raZisagan gansxvavebiT, t.

kvanWilaSvili am leqsis mxatvrul-saxeobriv

srulyofilebasTan erTad xazs usvams mis gulwrfelobas,
aratrafaretulobas, arayalb intonaciebs. misi azriT, aq gaigivebasTan
da abstraqciasTan ki ar gvaqvs saqme, aramed SedarebasTan: `poeti
komunists
maRal movaleobas akisrebs da amitom gabedulad aviTarebs azrs –
`komunistebi iseTebi unda iyvnen, rogoric iyo promeTe, cxra Zma
xerxeuliZe, aragvelebi, demetre Tavdadebuli~ (kvanWilaSvili 1976: 125).
Cemi SexedulebiT, S. niSnianiZis leqsi `komunistebi~ Sesrulebulia
groteskul-ironiuli maneriT. marTlac, avtori, mianiSnebs, rom cneba
`komunisti~ ukve Sinaarsisagan daclili, mkvdari sityvaa (abstraqciaa).
leqsSi erTi konkretuli, cocxali adamianis saxelsac ver SexvdebiT,
visac poetma SeiZleba `komunisti~ uwodos, rac imis niSania, rom
komunistebis idea mkvdaria, maTi sityva da saqme ise daSorda erTmaneTs,
rogorc ca da miwa. Sinaarsi, romelic am cnebis (komunistis) Teoriul
gaazrebaSi ido (patiosneba, zneobrioba), realobaSi piriqiT gamovlinda,
amitom aseTi mkacri intonaciebiT mimarTavs S. niSnianiZe Tavis
TanamedroveT: `rom komunistis saxeli gverqvas, yvela rodi varT Rirsi~
(niSnianiZe 1977: 97). gaukuRmarTebuli Svilis gasagonad mamis, winapris
qeba _
cnobili xerxia, romlis saSualebiTac Tanamedroveebs bevr rames
Seaxseneben: gavixsenoT SuSaniki rogor upirispirebs varsqenis saqciels
misive
mamis keTil saqmeebs, an baraTaSvili: `hoi dedanno, marad netarno...~, an
`didostatis marjvenaSi~ _ melqisedek kaTalikosi rogor da ratom
aqebs giorgi I-is mamas. S. niSnianiZis saanalizo leqsSic am xerxiT
negatiuri daxasiaTeba miemarTeba Tanamedroveobas. poeti marTla ki ar
`awevrianebs~ komunisturi partiis rigebSi cotnesa da ber Tevdores,
aramed
maTi Rirsebebis warmoCeniT niRabs xdis komunistobas amofarebul
farisevlebs. amitom, Cemi azriT, es leqsi srulebiTac ar aris saxotbo
lirikis nimuSi, miT umetes _ panegirikuli mesa. xelovani alRoTi
grZnobs,
rom gadagvarebuli, adamianis saxedakarguli, gakotrebuli
sazogadoebisaTvis komunistoba niRabia, romlis miRmac imaleba
krizisuli, fanatizmis WiiT gulgamoxruli fitula komunizmisa. S.
niSnianiZe, mTeli Tavisi
37
mSvenieri poeziiT imdenad gulwrfeli Semoqmedia, rom mas SeiZleba
Tavdapirvelad marTla swamda komunisturi idealebisa, xolo Semdeg,
roca TvalnaTliv dainaxa, rom es yvelaferi moCvenebiTi, yalbi da
ararealuri iyo, mrisxanebis kedeli aRmarTa mis winaSe.
amgvari gaazrebiT aris agreTve dawerili z. fircxalaiSvilis leqsi
`revolucia~. am leqss mTlianad moviyvan, radgan masSi imdenad naTeli
ironiaa, rom bevr komentars ar saWiroebs: mixrwnil samyaros aRmoxda
kvnesa! sabediswero wamebs ucdian... scenaze dgamen axal piesas:
`revolucia~. nevis napirze uxmod roninobs damaTa dasi
yelmoRerili... viRac
kiTxulobs damdgmel reJisors `v.i. lenini~. RamiT vis axsovs nevis
napiri, sasaxleebSi grialebs valsi... viRac ixsenebs: `moqmedni
pirni _ `muSaTa klasi~. pianisti ki axal notebs Slis, simReris
eSxma yvelas dasZlia... viRac ar iSlis: `epizodebSi _ burJuazia~.
dumili wveba kulturul
brboSi, pirvelad hkocnis dedofals nefe... viRac gahyviris:
`usityvo rolSi _ `batoni mefe~ aristokratno!.. mefev! princesav!
Teatrisaken... Cqara
kareta genialuri geliT piesa, `avroras~ zalpi moswyda planetas.
mixrwnil samyaros aRmoxda kvnesa... sabediswero wamebs ucdian...
scenaze midis axla piesa: `revolucia~. (fircxalaiSvili 1978: 37-38).
rogorc vxedavT, aq revolucia daxatulia rogorc erTgvari speqtakli-
farsi. Cemi SefasebiT, es leqsi postmodernistuli esTetikis (niRbebis
TamaSi, cxovreba rogorc scena, istoriis ironiis gacda, ormagi
kodireba) nimuSia.
70-80-ian wlebSi mwerlobis `moTviniereba~ ufro daxvewili formebiT
xdeba. samagierod, mwerlebmac iswavles, rogor gaekvalaT gza.
magaliTad, poeti m. qvliviZe igonebs: `mogexsenebaT, ra Znelia
gamomcemlobis
gegmaSi wignis Setana. Cems am patara krebulsac ori Tu sami wlis
Semdeg upirebdnen gamocemas. saTaurad gatanilma politikuri
mniSvnelobis
sityvam (`gardaqmna~ _ J.S.) magiuri zemoqmedeba moaxdina wignis bedze...…
wignic swrafad gamovida!~ (qvliviZe 1988: 51-52).
70-80-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda mwerlebis devna religiuri
niSnis, konkretulad, marTlmadidebluri mrwamsis gamo. magaliTad, a.
kalandaZes adreul wlebSic araerTxel mousmenia mware sayveduri
oficialuri kritikisagan, romelic 70-ian wlebSi kvlav axmaurda _ a.
kalandaZis bolodroindel leqsebSi religiuri motivebi sWarbobs, misi
leqs
38
ebi locvasa da saeklesio sagaloblebs hgavso. gazeT `literaturul
saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynebul erT-erT werilSi a. kalandaZe igonebs:
`1974
wels Jurnal `ciskarSi~ Cemi leqsebi gamoqveynda. erTi wlis Semdeg
`ciskris~ wliuri nomrebis mimoxilvisas am ciklis erT-erTi leqsi
saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis
magidaze aRmoCenila: naxeT, ras wers _ ar Seval taZrad, uwminduri
sadac Sevidao. saCivrisaTvis `msvleloba~ unda miecaT da leqsi
`Sesaswavlad~ kulturis
ganyofilebisaTvis gadauciaT. Cemda sabednierod, iq gaufantavT eWvis
burusi. eWvebis gamfantveli roman miminoSvili aRmoCnda, _ saqarTvelos
kompartiis centraluri komitetis kulturis ganyofilebis gamgis
moadgile!~ (kalandaZe 2003: 13).
1972 wlis Jurnal `Woroxis~ #5-Si dabeWdil kritikul werilSi
`poeturi starti~, a. Sonias sailustraciod mohyavs SoTa zoiZis
striqonebi: gmadlobT Cemi soflis madlo, gafoTlili vazis
lerwo, Sen Tu
ara, RmerTs sicocxle rogor unda Sevexvewo! madloba Sen
araerTi, bare
aTi, bare oci, dedaenav, Cemo RmerTo, RmerTis eniT dasaloco.
kritikoss ukvirs: `nuTu S. zoiZem mSobliuri enisadmi Tavisi usazRvro
siyvarulis gamosaxatavad RmerTis meti sxva veraferi moiSvelia.
saukuneebis
winaTac ase imowmebdnen zeciers. Cven droSi es namdvili anaqronizmia~
(Sonia 1972: 56). a. Sonia aseve sayvedurobs poetebs c. anTaZes, e. daviTaZes
da sxv. maTi striqonebis ganqiqebis Semdeg ki ironiulad
winaswarmetyvelebs: `bolos albaT, vinme imasac ityvis – iyav neba
RmrTisa! ai, ra xdeba _ zogjer imas, rac wina karebidan gagdebulia,
ukana karebs uReben~
(Sonia 1972: 58).
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs a. Sonias Semdegi msjeloba: `amas winaT
erTma damsaxurebulma pirovnebam gulistkivili gamoTqva imis gamo,
rom mis SviliSvilebs xandisxan eWvi SeaqvT RmerTis ararsebobaSi da
sabuTad moaqvT zogi poetis leqsebi, romlebSic angelozebi,
RvTismSobeli da TviT macxovari arxeinad grZnoben Tavs~ (Sonia 1972: 57).
kritikoss samarTlianad miaCnia es sayveduri da poetebs urCevs, ar
daabnion
mozardebi. misi azriT, RmerTis xseneba leqsSi TviT msoflio poeziaSic
Sablonad iqca da `am aTasjer ganmeorebul, gacveTil saxeebs dResac
iyenebs zogierTi poeti, nacvlad imisa, rom axal dros, axal Temebs
Seuwyos axali saRebavebi~ (Sonia 1972: 57). vfiqrob, am poetebs swored
imiT
39
SeusrulebiaT TavianTi misia, rom `SviliSvilebs xandisxan eWvi SeaqvT
RmerTis ararsebobaSi~. winaaRmdegobis logikis mixedviT, mizani
miRweulia.
mravali mkvlevari (r. kverenCxilaZe, r. CxeiZe, n. gelaSvili, z. qarumiZe
da sxv.) aRniSnavs im faqts, Tu rogor ebrZodnen `mxatvruli Targmanisa
da literaturul urTierTobaTa mTavar saredaqcio kolegias~
(`mTargmnelobiTi kolegia~), sadac upiratesad iTargmneboda evropuli
literaturis Sedevrebi. z. qarumiZis SefasebiT, `mxatvruli Targmanis
kolegia Taviseburi alternatiuli institucia iyo sxva saliteraturo
organizaciebTan SedarebiT~ (qarumiZe 2009), ris gamoc mas mudmivad
upirispirdeboda mweralTa kavSiri. uTanxmoebam gansakuTrebiT mwvave
xasiaTi
miiRo 1989 wels, roca `kolegia~ cdilobda Tavi daeRwia mweralTa
kavSirisagan. rogorc r. CxeiZe aRniSnavs, represiebi mimdinareobda
Cekistur
stilSi: ciliswameba presis meSveobiT, `kolegiis” moqceva informaciul
blokadaSi, am uwyebis zogierTi TanamSromlis mosyidva-gadabireba da
samarcxvino gangaSi – o. nodia mavnebelia, `kolegia” erisTvis saziano
keraa da unda daiSaloso. mweralTa kavSiris samdivnom gafarToebul
krebaze mTargmnelTa ordenis xelmZRvanels Semzaravi samsjavroc
mouwyo. maSin protestis niSnad mweralTa kavSiris wevrobaze uari
ganacxades: n. gelaSvilma, g. baqaniZem, z. kiknaZem, v. kotetiSvilma da m.
qvliviZem (CxeiZe 1999: 27-28). n. gelaSvilis azriT, maSindeli
xelisufleba ebrZoda yovelgvar erovnul gamovlinebas. misive TqmiT,
mTargmnelobiTi kolegiisa da mweralTa kavSiris dapirispirebas,
saxelisuflebo inspiraciis garda, ganapirobebda subieqturi faqtoric,
radgan kolegiis TanamSromlebi uars ambobdnen zogierTi `funqcioneri
mwerlis~ mdare nawarmoebTa Targmnaze (gelaSvili 2002).
70-ian wlebSi gamkacrebulia cenzuris moqmedeba. magaliTad, o.
CxeiZis romani `gamocxadeba~, romelic daiwera 1973 wels, gamoica 1989
wels. amis Sesaxeb avtori 1993 wlis gazeT `literaturul saqarTvelos~
#6-Si aRniSnavs: `maSin sxva qari qroda, aravin gamikara axlosa~. aseve,
ramdenime wlis dagvianebiT daibeWda j. qarCxaZis, g. gegeSiZis, v.
gigaSvilis, e. axvledianis, g. doCanaSvilis, e. kvitaiSvilis, m. lebaniZis,
m. maWavarianis, a. sulakauris, v. WeliZis da sxva mweralTa araerTi
literaturuli nawarmoebi (kverenCxilaZe 2008: 261).
40
Cemi azriT, komunisturi mmarTvelobis yvelaze uaryofiTi Sedegi is
aris, rom totaluri kontrolis pirobebSi xelovanis gonebaSi gaCnda e.
w. TviTcenzori, romelic mwerals `Signidan~ ukrZalavda saSiS Temebze
weras, radgan xSirad qaRaldze gadatana da ujraSi Caketvac Seicavda
garkveul saSiSroebas. mwerlebi gonebaSi `apatimrebdnen~ saTqmels.
magaliTad, cisferyanwelTa ukanaskneli mohikani k. nadiraZe, romelsac
wlebis ganmavlobaSi awvalebda mware sinamdvilis uTqmeloba, 1969 wels
Txzavs leqss `25 Tebervali, 1921 weli~. rogorc r. kverenCxilaZe
aRniSnavs, 74 wlis asakSi poets SeeSinda, Tan ar wamyveso da mware
simarTle furcelze gadaitana, magram ifiqra, amis dabeWdvas
sicocxleSi mainc ver moveswrebio da xelnaweri saimedod Sesanaxad
SedarebiT axalgazrda Salva demetraZes miabara... `gzani uflisani
Seucnobelia~ _ Salva kolauze adre gardaicvala da es leqsi mis
arqivTan erTad literaturis muzeumSi moxvda, xolo aqedan _ aRniSnul
krebulSi (es leqsi daibeWda krebulSi `poetis aTasi striqoni~
(gamomcemloba `merani~, 1985 w.). am faqts sxvadasxvanair interpretacias
aZleven
rogorc mkvlevrebi, aseve _ gamomcemlobis TanamSromlebi. r.
kverenCxilaZe, romelic eyrdnoba iza orjonikiZisa da `meranis~ sxva
TanamSromelTa monayols, wers, rom k. nadiraZis es leqsi, faqtobrivad,
naxes da
gauSves wignis redaqtorma, mweralma l. beroSvilma, redaqtoris
movaleobis Semsrulebelma poetma i. orjonikiZem. faqti gaxmaurda
mTeli tiraJis maRaziaTa qselSi gasvlis Semdeg. am leqsma, erTi mxriv,
sazogadoebis aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia, meore mxriv _ xelisufalTa
kbilebis
RrWiali. `Sedegad samsaxuridan daiTxoves g. vaniZe, l. beroSvili, i.
orjonikiZe, sul gamomcemlobisa da literaturis muzeumis 12
TanamSromeli. gvarianad datuqses moxuci poetic~ (kverenCxilaZe 2007:
369-371).
wignis mxatvruli redaqtoris k. faCulias TqmiT ki `mxolod
daudevrobis gamo gaipara es leqsi da aranairad ar iyo mofiqrebuli da
gamiznuli, rogorc disidenturi qmedeba~ (faCulia 2003: 4). amasve
adasturebs
wignis redaqtori, l. beroSvili: `Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, leqsi gaipara,
gaipara rogorc Tavgabezrebuli patimari, didi riskis fasad, magram
iseTi
gziT iara, eWvi veravin miitana da gaaRwia~ (beroSvili 1990: 3). es faqti
SeiZleba avxsnaT imiT, rom yovel mxatvrul teqsts gaaCnia sakuTari
bediswera, gza da xsna. istoriuli simarTle, romelsac es leqsi
41
Seicavda, unda gaqceuliyo patimrobidan, raTa wertili dasmoda
Tavsmoxveuli siyalbis zeims.
siyalbis sayovelTao zeimad mimaCnia is faqtic, rom 70-iani wlebis
bolos mTeli sabWoeTi ganixilavda da `tkbeboda~ l. i. breJnevis
`ukvdavi SedevrebiT~, romlis Sesaxebac iwereboda, ufro sworad
awerinebdnen
panegirikul odebs. werilSi `dokumenturi prozis brwyinvale nimuSebi~
(1978 w. `Woroxi~ #3. 54-62) S. quriZe aRniSnavs, rom es nawarmoebebi
Sedevrebia: `aseTia mcire miwisa da aRorZinebis zogierTi
literaturul-mxatvruli Tavisebureba, romlebmac ganapirobes orive
nawarmoebis _ dokumenturi prozis am Sedevrebis farTo popularoba~
(quriZe 1978: 54-56).
faqtia, rom Zala aRmarTs xnavs.
amrigad, aq moyvanili ramdenime magaliTidanac naTlad Cans, Tu ra
barierebis gadalaxva uxdeboda qarTul mwerlobas 70-80-ian wlebSi,
totalitarizmis agoniis pirobebSi.
2.3. mweralTa kavSiris literaturuli gamocemebi (`mnaTobi~,
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, `ciskari~, `saunje~ da sxv.) rogorc
aRvniSneT, 1932 wlidan sakavSiro masStabiT aikrZala sxvadasxva
literat dajguf arseb oficial
1934 wlidan
uruli ebaTa oba. urad
moqmedeb mxolo `sakav mweralT Sesabam
kavSiri~ da
da d Siro a isad,
sabWoTa kavSirS Semava respubl mweral organiza
 i li ikebis Ta ciebi
wlida `saqarT mwerle kavSi
(CvenTan 1932 - sabWoTa
n velos bis ri~).
yovelive miuxeda TiToe Jurnali gamomcem
da
Aamis vad, uli sa lobis
redaqcia Tavis irgvliv ikrebda mweralTa garkveul jgufebs, romelTac
nonkonformistuli suliskveTeba aerTianebdaT. es tendencia gamoikveTa
60-iani wlebidan _ Jurnal `ciskris~ redaqciaSi, 70-ian wlebSi _
mTargmnelobiT kolegiaSi da a.S. amdenad, roca vaanalizebT mweralTa
kavSiris
balansze myof oficialur gamocemebs, paralelurad, zogierT maTganze
SeiZleba visaubroT rogorc mweralTa araoficialur dajgufebaze,
romlebic, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli msxverplis fasad, e. w. `sabWoTa
mwerlobis~ wiaRSi qmnidnen mxatvruli simarTliT aRbeWdil
litera
tu