 20 oqtombers raixsfiurerisa da raixsministris hainrix himlerisadmi
miweril vrcel werilSi gr. robaqiZe `adolf hitleris Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: es ariso `ara
Cveulebrivi biografiuli portreti, ufro metad, arsis xati, nord-germanul sivrceSi
danaxuli... es narkvevi moxseniebulia vermaxtis Jurnal `zoldatenbrifeSi,
rekomendebul wignTa Soris da Tanac rogorc erTaderTi naSromi fiurerze. bolo
gamocemam miaRwia 79-112 aTass ( baqraZe 2004: 159).
meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi `adolf hitlerma gr. robaqiZes mravali
dabrkoleba Seuqmna. dRes es skandaluri Txzuleba germaneli fiureris imdroindeli
qarizmis axsnis cdad, misi iracionaluri, misticizmiT aRbeWdili idumali fenomenis
robaqiZiseul adreul interpretaciad unda ganvixiloT. rogori iyo is, didebis zenitSi
myofi adolf hitleri, misi Tanamedrovis, imJamad germaniaSi mcxovrebi modernisti
mwerlis, grigol robaqiZis TvalTaxedviT? ras uqadda kacobriobas erTi SexedviT Amor
fati-iT STagonebuli axladmovlenili beladi? vin iyo is: RvTis rCeuli Tu uflismier
sasjelad movlenili boroti genia, gmiri Tu kacobriobis bediT brmad moTamaSe
TavzexelaRebuli avanturisti? vfiqrobT, am maradiuli kiTxvebis saidumlos
istoriuli faqtebis analizTan erTad TviT adolf hitleris pirovnebis gaazrebac
gvaziarebs da maT robaqiZiseul pasuxebs yvelaze ukeT Tavad Txzuleba gvTavazobs,
Tumca WeSmariti azris amokiTxva, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, xSirad teqstis striqonebs
Sorisaa SesaZlebeli. cnobil emigrants, mixeil wereTels, robaqiZis 70 wlis iubileze
mwerlisaTvis uTqvams: Seni wignebi mkiTxvelTa masebisaTvis ar aris dawerili, arc
saSualo donis, aramed `aristos-mkiTxvelisaTvis suliTa da guliT. amgvari `aristos-
mkiTxveli ki albaT jer kidev maSin gr. robaqiZis `adolf hitleris zemoxsenebul
`safrTxeTa TvalsazrisiT gaazrebasac SeZlebda.
avtoris swrafva mouxelTeblis, idumalis wvdomisaken esseisturi qmnilebis kidev
erTi Taviseburebaa. Cveni dakvirvebiT, vrceli esses, `adolf hitleris, robaqiZiseuli
ZiriTadi veqtori swored misi mTavari gmiris mravalucnobiani fenomenis amoxsnisaken
gaxlavT mimarTuli. amasTan, misi mxatvruli Tu azrobrivi interpretacia metad
individualuri da originaluria. mivyveT Txzulebis teqsts (naSromSi `adolf
hitleris analizisas misi Cven mier Sesrulebuli qarTuli TargmaniT vsargeblobT):
grigol robaqiZis pirveli STabeWdileba Amor fati-is niSniT aRbeWdil germanel
fiurerze mis xelT arsebuli uamravi fotosuraTidan momdinareobs, romelTac hitleri
sruliad gansxvavebulad aRubeWdavT. `ggonia, misi Sinagani mzera obieqtivs gaurbis:
sacnauri niSani Soreuli Cvenebisa, SeniSnavs mwerali. amjerad dakvirvebisaTvis mas ori
foto SeurCevia: 1. oTxmoci wlis hindenburgTan erTad gadaRebuli, sadac aSkaraa
kontrasti: mxcovani mxedarTmTavari idumalebis gareSe, kldis lodiviT dgas,
mokrZalebiT xelebgadajvaredinebuli hitleris mzera ki sakuTari Taviskenaa
mimarTuli. gr. robaqiZe fiureris ganyenebuli, Soreuli idumalebis axsnas cdilobs:
`SesaZloa, misi saxe Sinagan sulier Zalebs ise gamudmebiT intensiurad gamoasxivebs, rom
mouridebeli kamerac ki uZluria, calkeul izolirebul wams is gamosaxulebisaTvis
daiWiros. idumali Tavs ar gvaCvenebs, magram `Rirs imad, rom es SevigrZnoT, _ uTiTebs
bolos.
avtori yuradRebiT akvirdeba meore fotosuraTs, romelzec adolf hitleri
londonSi germaniis maSindel elCTan fon ribentropTan inglisTan sazavo molaparakebis
Semdegaa gadaRebuli: `ribentropi sixarulisagan brwyinavs, Tumca sxivi fiureris
Sinagani sinaTlidan modis. aqedan mwerliseuli daskvna: misi saxe idumalad
xelSesaxebad ixsneba sxvaSi, visTanac is wamierad saubrobs.
sruli STabeWdilebis miRebisaTvis gr. robaqiZe kinoqronikebsac mimarTavs,
saidanac mas general-feldmarSal geringis qorwilis kadrebi SeurCevia. aq hitleri
axlos dgas yvelasTan, gansakuTrebiT, saqorwino wyvilTan: `da mainc: igi amavdroulad
sxva adgilas myofi Cans, is miudgomelia. gaqvs SegrZneba, TiTqos dResaswaulze
gadamTieli gamoCeniliyos, romelsac mainc umalve yvelas ndoba daumsaxurebia.
Txzulebis mixedviT, gr. robaqiZesac ucdia, hitleris fenomenis idumaleba
Seemecnebina `SemoqmedebiTad STagonebul sulier sibrtyeze, sadac warmosaxviTi
TiTqmis realurs esazRvreba, magram amaod: `vercerTi mxatvari ver daiCemebs, rom
amomwuravad warmoaCens mis Sinagan xats, viTarca portrets, SeniSnavs igi da aq albaT
154
sruliad gulwrfelia. robaqiZis azriT, SesaZloa, amisaTvis xis graviura gamodgeboda,
magram is ver warmoadgenda adolf hitleris muqcisfer, da mainc naTel Tvalebs,
sakuTar TavSi mis sulier samyaros rom malaveno. `am Tvalebis mkacri mzeris winaSe yvela
siyalbe da sicrue SeZrwunebuli unda gaqres aseTia STabeWdileba. iqve ramdenime
StrixiT hitleris moZraobis maneracaa daxasiaTebuli (romelic aseve TvalSisacemia):
zogjer igi kibeze Camodis, boloSi amayad Cerdeba, Tavs maRla swevs, gascqeris SoreTs,
sagnebs iqiT, TiTqos geSiT raRac SeniSnao. mere Tavs xris, Tumca gzas energiuli
nabijebiT mkacrad, mtkiced agrZelebs. xelebis qneva mis mtkice svlas TiTqos frTebs
asxams... aq yoveli misi moZraoba plastikurad dasrulebuli Cans.
rogorc vxedavT, ramdenime arsebiTi, eqspresiuli monaxaziT gr. robaqiZem esseSi
adolf hitleris garegnuli silueti gamokveTa, sakmaod bundovani, Tanac idumali. da
mainc: es Strixebi gmiris pirovnebas bolomde ver xsnis. aq mwerlis interesi Zlierdeba:
mainc sadaa idumalebis gasaRebi, iqneb mis xmaSi, kinoqronikebsa da audioCanawerebs rom
SemounaxavT? es yvelasagan gamorCeuli, mtkice, nerviuli, saocrad gadamdebi, mxolod
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli xma (`xma idumali, rogorc gr. robaqiZe uwodebs), milionobiT
adamians rom atyvevebda da imorCilebda. STambeWdavad gadmoscems avtori am xmiT
gamowveuli masobriv eqstazs: `misi gamoCena mudam erTjeradad ganicdeba. aTasebi
uSualod mas ucdidnen da milionebi radiotranslaciiT mis gamosvlas elodebodnen.
talRa talRaze mgznebared mogoravs da STagoneba aTrobs. sxeulebrivad grZnob: is
modis, igi ukve axlosaa. yovel bgeraze momlodineTa sinaTliT aRvsili fesvebi irxeva.
talRebi msgavsad izrdebian... naRveli da xafangi erTdroulad. axla fiureri aqaa. mis
gamosvlas Stormuli grigali Semourbens: `hail, hail, hail! TiTqmis brmad
egzaltirebul masas mwerali farTod gadaWimul galeSil zRvas adarebs, romelic nel-
nela cxreba da simSvidis wamic dgeba. `mxolod gulebi Zgeren mZlavrad, gznebiT,
momlodined. aq gaismis Rrma, mkveTri da alersiani xma: da ismis sunTqvisSemkvreli
sityvebi: `germanelo mamakacebo da qalebo!...
am sabediswero xmas milionobiT adamianTan erTad mweralic ayuradebs, drodadro
sityvebs ver arCevs, Tumca esmis misi Sinagani ena da, sakuTar TavSi mzeraCabrunebuli,
realobas ubrundeba. ulmobeli sinamdvile ki aseTia: `gamofitul dedamiwaze ori
milioni gardacvlili wevs, Svidnaxevari milioni isev sisxlisagan iwriteba. iaraRisagan
izniqeba didi germanuli armia. mZime, umTvaro RameSi siCume gabatonebula,
araamqveyniuri. am avismomaswavebel mdumarebaSi `uecrad Soridan gaismis xma, savse
vaebiT, da Tanac, gabeduli sicocxlisunarianobiT _ xom araa es mkvdreTiT aRmdgari,
miTad qceuli jariskacebis xma? _ kiTxulobs mwerali. is akvirdeba germanelTa
sayovelTao ganwyobas: `TiToeuli Tavisi sulis siRrmeSi SeigrZnobs, TiTqos Tavad is
laparakobdes. hitleris mRelvare diqcia gadamdebad zemoqmedebs, `drodadro ikargeba
SegrZneba, TiTqos saqme kvlav cocxali adamianis xmas exebodes. WeSmaritad, aq
azrobrivad germanuli `me cxaddeba. gr. robaqiZe dafiqrebuli kiTxulobs: `es xma
metaforulad unda gavigoT?
Txzulebis gmiris xelSesaxebi, arsebiTi Strixebis eqspresiuli gaazrebiT mwerali
rwmundeba, rom adolf hitleris idumaleba logikas, analizs, gansjas ar eqvemdebareba,
is ufro Rrmaa, iracionaluria (gavixsenoT nicSeseuli gageba: zekacze mTlianad
iracionaluri Zalebi unda batonobdes) da misi pirovnebis gaxsnisaTvis is amjerad
metaforul, miTologiur Tu filosofiur paralelebs mimarTavs, upirvelesad ki
goeTes Taurmcenaris (mcenaris miTiuri realobis) fenomens, romlis robaqiZiseuli
interpretacia aseTia: `yoveli mcenare mxolod drois erT monakveTSia xiluli: an
ylortSi, an yvavilSi, an mwifobisas. Tumca is sakuTar TavSi atarebs SesaZleblobas, misi
yoveli nawilidan mTeli mcenare gamoCndes, ase sWvrets mas mTlianobaSi mzisdari goeTes
Tvali, win: ylortidan yvavilamde, ukan: yvavilidan ylortamde. amJamad Cven winaSe
materialur-aramaterialurad Tavad Taurmcenare aRimarTeba. is ki mcenaris yovel
fazaSi Tvlems, `Tumca zrdaSi, mainc erTjeradad mTlianad. SeiZleboda gveTqva, esaa:
mcenaris miTiuri realoba. is srulfasovan eqvivalents xalxis yofierebis xatSi
poulobs. amgvarad SeiZleboda xalxis Taurelementze gvelaparaka. gr. robaqiZis
miTiTebiT, xalxis Taurelementi (aq: germanelobis miTiuri realoba) yvelaze Rrmad
swored adolf hitlers aqvs gaTavisebuli. Tumca damafiqrebelia, mwerlis gaazrebiT,
ra unda iyos es `miTiuri realoba? aq im TvisebaTa erToblioba xom ar igulisxmeboda,
romlis gamo jer kidev goeTem sakuTar ers kacobriobis `saSineli samsjavros winaSe
wardgoma uwinaswarmetyvela? anda es `realoba germanelobis demonizmTan idumali
wilnayarobis gamovlena xom ar gaxldaT, Tomas mans ase rom aSfoTebda?.. nuTu
`germanelobis miTiuri realobis amgvari gaazreba momzadebul mkiTxvels hitleris
pirovnebidan momdinare zemoxsenebul `safrTxeebs ar Seaxsenebda?
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Taurelementis paradigmis ufro naTlad ganmartebisaTvis mwerali mSobliuri
qarTuli enis paralels moiSveliebs. esaa `mziuri Tvalis metafora. kiTxvaze: `ra
mosdis mwifobis Jams yurZnis mtevans? qarTveli glexi pasuxobs: `Tvali Cadis mtevanSi
(Tvali=mze). amas axali kiTxva-pasuxi mosdevs: `Tvali mziuri xom ar aris mze xom
verasodes dainaxavs? bunebrivia, vera. maS, saidan icis es saidumlo? pasuxi: es codna mis
enaSia mocemuli, sadac `mzes da `mzeras erTi da igive Ziri aqvs. magram vin dainaxa es?
jer erTi, mze rom kosmiuri Tvali iyos, mwerlis TqmiT, am mnaTobze cota raimes ambobs
da Semdeg: es Tvali mtevanSi Cadis, raTa is daamwifos. kiTxvaze: `vin Seqmna es saocari
xati? _ pasuxi robaqiZiseulia: `albaT, vinme usaxelom, romlis Tvalsazrisi Semdgom
gadaeca. es individi konkretuli adamiani araa, radgan yoveli individi Tavis enas ukve
Taurxatidan Seqmnilad iRebs. avtori ufro Rrma ganzogadebisaken midis: yvela drois
adamianSi `raRac mocemulia, rac masSi CanasaxSive dadgenilia da ganuwyvetliv
cocxlobs da is enis mediumSi mJRavndeba, rogorc samyaros xatis (suraTis) kerZo
Semqmneli Zala. es Taurfenomenia. mas xalxi dacemis Tu romelime netari eqstazis Jams
SeigrZnobs. `es SegrZneba zogjer fesvebSi ise midis, rom erTi madliT mosili pirovneba
sakuTar Tavs xalxis identurad aRiqvams. Sinagani msxverpliseuli TavganwirviT is
Semdeg brbos `me-Si gadaizrdeba.
am metaforis naTelsayofad grigol robaqiZe paganinis violinosac ixsenebs,
romelic im musikalur talRebs inaxavs, genialuri mevioline odesRac misgan rom
aJRerebda. amas Tu axerxebs xe, Tundac transcendenturad, `adamians, romelic sakuTar
Tavs srulad xalxs uZRvnis, SeuZlia uari Tqvas wminda saxalxo elementebis sakuTar
TavSi miRebasa da Senaxvaze? kiTxulobs mwerali. `hitleris fenomeni aqaa, sxvagvarad
arsad, _ dasZens igi.
rogorc vxedavT, Txzulebis mixedviT, adolf hitleri germaneli xalxis
Taurelementis (miTiuri realobis) gamomxatvelia, ris xorcSesxmasac mwerali amjerad
erT istoriul momentSi ganWvrets: 1919 wels germaniaSi diqtatura damyarda, germanelma
xalxma TiTqos Tavisi istoria SeaCera es monakveTi varskvlavisebur gaelvebas hgavda.
eri safrTxis winaSe konsolidirebulia. yoveli germaneli `axla sakuTar TavSi mxolod
erTs SeigrZnobs: rom is germanelia. masSi SigniT Rrmad Wriloba ixsneba, xalxis arseboba
safrTxeSia. mTel qveyanas erTiani talRa gadauvlis: tkivilis talRa... igi msgavsad
gadadis kacidan kacze, TiTqos eZebs erTs, romelic misi tkivilis gaxmovanebas marto
SeZlebda. es talRa poulobs rCeuls, Wabuk adolf hitlers, romelic misi mimRebi da
gamomxatvelia. amis dasturad gr. robaqiZes eCveneba 1914 wels omis gamocxadebis
mitingis fotosuraTi, sadac masis SuagulSi sruliad ucnobi axalgazrda moCans,
dafiqrebuli, daZabuli, Amor fati ki masze mZlevel gambedaobad aRbeWdila. is aq
Seupovrad dgas: sruli mzadyofna. igia, romelSic erTeulma talRam Tavisi Segnebuli
burji monaxa. am wams germanuli samyaro axal gardatexas Seudga. istoriam mogvianebiT
gaamJRavna usaxelos saxeli: adolf hitleri. aq striqonTa Soris mwerliseuli eWvic
gamokrTeba: pirvel msoflio omSi germanelTa marcxis tkiviliT axalgazrdobaSive
SeZruli adolf hitleri wlebis Semdeg msoflios ulmobel SurismaZieblad xom ar
moevlineboda? (am safrTxis fesvebi aRniSnul fotozec Cans).
imave fotosuraTidan avtorisaTvis ikveTeba adolf hitleris umTavresi
pirovnuli Strixi: TavganwirvisaTvis mzaoba. swored mis daxasiaTebas eZRvneba qveTavi
`Amor fati. `is msxverpluri Sinagani TavganwirviT aRsavsea, _ SeniSnavs mwerali da
swored msxverpls grZnobs hitleris xmaSi, romelic zogjer mgrZnobiare, zogjer
damuqrebuli, zogjer gamamxnevebeli da naTelia. Tavganwirvis gambedaoba ki ioli ar
gaxlavT, es gardatexis mxneobaa: genia cecxlisa, _ vkiTxulobT TxzulebaSi. amis
naTelyofisaTvis gr. robaqiZe ixsenebs saocar Tqmulebas: vinc erT Zvel xes cecxls
waukidebda, is ukanasknel (meored mosvlis) saidumlos ixilavda, oRond Tavad
aucileblad daiRupeboda. didi interesis miuxedavad, xis dawva veravis gaubedavs, garda
erTi kacisa, magram masac, mtanjveli saidumloTi anTebuls, es ramdenjerme ucdia,
Tumca amaod, xelebi ar damorCilebia. bolos, misi Zilisas, misgan damoukideblad, xes
lerwmis naperwklisagan cecxli mainc gasCenia, magram, imis miuxedavad, rom TviT kacs
safrTxe ukve aRar emuqreboda, is, Tavzardacemuli, instinqturad, mainc cecxlis
Casaqrobad mivardnila: mas ar eyo gambedaoba, ukanaskneli Jamis saidumlos, e. i.
yofierebis saidumlos ziareboda. `am gambedaobis gareSe ki ar arsebobs an wvdoma
idumalisa, an istoriuli gmiroba, _ Tvlis gr. robaqiZe da dasZens: luTeri an nicSe am
xes daufiqreblad gadaswvavdnen, `napoleonis didebuli mzera mudam am cecxlidan
gamodioda~, iseve, rogorc sxva adamianebisa, romlebic TavianT xalxSi amaRldnen. `yvela
isini cecxlis geniidan gamovidnen. robaqiZis dakvirvebiT, amgvari gambedaobiT
xasiaTdeba musolini, `Tavisi arsebis ukanasknel ujredamde sruliad uCveulodaa
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gaazrebuli am gambedaobiT Sepyrobili adolf hitleri. am fragmentis gacnobis Semdeg
kvlav kiTxva Cndeba: gana ar iyo mosalodneli, rom TviT sakuTari sicocxlis
uarmyofeli amgvari gambedaoba ukontrolo TavzexelaRebulobaSic gadazrdiliyo?
nuTu aqac hitleris pirovnebidan momdinare kidev erTi `safrTxe ar imaleboda?
am yovliswamlekavi gambedaobis magaliTad mwerals mohyavs gamaognebeli SemTxveva
oto ditrixis wignidan `hitlerTan erTad ZalauflebaSi: mZvinvare qariSxlisa da
uamindobis miuxedavad, 1932 wels adolf hitlers TviTmfrinaviT miunxenSi, mitingze
gamgzavreba ar gadaudia. is sruliadad mSvidad iyo maSinac, roca grigalSi frenisas misi
yvela Tanmxlebi piri SiSisagan kankalebda. `da mainc: grZnoba daculobisa CvenSi stiqiis
am Semotevisas. fiureris absoluturi simSvide yvela Cvengans gadaedeba, _ werda am
ambis TviTmxilveli ditrixi.
gr. robaqiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba hitleris gambedaobis gadamdebi zemoqmedeba:
`igi ar krTeba, xedavs ra saSinelebas. diax, naTelia: igi mas sZlevs. is sakuTar TavSi
Tavisi qveynis mTel majiscemas flobs. brma bedisweras aTvinierebs. saidan iRebs saTaves
hitleriseuli bedisweris momTvinierebeli gambedaoba, roca bediswerac ki mis
Sesaxvedrad modis? (Zlier pirovnebas xom Sinagani Widilis gadalaxva ZaluZs, es mis
arsebaSic Rrmadaa Canergili). am kiTxvaze pasuxs mwerali 1937 wels germaniaSi gamocemul
missave romanSi eZebs. `graalis mcvelni-s vrceli fragmenti adamis codviT dacemis
problemas eZRvneba. romanis gmiri Tavadi giorgi fiqrobs: dacemamde adam kadmoni
RmerTisagan uSualod (damoukideblad) cxovrobda. dacemis Semdeg man RmerTi Tavis
sawinaaRmdegod myofad aRmoaCina. man sagnebs Signidan gareT Sexeda, axla isini aRiqva,
rogorc obieqtebi. aq gaCnda kiTxva: rogor SemiZlia Sevicno raime, rac me Tavad ara var?
swored dacemis Semdeg SeiZina adamma calke `me (`TviToba, Sonderselbst), miiRo codna
yofierebaze: `axla is metad aRar aris Tavad yofiereba. samagierod, mwerlis azriT, amis
Sedegad kacobriobam dakarga ganuyofloba, romelsac swored cxoveli flobs. misi
dakvirvebiT, saidumlo swored esaa: amitom aRmerTebdnen cxovelebs, amitom gvjabnian
isini ZaliT. magram cxovels ara aqvs me, niSani RvTaebrivisa: is `me-s gareSea. Tumca mas
sakuTar TavSi RvTaebrivi yofierebis mTlianoba Semounaxavs. cxoveli garesamyaros
sinaTlis zRvasaviT iRebs: is obieqtebs ver xedavs. `Tu Tvals gadaaSorebs sinaTlis
zRvas, rogorc obieqtis sapirispiros, misi mzeris Zala umalve daimsxvreva. es dacemis
erTi saxe iqneboda. cxovelebis aRqmis samyaro misi zemoqmedebis samyaros Tanxvedria, _
SeniSnavs mwerali. warmosaxvis uunarobas cxoveli sagnis uSualo SexebiT cvlis, `is
obieqtSi iWreba. aqedan, misi saSineli magia. Tavisi SiSveli martooden gamoCeniT veluri
cxoveli cvlis atmosferos, romelic mis irgvlivaa. amgvarad, cxoveli RvTaebrivad
mTliania, yofierebaSi Sualeduri sivrcis gareSe. grigol robaqiZis miTiTebiT, adam
kadmoni erTdroulad cxovelic iyo da adamianic _ ganuyofeli _ RvTaebis wiaRSi. axla
ki adamiani naRvlobs Tavis dakargul naxevarze _ cxovelze.
aq isev Cndeba kiTxvebi: SemTxveviTia fiurerisadmi miZRvnil TxzulebaSi
cxoveliseul saSinel magiaze saubari? an ras unda niSnavdes fragmenti: `Tavisi SiSveli
martooden gamoCeniT cxoveli cvlis atmosferos, romelic mis irgvlivaa... is obieqtSi
iWreba? xom araa es Segnebuli Tu qvecnobieri paraleli reaqciasTan, masaSi hitleris
gamoCena rom iwvevda da xom ar imaleboda aq misi pirovnebidan momdinare kidev erTi
`safrTxe: fiureris cxoveliseuli veluri ukontroloba da yovlisgamanadgurebeli
Zliereba? sityvebi: `adamiani naRvlobs Tavis dakargul naxevarze _ cxovelze _ xom ar
gaxlavT aseve faruli miniSneba aRzevebuli beladis pirovnebaSi cxoveliseuli sawyisis
primatze? cnobilia, rom hitlers aRafrTovanebda Spengleris mier warmodgenili
germanelis marad meomruli tipi adamiani-mtacebeli cxovelisa (kveselava 1991: 366).
metic, is sakuTar Tavs mgels adarebda. faSisturi elita mas am zedmetsaxeliT
moixseniebda, rac fiurers Zalze moswonda. mTavari Stabebis saxelwodebadac mas `mglis
bunagi da `veluri mgeli SeurCevia. hitleris fenomenis mkvlevari rudolf augStaini
miuTiTebs: `hitleri idga zRvarze, sadac adamiani gadaiqceva agresiul vefxvad, velur
mglad (rozanovi 1991: 18). da kidev: gana damafiqrebeli araa robaqiZiseuli fraza:
`cxovels ara aqvs me, niSani RvTaebrivisa...
adolf hitleris fenomenis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblis analizs
eZRvneba Txzulebis qveTavi, romelsac Kairos hqvia. mwerlis ganmartebiT, `pirovnebas,
romelic mTeli arsebiT xalxis bedisweras emorCileba, TandaTan saCuqrad eZleva
wyaloba yofierebisa, Zveli berZnebi `Kairos-s rom uwodebdnen (`ese igi qmedebisas swori
momentis danaxvis (gartymis) unari, _ ganmartavs gr. robaqiZe). rac viwroa monakveTi,
miT Zlieria Kairos. is cxovelis SiSveli intuiciis msgavsia. mwerlis azriT, am
TvalsazrisiT qemal aTaTurqis cxovrebis gza fantastikurs esazRvreba. TiTqmis
yovelTvis sabediswero situaciaSi, sadac 90:10 mis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, is
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moulodnelad swor moments iWers da `saxifaTo zonaSi gamaogneblad beds Tavis
sasargeblod gadaRunavs. abisiniis omidan gamomdinare, amasve xedavs robaqiZe
musolinis pirovnebaSi. `gansakuTrebiT mravlad flobs am unars adolf hitleri, _
SeniSnavs mwerali (vfiqrobT, fiureris pirovnebidan momdinare `safrTxe Txzulebis am
monakveTSic aSkarad ikiTxeba). amis gamoxatulebad Tvlis gr. robaqiZe hitleris
ramdenime swraf, elvisebur warmatebas 1920-1938 wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs mis
gamosvlas sportis sasaxleSi (weli miTiTebuli araa). `yovel sityvaSi igrZnoboda, mas
omis Tavidan acileba surda. erTi molekula finjanze da Weqa-quxili umalve ganmuxtuli
Cans. kacobrioba SiSiT da locviT qvavdeba. rogorc vxedavT, mwerali realuri
mdgomareobiT Sinaganad SeSfoTebuli gaxldaT. is gansakuTrebul imedebs amyarebda
evropis oTxi wamyvani saxelmwifos meTauris: hitleris, musolinis, Cemberlenis, daladis
Sexvedraze _ `da mSvidoba da msoflio gadarCenilia, _ fiqrobs is. misi azriT, 99%-iT
SesaZlebeli iyo, ganxeTqileba ar momxdariyo, `fiureris SemTxvevaSi es sxvagvarad
moxda, _ dasZens Semdeg. aq igulisxmeba 1938 wlis 30 seqtembris Sexvedra miunxenSi,
hitleris `yavisfer sasaxleSi, germaniis, inglisis, safrangeTis, italiis umaRlesi
pirebi rom eswrebodnen. maTi xeldasmiT hitlers xsenebul qveynebze Tavdausxmelobis
pirobis sanacvlod Cexoslovakiis erTi nawili germaniisaTvis SemouerTebia (Tumca es
piroba maleve daurRvevia). miunxenis Sexvedra SemdgomSi politikuri axlomxedvelobis,
gamyidvelobisa da veragobis simbolodac miiCnies. CerCils is ase Seufasebia: `ingliss
arCevani unda gaekeTebina omsa da sircxvils Soris. misma ministrebma sircxvili airCies,
raTa Semdeg omi mieRoT (rozanovi 1991: 33).
hitleris pirovnuli idumalebis analizisaTvis robaqiZe `Cem brZolasac
mimarTavs da fiureris kidev erT gamorCeul Tvisebas gamoyofs: `yovel adamians gverdiT
mrCeveli hyavs, magram saboloo gadawyvetilebas kaci Tavad iRebs. mwerali germanul
sityvas Allein (marto) ase Slis: All (samyaro), Eins (erTi) da kiTxulobs: es erTis
samyarosTan yofnas xom ar niSnavs? pasuxi aseTia: `samyarosTan erTi rom iyo, yvelafers
zurgi unda Seaqcio (adolf hitleris es Tviseba misi usazRvro voluntarizmis
`safrTxesac xom ar malavda?).
germaniis winaSe pasuxismgebloba fiurers Tavadve ukisria: `diax, is
gadawyvetilebis winaSe dgas, _ wers robaqiZe, _ All-Ein, sadac All (samyaro) misi xalxis
Taurmdgens niSnavs. Cans, gadawyvetilebas igi pirveli iRebs, Tu is martod yofnis Jams am
TaurmdgeniT aRivseba. Sesabamisad, Txzulebis Semdegi Tavi swored Taurmdgenis
(Urheber) paradigmis ganmartebas eZRvneba: `idumalebiT aRvsilia raRac (Etwas), rac
Cndeba, viTarca xalxis Taurmdgeni. es Taurmdgenia pirvelgamCeni: magram ara TaobaTa an
modgmaTa Tanmimdevrobis gagebiT. igi zebiologiuri arsebaa, rac yovel CvenganSi
cocxlobs. `is Sinagani sulieri arsebis xmidan momdinareobs, _ ganmartavs mwerali da
dasZens: zepirovnulobis miuxedavad, is mainc konkretul pirovnebad gvevlineba.
paraleli isev saqarTvelos realobidanaa moxmobili: robaqiZis miTiTebiT,
qarTveli xalxis Taurmdgenis, kardhus=qarTlosis saflavi mcxeTaSia, TbilisTan axlos,
da is yovel wels daitireba. `Taurmdgenis geniis gareSe xalxi metad ar aris xalxi.
piriqiT, adamianTa grovaa, magram arasodes arseba, _ miuTiTebs mwerali. mas didi xnis
win gamqrali langobardebi axsendeba, Tumca xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi xSirad SexvdebiTo
adamians maTi rassiuli niSnebiT. aqve kavkasiis mcirericxovani xalxis _ udebis
magaliTicaa moxmobili, maTgan mxolod sami sofelia SemorCenili da `maTi moridebuli
siCume metafizikur sikvdils emsgavsebao, _ sevdianad daaskvnis avtori. mas swams, rom
naTelmxilvelis unariT dajildoebuli Semoqmedni erTi adamianis saxeSi xSirad
Sesabamis rassiul xats ganWvreten. ucnobi mxatvris mier Seqmnili uta fon naumburgis
saxe robaqiZes germanelebis Taurdedakacad (Crdilouri evas Taurxatad) esaxeba.
grigol robaqiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba Taurmdgensa da calkeuls (individs)
Soris asrebuli dramatizmiT aRsavse mudmivi daZabuloba, romelsac, misi azriT,
gansakuTrebiT naTlad Semoqmedi adamiani grZnobs. sayuradReboa robaqiZis postulati:
Taurmdgens ziarebuli adamiani orgvaria _ an msoflios gamaerTianebeli, an msoflios
gamanadgurebeli (mwerlis rwmeniT, vinc ver daZlevs Sinagan brZolas TaursawyisTan, is
mospobisTvisaa ganwiruli). vfiqrobT, mravlismTqmelia aseve avtoriseuli daskvna: `aq
vpoulob adolf hitleris fenomenis sayrden (centralur) wertils (nuTu `safrTxe
aqac aSkara araa?).
mwerali iziarebs frangi alfons de Satobrianis mosazrebas, romelmac hitlers
axali adamiani uwoda, yovel axal adamians axali msoflxatic moaqvs. robaqiZis
miTiTebiT, hitleris msoflxati ase aRiniSneba: `xalxis sasicocxlo energia, misi rassiT
ganpirobebuli. am mimarTebiT mwerlis msjeloba ukve rassis (=jiSis) ganmartebas
eZRvneba. `adrindeli kulturebi, romlebic yofierebaSi sakraluris dacvas
158
cdilobdnen, am ideiT daavadebulni arian, _ vkiTxulobT TxzulebaSi. magaliTi kvlav
qarTuli sinamdvilidanaa: Tu qarTvels vinmes Seuracxyofa surs, wyevlis: `Seni jiSi
amovardao (naTelia, rom rassis nacisturi da robaqiZiseuli gaazreba erTmaneTs ar
emTxveoda). mwerali sinanuliT SeniSnavs: Cven droSi Taurcodna rassis siwmindeze
ukvalodaa gamqrali. aq damowmebulia baron iulius evolas Sexeduleba: `kulturebi da
rassebi ara sisxlis meSveobiT aixsnebian, aramed sisxlis siZveliT (es is iulius evolaa,
romlis Sesaxeb umberto eko miuTiTebs: `termini `faSizmi yvelafers ergeba... daumateT
kelturi miTologiis kulti da graalis misticizmi (absoluturad ucxo oficialuri
faSizmisaTvis) da faSizmis erT-erT yvelaze pativsacem gurus, evolas, miiRebT (eko
2005: 182).
sisxlis fenomenze msjelobas eZRvneba `adolf hitleris qveTavi `saidumlo
kanoni, romlis mixedviT, `yvela drois aRmoCenebi sisxlis _ am `sruliad
gansakuTrebuli wvenis _ Sesaxebaa. es erTisadmi msxverplSewirvis ritualiT xerxdeba,
pirvelRvTaebriv energias Zalas rom matebs. amgvarad, is gansakuTrebul Tvisebas aRwevs,
rac, rogorc unari, kosmiurSi Carevad aRiniSneba. es unari ki Semdgom memkvidreobiT
STamomavlobaze gadadis: `eTerismagvari faqizi sxeuliT, romelic sakuTar TavSi sulis
gamocdilebas anabeWdiviT inaxavs. mwerali miuTiTebs, rom amas emyareba
pirvelkeTilSobilebis fenomeni, aseve, sisxlis jiSis, mkacri azri. Tumca, misive
mosazrebiT, mxolod jiSi sakmarisi araa, adamians `meore dabadebac sWirdeba (msgavs
Sexedulebas gr. robaqiZe imeorebs sicocxlis miwuruls daweril esseSi `qarTuli genia,
rokviT ganfenili). `sisxli da suli aq erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben. sisxlSi suli
formirebisaTvis ganviTarebul plazmas eZebs, sisxls ki msgavsadve enatreba suli, viT
SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena. Tumca keTilSobileba gadagvarebasac eqvemdebareba, sicruis
Tu sxva codvaTa gamo. mwerali amasac sisxlis saidumlod Tvlis da dasZens: es kanoni ara
mxolod individs, aramed rassebs, xalxebs, kulturebs exeba.
grigol robaqiZe Segnebulad aridebs Tavs adolf hitleris qristianobisadmi
damokidebulebis ganxilvas, Tumca miwieri Zalebis rwmenasTan mimarTebaze mainc
saubrobs. misi Tanadrouli qristianobis kriziss is swored miwieri Zalebis
ugulvebelyofas ukavSirebs. amis gareSe rwmena mxolod aRiarebad rCebao. am debulebis
ganmartebisaTvis mwerali isev imowmebs Tavisive gmiris, graalis mcvelis, giorgis
sityvebs: rwmena metia, vidre aRiareba. me Sevicnob sagans, amgvarad is CemTvis obieqtad
darCeba. mwams raime, is me metad aRar mipirispirdeba. SeyvarebulisaTvis mijnuri
sapirispiro araa: is misTvis ganumeorebeli saxea, romelSic sakuTar Tavs poulobs
(iqneb am sityvebiT avtori Sefarulad WeSmarit rwmenasTan dabrunebis aucileblobasac
qadagebda?).
esses ZiriTad postulatebs gr. robaqiZe erTgvarad ajamebs Semdegi fraziT:
`adolf hitleri qmnadobis (Werden) samyaroSi dgas _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi, germanelebis
xalxad CamoyalibebaSi _ viTarca miwieri Zalebis biZgis mimcemi. amasTan, is istoriuli
qmedebis mniSvnelobiT usazRvrodaa gamorCeuli. magaliTisaTvis mwerali `Cem
brZolaSi frangebis misamarTiT gamoTqmul avtoriseul Sefasebas ixsenebs, romelsac
germania-safrangeTis molaparakeba Seuferxebia. frangebs hitlerisaTvis `Cem brZolaSi
maTTvis uxerxuli adgilis Sesworeba uTxoviaT, razec fiurers uari ganucxadebia:
`koreqturas Cems sagareo politikaSi vatareb... me istoriis did wignSi koreqtura ar
Semaqvs. es pasuxi ucxoelebs Zalze moswonebiaT. gr. robaqiZis daskvna ki aseTia: `ase
Tqma SeuZlia adamians, romelsac istoria qmnis, magram is (istoria) ar wers.
samSoblos cnebasTan adolf hitleris mimarTebas eZRvneba nawarmoebis qveTavi
`mzis sasmeli, sadac CarTulia ambavi me-18 saukunis bolos samegrelodan TurqeTSi
monebad gayidul ori Wabukisa, egviptis pirmidebTan sxvaTa omSi rom daasrules
sicocxle. `samSoblo _ es misi cecxlovani gvirgvinia, _ paTetikurad wers fiurerze
gr. robaqiZe da, SesaZloa, aq misi emocia gulwrfelia. paTetika igrZnoba mwerliseul
SefasebaSi, sadac hitleri samSoblos gansaxierebadaa warmodgenili, rac, Tavis mxriv,
xalxzec aisaxa. misi Tanamedrove germanelebis fiurerisadmi damokidebulebis
gadmosacemad gr. robaqiZes gamouyenebia georg Sotis wigni `saxalxo wigni hitlerze,
saidanac SerCeul magaliTebSi ikveTeba imdroindeli germaniis mosaxleobis usazRvro
fanatizmi da rwmena axladmovlenili beladisadmi, msubuq ironiasac rom iwvevs: irkveva,
or axalgazrda mamakacs erTmaneTisaTvis uneblied erTnairi saCuqari _ hitleris
suraTi uCuqebia; germanel qals botanikosisagan specialurad Seutyvia da gauxarebia im
vardis jiSi, yovelwliurad 20 aprils (fiureris dabadebis dRes) rom ifurCqneboda da a.
S. aqve TviT mwerlis piradi STabeWdilebacaa gadmocemuli: berlinidan ienaSi
matarebliT mgzavrobisas, is, TbilisSi megobris sikvdiliT damwuxrebuli, fiureris
suraTiT rogor unugeSebia patara gogonas, dedas rom axlda.
159
gr. robaqiZe im did sulier zegavlenazec Cerdeba, adolf hitleri germanel
xalxze rom axdenda. `is xalxis energias formas aZlevs; amiT misi pirovnuli arsi
gviaxlovdeba. amas sakuTar TavSi Tavadac Rrmad SeigrZnobs. mwerals gavlenis
ormxrivobac ar aviwydeba: `man sami wlis manZilze germanel xalxs Zala misca...
germanelma xalxma, Tavis mxriv, mas misca Zala. man eri rwmenaSi ganamtkica. is imedovnebs,
rom axla eri mas ganamtkicebs rwmenaSi.
simboluri xasiaTisaa Txzulebis bolo Tavi `iggdrazilis wyaro ifnis marjvniv,
romelSic fiureris moRvaweobaa Sefasebuli: `adolf hitlerma didi germania Seqmna; is
misi suverenuli damfuZnebelia. misi istoriuli saqme jer kidev araa damTavrebuli.
istoria mis saxels ukve miTiurad sWedavs. aq grigol robaqiZes axsendeba Crdilouri
miTi iggdrazilis, cxen iggis, maradmwvane ifanze, saidanac cvari talerSi eSveba (xe
saocrad yvavis, wyaroebi CuxCuxeben, iqve ori gedi cxovrobs, xis kenweroSi ki irmebi
Sekrebilan). am ifans, msoflio xes, Tavad msoflios rom ganasaxierebs, mwerali simbolur
datvirTvas aniWebs: misgan istoriulad modian didi germaniis Semqmnelebi. `es xe adolf
hitleris sagvareulo xecaa, _ wers robaqiZe, `misi dinebis Zala momdinareobs wyarodan,
romelic msoflio ifans asazrdoebs. ase idiliurad mTavrdeba SemdgoSi skandalurad
qceuli Txzuleba `adolf hitleri, romlis avtori 1938 wels albaT bolomde verc
gaiazrebda, rom aRzevebuli germaneli fiureri oden `didi germaniis SeqmniT ar
dakmayofildeboda da misi samxedro avanturis masStabebi male mTel msoflios
gadaswvdeboda... hitleris `miTiuri saxe ki TandaTan gamoikveTa: msoflios av
bediswerad moevlina kaci, romlis sayvareli fraza yofila: `umaRlesi boroteba
umaRlesi sikeTis gamovlenacaa da, romelic, nicSes msgavsad, WeSmaritebas `sikeTisa da
borotebis miRma eZebda (kveselava 1991: 155). WeSmariteba ki misTvis `idealuri
nacional-socialisturi msoflios Seqmnis idea gaxldaT, romelsac, bunebrivia,
ganxorcieleba ar ewera.
samwuxarod, jerjerobiT ar viciT, rogor afasebda grigol robaqiZe hitleris
pirovnebas 1938-1939 wlebis Semdgom periodSi. ucxoeTSi dacul, 1947 wliT daTariRebul
`Cems aRsarebaSi mwerals `adolf hitleris Sesaxeb ganucxadebia: qarTul enaSi `cdasa
da `Secdomas erTi da igive Ziri aqvso (es cnoba germanel mkvlevars T. hoizermans
ekuTvnis). vfiqrobT, aq ori momenti ikveTeba: 1. robaqiZe `adolf hitlers `cdad
(essed), 2. hitleris pirovnebis imdroindel miseul gaazrebas ki Secdomad Tvlida. Tumca
unda gavixsenoT misi gamonaTqvamic: `vinc ar cdeba, igi Semoqmedi araa (`yazbegis
sakiTxi).
`adolf hitlers win uZRvis epigrafi: `odes sakuTar Tavs vuRrmavdebi, vxedav
wminda mTas, miriadobiT mamakaci kvlav CemTanaa da vval uSiSrad es bhagavat-gitas
sityvebia, romlebic, mwerlis TqmiT, hitlers kargad axasiaTebs. mTaze asvla
WeSmaritebis mwvervalze asvlis simboloa, rac meditacias, sulier amaRlebasa da
ganwmendis ideasac gulisxmobs. `mwvervalis, mTis, mistikur Sinaarss ganapirobebs
swored is, rom igia miwisa da cis SeerTebis adgili, am ori samyaros urTierTkavSirisa da,
imave dros, urTierTdapirispirebis gansxeuleba (reviSvili 1998: 153). nicSeseulia
fraza: `mwvervali da ufskruli erTad iqmna. Cans, 1938-1939 wlebSi didebis mwvervalze
myofi adolf hitleri swored am mijnaze idga da, warmatebebiT dabrmavebuli, ver
Wvretda mis momlodine uzarmazar ufskruls, romelmac is da misi garemocva maT
hipertrofirebul ideebTan erTad ramdenime weliwadSi STanTqa. samwuxarod, damxobilma
beladma 50 milioni adamianis sicocxlec Tan Caitana.
grigol robaqiZis `adolf hitleri, erTi ucxoeli poetis mier danaxuli swored
am gzagasayarze mdgomi germaneli fiureris iracionalur Sinagan xats warmoadgens,
romelic gaxlavT `arsis xati, nord-germanul sivrceSi danaxuli da ara realuri
pirovneba, Tavisi qmedebebiT, SecdomebiT, dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebiT. am `arsis
xatidan momavali safrTxeebis amokiTxvas momzadebuli mkiTxveli oden striqonebs
Soris Tu SeZlebda.

damowmebani:

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t. 2. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri, `lomisi, 2004.
eko 2005: eko u. maradiuli faSizmi. J. literatura da sxva. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2005.
kakabaZe 1992: kakabaZe n. grigol robaqiZis germanuli portreti. J. literatura da xelovneba,
5-6, Tb.: 1992.
kveselava 1991: kveselava m. asergasis dRe, w. 2. Tb.: kooperatiuli firma `didostati, 1991.
reviSvili 1998: reviSvili m. mTis simbolika da basil meliqiSvilis proza. kreb. mieZRvna
aleqsandre orbelianis xsovnas. meore samecniero konferencia. Tb.: `lomisi, 1998.
160
rozanovi 1991: rozanovi g.l. stalini. hitleri. 1939-1941 wlebis sabWoTa kavSirisa da
germaniis diplomatiur urTierTobaTa dokumenturi narkvevi. moskovi: gamomcemloba
`misl, 1991 (rusul enaze).
xelaia 1986: xelaia m. qarTuli literaturuli esse. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani, 1986.

Manana Kvataia

This Scandalous Adolf Hitler

Summary

The work is dedicated to Grigol Robakidzes writing Adolf Hitler, Seen by the One Poreign Foet, which
has been forbidden for many years and under his directions, written by the emigrated writer in 1938 and
published in 1939 in Germany. Along with the temporary success this writing brought to the author a lot of
troubles.
Presented work is not aimed to appraise this writing in a positive or negative context. Authors subject of
interest is the essayistic portrait of the German fiurer, which became the fate of the twentieth century, created by
G. Robakidze that from his point of view is valuable and actual nowadays. Besides, the complex phenomenon of
Hitler is intensively studied. Thus G. Robakidzes interest in Hitlers personality is not accidental. It is natural
that the writer of such creative style and manner couldnt escape from appraisal of person which had indefinite
influence and power. And this was not considered at all as Hitlerianizm.
Also is important the date, the story was written: 1938 year which was at the same time the year of Adolf
Hitlers elevation (In 1938 the Times nominated Hitler as The Man of the Year). Seemingly, by that time
oncoming danger hadnt been realized by the world. Its possible that G. Robakidze somehow joined general
panegyristic wave, motivating to create this writing. Though it isnt excepted that long essay Adolf Hitler had
been ordered by the concerned circles of that period of Germany, who knew perfectly well creative mastership of
constrainedly emigrated Georgian writer.
Today G. Robakidzes Adolf Hitler must be examined as the endeavour to reveal the secret of the
German fiurers charisma of that time and the authors early interpretation of his irrational mystic phenomenon.
What kind of person was Hitler in the heyday of fame? Who was he: the person chosen by the Lord or the evil
genius whose aim was to punish mankind, the hero or the swashbuckling adventurer? Along with the historic
facts, the clue of this secret is in Hitlers personality, and the answers to these global questions are also offered in
Robakidzes writing. For definite reasons, veritable conception may be found among the lines.
161
Tvalsazrisi



giorgi kankava

Cveni, humanitarTa, `korpusis~ mdgomareobis gamo

es statia 2005 wlis saliteraturaTmcodneo produqciis sainstituto
yovelwliuri mimoxilvis Sedegia. viyavi ra momxsenebeli axali qarTuli literaturis
ganyofilebis mxridan, institutis maSindelma direqciam faqtiurad sajarod damavala
mec gamomeTqva Tvalsazrisi manana yifianis statiaze `vaJa fSavelas religiuri
mrwamsisaTvis~ (`literaturuli Ziebani~, 2005), radgan statiam araerTmniSvnelovani
rezonansi da vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia. Tavad Jurnalis redaqcia specialuri minaweriT
sajarod gaemijna gamoTqmul mosazrebebs da Sefasebebs vaJasTan mimarTebaSi. aseve
kolegam, mariam niniZem SeniSna, rom me mmarTebda 2005 wels gamocemul mis wignze da ara
mxolod saJurnalo statiaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. am statiis daweriT vasruleb
orive mTxovneli mxaris survils da madlobas vuxdi maT am davalebisTvis, radgan CemTvis
piradad is aRmoCnda saintereso da mniSvnelovani gamocdilebis momtani. mimaCnia, rom am
kerZo SemTxvevebis miRma davinaxe Cvenive sadReiso mdgomareoba _ humanitaruli
mecnierebisa, rasac piruTvnelad gavuziareb kolegebs da farTo sazogadoebas.
raTa mkiTxveli ar daibnes, imasac SevniSnav, rom marTalia es statia maleve daiwera,
mxolod axla qveyndeba da me angariSi gavuwie im cvlilebebs, romlebsac adgili hqonda
Cvens garSemo.
aseve muSaobis procesSi CemTvis mosaxerxebeli aRmoCnda m. yifianis statiis
citireba wignidan da ara Jurnalidan.

I

m. yifianis statiaze werisas me ar Seval vaJas mimarT aq gamoTqmul `SefasebebTan~
polemikaSi, rac, martivad rom vTqvaT, gamowveulia imiT, rom avtori ar dgas saTanado
codnis simaRleze. samagierod, statiis avtors Tavisi ara erTi oponenti kolegisagan
gansxvavebiT, zustad esmis `aluda qeTelauris~ SeuTavsebloba qristianul-saeklesio
dogmatikis siwmindis dacvasTan mimarTebaSi. m. yifians Tavisi es pozicia
Tanmimdevrulad rom gaetarebina, ar miiCnevda vaJasave leqss `fSavelis simRera~
`sarwmunoebrivi kategoriebiT moazrovned~ (yifiani 2006: 22): `qveynisgan SaCvenebulma
bina davkargo caSia~; qristianul-saeklesiod Tanmimdevruli, uzado azrTa wyoba,
gnebavT marTlmadidebluri, gnebavT kaTolikuri, amgvarad ar azrovnebs, radgan vin sad
moxvdeba sikvdilis Semdeg, amas `qveyana~ ar ganagebs, romelic upiratesad `sacduria~,
`eSmakisaa~. samagierod es axlos dgas TergdaleulobasTan, sadac qveynis samsaxuri
umTavresi mcnebaa! gavixsenoT gabros damrigeblis, idealuri moZRvris, mRvdlis
sityvebi: `roca mze amodis, maSin varskvlavebi aRar Canano~. sakmarisia xazi gavusvaT im
garemoebas, rom Cveni realisturi literaturis am erT fuZemdeblur teqstSi RvTis
qristianuli simbolo mzea gamoyenebuli, magram amave dros sekularizebulia
religiuri Sinaarsi Canacvlebulia saeroTi eris, qveynis samsaxuris uzenaesobis
motiviT.
statiis avtoris ZiriTadi ideebi, saqmes wynarad, uadgilo vnebaTaRelvis gareSe
rom SevxedoT, am pasaJSia Tavmoyrili: `vaJas religiur mrwamsze am sxvadasxva
mimarTulebebis wignebis kiTxvam Rrma kvali daamCnia. tradiciuli marTlmadidebluri
azrovneba ekumenisturma Secvala. humanisturma ideebma Zala gamoacala poetis
sarwmunoebriv SemarTebas da WeSmaritebis Semecnebis kalapotidan amoagdo. poema
`aluda qeTelauri~ amis aSkara dasturia. aludasa da berdias SerkinebaSi namdvili
sarwmunoebrivi davaa~ (yifiani 2006: 24).
Cven srulad veTanxmebiT avtors, rom aludas pozicia sityviTac da saqmiTac, aris
qristianobis erTi mTavari dogmatis naTlobis uaryofa (yifiani 2006: 24), rac
eklesiisave azrTa wyobis mixedviT pirdapir safrTxes uqmnis `sulis cxonebas~.
m. yifiani aqtiurad upirispirebs berdias saxes aludasas, rogorc eklesiurad
misaRebs. ar iyvnen marTalni is kolegebi, vinc uTiTebdnen, rom am konfliqtis
`sarwmunoebriv davad~ warmodgena ara marTlazomieria, radgan sakuTriv kuratis
Sewirvac araeklesiuri wesiao. kuratis Sewirva mxolod realisturi detalia poemisa,
162
mxatvruli damajereblobisTvis gaRebuli aucilebeli `xarkia~, magram TviT mxatvruli
CanafiqriT, konkretulad am epizodSi, berdia sworedac rom Tanmimdevrulia
qristianuli dogmatikis dacvaSi, radgan aludasTan dapirispirebaSi mkafiod icavs
naTlobis kavSirs sulis cxonebasTan. faqtiurad, m. yifians sasurvelad miaCnia, rom
berdia yofiliyo poemis centraluri personaJi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misTvis swored isaa
erTaderTi namdvili gmiri poemaSi: `is suliskveTeba, riTac igi icavs sarwmunoebas,
morwmune adamianisTvis absoluturad misaRebi da mxardasaWeria. berdias saxe
mxatvrulad Zalzed Zlieria~ (yifiani 2006: 26). xolo `eSmakiseuli ideiT Sepyrobili~
aluda Turme sulierad mokvda. yovel arCevans aqvs Tavisi obieqturi Sedegi. samecniero
eqsperimentis saxiT warmovidginoT, rom azrTa im wyobam, romlis demonstrirebas axdens
gaanalizebuli statia, `gaimarjva~ da Tanmimdevrulad gatarda cxovrebaSi. ra Sedegi
eqneba amas vaJas poemisaTvis `aluda qeTelauri~ da imaTTvis, visac es poema gviRirs? Tu
statiis avtoris mier poemis namdvil gmirad aRiarebul berdias vaqcevdiT poemis
centralur personaJad `aluda qeTelauris~ nacvlad, miviRebdiT poemas `berdia~,
uzados qristianul-saeklesio dogmatikasTan mimarTebaSi.
magram Cvenma da zogadad qristianuli samyaros literaturis istoriam icis msgavsi
xasiaTis literaturis arseboba _ esaa qristianuli Suasaukuneebis saeklesio
literatura, uzado missave dogmatikasTan mimarTebaSi.
swored agiografiuli literaturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli centralur
konfliqtad wamoweva `sarwmunoebrivi davisa~ da wmindanis mier tanjvis miRebis da
TavSewirvis Temebisa qristianul-saeklesio rwmenis siwmindis xelyofis mcdelobasTan
dapirispirebaSi. acnobierebda amas statiis avtori Tu ara, naTelia, rom mas swored es
centraluri motivi, konfliqti eklesiurad marTlzomieri Suasaukuneebis
literaturisa magaliTad edga Tvalwin poemis Sefasebisas. magram, amave dros, aranairi
kritikuli, kulturologiuri samecniero refleqsiis kvali ar Cans statiaSi im
garemoebis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad gamarTlebulia axali drois saero literatura
Seafaso V-X saukuneebis saeklesio Txzulebis normebiT da standartebiT. es m. yifianisve
profesiis upirvelesi moTxovnaa. man Tavisi statia miitana samecniero JurnalSi (SeeZlo
sxvagan daebeWda) da Tanmimdevruloba moiTxovda, Tundac daesva es problema.
statiaSi gamovlenil azrTa wyobis cxovrebaSi Tanmimdevrulad gatarebis
SemTxvevaSi Cven vkargavT poemas `aluda qeTelauri~ V-X saukunis Cvenive agiografiuli
literaturis yaidis Txzulebis SeZenis sanacvlod. aseTia amgvari `moTxovnis~ ueWveli
fasi, magram davarqmevdiT ki Cven, visac es poema gviyvars, msgavs moTxovnas `sulis
cxonebasTan~ saerTos mqoned?
gavafarTovoT Zebnis diapazoni da kvlav miTmarToT `glaxis naambobs~, romelSic
idealuri personaJi, mRvdeli, moZRvravs Tavis mowafes: `xom unda movkvde dResa Tu
xvale, is ara sjobia RvTisa da... getyvi exla ki, kacis samsaxurSi (mRvdeli gawiTlda)
amomivides suli!.. aq saxeli mainc dagrCeba da iq sikeTe wagiZRveba, `sjobs saxelisa
moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~, Cemo kargo! saxelis moxveWa kidev, sxvam rac unda sTqvas,
cxonebaa sulisa~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 171). amaze mkafiod humanisturi motivis gamoTqma
`sulis cxonebasTan~ mimarTebaSi `oqros xanis~ humanisturi paTosis Sig CarTviT Zneli
warmosadgenia. kacis samsaxuri gaTanabrebulia RvTis samsaxurTan da sulis cxonebis
safuZvelia, rogorc vaJas aRniSnul leqsSi. amrigad, eklesiuri sulis cxonebis msgavsi
interpretacia damaxasiaTebelia axali qarTuli literaturisaTvis: esec moviSoroT?!
kulturis da saeklesio marTlzomierebis rTuli damokidebuleba cnobilia.
savaranolas qadagebis zegavleniT botiCelim sakuTari xeliT sakuTarive tiloebi dawva,
xolo gogolma _ msgavsi ganwyobilebebis moZalebiT `mkvdari sulebis~ meore nawili.
Cvens SemTxvevaSic iqneba mosaxleobis iseTi nawili, romelic am moTxovnas normalurad
CaTvlis, magram ueWvelad gamoCndeba mosaxleobis meore nawili, romelic am danakargs ar
Seurigdeba. maSin ra vqnaT, daviyoT orad mosaxleobis is nawili, vinc mxolod Wama-smas
ar aris gadayolili da samoqalaqo omi gavmarToT? nu gaacinebT mters Cvenzedao, _
mogvmarTavs winapris Txovnac da gonieri Segonebac; Tumca araerTxel ki gavmxdarvarT
CvenSi msgavsi Sida dapirispirebis mowmeni mkafio politikuri elferiTac! roca
sazogadoebrivi mSvidoba ase advilad iwireba dapirispirebisTvis, Cvens amRvreul wyalSi
Tevzs yovelTvis sxvebi iWeren.
zemoxsenebul saliteraturo `vnebaTaRelvaSi~ miniaturulad asaxulia msgavsi
mRvrie dapirispirebani sazogadoebriv asparezze imave TvisebebiT: Camcxrali konfliqti
xelaxla Rvivdeba imave mkvdari wertilidan, TiTqos pirvelad xdebodes; amgvarad
process `daWkvianebis~, WeSmaritebis mSobiarobis, codnis, gamocdilebis dagrovebisa
araferi scxia. swored amiTaa simptomaturi da saintereso `vnebaTaRelva~, romelic am
statiam gamoiwvia. Tavad statia dawerilia literaturaTmcodneobis, kulturologiis
163
ZiriTadi principebis ucodinarobiT. magram is rom igi savnebaTaRelvo gaxda samecniero
wreebSi, saintereso da sayuradRebo daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas maZlevs Cvenive,
humanitaruli mecnierebis, mecnierTa korpusis sadReiso viTarebis Sesaxeb.
saqme is aris, rom sakiTxi CvenSi humanisturi kulturis akvnis, `oqros xanis~
sakulturo da politikuri miRwevebis analizi srulfasovnad aqvT gakeTebuli n. naTaZes
(naTaZe 1974) da iv. javaxiSvils (javaxiSvili 1983). aq ZiriTad samecniero da
kulturologiur principad gamoyenebulia sekularizaciis istoriuli movlenis
dasaxeleba `oqros xanis~ ZiriTadi miRwevebis maformirebel faqtorad; msgavs process
Semdgom hqonda adgili dasavleT evropis XIV-XV gvian SuasaukuneebSi (es gaarkvia
hoizingam) da, cxadia, gacilebiT srulad amas adgili hqonda XIV-XVI saukuneebis
italiuri renesansis xanaSi, romelic axal dros udebs safuZvels dasavleT evropaSi. am
principebis gadmosaxedidan mecnierebis mxridan statiasTan sadavo araferia. es
ukanaskneli Tavs Tavad `ayenebs~ mecnierebis miRma, roca humanitaruli mecnierebis
fuZemdebluri principebis ignorirebas eweva nacvlad maTi kritikulad gaazrebisa,
xolo martivi ignorireba samecniero xerxebs ar miekuTvneba. garda amisa, Tvalsazrisi,
rom aluda arRvevs eklesiur dogmatikas da amitom isjeba, ukve gamoTqmulia qarTul
litmcodneobaSi (kiknaZe 1978: 159) da statiis avtors marTebda misi damowmeba. aqedan
gamomdinare, statia ar akmayofilebs fuZemdeblur samecniero kriteriumebs, normebs da
araTu `vnebaTaRelvas~ samecniero wreebSi, samecniero JurnalSi dabeWdvas ar
imsaxurebda, radgan sxva profilisaa; arc samecniero (kritikis, literaturis istoriis,
zogad kulturologiuri sakiTxebi) interesebis matarebelia da arc misi anbanuri
meTodebis gamomyenebeli. magram faqtia, rom erTsac hqonda adgili da meoresac. es
metyvelebs, rom Tavad am `diskusiasac~ metad susti kavSiri hqonia am fuZemdeblur
principebTan sakuTarive disciplinisa. marTlac, Tu vinme mova da gvetyvis, rom 2X2=5,
CavebmebiT masTan `diskusiaSi~, gaxdeba igi `vnebaTaRelvis~ sababi? ara, cxadia, radgan
2X2=4 aris anbanuri WeSmariteba, romelsac viyenebT yoveldRiurobaSi. Sesabamisad,
aseTive organulobiT rom gvqonoda Sesisxlxorcebuli Cvenive mecnierebis sadReiso
codnis donis ganmapirobebeli miRwevebi, cxadia, vnebaTaRelvis sagnad aRniSnuli statia
ar iqceoda. metic, igi ar daibeWdeboda samecniero JurnalSi, rogorc Cvenive
humanitaruli mecnierebis sadReiso ganviTarebasTan SesatyvisobaSi armyofi.
sekularizaciis Tema faqizi Temaa. Cven mxolod utyuarad gavadevneT Tvali, Tu ra
Sedegebi mohyveboda statiaSi gamoTqmul azrTa wyobis ganxorcielebas, ra Sedegebi
mohyveboda erovnuli kulturisTvis. zogadad, Tu ar moiZebna gamamTelebeli xidi
mxareebisa, Tu ar moxerxda xSirad dacinvis, cinikuri damokidebulebebis Canacvleba
principuli diskusiiT, ver veRirsebiT samoqalaqo mSvidobas da Tevzs Cvens wyalSi
sxvebs davaWerinebT.
dialogis warmarTva SesaZlebelia mxolod swor principebze, romlis gamomuSaveba
pirdapiri valia humanitaruli mecnierebisa farTo sazogadoebriobis winaSe. risTvisaa
mecniereba, imisTvis, rogorc es esmiT sabWouri xanis cnobil komediaSi `udiplomo
sasiZo~ Tu rogorc es esmis axali drois filosofiis erT damwyebs _ `codna _ Zalaa~?
aRwerili viTarebidan gamomdinare, saWirod mimaCnia am sakiTxis istorias mivubrunde
CvenSi.
istoriulad pirveli teqsti, romelic mecnierebis da xelovnebis (realizmi)
praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis, funqciis sakiTxs specialurad arkvevs, Cveni
`saqarTvelom moambezed~ aris da 60-ianebis, Tergdaleulobis, saprogramo,
saxelmZRvanelo dokumentia. movusminoT avtors: `ra aaxlebs, ra scvlis _ da Tu
cxovreba janmrTelia ras mihyavs wina? codnas, mecnierebasa, romelnic TviTve
cxovrebis nayofnia~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 41). imowmebs `ra Cveni droebis filosofoss~, avtori
agrZelebs: `am ... Zlier marTal SedarebaSi mSvenivrad aris gamoTqmuli damokidebuleba
cxovrebisa cnobierebazed da mecnierebazed. Cven SevecdebiT ufro gadavaadviloT am
damokidebulebis gageba~... `Cveni survili iyo, rom gveCvenebina ara maTi (mecnierebis da
xelovnebis g. k.) sruli arsebiTi viTareba, ... aramed marto maTi daniSnuleba, e. i. rom
igini, .... arian mxolod RonisZiebani, romelic gviSvelian cxovrebis sibnelidan
sinaTleSi gamoyvanas~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 48).
aq sxva araferia `axali~, Tu ara qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis mier
istoriulad axali drois damwyebi amayi suliskveTebis aTviseba _ `codna _ Zalaa~.
Turme, is xalxi, vinc `zrdas~, `winsvlas~ anu progress ar eqvemdebareba, `miCanCalebs
samarisken~. zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare, faqtia, rom TviT samecniero korpusi
vavlenT sust kavSirs Cvenive profesiis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis ganmmartavi
istoriuli teqstis sakvanZo ideebTan, zogad suliskveTebasTan. magliTad, arcTu
iSviaTad vismendi aseT gamonaTqvamebsac Cvensave wreebSi: es Semogdebuli, mavne Temaa,
164
amaze weris dro axla ar aris da a. S. am logikiT `kacia-adamianis~, `pasuxis~ daweris dro
jer ar damdgara! da vis evaleba sazogadoebisTvis misive problemebis gaTvalsaCinoeba
da gankurnebis `RonisZiebebis~ dasaxva, Tu ara Cven, `humanitarebs~? SesaZloa sityvas
yuri SevaCvieT, magram `human~ adamians niSnavs da ra mdgomareobaSia qarTveli adamiani,
misi cxovreba?!
2005 wlis produqciis ganmxilvel sainstituto sxdomaze l. bregaZem sagangebod
SeniSna kolegebis mier erTmaneTis naSromTa citirebis dabal kulturaze, rac
samecniero procesis wamaxalisebeli faqtori sulac ar aris. sadac ukanono miTviseba
xdeba produqciisa, iq Sromis nayofiereba, motivacia ecema, eTikur moments Tavi rom
davaneboT. rogorc wesi, feodalur yaidaze vizomavT nakveTs (TiTqos sabostne iyos),
vdgamT safrTxobelas da zed vefarebiT. da Tu CvenSi, humanitar mecnierTa korpusSia
msgavsi viTareba, ra unda vTqvaT farTo sazogadoebaze, adamianebze, visac vWvretT
xolme institutis (Tu universitetis) fanjrebidan? Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi Sida
dapirispirebani, `vnebaTaRelvani~ sxvadasxva sajaro sferoSi erT adgils tkepnis, xolo
Cveni cxovreba `miCanCalebs~, radgan procesi `daWkvianebas~ ar eqvemdebareba.
ucxoeTSi `gulisa da tvinis asamoZraveblad~ wasuli mgzavris `axali saTqmeli~ da
moxeves Zveli `gulistkivili~ Cans jer ar moxvedria erTmaneTs saTanadod. gavixseneb
bolo xans momxdar movlenebTan dakavSirebul Civilebs, rom dagvSales, dagvasoroses,
qarTuli suli Cakles da a. S. Tu gvSlian, gverevian ise Cvenive uunarobiT sazogadoebis
realur problemebs SevewioT kompetenciis Sesatyvisad! xalxi Tavis monagar `wlis
mosavals~ swored amisTvis gviwiladebs da ara imitom, rom sasiqadulo mecnieris CaCze
mTxvevis SesaZlebloba mieces. batonymoba gadavarda da damoukidebel saxelmwifos
vaSenebT. da Tu SeveweodiT, farTo sazogadoebriobas mecniereba fufunebaSi (diplomSi)
aRar aereoda da dagvicavda kbilebiT, rogorc misive cxovrebis sibnelidan sinaTleSi
gamomyvani Zalis, `RonisZiebebis~, kompetenciis mqone Rirebul socialur fenas!
gulSi mjiRs rom virtyamT keTili survilebis anabarad, ras viTxovT, `mteri~ iyos
`moyvare~? 2X2 iyo 4 da 5 erTdroulad? amgvari azrTa wyobiT vis gaumarjvnia? msgavsi
usasooba moyvares acdunebs Segvylapos. RmerTma daifaros, qarTul suls ufro unariani
damcvelebi daelios!
statiis garSemo warmoqmnilma vnebaTaRelvam gamoavlina Cveni, humanitarTa
korpusis, saxifaTo viTareba: metad sustad varT dakavSirebulni humanitaruli
mecnierebis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis ganmmartav istoriul, saprogramo teqstebTan,
aseve misi sadReiso ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrav qarTulive mecnierebis miRwevebTan da
zogad samecniero fuZemdeblur principebTan. Sedegad iqmneba TviT samecniero
korpusisTvis, mecnierebis perspeqtivisTvis sabediswero viTareba: misi susti kavSiri
farTo sazogadoebasTan, romelsac ar esmis mkafiod, Tu ra aris mecnierebis
mniSvneloba, funqcia misive cxovrebisTvis.


II

2005 wels m. niniZis wigni `mxatvrul saxeTa sistema da religiuri diskursi
`oTaraanT qvrivSi~ hgavs m. yifianis statias ZiriTadi suliskveTebiT. misTvis
legitimuria mxolod eklesiur-marTlmadideblur azrTa wyoba. amasTan erTad, aris
arsebiTi gansxvavebac. Tumca m. yifiani samecniero pretenzias cxadad arc afiqsirebs
statiaSi, igi swored kiTxulobs axali drois teqstis SeuTavseblobas saeklesio
azrovnebis marTlzomierebasTan; m. niniZes aqvs obieqturi, samecniero,
saxismetyvelebiTi kvlevis pretenzia, romelmac calsaxad da mkafiod unda gvamcnos
Txzulebis avtoris pozicia, Txzulebis `gasaSinjavi wertili~ (niniZe 2005: 3; 5). amasTan
wignis avtori axalive drois teqsts ganixilavs, rogorc es Seesabameba agiografiul,
zogadad, V-X saukuneebis saeklesio literaturas _ uzados marTlmadideblur-
saeklesio swavlebis normebTan mimarTebaSi. misi azriT, zogadad ilias SemoqmedebaSi da,
kerZod, `oTaranT qvrivSi~ mTavaria religiuri diskursi marTlmadidebluri
qristianobisa da ara erovnuli da socialuri problematika (niniZe 2005: 5). amasTan
aranairi kritikuli refleqsia teqstis Tavisi warmoqmnis istoriuli garemodan ufro
adrindel periodSi `gadanergvaze~ wignSi ara Cans; STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom
literaturis istoriis TviT am problemis cnobierebac ara aqvs avtors. aseve sityviTac
ver vnaxavT ilialogiis tradiciul cnebebs Tergdaleuloba, realizmi, erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba da sxva. SeiZleba samecniero tradicia tyuis, magram
swored samecniero pretenziis qonis gamo m. niniZes marTebda amisi dasabuTeba da
sakuTari Tvalsazrisis mis `nangrevebze~ Seneba.
165
Tumca SevniSnav, rom Tavisebur gamoxmaurebas am Temaze aqvs adgili wignSi. avtors
ar moswonebia Cemi TanaavtorobiT gamocemuli wignis statiebis Tematika (niniZe 2005:
111-112). pasuxad SemiZlia mxolod vurCio m. niniZes, kidev erTxel waikiTxos es statiebi,
radgan Cemi brali ar aris, Tu mas `axali drois miRwevebis aTviseba~ venaxis axleburad
gaSeneba hgonia; me iq mkafiod miweria, ra Sinaarss vdeb (da ara marto me!) am cnebaSi. aqve
avtori zogadi Sesavalis saxiT wers: `sul ufro xSirdeba literaturuli nawarmoebebis
kvleva sxvadasxva aspeqtebiT, magaliTad, socialur-politikuriT~-o. ramdenadac
maxsovs, am `aspeqtebiT~ ilias ikvlevdnen ilialogiis damfuZnebelni k. abaSiZe, n.
nikolaZe, arC. jorjaZe, p. ingoroyva... da Tu sworad maxsovs, ra SuaSia `sul ufro
xSirdebao~, roca sul ufro xSirdeba ilias agiografad warmomdgeni Sromebi! ra saWiroa
anbanuri faqtebis yiraze dayeneba?! an iqneb avtors alalad hgonia, rom ilialogia misi
SromebiT iwyeba?
magram iqneb sakuTriv moTxrobis saxismetyvelebiTi analizi marTlac gvaZlevs
saSualebas misi `gasaSinjavi wertili~ m. niniZiseulad ganvmartoT? moviyvanoT m.
niniZiseuli gamonaTqvamebi amis Taobaze: `rac yvelaze mTavaria, qristianuli
Rirebulebebis gadasaxedidan aris danaxuli, rogorc gmirTa saxeebi da maTi codva-
madli, ise moTxrobis mTavari problema _ adamianTa gulebSi gabatonebuli ampartavneba,
gulgriloba, urTierTgaucxoveba da usiyvaruloba. amao moZRvrebaTa ganmsWvaluli am
senTagan Tavis daRwevis gzac _ cremliani sinanuli~ (niniZe 2005: 100). igives wers avtori
sxvaganac (gv.: 4; 78).
amrigad, `sinanulis cremlis~ saxe, m. niniZis mixedviT, gamoavlens avtoris
pozicias, Txzulebis `gasaSinjav wertilis~ ZiriTad saTqmels anu es saxe yofila
Txzulebis mxatvrul saxeTa sistemis ZiriTadi metafora, simbolo. magram saqme is aris,
rom aseT saxes fizikurad ver movZebniT teqstSi, xolo rogorc wesi, teqstis simbolos
funqcias ramdenimegzis ganmeorebuli xati asrulebs xolme. samagierod, XX TavSi
`dasawyisi ganTiadisa~ gvaqvs `cremliani codnis~ saxe. XX Tavis am saxis da niniZiseuli
`sinanulis cremlis~ saxis Sepirispirebis safuZvels Tavad wignis avtoris sityvebi
gvaZlevs: `gvariSvilobis cxra klitiT daketili amgvari gulebis gaTavisufleba da
ganwmenda SeuZlia sinanulis cremls, romelic `gabevrdeba, mdinare wylad iqceva da
mTels tivs moitans, rom... Catexili xidi gaamTelos~ (niniZe 2005: 78). saqme is aris, rom
exlaxan citirebul XX TavSi es funqcia iliam pirdapir daakisra `cremliani codnis~,
`cremliani codnis Tu codniani cremlis~ saxes, da ra uflebiT ereva m. niniZe
originalur teqstSi amgvarad upirobod, yovelgvari refleqsiis gareSe rom cvlis
teqstiseul xats sxva xatiT da amaze agebs `saxismetyvelebiT~, `obieqtur~, `kritikul~
analizebs! es sxva araferia, Tu ara samecniero samuSaos gamomricxveli originaluri
teqstis falsifikacia sasurveli Tvalsazrisis misTvis xelovnurad miweris mizniT!
magram iqneb mainc SesaZlebelia teqstiseuli `cremliani codnis~ saxis
interpretireba qristianuli saeklesio mcnebis gamomxatveli sinanulis cremlis
niniZiseuli xatiT TviT teqstis avTenturobis, sakuTari bunebis daurRvevlad?
XX Tavs _ `dasawyisi ganTiadisa~ _ aqvs kaTarzisis momtani `cremliani codnis~
Setyobinebis funqcia: `maS, sTqvi Tumca tkiviliT sWri, magram amebiT hkerav kidec,
sTqvi!~ `sTqvis!~-is orjer ganmeorebis, `tkivilis~ da `amebis~ dapirispirebis
stilisturi figurebiT xazi esmeva, rom saqme gvaqvs dramatul codnasTan Cveni
saWiroboroto viTarebisa da misi morCenis Sesaxeb. am viTarebas emsxverpla zneobiT
sruli personaJi. Tu pasaJis dasawyisSi TviTSemecnebis tkiviliT SeZruli keso tiris
(`kesom tirili daiwyo~), misi finaluri `cremliani codna~ `sixarulis~ momtania (`da-
Zmani erTmaneTs sixaruliT gadaexvivnen~). faqtiurad tragikuli ambavi imisTvisaa
moTxrobili, raTa arCils am codnis formulirebis da CvenTvis Setyobinebis safuZveli
mieces. moTxrobaSi amis unari marto mas aqvs, radgan rogorc Tergis wyalis
gemogasinjuls erTaderTs aqvs `wignis~ codna, is `durbindi~, romelic glexobas ara
aqvs.
analizi aCvenebs, rom am pasaJSi, kesos atirebidan cremliani codnis
formulirebamde cremlis saxe Tavisi variaciebiT (tirili, davitanje, tkivili...)
mkacrad, calsaxad CarTulia sityva `codnis~ da masTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelobaTa
velSi. kerZod, igi ganicdis metamorfozas kesos fizikuri cremlidan `cremliani
codnis~ XX Tavis da mTlianad saxeTa sistemis simbolomde.
marTlac, imis mere, rac vxedavT kesos TviTSemecnebis cremlebs, vigebT, rom
`cremli ar aris ubralo wyali: cremli zogjer faria, da drozed xmarebuli fari igiv
xmaliao, viRacas uTqvams~. am `viRacad~ iliac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu mivmarTavT mis 80-
ianebisve saprogramo `Sinaur mimoxilvas~ (dasawyisi uarmyofelis..., 1881, aprili). aq
`far-xmali~ `mTeli evropis gamocdilebis da mecnierebis~ metaforaa. misi `moxmareba~
166
Turme aucilebeli yofila Cveni dacemuli erovnuli vinaobis aRsadgenad
(ganmeorebulia orjer!). uamisod `erT bijsac win ver wavdgamT~ zemoT aRniSnul
`moedanzed~-o. faqtia, `far-xmalis~ axali drois mecnierebis da gamocdilebis
metaforad xmareba erovnul problematikasTan mimarTebaSi damaxasiaTebelia ilias 80-
iani wlebis saazrovno sistemisTvis.
gavagrZeloT pasaJis kiTxva da davrwmundebiT, rom aq gvaqvs erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebul saxeTa rigi `vitirebdi~, `davitanje~, `tkiviliT~, `ukan~, `bnela~, `Ramea~,
`xidia Catexili~. mas Rirebulebrivadac da Sinaarsobrivadac upirispirdeba `cremlian
codnasTan~, romelic `ukanas swvavs da hbugavs~, dakavSirebuli saxeebi: `win~, Sveba
(`ameba~), `nami~, `mdinare wyali~ (Tergi maxsendeba, _ g.k.), `Suqi~, `dasawyisi ganTiadisa~,
`Catexili xidi gaamTelos~ da saboloo optimizmis da `sixarulis~ scena da-Zmis
monawileobiT. Txroba agebulia kesos mier am codnis aTvisebis etapebis warmodgenaze:
sibnelidan Suqamde, tkivilidan, tanjvidan Svebamde, sixarulamde, optimizmamde.
arCilis sityvebis _ `eg minda rom yvelam dvainaxoT, eg minda rom vicodeT. Sen exla
hxedav, Sen exla ici~ _ ganmeorebis stilisturi figuriT gawyobili ritorikulobis
funqciaa mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi `xedvis~ da `codnis~ igiveobriv mniSvnelobaTa
aqtualizeba da dakavSireba. gavixsenoT, rom ZvelberZnebma nebismier Sexedulebisgan
gansxvavebul sistematizirebul, dasabuTebul samecniero codnas, `Teoria~ anu `xedva~
Searqves. es fraza, iseve rogorc kesos momdevno dramatuli SekiTxva `arCil win raRaa,
win?~ _ amzadebs mkiTxvels Cvens saWirboroto viTarebis Sesaxeb `Teoriis~ _
`cremliani codnis~ TxrobaSi (mxatvrulad damajereblad)~ SemoyvanisTvis. Sedegad,
pasaJis finalur nawilSi ritorikulad maRal tonSi mxatvrulad damajereblad
gvamcnoben saWirboroto viTarebis gadamlaxav momavalTan (`win~), optimizmTan,
sixarulTan, `ganTiadis dasawyisTan~ Cvens damakavSirebel codnas.
gavixsenoT, rom `saqarTvelos moambezed~ msgavsi metaforebiT ganmartavs `axali
droebis~ mecnierebis da xelovnebis (romelsac ekuTvnis `oTaraanT qvrivic~) praqtikul-
sazogadoebriv funqcias: Turme, eseni Cveni cxovrebis sibnelidan sinaTleSi gamomyvani
RonisZiebania. 80-ianebis meore naxevris `oTaraanT qvrivis~ saxeTa sistemis mixedviTac,
Cveni cxovrebis `bnelidan~ `SuqSi~, Ramidan ganTiadSi, tirilidan, tanjvidan sixarulSi,
dromoWmul warsulidan momavalSi gadayvanisTvis `cremliani codna~ aucilebeli `far-
xmali~ anu `RonisZieba~ yofila.
TviT saWirboroto problema Cvens awmyoSi dromoWmuli Zvelis gadmonaSTebis
arsebobaa. es ilias Tanadrouli progresistuli sociologiis ZiriTadi motivebia
(kankava 2003). gansxvavebiT 60-iani wlebis dasawyisisa, roca, `kacia-adamianis~ mixedviT,
`gamocvlili drois~ niSnebis _ `wignis~, `skolis~, `batonymobis gauqmebis~ aTviseba iyo
aucilebeli CvenTvis, 80-ianebis meore naxevarSi `wigni~ anu mecniereba aTvisebuli Cans
TergdaleulTa mecadineobiT; magram mainc is calke darCenila, Cveni namdvili
problemebi ki calke _ anu RonisZiebad, `far-xmlad~ mainc ar qceula da esaa arCilis
TviTmonaniebis mizezi. Sedegad vkargavT batonymobis gauqmebis Semdegdroindeli
`demokratiuli warmoSobis~ axal Taobas erovnuli, sazogadoebrivi muSakobisTvis. aq
naTlad Cans im dramatuli movlenebis kvali, romelic iqca ilias 80-ianebis iseTi
statiebis Temad, rogoricaa `Tergdaleulebi da axali Taoba~, `axali dasis molodinSi~,
`sandalas wignis gamo~, `bulvaris akademia~ da sxva.
`oTaraanT qvrivSi~ ilia ayenebs axal problemas (sakiTxs). esaa dromoWmuli
(`Zveli~, `bneli~, `ukan~) Suasaukuneebis wodebrivi mowyobis erovnuli niSniT
gaerTianebuli erTobiT Canacvlebis moTxovna. es arsebiTi niSania axali drois
nacionaluri konstituciuri saxelmwifoebriobisa. swored amis safuZvelzea yvela
Tanabari kanonis winaSe: erovnuli ideis msaxurebis winaSe. arsebiTad yovelTvis ase iyo,
magram istoriulma gamocdilebam aCvena, rom `ideis msaxureba~ genetikur-biologiuri
(`sisxliT~) gziT ar gadadis, aramed pirovnuli poziciaa. ase, tradiciulad Cveni
saxelmwifoebriobis sayrdenma elitam _ Tavadaznaurobam, axal droSi erovnul ideas
wodebrivi gamorCeuloba, egoizmi anacvala (magaliTad, es paTosi gamWvirvaled ikiTxeba
gr. orbelianis Civilian werilebSi), riTac ara marto qveyanas, sakuTar Tavsac gamoutana
ganaCeni. istoriul asparezze `gamorCeuloba~ azrovnebis masStabis siviwroves,
SezRudulobas, egoizms, `sigoimis~ kompleqss ver itans. `kacia-adamianis~ patroni ver
ityvis, rom amaze aravis gaufrTxilebia. amdenad, `maRalma wodebam~ axal droSi Tavadve
gamoacala safuZveli Tavis `simaRles~, Sesabamisad, mis mier codnis privatizebasac.
arsebiTad am erTaderT gansxvavebas xedavs avtori glexobasa da arCils Soris _ rom
meores pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT wigni, durbindi ara aqvs, es ki SeZenili da ara bunebiTi
(`sisxl-xorcis qviTkiri~) gansxvavebaa, gamosworebadi qveynis sasikeTod sayovelTao
ganaTlebis sistemiT. amas gvicxadebs xidis gamTelebis momTxovni cremliani codna.
167
kidev erTi arsebiTi moTxovnaa, `wigni~ TviTmiznad ki ar gavxadoT _ es uunaro
`mwignobrobaa~, mwignobaris `ptyeli enaa~, `diplomia~, aramed gamoviyenoT misive bunebis
Sesatyvisad Cveni saWiroebis `RonisZiebad~, `far-xmalad~.
analizma cxadyo: XX optimisturi centraluri Tavi ritorikuli figurebiT,
maRali toniT, TviT Tavisi mxatvrul saxeTa sistemis ZiriTadi kontrastulobis
principiT emsaxureba dasabuTebuli, samecniero humanistaruli codnis praqtikuli
funqciis (`ukan~, `sibnele~, `Rame~, `xidCatexiloba~ _ `win~, `Suqi~, `dasawyisi
ganTiadisa~, `xidgamTelebuloba~) da fsiqologiuri zegavlenis (tirili, tanjva,
tkivili _ ameba, sixaruli) motivTa mxatvrulad organulad aTvisebis, `Cvenebis~
amocanas. msgavsi precedenti qarTul literaturaSi me ar meguleba Tu iliasve
Txzulebebs ar vigulisxmeb. esaa axali drois humanisturi motivi Tavisi wminda saxiT.
cremlis saxe mkacrad da calsaxad transformacias ganicdis sityva `codnasTan~ da
masTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobebis velSi. gadamwyvetia, rom swored am tendenciis
Tanmimdevrulad gatarebasTanaa pirdapir dakavSirebuli pasaJis mxatvruli
damajerebloba da miseuli esTetikuri STabeWdilebis ragvaroba, xarisxi, organuloba
da a. S. misi centraluri metaforaa `cremliani codnis~ saxe (`cremliani codna~,
`cremliani codna Tu codniani cremli~) calsaxad da mkacrad CarTuli, dasabuTebuli
codnis konteqstSi, da ara `rwmenisaSi~. kerZod, esaa axali drois dasabuTebadi
samecniero humanitaruli codna (sociologia, istoriis filosofia) TviT Tavisi
warmoSobis istoriuli pirobebiT dapirispirebuli qristianuli Suasaukuneebis
eklesiur swavlebasTan, rogorc `sqolastikurTan~, dogmaturTan, radgan es ukanaskneli
rwmenis upiratesobas aRiarebda da amkvidrebda dasabuTebul codnasTan mimarTebaSi.
avtori am codnas, `mTeli evropis gamocdilebas da mecnierebas~ iyenebs erovnuli
saWirborotobis gasworebis `far-xmalad~.
subieqturad, rogorc ar unda gvsurdes, ra keTili survilebic ar unda
gvamoZravebdes, qristianul-saeklesio mcnebis aRmniSvneli `sinanulis cremlis~ saxis
gaigiveba an misiT `Canacvleba~ moTxrobiseuli `cremliani codnis~ saxisa, moTxrobis
namdvili suliskveTebis xelyofis gareSe SeuZlebelia! sinanulis cremlis saxe
xelovnurad miwerilia TxzulebisTvis da ucxoa teqstisTvis. igi subieqtivizmis
gamovlenaa da obieqturi kvlevisadmi avtoris mier deklarirebuli erTguleba mxolod
deklarirebulia _ `sityva~ `saqmed~ ar iqca. yvela wakiTxva subieqturia, magram
mecniereba mxolod iwyeba aqedan da ara mTavrdeba! teqstTan maqsimaluri siaxlovis
dacva da mcdar-WeSmariti wakiTxvebis garCeva Cveni mecnierebis rTulad misaRwevi,
magram anbanuri WeSmaritebania, principebia.
da bolos, Tumca `oTaraanT qvrivis~ analizTan amas pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs,
ilialogiaSi zogad orientirebisTvis Temaze Tu ra aris `mTavari Temebi~, `diskursi~
ilias saazrovno sistemaSi sasargebloa movusminoT iliasve. esaa `studenti~ ilias
`pasuxiseuli~ Sefaseba barbare jorjaZis erTi statiisa `saxeliT~ `ramdenime azri
axlandel mdgomareobazed~: `...am saxelma ar mogatyuoT, Cveno mkiTxvelno. cudi maRazini
mag-gvari warwerilobiT Seityuebs xolme msyidvelTa. mag statiis saxels rom daujeros
kacma, ifiqrebs: an politikur mdgomareobazed iqneba ramdenime azri, an ekonomikur
mdgomareobazed, an kidev ganaTlebazed. ara, batono, mag statiaSi kneina brZanebs,
marxvebs ar inaxaveno~ (WavWavaZe 1941: 24).
amrigad, m. yifiani xedavs Seusabamobas Cveni axali literaturis teqstisa
eklesiurad azrovnebis siwmindesTan mimarTebaSi da amis safuZvelze uaryofs mas. es misi
da mis azrTa wyobis mimdevarTa arCevania. m. niniZe aseve erTgulia am azrTa wyobis
xelSeuxeblobisa, magram misTvis axali qarTuli literaturac `udidesi saunjea~ (niniZe
2005: 3) da `gamosavals~ Zebnis imgvarad, rogorc Cvenma analizma warmoaCina.
marTalia, Cven SeiZleba moviZioT `oTaraanT qvrivSi~ zogadsakaciobio motivebi
martoobisa, gaucxovebisa, usiyvarulobisa da samecniero eTika gvavaldebulebs
SegveniSna, rom es Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmuli aqvs k. abaSiZes. aseve qristianuli miTis
(swored miTis, radgan saxarebiseuli motivebi aq mxolod saSualebaa, saliteraturo
avtoritetuli sqemaa zemoT xsenebuli, mzis saxis darad `glaxis naambobSi~,
sekularizebulia) motivebic saxezea bolos wina TavSi; magram saqme is aris, rom es
zogadsakaciobrio motivebi ar qmnis teqstis mxatvrul damajereblobas, aramed rac
zemoT movikvlieT erovnuli problematikis da axali droebis codnisa. mxatvruli
damajerebloba aris teqstis namdvili viTarebis gamxsneli mTavari gasaRebi. amitomacaa,
rom saliteraturo gemovnebis, intuiciis gareSe ar arsebobs literaturaTmcodnis
profesia.
ilias danatovars ki ar sWirdeba `galamazeba~, `gadarCena~ an
`gazogadadamianureba~, Cven gvWirdeba misi adekvaturi wakiTxva.
168

III

CemTvis mTavari gamocdileba `davalebis~ Sesrulebisas aRmoCnda humanitaruli
mecnierebis saWirboroto viTarebis suraTis `danaxva~, aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni,
humanitarTa korpusisac, rasac piruTvnelad vuziareb kolegebs da maqvs maTi
mxardaWeris imedic. igi gamoixateba susti kavSiriT Cvenive profesiis prqatikuli
mniSvnelobis ganmmartav istoriuli teqstebis suliskveTebasTan, ise sadReiso
samecniero donis ganmsazRvrav miRwevebTan, principebTan Cvenive mecnierebisa farTo
interdisciplinarulobis konteqstSi. aseve, arc Tu iSviaTad teqstis subieqturi
wakiTxva ar ganirCeva `subieqtivizmisgan~ literaturaTmcodneobaSi, rac mecnierebasTan
SeuTavsebelia. es gamoavlens mTavars, rom gvyavs `gaTiTokacebuli~ samecniero korpusi,
magram ara gvaqvs samecniero sazogadoebrioba, samecniero procesi; Sesabamisad dabalia
samecniero eTikis done kolegebis mier urTierTvaldebulebebis SesrulebaSi. da rac
pirdapir sabedisweroa CvenTvis, magram kanonzomieria, sustia kavSiri farTo
sazogadoebriobasTan, romelsac ara aqvs cnobiereba Cveni profesiis misTvis
saWiroebisa. es niSnavs, rom vidre viTareba ar gaswordeba, SimSilisTvis viqnebiT
ganwirulni.
viTarebis gasworebaSi ki Cven unda viaqtiuroT Cvenive iaraRiT, codniT, im
`durbindiT~, romelic marto Cven gvaqvs. piradad me vTavazob kolegebs gadaudebel
RonisZiebad, romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos samecniero sazogadoebriobis Camoyalibebis
procesis aqtivizirebas araerTjeradi RonisZiebebiT (institucionalizacia), Zalisxmeva
mivmarToT samecniero eTosis, mecnieris ufleba-movaleobebis aTvisebaze mecnierTa
korpusis mier. amis gareSe adgili ar eqneba codnis dagrovebis samecniero process,
Sesabamisad, arc sazogadoebriobasTan organul kavSirs da Cvenive fizikuri da
damoukidebeli arsebobis stabiluri garantiebis Seqmnas. aseve, aucilebelia da
gadaudebeli kolegebis samecniero cocxali kontaqtebis gaxSireba da `xalxSi~
(mgzavriviT) gasvla. es CvenTvis aranakleb saWiroa, vidre `xalxisTvis~ (moxevesTvis).
imedi maqvs kolegebs, direqcias, administraciul organoebs gveqneba qmediTi
SesaZlebloba uwyveti kontaqtisa qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis mdgomareobasa da
perspeqtivebze. mecnierebis gareSe aralegitimuria arseboba pirvelisac, meorisac da
mesamisac. Tu gnebavT, swored esaa `TviTTmarTveloba~ da `liberalizmi~ da igi ueWvelad
gamosadegia erovnuli kulturisTvis, misi efeqturad marTvisa da perspeqtivebisaTvis.
aranairi winaaRmdegoba aq `liberalursa~ da `erovnuls~ Soris ar aris. piriqiT, igi am
SemTxvevaSi `RonisZiebaa~, `far-xmalia~ Cveni cxovrebis sibnelidan sinaTleSi
gamoyvanisa!~ swored mis gareT ikidebs fexs TaTqariZeebis batonymoba. is `mogeba~ mainc
gveqneba yovelTvis, rom veRar SevZlebT TaTqariZiseulad winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvis
uunarobaze mibmul ubedurebaSi marto sxvebi vadanaSauloT, ris gamoc Cveni
`bedniereba~ yovelTvis `darRveulia~.
istoriul samarTlianobasTan da samecniero WeSmaritebasTan srul SesatyvisobaSi
myofi simboluri aqti iqneba Tu aRniSnuli Tematika Tavisi mniSvnelobis Sesatyvisad
warmodgeba swored ilias mkvlelobis saiubileo welTan dakavSirebul konferenciaze,
romlis Catarebis survili aqvs institutis direqcias.

damowmebani:

kankava 2003: kankava g. ilias `mgzavris werilebi~ da h. baklis `civilizaciis istoria
inglisSi~. Jurnali sjani, IV, Tb.: 2003.
kiknaZe 1978: kiknaZe gr. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.: `Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1978.
naTaZe 1974: naTaZe n. droTa mijnaze. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1974.
niniZe 2005: niniZe m. mxatvrul saxeTa sistema da religiuri di skursi `oTaraanT qvrivSi~. Tb.:
2005.
yifiani 2006: yifiani m. qarTuli sulierebis gzaze. literaturuli Ziebani, XXVI, Tb.: 2006.
WavWavaZe 1941: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. II, Tb.: `saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~, 1941.
WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1988.
javaxiSvili 1983: javaxiSvili iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. II, Tb.: 1983.





169
Giorgi Kankava

Towards the Condition of Our, Humanities' "Corps"

Summary

The analysis of two articles gave to me the possibility to converse about the contemporary circumstances
of humanitarians and the humanities.
In one case into the region of my attention together with the article of M.Kipiani appeared the fact of its
resonance. Analysis leads to the conclusion that the connection between us and zeal of historical texts
determining the practical value of our profession is weak. So is for principles and achievements determining
contemporary level of development of our profession (in wide interdisciplinary context). This circumstance
determines weak connection with public at large that is crucial for perspective of humanitarian corps and
science.
The second, during analyses of the article of M.Ninidze I try to separate from each other subjective
reading of a text and incompatible with science subjectivism.
In the third part I propose to colleagues in the frame of collaboration with administrative bodies as a mean
of resolution of the problem an adoption of norms of Scientific Ethos on the level of institutional and
individual responsibility.
170
amagdarni



merab RaRaniZe

vladimir beneSeviCis sammagi tragedia

TiTqmis orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi batonobda saqarTveloze ruseTi, TiTqmis orasi
wlis ganmavlobaSi Sedioda saqarTvelo ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi: iyo es jer caristuli
imperia, Tu Semdgom _ komunisturi sabWoTa kavSiri. Tu indoeTis britanuli
mmarTvelobis xanaSi warmoiSva da gaifurCqna inglisuri indologiuri skola, romelsac
arc am batonobis dasrulebis Semdeg Seuwyvetia nayofieri saqmianoba, Tu britanelTa
mxriv induri enebis swavla da Seswavla uCveulo arasodes yofila, rusTagan aravis
ucdia qarTvelebTan qarTulad laparaki, _ gindac farTo da gindac viwro gagebiT.
farTo gagebiT am movlenis analizi politikuri istoriisa da politologiis, iseve
rogorc mentalobis istoriis kvlevis sferoa, viwro gagebiT ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom
garkveuli xnis manZilze sanqtpeterburgSi (komunistur xanaSi _ leningradSi) da
moskovSi arsebobda garkveuli centrebi, sadac qarTul enasa da kulturas swavlobdnen
(isic ufro metad _ carizmis xanaSi), mainc, iqauri swavlulebi ZiriTadad isev
qarTvelebi iyvnen (Tundac daviT CubinaSvili, Tundac aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, Tundac
niko mari, anda maTi mowafeebi, _ Tu ar CavTvliT erTaderT gamonakliss: ruseTis
akademiis wevrs, frang mari felisite broses). erTi xelis TiTebic ar dasWirdeba im rus
mkvlevarTa CamoTvlas, romelTac qarTulic uswavliaT da, sxva dargebTan erTad,
qarTuli ena da kulturac ukvleviaT.
erTi maTgani, _ mecnieri, romelmac sakuTar kvlevaTaTvis qarTuli enis Seswavla
da qarTul wyaroTa monacemebis gaTvaliswineba aucileblad miiCnia, _ vladimir
beneSeviCia (1874_1938): bizantinisti, istorikosi, saeklesio samarTlis mcodne,
arqeografi. misi ramdenime qarTvelologiuri gamokvleva mniSvnelovani monapovaria
konkretuli akademiuri dargebis mkvlevarTaTvis. maT Soris gamoiyofa ori naSromi,
romelTagan erTi ukavSirdeba oTxTavi saxarebis X saukunis qarTuli Targmanebis
kvleva-gamocemas (oTxTavi 1909-1911), xolo meore ToTxmettitulovani nomokanonis anu
`didi sjuliskanonis qarTuli versiis Seswavlas (beneSeviCi 1916). beneSeviCis saxelis
povnac advilad SeiZleba qarTul samecniero wyaroebSi
1
.
magram qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis, studentisa Tu mecnierisaTvis, romelic
vladimir beneSeviCis saxels xvdeboda qarTuli kulturis mkvlevarTa Soris,
umTavresad ucnobi iyo ara marto misi vinaoba, misi samecniero portreti, aramed misi
niSneulad tragikuli bedic, _ bedi mecnierisa, romelic istoriis qartexils Seewira,
rac uTuod gulismomkvleli danakargi iyo pirovnulad da mecnierulad, magram, amave
dros, danakargi Tundac qarTvelologiisaTvis, romelsac gamoaklda msoflio
masStabis, msoflio aRiarebis imgvari mecnieri, vinc qarTul enasac flobda da qarTul
masalasac ara marto icnobda, aramed profesiulad ikvlevda kidec.

***

1874 wlis 9 agvistos ruseTis imperiis vilnos (vilniusis) guberniaSi, qalaq
druiaSi, dabadebuli vladimir beneSeviCi garusebuli belorusi (rogor Cans, polonuri
warmoSobisa) sasamarTlo moxelis Svili da mRvdlis SviliSvili iyo. vilnos gimnaziis
damTavrebis Semdeg igi studentad Cairicxa sanqtpeterburgis universitetis iuridiul
fakultetze, romelsac 1897 wels pirveli xarisxis diplomiT amTavrebs. mas imave
universitetSi, saeklesio samarTlis kaTedraze toveben saprofesorod mosamzadeblad,
magram sagangebo saleqcio kursebs sazRvargareT ismens: haidelbergis, laifcigis,
berlinis universitetebSi (maT Soris adolf fon harnakis, kuno fiSerisa da vilhelm
vundtis klasebSi). SemdgomSi igi guldagul daamuSavebs berZnul da slavur, agreTve
aRmosavlur qristianul xelnawerTa koleqciebs sauniversiteto da samonastro
biblioTekebSi sanqtpeterburgSi, moskovSi, venaSi, miunxenSi, parizSi, veneciaSi, romSi,
konstantinopolSi, aTenSi, patmosze, aTonze, sinis mTaze, kairoSi, mcire aziaSi,

1
ix. Tundac (kekeliZe 1980: passim); (didi sjuliskanoni 1975: Sesavali) an qarTuli oTxTavis
sxvadasxva akademiur gamocemaTa winaTqmani.
171
palestinaSi. bizantiuri samarTlis teqstebis gasacnobad da amomwuravi suraTis
Sesaqmnelad beneSeviCma evropis 49 biblioTekis fondebi Seiswavla, rac manamde aravis
gaukeTebia. misi ganswavlisa da saqmianobisaTvis gadamwyvetad xelisSemwyobi iyo, rom igi
Tavisuflad flobda TxuTmet enas: rusuls, germanuls, franguls, inglisurs,
italiurs, polonurs, Cexurs, bulgaruls, serbuls, Zvel berZnuls, axal berZnuls,
laTinurs, Zvel qarTuls, Zvel somxurs, siriuls. faqtobriv, man sakuTari TvaliT naxa
da akademiurad gamoikvlia samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis yvela bizantiur-aRmosavluri
wyaro, aRwera da gadmowera didZali pirveladi masala aRmosavlurqristianuli samyaros
saeklesio samarTlis mTliani suraTis Sesaqmnelad.
misi samagistro disertacia iyo ToTxmettitulovani kanonikuri krebuli VII
saukunis meore meoTxedidan 883 wlamde. berZnul-aRmosavluri eklesiis samarTlis
wyaroTa uZvelesi istoriisaTvis ( XIV VII
883 . - ), romelic
beneSeviCma 1905 wels daicva, xolo sadoqtoro naSromi, romlis dacvis Semdgom, 1914
wels, mas saeklesio samarTlis doqtoroba mieniWa _ `ormocdaaTtitulovani sinagoga
da ioane sqolastikosis sxva iuridiuli krebulebi ( 50
). misi samagistro da sadoqtoro naSromebi graf
uvarovis premiiT dajildovda.
1905 wlidan vladimir beneSeviCi santqpeterburgis universitetis privatdocentia,
1909 wlidan _ eqstraordinaruli profesori, xolo 1911 wlidan _ ordinaruli
profesori. sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebSi samsaxurTan erTad, xanmokle droiT (1906-
1909 ww.) igi sanqtpeterburgis sasuliero akademiis profesoricaa. Tumca imis gamo, rom
misi meuRle, amata-ludmila (1888-1967)
1
, _ saxelganTqmuli elinistis, profesor fadei
zelinskis ufrosi qaliSvili, _ kaTolike iyo, da Tan imis gamoc, rom beneSeviCi
bizantiisa da ruseTis saeklesio istorias aswavlida Tavdapirveli wyaroebisa da
sabuTebis da ara caristuli sinodis an misi oberprokuroris dadgenilebaTa mixedviT,
mas male daatovebines profesoroba moskovis sasuliero akademiasa da samxedro-
iuridiul akademiaSi. misi sityvebiT, mas miutevebel Secdomad CauTvales, rom igi
cdilobda, gaeTavisuflebina bizantiur-aRmosavluri samyaros saeklesio istoria
`Zveli reJimis miraJebisa da fetiSebisagan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom vladimir beneSeviCi, niko marTan erTad, Jurnal `
-is, _ qristianuli aRmosavleTis, maT Soris, qarTuli qristianuli kulturis
Semswavleli sagangebo perioduli gamocemis, _ damfuZnebeli da saredaqcio sabWos
wevri iyo.
beneSeviCis damsaxurebani aRiares ucxoeTSic: igi iyo aTenis universitetis
samarTlis sapatio doqtori (1912), iyo strasburgis (1914), bavariisa (1927) da prusiis
(1929) akademiebis wevri
2
.
1917 wlis gazafxulze ruseTis mefis gadadgomisa da carizmis damxobis Semdeg,
roca ruseTis eklesiam axali gzebis Zieba _ monarqiisagan (aRararsebuli monarqiisagan!)
damoukidebeli nabijebis gadadgma daiwyo, rac aRmosavluri eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli
(uSedegod damTavrebuli!) mcdeloba iyo aTaswlovani bizantiuri modelis _
`saxelmwifo-eklesiis simfoniis _ Sesacvlelad, beneSeviCs ruseTis mTavrobis
mindobilobiT sagangebo saeklesio davalebis Sesruleba mouxda. saqme is iyo, rom im
dReebSi saeklesio cxovrebis suraTi mkveTrad Seicvala saqarTveloSic: imperatoris
mier samefo taxtze oficialuri uarisTqmidan aTi dRis Semdeg qarTvelma
samRvdeloebam gamoacxada ruseTis eklesiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosos gauqmeba da,
Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisa da sakaTolikoso mmarTvelobis
aRdgena, rasac ruseTis politikur da saeklesio xelmZRvanelobaSi xanmokle
dabneuloba mohyva. sakiTxis Sesaswavlad tfiliss droebiTma mTavrobam maSin swored
vladimir beneSeviCi moavlina. jer peterburgSi molaparakebebsa da konsultaciebs
marTavs profesorebTan zurab avaliSvilsa da ivane javaxiSvilTan, tfilisSi Camosvlis
Semdeg ki _ dekanozebTan korneli kekeliZesa da nikita TalakvaZesTan (rogorc
cnobilia, ruseTis imJamindeli xelisuflebis pozicia amgvari iyo: saqarTvelos
qarTveli mrevlisaTvis aRdgeniliyo saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso _ centriT mcxeTaSi,
xolo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi ruseTis eklesiis mrevlisaTvis, saegzarqosos safuZvelze,
Seqmniliyo tfilisis samitropolito _ centriT tfilisSi). magram politikurma

1
misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb ix. (volfcuni 1997: 178-184). amata zelinskaia-beneSeviCs, umcros dasTan
erTad, dauweria mogonebani mamis Sesaxeb, `Cveni mama fadei francis Ze zelinski, romelic aqamde
ar gamoqveynebula.
2
beneSeviCis naSromebis sruli nusxa ix. (granstremi 1973: 235-243).
172
movlenebma, pirvel yovlisa, oqtombris bolSevikurma gadatrialebam, saTuo gaxada,
saerTod, eklesiis momavali arseboba sabWoTa saxelmwifod (`sovdepiad) saxeSecvlili
yofili imperiis teritoriaze. beneSeviCis saeklesio misia saqarTveloSi uSedego
aRmoCnda, saqarTvelo-ruseTis saeklesio urTierTobebi ki, rogorc cnobilia, sakmao
drois Semdeg, stalinis uSualo CareviT, mxolod 1944 wels mogvarda
1
.
saqarTvelos sakaTolikosos samarTlebriv sakiTxebs beneSeviCi male CamoSorda,
miuxedavad imisa, rom igi monawileobda sruliad ruseTis 1917-1918 ww. saeklesio krebaSi,
sadac avtokefaliis gamomcxadebel qarTvel mRvdelmTavrebs ganxeTqileba
braldebodaT, xolo saqarTvelos ukanaskneli rusi egzarqosi, saqarTvelodan
gaZevebuli platon roJdestvenski, tfilisisa da baqos mitropolitis tituliT iyo
warmodgenili (sxvaTa Soris, igi, romelic arakanonikurad miiCnevda saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefaliis TviTgamocxadebas, SemdgomSi, 20-30-ian wlebSi, sikvdilamde,
CrdiloeT amerikis arakanonikur rusul mitropolias edga saTaveSi). beneSeviCi
aqtiurad CaerTo saeklesio ganaxlebis saqmeSi: krebis msvlelobaSi igi mdivnis TanaSemwe
da krebis `Zeglisweris pasuxismgebeli redaqtori iyo. eklesiis istorikosTaTvis
kargadaa cnobili, rom krebisa da mis monawileTa dasasruli tragikuli aRmoCnda...
Semdgom ki iwyeba profesor vladimir beneSeviCis devnaTa da patimrobaTa
aTwleulebi, rac sabolood leningradis cixeSi misi daxvretiT damTavrda.
pirvelad igi 1922 wels daapatimres petrogradis mitropolitis, beniaminis, saqmis
gamo (romelic bolSevikebma daxvrites, xolo komunizmis dacemis Semdgom ruseTis
sapatriarqom wmidanad Seracxa), saeklesio qonebis gadamalvis braldebiT, magram
naxevari wlis patimrobis Semdeg igi gaamarTles da gaaTavisufles, Tumca imjerad mas
petrogradis universitetis profesoroba mainc daatovebines.
imave 1922 wels beneSeviCi aqveynebs `mwuxare matianes _ samoqalaqo omisa Tu
bolSevikuri teroris Sedegad daRupul rus humanitar mecnierTa sias.
ori wlis Semdgom, 1924 wels, igi kvlav daapatimres, magram didxans arc am
patimrobam gastana, _ poloneTis prezidentis piradi Carevis Sedegad, igi isev tovebs
cixis kedlebs da xanmokled varSavas miemgzavreba, magram 1925 wels isev leningradSi
brundeba da leningradis sajaro biblioTekis direqtoris, niko maris, miwveviT
wignTsacavis fotolaboratorias xelmZRvanelobs. imave wels mas sabWoTa kavSiris
mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespodentad irCeven, xolo 1928 wels mas akademikosad
wamoayeneben, magram misi kandidatura ver gava, radgan arCevnebamde sul cota xniT adre
leningradskaia pravdaSi daibeWdeba statia, sadac `kolega istorikosebi mis
mecnierul kvlevas rogorc sazogadoebrivad, ise kulturul-yofiTad usargeblod
miiCneven.
1927 wlis zafxulSi igi samecniero mivlinebiT isev evropaSi aRmoCndeba _
germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, italiaSi. mas sagangebo audiencias umarTavs romis papi, pius XI,
xolo ierusalemis patriarqi uflis saflavis ordeniT ajildoebs, magram, bevrisaTvis
moulodnelad, profesori sabWoTa kavSirSi brundeba. ar aris mTlad garkveuli arc misi
evropuli Sexvedrebis misamarTebi da arc maTi mizandasaxuleba, arc bolSevikur
ruseTSi beneSeviCis dabrunebis motivi, magram cota xnis Semdeg, 1928 wels, igi mesamed
aRmoCndeba sapatimroSi da amjerad mas bralad vatikanis `agentoba edeba. Tavad misi
sityvebiT, mas danaSaulad CauTvales muSaoba marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
gasaerTianeblad romTan. am braldebis safuZvelze mas sami wliT patimroba miusajes da
solovkis sakoncentracio banakSi gadaasaxles. kidev erTxel gamomJRavnda, Tu vis
afrTxobda, Tu ras uqmnida safrTxes eklesiis erTianoba: adre _ ruseTis imperiis
interesebs, Semdgom _ bolSevikuri mTavrobis msoflio batonobis gegmebs. am
SemTxvevaSi `marTlmadideblobis, TviTmpyrobelobis, xalxurobis ideologiis
mqadagebel caristul xelisuflebas kvaldakval mihyveboda internacionaluri
komunizmisa da proletariatis diqtaturis ideologiiT aRWurvili xelisufleba,
Tundac pirveli maTgani ruseTis eklesias uWerda mxars, meore ki mis ganadgurebas
cdilobda.
1930 wels solovkize gadasaxlebuli profesori isev daapatimres da leningradSi
gadmoisroles. maSinve daapatimres misi meuRle da Zma, liTonebis institutis
direqtori, dmitri beneSeviCi. Tavad mas daxvretiT emuqrebodnen, xangrZlivad
amyofebdnen karcerSi, awamebdnen, afrTxilebdnen, rom masTan erTad misi ojaxis
wevrebsac gaanadgurebdnen. am garemoebebSi gamomZiebelma misi gatexva SeZlo da man
`aRiara, rom igi romis papTan molaparakebebis Sedegad daTanxmda, _ sxva rus

1
am periodis movlenebi dawvrilebiT ix. (vardosaniZe 2001), kerZod, beneSeviCis monawileobis
Sersaxeb (vardosaniZe 2001: 17-18).
173
akademikosebTan erTad kaTolikobis miRebisa da romis eklesiasTan uniis damyarebis
Semdeg, _ monawileoba mieRo SeTqmulebaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, xolo misi
damxobis Semdeg ki akademikos sergei platonovis mTavrobaSi aRmsareblobaTa ministri
gamxdariyo. mas amjerad xuTi wlis patimroba miusajes (mis meuRlesac _ 5 weli),
romelsac beneSeviCi komiSi, uxta-peCoris sakoncentracio banakSi ixdida. ver gaWra verc
nansenis, verc ainStainis, verc vernadskis Suamdgomlobam. bolos leninis yofili
TanamSromlis, vladimir bonC-brueviCis (sxvaTa Soris, mebrZoli aTeisturi broSurebis
avtorisa da Semdgom religiisa da aTeizmis muzeumis direqtoris), TxovniT, igi vadaze
adre gaaTavisufles 1933 wels.
magram Sindabrunebul mecniers Tavzardamcemi suraTi eloda: mas ganadgurebuli
daxvda mTeli misi samecniero arqivi. aTwleulebis manZilze mTel msoflioSi
Segrovebuli sabuTebi, xelnawerTa aRwerilobani, gadmonusxvani, aslebi, ori aTasze
meti fotopiri, gamosacemad mosamzadebeli Tu gamzadebuli naSromebi _ yvelaferi es
Cekistebma saidumlo, daSifrul, sajaSuSo cnobebad miiCies da nacartutad aqcies.
Semdgom dapatimrebamde, 1937 wlamde, igi leningradis sajaro biblioTekis mTavar
biblioTekarad muSaobs da bizantiis istorias aswavlis leningradis universitetSi.
1937 wels bavariis mecnierebaTa akademia miunxenSi beWdavs beneSeviCis monografias
`ioane sqolastikosis 50 titulovani sinagoga (Joannis Scholastici synagoga L titulorum ceteraque
ejusdem opera iuridica. T. 1. Munchen, 1937). imxanad (da SemdgomSic, TiTqmis komunizmis
daisamde) sabWoTa mecniers Tu mwerals kategoriulad ekrZaleboda sazRvargareT
nebismieri Sinaarsis teqstis unebarTvod gamoqveyneba (iseve, rogorc ucxoelebTan
nebismieri unebarTvo kontaqti). nacionalistur-socialistur germaniaSi wignis
gamocema, Tanac sabWoTa istoriis yvelaze sastik da sisxlian wels, bolSevikurma
xelisuflebam, ra Tqma unda, Tavnebobad da gamowvevad miiCnia: gazeT `izvestiaSi
qveyndeba mcire SeniSvna, sadac mecniers samSoblos Ralati braldeba. beneSeviCi
saswrafod wers monanie werils, rom mas `uxeSi politikuri Secdoma mouvida. igi tovebs
an mas daatovebines universitetic da biblioTekac. magram sinanuli (da arc CrdilSi
gadgoma) iq da imJamad arad fasobda! seqtemberSi profesoris binis damarbeveli Cxreka
misi orive vaJis dapatimrebiT mTavrdeba, oqtomberSi sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa
akademia wamoWris am organizaciidan misi garicxvis sakiTxs, 27 noembers beneSeviCs
apatimreben. amjerad mas bralad edeba, rom poloneTis dazvervas gadascemda monacemebs
wiTeli armiis samxedro nawilebis, samxedro qarxnebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomiuri
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. dapatimrebidan ori Tvis Tavze, 1938 wlis 27 ianvars, igi,
Sinsaxkomis kolegiis 1938 wlis 17 ianvris gadawvetilebis safuZvelze, leningradis
cixeSi daxvrites. sul male daxvrites misi Zma dmitri da misi ori vaJiSvili: 27 wlis
tyupebi _ georgi da dmitri.
sikvdilis Semdgom beneSeviCi sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiidan garicxes.
ramdenadac absurduli iyo gardacvlili mecnieris am dawesebulebis wevrTa siidan
amoSla, imdenadve absurduli Cans misi aRdgena akademiis wevr-korespodentad misi
politikuri reabilitaciis Semdeg, 1958 wels
1
.

***

vladimir beneSeviCma samecniero tragedia ganicada. magram es iyo gare tragediac
da Sida tragediac. misi naSromebis nusxa, simarTle rom iTqvas, metad mwiria: Tu
miudgomlad ganvsjiT, msoflioSi aRiarebuli mecnieris bibliografiaSi, faqtobriv,
samagistro-sadoqtoro naSromebis Semdeg mniSvnelovani da fundamenturi veRaraferi
moiZeveba. saqme isaa, rom mis am or sadisertacio naSroms, imas, rac mas ukve
axalgazrdobaSive hqonda Seswavlili, SemdgomSi didad arc araferi Sehmatebia, da ara
mxolod kvlevis gafarToebis an gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT; ganuxorcielebeli darCa
misi cxovrebiseuli mizani _ dokumenturad, amomwuravad, sistemurad Seeswavla
bizantiisa da bizantiuri samyaros saeklesio samarTali. ra Tqma unda, uTuod
gasaTvaliswinebelia gare mizezebi: im garemoSi, im qveyanasa da im droSi, romelSic man
ukanaskneli oci weli icxovra, misi kvlevis sagani araTu aravis sWirdeboda, aramed
sazianodac ki Canda saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mis mier
didi garjiTa da jafiT Segrovebuli teqstebis Seswavla-gamoqveyneba mis samSobloSi,
ruseTSi, SeuZlebeli gaxda... gare mizezi iyo isic, rom profesoris samecniero arqivi,

1
vladimir beneSeviCis cxovrebis, gansakuTrebiT misi bolo wlebis Sesaxeb ix. (medvedevi 1994: 27-
28); (medvedevi 1995: 337-388); (enciklopedia 2002: 619-621).

174
mravlwliani kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad mopovebuli masala, is, ris safuZvelzec naSromTa
vrceli wyebis Sesaqmnelad beneSeviCi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze emzadeboda, Cekistur
Zaladobas emsxverpla. magram misi mecnieruli naklebnayofiereba ara marto gare
viTarebaTa mobrunebiT, istoriuli texilebisa da JamTa rRvevis tragizmiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, _ gasaTvaliswinebelia Sida mizezebic: man TavisTavadac, wlebis
manZilze, ver SeZlo Tavmoyrili masalis gadarCeva, dalageba, gawyoba, im Canafiqris
ganxorcieleba, rac mas bizantiuri, an, rogorc Tavad moixseniebda, berZnul-
aRmosavluri saeklesio samarTlis sistematizebad warmoedgina. yvelaze kargad swored
mas moexseneboda _ mravalenovani wyaroebis amomwuravi da Seudarebeli codnis
wyalobiT _ aRmosavluri saeklesio samarTlis mouwesrigeblobac, nomokanonis
winaaRmdegobanic, kanonikuri SeuTavseblobanic, saero da saeklesio kanonebis
urTierTaRrevac, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos uflebamosilebaTa CarCoebis
ganusazRvrelobac, isic, rom mTeli bizantiuri samyarosaTvis, iseve rogorc bizantiis
memkvidreTaTvis, ueWveli da sayovelTao ukanaskneli kanonikuri gadawyvetilebani 787
wliT TariRdeba (roca konstantinopolSi erTiani eklesiis VII msoflio kreba Catarda),
xolo rac Seexeba adgilobriv saeklesio sakrebuloTa gviandel kanonmdeblobas, maTi
muxlebis erTmaneTTan Sejerebisas aWrili suraTi ixateboda. aSkara xdeboda, rom
beneSeviCis samecniero Canafiqri _ berZnul-aRmosavluri saeklesio samarTlis erTiani
panoramis daxatva myar wyaroTmcodneobiT safuZvelze _ ganuxorcielebeli rCeboda.
sicocxlis miwuruls beneSeviCma Tavisi samecniero tragediis garRveva gadawyvita, _
SesaZloa, uimedobis Jesti iyo nacistur germaniaSi sabWoTa profesoris mier wignis
gamoqveyneba, magram mecnieris am bolo mcdelobas katastrofa mohyva: evropaSi
germanulad im wignis gamoqveyneba, romelic isev ar scildeboda misi sadoqtoro
naSromis Temas, cxovrebiseulad tragikulad damTavrda misTvisac da misi
ojaxisaTvisac...
vladimir beneSeviCma saeklesio tragedia ganicada. magram es iyo gare tragediac da
Sida tragediac. bunebrivia, tkivili eklesiis gamo oden misi pirovnuli gancda ar iyo, is
sazogado movlena iyo, Tumca, rogorc eklesiis erTgul Svils, mas ar SeeZlo piradad ar
ganecada, rac saeklesio cxovrebaSi xdeboda: Tundac carizmis xanaSi, da kidev ufro
mZafrad, _ swored mZafrad tragikulad, _ aTeisturi bolSevizmis batonobisas. roca
beneSeviCi sicocxles amTavrebda, ruseTSi eklesia, faqtobrivad, ganadgurebuli iyo
(sxva Tu araferi, meore msoflio omis dawyebamde ruseTis teritoriaze cocxali iyo da
patimrobaSi ar imyofeboda eklesiis mxolod oTxi mRvdelmTavari). marTalia,
jerjerobiT ganuxorcielebeli iyo komunisturi dapireba-daqadneba, rom 1937 wlis 1
maisis Semdgom sityva `RmerTi aRar warmoiTqmeboda sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze,
magram saeklesio cxovrebis gacocxleba TiTqos ukve SeuZlebeli Canda: samRvdeloeba
daxvretili da dapatimrebuli iyo, eklesia-monastrebi _ dangreuli da gauqmebuli,
morwmune eri _ Semcirebuli, damcirebuli da daSinebuli... magram eklesiis rRvevis am
gare mizezebs garda, saeklesio samarTlis profesori Sida mizezebsac xedavda: man
kargad icoda caristul-sinoduri sarwmunoebrivi mmarTvelobis mankierebani, romelTa
gankurnvis mcdelobani imperiis dacemisTanave daiwyo Sidasaeklesio sivrceSi, magram
eklesiis ganaxlebis mcdeloba _ 1917-1918 ww. sruliad ruseTis saeklesio krebis
swrafvani _ uSedegod damTavrda: Cafiqrebuli reforma ver ganxorcielda, da ara
mxolod imitom, rom krebis monawileTa udidesi nawili an daxvretili, an dapatimrebuli,
an eqsoriaqmnili aRmoCnda, aramed imitomac, rom eklesiis erTianobisa da erTi meTauris
uyolobis pirobebSi sruliad moiSala eklesiis kanonikuri wyoba, daiwyo SfoTi,
cilobani, gandgomani, ganxeTqilebani, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad Cekistebis kabinetebSi
igegmeboda (magaliTad, cnobilia faqti: 20-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi petrogradSi
samRvdeloeba Seikriba imis gasarkvevad, Tu vin iyo maTi episkoposi, Tumca Tavyriloba
ise daiSala, rom ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi, _ Zebnis, Ziebisa da survilis miuxedavad,
_ maT sakuTari mRvdelmTavris vinaobis garkveva da misi moZebna mainc ver SeZles!).
eklesiis TiTqosda kanonier da kanonikur meTaurobas xelT igdebs Sinsaxkomis
mxardaWeriT aRWurvili egreT wodebuli uwmidesi sinodi, romlis saTaveSi aRmoCndeba
caristul xanaSi rasputinis proteJe, imJamad ki sabWoTa xelisuflebis mexotbe,
mitropoliti sergi stragorodski (jer sapatriarqo taxtis mosaydris
TviTgamocxadebuli moadgile, male _ TviTgamocxadebuli mosaydre, Semdgom ki, 1943-
1944 ww., stalinis mier xeldasxmuli moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqi). rogorc
Cans, swored maSin da am pirobebSi mimarTavs mzeras romisaken vladimir beneSeviCi da am
arCevansa da gadawyvetilebaSi igi marto ar iyo (erT xans, sazRvars iqiTac, dekanoz sergi
bulgakovs, saxelganTqmul moZRvarsa da RmrTismetyvels, miaCnda, rom rusuli
revoluciis teleologiuri daniSnuleba swored moskovis eklesiuri gaerTianeba iyo
175
romTan). magram eklesiis ganaxlebis mcdeloba katastrofiT dasrulda, Tundac imitom,
rom ruseTis eklesiam ruseTis miwaze imJamad faqtobriv Sewyvita arseboba, Tundac
imitom, rom uSedegod dasrulda eklesiis gaerTianebis yvela mcdeloba. beneSeviCis
sikvdilidan xuTi wlis Semdeg ki, II msoflio omis pirobebSi, arsebobas iwyebs moskovis
sapatriarqos stalinuri modeli da struqtura.
vladimir beneSeviCma piradi tragedia ganicada. magram es iyo gare tragediac da
Sida tragediac. komunistur saxelmwifoSi myarad Camoyalibebuli reJimi aravis
utovebda daeWvebis saSualebas: sabWoTa kavSirSi cxovreba yvela misi moqalaqisaTvis
umZimesi gansacdeli iyo, aRsavse yovelwuTieri sasikvdilo safrTxiT, gansakuTrebiT ki
_ bolSevizmis pirveli aTwleulebis manZilze. Tumca es tragediis gare mxare iyo. saqme
isaa, rom maSin, roca ruseTis inteleqtualuri da saxelovno fenis umTavresma nawilma
emigracias Seafara Tavi, beneSeviCma sakuTar qveyanaSi darCena arCia, sadac bolSevikuri
sisxliani terori mZvinvarebda. uamrav TanamemamuleTagan gansxvavebiT, mas ramdenjerme
mieca samSobloSi daubruneblobis saSualeba, riTac man arc erTxel ar isargebla,
miuxedavad imisa, rom romelime evropul qveyanaSi mas daubrkoleblad SeeZlo
akademiuri saqmianobis gagrZeleba (rac saxelganTqmul mecniers ramdenjerme
guliTadad SesTavazes kidec). magram man erTxel da sabolood gaakeTa SeueWvebeli
arCevani da dasaRupad gawira ara marto sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari saqme, aramed Zmac da
Svilebic. SesaZloa, igi akademiur-sauniversiteto tradiciis gadarCenas da SenarCunebas
cdilobda, magram amis nebas sabWoTa universiteti _ gansakuTrebiT 20-30-ian wlebSi _
aranairad ar iZleoda; SesaZloa, mas sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi ubralod, uCumrad
cxovreba surda da nacnob xelnawerebSi Cveuli kirkiti sakmaris kmayofilebas aniWebda,
_ igi erTxans mxolod sabiblioTeko fotolaboratorias xelmZRvanelobda, romelic
xelnawerTa fotopirebs amzadebda. mas arafriT gauwevia winaaRmdegoba bolSevikuri
ZaladobisaTvis _ arc yofaSi, arc ideologiaSi (an ki vis ucdia im wlebSi bolSevikebTan
dapirispireba?!), Tumca vladimir beneSeviCi mainc ar gahyolia Tavisi Zveli megobris,
niko maris, gzas: arc bolSevikuri partiis wevri gamxdara, arc namdvil da ueWvel
marqsistad gamoucxadebia sakuTari Tavi, arc mecniereba Cauyenebenia saxelisuflebo
ideologiis samsaxurSi. mas, albaT, mSvidi saojaxo cxovreba swadda. 1918 wlis
SimSilobisa da senianobisas rva wlis pirmSos, nikitas, damkargav mamas, SesaZloa,
sakuTari ori vaJis _ georgisa da dmitris _ gadarCenis sawindrad maTi uxifaTo
profesia da teqnikuri moxeleoba miaCnda, magram profesoris cxovrebis miwuruls, 27
wlis tyupi Zmebi ded-mamis Tvalwin daapatimres da sasikvdilod ganwirulTa rigebs
gauyenes. bolSevikur xelisuflebasTan morigebis gzaTa Zieba uSedego aRmoCnda,
gamosavlis povna _ SeuZlebeli... Znelia iTqvas, sicocxlis miwuruls ramdenad nanobda
beneSeviCi sakuTar arCevans, magram misTvis aSkara iqneboda, rom bolSevikur qveyanaSi
cxovrebis misi tragikuli mcdeloba katastrofiT damTavrda...
ojaxidan cocxali mxolod amata darCa. fadei zelinskis qaliSvili da vladimir
beneSeviCis meuRle imjerad aRar daupatimrebiaT, _ SesaZloa, mas belomorkanalis
sakoncentracio banakSi manamde gatarebuli oTxi weli (1930-34 ww.) akmares... qmris, orive
vaJisa da mazlis daxvretis Semdeg igi poliklinikaSi jer registratorad msaxurobda,
Semdeg _ biblioTekarad, sul bolos ki laTinurs aswavlida pediatriis institutSi.
leningradis blokadis gamovlis Semdeg igi martoobaSi amTavrebda xangrZliv
sicocxles. momswreni igonebdnen, Tu XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSic ki rogor ijda umcros
kolegaTa Soris amata fadeevna zelinskaia-beneSeviCi da rogor mouTxrobda maT mamisa
da meuRlis warsuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da es saubrebi maT dResaswaulad miaCndaT, Tumca
gaxsenebuli suraTebi iseTi Soreuli, iseTi fermkrTali Canda, rom msmenelebs, albaT,
imis dajerebac ki uWirdaT, Tuki vinmem imdroindeli qariSxlidan cocxlad gamoRweva da
uwyebis motana SeZlo...

damowmebani:

beneSeviCi 1916: . .
. , . 5, . 2. 1916.
granstremi 1973: . . : ( 100- ).
, . 35, 1973.
didi sjuliskanoni 1975: didi sjuliskanoni. gamosacemad moamzades enriko gabiZaSvilma (da
sxv.). Tb: mecniereba, 1975.
enciklopedia 2002: . ., . ., . . . . IV,
.: , 2002.
176
vardosaniZe 2001: vardosaniZe s. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-
1952 wlebSi. Tb.: mecniereba, 2001.
volfcuni 1997: . Amata mea. , 4, 1997.
kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. tomi I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1980.
medvedevi 1994: . . : .
, . 55, 1994.
medvedevi 1995: . . . . : , .
-. ., 1995.
oTxTavi 1909-1911: 913 995 .
. 1-2 [saxareba oTxTavi orTa elnawerTagan Sig da SJe welTaTa, gamosca
vladimire beneSeviCman, nakveTi a (saxareba maTs Tavisa), nakveTi b (saxareba
markozis Tavisa)]. ., 1909-1911.

Merab Ghaghanidze

The Triple Tragedy of Vladimir Beneevi

Summary

The article attempts to show the life and the academic activities of Vladimir Beneevi (1874-1938), the
Russian professor, one of the prominent scholars in the field of medieval canon law of the Eastern Christendom.
Beside of Byzantine, Armenian, Slavonic, Russian sources, he also studied the ecclesiastical canonical texts of
medieval Georgia. As victims of the communist persecution he and the members of his family were shot. There
is given the tree dimensions of the tragedy of Beneevi: academic, ecclesiastical, personal.
177
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis
samecniero publikaciebis stili

1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moicavs
Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtualur Temebsa da problemebs, mniSvnelovan
gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel Sedegebs.
2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, disketze _ floppy A:) da
Tan axldes:
Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari, statusi da
sakontaqto koordinatebi;
anotacia qarTul enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi).
3. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes boloSi.
4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da aranakleb xuTi
gverdisa.
5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze Semdegnairad:
a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi);
b) naSromis teqsti;
g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa);
d) anotacia;
e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm;
v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1;
6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli citirebisa da
miTiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list).
misi moTxovnebia:
a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiyofa brWyalebiT (` ~). citirebis dasasruls,
mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic aRniSnulia citirebuli teqstis
avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi.
magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi).
b) saleqso strofis (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili citata gamoiyofa
teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi intervaliT (mag.: Tu
teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba Lit.Nusx 10).
g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da `axali wignebi~,
sadac Sriftis zomebia:
ZiriTadi teqsti Lit.Nusx 10,
ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9.
7. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis mixedviT, anbanuri
rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix. danarTis cxrili).
8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis bolos anotaciis
win;
b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba gverdis bolos,
sqolioSi.
9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul stilsa da
marTlweraze.
10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts.
11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis, redaqcia daukavSirdeba
dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs.
12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis eZleva ukve
dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia uflebas
itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris vizis gareSe.
178
citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi






















cxrili

monacemis
tipi
damowmebuli literaturis nusxis (damowmebani-s) forma indeqsis
mixedviT
Bibliography Form
wigni,
erTi avtori


Book, one authors
abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb.
Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970.


vaisi 1962: Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H. Lawrence. Seattle: University of
Washington Press, 1962.
wigni,
ori, an meti
avtori




Book, two authors
kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli literaturis
istoria. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975.

naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTul-rusuli
literaturuli urTierTobis istoriidan. quTaisi:
gamomcemloba `ganTiadi~, 1994.

hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange. Victorian Poetry and Poetics.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.
yovelTviuri
Jurnalis an
sxva tipis
perioduli
gamocemis statia

Article in a journal or
magazine published
monthly
aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo misia saqarTvelos
samociqulo eklesiis TvalTaxedviT. J. iveria. qarTul-
evropuli institutis Jurnali, 1, 1992.



someri 1988: Sommer, Robert. The Personality of Vegetables: Botanical Metaphors for Human
Characteristics. Journal of Personality 56, no. 4 (December) 1988.
nimuSi:
Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva da imis
dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi rodi arian.
isini ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs, meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba sulac
ar niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa
nusxas) Sedgenas, aramed imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben da
funqcionireben analogiis mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis mimarTebebi.
amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998: 37). ratom
SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom, aRniSnavs
mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc praqtikaSi,
metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs Zalze arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba,
imdenad arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva semantikur mimarTebebTan
SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia.

179
wigni, avtoris
gareSe

Book, no author
given
sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da marTva. baTumi:
gamomcemloba `aWara~, 1989.

cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women's Resource Book. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1976.
dawesebuleba,
asociacia da
misTanani,
avtoris
poziciiT

Institution,
association, or the
like, as "author"
amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia. organizaciis
saxelmZRvanelo cnobari da 1995/1996 wlis wevrTa cnobari.
Cikago: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995.



amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook of Organization and
1995/1996 Membership Directory. Chicago: American Library Association,
1995.
redaqtori, an
kompilatori,
avtoris
poziciiT

Editor or compiler as
"author"
duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis Teoriis mcire
leqsikoni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975.



hendersoni 1950: Henderson, J.N.D. (editor). The World's Religions. London: Inter-Varsity
Fellowship, 1950.
eleqtronuli
dokumenti
internetidan


Electronic document:
From Internet
mitCeli 1995: mitCeli, uiliam j. bitebis qalaqi: sivrce, adgili da
sainformacio nakadi [on-lain wigni] (kembriji: gamomc.: MIT
Press, 1995, ganTavsebulia 29 seqtembridan, 1995); mis.: http://www-
mitpress.mit.edu:80/ City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.

mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn [book on- line].
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995; available from
http://www-mitpress. mit.edu:80/City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html;
Internet.
enciklopedia,
leqsikoni
Encyclopedia,
Dictionary
vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni. springfildi:
MA: G. C. Merriam, 1961
vebsteri 1961: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: MA: G. & C. Merriam,
1961.
interviu
(gamouqveynebeli)
saavtoro
xelnaweri

Interview
(unpublished) by
writer of paper
morganisi 1996: morganisi, nensi d. interviu avtorTan, 16 ivlisi 1996, fol
riviera, masaCusetsi, Canaweri



morganisi 1996: Morganis, Nancy D. Interview by author, 16 July 1996, Fall River, MA. Tape
recording.
sagazeTo statia



Newspaper article
niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis profili~, gaz. niu iork
taimsi, 21 ianvari 1990, Can. III, gv. 5.

niu iork taimsi 1990: "Profile of Marriott Corp." New York Times, 21 January 1990, sec. III,
p. 5.
yovelkvireuli
Jurnalis statia


Article in a magazine
publis
naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni da msoflios
cnobebi, 10-17 seqtemberi, 1990.


naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland's Feud in the Family. U.S. News and World Report, 10-17
September, 1990.
180
hed weekly (or of
general interest)
Tezisebi, an
sadisertacio
naSromis
daskvnebi
(debulebebi)

Thesis or dissertation
filipsi 1962: filipsi, o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis zepur
sazogadoebaze. sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti,
1962.



filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence of Ovid on Lucan's Bellum Civile. Ph.D. diss.,
University of Chicago, 1962.


*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT) an
erTi da igive naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba anbanuri rigiT.
magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87).