saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

filosofiuri Ziebani
{krebuli meTvramete }

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

{EIGHTEENTH COLLECTED ARTICLES}

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2014
ISSN 1512-2468

UDC (uak) 1 (479.22)

(061.2) f. 562

“filosofiuri Ziebanis” meTvramete krebulSi gamoqvey-

nebul samecniero statiebSi ganxiluli da gamokvleulia Ta-
namedrove filosofiis aqtualuri problemebi, romlebic na-
Tel warmodgenas uqmnis am problemebiT dainteresebul
mkiTxvels maTi sirTulisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. bevri
maTgani qarTul filosofiur literaturaSi qveyndeba pirve-
lad, rac kidev ufro zrdis maT Rirebulebas.

redaqtori sergi avaliani

recenzentebi: arsen burjaliani

revaz gordeziani
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosebi
saredaqcio kolegia:

asaTiani guram
bregaZe anzor
burjaliani arsen
goubari eS
doliZe mamuka
kalandia irakli
kvaracxelia napo
naWyebia guram
fanjikiZe Teimuraz
qecbaia kaxa (redaqtoris moadgile)
xasaia zurab

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2014

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E–mail: universal@internet.ge
 redaqtoris winasityvaoba

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis sa-

mecniero naSromebis krebuli `filosofiuri Ziebani~,
romlis XVIII nomers qarTvel mkiTxvels amJamad vTavazobT,
kargaxania, rac erTaderT periodul filosofiur gamoce-
mad iTvleba Cvens respublikaSi. igi yovelwliurad ibeW-
deboda da ibeWdeba ganvlili Tvrameti wlis manZilze da
imedi gvaqvs, rom RvTis wyalobiT es procesi kidev didxans
gagrZeldeba. dasanania mxolod is, rom igi mcire tiraJiT
ibeWdeba, magram filosofiuri problemebiT dainterese-
bul mkiTxvelTaTvis igi mainc xelmisawvdomia centralur
respublikur biblioTekebsa da filosofiur mecniereba-
Ta akademiis wevrTa pirad arqivebSi.
miuxedavad aTasgvari winaaRmdegobisa da finansu-
ri siZneleebisa, ganvlili wlebis manZilze krebulSi
`filosofiuri Ziebani~ daaxloebiT aTasamde filoso-
fiuri statia daibeWda, ramac xeli Seuwyo rogorc axa-
li filosofiuri kadrebis aRzrdas, aseve Zveli Taobis
filosofosebis mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis gaaqtiure-
bas. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis im wlebze, roca wignis beW-
dva iSviaTi movlena iyo da arc mecnieruli Semoqmede-
bis pirobebi arsebobda.
`filosofiuri Ziebani~ sakmaod cnobilia saerTa-
Soriso filosofiur organizaciebSi; mis Sesaxeb infor-
maciebi xSirad ibeWdeba ucxour filosofiur sainfor-
macio gamocemebSi.
`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ XVIII krebuli memkvidrea
wina krebulebisa rogorc Tematikis mravalferovne-
biT, aseve filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis doniT. imedi
gvaqvs, rom filosofiiT dainteresebuli mkiTxveli mas
mowonebiT Sexvdeba.
dasasrul minda vTqva, rom Cven amJamad demokratiul
epoqaSi vcxovrobT an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, demokratiisaken
viswrafviT; amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes Tu redaqtorisa

3
da redkolegiis azri zogjer ar emTxveva avtoris azrs.
sityvis Tavisufleba kacobriobis udidesi monapovaria,
magram es monapovari sifrTxiliT unda gamoviyenoT. azri,
romelic mecnierebis farglebs scildeba, cxadia, ar SeiZ-
leba SeviwynaroT, magram metad an naklebad logikurad da-
sabuTebuli mosazreba pativiscemis Rirsia. am principiT
xelmZRvanelobs `filosofiuri Ziebanis~ redaqcia; mas da-
saSvebad miaCnia alternatiuli midgomebisa da Tvalsazri-
sebis arseboba filosofiuri problemebisadmi.

sergi avaliani,
6 dekemberi, 2013.

4
 nawili pirveli

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis cnobari

2014

FIRST PART

REFERENCE BOOK OF THE ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL

SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

2014
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
akademikosebi:

1. avaliani sergi
2. asaTiani guram
3. balanCivaZe revaz
4. bregaZe anzor
5. bregvaZe baCana
6. burjaliani arsen
7. gaxokiZe ramaz
8. goleTiani robert
9. gordeziani revaz
10. goubari eS
11. dvaliSvili emanuel
12. doliZe mamuka
13. imedaZe irakli
14. kalandia irakli
15. kvaracxelia napo
16. lomaSvili farnaoz
17. mTibelaSvili Teimuraz
18. naWyebia guram
19. rexviaSvili tariel
20. sarjvelaZe nodar
21. fanjikiZe Teimuraz
22. faCulia Teimuraz
23. qecbaia kaxa
24. CantlaZe raul
25. xasaia zurab
26. jaxaia leonide

6
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

prezidiumi

1. prezidenti — sergi avaliani

2. vice-prezidenti _ irakli kalandia
3. akademikosi-mdivani — kaxa qecbaia
4. ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis ganyofilebis
akademikosi-mdivani — napo kvaracxelia
5. mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebis akademikosi-
mdivani guram naWyebia
6. socialuri da politikuri filosofiis ganyofilebis
akademikosi-mdivani — guram asaTiani
7. filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebis akademikosi-
mdivani — anzor bregaZe
8. esTetikis ganyofilebis akademikosi-mdivani — mamuka do-
liZe
9. religiis filosofiisa da religiaTmcodneobis ganyofi-
lebis akademikosi-mdivani — Teimuraz fanjikiZe
10. ucxoeTis da qarTuli filosofiis istoriis ganyofile-
bis akademikosi- mdivani — zurab xasaia

7
 nawili meore
filosofiuri Ziebani

SECOND PART

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ontologia

ONTOLOGY
 vaJa niblaZe
(Tbilisi)

vaJa niblaZe _ saqarTvelos sapat-

riarqosTan arsebuli ioane petriwis
saxelobis filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis
centris mecnier-TanamSromeli. muSa-
obs Teoriuli filosofiis, qarTuli
da ucxoeTis filosofiis itoriis da
filosofiuri anTropologiis sakiT-
xebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs araerTi samecniero statia aRniS-
nul dargebSi.

yofiereba da substancia

aA damianis msoflmxedvelobriv cnobierebas sxvag-

varad ar SeuZlia samyaros mTlianobis aRqma, Tu mas ar
warmoidgens dalagebulad, mowesrigebulad, kosmosad
(rogorc anaqsimeni uwodebda). raRac erT mTlianobad,
romelsac qmnis, awesrigebs da marTavs raRac Zala,
umaRlesi arseba (1). mis gamosaTqmelad araerTi termi-
nia cnobili msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis istorii-
dan: “arxe”, “arsi”, “uZravi mamoZravebeli”, “azrovnebis
azrovneba (formis forma)”, “pirvel-erTi”, “ze-erTi”,
“absoluturi suli” da sxva. filosofiaSi mis saerTo
saxelad, yvelaze metad damkvidrda laTinuri termini
“substancia”, romlis Sesatyvisic religiaSi RmerTis
cnebaa.
adamiani Tavisi bunebiT “damokidebuli” arsebaa,
rogorc amas sagangebod da marTebuladac aRniSnavda
fridrix Slaiermaxeri (2). adamianisTvis es Tandayoli-
li da mudmivi gancdaa. intuiciiT is ganuwyvetliv
grZnobs, rom TviTon ar aris samyaros “gamgebeli” da
mbrZanebeli (Tumca ki qvecnobierad mudam amas cdi-
lobs, nicSes Tu davujerebT). amitom, rogorc wesi, ga-
10
nuwyvetliv eZebs Tavisze aRmatebuls (3) da yovelive-
zec aRmatebuls, xan grZnobad-aRqmad (Tvalxilul) sam-
yaroSi, xan zegrZnobad, magram gonebiT sawvdom (inte-
ligibelur) sferoSi, xanac iseT zegrZnobadSi, sadac
goneba (azrovneba) uZluria da mxolod rwmenis (eqsta-
zis da gamocxadebis) gziT da iracionaluris aRiarebiT
ijerebs samyaros Semoqmedis arsebobas. amas uwodebda
Slaiermaxeri zogadad religiur grZnobas adamianSi,
romelic, misi azriT, aranakleb aprioruli da winarea
vidre kantis mier aRwerili “wminda gonebis” aprioruli
SemecnebiTi unarebi: grZnobadi Wvretis formebi (siv-
rce da dro) da azrovnebis kategoriebi. ufro metic,
Tu raime SeiZleba CaiTvalos “TanSobilad” adamianSi,
pirvel rigSi es aris mis mier intuiciuri gancda uzena-
esisadmi sakuTari morCilebisa da mokrZalebisa.
swored aseTi gancdis gacnobierebis Sedegia ada-
mianis pirvelyofili miTosuri da religiuri warmod-
genebi samyaros “Zirze”, safuZvelze, maradiulsa da
srulyofilze. yovelives warmmarTvelsa da gamgebel-
ze. miTosuri cnobierebisaTvis igi bedisweraa. pirvel-
yofil religiur warmodgenebSi (animizmi, totemizmi,
fetiSizmi) raRac konkretuli grZnobad-aRqmadi sagani
Tu movlenaa. kerpTayvanismcemlobidan da poliTeistu-
ri warmodgenebidan monoTeistur religiebze TandaTa-
nobiT gadasvlis kvaldakval samyaros Seqmna da gankar-
gva ukve erT umaRles Zalas (erT RmerTs) ukavSirdeba.
rac Seexeba cnobierebis filosofiuri formis aR-
mocenebas da gamocalkevebas miTosur-religiuri cno-
bierebis wiaRidan, TiTqos msgavsi gzis gavlas vxedavT
filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze.
substanciis rangSi Tavdapirvelad grZnobad-aRqmadi,
Tvalxiluli elementebi (wyali, haeri da a.S.) ganixile-
ba. Semdgom, TandaTan sul ufro da ufro ganzogade-
bul, abstraqtul, safexurebze uSualod mocemulobas
moklebul “sinamdviles” eZebs filosofiuri azrovne-
11
ba. amis saSualeba mas misca, logikurad _ winaaRmdego-
bis gareSe _ moazrebulis realobad gamocxadebam.
filosofiaSi aseTi daSveba, rac misi mTavari spe-
cifika da ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSania msoflmxed-
velobis sxva formebisagan (4), TiTqmis ukritikod iyo
gaziarebuli filosofiis mier TviT kantis “wminda go-
nebis kritikamde”, sadac kantma mkacrad gamijna erTma-
neTisagan azrovneba da Semecneba. roca logika moindo-
mebs Semecnebis Teoria gaxdes, azrovnebis kanonebs Se-
mecnebis kanonebad acxadebs, rac gvaZlevs dialeqtikas
anu moCvenebiT logikas (5). kantis azriT, am Secdomas
imeorebda mTeli winandeli metafizika, dawyebuli par-
menidedan.
kantTan logikas CamoerTva Semecnebis Teoriis
adgilis dakavebis “uflebamosileba”. kantisTvis logi-
kis kanonebi aucilebelia SemecnebisaTvis, magram ara
sakmarisi. Tu parmenidesTan sxvagvarad moazrebis SeuZ-
lebloba warmoadgenda sakmaris arguments logikuris
gamocxadebisaTvis azrovnebisagan damoukidebel rea-
lobad, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada metafizikuri filo-
sofiis dabadeba da gamarTleba, kantis “kriticizmSi”
sul sxva suraTi gvaqvs am kuTxiT. kantTan, azrovnebisa
da Semecnebis gansxvavebis Sesabamisad, filosofiaSi
cnobili sxvagvarad moazrebis SeuZleblobis argumen-
ti, Seicvala sxvagvarad Semecnebis SeuZleblobis argu-
mentiT. amiT TiTqos safuZveli gamoecala tradiciuli
metafizikis pretenzias Semecnebiseul, anu Teoriul
codnad gaesaRebina Tavi; magram es pozicia miuRebeli
aRmoCnda rogorc kantis TanamedroveebisTvis (fixte,
Selingi, hegeli), aseve kantisSemdgomi epoqis filoso-
fiuri azrovnebis araerTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis-
Tvisac (huserli, n. hartmani, Seleri, haidegeri da sxva).
zogadad msoflmxedvelobrivi cnobiereba da maT
Soris filosofiuric, mTlad uars ver ambobs “sakuT-
riv metafizikuri” arsis daSvebaze, rogorc iseT tran-
12
scendenturze, romelic mxolod Cemi cnobierebis ga-
reT myofi ki ar aris, aramed mTeli Tvalxiluli sinam-
dvilis miRma mdgomia, samyaros “Ziria”, misi “arsebaa” da
rogorc wesi, uSualo dakvirvebaSi miuwvdomelia. es
imitom, rom uSualo dakvirvebaSi mocemul movlenaTa
samyaroSi ar moiZebneba iseTi realoba, romelic mTeli
samyaros amxsnel da mamoZravebel principad gamodge-
bodes. amas imTaviTve mixvda ZvelberZnuli filosofi-
uri azrovneba da Tavisi ganviTarebis maRal safexurze
samyaros axsnis klasikuri metafizikuri saxe miiRo
platonis “ideaTa Teoriis” da aristoteles “pirveli
filosofiis” CamoyalibebiT.
marTalia, sakuTriv filosofiuri azrovneba
(ZvelberZnuli filosofia) daiwyo religiur-metafi-
zikuri arsidan mecnierul-fizikur arsze “CamosvliT”
da misi win wamoweviT, magram bolos isev substanciuri
arsis “gametafizikurebis” mcdelobiT damTavrda. fi-
losofiuri cnobierebis warmoSobamde (ufro zustad,
Camoyalibebamde), religiuri cnobiereba (gansxvavebiT
miTologiuri cnobierebisagan) “metafizikosobda” am
sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT (metafizikuri, rogorc
transcendenturi, zegrZnobadi. ara marto empiriulis
miRma myofi, aramed gonebaWvretiTi sferos miRma mdgo-
mi). savsebiT SeiZleba daveTanxmoT sergei trubeckois
azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofiamdel metafizikas re-
ligia ewodeba saxelad. “religia aris metafizika filo-
sofiamde”, romlis safuZvelzec droTa ganmavlobaSi
aRmocenda filosofiuri azrovneba, rogorc samyaros
kvlav metafizikuri xedva, oRond “filosofiurad ga-
azrebuli metafizikuris” safuZvelze agebuli samya-
ros suraTis dafuZnebis, mcdelobis saxiT (6).
nebismieri msoflmxedvelobrivi cnobiereba, maT
Soris filosofiuric, samyaros aRiqvams sxvadasxvag-
var arsebulTa erTobliobad. yofierebis saxeebi, pir-
vel yovlisa, arsebobis xarisxiT gansxvavdeba erTmane-
13
Tisagan. aq dgeba swored arsebulis, rogorc arsebu-
lis, anu substanciisa da yofierebis urTierTmimarTe-
bis sakiTxi.
erTi mxriv substanciis cneba warmoebuli katego-
riaa yofierebis cnebidan da am ukanasknelisN meSveobiT
gaiazreba (7), rogorc yofierebis umaRlesi safexuris
gamoxatuleba. igi aris yvelaze meti “xarisxiT” arsebu-
li, arsebobis umaRlesi xarisxis mqone yofiereba (8).
aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs yofierebis gansakuTrebu-
li sferos daxasiaTebasTan substanciis kategoriis
meSveobiT. meore mxriv, SeiZleba Tavad yofierebis cne-
ba ganvixiloT substanciis (religiaSi RmerTis) umTav-
resi niSnis, misi yvelaze arsebiTi Tvisebis gadmocemis,
gamoxatvis saSualebad.
arsebobis umaRlesi xarisxis mqone yofiereba re-
ligiaSi RmerTis saxeliT aris cnobili, xolo filoso-
fiaSi substanciis saxeliT aRiniSneba. maT Soris, arse-
biT msgavsebasTan erTad, araerTi mniSvnelovani gan-
sxvavebac arsebobs. pirveli principulad daukvirvebad
sinamdviled ganixileba da amdenad misi arsebobis wvdo-
ma, religiur rwmenazea dafuZnebuli. meore, gaSuale-
buli dakvirvebis sferod ganixileba da logikuri az-
rovnebis meSveobiT miiwvdomeba (9). am safuZvelze er-
TmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben religiur Teologiasa (ro-
gorc samyaros “Ziris” sakuTriv metafizikur xedvas,
anu rwmenas) da filosofiur Teologias (rogorc samya-
ros “arsebis” logikur danaxvas, anu codnas). adamianu-
ri cnobierebis moqmedebis es ori sfero ar gamoricxavs
erTmaneTs, radganac adamianis gonebas arasodes ar ak-
mayofilebs martooden Semecneba da cdilobs gascil-
des mis farglebs. cnobiereba mudam iltvis absolutu-
risaken, Seumecnebadisaken, rac mas cdaSi arasodes ar
eZleva (10). codnasa da rwmenas gansxvavebuli gzebi aqvT
absolutisaken, ris gamoc erTisTvis absoluti sub-
stanciis cnebiT gamoiTqmis, xolo meorisTvis —
14
RmerTis cnebiT. es Cveni cnobierebis gaxleCas ki ar niS-
navs, aramed mis mravalmxrivobaze miuTiTebs.
rac Seexeba filosofiuri substanciisa da reli-
giuri RmerTis urTierTmsgavsebasa da urTierTgansxva-
vebas yofierebis sxvadasxva “xarisxebis” aspeqtiT, cal-
ke werilSi iqneba ganxiluli.

VAZHA NIBLADZE

BEING AND SUBSTANCE

Abstract

Any world outlook consciousness and therefore philosophical

consciousness as well perceives the universe as a unity of various
existings. The kinds of being first of all differ by the degree of
existence. The being characterized by the highest degree of existence
is known by the name of God in religion and by the name of substance
in philosophy. Alongside with essential similarity between them there
are certain differences as well. The first is considered as a reality
which is unobservable in principle and therefore comprehension of its
essence is based on religious faith. The second is a sphere of indirect
observation and is reached via logical reasoning. It is the ground on
which the difference between religious theology (as a metaphysical
vision of the “basis” of the world) and philosophical theology (as
logical apprehension of the “essence” of the world) is drawn.

15
 miTiTebuli literatura da SeniSvnebi:

1. saerTod raimes, maT Soris samyaros, rogorc

mTelis, axsnisa da SemecnebisaTvis, idealuri mdgoma-
reobaa, Tu SesaZlebelia mravalgvarobis dayvana er-
Tze, simravlis axsna erTidan (msoflmxedvelobrivi
cnobierebis SemTxvevaSi e.w. “substanciidan”), romlis
buneba ueWveladaa dadgenili. samyaros aseTi gagebisken
iswrafvis filosofia, romelic, rogorc wesi, uSvebs
samyaros TavisTavad erTianobas. zogierTi moazrovne,
magaliTad kanti, SemecnebisaTvis miuRwevlad miiCnevda
samyaros erTianobis gagebas, magram mainc aseTi daSve-
bidan amodioda. “saocaria magram, dRemde arsebulma
msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis tradiciam, swored
samyaros erTiani substanciuri bunebis dadgena miiCnia
am samyaros filosofiur gagebad. rogorc Cans, es ada-
mianis metafizikuri azrovnebis is bunebrivi sazRvaria,
romlis iqiT adamianis goneba ver wava yofierebis idu-
malebis moazrebaSi” (kvaracxelia napo, adamiani da
msoflmxedveloba. soxumi -- 2001, gv. 106).
2. TevzaZe guram, axali filosofiis istoria, nawi-
li II, Tb., 2012, gv. 254.
3. adamianis aseTi buneba — hyavdes beladi, winam-
ZRoli, meTauri, romelic aiRebs pasuxismgeblobas da
gaanTavisuflebs mas am mZime tvirTisagan — igrZnoba da
mJRavndeba misi cxovrebis da moqmedebis yvela sferoSi.
adamianis bunebis es mxare kargad aqvT gaanalizebuli
egzistencialisturi filosofiis warmomadgenlebs.
midrekileba saSualo anu masobriv saxed yofnisken.
sxvebi rogorebic arian (umravlesoba), Senc Tu iseTi
iqnebi, Segimsubuqdeba piradi pasuxismgebloba. iqneba
es ojaxi, samsaxuri, sazogadoebriv-politikuri proce-
sebi Tu sxva; mTavaria ar amovarde koleqtividan, jgu-
furobidan.

16
 aseT pirobebSi advilia adamianTa masebis gadaqce-
va brbod, erTi saxis cxovelTa jogad, romlis marTva
politikuri Tu ekonomikuri miznebis misaRwevad Zalze
iolia. amis dadasturebaa mTeli XX saukunis socialur-
politikuri procesebis istoria.
adamianis moTxovnileba hyavdes beladi, mbrZane-
beli, Tavi Seafaros masobrivs, iyos e.w. `Man”-i (haide-
geris termini rom gamoviyenoT), anu iyos ubrlod vinme,
mavani (rigiTi wevri “faraSi”), da amiT TiTqos aicilos
kidec pasuxismgeblobis simZime, mainc garkveulwilad
mis cxovelur bunebaze miuTiTebs. TiTqos darvinis Te-
oriis damajerebloba sociologiuri argumentiT SeiZ-
leba gamyardes.
4. filosofiuri cnobierebis gansxvaveba miTolo-
giuri da religiuri cnobierebisagan, dResac ZalaSia
(ix., wereTeli savle, filosofiuri Txzulebani, tomi I,
antikuri filosofia, Tsu 1973, gv. 68).
5. TevzaZe guram, imanuel kanti, Tbilisi, 1974, gv.
173.
6. Трубецкой С. Н., Метафизика в древней Греций. Москва,
1890, стр. 48; amasTan, xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom religia
Tavisi klasikuri saxiT mudam metafizikuri bunebisaa.
igi gvelaparakeba araamqveyniuris, “miRmuri” samyaros
Sesaxeb. garda amisa, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom azrovne-
bis filosofiuri tipi ar cvlis (ver anacvlebs da ver
“anelebs”) samyaros da masSi adamianis arsebobis axsnis
religiursa da miTologiur moTxovnilebebs da amgvari
interesebis dakmayofilebis saSualebebs mkacri logi-
kuri dasabuTebis gareT eZebs (intuicia, gamocxadeba,
rwmenis unari). adamianur cnobierebas dRemde aqvs (da
momavalSic eqneba) kiTxvebi, romlebzedac “saboloo”
pasuxebis gacema drois yovel mocemul monakveTze esa-
Wiroeba, rasac religiuri (da aseve miTologiuri) az-
rovnebis wesis “moSveliebis” gareSe ver axerxebs (cno-
bismoyvareobas bolomde ver ikmayofilebs).
17
 7. Брокгаузь Ф. А., Ефронь И. А., Энциклопедический словарь,
С. Петербург, 1901 г., Т. 62, стр., 877., Философская хрестоматия, С.
Петербург, 1907 г., стр., 65.
8. adamians odiTganve axasiaTebs dauokebeli mis-
wrafeba arsebobisaken, yofnisaken. yofna dadebiT Rire-
bulebad iTvleba, aryofna uaryofiT gancdebs iwvevs
masSi. amitomac substanciuri arsis Zieba filosofiaSi,
garkveuli azriT, samaradiso arsebobis garantiebis mo-
povebasac isaxavs miznad iseve, rogorc religiaSi Rmer-
Tisken savali gzis Zieba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom fi-
losfiur azrovnebaSi ararsis problema specialuri
ganxilvis sagnad iqca, gansxvavebiT miTologiuri da
religiuri warmodgenebisagan araras Sesaxeb, sadac an
saerTod ar dgas es sakiTxi, an daSvebulia araradan sam-
yaros Seqmna (kreacionizmi).
9. codnisa da rwmenis, mecnierebisa da metafizikis,
religiuri da filosofiuri Teologiis urTierTdamo-
kidebulebis (ufro zustad, urTierT Tavsebadobis) Se-
saxeb sayuradRebo mosazrebebs vxvdebiT Tanamedrove
filosofiur literaturaSi. am mxriv gamoirCeva sergi
avalianis monografia — “mecnieruli ontologia da fi-
losofiuri Teologia” (Tbilisi, 2012 weli), sadac uSu-
alo da gaSualebuli dakvirvebis cnebaTa analizze day-
rdnobiT, avtori cdilobs axleburad dagvanaxos cod-
nisa da rwmenis sferoTa arsebiTi urTierTgansxvaveba
da, amave dros, principuli Tavsebadobis SesaZleblo-
bac maT Soris.
10. avaliani sergi, mecnieruli ontologia da fi-
losofiuri Teologia, Tbilisi 2012, gv., 211-212

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis
ganyofilebam.

18
 sergi avaliani
(Tbilisi)

sergi avaliani _ filosofiis mecnie-

rebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTve-
los mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawe,
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis prezidenti, saqarTvelos erov-
nuli premiis laureati. muSaobs Teoriu-
li filosofiis (ontologia, gnoseolo-
gia, mecnierebis filosofia, bunebismecnierebis filoso-
fiis, qarTuli filosofiis istoriis sferoebSi; gamoqveyne-
buli aqvs 32 wigni da samasamde samecniero statia qarTul,
rusul, ukrainul, germanulsa da inglisur enebze.

dialeqtikis Teoriisa da aristoteles

winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanonis
Tavsebadobis problema

Sesavali

Cvens mizans am statiaSi, cxadia, ar warmoadgens am

urTulesi problemis saboloo da yvelasaTvis misaRebi
gadawyveta. aseTi pretenzia jerjerobiT arc erT moaz-
rovnes, maT Soris gamoCenil logikosebsac ki, ar hqoni-
aT. mTavar sirTules is qmnis, rom TiTqos Tu dialeqti-
kis poziciebze davdgebiT, e.i. mis universalurobas va-
RiarebT, rogorc amas adgili aqvs hegelis filosofia-
Si, maSin aristoteles winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis ka-
noni unda uarvyoT, romelic azrovnebis, Semecnebisa da
azris gadacemis {metyvelebis} aucilebel pirobas war-
moadgens, xolo, Tu,piriqiT, aristoteles am kanons da-
vicavT, maSin xelidan gamogvecleba dialeqtikis Teo-
ria, romelsac universalurobis pretenzia aqvs da Ta-

19
visi Tavidan yovelgvari SezRudvis SesaZleblobas ga-
moricxavs.
Cven qvemoT SevecdebiT, rom am dapirispirebis
iluziuroba davasabuToT, saxeldobr, movxsnaT kon-
tradiqtoruli winaaRmdegoba am or Teorias Soris, anu
vaCvenoT maTi Tavsebadoba.
CvenSi am problemis gadawyveta pirvelad Tamaz bu-
aCiZem scada, romelic hegelis filosofiis zogadi mi-
moxilvis Sedegad im daskvnamde mivida, rom “hegelis mi-
er formaluri logikis kanonebis kritika gaugebroba-
zea damyarebuli” {1, gv.142}. am gamoTqmis mkacri tonis
Sesabamisad, igi emxroba im moazrovneebs, romlebic
Tvlian, rom ”winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanonis
uaryofa hegelis filosofiaSi mxolod moCvenebiTia;
hegelis azrTa dineba mkacrad emorCileba am kanons”
{1.gv.137}. Cven swored am ideis dasabuTebas SevecdebiT,
magram sul sxva gziTa da sxva mimarTulebiT. kerZod,
iseT mosazrebas CamovayalibebT, romelic ZalaSi dato-
vebs dialeqtikuri kanonzomierebis universaluroba-
sac materialur samyaroSi da aristoteles winaaRmde-
gobis SeuZleblobis kanonsac.

I. obieqturi dialeqtika

komunisturi ideologiis batonobis wlebSi TiT-

qmis yvela filosofosi da filosofiis propagandisti
gamudmebiT laparakobdnen dialeqtikis Sesaxeb, xolo
am ideologiis damxobis Semdeg dialeqtikaze laparaki
TiTqmis yvelam erTdroulad Sewyvita. TviTon hegelis
dialeqtikur filosofiasac ki amreziT uyureben da mis
xsenebasac ki eridebian maSin, roca materialuri samya-
ros uzogadesi kanonzomierebis dialeqtikuri xasiaTi
odiTve cnobilia da igi dRemde aravis ar uaruyvia. ro-
gorc araorganul {materialur}, aseve organul {coc-
xal} samyaroSi ganuwyvetlad mimdinareobs winaaRmde-
20
gobis, urTierTuaryofis procesi; dapirispirebuli Za-
lebi awonasworeben erTmaneTs, xolo sadac es wonaswo-
roba irRveva, iq adgili aqvs ngrevasa da kataklizmebs.
dialeqtika aris moZRvreba Sinagani winaaRmdego-
bis Sesaxeb. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben Sinagansa da
garegan winaaRmdegobas; es ukanaskneli abrkolebs moZ-
raobis process, ris gamoc teqnikosebi misi Tavidan
acilebas cdiloben. rkinigzis liandagebze dayrili
qva-RorRi xels uSlis lokomotivis moZraobas; saavto-
mobilo gzaze Camowolili mewyeri SeuZlebels xdis av-
tomobilis moZraobas. aseTia garegani {aradialeqtiku-
ri} winaaRmdegoba. Sinagani winaaRmdegoba ki, piriqiT,
moZraobis wyaros warmoadgens. sxeulSi arsebuli dapi-
rispirebuli Zalebi “mosvenebas ar aZlevs sxeuls”, ai-
Zulebs mas imoZraos, “Tavi daixsnas” winaaRmdegobisa-
gan. haerSi dagrovili urTierTsawinaaRmdego muxtebis
Sejaxeba Weqa-quxils iwvevs. arsebiTad aseve xdeba qimi-
ur reaqciebSic, rac sapirispiro Tvisebebis mqone niv-
Tierebebis gaerTianebiT aris gamowveuli. omebs meoma-
ri mxareebis intresebis urTierTdapirispireba warmo-
Sobs da a.S. yovelive es kargad cnobili faqtebia, ro-
melTa ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba.
aseve kargad cnobilia Sinagani winaaRmdegobis,
anu, rogorc dialeqtikosebi uwodeben, “erTianis gao-
rebis” faqtebi. bunebaSi araferi ar aris Tavisi Tavis
absoluturad igiveobrivi. ase rom ar iyos, maSin igi uZ-
ravi da ucvleli iqneboda. es Sinagani winaaRmdegoba
aris moZraobisa da {sazogadoebaSi} ganviTarebis wya-
ro. Sinagani winaaRmdegobis {“erTianis gaorebis”} uni-
versalurobas emyareba moZraobisa da cvalebadobis
universaluroba. es kargad icoda jer kidev herakli-
tem, romelsac ekuTvnis cnobili Tezisi:”panta rei - yve-
laferi moZraobs”. misi azriT, yoveli arsebuli Sinag-
nad gaorebulia, urTierTdapirispirebul momentebs
Seicavs, romelTa Soris ganuwyveteli brZola warmoebs.
21
winaaRmdegoba, brZola, “omi aris yvelafris mama da me-
fe” {heraklite}. es ki imas niSnavs, rom jer kidev herak-
lites yovelgvari moZraoba-cvalebadobis mizezad Si-
nagani winaaRmdegoba miaCnda.
Sinagani winaaRmdegobis arseboba “erTianis gao-
rebis” maCvenebelia, romlis safuZvelzec moZraoba da
cvalebadoba warmoebs. yvelaferi icvleba, warmavalia,
procesis saxiT arsebobs, erTsa da imave dros aris da
arc aris. magaliTad, xeebi ganuwyvetlad izrdeba, ber-
deba da xmeba. aseve adamiani ibadeba, cocxlobs da Sem-
deg kvdeba. am procesuli xasiaTis gamo maTze absolu-
turi mniSvnelobiT ver vityviT, rom “es aris es”, vinai-
dan maTSi sawinaaRmdego procesebic mimdinareobs. mag-
ram cvalebadoba ar arsebobs mdgradobis gareSe.
mdgradoba garkveulobis aucilebeli pirobaa. yoveli-
ve es imas niSnavs, rom, yvelaferi, rac materialur sam-
yaroSi arsebobs, droSi imyofeba. droSi arseboba ki
moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi yofnas niS-
navs. zedrouli maradiulia, droSi arsebuli ki moZravi
da cvalebadi. amitom materialuri samyaros ZiriTad
niSans sivrcesa da droSi arseboba warmoadgens. is, rac
ganfenilia, sivrceSi arsebobs; ganfeniloba sivrcis
arsebiTi niSania. magram is movlenebi, romlebic ganfe-
nili ar aris {magaliTad, Weqa-quxili, siTbo, sicive,
dRe da Rame da a.S.} anu sivrceSi ar arsebobs, magram ar-
sebobs mxolod droSi {anu warmavalia}, ganufenel ma-
terialur samyaros ekuTvnis. droSi arseboba ki yovel-
gvar materialurs axasiaTebs. am azriT, TviTon fsiqi-
kuric, romelic mxolod droSi arsebobs anu cvalebadi
da warmavalia, realur samyaros miekuTvneba.
droSi arseboba sasrulobas niSnavs; mxolod
usasrulo da maradiuli ar arsebobs droSi. es niSnavs
materialuri sagnebisa da movlenebis droSi sasrulo-
bas. materialur samyaroSi usasrulo araferi ar aris.
TviTon adamianic, romelic materialur samyaroSi
22
cxovrobs, sasruli arsebaa. igi ibadeba, cocxlobs da
Semdeg kvdeba. swored amitom ocnebobdnen adamianebi
ukvdavebaze; maT am sasrul _ materialur _ samyaroSi
yofna ar akmyofilebdaT.
dialeqtika imasac amtkicebs, rom sayovelTao
moZraoba da cvalebadoba, romelic universaluri dia-
leqtikuri winaaRmdegobis Sedegia, saganTa da movlena-
Ta Soris urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTganpirobebulo-
bas amyarebs. dialeqtikuri Teoriis mixedviT, bunebaSi
gancalkevebuli sagnebi da movlenebi ar arsebobs. igi
erTiania, mTliania. sagnebi da movlenebi ise mWidrod
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan, rom arc erTi maTgani
zedmeti ar aris. am azriT, SemTxveviTi movlenebi ar ar-
sebobs. “samyaro rom odnav sxvagvari iyos _ gveubneba
kosmologiuri dizainis principi _ maSin adamianebi
masSi arsebobas ver SeZlebdnen”. erTi sityviT, samyaro-
Si universaluri dizaini sufevs. kosmologiuri dizai-
nis arsebobas ki TiTqmis yvela filosofosi aRiarebs;
maT Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba mxolod maSin warmoiSo-
ba, roca sakiTxi Seexeba dizainis avtors. materialis-
tebi da aTeistebi mas brma bunebrivi Zalebis urTier-
Tqmedebis Sedegad Tvlian, idealistebi ki mis avtorad
RvTaebriv Zalebs asaxeleben.
dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba sufevs ara mxolod
araorganul samyaroSi, aramed TviT cocxal organiz-
mebSic. es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom cocxali orga-
nizmebic garkveulwilad materialuri samyaros kanon-
zomierebas eqvemdebareba. cxovelisa da adamianis sxeu-
lebi rarig ar unda gansxvavdebodes araorganuli sxeu-
lebisagan, isini mainc droSi arsebulia. aseTia adamia-
nis organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvlis procese-
bi, asimilacia da disimilacia, organizmis ujredovani
agebuleba, sisxlis mimoqceva, gulis muSaoba da sxv.
garda amisa, bunebis kanonebi adaminzec batonobs. yove-
live amis gaTvaliswinebas bevri mecnieri, magaliTad,
23
frangi materialisti lametri, adamianisa da manqanis
gaigivebamde mihyavda. materialistebs Soris am ideas
bevri mimdevari hyavda.
am Tvalsazrisis damcvelTa mTavari Secdoma isaa,
rom maT ver ipovnes cocxalisa da aracocxalis princi-
pulad ganmasxvavebeli niSani, ver aRmoaCines sicoc-
xlis arseba. sxva naSromSi {2} Cven vaCveneT, rom sicoc-
xlis arseba aris Sinagani Zala, Sinagani aqtiurobis una-
ri. araorganuli {materialuri} sxeulebi araviTar
ukuqmedebas ar axdens garegan zemoqmedebaze. igi SeiZ-
leba davWraT, davCexoT, davwvaT da a.S., magram igi ara-
viTar winaaRmdegobas ar gagviwevs, garda fizikurisa,
araviTar “protests ar gamoTqvams” Cvens mimarT. coc-
xali organizmi ki ver egueba garegan zemoqmedebas da
sapasuxo qmedebas mimarTavs, garkveuli qceviT uaryo-
fiT reaqcias gamoxatavs. Tu Wiayelas SevexebiT, igi da-
iklakneba, riTac igi erTgvar “protests” gamoTqvams
Cvens mimarT da amiT igi gamoavlens Tavis Tavs, Tavis Si-
nagan Zalas, Tavis “mes”. es, miT umetes, iTqmis maRalgan-
viTarebul cxovelebze, romlebic zogjer gareSe Zalas
sasikvdilodac ki SeebrZolebian. amitom ewodeba mas
“cocxali organizmi”. sikvdili sasicocxlo Zalebisa-
gan daclas niSnavs. gardacvlilis sxeuls materialuri
TvalsazrisiT araferi ar aklia; sxeulis yvela nawili
SenarCunebulia; magram mas aRar aqvs mTavari _ Sinagani
Zala, sakuTari Tavi. igi mkvdaria, usulo arsebaa. swo-
red es gvafiqrebinebs, rom sicocxlis arseba aris su-
li, romelic Sinagani Zalis saxiT gamovlindeba da cno-
bierebis {rogorc Teoriulis, aseve praqtikulis} yve-
la funqcias asrulebs. adamianis suli, rogorc sicoc-
xlis arseba, yovelTvis miznobivad moqmedebs. adamiani
aris “homo teleologicus”, teleologiuri, miznobrivi arse-
ba. yvelaferi, rasac igi cnobierad akeTebs, garkveul
mizans emsaxureba. mizani cnobierebis fenomenia, misi
erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania. biologiur {cxovelTa} sam-
24
yaroSi miznis funqcias instinqti asrulebs, romelic
garegnulad Zalian hgavs mizans. cxovelebSi ki Sinagani
Zala upiratesad mxolod sakuTari sicocxlis SenarCu-
nebasa da gaxangrZlivebas emsaxureba. maT mSobliuri in-
stinqtic aqvT, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi sakuTari si-
cocxle pirvel adgilze dgas. adamiani, rogorc adamia-
ni, cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, amiT ar kmayofildeba;
mas ufro maRali Rirebulebani gaaCnia, vidre sakuTari
sicocxlis dacva {TviTSenaxva}. igi Tavs gawiravs Svi-
lisaTvis, megobrisaTvis, samSoblosaTvis. es ukve an-
Tropologiuri kanonzomierebaa. magram amjerad Cven-
Tvis mTavari mainc isaa, rom erTic da meorec sasicoc-
xlo Zalis anu sicocxlis arsebis gamovlenas warmoad-
gens, riTac igi aracocxalisagan gansxvavdeba.
amasTan dakavSirebiT saWirod migvaCnia SevexoT
erT principulad mcdarsa da gulubryvilo Tvalsaz-
riss, romelic gamoTqmulia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis, sicocxlis warmo-
Sobis gaxmaurebuli Teoriis avtoris a.i.oparinis wig-
nSi “sicocxlis warmoSoba” {3}. wignis avtors ganzraxu-
li aqvs radac ar unda daujdes daamtkicos Tavisi meqa-
nistur-materialisturi Teoria sicocxlis warmoSobis
Sesaxeb. amisaTvis igi cdilobs waSalos arsebiTi gan-
sxvaveba cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris, dagvarwmunos,
rom “organuli gaerTianebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
yvela elementi mineralur samyaroSic uxvad moipoveba”
{3. gv.15}. kidev metic, “amJamad qimikosebs SeuZliaT...
xelovnurad daamzadon TiTqmis yvela naerTi, romelic
organizmSi gvxvdeba” {iqve}. es niSnavs, a.i. oparinis az-
riT, rom cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris bioqimiurad
araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris. amis Semdeg a.i.oparini
TandaTan ufro Rrmad iWreba meqanicizmSi da sul ufro
da ufro efloba elementaruli Secdomebis grovaSi.
Turme “nivTierebaTa cvlis unari ar SeiZleba aRiare-
buli iqnas cocxali organizmis gansakuTrebulad dama-
25
xasiaTebel niSnad” {3.gv.23}. amis sailustraciod mas
aseTi magaliTebi moaqvs: “liTonis ubralo naWeri coc-
xali organizmis sruliad analogiurad iqceva”
{3.gv.22}. etyoba, rom sicocxlis warmoSobis materia-
listuri Teoriis avtori ver xedavs arsebiT gansxvave-
bas fizikursa da biologiur procesebs Soris. es “seni”
xom frang filosofoss lametrisac awuxebda, ramac igi
adamianisa da manqanis gaigivebamde miiyvana.
magram es kidev araferi; ufro ucnaurobanic gve-
lodeba wina Secdomebis gagrZelebis saxiT. Turme ara-
organul sxeulebs ara marto nivTierebaTa cvlis una-
ri, aramed gaRizianebis unaric hqoniaT. Cven aqamde gve-
gona, rom gaRizianebis unari mxolod cocxal organiz-
mebs gaaCndaT. a.i. oparini ki gvimtkicebs, rom gaRizia-
nebis unari Turme materialur sxeulebsac hqoniaT. ra-
rig ucnauric ar unda iyos, amis magaliTad igi asaxe-
lebs orTqlmavalis moZraobas, zvavebis moZraobas,
denTis afeTqebas da a.S. “sakmarisia mxolod umciresi
gaRizianeba _ berketis Sebruneba _ da orTqlmavali
amoZravdeba” {3.gv.25}. aseve SeiZleba mTis zvavebis war-
moqmna haeris mcire SerxeviT, denTis sawyobis afeTqeba
naperwklis SemTxveviTi moxvedris Sedegad; “yvelaferi
es gaRizianebis umartivesi movlenebia” {iqve}. amis sa-
fuZvelze a.i.oparini daaskvnis, rom “gaRizianeba ara
mxolod organizmebs ekuTvniT, aramed nebismier fizi-
kur sxeuls, romelsac faruli {potenciuri} energiis
garkveuli maragi aqvT. xolo Tu asea, maSin Cven aravi-
Tari logikuri ufleba ara gvaqvs, rom sicocxle mTeli
danarCeni samyarosagan principulad gansxvavebulad
CavTvaloT”{3. gv. 25}.
Tu am citatebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, maSin SeiZ-
leba vifiqroT, rom a.i.oparins araviTari warmodgena
ara aqvs biologiuri procesebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc ga-
regani niSnebis mixedviT fizikursa da biologiur pro-
cesebs erTmaneTTan aigivebs. magram moveSvaT am dile-
26
tantizms da davubrundeT cocxali samyaros dialeqti-
kur kanonzomierebaze bWobas.
cocxal organizmSi daaxloebiT iseve mimdinare-
obs dapirispirebuli procesebi da maT safuZvelze moZ-
raoba-cvalebadoba, rogorc materialur samyaroSi;
magram maTi gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba; biologiuri ka-
nonzomierebis dayvana meqanikurze meqanicizmia, ris Se-
degad biologiuris specifika xelidan gamogvecleba.
asimilaciisa da disimilaciis procesebi, sisxlis mimoq-
ceva, sunTqva, gulis muSaoba da sxva msgavsi movlenebi
ganapirobebs sicocxles. marTalia, es procesebi Ziri-
Tadad aracnobierad mimdinareobs, magram maTi gansxva-
veba araorganuli procesebisagan yvelgan SenarCunebu-
lia. dialeqtikuri procesebis msgavsebam cocxalsa da
aracocxals Soris gansxvavebis waSlamde ar unda mig-
viyvanos. biologebi laparakoben cocxal organizmebSi
ujredebis ganuwyveteli warmoSobisa da kvdomis Sesa-
xeb. ujredTa garkveuli nawili kvdeba, sxva ki warmoi-
Soba. organizmSi sikvdil-sicocxlis procesebi erTma-
neTis paralelurad mimdinareobs. amitom Znelia, SeuZ-
lebelia laparaki sikvdilis an sicocxlis Sesaxeb ma-
namde, vidre erT-erTi maTgani upiratesobiT ar sargeb-
lobs. gardacvlils imas vuwodebT, romelSic ujredTa
absoluturi umravlesoba aRar funqcionirebs. sicoc-
xle ki sapirispiro procesia. sibere entropiuli pro-
cesebis moWarbebaa, kerZod, is mdgomareoba, roca coc-
xal ujredTa kvdoma aWarbebs aRdgeniT procesebs.
axalgazrda organizmSi ki sapirispiro mdgomareoba
gvaqvs: entropiul procesebs win uswrebs aRdgeniTi _
antientropiuli procesebi. daaxloebiT aseve entropi-
uli da antientropiuli procesebis brZola warmoebs
daavadebul organizmSi; gamojansaRebis albaToba ima-
zea damokidebuli, Tu am ori urTierTdapirispirebuli
procesebidan romeli imZlavrebs. dialeqtikuri kanon-
zomiereba Tavs iCens cocxali organizmis organoebis
27
muSaobaSic. jansaRi organizmis organoebi {guli, fil-
tvebi, Tirkmelebi da sxv.} harmoniulad “Sromoben”. am
mxrivac cocxali organizmi araorganuli bunebis sagne-
bisa da movlenebis harmoniul urTierTobas hgavs. coc-
xal samyaros iseve axasiaTebs uaRresad zusti dizaini,
rogorc aracocxals. amdenad, organuli samyaro Car-
Tulia kosmosuri kanonzomierebis qselSi. harmonia anu
uzustesi kanonzomiereba, romelic samyaroSi sufevs
da romlis Sesaxeb jer kidev Zveli berZeni filosofo-
sebi laparakobdnen, Tanabrad moicavs, rogorc orga-
nul, ise araorganul samyaros.
SeiZleba winaaRmdegoba mogveCvenos samyaroSi,
erTi mxriv, universaluri harmoniis anu kosmologiuri
dizainisa da, meore mxriv, aseve universaluri winaaR-
mdegobisa da dapirispirebis arsebobis mtkicebebs So-
ris. magram es winaaRmdegoba marTlac moCvenebiTia. pi-
riqiT, winaaRmdegoba da urTierTdapirispireba awonas-
worebs bunebriv Zalebs da qmnis harmonias, wesrigs,
uzenaes kanonzomierebas. es kargad icoda jer kidev he-
raklitem, romelic Tvlida, rom winaaRmdegoba qaoss ki
ar qmnis, aramed, piriqiT, kosmosis arsebobis aucilebe-
li pirobaa. winaRmdegobis arsebobis miuxedavad, samya-
ro “brZnulad agebuli kosmosia”. misi azriT, harmoniis
safuZvels swored brZola warmoadgens. “erTmaneTis sa-
winaaRmdegod mimswrafni erTiandeba da gansxvavebul-
Tagan warmoiqmneba umSvenieresi harmonia da yovelive
wamoiqmneba brZolis meSveobiT” {HH. Diels-Vorsokratiker, he-
raklite, fr.8}. es mosazreba arc erT filosofoss sa-
eWvod ar gauxdia.
dasasrul, mokled adamianis fsiqikuri procese-
bis Sesaxeb. fsiqikuri procesebi uaRresi mobilurobiT
xasiaTdeba, Sinagani da garegani faqtorebis gavleniT
ganuwyvetlad icvleba. urTieTdapirispirebuli pro-
cesebi zogjer fsiqikur aqtebSic SeimCneva. magaliTad,
dRemde gaurkvevlad iTvleba nebelobis Tavisuflebisa
28
da aucileblobis urTierTobis sakiTxi. am gaurkvevlo-
bis safuZveli TviTon nebelobaSia. sxvadasxva azriT
igi Tavisufalic aris da araTavisufalic, rac deter-
minizmisa da meqanicizmis arsebobas ganapirobebs. aseve
iTqmis cnobieri da aracnobieri aqtebis Sesaxeb. erTi
sityviT, dapirispirebuli Zalebis Tanaarseboba xSirad
adamianis fsiqikis Tanmxlebi movlena xdeba.
iqneb arc ki iyo saWiro ase vrclad msjeloba sam-
yaros dialeqtikuri kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb. es xom im-
denad cnobili faqtia, rom mas jer kidev Zveli berZeni
filosofosebi sruliad udavod Tvlidnen! visTvis ar
aris cnobili moZraobisa da cvalebadobis universalu-
roba, gansxvaveba da dapirispireba calkeul bunebriv
procesebs Soris? am trivialur faqtebsa da aqtebze
Cven Tundac am oriode gverdze imitom vilaparakeT,
rom bevrma moazrovnem komunisturi ideologiis mar-
cxTan erTad dialeqtikuri msoflmxedvelobis marcxic
dainaxa, rasac TviT dialeqtikuri azrovnebis uaryofa
mohyva. CvenTvis ki amJamad mTavaria is, Tu ramdenad
uTavsdeba erTmaneTs dialeqtikuri msoflmxedvelobis
universaluroba da aristoteles mier aRmoCenili wina-
aRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni an ra Sinaarsi SeiZle-
ba CavdoT am kanonSi dialeqtikuri msoflmxedvelobis
kanonierebis aRiarebis paralelurad.

II. subieqturi dialeqtika

gacilebiT ufro sadavoa subieqturi dialeqtikis

arseboba. moazrovneTa erT jgufs ase Tu ise SesaZleb-
lad miaCnia materialur _ obieqtur _ samyaroSi dia-
leqtikuri winaaRmdegobis arseboba, magram Teoriuli
gonebis sferoSi mis arsebobas kategoriulad uaryofs.
goneba, am moazrovneTa azriT, asaxavs sagnebsa da mov-
lenebs Soris dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegobis arsebobas,
magram TviTon winaaRmdegoba ki azrSi ar gadmodis. Cve-
29
ni azrovneba asaxavs vardis siwiTles, cecxlis simxur-
vales da a.S., magram TviTon azri arc wiTelia da arc
cxeli. erTi sityviT, maTi azriT, dialeqtikuri kanon-
zomiereba mxolod garegan samyaroSi arsebobs da ara
Semecnebis, codnis, Teoriuli gonebis sferoSi.
rasakvirvelia, asaxvis dros azrSi ar gadadis mis
mier asaxulis, yvela, Tundac ZiriTadi Tvisebebi. maga-
liTad, mZime sagnis amsaxveli azri ar aris mZime, azri
araa vrceuli, sagnobrivi da a.S., magram rodesac dia-
leqtikuri kanonzomierebis asaxvaze msjeloben, maSin
mxedvelobaSi ara aqvT asaxul saganTa Tundac elemen-
taruli Tvisebebis azris sferoSi gadatana, aramed Te-
oriuli codnis struqturis dialeqtikuri xasiaTi. az-
ris ZiriTad niSnebs WeSmariteba da Secdoma warmoad-
gens. Tu azri asaxavs sagans, maSin igi WeSmaritia, xolo
sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi mcdaria.aq araviTari dia-
leqtika ar aris. magram rogorc ki TviTon WeSmaritebis
cnebas ganvixilavT, maSinve Tavs iCens misi dialeqtiku-
ri buneba, winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi. WeSmariteba ar
aris erTgvarovani; igi Tavis TavSi dapirispirebul mo-
mentebs Seicavs. igi aris absoluturic da relatiuric,
zogadic da konkretulic, albaTuric da apodiqturic
da a.S. am urTierTdapirispirebul mxareebs WeSmariteba
Tavis TavSi Seicavs, romelTagan Tavis daRweva mas ar
ZaluZs. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia vTqvaT, rom WeSmari-
teba aris an mxolod absoluturi an mxolod relatiu-
ri, an mxolod zogadi an mxolod konkretuli, an mxo-
lod obieqturi an mxolod subieqturi da a.S. WeSmari-
teba rom mxolod obieqturi iyos, maSin igi ar iqneboda
WeSmariteba {WeSmariti azri}, aramed obieqturad arse-
buli sagani. meore mxriv, Tu igi mxolod subieqturi
iyos, arc maSin iqneboda WeSmariteba {subieqturi WeSma-
riteba ar arsebobs}. miuxedavad amisa, am sapirispiro
niSnebis gareSe WeSmaritebis cnebis moazreba SeuZlebe-
lia. magaliTad, WeSmaritebis konkretuloba dgindeba
30
abstraqtuli WeSmaritebis uaryofis Sedegad; aseve ab-
soluturi WeSmariteba adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia,
magram relatiuri WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb verafers vit-
yviT absoluturi WeSmaritebis cnebis moxmarebis gare-
Se. miT umetes SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis cnebis daxasi-
aTeba subieqturisa da obieqturis cnebebis mouxmareb-
lad da a.S. ai, amaSia WeSmaritebis cnebis dialeqtikuri
buneba da ara imaSi, asaxavs Tu ara WeSmariti azri sagnis
dialeqtikur bunebas. es sakiTxebi sakmaod vrclad da
damajereblad ganxilulia qarTul logikur-filoso-
fiur literaturaSi {4} da amitom mis Sesaxeb mets ara-
fers vityviT.
gansakuTrebiT mwvave brZolebs hqonda adgili lo-
gikuri azrovnebis dialeqtikuri bunebis mkvlevarTa
da maT mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris. dialeqtikuri logikis
SesaZleblobas ZiriTadad formaluri {gansakuTrebiT
maTematikuri} logikis specialistebi uaryofdnen, ro-
melsac dialeqtikuri logikis damcvelebi arc ki
Tvlidnen filosofiur mecnierebad. amjerad ZiriTad
argumentad dialeqtikuri logikis winaaRmdeg rCeboda
zemoaRniSnuli mosazreba azrovnebaSi obieqturi dia-
leqtikis asaxvis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. isini Tvlidnen,
rom azri ar asaxavs sagnis yvela Tvisebas, maT Soris arc
mis dialeqtikur bunebas. dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba
mxolod garegan samyaroSi sufevs, magram ara azrovne-
baSi.
rarig mZlavric ar unda iyos es argumenti, kidev
ufro mZlavria dialeqtikuri logikis damcvelTa mier
wamoyenebuli kontrargumenti, saxeldobr: dialeqti-
kuri winaaRmdegoba, romelic obieqtur sinamdvileSi
arsebobs, garegani samyaros yvelaze fundamenturi ni-
Sania. xolo Tu Cvens azrovnebas ar SeuZlia garegani si-
namdvilis am fundamenturi kanonzomierebis asaxva, ma-
Sin obieqturi sinamdvilis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba un-
da uarvyoT, rac agnosticizmia. erTi sityviT, am argu-
31
mentis uaryofa asaxvis Teoriis uaryofis gareSe SeuZ-
lebelia.
Cveni statiis mizans ar warmoadgens am problemis
detaluri ganxilva mokamaTeTa romelime mxaris sasar-
geblod. am problemiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels mivu-
TiTebT prof. savle wereTlis wignze “dialeqtikuri
logika” {5}, sadac vrclad da Rrmad aris ganxiluli da
gaanalizebuli am problemis yvela ZiriTadi aspeqti.
vidre Cveni problemis kvlevas ganvagrZobdeT,
mokled SevexebiT erT sruliad usafuZvlo da gaugeb-
robaze agebul arguments dialeqtikuri logikis dam-
cvelTa winaaRmdeg. es argumenti arc adre iyo ucnobi,
magram gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCina mas Semdeg, rac qarTu-
lad iTargmna avstro-ingliseli filosofosis karl
poperis wigni “varaudebi da darRvevebi”. k. poperi
msoflioSi cnobili filosofosia. igi bevrs werda da
imave dros bevr Secdomebsac uSvebda. filosofiuri
bWobisas igi xSirad imdenad TviTdajerebulia, rom ze-
rele da Tavisufal msjelobasac ar erideba.1 am Sem-
TxvevaSi Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs logikuri da dialeq-
tikuri winaaRmdegobis gaigiveba. poperi saerTod uki-
duresad uaryofiTad aris ganwyobili dialeqtikuri
logikisadmi, romelsac, rogorc Cans, igi kargad arc ki
icnobs. igi salanZRav sityvebs ar iSurebs iseTi genia-
luri moazrovnisadmi, rogoric iyo hegeli {rom aRara-
feri vTqvaT k.marqsze}. igi gveubneba, rom “hegelis dia-
leqtika bundovania” {6. gv.364}. dialeqtikaSi “yvelaze

1
karl poperis naazrevis kritika mocemulia Cvens sxvadasxva naS-
romSi: `poperis `codnis zrdis” Teoriis kritikuli analizi” {`fi-
losofiuri Ziebani~, 8.2004}. “determinizmisa da indeterminizmis
poperiseuli koncefcia”{,12.2008}. `fsevdoabsoluturis gnoseo-
logiuri universaluroba” {iqve,11. 2009}.

32
seriozuli gaugebroba da bundovanebaa”.“didi sif-
rTxilea saWiro terminis dialeqtika xmarebisas; iqneb
ukTesic iyos, rom sul ar vixmaroT” {6. gv.365}. hegelis
logika Turme “ara marto dromoWmulia”, aramed “dama-
xasiaTebelia azrovnebis mecnierebamdeli {?] da logi-
kamdeli {?} wesisaTvis” {6. gv.377}. hegeli iyo “marqsis
daumsaxurebeli saxelganTqmuli maswavlebeli” {iqve}.
“dialeqtika aramecnierulia; is metafizikuria” {6.
gv.379} da a.S. magram amjerad Cven mxolod imis aRniSvna
gvinda, rom popers dialeqtikuri da logikuri winaaR-
mdegoba erTmaneTisagan ver gaurCevia.
dialeqtikis winaaRmdeg igi amtkicebs, rom ar SeiZ-
leba “avitanoT winaaRmdegoba Cvens TeoriebSi”{6. gv.
357}. “Tu TeoriaSi aris winaaRmdegoba, maSin misgan ga-
momdinareobs yvelaferi da amdenad realurad araferi.
Teoria, romelSic aris winaaRmdegoba, mTlianad uvar-
gisia, rogorc Teoria” {6.gv.360}. erTi sityviT, popers
hgonia, rom TiTqos dialeqtika mecnierul TeoriebSi
logikuri winaaRmdegobis arsebobas uSvebs.es sruli
absurdia, dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegobis sruli gaugeb-
robaa.
dialeqtikuri logikis qarTveli kritikosi b-ni
leri mWedliSvili amtkicebs, rom TiTqos “dialeqtiku-
ri logikis koncefciaSi ar arsebobs “meqanizmi” am ori
saxis winaaRmdegobas ...Soris gansxvavebis gasatareb-
lad” {7. gv.52}. Cven ar vapirebT dialeqtikuri da for-
maluri logikis damcvelTa kamaTSi Cabmas Tundac imi-
tom, rom igi Cveni kompetenciis farglebs scildeba.
magram imas ki mainc ver daveTanxmebiT, rom TiTqos ase-
Ti “meqanizmi” marTlac ar arsebobs. formalur-logi-
kuri winaaRmdegoba, prof. savle wereTlis sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, “SiSveli” winaaRmdegobaa, rac mecnierul
TeoriaSi marTlac dauSvebelia. Tu azrebi erTimeori-
sagan ar gamomdinareobs, anu Tu darRveulia logikuri
azrovnebis kanonebi da wesebi anu Tu adgili aqvs logi-
33
kur Secdomebs, maSin maTgan mecnieruli Teoria imTa-
viTve unda ganTavisufldes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi
ara marto mecnieruli ver iqneba, aramed saerTod ar iq-
neba Teoria. erTi sityviT, mecnierul TeoriaSi logi-
kuri winaaRmdegobis arseboba dauSvebelia. sul sxvag-
varia dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegoba: mowinaaRmdegeni _
Tezisi da antiTezisi _ erTmaneTs ubralod ki ar gamo-
ricxavs, aramed winaaRmdegobis Sedegad raRac sxvas _
sinTezs _ qmnis. gavixsenoT Tundac hegeli: arsi - arar-
si - qmnadoba. aq ar aris logikuri {“SiSveli”} winaaR-
mdegoba. gana es dialeqtikursa da formalur winaaR-
mdegobebs Soris sakmaod ganmasxvavebeli “meqanizmi” ar
aris? Tu dakvirvebiT wavikiTxavT prof. savle wereT-
lis “dialeqtikur logikas” da Tu arc winaswari gan-
zraxviT SevudgebiT mis damaxinjebas, maSin bevr friad
mniSvnelovan arguments vipovniT dialeqtikuri winaR-
mdegobis sasargeblod. mis gasakritikeblad ki saWiroa
misi azrovnebis sferoSi Rrmad SeWra. arsebobs germa-
nuli andaza: `Wer der Feindes will verstehen, muss im Feindes
Lande gehen” {“visac mtris gacnoba surs mtris qveyanaSi
unda wavides”}.
aq iZulebuli varT SevwyvitoT am Temaze saubari,
raTa am statiis mTavari amocana ganuxorcielebeli ar
dagvrCes. davubrundeT isev dialeqtikis Teoriisa da
aristoteles winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanonis
Tavsebadobis problemas.
dialeqtikuri logikis damcvelebi ar cnoben aris-
toteles winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanonis auTen-
turobas, vinaidan misi daSveba, maTi azriT, kiTxvis qveS
daayenebs azrovnebis dialeqtikas da, sabolood, dia-
leqtikuri kanonzomierebis universalurobas. isini
Tvlian, rom aristoteles winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblo-
bis kanoni sazRvars uwesebs dialeqtikuri winaaRmdego-
bis universalurobas da uaryofs kidec. igi aRiarebs
sinamdvilis iseTi sferos arsebobas, sadac “erTianis
34
gaoreba” Zalas hkargavs. qvemoT SevecdebiT vaCvenoT am
sirTulidan gamosavali, saxeldobr is, rom dialeqti-
kis Teoria da aristoteles winaaRmdegobis SeuZleb-
lobis kanoni Tavsebadia.

III. dialeqtika da relativizmi

axla, uwinares yovlisa, saWiroa vnaxoT, Tu ras

niSnavs dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba da ra Sedegebi ga-
momdinareobs misgan.
Sinagani winaaRmdegobis arseboba, romelic dia-
leqtikuri kanonzomierebis birTvs warmoadgens, sasru-
lobis maCvenebelia. kidev metic, intensivobis mixedviT
arsebobs winaaRmdegobis gradaciis sxvadasxva done
umartivesi gansxvavebidan TviT ukidures urTierTda-
pirispirebamde, romelTagan yvela sxvadasxva donis sas-
rulobas gamoxatavs. nebismieri sagani Tu movlena sas-
rulia, garkveulia imitom, rom arsebobs sxva sagani da
movlena, romelic mas asrulebs, garkveuls xdis. jer
kidev aristotele miuTiTebda, rom yoveli gansxvaveba,
miT umetes winaaRmdegoba, aris sazRvari; gansazRvru-
loba ki sasrulobas niSnavs. usasrulo ki Tavis Tavidan
yovelgvar winaaRmdeobas, TviT gansxvavebasac ki gamo-
ricxavs. igi mTliania; masSi ar SeiZleba raime gansxvave-
ba iyos, miT umetes, winaaRmdegoba, gansakuTrebiT “er-
Tianis gaoreba”, rogorc dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegobis
arsi, misi sasrulobis aRmniSvneli. es idea jer kidev
parmenidem gamoTqva. misi arsis usasrulobas, erTi
mxriv, erTaderToba, xolo, meore mxriv, Sinagani erTia-
noba, daunawevrebloba iwvevs. araferi ar arsebobs,
garda arsisa; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi “sxva”, miT umetes
mowinaaRmdege, mas gansazRvravda, sasruls gaxdida.
igive Sedegs miviRebdiT Sinagani winaaRmdegobis Sem-
TxvevaSi. es idea kidev ufro naTlad da ufro gvian ni-
kolo kuzanelma gamoTqva. misi moZRvrebidan gamomdi-
35
nareobs, rom materialuri samyaro, romelic urTier-
Tdapirispirebuli movlenebisa da procesebisagan Sed-
geba, sasrulia, naklovania. swored Sinagani winaaRmde-
goba qmnis mas aseTad. sul sxvaa “absoluturi maqsimu-
mi”, romelic yovelgvari winaaRmdegobisagan Tavisufa-
lia. masSi urTierTdapirispirebulni erTmaneTs em-
Txveva {coincidentia oppositorum}. sabolood ki kuzanelis
es fundamenturi idea ase SeiZleba gamovTqvaT: dialeq-
tikuri kanonzomiereba aris sasruli samyaros kanonzo-
miereba. aseTia is {materialuri} samyaro, romelSic
Cven vcxovrobT. idealur samyaroSi ki araviTari wina-
aRmdegoba, araviTari sasruloba da naklovaneba ar ar-
sebobs. absoluturi aris organulad mTliani, yovel-
gvar winaaRmdegobaze maRla myofi.
sasruloba, uwinares yovlisa, drosa da sivrceSi
gansazRvrulobas niSnavs. sasrul {materialur} samya-
roSi yvelafers aqvs “Tavisi sidide” anu vrceuli saz-
Rvrebi, riTac isini erTmaneTs aboloeben, asruleben.
es sasruloba, erTi mxriv, maT garkveulobas qmnis. “es
aris es” imitom, rom igi ar aris “sxva.” am sazRvris anu
sasrulobis gareSe igi uformo, gaurkveveli iqneboda.
es idea pirvelad aristotelem gamoTqva. igi usasrulo-
bis anu gaurkvevlobis mimarT uaryofiTad iyo ganwyo-
bili. forma aris is, rac sagans garkveulobas aZlevs.
meore mxriv, sasruloba ZiriTadad drosTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli. drois arseba aris moZraoba, vinaidan dro
sxva araferia, garda moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgo-
mareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigisa. aqedan gamomdina-
reobs, rom materialuri samyaros moZraoba da cvaleba-
doba, uwinares yovlisa, imaSi gamoixateba, rom yovel-
gvari arsebuli procesis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. pro-
cesSi yofna ki sasrulobas niSnavs. nebismieri procesi
iwyeba, arsebobs da sruldeba anu aqvs drois sami momen-
ti: warsuli, awmyo da momavali; mis momavals ki dasru-
leba warmoadgens. es ki sxva araferia, garda sasrulo-
36
bisa. maSasadame, sivrcesa da droSi arsebobac Cveni {ma-
terialuri} samyaros sasrulobis maCvenebelia.
sasrulobas asabuTebs mizezobriobis kanonic, ro-
melsac universaluri xasiaTi aqvs. misi universaluro-
ba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvelafers aqvs mizezi; umize-
zo am qveynad araferi ar aris. zemoT vTqviT, rom yvela-
feri moZraobs anu procesis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. es
procesi umravles SemTxvevaSi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSi-
ris saxiT arsebobs. yoveli movlena warmoSobilia anu
droSi arsebobs; warmoSoba ki warmomSobis arsebobas am-
tkicebs. es niSnavs, rom warmoSobilsa da warmomSobs
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiria. sabolood ki yvela-
fer amas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom mizezobrioba sas-
ruli samyaros kanonzomierebaa, xolo usasrulobis
sferoSi araviTari mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri ar SeiZ-
leba iyos. swored aseTia, spinozas azriT, substancia,
rogorc absoluturi arsi. gamoricxa ra mizezobriobis
cneba substanciis Sesaxeb moZRvrebidan, spinozam Semo-
itana TviTmizezobriobis {causa sui} cneba, romlis qveS
TviTsafuZvels gulisxmobda. araferi ar SeiZleba iyos
Tavisi warmoSobis mizezi, vinaidan igi warmoSobamde un-
da arsebobdes, rac absurdia. garda amisa, mizezis cneba
absoluturi arsis {substanciis} mimarT ar gamodgeba,
vinaidan absoluturi arsi {substancia} maradiulia, mi-
zezobrioba ki sasrulobis gamomxatvelia. spinozas
dros mizezsa da safuZvels erTmaneTisagan jer kidev
ver asxvavebdnen {causa sive ratio _ mizezi anu safuZveli}.
adamians rarig RvTaebrivi genezisi ar unda hqon-
des, igi mainc am samyaros pirmSoa, materialur, sasrul
samyaroSi cxovrobs da mis kanonzomierebas eqvemdeba-
reba. amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom isic sasruli
arsebaa. igi xSirad ocnebobs usasrulobaze, ukvdaveba-
ze, xSirad laparakobs misi SemecnebiTi unarebis amou-
wuraobaze, magram es mxolod iluziaa; sinamdvileSi ki
misi SemecnebiTi unarebi iseve sasrulia, rogorc fizi-
37
kuri. is didi miRwevebi, romelic adamians amJamad Teo-
riuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis sferoSi aqvs, _
TviTmfrinavebi, televizorebi, mobiluri telefonebi,
kompiuterebi da TviT birTvuli iaraRic _ misi sasru-
li SemecnebiTi unarebis farglebSi Tavisuflad Tav-
sdeba. sinamdvileSi mas imis Semecnebac ki ar SeuZlia
{rogorc es jer kidev kantma aCvena}, rom sagnebi da
movlenebi, romelTac igi yoveldRiurad xedavs, Tavis-
Tavad, e.i. cnobierebis gareSe iseTia, rogorc aRqmaSi
gveZleva, Tu isini “cnobierebis cTunebebs” warmoad-
gens?
miT umetes Znelia, Zalian rTulia laparaki abso-
luturi arsis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb. ontologia, ro-
melsac filosofosebi TavisTavad arsebuli arsis Sesa-
xeb moZRvrebad Tvlian, am mxriv didi sirTuleebis wina-
Se dgas. adamiani, rogorc sasruli arseba, cxadia, abso-
luturs ver wvdeba. amas efuZneba RmerTis sisruliT
Semecnebis SeuZlebloba. samyaros uzenaes kanonzomie-
rebaze, rogorc RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis produqtze,
dakvirveba RmerTis arsebobis Semecnebis erTaderTi
gzaa, magram mxolod arsebobisa da meti araferi. Rmer-
Tis sisruliT Semecneba adamianis sasrul gonebas ar Za-
luZs. RmerTis arsebobas samyaroSi arsebuli gasaocari
kanonzomiereba da harmonia asabuTebs. es aris RmerTis
arsebobis dasabuTeba Teoriuli gonebis sferoSi, xo-
lo sxva RvTaebrivi atributebi ki adamianis sasruli
SemecnebiTi unarebisaTvis farulia.
absoluturi Tundac imitom ar Seimecneba, rom
samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, sasrulia, relati-
uria. sasruloba relatiuriobas niSnavs, vinaidan sas-
ruls TavisTavadi arseboba ar SeuZlia; igi imazea damo-
kidebuli, rac mas asrulebs. amrigad, damokidebuloba,
sasruloba da relatiuroba erTi da igive Sinaarsis
mqone cnebebia. sabolood ki es yvelaferi imas niSnavs,
rom dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba ara marto sasrulo-
38
bis, aramed relatiurobis maCvenebelicaa. TviTon is
faqti, rom dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba kavSirSia uni-
versalur moZraoba-cvalebadobasTan, mis relatiuro-
bas asabuTebs. saganTa da movlenaTa Soris mWidro ur-
TierTkavSirisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis arsebo-
bac misi sasrulobisa da relatiurobis damadasturebe-
lia. urTierTganpirobebulobis mdgomareobaSi myofi
sagnebi da movlenebi erTmaneTzea damokidebuli, maSa-
sadame, relatiuria. es erTxel kidev asabuTebs, rom
samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, sasruli da rela-
tiuria.
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom relatiuri sagnebi da
movlenebi saerTod damoukideblobis natamalsac ki ar
flobdes, mTlianad sxvaze iyos damokidebuli. is, ro-
melsac araviTari TavisTavadoba, araviTari damouki-
debloba ar gaaCnia, verc sxvasTan kavSirs SesZlebs. ur-
TierTkavSiri da urTierTdamokidebuloba ara marto
ar gamoricxavs relatiuri damoukideblobis arsebo-
bas, aramed, piriqiT, mas gulisxmobs. misi relatiuri
damoukidebloba ki imas niSnavs, rom igi mTlianad ro-
dia sxvaze damokidebuli, mas mxolod naklovani damou-
kidebloba aqvs, rac misi TavisTavadi arsebobisaTvis ar
kmara. damoukideblobis es naklovaneba ki aucilebels
xdis urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulobis
arsebobas.

IV. dialeqtika da winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni

amrigad, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, absoluturis

wvdomis SeuZlebloba, erTi mxriv, xolo, meore mxriv,
universaluri relativizmi rogorc obieqtur {gare-
gan}, ise subieqtur {cnobierebis} sferoSi dauZlevel
siZneleebs qmnis adamianis Teoriulsa da praqtikul
cxovrebaSi. relativizms damangreveli Zala aqvs adami-
anis moRvaweobis yvela mimarTulebiT. es viTareba kar-
39
gad gaacnobieres jer kidev platonma da aristotelem
sofisturi relativizmisa da heraklites dialeqtikis
winaaRmdeg brZolis procesSi. isini Tvlidnen, rom so-
fistur relativizmsa da heraklites dialeqtikas So-
ris arsebobs organuli kavSiri, axlo naTesaoba, ris ga-
moc isini maT erTmaneTisagan ar asxvavebdnen da Tanab-
rad akritikebdnen. heraklites dialeqtikidan yalbi
daskvnebis gamotanis SesaZlebloba kargad aCvenma he-
raklites mowafem kratilma, romelic universaluri
moZraobis ideidan mdgradobis momentis gamoricxvam da
wminda cvalebadobis aRiarebam nihilizmamde miiyvana.
platoni da aristotele relativistebs {maT Soris he-
raklites mimdevrebsac} “orTavianebs” uwodebdnen, vi-
naidan isini erTsa da imave obieqtze ori urTierTsawi-
naaRmdego azris ekvivalenturobas amtkicebdnen, ori-
ves WeSmaritad Tvlidnen.
“orTavianoba” anu orniSnoba, romelic relativiz-
misaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, gaurkvevlobas iwvevs.
Tu sagani erTsa da imave dros aseTic aris da sxvagva-
ric, rasac dialeqtika da misgan gamomdinare relati-
vizmi amtkicebs, maSin saerTod gaugebari darCeba sag-
nis raoba, misi arseba. es ki imas niSnavs, aristoteles
azriT, rom relativizmis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia rai-
mes Semecneba, moazreba da azris gamoTqma {metyveleba}.
SeuZlebelia vTqvaT, gveubneba aristotele, rom “erTi
da igive kidec arsebobs da arc arsebobs ... arseboba da
ararseboba erTad SeuZlebelia”, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi
yvelaferi WeSmariti iqneba anu ar iarsebebs araviTari
WeSmariteba. “erTi mniSvnelobis arqona niSnavs arc er-
Ti mniSvnelobis qonas ... SeuZlebelia raimes moazreba,
Tu {yovelTvis} ar azrovneb raime erTs” {8.1006 b-14}.
aristotele am Teoriuli mosazrebebiT ar kmayofil-
deba da miuTiTebs relativizmis pirobebSi adamianis
praqtikuli moRvaweobis SeuZleblobazec. Tu yvelafe-
ri relatiuria, anu Tu yvelafers erTi da igive Rire-
40
buleba aqvs, maSin “aseTi adamiani {relativisti - s. a.}
ratom midis megaraSi da ratom Sin ar rCeba roca is iq
wasvlaze fiqrobs? ratom igi diliT pirdapir WaSi an
ufskrulSi ar Cavardeba, Tu aseTi ram Sexvdeba? magram,
cxadia, igi iCens sifrTxiles {TavisTvis} da xelsayre-
lobas; amitom, cxadia, rom erTs {TavisTvis] ukeTesad
Tvlis, meores ki ara” {8. 1008, b-27}. zemoTqmulidan
cxadia, rom orniSnoba {mravalniSnoba} anu relatiu-
roba aristoteles bundovanebisa da gaurkvevlobis
wyarod miaCnia, romelic Semecnebis, azrovnebisa da az-
ris gadacemis SesaZleblobas principulad gamoric-
xavs. yovelive es SesaZlebelia mxolod erTniSnobis pi-
robebSi, romelic absoluturis niSania. erTniSna mxo-
lod absoluturi SeiZleba iyos; igi garkveulobisa da
Semecnebis SesaZleblobis aucilebel pirobas warmoad-
gens. swored am mizniT aristotelem Semoitana winaaR-
mdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni, romelic amtkicebs, rom
“SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive erTad ekuTvnodes da
arc ekuTvnodes erTsa da imaves erTi da igive azriT” {8.
1005. b 18-34}. sxva sityvebiT, es niSnavs, rom SeuZlebe-
lia erTsa da imave sagans erT drosa da erT mimarTebaSi
mivaweroT ori urTierTgamomricxveli niSani. es kanoni
aris adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis
SesaZleblobis fundamenturi piroba. maszea dafuZne-
buli ara mxolod Semecneba da logikuri azrovneba,
aramed agreTve adamianis praqtikuli moRvaweobac. am
kanonSi xedavs aristotele relativizmisagan xsnas, re-
lativizmis damangreveli Zalisagan Tavdacvis saimedo
javSans.
vidre am kanonis interpretacias ganvagrZobdeT,
unda SevniSnoT, rom misi ZiriTadi idea gamoTqmuli iyo
jer kidev platonis mier dialogSi “saxelmwifo”. pla-
toni svams kiTxvas: “nuTu SesaZlebelia, rom erTi da
igive imyofebodes da moZraobdes erTsa da imaves mi-
marT”? {9.436.c}. sxva adgilze igi gveubneba, rom SeuZ-
41
lebelia erTi da igive sagani ”moZraobdes da arc moZra-
obdes erTsa da imaves mimarT”{9.436.d-f}. amave sakiTxs
platoni ubrundeba dialogSi “fedoni”. magram es idea
kanonis saxiT mxolod aristotelem Camoayaliba.
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni relativiz-
mis sapirispiro poziciebze dgas. Tu relativizms bun-
dovaneba da orazrovneba Semoaqvs, rac SeuZlebels
xdis azrovnebasa da Semecnebas, es kanoni ki,piriqiT, Se-
mecnebisa da azrovnebis aucilebel pirobad erTniSno-
bas Tvlis. erTniSnoba aris absoluturis, rogorc on-
tologiuri realobis gnoseologiuri surogati, iseve
rogorc mravalniSnoba {bundovaneba} ontologiuri
relativizmis gnoseologiuri surogatia. amrigad, mra-
valniSnobis saxiT Cven saqme gvaqvs relativizmTan, xo-
lo erTniSnoba absoluturis gnoseologiuri niSania.
SeuZlebelia, rom absoluturi ar iyos erTniSna; igi
xom yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSe dgas!
es imas niSnavs, rom winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis
saxiT aristotelem Semecnebis TeoriaSi absoluturi,
erTniSnoba Semoitana. sagans erTsa da imave drosa da
mimarTebaSi mxolod erTi niSani SeiZleba hqondes. igi
unda iyos aseTi an iseTi da ara orive erTad. erTsa da
imave mimarTebaSi mxolod da mxolod absoluturi ka-
nonzomiereba sufevs da araviTar orazrovnebas, aravi-
Tar winaaRmdegobas ara aqvs adgili. erTi sityviT, es
kanoni absolutur kanonzomierebas gamoTqvams.
magram ras niSnavs absoluturi? laTinuri sityva
“absolutus” niSnavs upirobos, imas, rasac araviTari
sazRvari ara aqvs, arafriT ar aris gansazRvruli, anu
universaluria, sayovelTaoa. es niSnavs, rom WeSmariti
absoluturi veraviTar SemosazRvras ver iTmens. amaSia
misi absoluturoba. Tu am TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT wi-
naaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanons, aRmoCndeba, rom igi
absoluturic aris {erT drosa da mimarTebaSi} da arc
aris absoluturi, raki igi SemosazRvrulia; misi abso-
42
luturoba iq Tavdeba, sadac droisa da mimarTebis saz-
Rvrebia. es niSnavs, rom es kanoni TviTon aris dialeq-
tikuri, dapirispirebulTa erTianoba. igi absolutu-
ric aris da arc aris absoluturi. erTi sityviT, igi
aris yalbi absoluturi anu fsevdoabsoluturi.
sxva naSromSi {10} Cven SevimuSaveT fsevdoabsolu-
turis Teoria. vTqviT, rom raki adamianis unarebi, maT
Soris SemecnebiTic, SezRudulia, ris gamoc mas, ro-
gorc sasrul arsebas ar SeuZlia absoluturis, ro-
gorc usasrulos, Semecneba, xolo absoluturi, ro-
gorc erTniSna, Semecnebisa da, saerTod, azrovnebis au-
cilebel pirobas warmoadgens, amitom adamiani iZule-
bulia cnobierad an aracnobierad moaxdinos relatiu-
ris gaabsolutureba, Seqmnas yalbi anu fsevdoabsolu-
turi, romelic safuZvlad daedeba adamianis Teoriuli
da praqtikuli {RirebulebiTi} gonebis saqmianobas.
fsevdoabsoluturia adamianis mier Seqmnili nebismieri
sazomi erTeuli {sigrZis, drois, temperaturis da a. S.},
romelic Semecnebis procesSi namdvili absoluturis
rols asrulebs. fsevdoabsoluturis absoluturi
mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi privilegiuri
sididea; aravin ar moiTxovs sazomi erTeulis, rogorc
fsevdoabsoluturis, gazomvas, vinaidan aseTi proce-
dura TviTon moiTxovda axali sazomi erTeulis, ro-
gorc fsevdoabsoluturi sididis Seqmnas da a.S., rac
usasrulo regresamde migviyvanda.
aseve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom fsevdoabso-
luturi, marTalia, cnobierad an aracnobierad gaabso-
luturebuli relatiuria, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar aris arc mxolod absoluturi da arc mxolod rela-
tiuri. igi aris “mesame realoba” aboluturisa da rela-
tiuris gverdiT. mas Semdeg, rac relatiuri gavaabso-
lutureT, igi aRar aris relatiuri, aramed absolutu-
ria; igi Semecnebis procesSi absoluturis yvela fun-
qcias asrulebs. erTi sityviT, fsevdoabsoluturi ge-
43
neturad relatiuria, magram funqciis mixedviT _ ab-
soluturi. amaSi mdgomareobs misi ormagi {dialeqtiku-
ri} buneba da amasTanave misi principuli gansxvaveba,
rogorc absoluturis, aseve relatiurisagan. fsevdo-
absoluturis mikuTvneba absoluturis an relatiuri-
saTvis am Teoriis samwuxaro gaugebrobas warmoadgens.
arsebobs fsevdoabsoluturis sami ZiriTadi for-
ma, romelTagan pirveli da mTavari xelovnurad gaabso-
luturebuli relatiuria, romelic gazomvis Teoriis
safuZvels warmoadgens. gazomva aucilebelia adamianis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobisaTvis, xolo ne-
bismieri gazomva sazom erTeuls saWiroebs. sazomi er-
Teulebi ki bunebaSi mzamzareulad ar arsebobs. amitom
adamiani cnobierad _ xelovnurad _ qmnis mas, aabso-
luturebs relatiur sidides da am gziT qmnis fsevdo-
absoluturs. aseTia, magaliTad, metri, rogorc sig-
rZis sazomi erTeuli, Termometri _ temperaturis sa-
zomi, saaTi _ drois sazomi da a.S. am tipis fsevdoabso-
luturis Seqmnas konvenciuri xasiaTi aqvs. sazom erTe-
uls Cven virCevT simarjvis, simartivisa da moxerxebu-
lobis mixedviT. sxva mxriv arCevani Tavisufalia. metri
SeiZleba vuwodoT 50 an 70 an 90 da a.S. santimetrs. es
araviTar aucileblobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. ase-
ve SesaZlebelia drois sazom erTeulad iseTi saaTi Sev-
qmnaT, romelic 70 an 80 wuTisagan Sedgeba. erT saaTad
60 wuTis arCeva sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli. igi Se-
Tanxmebis, konvenciis saqmea simarjvis, simartivisa da
moxerxebulobis mixedviT.
fsevdoabsoluturis meore forma dakavSirebulia
obieqtis mTavari, ZiriTadi niSnis universalizaciasa
da SedarebiT meorexarisxovani Tvisebebis uaryofas-
Tan. fsevdoabsoluturis am formas farTod iyeneben
statistikur interpretaciebsa da Tanamedrove deter-
minizmSi. magaliTad, sociologiuri gamokvlevebis
dros ”yvelas” gamokiTxva SeuZlebelia. amitom socio-
44
logebi gamokiTxaven 100 an 1000 an met {magram ara yve-
las] respondents, ris safuZvelzec albaTur daskvnebs
akeTeben, rasac isini absolutur mniSvnelobas aniWeben,
xolo danarCeni {gamoukiTxavi} adamianebis azrs ugu-
lebelyofen an, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, gamokiTxul-
Ta azrs maTzec avrceleben. es aris univeralizaciis me-
Todi, rac adamianTa praqtikul cxovrebaSi kidec amar-
Tlebs. amgvari gamokiTxvis Sedegebs fsevdoabsolutu-
ri Sinaarsi aqvs. aseTivea yvela albaTuri daskvna, gan-
sakuTrebiT didi albaTobebi. am azris sailustraciod
kidev erT magaliTs movitanT: mecnierebaSi cnobilia
e.w. “jinsis saswauli”, romelic amtkicebs, rom cecxlze
dadgmuli wyali SeiZleba, aduRebis nacvlad, gaiyinos.
aseTi albaToba marTlac arsebobs, Tumca igi katas-
trofulad mcirea, ris gamoc misi uaryofa ara marto
SeiZleba, aramed aucilebelicaa. am simciris miuxeda-
vad misi sruli uaryofa _Tundac Teoriulad _ SeuZ-
lebelia. amitom Cveni mtkiceba, rom “cecxlze dadgmu-
li wyali uTuod aduRdeba” fsevdoabsoluturi xasia-
Tisaa, vinaidan sawinaaRmdegos SesaZlebloba absolu-
turad gamoricxuli ar aris.
fsevdoabsoluturis meame formas, rac Cven amJa-
mad gamsakuTrebiT gvainteresebs, “SemosazRvruli ab-
soluturi” SeiZleba vuwodoT. aseTia, magaliTad, ev-
kliduri geometriis aqsiomebi, mtkiceba, rom samkuTxe-
dis kuTxeebis jami udris ori swori kuTxis jams, ro-
melTac mxolod evklidur sivrceSi aqvT absoluturi
mniSvneloba, xolo araevklidur sivrceSi mniSvnelobas
kargavs. igi mxolod evklidur sivrceSi asrulebs abso-
luturis yvela funqcias, magram SemosazRvrulobis ga-
mo igi ar aris WeSmariti, namdvili absoluturi, rome-
lic veraviTar “SemosazRvras” ver iTmens.amaSia misi
fsevdoabsoluturoba. aseTivea aristoteles winaaR-
mdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni, romelic absolutur
mniSvnelobas mxolod garkveul drosa da mimarTebaSi
45
inarCunebs, mxolod am sferoSi asrulebs igi WeSmariti
absoluturis yvela funqcias. magram raki igi garkveu-
li droiTa da mimarTebiT aris SemosazRvruli, ar aris
WeSmariti absoluturi, aramed yalbi, fsevdoabsolu-
turi.
amrigad, winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni er-
Tdroulad aris da arc aris absoluturi, rac imas niS-
navs, rom igi gaorebulia, “erTianis gaorebas” warmoad-
gens anu Tavisi bunebiT dialeqtikuri xasiaTis kanonia.
aqedan ki is daskvna SeiZleba gavakeToT, rom moxsnilia
dapirispireba dialeqtikasa da winaaRmdegobis SeuZ-
leblobis kanons Soris; araviTari winaaRmdegoba maT
Soris ar arsebobs. es ki, erTi mxriv, adasturebs dia-
leqtikuri kanonzomierebis absoluturobasa da uwyve-
tobas im samyaroSi, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, xolo,
meore mxriv, gamoavlens aristoteles winaaRmdegobis
SeuZleblobis kanonis antidialeqtikurobis moCvenebi-
Tobasa da, piriqiT, mis dialeqtikur xasiaTs.
ase SeiZleba gadawydes mravalwliani da dRemde Ca-
umcxrali dava dialeqtikis Teoriisa da aristoteles
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanonis urTierTobis Se-
saxeb. es ki, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs logikuri azrovnebis
dialeqtikuri xasiaTis mtkicebas, rasac Tanamedrove
{formaluri} logikis momxreebi gaafTrebiT ebrZvian.

46
 SERGI AVALIANI
THE PROBLEM OF COMPATIBILITY OF
DIALECTICAL THEORY AND ARISTOTELIAN
PRINCIPLE OF CONTRADICTION
ABSTRACT
This article proves the idea, according to which dialectical the-
ory and Aristotelian principle of contradiction are perfectly compatib-
le with each other.This conclusion is made on the basis of our theory
of pseudoabsolute.

literatura
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losofiaSi {“filosofiuri Ziebani”,kr.I, Tbilisi,1997}.
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6. karl poperi - varaudebi da darRvevebi, Tbilisi,
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7. leri mWedliSvili - savle wereTlis dialeqti-
kuri logikis koncefciis zogierTi sakiTxi Tanamedro-
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warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-
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ganyofilebam.
47
gnoseologia

GNOSEOLOGY
 vaxtang menabdiSvili
(quTaisi)

vaxtang menabdiSvili _ filosofiis

doqtori. ak. wereTlis saxelobis quTaisis
saxelmwifo universitetis filosofia-fsi-
qologiis departamentis TanamSromeli; mu-
Saobs cnobierebis problemebze; gamoqveyne-
buli aqvs ramdenime monografia da samecni-
ero statia.

cnebisa da codnis urTierTobis problema

sokrates filosofiaSi

Tu sofistebamde filosofosebis Semecnebis saga-

ni iyo buneba, samyaro, kosmosi, sofistebma Semecnebis
obieqtad adamiani airCies, magram adamiani maTTvis iyo
ara rogorc gansakuTrebuli fenomeni, aramed igi bune-
bis sagnebis msgavsad warmoidgines. magram “adamiani ar
aris nivTi, aramed igi Tvisebrivad gansxvavebulia, ara
marto araorganuli bunebisagan, aramed TviT maRalor-
ganizebul cxovelebisagan”(9. gv.77). rogorc s. wereTe-
li aRniSnavs, “sofistebma yuradReba bunebidan adamian-
ze gadmoitanes magram is adamiani bunebriv movlenad
warmogvidgines da saerTo cvalebadobas dauqvemdeba-
res” (7. gv.228). ar ucdiaT ra adamianis arsebis wvdoma,
yuradReba mis garegan, mimarTebiT Tvisebebs miaqcies.
es adamianis Sesaxeb moCvenebiTi codna iyo, radgan moC-
venebiTi aris kerZos codna, xolo namdvili codna ki -
zogadis codnaa.
amis dasabuTeba daisaxa miznad sokratem. man kar-
gad icis ra funqcias asrulebs garemomcveli sinamdvi-
le adamianis arsebobaSi, rom sicocxle aris adamiansa
da bunebas Soris myari kavSiris procesi, magram mas, ro-
gorc „anTropologs,“ samyaros erTaderT maintegrire-
49
bel arsebad adamiani miaCnia. “sokratesaTvis adamiani
Ziebis centri da kriteriumia"(5. gv.33). sokrate aris
filosofiisa da, saerTod, azrovnebis istoriaSi pirve-
li moazrovne, romelmac mTeli Tavisi Semoqmedeba mi-
uZRvna adamianis Semecnebas. “sokrate sul mudam icavs
da qadagebs _ aRniSnavs ernst kasireri _ obieqtur, ab-
solutur da universalur WeSmaritebis ideals, magram
erTaderTi universumi, romelsac is icnobs da rasac
mTeli misi kvleva—Zieba ukavSirdeba, adamianis samya-
roa”. (4. gv.25). adamianma WeSmariteba unda eZios saku-
Tar TavSi. adamians sakuTari Tavis ZiebaSi araferSi ar
daexmareba gare sinamdvile, bunebisa da, saerTod, kos-
mosis kvleva. “me codnis moyvaruli var, codnas ki qa-
laqSi myofi adamianebisagan viZen, xolo xeebi da min-
dvrebi verafers maswavlian” (10. gv.230 A). „Seican Tavi Se-
ni“ - es aris mowodeba daadginos sakuTari codnis SesaZ-
leblobis konturebi.
sakuTari Tavis Semecnebas gaaCnia rogorc gnoseo-
logiuri, aseve pragmatuli Rirebuleba, romlis saSua-
lebiTac adamianma unda daadginos sakuTari arseba, mis
mier TviTSemecnebisa da samyaros Secnobadobis SesaZ-
lebloba. radgan adamianisaTvis imaze mniSvnelovani da
Rirebuli araferia, vidre sakuTari arsebis wvdoma,
imis garkveva, Tu ra adgili ukavia mas samyaroSi da ra
aris misi daniSnuleba. amitom adamianis filosofiuri
problema maradiul problemaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.
sokratemdel moazrovneebs miaCndaT, rom adamiani
aris Semmecnebeli arseba, magram aravin dafiqrebula,
aris Tu ara igi Semecnebadi. sokrate iyo pirveli filo-
sofosi, romelmac adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis Semec-
nebis mowodebiT amcno civilizebul kacobriobas, rom
adamiani aris arseba, romlis Semecneba SesaZlebelia.
sokrates mizania dasaxuli amocana klasikurad
Seasrulos. amiT sabolood daiZleva wina filosofose-
bis Semecnebis sakiTxebisadmi ironiuli, ufro gonebaW-
50
vretiTi da garTobiTi damokidebuleba. sokratem dau-
do safuZveli adamianis SemecnebiTi Rirebulebebis ga-
dafasebas.
sokrates filosofiis amosaval debulebas warmo-
adgenda debuleba, romelic delfos orakulis fron-
tons devizad ewera: „ican Tavi Seni“. magram es devizi
adamians mouwodebda, rom igi aris araraoba, beCavi ar-
seba da Sedixar ra samisnoSi, daijere misanTa winaswar-
metyveleba. es iyo mowodeba, romelic adamians morCi-
lebisaken ubiZgebda, xolo sokrates filosofiuri de-
buleba „Seican Tavi Seni“ adamians mouwodebda, upirve-
les yovlisa, sakuTari Tavis Secnobisaken, codnisaken.
mouwodebda adamians gza gawmindos, “sxeulebriobis
WuWyi unda Camoirecxos” (1. gv.52). gaisufTaos goneba,
Seicnos sakuTari SesaZleblobebi da “wminda sulad
qceuli, sayovelTao suls SeuerTdes, romelsac igi ar-
sebiTad miekuTvneba”. (1. 52). “daexmaros meore adamians,
dabados WeSmariteba sakuTari Tavidan da ara mis gareT
eZios igi” (2. gv.115). platonic dadebiTad miiCnevs sok-
rates am cnobil lozungs: „Seican Tavi Seni!“. misi az-
riT, is, vinc kargad icnobs Tavis Tavs, nakleb Secdo-
mebs uSvebs saxelmwifos marTvaSi da piriqiT, vinc ar
icnobs Tavis Tavs, uSvebs udides Secdomebs da, Sesaba-
misad, udidesi borotebac moaqvs, rogorc TavisTavis,
ise xalxis da saxelmwifosTvis.
upirvelesad, sokratem unda daadginos warmodge-
nis, cnebisa da codnis urTierTdamokidebuleba. igi da-
saxuli amocanis Sesasruleblad cdilobs gaarkvios ri-
Ti gansxvavdeba codna warmodgenisagan. warmodgenidan
zogadobamde amaRleba aris cnebamde misvla. sokratem
adamianis Sesaxeb Tavisi moZRvrebis roli cnebamde
amaRlebiT amowura.
sokrate svams kiTxvas warmodgenis raobis Sesaxeb.
is sworad miuTiTebs, rom warmodgena ar aris mecnieru-
lad Rirebuli. “warmodgena kerZo xasiaTisaa. igi aR-
51
dgenili SegrZneba da aRqmaa” (7. gv.232). SegrZnebebiT mi-
Rebuli codna cvalebadi da zedapirulia. rogorc meo-
ce saukunis qarTveli filosofosi s. wereTeli aRniS-
navs, warmodgenas sruliad kerZo da ara zogadi xasiaTi
aqvs. igi ar aris namdvili codna.
warmodgenisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris cnobiereba,
radgan warmodgena cxovelebsac gaaCniaT. mag. rodesac
adamiani daixara nivTis asaRebad, mis win mdgom ZaRls
moagonda, rom erTxel aseT daxras mohyva misi sxeulis
romeliRac nawilis Zlieri tkivili nasroli nivTis Se-
degad, amitom igi wkmutuniT gaerida iqaurobas. sinam-
dvileSi axla es daxra sxva mizniT moxda, magram warmod-
genaSi aqvs CarCenili mwvave epizodi da msgavs qmedebas
yovelTvis msgavsi reaqciiT pasuxobs. warmodgena gvax-
senebs im faqts, romelic erTxel mainc aRviqviT. rad-
gan sokratesaTvis grZnobis organoebiT miRebuli cod-
na ar aris mecnierulad Rirebuli codna, amitom war-
modgenac ar aris mecnierulad saintereso. magram sok-
ratesTan ar dasmula kiTxva - exmareba Tu ara warmodge-
na Semecnebis process. albaT, rom daesva es kiTxva, uar-
yofiTad upasuxebda. mas erTaderT codnad miaCnia zo-
gadis codna. xolo `zogadoba codniT moinaxeba”. (2.
gv.116). grZnobis organoebi codnas gvaZlevs konkretu-
lis Sesaxeb. konkretulis Sesaxeb codnas ar SeiZleba
codna davarqvaT, radgan grZnobis organoebi sagnis
araarsebiT niSan-Tvisebebs gvixasiaTebs. es niSan—Tvi-
sebebi ar aris dakavSirebuli sagnis arsebasTan da cva-
lebadia. misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi sagnis arsebaSi ara-
feri ar icvleba. amitom aseTi codna, sokrates azriT,
ar aris namdvili.
sagnis arsebiT niSnebSi CaiTvleba is, rac aris mya-
ri da moucilebeli sagnisaTvis, romelic ar aris dRes
erTi da xval sxva. cvalebadis Sesaxeb codna ar aris
sagnis arsebis niSani. marTalia, is aris sagnis arsebobis
niSani, magram sagnis arseboba SeiZleba sxvagvaradac ga-
52
moxatuliyo da arsebiTi mxare igive darCeboda. sagnis
grZnobadi mxaris Semecnebis Rirebulebis uaryofiT
sokratem uaryo grZnobis organoebis roli da funqcie-
bi Semecnebis procesSi. sagnis arsebiT niSanTa Soris
mTavari niSani aris sagnis zogadi mxare, romelic aris
myari. zogadoba sagnis arsebaa. arseba aris pirveladi
da ganmsazRvreli. danarCeni misi konkretuli gamoxa-
tulebaa, arsebis gaformebaa, romelic arc aris auci-
lebeli sagnis arsebobisaTvis. kerZo zogadis, anu arse-
bis konkretizaciaa, magram, radgan kerZo da konkretu-
lia, yovelTvis iqneba naklovani mxare. arseba konkre-
tulisaTvis idealuri formaa. adamianis cnobierebis
funqcia aris am kanonzomierebis asaxva, romelsac mec-
nieruli Rirebuleba gaaCnia.
ra meqanizmi arsebobs adamianis cnobierebaSi am ka-
nonzomierebis asaxvisaTvis? obieqturi asaxva gulis-
xmobs realobis ise warmoCenas, rogoric igi sinamdvi-
leSia. xolo cnobierebis funqciaa sinamdvilis arag-
rZnobadi, arsebiTi niSnebis danaxva, romlebic arse-
bobs, magram arsebobs ara rogorc materialuri, gafor-
mebuli saxiT, aramed idealuri formiT. cnobierebis
funqciaa idealuri saxiT arsebulis wvdoma. swored
aseTi saxiT arsebulis wvdomis forma ar arsebobda sok-
ratemde. es aris cneba. sagnis arsebobis zogadi niSnebi,
“zogadoba da ucvleloba, cnebis aucilebeli niSani un-
da iyos” (7. gv.233). amitom cneba aris zogadi, anu realo-
baSi arsebulis zogadi mxare asaxuli Cvens cnobiereba-
Si.
sokrates azriT, rodesac sinamdviles vimecnebT,
vimecnebT zogads. “sokratesaTvis, aRniSnavs z. xasaia,
namdvili codna aris codna, ara kerZo SemTxvevebis Se-
saxeb, romlebsac usasrulo variaciebi axasiaTebT, ara-
med erTi zogadi principis Sesaxeb.”(8. gv.53) am zogadis
Semecneba xdeba cnebis daxmarebiT. cneba aris zogadis
Cvens cnobierebaSi gadmotanis saSualeba, romelic rea-
53
lurad arsebuli zogadis reproduqciaa. amitom sokra-
tesTan zogadi arsebobs cnebis saxiT, xolo kerZos ga-
geba xdeba am zogadis safuZvelze. Tu sagnebisa da mov-
lenebis mizani TviT sagnebSi Zevs zogadis anu arsebis
saxiT da maTi mizania zogadSi yofna, Semecnebis mizani
iqneba cneba da cnebebis daxmarebiT codnis miRweva.
sokratemdel filosofosebTan, kerZod, sofisteb-
Tan, samyaros asli, suraTi xelovnuri iyo. maT ar amoZ-
ravebdaT reluri suraTis miRebis moTxovnileba da sa-
kiTxs ase arc svamdenen, radgan realobis gancda ar amoZ-
ravebdaT da amas amarTlebdnen imiT, rom fiqrobdnen,
realobis adekvaturi codna bevris verafris momtania.
samyaros Sesaxeb codna ufro garTobiT xasiaTis mata-
rebeli iyo, vidre seriozuli kvlevisa. sokrate mixvda
ra maT Secdomebs, Rrmad Caixeda problemis arsSi. ro-
gorc aRvniSneT, sokratem grZnobadi Semecneba ar miiC-
nia mecnieruli kvlevis aucilebel komponentad da, uSu-
alod, zogadis SemecnebiT iwyebs. ra Tqma unda, azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom SegrZnebebi da warmodgenebi Rirebuls
bevrs verafers aZlevs mecnierebas, misi filosofiuri
kredos naklovaneba iyo. magram isic unda gaviTvaliswi-
noT, rom sokrate cdilobs ara sistemuri filosofiur-
mecnieruli azrovnebis Seqmnas, aramed msjelobs misi
erTi epizodis, codnisa da cnebis Sesaxeb da es testi,
rogorc platoni aRniSnavda, sokratem warmatebiT Caaba-
ra.
sokrates mizani marTlac aris cneba da misi adek-
vaturoba. adamianebi sokratemdec operirebdnen cnebe-
biT, magram cnebis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen ise, rogorc
patara bavSvis gamarTuli saubari ar miuTiTebs misi
enis, sintaqsisa da morfologiis codnaze. sokratesTan
cneba aris myari sayrdeni, razec unda dafuZndes klasi-
kuri azrovneba. rogorc vindelbandi aRniSnavs“sokra-
te eZiebda yvelasaTvis savaldebulo myar codnas cne-
bebis saxiT” (11. gv. 133). cneba gonebis iaraRia, romli-
54
Tac zogadi unda SemovitanoT azrovnebaSi, rogorc
gansjis obieqti. igi adamianis azrovnebisaTvis aris sa-
Sualeba, romlis mizania zogadis, rogorc obieqtis Se-
mecneba. amdenad, cneba sokratesTan aris is safuZveli,
romelic samyaros realuri suraTis warmodgenasTan
migviyvans. sokrates es Rvawli aRniSnes kidec platonma
da aristotelem. magram, cneba aris codnis miRwevis sa-
fuZveli da ara TviT codna. marTalia, rodesac cneba
gvaqvs, raRac ukve viciT, magram cnebas codnamde sWir-
deba swori msjeloba. sokrates azrovneba swored cne-
bis mniSvnelobis garkveviT daiwyo. cnebas sxvagvarad
araviTari mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, Tu ara mecnieruli
Rirebuleba. cnebis dadgenas maSin aqvs azri, rodesac
Cveni mizania gamoviyenoT igi mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis.
swored aseTi mimarTuleba misca sokratem cnebis dad-
genas. cneba unda Semovides da aisaxos codnaSi, rom
codnis mopoveba cnebebiT gaxdes SesaZlebeli.
marTalia, codna ufro maRla dgas cnebaze, radgan
codna cnebis axsnisa da moxmarebis wesia, magram Tavad
cnebaSi iSifreba codnis arsi. cnebaze dayrdnobiT ir-
kveva codnis Sinaarsi da mimarTuleba. ra tipis codnis
mopovebazea saubari, gamomdinareobs cnebis Sinaarsi-
dan. cneba sokratesaTvis iseTive zogadi da ganmsaz-
Rvrelia, rogorc misi winamorbedi TalesisaTvis wyali.
rogorc aristotele aRniSnavda, WeSmaritebis Semecne-
bis miznad sokrates cneba miaCnda. amitom sokrates pe-
dagogiuri meTodi kerZo warmodgenebidan gamodis da
zogad cnebamde adis. amdenad, cneba TviTon warmoad-
gens gonebis amocanas da misi gaSifvriT goneba ukve aR-
wevs garkveul codnas. codnisa da cnebis damokidebu-
lebis sakiTxi rTulia, garkveuli azriT, isini erTma-
neTs gulisxmoben. am SemTxvevaSi sokrates Sexeduleba
codnis Sesaxeb naklovania. codna ufro farToa, vidre
cneba, magram ra donisac ar unda iyos codna, cnebis ga-
reSe igi ar konstruirdeba, e. i. codna gulisxmobs cne-
55
bas. zogadi, rogorc arsobrivi safuZveli sinamdvili-
sa, realurad arsebobs, xolo CvenTvis arsebuli arse-
bis gamovlena moCvenebaa. amis msgavsad, sokrate sagnisa
da movlenis nacvlad mis Sinaarsobriv safuZvels, cne-
bas aRiarebs.
sokrate daeZebs WeSmaritebas adamianSi, misi aRmo-
Cena ki SeiZleba codniT. amdenad, adamiani aris codnis
subieqti (misi Sinagani samyaro), xolo codna ki codnis
sagani. rogorc codnis codna, adamiani aris Semecnebis
subieqti, da obieqtic. es winaaRmdegobas ar qmnis sok-
ratesTan, radgan sokratem icis, rom adamians Tu aqvs
codna, igi zogad adamianuri sakuTrebaa. zogad adamia-
nuri sokratesTan aris mis mier aRmoCenili da adamianis
cnobierebaSi arsebuli Sinagani substanciuri mdgoma-
reoba, anu cneba.
zogadi TavisTavad, realobaSi ar arsebobs. zogadi
codniT moinaxeba, xolo zogadis codnis sawyisi etapi
adamianSi aris cnobierebis Sinagani, imanenturi sawyisi
forma, anu cneba. amdenad, sokrates filosofiisaTvis
adamiani aris TviTkmari arseba. Tu aixsneba adamianis
cnobierebis struqtura, dadgindeba misi SesaZleblo-
bebi, samyaros dainaxav adamianSi. igi zogadis safuZve-
lic aris da mizanic. sokrates filosofiis umaRlesi
mizani aris umaRlesi zogadobis anu cnebis dadgena. am
azriT, sokrates filosofia aris subieqtis filoso-
fia. rogorc hegeli aRniSnavda, protagorasagan gan-
sxvavebiT, sokrate ityoda: adamiani ki ar aris yvelaf-
ris sazomi, aramed adamiani, rogorc moazrovne, aris sa-
zomi yvela sagnisa. am azriT ki, protagorasagan gansxva-
vebiT, sokrate obieqtivistia.
sokratem daadgina codnis mopovebis specialuri
meTodi, romelsac dialeqtikuri meTodi uwoda. es aris
winaaRmdegoba da misi daZlevis gza. cnebis dadgenisaT-
vis saWiroa dapirispirebuli wanamZRvrebis daSveba da
am winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis gzebis Zieba. rogorc S.
56
nucubiZe aRniSnavs, “sokrates dialeqtikis Zala swo-
red imaSi iCenda Tavs, rom azrTa dafaruli winaaRmde-
gobani aRmoeCina. mxolod amaSi da sruliadac ara WeSma-
ritebasTan daaxloebaSi, mdgomareobda “dialeqtikuri”
meTodi. dialeqtikaSi ostatoba izomeba ara WeSmarite-
bis mzardi SinaarsiT, aramed winaswar Sedgenil cru az-
rTagan ganTavisuflebiT. asevea platonTan da aristo-
telesTan” (6. gv. 28).
winaaRmdegobis wina periodi aris raRac, romel-
sac arcodnas davarqmevT. am arcodnaSi unda daibados
cneba, anu codna. cnebis dabadebis procesi winaaRmde-
gobrivi mxareebis simZafrezea damokidebuli. magram
sokratesTan winaaRmdegoba, rogorc cnebis dadgenis
forma, unda iyos mwvave da mtkivneuli, saidanac axlis
warmoSobis SesaZlebloba gamomdinareobs. Semmecnebe-
li subieqti Sesamecnebeli obieqtis wyalobiT SeiZleba
gaxdes brZeni, radgan codna sibrZnes niSnavs, xolo
mcodnes brZeni ewodeba. platoni, sokrates kvaldakval
ityvis, mcodne saTnoc aris, mamacic, gonieric, keTilic
da bednieric. es iyo uaRresad axali, progresuli Sexe-
duleba, romelmac ganapiroba ara marto zogadad fi-
losofiis, aramed eTikis Camoyalibebac, safuZveli da-
udo civilizaciisa da kulturis winsvlas da Semoatri-
ala kacobrioba humanizmis, kacTmoyvareobisa da ganaT-
lebisaken. platonisa da sokrates azriT, gonebis ganvi-
Tareba aris gza adamianis bednierebisaken.
sokrate Tavisi codnis mimarT mudam mokrZalebu-
li rCeboda. mas Tavisi Tavi ar miaCnda brZenad. magram
sibrZne gulisxmobs ara konkretuli saqmis codnas, ara-
med codnas saerTod. brZeni ewodeba iseT adamians, ro-
melic farTo profilis codnas flobs. magram samyaros
codna sokratesaTvis ar aris codnis mizani. rogorc
igi aRniSnavda, adamianebs moqandakesaviT adamianur
formas aZlevda da bebiaqaliviT codnas abadebinebda.
adamianis formis CamoyalibebaSi sokrate gulisxmobda
57
codnas. codnas aZlevda, abadebinebda da xdeboda ada-
miani. sokrates mizani Semecnebis procesis kvleva ki ar
aris, aramed igi ikvlevs TviT Semecnebis, codnis arss.
amas sokrate uwodebs codnis codnas, martivad TviTSe-
mecnebas, radgan codna mas esmis, rogorc codna codnis
Sesaxeb, TviTSemecnebac aris codna codnis Sesaxeb. ami-
tom TviTSemecneba aris gza codnisaken. codnis cnebis-
gan gansazRvra pasuxobs kiTxvas, ra aris codna saer-
Tod. adamianis mizani unda iyos absoluturi codnis
mopoveba.
codnis SesaZlebloba adamianSi arsebobs, rogorc
samyaros kvlevis, obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgenis ia-
raRi. erT mxares dgas samyaro, rogorc realoba, meore
mxares samyaros kvlevis unariT SeiaraRebuli adamiani.
sokratem unda daadginos ras warmoadgens codna, ro-
gorc adamianurobis simbolo da kvlevis obieqti. Se-
mecnebis SesaZlebloba, anu adamianSi arsebuli kvlevis
unari xdeba Semecnebis obieqti, xolo codna, romelic
am unaris damxarebiT moipova adamianma, iqceva kvlevis
subieqtad, anu kvlevis subieqtica da obieqtic adamian-
Si arsebobs. swored es aris TviTSemecneba.
TviTSemecnebis mizani aris codnis codna, anu kvle-
vis, Semecnebis unarebis dadgena, romlis wyalobiTac
Cveulebrivi adamiani iqceva „sokrates adamianad“, anu
rogorc TviTon aRniSnavda, marmarilosagan gamoaqanda-
kebda adamians da adamianis formis mqone qandakebas STa-
beravda codnis Zalas da iqceoda namdvil adamianad.
rogorc savle wereTeli aRniSnavs, kiTxvaze - ra
aris codna? pasuxi SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi. ra aris
codna saerTod. Tu codnis buneba iqneba garkveuli, ma-
Sin gveqneba pasuxi kiTxvaze Tu ra aris codna. namdvil
codnas cnebaSi ukve aqvs adgili. aseve iTqmis codnis
Sesaxebac. codna mxolod zogadis codna unda iyos. sok-
ratesaTvis namdvili codna mxolod absoluturia, mag-
ram aseTi codna RmerTebis prerogativaa. xolo adamia-
58
ni dgas uvicsa da srul, WeSmarit codnas Soris. igi
codnis moyvarulia, filosofosia. sokratem codnis Se-
mecnebis problema kargad dasva, magram cnebis aRmoCe-
niT dakmayofilda da codnis arsis gagebis Tvalsazri-
siT ufro Rrmad aRar wasula. igi asaxsnelad momdevno
Taobebs dautova.

VAKHTANG MENABDISHVILI
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND CONCEPT
IN SOCRATES PHILOSOPHY
ABSTRACT
Socrates was the first philosopher who dedicated all his work to
a human.
In Socrates philosophy the problem of self-consciousness –
“Know Thyself” stands on the first stage. This is the credo of his
philosophy. The problem of humanity is to determine of possibility of
self-consciousness and understanding of the universe. It can to reach it
by establishment of essence of knowledge. To solve this problem
Socrates must determine the interdependence of knowledge
imagination and concept understanding.
In the Philosophy of Socrates imagination is not scientifically
interesting. It is not real knowledge. The real knowledge isgeneral
knowledge. The concrete in the point of view of Socrates is
changeable. That’s why it is not the mark of thing’s existence. By this
concept Socrates refused the role of sense organs in the cognition.
The function of the consciousness is anaccess of ideally
existing. This is the notion. The essential features of the concept of
immutability and generality. By the concept we can to bring general to
our consciousness. That is the reproduction of general. The aim of
consciousness is to reach the knowledge with its help.
The concept tool of mind, by which general must come in the
way of thinking as an object of judgment. The knowledge is above of

59
concept because it the way to use and explain the concept. So the
concept is the problem of mind and solving it the mind get knowledge.
From the point of view of Socrates the concept is born in the
lack of knowledge, which becomes the basis of the knowledge. And
the birth process of knowledge depends on the power of controversial
aspects. The goal of Socrates is to research of knowledge essence not
of consciousness. The ability of researching in human by the point of
view of Socrates becomes the object of consciousness and the
knowledge which the human got with the help of this ability is the
subject of the research. So research is the subject and the object at the
same time which is exists in human. This is exactlyconsciousness.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. gaTri e. berZeni filosofosebi. Tb. 1983 w.

2. gogiberiZe m. filosofiis istoria. Tb. 1973 w.
3. danelia s. antikuri filosofiis narkvevebi t.1
Tb. 1983 w.
4. kasireri e. ra aris adamiani. Tb. 1983 w.
5. martini s. filosofiis istoria. Tb. 2004 w.
6. nucubiZe S. Sromebi. t.III. Tb. 1979 w.
7. wereTeli s. narkvevebi antikur filosofiaSi Tb.
1972w.
8. xasaia z. filosofia. quTaisi. 1991 w.
9. filosofiuri anTropologiis sakiTxebi. t. 1.
Tb. 1970 w.
10. Plato: Phaidron
11. Виндельбанд. История древней философии., СПБ. С.
Петербург. 1916 г.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis gan-
yofilebam.

60
mecnierebis filosofia

Philosophy of Science
 guram GnaWyebia
(Tbilisi)

guram naWyebia _ iuridiul mecniereba-

Ta doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos fi-
losofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akade-
mikosi; muSaobs iurisprudenciisa da sa-
marTlis filosofiis problemebze; gamoq-
veynebuli aqvs mravali samecniero gamok-
vleva mecnierebis zemoaRniSnul dargebSi,
maT Soris monografiebi: `sisxlis samar-
Tlis sagani~ (Tb. 1997), `sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis saga-
ni~ (Tb. 1998); `brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kate-
goria~ (Tb. 2001); `sisxlis samarTlis meTodologiuri anbani~
(Tb. 2006); `sisxlis samarTali~ (Tb. 2011).

Q
qmedebis Semadgenlobisa da
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Tanafardobis
problema sisxlis samarTlis
kanonSemoqmedebaSi

iuridiul literaturSi TiTqmis gabatonebulia

termini “samarTalSemoqmedeba.” ise Cans, samarTali
TiTqos obieqturad da idealurad ki arsebobs, aramed,
xelovnurad iqmneba saxelmwifos mier. sinamdvileSi iq-
mneba normatiuli aqti, maT Soris kanoni, rogorc sa-
marTlis gamoxatvis erT-erTi forma, Aamdenad, ufro
sworad unda CaiTvalos termini “ kanonSemoqmdeba,” ro-
melic Semoqmedebis erT-erT saxes warmoadgens. samar-
Tlisa da misi gamoxatvis formebis sxvaobas jer kidev
Zvel saberZneTSi xedavdnen (5, gv. 9).
samarTlisa da kanonis gaigiveba arsebiTad pozi-
tivisturia da totalitaruli reJimebSi kanonis saxe-
liT saSineli borotmoqmedebis SeniRbvis saSualebas
iZleva. Ugustav radbruxi am mimarTebiT amxels faSis-

62
tur reJims germaniaSi da iZleva imis naTel dasabuTe-
bas, Tu ra boroteba SeuZlia moitanos samarTlisa da
kanonis gaigivebam, miT ufro sisxlis samarTlis sfero-
Si. magaliTad, debuleba, rom “hitleri mkvleli da omis
damnaSavea“ wminda wylis simarTle gaxldaT, Tumca, amis
xmamaRla mTqmeli, im reJimis wyalobiT, cocxali ar
darCeboda (12, gv. 229). roca kanoni antisamarTlebri-
via, es saerTod spobs kanonis, rogorc samarTlis erT-
erT wyaros, ideas da, maSasadame, samarTals tovebs sa-
kuTari formis gareSe, xolo, yovelive es friad saSiSia,
radgan saTanado formis gareSe arc samarTalia SesaZ-
lebeli.
termini “ Semoqmedeba “ filosofiuria da, rogorc
qvemoT davinaxavT, niSnavs aRmoCenas obieqturi Rire-
bulebis sferoSi. o. tabiZe friad sainteresod ganixi-
lavs Semoqmdebis filosofiur gagebas da ganasxvavebs
am ukanasknels misi fsiqologiuri, sociologiuri Tu
sxva kerZomecnieruli gagebisgan. Ggarda amisa, arsebobs
Semoqmdebis saxeebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mxatvruli,
mecnieruli, praqtikuli da sxva. “Semoqmedeba” niSnavs
iseTi Tvisebrivad axlisa da progresulis qmnasa da
damkvidrebas, romelic akmayofilebs sazogadoebriv
moTxovnebs. AkanonSemoqmedeba, misi specifikis miuxeda-
vad, Semoqmedebis am gagebas arsebiTad akmayofilebs.
irkveva, rom “Semoqmedeba,“ misi filosofiuri gagebiT,
niSnavs aRmoCenas obieqturi Rirebulebis sferoSi. Ees
niSnavs, rom Semoqmedebis sagani Semomqmedis nebisgan
damoukideblad arsebobs. mecnieruli Semoqmedeba Se-
mecnebis sagnis obieqturad arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebe-
lia. rogorc o. tabiZe Tavis droze aRniSnavda, mecnie-
ruli Semoqmdebis SemTxvevaSi mecnieri swvdeba arse-
bul obieqtur knonzomierebas da mecnieruli kanonis
formulrebas aRwevs (13, gv. 24). Aavtori aRniSnavs, rom
TiTqmis igive SeiZleba iTqvas mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
Sesaxebac, radgan, mxatvrul SemoqmdebaSic saqme gar-
63
kveuli realobis gamosaxvas exeba. Mmisi azriT, `xelovne-
ba, SeiZleba iTqvas, naxevrad realurs warmoadgens, man
realuri unda warmosaxos, magram realurad ki ara, ara-
med unda gaiTamaSos.“ ese igi, xelovanma, avtoris azriT,
adamianuri yofiereba unda gaiTamaSos (13, gv. 24).
cxadia, igulisxmeba mxatvruli saxeebis Seqmna.
Mmxatvruli azrovneba. saboloo jamSi, rogorc Cans, saq-
me Seexeba aRmoCenas obieqturi Rirebulebis sferoSi.
mecnieruli Semoqmdebis sferoSi esaa WeSmariteba, xo-
lo, mxatvruli Semoqmdebis sferoSi adamianuri yofie-
rebis aRmoCena, rogorc obieqturi Rirebulebisa, ro-
melic mza saxiT ki ar arsebobs, aramed iqmneba Semoqmde-
bis meSveobiT e. w. silamazis kanonis mixedviT. igulis-
xmeba SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba, romelic garkveuli
TamaSis saxiT vlindeba xelovnebaSic. Aadamianuri yofi-
erebis gaTamaSeba xelovnebaSi TamaSis filosofiuri
mxaris analizsac moiTxovs. Aam mxriv friad sainteere-
soa g. nodias naSromi “TamaSis cneba kulturis filoso-
fiaSi,” romelSic dasabuTebulia TamaSisa da kulturis
Sinagani kavSiri. TamaSi, rogorc irkveva, Tavisuflebis
niSania, magram, gansxvavebiT Tavisuflebisgan, romel-
sac pasuxismgebloba efuZneba, TamaSi u p as u x i s m g e b
l o a (xazgasma avtorisaa- g. n. ), mas ar hyavs sxva gan-
msjeli, garda sakuTari TviTnebobisa” (11, gv. 77).
Semoqmdeba, rogorc Tvisebrivad axlis aRmoCena
da qmnadoba, SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis gareSe ar ar-
sebobs, magram es Tavisufleba TviTneboba ki araa, ara-
med realuris gaTamaSebaa da, amdenad, gaTamaSebulis
bunebiTaa gansazRruli. Seqmnili da gaTamaSebuli ki
obieqturi Rirebulebaa, romelic jerarsis formiT ar-
sebobs. SemTxveviTi arc isaa, rom a. burjaliani samar-
Tlis filosofiis sagnad samarTlis qmnadobas asaxe-
lebs (4, gv. 12). igulsxmeba, upirveles yovlsa, samar-
Tlis fenomenis gamoxatva kanonis Tu kanonqvemdebare
aqtebSi. magram aq ramdenime SeniSvna unda gakeTdes. jer
64
erTi, marTalia, Semoqmedeba obieqturi Rirebulebis
sferoSi axlis mikvlevaa, magram es ar gamoricxavs, ara-
med, piriqiT, gulisxmobs subieqturi Rirebulebis cne-
basac, roca es obieqturi Rirebuleba gaSinagndeba da
subieqtis qcevis motivad iqceva (13, gv. 35). Semoqmede-
bac xom am obieqturi Rirebulebis gaSinagneba da Sesa-
bamisi xerxebiT gamoxatvaa! Mmeorec, saWiroa gavemijnoT
cnobierebis marqsistul gagebas, roca cnobiereba gage-
bulia rogorc asaxva. cnobiereba, ra Tqma unda, asaxavs
kidec raimes, obieqturs Tu subieqturs, magram asaxva
cnobierebis mxolod erTi mxarea, maSin, roca cnobiere-
bis bunebaSi mTavaria misi makonstruirebeli xasiaTi,
roca saqme exeba moqmdebis jer ararsebuli Sedegis
konstruirebas azrSi (6, gv. 77).
samwuxarod, cnobierebis, rogorc mxolod asax-
vis, calmxrivi gagebis Sedegia iuridiul literatura-
Si sakmaod gavrcelebuli debuleba, rom samarTlis
norma, asaxavs ra sinamdviles, aris WeSmariti an mcdari
msjeloba (16, gv. 59).
samarTlis norma araa mowyvetili realur sinam-
dviles, maT Soris qmedebis Semadgenlobas, romelic aR-
werilia sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi, magram is, saboloo
jamSi, mainc RirebulebiTi msjelobaa, jerarsis for-
miT gamoxatavs samarTlebriv Rirebulebas, xolo, Ri-
rebuleba, rogorc aseTi, Sefasebisa da orientaciis
idealuri safuZvelia (17, gv. 46).
samarTlis normis, rogorc RirebulebiTi msje-
lobis, poziciidan SeiZleba marTebulad iqnes gagebu-
li adamianis qmedebis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, rogorc
marTlzomieri, roca es qmedeba Seesabameba samarTlis
normis moTxovnas, an, piriqiT, es qmedeba fasdeba, ro-
gorc marTlsawinaaRmdego, roca igi ewinaaRmdegeba da
arRvevs samarTlis normis moTxovnas, xelyofs mar-
Tlwesrigs. M arc is unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, rom
qmedeba SeiZleba iyos iseTi “mesame,“ roca igi marTlzo-
65
meri araa, magram arc marTlsawinaaRmdegoa. saqme am po-
ziciidan exeba sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebas, roca
es qmedeba ukve aRaraa marTlzomieri aqti, raki subieq-
ti am momentdan gadis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis
farglebs gareT. magram is amave dros arc marTlsawina-
aRmdegoa, radgan qmedebis Semadgenlobis faqtidan mis
marTlwinaaRmdegobaze pirdapiri gadasvlis logikuri
gza ar arsebobs (es gadasvla amitom induqciuria). Aaqe-
dan gamomdinare, qmedebis sakanonmdeblo Semadgenloba
SefasebiTi araa, ris gamoc is sisxlis samarTlis saqme-
ze WeSmartebis dadgenis safuZvelia. magram aqedan sru-
liadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom samarTlis norma gnose-
ologiurad izomeba. marTlac, samarTlis norma rom
WeSmaritoba-mcdarobis kriteriumiT izomebodes, maSin
kanonSemoqmedeba mecnieruli ( Teoriuli ) Semoqmede-
bis saxe unda iyos. sinamdvileSi ki, piriqiT, kanonSemoq-
mdeba praqtikuli Semoqmedebis saxea, radgan kanonmde-
beli sazogadoebrivi praqtikis subieqtia, romelic sa-
marTlis normatiulobas sazogadoebriv urTierToba-
Ta mowesrigebis xerxad iyenebs. cxadia, kanonSemoqmede-
ba mecnieruli Semoqmdebisgan mowyvetiT SeuZlebelia,
radgan igi Semoqmedebis metad rTuli saxea, magram amis
gamo is mecnieruli Semoqmedebis nairsaxeobas ar war-
modgens.
Aamrigad, kanonSemoqmedebas SeiZleba mecnierulad
dasabuTebuli safuZveli hqondes, raki es procesi fri-
ad pasuxsagebia, sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da pirov-
nebis sasicocxlo interesebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad,
danaSaulis cnebis germanuli modeli sisxlis samar-
Tlis germanuli mecnierebis nayofia. Uufro metic, ger-
maneli kriminalistebis mecnieruli moRvaweobis araer-
Ti Sedegia gamoxatuli germanul sisxlis samarTlis
kodeqsSi. Mmagram kanonSemoqmedeba sinamdvileSi praqti-
kuli Semoqmedebis saxea, radgan kanonmdebelma filo-
66
sofiisa da mecnierebis miRwevebi sazogadoebrivi (maT
Soris — sasamarTlo-sagamoZiebo) praqtikis enaze unda
aalaparakos.
kanonSemoqmedebas, rogorc praqtikuli Semoqme-
debis saxes, kavSiri aqvs urTierTobasTan, rogorc zne-
obis, ise xelovnebisa da religiis sferoSi. Ees imiT aix-
sneba, rom marTlSegneba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cno-
bierebis erT-erTi forma, RirebulebiTi cnobierebis
nairsaxeobaa, romelic amitom uSualo kavSirSia sazo-
gadoebrivi cnobierebis sxva RirebulebiT formebTan,
gansakuTrebiT ki _ esTetikur cnobierebasTan. g. nane-
iSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, rogorc samarTali ar ar-
sebobs udasawyisod, ese igi, saTanado normatiuli for-
mis gareSe, ise esTetikuri idea Tavis gamoxatulebas es-
Tetikuri Semoqmedebis, mxatvruli saxis, anu, suraTis
gareSe SeuZlebelia (8, gv. 66).A avtori iqve xazs usvamda
im analogias, rac am mxriv xelovnebasa da samarTals So-
ris arsebobs. iseve, rogorc esTetikuri idea Tavis ga-
moxatulebas poulobs suraTSi esTetikuri Semoqmede-
bis meSveobiT, “swored aseve samarTlis aramoqmedi az-
ris namdvil (qmediT) Sinaarsad qceva SeiZleba mxolod
samarTlis Semoqmedebis saSualebiT“ (8, gv. 65).
Tu xelovneba sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianuri yo-
fierebis gaTamaSeba mxatvrul saxeebSi, maSin SegviZlia
vamtkicoT, rom kanonmdebeli sisxlis samarTlis kanon-
Si swored modelurad gaiTamaSebs adamianTa im dramas
(magaliTad, banditur Tu yaCaRur Tavdasxmas), tra-
gedias (magaliTad, mkvlelobas), Tu komedias (magali-
Tad, TaRliTobas klasikuri formebiT), romelic moma-
valSi SeiZleba datrialdes. SemTxveviTi sulac araa is
garemoeba, rom iuridiul da mxatvrul azrovnebaSi
termini “piri” ( samarTlis subieqti) raRac analogiur
mimarTebebs aRZravs. am garemoebas marTebulad miaqcia
yuradReba filosofosma g. cincaZem. igi specialurad
Cerdeba sulxan-saba orbelianis naazrevze, roca “qar-
67
Tul pirs da saxes sabasTan gaaCnia aseve YTeatraluri
mniSvnelobac: saxioba, musika, saxis mwerali, igavis moy-
vana (18, gv. 42). avtoris mtkicebiT, pirovnebisa da piris
filosofiuri da anTropologiuri problematikis
(personalizmis) aspeqtSi uaRresad sainteresoa is ur-
TierTmimarTeba, romelic arsebobs “Ppirisa“ da “saxis“
“Teatralur“ terminebs Soris qarTul enaSi. piri aq
aris moqmedi gmiri (xevisberi, otelo …...…), saxe ki is, rac
scenaze unda Seqmnas da gamosaxos msaxiobma, romelic
piesis moqmed pirs TamaSobs, mis rols asrulebs“ (18, gv.
42).
aRsaniSnavia, rom “rolis“ YTeatraluri cneba uc-
xo arc sisxlis samarTalSia. magaliTad, gamoCenili ru-
si kriminalisti n. tagancevi danaSaulSi Tanamonawile-
Ta pasuxismgeblobas solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis
principze afuZnebs (roca yvela pasuxismgebelia erTis-
Tvis da, pirqiT, erTi _ yvelasTvis), rac, Cveni azriT,
sxva araferia, Tu ara solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis
samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi gagebis umarTebulod gada-
tana sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi. magram avtori srula-
dac ar uaryofs im gansxvavebas, rac danaSaulSi Tanamo-
nawileTa Soris arsebobs rogorc personaluri Tvalsa-
zerisiT, ise TiToeuli Tanamonawilis mier Sesrulbu-
li gansxvavebuli rolis mixedviT. avtoris mtkicebiT,
bralisa da saqmianobis erToba, Tumca iwvevs solida-
rul pasuxismgeblobas, magram sruliadac ar spobs maT
Soris individualur sxvaobas; irkveva, rom Tanamonawi-
leobaSi aRsaniSnavia `cxovrebiseuli danaSaulebrivi
drama, rogorc scenaze cxovrebis gamosaxva, rac iT-
xovs saTanado Sesrulebas, TamaSsa da mTeli persona-
lis moqmedebebs, rac erTmaneTisagan mTavari da meore-
xarisxovani rolebis TvisebebiT gansxvavdebian”. aqedan
avtori akeTebda daskvnas, rom TanamonawileTa tipebis,
maTi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis, pasuxismgeblobis piro-
bebis da a.S. sakiTxebi `Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb moZ-
68
Rvrebis umniSvnelovanes ganyofilebas Seadgens” (14, gv.
583).
rogorc vxedavT, n. tagancevis mier aq gamoyenebu-
li terminologia marTlac Teatraluria, magram dana-
SaulSi Tanamonawileobis Taviseburebas marTlac gamo-
xatavs. isic sainteresoa, rom adamians ara mxolod sce-
naze aqvs raRac roli, aramed realur cxovrebaSic, ro-
ca adamianis cxovreba warmodgenilia, rogorc winaswar
dawerili drama (18, gv. 48). aq, imis miuxedavad, rom Cven
ar viziarebT arc fatalizmisa da arc bedisweris ide-
ebs, danaSaulSi TanamonawileobasTan garkveuli analo-
gia mainc arsebobs, roca Tanamonawileebs Soris rolebi
zogjer winaswarvea gansazRvruli da yoveli Tanamona-
wile praqtikulad am rols (magaliTd, zogjer - organi-
zatori, amsrulebeli _ Tanaamsruleblobis viTareba-
Si, wamqezebeli, damxmare) asrulebs.
amrigad, samarTlisa da xelovnebis es da sxva ana-
logiuri niSnebi adastureben, rom sisxlis samarTlis
kanonSemoqmedeba praqtikuli Semoqmdebis saxea da ga-
resinamdvilisadmi adamianis (kanonmdeblis) praqti-
kul-RirebulebiT damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. aqedan
gamomdinare, kanonmdebeli sisxlis samarTlis kanonSe-
moqmedebas qmedebis Semadgenlobis SeqmniT ver daiw-
yebs, iseve, rgorc, magaliTad, mwerali mxatvruli sa-
xis Seqmnas Teoriuli msjelobebiT ver daiwyebs. miT
umetes, rom mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi mxatvruli saxis
idea ukve Camoyalibebulia da swored es gansazRvravs
Semomqmedis damokidebulebas im masalisadmi, romelic
mxatvruli saxis Seqmnas sWirdeba. Aanalogiuria saqmis
viTareba sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmdebaSic, rad-
gan, cnobilia, rom qmedebis Semadgenloba aRwerilobi-
Ti, faqtis msjelobaa, xolo, am poziciidan wina planze
iwevs garesinamdvilisadmi adamianis Teoriuli, Semec-
nebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mecnie-
ruli Semoqmedebis wanamZRvaria.
69
 raki kanonmdebeli sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoq-
mdebas qmedebis Semadgenlobis SeqmniT ver daiwyebs, bu-
nebrivia, is kanonSemoqmedebas daiwyebs im sakiTxis ga-
dawyvetiT, Tu romeli qmedeba unda CaiTvalos danaSau-
lad. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis pirveli
muxlis pirvelsave nawilSi naTqvamia, rom es kodeqsi
gansazRvravs, Tu romeli qmedeba unda CaiTvlos danaSa-
ulad da ra sasjeli an zemoqmdebis ra zoma unda See-
fardos danaSaulis Camden pirs. aq ukve saqme Seexeba sa-
xelmwifos sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas, xolo, es saqmia-
noba, Tavis mxriv, mowesrigebulia sisxlis samarTlis
principebiT. kanonmdebelma Asisxlis samarTlis kanoni
am principebis safuZvelze unda aagos (9, gv. 129-130).
marTlac, Aam poziciidan aSkaraa, rom saqme exeba kanonSe-
moqmedebis politikur sawyiss, saxelmwifos oficia-
lur dasjiT politikas, romelic sisxlis samarTlis ka-
nonis formaSi danaSaulobis winaaRmdeg brZolis stra-
tegiuli, taqtikuri da meToduri xerxebis erTianobiT
vlindeba.
gasagebia, rom kanonmdebels aq sWirdeba iseTi cne-
ba, rogoricaa: `kriminalizaciis obieqti,“ radgan,
swored kanonmdebelma sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi unda
aRmoaCinos adamianTa is qmedeba, romelic momaval sis-
xlis samarTlis kanonSi (an ukve moqmed kanonSi cvlile-
ba-damatebis saxiT) danaSaulad saxelmwifoebrivi kva-
lifikaciis Rirsia. aq kriminalizaciis kriteriumebze
sagangebod ver SevCerdebiT, magram xelovnebasTan ana-
logia am kuTxiTac moiZebneba, roca kanonmdebelma un-
da akrZalos, rogorc wesi, adamianis ara erTeuli da
SemTxveviTi qmedeba, romelic SeiZleba arc gameordes,
aramed iseTi, romelic “ tipuria tipur garemoSi,” Tum-
ca mainc iseTi, romelic normatiulad marTvis sferoSi
Semodis, anu, Tu sisxlis samarTlis kanons SeuZlia igi
Semcirebis tendenciis relsebze Seayenos.

70
 amrigad, sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedebac
araa mowyvetili aRmoCenas obieqturi Rirebulebis
sferoSi, ese igi, kriminalizaciis obieqtis saxiT, mag-
ram amjerad imas vityviT, rom danaSaulobis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi qarTuli saxelmwifos Seuvali politikuri
neba ar ewinaaRmdegeba ufro liberaluri dasjiTi po-
litikis SemuSavebas da ganxorcielebas. kerZod, saWi-
roa, SevamciroT sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT dasjad
qmedebaTa wre da sisxlis samarTlis moqmedi kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelebis zoma; ufro Rrmad gavac-
nobieroT Tavisuflebis uvadod aRkveTis filosofiu-
ri sazrisi, raTa winaaRmdegobaSi ar movideT adamianis,
rogorc Tavisufali arsebis, cnebasTan da daniSnule-
basTan (10). gavaTavisufloT pirobiTi msjavri masze
mibmuli saproceso SeTnxmebis tvirTisagan. samagie-
rod, SevimuSavoT danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis ufro
efeqturi zomebi, gavaZlieroT ideologiuri muSoba
qarTuli saxelmwifos winaSe mdgari axali amocanebis
gacnobirebisa da misi gadaWris saqmeSi sazogadoebis
frTo fenebis Cabmis gziT.
sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmdebaSi saxelmwi-
fos politikuri nebis problema pirdapir kavSirSia
adamianTa qmedebis sazogadoebriv SefasebasTan. igu-
lisxmeba saxelmwifos movaleoba, gansazRvrul qmdeba-
Ta kriminalizaciis dros, amovides am qmedebis sazoga-
doebrivi saSiSroebis kriteriumidan. saqarTvelos sis-
xlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-7 muxlis meore nawilSi
(mcire mniSvnelovani qmedeba danaSaulad ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos) swored es moTxovnaa gamoxatuli.
kanonmdeblis mier danaSaulad Sefasebuli qmede-
bis saxelmwifoebrivi Sefaseba qmedebis marTlwinaaR-
mdegobis cnebiT gamoixateba. Eesaa qmedebis normatiuli
Sefaseba, roca sisxlis samarTlis normis adresati ( Se-
racxadi fizikuri piri da zogierTi kategoriis iuri-
diuli piri) arRvevs marTlzomieri qmedebis valdebu-
71
lebas da xelyofs marTlwesrigs. marTlzomieri qmede-
bis valdebulebisadmi subieqtis upasuxismgeblo damo-
kidebuleba ki misi bralis niSania.
sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmedebis sasrul
etapze kanonmdebeli qmnis mis mier danaSaulad miCneu-
li qmedebis Semadgenlobas, ese igi aRwers am danaSau-
lis Cadenis xerxs, ramdenadac aq ukve winaswaraa gadaw-
yvetili is sakiTxi, Tu romeli qmedeba CaiTvleba dana-
Saulad (qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis kvaloba-
ze da misi marTlwinaaRmdegobis poziciidan). samwuxa-
rod, danaSaulis cnebis rusuli modeli da gageba qme-
debis SemadgenlobaSi iazrebs ara marto qmedebis mar-
TlwinaaRmdegobas, aramed subieqtis bralsac, ris ga-
moc marTlwinaaRmdegobac da bralic iseTive aRweri-
lobiTi unda iyos, rogorc es qmedebis Semadgenlobaze
iTqmis. amis gamo marTlwinaaRmdegoba SefasebiTi ver
iqneba da igi qmedebis SemadgenlobaSia gaTqvefili. Aarc
isaa SemTxveviTi, rom Tanamedrove ruseTSi bralis fsi-
qologiuri Teoria batonobs (ese igi, brali fsiqikuri
damokidebulebis saxed da, maSasadame, fsiqologiur
cnebad gamoiyureba), xolo, marTlwinaaRmdegoba qmede-
bis Semadgenlobisgan gamijnuli araa. A
am poziciidan garesinamdvilisadmi adamianis praq-
tikul-RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis pirveladobis
dasabuTeba (Teoriul damokidebulebasTan mimarTeba-
Si) SeuZlebelia. Aamisi meTodologiuri safuZveli hege-
lianizmia, radgan hegelma kategoriulad uaryo kantis
filosofiis is Zlieri mxare, romelic zneobis dafuZ-
nebaSi gamoixata. Tu kantis filosofiaSi neba da inte-
leqti erTmaneTisgan mowyvetiT iqna warmodgenili, Hhe-
gelianizmi ki, piriqiT, inteleqtze nebis dayvaniT ga-
movlinda. Hhegelma filosofiis sagnad gamoacxada gone-
ba, ese igi, sinamdvile ise, rogorc is aris (3, gv. 12).A am
poziciidan hegelTan neba azrovnebis gansakuTrebul

72
wesad gasaRda. amdenad, hegelis filosofiaSi jerarso-
bis problemas safuZveli gamoecala.
sabWoTa iuridiul literaturaSi am fundamentur
meTodologiur sakiTxze calsaxad uaryofdnen kants
da aseve calsaxad eTanxmebodnen hegels. Aetyoba, hege-
lianizmi, rogorc jerarsuli poziciis moxsna, safuZ-
vlad daedo k. marqsis im cnobil debulebas, rom “komu-
nizmi ideali ki ara, aramed realuri moZraobaa, romel-
Sic ideali ganuxrelad xorcieldeba“ (7, gv. 34).
cxadia, ideali, romelic realur istoriul moZ-
raobaSi ar xorcieldeba, arsebiTad usazrisoa, magram,
meore mxriv, iq, sadac ideali, romelic absoluturi Ri-
rebulebis saxiT araa aRiarebuli, romelic Sesabamis
sferoSi jerarsobis formiT arsebobs, aqsioligiis,
rogorc filosofiuri disciplinis, safuZvelic ar ar-
sebobs (1, gv. 20). samarTlisadmi aqsiologiuri midgomis
gareSe ki samarTlis normatiulobis dasabuTeba SeuZ-
lebelia. samarTlis normatiulobas pirdapir aravin
uaryofs, magram samarTlis mecnierebis meTodologiu-
ri problematikidan aqsiologiis, rogorc Rirebule-
bis filosofiis, ugulebelyofa xdeba imisi mizezi, rom
samarTlis fenomeni sinamdvilis asaxvis erT-erT for-
mad iqnes gagebuli. Aam logikiT ki samarTlis gnoseolo-
giuri interpretacia savsebiT garduvalia, xolo, sa-
marTlis gagebaSi amgvari gnoseologizmi, Tavis mxriv.
Llogikurad gamoricxavs samarTlis normatiulobas. am
poziciidan ki, qmedebis Semadgenlobisa da misi mar-
TlwinaaRmdegobis gamijvna SeuZlebeli xdeba.
danaSaulis cnebaSi qmedebis Semadgenlobisa da
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamijvna Rirebulebis Teoriis,
anu, aqsiologiis meTodologiur safuZvelze, scada
prof. g. tyeSeliaZem. kerZod, man garkveviT miuTiTa,
rom qmdebis Semadgenloba, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilSi, aris aRwe-
rilobiTi, faqtis msjeloba, maSin, roca marTlwinaaR-
73
mdegoba, piriqiT, aris SefasebiTi, RirebulebiTi msje-
loba (15, gv. 51-52).
rogorc vxedavT, xsenebuli naSromi rusul enazea
gamoqveynebuli, jer kidev 1975 wels, ris gamoc am naS-
romiT sargebloba da xsenebul sakiTxze mcdari tradi-
ciis gadasinjva Zneli ar unda yofiliyo. Mmagram, samwu-
xarod, es sakiTxi Tanamedrove ruseTSi dResac tradi-
ciulad wydeba, ese igi, qmedebis Semadgenlobis struq-
turaSi iazreba rogorc qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba,
ise subiqtis brali. sinamdvileSi ki, qmedebis marTlwi-
naaRmdegoba, rogorc RirebulebiTi msjeloba, ese igi
qmedebis uaryofiTi Sefaseba, qmedebis Semadgenlobis,
rogorc aRweriloboTi, faqtis msjelobis, elementi
ver iqneba. am mxriv kidev ufro didi gaugebrobaa qmede-
bis Semadgenlobis subieqturi mxaris sistemaSi motivi-
sa da miznis gverdiT bralis Setana, radgan, brali mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisTvis subieqtis gakicxvis sa-
fuZvelia, xolo, “ gakicxva, “ rogorc SefasebiTi msje-
loba, qmedebis Semadgenlobis, rogorc faqtis msjelo-
bis, stuqturuli elementi ver iqneba.
rogorc ukve Cans, qmedebis Semadgenlobis, ro-
gorc aRwerilobiTi, faqtis msjelobis, struqturaSi
Setanilia qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba da subieqtis
brali. Aaqedan gamomdinare, marTlwinaaRmdegobac da
bralic logikurad kargaven SefasebiT bunebas, ris ga-
moc danaSaulis normatiuli cnebis ageba SeuZlebelia.
arc isaa SemTxvevTi, rom rusul iuridiul azrovnebaSi
marTlwinaaRmdegoba da brali qmedebis Semadgenlobis
elementebia da calke ar gamoiyofian. Aamis gamoa, rom
rusuli iuridiuli azrovneba qmedebis marTlwinaaR-
mdgobisa da bralis gamomorcxvel garemoebebs cal-
calke ar icnobs. zogadad laparakoben qmedebis danaSa-
ulebriobis gamomricxvel garemoebebze, magram, ramde-
nadc qmedebis Semadgenlobisgan arc marTlwinaaRmde-
goba da arc subieqtis bralia gamijnuli, amdenad igu-
74
lisxmeba, rom qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis
yoveli SemTxveva marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleulia
da, maSasadame, arc “danaSaulebriobis “ gamomricxveli
garemoebanic arseboben.
Aamrigad, aSkaraa, rom qmedebis Semadgenlobis
struqturaSi marTlwinaaRmdegobis gaTqvefa samar-
Tlis normatiulobis uaryofis an ugulebelyofis Se-
degia, xolo, amgvar logikur da meTodologiur viTa-
rebaSi kanonSemoqmdebis bunebis marTebuli gageba SeuZ-
lebelia. savsebiT marTebulad migvaCnia n. alievis Sem-
degi mtkiceba: “sisxlis samarTlis sagnisadmi da siste-
misadmi yuradRebis gamaxvileba gviCvenebs, rom mis far-
glebSi ar arsebobs sisxlis samarTlis funqcionirebis
sawyisi rgoli, kanonis Seqmnis Teoria, ese igi samar-
TalSemoqmedebis Teoria. Mmecnierebis sisrulis miRwe-
vis logika, misi calkeuli nawilebis sistemuroba moiT-
xovs, rom amgvari Teoria Sevides mecnierebis Semadgen-
lobaSi, raTa damatebiTi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
aisaxos mis saganSi da sistemaSi” (2, gv. 48).
samwuxarod, msjeloba ramdenadme bundovania,
radgan avtori, erTi mxriv, laparakobs sisxlis samar-
Tlis saganze da sistemaze, xolo, meore mxriv, sisxlis
samarTlis mecnierebis SemadgenlobaSi kanonSemoqmede-
bis Teoriis Sesvlaze. sisxlis samarTali samarTlis
erT-erTi fundamenturi dargia da misi sagani sxvaa,
vidre sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis sagani. sisxlis
samarTlis, rogorc samarTlis dargis, sagani danaSa-
ulTa Tavidan acilebis gamo sisxlissamarTlebrivi ur-
TierTobaa, xolo, sxva sakiTxia sisxlis samarTlis mec-
nierebis sagani. am mxriv n. alievis msjeloba friad sa-
yuradeboa, radgan, sisxlis samarTlis kanonSemoqmde-
bis Teoria marTlac araa Seqmnili. magram, es Teoria,
romc iyos Seqmnili, Seva Tu ara igi sisxlis samarTlis
mecnierebis SemadgenlobaSi? miT ufro, rom es ukanas-
kneli erT-erTi kerZo mecnierebaa, xolo, sisxlis sa-
75
marTlis kanonSemoqmdebis Teoria filosofiuri mid-
gomis gareSe ver aigeba. miT ufro, rom saxelmwifos
oficialuri politikis gamovlenis gareSe sisxlis sa-
marTlis kanonSemoqmedebis Teoria ver aigeba. magram,
vfiqrobT, dasaxelebulma avtorma mainc sworad gaamax-
vila yuradReba imaze, rom sisxlis samarTlis kanonSe-
moqmdebis Teoria ( sabWour da postsabWour sivrceSi )
dRemde araa Seqmnili. amdenad, am problemas seriozuli
yuradReba unda mieqces.

GURAM NACHKEBIA

BEHAVIOR (ACTION) CONTENT AND LAW-RESISTANCE

RELATIONS PROBLEM IN CRIMINAL LAW-MAKING

ABSTRACT

The article discusses the problem of the criminal law-making

according to the philosophical understanding of creativity and using
the artistic creativity and similar signs of law-making.
It is emphasized that, behavior content within the criminal law,
in the essence, is a descriptive fact discussion, that’s why the legislator
cannot start making the criminal law with creating the behavior
content, as well as the art work cannot be start by the description of
character, because the model of the character is created beforehand by
creator.
The Legislator starts making the criminal law by decision as to
which action is to be considered as a crime, according to the state
objectives and its punitive policies.
On the final stage of the criminal law-making, the legislator
makes the content of behavior, which is the considering all possible
options of crime and describing the corresponding methods.

76
 literatura

1. s. avaliani, ontologia da aqsiologia, `filoso-

fiuri Ziebani”, t.2, Tbilisi, 1998
2. Н. Б. Алиев, Теоретиеские основы советского
уголовного правотворчества, Ростов, 1986
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lema, Tbilisi, 1976
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ni, Tbilisi, 1998
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deqsis mixedviT, `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni”, 2013, #2
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Tbilisi, 1987
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Общая, т.1. Тула, 2001
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закон, Тбилси, 1975

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 16. Р. О. Халфина, Правотворчество как научно
обоснованный целенаправлений процесс, ,, Научнные
основы советского правотворчества, М. 1981
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Rirebuleba da ganwyoba, “sociologiuri narkvevebi, “
Tbilisi, 1969
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1981

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiis mecnierebaTa

akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

78
 murman gorgoSaZe
(baTumi)

murman gorgoSaZe _ filosofiis doqtori,

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis baTumis saxel-
mwifo universitetis sruli profesori; mu-
Saobs samarTlis Teoriisa da filosofiis
sakiTxebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero
gamokvlevebi qarTulsa da ucxour perio-
dul gamocemebSi; agreTve wignebi: `tradiciebis arsi, fun-
qciebi, momavali~ (baTumi, 1990), `saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
Teoria (sqemebi da ganmartebebi)~, baTumi, 2002; `saxelmwifos
formebi~ (baTumi, 2006); Tanaavtoria wignisa: `iuridiuli ge-
ografia (cnobari)~, baTumi, 2008; `samarTlis filosofiis sa-
kiTxebi~ (baTumi, 2009), samecniero statiebi iurisprudencii-
sa da samarTlis filosofiis problemebze.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis
(Tanamedrove aspeqtebi)

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Teoriuli analizi Tana-

medrove socialuri mecnierebis erT-erTi centraluri
sakiTxia. mas sxvadasxva dargis specialistebi swav-
loben.M misi kvlevis aqtualoba imiTaa ganpirobebuli,
rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ukavSireben sazogadoe-
baSi warmoSobili dapirispirebebisa da konfliqtebis
efeqtur gadawyvetas; adamianis uflebebis, Tavisufle-
bebisa da interesebis dacvas; kanonierebisa da mar-
Tlwesrigis ganmtkicebasa da sxva. CvenTvis xelmisaw-
vdomi literaturis1 gacnobisa da analizis safuZvelze

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loSi: miRwevebi da gamowvevebi: strategiis ganacxadi, Tb., 2005; ma-
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SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis zogier-
Ti sakiTxi bolomde araa garkvuli, adgili aqvs azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas, dapirispirebasac ki. erT-erT iseT sa-
kiTxs, romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis sa-
kiTxi warmoadgens. politikur-samarTlebrivi azrovne-
ba aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetis Semdeg midgomebs
gvTavazobs:
pirveli, saxelmwifo TavisTavze iRebs samoqala-
qo sazogadoebis funqcias da amiT samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad arsebobas sa-
Wirod ar miiCnevs. Ees xdeba maSin, roca sazogadoebis
marTvis politikuri da socialuri sferoebi ar aris
erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebuli (13. gv. 192);
meore, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifosagan
damoukidebeli sazogadoebis is nawilia, romelic gai-
givebulia saxelmwifos miRma arsebul sociumTan da Se-
sabamisad mas faqtobrivad ar gaaCnia saxelmwifoze rea-
lurad zemoqmedebis meqanizmi (11. gv. 438.);
mesame, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba warmoadgenilia
saxelmwifos opoziciis centrad, romelic opoziciu-
radaa ganwyobili saxelmwifo struqturebis mimarT (1.
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81
 sakamaTod migvaCnia samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis mesame midgoma, rad-
gan aRniSnuli urTierTmimarTeba saxelmwifos arsis
cvlilebis Sesabamisad icvleboda da dReisaTvis ganvi-
Tarebul saxelmwifoebSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar
warmoadgens saxelmwifosadmi opoziciurad ganwyobil
segments. marTlac, Tanamedrove gagebiT, samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba Camoyalibebas iwyebs absolutizmis epoqa-
Si, maSin roca biurokratiuli saxelmwifo manqanis
formirebam maqsimalurad Seaviwrova yovelgvari sazo-
gadoebrivi, roca TviTmmarTveloba da warmomadgenlo-
ba minimumamde iqna dayvanili, roca saxelmwifo sabo-
lood daupirispirda sazogadoebas, roca gaizarda sa-
xelmwifos mxridan moqalaqeTa socialuri daucvelo-
bis gancda, roca matulobs danaSauli da moqalaqeTa
wuxili saxelmwifo organoTa mxridan uxeSobisa da sas-
tiki mopyrobis gamo, roca izrdeba usamarTlo socia-
luri dapirispireba da socialuri apaTia, roca iwyeba
sakuTari Zalebisadmi imedis dakargva (8. gv. 17) da sxva.
aseT viTarebaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iqca amgvari
absolutizmis, amgvari saxelmwifos sapirwoned, mis mo-
winaaRmdeged (12. gv. 454). rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifo-
sa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dapirispirebis idea sa-
Taves iRebs im epoqidan, roca yalibdeboda samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba absolutizmTan metoqeobiT, roca saxel-
mwifos survili hqonda saxelmwifo xelisuflebisadmi
daeqvemdebarebina sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela
sfero. TandaTanobiT icvala ra Tavisi arsi da funqcia
saxelmwifom, massa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris
damokidebulebac Seicvala, es kargad Cans Tanamedrove
ganviTarebul saxelmwifoTa magaliTze.
Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli saxelmwifos arsi komu-
nikaciuri da gamaaqtiurebeli saxelmwifos koncefcie-
biT (komunikaciuri da gamaaqtiurebeli saxelmwifos
koncefciebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT: 2), gamoixa-
82
teba. Aam koncefciebis mixedviT, Tanamedrove saxelmwi-
fosa da misi administraciis umTavresi miznis (arsis) _
sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris keTildReobis _ uz-
runvelyofa Tavad sazogadoebasTan mWidro TanamSrom-
lobiTaa ukeT SesaZlebeli, amitom Tanamedrove saxel-
mwifom aqcenti sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevrisa da misi
organizaciuli erTeulebis gaaqtiurebaze, maTi SesaZ-
leblobebis gamovlenaze gadaitana. komunikaciuri da
gamaaqtiurebeli saxelmwifos mTavari kredo swored
sajaro administraciis mxridan sazogadoebrivi faqto-
rebis gaaqtiureba gaxlavT. rac gulisxmobs, rom
• mxolod saxelmwifos ar Seswevs yvela problemis
mogvarebis unari da Zala;
• sazogadoebam ufro meti roli unda iTamaSos ro-
gorc sazogadoebrivi, aseve saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis mqone problemebis gadaWraSi;
• garkveuli sajaro amocanebi sazogadoebam unda
Seasrulos;
• saxelmwifom unda iTamaSos diriJoris roli, ro-
melic sazogadoebrivi amocanebis Sesasruleb-
lad sxvadasxva subieqtebs Soris pasuxismgeblo-
bas gadaanawilebs;
• saxelmwifo aaqtiurebs sazogadoebriv energias
da misi maqsimaluri gamovlenisaTvis saWiro pirobebs
uzrunvelyofs. rogorc vxedavT, komunikaciuri da
gamaaqtiurebeli saxelmwifos koncefciebis mixedviT,
ierarqiulad maRla mdgomis poziciebidan saxelmwifos
mier sazogadoebaSi Carevis ideas cvlis mis mier sazo-
gadoebis darwmunebis, TanamonawileobisaA DAda Tanam-
Sromlobis idea. rasakvirvelia, am TanamSromlobisas
saxelmwifos politikaa ZiriTadi da ganmsazRvreli,
magram icvleba saxelmwifos politikis Camoyalibebisa
da ganxorcielebis formebi, rac mniSvnelovani faqto-
ria Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

83
bis funqciisa da rolis dasadgenad, aseve Tanamedrove
saxelmwifosTan misi mimarTebis gasarkvevad.
amasTanave, sazogadoebis mxareTa Soris sazoga-
doebrivi Tanxmobis miRweva Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi
socialuri kompromisis meSveobiT xdeba. saxelmwifo
ganixileba, rogorc raRac konstruqtori, romelic sa-
zogadoebriv Tanxmobas uzrunvelyofs kompromisebisa
da adamianTa SeTanxmebis meSveobiT (6. gv. 19) da radgan
sazogadoeba viTardeba garTulebisa da diferenciaci-
is gziT, amitom saxelmwifos, rogorc kompromisebisa
da Tanxmobis meqanizmis roli kidev ufro mniSvnelova-
ni xdeba. kompromisebsa da Tanxmobaze im SemTxvevaSi Se-
iZleba laparaki, roca cnobili iqneba sazogadoebrivi
erTobebis interesebi, am interesebis formireba Tu
ara, misi gamovlena mainc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sa-
SualebiT xdeba, ris gamoc ara mxolod izrdeba, aramed
icvleba kidec samoqalaqo sazogadoebis roli Tanamed-
rove saxelmwifoSi.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo sazogadoebas ganixi-
lavs, rogorc socialuri integraciisa da garkveuli
damoukideblobis matarebel sferos, romelic organi-
zaciebisa da moZraobebis saSualebebiT axdens TviTor-
ganizacias da mowodebulia sakuTari interesebi warud-
ginos saxelmwifos. Tanamedrove saxelmwifos “azriT”,
sazogadoeba ufro srulad da uSualod gamoxatavs
xalxis interesebs, vidre TviTon, amitom Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo, misi arsidan gamomdinare, amgvarad gage-
bul sazogadoebaSi xedavs Tavisi mmarTvelobis wyaros
da Tavisi arsebobis gamarTlebas. Tanamedrove saxel-
mwifo xom warmomadgenlobiTi saxelmwifoa, romelic
sxva niSnebTan erTad xasiaTdeba imiTac, rom gamodis
mTeli mosaxleobis saxeliT, gamoxatavs da icavs mTeli
qveynis mosaxleobis interesebs.
maSasadame, Tanamedrove saxelmwifo Tvlis, rom
saxelmwifos institutebs sazogadoebisagan damouki-
84
deblad ar SeuZliaT optimalurad Seasrulon sazoga-
doebrivi urTierTobebis reglamentaciis funqcia, ris
gamoc igi qmnis samoqalaqo kompromisisa da msoflmxed-
velobiTi pluralizmisaTvis aucilebel wanamZRvrebs,
qmnis pirobebs, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebriv in-
stitutebs gaaCniaT avtonomiuri statusi da aqvT sa-
xelmwifos politikur eqspansiasTan dapirispirebis
unari (7. gv.30).
Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcias,
rogorc cnobilia, pirovnebis interesebisa da moTxov-
nebis dacva da dakmayofileba, misi samoqalaqo da poli-
tikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa, individis sulie-
ri aqtiobis formireba warmoadgens. samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoeba mocemul saxelmwifoSi moqmedi wesebis far-
glebSi, cdilobs iseTi pirobebisa da saSualebebis dam-
kvidrebas, romelic xels Seuwyobs adamianis _ rogorc
sazogadoebis sruluflebiani da aqtiuri wevris _ “Ta-
nasworis Tanasworebs Soris” formirebas. samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba cdilobs sakuTari RirebulebiTi orien-
tirebis gamomuSavebisa da am Rirebulebebis Sesabamisi
mravalferovani interesebis dakmayofilebis mimarTu-
lebiT adamianis gaaqtiurebas.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mowodebulia xeli Seuw-
yos sazogadoebaSi daZabulobis moxsnas da adamianTa
gaerTianebis problema gadawyvitos sxvadasxva interes-
Ta konsesusis miRweviT adamianisa da sazogadoebis sa-
keTildReod. Tu CamovTvliT samaoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis konkretul miznebs: a) adamianis Tavisuflebis uz-
runvelyofa; b) adamianis sxvadasxvagvari interesebis
dakmayofileba; g) adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli
uflebebis aRiareba da dacva; d) adamianis Rirseuli
cxovrebisa da individis Tavisufali ganviTarebisTvis
pirobebis Seqmna; e) garkveuli materialuri da sulieri
sikeTeebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba da sxva, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom “saxelmwifo sxva araferia Tu ara samoqala-
85
qo sazogadoebis politikuri gamoxatuleba”(9. gv. 24).
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
a) saxelmwifos arsis cvlilebasTan erTad ic-
vleba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsi da funqciebi, xde-
ba misi saxelmwifosTan damokidebulebis evolucia. Ta-
namedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoeba individTan mimar-
TebaSi garda imisa, rom qmnis mis cxovrebaSi saxelmwi-
fos Carevis Semakavebel struqturebsa da meqanizmebs,
amave dros axdens moqalaqis gaaqtiurebas, uzrunvel-
yofs masSi samoqalaqo Tvisebebis aRzrdas, ase vTqvaT,
asrulebs “sazogadoebis integraciuli qvesisitemis
funqcias”(4. gv. 102), rac garkveulad Tanamedrove sa-
xelmwifos mizani da funqciacaa. sazogadoebasTan mi-
marTebaSi ki samoqalaqo sazogadoeba avlens da aaqtiu-
rebs mis SesaZleblobebs, qmnis misi interesebisa da
moTxovnilebebis gamovlenisa da formulirebis piro-
bebs, rac aseve Tanamedrove saxelmwifos funqciacaa;
b) samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris arasaxelmwifo
movlena, magram igi ar, ufro sworad, aRar upirispir-
deba saxelmwifos, miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoeba ar zis saxelmwifos struqturaSi, igi mniS-
vnelovan rols asrulebs Tanamedrove saxelmwifos ar-
sis ganxorcielebaSi, vinaidan Tanamedrove saxelmwi-
fom mniSvnelovnad Seicvala daniSnuleba da igi ufro
metad gaxda damokidebuli sazogadoebaze. ufro metic,
Ddemokratiis institutebis, sazogadoebrivi Sexedule-
bebis, mravalpartiuli sistemis, gavlenis jgufebis,
Tavisufali presis saSualebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
ba cdilobs daimorCilos saxselmwifo (“aRvirze iyoli-
os”), romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavis mxriv, sazoga-
doebrivi kompromisis miRwevis saSualebaa, socialuri
dapirispirebis Semsubuqebisa da moxsnis, sazogadoeb-
rivi saqmeebis marTvis meqanizmia da ara klasobrivi
brZolis saSualeba;

86
 g) Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebas aqvs Tavisi specifikuri funqcia (Tundac samo-
qalaqo iniciativebis formireba), romelic, garkveuli
azriT, emTxveva kidec Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi, de-
mokratiuli, komunikaciuri Tu gamaaqtiurebeli saxel-
mwifos funqcias. sxvanairad ar Seuwyobda xels Tana-
medrove saxelmwifo mis formirebas. iq, sadac saxelmwi-
fo ver xedavda Tavisi funqciis garkveulad ganmaxor-
cielebels samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, zRudavda da
krZalavda kidec mis arsebobas;
d) Tanamedrove tipis demokratiuli da samar-
Tlebrivi saxelmwifo qmnis yvela pirobas imisaTvis,
rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebam da saxelmwifom urTier-
TTanxmobiTa da urTierTmimarTebiT iarsebon. aseT sa-
xelmwifoSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
normaluri Tanaarseboba garantirebulia. amitom SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom moxda am urTierTobis evolucia;
e) savaraudoa, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gan-
viTarebis Sedegad gadaiqces saxelmwifos funqciur
organod. istoriulad asec xdeboda xolme. magaliTad,
parlamenti, romelic Sua saukuneebSi ,,salaparako” iyo
da protosamoqalaqo sazogadoebas warmoadgenda, dRes
saxelmwifo organoa. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas politikuri
partiebis Sesaxebac, isini Camoyalibdnen rogorc sa-
xelmwifo xelisuflebis absolutizmis winaaRmdeg meb-
rZoli struqturebi, dRes ki saxelmwifos politikuri
sistemis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgenen. Tundac,
sabWoTa kavSiris ,,sabWoebi”, isini samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis elementebi iyo, magram saxelmwifoebrivi xasia-
Ti miiRo. aseve, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is
faqti, rom dRevandeli saxelmwifos erTi mniSvnelova-
ni funqcia moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis uz-
runvelyofa, istoriulad samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
sazrunavs warmoadgenda;

87
 v) Tanamedrove saxelmwifos arsidan gamomdinare,
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba av-
seben erTmaneTs garkveuli funqciebis gadanawilebis
gziT.
maSasadame, saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis urTiermimarTebis Sefasebisas, maTi funqciebis
cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, saWiroa xedvisa da krite-
riumebis rakursis garkveuli cvlileba.

MURMAN GORGOSHADZE

THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION

BETWEEN CIVIL SOCIETY AND STATE
(MODERN ASPECTS)

ABSTRACT

The article discusses interrelation between civil society and

contemporary state. Evolution of this interrelation is analyzed
according to the nature and functions. According to us modern state
and civil society supplements each other.

literatura

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gadoeba, wignSi vaxtang erqomaiSvili, adamiani, Tavi-
sufleba, ideologia, Tb., 2002.
2. levan izoria, Tanamedrove saxelmwifo, Tana-
medrove administracia, Tb., 2009.
3. Гаджиев, К.С., Концепция гражданского общества:
идейные истоки и основные вехи формирования // Вопросы
философии, 2004, №6.

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 4. Грудцына Л.Ю., Гражданское общество и частное право
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(взгляд через кризис) // Вопросы философии, 2010, №9.
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9. Орлова О.В., Понятие и предпосылки возникновения и
развития гражданского общества в России // Государство и право,
2013, №7.
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«очаг» истории // в книге: Пернацкий В.И., Философия политики
и права, М., 2013.
11. Резник Ю.М., Гражданское общество как феномен
цивилизации, СПб, 2005.
12. Теория государства и права, под общ. ред. О.В.
Мартышина, М., 2007.
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общество в условях социокультурного плюрализма //
Гражданское общество: истоки и современность, М., 2002.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnie-

rebaTa akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofile-
bam.

89
 ramaz gaxokiZe
(Tbilisi)
ramaz gaxokiZe _ qimiis mecnie-
rebaTa doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis sruli profesori,
bioorganuli teqnologiebis insti-
tutis direqtori, saqarTvelos fi-
losofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
akademikosi, saerTaSoriso sainJinro akademiis akademi-
kosi, saqarTvelos erovnuli premiis laureati, meliqiS-
vilis saxelobis premiis laureati, saqarTvelos (2-jer)
da aSS-is Rirsebis ordenebis kavaleri, 500-ze meti pub-
likaciis — samecniero naSromebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis,
monografiebis, aRmoCenisa da gamogonebebis (patentebis)
avtori qimiis, biologiis, medicinis, agroteqnologiis,
bunebismecnierebis filosofiis da istoriis dargebSi.

samyaros warmoSobis saidumloeba

nawili VII∗
samyaro rogorc kanonzomieri
organizebuli sistema

∗
wina nawilebi gamoqveynebulia Semdeg gamocemebSi: “religia da
mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba”. wignSi: mecniereba da religia. pir-
veli saerTaSoriso konferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli. Tbilisi,
2005; “mecnieruli kvlevis kreaciuli msoflmxedveloba”. wignSi:
“pirvelad iyo sityva”, Tbilisi, 2006; “kreacia Tu evolucia”. wignSi:
“filosofiuri Ziebani”, t. XIII, Tbilisi, 2009; “aTeizmis kraxi”. wig-
nSi: “filosofiuri Ziebani”, t. XIV, Tbilisi, 2010; “mecniereba, filo-
sofia, religia da samyaros kosmologiuri modeli”. wignSi: “filo-
sofiuri Ziebani”, t. XV, Tbilisi, 2011; “mecnierebis, religiisa da
filosofiis erTianoba”. wignSi: “filosofiuri Ziebani”, t. XVI, Tbi-
lisi, 2012.
90
 “Cvens materialistur saukuneSi mecnierebi SeiZleba
iyvnen mxolod Rrmad religiuri adamianebi. me ar
SemiZlia ukeTesi sityvis povna, vidre religiaa
realobis racionaluri bunebis rwmenis aRsaniSnavad”.
albert ainStaini

arsebobs mravali mosazreba samyaros warmoSobis

Sesaxeb. esenia mecnieruli koncefciebi da calkeuli
Teoriebi, religiuri moZRvrebebi da filosofiuri
warmodgenebi, uZvelesi miTebi samyaros warmoSobis Se-
saxeb. yvela es mosazreba SeiZleba pirobiTad daiyos or
jgufad:
1. samyaros warmoSobis religiuri Teoria, rom-
lis Tanaxmad, samyaro warmoadgens RmerTis mier Seq-
mnil gasulierebul da Segnebul qmnilebas.
2. samyaros warmoSobis Teoriebi, romlebic da-
fuZnebulia mecnierul faqtorebze da materialistur
Sexedulebebze.
ganvixiloT samyaros warmoSobis zogierTi kon-
cefcia.
kantis kosmologiuri modeli. XX saukunemde
mecnierebs Soris gabatonebuli iyo Teoria, rom samya-
ro usasruloa drosa da sivrceSi, statikuri da er-
Tgvarovania. jer kidev isaak niutonma gamoTqva mosaz-
reba, rom samyaro usasruloa, xolo germaneli filoso-
fosi imanuil kanti, romelic daeyrdno niutonis naS-
romebs da wamoayena Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, samyaros
ara aqvs dasawyisi droSic. Tavis TeoriaSi kanti amtki-
cebda, rom samyaros gaaCnia usasrulo SesaZleblobani,
romelTa wyalobiT SesaZlebelia nebismieri biologiu-
ri produqtis warmoqmna. kantis kosmologiuri Teoria
samyaroSi sicocxlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi sa-
fuZvlad daedo darvinis Teorias.
ainStainis statikuri samyaros modeli. 1917
wels albert ainStainma ganaviTara modeli samyaros Se-

91
saxeb, romlis Tanaxmad samyaro ucvlelia, arc farTov-
deba da arc ikumSeba, rac faqtobrivad ewinaaRmdegeba
mis fardobiTobis Teorias, romlis gantolebidan ga-
momdinareobs, rom samyaro farTovdeba da imavdrou-
lad muxruWdeba. amitom ainStainma Semoitana iseTi cne-
ba, rogoricaa ganzidvis kosmosuri Zala, romelic awo-
nasworebs varskvlavebis mizidulobas da wyvets ciur
sxeulTa moZraobas, ris wyalobiTac samyaro rCeba sta-
tikuri. ainStainis samyaros gaaCnda sasruli zomebi,
magram amave dros hqonda sazRvrebic, rac mxolod im
SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebelia, Tu sivrce gamrudebulia,
rogorc, magaliTad, sferoSi. amgvarad, ainStainis
sivrcis modeli samganzomilebiania, e.i. mas gaaCnia cen-
tri da kideebi (boloebi) da maT Soris Tanabrad aris ga-
nawilebuli galaqtikebi.
gafarToebadi (arastacionaruli) samyaros mo-
deli. 1922 wels a. fridmanma daamuSava samyaros arasta-
cionaruli modeli, romelic aseve efuZneboda fardo-
biTobis zogadi Teoriis gantolebebs. fridmanis naS-
romi im dros SeumCneveli darCa, xolo ainStaini uar-
yofda samyaros gafarToebis SesaZleblobas. 1929 wels
astronomma edvin hablma aRmoaCina, rom irmis naxtomis
siaxloves mdebare galaqtikebi mas scildeba, xolo ma-
Ti moZraobis siCqare amasTan yovelTvis proporciulia
Cvens galaqtikamde manZilisa. am aRmoCenis Tanaxmad,
varskvlavebi da galaqtikebi mudmivad “garbian” erTma-
neTisgan da, Sesabamisad, xdeba samyaros gafarToeba. sa-
bolood ainStaini daeTanxma fridmanis daskvnebs. es
Teoria ar ewinaaRmdegeba fardobiTobis zogad Teori-
as, magram samyaro Tu farTovdeba, maSin unda momxdari-
yo varskvlavebis da galaqtikebis gabneva. es movlena
afeTqebis msgavsia, amitom mecnierebma mas “didi afeT-
qeba” Searqves. magram samyaro Tu didi afeTqebis Sede-
gad warmoiSva, maSin unda arsebobdes umaRlesi pirvel-

92
mizezi (an konstruqtori), romelic afeTqebas gamoiw-
vevda.
didi afeTqebis Teoria. didi afeTqebis Teoriis
mixedviT, materia da energia, romelTagan Sedgeba yve-
laferi samyaroSi, adre imyofeboda singularul mdgo-
mareobaSi, e.i. iseT mdgomareobaSi, romelsac gaaCnda
usasrulo temperatura, simkvrive da wneva. singularo-
bis mdgomareobaSi ar moqmedebs fizikis arc erTi kano-
ni da yvelaferi, risgan Sedgeba samyaro mocemul momen-
tSi, moTavesubulia mikroskopulad mcire nawilakSi,
romelic drois romeliRac momentSi gadavida arasta-
bilur mdgomareobaSi, ris Sedegad moxda didi afeTqe-
ba. rogorc wina werilebSi aRvniSnavdiT, didi afeTqe-
bis sasargeblod mravali faqti metyvelebs. erT-erTia
reliqtiuri gamosxiveba, romelic warmoiqmna didi
afeTqebis dros nawilakTa urTierTmoqmedebis Sedegad
da ganfenilia mTel samyaroSi. reliqtiur gamosxivebas
SeuZlia mogvces informacia pirvel mikrowamebze samya-
ros dabadebis Semdeg, im drois Sesaxeb, rodesac igi
cxel mdgomareobaSi iyo, xolo galaqtikebi, varskvla-
vebi da planetebi jer kidev ar arsebobda. Tavdapirve-
lad reliqtiuri gamosxiveba mxolod Teoriad iTvle-
boda da misi arsebobis sinamdvilis damtkiceba mxolod
1964 wels SeZles amerikelma mecnierebma maRali sizus-
tis xelsawyoTi. didi afeTqebis kidev erT mtkicebule-
bas warmoadgens kosmologiuri wiTeli wanacvleba, rac
mdgomareobs gamosxivebis sixSiris SemcirebaSi da miu-
TiTebs varskvlavebisa da galaqtikebis erTmaneTisgan,
kerZod ki, irmis naxtomisgan dacilebaze.
marTalia, didi afeTqebis Teoriam pasuxi gasca
mraval kiTxvas Cveni samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb, mag-
ram amasTan warmoSva mravali SekiTxva, romelic pasux-
gaucemelia dResac. magaliTad, ra iyo didi afeTqebis
mizezi, ratom gaxda arastabiluri singularobis wer-

93
tili, ra iyo did afeTqebamde, rogor warmoiSva dro da
sivrce?
didi asxleta. am Teoriis mixedviT, Cvens samya-
romde sxva samyaro arsebobda. am TeoriaSi didi afeTqe-
ba mxolod erTi rgolia reaqciaTa jaWvSi, romelTa Se-
degad samyaro mudmivad warmoqmnis Tavis Tavs. am Teo-
riidan gamomdinareobs, rom didi afeTqeba ar warmoad-
gens droisa da sivrcis dasawyiss, aramed warmoiqmna
sxva samyaros zRvruli SekumSvis Sedegad, romlis masa,
am Teoriis mixedviT, nulTan axlosaa, amasTan samyaros
energia ar aris usasrulo. zRvruli SekumSvis momentSi
samyaros gaaCnda maqsimaluri energia, romelic minima-
lur moculobaSi iyo moTavsebuli, ris Sedegadac mox-
da didi asxleta da warmoiSva axali samyaro, romelmac
aseve daiwyo gafarToeba. amgvarad, Zvel samyaroSi ar-
sebuli kvanturi mdgomareoba ubralod Seicvala didi
asxletis gamo da gadavida axal samyaroSi. samyaros
warmoSobis am models safuZvlad uZevs kvanturi gravi-
taciis Teoria, romelic aerTianebs fardobiTobis Te-
orias da kvanturi meqanikis gantolebebs. am Teoriis mi-
xedviT, dro da sivrce diskretulia, e.i. calkeuli na-
wilakebisgan, anu mcire kvanturi ujredebisgan Sedgeba.
sivrcisa da drois mcire masStabebSi ujredi warmoq-
mnis dayofil uwyvet struqturas, xolo did masStabeb-
Si — uwyvet sivrce-dros. axali samyaros dabadeba mim-
dinareobda eqstremul pirobebSi, ramac gamoiwvia kvan-
turi ujredis erTmaneTisgan dacileba. swored am pro-
cess daerqva didi asxleta, e.i. samyaro arafrisgan ki ar
warmoiSva, rogorc didi afeTqebis SemTxveveaSi, aramed
SekumSuli mdgomareobidan da swrafad daiwyo gafar-
Toeba.
inflaciuri Teoria. samyaros mudmivad kvlavwar-
moqmnis ideam mravali mecnieris yuradReba miipyro. zo-
gierTis azriT, Cveni samyaro warmoiSva adrindel samya-
roSi kvanturi fluqtuaciebis (rxevebis) Sedegad, ami-
94
tom savaraudoa, rom drois raRac momentSi Cvens samya-
roSic SesaZlebelia iseTi fluqtuacia, romelic gamo-
iwvevs axlandeli samyarosgan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli
samyaros warmoqmnas. zogierTi mecnieri varaudobs,
rom kvanturi rxevebi SeiZleba moxdes nebismieri rao-
denobiT samyaros nebismier adgilas, erTbaSad. amazea
agebuli samyaros warmoSobis inflaciuri Teoria. war-
moqmnili samyaroebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba, maTSi
sxvadasxva fizikuri kanonebi moqmedebs, amasTan yvela
gaerTianebulia erT uzarmazar megasamyaroSi, magram
izolirebulia erTmaneTisgan. am Teoriis momxreni am-
tkiceben, rom dro da sivrce didi afeTqebis Sedegad ar
warmoqmnila, aramed mudam arsebobda samyaroTa Sekum-
Svisa da gafarToebis usasrulo monacvleobaSi.
kreacionizmi. termini warmosdgeba laTinuri sit-
yvidan “creatio” – “Seqmna”. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, Cveni
samyaro, dedamiwa da TviT kacobrioba warmoadgens
RmerTis Semoqmedebis Sedegs. qristianul kreacioniz-
mSi arsebobs mravali sxvadasxva mimdinareoba, romle-
bic bunebismetyvelebis monacemTa interpretaciiT gan-
sxvavdeba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia:
• axalgazrda dedamiwis kreacionizmi. igi eyrdno-
ba Zveli aRTqmis Sesaqmis teqsts, e.i. samyaro Seiqmna
zustad ise, rogorc es aRwerilia bibliaSi — 6 dReSi
7500 wlis winaT.
• metaforuli (Zveli dedamiwis) kreacionizmi. mas-
Si “Seqmnis 6 dRe” universaluri metaforaa. sinamdvile-
Si “Sesaqmis erTi dRe” Seesabameba milionobiT an mili-
ardobiT realur wels.
• qmnilebis TandaTanobiTi kreacionizmi. am kon-
cefciis Tanaxmad, RmerTi ganuwyvetliv warmarTavs bi-
ologiuri saxeobebis cvlilebis da warmoqmnis pro-
cess. am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi iTvaliswineben
geologiur da astrofizikur monacemebs da daTariRe-

95
bas, Tumca mTlianad uaryofen evoluciis Teorias da
saxeobaTa warmoqmnas bunebrivi SerCevis gziT.
• Teisturi evolucionizmi (evoluciuri kreacio-
nizmi). es Teoria aRiarebs evoluciis Teorias, Tumca
amtkicebs, rom evolucia warmoadgens Semoqmedi Rmer-
Tis iaraRs misi ganzraxvis gansaxorcieleblad.
kidev erTxel ganvixiloT sicocxlis warmoSobi-
saTvis aucilebeli astrofizikuri da qimiuri pirobe-
bi. magaliTad, mTvareze aRmoCenil iqna sul raRac 3
santimetris sisqis mtveri. Tundac imis gaTvaliswine-
biT, rom gravitacia mTvareze, dedamiwasTan SedarebiT,
6-jer sustia, mainc miliardi wlebis ganmavlobaSi mTva-
reze dagrovdeboda mtvris mravalkilometriani fena.
mTvareze samsantimetriani mtvris fenis arseboba, ub-
ralo gamoTvlebiT, adasturebs, rom mTvaris asaki 6
aTasi wlis farglebSia, rac mTlianad Seesabameba bib-
lias [1].
mravali mecnieri mivida im daskvnamde, rom samyaro
TiTqos specialurad aris Seqmnili adamianis arsebobi-
sa da keTildReobisTvis. es fenomeni cnobilia “antro-
puli principis” saxelwodebiT [2,3]. antropuli princi-
pis Tanaxmad: 1) bunebis kanonebi, arsebulTan Sedare-
biT, Tundac minimalurad rom yofiliyo gansxvavebuli,
gamoricxavda TviT sicocxlis SesaZleblobas; 2) adami-
anis sicocxle ver Seiqmneboda, warsulSi mTeli rigi
movlenebi rom ar momxdariyo, romelTa albaToba Zali-
an mcirea. antropuli principi efuZneba mecnierTa mier
aRmoCenil saocar urTierTkavSirs bunebis kanonebsa da
sicocxles Soris.
sadReisod gamokvleuli planetebidan mxolod de-
damiwazea sicocxlisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi.
a) temperaturuli reJimi. kosmosSi Cven vxvdebiT
fizikuri pirobebis farTo speqtrs: nivTierebis tempe-
ratura icvleba -270 gradusidan asobiT milion gradu-
samde (celsiusiT). rogor warmogidgeniaT “myudro”
96
cxovreba merkurize, sadac temperatura dRisiT +4500C-
ia, xolo RamiT -1830C an plutonze, sadac saSualo tem-
peratura -2300C-ia? mzis zedapiris temperaturaa
+55000C, xolo mTvaris temperatura dRisiT +1200C-ia,
RamiT -1600C. Cvens planetaze sicocxlisTvis xelsayre-
li temperaturuli reJimi Semdeg farglebSia: +580C
(udabnoSi) da -880C (antarqtikaSi).
b) mzis stabiluroba. varskvlavTa ZiriTadi nawi-
li arastabiluria. maT, garda 1-2%-isa, ar gaaCniaT pla-
netebi. mzis ganaTeba metia, vidre umravles varskvlav-
Ta ganaTeba.
mzis Suqi da siTbo mTeli miwieri energiis mTavar
wyaros warmoadgens. mzis energiis gareSe sicocxle de-
damiwaze SeuZlebeli iqneboda. mze Sedgeba mxolod ori
saxis atomebisgan: wyalbadisgan da heliumisgan. heliu-
mi inertulia da mzis energiasTan ara aqvs kavSiri. rac
Seexeba wyalbads, igi umartivesi atomia, romlis birTvi
protonia. mze, amgvarad, ZiriTadad warmoadgens pro-
tonebis grovas. mzis energiis warmoqmnis meqanizmi ax-
snil iqna hans betes mier gasuli saukunis ocdaaTiani
wlebis miwuruls, risTvisac mas mieniWa nobelis premia.
mzis SigniT arsebul eqstremul pirobebSi protons Se-
uZlia zogjer TviTneburad gardaiqmnas neitronad —
samyaros materiis kidev erT fundamentur nawilakad.
neitroni uerTdeba protons da warmoqmnis axal birTvs
— deiterons. deiteronebi erTmaneTTan urTierTmoqme-
debs TermobirTvul reaqciaSi. am dros warmoqmnili ko-
losaluri mzis energia gamoiyofa siTbos da sinaTlis
saxiT. amgvarad, deiteronebi is sawvavia, romlisganac
mze awarmoebs dedamiwaze sicocxlisTvis aucilebel
energias. radgan neitronebi iSviaTad warmoiqmneba, ami-
tom mze arc Tu swrafad iwvis da Tavis energias Tanda-
TanobiT gamoyofs.

97
 Teoriulad SesaZlebelia kidev erTi birTvuli
reaqcia — protonis protonTan urTierTmoqmedeba.
Cvenda sabednierod, proton-protonuli urTierTmoq-
medeba ar xorcieldeba. erTi protonic rom Sesuliyo
reaqciaSi meore protonTan, maSin yvela protoni er-
TmaneTTan daiwyebda urTierTmoqmedebas, rasac mohyve-
boda giganturi TermobirTvuli afeTqeba. is garemoeba,
rom proton-neitronuli wyvils SeuZlia warmoqmna, xo-
lo proton-protonuls ara, damokidebulia am dros
moqmed birTvul Zalebze [4]. birTvuli Zalebi ramdeni-
me procentiT naklebi rom yofiliyo, protoni ver Seu-
erTdeboda neitrons da deiteroni ar warmoiqmneboda.
Sesabamisad ar iarsebebda sawvavi mzis energiisTvis mi-
saRebad. mzis nacvlad iqneboda civi, inertuli proto-
nuli buSti da dedamiwaze sicocxle saerTod ver war-
moiSoboda. birTvuli Zalebi ramdenime procentiT meti
rom yofiliyo, maSin yvela protoni myisierad erTma-
neTTan imoqmedebda da mze afeTqdeboda, rac aseve ga-
moricxavda sicocxlis SesaZleblobas dedamiwaze.
g) planetis zomebi. dedamiwas gaaCnia optimaluri
zomebi.
d) atmosfero. wneva. Cvens planetas aqvs sicoc-
xlis arsebobisTvis saWiro atmosfero. mzis sistemaSi
10 planetas gaaCnia atmosfero (maT Soris 2 planeta-Ta-
namgzavria: titani da tritoni). mTvareze, merkurize,
asteroidebze, mraval Tanamgzavrze ar arsebobs atmos-
fero. warmoudgenelia sicocxlis arseboba Cvens erT-
erT uaxloes planetaze — veneraze, romlis zomebi de-
damiwis msgavsia, magram temperatura +4800C-ia, wneva ki
90 dedamiwis atmosferos toli. warmoidgineT sicoc-
xlis arseboba tritonze (neptunis Tanamgzavri). misi
atmosferuli wneva, dedamiwasTan SedarebiT, 70 000-jer
naklebia, temperatura -2350C-is toli. rac Seexeba nep-
tuns, iq mZvinvarebs qariSxlebi 2 000 km/sT qaris siCqa-
riT. misi atmosfero ar Seicavs Jangbads, magram Seicavs
98
meTans da heliums. iupitersa da saturnze wyalbadi da
heliumia. marsze boboqrobs qariSxlebi, romlebsac Se-
uZlia daabnelos mze ramdenime TviT. marsis atmosfe-
ros Sedgenilobaa: 95% naxSirorJangi, 4% azoti da ar-
goni, 1% wylis orTqli. mZlavri gamosxiveba aRwevs mar-
sis zedapirs, radgan mas ar gaaCnia atmosferoSi saTana-
do dacva.
qvemoT mocemulia dedamiwis atmosferos Sedgeni-
loba. gazebis koncentracia, garda wylisa da naxSiror-
Jangisa, praqtikulad mudmivia.

mSrali haeris Sedgeniloba

gazi Semcveloba mocu- Semcveloba ma-

lobis mixedviT, % sis mixedviT, %
azoti 78,084 75,50
Jangbadi 20,946 23,10
argoni 0,932 1,286
wyali 0,5-4 -
naxSiror- 0,0387 0,059
Jangi
neoni 1,818 x 10-3 1,3 x 10-3
heliumi 4,6 x 10-4 7,2 x 10-5
meTani 1,7 x 10-4 -
kriptoni 1,14 x10-4 2,9 x 10-4
wyalbadi 5 x 10-5 7,6 x 10-5
qsenoni 8,7 x 10-6 -

e) wylis arseboba. dedamiwaze, sabednierod, didi

raodenobiT aris sicocxlisTvis aucilebeli wyali da
haeri. rogorc amas winaT iqna dadgenili, sam planetaze
— dedamiwaze, venerasa da marsze maTi warmoqmnisTanave
dagrovda wyali didi raodenobiT [5]. Rrma arxebi, rom-
99
lebic SeiniSneba marsis zedapirze, odesRac wyliT iyo
dafaruli. veneras mTeli zedapiric odesRac samkilo-
metriani siRrmis okeaniT iyo dafaruli. droTa ganmav-
lobaSi mTeli wyali marsis da veneras zedapiridan gaq-
ra. rogor gadaurCa dedamiwa aseT katastrofas? sru-
liad SemTxveviT. ubralod ise moxda, rom dedamiwa, ve-
nerasgan gansxvavebiT, mzidan sakmaod Sors aRmoCnda,
ris gamoc wyali ar aorTqlda. aseve dedamiwa mzesTan
sakmaod axlos aRmoCnda, rom okeaneebi ar gayinuliyo,
rogorc es moxda marsze. ai, Sedegic, mzis sistemis yve-
la planetidan mxolod dedamiwazea sicocxle SesaZle-
beli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas atmosferos Sesaxeb [6]. de-
damiwa mzesTan odnav axlos rom yofiliyo, misi zedapi-
ris temperatura wylis duRilis wertilze maRla aiwe-
oda da sicocxle SeuZlebeli iqneboda. zustad aseve,
dedamiwa mzisgan odnav Sors rom yofiliyo, naxSiror-
Jangi atmosferoSi didi raodenobiT dagrovdeboda da
sunTqva SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
v) qimiur elementTa procentuli Semcveloba. de-
damiwa Seicavs mendeleevis tabulis yvela im elements
rac napovni iqna sxva planetebsa da varskvlavebze. mag-
ram Cveni planeta maT, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, Seicavs
optimaluri raodenobiT. sakmarisi raodenobiTaa wyal-
badi da Jangbadi, rom arsebobdes okeaneebi, mdinareebi,
tbebi, Rrublebi. sakmao raodenobiTaa naxSirbadi, rom
arsebobdes organuli sicocxle. sakmarisia azotic,
rom haerSi ar iyos Jangbadis siWarbe, sxvagvarad fil-
tvebi dagvewveboda. sakmarisi raodenobiTaa siliciumi,
rom arsebobdes kontinentebi. sakmarisia cocxali or-
ganizmebisTvis aucilebeli elementebi: fosfori, kal-
ciumi, rkina, magniumi da sxv.
z) planetis orbita. dedamiwis orbita elifsuria.
dedamiwa brunavs Tavis RerZis irgvliv da mzis garSemo.
dRe-RameSi 24 saaTia. warmoidgineT, ra daemarTeboda
dedamiwis klimats dRe-Rame iseTive rom yofiliyo ro-
100
gorc venerazea? veneras dRe-Rame dedamiwis 244 dRe
grZeldeba (amdeni sWirdeba am planetis erT bruns Ta-
vis RerZis garSemo). warmoidgineT, rogori klimati iq-
neboda Cvens planetaze erTi weli, setnas msgavsad, 10
000 weli rom gagrZelebuliyo. es planetoidi erT
bruns Tavis orbitaze mzis garSemo swored am dros an-
domebs. ra daemarTeboda sicocxles Cvens planetaze,
misi brunvis RerZi uranis msgavsi rom yofiliyo? ura-
nis brunvis RerZi ar aris orbitis sibrtyis perpendiku-
laruli, aramed igi mis sibrtyeSi mdebareobs. Tumca
Tavis RerZis garSemo urani swrafad moZraobs: 17 saaTi
da 14 wuTi. magram am dros dRe ar cvlis Rames.
marTlac, saocrebaa bioorganuli sicocxlisTvis
aucilebeli pirobebis Tanxvedra dedamiwaze. erTi ro-
melime pirobac rom ar Sesrulebuliyo, sicocxle ar
iarsebebda. magaliTad, dedamiwa da mTvare Tanabari man-
ZiliT aris dacilebuli mzisgan. magram mTvaris zomebi
SeuZlebels xdis masze atmosferos da hidrosferos
arsebobas. veneras, dedamiwasaviT, xelsayreli zomebi
gaaCnia, magram manZili mzemde naklebia, vidre dedamiwi-
sa. atmosferos qimiuri Sedgeniloba imnairia, rom iq
Txevadi wyali ar arsebobs, aris mxolod gogirdmJavas
orTqli, zedapirze ki gogirdmJavas tbebia.
antropuli principis sxva mravali magaliTis moyva-
na SeiZleba fizikidan. molekuluri biologiis miRwe-
vebma aCvena aracocxali materiidan sicocxlis TviTne-
burad Casaxvis SeuZlebloba. aSS-s nacionaluri akade-
miis sicocxlis warmoSobis Semswavleli komitetis
xelmZRvaneli harold kleini aRniSnavs: “umartivesi
mikrobi warmoudgenlad rTulia da SeuZlebelia imis
warmodgenac Tu rogor warmoiqmna igi” [7]. dnm-is
struqturis erT-erTi pirvelaRmomCeni, nobelis premi-
is laureati frensis kriki aRniSnavs: “sicocxlis war-
moSoba me TiTqmis saswauli mgonia, imdenad mravalric-

101
xovani da mravalferovania misi amuSavebisaTvis saWiro
pirobebi” [8].
wina statiebSi Cven vwerdiT dedamiwisa da samyaros
asakis Sesaxeb. mravali geofizikuri da astronomiuli
saaTi miuTiTebs dedamiwis, mzis sistemis da samyaros
axalgazrduli asakis Sesaxeb. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
arsebobs mravali damamtkicebeli sabuTi imis Sesaxeb,
rom dedamiwis asaki, SesaZloa, ramdenime aTasi weli
iyos, sawinaaRmdegod evoluciis 4,5 miliardi wlisa, ra-
sac varaudobs zogierTi mecnieri.
saaTi nebismieri geofizikuri an astronomiuli pro-
cesia, romelic icvleba mudmivi siCqariT. yvela saaTi
(maT Soris, radiometriuli) yovel SemTxvevaSi moiT-
xovs sami pirobis Sesrulebas:
1. cvlilebis siCqare mudmivia warsulSic.
2. sawyisi pirobebi cnobilia.
3. procesi ar icvleboda gare Zalebis moqmedebiT.
varaudi asakis Sesaxeb erT-erTi am pirobis darRve-
viT zusti ar iqneba. magaliTad, wyaldidobebs arsebi-
Tad SeuZlia sedimentaciis siCqaris Secvla, rac 5000
welze met cdomilebas mogvcems. qvemoT ganxiluli me-
Todebis mixedviT, dedamiwis asaki 10 000 welze naklebi
unda iyos.
1. mTvare. dedamiwasa da mTvares Soris gravitaciu-
li miziduloba dedamiwis okeaneebis moqcevis mizezia.
moqcevis xaxuni dedamiwis zedapirsa da masze moZrav
wyals Soris gamoyofs energias, rac iwvevs dedamiwasa
da mTvares Soris manZilis yovelwliur mudmiv zrdas.
moqcevis xaxuni aseve iwvevs dedamiwis brunvis Senele-
bas da, rac mTavaria, energia gadaecema mTvares, rac mas
aiZulebs dacildes dedamiwas. dacilebis siCqare gazo-
mili iqna 1981 wels da man Seadgina 4 santimetri weli-
wadSi. amis eqstrapolireba warsulSi ar SeiZleba. es si-
dide mas dRes gaaCnia, magram igi warsulSi ufro swrafi
iyo moqcevis efeqtebis gamo. Tundac am meTodiT miRe-
102
buli maqsimaluri wlovaneba — 10 000-ze meti, bevrad
axalgazrdaa evolucionistebis mier mowodebel deda-
miwa-mTvaris sistemis asakze.
2. navTobis wneva. roca navTobis WaburRils bur-
Raven zeTovani masa yovelTvis didi wnevis qveS imyofe-
ba. navTobis asaks angariSoben forovani qanebis mixed-
viT. rac dro gadis, navTobma unda SeJonos garemom-
cvel qanebis wvril forebSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi Se-
amciros wneva. magram aseTi ram, ratomRac, ar xdeba.
3. mze. mzis diametris gazomva gviCvenebs, rom uka-
naskneli ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi igi saaTSi 1,5
metri siCqariT mcirdeba. davuSvaT, rom es sidide mud-
mivi iyo warsulSi, maSin dedamiwaze iseTi sicxe iqnebo-
da, rom erTi milioni wlis win masze sicocxle ver iar-
sebebda. xolo 11 200 000 wlis win mze fizikurad unda
Sexeboda dedamiwas.
4. heliumi. atmosferoSi Semavali heliumi warmo-
adgens uran-238-is radioaqtiuri daSlis produqts.
uranis daSliT warmoqmnili urani scildeba dedamiwis
zedapirs da atmosferoSi grovdeba. rac dro gadis at-
mosferoSi heliumis raodenoba izrdeba. mecnierebma
gamoTvales dedamiwis qerqis qanebSi uranis raodenoba.
amis mixedviT afaseben isini warmoqmnili heliumis rao-
denobas, romelic unda daematos atmosferos drois
gansazRvrul periodSi. radiometruli daTariRebis me-
Todis gamosayeneblad aucilebelia dedamiwis pirve-
lad atmosferoSi heliumis koncentraciis codna. da-
vuSvaT, daSlis siCqare mudmivia, xolo heliumis raode-
noba ucvleli, maSin dedamiwis atmosferos asaki 1 760
000 welze meti ar gamodis. sxva gamoTvlebis mixedviT,
es sidide bevrad naklebia — mxolod 175 000 weli.
5. dedamiwis magnituri veli. dedamiwis magnituri
veli yovel 100 weliwadSi daaxloebiT 5%-iT mcirdeba.
es niSnavs, rom 1 450 wlis winaT igi 2-jer Zlieri iyo,
vidre dRes da 2 900 wlis winaT ki — 4-jer Zlieri. Tu ga-
103
viTvaliswinebT, rom Semcirebis siCqare mudmivia, maSin
10 aTasi wlis win dedamiwis magnituri veli 128-jer
Zlieri iqneboda, vidre dRes. es ki imdenad Zlieria, rom
siTbos raodenoba dedamiwaze sicocxles SeuZlebels
gaxdida. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dedamiwis magnituri
veli da, Sesabamisad, dedamiwac sakmaod axalgazrdaa.
6. mosaxleobis zrda. dedamiwis mosaxleoba yovel
50 weliwadSi ormagdeba. mosaxleobis aseTi zrdis tem-
pis naxevaric rom aviRoT, 4 000 welze naklebi dasWir-
deboda, sicocxle rom erTi wyvilisgan dawyebuliyo da
mosaxleobis dRevandel raodenobamde moeRwia.
7. okeanis mineralebi. okeaneSi arsebuli da yo-
velwliurad mdinareebiT Camdinare sxvadasxva minera-
lis raodenobis gansazRvriT mecnierebs SeuZliaT Sea-
fason ramdenad Zvelia okeaneebi. aRmoCnda, rom okeane-
ebSi mineralTa umravlesobis moxvedris dro 5 000 wel-
ze naklebia.
evoluciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, droSi yvelaferi
viTardeba martividan rTulisken (magaliTad, ujredi-
dan adamianisken). magram mecnierulad damtkicebulia,
rom izolirebuli sistema garkveuli drois ganmavlo-
baSi kargavs energias da iSleba. entropiis zrdis buneb-
rivi kanonis Tanaxmad, Tbili civdeba, wesrigi xdeba
uwesrigo. yvelaferi iSleba droTa msvlelobaSi. coc-
xali organizmebi aRwevs mowiful asaks, Semdeg izrdeba
da kvdeba. mze yovel wams wvavs Tavis masis 4,7 milion
tonas. mze marTlac rom miliardobiT wlis yofiliyo,
maSin odesRac igi iseTi uzarmazari iqneboda, rom deda-
miwas mTlad dawvavda. is, rom dedamiwa TandaTan “ik-
lebs wonaSi”, imaze metyvelebs, rom misi zomebi mcirde-
ba sawyisi srulyofili formidan sul ufro naklebi
srulyofilebis mimarTulebiT.
mecnierebisTvis gaugebaria cocxali organizmis
warmoqmna erTi ujredi-Teslisgan. erT-erTi sakiTxi
exeba embrionis ganviTarebas: Tanamedrove warmodgene-
104
biT, ujredi-Canasaxi iyofa or zustad erTnair ujre-
dad, romlebic erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba. TiToeu-
li maTgani kvlav iyofa or identur ujredad. magram
romeliRac momentSi iwyeba funqciaTa diferenciacia:
erTi gardaiqmneba nervul ujredad, meore — SemaerTe-
bel ujredad, mesame — kunTis ujredad da a.S. Tu sawyi-
si ujredebi erTnairia, maSin gaugebaria, vin ganagebs
maT Semdgom beds?
kidev ufro gaugebaria, rogor warmoiSva goneba,
warmoadgens Tu ara igi materiis Tvisebas, rogorc amas
Tvlian biologebi? ra aris azri? bunebismetyveleba
gonebas tvinis ganviTarebas ukavSirebs, tvinis anatomi-
rebam, “gonebaze pasuxismgebeli” ubnis Ziebam Sedegi ar
gamoiRo. tvinis sirTulis donis Sesaxeb tvinis insti-
tutis samecniero xelmZRvanelma n. bexterevam Tqva:
“mTeli Cemi cxovreba me mivuZRveni yvelaze srulyofi-
li organos — adamianis tvinis kvlevas da mivedi im das-
kvnamde, rom aseTi saswaulis Seqmna Semoqmedis gareSe
SeuZlebelia” [9]. erT-erT evropul simpoziumze didma
fiziologma, nobelis premiis laureatma i. pavlovma,
maimunisgan adamianis warmoSobis Teoriis momxreebTan
paeqrobisas, moTmineba dakarga da tribunidan ganacxa-
da: “geTanxmebiT, Tqven maimunisgan warmoiSviT, me ki —
adamisa da evasagan” [10].
mecnierebisTvis did saidumloebas warmoadgens
cocxali arsebis Seqmna. sicocxlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
wamoyenebuli iyo Semdegi hipoTezebi:
• bioqimiuri evoluciis hipoTeza;
• panspermiis hipoTeza;
• sicocxlis stacionaruli hipoTeza;
• TviTCasaxvis hipoTeza.
TviTCasaxvis da stacionaruli mdgomareobis hipo-
Tezebi warmoadgens mxolod istoriul an filosofiur

105
interess, radgan samecniero kvlevebis SedegebiT isini
uaryofilia.
panspermiis hipoTeza ver xsnis principul sakiTxs
sicocxlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. mas mxolod kidev ufro
Soreul warsulSi gadaaqvs es problema.
amgvarad, mecnierebaSi erTaderT sayovelTaod
aRiarebul hipoTezas warmoadgens biologiuri evolu-
cia. rTul qimiur evolucias Cveulebriv gamosaxaven
Semdegi ganzogadebuli sqemiT:
atomebi martivi nivTierebebi bioorganuli makro-
molekulebi organizebuli sistemebi. qimiuri evolu-
ciis Semdgom etaps warmoadgens bioqimiuri evolucia.
yovelive cocxali dedamiwaze umniSvnelo baqte-
riidan adamianamde Sedgeba erTnairi “samSeneblo blo-
kebisgan” — sam aTeulze meti funqciuri bioorganuli
elementebis standartuli nakrebisgan. es tipuri nakre-
bi warmoadgens elementur bazas anu saerTo moleku-
lur-biologiur anbans, romliTac xdeba ara marto bio-
molekulebis ageba, aramed cocxali materiis moluku-
luri struqturebis da funqciebis kodireba da fun-
qcionireba.
ujredis gareSe ar arsebobs sicocxle. ujredi
cocxali organizmis umciresi struqturul-funqciu-
ri elementia. ujredi mTliani, TviTreproducirebadi
da TviTregulirebadi sistemaa, romelsac axasiaTebs
cocxali organizmis yvela Tviseba.
cocxali sistemebi, manqanebis msgavsad, iyenebs da
gardaqmnis energias gansazRvruli kanonebis Sesabami-
sad.A maT aseve axasiaTebT mowesrigebuli agebuleba da
qceva. am aucilebeli mowesrigebulobis SenarCuneba,
Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs garedan energiis ganuwyvetliv
miRebas. yvela cocxali arsebisTvis energiis pirvelad
wyaros warmoadgens mzis radiaciis is nawili, romelsac
Cven xilul sinaTles vuwodebT. am energias mcenare
iWers fotosinTezis procesSi da igi gardaiqmneba qimi-
106
ur energiad, romelic inaxeba fotosinTezis dros war-
moqmnil samarago nivTierebebSi. dagrovebul energias
mcenareuli da cxoveluri ujredebi iyenebs sxva mole-
kulaTa Sesqmnelad an meqanikuri, eleqtronuli da os-
mosuri samuSaos Sesasruleblad.
cocxali arsebis umciresi struqturul-funqciu-
ri erTeulia ujredi, romelic warmoadgens erTian,
TviTwarmoebad, TviTregulirebad, sicocxlis yvela
Tvisebis matarebel sistemas. ujredi SeiZleba ganvixi-
loT rogorc miniaturuli kompiuteri — mas gaaCnia in-
formaciis Senaxvis da gadamuSavebis, gare faqtorebze
reagirebis saSualebani da yvelaze mTavari — arsebobis
programis aRweris mkafio ena da am programis Sesrule-
bis erTgvari operatiuli sistema.
rogoria kompiuteris SemTxveviT warmoqmnis alba-
Toba, ara ubralod mza saTadarigo nawilebisgan, ara-
med dadgenili operatiuli sistemiT da Sesrulebuli
programebis aucilebeli nakrebiT? kompiuterSi mTeli
qarxanaa Cadebuli, romelic mas uzrunvelyofs energi-
iT da Tavisi aslebis awyobisTvis aucilebeli masa-
lebiT.
adamianis organizmi 65 trilioni ujredisgan Sed-
geba. maTgan yoveldRiurad kvdeba daaxloebiT 10 mili-
ardi ujredi da maT sanacvlod axali warmoiqmneba. Cve-
ni ujredebi mudmivad ibadeba, iyofa, kvdeba. aseTia si-
cocxlis biologiuri arsi. am process akontrolebs
organizmis imunuri sistema. genetikuri programiT
mkvdari ujredebi gamoiyeneba axali ujredebis Sesaq-
mnelad. axal ujredebs Soris yoveldRiurad xdeba er-
Ti milioni raodenobis mutant-ujredebis Casaxva. maTi
mospoba xdeba imunitetis sistemiT, Tumca zogierTi
mutant-ujredi maTi receptorebis (ujredul membrana-
Si Canergili cilebis molekulebi) organizaciis speci-
fikis Sedegad ver nadgurdeba.

107
 sxvadasxva organos ujredebi garegnulad mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdeba: RviZlis ujredebi sxvagvarad ga-
moiyureba, vidre gulis an filtvis ujredebi; maTi Si-
nagani agebuleba daaxloebiT erTnairia. TiToeuli uj-
redi Tavis birTvSi Seicavs dnm-s, romelSic Cadebulia
genetikuri informacia organizmis Sesaxeb. ujredis si-
cocxlis arsi mdgomareobs Tavis organos da, saboloo
jamSi, mTeli organizmis, adamianis arsebobis SenarCu-
nebaSi.
ujredis muSaoba urTulesi procesia. TiToeuli
ujredi mkacrad gansazRvrul adgilze imyofeba da Ta-
vis movaleobas asrulebs. yvela ujredi erTiani gegmis
mixedviT muSaobs, erTmaneTs exmareba. erTi organos
arasakmarisi muSaobis Sevseba xdeba sxva organoTa gaZ-
lierebuli muSaobiT. magaliTad, dawyvilebuli orga-
noebi — rogorebicaa Tirkmlebi da filtvebi — Tavis
Tavze iRebs meore dazianebuli organos funqcias. yo-
velive es ki adamianis organizmis normaluri funqcio-
nirebisTvis xdeba.
ujredis TvalsazrisiT, misi sicocxle SeiZleba
usamarTlo mogveCvenos. igi xom iZulebulia mkacr geg-
mas daemorCilos. erTgulad imuSaos da mere, organiz-
mis interesebidan gamomdinare, mokvdes. da ai, erT-erT
momentSi organizmSi SesaZloa gamoCndes ujredi, rome-
lic ar daemorCileba erTian gegmas. mas ar sWirdeba wes-
rigi, igi mxolod unda ikvebebodes, mravldebodes,
cxovrobdes mxolod Tavis TavisTvis da, rac SeiZleba,
didxans. es kibovani ujredia. igi ar emorCileba ganvi-
Tarebis saerTo gegmas. aseTi ujredebi didi raodeno-
biT moixmars sakvebs da energias da arafers gascems.
maT sikvdilis `eSiniaT~ da ar emorCilebian ujredebis
kvdomis kanonebs, adgils ar uTmoben axalgazrda ujre-
debs. mikroskopuli gamokvlevebiT Cans, rom kibovani
ujredebi uformoa, savsebiT dakarguli aqvs TavianTi
pirveladi ier-saxe da rac ufro Rrmaa ujredis avTvi-
108
sebiani cvlileba, miT ufro maxinji saxe aqvs ujredebs.
isini kargaven urTierTmoqmedebis Tvisebas, ris gamoc
erTmaneTs wydebian da organizmSi warmoqmnian metasta-
zebs. garda amisa, kibovani ujredebi qmnis konglomera-
tebs Tavis msgavsi ujredebisgan, romlebic ar emorCi-
leba organizmis funqcionirebis saerTo gegmas. ase
warmoiqmneba simsivne. simsivnis zrdasTan erTad, ujre-
debi aviTarebs sisxlZarRvebs da mTeli sakvebi, rome-
lic sisxlZarRvebiT midis mocemul organomde, maT mi-
aqvT, rac, saboloo jamSi, fitavs organizms. amgvarad,
kibovani ujredebi izrdeba, yvelafers STanTqavs da
arafers tovebs. sabolood, saerTo gegmis daumorCi-
lebloba iwvevs rogorc ujredebis, ise mTeli organiz-
mis sikvdils.
gana ar mogvagonebs es Tanamedrove adamianis fsi-
qologias? Cven kibos ujredebis msgavsad viqceviT, qve-
yana usamarTlo gvgonia, davkargeT normaluri saxe, ar
SegviZlia sxvebTan urTierToba, egoisturad gvinda me-
ti wavarTvaT sxvas, ar vemorCilebiT samyaros ganviTa-
rebis kanonebs, ar gvesmis is gegma, romliTac unda vi-
moqmedoT.
Cven SegviZlia davSaloT ujredi Semadgenel nawi-
lebad, SeviswavloT TiTeuli maTgani calke, gavigoT
bevri ram masSi Semavali struqturebisa da sxvadasxva
funqciebTan maTi kavSiris Sesaxeb. sul sxva xasiaTs
atarebs sapirispiro amocana _ rogor warmoiqmna es
martivi komponentebi da saboloo jamSi, rogor moxda
maTi organizeba imgvarad, rom sicocxle warmoSobili-
yo?
sazRvari cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris ujredis
doneze gadis, radgan igi warmoadgens CvenTvis cnobil
erTaderT materialur sistemas, romelic flobs si-
cocxlisTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela Tvisebas.
biologiuri donis TiToeuli movlena Seicavs fi-
zikur-qimiuri elementebis gansazRvrul kompleqss.
109
TiToeul biologiur funqcias safuZvlad uZevs Sesaba-
misi fizikur-qimiuri donis Tviseba. maSasadame, arse-
bobs garkveuli Sesabamisoba cocxali bunebis biologi-
uri da misi safuZvlis fizikur-qimiuri doneebis ele-
mentebs, Tvisebebs da kavSirebs Soris. aseTi Sesabamiso-
ba mTlianobaSi mJRavndeba biologiuri organizaciis
yvela safexurze: ujredidan biosferomde. amasTan, rac
ufro rTulia biologiuri movlena, miT ufro rTulia
misi Semadgeneli fizikur-qimiuri elementebis da pro-
cesebis kompleqsi.
materiis ganviTarebis biologiuri safexuri dia-
leqtikurad winaaRmdegobrivia: cocxali da aracocxa-
li, biologiuri da misi fizikur-qimiuri safuZveli er-
Tiania da amave dros erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli da
uaryofs erTmaneTs. sicocxlis fizikur-qimiuri sa-
fuZveli yalibdeba ufro rTuli biologiuri organi-
zaciis pirobebSi [11-13] da emorCileba oqros kveTis
princips [14].
cocxali warmoiqmneba aracocxalisgan da viTar-
deba fizikisa da qimiis kanonebis CarCoebSi da amave
dros xdeba ufro rTuli, Tvisebrivad Seudareblad
ufro mravalferovani. cocxali ganuwyvetliv awarmo-
ebs Tavis Tavs aracocxalisgan da kvlav aracocxlad
gardaiqmneba.
biologiis fundameturi problemebi jer kidev ga-
dauWrelia. Bbiologiis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etap-
ze ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens, Rrmad Cawvdes ujre-
dis cxovelmoqmedebis rTul TviTregulirebad da
mdgrad sistemas, romelic atarebs Tvisebebisa da pro-
cesebis stabilizaciis programas, aseve momaval Taoba-
Ta ganviTarebis programas da garemos pirobebTan adap-
taciis programasac.
yvela struqturuli elementi ganuyrelad iryeva
gauCerebeli brounis moZraobiT. saocaria, miuxedavad
am uwesrigo moZraobisa, rogor xdeba ujredSi Sinagani
110
wesrigis SenarCuneba.G garda amisa, xdeba struqturis
uwyveti evolucia, rac Seesatyviseba ujredis sasicoc-
xlo cikls. imavdroulad mimdinareobs struqturaTa
gardaqmna funqciuri mdgomareobis cvlilebebiT. rac
mTavaria, ujredis Semadgeneli subujreduli warmonaq-
mnebi, garda uwesrigo brounis moZraobisa, imyofeba ga-
nuwyvetel organizebul moZraobaSi, rac uzrunvel-
yofs Sinagani organizaciis cvlilebas wamebis ganmav-
lobaSi.
sicocxle maSin iwyeba, roca elementarul cocxal
konstruqciaSi — ujredSi — iwyeba TviTregulacia, rac
uzrunvelyofs TaobaTa cvlas, Seguebas garemos cvla-
di pirobebis mimarT da ujredebis erTmaneTTan urTi-
erTmoqmedebas. ujredis saSualebiT xdeba aTasobiT
fermentuli procesis koordinireba, rac uzrunvel-
yofs misi ganviTarebis ciklurobas. ujredis struqtu-
rasa da qimiur aqtiurobas Soris arsebobs ukukavSire-
bi. struqturis darRveva iwvevs qimiuri aqtiurobis de-
zorganizacias, xolo ujredSi nebismieri qimiuri Care-
va — struqturis daSlas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom nebismieri makromolekula uj-
redSi warmoiqmneba ama Tu im bologiuri funqciis Se-
sasruleblad, amitom isini yovelTvis erTvebian mar-
Tvis saerTo sistemaSi. TavianTi funqciis Sesrulebis
Semdeg nebismieri biomolekula eTiSeba marTvis saerTo
sistemas da amitom eqvemdebareba daSlas. es garemoeba
ganapirobebs informaciis cirkulaciis uwyvetobas. wi-
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ujredi ara marto Caefloboda in-
formaciul qaosSi, aramed gadaiqceoda sakuTari meta-
boluri narCenebis materialur sacavad.
informaciis, magaliTad, genetikuri informaciis
gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs miekuTvneba Taobidan Taoba-
Si misi gadacemis unari materialuri matareblis ubra-
lo SecvliT. Cven varsebobT Cveni axloblebisa da Sore-
uli winaprebisgan miRebuli memkvidreobiTi informa-
111
ciis wyalobiT, Cvens organizmSi uwyveti nakadiT mimdi-
nareobs nivTierebaTa da energiebis cvlis procesebi,
amasTan erTad Cven vicvlebiT da Cvens sxeulSi ar rCeba
arc erTi biomolekula, romlebTanac erTad Cven davi-
badeT. ucvlelia mxolod sakuTari “me” da is genetiku-
ri informacia, romlis wyalobiTac Cven varsebobT da
vviTardebiT.
amgvarad, cocxal sistemaSi wina planze gamodis
genetikuri informaciis unikaluri unari, aamoZraos
energiisa da nivTierebis nakadi, Tavad ki ucvleli an
TiTqmis ucvleli darCes. memkvidreobiTi informacia
nebismieri cocxali sistemis fundamenturi safuZve-
lia. cxadia, rom informacia yovelTvis arsebobs im ma-
terialur-genetikur saSualebaTa erTobliobaSi, ro-
melTa daxmarebiT xorcieldeba misi Cawera, gadacema,
Senaxva an ganaxleba. amitom informaciis gadamcemis
daSliT maSinve qreba is informaciac, romelic Caweri-
li iyo am gadamcemze. informaciuli masalis gadamtane-
bi ujredSi biomolekulebia, romelTa struqturaSi Ca-
werilia saWiro informacia. cocxal ujreds Tu dnm-s
moacilebT, igi funqcionirebas Sewyvets. cxadia, rom
biologiuri makromolekulebi da ujreduli komponen-
tebi imis gamo funqcionirebs, rom erTobliobaSi war-
moadgens TviTmarTvis saerTo sistemas. maT jaWvebsa da
samganzomilebian konformaciebSi CatvirTulia genebis
mier translirebuli struqturuli da programuli in-
formacia.
Cven mier wamoyenebulia hipoTeza cocxal orga-
nizmebSi musikaluri (talRuri) kodis arsebobis Sesa-
xeb. melodia asrulebs informaciis matareblis rols.
cocxal arsebaTa mravalferovneba cilis uricxv varia-
cias warmoadgens. gansxvaveba aminmJavuri naSTebis Ta-
namimdevrobaSia. cilebSi aminmJavaTa Tanamimdevrobis
informaciis Caweris xerxi (genetikuri kodi) dnm-Sia Ca-
debuli. memkvidreobiT gadaecema ara struqtura, ara-
112
med am struqturis aRweriloba da misi damzadebis in-
struqcia. genetikuri kodis gaSifvrisa da realizaciis
meqanizmis identuroba yoveli cocxali organizmis uj-
redSi (mcenaridan adamianamde) samyaros, rogorc har-
moniuli mTelis, erTianobaze metyvelebs.
cilebis specifikuroba SeiZleba SevadaroT musi-
kas, romelic mcire raodenobis bgeraTa Sexamebisagan
miiReba da usazRvrod mravalferovania. bunebaSi mrava-
li bgeraa, magram yvela rodi qmnis musikas. aseve buneba-
Si arsebuli yvela aminmJava ar gamodgeba cilis saSen
masalad. gansazRvruli sistemiT xdeba rogorc aminmJa-
vaTa, ise musikalur bgeraTa gadarCeva da Camoyalibeba.
melodia ar warmoadgens bgerebis SemTxveviT Tanmim-
devrobas. aseve cila ar aris aminmJavaTa SemTxveviTi
nakrebi. cilis molekula (romlis damzadebis instruq-
cia moTavsebulia dnm-Si), iseve rogorc melodia (rome-
lic Cawerilia partituraSi), yovelTvis erT Sinaarss
gamosaxavs. musika dasabamidanvea Cadebuli cocxal or-
ganizmSi da organizmis, rogorc mTelis, modulacias
axdens. am analogiis safuZvelze Cven gasuli saukunis
samoc-samocdaaTian wlebSi pirvelad movaxdineT cilis
struqturis transkrifcia musikis enaze (enharmonizmis
gaTvaliswinebiT) da miviReT nawarmoebi fugis stilSi
[15-17]. Tu musika biologiur sistemaTa organizaciis
saerTo principia, maSin igi SeiZleba organizmis mdgo-
mareobis adreuli diagnostikis instrumenti gaxdes.
ukanasknel periodSi aSS-Si (kaliforniis universi-
teti, los-anJelesi) muSavdeba didi proeqti, romelic
exeba cilaSi Semaval aminmJavaTa gardaqmnas musikalur
akordebad, romelTa xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovan infor-
macias iZleva cilis natif struqturaze da mosalod-
nel daavadebaTa ganviTarebaze [18,19]. am kvlevebma daa-
dastura Cven mier ramdenime aTeuli wlis win miRebuli
Sedegebi.

113
 miuxedavad imisa, rom materia da energia aucileb-
lad warmoadgens sicocxlis safuZvels, isini TavisTa-
vad ar gansazRvraven principul sxvaobas cocxal da
aracocxal sistemebs Soris. cocxal sistemaTa erT-
erT mTavar maxasiaTebels warmoadgens maTSi memkvidre-
obiTi informaciis cirkulacia, romelic uzrunvel-
yofs maT cxovelmoqmedebas. cocxali materiis ganviTa-
rebisa da funqcionirebis informaciuli done misi moZ-
raobisa da organizaciis axali, ufro maRali donea. aq
informacia da materia Tanabari partniorebis rols as-
rulebs: informacia materias iyenebs gadamcemad, xolo
materia informacias iyenebs Tavis organizaciis ufro
maRali donisTvis.
aqedan gamomdinareobs kanonzomieri daskvna, rom
mravali universaluri Tviseba, romelic dRes materiis
moZraobis biologiur formas miewereba, sinamdvileSi
miekuTvneba informaciebs, romlebic Cadebulia mis
struqturebSi da ara bioorganuli gadamcemebis fizi-
kur-qimiur TvisebebSi. aseT Tvisebebs, pirvel rigSi, mi-
ekuTvneba cocxali materiis TviTawyobis, TviTregula-
ciis, TviTwarmoebis, aseve seleqciuri gadarCevis una-
ri. naTelia, rom cocxali arsebis yvela am universalu-
ri Taviseburebebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba mxolod sis-
temuri organizaciiT da informaciiT, romlebic arse-
bobs bioorganuli nivTierebis safuZvelze da ara TviT
nivTierebiT, rogor unikalur fizikur da qimiur Tvi-
sebebs ar unda flobdes igi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
memkvidreobiTobis faqtors warmoadgens ara genetiku-
ri masala, rogorc fiqrobs zogierTi biologi, aramed
mxolod informacia, romelic am gadamcemzea Cawerili
genetikuri kodiT. es faqti, SesaZloa, sakamaTo iyos,
magram erTi naTelia, rom cocxali materiis struqtu-
raSi ZiriTad funqciur dominants warmoadgens infor-
macia [20].
114
 informacia ar warmoadgens fizikur sidides, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom igi sicocxlis safuZvelia da Cveni
samyaros erT-erTi sakvanZo substanciis rols asru-
lebs. kodirebuli informacia aramaterialuri katego-
riaa. miuxedavad amisa, igi yovelTvis gadaicema kavSi-
ris arxebiT materialuri an energetikuli signalebis
saxiT, romelTac garkveuli azrobrivi mniSvneloba ga-
aCnia. kodirebuli informacia, Tavis bunebiT, virtua-
luri arsia, e.i. igi arc nivTierebaa da arc energia, ara-
med raRac sxvaa. Sesabamisad, igi emorCileba ara fizi-
kur kanonebs, aramed mxolod Tavis specifikur princi-
pebs da wesebs (informatikis kanonzomierebebs). infor-
macia, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis warmoadgens mTavar do-
minants ama Tu im sistemis yvela funqciur procesSi.
yvela mmarTveli informaciuli procesi cocxal
ujredSi, rogorc wesi, eyrdnoba erTiani bioqimiuri
elementebis gamoyenebas. am garemoebis gaTvaliswine-
biT, molekuluri informacia SeiZleba vuwodoT ama Tu
im makromolekulaSi kodirebuli genetikuri monaceme-
bis erTobliobas, romlebic gansazRvravs mis struqtu-
rul, funqciur da informaciul maxasiaTeblebs, rom-
lebic mas programuli funqcionirebis saSualebas aZ-
levs da gansazRvravs mis rols, daniSnulebas da bio-
logiur beds mocemul sistemaSi. amitom biologiaSi ga-
batonebuli koncefcia, rom cocxali materiis rogorc
warmoSoba, ise funqciuri qceva SesaZlebelia aRiweros
molekulur doneze, rogorc mxolod fizikur-qimiuri
movlena, sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. ar SeiZleba ar ga-
viTvaliswinoT cocxali arsebis informaciuli (arama-
terialuri) Semadgeneli da sicocxle warmovidginoT
rogorc sufTa materialuri movlena [9].
Cven yvela informaciul velSi vcxovrobT, rome-
lic ara marto gars gvartyia, aramed TviToeul Cven-
ganSi Canergili da Tavmoyrilia molekulur-biologi-
ur doneze. Cven ki — adamianebi, Cveni arsiT, warmovad-
115
genT informaciuli substanciis umaRles formas, rad-
gan SevdgebiT informaciisgan da vemorCilebiT mas Ta-
vis arsebobis yvela doneze: genebis, biomolekulebis
doneze, TiToeuli ujredis doneze.
ujredSi mxolod is programirebadi biologiuri
makromolekulebi, struqturebi da komponentebi fun-
qcionirebs, romlebic biosinTezis (maTi Seqmnis) Semdeg
Tavad xdeba marTvis materialur-energetikuli da
programul-aparatuli saSualebani. yvela isini Tavsde-
bian saerTo mmarTvel sistemaSi ama Tu im biologiuri
funqciis da informaciuli operaciis Sesasruleblad.
amis gamo ujredis biomolekulebi da struqturebi mu-
dam imyofeba mudmivi da uwyveti moZraobis, ganaxlebis,
daSlis da erTmaneTTan informaciuli urTierTmoqme-
debis procesSi, rasac ewodeba sicocxle. TiToeul
cocxal ujreds, maTi gansxvavebuli specializaciis mi-
uxedavad, aqvs tipuri struqturuli organizacia da
moqmedebis standartuli funqciuri principi. mas Tavis
genetikuri mexsiereba gaaCnia, romelSic Cadebulia (ko-
direbulia) memkvidreobiTi informacia, romelic sakma-
risia mTliani organizmis reproducirebisTvis.
gamoTvlilia, rom dnm-is, rogorc cocxal arseba-
Ta informaciis matareblis, informaciuli moculoba
4,5x1013-jer metia, vidre megaCipisa. msoflios yvela
biblioTekaSi Tavmoyrili informaciis saerTo jami Se-
fasebulia 1018 bitad. es informacia Cawerili rom yofi-
liyo dnm-is molekulaSi, amas dasWirdeboda qinZisTa-
vis moculobis erTi procenti. es informacia megaCipe-
bis saSualebiT rom Caiweros, maSin maTi simaRle deda-
miwidan mTvaremde manZilze meti iqneboda. dnm-is efeq-
tianoba imitom aris aseTi maRali, rom dnm samganzomi-
lebiani molekulaa, xolo Cipi — informaciis organzo-
milebiani sacavi.
principSi nebismieri cocxali ujredi marTvis “av-
tomatizebuli” biologiuri sistemaa da warmoadgens
116
kompleqss, romelic Sedgeba genetikuri mexsierebisgan,
molekuluri bioprocesoruli sistemebisgan, bioorga-
nuli nivTierebebisgan, qimiuri energiis da molekulu-
ri informaciis gadacemisa da damuSavebis saSualebe-
bisgan. amitom cocxali ujredebi unda ganvixiloT ro-
gorc fizikuri da qimiuri, ise informaciuli sisteme-
bi. qimiuri reaqciebi cocxal sistemebSi mxolod in-
formaciuli gziT imarTeba. magaliTad, ferment urea-
zis erT molekulas ujredSi SeuZlia erT wamSi oTaxis
temperaturaze gaxliCos Sardovanas 30 000 molekula.
fermentis gareSe amas 300 000 weli dasWirdeboda.
nivTierebis, energiis da informaciis erTianoba —
es aris is mTavari principi, romelic gansazRvravs da
uzrunvelyofs TviT materiis biologiuri formis ar-
sebobas.
gasaocari simartiviT gamoirCeva cocxal organiz-
mebSi memkvidreobiTi informaciis kodirebis meqanizmi,
romelic gansazRvravs cocxali organizmis ganviTare-
bis programas. dnm-Si arsebuli memkvidreobiTi infor-
macia Cadebulia oTxi qimiuri komponentis (nukleoti-
debis — C, G, A, T) TanmimdevrobaSi. Caweris mocemuli
sistema arsebiTad erTiania yvela cocxali organizmis-
Tvis da mas genetikuri kodi ewodeba. vin Seqmna geneti-
kuri kodi? Tanamedrove mecnierebas am kiTxvaze pasu-
xis gacema ar SeuZlia. adamianis dnm Seicavs aranakleb 3
miliard nukleotids, romlebic erTmaneTTan garkveu-
li wesiT aris gadabmuli, msgavsad asoebisa winadade-
bebSi.
didi xania mecnierebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor
aRidgens Tavis formas da struqturas mravalujredia-
ni Canasaxi an Tundac erTi ujredi zogjer Rrma dar-
Rvevebisa da daSlis Semdegac.
ufaqizesi bioqimiuri kvlevebis Sedegad cnobilia,
rom nebismier ujredSi Senaxulia misi momavali adgil-
mdebareobis programa. ujredma TiTqos icis, Tu sad un-
117
da SeCerdes, Sewyvitos gamravleba da rogori forma mii-
Ros, rom Sevides ama Tu im organos SemadgenlobaSi. or-
ganizmis mSenebeli ujredebi ara Tu zustad asrulebs
yovelive zemoTqmuls, aramed Tavsac ispobs aucilebeli
sivrculi struqturis warmosaqmnelad. magaliTad, ase
iqmneba TiTebi Canasaxis kidurebze _ momaval TiTebs
Soris mdebare qsovilebi iRupeba, xolo firfitebisgan
(mtevnebis Canasaxi) yalibdeba xuTTiTiani xeli. uxilavi
skulptori, organizmis gamoZerwvisas, ara marto zus-
tad anawilebs, aramed aSorebs usargeblo masalas, rac
genetikuri programiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
1881 wels avgust vaismanma gamoTqva paradoqsuli
azri imis Sesaxeb, rom sikvdili specialurad aris gamo-
gonebuli biologiuri evoluciis mier. igi Tvlida, rom
siberiT sikvdili is saSualebaa, riTac ojaxi an sazoga-
doeba Tavisufldeba winaprebisgan, raTa gza misces
STamomavlobas.
ai, nawyveti vaismanis leqciidan: “mimaCnia, rom sik-
vdili aris ara pirveladi aucilebloba, aramed meora-
di _ SeZenili adaptaciis procesSi. vTvli, sicocxles
gaaCnia fiqsirebuli xangrZlivoba ara imitom, rom Ta-
vis bunebiT mas ar SeuZlia, ar iyos SeuzRudavi, aramed
imitom, rom individuumTa SeuzRudavi arseboba iqnebo-
da fufuneba misgan gamomdinare yovelgvari sargeblo-
bis gareSe. dauZlurebuli individuumebi ara marto ga-
mousadegaria saxeobisTvis, aramed mavneblebic arian,
radgan isini janmrTelebis adgils ikaveben”.
1972 wels j. kerim, a. uailim da a. kuriem gamoaqvey-
nes statia, sadac amtkicebdnen, rom ujredebis sikvdi-
li SeiZleba iyos daprogramebuli da es movlena umniS-
vnelovanes rols asrulebs organizmTa normalur gan-
viTarebasa da cxovelmoqmedebaSi. 2002 wels fiziolo-
giisa da medicinis dargSi nobelis premia mieniWaT r.
horvics, s. breners da j. salstons nematodis Wiaze Ses-
rulebuli samuSaoTa ciklisTvis, romelSic pirvelad
118
iqna identificirebuli daprogramebuli sikvdilis ge-
nebi.
ujredis daprogramebuli sikvdilis yvelaze xSiri
SemTxvevaa apoptozi, rodesac ujredSi aqtiurdeba
fermentebi, romlebic cilebsa da nukleinis mJavebs
Slis maT monomerebad _ aminmJavebad da nukleotide-
bad. am ukanasknelebs ki Semdgom iyenebs mezobeli ujre-
debi rogorc saSen masalas.
axlaxan damtkicebul iqna, rom daprogramebuli
sikvdilis movlena arsebobs subujredul doneze (mi-
toqondrebis _ ujreduli organelebis TviTmkvlelo-
ba anu mitoptozi, romelsac adgili aqvs maSin, roca mi-
toqondriebi iwyebs Jangbadis toqsikuri warmoebule-
bis warmoqmnas). aRwerilia TviTmkvleloba zemoleku-
lur donezec (ujredTa koleqtiuri TviTmkvleloba
virusuli infeqciis dros, roca iRupeba ara marto das-
nebovnebuli ujredebi, aramed mezobeli ujredebic _
dasenianebis yvelaze savaraudo kandidatebi).
rogorc Cans, organizms axasiaTebs “samurais”
mkacri, magram erTob radikaluri principi: “sjobs mok-
vde, vidre Secde”. am kanonis mTavari amocanaa organiz-
mis genomis (ujredSi moTavsebuli genebis kompleqsi)
dacva gadagvarebisgan.
cnobilia cxovelTa da mcenareTa daprogramebuli
TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevebi. magaliTad, wynari okeanis
oragulebi qviriTis dayris drois moaxlovebisas, si-
cocxlis estafetis gadasacemad, toveben okeanis gaS-
lil sivrceebs da mdinareebis SesarTavebidan aRma mi-
curaven dinebis sawinaaRmdegod mdinareebis saTavee-
bisken. didi wvalebisa da SimSilis Semdeg saTaveebTan
Cerdebian da yrian qviriTs. dedal-mamali oragulebis
Tesli nakadulSi iRvreba da erTmaneTs Seereva, ro-
gorc yvavilis mtveri butkos gvirgvins. oragulebi qvi-
riTs darajoben, nel-nela sustdebian da iqve kvdebian
SimSilisgan. maTi organizmi genetikurad daprograme-
119
bulia ganadgurebaze modgmis gasagrZeleblad. lifsi-
tebi ibadebian da mucelze amotrialebul mSoblebs
gemrielad ZiZgnian. mSoblebis sxeulia maTi pirveli
sakvebi. mere moRonierebuli da wamozrdili lifsitebi
okeanisken micuraven.
cnobilia daprogramebuli sikvdili mravalujre-
diani organizmebisTvis, romlebic mxolod erTxel
mravldebian. magaliTad, tkipas erT-erTi saxeoba
Adactylidium dabadebis dros RrRnis dedis mucels da iw-
vevs mis sikvdils. xSir SemTxvevaSi sqesobrivi aqtis
dros erTveba TviTmkvlelobis bioqimiuri programa.
magaliTad, zogierTi saxeobis dedali obobebi Wamen ma-
mal obobebs dawyvilebisTanave, romlebTanac adre
mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobdnen.
daprogramebulia agreTve bambukis sikvdili. igi
10-15 weli cocxlobs, mravldeba vegetaciurad, Semdeg
yvavilobs da iRupeba, rogorc ki Tesli momwifdeba. yo-
vel Semodgomaze foTlovani xeebi yris foTlebs, rasac
“nawilobrivi TviTmkvleloba” SeiZleba ewodos. ameri-
kuli banksis fiWvi (Pinus banksiana Lamb) Tavis Tavs xan-
Zars uCens da aTasobiT heqtarze fiWvnars mTlianad
anadgurebs, momaval fiWvnarebs ganadgurebisgan icavs
da STamomavlobas kanonzomierad agrZelebs. banksis
fiWvnarSi, totebze gamobmuli mravali girCi mxolod
450C-is temperaturis zeviT ixsneba, aTeuli aTasobiT
Tesli ifanteba da naxanZral farTobebs efineba. xan-
Zris CaqrobisTanave fiWvnaris sicocxle kvlav grZel-
deba, warmoiSoba aRmonaceni da fiWvnari zrda-ganviTa-
rebas ganagrZobs. Tu banksis fiWvnari 50-60 wlis xnova-
nebamde ar ganadgurda, maSin fiWvnari berdeba da iRu-
peba, xolo mis magivrad tyis sxva saxeobebi warmoiqmneba
[21].
cocxal organizmebSi Cadebulia ukvdavebis ten-
dencia. iaponiaSi safuZveli Caeyara axal dargs: imor-
tologias — mecnierebas ukvdavebis Sesaxeb. Tagvebze Ca-
120
tarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom sxeulis temperaturis
daweva 0,50-is sicocxlis xangrZlivobas zrdis 12-20%-
iT. iaponeli mecnierebis gaTvliT, sxeulis temperatu-
ris 10-iT daweviT adamianis sicocxle izrdeba 30-40
wliT. Cinelma mecnierebma aRmoaCines geni “P16”, rome-
lic pasuxismgebelia ujredis daberebaze.
apoptozi anu daprogramebuli ujreduli sikvdi-
li energetikulad damokidebuli da genetikurad kon-
trolirebadi procesia, romelic irTveba specifikuri
signalebiT da organizms anTavisuflebs dasustebuli,
usargeblo, defeqturi an dazianebuli ujredebisgan.A
apoptozis procesSi ujredi ukvalod qreba 15-120 wu-
Tis ganmavlobaSi. apoptozi did rols asrulebs mor-
fogenezSi da warmoadgens organoTa zomebis mudmivi
kontrolis meqanizms. igi icavs organizms. apoptozis
daqveiTebisas xdeba ujredebis dagroveba (magaliTad,
simsivnuri zrda). apoptozis gazrdisas SeiniSneba uj-
redTa raodenobis progresuli Semcireba qsovilSi,
romlis magaliTia atrofia. gaZlierebuli, arakontro-
lirebadi apoptozi iwvevs ujredebis masirebul kvdo-
mas.
ujredebis TviTmkvlelobis maprovocirebeli ci-
lebis kodireba xdeba specialuri genebiT. roca Cndeba
eWvi, rom raRac wesrigSi ar aris, gaicema brZaneba mok-
vdinebis Sesaxeb, romelic gadaecema cilebis jaWviT.
bolo cila auwyebs ujreds brZanebas da ujredi iwyebs
daSlas. Tu ar arsebobs brZaneba sikvdilis Sesaxeb, ma-
Sin ujredebs SeuZlia didxans icocxlos, Tundac zians
ayenebdes organizms. brZanebaTa konveiri — “sikvdiliT
daisajos! ar iqnas Sewyalebuli!” — organizmSi moqmedi
kanonebis safuZvelze muSaobs advokatisa da nafic msa-
julTa gareSe da “mavneblebTan” erTad nadgurdeba ub-
ralo “eWvmitanilebic”. erT ujreds, romelic gadaw-
yvets TviTmkvlelobas, SeuZlia sasikvdilo signali ga-

121
ugzavnos Tavis mezoblebs, ris Sedegad iRupeba ara er-
Ti, aramed mTeli ujredovani fena.
didi xania SemCneulia, rom radiaciiT dasxivebisas
ujredTa didi nawili iRupeba ara dazianebebis gamo,
aramed, ase vTqvaT, ”Tavisi nebiT”. swored koleqtiuri
TviTmkvlelobis movlena ZiriTadad agebs pasuxs in-
farqtisa da insultis Sedegebze.
kanadelma mecnierebma moaxdines WiebSi ori genis
neitralizeba, romlebic pasuxs agebs apoptozze. am Wi-
ebma eqvsjer didxans icocxles. Wiebi sul aTas ujreds
Seicaven. adamianis agebuleba gacilebiT rTulia. apop-
tozi asrulebs organizmisTvis aucilebel funqcias,
aSorebs dazianebul ujredebs, amitom apoptozis ga-
morTva Seamcirebs adamianis sicocxles, apoptozi gene-
tikur aparatSia Cadebuli da igi TviTprofilaqtikis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi meqanizmia.
apoptozis Seswavla did yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
Tu ujredebs gaaCnia TviTmkvlelobis mzaoba da mxo-
lod Sesabamis brZanebebs elodeba TviTganadgurebis
programis asamuSaveblad, maSin saWiroa viswavloT am
brZanebis Sesruleba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania es
kibovani davadebebisTvis. apoptozis wyalobiT SesaZle-
belia milioni sicocxlis gadarCena. gansacvifrebeli
aRmoCena gaakeTes Sveicarielma mecnierebma. maT daad-
gines, rom kibo iyenebs apoptozs Tavis sasargeblod.
iseTi formebisas, magaliTad, rogoricaa melanoma, ki-
bos ujredebi agzavnis signals T-kilerebTan da isini
TviTnadgurdebian. T-kilerebi imunuri sistemis ujre-
debia. maTi movaleobaa, gamoicnon da gaanadguron kibos
ujredebi ganviTarebis adreul stadiebSi. aq ki adamia-
nis organizmis usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi samsaxuri emor-
Cileba melanomis ujredebis brZanebas. axla cxadia, Tu
ratom aris adamianis imunuri sistema absoluturad uZ-
luri yvelaze saSineli kibos formebis winaSe.

122
 molekulurma genetikam gamoarkvia informaciis
gadacemis gzebi dnm-idan informaciul rnm-de, rome-
lic, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens matricas cilebis sinTe-
zisTvis. amJamad dawvrilebiT swavloben genebis moqme-
debas ujredSi nivTierebaTa cvlasa da maT sinTezze.
magram rac Seexeba sivrculi struqturis, magaliTad,
bolokis bolqvis an ucnauri niJaris warmoqmnas, saeW-
voa, rom marto genebiT aixsnas.A amitom embrionologia-
Si Seiqmna e.w morfogenetikuri velis koncefcia. am kon-
cefciis Tanaxmad, embrionis an Canasaxis garSemo arse-
bobs gansakuTrebuli veli, romelic TiTqos ujredis
masisgan Zerwavs organoebs da mTlian organizmebs.
embrionuli velis yvelaze damuSavebuli koncef-
cia ekuTvnis p. veiss da a. gurviCs [22,23]. maTi azriT,
morfogenetikur vels ar axasiaTebs Cveulebrivi fizi-
kur-qimiuri maxasiaTeblebi. gurviCma mas biologiuri
veli uwoda. veisi aRniSnavda, rom sawyisi veli moqme-
debs ujredis masalaze, misgan ayalibebs organizmis ama
Tu im Canasaxs da ganviTarebasTan erTad warmoqmnis
sul axal da axal velebs, romlebic ganagebs organoebis
da organizmis mTeli sxeulis ganviTarebas.M mokled rom
vTqvaT, viTardeba veli, Semdeg Tavad Canasaxi, amasTana-
ve organizmis ujredebi TiTqos pasiuria _ maT saqmia-
nobas morfogenetikuri veli ganagebs. a. gurviCis bio-
logiuri velis koncefciis mixedviT, igi organizmis
TiTeuli ujredisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. magram ve-
lis moqmedebis sfero ujredis sazRvrebs scildeba,
ujreduli veli TiTqos mTlian velad erTiandeba, ro-
melic ujredis sivrcul gadanawilebasTan erTad ic-
vleba.
orive koncefciis Tanaxmad, biologiuri veli Cana-
saxTan erTad viTardeba. Mmagram, veisis mixedviT, igi
amas damoukideblad akeTebs, rac sruliad gaugebaria,
xolo gurviCis Teoriis mixedviT _ Canasaxis ujrede-
bis zemoqmedebiT.
123
 ratom icvleba biologiuri veli ganuwyvetliv Ca-
nasaxTan erTad organizmis ganviTarebis procesSi? Se-
iZleba vivaraudoT, rom veli ganviTarebis pirvelive
stadiebSi ucvlelia da igi asrulebs matricis rols,
romlis Sevsebasac cdilobs Canasaxi. Mmagram saidan
Cndeba TviT veli da ase zustad ratom Seesabameba moce-
muli organizmis genetikur informacias? SesaZloa ve-
li, romelic ganagebs ganviTarebas, warmoiSoba dnm-is
spiraluri struqturis (sadac inaxeba Tavdapirveli ge-
netikuri Canaweri) urTierTmoqmedebiT. ujredTa rao-
denobis gadidebiT maTi gayofis dros warmoqmnili dnm-
ebi jamdeba da saerTo veli izrdeba, magram inarCunebs
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel organizacias.
savaraudoa, rom ujredTa nebismieri raodenoba
inaxavs informacias formis Sesaxeb, romelic maT unda
aawyon erTmaneTTan SeerTebiT. magaliTad, planariis
brtyel Wiebs SeuZliaT forma aRidginon TavianTi sxeu-
lis 1/300 nawilisgan. planaria rom gavWraT saxvadasxva
sididis nawilebad da davayovnoT sami kvira, ujredebi
Seicvlis specializacias da gardaiqmneba mTlian cxo-
velebad. sami kviris Semdeg uZrav nawilebad daCexili
Wiebis nacvlad dagvxvdeba moZravi planariebi. yvela
maTgans, didsac da patarasac, gaaCniaT Tavi, Tvalebi da
yurebi. yvela maTgani formiT erTnairia, gansxvavdebian
mxolod zomiT. TiToeuli arseba sxvadasxva raodeno-
bis ujredisgan warmoiSveba, mxolod erTi da igive “na-
xaziT’’. Ees imaze miuTiTebs, rom planariis sxeulis ne-
bismier nawils gaaCnia erTiani informaciuli veli. Se-
iZleba vivaraudoT, rom jer kidev ganayofierebamde
sasqeso ujredebi atarebs gamzadebul informaciul
vels. xolo ganayofierebisas, roca spermatozoidi da
kvrcxujredi erTmaneTs erwymis da maTi genetikuri ma-
sala erTiandeba, jamdeba informaciuli velebic da
warmoiqmneba Sualeduri, ganzogadebuli tipi dedis da
mamis TvisebebiT.
124
 ujredebs birTvis gareSe SeuZlia didxans icoc-
xlos, Tumca kargavs regeneraciis, TviTaRdgenis unars.
acetabularias (mwvane wyalmcenareebis gvari, romelic
gavrcelebulia tropikul da subtropikul zRvebSi)
axali qudi birTvis gareSec ezrdeba. marTalia, aseTi
ram mxolod erTxel xdeba, magram sakmarisia daujere-
beli varaudis gamosatanad: informaciuli veli garkve-
uli drois ganmavlobaSi inaxeba ujredis garSemo, Tun-
dac mas ar gaaCndes ZiriTadi genetikuri masala! infor-
maciul ,,sicocxlis velze” miuTiTebda v. vernadskic,
romelic mas uwodebda gonier vels, dedamiwis noosfe-
ros.
bolodroindeli gamokvlevebiT damtkicebulia
biologiur da fizikur obieqtebs Soris informaciuli
urTierTmoqmedebis SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentulad
aris dadgenili adamianis Sesaxeb monacemebis distanci-
urad miRebis SesaZlebloba. damtkicebulia biologiur
obieqtebze iseTi gamosxivebebisa da velebis distanci-
uri zemoqmedeba, romlebic ar aris eleqtromagnituri.
aRmoCnda, rom am gamosxivebebs da velebs praqtikulad
ar gaaCnia SezRudva manZilis mimarT. isini cocxal or-
ganizmze zemoqmedeben nebismier barierSi (maT Soris,
metaluri) gavliT da astimulireben an Trgunaven mas.A
am eqsperimentSi gamovlenili pricipebi SeiZleba sa-
fuZvlad daedos cocxal organizmebze zemoqmedebis
aratradiciul saSualebaTa Seqmnas, magaliTad, medici-
naSi Wrilobebis Sexorcebis mastimulirebeli xelsaw-
yos, soflis meurneobaSi cxovelTa zrdis damaCqarebe-
li danadgaris Seqmnas.
eqsperimentulad aris Semowmebuli cocxal
struqturebze ukontaqto zemoqmedebis efeqtebi.O ope-
ratoris zemoqmedebiT icvleba cxovelTa qceva, hemog-
lobinis gamoyofa sisxlSi, gulis riTmi.A adamians SeuZ-
lia Tavis velebiT daaCqaros an Seanelos Teslebis ga-
Rivebis vadebi. Aaseve dadgenilia musikis zegavlena mce-
125
nareTa zrda-ganviTarebaze [16, 17,24]. bgerebSi kodire-
buli informacia organizmSi moxvedrisas iwvevs biofi-
zikuri potencialis gaaqtiurebas da bioenergetikuli
velis harmonizacias. cocxali organizmebi (maT Soris
mcenareebic) sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben harmoniul
musikaze da rok-musikaze. isini baxis musikas amjobine-
ben, romelic mcenareTa zrdis stimulacias iwvevs —
Zlierdeba fotosinTezisa da nivTierebaTa cvlis in-
tensivoba, ramdenimejer izrdeba vitaminebis Semcvelo-
ba (magaliTad “gaxmovanebul” xorblis RivSi 20-jer me-
ti A vitamini da 5-jer meti C da B6 vitaminebi aRmoCnda),
ris Sedegad izrdeba mosavlis raodenoba da xarisxi.
gamovlenilia axali fenomeni _ manZilze ori ada-
mianis fsiqofiziologiuri mdgomareobis sinqronuli
cvlileba smeniTi da mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis sruli
uqonlobis pirobebSi.
napovnia individualuri rezonansuli sixSireebi,
romelTa generacia mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs fsiqo-
fizikur mdgomareobas.A am principze SesaZlebelia da-
muSavdes adamianis mdgomareobis marTvis sruliad axa-
li meTodi, romelic inteleqtualuri da fizikuri una-
ris stimulirebisa da ganviTarebis saSualebas mog-
vcems.
wina werilebSi Cven vwerdiT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdi-
na evoluciurma Teoriam adamianTa msoflmxedvelobaze.
evoluciurma Teoriam xeli Seuwyo iseT mimdinareobebs,
rogorebicaa nacizmi, rasizmi (erTi rasa — adamianebi,
sxva — rgoli adamianebsa da maimunebs Soris), evgenika
(adamianTa seleqcia) da a.S. evoluciis Teoria amar-
Tlebs Zaladobas, mkvlelobebs, garyvnilebas. “Cven Tu
cxovelebi varT, maSin cxovelebiviT unda moviqceT. es
Cvens genebSi gvizis”, — ai, evoluciuri moZRvrebis msof-
lmxedveloba. am Teoriis mixedviT, CvenTvis araviTari
wesi ar unda arsebobdes. skolebSi evoluciuri Teoriis
SemoRebis Semdeg mkveTrad imata mkvlelobebis da TviT-
126
mkvlelobebis, abortebis da ganqorwinebis, seqsualuri
Zaladobis da sxva danaSaulebaTa raodenobam [25].
darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis uaryofis mravali
magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. evolucionistebi Tvlian,
rom adamiani maimunisgan warmoiSva, Tumca adamianis da
maimunis dnm-ebs Soris msgavseba mxolod 1%-ia. ar arse-
bobs adamianis maimunisgan warmoSobis arc erTi dama-
dasturebeli faqti. ar aris napovni maT Soris gardama-
vali saxeobis arc erTi ConCxi. aseve ar aris napovni er-
Ti saxeobidan meoreze gardamavali formis arc erTi na-
marxi.
“Tu saxeobebi erTimeorisgan warmoiSva umciresi
cvlilebebis gziT, maSin ratom ar vxvdebiT uamrav Sua-
ledur rgolebs yvelgan?” rogor paradoqsuladac ar
unda JRerdes, es sityvebi ekuTvnis darvins [26].
evolucionistebi amtkiceben, rom evolucia mimdi-
nareobs SemTxveviTi mutaciebis Sedegad. magram muta-
ciebi umravles SemTxvevebSi sazianoa an neitraluri.
dRemde dadebiTi mutaciebi ar aris cnobili. mutaciis
dros informaciis raodenoba ar izrdeba. yvela muta-
cia, romelic Seswavlilia molekulur doneze, amci-
rebs genetikur informacias.
memkvidreobiTi aparati ukiduresad inertuli ga-
remoa, e.i. igi ewinaaRmdegeba mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs:
romc daibados dedisgan gansxvavebuli qromosomuli
nakrebis mqone individi, aseTi organizmi ver ganviTar-
deba da daiRupeba. ukidures SemTxvevaSi qromosomuli
aparatis SedarebiT umniSvnelo Secvla iwvevs indivi-
dis ganviTarebis mZime nakls da gamravlebis unaris da-
kargvas. organizmis gaumjobeseba mutaciis saSualebiT
igivea, rac rusTavelis poemis gakeTilSobileba stam-
buri beWduri SecdomebiT.
sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis SeuZleblobaSi rom dav-
rwmundeT, ganvixiloT, Tu rogor aris mowyobili coc-
xali mikrosamyaro. cilaSi Semavali 20 aminmJavasgan Se-
127
saZlebelia 1085 cilis variaciis warmoqmna (Sedarebis-
Tvis: msoflio okeaneSi wylis 1040 molekulaa). aRsaniS-
navia, rom cilis struqturaSi TiToeul aminmJavas ad-
gilmdebareobis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
Tundac erTi elementis adgilis gadanacvlebiT mivi-
RebT sxva cilas gansxvavebuli funqciebiT.
TiToeuli ujredi ara Tu Seicavs cilebs, aramed
warmoqmnis kidec maT rogorc TavisTvis, ise organiz-
misTvis, romlis nawilsac TviTon Seadgens. TiToeuli
ujredi aTasobiT cilas Seicavs, romlebic iyofa cila-
fermentebad, romlebic warmarTavs gansazRvrul bio-
qimiur reaqciebs; struqturul cilebad, romlebic
warmoadgens ujredis kedlebis agurebs; satransporto
cilebad, romelTac gadaaqvs Jangbadi da naxSirbadi
ujredis “sunTqvis” procesSi; damcav cilebad, romle-
bic boWavs toqsinebs da uzrunvelyofs imunur bariers;
aseve cilebad, romlebic asrulebs regulatorul, sa-
signalo, receptorul, energetikul da sxva funqciebs.
sicocxlis CasaxvisTvis aucilebelia 2 aTasze meti
sxvadasxva fermenti, xolo maTi warmoqmnis albaToba
umarTavi, SemTxveviTi procesis gziT 10-40000-ze nakle-
bia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mTeli samyaro Sedgeba
1072000 atomisgan, fermentebis miReba SeuZlebelia im Sem-
TxvevaSic ki, mTeli samyaro “organuli bulionisgan”
rom yofiliyo Sedgenili.
organizmis cilebis damzadebis instruqcia moTav-
sebulia dnm-Si, dnm-is erT molekulaSi Semavali masa-
lisgan (nukleotitebisgan) ki SesaZlebelia agebul iq-
nas molekulis 1087 varianti. mxolod erT variants Se-
uZlia piradad Tqveni Seqmna sworad funqcionirebadi
organoebiTa da individualuri TvisebebiT. mecnier-ma-
terialistebi Tvlian, rom dedamiwis asakia 4,5 miliar-
di weli, anu 1025 wami, e.i. yovel wams dnm-is erTi varian-
ti rom Seqmniliyo, dedamiwis asaki ar eyofoda erTi
moqmedi dnm-is warmoqmnas. evoluciur TeoriaSi ar
128
jdeba is faqtic, Tu ratom Seicavs adamianis genomi 223
gens, romelTac ar gaaCnia winamorbedebi evoluciis da-
bal safexurze.
molekuluri fizikis, genetikis da bioqimiis faq-
tebi mTlianad adasturebs cocxal organizmTa Sem-
TxveviTi TviTwarmoSobis SeuZleblobas. gana SeuZlia
maimuns, klaviSze datyapunebiT, SemTxveviT aawyos
“vefxistyaosani”? miqelanjelos qandakebas Tu Sevxe-
davT, darwmunebiT vityviT, rom igi Seqmna adamianma,
amasTan genialurma. aravis mouva TavSi, rom xelovnebis
aseTi qmnilebebi SemTxveviT iqmneba TavisTavad, rom
mTis mwvervalebidan mowyvetili da ufskrulSi Cavar-
dnili qvis lodebi saswaulebrivad gairandeba. aravis
mouva TavSi ufskrulebSi iwanwalos xelovnebis genia-
luri nawarmoebis saZebnelad.
wina werilebSi Cven moviyvaneT sakmarisi argumen-
tebi adamianis klonirebis winaaRmdeg. pirvelma kloni-
rebulma cxovelma, cxvarma dolim eqvsnaxevari weli
icocxla, maSin roca cxvrebi aT welze mets cocxloben.
mas ganuviTarda filtvebis progresirebadi daavadeba
da naadrevi artriti. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom klonire-
buli adamiani naadrevad daberdeba da 20 wlis asakSi
Rrmad moxuci iqneba. dolis Semqmnel ser uilmuts yo-
velgvari safuZveli gaaCnda, aSS-s kongresSi gamosvli-
sas gaecxadebina, rom analogiuri eqsperimentebi adami-
anze yovlad dauSvebelia.
gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi braziliaSi, komer-
ciuli miznebisaTvis, gamoyvanil iqna afrikuli fut-
kris da evropaSi gavrcelebuli futkris sxvadasxva sa-
xeobaTa hibridi, Taflovani futkris didi zomis axali
saxeoba. es futkrebi gamoirCevian iSviaTi Sromismoyva-
reobiT, swrafad dafrinaven, muSaobas adre iwyeben da
gvian amTavreben, iZlevian orjer met Tafls, vidre ev-
ropuli futkrebi. magram amave dros isini Zalian agre-
siulni aRmoCndnen. maTi Sxami gansakuTrebiT toksiku-
129
ria. braziliaSi maTi nakbeniT daiRupa aTasobiT adamia-
ni da cxoveli. isini Tavs esxmian nebismier cxovels ski-
dan 5 metris radiusSi, misdeven msxverpls naxevar ki-
lometrze da zogjer ufro Sorsac. axali jiSi brazi-
liidan moedo mTel samxreT amerikas da win miiwevs
CrdiloeTisken. male isini aSS-s sazRvrebs miaRwevs.
amerikis xelisuflebam SemoiRo mkacri sakarantino zo-
mebi qveyanaSi mkvleli-futkrebis Semotanis asacileb-
lad. mkvleli-futkrebis agresiulobis faqtebi gviCve-
nebs, Tu rogori saSiSia bunebasTan TamaSi.
sicocxlis dasawyisSi adamianis organizmi warmo-
adgens zigotas — spermatozoidiT ganayofierebul
kvercxujreds, romelic dnm-Si kodirebuli “instruq-
ciiT” dasabams aZlevs axali organizmis ganviTarebas.
bioinJineriis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze SesaZ-
lebelia erTi ujredidan adamianis Seqmna. magram misa-
Rebia Tu ara gamravlebis aseTi xerxi zneobrivi da re-
ligiuri TvalszrisiT? aseT adamians xom mSoblebi ar
eyoleba. SeZlebs ki xelovnuri arseba iyos Tavisufa-
li? klonireba, upirveles yovlisa, eqsperimentia. eq-
sperimenti ki, romelSic sacdeli adamiania, dauSvebe-
lia misi nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobis gareSe. adamianis
klonirebisas aseTi Tanxmobis miReba SeuZlebelia, rad-
gan visgan unda miviRoT, Tuki igi Tavad warmoadgens am
eqsperimentis Sedegs.
1997 wlis 11 noembers iuneskom miiRo “sayovelTao
deklaracia adamianis genomis da adamianis uflebebis
Sesaxeb”, romelSic naTqvamia: “dauSvebelia klonirebis
praqtika adamianis reproducirebis mizniT”, radgan es
“ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis Rirsebas”. xolo gaeros 2005
wlis 8 martis “deklaracia adamianis klonirebis Sesa-
xeb” wevr-saxelmwifoebs mouwodebs, rom “aikrZalos
adamianTa klonirebis yvela forma iseTi zomiT, romli-
Tac isini SeuTavsebelia adamianis RirsebasTan da ada-
mianis sicocxlis dacvasTan”. am dokumentebs safuZ-
130
vlad uZevs is normebi, romlebic formulirebulia jer
kidev 1947 wels faSisti medikosebis danaSaulebaTa ga-
moZiebis Sedegebis safuZvelze miRebul niurbergis ko-
deqsSi, agreTve 1964 wels msoflio samedicino asamble-
is mier miRebul helsinkis deklaraciaSi.
biosamedicino teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT zne-
obrivi normebi ar Zveldeba. axlac aqtualuria hipok-
rates fici “ar avno”, romelic vrceldeba adamianis Ca-
nasaxzec. bibliis enaze es cneba yvelasTvis cnobilia:
“ara kac hkla”. es Cven yvelas gvWirdeba, rom davrCeT
adamianebad.
genetikis miRwevebi axal mdgomareobaSi ayenebs ka-
cobriobas ara marto dedamiwaze sicocxlis yvela
formasTan, aramed sakuTari biologiur bunebasTan da-
kavSirebiT. ar SeiZleba imis gamoricxva, rom embrionul
ujredSi teqnologiurma intervenciam, adamianis tvinsa
da fsiqikaze genetikuri manipulaciis uaxlesma meTo-
debma, mis cnobierebasa da qcevaze xelovnurma zemoqme-
debam gamoiwvios “identurobis krizisi”, e.i. adamianis
mier sazogadoebaSi sakuTari adgilis warmodgenebis
dakargva.
TiToeuli adamiani samyaros nawilia, da, rogorc
samyaros nawili, igi garkveul funqciebs asrulebs.
warmovidginoT, rom adamiani samyaros — erTiani orga-
nizmis — mcire ujreds warmoadgens. TiToeuli ujredi
organizmSi asrulebs Tavis gansazRvrul funqciebs da
organizmidan Rebulobs yovelive aucilebels amisTvis:
sakveb nivTierebebs, energias. yovel ujreds sakuTari
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba gaaCnia, droTa ganmavlobaSi
berdeba, kvdeba da axliT icvleba. rogorc yovel coc-
xal ujredSi, samyaroSi gamudmebiT mimdinareobs ori
procesi: asimilacia da disimilacia, anu Seneba da ngre-
va. janmrTelobas ganapirobebs am ori Zalis dinamikuri
wonasworoba. rogorc ki irRveva wonasworoba, maSinve

131
Cndeba signali daavadebis saxiT, romelic miuTiTebs,
Tu romel adgilze da ra mizeziT irRveva wonasworoba.
amgvarad, sicocxlis warmoSobis problema jer ki-
dev gadauWrelia mecnierebaSi, Tumca am procesis mra-
vali damaxasiaTebeli niSani myarad aris dadgenili.
damtkicebulia sicocxlis warmoSobis principuli Se-
uZlebloba molekulebis SemTxveviTi SeerTebiT rTu-
li TviTwarmoebadi makromolekuluri sistemis Sesaq-
mnelad. sicocxle mudmivi brZolaa entropiis gazrdis
tendenciis winaaRmdeg. informaciiT mdidari makromo-
lekulebis sinTezi, ujredebis warmoqmna TavianTi
rTuli struqturiT, organizmis TviTregulacia — yve-
laferi es Zlieri antientropiuli faqtorebia.
sicocxle erTgvari Hharmoniaa, romelic Tavis spe-
cifikuri wesebiT arsebobs. mecniereba cdilobs, Caw-
vdes da Seicnos es wesebi misTvis misawvdomi saSualebe-
biT. magram misawvdom saSualebebs Soris mxolod fizi-
kur-qimiuri meTodebia. rac ufro Rrmad vwvdebiT si-
cocxlis saidumlos meqanikuri meTodebis saSualebiT,
miT ufro vrwmundebiT cocxali arsebis arameqanikuro-
baSi, mis TavisTavadobasa da SemoqmedebiT aqtiurobaSi.
Sredingerma, pirvelma fizikosebs Soris, sajarod ga-
nacxada, rom sicocxlis fenomenis axsna, fizikis amJa-
mad cnobili kanonebis safuZvelze, SeuZlebelia da igi
emorCileba dRemde ucnob kanonebs.
samyaro Seqmnilia adamianis arsebobisTvis! samya-
ros gravitaciul, Zlier, sust da eleqtromagnitur
urTierTmoqmedebaTa fundamentur konstantebs iseTi
mniSvnelobebi gaaCnia, romlebic uzrunvelyofs galaq-
tikebisa da varskvlavebis warmoqmnis SesaZleblobas.
atmosferuli haeris qimiuri Sedgeniloba, mcenareuli
samyaros Taviseburebani, wylis araCveulebrivi Tvise-
bebi, dedamiwis, mTvaris, mzis zomebi da moZraobis xasi-
aTi da mravali sxva zustad iseTia, romlebic uzrun-
velyofs adamianis arsebobas dedamiwaze.
132
 sakiTxi sicocxlis arsis Sesaxeb mecnierebis, fi-
losofiis da religiis centraluri sakiTxia. saidan
movdivarT, sad mivdivarT, ra mizani aqvs adamianis si-
cocxles dedamiwaze? ra azria adamianis xanmokle arse-
bobaSi, romelic unda damTavrdes gardauvali sikvdi-
liT?
materialistebis azriT, samyaro warmoiqmna mate-
riis nawilebis SemTxveviTi SeerTebiT. adamianis sicoc-
xlec SemTxveviTia, romelic ar meordeba arc warsulSi,
arc momavalSi. materiis droebiT SeerTebuli nawilebi
adamianis sikvdilTan erTad ubrundeba saerTo rezer-
vuars, romlisganac meqanikuri kanoni kvlav Seqmnis
axal SemTxveviTobas — axal adamians. adamians suli ar
gaaCnia. mas aqvs mxolod Wkua anu tvinis fizikuri niv-
Tierebis funqcia, romelic adamianis sikvdilisas sxe-
ulTan erTad nadgurdeba. aseTi msoflmxedvelobiT
adamianis sicocxles ra azri gaaCnia? miwieri cxovrebis
idealebs, yvelaze amaRlebulsac ki, ar SeuZlia sruli
bednierebis miniWeba adamianisTvis. igi cxovrebisgan
moiTxovs raRac ufro mets, da radganac ver poulobs,
arsebuli yofa mas bezrdeba da mzad aris mas gaeqces,
Tundac ararsebobaSi. cduneba materialuris absolu-
tizaciaSia. adamiani, n. berdiaevis gamoTqmiT, eZebs ara
sicocxlis azrs, aramed keTildReobas, rasac moyveba
egoizmi, cxoveluri brZola arsebobisaTvis.
sicoxlis WeSmariti azri mxolod maradiulSia,
romelic arasdros nadgurdeba. adamiani eZebs sicoc-
xlis iseT azrs, romlis drosac sasruli ar STainTqmeba
usasrulos mier, aramed gardaiqmneba masSi. igi ganuw-
yvetliv eZebs arsebobis uwyvetobas, pirad maradiulo-
bas, pirad ukvdavebas. piradi maradulobis gareSe mTe-
li samyaros maradisobas araviTari Rirebuleba ar gaaC-
nia.
sicocxlis mizani sicocxlea. magram radgan si-
cocxle vlindeba moZraobaSi, amitom sicocxlis sino-
133
nimi moZraobaa. sicocxlis mizani mudmiv moZraobaSi e.i.
srulyofilebaSia. sicocxlis am mizansa da azrze migvi-
TiTebs macxovari: “iyveniT Tqven srul, viTarca mamai
Tqveni zecaTai srul ars” (maTe: 5-48). srulyofa araso-
des aris piraduli.
roca srulyofildeba nawili, maSin srulyofil-
deba mTeli, roca srulyofildeba erTi adamiani, srul-
yofildeba mTeli kacobrioba. magram rogorc miaRwevs
adamiani srulyofilebas, igi unda waruZRves maT, rom-
lebic Sors arian srulyofilebisgan. ai, sicocxlis da
adamianis mudmivi srulyofilebis ZiriTadi da sabo-
loo mizani, rameTu “ufroisi amisa siyuaruli ara vis
aqus, raiTa suli Tvisi dadvas megobarTa TvisTaTvis”
(ioane, 15:13).

RAMAZ GAKHOKIDZE

THE WORLD AS NATURAL ORGANIZED SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

In science the problem of the origin of life is still unresolved,

however, many of the characteristic features of this process are firmly
established. It has been proved that it is totally impossible to create
life by random joining of molecules for the formation of complex,
self-replicating macromolecular system.
Life is a constant struggle against the tendency of increasing
entropy. The synthesis of macromolecules, which are rich in
information, the formation of cells with their complex structure and
the organism’s self-regulation – all these are strong anti-entropy
factors. Life is some kind of harmony that acts according to its own
specific rules. Science is trying to cognize these rules by all the
available means.

134
 The world created for human existence. The more deeply we
penetrate into the mystery of life by using mechanical methods, the
more sure we become of the non-mechanical character, originality and
creative activity of living organisms. Shredinger was the first among
physicists who expressed an opinion that it is impossible to explain
the phenomenon of life on the basis of the existing laws of physics
and that life obeys anti-entropy still unknown laws.

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6. J.F. Kasting et al. Scientific American, 1988, February.
7. H.P. Klein. Scientific American, 1991, February.
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yvelebaSi. wignSi: filosofiuri Ziebani, t. VI, Tbilisi,
2002.
12. r. gaxokiZe. mTlianobisa da sistemuri midgomis
ZiriTadi aspeqtebi. wignSi: filosofiuri Ziebani, t. XI,
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filosofiuri Ziebani, t. IV, Tbilisi, 2000.
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xebi. Tbilisis universitetis gamomc., 1974.
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 16. r. gaxokiZe. gza xsnisa. Tbilisis universitetis
gamomc., 1991.
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1994, №4.
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Patterns. Genome Biology, 2007.
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samyaros kosmologiuri modeli. wignSi: “filosofiuri
Ziebani”, t. XV.
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xeb. Tbilisi, 2012.
22. А.Г. Гурвич. Теория биологического поля. М., 1944.
23. Б.П. Токин. Общая эмбрионология. М., 1968.
24. r. gaxokiZe. uxvi mosavlis garanti. Tbilisi, ga-
momc., “ji-si-ai”, 2008.
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издательство биологической и медицинской литературы, 1937.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.

136
filosofiuri anTropologia

Philosophical anthropology
 irakli gogiCaZe
(Tbilisi)

irakli gogiCaZe _ filosofiis magis-

tri; muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiisa da
religiis filosofiis dargSi; misi stati-
ebi yovelwliurad ibeWdeba Cvens krebu-
lebSi, romlebSic gamovlenilia origina-
luri mecnieruli azrovnebis unari.

absoluturi Tavisufleba da Teo-anTroposi

(pirovneba drosa da maradisobas Soris)

vgrZnob, CemSi erTaderTi mxolod

neba anu gadawyvetilebis Tavisuf-
lebaa imdenad didi, rom ar mebadeba
raime ufro srulyofili unaris
idea. (rene dekarti, „metafizikuri
meditaciebi“: meditacia meoTxe).

1. Tavisuflebis cnebis Sinaarsi metad farToa; mi-

si yoveli aspeqtis momcveli analizi, Sefaseba erTba-
Sad SeuZlebelia. amis mizezi cxovrebis siurprizulo-
baa, ramac (mag., gamocxadebam, ...) nebismier dros SeiZle-
ba radikalurad Secvalos Cveni deterministuli Tu in-
deterministuli Tvalsazrisi.
cxadia erTi, Tavisufleba gansxvavebuli rangis
movlenaa, iseve, rogorc sindisi, neba, siyvaruli, STa-
goneba, muza, sasowarkveTa, sulieri amaRleba da a.S. eg-
zistencializmma CamoTvlilis msgavsi fenomenebi cal-
ke gamoyo da rogorc konkretulad adamianis Sinagani
yofierebis ganmsazRvreli egzistencialebi daupiris-
pira kategoriebs. am ukanasknelis dafarvis areSi Sema-
vali realiebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic marTlac ka-
uzalurad determinirebul materiebad warmogvidgeba,
138
egzistencialebs ver aRmovaCenT, ramdenic unda vqeqoT
adamiani.
saqme unda exebodes ara imis aRmoCenas, arsebobs
Tu ara Tavisufleba, es fuWi wamowyebaa (Cven SeiZleba
aRmovaCinoT, mag., astro-fizikosis mier navaraudevi
varskvlavi romelime galaqtikaSi), aramed imas, Tu ro-
gor moviazroT Tavisuflebis srulyofili cneba ro-
gorc arsebuli da sxva korelaciur cnebebTan dakavSi-
rebuli, raTa Seiqmnas logikurad gamarTuli suraTi
Tavisuflebis arsebobis daSvebis dasturisTvis. saWi-
roa vawarmooT, e.w. konceftualuri analizi.
saubroben Tavisuflebis politikur, socialur,
religiur, finansur-ekonomikur da a.S. aspeqtebze. Cve-
nis azriT, umTavresia Tavisuflebis anTropologiuri
aspeqti, romlidanac Cans yvela xsenebuli aspeqtisTvis
saerTo momenti -- anTroposi . politikuri, socialuri
Tu sxva urTierTobani anTroposis gareSe warmoudgene-
lia. gamomdinare aqedan, Tavisuflebis sakiTxi SeiZleba
dayvanil iqnes anTroposis Tavisuflebis sakiTxze .
filosofiis istoriidan naTelia, rom determi-
nizmisa da indeterminizmis dapirispirebis umTavresi
mizanTagania adamianis nebis Tavisuflebis, an _ araTa-
visuflebis dasabuTeba.
Tavisufleba, Cvenis azriT, winaswari gansazRvre-
biT, aris yoveli aqtivoba Tu pasiuroba (adamianis mier
Sinaganad Tu gareganad gamovlenili), romelic pirov-
nuli nebis cnobieri karnaxiT, kontroliT imarTeba.
am gansazRvrebis gageba unda eyrdnobodes, erTis
mxriv, anTroposis met-naklebad sistemuri saxis mqone
ontologias. Tu Cven anTroposis struqturebze, po-
tenciebze naTeli warmodgena ar gagvaCnia, maSin misi
Tavisuflebis sakiTxs ver gavigebT.
meores mxriv, Tavs iCens masTan kavSirSi myof cne-
baTa analizis aucilebloba, esenia mag., absolutis, be-
disweris, droisa da maradisobis da a.S. cnebani. migvaC-
139
nia, rom filosofiis umTavres daniSnulebas swored
cnebaTa Sinaarsebisa da maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebe-
bis iseTnirad moazreba warmoadgens, rom sabolood mi-
Rebul Teoriul suraTSi erTi cnebis Sinaarsi ar ewina-
aRmdegebodes masTan aucileblobiT korelaciur kav-
SirSi myofi cnebis Sinaarss da mis sazriss (1).

***
aqvs Tu ara adamians Tavisufali nebis unari? xom
ar gaurbis adamiani Tavisuflebas? xom ar aris adamiani
gareSe mborgavi Zalebis xelSi Cavardnili saTamaSo?
xom ar tyuvdeba adamiani, roca Tavisi qmedebani misi Ta-
visufali nebis gamovlena hgonia? ai im kiTxvaTa aras-
ruli CamonaTvali, romelic sxvadasxva drois moazrov-
neTa mier ismeboda Tavisuflebis problemis konteq-
stSi. maTi mosazrebebidan naTeli xdeba, rom adamiani,
erTis mxriv, Tavisufalia, mag., rogorc pirovneba (per-
sonalizmSi da egzistencializmSi), meores mxriv, auci-
leblobas daqvemdebarebuli, rogorc, mag., cxoveli
(sicocxlis filosofiasa da fsiqoanalizSi) da a.S.
erTi sityviT, saqme gvaqvs metad rTul movlenas-
Tan adamianis saxiT, romelsac warmovidgenT ramdenime
plastian arsebad da mTlianobaSi vuwodebT anTroposs.
maTgan zogierTi plasti SeiZleba zeaRmavlad realize-
bul iqnes anTroposis cxovrebaSi (2), xolo zogi mxo-
lod potenciad darCes; anTroposis potenciur modu-
sebs warmoadgens Semdegi oTxi: 1. cxoveli, 2. adamiani, 3.
individi, 4. pirovneba.
amaTgan pirvelis arseba mdgomareobs mis animalu-
roba-biologiurobaSi, meoris -- empiriul grZnobado-
baSi da racionalurobaSi, mesamis -- fiqriTi fenis
fragmentTa TviT-neba di-nebadobis specifiuroba-ga-
numeoreblobaSi, xolo meoTxis -- absolutur nebelo-
basTan metnaklebad miaxloebulobaSi.

140
 1) anTroposi, rogorc cxoveli, emorCileba si-
cocxlis brma ltolvas, SenarCunebas da gamravlebas. am
doneze saqme ar exeba sasicocxlo pirobebis avkargia-
nobas. aq sicocxle TavisTavadaa umaRlesi rangis mov-
lena, „adamiani-cxoveli“, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva
bio-organizmi, cdilobs instinqturad SeinarCunos si-
cocxle nebismieri safrTxis situaciaSi. aq adgili ar
rCeba racionaluri gaazrebisTvis an fiqrisTvis imis
Taobaze Rirs Tu ara sicocxle (sicocxle Cven CvenTvis
ar migvicia, is mogveca uneburad. es gvibiZgebs imis Zal-
mosilebis aRiarebisken, romelma instanciamac sicoc-
xle warmoSva. Tumca, es aRiareba ara cxovelur, aramed
Semdgom doneebze xdeba). sicocxlis am instinqtur Se-
narCunebas aqvs gaurkvevlobis xasiaTi. gaurkvevloba
gulisxmobs, erTis mxriv, imis gaurkvevlobas, rac si-
cocxlis dakargvis momentebSi SeiZleba dagvemarTos
da, meores mxriv, imis gaurkvevlobas, rac Cvens SenarCu-
nebul sicocxles SeiZleba gardaxdes. meore momenti
warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze SeiZleba ase Tu ise
warmovidginoT, pirvelis warmodgenaSi ki warsuli ga-
mocdileba verafriT dagvexmareba. amitom misiT gamow-
veuli gaurkvevlobis SiSi ufro mZlavria, Zrwolaa.
Zrwolis Tavzardamcemoba myisierad mJRavndeba da sa-
muqaro situaciaSi avtomaturad gvamoqmedebs.
ratom unda moxdes gamravleba da SenarCuneba?
amaze sxvadasxvanairi pasuxebi arsebobs anTroposis
adamianur doneze , romelic sicocxlis msvlelobas,
misgan gamowveul STabeWdilebebsa da gamocdilebas,
erTis mxriv, afasebs, rogorc sasiamovnos an usiamov-
nos, rac grZnobadi aRqmis kompetenciaa, xolo, meores
mxriv, cdilobs sasicocxlo procesebis, pirobebis da
movlenebis Semecnebas, ZiriTadad maTi marTvis mizniT ,
rac misi racionalobis kompetenciaa.
2. anTroposi rogorc adamiani emorCileba empiri-
ulsa da racionalur, an bio-fiziologiursa da logi-
141
kur kanonzomierebebs. adreuli gamocdilebis wyaro em-
piriulia, logika da eqsperimenti gamocdilebis mogvi-
ano, cnobierebis ufro „maRal“ safexurze asvlis Sede-
gad realizebuli wyaroa. amis naTel dadasturebas
vxvdebiT bunebismetyvelebis istoriaSi, mag., geocen-
truli da heliocentruli sistemebis monacvleobaSi.
ufro advili dasajerebelia, rom dedamiwa uZravad
dgas, xolo mze mis garSemo brunavs, vidre piriqiT, imi-
tom rom amaSi yovel dilas da saRamos, mzis „amosvli-
sas“ da „Casvlisas“ vrwmundebiT sakuTari T v a l i T.
umTavresi aq, Cveni statiis interesebidan gamom-
dinare, isaa rom am plastis farglebSi adamians SeuZlia
SeimuSaos (empiriuli da racionaluri gamocdilebis
safuZvelze) yofierebis esa Tu is gageba da ixelmZRva-
nelos cxovrebaSi am gagebis Tanaxmad , rac cxovels nam-
dvilad arxelewifeba. cxadia, es Tavisuflebis arsebo-
bis maniSnebelia, magram SeiZleba saqmis viTareba sxvaga-
varic iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom anTroposs
ufro siRrmiseuli plastebic gaaCnia, mag., fiqriTi fe-
na, romelic individis arsebas Seadgens da a.S..
3. individi, romlis arsebac misi Sinagani fiqriT-
sizmriTi Sinaarsebis vizualuri Tu verbaluri xatebis
ganumeoreblobaSi mdgomareobs, emorCileba, garkveul
etapamde mainc, qvecnobier Zalebs, upiratesad ki nebis
qvecnobier impulsebs (3). es morCileba, erTis mxriv, ne-
gatiur xasiaTs atarebs, rameTu anTroposis Sinagani
lavirebis determinantia da mis araTavisuflebaze mig-
vaniSnebs, magram, meores mxriv, swored am plastis wya-
lobiT aris adamiani individi, unikaluri. pozitiuri
xasiaTi am yvelafers maSin SeeZineba, Tu fiqriT frag-
mentTa an cnobierebis SinaarsTa wina planze gamosvla
(4). anTroposis cnobier nebaze gaxdeba damokidebuli,
es individis pirovnuli plastis realizebisken gadas-
vlis safexuria.

142
 empiriulad, Tu raime fsiqo-fiziologiur anoma-
liasTan ar gvaqvs saqme, rZe yvelasTvis TeTria, xolo
racionalurad 2+2 yvelasTvis 4. asevea yofierebis ama
Tu im gagebis Sesabamisi wesebiT, adaTebiT, kanonebiT
Tu mcnebebiT xelmZRvanelobis SemTxvevaSic. SeiZleba
am ukanasknelT ar hqondeT imdenad sayovelTao xasiaTi,
rogorc maTematikur formulebs, magram ama Tu im so-
cialuri jgufis, epoqis, kulturuli arealis sivrceSi
maT garkveuli periodulbis simyare gaaCniaT. aviRoT
yofierebis iseTi gageba, romlis konteqstSic ar SeiZ-
leba mag., „mezoblis qalisTvis xelis xleba, radgan isic
Sinauria“. imedi maqvs, rom dResac Cven am Segonebas vi-
ziarebT, magram, mgonia, rom umeteswilad am gaziarebas
aqvs garegnuli xasiaTi da mxolod adamianis empiriul
da racionalurad awondawonil qmedebebSi gamoixateba,
xolo Tu ra xdeba iq, SigniT mis fiqrebsa Tu sizmrebSi,
es aravin uwyis. am TviT-neba fiqriTma lavirebam SesaZ-
loa mavani kriminalur-Zaladobriv moqmedebamde miiy-
vanos.
adamianuri plastis doneze ise Cans, rom anTropo-
si Tavisuflad eqvemdebareba adaTebs Tu kanonebs, mag-
ram amiT Cven SevyavarT SecdomaSi, Tavs gvaCvenebs, rom
asea, magaram Tavad gadasarevad uwyis rom Sinagani vne-
baTa Relvis monaa.
axla rac Seexeba am plastis pozitiur mxares, sa-
dac adamianis Tavisufleba ufro maRal xarisxs aRwevs.
es xarisxi yvelaze kargad Cans xelovnebasa da Semoqme-
debaSi. xelovanTa TviT-neba fiqriT di-neba-Si animalu-
ri, empiriuli da racionaluri Sinaarsebi sruliad gan-
sakuTrebulad gardatydeba.
epoqaluri mniSvnelobis nawarmoebTa arseboba ga-
morCeul geniosTa individualuri samyaros Tavisebu-
rebis gareT gamotana-xorcSesxmis damsaxurebaa, Tumca,
amisTvis bevri maTgani giJadac SeuracxavT. imitom, rom
maTi msoflaRqma arastandartulia da arsebuli, tra-
143
diciuli esTetikis normebi maTTvis aRaraa kanonis sta-
tusis mqone, maT sxva esTetika moaqvT. marTlac, xom Ra-
ribi iqneboda Tanamedrove mxatvroba, yvela rom mxo-
lod im klasikuri esTetikiT da teqnikiT xatavdes sam-
xatvro skolebsa da akademiebSi rom aqvT naswavli?
Tavisuflebis xarisxis simaRle aq imaSi Cans, rom
axali esTetikis dafaseba-ardafaseba drois saqmea. Se-
moqmeds, bevrad win rom uswrebs Tavis Tanamedroveo-
bas, araviTari garantia ar gaaCnia warmatebaze, arc aw-
myoSi da arc momavalSi. mas SeeZlo garantirebuli gza
aerCia, daexata modisa da komerciulad moTxovnadi
stilis mixedviT da kargi finansuri sargebelic mieRo
amisgan, magram is am mimarTulebiT svlaze uars ambobs
da sxva alternativas uqvemdebardeba intuiciurad an
aracnobierad, endoba ra Tavisi fiqrebis unikaluro-
bas; man kargad uwyis, rom sargebeli da fufuneba droe-
biTi moTxovnilebaa, maSin, roca mis nawarmoebebSi mara-
disobam SeiZleba daidos bina. am gziT individi cxovel-
ze da adamianze maRla dgeba da anTroposis ufro maRa-
li plastis -- individis realizacias axdens.
4. pirovneba, Cvenis azriT, aris cnobieri nebelobi-
Ti instancia da anTroposis centri, romlis Segnebul
aqtivobasac emorCileba, an SeiZleba daemorCilos yve-
la sxva plastis moTxovnilebani da maTi realizeba-ara-
realizeba (5).
maSin, roca anTroposi pirovnuli cnobieri nebe-
lobiTi aqtivobiT vlindeba, saxeze gvaqvs Tavisufleba
WeSmariti azriT, Tundac saqme exebodes raime SemzRu-
davi faqtorisadmi (mag., kulturuli an iuridiuli) Ta-
vis daqvemdebarebas. asea, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi gare-
gani da Sinagani niSnebi moqmedebisa an moqmedebisgan Ta-
vis Sekavebisa erTmaneTs emTxveva, ar xdeba arc sakuTa-
ri Tavis da arc gareSe Tvalis motyueba. am dros mezob-
lis qals xeli ar exleba imitom ki ara, rom sxvas movaC-
veno, TiTqos rogorc racionaluri arseba, am Segonebis
144
taradiciul uzenaesobas vaRiareb, aramed imitom, rom
me, rogorc pirovnebas Tavs ver momabezrebs am qalTan
dakavSirebuli fiqrTa vnebaamSleli TviTneboba; xate-
bis cnobierebis winaSe gamosvlas an ar gamosvlas ganva-
geb me, rogorc anTroposis pirovnuli centri.
Tavisuflebis erTgvar absolutizaciasTan gvaqvs
saqme roca pirovneba imanenturi cnobieri nebelobiTi
aqtivobiT Tavad wyvets Tavisi yofna-aryofnis sakiTxs.
anTroposis ontologiur-plastobriv sazRvrebSi es
ukanaskneli sakiTxi yvelaze TvalsaCinod isxams xorcs,
mag., ioguri meditaciuri teqnikis mflobel religiur
liderTa SemTxvevebSi, anu, maSin, roca isini, sxeulis-
Tvis yovelgvari fizikur-qimiuri zianis miyenebis ga-
reSe, gadian nirvanuli maradiuli netarebis orbitaze.
sartri miiCnevda, rom adamians, ramdenadac is
„dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT“, yvela viTarebaSi aqvs Ta-
vis mokvlis arCevani. magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom
sxvagavarad Tavisuflebis demonstrireba SeuZlebelia.
aq saqme exeba, ubralod alternatiulobis minimums. xSi-
rad piriqiTaa -- arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom mavanma Ta-
vi gadairCinos sxvadasxva saSualebiT, gaeqces kanons an
xalxis ganaCens, magram, miuxedavad am alternativaze
uaris Tqmisa da Tavis ganaCenisTvis daqvemdebarebisa,
isini (mag., sokrate da iesoc kmara) Tavisuflebis maqsi-
malur simaRleebs aRweven.
2. zogadad rom vTqvaT, arsebobs Tavisuflebis
Semdegi epoqaluri gagebani: 1. winareqristianuli, 2.
qristianuli da 3. postqristianuli, pirobiTad vuwo-
doT mas dasavluri. calke gamoiyofa Tavisuflebis is
gageba romelic budistur-ioguri kulturis sivrceSi
Camoyalibda, anu aRmosavluri.
amaTgan pirveli, anu antikuri gageba adamianuri
Tavisuflebisa, misi uarmyofeli (negatiuri) gagebaa.
adamiani uZluria bedisweris winaSe. samyaroSi mimdina-
re movlenebis winaswarWvreta SesaZlebelia (amas emsa-
145
xureboda misanTa ZvelberZnuli instituti), magram mi-
si Secvla sruliad SeuZlebelia, araa damokidebuli
Cvens Zalisxmevaze. amis SesaniSnavi ilustraciaa so-
fokles „oidipos mefe“.
qristianulma kulturam Tavisuflebis Tavisebu-
ri gagebani SeimuSava. erT-erTi maTgani ukavSirdeba
mag., netari avgustinesa da bernard klervoelis saxe-
lebs . meore ukavSirdeba mag., martin luTeris saxels,
mesame -- n.berdiaevisas da sxva. winamdebare statiisTvis
amiT Semofargvlac sakmarisi iqneba.
avgustine da klervoeli miiCnevdnen, rom adamiani
Tavisufalia sikeTesa da borotebas Soris arCevanis ga-
keTebaSi. es rom ase ar iyos, maSin adamianis moqmedebaTa
Sefaseba -- rogorc codvilis an ucodvelis -- SeuZle-
beli iqneboda. codvili aris is, visac Tanabrad SeeZlo
aerCia sikeTec da borotebac; radgan man boroteba ar-
Cia, amitomac fasdeba is rogorc codvili. magram es Ta-
visufleba, romelic, sulis gadarCenis, cxonebis mopo-
vebis mizans unda emorCilebodes, SezRudulia. me SeiZ-
leba yovelTvis sikeTis arCevniT vimoqmedo da ar vco-
do, magram Tu ufalmac ar ineba (6) Cemze madlis gaReba,
ise ver Sevabijeb samudamo sasufevelSi.
Tavisuflebis am orpolusian gagebas daupiris-
pirda mogvianebiT luTeri, romelmac adamianuri Tavi-
sufleba RvTaebrivi Tavisuflebis daSveba-gamarTle-
bisTvis logikuri winaaRmdegobis Semcvelad aRiqva,
anu miiCnia, rom Tavisufleba arsebobs, magram adamians
masTan araferi akavSirebs, Tavisufali aris mxolod
RmerTi. luTeris azriT, RmerTi aris, gansxvavebiT ada-
mianisgan, y o v l i s m x e d i, romelic samyaroseul mov-
lenaTa msvlelobas xedavs mis temporalur totaloba-
Si, e.i. is ixedeba maradisobis kvarcxlbekidan; misTvis
warsulis, awmyos Tu momavlis arc erTi monakveTi dafa-
ruli ar aris. Cven rom adamianis Tavisufleba davuSvaT,
es niSnavs adamianTa mier iseTi movlenebis xorcSesxmas,
146
romelTa Taobazec RmerTs araferi scodnia, romelnic
ar ganuWvretia. gamomdinare aqedan, Tu Cven gvinda
RmerTis cneba gaviazroT logikuri simwyobriT, warmo-
vidginoT is absolutad, uari unda vTqvaT adamianuri
Tavisuflebis daSvebaze.
n.berdiaevma, marTlmadideblobis poziciebidan
ganixila ra Tavisuflebis problematika, daaskvna, rom
adamianuri Tavisuflebis ar daSveba ewinaaRmdegeba uc-
xadesi faqtis, adamianuri Semoqmedebis arsebobas. ada-
mianur Semoqmedebas, ufro sworad, TanaSemoqmedebas,
is miiCnevs RvTaebrivi Sesaqmis meSvide dRed. marTalia,
samyaro RmerTma Seqmna, magram is dasrulebuli rodia.
dasruleba dakavSirebulia meoredmosvlasTan da sayo-
velTao xsnasTan _ cxonebasTan. qristianuli RmerTi
sayovelTao siyvarulis RmerTia da SeuZlebelia, rom
is da zogierTi rCeuli, cxonebuli suli tkbebodes sa-
moTxeSi jojoxeTSi gastumrebul sulTa maradiuli
tanjviT. es warmodgena imqveyniuri modelisa (7) berdi-
aevs Suasaukuneobriv sadistur danamatad esaxeba. sam-
yaro da yvela suli mTel totalobaSia saxsneli. am sa-
yovelTao xsnisTvis samyaro swored adamianuri TanaSe-
moqmedebiT, anu Tavisufali sayovelTao siyvarulis
TesviT unda Semzaddes.
garda amisa, berdiaevs, garkveuli logikuri wina-
aRmdegobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, Semoaqvs e.w.
Ungrund-is cneba, romlidanac dasabams iRebs ori tol-
pirveladi mniSvnelobis paraleluri instancia -- Rmer-
Ti da Tavisufleba. Tavisufleba RmerTs ar Seuqmnia da
mxolod misi kuTvnileba ar aris. berdiaevis mixedviT,
RmerTis mier Tavisuflebis Seqmnas aseve Tavisuflebis
winaswar arseboba dasWirdeboda. Tavisufleba ukve ar-
sebobda roca RmerTma Sesaqme wamoiwyo. adamianic am on-
tologiurad damoukidebeli, pirveladi Tavisuflebis
safuZvelze axerxebs TanaSemoqmedebas, riTac is Tavis

147
namdvil arsebas -- SemoqmedebiT suls -- avlens da swo-
red amiTaa is „RmerTis xati da msgavsi“.
kidev erTi gageba Tavisuflebisa, romelsac post-
qristianuli SeiZleba ewodos, ager ukve saukuneze me-
tia dominanturia evro-amerikuli kulturis sivrceSi.
misi pirveli formulirebani, romelic qristianuli Ri-
rebulebebisadmi rwmenis rRvevis garduvalbam gaacno-
bierebina dasavleTs, dostoevskim da nicSem Camoayali-
ba da zogadad ase JRers -- Tu RmerTi ar arsebobs, maSin
yvelaferi nebadarTulia(8). Tavisufleba adamianis
survilebis asruleba-ganxorcielebis SeuzRudvelo-
bas niSnavs _ gsurs seqsi, ageraa legaluri bordeli,
gsurs narkotiki, ageraa Cilim-bari, gsurs eqstrimi,
ageraa aTasnairi atraqcioni, xar azartuli, ageraa ka-
zino da a.S. yvelafer amas kargad aCvenebs mag., Tanamed-
rove dasavluri kino da literatura. vin arian bigas
lunas „oqros kvercxebis“, bernardo bertoluCis „me-
ocnebenis“ an frederik begbederis „99 frankis“ gmire-
bi? eseni arian arsebebi, romelTac yvelafris keTebis
ufleba aqvT miniWebuli, da ara marto Tavisive Tavis-
gan. socio-kulturuli garemoc isea awyobili, rom ma-
Ti survilebis xorcSexma gaadvildes da amas „seqsua-
luri revoluciis“ da „adamianTa uflebebis“ uzenaeso-
bis saxeliT naTlaven. ufro metic, „99 frankis“ gmiris
saxeliT begbederi gancvifrebuli ambobs _ ramodena
jamagirs mixdian suleluri sareklamo rgolis mofiq-
rebaSi? am TanxiT xom „yvelaferi“ xelmisawvdomia? ese-
ni arian seqsualuri ltolvis JiniT, gamdidrebis mani-
iT Sepyrobili adamianebi, romelnic verasodes gaxdebi-
an sayvareli da pativsacemi gmirebi. isini cxovelis Se-
ugnebel Jinianobaze dabla dganan, rameTu yovelwamie-
rad mzad arian gadaeSvan seqsualuri da sadisturi eq-
sperimentebis axalaxal morevebSi, ar moeridon inces-
tsac ki, maSin, roca cxovels mZunaobis periodi weli-
wadSi mxolod erTxel aqvs da isic drois mcire monak-
148
veTSi. swored amitom isaxavs bevri mag., las vegassa da
amsterdams amqveyniur samoTxed.
miviCnevT, rom es Tavisufleba ki ara T v i T n e b o
b a a, rameTu ar arsebobs Tavisufleba SezRudvaTa sru-
li gauqmebis pirobebSi (9). SezRudvis ukiduresi gamov-
lena ze-adamianuri, aramiwieri anu RvTaebrivi SezRud-
vaa. amqveyniuri, anu adamianuri SezRudvani ase Tu ise,
legalurad Tu aralegalurad mainc gverd avladia,
adamianis motyueba bevrs SeuZlia, maSin, roca RmerTi
mTels Cvens arsebas Wvrets.
„Tavisuflebis“ amgvar gagebas araferi aqvs saer-
To aRmosavlurTan, romlis yvelaze mkafio formuli-
reba jer kidev budam gaaJRera. e.w. oTxi budisturi WeS-
maritebidan sansaruli tanjvis saTaved warmoidgineba
swored survilebi da xsna am survilebis ara dakmayofi-
lebaSi, aramed maTze gabatonebaSi mdgomareobs.
erTi sityviT, Cveni Tezisi Semdegia -- 1. Tavisuf-
leba da SezRudva korelaturi cnebebia, anu Tavisuf-
leba uqmdeba SezRudvis ararsebobis pirobebSi; 2. Sem-
zRudveli instanciis faqtori Tavisuflebis arsebobis
dasabuTebisTvis da misi maRali RirebulebiTi xarisxis
CvenebisTvis miT ufro mniSvnelovania, rac ufro abso-
luturi statusis mqone SemzRudvel instanciasTan
gvaqvs saqme; 3. ramdenadac RmerTze maRali absolutu-
robis mqone instanciis statusi warmoudgenelia, amde-
nad Tavisuflebis yvelaze maRalRirebuli forma ada-
mianis metafizikuri Tavisuflebaa; 4. metafizikuri Ta-
visuflebis gamovlenis apogeasTan saqme gvaqvs qristia-
nuli moZRvrebis SemTxvevaSi; 5. Tavisuflebis Sedare-
biT naklebi simZlavris xarisxze SeiZleba visaubroT
aRmosavluri, sansarul-nirvanuli polusebis maRiare-
beli moZRvrebebis SemTxvevaSic. SedarebiT naklebze
imitom vakeTebT aqcents, rom aq erTeul suls mxolod
Tavis Tavis TviTxsna SeuZlia -- sansaruli wuTisoflu-
ri SezRudulobidan nirvanul maradiul netarebaSi
149
gaRwevis gza aris ara zogadkacobriuli, aramed erTeu-
ladi da piradi.
3. Cvens mier ganxiluli Tvalsazrisebi dakavSire-
bulia drois cnebis Sesabamis gagebasTanac, anu Tavi-
suflebis arseboba-- ararsebobis dasabuTebisTvis um-
niSvnelovanesia is, Tu rogor gvesmis drois cneba. igi
ise unda iqnes moazrebuli, rom gvaZlevdes Tavisufle-
bis daSvebis logikur dasturs. Cveni azrTasvlis ten-
dencia, rogorc zemoT gamoCnda, imgvaria, rom Tu dro
iazreba ise, rom ar gvaZlevs raime absoluturi instan-
ciis arsebobis daSvebis saSualebas, maSin Tavisuflebis
arsebobis daSvebac SeuZlebeli xdeba.
vnaxoT drois romeli gagebaa Sesabamisi Tavisuf-
lebis cnebis ufro srulyofili Sinaarsis mixedviT
warmodgenisTvis:
1. drois wrebrunviTi gageba antikursa da indur
saxesxvaobas gulisxmobs: a) antikuri gagebiT, drois
msvleloba niSnavs idealur wres. am wreSia moqceuli
yvelaferi, mis gareT aRaraferi arsebobs. drois msvle-
lobas gaaCnia garkveuli xaniereba, romlis Semdegac,
heraklites Tqmisa ar iyos, yvelaferi dainTqmeba msof-
lio cecxlSi, anu dasruldeba cikli da yvelaferi isev
ganmeordeba Tavidan. aq yvelafris bedi winaswargansaz-
Rvrulia da Secvla SeuZlebelia; b) induri gagebac da-
axloebiT amdagvaria, sansarac wrebrunvaa, oRond aq
erTi arsebiTi danamatia -- nirvana, romelic drois
mkacri wriuli brunvidan -- sansaradan -- Tavis daRwevis
unikalur Sanss gulisxmobs; calkeul pirovnebebs , da
mxolod maT, SeuZliaT sansarul tanjvas daaRwion Tavi
da nirvanul netarebas eziaron, e.i. aRarc ganmeordnen.
2. drois sworxazovani gageba, romelic -- qristia-
nul da gulubryvilo, obivatelur saxesxvaobas gulis-
xmobs: a) qristianuli gageba droisa sworxazovania da
gaaCnia dasawyisi da dasasruli. dasawyisia Sesaqme, xo-
lo -- dasasruli meoredmosvla. drois am gagebas axasia-
150
Tebs erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba -- warsuli da mo-
mavali SeiZleba erTxelac (da swored esaa saswauli) aw-
myos mimarTulebiT amoZravdes da masSi integrirdes,
rac maradisobis WeSmarit Sinaarsad gvevlineba da mis
droSi Semosvlas gulisxmobs. amis naTeli gansaxierebaa
qristesSoba, e.i. dro da maradisoba erTmaneTs ar gamo-
ricxaven; b) obivateluri variacia drois dausabamobas
gulisxmobs. es gageba albaT yvelaze arqaulia. am gage-
bis Tanaxmad, dro usasrulod moedineba warsulidan
momavlisken awmyoze gavliT. mas arc dasawyisi aqvs da
arc dasasruli. esaa gageba, romelic antikuri wrebrun-
vis Teoriis gverdiT Tanaarsebobs igive heraklites
moZRvrebaSi, da gamoixateba formuliT „yvelaferi ma-
radiulad icvleba, ris gamoc erT da igive mdinareSi
orjer ver Sexval“. drois es gageba ZirisZirSive gamo-
ricxavs yvelgvari Tavisuflebis arsebobas -- ramdena-
dac amgvar samyaroSi araferi myari da mudmivi ar arse-
bobs, amdenad, ar arasebobs arc is, rasTanac mimarTeba-
Si me unda viyo Tavisufali.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia Tanamedrove scientistu-
ri gageba droisa, romelic „didi afeTqebis“ Teorias
ukavSirdeba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, dro, iseve rogorc
saerTod yvelaferi, didi afeTqbis Sedegia; esaa samya-
ros gafarToebisa da Seviwroebis xaniereba, anu svla
raRac pirvandeli mdgomareobidan - SekumSulobidan
gafarToebisken - da kvlav ukudabruneba. msgavsad dro-
is antikuri ciklisa, Tu e.w. drois obivateluri Teori-
isa, aqac usaSvelod did uTanazomobasTan gvaqvs saqme:
drois xanierebis dasawyisi da dasasruli scdeba araTu
erTi adamianis cxovrebis bedis, aramed mTeli kacobri-
obis arsebobis sazRvrebs. aq saubaria miliardobiT
wlebze. es wlebi kacobriobas erT patara rgolad gu-
lisxmobs. kacobriobiT samyaros gafarToeba arc iwyeba
da arc sruldeba, rac adamianis Tavisuflebaze saubars
SeuZlebels xdis.
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 Cven imis Tqma gvinda, rom drois namdvili gageba,
romelic Tavisuflebis problemis wreSi Segviyvanda,
mxolod is gagebania, romelnic uSualod ukavSirdeba
zemoxsenebul anTropologiur faqtors da gansakuTre-
biT ki is, romelic anTropologiuris garda, aucileb-
lobiT moiTxovs Teologiuri faqtoris daSvebasac, ra-
Ta Tavisuflebis fenomeni mTel mis grandiozulobaSi
warmogvidges. aseTi aris drois antikuri wrebrunviTi
gageba, Semdgom budisturi gageba da, bolos qristianu-
li gageba. es ukanaskneli yvelaze adekvaturad pasu-
xobs iseTi korelaturi cnebebis logikurad gamarTul
kavSir-mimarTebebSi warmodgenas rogoricaa - RmerTi,
Tavisufleba, maradisoba, adamiani da pirovneba da sxva.
4. a) marTalia, anTropologiuri da Telogiuri
faqtorebi antikur gon-wyobaSi Zalze SezRudulia -
olimpos RmerTebis Tu ubralo mokvdavebis xvedrs be-
disweris bneli Zala ganagebs - magram Tavisuflebis ar-
sebobis garkveul xarisxze aq mainc SeiZleba saubari.
mas „Tavisuflebis negatiuri formac“ SeiZleba vuwo-
doT. momavlis avbediToba Seucvlelia, Tumca, rogorc
aRiniSna, misi ganWvreta SesaZlebelia. gamomdinare aqe-
dan, Tavisufleba aq niSnavs momavali avbedobisTvis
Tvalis vaJkacur gasworebas. amis naTel magaliTs war-
moadgens sokrate, an miTiuri sizife.
iuridiuli kanonebi da politikuri dadgenilebe-
bi, cxadia, adamianTa racionaluri aqtivobis Sedegia,
kulturuli adamianuri Rirebulebaa, romelsac yovel-
ma moqalaqem pativi unda miagos, Torem yvelaferi bar-
barosul qaosSi Caefloba. sokratec, miagebs ra pativs
am kanon-dadgenilebebs, aranair sayvedurs ar gamoT-
qvams misjili sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamo. mas sTavazoben
gaqcevas, rac savsebiT realurad eCvenebaT mis satusa-
RoSi misul megobrebs, magram sokrate uarzea. aq rom
Tavisuflebis arseboba saxezea es ueWvelia - sokrate
ori alternativis winaSea: gaiqces an daisajos, magram
152
is Tavisuflad irCevs meore alternativas, aRiarebs ra
kanonis uzenaesobas. magram misi Tavisuflebis zoma am
Tavisuflebis socio-politikuri, adamianuri aspeqtiT
rodi amoiwureba. sokrate Tavisufalia bio-fsiqolo-
giuri faqtorebisgan rogorc cxoveli. is Tavis SiSebze
da instinqtebze maRla dgas da swored amitom ara Tu ar
garbis, aramed uSfoTvelad filosofosobs ganaCenis
aRsrulebamde, maSin, roca ufro bunebrivi Cans dapani-
keba da sasowarkveTa. rogorc vxedavT, sokrate pirov-
nulad Tavisufalia, sul mcire, pirveli da meore done-
Ta - cxovelis da adamianis - aspeqtiT mainc.
b) Tavisuflebis xarisxis anTropul zRvarTan saq-
me gvaqvs, mag., budas SemTxvevaSi. ufliswuli buda gan-
degilTa cxovrebis gzas daadga da meditaciuri TviT-
xsniT gasxivosnda. misi azriT samyaro, romelic tan-
jvasTan asocirdeboda, SeuZlebeli iyo Seeqmna RmerTs,
anu srulyofil, absolutur arsebas. mogvianebiT Ta-
vad buda Seracxes misma mimdevrebma RmerTad. buda ic-
nobda xsnis ara erT tradiciul gzas, magram budizmis
calke msoflio religiad Camoyalibebis faqti, misi sa-
kuTari gzis unikalurobis prioritetulobaze miuTi-
Tebs. yvelaferi, rac Sens gareTaa, xsnis gzaze mxolod
simbolur niSnebad SeiZleba gamodges; isini TavisTavad
ver gixsnian, sakuTari Tavis xsna, saboloo jamSi, Tavad
Sen Tu SegiZlia Sensave Sinagan siRrmeebSi meditaciuri
CaZirviT da maradisobasTan ziarebiT.
Tavisuflebis anTropuli zRvari amaze Sors ve-
Rar gadainacvlebs, esaa anTroposis pirovnuli Tavi-
suflebis umaRlesi xarisxi. marTalia, Tqveni movline-
ba sansaraSi Tqveni nebiT ar momxdara, magram misgan Ta-
vis daRweva Tqveni pirovnuli nebis Tavisuflebis
zRvruli zrdis damsaxurebaa.
ismis kiTxva, gana SeiZleba, amaze meti Tavisufle-
bis xarisxis arseboba? SeiZleba, oRond ara mxolod an-
Troposis sazRvrebSi. es SesaZlebelia Teo-anTropuli
153
sinTezis ontologiur totalobaSi. es yofierebis sul
sxva, absoluturi formaa.
Teo-anTroposis pirvel, da jerjerobiT erTa-
derT gansaxierebas, adgili aqvs qristianobaSi . mxo-
lod am moZRvrebaSia rwmenis adresati -- ufali Cveni --
rogorc kacebrivi, ise RvTaebrivi bunebis mqone. misi
saxiT drois wuTisoflur, warmaval msvlelobaSi Semo-
dis maradisoba da iesos saxiT Tavisufali nebiT gadis
golgoTas gzas, yvelanair adamianur tanjvas piradad
ganicdis, TanagrZnobasa da siyvaruls avlens. esaa is-
toriis dasawyisi, cnobierebis iseTi forma, romelic,
berdiaevis samarTliani SeniSvniT, antikurobisTvis
sruliad ucxo iyo(10). yovelive amis gansakuTrebuloba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom istoriul-qristianuli cnobie-
reba drois (romelsac sruliad garkveuli sawyis-sas-
ruli mijnebi gaaCnia) yovel monakveTs miiCnevs absolu-
turad unikalurad da erTxeladad. yvelaferi, maT So-
ris adamianis cxovreba, ganumerebelia da mas erTxel
eZleva Sansi eziaros maradisobas. gza WeSmariti mara-
disobasTan ziarebisa aris ieso. RmerTi iesos saxiT Ta-
visufali nebiT Semodis droSi da istoria mihyavs meo-
red mosvlisa da sayovelTao xsnisken. Tavisufleba aq
mTeli grandiozulobiT warmodgeba. saxezea yvela an-
Tropul plastTa ganszRvrulobidan gasvlis magaliTi
- dadgoma xorciel tkivilebze da sikvdilze maRla, Ta-
visufali nebiT racionalizebuli institutebisadmi -
romis samarTlis da ebraelTa dadgenilebebis - daqvem-
debareba, xorcieli sikvdili da aRdgoma. aq ara mxo-
lod pirovnuli xsnaa nebis Tavisuflebis samizne, ro-
gorc budizmSi, aramed sansaraSi Semosvlac, gasvlac da
yvela sansaruli tanjvisTvis ganwiruli sulis xsnac.
cxadia, Tavisuflebis amgvar absolutur formas-
Tan SedarebiT Tanamedrove dasavluri forma „Tavi-
suflebisa“ - yvela adamianuri survilisa da xuSture-

154
bis asrulebis xelmisawvdomoba, komformizmi - ubra-
lod sicilis momgvrelia.

IRAKLI GOGICHADZE

ABSOLUTE FREEDOM AND THEO-ANTHROPOS

ABSRACT

The goal of this article is to speculate on and define the content

of the concept of absolute freedom. In our opinion this is a
phenomenon which requires analysis of the concepts directly
connected to it such as absolute, time, eternity, fate etc.
We outlined various epochal meanings of time and freedom—
circular, rectilinear, conventional, scientific meanings of time and pre-
Christian, Christian and post-Christian meanings of freedom with their
variations; on this basis it has been ascertained that absolute freedom
is beyond the ontological scope of anthropose, but it is still possible to
reach by direct contact with it, in particular by theo-anthropos contact.
The absolute freedom of this contact is most adequately demonstrated
by the Christian contexts of the mentioned concepts.

SeniSvnebi

1. sazrisis qveS Cven gvesmis arsebobis gamarTleba.

2. swored es gansazRvravs misi Tavisuflebis xarisxs.
3. sakuTari neba aq Cvengan damoukideblad moqmedebs
da TiTqos ucxo Zalad gvevlineba.
4. rac moqmedebis motivad ganixileba xolme.
5. aq neba ucxo Zala aRaraa, is pirovnebis marTvad sa-
kuTrebad iqceva.
6. rac adamianuris garda RvTaebrivis Tavisuflebis
arsebobasac gulisxmobs.

155
7. romelsac sqolastikis burji, Tomas akvinelic ki
iziarebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT n. berdiae-
vis `marTlmadideblobis WeSmariteba~.
8. Tumca e. fromma naSromSi `gaqceva Tavisuflebisgan~
aCvena, rom igive eklesiuri avtoritarizmis gauqme-
bam moitana ara Tavisufleba, aramed axali tiranis
_ kapitalis meufeba.
9. igive fromi xsenebul naSromSi ambobs: Cvens droSi
garegani akrZalvebi praqtikulad gaqra, magram Sina-
gani SeboWilobis grZnoba rCeba, miuxedavad imisa,
rim siamovnebas gacnobierebulad vewafebiT.
10. amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT n. berdiaevis `istoriis
sazrisi~.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiis da logikis ganyo-
filebam.

156
religiis filosofia da
religiaTmcodneoba

PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE

OF RELIGION
 Kkaxa qecbaia
(Tbilisi)

kaxa qecbaia _ filosofiis doq-

tori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, soxu-
mis saxelmwifo universitetisa da
Tbilisis i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
saxelmwifo universitetis profeso-
ri; muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis,
sociologiisa da religiis filoso-
fiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali samecniero
statia da rva wigni (maT Soris sami saxelmZRvanelo; igi avto-
ria wignebisa: `sociologiis Sesavali~ (Tb.2011) da `religiis
sociologia~ (Tb.2013 da sxv.)
H
religia `postsekularul epoqaSi~

Tanamedrove religiis filosofiasa da sociolo-

giaSi damkvidrebuli bevri axali termini sazogadoebis
postmodernul mdgomareobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. es
terminebia: `postqristianuli epoqa~, `dekonstruqciu-
li mistika~, `poststruqturalisturi soterologia~,
`moxetiale eklesiologia~, `postmodernuli Teolo-
gia~, `postsekularuli epoqa~, `virtualuri religia~
da mravali sxva. klasikuri gadasaxedidan, am erTi Se-
xedviT, absurdulma terminebma postTanamedrove sazo-
gadoebaSi religiis adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb mravali
miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia.
`virtualuri religiis~ cneba `virtualuri sazo-
gadoebisa~ da `virtualuri adamianis~ cnebebTanaa kav-
SirSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, `postsekularul mdgomareo-
bas~ Seesabameba. im mraval saWirboroto sakiTxTagan,
romelic religiis momavalTan aris dakavSirebuli,
erT-erTi axali teqnologiebia, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
postmodernuli realobis arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia im-

158
denad, ramdenadac saubaria industriuli teqnologiis
mniSvnelobis Canacvlebaze informaciul-sakomunika-
cio teqnologiebiT, rac, TavisTavad, arsebuli realo-
bis gaqrobas niSnavs. mis adgils axali realoba ikavebs,
romelic adamians Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT _ te-
leviziiT (ukve moZvelebuliT), socialuri qselebiTa
da kolosalurad gazrdili Tanamedrove mediasaSuale-
bebiT miewodeba. imisaTvis, rom adamianma SeigrZnos sa-
kuTari arseboba, is unda arsebobdes am virtualur siv-
rceSi _ sakomunikacio ekranze, feisbuqze, maisfeisze
da a. S. postmodernist bodriaris mixedviT, Tanamedro-
ve sazogadoebaSi mediasaSualebebi, codnisa da garTo-
bis industria batonobs, romelmac industriuli sazo-
gadoeba da misi RirebulebiTi samyaro Caanacvla. qse-
luri sazogadoeba niSnebis mwarmoebeli sistemebiT ma-
nipulirebs, romelic sakuTari Tavis garda sxvas ara-
fers aRniSnavs. iqmneba iseTi totaluri virtualuri
realoba, romelic simulaciaze, TvalTmaqcobasa da
mimbaZvelobazea damyarebuli. Ees aris axali sinamdvile,
e. w. virtualuri realoba _ arsebuli sinamdvilis xe-
lovnuri asli, romelic ukve imdenad mniSvnelobs, rom
namdvil sinamdviles azri aqvs dakarguli. sociologi-
is enaze amas socialuris sikvdils eZaxian (bodriari).
amieridan adamiani simulirebulia _ namdvili adamia-
nis nacvlad saxezea misi simulacia. virtualur realo-
baSi adamiani mxolod misi cifruli gamosaxulebis sa-
xiT arsebobs, radganac erTaderTi realoba zerealu-
ri, virtualuri sivrcea, romelic sxva saxis realobas
gamoricxavs. faqtobrivad es is aris, rasac Cven `adamia-
nis sikvdils~ vuwodebT (2. gv. 20-43).
Bbunebrivia, adamianisa da sazogadoebis virtualiza-
cia religiasac Seexo, ris gamoc sociologebi SeSfoT-
dnen da religiis momavlis Sesaxeb alaparakdnen. daiwyo
msjeloba da cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bedi elis
religias postklasikur, virtualur sazogadoebaSi.
159
 religiis momavlis Sesaxeb pesimistur da nihilis-
tur warmodgenebs religiaze Tanamedrove, uaxlesi sa-
informacio teqnologiebis sul ufro mzardi gavlena
uZevs safuZvlad. am mxriv religiis sferoSi mimdinare
procesebis aRsaniSnavad religiis sociologiaSi mrava-
li axali termini gaCnda. maT Soris erT-erTi aw ukve Se-
darebiT moZvelebuli termini teleevangelizmia, rac
saxarebiseuli Temebis saqadageblad satelevizio da
mediateqnologiebis gamoyenebas niSnavs, es ki faqtob-
rivad evangelisturi praqtikis amerikul-protestan-
tuli versiaa.
teleevangelizmis ultraTanamedrove versias am
sferoSi internetpraqtika warmoadgens. dRes igi yve-
laze mtkivneul da sakamaTo sakiTxTa rigs miekuTvneba.
mis Sesaxeb erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibebuli prin-
cipuli pozicia araTu sociologebs, aramed tradiciu-
li religiebis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac Znelad Tu mo-
iZebneba. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaSi ori ZiriTadi poziciaa
gamokveTili: erTni masSi religiis arnaxul transfor-
macias, tradiciuli religiebis finalsa da `axali re-
ligiis~ _ e. w. virtualuri religiis dasawyiss xedaven,
meoreni ki am procesebSi religias veranair transfor-
macias ver atyoben da mimdinare procesebs ganixilaven,
mxolod rogorc komunikaciis, informaciis gadacemis
Tanamedrove saSualebaTa efeqtur gamoyenebas religi-
ur praqtikaSi.
am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, religiis momavlis Se-
saxeb nihilisturi sociologiuri Teoriebi saqmis vi-
Tarebas gangeb amuqeben anda, ubralod rom vTqvaT, es
yvelaferi maTi religiuri umecrebis Sedegia, Tumca
dRes ukve faqtia religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia,
rac, Tavis mxriv, mis momavals erTob pesimisturs xdis.
TiTqos araferi sagangaSo ar unda iyos imaSi, rom kom-
piuteruli teqnologiebi gamoyenebul iqnes Tundac qa-
dagebebisaTvis, magram saqmes arTulebs misi gamoyene-
160
bis mcdeloba RvTaebrivi saidumloebebis Sesasruleb-
lad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aRsarebis saidumlo (1. gv. 70-
86). misi virtualizacia, romelsac dRes aqvs adgili,
sruliad axali da gaugonari fenomenia. swored aqedan
iRebs saTaves religiis finalobis problema. religiu-
ri TvalsazrisiT rac ar unda miuRebeli iyos, am teqno-
logias dRes ukve Tavisi momxmarebeli hyavs (amis dama-
dasturebel faqtebs dRes dainteresebuli mkiTxveli
sociologiis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi ixilavs).
mravali sxvadasxva programa arsebobs, romelTa meSveo-
biT Tundac binidan gausvlelad SesaZlebelia virtua-
luri eqskursia msoflios nebismieri taZris dasaTva-
liereblad. daTvalierebas kidev ara uSavs ra, rom ara
aqamde gaugonari iseTi faqti, rogoricaa virtualuri
sanTlis danTeba. religiuri gagebiT, es umZimesi cod-
vaa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi usisxlo msxverplSewirvis
religiuri aqtis SebRalvasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram de-
sakralizebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac `religia spece-
feqti gaxda,~ aseTi ram savsebiT realuria.
informaciuli sivrce adamianis sulieri cxovre-
bis mxolod da mxolod zedapiruli garsia, amitom vir-
tualuri da kibereklesia verasodes ver Secvlis nam-
dvil taZars. is realuri taZris parodia da simulaciaa
mxolod. erTxelac iqneba adamiani gamoaRwevs am simu-
laciisa da virtualuri realobis tyveobidan da isev
miubrundeba maradiul WeSmaritebasa da namdvil reli-
giur rwmenas. fsevdoreligiisa da fsevdorwmenis ilu-
ziiT gaTanguls, etyoba, jer kidev didi gamocda elis
win. didi mixvedra ar sWireba imas, rom xelovnurad Seq-
mnil, virtualur sivrceSi konstruirebul fsevdore-
ligias ara aqvs momavali da rom yovelgvari eqperimen-
ti am sferoSi imTaviTve dasaRupavad ganwirulia. reli-
giuri cxovreba transcendentTan cocxali urTierTo-
baa, romelic virtualizaciis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba. vir-
tualuri eklesia verasodes ver SeZlebs daexmaros
161
Tundac im adamians, romelsac taZarSi siaruli jan-
mrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo uWirs. aseT adamians
locvis gamZafrebul survils virtualuri eklesia ver
daukmayofilebs. rac Seexeba aRsarebis internetiT mi-
Rebis novacias, SesaZlebelia es dasaSvebi iyos, magram
am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu rogor unda mo-
evlos aRsarebis anonimurobis sakiTxs. garda amisa, es
saxifaToc SeiZleba iyos, miT ufro maSin, roca saqme
adamianis sulier cxovrebas exeba, radganac yovelive es
im eqimis moqmedebas hgavs, romelsac avadmyofi TvaliT
ar unaxavs da ise uniSnavs mkurnalobas. aRsarebis fun-
qcia marto codvaTa miteveba rodia, amasTan erTad misi
mizania adamiani xelaxla gaxados eklesiis wevri. xolo
iq, sadac eklesia ar aris, bunebrivia, masSi Sesvlis sur-
vilic ar arsebobs. virtualuri eklesia, piriqiT,
Trgunavs taZarSi siarulis survils. is aukuRmarTebs
namdvil religiur grZnobebs. eklesia qristes sxeulia.
imisaTvis, rom am sxeulis nawili gaxde, masTan cocxali
kontaqtia saWiro, rasac internetaRsareba xels uSlis.
rac Seexeba qadagebasa da RvTis sityvis gavrcelebas,
amisaTvis interneti kargi saSualeba SeiZleba iyos, mag-
ram qadageba xom mxolod mp3 formatis audio an video-
Canaweri ar aris, is RvTis cocxali sityvaa, romelic am-
bionidan unda warmoiTqvas. garda amisa, internets sa-
kuTari metyvelebis wesi aqvs, romelic RvTismsaxure-
bis enas ar Seesabameba. amasTan religiis cifruli gamo-
saxuleba xom absurdia da meti araferi.
am sakiTxebis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is say-
veduri, romelsac Tanamedrove avtorebi klasikuri Teo-
riebis momxreTa misamarTiT gamoTqvamen. kerZod, postse-
kularul epoqaSi usafuZvloa sekularuli sazogado-
ebis eniT metyveleba. es sayveduri, ra Tqma unda, gasaTva-
liswinebelia, magram ara religiis misamarTiT, radganac
religia marad axali da marad cocxali fenomenia. igive
sociologebis daskvnebiT, veraferi ver Secvlis Rmer-
162
TTan adamianis pirovnul mimarTebas, romelic yvelaze
kargad tradiciul religiur cxovrebaSia mocemuli, ami-
tom aseT viTarebaSi zogadi daskvna gansaxilvel sakiT-
xTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba aseTi iyos: sazogadoebis
transformaciis procesi faqtia, magram religiuri
TvalsazrisiT arc iseTi faqti, romelic msoflio reli-
giebis arsebobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebs.
P postsekularul epoqaSi religiis adgilisa da
rolis Sesaxeb kargad mianiSneben Tanamedrove socio-
logiaSi arsebuli racionaluri arCevanisa da socialu-
ri gacvlis Teoriebi.
Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi religiur
cxovrebas da religiur urTierTobebs xSirad raciona-
luri arCevanis Teoriis WrilSic ganixilaven. tradici-
uli gagebiT, morwmune adamianisaTvis amgvari ram miu-
Rebelia. aseT viTarebaSi religiur cxovrebaSi adamia-
nisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli egoizmi, pragmatizmi da mer-
kantilizmi iCens Tavs, rac TavisTavad religias ewina-
aRmdegeba, magram etyoba uRmerTo sociumebs amgvari
ram axasiaTebT da amis Sesaxeb Tamamad weren amerikeli
sociologebi. zogierTi maTgani am faqts didi gulis-
tkiviliT aanalizebs xolme.
racionaluri arCevanis Teoria religias, rogorc
socialur sistemas bazarTan aigivebs. Aam SemTxvevaSi sa-
ubaria e. w. religiuri bazris cnebaze. religiuri orga-
nizaciebi am SemTxvevaSi religiur RirebulebaTa mwar-
moebel firmebTanaa gaTanabrebuli. am Teoriis popula-
ruli cnebaa religiuri kapitali da a. S. sociologiuri
gagebiT racionaluri arCevanis Teoria kargad miesada-
geba postTanamedrove, momxmareblur sazogadoebas da
am sazogadoebaSi mimdinare transformaciebs, Tundac
religiurs, magram yovelive es miuRebelia tradiciuli
sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTaTvis. etyoba sazogado-
eba yovelTvis dgas arCevanis winaSe: racionalizacia
desakralizaciisa da sulierebis dakargvis fasad, Tu
163
sakralizacia da suliereba racionalizaciis fasad.
postsekularul epoqaSi ki racionalizacia sanatreli
xdeba. ra gzas daadgeba sazogadoeba es man Tavad unda
airCios da tradiciuli religiebi aq arfer SuaSia.
postsekularuli epoqis `sulierebas~ Seesabameba
socialuri gacvlis Teoria, romelic religiur cxov-
rebasac exeba. socialuri gacvlis TeoretikosTa (ame-
rikeli sociologebi jorj homansi da piter blau) az-
riT, socialuri interaqcia gacvlis principzea damya-
rebuli. saubaria rolebis gacvlaze. gacvla nacvalge-
bis principiT imarTeba. rodesac vinme CvenTvis gairje-
ba, yuradRebas mogvaqcevs an raimes gvaZlevs, nacvalge-
ba moiTxovs, rom Cvenc Sesabamisad gadavixadoT da va-
warmooT balansi e. w. socialuri aRricxvis (buRalte-
riis) wignSi. blau gacvlas ekonomikuri kuTxiT uyureb-
da, homansi ki _ biheviorizmis poziciidan, anu mas miaC-
nda, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad im qcevas imeoreben,
romelmac maT warsulSi raime jildo an warmateba mou-
tana. am Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebs Soris interaqcias
swored gacvla warmarTavs, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamia-
ni imis gadawyvetis dros, ra moimoqmedos, afasebs po-
tenciur sargebelsa da xarjebs da maT dabalansebas
cdilobs. msgavsi ram teqnologiurad maRalganviTare-
buli (momxmarebluri) sazogadoebisaTvis aris damaxa-
siaTebeli. gacvla angarebas gulisxmobs, rac tradici-
ul sazogadoebaSi naklad miiCneva, Tumca amerikeli so-
ciologebi fiqroben, rom gacvla yovelTvis ar aris ci-
vi da angarebiani (magaliTad, mSoblebis Tavganwirva
SvilebisaTvis da sxv.). am Teoriis mixedviT, religiuri
cxovreba interaqciis erT-erT formas warmoadgens,
romelic nacvalgebis principiT warimarTeba. sakiTxa-
via religiisa da religiuri cxovrebis am sociologiu-
ri paradigmis Suqze ganxilva eTikurad ramdenadaa ga-
marTlebuli, magram amerikel sociologebs miaCniaT,
rom postsekularul sazogadoebaSi religiur cxovre-
164
bas, individebsa da religiur institutebs Soris urTi-
erTobas garkveulwilad nacvalgebis principi aregu-
lirebs. rac tradiciuli morwmune adamianisTvis war-
moudgeneli ramea, ramdenadac Tavisi bunebiT religiu-
ri urTierTobebi uangaro da gulwrfelia. socialuri
gacvla antieTikur da antireligiur saxes iRebs. Tana-
medrove amerikuli sazogadoebis religiur cxovrebaSi
arsebuli socialuri gacvlis faqtebi Tuki realobas
warmoadgenen, maSin es yvelaferi kidev erTxel adastu-
rebs imas, Tu sanamde SeiZleba daeces adamiani.
Ppostsekularul sazogadoebaSi religiis mdgoma-
reobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas `radikaluri Teologi-
isa~ da `postmodernis Teologiis~ warmomadgeneli ame-
rikeli mkvlevari harvi koqsi. misi azriT, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi religia ukve ar aris adamianis yovel-
dRiuri cxovrebis moraluri winamZRoli. amieridan igi
`esTetikuri tkbobisa~ da `nacionaluri identobis~
formiT arsebobs. religiis amgvar transformacias igi
zogadad sazogadoebis postmodrenul transformacias
ukavSirebs. naSromSi `saero qalaqi~ is wers: `samyaros
Seqmnis momentidan daiwyo bunebis ganjadoeba, egvipti-
dan gamosvlis droidan — politikuri xelisuflebis
desakralizacia, xolo sinas kavSiridan (gansakuTrebiT
kerpebis Tayvaniscemis akrZalvidan) — saero Rirebule-
baTa warmoSoba~. `saero qalaqs~ koqsi Tanamdrove `teq-
nopolisTan~ aigivebs, romlis socialur ier-saxes `ano-
nimuroba~ da `gadaadgileba~ qmnis. Tanamedrove teqno-
polisis am or niSan-Tvisebas TiTqos adamianuri arse-
boba bibliur rwmenasTan SesabamisobaSi mohyavs. qalaq-
Si adamianis cxovreba anonimurobis niSans atarebs. is
or nawilad: pirad da sajaro sferoebadaa dayofili.
mas am or frontze uwevs brZola da Tavis SenarCuneba (5.
gv. 45-50). didi qalaqis anonimuroba tradiciebisagan
ganTavisuflebaSi gamoixateba. amas urbanuli cxovre-
bis wesi uwyobs xels, rac Seexeba gadaadgilebas, rome-
165
lic Tanamedrove saqalaqo cxovrebis uaryofiTi mxa-
red ganixileba, igi cvlilebebisadmi midrekilebas da
axali ideebisa da SesaZleblobebisaken swarfvas uwyobs
xels. geografiuli gadaadgileba kavSirSia, rogorc
socialur, ise profesiul mobilobasTan, uromliso-
dac warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove qalaqi. amgvari ram
srul TanxmobaSia bibliur tradiciasTan, romlis mi-
xedviT, RmerTi yvelganaa. koqsis mixedviT, gadaadgile-
ba arc ise saSiSia, Tumca mas erTi negatiuri mxare mainc
aqvs. is SeiZleba upasuxismgeblobis mizezad iqces. `ga-
daadgilebis maRali tempi xsnis garanti rodia, magram
arc winaaRmdegobaa rwmenisaTvis~. Tanamedrove saqala-
qo cxovrebis tempebi Tavbrus axvevs adamians da mis de-
sakralizebas axdens. Sesabamisad yalibdeba saero qala-
qis kulturuli saxe, Sesabamisi RirebulebebiTa da saz-
risebiT, romelTagan prioritetulia `pragmatizmi~ da
`profanuloba~. pragmatizmSi koqsi Tanamedrove seku-
larizebuli adamianis saqmianobis nebismier sferoSi
saboloo praqtikuli Sedegebis misaRwevad swarafvas
gulisxmobs. profanulobaSi ki mis miwier interesebs da
maT Sesabamis RirebulebiT orientacias. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, profanuloba arareligiurobas, xolo
profanuli adamiani `ama soflis kacia~, `kacuna~, rom-
lisTvisac ucxoa zebunebrivis rwmena. ditrix bonxefe-
ris (1906-1945) antinacionaluri SeTqmulebis monawile,
luTerani pastori) msgavsad, koqsi miiCnevs, rom Seqmni-
li situaciidan gamosavali mainc arsebobs. kerZod,
teqnopolisis moqalaqeebs TavianTi pragmatizmis wya-
lobiT SeuZliaT dainaxon saxarebis WeSmariteba. saxa-
reba, - ambobs koqsi, - sulac ar gvaswavlis warsuli
droebis gamo vaebas da miwieri problemebis mogvareba-
ze uaris Tqmas, aramed mogviwodebs am problemebis sim-
Zime sakuTar Tavze aviRoT, rogorc RmerTis saCuqari
da bolomde SevinarCunoT adamianoba. koqsi mogviwo-
debs, rom teqnikuri civilizaciis aradamianuri samya-
166
ro yvelas namdvil saxlad vaqcioT. 1969 wels, rodesac
dasavlur kulturaSi rwmenisa da religiis sakiTxebi
mwvave polemikis sagani iyo, gamovida harvi koqsis wigni
`xumarebis dResaswauli~. wigni kargad miesadageba da-
savleTis insteleqtualur wreebSi arsebul ganwobile-
bas. is kardinalurad gansxvavdeba koqsis pirveli wigni-
sagan. `saero qalaqi~ apolonuri wignia, xolo `xumare-
bis dResaswauli~ dionisuri. misi mizania cxovrebisad-
mi mxiaruli, karnavaluri damokidebulebis gaqrobis
mizezebis dadgena. amgvari ganwyobileba ki qreba maSin,
rodesac adamiani mowydeba RmerTs, rodesac qristes ar
uxmobs da sakuTari Tavis anabara rCeba. Tavisi bunebiT
adamiani - homo festivus-ia. Aamitom dResaswaulebi yvela
kulturaSi arsebobda. fantazia da dResaswauli nebis-
mier religiaSia. fantazia aq warmosaxvas ar niSnavs.
koqsis azriT, fantazia socialuri yoveldRiurobidan
gareT gasvlaa. misi wyalobiT SeuZlebeli SesaZlebeli
xdeba. igi SesaZlebels xdis warmoqmnas xvalindeli
dRis `cocxali liturgia~ ara eklesiaSi, aramed saero
dResaswaulebSi. koqsis mosazrebebi religiis socio-
logiis ZiriTad kiTxvebze umeteswilad Zalze paradoq-
sulia, magram mkvlevris da maZiebeli adamianis pozici-
ebidan dResac sainteresoa (3. gv. 53-56).
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis racionalizacia, vir-
tualizacia da inteleqtis safuZvelze marTvis (qselu-
ri ekonomika) moTxovna, savaraudoa, rom tradiciul re-
ligiebSi bunebriv ukureaqcias gamoiwvevs da sazogadoe-
ba isev dadgeba iracionalizmisa da mistikis moTxovnis
winaSe. es ki desakralizebul sazogadoebas isev maradi-
ul RirebulebebTan daabrunebs, xels Seuwyobs masobri-
vi cnobierebis diskreditacias da yovlisSemZle gonebis
moralur uZlurebas kidev ufro gamoaaSkaravebs.
Tanamedrove globalizaciuri procesebis parale-
lurad religias sazogadoebasTan dialogis ufro meti
saSualeba mieca. mTeli rigi pesimisturi prognozebis
167
miuxedavad, misi momavali bed-iRbali didad aris damo-
kidebuli im adamianis zneobriv mdgomareobaze, romelic
globaluri problemebisa da gamowvevebis winaSe dgas.
garda amisa, sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom Rirebulebebi,
romlis sadarajozec tradiciuli religia imyofeba:
siyvaruli, mSvidoba, sasoeba da tolerantoba, is zogad-
sakacobrio Rirebulebebia, romelzec uaris Tqmis Sem-
TxvevaSi TviT kacobriobis momavali dadgeba eWvs qveS.
am kuTxiT religiis momavali ufro optimisturia, vidre
amas Tanamedrove sociologebi winaswarmetyveleben.
optimizmis safuZvels iZleva agreTve Tanamedro-
ve religiuri cnobierebis Riaoba sazogadoebasTan da
gansxvavebul kulturebTan mimarTebaSi. saerosa da sa-
sulieros Soris dialogi kargad exmianeba `planetaru-
li cnobierebis~ eTikasa da solidarobis zogadsaka-
cobrio ideas. calkeuli araerTgvarovani religiuri
reaqciebi, romelTac adgili aqvs Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebaSi, im winaaRmdegobaze mianiSnebs, romelic globa-
lizaciis manivelirebel procesebs Tan sdevs. Tuki
met-naklebad mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelzec damo-
kidebulia Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, aris adamianis
Rirseba dedamiwaze dRes mcxovrebi adamianisa, maSin re-
ligiis momavali damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra zo-
mis socialurad mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans adamiani
im samyaroSi, romelSic igi cxovrobs. Amokled rom
vTqvaT, es damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad Sei-
narCunebs adamiani adamianobas.
Znelia daeTanxmo postmodernizmis Teoretiko-
sebs absolutis uaryofasa da imaSi, rom klasikuri on-
tologiuri, aqsiologiuri da religiuri kategoriebi,
romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maRali suliere-
bis, xelovnebis, filosofiisa da swori cxovrebiseuli
principebisa da poziciebis safuZveli iyo, Turme to-
talitaruli cnobierebis kategoriebi yofilan.

168
 KAKHA KETSBAIA

RELIGION IN “POST-SECULAR EPOCH”

ABSTRACT

The features of postmodern society are discussed in the article.

This type of society is also called post-secular. The article deals with
the role and place of religion in post-secular epoch. This issue is
linked to such problems as the virtualization of society, profanation,
desacralization, domination of mass-culture, consumer relations
among people, etc.
The theories of rational choice and social exchange that are
briefly discussed in the article clearly determine the role and place of
religion in the post-secular epoch.
The conclusion arrived at in the article is the following:
sociological theories that reveal nihilistic attitude to the future of
religion purposefully make things look worse or in other words it is
the result of their ignorance when it comes to religion. It is true that
the religious life has undergone the process of virtualization and it, in
its turn, makes its future pessimistic. At the first sight there is nothing
alarming in using computer technologies for preaching but the matter
becomes rather complicated when it comes to using these technologies
for divine sacraments (we mean confession). Turning of this
sacrament into a virtual event is absolutely new and unimaginable
phenomenon. It is just at this point that the problem of finality of
religion originates. Information sphere is only an outer layer and
therefore a virtual and cyber church will never replace a real temple. It
is simply a parody and simulation of real church. Man will escape his
prison of simulated and virtual reality and return to the eternal truth
and real religious faith. It is easy to see that artificial and virtually
constructed religion has no future and experiments in this sphere are
doomed to failure. Religious life is a vivid immediate relation with the
transcendent which in case of virtualization is lost.

169
 The critique by contemporary authors of classical theories
should also be considered while analyzing these issues. In particular,
according to them there is no ground for secular language in post-
secular epoch. This reproach, of course, must be taken into account
but not in regard of religion since religion is an eternally new and
live phenomenon. The above mentioned sociologists themselves
admit that nothing can replace personal attitude of man to God which
is best of all presented in traditional religious life. Therefore in this
case the conclusion as to the discussed issue is the following: the
process of transformation of society is a fact but from the religious
point of view it is not the fact that can question the existence of the
world religions.

Lliteratura:

1. s. avaliani, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patri-

arqis ilia meoris msoflmxedveloba, Tb., 2012, gam. `me-
ridiani~.
2. J. bodriari, amerika, (internet-versia).
3. k. qecbaia, religiis sociologia, Tb., 2013, gam. `uni-
versali~.
4. Жан Бодрийяр. Общество потребления, 1970. (internet-ver-
sia).
5. Кокс Х. Мирской град: секуляризация и урбанизация в
теологическом аспекте (internet-versia).
6. Хабермас Ю. Модерн - незавершенный проект // Вопросы
философии. № 4.1992.
7. Хосе М. Вегас. "Новая эра". Вызов христианству. “MILITIA
DEI”, Санкт-Петербург, 2006 (internet-versia).

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis socialuri da politikuri filosofiis gan-
yofilebam.

170
 mixeil xalvaSi
(baTumi)

mixeil xalvaSi _ eTikis spe-

cialisti; gamoqveynebuli aqvs sta-
tiebi bednierebis, sikeTisa da bo-
rotebis raobis Sesaxeb. misi gamok-
vlevebi filosofiis am sferoebSi
koncentrirebulia sqeltanian monografiaSi `bedniere-
ba mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT~ (Tb., 2013).

mosazrebani RmerTis arsebobis Sesaxeb

1. religiuri bedniereba da RmerTis arsebobis

problema

filosofiis da, saerTod, mecnierebisTvis misaRe-

bi meTodologiis Sesabamisad, Cvens gamokvlevaSi dad-
genilia bednierebis cneba da kanonzomiereba (17). aseT
meTodologiaSi igulisxmeba: 1. Tvalsazrisis logiku-
ri principebis Sesabamisad Camoyalibeba. 2. misi argu-
mentireba. 3. argumentaciis cdaze damyareba ise, rom
gansazRvruli debulebebis safuZvelze pasuxi unda ga-
ices sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebul yvela gaugebar
problemaze. es niSnavs, rom aRniSnul monografiaSi
garkveulia ara mxolod saerTod bednierebis, aramed
religiuri, idealisturi da mistikuri bednierebis ar-
sebiTi niSnebi da kanonzomiereba (17,258-274-280). aqedan
gamomdinare, aucilebelia, davuSvaT, rom RmerTis ar-
sebobaze metyvelebs ara mxolod istoriulad cnobili
argumentebi, aramed religiuri, idealisturi da misti-
kuri bednierebis gancdac. marTalia, aseTi pretenzia
Cvens monografiaSi araa gamoTqmuli, magram mis Sede-

171
gebs Tu gavaanalizebT mecnieruli meTodologiis sa-
fuZvelze, aRmoCndeba, rom Cveni Tvalsazrisi realu-
ria. misi adekvaturobis ganxilvamde gavixsenoT aRniS-
nul argumentTa istoriulad cnobili formebi.
RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebas yovelTvis cdi-
lobda filosofia miuxedavad imisa, rom oficialuri
samRvdeloeba Tvlida: morwmunes ar sWirdeba aseTi ar-
gumenti, radgan mas mtkicebis gareSe swams misi arsebo-
ba. filosofiaSi, piriqiT, gansxvavebuli ganwyoba su-
fevda: moazrovneTa garkveuli nawili, Toma akvinelis
msgavsad, miiCnevda, rom RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba
aucilebelia, radgan misi wyalobiT urwmuno gaxdeba
morwmune, xolo morwmunes rwmena gaumyardeba.
SeuZlebelia, ar daveTanxmoT aRniSnul WeSmari-
tebas. amitom antikuri epoqidanve miiswrafoda filo-
sofia Semoqmedis Semecnebisken, misi raobis garkvevisa
da masTan misasvleli gzebis Ziebisken. Sesabamisad, Seiq-
mna RmerTis arsebobis damsabuTebeli mravali argumen-
ti da es savsebiT kanonzomieria, radgan iTvleba, rom
man Seqmna mTeli samyaro usasrulo mravalferovnebiT,
yvela fenomeni misi gamovlenaa da amitom mis arsebobas
unda asabuTebdes. `samyaros yvela wertils RmerTTan
unda mivyavdeT, iseve rogorc periferiis yovel wer-
tils _ centrTan”(10,62), Tu am wertiliTa raobas gavi-
gebT.
ase, rom argumenti mravalia, magram ZiriTadad
ganasxvaveben RvTis arsebobis damsabuTebel kosmolo-
giur, teleologiur, ontologiur, moralur, istori-
ul (eTnologiur), fsiqologiur, pragmatistul da vo-
luntaristul mtkicebebs. aq, aucilebelia, gaviTva-
liswinoT sergi avalianis koncefciac da davuSvaT, rom
RmerTze gaSualebuli dakvirvebis SesaZleblobac mis
arsebobaze migviTiTebs (1,39). yvela naxseneb arguments
ajgufeben or ZiriTad formad: cdiseul (aposterio-
rul) da aracdiseul (apriorul) mtkicebad (14, naw, I,
172
172). am ukanasknels sxvagvarad ontologiur arguments
uwodeben.
kosmologiuri argumentis mixedviT, yvela movle-
nas aqvs mizezi, is ki movlenebis gareTaa. es niSnavs, rom
mTel samyarosac aqvs mizezi da is samyaros miRma
arsebobs. e.i. mizezobrivi jaWvi ar SeiZleba iyos uwyve-
ti. unda arsebobdes pirveli mizezi da is aris RmerTi.
moraluri argumentis mixedviT iTvleba, rom ada-
mianSi zneobrivi kanonis _ sindisis arseboba da sabo-
lood sikeTis gamarjvebis Sinagani rwmena migviTiTebs
am kanonebis Semoqmedis _ RvTis _ arsebobaze.
istoriuli argumentis mixedviT, RvTis Tayvanis-
cema aris bunebrivi adamianisTvis, razec migviTiTebs
yvela qveyanaSi religiis arseboba _ ver vipoviT verc
erT ureligio ers. es migviTiTebs, rom RmerTi arse-
bobs.
teleologiuri argumentis mixedviT, samyaroSi
arsebuli yvela movlena garkveuli mizniTaa Seqmnili.
mag. saaTis an nebismieri sxva movlenis arseboba niSnavs,
rom arsebobs mesaaTe an sxva vinme, romlebic qmnis am
sagnebs garkveuli mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare, askvnian,
rom samyaros arsebobac migviTiTebs am samyaros garkve-
uli mizniT Semqmnelis _ RmerTis _ arsebobaze. tran-
scendentur-anTropocentristuli teleologiis Ta-
naxmad, miznis damdgeni sawyisi _ RmerTi _ imyofeba
samyaros gareT da Seaqvs mizani adamianisTvis Seqmnil
bunebaSi (volfi). imanenturi (Sinagani) teleologiis
Tanaxmad, bunebis yvela movlenas aqvs Sinagani aqtua-
luri mizani, romelic aris maTi dabali formebidan
maRlisken moZraobis wyaro. saboloo mizani ki, aristo-
teles azriT, aris RmerTi _ uZravi mamoZravebeli,
formis forma. aristotelem pirvelma SeniSna, rom coc-
xal organizmebs da mTel samyaros axasiaTebda mizanmi-
marTuleba. Semdeg es biologiurma aRmoCenebmac daa-
dastura. mag. cnobili gaxda cocxal organizmTa ganvi-
173
TarebisA `winaswardadgenili harmonia:” jer kidev embri-
onalur mdgomareobaSi winaswar organizmisTvis cnobi-
lia Tu rasTan Sejaxeba mouwevs mas dabadebis Semedg.
Sesabamisad, bevr maTgans aqvs iseTi organoebi, romle-
bic mas dasWirdeba asi an meti Taobis Semdeg.
voluntaristuli argumentis mixedviT, yvela
samyaroseuli movlena, misi unarebis Sesabamisad, sxva-
dasxva donezea. yvelaze dabali safexuria aracocxali
sxeulebi. Semdeg modian arsebebi, romlebic arian coc-
xalni, magram ar gaaCniaT goneba. mesame safexurzea ada-
miani, romelsac aqvs goneba, magram ar aris yovlisSem-
Zle _ mas ar SeuZlia yvelaferi is, rac surs. amitom ie-
rarqiuli meoTxe safexuris dasasruleblad, aucilebe-
lia, davuSvaT: arsebobs yovlisSemZle goneba _ RmerTi
_ romelmac Seqmna yvelaferi.
pragmatuli argumentis mixedviT, RmerTis arse-
bobas an ararsebobas veravin daamtkicebs cdiseulad.
amitom unda vixelmZRvaneloT sasargeblos principiT;
WeSmaritia is, rac sasargebloa. ra ufro sasargebloa,
RmerTis arseboba Tu ararseboba, sikvdilis Semdeg si-
cocxlis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba Tu misi SeuZleb-
loba? ueWvelia, rom sasargebloa RmerTis arsebobis
daSveba, radgan misi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi adamianis
arseboba Zneldeba, zneobas ki ecleba safuZveli. paska-
li ityoda, rom aq iseTive mdgomareobaa, rac azartuli
TamaSis dros: Rirs Tu ara gariskva? RmerTis arsebobis
sasargeblod fsonis Casvla namdvilad Rirs, radgan mo-
gebis Tundac mcire albaTobis SemTxvevaSi mogebulia
maradisoba, xolo wagebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba iseTi
ram, rac verafriT ver iqneba gamarTlebuli. maSasadame,
sakmaoze meti safuZveli gvaqvs, rom gavamarTloT is
riski, romelsac Seicavs debuleba: `RmerTi arsebobs.”
fsiqologiuri argumentis mixedviT iTvleba,
rom RmerTze azrovnebis SesaZlebloba mis arsebobaze
migviTiTebs. imanuel kantis azriT, filosofiis isto-
174
riaSi cnobili yvela es mtkiceba sabolood daiyvaneba
yvelaze Zlier ontologiur argumentze (14,naw.I,177),
romelic Camoayaliba anselm kenterberielma. kerZod,
is RmerTis arsebobis damsabuTebel cdiseul argumen-
tebs arasrulyofilad Tvlida da cdilobda mis aprio-
rul dasabuTebas _ RmerTis arsebobis gamoyvanas Tvi-
Ton RmerTis cnebidan (iqve,174) Semdegi logikiT: ada-
mians, morwmunes Tu urwmunos, RmerTi esmis rogorc
yovladsruli arseba. aTeisti, marTalia, uaryofs
RmerTis arsebobas, magram man icis, rom is uaryofs sub-
stancias, romelze ufro srulyofilis moazreba SeuZ-
lebelia. es niSnavs, rom RmerTis Sesaxeb cneba arsebobs
yvela adamianis gonebaSi _ morwmuneSic da aTeistSic.
Tu RmerTi yovladsrulia da is arsebobs adamianur go-
nebaSi, aucilebelia davuSvaT: is arsebobs realuradac,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi davupirispirdebiT amosaval
debulebas _ RmerTi aRar iqneba yovladsruli arseba,
is iqneba arasrulyofili, radgan realobaSi aRar iar-
sebebs (iqve,174).
argumentTa aseTi simravlis da mravalferovne-
bis miuxedavad, cnobilia, rom verc erTi maTganis sa-
fuZvelze ver moxerxda RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba.
mag. TviT anselmis sicocxleSive moaxerxa berma gauni-
lom misi ontologiuri argumentis uaryofa. man aRniS-
na, rom RmerTis Sesaxeb cnebis Cvens gonebaSi arseboba,
ver asabuTebs mis realur arsebobas. Mme SeiZleba warmo-
vidgino srulyofili kunZuli, romelzec adamianebi
bednierad cxovroben, magram es saerTod ar niSnavs, rom
aseTi ram realurad arsebobso (iqve,176).
rogorc vxedavT, filosofia cdilobs, magram
ver axerxebs RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebas. es maSin,
roca iTvleba, rom RmerTma Seqmna mTeli samyaro da
yvela movlenas masTan mivyavarT, anu `RmerTia yvela-
ferSi da yvelaferi _ RmerTSi” (14,naw.II,290). amsTanave,
adamiani aris saxe da xati RmerTisa; yoveli movlenis
175
hermenevtul _ masSi gamovlenili idumali RvTaebrivi
atributebis _ Semecnebas ki RmerTTan mivyavarT. Sesa-
bamisad, kantis msgavsad, karl iaspersi am problemas an-
tinomiurs _ amouxsnels _ uwodebs: adamians surs gai-
azros is, rac gaazrebadi ar aris, mas ar SeuZlia Seimec-
nos absoluti, magram amave dros ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas
mis Semecnebaze (8,566) Tundac misi sasicocxlo mniSvne-
lobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, Cven ver gavamarTlebT ag-
nosticizms TviT SemoqmedTan mimarTerbaSic ki ori
ZiTriTadi mizezis gamo: 1) Tu davuSvebT, rom RmerTis
Semecneba SeuZlebelia, jer kidev antikur epoqaSi sok-
rates mier argumentirebulad uaryofil sofistebs da-
vemsgavsebiT: Tavadve uarvyofT sakuTar debulebas,
radgan WeSmaritebis adgilze am agnostikur Tvalsaz-
riss movaTavsebT da misi dasabuTebac SeuZlebeli iqne-
ba, e.i. agnosticizmi ara mxolod materialur movleneb-
Tan, aramed SemoqmedTan mimarTebaSic ver gaamarTlebs;
is Tavadve uaryofs sakuTar Tavs. 2) filosofiis da sa-
erTod mecnierebis daniSnuleba movlenaTa kanonzomie-
rebis Semecnebaa.
ase, rom sakmaoze meti safuZveli gvaqvs vcadoT
problemis amoxsna. miT umetes iseT pirobebSi, roca ga-
irkva bednierebis kanonzomiereba da naTeli xdeba, rom
RmerTis SemecnebasTan dakavSirebuli antinomiis vera-
moxsnis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi aris bednierebis re-
ligiur, idealistur da mistikur gancdaze saTanado
yuradRebis armiqceva, misi kanonzomierebis gauTvalis-
winebloba. es maSin, roca iTvleba, rom rwmena _ Rmer-
TTan daaxloeba, yvelaze srulyofili bednierebis uz-
runvelmyofelia, bedniereba ki yvelaze Rirebuli mov-
lenaa. adamians yvelaferi surs bednierebisTvis da ara
bedniereba sxva raimesTvis (16,17). ufro zustad, bedni-
erebis arsis, miT umetes religiuri, idealisturi da
mistikuri bednierebis kanonzomierebis Semecneba saer-
Tod SeuZleblad iTvleboda TiTqmis mecnierul para-
176
digmad damkvidrebuli sayovelTaod miRebuli Tval-
sazrisis mixedviT (17,63). axla, radgan, Cveni gamokvle-
vis safuZvelze cnobili gaxda am Tvalsazrisis araa-
dekvaturoba (iqve,63-74), amasTanave, ganisazRvra ara
mxolod saerTod bednierebis cneba, aramed religiuri,
idealisturi da mistikuri bednierebis kanonzomiereba,
aucilebelia vaRiaroT, rom is cdis saxiT yvelaze ukeT
amtkicebs RmerTis arsebobas. Cven vemyarebiT mecnie-
rul meTodologias. amitom, anselmisgan gansxvavebiT,
migvaCnia, rom swored cda adasturebs yvelaze ukeT
RmerTis arsebobas. amaze naTlad metyvelebs misi arse-
bobis Sesaxeb Seqmnili ara mxolod mravali cdiseuli
argumenti, aramed naSromebi. mag. viliam jeimzi naSrom-
Si `religiuri cdis mravalferovneba” aRniSanvs, rom
cda vlindeba mravali formiT: religiuri bednierebis
gancdiT, religiuri siyvaruliT, sxvadasxva saswauliT
Tu wmindanobis institutiT (42).
sakiTxTa ganxilvis logikuri Tanmimdevrobidan
gamomdinare, pirvel yovlisa, gavixsenoT bednierebis
yvelaze zogadi cneba da kanonzomiereba; Semdeg ki re-
ligiuri, idealisturi da mistikuri bednierebis raoba,
xolo sabolood gavarkvioT Tu rogor asabuTeben isini
RmerTis arsebobas.
adamianis emociur samyaroSi SeiZleba gamovyoT
sami ZiriTadi mdgomareoba: dadebiTi _ siamovneba-bed-
nierebis, uaryofiTi _ usiamovneba-ubedurebis da am
or urTierTdapirispirebul movlenas Soris mocemuli
neitraluri, romelsac ar axlavs arc dadebiTi da arc
uaryofiTi gancda. bedniereba, arsebiTad, aris adamia-
nis saerTo energetuli potenciis aqtiuri SevsebiT da
misi pozitiuri Semadgenlobis adaptirebul zomaze me-
tad zrdiT gamowveuli gancda (17,162-183). es niSnavs,
rom siamovneba-bednierebis da usiamovneba-ubedurebis
gancda, iseve rogorc maT Sualedur neitralur emoci-
ur mdgomareobaSi yofna damokidebulia garesamyaro-
177
dan aTvisebul sasicocxlo energetul substanciaze.
ufro zustad, am substanciiT gamowveul adamianis sa-
erTo energetuli potenciis cvalebadobaze, siamovne-
ba-bednierebis da usiamovneba-ubedurebis zomebs Soris
meryeobaze dialeqtikuri kanonzomierebis _ dapiris-
pirebulTa erTianobis, raodenobis TvisebriobaSi ga-
dazrdis da uaryofis uaryofis Sesabamisad.
ATu adamianis saerTo energetuli potencia dade-
biT da uaryofiT emociaTa maregulirebel siamovneba-
usiamovnebis zomebs Sorisaa, maSin is arafers ganicdis
_ neitralur mdgomareobaSia (16,405). siamovneba-bedni-
erebis gamomwvevi obieqtis mier gacemuli dadebiTi
energiis aTvisebiT adamianis saerTo energetuli po-
tenciis pozitiuri Semadgenloba Tu raodenobrivad
izrdeba misdami adaptirebul siamovnebis zomaze me-
tad, maSin iwyeba siamovnebis gancda da warmoiqmneba axa-
li Tvisebrioba neitraluri emociuri mdgomareobis
uaryofis saxiT. es aris pozitiuri uaryofis pirveli
safexuri. Tu es procesi gagrZelda, an erTbaSad aRmoC-
nda ise didi, rom adamianis saerTo energetuli poten-
ciis zrdam raodenobrivad gadaaWarba misdami adapti-
rebul bednierebis zomas, maSin iwyeba bednierebis gan-
cda _ warmoiqmneba axali Tvisebrioba. es aris uaryo-
fis uaryofa, radgan bednierebiT uariyofa ara mxolod
siamovneba, aramed neitraluri emociuri mdgomareo-
bac.
pozitiur gancdaTa es safexurebi aris bedniere-
bis dadebiTi dialeqtika. amis sapirispirod, ubedure-
ba, arsebiTad, aris adamianis saerTo energetuli poten-
ciis dadebiTi substanciebisgan dacliT da misi negati-
uri Semadgenlobis adaptirebul zomaze metad zrdiT
gamowveuli gancda. es niSnavs, rom Tu negatiuri ener-
getuli zemoqmedebiT adamianis saerTo energetuli po-
tenciis odenoba klebulobs da misi Semadgenloba ic-
vleba uaryofiTad usiamovnebis zomaze metad, warmoiq-
178
mneba axali Tvisebrioba _ usiamovnebis gancda. mis sa-
fuZvelze uariyofa neitraluri emociuri mdgomareo-
ba. es aris negatiuri uaryofis pirveli safexuri.
Tu es procesi raodenobrivad gadaaWarbebs ube-
durebis zomas, maSin iwyeba ubedurebis gancda _ war-
moiqmneba axali Tvisebrioba. es aris uaryofis uaryofa,
radgan mis safuZvelze uariyofa ara mxolod usiamov-
neba, aramed neitraluri emociuri mdgomareobac. is ne-
gatiuri uaryofis meore safexuria. Tu aseTi procesi
gaxangrZlivda, an aRmoCnda ise didi, rom uceb daiSrita
da moiwamla adamianis saerTo energetuli potencia
ubedurebis ukidures kulminaciur wertilze metad, ma-
Sin is saerTod Sewyvets arsebobas, eziareba ukidures
ubedurebas. negatiur emociaTa es safexurebi aris bed-
nierebis uaryofiTi dialeqtika.
aseTia zogadad bednierebis dadebiTi da uaryofi-
Ti dialeqtika. am ori urTierTadpirispirebuli movle-
nis safuZvelze iqmneba saerTod emociuri samyaros mTli-
anoba da uzrunveliyofa yvela saxis bedniereba energe-
tuli substanciis sxvadasxva formiT: yofiTi bedniereba
ukavSirdeba energiis fizikur formebs, esTetikuri _
mSvenierebis saxiT gamovlenils, inteleqtualuri _ go-
nebriv formaSi mocemuls, religiuri _ RmerTidan mom-
dinares, idealisturi _ mTeli samyaros Semoqmedi umaR-
lesi ideis mier gacemuls, mistikuri _ misteriuli prin-
cipebiT `Semecnebuli” Semoqmedidan momdinares, zneob-
rivi _ saTnoebis Sedegad sxvisTvis boZebuls da a.S.
(17,367). aq bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ra kavSirSia es Rmer-
Tis arsebobasTan? pasuxi rom gavceT mas, pirvel yovlisa,
unda gavarkvioT religiis raoba da mis Sedegad uzrun-
velyofili bednierebis kanonzomiereba.
religiis arsi adamianis RmerTTan dakavSirebaa,
ris Sesaxebac `wminda werilebis” garda, naTlad metyve-
lebs sityva religiis mniSvneloba. rogorc cnobilia,
is laTinuri sityva religio-sgan warmoiSva da ramdenime
179
sxva mniSvnelobasTan erTad aRniSnavs RmerTTan kav-
Sirs (25,252), romelSic adamianis RmerTTan kavSiri igu-
lisxmeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi kvlav ismis kiTxva: `uRmerTo
religiebic” xom arsebobs da es gamoricxavs adamianis
RmerTTan kavSirs (37,117)? zogierTi moazrovne, mag.
foierbaxi ki sityva religiis Tu saerTod rwmenis mxo-
lod adamianTa Soris kavSiris saxiT gaazrebas cdilobs
(13,39). aseTi gamonaklisis pirobebSi, anu absoluturi
araerTmniSvnelobis miuxedavad, unda davuSvaT, rom
sityva religio-Si, Cveulebriv, adamianis RmerTTan kavSiri
igulixmeba. es kanonzomieria, radgan ase iTvleba Tavad
religiuri msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT da masSi gamo-
yenebadi sityvis Sinaarsi swored mis da ara sapirispiro
sferoSi gamonaklisis saxiT arsebul Tvalsazrisze
damyarebiT unda gaviazroT. is kanonzomieria imitomac,
rom uRmerTo religiaTa, mag. jainizmis Tu budizmis
`uRmerToba,” mxolod pirobiTia da is arapirdapir isev
RmerTs ukavSirdeba. am faqtze, pirvel yovlisa, naT-
lad metyvelebs aseTi tipis religiebSi RmerTis adgi-
lis dakaveba `gaRmerTebuli” pirovnebebis mier. mag.
RmerTis aRiarebis aucileblobis Sedegad budizmi gar-
kveulwilad gansxvavebul saxes iZens axali welTaRric-
xvis pirvel saukuneSi: maswavleblis xsovnis ubralo pa-
tiviscemis adgils gaRmerTebuli budas kulti ikavebs,
msgavsad imisa, rogorc mag. jainistebi RmerTis adgi-
las TavisuflebamiRweul pirovnebebs, an sulebs svamen
da Tayvans scemen maT ise, rogorc RvTaebas (37,117).
meore, masze migviTiTebs ara mxolod Zveli, ara-
med Tanamedrove Zen-budizmis tradiciac nirvanasTvis
Tanmxlebi bednierebis miRwevas isini budasgan momdina-
re energetuli substanciis maswavleblis daxmarebiT
aTvisebas ukavSireben (21,79).A
mesame, masze naTlad metyvelebs cnobil misti-
kos filosofosTa azri imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTis er-
Tgvarad uarmyofeli religiebi arsebiTad RmerTis
180
uaryofa ki araa, aramed misi aRiareba-miRebis sapirispi-
rod, RmerTis uaryofis safuZvelze masTan daaxloeba
da misi wvdoma (36,121). swored amis gamo induizmis, is-
lamis, iudaizmis Tu qristianobisgan gansxvavebiT, bu-
dizmis da jainizmis warmomadgenlebi ki ar miiswrafvian
RmerTisken, aramed elodebian mas RmerTTan ki ar midi-
an isini, aramed RmerTi modis maTTan. Sesabamisad, Tu
pirvels didi dro da safexurebrivi amaRleba sWirdeba
ise, rom yoveli safexuri SeiZleba gavaanalizoT logi-
kurad, meore SeiZleba ganxorcieldes uceb, mas ar
sWirdeba dro. misTvis aucilebelia mxolod utyvad
yofna, anu rogorc fsevdo-dionise areopageli aRniS-
navda _ `sacnaurTa moqmedebaTa dacxroba.” is auxsneli
da alogikuria, ufskrulsa Tu sicarieleSi _ araraSi,
gadaSveba da gaqrobaa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi morwmune yo-
velTvis RmerTTanaa, meoreSi ki _ marto. pirveli
RmerTis miRebaa, meore ki erTgvari uaryofa, romelsac
isev masTan mivyavarT.
meoTxe _ imitom, rom `RmerTis uarmyofeli re-
ligiebis” warmoSoba gamoiwvia ara mxolod subieqtur-
ma, aramed obieqturma mizezebmac. mag. Zvel indoeTSi
WeSmariti bednierebis miRwevis da RmerTTan daaxloe-
bis SesaZlebloba, brahmanTa kastis garda, sxvebs Sez-
Ruduli hqondaT, ramac xeli Seuwyo budizmis warmoSo-
bas, kerZod, im process, ris Sedegadac sxva kastis war-
momadgenlebi da Tavad budac iZulebuli iyo arsebul
religiur msoflmxedvelobas _ RmerTis rwmenas, dapi-
rispireboda misi erTgvari uaryofiTac ki, raTa am uar-
yofis safuZvelze mieRwia uaryofilamde da a.S.
amrigad, sityva religio-Si, TiTqmis sayovelTaod
miRebuli religiuri Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, igulis-
xmeba adamianis RmerTTan kavSiri. ufro sworad, iseTi
kavSiri, romelsac Sedegad mohyveba bedniereba. mag.
`axali aRTqmis” mixedviT, bedniereba gaigivebulia caTa
sasufevelTan da am samyaroSi moxvedrilni swored imis
181
Sedegad arian bednierni, rom axlos arian RmerTTan, im-
denad axlos, rom misi xilvis SesaZleblobac aqvT. `ne-
tar arian suliT Raribni, vinaidan maTia caTa sasufeve-
li...” `netar arian guliT sufTani, vinaidan isini
RmerTs ixilaven (2,8).
rogorc vxedavT, `axali aRTqmis” mixedviT, ada-
mianuri bedniereba RmerTTan urTierTmimarTebas da
masTan daaxloebas, anu adamianis masTan kavSirs emyare-
ba. ra Tqma unda, met-naklebi gansxvavebiT imave princi-
pebs efuZneba yvela sxva msoflio Tu erovnuli reli-
gia. Tumca, qristianobis, islamis, iudaizmis Tu induiz-
misgan gansxvavebiT, `uRmerTo religiebSi” is gaSuale-
bulad dakavSirebulia RvTaebriv mdgomareobas miRwe-
uli adamianis _ brZenis, mociqulis, wmindanis Tu sxva
saxiT gagebul pirovnebasTan. is Tavadaa uSualo kav-
SirSi RmerTTan _ maradiulobis saxiT gagebul samya-
ros Semoqmed usasrulo RvTaebriv substanciasTan.
maSasadame, ara mxolod RmerTis gagebaze damya-
rebuli, aramed misi uarmyofeli religiebic arapirda-
pir masze arian orientirebulni da `aRiareben RmerTs.”
yvela religia uSvebs sulis maradiulobasac da mor-
wmunis, anu sulis iseT urTierTmimarTebas masTan, ro-
melic uzrunvelyofs bednierebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
ganvazogadeT ra bednierebis religiuri gageba sayo-
velTaod miRebuli Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad da gair-
kva, rom bednierebis es forma arsebiTad RmerTTanaa
dakavSirebuli, unda gavarkvioT: aris Tu ara am umaR-
lesi samyaroseuli substanciis _ RmerTis _ arsebiTi
atributi energia religiur msoflmxedvelobaSi? amis
safuZvelze gairkveva, emyareba Tu ara bednierebis re-
ligiuri gageba zemoT naxseneb energetul kanonzomie-
rebas.
am sakiTxze pasuxis gasacemad Sors wasvla araa
saWiro, radgan sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom religia,
idealizmi, misticizmi Tu nebismieri sxva msgavsi moZ-
182
Rvreba, RmerTs, pirvel yovlisa, iazrebs Zalasa da
energiasTan ganuyofel kavSirSi. mas Tvlian mTeli sam-
yaros Semoqmed usazRvro Zalis mqone iseT substanci-
ad, romelTanac urTierTmimarTeba _ daaxloeba Tu da-
cileba _ gansazRvravs adamianur bednierebas da ube-
durebas (17,109-328;5,11-12). mag. qristianul religiaSi
bedniereba _ samoTxis miRweva da mama RmerTTan, ro-
gorc samyaros Semoqmed umaRles Zalasa Tu uwmindes
energetul substanciasTan daaxloeba da misi xilva Se-
saZlebelia mxolod macxovris aRiarebiT, mis mier ka-
cobriobisTvis dadgenili im arsebobis wesis miRebiT,
romelsac mcnebebi ewodeba. `me var gza, WeSmariteba da
sicocxle. mamasTan veravin miva, Tu ara CemiT,” aRniS-
navs ieso (2,211). amisgan gansxvavebiT, is ubedurebas
aRuTqvams imaT, vinc sapirispiros iqadagebs: `vinc da-
arRvevs erTs am mcnebaTagans da ise aswavlis adamia-
nebs, umciresi daerqmeva mas... xolo vinc asrulebs da
aswavlis, mas _ didi”(iqve,8).
qristianobis msgavsad, budizmSic, morwmunis mi-
er umaRlesi sulieri mdgomareobis _ bednierebisa Tu
nirvanas miRwevis _ erT-erT ZiriTad pirobas dharme-
bis, anu mcnebebis Sesruleba warmoadgens. ufro zus-
tad, im wminda budisturi kanonebis Sesruleba, rome-
lic aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi nawili oTx keTilSobi-
lur WeSmaritebaSi Semaval rvasafexuriani gzisa.
`dharmebi Seqmnilia gonebiT, Tu vinme laparakobs an iq-
ceva arawminda gonebiT, mas mohyveba ubedureba... Tu
vinme laparakobs da iqceva wminda gonebiT, mas mohyveba
bedniereba, rogorc gauqrobeli aCrdili~ (27,1). `bo-
rotmoqmedi itanjeba ara mxolod amqveynad, aramed im-
qveynadac... sikeTis Semoqmedi ki xarobs bednierebis
miRweviT ara mxolod amqveynad, aramed imqveynadac~ (iq-
ve,15) da a.S. e.i. misTvis garantirebulia maRali samya-
roebi, anu umaRles energetul substanciasTan _ Rmer-
TTan _ yvelaze axlo da iseTi wminda urTierTmimarTe-
183
ba, romelic, uzrunvelyofs bednierebas. misgan daci-
leba ki iwvevs ubedurebas.
ra Tqma unda, met-naklebi gansxvavebiT, magram
arsebiTad imave principebis safuZvelzea gadawyvetili
sikeTe-borotebis, bedniereba-ubedurebis, morwmunis
da RmerTis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi yvela sxva re-
ligiaSi. Sesabamisad, zedmetobaTa Tavidan asacileb-
lad, gaanalizebuli sakiTxebis safuZvelzec ki SeiZle-
ba gavakeToT daskvna: religiaSi RmerTi iTvleba mTeli
samyaros arsebobis da adamianuri bednierebis uzrun-
velmyofel energetul substanciad. aqedan gamomdina-
re, emyareba ra saerTod bedniereba energias da RmerTi
arsebiTad iTvleba sasicocxlo energetuli substan-
ciis gamcem wyarod, aucilebelia, davuSvaT, rom reli-
giuri bednierebis gancdas swored RmerTis mier gace-
muli sasicocxlo energia uzrunvelyofs. swored ami-
tom budizmSi, yvela sxva religiis msgavsad, iTvleba,
rom is uzrunvelyofs yvelaze srulyofil bednierebas
usrulyofilesi energetuli Sevsebis safuZvelze; nir-
vanas meoTxe safexurze ki es gancda saerTod qreba
(23,79), radgan absoluturi energetuli sisavse dialeq-
tikuri zomis gadalaxvis Sedegad sapirispiro Tviseb-
riobaSi _ sicarieleSi, gadadis (17,301).
aucilebelia, dazustdes Semdegi kanonzomiere-
bac: religiuri bednierebis gancdas arsebiTad iwvevs
RmerTis mier zesrulyofili sikeTis saxiT mTeli sam-
yarosTvis gacemuli RvTaebrivi energetuli substan-
cia; magram adamiani eziareba mas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu is iqceva zneobrivi principebis Sesabamisad da misi
saerTo energetuli potencia ivseba am substanciiT
adaptaciis zomaze metad. Sesabamisad, RmerTTan siax-
love _ energetuli Sevsebis sixSire da odenoba _ gan-
sazRvravs bednierebis srulyofilebas, misgan dacile-
ba da amiT gamowveuli sasicocxlo energetuli sub-

184
stanciis nakleboba ki iwvevs sapirispiro Sedegebs _
ubedurebas.
aseTia zogadad religiuri bednierebis kanonzo-
miereba. aq meordeba statiis dasawyisSive naxsenebi kiT-
xva: rogor asabuTebs es RmerTis arsebobas? is irkveva
ukve dadgenili debulebebidan gamomdinare: radgan re-
ligiuri bednierebis gancdas iwvevs sasicocxlo ener-
giiT adamianis saerTo energetuli potenciis Sevseba,
xolo am sasicocxlo substanciis gamcem wyarod iTvle-
ba RmerTi, aucilebelia, davaskvnaT: is arsebobs. Tu
RmerTi ar arsebobs, maSin is rogor uzrunvelyofs ada-
mianis saerTo energetuli potenciis zrdas da bednie-
rebas? Cveni daskvnebis uarsayofad SeiZleba davuSvaT
mxolod ori SesaZlebloba: mas uzrunvelyofs araraoba
an Tavad adamiani.
pirveli debulebis daSveba SeuZlebelia, radgan
antikuri epoqidanve cnobilia, rom araraobidan raime
ar warmoiqmneba da arc raime araraobad gadaiqceva. meo-
re daSveba ganvixiloT materializmis Sesabamisad. mag.
ludvig foierbaxi Tvlida, rom adamianma Tavad Seqmna
RmerTi sakuTar gonebaSi da Semdeg is gaitana metafizi-
kur samyaroSi, anu dauSva mis mier Seqmnili RmerTis ar-
seboba mis gareT TvaliT uxilav ganzomilebaSi (13,45).
msgavsad amisa, SeiZleba, iTqvas, rom adamiani Tavadve
uzrunvelyofs Tavisi energetuli potenciis zrdas da
religiuri bednierebis gancdas, magram mas hgonia, rom
es sasicocxlo Zala garedan RmerTisgan eZleva. aseTi
daSvebac araadekvaturi iqneba, radgan is ewinaaRmdege-
ba vitalizmis TiTqos uarmyofel mecnierebaSi eqsperi-
mentis safuZvelze dadgenil codnas. saxeldobr, Tu
adre cocxal organizms ganixilavdnen misi Sinagani Za-
lis safuZvelze arsebuli da Caketili `monadis” msgav-
sad, XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi ramdenime aRmoCenis (gansa-
kuTrebiT f. elefris) Semdeg es Tvalsazrisi savsebiT
sapirispirod Seicvala. mecnierebisTvis cnobili gax-
185
da, rom adamiani aris ara iseTi avtonomiuri movlena,
romelic Tavad uzrunvelyofs sakuTar arsebobas ener-
giiT, aramed heteronomiuli, anu iseTi, romelic arse-
bobs garesamyarodan asimilirebuli energiis da mis
sxvadasxva formad gardaqmnis safuZvelze (40,193). es
realoba migviTiTebs, rom adamians Tavad rom Seeqmna
RmerTi sakuTar gonebaSi da Semdeg is gaetana metafizi-
kur samyaroSi wrmenis dasaSvebad, is Zalian male dakar-
gavda mniSvnelobas da religia gaqreboda. gaqreboda,
radgan RmerTi Tu realurad ar iarsebebda, is ver aRav-
sebda adamians im RvTaebrivi sasicocxlo energetuli
substanciiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs religiuri bed-
nierebis ganacdas da imeds aZlevs adamians, aZlevs iseT
sasicocxlo Zalas, rom mas SeuZlia gauZlos ukidures
Tanjva-wamebasac ki, razec naTlad metyvelebs araerTi
religiuri Tavganwirvis magaliTi.
TviT yvelze Tanmimdevruli materialistebic ki
ar uaryofdnen am faqts. mag. karl marqsi aRniSnavda,
rom religia xalxis opiumia, ugulo qveynis suli da gu-
lia (7,6). mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda is, rom religia nar-
kotikiviT, Zalian mZlavrad moqmedebs da ukidures ga-
WirvebaSi myof adamiansac ki aviwyebs tkivils, aZlevs
mas imeds da mCagvreli wyobilebis winaaRmdeg sabrZol-
velad ar ganawyobs. marTalia, marqsi am realobis reli-
giis uaryofiTi Tvisebis samxelad gamoyenebas cdilob-
da, magram Tu mas ukve dadgenili debulebebis Sesabami-
sad gavaanalizebT, maSin naTeli gaxdeba misi namdvili
Sinaarsi da is sapirispiro kanonzomierebaze mimTiTebe-
li iqneba. saxeldobr, aq, aucilebelia gavixsenoT, rom
rwmeniseul imeds, siyvaruls, sixaruls Tu saerTod re-
ligiur bednierebas uzrunvelyofs RvTisgan momdinare
sasicocxlo Zala _ energia. marqsis debuleba ki niS-
navs, rom RmerTis rwmenas hqonia Zalian didi, narkotik-
ze ufro Zlieri, zemoqmedebis Zala, radgan is ukavSir-
deba ara narkotikulad momwamlav energias, aramed yve-
186
laze wminda substancias _ RmerTs. swored is aRavsebs
sasicocxlo energiisgan daclil da gaWirvebul adami-
ans im RvTaebrivi energetuli substanciiT, romelic
mas aZlevs imeds da ganacdevinebs bednierebas. RmerTi
rom ar arsebuliyo, maSin es SeuZlebeli iqneboda; ara-
raobidan xom araferi ar warmoiqmneba?
rogorc vxedavT, gairkva ra religiuri bedniere-
bis kanonzomiereba, naTeli gaxda, rom RmerTis arsebo-
baze miuTiTebs mis uarsayofad da araadekvaturad ga-
gebuli faqtebic ki. ara mxolod marqsis debuleba re-
ligiis, rogorc xalxis opiumis Sesaxeb, aramed RmerTis
arsebobis da vitalizmis TiTqos uarmyofeli mecniere-
baSi aRmoCenili realoba imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani araa
monadis msgavsad Caketili fenomeni. is arsebobs gare-
samyarodan aTvisebuli energiis safuZvelze. am realo-
biT irkveva mxolod is, rom adamiani arsebobs Semoqme-
didan momdinare RvTaebrivi energiis wyalobiT da swo-
red is uzrunvelyofs mis bednierebasac.
ganxiluli kanonzomiereba iyo erT-erTi ZiriTa-
di mizezi imisa, rom imanuel kantis didi damsaxurebis da
avtoritetis miuxedavad, mis mier mxolod adamianur go-
nebaSi daSvebulma RmerTma da rwmenam `amouxsneli” wina-
aRmdegoba warmoqmna: mis moZRvrebas moazrovneTa gar-
kveuli nawili religiuri debulebebis dasafuZneblad
iyenebda (41), radgan Tvlida, rom kantis moZRvreba re-
ligiuri Sinaarsisaa. nawili ki piriqiT, ukidures aTeis-
tur daskvnebs akeTebda. mag. haine Tvlida, rom robespi-
erma mefes mokveTa Tavi, kantma ki Tavad RmerTs~ (6,8). Tu
Cvens mier dadgenil debulebebs davemyarebiT, ukve SeiZ-
leba am winaaRmdegobis gamomwvevi mizezi gavarkvioT da
avxsnaT: ratom uaryofs kantis mier daSvebuli RmerTi
sakuTar arsebobas? Seesabameba Tu ara kantis koncefcia
oficialurad miRebul religias da realobas?
radgan cnobilia, kanonzomiereba, misi gaTvalis-
winebiT winaswarve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli wina-
187
aRmdegobis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi kantis subieq-
tur-idealisturi Semecnebis Teoriaze agebuli eTika da
`religiaa.” ufro sworad, _ mis mier daSvebulia iseTi
RmerTi, romelic bednierebis uzrunvelmyofel sasi-
cocxlo Zalas moklebulia da amitom RmerTis uarmyo-
feli aRmoCnda e.i. gaurkvevloba kantis winaaRmdegob-
rivma debulebebma gamoiwvia. saxeldobr, is Tavdapirve-
lad dauSvebs eTikis amosaval debulebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom WeSmariti zneobrivi saqcieli unda emyarebodes
mxolod movaleobas imperativis _ `brZanebis” _ saxiT.
misgan gamoricxuli unda yofiliyo bedniereba yvela
sxva garegani _ heteronomiuli mizani TviT RmerTis
CaTvliT (30,283), magram man aseTi zneobidan mTlianad
ver gamoricxa isini. arapirdapir da alogikurad, Tavisi
amosavali debulebis sapiripirod, RmerTi da bedniereba
mainc dauSva masSi, roca CaTvala, rom imperatiuli zne-
obis ganmasaxierebeli pirovneba jerarsis sferoSi _
`gardacvalebis Semdeg idealur samyaroSi” aucileblad
eziareba bednierebas. amis garantad ki Tavisufali nebis,
sulis ukvdavebis da RmerTis arseboba daasaxela. ufro
zustad, kanti miiCnevda, rom materialur samyaroSi zne-
obriv saqciels ara mxolod bedniereba, aramed ubedure-
bac SeiZleba moyoloda Sedegad, magram idealurSi _ is
yovelTvis bednierebiT dasruldeboda. swored amiT igi
daupirispirda Tavis amosaval debulebas, zneobis avto-
nomiurobas _ is mxolod movaleobas unda damyareboda.
Sesabamisad, iTvleba, rom man uRalata Tavis ZiriTad
principebs. cxadia, mas SemTxveviT ar gadaudgams es wina-
aRmdegobrivi nabiji. Sesabamisad, unda gavarkvioT, ram
ganapiroba is?
kantma, marTalia, Seqmna axali safexuri Semecne-
bis Teoriasa da eTikaSi, magram apriorul-sinTezur
(mecnierul) msjelobas ver `daumorCila” ara mxolod
mis mier daSvebuli metafizikuri regulatoruli idee-
bi, aramed ver gansazRvra empiriul samyaroSi zneobri-
188
vi qcevis Sedegad gancdili bedniereba, Tavad sikeTe da
sxva eTikuri principebi. is sikeTis Sesaxeb tradiciu-
lad miRebul Tvalsazriss emyareboda da misi mxolod
WeSmariti da araWeSmariti formebis garkvevas cdilob-
da. daadgina, rom WeSmaritia ara anagrebiT, aramed zne-
obrivi movaleobis Sedegad ganxorcielebuli sikeTe.
tradiciulad miRebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ki iT-
vleboda, rom sikeTe aris Cvens mflobelobaSi arsebu-
li sicocxlis garkveuli nawilis _ raRac Rirebule-
bis _ gacema sxvisTvis (17,320). es Tvalsazrisi, `obieq-
turobis” miuxedavad, srulyofilad ver gamoxatavda
sikeTis raobas da amitom iseve rogorc misi winamorbe-
debisTvis, aseve kantisTvisac amouxsneli darCa: ra Sem-
TxvevaSi iwvevda zneobrivi qceva bednierebas da ra Sem-
TxvevaSi ubedurebas? ratom moyveboda zneobriv qcevas
garkveul SemTxvevaSi ubedureba, anu yvelaze araRire-
buli Sedegi, maSin roca sikeTe maRalRirebuli movle-
naa da is, logikurad Tu vimsjelebT, aseTive SedegiT _
bednierebiT _ unda sruldebodes yovelTvis? an ra
upiratesoba hqonda borotebiT miRweul bednierebas-
Tan SedarebiT zneobrivi qcevis samagirod gancdil
ubedurebas da a.S. ufro zustad, is, rom zneobrivi qce-
vis Sedegad gancdili bedniereba upiratesia uzneobiT
miRweul warmatebasa da bednierebaze, garkveulwilad,
gasagebia adamianisTvis; magram saerTod gaugebari dar-
Ca sikeTis upiratesoba borotebaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
zneobriv qcevas moyveboda negatiuri Sedegi _ ubedu-
reba, uzneobas ki _ `bedniereba,” miuxedavad imisa, rom
es ukanaskneli simaxinjea, rasac jer kidev platoni aR-
niSnavda (32,t.1,289). kantma am problemas zneobisa da
bednierebis urTierTmimarTebis antinomia uwoda.
ase, rom kantisTvis da, saerTod, filosofiisTvis
arsebiTad ucnobi rCeboda WeSmariti sikeTis upirate-
soba yvela sxva qcevasTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad, gaur-
kveveli iyo sikeTis da borotebis dilemis pirobebSi ra
189
Zalas unda ebiZga adamianisTvis zneobisken, Tu mas bed-
niereba ki ara ubedureba mohyveboda Sedegad? es niSnavs,
rom kants unda `egrZno:” RmerTis da bednierebis gareSe
misi zneobrivi Teoria Rirebulebas saerTod dakargav-
da, `WeSmaritad zneobrivi adamianis garda aravin moi-
survebda imperatiuli principebis Sesabamisad qcevas.”
swored am Cixidan gamosasvlelad da ara SemTxveviT ga-
dadgams is winaaRmdegobriv `nabijs.” adamianis zneobis-
ken warsamarTavad dauSvebs RmerTis, Tavisufali nebis
da sulis ideasTan erTad bednierebas jerarsTa samyaro-
Si, riTac daupirispirda Tavis amosaval debulebas _
zneobis avtonomiurobas.
axla naTeli xdeba, Tu ratom aRmoCnda kantiseu-
li wminda gonebis postulatebi _ Tavad RmerTis arse-
bobis daSveba _ RmerTis uarmyofeli: is am regulato-
ruli ideebis, anu RmerTis arsebobas uSvebda ara obieq-
tur, adamianisgan damoukidebel metafizikur samyaroSi,
aramed mxolod adamianis gonebaSi. ufro zustad, Seeca-
da ra kanti eTika da misi `amouxsneli” problemebi ara
bednierebaze da obieqturad arsebul RmerTze, aramed
mxolod adamianur gonebaSi arsebulze da avtonomiur
movaleobaze daefuZnebina, axal winaaRmdegobaSi moeqca
_ adamiani sakuTar gonebaSi Caketa. is garesamyarodan
masSi momdinare RvTaebrivi energetuli substanciis ga-
reSe aRmoCnda im wyaros gareSe, romelic gairkva, rom
adamianis ara mxolod arsebobas, aramed bednierebis gan-
cdasac uzrunvelyofs. amasTanave, is sWirdeba zneoba-
sac. es iyo ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom kantiseulma reli-
giur-eTikurma da subieqtur-idealisturma koncefciam
urTierTgamomricxavi Sexedulebebi warmoqmna da ver Ca-
anacvla oficialurad miRebuli obieqturad arsebul
RmerTze damyarebuli rwmena. is uzrunvelyofs religi-
ur bednierebas RvTaebrivi sasicocxlo energetuli
substanciiT, kantiseuli ki vera, radgan gansazRvrulia
adamianuri SesaZleblobiT. kanti, marTalia, didi moaz-
190
rovne, magram adamiani iyo da kanonzomieria, rom is da
misi moZRvreba RvTaebriv absolutur energetul wyaros
ver Seenacvleboda potenciiT; Sesabamisad, verc obieq-
turad gagebul rwmenas Caanacvlebda. am kanonzomiere-
bis sapirispirod, rom Caenacvlebina is mas, maSin ra Se-
degs miviRebdiT? RmerTis rwmena, adre Tu gvian, saer-
Tod Sewyvetda arsebobas, radgan is SezRuduli adamia-
nuri SesaZleblobis gamo ganuwyvetliv da maradiulad
ver uzrunvelyofda religiur bednierebas sasicocxlo
energetuli substanciiT. bednierebis gareSe ki rwmenac
azrs kargavs.
aucilebelia, SevniSnoT, rom regulatoruli
ideis saxiT mxolod adamianur gonebaSi daSvebuli
RmerTis Sesaxeb kantiseuli Tvalsazrisi, subieqturi
idealizmis miuxedavad, Zalauneburad, mogvagonebs fo-
ierbaxis debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTis idea Seq-
mna adamianma Tavis gonebaSi; Semdeg is `gaitana” metafi-
zikur ganzomilebaSi _ CaTvala idealur samyaroSi ar-
sebulad da `daemona” mas. arsebiTi gansxvaveba am or Se-
xedulebas Soris aris is, rom foierbaxi materialistu-
ri msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdianre uaryofda Rmer-
Tis arsebobas, kanti ki piriqiT, subieqtur-idealistu-
ri principebiis safuZvelze cdilobda mis `daSvebas” da
gamoyenebas zneobrivi interesebisTvis. Tumca rwmenis
uarmyofeli da araadekvaturi aRmoCnda ara mxolod ma-
terialisturi, aramed kantiseuli subieqtur-idealis-
turi gageba RmerTisa. bunebrivia, es, RmerTis arsebo-
bis argumentis uaryofasTan erTad, unda yofiliyo hai-
nes zemoT naxsenebi radikaluri daskvnebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mizezi.
rogorc vxedavT, bednierebis arsis da kanonzo-
mierebis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze naTeli gaxda Tu
ratom ar emTxveva erTmaneTs religia da kantiseuli
`rwmena.” radgan es koncefcia RmerTis arsebobis da
bednierebis Sesaxeb logikuri winaaRmdegobebis Semcve-
191
li da ararealuria mis pozitiur mxareze, anu kanonzo-
mier Sinaarsze da Cvens TvalsazrisTan Sesabamisobaze
msjeloba azrs kargavs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ismis kiTxva:
ra SeiZleba iTqvas am mxriv obieqturi idealizmis da
mistikis Sesaxeb, romlebic araerTxel vaxseneT? em-
Txveva Tu ara maTi moZRvreba religiurs, asabuTebs Tu
ara zemoT ganxilul bednierebis kanonzomierebas da
RmerTis arsebobas kantiseuli subieqturi idealizmis-
gan gansxvavebiT? winaswarve SeiZleba, iTqvas, rom isini
arsebiTad erTsa da imave realobas _ RvTaebriv sasi-
cocxlo energetul substancias _ emyareba da asabu-
Tebs RmerTis arsebobas, magram maT Soris gansxvaveba-
caa. religiuri bednierebis miRweva ukavSirdeba rwme-
nas, idealisturi _ cnebas, mistikuri ki _ ara mxolod
rwmenas da cnebas, aramed mistikur praqtikasac, anu mis-
tikur cdas. es niSnavs, rom idealizmi da mistika ufro
argumentirebulad cdilobs Semoqmedis gaazrebas da
masTan misasvleli gzebis povnas religiisgan gansxvave-
biT. mistikaSi Sinagani SegrZnebis im organoebsac asaxe-
leben, romlis safuZvelze adamiani iTvisebs Semoqmedi-
dan momdinare aramaterialur _ RvTaebriv energias.
Sesabamisad, am sakiTxTa ganxilva ufro met sicxades
SesZens zemoT dadgenil realobas.

192
 2. bednierebis idealisturi gageba
da RmerTis arseboba

`WeSmaritebas ziarebuli aucileb-

lad ukvdavebasac eziareba, radgan
adamianis bunebas ZaluZs itvirTos
da daitios ukvdaveba . . .”
/ platoni (8,353)

bednierebis idealisturi gageba SeiZleba ewodos

yvela im Tvalsazriss, romelic Tan axlavs sibrZnis, si-
keTis da mSvenierebis ganmasaxierebeli umaRlesi ideis
mravalferovan gamovlinebas da masTan TandaTanobiTi
daaxloebis process. rogorc vxedavT, bednierebis es
forma, iseve rogorc religiuri, erTi mxriv, efuZneba
mis uzrunvelmyofel obieqtTan _ umaRles ideasTan,
absolutur gonTan, RmerTTan da a.S. _ urTierTmimar-
Tebas. meore mxriv, ki _ am obieqtis mier gacemuli sub-
stanciis aTviseba-asimilacias. Sesabamisad ismis kiTxva:
religiis msgavsad, idealizmSi umaRlesi ideis arsebiT
atributad iTvleba Tu ara Zala da energia? ukve aRi-
niSna, rom am mimdinareobaSic iTvleba, rom umaRlesi
idea aris ganusazRvreli Zalis da energiis mflobeli
(34,89;18,328;5,11-12). mis mier gacemuli mTeli samyaros
arsebobis da adamianuri bednierebis uzrunvelmyofeli
substancia ki aris RvTaebrivi energiis nairsaxeoba. aR-
niSnulis naTelsayofad sakmarisi iqneba SevexoT pla-
tonis da hegelis filosofias, radgan maT Semoqmedeba-
Si klasikuri formiTaa warmodgenili bednierebis obi-
eqtur-idealisturi gageba.
platonis moZRvreba bednierebaze sakmaod vrce-
li xasiaTisaa. is exeba TiTqmis yvela saxis bednierebas:
amqveyniurs da imqveyniursac, xolo upiratesobas, ra
Tqma unda, am ukanasknels aZlevs da Tvlis, rom materia-
lur samyaroSi gancdili bedniereba mxolod aCrdilia
193
idealur samyaroSi nawvdom bednierebasTan SedarebiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba, iTqvas, rom es azri misi
filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia. aris Tu ara
is zemoT dadgenili kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad gaaz-
rebuli?
platoni sikeTis, WeSmaritebis da mSvenierebis
sawyiss _ umaRles ideas _ simbolurad mzis analogiiT
ganixilavs (32,t.3[1],316). is, misi azriT, mzis mgavsad af-
rqvevs `nawilakebs” (33,t.2,187), Cveni terminologiT
rom vimsjeloT, energias _ mSvenierebis, sibrZnis, sike-
Tis Tu saerTod arsebobis uzrunvelmyofel substan-
cias da mis saWvretad amaRlebul RvTaebrivsa Tu adami-
anur sulebs umaRles bednierebas ganacdevinebs. aRiq-
vamdnen ra isini umaRlesi ideis sibrZnis, sikeTis da
mSvenierebis `naTebas, Tbebodnen, duRdnen da misgan mi-
Rebuli sakvebis safuZvelze maT ideaTa samyaroSi asa-
maRleblad frTebic ki ezrdebodaT” (32,t.2,187), _ aR-
niSnavs is. Semdeg askvnis, rom `Tu sicocxles raime saz-
risi aqvs, am azrs absoluturi ideis Wvreta iZleva mxo-
lod da Tu odesme ixilav mas, mzad xar xeli aiRo Wama-
zec, smazec, iseve rogorc, siamovnebis momgvrel nebis-
mier sxva qmedebaze, oRond ki gamudmebiT Wvretde Sens
saTayvanebel arsebas da gverdidan ar icilebde mas” (iq-
ve,143).
Cveni debulebebis safuZvelze SeiZleba logiku-
rad aixsnas, rom platonis mier aRwerili idealisturi
bednierebis uzrunvelmyofeli umaRlesi idea mzis ana-
logiiT arsebiTad misi energetuli Tvisebis gamo gani-
xileba. amasTanave, unda davuSvaT, rom simbolurad ga-
moTqmuli grZnobis organoTa gaTboba, duRili, frTe-
bis gamozrda, sulis gamokvebiT xsna da bednierebis
miRweva mxolod umaRlesi ideidan momdinare RvTaebri-
vi energiis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. auci-
lebelia aRiniSnos isic, rom, platonis msgavsad, umaR-
lesi ideis uZiriTades atributs ara Tu Cven, aramed mi-
194
si Tanamedrove aristotelec uSualod energiis cnebiT
ganixilavs (15,394). iseve, rogorc saerTod neoplato-
nizmi da misi erT-erTi cnobili warmomadgeneli plo-
tine (34,89), an klasikuri idealizmis fuZemdebeli hege-
li (18,328;4,11-12) Tu sxva. marTalia, energiis Sesaxeb an-
tikur epoqaSi arsebuli koncefcia ar iyo ise srulyo-
fili, rogorc Tanamedrove etapze, magram es, bunebri-
via, arsebiTad arafers cvlis.
ufro konkretulad Tu vimsjelebT, SeiZleba,
iTqvas: platoniseuli sibrZnis, sikeTis da mSvenierebis
ganmasaxierebeli umaRlesi idea sibrZniseuli sasicoc-
xlo energetuli substanciiT uzrunvelyofs Semecne-
bisTvis Tanmxleb inteleqtualur bednierebas, mSvenie-
rebis ganmasaxierebliT _ esTetikurs, sikeTiT _ ki
zneobrivs. amasTanave, is sasicocxlo energetuli sub-
stanciiT uzrunvelyofs mTeli samyaros arsebobas da
yvela sxva saxis bednierebis gancdas materialur Tu
idealur samyaroSi; magram romels aniWebs is upirate-
sobas?
platonis azriT, yvelaze `bednieria is, vis sul-
sac saerTod ar Sexebia boroteba,” radgan saTnoebasTan
ziareba _ zneobrivi qceva Tu am principebis mixedviT
arseboba, yvelaze ukeT kvebavs adamianis suls, `aTbobs
mas, mihyavs duRilis mdgomareobamde da frTebs asxams”
(33,t.2,183-187). es niSnavs, rom igi energetulad aRav-
sebs mas da aZlevs amaRlebisa Tu WeSmariti bednierebis
wvdomis yvelaze did SesaZleblobas (iqve,182). platoni
aRniSnavs, rom is `vinc yvelaze ukeT miiltvoda Rmer-
Tisken da yvelaze metad daemsgavsa mas, yvelaze WeSma-
rit bednierebas wvdeba,” radgan frTaSesxmis da amaR-
lebis Sedegad is yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba bedniere-
bis uzrunvelmyofel wyaros. Cveni mosazrebebis
mixedviT, es imas niSnavs, rom igi uaxlovdeba yvelaze
srulyofil energetul realobas _ umaRles ideas `ik-
vebeba misi sikeTis, mSvenierebis da WeSmaritebis Wvre-
195
tiT,” anu sasicocxlo energetuli substanciiT `da ne-
tarebs” (iqve,183). misgan daSoreba ki iwvevs sapirispiro
Sedegebs _ tanjvas da ubedurebas, radgan suli Sorde-
ba bednierebis da sicocxlis uzrunvelmyofel sub-
stancias. ufro zustad, rom vTqvaT igi dacilebis gamo
aRar ganicdis adaptaciis zomis gadamlaxvel intensiur
energetul Sevsebas. platoni am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSnavs, rom borotebiT Tu aragonieri miswrafebe-
biT Sepyrobili suli mZimdeba, mas ekveceba frTebi da
enarcxeba dedamiwaze, an xdeba miwisqveSa sapyrobileSi
Tu misi ugunureba Zalian mZimea. es niSnavs, rom igi uki-
duresad scildeba umaRles ideas, ganicdis mis mier ga-
cemuli bednierebis uzrunvelmyofeli sasicocxlo
energetuli substanciis naklebobas da ukiduresad
itanjeba. mis dasaZlevad igi cdilobs aRmafrenas, anu
materialur samyaroSi aCrdilis msgavsad, moRweul Se-
moqmedidan momdinare sibrZnes, sikeTes an mSvenierebas
ziarebas. dadgenili kanonzomierebis mixedviT rom vim-
sjeloT, igi aRivso maTi energetuli substanciiT da
moZlierebuls mcireodeni amaRlebis Sansi mieca pata-
raze frTebis gamozrdiT. Tu aseTi frTebis amwev SesaZ-
leblobaze metad aris damZimebuli misi suli, frTebga-
umagrebel norC CitunasaviT dabla enarcxeba, ver io-
kebs sulieri sicarielis SegrZnebas, anu survilSi ga-
moxatul bednierebis uzunvelmyofel sasicocxlo
energetul substanciaze moTxovnilebas da itanjeba
(iqve,182-184).
platonis azriT, WeSmariti _ idealuri _ bedni-
erebis wvdomas WeSmariti saTnoeba da masze damyarebu-
li miswrafeba uzrunvelyofs obieqturi da subieqturi
faqtorebiT. obieqturia umaRlesi idea, rogorc mTeli
samyaros arsebobis da bednierebis uzrunvelmyofeli
sasicocxlo energetuli substancia. xolo subieqtu-
ria adamianis saTnoebasa da gonierebaze damyarebuli
arseboba, sulis gonier da ugunur nawilTa urTierTmi-
196
marTebiT misi warmarTva WeSmaritebisken (32,t.[3]1,80-
83).
rogorc vxedavT, platonis mier naxseneb simbo-
lur gamonaTqvamTa mniSvneloba savsebiT gasagebia
Cvens mier dadgenili kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad Se-
nacvlebuli terminologiis safuZvelze. aqedan gamom-
dinare, SeiZleba iTqvas: platoniseuli esTetikuri, in-
teleqtualuri da zneobrivi bedniereba arsebiTad aris
umaRles ideasTan daaxloebiT da misgan emanuirebuli
sasicocxlo energetuli substanciiT adaptaciis zo-
mis gadamlaxveli Sevseba da mis Sedegad gamowveuli
gancda.
Cvens mier dadgenil kanonzomierebas Seesabameba
platoniseuli bednierebis ara mxolod esTetikuri, in-
teleqtualuri da zneobrivi formebi, aramed yvela
sxva danarCeni da, saerTod, platonis moZRvreba bednie-
rebis Sesaxeb: ara mxolod materialur, aramed imqveyni-
ur _ idealur samyarosTan dakavSirebuli bednierebis
kanonzomiereba. amasTanave, is orive formas erTi da
imave principebis safuZvelze arsebiTad erTi da igive
terminologiiTa Tu simbolikiT xsnis. mag. is kvebis
procesTan dakavSirebul bednierebis yofiT gagebasac
ki exeba, magram masac am kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad ga-
nixilavs da dabal Sefasebas aZlevs mcdar simovneba-
bednierebas uwodebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca is su-
lis aragonier nawils efuZneba (32,t.3[1],410-411). aqedan
gamomdinare, Cveni debulebebis safuZvelze ukve SeiZ-
leba gavarkvioT isic, Tu arsebiTad ratom Tvlis is fe-
nomenalur samyaroSi gancdil bednierebas imqveyniuri
idealuri bednierebis miRwevis mxolod mosamzadebel
safexurad.
bedniereba arsebiTad emyareba energetul Sevse-
bas, umaRlesi idea ki aseTi substanciis gamomsxivebe-
lia. Sesabamisad, masTan yvelaze meti siaxlove yvelaze
srulyofil bednierebas uzrunvelyofs, radgan aseTi
197
daaxloebis Sedegad bednierebis gamomwvevi energetuli
Sevsebis procesi iqneba maqsimalurad srulyofili. mis-
gan dacileba ki sapirispiro process gamoiwvevs, radgan
bednierebis uzrunvelmyofeli WeSmaritebis, mSvenie-
rebis da sibrZnis xarisxi umaRlesi ideidan dacilebis
Sesabamisad TandaTanobiT klebulobs. swored amitom
da ara SemTxveviT, platoni amqveyniur bednierebas ide-
aluris aCrdilad Tvlis: materialuri samyaro xom yve-
laze metadaa dacilebuli umaRlesi ideidan. mag. mate-
rialuri samyaros tyveobaSi amqveynad myofi suli, pla-
tonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamoqvabulSi kldeze mi-
jaWvuli adamianis msgavsad, idealur samyaroSi arsebu-
li WeSmaritebis, mSvenierebis da sikeTis, anu bedniere-
bis uzrunvelmyofeli movlenebis mxolod aCrdilebs
xedavs. Sesabamisad, fenomenalur samyaroSi arsebuli
adamianis mier mSvenierebis, sibrZnis da sikeTis safuZ-
velze gancdili bedniereba imitomaa misi WeSmariti
idealuri variantis aCrdili, rom WeSmaritebis, sib-
rZnis da sikeTis xarisxi _ bednierebis uzrunvelmyo-
feli energetuli potencia _ minimalur donezea. anu
radgan materia absolutidan emanirebul samyaroSi bo-
lo safexuria, fenomenaluri movlenebisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli sibrZne, sikeTe da mSvenierebac yvelaze dabal-
xarisxovnad iTvleba maTi naklebenergetulobis gamo.
isini, maTi idealuri SesaZleblobebisgan gansxvavebiT,
uzrunvelyofen mxolod minimalur energetul Sevse-
bas. amis sapirispirod, ideaTa samyaroSi frTaSesxmis
Tu sulieri zrdis Sedegad amaRlebul adamianur Tu
RvTaebriv sulebs, survilisamebr, umaRles ideasTan
yvelaze meti daaxloebis da mis mier gamosxivebuli
mSvenierebis, sibrZnis da sikeTis uSualo Wvretis Se-
saZlebloba aqvT. am saxiT gacemuli energetuli sub-
stanciis yvelaze srulyofili aTvisebis Sedegad maT
yvelaze srulyofili bednierebis miRwevis SesaZeblo-
bac eZlevaT.
198
 amrigad, platoniseul esTetikur, inteleqtua-
lur da zneobriv bednierebas erTi da igive kanonzomie-
reba _ adaptaciis zomis gadamlaxveli energetuli Sev-
seba da erTi da igive substancia _ mSvenierebis, sib-
rZnis da sikeTis saxiT umaRlesi ideis mier gacemuli
RvTaebrivi energia udevs safuZvlad. is uzrunvelyofs
agreTve yvela sikeTes: saerTod samyaros da bedniere-
bis gamomwvev movlenaTa arsebobas. Sesabamisad, unda
davaskvnaT, rom kantiseuli subieqturi idealizmisgan
gansxvavebiT platonis moZRvreba RmerTze da bedniere-
baze arsebiTad emTxveva religiurs da asabuTebs Rmer-
Tis arsebobas, gansxvavebulia mxolod masTan misasvle-
li gzebi.
platonis Semoqmedebis msgavsad, hegelis mier ga-
gebuli bedniereba arsebiTad Seesabameba Cvens mier
dadgenil kanonzomierebas. saxeldobr, hegeliseuli ab-
soluturi gonis TviTSemecneba-ganviTareba, anu az-
rovneba da mTeli samyaros Semoqmedeba cnebis, bunebisa
Tu sulis safexurze arsebiTad sxva araferia, Tu ara
energetuli procesi da absoluturi gonis ganuyofeli
atributi _ energia (18,109-328;4,11-12). misi Semecnebi-
Ti moRvaweobis daniSnuleba ki arsebiTad aris mis mier-
ve azrovnebis Sedegad dakarguli absoluturi bednie-
rebis da darRveuli sulieri wonasworobis _ homeos-
tazis dabrunebisTvis zrunva energetuli balansis aR-
dgenis safuZvelze.
am Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas hegeli, platonis
msgavsad, cdilobs ara mxolod idealisturad gagebuli
cnebis safuZvelze, aramed simboluri gamonaTqvamebi-
Tac. mag. `logikis mecnierebis” dasawyisSive aRniSnavs,
rom `azrovneba aris is, rac Wrilobas ayenebs gonebas da
isev kurnavs mas” (18,94). gonebaze Wrilobis miyenebaSi ki
is im usiamovneba-ubedurebas gulisxmobs, romelic Se-
iZleba Sedegad mohyves Semecnebas energetuli daclis
procesSi. aseTi gancdebi hegeliseul gons ewyeba maSin-
199
ve, roca is `pirveli Secodebis” Semdeg iwyebs azrovne-
bas, anu samyaros Semoqmedebas. es negatiuri gancda miT
ufro Zlierdeba, rac ufro metad Sedis is TviTSemec-
nebis siRrmeSi yoveli daileqtikuri ciklis bolos.
amasTanave, es tkivili imdenad Zlierdeba misi Semoqme-
debiTi moRvaweobisas, rom TviTSemecnebis safexurze
hegeli mas axasiaTebs rogorc ubedur cnobierebas
(26,106-108). is golgoTaze _ ubedurebis gancdis mwver-
valze, unda avides imis Sesamecneblad, rom yvelaferi
masSia _ sibrZnec, ubedurebisa Tu bednierebis wyaroc
da misi miRwevis gzebic.
hegeliseuli goni, iseve rogorc individualuri
cnobiereba, erT nabijsac ver wadgamda win Semecnebis
procesSi, azrovneba mxolod tkivili, tanjva, ubedure-
ba, anu energetuli daclis procesi rom yofiliyo. ker-
Zod, _ imitom, rom arseboba efuZneba energias da ube-
dureba arsebiTad xasiaTdeba sasicocxlo energetuli
substanciis dakargviT, ris Sedegadac misi gaxangrZli-
veba sicocxlis saerTod uaryofas utoldeba. Semecne-
ba mxolod tkivilis, ubedurebisa Tu energetuli dac-
lis procesi rom iyos, maSin is Zalian male gamoiwveda
adamianis saerTo energetuli potenciis gamofitvas,
sabolood misi arsebobis Sewyvetas da azrovneba saer-
Tod SeuZlebeli iqneboda (16,360-361). aseTia kanonzo-
miereba da, bunebrivia, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ra masSta-
bebSi da ra mistikuri Sinaarsis Sesabamisad gaiazreba
is. amitom ara mxolod platoni, aramed hegelic, idea-
lizmis miuxedavad, swored am kanonzomierebas umorCi-
lebs gonis SemecnebiT moRvaweobas ara mxolod indivi-
dualur, aramed absolutur formaSi da aRniSnavs, rom
is aris Zala, Zliereba da energia (18,109-328;5,11-12). xo-
lo misi SemecnebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobiT Seq-
mnili mTeli samyaro aris am Zalisa da energiis saxec-
vlil formaSi gamovlena, moxsna da Senaxva ganviTarebis
samive safexurze. hegeli Semecnebas ganixilavs rogorc
200
ormxriv process: erTi mxriv, _ sulieri Wrilobis,
tkivilis da ubedurebis gancdasTan kavSirSi, meore
mxriv, mas Tvlis mis sapirispiro Wrilobis ganmkurne-
bel saSualebad, anu ubedurebis uarmyofel da sicoc-
xlis uzrunvelmyofel movlenad. ufro zustad, iseT
realobad, romelic SesaZlebelia mxolod erTaderT
SemTxvevaSi: Tu Semecneba, gagebuli iqneba, rogorc cne-
biseuli energiis aTviseba da siamovneba-bednierebis
gancda maTi maregulirebeli zomebis gadalaxviT
(17,243).
maSasadame, Semecneba, erTi mxriv, aris sulieri
tkivilis _ ubedurebis mizezi. ubedureba ki iwvevs si-
cocxlis uaryofas, rac igive gonis uaryofaa, radgan
misi arsi, hegelisave azriT, aris energia samyaroseul
movlenaTa msgavsad. aqedan gamomdinare, mis Semoqmede-
baSi, ubedurebis arsad unda gavigoT energetuli dac-
lis procesi, radgan tkivilis Tu ubedurebis gancdas
iwvevs goniseuli energiis dakargva. meore mxriv, Semec-
nebis erT-erTi arsebiTi atributi aris energiis aTvi-
seba, rac uzrunvelyofs hegeliseuli absoluturi Tu
individualuri gonis bednierebas. uzrunvelyofs imis
safuZvelze, rom bednierebis arsi mis SemoqmedebaSic
gamodis gonis TviTSenaxvisa Tu energetuli sisavsis
uzrunvelyofa iseT pirobebSi, roca Tavad arsebobis
arsic gagebulia rogorc absoluturi gonis Semecneba-
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis Sedegad gamovlenili ener-
gia.
hegliseuli gonis bednierebis arsic gamodis
energetuli Sevsebis procesi, radgan ara mxolod indi-
vidualuri, aramed absoluturi gonis arsic energiaa.
xolo Semecneba aris misi aTviseba-asimilacia _ iseTi
procesi, romelsac SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves bedniere-
bis gancda adaptaciis zomis gadalaxvis SemTxvevaSi.
amis sapirispirod, goniseuli ubedureba arsebiTad
aris energetuli daclis procesi, radgan individua-
201
luri da absoluturi gonis arsi aris energia. misi gar-
kveuli nawilis misgan ganzidva ki gagebulia rogorc
misi `dakargva.” ufro zustad, gagebulia energetuli
daclis iseT procesad, romelic kanonzomierad iwvevs
usiamovneba-ubedurebis gancdas Sesabamisi adaptaciis
zomis gadalaxvis SemTxvevaSi.
rogorc vxedavT, hegeliseul simbolur gamonaT-
qvamSi: azrovnebiT gonebaze Wrilobis miyenebaSi igu-
lisxmeba ubedurebis gancda, romelsac iwvevs energe-
tuli daclis procesi. xolo gonebis azrovnebiTve gan-
kurnebaSi igulisxmeba azrovnebisas cnebis saSualebiT
pozitiuri energiis aTviseba _ iseTi energetuli Sev-
seba, romelic iwvevs siamovneba-bednierebis gancdas Se-
sabamisi adaptaciis zomis gadalaxvisas.
vfiqrobT, aucilebelia, ufro metad dakonkret-
des, Tu romeli energiis gacema-aTvisebazea laparaki
hegelis filosofiaSi, radgan yvelaferi absolutur
gonSi, anu Tavad energiaSivea (18,109-328). is, rom Semec-
nebis procesSi energiis aTviseba-asimilacias aqvs adgi-
li, amas ganxiluli simboluri gamonaTqvamis garda, he-
geli mravaljer aRniSnavs da es misi Semecnebis Teoriis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani debulebaa, radgan misi filo-
sofia logikuri panTeizmia. kerZod, is xSirad xmarobs
asimilaciis cnebas da masSi gonis mier garesamyaros,
igive sakuTari Tavis asimilacias (iqve,421-424) _ ener-
giis aTvisebas gulisxmobs. erTi mxriv, _ imitom, rom
mis garda araferi arsebobs, yvelafers Tavad qmnis
TviTSemecneba-azrovnebiT da yvelaferi masSia. meore
mxriv, ki _ imitom, rom hegelis logikuri panTeizmis
mixedviT, absoluti aris Zala _ energia da mis mier
TviTSemecnebis procesSi Seqmnili mTeli samyaro aris
am energiis saxecvlil formaSi gamovlena. yoveli axali
safexuri ki winas sinTezia _ mis pozitiur elementTa
moxsna-Senaxvaa cnebis saxiT da is, hegelisave sityve-
biT, isev Zlierebaa (18,343;5,11-12). amitom, roca TviT-
202
Semecnebis procesSi goni individualuri Tu absolu-
turi cnobierebis doneze axorcielebs samyaros Semec-
neba-asimilacias, is gaiazreba cnebis saSualebiT da
cnebis doneze. Sesabamisad, cnebis arsi aris ra energia,
TviTSemecnebis procesSi samyaros SemecnebiT goni in-
dividualur Tu absolutur formaSi arsebiTad iTvi-
sebs energiasac. es aris misgan ganziduli (iqve,209-303)
_ erTgvarad `gasxvisebuli” swored is Zala, romlis
`gamoyofamac,” ukve dadgenili debulebebis mixedviT
rom vimsjeloT, energetuli daclis Sesabamisma mdgo-
mareobam mas miayena Wriloba _ tanjva da ubedureba.
amis sapirispirod, iTvisebs ra goni Semecnebis proces-
Si cnebis saSualebiT energias, ivseba da garkveul do-
neze aRidgens darRveul saerTo energetul balanss _
sulier wonasworobas, droebiT ixsnis tkivils Tu saer-
Tod ubedurebis gancdas. Tu aseTi energetuli Sevsebis
odenoba gadaaWarbebs adaptaciis dones, ganicdis sia-
movneba-bednierebas.
amrigad, hegelis filosofiis mixedviT, yvelafe-
ri absolutis farglebSi xdeba, radgan mis garda arafe-
ri ar arsebobs; magram misgan azrovnebis Sedegad ener-
giis erTgvari ganzidva-dakargva mainc Wrilobas, tki-
vilsa Tu ubedurebas ganacdevinebs mas. xolo misi gar-
kveuli nawilis dabruneba cnebSi mocemuli energiis aT-
visebis safuZvelze da garkveul doneze energetuli ba-
lansis Tu sulieri wonasworobis aRdgena gankurnebis
_ Wrilobis moxsnis da siamovneba-bednierebis miRwevis
saSualebasac iZleva Sesabamisi adaptaciis zomis gada-
laxvis pirobebSi. tkivilis da gankurnebis _ energetu-
li daclis da Sevsebis aseTi procesi grZeldeba abso-
luturi sulis mier sakuTari Tavis srul Semecnebamde,
anu srulyofili energetuli sisavsis, mTlianobis, su-
lieri wonasworobis da ganuyoflobis aRdgenamde _
homeostazis, nirvanas _ absoluturi bednierebis miR-
wevamde.
203
 aseTia zogadad platonis da hegelis obieqtur-
idealisturi moZRvreba absoluturi ideis, bednierebi-
sa Tu saerTod RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
Tu maT Cveni debulebebis Sesabamisad ganvixilavT, isini
asabuTeben RmerTis arsebobas, radgan irkveva, rom swo-
red misgan momdinare sasicocxlo energetuli substan-
ciis safuZvelze uzrunveliyofa idealisturi bednie-
reba. Tu maT mxolod idealizmis Sesabamisad ganvixi-
lavT, maSin sapirispiro Sedegs miviRebT: cnebis far-
glebSi davrCebiT da empiriulad misaRebs verafers
vityviT RmerTis arsebobaze, an idealuridan materia-
lur samyarosze uSualo gadasvlis Sesaxeb. hegeli ima-
sac aRniSnavs, rom imanuel kantma ver gaigo anselmis
ontologiuri argumenti, radgan sasruli sagnebisgan
gansxvavebiT, RmerTi aris is erTaderTi yovladsruli
arseba, romlis cneba masSi asaxuli sagnis arsebobas Se-
icavso (14,naw.I,177); magram verc es mtkiceba gadis cne-
bis fargels gareT.
radgan religiisgan gansxvavebiT idealizmi meta-
fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb sxvadasxva logikurad gamar-
Tul koncefciebs qmnis, magram es moZRvreba arsebiTad
mainc ararealobis STabeWdilebas tovebs, ismis kiTxva:
ra aris amis mizezi? mag. hegeli, romelmac klasikuri
dialeqtikuri sistema Seqmna, cdilobda, misi epoqis Se-
sabamisi cnebis _ civilizaciis miRwevebis safuZvelze
aexsna Tavisi koncefcia da rwmenas ar damyareboda. miu-
xedavad amisa, kritikosebi SeniSnaven, rom ideidan _
aramaterialuri samyarodan _ uSualod materialurze
gadasvlis Sesaxeb Zalian cotas msjelobs da sakiTxs sa-
erTod gaugebrad tovebs (3,135-136). mxolod imis aRniS-
vna, rom idea, Tavis TavSi wynari da mSvidi Tavis Tavs
Tavisuflad gauSvebs, gaucxovdeba da miiRebs sxva ga-
regnuli arsebobis formas, anu buneba aris ideis uku-
fena, anarekli garegnul formaSi (iqv,136), bunebrivia,
verafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warmoiSva
204
cnebaSi gamovlenili ideidan fizikuri realoba. am ga-
dasvlis Sesaxeb, aseve, verafers empiriuls ver gveubne-
ba hegeli, roca idealuridan materialur samyaroze
gardamaval safexurad sicocxleSi gamovlenil cnebasa
Tu ideas miiCnevs da aRniSnavs, rom cneba aris suli, ro-
melic sxeulSia realizebuli (18,418) da a.S. QMA
Tu mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdina-
re vimsjelebT, SeiZleba, iTqvas, rom cnebaze aqcentis
gamo idealizms religiasTan SedarebiT garkveuli upi-
ratesoba gaaCnia, magram mxolod cneba, cdis gareSe,
srulyofilebas moklebulia. ufro zustad, cnebis sa-
SualebiT, marTlac SeiZleba, garkveulwilad moviaz-
roT idealuri _ vwvdeT mas, magram es arsebiTad xdeba
isev cnebis da ara sxva, masze ufro xelSesaxeb empiriul
velSi. amitom mxolod cnebis saSualebiT idealuridan
materialur samyaroze gadasvla hegelis filosofia-
Sic, kanonzomierad, gaugebari rCeba _ realobas mok-
lebulad gvevlineba mTeli idealizmi da TviT RmerTis
arseboba misi vrceli logizaciis miuxedavad, is sabo-
lood mainc rwmenis sferoSi rCeba. misgan gansxvavebiT,
misticizmi aseT gadasvlas idealuridan materialur-
ze, iseve rogorc emanaciis sxva safexurebs mistikur
cdaze damyarebuli ufro Tanmimdevruli logikuri
koncefciis safuZvelze xsnis da amitom mistikas xSirad
cdaze damyarebul mecnierebas uwodeben (27,11). Sesaba-
misad, saintereso iqneba, gavarkvioT Tu rogoraa masSi
gaazrebuli ganxiluli sakiTxi.

3. mistikuri bedniereba
da RmerTis arseboba

misticizmSi iTvleba, rom yvelaze WeSmariti bed-

niereba miiRweva mxolod SemoqmedTan misteriuli urTi-
erTmimarTebiT. ufro zustad, religiuri da idealis-
turi gagebis msgavsad, misticizmis arsebiTi mizani aris
205
adamianis RmerTTan daaxloeba da masTan Serwyma. misi sa-
fexurebrivi ganxorcielebis zeaRmaval process _
RmerTTan daaxloebas _ ki mohyveba Sedegad sxvadasxva
donis bednierebis gancda yvelaze srulyofili _ abso-
luturi _ formis CaTvliT. Sesabamisad, unda gairkves:
iTvleba Tu ara mistikaSi bednierebis uzrunvelmyofe-
li Semoqmedis arsebiT atributad Zala da energia?
araerTxel aRiniSna, rom religiis da idealizmis
msgavsad, am mimdinareobaSi Zala da energia RmerTis ga-
nuyofel atributebad iTvleba. iTvleba, ara mxolod
wminda mistikur mimdinareobebSi (24,8;23,70), aramed pa-
rafsiqologiur institutTa wyaroebSic. isini mas, ro-
gorc substancias, materiis Semoqmedi da sawyisi kosmi-
uri energiis saxiT ganixilaven (39,6). Sesabamisad, samya-
ros Seqmnas, panTeizmis msgavsad, aanalizeben da Zalau-
neburad mogvagoneben evropuli filosofiis dinamikur
da logikur panTeizms. amitom evropuli misticizmis
warmomadgenlebi TavianTi emanaciuri moZRvrebis Sesa-
xeb msjelobisas emyarebian xolme idealizmis cnobil
warmomadgenelTa debulebebs. mag. _ hegelisas, roca
surT imis dasabuTeba, rom materialuri sagnebi, ro-
gorc Tvisebrivi kvanZebi, aris Semkvrivebuli energia,
xolo energia _ moZravi materia (31,50) da a.S.
rogorc vxedavT, garkveuli msoflmxedvelobri-
vi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, religiuri da idealisturi
moZRvrebis msgavsad,MmisticizmSic Semoqmedi iseT ener-
getul substanciadaa gagebuli, romelic uzrunvel-
yofs ara mxolod mTeli samyaros arsebobas, aramed mis-
tikur bednierebas. radgan bedniereba emyareba sasi-
cocxlo energetul substancias, xolo Semoqmedi iT-
vleba mis gamcem wyarod, aucilebelia, davaskvnaT: mis-
tikuri bedniereba arsebiTad aris RvTabrivi sasicoc-
xlo energetuli substanciis safuZvelze adamianis sa-
erTo energetuli potenciis _ sxeulisa Tu sulis _

206
aqtiuri SevsebiT da misi pozitiuri Semadgenlobis
adaptaciis zomaze metad zrdiT gamowveuli gancda.
ismis kiTxva: rogoria is mistikuri principebi,
romlis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia swored aseTi daax-
loebis da Sesabamisi bednierebis miRweva? anu ra aris
mistikuri cda, codna da kosmiuri eTika, romelic uz-
runvelyofs mistikuri Semecnebis safuZvelze safexu-
rebriv amaRlebas? am mimdinareobaSi iTvleba, rom mate-
rialuri samyaros aRmqmeli SegrZnebebisgan gansxvave-
biT, adamians gaaCnia mistikuri cdis uzrunvelmyofeli
faqizi Sinagani SegrZnebis organoebi, romelTa srul-
fasovani gaxsna-amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia
wvdes metafizikur samyaros, Tavad Semoqmeds da am pro-
cesisTvis Tanmxleb absolutur bednierebas. ufro
zustad, mistika Tvlis, rom adamiani srulyofili saxiT
_ yvela ganzomilebaSi _ warmoadgens ara mxolod fi-
zikur, aramed aramaterialur sxeulTa erTobliobas:
Svid faqiz energetul substanciaTa iseT mTlianobas,
romelSic fizikuri samyaros aRmqmel SegrZnebebTan
erTad proeqcirebulia kosmiuri energiis gamtari me-
ridianebi da arafizikuri ganzomilebis aRmqmeli, meeq-
vse grZnobad wodebuli, Svidi faqizi Sinagani zeSeg-
rZnebis _ zecnobierebis organo: muladhara, svadhis-
Tana, manipura, anahata, viSudha, ajna, sahasrara
(31,57;39,20-23). sanskritul enaze maT Cakrebs uwodeben.
isini anatomia-fiziologiaSi cnobilia mxolod jir-
yvlebis, nervuli kvanZebisa Tu am sistemis epicentre-
bis saxiT, magram maTSi mistikosebi, ufro Rrma Sinaarss
deben. faqizi aramaterialuri sxeulebi ki, romelic
gars akravs fizikur adamians da qmnis mis mTlianobas,
mistikaSi aurisa Tu informaciul-energetuli kom-
pleqsis (31,52) saxeliTaa cnobili. konkretul mecnie-
rebebSi, mag. fsiqo-fiziologiasa Tu fsiqo-fizikaSi
mas adamianis mier gamosxivebul bioenergetul vels
(39,19), religiasa da idealizmSi ki _ Saravandsa Tu
207
suls, an kidev bekoniseul monada-suls uwodeben da a.S.
sxvagvarad rom vimsjeloT parafsiqologiur kvleviT
centrTa wyaroebis mixedviT, srulyofil adamianur
struqturas qmnis ara mxolod fizikuri sxeuli gonebi-
TurT, aramed _ gonic. goni ki aris naxsenebi aramate-
rialur energetul sxeulTa is erToblioba, romelSic
mocemulia agreTve qvecnobiereba metafizikuri samya-
ros aRmqmel SegrZnebebTan erTad da gonisa da gonebis
gamaerTianebeli suli (39,17).
iTvleba, rom swored es Sinagani cdis organoebi
da kosmiuri energiis gamtari arxebi srulfasovani
amoqmedebis, mistikuri terminologiiT rom vimsje-
loT, adamianis gawmindaneba-gasxivosnebis SemTxvevaSi
aRiqvamen aramaterialur _ idealur samyaros. ufro
zustad, isini srulfasovnad iwyeben funqcionirebas
mistikuri praqtikis _ meditaciis safuZvelze miRweu-
li warmatebis Sedegad. swored aseT aRqmas aramateria-
luri samyarosi mistikuri cda ewodeba. mis safuZvelze
dadgenilia Cakrebis ara mxolod ferTan, sunTan, sme-
nasTan, gemosTan da SexebasTan, anu gare SegrZnebebTan
Sesabamisoba, aramed Sinagan fiziologiur organoeb-
Tan, mikro da mega samyarosTan _ planetaTa sistemeb-
Tan Tu Tavad SemoqmedTan urTierTmimarTebis kanon-
zomiereba da mravali sxva iseTi empiriuli niuansi, ris
Sesaxebac religiasa da idealizmSic ki saerTod ar
msjeloben. miuxedavad amisa, cnobilia, rom arapirda-
pir swored aRniSnul mistikur mizans gamoxatavda jer
kidev sokrates mier delfos orakulis taZarze amokiT-
xuli da misi arsebobis kredod qceuli marad cocxali
debuleba: Seicani Tavi Seni da Seicnob mTel samyaros
(38,30). sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis universalur meTo-
dad misticizmSi iTvleba meditacia, romelic ucxo ar
iyo sokratesTvisac. fsiqologiuri terminologiiT mas
ewodeba introspeqcia, anu dhanad (indoeTSi), Canad (Ci-
neTSi) Tu Zenad (iaponiaSi) wodebuli is mistikuri praq-
208
tika, romelic egzistencializmTan mWidrod dakavSire-
buli suZukis Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi sakiTxia (35,92).
rogorc vxedavT, mistika idealizms da saerTod
evropul filosofiasac axasiaTebs, magram, aucilebe-
lia, SevniSnoT, rom ara ise Rrmad, rogorc ezoTerul
mimdinareobebs. saxeldobr, aq meditaciiT sakuTari Ta-
vis Semecneba ar niSnavs Cveulebriv _ yvelasTvis dama-
xasiaTebel _ Semecnebas, wignebidan codnis miRebas an
sxva msgavs Tu saerTod gaurkvevel process. masSi igu-
lisxmeba mistikuri cdis uzrunvelmyofeli Sinagani
faqizi SegrZnebis organoTa amoqmedebiT zecnobiere-
bis gaxsna. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara aramaterialuri
samyaros uSualo Wvreta da masTan mizanmimarTuli ur-
TierTmimarTebis damyareba, rasac, Sedegad mohyveba Se-
sabamisi bednierebis gancda. rogorc vxedavT, metafi-
zikuri samyaros da Semoqmedis ara mxolod gaSualebu-
li dakvirveba, aramed uSualo Wvretaa SesaZlebeli.
ufro zustad, es mimdinareoba ZiriTadad aqcentirebu-
lia mistikuri cdis uzrunvelmyofel im Svid Sida Seg-
rZnebis organoze, romelic yvela adamians gaaCnia, mag-
ram umravlesobaSi is ar funqcionirebs. maTi srulfa-
sovani gaxsna-amoqmedeba uzrunvelyofs ara mxolod
mistikur cdas, aramed RvTaebrivad wodebul zebuneb-
riv SesaZleblobebs absoluturi Semecnebis da bednie-
rebis CaTvliT. WeSmariti mistikuri Semecneba mxolod
cnobierebis iqiT, zecnobierebiT iwyeba da exeba eTeru-
li, astraluri, mentaluri, kauzaluri, atmanuri da
brahmanuri energetuli ganzomilebebis Sesawavlas.
maSasadame, misticizmi sakuTari Tavis Semecneba-
ze, erTi mxriv, aqcentirebulia imitom, rom fizikur da
metafizikur mikro Tu mega samyaroSi `gasasvleli sar-
kmeli” _ Sinagani zeSegrZnebis organoebi _ Cakrebi da
meridianebi, adamianis struqturaSia mocemuli da maT
srulfasovan gaxsna-amoqmedebas Sesabamisi Semecneba
sWirdeba. meore _ imitom, rom yvela fizikuri da arama-
209
terialuri substanciis nairsaxeoba Svidi energetuli
sxeuliT uSualod adamianis fizio-aramaterialur gan-
zomilebaSia mocemuli. maT SegrZneba da Semecneba sWir-
deba. maTi Semecnebis uzrunvelmyofel yvelaze srul-
yofil procesad ki iTvleba mistikuri praqtika. ufro
zustad, _ meditacia, romlis drosac RvTaebriv sike-
Teze, anu transcendentur kosmiur eTikaze damyarebu-
li azrisa da sunTqvis saSualebiT (31,83) adamianis fi-
zio-aramaterialur ganzomilebaSi aqtiurad da srul-
fasovnad warimarTeba Semoqmedidan momdinare faqizi
kosmiuri sasicocxlo energetuli substancia. amis sa-
fuZvelze ikvebeba, Zlierdeba da jansaRdeba es adamia-
nuri ganzomilebani. Cveulebriv zomaze metad misi
zrdis SemTxvevaSi ki masSi SeiZleba `gaiRviZos miZine-
bulma kosmiurma RvTaebrivma” potenciam; gadavides
`centralur nervul sistemaSi ganlagebul” mikro-kos-
miuri orbitis energoarxSi _ suSumnaSi da zeaRmavali
TanmimdevrobiT safexurebrivad gaxsnas mistikuri
cdis organoebi pirvelidan meSvides CaTvliT (21,147).
gairkva, rom mistikuri cnobierebis amoqmedeba
ukavSirdeba RvTaebrivi energetuli substanciis mizan-
mimarTul, maqsimalurad srulyofil aTvisebas. es ki
sxva araferia, Tu ara ukve dadgenili bednierebis arse-
biTi niSnis _ energetuli Sevsebis mistikur aspeqtSi
realizacia. ufro zustad, _ am energetuli substanci-
is safuZvelze axali Tvisebriobis warmoSoba Semecne-
bis sferoSi misi maregulirebeli kulminaciuri werti-
lis, anu dialeqtikuri zomis gadalaxviT. saxeldobr,
unda davuSvaT: roca energetuli Sevsebis Sedegad pi-
rovnebis saerTo energetuli potencia gadaaWarbebs
Cveulebriv adamianur zomas, mxolod amis Semdeg iwyebs
fuqcionirebas mistikuri cdis organoebi da warmoiq-
mneba zecnobierebis saxiT funqcionirebadi Tvisebri-
vad axali safexuri SemecnebaSi. iTvleba, rom swored
amis safuZvelze ixsneba pirveli Sinagani zeSegrZnebis
210
organo muladhara da warmoiqmneba mistikuri Semecne-
bis pirveli safexuri, rogorc axali Tvisebrioba mis-
Tvis Tanmxlebi bednierebis SegrZnebiTurT. Tu energe-
tuli Sevsebis procesi kvlav gagrZeldeba, maSin mom-
devno Sinagani cdis organos _ svadhisTanas gaxsnisa da
amoqmedebis SesaZlebloba iqmneba, ra Tqma unda, Sesaba-
misi energetuli potenciis maregulirebeli zomis ga-
dalaxvis SemTxevaSi. Semecnebis yovel axal safexurze
asvliT ki ufro srulyofili bednierebis miRwevis Se-
saZlebloba ixseneba. miiCneven, rom es procesi Sesabami-
si energetuli Sevsebisas ase safexurebrivad SeiZleba
gagrZeldes gawmindaneba-gasxivoxsnebamde, anu yvelaze
mTavari _ meeqvse da meSvide _ sulisa da gonis _ im Si-
nagan organoTa gaxsnamde, romelsac ajna (mesame Tvali)
da sahasrara (RvTaebrivi sarkmeli) ewodeba. maTi gaxsna
uzrunvelyofs ara mxolod metafizikuri samyaros
uSualo Wvretas _ warsulisa Tu momavlis xilvas da
absolutur Semecnebas, aramed SemoqmedTan pirdapir
energetul urTierTmimarTebas _ mistikuri Semecnebis
saboloo safexurs da yvelaze srulyofil _ absolu-
tur bednierebas.
adamianis aramaterialur ganzomilebaTa garkve-
uli nawilis realoba mecnierebisTvis ukve ucxo araa,
gansakuTrebiT eTerul samyaroSi, imitom rom is fiq-
sirdeba aparaturiTac ki (29,t.3,19;39,25). yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani faqti ganxilul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aris
Semdegi: mistikuri msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT, samya-
rosa Tu adamianis yvela ganzomileba da saerTod yvela
movlena arsebobs Semoqmedidan emanirebuli sasicoc-
xlo energetuli substanciiT (19,12-31). aramaterialu-
ri _ metafizikuri ganzomilebis Semecneba ki damoki-
debulia swored Semoqmedidan momdinare saarsebo ener-
getuli substanciis aTvisebaze. kerZod, _ iseT energe-
tul Sevsebaze, romlis zrdis Sesabamisad mistikuri
cdis uzrunvelmyofel organoTa funqcionirebis mare-
211
gulirebeli energetuli zomebis gadalaxviT warmoiq-
mneba axali Tvisebrioba: dialeqtikuri kanonzomiere-
bis Sesabamisad safexureobrivad ixsneba Sinagani cdis
organoebi, sxvagvarad _ sulieri centrebi. mis sabo-
loo stadiaze _ hegelis mier idealisturad ganxilu-
li absoluturi sisavsis Sesabamis RvTaebriv mdgomare-
obaSi ki SemoqmedTan uSualo urTierTkavSiris damya-
rebis da absoluturi Semecnebis SesaZlebloba iqmneba,
rasac Sedegad mohyveba yvelaze srulyofili bedniere-
bis gancda. swored aqedan gamomdinare, misticizmis ma-
mamTavrebi TavianTi moZRvrebis arsebiT principebze
miTiTebisas macxovris sityvebis citirebiT aRniSnaven
xolme: `SeicaniT WeSmariteba da Tqven gaxdebiT Tavisu-
fali. WeSmaritebas flobs mxolod Semoqmedi. amitom,
Tu Tqven gsurT WeSmaritebis da Tavisuflebis miRweva,
unda dauaxlovdeT Semoqmeds da gauigivdeT mas, gaiT-
qvifoT masSi. WeSmariti Tavisufleba (bedniereba) mara-
diulobis SegrZnebaa” (19,27).
mistikuri Semecnebis yovel axal safexurs imi-
tom axlavs bednierebis gancda, rom orive emyareba er-
Tsa da imave kanonzomierebas _ energetul Sevsebas
garkveuli zomis farglebSi da mas uzrunvlyofs Semoq-
medidan emanirebuli sasicocxlo energetuli substan-
cia: Semecnebis yoveli axali safexuris warmomSobi zo-
mis gadalaxvisas bednierebis zomac gadailaxeba, ris Se-
degadac ganviTarebadi mistikuri cnobierebis Camoya-
libebis procesi pozitiuri gancdebiT xasiaTdeba. Sesa-
bamisad, rac ufro izrdeba energetuli Sevsebis odeno-
ba da meti dadebiTi energetuli potencia grovdeba
adamianis fizio-aramaterialur ganzomilebaSi, miT uf-
ro izrdeba da srulyofili xdeba Semecnebis done da
bedniereba. roca is aRwevs maqsimums, mas Sedegad moyve-
ba absoluturi Semecnebis da bednierebis _ samadhisa
Tu nirvanis gancda, radgan am safexurze Semecnebis da
bednierebis uzrunvelmyofel energetul wyarosTan _
212
SemoqmedTan yvelaze meti daaxloebis Sedegad absolu-
turi energetuli Sevsebis SesaZlebloba iqmneba.
Tu mistikuri Semecnebis da bednierebis Sesaxeb uk-
ve dadgenili kanonzomierebis Sesabamisi kategoriebiT
vimsjelebT, Tan gavixsenebT platonis da hegelis Semoq-
medebas, SeiZleba, davaskvnaT: maT msgavsad mistikuri
Tvalsazrisi am sakiTxSi logikuria, radgan Semecnebis da
bednierebis maregulirebeli zoma gadailaxeba absolu-
turi formiT, amitom mas kanonzomierad mohyveba absolu-
turi bednierebis gancda. ufro zustad, Tavad gasxivos-
nebas, mistikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, oTxi safexuri ga-
aCnia da mxolod meoTxe iTvleba yvelaze srulyofil bu-
das mier miRweul nirvanas mdgomareobad. iTvleba yovel-
gvar zomagadasul usasrulobasTan Serwymul iseT abso-
lutur energetul sisavse-wonasworobad, romlis dros
bednierebis SegrZnebac ki `qreba” (22,79).
rogorc vxedavT, mistikuri bednierebis kanonzo-
mierebis garkveviT ufro naTeli gaxda religiuri da
idealisturi bednierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dialeq-
tikuri kanonzomierebis Sinaarsi, anu is, rac saerTod
adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram aRiqmeba reli-
giurad, idealisturad an mistikurad. saxeldobr, gau-
gebari iyo Tu ras emyareboda religiuri xilva, an idea-
listuri Semecneba da maT Sedegad gancdili bedniere-
ba. irkveva, rom is emyareba RvTaebrivi energetuli sub-
stanciis safuZvelze adamianis Sinagani zeSegrZnebis
organoTa amoqmedebas da safexurebriv gaxsnas dialeq-
tikuri kanonzomierebis Sesabamisad. aqedan gamomdina-
re, SeiZleba, iTqvas: swored es kanonzomiereba ganapi-
robebs religiis da idealizmis mistikaSi gadasvlas
yvelaze sakralur momentSi.
aucilebelia, gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom zemoT
ganxiluli mistikuri Semecnebis yvela safexuri arse-
biTad emyareba zneobriv principebs _ kosmiur eTikas.
amiT is emsgavseba religias da idealizms, magram maTgan
213
gansxvavebiT aq ufro detaluradaa warmodgenili Se-
mecnebisa da sikeTisTvis Tanmxlebi sulieri amaRlebis
da bednierebis wvdomis Tu uzneoba uvicobis Sedegad
sulieri dacemis da gaubedurebis yvela niuansi. amasTa-
nave, is filosofiur da mistikur realobasTan erTad
emyareba sabunebismetyvelo monacemebs. iTvleba, rom
uaryofiTi, civi, bneli, mZime, ubedurebis gamomwvevi
Tu sxva msgavsi Tvisebis energetuli movlena, eSveba
qveviT _ miizideba msgavsi Tvisebis materialuri mov-
lenebisken. amis sapirispirod, dadebiTi: Tbili, naTe-
li, haerovani, wminda da sxva msgavsi Tvisebebis energe-
tuli movlena miemarTeba zeviT _ miizideba aseTive Si-
naarsis ufro wminda RvTaebrivi bednierebis uzrun-
velmyofeli sawyisisken.
mistikuri msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT, Semoq-
medTan daaxloebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba mar-
to Semecneba ki ara, mociqulTa mier `dafuZnebuli”
kosmiuri eTikis mixedviT arsebobacaa. mistikuri Se-
mecnebis safuZvelze Sinagani cdis organoTa safexu-
rebrivi gaxsna-amoqmedebis _ gasxivosnebis aucilebe-
li piroba marto meditacia-introspeqciaze damyarebu-
li teqnika ki araa, aramed arseboba da masze damyarebu-
li mistikuri praqtika (31,53). iTvleba, rom mxolod
amis safuZvelze iqmneba adamianis fizio-aramateria-
lur ganzomilebaSi kosmiuri energiis gamtari arxebis
gaxsnis sasicocxlo energetuli substanciis srulyo-
fili SeRwevis SesaZlebloba. Sesabamisi zomis gadala-
xis pirobebSi ki ara mxolod Sinagani cdis organoebi
amoqmeddeba zebunebriv unarebTan erTad, aramed adami-
anis fizio-aramaterialuri ganzomileba kosmiuri
energiis msgavs pozitiur Tvisebebs iZens. is faqizdeba,
Tbeba, haerovndeba, msubuqdeba, naTeldeba da a.S. anu
platonis unversaluri simboluri gamonaTqvami rom ga-
vixsenoT: `frTebi esxmis mas” da amaRlebis SesaZleblo-
ba eZleva _ miizideba Semoqmedisken. Sesabamisad, rac
214
ufro metad dauaxlovdeba is mas, miT ufro met RvTaeb-
riv srulyofilebas, Zlierebas, WeSmaritebas da bednie-
rebas miaRwevs, radgan energetuli Sevsebis procesi
Zlierdeba. pozitiur pirobebSi ase gagrZeldeba safe-
xurebrivad SemoqmedTan sruli igiveobis miRwevasa da
Serwymamde _ absolutur sulier da SemecnebiT simaR-
lemde. gagrZeldeba zesrulyofil energetul sisavse-
sa da wonasworobamde, anu homeostazis, absoluturi
bednierebis Tu samadhis im meoTxe safexuramde, roca
bednierebis SegrZnebac ki qreba, radgan usasrulo
RvTaebriv energetul substanciasTan SerwymiT emocia-
Ta maregulirebeli zomac nivelirdeba.
esaa emanaciis aRmavali safexuriT svla. misi miRwe-
vis erT-erTi ganuyofeli aspeqtia zneoba. ufro zustad,
mxolod Semecnebis procesi ki ara, yvela sxva movlenisad-
mi damokidebulebac, am moZRvrebis mixedviT, eTikur Sina-
arss unda atarebdes. mis mxolod yvelaze srulyofil Se-
degSi vRebulobT Semecnebis umaRles formas _ gasxivos-
nebas da gawmindanebas. qarTul enaSi is, rogorc vxedavT,
ori sityviT gamoixateba, magram rusulSi mis orive mniS-
vnelobas erTi sityva просветление gadmoscems: свет niSnavs
sxivs da aqedanaa nawarmoebi просветление _ gasxivosneba.
sityva святой niSnavs wmindans da aqedanvea miRebuli
просветление gawmindanebis aRsaniSnavad. am faqts gansa-
kuTrebiT xazs vusvamT imitom, rom rusuli sityvis aseTi
unikaluri Tvisebis miuxedavad rusul-qarTul leqsiko-
nebSi is ZiriTadad erTi _ gasxivosnebis mniSvnelobiTaa
ganmartebuli (12,596;11,784) da es araa SemTxveviTi. saxel-
dobr, _ imitom, rom misticizmSi cnobili `RvTaebrivi
moralis” _ kosmiuri eTikis uarmyofel mimdinareobaTa
zegavleniT xSirad es movlena arasrulyofilad _ mxo-
lod Semecnebis kuTxiT ganimarteba leqsiklonebsa Tu
sxva wyaroebSi.
mecnierebis da umTavresad `mistikis sferoSi”
aris SemTxvevebi, roca Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad cdi-
215
loben misteriuli Semecnebis unarTa dauflebas kosmi-
uri eTikis darRveviT da kanonzomierad negatiur Sede-
gebs Rebuloben. kerZod, Tu pirovneba amoraluri inte-
resebidan gamomdinare exeba am sferos, an saerTod iq-
ceva uzneod, maSin misi fizio-aramaterialuri ganzomi-
leba imsWvaleba uaryofiTi sawyisidan momdinare nega-
tiuri, civi, bneli, mZime da sxva msgavsi energiiT. aseTi-
ve Tvisebis Savi feris energia gars ekvris mis auras _
`monada suls” da ketavs kosmiuri energiis gamtar or-
ganoebs. amis Sedegad, masSi veRar aRwevs pozitiuri:
bednierebis, WeSmariti Semecnebisa Tu saerTod sulie-
ri amaRlebis uzrunvelmyofeli RvTaebrivi energetu-
li substancia. adamianis sufTa naTeli feris aramate-
rialuri energetuli sxeulebi ara mxolod negatiur _
binZur da muq Seferilobas iZens, aramed uaryofiTi
sawyisis msgavs sxva Tvisebebsac: bneldeba, civdeba,
mZimdeba da eSveba qveviT _ miizideba bneli da mZime ma-
teriisken, anu im sawyisisken, romelSic absolutidan
emanirebuli sxivi _ energia sabolood qreba. esaa ema-
naciis daRmavali safexuriT _ RvTaebrivis sapirispi-
ro mimarTulebiT moZraoba, anu uZlurebis, umecrebis,
usiamovnebis da ubedurebisken svla.
rogorc vxedavT, mistikaSi ara mxolod Semoqme-
dis atributebi, aramed aurad wodebuli adamianis fi-
zio-aramaterialuri ganzomileba da am orive movlenis
_ adamianis da Semoqmedis misteriuli urTierTmimar-
Teba: Semecneba, sulieri amaRlebiT SemoqmedTan daax-
loeba da WeSmariti bednierebis wvdoma, iseve rogorc,
misgan dacilebis Sedegad sulieri damdableba, umecre-
ba da ubedurebisken svla dialeqtikuri kanonzomiere-
bis Sesabamisadaa gaazrebuli. es faqti, bunebrivia, am
movlenis ufro Rrmad Sesawavlis aucileblobasa da Se-
saZleblobaze migviTiTebs.
platonis mier simbolurad gamoTqmuli Tvalsaz-
risi `frTaSesxmiT adamianis sulieri amaRlebis” Sesaxeb
216
da sxva msgavsi sakiTxi Zalian Znelia Tanamedrove epoqa-
Si miTologiad ar CaiTvalos. magram faqizi sasicocxlo
energetuli substanciiT Sevsebis safuZvelze siwmindis,
siTbosa Tu haerovnebis SeZena da amaRleba, iseve ro-
gorc bnelis, civisa da mZimes qveviT daSveba-damdableba
aseTive Tvisebis materiis mizidvis Sedegad, logikurad
gamoTqmul realobad unda miviCnioT. swored amitom, ar-
naxulad izrdeba ra mecnierebis SesaZleblobani samya-
rosa Tu adamianis siRrmiseul kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT,
metafizikis sferoSi cdiloben Rrma mistikuri Sinaar-
sis movlenebic ki sakmaod Tanmimdevruli sabunebismet-
yvelo monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT da mecnieruli me-
Todologiis Sesabamisad gaiazron.
marTalia, mistikaSi, iseve rogorc yvela sxva
sferoSi, bedniereba araa gaazrebuli srulyofili mec-
nieruli meTodologiis Sesabamisad, magram is, rac cno-
bili iyo am mimdinareobaSi mis Sesaxeb, rogorc vxedavT,
Seesabameba aRniSnuli meTodologiis safuZvelze Camo-
yalibebul Cvens daskvnebs. metic, is yvelaze ukeT war-
moaCens bednierebis yvelaze idumal Sinaarss da asabu-
Tebs RmerTis arsebobas, radgan irkveva, rom adamians
gaaCnia uSualod RvTaebrivi energiis amTvisebeli da
metafizikuri samyaros aRmqmeli Sinagani zeSegrZnebis
organoebi _ Cakrebi. amitom mistikuri bednierebis ar-
sis gansazRvra ara mxolod kidev erTi faqtobrivi masa-
la aRmoCnda Cveni Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad, ara-
med ufro naTeli gaxda simbolur da logikur formaSi
gamoTqmuli religiuri da idealisturi bednierebis ka-
nonzomiereba. gairkva, rom misticizmis msgavsad, reli-
giuri da idealisturi moZRvreba bednierebis, Semecne-
bis, sulieri amaRlebis, RmerTTan daaxloebis Tu sapi-
rispiro procesebis Sesaxeb mxolod fantaziiT Seqmni-
li usafuZvlo `miTologia” araa. is emyareba Semoqmedi-
dan momdinare RvTaebriv _ energias, sicocxlis uz-
runvelmyofel substancias, da masze daqvemdebarebul
217
dialeqtikur kanonzomierebas: RvTaebrivi sasicocxlo
energetuli substanciis aTvisebiT zecnobierebis _
Sinagani SegrZnebis organoTa _ gaxsnas zeaRmavali Tan-
mimdevrobiT Sesabamisi adaptaciis zomis gadalaxvis sa-
fuZvelze. es aris ara mxolod mistikuri, aramed reli-
giuri da idealisturi bednierebis arsebiTi atributi;
magram arsebobs gansxvaveba maT Soris: am miznis misaR-
wevad religia emyareba rwmenas, idealizmi _ cnebas da
mxolod mistika iTvaliswinebs Sinagan _ mistikur
cdas. es niSnavs, rom religia ar ikvlevs am kanonzomie-
rebas, radgan morwmunes is eZleva gamocxadebiT _ Sina-
gani zeSegrZnebis organoTa `RvTaebrivi nebis” Sesabami-
sad spontanuri amoqmedebiT. am safexurs miRweuli pi-
rovneba iTvleba wmindanad an mociqulad. idealizmSi
miiCneven, rom es aris absoluturi Semecnebis safexuri,
magram is emyareba mxolod cnebas da ara zecnobierebas
_ Cakrebis amoqmedebas. mistikaSi ki aseT safexurs miR-
weul pirovnebas uwodeben gawmindanebul-gasxivosne-
buls. is mas aRwevs meditaciis safuZvelze Sinagani Seg-
rZnebis organebis _ zecnobierebis _ gaxsniT. es niS-
navs, rom Cveulebrivi adamiani am procesis mxolod Se-
degs aRiqvams misi saerTo energetuli potenciis _ si-
cocxlisunarianobis _ zrdiT da imedis, siaxarulis,
aRmafrenis, saerTod pozitiuri emociis Tu bedniere-
bis gancdiT. is ver afiqsirebs RvTaebrivi sasicocxlo
energetuli substanciis masze gadmosvlas, radgan misi
Sinagani SegrZnebis organoebi ar funqcionirebs srul-
fasovnad. swored amitom, mistikosebi mokrZalebiT Se-
niSnaven, rom kacobriobas sZinavso.
radgan saerTod bedniereba emyareba misi gamom-
wvevi obieqtidan aTvisebul energias, xolo religiur,
idealistur da mistikur bednierebas uzrunvelyofs
Semoqmedidan momdinare RvTaebrivi sasicocxlo ener-
getuli substancia, aucilebelia, davaskvnaT: RmerTi
arsebobs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi unda davuSvaT, rom am
218
gancdebs sasicocxlo energiiT uzrunvelyofs Tavad
adamiani, an araraoba da es Secdoma iqneba. adamiani mas
ver uzrunvelyofs imitom, rom misi arseboba da emocie-
bi emyareba garesamyarodan aTvisebul energias, ararao-
bidan ki araferi ar warmoiqmneba da arc raime ararao-
bad gadaiqceva.
gamodis, rom materialuri da idealuri samyaros
damakavSirebelia ara raRac gaurkveveli movlena an cne-
ba, rogorc amas mag. hegeli SeniSnavda da am sakiTxs rwme-
nis sferoSi tovebda, aramed energia _ sasicocxlo Za-
la. is momdinareobs sibrZnis, sikeTis da mSvenierebis
ganmasaxierebeli Semoqmedidan, romelic zeaRmatebulia
am energiaze da Tavad sibrZne, sikeTesa Tu mSvenierebaze
misi ganusazRvreli srulyofilebis gamo. Tumca RmerTi
swored am energiis safuZvelze qmnis mTel samyaros, uz-
runvelyofs mis arsebobas, adamianur bednierebas da Ta-
vad cnebis Sinaarssac. idealur ganzomilebaSi misgan
momdinare energias aqvs RvTaebrivi forma da mis safuZ-
velze uzrunveliyofa bednierebis gancda, Tvalxilul
sinamdvileSi ki es substancia transformirdeba materi-
alur movlenebSi da adamianSi. roca is auris, kosmiuri
energiis gamtari arxebis da Sinagani zeSegrZnebis orga-
noTa saSualebiT aRavsebs adamians adaptaciis zomaze me-
tad, maSin ganicdian religiur, idealistur an mistikur
bednierebas. es niSnavs, rom Tu ara varT gawmindanebul-
gasxivosnebuli da ver vakontrolebT srulyofilad Si-
nagani zeSegrZnebis organoebs, RmerTi, pirvelyovlisa,
unda veZioT da `aRviqvaT” sasicocxlo ZalaSi, romelsac
iZleva rwmena _ imedi, siyvaruli, sixaruli da saerTod
bednierebis gancda.
radgan religiuri, idealisturi da mistikuri
bednierebis kanonzomierebis garkveviT dasabuTda
RmerTis arseboba, rogorc amosavali principi, buneb-
rivia, SeiZleba mis dasamtkiceblad Seqmnil sxva argu-
mentTa realobis Cveneba ufro srulyofilad. kerZod,
219
RmerTi misi sasicocxlo energetuli substanciiT rom
ar uzrunvelyofdes mTeli samyaros arsebobas, sicoc-
xles da adamianur bednierebas, maSin SeuZlebelia is
iyos: samyaros mizezi, mizani, yovlisSemZle; zneobis,
azris, ideis da dakvirveba-Wvretis safuZveli; sasar-
geblo da yvela xalxSi arsebuli. es niSnavs, rom mis ga-
reSe SeuZlebelia Seqmniliyo: kosmologiuri, teleo-
logiuri, voluntaristuli, zneobrivi, fsiqologiuri,
pragmatuli, istoriuli da ontologiuri argumenti,
iseve rogorc, moZRvreba absolutur arsze gaSualebu-
li dakvirvebis Tu uSualo mistikuri Wvretis da TviT
gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, radgan yvela am process sWirdeba
realuri energetuli zemoqmedeba Semoqmedisa. mag. te-
leologiuri argumentis mixedviT iTvleba, rom RmerTi
aris mTeli samyaros mizani, ris Sedegadac yvela movle-
na misken miiltvis. es ki SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxo-
lod im SemTxvevaSi Tu mas SeuZlia mTel samyaroze ze-
moqmedeba _ misi mizidva usazRvro RvTaebrivi energe-
tuli potenciiT. swored amitom transcendenturi an-
tropocentrizmis Sesabamisad, aucilebelia, davuSvaT,
rom RmerTi samyaros gareTaa da Seaqvs mizani adamianis-
Tvis Seqmnil bunebaSi gare energetuli zemoqmedebiT.
imanenturi teleologis Sesabamisad ki unda vaRiaroT,
rom yvela movlenas aqvs Sinagani aqtualuri mizani,
moZraobs dabali formebidan maRlisken, raTa daeuf-
los ufro srulyofil energetul substancias Semoq-
medTan daaxloebiT. RmerTi realurad rom ar arsebu-
liyo da mas ar hqonoda ganusazRvreli energetuli po-
tencia, is am process ver uzrunvelyofda.
arsebiTad es realoba ganapirobebda kosmologi-
uri argumentis Seqmnasac, anu imis mtkicebas, rom Rmer-
Ti mTeli samyaros mizezia. mizezi, SeuZlebelia, iyos
mizezi, Tu moklebuli iqneba energetuli zemoqmedebis
unars, riTac marTavs movlenebs. misi aseTi zemoqmede-
bis gareSe adamianic ver iazrovnebda masze, gaSualebu-
220
lad Tu uSualod (mistikurad) ver daakvirdeboda mas
da verc RmerTis cnebas Seqmnida — ar iarsebeda fsiqo-
logiuri da ontologiuri argumenti, iseve rogorc, _
moZRvreba absoluturi arsis gaSualebuli dakvirvebis
Tu uSualo mistikuri Wvretis an gamocxadebis Sesaxeb.
RmerTi, adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, rom ar yofi-
liyo ganusazRvreli sasicocxlo energetuli substan-
ciis mflobeli, maSin is ver iqneboda yovlisSemZle, ver
Seqmnida samyaros da saerTod sicocxles dedamiwaze.
metic, Semdeg ver uzrunvelyofda mis arsebobas da
verc voluntaristuli argumenti Seiqmneboda.
rwmena swored imitomaa sasargeblo _ pragmatu-
li, rom uzrunvelyofs pozitiur ganwyobas, sicocxles
da saerTod bednierebas RmerTis mier gacemuli sasi-
cocxlo energetuli substanciiT. amasTanave, mas ukav-
Sirdeba yvelaze amaRlebuli principebi: sibrZne, sike-
Te, mSveniereba da is aris yvela movlenis idealuri sa-
zomi. swored amitom aqvs yvela xalxs religia. Sesabami-
sad, Seiqmna pragmatuli da istoriuli argumenti.
RmerTi rom ar aZlevdes Zalas zneobriv adamians,
maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda zneobis arseboba da arc
RmerTs CaTvlidnen sikeTis safuZvlad. Sesabamisad,
zneobrivi argumentic ver Seiqmneboda: radgan zneobri-
vi qceva da saerTod sikeTis ganxorcieleba arsebiTad
moiTxovs sakuTari sasicocxlo energetuli substan-
ciis gacemas sxvisTvis (16,320), xolo Semoqmedi aris ga-
nusazRvreli energetuli potenciis mflobeli da gam-
cemi substnacia, aucilebelia, davaskvnaT: zneobrivi
qcevis procesSi Sinaganad ixsneba ra adamiani sxvisTvis
energiis gasacemad, RvTaebrivi madlis saxiT Semoqmedi-
dan eZleva mas zomaze metad Zala am qcevis gansaxorcie-
leblad (16,334-335). radgan es arsebiTi niSania sikeTis
da is, yvela kanonzomierebis msgavsad, SeumCnevelia vi-
zualurad, mistikuri codnis safuZvelze, SeiZleba, iT-
qvas, rom RvTaebrivi energia admianSi aRwevs misi auris
221
_ Sinagani zeSegrZnebis organoebis da kosmiuri ener-
giis gamtari arxebis saSualebiT. wmindanisa Tu gasxi-
vosnebulisgan gansxvavebiT, Cveulebrivi adamiani mas
ver afiqsirebs, magram aRiqvams mis Sedegs imedis, sixa-
rulis, aRmaferinis, eqstazisa Tu sxva msgavsi pozitiu-
ri emociis saxiT. es realoba naTlad da yvelaze mwvaved
vlindeba eqstremalur situaciebSi, roca cdiloben
zneobrivi gmiris ganadgurebas, anu mTeli misi energe-
tuli potenciis miTvisebas, magram is sulierad ar
tydeba, radgan mas misteriulad mainc eZleva RvTaebri-
vi energia da inarCunebs simtkices. swored es kanonzo-
mierebaa asaxuli SoTa rusTavelis saxarebiseul afo-
rizmSi: `rasaca gascem Senia, rasc ara, dakargulia.” mas-
Si igulisxmeba, rom Tu saTnoebisTvis materialurad an
sulierad gascem pirad sakuTrebaSi arsebul energias,
arsebiTad arafers kargav, radgan samagierod kosmiur
_ RvTaebriv energetul substancias SeiZen da xdebi
zneobrivi. metic, dauaxlovdebi Semoqmeds, sulierad
maRldebi da ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba geZleva! Tu ar
gascem, es potenciuri SesaZlebloba ikargeba Tundac
imitom, rom misi saSualebiT raime axali Rirebuleba ar
warmoiqmneba da arc SeiZineba sasicocxlo energiis,
zneobis, sulieri ganviTarebis an sxva pozitiuri mov-
lenis saxiT (16,348).
amrigad, gairkva, rom saerTod bedniereba emyare-
ba misi gamomwvevi obieqtidan aTvisebul energias, xolo
religiur, idealistur da mistikur bednierebas uzrun-
velyofs Semoqmedidan momdinare RvTaebrivi sasicoc-
xlo energetuli substancia; Sesabamisad, dvaskveniT:
RmerTi arsebobs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi unda dagveSva,
rom am gancdebs sasicocxlo energiiT uzrunvelyofs
Tavad adamiani, an araraoba da es Secdoma iqneboda. ada-
miani mas ver uzrunvelyofs imitom, rom misi arseboba da
emociebi emyareba garesamyarodan aTvisebul energias,
araraobidan ki araferi ar warmoiqmneba da arc raime
222
araraobad gadaiqceva. am kanonzomierebis dadgenis sa-
fuZvelze cxadi gaxda RmerTis arsebobis dasamtkiceb-
lad Seqmnil sxva argumentTa realoba: radgan RmerTi
misi sasicocxlo energetuli substanciiT uzrunvel-
yofs mTeli samyaros arsebobas, sicocxles da adamianur
bednierebas, swored amis gamo Tvlidnen mas samyaros mi-
zezad, mizand, yovlisSemZled; zneobis, azris, ideis sa-
fuZvlad; sasargeblod da yvela xalxSi arsebulad. Sesa-
bamisad, mis Sesaxeb Seiqmna: kosmologiuri, teleologi-
uri, voluntaristuli, zneobrivi, fsiqologiuri, prag-
matuli, istoriuli da ontologiuri argumenti, moZ-
Rvreba RmerTis gaSualebuli dakvirvebis Tu uSualo
mistikuri Wvretis da gamocxadebis Sesaxeb.

MICHEIL KHALVASHI

THOUGHT ABOUT EXISTENCE OF GOD

ABSTRACT

Philosophy allways tried to prove the existence of God, due to

this it has created many arguments, but in spite of this it was impossible
to prove God`s existence. The author thinks that the reazon of such
failure is that regularities of religious, idealistical and mystical feeling
of happiness. By considering this regularity it is shown in the article,
that God exists, because It possess the unlimited energetic power and
with it produces religious, idealistical and mystical feeling of happiness.
If the God didn`t exist, all this would be impossible: From nothing
doesn`t emerge anything and something doesn`t turn into nothing.

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warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis filosofiisa da religiaTmcodneobis
ganyofilebam.

225
 Teimuraz faCulia
(Tbilisi)

Teimuraz faCulia _ filosofiis mecnie-

rebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos
filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademi-
kosi; ikvlevs Teoriuli da socialuri filo-
sofiis, politologiisa da kulturologiis problemebs; ga-
moqveynebuli aqvs ori monografia: `totalitarizmis meta-
fizika~ (Tb., 1999) da `neototalitarizmi~ (Tb., 2002), agreTve
mravali samecniero statia.

Zalauflebis subrefcia

sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis mixed-

viT, Zalaufleba aris sxvebze batonobis saSualeba, ro-
melic miznad isaxavs sakuTari egocentruli moTxovni-
lebebis dakmayofilebas sxvaTa interesebis sawinaaR-
mdegod. am samuSao definiciis Tanaxmad, Zalaufleba
daiyvaneba pirvelobisTvis brZolaze, romelSiac esa
Tu is pirovneba dasaSvebi Tu aradasaSvebi meTodebis
gamoyenebiT cdilobs sxvebze gamarjvebis mopovebas sa-
kuTari hegemoniis mizniT. pirvelobisTvis brZola niS-
navs saarsebo saSualebebis dauflebas, maTze kontro-
lis dawesebas. is, vinc pirvelia, mas aqvs ufleba ibato-
nos sxvebze, daawesos, daakanonos misTvis sasargeblo
da sasurveli normebi da aiZulos sxvebi daemorCilon
mas. am brZolaSi gamarjvebuls ekuTvnis yvelaferi, da-
marcxebuls ki araferi. amdenad esaa samkvdro-sasicoc-
xlo brZola, romelSiac gamarjvebuls eZleva SesaZ-
lebloba maqsimalurad gaafarTovos da daikmayofilos
sakuTari egocentristuli moTxovnilebebi da intere-
sebi. gamarjvebuls SeuZlia sakuTari sicocxlis maqsi-
malurad gaZliereba da ganmtkiceba. is, rac adre miuw-
vdomeli an SeuZlebeli iyo Zalauflebis subieqtisaT-
226
vis, axla misawvdomi da SesaZlebelia. Zalaufleba niS-
navs SeuZleblobis moxsnas da Sesabamisad SesaZleblo-
bis sazRvrebis gafarToebas. sityva SeuZlebeli Zala-
uflebis mqone pirisaTvis miuRebelia da ar arsebobs.
sakuTari interesebis mudmivi gafarToeba da
gaSla niSnavs sxvebis interesebis Selaxvas, ignorire-
bas, ukugdebas. esaa batonoba, sxvaTa Cagvra, egocen-
trizmis ukiduresi forma, romelic daiyvaneba sxvebis
eqspluataciaze. batonoba niSnavs mxolod sakuTari
miswrafebebis, piradi interesebis realizebas da sxve-
bis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis ignorirebas. egocen-
tristuli interesebis dakmayofileba iwvevs sakuTari
upiratesobis gancdas, rasac saboloo jamSi mivyavarT
narcisizmamde, sakuTari TaviT tkbobamde. Zalaufle-
bis mflobeli tkbeba sakuTari upiratesobis demon-
strirebiT da yovelnairad cdilobs am mdgomareobis
gaxangrZlivebasa da gamyarebas, rasac mogvianebiT uar-
yofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs misTvis. esaa Zalauflebis vul-
garuli gageba, romelic badebs Zalauflebis agresiul,
represiul models. sinamdvileSi es gageba warmoadgens
mentalur iluzias, romelic daiZleva gonebis kritiku-
li aqtivobis safuZvelze. saqme imaSia, rom adamiani, rac
ar unda didi ZalauflebiT iyos aRWurvili, verasodes
ver miaRwevs ontologiur pirvelobas. lideri, mefe,
imperatori SesaZloa gaxdes pirveli Tavis wreSi, same-
foSi, imperiaSi, magram verasodes pirveli ver iqneba
planetaze, kosmosSi, galaqtikaSi. adamianuri masStabe-
bi rac ar unda aRmatebuli iyvnen, umniSvnelod, umweod
gamoiyurebian planetaruli ganzomilebebis winaSe. isi-
ni kidev ufro ubadrukad gamoiyurebian RmerTTan, ab-
solutTan mimarTebaSi. warmavali, momakvdavi, relati-
uri adamiani araraobas warmoadgens maradiuli, abso-
luturi, ukvdavi uflis winaSe. samyaroSi mxolod
RmerTia pirveli, mxolod mas ekuTvnis pirvelobis pal-
ma.
227
 egocentrizmi mentaluri iluziis anu subrefci-
is meore safexuria, romelic miiCnevs, rom samyaro da
sazogadoeba unda brunavdnen me-s garSemo da ara piri-
qiT. roca mmarTveli, Zalauflebis mflobeli fiqrobs,
rom garSemo yvelaferi misi gegmis mixedviT unda iyos
mowyobili da yvelani mis brZanebebs unda emorCile-
bodnen, maSin igi ipirispirebs mTel sazogadoebas ri-
Tac seriozul problemebs uqmnis sakuTar xelisufle-
bas. sakuTari interesebis gaabsoluteba da sxvaTa uf-
lebebis ignorireba sazogadoebaSi badebs mmarTveli-
sadmi siZulvils, ukmayofilebas rac SemdgomSi revo-
luciuri cvlilebebis safuZveli xdeba. yovelnairi ba-
tonoba ganwirulia, roca igi mxolod personul gandi-
debasa da narcisizms eyrdnoba. aseTi batonoba Cveule-
bisamebr didxans ar grZeldeba, radgan igi mxolod mar-
Tvis represiul, Zaladobriv formebs eyrdnoba da mok-
lebulia sazogadobriv mxardaWeras.
amdenad, Zalauflebis subrefcia gviCvenebs, rom
arc pirvelobisTvis brZola, arc egocentrizmi da arc
sxvebze batonoba Zalauflebis myar safuZvlad ar ga-
modgeba. piriqiT, Zalaufleba miT ufro myaria rac uf-
ro dacilebulia, distancirebulia TiToeulisagan. Za-
lauflebis oqros kanoni ambobs, rom ZalauflebaSi da-
balansebuli unda iyos obieqturi da subieqturi mxare-
ebi. Zalaufleba miT ufro sustia, rac ufro Zlieria
masSi subieqturi momenti da, piriqiT, miT ufro Zlie-
ria rac ufro Warbadaa warmodgenili obieqturi mxare.
am kanonis mixedviT Zalaufleba maSinaa optimaluri,
rodesac gamoxatavs obieqtis anu sazogadoebis, xalxis
interesebs da araa orientirebuli mxolod subieqtis,
tiranis interesebze. amrigad, ara sakuTari, aramed
xalxis interesebis dacva unda iyos xelisuflebis amo-
savali, rodesac igi am principiT ixelmZRvanelebs, ma-
Sin misi Zalaufleba iqneba myari da xangrZlivi. es niS-

228
navs piradi Zalauflebis daTmobas da orientaciis aRe-
bas sxva aqsiologiur parametrebze.
Zalauflebis vulgarul gagebaze dafuZnebuli
mmarTvelobis dros xelisuflebis yvela rgoli erTi
piris xelSia koncentrirebuli da yvelaferi misgan
kontroldeba. mmarTvelobis es tipi monarqiis, tirani-
is, diqtaturis, avtoritarizmis formebs iZens da er-
TmaneTisgan Zalauflebis koncentraciisa da mmarTve-
lobis represiulobis xarisxiT gansxvavdeba. avtorita-
rizmi gamoirCeva Zalauflebis absoluturi koncentra-
ciiT erTi piris xelSi da iyenebs marTvis ukiduresad
represiul formebs. am dros xelisuflebis sakanon-
mdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo rgolebi avto-
ritaris xelSia Tavmoyrili, romelic amyarebs tota-
lur kontrols sazogadoebrivi da individualuri yo-
fierebis sferoebze da saxelmwifoebrivi regulaciis
erTaderT formad aRiarebs terors. msgavsi sisastike
da sistematizebuli Zaladoba ar axasiaTebs mocemuli
klasifikaciis arc erT sxva formas. rodesac Zalauf-
leba gadanawilebulia sxvadasxva instituciebis xelSi
da adgili aqvs xelisuflebis rgolebis paralelizmsa
da paritetulobas, maSin saqme gvaqvs mmarTvelobis de-
mokratiul sistemasTan, romelic principulad gan-
sxvavdeba totalitarizmis formebisgan.
istoriulad Zalauflebis subrefcia yvelaze me-
tad aRmosavleTis qveynebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. Zveli
egvipte, babiloni, CineTi, indoeTi, sparseTi, arabeTi,
monRoleTi, osmaleTi, ruseTi tipiur tiraniebs warmo-
adgendnen, romlebSiac mmarTvelis neba aranairi insti-
tuciiT ar iyo SezRuduli. am qveynebSi tiranTa xelSi
iyo koncentrirebuli sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli
da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis rgolebi da saxelmwifos
marTvis aparati morCilad emsaxureboda maTi kaprizebi-
sa Tu survilebis aRsrulebas. ramzesi, hamurabi, Si-xu-
an-di, baburi, kirosi, omari, Cingiz yaeni, mehmed fatihi,
229
petre pirveli Tavisi drois usastikesi tiranebi iyvnen
da sakuTar qveynebs permanentuli represiebisa da tero-
ris meSveobiT marTavdnen. antikur samyaroSi Zveli ber-
Znebi iyvnen pirvelebi, romlebic Seecadnen demokratiu-
li instituciebis SemoRebis gziT tiraniis alagmvas. sa-
xalxo krebis, ostrakizmis, rotaciis, arCevnebis, kenWis-
yris meSveobiT maT lagami amosdes despotizmis yovel-
gvar gamovlinebas da eladaSi polisebis saxiT demokra-
tiis oazisebi Seqmnes, romlebic Tavisuflebis kunZule-
biviT Candnen mezobel qveynebSi gavrcelebuli tiranie-
bis fonze. romis respublikam es tradicia kidev ufro
maRal safexurze aiyvana da msoflios misca aristokra-
tiuli demokratiis TvalsaCino magaliTi, romelic mog-
vianebiT imperatorebis epoqaSi farsad iqca da Semdgom-
Si barbarosTa Semosevebis Sedegad ganadgurda.
Zalauflebis subrefcias qristianobam udidesi
dartyma miayena imiT, rom misi iseTi postulatebi ro-
goricaa egocentrizmi, pirvelobisaTvis brZola, nar-
cisizmi eWvqveS daayena da sruliad sapirispiro Rire-
bulebebi wamoayena. egocentrizmi man Caanacvla al-
truizmiT, pirvelobisTvis brZola - morCilebiT, nar-
cisizmi - asketizmiT. qristianobam tirania, romelic
Zveli samyaros Tavis tkivils warmoadgenda, demokra-
tiisken Semoabruna. man aCvena, rom Zalaufleba ar war-
moadgens TviTkmar Rirebulebas da misi sazrisi tran-
scendenturia da ara imanenturi. Zalauflebis mamoZra-
vebelia garkveuli idea, romelic garedan eZleva mas da
ganapirobebs mis arsebobas. pozitiuri idea Zalaufle-
bis qarizmulobasa da popularobas ganapirobebs da, sa-
boloo jamSi, mis xangrZlivobasac gansazRvravs, rasac
ver vityviT negatiuri ideis SemTxvevaSi. ideis gareSe
Zalaufleba tlanqi, damangreveli Zalaa, romelic Ta-
visTavad aRebuli didxans ver iarsebebs. qristianobam
Zalauflebis safuZvelSi Seiyvana altruizmis, sikeTis,
siyvarulis ideebi riTac gandevna egocentrizmis, bo-
230
rotebis, siZulvilis postulatebi, romlebsac adre Za-
lauflebis sadaveebi epyraT. Zalaufleba ekuTvnis
xalxs, sazogadoebas da igi ar unda emsaxurebodes cal-
keuli individis homeostazisis gamyarebas, misi saeWvo
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas. pirovneba udidesi
ZalauflebiTac, rom iyos aRWurvili mainc warmavali
da relatiuria, masTan SedarebiT sazogadoeba, xalxi
maradiulia, swored am ukanasknelis samsaxurs unda es-
wrafvodes Zalaufleba. qristianuli paradigmis mixed-
viT mmarTveli naklebad unda zrunavdes subieqturi in-
teresebis realizaciaze da gacilebiT mets unda ake-
Tebdes obieqturi, saxalxo interesebis dasakmayofi-
leblad. amdenad, am modelSi obieqturi Warbobs subi-
eqturs. ufro metic, aq obieqturi imdenad dominantu-
ria, rom subieqturi faqtobrivad mas ewireba. optima-
luri mmarTveloba qristianobisTvis niSnavs nacvalge-
bas, Tavganwirvas obieqturi interesebis sasargeblod.
Tu xelisuflebis subrefciis dros obieqturi ewireba
subieqturs aq piriqiT, subieqturi obieqturis sam-
sxverploze adis. es niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba ki ar ar-
sebobs pirovnebisaTvis, aramed piriqiT pirovneba daiy-
vaneba sazogadoebis samsaxurze.
Zalauflebis subrefciis erTgvari reanimireba
moxda nicSes filosofiaSi. ebrZoda ra qristianobas,
nicSem uaryo klasikuri qristianuli Rirebulebebi da
maT nacvlad axali aqsiologiis dafuZneba scada, rome-
lic daemyareboda ara gulmowyalebasa da sibraluls,
aramed Zalasa da sisastikes. axali moralis centrSi,
nicSes azriT, unda mdgariyo ara susti, aramed Zlieri.
sikeTe aris ara sustis, daCagrulis gamosarCleba, ara-
med Zlieris SesaZleblobebis gaSla. Tu qristianoba si-
keTeSi gulisxmobda sakuTari sicocxlis uangaro
TviTSezRudvas, Tavganwirvas sxvis sakeTildReod, nic-
Seanur moralSi sikeTea is rac piriqiT, Zlieris sicoc-
xles ganamtkicebs da kidev ufro aZlierebs. ara al-
231
truizmi, aramed ukiduresi egoizmi aris axali eTikis
safuZveli, romelic mowodebulia maqsimalurad Seuw-
yos xeli personuli yofierebis, adamianis sicocxlis
ganmtkicebas. am ukanasknelis gaSlisa da gaZlierebis
optimaluri saSualebaa Zalauflebisadmi neba, romel-
sac sicocxle ahyavs yofierebis umaRles doneze. am
mwvervalze mdgomi persona warmoadgens zekacs, romel-
Siac sicocxle aRwevs Tavis apogeas. nicSesTan sicoc-
xle Tavadaa TviTkmari, umaRlesi Rirebuleba, romelic
garegan, transcendentur sazriss, ideas ar saWiroebs.
Rirebuleba ki ar gansazRvravs sicocxles, aramed piri-
qiT sicocxlea Rirebulebis sazrisi da ganmsazRvreli.
Zalauflebisadmi neba aZlierebs sicocxles, rac ufro
Zlieria Zalaufleba miT ufro Zlieria sicocxle, mag-
ram sinamdvileSi es mimarTeba sxvanairad gamoiyureba.
nicSes sapirispirod unda iTqvas, rom Zalauflebisadmi
neba ki ar aZlierebs sicocxles, aramed piriqiT misi Se-
sustebis safuZvelia. Zalaufleba miT ufro Zlieria
rac ufro metia masSi obieqturi da ara subieqturi Si-
naarsi. es ki niSnavs, rom Zalauflebis meSveobiT subieq-
tis sicocxle ki ar Zlierdeba, aramed misgan xdeba dis-
tancireba. mmarTvelma unda daiviwyos sakuTari Tavi,
sakuTari me da xalxis interesebis msaxuri gaxdes. swo-
red aseT drosaa Zalaufleba Zlieri da ara sapirispi-
ro SemTxvevaSi. amave dros Zalaufleba araa TviTkmari
Rirebuleba, igi TviTmizani ki araa, aramed mxolod sa-
Sualebas warmoadgens amaRlebuli idealebis misaRwe-
vad. TviTkmari Zalaufleba tiraniaa, romelic gameca-
dinebulia mxolod sakuTari arsebobis gaxangrZliveba-
ze. nicSeanurma ideebma garkveuli zegavlena moaxdines
meoce saukunis totalitarul reJimebze, romlebmac
udidesi tragizmi moutanes kacobriobas.
totalitarizmi saxelmwifos marTvis represiu-
li formaa, romelic axdens xelisuflebis samive rgo-
lis koncentracias erTi piris xelSi da awesebs sayo-
232
velTao kontrols sazogadoebrivi da individualuri
yofierebis uklebliv yvela sferoze. totalitarizmis
pirveli niSania xelisuflebis monopolizmi rac niSnavs
monopoliis dawesebas xelisuflebis samive rgolze da
maT koncentracias erTi piris xelSi. am dros Zalauf-
leba uzurpirebuli aqvs erT pirs, avtokrats, romelic
erTdroulad aris umaRlesi kanonmdebelic, umTavresi
aRmasrulebelic da uzenaesi mosamarTlec da mis Zala-
uflebas ar zRudavs aranairi socialuri instituti.
totalitarizmi ,,voJdis“, beladis, fiureris pirad av-
toritetze aRmocenebuli fenomenia, igi civilizebuli
traibolizmis nairsaxeobaa, romlis drosac Zalaufle-
ba privatizebuli aqvs erT pirs da mTeli saxelmwifo
mis pirad sakuTrebas warmoadgens. beladis yoveli
brZaneba Tu kaprizi savaldebuloa qveSevrdomebisaT-
vis da igi gadasinjvas an revizias ar eqvemdebareba. be-
ladi, fiureri xalxze mzrunveli mamaa, romelic dReni-
adag sakuTari samwysos keTildReobasa da bednierebaze
fiqrobs. voJdizmi warmoudgeneli iqneboda serviliz-
mis gareSe, romelic totalitarizmis morigi atribu-
tia. sayovelTao monobas, romlis drosac sazogadoeba
inertuli masis donemdea dasuli da mzadaa usityvod
aRasrulos beladis nebismieri direqtiva servilizmi
ewodeba. igi batonisa da monis urTierTobaTa gamoxa-
tulebasac warmoadgens da dabali socialuri Segnebis
produqtia. masSi pirovnebis kritikuli goni yovelnai-
rad idevneba, samoqalaqo sazogadoebas cvlis amorfu-
li, unificirebuli masa, romelsac gamoclili aqvs neba
da mTlianad damokidebulia beladis kaprizebze. bela-
di qveyanaSi akontrolebs yvelafers, sazogadoebrivi
yofierebidan dawyebuli kerZo individualuri cxovre-
biT damTavrebuli. mas rvafexas msgavsad yvelaferze
modebuli aqvs Tavisi sacecebi da cdilobs yvelafris
daqvemdebarebasa da mitacebas. beladis zurgs ukan
dgas partia, romelic misi uerTgulesi xalxiTaa dakom-
233
pleqtebuli, romelTa meSveobiTac avtoritari axor-
cielebs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobas. aq partia Seqmni-
lia erTgulebisa da sandoobis niSniT da araferi esaq-
meba samarTlianobisa da WeSmaritebis principebTan.
totalitarizmis Semdegi atributia ideologiz-
mi, romelic niSnavs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis domi-
nantobas sazogadoebrivi yofierebis formebze. ideo-
logia anu tendenciuri, yalbi cnobiereba mudam cdi-
lobs arsebuli politikuri reJimis gamarTlebasa da
dacvas da mas naklebad ainteresebs WeSmariteba. ideo-
logizmi gulisxmobs sayovelTao cenzuris dawesebas
sazogadoebriv da pirad cxovrebaze. is, rac cenzuras
ver gaivlis ukanonod cxaddeba da idevneba. aqedan erTi
nabijia teroramde, romelic totalitarizmis morigi
niSania. misi meSveobiT xdeba socialuri sinamdvilis
regulacia, ris Sedegadac represiebsa da likvidacias
eqvemdebarebian reJimisaTvis miuRebeli da arasando
pirebi. terori qveyanaSi nergavs totaluri SiSisa da
undoblobis atmosferos, rac mosaxleobis sulier deg-
radaciasa da gadagvarebas iwvevs. totalitarizmi saku-
Tar miRwevebs mecnierebis ukanasknel sityvad acxadebs
da xalxSi nergavs piars, romlis mixedviTac igi saka-
cobrio progresis matarebel Zalad cxaddeba. es prog-
resi unda ganxorcieldes mTel planetaze da mas ara na-
cionaluri, aramed internacionaluri, kosmopolituri
masStabebi aqvs. totalitarizmi mebrZoli, militaruli
sistemaa, romelic cdilobs omebiTa da SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtebiT gadawyvitos sadao sakiTxebi da sabo-
loo jamSi miaRwios msoflio batonobas. totalita-
rizmi gvxvdeba ori saxiT - memarcxene da memarjvene re-
Jimebis saxiT, romelTa Soris ar arsebobs arsebiTi gan-
sxvaveba. totalitarizmis memarcxene formaa bolSeviz-
mi, rusuli komunizmi, xolo memarjvene formas warmo-
adgens faSizmi, germanuli nacizmisa da italiuri fa-
Sizmis saxiT. am formebs Soris mxolod is gansxvavebaa,
234
rom faSizmi warmoadgens okultur da rasistul doq-
trinas, maSin rodesac komunizmi scientisturi da in-
ternacionaluri moZRvrebaa. sxva mxriv maT Soris sa-
dao msoflmxedvelobrivi kuTxiT ar arsebobs. isini er-
TmaneTs mxolod msoflioze batonobis gamo ebrZvian,
rasac xSirad SecdomaSi Sehyavs obivateli.
totalitarizmisagan principulad gansxvavdeba
demokratia, romelic sruliad sapirispiro socialur
models warmoadgens. mas pirvel rigSi axasiaTebs xeli-
suflebis samive rgolis paritetulobisa da Tanaarse-
bobis principi. amas mosdevs socialuri institutebis
TviTaqtivoba, romelic ZirSive gamoricxavs voJdizms.
demokratiis dros warmoudgenelia rogorc voJdizmi
aseve servilizmi. aq damyarebulia kanonis diqtatura,
romelsac erTnairad, Tanabrad emorCileba rogorc
umaRlesi ZalauflebiT aRWurvili piri, aseve sazoga-
doebis rigiTi wevri. demokratia kritikuli azrovnebiT
aRWurvili pirovnebis spontanobis produqtia da arse-
biTad emijneba socialuri monobis gamovlinebis yovel-
gvar formas. demokratia gamoricxavs erTpartiulobas
da mravalpartiul politikur bataliebzea orientire-
buli, romlis drosac partiebs Soris sruli paritetu-
lobisa da SejibrebiTobis principi moqmedebs. demokra-
tia axorcielebs xelisuflebis yvela rgolis arCeviTo-
bas rogorc vertikalSi aseve horizontalSi rac socia-
luri stabilurobis garantiaa da axdens moZvelebuli,
odiozuri mmarTveli politikuri gundis droul Canac-
vlebasa da rotacias yovelgvari socialuri revoluci-
ebisa da politikuri koliziebis gareSe. demokratia ga-
moricxavs yovelgvar cenzurasa da ideologizms. Tavi-
sufali masmedia da deideologizebuli sazogadoeba mi-
si savizito baraTebia. terori demokratiisaTvis prin-
cipulad miuRebelia, sociumis daSinebasa da masze
tlanq zewolas aq cvlis ideebisa da Sexedulebebis Ria
konkurencia, romlis drosac sazogadoeba Tavad irCevs
235
misTvis sasurvel politikur platformasa da liders.
demokratiisaTvis aseve miuRebelia msoflio hegemonia
da militarizmi. is aris mSvidobiani socialuri sistema,
romelic civiluri meTodebiT axorcielebs sazogado-
ebrivi urTierTobebis regulacias.
axali mileniumi totalitaruli reJimebisa da
mentalobis rRvevis xanaa, magram am politikur sistemas-
Tan saboloo gamoTxoveba arc ise ioli saqme aRmoCnda.
meoce saukunis bolos moxda klasikuri totalitaruli
sistemis, sabWoTa kavSiris demontaJi, magram mis nangre-
vebze aRmocenebulma politikurma reJimebma kvlav to-
talitarizmis inerciiT ganagrZes arseboba. es ganapiro-
ba ramdenime faqtorma, pirvel rigSi reliqtebis saxiT
SemorCenilma komunisturma mentalobam, meores mxriv,
partiulma nomenklaturam da bolos sabWourma cxovre-
bis wesma, romelic jer kidev mZlavrad iyo SemorCenili
postsabWouri qveynebis eleqtoratSi. yovelive aman war-
moSva axali politikuri sistema, romelsac garegnulad
aqvs demokratiis saxe, magram Sinaarsis mxriv TiTqmis
zedmiwevniT imeorebs totalitarizmis teqnologias.
esaa demokratiisa da avtoritarizmis erTgvari nazavi,
romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos demokratiuli
totalitarizmi. mmarTvelobis es sistema aRmocenda yo-
fil sabWoTa respublikebSi - ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, belo-
rusSi, amierkavkasiasa da Sua aziaSi. am mxriv gansakuTre-
biT gamoirCevian centraluri aziis qveynebi, romlebSi-
ac neototalitarizmma lamis konstituciuri monarqie-
bis saxe miiRo. am qveynebSi xelisufleba gadanawilebu-
lia ojaxur klanebsa da organizebul kriminalur daj-
gufebebs Soris da politikur klimats qmnian mafia, nar-
kosindikatebi da kriminaluri dajgufebebi.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi jer kidev ganagrZoben ar-
sebobas totalitarizmis reliqtebi totalitaruli
seqtebis, organizebuli kriminaluri dajgufebebis da
fundamentaluri reJimebis saxiT. marTalia maTi mas-
236
Stabebi gacilebiT mokrZalebulia, magram marTvis sti-
li da meTodologia mTlianad imeorebs totalitariz-
mis teqnologiebs. totalitaruli seqtis guru, winam-
ZRoli, iseTive avtoritaria rogorc faSisturi reJi-
mis fiureri, romlis yovel brZanebas usityvod unda
daemorCilos seqtis adepti. Tavis droze msoflio SeZ-
ra surinamSi datrialebulma tragediam, romelic ga-
mowveuli iyo iq moqmedi totalitaruli religiuri
seqtis ,,mzis qalaqis“ wevrebis koleqtiuri TviTmkvle-
lobiT. seqtis wevrebma winamZRolis brZanebis safuZ-
velze TviTmkvlelobiT daasrules sicocxle ise, rom
ar gamouxatavT aranairi protesti da guliswyroma. ia-
poniaSi moqmedma religiurma totalitarulma seqtam
winamZRolis brZanebiT tokios metros erT-erT sad-
gurSi gauSva momakvdinebeli gazi, romelmac araerTi
mSvidobiani moqalaqis sicocxle Seiwira. msoflioSi
dReisaTvis moqmedeben sxvadasxva saxis totalitaruli
seqtebi, romlebic garkveul safrTxes warmoadgenen ka-
cobriobisaTvis, radgan Tu maT SeZles ganadgurebis
riskis Semcvleli uaxlesi teqnologiebis xelSi Cagde-
ba, maSin es udidesi katastrofis fasad daujdeba msof-
lios. igive iTqmis kriminalur avtoritetzedac, rome-
lic warmoadgens faSisti diqtatoris miniaturul,
degradirebul gansaxierebas. igi mudam marTali da Se-
ucdomelia, mis brZanebebs usityvod emorCilebian da
ukritikod aRasruleben qveSevrdomebi. es sistema
mTlianad terorzea dafuZnebuli da umkacresad devnis
da uswordeba yvelas vinc protests acxadebs. totali-
tarizmis gadmonaSTia fundamentaluri reJimi, rome-
lic religiuri fanatizmis safuZvelze aRmocenebul
Caketil, ideologizebul sistemas warmoadgens da te-
roris meSveobiT axorcielebs mmarTvelobas. msgavsi
reJimebi islamur garemoSi gvxvdebian da maT warmoqmnas
xels uwyoben islamuri revoluciebi, ,,al-qaida“ da misi
msgavsi teroristuli organizaciebi. servilizmi, mili-
237
tarizmi da totalitarizmis sxva atributebi am reJime-
bis arsenalSi Sedian da isini TiTqmis ucvlelad iyene-
ben im politikur teqnologiebs rac Tavis droze adap-
tirebuli iyo klasikur totalitarul sistemebSi.
totalitaruli da neototalitaruli sistemebi
eyrdnobian Zalauflebis subrefcias da samomavlod
maT perspeqtiva ar gaaCniaT, Tanamedrove msoflio mi-
dis gaxsnili, Ria sistemebisken, romlebic agebuli ari-
an TanamSromlobis, novaciisa da kreaciis principze da
ZirSive gamoricxaven diqtatsa da Zaldatanebas. am axal
samyaroSi Zalaufleba iqneba ara subieqtis egocen-
tristul interesebze aRmocenebuli fenomeni, rome-
lic sxvaTa Cagvras isaxavs miznad, aramed sazogadoebis
interesebis gamomxatveli, romelic moqalaqeTa TviT-
Segnebisa da Tanxmobis meSveobiT aagebs socialurad in-
tegrirebul sazogadoebas.

TEIMURAZ PACHULIA
POWER SUBREPTION
(Resume)

The power subreption is a view of point, in accordance of which

the power means omnipotence. By this view, the power is the fight for
superiority, which aims to dominate others. The feature of this
standpoint is an aggressive egocentrism, which characterized by
disregard for the interests of others. It is a vulgar understanding of
power that diametrically opposes to the principles of democracy and is
oriented on total mentality. The Golden Law of Power is its
antagonist, which considers that power must be empty from subjective
moments and must reflect the interests of objective side that means the
interests of people.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnie-

rebaTa akademiis socialuri da politikuri filosofi-
is ganyofilebam.
238
 tariel rexviaSvili
(Tbilisi)

tariel rexviaSvili _ filosofiur

mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, sa-
qarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi. muSaobs mecniere-
bis filosofiisa da Teoriuli filoso-
fiis problemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs
wignebi: `subieqtis cnobieri da aracno-
bieri aqtivobis problema filosofiaSi~ (Tb. 2004); `socialu-
ri ganwyobisa da Rirebulebis urTierTkavSiri subieqtis
cnobiersa da aracnobier aqtivobaSi~ (Tb. 2008); `filosofia~
(Tb. 2009); prof. t. rexviaSvils ekuTvnis agreTve mravali sa-
mecniero statia filosofiis zemoaRniSnul dargebSi.

interesis cneba kita megreliZis `azris so-

cialur fenomenologiaSi~

kita megreliZis fundamentur naSromSi `azris so-

cialuri fenomenologia~ didi yuradReba eTmoba inte-
resis cnebas. am naSromSi Rrmadaa gaanalizebuli is Ziri-
Tadi faqtorebi, rac aqtiurad amoZravebs da warmarTavs
adamianTa cxovrebas, maT azrovnebas da interesebs. meg-
reliZes azris ganviTarebis mTavar berketad socialuri
obieqturi situaciisa da subieqturi interesebis dia-
leqtikuri winaaRmdegobebis gadaWra miaCnia.
am problemebs megreliZe istorizmis principze
dayrdnobiT ikvlevs. amitom misTvis miuRebelia iseTi
filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri Teoriebi, romlebic
adamianTa istoriul praqtikul gamocdilebas yurad-
Rebas ar aqcevs da azrovnebis `struqturas~ maradiul
fenomenad miiCnevs.
am Sromas laitmotivad gasdevs azri imis Sesaxeb,
rom problemebisa da interesebis gadaWris procesi em-

239
Txveva azrovnebis fenomenologiuri ganviTarebis pro-
cess. fenomenebSi, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba is
ideebi da Rirebulebebi, ris xorcSesxmasac materialu-
ri da sulieri kultura warmoadgens.
megreliZisTvis azrovnebis Seswavla cxovrebisa-
gan, cxovrebis problemisagan ganyenebulad miuRebeli
da usargebloa, amitom is azrovnebas ikvlevs socialu-
ri problemebisa da maTi gadaWris kanonzomierebis sa-
fuZvelze. megreliZis mixedviT, ramdenadac azrovneba,
rogorc procesi, rogorc mizandasaxuli moRvaweoba,
mxolod socialur doneze warmoiSoba, imdenad is swo-
red am socialuri problemebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom is mxolod sociologiuri
problemebiT iyos dainteresebuli. piriqiT, megreliZe
azrovnebas ikvlevs mravali aspeqtiT; gansakuTrebiT
did yuradRebas uTmobs fiziologiisa da fsiqologiis
im mimarTulebebis kritikas, romlebic azrovnebas bio-
logisturad da naturalisturad ganixilaven. aseve
megreliZe mravalmxriv aanalizebs empirizms, raciona-
lizmsa da sxva filosofiuri sistemebis Sexedulebebs
azrovnebis Sesaxeb da kritikul Sefasebebs aZlevs yve-
la im sistemas, romlebic azrovnebas Semecnebis mudmiv
`aparatad~ miiCnevs da amiT subieqtis aqtivobas auq-
mebs.
megreliZe gansakuTrebulad akritikebs im fsiqo-
logiur Teoriebs (biheviorizmi, geStaltfsiqologia
da sxva), romlebic azrovnebas da cnobierebas istoriu-
li praqtikis gareSe ganixilavs. is did Sefasebas aZlevs
uznaZis ganwyobis Teorias. unda iTqvas, rom maTi az-
rovnebis kvlevis meTodologia erTmaneTs emTxveva. es
gamoixateba imaSi, rom isini azrovnebis process socia-
luri problemebis gadaWras ukavSireben, sadac gadam-
wyveti roli obieqtur situacias, subieqtur moTxovni-
lebebsa da interesebis dialeqtikur kavSirs gaaCnia.

240
rogorc uznaZe, aseve megreliZe axali ideebis warmoSo-
bas problemebis gadaWras ukavSirebs.
megreliZisTvis miuRebelia yvela is Teoria, rome-
lic azrovnebas erTxel da samudamod mocemul kanon-
zomierebad Tvlis. `adamianis ganviTarebis istorias _
wers k. megreliZe _ moepoveba am SexedulebaTa uarmyo-
feli da imis damasabuTebeli faqtebi, rom sxvadasxva
epoqisa da kulturis gansxvavebuli stadiebis adamian-
Ta azrovneba radikalurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisa-
gan. arsebiTad mcdaria varaudi, TiTqos cnobierebas
hqondes raRac TavisTavadi kanonebi da amitom, sadac
unda vlindebodes, igi yvelgan erTnairia da yovelTvis
qmnis erTnair warmonaqmnebs~ (1, gv. 360). magram Tu ada-
miani iseTi amocanis winaSe dgeba, rom misTvis uCveulo
situaciebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin `axsna imdenad cnobie-
rebis subieqtur niSnebsa da kanonebSi ar unda veZioT,
ramdenadac obieqtur mizezebSi~ (iqve).
amitom megreliZisaTvis miuRebelia rogorc raci-
onalisturi, aseve iracionalisturi Sexedulebebi az-
rovnebis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.
megreliZis mixedviT, rogorc racionalizmSi, iseve
iracionalizmSi azrovnebis aqtivobis sakiTxi ar ukav-
Sirdeba saazrovno problemebis gadaWris process, ara-
med aq saqme exeba azrovnebis `meqanizmis~ garkvevas. aq
mTavari is ki ar aris, raze, ra problemebze azrovnebs da
aqtivobs subieqti, aramed imaze, Tu rogor, ra `meqaniz-
miT~ anxorcielebs subieqti aqtivobas. racionalizmSi
yuradReba eTmoba inteleqtis unars, romelic winaswar
daprogramebuli, teleologiuri aucileblobiT anxor-
cielebs azrovnebis aqtivobas, xolo iracionalizmSi
subieqtis aqtivobas aracnobieri intuiciis unari war-
marTavs. orTave mimdinareobaSi subieqtis aqtivobis
obieqturi madeterminirebeli faqtori daviwyebulia da
amiT azrovnebis aqtivoba mxolod Semmecnebel maradiul
unarebzea damokidebuli. aq mTavaria ara azris Sinaarsi,
241
aramed azris forma, romelic araviTar cvalebadobas ar
ganicdis. amitom ar SeiZleba vilaparakoT wminda saxis
kategoriebze, romlebic yvela empiriul sinamdviles mi-
eyeneba; ar SeiZleba civilizebuli adamianisa da tote-
mizmis droindeli adamianis azrovnebis normebis gaigi-
veba; miTologiuri cnobiereba da mecnieruli cnobiere-
ba sul sxvadasxvaa. azrovneba ar SeiZleba problemebisa
da moTxovnilebebis gareSe. es moTxovnilebebi ki sul
sxvadasxva aqvT miTologiuri azrovnebis adamiansa da
mecnierulad moazrovne adamians.
k. megreliZe apriorizmis winaaRmdeg SeniSnavs: `eg-
reTwodebuli azrovnebis kategoriebi, rogorc azris
garkveuli trafaretebi, Sablonebi, ara Tu exmareba az-
rovnebas, rogorc ki saerTod hgoniaT, aramed ufro xSi-
rad xels uSlis axali azrebis warmoSobas~ (1, gv. 363).
megreliZisaTvis miuRebelia erTxel da samudamod
mocemuli azrovnebis `aparati~, radgan misi dasabuTe-
bis araviTari mecnieruli argumentebi ar arsebobs, xo-
lo dialeqtikur moZraobaSi myofi azrovneba istoriu-
li praqtikis safuZvelze Seimecneba. amaze metyvelebs
is garemoeba, rom `Tavisi ideebis ganxorcielebisas az-
rovneba ara marto eufleba sinamdviles da imecnebs mas,
aramed Tavis Tavsac scdis: roca igi obieqtebs imecnebs
da cvlis, amasTan erTad azrovneba Tavis Secdomebsac
swavlobs da sakuTar Tavsac imecnebs. azri Tavis Tavs
swvdeba Tavisi ganxorcielebis meSveobiT, azris obieq-
turi yofierebis meSveobiT~ (1, gv. 514). amitom megreli-
Zis mixedviT, praqtikis cnebas farTo funqcia aqvs su-
bieqtis aqtivobaSi. is ar eTanxmeba im avtorebs, vinc
praqtikis cnebas mxolod WeSmaritebis kriteriumad mi-
iCnevs. misi azriT, praqtikis cneba ara mxolod WeSmari-
tebis kriteriumia, aramed is TviTon azrovnebis proce-
sisa da subieqtis aqtivobis safuZvelia. `ai, ratom vam-
bobT _ wers k. megreliZe _ rom calmxrivia praqtikis

242
sakiTxis ganxilva viwro mniSvnelobiT, mxolod WeSma-
ritebis kriteriumis TvalsazrisiT~ (1, gv. 514).
is garemoeba, rom azrovneba TviTon aris moZravi
da ganviTarebadi, amas praqtikis safuZvelze vigebT.
praqtikis safuZvelze dgindeba, rom adamianTa intere-
sebi mudmiv icvleba da amasTan erTad warmarTavs az-
rovnebis process. `sazogadoebriv praqtikasa da obieq-
tur socialur interesebs moZraobaSi mohyavT azrovne-
biTi moqmedeba da axali ideebis warmoSobis realur sa-
fuZvels Seadgenen. sazogadoebrivi interesebi ama Tu
im mxares abruneben adamianTa cnobierebas, momarTaven
azrovnebas garkveul nivTebze, amocanebze, miznebze,
obieqtebze. es ukanaskneli ki obieqturi iZulebiT gan-
sazRvravs maTi gaazrebis wess~. (1, gv. 514).
subieqtis aqtivoba ara mxolod yoveldRiur prob-
lemebs exeba, aramed is, upirveles yovlisa, momavlis
interesebs gulisxmobs. subieqtis namdvili aqtivoba
swored maSin vlindeba, rodesac igi azrovnebis aqtivo-
bis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens iseT situaciebze
azrovneba, romelic warmosaxvaSi arsebobs da jer ar
warmoSobila, e.i. azrovneba momavalze. amitom, `adamia-
nis qcevas gansazRvravs ara imdenad arsebuli situacia,
ramdenadac moazrebuli da warmodgenili situacia~ (1,
gv. 146). am interesis gareSe araviTari aqtivoba da az-
rovnebis ganviTareba ar SeiZleba. swored amitom, subi-
eqtis aqtivoba maSin ganxorcieldeba warmatebiT, ro-
desac is warmosaxul situacias, anu momavals sworad
Seafasebs da swor gzebs dasaxavs.
megreliZisaTvis miuRebelia yovelgvari transcen-
dentizmi, radgan is subieqt-obieqtis dialeqtur kav-
Sirs ugulebelyofs. misi azriT, `filosofosebi jer
wminda gansjiTi gziT TiSaven sinamdviles or mtrul sam-
yarod: idealur, principulad imanentur, agreTve fsiqi-
kur samyarod da nivTTa principulad transcendentur
samyarod; Semdeg ki eZeben, rogor daakavSiron da riT Se-
243
aerTon es ori ucxo da SeuerTebeli samyaro, eZeben xids
subieqtsa da obieqts Soris... magram aseTs verafers pou-
loben~ (1, gv. 202). megreliZis mixedviT, imanenturi da
transcendenturi sinamdvile ganuyofelia.
megreliZe azrovnebis SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas Tavi-
suflebis cnebas ukavSirebs. amis gareSe subieqtis aqti-
voba araviTar dadebiT kvals ar tovebs sazogadoebaSi.
am mizniT is ganixilavs sxvadasxva filosofiuri
sistemebis Sexedulebebs samyaros suraTis Sesaxeb:
1. meqanisturi mizezobriobis samyaros suraTi, sa-
dac awmyo warsulisagan arafers inaxavs `awmyo sruliad
Tavisufalia warsulisagan~ (1, gv. 299). aq subieqti meqa-
nikurad aris determinirebuli garegani faqtorebisa-
gan da subieqti veraviTar aqtivobas ver anxorcielebs.
Sesabamisad, aq araviTar pirovnul Tavisuflebaze la-
paraki ar SeiZleba.
2. teleologiuri mizezobriobis samyaros suraTi,
romlis Tanaxmad realurad arsebobs ara marto awmyo,
aramed mTeli warsuli da momavali. arc aq aris isto-
ria, rogorc ganviTarebis aqtualuri procesi, radga-
nac ganviTareba dasawyisSive absoluturad dasrulebu-
lia (iqve). aseT sistemaSic subieqtis aqtivobaze lapa-
raki gamoricxulia.
megreliZe samyaros suraTis me-3 sistemas akuT-
vnebs dialeqtikur Teorias. `mesame gagebis amosavali
ki is aris, rom momavali, rogorc absoluturad winas-
wargansazRvruli, ar arsebobs da miT umetes ar arse-
bobs momavali, rogorc idealurad ukve momxdari faq-
ti. momavali mudmivad iqmneba, rogorc raRac axali, da
iqmneba obieqturad ZalTa veqtorebis yvelaze ufro sa-
albaTo TanmTxvevaTa kanonis mixedviT~ (1, gv. 299).
teleologiuri samyaros suraTi saerTod auqmebs
SemTxveviTobis obieqtur arsebobas, am gagebiT msof-
lio istoria aris mkacri logikuri garduvaloba. aseTi
samyaros suraTis mixedviT, TviT adamianuri azrovne-
244
bac winaswaraa daprogramebuli. adamianebi amgvarad
imitom azrovneben, rom aseTad arian daprogramebuli
teleologiuri mizniT. es garemoeba amkvidrebs mkacr
aucileblobas, anu `sxvagvarad azrovnebis SeuZleblo-
bas~. megreliZis azriT, SemTxveviTobis obieqturad
daSvebis gareSe SeuZlebelia vimsjeloT raime Tavisuf-
lebaze da interesebis ganxorcielebaze.
megreliZisaTvis miuRebelia rogorc mkacri de-
terminizmisa da fatalizmis, aseve indeterminizmisa da
relativizmis Teoriebi, radgan pirovnebis Tavisufle-
bas orTave Teoria gamoricxavs. TavisTavad cxadia, rom
mkacri determinizmi mxolod iluziur Tavisuflebas
uSvebs, radgan yvela misi gadawyvetileba da interesi
mkacrad determinirebuli da gardauvalia. xolo inde-
terminizmis mixedviT, yvelaferi dasaSvebi da SesaZle-
belia, radgan samyaro Ria sistemaa da SemTxveviToba ba-
tonobs. aseT samyaroSi yovelgvar Rirebulebas fasi
ekargeba da mxolod relatiuri xdeba. megreliZe icavs
Ria samyaros mecnierul Teorias, magram, relativizmi-
sagan gansxvavebiT, is rogorc SemTxveviTobis, aseve au-
cileblobis obieqturobas aRiarebs. amitom momavlis
winaswarxedva da interesis Tavisufali moqmedeba abso-
luturi sizustiT ki ar aris SesaZlebeli, aramed aq
obieqturi SemTxveviTobisa da aucileblobis gamo al-
baTuri gamoTvlebi dasaSvebia.
megreliZis mixedviT, interesis safuZvelze warmo-
ebuli winaswarxedva ZiriTadad TavisuflebasTan da
RirebulebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi sociologiu-
ri gamokvleva swored amiT gansxvavdeba yvela zemogan-
xiluli Sexedulebisagan. misi azriT, yovelgvari inte-
resi ki ar aris Rirebuli, romelic adamians mosdis Tav-
Si, `aramed is, Tu maTgan romelni rCebian, rogorc mniS-
vnelobis mqoneni~ (1, gv. 345). amitom swored aseT aqti-
vobasTan aris dakavSirebuli azrovnebis SemoqmedebiTi
Tavisufleba.
245
 TARIEL REKHVIASHVILI

CONCEPT OF INTEREST IN THE

`SOCIAL PHENOMENOLOGY OF THOUGHT~
BY KITA MEGRELIDZE

ABSTRACT

Kita Megrelidze’s viewpoint on the role of interest in social

phenomenology of thinking is considered in the paper. According to
the author, interest is the main subjective factor, which forms the basis
of creative freedom in the process of solution of social problem. This
process is dynamic and dialectical. That’s why for Megrelidze all the
psychological and philosophical theories are unacceptable, which
consider thinking as unchangeable eternal regularity.

literatura:

1. megreliZe kita, azris socialuri fenomenolo-

gia, Tb., 1990.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis filosofiis istoriis ganyofilebam

246
 badri forCxiZe
(quTaisi)

badri forCxiZe _ filosofiis doqtori, a.

wereTlis sax. quTaisis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis asocirebuli profesori; muSaobs so-
cialuri filosofiisa da filosofiuri an-
Tropologiis problemebze; gamoqveynebuli
aqvs ori wigni: `pirovnebaTa amocnobis istoriul-filoso-
fiuri horoskopi~ (quTaisi, 2007); `samarTlis filosofiis
aqtualuri problemebi~ (o. mindaZis TanaavtorobiT, quTaisi
2009), agreTve samecniero statiebi.

socialuri cnobiereba, rogorc teqnikur

garemoSi adaptirebis unari

adamianur individTa urTierTobis mowesrigebis

formebi yalibdeboda socialuri cnobierebis mier or-
ganizebuli sistemebis saxiT sazogadoebis bunebriv-is-
toriuli ganviTarebis erTian procesSi. garkveul kri-
zisul etapze inteleqtis aqtiuri funqciebis gamovle-
nam dasabami daudo aRniSnuli procesis mimarT Tviseb-
rivad gansxvavebuli fenomenis warmoqmnas da misi ara-
Tanabari siswrafiT ganviTarebas, rasac teqnikuri
adaptaciis unari unda ewodos. bunebismetyveli mkvle-
vrebis mier SemoTavazebuli dedamiwis warmoSoba-ganvi-
Tarebis asaki, saxeldobr, misi organuli safaris Camo-
yalibebis xangrZliobaTa ciklebi SeiZleba arcTu Sem-
TxveviT mogveCvenos bibliuri Sesaqmis analogiad, sa-
dac RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis mTeli gvirgvini gaxlavT
adamiani. sicocxlis genezisisTvis niSandoblivi cik-
lebis logikuri ganpirobebuloba da Tanafardoba gar-
kveul STabeWdilebas gviqmnis kosmiuri drois cvaleba-
dobis kanonzomierebaze, rac damkvidrebuli iyo deda-
miwis biologiuri sicocxlis aRmocenebamde da mis Sem-
247
deg. is azri, rom organuli buneba, araorganulTan Se-
darebiT, Tvisebrivi gardaqmnebis Sinagan procesTa
Warbi intensiobis momcvelia, sadavo araa, Tumca bios-
feros formirebamde moZraoba-cvalebadobis garegani
kosmosuri procesi iseTi kataklizmebis Semcvelia, rom
nivTieri qaosis pirobebSi, dedamiwis qerqi warmogvid-
genia asteroidebis, meteoritebis, kometebis, an ufro
giganturi planetaruli namsxvrevebiT ganuwyveteli
dabombvisa da TermobirTvuli afeTqebebis viTarebaSi,
sadac faqtobrivad gamoiricxeba organuli safaris ga-
Cenis albaToba. sicocxle Cndeba kosmogenuri katak-
lizmebis dacxrobisa da cvlilebaTa SedarebiTi wonas-
worobis pirobebSi. es siwynare da stabiluri wonaswo-
roba am SemTxvevaSi ukve garegnuli xasiaTisaa; Sinaga-
nad ki is, rac kosmogenur cvlilebebs garegnulad gan-
sazRvravs, organul samyaros Sinagan mamoZraveblad
uyalibdeba. am Sinagani Zalis kataklizmur cvlilebaTa
tolqmeds Seadgens cocxal organizmTa evoluciis bu-
nebriv-istoriuli procesi. maSasadame, kosmogenuri ka-
taklizmebis garegani intensivoba nivTier-materialu-
ri movlenebis sferos Seadgens, xolo igive cvlilebe-
bi, Sinagani Zalis gamoxatulebis mixedviT, sicocxlis
evoluciis bunebriv-istoriuli procesis Tavisebure-
bas warmoadgens. amitomac iq, sadac adgili aqvs pirvel
maTgans, imavdroulad SeuZlebelia adgili hqondes me-
oresac, Tumca, Tu moxda piriqiT, maSin es biologiuri
safaris sruli katastrofiT dasruldeba. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi uadgilod ar migvaCnia esqatologiur moZ-
RvrebebTan kavSiri, rac, sxvaTa Soris, ucxo araa dasav-
luri filosofiisTvis, romelic garkveuli aspeqtiT,
adamianis mier bunebaze zemoqmedebis mravalgvar mniS-
vnelobas bibliuri Tqmulebis memkvidreobad ganixila-
ven (4. gv-6). samyaros Seqmnis bolo fazaSi RmerTma
umaRles adgilze daayena adamiani; man mouwoda adamsa
da evas: „gaixareT, inayofeT, gamravldiT, SeavseT deda-
248
miwa da daeufleT TevzTa, zRvisa, xmeleTisa da ciur
binadarT, agreTve yovelgvar jogsa da faras cxovel-
Ta, romelnic ki gaivlian miwaze“(iqve-28). es mowodeba,
garkveuli azriT, bunebisadmi agresiuli damokidebu-
lebis gamarTlebadac SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rac gasakvi-
ri araa imitom, rom es adamianuri arsebis kanonzomieri
gamoxatulebaa. religiuri anTropomorfizmis koncef-
cia, am mxriv, sasikeTo zegavlenas ver axdens bunebisad-
mi momxmareblur, udier mopyrobaze.
problemur analizs mivyavarT iqeTken, rom bune-
bisadmi adamianis dapirispirebis mizezi TviT bunebaSi
unda veZioT. evoluciis gansazRvrul safexurze adami-
anuri inteleqtis formirebam homo-sapienss misTvis
arasasurveli garemo pirobebidan Tavis daRwevis saSua-
leba misca. amdenad, cnobiereba, romelic teqnikur sa-
SualebaTa warmoebis unaris ganmsazRvreli faqtori
gaxlavT, imavdroulad sasicocxlo funqciis mTavari
ganmsazRvrelic gaxda adamianis biologiuri TviTSe-
naxvis procesSi. aRniSnul faqtorTan mimarTebaSi cxo-
velurma instinqtma ukana planze gadainacvla. adamia-
nis Tvisebrivad gamokveTil maSindel saxes biogeneti-
kuri mutaciebis doneze arsebiTi cvlilebebi aRar ga-
nucdia, ufro metic, cnobierebis faqtoris aqtualiza-
ciis intensiuri zrdis Semdeg teqnikuri warmoebis in-
dustrializaciisa da postindustrializaciis eram aS-
karad Seaferxa adamianis evolucia bunebrivi adaptaci-
is formiT da dasabami misca mis sapirispiro ukupro-
cess.
filosofiaSi teqnikis pirvelmizezTa kvleva-Zie-
bis aRniSnul ganyofilebas, safuZveli Cauyara ernst
kapma, romelic gaxlavT avtori wignisa: „teqnikis filo-
sofiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani. axali Tvalsazrisis
aRmoceneba kulturis istoriasTan mimarTebaSi“(1877).
1898 wels teqnikis filosofias mieZRvna aseve germane-
li filosofosis, fred bonis Sroma: „valdebulebisa da
249
sikeTis Sesaxeb,“ amave problemas gamoexmaura Tavisi
broSuriT: „XIX saukunis teqnikuri Sedegebi“ ruseTSi
moRvawe inJineri petre engelmaieri, Tumca mocemuli
mecnierebis sistemuri Seswavla daiwyo mxolod XX sau-
kuneSi. teqnikis filosofiis sxvadasxva aspeqti ganixi-
leba marqsizmSi, transhumanizmsa da rig sxva mimarTu-
lebebSi (5. gv-16). marTalia, cnobierebis makonstruire-
beli funqciis gaZlierebam, misma adaptaciam teqnikur
garemosTan, cxoveluri instinqtebis Sesustebis gamo
TandaTanobiT CaaxSo adamianis bunebrivi evolucia,
Tumca gamonaklis, uiSviaTes SemTxvevebSi ar gamoiric-
xeboda gansakuTrebuli individualuri unar-Cvevebis
gamomJRavnebis faqtebi, romelic normaluri mdgomare-
obisagan gansxvavebiT, aRmatebuli Zalis saswaulmoqme-
debas uaxlovdeboda. msgavs raRaceebs adgili aqvs dRe-
sac (bolo dros imdenad gansakuTrebiT momravlda Se-
satyvisi faqtebi, rom SeuZlebelia yvela maTgani TaR-
liTobad da Sarlatanobad monaTlo). erTma SesaniSnav-
ma Cvenma mweralma, istorikosma da sazogado moRvawem,
aw gansvenebulma jimSer ruxaZem, adamianuri gonis fa-
rul, idumal Zalebsa da unarebs sagangebod miuZRvna
metad saintereso wigni: „daujerebeli faqtebisa da sas-
waulebis rwmenis gzajvaredinze,“ romlis redaqtori
me gaxlavarT. wigni mogviTxrobs preistoriuli adamia-
nis evoluciis, sxeulis sikvdilisa da sulis reinkarna-
ciis, telefortaciis, droisa da sivrcis paradoqsebisa
da sxva saxis anomaliebis Sesaxeb (1).
faqtobrivi masalis moculoba imdenad tevadia,
rom maTi ubralo CamonaTvalic ki Zalze Sors wagviy-
vans. gvsurs Tu ara maTi dajereba, mainc aucileblad
angariSi unda gaewios im saR, gonivrul mizanswrafvas,
romelic mowodebulia kacobriobis gasafrTxileblad,
mosalodneli kataklizmebis winaSe, raTa adamianTa mom-
xmareblurma, xarbma da angarebianma, bunebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTulma danaSaulebrivma saqmianobam gamoiwvios ka-
250
nonieri da samarTliani aRSfoTeba progresuli moRva-
weebisa, romelTac TavianTi zneobrivi misiis gansaxor-
cieleblad marTebT win aRudgnen mtarvalTa Zalauf-
lebis Tavxedur agresias, raTa aqtiurad SeuSalon xeli
bneli zraxvebis sisruleSi moyvanas. winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi, dedamiwas yelSi amouva am abezari da umaduri
xalxis veraguli saqcieli, erTxelac mZlavrad daiber-
tyavs tans, riTac vin icis, meramdened moiSorebs am ci-
vilizaciasac, romlis sicocxlec bunebas sikvdilis
fasad ujdeba. samagierod, dabadebs axals da ase moeq-
ceva yvelas, sanam kacobrioba bolos da bolos gons ar
mouxmobs, raTa man am sabediswero msjavridan gakveTi-
li gamoitanos da totalur katastrofas Tavi aaridos.
Zvelad, winaistoriul warsulSi, am saswaulebrivi
sakvirvelebis gamo, gansakuTrebuli ZaliT aRWurvil
individebs RvTaebriv warmomavlobas miakuTvnebdnen.
amitomac preistoriuli periodi miTosur xanad unda
movixsenioT. swored aqedan iRebdnen dasabams Soreuli
Tqmulebebi da legendebi TavianTi namdvili da gamogo-
nili gmirebiTurT. miTosi ar gamqrala arc istoriuli
drois manZilze, igi Rrmad daileqa Cveni qvecnobieri
arsebis siRrmeSi, saidanac moulodnelad da mZafrad
gvaxsenebs Tavis Tavs idumali bedisweris grZneuli
CurCuliT. preistoriuli da istoriuli epoqebis gza-
gasayarze, individTa mzardi umetesoba TandaTanobiT
kargavda sakvirveli cxovelmyofeli unarebis gamom-
JRavnebis Zalas, vinaidan teqnikuri adaptaciis proces-
Si inteleqtualuri manipulaciebis meSveobiT mimdina-
reobda ganusazRvreli sididis energiis gasxviseba-ga-
sagnebis etapobrivi ciklebi, romelic kvalificirde-
boda gaucxoebis nairgvari socialurad aprobirebuli
formiT, rac, martivad rom vTqvaT, niSnavs Sinagani mar-
gi qmedebis cxovelmyofel ZalTa koeficientis gareT
gamodevnas da xangrZlivi vadis ganmavlobaSi goniTi aq-
tebis inteleqtualuri konservaciis gziT mis ganivTe-
251
bas usulo sagnebSi, romlebic Sromis teqnikuri Seiara-
Rebis gamoyenebiT berketebad gvevlineba. cocxali Za-
lis aracocxal materiaSi gasxvisebam Seqmna nivTier-ma-
terialuri kvlavwarmoebis efeqturi ganxorcielebis
istoriuli pirobebi. procesi grZeldeba ramdenime
aTaswleulis manZilze da amJamad igi ukve apogeas aR-
wevs.
Tavisi arsebobis manZilze adamianTa modgmam ori
ZiriTadi fazis gavla SeZlo: 1.milionnaxevari wlis man-
Zilze igi yalibdeboda maRalorganizebul, gonieri in-
stinqtebis mqone individad, romelic sisxlxorceulad
iyo dakavSirebuli bunebasTan. safuZvels moklebuli
ar unda iyos mosazreba aRniSnul periodSi, sul mcire,
erTi didi da saintereso civilizaciis arsebobisa da
ganadgurebis Sesaxeb. Tu dasaSvebad miviCnevT im azrs,
rom biogenetikuri evolucia Semaferxebeli teqnikuri
garemoebis ararsebobis pirobebSi bevrad ufro daCqa-
rebuli tempiT ganxorcieldeboda, maSin Tavisuflad
SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom cxoveluri mdgomareobi-
dan adamianur saswaulmoqmedebamde amaRlebisTvis ori,
an sami asiaTaswleuli savsebiT sakmarisi iqneboda.
2.bunebis siurprizad SemoTavazebulma gamyinva-
rebam maSindeli adamiani mkacri da sastiki gamocdis wi-
naSe daayena. Cveni varaudiT, swored aq dairRva adamia-
nis Tavdapirveli mdgomareobis Sesatyvisi bunebrivi
kvebis racioni. Tu is manamde iyo vegetarianeli, yvela
msgavsi tipis primatebTan erTad, gamyinvarebis Semdeg,
ukve TandaTan Rebulobs xorcismWamel mtacebelTa
mxecur Tvisebebs. aqedan moyolebuli dRemde, is yvela
saxeobis mxecze ufro gaumaZRari sastiki da daundobe-
li xdeba. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, vegetariane-
lobidan xorcis Wamaze gadasvlaSi mas fasdaudebeli
daxmareba gauwia inteleqtma, romelmac, preistoriuli
da istoriuli epoqebis gzagasayarTan, kacobriobas Caa-
denina sami umZimesi, magram gardauvali da aucilebeli
252
uprecendento gadaxveva, anu religiuri gagebiT, „cod-
va.“
vegetarianelobidan cxovelur sakvebze gadasvla
iyo kacobriobis upirvelesi radikaluri metamorfozi,
rasac savsebiT Segnebulad vuwodebT codvas, imitom,
rom dRemde sxvadasxva mgrZnobiare adamians, gansakuT-
rebiT bavSvebs, uxvad SemorCaT dasaklavi saqonlis mi-
marT mwvave sinanuli da sindisis qenjna. rom ara koleq-
tiuri socialuri cnobierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli,
sicrueze dafuZnebuli gamarTleba da waxaliseba, ra-
Sic gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs religiuri tradiciac,
calkeuli pirovneba amis gamo tragikuli dilemis
mdgomareobas Tavs ver daaRwevda. bolos da bolos va-
Ja-fSavelas „gvelismWameli“ amis gareSe mxatvrul Se-
devrad ver mogvevlineboda. meore inteleqtualuri
codva socialuri interesebis ganmsazRvreli sicruea,
romelic mimarTulia globaluri ganzogadebis masSta-
biT (igulisxmeba adamianTa Soris TviT kanibalizmamde
miyvanili Seurigebloba da mtroba) pirveli codvis ga-
marTlebisaken. Tu ori dasaxelebuli codva preisto-
riuli xanis umZimesi memkvidreobaa, istoriulma yofie-
rebam amas zed daurTo apokalifsuri Zrwolis momgvre-
li, mesame inteleqtualuri codva, romelic gaxlavT
istoriuli drois meoTxe, falsificirebuli ganzomi-
lebis reglamentiT Tavsmoxveuli, teqnokratiuli ur-
TierTgaucxoeba adamianTa Soris, roca TiToeuli maT-
gani meoris mimarT kargavs socialuri Tanaarsebobis
umTavres funqcias, Rirebulebasa da daniSnulebas.
haidegeri Tvlis, rom adamianma ukve gaacnobiera
sakuTari „mimwodeblis“ funqcia, risTvisac buneba ga-
daaqcia „miwodebad“. mamfordi mogviwodebs megama-
nqanis ngrevisaken. sagulisxmoa, isic, rom am orive fi-
losofoss, da ara marto maT, ar sjeraT teqnikis gamo
warmoSobili problemebis mogvareba isev ganviTarebu-
li teqnikis meSveobiT, miuxedavad misi SesaZlo srul-
253
yofisa da humanizaciisa. jon martini erTi mxriv, aRia-
rebs, rom „dRes gacilebiT ufro iolia mTeli planetis
ganadgureba, vidre mis mimarT miyenebuli zianis likvi-
dacia.“ meore mxriv, teqnologiuri mizeziT warmoqmni-
li problemebis gadawyvetis erTaderT gzad esaxeba ara
misi ganviTarebis Seferxeba, aramed intensiuri daCqa-
reba. „aucilebelia, avirCioT da ganvaviTaroT, iseTi
tipis teqnologiebi, romlebic bunebasTan harmoniaSi
eqcevian”(2. gv-45). msgavsi midgomebis polemikaSi skali-
movski wers: "am gaukuRmarTebul da yovlismomcveli
sirTuleebis safexurze, teqnika gadaiqca Cvens fizi-
kur da mentalur mfarvelad, Tu mainc im azrze davdge-
biT, rom is acarielebs Cvens bunebrivsa da adamianur
garemos, pirveli adekvaturi reaqcia gamoixateba sxvag-
vari formisa da saxeobis SemuSavebis Taobaze, rasac vi-
Tomda, arsebuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvra SeuZ-
lia"(3.89). amgvarad, teqnikis filosofosTa erTi wyeba
saWirod Tvlis teqnikis (teqnologiebis) humanizacias,
raTa is bunebisa da adamianisTvis xelSemwyobi gaxdes,
xolo meore wyeba, skalimovskisnairad, darwmunebulia
yovelgvari teqnologiuri gajansaRebis mcdelobaTa
warumateblobasa da saboloo marcxSi. sagulisxmoa
isic, rom orive mxares TavianTi damajerebeli argumen-
tebi gaaCniaT.
rogorc ukve iTqva, bunebis siurprizad SemoTava-
zebuli gamyinvarebis Jams, adamians mxsnelad moevlina
inteleqti, romlis mier gaformebulma socialurma
cnobierebam gamoamJRavna adaptaciis xelovnurad SeZe-
nili unari da gezi aiRo teqnikuri garemos gamomuSave-
bisken. am meore fazis gviandel safexurze teqnikuri
garemo uSualod ki aRar gamomuSavdeba socialuri cno-
bierebis inteleqtualizaciis Sedegad, aramed, sakuT-
riv teqnikuri rekonstruqcia ikavebs adamianuri inte-
leqtis adgils da amis Semdeg karnaxobs saTanado piro-
bebs socialur cnobierebas, raTa am ukanasknelma adap-
254
tacia ganicados adrindelTan SedarebiT ufro pasiuri
da daqvemdebarebuli Seguebis wesiT. am meore fazis Ta-
viseburebas zedmiwevniT Seesabameba teqnikis filoso-
fiis erT-erTi warmomadgenlis, e. kapis Tvalsazrisi,
romlis mixedviTac teqnikuri SeiaraReba gaxlavT „pro-
eqcia, Taviseburi gagrZeleba da gaZliereba adamianuri
organoebisa (7. gv-327). teqnikur adaptaciasTan dakavSi-
rebiT, saintereso mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli s. florma-
nisa da f. rapis mier. flormani amtkicebs: „saWiroa yu-
radRebis gamaxvileba imaze, rom rogorc wesi, inJinru-
li impulsi Cndeba yvelaze adrindel kulturebSi da ma-
Ti kvalis aRmoCena SesaZlebelia TviT genetikur agebu-
lebaSic“(6.129). aq aSkaraa, rom naturalisturi midgoma
yuradRebas apyrobs teqnikur saqmianobaSi iraciona-
lur determinantebze, Tumca f. rapis azriT, es ver uz-
runvelyofs Tanamedrove, mecnierulad dafuZnebuli
teqnikis dinamikis gagebas, vinaidan, Tu am koncefcias
evoluciuri Teoriis enaze vTargmniT: „garemo, romel-
sac unda SeveguoT, Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna adamianis mi-
er, amgvarad, nebismieri adaptacia gardaiqmneba TviTa-
daptaciad, maSin rodesac evoluciuri perspeqtiva ga-
moyenebulia normatiul SefasebaTa misaRebad“(8. gv-
139). rac Seexeba evoluciis mesame fazas, adamianTa ab-
solutur umravlesobas misTvis jer ar miuRwevia, Tum-
ca Tu mTlad fantaziebisa da gamonagoni qimerebis
msgavs kategoriebSi ar movaqcevT e. w. zebunebrivi,
RvTaebrivi, an demonuri personifikaciebis arsebobas,
SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom sxvadasxva miTologiuri da
religiuri Tqmulebebis saerTo msgavseba, an ucnauri
identifikacia emyareba im gamonaklisi individebis rea-
lur moRvaweobas, romlebic TavianTi unar-SesaZleb-
lobebiT warmodgenas gviqmnian biogenetikuri evolu-
ciis mesame fazaSi Semaval adamianebze. es is fazaa, rom-
lis realuri ganxorcieleba racionalur-empiriuli
gansjisaTvis daujerebelia, magram mxedvelobaSi misa-
255
Rebia iseTi idumali movlenebis arsebobac, romelTac
adgili aqvs religiuri da miTologiuri Tqmulebebis
gareTac, realur sinamdvileSi, Tundac parafsiqolo-
giis, telekinezis, telepatiis, telefortaciis, alqi-
miisa da magiis saxiT, ris safuZvelze aRmocenebuli
warmodgenebi mTlad absurdulad ar unda mogveCvenos.
aq isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom zogierT Sexeduleba-
Ta absurdulobis damtkicebas, pragmatizmis kuTxiT
ufro uaresi absurdis aRiarebiT aRweven.
sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cocxal da ara-
cocxal samyaroTa mkacrma urTierTgamijvnam ukve Ta-
visi dro mecnierebaSic moWama. isedac, jer kidev Zveli
berZeni filosofosebi kargad amCnevdnen, rom mizez-Se-
degobriv kavSirTa logikuri Tanmimdevrobis aucile-
beli dasrulebis iqiT yovelTvis warmoiqmneba iluzia
arafridan raRacis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, rac mecnieruli
msoflmxedvelobis princips ewinaaRmdegeba. imisaTvis,
rom mecnierulad dasabuTdes da msoflmxedvelobri-
vad damajerebeli gaxdes raime, pasuxi unda gaeces kiT-
xvas sawyisi mizezebis Sesaxeb, razec empiriuli da raci-
onaluri monacemebiT pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia, rad-
gan nebismieri aseTi axsna, Tavisi realuri droisa da
sivrcis ganzomilebis sazRvrebSi arRvevs logikuri
igiveobis, winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobisa da sakmao sa-
fuZvlis kanons. Tu gvsurs, rom es kanonebi ar davar-
RvoT, yvelaferi iseTnairad unda vaRiaroT, rom nebis-
mieri arsebuli, amave dros, maradiulad arsebulis ga-
movlenisa da kvlav ganmeorebadobis formas warmoad-
gendes, rac gamoricxavs Zvelze unaSTod dauyvaneli
siaxlis warmoSobas.

256
 BADRI PORCHKIDZE

SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS AS THE ABILITY FOR THE

ADAPTATION TO THE TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENT

abstract

At the contemporary stage, that is at the second phase of

consciousness, technology placed a human at the boundary of
being and not being, where the technical progress and human vital
functions exhausted the possibility and potential of their mutually
useful existence, resulting in rather dramatic, crucial alternatives
in the wake of this century: 1. Proceeding of the self-regulation of
the technical progress will be possible even in case of the total
extinction of humans; 2. Both technology and humans will be
extricated simultaneously; 3. The technical progress will come to
its end, and humans halted biogenetic evolution will be
proceeded, that is a human will transfer to the third phase of
social consciousness, to which the adaptation in the technical
environment will not be the only and principal feature.
One should not justify the radical opinion that technology,
with all of its features and attributes, is in acceptable and fatal
the natural evolution of humans, as far as there is a certain
boundary before which technology requires the intensive
development of human physical and spiritual abilities, creative
skills; in this respect, technology is a necessary and vital force,
however, after technical tools take on the founction of an active
and only producer, they no longer need the human involvement
in various activities, closing the way for the vital self-
realization. It is important that international relations, with their
endless struggles and contradictions owing to their leader
willing power, will not devoid the slight slow-down of the

257
revolutionary rhythm of technology. Therefore, the only the
solution is the realization of a kind of a mission of the third
phase humans, cousing the survival or prolongation of life of the
humankind in analogy with ancient myths and religious legens.

literatura:

1. ix. jimSer ruxaZe; daujerebeli faqtebisa da

saswaulebis rwmenis gzajvaredinze. quTaisi. 2011.
2. Механика и цивилизация XVII–XIX вв. М. 1981.
3. Сколимовский Х. Философия техники как философия
человека // Новая технократическая волна на Западе. М. 1986.
4. Философия техники в ФРГ; Москва „прогресс“ 1989.
5. Философия техники, история и современность. —
Москва, 1997
6. Habermas J.Technik und Wissenschaft als “Ideologie”.
Frankfurt a. M. 1968.
7. Kapp e. Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik. Zur
Entstehungsgeschichte der Kultur aus neuen Gesichtspunkten.
Düsseldorf, 1978.
8. Rapp F. Philosophy of Technology: A Review in:
interdisciplinary Science Reviews 1985.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis socialuri da politikuri filosofiis
ganyofilebam

258
 nana maWaraZe
(Tbilisi)

nana maWaraZe _ iv.javaxiSvilis saxelo-

bis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets
sociologiis magistri. mediisa da komuni-
kaciis sociologi. kvlevis sferoebi: so-
cialuri mediis ganviTarebis tendencie-
bi, socialuri kapitalis warmoeba socia-
lur mediaSi, informaciuli kapitali, re-
aluri virtualobis fenomeni. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecnie-
ro statiebi zemoaRniSnul sferoebSi.

realuri virtualobis kulturis gageba

Tanamedrove multimediur velSi

adamians ganviTarebis yovel epoqaSi wamyvan saz-

risTan, daniSnulebasTan da adamianis yofierebis war-
mmarTvel TaviseburebasTan Zireuli damokidebuleba
hqonda.
dRes, am axal epoqaSi adamiani miiltvis qseluri
garemosken, sadac moZraobs informaciaTa nakadi. am
qselSi adgili aqvs sityvebis, gamosaxulebebis, xmebis
warmoSoba-ganviTarebis globalur masStabebs. adamia-
nis yofierebis garemo erT multikulturul teqstad
iqca.
Cven SevdivarT epoqaSi, romelsac informaciuls
uwodeben. kacobriobis istoriaSi momxdari ramdenime
fundamenturi cvlilebisa Tu gardatexis Sedegad, ro-
melTa Sorisaa anbanis gamogoneba da karga xnis Semdeg
ki interaqtiuli informaciuli qselebis Seqmna, warmo-
iSva is ZiriTadi saSualebebi, romlebmac SemdgomSi ada-
mianTaSorisi komunikaciis procesTa xasiaTi da amis Se-
degad ki kultura mTlianad gansazRvres. axalma anba-
nurma gamogonebam adamianis azrovnebis wesi Secvala,
259
igi racionaluri gaxda. Sesabamisad, masobrivi informa-
ciis eleqtronuli saSualebebis gamogonebam da daner-
gvam adamianis azrovnebaSi, cxovrebis wesSi, msof-
lmxedvelobaSi mZlavri da masStaburi cvlilebebi Se-
moitana.
da mainc, ra saxis Zireuli gavlena moaxdina adami-
anze informaciul-komunikaciuri eleqtronuli saSua-
lebebis gamogonebam da am gavlenebis Sedegad rogori
Taviseburebebis mqone, sruliad axali kultura war-
moSva, romelsac realuri virtualobis kulturad mi-
iCneven, kultura, romelic Tavisi arsiT faqtobrivad
ki arsebobs, magram ara mTlianad gamokveTili formiT
da mocemuli saxeliT.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, pirvelad, interaqtiuli ko-
munikaciuri qselebi komunikaciis weriT, zepir da au-
diovizualur saSualebebs erT sistemaSi uyrian Tavs.
magram amden saSualebaTa erT sistemaSi Tavmoyra, rom-
lebsac erTmaneTTan Sexebis da erTmaneTze zemoqmede-
bis araerTi wertili gaaCniaT, konkretul adgilas aya-
libebs globalur qsels. es qseli funqcionirebis Ria
da iafi xelmisawvdomobiT xasiaTdeba. es ki komunikaci-
is xasiaTs fundamenturad cvlis, rac Tavis mxriv kul-
turis Tavisebur axal formas ayalibebs. Sedegad e.w.
superteqsti da metaena yalibdeba, Cven realobas vxe-
davT da vagebT ise, rogorc amas masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebi xedaven da gvawvdian swored es warmodgene-
bi gansazRvravs dRes kulturis xasiaTsa da Sinaarss
realurad Cvens warmosaxvaSi, Tumca warmosaxviTi da
virtualuri kulturis Sinaarsi Tavad komunikaciis sa-
SualebaTa zegavlenaze aris damokidebuli. sxva sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT, komunikaciis saSualebaTa Tavisebure-
bebi kulturis SinaarsSi uSualod aisaxeba.
Tanamedrove komunikaciuri sistemebi kacobrio-
bis arsebobis mTeli istoriis manZilze Seqmnil komuni-
kaciaTa saSualebebs moicavs da erT sistemaSi aqcevs.
260
isini, erTiandeba virtualur qselSi, romelic, rogorc
vxedavT, drosa da sivrceSi usazRvrod ganviTarebadia
da adamianuri saqmianobis yvela sferos moicavs, swo-
red msgavsi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba Tanamedrove kultura,
realuri da amasTan Tavisi virtualuri arsebobiT.
gasaanalizebelia is, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas ax-
dens axali komunikaciuri sistemebi, romlebic garkveu-
li socialuri da politikuri interesebiTaa gajerebu-
li, axali realuri virtualuri kulturis warmoqmnaze.
safexureobrivad, ra zegavlenebi moaxdina sazogadoe-
bisa da kulturis formirebaze masobrivi informaciis
saSualebaTa gavrcelebam? ratom moipoves maT aseTi
popularoba? ratom ase swrafad iqna aTvisebuli da Se-
degad rogor imoqmedes kulturis Sinaarsze.
mizezi imisa, Tu ratom aris dRemde komunikaciis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi forma _ televizia _ ase popula-
ruli da sayovelTao media saSualeba, met-naklebad
kargad imiT aixsneba, rom adamiani yovelTvis naklebi
winaaRmdegobis gzebs irCevs. mas urCevnia yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe rac SeiZleba naklebi fsiqologiuri
danaxarjiT informacia Sinaurul, myudro garemoSi mi-
iRos. masobrivi informaciis saSualebaSi — televiziaSi
_ mTavari siaxle iyo is, rom igi tipografiuli, anbanu-
ri azrovnebis batonobis dasasruls warmoadgenda, ro-
melic aRqmasa da gaazrebaSi gacilebiT met Zalisxmevas
moiTxovda, vidre komunikaciis axali saSualebebiT Seq-
mnili azrovneba. beWdviTi sityva, ra Tqma unda, metad
aris midrekili axsna-ganmartebiTi xasiaTisken, rome-
lic logikurad azrovnebis unars, miukerZoebulobasa
da obieqturobas moiTxovs, maSin, roca televiziis spe-
cifika amas ar moiTxovs, komunikaciis satelevizio una-
ri arsebiTad axali ram aris, romelsac macdunebeli,
imitirebuli da minimaluri fsiqologiuri Zalisxmevis
niSnebi axasiaTebs.

261
 sainteresoa, axali masobrivi informaciis saSua-
lebebi socialur qcevaze ra zegavlenas axdens. arsebu-
li kvlevebi mowmobs imas, rom socialur qcevaze masob-
rivi informaciis saSualebebi pirdapir zegavlenas ar
axdens, isini socialuri qcevis CamoyalibebaSi damouki-
debel cvladebs ar warmoadgenen. Setyobinebis mimRebi
sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr avsebs televiziis mier mi-
wodebul informacias da ise iRebs mas. televiziis
mxridan socialuri gavlena ori saxisaa: yofna da ar-
yofna. televiziaSi moxvedrili Setyobineba, SeiZleba
Seicvalos, transformirdes an damaxinjdes kidec, mag-
ram mis sazRvrebs gareT misi arseboba SezRudulia da
koleqtiuri cnobierebidan qreba.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom televiziis arsebobis is-
toriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nabiji satelevizio ar-
xebis raodenobis zrda iyo, ramac auditoriis diversi-
fikaciis safuZveli Seqmna. amasTan gadacemaTa speqtri
warmoudgenlad gaizarda da saxelmwifos mxridan sate-
levizio cenzura Semcirda.
satelevizio arxebis raodenobis aseTma swrafma
zrdam swrafadve auditoriis segmentacia gamoiwvia. ma-
leve Camoyalibda segmentirebuli da diferencirebuli
auditoria, romelic raodenobrivad bevria, Tumca sa-
televizio programebis sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da miwo-
debis drois mxriv araerTgvarovania. auditoriis aseT
diversifikacias da segmentizacias ki iqamde mivyavarT,
rom erT saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxva televiziaTa meSveo-
biT ara mxolod auditoriis diversificireba xdeba,
aramed, qveynis moqalaqeebis cnobierebaSi Rirebulebe-
bi, cxovrebis stili, msoflmxedveloba segmentirebu-
lad da diversificirebulad yalibdeba, rac saxarbie-
lo faqts ar unda warmoadgendes.
rogorc manuel kastelsi SeniSnavs, 1970-iani wle-
bidan kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis saqme-
Si didi aRmasvla SeiniSneba, “Tavisuflebis teqnologi-
262
ebis”, rogorc mas uwodeben, ganviTareba ori msxvili
eqperimentiT (safrangeTis informaciul sazogadoeba-
ze gadasvlis saSualeba — miniteli (MINITEL) da aSS-is
internetis winamorbedi — arfaneti (ARPANET)) daiwyo.
orive maTganis Seqmnis mTavar mizans e.w. “informaciuli
supermagistralis” Seqmna warmoadgenda. 1990-ian wleb-
Si interneti globaluri kompiuteruli komunikaciis
fundamentur RerZad iqca, is qselTa umravlesobas er-
TmaneTTan etapobrivad akavSirebs.
dRes msoflioSi aTasobiT mikro Tu makroqseli
muSaobs da moicavs adamianuri komunikaciis yvela
speqtrs. internetis da sxva qselebis Camoyalibebisa da
gavrcelebis procesma xeli Seuwyo komunikaciis axali
saSualebis saboloo Camoyalibebas momxmarebelTa
kulturasa da qselur sazogadoebaSi. qseli Ria da far-
Tod xelmmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis, Tumca es kidev Sem-
dgomSi misi saidumloobis SenarCunebis sirTules war-
moSobs.
cxadia, rom uaxloes xanebSi kompiuteruli komu-
nikaciebis gamoyeneba mkveTrad gaizarda, gansakuTre-
biT ki saganmanaTleblo sferos meSveobiT da man msof-
lios mosaxleobis arsebiTi nawili moicva.
kompiuteruli komunikacia kulturis formirebis
sakiTxSi sul ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens. kompiute-
rulma teqnologiebma marTlac moaxdines komunikaciu-
ri procesebis da TviTon kulturis gadatrialeba. Tum-
ca es gadatrialeba jer kidev vrceldeba ganaTlebisa
da simdidris maRal doneze da bolomde ver moicavs Ra-
rib da dabali ganaTlebis mqone qveynebis mosaxleobas.
1990-iani wlebis bolodan kompiuteruli teqno-
logiebisa da globalizebuli masobrivi komunikaciebis
SerwymiT axali tipis sistema Camoyalibda, romelsac
multimediad moixsenieben, igi sakuTari interaqtiuli
potencialiTa da komunikaciur saSualebaTa integra-
ciiT xasiaTdeba. multimediuri sistema adamianuri yo-
263
fierebis yvela sferos moicavs da vrceldeba maTze. ko-
munikaciur teqnologiaTa sistemas ganaTlebis, jan-
dacvis, kulturis, garTobis da a.S. sferoebSi ganusaz-
Rvreli potenciali gaaCnia da adamianTa Tvalwin udi-
des SesaZleblobebs Slis. multimediis warmoSoba kul-
turaSi e.w. saxlcentrizms da individualizms warmo-
Sobs da farTo socialuri da kulturuli diferencia-
ciiT mayureblis kidev ufro Zlier segmentizacias da
momxmareblebs Soris stratifikaciis zrdas gamoiwvevs,
amasTan erTad saerTo kognitur struqturaSi gansxva-
vebul informaciaTa integracias moaxdens.
multimediis mTavari Tviseba da amasTan mniSvne-
loba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi yvelanair zRvars Slis
kulturuli gamoxatvis formebsa da komunikaciur sa-
SualebebSi. aseve zRvari iSleba garTobasa da informa-
cias, garTobasa da propagandas, dabalsa da maRal kul-
turas Soris. komunikaciuri saSualebebis Tu kultu-
ris formebis yvelanairi gamovlineba, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom erT qvabSi ixarSeba da momxmareblebi aqedan Tavis-
Tvis sasurvels Tavad iReben, niSanTa meSveobiT mniS-
vnelobebs TviTonve aniWeben da sakuTar realobas age-
ben. axal, simboloebze agebul garemos da amiT mocemul
virtualobas ki realobad aqceven.
magaliTad, rogorc socialuri mediis ganviTare-
bis tendenciebis Sesaxeb kvleva mowmobs (”socialuri
mediis ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi- realu-
ri virtualobis Zalaufleba ? (Social Media Development
Trends in Georgia – Power of the Real Virtual?) ”Tbilisi, 2013).
socialur mediaSi ganxorcielebuli aqtivoba da socia-
lur qselebSi warmoebuli urTierToba mxolod warmo-
saxviT, virtualur sferoSi moqmedebas ar niSnavs, rom-
lis „obieqtur“ realobasTan Sejaxebis Semdeg piradi
gamocdileba ibadeba. igi Tavad warmoadgens gamocdi-
lebas, realobis wvdomas da masSi arsebul urTierTo-
bebs realuri Sedegebi axlavs Tan. amitomac mkvlevare-
264
bi ara ubralod virtualuris _ warmosaxulis _ Se-
saZleblobis sferos Sesaxeb saubroben, aramed realu-
ri virtualobis, anu iseTi warmosaxulisa Tu SesaZleb-
lis Sesaxeb, romelic warmosaxvis sferoSi darCenis
SemTxvevaSic ki savsebiT realuri Sedegebis mqonea,
radgan realuri virtualoba pirovnuli gamocdilebis
safuZveli da Tavad gamocdilebad qceuli virtualo-
baa. anu es aris is, rac adamians eZleva gamocdilebaSi.
adamiani arsebobs aq, axla da aranairi sxva realoba ar
arsebobs.
swored is gvaZlevs am sakiTxis orgvar gagebas, ra-
sac kibersivrce, socialur qselebSi arsebuli urTier-
Tobebi warmoSobs. adamiani SeiZleba realurad marto
ijdes kompiuterTan, magram aTasobiT adamianTan hqon-
des yovelwamieri kavSiri da urTierToba. is imdenad
realuradaa CarTuli am warmosaxviT samyaroSi, rom es
yovelive misi cxovrebis realur gamocdilebad, rea-
lur virtualobad iqceva. internet-megobrebi, qseleb-
Si urTierToba mxolod warmosaxuli ki ara, ukve axali
realobaa, romliTac adamiani cxovrobs, uxaria, ganic-
dis da, Sesabamisad, realur droSi pasuxobs, kamaTobs,
solidarobas ucxadebs sxva adamianebs, romlebic amave
dros virtualur qselebSi arian CarTulni. esaa Sem-
Txveva, rodesac warmosaxuli da realuri, virtualuri
da realuri, TiTqosda erTmaneTis Tvisebebsa Tu niS-
nebs iZenen: ara warmosaxuli, virtualuri realoba da
misi sapirispiro, namdvili realoba, aramed realuri
virtualoba.
garkveul adamianTa warmodgeniT realuri virtua-
loba arsebobs, magram mas meore samyaros, meore realo-
bis funqcia ufro aqvs, Tumca, individi imdenad efloba
am ,,meore samyaroSi,” rom virtualursa da realurs So-
ris gansxvavebis SegrZneba uqreba da es ori isev erT er-
Teulad iqceva. swored maT miaCniaT, rom socialur me-
dias aqvs meore samyaros funqciac, sadac adamiani saku-
265
Tari aqtivobebiT aris CarTuli da SemdgomSi igive sa-
xis qmedebebi cxovrebaSi ar ainteresebs; es misTvis ukve
ganmeorebaa. Tanamedrove multimediur samyaroSi sau-
bari ori sxvadasxva tipis realobaze SeiZleba - sakuT-
riv realobasa da internet-realobaze. aqve SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saqme gvaqvs ara virtualur realobasTan,
aramed realur virtualobasTan, sadac adamianebs uC-
ndebaT gancda, rom mxolod TavianT kompiuterebTan ki
ar arian da marto ki ar akeTeben raRacas, aramed erT
did sivrceSi arian sxva uamrav adamianTan erTad da pa-
ralelurad sxva saqmeebsac agvareben. amave kvlevis
farglebSi, erT-erTi eqspertis mosazrebis mixedviT,
dRes arsebobs ,,realuri realoba,” romelmac am drois-
Tvis kulturis masocializebeli funqcia SeiTavsa, ri-
Tac Rirebulebebze, Sexedulebebze da identobaze ax-
dens gavlenas. esa aris realoba bevrad daCqarebuli
tempiT. Tumca, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom realu-
ri virtualobis mniSvneloba Tu xasiaTi imis mixedviT
icvleba, Tu vinaa misi momxmarebeli - internet ,,abori-
geni” Tu internet ,,imigranti.”
maTTvis erTnair situaciaSi, magaliTisTvis soci-
alur mediaSi, gacnobili adamiani sxvadasxva datvir-
Tvis matarebelia da amis gamo maTi urTierTobebi am
adamianTan gansxvavebulia. adamianTa am ori kategori-
isTvis erTi da igive sinamdvile ori gansxvavebuli gan-
zomilebiT aris mocemuli: imigrantisTvis is virtua-
lur realobas, xolo aborigenisTvis realur virtua-
lobas warmoadgens.
kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebisa da
zegavlenis zrdis kvaldakval marTlac SeiniSneba e.w.
virtualur TanasazogadoebaTa Camoyalibebis fenome-
ni. am epoqis specifikuri niSani ara marto virtualuri
realobis Seqmnaa, aramed realuri virtualobis Camoya-
libebac. arseboba, romelic realuria, ganicdeba da
aigeba simboloebis meSveobiT. es aris epoqa da sazoga-
266
doeba, romelic realurad arsebobs da amasTan TviT es
realoba CarTulia virtualur, adamianTa mier warmosa-
xul, gamogonil saxeebSi, sadac Setyobinebebi da saxeebi
Tavad warmoadgens garkveul gamocdilebebs. aq virtua-
luri Tanasazogadoebebis legitimurobis sakiTxi dge-
ba. aqvT Tu ara maT realurad arsebobis ufleba? axasia-
TebT Tu ara is niSnebi, rac sazogadoebas unda axasia-
Tebdes da gansazRvravdes, magaliTad misi arseboba da
urTierToba realur drosa da sivrceSi? ra Tqma unda,
amis calsaxad Tqma rTuli iqneba, Tumca misaRebia maTi
arsebobis legitimacia, swored im saxeliT, romliTac
arseboben, radgan maSinac ki, roca Cven vimyofebiT e.w.
qselur urTierTobebSi, Cven garkveuli saxis kavSirs
vamyarebT meore mxaresTan, Sesabamisad komunikacia
Sedga. komunikacia, romelsac aqvs ufleba Tavisi saxe-
liT iarsebos.

NANA MACHARADZE

UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURE OF REAL VIRTUAL

IN THE MODERN MULTIMEDIA FIELD

ABSTRACT

The work deals with understand of the phenomenon of Real

Virtual in multimedia field following the development of modern
information technology. What is this? The Real Virtual or Virtual
Reality? The explanation of symbiosis of these two concepts,
including differences is given on the basis of Social Media Qualitative
Research analysis .

267
 literatura:

1. Castells, M. The Rise of the Network Society (2nd ed.).

Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010.
2. Castells, M. Communication Power. Oxford University
Press. 2009.
3. wulaZe l, berZeniSvili a, esebua f, kaxiZe i, maWa-
raZe n, kvintraZe a. ”socialuri mediis ganviTarebis ten-
denciebi saqarTveloSi realuri virtualobis Zalauf-
leba ? (Social Media Development Trends in Georgia – Power, of
the Real Virtual?)”თბილისი.2013

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis socialuri da politikuri filosofiis gan-
yofilebam.

268
esTetika

Aesthetics
 nana guliaSvili
(Tbilisi)

nana guliaSvili _ filosofiis doqto-

ri; iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis asistent—profeso-
ri; muSaobs esTetikis, kulturis filosofi-
is, religiis, qarTuli esTetikuri azris is-
toriis problemebze; gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero stati-
ebi am mimarTulebebiT. agreTve monografia, ,,arCil jorja-
Zis filosofiur — esTetikuri naazrevi“ (Tb. 2012w.).

dehumanizacia, rogorc modernuli

xelovnebis ZiriTadi tendencia

modernizmi pirveli saxelovnebo aqtivoba iyo, ro-

melmac Tanamedroveoba gamoacxada yofierebis da arse-
bobis imperativad. modernizmamde arsebuli da moqmedi
esTetika Tavisi arsiT absoluturze iyo mimarTuli,
rac, Tavis mxriv, imas niSnavs, rom droisa da sivrcis
ganzomilebebi da tendenciebi miRma rCeboda an sxagva-
rad rom vTqvaT, esTetikas drosa da sivrceSi mimdinare
procesebs refleqsiis sagnad ar aqcevda.
am dros Cndeba modernizmi, romelic angrevs yofis
amsaxvel mtkice ierarqiebs, uaryofs absoluts da es-
Tetikas xelovnebis procesis msvlelobasTan akavSi-
rebs.
modernuloba kulturis is etapia, romelic Seeca-
da sakuTari TavisaTvis garedan Seexeda, Tumca aseTi
xedvisaTvis aucilebeli iyo aTvlis wertilis arsebo-
ba, amitomac modernistebma sakuTari Tavi drosTan mi-
marTebaSi gansazRvres.
XX saukunis xelovneba nihilisturi sulis gamov-
lenas warmoadgens, werda germaneli filosofosi hans
zedlmairi Tavis naSromSi ,,centris dakargva”. xelovne-
bis dehumanizacia gamoisaxa adamianze uaris TqmiT, an
270
rogorc ortega i gaseti ambobda ,,...moguduli msxver-
plis CvenebiT...“
XX saukunis aTian wlebSi gaCnda samyaros axleburi
xedva, avangardizmi, novatoroba, brZola tradiciebis
winaaRmdeg. am mimdinareobam xelovnebis yvela dargi
moicva, gansakuTrebiT ki dramaturgia. modernuli es-
Tetikis ZiriTadi principi _ ,,droiT“ gansazRvruloba
_ reliefurad swored dramaturgiasa da TeatrSi av-
lens Tavs.
evropuli Teatris modernistuli ,,ganaxlebis“
era eqspresionistuli TeatriT daiwyo, rac Semdgom
gagrZelda simbolistursa da siurealistur Teatreb-
Si. antiinteleqtualuri deformaciuli tendenciebi,
rac axasiaTebda Teatrs, ukidures formamde mivida ,,ab-
surdis TeatrSi“.
absurdis Teatris Teoretikosi eJen ionesko fran-
guli avangardistuli Teatris erT-erT fuZemdeblad
iTvleba. is aseT Sexedulebas gamoTqvams literatura-
ze: ,,cxovrebis saSineli koSmari rom asaxos, literatu-
ra TviTon unda gaxdes aTasjer ufro sastiki da ufro
saSineli.“ misi Semoqmedeba swored aseTia _ `saSineli
koSmaris“ saSineli gamoxatva. eJen ionesko Tavis Semoq-
medebaSi ,,absurdis Teatrs“ uwodebs XX saukunis nam-
dvil Teatrs, saidumlo WeSmaritebebisa da faruli ar-
sis gamJRavnebis Teatrs. sartris, brextis da sxv. dra-
maturgias ionesko ,,primitiuls“ uwodebs, amitom maT
uTanabrebs bulvarebis Teatris dramaturgias. misi az-
riT, sartri da brexti cdebian, roca isini problemebs
ayeneben da maTi gadaWra undaT. WeSmariteba ki imaSia,
ambobs eJen ionesko, rom ar arsebobs araviTari gadaWra
arc erTi sakiTxisa da es aris swored sakiTxis erTader-
Ti namdvili gadaWra. ioneskos azriT, verc sartrma da
verc brextma axali varaferi Tqves, radgan is ideolo-
gia, romelic maT nawarmoebebSia asaxuli, isedac cnobi-
li iyo. eJen ioneskos miaCnia, rom mxolod avangardis-
271
tulma Teatrma auwya kacobriobas manamde arsebuli
WeSmaritebebi. es ,,axali“ WeSmaritebebi ki, romlebic
man ,,aRmoaCina“, manamde didi xnis win , evropuli iraci-
onalizmis mier dasmuli problemebia.
eJen ionesko ,,absurdis Teatris“ da, saerTod, mo-
dernizmisa da avangardizmis Teoretikosia. igi cdi-
lobs Seqmnas ,,absurdis filosofia“, romelic mxat-
vrul xorcSesxmas missave prozasa da dramaturgiaSi
poulobs.
,,absurdi, - wers igi, - isaa, rasac ara aqvs mizani...
Tavis religiur, metafizikur fesvebs mowyvetili ada-
miani dakargulia. yvela misi moqmedeba uazro, absurdu-
li, usargeblo xdeba.“ aq ganmeorebulia egzistencia-
listuri Tezisi, Tanamedrove adamianis mier RmerTis
rwmenis dakargvis gamo samyaroSi misi miusafarobis da
misi yofierebis absurdulobis Sesaxeb.
rogorc viciT, klasikuri berZnuli dramaturgia
adgilis, drois da moqmedebis erTianobas Tvlida im Zi-
riTad Tvisebad, romelic unda axasiaTebdes dramatul
nawarmoebs. ,,absurdis Teatric“ warmoadgens sami kom-
ponentis erTianobas: uadgilobis, udroobis da umoqme-
dobis. am TeatrSi erTmaneTSi areulia warsuli, awmyo
da momavali; aravin icis rodis, an sad xdeba raime da
hqvia ki imas moqmedeba, rac am speqtaklebSi xdeba?
avangardistuli dramaturgia warmodgeba mayureb-
lis winaSe rogorc sikvdilis, Zrwolis, adamianuri
uazrobis apologia. `adamianis sicocxles ara aqvs ara-
viTari sazrisi,~ is mxolod sikvdilis molodinia. am
ideebs `absurdis Teatris“ Semomqmedni axal `gamocxa-
debad,“ kacobriobisaTvis manamde ucnobi WeSmaritebis
mcnebad miiCneven. magram sikvdilis winaSe adamianis SiSi
absurdistebs ar aRmouCeniaT, is yovelTvis iyo, ro-
gorc meore mxare sicocxlis siyvarulisa. am SiSis gamo
adamianebi arasodes ar amboben uars sicocxleze da ar
Tvlidnen mas absurdulad.
272
 avangardistuli Teatris mesveurebi Tvlian, rom
normaluri, logikuri metyveleba, gonieri qmedebebi
ver avlens adamianis namdvil arsebas, radgan maTSi ada-
miani faravs Tavis namdvil miznebs, survilebs, Tavis
siRrmiseul arss; uazro laparaksa da moqmedebaSi ki
mJRavndeba adamianuri cxovreba ise, rogorc is sinam-
dvileSia. rasac adamiani avlens, fsiqikis idumali, ira-
cionaluri sfero gansazRvravs. amitom enac am viTare-
bas unda Seesatyvisebodes da gamoxatavdes. ena, absur-
distebis azriT, urTierTobis ki ara, aramed adamianTa
gaTiSulobis, martoobis gamomxatvelia. amiT aris gan-
pirobebuli enisa da saubris is absurduli, bodviTi,
ulogiko xasiaTi, rac damaxasiaTebelia am Teatris pie-
sebisaTvis. TiTqos enis daniSnuleba is aris, rom adami-
anis azrebisa da samyaros movlenebis qaosi Tavisive qa-
osurobiT gamoxatos. amitom am piesebis personaJebis
metyveleba xSirad aris aranormaluri adamianebis met-
yveleba, ara azrebis gamoxatvis Cveulebrivi wesi, ara-
med bodva, uazro frazebis, sityvebisa da bgerebis Tav-
moyra, zogjer mxolod ymuili, kivili da sxv.
SeSlili samyaro, ai, es aris absurdis dramaturgi-
aSi danaxuli da gamoxatuli. absurdistebi fiqroben,
rom gamoxataven samyarosa da sicocxlis arss, siRrme-
ebs da ara cxovrebis zedapirs, romelsac adamianebi Cve-
ulebrivad xedaven. avangardistul Teatrze gavlena
moaxdina filosofiurma da fsiqologiurma koncefci-
ebma, kerZod ki, egzistencializmma, froidizmma. egzis-
tencialistur Teziss adamianis yofierebis absurdu-
lobisa da uazrobis, samyaros iracionalobis Sesaxeb,
,,absurdis Teatrma“ sceniuri sicocxle misca. ,,absur-
dis Teatris“ moRvaweebi daupirispirdnen tradiciul
Teatrs da gansakuTrebiT, Jan-pol sartrisa da Jan anu-
is inteleqtualistur Teatrs. miiCnies, rom sartris
dramebSi ver Seesxa xorci egzistencialistur ideebs.
es nawilobriv marTlac asea; sartris dramebi maRali
273
socialuri da politikuri tribunaa, saidanac sartri
Tanamedroveobas maRali idealebisken mouwodebs, sai-
danac igi amxels da asamarTlebs mas.
,,absurdis Teatris“ arseboba 1947 wlidan iwyeba,
roca parizSi daidga a. adamovis piesa ,,parodia“. artur
adamovma, romelic am Teatris mamamTavrad iTvleba, ga-
nicada (rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs) kafkas gavlena. a.
adamovis am periodis dramaturgias axasiaTebs subieq-
turi simbolika, koSmaruloba, pesimizmi da nihilizmi.
(a. adamovi 1958 wlidan Camoscilda am mimdinareobas da
realizmis poziciebze dadga). franguli Teatris ganax-
lebis saqme, dawyebuli adamovis mier, ganaviTara da
ukiduresobamde miiyvana ,,absurdis Teatris“ cnobilma
Semomqmedma samuel beketma.
samuel beketi 1938 wels gamoCnda frangul lite-
raturaSi, rogorc beletristi. misi literaturuli da
filosofiuri mrwamsi Tavidanve naTlad iyo gamokveTi-
li: es iyo ukiduresi iracionalizmi da antiinteleqtu-
alizmi, nihilizmi da pesimizmi. beketma racionalizmisa
da determinizmis principebis sisuleled gamocxadebiT
daiwyo, rac savsebiT logikuri wanamZRvari iyo saSinel
samyaroSi adamianis ganwirulobis, misi sicocxlis ab-
surdulobis mtkicebaze gadasvlisaTvis. modernistu-
li xelovnebis tendenciebi, iracionalizmi da antihu-
manizmi samuel beketma gamoxata xelovanis didi osta-
tobiT. mis nawarmoebebSi ideebi, azrebi da simboloebi
personificirebulia. am nawarmoebis personaJebi xSi-
rad ansaxiereben raime ideas, simbolos an mogonebas. (aq
SeiZleba paraleli gavavloT antikuri epoqis did kome-
diografTan, aristofanesTan. aristofanes Tavis piesa-
Si ,,Rrublebi“ personaJebad adamianebis garda gamoh-
yavs ideebic, Rrublebi, bunebis movlenebi, romlebic
gaadamianurebulia).
modernistuli personificirebis nimuSs warmoad-
gens samuel beketis romani ,,meloni kvdeba“ (1951-53ww.).
274
dasaxelebuli romani aris meore nawili trilogiisa,
romlis ori sxva nawilis saxelwodebaa ,,moloi“ da ,,usa-
xelo“.
,,meloni kvdeba“ aris logins mijaWvuli avadmyofi
kacis _ melonis _ pirvel pirSi monaTxrobi.
ar aris cnobili, vin aris meloni, sadauria, rogor
moxvda saavadmyofos, Tu upatronoTa TavSesafris pa-
lataSi. is adamiania da, ra Tqma unda, sadme rodesme mok-
vdeba. garSemo myof adamianebs meloni ver xedavs, mxo-
lod esmis, rom isini axlos arian. am adamianebs ar ainte-
resebT meloni; is martodmartoa Tavis palataSi. melo-
nis azrebSi xandaxan gaielvebs vinme saposa da makmenis
saxeebi, magram eseni arian ara pirovnebebi, aramed melo-
nis gansxeulebuli da personificirebuli mogonebebi.
sapo aris melonis siWabuke, makmeni - misi Sua asaki. me-
lonis mbJutav gonebaSi es saxeebi xandaxan SemTxveviT
gamoCndebian, rogorc qaosuri azrebi da grZnobebi. me-
loni kvdeba, magram xedavs, rom or kacs misi gvami ga-
aqvT palatidan viwro koridorSi. melonis goneba, azri
isev cocxlobs, rogorc damoukidebeli arseba, rome-
lic Tvals adevnebs Tavis damarxvas.
azri adamianis sicocxlis absurdulobis, misi az-
rovnebis, alogikurobis, garemomcveli samyaros saSine-
lebis Sesaxeb XX saukunis xelovnebaSi iSviaTad Tu gan-
xorcielebula iseTi srulyofili formiT, iseTi SemaZ-
rwunebeli ZaliT, rogorc samuel beketis piesaSi ,,go-
dos molodinSi“.
piesa ,,godos molodinSi“ beketis Semoqmedebis
mwvervalsa da misi Semoqmedebis Sejamebas warmoadgens,
romelSic beketma dauviwyar mxatvrul saxeebSi gamoxa-
ta samyarosa da adamianuri arsebobis iracionalisturi
gageba.
piesa daiwera 1951 wels, xolo 1953 wels parizis
Teatris ,,babilonis“ scenaze daidga.

275
 piesaSi aris dausrulebeli da sasowarkveTili mo-
lodini, sicocxlis erTferovneba, adamianTa araraoba,
gaTiSuloba, boroteba, mxolod sibnele da wyvdiadi.
dro gaCerebulia, yvelaferi gaqvavebulia, gaurkveve-
lia sad xdeba moqmedeba; aris mxolod imis molodini,
rom raime moxdeba maSin, roca mova godo, magram godo
ar modis. piesaSi TiTqos araferi ar xdeba da, miuxeda-
vad amisa, is ikiTxeba udidesi interesiT. araerTxel
aRuniSnavT, rom piesas mayurebeli uyurebs interesiT,
sunTqvaSekruli da SeboWili. beketis am piesis TiToeu-
li fraza, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos arafrismTqmelia, mag-
ram datvirTulia uRrmesi SinaarsiT, TiToeuli repli-
ka is simboloa, romelic mianiSnebs metafizikur WeSma-
ritebebze, filosofiur, sociologiursa da eTikur
ideebze.
piesis oTxi personaJi - vladimiri, estragoni, po-
co da laki - ansaxiereben mTel adamianur modgmas. ,,aq
adamianTa mTeli modgma Seyrila“. godo ki vinRaa? roca
bekets hkiTxes, Tu vin aris godo, beketma upasuxa: rom
vicode, Tu vin aris godo, xom davwerdi kideco. fiqro-
ben, rom es godo beketma aiRo balzakis piesidan ,,saqmo-
sani“. godo balzakTan is mdidari kacia, romlis Camos-
vlas sasoebiT elodebian da romelic piesis bolos mar-
Tlac Camodis da yvelas abednierebs. godos mosvlis ga-
mo aseTi gabednierebis molodinSi arian beketis piesis
gmirebic. magram ras, an vis ganasaxierebs beketis godo?
bedisweras? imeds? dabejiTebiT raimes Tqma Znelia.
piesa iwyeba estragonis fexebze da fexsacmelze
laparakiT, estragoni cdilobs gaixados fexsacmeli,
romelic uWers da awamebs, magram ver axerxebs. is da
vladimiri xesTan elodebian godos. estragoni SesTava-
zebs vladimirs - sanam godos velodebiT, modi, Tavi Ca-
movixrCoTo. vladimiric TiTqos uars ambobs, magram ga-
dasdeben am saqmes - godos davelodoTo.

276
 scenaze Semodian poco da laki, laks Toki aqvs ki-
serze gamobmuli, Tokis bolo ki pocos ukavia. laks sa-
novagiT savse kalaTi da sakeci skami moaqvs pocosTvis.
piesis am ori personaJis erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba,
is araadamianuri, saSineli simkacre da gulqvaoba, ra-
sac poco iCens Tavisi msaxuris _ lakis _ mimarT
(scems, aSiSvlebs, lanZRavs), romelic ukve pirutyvis
donemdea aseTi mopyrobiT dasuli, bekets zogad-adami-
anur planSi aqvs gaazrebuli. pocos da lakis urTier-
Tdamokidebuleba piesaSi aris saerTod adamianebs So-
ris damokidebuleba. erTi adamianis mier meoris damor-
Cilebis alegoriuli forma. piesis personaJebis TviT
uazro laparakSic beketi yofierebis siRrmiseul sai-
dumloebebs eZebs. adamiani unda eridos fiqrs: fiqrs
moaqvs sicocxlis amaoebis Segneba, moaqvs micvalebul-
Ta da cocxalTa godeba, maTi drtvinva, arsebobis saSi-
nelebis naTeli xilva.
Znelia, beketis azriT, gaarCioT realuri irealu-
risagan, sinamdvile - moCvenebisagan. arseboba sazareli
sizmaria da adamians xSirad ebadeba kiTxva - ,,sinamdvi-
lea Tu ara es?“
moqmedebis msvlelobaSi orjer Semodis biWi da at-
yobinebs vladimirsa da estragons, rom godo jer ver
movao. isini ki mainc jiutad elian godos, Tumca ician,
rom is saerTod ar mova. adamianma icis, amtkicebs beke-
ti, rom imedi da molodini qimeraa, romelic mas sWirde-
ba imisaTvis, rom rogorme gaZlos am qaosSi, romelsac
yofiereba ewodeba: ,,aq rom varT, ras vakeTebT? ai, ra
unda vkiTxo Cvens Tavs da Cveni bedi, rom viciT, ra vupa-
suxoT. ho, am Tavbrudamxvev, uzarmazar qaosSi erTi ram
naTelia: veliT, rodis mova godo.“
Tavisi azrebi da moqmedebebi adamians gonierad eC-
veneba, magram maTSi, beketis azriT, araferia gonieri.
Cven SeSlilebi vibadebiT, zogs ki sigiJe bolomde gas-
devs. saubari adamianebs Soris ar niSnavs, rom maT er-
277
TmaneTis esmiT. yvela Tavis saTqmels ambobs da hgonia,
rom meore mas gaugebs. magram am meores misi ar esmis,
radganac orives TavSi erTi da igive qaosi da alogiku-
robaa gamefebuli. erTi da igive movlena SeiZleba er-
Tma dainaxos, meorem - iqve myofma - vera. am movlenis ax-
snac sxvadasxva adamianebma sul sxvadasxvagvari SeiZle-
ba mogvcen.
adamianis goneba, beketis azriT, faruli, iracio-
naluri ganzomilebebis siRrmeebSi daexeteba. adamianze
da adamianurze uaris Tqmis, adamianis araraobad miCne-
vis, xelovnebis dehumanizaciis tendencia iSviaTad Tu
vinmes gamouxatavs iseTi cinizmiT, rogorc es gaakeTa
beketma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi saerTod da, kerZod, piesa-
Si ,,godos molodinSi.“ beketamde arc erT dramaturgs
ar uTqvams xalxiT gaWedili darbazis Sesaxeb, rom iq
aravinaa.
piesis dasasruls isev Tavis CamoxrCobazea lapara-
ki - isev imave xeze unda or mawanwalas Tavis CamoxrCoba,
magram qamari, romliTac Tavi unda CamoixrCon, simagris
gamocdis dros gawyda. es qamari estragonis Sarvals
amagrebda: CamosaxrCobad rom Semoixsnis qamars, Sarva-
li Cavardeba. ase mZafrad dramatul momentSi, roca
cxovrebisagan ganawamebi adamianebi TviTmkvlelobiT
fiqroben, beketi icinis, is Sarvals xdis adamians da mas-
Tan erTad yovelgvar pativs da Rirsebasac. piesa iwyeba
estragonis fexsacmelebiT da mTavrdeba misive dagle-
jili SarvliT. beketTan parodiiT iwyeba da mTavrdeba
usaSinlesad tragikuli nawarmoebi, rogoric ki rodes-
me dawerila.
sxva piesaSi beketma adamianebi ukve nagvis yuTebSi
Casva. laparakia beketis piesaze ,,TamaSis dasasru-
li“(1957w). piesis ZiriTadi ideaa: ,,dasasruli TviT da-
sawyisSia da Cven ki mainc win veSurvebiT.“ aqac oTxi per-
sonaJia, romlebic Tavisi sicocxlis ukanasknel dReebs
cariel, naxevrad bnel oTaxSi atareben. oTaxis SuaSi
278
savarZelSi zis dambladacemuli moxuci xami, oTaxSi mi-
si msaxuria -klovi, romelsac mosveneba ar uweria, sanam
cocxalia, dausruleblad unda iaros. unda batonis -
xamis - mitoveba, magram ar SeuZlia.
beketis am piesis komentatorebi fiqroben, rom xami
ansaxierebs adamianSi bnel sawyiss, nebas. Sopenhaueri,
rogorc cnobilia, nebas sastik, borot, uZlevel sawyi-
sad Tvlis adamianSi. klovi, misi msaxuri ki gonebas,
cnobierebas, sulis racionalur Zalebs emorCileba.
oTaxis marcxena mxares ori sanagve yuTia, maTSi,
ori adamiani, ufro sworad, adamianis naWrebia: isini
xandaxan amoyofen iqidan Tavs, warsulidan raime ambavs
moigoneben, an erTsa da imave Zvel anekdots moyvebian.
eseni arian xamis ded-mama - nagi da neli. am adamianebma
ar ician - cocxlebi arian Tu mkvdrebi, arc araferi un-
daT da arc ukvirT Tavisi aseTi arseboba.
beketis piesebis adamianebi degradaciasa da dege-
neraciis ukanasknel safexurze dganan, isini cxovelsa
da adamianebs Soris raRac Sualeduri arsebebi arian -
mankierni, nagavSi msxdomni, uazroni. maT arsebobas ar
aqvs araviTari sazrisi da mizani.
adamianis da misi cxovrebis arsi, beketis azriT,
iracionaluria. goneba uZluria SeiWras iracionalu-
ris idumal sferoSi, gaigos da gaiazros is. aqedan ga-
momdinare, adamianis arsebobas ar SeiZleba moeZebnos
racionaluri dasabuTeba da gamarTleba. logikuri az-
rovnebisTvis adamianis arseboba araraa, absurdia. sam-
yaro dasaxlebuli adamianebiT an, rac beketisaTvis igi-
vea, araraobebiT, daRupvis piras myofi samyaroa saSine-
li da absurduli. samyaro, romelmac ukve amowura Ta-
visi Tavi.
1969 wels Sveciis akademiam samuel bekets nobelis
premia mianiWa.

279
 teqstSi aRniSnuli iyo: ,,premia eniWeba Semoqmede-
bisaTvis, romelic mwvervalebs aRwevs Tanamedrove ada-
mianis ubedurebaTa gamosaxvis mxriv“.
,,drois moTxovna~ artefaqtebis gansxvavebaa: esTe-
tika niSnavs gansxvavebis dafiqsirebas, xelovnebis kri-
tikas. mas aqvs amocana, Semoqmedebis meTodebs Soris,
pirvel yovlisa, xelovnebasa da araxelovnebas Soris
gansxvavebas kvlav mohfinos naTeli. igi unda moeridos
SefasebiT msjelobebs. man mxolod unda dainaxos da aR-
niSnos is, rac aris. ase gagebulma esTetikam daxmareba
unda gauwios xelovans araxelovnebiseuli drois su-
liskveTebasTan martodmarto SebrZolebaSi, man unda
moxazos droisa da mgrZnobelobis Sesatyvisi horizon-
tebi.

NANA GULIASHVILI

DEHUMANIZATION AS A MAIN TENDENCY

OF MODERN ART

ABSTRACT

Modernism was the first artistic activity which declared

modernity as an imperative of being and existence. All the aesthetic
theories existing before modernism were directed towards the
Absolute. This in its turn, means that time-space dimensions and
tendencies were left beond or in other words aesthetics did not
consider time-space processes as objects of reflection.
Modernism broke the firm hyrarchy reflecting the being,
rejected the Absolute and connected aesthetics with the developments
of the artistic process.
Modernity is the stage of culture which tried to look at itself
from outside. But it was necessary to find a starting point therefore
modernists determined themselves in relation to time.

280
 The main principle of the modernist aesthetics – “time”
determination – is revealed best of all in drama and theatre.

literatura:

1. hans zedlmairi ,,Tanamedrove xelovnebis revo-

lucia“. Tb. 2010w.
2. xose ortega i gaseti ,,xelovnebis dehumanizcia~.
Tb.1992w.
3. SAMUEL BECKETT, THREE NOVELS MOLLOY,
MALONE DIES THE ONNAMABLE Grove Press 1994. SAMUEL
BECKETT (1929-1989) Semoklebuli proza ing. enaze. 1997.
4. While Waiting for Godot. 1953.

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-

baTa akademiis esTetikis ganyofilebam

281
polemika

POLEMICS
 mecnierebaSi eTikisa da obieqturobis
principebis dasacavad

dawerili Tu dauwereli eTikis Tanaxmad, roca iq-

mneba axali mecnieruli naSromi, am mimarTebiT sxvaTa
Rvawlis dafaseba ara Tu saWiroa, aramed aucilebelic.
samwuxarod, es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. es miT umetes
TvalSi sacemia maSin, roca amas akeTebs cnobili mecnie-
ri. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad mxedvelobaSi
maqvs akad. guram TevzaZis mxridan misi Tanamedrove Tu
umcrosi kolegebis Rvawlis ignorireba.
1. daviwyeb imiT, rom g.TevzaZe fundamentur “XX
saukunis filosofiis istoriaSi” (Tbilisi, 2002), roca
exeba pozitivizms, saerTod ar axsenebs prof. sergi ava-
lianis Rvawls am mimarTebiT. sxva Tu araferi, s. avali-
ans ekuTvnis monografia hans raixenbaxis filosofiaze
{Tb.1961}. agreTve sqeltaniani wigni “Tanamedrove po-
zitivizmis bunebismecnierebis filosofia”{1964},ro-
melsac didma qarTvelma fizikosma akad. maTe miria-
naSvilma “fundamenturi naSromi” uwoda. prof. ser-
gi avaliani avtoria gamokvlevebisa operacionaliz-
mis, konvencionalizmis, postpozitivizmisa da sxvaTa
Sesaxeb, romelTa ignorireba Tqvens mier mkiTxvelebs
SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT. aqve aRvniSnav, rom g. Tevza-
Zis aRniSnul naSromze me gamovaqveyne vrceli dadebiTi
recenzia, romelic Semdeg Cem wignSic Sevitane. recen-
ziaSi am faqtis Sesaxeb araferi maqvs naTqvami da baton
sergis dagvianebiT minda bodiSi movuxado amis Taobaze.
2. g. TevzaZe Tavisi axali naSromis -- ,,axali filo-
sofiis istoria: nawili II imanuel kantidan fridrix
nicSemde” (Tbilisi, 2012) 195-e gverdze aRniSnavs, rom
filosofiis institutSi Tamaz buaCiZis iniciativiT
iTargmna hegelis ,,gonis filosofia” (1984) da “leqcie-
bi istoriis filosofiaze” (2001). magram igi arafers am-
bobs mTargmnelze, baton nodar naTaZeze. am naSromSi
saerTod ar aris naxsenebi n. naTaZis gvari. maSin roca
iqve araa gamorCenili imaTi gvarebi, visac Tundac um-
niSvnelo ram gaukeTebiaT hegelis filosofiis Seswav-

283
lis saqmeSi. arada, n. naTaZem filosofiis institutSi
Camoayaliba Zlieri mTargmnelobiTi jgufi, romelic
sam aTeul welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi nayofier mTar-
gmnelobiT muSaobas eweoda evropuli enebidan filo-
sofiuri naSromebis Targmnis saqmeSi.
3. batoni gurami aseve iqceva Cemi misamarTiTac. mi-
si naSromis ,,aRorZinebis epoqis filosofia marsilio
fiCinodan iakob boememde” (Tbilisi, 2008) 244-e gverdze
miTiTebul literaturaSi damowmebulia qarTuli fi-
losofiis azris istoriis oTxtomeulis I (1996 w.) da IV
(2003 w.) tomebi, redaqtorebad ki aRniSnulia mxolod S.
xidaSelisa da g. TevzaZis gvarebi. marTalia, oTxtomeu-
lis I tomis mTavari redaqtori iyo S. xidaSeli, xolo IV
tomis _ g. TevzaZe, magram amave dros I tomis Tanare-
daqtori da IV tomis redaqtori viyavi me. am SemTxvevaSi
ignorirebulia Cemi saxeli. amasTan, baton guramze
ukeT vis moexseneba, rom oTxtomeulis I tomis gamoce-
misas akad. S. xidaSeli ukve gardacvlili iyo da ro-
gorc I, ise IV tomis gamosacemad momzadebam ZiriTadad
Cems mxrebze gadaiara.
aq aRarafers vambob imis Taobaze, rom batoni g.
TevzaZe am naSromSi saerTod ar axsenebs Cems naSroms
,,renesansi, humanizmi da IX-XII saukuneebis saqarTve-
lo”(Tbilisi, 2012), sadac mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
renesansis msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebis ganxilva-
analizs.
aqve gavixseneb erT aseT faqtsac: 2008 wlis dekem-
berSi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnul akademiaSi
tardeboda Salva nucubiZis dabadebidan 120 wlisTavi-
sadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferencia. konferencia-
ze erT-erTi mTavari momxsenebeli mec viyavi.
Tavis gamosvlaSi batoni gurami Seexo nucubiZis
memkvidreobis gamgrZeleblebs da sityvac ar uTqvams
Cems Sesaxeb. arada, gavkadnierdebi da vityvi, rom qar-
Tul filosofiaSi Tu vinme nucubiZis saqmis gamgrZe-
lebelia maT Soris bolo namdvilad ara var. es qarTul
mecnierebaSi cnobili faqtia da amaze saubars aRar ga-
vagrZeleb.

284
 4. sxvaTa Rvawlis ignorirebis sakiTxSi maswavleb-
lis _ g. TevzaZis _ gakvalul gzas mihyveba misi mowafe
Tengiz iremaZe. igi Tavis wignSi “filosofia epoqaTa da
kulturaTa gzagasayarze” (Tbilisi, 2013) exeba anton
pirvelis Semoqmedebas (gv. 32-47), visze da raze ar aris
aq saubari, magram principulad ar aris naxsenebi prof.
sergi avalianis saxeli. arada s. avalians ekuTvnis pir-
veli da dRemde ukanaskneli monografiuli gamokvle-
va anton pirvelis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaze,
risTvisac igi anton pirvelis saxelobis oqros medliT
aris dajildoebuli. s. avalianis vrceli statia anton
pirvelze Sesulia qarTuli filosofiuri azris isto-
riis oTxtomeulis II tomSi.
5. T. iremaZe amave naSromSi 144-e gverdze imowmebs
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeulis
IV toms da asaxelebs mxolod mTavar redaqtors, magram
,,aviwydeba” tomis redaqtori. 152-e gverdze ki, roca
imowmebs S. xidaSelis “qarTuli filosofiis istorias”
(Tbilisi, 1988), saerTod ar axsenebs redaqtors. orive
SemTxvevaSi readaqtori me var da Cemi gvaris ganzrax
gamotovebac aqedan modis.
bunebrivia kiTxva _ ra aris yvelaferi amis mize-
zi? sxvebze ra mogaxsenoT da Cemi misamarTiT maswav-
leblisa da mowafis mxridan Cem gaweul saqmianobaze
Tvalis daxuWva ZiriTadad gamowveuli unda iyos Semde-
gi garemoebiT: 2007 wels s. wereTlis filosofiis in-
stitutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebo-
baze kenWs viyridiT me da batoni T. iremaZe, romelic
Riad Tu farulad saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
maSindeli vice-prezidentis g.TevzaZis kandidatura
iyo; kenWisyraSi me gavimarjve da danarCeni ise warimar-
Ta, razec ukve gvqonda saubari.
aqve minda gavixseno erTi aseTi faqtic: 2006 wels
filosofiis institutSi optimizaciis mizniT Catarda
reformebi, Semcirda ganyofilebebi da a.S. erT ganyo-
filebad gaerTianda qarTuli da sazRvargareTis fi-
losofiis istoriis ganyofilebebi da mis xelmZRvane-
lad me moviazrebodi. manamde {12 wlis ganmavlobaSi}

285
me vxelmZRvanelobdi qarTuli filosofiis istoriis
ganyofilebas. me uari vTqvi am Tanamdebobaze da sabWos
SevTavaze axalgazrda, udavod niWieri da nayofieri
mkvlevaris T. iremaZis kandidatura, ris gamoc Tanam-
SromelTa erTi nawilis sayveduric davimsaxure. maSin
Cemi am nabijiT aRfrTovanebuli iyo TviT batoni g.
TevzaZe.
axlac vfiqrob, rom sworad moviqeci; rac Seexeba
imas, Tu ratom davTanxmdi kenWi meyara samecniero sab-
Wos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobaze, miT umetes, rom am
dros me ZiriTadad baTumSi vmoRvaweobdi, amis Taobaze
aRvniSnav, rom institutis TanamSromelTa erTma na-
wilma TxovniT mommarTa, rom metvirTa es saqme.
6. 2012 wels gamoqveynda saiubuleo krebuli, rome-
lic eZRvneba cnobili qarTveli filosofosis leri
mWedliSvilis (1936-2013) dabadebidan 75 wlisTavs. kre-
bulSi dabeWdilia saintereso interviu iubilarTan. in-
terviuSi mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili s. we-
reTlis filosofiis instituts da aRniSnulia is wvli-
li, rac Seitana institutma saqarTveloSi filosofiu-
ri kulturis amaRlebaSi. intervius dasasruls aw gan-
svenebuli avtori aRniSnavs, rom 2005 wlidan institut-
Si viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala. institutidan TandaTa-
nobiT gauSves niWieri da principuli mkvlevarebi, xo-
lo maT nacvlad Semoikribes nacnob-megobrebi. es iyo
ukusvla, vardna imasTan SedarebiT, rac adre iyo (ix.
dasax. krebuli gv. 250). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom in-
terviueri manamde marTebulad aRiSnavs sabWour wnex-
ze, rasac institutis saxis Semqmnelebi ganicdidnen, es
SeniSvna mZime braldebis saxes miiRebs.
sxvaTa Soris, es azri gaimeora akad. g. TevzaZem sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnul akademiaSi 2013 wlis
8 oqtombers. es braldebebi (Tundac SeniSvnebi) erTob
gaugebaria imis fonze, rom s. wereTlis filosofiis in-
stitutis samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianoba swored 2006-
2010 wlebSi maRal Sefasebebs imsaxurebda saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis sazogadoebriv mecni-
erebaTa ganyofilebaSi. 2007 wels instituti saukeTe-

286
sod cnes sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa institutebs So-
ris. momdevno wlebSi ki me-2 da me-3 adgilebze gavida.
am periodSi ki am sferos kurirebda akad. g. Tevza-
Ze. rac Seexeba filosofiis institutis TanamSromelTa
,,gaSvebas”, avtorebs ratomRac aviwydebaT, rom rac im
wlebSi iyo, yvelaferi es konkursis safuZvelze gakeT-
da. konkursi ki, mogexsenebaT, faruli kenWisyriT xdeba
da misi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar asaxavs realobas; Sors
ar waval da gavixseneb aseT faqts: imave wlebSi filo-
sofiis institutSi Catarebul erT aseT konkursSi gaa-
Saves batoni n. naTaZe - s. wereTlis filosofiis insti-
tutSi klasikuri memkvidreobis Targmnis ganyofilebis
damfuZnebeli, araerTi Targmanis avtori, redaqtori,
konsultanti, cnobili rusTvelologi da sazogado
moRvawe. sakonkurso komisiis erT-erTi wevri ki iyo
akad. g. TevzaZe. misi imJamindeli mdgomareobisa da av-
toritetis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenad marTebuli iqne-
boda yvelaferi es mas rom davabraloT?
rac Seexeba uSualod filosofiis institutSi Ca-
tarebul konkursebs, namdvilad ver vityvi, rom misi Se-
degebi sasurveli iyo. magram yoveli konkursantis bedi
mTelma rigma garemoebebma ganapiroba da aq amaze daw-
vrilebiT saubari mizanSewonilad ar mimaCnia.
dasasrul aRvniSnav, rom Cems werilSi is sakiTxebia
ganxiluli, romelTa Sesaxeb momavalma Taobebma unda
icodes da, amasTan, es aris erTgvari mowodeba mecnie-
ruli eTikisa da obieqturobis dacvisken. sadavo ar un-
da iyos, rom mecnieruli kvlevis procesSi eTikuri
normebi upirobo pativiscemas imsaxurebs; WeSmariti
mecniereba subieqtivizms ver egueba.

mixeil maxaraZe
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori; saqarTvelos erovnuli
premiis laureati

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informaciebi
2013

INFORMATIONS

2013
 1. daibeWda “filosofiuri Ziebanis” XVII krebuli
2. daibeWda saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-
Ta akademiis akademikosis mamuka doliZis wigni: Develo-
ping Husserl’s ideas in the contexts of phenomenology of life and mo-
dern Georgian philosophy.
3. daibeWda saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-
Ta akademiis akademikosis leonide jaxaias “rCeuli na-
werebis” oTxtomeulis sami tomi.
4 daibeWda saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-
Ta akademiis akademikosis revaz gordezianis wigni:
“adamianis problema martin haidegeris fundamentur
ontologiaSi.”
5. daibeWda saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-
Ta akademiis akademikosis kaxa qecbaias wigni: “religiis
sociologia”.
6. daibeWda saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-
baTa akademiis akademikosis Teimuraz fanjikiZis wigni:
”saentologia”.
7. daibeWda saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-
baTa akademiis akademikosis sergi avalianis wigni:”Cemi
ganvlili filosofiuri cxovrebis niSansvetebi”.
8. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akade-
miis akademikosi irakli kalandia arCeulia amave akade-
miis vice-prezidentad.
9. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akade-
miis akademikosi baCana bregvaZe airCies saqarTvelos
erovnul mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosad.
10. saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan dafuZnda “ioane
petriwis saxelobis filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis cent-
ri”, romelic aerTianebs saqarTvelos filosofiur
mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosebs: s. avalians, k.
qecbaias, i. kalandias, T. mTibelaSvils, m. doliZes,
T.fanjikiZes, a. burjalians, a. bregaZes da

289
filosofiis doqtorebs: n.TomaSvils, m.ambokaZes, m.
Sanavas da v.niblaZes.
11. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis akademikoss revaz balanCivaZes Seusrulda da-
badebidan 75 weli. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniere-
baTa akademiis prezidiumi ulocavs TvalsaCino filo-
sofoss am TariRs da usurvebs didxans sicocxlesa da
Semdgom SemoqmedebiT miRwevebs filosofiaSi.
12. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akade-
miis akademikoss Teimuraz mTibelaSvils Seusrulda
dabadebidan 70 weli. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnie-
rebaTa akademiis prezidiumi ulocavs mas saiubileo
TariRs da usurvebs didxans sicocxles da aqtiuri sa-
mecniero muSaobis warmatebiT gagrZelebas.
13. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akade-
miis akademikoss mamuka doliZes Seusrulda dabadebi-
dan 65 weli; saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis prezidiumi ulocavs gamoCenil filosofiur
moazrovnes didxans sicocxlesa da sul ufro da ufro
met warmatebebs mis SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi.

290
 sarCevi

redaqtoris winasityvaoba......................................................... 3

nawili pirveli
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebTa
akademiis cnobari

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

akademikosebi.................................................................................. 6

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

prezidiumi ...................................................................................... 7

nawili meore
filosofiuri Ziebani

ontologia

vaJa niblaZe _ yofiereba da substancia ......................... 10

sergi avaliani _ dialeqtikis Teoriisa da
aristoteles winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis
kanonis Tavsebadobis problema................................... 19

gnoseologia

vaxtang menabdiSvili _ cnebisa da codnis

urTierTobis problema sokrates
filosofiaSi ....................................................................... 49

mecnierebis filosofia

guram naWyebia _ qmedebis Semadgenlobisa da

marTlwinaaRmdegobis Tanafardobis problema
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi ........................ 62
murman gorgoSaZe _ samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxisaTvis {Tanamedrove aspeqtebi} ................. 79
ramaz gaxokiZe _ samyaro, rogorc kanonzomieri
organizebuli sistema ..................................................... 90
291
 filosofiuri anTropologia

irakli gogiCaZe _ absoluturi Tavisufleba da

Teo-anTroposi {pirovneba drosa da
maradiulobas Soris}....................................................... 138

religiis filosofia da religiaTmcodneoba

kaxa qecbaia _ religia “postsekularul epoqaSi” ....... 158

mixeil xalvaSi _ mosazrebani RmerTis
arsebobis Sesaxeb............................................................... 171

socialuri da politikuri filosofia

Teimuraz faCulia _ Zalauflebis subrefcia ............... 226

tariel rexviaSvili _ interesis cneba kita
megreliZis “azris socialur
fenomenologiaSi” ............................................................. 239
badri forCxiZe _ socialuri cnobiereba, rogorc
teqnikur garemoSi adaptirebis unari...................... 247
nana maWaraZe _ realuri virtualobis kulturis
gageba Tanamedrove multimediur velSi ............... 259

esTetika

nana guliaSvili _ dehumanizacia, rogorc

modernuli xelovnebis ZiriTadi tendencia.......... 270

polemika

mixeil maxaraZe _ mecnieruli eTikisa da

obieqturobis dasacavad ............................................... 283

informaciebi ............................................................................ 288

292
 CONTENTS

PREFACE.............................................................................................. 3

FIRST PART

Reference book of the Academy of philosophical sciences

of Georgia ............................................................................................ 6

Academicians of the Academy of philosophical sciences

of Georgia ............................................................................................ 7

SECOND PART

PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

ONTOLOGY

Vaza Nibladze _Being and substance............................................... 10

Sergi Avaliani _The problem of compatibility of dialectical
theory and Aristotelian principle of contradiction ................. 19

GNOSEOLOGY

Vakhtang Menabdishvili _Relationship between knowledge

and concept in Socrates’ philosophy........................................ 49

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Guram Nachkebia _ Behavior {action} content and law-

resistance relations problem in criminal law-making ............. 62
Murman Gorgoshadze_On the problem of interrelation of
civil society and state ................................................................ 79
Ramaz Gakhokidze _ The world as natural organized system .... 90

PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Irakli Gogichadze _ Absolute freedom and Theo-anthropos .......... 138

293
 PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF RELIGION

Kakha Ketsbaia _ Religion in “Post-sekular epokh”....................... 158

Mikheil Khalvashi _ Thought about existence of God.................... 171

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Theimuraz Phachulia _ Subreption of power.................................. 226

Tariel Rekhviashvili _ Concept of interest in the “social
henomenology of thought” by Kita Megrelidze ..................... 239
Badri Porchkhidze _ Social consciousness as the ability for the
adaptation to the tekhnical environment .................................. 247
Nana Macharadze _ Understanding the culture of real virtual in
the modern multimedea field ..................................................... 259

AESTHETICS

Nana Guliashvili _ Dehumanization as a main tendency

of modern art .......................................................................... 270

POLEMIC

Mikheil Makharadze _In defence of Scientific ethics

and objectivity............................................................................ 283

INFORMATIONS ............................................................................... 288

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 avtorTa sayuradRebod!

1. seriaSi „filosofiuri Ziebani“ ibeWdeba mxolod mec-

nieruli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi, originaluri Sinaar-
sis mqone statiebi, romlebic warmoadgens mecnierulad
dasabuTebul axal sityvas qarTul filosofiur az-
rovnebaSi. popularuli, ganmanaTlebluri xasiaTis
statiebi dasabeWdad ar miiReba.
2. statia awyobili unda iyos kompiuterze da axldes Se-
sabamisi diski.
3. statiis moculoba ar unda aRematebodes or saavto-
ro Tabaxs {80 000 sastambo niSani}.
4. „filosofiuri Ziebani“ sameurneo angariSze ibeWdeba;
statiis avtori ixdis dabeWdvis Rirebulebas; Tu sare-
daqcio kolegia statias ar miiRebs, maSin igi avtors ub-
rundeba statiasTan erTad.
5. stamburi wesiT awyobil statiaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis
cvlilebebis Setana akrZalulia; aucilebel SemTxveva-
Si avtori gadaixdis damatebiT Rirebulebas.
6. statias Tan unda axldes avtoris fotosuraTi {4 X 5}
da mokle biografiuli cnobebi araumetes naxevari
gverdisa.
7. statias Tan unda axldes agreTve reziume ucxo {sa-
survelia inglisur} enaze daaxloebiT 1700 sastambo
niSnis {erTi gverdi} odenobiT, romelSic naCvenebi iq-
neba gamokvlevis Sedegebi.
8. literatura erTvis bolos miTiTebuli cifrebis mi-
xedviT.
9. dasabeWdi statiis warmodgenis bolo vadaa 1 dekembe-
ri; am vadis Semdeg statia ar miiReba.
10. statia gamogzavnili unda iqnas saqarTvelos filo-
sofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidentis an swavlu-
li mdivnis saxelze.

„filosofiuri Ziebani“-s saredaqcio kolegia

295
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