Filosofiuri Dziebani 2021 XXV Tomi

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia
ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA
filosofiuri Ziebani
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

daarsebidan 25 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo
krebuli ocdamexuTe
PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Jubilee Volume of Collected Articles Dedicated to the 25th
Anniversary from theFounding of Academy of Philosophical
Sciences of Georgia
VOLUME TWENTY-FIVE
gamomcemloba ùniversali~
Tbilisi
2021
ISSN 1512-2468
UDC (uak) 1 (479.22)
(061.2) f. 562
`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ ocdamexuTe krebuli tradici-

ulad Zveli da axali Taobis filosofosTa naSromebs moi-
cavs da saqarTveloSi mimdinare filosofiuri kvleva-Zie-
bis umTavres tendenciebs asaxavs.
mTavari redaqtori: irakli kalandia
recenzentebi: anzor bregaZe,

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-
Ta akademiis akademikosi
napo kvaracxelia
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-
Ta akademiis akademikosi
saredaqcio kolegia EDITORIAL BOARD

asaTiani gurami Asatiani Guram
bregaZe anzori Bregadze Anzori
berZeniSvili amirani Berdzenishvili Amiran
burjaliani arsen Burjaliani Arsen
gaxokiZe ramazi Gakhokidze Ramaz
doliZe mamuka Dolidze Mamuka
imedaZe irakli Imedadze Irakli
kalandia irakli {mT. redaqtori} Kalandia Irakli {Ch. Editor}
kvaracxelia napo Kvaratskhelia Napo
fanjikiZe Teimuraz Panjikidze Teimuraz
qecbaia kaxa Ketsbaia Kakha
{mT. redaqtoris moadgile} {Dep. Ch. Editor}
xasaia zurab Khasaia Zurab
lit. redaqtorebi: marine ambokaZe LIt. Editor – Marine Ambokadze

jemal Sonia Djemal Shonia
gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2019

Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias №4, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30
E — mail: universal505@ymail.com; gamomcemlobauniversali@gmail.com
mTavari redaqtoris
winasityvaoba


21-e saukuneSi, rodesac xdeba politikis, ekono-

mikis, kulturis yvela sferoSi ukiduresad winaaR-
mdegobrivi cvlilebebi da axali paradigmebis dam-
kvidreba, gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba filosofias.
am situaciaSi adamianis msoflmxedvelobiTi orienta-
ciis problemebi, sakuTari adgilis da rolis garkveva
sazogadoebaSi, pirad saqcielze pasuxismgebloba pri-
oritetul mniSvnelobas iZens. adamianis msoflmxedve-
lobiTi kulturis formirebaSi filosofia yovel-
Tvis gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda. umniSvnelova-
nesia am mxriv misi wvlili sazogadoebaSi. filosofia
warmoadgens kulturis fundaments. gansakuTrebiT
dRes aris aucilebeli sistemur-filosofiuri midgo-
ma, rogorc msoflios globalur problemaTa, ise Cve-
ni qveynis politikis, ekonomikis da ekologiis saWir-
boroto sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad.
didi germaneli filosofosi hegeli ambobda:
ùbeduria eri, romelsac sakuTari filosofiuri az-
rovneba ar gaaCniao~. sabednierod, qarTuli filoso-
fiis arseboba msoflioSi aRiarebuli faqtia. es Cveni
eris inteleqtualuri saganZuria da misi xelyofa
eris winaSe Cadenili danaSaulia. eris inteleqtualu-
3
ri ganviTareba filosofiuri azrovnebis doniT izo-
meba. msoflioSi mravali eri arsebobs, romelsac
msgavsi ram ar gaaCnia. Cven aseTi ram gvaqvs da vanadgu-
rebT, vspobT. Cven mecnierebis, kulturis, ganaTlebi-
sa da sportis garda sxva ra resursebiT unda war-
vsdgeT kacobriobis winaSe. rogorc cnobilia, mecnie-
rebaTa mecniereba ki filosofiaa, romelic eris suli-
eri kulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentia.
1995 wlis 30 noembers qarTvelma filosofosebma
cnobili filosofosis, filosofiis mecnirebeaTa
doqtoris, mecnirebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis, erov-
nuli premiis laureatis, profesor sergi avalianis
iniciativiTa da TaosnobiT daafuZnes saqarTvelos
filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia. akademiis, ro-
gorc filosofiis dargSi samecniero centris, saqmia-
nobis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens sistemuri zrunva
erovnuli filosofiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebisaT-
vis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes saqarTvelos filoso-
fiur mecnierebaTa akademia erTaderTi samecniero
centria, romelic filosofiis sferoSi funqcioni-
rebs. mas Semdeg, rac didi tradiciebis mqone savle we-
reTlis saxelobis filosofiis instituti, faqtobri-
vad, daixura, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis saqmianobam meti aqtualoba SeiZina.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom CvenSi filosofiis
sferoSi regularuli beWduri gamocema saqarTvelos
filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis weliwdeul `fi-
losofiuri Ziebanis~ garda ar arsebobs. dRidan akade-
miis daarsebisa `filosofiuri Ziebanis~ 24 tomia gamo-
cemuli. sasiamovnoa im faqtis aRniSvna, rom `filoso-
4
fiuri Ziebani~ registrirebulia iseT mniSvnelovan
organizaciaSi, rogoricaa filosofiuri dokumenta-
ciis saerTaSoriso centri (aSS). centris direqtori
bob Tompsoni 2000 wels akademiis saxelze gamogzavnil
werilSi werda: `bednieri var gauwyoT, rom saqarTve-
los filosofiur mecnirebaTa akademia da misi Jurna-
li `filosofiuri Ziebani~ im swavlulebTan erTad,
romlebic amave akademiaSi Sedian, figurireben `filo-
sofiisa da filosofosebis saerTaSoriso cnobarSi~.
akademia aRniSnul centrTan TanamSromlobas dRemde
warmatebiT agrZelebs. akademia agreTve TanamSrom-
lobs Cikagos universitetTan arsebul `filosofiur
mecnierebaTa asociaciasTan~. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
akademia Tavis samecniero saqmianobas enTuziazmis sa-
fuZvelze agrZelebs, radgan qarTvel biznesmenTa So-
ris ver moiZebna sponsori, romelic `filosofiuri
Ziebanis~ Tundac erT morig toms daafinansebda, rom
araferi vTqvaT akademiis wevrTa honorarze. daarse-
bis pirvel xanebSi akademias SeZlebisdagvarad exmare-
boda misi ucxoeli wevri, msoflioSi cnobili filo-
sofosi eS goubari. akademia dRemde nayofierad Tanam-
Sromlobs britanel, kanadel, italiel, germanel da
rus filosofosebTan.
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademi-
is wevrebi iyvnen saxelovani qarTveli filosofosebi:
sergi avaliani, Tamaz buaCiZe, baCana bregvaZe, Tamar
kukava, arCil begiaSvili, anzor tyemalaZe, giorgi ve-
kua, biZina lutiZe, daviT gegeSiZe, vaxtang gagoiZe, ge-
ronti SuSanaSvili, akaki cimintia, giorgi xuciSvili,
fido nadibaiZe. akademiis wevrebi iyvnen: cnobili iu-
5
risti, iuridiul mecnirebaTa doqtori, profesori
guram naWyebia da cnobili kompozitori, musikis fi-
losofiis sferos TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli feliqs
Rlonti, cnobili eqimi, medicinis mecnierebaTa doq-
tori, profesori emanuil dvaliSvili.
amJamad akademiis prezidiumis saqmianobas, mis
prezidentTan erTad, aqtiurad uZRvebian akademiis vi-
ce-prezidenti − filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori arsen burjaliani da swavluli mdivani −
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori kaxa
qecbaia. akademias gaaCnia Semdegi ganyofilebebi: 1) on-
tologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis ganyofileba −
xelmZRvaneli filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori napo kvaracxelia; 2) mecnierebis filofo-
fiis ganyofileba − xelmZRvaneli qimiis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori ramaz gaxokiZe; 3) politikuri
filosofiis ganyofileba − xelmZRvaneli filosofiis
mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori guram asaTiani; 4)
filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofileba − filo-
sofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori anzor bre-
gaZe; 5) eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofileba − filosofi-
is mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori mamuka doliZe;
6) ucxoeTisa da qarTuli filosfiis istoriis ganyo-
fileba − filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profe-
sori zurab xasaia; 7) religiis filosofiisa da relgi-
aTmcodneobis ganyofileba − xelmZRvaneli filoso-
fiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori Teimuraz fan-
jikiZe; 8) kulturis filosofiis ganyofileba − xel-
mZRvaneli filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profe-
6
sori Teimuraz mTibelaSvili; 9) sociologiisa da so-
cialuri fsiqologiis ganyofileba − xelmZRvaneli
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori ami-
ran berZeniSvili. akademiis wevrebi arian cnobili fsi-
qologebi: fsiqologiis mecn. dotori, profesori
irakli imedaZe, fsiqologiis mecn. dotori, profeso-
ri nodar sarjvelaZe. filosofosebi: badri forCxiZe,
raul CantlaZe, Teimuraz faCulia, robert goleTia-
ni.
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia
xels uwyobs da mzrunvelobas iCens axalgazrda Tao-
bis filosofiuri ganaTlebisaTvis. amis niSania is, rom
`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ TiTqmis yovel morig tomSi
`studenturi Ziebebis~ ganyofileba gvxvdeba.
25 wlis manZilze saqarTvelos filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa kademiis weliwdeul beWdur organoSi `fi-
losfiuri Ziebani~ aseulobiT gamokvleva gamoqveynda,
romlis avtorebi iyvnen rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoe-
li mecnierebi. akademiam gamosca cnobari msoflios
filosofosTa (antikuri droidan dRemde) Sesaxeb.
ganvlili wlebis manZilze `filosofiuri Zieba-
nis~ mesveurebs arakeTilmosurne adamianTagan momdi-
nare araerTi siZnelis gadalaxva mouxdaT, magram miu-
xedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, rom `filosofiuri Ziebanis~
Rvawli saqarTveloSi filosofiuri azrovnebisa da
maRali inteleqtualuri saazrovno kulturis ganvi-
Tarebis saqmeSi qarTvel filosofosTa Soris sayo-
velTaod aRiarebulia.
7
filosofiisadmi, zogadad mecnierebisa da kul-
turisadmi arakeTilmosurned ganwyobil droSi, mxo-
lod enTuziazmiT, filosofiisa da mecnierebis siyva-
ruliT advili ar iyo yovelive imis miRweva, rac akade-
miam daarsebidan dRemde gaakeTa. miuxedavad im mZime
viTarebisa, romelSic saqarTvelos filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa akademias amJamad uwevs saqmianoba, akademiis
mizania saqarTveloSi filosofiuri azrovnebis sfe-
roSi Cveni didi maswavleblebis, wina Taobebis filo-
sofosTa mier damkvidrebuli mdidari da mravalfero-
vani tradiciis Rirseuli gagrZeleba da ganviTareba.
saqarTvelos filosofiur
mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti
irakli kalandia
2021 wlis 17 ianvari
8
nawili pirveli
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis cnobari
2020
akademiis akademikosebi
1. asaTiani guram
2. balanCivaZe revaz
3. berZeniSvili amiran
4. bregaZe anzor
5. burjaliani arsen
6. gaxokiZe ramaz
7. goleTiani robert
8. doliZe mamuka
9. imedaZe irakli
10. kalandia irakli
11. kvaracxelia napo
12. mTibelaSvili Teimuraz
13. sarjvelaZe nodar
14. fanjikiZe Teimuraz
15. faCulia Teimuraz
16. forCxiZe badri
17. qecbaia kaxa
18. CantlaZe raul
19. xasaia zurab
10
akademiis prezidiumi
1. prezidenti — irakli kalandia

2. vice-prezidenti — arsen burjaliani
3. akademikosi-mdivani — kaxa qecbaia
4. ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logikis ganyofi-
lebis akademikosi-mdivani — napo kvaracxelia
5. mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebis akademiko-
si-mdivani — ramaz gaxokiZe
6. politikuri filosofiis ganyofilebis akademiko-
si-mdivani — guram asaTiani
7. filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyofilebis akade-
mikosi-mdivani — anzor bregaZe
8. eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebis akademikosi-
mdivani — mamuka doliZe
9. religiis filosofiisa da religiaTmcodneobis
ganyofilebis akademikosi-mdivani — Teimuraz fan-
jikiZe
10. sociologiisa da socialuri fsiqologiis ganyo-
filebis akademikosi-mdivani — amiran berZeniSvi-
li
11. ucxoeTisa da qarTuli filosofiis istoriis gan-
yofilebis akademikosi-mdivani — zurab xasaia
12. kulturis filosofiis ganyofilebis akademikosi —
mdivani — Teimuraz mTibelaSvili
11
FIRST PART
REFERENCE BOOK
OF THE ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL
SCIENCES OF GEORGIA
2020
ACADEMICIANS OF THE ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL
SCIENCES OF GEORGIA
1. ASATIANI GURAM
2. BALANCHIVADZE REVAZ
3. BERDZENISHVILI AMIRAN
4. BREGADZE ANZOR
5. BURJALIANI ARSEN
6. CHANTLADZE RAUL
7. GAKHOKIDZE RAMAZ
8. GOLETIANI ROBERT
9. DOLIDZE MAMUKA
10. FORCHKHIDZE BADRI
11. IMEDADZE IRAKLI
12. KALANDIA IRAKLI
13. KVARATSKHELIA NAPO
14. KETSBAIA KAKHA
15. KHASAIA ZURAB
16. MTIBELASHVILI TEIMURAZ
17. SARJVELADZE NODAR
18. PANJIKIDZE TEIMURAZ
19. PACHULIA TEIMURAZ
13
PRESIDIUM OF THE ACADEMY
OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA
1. PRESIDENT — KALANDIA IRAKLI

2. VICE- PRESIDENT — BURJALIANI ARSEN
3. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY — KETSBAIA KAKHA
4. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY AND LOGIC — KVARATSKHE-
LIA NAPO
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE — GAKHOKIDZE RAMAZ
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY — ASATIANI
GURAM
7. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF DEPARTMENT OF PHI-
LOSOPHYCAL ANTHROPOLOGY — BREGADZE ANZOR
8. ACADEMICIAN SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT
ETHICS AND OF AESTHETIC — DOLIDZE MAMUKA
9. ACADEMIC SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND THE STUDY OF
RELIGION — PANJIKIDZE TEIMURAZ
10. ACADEMIC SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SO-
CIOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY — BERDZENISHVI-
LI AMIRAN
FOREIGN AND GEORGIAN PHILOSOPHY — KHASAIA
ZURAB
PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE – TEIMURAZ MTIBELASHVILI
14
ontologia, gnoseologia
ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY
zurab xasaia — saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis kademikosi, filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. wle-
bis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-
lisis sax. universitetis filosofiis kaTedris gamged. mu-
Saobs Teoriuli filosofiis, filosofiis istoriis, socia-
luri filosofiis, filosofiuri anTroplogiisa da meta-
filosofiis sferoebSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali samec-
niero naSromi mecnierebis am dargebSi, maT Soris monogra-
fiebi qarTul da ucxour enebze, romelTagan gamorCeulia:
`vefxistyaosani da fausti~, `fenomenologiuri metafizi-
ka~, `Zveli msoflios filosofia~, `germaneli filosofose-
bi istoriis Sesaxeb~, `filosofiuri anTropologia~ da sxv.
aris cnobili mwerali da dramaturgi.
ekzistencialis cneba da `heraklites ena~
a) eleas krizisi
miuxedavad filosofiuri azrovnebis Tavbrudam-

xvevi mravalwaxnagurobisa da odisevsuri, kaleidos-
kopuri Tavgadasavlebisa, mis mTavar sagnad rCeba ar-
seboba, yofna. sacxovrebo ganwyobasTan sruliad Seu-
Tavsebeli da amitom ucnauria masTan misasvleli gza.
aseT gzad azrovnebaze dandobil `moazrovne arsebas~
amaod miaCnia-xolme arsebobis cnebis analizi; ab-
straqtuli, ganyenebuli azrovneba `saerTod arsebo-
bis~, `saerTod yofnis~ Sesaxeb.
es aris gza cnebebis, kategoriebis Seqmnisa da ma-
Ti meSveobiT arsebobis logikuri Semecnebisa. es gezi
dasaxa berZenma filosofosma parmenidem da funda-
menturad Camoayaliba sokratem. amiT ki arseboba,
yofna Sinaarsisgan ganiZarcva. filosofia da, saer-
Tod, azrovneba formalizmis tyveobaSi moeqca, ramac
16
warmoSva nihilizmi da misi gabatoneba adamianis cxov-
rebaSi.
dasavleTis filosofiaSi nihilizmis Camoyalibe-
bis grandiozuli, yvelaze STambeWdavi Sedegi hegelis
sistema iyo. swored mis Semdeg iwyeba didi nihilizmis
gacnobiereba da axali gzis gaWra. saerTo, rac am axal
filosofiur mcdelobebSi SeiniSneboda, iyo saubari
grZnobadi arsebobis Sesaxeb. filosofia uars ambob-
da arsebobis zogad cnebaze, anu kategoriebis saSua-
lebiT Semecnebaze da grZnobad Semecnebas aniWebda
upiratesobas. filosofiam gezi grZnobadi, konkretu-
li arsebobisken aiRo, xolo aseT arsebobas filoso-
fosi yvelaze sufTa saxiT, cxadia, sakuTar TavSi naxu-
lobda.
Cven mTlianad viziarebT hegelisSemdgomi filo-
sofiis am gezs. swored amaSi mdgomareobs Cveni midgo-
mis fenomenologiuroba — filosofiuri Semecnebis
dawyeba yvelaze ufro uSualo mocemulobidan, saku-
Tari arsebobis gancdidan. `saerTod arsebobis~ Sesa-
xeb azrovneba viTarca filosofiis dasawyisi adgils
uTmobs sakuTari arsebobis gancdas. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, cnebebiT, kategoriebiT Semecnebis ad-
gils grZnobadi Semecneba ikavebs.
`saerTod arsebobis~ Sesaxeb azrovneba kategori-
ebis meSveobiT xdeba. magram gancdas kategoria ar mi-
udgeba. isini erTmaneTs gamoricxaven. cnebebiTa da ka-
tegoriebiT azrovneba abstraqtuli azrovnebaa, lo-
gikuri Semecnebaa. gancdas ki — am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari
arsebobis gancdas — Tavisi struqtura aqvs da Tavisi,
grZnobad-emociuri `punqtebiTaa~ agebuli. maT SeiZ-
leba nair-nairi kuTxidan Sexedos kacma da uwodos sa-
xeli, magram filosofiaSi fexi moikida haidegeris mi-
er arsebiTi momentebis gaTvaliswinebiT SerCeulma
17
terminma èkzistenciali~. sakuTari arsebobis filo-
sofiuri gancda ekzistencialebiTaa Sekruli, iseve
rogorc `saerTod arsebobis~ gaazreba — cnebebiT, ka-
tegoriebiT.
amitom grZnobadi Semecneba, romelic filosofi-
is saTaveSi dgeba, ekzistencialuri Semecnebaa, ek-
zistencialebiT azrovnebaa, ekzistencialebis gaazre-
ba da Semecnebaa. jerjerobiT amis Tqma sakmarisia. xo-
lo dakonkretebas da ekzistencis filosofiasTan ur-
TierTobis garkvevas qvemoT SevecdebiT.
filosofiis axali gzis — arsis grZnobadi Semec-
nebis Sesaxeb jerjerobiT mxolod is viciT, rom is sa-
kuTari arsebobis gancdaa da gamoiTqmeba winadadebiT
`me var~. yvelam sakuTari gamocdilebidan viciT am ori
sityvis raRac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. es sityve-
bi TiTqos raRac saidumloebas Seicavs da ufro Rrmaa,
vidre erTi SexedviT Cans. TiTqos Cveni azrovnebisa da
CvenTa qmedebaTa saTaveSi is igulisxmeba. Tundac es
faqti mianiSnebs, rom igi filosofiuri Semecnebis
pirvel nabijs hgavs da es Semecneba swored misgan unda
iwyebodes.
magram erTia misgan dawyeba da meorea misi sru-
lad danaxva da sworad ganmarteba. dekartidan iwyeba
am utyuari fenomenuri mocemulobis subieqturi, so-
lifsuri ganmarteba: `me var~ TviTcnobierebis debu-
lebaa, TviTcnobierebaa. didi maTematikosi darwmune-
buli iyo, rom sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebis Sedegi sa-
kuTari Tavis dadgenaa. TviTcnobierebis aqtSi Cans sa-
kuTari `me~, misi warmodgenebiTurT.
mis amgvar ganmartebas mohyva subieqtis mankieri
Caketva sakuTar TavSi da misi gamocxadeba substanci-
ad, anu TviTkmar da Seuval realobad. Sepirebuli Tan-
mimdevrulobis SemTxvevaSi dekarti TviTcnobierebis
18
metafizikiT unda Semofargluliyo da garegani qvey-
nierebis arsebobis Sesaxeb xma ar unda amoeRo. magram
man amdeni ver gabeda da materialuri substanciac da-
uSva. Tanmimdevruloba ki mxolod nawilobriv Seinar-
Cuna imiT, rom maT Soris kavSiri gamoricxa da konti-
nenturi racionalizmi `fsiqofizikuri paraleliz-
mis~ viTarca faqtis winaSe daayena. am ucnauri faqtis
asaxsnelad ki didi mecnieri iZulebuli gaxda daeSva
`prestabiluri harmoniis~ dogma, romelic sruliad
ewinaaRmdegeboda misi filosofiis maTematikur su-
liskveTebas.
roca Tanmimdevruli filosofia aseT mwir Sede-
gamde midis, aSkaraa, rom problema amosaval princip-
Sia. vfiqrobT, `me var~, anu sakuTari arsebobis codna
araa sruli Sedegi im meditaciebisa, rac dekartma
awarmoa Tavis `metafizikur ganazrebebSi~, `meTodo-
logiur eWvebSi~. sakuTari arseboba, rac frang filo-
sofoss Tavis uSualo WvretaSi, anu intuiciuri sicxa-
diT moeca, ufro mets itevda da Seicavda, vidre erTi
SexedviT Canda. sakuTari arsebobis ganWvretis, misi
uSualo Semecnebis aqti dekartma arasworad, kerZod,
arasrulad, calmxrivad ganmarta. es ki iman gamoiwvia,
rom maTematikosi xelmZRvanelobda azrisa da arsis
igiveobis parmeniduli paradigmiT da, rogorc Cans,
arc ki icnobda meore, ufro maRal paradigmas — herak-
liturs.
sanam naTqvams ganvmartavdeT da ganvaviTarebdeT,
SevniSnavT, rom haidegerma da sartrma sworad igrZnes
dekartis es calmxrioba, magram cudad gamoTqves, ro-
gorc es sCveviaT ekzistencis filosofosebs metafi-
zikis sakiTxebze msjelobis dros. maTi sayveduri de-
kartis mimarT daaxloebiT aseTia: `me~ azrovnebamdec
arsebobs, kerZod, grZnobebSi, gancdebSi; da rom swo-
19
red esaa mTavari. Cems arsebobas grZnobebsa da gan-
cdebSi vxedav, sanam azrovnebas daviwyebde!
magram amgvar SesaZlo Semodavebaze dekartis pa-
suxi xom cnobilia? grZnobebi da gancdebi àzrovnebis
modifikaciebia~, anu azrovnebiTaa gaSualebuli! roca
dekartis amosaval debulebas vexebiT da vafasebT, az-
rovnebis cneba im mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT, rogorc
is esmoda TviTon dekarts, da ara im mniSvnelobiT, ro-
gorc is Cven gvesmis, an mocemul momentSi `gvawyobs~.
adamiani diaxac moazrovne arsebaa maSinac, roca sa-
xeldobr cnebebiTa da zogadi warmodgenebiT azrov-
nebs, da maSinac, roca `grZnobebiTa da gancdebiT~
xelmZRvanelobs. ai amitom da am azr-gagebiT, dekarti
ar cdeboda, roca amtkicebda: Cems arsebobas Cemi az-
rovnebis aqtSi vxedavo; Cemi arsebobis Sesaxeb Cemi az-
rovnebidan `vaskvnio~.
magram xsenebuli `kritikosebi~ udavod marTalni
arian imaSi, rom dekarts azrovneba wminda logikur,
maTematikur aqtad esmis, xolo ase gagebuli azrovne-
ba verc grZnobebsa da gancdebs gamsWvalavs, verc ar-
sebobas daitevs Tavis TavSi. Sedegad miviRebT imas,
rom azrisa da arsis, azrovnebisa da arsebobis gaigive-
ba ganze datovebs, `frCxilebs gareT gaitans~ grZno-
bebsa da gancdebs, mTel grZnobad arsebobas saerTod,
viTarca raRac meorexarisxovansa da umniSvnelos.
marTalia, dekarti sul Segvaxsenebs-xolme, rom
grZnobebi da gancdebi àzrovnebis modifikaciebia~,
magram es mxolod saTqmeladaa advili. sinamdvileSi ki
logikuri azrovnebisTvis grZnobebisa da gancdebis
sfero iseve garegani da ucxoa, rogorc sulieri mov-
lenebisTvis — fiziologiuri procesebi. maTi — e.i. er-
Ti mxriv, logikuri azrovnebisa da, meore mxriv,
grZnobebisa da gancdebisa — urTierTmimarTeba karte-
20
zianuli fsiqo-fizikuri paralelizmis nawilad, aspeq-
tad unda CaiTvalos.
es siZnele dekarts ki ar gamougonia, an aRmouCe-
nia, aramed parmeniduli paradigmidan gamomdinareobs.
fsiqo-fizikuri paralelizmi dekartma, ubralod,
amoswia, Torem yovelTvis, eleas filosofiuri sko-
lidan moyolebuli, xsenebul paradigmaSi iyo Rrmad
Camarxuli. grZnobadi realoba logikuri azrovnebis-
Tvis imTaviTve ucxo da miuRebelia. amitom logikuri
azrovnebisadmi didi ndoba grZnobadi sinamdvilis
uaryofamde midis; kerZod, iluziasTan mis gaigivebam-
de.
eleas filosofosebma es gza airCies da es arCeva-
nia is paradigma, ramac fsiqo-fizikuri paralelizmi
da sxva mravali Sedegic moitana. ekzistencis filoso-
fosebma ki am arCevanze, anu parmenides paradigmaze ua-
ri Tqves, radgan am gzaze arsebobis mdidari Sinaarsi
daikarga da arsebobis Sesaxeb filosofiuri kiTxvebi
ara Tu aixsna, saerTod gaqra. amitom uwoda haideger-
ma Seqmnil mdgomareobas `sein-is daviwyeba~ da filoso-
fiis kiTxvebi arsebobis Sesaxeb xelaxla dasva.
b) logofobia
ai aqedan unda SevxedoT dekartis debulebis

`Cogito ergo sum!~ interpretaciisa da ganviTarebis sa-
kiTxs. marTlac, Cems logikur azrovnebaSi Cemi arse-
bobis meti araferi Cans. zedmetia laparaki rogorc
RmerTze, ise garegan qveynierebaze. magram Cems grZno-
bad azrovnebaSi, anu adamianur, e.i. azrovnebiT gam-
sWvalul grZnobebsa da gancdebSi ufro meti Cans! ker-
Zod, aq Cans Cemi cocxali kavSiri garesamyarosTan.
21
sartrma amas `prerefleqsuri cogito~ uwoda. ter-
mini SeiZleba ar mogvewonos, radgan cogito cnobierebis
pirveli sxivia da igi SuZlebelia warmovidginoT
`refleqsurobis~ gareSe, e.i. `prerefleqsurad~. mag-
ram idea misaRebia: Cems mier samyaros Tanagancda coc-
xali kavSiria da logikur azrovnebaze metia. es aris
Cemi cnobili Tanacxovreba `sxvasTan~, garesamyaros-
Tan. mas win arc TviTcnobiereba uswrebs da arc gare-
samyaros aRqma. TviTon es — Cems mier samyaros Tanagan-
cda aris yvelaze pirveli aqti.
am `pirveli aqtidan~, am `samyaros Tanagancdi-
dan~, am cocxali, grZnobadi azrovnebidan unda amovi-
des filosofia; mTeli Semecnebis gzaze es muxti ar
unda dakargos da logikuri, Tu sxva saxis azrovnebi-
Ti, SemecnebiTi operaciebi aqedan unda gaSalos. aseTi
filosofia warmogvidgeba cocxal xed, romlis fesve-
bi da sakvebi grZnobadi azrovnebaa, tani da varjebi —
ekzistencialebi, xolo foTlebi, romlebic zedmet
wyals aSrobs, — cnebebi da msjelobebi.
sakiTxis ase dasmam ekzistencis filosofosebi
miiyvana maTTvis egzom damaxasiaTebel mZime proble-
mamde, rasac albaT logofobia unda davarqvaT. es
aris erTgvari SiSi logikuri azrovnebisa, rac misdami
undoblobidan gamomdinareobs. ai es undobloba erTi
wamiTac ar unda dagvaviwydes, radgan es gasagebs xdis
maT stils. e.i. es raime axireba, an originaloba ki araa,
aramed Seqmnili obieqturi viTarebis Sedegi.
aq erTgvari àntielea~ gaTamaSda. Tavis droze
eleas filosofosebma, parmenides meTaurobiT, abuCad
aigdes grZnobadi qveyniereba da misi TvalnaTlivi
faqtebi iluziad gamoacxades. sokratem Tavis Wabuk
mowafes, platons, usayvedura poeziiT gataceba da mo-
wafemac, misi gavleniT, Tavisi poeturi Semoqmedeba
22
cecxls misca; Semdeg ki Tavisi e.w. idealuri saxelmwi-
fodan `poetebi gaaZeva~.
axla ki viTareba Seicvala da eleas sawinaaRmde-
god datrialda Carxi istoriisa. axla logika da mec-
niereba iqca abstraqciad da iluziad, xolo realobis
Sesamecneblad grZnobebs uxmes. amjerad TiTqos sru-
li revanSi Sedga da alogikuri, aramecnieruli gemov-
neba karg tonad iqca. marTlac, ekzistencis filoso-
fosebi TiTqos ganzrax dgamen zedmet nabijebs logi-
kisa da mecnierebis winaaRmdeg.
es yovelive xdeba `cocxali azrovnebis~, realu-
ri Semecnebis pretenziiT, magram xSirad ganaTlebuli
da gemovnebiani mkiTxvelis abuCad agdebamde midis.
xSirad haidegeri ugulebelhyofs gramatikis normeb-
sac ki.
magaliTad, zemore amosavali wertilis ukeT, uf-
ro adekvaturad gamokveTis mizniT is tradiciul,
enobrivad gamarTul gamoTqmas `me da garesamyaro~
cvlis axali, `zegramatikuli~ formiT: `me-da-gare-
samyaro~. amas imiT amarTlebs, rom `tradiciuli ena
metafizikiTaa Seryvnili~; TiTqos `me da garesamyaro~
imTaviTve SecdomaSi gvagdebs, radgan mkiTxvels Tu
msmenels eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom `me~ calke sub-
stanciaa, xolo `garesamyaro~ — aseve calke substan-
cia. amitom maT Soris xidis gadeba xdeba saWiro. es ki
SeuZlebelia da azrovneba Cerdeba, CixSi Sedis.
maSasadame, `tradiciulma, metafizikurma~ enam
xeli SegviSala sworad, sein-is Tanaxmad azrovnebaSi.
aqedan ki haidegeri askvnis, rom sein-is daviwyebis sa-
fuZveli swored enaSia Cadebuli da teqnikuri civili-
zacia pirvelqmnil, poetur enas am mimarTulebiT eqa-
Ceba. es midis enis deformaciamde, xolo deformirebu-
li, teqnikurad Seryvnili, gaqvavebuli, cnebebis ba-
23
lastad qceuli ena aRar gamodgeba SemecnebisTvis. is
mxolod teqnikuri instrumentebis Sesaqmnelad gamod-
geba da, upirveles yovlisa, TviTonvea aseTi instru-
menti. filosofiam ki unda daiwyos enis kritikiT, ra-
Ta sinamdvile àRmocendes~, àyvavdes~.
magram es saSiSi mowodebaa, radgan ena mxolod bu-
nebrivad, stiqiurad iqmneba. am SemTxvevaSi ki misi
qmnadoba SeuZlebelia davicvaT teqnologiuri manipu-
laciebisgan da aucileblad miviRebT xelovnur wnexsa
da Zaladobas. marTalia, haidegeri cdilobs sifrTxi-
le daicvas da es poetebis saqmed miaCnia, magram am saq-
mis perspeqtiva naTelia ukve iqidan, rom aseT poetad
... Tavisi Tavi miaCnia.
amitom nebismieri keTilSobiluri miznis miuxe-
davad, TviTnebobas win veraferi daudgeba da miviRebT
aseT, rbilad rom vTqvaT, saeWvo mosavals, monagars:
`yofiereba yofierobs yofierebiT~, `mecniereba ar az-
rovnebs~, `munyofiereba sul Tavis Tavze win aris mo-
mavalSi da am TviTgaswrebis Tanadroulad ukan garbis
warsulSi~; `povnadoba da gageba erTad artikulireben
im Riaobas, romelic Seadgens munyofierebas adamianSi.
ganwyobaSi munyofiereba yovelTvis ukve mibarebulia
Tavissave Tavs da sakuTari Tavi napovni aqvs ara ro-
gorc aRmqmeli gamJRavneba sakuTari Tavisa, aramed
rogorc winaswar momarTuli TviTganlageba~.
es `margalitebi~ TviTon haidegers ekuTvnis —
poeziis uzado mcodnes, hermenevtikuli azrovnebis
maswavlebelsa da klasikoss. advili warmosadgenia, ra
enobrivi Semoqmedeba da kultura gabrwyindeba mos-
wavleebTan da epigonebTan!
ai, am logofobiis Taobaze mogaxsenebdiT zemoT.
es aris logofobiis kanonzomieri Sedegi, romelic ne-
bismier eleatobaze da sqolastikaze uaresia. grZno-
badi Semecneba imisTvis gaxda saWiro, rom cocxali
24
sityva cnebaze, kategoriaze ufro moxvedroda guls
da adamiani arsebobis sazrisze daefiqrebina. magram es
araa cocxali sityva da is ufro metad, vidre cnebebi-
Ta da kategoriebiT azrovneba, scdeba sagans da edre-
ba arafrobas, nihilizms.
diax, es araa cocxali sityva. cocxali sityva poe-
turi enaa, mxatvruli saxea. haidegers swored misi ime-
di hqonda, magram misi ZaliT keTeba, teqnikuri kon-
struireba ar SeiZleba. is apolonma unda gikarnaxos.
apoloni ki mas mxolod Tavis qurumebs ukarnaxebs, hai-
degers ki ara.
aqedan albaT is daskvna unda gamovitanoT, rom
logofobia ar varga. ki ar unda gvZuldes logika, ara-
med kerpad ar unda gavixadoT. es ori sxvadasxva ramaa.
logika gvaziarebs morCilebis diad kulturas. is sam-
yaroebis ufskrulSi mudam xelCasaWidi, myari da sai-
medo berketia, rasac SeiZleba moeWido.
grZnobadi Semecneba, risi ideac sworad Semog-
vTavazes ekzistencis filosofosebma, ar niSnavs ulo-
giko da bundovan azrovnebas. is, piriqiT, cocxali, na-
Teli da Tanmimdevruli azrovnebaa, romelic ikvebeba
mxatvruli saxeebiT da ganmartavs maT cnebebisa da
msjelobebis moSveliebiT. Cven vfiqrobT, rom filo-
sofiuri azrovnebis es gza miniSnebulia heraklites
paradigmaSi. amitom, am gzis sworad gagebisTvis es pa-
radigma ufro axlodan unda vnaxoT da ganvixiloT.
g) heraklites paradigma
heraklite da parmenide erT droSi, magram antiu-

ri qveynierebis sruliad sxvadasxva kuTxeSi cxovrob-
dnen: erTi — ioniis qalaq efesoSi, meore — samxreT
italiis qalaq eleaSi. platoni gveubneba `TeetetSi~,
25
rom isini erTmaneTis azrebs icnobdnen da edavebod-
nen.
es azrebi erTmaneTis antipodurad sawinaaRmdego
iyo. Tu parmenide mxolod gonebas endoboda da Seg-
rZnebebs Secdomis wyarod acxadebda, heraklite am-
bobda: ùpiratesobas vaniWeb imas, risi danaxva, mosme-
na da gageba SeiZleba~. marTalia, heraklitec Tvalebsa
da yurebs cud mowmeebad acxadebs, magram iqve dasZens:
`Tu suli barbarosulia~-o: `cudi mowmeebia adamianis-
Tvis Tvalebi da yurebi, Tu misi suli barbarosulia~.
es albaT ase unda gavigoT: adamianisTvis Tvalebi da
yurebi sando mowmeebia, Tu goneba maT Cvenebas sworad
waikiTxavs da ganmartavs.
am, erTi SexedviT, martiv da umniSvnelo gansxva-
vebas fesvebi siRrmeSi udgas. parmenide arsebobis um-
Tavres saidumloebas logikuri tipis simyareSi, sim-
tkiceSi xedavs, heraklite ki — grZnobad, kerZod ki
cecxlovan mdinarebaSi, erTi mdgomareobidan meoreze
gadasvlaSi. parmenides swams, rom samyaro àris~. he-
raklite ki fiqrobs, rom samyaro yalibdeba, myardeba,
sul raRacad iqceva, anu àris da arc aris~; èrTsa da
imave mdinareSi SevdivarT da arc SevdivarT~, `varT da
arc varT~... parmenides rwmena `yinulovan gonebas~,
logikur azrovnebas emyareba, heraklitesi ki — grZno-
bas, cecxlovan intuicias.
me-19 saukunis damdegs dasavlur kulturaSi mka-
fiod acnobiereben, rom parmeniduli paradigma ver ga-
moxatavs samyaros Sinagan qmnadobas da adamianis Sina-
gan cxovrebas. orive SemTxvevaSi gamotovebuli Cans
cxovrebis `fausturi suli~, arsebobis boboqari wia-
Ri, daudgromloba da tanjva. TiTqos yvelafris Sig-
niT Cabudebulia `SemoqmedebiTi suli~, xolo e.w. `sim-
yare~, erTxel da samudamod mocemuli simtkice mxo-
26
lod garegnuli da moCvenebiTia. TviT aristoteles
`mTvariszeda samyaroc~ ki `mTvarisqveSeTsa~ hgavs da
mis dausrulebel `niaRvrebSia~ CarTuli.
moqalaqis myari socialuri statusis mniSvnelo-
bac mkveTrad iklebs da masze upirobod maRla dgeba
misi Sinagani `me~, romelic Turme ganuzomlad maRla
dgas xsenebul statusze da mis Sesaxeb Seqmnil `sazo-
gadoebriv azrze~. adamianis Sinagani `me~ Tavs aRar
utolebs Tavis garegan imijs da misgan damoukideb-
lad, calke iTxovs gamoxatvas. kaTolikur da protes-
tantul dasavleTSi es moZraoba warmoCinda roman-
tizmis saxiT. romantikosebi gonebaze upirobod maR-
la ayeneben `guls~ da mis gamoxatvas eswrafvian filo-
sofiaSic, xelovnebaSic, cxovrebaSic.
am moZraobasTan kavSirSi win wamoiwia heraklites
paradigma — cecxlovani intuiciis, grZnobadi Semecne-
bis principi. TviT hegelic ki, vinc yvelgan da yvela-
ferSi, casa da miwaze gonebasa da logikas eZebda da
filosofiis mTavar, saboloo miznad arsisa da azris
parmeniduli igiveobis logikur dasabuTebas Tvlida,
heraklites panegirikad iRvreba da acxadebs: herakli-
tes yvela aforizmi Cems logikaSi ucvlelad gadmo-
maqvso. xolo nicSem efesos `daRvremili filosofo-
si~ antikurobis udides, `dionisur moazrovned~ gamo-
acxada da dasavluri nihilizmidan gamosavali mis
aRorZinebaSi dainaxa.
magram rogor unda ganvmartoT konkretulad `he-
raklites aRorZineba~, filosofiaSi `heraklites
enis~ damkvidreba? es, praqtikulad, `heraklituri
enis~ ganmartebis sakiTxia. Cven unda daveTanxmoT ide-
as filosofiaSi `parmenides enis~ `heraklites eniT~
Canacvlebis Taobaze. èkzistencialebiT azrovneba~,
anu èkzistencialuri Semecneba~ heraklites eniT un-
da warimarTos. magram rogor unda gavigoT TviT es
27
ena? grZnobadi Semecnebis prioriteti gamoikveTa, mag-
ram rogoria am Semecnebis ena? sakiTxi exeba qmnadobis,
kerZod, Sinagani sulieri cxovrebis, ekzistenciis
enobriv gamosaxulebas.
heraklites paradigmis win wamoweva SeuZlebeli
Cans am sakiTxis gadawyvetis gareSe. `parmenides ena~
cnobilia mecnierebis da logikis enad. ras warmoad-
gens `heraklites ena~? vfiqrobT, `heraklites enis~ in-
terpretaciis ori ZiriTadi varianti arsebobs. pirve-
lia logikuri interpretacia. misi pirveli da klasi-
kuri varianti ekuTvnis hegels.
`heraklituri enis~ hegeliseuli modelis gasage-
bad aucilebelia im istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswi-
neba, romelic uSualod win uswrebda hegelis gamos-
vlas Semoqmedebis asparezze. kantma damajereblad da-
asabuTa dasavluri filosofiis Sesvla CixSi. erTi
mxriv, kontinenturma racionalizmma, xolo meore
mxriv, inglisurma empirizmma TavianTi ganviTarebis
resursebi amowures da codnis faqtis dafuZneba ver
SeZles. rogorc erTis, ise meoris gadasaxedidan cod-
na SeuZlebeli Cans.
`wminda gonebis kritikis~ erT-erT umniSvnelova-
nes TavSi, rasac `transcendentaluri dialeqtika~
hqvia, kantma sagangebod, demonstraciulad daasabuTa,
rom metafizikis Zireul, fundamentur kiTxvebze Ta-
nabari logikuri uflebiT arsebobs ori erTmaneTis
gamomricxavi pasuxi Tezisisa da antiTezisis saxiT.
Tezisi warmoadgens pasuxis dadebiT variants, xolo
antiTezisi — uaryofiTs. orive pasuxi logikurad ek-
vivalenturia, TanabarZalovani da Tanabrad Rirebu-
lia. kantma am viTarebas uwoda dialeqtika, anu auci-
lebeli winaaRmdegoba, roca azrovneba cdis saz-
Rvrebs tovebs.
28
magram hegeli sagangebod Caufiqrda kantis mier
naCveneb suraTs — Tezisisa da antiTezisis wminda go-
nebiseul antinomiebs da moulodneli gagrZeleba air-
Cia: Tezisi da antiTezisi erTmaneTs ki ar abaTileben,
aramed `moxsnian da Seinaxaven~... sinTezSi! ase iRebs
sinTezi sawinaaRmdegoTa erTianobis saxes.
hegelis es paradoqsuli midgoma erTgvar skan-
dalsa hqmnis filosofiaSi. erTi mxriv, TiTqos arc
araferia mainc da mainc gaugonari da skandaluri, ram-
denadac es midgoma aSkarad exmaureba daoizmis da in-
duizmis uZveles sibrZnes sawinaaRmdegoTa mier er-
TmaneTis Sevsebis Taobaze, paradoqsuli azrovnebis
cnobil tradicias mistiur moZRvrebebSi — dao de Zin-
Si, ufaniSadebSi, heraklites fragmentebSi. TviT
`zust mecnierebaTa~ iseTi TvalsaCino da avtorite-
tuli warmomadgeneli, rogorc nils boria, gvirCevs
bunebismetyvelebaSi `damatebiTobis~ aucileblobas,
anu, odnav utrirebulad rom vTqvaT, erTmaneTis sawi-
naaRmdego doqtrinebi erTmaneTs unda daematoso.
magram, meore mxriv, hegeli dabejiTebiT lapara-
kobs am winaaRmdegobaze rogorc logikuri azrovne-
bis formaze, rac problemas uqmnis winaaRmdegobis
aristoteleseul kanons, da dgeba winaaRmdegobis am
ori koncefciis erTmaneTTan SeTavsebis axali, praq-
tikulad gadauWreli problema.
Tavis TiTqos winaaRmdegobriv azrovnebas hegeli
azrovnebis umaRles, logikur formad Tvlis da spe-
kulaturs uwodebs. misi klasifikaciiT, azrovnebis
pirveli, dabali safexuri racionaluria, gansjiTia.
es calmxrivi azrovnebaa, roca erTmaneTis sawinaaR-
mdego msjelobaTa gaerTianeba Secdomad iTvleba. am
dros gansja amodis cdidan, an gonebis abstraqtuli
cnebebidan da aqedan ganaviTarebs Tavis calmxriv az-
29
rovnebas. Sesabamisad, miiReba, erTi mxriv, empirizmi
da, meore mxriv, racionalizmi.
meore safexurze gansjis SezRuduloba, calmxri-
oba nawilobriv gadailaxeba, radgan cnobierdeba sawi-
naaRmdegos aucilebloba. magram gansjis SezRudulo-
ba nawilobriv aqac narCundeba, radgan sawinaaRmdego-
Ta erTianoba, anu sinTezi SeuZleblad cxaddeba, wina-
aRmdegobis aristoteluri kanonis safuZvelze. Sede-
gad viRebT empirizmisa da racionalizmis Secvlas
skepticizmiT.
mesame safexurze azrovneba Tavs aRwevs calmxri-
obas da Seimecnebs sawinaaRmdegoTa erTianobas. cal-
mxriobisTvis Tavis daRweva Cans imaSi, rom Semecnebis
gzaze erTdroulad cnobierdeba erTmaneTis sawinaaR-
mdego orive azris Taviseburi simarTle da, maSasada-
me, maTi TanamSromlobis saWiroeba, maTi `damatebiTo-
ba~ erTmaneTis mimarT. naTeli xdeba, rom winaaRmdego-
ba gamsWvalavs yoveli gvareobis yovel sagans, yvela
warmodgenas, cnebas da ideas. es azrovnebis axali, me-
same, umaRlesi safexuria,spekulaturi azrovnebaa.
igi gonebis funqciaa, gansjidan gonebamde amaRlebaa.
winaaRmdegobis aristoteluri kanoni azrovnebis
garegan, formalur kanonad rCeba, xolo azrovnebis
Sinaarseul kanonad sawinaaRmdegoTa erTianoba gvev-
lineba. es azrovneba sxva, axal logikas emorCileba,
romlis Zvel, gulubryvilo formad germanel filo-
sofoss heraklites paradoqsebi, misi azrovneba da ena
miaCnda.
`heraklituri enis~ logikuri interpretaciis
aranakleb saintereso nimuSi SemogvTavaza meoce sau-
kunis qarTvelma filosofosma savle wereTelma, vinc
didi jafa gaswia am mimarTulebiT. man heraklituri
azrovneba sakuTriv filosofiur, anu dialeqtikur
azrovnebad ganmarta da amgvari azrovnebis Sesaxeb
30
axali mecniereba, e.w. `dialeqtikuri logika~, anu
ùsasrulo daskvnis Teoria~ Sehqmna. aristoteles
logika mas miaCnda arafilosofiuri, calmxrivi az-
rovnebis logikad. filosofiisTvis ki mas sakmarisad
ar Tvlida. filosofiam unda ixelmZRvanelos Tavisi
sakuTari filosofiuri logikiT, `dialeqtikuri lo-
gikiT~.
aq am Teoriis ganxilvisa da Sefasebis adgili
araa. zogadad ki vityviT: wereTlis naSromi seriozu-
li da originaluri sityvaa filosofiaSi. filosofiu-
ri azrovnebis specifiuri logikis Sesaxeb sakiTxis
dasma namdvilad saWiroa, magram erTi wamiTac ar unda
dagvaviwydes mTavari: filosofiuri azrovneba araa
mxolod logikuri, racionaluri, cnebiTi. is upirve-
les yovlisa da umTavresad iracionaluri azrovne-
baa, grZnobadi Semecnebaa.
filosofiuri azrovnebis pirveli aqti gonebis
muSakoba da cneba ki araa, aramed arsebobis Rrma gan-
cda da misi Sesabamisi mxatvruli saxe. aseTi gancdebia
antikuri gakvirveba, kartezianul-hamleturi eWvi da
kirkegoriseuli sasowarkveTileba, romlebsac sxva
naSromSi sagangebod vexebiT. es gancdebi Tavidan mxat-
vrul saxeebSi gamoiTqmeba; saxeebSi, romlebic garSe-
mo ikreben cnebebs, magram arasodes daiyvanebian maT-
ze, ar daiSlebian cnebebze.
didi racionalistebic Rrma gancdebidan amodi-
odnen da ara cnebaTa logikidan, magram swamdaT, rom
SesaZlebelia am gancdebis daSla racionalur aqte-
bad, xolo saxeebisa — cnebebad. amas isini, ra Tqma un-
da, ver axerxebdnen. amitom maTi azrovneba mZlavr,
magram naklebad damajerebel, metwilad mosawyen inte-
leqtualur Zalisxmevas emsgavseboda.
31
amis nimuSia wereTlis logikuri Ziebani. es filo-
sofosi iracionalurs saerTod gamoricxavs filoso-
fiuri azrovnebidan. amitom misi `dialeqtikuri logi-
ka~ metismetad sqematuri, naklebad cocxali da mim-
zidvelia. aseTi mSrali midgoma filosofiis sakiTxe-
bisadmi am avtors saerTod sCvevia sxva naSromebSic da
es sruliad kanonzomieria. is filosofias kantamdeli
`dogmaturi filosofiis~, e.w. laibnic-volfis meta-
fizikis gemovnebiT uyurebda.
zemore msjelobebidan irkveva `heraklites enis~
meorenairi, aralogikuri interpretaciis arsi. esaa
iracionalisturi interpretacia. heraklites ena
iracionaluria. termin ìracionaluris~ nakli mxo-
lod misi uaryofiTi verbaluri formaa. masSi xazi ga-
esmis ara raime dadebiT Sinaarss, aramed mxolod dapi-
rispirebas raRacasTan, kerZod, racionalurTan. mag-
ram es araa didi problema, Tu SevTanxmdebiT mis dade-
biT SinaarsSi. aseT Sinaarsad Cans mxatvrul da racio-
nalur azrovnebaTa Taviseburi simbiozi.
`heraklites ena~ gamoxatavs antikuri miTosidan
logosze gadasvlis yvelaze koloritul da mtkivne-
ul moments. gardamaval xanaSi sagnebi saintereso, mim-
zidvel elfers iZenen. erT-erTi aseTi mimzidveli,
momxibvleli movlena `heraklites enaa~. `yinulovani
logosi~ cdilobs `cecxlovani miTosis~ moTviniere-
bas da Sedegad viRebT heraklites qimerebs, òrTavian
arsebebs~, rogorc parmenide dascinoda heraklites
saxeebs. is pirquSi efesoelis logikas òrTavianobas~
uwodebda.
sinamdvileSi heraklites enaSi ar unda veZeboT
logikis raRac saxeoba. es Taviseburi mxatvruli az-
rovnebaa, romelSic ucnaurad dacuraven cnebebi. ker-
Zod, es logosis intervenciiT gaRizianebuli antiuri
32
miTosia, cecxlSi gadagdebuli yinulis SuSxunia. Cven
vfiqrobT, rom filosofiur ganwyobas swored es wina-
aRmdegobrivi mdgomareoba hqmnis — rogorc epoqaSi,
ise calkeuli adamianis cxovrebaSic. amitom herakli-
tes ena zedmiwevniT esadageba filosofias da zustad
gamoxatavs masSi damarxul Rrma tkivilebs, rasac hai-
degerma ekzistencialebi uwoda. heraklites ena swo-
redac ekzistencialuri azrovnebis enaa.
racionaluri azrovneba filosofias mxolod da-
matebiT, `meore rigSi~ sWirdeba imis gadmosacemad,
rac mxatvruli intuiciiT moipova da Seimecna. mis sa-
Wiroebas imdenad filosofosis mier Tavisi sagnis Se-
mecneba ar ganapirobebs, ramdenadac Semecnebulis da-
matebiTi naTelyofa sxvisTvis da, nawilobriv, Tavis-
Tvisac ki. aki `dionisur poets~ TviTonac uWirs Tavi-
sive codnis `damagreba~, stabilurad gacnobiereba da
misTvis, rogorc zRvis fskeridan motacebul cec-
xlisTvis, Tavisuflad Tvalis gasworeba.
Rrma, cecxlovani sagnebisTvis Tvalis gasworeba
miTumetes uWirs adamianTa udides umravlesobas, ro-
melic mxolod racionalur, anu garesamyaroSi cxov-
robs — am didi xnis Camqral, aw ukve daSoSminebul,
moTvinierebul vulkanze. praqtikuli aqtivoba xom ga-
nuwyvetlad aSalaSinebs adamianis cnobierebas, raTa
zedmiwevniT moergos igi `Camqral vulkans~, daiviwyos
cecxlovani recidivebi.
amitom filosofiaSi Semoxetebuli adamiani hgavs
ucxoel turists, emigrants, visac am qveynis saxelmwi-
fo ena ar esmis; an esmis Zalian cudad. filosofiis ra-
cionaluri amunicia, cnebebiT aRWurviloba ki hgavs
Tarjimans, vinc exmareba ucxoels aqauri enis gagebaSi.
mTavari ki aq mxatvruli enaa, uromlisodac Se-
uZlebelia filosofiis sagnis gamosaxva. filosofiis
sagani — arseboba, yofna — sawinaaRmdegoTa erTiano-
33
baa, rac moiTxovs cnebaTa enis gafarToebas. TviT es
cnebac — `sawinaaRmdegoTa erTianoba~ — cxebulia cne-
bis jadoTi, anu racionalur CarCoebSia moqceuli da
cudad gamoxatavs im Sinaarss, risi gamoTqmac filo-
sofoss surs. kerZod, erTianobaze aqcentirebs, riTac
winaaRmdegobas gvaviwyebs.
mxolod mxatvrul intuicias ZaluZs misi namdvi-
li Sinaarsis gaxsna, wvdoma da masze damajereblad mi-
niSneba. aq igi sruliad arafers ekiTxeba racionalur
logikas. mxolod Semdeg, cnobierebaSi Semecnebulis
dasamagreblad, xdeba aucilebeli racionalur enaze
am miTosuri, poeturi Sinaarsis Targmaneba da cocxa-
li WeSmaritebis Cateva racionalur CarCoebSi.
34
Zurab Khasaia — Doctor of Philosophy since 1990. He worked as the Head
of the Department of Philosophy at Tbilisi State University. He has
published philosophical works: `Phenomenological Metaphysics~, `Knight
in Panthers skin and Faust~, `Philosophy of the Old World~, `German
Philosophers about History~ and others. He is the author of several
collections of poetry. He currently resides in New York, USA.
THE CONCEPT OF ÈXISTENTIAL~ AND THE

``LANGUAGE OF HERACLITUS
ABSTRACT
The main subject of philosophy is existence (to be).

Parmenides equated existence with thought. Consequently,
philosophy has become a logical analysis of the concept of existence.
But existence is more than just thinking. Therefore, the
`Parmenides paradigm~ came to a dead end, and the `logocentric
culture~ of the West entered `nihilism~.
The reaction to this historical situation is the orientation of
modern man to `sensual existence~ and modern philosophy to the
sensual cognition. To be took the form of `sensual existence~, and
the concepts of philosophy –form of èxistentials~.
We consider this a new situation to move from the Parmenides
paradigm to the Heraclitus one. Philosophy must return to the
`language of Heraclitus~, that is, to a kind of symbiosis of metaphor
and concept.
warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

Ta akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logi-
kis ganyofilebam.
35
eTer ormocaZe — quTaisis akaki wereTlis sax. saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis filosofia — fsiqologiis departamentis asiste-
nt — profesori. muSaobs mecnierebis filosofiisa da bunebis-
mecnierebis filosofiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs sa-
mecniero statiebi da wignebi: `determinacia bunebismecniere-
basa da filosofiaSi~ (Tb., 2005), `sivrcisa da drois filoso-
fia~ (Tb., 2013), `zogadi unarebi. formalur — logikuri dava-
lebebi (Teoria da amoxsnis meTodika)~, (quT., 2013), i. gomarTe-
li — `neba da zneoba~ (quT., 2017).
aristoteles relativizmi
mravali saukunis manZilze — antikuri epoqidan

TviT Cveni saukunis damdegamde — erTmaneTs ebrZoda
sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb ori urTierTdapirispire-
buli Teoria. pirveli maTgani sivrcesa da dros abso-
lutur sidideebad Tvlida da, maSasadame, maT sub-
stanciurobas, materiisgan damoukideblobas amtki-
cebda, meore ki sivrcesa da dros relatiurad Tvlida
da, maSasadame, maT substanciurobas uaryofda. marTa-
lia, klasikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi absoluturi
sivrcisa da drois Teoria dominirebda, magram aranak-
leb gavleniani iyo relativisturi sivrcisa da drois
Teoria. qvemoT mokled ganvixilavT am Teoriis warmo-
mavlobisa da evoluciis ZiriTad etapebs.
pirveli soliduri relativisturi Tvalsazrisi
Camoayaliba aristotelem, romelic daupirispirda
atomisturi filosofiis ZiriTad mosazrebebs carie-
li sivrcis Sesaxeb. atomistebi absoluturi sivrcisa
da drois Teoriis damcvelebi iyvnen da, cxadia, carie-
li sivrcis arsebobas aRiarebdnen. maT ZiriTad mosaz-
rebas carieli sivrcis sasargeblod is warmoadgenda,
rom carieli sivrce aris moZraobis aucilebeli piro-
36
ba, e.i. moZraobis faqti adasturebs carieli sivrcis
arsebobas. swored am punqtSi daupirispirda aristo-
tele atomistebs. igi amtkicebs, rom carieli sivrce
ar aris moZraobis SesaZleblobis aucilebeli piroba,
vinaidan moZraoba SesaZlebelia savse sivrceSic. àra-
viTari aucilebloba ar arsebobs~, — wers igi, — `rom
Tu ar arsebobs moZraoba, vaRiaroT sicarielis arse-
bobac; saerTod yoveli moZraobisTvis... araviTar Sem-
TxvevaSi, vinaidan raodenobrivi cvalebadoba savsesac
SeuZlia. magram es iTqmis agreTve gadaadgilebis Sesa-
xebac, vinaidan sxeulebi SeiZleba erTdroulad ad-
gils uTmobdnen erTmaneTs maT gverdiT raime gancal-
kavebuli ganfenilobis arsebobis gareSe~ [4. IV. 7. 214-
a].
am mosazrebaSi sayuradReboa ori ram: pirveli,
aristoteles moZraoba ar esmis rogorc mxolod meqa-
nikuri procesi, e.i. adgilgadanacvleba. moZraoba Tvi-
sebriv cvalebadobasac moicavs, romelic cariel siv-
rces ar saWiroebs. maSasadame, carieli sivrce ar aris
moZraobis aucilebeli piroba. meore, aristotele
Tvlis, rom carieli sivrcis arseboba aucilebeli ar
aris TviT meqanikuri moZraobisTvisac (rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT Tvisebriv cvalebadobaze), vinaidan moZraoba
SesaZlebelia savse sivrceSi adgilis daTmobis gziT.
zRva savsea wyliT, magram Tevzebi moZraoben urTier-
Tadgilis daTmobis Sedegad. amrigad, moZraoba SesaZ-
lebelia savse sivrceSic.
am debulebas ufro gvian lukreciusis pasuxi
mohyva, romelic atomistur Tvalsazriss icavda. luk-
reciusi ase msjelobs: wyali manamde ar dauTmobs Tev-
zebs adgils, vidre Tevzebi ar amoZravdebian, xolo
Tevzebi ver amoZravdebian manamde, vidre wyali gzas
ar dauTmobs. amrigad, TiTqos carieli sivrcis arse-
37
boba moZraobisaTvis aucilebelia. lukreciusis Sec-
doma aq imaSia, rom wylis mier adgilis daTmoba da sxe-
ulTa amoZraveba man erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebulad
warmoadgina. sinamdvileSi es erTi da igive procesis
ori mxarea.
aristotele imasac ki fiqrobs, rom carieli siv-
rce aramarto ar aris moZraobis aucilebeli piroba,
aramed piriqiT, moZraobis arsebobis aucilebel piro-
bas carieli sivrcis ararseboba warmoadgens; moZrao-
ba SeuZlebelia cariel sivrceSi: àrc erTi sagani ar
SeiZleba moZraobdes, Tu arsebobs sicariele~ [4. IV. 7.
214-b]. es niSnavs, rom moZraoba aristoteles sul
sxvagvarad esmis, vidre Zvel atomistebs. atomistika
meqanikuri Teoria iyo, romelic ZiriTadad moZraobis
mxolod erT formas — sivrceSi adgilgadanacvlebas
icnobda. aseT SemTxvevaSi Zneli ar iyo misuliyvnen
Tvalsazrisamde moZraobisaTvis carieli sivrcis au-
cileblobis Sesaxeb. magram aristoteles TviT meqani-
kuri moZraobac ki esmis, rogorc sivrciTi mimarTebe-
bis cvalebadoba, xolo aseTi ram SeuZlebelia cariel
sivrceSi, swored imis gamo, rom igi carielia. `rogori
SeiZleba iyos moZraoba bunebis mixedviT, Tu araviTa-
ri gansxvaveba ar aris sicarielesa da usasrulobaSi?
ramdenadac usasruloba gvaqvs araferi ar iqneba arc
zeviT, arc qveviT, arc SuaSi: ramdenadac sicariele
arsebobs — ar arsebobs gansxvaveba zeviTas da qveviTas
Soris. àraraoba~ xom araviTar gansxvavebas ar Sei-
cavs, iseve rogorc ararsebuli~ [4, ss, IV, 8, 215–b]. ca-
rieli sivrce imitom aris aseTi, rom masSi araferi ar
aris; masSi ar arsebobs araviTari sivrciTi mimarTeba-
ni, araviTari gansxvaveba. swored amitom masSi SeuZle-
belia moZraoba. amis safuZvelze aristotele katego-
riulad acxadebs: àn arc erTi sagani bunebis mixedviT
38
arsad ar gadaadgildeba, an, Tu es xdeba, ar arsebobs
sicariele~ [4, 55, IV, B, 215-a]. ase arRvevs aristotele
absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoriis erT-erT sa-
fuZveldebulebas carieli sivrcis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
swored, es garemoeba SeniSna ainStainma, roca ambobda,
rom àristoteles gavleniani skola cdilobda damou-
kidebeli (absoluturi) sivrcis gverdis avlaso~ [20, a,
347].
aristotele, tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT, sivrce-
sa da adgils erTmaneTTan ar aigivebs. mas adgilis qveS
konkretuli sivrce esmis. adgili aris is sivrce, rome-
lic sxeuls uWiravs, xolo sivrcis cneba mTeli msof-
lios mimarT gamoiyeneba. mosalodneli iyo, rom man,
vinc uaryo carieli sivrcis arseboba da moZraoba, re-
latiuri mniSvnelobiT gaigo (rogorc sivrciTi mi-
marTebebis cvalebadoba) bolomde miiyvanda absolu-
turi sivrcisa da drois ngrevis saqmes. magram sinam-
dvileSi es ase ar moxda. aristotelem marTlac didi
dartyma miayena absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teo-
rias, magram bolomde ver gaatara da meryeoba, araTan-
mimdevroba gamoiCina. xSir SemTxvevaSi igi meryeobs
sivrcisa da drois relativistursa da antirelativis-
tur Teoriebs Soris. es aSkarad gamovlinda Tundac
adgilis gagebis sakiTxSi. adgili ar aris sxeuli, am-
tkicebs aristotele Zenonis winaaRmdeg, aramed igi
aris is, raSic sxeuli imyofeba. adgili im WurWels
hgavs, romelSic sxeulia moTavsebuli. amasTanave, sxe-
ulsa da adgils araferi aqvT saerTo, adgili damouki-
debelia sxeulisgan. es ki imas niSnavs, rom aristote-
les bolomde ara aqvs daZleuli sivrcisa da drois
substanciuri Teoria. adgili, — ambobs igi, — aris `mo-
cemuli sxeulis pirveli uZravi sazRvari~. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am gansazRvrebaSi kvlav absoluturi siv-
39
rcisa da drois siluetebi Cans, igi metad mniSvnelova-
nia sivrcis problemis kvlevis dargSi. adgili aris
konkretuli sivrce, romelic sxeulis `sazRvars~ war-
moadgens. adgili aris is, rac erT sxeuls meorisagan
gamoyofs; adgili individuaciis pirobaa.
aristoteles koncefcia drois Sesaxeb aseve mdi-
dari da mravalferovania. Cven igi amJamad martooden
relativisturi Teoriis dafuZnebis TvalsazrisiT
gvainteresebs. drois sakiTxSic aristotele meryeobs
relativistursa da antirelativistur Tvalsazrisebs
Soris. igi Tvlis, rom droSi arseboba moZraobisa da
cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi yofnas niSnavs. amdenad,
dro da moZraoba erTmaneTisagan ganuyrelia. magram,
meore mxriv, igi uaryofs droisa da moZraobis gaigive-
bis Tvalsazriss, dro ar aris moZraoba, amtkicebs
aristotele, vinaidan dro Tanabrad mimdinareobs,
moZraoba ki sxvadasxva ritmiT xasiaTdeba. dro moZra-
obis sazomia, rac imas adasturebs, rom dro da moZra-
oba sxvadasxvaa [4, IV, 2, 209-a]. aristotele, rasakvirve-
lia, sworia, rodesac igi drosa da moZraobas erTmane-
Tisagan ganasxvavebs, magram ar aris swori rodesac maT
erTmaneTisagan wyvets, saxeldobr, roca amtkicebs,
rom dro Tanabaria, moZraoba ki araTanabari. aq kvlav
Tavs iCens absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoria.
magram ufro konkretulad ganmartavs ra drois
mimarTebas moZraobasTan, aristotele kvlav relati-
uri Teoriisken ixreba da amtkicebs, rom `dro ar aris
moZraoba, magram arc moZraobis gareSe arsebobs... ram-
denadac didia moZraoba, imdenad gveCveneba, rom didi
dro gavida~ [4, IV, 11, 219- ]. Tu ar arsebobdes moZrao-
ba, maSin drois cvalebadobas verc SevamCnevdiT, vinai-
dan moZraobas vzomavT droiT, amitom dro, aristote-
les azriT, aris `daTvlili ricxvi da ara is, ris saSu-
40
alebiTac viTvli~ [iqve, 219-z]. cota qvemoT aristote-
le wers, rom `Cven ara mxolod vzomavT moZraobas
droiT, aramed drosac — moZraobiT. maTi urTierTgan-
sazRvrulobis gamo, vinaidan dro gansazRvravs moZra-
obas, aris ra misi ricxvi, moZraoba ki — droisa~ [4, IV,
12, 220-z].
aqedan kidev ufro naTelia aristoteles meryeo-
ba sivrcisa da drois relativistursa da antirelati-
vistur Teoriebs Sors. imis mtkiceba, rom dro aris
moZraobis sazomi, maSasadame, igi moZraobisgan damou-
kideblad arsebobs (sazomi erTeuli damoukidebelia
gasazomi sididisgan) absoluturi sivrcisa da drois
Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi debulebaa. magram imis
mtkiceba, rom aramxolod dro zomavs moZraobas, ara-
med piriqiTac, moZraoba zomavs dros, niSnavs absolu-
turi sivrcisa da drois Teoriis poziciebidan daSo-
rebas da relativisturi Teoriis poziciebze gadas-
vlas.
aristoteles meryeoba sivrcisa da drois gagebis
sakiTxebSi sxva SemTxvevaSic gamoCnda. igi erTi mxriv,
Tvlis, rom droSi arseboba, sivrcisgan gansxvavebiT,
miewereba ara mxolod garegani sinamdvilis sagnebs da
movlenebs, aramed agreTve Cvens sulier gancdebsac
(drois msvlelobas maSinac vamCnevT, rodesac Tvalebs
davxuWavT, xolo sivrcis arsebobas ki mxolod Tval-
xiluli aRviqvamT). magram, meore mxriv, igive aristo-
tele amtkicebs, rom `dro ar arsebobs gonebis, sulis
gareSe~ [4, IV, 14, 223-a]. amas imiT amtkicebs, rom dro
aris daTvlili ricxvi, xolo daTvla mxolod adamia-
nis suls SeuZlia. garda Tvalsazrisis araTanmimdev-
robisa, aSkaraa drois cnebis idealisturi gageba, rac
Semdeg — Sua saukuneebSi — warmatebiT gamoiyenes (maga-
liTad, avgustinem, romelic amtkicebda, rom dro mxo-
41
lod adamianis sulSi arsebobso). ar SeiZleba Secdoma-
Si Segviyvanos aristoteles sivrcisa da drois Teori-
is araTanmimdevrulobam da igi ar unda CavuTvaloT
mas naklovanebad, piriqiT, aristotele — es WeSmariti
geniosi — mudam Ziebis procesSia, igi eZebs problemis
gadawyvetas da am procesSi, cxadia, zogjer urTier-
TsawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisebs gamoTqvams, vinaidan
problemis saboloo gadawyvetamde jer kidev didi
droa.
literatura:
1. avaliani s. bunebismecnierebis filosofia, Tb; 1974

w.;
2. avaliani s. bunebismecnierebis filosofiis isto-
riis narkvevebi, Tb; 1983 w.;
3. avaliani s. ainStaini, Tb; 1983 w.;
4. aristotele, fizika;
5. Васильев А.В. Пространство, время, движение, Берлин,
1922.
42
Eter Ormocadze – Doctor of Philosophy, Assistent. Professor of Kutaisi ac.
Tsereteli State University, works on science and nature — philosophical
problems; She has published scientific articles and books: `The Deter-
mination in natural sciences and philosophy~ (Tb.2005); `The Philosophy of
Space and Time~ (Tb.2013); `General skills, The formal — logical
assignments~ (Qut., 2013); Ì. Gomarteli — will and morality~ (Qut., 2017).
ARISTOTLE’S RELATIVISM
The Abstract
Therelativistictheoryofspaceandtimedeniesthesubstantialityofs
paceandtime.
The formulation of the first relativistic view belongs to
Aristotle. He understood space as a place where subjects are placed.
In the matter of time, Aristotle fluctuated between substantive
and relativistic theories. In his view, time is a measure of motion,
which in turn means the independence of time, but to show that time
is measured by motion, means a transition to a relativistic principle.

Ta akademiis ontologiis, gnoseologiisa da logi-
kis ganyofilebam.
43
mecnierebis filosofia
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
ramaz gaxokiZe — saqarTvelos flosofiis mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis akademikosi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis profesori, bioorganuli teqno-
logiebis institutis direqtori, saerTaSoriso sainJinro
akademiis akademikosi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis la-
ureati, saqarTvelos da aSS-is Rirsebis ordenebis kavale-
ri. 500—ze meti publikaciis — samecniero naSromebis, saxel-
mZRvaneloebis, monografiebis, aRmoCenisa da gamogonebebis
avtori mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi. kembrijis biografi-
ulma saerTaSoriso centrma igi daasaxela saukunis did mo-
azrovneTa Soris.
musika rogorc kulturuli fenomeni
`musikas SeuZlia garkveuli zegavle-

na moaxdinos sulis eTikur mxareze;
da raki musikas aseTi Tavisufleba
aqvs, maSin, cxadia, is unda Seitanon
axalgazdrobis aRsazrdel siaSi.~
aristotele
musika zneobrivi kanonia. igi samya-

ros aZlevs suls, gonebas − frTebs,
da yovelives − sicocxles... musikis
gareSe cxovreba Secdoma iqneboda.~
platoni
uZvelesi droidan aris cnobili, rom musikaluri

xelovneba adamianis sulier da esTetikur ganviTare-
baze, misi Rirebulebebis orientirTa formirebaze ze-
moqmedebis udides potencials flobs. igi gaxda ada-
mianis cxovrebis, ritualebis ganuyofeli nawili.
idiTganve cnobilia, rom musika aqtiurad zemoqmedebs
45
adamianis fsiqikaze da SeuZlia gadmosces adamianis
emociuri mdgomareoba.
musikaluri sistema aris bgerebis mizanmimarTu-
li wyoba maTi sixSirisa da simaRlis mixedviT, rac,
iseve rogorc Sesabamisi talRis sigrZis ferebi, rea-
lurad aisaxeba adamianis ganwyobaze. musika gvevline-
ba adamianis organizmis mdgomareobis testirebisa da
mkurnalobis erT-erT fsiqofiziologiur meTodad.
veravin uaryofs adamianebze saeklesio sagaloblebis
dadebiT, damamSvidebel gavlenas. Zvel aRTqmaSi aRwe-
rilia istoria, Tu rogor gankurna depresiisgan da-
viTma sauli arfaze dakvriT. albaT es iyo musikaluri
Terapiis uZvelesi adreuli cdebi. bibliaSi naTqvamia,
rom mwyemsebis simRera da dakvra dadebiTad moqmedebs
faras zrdaze.
jer kidev meoTxe aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaRric-
xvamde musika warmoadgenda umniSvnelovanes samedici-
no saSualebas, romlis daxmarebiT cdilobdnen si-
cocxlis gaxangrZlivebas da daberebis procesis Sene-
lebas. CineTSi musika medicinaze ukeTes samkurnalo
saSualebad iTvleboda. Cinelebis azriT, musikoTera-
piis arsi mdgomareobda adamianis gonebis, sxeulisa da
sulis gaerTianebaSi da musika kurnavda yvela daava-
debas, rac ar xelewifebodaT eqimebs. Zvel egvipteSi
simReriT mkurnalobdnen uZilobas, xolo Zvel saber-
ZneTSi sayviris bgerebiT mkurnalobdnen radikulits
da nervuli sistemis darRvevebs.
musikis da medicinis kavSiris simbolos Zvel ber-
ZnebSi warmoadgens apoloni — xelovnebis mfarveli da
misi Svili eskulapi — mkurnalobis mfarveli. piTago-
ra, aristotele, platoni miuTiTebdnen musikis pro-
filaqtikur da samkurnalo zemoqmedebaze. isini am-
tkicebdnen, rom musika amyarebs wesrigs, harmonias
samyaroSi, maT Soris, adamianis sxeulSi avadmyofobiT
46
darRveul harmonias. piTagoras SeiZleba ewodos `pir-
veli musikoTerapevti~. man Seqmna aseTi Terapiis mTe-
li meTodika, Tavad qmnida melodiebs da warmatebiTac
iyenebda mas. manve SemoiRo cneba `musikaluri medici-
na~. mesame saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde arsebobda
musikalur-samedicino centri, sadac specialurad
SerCeuli melodiebiT mkurnalobdnen sevdas, nervul
aSlilobas da gulis daavadebebs. hipokrates azriT,
isteriis morCena SesaZlebeli iyo fleitaze dakvriT.
gadmocemiT, ZvelberZenTa samkurnalo xelovnebis
RmerTi eskulapi avadmyofebs radikulitisgan kurnav-
da bukze dakvriT.
uZveles dros sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila sam-
xedro simRerebi da sacekvao musika. qsenofontes gad-
mocemiT, Wanebi (lazebi) oms samxedro simRerebiTa da
cekvebiT iwyebdnen. Zvel spartelebs hyavdaT musiko-
sebi, romelTa Semoqmedeba meomarTa suliskveTebas aZ-
lierebda da isini ufro mamacurad ibrZodnen. igive
xdeboda egvipteSi.
roca Sua saukuneebSi vrceldeboda Savi Wiris
epidemia, maT sawinaaRmdegod SeuCereblad rekavdnen
zarebi. SemdgomSi mecnierebma daadgines, rom gansaz-
Rvruli tonalobisa da sxvadasxva periodulobiT aJ-
Rerebul bgerebs SeuZlia tifis Cxirebis, infeqciis
gamomwvevi mikrobebis daxocva. adamianis organizmSi
mikrobTa aqtiuroba 40%-iT ecema, Tu igi xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi usmenda saeklesio musikas an za-
rebis rekvas.
gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi did britaneTSi
gaCnda musikoTerapiis pirveli kursi. gamokvlevebma
aCvena: musika kunTebis modunebiT xels uwyobs simsuq-
nis mkurnalobas; musikis mosmena sportuli Sejibre-
bis dros 20%-iT zrdis Sedegianobas, Tumca arasworad
47
SerCeuli musikis ritmi SeiZleba saSiSi aRmoCndes da
gamoiwvios muclis da Tavis tkiili. Tanamedrove musi-
koTerapiis kursebi Seqmnilia aSS-Si, germaniaSi, Svei-
cariaSi. bgeriTi Terapiis institutSi (aSS, arizonas
Stati) musikiT Tmac ki amohyavT. ruseTSi 2003 wels
janmrTelobis saministrom mkurnalobis oficialur
meTodad cno musikoTerapia.
adamianze musikis zemoqmedebis meqanizmis Seswav-
laSi didi wvlili miuZRvis gamoCenil fiziologs i.
TarxniSvils. 1893 wels man peterburgSi gamoaqveyna
statia `musikis gavlena adamianis organizmze~, sadac
yuradReba miaqcia imas, rom mxolod harmoniuli, ke-
Tilxmovani musika axdens dadebiT gavlenas gulsis-
xlZarRvTa, sunTqvis, saWmlis momnelebeli sistemebis
moqmedebaze, anelebs pulss, aregulirebs arteriul
wnevas, normaSi mohyavs kuWis wvenis sekrecia, maSin ro-
ca gamaRizianebeli musika iwvevs sapirispiro efeqts.
i. TarxniSvili miuTiTebda, rom musikis zegavleniT
Zlierdeba organizmSi mimdinare mTeli rigi sasicoc-
xlo procesebi, Zlierdeba organizmis zogadi tonusi
da nivTierebaTa cvla, ris gamoc musika SeiZleba gamo-
yenebul iqnas rogorc nervul, ise mTel rig Sinagan
daavadebaTa samkurnalod. i. TarxniSvilma daasabuTa
kunTis daZabulobis kavSiri musikasTan. kerZod, da-
mamSvidebeli klasikuri musikis fonze aRiniSneboda
kunTis moduneba. musikaluri riTmis gazrdisas Zli-
erdeboda kunTis SekumSva. axlaxan cnobili gaxda, Tu
rogor izrdeba saqonlis wveladoba specialurad Ser-
Ceuli musikis fonze, rac gamowveulia kunTovan qso-
vilTa modunebiT (relaqsaciiT).
musikis samkurnalo Tvisebebs ikvlevdnen i. seCe-
novi, v. bexterevi, s. botkini. maT naSromebSi mocemu-
lia musikis keTilismyofeli gavlena centralur ner-
48
vul sistemaze, sisxlis mimoqcevaze, sunTqvaze. sasia-
movno musikis zemoqmedebiT Zlierdeba yuradReba,
xdeba centraluri nervuli sistemis tonizireba, rac
sabolood aisaxeba adamianis fsiqoemociur mdgomare-
obaze. eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom
musika moqmedebs hormonebis gamomuSavebaze. ritmi,
rogorc musikaluri nawarmoebis safuZveli, did gav-
lenas axdens adamianze. v. bexterevi (1916 w) aRniSnavda,
rom TiToeul adamians aqvs Tavis ganumeorebeli indi-
vidualuri ritmi, romelic icvleba fsiqikuri mdgo-
mareobis mixedviT. ritmi, romelsac musika karnaxobs
Tavis tvins xsnis nervul daZabulobas.
yvelaze mravalmxriv gavlenas adamianze axdens
klasikuri musika, romelic xSirad saswaulmoqmed
efeqts iZleva. am mxriv yvelaze kargad aris Seswavli-
li vivaldis, mocartis, beThovenis, Caikovskis, Suber-
tis, grigis, debiusis da Sumanis qmnilebani. mocartis
musika xels uwyobs informaciis swrafad aTvisebas da
gavlenas axdens gonebrivi muSaobis unarze. mocartisa
da beThovenis nawarmoebTa mosmeniT swrafad mimdina-
reobs kuWis wylulis Sexorceba. harmoniuli melodia
xels uwyobs operaciis Semdgom gulis muSaobis aRdge-
nas. pozitiuri emociis da kargi ganwyobilebis gamom-
wvevi mxiaruli musikis mosmena rekomendebulia gul-
sisxlZarRvTa daavadebaTa profilaqtikisTvis. musika
aumjobesebs sisxlis cirkulacias, sisxlis wnevis re-
gulacias. popularuli gaxda anesTeziad musikis gamo-
yeneba. gamovlinda kavSiri klasikur musikasa da Saqri-
ani diabetis mkurnalobas Soris, aseve — musikis gavle-
na wylulis da tuberkulozis gankurnebaze.
cxovelebi da mcenareebi upiratesobas harmoni-
ul musikas aniWeben. SvedeTis musikalur — Terapiuli
sazogadoebis mier Catarebuli eqsperimentebis dros
49
zvigenebi da delfinebi okeanis yvela sanapirodan
mgrovdnen baxis musikis mosasmenad.
yvelaze sasikeTod adamianis organizmze moqme-
debs safortepiano da saviolino musika. fortepiano-
ze dakvra iwvevs fsiqikis harmonizacias, asufTavebs
farisebr jirkvals, normaSi mohyavs Sardsasqeso sis-
tema. orRanis bgerebi astimulirebs tvinis da xerxem-
lis aqtiurobas. sasule insrtumentebi asufTavebs
bronqebs da aumjobesebs sunTqvis muSaobas, dadebi-
Tad moqmedebs sisxlis mimoqcevaze. dasartymeli in-
strumentebi kurnavs RviZls da sisxlis mimoqcevis
sistemas.
nawarmoebis aramarto Janrs, ritms da tonalobas
aqvs mniSvneloba, aramed imasac, Tu romel musikalur
instrumentze sruleba melodia. rogor moqmedebs
Cvenze berebi? calkeuli musikaluri instrumentis
JReradoba zemoqmedebs adamianis organizmis gansaz-
Rvrul organoze. magaliTad, simebiani instrumentebi
(violino, violonCelo, arfa, gitara) gamajansaReblad
moqmedebs gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemaze. garda amisa,
adamianSi aRZravs madlierebasa da TanagrZnobas. gita-
ris bgerebi yvelaze ufro gulze moqmedebs. violino
kargad moqmedebs melanqolikebze da axasiaTebs damam-
Svidebeli aqtiuroba; alti efeqturia nervuli siste-
mis darRvevis da sisustis dros; klarneti xels uw-
yobs daTrgunuli mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas, normaSi
mohyavs gulsisxlZarRvTa sistema; arfa sasargebloa
isteriis SemTxvevaSi, xolo fleita sasikeTod moqme-
debs RviZlsa da bronqul sistemaze.
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom folklori xels uwyobs
bavSvis agznebuli mdgomareobis ganmuxtvas, acxrobs
stresis reaqciebs. klasikur musikas SeuZlia keTili
gavlena iqonios bavSvis aramarto janmrTelobasa da
50
gonebriv SesaZleblobebze, aramed garegnul monace-
mebzec. bgerebis gavlena xdeba jer kidev embrionul
stadiaze. eqsperimentebiT naCvenebi iqna, rom nayofi
mSviddeba vivaldis da mocartis musikiT, xolo beTho-
venisa da bramsis musikiT iwyebs energiul moZraobas.
Zalian sasargebloa orsulebisTvis simRera. frangma
mean-ginekologma miSel odenma Tavis klinikaSi Camoa-
yaliba momavali dedebisgan Semdgari gundi. maTTvis
specialurad damuSavda vokaluri savarjiSoebi. Sede-
gad qveyanas moevlina ufro sicocxlisunariani, mSvi-
di da Zlieri bavSvebi. musika pataras exmareba dabade-
biT gamowveuli fsiqologiuri travmebis gadatanaSi.
musikaluri stimulirebiT tvinSi izrdeba hormonTa
raodenoba, rac xels uwyobs neironebis zrdas. bavSve-
bi, romlebmac gaiares dedis mucelSi musikaluri
`swavleba~, Cveulebriv, xasiaTdebian amaRlebuli
adaptaciuri unariT da fizikuri da metyvelebis gan-
viTarebis standartuli tempebis daCqarebiT.
cocxal organizmebze musikis gavlenis fsiqo-bi-
ologiuri meqanizmebi unda veZioT genetikurad gan-
sazRvruli biologiuri procesebis sixSireebsa da mu-
sikas Soris kavSirSi. bunebaSi yvela procesi mimdina-
reobs informaciaTa cvlis safuZvelze. cocxal arse-
baTa mravalferoneba cilis uricxvi variaciaa. cila,
msgavsad bgerebisgan Seqmnili melodiisa, misi Semadge-
neli nawilebis — aminmJavebisgan gansazRvruli Tana-
fardobiT warmoiqmneba. am analogiis safuZvelze Cven
pirvelma SevZeliT musikalurad agveJRerebina kon-
kretuli cila, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom musika dasa-
bamidanvea Cadebuli cocxal arsebaSi, genetikuri ko-
dis partituraSi. riTac aixsneba musikis zegavlena
cocxal organizmebze.
51
adamianis organizmi aseve funqcionirebs ujrede-
bis eleqtromagnituri da akustikuri talRebis mi-
mocvlis Sedegad. amasTan Cveni sxeulis TiToeuli or-
ganosTvis, iseve rogorc calkeuli ujredebisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari rxevis sixSire. amerikeli
mecnieri gordon Sou janmrTelobaze musikis gavle-
nas xsnis bgerebis vibraciis zemoqmedebiT. bgerebi
qmnis energetikul velebs, romelTac rezonansSi mo-
hyavs Cveni organizmis yoveli ujredi. Cven vSTan-
TqavT musikalur energias, romelic aregulirebs Cve-
ni sunTqvis riTms, pulss, wnevas, temperaturas, xsnis
daZabulobas. amitom zustad SerCeuli melodia sasi-
keTo gavlenas axdens avadmyof adamianebze da aCqarebs
gamojanmrTelebas.
sistematuri mecadineoba simReraSi anviTarebs
ekonomikur sunTqvas. simReris dros warmoSobili bge-
ris mxolod 15-20% ibneva gare samyaroSi. bgeriTi tal-
Rebis darCenili nawili STainTqmeba Sinagani organoe-
biT da amiT isini mohyavs vibraciis mdgomareobaSi.
Singani organoebis es Taviseburi vibraciuli masaJi
astimulirebs da aumjobesebs maT muSaobas.
rogor xdeba musikiT gankurneba? robert deimer-
ma gazoma adamianis ujredebis rxevebis sixSire, infra-
wiTeli speqtrebis saSualebiT gazoma dnm-is rxevebi,
Semdeg uxilavi vibraciebi bgeriT speqtrebad gardaq-
mna da... miiRo musika. aRmoCnda, rom ujredebi mRerian!
janmrTeli ujredebi gamoscemen RvTaebrivi himnebis
xmebs. avadmyofi ujredebi xixineben, mkvdari ujrede-
bi odnav xmauroben. Tu viciT ujredis bgeriTi rxeve-
bi, SesaZlebelia gulis riTmis, sisxlis wnevis norma-
lizeba, mexsierebisa da yuradRebis gaumjobeseba.
ukanasknelma gmokvlevebma aCvena, rom musikis
mosmeniT miRebul siamovnebas igive qimiuri safuZveli
52
aqvs, rac siyvarulis grZnobas (seqsis process). Tavis
tvinSi gamoiyofa dofamini (siamovnebis hormoni). a.
puSkinis azriT, `Cveni cxovrebis siameTagan musika
mxolod siyvaruls uTmobs — siyvarulic xom melodi-
aa~. tomografiulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom dofami-
ni musikaluri nawarmoebis kulminaciur momentamde
daaxloebiT 15 wamSi gamoiyofa, e.i. msmeneli kulmina-
ciaze metad siamovnebas misi dadgomis molodiniT Re-
bulobs.
ama Tu im melodiis aRqmis faqtors aseve warmoad-
gens adamianis kulturuli da nacionaluri kuTvnile-
ba. magaliTad, evropelisTvis aRmosavluri motivebi
yovelTvis ki ar aris sasargeblo, xolo msgavsi musi-
kis xangrZlivi musikis zemoqmedeba ara marto gamaRi-
zianebelia, aramed SeuZlia gamoiwvios seriozuli
fsiqikuri darRvevebi. igive exeba azielebsac. dasav-
luri musikis gavlena aRmosavleTis adamianis fsiqika-
ze, saeWvoa, sasargeblo iyos. amitomac aris rekomen-
debuli, rom adamianma unda usminos Tavis folklo-
rul kompoziciebs. xalxuri musika zrdis saerTo emo-
ciur tonuss, amaRlebs ganwyobas. adamians unda axsov-
des Tavisi fesvebi. xalxuri musika kargad amSvidebs da
TiTqos istoriul fesvebTan abrunebs mas. yvela erSi
musikaluri gamosaxvis SesaZlebloba genetikur apa-
ratSia Cawerili. keTilmoqmed gavlenas axdens emoci-
ebze bluzi, romelic amSvidebs da aqveiTebs gaRizia-
nebas. kargi ganwyobis musikad iTvleba regi, romelic
amaRlebs emociur tonuss.
musikoTerapiis efeqtianobis sailustraciod
mogvyavs ramdenime magaliTi. bonapartebis ojaxs mem-
kvidreobiT kuWis wylulovani daavadebebi awuxebda.
napoleonic amave daavadebiT itanjeboda. Wamis Semdeg
xSirad mas sastiki tkivilebi ewyeboda, risTvisac na-
53
poleons sasaxleSi sagangebod mowyobili hqonda sim-
foniuri orkestri, romlis mosmenis drosac saWmlis
moneleba umtkivneulod mimdinareobda.
musika Zalian sasargebloa konfliqtur situaci-
ebSi. magaliTad, col-qmari ganuwyvetliv daobda da
gayris zRvarze imyofeboda. erTxel samzareuloSi mo-
rigi Cxubis dros, uceb umcrosma Svilma misaReb oTax-
Si pianinoze dakvra daiwyo. es iyo haidni. mSoblebi
uecrad gons moegnen, ramdenime wuTi dumdnen... da Se-
rigdnen.
cnobili frangi msaxiobi Jerar depardie axal-
gazrobaSi sakmaod enablu iyo. mkurnalobis meTodebma
mas ver uSvela. am sneulebis daZlevaSi, eqimis rCeviT
depardiem daiwyo yoveldRe or-ori saaTi mocartis
musikis mosmena. `jadosnurma fleitam~ marTlac saoc-
reba moaxdina − ramdenime Tvis Semdeg momaval var-
skvlavs enabluobis kvalic ki ar darCa.
musika — kulturis yvelaze faqizi da, amasTan,
yvelaze gavleniani sferoa. igi SeiZleba iyos rogorc
srulyofilebis da Senebis, ise ngrevis mZlavri iara-
Ri. jer kidev konfuci ambobda: `nebismieri saxelmwi-
fos daSla iwyeba misi musikis daSliT. xalxs, romel-
sac ar gaaCnia sufTa da naTeli musika, gadaSenebisaT-
visaa ganwiruli.~
musikas SeuZlia rogorc sicocxlis xangrZlivo-
bis gazrda, ise Semcireba. Samanebma icodnen musikalu-
ri ritmis saSualebiT Tu rogor SeiZleboda gulis
ritmis aCqareba an Seneleba. cnobilia afrikuli tome-
bi, romlebic damnaSaveebs sikvdiliT sjidnen dafda-
febis xmauriT. wuTSi 130-150 dartymis sixSiris musikis
ritmi xvdeba `Samanebis~ sixSireTa zonaSi. `magiuri~
JRarunebis dartymebs Samanebi iyenebdnen transSi Se-
sasvlelad da jadosnobis ritualebis Casatareblad.
54
es ritmi emTxveva Tavis tvinis `delta-talRebis~ six-
Sires, rac aRiniSneba eleqtroencefalogramaze (Ta-
vis tvinis eleqtruli aqtiurobis Canaweri) Zilis,
Rrma transis, komis mdgomareobaSi. es aris nervuli
ujredebis didi nawilis sinqronuli aqtiurobis rit-
mi, romelic modulirebulia 2-3 herc sixSireze, e.i.
Tavis tvinis delta-ritmis sixSireze. musika am rit-
mSi, romelic xSirad JRers diskotekebze, SesaZloa
uaRresad saSiSi aRmoCndes. klasikuri musikisa da ja-
zisgan gansxvavebiT, ritmi aqcentirebulia, Zalian
xmamaRalia da TiTqmis moklebulia variaciebs. disko-
tekebze musikas emateba ritmuli cekva da Tvalismom-
Wreli sinaTlis ritmuli cimcimi sibneleSi, rac iw-
vevs fsiqotronul zemoqmedebas, tvinSi delta-ritme-
bis dominirebiT. italielma mecnierebma gamoikvlies
delta-ritmis musikis gavlena fiziologiaze. maTi az-
riT, musika `hausis~ stilSi iwvevs impotencias.
diskotekebisa da klubebis garkveuli ritmebi im-
denad arRvevs gulis muSaobas, rom sistematuri mos-
meniT ramdenime weliwadSi SesaZlebelia naadrevad mo-
xucde da seriozulad dasneulde. uxsovari droidan
cnobili iyo, rom musikaluri harmoniis kanonebis
rRveva iwvevs adamianis sulis deformirebas da sxeu-
lis daSlas. Zvel CineTSi kompozitors, Tu igi iseT
musikas qmnida, romelic harmonias arRvevda, sikvdi-
liT sjidnen!
gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, roca gavrcelda
rok-musika, rogorc protestis forma, momravlda
TviTmkvlelobebi da fsiqikuri epidemiebi. rok-epide-
miis dasawyisi narkoepidemiis da e.w. seqsualuri revo-
luciis dasawyisi gaxda. 80-ian wlebSi gamoCnda pank-
roki, romlis mizania TviTmkvlelobebi, koleqtiuri
Zaladoba, sistematuri danaSauli. amerikuli presa
55
werda, Tu rogor mokla 14 wlis gogom deda kalifor-
niaSi, romelmac danaSauli Caidina `mZime rokis~ musi-
kis mosmeniT gamowveuli Zlieri nervuli agznebis mo-
mentSi. rusma mecnierebma daafiqsires: mZime rokis 10
wuTiani mosmeniT meSvide klaselebs garkveuli droiT
daaviwydaT gamravlebis tabula, xolo iaponeli Jur-
nalistebis gamokiTxviT, tokios umsxviles rok-darba-
zebSi mayureblebs dausves sami martivi kiTxva: ra er-
qvaT, sad imyofebodnen da romeli weli iyo. verc er-
Tma gamokiTxulma ver upasuxa am kiTxvebs. germaneli
mecnieris b. rauxis gancxadebiT, aseTi musika iwvevs
e.w. stres-hormonebis gamoyofas, romlebic Slis tvin-
Si aRbeWdili informciis nawils. adamiani gonebrivad
degradirdeba. Sveicarielma eqimebma daamtkices, rom
rok-koncertis Semdeg adamiani gamRizianebelze, Cveu-
lebrivTan SedarebiT, 3-5-jer sustad da iSviaTad rea-
girebs. swavlobdnen ra ujredebze zogierTi bgeris
negatiuri zemoqmedebis unars, rusma mecnierebma aCve-
nes rom agresiuli musikis zemoqmedebiT avTvisebiani
simsivne iwyebs swrafad zrdas, maSin roca klasika, pi-
riqiT, Trgunavs kibovan ujredebs.
mavne musika gamoirCeva xSiri disonansiT, ufor-
mobiT, araregularuli ritmiT, romelic adamianSi
cxovelur instinqtebs aZlierebs. aseT musikas mie-
kuTvneba pop- da rok-musika, romlebic zemoqmedebs
ultra- da infrabgerebiT. es bgerebi Cven ar gvesmis,
magram maT aRiqvams Cveni organoebi, ramac SeiZleba
damangrevelad imoqmedos tvinze `25-e kadris~ princi-
piT da gamoiwvios nervuli sistemis agzneba da azrob-
rivi procesis paraliCi. msgavs musikas specialistebi
uwodeben `mkvlel musikas~, `bgeriT Sxams~. amerikeli
eqimebis monacemebiT, `dabali sixSiris rxevebi, rome-
lic gamowveulia bas-gitaris gaZlierebiT, rasac ema-
56
teba ritmis ganmeorebadi zegavlena, mniSvnelovnad
moqmedebs zurgis tvinis siTxis mdgomareobaze. es ki,
Tavis mxriv, uSualo gavlenas axdens jirkvlebze, rom-
lebic aregulirebs hormonebis sekrecias, arsebiTad
icvleba insulinis done sisxlSi. Sesabamisad, irRveva
sasqeso da kuWqveSa hormonebis wonasworoba~. mTavari
dartyma mimarTulia tvinis im ubnebze, romlebic
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli adamianis sasqeso fun-
qciebTan. aRmoCnda, rom seqsualuri agznebis dones
yvelaze maRla klasikuri musika wevs.
aseve mavnebelia rok-musikis monotonuri gameo-
reba da bgeris simaRle. Cvens yurs, Cveulebriv, SeuZ-
lia aRiqvas 55-60 decibelis bgera. 70 decibelze maRa-
li xma iwvevs bgeriT stress. rok-koncertebis dros
moednebze mZlavri dinamikebis gamoyenebiT xmis simaR-
le aRwevs 120, zog SemTxvevaSi, 160 decibels. aseTi
bgeriTi stresis gamo Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebidan ga-
moiyofa stresuli hormoni — adrenalini. misi xSiri
gamoyofa tvinSi aRbeWdili informaciis nawils Slis,
rac adamianis gonebriv degradacias iwvevs. adrenali-
nis Warbad gamomuSavebisas xdeba misi nawilobrivi daS-
la adrenoqromad, axal qimiur nivTierebad, romelic,
fsiqikaze Tavis moqmedebiT, narkotikis msgavsia. yove-
live amas emateba Suqis efeqtebi — musikis ritmis mi-
xedviT Suqis mkveTri cvalebadoba, rac iwvevs haluci-
naciis msgavs movlenebs. adamianis Tavis tvinze rok —
musikis amgvarma zemoqmedebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios ag-
resiuloba, mrisxaneba, depresia, SiSebi, TviTmkvle-
lobisadmi midrekileba, socialuri gaucxoeba. agresi-
as aseve iwvevs repi, romlis monotonuroba SeiZleba
gaRizianebis, ganwyobilebis da saerTo emociuri to-
nusis daqveiTebis mizezi gaxdes. amerikel sociolog-
57
Ta kvlevis SedegebiT, arasrulwlovani (12-idan 17
wlamde) damnaSaveebi upiratesobas reps aniWeben.
iaponiaSi Caatares eqperimenti: 120 meZuZuri de-
da gayves 2 jgufad. erTi jgufi dedebisa usmenda kla-
sikas, meore pop-musikas. pirvel jgufSi rZis raodeno-
ba qalebSi gaizarda 20%-iT, meoreSi — 2-jer Semcirda.
SegrZnebebi, romlebic warmoiSoba Tanamedrove
rok- da pop-musikis mravali nawarmoebis mosmeniT, al-
koholuri da narkotikuli Trobis analogiuria. xdeba
totaluri gamoTayvaneba, zombireba. bgeriTi narko-
tiki miTi ar aris, igi Cveni Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
yvelaze sazizRari da saSiSi realobaa.
rok-en-roli afrikis junglebidan Semovida. 1619
wels monebiT movaWreebma amerikaSi monebTan erTad
Caitanes musikac, romlis magiuri Zala dolebis hipno-
zur ritmSi mdgomareobs. es musika satanur ritualeb-
ze sruldeboda. male roki uxeS da `mZime rokad~ gar-
daiqmna da bolos okultizmis gavleniT satanis kul-
tamde mivida, rasac saTave daudes ` biTlzebma~.
mravalricxovani gamokvlevebiT naCvenebia rok-
en-rolis damangreveli zemoqmedeba. aSS-Si Catarebu-
li sociologiuri gamokiTxvis mixedviT, mozardTa
87 % dReSi 3-7 saaTs usmens rok-musikas. rok-musika
mZime travmas ayenebs smeniT aparats, mxedvelobas, en-
dokrinul da nervul sistemebs. misi moqmedeba Tavis
tvinze narkotikis moqmedebis msgavsia, ZiriTadad ic-
vleba nivTierebaTa cvla. gansakuTrebiT mZimea rok-
en-rolis fsiqologiuri zegavlena. kerZod, eqimebis
samedicino-fsiqiatriul SromebSi yvelaze xSirad fi-
gurirebs, arakontrolirebadi Zaladobisken swrafva;
nervuli agzneba, rac iwvevs eiforias da halucinaci-
ebs; hipnozuri (zombirebis msgavsi) mdgomareoba; dep-
resiuli mdgomareoba (xSirad fsiqozamde misuli);
58
mkvlelobisa da TviTmkvlelobisadmi midrekile-
ba.`mZime metaluri musika~ aZlierebs `simamacis~
kults da qalebis mimarT agresias. rok-koncertebze
Cveulebriv movlenad iqca qalis tanisamosSi gamowyo-
bili mamakacebi, romelTa umravlesoba biseqsualia da
zogi maTgani ukve SidsiTac ki gardaicvala.
rok-musikis sistematuri mosmena, qvecnobiereba-
Si SeWriT, warmoadgens cnobierebaze namdvil Zalado-
bas da Tavisufal nebaze manipulirebas. mravali faq-
tia cnobili, roca rok-koncertebis dros aTasobiT
adamiani gaiTela da seriozulad daSavda. cnobili
fsiqologi f. harloki Tavis naSromSi `didi biti~ aR-
niSnavs: `qveynebSi, sadac rok-musika gansakuTrebiT
popularulia, magaliTad, aSS-sa da inglisSi, aRiniSne-
ba ara marto axalgazrdobis degradaciis, aramed mo-
zardebis mier Cadenil kriminalur danaSaulTa raode-
nobis zrdac, qorwinebis gareSe Sobil bavSvTa ricxvis
matebac da sxvadasxva saxis Zaladobis aqtebis, mkvle-
lobebis da TviTmkvlelobebis momravlebac~. rok-mu-
sika klavs cocxal ujreds. rok-musikosTa asaki iSvia-
Tad aRemateba 50 wels.
rok-musikaSi gamoyenebul sixSireebs gansakuTre-
buli zemoqmedeba aqvs Tavis tvinze. ritmi narkoti-
kul Tvisebebs iZens zedabal (15-30 herci) da zemaRal
(80 000 herci) sixSireebTan SexamebaSi. rogorc maRali
ise dabali sixSireebi iwvevs tvinis seriozul travmi-
rebas. amerikelma eqimma d. elvinma daadgina, rom xmama-
Rali gamkinavi bgera xels uwyobs cilis Sededebas
(erT-erT koncertze xmamaRla molaparakis win moTav-
sebuli umi kvercxi 3 saaTis Semdeg Toxlod moixarSa).
ingliselma rok-musikosma devid bouim roks `sa-
tanuri musika~ uwoda. cnobili Terapevtis a. knistis
aTeuli wlebis gamokvlevebma damajereblad aCvena,
59
rom rok — musika, misi xmauris donidan gamomdinare,
mudmiv msmenelebSi iwvevs gaborotebas, narcisizms,
panikas, saWmlis monelebis moSlas, hipertonias da sxva
cvlilebebs. `roki... es narkotikia, romelic wamlavs
Cveni axalgazrdebis sicocxles, ufro momakvdinebe-
lia, vidre heroini~.
rok-musika arRvevs zneobis barierebs, aqrobs bu-
nebrivi dacvis avtomatur refleqsebsa da meqanizmebs.
dadgenilia, rom informaciis mxolod meSvidedi nawi-
li aRiqmeba cnobierebiT, xolo eqvsi meSvidedi — qvec-
nobierebiT. roca tvini xangrZlivi drois ganmavloba-
Si ganicdis qvecnobierebaze mimarTuli bgeriTi signa-
lis zemoqmedebas, masSi mimdinareobs bioqimiuri reaq-
ciebi, analogiuri imisa, rasac iwvevs morfis gakeTeba.
xolo roca adamiani narkotikul transSi imyofeba,
qvecnobieri kavSirebi rTaven programas da xdeba to-
taluri gamoCerCeteba, zombireba. mTavari saSiSroeba
isaa, rom auditoria sruliad daucvelia cnobierebasa
da qvecnobierebaze zemoqmedebisgan.
legendaruli liverpuleli jgufis `bitlze-
bis~kompozicia`helter skelteri~ TvalsaCino magali-
Tia imisa, erTi SexedviT keTilxmovani da sakmaod sasi-
amovno musika, Tu rogor SeiZleba mavne aRmoCndes.
janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi am kompoziciis ZiriTadi
ritmis (daaxloebiT 6,4 herci) gamo msmenels SeiZleba
uecrad atkivdes muceli an guli. garda amisa, radgan
aseTi melodiis ritmi sixSiriT axlosaa adamianis tvi-
nis erT-erT ritmTan, arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba am
sixSireTa rezonansuli Tanxvedrisa, ramac SeiZleba
namdvili sigiJe gamoiwvios.
eqimebis azriT, klasikuri musikisgan gansxvave-
biT, ar aris rekomendirebuli repis, hard-rokis da he-
vi-metalis jgufebis didxans mosmena, romlebic xSi-
60
rad warmoadgens Seugnebeli agresiis mizezs. audio-
narkotikebis mosmeniT seriozulad icvleba eleqtro-
encefalograma. igi epilefsiiT daavadebuli adamianis
eleqtroencefalogramas emsgavseba. es ki imaze miuTi-
Tebs, rom Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtiuroba icvleba
paTologiis mxares. audionarkotikebis samizne adamia-
nis tvinia! es iwvevs SemecnebiTi funqciis daTrgunvas,
maxsovrobis daqveiTebas, saazrovno funqciis darRve-
vas, rac iwvevs pirovnebis degradacias. rac Seexeba
sxva Janrebs, bluzs, jazs da regs, maT SeuZliaT dep-
resiuli mdgomareobidan gamoyvana. mavne gavlenas ax-
dens zogierTi klasikuri nawarmoebic, magaliTad, So-
penis noqtiurnebi, vagneris da rihard Strausis zogi-
erTi nawarmoebi. gamosvlis win hitlerisTvis asru-
lebdnen amgzneb (ZiriTadad vagneris) marSebs, riTac
aixsneba misi hipnozuri talanti.
adamianebis msgavsad cxovelebi upiratesobas
harmoniul musikas aniWeben. mZime rokis mosmenisas
Zroxebi wvebian da uars amboben saWmelze. mcenareebic
sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben harmoniul musikaze da
rok-musikaze. isini baxis musikas amjobineben, romelic
mcenareTa zrdis stimulacias iwvevs — Zlierdeba fo-
tosinTezisa da nivTierebaTa cvlis intensivoba, ram-
denimejer izrdeba vitaminebis Semcveloba (magaliTad
`gaxmovanebul~ xorblis RvivSi 20-jer meti A vitamini
aRmoCnda), ris Sedegad izrdeba mosavlis raodenoba
da xarisxi. rok-musikis gavleniT mcenare male Wkneba
da nadgurdeba.
`WuWyiani bgerebi~ wamlaven biosferos! radgan
musika mniSvnelovani socialuri faqtoria, moqmedebs
adamianis inteleqtze, mis sxeulsa da sulier buneba-
ze, amitom igi warmoadgens rogorc daavadebis gamom-
wvev, ise samkurnalo saSualebas. audioterorizmisa
61
da agresogenuri musikisgan Tavdasacavad gvaxsovdes
aristoteles sityvebi: ùnda moveridoT axali tipis
musikis Semotanas, rogorc SesaZlo saSiSroebas mTeli
saxelmwifosaTvis, radgan musikis stilis cvlileba
yovelTvis gavlenas axdens politikuri wyobis umniS-
vnelovanes aspeqtebze~.
sicocxlis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa axali mimar-
Tulebaa biomusikologia, romelic avlens, Tu rogor
zemoqmedebs bgerebi cocxal organizmze. musika, ro-
gorc bgerebis mwyobri da harmoniuli Sexameba, uni-
versaluri da yovlismomcveli enaa. musika sicocxlis
xmaa. cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva sixSiris bgera gansxva-
vebulad zemoqmedebs adamianze. es pirdapir dakavSi-
rebulia Tavis tvinis ritmebTan. smenis organoebiT
miRebul audioinformacias aanalizebs tvini da aje-
rebs sakuTar ritmebTan. musikaluri zemoqmedeba SeiZ-
leba ase aixsnas. musika vibraciaa, mxolod mowesrige-
buli, garkveuli wesiT sinqronizebuli, romelsac Se-
moaqvs wesrigi Cvens sistemaSi da rezonansSi mohyavs
Cvens Sinagan musikasTan. `mxolod vercxliseburi mu-
sika miqarvebs naRvels~ (Seqspiri, `romeo da julie-
ta~). sxvadasxva musika sxvadasxva adamianSi sxvadasxva
emocias iwvevs, Tumca, rogorc wers spinoza: àramusi-
kaluri yurisTvis umSvenieres musikasac ara aqvs az-
ri~. rogorc Cven mier iqna naCvenebi, TiToeul cocxal
arsebas mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli `molekulu-
ri~ musika da, Sesabamisad, sakuTari sixSire gaaCnia.
swored amitomac aris gansxvavebuli musikaluri ge-
movneba. ramdenime xnis win moskovSi gamocemul `musi-
koTerapiis saxelmZRvaneloSi~ naTqvamia: àdamianis
tvini — uamravi vibraciaa eleqtruli impulsebiT,
romlebic gamodis misi yoveli nawilidan. adamiani ga-
moscems musikalur notebs, romlebic damokidebulia
62
misi vibraciebis xarisxze... yovel adamians Tavisi saba-
zo bgera gaaCnia~. kompozitori a.skriabini, romelmac
aRmoaCina fsiqoakustikuri struqturebi, werda: `mu-
sikiT SeiZleba gamoviwvioT hipnozi. musika aris bgere-
biT Selocva, romlis harmoniaSia uzarmazari magiuri
Zala~.
piTagoram, romelmac musikis Teoria egvipteSi
Seiswavla, daafuZna mecniereba sferoebis harmoniis
Sesaxeb da daadgina musika rogorc zusti mecniereba.
piTagorelebi specialur melodiebs iyenebdnen mris-
xanebis winaaRmdeg. maT aCvenes, rom musika keTil gav-
lenas axdens inteleqtze. isini maTematikas musikis
TanxlebiT aswavlidnen.
Cv.w. aRricxvamde III saukuneSi parTianul samefo-
Si agebul iqna specialuri musikalur-samedicino cen-
tri, sadac mkurnalobdnen sevdas da isterias. Tavis
traqtatSi `politika~ aristotele aRniSnavs: `berZne-
bisTvis ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanes dargebs warmoad-
gens: ritorika (kiTxva da damwerloba), tanvarjiSi da
zogjer xatva...~
musikoTerapia — tradiciuli medicinis erT-erTi
yvelaze saintereso da jer-jerobiT naklebad gamok-
vleuli mimarTulebaa. igi evropaSi oficialurad aRi-
arebul iqna XIX saukuneSi, roca progresulma eqimebma
daiwyes misi gamoyeneba TavianT praqtikaSi. cnobili
rusi qirurgi b. petrovski musikas iyenebda rTuli
operaciebis dros. qirurgiaSi musikis gamoyeneba 2-3-
jer amcirebs tkivilgamayuCebeli preparatebis moxma-
rebas mosamzadebel periodSi, xolo operaciis Semdeg
aRdgeniTi periodi mcirdeba 15-20 procentiT.
1961 wels inglisSi SemuSavda musikoTerapiis pir-
veli programa, xolo 5 wlis Semdeg Seiqmna musikoTe-
rapiis centri. 1969 wlidan SvedeTSi arsebobs musiko-
63
Terapiis sazogadoeba, am organizaciis mier dadastu-
rebul iqna, rom zaris bgerebi, romlebic gamoscems
rezonansul ultrabgeriT gamosxivebas, ramdenime
wuTSi klavs tifis Cxirebs, gripis virusebs. gansaz-
Rvruli musikis tipebi aCqarebs cocxali ujredis
protoplazmis moZraobas.
musika, anu bgerebis mwyobri da harmoniuli Sexa-
meba radikalurad gansxvavdeba xmaurisgan, romelic
aqveiTebs organizmis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unars,
riTac izrdeba adamianis mier qimiuri gamabinZureble-
bis amTvisebloba.
yvelaze sasargeblo musikad klasikuri musikaa
aRiarebuli. yvelaze didi mkurnali kompozitorebs
Soris aris volfgang amadeus mocarti, romlis nawar-
moebebs aqvs adamianebze zemoqmedebis kolosaluri Za-
la. misi musikiT yvavilebic ki ifurCqneba. mocartis
nawarmoebebi universaluria. isini rekomendebulia
stresis mosaxsnelad, Tavis tkivilisas, gonebrivi da-
Zabulobis da gadaRlisas, saswavlo masalis efeqtu-
rad asaTviseblad, mexsierebis gasaumjobeseblad, ase-
ve aRdgeniTi periodis dros. samkurnalo efeqti gaaC-
nia mocartis yvela nawarmoebs. am movlenas mocartis
èfeqti~ ewodeba. gansakuTrebuli adgili mocartis
Sedevrebs Soris uWiravs `sonatas ori fortepiano-
saTvis (do maJori)~. swored am nawarmoebis mosmena aZ-
lierebs Tavis tvinis aqtiurobas.
amerikel mecnierTa kvlevebiT dadginda, rom mo-
cartis safortepiano musikis aTwuTiani mosmena inte-
leqtis xarisxs (IQ) saSualod 8-10 erTeuliT zrdis.
aseve daafiqsires mocartis musikis mosmeniT mZime
epilefsiisgan gankurnebis gasaocari efeqti. Svedi
eqimebi darwmunebulni arian, rom swored mocartis
musikis gamo Semcirda bavSvTa sikvdilianoba SvedeT-
64
Si. gastroenterologebi amtkiceben, rom Tu yovel-
dRe Wamis dros movusmenT mocartis mSvid musikas,
gaqreba saWmlis monelebasTan dakavSirebuli proble-
mebi.
jer-jerobiT daudgenelia, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
adamianis janmrTelobaze Tanamedrove musikis mimdi-
nareobebi (puantalizmi, konkretuli musika, sonoris-
tika, surealizmi, minimalizmi, speqtruli musika),
Tumca cnobilia, rom avangardist kompozitorTa ian
qsenakisa da karl hainc Stokhauzenis opusebis mosmena
rig SemTxvevebSi iwvevs kbilis tkivils.
cdiT dadgenilia, rom adamianis organizmi umrav-
les SemTxvevaSi èxmianeba~ musikas, ewyoba mis temps,
rac aisaxeba pulsis sixSireze, sunTqvaze, sisxlis mi-
moqcevaze, Sinagani organoebisa da sekreciis jir-
kvlebis muSaobaze. mravalricxovani eqsperimentiT
eqimebma daaskvnes, rom nervuli aSlilobis, isteriki-
sa da kaprizebisadmi midrekilebis dros yvelaze ke-
Tilmyofel gavlenas bavSvze axdens mocartis musika.
yoveldRiuri bgeriTi Terapiis seansebis CatarebiT
20-30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, 7-10 dRis Semdeg patara daiw-
yebs ufro zomier da adekvatur moqcevas. bavSvs cu-
dad Tu Zinavs, esizmreba koSmarebi da xSirad iRviZebs
SiSisgan atirebuli, maSin saukeTeso Terapiul saSua-
lebad SeiZleba gamodges grigis, Caikovskis, sibeliu-
sis musika, romelic unda moasmeninoT uSualod Zilis
win. piriqiT, saqme Tu exeba pasiur da Caketil bavSvs,
romelsac xSirad awuxebs Tavis tkivili da arc goneb-
rivi SesaZleblobebiT brwyinavs, misi sasicocxlo Za-
lebis gaaqtiurebaSi mogvexmareba listis da beThove-
nis nawarmoebebi. bavSvTa mTeli rigi organoebis dar-
Rveva xSirad dakavSirebulia araswor sunTqvasTan. am
SemTxvevaSi xalxuri simRerebis mosmeniT SesaZlebeli
65
gaxdeba 10-15 wuTSi sunTqvis normalizeba. rac Seexeba
gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis muSaobas, masze yvelaze
xelsayrel zemoqmedebas axdens baxis, Sopenisa da men-
delsonis musika. musika da moZraoba — es saSualebania,
romlebic sasikeTod moqmedebs bavSvze. musikalur-
plastikuri moZraobebi asrulebs relaqsaciur fun-
qcias, exmareba emociuri ganmuxtvis miRwevaSi, goneb-
rivi gadatvirTvis da daRlilobis moxsnaSi. moZraoba
da cekva bavSvs sxva bavSvebTan damegobrebaSi exmareba,
iZleva gansazRvrul fsiqoTerapiul efeqts.
Strausis da Caikovskis momxiblavi valsebi xels
uwyobs gulis normalur muSaobas, xsnis daZabulobas,
aumjobesebs Zils. nervuli daZabulobis mosaxsnelad
jer moismineT gamaxalisebeli musika (gansakuTrebiT
kargad moqmedebs bramsis ùngruli valsi~, oginskis
`polonezi~, sarasates àragonuli xota~), Semdeg Cai-
kovskis an bizes melodiuri musika. SesaniSnavad fan-
tavs dilis Zilianobas vivaldis sonatebi da koncer-
tebi, Subertis serenadebi. axalisebs debiusis simfo-
niuri suraTi `zRva~, musorgskis `ganTiadi moskov-
mdinareze~ (operidan `xovanSCina~), grigis `dilis gan-
wyoba~, rihard Strausis `dila~. SuadRes finjan yavas
SegicvliT hendeli da mocarti. daRlilobis profi-
laqtikisTvis bgeriT racionSi CarTeT grigis `musika-
luri dila~ an Caikovskis `weliwadis droni~. samsaxur-
Si an saxlSi Tavs Tu ver daaRwevT konfliqtebs da
usiamovno saubrebs, Tqvens ganwyobaze SesaniSnavad
imoqmedebs iseTi nawarmoebebi, rogoricaa rihard
Strausis `saSinao nawarmoebebi~, baxis `glexuri kanta-
ta~, beThovenis `simRera rwyilze~, rosinis àbreSumis
kibe~ da `qurdi kaWkaWi~. cud mexsierebas aRadgens vi-
valdis `weliwadis dronis~ ciklis nawarmoebTa perio-
duli mosmena. mSvidi ganwyobis Seqmnas xels uwyobs
66
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis (baxi, vivaldi, haidni, hendeli)
musika. maTi nawarmoebebi astimulirebs Tavis tvinis
alfa ritmebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia simSvidis
SegrZnebasTan.
saqarTveloSi musikiT mkurnalobis sakiTxebze
muSaobdnen mecnierebi: a.zurabaSvili, v.mosiZe, q.min-
daZe, kompozitorebi: k.focxveraSvili, i.boboxiZe,
s.Jvania. qarTuli musikaluri Terapiuli folklori
Rrma Seswavlas moiTxovs. Zilis momgvreli qarTuli
ìavnana~ iseT bgerebzea agebuli, romlebic damamSvi-
deblad moqmedebs adamianze. arc qarTuli simRera `ba-
tonebo~ Seqmnilia SemTxveviT, is xom samkurnalo sim-
Reraa. samkurnalo efeqti unda gaaCndes qarTul kla-
sikur nawarmoebebsac, magaliTad, faliaSvilis `dai-
sis~ uvertiuras, laRiZis `saWidaos~, mSveliZis simfo-
niur suraTebs da qarTuli musikis mraval Sedevrs.
qvemoT mocemulia musikoTerapiis centrebSi ap-
robirebuli musikaluri receptebis nimuSebi.
uZiloba: beThovenis `mTvaris sonata~; grigis su-
ita `per giunti~; masnes `meditacia~; ofenbaxis `barka-
rola~; mendelsonis `simRerebi usityvod~; sibeliusis
`sevdiani valsi~; glukis `melodia~; Sumanis òcneba~;
Caikovskis `Semodgomis simRera~, `sentimentaluri
valsi~, `barkarola~; Subertis àve maria~, `serenada~;
sen-sansis `gedi~.
stresi: musorgskis safortepiano suita `suraTe-
bi gamofenidan~. sasicocxlo tonusis da guneba-gan-
wyobilebis gasaumjobeseblad sasargebloa Caikovskis
`meeqvse simfoniis~ mesame nawili; beThovenis ùverti-
ura egmonti~; Sopenis `preludia №1, opusi 28~; listis
ùngruli rafsodia №2~.
gadaRla da nervuli gamofitva: grigis `dila~;
oginskis `polonezi~; musorgskis `ganTiadi moskov-
67
mdinareze~, `suraTebi gamofenidan~; iohan Strausis
`cisferi dunai~; Caikovskis `weliwadis droni~; qarTu-
li warmoSobis simRera `saRamos zarebi~, leis `siyva-
rulis istoria~; xaCaturianis `cekva xmlebiT~. qroni-
kul daRlilobas Svelis bramsis `mesame simfoniis~ me-
ore nawili, `meoTxe simfoniis~ pirveli nawili, `savio-
lino koncerti~ da ùngruli cekvebi~ (uzrunvelyofs
energiis muxts mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi, gansakuT-
rebiT, Tu moismenT orSabaT dilas).
depresia: beThovenis `mTvaris sonata~ da ùver-
tiura edmondi~; raxmaninovis `meore safortepiano
koncerti~; Caikovskis `meeqvse simfonia~; listis `meo-
re rafsodia~. guneba-ganwyobilebas amaRlebs jazi,
bluzi, regi, mocartis da vivaldis mxiaruli nawarmo-
ebebi alegros an alegro moderatos tempSi.
gaRizianebisa da sibrazis mosaxsnelad usmineT:
beThovenis `mTvaris sonatas~; haidnis `simfonias~; ba-
xis `kantatas №2~ da ` italiur koncerts~. baxis ìta-
liuri koncerti~ da haidnis `simfonia~ aseve rekomen-
debulia Suris Sesamcireblad. guldamZimebulobis
dros usmineT beThovenis òda sixaruls~; listis ùn-
grul rafsodias~; Caikovskis `slavur marSs~; Suber-
tis àve marias~. adamianebTan urTierTobisas daZabu-
lobis mosaxsnelad dagexmarebaT baxis `saviolino
koncerti re minori~. gaxSirebuli guliscema normaSi
mohyavs mendelsonis `saqorwilo marSs~, debiusis, ra-
velis nawarmoebebs, aseve klasikur indur musikas. da-
samSvideblad mousmineT bramsis ìavnanas~; debiusis
`mTvaris Suqs~; Subertis àve marias~; beThovenis
`mTvaris sonatis~ pirveli nawils, `meeqvse simfoniis~
meore nawils; Sopenis `noqtiurns sol minori~. mRel-
varebis, SiSis da sakuTar TavSi daurwmuneblobis Se-
samcireblad sasargebloa: Sopenis `mazurkebi~ da
68
`preludiebi~; iohan Strausis `valsebi~; rubinSteinis
`melodiebi~.
hipertonia: Sopenis `noqtiurni re minori~ (sxva
noqtiurnebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs fsiqikaze.); baxis
`saviolino koncerti re minori~ da `kantata №1~; Cai-
kovskis `suita~ baletidan `gedis tba~; bartokis `so-
natebi fortepianosTvis~ da `kvarteti №5~; raxmanino-
vis simfoniuri poema `sikvdilis kunZuli~. sisxlis
wneva da gulis muSaoba normaSi mohyavs mendelsonis
`saqorwilo marSs~.
Sakiki: mendelsonis `saqorwilo marSi~; dvorJakis
ìumoreska~; gerSvinis melodiebi kino-filmidan àme-
rikeli parizSi~. Tavis tkivils swrafad xsnis mocar-
tis `don Juani~; listis ùngruli rafsodia №1~; xaCa-
turianis suita dramidan `maskaradi~, oginskis `polo-
nezi~; beThovenis `fidelio~.
alkoholizmsa da mowevas sxva saSualebebTan er-
Tad kurnavs Subertis àve maria~; beThovenis `mTvaris
sonata~; sen-sansis `gedi~.
kuWis wyluli: iohan Strausis `yvavilebis valsi~;
mocartis da beThovenis nawarmoebebi.
gastriti: beThovenis `sonata №7~.
SemoqmedebiT impulss astimulirebs ravelis `bo-
lero~; xaCaturianis `cekva xmlebiT~; dunaevskis `mar-
Si~ kino-filmidan `cirki~; leis `siyvarulis istoria~.
goeTe aRniSnavda, rom igi yovelTvis ukeT muSaobda
beThovenis `saviolino koncertis~ mosmenis Semdeg.
sizarmacis gadasalaxad da dabali sasicocxlo
tonusis asamaRleblad: Caikovskis `meeqvse simfoniis~
mesame nawili; beThovenis uvertiura ègmonti~; Sope-
nis `preludia №1~ da listis ùngruli rafsodia №2~.
musikoTerapia SeiZleba bevr SemTxvevaSi qimioTe-
rapiis Zlieri konkurenti gaxdes da misi ganmkurnebe-
69
li zemoqmedeba ufro efeqtiani aRmoCndes. musika − ka-
cobriobis udidesi Zalaa. masSia aramarto talanti da
kulturuli memkvidreoba, aramed adamianis emociaTa
wyaro. ase, rom usmineT musikas da cxovrebac aucileb-
lad ufro mSvidi da xalisiani gaxdeba!
cocxal arsebaTa mravalferovneba cilis uricxv
variants warmoadgens. gansxvaveba aminmJavuri naSTe-
bis TanmimdevrobaSia. cilebis specifikuroba SeiZle-
ba SevadaroT musikas, romelic mcire raodenobis bge-
raTa Sexamebisgan miiReba da usazRvrod mravalfero-
vania. bunebaSi mravali bgeraa, magram yvela rodi qmnis
musikas. aseve bunebaSi arsebuli yvela aminmJava ar ga-
modgeba cilis saSen masalad. gansazRvruli sistemiT
xdeba rogorc aminmJavaTa, ise musikalur bgeraTa ga-
darCeva da Camoyalibeba. melodia ar warmoadgens bge-
rebis SemTxveviT Tanmimdevrobas. aseve cila ar aris
aminmJavaTa SemTxveviTi nakrebi. cilis molekula, ise
rogorc melodia, yovelTvis erT Sinaarss gamoxatavs.
musikalur nawarmoebs cilis msgavsad gaaCnia misi na-
wilebis gansazRvruli Tanafardoba, e.i. forma. musi-
kaluri kodis gaSifvrisa da realizaciis meqanizmebis
identuroba yoveli cocxali organizmis ujredSi (vi-
rusidan adamianamde) samyaros, rogorc harmoniuli
mTelis erTianobaze metyvelebs. jer kidev piTagora
miiCnevda, rom samyaro musikis enazea dawerili.
Cven pirvelad movaxdineT cilis struqturis
transkrifcia musikis enaze, rasac vuwodeT musikalu-
ri kodis principi da miviRe nawarmoebi fugis stilSi.
Cveni azriT, musika dasabamidanvea Cadebuli cocxal
organizmSi da mis, rogorc mTelis, modulacias ax-
dens. sakmarisia umciresi cvlileba genetikuri kodis
partituraSi, rom geni onkogenuri gaxdes. es, Tavis
mxriv, gamoiwvevs erTi aminmJavas Secvlas meoriT, ris
70
gamoc normaluri cila (melodia) SeiZleba kibovani
gaxdes (Cndeba melodiaSi disonansi). Cven vaCveneT,
rom cocxali organizmebi (maT Soris mcenareebic)
sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben harmoniul musikaze da
rok-musikaze. isini baxis musikas amjobineben, romelic
mcenareTa zrdis stimulacias iwvevs – Zlierdeba fo-
tosinTezisa da nivTierebaTa cvlis intensivoba, ram-
denimejer izrdeba vitaminebis Semcveloba (magali-
Tad, `gaxmovanebul~ xorblis RivSi 20-jer meti A vita-
mini da 5-jer meti C da B6 vitamini aRmoCnda), ris Sede-
gadac izrdeba mosavlis raodenoba da xarisxi.
ukanasknel periodSi kaliforniis universitetSi
(los-anJelesi) amerikeli da iaponeli mecnierebis j.
milerisa da r. takahaSis xelmZRvanelobiT muSavdeba
proeqti, romelic exeba cilaSi Semaval aminmJavaTa
gardaqmnas musikalur akordebad, romelTa xangrZli-
voba mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva cilis natif
struqturaze da mosalodnel daavadebaTa ganviTare-
baze.d.polma Seqmna sonifikaciis xerxi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda kompiuteruli programis
saSualebiT ultrabgerebis gardaqma bgeriT sixSiree-
bad, romlebic aRiricxeba lazeruli mTvleliT.cer-
nSi, v.vagneris xelmZRvanelobiT moaxdines elementa-
ruli nawilakebis Sesaxeb did kolaiderSi miRebuli
informaciis sonifikacia — musikalur formatSi gar-
daqmna. aRmoCnda, rom elementaruli nawilakebis Sesa-
xeb musikalur enaze `Targmnili~ informacia yvela-
saTvis kargad cnobil melodiebs da musikalur Temebs
gvaZlevs.m.jeqsonis xelmZRvanelobiT muSavdeba pro-
eqti, romelSic bgeris Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba mcena-
reTa monacemebi. dReRamurad izomeba mcenareTa tem-
peratura, sineste da ganaTebis done, ris Semdegac
xdeba monacemebis gardaqmna eleqtronul musi-
71
kad.t.dakiCma usasrulo ricxvi `pi~ (3,14...), mZimis Sem-
deg 1000 niSnamde gardaqmna simRerad. TiToeul cifrs
man noti miusadaga da miiRo unikaluri melodia. `pis~
msgavsi melodia (ufro mxiaruli da optimisturi) iqna
miRebuli evrokavSiris kvleviT institutSi didi an-
dronuli kolaideris monacemTa gamoyenebiT.`nasas~
mier kosmosidan miRebuli sxvadasxva monacemis saSua-
lebiT mecnierebma Seqmnes simRerebi, romlebSic gamo-
yenebulia mikrotalRuri fonidan, sxvadasxva galaq-
tikidan, pulsarebidan, zeaxali da sxva astronomiuli
formebisa da movlenebisgan miRebuli bgerebi. aSS-s
energetikis saministros nacionalur laboratoriaSi
p.larsenma SeZlo mikrobTa kvleviT miRebuli Sedege-
bi musikalur melodiad gardaeqmna, rac, misi azriT,
mikroorganizmebis erTmaneTTan urTierTobis ukeT
gagebis saSualebas mogvcems.
aSS-is masaCusetis teqnologiuri universitetis
mecnierebma (proeqtis avtori markus biuleri) koro-
navirusis struqtura musikad gardaqmnes. koronavi-
rusis garss warmoadgens wvetiani cilebi, romlebic
viruss gvirgvinisebr formas aZlevs, riTac organiz-
mTa janmrTel ujredebTan kavSirs uzrunvelyofs. ci-
la aminmJavebis kombinaciisgan Sedgeba. mecnierebma
TiToeul aminmJavas sonifikaciis meTodiT (kompiute-
ruli programirebis saSualebiT ultrabgerebis bge-
riT sixSireebad gardaqmna) unikaluri noti Seusabames
da cilis struqturis musikalur partiturad gadaw-
yobis Sedegad miiRes zarebis, simebiani sakravebisa da
fleitis xmebiT awyobili mravalSriani algoriTmuli
melodia. mecnierTa mtkicebiT, koronavirusis cilis
musikad gardaqmna maT COVID-19-is ukeT SeswavlaSi da-
exmarebaT — cilaze im adgilebis moZiebas Seuwyobs
xels, romelTa saSualebiTac antisxeulebi an samkur-
72
nalo preparatebi virusTan dakavSirebas SeZleben.
amrigad, cilis struqturis musikalur melodiad aJ-
Rereba msoflioSi pirvelma Cven movaxdineT gasuli
saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi, jer kidev im dros, roca kom-
piuteruli teqnika ar iyo ganviTarebuli, vaCveneT si-
cocxlisa da musikis erTiani harmoniuli principi,
rac momavalSi mecnierebs xels Seuwyobs bunebis kano-
nebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis mTeli rigi problemis
gadaWraSi.
73
RAMAZ GAKHOKIDZE — Academician of the Academy of Philosophical
Sciences of Georgia. Director of the Institute of Bioorganic Technologies
and Chair of Bioorganic Chemistry of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University, Professor, member of the scientific societies of the USA and
Europe, Academician of the orders of honour of Georgia and the United
States, author of over 500 scientific works, textbooks, monographies and
inventions in different fields of science. Ramaz Gakhokize was nominated
among the great minds of XXI century by the International Biographical
Centre (Cambridge, England).
MUSIC AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON
ABSTRACT
Music exerts a powerful influence on human beings. We have

shown that live organisms (including plants) react differ ently to
harmonic music and rock music. We first transferred the structure of
a protein to the music language which we called musical code
principle. Our discovery is of great importance: It can become a tool
for early diagnosis of the organism's status; it is also possible to
determine human psychotypes using the principle of music code.

Ta akademiis mecnierebis filosofiis ganyofilebam.
74
sociologia da socialuri
fsiqologia
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL

PSYCHOLOGY
kaxa qecbaia — filosofiis mecn. doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologi-
isa da socialuri muSaobis mimarTulebis asocirebuli pro-
fesori. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
akademikosi-mdivani. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis (onto-
logia, gnoseologia), sociologiisa (Teoriuli, dargobri-
vi da metasociologia) da religiis filosofiisa da socio-
logiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 120-ze meti samec-
niero naSromi mecnierebis am sferoebSi. eweva aqtiur peda-
gogiur da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.
ganaTlebis momavali XXI saukuneSi —

`Txevadi ganaTleba~
ganaTlebis sociologiis leqciebs daskvnis sa-

xiT, ganaTlebis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxis ganxilviT
vasrulebT, romlis konceptualuri nawili cobili
amerikeli socialuri mozarovnisa da futurologis
elvin tofleris ganaTlebis socialur-futurologi-
ur Teorias emyareba da srulad Seesabameba Tanamed-
rove msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis suliskveTebas,
romelTac, bunebrivia, socialur-teqnologiuri mu-
taciebis idea udevs safuZvlad.

e. tofleri 1928 wlis 3 oqtombers poloneTidan aSS-Si
emigrirebuli ebraelis ojaxSi daibada. 1949 wels niu-ior-
kis universiteti daamTavra. TanamSromlobda mraval perio-
dul gamocemasTan. 1965 wlidan aSS-s sxvadasxva universi-
tetbSi kiTxulobda leqciebs. monawileobda r. seijis saxe-
lobis momavlis kvlevis fondi saqmianobaSi. 1968 wlidan
strategiuli ganviTarebis problemebTan dakavSirebiT eq-
spertisa da konsultantis rangSi periodulad miwveuli
iyo iseT umsxviles amerikul korporaciebSi rogorebicaa
rokfeleris fondi, IBM, AT&T da sxv. gardaicvala 2016
wlis 27 ivniss. sayovelTao aRiareba cnobilma trilogiam:
76
ganaTlebis momavlis Sesaxeb sakiTxi garkveuli
konceptualuri safuZvlis gareSe, vfiqrobT rom, gau-
gebari iqneba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi msgavs konceptualur
safuZvels elvin tofleris koncefcia warmoadgens,
romelmac gamoTqva varaudi, rom 2025 wlamde periodi
sakacobrio istoriaSi gardamtexi iqneba, radganac in-
dustriuli msoflio wesrigi, sabolood, istorias Ca-
bardeba da zeindustriuli, informaciuli era dadge-
ba, rasac ZalauflebisaTvis iseTi brZola da konfliq-
tebi mohyveba, romelic msoflios SesZravs. amJamd
2020 welia da faqti saxezea. globaluri transforma-
ciis Sedegi axali — codnis sazogadoebis sabolood
damkvidreba iqneba. vfiqrobT, rom pandemiis (da sxva
msgavsi globaluri movlenebi) procesi am transfor-
maciaSi amaCqareblis rols asrulebs, romelmac kidev
ufro naTeli gaxada industriuli epoqis codnis, ga-
naTlebisa da mecnierebis ususuroba da dromoWmulo-
ba. amJamad futurSoki da misi Tanmxlebi fobiebi saxe-
zea, rac sociumebisa da adamianTa dezorientacias iw-
vevs, radganac adreuli epoqebis codnis, ganaTlebisa
da aRzrdis sistema msgavsi transformaciebisadmi
adaptirebaze ki ar iyo orientirebuli, aramed war-
sulSi ixedeboda. tofleris mixedviT, transformacia
da mutacia Seexeba TiTqmis yvelafers: ojaxs, geneti-
kur revolucias, politikas, ekonomikas da, ra Tqma un-
da, ganaTlebas. adreuli epoqis ganaTlebis sistema ze-
`futurSoki~ (1971w.), `mesame talRa~ (1980 w.) da `Zalaufle-

bis metamorfozebi~ (1990w.) moutana. `futurSokSi~ masSta-
buri cvlilebebi da adamianebsa organizaciebze maTi gavle-
naa ganxiluli. `mesame talRa~ epoqalur cvlilebebs aana-
lizebs, xolo `Zalauflebis metamorfozebSi~ epqalur
cvlilebaTa epqaSi Zalauflebisa da marTvis problemebs Se-
exeba. e. tofleris meuRle haidi tofleri aseve cnobili
socialuri futurologia.
77
industriul eraSi uvargisi gaxdeba, amitom XXI sauku-
ne socialuri konfliqtebis, mTeli rigi globaluri
problemebisa da gamowvevebis saukune iqneba. aseT vi-
TarebaSi Cndeba kiTxva: rogori iqneba da ra saxes mii-
Rebs samomavlod ganaTleba. tofleris pasuxi am kiT-
xvaze aseTia: ganaTlebis tradiciuli sistema aRar
iarsebebs anu ubralo enaze rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli
skolebi da universitetebi, ra saxiTac isini amJamad
arseboben, ubralod, ar iarsebeben. Tu ratom? amis Se-
saxeb sayuradRebo moszrebas e. tofleris ganaTlebis
socialur-futurologiur koncefciaSi vnaxavT.
ganaTlebis arsebuli sistemisa da misi momavlis
sakiTxs e. tofleri `futurSokis~ me-18-e TavSi ganixi-
lavs, romelsac hqvia: `ganaTleba momaval droSi~. e.
tofleris amosavali princips imis Sesaxeb Tezisi war-
moadgens, rom kacobrioba axal teqnologiur mutaci-
as ganicdis da zeindustriul stadiaze gadadis, ro-
melsac igi `mesame talRas~ uwodebs. aman meore — (in-
dustriuli sazogadoeba) talRa unda Caanacvlos, isev
rogorc, Tavis droze, meorem pirveli — (agraruli sa-
zogadoeba) talRa Caanacvla. tofleris azriT, mesame
talRa ki moaxlovda, magram amasTanave gairkva, rom
socialuri sistemis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ubani —
ganaTleba amisTvis mzad ar aris, radganac igi saSin-
lad dasnebovnebulia. am process tofleri sxva plane-
taze gadasaxlebis process adarebs. kerZod rodesac
gadasaxlebis dro dadgeba da gamoirkveva, rom adamia-
nebi, romlebic sxva planetaze unda gadasxldnen amis-
Tvis mzad ar yofilan. yvelaferi, rac amJamad Cvens
`saukeTeso kolejebsa da skolebSi xdeba, imaze mianiS-

ix. e. tofleri, `momavlis Soki~, m. 2002. gv. 431-466.
78
nebs, rom ganaTlebis sistema uimedod moZvelda~.
mSoblebi TavianTi Svilebis ganaTlebas momaval cxov-
rebisaTvis momzadebad ganixilaven. maswavlebelTa
korpusic am azrzea. mTavroba Tavisi biurokratiul-
Conovnikuri aparatiT, sasuliero pirebi da media mos-
wavleebs afrTxilebs, rom ar miatovon skola, rom ga-
naTleba maTTvis aucilebelia. miuxedavad aseTi mowo-
debebisa faqtia, rom ganaTlebis dRevandeli sistema
warsulzea orientirebuli da ara momaval sazogadoe-
baze. amitom axali talRis pirobebSi dRevandeli sko-
lebi da universitetebi anaqronizms warmoadgenen.
dRevandeli ganaTlebis sistema, faqtobrivad, sxva
araferia Tu ara industriuli sazogadoebis sistema,
romelic udides Zalisxmevas da resursebs industri-
uli yaidis adamianis Camoyalibebas axmars rac imas
niSnavs, rom `mimdinareobs adamianTa daStampva im sis-
temaSi gasaZlebad, romelic maTze ufro adre mokvde-
ba~. e. tofleris mixedviT, momavalSi adamianebi ara
bunebrivi daavadebebiT mokvdebian, aramed maTi sik-
vdilis mizezi momavlis Soki iqneba, radganac adamian-
Ta didi nawili ver gauZlebs mas. am viTarebis aRmo-
safrxvrelad ganaTlebis axali — zeindustriuli sis-
temis Camoyalibebaa aucilebeli, risTvisac saWiro
miznebi da meTodebi warsulSi ki ara momavalSi unda
veZeboT. am viTarebis sailustraciod e. tofleri in-
dustriuli epoqos skolis saganagebo daxasiaTebas iZ-
leva.
skola industriul epoqaSi: nebismier sazoga-
doebas drois subieqturi paradigma gaaCnia, rac war-
sulis, awmyosa da momavlisadmi specifikur ganwyobas
gulisxmobs da Sesabamis socialur qcevaSi vlindeba.

iqve. gv. 432.

iqve. 432.
79
swavla-ganaTlebis procesi, bunebrivi, drois subieq-
tur paradigmas iTvaliswinebs. pirveli talRis. e. w.
uZrav sazogadoebebSi warsuli awmyos gavliT moma-
valSi meordeba. am tipis sazogadoebebSi swavla-ganaT-
leba warsuli codniTa da unarebiT bavSvis SeiaraRe-
bas gulisxmobs, radganac es momavali saWiroebisTvi-
saa aucilebeli. praqtikul unarebsa da RirebulebaTa
tradiciul sistemas bavSvi mSoblebisagan iRebda.
codnis gadacemisTvis skola sulac ar iyo aucilebe-
li. am funqcias ojaxi da religia (taZrebi da eklesia-
monastrebi) asrulebda. maswavleblebi da moswavleebi
sadme, erT konkretul sivrceSi ar iyvnen Tavmoyrili.
ganaTlebis tradiciuli sistemis safuZveli awmyosad-
mi ganuxreli erTguleba iyo, rac warsulis Sesaxeb
saswavlo kursebis meSveobiT miiRweoda. kritikulad
ganwyobil mkiTxvels unda gauCndes kiTxva: sad aris
amJamad am tipis ganaTleba? bunebrivia, igi warsuls
Cabarda. sazogadoebis industrializaciam da teqni-
kurma epoqam am mxriv qva qvaze ar datova ise gaanadgu-
ra, radganac ganviTarebad mrewvelobas axali tipis
adamiani sWirdeboda, romelic axali codnisa da Rire-
bulebebis matarebeli unda yofiliyo. es ki adamiani-
sagan drois axlebur subieqtur paradigmas moiTxov-
da. am miznis misaRwevad sajaro da sayovelTao ganaT-
lebis sistema iqna gamoyenebuli. es mizani martivi ar
gegoniT. mwvaved dadga sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
unda momzadebuliyvnen bavSvebi axali samyarosaTvis,
romelic daZabuli erTgvarovani SromiT, fabrika-qar-
xnebis boliT, meqanizmebis xmauriT da koleqtiuri
discipliniT gamoirCeoda. gamosavali ganaTlebis ise-
Ti sistemis Camoyalibeba iyo, romelic am axali samya-
ros struqturuli warmoebiT iqneboda dakavebuli.
swored aseTia Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistema, rome-
80
lic arqauli da tradiciuli sazogadoebis atavistu-
ri elementebisagan bolomde Tavisufali ara aris,
Tumca saganmanaTleblo procesis organizebis indus-
triul models emyareba. moswavleTa masebis (nedleu-
lis) maswavleblebis (fabrikis muSebi) mier gadamuSa-
vebis erT sivrceSi, Suagul qalaqSi skolebisa da sas-
wavlo dawesebulebebis (fabrika-qarxnebi) Tavmoyra
namdvilad industriuli geniis nayofia. skolebisa da
universitetebis administraciuli ierarqia samrewve-
lo biurokratiis analogia. codna industriul sawyi-
sebzea organizebuli. bavSvebi erTi Senobidan meoreSi
mwyobrad gadadian da maTTvis gankuTvnil adgils ika-
veben. skolis zari, qarxnis sayviris analogia, rome-
lic moswavleebs gakveTilebisa da Sesvenebebis dawye-
bisa da damTvarebas auwyebs. amgvarad, skolis garegani
wesrigi industriuli sazogadoebis sarkisebr asaxvas
warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare mkacri reglamenta-
cia, individualuri midgomebis ar arseboba, saganma-
naTleblo sivrceSi moswavleTa adgilebis ganawile-
bis deterministuli forma da codnis Sefasebis nak-
lovani sistema da meTodika Tanamedrove ganaTlebaSi
mZafri kritikis sagania. aq CamoTvlil xarvezebs saja-
ro ganaTlebis sistema moceul drosa da sivrceSi
adaptirebisaTvis iyenebda. am tipis saganmanaTleblo
sacris gamovlis Semdeg axalagzrdoba zrdasrulTa
iseT gaerTianebaSi xvdeboda, romlis SromiTi da ro-
lur-institucionaluri struqtura skolis analogi-
uri struqturisagan arafriT ar gansxvavdeboda anu
moswavle industriuli cxovrebis wesTan Sesaxvedrad
mzad iyo. am SemdTxvevaSi drois subieqturma paradig-
mam warsulidan momavlisaken gadainacvla ìs istori-

iqve. gv. 434.
81
uli brZola, romelsac jon diui da misi mimdevrebi
amerikul ganaTlebaSi `progresuli` zomebis Semosa-
Rebad awarmoebdnen uimedo mcdeloba iyo drois imJa-
mindeli subieqturi paradigmis alternativis sapovne-
lad~, — wers e. tofleri. diui ganaTlebis tradicul
sistemas ebrZoda, romelic warsulze iyo orientire-
buli da ganaTlebis amocanebis momavlisaken Semobru-
nebas cdilobda. diuis miaCnda, rom ganaTlebis sqo-
lastikurma sistemam warsuli TviTmizani gaxada maSin,
rodesac warsulis Sesaxeb codna awmyos gagebis saSua-
leba SeiZleba yofiliyo, rasac Jak maritenisa da ro-
bert hatCinsis dari neoaristotelianelebi ewinaaR-
mdegebodnen. toflers miaCnia, rom ganaTlebis Tana-
medrove sistemam industriuli sazogadoebis moTxov-
nebTan srulyofili saxiT adaptireba verc ki moas-
wro, radgan Tavs moulodnelad axali — zeindustriu-
li — net epoqa daatyda. axla ukve masTan adaptireba
gaxda aucilebeli, rasac e. tofleri axal Semobrune-
bas uwodebs.
axali mobruneba ganaTlebis sistemaSi: axal
teqnogenur eraSi — kompiuterebisa da nanoteqnolo-
giebis zeobis xanaSi Sroma fabrika-qarxnebidan da xal-
xmravali ofisebidan gamoaRwevs da adamianebi saxli-
dan gausvlelad iSromeben. fabrika-qarxnebis sayviri
gaqreba da mas saaTebic mihyveba. saaTi am SemTxvevaSi
industriuli saukunis mTavari meqanizmi da simboloa.
organizaciebsa da institutebs mxolo teqnikuri kon-
trolis funqcia eqnebaT da marTvis biurokratiuli

iqve. gv. 435.

r. hatCinsi Cikagos universitetis prezidenti iyo, rome-
lic demokratiuli institutebis Semswavlel centrs xel-
mZRvanelobs.
82
formidan ad hoc tipis xelmZRvanelobaze mouwevT ga-
dasvla. biurokratiis ucvleli formebi Txevadi mmar-
TvelobiT Seicvleba (z. baumani). msgavs samyaroSi sam-
rewvelo saukunis atributebi zedmeti bargi gaxdeba.
mag., milionobiT diplomirebuli, magram ucodinari
adamiani, romelic mzad aris lukma purisaTvis nebismi-
eri brZaneba Seasrulos, informaciul eraSi istoriis
sanagveze iqneba mosrolili, radganac axal epoqas uf-
rosebis damjeri da maTi brZanebebis avtomaturad Sem-
srulebeli adamianebi ki ara, kritikulad moazrovne
da momavalze orientirebuli adamianebi sWirdeba,
romlebic swrafad cvalebad realobas uceb auReben
alRos. am SemTxvevaSi ganaTlebis winaSe mdgari amoca-
nebi naTeli da garkveulia: axal, miwyiv cvalebad rea-
lobaSi lavirebisa da adaptirebis unarebis amaRleba.
ganaTlebis sistemam cvlilebaTa mimarTulebisa da
siCqaris Sesaxeb codna unda misces adamians anu momav-
lis ueWveli orientirebi, rac yvelafer amis relevan-
turi codniT aWurvil maswavleblebs saWiroebs. ga-
naTlebis superindustriuli sistemis SeqmnaSi pirve-
li rigis amocanad e. toflers momavlis Sesaxeb swori
warmodgenis Camoyalibeba miaCnia anu winaswar unda vi-
codeT ra saxis profesiebi da unarebi iqneba saWiro 20
da 50 wlis Semdeg, rogori iqneba adamianuri urTier-
Tobebi da ra saxis moralur-eTikuri problemebi iCens
Tavs da a.S. am rigis problemebis kvleviT, e. tofleris
azriT, e.w. momavlis sabWoebi unda iyos dakavebuli,
romlebic yvela skolasa da dasaxlebul punqtSi unda
funqcionirebdes. momavlis sabWoebi adamianTa iseTi
jgufebia, romlebic momavlis gamowvevebs Seiswavlian.
maT demokratiuli xasiaTi unda hqondes, radganac sa-
momavlo xedvis monopolia arc-erT jgufs ar unda ga-
aCndes. momavlis sabWo qmediT daxmarebas gauwevs im
83
pedagogebs, romlebic ganaTlebis Tanamedrove siste-
mis gabankrotebas aRiareben, magram amis Semdeg ra na-
bijebi gadadgan ar uwyian. am procesSi mTeli sazoga-
doeba unda iyos CarTuli: mSoblebi, axalgazrdoba,
biznesmenebi, mecnierebi da sxv. anu farTomasTabiani
socialuri moZraoba unda gaCndes, romlis mizani ga-
naTlebis superindustriuli revolucia iqneba. dRe-
vandeli skolebi, kolejebi da universitetebi CixSi
arian Sesuli, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove moswavleebi da
studentebi ganaTlebis iseT sistemaSi iqnen CaTreul-
ni, romelic maT cocxal, mosiarule anaqronizmebad
aqcevs. e. tofleris mixedviT, Secdoma iqneboda imis
Tqma, rom Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistema saerTod ar
icvleba. cvlilebebi rogor ar xdeba, magram, saubedu-
rod, maTi mizani arsebuli sistemis srulyofa da mis
efeqturobis amaRlebaa. amis naTel magaliTs Tanamed-
rove ganTlebis reformebi warmoadgens, romelic da-
usruleblad grZeldeba Sedegi ki ar Cans. Tanac yvela
mTavroba ganaTlebis raRac reformas aanonsebs, rome-
lic, saboloo jamSi, fsevdoreforma gamodis, radgan
mTavrobebsa da ganTlebis sistemis mesveurebs ara Tu
momavlis xedva, aramed, saerTod, momavalze warmodge-
na ar aqvT, amitom ganaTlebis Tanamedrove reformebi
dromoWmul miznebzea mimarTuli. dromoWmulia ag-
reTve codnis matarebeli da mwarmoebeli institute-
bic. mag., profesor-maswavlebelTa uzarmazari armia.
aq fr. nicSes sityvebi unda gavixsenoT, romlis mixed-
viT, akademiuri profesura — es qaris wisqvilebSi miy-
rili fqvilis carieli tomaraa, romelsac saukunis
mtveri adevs. mwared naTqvamia, magram es bevr Cvens ko-
legas exeba (daakvirdiT ramdeni simboloa am gamonaT-
qvamSi). samomavlo miznebis misRwevad tofleri rig
84
miznebsa da amocanebs ayenebs, romlebic organizaciu-
li ieriSis cnebaSi erTiandeba.
organizaciuli ieriSi da Tanamedrove skolis
dasasruli: e. tofleris azriT, axali ganaTlebis sis-
temis damkvidreba sul mcire sam mizans gulisxmobs.
esenia: ganaTlebis Tanamedrove sistemis organizaciu-
li struqturis transformireba, iqidan Tanamedrove
saswavlo gegmebisa da programebis amoZirkva da moma-
valze yuradRebis fokusireba. es yvelaferi erT cne-
baSi gaaerTiana e. toflerma da mas organizaciuli ie-
riSi daarqva. organizaciuli ieriSi Tanamedrove sko-
lis gaqrobas niSnavs. skola, universiteti da sxva sas-
wavlo-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi im saxiT, ra
saxiTac isini dRemde arsebobdnen momavalSi ar iarse-
beben. ra aZlevs e. toflers am tipis daskvnis gakeTe-
bis saSualebas? ra da ganaTlebis arsebuli sistemis
analizi. zemoT aRniSnul iqna, rom Tanamedrove sasko-
lo ganaTlebis sistemis organizaciuli safuZvlebi
fabrika-qarxnulia. adamianTa mraval Taobas miaCnda,
rom skola — swored is adgilia, sdac swavleba xdeba,
magram Tuki axali ganaTleba momavlis sazogadoebaze
iqneba orientirebuli, maSin skolaSi swavlebis sakiT-
xi mwvaved dadgeba anu Cndeba kiTxva: Tuki skolaSi
swavleba azrs kargavs, maSin ra saWiroa msgavsi dawese-
buleba. igive exeba universitetebsac. informaciulma
eram skolis saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo funqciebi Sek-
veca. amieridan am funqciebiT mSoblebi da ganaTlebis
araformaluri agentebi aRiWurvnen da skolis aRsas-
rulis dro dadga. faqtia, rom kompiuterebis xanaSi
swavlebis problemas mSoblebi maswavleblebze ukeT
axerxeben. Sromisa da saqmianobis marTvis cifrul

iqve. gv. 440.
85
formebze gadasvlam mSoblebis inteleqtualuri do-
nis mateba gamoiwvia, romelTac TavianTi SvilebisaT-
vis rigi disciplinebis saxlSi swavleba sulac ar
uWirT. msgavs tendencias mxars kompiuterul-distan-
ciuri swavleba, eleqtronuli videoCanawerebi, ho-
logramebi da sxv. uWers. skolas mxolod saganTa im
mcire wris swavlebis funqcia SerCeba, romelsac mos-
wavle saxlidan gausvlelad ver miiRebs. es adamianuri
urTierTobebis farTo diapazoni da sportul-gama-
jansazRebeli RonisZiebebi SeiZleba iyos. ramdenadac
Tanamedrove skola drois moTxovnebs ver pasuxobs e.
tofleris azriT, sasamarTloebi SeiZleba dromoWmu-
li da usargeblo dawesebulebaSi savaldebuli siaru-
lis gauqmebis Sesaxeb saCivrebiT gaivsos. am SemTxveva-
Si ganaTlebis sistema TiTqos Tavis sawyis istoriul
punqts — TviTganaTlebasa da saSinao ganaTlebas ub-
rundeba. am process exmianeba stenfordeli ganaTle-
bis Teoretikosis frederik makdonaldis `mobiluri
swavlebis~ Teoria, romlis mixedviT, skolis funqcia
SemecnebiTi eqskursiebis mowyoba da mniSvnelovan sa-
zogadoebriv RonisZiebebSi monawileobaa. postTana-
medrove skolis erT-erTi mTavari funqcia abstraq-
tuli codnis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis demonstrireba
iqneba. am procesis aqtorebi eqimebi, iuristebi, fsi-
qologebi, sociologebi, inJinrebi, biznesmenebi, mSe-
nebelebi, mebaReebi da msgavsi profesiebis mqone ada-
mianebi iqnebian. dRevandeli saskolo codna-ganaTle-
ba araTu socialur-geografiul, aramed drois arc
erT moTxovnas ar pasuxobs. amis mizezi swrafad cva-
lebad garemoSi adaptirebis unaris ar qonaa. axalgaz-
rdobaSi miRebuli codna mowifulobis asakSi ukve
praqtikulad gamousadegaria, amitom momavlis ganaT-
leba uwyvet xasiaTs atarebs da mTeli cxovreba
86
grZeldeba. amgvarad gagebuli ganaTleba skolis gak-
veTilebze aucilebel daswrebas uve aRar saWiroebs,
amitom am mxriv bavSvebis iZuleba da Zaldataneba usa-
marTloba iqneba, rasac dRes mravali maswavlebeli,
moswavle da mSobeli acnobierebs.
futurologiuri novaciebi swavlebis meTodeb-
sac unda Seexos. am TvalsazrisiT, dRes mecadineobis
leqciuri xasiaTia dominirebs, romlis interaqciuli
struqtura Zvel samrewvelo-biurokratiul struq-
turas ganasaxierebs. Tumca leqciebi jer kidev saWi-
roa rigi amocanebis Sesasruleblad, magram male igi
Tavis adgils rolur TamaSebs, kompiuterul konfe-
renciebs da sxva novaciur meTodebs dauTmobs. dasve-
nebis sferodan arebuli empiriuli programirebis me-
Todi tvinis gamomlayebeli da gamaSrobeli leqciebis
adgils daikavebs. amas gonebrivi ganviTarebis koefi-
cietnis amamaRlebeli medikamentebis moxmareba daema-
teba, rac mozRvavebuli informaciuli nakadis gadsa-
muSaveblad iqneba aucilebeli. am procesebis kvaloba-
ze ganaTlebis sistemis organizaciuli modelic Seic-
vleba.
Tanamedrove skolisa da saganmanaTleblo dawe-
sebulebebis administraciuli struqtura dromoWmul
biurokratizmsa da arareprezentatul administraci-
ul elitas emyareba, romelic, faqtia, drois moTxve-
nebs ver pasuxobs, amitom e. tofleris azriT, iZule-
buli iqneba adhokratiuli marTvisa da administrire-
bis formaze gadavides, Tundac imisaTvis, rom mcire
kontrolis funqcia odnav mainc SeinarCunos. Tana-

adhokratia biurokratiuli marTvisa da organizebis sapi-
rispiro formaa, romelic klasikuri menejmentis princi-
pebs uaryofs. gamoricxavs mkacr kontrols, brZanebebisad-
mi usityvo morCilebas, iZulebas, zewolas. maqsimalurad
87
medrove skolis moswavle (an universitetis studen-
ti) imTaviTve xdeba standartuli organizaciuli
struqturis nawili, romelsac skolis dasrulebis
Semdegac awydeba. amitom sxva tipis organizaciuli
formebis Sesaxeb warmodgenac ki ar gaaCnia. momavlis
ganaTleba ki Sinagani wesrigi sxvadsxva formas gamoi-
yenebs. masSi moiSleba saswavlo procesis mkacri ka-
lendaruli dagegmareba. moxdeba administraciis de-
centralizacia da adhokratiuli marTvis stili Cveu-
lebrivi gaxdeba da a.S.
Txevadi sawavlo gegma: tofleris azriT, ganaT-
lebis transformirebis saqmeSi saswavlo gegmebsa da
programebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces.
am SemTxvevaSi yovelgvari Zaldataneba miuRebelia. sa-
waswavlo gegma Tavisufali arCevanis saSualebas unda
iZleodes. savaldebulo sagnis saWiroeba misi momava-
li sargeblianobiT unda ganisazRvros, amitom erTia-
ni saxelmwifo programis didi nawili unda gadaiyaros.
tofleris es moTxovna warulis ganadgurebad an saka-
cobrio kulturis winaaRmdeg brZolad ar unda miviC-
nioT. igi agereTve ar gulisxmobs swavla-ganaTlebis
iseTi fundamenturi safuZvlebis uaryofas, rogore-
bic wera, kiTxva da anagariSia. am SemTxvevaSi saqme ima-
Sia, rom dRes aTeulobiT milion bavSvs aiZuleben Ta-
vianTi cxovrebis Zvirfasi da ganumeorebeli wuTebi
iseT rameSi daaxarjvinon, romelic maT samomavlod
araferSi gamoadgebaT (msgavsi ideebi cnobil socio-
log p. sorokinaTanac gvxvdeba). gana gonivrulia, rom
yvela bavSvs algebris Seswavla movTxovoT? xom ar
uwyobs xels inovaciur garemos Seqmnas. adhokrati lideri

inspirirebuli novatoria, romelic farTo gasaqans aZlevs
iniciativianobasa da saqmisadmi Tavisufal SemoqmedebiT
midgomas.
88
ajobebda maTTvis albaTobis Teoria, logika, kompiu-
teruli programireba, filosofiisa da fsiqologiis
sawyisebi da esTetika gveswalebina. dRevandeli sas-
wavlo gegmebi da programebi, e. tfleris mixedviT,
warsulis uazro gadmonaSTia da meti araferi. mag.,
`biologiis swavlebis nacvlad umjobesi iqneboda ada-
mianis sasicocxlo ciklis sxavadasxva periodebi gves-
wavlebina anu iseTi kursi, romelic dabadebas, bavSvo-
bas, siymawviles, qorwinebas, karieras, siberes da gar-
dacvalebas mieZRvneboda~. anu axali saswavlo gegma
mravali aratradiciuli sagnis swavlebas iTvaliswi-
nebs. Tanamedrove saswavlo gegmebsa da programebs
adamianis postTanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi
kargad gaazrebuli koncefciebis araraseboba axasia-
TebT. isini inerciasa da sxvadsxva akademiur wreebs
Soris konfliqtebs efuZnebian, romlebic TavianTi
jibisa da bujetis Sesqelebasa da socialuri statu-
sis amaRlebaze fiqroben. Tanamedrove skolis saswav-
lo gegma umaRlesSi mowyobis mkacr moTxovnebs aris
mitmasnili, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, qrobis gzaze dam-
dgari sazogadoebis socialur moTxovnebze arian
orientirebulni, xolo ganaTlebis modernizebis sur-
vilisa da ideis mqone referentuli jgufebis gavlene-
bi jer kidev sustia, Tumca erTi ram cxadia, saswavlo
gegmebi da programebi seriozul yuradRebas saWiroe-
ben. Tanac axali saswavlo disciplinebis swavleba
wlobiT ki ar unda grZelebodes, aramed amisTvis ori-
sami kvira sakmarisi unda iyos, ra drosac sayuradRe-
boa Tematuri diapazoni. Temebi moulodnel, albaTur
da Seucnobel samyaroebs unda Seexebodes. axalma sas-
wavlo gegmam da programam adamianebi iseTi probleme-
bis gasamklaveblad unda moamzados, romlebic ara Tu

iqve. gv. 445.
89
jer kidev ar wamoqmnilan, aramed SeiZleba saerTod ar
warmoiqmnan. yovelive es iseT specialobebs gulis-
xmobs, romelic daujerebeli da moulodneli SemTxve-
vebis dros iqneba gamosadegi. mag., sxva planetasTan an
varskvlavTan kontaqtis Sedegad dedamiwis dainfici-
reba, genetikuri eqsperimentebis Sedegad warmoqmnil
urCxulebTan gamklaveba da mravali sxva. `dResve un-
da vamzadebdeT kadrebs wyalqveSa cxovrebisaTvis. Se-
saZlebelia, rom Semdgomma Taobam okeanis fskerze ic-
xovros~. amitom xSirad unda vanaxoT moswavleebs
wyalqveSa navebi, unda vaswavloT curva da yvinTva da,
am mxriv, mosalodneli safrTxeebisadmi gamklaveba.
aseve aucilebelia kosmiuri samyaros saidumloebeb-
Tan ziareba da am mizniT kosmosur teqnikasTan Sexeba.
kargia agreTve samecniero fantastikis codna da a.S.
yovelive es axali, Txevadi saswavlo gegmis nawili un-
da iyos.
axali tipis codna da unarebi: axali tipis cod-
na, razec e. tofleri yuradRebas amaxvilebs, erTgva-
rovani ar iqneba. profesiuli TvalsazrisiT mowinave
poziciebze iseTi specialobebi iqneba, romlebic ada-
mianuri urTierTobebisa da socialuri integracii-
saTvis aris aucilebeli. rac Seexeba unarebs, romelTa
qonac aucilebeli iqneba e. tofleri maT sagangebod
ganixilavs. esenia: swavlis, urTierTobisa da arCeva-

vfiqrobT, rom am tipis codnis saWiroeba kidev ufro cxa-
di gaxda pandemiis pirobebSi, rodesac Tavdacvis erTader-
Ti efeqturi saSualeba sakuTar `soroSi SeZroma~ gaxda
(`darCi saxlSi~). ratom? imitom rom eqstremalur da araor-
dinarul situaciaSi cxovrebis codna Tanamedrove adamians
ar aRmoaCnda, radganac msgavs rames skolebSi da universi-
tetebSi aRar aswavlian.

iqve. gv. 448.
90
nis unarebia. swavlis unari: axlama ganaTlebam adami-
anebs informaciis klasificireba, misi auTenturobis
Semowmeba da problemebis axleburi xedva unda aswav-
los. momavalSi uwignuri wera-kiTxvis ar mqcodne ki
ara, swavlis unars moklebuli adamiani iqneba. tofle-
ri am SemTxvevaSi im faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
rom codna `malfuWebadi~ produqti gaxda, radganac
postTanamedrove sazogadoebis adamiani gamudmebiT
icvlis samsaxurs, sacxovrebel adgils, socialur kav-
Sirebs da a. S. amitom Secvlil viTarebaSi dRevandeli
faqti, xval dezinfomaciad warmoudgeba, Sesabamisad
efeqtur profesiul ganaTlebaze moTxovna izrdeba,
rac garkveuli uanrebis qonas gulisxmobs. yvelaze
mTavari rac dRes moswavlem unda iswavlos, Zvel,
dromoWmul ideebze uaris Tqmaa. es ki swavlis unars
gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, moswavles
swavlis unari unda hqondes, rac imas niSnavs, Tu ro-
gor gamoiyeneos is, rac iswavla. tavtologias viRebT,
magram moswavleebma unda iswavlon swavla. urTierTo-
bis unari: socialuri transformaciebis daCqarebuli
tempi moswavleebis gaucxoebas iwvevs da adamianebs
Soris urTierToba SeuZlebeli xdeba. am problemas
axali ganaTlebis sistema bolomde ver umklavdeba da
adamianebs martoobasTan da mouclelobasTan Segueba
uwevT, amitom momaval ganaTlebas mouwevs adamianebs
urTierToba aswavlos da amiT urTierTobis deficiti
aRmofxvras. arCevanis unari: arCevanis unari adamia-
nisaTvis Cveulebrivi unaria. superindustriul sazo-
gadoebaSi adamianis arCevani kidev ufro rTuldeba,
amitom ganaTlebis sistemam e.w. zearCevanis problemas
unda mixedos, rac usazRvro farTo arCevanis winaSe
dgomas niSnavs. igi upirvelesad RirebulebiT orien-
tacias Seexeba, radganac momavlis sazogadoebisaTvis
91
individis drois subieqturi paradigmis cvlilebaa
aucilebeli.
momavlze orientirebuli ganaTleba filoso-
fiis swavlebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. `samomavlod,
yvela leqciisa da praqtikuli mecadineobebis mesame-
di samecniero, teqnikur da filosofiur Sromebs mieZ-
Rvneba~, — werda evropeli futurologi filosofosi
robert iungi. samyarosa da adamianis filosofiuri
xedvis gareSe moavalze fiqri da zrunva fuWi da usar-
geblo iqneba. is, vinc filosofiaze uars ambobs momav-
lisken ar ixedeba. momavalze orientireba informaci-
uli nakadebis azrobriv gadamuSavebas saWiroebs, az-
rovneba ki filosofiis samflobeloa da masze uaris
Tqma sikeTes ver moitans.
e. tofleris azriT, dRemde upasuxod darCa mo-
mavlis sociologiisadmi miZRvnili misi seminaris
erT-erTi axalbeda monawilis amaRelvebeli sityvebi:
`me Carlz staini mqvia. mTeli cxovreba nemsiT vmuSa-
obdi. amJamad 77 wlis var da minda is miviRo, rac axal-
gazrdobaSi versad ver miviRe. momavlis codna minda,
radganac ganaTlebul adamianad minda gardavicvalo~!
momavlisaken ltolva dRes milionobiT adamians aer-
Tianebs, magram momavlis codna cotas Tu aqvs. ganaT-
lebam swored es codna unda misces adamianebs.
dRemde ganaTleba adamianze manipulirebis
mZlavr saSualebas warmoadgens. misi meSveobiT adamia-
ni mraval saxifaTo eqsperimentebSi yofila CarTuli.
mag., p. slotardaiks ki miaCnia, rom `genuri teqnolo-
giebis anu ànTropoteqnikis~ ganviTareba iseT viTare-
bas qmnis, rodesac SesaZlebelia adamianis Secvla ara
mxolod inteleqtualuri intervenciis gziT (ukve ara
azrebi moqmedeben azrebze, aramed azrebi cvlian bio-
masas). am SemTxvevaSi ganuzomelia interesi nicSes `ze-
92
kacis~ mimarT. nicSem ueWvelad icoda, rom adamiani ge-
netikuri da saganmanaTleblo manipulaciis gziT Ta-
visi ganviTarebis uzarmazar potencials flobs. es
zekacis saxiT yofierebis kontrolirebaa, romelzec
Tavis droze yuradRebas amaxvilebda m. haidegeri.
oRond haidegerTan es procesi filosofiuri aqtis
iqiT ar wasula, maSin rodesac nicSesTan es realuri
da praqtikulad ganxorcielebadi movlenaa~. maRal-
teqnologiur epoqaSi es yelaferi realuria. garda
amisa iseTi e.w. `progresuli~ mecnierebebi, rogorebi-
caa sociobiologia, evoluciuri fsiqologia da qce-
viTi genetika Cvens yuradRebas samecniero inovacie-
bis SesaZlebel moulodnel Sedegebze mimarTavs, rad-
ganac Sedegebis kontroli saeWvo iqneba. kerZod nano-
teqnologiebis meSveobiT Seqmnili realobis kontro-
li. es axali tipis codna SeiZleba warmatebiT iseT
kvlevebSi muSaobdes, romlebic janmrTelobis ris-
kebs, daberebis sawinaaRmdego diskursebsa da adamia-
nis sxeulis axlebur gagebas Seexeba. sxeulisa da sxeu-
lebrivi teqnikebis kvleva Tanamedrove sociologiaSi
drom moitana, amitom iseTi problemebi, rogorebicaa
sxeulebriobis sazRvrebi, sxeuli da buneba, kibersiv-
rceSi mocekvave sxeulebi, transseqsuali da transge-
deri sxeulebi, sxeulebrivi faqtori socialur qse-
lebSi da mravali sxva SeiZleba axali codnis safuZ-
velze kvlevas saWiroeben, amitom am TvalsazrisiT ga-
naTlebis sferoSi uaxlesi paradoqsaluri sinTezebis
SemoTavazeba da samecniero inovaciebis Sedegebis am-
bivalenturobaze aqcentireba SuZleblia umtkivneu-

k. qecbaia, fridrix nicSe da konstantine gamsaxurdia, Ta-
visuflebis filosofia saqarTveloSi (meore Sesworebuli
da Sevsebuli gamocema), Tb., 2010.
93
lod iqnes miRebuli, miT ufro maSin rodesac misi ra-
dikaluri xasiaTi da adamianis yoveldRiur cxovreba-
Si sulier-goniTi mxaris ugulvebelyofa sabolood
mainc miuRebeli iqneba. imedia, mTeli rigi Tavbrudam-
xvevi transformaciebis miuxedavad ganaTleba XXI sa-
ukuneSi Tavis zneobriv mxares SeinarCunebs Tu arada
rac mouva, amas dro male gamoaCens.

warmodgenili statia k. qecbaias wignis — `ganaTlebis soci-
ologia~ (ganaxlebuli saxelmZRvanelo), (Tb., 2020 w.) das-
kvniT nawils warmoadgens.
94
Kakha Ketsbaia – doctor of Philosophy, Professor. Academician-secretary
of the Academy of Philosophical Sciences ofGeorgia. Studies problems of
theoretical philosophy (ontology, gnosiology), sociology (theoretical,
branch, meta-sociology) and philosophy of religion and theology. Heis the
author of more than 120 scientific works in these spheres of science.
Lectures on these problems, translates scientific works into Georgian.
THE FUTURE OF EDUCATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY –

`LIQUID EDUCATION~
Abstract
In the article the future of education is discussed against the

background of A. Toffler’s theory of `Future Shock~. It is stated that
the existing system of education is outdated and fails to correspond
to the demands of time. Therefore, it should be replaced by a new
system oriented to the future.

Ta akademiis sociologiisa da socialuri fsiqolo-
giis ganyofilebam.
95
amiran berZeniSvili — filosofiis doqtori, Tbilisis
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi. muSaobs socialuri da politi-
kuri filosofiisa da sociologiis sferoSi. gamoqvey-
nebuli aqvs mravali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am
dargebSi, maT Soris monografiebi da saxelmZRvaneloe-
bi.
georg zimeli — didi qalaqis, rogorc

obieqturi kulturis zrdis
da individualuri kulturis Semcirebis
`namdvili arenis~ Sesaxeb
zimelis istoriuli da filosofiuri sociolo-

giis interesis erT-erTi umTavresi sfero socialuri
realobis kulturuli sferoa, an is, rasac òbieqtur
kulturas~ uwodeben. zimelma erTmaneTisagan gamohyo
individualuri kultura da obieqturi kultura. obi-
eqturi kultura exeba im sagnebs, romelsac adamianebi
qmnian (xelovneba, mecniereba, filosofia da a.S.). indi-
vidualuri (subieqturi) kultura aris aqtoris unari
Seqmnas, SeiTvisos da akontrolos obieqturi kultu-
ris elementebi. idealuri azriT, individualuri kul-
tura ayalibebs da Tavad yalibdeba obieqturi kultu-
ris mier. problema ki isaa, rom obieqtur kulturas sa-
kuTari cxovreba aqvs.
marTalia adamianebi qmnian kulturas, magram so-
cialuri realobis ganxorcielebis, ganivTebis unaris
gamo, kulturuli da socialuri samyaro sakuTar ar-
sebobas, sicocxles iZens, romelic aqtorebze, rom-
lebmac igi Seqmnes da yoveldRiurad gardaqmnian mas,
96
sul ufro batondeba. `kulturuli obieqtebi sul uf-
ro da ufro dakavSirebuli xdeba erTmaneTTan gan-
calkevebul samyaroSi, romelsac subieqtur [indivi-
dualur] sulTan da mis survilebsa da mgrZnobelobas-
Tan sul ufro naklebi kontaqti aqvs~. miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom adamianebi kulturis Seqmnisa da gardaqmnis Se-
saZleblobas mudmivad inarCuneben, obieqturi kultu-
ris istoriis samomavlo tendencia adamianze/aqtorze
sul ufro meti maiZulebeli Zlierebis gamovlenis mi-
marTulebiT viTardeba.
obieqturi kulturis upiratesoba subieqtur [in-
dividualur] kulturaze, romelic mecxramete sauku-
nis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda, zimelis azriT, myarad
izrdeba. yovel dRe da yvela mxridan obieqturi kul-
turis simdidre ganuwyvetliv izrdeba, magram indivi-
dualur gonebas sakuTari ganviTarebis forma da Sina-
arsi, mxolod sakuTari Tavis am kulturisagan kidev
ufro metad distancirebiT da sakuTari individualu-
ri kulturis gacilebiT neli tempiT ganviTarebiT
gamdidreba SeuZlia.
zimelis azriT, obieqturi kulturis komponente-
bia: iaraRebi, satransporto saSualebebi, mecnierebis
produqtebi, teqnologia, xelovneba, ena, inteleqtua-
luri sfero, konvencionaluri sibrZne, religiuri
dogmebi, filosofiuri sistemebi, samarTlebrivi sis-
temebi, moraluri kodebi, da idealebi, (magaliTad,
`samSoblo~). magram saqme isaa, rom subieqtur/indivi-
dualur kulturasTan SedarebiT obieqturi kultura
gansxvavebuli gzebiT izrdeba da farTovdeba. jer er-
Ti, misi zoma da moculoba modernizaciis zrdasTan
erTad izrdeba. es yvelaze naTlad mecnieruli codnis
SemTxvevaSi Cans, romelic eqsponenturad farTovdeba,
Tumca es kulturis sferos sxva umetesi aspeqtisTvi-
97
sac aseve marTebulia. meorec, kulturuli sferos
gansxvavebul aspeqtTa raodenobac aseve izrdeba. da
bolos, rac SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovania, kultu-
ruli samyaros sxvadasxva elementebi erTmaneTze sul
ufro da ufro metad gadajaWvuli xdebian, da ufro
Zlier, TviTganviTarebad samyarod iqceva, romelic
aqtorebis kontrols sul ufro Sordeba da aRar eq-
vemdebareba. rogorc mkvlevarebi sworad SeniSnaven,
zimeli obieqturi kulturis zrdis aRweriT ara mar-
to dainteresebuli, aramed sakmaod Sewuxebulic iyo
amiT: àdamianuri qmnilebebis/produqtebis uricxvma
raodenobam da nairsaxeobam, romlebic Tanamedrove
samyaroSi individsa da mis individualur kulturas
gars ertymian da SeuCereblad zemoqmedeben masze, zi-
melze mZime STabeWdileba moaxdina da igi SfoTis
mdgomareobaSi Caagdo~.
zimels yvelaze metad adardebda safrTxe, rome-
lic obieqturi kulturis zrdis gamo individualur
kulturas emuqreboda. zimels Tanamedrove sazogado-
ebis ganviTarebis idealad individualuri kulturiT
dominirebuli samyaro miaCnda, magram amgvari samya-
ros arsebobis SesaZleblobas sul ufro da ufro pe-
simisturad uyurebda. es viTareba zimelma rogorc
`kulturis tragedia~ aRwera. individualur subieq-
tur kulturaze obieqturi kulturis gavlenis ga-
farToebis Sesaxeb zimelis mier gakeTebuli analizi
erT-erTi magaliTia im zogad principTa Soris, rome-
lic mTels sicocxles gansazRvravs: `raimes mTliani
Rirebuleba izrdeba imdenad, ramdenadac mis indivi-
dualur nawilTa Rirebuleba mcirdeba~. am debulebis
magaliTad zimelis cnobili esses `didi qalaqi da su-
lieri cxovreba~ ZiriTadi momentebi gavaanalizoT.
man Tanamedrove didi qalaqi rogorc obieqturi kul-
98
turis zrdis da individualuri kulturis Semcirebis
`namdvil arenad~ ganixila.
georg zimeli gaxldaT erT-erTi pirveli, rome-
lic didi qalaqis socialuri cxovrebis sakiTxiT da-
interesda. 1903 wels gamoqveynebuli misi esse didi qa-
laqebi da maTi sulieri cxovreba (Georg Simmel: 1903, S.
185-206),qalaqis sociologiis Teoriis Camoyalibebis
paradigmul teqsts warmoadgens. masSi qalaqis da sof-
lis urTierTobebis formebis da cxovrebis stilis sa-
kiTxebia ganxiluli.
zimeli didi qalaqebis macxovrebelTa urTier-
Tobebs sakmaod TavSekavebuls da mizanze orientire-
buls uwodebs. sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTs vawyde-
biT soflad, sadac macxovreblebi erTmaneTs icnoben
da maT Soris urTierTobebi pirovnul da individua-
lur cnobazea agebuli. qalaqelebi nebismier persona-
lur SexebaSi da urTierTobaSi, sportul moedanze Tu
samsaxurSi, supermarketsa Tu wignis maRaziaSi, indivi-
debis mimarT ara personaluri damokidebulebebiT ga-
moirCevian. TanamSromels kolegas uwodeben, sportul
mewyviles — ubralod sportul mewyviles, Tanakla-
sels — mxolod Tanaklasels da a.S. rac imas niSnavs,
rom funqcionaluri rolebiT socialuri urTier-
Tobebis struqturireba xdeba. qalaqels individis
funqcionaluri rolis garda, araferi ainteresebs
anu mas saerTod ar sWirdeba imis codna Tu riTia daka-
vebuli da ras saqmianobs Tu ganicdis masTan urTier-
TobaSi myofi adamiani. misTvis mxolod sainteresoa
individis garkveuli funqcia. sruliad sapirispiro
suraTs vawydebiT soflad an mcirericxovan dasaxle-
baSi. soflis patara maRaziaSi Sesuli adgilobrivi
myidvelisTvis savaraudod cnobilia, rom maRaziis
99
mflobeli damatebiT soflis sabWos wevria da saqvel-
moqmedo organizaciis aqtiuri wevria.
zimelis qalaqelis kontaqti ufro segmenturi xa-
siaTisaa da mkveTrad gamokveTili sferoTi Semoisaz-
Rvreba.
zimels miaCnia, rom didi qalaqelebis socialuri
urTierTobebi ucxos integraciis saukeTeso pirobas
warmoadgens. individi maT garemoSi rCeba ucxod, rad-
gan personaluri miRebuloba funqcionalurad Semo-
sazRvruli urTierTobebis winapirobas ar warmoad-
gens. anu gasagebad rom vTqvaT, raime funqciis Sesru-
lebisaTvis araa aucilebeli garemos mxridan pirovne-
bis miReba da aRiareba. Turquli sakvebi produqtebis
maRaziis mflobelis mTeli funqciuri cxovreba misi
uSualo garemosTvis SesaZloa ucxo darCes. maRaziaSi
Sesuli myidvelisTvis mniSvnelovania Taroebsa da
daxlebze ganlagebuli produqti da ara is, rom maRa-
ziis mflobels mustafa hqvia, hyavs sami Svili da yu-
ranis SemswavlelTa klubis aqtiuri wevria. amgvari
ganlageba nebismier urTierTobaSi uproblemod Ses-
vlis SesaZleblobas iZleva da iseTi aspeqti, rogori-
caa pirovnuli, miReba-aRiarebisTvis aranair saWiroe-
bas ar warmoadgens.
amgvarad, didi qalaqi imgvar socialur sivrces
qmnis, romelSic ucxoebi Tavisuflad moZraoben. am-
gvari Tavisufleba soflis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iq-
neboda.
zimeli aseve did yuradRebas uTmobs didi qala-
qis sulier cxovrebas, mis mentalitets da sulier po-
zicirebas. misi kvlevis sagans berlini warmoadgenda.
im droisaTvis sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo negatiuri
ganwyobebi. qalaqis konservatiuli kritikosebi did
qalaqebSi yvelafer pirovnulis ganadgurebaze saub-
robdnen da varaudobdnen, rom male dadgeboda is
100
dro, roca didi qalaqi sabolood dakargavda yovel-
gvar sazogadoebriv suls. zimelis damsaxureba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom mas didi qalaqi civilizaciis ganvi-
Tarebis mamoZravebel Zalad miaCnda. misi amgvari da-
mokidebuleba didi qalaqis mimarT sruliad gansxvav-
deboda mis TanamedroveTa Teoriuli Sexedulebebis-
gan. sainteresoa ratom?
zimeli miiCnevda, rom did qalaqelebs, kerZod
berlinelebs TavSekavebuleba, blazireba (blazireba
niSnavs `gabervas~ anu iseT sulier mdgomareobas, ro-
ca pirovnebas miaCnia, rom yvelaferi icis da esmis.
aris Tavaweuli da umetes SemTxvevaSi umizezod pativ-
moyvare da yvelafris mcodne) da inteleqtualizmi
axasiaTebT. im periodSi berlini germaniis erT-erT
udides qalaqs warmoadgenda. zimeli berlinSi 1893
wlidan 1912 wlamde docenti gaxldaT. zimeli miiCnev-
da, rom sazogadoeba iwyeba iq, sadac mravali individi
erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebaSi Sedis. xolo socio-
logia aris im formebis mecniereba, romlebSic es ur-
TierTqmedebebi gamoixateba. xsenebuli urTierTobe-
bis formebi SesaZloa or gansxvavebul mimarTulebad
CamovayaliboT: erT mxares dgas sasiyvarulo urTier-
Toba, romelSic ori adamiani, yovelgvari TavSekavebu-
lobis gareSe, gansxvavebuli rolebiT da molodine-
biT erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi Sedis; meore mxares
dgas monetaruli ekonomikis urTierTobaTa sistema.
am sistemaSi emociebisgan mowyvetili adamianebi moZ-
raoben da moqmedeben. rac ufro metad viTardeba da
izrdeba qalaqi, miT ufro funqcionaluri da abstraq-
tuli xdeba masSi moZravi da moqmedi adamiani anu zime-
li qalaqs aRwers sivrced, sadac adamians mokle, Zlie-
ri, swrafad cvalebadi da mkveTrad gansxvavebuli STa-
beWdilebebis uzarmazari raodenoba atydeba Tavs da
101
es STabeWdilebebi miT ufro intensiuria, rac ufro
mravalricxovania dasaxlebuli adgili.
rogor axerxeben didi qalaqis macxovreblebi
aseT situaciaSi cxovrebas? da rogoraa SesaZlebeli
yvelafer amis fonze kulturis, civilizaciis aRmoce-
neba?
kapitalisturi monetaruli ekonomikis da qala-
qis mWidro cxovrebis kombinacia urbanul TeoriaSi
iyris Tavs, sadac adamianebis da sagnebis mimarT prag-
matuli damokidebuleba donimirebs, romelic yvela-
fer individualuris mimarT gulgrilia da romelic
adamianebs umniSvnelo elementebad gardaqmnis da
aRiqvams. zimelis didi qalaqi umaRlesi xarisxis upi-
rovno organizmia.
gulgriloba da upirovnoba urbanuli erTad
cxovrebis winapirobaa. urTierTgaucxoveba da urTi-
erTuaryofa qalaqis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis pirobe-
bia. amitom adamianebis erTmaneTTan miaxloeba arasa-
survelia, radgan, zimelis sityvebiT, uneblie Sexeba
SesaZloa siZulvilsa da brZolaSic gadaizardos.
zimeli didi qalaqis macxovreblebis urTierTo-
bis sam maxasiaTebelze miuTiTebs:
1. inteleqtualizmi: didi qalaqis macxovreb-
lebi yvela urTierTobas racionaluri gaTvliT udge-
bian. goneba, sxva grZnobis organoebTan SedarebiT yve-
laze metad ugrZnobia da mravalferovan da mraval-
ricxovan gamRizianeblebze yvelaze naklebad reagi-
rebs. inteleqtualizireba erTgvar damcav organos
warmoadgens; didi qalaqis mxridan subieqturi cxov-
rebis gaupatiurebis (subieqtur cxovrebaze Zalado-
bis) sawinaaRmdego prezervativi.
2. blazireba: didi qalaqis macxovreblebi dar-
wmunebulebi arian, rom maT yvelaferi ukve nanaxi da
102
gancdili aqvT da veraferi gaakvirvebT. maTi grZnobe-
bi momCvaruli daClungebulia. `blazirebis arsi sag-
nebis gansxvavebulobis aRqmis daqveiTebaSi mdgomare-
obs ara im azriT, rom maTi aRqma saerTod ar xdeba, ro-
gorc es gonebasustebis SemTxvevaSia, aramed ar xdeba
sagnebis gansakuTrebulobis aRqma da amitom Tavad sa-
gani arafrad miiCneva.~(Georg Simmel: 1903, S. 185-206).
3. TavSekavebuloba: ucxo adamianebis did rao-
denobasTan yoveldRiuri kontaqti didi qalaqis mac-
xovreblebs erTmaneTis mimarT distancirebisken aiZu-
lebs, romelic SesaZloa gaucxoebasa da siZulvilSi
gadaizardos. yvela adamianTan kontaqtSi Sesvla praq-
tikulad SeuZlebelia da amave dros arasasurvelic.
`ganusazRvreli raodenobis adamianebis uwyvet gare-
gan urTierTobebs aseve ganusazRvreli raodenobis
Sinagani reaqciebi rom mohyvebodes, rogorc es patara
qalaqSia, sadac TiTqmis yoveli Semxvedri nacnobia da
pozitiuri urTierTobebi saxezea, moxdeboda sruli
Sinagani atomizacia da warmoudgenel sulier ganwyo-
baSi moxvedra.
inteleqtualizacia, blazireba, TavSekavebuloba
didi qalaqis macxovreblebis erTmaneTTan urTierTo-
bebis amsaxveli cnebebia, romlebic sxvadasxva mimar-
TulebebiT iSlebian:
 rogorc swrafad cvalebadi STabeWdilebebis-
gan Tavis damcavi meqanizmi. didi qalaqis moculoba da
simWidrove sakuTar macxovreblebs aiZulebs Tavi da-
icvan. es Tviseba mas patara qalaqis an dabisgan ganas-
xvavebs.
 didi qalaqis moculoba da simWidrove qalaquri
cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli organizaciis winapirobas
warmoadgenen. `didi qalaqis tipiuri macxovreblebis
urTierTobebi da garemoebebi mravalferovani da
103
rTulia. diferencirebuli interesebis mqone erTad
Tavmoyrili adamianis urTierTobebi da saqmianoba
iseT mravalwevrian organizms qmnis, rom dapirebebis
da maTi Sesrulebis zusti punqtualuri dacvis gareSe
yvelafers qaosi STanTqavs.~ da iqve: `punqtualoba, an-
gariSianoba, sizuste, romelTa gaTvaliswinebas da
cxovrebaSi gatarebas didi qalaqi gvaiZulebs, misi
sirTule da ganfeniloba mWidro kavSirSia ara mso-
lod mis monetarul ekonomikasa da inteleqtualur
xasiaTTan, aramed man aseve unda gaamrabalferovnos
cxovrebis Sinagani Sinaarsic da xeli Seuwyos im ira-
cionaluri, instinqturi, suverenuli Tvisebebisa da
impulsebis daTrgunvas, romlebsac Tavad surT si-
cocxlis formebis gansazRvra, dadgenili da sayovel-
Taod aRiarebuli sqemebis garedan miRebis nacvlad.~
(Georg Simmel: 1903, S. 185-206).
kalkulacia da gaTvla SeiniSneba racionaliza-
ciasa da sivrcis organizaciaSi. me-19 saukunemde sax-
lebs sakuTari saxelebi hqondaT. did qalaqebSi Seno-
bebis individualuri saxelebi cifrebma da quCebis da-
saxelebebma Caanacvles. sxvaTaSoris germaniaSi saxle-
bis numeracia me-19 saukunis dasawyisidan iwyeba da am
faqts germanelebi napoleons umadlian.
 argumentebis mesame safexurs qalaqis gansakuT-
rebuli ekonomika ganekuTvneba. qalaqi monetaruli
ekonomikis sataxto qalaqia. xolo qalaqelebis blazi-
reba e.w. subieqturi refleqsia. fulad ekonomikas xa-
risxobrivi mravalferovneba wminda raodenobriv fa-
seulobamde dahyavs da adamianebis da sagnebis mimarT
indeferentul da sagnobriv damokidebulebas badebs.
amgvari erTgvari balansi, romelic mxolod dis-
tancirebis da gulgrilobis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli
amave dros personaluri Tavisuflebis winapirobasac
104
warmoadgens. zimelis damsaxureba swored am aRmoCena-
Sia.
zimelis esse ar warmoadgens mxolod tipiuri qa-
laqis aRweras da misi urTierTobebis gansazRvras. qa-
laqis urTierTobebis da mimarTebebis formebi Tavad
qalaqis specifiuri produqtiulobis fundamentia. ba-
zari, fuladi ekonomika, mosaxleobis simWidrove da
didi raodenoba ganviTarebad specializacias da Sro-
mis danawilebas uwyoben xels. erT-erTi aseTia profe-
sia `ToTxmeti~. eseni is adamianebi iyvnen, romelTa ga-
moZaxeba nebismier dros iyo SesaZlebeli, rogorc ki
cameti adamiani Seikribeboda.
anu qalaqi is adgilia, sadac adamianebi TviTga-
darCenisTvis da Znelad mopovebuli adgili SenarCu-
nebisTvis umaRlesi xarisxis specializaciiT gamoir-
Cevian. isini gvTavazoben sxvadasxva saxis servisebs da
samsaxurebs da mTlianad maTTvis ucxo myidvelze ari-
an orientirebulni.
specializirebuli Sromis danawileba speciali-
zirebul SeTavazebebs gulisxmobs, romlis myidvelic
da momxmarebelic mxolod did qalaqebSi moiZebneba.
didi raodenobis winadadebis da SeTavazebis myidveli
mxolod did qalaqebSia, kulturuli Sedevrebis SemZe-
ni ekonomiurad gamarTuli sazogadoebac TiTqmis mxo-
lod qalaqebSia. diferencirebuli winadadebebi da Se-
Tavazebebi diferencirebul moTxovnilebebs aCenen.
SemTavazebelma ukve mopovebul klienturaSi axali da
gansakuTrebuli moTxovnilebebi unda warmoqmnas. Sem-
Tavazebeli jer kidev amouwuravi Semosavlis wyaros
povnis mudmiv mcdelobaSia. misi mizania imgvari fun-
qciis SeZena da niSis dakaveba, romelic mas aucile-
bels da Seucvlels gaxdis. es yvelaferi iwvevs dife-
renciacias, detalizacias da sazogadoebis gamdidre-
105
bas. es niSnavs imas, rom did qalaqebSi SeTavazeba da
maszed moTxovnileba, Sromis danawileba da gemovneba
urTierT diferenciacias iwvevs. ra Tqma unda es yve-
laferi cxovrebis stilsac Seexeba. zimeli amaSi qala-
qis produqtiulobas xedavs.
zimeli urbanizaciis ambivalenturobaze miuTi-
Tebs. Sromis danawileba da bazris diferenciacia
calkeuls aiZulebs iyos gansakuTrebuli da gansxva-
vebuli. individualizaciis es procesi qalaquri cxov-
rebis stilis tipiuri TavSekavebis da distancis gare-
Se didi qalaqis simWidroveSi socialur garemos ver
ipovida. didi qalaqi ar warmoadgens mxolod blazire-
bis, TavSekavebis da inteleqtualizaciis adgils, is
aseve mWidro, socialur kontrols daqvemdebarebuli
emansipaciis da individualizaciis adgilia. anonimu-
roba da martooba didi qalaqSi Tavisuflebis winapi-
robas warmoadgens. didi qalaqi pirovnebas persona-
lur Tavisuflebas aniWebs.
individualuri Tavisufleba individualuri
cxovrebis stilis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, rac sabo-
lood specifiurad didi qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
eqstravaganturobas, pretenziulobas da momTxovne-
lobas anviTarebs, romelic gamoxatulebas pirovnebis
gansakuTrebulad qcevis da cxovrebis stilSi hpovebs.
zimelis qalaqis sociologiis ZiriTadi maxasia-
Teblebi sami ZiriTadi cnebiT SeiZleba gamovxatoT:
1. sidide, zoma: qalaqi rogorc adamianebis gansa-
kuTrebuli Tavmoyris da dasaxlebis forma; qa-
laqi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli cxovrebis adgi-
li; qalaqi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli ekonomikis
da fuladi meurneobis adgili.
2. urTierTgavlena: qalaqis gansakuTrebuli eko-
nomika da qalaqelebis gansakuTrebuli cxovre-
106
bis stili, aseve qalaqis sidide da simWidrove
erTmaneTze didi gavlenas axdenen. maTi urTi-
erTgavlena qmnis didi qalaqis specifikas.
3. produqtiuloba: qalaqi, rogorc maRal dife-
rencirebuli Sromis danawilebis, kalkurile-
buli qcevis da fuladi meurneobis ekonomiu-
rad produqtiuli adgili; qalaqi, rogorc in-
teleqtualizaciis da gemovnebis diferencia-
ciis produqtiuli adgili; qalaqi, rogorc in-
dividualizaciis socialurad produqtiuli
adgili.
rogorc vxedavT, zimelma didi qalaqis cxovrebis

stilis da maneris saukeTesod gansazRvra SeZlo. bev-
ri miiCnevs, rom es movlena mis pirad cxovrebasTan
mWidro kavSirSia. zimeli berlinis universitetis do-
centi gaxldaT. is iyo sociologi. im periodSi socio-
logias, rogorc mecnierebas, yuradRebas naklebad
uTmobdnen. zimeli ebraeli iyo da misi moRvaweobis pe-
riodSi antisemitisturi ganwyoba mZlavrad mefobda
germaniaSi. zimeli gariyuli iyo rogorc mecnierTa
wridan, aseve sazogadoebidan.
1908 wels gamoqveynda misi èsse ucxos Sesaxeb~,
romelic ufro personalur mdgomareobas aRwers. misi
esses mTavari gmiri SeiZleba iTqvas evropaSi macxov-
rebeli ebraeli eria. `didi qalaqebis sulieri cxov-
reba~-c am ganwyobis gagrZelebaa.
raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, zimelis naSro-
mebs germaniaSi gamoxmaureba ar mohyolia. misi gar-
dacvalebis Semdegac Sesabamisi kvlevebi ar Catarebu-
la da mecnieruli naSromebic am Temaze ar dawerila.
sul sxva situacia iyo amerikaSi. Cikagos universitet-
ma zimelis mosazrebebi aitaca. zimelis naSromebi Cika-
107
gos sociologiur JurnalSic iTargmna da daibeWda.
1938 wels luis virti zimelis gavleniT qmnis naSroms
dasaxelebiT urbanizacia, rogorc cxovrebis forma.
is ganixilavs qalaqs, iZleva mis sociologiur analizs
analitikur doneze.
Cikagos universitetis sociologiis departamen-
ti yovelTvis warmoadgenda sruliad amerikuli soci-
ologiis mamoZravebel Zalas. 1913 wlidan departamen-
tSi robert parkis Sesvlam am uwyebis muSaoba socio-
logiuri mimarTulebiT kidev ufro saintereso gaxa-
da. axali empiriuli meTodebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebe-
li gaxda qalaqis kulturis mecnieruli Tvalsazri-
siT Seswavla. amave periodis germanulma qalaqis soci-
ologiam ki raime mniSvnelovani am sferoSi ver Seqmna.
amgvarad, zimelma Tanamedrove metropolisi ro-
gorc obieqturi kulturis zrdis da individualuri
kulturis Semcirebis `namdvili arena~ ganixila. swo-
red fulad ekonomikas, da fulis batonobis scenas,
rasac zimeli xSirad usvamda xazs, aqvs Zireuli zegav-
lena adamianur urTierTobaTa bunebaze. fulis far-
To gamoyenebas cxovrebis yvela sferoSi kalkulaciu-
robisa da racionalurobis mniSvnelobis zrdisken
mivyavarT. amgvarad namdvili adamianuri urTierTobe-
bi mcirdeba, da socialuri urTierTobebze dominan-
tobs rezervuli mimarTebebi. Tu patara qalaqs axasia-
Tebda didi grZnobebi da emocionaluroba, Tanamedro-
ve qalaqebi xasiaTdebian zedapiruli inteleqtualo-
biT, romelic Seesabameba kalkulaciurobas, rac saWi-
roa fulad-sasaqonlo ekonomikisTvis. qalaqi aseve
warmoadgens Sromis danawilebis centrs, da rogorc
Cven davinaxeT, specializacia centralur rols Tama-
Sobs zrdadi obieqturi kulturis qmnilebebSi, Sesaba-
misi SemcirebiT individualur kulturaSi. qalaqi
108
aris adgili, sadc yvela virtualurad Semcirebulia
imisaTvis, raTa xazi ugrZnob kalkulaciurobas gaes-
vas. sul ufro rTulia individualobis SenarCuneba
obieqturi kulturis eqspansiis pirobebSi.unda aRi-
niSnos, rom mis eseSi qalaqis Sesaxeb (iseve rogorc
sxva mraval adgilas mis naSromebSi) zimeli aseve am Ta-
namedrove ganviTarebis gamaTavisuflebel Sedegebsac
ganixilavs .magaliTad, man xazi gausva im faqts, rom
adamianebi ufro Tavisuflebi arian Tanamedrove qa-
laqSi, vidre patara qalaqis mWidro socialur saz-
RvrebSi.
ra aris kulturuli potencialis damdablebisa
da pirovnebis Sinagani sulierebis dacemis mizezi?
amis erTaderTi mizezi — zimelis azriT — Sromis dana-
wilebaa, msxvili manqanuri warmoebaa. swored igi xdis
SesaZlebels `mwarmoeblis pirovnebis ganuviTareblo-
bis xarjze produqtis gamoSvebas, Seqmnas.~ viwro spe-
cializacia usargeblo aRmoCndeba da rogorc Sromis
produqtebisagan, ise kulturuli Rirebulebebisgan
adamianis gaucxoebas aZlierebas. Sromis danawilebisa
da specializaciis paralelurad izrdeba moxmareba,
romelic aseT pirobebSi uciloblad masobrivi moxma-
reba xdeba, xolo kulturis problemebi upirovno
òbieqtur~ (gaucxoebul) xasiaTs iZenen. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT igi masobrivi kulturis fsiqologiis
brwyinvale nimuSebs gvaZlevs, romelsac individua-
luri `me~-s daTrgunvisa da adamianuri Tavisuflebis
SezRudvasTan mivyavarT. zimeli imis `gaxeveba-gamya-
rebis~ grandiozul suraTs xatavs, rac mis kulturis
filosofiaSi kulturul formad iwodeba. obieqtivi-
rebuli kultura, zimelis mixedviT, sulierebis TviT-
ganviTrebisa da TviTrealizaciis gzaze dabrkolebad
da muxruWad iqceva. amaSi mdgomareobs `kulturis
109
tragedia~, romelic misi ganviTarebis Sinagani logi-
kiTaa ganpirobebuli da Cadebuli. dasasruls Rirs zi-
melis ideebis `mecnierul bedze~ da imaze, Tu rogor
èwerebian~ isini Tanamedrove socialur TeoriaSi,
SevCerdeT. sicocxleSi da misi gardacvalebis Semdgom
aTwleulebSi zimeli evropis erT-erTi yvelaze popu-
laruli sociologi iyo. Tumca profesionali socio-
logebis mxridan (m.veberi, e.diurkemi, p.sorokini da
sxva) aRiarebas, mudam Tan SeniSvnebic axlda, romle-
bic upirveles yovlisa misi mecnieruli Semoqmedebis
stils exeboda — yvelani masTan mkafio (naTeli) Teo-
riuli koncefciis àrarsebobas~ — ùqonlobas~ aRniS-
navda. bolosdabolos am msjelobebSi gamoTqmuli
Tvalsazrisi sayovelTaod iqna aRiarebuli da zime-
lis Sesaxeb paradoqsuli warmodgena rogorc `brwyin-
vale~ da amave dros `Tavqarian~ mkvlevarze (gaixsene
flaniori da brikoleri a.b.) TiTqmis meoce saukunis
60-ian wlebamde inarCunebda arsebobas. magram 60-ian 70-
ian wlebSi zimelis sociologiuri memkvidreoba radi-
kalurad gadafasda. ise, rom mis SromebSi sistemuro-
bac da Canafiqris erTianobac aRmoaCines, daiwyes imis
aRniSvna, rom zimelis Txzulebebi èpoqis suliskve-
Tebis~ da mTlianad `kulturis gons~ gamoxataven. es
zimelis sociologiuri memkvidreobis da axali xedvis
mravali aspeqti, Tanamedrove sociologiaSi zimeli-
seuli renesansis mizezi gaxda. sruli safuZvliT SeiZ-
leba vTqvaT, rom dRes zimelis sociologia, kvlevis
misi Teoriul-meTodologiuri principebi Tanamedro-
ve sazogadoebis mravali socio-kulturuli procesis
analizisaTvis misaRebia da gamoiyeneba.
110
literatura:
1. Георг Зиммель. Избранное. Том 1. Философия культуры –

М.: Юрист, 1996.
— Понятие и трагедия культуры.
— О сущности культуры.
— Изменение форм культуры.
— Кризис культуры.
— Конфликт современной культуры.
2. Георг Зиммель. Избранное. Том 2. Созерцание жизни – М.:
Юрист, 1996.
— Женская культура.
— Мода.
— Социальная дифференциация. Социологические и психо-
логические исследования.
— Общение. пример чистой или формальной социологии.
— Человек как враг.
— Как возможно общество?
3. Леонид Ионин. Зиммель: жизнь и философия.
4. Михаэль Ландман. Георг Зиммель : контуры его мышления.
5. Филиппов А.Ф. Обоснование теоретической социологии:
Введение в концепцию Георга Зиммеля.
6. Юрген Хабермас. Зиммель как диагност времени.
7. Ритцер Дж. Современные социологические теории. 5-е
издание – СПБ.: Питер, 2000;
8. Georg Simmel: Die Grosstädte und das Geistesleben, ex: Die
Grossstadt. Vorträge und Aufsätze zur Städteaussteilung.
(Jahrbuch der Gehe-Stiftung Dresden, hrsg. Von Th. Petermann,
Band 9, 1903, S. 185-206.
9. Ritzer G. Classical sociological theory. – McCraw Higher
Education, 2000. Chapter 8. `Georg Simmel~).
111
Amiran Berdzenishvili – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of Tbilisi Iv.
Javakhishvili State University. Prof. Berdzenishvili works in the field of
Social and Political Philosophy and Sociology. He has published many
scientific works in science fields, including monographs and textbooks.
GEORG SIMMEL ON METROPOLIS AS A

~PROPER ARENA~ OF GROWTH OF OBJECTIVE
CULTURE AND REGRESSION OF INDIVIDUAL CULTURE
Abstract
G. Simmel was one of the first sociologists who in his essay

`The Metropolis and Mental Life~ studied the forms of interaction
characteristic of the contemporary urban life. He interpreted the
metropolis as a `proper arena~ of growth of objective culture and
regression of individual culture. Money economy and total domi-
nation of money, as Simmel often stressed, fundamentallyinfluence
human relationship. Overwhelming circulation of money in all
spheres of life entails growth of importance of calculation and
rationality and thus diminishes genuine human relations. If small
cities are characterized by feelings and emotions, contemporary
metropolises are characterized by superficial intellectuality which
corresponds to calculating that is necessary for money economy. The
metropolis as well presents the place of labour division where
specialization plays the central part in growth of the products of
objective culture and in corresponding diminishing of products of
individual culture. The metropolis is the place where everything is
virtually diminished in order to stress unemotional calculation and
where in conditions of expansion of the objective culture it becomes
more and more difficult to retain individuality. Though Simmel does
not forget to admit as well that in the contemporary city people are
112
more liberated than when living within the borders of close social
relations of a small town.

giis ganyofilebam.
113
manana gagoSiZe — filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, so-
xumis saxelmwifo universitetis biznesisa da socialur
mecnierebaTa fakultetis asist. profesori. aris samecnie-
ro wignebis avtori, gamoqveynebuli aqvs Sromebi, rogorc
saqarTveloSi, aseve ucxoeTSi.
maqs veberis
ekonomikuri koncefciis
mniSvnelovani detalebis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriisa da perio-

debis gadaxedvisas aRmoCndeba, rom is ar ganicdida
iseTive swraf da damangrevel cvlilebebs rasac dRes
Tanamedrove adamiani xedavs da romelTa garemoSic is
imyofeba. sociologiis mkvlevarTa interess yovel-
Tvis warmoadgenda da warmoadgens Zieba im kiTxvebze
pasuxebisa, Tu raSi mdgomareobs sazogadoebis norma-
luri funqcionirebis safuZvlebi.rogor axerxeben in-
dividebi, romlebsac amoZravebT sakuTari interesebi,
Seqmnan ara qaosi, aramed organizebuli sazogadoeba.
klasikosi sociologi veberi saintereso mkvleva-
ri gaxlavT im mosazrebidan gamomdinare, rom swored
is ikvlevda im ekonomikur fesvebs, razedac iyo da-
fuZnebuli sazogadoebis arsebobis wesi, misi organi-
zebuloba da funqcionireba. man sazogadoebis ganvi-
Tarebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs Soris udidesi mniS-
vneloba mianiWa religiur faqtors. wigni `protestan-
tuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ ekonomikuri inte-
resebis gamoxatulebaa. veberis azriT religia gaxda
safuZveli Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobis. ve-
beris yuradRebis centrSia protestantizmi. kalvinis-
turma doqtrinam ganapiroba morwmuneebSi aRZruliyo
survili moexdinaT TavianTi RvTiTrCeuloba aqtiuri
114
komerciuli saqmianobiTa da miwier siamovnebaTa dag-
rovebaSi monawileobiT. ase rom, protestantizmma mig-
viyvana SromiTi eTikis warmoSobamde. amasTanave, pro-
testantizmi Tavis mrevls avaldebulebda zneobriv
qcevebs ara mxolod ojaxSi, aramed sazogadoebaSi, ra-
mac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula urTierTndobaze
dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis formirebaSi.
veberiseuli Sexedulebebi SeiZleba iTqvas Tana-
nedrove ekonomistebis umravlesobis seriozul kri-
tikas iwvevs, isini ekonomikuri zrdis kulturologi-
ur axsnas ar Tvlian seriozulad. SeiZleba iTqvas,
kultura ama Tu im sazogadoebis warmatebis mxolod
erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. magram `protes-
tantuli eTika~ ayenebs ufro fundamentalur sakiT-
xebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi religiis rolis Sesa-
xeb.
kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove msoflios ve-
berianuli suraTi ramdenad aqtualuria dReisaTvis,
`protestantuli eTikis~ gamocemidan amdeni drois Sem-
deg ufro dawvrilebiT analizs saWiroebs. misi varaudi
bevr rameSi gamarTlda, rom racionaluri kapitalizmi
vrceldeba mTel planetaze da izrdeba materialuri
keTildReoba, magram udavoa, rom religiuri miswrafe-
bebic ver gaaqres, amis gamovlinebaa meomari islami,
evangelisturi protestantizmis aRmafrena, marTlma-
dideblobis aRzeveba postkomunistur qveynebSi da a.S.
– yvelaferi es saSualebas iZleva vTqvaT, rom sekula-
rizacia da racionalizmi saeWvoa CavTvaloT Tanamed-
roveobis Seucvlel `bebiaqalad~ (1).
veberis `protestantulma eTikam~ mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrula Tanamedrove epoqaSi kulturuli fa-
seulobebis rolis Sesaxeb diskusiis stimulirebis
TvalsazrisiT. veberis midgoma ewinaaRmdeba marqsis-
tuls. marqsi da marqsistebi amtkicebdnen, rom saqme
115
ekonomikuri,socialuri da politikuri struqturis
usamarTlobaSia, amasTan ekonomikuri ganmsazRvrelia.
isini gvTavazoben am struqturebis analizs, maT mxi-
lebas da Semdeg `gonivrul~ gardaqmnas anu `samyaros
Secvlas~ (1).
gansxvavebulia veberis midgoma. misi azriT, arse-
buli struqturebi ueWvelad unda darCnen, Tumca isi-
ni zogjer usamarTloa da namdvilad unda Seicvalos,
magram ara samyaros `Secvlis~ gziT, radgan rCeba ad-
rindeli kultura — is SromiTi garemo, romelSic war-
moiqmnen da romelSic arseboben es struqturebi. ro-
gorc wesi, kultura jiuti garduvalobiT aRadgens
Zvel usamarTlo struqturebs da zogjer, uaresi sa-
xiTac. cxovreba unda gaumjobesdes da es SesaZlebe-
lia, magram amisTvis unda gvesmodes RvTis xma da unda
mivyveT mas, veberis azriT protestantebma ismines
RvTis xma, daiwyes cxovreba am xmisadmi morCilebiT,
ramac isini cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebamde miiyvana.
gaCnda protestantuli eTika, aman gamoiwvia `kapita-
lizmis suli~ da Tavad kapitalizmic, da swored kapi-
talizmis wyalobiT SeZlo kacobriobam racionalu-
rad moewyo Sroma, man mogvca mniSvnelovani dadebiTi
Sedegi, xolo miwier sikeTeTa ganawileba ufro samar-
Tlianad xdeboda, ramac cxovrebis donis amaRlebamde
migviyvana, es ki ar aris umniSvnelo (4).
CvenTan kapitalizmi xSirad gaigivebulia mogebi-
sadmi TavaSvebul gamodevnebasTan, ris gamoc mewarme-
ebisTvis dasaSvebia yvelaferi. gavrcelebulia azri,
rom patiosani kapitalisti ar arsebobs an Zalze co-
taa. magram, vebers arasodes ar gauigivebia kapitaliz-
mi mogebaze gamodevnebasTan, saerTod ar Tvlida amas
kapitalizmis warmoSobis mTavar stimulad. ufro pi-
riqiT iyo. `miswrafebas mogebisadmi, fuladi gamorCe-
nisadmi araferi saerTo ar aqvs kapitalizmTan. es mis-
116
wrafeba SeiniSneboda da SeiniSneba oficiantebSi, eqi-
mebSi,meetleebSi, mxatvrebSi, mzareulebSi, meqrTame-
CinovnikebSi, jariskacebSi, yaCaRebSi, jvarosnebSi,
azartul moTamaSeebsa da RatakebSi...~ (1).
`mogebisadmi TavSeukavebeli miswrafeba aranai-
rad ar aris gaigivebuli kapitalizmTan, da, miT ume-
tes, mis `sulTan~. kapitalizmi SeiZleba iTqvas am ira-
cionaluri miswrafebis alagmvaa~ (5).
garda amisa maqs veberi amtkicebs: `yovlismomcve-
li absoluturi urcxvoba da angareba fulis Sovnis
saqmeSi damaxasiaTebeli iyo swored im qveynebisaTvis,
romlebic TavianTi burJuaziul-kapitalisturi ganvi-
TarebiT CamorCenilebi iyvnen dasavleT evropis mas-
StabiT. fulis SovnaSi Tavxedoba da urcxvoba dRevan-
delobis erT-erTi SeiZleba iTqvas zRvargadasuli da
moralTan SeuTavsebeli qmedeba gaxda, romelsac erT
saxels ver daarqmev~ (1).
kapitalizmi veberis mixedviT, swored eTikuri
SezRudvebidan, umkacresi moraluri wesebidan aRmo-
cenda, romelsac icavdnen protestantebi-rogorc
damqiraveblebi da ara `yvelaferi dasaSvebidan~. pro-
testantebis didi damsaxurebaa is, rom safuZvlianad
Secvales adamianis damokidebuleba Sromisadmi. Rmer-
Tma adams, vis gamoc `daiwyevla miwa~, uTxra òfliTa
pirisa SenisaTa sWamde pursa Sensa~ (2) ase iqneba samya-
ros dasasrulamde. adreul periodSi Sroma aucileb-
lad `gmiruli~ unda yofiliyo, SromaSi garkveuli is-
teriuli xasiaTebi vlindeboda, adamianebi SeiZleba
ase iTqvas welebze fexs idgamdnen, gasaxseneblad kma-
ra Tundac gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis `heroikuli
Sroma~, gegmebis `rekordulad mokle droSi~ `1000%-
iT~ gadaWarbeba da a. S., erTi sityviT Sroma iyo dide-
bisa da gmirobis saqme da ara yoveldRiuri saqmianoba.
117
aqedan gvyavda yovlisSemZle `Sromis gmirebi~, `dam-
kvrelebi~, `staxanovelebi~ da a. S. bolos da bolos mi-
viReT is, rom fsiqozuri da haiharad Sroma dResac
rCeba Tavsatexad da es Cans ara marto saqmis codnaSi,
aramed misdami midgomebSic. is rom dRes patiosani
Sromis aravis sjera es realobaa, adamianebs eparebaT
eWvi imaSi rom ukeTesi mermisi SesaZlebelia, rom Rirs
iSromo misTvis. maqs veberis wigni `protestantuli
eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ marqsizmis seriozul al-
ternativad iqca. aq yvelaferi sul sxvagvarad iyo. ve-
beris Tanaxmad qristianobas SeuZlia iyos ara mxolod
kompensatoruli saSualeba cxovrebiseuli warumateb-
lobisas, ara pasiuri mWvreteli, aramed aqtiuri Se-
moqmedebiTi cxovrebis mamotivirebeli faqtori. ve-
bers ekuTvnis idea: swored qristianobam misca SesaZ-
lebloba gaCeniliyo Tanamedrove kapitalizmi, ro-
melmac sawyisi misca sayovelTao keTildReobis sazo-
gadoebas, riskenac miiswrafvis dRes mTeli msoflios
mosaxleoba.
bevri moazrovne Tvlis, rom rwmena mWidrodaa da-
kavSirebuli msoflmxedvelobasTan, romelic mTeli
cxovrebis stils gansazRvravs, rogoricaa rwmena ise-
Tivea cxovreba.
dRes sazogadoebas uwesrigobaSi dabrunebisgan
sazogadoebrivi koordinaciis iseTi meqanizmebi icavs,
romelTac gaaCniaT damoukideblad moqmedebis unari.
es aris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis wesi, romelsac iye-
neben sazogadoebaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri cvlilebe-
bis gamokvlevisTvis.
Cveulebriv ras vgulisxmobT azrovnebis ekonomi-
kur wesSi? mkvlevar ekonomistTa azriTùpirveles
yovlisa, midgomas da ara ukve mza daskvnebis nakrebs~.
jon keinsis SexedulebiT èkonomikuri Teoria ar war-
moadgens sameurneo politikaSi ukve mza rekomendaci-
118
aTa nakrebs. is ufro meTodia, vidre moZRvreba, inte-
leqtualuri instrumentia, azrovnebis teqnikaa, rome-
lic mflobels exmareba swori daskvnebis gakeTebaSi~
(5.)
ekonomikuri Teoria sulac ar amtkicebs imas, rom
adamianebi egoistebi an zedmetad materialistebi ari-
an, viwro TvalTaxedva aqvT, an ainteresebT mxolos
fuli da gulgrilebei arian sxva yvelafris mimarT. si-
namdvileSi yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra mi-
aCniaT adamianebs mogebad an xarjad da is fardobiTi
mniSvneloba, romelsac isini maT aniWeben (4).
mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba da Segneba, rom mxo-
lod ekonomikur Teorias ar SeuZlia pasuxi gasces ne-
bismier saintereso an mniSvnelovan socialur kiTxvas.
azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi dakavSirebulia socia-
lur dargebSi dagrovil codnasTan, romelic ayali-
bebs adamianebis qcevas da faseulobebs. ekonomikuri
analizis teqnikis Seswavla bevrad ufro advilia, vid-
re aqtualuri socialuri problemebis usasrulo
mTlianobaSi misi praqtikuli da damajerebeli gamoye-
neba.
socialurma filosofiam, romelic ganixilavda
rogori unda yofiliyo sazogadoeba, ver SeZlo aexsna,
ra xdeboda imJamindel realur samyaroSi. xalxs esaWi-
roeboda momavalze gaTvlili faqtobrivi informacia,
romelic daeyrdnoboda Teoriebs, romlebic sistema-
turad Semowmdeboda da daexmareboda maT Tanamedro-
ve epoqis gagebasa da misdami adaptaciaSi. ase Seiqmna
codnis axali dargi — sociologia
sociologiis erT-erTi momxibvleloba isaa, rom
mudam axalia, amis mizezi nawilobriv sociologTa mi-
er socialuri cxovrebis modelebis Sesaxeb axali aR-
moCenebia, nawilobriv ki — axali Teoriebisa da socia-
luri cxovrebis axleburi xedvis SemuSaveba. magram Zi-
119
riTadi mainc isaa, rom Tavad socialuri cxovrebaa
mudmivad cvalebadi. sazogadoeba adamianTa aqtiuro-
bis Sedegia da amitom mudam icvleba, tardiciaTa Se-
narCunebasac ki Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. individebis
cxovrebis cvlilebas — axal samsaxurs, Svilebis daba-
debas — aucileblad rodi mosdevs mTeli sazogadoe-
bis cvlileba.am individualur cvlilebaTa garda, ar-
sebobs ufro didi cvlilebebic, rac Sromis bazris
cvlilebebze aisaxeba.
literatura:
1. biblia, Tb., 1989;

2. veberi m., rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi,
Tbilisi, 2004;
3. qecbaia k., religiis sociologia, Tsu, 2020;
4. qecbaia k., m. veberi — cxovreba da Semoqmedeba, Tb.,
2017;
5. murman cecxlaZe, religia da ekonomika, baTumi 2010
6. pol heine, ekonomikuri azrovneba, Tavisufali uni-
versitetis gamomcemloba, 2009.
120
Manana Gagoshidze — Doctor of Philosophy, Assistent Professor at
Sokhumi State University — Faculty of Business and Social Politics. Is
author of several scientific manuals and publications in Georgia and as well
as in foreign countries.
ABOUT THE IMPORTANT ECONOMIC CONCEPTS OF

MARC WEBER
ABSTRACT
By the Veber, Capitalism was born from Moral orders, which

were protected by the Protestants. They protect it like employer. It is
a huge deserve of Protestants that, they have changed human’s
opinion about labor. The Christians gave an opportunity of birth
capitalism, which was a basic of entire prosperity. This entire
prosperity is a thing of strong desire for the world nowadays.

giis ganyofilebam.
121
fiqria didebaSvili — filosofiis doqtori, saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis sainJinro ekonomikis, mediateqno-
logiebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocire-
buli profesori. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero Sromebi
filosofiis, socialuri filosofiisa da filosofiuri an-
Tropologiis sferoSi. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi.
`socialuri arsebis~ bedi `cifrul epoqaSi~

(socialuri jgufidan `klasteramde~)
sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs adamiani, romelic ar

aris an ar iyo gaerTianebuli ramdenime jgufSi da misi
saqmianobis manZilze ar hqondes urTierToba romeli-
me jgufis wevrebTan. adamiani socialuri arsebaa da
swored amitomac adamianis sxvadasxva jgufSi gareTia-
neba misi bunebrivi mdgomareoba, sulieri moTxovni-
leba da sakuTari Tavis realizaciis aucilebeli pi-
robaa. sociologiaSi adamianTa erToblivi cxovrebis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba `socialuri erTobis cneba~.
is adamianTa yvelanair gaerTianebas moicavs. socia-
luri erTobis erT-erTi formaa jgufi. am sakixTan da-
kavSirebiT mecnierebas sxvadasxva pozicia aqvs. sazo-
gadoebriv mecnierebebSi socialur jgufSi igulis-
xmeba realurad arsebuli adamianTa erToba, romelSic
adamianebi gaerTianebulni arian erToblivi saqmiano-
biT, an imyofebian cxovrebis msgavs pirobebSi da, Sesa-
bamisad, aRiareben TavianT kuTvnilebas am jgufisad-
mi. mniSvnelovani jgufebis ganmasxvavebeli obieqturi
kriteriumis dadgena, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba jgu-
febis kvleva.
`socialuri jgufis wevrebs RirebulebaTa saer-
To sistema aqvT da sxva erTobebisagan gankerZoebis
122
garkveuli principiT arian gamoyofilni. Tanamedrove
sociologiaSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,
jgufi ar aris mxolod pirovnuli kontaqtebis safuZ-
velze Seqmnili Tavisufali socialuri warmonaqmni.
mas sakuTari Sinagani organizacia, kontrolis Sesaba-
misi formebi da qcevis nimuSebi gaaCnia. jgufis iden-
tobis niSani garkveul RirebulebebTan erTad SeiZle-
ba iyos simboloebi, lozungebi, ideebi, sxvadasxva sa-
xis materialuri sagnebi da a. S.~ (3; 170).
neil smelzeri gansazRvravs jgufis Semdeg fun-
qciebs: socializacia, instrumentuloba, eqspresiu-
loba, daxmareba da emociuri — gonebrivi klimati (2; 4).
socialuri jgufebi iyofa sxvadasxva kategoriis,
kriteriumis mixedviT. ganasxvaveben jgufebs simWid-
rovis, formisa da urTierTqmedebis mixedviT. funqci-
onaluri rolis mixedviT gamoirCeva: pirveladi da me-
oradi, didi, saSualo da mcire, formaluri da ara-
formaluri, Ria da daxuruli. sacnobaro da sxva soci-
aluri jgufebi.
mcire jgufi ramdenime wevrisagan Sedgeba, rom-
lebic dakavSirebuli arian saerTo saqmianobiTa da
myari urTierTobebiT. didi jgufi mravalricxovania,
mis wevrebs uSvalo urTierTobebi ara aqvT erTmaneT-
Tan. sociologebi yuradRebas ar amaxvileben saSualo
jgufebze, radgan miaCniaT, rom isini didi jgufebs
hgvanan.
didi jgufebi iyofa or tipad. pirveli moicavs
spontanurad warmoqmnil, moklevadian arsebul erTo-
bebs: brbos, mayurebels, auditorias. meore tipi moi-
cavs socialur jgufebs, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT,
esaa sazogadoeba, romelic Camoyalibda sazogadoebis
istoriuli ganviTarebis dros da ikavebs specifiur
adgils socialur urTierTobaTa sistemaSi da, Sesaba-
123
misad, arian grZelvadiani, stabilurni. aseT jgufebSi
Sedis klasebi da socialuri fena, sxvadasxva eTniku-
ri, profesionali da sqesobrivi da asakobrivi jgufe-
bi. yvela grZelvadiani didi jgufi xasiaTdeba iseTi
saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa xasiaTi, zne-Cveu-
leba, adaTebi, tradiciebi, ena. maTi arseboba ganpiro-
bebulia specifikuri socialuri praqtikis arsebobiT,
rac reproducirdeba xangrZlivi istoriuli ganviTa-
rebiT, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. amis sa-
fuZvelze warmoiqmneba didi jgufis iseTi mniSvnelo-
vani maxasiaTebeli, rogorc cxovrebis wesi, maT Soris
specialuri moTxovnilebebi, interesebi, faseulobe-
bi, socialuri stereotipebis, agreTve komunikaciis
specifikuri formebi.
realuri mcire jgufis Seswavlisas didi mniSvne-
loba eniWeba jgufis kompozicias da struqturas. mci-
re jgufis faqtobrivi Semadgenloba SeiZleba aRweri-
li iyos imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
jgufis wevrTa asaki, profesiuli an socialuri maxa-
siaTeblebi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas jgufis struqturis
Sesaxeb. struqturis ramdenime modeli arsebobs: in-
terpersonaluri urTierTobebis struqtura, Zalauf-
lebis struqtura, komunikaciebis struqtura da a.S.
interpersonaluri urTierTobebis struqtura gu-
lisxmobs jgufSi, rogorc wevrSi, individis poziciis
dadgenas: misi statusi, e.i. jgufi jgufuri urTier-
Tobebis sistemaSi; misi roli am statusis Sesabamisad;
agreTve jgufuri molodinebis sistema mocemuli jgu-
fis wevris qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es ukanaskneli ki
niSnavs, rom jgufis TiToeuli wevri ubralod ar as-
rulebs Tavis funqciebs, mis qcevas afaseben jgufis
sxva wevrebi. qcevis mosalodneli Sablonebis sistemis
saSualebiT, jgufi akontrolebs misi TiToeuli wev-
124
ris saqmianobas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba aRmoC-
ndes Seusabamoba konkretuli jgufis wevrTan da mis
realur qcevasTan dakavSirebiT molodinebs Soris. am
Seusabamobis Sesamcireblad, jgufSi mniSvnelovani
warmonaqmnebi iqmneba: jgufuri normebi da jgufuri
sanqciebi.
jgufuri normebi aris socialuri normebi, e.i.
warmoadgens sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis da misi
calkeuli jgufebis TvalsazrisiT, swori qcevis Camo-
yalibebis, models, standartebs. viwro gagebiT, jgu-
furi normebi warmoadgens garkveul wesebs, romlebic
SeimuSava jgufma da romelsac misi monawileebis qceva
unda Seesatyvisebodes, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos jgufSi
maTi yofna. jgufuri normebi emyareba jgufuri fase-
ulobebis specifikur sistemas, e.i. unda iyos gamar-
Tlebuli, rogorc jgufuri da misi calkeuli wevre-
bisTvis mniSvnelovani. jgufuri faseulobebi iqmneba
socialuri fenomenebis mimarT garkveuli damokide-
bulebis ganviTarebis gamo, sazogadoebaSi am jgufis
realuri adgilis, misi gamocdilebisa da miznebis ga-
mo. jgufuri sanqciebi moqmedebs, rogorc jgufis wev-
rebis qcevis SenarCunebis meqanizmi Sesabamisi jgufu-
ri normebis farglebSi. isini SeiZleba gamamxnevebeli
da amakrZalveli iyos. jgufSi individis statussa da
jgufuri normebis dacvas Soris garkveuli korelaci-
aa. rogorc wesi, maRali statusis mqone pirebi ufro
metad icaven normebs, magram darRvevebisTvis maT ase-
ve advilad patioben.
Zalauflebis struqtura mcire jgufSi ar niSnavs
politikuri Zalauflebis formas, aramed mxolod ro-
lis fsiqologiur ganawilebas xelmZRvanelobasa da
daqvemdebarebulis urTierTobebs Soris. arsebobs
jgufuri Zalauflebis sxvadasxva forma: dajildoeba,
125
iZuleba, eqsperti (specialuri codnis safuZvelze).
sakomunikacio struqtura warmoadgens jgufSi in-
formaciis gavrcelebis sxvadasxva gzas, romelsac sa-
komunikacio qselebi ewodeba. magaliTad, borblis mo-
deli iTvleba yvelaze orientirebulad, radgan in-
formacia aq mxolod lideris meSveobiT xdeba. zogi-
erTi amocanisTvis es aucilebelia, zogierTisTvis ki
sxva modelebia yvelaze misaRebia (`jaWvi~, `TamaSi~,
`wre~). jgufuri struqturebis garda, mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs jgufuri procesebis Seswavla. erTis
mxriv, jgufuri procesebi axasiaTebs jgufis funqci-
onirebas nebismier mocemul momentSi (amas hqvia jgu-
furi dinamika), meores mxriv, xdeba jgufSi cvlilebe-
bi e.i. jgufis ganviTareba. mcire jgufebis klasifika-
cia xorcieldeba sxvadasxva niSniT: arsebobis drois
xangrZlivobisa mixedviT (moklevadiani da grZelvadi-
ani) jgufebi.
mcire jgufis dinamika moicavs jgufis formire-
bis process, jgufuri zewolis procesebs, jgufuri
Tanmimdevrobis, liderobisa da jgufuri gadawyveti-
lebis miRebas. yvela es procesi gavlenas axdens iseT
indikatorze, rogoricaa jgufis efeqturoba. mcire
jgufis formireba ganisazRvreba, rogorc garegani
faqtorebiT (Sromis socialuri danawevrebis auci-
lebloba da sazogadoebis funqcionirebis sxva proce-
sebi), aseve Sinagani (jgufis TviTdazogva), agreTve in-
dividis mravalferovnebiT. gansakuTrebiT yuradReba
unda gamaxvildes jgufuri zewolis fenomenze, an kon-
formizmze. garegani konformizmi gamoirCeva im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac jgufis umravlesobis mxridan ze-
wolis qveS, individi cvlis Tavis qcevas, gamoxatavs
Tanxmobas, Tumca rCeba sakuTar azrze. Sinagani kon-
formizmi individis mier vlindeba, rodesac igi endo-
126
ba garkveul informacias da gamoxatavs srul Tanxmo-
bas. jgufis formirebis meore mxare aris jgufuri
Tanxvedris problema. am SemTxvevaSi, gamoikvleva Ta-
vad jgufis kavSiris formirebis procesi, rac saSua-
lebas iZleva garedan mocemuli struqtura adamiane-
bis fsiqologiur erTobad gardaqmnas. Tanxvedra gan-
sxvavdeba jgufis Tavsebadobisagan, rac niSnavs, rom
jgufis Semadgenloba saSualebas iZleva uzrunvelyos
aucilebeli funqciebis Sesruleba. Tanxvedra niSnavs,
rom jgufi saukeTeso gziT aris integrirebuli da
masSi Seiqmna urTierTobebis done, romelSic yvela
monawile iziarebs jgufuri saqmianobis miznebs da im
faseulobebs, romlebic am saqmianobasTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli. Tanxvedra aseve ganpirobebulia interper-
sonaluri mizidulobis gamo. urTierTpativiscemis
mizezebi SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos interaqciis sixSi-
riT, misi TanamSromlobiTi xasiaTiT, demokratiuli
xelmZRvanelobis stiliT, sxva jgufebis mxridan muqa-
ris SemTxvevaSi, jgufuri saqmianobis warmatebis miR-
wevidan, jgufis wevrTa Soris faseulobebisa da mo-
lodinebis msgavsebidan, individisTvis jgufis mim-
zidvelobiTa da masSi arsebuli urTierTobebiT kma-
yofilebiT. mizidulobis safuZvelze warmoqmnili
simyare, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs jgufis produqtiulobis
zrdas. gare garemoebebis gamo, mcire jgufi gadis fsi-
qologiur sazogadoebad Camoyalibebis xangrZliv
process. am procesis ganmavlobaSi, jgufi ubralod
ar awarmoebs garkveul normebsa da mniSvnelobebs da
misi wevrebi ubralod maT asimilacias ar axdenen. jgu-
fis gacilebiT Rrma integracia xorcieldeba, rode-
sac jgufis obieqturi saqmianobis mniSvnelobebi uf-
ro da ufro gaziarebulia calkeul monawileebi mier.
es aqtivoba TiToeuli monawilesTvis imdenad mniSvne-
lovani xdeba, rom igi iRebs am mniSvnelobebs ara jgu-
127
furi zewolis gavlenis qveS, aramed masSi misi sruli
CarTvis faqtiT.
klasikuri germanuli sociologiis warmomadge-
neli georg zimeli (1858-1918) mcire socialur jfuf-
Si gamoyofda ori da sami individisagan Semdgar mcire
socialur jgufebs: diadasa da triadas. diada — aris
ori adamianisagan Semdgari adamianTa erToba. zogier-
Ti mecnieri diadas ar ganixilavs, rogorc mcire soci-
alur jgufs, Tumca diadas realurad gaaCnia mcire
socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TiTqmis yve-
la niSani, rasac mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom diada
aris mcire socialuri jgufi.
zimels miaCnia, rom didi jgufi, romelic indi-
vids anTavisuflebs, amavdroulad am individualobas
safrTxes uqmnis. zimels swams, rom erT-erTi gza indi-
videbisTvis, raTa gaumklvdnen masis mxridan arsebul
safrTxeebs, esaa iseT mcire jgufSi Cafloba, rogo-
ric ojaxia (1; 36-38).
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom mecnierebaSi mcire
jgufis raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT,
ar arsebobs konsensusi. zogi mas ori adamianis qveda
sazRvrad miiCnevs, zogi ki Tvlis, rom mcire jgufi
mxolod maSin Cndeba, rodesac sami adamiania. igive ram
SeiniSneba zeda zRvarTan mimarTebaSi: is meryeobs Svi-
didan ormoc monawilemde. sinamdvileSi, es uTanxmoe-
ba ar aris mniSvnelovani, radgan mcire jgufis Seswav-
la xorcieldeba realur cxovrebaSi uSualo urTier-
Tobebis, erToblivi saqmianobis safuZvelze da, Sesa-
bamisad, misi Seswavla xdeba, miuxedavad raodenobrivi
sazRvrebisa.
amgvarad, mcire socialuri jgufis minimaluri
raodenoba aris 2 adamiani, maqsimaluri 20-30, zogier-
Ti mecnieris azriT ki 50 adamiani, Tumca ramdenic ar
unda iyos misi zeda zRvari faqtia, rom rac ufro iz-
128
rdeba jgufis wevrebis raodenoba, miT ufro mcirdeba
piradi kavSirebi da socialuri interaqcia. mcire
jgufSi mis yvela wevrs saSualeba eZleva aqtiuri mo-
nawileba miiRos jgufuri azris SemuSavebaSi, gaakon-
trolos jgufis wevrTa qceva, dagegmos erToblivi
RonisZiebebi da amas axerxebs piradi, uSualo kontaq-
tis meSveobiT. jgufis wevTa raodenobis zrda ki asus-
tebs pirad kontaqtebs da uSualo urTierTobs, mcir-
deba jgufis wevrTa Soris socialuri interaqcia da
garkveulwilad SeuTavsebeli xedeba mcire socialuri
jgufis koncefciasTan. misi struqtura mniSvnelov-
nad uaxlovdeba didi socialuri jgufis struqturas.
amerikelma sociologma Carlz horton kulim
(1864-1929) interaqciis xasiaTidan gamomdinare kulim
pirveladi (ojaxi, mezoblebi, Tanatolebi) da meore-
uli socialuri jgufebi gamohyo, romelTac Sesabami-
si urTierTobebi axasiaTebT. pirveladi jgufis niS-
nebia: 1) mudmivi uSualo, pirispir urTierToba; 2)
mkveTrad gamoxatuli identifikacia jgufTan; 3)
mkveTrad gamoxatuli kavSiri jgufis wevrebs Soris; 4)
urTierTobaTa mravalmxrivoba; 5) mdgradoba. meoreu-
li jgufis niSnebia: 1) uSualo urTierTobaTa SezRu-
duloba; 2) jgufTan personaluri identifikaciis si-
suste; 3) susti kavSirebi jgufis wevrebs Soris; 4) Sez-
Ruduli meoreuli urTierTobebi; 5) droebiToba. pir-
velad jgufebSi adamianebs axlo urTierTobebi aqvT
erTmaneTTan; maT ician erTmaneTis Wir-varami; is tra-
diciuli sazogadoebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tana-
medrove sazogadoebaSi ki urTierTobebi etiketze anu
kulturul normebzea damyarebuli; pirveladi, pirda-
piri urTierTobebia megobrobasa da siyvarulze age-
buli urTierTobebi; meoreuli anu arapirdapiri ur-
TierTobaa ucxoebs Soris urTierToba, TanamSromlo-
129
ba samsaxurSi, biurokratia da urTierTobis yvela is
forma, romelic garkveuli saxis SeTanxmebasa da kul-
turul Tu sxva normebzea damyarebuli.
garda amisa, arsebobs kidev urTierTobis mesame
rigi, e.w. mesameuli urTierToba, romelSic CarTuli
mxareebi SesaZlebelia arasodes ar Sexvdnen erTma-
neTs, aseTia, magaliTad, mediaurTierToba (4 ; 6-7).
meoradi jgufebi-pirvelad jgufebTan SedarebiT
naklebad sococxlisunariania. aseTi jgufi ZiriTa-
dad iSleba maSinve, rogorc ki miiRweva dasaxuli miza-
ni, jgufis wevrebi dakargaven interess im sakiTxebis
mimarT ramac isini erT dros gaaerTiana. swored ami-
tomac miiCneva, rom meoreadi jgufebi spontanurad,
garkveuli miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili adamianTa erTo-
baa, romlelTac ar axasiaTebs myari emociuri kavSiri,
Tumca arsebobis manZilze aqvT igive maxasiaTeblebi,
rac unda gaaCndes jgufs. swored zemoTxsnebuli at-
ributebi ganapirobebs imas, rom meoradi jgufebs vu-
wodoT miznobrivi jgufebic. jgufi Riaa, Tu romelic
Tavis wevrebs aranair gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs ar
uyenebsda misi wevroba Tavisufali da xelmisawvdomia
yvelasTvis, xolo daxurul jgufSi gaerTianebisTvis
saWiroa msurveli garkveuli, winaswar, zustad dadge-
nil kriteriumebs akmayofilebdes.
amerikeli sociologis(berklis kaliforniis
univ-i) neil smelzeris (1930-2017) Tanaxmad `socia-
lur jgufs aqvs mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic
Zalian mniSvnelovania misi mTlianobis TvalsazrisiT:
• socialur jgufSi unda arsebobdes met-nakle-
bad stabiluri urTierTqmedeba, ris Sedegadac jgu-
fis wevrebs Soris kavSirebi Zlierdeba da did xans
gagrZeldeba;
130
• socialuri jgufi unda iyos sakmarisad erTgva-
rovani Tavisi SemadgenlobiT, anu, mis yvela wevrs un-
da hqondes garkveuli atributebi, romlebic jgufuri
TvalsazrisiT faseulia da mis wevrebs saSualebas aZ-
levs, Tavi ufro erTianad igrZnon;
• socialuri jgufi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ufro
farTo socialur jgufebs da Temebs miekuTvneba~ (2; 3).
n. smelzeris mixedviT — ` didi socialuri jgufe-
bi an Temebi warmoadgens mniSvnelovani raodenobis
pirTa stabilur erTobliobas, romlebic erToblivad
da calmxrivad moqmedeben socialurad mniSvnelovan
situaciebSi. did jgufebSi Sedis aTobiT, asobiT da
milionobiT adamiani. es aris klasebi, socialuri fena,
profesionaluri jgufebi, erovnul-eTnikuri sazoga-
doebebi (erovneba, eri, rasa), demografiuli gaerTia-
nebebi (kaci, qali, axalgazrdoba, pensionerebi) daa.S.,
maTi didi ricxvis gamo, am jgufebis wevrebi SeiZleba
gamoyofil iyvnen drosa da sivrceSi da ar Sevides
pirdapir komunikaciaSi erTmaneTTan. miuxedavad ami-
sa, maTi gaerTianebis mravali faqtoridan gamomdina-
re, isini qmnian garkveul jgufur sazogadoebas.~
mcire socialuri jgufi SeiZleba iyos rogorc
pirveladi, aseve meorexarisxovani, didi socialuri
jgufi SeiZleba iyos mxolod meoradi. smelzeris mi-
zedviT: `socialuri jgufis gansakuTrebuli katego-
riaa sacnobaro jgufi. sacnobaro jgufi aris jgufi,
romelsac individisTvis uflebamosilebis Sesabami-
sad axerxebs masze Zlieri gavlenis moxdenas. winaaR-
mdeg SemTxvevaSi, am jgufs SeiZleba ewodos miniSneba.
individi SeiZleba Seecados am jgufis wevri gaxdes,
xolo misi saqmianoba Cveulebriv miznad isaxavs, rom
ufro metad moswondes misi warmomadgenlebi. am feno-
mens ewodeba mosalodneli socializacia, Cveulebriv
131
SemTxvevaSi, socializacia mimdinareobs pirveladi
jgufis SigniT uSualo urTierTqmedebis procesSi. am
SemTxvevaSi, individi iRebs jgufebisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebel moqmedebebsa da meTodebs, jer kidev manam, sanam
jgufis wevrebTan urTierTmoqmedebas daiwyebs.~
arsebobs obieqturi da subieqturi jgufebi. maT
Soris aris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. obieqtur jguf-
Si adamiani gaerTianebulia misi neba-survilis miuxe-
davad, obieqturi realobidan gamomdinare.
subieqturi jgufi aris adamianTa mier Segnebuli
arCevanis Sedegade Seqmnili adamianTa erToba. SesaZ-
loa vTqvaT, rom mcire socialuri jgufebis umeteso-
ba swored subieqturi jgufebia, radgan socialuri in-
teraqcia, piradi, mWidro kavSirebi, saerTo miznebi da
Rirebulebebi aris swored is qvakuTxedi rac ubiZgebs
adamianebs gaerTiandnen piradi survilebiTa da nebiT
jgufebSi.
ganasxvaveben ori tipis jgufebs- formalursa da
araformalurs. formaluri jgufebi organizaciebSi
iqmneba kanonmdelobis safuZvelze, xelmZRvanelobis
surviliT. masSi adamianebi gaerTianebuli arian saer-
To miznis garSemo, Tumca SesaZloa maT ar qondeT er-
TmaneTTan piradi emociuri kavSirebi da maTi urTier-
Toba Semofargluli iyos samsaxurebrivi urTierTo-
bebiT.
araformaluri jgufebis Seqmna da saqmianobis re-
gulireba ar xdeba normatiuli aqtebiT, Tumca ara-
formalur jgfebs bevri saerTo aqvs formalur jgu-
febTan. Tu formaluri organizaciebi moqmedeben da-
werili kanonebiT, araformalur organizaciebs (jgu-
febs) aseTi dawerili kanonebi ar aqvT, Tumca maT gaaC-
niaT Tavisi wevrebisaTvis dauwereli qcevis wesebi.
132
araformalur jgufebs gaaCniaT ierarqiuli sistema,
gaaCniaT amocanebi da hyavT liderebi.
Cester barnardi Tavis àRmasruleblis funqci-
ebSi~ araformalur jgufebs Seiswavlida da werda:
àraformaluri jgufebi Sedgeba sazogadoebrivi pro-
cesebisagan, romlebic aracnobieria formaluri or-
ganizaciis cnobier procesebTan SedarebiT. maT ori
mniSvnelobvani saxis efeqti aqvT:
1. is garkveul damokidebulebebs, wesebs, Cvevebs
ayalibebs;
2. qmnis pirobas, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZ-
lebelia formaluri organizaciebi Camoya-
libdes~ [6; 45].
mas miaCnda, rom araformalur jgufs swori mar-
Tvis pirobebSi organizaciisaTvis mniSvnelovani war-
matebis motana SeeZlo.
amgvarad jgufebi, romlebic organizaciisa da
kontrolis formalur sistemas emyarebian, formalur
jgufebs warmoadgenen. maTgan gansxvavebiT, araforma-
luri jgufebi organizaciisa da kontrolis arafor-
malur sistemas emyarebian~ [3; 171].
araformaluri jgufebi iqmneba spontanurad, maT
Soris, formaluri organizaciis farglebSi, inter-
personaluri urTierTobebis, saerTo interesebis,
urTierTpativiscemis safuZvelze. araformalur jgu-
febs axasiaTebT SedarebiT damoukidebloba oficia-
luri struqturebisgan, zogjer naTlad ar aris gamo-
xatuli jgufuri saqmianobis mizani, jgufis wevrebze
araformaluri kontroli.` aseT jgufebs zogjer in-
teresTa jgufebad moixsenieben~ [6;28].
ganasxvaveben grZelvadian (xangrZliv) da mokle-
vadian socialur jgufebs. socialuri jgufebis
struqturis analizi saSualebas iZleva grZlevadian
133
jgufebs pirveladi jgufebic vuwodoT, radgan pirve-
ladi mcire socialuri jgufi ar iqmneba raime miznis
misaRwevad, romelic daiSleba maSinve, rogorc ki mi-
zani iqneba miRweuli, gansxvavebiT meoradi jgufebis-
gan, romelsac SesaZloa moklevadiani jgufic vuwo-
doT.
zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebis analizis safuZvel-
ze SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT: adamiani cxovrebis man-
Zilze gaerTianebulia mraval socialur jgufSi, am
gaerTianebas SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva drois xan-
grZlivoba. jgufis wevroba mniSvnelovania adamianis
socializaciisaTvis, swored jgufi aris erTgvari Su-
amavali individsa da sazogadoebas Soris, jgufis wev-
roba axdens adamianis faseulobebis asimilacias maSi-
nac ki, roca igi ewinaaRmdegeba sakuTar Tavsa da sazo-
gadoebas, radgan miiRo jgufis Rirebulebebi.
jgufis wevroba gavlenas axdens adamianis Rire-
bulebebze, pirovnul Tvisebebze, interesebze, azrov-
nebasa da cxovrebis stilze. amavdroulad, yovel ada-
mians, rogorc individs, aqvs pirovnuli maxasiaTeble-
bi, romelic jgufis TvalsazrisiT aris Rirebuli da
mniSvnelovani. jgufis birTvs qmnian is wevrebi, rom-
lebic jgufisaTvis Rirebul maxasiaTeblebs maqsima-
lurad floben, xolo is wevrebi romlebic naklebad
floben aseT maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen jgufis ri-
giT wevrebs.
amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom jgufi Tavisi we-
sebiT, normebiT, tradiciebiT da a.S. aris organizmi.
swored socialuri jgufia sazogadoebis socialuri
ganviTarebis Zrava, romlis Zalisxmevis gareSe sazoga-
doebaSi cvlilebebi ar xdeba. jgufi xels uwyobs ada-
mianis socializacias, adamiani swavlobs sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebs, iTavsebs
jgufisa da sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul da gaTavise-
134
bul normebsa da faseulobebs. jgufi xels uywobs ada-
mianebs erToblivi saqmianobis organizebaSi, exmareba
adamians rTul periodSi mis winaSe mdgari probleme-
bis daZlevaSi. aris emociuri funqciis matarebeli, ga-
moxatavs Tanadgomas, siTbos, pativiscemas da a.S.
magram yovelive zemoTqmulis sapirispirod,
sxvagvari Tvalsazrisic arsebobs socialur jgufTan
dakavSirebiT. qarTvel filosofoss, profesor zurab
xasaias miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove adamiani~ sazogadoe-
bis istoriuli formalizaciis Sedegia. sazogadoeba
istoriis gzaze nawevrdeba `mcire socialur jgufe-
bad~ da eqvemdebareba formalur wesebs, anu iseT nor-
mebs, romlebic miRebulia SeTanxmebiT da daculia
oficialurad gamwesebuli moxeleebis mier.
àmiT adamiani hkargavs gzas saerTo interesebis-
ken. marTlac, sazogadoeba, rogorc saerTo interese-
bis matarebeli, aRar arsebobs — is socialuri jgufe-
bis grovaa. meore mxriv, adamiani Zalian mcirea imis-
Tvis, rom ataros didi interesi. is `didi Temobis~ wev-
ri ki araa, aramed — `mcire socialuri jgufisa~. is
`socialuri atomia~ (z. xasaia).
esaa Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dasawyisi. sazoga-
doeba iqca `qvantur sazogadoebad~ — is socialuri
jgufebis grovaa. pirovneba ekuTvnis ara `did Temo-
bas~, aramed mcire socialur jgufs. is am jgufis nawi-
lakia, mikroadamiania. mas aRara aqvs `Sinagani ganzomi-
leba~ — zneobrivi cnobiereba. man mxolod samarTleb-
rivi normebi icis. is `liberaluri sazogadoebis moqa-
laqea~.
àdamiani, rogorc individi da pirovneba warsuls
Cabarda. is sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa ansamblad
gamoacxada marqsma, iudevelTa misanma. magram marqsis
Semdeg sazogadoeba daiSala `socialur jgufebad~ da
135
adamiani am jgufis wevrad iqca. Cvens droSi ki socia-
luri jgufi daiSala `mikrosocialur~ jgufebad da
adamianic Sig moTavsda. sul bolos, 21-e saukuneSi `vi-
neris demonis~ — mZlavri kibernetikis meSveobiT es
mikro jgufebi aizila erTgvarovan masad, anu klaste-
rad da adamiani mis anonimur cvlad sidided ganixile-
ba~(z. xasaia).
`Cvens yoveldRiur leqsikonSi swrafad SemoiWra
sityva `klasteri~, rac niSnavs garkveuli saerTo niS-
nis Tu mimarTebis mqone saganTa simravles, jgufs. àm
sityvis ataceba mxolod modis gamo ar momxdara, sxva
mizezicaa. es aris neologizmi plastmasis, sinTetiur
nakeTobaTa epoqisa. qarTulad `grovaa~, laTinurad
àgregati~, inglisurad `klasteri~. am sityvis amoweva
Cvenma usaxo, qimiurma epoqam ganapiroba. masSi igulis-
xmeba erTgvarovani gadazelili masa, ris nawilebsac
Tavisi saxe dakarguli aqvT da mxolod TavmoyriT
qmnian aranaturalur, usiamovno qimiur suns~ ( z. xasa-
ia).
amgvarad, sazogadoebis jgufebad dayofa Tana-
medroveobis erT-erTi gamokveTili maxasiaTebelia.
udavoa, rom is kanonzomieri procesia, obieqturi,
aucilebeli, gardauvali realobaa da Tavs ver ava-
ridebT, magram zemoT moyvanili Tvalsazrisi auci-
leblad gasaTvaliwinebeli da ufro metic sagangaSoa.
adamianis individualur TaviseburebaTa waSla, zne-
obrivi cnobierebisa da pirovnulobis dakargva au-
nazRaurebeli danaklisi iqneba sakacobrio kultu-
risaTvis. am safrTxis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.
amitom erTaderT gamosavlad SegviZlia miviCnioT is,
rom adamianma Tavad gaacnobieros arsebuli realoba
da SeebrZolos mas. sxva SemTxvevaSi is darCeba masad,
nedleulad, risganac standartul nawarms daamzade-
136
ben. adamianis ganTavisufleba aravis ZaluZs, TviT mis
garda.
literatura:
1. georg zimelis sociologia: socialuri geometria

http://socium.ge/downloads/klasikurisocteoriebi/ZIMELI.pdf
2. neil smelzeri socialuri jgufebi —
http://socium.ge/downloads/socshesavali/jgufebi-neil-smelzeri—
.pdf
3. qecbaia k., sociologiis Sesavali, Tb., 2011
4. qecbaia k., Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriebi, C. ku-
li: `sarkisebri mes~ Teoria, saleqcio kursidan;
5. xasaia z., filosofiis ZiriTadi cnebebi da proble-
mebi, T., 2014;
6. 6. Т.П.ГАЛКИНА, СОЦИОЛОГИЯ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ: от
группы к команде, М; 2003
137
Piqria Didebashvili – Doctor of Philosophy; Associate Professor of
Georgian Technical University (GTU); works on the problems of social
philosophy; has published articles in this field.
THE FATE OF SOCIAL BEINGS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

(From social group to cluster)
Abstract
There is no human in society, who is not or was not involved

in several groups and has not had any contact with members of any
group during his / her activity.
Thearticle discusses thedivision of social groups according to
different categories and criteria. Sociologists’ views about social
groups and characteristics are analyzed. It isnoted thatgroup
membership influences human values, Personal qualities, interests,
thinking and lifestyle. Emphasizes the positive social characteristics
that a person has from being a member of a group, as well as the
negative aspects and dangers that come with joining a group.

giis ganyofilebam.
138
lia metreveli — ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiuri
doqtori. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sain-
Jinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur
mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori. aris saxel-
mZRvaneloebis avtori. gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero
Sromebi rogorc saqarTveloSi aseve ucxoeTSi. monawi-
leoba aqvs miRebuli araerT saerTaSoriso samecniero
konferenciaSi. ZiriTadad muSaobs fsiqologiisa da ga-
naTlebis problemebze.
distanciuri ganaTleba, rogorc swavlebis

erT-erTi meTodi
distanciuri swavleba axal pedagogiur teqnolo-

giebze dafuZnebuli, moswavlisa da maswavleblis mi-
zanmimarTuli, Tanamimdevruli urTierTobaTa erTob-
liobaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs Tanamedrove moTxov-
naTa fonze mozardis ganaTlebis, aRzrdasa da ganvi-
Tarebis procesebis marTvas. distanciuri swavlebis
meTodikis mTavari mzania iseTi mobiluri sainforma-
cio — saganmanaTleblo atmosferos Seqmna, romlis ga-
moyenebiTac sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba swavlebis xar-
jebi da swavlebis done daakmayofilebs Tanamedrove
moTxovnebs. distanciuri swavlebis amocanebi farTo
masStabiT ganixileba da misi veqtori mimarTulia so-
cialuri mniSvnelobis amicanebis gadawyvetaze, rac
TavisTavad gulisxmobs mosaxleobis socialur moT-
xovnaTa dakmayofilebis realizebis gzebis Ziebas. es
ukanaskneli ki pirdapir kavSirSia maRalkvalificiuri
kadrebis momzadebasTan, ganaTlebis xarisxisa da stan-
dartebis uzrunvelyofasTan, mecnierebisa da warmoe-
bis ganviTarebasTan, qveynis erTiani, mobiluri sagan-
139
manaTleblo sivrcis SeqmnasTan, romelic adaptirebu-
li iqneba msoflios saganmanaTleblo sivrcesTan.
swavlebaSi internet — resursebis gamoyenebis ga-
mocdilebam gamoavlina problema informaciuli gada-
jerebisa da moswavleTa dezorientaciisa, romlebic
produqtiuli moRvaweobisaTvis samwuxarod momzade-
bulni ar arian. studentma, romelic internet-infor-
maciaSi Sedis unda SeZlos ara mxolod aTviseba, ara-
med Seqmnas sakuTari saganmanaTleblo produqcia.
studentis kreatiuli pozicia aucilebeli pirobaa pi-
rovnul-orientirebuli distanciuri ganaTlebisaT-
vis. aRniSnuli mimarTulebebis realizebis mizniT dis-
tanciur swavlebaSi gansazRvrulia Semdegi principe-
bi;
1. swavlebis produqtiuli orientacia. internet -
mecadineobis mTavari mizania studentis mier qselis
meSveobiT sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi naSromebis Seqmna,
Seswavlil SemecnebiTi sferoebSi, mis mier informaci-
uli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba miRweuli Sedegebis de-
monstrirebisa da ganxilvisaTvis. Tu Tavidanve naTe-
lia, ra saxis, rogori formiT da ra vadebSi Seqmnian
studentebi maTTvis axal Sedegs, maSin es winaswar gan-
Wvretili Sedegia da warmoadgens mizans, romelic gan-
sazRvravs distanciuri swavlebis mTeli procesis
sfecifikas. ganaTlebis miznebis saxiT aq SeiZleba war-
moCindes saswavlo problemebis gadaWris saSualebebi,
internet — qselidan grafikuli saxeebis konstruire-
ba da garkveuli saxiT sistematizirebuli informacia,
saerTod Temebze distanciuri TanamSromloba sxva
umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebTan, monawileoba
erToblivi distanciuri ganaTlebis proeqtebSi, vir-
tualur eqskursiebSi, ekonomikur, sabunebismetyve-
lo- mecnierul, humanitarul, sociologiur da sxva
140
gamokvlevebSi, romlebic sruldeba, rogorc qseliT,
aseve tradiciuli formiT.
2. distanciuri swavlebis individualizacia. dis-
tanciuri swavlebis sxvadasxva formis organizeba xde-
ba individualur Taviseburebebze, momzadebis donesa
da moRvaweobis subieqtTa motivaciaze dayrdnobiT.
studentTa gare saswavlo Sedegebis kontrolis siste-
ma saSualebas iZleva adekvaturad Sesruldes maTi pi-
rovnuli ganaTlebrivi zrdis diagnozireba. es princi-
pi gulisxmobs, rom distanciuri swavlebis Sefasebis-
Tvis studentma unda Seasrulos, rogorc minimum, ori
saganmanaTleblo proeqti, semestris dasawyisSi da se-
mestris bolos.
3. ganaTlebis Sinaarsisa da saswavlo procesis sa-
jarooba teritoriulad daSorebul studentTan ur-
TierTobas aviTarebs distanciuri moRvaweobis uni-
versaluri SesaZleblobani, romelic tradiciul swav-
lebaSi ar formirdeba, magram Tanamedrove sazogadoe-
baSi cxovrebis pirobas warmoadgens. swavlebaSi damo-
kidebuli tradiciuli sqema aseTia: maswavlebeli
xsnis axal Temas — studenti ganamtkicebs mas saxel-
mZRvaneloTi, aRadgens miRebul informacias, moce-
mul SemTxvevaSi xdeba mimarTeba dafiqsirebul nimuS-
ze- saxelmZRvaneloze, damxmare literaturaze. in-
formaciuli fondis, kacobriobis kulturul-isto-
riuli, mecnieruli miRwevebis zrda moiTxovs daswre-
buli swavlebisagan gansxvavebul sxvagvar mdgomareo-
bas ganaTlebis Sinaarsis konstruirebis problemisad-
mi. ganaTlebis Sinaarsi garemos rols asrulebs mos-
wavleTa moRvaweobis organizebisaTvis. sajaro ganaT-
lebriv sivrceSi studenti agebs individualur ganaT-
lebis traeqtorias. distanciuri ganaTlebis SerCevis
formebi da Sinaarsis struqturireba SesaZleblobas
iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes monacemebi , romelTac erTi-
141
ani informaciuli wyaro ar aqvT. is ki saSualebas iZ-
leva mniSvnelovnad gafarTovdes potenciuri ganaT-
lebrivi sfero. mag., saswavlo damxmare saxelmZRvane-
loebad Tematurad SerCeuli hiperaqtiuri masalebis
gamoyeneba lokaluri an globaluri resursebis da-
mowmebiT saSualebas aZlevT studentebs maqsimalurad
individualuri gaxadon Tavisi swavlebis ganaTlebiTi
traqtoriaa.
4. moRvaweobiTi Sinaarsis prioriteti tradici-
ulTan SedarebiT. Sinaarsi koncentrirebas axdens er-
Tgvarovan wyaroebze — saxelmZRvaneloebsa da damxma-
re literaturaze, romelTa ZiriTadi daniSnuleba
studentebisTvis SerCeuli Sinaarsis translirebaa.
ganaTlebis Sinaarsis internet -resursebis moculo-
bis zrda, uaxlesi samecniero informaciis swrafi mi-
sawvdomoba cvlis ganaTlebis Sinaarsis Cveul rols
internet — qselSi informaciis mniSvnelovani mocu-
loba, sajarooba da misawvdomoba ar iTxovs studenti-
sagan mis mTlianad aTvisebasa da reproduqcias. moce-
mul SemTxvevaSi aqcenti gadaitaneba studentis moR-
vaweobaze, teqnologiaze. distanciuri swavleba saSua-
lebas iZleva codnis konstruirebis telekomunikaci-
uri meTodebis gamoyenebisa, romlis drosac ar aris
yvelasaTvis erTnairi informaciuli wyaro da swavle-
bis mimarTuleba Seexeba ara masalas, aramed Tavad Se-
moqmedebiTi moRvaweobas, romelic xorcieldeba stu-
dentis mier distanciuri Semoqmedrbis meTodebis dax-
marebiT. aseT meTodebs miekuTvneba:
a. distanciur konferenciebSi monawileobis me-
Todebi,
b. interaqtiuli veb-gverdis Seqmnis saSualebani,
g. SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis fiWuri saSualebani,
d. saZiebel programebTan muSaobis meTodebi,
142
e. WWW -Si informaciis SedarebiTi analizi,
v. distanciuri kvleviTi muSaobis meTodebi.
5. pedagogiuri da telekomunikaciuri teqnolo-
giebis integracia. swavlebis miznebi, Sinaarsi, forme-
bi da meTodebi unda Seesabamebodes kompiuterul sa-
Sualeb aTa (eleqtronuli fosta, msoflio qseli, Ca-
ti, veb-formulebi, video-konferenciebi) teqnikuri,
programul da teqnologiur Taviseburebebs. aucile-
belia distanciuri moRvaweobis algoriTmizeba, misi
integrireba organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi saganma-
naTleblo moRvaweobasTan. erTmaneTis daSorebuli
swavlebis subieqtis distanciuri urTierTqmedebis
organizmebis sistema mimarTulia maTi produqtiuli
moRvaweobisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmnisaken,
komunikaciis aucilebeli Cvevebis etapobrivi ganviTa-
rebis problemebis gadaWrisa da swavlebis Sedegis
adeqvaturi Sefasebisaken. distanciuri telekomunika-
ciis TiToeuli formas aqvs specifika, rac tvirTavs
SezRudviT ganaTlebis process da piriqiT, ganaTle-
bis ama Tu im teqnologiis gamoyenebis aucilebloba
moiTxovs misTvis adekvatur telekomunikaciur saSua-
lebebisa da informaciul teqnologiebs.
6. studentTa moRvaweobis daswrebuli da dauswe-
rebeli swavlebis optimaluri Sexamebis principi. Ti-
Toeuli studentisaTvis myardeba Tanafardoba mis
qselur da daswrebul saswavlo moRvaweobas Soris.
distanciuri swavleba ar gulisxmobs studentis 100% -
iT kompiuterTan muSaobas.
7. Sefasebis moRvaweobrivi kriteriumebi. Semowme-
bas unda daeqvemdebaros ara informaciuli, aramed
swavlebis moRvaweobis Sedegebi. studentebisaTvis
distanciuri Semowmeba unda aigos Semdegi tipis
rfleqsiur kiTxvebsa da davalebebze: àRwereT Tqvens
143
mier miRebuli Sedegebis miRwevis xerxebi da saSuale-
bebi~, kontrolis msgavsi sistema afasebs ara imdenad
studentis materializebul produqts, mag. referats,
romelic SeiZleba èferatebis koleqciidan~ iyos aRe-
buli, ramdenadac studentis pirad moRvaweobas, rac
misi Sinagani ganaTlebiT `SenaZenis~ daxasiaTebas iZ-
leva.
distanciuri kursebi, proeqtebi da swavlebis
sxva formebi, romelic zemoT CamoTvlili principebis
safuZvelze muSavdeba, mimarTulia studentTa Semoq-
medebiT TviTgamoxatvaze, maTi swavlebis individua-
luri traeqtoriis gamomuSavebaze.
distanciuri swavlebis principebis realizebaSi
pozitiuri roli SeiZleba Seasrulos umaRlesi ganaT-
lebis telekomunikaciurma internet-centrebma, sadac
SesaZlebel iqneba studentTa da maswavlebelTa dis-
tanciuri moRvaweobis organizeba da kordinireba.
naSromSi ganvsazRvreT swavlebis meTodikuri Sinaar-
si: mecnieruli midgoma, praqtikuli orientirebi, mo-
dulirebuli swavleba, axlis Zieba, yvelasTvis xelmi-
sawvdomoba, gadmocemulia distanciuri swavlebis zo-
gadi principebi, tipiuri variantebi da modelebi.
da bilos, xazgasmiT minda avRniSno, rom distanciuri
swavlebis aucilebaze da saWiroebaze metyvelebs Cveni
dRevandeli sinamdvile, `ganaTleba pandemiis pirobe-
Si~ – sadac distanciuri swavleba ganixileba, rogorc
ganaTlebis miRebis alternatiuli saSualeba. yvela
erTxmad aRiarebs, rom pandemiis pirobebSi distanciu-
ri swavleba aris erTgvari gamosavali, Tumca SesaZle-
belia am midgomis daxvewa da samomavlod misi garkve-
ul doneze, Tu swavlebis sxvadasxva safexurze saswav-
lo modelad gamoyeneba.
144
literatura:
1. CaCaniZe g., sarTania v., internet-ganaTlebis teqno-

logiebi da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, Tbili-
si, 2004;
2. bogdanova a.i., dereJini n.d., informacia da ganaT-
leba N1, 2001;
3. nanobaSvili q., virtualuri leqciebis momzadebis
meTodika grafuli modelebis swavlebis magaliT-
ze. stu-s Sromebi, Tbilisi, 2000;
4. metreveli l., saswavlo kompiuteruli davalebebi
distanciur swavlebaSi. Jurnali promeTe N6 (18)
Tbilisi, 2005.
145
Lia Metreveli — Academic Doctor of Education Sciences. Associate
Professor, Faculty of Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and
Social Sciences, Georgian Technical University. Is the author of few
textbooks, has published scientific articles both in Georgia and abroad. Also
she has participated in many international scientific conferences. The
spheres of her research mainly are psychology and education problems.
DISTANCE LEARNING, AS ONE OF THE METHODS OF

TEACHING
ABSTRACT
Based on the studying and analyzing modern and current

researches in the field of pedagogy we can make a conclusion, that the
level of effectiveness is the main requirement for the teaching
methods. However, we emphasized that the effectiveness of distance
learning is directly determined by several aspects: standards of
organization of educational resources and materials; modified training
scenarios and their implementation; meeting the educational and
didactic process; psychological and ergonomic aspects of information
perception; making maximum use of software and network resources
and the main factor — motivation to teach. It should be mentioned that
this last one is deep-rooted in distance learning.
The article indicates main principles of distance learning,
while maintaining the main elements and inheritance of traditional
pedagogy that answers the goals and aims of distance learning and
concept of distance education of the country.

giis ganyofilebam.
146
irma Somaxia — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sain-
Jinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecnie-
rebaTa fakultetis socialur mecnierebaTa departamentis
doqtoranti. muSaobs socialuri fsiqologiis problemebze.
monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT saerTaSoriso samecnie-
ro konferenciaSi.
bulingis gamovlenis saxeebi
termini `bulingi~ inglisuri sityvaa (bully — moZa-

lade, moCxubari) da qarTulad Cagvras niSnavs. bulin-
gi aris arasasurveli, agresiuli saxis qceva, romelic
umetesad vlindeba skolis asakis bavSvebSi. is socia-
luri movlenaa, romelic, rogorc specialistebi am-
tkiceben, damaxasiaTebelia organizebuli bavSvTa ko-
leqtivisaTvis.
bavSvze Zaladobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos nebismieri
qceva, romelic mas travmas ayenebs. is SeiZleba gamoi-
xatos cemiT, muqariT, dacinviT, damcirebiT, piradi
nivTebis xelyofiT, sajaro SeuracxyofiT da sxva. am
dros iTrguneba adamianis neba, Selaxulia misi xelSe-
uxlebloba, Rirseba da Tavisufleba.
`bulingi~ aqtualuri problemaa rogorc msof-
lioSi, iseve saqarTveloSic am faqtis didi sixSiriT
gamovlenisa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakmaod uar-
yofiTi Sedegebis gamo. sayovelTao cnobili faqtia,
rom nebismier demokratiul qveynebSi, mozardi wamyvan
politikur prioritets unda warmoadgendes. miuxeda-
vad imisa, mozardis uflebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ar aris
daculi, is xSirad irRveva. `bulingi~ gaxlavT amis
erT-erTi damadasturebeli magaliTi. bavSvis uflebe-
147
bi yvelaze xSirad irRveva saxelmwifo institutebSi,
konkretulad ki — skolebSi.
bulingi aris fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Zala-
dobis forma, romelic mozard TanatolTa Soris aris
gavrcelebuli; is SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc winas-
wargansazRvruli, ganmeorebadi, agresiuli qmedeba,
erTi mxaris mier meoris daCagvrasa da dacinvaSi gamo-
ixateba. mas yovelTvis hyavs samizne, romelzec adamia-
ni an adamianTa jgufi Zalis demonstrirebas cdilobs
Sedegad ki Zalian cud mdgomareobas viRebT, xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi bavSvebis swori mimarTulebiT ganviTareba
wydeba da fsiqologiuri problemebi eqmnebaT. bulin-
gis Sedegebi SeiZleba mozardisTvis metad saziano aR-
moCndes da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ver moxerxdes
Zaladobis gavlenisgan Tavis daRweva.bavSvze Zalado-
ba, ra formisac ar unda iyos, bavSvis ganviTarebis yve-
la aspeqtze axdens uaryofiT gavlenas. is arRvevs fi-
zikur jamrTelobas, iwvevs fsiqologiur degradaci-
as, aferxebs inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, bavSvis
qceva xdeba destruqciuli.
fsiqologebis ganmartebiT, Zaladoba es aris kon-
trolisa da daTrgunvis saSualeba, romelic moicavs
emociur, socialur, ekonomikur, fizikur, seqsualur
iZulebas, daTrgunvas da zians. is SeiZleba iyos Ria an
faruli muqara, devna, motyueba. Zaladobaa yovelgva-
ri qmedeba an sityva, romelsac SeuZlia adamiani Seu-
racxyos,ziani moutanos mas an Selaxos kanoniT miniWe-
buli uflebebi (2).
moZaladisa da msxverplis gverdiT, sxva moswav-
leebsac aqvT garkveuli roli, romlebic moqmedebis
dinamikisTvis mniSvnelovan funqcias asruleben, rad-
gan bulings xels uwyoben an aferxeben.
bulingSi monawile pirTa rolebi Semdegnairad
nawildeba:
148
 buleri — wamomwyebi, agresori;
 msxverpli — dazaralebuli;
 buleris asistenti — damxmareebi;
 buleris gamaZliereblebi — publika, rome-
lic mxars uWers da amxnevebs;
 msxverplis damcvelebi;
 autsaiderebi — gareSe pirebi, romlebic si-
tuaciisgan Sors iWren Tavs;
samwuxarod, bulingis msxverpli yovelTvis ar iw-
vevs sazogadoebaSi TanagrZnobas. bavSvis sisuste da
misi Cagvra zogierT SemTxvevaSi garSemomyofTa ziz-
Rsa da misi gariyvis survils iwvevs. mozardTa garemo-
Si SeiZleba Camoyalibdes negatiuri damokidebuleba
saskolo Zaladobis msxverplis mimarT im principiT,
rom yvelaferSi Tavadaa damnaSave, radgan winaaRmde-
gobas veravis uwevs. Tavad Cagruli ki am SemTxvevaSi
Zalian mZime mdgomareobaSi vardeba, radgan grZnobs
absolutur uimedobas, situaciis gamouvalobasa da
srul umweobas, radgan ganicdis dauZlevel SiSs mCag-
vrelisa da im axali damcirebebiswinaSe, romlebic jer
kidev winelis, is grZnobs sircxvils sakuTari umweo-
bis gamo. xSirad, mozardi-msxverpli am mdgomareobaSi
sakuTar Tavsac ki idanaSaulebs, fiqrobs rom araferi
ar SeuZlia, amitom rac moxda amas namdvilad imsaxu-
rebs. msxverplma momavalSi didi albaTobiT SeiZleba
Tavadac airCios Zaladobisa da kriminalis gza mis mi-
marT gamovlenili agresiuli qmedebebis gamo da aseTi
gziT moaxdinos sakuTari agresiis sxvis mimarT gamo-
xatva. bulingis msxverplma aseve SesaZlebelia sicoc-
xle suicidiTac ki daasrulos.
bavSvTa sazogadoebaSi Zaladobis msxverpli SeiZ-
leba gaxdes nebismieri mozardi. magram gansakuTrebiT
149
daucvelebi arian bavSvebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian
Tavisi Tanatolebisgan rogorc fizikuri, aseve fsiqi-
kuri maxasiaTeblebiT. risk jgufSi xvdebian gansxvave-
buli fizikuri monacemebis mqone, Taviseburi xasiaTi-
sa da qcevis, sxv aerovnebis daa.S bavSvebi. bulingis
motivacia ki mravalferovania – SurisZieba, konkuren-
cia, miuRebloba, morCileba liderisadmi, samarTlia-
nobis aRdgena, xasiaTis Taviseburebebi.
saerTaSoriso kvlevebis mixedviT gamoyofen bav-
Svze Zaladobis Semdeg saxeobebs: verbaluri anu sit-
yvieri bulingi; fsiqologiuri bulingi; fizikuri bu-
lingi;faruli anu SeniRbuli bulingi; homofobiuri
bulingi; kiberbulingi (3).
verbaluri anu sityvieri bulingi – aris bulin-
gis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma. am SemTxvevaSi, mos-
wavlis damcirebas da masze Zaladobas aqvs verbaluri
xasiaTi. misi formebia: dacinva, Seuracxyofa, homofo-
biuri an rasistuli gamonaTqvamebi, Rirsebis Selaxva,
daSineba.
fsiqologiuri bulingi – anu emociuri Zalado-
ba, warmoadgens bulingis iseT formas, romelic gu-
lisxmobs, bavSvTan mudmivad iseTi urTierTobis for-
mebis gamoyenebas, rac iwvevs emociur tkivils. ker-
Zod: Seuracxyofis miyeneba, kritika, asakisaTvis Seu-
ferebeli moTxovnebis wayeneba, daSineba, damcireba,
SantaJi, muqara, bavSvis moTxovnilebebis ugulebel-
yofa, usamarTlo braldebebis wayeneba, emociuri mani-
pulacia, gadametebuli kontroli, izolireba, dacin-
va da damcinavi saxelebiT mimarTva an sxva iseTi moqme-
deba, romelic iwvevs bavSvis pativisa da Rirsebis Se-
laxvas da romelmac SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas bavSvis
janmrTelobas da sicocxles. es yvelaferi fsiqolo-
giuri Zaladobis elementebia.
150
fizikuri bulingi warmoadgens bulingis yvela-
ze gavrcelebul Zaladobriv formas, romelic gulis-
xmobs bavSvis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, masze fizikur ze-
moqmedebas, romlic xelyofs pirad sivrces, tkivils
ayenebs an iwvevs sxeulis sxvadasxva simZimis daziane-
bas. maT Soris aris: dartyma, cema, kbena, sxulis sxva-
dasxva saxis dazianeba, SesaZloa adgili hqondes pira-
di nivTebis dazianebas janmrTelobis da ganviTarebis
mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebis daukma-
yofilebloba, rac iwvevs bavSvis janmrTelobis dazia-
nebas a nsikvdils. garda amisa, fizikur Zaladobad iT-
vleba Tavdasxma civi an cecxlsasroli iaraRiT. aseve,
sicocxlisaTvis saxifaTo nebismieri sxva sagnis gamo-
yenebiT.
faruli anu SeniRbuli bulingi es aris moralu-
ri da emociuri Zaladobis forma, romelic pirdapir
ar aris mimarTuli obieqtisadmi. rTuli misaxvedria
rodis xorcieldeba. am dros moZalade `Cagruli~ per-
sonis zurgsukan moqmedebs, raTa safrTxe Seuqmnas mis
reputacias da daamciros sazogadoebis winaSe. faru-
li bulingis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formebia: tyui-
li, Worebis gavrceleba, moswavlis socialur izola-
ciaSi moqceva an amis mcdeloba.
homofobiuri bulingi gulisxmobs orientaciisa
da genderuli identobis niSniT ganxorcielebul bu-
lings. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba rigi Tavisebure-
bebiT xasiaTdeba. Zaladobis am formis aRmoCena sakma-
od rTulia, radgan seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli
sircxvilis, moridebis, daSinebis, muqaris, SiSis,
stresis fonze malavs Zaladobis aqts, riTac moZala-
de mxares, qmedebis gameorebis SesaZlebloba eZleva
imave an sxva msxverplTan.
kiberbulingi gulisxmobs cifruli teqnologie-
bis gamoyenebiT, faruli an aSkara daSinebis mizniT
151
ganxorcielebul qmedebas.kiberbulingSi moiazreba:
socialur qselSi Seuracxmyofeli fotoebisa an vide-
os ganTavseba, uxamsi Worebis gavrceleba, sxvaTa saxe-
liT gverdebis da angariSebis Seqmna. kiberbulingis
SemTxvevaSi, agresoris dadgena Zalze rTulia, radgan
kibersivrceSi martivad aris SesaZlebeli komunikaci-
is ganxorcieleba zusti identobis gamovlenis gareSe.
imisTvis, rom aRmovfxvraT Zaladobis zemoT aR-
werili formebi, aucilebelia Zaladobisgan Tavisufa-
li saskolo garemos Seqmna. garemos, sadac zrunva,
aRiareba da mxardaWeraa, bavSvi Tavs grZnobs srulfa-
sovan adamianad. unda moxdes iseTi klimatis Seqmna, sa-
dac moZaladoebrivi qceva dauSvebeli iqneba, skolis
TanamSromlebs Soris komunikaciis gaumjobesebam da
prqtikis gaziarebam kargi Sedegi SeiZleba moitanos.
unda moxdes bavSvis mimarT Zaladobis prevenciis meqa-
nizmebi dagegmili.masSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes
rogorc bavSvze Zaladobis gamomwvevi riskfaqtorebi,
aseve Zaladobisgan dacvis faqtorebi da moZaladis
fsiqologiuri problemebis gaTvaliswineba.
bulingis problemis aqtualurobidan gamomdina-
re saWiroa am sakiTxze ufro metad iqnas gamaxvilebu-
li yuradReba, moxdes efeqturi gzebis moZieba, rom-
lebic xels Seuwyoben am problemis didad Semcirebas,
radgan sakmaod arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyveba bu-
lings rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT da amasTan erTad misi
Sedegebi umetesad grZelvadian saxes Rebulobs.
literatura:
1. erovnuli kvleva, saqarTvelos skolebSi Zalado-

bis Sesaxeb. Tb., 2007.
152
2. bavSvTa mimarT Zaladoba. saqarTvelos axalgazrda
iuristTa asociacia. Tb., 2018.
3. Zaladoba bavSvze
http://phf.org.ge/ka/resources/bavshvze-dzaladobis-
prevencia
4. usafrTxo skola sazogadoebis Tanamonawileobis
gareSe, samoqalaqo ganaTlebis instituti. Tb., 2011.
Irma Shomakhia – PhD student of social sciences doctoral program on

Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and Social Sciences Facultyat
Georgian Technical University.
TYPES OF BULLYING DETECTION
ABSTRACT
Bullying is a form of physical and psychological violence that

is common among adolescent peers. It can be interpreted as a
predetermined, repetitive, aggressive action, manifested in the
oppression and ridicule of one party by the other. The consequences
of bullying can be devastating for a teenager. In many cases,
children’s developing to theright direction is quit and they face great
psychological problems. Given the urgency of the problem, it is
necessary to create a safe school environment.

giis ganyofilebam.
153
irma Cartia — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sain-
Jinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecnie-
rebaTa fakultetis socialur mecnierebaTa departamentis
doqtoranti. muSaobs ganaTlebisa da socialuri fsiqolo-
giis problemebze. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT saer-
TaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi. q. Tbilisis erT-erTi
skolis direqtori.
Zaladobis prevencia da
sazogadoebis CarTuloba
Zaladoba yvelgan gvxvdeba da gvxdeboda,sxvadas-

xva saxiT sxvadasxva formiT, samwuxarod arc Cven, arc
dRevandeli sazogadoeba da zogadsaganmanaTleblo
skola ar aris Tavisufali Zaladobisgan, ufrosebisa
Tu Tanatolebis mxridan yoveldRiurad vawydebiT Za-
ladobas fizikursa Tu fsiqologiurs, Riad Tu faru-
lad, zogi moZaladea zogic ki msxverpli.
fizikuria Zaladoba – rac niSnavs cemas, wamebas,
tanjvas, fizikur tkivils, fsiqologiuri – SantaJs,
damcirebs, muqaras, xSiria piradi nivTis ganzrax dazi-
aneba, kiberZaladoba – aseve ekonomiuri Zaladoba –
rac iwvevs garkveuli uflebebis SezRudvas. seqsua-
luri – rac niSnavs seqsualur kavSirs ZaladoboT, mu-
qariT an msxverplis umweobiT {1;15}.
pier burdies azriT, arsebobs `simboluri Zala-
doba~ — romelic Zaladobis `msubuqi~ formaa da misive
ganmartebiT `simboluri Zaladoba, -Zaladobaa, rome-
lic socialur agentze misive TanamonawileobiT xor-
cieldeba~, simboluri Zaladoba iribad, ZiriTadad
kulturis meqanizmebiT da socialuri kontrolis uf-
ro uSualo formebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. adamia-
nebze simboluri Zaladobis ganmaxorcielebeli mTava-
154
ri instituti, ganaTlebis sistemaa. Zalauflebis
mflobelni enas, mniSvnelobas, simbolur sistemas mo-
saxleobis danarCen nawils Tavs axveven. es aris Zala-
uflebis mflobelTa poziciis dasayrdeni. saxelmwi-
fo fizikurTan erTad simbolur Zaladobasac mimar-
Tavs {2;149;}.
2019-20 saswavlo wels msofliom cxovrebis wesi
Seicvala,amis mizezi ki axali koronavirusi iyo.cxov-
rebam onlain sivrceSi gadainacvla,rasac mohyva gar-
kveuli cvlilebebi da sirTuleebi.gamocdilebis mqo-
ne instituciebs garkveuli sirTuleebi Seeqmna, prob-
lema Seeqmna zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebsac, eta-
pobrivad daiwyo problemebis mogvareba,sxvadasxva
platformebis meSveobiT, sruliad saqarTvelos sko-
lebi distanciur swavlebaze gadavida, rac martivi
procesi namdvilad ar yofila da dResac gvaqvs gar-
kveuli tipis xarvezebi. onlain swavlebas Tan axlavs
sirTuleebi, aq igulisxmeba Zaladobac, konkretulad
ki, kiberZaladoba..saklaso oTaxidan, derefnidan,sko-
lis ezodan,quCidan- Zaladobam onlain sivrceSi gadai-
nacvla.pandemiis pirobebSi erTaderTi sakomunikacio
saSualeba socialuri qselia da aRniSnulidan gamom-
dinare Zaladobis erTerTi tipi- kiberZaladobac aq-
tualuri gaxda.
Zladoba aris nebismieri qmedeba, romelic aSi-
nebs, akninebs, aSanaJebs an dazianebiT emuqreba bav-
Svis/mozardis/mozrdilis da zogadad adamianis,fsiqi-
kur da fizikur keTildReobas,safrTxes uqmnis mis
janmrTelobas da ganviTarebas. kiberZaladoba Zala-
dobis sakmaod saSiSi formaa-vinaidan ar Cans namdvili
moZalade. kiberZaladoba teqnologiebisa da interne-
tis ganviTarebasTan erTad mosuli Zaladobis formaa.
marTalia is uSualod fizikur zians ar ayenebs adamia-
155
nebs, magram seriozul emociur da fsiqologiur gav-
lenas axdens,rogorc msxverpl ise moZalade mozar-
dze. vin SeiZleba iyos kiberdamnaSave/moZalade? kiber-
moZalade SeiZleba iyos nebismieri adamiani, mozardi,
mozrdili nebismieri sqesis. romelic realurad ma-
lavs sakuTar Tavs malavs sakuTar `mes~! eseTi adamiani
aris ori `mes~ matarebeli pirovnebaa,romelsac morge-
buli aqvs niRabi, malavs namdvil saxes — `rolSia SeW-
rili~, Tanamedroevobis cnobilma sociologmaa irvin
gofmanma Tavis nawarmoebSi `TviTprezentacia yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi~ aRwera samyaro, romelSic indivi-
debi da jgufebic TavianTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-
filebas eswrafvian da maSinac ki roca erTmaneTTan
uwevT TanamSromloba malaven sakuTar namdvil `me~s
{3;58;}.
kibermoZaladec swored rom ori mes matarebeli
moZaladea, romelsac morgebuli aqvs niRabi da cdi-
lobs farulad, magram aucileblad moaxdinos STabeW-
dileba,niRabmorgebuli kiberbuleri, SeiZleba sulac
ar iyos iseTi rogoradac Tavs warmoaCens uniRbo da
sakuTari, daufaravi ´’me~-Ti,kulisebs miRma, SeiZleba
isic Cveulebrivi Zaladobis msxverpli iyos, sruliad
SesaZlebelia masze ojaxi Zaladobdes, deda, mama, uf-
rosi da-Zma, ojaxuri Zaladoba specifikuri xasiaTis
aris da xSir SemTxvevaSi farulia. araerTi kvleviT
dadginda — moZalade mozardebis umravlesoba iseT
ojaxebSi aRizarda,sadac masze fizikurad Zaladob-
dnen {4;8;}.
rogorc cnobilia agresia badebs agresias, Zala-
doba ki, Zaladobas. gaxSirebuli Zaladobis, maT Soris
kiberZaladobis mTavari mizezi informaciis naklebo-
baa, sazogadoeba ar aris saTanadod informirebuli
Zaladobis formebis Sesaxeb,bavSvis aRzrdis meTode-
bis,midgomebis,bavSvTa uflbebis Sesaxeb.ratomRac iT-
156
vleba, rom garkveuli movlenebi sazogadoebaSi Riad
ar unda gaJRerdes, rasac adamianebis uflebebi ewire-
ba.zogadad skola/skolebi ar arian saTanadod momza-
debuli Zaladobis SemTxvevebze reagirebisa da bav-
Svze Zaladobis prevenciisaTvis, yvelafers unda da-
erqvas sakuTari saxeli da aucilebelia nebismieri zo-
mebis miReba, rac Zaladobis amocnobis, aRmoCenisa da
prevenciisTvis aris saWiro. unda moxdes Zaladobis
dagmoba da yovelive amisTvis aucilebelia sazogado-
ebis CarTuloba. sazogadoebis nebismieri warmomadge-
neli, visi movaleobac aris zemo aRniSnuli (skola,
mSobeli, direqcia, maswavlebeli,socialuri muSaki,
fsiqologi da sxv.) valdebulia zusti da swori infor-
macia miawodos moZaladesa da mis msxverpls, moipovos
ndoba — ndoba, romelsac SeuZlia Seamciros Zalado-
bis faqtebi. skolasa da ojaxs Soris unda arsebobdes
regularuli da intensiuri komunikacia moswavlis
miRwevebis,saWiroebebisa da sirTuleebis daZlevis Ta-
obaze {5;12;}.
aucileblad unda gamaxvildes yuradReba ara
mxolod swavlaze, aramed moswavleTa fsiqologiur
mdgomareobaze, rac ara mxolod kiberZaladobis, zo-
gadad Zaladobis faqtebis dadgenisa da misi aRmof-
xvrisTvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
pirovnebis formireba skolis mTavari priorite-
tia. mozardi pirovnebad — saskolo cxovrebis period-
Si yalibdeba. swored skolis kedlebSi miRebuli ga-
mocdileba didwilad ganapirobebs misi Semdgomi gan-
viTarebis process. imisaTvis rom aviciloT Tavidan
Zaladobis SemTxvevebi, aucilebelia win wamoiwios
moswavleTa Zlieri mxareebi, gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Reba unda daeTmos moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs So-
ris, aseve moswavleebs Soris damokidebulebas.
157
dRes onlain swavlebis dros uamravi resursis mi-
wodeba aris SesaZlebeli aRniSnul sakiTxebze, xolo
Semdeg prezentaciebi, diskursis gamarTva, dialoguri
kamaTi, Tavisufal garemoSi msjeloba da garkveul az-
ramde misvla prevenciis erT-erTi nawili iqneba. mos-
wavlis potencialis realizeba SesaZlebelia mxolod
Zaladobisagan Tavisufal, srulfasovan garemoSi. mas-
wavleblis erT-erTi da mTavari movaleobaa, SeZlos
moswavlis/moswavleebis pirovnebis wvdoma, karl ro-
jersis humanisturi Teoriis mixedviT keTilganwyobi-
li saswavlo garemo, sadac moswavle Tavs usafrTxod
igrZnobs, exmareba mas TviTSfasebaSi, TviTrealizaci-
aSi, urTierTpativiscemasa da damoukideblad swavlis
unarebis ganviTarebaSi. moswavle ukeT swavlobs maSin,
rodesac grZnobs rom mas afaseben, Rirseul adamianad,
pirovnebad miiCneven, aseT dros ndobisa da Tavisuf-
lebis faqtoric maRalia, rac TavisTavad amcirebs ag-
resias, negativs da Zaladobas {7;18;}.
literatura:
1. bavSvTa mimarT Zaladoba saqarTveloSi, gaeros bav-

SvTa fondi, Tb., 2013.
2. berZeniSvili a., Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teo-
riebi, Tb., 2019.
3. irvin gofmanis sociologiuriTeoria; gofmanis
koncefciis zogadi mimoxilva intrnet-resursi
SOCIUM.GE.
4. mSobelTa CarTuloba — usaid-kvlevebi, 2015.
5. skolis direqtoris praqtikuli gzamkvlevi (mas-
wavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli
centri, Tb., 2011.
6. jaRiaSvili T. humanisturi Teoria; 2012.
158
Irma Chartia — PhD student in Social Sciences, Faculty of Engineering
Economics, Media Technologies and Social Sciences, Georgian Technical
University; works on the topic: `Community Involvement and Role of
Social Worker in Violence Prevention at School.
VIOLENCE PREVENTION AND COMMUNITY

INVOLVEMENT
Abstract
Violence was and is everywhere, in many different ways;

unfortunately neither we nor today's society and general educational
school are free from violence; we face physical or psychological
violence daily from adults or peers, openly or covertly, some are
abusers and some are victims.
Prevention of violence, timely detection and elimination of the
fact of violence, determining the type and scale of response required
for prevention, finding ways to solve the problem — this is the main
goal that should be served by all members of the school community.
Peaceful and non-violent conflict resolution is very important in the
modern world; education, specifically the school, plays a big role in
it! The school where the adolescent should learn to think and behave
democratically, learn critical thinking; the violence should be
condemned with the involvement of the public and every structure
that fights in this direction must be encouraged. The government and
state partners should make a coordinated investment in public
awareness, which will strengthen efforts to prevent any form of
violence against children and increase the number of reporting on the
incidence of suspected violence or abuse against children. At the
same time, it is necessary to increase the effectiveness of existing
preventive measures and the introduction of new opportunities, the
159
fight is necessary for everyone not to violate the dignity and freedom
of adolescents, children, adults, any person.

giis ganyofilebam.
160
Tamar silagava — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sa-
inJinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mec-
nierebaTa fakultetis socialur mecnierebaTa departamen-
tis doqtoranti. muSaobs ganaTlebisa da socialuri fsiqo-
logiis problemebze. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT sa-
erTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi.
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis Sesaxeb
arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli yovelTvis iyo, aris

da iqneba nebismieri saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis
erT-erTi mTavari problema. saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
loba arasrulwlovnis qveS moiazrebs pirs, romelsac
ar Sesrulebia 18 weli, ufro konkretulad ki: adminis-
traciuli pasuxismgeblobis miznebisaTvis arasrul-
wlovnad iTvleba piri,romelsac administraciuli sa-
marTaldarRvevis Cadenis momentisaTvis Seusrulda 16
weli, magram ar Sesrulebia 18 weli, xolo sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis miznebisaTvis — piri,
romelsac danaSaulis Cadenis momentisaTvis Seusrul-
da 14 weli, magram ar Sesrulebia 18 weli. arasrulwlo-
vanTa mier danaSaulis Cadenis Sedegad Cndeba ormxri-
vi msxverpli: bavSvebi, romlebmac daarRvies kanoni
(isini msxverplad moiazrebian) da maTi danaSaulebrivi
qmedebis realuri msxverpli. unda aRiniSnos, rom sa-
qarTveloSi 1997 wlisaTvis yovel 100000 adamianze 14 –
17 wlis asakSi iyo registrirebuli 180 danaSauli, 2000
wlisaTvis ki 191 danaSauli. samwuxarod bolo wlebis
ganmavlobaSi statistika am mxriv mkveTrad gauaresda
da amas bolodroindeli movlenebic mowmobs. 14-17
wlebi pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi umniSvnelo-
vanesi periodia, gardatexis asakis Taviseburebebi,
161
swrafva damoukideblobisaken, Tavis damkvidrebis
moTxovnileba did gavlenas axdens mozardis fsiqo-
logiur mdgomareobaze. Cveni mizania arasrulwlovan-
Ta mier danaSaulis Cadenis SesaZlo mizezebis dadgena,
mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT raganapirobebs maTagre-
siulobas. savsebiT SesaZlebelia,rom maTi mxridan ase-
Ti qmedebebis ganxorcielebas iwvevdes Semdegi gare-
moebebis arseboba:
 mZime materialuri mdgomareoba;
 danaSaulebriv qmedebebs xSirad Cadian aras-
rulwlovnebi, romlebic Tavad arian Zalado-
bisa da agresiis msxverpli;
 arasrulwlovanTa mier danaSaulis Cadenas
xSirad iwvevs ufrosebis mxridan aRzrdis
procesSi daSvebuli Secdomebi.
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis prevenciis poli-
tikis ganxorcieleba kvlevas da analizs unda efuZne-
bodes, maT Soris, danaSaulis Sesaxeb arsebul statis-
tikur monacemebs, danaSaulisa da delinqventuri qce-
vis gamomwvevi faqtorebis Seswavlas da arsebuli Se-
degebis analizs. prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gatare-
biT SesaZlebelia danaSaulis Semcireba, magram cxa-
dia, SeuZlebelia danaSaulis fenomenis gaqroba. faq-
tia, rom bavSvebi pirovnebebad yalibdebian ojaxsa da
skolaSi, swored iq uyalibdebaT Rirebulebebi da iRe-
ben adamianuri urTierTobebis gamocdilebas. ojaxi
garemoa, sadac bavSvi Tavs bednierad, komfortulad
da daculad unda grZnobdes, Tumca, samwuxarod xSi-
rad ase ar xdeba.xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca bavSvi ojax-
Si Zaladobis msxverplia, an mis mimarT xSirad iyeneben
dasjis sxvadasxva xerxs, rac negatiurad moqmedebs mo-
zardis fsiqikaze.
162
skola am procesSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis
matarebelia. Tumca samwuxarod Cveni skolebi ver
axerxeben am funqciis Sesrulebas. jer kidev gustav
leboni ambobda, rom `Cveni skolebi ver aZleven Tavis
moswavleebs iseT momzadebas, rom maT gadalaxon
cxovrebiseuli sirTuleebi, daicvan sakuTari Tavi,
gamoimuSavon garkveuli unar-Cvevebi. imis magivrad,
rom skolam moamzadosmoswavle momavalicxovrebis-
Tvis, is arTmevs mas misTvis aucilebel Tvisebebs (una-
rebs).ra uwyobs xels mozardebis agresiulobas? ra
ubiZgebs mozards Zaladobisa da danaSaulis Cadenisa-
ken? ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom danaSaulis gamom-
wvevi faqtorebi aRmoifxvras?
adamianuri agresiis erT-erTi wamyvani specia-
listi, leonard berkovici xazs usvams, rom emociebi
da Segnebuli, gacnobierebuli qceva udevs safuZvlad
frustracias da agresias. mis TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi
frustracia an sxva agresiuli stimulebi (mag: tkivi-
li) axdenen agresiuli reaqciebis provocirebas, nega-
tiuri efeqtebis formirebis gziT{11.51-52}. Carlz ra-
it milzis Tanaxmad individisa da sazogadoebis cxov-
rebiseuli istoriis msvlelobis gageba cal-calke, ma-
Ti erTad gaazrebis gareSe SeuZlebelia~[10.15-16].
mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba, rom arasrulwlovanTa
danaSauli, rogorc masobrivi da socialuri movlena
gvexeba yvelas. es ar aris mxolod konkretuli mozar-
dis an misi ojaxis problema, es mTeli sazogadoebis
problemaa. Zaladobis rogorc problemis gadaWra iw-
yeba, am problemis aRiarebiT . sxva SemTxvevaSi Cven ver
SevZlebT verc moZaladis da verc msxverplis daxmare-
bas. arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis prevenciisaTvis au-
cilebelia mSobelTa pedagogiuri
163
ganaTlebis amaRleba, skolis aRmzrdelobiTi
funqciis gaZliereba da skolisa da ojaxis koordini-
rebuli muSaoba . skolas unda daubrundes aRmzrde-
lobiTi funqcia da daisaxos gzebi skolisa da ojaxis
erToblivi muSaobisTvis. radgan calsaxaa, rom swored
ojaxs da skolas akisria gadamwyveti roli mozardebis
pirovnebadCamoyalibebis procesSi. arasrulwlovanTa
danaSaulis prevencia unda iyos nebismieri sazogadoe-
bis umTavresi amocana, saxelmwifo struqturebis erT-
erTi prioriteti, ris gareSec am problemis mogvareba
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. arasrulwlovanTa danaSa-
ulis prevencia saWiroebs mravali uwyebis erTobliv
Zalisxmevas, multidisciplinur midgomasa da Tanam-
Sromlobas samTavrobo, samoqalaqo Tu kerZo seqto-
rebs Soris da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. erTiani
midgoma,mWidro koordinacia da informaciis gacvla
umniSvnelovanesia prevenciuli politikis dagegmvisa
da implementaciis procesSi.
literatura:
1. baliaSvili m., socialuri fsiqologia, Tbilisi,

2016 weli.
2. SalikaSvili m., miqanaZe, g. arasrulwlovanTa mar-
Tlmsajulebis Taviseburebani, Tbilisi, 2011.
3. xeCuaSvili l., pirovnebis fsiqologia, Tbilisi,
2013.
4. ssip `danaSaulis prevenciis centri`, ganridebisa
da mediaciis sammarTvelo, ganridebis programebis
angariSi, Tbilisi, 2016.
5. alania m., disertacia — Zaladobis da mijaWvulobis
urTierTmimarTeba bavSvebsa da mozardebSi, Tb.,
2017.
164
6. beron r., riCardson d. agresia (meore gamocema ),
niu iorki 2018.
7. GREENBERG M. T – Attachment and psychopathology in
childhood, 1999.
8. stoliarenko a. m., iuridiuli pedagogika, moskovi,
2000.
9. http://www.socium.ge/downloads/protosocteoria/brbosa-da-
elitis-teoria.pdf
10. http://press.tsu.ge/data/image—db—innova/Amiran-Berzenishvili-
elversia.pdf
Tamar Silagava- PhD student in Social Sciences, Faculty of Engineering

Economics, Media Technologies and Social Sciences, Georgian Technical
University; works on the issues of the Factors Causing Juvenile
Delinquency.
ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Abstract
If we look at the reality in which we have to live, we will also

have to admit that as time goes by, the situation in this regard
worsens. What causes aggression? We probably all have to think
about together, because nothing is more important than the future of
our children.
The prevention of juvenile delinquency should be the main
task of any state and society, without this solving this problem is
simply impossible. Preventive measures can reduce crime, but
obviously it is impossible to eliminate the phenomenon of crime. The
fact is that children are formed as individuals in the family and at
school; the family is an environment where the child should feel
165
happy, comfortable and protected, but unfortunately this often does
not happen. School is a special tool in this process. However,
unfortunately our schools are unable to perform this function.
Gustave Le Bon said: Òur schools do not train their students to
overcome life's difficulties, to defend themselves, to develop certain
skills~. What motivates a teenager to commit violence and crime?
What can be done to eliminate the causes of crime? Answering these
questions should be the main task of any state and society, on the
basis of which appropriate preventive measures should be planned.
Since we are talking about children and their future, we need to focus
more on this issue.

giis ganyofilebam.
166
naTia maisuraZe — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
sainJinro ekonomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur
mecnierebaTa fakultetis socialur mecnierebaTa departa-
mentis doqtoranti. muSaobs socialurad daucveli da SSm
pirebis socialur problemebze. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli
araerT saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi. muSaobs
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sainJinro ekonomi-
kis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa fa-
kultetis doqtoranturis ganyofilebaSi.
socialurad daucvel da SSm pirTa

ganaTleba saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos konstituciis 35-e muxliT aRiare-

bulia ganaTlebis ufleba. aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad
yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis miRebisa da misi formis arCe-
vis ufleba; saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs qveynis sagan-
manaTleblo sistemis harmonizacias saerTaSoriso sa-
ganmanaTleblo sivrceSi; skolamdel aRzrdas saxel-
mwifo uzrunvelyofs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. dawye-
biTi da sabazo ganaTleba savaldebuloa. zogad ganaT-
lebas kanoniT dadgenili wesiT srulad afinansebs sa-
xelmwifo. moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT kanoniT dadgeni-
li wesiT, saxelmwifos dafinansebiT miiRon profesiu-
li da umaRlesi ganaTleba; saxelmwifo mxars uWers sa-
ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs kanoniT dadgenili we-
siT.1
zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni 2
awesrigebs saqarTveloSi zogadsaganmanaTleblo saq-
1
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis analizi SSm qalTa uflebebis
WrilSi. mciremasStabiani kvleva. Tbilisi, 2013.
2
saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. (2010).
167
mianobis ganxorcielebis pirobebs, zogadi ganaTlebis
marTvisa da dafinansebis principebsa da wess, adgens
yvela zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis (organi-
zaciul-samarTlebrivi formis miuxedavad) statuss,
maTi dafuZnebis, saqmianobis, reorganizaciis, likvi-
daciis, avtorizaciisa da akreditaciis wess, agreTve
zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis maswavlebelTa
saqmianobis warmarTvis pirobebsa da wess.
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanoni
pirdapir ambobs, rom yvela adamians aqvs ufleba mii-
Ros ganaTleba da airCios misi forma. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas xeli Seuwyos ga-
naTlebis xelmisawvdomobas. am valdebulebis safuZ-
velze Seqmnilia kanonebi, romlebic ufro zustad ax-
denen mocemuli sakiTxis regulirebas (magaliTad:
àdamianis uflebaTa saerTaSorso deklaracia~, `kano-
ni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ da a.S.). am SemTxvevaSi
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT xelmisawvdomobaze umaR-
lesi ganaTlebis mxriv. aucilebelia yuradReba mivaq-
cioT 35-e muxlis 1-li punqtis pirvelive sityvas `yve-
la~ rac niSnavs, rom saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas,
rom nebismier adamians eqneba ganaTlebis miRebis Se-
saZlebloba, rac gulisxmobs pirobebis Seqmnas SSm
studentebisaTvisac. garda amisa, mTlianad ganaTle-
bis sakiTxs exeba SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone
pirTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb kanonis me-4 Tavi, ris
Tanaxmadac saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebs, rom Sez-
Ruduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebs Seuqmnas ganaT-
lebis miiRebis aucilebeli pirobebi, gaiTvaliswinos
maTi saWiroebebi. SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone
pirTa uflebebis konvenciis me-4 muxlis 1 qvepunqtis
Tanaxmad: `saxelmwifoebi uzrunvelyofen inkluziuri
ganaTlebis sistemis danergvasa da mTeli cxovrebis
168
manZilze ganaTlebis miRebis misawvdomobas~. aseve,
`kanonSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ mesame muxlis
mesame punqtis `d~ qvepunqtSi vkiTxulobT, rom ùmaR-
lesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba zrunavs SezRu-
duli SesaZleblobebis mqone studentebisaTvis swav-
lis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad~. rac gamoixateba garkveu-
li materialur-teqnikuri bazis arsebobiT universi-
tetebSi. es aisaxeba avtorizaciis standartebSic,
umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba valdebulia
akmayofilebdes am standartebs.
miuxedavad kanoniT gansazRvruli uflebebisa,
umuSevrobis maRali donis, dabali anazRaurebis, medi-
kamentebis siZviris gamo SSm bavSvebis mkurnalobisa da
reabilitaciis RonisZiebebi xSirad miuwvdomelia. isi-
ni umeteswilad saxlidan ver gamodian, ara aqvT ganaT-
lebis miRebis pirobebi, maTi ojaxebi maTTvis kanoniT
dawesebuli SeRavaTebisa da prioritetebis Sesaxeb in-
formacias ar floben, pensiac mcire da araregularu-
lia, bavSvebis mxolod mcire nawilia institucionali-
zebuli, danarCeni ojaxebSi izrdeba. aseTi ojaxebis
umetesoba RatakTa kategorias miekuTvneba. rogorc
sazogadoebam, faqtobrivad, ar icis rogoria am bav-
Svebis realuri yofa, ar arsebobs am saqmeSi sazogado-
ebis CarTvisa da misi qmediTi TanamonawileobisaTvis
saWiro saxelmwifo politika.
am ukanasknel wlebSi ramdenime arasamTavrobo
organizaciam saerTaSoriso institutebis mxardaWe-
riT saqarTveloSi alternatiuli meTodebis daner-
gvaze daiwyo muSaoba.
zogadsaganmanaTlebo skolebSi ganaTlebis miRe-
ba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. skolis Senobebi ar aris
adaptirebuli. skolamdeli asakis bavSTa 90-95% iz-
rdeba saxlSi, maTi mSoblebi ki ver floben im praqti-
kul unar-Cvevebs, romelic maTi Svilis ganviTarebas
169
Tavidanve Seuwyobda xels. specialur skolebSi bavSe-
bi realuri socialuri garemosagan praqtikulad izo-
lirebuli arian. es dawesebulebebi ver uzrunvelyo-
fen bavSvebis momzadebas damoukidebeli cxovrebisaT-
vis. amasTan, SSm bavSvTa daaxloebiT naxevarze mets,
warmatebuli koreqciis Semdeg SeuZlia zogadsaganma-
naTleblo procesSi CarTva im pirobiT, Tu skolebSi
saTanado garemo Seiqmneba da skola mzad iqneba aseTi
bavSvis misaRebad. amgvari cnobiereba CvenSi Zalian
Znelad ikidebs fexs. problemaa is, rom saswavlo geg-
mebi da programebi ar Seesabameba Tanamedrove moT-
xovnebs, dawesebulebebs ara aqvT Tanamedrove specia-
luri saswavlo nivTebi, pedagogebi, rogorc wesi, ver
floben Tanamedrove meTodologiebs.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis 26-e
muxlisa da saqarTvelos konstituciis 35-e muxlis 1-
li nawilis Tanaxmad — yovel adamians aqvs ganaTlebis
ufleba. SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi ar
iqnen gariyulni zogadi saganmanaTleblo sistemidan
maTi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis gamo, aseve ufaso da
savaldebulo ganaTlebis sistemidan. mTel saqarTve-
loSi usinaTlo bavSvTa skola mxolod erTia, Tbilis-
Si skola 202. am bavSvebisaTvis Seqmnilia kargi pirobe-
bi, isini wera-kiTxvas brailis SriftiT euflebian.
skolaSi funqcionirebs SaSis, Wadrakis, ucxo enis Sem-
swavleli wreebi, momReralTa gundi, xalxur sakravTa
ansambli da euflebian maTTvis misawvdom Sromis sxva-
dasxva saxeobas. aqvea biblioTeka, samkiTxvelo darba-
zi aRWurvili Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebiT.
saSualo skolis damTavrebasTan erTad swavloben ma-
saJistis specialobas, iReben mowmobas, rac saSuale-
bas miscems maT dasaqmdnen am profesiiT. problema
isaa, rom am skolaze xeli mxolod TbilisSi mcxovreb
170
bavSvebs miuwvdebaT, rac imas miuTiTebs, rom zemoT
xsenebuli saerTaSoriso konstituciuri ufleba ar
aris daculi.
agreTve mxolod TbilisSia me-10 sajaro skola,
sadac xorcieldeba proeqti ìnkluziuri da integri-
rebuli ganaTlebis modeli SezRuduli SesaZleblobe-
bis mqone bavSvebisaTvis~, romlis mizania maT SeiZinon
Tanatolebis msgavsi codna da xeli Seuwyos bavSvTa
integracias sazogadoebaSi, magram, rogorc aRmoCnda,
aseTi bavSvebi klasis masalas ver Zleven da am proeqts
ufro socialuri datvirTva aqvs.
SSm bavSvTa ganaTlebis sakiTxi Znel socialur prob-
lemad iTvleba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod sakmari-
si organizaciuli da finansuri resursebi ver ganapi-
robeben warmatebas. problemis gadaWrisTvis sazoga-
doebrivi cnobierebis Secvlaa saWiro.
inkluziuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
inkluziuri ganaTleba – gulisxmobs yvela tipis

specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mqone mos-
wavleebis CarTvas zogadsaganmanaTleblo saswavlo
procesSi TanatolebTan erTad. 1 inkluziuri ganaT-
leba aseve gulisxmobs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis
mqone moswavleebis individualuri da/an modificire-
buli saswavlo gegmebiT swavlebas. am tipis ganaTle-
bis ZiriTadi principia, rom yvela moswavle, miuxeda-
vad maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa da Tavisebure-
bebisa, skolaSi erTad unda swavlobdes. Tumca sazoga-
doeba, ganaTlebuli da zeadamianuri TvisebebiT aR-
Wurvili, xSirad cdeba, vcdebiT xolme maTTan urTi-
1
inkluziuri ganaTleba, gzamkvlevi maswavleblebisTvis.
Tb, 2009.
171
erTobisas. bavSvs, romelsac raime nakli aqvs, mkurna-
loba sWirdeba, magram ufro metad sWirdeba garemoSi
myofTa Zaldautanebeli, bunebrivi mopyroba.
inkluzia warmoadgens rwmenas, rom SSm bavSvebi
ganaTlebas TanatolebTan erTad unda iRebdnen, imis
miuxedavad, akmayofileben Tu ara kurikulumis (sas-
wavlo programis) tradiciul standarts. zogadad Se-
iZleba iTqvas, rom inkluzia TiToeuli moswavlis po-
tencials aaqtiurebs, maT uflebebs pasuxobs da al-
baT saukeTeso arCevania.
inkluziuri ganaTlebis mimarTuleba saqarTve-
loSi Seiqmna 2009 wlis agistoSi, maswavlebelTa pro-
fesiuli ganviTarebis erovnul centrSi. mimarTule-
bis mizania SSm moswavleTa ganaTlebis xarisxis gaum-
jobesebis xelSewyoba zogadsaganmanaTleblo, maT So-
ris specializirebuli profilis mqone skolebSi, raTa
maT miiRon aqtiuri monawiloeba inkluziuri ganaTle-
bis danergvaSi. inkluziuri ganaTlebis mimarTulebis
farglebSi Seiqmna specialuri maswavleblis profesi-
uli standarti. SemuSavda specialuri maswavleblis
samuSao aRweriloba da ganmarteba. specialuri maswav-
leblis ganmarteba aisaxa saqarTvelos kanonSi zogadi
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom inkluziuri ganaTleba ar gu-
lisxmobs mxolod fizikur, gonebriv da inteleqtua-
luri SezRudvis mqone bavSvebis da mozardebis integ-
racias zogadsaganmanaTleblo sivrceSi.inkluzia–es
aris Tanmimdevruli procesi, romelic saWiroebs
dros, politikur nebas da sazogadoebis cnobierebis
amaRlebas. 2006 wlidan inkluziuri ganaTlebis daner-
gva mxolod skolebSi mimdinareobda, 2013 wlidan ki in-
kluziuri ganaTlebis danergva profesiuli ganaTle-
bis safexurzec daiwyo.regulireba xdeba ganaTlebis
172
Sesaxeb kanonebiTa da normatiuli aqtebiT.Tumca, Se-
iZleba iTqvas, rom arsebuli kanonmdebloba ar uzrun-
velyofs inkluziuri ganaTlebis uflebas sxvadasxva
safexurze.
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi gatarebuli qmediTi
nabijebi saxelmwifos mxridan warmatebiT aisaxa praq-
tikaSi. iseTi qveynisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, sa-
dac SSm pirebs malavdnen da sazogadoebaSi gamosvlis
ufleba ar hqondaT, arsebuli mdgomareoba saxarbie-
loa, Tumca ara damakmayofilebelia.xandaxan inkluzi-
uri ganaTlebis midgomebi da praqtikaSi ganxorciele-
buli qmedebebi erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSia.ar arse-
bobs monitoringis sistema, rom moxdes am yvelafris
Zireuli Sefaseba.saqarTveloSi inkluziur ganaTle-
baze ar gvaqvs bevri kvleva.erT-erTi kvleva ekuTvnis
ilias saxelmwifo universitets ìnkluziuri ganTle-
bis maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi~, romelic Catarda 2013
wels zogadsaganmanaTleblo da profesiul saswavleb-
lebSi. 1 kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, ZiriTadad inklu-
ziur ganTlebas dadebiT mimarTulebad aRiqvaven, mag-
ram specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis mqone
moswavleebis mSoblebis mcire wili fiqrobs, rom sas-
wavlo garemo mTlianobaSi uzrunvelyofs maTi Svile-
bisaTvis saTandao pirobebis Seqmnas.gansxvavebiT jan-
mrTeli moswavleebis mSoblebisa, romelTa sakmaod ma-
Rali procenti fiqrobs ase.2
inkluzia procesia da is adreul asakSi iwyeba, ma-
Sinve, roca bavSvis ganviTarebis Seferxeba gamovlin-
deba. bavSvis adreuli ganviTarebis done is fundamen-
1
ìnkluziuri ganTlebis maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi`(2013)
kvleva.
2
maswavlebelTa profsiuli ganviTarebis centris masalebi:
inkluziuri ganaTleba.
173
tia, romelzec igeba pirovnebis socialuri, emociuri
da SemecnebiTi unar-Cvevebi. amitomac ganviTarebis Se-
ferxebiT bavSvis adreuli integracia ufro efeqtu-
ria, radgan am dros socialuri barierebi jer ar aris
Camoyalibebuli. adreuli integracia dadebiT gavle-
nas axdens bavSvis ganviTarebaze, cvlis mis xasiaTs da
uzrunvelyofs skolisaTvis mis momzadebas. gamokvle-
vebis mixedviT, SSm bavSvTa swavleba inkluziur sko-
lebSi yvelaze warmatebulad mimdinareobs.
integrirebuli ganaTleba naxevrad SezRudul
garemod iTvleba da gansxvavebuli moTxovnebi aqvs.
bavSvi integrirebulad iTvleba Tu is individualur
programas gadis, magram drodadro eswreba skolis
garkveul gakveTilebs (mag.: fizkultura, xatva, sim-
Rera). tradiciuli specialuri ganaTleba ki SezRu-
duli unaris mqone bavSvisTvis SezRudul garemoSi ga-
naTlebis miRebas niSnavs.
inkluziuri ganaTlebis danergva da misi Semdgo-
mi ganviTareba swored sazogadoebis mxardaWerisa da
Tanadgomis gareSe ver iqneba warmatebuli. SSm bavSvTa
inkluziuri ganaTlebis mTavari konceptualuri sa-
fuZveli unda gaxdes gageba imisa, rom am saqmeSi Car-
Tulia mTeli sazogadoeba, yvela maswavlebeli, yvela
bavSvis mSobeli da ojaxebi, administraciuli da sazo-
gadoebis Temis warmomadgenlebi.
inkluziuri ganaTlebis ganxorcielebis proces-
Si didi mniSneloba eniWeba sazogadoebrivi cnobiere-
bis Secvlas. anu sazogadoebam unda gaacnobieros, rom
mas ar aqvs ufleba daabrkolos SSm bavSvi imis gamo,
rom is gansxvavebulia. sazogadoebis damokidebulebam
ar unda Caayenos bavSvi araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.
is ar unda iyos izolirebuli sazogadoebisgan, aramed
174
unda sargeblobdes imave uflebebiT, riTac misi Tana-
toli sargeblobs.
Tu Rrmad CavixedavT inkluziuri ganaTlebis ar-
sSi, mivxvdebiT, rom inkluziuri ganaTleba sasargeb-
loa, rogorc SSm, aseve janmrTeli bavSvisTvis. rode-
sac SSm bavSvi janmrTeli bavSvis gverdiT swavlobs,
mas SesaZlebloba eZleva aiTvisos komunikaciisa da
asakobrivi ganviTarebis Sesabamisi socialuri Cvevebi.
sxva bavSvebi ki swavloben sxvaTa problemebis gagebas,
ufro advilad iReben arsebul gansxvavebas da, rasak-
virvelia, gaacnobiereben kidec humanurobis da Tanag-
rZnobis ra araCveulebrivi magaliTis uSualo monawi-
leebi arian. isic cnobilia, rom inkluziuri ganaTle-
ba ufro iafi jdeba, vidre specialur skolaSi ganaT-
lebis procesis awyoba.
inkluziuri ganaTlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
ganaTlebis saministrom wamoiwyo garkveuli iniciati-
vebi. Seqmnilia inkluziuri ganaTlebis programa, rig
SemTxvevebSi axalgaremontebul skolebSi gaTvaliswi-
nebulia Sesabamisi infrastruqtura SezRuduli SesaZ-
leblobebis mqone moswavleTaTvis. Tumca programis
ganxorcielebisas warmoiSveba mTeli rigi xarvezebi,
romlebic pedagogTa Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis arqoniT,
moswavleTa mSoblebis stereotipuli warmodgenebiTa
da zogadad, programis swrafad ganxorcielebisa da
strategiuli dagegmarebisas daSvebuli SecdomebiTaa
gamowveuli. arsebobs aseve brailis Sriftis ararse-
bobis problema, xmovani SuqniSnebis simcire, faqtiu-
rad uqonloba da sxva saxis infrastruqturuli prob-
lemebi.
pirvel rigSi ki SSm bavSvis mSoblebi fsiqikurad
unda moemzadon imisaTvis, rom maTi Svili gansxvavebu-
lia sxva bavSvebisagan, TviTon unda gaiTavison da bav-
Svsac unda auxsnan, rom Sezuduli SesaZlebloba ar
175
niSnavs samyarosagan gariyulobas. is faqti, rom bavSvi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqonea misi brali ar aris,
mSoblebi valdebulni arian uzrunvelyon misi jansaRi
momavali, ar unda Caketon bavSvi saxlSi imis gamo, rom
sxvebma ar naxon misi SezRuduloba.
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riebi.
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3. froidi z., (2005), fsiqoanalizi.
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socialur mecnierebebSi, Tbilisi;
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7. Cooley H., (1982), The early growth of logic in the child
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176
Natia Maisuradze — a doctoral student of the Department of Social Sciences
of the Faculty of Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and Social
Sciences of the Georgian Technical University. She works on social
problems of socially disadvantaged individuals and persons with disabilities.
She has participated in many international scientific conferences. She works
in the doctoral department of Engineering Economics, Media Technologies,
and Social Sciences faculty of Georgian Technical University.
EDUCATION OF SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED

INDIVIDUALS AND
PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN GEORGIA
Abstract
The article discusses the social problems of socially

disadvantaged individuals and persons with disabilities in Georgia.
Special attention is paid to the education of the socially
disadvantaged individuals. More specifically, the problem of
inclusive education in Georgia. According to the author, socially
disadvantaged individuals and persons with disabilities face a
number of obstacles in the process of integration into society, which
requires support from this society and rejection of a number of
stereotypes.

giis ganyofilebam.
177
miranda borcvaZe — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
mecnierebaTa fakultetis programis doqtoranti. muSaobs
sadisertacio naSromze `socialuri moZraobebi da samoqa-
laqo aqtivizmi Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi~. gamoqveynebuli
aqvs statiebi: qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis post-sab-
Wota konteqsti, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da moqalaqeTa
CarTuloba.
qalTa uflebebis qronikebi saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi, saukuneebiT gamyarebul rwmena-

warmodgenebSi qalis adgili da realizaciis asparezi
zRvardadebuli, determinirebuli iyo reproduqciu-
li funqciiT, Svilebis aRzrdiT da ojaxur-naTesauri
urTierTobebiT. keriasTan msxdomi an mofusfuse qa-
lebis goneba mxolod im nivTebiT da adamianebiT iyo
dakavebuli, romelTac maTi xelebi swvdeboda, maTi
guli TanaugrZnobda. veravin SeZlo `qalis xvedris~
gaxmovaneba manam, sanam dedebi, colebi da qaliSvilebi
Tavad ar alaparakdnen, Tavad ar dasves manamde ver-
dasmuli kiTxvebi: ra xdeba iq, sadac Cven ar varT da ra
moxdeba , roca ojaxis zRurbls gadavabijebT da Se-
valT sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi?
am `gadalaxvis~ da `daeWvebis~ istorias gvTava-
zobs feminizmi, rogorc kritikuli Teoria, romelSic
araferia iseTi, rac qalTa moZraobiT araa nasazrdoe-
bi.
feminizmi aris msoflmxedveloba, romlis mixed-
viTac qalebs unda hqondeT ekonomikuri, socialuri,
samoqalaqo, politikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. am
miznis misaRwevad qalebs xangrZlivi, winaaRmdegobri-
vi da saintereso gzis gavla mouxdaT. erTi mxriv , isi-
178
ni iazrebdnen sakuTar adgils sazogadoebaSi, saxel-
mwifoSi da meore mxriv — ibrZodnen Cagvris ganmapiro-
bebeli kulturuli normebis Sesacvlelad.msoflioSi
qalTa uflebebis sakiTxebi sazogadoebrivi ganxilvis
sagani me-18 saukunidan gaxda. saqarTveloSi araforma-
lur feministur aqtivizms didi istoria ar aqvs, rad-
gan qalis uflebebze xmamaRla molaparake qalebi arc
ise Soreul warsulSi gamoCdnen. Tumca ki, iyvnen qale-
bi, romlebic ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobaze, sazoga-
doebaSi qalTa rolis amaRlebasa da sakuTari uflebe-
bis Sesaxeb daufaravad, yovelgvari SiSis gareSe saub-
robdnen.
Tanabari ganaTlebisa da sakuTari uflebebis
dacvis mizniT, qalebi TbilisSi sajaro diskusiebSi
me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi erTvebian. imdroindel
gazeTebSi xSirad Cndeba masalebi, romlebic sazoga-
doebas axali qalTa organizaciebis daarsebis Sesaxeb
mouTxroben. qalebi cdiloben daamtkicon, rom maTi
uflebebi ufro farToa da scdeba saojaxo saqmeebs.
uflebebisTvis mebrZol qalTa sia STambeWdavad gamo-
iuyureba: barbare jorjaZe, ekaterine gabaSvili, so-
fo mgelaZe, mariam gariyuli da a. S. swored maTgan
iRebs saTaves qalTa sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi.
kritikosebma qarTuli feminizmis manifestad
aRiares barbares werili saxelwodebiT òriode si-
tyva ymawvil kacebis sayuradRebod~ – 90-ian wlebSi
`qalTa sakiTxis~ garSemo gamarTul polemikas barba-
rem specialuri werili: òriode sityva ymawvil kace-
bis sayuradRebod~ miuZRvna: `pirvelidanve dawyebuli
yoveli kaci dedakacebis gakilvaSi yofila da aris; yo-
velive braleuloba qals miaweres da didad cdiloben
es Tavis amxanagi yovlis gziT daecaT da daemdablebi-
naT. siyrmidanve amas CasZaxoden `Sen, radgana Semoq-
179
meds qalad daubadebixar, Seni wesi es unda iyos. xma-
gakmedili Cumad iyo, aravis Sehxedo, arsad waxvide, yu-
rebi daixSo, Tvalebi daxuWe da ijeq,... swavla da sxva
enebiT ganaTleba ra Seni saqmeao~. TiTon mamakacma ki
Seisxa ampartavnobis da zvaobis frTebi, daiWira vrce-
li asparezi da sTqva: `me radgan kaci var, gavswev, gav-
quslav cis kidemde, Cemi damabrkolebeli ara aris-ra,
vimWevrmetyveleb, viswavli, yovelgvari Tavisufleba
da qveynis mflobeloba xelT mipyriao~. gaifarTova
gza da dedakaci viTom valdebulebaSi Caagdo, Tu me
ara lukmas ver SesWamo, — ra iyo ufro daemonebina...
mamakacma ojaxSiac ki arad Caagdo dedakacis Sroma,
upiratesoba TviTon daipyro da yurebi gamouWeda:
Tqven Wkua ara gaqvT, ara gaqvT guli da grZnoba, arc
ara gesmiT,.. xarT daundobelni, moRalateni...
...Cvenma ieso qristem brZana: ara ars garCeva arca
mamakacTa da arc dedakacTao. magram ra wresac pirve-
lad daadga kaci, im wris gadacileba sjulis gardamav-
lobad miaCnda.
sabralo qalebs im daCagvriT mainc ver dauTrgu-
nes niWi da goneba: Tu ganaTleba ar misces, TavianT de-
daenazed mainc kargad da saZirkvlianad SeeZloT naTe-
li msjeloba, da saqmianoba, vin iyo mwignobrobis pat-
roni da wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli CvenSi, Tu ara
qali, rodesac kacebi mamulis damcvelebad Tof-ia-
raRzed iyvnen dayudebulni?..
...axla mainc Cvenma kacebma daanebon Tavi zvaobas
da meSurneobas, miscen TavianT debsac Tanaswori swav-
la da mimarTuleba, rom SeeZloT kidec kvalSi Cadgoma
da angariSis moTxovna Tanamedrove qalebisa, Torem
Zvel dedakacebs samaris meti veRara gagvasworebs ra
da axali Taobis qalebic Rvawlsa da Sromas ar Seud-
rkebian Tuki saqmes ar uSvelian rasme~ [1].
180
werilSi jorjaZe qarTvel qalTa daCagrul mdgo-
mareobaze saubrobs. amis mTavar mizezad ki, ganaTle-
bis miRebis saSualebis arqonas miiCnevs.
mecxramete saukuneSi saqarTveloSi feministuri
ideebi evropaSi ganaTlebamiRebul qalebs Semohqon-
daT. aseTi gaxldaT kato miqelaZe. 1916 wels, briu-
selSi ganaTlebis miRebisa da parizSi cxovrebis Sem-
deg (1906 wlidan swavlobda briuselSi, briuselis
universitetis socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa
fakultetze, ris Semdegac kato parizSi dasaxlda, sa-
dac 1915 wlamde darCa) samSobloSi dabrunebulma ka-
tom Tanamoazreebis Semokreba da qalebis samoqalaqo-
politikuri uflebebisTvis brZola daiwyo.
katom Camoayaliba regionuli qseli `qalTa liga~
da 1917 wels, gamosca pirveli feministuri gazeTi
`xma qarTveli qalisa~. politika, ojaxi, seqsualuri
cxovreba, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba — gazeTi sxvadasxva
sferoebs moicavda. pirvel nomrebSi miqelaZe Semdeg
mowodebas avrcelebda: `qalebo, moiTxoveT saarCevno
xmis ufleba~.
amonaridi kato miqelaZis statiidan `mamakacebis
sulmokleoba da dedakacebis konservatizmi~, rome-
lic gazeTSi `xma qarTveli qalisa~ 1917 wlis noember-
Si daibeWda. `...da am mxriv Tu gnebavT, qalebi, mar-
Tlac rom konservatorebi varT. Cven gvZuls da gvezi-
zReba sisxlis Rvra, ara misTvis, rom mas ver SevZlebT
(jer iseTi araferi ar mouxdenia mamakacs, rac qals ar
SesZlebodes), aramed misTvis, rom Cvens kacTmoyvare
bunebas is sZags... aseTi zneobrivi angariSiT imis Tqma
aravis SeuZlia, rom qalebi moklebuli viyoT umaRles
ideals da mxolod dRiur Wirvaramze vzrunavdeT.
mxolod roca Cven visaxavT miznaT rTulsa da sazoga-
do mniSvnelovans sakiTxs, Cven gvsurs misda gansaxor-
181
cieleblaT niadagic momzadebuli iyos, da roca aseTs
davinaxavT, iq arc Tavis ganwirvas daveridebiT~{2}
...ra konkretiuli Sinaarsis unda iyos dRevande-
li socializmi, roca xalxi arc gonebrivaT, arc zne-
obrivaT da arc Sromis unariT saamisoT momzadebuli
ar aris. kerZo sakuTrebis maradisobis damcvelni so-
cializms ganuxorcielebel qimeraTa sTvlian. Cven
Sorsa varT aseTi azridan, magram amave dros Sorsa
varT dRes dReobiT komunis SemoRebidanac. da Tu ma-
makacebis erTi nawili, mainda mainc amas moiTxoven, es
aixsneba ara maTi radikalobiT, aramed maTi sulmok-
leobiT. da am mxriv Cven, qalebi yovelTvis konserva-
torebi davrCebiT~.
bolSevikurma epoqam, kato miqelaZe burJuaziu-
li garyvnilebis magaliTad monaTla, daixura misi ga-
zeTi. 1942 wels, ukanasknel gzaze qarTveli qalebis
emansipaciis sakiTxze mebrZols, mxolod ramdenime
adamiani miacilebda: irine da nikolo iuskovebi, poe-
ti andro TevzaZe da mwerali mariam gariyuli. ukve
ramdenime welia, yoveli wlis 29 noembers msoflioSi
qalTa uflebebis damcvelTa saerTaSoriso dRes,
`qalTa fondi saqarTveloSi~ iniciativiT, qalTa uf-
lebebis damcvelebs `kato miqelaZis saxelobis premia~
gadaecemaT.
gazeTSi gaismoda mowodebebi qalTa emansipaciisa
da uflebebis Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovani iyo mowodeba qal-
Ta saarCevno xmis mopovebis Sesaxeb. ai ras werda gaze-
Ti 1917 wels: ìs, vinc acxadebs, rom yvela adamiani daba-
debulia bunebrivaT erTnairi uflebiT, rom yvela unda
sargeblobdebs pirovnulad TavisuflebiT da moqalaqe-
obrivaT sworuflebianobiT da am gancxadebaSi ar gu-
lisxmobs orTave sqess, is – damrRvevia demokratiuli
principisa. is, vinc fiqrobs, rom moqalaquri uflebis
182
Rirsi mxolod erTi mamrobiT sqesia, romelic unda iq-
mnes erTaderTi gamge sazogado kanonmdeblobisa da wes-
wyobilebisa, is arasodes ar iqneba da arc CaiTvleba xal-
xis megobrad. aseTi demokrati ver iqneba verc ganamatki-
cebeli demokratiuli saxelmiwfos marTva-gamgeobisa da
verc damcveli samarTlianobisa da Tanasworobisa~.
1918 26 maiss saqarTvelom Tavi daaRwia ruseTis
imperiis marwuxebs da damoukidebloba gamoacxada, sa-
qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis parlamentma
daamtkica kanoni – `debuleba damfuZnebeli krebis ar-
Cevnebisa~. debulebaSi 119 muxlad detalurad gaiwera
arCevnebis maregulirebeli yvela sakiTxi – saarCevno
ufleba, arCevnebis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebis
funqciebi, saarCevno da sakandidato siebis Sesaxeb re-
gulaciebi da a.S. debuleba mkafiod gansazRvravda aq-
tiuri da pasiuri xmis micemis uflebas – I muxli acxa-
debda – `damfuZnebel krebas Seadgenen wevrebi, ar-
Ceuli mcxovrebTa mier sayovelTao – ganurCevlad
sqesisa, – Tanasworis, pirdapiris da farulis xmis
micemiT proporciuli warmomadgenlobis wesisa-
mebr~. III muxli gansazRvravda – `damfuZnebeli kre-
bis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs respubli-
kis orive sqesis moqalaqes, Tu arCevnebis dRisTvis
oci weli SesrulebiaT.[4] amgvarad qals qonda ara-
marto xmis micemis, aramed arCevnebSi parlamentaris
mandatisTvis brZolis uflebac. amis safuZvelze ki sa-
qarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis damfuZ-
nebeli krebaSi romelic 130 mandatiT iyo warmodgenili ,
5 qali iyo.
qalTa sakiTxisa da qalTa moZraobis dasavluri
gamocdileba qarTveli qalebisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo
manam, sanam ruseTis imperiam da bolSevikurma/komu-
nisturma reJimma sabolood ar gadWra Cveni qveynis
183
civilizebul samyarosTan damakavSirebeli yvela ar-
teria.
rac Seexeba dRevandelobas: miuxedavad imisa,
rom qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe
miRweulia, kvlav problemad rCeba dadgenili kultu-
ruli normebi da stereotipebi, rac qalebs ukve soci-
alur doneze uzRudavs arCevanis Tavisuflebas. es
SezRudva aRar aris iseTi TvalsaCino, rogorc iuri-
diuli uflebebis arqonis SemTxvevaSi iyo. Sesabami-
sad, sazogadoebis garkveul nawils xSirad uWirs imis
dajereba, rom Tanasworobis problema jer kidev arse-
bobs. xolo maSin, rodesac am problemebze feministu-
ri jgufebi amaxvileben yuradRebas, mudmivad Tavs
iCens is uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, rac feminizmis
mimarT damkvidrda.
litertura:
1. Jurnali `kvali~, 1893, №16

2. gazeTi `xma qarTveli qalisa~, 1917 weli
3. gazeTi `xma qarTveli qalisa~, 1918, N32
4. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti (1918) saqar-
Tvelos erovnuli sabWo.
184
Miranda Bortsvadze — Doctorant of `Technical university of Georgia,
Program of social sciences, faculty of engineer economics, media
technologies and social sciencies.~ This currely work is on `The chronicles
of women’s rights in Georgia.~ She has published articles about Georgian
civil society’s post-soviet context, the civil society and involve of citizen.
THE CHRONICLES OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN GEORGIA
Abstract
Feminism is an ideology, according which women must have

economy, social, civil, political and cultural rights. Nonpeminist
activism has not a great history in Georgia, so loser talker to the
women’s rights appeared not long time ago.
With the aim of to defeat equal education and their own rights,
women were involved in public debates in 19th century’s 60 years. in
Tbilisi there were materials, which told to the society about founded
of new women’s organizations. So at the beginning of 20th century
was printed in the first Georgian feministic newspaper `The voice of
Georgian women.~ Where the women tried to prove that their rights
were wider and more than domestic activities.
The last of fighter women’s rights was impressionable:
Barbadze Jorjadze, Ekaterine Gaboshvili, Sopo Mgeladze, Mariam
Garikuli and so on exactly from them are taken women’s social
movements in Georgia.
The main words; Feminism, the women’s rights, vote,
education, activism.

giis ganyofilebam.
185
levan lveraSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
mecnierebaTa fakultetis socialur mecnoerebaTa progra-
mis doqtoranti. muSaobs sadisertacio naSromze `socialu-
ri urTierTobebi da profesiuli ganviTarebis menejmenti
organizaciaSi~.
meritokratiuli organizacia
meritokratia mmarTvelobis is formaa sadac Ta-

namdebobebis gadacema da pasuxismgeblobaTa gadanawi-
leba xdeba adamianebze, maT demonstrirebul talan-
tze SesaZleblobebze da damsaxurebaze dayrdnobiT.
meritokratiis dros, Rirseuli individi jildovdeba
(simdidriT, TanamdebobiT an socialuri statusiT)
isini, vinc sakuTar talantsa da kompetencias warmoa-
Cenen Tavisi warsuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT an
raime SejibrSi gamarjvebiT. Sefasebis sistemebi, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, formaluri ganaTleba pirdapir
kavSirSia meritokratiul SexedulebebTan.
es yvelaferi, ewinaaRmdegeba sxva RirebulebiT
sistemebs, sadac legitimuroba emyareba simdidris
flobas (plutokratia), ojaxobriv kavSirebs (nepo-
tizmi), sakuTrebas (oligarqia), megobrobas (qroniz-
mi), ufros-umcrosobas (gerontokratia), popularo-
bas (demokratia) an sxva socialuri statusisa da po-
litikuri Zalauflebis determinantebs.
teqnokratia aris meritokratiis forma, sadac
Tanamdebobebze daniSnva xdeba demonstrirebuli teq-
nikuri eqspertizis safuZvelze.
terminis warmoSoba — termini `meritokratia~
pirvelad gamoyenebul iqna maikl iangis 1958 wels ga-
186
moSvebul wignSi ''meritokratiis aRorZineba''. wignSi
aRwerilia socialuri sistema, romelic maSin miis-
wrafvis socialuri revoluciisken, rodesac elitebi
ampartavnebi an sajaro azrTan dapirispirebulni xde-
bian. am SemTxvevaSi maT masebisagan damxoba emuqrebaT.
meritokratiasTan dakavSirebiT mosaxleobis az-
ri orad iyofa. nawils miaCnia, rom meritokratia uar-
yofiTi movlenaa, arseboben sawinaaRmdego azris mqone
adamianebic. es ukanasknelni amboben, rom meritokra-
tia ufro samarTliani da produqtiuli sitemaa, vidre
sxva sistemebi. meritokratia yovelTvis kritikis saga-
ni iyo, rogorc miTi, radgan Zalian martivad axdens
status kvos ganmtkicebas; Rirseba (damsaxureba) yo-
velTvis SeiZleba ganisazRvros nebismieri Sedegis
momtanad warmatebisaTvis. ufro metic, warmatebuli
adamiani, vinc ar unda iyos is, SeiZleba damsaxurebul
warmatebulad formulirdes, miT umetes, rodesac
warmatebis winaswargansazrvra xdeba, rogorc Rirse-
bis (damsaxurebis) kriteriumis.
meritokratia 21-e saukuneSi — 2007 wels anoni-
murma britanulma jgufma, saxelwodebiT `meritokra-
tiuli partia~ gamoaqveyna Tavisi pirveli manifesti,
romelic or milionze met sityvas moicavda (hegelis,
rusos, Sarl furies, anri de sen-simonisa da sxva fi-
losofosebis, mecnierebis ganxilva, reformatorebi
da revolucionerebi). meritokratiul partias surs
miaRwios Semdegs:
1. samyaro, romelSic yvela bavSvs Tanabari Sansi
aqvs warmatebis misaRwevad.
2. partiuli politikis gauqmeba.
3. xmis micemis ufleba unda hqondes mxolod maT,
visac aqvs Sesabamisi ganaTleba da samuSao ga-
187
mocdileba, da ara mxolod imas, visac Seusrul-
da 18 weli.
4. memkvidreobis 100%-iani gadasaxadis SemoReba,
aqedan gamomdinare Zalian mdidrebi veRar SeZ-
leben TavianTi simdidris memkvidreobiT gada-
cemas da STamomavlobis privilegirebas qonebis
gadacemiT. es elituri dinastiebisa da memkvid-
reobiTi monarqiis dasrulebas niSnavs.
5. radikalurad reformirebuli saganmanaTleblo
sistema, dafuZnebuli MBTI pirovnul tipebze
da radikal inovatorTa iseT cnobebze, rogori-
caa rudolf Staineri da maria montesori.
6. Tavisufali sabazro kapitalizmis socialuri
kapitalizmiT Canacvleba da demokratiis mTli-
anad gamWvirvale meritokratiuli respubliki-
Ta da meritokratiuli konstituciiT Secvla.
7. nepotizmis, qronizmis, diskriminaciis, privile-
giisa da araTanabari Sansebis dasasruli.
termini `meritokratiis~ Tavdapirveli daniSnu-
leba iyo misi rogorc uaryofiTi cnebis gamoyeneba.
meritokratiis erT-erTi mTavari problemaa `damsaxu-
rebis~ gaugebari ganmarteba (~merit~). damsaxureba far-
dobiTi cnebaa da SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes. sadaoa mo-
sazrebac imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli Tvisebebi iTvleba
yvelaze Rirseulad. aseve sakiTxi, romeli ~damsaxure-
baa~ upiratesi, an, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romelia
~saukeTeso~ standarti. vinaidan meritokratiis sava-
raudo efeqturoba emyareba misi oficialuri pirebis
savaraudo kompetencias, damsaxurebis es standarti
ar SeiZleba iyos TviTneburi da aseve unda asaxavdes
maTi poziciebisTvis saWiro kompetenciebs.
avtoritetisa da sistemis sandooba, romelic Ti-
Toeuli adamianis Rirseulobas afasebs aris sadao sa-
188
kiTxi. vinaidan meritokratiuli sistema eyrdnoba dam-
saxurebis standarts da kandidatTa Rirsebis Sejibre-
badobas, sistema, romliTac es unda xdebodes, saWiro-
ebs upirobo sandoobas, raTa maTi Sefasebuli Rirseba
da damsaxureba pirdapirproporciulad asaxavdes maT
potenciur SesaZleblobebs. standartizebuli testi-
reba, romelis daniSnulebac meritokratiuli daxa-
risxebis procesis marTvaa, kritikis qarcecxlSi moeq-
ca imis gamo, rom igi xistia da sworad ver afasebs stu-
dentTa mraval Rirebulebasa da potencialis. ganaT-
lebis Teoretikosi bil aiersi, standartizirebuli
testirebis araefeqturobaze saubrobs. is wers, rom
`standartizebul testebs ar SeuZliaT gazomos inici-
ativa, Semoqmedeba, warmosaxva, konceptualuri azrov-
neba, cnobismoyvareoba, Zalisxmeva, ironia, gansja, er-
Tguleba, keTili neba, eTikuri asaxva an rigi sxva Ri-
rebuli atributebisa. maswavlebelTa Sefasebis mixed-
viT SegviZlia SevafasoT Rirebuli Tvisebebi, romel-
Ta Sefaseba SeuZlebelia standartizebuli testire-
biT, Tumca arasandoa, radgan maswavlebelTa mosazre-
bebi, Sexedulebebi, mikerZoebuloba da standartebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. Tu Sefasebis sistema ko-
rumpirebuli, ara gamWvirvale, an arasworia, Sefaseba-
canalogiurad mcdari iqneba.
gnaTlebis done romelic saWiroa meritokrati-
ul sistemaSi konkurentunarianobisaTvis SesaZloa
iyos ZviradRirebuli, rac zRudavs Tanabari pirobe-
bis Seqmnis princips. meritokratiis es ekonomikuri as-
peqti dResac gvxvdeba ufaso ganaTlebis armqone qvey-
nebSi, magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasa-
marTlo Sedgeba mxolod samarTalmcodneebisgan, rom-
lebmac daasrules harvardis an ielis umaRlesi sas-
wavlebllebi. qveyanaSi ufaso ganaTlebis arsebobis
semTxvevaSic ki ver iqneboda studenti srulad uz-
189
runvelyofili, vinaidan saswavlo procesis miRma dar-
Cenili saWiro resursebi, maT Soris sacxovrebeli
transporti repetitori samosi da sxva studentis
mSoblebis an Tavad maTisazrunavi iqneboda. rac Tavis
mxriv gavlenas moaxdens studentis ganaTlebaze da
socialur poziciaze meritokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
es ki zRudavs nebismieri meritokratiuli sistemis sa-
marTlianobisa da Tanasworibis princips.
kidev erTi problema exeba arakompetenturobis
princips, anu `piteris princips~. rodesac adamianebi
meritokratiul sazogadoebaSi socialuri ierarqiis
kibeze samarTliani konkurentunariani garemos meSve-
obiT ganagrZoben aRmasvlas sabolood miaRweven da
Cerdebian iseT safexurze sadac isini arakompetentu-
rebi xdebian. es amcirebs meritokratiuli sistemis
efeqturobas, romlis savaraudo mTavari praqtikuli
sargebeli aris sazogadoebis marTvis kompetencia.
meritokratia samuSao garemoSi
meritokratia samuSao garemoSi gulisxmobs

struqturas ierarqiis gareSe. yvelas aqvs sityvis da
mosmenis ufleba. gamomdinare aqedan TanamSromlebi,
romlebic bevrs muSaoben, aRweven Sedegs, progresir-
debian TavianTi muSaobis pirdapirproporciulad.
SedarebiT axali koncefciaa, meritokratiuli sa-
muSao garemo romelSic im azrs iziareben, rom is vinc
organizaciaSi yvelaze didxans aris dasaqmebulida
yvelaze meti wlis gamocdileba aqvT, unda ekaoT uf-
ro maRali rangis poziciebi. meritokratiul organi-
zaciaSi TanamSromlebi iReben jildos maTi moRvaweo-
bis gamo da ara asakis, sqesis an sxva diskriminaciuli
faqtoridangamomdinare.
190
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, meritokratiis kon-
cefciam mniSvnelovnad gaidga fesvebi Tanamedrove
organizaciul kulturaSi, im organizaciebSi, romel-
Tac surT datovon warsuli korumpirebuli da nepo-
tisturi korporatiuli kulturebi da Seqmnan jansa-
Ri momavali.
amasTan, ~mniSvnelovania gvesmodes, rom meritok-
ratia ar aris demokratia. ar arsebobs ~gadawyvetile-
ba konsensusis safuZvelze~; arc yvelas aqvs xmis uf-
leba.~ miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelas mousmenen, pasuxis-
mgebloba ar SeiZleba daekisroT maT. es, ki ra Tqma un-
da, Zalian bevri originaluriideis dakargvas gamoiw-
vevs.
sanacvlod ki, meritokratiuli kultura miznad
isaxavs, rom yvela TanamSromeli iyos damsaxurebidan
gamomdinare dafasebuli. swored amitom is xSiradkar-
gad muSaobs. es imas ar niSnavs, rom organizaciis
struqtura aris imdenad brtyeli, rom ugulebelyos,
gamocdilebiT mopovebuli xmaTa Zala.
imis gasagebad, Tu ratom mimarTavs meritokrati-
ul kulturas amdeni kompania, gagacnobT Sromis anaz-
Raurebis ramdenime mTavar upiratesobas.
maRali efeqturobis aRiareba saimedo gzaa, rom
Tqveni TanamSromlebi darCnen Tqvens organizaciaSi.
TanamSromlebisTvis araferia imaze metad mamotivire-
beli vidre Tqveni kompaniis mier maTi Rvawlis aRiare-
ba Sedegis sworxazovani dafaseba, aseve mastimulire-
belia is faqtoric, rom am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba ar
mieqcevaasaks an staJs.
Tu TanamSromeli axalia, magram man SeZlo da Se-
asrula yvela davaleba da misi kompetencia ufro ma-
Ralia vidre mis mier dakavebul pozicia, veraferi iq-
neba naadrev jildoze kargi motivatori da veraferi
gazrdis ukeT maT Tqvensadmi erTgulebas.
191
bednieri TanamSromlebi arian motivirebuli Ta-
namSromlebi — 6Q-s Tanaxmad, imis Sansi rom bednieri
TanamSromlebi ufro metad iyvnenCarTulni da erTgu-
lebi gacilebiT metia. meritokratiulma kulturam
SeiZleba Seqmnas bednierebis gancda TanamSromlebSi,
radgan rodesac maTi miRwevebi aRiarebulia, isini
grZnoben Tavsdafasebulad.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom bevri Sroma dafase-
bis gareSe male motivaciis klebas gamoiwvevs. Tanam-
Sromlebi, romlebic ar arian motivirebulni, savarau-
dod ar izruneben Tqvens organizaciaze da sakuTar
rolze masSi. Sedegad, isini naklebs miaRweven da sabo-
lood wavlen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom meritokratiuli kulturas
ufro da ufro xSirad vxvdebiT, jer normad ar SeiZ-
leba CiTvalos. arsebobs mravali, didi korporaciebi,
romelTac ufro tradiciuli, ierarqiuli struqtu-
rebi aqvT. da bazarzr pirvelobas inarCuneben. meri-
tokratia xelsayrelia gansakuTrebiT umcrosi donis
TanamSromlebisTvis — es maTTvis aris araCveulebrivi
gza karieruli aRmasvlisTvis rac mxolod maT mondo-
mebasa da damsaxurebazea damokidebuli.
did korporaciebSi naklebad amarTlebs meritok-
ratia, radgan stabilurobis gancdas akargvinebs Ta-
namSromlebs da uxdebaT mudmivi brZola da Sejibreba
raTa ar dakargon arsebuli pozicia an dawinaurdnen.
rogor davrwmundeT, Tqveni meritokratiis sa-
marTlianobaSi — ufro Tavisufal struqturaSi, sa-
dac arsebobs SesaZlebloba vinmes nebismier dros da-
winaurebis, yovelTvis iarsebebs Sansi, rom zogierTi
TanamSromeli ukmayofilo darCes. SesaZloa zogierT
TanamSromels ukeTesad elaparakon, an SesaZloa cal-
keulma menejerebma metad daafason TanamSromlis miR-
wevebi.
192
Sexvedrebze mieciT ufleba ufro mSvid Tanam-
Sromlebs sakuTari azri daafiqsiron, romlebic sxva
adamianebis xmis gadafarvas eridebian. amasTanave, dar-
wmundiT, rom menejerebs aqvT dro, efeqturi marTvis-
Tvis. meritokratiul garemos ver SeuwyobT xels, ro-
desac gundis zogierT wevrs hyavs zedmetad aqtiuri
zogs ki pasiuri menejeri, romelsac ar SeuZlia saku-
Tari gundis yvela wevris saTanado Sefaseba da moti-
vireba.
literatura:
1. Devours the Elite: The Meritocracy Trap: 10.09.2019

2. Michael Young:The Rise of the Meritocracy: 1958
3. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-
politics/2019/10/24/20919030/meritocracy-book-daniel-
markovits-inequality-rich?fbclid=IwAR0I—
rPVeyHlwoyghhIueszqmgw8D1tfLkSG9lWxSDj6EuHYm5z-
jz6dcRA
4. https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/10/meritocracy/?fbclid=Iw
AR0rbX35VU3yuLlVAHM7P7bT58wPSP6mKXHSTUjJ2xvD
OSd4-5mSzXZjFfM
5. https://www.talent-works.com/2019/10/benefits-of-
meritocracy/?fbclid=IwAR0mpzTjIhAkpsNtPekYZy7-1-
tit2TSa1lA0x66bdtHQtd6M6VzUh1IIfM
6. https://study.com/academy/lesson/meritocracy-in-the-workplace-
benefits-challenges-
examples.html?fbclid=IwAR3H7znLa93E0ouUmEBT29a7fd0Er
qexRsFUBsqb-ZP5SHdC9pxIsuo-dkc
193
Leven Lverashvili- PhD student of Technical University of Georgia,
program of social sciences, faculty of engineer economics, media
technologies and social sciences. Currently working on PhD thesis
`Social Relations and Professional Development Management in the
Organization~.
MERITOCRATIC ORGANIZATION
ABSTRACT
Meritocracy is a form of government where positions are

transferred and responsibilities are delegated to people based on their
abilities and merits based on their demonstrated talent. In
meritocracy, a worthy individual is rewarded (with wealth, position,
or social status) by those who show off their talent and competence
through their past life experiences or by winning a competition.
Assessment systems such as, for example, formal education are
directly related to meritocratic views.All of this, in contrast to other
value systems, where legitimacy is based on possession of wealth
(plutocracy), family ties (nepotism), property (oligarchy), friendship
(chronism), seniority (gerontocracy), popularity (democracy), and
other political power determinant status.
How Life Became an Endless, Terrible Competition:
Meritocracy prizes achievement above all else, making everyone –
even the rich – miserable.

giis ganyofilebam.
194
baqar liparteliani — ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da po-
litikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sociologiis doq-
toranti.
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema da

eTnikur umciresobaTa integraciis sakiTxebi
Sesavali
saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa. eTnikurad

qarTveli mosaxleoba 86.8% Seadgens, xolo danarCeni
13.2% sxva eTnikur jgufebs miekuTvneba. maT Soris yve-
laze mravalricxovani eTnikuri jgufi azerbaijane-
lebi arian, romelTa procentuli wili mosaxleobaSi
6.3%-s Seadgens. maT mohyveba eTnikurad somexi mosax-
leoba, romlebic 4.5%-s Seadgenen. danarCeni 2.4% moi-
cavs rusul, iezidur, ukrainul da sxva eTnikuri jgu-
febis warmomadgenlebs(saqstati, 2016, gv. 8).eTnikur
umciresobaTa sakiTxi saqarTvelosTvis sakmaod mwva-
vea, erTis mxriv, kompaqturad Casaxlebul umcireso-
baTa gamo, xolo, meores mxriv, im samwuxaro gamocdi-
lebidan gamomdinare, romelic afxazur da osur eTni-
kur jgufebTan dapirispirebas ukavSirdeba (ramac sa-
qarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba daarRvia). miuxe-
davad amisa, xSirad am sakiTxs saTanado yuradReba ar
eqceva, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac somxuri
da azerbaijanuli eTnikuri umciresobebis udidesi
nawili kompaqturadaa dasaxlebuli sazRvrispira re-
gionebSi.
mniSnvelovani problema, romelic eTnikuri umci-
resobebTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs, maTi sruli socia-
luri, kulturuli da politikuri integraciaa(ISSA,
195
2019). integrirebuli eTnikuri umciresobebi, rogorc
saxelmwifosTvis, aseve Tavad am jgufebisTvisac er-
TmniSvnelovnad dadebiTi movlenaa; warmatebuli in-
tegrireba niSnavs imas, rom umciresobis warmomadgen-
lebi Tavs grZnoben srulfasovan moqalaqeebad, maT
uCndebaT pativiscema da pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba sa-
xelmwifos, misi institutebisa da sxva Tanamoqalaqee-
bis mimarT. yalibdeba kavSiri da erToba umravlesoba-
Si myof da sxva eTnosebTan. es yvelaferi ki amcirebs
iseT safrTxeebs, rogorebicaa eTnikur niadagze war-
moSobili konfliqtebi.
saqarTveloSi, warsuli gamocdilebidan gamomdi-
nare, politikuri elita zedmetad frTxilad ekideba
eTnikur umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs da
sakmaod mcire iniciativas iCens maT mimarT (abaSiZe,
2011). es imaSic gamoixateba, rom ar arsebobs erTiani
saxelmwifo politika umciresobaTa integraciis kuT-
xiT. eTnikur umciresobebTan kavSiris nakleboba, iqne-
ba es ekonomikuri, kulturuli Tu sxva saxis, maT er-
Tgvar izolacias iwvevs, rac integraciis Semaferxebe-
li faqtoria. izolacia gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia
somxuri da azerbaijanuli eTnikuri umciresobebiT
dasaxlebul regionebSi, sadac mosaxleobis umravle-
soba qarTul enaze ver saubrobs (dalaqiSvili, 2020).
es movlena, mianiSnebs saxelmwifo institutebis, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki ganaTlebis sistemis(aq ZiriTadad,qve-
yanaSi moqmedformalur ganaTlebas da ganaTlebis po-
litikas vgulisxmob) araefeqtur muSaobaze. Tuki ga-
naTlebis sistema warumatebelia iseT elementarul
aspeqtSi, rogoricaa saxelmwifo enis swavleba, rogor
unda moaxerxos man eTnikur umciresobaTa saqarTve-
los moqalaqeebad aRzrda?
196
formaluri ganaTleba da integracia
ganaTlebis sistemas mniSvnelovani roli akisria

pirovnebis moqalaqed Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. is (gansa-
kuTrebiT ki adreuli ganaTleba) xels uwyobs individ-
Si iseTi Sinagani Rirebulebebis warmoqmnas, romlebic
miRebuli, gamjdari da aucilebelia ama Tu im sazoga-
doebaSi. am RirebulebaTa SeTviseba aucilebelia, ra-
Ta individma moaxerxos sazogadoebasTan integrire-
ba(Crisogen, 2015). swored amitom, ganaTlebis sistema
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli eTnikur umciresobaTa in-
tegraciasTan. Tumca sanam ganaTlebis sistemaze ufro
detalurad daviwyebde saubars, aucilebelia Tavad
integraciis process da mis mniSvnelobas SevexoT:
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi integracia ukavSir-
deba umciresobebis integracias sazogadoebis mTavar
birTvTan da mis socialur struqturasTan (aseve Se-
saZloa iTqvas maspinZel/dominant kulturasTan) (R.
Alba, 1997).es procesi, Tavis TavSi moicavs umciresobis
warmomadgeneli individebis komunikacias da urTier-
Tobas sakuTari jgufis gareT myof sazogadoebasTan,
aseve sazogadoebriv instituciebSi aqtiur CarTulo-
bas (Junger-Tas, 2001). am urTierTobisa da CarTulobis
Sedegad, umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi cxovrebis
sxvadasxva etapze saWiro unarebs iZenen, rac kidev uf-
ro uwyobs xels maT integracias. es unarebi,raRa Tqma
unda, ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi misaReb standartebs eq-
vemdebareba.
Tumca, dominant kulturasTan integracia, su-
lac ar niSnavs sakuTar kulturaze uaris Tqmas. indi-
vidma SesaZloa ganaviTaros ramdenime kulturuli
identoba, rac, rogorc individualur doneze, aseve
sazogadoebisTvis pozitiuri movlenaa. individSi es
xels uwyobs fsiqologiur mdgradobas da ucxo kul-
197
turasTan integraciiT gamowveuli Sinagani konfliq-
tis Semcirebas. am SemTxvevaSi, individisTvis sakuTar
da dominant kulturas Soris msgavseba ufro Tvalna-
Teli xdeba, xolo gansxvavebebi bevrad ufro misaRebi
(C. E. Amiot, 2010).
sxvadasxva kulturuli identobebis erT pirovne-
baSi ganviTarebis (da Serwymis) magaliTebi saqarTve-
loSi sakmaod xSiria. sakmarisia qarTveli ebraelebisa
da Tbiliseli somxebis magaliTi moviyvanoT amis dasa-
dastureblad. msgavsi kulturuli identobis ganviTa-
reba imgvarad warimarTeba, rom pirovnebas ara ori
calkeuli kulturuli identoba uyalibdeba, aramed
maTi erTgvari harmoniuli nazavi. identobaTa integ-
racia maSin xdeba, rodesac ramdenime socialuri iden-
toba pirovnebaSi imgvarad organizdeba, rom isini mis-
Tvis Tanabarzomier mniSvnelobas iZenen. integraciis
procesis dasrulebis Semdgom, sxvadasxva identobebs
Soris kavSirebi myardeba, rac xels uwyobs maT Ser-
wymas. Sedegad individs uyalibdeba mdgradi idento-
bis SegrZneba (C. E. Amiot, 2010).
formalur ganaTlebas socialuri integraciis
procesSi wamyvani roli akisria. formalur dawesebu-
lebebSi ganvlili integracia maT exmareba sazogadoe-
bis srulfasovan wevrebad CamoyalibebaSi. ufro me-
tic, sociologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, dgindeba, rom
bavSvebi, Zlier emociur nacionalur identobas adre-
uli asakidan, gansakuTrebiT ki dawyebiTi klasebidan
iZenen(E. Claes, 2009). es kidev erTxel usvams xazs for-
maluri ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas eTnikur umciresoba-
Ta integraciis procesSi.
formalur ganaTlebaSi raRa Tqma unda ZiriTa-
dad saskolo da sauniversiteto ganaTleba igulisxme-
ba, xolo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi erTgvar
socializaciis agentebad SeiZleba miviCnioT, romle-
198
bic qveynis saganmanaTleblo sistemas eqvemdebarebian.
skolebi da universitetebi ara mxolod codnis gace-
miT arian dakavebulni, aramed aswavlian normebs, Ri-
rebulebebs da uamrav sxva socialur unarsac. msgavsi,
formaluri ganaTleba, uzrunvelyofs, rom TiToeul
moqalaqes garkveuli saerTo Rirebulebebi Camouya-
libdes, rac sxvadasxva jgufebis SekavSirebisa da erT
saxelmwifoSi srulfasovani TanacxovrebisTvis auci-
lebeli pirobaa (Frieda Heyting, 2002).skolaSi miRebuli
ganaTleba, mozardebs aswavlis konkretul sazogado-
ebaSi arsebul kanonebs, normebs, tradiciebs da ufle-
ba-movaleobebs. is aseve exmareba maT pasuxismgeblobis
grZnobis CamoyalibebaSi im sazogadoebis mimarT ro-
melSic daibada da arsebobs (Garbarino, 2008). skolaSi
ganvlil integracia aseve mniSvnelovania enobrivi ba-
rieris daZlevis kuTxiT, rac mWidrodaa dakavSirebu-
li eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxTan. is Tu ramdenad
warmatebul iqneba moswavle akademiur sivrceSi (gan-
sakuTrebiT ki umaRlesi ganaTlebis etapze), TiTqmis
sruladaa damokidebuli enobriv unarebze. akademiuri
miRwevebi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs SromiT bazarze
individis warmatebul tranzicias. am doneebze miRwe-
uli warmatebebi pirdapirproporciulia individis in-
tegraciis donesTan. Sesabamisad skolas udidesi pasu-
xismgebloba akisria efeqturad Seaswavlos saxelmwi-
fo ena eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs.
zemoT aRniSnulis Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis siste-
mas da saganmanaTleblo procesis efeqturobas mniS-
vnelovani roli akisria eTnikur umciresobaTa integ-
raciis mimarT. imas, Tu ra efeqturobiT xdeba integ-
racia saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, saxelmwifos
saganmanaTleblo sistema gansazRvras. mravaleTnikur
saxelmwifoebSi, es sistema, morgebuli unda iyos ara
199
mxolod dominant eTnikur jgufsa da mis saWiroebeb-
ze, aramed unda iTvaliswinebdes umciresobaTa inte-
resebsac. msgavsi politikis SemuSaveba martivi araa da
did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. kvlevebi aCvenebs, romprob-
lemebi am mxriv evropis maRalganviTarebul qveyneb-
sac aqvT, iqneba es makro, mezo Tu mikro doneze
(Heckmann, 2008).
eTnikur umciresobaTa integraciis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi
albaT gasakviri aravisTvisaa is faqti, rom umci-

resobaTa integraciis kuTxiT, qarTul ganaTlebis
sistemas problemebi uxvad aqvs: upirveles yovlisa
aRsaniSnavia erTiani politikis ararseboba eTnikur
umciresobaTa integraciis mimarT. saubaria iseT yov-
lismomcvel saxelmwifo politikaze, romelsac saf-
rTxe ar daemuqreba administraciaTa cvlilebis Sem-
TxvevaSi damoicavs individTa cxovrebis sxvadasxva
doneebs (gansakuTrebiT formaluri ganaTlebis
etaps). is proeqtebi, romlebic aqamde saqarTvelos
mTavrobebis mier ganxorcieldnen (maT nawilze qvemoT
visaubreb), warmoadgendnen ara saerTo, yovlismom-
cvel politikas, aramed calkeul, SedarebiT mcire
masStabis mcdelobebs. msgavsi proeqtebi arasakmari-
sia kompleqsuri integraciis procesTan samuSaod,
radgan maTi erTmaneTTan efeqturi koordinireba
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.meores mxriv, radganac eTnikur
umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi sakmaod
sensitiuria, xelisuflebebi ufrTxian iseTi nabijebis
gadadgmas, romlebmac SeiZleba mRelvareba gamoiwvios
(abaSiZe, 2011). es faqtori aferxebs iniciativebs da
xels uSlis procesebis swrafad warmarTvas.
200
qvemoT mimovixilav saqarTveloSi ganxorciele-
buli im proeqtebis nawils, romlebic umciresobaTa
integracias Seexebodnen da vimsjeleb ganaTlebis sis-
temaSi arsebul problemebze:
eTnikur umciresobaTa integraciis kuTxiT, ga-
naTlebis sistemaSi reformebi 2003 wlidan daiwyo.2004
welszogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebis dokumenti
damtkicda, romelSic gansazRvruli iyo saskolo ga-
naTlebis valdebuleba, daexmaros mozardebs sakomu-
nikacio da saorganizacio unarebis ganviTarebaSi, maT
Soris im pirovnebebs, romelTa mSobliuri ena saxel-
mwifo enisgan gansxvavebulia (dalaqiSvili, 2020). ga-
naTlebis politikas ori mimarTuleba hqonda — pirve-
li iyo eTnikur umciresobaTa integraciis mizniT sa-
xelmwifo enis codnis gaumjobeseba, xolo meore eTni-
kur umciresobaTa xelSewyoba, raTa maT ganaTleba
mSobliur enazec mieRoT.integraciisaTvis xelSewyo-
ba qarTuli ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis sakmaod rTuli
aRmoCnda; magaliTad, 2005 wlidan dawyebuli, ganaTle-
bis da mecnierebis saministros mier damtkicebuli
saswavlo gegmis ganxorcielebaSeferxda araqarTule-
novan skolebSi. Seferxeba gamoiwvia iman, rom 2006-2007
saswavlo wels, qarTulenovanma skolebma swavla axali
gegmiT da saxelmZRvaneloebiT daiwyes, maSin rodesac
araqarTulenovan skolebs, saxelmZRvaneloebi 1 wlis
dagvianebiT miewodaT (TargmnasTan dakavSirebuli Se-
ferxebis gamo)aseve iyo mcdeloba, rom saswavlo geg-
mebis proeqti, azerbaijanel da somex eqspertTa Car-
TulobiT SeemuSavebinaT, Tumca esec Seferxda, ris ga-
moc araqarTulenovan skolebSi rogorc saswavlo geg-
masTan, aseve saxelmZRvaneloebTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi dRemde aqtualuria.
saxelmZRvaneloebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
2006 wlidan arsebobs. aRsaniSnavia problema istoriis
201
saxelmZRvaneloebTan dakavSirebiT. eTnikuri umcire-
sobebi, araqarTulenovan skolebSi, istorias somxuri
da azerbaijanuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT swavlobdnen.
2007 wlidan es saxelmZRvaneloebi qarTulma Caanacvla
(romlebic somxur da azerbaijanul enebze iyo naTar-
gmni). aman eTnikur umciresobebSi garkveuli miuReb-
loba gaaCina,romelic saxelmZRvaneloebis Sinaarsi-
dan momdinareobda. Sedegad, maswavleblebma isev som-
xuri da azerbaijanuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT swavleba-
ze SeaCeres arCevani. rogorc irkveva, miuRebloba ga-
mowveuli iyo im faqtiT, rom arsebul saxelmZRvane-
loebSi umciresobaTa istoria uaryofiT konteqstSi,
an Zalian mciredi doziT iyo ganxiluli (dalaqiSvili,
2020). msgavsi faqti srulad ewinaaRmdegeba umcireso-
baTa istoriul-kulturuli integraciis process. es
procesi imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom uzrunvelyofs um-
ciresobaTa cnobierebaSi Camoayalibos saerTo isto-
riuli gamocdilebis gancda. es, umciresobebis warmo-
madgenel individTa kulturuli identobis formire-
baSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens
da exmareba maT Tavi igrZnon sazogadoebis integra-
lur nawilad. am safexurze Seferxebebs savalalo Se-
degi SeiZleba mohyves. Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvaneloebi
ar unda warmoadgendes qarTul skolebSi arsebuli
wignebis ubralo Targmans, aramed isini individualu-
rad unda moergon ama Tu im eTnikuri umciresobas. es
faqti integraciis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sayu-
radReboa. iseTi sagans rogoricaa istoria, pirdapiri
gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia imaze, aRiqvams Tu ara indi-
vidi Tavs qveynis istoriul-kulturuli sferos
srulfasovan wevrad. rodesac eTnikuri umciresobebi
am sagans araqarTuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT swavloben,
isini ara qarTul istoriul-kulturul sferoSi axde-
202
nen sakuTari identobis formulirebas, aramed im kon-
kretuli qveynis, romelSic es saxelmZRvanelo gamoi-
ca.
Seferxebebi gvxvdeba ganaTlebis enobriv aspeq-
tebSic. 2010-2011 wlebSi amoqmedda cvlileba saqar-
Tvelos kanonSi `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.~ es cvli-
leba Seexeboda araqarTulenovan saswavleblebs, rom-
lis mixedviTacsavaldebulo gaxda istoriis, saqar-
Tvelos geografiis da sxva sazogadoebrivi mecniere-
bebis qarTul enaze Seswavla(dalaqiSvili, 2020). Tum-
ca, am kanonis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebas problemebi
Seeqmna, gansakuTrebiT qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-java-
xeTSi. problemebi gamoiwvia am regionebSi arsebulma,
qarTuli enis codnis dabalma donem. es faqti kidev
erTxel usvams xazs saerTo ganaTlebis politikis ar-
sebobis aucileblobas, romelic msgavs problemas Ta-
vidan agvacilebda. is aseve amyarebs naSromis pirvel
nawilSi moyvanil arguments imis Sesaxeb, Tu raoden
mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo enis codna eTnikuri umci-
resobis warmomadgenelTa akademiuri warmatebisTvis.
mwvaved dgas kadrebis kvalifikaciis problema
araqarTulenovan skolebSi(dalaqiSvili, 2020). pirvel
rigSi, es gamoixateba saxelmwifo enis codnis dabal
kompetenciaSi, rac gavlenas axdens enis swavlebis xa-
risxze. gamosavali arc konsultant-maswavleblebi
aRmoCndnen, romlebic araqarTulenovan skolebSi spe-
cialuri programiT arian mivlenilni. miuxedavad ma-
Rali kvalifikaciisa, isini moswavleTa mxolod 15%-s
aswavlian, rac sakmaod dabali procentia. amasTanave,
konsultant-maswavlebelTa TiTqmis naxevari, mxolod
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aswavlis, rac kidev ufro am-
cirebs dasaxuli miznis miRwevis Sansebs.
203
bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli mcdelobe-
bisa da gatarebuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad, bilin-
gvuri ganaTleba dRemde miuRwevel miznad rCeba. ga-
naTlebis sistemam ver moaxerxa mTeli rigi mimarTu-
lebebi warmatebis miRweva, iqneboda es efeqturi sas-
wavlo modelis SemuSaveba, saTanado orenovani saxel-
mZRvaneloebis Seqmna Tu orenovani maswavleblebis
momzadeba (dalaqiSvili, 2020).
zemoTaRniSnuli garemoebebi eTnikur umcireso-
bebs sakmaod azaralebs. statistika gvaCvenebs moswav-
leebis dabal saganmanaTleblo Sefasebebs: `magali-
Tad, meSvide klasSi moswavleTa naxevarze meti (64%)
erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvrul minimalur
moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebs.~(dalaqiSvili, 2020, gv.
31). amasTanave, weris komponentSi, moswavleTa 78%-ma
ver moaxerxa minimaluri zRvaris gadalaxva, xolo la-
paraksa da kiTxvaSi 57% da 60% fiqsirdeba.es monaceme-
bi katastroful Sedegebs gviCvenebs, mTel rig Tao-
bebs espobaT SesaZlebloba qarTul saxelmwifosTan
integracia moaxdinon da sazogadoebaSi socializir-
dnen. dabali saskolo miRwevebi mianiSnebs imazec, rom
es adamianebi ver moaxerxeben sauniversiteto an pro-
fesiul ganaTlebaSi warmatebiT CarTvas, Sesabamisad
maT karierul ganviTarebasac eqmneba safrTxe. es as-
peqti integraciis problemebs scdeba da socio-ekono-
mikur safrTxeebze migvaniSnebs.
daskvna
arsebuli mimoxilvis safuZvelze TvalsaCino gax-

da, rom saganmanaTleblo sistema da formaluri in-
stitutebi (ZiriTadad, araqarTulenovani skole-
bi),ver uzrunvelyofen eTnikur umciresobaTa integ-
204
racias qarTul saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi. prob-
lemebia iseT Zireul sakiTxebSic ki, rogorebicaa mas-
wavlebelTa kvalifikacia da saxelmZRvaneloebis ga-
marTuloba. saskolo ganaTlebis etapze aRmocenebuli
Seferxebebi pasuxismgebelni arian umciresobis warmo-
madgenelTa akademiuri miRwevebis, sauniversiteto ga-
naTlebaSi CarTulobisa da saxelmwifo enis codnis
dabal doneze. es sami aspeqti did gavlenas axdens in-
dividTa momaval socializacia/integraciis procesze,
magaliTad, amcirebs Sansebs Sromis bazarze.es araTu
integraciul, aramed socio-ekonomikur problemebsac
qmnis. Sedegad, eTnikuri umciresobebi araTu integ-
rirdebian qarTul saxelmwifosTan, aramed SesaZloa
distancirebac ki ganicadon. maTi kulturuli kavSi-
rebi ufro mWidro xdeba rogorc sakuTar eTnikur
jgufTan, aseve Sesabamis mezobel saxelmwifosTanac.
zemoT aRniSnuli problemis mosagvareblad, pir-
vel rigSi, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes mis instituci-
ur aspeqtze; ganaTlebis politika eTnikur umcireso-
baTa integraciis sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, ZiriTadad
Semoifargleba erTmaneTTan sustad dakavSirebuli (da
zogjer Seusabamo) programebiT, RonisZiebebiTa da re-
formebiT. xSir SemTxvevaSi, es RonisZiebebi Tu refor-
mebi reaqciuli xasiaTisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, pirveli
nabiji rac aucileblad unda gadaidgas, aris zogadi
ganaTlebis politikis SemuSaveba. es politika drois
xangrZliv periodze unda gaiTvalos da moicvas koor-
dinirebuli nabijebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen integ-
raciis xelSewyobas. swored mis farglebSi unda daiw-
yos konkretuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba, rome-
lic gadaWris enobriv barierTan, saxelmZRvaneloebTan
da sxva aspeqtebTan dakavSirebul problemebs.
205
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Integration of Multiple Social Identities: The Case of
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/978144432544
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mopovebuli
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318536664—
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canadienne de science politique, 613-636. mopovebuli
https://bit.ly/3tpecWk-dan
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NESSE. mopovebuli http://www.efms.uni-
bamberg.de/pdf/NESEducationIntegrationMigrants.pdf-dan
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politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis kvleva.
Tbilisi. mopovebuli https://osgf.ge/wp-content/
uploads/2019/05/Analytical-Report-ISSA-GEO.pdf-dan
Junger-Tas, J. (2001). Ethnic Minorities, Social Integration and
Crime. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 5-
29. mopovebuli https://link.springer.com/article/
10.1023/ A:1011210026339-dan
R. Alba, V. N. (1997). Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era
of Immigration. The International Migration Review, 826-
874.
abaSiZe, z. (2011). eTnikuri umciresobebi da samoqalaqo
integraciis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi. mo-
povebuli https://www.tsu.ge/data/file—db/faculty—
social—
political/Politikis%20metsnierebata,Zviad%20abaSize%20Di
sertacia.pdf-dan
dalaqiSvili, m. i. (2020). eTnikuri umciresobebis mi-
marT ganaTlebis politikis sistemuri gamowve-
vebi. Tbilisi. mopovebuli https://bit.ly/3oK4eer-dan
saqstati. (2016). 2014 General Population Census. Tbilisi:
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207
Bakar Liparteliani – Doctoral student of Sociology at Ivane Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University, faculty of Social and Political Sciences. Master of
Sociology – European Societies at Free University of Berlin. Bachelor of
Political Science at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, faculty of
Social and Political Sciences. Invited Specialist at Gori State Teaching
University, faculty of Social Sciences, Business and Law.
GEORGIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM AND

ETHNIC MINORITY INTEGRATION ISSUES
Abstract
Integration of ethnic minorities is a considerable problem in

Georgia. Often, members of ethnic minorities who are born and
raised in Georgia are unable to communicate verbally with the rest of
the population. Not to mention, that the general level of integration is
concerningly low. Armenian and Azerbaijanian minorities living in
the border regions are the major groups affected by it. The Georgian
educational system is the main suspect, which might not be efficient
enough to help the integration process. A low level of integration is
responsible for the isolation of those groups from Georgian society.
This situation threatens to increase the chances of ethnic conflicts
and negatively affects mentioned minorities. The educational system
is highly responsible for the integration process; Formal educational
institutions can effectively socialize and integrate youth into society.
The effectiveness of the educational system in this field must be the
priority for the state. Below, I will discuss the main problems that are
damaging the efficiency of the Georgian educational system in the
integration process. It will help readers to gain deeper insights into
that topic.

giis ganyofilebam.
208
politikis filosofia
PHILOSOPHY OF POLITIC
guram abesaZe — politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis
saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, politikuri mecnie-
rebebis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli; mravali samecniero
naSromis avtori politikis TeoriaSi, maT Soris gamoirCeva
monografia: `politikuri kultura: konceptualuri mode-
lebi da demokratiuli tranziciis paradigmebi~ (2015), ro-
melSic Tanamedroveobis bevri aqtualuri problemaa ganxi-
luli.
dominanti instituciuri aqtorebi qarTul

politikaSi da demokratiis stabiluroba
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos demokratiuli tranzi-

ciis umniSvnelovanes aqtors warmoadgenen politiku-
ri institutebi, romlebic politikuri sivrcis
struqturul-funqcionalur mdgradobas gansazRvra-
ven. saqarTveloSi demokratiuli tranziti gamoirCeva
Tavisi iracionaluri tendenciebiT, romlebic mudmi-
vi destabilizaciis sindromi xdeba. politikur siv-
rceSi damkvidrdnen dominanturi instituciuri aqto-
rebi, romlebic upiratesobas mxolod viwropartiul
interesebs aniWeben; aseT midgomebs politikur scena-
ze polarizebis mudmivi elementebi Semoaqvs, romle-
bic cikluri periodulobiT gamoiCeva. qarTul poli-
tikur sivrceSi politikuri institutebisadmi gauc-
xoebis tendenciebi gamokveTil xasiaTs iZens, rac de-
mokratiul tranzicias safrTxes uqmnis. amerikeli po-
litologi Tomas de vaali aRniSnavda, rom qarTul
demokratias vnebda erTi calkeuli partiis domi-
nanturi roli.1
1
Tomas de vaali: Ria saqarTvelo, daxuruli saqarTvelo.
2017. https://jam-news.net/ge/post-author/tomas-de-vaali-carnegie-europe/
210
saqarTvelos tranzituli politikuri sistemis
struqturul-funqcionaluri Tavisebureba is aris,
rom igi instituciuri aqtoruli mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva, rac yovelTvis stabilurobis garantiebs
ar iZleva. saerTod, politikuri partiebis simravle
yovelTvis ar aris demokratiis stabilurobis garan-
ti, radganac politikuri sivrce zedmetad danawevre-
buli da polarizebulia. politikur sivrceSi mraval-
partiulobas Semoaqvs sociumis zedmeti polarize-
bac, romelic dapirispirebis met motivaciebs amkvid-
rebs. am gagebiT, zedmeti partiul-instituciuri da-
nawileba qarTuli politikuri sistemis qmediTunaria-
nobasa da demokratiul tranzicias seriozul zians
ayenebs. amerikeli profesori da Tsu-s sapatio doq-
tori stiven jonsi aRniSnavs, rom
`partiebs ar aqvs myari fesvebi saqarTveloSi...
qarTvelebi politikurad danawevrebulebi arian, swo-
red amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom partiebi xSirad Cnde-
bian da qrebian. qarTuli partiebi ver hqmnian plat-
formas, romliTac SeZleben pasuxismgebloba aiRon
TavianTi amomrCevlis winaSe. partiebi saparlamento
sivrceSi cxovroben da ar gaaCniaT organizebuloba,
politikuri survili Tu kavSirebis gaRrmavebis mcde-
loba TavianTi amomrCevlis farglebs gareT~1.
dominanturi instituciuri wesrigi, xSir SemTxve-
vaSi, avtoritarizmsa da avtokratiaSi gadaizrdeba,
rac Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebe-
li tendencia gaxda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-
moukideblobis Semdeg aseTi fasaduri demokratiuli
1
stiven jonsi. interviu saqarTvelos politikis institu-
tis analitikosTan jozef larsenTan. inglisuridan Tar-
gmna ioseb JorJolianma. saqarTvelos politikis institu-
ti, 2017, ianvari N1. http://gip.ge/wp-content/uploads/
211
procesebi mudmiv sindromad iqca, rac iwvevs erTi par-
tiis xelSi politikuri Zalauflebis monopolizacias;
erTpartiuli dominanturi Zalaufleba avtoritarul
stilSi cdilobs xelisuflebis SenarCunebas, rac po-
litikuri krizisis gamomwvevi mizezi xdeba. 2012 wels,
`qarTuli ocneba — demokratiuli saqarTvelos~ xeli-
suflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, qarTuli sazogadoeba elo-
da mniSvnelovan demokratiul garRvevas, romelic sis-
temur cvlilebebs Seexeboda; samwuxarod, èrTian na-
cionalur moZraobasTan~ kohabitaciis reJimma Sedegi
ver gamoiRo, radganac xelisuflebam es moZraoba
`mtris~ xatad gadaaqcia da Tavisi Tavi axali dominan-
turi Zalauflebis mqone institutad gardaqmna. marTa-
lia, `qarTuli ocneba~ SedarebiT kompromisuli sti-
liT gamoirCeoda da ufro loialuri instituciuri
funqcionireba axasiaTebda, magram igi ver gadaiqca ga-
mokveTil reformatorul aqtorad. misi amocana unda
yofiliyo politikuri sistemisa da mTlianad politi-
kur-mmarTvelobiTi struqturebis reformireba da po-
litikuri xelisuflebis instituciuri SezRudva. ame-
rikeli politologi linkoln mitCeli aRniSnavda,
rom Tuki saqarTveloSi SenarCundeba erTi partiis
dominireba, rac xdeboda kidec damoukideblobis aR-
dgenidan moyolebuli, maSin qveynis demokratiuli
ganviTareba CixSi Seva. saqarTveloSi SeiZleba ganme-
ordes erTi partiis konsolidaciisa da Semdeg misi
dacemis cikli. es ki Zalian samwuxaro iqneba, radga-
nac swored es cikli uSlis xels saqarTvelos demok-
ratiis ganmtkicebas.1
2020 wlis saparlamento arCevnebma mkveTrad ga-
moavlina politikuri xelisuflebis politikur-mmar-
1
linkoln mitCeli-2017 wels saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari oT-
xi kiTxva. 2017. http://georgianpress.ge/com/news/view/23819?lang=1
212
TvelobiTi stilis iracionaluroba, radganac poli-
tikuri krizisi, romelic xangrZlivi periodis manZil-
ze mwifdeboda, droulad ver SeamCnia da politikur
velze aqtiurobis saSualeba misca destruqciul opo-
ziciur Zalebs; Sedegad miviReT sazogadoebis mkveTri
polarizeba, romlis stabiluroba instituciurad ver
xerxdeba, radganac sociumis nihilizmis done Zalian
mkveTri da agresiulia; ar moxda sazogadoebis demok-
ratiuli konsolidacia da politikur-kulturuli
transformacia, romelsac wina planze erovnuli iden-
tobisa da saxelmwifoebrivi TviTdamkvidrebis prob-
lemebi unda daeyenebina.
politikuri institutebis funqcionirebaSi sa-
xelmwifoebrivi interesebi wina planze ar dadga, ra-
mac politikur sivrceSi momxmarebluri viwroklanu-
ri motivaciebi gaaZliera. aseTma midgomam gamoiwvia
politikuri sivrcis kulturul-inteleqtualuri
degradacia, romelmac iracionalurobis tendenciebi
kidev ufro gamokveTa. dominanti aqtorebi da partiu-
li instiituciebi ver axerxeben sazogadoebis kultu-
rul-RirebulebiT gardaqmnebs, radganac politikuri
sivrce inteletualuri deficitis pirobebSi cxov-
robs. sazogadoebaSi gabatonda eqstremistul-radika-
luri ideologia, romelsac saTave daudo `naciona-
lurma moZraobam~ da maTma Semoqmedebam — e.w. `varde-
bis reloluciis~ saxiT; es movlena qarTul politi-
kur istoriaSi SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc eqstremis-
tul-radikaluri ideologia; `kmaras~ ideologebma
Seqmnes antiqarTuli da antierovnuli radikalur-ne-
obolSevikuri msoflmxedveloba, romelic anadgureb-
da qarTul inteleqtualur da RirebulebiT fenome-
nebs; maT qarTul politikaSi gamokveTes da garkveuli
kategoriis sindromad gadaaqcies erTpartiuli avan-
213
tiurizmi, avtoritarizmi da avtokratia, romelic Ta-
namedrove politikur sivrceSi destruqciulobisa da
krizisulobis gamomwvevi tendencia gaxda.
2020 wlis saparlamento arCevnebma gamoavlina
opoziciuri politikuri speqtris inteleqtualuri
ususuroba, romelic destruqciulobis ideologiiT
sazrdoobs da krizisuli situaciebiT cdilobs poli-
tikuri miznis miRwevas. Tanamedrove opoziciaSi Tavi-
si destruqciulobiT `nacionaluri moZraoba~ da mis-
gan gamoyofili partiebi gamoirCevian, romlebic yo-
fili prezidentis avantiuristul da eqstremistul
doqtrinebs iyeneben. maTi politikuri avantiurizmi
paTologiur gamovlinebas emsgavseba, romelic sazo-
gadoebis kulturul-inteleqtualur gaxleCas iwvevs.
Tanamedrove qarTul opoziciur politikur
speqtrs mTlianad iracionalur Sefasebas ver miv-
cemT, radganac garkveulma nawilma pragmatuloba ga-
moavlina da saxelmwifoebrivi interesi daicva. 2020
wlis saarCevno kampaniam isic gamoavlina, rom dominan-
turi erTpartiuli sistema kategoriulad miuRebelia
qarTuli erovnuli identobisa da demokratiis stabi-
lurobis misaRwevad. samwuxarod, garkveuli periodu-
lobiT, qarTulma politikurma scenam ver moiSora
axali dominanturi Zalis Ziebis procesi; yoveli saar-
Cevno kampaniis periodSi sazogadoeba krizisidan ga-
mosavals mesame Zalis ZiebaSi xedavs, romelic yovel-
Tvis politikur scenaze ar Cans; axlac eloda sazoga-
doeba axal Zalas, magram politikuri veli daikaves
xelmocarulma partiebma da maTma politikurma lide-
rebma, romlebic sazogadoebisaTvis moZvelebul por-
tretebs warmoadgenen da arc Tavisi inteleqtiT akma-
yofileben drois moTxovnebs. sazogadoeba elis axal
racionalur azrovnebasa da erovnul pragmatul mid-
gomebs, romlebic demokratiis stabilurobis garanti
214
iqneba. politikuri sivrce cxovrobs racionaluri in-
stituciuri vakuumis pirobebSi da gamorCeuli poli-
tikuri inteleqtis mqone liderebs elodeba.
qarTul politikaSi dominanturi avtoritariz-
mis damkvidrebas xels uwyobs ekonomikuri da politi-
kuri Zalauflebis Serwymas; es ori kategoria erTmane-
Tis mimarT erTgvari `patronaJis~ funqciebs asru-
lebs. politikuri Zalaufleba qmnis ekonomikuri Za-
lauflebis mopovebis SesaZleblobebs, ramac saxel-
mwifoebrivi interesebi da erovnuli pragmatizmi po-
litikuri procesis ucxo elementad gadaaqcia. stiven
jonsi, rodesac aRniSnavs, Tu ratom ver miaRwies qar-
Tvelma politikosebma konsolidirebul demokratias,
erT-erT marcxad politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalauf-
lebis Serwymas miiCnevs; igi aRniSnavs: `politikuri
Zalaufleba TviTgamdidrebis wyaroa saqarTveloSi,
ekonomikuri Zalaufleba ki — politikuri patrona-
Jis wyaro. es ori sfero safuZvelSive mWidrod
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs da erTSi Zalauflebis da-
kargvas, meoreSic analogiur Sedegebamde mivya-
varT. es xazs usvams piradi da sajaro sferoebis ga-
mijvnis araarsebobas, rac mTel sistemas msWvalavs
da urTierTdamokidebulebis qsels qmnis; es ki, Ta-
vis mxriv, samoqalaqo Rirebulebebisa da demokra-
tiuli mmarTvelobis arss angrevs~.1
Tanamedrove qarTul politikaSi dominanturi in-
stituciuri aqtoruli mmarTvelobis Tanmxleb movle-
nad iqca saxelmwifo partiis sindromi, romelic er-
Tpartul nomeklatureul sivrces warmoadgens. saxel-
mwifo struqturebi mTlianad Serwymulia erTpartiul
sistemasTan, romelic seriozulad aferxebs demokra-
1
stiven jonsi. demokratia saqarTveloSi
http://www.cicerofoundation.org/lectures/Stephen—Jones—Georgia.pdf
215
tiis stabilurobas. es iracionaluri sindromi ori mi-
marTulebiT avlens Tavis negatiur Sedegebs: 1. erTpar-
tiuli Zalaufleba gadazrdilia avtoritarizmSi, ro-
melic emyareba garkveul nomeklaturul sivrces; 2. iz-
Rudeba kompetenturi da profesionaluri kadrebis ga-
moyeneba, romlebic dominanti partiis ideologias ar
iziareben; 3. seriozulad vlindeba politikur proce-
sebSi inteleqtualuri da pragmatulad moazrovne kad-
rebis deficiti politikuri procesebis marTvaSi; 4. po-
larizeba gadaqceulia politikuri marTvis formad,
romelic aZnelebs erovnuli Tanxmobisa da konsolida-
ciis miRwevas; 5. zRudavs axali aqtoruli Zalis gamoCe-
nis SesaZleblobas, romelmac demokratiuli tranzitis
pirobebSi axali azrovneba unda daamkvidros.
qarTul demokratiaSi politikuri speqtri ver
akmayofilebs droisa da situaciuri pragamatulobis
moTxovnebs, romelsac mxolod viwropartiuli inte-
resebi amoZravebs. gansakuTrebiT opoziciuri speqtri
gamoirCeva Tavisi dominanti azrovnebiT, romelic ma-
nipulirebs sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur
mdgomareobasa da im politikur nihilizmze, romelic
mkveTrad SeimCneva. opoziciuri moZvelebuli portre-
tebi cdiloben destruqciuli polarizebis elemente-
bis SemotaniT garkveuli sargebeli naxon politikaSi;
samwuxarod, SesamCnevia maTi politikuri potencialis
racionalurobisa da erovnuli pragmatulobis dabali
done, romelmac politikur-kulturuli Rirebulebi-
Ti sivrcis TandaTanobiTi gaRaribeba gamoiwvia.
qarTul demokratiul sivrceSi instituciuri di-
zainis mkveTrma iracionalurma tendenciebma wina plan-
ze wamoswia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
dominanturi roli politikur sivrceSi; mas gansakuT-
rebuli misia akisria politikuri gardaqmnebis proces-
216
Si, radganac demokratiuli tranziti garkveul Rire-
bulebiT gadafasebebs iwvevs. qarTuli eklesia politi-
kuri sistemis institutia, romelic Tavisi erovnuli
poziciiTa da SefasebebiTi erovnuli stiliT gamoirCe-
va da imedian ganwyobilebas amkvidrebs sociumSi. erov-
nuli identobis gardaqmnis mimarTulebiT, romelic
garkveul krizisSi imyofeba, marTlmadidebeli eklesi-
is roli gaaqtiurebulia. amitom, instituciuri Tval-
sazrisiT, qarTuli eklesiis roli demokratiis stabi-
lurobaSi gamokveTili unda iyos, romelmac tranzici-
is procesSi eris konsolidieba unda moaxdinos. sruli-
ad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II aRniS-
navs, rom `faqtia, yvelas gvinda Zlieri, ganviTarebu-
li qveyana gvqondes, amis miRweva ki mxolod maSin
aris SesaZlebeli, Tu sazogadoebaSi swori Rirebu-
lebaTa sistema iarsebebs da am safuZvelze moxdeba
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri probleme-
bis mogvareba, dezorienteribuli sazogadoeba ki qa-
osSi CaiZireba da saxelmwifos didad daazaralebs~.1
amrigad, qarTuli demokratiis instituciuri siv-
rce garkveul krizisul situaciaSi imyofeba, romelic
seriozuli cvlilebebis molodinSia. iracionalur
tendenciad gamoikveTa dominanti politikuri partiis
sindromi, romelic mTlianad erTmmarTvel saxelmwifo
nomeklaturul struqturtad gadaiqca; aseTi midgoma,
aZlierebs avtoritarizmisa da avtokratiis gamovle-
nas, romelic erovnuli polarizebis mizezi xdeba. amas-
Tanave, saxeze gvaqvs destruqciuli opoziciuri poli-
tikuri speqtris dominanturi pozicia, romelmac
mTlianad gadafara politikuri veli da xels uSlis
patriotuli da erovnulad moazrovne axali inteleq-
1
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is sa-
aRdgomo epistole. Tb., 2018, gv.21-22
217
tualuri aqtorebis gamoCenas. Tanamedrove tranziciis
aqtualuri problema gaxda politikuri sivrcis qar-
Tuli inteleqtualuri da kulturul-RirebulebiTi
fenomenebiT gaZliereba. Tanamedrove qarTulma demok-
ratiam wina planze erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi
identobis problemebi unda wamoswios.
literatura:
1. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia
II-is saaRdgomo epistole. Tb., 2018
2. g. abesaZe. demokratiuli tranziti da erovnul-po-
litikuri identobis formireba saqarTveloSi. `fi-
losofiuri Ziebani~ /krebuli ocdameoTxe/. saqar-
Tvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia. ùni-
versali~, Tb., 2020
3. n. abesaZe. marTlmadidebeli eklesia da Tanamedro-
ve qarTuli erovnul-politikuri identoba. `fi-
versali~, Tb., 2020
4. Tomas de vaali: Ria saqarTvelo, daxuruli saqar-
Tvelo. 2017. https://jam-news.net/ge/post-author/tomas-de-
vaali-carnegie-europe/
5. linkoln mitCeli-2017 wels saqarTvelos winaSe
mdgari oTxi kiTxva. 2017.
http://georgianpress.ge/com/news/view/23819?lang=1
6. stiven jonsi. interviu saqarTvelos politikis in-
stitutis analitikosTan jozef larsenTan. ingli-
suridan Targmna ioseb JorJolianma. saqarTvelos
politikis instituti, 2017, ianvari N1.
http://gip.ge/wp-content/uploads/
7. stiven jonsi. demokratia saqarTveloSi
http://www.cicerofoundation.org/lectures/Stephen—Jones—
Georgia.pdf
218
Guram Abesadze – Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi
State University, head of Policy science direction. He is author of more than
60 scientific works, 2 securities and 4 monographs in politics; Among them
are monographs of `political culture~ / Tbilisi., 2015 /, in which many
current issues of modernity are discussed.
DOMINANT INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS IN GEORGIAN

POLITICS AND THE STABILITY OF DEMOCRACY
ABSTRACT
The stability of the political system of modern Georgia is

determined by the institutional order. The syndrome of the dominant
party, which creates conditions for one-party rule and
authoritarianism, has become a feature of Georgian democracy. The
opposition spectrum has become an actor of destructiveness.
Institutional chaos has gradually deepened the political crisis. A
stable institution in the political space is the Orthodox Church, which
is a prominent actor in the formation of national identity. Democracy
is based on national pragmatism in the programs of political
institutions, transforming the political-cultural potential of political
actors and establishing new thinking.

Ta akademiis politikis filosofiis ganyofilebam.
219
nodar abesaZe — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis so-
cialuri mecnierebebis programis doqtoranti, 15 — ze meti
samecniero naSromis avtori religiisa da politikis urTi-
erTobebis sakiTxebze; misi kvleviTi Tema exeba saqarTvelos
eklesiis rols Tanamedrove erovnul — politikuri iden-
tobis formirebis procesSi.
erovnuli identoba da Tanamedrove

qarTuli politikur-kulturuli sivrcis
demokratiuli tranzicia
Tanamedrove politikur-kulturuli sivrcis de-

mokratiuli tranziciis erT-erTi upirvelesi mizania
qarTuli erovnuli identobis RirebulebiTi orienta-
ciebis formireba da misi reinterpetacia axali drois
Sesabamisad. erovnuli identoba drosa da sivrceSi
cvalebadobas ganicdis, rac gardamaval periodebSi
Tavisi krizisuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. qarTu-
li identobac krizisul periodSi imyofeba, rac nega-
tiurad aisaxeba eris kulturul-inteleqtualuri po-
tencialis gamovlenaze. britaneli sociologi entoni
d. smiTi erovnuli identobis arsebiT funqciad miiC-
nevs ìm saerTo kanonier ufleba-movaleobaTa legiti-
macias, romlebic naciis specifikur Rirebulebebs, xa-
siaTs gansazRvraven da saukunovan wes-Cveulebebs ga-
moxataven... erovnuli identoba aris mravalganzomiani
fenomeni, romelic mas met moqnilobasa da mdgradobas
aniWebs modernul cxovrebasa da politikaSi.~
politikur-kulturuli tranziciis umniSvnelo-
vanesi procesia eris kulturul-inteleqtualuri po-
tencialis srulyofili gamoyeneba da erovnuli iden-
tobis formirebaSi misi rolis gamokveTa. axali drois
220
Sesabamisi erovnuli identoba eris inteleqtualur
potencials emyareba, romelic cvalebadobis pirobeb-
Si mis meobas adaptaciis met SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
samwuxarod, saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi degradaciis
elementebis momZlavrebam, gadaagvara eris inteleq-
tualuri potencia da daukarga mas Tavisi gamorCeuli
funqciuri roli. eris inteleqtualuri potenciali
Zalian daaqveiTa RirebulebiTma transplantaciurma
procesebma da unificirebis zedmetma gamoyenebam, ro-
melmac TviTmyofadi saazrovno sivrce ucxo elemen-
tebiT Seavso.
Tanamedrove qarTuli inteleqtualuri sivrce
Tavisi saganmanaTleblo da samecniero elementebiT
daqveiTebis process ganicdis, romelmac SesaZlebe-
lia eris sulieri da kulturul-RirebulebiTi krizi-
si gamoiwvios. inteleqtualur sferoSi Semodis iseTi
elementebi, romlebic momxmareblur fsiqologiazea
agebuli da xels uSlis inovaciurobisa da azrovnebis
SemoqmedebiTi stilis damkvidrebas. vfiqrobT, rom
Tanamedrove qarTuli inteleqtualuri sivrce serio-
zuli iracionaluri tendenciebis gamovleniT xasiaT-
deba, rac saganmaTleblo da samecniero procesis kri-
zisul situaciaze mianiSnebs.
Tanamedrove politikur-kulturul sivrceSi Se-
iZleba gamovkveToT garkveuli saxis iracionaluri
tendenciebi, romlebic destruqciulobasa da pola-
rizebas aZlierebs: 1. qarTul politikur partiebs ar
aqvT gamokveTili platformebi da ideologiuri kon-
cefciebi, rac maT eleqtoratisagan mowyvetas iwvevs;
2. politikuri partiebi mxolod lideris avtoritets
emyareba da mis politikur alRozea damokidebuli,
rac stabilur instituciur funqcionalurobas gar-
kveul situaciebSi aferxebs; 3. dominanturi partiis
rolis gamokveTa demokratiuli procesebis Semafer-
221
xebel sindroms warmoadgens, romelic avtoritariz-
mis gamovlenis safuZvlebs qmnis; 4. politikuri parti-
ebi Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg xSirad mogvevline-
bian saxelmwifo partiad, romelic demokratiuli
tranzitis Semaferxebeli faqtori xdeba; 5. Tanamed-
rove pirobebSi gamokveTilad SeimCneva politikuri
partiebis liderebis politikur-inteleqtualuri po-
tencialis daqveiTeba, rac destruqciulobisa da eq-
stremizmis mizezi xdeba. aSS-is profesori, Tsu-s sapa-
tio doqtori stiven jonsi aRniSnavs, rom `partiebs ar
aqvs myari fesvebi saqarTveloSi... saqarTveloSi ar ar-
sebobs sazogadoebrivi jgufebi, romlebic ama Tu im
partiasTan identificirdebian. qarTvelebi politi-
kurad danawevrebulebi arian, swored amiT aixsneba is
faqti, rom partiebi xSirad Cndebian da qrebian. qar-
Tuli partiebi ver hqmnian platformas, romliTac
SeZleben pasuxismgebloba aiRon TavianTi amomrCevlis
winaSe.~
Tanamedrove qarTuli politikur-kulturuli
sivrcis demokratiuli tranziciis umniSvnelovanesi
aqtoria politikuri elita, romelic, jerjerobiT,
Tavis inteqtualur-pragmatul potencials ver am-
JRavnebs; igulisxmeba politikuri tranziciis dinami-
kuroba da sistemuri cvlilebebis Tanmimdevruli gan-
xorccieleba, romelic erovnul identobas trasfor-
mirebis Sesazleblobas akargvinebs. politikur tran-
zicias esaWiroeba profesionali da pragmatulad mo-
azrovne kadrebi, romlebic sustad arian warmodge-
nilni Tanamedrove qarTul politikur elitaSi. poli-
tikuri elitis rekrutirebisa da cirkulaciis forme-
bi viwropartiul dominantur sistemazea agebuli, rac
ver akmayofilebs drois moTxovnebs. mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia politikuri elitis formirebis procesSi ga-
222
moyenebuli iyos Semdegi kriteriumebi: 1. profesiona-
lurobisa da kopetenturobis unarebi: 2. erovnuli da
patriotuli Tvisebebi; 3. politikuri racionaluro-
bisa da pragmatulobis unari; 4. konensualuri da kom-
promisuli azrovnebis unari; 5. situaciur-analitiku-
ri azrovneba da prognozirebis unari; 6. Rirebulebi-
Ti orientaciebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvris una-
ri; 7. kulturul-inteleqtualuri potencialis done;
8. kompromisuli ritorikis gamoyenebis unari; 9. soci-
umis azris gaTvaliswinebisa da adamianebisadmi loia-
luri damokidebulebis unari; 10. politikuri drois
aRqmisa da situaciuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis una-
ri.
politikur-kulturuli tranziciis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan aqtors warmoadgenen politikuri lide-
rebi, romlebic politikuri cvlilebebis procesSi
ganmsazRvrel RirebulebiT gadawyvetilebebs iReben.
gardamaval periodebSi xdeba aRzeveba qarizmatuli
liderebisa, romlebsac SeswevT unari eqstremalur
situaciebSi miiRon racionaluri da pragmatuli ga-
dawyvetilebebi. garkveul situaciebSi, Tanamedrove
qarTuli politikuri sivrce gamokveTs iseT lide-
rebs, romlebic TavianTi inteleqtualuri da konsen-
sualuri azrovnebiT ar gamoirCevian, magram politi-
kur scenaze masis iracionaluri da agresiuli stilis
gamoyenebis Sedegad aqtiur moTamaSeebs warmoadgenen.
politikuri lideris avtoritarizmi da misi ukidure-
si forma, avtokratia, dominanturi partiis Zalauf-
lebas emyareba, rac instituciurad SezRuduli ar
aris. demokratizaciis Semaferxebel procesualur
movlenad iqceva fanatizmi, mesianizmi da kerpTayva-
nismceloba, romelic Tanamedrove qarTul masobriv
azrovnebaSi aris SemorCenili. zogierTi politikuri
223
lideris eqstremistuli midgomebis Sedegad eris in-
teleqtualuri potencialis gamoyeneba srulyofi-
lad ver xerxdeba, rac erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi
gaucxoebis elementebs amkvidrebs. kolumbiis univer-
sitetis profesori da politikis analitikosi lin-
koln mitCeli Tavis statiaSi, romelic aSS-is prezi-
dentis d. trampis daxasiaTebas miuZRvna, aRniSnavs,
rom `saakaSvili axla mudmivad momabezrebeli opozi-
cioneria da misi saubari revoluciaze saqarTveloSi
destruqciulia da anadgurebs ufro racionalur
opoziciur xmebs...~
politikur-kulturul sivrceSi politikuri po-
larizebisa da gaucxoebis elementebis gamovlenam uf-
ro metad gamokveTa saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis aqtoruli roli sajaro politikur sivrce-
Si; eklesia gaxda demokratiuli tranziciis stabilu-
robisa da politikuri speqtris saxelmwifoebrivi az-
rovnebis ganviTarebis myari instituciuri garanti,
romelic eris inteleqtualuri da RirebulebiTi
transformaciis tradiciul da genetikur niSnebs yo-
velTvis inarCunebs. marTlmadidebloba, Tavisi prin-
cipuli poziciiTa da SefasebiTi stiliT, cdilobs,
ers SeunarCunos politikuri imedi da stabiluri de-
mokratiuli tranziciis suliskveTeba.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia, Tavisi
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebiT, yovelTvis gamoirCeo-
da da krizisul situaciebSi erovnul-pragmatul mid-
gomebs iyenebda. qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia,
sxva konfesiebTan TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, tole-
rantobis principebze agebs Tavis moRvaweobiT stils,
romelic multikulturuli sivrcis kidev ufro in-
tegrirebas uwyobs xels; misi aqtoruli moRvaweobis
mTavari principia sazogadoebis politikuri konsoli-
dacia, konsensualuri midgomiebiT erovnuli Tanxmo-
224
bis miRweva da demokratiuli tranzitis pirobebSi
konfesiuri Tanasworobisa da tolerantobis gaZlie-
reba, rac Tanamedrove qarTuli erovnuli da politi-
kuri identobis safuZveli gaxdeba. politikur velze
iracionaluri tendenciebis momZlavrebis periodSi
marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavisi gamokveTili gawo-
nasworebuli da Semrigebuli poziciiT erovnuli
identobisa da kulturul-RirebulebiTi transforma-
ciis erT-erT upirveles aqtorad gvevlineba. sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II aRniSnavs,
rom èrovnuloba qristianobaSi niSnavs zrunvas Seni
xalxis im naklovanebaTa gamosworebisaTvis, rac mis
cxovrebas Tan sdevs; niSnavs zrunvas misi sulieri da
zneobrivi ganviTarebisaTvis, niSnavs tradiciebisa da
zne-Cveulebebis dacvas, rac mis TavisTavadobas, meo-
bas ganapirobebs da yvelaferi es amave dros sxva xal-
xebisa da qveynebisadmi pativiscemasa da keTilganwyo-
bas gulisxmobs. ...Tu gvsurs viyoT TavisTavadni da
ara uformo, usaxo, sazogado masis warmomadgenelni,
unda viyoT erovnuli sulis Rirseuli matarebelni~.
Tanamedrove qarTuli politikur-kulturuli
demokratiuli tranziciis pirobebSi marTlmadidebe-
li eklesiis principul poziciad rCeba qarTuli erov-
nuli Rirebulebebisa da tradiciebis dacva. erovnuli
identobis transformacia da misi axali drois Sesaba-
misi gaazreba, mxolod qarTul mentalur sivrcesTan
SesabamisobaSi unda moxdes. uwmindesi da unetaresi
ilia II aRniSnavs, rom `Cven yovelTvis did Secdomas
vuSvebdiT, roca meqanikurad gadmogvqonda ama Tu im
qveynis cxovrebis wesi. saqarTvelo aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis gzajvaredinze
mdebareobs, da bunebrivia, ganicdis maT gavlenas, mag-
ram Cveni Rirseba swored is iqneba, Tu WeSmarit rwme-
nasa da erovnul Rirebulebebs SevinarCujnebT, sxvaTa
225
gamocdilebas gaviTvaliswinebT da am yovelives dro-
is moTxovnilebebs SevusabamebT.~
amrigad, Tanamedrove politikur-kulturuli
sivrcis demokratiuli tranzicia erovnuli idento-
bis transformaciisa da misi axleburi gaazrebis auci-
lebeli faqtoria. politikur-kulturul sivrceSi
iracionaluri tendenciebis daZleva politikuri aq-
torebis upirvelesi amocanaa. ers unda daubrundes
Tavisi mentalur-genetikuri identoba da gadaiqces
politikuri tranziciis racionalur da pragmatul
aqtorad. politikur-kulturuli tranziciis umniS-
vnelovanesi aqtoria saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
eklesia, romlis mizania eris inteleqtualuri poten-
cialis srulyofilad gamovlena. qarTuli eklesia po-
litikuri tranziciisa da demokratiis stabilurobis
umniSvnelovanes garants warmoadgens.
literatura:
1. ilia WavWavaZe. ra giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT? rCeuli

nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. IV. Tb., 1987
II-is saaRdgomo epistole. Tb., 2018
II-is saSobao epistole. 2000.
4. g. abesaZe. demokratiuli tranziti da erovnul-po-
litikuri identobis formireba saqarTveloSi. `fi-
versali~, Tb., 2020
5. n. abesaZe. marTlmadidebeli eklesia da Tanamedro-
ve qarTuli erovnul-politikuri identoba. `fi-
226
versali~, Tb., 2020, gv. 237-249
6. linkoln mitCeli. trampis gadawyvetilebebma bevr
amerikel mokavSires Seuqmna problemebi, magram sa-
qarTvelo amas gadaurCa. 2020.
7. stiven jonsi. interviu saqarTvelos politikis in-
stitutis analitikosTan jozef larsenTan. ingli-
suridan Targmna ioseb JorJolianma. saqarTvelos
politikis instituti, 2017, ianvari N1
Nodar Abesadze – PhD second year student of Georgian Technical

University of Social Sciences. Author of more than 20 scientific papers on
the relationship between religion and politics; His research topic concerns
the role of the Georgian Church in the formation of a modern national-
political identity.
NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE DEMOCRATIC

TRANSITION OF THE MODERN GEORGIAN POLITICAL-
CULTURAL SPACE
ABSTRACT
The formation of national identity has become a defining

factor of the modern world order. One of the most important
priorities of the Georgian identity has become the democratic
transition of the political-cultural space; He must make a valuable
transformation of the nation and restore the rules of Georgian
coexistence. Modern political actors and leaders play a special role in
the democratic transition of the political-cultural space. The most
important actor of Georgian identity and political-cultural transition
is the Georgian Orthodox Church. The Georgian Church is an
227
important guarantor of the stability of democracy and national
consolidation.

Ta akademiis politikis filosofiis ganyofilebam.
228
religiis filosofia da
religiaTmcodneoba
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND

RELIGIOUS STUDIES
kaxa qecbaia — filosofiis mecn. doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sociologi-
isa da socialuri muSaobis mimarTulebis asocirebuli pro-
fesori. saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
akademikosi-mdivani. muSaobs Teoriuli filosofiis (onto-
logia, gnoseologia), sociologiisa (Teoriuli, dargobri-
vi da metasociologia) da religiis filosofiisa da socio-
logiis problemebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 120-ze meti samec-
niero naSromi mecnierebis am sferoebSi. eweva aqtiur peda-
gogiur da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas.
marTlmadideblobis socialuri habitusis

calkeuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb
religiis sociologias, bunebrivia, ainteresebs

sakiTxi religiis socialuri doqtrinis Sesaxeb, rac
religiis SemTxvevaSi meorexarisxovania. religias,
pirvel yovlisa, adamianisa da sazogadoebis sulieri
mxare izidavs, romlis garsic socialuri realobaa,
magram es socialuri realoba garkveulwilad religi-
aze, sulierebazea damokidebuli. amdenad, aqtualuri
xdeba sakiTxi religiis socialuri swavlebisa da po-
ziciis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa iseT TemaTa
ganxilva, rogorebicaa ama Tu im religiis damokidebu-
leba socialuri da yofiTi problemebisadmi (mag., xe-
lisuflebasTan, sakuTrebis formebTan, adamianis uf-
lebebsa da movaleobebTan, ojaxTan, sqesTan, da a.S.).
zog religiaSi, romlebic socialur realobaze arian
orientirebulni, es sakiTxi met-naklebad damuSavebu-
lia da socialur koncefciad, doqtrinad warmodgeba.
zogi religia msgavs sakiTxebze naklebad amaxvilebs
yuradRebas da a.S. Tumca erTi ram cxadia: kerZod is,
230
rom religia socialuri sinamdvilisadmi gulgrili
ver darCeba.
marTlmadidebeli Teologebi amboben, rom saku-
Tari konkretuli socialuri programis SemuSaveba ek-
lesiis uSualo movaleoba ar aris. Tuki aseTi ramis
aucilebloba iqneba, maSin, pirvel yovlisa, saxarebas
unda davemyaroT da CvenTvis saintereso mraval soci-
alur sakiTxze pasuxi iqidan unda miviRoT. Tumca es
sulac ar niSnavs socialuri problemebis ignorire-
bas, piriqiT, eklesia valdebulia, socialuri cxovre-
bis sferoSi sakuTari mowodeba ganaxorcielos. am Sem-
TxvevaSi igi, bunebrivia, Tavs movaled miiCnevs, rom
qristianuli Rirebulebebis sadarajoze idges. sinam-
dviles ar Seefereba is mosazreba, rom TiTqos mar-
Tlmadidebeli qristianoba adamianebs ukrZalavdes
aqtiur socialur, politikur an ekonomikur saqmiano-
bas. eklesiis istoria, am mxriv, sxvas mowmobs. kerZod,
cnobilia, rom komunisturi reJimebi aqtiurad eb-
rZodnen marTlmadidebel religias, radganac miaC-
ndaT, rom igi komunisturi ideologiis gavrcelebas
uSlida xels. faqtia, am brZolaSi religiam gaimarjva,
Tumca es gamarjveba Zvirad daujda mas. cxadia, poli-
tikuri reJimebis damxoba marTlmadidebeli religiis
funqcia ar aris, magram mravali faqtia cnobili, ro-
desac am religiis warmomadgenlebi aSkarad ewinaaR-
mdegebodnen autanel politikur reJimebs da gmobdnen
socialur usamarTlobas.
marTlmadideblobis socialuri idealebi saxare-
bas, qristes swavlebas emyareba, romelic adamianebs
siyvarulisa da urTierTpativiscemisaken mouwodebs.
Sesabamisad, socialuri progresi aq pirovnebis zneob-
riv ganviTarebasa da maRal, zneobrivad Segnebul pi-
rovnul Tavisuflebas uigivdeba. amdenad, mTavaria,
adamianebma TavianTi socialuri, politikuri, ekono-
231
mikuri da sxva problemebi saxarebis eTikur Rirebu-
lebiT sistemas SeuTavson. am SemTxvevaSi Tavisufle-
bisa da damoukideblobis, Tanxmobisa da urTierTTa-
namSromlobis, tolerantobisa da mSvidobis perspeq-
tiva Cndeba. swored msgavsi idealebi gansazRvravs sa-
zogadoebis socialur organizacias.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom mecnierebisa da teqni-
kis, yofiTi keTildReobisa da kulturis da sxva
msgavsi sferos miRwevebisadmi marTlmadideblobis
damokidebuleba adiaforuli (zneobrivad indiferen-
tuli) xasiaTisaa, radgan yovelive amas, SesaZloa, si-
keTec mohyves da borotebac (marqsisti mkvlevrebi). am
mosazrebis sapirispirod unda iTqvas, rom marTlmadi-
debloba sulac ar uaryofs mecnierebas, kulturas,
xelovnebas, Tu es yvelaferi uRmerTobiTa da uzneo-
biT ar aris aRvsili. socialuri realobis adiaforia
realoba rom yofiliyo, maSin am religiis aRmsarebeli
qyveynebi dRemde ver moaRwevdnen. piriqiT, misi socia-
luri doqtrina awesrigebs adamianur azrovnebasa da
yofierebas. qristianoba adamians ganixilavs, rogorc
individs da pirovnebas, sxeulisa da sulis erTiano-
bas. adamianurobis sawyisi sulia. adamiani, rogorc pi-
rovneba, RvTis xati da msgavsia, amitom pirovnebis Ta-
visufleba sulis Tavisuflebaa. marTlmadideblobis
socialuri doqtrinac am principebs emyareba. dRes
CvenSi gavrcelebulia mosazreba, TiTqos protestan-
tobasTan SedarebiT marTlmadidebloba moklebulia
srulyofil socialur koncefcias. amgvari Sexedule-
ba, albaT, erTi mxriv, marTlmadideblobis arsSi gaur-
kvevlobis Sedegia da, meore mxriv, yvelafer amaSi ara-
demokratiuli politikuri cxovrebaa damnaSave.
marTlmadideblobis socialuri koncefcia ada-
mianis sulieri struqturidan momdinareobs da misi
232
umaRlesi qmnileba demokratiaa — specifikuri adamia-
nuri movlena, romelic Serigebas, araZaladobas, mim-
teveblobas, sxvebis poziciebis gagebas, gansxvavebuli
rwmenis adamianebisadmi Semwynareblobas, pirovnul
Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobas, ojaxis
siwmindis dacvas, ufrosebis pativiscemas, Sromas da
erisa da qveynis uangaro msaxurebas gulixmobs. esa Tu
is uwesrigoba ara — marTlmadidebluri socialuri
doqtrinebis, aramed adamianTa gaukuRmarTebuli so-
cialuri urTierTobebis bralia.
eklesia da eri: Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi
èris~ cnebas ori mniSvneloba mainc aqvs. erT SemTxve-
vaSi igi — eTnikur erTobas da meore SemTxvevaSi moce-
muli saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa erTobliobas niSnavs.
erisa da eklesiis urTierToba orives gulisxmobs.
Zvel aRTqmaSi eri religiuri cneba iyo, rameTu erov-
nuli erTianoba religiur rwmenasa da identobas unda
ganepirobebina. eklesiam axal ers — abraamis sulier
STamamomavlobas — daudo saTave. am axal ers qristes
rwmena aerTianebs da amTlianebs. eklesiis sayovelTa-
ooba sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom qristianebs erovnuli
TviTmyofadoba ar gaaCniaT. piriqiT, eklesia gulis-
xmobs sayovelTao da erovnul sawyisebs. am Tvalsaz-
risiT, marTlmadidebloba mraval adgilobriv avtoke-
faliur eklesias aerTianebs. calkeul erTa da kul-
turaTa urTierTgansxvaveba liturgiul da saeklesio
SemoqmedebaSi qristianuli yofis Taviseburebebis sa-
xiT gamoixateba. amgvarad, iqmneba nacionaluri qris-
tianuli kultura. qristianuli eklesiis mravali
wmindani samSoblosadmi siyvaruliT iyo gamorCeuli,
rac imas niSnavs, rom patriotizmi Tavisi arsiT reli-
giuri fenomenia. istoriulad marTlmadidebeli ekle-
sia erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze idga da saomrad
233
mimaval jariskacebs eklesia akurTxebda, aziarebda.
`giyvardes Seni miwieri samSoblo. Sen man gagzarda, ga-
mogarCia, pativi gca da yoveliveTi gasazrdoebs, mag-
ram gansakuTrebiT zeciuri samSoblo giyvardes, ro-
melic Seudareblad Zvirfasia, vidre miwieri samSob-
lo, radganac igi wminda, marTebuli da uzadoa. es sam-
Soblo Ze kacis sisxliT mogeca, magram misi wevrobis-
Tvis mas pativs unda scemde da giyvardes misi kanonebi
ise, rogorc pativs miageb miwieri samSoblos kano-
nebs~, — werda wminda ioane kronStadteli. qristianu-
li patriotizmi erTdroulad vlindeba rogorc eTni-
kuri, ise — saxelmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiT. oRond es
patriotizmi moqmedi unda iyos da ara — formaluri.
formalur patriotizms qristianobasTan araferi
esaqmeba. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom zogjer nacionalu-
ri grZnobebi SeiZleba iseTi codvebis saxiT gamovlin-
des, rogorebicaa agresiuli nacionalizmi, qsenofo-
bia, mtroba eTnikuri niSniT, da a. S. yovelive es ewina-
aRmdegeba qristianul eTikas. amasTan, marTlmadideb-
lobasTan SeuTavsebelia is moZRvrebebi, romlebic
RmerTze maRla nacionalobas ayeneben an rwmenas naco-
naluri TviTcnobierebis erT-erT aspeqtad ganixila-
ven.
eklesia da saxelmwifo: eklesias ara mxolod
uxilavi, aramed xiluli istoriuli Semadgeneli anu
socialur-politikuri garsi aqvs. aseTi warmonaqmni ki
saxelmwifoa, romelic saero, samoqalaqo yofa-cxov-
rebis mosawesrigeblad aris Seqmnili. am funqciis gan-
xorcielebas igi eklesiasTan kavSiris gareSe ver SeZ-
lebs. saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ur-
TierToba istoriulad icvleboda. Cveulebriv, mar-
Tlmadidebloba saxelmwifos im sikeTed ganixilavs,
romelic RmerTma adamianebs TavianTi sazogadoebrivi
234
cxovrebis mosawesrigeblad uboZa. codvis Sedegad ga-
ukuRmarTebuli cxovrebis mosawesrigeblad saxelmwi-
fo aRiarebulia eklesiis mier, oRond amis mizezi uSu-
alod uflis neba ki ara, aramed codvis Sedegia. wminda
werili mogviwodebs, rom `ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa~ Za-
laufleba borotebis sawinaaRmdegod da sikeTis sake-
Teblad gamoviyenoT. swored esaa saxelmwifos reli-
giuri gamarTlebis arsi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, eklesia
locavs saxelmwifos. saeklesio swavlebiT dauSvebe-
lia Zalauflebis absolutizeba. aman SeiZleba misi bo-
rotad gamoyeneba gamoiwvios.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba maT Soris
arsebul bunebriv gansxvavebas unda iTvaliswinebdes.
kerZod, imas, rom eklesia uflis mier Seiqmna da misi
mizani adamianTa xsnaa, xolo saxelmwifo adamianTa mi-
wier keTildReobaze unda zrunavdes. Tanamedrove ci-
vilizaciis pirobebSi saxelmwifo sekularizebulia
da Tavis Tavs religiur moTxovnebs ar uyenebs. ekle-
siasTan misi TanamSromloba kanoniT aris dadgenili
da gansazRvruli, Tumca, faqtia, rom eklesiisa da misi
mxsneli funqciis saxelmwifos mier inorireba karg Se-
degs ar iZleva. saxelmwifo ar unda ereodes saeklesio
saqmeebSi, mis marTva-gamgeobaSi, liturgiuli sakiTxe-
bis gadawyvetaSi, da a.S. Tavis mxriv, eklesia saxelmwi-
fosagan pativiscemasa da saxelmwifos istoriul
cxovrebaSi misi Rvawlis dafasebas moelis. saxelmwi-
fosa da eklesiis urTierTobis formebi istoriulad
bunebrivad yalibdeboda. am mxriv, saukeTeso forma ma-
Ti harmoniuli arsebobaa. saxelmwifosagan eklesiis
gamoyofis genealogias Tu gadavxedavT, aRmoCndeba,
rom evropul qveynebSi igi antiklerikaluri anu anti-
saeklesio brZolis Sedegia. am SemTxvevaSi eklesia sa-
xelmwifosagan misi mosaxleobis polikonfesiurobis
235
gamo ki ara, antireligiuri ideologiis gamo gamoiyo-
fa. amdenad, saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamoyofis ara-
erTi formaa cnobili. erT SemTxvevaSi Cven winaSea
sruli gamoyofa, sxva SemTxvevaSi — nawilobrivi gamo-
yofa, da a.S. dRes marTlmadidebloba RvTisa da kacTa
winaSe msaxurebas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi eweva. zogan is
nacionalur aRmsareblobaa (saberZneTi, rumineTi,
bulgareTi) da saxelmwifo religiis statusi sargeb-
lobs (saberZneTi, fineTi, kviprosi), zogan nacionalu-
ri umravlesobis religiaa (saqarTvelo, ruseTi) da sa-
xelmwifo aRiarebs mis gansakuTrebul rols istoria-
Si, zogan misi mimdevrebi religiur umciresobebs mie-
kuTvnebian (aSS, poloneTi, TurqeTi, siria, iaponia).
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis
SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia is meTodebi, romlebsac
isini TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad iyeneben. saxelmwi-
fo am SemTxvevaSi materialur Zalasa da iZulebas em-
yareba. eklesia ki sulier-zneobrivi saSualebebiT
xelmZRvanelobs, qristes WeSmarit swavlebas qadagebs
da, amdenad, arafris Secvlas ar cdilobs. Tu saxel-
mwifo xels uSlis eklesias Tavisi misiis ganxorciele-
baSi, maSin eklesia angariSs aRar gauwevs saxelmwifos.
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis kidev erTi as-
peqti sindisis Tavisuflebis principia, romelic iu-
ridiuli cnebis saxiT XVIII-XIX ss-Si gaCnda. am princi-
pis saboloo Sedegi is aris, rom dasavlur civiliza-
ciebSi religia saerTo, sazogadoebrivi sferodan ga-
moidevna da adamianis pirad saqmed gamocxadda. amJa-
mad am princips saxelmwifo da kanoni icavs anu saxel-
mwifo mxolod miwier instanciad rCeba, romelic Tavis
Tavs religiur movaleobebs ar ukavSirebs. garda ami-
sa, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebic garkveulwi-
lad sazogadoebis sulieri da zneobrivi mdgomareo-
236
biT aris ganpirobebuli da am konteqstSi saxelmwifo-
sa da eklesiis urTierTkavSiri imTaviTve cxadia. dRes
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTTanamSromlobis
sferoebi SeiZleba iyos: 1) mSvidobis SenarCunebisaT-
vis zrunva sxvadasxva doneze (saerTaSoriso, eTnikur
da samoaqalaqo doneze); 2) sazogadoebaSi zneobrivi
principebis SesanarCuneblad zrunva; 3) sulier, kul-
turul, zneobriv da patriotul aRzrda-ganaTlebaze
zrunva; 4) mowyalebisa da qvelmoqmedebis mxardaWera
da, am mizniT, erToblivi socialuri programebis Se-
muSaveba; 5) qveynis istoriuli da kulturuli memkvid-
reobis SenarCuneba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aRorZi-
neba; 6) policiisa da samxedro mosamsaxureebis suli-
er-zneobriv ganaTlebaze zrunva; 7) devianturi qceve-
bis prevenciisTvis aucilebel socialur RonisZiebeb-
Si monawileoba; 8) mecnierebaze, samecniero kvlevebze
zrunva; 9) garemosa da bunebis dacviTi saqmianoba; 10)
kultura da SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba; 11) mediasTan
komunikacia; 12) ojaxis institutis mxardaWera; 13) sa-
zogadoebis jandacviT RonisZiebebSi monawileoba; 14)
fsevdoreligiuri da sxva msgavsi struqturebisaTvis
winaaRmdegobis gaweva, Tuki isini safrTxes uqmnian sa-
zogadoebasa da pirovnebas. yvelaferTan amasTan er-
Tad, zog sferoSi eklesia ver iTanamSromlebs saxel-
mwifosTan. igulisxmeba politikuri brZola, saarCev-
no agitacia, romelime politikuri partiis mxardaWe-
ra, samoqalaqo SuRlis Camogdeba da omis gaCaReba,
dazverviTi da msgavsi tipis sxva saqmianoba.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebam, ùmTavresi yuradReba
calkeul pirovnebebs, maT yoveldRiur satkivars~ un-
da dauTmos, Semdeg ki unda gaiTvaliswinos `sazoga-
doebisa da saxelmwifos interesebi~. es sociologiis
erT-erTi sadavo problemaa. komunistebi saxelmwifos
237
interesebs pirovnebis interesebze maRla ayenebdnen.
es antihumanuri pozicia uSualod marqsis moZRvrebi-
dan gamomdinareobda, rac arsebiTad pirovnebis uar-
yofas niSnavda. es koncefcia mkacrad gaakritika in-
gliselma, warmoSobiT avstrielma, filosofosma,
karl poperma. man miuTiTa marqsis Secdomaze am sakiT-
xSi da daasabuTa, rom, pirvel yovlisa, pirovnebis in-
teresi unda dakmayofildes. pirovnebis ganTavisuf-
lebasa da winsvlas sazogadoebis ganTavisufleba da
winsvlac mohyveba.
Sromisa da sakuTrebisadmi damokidebuleba:
Sroma socialuri cxovrebis organuli Semadgeneli na-
wilia. bibliuri gagebiT, Sroma Tavidanve rutinuli
saqmianoba ki ara, Semoqmedeba iyo, romelmac es niSan-
Tviseba codviTdacemis Semdeg dakarga da igi adamia-
nisTvis arsebobis saSualebad iqca. wminda werili ara
mxolod yoveldRiuri Sromis aucileblobas qadagebs,
aramed mas gansakuTrebul ritmsac aniWebs, kerZod, me-
oTxe mcneba: `gaxsovdes dRe igi SabaTi da wminda yav
igi. eqvs dRes iqmode da maT Sina qmen yoveli saqmeni
Seni, xolo dRe igi meSvide — SabaTi ars uflis RvTisa
Senisa~. am mcnebiT Sromis procesi RvTaebrivi Semoq-
medebis tolfasi xdeba. Tumca, qristianuli Tvalsaz-
risiT, Sroma TavisTavad, upirobod Rirebuli ram ro-
dia. igi maSin aris uflis mier nakurTxi, rodesac mis
nebas eTanxmeba, da ara maSin, rodesac egoistur inte-
resebs eqvemdebareba. wminda werili or umTavres Sro-
miT impulsze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: erT SemTxvevaSi
Sroma aucilebelia imisTvis, rom Tavad gamoikvebo, da
meore SemTxvevaSi, iSromo imisTvis, rom sxvebs daexma-
ro. eklesiis mamebic xazs usvamdnen Sromis aucileb-
lobas, magram am SemTxevaSi mTavari SromiTi procese-
bis eTikuri mxarea da ara — fizikuri. wminda mama kli-
238
ment aleqsandrielis mixedviT, `Sroma socialuri sa-
marTlianobis skolaa~. wm. ioane oqropirs `samarcxvi-
nod ara — Sroma, aramed garToba~ miaCnda. eklesia ne-
bismieri saxis SromiT saqmianobas akurTxebs, Tuki igi
adamianTa sasikeTod aris mimarTuli. eklesia umweoTa
mfarvelia, amdenad momxrea, rom materialuri dovla-
Ti sazogadoebaSi samarTlianad ganawildes. mdidari
Raribs unda exmarebodes, janmrTeli — sneuls, Sromi-
sunariani — uZlursa da daZabunebuls, amitom Sroma
simdidris wyarod ki ar unda iqces, aramed keTil saq-
meTa qmnas emsaxurebodes. Sromisadmi amgvari damoki-
debuleba sakuTrebisadmi damokidebulebaSic vlinde-
ba. eklesia, rogorc wesi, ar gansazRvravs sakuTrebis
uflebas, Tumca arc socialuri realobis materialur
mxares ugulebelyofs. materialuris gafetiSebas ara-
sodes miesalmeba, Tumca arc adamianis qonebrivi
mdgomareobiT gansazRvravs, misaRebia Tu ara igi uf-
lisTvis. sakuTrebisa da qonebisadmi eklesiis damoki-
debulebas moyvasis siyvarulis saxarebiseuli princi-
pi gansazRvravs. sakuTrebisadmi gaukuRmarTebuli da-
mokidebuleba Cndeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi iviwye-
ben, rom yvelaferi ufals ekuTvnis da rasac isini iRe-
ben, uflisganaa. am SemTxvevaSi sulieri principis uar-
yofa adamianebs Soris SuRliTa da mtrobiT mTavrde-
ba. materialuri simdidre adamians bednierebas ver mo-
utans. simdidris moxveWa damRupvelad moqmedebs ada-
mianis sulier mdgomareobaze. sakuTreba, qoneba da
simdidre adamianma RvTis saCuqrad unda miiRos da yve-
laferi es RvTis sadidebel saqmianobas moaxmaros,
magram am SemTxvevaSi eklesia sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg
ar gamodis, piriqiT, sxvebis xelyofisagan icavs mas
mcnebiT: àra iparo~. amdenad, eklesia sakuTrebis sxva-
dasxva formas aRiarebs, Tumca arcerT maTgans ar ani-
239
Webs upiratesobas (saxelmwifo, sazogadoebrivi, ker-
Zo, korporaciuli, Sereuli da sxv.), radgan, SesaZloa,
TiToeuli maTgani gamoiyeno rogorc RvTisa da moyva-
sis sasargeblod, ise — sazianod.
ojaxi da sazogadoebrivi morali: marTlmadi-
debeli eklesiis damokidebuleba ojaxisadmi naTlad
aris gadmocemuli sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqis ilia meoris qadagebebsa da epistoleebSic,
amitom sakiTxis ganxilvisas am qadagebebisa da episto-
leebis prof. sergi avalianiseul analizs vemyarebiT:
òjaxi unda emyarebodes siyvarulsa da urTierTpati-
viscemas~. `RvTismoSiSoba, Tavmdabloba, sibrZne, ke-
Tilzneoba ... is Tvisebebia, romlebic kargi ojaxis ar-
sebobisaTvis aucilebel safuZvels qmnis~. `qorwineba
RvTiT kurTxeulia, romlis Semdeg rogorc qali, ise
mamakaci sruliad icvleba da pirovnebad yalibdeba~.
`qorwineba da Sviliereba RvTiT dadgenili misteriaa.
esaa axali cxovreba. qorwinebis Semdeg adamiani sru-
liad icvleba, ufro metad viTardeba, misi pirovneba
axleburad Seicnobs cxovrebas~. amasTanave, àucile-
belia, rom qorwineba eklesiam anu RmerTma akurTxos.
col-qmris kavSiri mtkice unda iyos. ojaxSi normalu-
ri cxovrebis damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebelia ufro-
sis pativiscema, ierarqiis dacva, moTminebis unari~.
`qali, upirveles yovlisa, mosiyvarule meuRle da
mzrunveli dedaa, romelic Svilebs eklesiurad da
samSoblos uzomo siyvaruliT uzrdis... mamakaci unda
grZnobdes gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas RvTis,
samSoblosa da ojaxis winaSe; man yovelgvar miwierze
maRla, uflis Semdeg, samSoblo unda daayenos da misi
dacvis moTxovnileba unda hqondes; gaWirvebis Sem-
TxvevaSi misTvis Tavdadeba unda SeeZlos~. `namdvili
mamakaci gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT unda gamoirCeo-
240
des~. `mtris da nebismieri problemis winaSe uSiSoba da
keTilgoniereba — ai, mTavari da ZiriTadi Tviseba Rir-
seuli mamakacisa. namdvili mamakaci aris Zlieri, gambe-
davi, gonieri, nebisyofiani da samarTliani pirovneba~.
èrT-erTi didi sakiTxia... ojaxis simtkice, mra-
valSvilianoba da bavSvebis aRzrda. ojaxi meore sa-
xelmwifoa, sadac ar SeiZleba sufevdes anarqia... qmari
aris Tavi colisa~. misi uwmindesoba gamoTqvams azrs
ierarqiis aucileblobaze ara marto ojaxSi, aramed —
sazogadoebaSic. igi gveubneba, rom aseTi ierarqia ek-
lesiaSic arsebobs. `yvelaferi casa Sina da qveyanasa
zeda Seqmnilia ierarqiuli wyobiT. ierarqia aucile-
belia. es aris miuwvdomeli da udidesi gangeba RvTi-
sa.... arsebobs zeciuri ierarqia... aseve ierarqiuli
wyoba arsebobs qveyanasa zeda da arsebobs miwieri ie-
rarqia, rac, uwinares yovlisa, ufrosebisa da umcro-
sebis urTierTobiT unda vlindebodes... umcrosi pa-
tivs unda scemdes da emorCilebodes ufross~. ierar-
qiis gareSe anarqias Tavs ver davaRwevT. amitom gauge-
baria laparaki ojaxSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworo-
bis Sesaxeb. `dRes mTels msoflioSi dgas sakiTxi qali-
sa da mamakacis sruli gaTanasworebisa; magram es Sec-
domaa, radgan ar SeiZleba qali, Tundac SromaSi, mama-
kacs gauTanabrdes; mas Tavisi didi movaleoba aqvs —
Svilebis Soba da aRzrda, eris gamTlianeba ... ramdena-
dac ojaxi erTi sxeulia, amdenad dauSvebelia, rom mas
ori Tavi hqondes. Tu eqneba, maT Soris konfliqti gar-
dauvali iqneba. mSvidobisa da wesrigis damyarebisaT-
vis aucilebelia ufros-umcrosobisa da ierarqiis ar-
seboba. amitom RvTis kanonebi imis Sesaxeb, rom mamaka-
ci ojaxis Tavia, aucileblad miRebul unda iqnes maSi-
nac ki, roca igi fizikurad an sulierad sustia~. mtki-
ce, harmoniulad mowyobili ojaxi bednierebaa. `bevri
241
bednierebas materialur keTildReobaSi eZebs. Tavis-
Tavad, simdidre codva ar aris, Tu igi gonivrulad iq-
neba gamoyenebuli da Tanac — arc mxolod piradi ke-
TildReobisaTvis~. amasTanave, `miwiersa da yoveldRi-
urobaze zrunvam ar unda dagvakargvinos suli da su-
lieri kultura, radganac usulod nebismierma miRwe-
vam SeiZleba dakargos fasi da TviTon adamianis sawina-
aRmdegod miimarTos~. mSoblebis erT-erT mTavar mova-
leobad misi uwmindesoba Svilebis eklesiurad aR-
zrdas Tvlis. bavSvs adreuli asakidan unda Cavuner-
goT RvTis siyvarulic da zneobrivi cxovrebac. `mo-
zards imTaviTve unda gavuRvivoT wminda werilis mo-
wiweba da siyvaruli, eklesiuri cxovrebis survili;
davanaxoT simZime da damRupveloba codvisa da cod-
vismidrekilebaTa monobisa, vaswavloT garCeva sikeTi-
sa da borotebisa, vaswavloT sinanuli, Serigeba, unari
danaSaulis aRiarebisa, simarTlis dacvisa. isini unda
mivaCvioT siyvaruliT cxovrebas, sxvisi tkivilis ga-
Tavisebas, zrunvas gaWirvebulebsa da avadmyofebze
da, saerTodac, unda aRvzardoT maTSi survili, icxov-
ron da iRvawon RmerTTan, moyvasTan da bunebasTan
Tanxmobasa da kavSirSi~ (fotoalbomi `patriarqi~,
gv.64). kargi ojaxi, kargi STamomavloba da janmrTelo-
ba piradi bednierebis safuZvelia.1
qristianuli swavlebis Tanaxmad, adamiani mowo-
debulia, iyos Tavmdabali, keTili, maRali sulieri
TvisebebiT dajildoebuli. mas ara mxolod — biolo-
giuri, sulieri moTxovnilebebi aqvs, romelTa gare-
Sec igi adamiani ki ara, mxolod biologiuri arseba,
1
amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. prof. sergi avalianis wigni: `sru-
liad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris
msoflmxedveloba~, Tavi III, Tb., 2012, gam. `meridiani~.
242
cxoveli iqneba. aqedan is gamomdinareobs, rom adamia-
nis sulieri samyaros gawmendasa da amaRlebaze zrunva
aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre — materialuri cxov-
rebis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze. materialuris gamfe-
tiSebelma epoqam sawinaaRmdego Sedegebi mogvca. `mi-
wier keTildReobaze fiqrma yovelgvar zRvars gadaa-
Warba. Rirseba daikarga, guli gaqvavda, sicocxle gau-
fasurda. aqedan warmoiSva mudmivi daZabulobisa da
SiSis atmosfero. xalxi sruliad daucvelad grZnobs
Tavs; paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom arcerT epoqaSi
ar yofila adamiani erTdroulad ase Zlieri da ase
susti~. gamosavali ki uflis rwmena da moyvasis siyva-
rulia, swored es aris qvakuTxedi marTlmadidebluri
socialuri doqtrinisa.
eklesia da media: faqtia, rom sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis mowesrigebaSi didi roli medias ekisreba,
rom araferi vTqvaT mis masocializebel funqciaze,
magram, samwuxarod, amJamad media (presa, televizia,
interneti) xSirad aramarto ver asrulebs Tavis mova-
leobas, aramed, piriqiT, xels uwyobs adamianis sulie-
ri cxovrebis damaxinjebas, rasac, bunebrivia, eklesia
ver miesalmeba. media propagandas uwevs erotikas,
mkvlelobasa da Zalmomreobas, rac, rogorc wesi, dRes
Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis saxeliT, progresulo-
biT, liberalizmiT iniRbeba. media did rols Seasru-
lebs adamianis sulieri aRzrdisa da codvebisagan gaw-
mendaSi, magram Tu igi, zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, mowo-
debis simaRleze ar dgas, maSin TviTon xdeba adamiane-
bis (mozardi Taobis) sulierebis damabinZurebeli.
dRevandeli qarTuli media, am TvalsazrisiT, uaryo-
fiT rols asrulebs. `yovelgvari moridebis gareSe aC-
veneben sazogadoebas sulieri dacemis gamaognebel
scenebs, Zaladobasa da sazarel mkvlelobebs da amiT
243
angreven CvenSi RvTis mier dadgenil zRudeebs. zogi-
erTebi amas ukompleqsobis damkvidrebas uwodeben,
rac, martivad rom vTqvaT, ugunurebaa. aseTi saxiT Se-
moTavazebuli WuWyi qvecnobierad ileqeba adamianis,
gansakuTrebiT, mozardisa da axalgazrdobis, fsiqika-
Si da Semdeg sakuTar cxovrebaSi, viTarebis Sesabami-
sad, Tavadac eflobian masSi~, — wers saqarTvelos pat-
riarqi.
sityvis Tavisufleba yovelgvari diqtatisagan
Tavisufali unda iyos, magram amas Tavisi sazRvrebi
aqvs. igi adamianis sulieri samyaros kaTarziss unda
emsaxurebodes. man unda dagmos boroteba, znedacemu-
loba da yovelmxriv xeli Seuwyos sazogadoebaSi mora-
luri principebis damkvidrebas. presis Tavisufleba
mxolod am farglebSi SeiZleba. CvenSi ki amJamad moq-
medebs principi: `yvelaferi nebadarTulia~. am zRvar-
daudebeli `Tavisuflebis~ saxeliT dRes urcxvad
gvTavazoben garyvnilebis legalizacias, bavSvebis
gaxrwnas, uxams kinoproduqcias. SeuZlebelia, ar gaga-
ocos Zaladobis, yaCaRobis, mkvlelobis propagandam,
zogadsakacobrio, erovnuli, zneobrivi da sulieri
faseulobebisadmi upativcemulobam, rac Tavisufle-
ba ar aris; es codvisa da mankierebis monobaa, romelic
TviTganadgurebisa da sulieri sikvdilis tolfasia.
media dRes uzneobis tiraJirebiT ufroa dakavebuli,
vidre zneobrivi siwmindisa.
eklesia, bunebrivia, pativs scems Jurnalistur
da mediasaqamianobas da am sferoSi adamianTa Sromas
saTanadod afasebs, magram mxolod maSin, rodesac igi
zneobrivi principebisa da idealebis propagandas ewe-
va. saganmanaTleblo, misioneruli da sazogadoebriv-
samSvidobo misia mas mediasTan TanamSromlobisken mo-
uwodebs da eklesiac uars ar ambobs am mowodebaze.
244
literatura:
1. avaliani, s. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-pat-

riarqis ilia meoris msoflmxedveloba, Tb., 2012;
2. gabiZaSvili, o. religiaTmcodneoba, Tb., 2008;
3. eliade, m. rwmenisa da religiuri ideebis istoria, I
t. m, 2001, II t. m, 2002 (elversia);
4. veberi, m. msoflio religiebis SedarebiTi analizi
(elversia);
5. kaWkaWiSvili, i. mataraZe, T. niJaraZe, g. SubiTiZe, g.
Sromis kultura da religiuri diskursi saqarTve-
los sxvadasxva TemSi, Tb., 2013;
6. meni, al. msoflio sulieri kultura, Tb., 2012;
7. papuaSvili, n. religiis karibWe, religiis istoriis
Sesavali, Tb., 1996;
9. smelzeri, n. sociologia, nawili III. Tavi XV. reli-
gia. m. 1994;
9. papuaSvili, n. religiis karibWe, religiis istoriis
Sesavali, Tb., 1996;
10. qecbaia, k. religiis sociologia (ganaxlebuli sa-
xelmZRvanelo), Tsu, 2020.
245
Kakha Ketsbaia – doctor of Philosophy, Professor. Academician-secretary
of the Academy of Philosophical Sciences ofGeorgia. Studies problems of
theoretical philosophy (ontology, gnosiology), sociology (theoretical,
branch, meta-sociology) and philosophy of religion and theology. Heis the
author of more than 120 scientific works in these spheres of science.
Lectures on these problems, translates scientific works into Georgian.
ON SOME PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL HABITUS OF

ORTHODOXY
Abstract
Social habitus of orthodoxy is characterized in the article. The

author thinks that orthodoxy has a social doctrine which is properly
conceptualized from the moral aspect.

Ta akademiis religiis filosofiisa da reliagiaT-
mcodneobis ganyofilebam.
246
maia kiknaZe — filosofiis doqtori. saqarTvelos
erovnuli universitetis `seu~-s socialur mecniere-
baTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori. muSaobs
religiis filosofiis da sociologiis sakiTxebze. ga-
moqveynebuli aqvs mravali samecniero naSromi mecnie-
rebis am dargebSi. maT Soris monografia — rwmenis ad-
gili yofierebaSi.
religiuri rwmenis zogierTi paradigma
cnobili faqtia, rom religiis rogorc cxovre-

bis, azrovnebis Semecnebis formis safuZvels warmoad-
gens rwmena. rwmena yofierebis elementia, yofierebis
realobaa.
religiur rwmenas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
yoveli adamianis cxovrebaSi. religiuri rwmena es aris
adamianis bunebrivi miswrafeba RvTisaken, rogorc sam-
yaros da sakuTari Semoqmedisaken.
nebismieri msoflmxedvelobis Seqmnas adamianis
mier sakuTari sazrisis Zieba udevs safuZvlad. TviT
obieqturi samyaros Semecneba adamians am samyaroSi
Tavisi adgilis gasarkvevad sWirdeba. swored aq mJRav-
ndeba adamianis rogorc praqtikuli arsebis cnebis Si-
naarsi. adamiani imTaviTve praqtikulad moRvawe arse-
baa, romelic samyaroSi damkvidrebas da sakuTari miz-
nebis ganxorcielebas cdilobs. adamiani ukve iwyebs
samyaros Teoriul gaazrebas da aqve ibadeba mecniere-
ba.
mecnierebis mizania Seqmnas samyaros obieqturi
suraTi, romlis gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia msof-
lmxedvelobis agebis dros. magram adamianis miswrafe-
ba sinamdvilis obieqturi suraTis Seqmnisaken maradi-
247
ul idealad rCeba. mecnierebis mier SemoTavazebuli
suraTi ramdenadaa adeqvaturi xati, veravin dagvidas-
turebs da arc arsebobs garantia imisa, rom Semdgomi
kvleva mecnierebis arsebul monacemebs radikalurad
ar Secvlis. amitom adamianis mier miRweuli codnis sa-
fuZvelze msoflmxedvelobis Seqmna yovelTvis aris
naxtomi nawilidan mTelisaken. mecnierebasTan kavSiri
ver uzrunvelyofs msoflmxedvelobis zogad mniSvne-
lobas. amitom erTiani mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobis
Seqmna, romelic mecnierulad, e. i. calsaxad gadaw-
yvetda sicocxlis sazrisis problemas, mxolod miza-
nia. amdenad, gamarTlebulia msoflmxedvelobaTa sim-
ravle da arCevani, romelic mxolod pirovnebis pasu-
xismgeblobas emyareba. fixtes mixedviT msoflmxedve-
lobis arCeva damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra adamiani xar.
am arCevanSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs rwmena. cxa-
dia, igi ar aris garkveuli codnis safuZvelze aRmoce-
nebuli da mecnieruli kvlevis Tanamdevi.es erTgvari
filosofiuri rwmenaa, romelsac msoflmxedveloba
dausabuTeblad iRebs. am rwmenaSi gamoxatulia pirov-
nebis mTlianoba, misi RirebulebiTi sasicocxlo ori-
entaciebi, romelTa safuZvelze saboloo arCevani
keTdeba.
`goneba, warmosaxva da rwmena, aRniSnavs g. Tevza-
Ze, msoflmxedvelobis uZiriTadesi makonstruirebeli
unarebia. maTi kavSiri mudam rwmenis raRac tipis sa-
fuZvelze dgindeba. radgan rwmena msoflmxedvelobis
nebis gamoxatulebaa, igi SeiZleba iyos gulubryvilo,
mecnieruli anda religiuri~ (1).
garkveuli rwmeniTi wanamZRvris uqonlad SeuZle-
belia adamianis SemecnebiT — praqtikuli moRvaweoba.
yovelgvari Semecnebisa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis sa-
248
fuZvelSi Zevs dausabuTebeli rwmeniTi wanamZRvrebi
da pirovnuli gadawyvetilebebi.
gnoseologiuri TvalsazrisiT, rwmenas gansaz-
Rvraven rogorc adamianis mier WeSmaritebad miCneul
ama Tu im ideasa da warmodgenas, romlebic subieqturi
Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo mocemul momentisTvis
ar SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovnad da damajereblad iqnes
dasabuTebuli. aq aRiniSneba, rom rwmena adamianis Sina-
gani azrobrivi procesis maxasiaTebelia da rom rwme-
nis obieqti warmodgenilia ara sagnobrivi formiT,
aramed ideebis da warmodgenebis saxiT. religiuri
rwmenis Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, rom xdeba cno-
bierebaSi arsebuli rwmenis obieqtivacia, xolo reli-
giuri rwmenis sagans warmoadgens TviT RmerTi ro-
gorc zebunebrivi, realurad arsebuli, da ara azri
mis Sesaxeb. religiur sistemaSi rwmena damxmare ele-
menti ki araa, aramed cnobierebis umniSvnelovanesi Ta-
viseburebaa, romelsac morwmuneebi gadamwyvet upira-
tesobas aniWeben racionalur SemecnebasTan Sedare-
biT.
rwmena adamianis sulier mdgomareobas warmoad-
gens da moicavs sruliad sxvadasxva rigis movlenebs
garesamyarosa da sakuTari arsebobis rwmenidan sule-
bisa da RvTis rwmenamde.
rwmenaTa didi nawili gonebismieria. amitom is
faqtobrivad arasruli codnaa. Cveni yoveldRiuri
cxovreba arasrul codnazea dafuZnebuli. Cven vcdi-
lobT, srulvyoT es codna, e. i. rwmena ufro safuZvli-
ani gavxadoT. gonebismieri rwmena gonebis muSaobaze,
codnazea agebuli. codnis nakleboba aq eWvs da urwmu-
nobas ganapirobebs. xolo darwmunebulobas zrdis da
rwmenas ganamtkicebs codnis fxizeli muSaoba da cod-
nis zrda. rac uro metia sabuTi, miT ufro metad mje-
249
ra. rac ufro sworadaa gaangariSebuli, miT ufro sar-
wmunoa.
aseTia, mokled rwmenis erTi saxeoba — gonebismie-
ri rwmena. didia misi mniSvneloba da Rirebuleba, misi
adgili yofierebaSi. unda iTqvas, rom istoriuladac
izrdeba misi xvedriTi wili kacobriobis cxovrebaSi.
misi mniSvnelovani aRmavloba ganmanaTleblobis peri-
odidan iwyeba. Cveni droc, umetesad gonebas endoba.
misi darwmunebulobac da skepticizmic gonebismieria.
magram arsebobs rwmenis meore saxeobac, romelic
sul sxva saxisaa. misi dayvana gonebiseul rwmenaze mxo-
lod uxeS warmosaxvas SeuZlia. amgvari rwmenis nimuSia
`megobari ar momatyuebs~. me zustad ver ganvsazRvrav,
ras moimoqmedebs megobari gadamwyvet momentSi, magram
mjera, rom is ar momatyuebs.
ras emyareba es rwmena? xSir SemTxvevaSi es rwme-
nac gonebiseuli ganzogadebis Sedegs warmoadgens. me
vakvirdebi mis saqciels sxvadasxva viTarebaSi da
vxvdebi, rom megobari yovelTvis keTilsindisieri iyo.
aqedan daskvna, rom is momavalSic ar momatyuebs.
am rwmenaSi ufro Rrma safuZvelicaa. megobari
xandaxan gvatyuebs, magram megobrobis rwmena mainc
gvrCeba. swored es rwmenaa aragonebismieri. es cxad-
yofs, rom is gonebiseuli ganzogadebiT araa miRebuli
da codnis bunebis araa. erTaderTi, rasac SeiZleba
aseTi rwmena emyarebodes, nebaa. adamians rwmenis orive
saxeoba axasiaTebs. orives TavTavisi adgili aqvs da
isini erTmaneTs ver Secvlian. magram maT Soris upira-
tesobis, pirvelobis sakiTxi mainc dgeba. isini upira-
tesobas aniWeben gonebismier rwmenas, xolo nebismier
sxvas crurwmenad miiCneven. volteri udides imeds am-
yarebda gonebaze da mxolod misi sjeroda. rwmena maSi-
naa Rirebuli, roca gonebas emyareba, xolo rac ufro
250
emyareba miT ufro safuZvliani da didebulia — ambobs
igi.
`.. imave gzas adgnen didi germaneli filosofosi
kanti da misi uSualo memkvidreebi. gonebasTan dapi-
rispirebul ebraul rwmenas isini azrebiT uyurebdnen;
qristes mcnebebSi ki saswaulis rwmenas viTom ver am-
Cnevdnen. masSi `gonebis religiis~ amokiTxvas cdilob-
dnen. qriste kidevac gundruks ukmevs gonebas da is
udides RvTaebriv sikeTed miaCnia. magram mas xom gone-
ba saidumlos Semmecneblad esmoda da ara dasabuTebis
unarad?~ ( 5).
erix fromic gonebismier rwmenas aqebs. misi az-
riT, rwmena,romelic gonebas arafers ekiTxeba, avto-
ritarizmis mier damkvidrebuli monobaa, adamianis er-
Tgvari sulieri mconarobis gamovlinebaa. amis gamo
adamiani gaurbis Tavisuflebas; cdilobs miiRos mzam-
zareuli pasuxebi Zireul cxovrebiseul kiTxvebze. ase
qmnis mona batons, xolo sakuTar gonebas da meobas sa-
mudad atyvevebs. gonebasTan dapirispirebuli rwmenac
amgvari monobis ukufenaa. ase fiqrobdnen Tavis droze
spinoza, kanti, fixte.
lev Sestovi irwmuneboda, rom goneba klavs rwme-
nas. amitom gonebaze damyarebuli rwmena ubralod, ar
arsebobso. es Sestovis azriT, arasruli codnaa, erTi
mxriv, da crurwmenaa, radganac gonebis winaSe mxolod
aucilebloba arsebobs, Tavisufleba ki — ara; mxolod
nakluli, sruli ki-ara; mxolod sikvdili, sicocxle
ki-ara; mxolod Cixi, gza ki-ara. ase edreba RvTiT gaCe-
nili qveyniereba Ratak udabnos, sadac arc wyaros wya-
li rakrakebs, arc macocxlebeli niavi qris, arc si-
cocxle yvavilobs. ganmanaTleblobam kacobrioba swo-
red am udabnoSi miiyvana, viTarca erT dros bibliurma
gvelma pirveli adamianebi Seiyvana codvis CixSi.
251
religia kacobriobis udidesi saidumloebaa. re-
ligia ubralod rom vTqvaT, sicocxlea. religiis Ta-
vidaTavi RvTis rwmenaa. RvTis rwmena cocxali kavSi-
ria qveynierebis gulTan. rogorc mcenare xmeba fesve-
bis dazianebisas, ise sicocxle xmeba qveynierebis gul-
Tan kavSiris dazianebisas. e. i. RvTis rwmenis gareSe. es
rwmena asuldgmulebs adamians. adamianma Tavisi cnobi-
erebiT unda imoZraos qveynierebis gulisken. mxolod
cnobierebis ganaTebiT aRdgeba codvili gulis feT-
qva, codviT dacemulis sunTqva da sicocxle. guli ig-
rZnobs imas, risTvisac gaCenila qveynad — siyvaruls.
adamians imis arseboba swams rac uyvars. RvTis rwmena
RvTis siyvarulia.
urwmunoeba, rogorc viciT, ar cnobs RmerTs. Cve-
ni dro urwmunoa. is nervebaSlili eZebs RmerTs, mag-
ram ivan karamazovisa ar iyos, verafers naxulobs usas-
rulod mimofantul nislovanebaTa garda. `rwmena aris
mudmivi imedi~ — ambobs hobsi da marTlac yovel adami-
ans, yovel mokvdav arsebas (mokvdavSi, ra Tqma unda,
adamiani igulisxmeba) Tan sdevs am uxilavi arsebis ime-
di.
adamianis tragedia imaSia, rom kultura da mecni-
ereba, gansakuTrebiT, filosofia, — brZanebs sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi ilia II, — didad
dascilda eklesias. bevrs eCveneba rom mecnierul —
teqnikuri miRwevebi dadasturebaa adamianuri gonebis
srulyofilebisa da hgoniaT, rom mas SeuZlia droTa
viTarebaSi axsnas mTeli samyaros saidumloebani; ami-
tom Semoqmedisadmi rwmena naklebad gacnobierebuli
sazogadoebis gamovlinebad da dReisaTvis sruliad
zedmetad miaCniaT. anda imdenad misaRebad, ramdenadac
SeiZleba igi gamoadgeT `dabali~ fenebis marTvis saSu-
alebad.
252
mecniereba uaryofs saswauls, radgan nebismier
saswaulSi aris is, rasac logikiT da miwieri kanonebiT
ver axsni.
morwmuneTaTvis ki cxovreba RvTisa da samyaroSi
misi saswaulebis aRiarebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.
mSvenivrad Tqva goeTem: `rogorc unda moindomos ada-
mianma, buneba da masSi mimdinare procesebi gonebaze
unaSTod ar iyofa, anu yvelgan da yvelaferSi rCeba ad-
gili iracionalurisaTvis, rwmenisaTvis~.
erTi ram yvelasTvis cxadi da gasagebia: religia
aris SeuZleblis SesaZleblobis rwmena da, rogorc
aseTi, igi zebunebrivisa da saswaulis aRiarebas emya-
reba. saswauli ki iseTi zebunebrivia, romelic ewina-
aRmdegeba gonebas, racios wesebsa da kanonebs. igi aris
saidumlo, romlis winaSe rwmeniTi dumili gvmarTebs.
marTalia mecnieruli gansjis TvalTaxedvidan aseTi
ram absurdulad da uazrobad gamoiyureba, magram
rwmenisa da sarwmunoebis arseba swored am absurdSia
(2. gv. 290). tertulianes debuleba — `mwams radgan ab-
surdia~ yvelaze mkafiod da adekvaturad gamoTqvams
religiuri cnobierebis arsebas. kirkegoris azriT,
bibliuri abraami swored imitom aris ` absurdis gmi-
ri~ da `rwmenis raindi~, rom igi RmerTs swiravs Tavis
Svils ara raimes gulisTvis, aramed mxolod rwmeni-
saTvis. abraamis moqmedeba gonebisaTvis gaugebari pa-
radoqsia, saidumloebaa, absurdia. magram mxolod mas
esmis am absurdisa. saswaulis saidumlos rwmena imitom
aris gmiroba da simamace, rom igi ar iZleva araviTar
garantias. rwmena riskTan aris dakavSirebuli da ara
garantiasTan. garantias mxolod goneba, moangariSe
gansja da misi produqti mecniereba iZleva. abraamis
rwmeniTi mimarTeba Tavis RmerTTan aris unikaluri mi-
marTeba unikalurTan, romlis ganzogadeba saerTod
253
SeuZlebelia. RvTaebrivi Zalebis rwmena udidesi sai-
dumloa, xolo morwmune namdvili gmiri.
rwmena ar gamoricxavs mecnierebas: piriqiT mis
miRwevebsa mtkicebulebebs iyenebs da axali aRmoCene-
bisTvis TviTonac iRwvis. (XIX -XX saukuneebSi araerTi
gamogoneba ukavSirdeba morwmune mecnierTa da mkvle-
var sasuliero pirTa saxelebs). misTvis gasagebia rom
esa Tu is Teoria an hipoTeza SeiZleba xval saerTod
miuRebeli aRmoCndes an ukeTesiT Seicvalos. es ki imi-
tom xdeba, rom adamianis gonebis SesaZleblobebi Sez-
Rudulia da srulyofilebisagan daSorebuli.
sainteresoa sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos —
patriarqis, uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia meoris Sexe-
duleba mecnierebis Sesaxeb: `mecniereba RvTisagan na-
kurTxia. igi adamianis rogorc RvTis xatebis miRwevaa.
oRondac yovelnairad unda vecadoT, rom mecnierul —
teqnikuri revoluciis am metad rTul dros swori mi-
marTuleba da gamoyeneba mivceT adamianis gonebis na-
yofs, unda vecadoT, rom mecnierulma winsvlam xeli
ar SeuSalos pirovnebis sulier ganviTarebas~ (4. gv.3-
4).
rwmena, kerZod, mecnieris rwmena gambedaobas war-
moSobs. gambedaobas aRmoCenasTan mihyavs mecnieri.
umecaris rwmenam da gambedaobam SeiZleba uazrobamde
migviyvanos, uazrobam — tragediamde. mecnieris rwmena
xangrZliv dakvirvebebze, dapirispirebaze, zust cod-
naze dafuZnebuli rwmenaa. gonebis mkacr, udavo sabu-
Tebze damyarebuli mecnieris rwmena udidesi Semoqme-
debiTi Zalaa.
adamians Tanabrad sWirdeba religiac da mecnie-
rebac, rwmenac da codnac. marTalia, religiur niadag-
ze moewyo barTlomes Ramis tragedia da auracxeli
`kudiani~ qaliSvili daiwva koconze, magram religiur-
254
ma suliskveTebam ara erTi eri ( maT Soris qarTveloba)
gaamTliana da gadaarCina. mecnierebamac auracxeli si-
keTe moutana kacobriobas, realobad aqcia zRaprebSi
naocnebari, magram Seqmna masobrivi ganadgurebis saSi-
neli iaraRebi da kacobrioba daayena fizikuri ganad-
gurebis safrTxis winaSe.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi Seqmnilma moZRvrebam,
sinergetikam, axleburad daayena umniSvnelovanesi
globaluri, `samyarouli~ problemebi. yvela da yvela-
fer danarCenTan erTad, adamianic samyaros nawilia da
saerTo wesrigSi (Tu uwesrigobaSi), unda Tu ar unda
monawileobs. samyaroSi mimdinare procesebi (fiziku-
ri, qimiuri, biologiuri, socialuri, mikro-makro) ar
aris calsaxa da raRac erTi mimarTulebisa. es aris qa-
osisa da wesrigis urTierTmonacvleobis dausrulebe-
li procesi, romelic rogorc wesi sruliad SemTxvevi-
Ti faqtorebiTaa gapirobebuli. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZ-
leba laparaki saerTo kanonzomierebaze. samyaroSi ar-
sebul Ria rTul sistemaTa (fizikur, qimiur da a. S.)
Soris SeiZleba ganvixiloT adamianis yofiereba ro-
gorc erTi mTliani, romlis SigniT saerTo `samyarou-
li~ procesebi mimdinareobs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, nebismi-
er Ria rTul sistemas aqvs TviTmowesrigebis, TviTor-
ganizaciis unari.
kacobriobis istoriaSi, romelic zigzagebiT moZ-
raobda, xan rwmenis primati figurirebda, xan — codni-
sa, xan sarwmunoebas ukmevdnen gundruks, xan mecniere-
bas. miuxedavad amisa (da iqneb swored amitomac), uer-
TmaneTod maTi ganviTareba SeuZlebeli iyo.
dResdReobiT nebismieri dogmati naTeli rwmenisa
Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da filosofiuri azrovne-
bis noyier niadags efuZneba — cnobieradac da qvecno-
255
bieradac. Tanamedrove religiuri cnobiereba da praq-
tika yoveldRiuri momxmarebelia mecnierebis da teq-
nikis miRwevebisa. sxvanairad mas gauWirdeboda dRevan-
deli adamianis ndobis SenarCuneba.
literatura:
1. g. TevzaZe, codna da rwmena filosofiaSi — Jurn.

religia, N10. 1992.
2. n.kvaracxelia, saswaulis fenomeni religiur cno-
bierebaSi — filosofiuri Ziebani. Tb. 1998.
3. m.kiknaZe, rwmenis adgili yofierebaSi. Tb. 2014
4. rwmena da codna, mokle filosofiuri cnobari.
Tsu, 2001.
5. z. xasaia, rwmena — literatura da sxva, Tsu, 2001. N1
(3).
6. l. Sestovi, aTeni da ierusalimi. sankt-peterburgi,
2001.
256
Maia Kiknadze — Doctor of Philosophy. Associate Professor of the Faculty
of Social Sciences of the Georgian National University `SEU~. Works on
Philosophy and Sociology of Religion. He has published many scientific
papers in these fields of science. Including the monograph — the place of
faith in existence.
SOME PARADIGMS OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF
ABSTRACT
Religious belief occupies an important place in the life of

every human being. Religious belief is man's natural aspiration to
God as the universe and to his Creator.
The object of religious belief is God Himself as supernatural,
actually existing, and not thinking about Him. In the religious
system, faith is not an auxiliary element, but the most important
feature of consciousness, which believers give a decisive advantage
over rational cognition.
Modern religious consciousness and practice are daily
consumers of advances in science and technology. Otherwise it
would be difficult for him to maintain the confidence of today’s man.

257
manana CiteiSvili — filosofiis doqtori, akaki wereTlis
saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori; muSa-
obs religiisa da xelovnebis, religiisa da eTikis sakiTxeb-
ze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: `religiis istoriis sakiT-
xebi~ (quTaisi, 2004); `qarTuli qristianuli xelovnebis sa-
kiTxebi~ (quTaisi, 2005); èTikis safuZvlebi biznesisaTvis~
(quTaisi, 2008); `taZris egzistencialuri da religiuri as-
peqtebi~ (quTaisi, 2013); `xelovnebis filosofiis probleme-
bi~ (quTaisi, 2017); avtoria filosofiis problemebze samec-
niero statiebis.
poliTeistur religiaTa
xelovnebis filosofiuri safuZvlebi
Zveli aRmosavleTis imperiebis xelovanebi Tavi-

seburi srulyofilebis miRwevas eswrafvodnen. isini
cdilobdnen mama-papaTa xelovnebisTvis SeZlebisdag-
varad zustad miebaZaT da maT mier Seswavlili wmindad
aRiarebuli kanonebi mkacrad daecvaT.
berZnuli xelovnebis sawyis TariRad Zv. w. me-7-s-
is Sua xanebia miCneuli. swored am arqaul epoqaSi Seiq-
mna monumenturi plastika, didsivrculi arqiteqtura
da figuruli mxatvroba. berZenma ostatebma, roca
qvis qandakebis keTebas mohkides xeli, TiTqmis, egvip-
telebisa da asurelebis mitovebuli gza ganagrZes.
isini swavlobdnen da imeorebdnen egviptur modelebs
(mag; Tu rogor gamoiyofa sxeulis nawilebi da maTi Se-
maerTebeli kunTebi da a.S.), ar sjerdebodnen arsebul
formulas da axali gzebis Ziebas iwyebdnen.
faqtobrivad, aqedan mokidebuli, Zveli berZnebi,
xelovanebis saqmed Tvlidnen, Tavad scodnodaT, Tu
rogor unda gamoesaxaT esa Tu is sxeuli. Tu egvipte-
lebma, TavianTi xelovneba, codnaze daafuZnes, berZne-
258
bi mxedvelobis organoebis mier aRqmuliT dakmayo-
fildnen. TandaTan Seiswavles adamianis sxeulis yvela
nawilis konstruirebis meTodebi da ufro meti, See-
cadnen saxis gamometyveleba da xasiaTis Tvisebebic
eCvenebinaT. berZnebi mixvdnen, Tu rogor unda gamo-
qandakebuliyo tani, ufro bunebrivi rom yofiliyo, an
saxe, cocxlad gamomzirali rom warmoedginaT ( mag; ba-
gis boloebi Rimilisgvarad odnav zeviT awevas daeq-
vemdebareboda). amis miuxedavad, berZnebi xelovanebi
siZneleebs ar ufrTxodnen.
berZnul mxatvrobas rac Seexeba, maTze bundovan
warmodgenas gviqmnis Tixis nakeTobaTa moxatuloba
(e.w larnakebi, Rvinisa da zeTis Camosasxmelad). Zv.w.
me-6 s-Si, moxatul larnakebze, kvlav SesamCnevia egvip-
turi meTodis kvali, Tumca, mxatvroba ise xisti aRar
aris, ostatma miagno rakurss (mag; berZenma fermwerma
gabeda, terfi daexata ise, rogorc es winxedSia, egvip-
telebisa da asurelebisagan gansxvavebiT). aq gamoT-
qmuli migvaniSnebs, rom xelovanis mizani aRar aris
yvelaferi, yvelaze naTlad aRsaqmeli saxiT mogvawo-
des. is iTvaliswinebs kuTxes, saidanac sagans uyurebs.
berZeni ostatebi cdilobdnen gamosaxulebis garegani
saxis Seulaxavad gadmocemas. aRniSnulis miuxedavad,
maT yvela wvrilmani aRar miaCniaT xelSeuxebel siw-
minded. maTTan jer kidev ar aris momwifebuli azri,
SemTxveviTi asaxon.
berZnul xelovnebaSi, bunebrivi formebisa da ra-
kursis aRmoCenis periods emTxveva, berZnul RvTaeba-
Ta Zvel tradiciebsa da legendebze dafiqreba da mi-
TiTebis Sesaxeb winaswar Camoyalibebuli azrebis ga-
reSe kvleva. am dros Caisaxa mecniereba, dionisesadmi
miZRvnili ceremoniebi ki Teatrad iqca. antikurobaSi
xelovneba ar Seadgenda sulieri moRvaweobis formas.
259
moqandakeebsa da fermwerebs zemodan uyurebdnen. es
ukanasknelni am saqmianobiT irCendnen Tavs. amis miuxe-
davad, maTi wvlili qalaqis cxovrebaSi ganuzomlad
meti iyo, vidre ubralo egviptelebis, an asurelebis.
im dros, rodesac aTenis demokratiam umaRles
dones miaRwia, berZnuli xelovnebac ganviTarebis
mwvervalze iyo. fidiasma aTena palada gamoaqandaka,
romelic, cxadia, demonis kerpze meti iyo. yvela cno-
bis Tanaxmad, am ukanasknelis qandakebas, iseTi Rirseba
hqonda, romelic xalxs maTi RvTaebebis xasiaTsa da
mniSvnelobaze sxva azrs uqmnida. fidiasis xelovnebam,
berZen xalxs RvTaebis axali koncefcia miawoda.
herakles gmirobebis amsaxvel scenebSi, `herakles
uWiravs cargvali~(daaxloebiT Zv.w 470-460ww, olimpos
zevsis taZris marmarilos fragmenti), egviptur xe-
lovnebaSi gabatonebuli wesebis Semaferxebeli zegav-
lenis amocnoba Zneli ar aris. Tumca, is didebuli sim-
Svide da Zalac, romlebic berZnul qandakebas gamoar-
Cevs, isev Zveli wesebis dacvis wyalobiTaa miRebuli.
isini xelovnebas aRar abrkolebdnen, mis Tavisufle-
bas aRar boWavdnen. meore mxriv, aseve mniSvnelovania
sxeulis agebulebisa da misi arsebis Cveneba (raTa gavi-
goT, rogor aris sxeuli SekavSirebuli). berZeni osta-
tebi, iyenebdnen drapirebas sxeulis aRnagobis gamo-
sakveTad. rac miuTiTebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
maTTan, formis codna. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
berZnuli xelovneba, momdevno epoqebSi, xiblavs yve-
las, im wonasworobis gamo, romelic man wesebis erTgu-
lebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris daamyara. adamianis moZ-
ravi sxeulis SeswavlaSi, berZen ostatebs, SeiZleboda
daxmareboda gamarjvebul aTletTa qandakebebis Seq-
mnis tradicia.
260
Cven aRvniSneT, rom saberZneTSi xelovnebas uyu-
rebdnen, rogorc xelosnobas. daaxloebiT, Zv.w 520-420
ww. situacia Seicvala. sul ufro meti adamiani iCenda
interess xelovanTa nawarmoebebis mimarT da ara maTi
religiuri an politikuri daniSnulebis gamo. adamia-
nebi msjelobdnen xelovnebis `skolebis~ Rirsebebis
Sesaxeb. isini mravalgvar stils, meTodsa da tradici-
as adarebdnen erTmaneTs, riTac sxvadasxva qalaqis os-
tatebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodnen. vfiqrobT,
rom am skolebs Soris arsebulma Sejibrebis survilma,
stimuli misca xelovanTa mondomebas da xeli Seuwyo
berZnuli xelovnebis mravalferovnebis gaCenas.
arqiteqturaSi, erTmaneTis gverdiT daiwyo Tana-
arseboba mravalma stilma. taZrebi erTsa da imave
princips misdevdnen, magram maTi garegnoba da xasiaTi
gansxvavebuli gaxldaT. aseTive moxdenilobiTa da si-
laRiT xasiaTdeba am periodis qandakeba da mxatvro-
bac. isini fidiasis Semdgomi Taobis namuSevrebSi
iRebs saTaves. am dros moqandakem icoda, rom misi amo-
cana msvlelobis gamosaxva iyo, romelic mSveniers
warmoaCenda. swored am ukanasknelis damkvidrebiT ga-
iTqves saxeli me-4 saukunis berZenma moqandakeebma. ga-
naTlebuli berZenis Temas Seadgenda mxatvrobasa da
qandakebaze, mSvenierebasa da amaRlebulze msjeloba.
berZenma xelovanebma silamazes, codnis meSveobiT mi-
aRwies. berZnebi bunebas aidealebdnen. fiqrobdnen,
rom isini adamianis garegnobis gadmocemisas, nakls as-
worebdnen, rac srulyofil sxeulze maT warmodgenas
ar Seesabameboda. sinamdvileSi ki, xelovanTa sazruna-
vi iyo uwindel garssSi, rac SeiZleba meti sicocxle
STaeberaT. moqandakeebis xelSi, maT sunTqva da moZra-
oba daiwyes. am droisaTvis, xelovnebam ganviTarebis
iseT wertils miaRwia, romelSic tipiurisa da indivi-
261
dualuris axlebuli, faqizi wonasworoba Seiqmna. mSve-
nierebis warmoSobis am meTods (romliTac zogad da
sqematur figurebs ematebaT sicocxle, SeeZlo adami-
anTa damajerebeli tipebis Seqmna), Seswevda Tu ara Za-
la, realuri individualuri adamianis gamosasaxad?
Zvel berZnebs, mxolod me-4 saukuneSi gauCndaT por-
tretebis Seqmnis idea. rogorc Cans, qandakebebi pro-
totipTan didi msgavsebiT ar gamoirCeoda. berZeni xe-
lovanebi, Tavsaridebdnen saxeebisaTvis garkveuli ga-
mometyvelebis miniWebas. ufro zustad, maTi nakvTebi
arasdros gadmoscems raime Zlier emocias. mxolod
sxeuls da mis moZraobas mimarTavdnen es ostatebi,
imis gamosaxatad, rasac sokrate `sulis muSaobas~
uwodebda (Tvlidnen, rom nakvTebis TamaSs SeeZlo dae-
maxinjebina da daerRvia saxis martivi wesrigi). aRniS-
nuli SezRudva (praqsiteles Semdgom TaobaSi), me-4 sa-
ukunis miwurulisaTvis TandaTan moixsna da mxatvreb-
ma im saSualebebs miagnes, romliTac nakvTebis gamo-
cocxleba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. maT iswavles saxis
damaxasiaTebeli ama Tu im niSnis gadmocema da por-
tretis Seqmna (pirvelad swored aleqsandre makedone-
lis epoqaSi daiwyes msjeloba portretis rogorc axa-
li xelovnebis Sesaxeb).
elinistur periodSi, upiratesoba eniWeboda sve-
tis axal formas (romelic jer kidev Cv.w. aRm-de me-4 s-
Si SemuSavda), korinTuls. aseTi fufuneba aRmosavle-
Tis axal daarsebul qalaqebSi aRmarTul brwyinvale
nagebobebs Seefereboda. berZnuli xelovnebis es sti-
li, aRmosavleTis samefoTa tradiciebs miesadaga. aR-
niSnuli cvlileba, im xanis, ramdenime yvelaze cnobil
qandakebaSic SeimCneva. Tumca, am periodis ZeglebSi,
qandakebis harmoniisa da daxvewilobis nacvlad, war-
moCinebuli iyo mZvinvareba. magaliTad; pergamonis sa-
262
kurTxevelze, RmerTebisa da goliaTebis brZolis am-
saxveli jgufi, Zv.w 160 weli, an laokoonis jgufuri
qandakeba aris amis dasturi. laokoonis aRmoCenam yve-
la SeZra. aqve Cndeba eWvi, ramdenad SeiZleboda amgva-
ri xelovneba yofiliyo gamiznuli misi Tanamedrovee-
bisaTvis. unda gavixsenoT, rom elinizmis epoqaSi, magi-
asa da religias xelovnebasTan Zveli kavSiri aRar
hqonda, radgan xelovneba sakuTari problemebiT iyo
dainteresebuli da Sesabamisad, dramatuli Sinaarsis
amgvari Tanamimdevroba, rogoricaa, moZraoba, eqspre-
suloba da a.S, im rangis amocana iyo, riTac dasturde-
boda mxatvris gawafuloba.
am droidan mokidebuli, mdidari adamianebi dae-
wafnen xelovnebis nimuSTa Segrovebas. mwerlebi xe-
lovnebiT dainteresdnen da xelovanTa cxovrebis aR-
wera daiwyes. erTaderTi, riTac SegviZlia warmodgena
SeviqmnaT Zveli mxatvrobis xasiaTze, pompeiSi da sxva-
gan, mikvleuli kedlis dekoratuli mxatvroba da mo-
zaikaa. aq peizaJuri mxatvrobac aris. SesaZloa, swo-
red es ukanaskneli iyo elinisturi periodis udidesi
siaxle. Zveli aRmosavleTis xelovneba ar icnobs pei-
zaJs (im SemTxvevebis garda, roca adamianTa cxovrebis
amsaxveli ambebis da saomari moqmedebebis garemo gad-
moicemoda). fidiasisa da praqsiteles droindeli ber-
Znuli xelovnebisaTvis, adamiani mxatvris yuradRebis
umTavres sagnad rCeboda. mxatvrebma, soflis idilie-
bi asaxes, poetebma mwyemsTa ubralo cxovrebis momxib-
vleloba aRmoaCines. es namuSevrebi, metad Tu nakle-
bad realisturia. vinaidan, elinizmis ostatebmac ar
icodnen is, rasac Cven perspeqtivas vuwodebT. Tumca,
es ukanaskneli ar gaaCnda klasikur antikurobas, mainc
ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT naklad, radgan mxatvruli
srulyofilebis miRweva, yvela stilSia SesaZlebeli.
263
antikurma xelovnebam, daarRvia ra aRmosavleTis xe-
lovnebis mkacri suraTi da aqcenti gaakeTa tradici-
ul saxe-xatebis dakvirvebaze, romelSic kargad Cans
Semoqmedis inteleqti.
romaelebma, msoflios dapyrobis Semdeg, elinis-
tur samefoTa nangrevebze, sakuTari imperia daaarses,
xelovneba ki darCa ucvleli. romaelebis arc erT ar-
qiteqturul qmnilebas ar hqonia iseTi xangrZlivi gav-
lena, rogoric maT mier mTel imperiaSi (italia, saf-
rangeTi, CrdiloeT afrika da azia) aRmarTul trium-
falur TaRebs. romauli arqiteqturis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani Tvisebaa TaRebis gamoyeneba (rasac berZnul
nagebobebSi saerTod ar mimarTavdnen). rac Seexeba
portrets, is, garkveul religiur daniSnulebas asru-
lebda. wesad hqondaT winaparTa cvilis gamosaxulebe-
bis tarebac damkrZalavi msvlelobis dros. mas Semdeg,
rac romi imperia gaxda, imperatoris biusts, kvlav re-
ligiuri krZalviT Sescqerodnen. rasac qristianebi
ewinaaRmdegebodnen da amgvari daumorCileblobis ga-
mo, maTi devna daiwyo. amis miuxedavad, romaul por-
tretebSi, axerxebdnen adamianis agebulebis bunebrivi
formebis dacvas da xelovnebis es nimuSebi, berZnuli-
sagan gansxvavebiT, aramaameblurad gamoiyureboda. ki-
dev erTi amocana dausaxes romaelebma xelovanebs,
kerZod, TavianTi gamarjvebebis aRsaniSnavad laSqro-
bebSi, aRemarTaT uzarmazari sveti. romauli xelovne-
bis mTavari mizani ar iyo silamazis an dramatulobis
gamovlena, aramed saomari kampaniis dros, Cadenil sag-
miro saqmeTa TvalnaTlivi Txroba.
berZnuli da romauli xelovneba, romelmac ada-
mianebs RmerTebisa da gmirebis lamazad gamosaxva as-
wavla, indoelebsac daexmara maTi mxsnelis, budas sa-
xis SeqmnaSi.
264
literatura:
1. gordeziani rismag, berZnuli civilizacia. Tbilisi

gamomc. `merani~ 1988.
2. afanasieva v, lukonini e, pomercanceva, n. Zveli aR-
mosavleTis xelovneba. Tbilisi gamomc, `nakaduli~
1986.
Manana Chiteishvili – Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor of Akaki

Tsereteli State University; works about religious, art and ethics matters. Her
books include: `Historical Matters of Religions~ (Kutaisi, 2004); `Georgian
Christian Art Matters~ (Kutaisi, 2005); Èthics Foundations for Business~
(Kutaisi, 2008); Èxistential and Religious Aspects of the Temple~ (Kutaisi,
2013); `Problems of Art Philosophy~ (Kutaisi, 2017); the author of some
scientific articles about the problems of philosophy.
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ART

OF POLYTHEISTIC RELIGIONS
ABSTRACT
The artists of the ancient Eastern empires aspired to achieve a

certain kind of perfection. They endeavored, as far as possible, to
imitate the art of the ancestors as accurately as possible, and to
strictly adhere to the sacredly recognized laws they had studied. The
initial date of Greek art is considered BC the middle of the 7th
century. When Greek craftsmen began to make stone sculptures, they
almost continued the abandoned way of the Egyptians and Assyrians.
Greek artists avoided giving certain expressions to faces, more
precisely, their plots never convey any strong emotion. The masters
only used the body and its movement to express what Socrates called
the `work of the soul.~ They believed that a game of plots could
265
distort and disrupt the simple order of sorts. By the end of the 4th
century BC, this restriction was lifted, and in the era of Alexander
the Great, the discussion of portraiture as a new art began. Ancient
art broke the strict image of Eastern art and focused on observing
traditional face-icons and discovering new features in it, in which the
intellect of the creator is embedded.
The Romans, after conquering the world, established an
empire on the ruins of the Hellenistic kingdoms and used arches in
architecture.As for the image of wax found with the Romans, in the
image of emperors, it is more free and unfamiliar than with the
Greeks. Art with the Romans has another feature, fixing the winner
and raising the arch of the pillar. Like the Greeks, Roman art, which
taught people to beautifully depict gods and heroes, also helped the
Indians to create the image of their savior, the Buddha.

266
kulturis filosofia
PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE
manana gagoSiZe — filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqto-
ri, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis, biznesisa da
socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asist. profeso-
ri. aris samecniero wignebis avtori, gamoqveynebuli
aqvs Sromebi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve ucxoeTSi.
kulturis filosofiuri aspeqtebis gaazreba

erovnul msoflxedvasTan mimarTebaSi
kulturis cnebis dadgena, axal kondicias aRwevs.

swored am aucileblobis winaSe vdgebiT Tanamedrove
gamowvevebis gamo. rogorc Cans, kultura yvelaze me-
tad daucveli aRmoCnda. negatiurobis realur safuZ-
vels gansakuTrebiT qmnis teqnologiebze moTxovnis
gadaWarbebuli aucilebloba. tradiciuli kulture-
bis mqone qveynebis CarTuloba Tanamedrove integra-
ciul kavSirebSi erTi SexedviT ar unda qmnides saSiS-
roebas maTi usafrTxoebisTvis, ar unda qmnides maT-
Tvis eWvis mizezs am globaluri kavSirebis sikeTeSi,
magram ufro siRrmiseulad Tu vimsjelebT, am Rrma
SreSi aRmovaCenT kulturuli deformaciis proble-
mas.
swored amis gamo saWiroa mivubrundeT kulturis
cnebis Rrma Sreebis aRweras da amisTvis filosofiaSi
damkvidrebuli msoflxedvis, samyaros filosofiuri
xedvis kategorias. swored kulturis meSveobiT xdeba
samyaros da masSi adamianis adgilis, rolisa da mimar-
Tebis gansazRvra. adamiani misi meSveobiT acnobierebs
sakuTar Tavs, qmnis sakuTar gamocdilebas Sefasebis
konteqstis formulirebaSi, agebs samyaros sakuTar
268
suraTs, realobis sakuTar models; rogorc ityvian —
samyaros suraTi realobis modelia (4).
msoflxedvas aqvs erTi mTavari unari — Seqmnas da
uzrunvelyos RirebulebaTa sistema, kulturis gene-
rirebis mudmivi procesi. es procesi kvlavwarmoebisa,
kulturul tradiciad gvevlineba, rac aris kidec
àdamianTa sazogadoebrivi, sulieri cxovrebis war-
momqmneli meqanizmi~ , igi erTgvari `nervuli sistemaa~
kulturuli organizmisa da am sistemis moSla kultu-
ruli damblis pirobad SeiZleba iqces (3).
dRes CvenSi ( qarTul sinamdvileSi) warmoSobili
aqtualuri krizisebi, upirveles yovlisa msoflxed-
vis krizisiT aris gamowveuli. SeiZleba iTqvas materi-
aluri da sulieri teqnologiebi proporciulad da-
cemulia. arsebiTia isic, rom ara gvaqvs am krizisis di-
agnostikis cnebiTi xelsawyoebi, rom araferi vTqvaT
misi mogvarebis strategiaze. dRes Cven mTeli sicxa-
diT am faqtis winaSe vdgavarT. Tanamedroveobis poli-
tikurad ideologizirebam ucnob sivrceSi ukompasod
mavalis gasaWirSi Cagvagdo da pesimisturi gaxada sam
kantianur kiTxvaze pasuxi: ra SemiZlia vicode? ra un-
da gavakeTo? risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes? am kiTxvebze
pasuxis vergacemas SeuZlia iseT eqtremalur situaci-
aSi Seyvana, romelic ùCumrad~ moaxloebuli Tanamed-
rove gamowvevebis koreqcias fundamenturad SeuSlis
xels. paradoqsia,magram faqtia — swored am gamowve-
vebma unda SegvaZlebinos RirebulebaTa sistemis rege-
neracia, romlis rezervebi kvlavac da kvlavac Cveni
kulturis filosofiur-istoriul paradigmebSia da-
saZebni.
antikurobidan dawyebuli filosofiuri azrov-
neba eZebda samyarosa da kacobriobis ganviTarebis ar-
sa da sazriss, mis zogad kanonzomierebebs da rogorc
269
wesi, igi refleqsirebuli iyo zogad sulier sawyisad,
msoflio gonebriv wesrigad, rasac heraklitem `logo-
si~ uwoda, anaqsagoram — `nusi~, platonma — `demiurgo-
si~, aristotelem ki — àzrovnebis azrovneba~ (4).
qristianobaSi gonis cnebis ambivalenturia RvTa-
ebrivi goneba, rac yvelaze cxadad avgustinem gaiazra.
goni masTan gamocxadebulia azrovnebis siZliered, ab-
solutur sikeTed, romlis providenciaa adamianis ar-
sebobis wesi, misi istoria, kultura, msoflxedva da
goniereba.
gonis erTmniSvnelovani gansazRvreba filosofi-
aSi ar aris mopovebuli da es TiTqmis arc aris SesaZ-
lebeli; rac Seexeba erovnul gons SeiZleba ganisaz-
Rvros, rogorc eris istoriulad Camoyalibebuli ar-
sebiTi Taviseburebebis — erovnuli xasiaTis, arsebiTi
miznobrivi miswrafebebis, enisa da kulturis erTiano-
ba. am TaviseburebaTagan erovnuli gonis imanenturi
bunebisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia erovnuli xasiaTi, mis-
wrafebaTa erToblioba, razedac damokidebulia da
rasac asaxavs erovnuli kultura. cnobilia, rom yove-
li erovnuli kultura yalibdeboda da viTardeboda
sakuTar niadagze, Tumca sxva kulturebTan urTier-
TobaSi, magram masSi yovelTvis erTmaneTTanaa Ser-
wymuli saerTo sakacobrio da individualur-erovnu-
li, erovnulis upiratesobiT (4).
dRes, TanamedroveobaSi eris, erovnuli gonis da-
niSnulebis Sesaxeb msjelobebma radikalizaciis saxe
miiRo.. erovnulobis, eris arsebis gageba dauqvemde-
barda kacobriobisaTvis misi moRvaweobis mizans, ri-
Tic faqtobrivad dakninda misi roli da Rirebuleba.
Tu erebi viTardebian da qrebian istoriis arenidan,
Tu aqedan mogebas kacobrioba iRebs, maSin gamodis,
rom eris ganviTareba saboloo miznis mixedviT Sefase-
bulia kacobriobis ganviTarebisTvis Tavis Sewirvad;
270
am Tvalsazrisma ganaviTara erovnuli nihilizmi, rom-
lis saboloo Sedegi erovnuli kulturis gaqrobaa. am
problemaTa aspeqtSi filosofiur azrovnebaSi gaiSa-
la farTo asparezi kamaTis, dialogis, kritikisaTvis
da Seiqmna metad sayuradRebo koncefciebi. saWirogax-
da èrovnuli filosofiis~ anu eris Sesaxeb Teoriul-
filosofiuri koncefciis SemuSaveba.samarTliani iq-
neba Tu gavixsenebT, romswored am sakiTxis dafuZne-
bis saqmeSi monawileobas iRebdnen Cveni qveynis bed-iR-
balze mofiqrali axalgazrda qarTveli inteligente-
bi: iv.javaxiSvili, m.wereTeli,d.uznaZe, al.janeliZe
da sxvebi. swored maT erovnuli gonis metad sayurad-
Rebo aspeqtebi gamoikvlies da erovnuli cnobiereba
Rrma filosofiuri ganazrebebiT gaamdidres. d.uzna-
Ze, ikvlevda ra erovnuli gonis raobas,werda: ` ...
erovnuli goni Tavisi eris interesebis realizacias
unda eswrafvodes, igi warmoiSoba cocxali organiz-
mis msgavsad garkveul drosa da sivrceSi da viTardeba
Tavisi individualobis, sakuTari kulturuli Rire-
bulebebis ganxorcielebiT~ (3).
ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebis sazrisi erovnuli
TviTSegnebis, `Catexili xidis~ gamTlianebis sakiTxi
iyo. mis pirovnebaSi ganxorcielebuli iyo qarTuli
erovnuli gonis Taviseburebani da amitomac Tavdade-
biT iRvwoda da ibrZoda Tavisi eris xsnis, istoriu-
lad Camoyalibebuli idealebis realizaciisaTvis. mi-
si es pirovnuli Tavisebureba gacxadda erovnul
programad dasaxul formulaSi `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve
unda gveyudnodeso~, (1) rac erovnuli moZraobis im pa-
radigmad gadaiqca, qarTvelma xalxma rom aitaca da
wminda samebiseuli simbolikiT iliaseburad gaiTavisa
— èna, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~. ilia WavWavaZes Rrmad
hqonda gacnobierebuli zedrouli, maradiuli yofie-
271
rebis uzenaesoba, magram, vidre adamiani cocxalia,
misTvis arsebiTi unda iyos sicocxle eris, mamulis,
sarwmunoebisadmi erTguleba.
vaJa — fSavela werda: yoveli mamuliSvili Tavis
samSoblos unda emsaxuros mTeli Tavis ZalRoniT, Ta-
namoZmeTa sargeblobaze unda fiqrobdes da ramdena-
dac gonivruli iqneba misi Sroma, ramdenadac sasar-
geblo gamodgeba mSobeli qveynisTvis misi Rvawli, im-
denadve sasargeblo iqmneba mTeli kacobriobisaTvis~
(2).
TviTmyofadi erovnuli kulturis gareSe ver Se-
iqmneba sakacobrio saunje da piriqiT, sakacobrio Ri-
rebulebebis gauTvaliswineblad erovnuli cnobiere-
ba iqneba SezRuduli da unayofo. erovnuli TviTmyo-
fadoba, upirvelesad, erovnuli kulturis Seqmnasa da
dacvas niSnavda. saukuneebis manZilze adamianebi
qmnidnen TavianT erovnul kulturas da sisxlis fasad
inarCunebdnen mas. swored erovnuli kultura iZleo-
da mudam erovnuli identifikaciis saSualebas. erov-
neba, rogorc wesi arasodes arsebula erovnuli kul-
turis gareSe.
goniTi yofiereba ar aris damoukidebeli adamia-
nis yofierebisagan. misi saboloo realizacia xdeba in-
tersubieqturSi, romlis gaobieqtivebuli formebia
sazogadoebis mier maT kulturaSi miRebuli Rirebu-
lebebi,rac sabolood formirdeba obieqtur gonad.
obieqturi goni uwinares yovlisa kulturaSi vlinde-
ba, mis gemovnebaSi, idealebSi, tradiciebsa da zne-Cve-
ulebebSi (4).
droa mivubrundeT mTavar saTqmels, rac statiis
mizanmimarTulebas da amocanas mkafios gaxdis. ker-
Zod: is filosofiuri paradigma, romelic eris kul-
turasa da cnobierebaSi devs erovnuli gonis saxiT,
dRes Tanamedrove gamowvevebTan mimarTebaSi mwvave
272
diskusiis sagani gaxda. mTeli Cveni istoriis manZilze
(moyolebuli antikurobidan, protoberZnulidan
dRemde) sxvadasxva epoqebSi mimdinare integraciul
procesebs mivyvebodiT da Cvens kulturas araferi da-
marTnia. dResac TiTqos arc araferi ar unda gvqondes
erTis SexedviT asaRelvebeli. magram samwuxarod es
ase ar aris. maRalteqnologiur TanamedroveobaSi
dawyebuli ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli
standartizacia seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul
cnobierebas. es standartizacia mTlianad gamoricxavs
arCeviTobas da alternatiulobas, rac mxoflxedvis
kriziss mianiSnebs. gamosavali, vfiqrob, TviTSemecne-
baze, realobis sakuTari modelis regeneraciaze, tra-
diciebis, wes-Cveulebebis, kulturuli RirebulebaTa
sistemis kvlavwarmomqmneli meqanizmebis aRdgena-Se-
narCuneba-gadarCenaze muSaobaa.
Cveni kultura gamowvevebis epoqaSi Cvensave `dam-
cav meqanizmad~ unda iqces.
literatura:
1. i.WavWavaZe, Txz. krebuli, 1988 w;

2. vaJa-fSavela, Txz. krebuli, 1964 w. saq. mecniereba-
Ta akademia;
3. g. TevzaZe, filosofiis istoria, 2003 w;
4. m. WeliZe, globalizacia da qarTul-erovnuli go-
ni, filosofiur-istoriuli aspeqtebi, saq-os biz-
nesis mecnierebaTa akademiis `moambe~, 2003.
273
Manana Gagoshidze — Doctor of Philosophy, Assistent Professor at
Sokhumi State University — Faculty of Business and Social Politics. Is
author of several scientific manuals and publications in Georgia and as well
as in foreign countries.
UNDERSTANDING THE PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF

CULTURE IN RELATION TO THE NATIONAL
WORLDVIEW
ABSTRACT
That philosophical paradigm that lies at the heart of the nation's

culture and consciousness as a national consciousness has become the
subject of heated debate today in relation to contemporary challenges.
Throughout our history (from antiquity, from Proto-Greek to the
present) we have followed the integration processes going on in
different epochs and nothing has changed our culture. Even today, it
seems that we should not have anything at first glance exciting. But
unfortunately this is not the case. The economic, political, cultural
standardization that has begun in high-tech modernity poses a serious
threat to national consciousness. This standardization completely
excludes selectivity and alternativeness, indicating a crisis of self-
determination. The solution, I think, is to work on self-knowledge, on
the regeneration of one's own model of reality, on the restoration-
preservation-preservation of the regenerative mechanisms of
traditions, customs, cultural value system.

Ta akademiis kulturis filosfiis ganyofilebam.
274
vaJa SatberaSvili — ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis fsiqologiisa da
ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti. mi-
si samecniero interesis sagani kulturis politikis
problemebis kvlevaa; praqtikuli saqmianobiTac dakav-
Sirebulia saqarTvelos kulturis politikasTan; mo-
nawileobda kulturis politikisadmi miZRvnil adgi-
lobrivsa da saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebSi. amJamad ki
muSaobs sadisertacio naSromze — `saqarTvelos kul-
turis politika da misi ganxorcielebis efeqturi in-
stituciuri gzebi~.
kulturis politikis filosofiis arsi da

morfologiuri mdgenelebi
`warsuli mkvidri saZirkvelia awmyosi,

rogorc awmyo momavlisa~
ilia WavWavaZe
kulturis politika Tanamedrove msoflioSi

kulturis sferos marTvis aucilebeli meqanizmia. ase-
Tia misi umartivesi definicia. Tumca is araa mxolod
marTvis instrumenti. mas evaleba zrunva adamianis mi-
er Seqmnili polisemantikuri mniSvnelobis, mraval-
plastiani da urTulesi morfologiis mqone kultu-
ris ganviTarebasa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dac-
vaze, misi uwyvetobis SenarCunebaze, rac, imavdrou-
lad, momavlisaken mimavali ucilobeli gzaa, eris,
qveynis arsebobisa da progresis aucilebeli piroba.
es is aqsiomaa, rasac unda efuZnebodes saxelmwifoTa
politika kulturis sferoSi. amis ganxorcieleba ki
SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu kulturis politika
eyrdnoba, zogadad, kulturisa da, imavdroulad, kon-
275
kretuli qveynis kulturis morfologiur kvlevasa da
misi Sedegebis analizs, rameTu Tavad kulturaa er-
Tgvari teqsti eris identobis, genetikuri kodis, sxva-
nairad, eris vinaobis `wasakiTxad~ da Sesacnobad, igi
translaciaa warsulisa awmyosa da momavalSi; imav-
droulad, masSi areklilia misi msoflmxedveloba da
arsebobis filosofia, romlis Semecnebis gareSe ver
Seiqmneba kulturis met-naklebad srulfasovani poli-
tika. amitom savsebiT logikuria, kulturis politi-
kis am mniSvneloba-daniSnulebidan da moqmedebis far-
To arealidan gamomdinare, visaubroT kulturis po-
litikis filosofiazec, romelic, marTviTi instru-
mentebis SemuSavebis garda, kulturis filosofiis
msgavsad, moicavs kulturis arsobriv problemebs,
miznebsa da Rirebulebebs. es ki gacilebiT afarToebs
Tavad kulturis politikis mniSvnelobas da ucilo-
bels xdis mis arsebobas Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis
da, cxadia, saqarTvelosTvisac, romelmac, upirvele-
sad, Tavisi gamorCeuli mdebareobisa da geopoliti-
kur-kulturuli strategiis gamo warsulSi eziara ra
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis kulturebs, SeZlo, Se-
eqmna TviTmyofadi, erovnuli da amave dros, unikalu-
ri mravalferovani (eTnikurad, religiurad da sxv.)
kultura da amiT Tavisi istoriuli kvali moniSna
msoflio kulturis rukaze. Tanamedrove msoflios
rTuli dRis wesrigi da eris identobis gamomxatveli
erovnuli kulturisaTvis erTgvarad saxifaTo glo-
balizaciis Seuqcevadi procesi damatebiTi faqtoria,
raTa yvela saxelmwifom SeimuSavos da ganaxorcielos
gaazrebuli, mkafiod Camoyalibebuli kulturis po-
litika-kulturis ganviTarebis strategiuli xedva,
rogorc saxelmwifos momavlis erT-erTi mTavari ga-
rantori. kulturis sferos marTvis aucilebel meqa-
nizmad kulturis politikis aRiareba ukavSirdeba XX
276
saukuneSi meore msoflio omis Semdgom procesebs, maT
Soris, kulturisa da adamianis kulturuli uflebe-
bis mimarTulebiT am omis damangreveli Sedegebis ga-
daazrebasa da mis Tanmxleb dinamikur cvlilebebs. sa-
yovelTaod iqna aRiarebuli, rom kultura da xelov-
neba mZlavri resursia sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaT-
vis da amitom misi SesaZleblobebis ukeT realizebi-
saTvis saWiroa misi organizeba. saerTaSoriso masSta-
biT es procesi ufro daaCqara da mis mowesrigebas xe-
li Seuwyo istoriuli mniSvnelobis faqtma — 1945 wels
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaero) Seqmnam.
amave wels Seiqmna gaeros specializebuli saagento-
ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organizacia
(UNESCO), Tumca am organizaciis mier saxelmwifo mar-
Tvis instrumentad kulturis politikis aRiarebas
garkveuli dro dasWirda. man mxolod 1969 wels gamo-
aqveyna dokumenti — `kulturis politika — winaswari
kvleva~. saerTaSoriso sivrceSi swored maSin moxda
istoriuli mniSvnelobis terminis-kulturis politi-
kis definicia: `kulturis politika warmoadgens sa-
xelmwifos mier gansazRvruli saoperacio saqmianobis
principebis, administraciuli, sabiujeto instruqci-
ebisa da procedurebis erTobliobas...~. am dokumen-
tiT aseve ganisazRvra, rom kulturis menejmentisaT-
vis, misi marTva-regulirebisaTvis, anu kulturis mar-
Tebuli politikis realizebisaTvis saxelmwifoebs
evalebaT ganaxorcielon sxvadasxva xasiaTis finansu-
ri, administraciul-organizaciuli, sakanonmdeblo
da sxva RonisZiebani. aRniSnuli iyo isic, rom SeuZle-
belia arsebobdes kulturis politikis universaluri
saxeoba; TiToeuli saxelmwifo kulturis Tavisebure-
bebis, Rirebulebebisa da mravali sxva (socialur-eko-
nomikuri da politikuri) Tanamdevi faqtoris mixed-
277
viT gansazRvravs kulturis miseul politikas (1:7).
1969 wels, faqtobrivad, kulturis politika saerTa-
Soriso masStabiT nebismieri saxelmwifos politikis
aucilebel nawilad pirvelad iqna aRiarebuli. Tumca
zogierT Tanadroul qveyanas ukve hqonda kulturis
sistemuri marTvis garkveuli gamocdileba. ufro me-
tic, kulturis marTvis garkveuli formebi (dRes rom
kulturis politikas vuwodebT) ufro adrec fiqsir-
deboda msoflioSi, rameTu swrafva pirovnebis sulie-
ri moTxovnebisa da sazogadoebis kulturuli ganvi-
Tarebisaken mudmivad arsebobda, mag., jer kidev anti-
kur saberZneTSi. platonis (Zv.w. 427-347 ww.) `respubli-
ka~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturis politikis im dro-
saTvis pirvel Tanmimdevrul da gamarTul sistemad.
cxadia, roca vsaubrobT kulturis sferos adreul
marTvaze, Tanamedrove politikis erTgvari winamor-
bedis msgavsi, isic Canasaxovani forma igulisxmeba.
Tavdapirvelad, mas, formaciuli realobis Sesatyvi-
sad, centralizebuli xasiaTi hqonda da saxelmwifos
interesebTan erTad arsebiTad monarqTa piradi mo-
sazrebebiT regulirdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, es qme-
debani mniSvnelovnad aZlierebda saxelmwifoTa kul-
turul SesaZleblobebsa da garemos. sayovelTaodaa
aRiarebuli, rom calkeul mfarvelTa mxridan kultu-
ris mxardaWeras unda umadlodes msoflio esoden gan-
viTarebul Zvel berZnul kulturas da ara marto mas.
TiTqmis instituciur doneze mfarvelTa arseboba sa-
xasiaToa Semdegdroindeli msofliosTvisac. gavixse-
noT, rom kulturisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi udi-
desi roli Seasrula qtitorTa institutmac. saqar-
TveloSic araerTi qristianuli Zegli gvamcnobs maTs
mfarvelsa da Semwe qtitorTa Rvawls. Sua saukuneeb-
Sic mfarveloba-mecenatoba adasturebs kulturis e.w.
278
politikis arsebobas, romlis naTeli magaliTia rene-
sansis dros (XIV-XVI ss.) evropaSi kulturis sferos
marTvis kidev ufro metad organizebuli sistema. uf-
ro metic, renesansis periodidan XX s-mde kulturis
mfarveloba monarqebis, saeklesio pirebis, vaWrebis
gemovnebisa da cnobierebis manifestacia gaxldaT. ase
rom, kulturis politikis deklarirebulad ararsebo-
ba ar niSnavda imas, rom warsulSi kulturis sferoSi
garkveuli xedva saerTod ar iyo. Tumca, swored 1969
wlis Semdeg mravalma qveyanam sxvadasxva droiT in-
tervalSi Seqmna kulturis sferos marTvis miseuli
sistema da moaxdina kulturis politikis dokumenti-
rebuli deklarireba. maT Sorisaa saqarTveloc. 2016
wlis 1 ivliss damtkicda saqarTvelos kulturis po-
litikis dokumenti `kulturis strategia-2025~, rome-
lic gansazRvravs saxelmwifos xedvas, miznebsa da amo-
canebs. aRniSnuli CarCo-dokumentis SeqmniT pirvelad
ganxorcielda Cvens qveyanaSi kulturis saxelmwifo
politikis oficialuri dokumentireba. Tumca manamde
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSav-
da sferos marTvisa da regulirebisaTvis saWiro sxva-
dasxva samarTlebrivi da strategiuli dokumenti, maT
Soris, 1997 wels miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni
`kulturis Sesaxeb~ (2).
msofliom kulturis marTvis sferoSi gamocdi-
lebis TvalsazrisiT dRevandlamde didi gza ganvlo
da dRes-XXI saukuneSi kulturis politika imdenad
umniSvnelovanesadaa miCneuli, rom evropis zogierT
institutSi aseTi disciplinebic ki iswavleba: kultu-
ris politika, kulturis menejmenti da sxv.; Seiqmna da
iqmneba kulturis politikis dargSi uamravi naSromi,
romlebic saxelmwifo politikis am ukve ganuyofelsa
da urTules nawils swavlobs. Catarebuli kvlevebiT
279
dadgenilia, rom nebismieri saxelmwifos kulturis
politikaSi gamoiyofa da Tanaarsebobs sami aspeqti:
konceptualuri, ekonomikuri da sakanonmdeblo. kul-
turis politikis srulfasovani ganxorcielebisaTvis
saWiroa konceptualuri mxaris (garkveulad, umTavre-
sis) ekonomikursa da sakanonmdeblosTan Serwyma. sxva
faqtorebTan erTad am sami aspeqtis arseboba kultu-
ris politikaSi ganapirobebs misi Seswavlis, masSi in-
dividualuri da universaluri morfologiuri mdge-
nelebis gansazRvris sirTules. amasTan dakavSirebiT
gavixsenoT, rom kulturis mimarT morfologiis (berZ.
Μορφή/morfo — forma; λόγος/logos-swavleba, codna)
cneba pirvelad ixmara germanelma eTnologma l.fro-
beniusma (1873-1938) samecniero mimarTulebis dasaxasi-
aTeblad, romelic Seiswavlida kulturis garegansa
da Sida formebs. kulturas l.frobeniusi cocxali
organizmis analogiiT ganixilavda. misi azriT, kul-
turebi ibadeba, cxovrobs da kvdeba, iseve rogorc
sxva cocxali arseba (3). kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi
kulturis rolis udidesi mniSvnelobidan gamomdina-
re man mainis frankfurtSi daaarsa samecniero centri
saxelwodebiT-kulturis morfologiis Semswavleli
samecniero instituti, romelsac mogvianebiT misi sa-
xeli ewoda. ufro adre ki termini morfologia gamoi-
yena germanelma poetma da moazrovnem i.goeTem (1749-
1832) bunebaTmcodneobis dargSi mcenareTa da cxovel-
Ta organizmebis agebulebasTan, misi formebis gaCenasa
da gardaqmnasTan, aseve maTs aRwerasTan dakavSirebiT.
Semdgom ki zogadi mniSvnelobiT cneba morfologiam
SeiZina mniSvneloba samecniero disciplinis saxeobisa,
romelic mecnierebis nebismieri sferos sakvlevi obi-
eqtis struqturul elementebs Seiswavlis. Sedarebis-
Tvis, kulturis zogadi xasiaTis morfologiaze saub-
280
risas qarTveli filosofosi ak.yulijanaSvili, upir-
velesad aRniSnavs, rom kultura erTiani, mTliani,
magram mravalaspeqtiani sistemaa, romelSic is gamo-
yofs materialur, socialursa da sulieri kulturis
sferoebs. isini ki Sesatyvisia adamianis samgvari saqmi-
anobisa — `materialuri, socialuri da sulieri kul-
turis qmnisa~, rac, misi azriT, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobe-
bulia adamianis moTxovnaTa sammgvarobiT (4:29,129).
Cven SevecdebiT movaxdinoT mimoxilviTi xasiaTis
morfologiuri analizi am mravalaspeqtiani kultu-
ris politikis arsisa, misi konceptualuri mdgenele-
bisa, romelTa erToblioba sakanonmdeblo da ekonomi-
kur mdgenelebTan qmnis swored kulturis politikas.
misi arsis SesaZlebeli gansazRvrisaTvis movixmoT
mkvlevarTa calkeuli warmomadgenlebis ganmartebani.
am mxriv niSandoblivia amerikeli mkvlevris, k.greis,
statiis erTi Tavi saxelwodebiT — `ra aris kulturis
politika?~ is Tvlis, rom kulturis politika ganisaz-
Rvreba rogorc qmedebebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo
axorcielebs da romlebic gavlenas axdens misi moqa-
laqeebis kulturul cxovrebaze; amasTan, misi azriT,
kulturuli cxovreba mravalferovania da amitom
kulturis politikis formebic mravalferovania, rac
ganapirobebs misi gaanalizebis uamrav gzas (5:223). am
formulirebaSi dafiqsirebulia sirTule kulturis
politikis arsobrivi kvlevisa, rasac Semdgomac Seve-
xebiT. sainteresoa kulturis politikis qarTveli
mkvlevris, q.axobaZis ganmartebac: `kulturis poli-
tika aris Tanamedrove formebiT saxelmwifos monawi-
leoba kulturis ganviTarebaSi, romelic warmoadgens
kulturuli moRvaweobis maregulirebel-makoordini-
rebel subieqts. is pirdapir ukavSirdeba kulturuli
memkvidreobis dacvas, funqcionirebas da swored man
unda uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis yvela fenisaTvis mi-
281
si xelmisawvdomoba... saxelmwifo aseve afinansebs
kulturas da gamoxatavs moralur, iuridiulsa da ad-
ministraciul mxardaWeras~ (6:30). kulturis politi-
kis arsis Cveneuli gansazRvra ki aseTia: kulturis po-
litika saxelmwifos mier miRebuli normebisa da ga-
dawyvetilebebis erTobliobaa, romelic ayalibebs da
gansazRvravs kulturis sferos funqcionirebisa da
ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebsa da tendenci-
ebs/orientirebs. misi mizani unda iyos kulturis sfe-
ros konceptualuri-ekonomikuri-sakanonmdeblo mo-
wesrigeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs konkretuli sazo-
gadoebis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis Sesabamisi garemos
Seqmnas; aucilebelia arsebobdes Sesabamisi dokumen-
ti, sadac mocemuli iqneba sferos ganviTarebis saxel-
mwifo xedva da romlis SemuSaveba-ganxorcielebaSi sa-
erTo konsesusis safuZvelze CarTuli iqneba sazoga-
doeba misi mudmivi ganaxlebis perspeqtiviT. amasTan,
mxolod kulturis politikis yvela mdgenelis erTob-
liobaa garanti kulturis swori politikis SemuSave-
bisa da misi warmatebuli realizebisa, rac sabolood
ganapirobebs imas, rom amgvari kulturis politika mi-
marTuli iqneba kulturuli memkvidreobis saTanado
dacvisa da kulturis ganviTarebisaken. serbi mkvlev-
rebi ki, kulturis politikis maTeuli interpretaci-
is Semdeg, rac arsebiTad msgavsia zemoT moxmobili
ganmartebebisa, azusteben Tu, zogadad, ra saSualebe-
biT xorcieldeba kulturis politika: `1.Teoriuli
debulebebis gziT, romelic emTxveva sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis saerTo tendenciebs da ganpirobebulia
garkveuli sazogadoebis ideologiiT, ganviTarebis
saerTo tendenciebiT, aseve samecniero miRwevebiT so-
ciologiisa da kulturis sferoebSi; 2.kulturis po-
litikis miznebisa da amocanebis zusti formulire-
biT; 3.kulturis politikis miznebisa da amocanebis,
282
meTodebisa da meqanizmebis realizaciiT~. garda amisa,
isini xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom nebismieri sazogadoe-
bis kulturis politikis Sinaarsisa da formis srul-
yofilad gaanalizebisaTvis aucilebelia samives mxed-
velobaSi miReba (7:43). es ki niSnavs imas, rom maT gareSe
SeuZlebelia nebismieri kulturis politikis araTu
srulyofili ganxorcieleba, arsebobac ki. maRla mox-
mobili mosazrebani kidev erTi mtkicebulebaa, rom
yvela qveyanas unda gaaCndes kulturis sakuTari, gan-
sxvavebuli politika, aseve garkveulad gansxvavebuli
miznebi, amocanebi, SeiZleba sxvaobdes prioritetebic,
realizaciis meTodebic, principebic, saSualebebic,
meqanizmebic, rom araferi vTqvaT imaze, Tu calkeuli
qveynis kulturis politikas rogor apirobebs iq arse-
buli sazogadoebriv-politikuri, ekonomikuri faqto-
rebi da, rac yvelaze arsebiTia, kulturis ganviTare-
bis xarisxi. amdenad, gacxadda, rom kulturis politi-
ka ar SeiZleba erTgvarovani iyos yvela qveynisTvis da
misi rogoroba damokidebulia erovnuli xasiaTis ara-
erT subieqtursa Tu obieqtur faqtorze. amasTan,
kulturis politika eqvemdebareba ganviTarebis kanon-
zomier dinamikas. amis upirvelesi mizezia is, rom Ta-
vad kulturaa ganviTarebadi, igi reagirebas axdens
sxvadasxva xasiaTis Sida da gare faqtorze. cxadia,
aqedan gamomdinare, kulturis politikac rogorc mas-
ze `mibmuli~ urTulesi morfologiuri konfiguraci-
ac mdgenelebianad ganicdis cvlilebas. amitomac maTi
sabolood Seswavla, anu Seswavlis dasruleba-amowur-
va marTlac SeuZlebelia. kulturis politikis cnobi-
li mkvlevari k.v.mulkaic Tavis erT-erT bolo naSrom-
Si aseve Tvlis, rom kultura iluzoruli xasiaTisaa,
kulturis politikas ki aklia sicxade da is cvaleba-
dia (8:7). bunebrivia, mkvlevris mier kulturisa da
kulturis politikis aq moniSnuli Tvisebebi negatiur
283
qveteqts moklebulia. aq mxolod maTi mravalaspeqtu-
roba da ganviTarebadi xasiaTi igulisxmeba. amasTan
SevniSnavT, rom nebimieri qveynis kulturis politika
erTdroulad, rogorc Tavad kultura, individualu-
ricaa da zogadi niSnebis matarebelic. amis dasturad
kulturis cnobili mkvlevris, s.mundis, azris moxmo-
bac gvsurs, romelic Tvlis, rom kultura yvelaze pi-
rovnuli, anu yvelaze erovnuli da, imavdroulad, yve-
laze internacionaluria (9:27). Cveni azriT, mundis es
mosazreba arsebiTad kulturis filosofiis mokle
formulirebis mcdelobaa. amasTan, es Sexeduleba, bu-
nebrivia, vrceldeba kulturis politikasa da mis mor-
fologiur mdgenelebzec. aq mocemul mosazrebaTa
moxmobis Semdeg Semajamebeli saxiT vityodiT, rom
kulturis nebismieri politikis arsis gancalkevebiT,
ganyenebulad da, imavdroulad, srulyofilad da sa-
bolood gansazRvra, vfiqrobT, namdvilad SeuZlebe-
lia, rameTu is rTuli sistemaa, meqanizmia, anu mizez-
Sedegobrivad dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva mdgenelis er-
Tobliobaa, romelic qmnis kulturis politikis erTi-
an morfologias, mis arss.
araerTgzis iTqva, rom kulturis politikas eva-
leba kulturis sferos marTva, ufro dazustebiT ki,
kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva da kulturis ganvi-
Tarebis xelSewyoba. aqve aRvniSnoT, rom dRes msof-
lio cnobs Semdegi saxis memkvidreobas: bunebrivs (ma-
terialurs), adamianis mier Seqmnil materialursa da
aramaterialur kulturul memkvidreobas. swored ma-
terialursa da aramaterialur kulturaSia yvelaze
saxierad gacxadebuli sociumis identoba da, rac dRes
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania demokratiuli samyaro-
saTvis, maTTanvea dakavSirebuli adamianis uflebaTa-
gan erT-erTi — kulturuli uflebebi. is ki momdinare-
284
obs adamianis-am rTuli biosocialuri organizmis ara-
erTgvarovani, bunebrivi da kanonzomieri moTxovnebi-
sagan, sxvanairad, maTi fsiqo-filosofiuri, egzinten-
cialuri bunebidan. adamianis mier Seqmnili kultura
RirebulebiTi xasiaTisaa: `Rirebuleba ar arsebobda
bunebaSi adamianamde. man moitana igi, raTa gaekultu-
rebina samyaro... RirebulebaTa samyaro gamoxatavs Ta-
visebur mimarTebas adamiansa da Rirebul sagans Soris.
sagani araa Rirebuleba. sagans aqvs Rirebuleba, sagani
esTetikuri da Rirebulia mxolod maTTvis, visTvisac
is arsebobs rogorc esTetikuri fenomeni... kultura
RirebulebaTa xorcSesxmaa. RirebulebaTa realizeba
ki, bunebrivia, mxolod adamianuri kategoriaa~
(4:100,118). amitom adamianis uflebaTagan erT-erTi
mTavari ufleba-kulturuli ufleba swored mis kul-
turul moTxovnebs, sxvanairad, kulturis obieqtebis,
sagnebis kulturul Rirebulebebs ukavSirdeba, rom-
lebic aseTebad mxolod adamianisTvis myofobs. kul-
turis politikam ki, kulturis Tavisufali bunebis
gaTvaliswinebiT mxolod Sesabamisi pirobebi unda Seq-
mnas misi dacvisa da ganviTarebis mizniT da, ase rom
vTqvaT, ar Caerios kulturis SinaarsSi; mas evaleba
Tavisi morfologiuri instrumentebis meSveobiT uz-
runvelyos adamianis kulturuli moTxovnebis reali-
zeba da dakmayofileba. kulturis politikis morfo-
logiuri analizisas kulturis politikis mkvlevrebi
operireben terminiT-maxasiaTeblebi, rac Cven arcTu
zust formulirebad migvaCnia. mis nacvlad Cven varCi-
eT gamogveyenebina termini mdgenelebi, radgan swored
is, rac kulturis politikis maxasiaTebladaa miCneu-
li, misi organuli Semadgeneli, sistemuri, morfolo-
giuri nawilia, romlis gareSe kulturis politika ro-
gorc rTuli sistema-meqanizmi araTu ver iqneba srul-
285
fasovani, aramed verc iarsebebda. mainc ra iTvleba
kulturis politikis morfologiur mdgenelebad?
uwinaresad gavixsenoT maRla aRniSnuli, rom nebismie-
ri qveynis kulturac da Sesabamisad, kulturis poli-
tikac internacionaluri da erovnulicaa. aqedan ga-
momdinare, SeiZleba visaubroT erovnul-individua-
lurTan erTad kulturis politikis mdgenelTa uni-
versalurobazec. amitom kulturis politikis nebis-
mier Teoretikossa Tu praqtikos mkvlevars SeuZlia
mdgenelTa CamonaTvali ufro daakonkretos an gaa-
farToos. da isini, gansxvavebis miuxedavad, mainc ar
iqneba Zalian Sors ZiriTad mdgenelTa qvemoT sailus-
traciod mocemuli CamonaTvalisagan. amasTan, nebismi-
er am mdgenels SeiZleba moeZebnos Sinaarsobrivi an
terminologiuri analogia sxva mkvlevris mier moce-
mul mdgenelTan, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom
kulturis politika marTalac urTulesi sistemuri
fenomenia da igi aseTad rCeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
kulturaTa da aseve Tanamdevi procesebisa da faqto-
rebis gardauvali gansxvavebis gamo. kulturis poli-
tikis arsebiT konceptualur mdgenelebad gansaz-
Rvrulia: obieqti, subieqti, miznebi, amocanebi, prio-
ritetebi, Sesrulebis meqanizmebi, resursebi, monito-
ringi, Sefaseba da a.S. ak.yulijanaSvilis azriT, kul-
turis politikis obieqtebia: subieqtebi, produqcia
da TviT sulieri warmoebis procesi; kulturis poli-
tikis subieqtebi ki SeiZleba iyos rogorc saxelmwifo,
aseve arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da institutebi
(saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi da miznobrivi fondebi
da a.S.), fizikuri pirebi. iqve SeniSnavs, rom sulieri
warmoebis sferoSi dasaqmebuli profesionalebi wamo-
adgenen kulturis politikis obieqts, iyeneben ra eko-
nomikur, politikur, samarTlebrivsa da sxva zomebs
sulieri warmoebis sferoSi sasurveli Sedegis misaR-
286
wevad, magram, amave dros, isini kulturis politikis
subieqtebic arian (4:167,168). Cven garkveulad ganvav-
rcobdiT am sias da davsZendiT, rom kulturis poli-
tikis subieqtebad unda miviCnioT saerTaSoriso aqto-
rebic, romlebic garkveulwilad monawileoben ama Tu
im qveynis kulturis politikis SemuSavebasa da gan-
xorcielebis procesSi. mkvlevar q.axobaZes miaCnia,
rom kulturis politikis obieqti kulturis dacva da
ganviTarebaa, romlis marTvas sxvadasxva instituti
axorcielebs. kulturis subieqtebi ki, sazogadoeba da
saxelmwifoa, sxvanairad sazogadoebrivi institutebi
da gaerTianebebi; saxelmwifo institutebi; referen-
tuli (etaloni) pirovnebebi da jgufebi; an xelovani,
romelic qmnis kulturis produqtiT bazars; mosaxle-
obis garkveuli fena. sxvagan sazogadoeba mas miaCnia
kulturis politikis rogorc subieqtad, ise obieqtad
(10:57-60). aq, ZiriTadad, Tanxvedraa am ori mkvlevris
mosazrebebs Soris kulturis politikis subieqtsa da
obieqtTan dakavSirebiT.
kulturis politikisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia mi-
si miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra. kulturis po-
litikis miznebad arsebiTad miCneulia is strategiu-
li mimarTulebebi, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba kultu-
ris politikis subieqtebis, zogadad rom vTqvaT, sa-
zogadoebisa da saxelmwifos interesebis realizacia.
cxadia, qveynis kulturis politikis miznebi cvaleba-
dobs misi kulturis donis Sesatyvisad. ganisazRvra
ra, rom kultura ganviTarebadia, ganviTarebadi kul-
turis miznebad ki mkvlevarTa calkeulma warmomadge-
nelma miiCnia msoflioSi arsebuli realobis, sazoga-
doebrivi urTierTobebis im sistemis adekvaturad
asaxva kulturis politikaSi, romelic, erTi mxriv,
xels uwyobs sulier-zneobrivi sferos ganviTarebas,
287
meore mxriv ki-stagnaciisa da degradaciis meqanizme-
bis neitralizaciasa da blokirebas; amasTan, kultu-
ris politikaSi unda moxdes zogaderovnuli suraTis
formireba, sadac gansazRvruli iqneba zogaderovnu-
li konsolidaciis funqciis Semsrulebeli miznebi,
Rirebulebebi da sadac harmoniulad iqneba Serwymuli
sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis interesebi; saWiroa so-
cialuri organizaciis zneobriv-esTetikuri srulyo-
fisaTvis misi komponentebis masStaburi gaZlierebac;
sxvadasxva subkulturis harmoniuli Tanaarsebobi-
saTvis pluralisturi da tolerantuli kulturuli
garemos Camoyalibeba (4:170,171). kulturis politikis
amocanebi ki is konkretuli zomebia, romelTa erTob-
lioba uzrunvelyofs kulturis politikis subieqte-
bis strategiuli miznebis realizacias. igive avtori,
ak.yulijanaSvili, ganviTarebadi kulturis am amoca-
nebs sakmaod vrclad gansazRvravs. SevecdebiT maT
mokle perifrazirebas: unda moxdes orientireba e.w.
`maRal~ mxatvrul kulturaze, aseve kompleqsuri
ukuqmedeba e.w. `masobrivi~ kulturis fenomenze, ro-
gorc sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis manipulaciis in-
strumentze; unda iqnas garkveulad gaTvaliswinebuli
mTeli mosaxleobis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi erovnu-
lobis, sarwmunoebis, adgilsamyoflisa da sxva krite-
riumebis miuxedavad; unda Catardes kulturis poli-
tikis sferoSi Teoriuli gamokvlevebi; SemuSavdes so-
cio-kulturuli komunikaciebis axali teqnologiebi
da saSualebebi; moxdes kulturis politikis meTode-
bis mudmivi ganaxleba; SemuSavdes marTvis perspeqtiu-
li teqnologiebi; momzaddes socio-kulturuli pro-
cesebis marTvis Tanamedrove teqnologiebis mcodne
maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi... (4:172). Cveni SefasebiT,
amocanebis amgvari vrceli, Tumca zogadi formulire-
288
ba met-naklebad yvela qveynis kulturis politikisaT-
vis unda iyos misaRebi. yuradReba gvsurs SevaCeroT
imazec, rom kulturis politikis aq mocemuli miznebi
da amocanebi mizez-Sedegobrivadaa dakavSirebuli er-
TmaneTTan, anu urTierTganpirobebulia. amitom kul-
turis nebismieri politikis morfologiuri mdgene-
lebis-miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra upirveles
mniSvnelobas iZens, romlebic, cxadia, calkeuli qvey-
nis dokumentirebul kulturis politikaSi ufro me-
tad dakonkretdeba am qveynis specifikuri monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTan, radgan kultura ganviTare-
badia, kulturis politikac ver iqneba mdgradi, misi
mdgenelebi-miznebi, amocanebic, cxadia, met-naklebad
cvalebadia. umniSvnelovanesia isic, rom Tanamedrove
globaluri, turbulenturi samyaro Tavis dRis wes-
rigs sTavazobs msoflios, mas koreqtivi Seaqvs kul-
turis politikaSic. swored am aqtualur sakiTxs exeba
zemoT damowmebuli avtori, roca erovnuli kultu-
ris winaSe arsebul gamowvevebze, globalizaciisgan
momdinare SesaZlebel safrTxeebsa da kulturis po-
litikaSi misi acilebis meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebis
aucileblobaze saubrobs. es, zogadad (da ara mxolod
kulturis sferosaTvis) Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
urTulesi sakiTxia da mas araerTi mkvlevris wigni mi-
eZRvna. maTgan erTi naSromis sagulisxmo monakveTs
movixmobT: `turbulentur garemoSi kulturis poli-
tika arc sistemuri da arc gamWvirvalea da socio-
kulturuli sistema, romelSic saxelovnebo institu-
ciebi moRvaweoben, gamosulia wonasworobidan~ (11:3).
aseTia m.dragiCeviC-SeSiCisa da s.dragoeviCis, erTi Se-
xedviT, mokle, xisti, magram marTebuli Sefaseba kul-
turisa da xelovnebisaTvis turbulentobidan momdi-
nare safrTxeebisa, rac dasturicaa imisa, Tu globa-
289
lizaciis Tanamedrove samyaroSi ramdenad aucilebe-
li, magram rTulia turbulentobis gaTvaliswineba da
kulturis Sesatyvisi politikis SemuSaveba da reali-
zeba.
rogorc maRla aRiniSna, arsebobs kulturis po-
litikis mdgenelTa araerTi klasifikacia, mag., q.axo-
baZes `kulturis politikis miznad miaCnia àdamianze,
individze, sazogadoebaze orientirebuli faseulobe-
bis sistemis ganviTareba; ... sxva kulturebTan urTier-
Toba da am kulturebis mravalferovnebisadmi tole-
rantobis aRzrda...; demokratiul-pluralisturi
msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba~. kulturis politi-
kis ZiriTadi amocanebad ki, lakonurad rom gadmov-
ceT, mas miaCnia kulturis dacva-mxardaWera da bazris
ganviTareba; kulturis politikis ganmaxorcielebeli
profesiuli kadrebis momzadeba; kulturis sferos
sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa; socio-kulturul ko-
munikaciebSi (ena da teqnologiebi) inovaciis moZieba
da a.S. (10:61). miuxedavad garkveuli gansxvavebisa (rac
sruliad bunebrivi da mosalodnelia) miznebisa da
amocanebis am ori mkvlevriseuli ganmartebiT orive
Seecada am mdgenelebis arsebiT niSnebze gaemaxvilebi-
na yuradReba, rac savsebiT Sesatyvisad gadmogvcems
realobas, anu morfologiuri mdgenelebis rTul bu-
nebas.
kulturis politikis prioritetebad ganisaz-
Rvreba is principuli mimarTulebebi, romlebic mniS-
vnelovania ama Tu im sazogadoebis kulturis politi-
kisaTvis misi ganviTarebis ama Tu im etapze. amitom is
individualur xasiaTs atarebs, radgan misi ZiriTadi
ganmapirobebelia kulturis politikis konkretuli
miznebi gansazRvrul droiT monakveTSi. prioritete-
bi gansakuTrebiT cvalebadi mdgenelebia. saWiroebi-
290
dan gamomdinare, maTi xangrZlivoba ganisazRvreba
garkveuli moklevadiani periodebiT. garda amisa, isi-
ni damokidebulia miznebze, romlebic Tavis mxriv ga-
momdinareobs qveynebis gansxvavebuli socialur-eko-
nomikuri, politikuri da istoriul-kulturuli rea-
lobidan. miuxedavad amisa, prioritetebis lokaliza-
cia, erTgvari dakonkreteba mainc SeiZleba. esenia:
aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreoba, folklo-
ri, saxelovnebo ganaTleba, Tanamedrove xelovneba,
kulturis internacionalizacia, kulturis ekologia
da a.S. Tanamedrove msoflioSi ekologiis aqtualobi-
dan gamomdinare, gvsurs SevCerdeT kulturis politi-
kis prioritetad miCneul ekologiaze. kulturis sfe-
ros Semswavlel Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa leqsikaSi
ukve damkvidrda cneba — kulturis ekologia, rome-
lic mxolod zerele SexedviTaa SeuTavsebeli am sfe-
rosaTvis. saqme isaa, rom sityva ekologia (berZ. Oikos-
saxli, garemo; logos-Secnoba) garemos dacvis aRsaniSna-
vad gamoiyeneboda. amitom Cvens cnobierebaSi garemosa
da mis dacvasTanaa ufro asocirebuli. sagulisxmoa,
rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi damkvidrda termini socia-
luri ekologia, anu gafarTovda misi mniSvnelobis
areali da masSi igulisxmeboda urbanizaciis mzardi
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT adamianisa da bunebis ur-
TierTobis mowesrigebis aucilebloba. dRes ki ukve
damkvidrda termini kulturis ekologiac, ufro me-
tic, igi mecnierebis calke dargadac Camoyalibda. misi
mTavari obieqti, cxadia, kulturaa. misi mizania, glo-
baluri ekologiuri krizisis fonze kulturis dacva-
sa da gadarCenaze zrunva. miiCneva, rom XX saukunis 80-
iani wlebidan intensiurad daiwyo garemos, kulturisa
da teqnologiebis urTierTobis Seswavla da analizi.
ukve aRvniSneT, rom amis aucilebloba gamoiwvia glo-
291
balurma problemam-sxvadasxva saxis ekologiuri ka-
tastrofis gaxSirebam, rac, cxadia, kulturasa da
kulturul memkvidreobazec axdens zegavlenas da,
rac mTavaria, moiTxovs, amZafrebs adamianis ekologi-
uri cnobierebisa da ekologiuri qcevis aucileblo-
bas. msoflio katastrofebTan dakavSirebiT aucileb-
lad unda iTqvas bolo drois sruliad unikalur
msoflio krizisze — COVID-19-is epidemiaze. am fonze
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina teqnologiebis
ganviTarebam, maT Soris, kulturis sferoSi. praqti-
kulad ufro metad dadasturda kulturis sferoSi
digitalizaciisa da cifruli teqnologiuri proeq-
tebis mniSvneloba. amasTan, kidev ufro gamZafrda pan-
demiis pirobebSi kulturis politikis arsebobis au-
cilebloba, radgan sxva sferoebTan SedarebiT, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, yvelaze metad dazaralda kultura, gan-
sakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac ar arsebobs kulturis
srulyofili menejmenti. ekologiis cnebis kulturas-
Tan kavSirTan dakavSirebiT damatebiT uciloblad un-
da iTqvas, rom qarTul samecniero sivrceSi cneba
kulturis ekologia pirvelad daamkvidra akad. T. gam-
yreliZem, romelmac Tavisi erT-erTi gamosvlisas 1988
wels globaluri realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, kultu-
rul-ekologiuri xedviT, enisa da kulturaTa daRupva
katastrofad miiCnia (12:294-297). zemoT aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, savsebiT logikuria am terminiTac ope-
rireba da, rac mTavaria, kulturis politikis erT-
erT mdgenelad-prioritetad kulturis ekologiis
miCneva.
kulturis politikis realizeba xdeba Teoriuli
da praqtikuli saSualebebiT, anu misi amocanebis gan-
xorcielebis meTodic da meqanizmic orgvaria, romle-
bic, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba kidev diferencirdes. kul-
292
turis politikis resursebad ki miiCneven misi reali-
zaciis zomebis, instituciebisa da qselebis sistemas,
romlebic aseve sxvaobs qveynebSi. amasTan, specialur
literaturaSi savsebiT marTebuladaa aRniSnuli, rom
normatiul Teoriad formulirebuli kulturis po-
litikis deklarirebuli miznebisa da amocanebis praq-
tikuli realizacia yovelTvis ar emTxveva Teorias.
amgvari Seusabamoba ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva faqto-
riT; kulturis politikis realizaciis procesebis
arasrulyofilebiT; resursebis SezRudulobiT; po-
litikis SemmuSaveblebisa da aRmsruleblebis arakom-
petenturobiT; instrumentebis arasrulyofilebiT;
garkveul SemTxvevaSi avtoritaruli reJimebis speci-
fikiTa da sxv. (4:172). kulturis politikis meqanizmTan
dakavSirebiT niSandoblivia serb mkvlevarTa, m.dragi-
CeviC-SeSiCisa da br.stoikoviCis, mosazrebac. isini
kulturis politikis meqanizmebs yofen ekonomikur,
politikur-samarTlebriv, organizaciul da ideur me-
qanizmebad. es mosazreba savsebiT Seesabameba kultu-
ris politikis mkvlevarTa ukve moxmobil saerTo Sexe-
dulebas, rom kulturis politikaSi gamoiyofa kon-
ceptualuri, ekonomikuri da sakanonmdeblo aspeqti.
Tumca es meqanizmebi demokratiulobisa da Semoqmede-
bis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis xarisxidan gamomdina-
re sxvadasxva konkretul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqces
kulturis politikis mastimulirebel da damamuxru-
Webel meqanizmebad. iqve zustdeba, rom, rac ufro me-
tad stimulirdeba kulturuli Semoqmedebis gansxva-
vebuli saxeebi da rac ufro mcire aris SezRudvebi da
kontroli, miT ufro demokratiulia sazogadoebaSi
kulturuli klimati da ufro metad damajerebelia
SemoqmedebiTi Sedegebi. kulturis politikis rogorc
mastimulirebeli, aseve damamuxruWebeli meqanizmebi
SeiZleba avlendnen Tavs rogorc ekonomikur da poli-
293
tikur-samarTlebriv, aseve moralur WrilSi (7:54). ro-
gorc vxedavT, am avtorTa mier savsebiT sworadaa war-
moCenili kulturis politikis meqanizmebis xasiaTis
meSveobiT mizez-Sedegobrivi kanonzomieri kavSiri
kulturis politikis saxeobasa da misi realizebis ne-
bismier meqanizms Soris. es dadasturebaa imisa, Tu
ramdenad mniSvnelovania sistemuri midgoma, yvela
mdgenelis funqciis sworad gansazRvra nebismieri
qveynis kulturis politikis koncefciis Seqmnis
dros.
kulturis politikis mdgenelTa Soris udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs mis monitoringsa da Sefasebas. kul-
turuli memkvidreobis, faseulobebis, kulturuli
prioritetebisa da miznebis, aseve inovaciebisa da mas-
ze Tanxebis xarjvis proeqtebis SemuSavebasTan erTad
Sefaseba kulturis politikis sferoSi emsaxureba
Semdeg miznebs: im programaTa uaryofa, romelnic ver
SeZleben dasmul mizanTa gamarTlebas an maTi miRweva
dakavSirebulia miuRebel xarjebTan; programaTa xa-
risxis gaumjobeseba maTi realizaciis procesSi; ga-
dawyvetilebaTa miRebis optimizacia sarealizacio an
mosamzadebeli programebisaTvis; gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis saerTo procedurebis optimizacia da kultu-
rul dawesebulebaTa marTvis optimizacia da sxva mra-
vali (7:65). Cveni azriT, kulturis monitoringma da Se-
fasebam aseve unda uzrunvelyos saWiroebis SemTxveva-
Si gansazRvruli miznebisa da amocanebis revizia, gar-
kveuli drois intervaliT axlis gansazRvra, gamowve-
vebTan gamklavebis gzebis dasaxva. e.i. nebismier qveya-
naSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli
fonis gaTvaliswinebisa da garkveuli kriteriumebiT
monitorig-Sefasebis gareSe SeuZlebelia kulturis
politikis jer SemuSaveba da Semdgom misi ganviTareba-
294
srulyofa. vfiqrobT, idealuria, roca kulturis po-
litikis strategiuli dokumenti saerTo erovnuli
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze miiReba da is mimarTulia sa-
xelmwifoebrivi miznebis misaRwevad, gawerilia amoca-
nebi, gaaCnia ganxorcielebis Sesabamisi efeqturi kon-
ceptualur-ekonomikur-sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebi da
saWiro resursi. amasTan, mniSvnelovania SeTanxmebuli
xedvis aRsrulebisaTvis uryevi saxelisuflebo neba.
migvaCnia, rom strategia, sadac mocemulia mkafio sa-
xelmwifoebrivi xedva, marTvis principebi da misi Ses-
rulebis Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmebi (moklevadiani,
saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani) kulturis politi-
kis erT-erTi mdgenelicaa.
kulturis politikis Sesaxeb warmodgeniTi sura-
Tis Sesavsebad saWirod CavTvaleT misi arsisa da mdge-
nelebis mimoxilvis Semdeg statiis dasasrul gakvriT
SevexoT kulturis politikis klasificirebis saerTa-
Soriso modelebs. Tumca, am statiaSi ukve iqna xazgas-
muli, rom kulturis politikis saerTaSoriso aRiare-
bis miuxedavad, ar arsebobs misi universaluri mode-
li. garda amisa, kulturis politikis mkvlevarTa mier
SemuSavda sxvadasxva saxelmwifos kulturisa da misi
marTvis specifikis Seswavlis Sedegebis analizis meS-
veobiT, Cveneuli terminologiiT, kulturis politi-
kis koncefcia-modelebi, romelTa umTavresi princi-
pebis gaTvaliswinebiT calkeulma saxelmwifoebma Seq-
mnes kulturis politikis TavianTi individualuri
CarCo-modelebi. yvela isini umTavresad efuZneba eris
genotipis, misi kulturisa da civilizaciis istori-
ulsa da Tanamedrove Taviseburebebs, politikur-
mmarTvelobiTsa da socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebs.
kulturis politikis modelTa klasifikaciis saTave-
ebTan dganan kulturis politikis aRiarebuli mkvlev-
295
rebi-h.h.Cartrendi da k.makkoi. Tumca maTeuli klasi-
ficirebis gamoyenebiT araerTma mkvlevarma Seqmna Ta-
visi klasifikacia ama Tu im principis win wamoweviT an
modelTa hibridizaciiT. Sedegad, dRes arsebobs kul-
turis politikis araerTi koncefcia-modeli, romel-
Ta Tavdapirveli avtorebis atributireba xSirad
Wirs. am koncefcia-modelTa simravlidan da sirTuli-
dan gamomdinare maTze dawvrilebiTi saubari am stati-
is mizani ar aris, arc statiis reglamenti mogvcems
amis saSualebas, Tumca sicxadisaTvis davsZendiT, rom
garkveulad transformirebuli am koncefcia-modele-
bis meSveobiT met-naklebad warmatebiT xdeba kultu-
ris marTva mraval qveyanaSi.
daskvnis saxiT, Cveni statiis umTavresi miznidan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturis politi-
kis folosofiis, misi arsisa da morfologiuri mdge-
nelebis kvleva dausrulebeli procesia, rameTu, ro-
gorc araerTxel iTqva, Tavad kultura, Tu, erTi
mxriv, Tavisi bunebiT konservatorulia, meore mxriv,
igi cocxali organizmicaa. amitom misi politikac cva-
lebadi da ganviTarebadia, rac arTulebs da, imavdro-
ulad, dinamikurs xdis mis samomavlo kvlevas.
literatura:
1. Cultural Policy: a preliminary study. Paris. UNESCO. 1969;

2. saqarTvelos kanoni `kulturis Sesaxeb~. 1997. xel-
misawvdomia:
https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/31402?publicatio
n=12;
3. http://www.culturedialogue.com/resources/library/schools/evoluc
ionizmi.shtml;
296
4. yulijaniSvili ak. kulturis Teoria. gamomcemlo-
ba ùniversali~. Tbilisi. 2009;
5. Gray C. Analysing Cultural Policy: incorrigibly plural or
ontologically incompatible? International Journal of Cultural
Policy. 25 May. 2010;
6. axobaZe q. saxelmwifo da kulturis politika. msje-
lobani da mosazrebani saxelmwifosa da kulturis
urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. gamomcemloba
`Clobeedit~. Tbilisi. 2019;
7. dragiCeviC-SeSiCi, m., stoikoviCi, br. kultura, me-
nejmenti, animacia, marketingi. gamomcemloba `ken-
tavri~. Tbilisi. 2007;
8. Mulcahy, K.V. Public Culture, Cultural Identity, Cultural Policy.
Comparative Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan. 2017;
9. mundi s. kulturis politika. mokle cnobari. saqar-
Tvelos kulturis popularizaciisa da ganviTare-
bis fondis gamocema. Tbilisi. 2001;
10. axobaZe q. saxelmwifo da kulturis politika. ga-
momcemloba ùniversali~. Tbilisi. 2018;
11. Dragicevic-Sesic M., Dragojevic S. Arts Management in
Turbulent Times, Adaptable Quality Management. Amsterdam:
European Cultural Foundation, Boekmanstudies. 2005;
12. gamyreliZe T. ekologia da kultura. gamosvla
ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis saerTo krebaze. qvey-
nis damoukidebloba. pirveli qarTuli universite-
ti. mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia. ena, istoria,
kultura. 1988.
297
Vazha Shatberashvili – PhD student at the Faculty of Psychology and
Educational Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The
study of cultural policy problems is the subject of his scientific interest;
practical occupation is also related to the Georgian Cultural Policy; has
participated in local and international events dedicated to the cultural
policy issues. He is currently working on PhD thesis – `Georgian Cultural
Policy and its institutional development~.
PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURAL POLICY — ITS ESSENCE

AND MORPHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS
Abstract
The article deals with the cultural policy as an essence tool to

manage the field of culture, as well as its morphological elements.
Apart from management functions, cultural policy is responsible for
the development of culture as the nation’s framework of mind, set of
beliefs and existential philosophy, as well as for the protection of
cultural heritage. The article asserts that the fulfillment of this
mission is hardly possible without duly considering the peculiarities
of the culture, in general, and of the national culture, in particular.
The paper maintains that, given its importance/purpose and wide-
ranging scope, the cultural policy, along with formulating
management tools, develops, in common with cultural philosophy, a
whole set of values and objectives, which gives us the right to coin
the term `philosophy of cultural policy~. Analyzing the essence of
the cultural policy, the article maintains that, given the evolutionary
nature of culture, the cultural policy too as a highly sophisticated
system `tied~ to culture, undergoes fundamental changes. Hence, it is
impossible to formulate, in exact terms, the essence of the cultural
policy. The article highlights that the cultural policy of any country is
made up of three aspects: conceptual, economic and legislative. The
298
coexistence of these three aspects in the cultural policy, along with
other factors, accounts for the difficulty of studying the cultural
policy, as well as of precisely defining its individual and
morphological elements. The paper, however, points out that key
conceptual elements have been singled out, based on the researches
made in this field. These elements are as follows: object, subject,
goals, objectives, priorities, implementation mechanisms, resources,
monitoring, assessment, etc. The article offers a morphological
analysis of multi-aspect cultural policy and its conceptual elements,
which, in combination with legislative and economic elements form
the basis for the cultural policy. It is through such morphological
instruments that the cultural policy is responsible for ensuring the
realization and satisfaction of human cultural needs. The paper puts
special emphasis on the need to create such conditions that contribute
to the protection and development of culture, with due regard for its
free nature, and to avoid any kind of interference in cultural content.
Giving an analysis of the aforesaid issues, the article cites opinions
of both Georgian and foreign scholars. Summarizing them, the paper
concludes that the study of the philosophy of the cultural policy, its
essence and morphological elements is an endless process, which
makes clear what prospect of researches we have ahead.

Ta akademiis kulturis filosfiis ganyofilebam.
299
esTetika
AESTHETICS
marine lomiZe — Jurnalistikis doqtori, profesori. muSa-
obs mediisa da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis problemebze.
aris erovnuli da saerTaSoriso konferenciebis monawile,
sakvalifikacio naSromebis eqsperti, samecniero krebulebi-
sa da saxelmZRvaneloebis redaqtori da recenzenti, avtori
monografiebisa da araerTi samecniero da publicisturi
statiisa, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso profesiuli asociaci-
ebis wevri, sergei mesxis saxelobis premiis laureati
oTar WilaZis dialogebis

gaazrebis sakiTxisaTvis
Cveni kvlevis obieqti oTar WilaZis dialogebis

krebuli `Rrubelia~, romelSic Tavmoyrilia qarTuli
da ucxouri mediasaSualebebiT gamoqveynebuli 20 in-
terviu, gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
2008 wlis CaTvliT.
gansaxilveli teqstebi [5], iseve rogorc oTar Wi-
laZis sxva publicisturi Janris Txzulebebi, mxat-
vruli azrovnebis palitriT ipyrobs yuradRebas. misi
publicisturi narativi, romelsac gamoarCevs enis
simdidre, kultura da gamomsaxveloba, mkiTxvelis
mxatvrul-publicisturi azrovnebis srulyofas emsa-
xureba. beletristikisa da publicistikis elemente-
bis erToblioba qmnis azris gadmocemis STambeWdav
formas, romelic Sinaarsis komunikaciur da esTeti-
kur zemoqmedebas aZlierebs da gansakuTrebuli emo-
ciiT miaqvs saTqmeli mkiTxvelamde.
konkretuli Sexedulebebi, mosazrebebi, erudi-
cia mJRavndeba sagnebis, epiTetebis, zogadad leqsiku-
ri gamomsaxvelobis formebis SerCeviT, ideis mkafio
saxeebad warmoCeniT da maTi emociuri SeferilobiT.
respondentis pasuxebSi aSkarad Cans cxovrebis av-kar-
301
gze Rrmad Cafiqrebuli kacis codna sinamdvilis Sesa-
xeb, misi damokidebuleba realobis mimarT.
am procesSi arsebiTia naazrevis warmoCenis yvela
komponenti: sityva, sityvaTSeTanxmebebi, msjelobis
logika, kavSirebi, gardasaxvis xerxebi. situacia aisa-
xeba faqtebis Sinagani (socialuri) mniSvnelobiT, mov-
lenebis SinaarsiTa da maTi ganwesrigebiT.
oTar WilaZis Txrobis yvela erTeuli morgebu-
lia personificirebuli msjelobis formasa da azris
msvlelobas. dialogebSi gamoyenebulia msjelobis
TiTqmis yvela saxe: analizi, sinTezi, deduqcia, induq-
cia, ganzogadeba, romlebic daskvnebis gamotanis wina-
piroba da safuZveli xdeba. es is SemTxvevaa, roca arc
ise advilia kvleviTi da mxatvruli elementebis Tana-
fardobis gansazRvra. es ori komponenti isea Serwymu-
li, rom SesaZloa zedmetic ki iyos maTi mimarTebis da-
zusteba. ZiriTadi damakavSirebeli xazi respondentis
azria, romelic teqstebis dinamikurobasa da sazoga-
doebriv interess ganapirobebs.
oTar WilaZe movlenebis TviTmxilvelia, man saku-
Tar gonebasa da sulSi `gamoatara~ saTqmeli da gamoc-
dilebiT, mrwamsiT, codniT, socialuri pasuxismgeb-
lobiT afasebs sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis ambebs,
procesebs, tendenciebs da mkiTxvelic Zalumad Seig-
rZnobs respondentis azris Zalas.
oTar WilaZis mier movlenebis aRwera da avtori-
seuli xedva mkiTxvelisaTvis calkeuli epizodis
dro-sivrculi konteqstiT gaazrebas xdis SesaZle-
bels. misi Rrma rwmeniT, dRevandeli da xvalindeli
cxovreba sisxlxorceuladaa dakavSirebuli guSin-
delTan.
amgvari `braleulobisaTvis~ istoriuli parale-
lebi zedgamoWrili qargaa. aTvlis wertili saukune-
302
ebSi Cakargul-CarCenili cxovrebis wesi, winaparTa
qmedebebi da zne-Cveulebebia. swored droisa da siv-
rcis usasrulobaSi ainteresebs oTar WilaZes adamia-
ni misi TavgadasavlebiT, sixaruliTa da satkivriT.
erT-erT intervius asec hqvia − àdamiani droisa da
sivrcis usasrulobaSi~ [5,303-309].
grZnoba-gonebiTi impulsebiT naTdeba TiTqosda
miviwyebuli ambebi, romlebic ufrosi Taobis warmo-
madgenlebs gaaxsenebs peripetiebiT aRsavse Cavlil
dReebs, xolo axalgazrdebisaTvis, romelTaTvisac
ucxoa es SegrZnebebi, erTgvari mowodebaa istoriis
zogierTi gamocdilebis gasaziareblad. istoriuli
da Tanamedrove xedvis horizontebi mkiTxvels meta-
foruli sivrcis miRma dafaruli sociokulturuli
sazrisis amokiTxviskenac ubiZgebs. oTar WilaZis gage-
biT, droisa da adgilis miuxedavad, borotebas wauy-
ruo da gauCumde danaSaulia aramarto mwerlisaTvis,
aramed yvelasaTvis, xolo yvelaze didi boroteba si-
marTlis uaryofaa [5,220]. Znelia, albaT, ar daeTanxmo
mwerals− àki amboben, WeSmariteba raRac drois gare-
Se da zedrouli ariso~ [6,126].
publicistika cnebebiT azrovneba, Sefaseba da
ganzogadebaa. oTar WilaZis publicistur narativSi
avtoris sityvebiT gadmocemuli cnebebi Sinaarsobri-
vad orgvar datvirTvas iZens: sityvis azri (sityvis
pirdapiri mniSvneloba) da sityvis daniSnuleba. ufro
metic, oTar WilaZis naazrevis reliefurad warmosa-
Cenad mniSvnelovani xdeba ara imdenad sityvis Sinaar-
si, ramdendac misi miznobrivi funqcia.
mwerlis sityvebiT Sekrul da Cagviristebul mo-
sazrebebSi irekleba zogadsakacobrio gamocdileba,
maradiuli WeSmaritebebi, romlebic xelovanma SeiTvi-
sa da samyaros Tavisi Tvalsawieris siRrmiTa da mas-
303
StabiT gvaCvenebs. yoveli azris gadmosacemad SerCeu-
lia sityvis iseTi mniSvnelobebi, romlebic mas kon-
kretuli situaciis STambeWdavi suraTis Sesaqmnelad
sWirdeba.
JurnalistTa SekiTxvebze oTar WilaZis pasuxebis
gacnobisas kidev erTxel rwmundebi, rom azrovneba
adamians WeSmaritad gamorCeulad amkobs. Tanamedro-
veobis gamorCeuli filosofosis, martin haidegeris-
TvalTaxedviT, `Tu vigulisxmebT, rom azrovneba xe-
lobaa, maSin am gzaze Sedgoma azrovnebis simtkices
moaswavebs, maszed dadgoma ki − mis dResaswauls~
[6,107]. mxatvruli azrovneba iseTi ostatis xelSi, ro-
goric oTar WilaZea, yovelgvari RirsebiT Semkuli
WeSmariti dResaswaulia, romelic mkiTxvels, Tu es mi-
si survilic aris, arasodes tovebs da mudam Tan ax-
lavs.
oTar WilaZis leqsikiT Seqmnili sakomunikacio-
saazrovno sivrce sainteresoa enobrivi cnobierebis
TvalsazrisiT. am faqtors tradiciuli enaTmecniere-
ba Seiswavlis enis gamoyenebis wesebiT, normebiT, enis
mowesrigebiT cnobierebaSi da sxv. Tanamedrove kvle-
vis meTodika enobrivi cnobierebis kategorias ganixi-
lavs fsiqolingvisturi aspeqtiT: metyvelebis war-
moqmna fsiqikuri meqanizmebiT, metyvelebis gageba da
cnobierebaSi enis Senaxvis erToblioba [3,57].
oTar WilaZis metyvelebis specifikuri Tavisebu-
rebebiT, sityvaTa SeTanxmebiTa da `ganumeorebeli
SerwymiT~ iqmneba misi, rogorc Semoqmedis, individua-
loba.
interviuebSi saTqmelis Sinaarsis mixedviT sit-
yva Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da daniSnulebiT TiTqos
imijneba da oTar WilaZis unikaluri warmosaxvis wya-
lobiT yovel jerze axal sicocxles iZens. rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, mwerlis publicistur narativSi mniS-
304
vnelovani xdeba ara imdenad sityvis Sinaarsi, ramdena-
dac daniSnuleba. amis naTeli magaliTia Tundac `CrCi-
liT SeWmuli kaba~. misi gageba yvelgan erTia − igi siZ-
velisa da dromoWmulobis simboloa. oTar WilaZis na-
rativSi da sxvadasxva konteqstSi igi sxvadasxva daniS-
nulebiTaa gamoyenebuli.`kideebdaZenZili CrCiliT
SeWmuli kaba~ erT SemTxvevaSi araCveulebrivi metafo-
raa literaturis ganviTarebaSi kritikis rolis saCve-
neblad: `...yvelaze didi ubedureba ukritikod darCe-
nili mwerlobaa. kritikis gareSe literatura ki iqmne-
ba, magram ar viTardeba. bebiis mziTviviT skivrSi devs
da gamomzeurebas elodeba, anu kritikoss, imave Svi-
liSvils, romelic skivridan amoRebul kabebs moizo-
mebs da Cvenc dagvanaxebs maTs brwyinvalebas, anda, pi-
riqiT − odindeli brwyinvalebis sabralo naSTs, kide-
ebdaZenZilsa da CrCiliT SeWmuls~ [ 5,103].
sxvagan igive `CrCiliT SeWmuli kaba~ udidesi STa-
beWdilebis gamomwvevi faqtoria, romelmac mwerali
romanis dasaweradac SeiZleba ganawyos: àra mgonia,
avtori TviTon irCevdes ama Tu im epoqas Tavisi nawar-
moebisaTvis. aq, Cemi azriT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
mainc SemTxveviTobas eniWeba. magaliTad, raime nivTs,
Zveli werilis naglejs, CrCiliT SeWmul kabas, anda,
sxva amgvarad umniSvnelo wvrilmans SeuZlia araTu
gardasuli dro gagvaxsenos mxolod, aramed ise mZaf-
rad gvagrZnobinos im drois feri da surneleba, `sa-
moqmedodac~ aRgvagznos, rogorc nadiris sunnakravi
mwevari~. [ 5,305]
oTar WilaZis dialogebSi aseve gansakuTrebulia
zmnis gamomsaxvelobiTi roli. mwerlis naazrevis aR-
qmis Tanamimdevrulobas didwilad ganapirobebs zmniT
gadmocemul moqmedebaTa rigiToba, romelSic mJRav-
ndeba da ikveTeba faqtis, movlenis, ambis arsi, mizez-
305
Sedegobrivi kavSirebi. zmnebiT iqmneba procesis Se-
madgenelTa erToblioba, dgindeba maTi urTierTkav-
Siri da ganTavseba konkretul sivrcesa da droSi.
zmnebis gonivruli moSveliebis efeqts xSirad aZlie-
rebs gapirovnebuli, sicocxleminiWebuli (gacocxle-
buli) usulo sagnebi, adamianTa saqmianobis aRmniSvne-
li qmedebebi.yvela sityva, romlebiTac saxeebi iqmneba,
nel-nela mTliandeba teqstis gavrcoba-gaSlisas.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis individualuri Tavise-
burebebi, upiratesad, mxatvrul sityvadgardaiqmneba.
mxatvruli sityva Tavisi mniSvnelobiT gamoirCeva Cve-
ulebrivi sityvisagan. es imitomac, rom teqstSi misi
arseboba martooden sakomunikacio daniSnulebiT ar
Semoifargleba.
kazmuli sityva, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mniS-
vnelobis garda, moicavs damatebiT azrsac. igi kon-
teqstiT mJRavndeba da avtoriseuli mxatvruli aRqmi-
sa da realobis asaxvis gansxeulebaa, rac, mxolod misi
SemecnebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
iSviaTia metyvelebis maxasiaTeblebis denotacii-
sa (sityvis pirdapiri mniSvneloba) da konotaciis
(sityvis damatebiTi Tanamdevi mniSvnelobis ) ise osta-
turad Serwyma, rogorc amas oTar WilaZe mimarTavs.
SemecnebiTi informacia (denotacia) da emociuri in-
formacia (konotacia) qmnis im saazrovno sivrces, ro-
melic Homo Sapiens-s erTxel mosmenilsa Tu wakiTxuls
samaradJamod amaxsovrebinebs Tavs da mosvenebasac
akargvinebs xolme.
interviuebSi sityvebiT iqmneba TvalsaCinoebebi
da gansazRvrebebi, magram dominirebs moqmedebis an
mdgomareobis aRmniSvneli sityva, romlis funqcia
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTacaa gamoyenebuli da metafo-
ruladac. swored is iRebs damatebiT mniSvnelobas,
306
romliTac zmna Rrmavdeba da farTovdeba saTqmelis
konteqstSi. magaliTad, dagvazianebs ki ara, àr dag-
vayris xeirs~; gabeda ki ara, `waucda xeli~; sityvas
frTxilad ki ar unda movekidoT, aramed `mosaTokia
nebaze miSvebuli sityva~; tramvai gamarTulad ki ar
muSaobda, àmSvidebda, aTvinierebda Tbiliss~ da a.S.
WilaZiseuli zmna aviTarebs sagnobriv-mxedvelo-
biT gamosaxulebas (warmosaxvas), romelic gamoxatu-
lia sulieri/usulo sagnebiT, cnebebiT. igi aCvenebs
moqmedebis Tanamimdevrobas, romelSic mJRavndeba aR-
werili ambis, movlenis arsi. zmnis roli movlenis
asaxvisas itvirTeba sxva niSniTac: moqmedebis droSi
ganviTarebis (warmoCenis) xerxebis cvlilebiTa da va-
riaciebiT. mwerali Txrobisas zmnebiT qmnis movlena-
TarigiTobas, ganalagebs maT konkretul sivrceSi, ri-
Tac mkiTxvelisaTvis myardeba da ixsneba ambebsSoris
arsebuli urTierTkavSirebi. zmnis gramatikuli dro-
ebis Serwyma aRweris saukeTeso saSualebaa oTar Wila-
Zis narativSi. erTdroulad samive drois gamoyeneba,
gansakuTrebiT zmnis axlandeli drois formis upira-
tesoba, mkiTxvels uqmnis iluzias, rom iqve, mis Tval-
win xdeba ambavi, romelic warsuls efuZneba da rome-
lic avtoris TvaliT danaxuli momavlis sawindaria.
anu amgvaradaRqmis sqema martivia: ase aris, ase iyo da
ase iqneba. amis magaliTi bevriamwerlis interviuebSi.
oTar WilaZis leqsikiT miRweuli gamomsaxveloba
Zlierdeba/aSkaravdeba iseTi fundamenturi kategori-
ebiT, rogoricaa esTetikuri da mxatvruli. sityvieri
wyoba gardaiqmneba mxatvrul saxeebad da TvalsaCinoe-
ba, sagnobriv-mgrZnobelobiTi aRqma SegrZnebebiT
gveZleva, rac emociurad gvmuxtavs da Setyobinebis
Sinaarss afarToebs.
307
dialogebSi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia asociaci-
uri paralelis meTodi, rogorc oqsimoroni mis poe-
tur qmnilebebSi. mkvlevari Tamar barbaqaZe oTar Wi-
laZis leqsis èqspresiul Saravandedze~ msjelobisas
poetis erT-erTi Sedevris magaliTze aRniSnavs, rom
stilistikuri figura − oqsimoroni `kontrastuli
mniSvnelobis sityvaTa dawyvileba-SeTanxmebis Sede-
gad axal azrobriv elfers iZens, am leqsis kompozici-
ur sayrdenad~ warmogvidgeba da yvela striqons dau-
viwyars xdis mkiTxvelisaTvis. poeti `SeuTavsebelTa
SeTavsebis~ xelovnebas gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad gasu-
li saukunis 70-ian wlebis bolos mimarTavda. magali-
Tad, `Sena xar Cemi jildoc, sasjelic~, `mware imedo
da tkbilo Sxamo~ da sxv [1, 68].
vfiqrob, oqsimoronis msgavsi efeqti aqvs asocia-
ciuri paralelis formas oTar WilaZis dialogebis
krebulSi. asociaciuri paralelis arsis gasagebad pa-
ralelis lingvistur ganmartebas unda movuxmoT. mas-
Si moiazreba metyvelebis calkeuli saxe, motivi da
kavSiri, romelic gamoixateba msgavs elementTa Soris
erTnairi damokidebulebiT. zogierTi mkvlevris Sexe-
dulebisamebr, [2] dasaSvebad mimaCnia paralelizmis
lingvisturi gagebis gafarToeba da mas ganvixilav ro-
gorc stilistur xerxs.
paralelizmi iZleva saSualebas, asociaciurad
dakavSirebul or movlenas Soris saerTo gamovlindes,
riTac maT Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba ufro mkveTrad
gamoCndeba. asociaciuri paralelizmis ori saxis gamo-
yofaa SesaZlebeli: kontrastisa da msgavsebis mixed-
viT. SesaZleblad miviCnev garkveuli aspeqtiT amsti-
listuri xerxis publicisturi Tvisebis ganxilvasac.
asociaciuri paralelizmi umTavresad efuZneba
leqsikur formebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs pi-
308
rovnebas, movlenis Sefasebas masStaburoba mianiWos
da sakuTari pozicia gaamJRavnos [2]. am dialogebis fa-
seulobas, cxadia, asociaciuri paralelis, rogorc
mxatvruli saxis`,SeuTavsebelTa SeTavsebis~ meTodis
gamoyenebac gansazRvravs, magram mTavari is mxatvru-
li Zalaa, romelic maRali moqalaqeobrivi kulturi-
Ta da erovnuli niSniT muxtavs mwerlis saubars.
logikuri azrovnebis unarTan Sezavebuli movle-
nis kontrastuli feradovani suraTis Cveneba mkiTxve-
lis warmosaxvas saTanadod Zabavs. Seqmnili dramatiz-
mi ki saTqmelis arss STambeWdavad da dasamaxsovreb-
lad aqcevs. asociaciuri paraleli zegavlenas axdens
mkiTxvelis emociur ganwyobaze da mihyavs igi daZabul
inteleqtualur warmosaxvasTan. zemoTqmulis nimu-
Sadvimowmeb amonarids:àr vici, ratom xdeba ase, mag-
ram mxolod ase, guneba-ganwyobis, anu SiSisa da eWvis
monacvleobiT SegiZlia gaarkvio, sinamdvileSic Tu
Seiqmna rame, rame ki ara − Rrubeli. Rrubeli Tu Seiq-
mna, ukve sul erTia, rogor gamoiyureba is, nela ic-
vleba Tu swrafad, saavdroa Tu kargi amindis mauwye-
beli. amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. mTavaria, iyos, radgan
Rrublis Seqmnaa yvelaze Zneli da Tu mainc Seqmeni, ese
igi, tyuilad ar gitanjia − odesme, aramarto Sen,
sxvac dainaxavs im Rrubels~ [5,87-88].
kreatiuli azrovnebis produqtis RrubelTan am-
gvari kavSiri mwerlis erTgvari emociur-gamomsaxve-
lobiTi monologia, romliTac igi SemoqmedebiTi pro-
cesis, rogorc movlenis, Sesaxeb Tavis xedvasa da ga-
resamyaros aRqmas gvTavazobs.
asociaciuri kavSirebi, kontrastuli Sepirispi-
rebebi movlenis, procesebis Sesaxeb gamokveTs STabeW-
dilebas, Tvalsazriss, koncefcias. mxatvruli saxeebi
mwerlis monaTxrobSi umTavresad argumentis funqci-
as asrulebs: daasabuTos mosazreba da dagvanaxos am-
309
bis, movlenis, procesis sigrZe-sigane. da Tu mainc ver
SevZeliT gavisigrZeganoT avtoriseulad dadasture-
buli SemoTavazebuli pozicia, es sakuTriv mkiTxve-
lis problema rodia, naTqvamis gauazrebloba (gansa-
kuTrebiT dainteresebul pirTagan) xSirad saqveyno
problemad isaxeba. xom cnobili ambavia, rom verafriT
daexmarebi mas, vinc rCevas ar ismens.
erTi gamorCeuli swavlulis Tqmisa ar iyos − Cemi
msjeloba Cemive saaTis Cvenebazea dafuZnebulio,
oTar WilaZis msjelobac asea. misi saaTi dros araso-
des CamorCeba, ufro metic, roca saWiroeba moiTxovs,
sakuTar Tavsac sjobnis da drosac uswrebs. es kargad
gamoCnda oTar WilaZis msjelobebSi mediis, teqnolo-
giuri procesebisa da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. da es imi-
tom, rom igi arasodes Ralatobs mwerlis umTavres
ganzraxvas − ukeTesi gaxados Tavisi drois sazogadoe-
bis zneoba; gaaumjobesos sazogadoebrivi morali, ro-
melic saukeTeso sulier Tvisebebsa da zneobriv saq-
ciels efuZneba, raTa adamians ar daakargvinos Rirse-
bis SegrZneba.
erTic unda aRvniSno uciloblad: oTar WilaZis
mravalSriani azrovneba mkiTxvelisagan gulisyurs
iTxovs. igi mwerlis tevad frazas, warmosaxvas Tana-
mimdevrulad, fexdafex Tu ar mihyva, naTqvami, SesaZ-
loa, bolomde ver gaiazros. `Rrubelis~ dialogebi
mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis nimuSebiT aris ga-
jerebuli. swored amgvari metaforuli msjelobaa
oTar WilaZis sulieri wyobis, rogorc Tavad ambobs,
`Sinagani wyobisa~ da azris gamoxatvis bunebrivi mdgo-
mareoba. mavanisaTvis SeiZleba ar iyos martivad war-
mosadgeni muzebis (proza da poezia− m.l.) sisxlxorce-
uli naTesaoba,rogorc debisa, romlebsac `...gindac ar
310
uyvardeT erTmaneTi, cxovrebiseuli intrigebiT mainc
ver miCqmalaven sisxlismier erTianobas~ [5,304].
sruliad damaintrigebelia, magaliTad, presisa
da lamazi qalis, dedamiwisa da poeziis Sedareba: `pre-
sa bunebiT lamaz qalsa hgavs, SeiZleba upatiosnesi
iyos, magram gulis siRrmeSi masac aRelvebdes akrZa-
luli, miwieri siameni...~ [5,34]; `poezia dedamiwasaviT
beberia, magram imave dedamiwasaviT maradiuli ganax-
lebis da gaaxalgazrdavebis unaric gaaCnia~ [5,251].
vfiqrob, ioli aRsaqmeli arc zemoaRniSnuli
Rrubelia SemoqmedebiTi procesis Sedegis simbolod
[5,87-88], miT ufro − kritika, romelic `pirveli garbis
brZolis velidan~, [5,33] an Tundac `caSi gabawruli we-
roebis wapotineba~. [5,250] arada, es oTar WilaZis sam-
yaroa: miTebisa da realobis nazavi.
mxatvruli da publicisturi gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis, cnebebis Serwyma oTar WilaZes, rogorc
respondents, saSualebas aZlevs cxovrebiseuli, Cveu-
lebrivi faqtebi, socialuri kavSirebi gamokveTos
personificirebul xedvad, romelic mkiTxvels adamia-
nis zneobriv da sulier samyaroSi axedebs, sazogadoe-
baSi, zogadad adamianTa erTobaSi, individis qcevis xa-
siaTs uxsnis. SeiZleba asec vTqvaT, es oTar WilaZis
dialogebis filosofiasTan wilnayari poetikaa. fi-
losofosi zaza SaTiriSvili, `haidegeris umcrosi Ta-
namedrove~, aRniSnavs: `...gasagebia, Tu risi Tqma surda
did germanel moazrovnes − rom dRes mxolod didi po-
etebis nawarmoebebSi SeiZleba amovikiTxoT is sazrisi,
romelsac filosofosebTan veRar vxedavT~ [4,256].
me, rogorc oTar WilaZis publicisturi narati-
vis gaSifvris msurveli, upirobod viziareb am mosaz-
rebaSi mwerlebis misamarTiT gamoTqmul Sexedulebas-
da danamdvilebiT SemiZlia vTqva: oTar WilaZis saub-
rebSi namdvilad amovikiTxavT bevri ramis sazriss,
311
romelic gvexmareba ukeTesad SevicnoT sakuTari Ta-
vic, Cveni realobac da garesamyaroc.
faqtebis mxatvrul-ganzogadebuli gadmocemis
forma avtoris msoflmxedvelobis fonze gamdidrebu-
lia misive mosazrebebiTa da warmosaxviT(fantaziiT):
faqtis ara zusti kopireba, aramed literaturuli in-
terpretacia. cxadia, aseTi midgoma sruliad gamoric-
xavs faqtis damaxinjebas. oTar WilaZe faqts aSiS-
vlebs da aCvenebs mosaubres (mkiTxvels) ise, rom advi-
lad aRiqvas da gaiazros.
mwerali realur movlenebs imgvarad `gadaamuSa-
vebs~, rom interess amZafrebs. aseTi msjelobisas, er-
Ti SexedviT, faqtebi TiTqos meore planze gadadis da
ganmsazRvreli xdeba mwerlis STabeWdileba, xedva, in-
dividualuri azri. oTar WilaZe faqtebs sistemurad,
aragancalkevebulad moiazrebs, mxatvrulad xedavs da
Tavisi Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad afasebs, ganazoga-
debs. Setyobineba xan gawonasworebulia, xanac − mou-
lodneli.
sayovelTaod cnobili mniSvnelovani ambis araor-
dinaruli Sefaseba, raoden saocaric unda iyos, dak-
virvebul mkiTxvels araTu abnevs, misTvis erTgvari
kompasis funqciasac iZenssociumis sivrceSi orienti-
rebisaTvis. faqtis SerCevis kriteriumi aris gama, ro-
melzec mwerali Txrobas agebs da swored ase gamok-
veTs igi faqtis mniSvnelobas. faqtis RirebulebiTi
pirvelsawyisoba is aris, Tu rogor aRiqvams mas res-
pondenti, ra asociaciur ganwyobebsa da kavSirebs ba-
debs masSi, rogor warmoaCens ambebisa da movlenebis
arss, ramdenad aaSkaravebs maTs sazogadoebriv moce-
mulobasa da sisavses, cxovrebiseuli siRrmeebis
TvalsaCinoebasa da xilulobas.
312
amasTan isic unda iTqvas, rom es sagangebod, gan-
sakuTrebulobis xazgasasmelad ar xdeba. mwerlis li-
rikuli cnobiereba zedmetad ar indomebs dagvarwmu-
nos. Semoqmedis mxridan es ufro erTgvari SemoTavaze-
ba mgonia, monawile gavxdeT im grZnoba-ganwyobisa, ro-
melic mas dauflebia. calkeul SemTxvevaSi zogi ram
paTetikuradac SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rac daZabulo-
bis, dramatuli mdgomareobis gamoxatvaa mxolod.
platoni Cveulebriv adamianur mdgomareobas ada-
rebs gamoqvabulSi Seyril borkildadebul adamianTa
yofas, romlebic mRvimis kedlebze drodadro gaCenil
mxolod Crdilebs Tu anareklebs xedaven da hgoniaT,
rom maTi saxiT xedaven sinamdviles. `mxolod filoso-
fias ZaluZs Cveni (adamianebis − m.l.) mRvimidan gamoy-
vana da WeSmariti yofierebisaken mibruneba-moqceva~.
swored filosofias miiCneven im `moqceva-mibrunebad,
Crdilebisa da anareklebis samyarodan mzis samyaroSi
gamosvlad~. anu, rogorc sxvagvarad amboben, esaa `da-
naxva ara imisa, rasac vxedavT, aramed imisa, rac ar Cans
da risi Wvretac mxolod Sinagani sulieri TvaliT Se-
iZleba. maSasadame, suliereba- esaa Sinagani Wvreta da
Sinagani codna~ [4,26-27].
am ganzomilebiT oTar WilaZis dialogebis nara-
tivi (iseve rogorc mTeli misi Semoqmedeba) swored Se-
moqmedis mdgomareobis, Sinagani Wvretisa da codnis
sulierebad gardaqmnis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa.
oTar WilaZis Sinagani kulturis gamovlenaa isic,
rom arasdros gvaxvevs Tavs sakuTarmosazrebas. WeSma-
ritebas ufro dagvanaxvebs, vidre amtkicebs. sxvadas-
xva faqtis, movlenis, istoriuli paralelis moSvelie-
ba, Sedareba da Sepirispireba, metaforuli azrovnebis
sxva nimuSebi mxatvrul-publicisturi ganzogadebiT
iZens argumentis mniSvnelobas da mkiTxvels saSuale-
313
bas aZlevs srulyofilad warmoidginos sakiTxis/prob-
lemis arsi.
ramdenadac aqtualuria Tema, romelsac exeba
oTar WilaZe dialogebSi, imdenad warmosaxvis gamZaf-
rebuli unari da farTo erudicia mwerals saSualebas
aZlevs, gamoaaSkaraos sxvadasxva garemoebis dafaru-
li mxareebi, amoxsnas movlenaTa Sinagani winaaRmdego-
bebi,cxadi gaxados misi Suq-Crdilebi, romlebic misi
uryevi rwmenisa da Rirebulebebis anareklia. da ase na-
bij-nabij oTar WilaZis samyaroSi moxvedril mkiT-
xvels eqmneba ganwyoba, romelic misTvis arsebuli po-
ziciis gamyarebis an gadaxedvis safuZveli SeiZleba
gaxdes.
oTar WilaZis publicistikis, kerZod, dialoge-
bis, mxatvruli ena, iseve rogorc mTeli misi litera-
turuli (sulieri) moRvaweobis ena, simboloebis kaska-
dia. mwerali msjelobs damajereblad, saubarSi Cans
rwmenis siwrfele, moqmedebis uangaroba, keTilgan-
wyoba, Jinianoba da Txrobas erTgvari `msubuqi~ kate-
goriulobis elferi eniWeba. TiTqos gvesmis misi xmac,
romelSic amaRlebul intonaciasac igrZnob. arada,
igi `gvaiZulebs~ mxolod erTs − miviRoT mwerlisagan
esTetikurad da guluxvad SemoTavazebuli sakomuni-
kacio informacia Cvenive gansjisaTvis, anu davfiq-
rdeT! es is jaWvia, romelic saazrovno sivrces kravs
da romelic, tradiciulad, memkvidreobiT gvergeba
mkiTxvelebs. mere Cvenzea damokidebuli, rogor gamo-
viyenebT mas: Taroze SemovdebT Tu yoveldRiur sag-
zlad vaqcevT.
314
literatura:
1. kritika. 5. literaturis institutis gamom-oba.

Tbilisi, 2010.
2. marine lomiZe. statiis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi. sadi-
sertacio naSromi samecniero xarisxis mosapoveb-
lad (xelnaweris uflebiT). Tbilisi, 1998.
3. salome omiaZe. qarTuli diskursis kulturologi-
uri paradigma. Tbilisi, 2009.
4. zaza SaTiriSvili. Vita Contemplativa / WvretiTi cxov-
reba. Tbilisi, gam-oba `sezan fabliSingi~, 2017.
5. oTar WilaZe. Rrubeli. dialogebi. Tbilisi, gamom-
oba ìnteleqti~, 2014.
6. martin haidegeri. ra aris es − filosofia? gamom-
cemloba Carpe diem. 2014.
Marine Lomidze – PhD in Journalism, Professor. Works on the issues

related to media and public relations. Is participant of national and
international conferences, expert on qualification papers, editor and
reviewer of scientific collections and textbooks, author of monographs and
numerous scientific and publicist articles, member of national and
international professional associations, receiver of Sergei Meskhi Prize.
THE ANALYSIS OF OTAR CHILADZE’S DIALOGUES
ABSTRACT
The object of the research is the collection of Otar Chiladze’s

dialogues `Grubeli~ which contains 20 interviews published in
Georgian and foreign media sources between the time period of 80-
eies of the 20th century through 2008.
315
These texts similarly to other texts of Otar Chiladze attract the
attention of readers by their spectrum of artistic thinking. Author’s
publicist narrative is rich in language, culture and representativeness,
is aimed at fulfilling the artistic and publicist thinking of the reader.
In Otar Chiladze’s dialogues all components of opinion
representation are essential: word, matching of words, logic of
discussion, connections, tools of transformation. Situations are being
explained by the internal (social) essence of facts, the essence of
events and of their sequence.
All elements of author’s storytelling are tailored to the form of
depersonalized judgement and the process of thinking. Dialogues
resemble almost all forms of discussion: analysis, synthesis,
deduction, induction, generalization, which are preconditions and
foundations for making conclusions. Readers come captivated not so
much by the essence of a words used by the author to express his
thoughts, as by their intention in function mainly reflected in verbs.

Ta akademiis eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebam.
316
nana guliaSvili — filosofiis doqtori; Tbilisis iv. ja-
vaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-
profesori; muSaobs esTetikis, kulturis filosofiis, qar-
Tuli esTetikuri azris istoriis problemebze; gamoqveyne-
buli aqvs samecniero statiebi da wigni: àrCil jorjaZis
filosofiur-esTetikuri naazrevi~ (Tb. 2012 w.).
zogierTi paraleli:
arCil jorjaZe — konstantine kapaneli
arCil jorjaZis da konstantine kapanelis filo-

sofiur moZRvrebebSi iZebneba mTeli rigi paralelebi.
swored am paralelebis daZebnis mcdelobas warmoad-
gens winamdebare naSromi.
miuxedavad imisa,rom ar dasturdeba faqti, rom
isini erTmaneTs icnobdnen, arc SemTxveviT gadakveTi-
lan erTmaneTTan da arc maT nawerebSi ar fiqsirdeba
is faqti, rom maT hqondaT warmodgena erTmaneTis Se-
saxeb. arCil jorjaZis gardacvalebis dros konstan-
tine kapaneli sul raRac 24 wlis Wabuki iyo da swav-
lobda ucxoeTSi, orive filosofosi emyareba sicoc-
xlis filosofias da Cveni hipoTezis Camoyalibebac
aman ganapiroba.
a.jorjaZis `saerTo niadagis Teoriasa~ da k. kapa-
nelis òrganotropizmSi~ Cans sazogadoebis socio-
kulturuli procesebis axsnis msgavseba.aseve mTeli
rigi paralelebi iZebneba maT esTetikur Sexedulebeb-
ze.
Cveni azriT es paralelebi gamowveuli iyo imiT
rom:
317
pirveli — a.jorZaZe idga sicocxlis filosofiis
poziciaze, xolo kapanelis filosofia ki sicocxlis
filosofiis modificirebas warmoadgens.
meore — orives, Tumca sxvadasxva periodSi ganaT-
leba miRebuli hqondaT safrangeTSi da naziarebi iy-
vnen frangul da zogadad evropul filosofiur-esTe-
tikur azrs.
isini dasavluri instrumentariebiT da meTodo-
logiiT SeiaraRebulni uSualod iyvnen CarTulni qar-
Tul kulturul procesSi da masze uSualo refleqsi-
is Sedegad ayalibebdnen TavianT pozitiur Tvalsaz-
riss, zogadad kulturisa da kerZod qarTuli kultu-
ris Sesaxeb.
gavyveT Cveni hipoTezis punqtebs.
arCil jorjaZis azriT, sicocxlis fenomenSi ira-
cionaluri momentis arseboba ubralod unda miviRoT
rogorc eWvmiutaneli faqti, imis gareSe, rom am ira-
cionaluris arsSi raRacnair SeRwevas SevecadoT. si-
cocxlis idumalebis gageba, Tvlis a. jorjaZe, maSin
iqneboda SesaZlebeli, iracionaluri rom faqtis bune-
bisa yofiliyo: ese igi, drois, sivrcisa da mizezobri-
obis CarCoebSi moqceuli movlena rom yofiliyo. mag-
ram adamianuri yofierebis iracionaluri elementi am
CarCoebs ar eqvemdebareba. mis Sesaxeb mxolod is Seg-
viZlia vTqvaT, rom igi arsebobs, raRacnairad moqme-
debs Cvenze, iWreba Cvens cxovrebaSi, magram a. jorja-
Zis azriT, arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom `Tu romelime
movlena empiriulis kriteriumiT irkveva, es garemoe-
ba sruliadac ar gvavalebs mivmarToT metafizikur ax-
snas.
a. jorjaZe adamianis iracionaluri sawyisis Sesa-
faseblad gvTavazobs ara absolutur kriteriums, anu
iseT kriteriums, romelic am sawyiss pozitiurad daa-
xasiaTebda, aramed mxolod istoriul kriteriums,
318
rac gulisxmobs imis aRwerasa da ganxilvas, Tu rogor
ganicdeboda es iracionaluri sawyisi ama Tu im epoqaSi
ama Tu im pirovnebis mier.
qarTveli moazrovne aRniSnavs imasac, rom isto-
riul kriteriums erTi arsebiTi nakli axasiaTebs. mas,
kerZod ar SeuZlia daakmayofilos àdamianis mudmivi
wyurvili samudamo da ucvlel safuZvelze daamyaros
Tavisi pirovnuli cxovreba, magram, saubedurod,...pi-
rovnebis ganTavisuflebis moZraobam uSno da maxinji
xasiaTi miiRo...~ (a. jorjaZe gardamavali xana~ Txz.
wigni meore, gv 193.)
isev Cndeba antinomia: adamians ar SeuZlia ar es-
wrafodes empiriuli sicocxlis miRma arsebuls, mag-
ram ar SeuZlia miaRwios im miRmurs. pirveli moqmedeba
adamianis `gulidan~ gamomdinare swrafvaa, xolo meo-
re — gonebidan momavali moqmedeba, romelic pirvels
zRudavs da sazRvrebs udebs. pirveli iracionaluria,
meore — racionaluri. arc erTs ar ZaluZs poziciis
daTmoba; racionalisti ar miiRebs adamianuri yofnis
iracionalur axsnas da piriqiT.
am filosofiaze dayrdnobiT jorjaZe ayalibebs
`saerTo niadagis Teorias~, romlis mixedviTac saqar-
TveloSi erovnulisa da klasobrivis urTierTmimar-
Teba sruliad sxva models saWiroebs, vidre dasavle-
Tis modelia. igi kategoriulad acxadebs, rom didad
cdebodnen qarTveli social-demokratebi, roca da-
savleT evropis modeli saqarTveloSi gadmohqondaT
da masze argebdnen qarTul sinamdviles. maT gauTva-
liswinebeli rCebodaT, rom Cveni mimdinare socialu-
ri procesi sulac araa mimarTuli dasavleTis msgav-
sad kapitalis centralizaciisken da proletariatis
internacionalizaciisken. saqarTveloSi kapitalizmi
viTardeboda kapitalis decentralizaciis gziT, ris
319
gamoc klasTa brZolac erovnul interesebs unda daeq-
vemdebaros.
am Teoriuli wanamZRvrebidan gamomdinare, a.jor-
jaZe mouwodebs saqarTveloSi yvela klassa da partias
monaxon is `saerTo niadagi~, is saerTo interesi, rom-
lis gaTavisuflebiTac Camoyalibdeba erovnuli
TviTcnobierebis maRali done. es ki qarTvel xalxs sa-
Sualebas miscems imisaTvis, rom klasobrivi brZola da
am brZolis yvela forma dauqvemdebaros erovnuli
mTlianobis SenarCunebis amocanas.
saqarTvelo, a. jorjaZis mixedviT, im istoriul
xanaSi Sevida, roca eris dayofa da daqucmaceba ki ar
gvesaWiroeba aramed misi gamarTleba da gaerTianeba.
axla konstantine kapanelis Sesaxeb.
`sicocxlis filosofiis~ gavleniT, konstantine
kapanelTan sinamdvile gaigeba, rogorc sicocxlis na-
kadi.
sicocxle Tavis safuZvelSive warmodgenilia
iracionalur arsad; amitomac, `sicocxlis filosofi-
is~ msgavsad, mas axasiaTebs yuradReba SemoqmedebiTi
procesis intuiciur-aracnobieri safuZvlebisken,
kerZod, igi mimarTavs miTs, rogorc kulturis arsis
gamoxatvas. amis dadasturebaa konstantine kapanelis
mier berZnuli kulturisTvis miTis fenomenis mniSvne-
lobis faqtoris axsna. rasac nicSeseuli gagebiT xsnis.
kapanelis filosofiaSi filosofiuri principebis Ca-
moyalibebasa da formirebaze yvelaze Zlierad Seim-
Cneva fridrix nicSes gavlena.
naSromSi `suli da idea~ k.kapaneli gvTavazobs
axali tipis msoflmxedvelobas, romelsac òrganot-
ropizmis~- saxelwodebiT asaxelebs. termini òrga-
notropizmi~ kapanelma samecniero sityvaTxmarebaSi
SemoiRo — òrganizmis~ da `tropizmis~ gaerTianebis
320
safuZvelze (igi aRniSnavs, rom àrc aRmosavleTSi, da
arc dasavlur literaturaSi sityva òrganotropiz-
mi~ aravis uxmaria~). aseve aRniSnavs, rom `tropizmi~
rogorc samecniero termini berZnuli sityvidan
`tropos~, momdinareobs, rac qarTulad mimarTulebas
niSnavs, xolo rogorc cneba aRniSnavs garemos zemoq-
medebis Sedegad mcenaris organizmis romelime nawi-
lis mimarTulebas zrdaSi, cvalebadobas. kapanelma ga-
remosa da mcenaris organoebs Soris urTierTmimarTe-
bis ganmsazRvreli principi gadaitana mTel samyaroze,
universumze. rogorc materialur ise aramaterialur
sinamdvileze. `SemoqmedebiT urTierTobas mdgomare-
obasa da arss Soris, romelic samyaros yovel kuTxeSi
Taviseburia, Cven veZaxiT òrganotropizms~.
kapanelTan organotropuloba pirvel rigSi emya-
reba biologiur da sociologiur sawyisebs. saqme isaa,
rom kapanelis msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare, so-
ciologia biologiaze damyarebiT uaryofs absolu-
turobis problemas da yvelafers ganixilavs Sefarde-
biTobis ganzomilebaSi. `mdgomareoba moqmedebs arsze,
arsi moqmedebs mdgomareobaze, SemoqmedebiT urTier-
Tobas mdgomareobasa da arss Soris, romelic samyaros
yovel kuTxeSi Taviseburia, Cven veZaxiT organotro-
pizms.~ aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kapanelTan mdgomare-
oba gansazRvravs arsis Taviseburebas, xolo arsi, Ta-
vis mxriv, zegavlenas axdens mdgomareobaze, da ar ar-
sebobs sinamdvilis iseTi garkveuloba, romelic ar
emorCileba am urTierTobas.
kidev erTi paraleli
maTi esTetikuri Sexedulebebi.
a. jorjaZis filosofiuri naazrevis mniSvnelo-
van moments warmoadgens esTetikuri problemis gan-
xilva-gadawyveta. igi esTetikur problemas exeba ara
ubralod SemecnebiTi interesebis Tu Teoriuli cno-
321
bismoyvareobis dasakmayofileblad, aramed igive mo-
tiviT, ra motiviTac ganixilavs erovnul problemas.
am SemTxvevaSi sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom esTeti-
kis problemis ganxilvis drosac mas isev uxdeba brZo-
la im nihilistebis winaaRmdeg, romelTac, rogorc Ta-
vad ambobs, `dahmarxes da gamoigloves qarTuli mxat-
vruli literatura,~ romelTac amgvarad daiwyes
msjeloba Cveni literaturisa da saerTod mxatvruli
kulturis `sikvdilis Sesaxeb~.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra moelis qarTul lite-
raturasa da xelovnebas (da saerTod Cvens mxatvrul-
esTetikur kulturas), icocxlebs igi Tu mokvdeba, —
cxadia, isev sicocxlis Temis gagrZelebaa, sicocxlis
filosofiis zogad problematikaSi jdeba.
a. jorjaZis werilebSi wamoWril esTetikur
problematikaSi igi wina planze wamowevs ZiriTad sa-
kiTxs — xelovnebis arsis Sesaxeb.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored es sakiTxi warmoad-
gens sakvanZo mniSvnelobis mqone problemas, ara marto
jorjaZis estetikur naazrevSi, aramed saerTodac es-
Tetikis mecnierebaSi. swored amitom mas yovelTvis eq-
ceoda gansakuTrebuli yuradReba esTetikis istoriis
mTels manZilze, estetikis maradaqtualur problemas
warmoadgenda da sul sxvadasxvagvar gadawyvetas hpo-
vebda.
sinamdvilis, cxovrebis samsaxuri xelovnebas,
upirveles yovlisa, imis gamo SeuZlia, rom Tavisi bu-
nebiT emociuria, emociuri muxtis Semcvelia; sxvanai-
rad arc SeiZleba momxdariyo, vinaidan igi èsTetiku-
ri Semoqmedebaa~ da adamianze esTetikur-emociuri ze-
moqmedebis unarmqonea:
`xelovneba aRfrTovanebaa, Tavisi Tavis daviwye-
baa, sxvisi sixaruliT da mwuxarebiT gatacebaa. samxat-
vro suraTi is aris, romelic mayurebels grZnobas uR-
322
viZebs, aRelvebs, aviwyebinebs cxovrebis erTgvaro-
bas~... ambobs (a. jorjaZe Txz. wigni. III gv. 200).
Tu gavagrZelebT msjelobas, k.kapanelis koncef-
ciiT, esTetikuri yvelaze maRali Rirebulebaa rom-
lis gareSec ar iqneboda arc eTikuri da arc filoso-
fiuri Rirebulebani, — es imitom, rom adamianis gaCe-
nisTanave mas Tan mohyva gancxromis, siamovnebisa da
tkbobis idea, romelic cxovrebis miznad iqca. kapa-
nels miaCnia, rom moraluri Rirebulebani pirobiTia
maT ar SeiZleba hqondeT sayovelTao mniSvneloba, isi-
ni ar gansazRvraven cxovrebas. cxovreba yvela mis mi-
marTebaSi, dawyebuli yoveldRiurobiT da damTavre-
buli kulturis yvelaze maRali safexurebiT, eqvemde-
bareba mxolod erTs — esTetikur Rirebulebas.
kapanelis azriT, sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia, radgan
Cvens yofierebas individualuri TviTcnobiereba ga-
napirobebs, amitom `yoveli SesaZlebloba mxolod ma-
Sinaa mniSvnelobis mqone, rodesac is esTetikuri Ri-
rebuleba xdeba, romelic miRwevadia gancdisa da Seg-
rZnebisaTvis.~ kapaneli cdilobs socialuri cxovre-
bisTvis esTetikuri Rirebulebani dasaxos ganmsaz-
Rvrelad da adamianis yofiereba miiCnios esTetikur
gancdaTa samefod.
kapanelisTvis èsTetikuri grZnoba Tavisi bune-
biT socialuri grZnobaa,~ xolo misi òrganotropiz-
mi~ esTetikur subieqts ganixilavs rogorc `biologi-
ur-fsiqologiur organizacias, romelic Tavisi su-
liT, emociebiT iqmneba socialur areSi genetikurad
da individualurad.~ gamomdinare aqedan, esTetikuri
emocia yovelTvis pirdapir Seefardeba socialuri yo-
fierebis Sedegs da `Seadgens erTgvar SeTanabrebas
tropul individualobasa da socialur realobas So-
ris.~(k.kapaneli f-ri Sromebi Tb. 1989. gv.282-283).
323
bolis ganvixiloT xelovnebisa da sazogadoebis
mimarTebis sakiTxi.
jorjaZe Tavis naazrevSi xelovnebis arsis prob-
lemas sazogadoebriv daniSnulebis sakiTxTan erTia-
nobaSi moiazrebs SemTxveviT ar aris, rom statia `co-
ta ram xelovnebis Sesaxeb~ igi Semdegi sityvebiT iw-
yebs: àmboben xelovnebam sinamdvile unda gamohsaxos
da igi unda emsaxurebodes da eqvemdebarebodes am si-
namdviles.~ analogiuri msjelobebi uxvadaa mis Teo-
riulsa da mxatvrul-kritikul werilebSi, rac saSua-
lebas iZleva safuZvlianadgavaanalizoT gamoCenili
moazrovnis Sexedulebebi xelovnebis sazogadoebrivi
daniSnulebis, adamianTa cxovrebaSi misi realuri
funqciobis, konkretulad xelovnebis socialuri
funqciis (rolis) Sesaxeb.
xelovnebis arsis, esTetikuri Semoqmedebis daxa-
siaTebisas a. jorjaZe gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aq-
cevs Sinaarsisa da formis kategoriebs. aseve xelovne-
bis erTaderT daniSnulebad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi
xelovnebis SemecnebiTi funqcia miaCnia: `xelovnebas,
mecnierebasTan aqvs upiratesoba — ambobs a. jorjaZe —
rom igi ufro misawvdomia xalxisTvis, radgan misi moq-
medebis asparezi adamianis grZnobaa. poezia, mxatvro-
ba, musika — sityvebis, feradebis, marmarilos, xmebis
saSualebiT adamianis grZnoba-gonebas aRviZeben. amis-
Tvis namdvil xelovnebas yovelTvis aqvs didi sazoga-
doebrivi daniSnuleba...~ (a.jorjaZe Txz. w. meoTxe gv.
42.)
a. jorjaZis nawerebSi xSiria msjeloba xelovne-
bis esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, xelovnebis na-
warmoebisagan miniWebul siamovnebaze, romelic daxa-
siaTebulia, rogorc ùangaro siamovneba~, ùangaro
sixaruli~ cneba ùangaro siamovneba~, romelsac
a.jorjaZe iyenebs, kantis saxelTan aris dakavSirebu-
324
li. kantis azriT, sagnebi Tu movlenebi mxolod Wvre-
tis saSualebiT iwveven CvenSi siamovnebis, tkbobis gan-
cdas. esTetikur grZnobas kanti wminda grZnobad
sTvlida, xolo am gancdisagan miRebul tkbobas — `da-
uinteresebel siamovnebad~. XIX s-is saqarTveloSi es-
Tetikurigancdis problema ar warmoadgenda msjelo-
bis sagans. am TvalsazrisiT a. jorjaZis mier gamoT-
qmuli Sexedulebebi garkveul interess imsaxurebs.
mas xelovnebis nawarmoebisagan miniWebuli tkboba da-
xasiaTebuli aqvs, rogorc ùangaro siamovneba,~ ùan-
garo sixaruli~. es ki xelovnebis hedonisturi fun-
qciaa.
konstantine kapaneli filosofiuri koncefciis
Camoyalibebis Semdeg, organotropizmis principiT ga-
nixilavs xelovnebas. xelovnebis arssa da ZiriTad
problematikas, es ki xelovnebis stili da formaa mis
msjelobaSi.
xelovnebis Sinaarsisa da formis Taviseburebaze,
kapanelis SexedulebiT, did gavlenas axdens geogra-
fiuli pirobebic. igi Tvlis, rom nebismieri Semoqme-
deba da kultura geografiul garemosTan SefardebiT
iRebs srulyofil istoriul- fsiqologiur saxes;
`qarTuli xelovneba saqarTvelos haerisa da miwa-
wylis TaviseburebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.~ ambobs
kapaneli. misive azriT geografiul pirobebsa da ada-
mianis sulier saqmianobas Soris kavSiri uSualod ki
ar myardeba, aramed adamianis biologiur meqanizmze
gavliT, rac masTan asea warmodgenili. geografiuli
pirobebi, romelic yovelTvis kuTxuri da tropulia,
jer gansazRvravs adamianis biologiur moTxovnile-
bebs, xolo Semdeg es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, ganapi-
robebs, sulis Taviseburebebs. amitomac èsTetikuri
idealebi da mxatvruli saxeebi erTgvari saxecvlili
325
ukuqcevaa im biologiuri energiis, romelic moTavse-
bulia individualur sxeulSi~. kapaneli daaskvnis,
rom `yoveli xalxis cxovrebaSi sulis esTetikuri fi-
losofiuri gancda saxierdeba adgilobrivi pirobebis
asociaciebiT da meTodi, romliTac SeiZleba sxvadas-
xva droisa da xalxis xelovnebis Seswavla, ver gascil-
deba organotropizmis sazRvrebs.~
naSromSi `qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeeb-
Si.~(1926) aris kapanelis pirveli mcdeloba sistemurad
ganixilos qarTuli mxatvruli literaturis ganviTa-
reba organotropul sociologiis ZiriTadi debule-
bebis Suqze.
kapanelis azriT, organotropizmi, romlis mixed-
viTac socialuri sinamdvile gansazRvravs sulier fe-
nomenebs, avlens eris kulturis socialur gancdas da
fsiqologias, xolo literaturuli nawarmoebi orga-
nulad ukavSirdeba am socialur gancdas.
kapaneli xazs usvams cnobil faqts imis Sesaxeb,
rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi germaniaSi eqspresionizmi
warmoiSva rogorc gamoZaxili imperializmis epoqis
umwvavesi winaaRmdegobisa.
kapanelis azriT, eqspresionizmi mZlavri sazoga-
doebrivi gancdebis nayofia, da amitomacaa, rom inten-
siur ferebsa da agznebul emociurobas mieltvis. ga-
momdinare aqedan, kapaneli acxadebs, rom nebismieri
mxatvruli mimarTulebis ferweruli nawarmoebis ax-
snisa da gagebisTvis mTavaria im socialuri niadagis
Seswavla, romelzec is aRmocenda. xelovnebis ZiriTad
saxeebidan kapanelis sociologiur dainteresebis gan-
sakuTrebul SemTxvevas warmoadgens Teatris xelovne-
ba.
yovelive aqedan ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom k.kapane-
lis moZRvrebis mixedviT, xelovnebis calkeuli saxe
(dargi n.g.) TavisTavSi atarebs im socialur-struqtu-
326
ruli wyobis xasiaTs romelSic igi warmoiSva; xelovne-
ba Tavis ZiriTad dargebSi gardaiqmneba da gardaisaxe-
ba socialuri mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan erTad da
masTan SesabamisobaSi; xelovnebis ama Tu im Janris kri-
zisi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis krizisis Tanamdevi
movlenaa; xelovnebis axal saxes warmoqmnis axali or-
ganotropuli yofa da axleburi socialuri urTier-
Tobani.
amrigad a. jorjaZe da k. kapaneli sicocxlis fi-
losofiis Tanmimdevruli warmomadgenlebi arian da
rogorc am filosofiis damfuZnebelTan f. nicSesTan
mTavari saazrovno kategoria ara gnoseologiuri an
eTikuria, aramed esTetikuri. swored am principebis
erTgulebis dadasturebaa a. jorjaZisa da k. kapanelis
Sexedulebebi.
Nana Guliashvili – Doctor of Philosophy; Assistant-Professor at Ivane

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; She studies problems of aesthetics,
philosophy of culture, history of Georgian aesthetic thought; has published
scientific articles and a monograph Àrchil Jorjadze’s Philosophic-Aesthetic
Thought~ (Tbilisi, 2012).
SOME PARALLELS:
ARCHIL JORJADZE — KONSTANTINE KAPANELI
ABSTRACT
A. Jorjadze's `Common Soil Theory~ and K. Kapaneli's

Òrganotropism~ shows a similarity in the explanation of socio-
cultural processes in society. Also,a number of parallels are found in
their aesthetic views.
In our view these parallels were caused by the fact that:
327
First — A. Jordzadze stood on the position of the philosophy of
life, and Kapaneli's philosophy is a modification of the philosophy of
life.
Secondly, both of them, however at different times, were
educated in France and shared French and generally European
philosophical-aesthetic thought.
With Western education and methodology, they were directly
involved in the Georgian cultural process and, as a result of a direct
reflection on it, formed their positive view of culture in general and
Georgian culture in particular.

328
eTika
ETHICS
mixeil xalvaSi — filosofiis doqtori, eTikis filosofi-
uri problemebis mkvlevari; gamoqveynebuli aqvs eTikis
problemebze samecniero statiebi da vrceli monografia
`bedniereba mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT~ (Tb., 2013).
zneobrivi qcevis kanonzomieri

Sedegebis Sesaxeb
`rasaca gascem, Senia, rasc ara, dakargulia~

S. rusTaveli
zneobrivi qceva imdenad did siamovnebas da bedni-

erebas aniWebs adamians, rom jer kidev antikur epoqaSi
sokrate, platoni (7,183-187) Tu aristotele mis Sede-
gad gancdil bednierebas yvelaze WeSmarit movlenad
Tvlidnen (6,73). msgavs Tvalsazriss emyareba wminda
wyaroebi da mravali sxva moazrovne Tu Cveulebrivi
adamiani. es niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli debuleba realobaa
da aq sakamaTo TiTqos araferia, magram Tu sakiTxis ne-
gatiur mxaresac SevexebiT, àmouxsneli~ problemis
winaSe aRmovCndebiT. saxeldobr, cnobilia, rom sike-
Tis qmedeba yovelTvis bednierebiT ar sruldeba, mas
SeiZleba usiamoveba-ubedurebis gancda mohyves Sede-
gad. metic, is SeiZleba ukiduresi ubedurebiT — sik-
vdiliTac ki dasruldes. Sesabamisad, iqmneba STabeW-
dileba, TiTqos am SemTxvevaSi irRveva samarTlianoba,
radgan friad maRalRirebuli pozitiuri movlena saT-
noeba misi sapirispiro negatiuri SedegiT — ubedure-
biT, anu uaryofiTi Rirebulebis ganmasaxierebeli Se-
degiT sruldeba. samarTlianobis logikidan gamomdi-
nare, maRalRirebuli sikeTis qmedeba yovelTvis bed-
nierebiT — maRalRirebuli SedegiTve unda sruldebo-
des. swored am mizezs, zneobrivi qcevis urTierTsapi-
330
rispiro SedegebiT dasrulebas, argumentad asaxelebs
imanuil kanti sayovelTaod miRebuli Tvalsazrisis
Sesabamisad da saerTod uaryofs bednierebis zneobas-
Tan urTierTmimarTebis kanonzomierebis Semecnebis
SesaZleblobas (8,256-257), anu imis garkvevas, pozitiu-
ri Tu negatiuri SedegiT dasruldeba zneobrivi qceva.
aseTi avtoritetuli azris miuxedavad, aucile-
belia, SevniSnoT, rom bednierebisa da sikeTis cnebaTa
dadgenis Semdeg naTeli gaxda: i. kantis mier zemoT aR-
niSnuli TiTqos amouxsneli winaaRmdegobrivi Sedege-
bi sikeTisa da bednierebis urTierTmimarTebaSi Sem-
TxveviToba ki ara, kanonzomierebaa da am movlenaTa
arsis daudgenlobaze ki ar metyvelebs, aramed misi
dadgenis SesaZlebloba-aucileblobaze (5,51). vfiq-
robT, SemTxveviToba, arakanonzomiereba da paradoqsi
iqneboda mxolod is, rom zneobrivi qceva yovelTvis
bednierebiT dasrulebuliyo da boroteba — ubedure-
biT. es SeuZlebelia, radgan winaaRmdegobrivia mTeli
samyaro, masSi arsebuli movlenebi da Tavad adamiani,
misi fizikuri Tu cnobieri samyaro: saTnoebas upiris-
pirdeba boroteba, zneobas — uzneoba, bednierebas —
ubedureba, sulier amaRlebasa da ganviTarebas — su-
lieri dacema Tu regresi... ase rom dialeqtikurad wi-
naaRmdegobrivia mTeli samyaro da Tavad adamiani — ara
mxolod misi Sinagani sulieri ganzomileba, aramed mis
mier ganxorcielebuli qceva da am ukanasknelis Sede-
gebi. sxvagvarad, ra Tqma unda,SeuZlebelic ki iqnebo-
da, imitom rom samyaroSi idealuri wesrigia, adamiani
da misi goneba ki aris samyaros gvirgvini — yvelaze mo-
wesrigebuli da urTierTdapirispirebuli mTlianoba.
Cveni Tvalsazrisis realoba naTeli gaxdeba mxo-
lod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mizez-Sedegobrivad avxsniT,
ratom mohyveba zneobriv qcevas ara mxolod bedniere-
ba, aramed ubedureba. zneobrivi qceva, rogorc cnobi-
lia, sikeTis erT-erTi formiT gamovlenaa. Sesabami-
331
sad, Tu gvecodineba saerTod sikeTis raoba, gasagebi
iqneba zneobrivi qcevis arsi. amitom, pirvelyovlisa,
unda gavixsenoT sikeTis da Semdeg bednierebis gansaz-
Rvrebebi. Tumca problemis amosaxsnelad mxolod maTi
codnac araa sakmarisi. aucilebelia, erTmaneTisgan
gavmijnoT sikeTis yvela obieqti, anu is pirovnebebi
vic zneobrivad iqceva da visi interesebisTvisac es
qceva xorcieldeba. ufro zustad, erTmaneTisgan naT-
lad unda ganvasxvavoT zneobrivi qcevis yvela ZiriTa-
di `komponenti~ garemo pirobebis CaTvliT da aRniSnu-
li antinomiis amoxsnelad iseTi winapiroba movamza-
doT, romelsac adre aravin iTvaliswinebda sikeTisa
da bednierebis kanonzomierebis ùaryofis~ gamo (5,51).
saxeldobr, erTmaneTisgan unda gavmijnoT zneobrivi
subieqti, romelSic igulisxmeba saTnoebis Semoqmedi
pirovneba da zneobis obieqti, anu is adamiani, sazoga-
doeba, eri Tu mTeli kacobrioba, romelTa sasargeb-
lodac saTnoebis subieqti axorcielebs zneobriv
aqts. unda ganvasxvavoT agrTeTve saTnoebis pirdapiri
da arapirdapiri obieqti, iseve rogor saTnoebis dade-
biTi da uaryofiTi garemo pirobebi, uaryofiT garemo-
Si ki — eqstremaluri situacia. es aris zneobis is Ziri-
Tadi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi garemo pirobebi, romel-
sac qmnis saTnoebis Semoqmedi subieqtis mimarT obieq-
tTa damokidebuleba — is saTno da arasaTno adamiane-
bi, romelTa garemocvaSic zneobrivi saqcieli xorci-
eldeba.
dadebiT garemo pirobebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT
iseTi SemTxveva, roca zneobrivi subieqtis qmedeba mi-
marTulia ZiriTadad zneobrivi adamianebis sasargeb-
lod da is aseTive dadebiT pirovnebaTa garemocvaSi
xorciledeba. xolo zneobis uaryofiT garemod unda
miviCnioT situacia, roca zneobrivi subieqtis qceva
uaryofiT, — ZiriTadad arazneobriv adamianTa intere-
sebisTvis an aseTive uaryofiT adamianTa garemocvaSi
332
xorcieldeba. zneobis eqstrelmalur, anu ukiduresad
uaryofiT garemo pirobebs vuwodebT im viTarebas, ro-
ca zneobrivi subieqtis saqcieli xorcieldeba uaryo-
fiT adamianTa (boroti individis an mtris) gremocvaSi
da misi saTnoeba uSualod araa mimarTTuli maT sasar-
geblod; SesaZlebelia, is maTi interesebis sazianodac
ki aRiqmebodes. amitom isini cdiloben saTnoebis subi-
eqtis uaryofa-ganadgurebas — misi sasicocxlis srul
miTvisebas. aseT adamians Tu admianTa garkveul na-
wils, romelTa interesebisTvisac uSualod araa mi-
marTuli saTnoebis subieqtis sikeTe, zneobis arapir-
dapiri obieqti unda vuwodoT. im pirovnebas Tu pirov-
nebebs, romelTa intersebisTvisac xorcieldeba saT-
noebis subieqtis saqcieli, zneobis pirdapiri obieqti
unda vuwodoT.
axla gavixsenoT sikeTisa da bednierebis gansaz-
Rvrebebi: sikeTe arsebiTad aris Cvens mflobelobaSi
arsebuli sicocxlisa Tu energiis garkveuli nawilis
nebayofilebiT gacema sxvis sasargeblod (3,186). bedni-
ereba ki aris adamianis saerTo energetuli potenciis
Seguebul zomaze metad zrdiT gamowveuli gancda
(5,162-176). aqedan gamomdinare, Tu zneobis subieqti,
anu is, vinc iqceva zneobrivad da Tavis sasicocxlo
energias gascems sxvisi interesebis sasargeblod da-
debiT garemo pirobebSi, — es niSnavs, rom zneobis obi-
eqti saTno pirovneba an pirovnebebia, — maSin kanonzo-
mierad sxvadasxva pozitiur Sedegs — sixarulsa Tu
bednierebas eziareba ara marto zneobis obieqti, ara-
med subieqtic. aseT Sedegs ganapirobebs is garemoeba,
rom saTno pirovneba sxvis saTnoebas SeZlebisdagva-
rad saTnoebiTve pasuxobs materialur da cnobier do-
neze, radgan sikeTis arsi aris sasicocxlo energetu-
li substanciis sxvisTvis nebayofilebiT gacema. ufro
konkretulad, am SemTxvevaSi pozitiur Sedegs vRebu-
lobT imitom, rom saTnoebis subieqtisa da obieqtis
333
mier urTierTgacemuli sasicocxlo energia urTier-
Tgaicvleba da gacemiT Semcirebuli (usiamovneba-ube-
durebis gamomwvevi) maTi saerTo energetuli potencia
aRdgeba. xolo energtuli potenciis zrda roca sia-
movneba-bednierebis zomas gadaaWarbebs, maSin zneobis
subieqtic da obieqtic eziareba maT gancdas.
aq SeiZleba yuradReba gamaxvildes Semdeg viTare-
baze: zneobrivi subieqtis da obieqtis mier saTnoebis
saxiT urTierTgacemuli energia mxolod maT mier ga-
cemuli raodenobis neitralur zomaSi aRdgenis SesaZ-
leblobas qmnis da ara misi gadaWarbebis! Sesabamisad,
ibadeba kiTxva: sxva ra wyaroebidan SeiZleba gaizar-
dos maTi saerTo energetuli potencia? metic, postu-
latis saxiT cnobilia, rom zneobrivi qcevisas misi su-
bieqtic da obieqtic ara mxolod siamovneba-bedniere-
bas, aramed sulier amaRleba-ganviTarebasac ganicdi-
an. sulieri ganviTareba ki SeuZlebelia adamianis saer-
To energetuli potenciis zrdis gareSe ganxorciel-
des. ase, rom kvlav meordeba kiTxva: adamianTa gareSe
saidan SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saTnoebis subieqtis
da obieqtis saerTo energetuli potenciis Sevseba-
zrda — bednierebis gancda da sulieri ganviTareba?!
radgan avtonomiuri, anu Tavad adamianiseuli wya-
ro gamoricxulia, amasTanave bednierebis cnebis gaaz-
rebis Semdeg dadginda RvTis arseboba evdemonisturi
(bednierebiseuli) argumentis safuZvelze (4,218), au-
cilebelia, davuSvaT: ganxilul SemTxvevaSi saTnoebis
subieqtis da obieqtis saerTo energetuli potencia
aqtiurad ivseba da izrdeba uSualod kosmiuri — RvTa-
ebrivi sasicocxlo energetuli substanciiT. ivseba im
dros, roca zneobrivi qcevisas adamiani aqtiurad ix-
sneba Tavisi sasicocxlo-energetuli potenciis uan-
garod sxvisTvis gasacemad da, rogorc fsiqologebi
aRniSnaven, makro da mega samyaros pozitiuri energiis
nakadSi eqceva (7,12-34).
334
am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc vxedavT, adamianis saerTo
eneretuli potenciis aqtiuri zrda mimdinareobs ara
mxolod avtonomiuri (adamianiseuli), aramed hetero-
nomiuli (adamianisgad damoukdeblad arsebuli) kosmi-
uri da RvTaebrivi wyarodan. uflisgan momdinare
energia is wyaroa, romelsac fsiqologiaSi dadebiTi
nakadi ewodeba, religiaSi — RvTaebrivi madli; plato-
nur, neoplatonur, idealistur, mistikur da sxva
msgavs moZRvrebaSi ki — sasicocxlo Zala, energetuli
substancia Tu energia. mistikosebi ufro Sorsac mi-
dian da eqsperimentis moSveliebiT mis amTvisebel Si-
nagani cdis orgnoebsac ki asaxeleben (5,297).
amrigad, saTnoebis qmedeba radgan uzrunvelyofs
ara mxolod siamovneba-bednierebas, aramed sulier
amaRlebasac adamianis saerTo energetuli potenciis
zrdis safuZvelze, vaskvniT: neitraluri zomis iqiT
warmoSobil namets saTnoebis Semoqmedi subieqti arse-
biTad iTvisebs kosmiuri — RvTaebrivi — saerTo ener-
getuli potenciidan. swored es aris is Zala, romelic
zneobas SesaZleblobas aZlevs srulyofilad gamov-
lindes eqstremalur (ukiduresad uaryofiT) pirobeb-
Sic ki, radgan es ufaqizesi substancia am SemTxvevaSi
zneobriv pirovnebas eZleva uxvad. uxvad — imitom, rom
mis misaRebad adamianis cnobieri Tu qvecnobieri, ga-
regani Tu Sinagani struqtura impulsurad da sponta-
nurad kritikul sasicocxlo zomaze metadaa gaxsnili
energiis sxvisTvis zomaze metad gacemis procesSi.
Tu saTnoeba xorcieldeba friad maRalzneobrivi
pirovnebis mier da es xdeba aseTive donis dadebiT ga-
remo pirobebSi, zneobrivi subieqtic da obieqtic, yve-
laze amaRlebul siamovneba-bednierebas eziareba, rad-
gan aseT pirovnebaTa energetuli potencia maRali da
faqizia (5,373), maT mier saTnoebis saxiT gasacemi ener-
getuli potenciis done ki — didi. e.i. zneobis garemo
pirobebi rac ufro dadebiTia, miT ufro srulyofil
335
pozitiur Sedegs, anu siamovneba-bednierebas eziareba
saTnoebis subieqtic da obieqtic, imitom rom am gan-
cdaTa uzrunvelmyofeli energetuli Sevsebis done
iqneba maRali. zneobisa da bednierebis urTierTmimar-
Tebis es forma, misi Sedegebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
miviCnioT misi dadebiTi mxaris yvelaze pozitiur
formad, imitom rom mis Sedegad zneobis subieqtica da
obieqtic harmoniulad yvelaze srulyofil bedniere-
bas eziareba. xolo es forma, adre ganxilul dadebiT
variantTan erTad, SeiZleba CavTvaloT saerTod naxse-
nebi mimarTebis dadebiT mxared, ufro sworad, zneobi-
sa da bednierebis urTierTmimarTebis dilaqtikis da-
debiT gamovlenad, imitom rom misi Sedegebi dadebiTia
ara mxolod saTnoebis obieqtisTvis, aramed subieq-
tisTvisac.
ganxiluli debulebebis safuZvelze ukve SeiZle-
ba aixsnas saTnoebis negatiuri, anu meore dialeqtiku-
rad sapirispiro mxaris kanonzomierebac. kerZod, — is
SemTxveva, roca zneobriv saqciels Sedegad moyveba
ubedureba. amiT pasuxi gaicema kiTxvaze: zneobrivi
qceva, rogorc maRalRirebuli movlena, garkveuli
SemTxvevaSi ratom sruldeba araRirebuli SedegiT?
aseT Sedegs ganapirobebs saTnoebis obieqtTa uaryo-
fiTi buneba. kerZod, universaluri dialeqtikuri ka-
nonzomierebis Sesabamisad samyaroSi arsebobs ara mxo-
lod sikeTe, aramed misdami dapirispirebuli borote-
bac. swored amitom zneobrivi subieqtis saTnoebas
arazneobrivi obieqti arasaTnoebiT da borotebiT,
anu misi energiis zRvars gadasuli miTvisebiT pasu-
xobs. ufro zustad, Tu saTnoeba xorcieldeba uaryo-
fiT garemo pirobebSi, anu saTnoebis obieqti uzneo
adamiani an maTi mTeli masaa, maSin is saTnoebis subieq-
tis usiamovneba-ubedurebiT SeiZleba dasruldes,
radgan bortebis arsi sxvisi saarsebo energiis miTvi-
sebaa. es niSnavs, rom energetuli substanciis nebayo-
336
filebiT gacemaSi gamoxatul sxvis saTnoebas boroti
adamiani, am SemTxvevaSi zneobis obieqti, saTnoebiTve,
anu energiis ukugacemiTve ki ar pasuxobs, aramed misi
ufro meti raodenobis miTvisebiT. Sesabamisad, saTno-
ebis subieqtis saerTo energetuli potencia aqtiurad
klebulobs negatiur zomebze metad saTnoebis saxiT
gacemuli da arasaTno obieqtis mier aunazRaurebu-
lad miTvisebuli sasicocxlo substanciis dakargvis
gamo da mas eufleba usiamovneba-ubedurebis gancda.
magaliTad, Wabua amirejibis `daTa TuTaSxiaSi~
sikeTe-borotebis arsis da yofierebis sazrisis maZie-
bel daTas budarixebis mimarT Cadenilma saTnoebam,
anu angarebis gareSe daxmarebam usiamovneba-ubedure-
ba moutana. Semdeg piriqiT, yaCaRebisgan samarcxvinod
Seviwroebul kikusa da misi ojaxisadmi ardaxmarebam,
anu saTnoebis Cadenaze Tavis aridebam msgavsi uaryo-
fiTi Sedegi gamoiRo. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT:
pirvel SemTxvevaSi budarixebisgan sikeTis sanacvlod
daTas da mis megobar Tiyvas arsebobas saerTod ganad-
gureba daemuqreba. am safrTxisgan maT daTas raindu-
li qceva ixsnis, magram Tiyvas Tvals mainc daubrmave-
ben (1,24-40). meore SemTxvevaSi ki daiRupeba kiku, ga-
nadgurdeba misi mamis ojaxi (iqve,213), xolo kikus Zma
Zoba didi xnis manZilze SurisZiebis wadiliT maT gama-
ubedurebel yaCaRebs ki ar dasdevs mosaklavad da
brals mamis Tu kikus fulismoyvareobas, an mis mom-
Zlavrebul qvena instiqtebs sdebs, aramed udanaSaulo
daTas (iqve,796).
ukve dadgenili kanonzmierebidan gamomdinare, Se-
iZleba iTqvas: saTnoebis saxiT kikusadmi daxmarebaze
daTas xeli aaRebina budarixebis uzneobam, anu mis mier
saTnoebis saxiT gacemul energiaze iseTma uzneo pa-
suxma, romelmac mas sasicocxlo energia maqsimalurad
gamoacala. swored amitom mas aRar eyo Zala saToebis
gansaxorcieleblad: daTas daubnelda gansja da mou-
337
dunda suliereba im donemde, rom kikus Zmis, mamis,
mRvdlisa Tu sxvaTa daJinebuli Txovnis miuxedavad
uari Tqva daCagrulTa daxmarebaze — saTnoebis saxiT
kvlav energiis gacemaze.
rogorc vxedavT, daTa erT SemTxvevaSi da saer-
Tod cdilobs saTnoebis qmedebas, radgan maRali su-
lieri energetuli potenciis gamo mowodebulia amis-
Tvis, Sedegad ki ubedurebas eziareba. amitom, meore
SemTxvevaSi gadawyvets saTnoebisgan TavSekavebas, mag-
ram masac ubedureba moaqvs misTvis. yovelive amis Sem-
deg gaugebari rCeba daTasTvis arsebobis kredo — ar
icis rogor moiqces, saTnoebis Sesabamisad Tu misgan
TavSekavebiT, raTa kvlav axali boroteba ar `daba-
dos.~ daTas am `Tavsatexze,~ ukve dadgenili debulebe-
bis safuZvelze, savsebiT martivad SeiZleba argumen-
tirebuli pasuxis gacema: Tu saTnoeba xorcieldeba
uaryofiT garemo pirobebSi, anu misi obieqti aris uz-
neo, budarixebis msgavsad, maSin saTnoebis subieqti
sxvadasxva negatiur Sedegs — usiamovneba-ubedurebas
eziareba. eziareba imitom, rom sasiscocxlo energiis
gacemiT uzrunvelyofil saTnoebas uzneo individi
aseTive saTnoebiT ki ar upasuxebs borotebis arsidan
gamomdinare, aramed am saqcielis araobieqturi Sefa-
sebiT da energiis ufro meti warTmevis surviliT —
uzneoba-borotebiT. swored amitom saTnoebis subieq-
ti sasicocxlo energetuli substanciisgan aqtiuri
daclis procesSi da Sesabamis negatiur gancdebSi aR-
moCndeba, roca dakarguli energetuli potencia usia-
movneba-ubedurebis zomas gadaaWarbebs.
gamonaklisis saxiT, ra Tqma unda, aris SemTxveve-
bi, roca saTnoebis subieqti siamovneba-bednierebas Se-
iZleba eziaros uzneo adamianisTvis Cadenili saTnoe-
bis Sedegadac, magram is, bunebrivia, ver gava ganxilu-
li kanonzomierebis sferodan. kerZod, es mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, Tu zneobrivi qcevis obieqti Ta-
338
visi uzneobis miuxedavad saTnoebiT, anu sasicocxlo
energiis ukugacemiT upasuxebs zneobrivi subieqtis
saTnoebas da am an sxva kosmiuri wyaroebis safuZvelze
siamovneba-bednierebis adaptaciis done gadailaxeba.
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs sxva niuansebic, magram isinic,
bunebrivia, eqvemdebareba dadgenil kanonzomierebas.
amitom maT aRar ganxilavT.
daTa naTlad ver iTvaliswinebda im faqtsac, rom
zneobriv saqciels misTvis Sedegad yovelTvis usia-
movneba-ubedureba ar mohqonda. aseTi Sedegi mxolod
uzneo adamianebs ukavSirdeboda da arsebiTi mniSvne-
loba ar qonda, maT mimarT is Caidenda saTnoebas Tu
misgan Tavs Seikavebda: umravles SemTxvevaSi negatiur
Sedegs miiRebda. zneobrivi adamianebisTvis Cadenil
saTnoebas ki daTasTvis ZiriTadad pozitiuri Sedegi —
siyvaruli, siamovneba da bedniereba mohqonda. magali-
Tad, nawarmoebis mixedviT, daTa exmareba sarCimelias
bandis mier gaZarcul da usiamovneba-ubedurebisTvis
ganwirul mgzavrebs, aTavisuflebs maT. uzneo umrav-
lesoba ar iqceva saTnod da ara mxolod daTas saqci-
els ar afasebs obieqturad, aramed iqve, mis Tvalwin
yaCaRTa naZarcvis ZaladobiTve dapatronebas Seecde-
ba. amaze, nawarmoebisgan gansxvavebiT (1,324), ufro met
yuradRebas kinoreJisori amaxvilebs. samagierod, ram-
denieme saTno adamiani da maT Soris lano ara mxolod
saTanadod Seafasebs daTas saqciels da saerTod pi-
rovnebas, aramed Seiyvarebs mas, Seayvarebs daTasac
Tavs da amaRlebuli siyvarulisTvis damaxasiaTebel
Rrma bednierebas ganacdevinebs, rom araferi vTqvaT
misi raindobiT moxiblul beCunize.
amrigad, Tu saTnoebis Semoqmeds zneobriv saqci-
elze borotebiT pasu-xoben, maSin misi saqcieli kanon-
zomierad sxvadasxva negatiuri gancdiTa Tu ubedure-
biT sruldeba, radgan is borotebis negatiuri zemoq-
medebis Sedegad sasicocxlo-energetuli potenciis
339
aqtiuri daclis procesSi aRmondeba. zneobis da bed-
nierebis urTierTmimarTebis es forma SeiZleba Cav-
TvaloT mis uaryofiT mxared, anu misi dialeqtikis
uaryofiTi saxiT gamovlenad, imitom rom zneobis Se-
moqmeds eTikuri saqcielisTvis wilad xvdeba negatiu-
ri Sedegi — ubedureba. am uaryofiTi mxaris eqstrema-
lur, anu ukidures negatiur situaciad vTvliT iseT
garemo pirobebs, roca zneobrivi subieqti eTikur saq-
ciels axorcielebs ukiduresad negatiur adamianTa
garemocvaSi. isini ara marto uaryofiTad da araobieq-
turad afaseben mis zneobriv saqciels, aramed misi sa-
arsebo energetuli potenciis Tu sicocxlis srul da-
sakuTrebas da fizikur ganadgurebas cdiloben misi
saTnoebis poziciaze, anu eneriis gacemis ganwyobaze
darCenis SemTxvevaSi. es iseTi mdgomareobaa, roca zne-
obis Semoqmedi pirovnebis winaSe ismis dilema: saTnoe-
ba da sikvdili Tu saTnoebis uaryofa, sakuTari sasi-
cocxlo energiis SenarCuneba — sicocxle, Ralati da
gaboroteba.
gmirebis da wmindanebis istoriidan aRniSnuli
SemTxvevis ara erTi magaliTi SeiZleba davasaxeloT.
isini naxsenebi dilemis winaSe aRmoCndnen da mTeli si-
cocxlec ki gaiRes sxisTvis — kuTxisTvis, erisTvis,
saerTod rwmenis Tu sikeTisTvis. maT wameba, anu ube-
durebis ukiduresi gancda gadalaxes amaRlebuli su-
lieri samyaros — mdidari saerTo energetuli poten-
ciis wyalobiT. zneobrivi subieqti aseT eqstremalur
situaciaSi bednierebas, ra Tqma unda, ver ganicdis.
dadgenili debulebebidan gamomdinare, es savsebiT ka-
nonzomieri movlenaa imitom, rom is ukiduresad ara-
saTno garemoSi imyofeba. saxeldobr, mteri, Cveuleb-
riv, borotebis simbolod aRiqmeba. borotebis arsi ki
aris sasicocxlo energiis sxvisgan, am SemTxvevaSi gmi-
risa Tu wmindanisgan warTmeva. aqedan gamomdinare,
mteri, rogorc borotebis xorcSesxmuli gansaxiereba,
340
saTnoebis subieqts — gmirs Tu wmindans saTnoebaze
saTnoebiTve, anu energetuli substanciis ukugace-
miTve ki ar pasuxobs, aramed piriqiT, misi energetuli
potenciis sruli miTvisebiT, radgan mis srul fizi-
kur da sulier ganadgurebas ixasavs miznad. zneoba-
bednierebis urTierTmimarTebis es varianti, aRiniSna,
rom aris maTi dialeqtikis uaryofiTi saxiT gamovlenis
yvelaze ukiduresi forma. ukiduresi — imitom, rom saT-
noebis subieqtis mier sakuTari sicocxlis saxiT mTeli
energetuli potenciis sxvisTvis gacemas — umaRles
zneobriv saqciels misTvis yvelaze negatiuri Sedegi
moaqvs fizikuri uaryofis — sikvdilis saxiT.
zneobisa da bednierebis urTierTmimarTebis po-
zitiur mxares gaaCnia yvelaze srulyofili — saTnoe-
bis subieqtis da obieqtisTvisac maRalxarisxovani
bednierebis uzrunvelmyofeli forma. msgavsad amisa,
oRond sapirispirod, naxsenebi urTierTmimarTebis ne-
gatiur mxaresac gaaCnia yvelaze ukiduresi uaryofiTi
forma eqstremaluri situaciis saxiT. am SemTxvevaSi
saTnoebis subieqti ukidures ubedurebas eziareba,
magram misi qcevis Rirebuleba ukiduresad izrdeba.
zneoba-bednierebis urTierTmimarTebaSi gamoiyo
oTxi ZiriTadi forma: ori dadebiTi da ori uaryofiTi
imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sedegebs eziareba saTnoebis subi-
eqti. Tu kidev ufro ganvazogadebT am Sedegebs, isini
SeiZleba daviyvanoT tradiciuli Tvalsazrisis Sesa-
bamisad i.kantis mier naxseneb or ZiriTad variantze —
dadebiTze da uaryofiTze, anu iseTze, roca zneobrivi
qcevis SedegSi erT SemTxvevaSi vRebulobT bedniere-
bas, meoreSi ki sapirispirod — ubedurebas.
zneobisa da bednierebis dialeqtikurad winaaR-
mdegobrivi SedegebiT iqmneba ara mxolod maTi egzis-
tencialuri mTlianoba, aramed garkveulobac. kerZod,
— iseTi winaaRmdegoba, sadac bedniereba upirispirde-
ba ubedurebas, saTnoeba-zneoba — boroteba-uzneobas,
341
saTnoebis subieqti — uzneobis obieqts, energetuli
Sevseba — daclas, pozitiuri sasicocxlo energetuli
substancia — negatiur-momakvdinebels, dadebiTi Se-
degi — uaryofiTs, dadebiTi Rirebuleba — negatiurs
da a.S. Sesabamisad, zneobis urTierTmimarTeba saTnoe-
basTan pozitiuri Sedegis da Rirebulebis saxiT gvaZ-
levs bednierebas, xolo zneobis uzneoba-borotebas-
Tan urTierTmimarTebiT negatiuri Sedegis da Rirebu-
lebis saxiT vRebulobT ubedurebas. zemoT naxseneb
garkveulobis miniWebaSi igulisxmeba, rom am SemTxve-
vaSi borotebas mxolod uaryofiTi xasiaTi ar gaCnia,
is erTgvr pozitiur rolsac asrulebs negatiuri sa-
xiT. kerZod — imiT, rom mis safuZvelze gasagebi xdeba,
Tu ra aris zneba da saerTod sikeTe. ufro zustad,
saTnoeba-zneobas rom ar qonoda dapirispirebuli mxa-
re boroteba-uzneobiT, bednierebas ki — ubedurebiT,
energetuli Sevsebis process dacliT da aS. maSin isi-
ni, iseve rogorc maTi urTierTmimarTeba da mravali
sxva niuansi garkveulobas moklebuli iqneboda. odiT-
ganve cnobilia, rom movlena garkveulobad mxolod
dapirispirebis safuZvelze aRiqmeba. Tu ar viciT ra
aris dRe, arc Rame gvecodineba, Tu ar viciT ra aris
boroteba, verc sikeTes davinaxavT, Tu ar viciT ra
aris ubedureba, arc bedniereba gvecodineba da a.S.
amrigad, i. kantis mier zneoba-bednierebis urTi-
erTmimarTebis kanonzomierebis dadgenis SesaZleblo-
bis uarsayofad dasaxelebuli TiTqos SemTxveviTi ur-
TierTsapirispiro Sedegebi mis Tvalsazriss ki ar asa-
buTebs, aramed piriqiT — dialeqtikur kanonzomiere-
bas. saxeldobr, zneobrivi qcevis dadebiT an uaryofiT
Sedegs ganapirobebs zneobis obieqtTa Tvisebrioba —
im adamianTa garemocva, romelSic eTikuri saqcieli
xorcieldeba. Tu es eTikuri garemo dadebiTi da zne-
obrivia, maSin saTnoebis subieqtic da obieqtic simov-
neba-bednierebas eziareba zneobrivi saqcielis Sedeg-
342
Si. eziareba imitom, rom saTnoebis saxiT gacemul sasi-
cocxlo-energetul substancias misi obieqti saTnoe-
biTve — aseTive substanciis ukugacemiT pasuxobs. mis
safuZvelze aRdgeba gacemis Sedegad daklebuli saer-
To energetuli potencia da is emociis maregulire-
bel zomebze metad kidev ufro izrdeba uSualod kos-
miuri da RvTaebrivi energiis aTvisebis xarjze. amis
sapirispirod, Tu zneobis obieqti uaryofiTia da saT-
noeba arazneobriv garemocvaSi xorcieldeba, misi su-
bieqtis xvedri usiamovneba-ubedurebaa, radgan saTno-
ebis saxiT mis mier gacemul energiaze daxarbebuli uz-
neo obieqti misi ufro meti miTvisebis surviliT pasu-
xobs mas. swored es iwvevs saTnoebis subieqtis negati-
ur gancdaTa zomis gadamlaxvel aqtiur energetul
daclas da usiamovneba-ubedurebas.
antikuri epoqidan dRemde filosofiis istoriaSi
zneobisa da bednierebis urTierTmimrTeba erT-erTi
yvelaze `kuriozuli da Seumecnebadi~ problema iyo.
sxva antinomiebis msgavsad misi amoxsna filosofiis da
saerTod mecnierebisTvis misaRebi meTodebis safuZ-
velze kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom bednierebis, si-
keTis da RvTis arsebobis Sesaxeb dadgenili kanonzo-
miereba adekvaturia. misi Sinaarsi garkveulwilad asa-
xulia wminda wyaroebsa da adamianuri Semoqmedebis
sxvadasxva sferoSi mcnebebisa Tu aforizmebis saxiT.
maTgan erT-erTi, SoTa rusTaveliseuli, epigrafadaa
naxsenebi statiis dasawyisSi. ukve SeiZleba misi kanon-
zomierebis axsnac, magram zneobisa da bednierebis ur-
TierTmimrTebas mravali sxva niuansic gaaCnia da yvela
maTgans statiis farglebSi ver SevexebiT. isini calke
ganxilvis sagania.
343
literatura:
1. amirejibi W., daTa TuTaSxia, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~

Tb., 1986.
2. rusTaveli S., vefxistyaosani, `ganaTleba,~ Tb.,
1992.
3. filosofiuri Ziebani, XVII, ùniversali,~ Tbilisi —
2013.
4. filosofiuri Ziebani, XVII, ùniversali,~ Tbilisi —
2014.
5. xalvaSi mixeil, bedniereba mecnieruli Tvalsazri-
siT, `rae~ — 2013.
6. Аристотель, Сочинения в четырёх томах, т. 4, `Мысль,~ М.,
1984.
7. Aткинсон Мерлин, Жизн в ротоке, `Алпина~, Москва —
2016.
8. Кант Имануил, Сочинения в шести томах, т.4, часть 1,
`Мысль,~ М., 1965.
9. Платон, Сочинения в четырёх томах, под обшей ред. Лосева
А.Ф., `Тахо-Годи А.А.,~ т. 1, Мысль, 1990.
344
Mikheil Khalvashi – Doctor of Philosophy; he studies philosophical
problems of ethics, has published scientific articles on problems of ethics
and a monograph `Happiness From Scientific Point of View~ (Tbilisi,
2013).
ABOUT THE REGULAR REZALTS OF

MORAL BEHAVIOR
ABSTRACT
According of commonly recognized viewpoint, I. Kant

considered that the moral behavior is followed not only by
happiness, but by unhappiness as well, so it is impossible to find out
their regularity or define when moral behavior ends by happiness and
when it ends by unhappiness. Opposite to this point of view, it is
proved in the article, that the fact that moral behavior ends with
controversial results is not occasional, but regular phenomenon. The
finishing of moral behavior by happiness is entailed by positive
(moral) external conditions – returning of vital energy to moral
subject, whereas, finishing of moral behavior by unhappiness is
entailed by negative (immoral) external circumstances – forced
appropriation of energy.
armoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

akademiis eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebam.
345
badri forCxiZe — saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnie-
rebaTa akademiis akademikosi, filosofiis doqtori,
quTaisis ak. wereTlis sax. universitetis asocirebuli
profesori; avtori mravali naSromisa filosofiis aq-
tualur problemebze, maT Soris wignebisa: `pirovneba-
Ta amocnobis istoriul — filosofiuri horosko-
pi~(2007); `samarTlis filosofiis aqtualuri proble-
mebi~(Tanaavtori o.mindaZe, 2009); àraistoriuli, is-
toriamdeli da istoriisSemdgomi yofierebis filo-
sofia~ (2014); òratoruli xelovnebisa da zogadi ri-
torikis socialur — filosofiuri da logikur — gno-
seologiuri safuZvlebi~ (2018). misi naSromebi xSirad
ibeWdeba Cvens gamocemaSi
bedisweris amaoeba Tu amaoebis bediswera?
... es Cveni saocari samyaro arasodes ar yofila, arc

aris da arc arasodes iqneba iseTi, rogoric iyo da
ara iyo ra... amitomac yvelaferi, rac viTom cxadi,
ueWveli da namdvilia, sinamdvileSi moCveneba, sizma-
ri da zRaparia ...
samyaros Seqmnisa da Secnobis kuTxiT, bedisweris

fenomeni erTaderTi da gadamwyveti aRmoCnda, romel-
sac am saqmis yvelaze Tavgamodebuli maZiebeli, iduma-
li, daudgromeli da racionalurad gauazrebeli, yov-
lismomcveli Zalis gamoxatulebad aRiqvams, rogorc
adreuli miTologiuri etapidan moyolebul warmod-
genebze, aseve Semdgomi periodis klasikur filosofi-
ur gonWvretelobaze dayrdnobiT; ramdenadac kacob-
riobis goni sicxadisa da garkveulobis veraviTar sa-
buTs ver hpovebs, misTvis moulodneli da winaswar ga-
uTvaliswinebeli movlenebis ulev mimdinareobaSi, im-
346
denad Rrmad efloba mis sakralur, mistiur SigTavsSi,
sadac Tvals usworebs sakuTar uniaTobasa da uZlure-
bas, am fataluri Zrwolis momgvreli, totaluri SiSis
winaSe, Tu ra saxis xvedrs gvimzadebs es saocari be-
diswera, romelic, am Cveni Sinagani sasowarkveTilebis
TanSobili mgrZnobelobis ganuwyveteli CarTulobiT,
ubralod ki ar gviCvenebs amaoebis mxolod amqveyniuri
warmavlobisa da qcevadobis uazrobas, aramed Zireu-
lad STagvagonebs, gvaziarebs da gvasisxlxorcebs
RvTaebis zebunebriv, absolutur, mTlian metafizi-
kur amaoebas, maradiuli, ucvleli, erTaderTi da yov-
lismomcveli arsis yofierebis mizanSewonili azriT.
adamianTa udidesi umravlesobac, maT iSviaT ga-
monaklisTan erTad, uZluria raime iRonos da gaawyos
amaoebis fiqris gasaqarwyleblad, im martivi mizeziT,
rom udidesi umravlesoba saerTod ar fiqrobs amaze,
xolo iSviaTi gamonaklisi, piriqiT, verasodes rom ver
axerxebs masze fiqrisgan Tavis daRwevas, vardeba saSi-
nel sasowarkveTilebaSi, romelTanac Segueba da Se-
Tanxmeba, cocxali adamianuri arsebisTvis, yovlad
warmoudgenelia iseve, rogorc almodebuli jansaRi
kidurebis uZravad gaCereba. swored jojoxeTuri qar-
cecxliviT axvevia amaoebis tkivili, fiqri, azri da
gancda, calkeuli, RvTisgan da demonisgan amoCemebu-
li adamianis sulsa da sxeuls, azrs, grZnobas, gagebas
da gancdas, mas ver gaveqceviT ara marto amqveyniur
sicocxleSi, aramed visac misi gzneba awamebs da tan-
javs, imaSic darwmunebulia, rom is am sicocxliT, aq
ar damTavrdeba da kvlavac gagrZeldeba sxvagan, sad-
Rac iq, im sicocxleSic, rameTu mas ar gaaCnia arc da-
sabami da arc dasasruli, radganac is aris Tavad usas-
ruloba da amasTanave is aris TviTon erTaderTi, yov-
lismomcveli bediswera da gangeba, Tu ara, TviT yov-
347
lisSemZle RmerTi, misi udidebulesi da uzenaesi
RvTaebrivi nebiT!
vnaxoT, Tu ras gveubneba am uaRresad tragikuli
aucileblobis Sesaxeb nikolai berdiaevi: `RvTiuri be-
diswera, romelic yovel SemTxvevaSi, mxolod auxsne-
li saidumlos saxiT aris dasaSvebi, Teologiuri moZ-
RvrebebiT racionalizdeba, es ki Seuracxmyofelia,
rogorc RmerTisTvis, aseve adamianis RirsebisTvis.
amasTan, RmerTi yovelTvis TviTmpyrobel monarqad
warmodgeba, romelic samyaros yovel nawils, yovel
individualobas iyenebs msoflio wesrigis dasamyareb-
lad, zogadis marTva martoden RmerTis sadideblad
aris gamarTlebuli, rac gaxlavT usamarTlobis,rea-
luri samyarouli borotebis, samyaros yvela calkeu-
li nawilis yovelgvari tanjvis dakanoneba. RmerTi ar
SeiZleba iyos samyaros gamaazrebeli, anu samyaros
mmarTveli, meufe despoti, Pantokratos—i,rameTu RmerTi
sxva araferia, Tu ara, Tavisufleba da azri, siyvaruli
da msxverpli. obieqtivirebuli samyarouli wesrigis
winaaRmdeg brZola. megobarma miTxra erTxel, rom la-
ibnici azris istoriaSi yvelaze sazareli pesimisti
iyo. laibnici fiqrobda, rom Cveni samyaro saukeTesoa
arsebulTa Soris. magram Tu SesaZloTa Soris sauke-
Teso samyaro esoden maxinjia, raoden pesimisturi un-
da iyos msgavsi moZRvreba?! samyarouli wesrigis opti-
mizmi adamianis monobaa. monobisgan ganTavisufleba
aris samyarouli wesrigis damTrgunavi ideisgan ganTa-
visufleba, rac obieqtivirebis, anu codviT dacemis
pirmSoa. RmerTis sasufevlis damkvidrebis Sesaxeb xa-
reba samyarouli wesrigis sawinaaRmdegoa, igi niSnavs
dasasruls cru harmoniisa, romelic zogadis mefobas
efuZneba. Teodiceis problemis gadaWra, maobieqtivi-
rebeli azriT, obieqtivirebul samyaroul wesrigSi
SeuZlebelia, misi gadaWra mxolod egzistencialur
348
WrilSi SeiZleba, sadac RmerTi cxaddeba, rogorc Ta-
visufleba, siyvaruli da msxverpli, sadac igi adamian-
Tan erTad itanjeba da masTan erTad ibrZvis samyarou-
li usamarTlobis, samyaros gausaZlisi tanjvis wina-
aRmdeg. araviTar SemTxvevaSi saWiroda savaldebulo
ar aris samyarouli tanjvisa da borotebis gamarTle-
ba providencialuri da samyaros ganmgebeli RmerTis
ideis meSveobiT. es cudia. RmerTs Tavisuflebis, sa-
marTlianobis, arsebobis gasxivosnebisTvis sabrZol-
velad unda mivmarToT~(berdiaevi 2017; 38).
pirovnuli RmerTi, romelic adamians esaWiroeba,
SeuZlebelia sxvagvari iyos, vinaidan is an gamiznulad
unda tanjavdes adamians, an TviTonac unda itanjebo-
des adamianTan erTad; RmerTi, romelic iwvevs adami-
anTa sayovelTao tanjvas, warmoadgens daaxloebiT
iseTive tiransa da despots, rogorc didi da Zlieri
saxelmwifos erTpirovnuli mmarTvelebi, romelTac
istoriulad ucxovriaT da saxelmwifos Zalmomreobi-
Ti samarTlebrivi sistema daukanonebiaT. xolo Rmer-
Ti, romelic mTeli samyaros Semoqmedia, magram amas-
Tanave yovel calkeul adamianTan erTad itanjeba, im-
denadvea pasuxismgebeli samyaros simaxinjesa da usa-
marTlobaze, ramdenadac nebismieri adamiani, romelic
sakuTari moraluri principiT cdilobs Tavi daaRwi-
os bedisweris mier obieqturad dadgenil borotebas,
maSasadame im samyaroseul, harmoniul kosmiur wesrig-
sac, romelic man sakuTari uzenaesi nebiT dauSva. ra
Tqma unda, roca obieqtur borotebazea saubari, vcdi-
lobT, RmerTi ar gavrioT am saqmeSi da yvela saxis
ubedureba brma da muxTal bedisweras davakisroT, ro-
melsac CvenTan erTad RmerTic ewinaaRmdegeba, magram
araferi saxarbielo da sanugeSo aqedan ar gamodis,
radgan Tu aqamde ufalma ver moaxerxa misi daZleva,
maSin is ar yofila saswaulmoqmedi da yovlisSemZle,
349
maSasadame arc RmerTad yofna SeuZlia mas, radgan Ta-
visi umZimesi savalalo xvedriT, adamianze ukeTesi
arafriT araa. rCeba erTaderTi varaudi, an saqme exe-
ba samyaros usastikesi wesrigis Semoqmedsa da damm-
kvidrebels, romelsac arasodes ar bezrdeba yovel
suldgmulsa da saganze mbrZanebloba, meTvalyure-
oba da ganaCenis gamotana, rodesac sazRvari ara
aqvs apokalifsuri SiSiT danergili usityvo morCi-
lebis momaswavebel absolutur da grandiozul Za-
lauflebas, an RmerTi araa pirovnuli subieqti,
ramdenadac rogorc absoluturi sisavse da erTi
mTliani arsis srulyofili, ganuyofeli mudmivoba,
ar ganicdis arafris naklebobas, amitom ar gaaCnia
mas arc mizezi, arc mizani da arc araviTari nebisyo-
fa, romelic TviTon aris azri TavisTavad, yovel-
gvari winaswar mocemuli azrovnebisa da gonisgan
damoukideblad, aseve arsi TavisTavad, romelic ar
warmoadgens arsebobis raime saxis garkveulobas. es
aris is, rasac iSviaTi grZneulebiT, sicxadiTa da idu-
malmetyvelebiT migvaniSnebs proqarTveluri miTosis
preistoriul wiaRSi aRmocenebuli, sakralur-miste-
riuli zRapris, anbanuri WeSmaritebis RvTaebriv-sib-
rZnismetyveluri kodi: ìyo da ara iyo ra...~
pirovnuli RmerTis idea sruliad SeuTavsebadia
samyaros absoluturi demiurgis cnebasTan, ramdena-
dac pirovneba warmoadgens individualur, erTeul
gancalkevebul wevr-elements, romeliRac mTelisa da
ara TviT mTels, magram radganac odiTganve, adamians,
yvelaze metad, bunebis stiqiur ZalTagan da cxovre-
bis gaurkveveli, usiamovno moulodnelobisgan dasa-
cavad, Zlieri, saimedo, keTili, zebunebrivi mfarve-
lis Tanadgoma da daxmareba esaWiroeboda, is eZiebda
pirovnul RmerTs da SeZlebisdagvarad kidec hpoveb-
da mas, Tanac ara mxolod erTs, aramed mravals da es
350
bunebrivadac gamarTlebuli iyo, vinaidan Tu erTi
romelime pirovneba SeiZleba romelime xalxma, sazoga-
doebam an garkveuli kategoriis adamianTa jgufma ga-
aRmerTos, sxva pirovnebas, sxva xalxi, jgufi da sazo-
gadoeba Seracxavs RmerTad. yvelafers rom Tavi da-
vaneboT da erTpirovnul RmerTs mivndoT mTeli ka-
cobriobis bed-iRbali, sulerTia, is mainc imdennai-
ri da imdeni vinme gaxdeba, ramdennairi xasiaTis,
Tvisebis, gagebisa da miswrafebis adamianebic iqne-
bian amqveynad. marTlac, Tu romelime cxovrebisgan
natanj, gaWirvebul, gasacodavebul romelime adamians
TvalebSi gulwrfelad CavxedavT, advilad SevamCnevT,
rom is iseTi uzenaesi mfarvelisgan iTxovs da moelis
daxmarebas an nugeSiscemas, romelic Tavisi bunebiT da
xasiaTiT misive bunebas da Sinagan Tvisebebs miesadage-
ba, amitom aseTnair adamianebs sruliadac araferSi ar
esaWiroebaT filosofosTa mier warmodgenili vrceli
Teoriuli moZRvrebani, samyaros sayovelTao, erTi
mTliani da ganuyofeli, upirovno RvTaebrivi demiur-
gis Sesaxeb, romelic sakuTari transcendenturi miuw-
vdomlobiTa da SeuvalobiT, sruliad gulgrilia im
safiqral sadardeblisgan, rac erTad aRebul yvela
cocxal saxeobas gaaCnia am ukidegano cisqveSeTSi.
dedamiwaze cxovrebis mTeli istoriis manZilze,
adamians yovelTvis awvalebda WeSmaritebis Ziebis da-
uokebeli swrafva da wyurvili, radgan marto am gziT
xelewifeboda mas, am grZneuli idumalebiT mocul
kosmosSi, Tavisi yofierebis gaazreba. uZvelesi miTo-
logiis epoqebidan moyolebuli, brZenmetyveli oraku-
lebis, qurumebis, SemdgomSi filosofosebisa da mec-
nier-bunebismetyvelTa saqmianoba ganisazRvreboda
samyaros Seqmnis, yofierebis dasabamis,moZraoba-cva-
lebadobis, sicocxlis kanonzomierebaTa, agreTve,
adamianis arsebisa da cxovrebiseuli sazrisis,RvTaeb-
351
rivi da adamianuri gonis bunebisgamokvleviT; aRniS-
nuli mosazrebiT cdilobdnen isini, mravalgvarovani
sagnobrivi sinamdvilispirvelmizezTa axsnas da maT
Semadgenel ucvlel myar elementTa ZiriTadi daniSnu-
lebisa da mizanSewonilobis gagebas. TavianTi miznis
ganxorcielebisTvis isini mimarTavdnen ara mxolod
spekulatur gansjasa da logikur argumentacias, ara-
med euflebodnen da ewafebodnen astronomiis,fizi-
kis, biologiis, maTematikis, geometriis, musikisa da
poeziis codnas. am diad gonWvretelobasa da saazrov-
no wiaRsvlebTan erTad, maTi grandiozuli da nayofi-
eri saqmianoba Serwymuli iyo asketur cxovrebasTan
RvTismsaxurebasTan da muxlmoyril locvasTan, rom-
lis gareSec,verc erT keTilgonier adamiansver war-
moedgina gonebis, sulisa da sxeulisganwmeda, rasac
didi berZeni aristoteles enaze kaTarzisi ewodeba.
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, rac ar unda Soreul siR-
rmeebSi SeWriliyo maTi genialuri azrovneba da gam-
Woli intuicia, saboloo instanciis WeSmaritebas ma-
inc ver aRwevda, rasac isini ar malavdnen da mTeli
gulwrfelobiT acxadebdnen, rom miwier mokvdavs ara-
sodes xelewifeboda umaRles RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan
Serwyma da ziareba, amitomac WeSmaritebis cxovelmyo-
feli maZiebeli, uares SemTxvevaSi, an Wkuidan unda
SeSliliyo, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, sibrZnis moyvaruli
da megobari gamxdariyo, rac ara imdenad codnis meo-
xebiT iyo misaRwevi, ramdenadac zebunebriv sakvirvel
ZalTa rwmeniTa da STagonebiT. xiluli samyaros Ses-
wavlis Sedegad, filosofosTa didi umravlesoba
aRiarebda aucileblobas da mizez-Sedegobriv ka-
nonzomierebas, rasac im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom
samyaroSi araferi ar xdeba uazrod da SemTxveviT,
rom yvela sagansa da movlenas Tavisi sagangebod
gankuTvnili adgili, daniSnuleba da funqcia gaaC-
352
nia, rom yvelaferi mkacrad dadgenil kanonebs
emorCileba, rasac Tavs ver daaRwevs veraviTari si-
jiute, axireba da TviTneboba. rac ufro mZafria am
kanonebis mimarT daumorCileblobis survili, miT
ufro cxadi da TvalnaTlivia gangebis gardauvali
ganCineba, anu igive bediswera. amitomac tyuilad ar
ambobda stoelTa skolis erTerTi figuranti, sene-
ka: `bedisweras morCili mihyavs, urCs ki miaTrevs~.
naTeli gonebis Tvali, romelic farTod hqondaT axe-
lili antikurobis filosofosTa brwyinvale pleadas,
naTlad da mkafiod aRiqvamda msoflios zogadkosmi-
ur wesrigsa da harmonias, romlis dausabamo Jamdro-
ul qcevadobasa da vrceul ganfenilobaSic, planetebi
inarCuneben wonasworobas, Tanadrouli da Tanabari
aCqarebiT brunvisas, sakuTari RerZisa da mzis ir-
gvliv, rodesac maTi Tanamgzavrebi ar toveben TavianT
planetebs. msoflioSi yovelive imdenad harmoniuli
da mizanSewonilia, rom Zvelma moazrovneebma mas uwo-
des kosmosi, anu silamaze, wesrigi, harmonia, sapiris-
pirod qaosisa uwesrigobisa da disharmoniisa. maT
gulTamxilav fiqrsa naTlmadlian gonebas kosmosi
esaxebodaTdiadi xelovanis (demiurgis) mier awyobil
instrumentad, sadac moqmedebs erTi daurRveveli
ritmi da pulsi. nebismieri Wkvianurad moqmedi meqa-
nizmi aucileblad iseTi gonierisubieqtis mier unda
yofiliyo Seqmnili, romelsac ecodineboda misi um-
Tavresi daniSnuleba da gamoyenebis xasiaTi. aseTnairi
msjelobiT, dakvirvebiT, gagebiT da gamocdilebiT ix-
veweboda metafizikuri Teoria da dialeqtikuri me-
Todologia, riTac xsenebuli filosofosebi maRlde-
bodnen samyaros momwesrigebeli RvTaebrivi arqiteq-
toris ideamde, visac platoni uwodebda Semoqmeds, ma-
mas, RmerTsa da demiurgs. es ukanaskneli termini niS-
navs moRvawes, ostats. platonis mixedviT: `yovelive
353
warmoSobili Tavisi warmoSobisaTvis saWiroebs gar-
kveul mizezs.... ra Tqma unda, am samyaros Semoqmedisa
da mamis moZieba ioli ar aris, magram rom vipovoT ki-
dec, mis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba yvelas movuyveT… kosmo-
si mSvenieria da misi demiurgi keTili… kosmosi umSve-
nieresia yvela warmoSobil saganTa Soris, demiurgi
saukeTeso, yvela mizezs Soris… aris ra keTili, man
izruna yvela xilul saganze, romlebic iyvnen ara sim-
SvideSi, aramed mouwyobel da uwesrigo moZraobaSi;
man isini uwesrigobidan moiyvana wesrigSi.~(platoni
1994; 288-289).
platoni im epoqaSi cxovrobda, roca ganuyoflad
batonobda poliTeizmi: adamianebi aRmerTebdnen sti-
qiebs, bunebis Zalebs da eTayvanebodnen maT. filoso-
fiac deklarirebulad ar uaryofdaRmerTebs, Tumca
aRiarebda maTze umaRlesi gonebis gangebas, rac reli-
efurad gamoikveTa qsenofane kolofonelTan. plato-
nis kosmologiaSi ki, RmerTebi asruleben imgvar fun-
qciebs, romlebic monoTeistur religiebSi mogvagone-
ben angelozTa wminda valdebulebebs.mTavari da arse-
biTi ki isaa, rom demiurgma Seqmna isini da swored is
gaxlavT maTi STagonebis wyaro da ganmkargulebeli.
angelozebi, iseve rogorc miTologiuri RmerTebi, an-
gariS-valdebulni arian aRasrulon misi uzenaesi ne-
ba.adamianTa Seqmnis sakiTxSic,uzenaesi Semoqmedi,an-
gelozTa samyaroSi CarTulobas, anu lokaluri Rmer-
Tebis mimarT dakisrebul pasuxismgeblobas Tvlis sa-
Wirod, radgan am gansakuTrebuli misiisTvis Tavis Se-
wuxeba, ara marto erT mTavarsa da ZiriTads, aramed
mraval daqvemdebarebul RmerTs marTebs, imisaTvis,
rom yvela maTganma sakuTari Tavi ukvdavyos, ara mxo-
lod droul-vrceuli kavSirebis mTlianobiT da ganu-
yoflobiT, aramed im aRiarebiT da dasturiT, rac go-
nivruli azris gavrcelebis Sedegad mkvidrdeba Semoq-
354
medis mier SeqmnilSi, misive msgavsebiT da xatebiT, anu
RmerTidan adamianSi. platonis mier warmosaxuli de-
miurgi ase mimarTavs sakuTar xelqveiTebs(igive qveR-
merTebs) `RmerTTa RmerTebo! me Tqveni demiurgi da
sagnebis mama var, Cemgan warmoSobili ki urRvevi dar-
Ceba, rameTu aseTia neba Cemi.... Semdeg is aZlevs maT
pirvelqmnil materias da avalebs misgan adamianebis
Seqmnas~(iqve—290).am xatovani, emociuri da mistiuri
saxismetyvelebiT, antikuri filosofia, Tavisi rCeu-
li personebis meSveobiT, erTgvarad aSoSminebda, awo-
nasworebda da awesrigebda poliTeisturi RmerTebis
uzarmazar vnebaTaRelvas, riTac cdilobda daaxloe-
boda WeSmaritebas, erTi ZiriTadi da uzenaesi Rmer-
Tis Sesaxeb. aseTive mosazrebiT msjelobdnen Zveli
berZeni filosofosebi logosis Sesaxeb (berZ.sityva-
logos niSnavs, cecxls, gonebas, azrs, kanons, Rmer-
Tsac moixseniebdnen am sityviT). igi Tavdapirvelad
aRiqmeboda rogorc maradiuli da sayovelTao kanon-
zomiereba, romelic gansazRvravs mTeli samyaros wes-
wyobilebas. racionaluri cnobierebis yalibSi, logo-
si imdenad SeiZleboda warmoCeniliyo abstraqtuli da
ganyenebuli ideis rangSi, ramdenadac gaSualebuli sa-
xiT iqnebodamomarTuli, rogorc RvTaebrivi Semoqme-
debiTi Zala, gardamavali safexuri, RmerTsa da mis mi-
er Seqmnil makro da mikro-samyaros Soris; adamianic,
mocemul konteqstSi, ganixileba makro-samyaroul sib-
rtyeSi ganTavsebuli mikro-samyaroseuli sakvanZo
centris saxiT, romelSic devs yovelive sagnobriv si-
dideTa da simcireTa idumal-sakvirvelebis Secnobisa
da gaTviTcnobierebis gasaRebi. aseTnair swavlebase-
weodnen aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis qristianuli-
Teologiis warmomadgenlebi, sulieri mamebi: klemensi
da origene, basili didi, aleqsandre afrodizieli, ne-
355
tari avgustine, filon aleqsandrieli da sxvebi. gvin-
daTu ara, isini, avad da kargad, mainc neoplatonikos-
Ta mier gakvalul gzebs miuyvebodnen. jer kidev amoni-
os sakas mier daarsebul warmarTul neoplatonizmSi,
plotinTan, neoplatonuri skolis erTerT fuZemde-
belTan, filosofia erwymis religias,sadac TvalnaT-
liv ikveTebauniversumis Semoqmedi subieqtis tran-
scendenturoba, absoluturi srulyofileba, ganusaz-
Rvreloba da misi RvTaebrivi Seucnobadoba. es xazi ki-
dev ufro Zlierdeba da sampirovani RmerTis yalibSi
transformirdeba qristianul neoplatonizmSi, sadac-
fsevdo-dionise areopagelis ganmartebiT: am uzenaes
arsebas verc veraferi ganmartavs, verc veraviTarisi-
dide da simravle ver amowuravs, verc veravisgan vera-
viTari Tviseba da xasiaTi ver miewereba. aqvs ra yofie-
rebis sisavse, erTi (ase uwodebda plotini RmerTs)
warmoSobs yofierebis yvela sxva saxeobas, romelTa
Soris pirvelia goneba, meore msoflios suli, romlis
miRmac ganTavsebulia materialuri samyaro, rasac
RvTaebrivi suli STaberviT aZlevs sicocxles. amgva-
rad, msoflio warmoadgens, RvTaebrivi realobis er-
Tgvar anarekls da Tavis TavSi atarebs silamazisa da
srulyofilebis Tvisebebs. RvTaebrivi erTi, goneba da
suli erTobliobaSi Seadgenen RvTaebriv triadas (sa-
mebas). marTalia, ganwmedis, kaTarzisis gziT, adamiani
maRldeba RvTis Wvretamde, Tumca sabolood, RmerTi
mainc rCeba Seucnoblad da miuwvdomlad, Cveni gone-
bisTvis dafarul saidumloebad. ruseTis mitropo-
lit ilarion alfeevis TqmiT: àntikuri filosofia,
dialeqtikis gziT, Zalian axlos midis im WeSmarite-
bebTan, romlebic sabolood qristianobaSi gacxadda;
esenia: erTi WeSmariti RmerTis, samyaros Semoqmedis,
RvTaebrivi logosi (sityva)-Zis da yovladwmida same-
356
bis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebani. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ad-
reqristianobis droindeli RvTismetyvelebi filoso-
fiasqristemdel qristianobas uwodebdnen. Tumca eli-
nuri filosofia ar Seicavs WeSmaritebas mTeli misi
sidiadiT… da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, is wmends gzas
qristesken, ambobs klimenti aleqsandrieli. eklesiis
bevri mama da moZRvari qristianobaSi filosofiis Ses-
wavliT movida an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, didi pativisce-
miT epyroboda mas, maT Soris arian: mRvdelmowame ius-
tine filosofosi, klimenti aleqsandrieli, netari av-
gustine, wminda mRvdelTmTavrebi grigol noseli da
grigol RvTismetyveli. adreqristianuli taZrebis
stoaSi mowameebTan da wmindanebTan erTad gamoisaxe-
bodnen sokrate, platoni da aristotele, rogorc wi-
namorbedni da WeSmaritebis winaswarmauwyebelni~
(Faith.gewww.faith.ge).
kargia, roca did avtoritetTa damowmeba cxo-
velmyofel rwmenasa da damajereblobas gvaniWebs
zeciuri sikeTisa da svebednierebis ziarebis gzaze,
risi meSveobiTac, rac ufro metad vlamobT am mZime
da autaneli sinamdvilisgan Tavis daRwevas, miT uf-
ro metad viltviT da viZirebiT RvTaebrivi demiur-
gis mier nairferovnad moqargul kosmiur univer-
sumSi, Tumca ukidures Tavdaviwyebamde misul am-
gvar narcisul netarebas mainc ar gaaCnia myari da
saimedo dasayrdeni, romelic yvela gasaWiridan ga-
mogviyvanda da sasowarkveTilebaSi myofT gvanuge-
Sebda. amitomac rogorc ar unda vecadoT, suler-
Tia, mainc ver gaveqceviT muxTal sawuTroebas, rom-
lis tyveobaSi aRmoCenil, davrdomil da daknine-
bul, bedTan morkinal raindebs, es mware realoba
Tvals araerTgzis marto imisaTvis dagvaxuWinebs,
rom Zil-buranidan kvlavac saSinelma koSmarebma
gamogvafxizlon. bavSvobidan Rrma moxucebulobam-
357
de,amdeni vai-vaglaxis, jaxirisa da gansacdelis Sede-
gad,bedkruli adamiani nelnela hkargavs sxvaTa ndo-
bas, ris gamoc, umetesi maTganiTandaTan Sordeba
RmerTsa da sindiss, xolo iSviaTi da gamonaklisi pi-
riqiT, uaxlovdeba da xdebaufalsa da misgan gamomdi-
nare zneobriv sawyisze damokidebuli, riTac misi san-
doobis xarisxi mkveTrad izrdeba sxvebis TvalSi, rac
imis mauwyebelia, rom dakarguli ndoba, rwmenis umaR-
les xarisxSi ayvanili, gardaqmnili da Sebrunebuli
saxiT, kvlav ukan brundeba, rac TavisTavad didi ga-
marjveba unda iyos rogorc siavesTan dapirispirebaSi,
aseve sakuTari `mes~ daniSnulebis SecnobaSi, Tumca ga-
damwyvet momentSi aRmoCndeba, rom aseTma ndobam Se-
saZlebelia erTgvari katalizatoris rolic iTamaSos
Cvens garSemo myofi xalxisTvis, moraluri upasuxis-
mgeblobis gamomJRavnebaSi. amitomac warmoudgenelia,
aseTma tragikulma xvedrma umZimes sagonebelSi ar Ca-
agdos, romelime, eris sadardebel-satkivaris moWir-
naxule, sulieri winamZRvari da sakuTari Tavi ar daa-
yenos, yofna-aryofnis pasuxgaucemeli, gulgamgmiravi
dilemis winaSe, rac sruliad bunebrivad da Cveuleb-
rivad, amqveyniuri amaoebis zogad dazafrulobas mos-
devs. gonier kacTa mier gaweuli Rvawlisa da amagis
piruTvneli TviTSefasebis nusxa gvatyobinebs, rom
rac ufro met xans moiyris kaci am daudgromel wu-
TisofelSi, miT ufro ganZarculad da gatialebu-
lad ganicdis sakuTar yofas, elvis uswrafesad gat-
yorcnil, mouxelTebel da mouswrebel wamTa gamud-
mebuli Semoklebis xarjze.
mTeli am cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, roca Zalian
bevrjer mogviwia gveTamaSa, ama Tu im saxeobis dadebi-
Ti an uaryofiTi personaJis rolis Sesruleba, iolad
vxvdebodiT, Tu vin da rogori niSan-Tvisebis adamiani
SeiZleba warmogvidges nebismieri artistis saxiT, mag-
358
ram Tu odesme, sabolood mainc gadavwyvetdiT, gveTa-
maSa TviT romelime saxasiaTo artistis roli, mag Sem-
TxvevaSi, aucileblad gavigebdiT, raoden rTulia iq-
ce pirovnebad. pirovneba ar yalibdeba vinmes mimarT,
Tundac yvelaze gamorCeuli da aRiarebuli damsaxu-
rebis gamo, mibaZvis Sedegad, pirovneba unda daibados
imgvar sociumSi, romelic nebismier individs xvda wi-
lad, raoden usaxuri da mouwesrigebelic ar unda
iyos is.
adamiani, cxovelTa samyaros mTel saxeobebSi er-
TaderTi Tu ara, albaT erT-erTi uiSviaTesi gamonak-
lisia, romelsac tanjavs da awvalebs erTi da imav-
drouli mousvenroba da sizarmace. sicocxlis Tanda-
yolili am specifiuri unaris gamomJRavnebiT is mud-
mivad cdilobs daamyaros sakuTari sasurveli da mi-
zandasaxuli wesrigi, mis gareT mocemul raime sxvag-
var areulobaSi da Tan, amave dros, daarRvios aseTive
sxvagvari wesrigi sakuTari Sinagani areulobis mixed-
viT, rac ngrevis gaucnobierebeli moTxovnilebiTaa
ganpirobebuli. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia viva-
raudoT, rom misi namdvili mikrokosmiuri buneba da
arseba demiurgis mier warmoebuli universumis zogad-
kosmiur xasiaTs zedmiwevniT Seesabameba, ramdenadac
sicocxlis idumalebiT moculi mTeli sakvirvele-
bis arsic swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom realuri
qaosis wiaRSi asaxuli wesrigis SesaZlebloba, ram-
denadme mainc aRematebodes realuri wesrigiT dam-
kvidrebuli qaosis naklebobas. sxvagvarad warmoud-
genelia, radgan roca sakiTxi exeba ama Tu im saxis qmni-
lebis Seqmnasa da kvlavwarmoebas, TviT RvTaebrivi de-
miurgis umaRles rangSi, yvelaferi ganixileba mis sas-
rul gansazRvrulobaSi, amasTanave isic ar unda dagva-
viwydes, rom samyaros usasruloba demiurgis aseTi
sasruli mwarmoeblur-SemoqmedebiTi aqtebis dausaba-
359
mo da dausrulebeli erTobliobis uwyveti mimdinare-
obiTaa ganpirobebuli, radganac RmerTs rom erTxel
da sabolood Seeqmna yvelaferi, ise, rom rasac pirve-
lad daiwyebda is ukanasknelad da sabolood daemTav-
rebina kidec, maSin amis mere sruliad umoqmedod unda
gaCerebuliyo da amiT sakuTari RvTaebrivi Semoqmede-
ba Seewyvita, rac arc meti da arc naklebi, niSnavs imas,
rom RvTaebrivi arsi ararsebulad gardavleniliyo.
Cvenda sabednierod, Tu saubedurod, raki es ase aqamde
ar momxdara, arc awi ar SeiZleba moxdes, rameTu ram-
denadac RmerTi maradiuli da ukvdavia, amdenadve
misi mwarmoeblur-SemoqmedebiTi arsebac dausru-
lebeli da maradiulia, risi Sedegia swored is, rom
samyaro aris usasrulo, rogorc drouli aseve
vrceuli gagebiT, es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara, zedro-
uli da zevrceuli demiurgis gaunelebeli da dau-
Ralavi mousvenrobiT ganpirobebuli moRvaweobis
logikuri Sedegi.
mokvdavi da warmavali adamianisgan gansxvavebiT,
demiurgi ver iqneba zarmaci, is arasodes ar isvenebs,
amitomac ar kvdeba, magram xom SeiZleba amdeni gauTa-
vebeli saqmeebisgan da mousvenrobisgan rogorRac da-
iRalos da moundes dasveneba, rac nebismieri cocxali
arsebisTvis Cveulebrivi ambavia...ra Tqma unda, sxvag-
varad warmoudgenelia, vinaidan RmerTi, romelic aris
yovelive sicocxlis dasabami da aqedan gamomdinare,
auareblad mravalferovan cocxal bunebriv saxeobaTa
safuZvelTa safuZveli, mizez-Sedegobrivi, logikuri
tranzitulobis wesis Tanaxmad, sicocxlis umaRlesi
gvirgvinicaa, maSasadame srulyofili cocxali arse-
baa; wesis arsi ki SemdegSi mdgomareobs: veraviTari
Sedegi, veraviTar SemTxvevaSi, ver gaxdeba im safuZ-
velze ufro meti da srulyofili, romlisganac is
gamomdinareobs.aqedan gamomdinare, yovelive arse-
360
bulsa da gaazrebuls, dasabami martoden ukvdavebasa
da srulyofilebaSi ki ar gaaCnia, bednierebis, sikeTi-
sa da mSvenierebis saxiT; aramed TviT araraobas, boro-
tebas, masTan erTad aRebul, yvela ubedurebasa da um-
sgavsobas, aseve gaaCnia maradiuli arasrulyofilebi-
sa da dausrulebeli sikvdilis safuZvelic. amitomac
marTali iyo artur Sopenhaueri, rodesac ambobda:
`SeuZlebelia samyaroSi imgvari dakmayofileba, rome-
lic mis mizanswrafvas daaokebda, daacxrobda mis vne-
bas da misi sulis ufskruls amoavsebda. amasTanave, yu-
radReba miaqcieT imas, Tu raSi mdgomareobs adamianis-
Tvis yovelgvari dakmayofileba: umeteswilad es sxva
araferia, Tu ara mwiri SenarCuneba Tavad sicocxlisa,
rac dauRalavi SromiT da mudmivi zrunviT unda moi-
povo, gasaWirTan brZolaSi, sadac perspeqtivaSi sik-
vdili moCans~(Sopenhaueri 2018; 4). Cven morwmuneni,
romelTac eWvic ar eparebaT RvTis yovlisSemZleoba-
sa da yovlismcodneobaSi, yovelives, rac Cvens ir-
gvliv xdeba, mivawerT mis uzenaes nebas, rasakvirvelia,
ara marto kargsa da sasurvels, aramed yvela saSine-
lebasa da ubedurebasac, Tundac es samyaros dasasru-
lic iyos, amas vambobT ara marto Tavis damSvidebisa
da Cveni uZlurebis gamJRavnebis gamo, aramed upirve-
les yovlisa, momxdaris mimarT garkveuli zneobrivi
pasuxismgeblobisgan TavisdaRwevis gamoc, rac aseve
Cveni Sinagani sindisis tkivilisa da sinanulisgan Tav-
dacvis qvecnobier swrafvas Seesabameba. RmerTi, ro-
gorc samyaros erTianobis yovlismomcveli subieqti,
romelic TavisTavSi flobs da awesrigebs saganTa da
movlenaTa uwyvet kavSirurTierTobebs, akeTebs imas,
rac aucilebeli da mizanSewonilia, azris miniWebisa
da SenarCunebis pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT; ramdenadac
yoveli azri Seicavs Tavis sawinaaRmdegos, amdenad mas
ar SeuZlia Caiketos romelime dasaxelebuli sagnis
361
gansazRvrulobaSi da am gziT SeinarCunos ucvleli
mdgomareoba, amitom TiToeuli sagani da movlena ga-
nicdis ganuwyvetel cvlilebas, iqamde, sanam misi azri
amowuravs Tavis Sinaarss da gadava sruliad sxvaSi, sa-
pirispiroSi, sadac ganaxlebas da aRmocenebas sxva az-
ri da Sinaarsi miesadageba. amgvarad SegviZlia davina-
xoT da warmovidginoT sagnobrivi samyaros maradiuli
da dausrulebeli qcevadobis azrTa Widili, sadac Ti-
Toeuli maTganis damkvidreba da kvlavgagrZeleba, mi-
si sapirispiro sagnobrivi azris Seferxebasa da Sez-
Rudvis SesaZleblobazea damokidebuli. bunebrivi da
aucilebelia, rom aseT mravalsaxovan urTierTdapi-
rispirebasa da winaaRmdegobaTa qselSi, ganixilebo-
des azris ganviTarebis Sesusteba da Sewyveta misi mi-
zanSewonili Tanmimdevrobis nebismier, Tundac Canasa-
xovan safexursa da stadiebze; rac imdenad uecari da
moulodneli SeiZleba aRmoCndes TiToeuli sagnisa da
movlenisaTvis, ramdenadac azris Sinagani Tavisebure-
bis wesis mixedviT, sruliad kanonzomieri da niSan-
doblivia; maSasadame, sagnobrivi azris RvTaebrivi we-
sidan gamomdinare, yovelgvari uecari cvalebadoba,
anu moulodneloba, aris aucilebeli da sakmarisi pi-
roba yoveli sagnisa da movlenis arsebobisTvis. Tavis-
Tavad azri ki aris uwyveti mimdinareobis procesi, ara
mxolod raime Sinaarsisa da formis dasrulebamde,
aramed dasrulebis merec. saerTod azris Tavisebure-
ba imiTac ganisazRvreba, rom is dasawyisSive dasrule-
bulia da piriqiT, dasrulebisTanave dawyebulia, ase-
vea saganic, rogorc azris garegani gamoxatuleba, ro-
melic iseTive mimarTebaSia mTeli samyaros sagnobri-
obasTan, rogorc yoveli azri RvTaebrivi gonis az-
rovnebasTan. SeiZleba, naCqarevi warmodgeniT, isic ga-
vifiqroT, rom yoveli azris da misgan warmoebuli sag-
nis sawyisi da ganmsazRvreli iyos azrovneba da sag-
362
nobrioba, anu azrovneba, rogorc RvTaebrivi demiur-
gis goni da sagnobrioba, rogorc samyaros universu-
mis usasrulo yofierebis arsoba, rac ar iqneba swori,
vinaidan sagnobriv yofierebas iseve gansazRvravs mi-
sive calkeuli sagnis arsebobis wesi, rogorc RTaeb-
rivi gonis azrovnebas misive calkeuli azris moazre-
bis wesi. rameTu wesi ese ars sityva, romelic upirve-
lesi gaxlavT; rogorc dabadebis wignSia naTqvami: `da-
sabamidan iyo sityva, da sityva iyo RmerTTan da Rmer-
Ti iyo sityva..~ sityvebic metyvelebaSi erTi meores
ebmian, urTierTs ylapaven da erwymian imgvarad, rom
SeiTavson uamravi gageba, mniSvneloba da Sinaarsi, im-
dennairi yalibiT da formiT, ramdenic saWiroa weri-
lis dasawerad. TavisTavad calke aRebuli sityva, az-
ri da sagani, sakuTriv gansakuTrebuli da erTaderTia
manam, sanam maT mier nawarmoeb werils, azrovnebas da
sagnobriobas garkveuli saxe ar miecema, droisa da
sivrcis romelime konkretulad mocemul momentSi;
iseve rogorc zogadad werili, azrovneba da sagnobri-
oba, erTad aRebuli, araferia, calkeul sityvasTan,
azrTan da saganTan gawonasworebis gareSe. erTianoba
Sedegia safuZvlisa, romelic erTidan iwyeba da momdi-
nareobs; werili Tavmoyraa sityvebisa, romelic upir-
velesi sityviT warmoiTqmeba da iwereba; azrovneba
unar-SesaZleblobaa, calkeuli TavisTavad aRebuli
azris gamomuSavebisa da Camoyalibebisa, romelic das-
turdeba an uariyofa momijnave azris meSveobiT da bo-
los, sagnobrioba aris erTiani da ganuyofeli, adgil
samyofeli sivrce, calkeul saganTa moZraoba-cvale-
badobis dausabamobisa da uwyveti ganfenilobisa.
raki pirveli aris sityva da mere werili; azri da
mere azrovneba, sagani da sagnobrioba, maSasadame yove-
li maTgani aris TavisTavadi da dasabami yovelive ar-
sebuli mocemulobisa, rasac simravlis erTianoba ga-
363
nasaxierebs. RmerTi, rogorc yovelives Semoqmedi da
azris mimniWebeli, romelsac undoda samyaros harmo-
niuli wesrigis damyareba, veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver
ityoda uars moZraoba-cvalebadobasa da winaaRmdego-
ba-dapirispirebaze, iseve rogorc samyaroze erTpi-
rovnuli da ganuyofeli Zalauflebis SesanarCuneb-
lad, ukvdavebisa da maradiulobis damkvidrebaze, ris-
Tvisac mas dasWirdeboda sikvdilisa da warmavlobis
ucilobeli Segueba, radgan amis gareSe, arc sicocxle
iarsebebda, sicocxlis gareSe ki, maradiuloba yovel-
gvar azrs dakargavda. yovelive zemoTTqmuli moTxov-
na da RvTaebrivi demiurgis uzenaesi nebisyofis ga-
moxatuleba yovlad warmoudgeneli iqneboda kosmi-
uri uwesrigobisa da nivTieri qaosis pirobebSi, Ta-
vis mxriv, wesrigis Tanmimdevruli da ganuxreli
dacva, verc erTi subieqtis neba-survilze ver iqne-
boda damyarebuli, radgan rac ar unda srulyofili
da RvTaebrivic ar unda yofiliyo es subieqti, is ma-
inc sicocxlis kanonebs daeqvemdebareboda, romel-
sac axasiaTebs winaswari gaazrebisa da savalalo Se-
degis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, impulsuri moqmede-
bisa da mkveTri moZraobisken mimarTuli midreki-
leba; amitom aseTi raRac axirebis msgavsi iniciati-
vebi unda aRkveTiliyo imTaviTve raRac upirovno,
brma, miukerZoebeli da yovlis damTrgunveli Zalis
mier, rasac Cveulebrivi mokvdavni vuwodebT bedis-
weras.
saboloo daskvnis saxiT, SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom
momavalSi nebismieri mosaxdeni movlenis Sesaxeb-
RmerTs winaswar yvelaferi Zalian kargad unda scod-
noda, raTa misi uzenaesi neba samyaros erTpirovnul
mamoZraveblad da warmarTvelad, gangebis rangSi meu-
febiT damkvidrebuliyo, magram amdeni ramis miuxeda-
vad mas mainc dasWirda bediswera, romelic warmoad-
364
gens sakuTriv RvTaebrivi uzenaesi nebisyofis amao-
ebaSi winaswar ganWvretil im moulodnelobas, rac
absolutur mTlianobaSi imdenad aniWebs azrs er-
Tad daSvebul yvela SesaZleblobas, ramdenadac
kerZo SemTxvevaSi, azrs ukargavs yovel calkeul
ganxorcielebul sinamdviles. amitomac ar unda gag-
vikvirdes, Cveni tanjvisa da vaebis arc erTi sawyisi
mizezi da bolovadi Sedegi, romlis kanonzomierebis
Tanaxmad, rogorc ki adamiani, mTeli Tavisi dauokebe-
li fiqriTa da sasoebiT, Caefloba samyaros nivTieri
qaosis kosmiuri marTlwesrigis goniT realiebSi, mTe-
li Tavisi arsebiT, myisve SeigrZnobs mis garSemo abla-
budasaviT daqselil zerele da usargeblo urTier-
Tobebs, rasac nebsiT, Tu uneblieT, am Cveni xanmokle
wuTisoflis udides da umetes Jams, sul amaod vwi-
ravT.
literatura:
1. berdiaevi, n. yofiereba, Tavisufleba, RmerTi, Tbi-

lisi 2017.
2. platoni, timeosi, Tbilisi, 1994.
3. Sopenhaueri, a. cxovrebis amaoebisa da vaebis Sesa-
xeb, Tbilisi, 2018.
4. filosofia eZebs samyaros Semoqmeds/wm. ninos ... —
Faith.gewww.faith.ge.
365
Badri porchkhidze – Academican of the Academy of Philosophical
Sciences of Georgia, Doctor of Philosophy, Assoc. Professor of Kutaisi AK.
Tsereteli State Universithy, author of many labour, about topical problems
of Philosofhy, Including books: `Historical — philosophical horoscope of
personality recognition~ (2007); Àctual Problems of Law Philosophy~
(Coauthor O. Mindadze 2009); `The philosophy of non — hisictoric,
prehistoric, and post — historic being~ (2014); `The Social — Philosophical
and Logical — Gnosiological Basis of Oratory Art and General
Rhetoric`(2018). His works are often printed in our publications.
THE VANITY OF DESTINY OR THE DESTINY OF VANITY?
ABSTRACT
In terms of the creation and cognition of the universe, the

phenomenon of destiny proved to be the only and decisive one,
which is perceived by the most selfless pursuer of this case as an
expression of a rationally incomprehensible, all-encompassing force,
based on the notions from the early mythological stage onwards, as
well as on the classical philosophical insights of the later period,as
far as the mind of mankind can find no proof of clarity and certainty,
in the course of unexpected and unforeseen events,so deeply
ingrained in its sacral, mystical content,where he looks upon his own
weakness and helplessness, in the face of the fear felt by this fatal
alarm,what does this amazing destiny prepare us for, which, with the
uninterrupted engagement of this innate sensitivity of our inner
despair,it simply does not show the folly and vanity of worldly
sufferingBut fundamentally inspires and shares with us the
supernatural, absolute, total metaphysical vanity of our own deity, in
the expedient sense of the existence of an eternal, unchangeable,
unique and all-encompassing essence.
366
We should not be surprised, therefore, by any of the initial
causes and endings of our suffering and misery,according to the
regularity of which, as soon as a man, with all his unbridled thoughts
and senses, is immersed in the mind realities of the cosmic order of
the material chaos of the universe,he, with all his being, will
instantly feel the superficial and useless relationships woven around
him like an abalone,whatever intentionally, or unintentionally,we
sacrifice our short lives in vain.

367
Teimuraz faCulia — filosofiur mecn. doqtori. saqarTve-
los filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, muSa-
obs socialuri filosofiis, filosofiis istoriis, kultu-
rologiis, aqsiologiis, eTikis, esTetikis, geopolitikis
sakiTxebze. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 100-ze meti naSromi da sta-
tia, maT Soris 5 monografia, vtoria 12 romanisa da 2 poetu-
ri krebulis. aris saqarTvelos kriminologiis akademiis ak-
demikosi, saqarTvelos mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi kavSiris
wevri.
Tavisufleba da eTika
Tavisufleba warmoadgens gacnobierebul, neba-

yoflobiT qmedebas, romelic acxadebs pasuxismgeb-
lobas sakuTar arCevanze da rogorc permanentuli
procesi, romelSic xdeba pirovnebis TviTdadgena da
Camoyalibeba, mimarTulia sazogadoebis sakeTildRe-
od. Tavisuflebas axlavs erTgvari paradoqsi rac ima-
Si mdgomareobs, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi adamianebs gac-
nobierebuli ara aqvT misi arsi. Tavisufleba kultu-
risa da istoriis mamoZravebelia, magram mis Sesaxeb
dRemde ar wydeba dava, romelSic erTmaneTs upiris-
pirdebian urTierTgamomricxavi Tvalsazrisebi. Tavi-
suflebis problemas adamianebi uxsovari droidan uR-
rmavdebian, magram yvelaze siRrmiseulad misi gacno-
biereba antikur saberZneTSi, kerZod platonisa da
aristoteles filosofiaSi moxda. Tavisuflebis para-
digma platonma `saxelmwifos~ meSvide TavSi Camoaya-
liba, sadac adamianuri yofiereba cixeSi, dilegSi
yofnas Seadara, sadac adamianebs dabadebidanve uwevT
cxovreba. isini kompaqturad cxovroben gamoqvabul-
Si, romelsac erTaderTi Riobi aqvs, saidanac mzisSu-
qi Semodis, magram adamianebi ver xedaven mas, radgan
368
kisriTa da xel-fexiT mijaWvulebi arian gamoqvabulis
kedelze. isini xedaven mxolod maT win aRmarTul ga-
moqvabulis kedels, romelzedac rogorc ekranze
Cndebian aCrdilebi, romlebic gamoqvabulis centrSi
danTebuli cecxlidan ireklebian. gamoqvabulis
mcxovreblebs hgoniaT rom erTaderTi WeSmariti sam-
yaro, aCrdilTa samyaroa, romelSic Tavad uwevT
cxovreba. maT warmodgena ara aqvT imaze,rom arsebobs
sxva WeSmariti samyaro, romelic gamoqvabulis gare-
Taa da saidanac mRvimeSi Semodis mzis Suqi. isini SeCve-
ulni arian gamoqvabulSi yofnas, monur cxovrebas da
meti araferi ainteresebT. erT-erTi maTgani autanel
tkivilebis miuxedavad SeZlebs Tavis Semobrunebas da
Riobidan Semosuli mzis sinaTlis danaxvas, ris safuZ-
velze igi xvdeba,rom garda gamoqvabulisa arsebobs
sxva yofiereba, sxva samyaro, romelic aRmatebuli da
WeSmaritia gamoqvabulis yofaze. mas kisridan sdis
sisxli, yelze Sebmuli sayeluri suls uxuTavs, kedel-
ze mimagrebuli jaWvi ukiduresad daWimulia da auta-
nel tkivilebs ayenebs, magram es tanjva araferia im si-
xarulTan SedarebiT rasac tusaRi ganicdis. igi bed-
nieria, radgan Seicno WeSmariteba, SeigrZno da dainaxa
namdvili, srulyofili samyaro, amaRlda monur yofie-
rebaze da eziara Tavisuflebas.
amieridan igi Tavisufalia, amaRlebulia aCrdil-
Ta samyaroze, Tavdaxsnilia monobidan da gacilebiT
mets xedavs da SeigrZnobs vidre misi TanamoZmeebi. igi
imasac xvdeba, rom SeuZlebelia iyo Tavisufali iq, sa-
dac sxvebi ukidures monobaSi imyofebian. Tavisufal-
ma adamianma sxvebic unda gaaTavisuflos. am momenti-
dan igi iwyebs TanamoZmeTa gaTviTcnobierebas, uxsnis
maT, rom aCrdilTa samyaro, gamoqabulis yofiereba
moCvenebiTi, yalbi, iluzoruli yofierebaa, rom mis
gareT arsebobs WeSmariti samyaro, sadac adamiani Ta-
369
visufalia da SesaZlebloba eZleva bednierebas miaR-
wios. misi yvela cda uSedegod mTavrdeba, radgan ga-
moqvabulis binadrebs ar surT arafris gagoneba arc
Tavisuflebaze da arc WeSmarit yofierebaze. isini ise
mieCvivnen gamoqvabulSi cxovrebas, monur yofas, rom
sikvdili urCevniaT mis daTmobas, ris gamoc TanamoZ-
mis sityvebs yurs ar ugdeben. Tavisuflebis gza maT-
Tvis daxSulia, isini monobas amjobineben, radgan mas
ar axlavs tkivili, tanjva, sisxli, gansacdeli rac Ta-
visuflebis aucilebeli pirobaa, sadac mudmivad Ca-
safrebulia sikvdili. platonma imdenad srulyofi-
lad aCvena adamianuri yofierebis tragizmi, rom mom-
devno periodis moazrovneebma misgan isesxes bevri mo-
menti. gamoqvabulis miTSi platonma gamohyo Tavisuf-
lebis ramdenime niSani, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom Ta-
visufleba aris novacia, siaxlis Zieba, arsebuliT da-
ukmayofilebloba, igi aris azris sxvisTvis gadacemis
da sxvisi darwmunebis mcdeloba. Tavisuflebas Tan ax-
lavs tragizmi, tanjva, gansacdeli rac xSir SemTxve-
vaSi ar gamoricxavs sikvdils. Tavisufleba aris brZo-
la, ganuwyveteli Widili rogorc sakuTar TavTan, ase-
ve garemomcvel samyarosTan.
aristotele `did eTikaSi~ Seexo Tavisuflebis
problemas da gamohyo misi oTxi niSani, romelTagan
pirveli Tavisuflebas axasiaTebs rogorc Zaldauta-
nebel qmedebas, romelic garedan ki ar aris Tavmoxveu-
li, aramed aris individis nebayoflobiTi arCevani. me-
ore niSnis mixedviT Tavisufleba gvaniWebs siamovne-
bas, rac pirovnuli bednierebis wyaroa, radgan imis
Segneba, rom sazogadoebisaTvis mogaqvs sargebloba,
xels uwyob adamianebis gakeTilSobilebis saqmes, udi-
desi kmayofilebis momgvrelia. mesame niSani xazs us-
vams Tavisuflebis Sinagan mizezs,romelic mudam pi-
rovnebis SigniTaa da ara mis gareT rogorc es gvaqvs
370
garegani Zaldatanebis dros. meoTxe niSnis Tanaxmad
Tavisufleba winaswar ganzraxuli, gamiznuli aqtia,
romelic gulisxmobs samoqmedo gegmis gacnobierebas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc platoni aseve aristo-
tele axdenen Tavisuflebis sirRmiseul analizs, isini
mainc sakuTari epoqis Svilebad darCnen da ver amaR-
ldnen Tavisuflebis srulyofil gagebamde, rac sazo-
gadoebis yvela wevrze vrceldeba da yvela moqalaqes
aRWuravs Tanabari ufleba-movaleobebiT, rac maTi sa-
marTlis subieqtebad qcevis sawinadaria.
axal droSi am mimarTulebiT Semxvedri nabijebi
gadadges ganmanaTleblebma, romelTa Soris aRsaniSna-
via Jan Jak ruso, romelic `traqtatSi sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb~Tvlida, rom xalxs ufleba
aqvs daarRvios sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba im Sem-
TxvevaSi Tu xelSekrulebis meore mxare anu xelisuf-
leba uxeSad arRvevs mis pirobebs da mimarTavs Zala-
dobas, rac tiraniis safuZvelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi
xalxs ufleba aqvs iaraRis gamoyenebiT daamxos tira-
nia da moipovos Tavisufleba, rasac mohyveba xalxis-
Tvis sasurveli wyobilebis damyareba. rusos es Tval-
sazrisi iakobinelebis bibliad iqca, ramac gza gauxsna
safrangeTis did burJuaziul revolucias, ramac feo-
dalizmi istoriis sakuTrebad aqcia.
klasikuri germanuli filosofiis warmomadgen-
lebi Tavisuflebis Teoriuli damsabuTeblebi iyvnen.
am mxriv gamoirCevian kanti da hegeli, romelTa filo-
sofiaSi Tavisuflebis problemas erT-erTi centra-
luri adgili uWiravs. kantis transcendentalizmi Ta-
visuflebis manifestaciaa, romelSic transcendenta-
luri subieqtis spontanoba SeuzRudavia da Tavisuf-
lebas efuZneba. kantTan adamiani aucileblobisa da
Tavisuflebis moqalaqea, romelTagan pirvels agebs
wminda, xolo meores praqtikuli goneba, romlis spon-
371
tanobis Sedegia eTika, romelic warmoadgens pirvel
filosofias da,aqvs primati Teoriul gonebaze. eTika
axali metafizikaa, romelic Zveli, aristoteluri me-
tafizikisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom exeba mxolod mo-
cemulobis sferos da ar gadis cdis farglebidan ro-
gorc amas Zveli metafizika akeTebda. Tavisufleba
adamianis adamianad Camoyalibebisa da formirebis wi-
napirobaa, romlis safuZvelSi igulisxmeba nebayofi-
lobiTi arCevani, rac adamians ganasxvavebs cxovelisa-
gan da maRla ayenebs cxovelur yofierebaze. is, rom me
adamiani var da vemorCilebi kategoriul imperativs,
imis dadasturebaa, rom RmerTi arsebobs. Tavisufleba
gvakavSirebs RmerTTan, romelic umaRlesi Rirebule-
baa da eTikis safuZvelTa safuZvels warmoadgens. he-
gelTan kantis transtendentaluri apercefcia, rome-
lic empiriuli sinamdvilis makonstruirebel unars
warmoadgens, transformirdeba absolutur gonad
romlis TviTganviTarebis formebia – buneba, istoria,
xelovneba, mecniereba, religia, filosofia, romelSic
absoluturi goni TviTSemecnebis dialeqtikur pro-
cess asrulebs. RmerTis anu absoluturi gonis TviT-
moZraobis amsaxvelia logika, romlis dialeqtikuri
safexurebi samyaros ganviTarebis gzas gviCveneben. he-
gelTan rac gonieria, is namdvilia da piriqiT, rac nam-
dvilia, is gonieria. masTan yvelaferi daiyvaneba abso-
lutur gonze romlis ganviTarebis safexurebs warmo-
adgenen rogorc obieqturi sinamdvile, aseve sazoga-
doebrivi yofiereba da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
formebi. Tavisufleba hegelTan gagebulia, rogorc
Secnobili aucilebloba anu absoluturi gonis TviT-
moZraobis analitika. Tavisufali xar maSin roca abso-
lutur gons ki ar upirispirdebi, aramed acnobiereb
misi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas da masTan unisonSi
moqmedeb. samwuxarod, hegelis spekulatur konstruq-
372
ciaSi, mis universalur panlogizmSi daikarga persona,
gaqra individi rac memkvidreobiT gadavida marqsiz-
mSi, romelic ekonomikuri determinizmis nairsaxeobad
iqca. marqsizmma moaxdina hegelis idealisturi siste-
mis materialisturi gadatrialeba, zecis kritika mi-
wis kritikaze daiyvana da absoluturi goni sawarmoo
Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebis dialeqtikiT
Secvala. es dialeqtika msWvalavs kacobriobis isto-
rias, sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebis war-
moqmnas, klasTa brZolas, socialur revoluciebs, sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebas, socialur progress. samwu-
xarod, aqac persona, individi mxolod WanWikia, umniS-
vnelo paikia, romelic mTlianad sazogadoebrivi ur-
TierTobebiTaa determinirebuli da mis produqts
warmoadgens. SemTxeviTi araa, rom msgavsma midgomam
gamoiwvia marqsizmidan mogvianebiT totalitarizmis
memarcxene formis– rusuli komunizmis, aRmoceneba
ramac milionobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira da udi-
desi tragediis fasad daujda kacobriobas. totali-
tarizmis memarjvene formasTan – faSizmTan erTad re-
aluri socializmi ebrZvis personul Tavisuflebas da
yvelanairad cdilobs individs gamoacalos kritiku-
li TviTcnobiereba da igi daiyvanos masobrivi cnobie-
rebis donemde. totalitarizms axasiaTebs aTi niSani
romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia – Zalauflebis monopoli-
zacia, voJdizmi, servilizmi, ideologizmi, erTparti-
uloba, aTeizmi, terori, internacionalizmi, milita-
rizmi, hegemonizmi. totalitarizmSi gandevnili da
uaryofilia RmerTi romlis adgils ikavebs beladis,
voJdis kulti, romelic warmoadgens fsevdoabso-
luts, romelsac emorCileba mTeli sociumi. sazoga-
doeba Cayenebulia totaluri monobis, servilizmis
mdgomareobaSi sadac gamqralia yovelgvari individu-
aluri Tavisufleba da adamiani dayvanilia socialuri
373
robotis donemde, romelmac usityvod, ukritikod un-
daSeasrulos beladis direqtivebi.
depersonalizaciis mZafri kritikiT gamovida
fridrix nicSe, romelic daupirispirda evropuli ci-
vilizaciis safuZvelTa safuZvels – qristianul eTi-
kas, romelic rogorc asketizmis forma ebrZoda da
asustebda sicocxles. es ukanaskneli nicSes azriT
warmoadgens umaRles Rirebulebas romlis gamovline-
bis yvelaze srulyofili formaa Zalaufleba. RmerTi
mokvda da misi adgili daikava zekacma, romelic uar-
yofs tradiciul morals, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo
gulmowyalebaze, sibralulze, siyvarulze da mis nac-
vlad afuZnebs axal eTikas, romelic Zalaze, sisasti-
keze, Seubraleblobazea damyarebuli.xdeba Zveli,
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis gadafaseba da maT nac-
vlad fuZndeba axali Rirebulebebi, romelzedac aige-
ba axali eTika. nicSe uaryofda ra Zvel aqsiologias,
cdilobda axali aqsiologiis dafuZnebas, romelic
klav Tvisobriv postulatebze iqneboda agebuli, mag-
ram es wamowyeba marcxiT damTavrda, radgan sisastike-
ze agebuli eTika ar arsebobs, xolo sikeTis uaryofa
borotebaa da masze dayrdnobiT SeuZlebelia eTikis
ageba. amas garda aRmoCnda, rom Zalaufleba sicoc-
xlis ganmtkicebas ki ar uwyobs xels, aramed misi anti-
podia, romelic miT ufro myaria rac ufro distanci-
rebulia subieqtis egocentristuli interesebidan.
Zalauflebis oqros kanoni ambobs, rom Zalaufleba ma-
Sinaa myari, roca igi maqsimalurad gamoxatavs obieq-
tis, sazogadoebis, xalxis interesebs da daclilia su-
bieqturi interesebisagan. Zalaufleba niSnavs subieq-
turi interesebis uaryofas, Tavganwirvas obieqturi
interesebis sasargeblod, rac srulebiTac ar niSnavs
sicocxlis gaZlierebas. is rom RmerTi mokvda nicSes-
Tvis ar niSnavs imas, rom yvelaferi nebadarTulia da
374
gza exsneba pirovnul TviTnebobas, aRviraxsnilobasa
da uzneobas. nicSe uaryofs Zvel aqsiologias, magram
kvlav aqsiologiur orbitaze rCeba da axali Tvisebri-
obis SemoRebiT cdilobs axali eTikis agebas, rac imis
mauwyebelia, rom absoluturis nacvlad afuZnebs re-
latiur Tavisuflebas.
nicSes Secdoma gaiTvaliswina franguli egzis-
tencializmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma alber ka-
mium, romelic Seecada ara marto Zveli aqsiologiis,
aramed saerTod, Tvisebrivi eTikis uaryofas da mis
nacvlad axli eTikis dafuZnebas, romelic raodenob-
riv principebze iqneboda agebuli. RmerTi mokvda,
qristianuli eTikis Rirebulebebi gadafasda, ramac
mogvca axali sazogadoebrivi sinamdvile, romelsac
absurdi ewodeba. absurdi aris uRmerTo yofiereba,
romelSic gamqralia Tvisebrivi aqsiologia, romelic
emyareboda iseT eTikur postulatebs rogoricaa
RmerTi, sulis ukvdaveba, maradisoba. Tvisebrivi eTika
daingra, gaqra, mis nacvlad saWiroa axali eTikis Seq-
mna,romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba raodenobriv para-
metrebze, romelTa Soris upirveles yovlisa aRsaniS-
navia — siamovneba, grZnobad-sagnobrivi tkboba. axal
eTikas hyavs sakuTari personaJebi, sakuTari gmirebi
romelTa Soris gamoirCevian don Juani, kondotieri,
msaxiobi, mwerali. TiToeuli maTgani cdilobs rac Se-
iZleba meti siamovneba miiRos cxovrebisgan, rac SeiZ-
leba metad gaixangrZlivos grZnobad-sagnobrivi
tkbobis aqti, radgan sxva sazrisi adamianur yofiere-
bas ar gaaCnia. don-JuanisTvis siamovnebis wyaros qali,
seqsualuri aqti warmoadgens da isic cdilobs rac Se-
iZleba meti qali daipyros, rac SeiZleba meti seqsua-
luri aqti hqondes riTac gaixangrZlivebs tkbobas da
gaimyarebs sakuTar homeostaziss. kondotieri cxov-
rebis azrs teritoriebisa da xalxebis dapyrobaSi xe-
375
davs da miT ufro met tkbobas ganicdis, rac ufro met
sasicocxlo sivrces daipyrobs. msaxiobi rac ufro
met rolSi gardaisaxeba miT ufro met siamovnebas Re-
bulobs da miT ufro ixangrZlivebs arsebobas. mwerli-
saTvis axali personaJebis Seqmna axali tkbobis wyaroa
da sakuTari yofierebis gaZlierebas niSnavs, meti gmi-
ri misTvis meti sicocxlea da sakuTar Semqomedebas am
mimarTulebiT warmarTavs. sabolood, verc kamius wa-
mowyeba gamodga warmatebuli, radgan aRmoCnda, rom
safuZveli romelzedac igi agebda axal eTikas ar ga-
modga myari. siamovneba warmoadgens droSi SezRudul,
efemerul, singularul aqts, romlis gaxangrZliveba
da usasrulo ganmeoreba iZleva ukuefeqts. gaxan-
grZlivebisa da permanentluli ganmeorebis Sedegad
igi iqceva momabezrebel, mosawyen aqtad, romelsac si-
amovnebis nacvlad moaqvs tanjva. gaxangrZlivebiTa da
ganmeorebiT igi iqceva erTferovan, monotonur aq-
tad, romelsac dakarguli aqvs Zveleburi mimzideve-
loba da momxibvleloba. siamovnebis unifikacia, uni-
versalizacia badebs usiamovnebis grZnobas, rac adami-
anuri urTierTobebis regulaciis, maSasadame eTikis
safuZvlad ver gamodgeba. qvantiteturi, raodenobri-
vi eTika SeuZlebelia, radgan moklebulia myar, zogad,
absolutur safuZvels ris gareSecmoralis arseboba
warmoudgenelia. absurdis pirobebSi Tavisufleba Se-
uZlebelia, radgan igi gulisxmobs novacias, Seurigeb-
lobas, qeduxrelobas, pasuxismgeblobas, Tavganwirvas
rac absurdis SemTxvevaSi miuRwevelia. Tavisuflebis
subieqtia — promeTe da ara sizife, romelic urigdeba
absurds, egueba monobas da ar ibrZvis mis dasaZlevad.
sakacobrio azrovnebam SeimuSava Tavisuflebis
paradigmebi, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia – iudaur-
qristianuli, evropuli, aRmosavluri da qarTuli pa-
radigmebi, romlebic gansxvavebulad warmoaCenen Ta-
376
visuflebis raobas. iudaur-qristianuli paradigmis
mixedviT Tavisufleba aris wyevla, sasjeli, romelic
adamma da Sesabamisad kacobriobam akrZaluli xilis
Secnobis anu pirveli codvaTdacemis gamo miiRo. uf-
lismier dawesebuli tabus darRveva adamsa da evas sa-
moTxis binadrobis uflebis, anu maradiuli sicoc-
xlis dakargvis fasad daujdaT, ris gamoc adamianma
dakarga ukvdaveba da jojoxeTis binadari gaxda. mxo-
lod mesiis mosvlis Semdeg miiRo adamianma dakarguli
samoTxis binadrobis ufleba, rac imis gamo moxda, rom
qristem jvarze gakvriTa da golgoTaze daRvrili sa-
kuTari sisxliT gamoisyida adamis codva, riTac ka-
cobriobas gauxsna maradisobisken mimavali gza. qris-
tem gaaTavisufla kacobrioba wyvdiadisgan, magram es
ar niSnavs, rom yvela adamiani avtomaturad miiRebs sa-
moTxeSi yofnis fulebas. uflis sasufevels daimkvid-
rebs is, vinc uflis mcnebebiT icxovrebs da gaimeo-
rebs macxovris gzas anu daTmobs sakuTar egocen-
trizms moyvasis sasargeblod, kacobriobis sakeTil-
dReod.
evropuli paradigmis mixedviT Tavisfuleba aris
ajanyeba, amboxeba uflis avtoritetisa da Zalaufle-
bis winaaRmdeg rac saboloo jamSi adamianis TeozisiT
mTavrdeba. adamiani ujanydeba RmerTs, amxobs mis Za-
lauflebas da uflis taxtze ahyavs adamiani, romelic
socialuri kerpi, fsevdo-absoluti xdeba. sxvaTa So-
ris es momenti kargad gamoxata zigmund froidma rom-
lis fsiqoanalizi mamis avtoritetis winaaRmdeg brZo-
lis naTel ilustracias warmoadgens. froidis mixed-
viT mamakaci adreuli asakidanve itanjeba òidiposis
kompleqsiT~, rasac qalebSi èleqtras kompleqsis~
forma aqvs. biWs erTdroulad sZuls da uyvars mama,
romelSic upirveles yovelisa konkurents xedavs, ro-
melic arTmevs da ecileba dedas, misTvis yvelaze sa-
377
survel da sayvarel arsebas. es konkurencia badebs si-
Zulvils, romliTac aRsavsea biWis qvecnobieri da mas
unda, rom moklas, Tavidan moicilos saZulveli mama
da gaxdes dedis erTpirovnuli mflobeli. amave dros
biWis qvecnobierSi boboqrobs sawinaaRmdego Zala siy-
varulis saxiT, romelic mimarTulia mamisken, romel-
sac SeuZlia mTeli ojaxis dacva da mfarveloba. Tu
biWma bavSobidanve ar daZlia es gaoreba, ar gamovida
mamis Crdilidan, ver gadalaxa mamis avtoriteti, igi
ver Camoyalibdeba rogorc srulyofili pirovneba da
mas datanjavs arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi, romelic
nevrozebisa da fsiqozuri gadaxrebis wyaro gaxdeba.
evropuli paradigmis safuZelSi swored es miswrafeba
Zevs, romelic mimarTulia mamis avtoritetis, sabo-
loo jamSi RmerTis Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg. procesi
sruldeba imiT,rom adamiani xdeba sakuTari Tavis ufa-
li, sakuTari bed-iRblis ganmkargveli, sakuTari yo-
fierebis Semoqmedi. samwuxarod, Teozisis es procesi
mTavrdeba totalitarizmiT, avtokratiuli tiraniiT
rasac Tavisuflebis nacvlad moaqvs sayovelTao mono-
ba da adamianuri tragedia.
aRmosavluri paradigma sapirispiro gzas adgas
da Tavidanve depersonalizaciis mimarTulebiT midis,
radgan Tvlis, rom pirovnuli neba, egocentristuli
gankerZoeba aris yvela borotebis saTave. induizmi,
budizmi, islami subieqtur parametrebs Tvlian mate-
rialuri samyaros mamoZravebel Zalad, romelsac un-
da ganeridos, romlisaganac unda ganTavisufldes
adamiani. Tavisufleba aq aris RvTaebriv sawyisTan mib-
runeba, nirvana, uflis nebisadmi morCileba rac sxva-
dasxva gziTmiiRweva, induizmi amas aRwevs meditaciiT,
sakuTar TavSi TviTCaRrmavebiT, RvTaebrivi sawyisis
mistikuri WvretiT. budizmi upiratesobas aniWebs nir-
vanas, rac niSnavs gaqrobas, vitalur moTxovnilebebsa
378
da survilebze uaris Tqmas, subieqturi, egocentris-
tuli yofierebis daTmobas. budizmis mixedviT adamia-
nis cxovreba aris tanjva, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom
admians gaaCnia survilebi, romlebic siamovnebis dak-
mayofilebas isaxaven miznad. sanam survilebis tyveo-
baSi vimyofebiT manam mudmivad davitanjebiT, erTa-
derTi gamosavalia survileze uaris Tqma, maTi uaryo-
fa rac adamianuri yofierebis uaryofasac niSnavs. esaa
sikvdilis gza, romelsac gadavyavarT transtenden-
tur samyaroSi da gvabrunebs RvTaebriv sawyisTan,
substanciasTan romelsac dabadebis Semdeg movwydiT.
islamic subieqturi egocentrizmisagan ganyenebas mo-
iTxovs da adamians ubrZanebs, rom RvTaebriv mcnebebs
daemorCilos. rac winaswarmetyvelis mieraa gadmoce-
muli wminda wignSi. marTlmorwmunes moeTxoveba daic-
vas xuTi farzi, aRTqma, romelic avaldebulebs, rom
aRiaros, erTi RmerTi, yoveldRiurad xuTjer Seasru-
los namazi, daicvas ramazani, iyos gulmowyale. da
cxovrebaSi erTxel ganaxorcielos haji anu moilo-
cos muslimTa wminda adgili — meqa. is, vinc am gzas da-
adgeba, daimkvidrebs uflis sasufevels da miaRwevs
WeSmarit Tavisuflebas.
Tavisuflebis qarTuli paradigma axdens RvTaeb-
rivisa da adamianuris, obieqturisa da subieqturis
sinTezs, ise rom erTmaneTs ki ar upirispirebs, aramed
axorcielebs maT morigebas, Serwymas riTac gansxvav-
deba Tvisuflebis sxva paradigmebisagan. Tavisufleba
aq niSnavs, ara uflisadmi dapirispirebas, ara misgan
gandgomasa da misi Zalauflebis damxobas, aramed mis
wiaRSi dgomas, misi Sesaqmis gagrZelebas. Sinaarsobri-
vad Tavisufali upirveles yovlisa niSnavs ufalTan
msgavsebas, masTan dagvarobasa da Serwymas da ara mis-
gan ganltolvas, gaqcevas, dapirispirebas. am mxriv
qarTuli paradigma saocar msgavsebas avlens Tavisuf-
379
lebis Sumerul gagebasTan, romlisTvisac Tavisufle-
ba aris ama-ar-gi anu dedis wiaRSi dgoma, dedaSi yofna.
SumerisTvis Tavisufleba niSnavda ara dedis wiaRidan,
samSoblodan ganltolvas, aramed masSi yofnas, ara sa-
kuTari fesvebidan mowyvetas, aramed masTan ganuyrel
kavSirs da misiT sazrdoobas. qarTuli paradigmisTvi-
sac Tavisufleba samSoblosTan, sakuTar fesvebTan,
miwa-wyalTan asocirdeba da misgan mowyveta tragizmis
tolfasia.
Tavisufleba da eTika ganuyreli cnebebia, rom-
lebic erTmaneTs avseben da ganapirobeben. èTika~ ro-
gorc termini pirvelad aristotelem gamoiyena da mas-
Tanve moxda eTikis rogorc filosofiis dargis Camo-
yalibeba, eTika berZnulad niSnavs Cveulebas da masSi
aristotele gulisxmobda adamianuri yofierebis ma-
regulirebeli normebis erTobliobas. eTikis mizans
adamianis srulyofa, misi gakeTilSobileba warmoad-
gens rac saTnoebaTa safuZvelze xorcieldeboda. yo-
veli saTnoebis ukan aristotele sikeTes gulisxmob-
da, rac uangaro, dauinteresebel qmedebas niSnavda da
mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebis sakeTildReod. eTikis
Tanamedrove definicia bevr rameSi eTanxmeba aristo-
teles Tvalsazriss da Tvlis, rom eTika aris sazoga-
doebrivi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis er-
Toblioba, romelic emyareba ra Tavisufal arCevans
mimarTulia pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis sakeTildRe-
od. eTikis centraluri kategoriaa sikeTe, rac niSnavs
uangaro, dauinteresebel qmedebas sxva adamianisa da
sazogadoebis sasargeblod. saboloo jamSi sikeTe
warmogvidgeba rogorc TviTdaTmoba, TviTuaryofa,
sakuTari interesebis SezRudva, sxvaTa interesebis
sakeTildReod. igi aris TviTuaryofis, Tavganwirvis
nebayoflobiTi aqti, rac xorcieldeba sxvaTa sasike-
Tod. egocentrizmis, subieqtivizmis daZleva moyvasis,
380
sxva adamianis sasargeblod gvaZlevs sikeTes. TviT-
SezRudvis, TviTdaTmobis garda sikeTes aqvs meore
ganzomileba rac tabuze, akrZalvaze daiyvaneba. sike-
Te rogorc norma mudam raRacas gvikrZalavs, raRac
CarCoebs gviwesebs da zomierebisken mogviwodebs. mo-
ses aTi mcnebidan dawyebuli qristianuli moraliT
damTavrebuli sikeTes akrZalviTi, imperatiuli xasia-
Ti hqonda. msgavsi viTarebaa sxva religiebSic sadac
sikeTes aseTive datvirTva gaaCnia. TviT kantmac ki,
romelic eTikurs religiurze maRla ayenebda sikeTes
brZanebis, kategoriuli imperativis saxe misca, rasac
sayovelTao da savaldebulo xasiaTi gaaCnia. akrZal-
vis, tabus meSveobiT eTika, aRvirs sdebs adamians, ro-
melSiac jer kidev sWarbobs cxoveluri instiqtebi da
vnebebi. eTika CarCoebs, SezRudvebs uwesebs maT da ar
aZlevs gafarToebis, adamianze gabatonebis SesaZleb-
lobas. igi cxovelur Sinaarss aclis, misgan aTavisuf-
lebs adamianur yofierebas da xels uwyobs adamianis
pirovnebad Camoyalibebis process. eTika srulyofils
xdis rogorc adamians, aseve sazogadoebriv yofiere-
bas, romelsac avsebs humanizmisa da kacTmoyvareobis
ganzomilebebiT. msgavs mizans isaxavda benediqte spi-
noza, romelic Tvlida, rom instinqtebisa da vnebebis
batonoba adamianis monobis wyaroa. adamianis Tavisuf-
leba ibadeba grZnobebis, vnebebis daokebisa da maTze
gonebis gabatonebis Sedegad.eTikas spinoza agebda ma-
Tematikuri meTodis safuZvelze rasac saboloo jamSi
eTikis gauqmebamde mivyavarT. grZnobebisgan dacla da
civi gonebis batonoba adamians aqcevs robotad, rac
Tavisuflebis uaryofisa da Sesabamisad eTikis gauqme-
bis winapirobaa. adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa, romlis
winaswari daprogrameba gamoricxulia, radgan Tavi-
sufleba iseTi fenomenia, romelic determinizms, gan-
381
pirobebulobas, mkacr kauzalobas ver iTmens da alba-
Tobisken ixreba. Tavisufleba eyrdnoba an-anis prin-
cips, rac niSnavs, rom igi an SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
an ara.
eTikuris gareSe Tavisufleba gadaizrdeboda
TviTnebobaSi, aRviraxsnilobaSi, znedacemulobaSi
rac jer kidev dostoevskim SeniSna, roca èSmaknis~
gmirs kirilovs aTqmevina, rom RmerTis gareSe yvela-
feri nebadarTulia, rasac imeorebs `Zmebi karamazove-
bis~ gmiri ivane karamazovi. RmerTi eTikis centralu-
ri kategoriaa, xerxemalia, romelzedac aRmarTulia
eTikis mTeli Senoba, misi uaryofiT, gandevniT azri
ekargeba mTel eTikas da igi rogorc sistema xuxula-
saviT iSleba.
sazRvrebis dawesebiT eTika aformebs Tavisfu-
lebas da srulyofilebas aniWebs mas. SeuZlebelia Ta-
visuflebis arseboba eTikis gareSe, iseve rogorc eTi-
kisa – Tavisuflebis greSe. Tavisufleba almasia, ro-
melsac eTika awaxnagebs da aZlevs briliantis formas.
eTikidan gasvla rom xifaTis Semcveli da winaaRmde-
gobrivia, kargad aCvena lgbt sazogadoebasTan dakav-
Sirebulma procesma, romelic aabsolutebs adamianis
uflebebs da maTi Selaxva borotebad miaCnia. msgavsi
midgoma upirispirdeba religiasa da morals,romel-
Tagan pirveli seqsualur gadaxras codvad, xolo meo-
re uzneobad miiCnevs. religiisaTvis msgavsi gadaxrebi
sodomur codvad iTvleba, risTvisac RmerTma dasaja
da miwasTan gaaswora sodom-gomori da misi mcxovreb-
lebi.
sazRvrebisa da akrZalvebis dawesebiT eTika gvex-
mareba adamianuri yofierebis damkvidrebaSi, Tavisuf-
lebis mopovebaSi rac mudmivi, permanentuli procesia
da grZeldeba adamianuri yofierebis dasasrulamde. am
procesSi tabu, akrZalva kargavs garegan, transcen-
382
dentur mniSvnelobas da xdeba Sinagani, imanenturi,
romelsac ara aqvs ZaldatanebiTi xasiaTi. igi im zo-
mamde amaRlebs adamianis Segnebas, moralur TviTSe-
mecnebas, rom masSi qreba garegani zemoqmedebis niSne-
bi da igi xdeba Sinagani aqti. amave dros eTika axorcie-
lebs personis konstruirebas, rac aseTive Sinagani,
Zaldautanebeli aqtia da mimdinareobs rogorc adami-
anis TviTdadgenisa da TviTaqtivobis procesi.
Teimuraz Pachulia — Doctor of Philosophy. Works on social philosophy,

history of philosophy, culturology, axiology, political science, ethics,
aesthetics, geopolitics. Has published more than 100 papers and articles,
including 5 monographs. Author of 12 novels and 2 collections of poetry, is
an academician of the Academy of Philosophy, an academician of the
Georgian Academy of Criminology, a member of the Creative Union of
Writers of Georgia.
FREEDOM AND ETHICS
Abstract
Ethics is the sum of the regulated norms of society which is

established in free choice and contributes to the well-being of society
and individual persons. Freedom and ethics are inseparable notions,
which fulfill and determine each-other. Without freedom ethics
become meaningless and turns to compulsion and without ethics
freedom becomes arbitrariness, licentiousness, and immorality.
Ethics sets a frames for freedom and gives it a final form, which by
383
perceiving its own possibilities becomes a practical incarnation of
the good.

Ta akademiis eTikisa da esTetikis ganyofilebam
384
qarTuli da ucxouri
filosofiis istoria
GEORGIAN AND FOREIGN

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
arsen burjaliani — filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori.
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis vice-pre-
zidenti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori.
muSaobs filosofiis istoriis problemebze. gamoqveynebu-
li aqvs mravali samecniero naSromi mecnierebis am sferoSi.
lia metreveli — ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doq-
tori. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sainJinro eko-
nomikis, mediateqnologiebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa
fakultetis profesori. aris saxelmZRvaneloebis avtori.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs samecniero Sromebi rogorc saqarTve-
loSi aseve ucxoeTSi. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT sa-
erTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi. ZiriTadad muSaobs
fsiqologiisa da ganaTlebis problemebze.
iuridiuli sociologiis da
filosofiis Sesaxeb
xSirad cnebas ìuridiuli sociologia~ ufro

met mniSvnelobas aZleven, vidre cnebas `samarTlis so-
ciologia~. Tvlian, rom es ukanaskneli ifargleba mxo-
lod da mxolod `samarTlis~ normebiT, institutebiT,
maSin rodesac iuridiuli sociologia moicavs yvela
movlenas, romelic met-naklebad exeba samarTals, yve-
lafers, rasTan mimarTebaSi samarTali SeiZleba iyos
mizezi, Sedegi, an sababi, Zalmomreobis, umoqmedobis
`gadaxradi~ qcevebis CaTvliT. samarTlis sferos sru-
lad Semecnebisa da mocvis mizniT SeiZleba gamoviye-
noT orive saxelwodeba Tanabrad, rogorc `samarTlis
sociologia~, aseve ìuridiuli sociologia~.
samarTlis sociologia, anu iuridiuli socio-
logia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc dargi sakuT-
riv sociologiisa, romelsac Cven SevTanxmdebiT vu-
wodoT `zogadi sociologia~. iuridiuli sociologia
sociologiis iseTive dargia, rogorc magaliTad, re-
386
ligiis sociologia, ekonomikuri sociologia, codnis
sociologia, an aRzrdis sociologia. zogadi socio-
logiis mocemuli dargis obieqtia — iuridiuli mov-
lenebi, romlebic warmoadgenen socialur movlenaTa
saxesxvaobas.
ramdenadac samarTali Sobilia sazogadoebis mi-
er, amdenad yvela iuridiuli movlena, ama Tu im xaris-
xisa, warmoadgens socialur movlenas.
iuridiuli sociologiis farTo da

viwro cneba
socialur movlenaTa Soris arseboben iseTi mov-

lenebi, romelTa iuridiuli xasiaTi cxadad SesamCnevia
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, aseTebia kanoni, samarTali
da administraciuli gadawyvetilebani. aseT movlenebs
pirveladi iuridiuli movlenebi ewodebaT. isini cxa-
dad iuridiulni arian, radganac qmnian samarTals, an
ufro sworad, isini identificirebulni arian samar-
TalTan. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi isini yvelaze
xSirad Seiswavlebodnen iuridiuli sociologiis mier,
dakavSirebulni iyvnen samarTalTan rogorc aseTTan
da amasTanave, aRebulni iyvnen maT yvelaze farTo gamo-
xatulebaSi — im doneze, romelsac iuristebi uwodeben
`samarTlis zogad Teorias~, an `samarTlis wyaroTa Te-
orias~. amiT aixsneba SedarebiTi siuxve gamokvlevebisa
kanonis funqciurobis, misi prestiJis, kanonis codnis
Sesaxeb, farTo sazogadoebis warmodgenebi mosamar-
TleTa Sesaxeb, maTi socialuri warmoSobis, marTlmsa-
julebis yoymanis da sxv. Sesaxeb.
magram, aseTi midgomisgan gansxvavebiT, adgili
unda hqondes farTo gagebasac, romelic samarTlis
sociologiaSi urTavs agreTve yvela socialur mov-
lenas, romlebSic ki arsebobs samarTlebrivi elemen-
387
ti, maSinac ki roca es elementi ar aris gamoxatuli
wminda saxiT, aramed gadaxlarTulia sxva elemen-
tebTn. aseTi saxiT gagebuli iuridiuli sociologia
ar izRudeba Tavis kvleva-ZiebaSi mxolod da mxolod
pirveladi iuridiuli movlenebiT. igi moicavs, agreT-
ve, meorad, warmoebul movelenebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa
ojaxi, sakuTreba, xelSekruleba, pasuxismgebloba da
sxv. TumcaRa, aseT movlenebSi aris agreTve iseTi so-
cialuric, romelic ar gadatydeba samarTlis prizma-
Si. amas ar SeuZlia iyos sakmao safuZveli imisTvis,
rom gamovacxadoT iuridiuli sociologia aseT sakiT-
xebSi arakompetenturad da, piriqiT, vcnoT kompeten-
turad mxolod zogadi sociologia, an sxva, romelime
misgan nawarmoebi dargi. agreTve araswori iqneboda
gvefiqra, rom movlenis mravalwaxnagovanebaSi iuridi-
uli sociologia mowodebulia gamoyos mxolod erTi,
misTvis saintereso kuTxe da uyuradRebod datovos
sxva mxareebi (eTika, zneCveulebani, ekonomika, ena da
sxv.) zogadi sociologiis amara. socialuri movlenis
aseTi danawevreba xelovnuri iqneboda. iseve rogorc
zogadi sociologia, aseve misi dargi, Tanabrad mowo-
debulia gamoikvlios Sesaswavli movlena mis mTliano-
baSi. iuridiuli sociologia gamodis am normebidan da
mxolod Semdeg mimarTavs sakiTxs, Tu rogor arian uz-
runvelyofilni, an deformirebulni isini ekonomikis,
zneobis da sxvaTa mier da a.S.
iuridiuli sociologiis mimarTeba zogadi

sociologiisadmi
iuridiulma sociologiam, rogorc zogadi sociolo-

giidan warmoqmnilma disciplinam, bevri ram SeiZina
misgan, umeteswilad misi meTodebi:
1. istoriuli — SedarebiTi;
388
2. statistikuri;
3. gamokiTxviTi.
mravali cnebani, romeliTac sargeblobs iuridi-
uli sociolgia warmosdgeba zogadi sociologiisagan
(`socialuri iZuleba~, socialuri kontroli~, `ko-
leqtiuri cnobiereba~ da sxv.). eseni arian zogadi so-
ciologiis cnebebi, romelTac miniWebulni aqvT samar-
Tlebrivi aqcenti da TviT zogierTi im cnebaTagani,
romlebic, TiTqosda gamoxataven iuridiul movlenebs
(mag. kanonieri ojaxi, sakuTrebis da Zalauflebis gan-
sxvavebuloba aqcionerul sazogadoebebSi)gamomuSave-
bulia zogadi sociologiis warmodgenebiT. diurkemi
urCevda sociologebs yuradRebiT SeeswavlaT samar-
Tlis normebi. igi maTSi xedavda socialuri faqtore-
bis obieqtur indikators.
gansxvavebani iuridiul sociologiasa da

dogmatur iurisprudencias Soris
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba am ori disciplinis

obieqtebi. gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom samar-
Tlis dogma Seiswavlis samarTlis normebs, rogorc
aseTs, xolo iuridiuli sociologia miiswrafis gax-
snas rogorc am normaTa socialuri mizezebi, romle-
bic warmoqmnian am normebs, aseve am normaTa socialu-
ri efeqti. TumcaRa unda viqonioT mxedvelobaSi, rom
dogmaturi iurisprudenciis arc erTi warmomadgene-
li ar daTanxmdeboda dRes SezRuduliyo Tavis gamok-
vlevaSi mxolod teqstebiT, romlebic mowyvetili iq-
neboda cxovrebisagan, normaTa genezisisagan da maTi
gamoyenebis warmoSobisagan. miT umetes, rom yvela
droSi iuridiuli dogmatika kanonis ganmartebisas
iZulebuli iyo miemarTa an misi warmoSobis istorii-
sadmi (mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Seswavla), an mis Se-
389
degTa Sefasebisadmi. am gzaze iuridiuli dogmatika
ejaxeboda socialur moTxovnilebebsac, romlebzec
pasuxi unda gaeca kanons da aseve mis socialur Sede-
gebsac.
am ori disciplinis obieqtTa gansxvaveba SeiZle-
ba iyos ufro Rrmadac. zogjer amboben, rom iuridiu-
li dogmatikis warmomadgeneli Seiswavlis samarTals,
rogorc erTobliobas savaldebulo, ZaldatanebiT
aRWurvil normatul faqtebisa, xolo sociologi —
rogorc movlenebs, romlebsac ara aqvT kavSiri Zala-
uflebasTn. magram saboloo jamSi sociologiam ar Se-
iZleba ignorireba gaukeTos Zalauflebis faqtors.
Zalaufleba aucilebeli fenomenia iuridiuli feno-
menisa.
gansxvaveba iuridiul dogmasa da samarTlis so-
ciologias Soris mdgomareobs ara obieqtiT gansxvave-
bulobaSi, aramed gansxvaveba imaleba maT Tvalsazris-
ze da Wvretis kuTxeze. igive obieqts, romelsac iu-
risprudencia Seiswavlis Signidan, samarTlis socio-
logia mas ganixilavs garegani mxridan, da ar cdilobs
SeaRwios mis siRrmeebSi, igi mas ganixilavs, rogorc
movlenas. igi (iuridiuli sociologia) ar monawile-
obs samarTlebrivi doqtrinis ganviTarebaSi da ar ax-
dens gavlenas samarTlis funqcionirebaze. iuridiul
sociologias, iseve rogorc, saerTod, eqsperimenta-
lur mecnierebebs, axasiaTebs damkvirveblis radika-
luri gansxvaveba dasakvirvebeli materiisagan. Tuki
iuridiuli dogmatikisaTvis samarTali RmerTia, so-
ciologi saWirod Tvlis ixelmZRvanelos meTodolo-
giuri aTeizmiT.
iuridiuli dogmatikis (iseve, rogorc samarTlis
filosofiisa) meTodi aris deduqcia da gonebaTWvre-
tiTi midgoma. igi gamoiyenebs ganmartebebs, argumen-
390
tebs, logikur msjelobebs da ritorikis sxva for-
mebs.
xolo sociologiis meTodi induqciuria da faq-
tologiuria: eTnografiuli aRwera, statistikuri
analizi, anketireba, interviu da sxva empiriuli ga-
mokvlevebi. sociologma pozitiurad unda Seafasos
da praqtikulad moagvaros gamokiTxvebi, rasac, karbi-
nes azriT, ar akeTebdnen arc diurkhaimi, arc gureviCi
da gaigeri da monteskie. isini ufro filosofosebi
arian, vidre sociologebi.
im disciplinebs Soris romlebic dakavSirebulni
arian samarTlis dargTan da sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvT
arian — samarTlis filosofia, samarTlis istoria da
SedarebiTi (SefardebiTi) samarTali.
iuridiuli sociologiis mimarTeba

samarTlis filosofiasTan
Tavdapirvelad yvelaferi filosofiis mflobe-

lobaSi iyo da Semdeg moxda misgan dezintegracia sxva-
dasxva disciplinebisa da mecnierebebisa. aseve iyo
universaluri Tvalsazrisi samarTlis Sesaxeb — `sa-
marTlis filosofia~, Semdeg mas gamoeyo samarTlis
sociologia, samarTlebrivi logika da samarTlebrivi
fsiqologia. samarTlis filosofias darCa mxolod is,
rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT moralis gavrceleba samar-
Talze da samarTlis metafizika. saxeldobr:pirovne-
bis uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb gonebaTWvre-
tiTi konstruqciebi, samarTlianobis arseba da buneb-
rivi samarTali.
amgvarad, iuridiuli sociologia, romelic uwin
samarTlis filosofiis nawils warmoadgenda, axla da-
moukidebeli disciplina gaxda, rac imis Semdeg da `ga-
mo~ moxda, rom sociologiam mimarTa axal meTodebs:
391
dakvirvebas, eqsperiments da sxva empiriul meTodebs.
magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom iuridiuli sociologia
araviTar kavSirSi aRar imyofeba samarTlis filoso-
fiasTan.
samarTlis filosofia gamudmebiT Tvalyurs
adevnebs iuridiul sociologias. zogierT filoso-
foss miaCnia samarTlis sociologa ara gansakuTre-
bul mecnierebad, aramed erT-erT filosofiur moZ-
Rvrebad sxva filosofiur moZRvrebebs Soris, rome-
lic eZebs samarTlis wyaros socialuri cxovrebis
siRrmeebSi, e.i. iseTi xasiaTis mecniereba, romelic xa-
siaTdeba sociologizmad.
arsebobs raRac saerTo, rac aerTianebs erTma-
neTTan sociologizmsa da bunebriv samarTals. esaa-
antipozitivizmi, e.i. imis uaryofa, rom samarTlis
amouwuravi simdidre mdgomareobs kanonSi, romelic
gamoicema saxelmwifos mier. TumcaRa am uaryofis
farglebs iqiT sociologizmsa da bunebriv samarTals
Soris kvlav warmoiSoba gansxvavebebi. sociologizmi
amodis iqidan, rom ar arseboben transcendenturi Ri-
rebulebani faqtebTan mimarTebaSi (imanenturebi ki
sxva saqmea). xolo bunebrivi samarTali amtkicebs aseT
transcendenturobas.
Tuki iuridiul sociologias SeuZlia dRes rai-
meTi gaamdidros filosofia, mxolod imiT, rom samar-
Tlis sociologTa Soris aqamde arsebobs gavleniani
mimdinareoba, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis, vidre empiri-
uli. am mimarTulebebis Tematika esaa samarTlis uzo-
gadesi problematika, xolo instrumentebi — esaa bib-
lioTeka da ara empiriuli meTodebi. esaa samarTlis
Teoriuli sociologia — mas agreTve SeiZleba vuwo-
doT erT-erTi saxeoba iuridiuli sociologiis filo-
392
sofiisa, romelic warmodgenilia m.veberis, gaigerisa
da gureviCis saxelebiT.
iuridiuli sociologiis mimarTeba samarTlis

istoriasTan SedarebiT (SefardebiT) samarTlaTn
dogmaturi iurisprudenciis da iuridiuli soci-

ologiis erTmaneTisagan urTierTgansxvaveba ar aris
erTaderTi. aseTi Tvalsazrisi damaxasiaTebelia ag-
reTve samarTlis istoriisa da SedarebiTi samarTli-
saTvis. isini aseve gansxvavdebian iuridiuli dogmati-
kisagan rogorc iuridiuli sociologia — maTac dam-
xmare roli ganekuTvnebaT iuridiul dogmatikebTan
mimarTebaSi. samarTlis istorikosebi da komparati-
vistebi Seiswavlian samarTlebriv sistemebs, romleb-
sac TviT isini ar miekuTvnebian; amasTanave, mniSvnelo-
ba ara aqvs imas, rom erTni ganekuTvnebian warsuls, xo-
lo meoreni — Tanamedrove ucxouri samarTlebrivi
sistemebia, xolo iuridiuli sociologia yovel qveya-
naSi muSaobs upiratesad moqmed nacionalur samar-
TalTan, magram isic sruladac ar izRudeba mxolod am
obieqtiT. imisaTvis, raTa miiRos meti monacemebi, igi
afarToebs gamokvlevaTa wres, mimarTavs ra warsuli
wlebis da sazRvargareTis samarTals. swored aq ga-
dakveTs iuridiuli sociologia samarTlis istoriasa
da SedarebiTi samarTlis sferoebs. amis dasabuTebad
iTvleba a.levi-briulis mosazreba iuristikis, ro-
gorc zemoTmocemuli smai mecnierebis erTianobis
Seqmnis mizanSewonilebis Sesaxeb. levi-briuli iuris-
tikas gansazRvravda rogorc SefardebiTi meTodis ga-
moyenebas iuridiuli movlenebis mimarT.
udavoa agreTe, rom romis samarTlis swavleba da-
iyvaneba iuridiuli fenomenebis sociologiur Semec-
nebaze, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo romauli sazoga-
393
doebisaTvis. dasavleTisaTvis romis samarTali esaa
privilegirebulisamarTlebrivi sistema, gasaRebi
moqmedi samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi nawilis gagebi-
saTvis. Tuki arsebobs romis samarTlis sociologia,
maSin ufro mniSvnelovania romis samarTlis dogma. mi-
si wyaroebis Seswavla xdeboda gansakuTrebiT imis ga-
mo, raTa ukeTesad gaekeTebinaT interpretacia moqme-
di samarTlisaTvis.
TanabarZalovnad xdeba dogmatur gamokvlevaTa
mniSvnelobis konstatacia SefardebiT samarTalSi.
saqme exeba teqstebis paralelur Sedarebas kanonmdeb-
lobis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT.
iuridiuli sociologiis qvedanayofebi
kerZo iuridiuli sociologiebi SeiZleba dava-

lagoT or ZiriTad mimarTulebad: erTis safuZvlad
Zevs samarTlebrivi kategoriebi, xolo meoreSi ki
wminda sociologiuri kategoriebi.
pirveli, yvelaze martivi formiT mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom mivudgeT yovel massivs moqmedi kanonmdeb-
lobisa sociologiuri poziciebidan — samoqalaqo sa-
marTals, savaWros, saerTaSorisos da sxv. Seesabameba
avtonomiuri iuridiuli disciplina. sociologiuri
done arsebuli dargobrivi iuridiuli disciplinebisa
araerTgvarovania, imisda mixedviT arsebobda Tu ara
adre raime aradogmaturi, sociologiuri mecniereba.
Tuki samoqalaqo samarTalSi ar aris moTxovnileba sa-
konstitucio samarTlis sociologiisa, es imitom xde-
ba, rom Sesabamisi midgoma potencialurad ukve arse-
bobs politikur sociologiaSi da a.S. sisxlis samar-
Tlebriv disciplinaTa sferoSi kriminologiis (ufro
zustad ki damnaSaveobis sociologiis) arsebobasTan
dakavSirebiT sisxlis samarTlis sociologiis arsebo-
394
ba SeiZleba miviCnioT zedmetad. magram es Sexeduleba
mcdaria, vinaidan sisxlis samarTlis sociologia, ro-
melic Seiswavlis represias da reaqcias sazogadoebi-
sa danaSaulis mimarT, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba damnaSa-
veobis sociologiisagan, romelic Seiswavlis TviT
damnaSaveobas, process, romelic srudleba damnaSave
saqcielis CadeniT.
damnaSaveobis sociologia (misi fuZemdebelia
italieli mecnieri feri) miekuTvneba iuridiul soci-
ologias, radganac damnaSaveoba mis socialur mizeze-
bisa da Sedegebis mixedviT — esaa kanonisagan gadaxra,
kanonis darRveva. qmedeba kvalificirdeba rogorc da-
naSauli imitom, rom igi gamomdinareobs kanonida, igi
samarTlebriv movlenad iTvleba, xolo sisxlis samar-
Tlis kanoni da sasjeli — samarTlebriv movlenebs
warmoadgenen, mecnierebas ki romelic Seiswavlis maT
uSualo kavSiri socialur pirobebTan da SedegebTan,
aseve SuZlia pretenzia gaaCndes samarTlis sociolo-
giis rangze. amitom axla aqtualuri xdeba avtonomiu-
ri disciplina sisxlis samarTlis sociologia. misi
yuradRebis centrSia dasjadobis problema.
iuridiuli sociologiis specializacia midis
win. SeiZleba vilaparakoT sakuTrebis sociologiaze,
memkvidreobis sociologiaze, aqcionerul sociolo-
giaze da sxv. maT Soris yvelaze ganviTarebulia oja-
xis sociologia samoqalaqo samarTlis CarCoebSi. mas
ganasxvavebs sxvebisagan misi kvlevis meTodologia.
literatura:
1. Ж.Карбонье, Юридическая социология. М.1986

2. И. Кант, Основы метафизики нравственностию, Соч.т 4.
Москва 1965
395
3. А. Гулыга, Кант. М.197
4. H. Vaihinger, DiePhilosophiedesAlsObLpz. 1920
5. a. burjaliani, samarTlis filosofia. Tb.2012.
Arsen Burjaliani -Doctor of Philosophy; Vice-president of the Academy of

Philosphical Sciences of Georgia; Professor at Technical University of
Georgia. He works on problems of philosophy, is the author of many
scientific works.
Lia Metreveli — Academic Doctor of Education Sciences. Associate
Professor, Faculty of Engineering Economics, Media Technologies and
Social Sciences, Georgian Technical University. Is the author of few
textbooks, has published scientific articles both in Georgia and abroad. Also
she has participated in many international scientific conferences. The
spheres of her research mainly are psychology and education problems.
J. CARBONE ON LEGAL SOCIOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY
Abstract
Like many other scientists, a French sociologist and

philosopher J. Carbone thinks, that sociology of law is very
important to analyze juridical and legal events, legal life. According
to J. Carbone, since law is a creation of society, every legal event is
more or less a social event and can be studied using methods of
sociology; sociology of law or, as Carbone thinks, `legal sociology~
is a branch of sociology like sociology of religion, sociology of
economics, etc.

Ta akademiis qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis is-
toriis ganyofilebam.
396
izolda buxuleiSvili — daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwufo
universitetis filosofia-fsiqologiis fakulteti, fsiqo-
logiis specialobiT. aris pedagogiur mecnierebaTa doqto-
ri, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profe-
sori. avtoria ori monografiisa da 70-mde samecniero sta-
tiisa. gamoqveynebuli naSromebi exeba fsiqologiisa da pe-
dagogikis mimarTulebebs, gansakuTerebiT ganaTlebis fsi-
qologiis sferos.
maia geliaSvili — daamTavra goris nikoloz baraTaSvilis

saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri instituti; saqarTve-
los mecnierebaTa akademiis aspirantura; soxumis saxelmwi-
fo universitetis doqtorantura. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 20-
mde samecniero statia.
nicSe da sabWoTa saqarTvelo
`me vici xvedri. gava dro da Cems saxels daukav-

Sirdeba mogoneba raRac saSinelis Sesaxeb, krizisze,
romlis msgavsi ar arsebula dedamiwis zurgze, sindi-
sis yvelaze ufro Rrma koliziaze, gadawyvetilebaze,
romelic miRebul iqna yovelive imis sawinaaRmdegod,
risic aqamde swamdaT, rasac Tayvans scemdnen. me ara
var adamiani, me dinamiti var!~ /fridrix nicSe/
termini `nicSelogia~ saqarTveloSi gazviadebu-
lia, radgan 1899 wlidan sul ocamde mwerals Tu dau-
weria rame genialur germanel filosofosze-fridrix
nicSeze. Tumca iyo friad originaluri gaazreba gri-
gol robaqiZis mier. aseve nicSes mTavari nawarmoebi-
àse ityoda zaratustra~ SesaniSnavad Targmna erekle
tatiSvilma. germaneli filosofosisTvis zekaci esaa
individis gamarjveba sazogadoebaze, joguri cxovre-
bis adamianebSi gavrcelebul saxeze. maradiuli mob-
397
runeba esaa SesaZlebloba gamoasworo nebismieri Sec-
doma, adamianis gamarjveba droze, rac mas zekacamde
aRamaRlebs, `Rrma fsiqologia~ angrevs wesebs, romle-
bic adamians `sazogadoebriv cxovelad~ aqcevs da
ukargavs sicocxlis impulss.zogierTs vaJa-fSavelas
damokidebuleba nicSesTan saqarTvelosa da nicSes er-
TaderT urTierTobad miaCnia, sabWoTa propaganda
cdilobda, rom nicSe nacistad warmoedgina. am orma
faqtma negatiuri gavlena iqonia saqarTveloSi nicSes
popularizaciaze, Tumca nicSelogiis istoria saqar-
TveloSi gacilebiT didia.
igi pirobiTad SeiZleba ramdenime nawilad dav-
yoT: 1899-1901 wlebi-negatiuri damokidebuleba, 1902-
1927 wlebi-nicSelogiis oqros xanaa saqarTveloSi,
1927-1966 wlebSi sabWoTa propagandistuli manqana da
cenzura nicSes mxolod lanZRavs da nacistad warmoa-
Cens, 1966-1993 wlebSi qarTuli nicSeologia did nabi-
jebs dgams. erovnuli damoukideblobis mopovebis Sem-
deg cenzura sruliad ixsneba da nicSeze Tavisuflad
saubroben, qarTveli moazrovneebi cdiloben, rom sa-
erTo gamoZebnon qarTul msoflaRqmas da nicSes fi-
losofias Soris.
mas Semdeg, rac 1888 wels, georg brandsma kopenha-
genis universitetSi fridrix nicSes Sesaxeb leqciebis
kiTxva daiwyo. igi mTel msoflioSi Zalze popularu-
li gaxda. maSindeli saqarTvelo evropas ruseTis impe-
riiT ukavSirdeboda, amitom saqarTveloSi nicSe Seda-
rebiT gvian gaxda cnobili. 1899 wels anton furcela-
Zem gazeT ìveriis~ №272-Si gamoaqveyna werili saTau-
riT `Cveni saWirboroto kiTxvebi~. furcelaZe wers,
rom darvinis Teoria efuZneba urTierTganadgurebis
legitimacias, anu imarjvebs is, vinc Zlieria, xolo
nicSes filosofia darvinis xazs agrZelebs. evolucia
398
mxolod maSin iwyeba, roca susti marcxdeba, nadgurde-
ba, Zlieri imarjvebs da saboloo jamSi, mivdivarT ze-
kacis ideamde. ai, swored aq ikveTeba, rom imarjvebs is
rasa, is eri, is individi, romelic am brZolaSi gaimar-
jvebs. maSindel saqarTveloSi amas negatiurad Sex-
vdnen, radgan maSin Zlieri eri moiazres rogorc impe-
ria, dampyrobeli, Tumca saqarTvelo amis naTeli maga-
liTia. egviptelebma, elinebma, romaelebma udidesi sa-
xelmwifoebi Seqmnes, Tumca dRes arc erTi maTgani
aRar arsebobs.
saqarTveloSi nicSes mkveTrad uaryofiTi Sefa-
sebebis Semdgom dadga misi, marTlac, seriozuli ga-
mokvlevisa da ufro dakvirvebuli Seswavlis dro. pir-
veli moazrovne, romelic am saqmes SeeWida, iyo akaki
Cxenkeli. misi werilebi 1901-1902 wlebSi gamoqveynda
gazeT `kvalis~ furclebze. igi nicSes filosofias ze-
kacis aspeqtSi ganixilavs. marTlac, ratom qmnis nicSe
zekacs? pirovneba ganicdis wnexs sazogadoebisagan, in-
dividis neba aris nivelirebuli da sazogadoeba aris
batoni, romelic individis Rirebulebebs uaryofs.
imisTvis, rom individi gaaTavisuflos sazogadoebis
tiraniisagan, is ganudgeba sazogadoebis mier dadge-
nil normebs. morali, religia, saxelmwifo-es aris sa-
zogadoebis tiraniis mTavari iaraRi individis winaaR-
mdeg. individis Rirebulebis dafuZnebisken moZraobi-
sas nicSe uaryofs zogads da saxavs zekacis ideals.
Cxenkelis azriT, nicSe gadavarda sawinaaRmdego mi-
marTulebaSi, zekaci ukve TviTnebobiTa da aRviraxsni-
lobiT gamoirCeva, Cxenkeli Tvlis, rom zekacis idea-
li aris nicSes poeturi gadaWarbeba, magram mTavari is
aris, rom Cxenkeli individis RirebulebaTa reabili-
tacias miiCnevs nicSes filosofiis mTavar RerZad.
399
amis Semdeg, 1910 wels, geronti qiqoZe gazeT
`droebaSi~ aqveynebs werils `cxovreba da zneobrivi
ideali~ da imave Temas mihyveba, magram cdilobs, nic-
Ses filosofia marto individis Rirebulebebis reabi-
litaciaze ar daiyvanos da igi ufro farTo filoso-
fiur konteqstSi gaiazros. qiqoZe sakacobrio istori-
aSi gamoyofs or msoflmxedvelobiT xazs: erTi, rome-
lic viTardeboda individis RirebulebiTi dakninebis,
amave dros amqveyniuri cxovrebisadmi minoruli paTo-
sis gabatonebis gziT. es xazi aris platoni, epiqtite,
seneka, avreliusi, qristianoba, kanti, Sopenhaueri. me-
ore xazi ki piriqiT-individis Rirebulebebis win wamo-
wevis da amqveyniuri cxovrebis Rirebulebebis ufro
maRla dayenebis gziT.es aris antikurobidan moyole-
buli nebismieri hedonizmi da am xazs asrulebs nicSe.
qiqoZe Tvlis, rom nicSesTan mxolod pirovnebis , in-
dividis Rirebulebebis reabilitacia ki ar xdeba, ara-
med saerTod amqveyniuri cxovrebis RirebulebiTi re-
abilitaciaa, azustebs CxenkelTan SedarebiT, magram
qiqoZe, mis msgavsad Tvlis, rom nicSe mainc radikaliz-
mSi gadavarda, rodesac zekacis gageba Semoitana.
erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli moazrovne, romelic
nicSes problemas Seexo, iyo grigol robaqiZe. man 1911
wlis 18 maiss quTaisis qarTuli Teatris darbazSi Caa-
tara leqcia, es gaxldaT nicSes filosofiis sakuTari
interpretacia. misi azriT, nicSem moaxdina `Sopenhau-
eris nirvanaSi saidumlo Wvretisa da dionisuri musi-
kiT Trobis sinTezi.~
nicSelogiis òqros xanis~ dasasrulad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos 1927 wels sergi danelias wigni `vaJa-fSave-
la da qarTveli eri~, romelSic igi exeba vaJasa da nic-
Ses ìncidents~.
400
1927 wlidan cenzura Zlierdeba, am periodSi nic-
Seze TiTqmis araferi iwereba. iwereba mxolod sabWo-
Ta cenzuriT nebadarTuli interpretacia. apolon qu-
Telia 1944 wels aqveynebs wigns `germaniis faSizmis
ideologiis saTaveebi~, romelSic nicSe moTavsebulia
nacistur kliSeebSi. mxolod amdagvari teqstebi iq-
mneboda sabWoTa kavSirSi, magram es sayuradRebo ar
aris, arc istoriuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. cnobili
germaneli mwerlebi nicSes nacisturi ideologiis Sem-
qmnelad saxaven, èse ityoda zaratustra~ ibeWdeboda
frontze wamsvleli mebrZolebisTvis, igive keTdebo-
da sabWoTa kavSirSic, oRond nicSes diskreditaciis
mizniT.
1960-iani wlebidan cenzura sustdeba, magram nic-
Seze werdnen mxolod filosofosebi, nicSes wignebTan
midgoma uWirda Cveulebriv mkiTxvels da literato-
rebs. sabWoTa kavSiris centrSi -moskovSi cenzura uf-
ro Zlieri iyo, iq nicSes nacistad Seracxva grZelde-
boda, amitom am periodis qarTuli nicSelogia gacile-
biT ufro avangardulobiT gamoirCeva, vidre rusuli.
Tu qarTveli filosofosebi aqamde nicSes filo-
sofiis aspeqtebs, misi da qarTuli msoflaRqmis gadak-
veTis wertilebs ikvlevdnen, axla ukve daiwyes imis ga-
mokvleva, Tu ra iyo nicSes filosofiis warmoSobis
zogadkulturuli wanamZRvrebi, anu ratom Seiqmna is
kacobriobis am etapze.
1966 wels zurab kakabaZem gamosca wignièdmund
husrelis trascendenturi fenomenologia~. am wignSi
igi nicSes filosofiis warmoqmnis mizezad me-19 sau-
kunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis msoflmxedvelobriv
situacias asaxelebs. es situacia gamoirCeva imiT, rom
Zalian ganviTarda sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi.
maT moaxdines masebSi naturalur-pozitivisturi az-
401
rovnebis gafetiSeba. swored am dros adamianebSi
mkvidrdeba `komfortul-feSenebluri cxovrebis kul-
ti~. nihilizmis pirveli etapi aris swored is, rodesac
iwyeba survilebis fetiSizacia da komfortul-feSe-
nebluri cxovrebis kulti xdeba mTavari. nihilizmis
meore etapi ukve `Sors midis~ da kakabaZe wers, rom es
aris xorcSi CaZiruli arsebobis kulti, anu kidev uf-
ro degradirdeba kacobriobis suliereba. aq ukve aSka-
raa kacobriobis egzistencialuri krizisi.amis Sem-
dgom nicSe cdilobs, rom es naturalisturi msof-
lmxedveloba, romelic sayovelTao krizisis mizezia,
gadalaxuli iyos axali idealiT-zekaciT, magram zeka-
ci midis Zalauflebis nebis kultamde, anu imis magiv-
rad, rom nihilizmi gadalaxuliyo, zekacma nihilizmi
ufro gaaRrmava. maSin Cndeba kiTxva, Tu risi imedi Se-
iZleba hqondes kacobriobas. erTi mxriv, tradiciuli
Rirebulebebi gaufasurda, magram arc alternatiuli
gzaa saxarbielo. aq kakabaZes mohyavs samuel beketis
piesa `godos molodini~, sadac mTavari moqmedi pirebi
elodebian godos. godo ar aris RmerTi, magram Rmer-
Tis adgili unda daikavos da RirebulebaTa sicariele
amoavsos.
1967 wels guram TevzaZe wignSi `nikolai hartma-
nis ontologiis kritika~ ganixilavs nicSes filoso-
fiis warmomavlobis sakiTxs da Tvlis, rom es me-19 sau-
kunis 40-iani wlebidan evropul filosofiaSi Seqmnili
situaciaa. am droidan mTeli evropuli civilizacia
upirispirdeba hegels, misi zepirovnulis gaabsoli-
turebas. sioren kirkegori cdilobs, rom zepirovnu-
li moxsnas da pirovnebis individualuri Rirebulebe-
bis aRdgenaze daiwyos fiqri. maqs Stirnerma isev indi-
vidi da misi sakuTreba daayena yvelaze maRla da mox-
sna yovelgvari zepirovnuli-es yovelive midis nicSes
402
filosofiaSi zekacis kultamde, romelic antihege-
lizmis saboloo wertilia filosofiaSi.
1970 wels gamodis Tamaz buaCiZis wigni `XX sauku-
nis burJuaziuli filosofia~. masSi Sedis statia nic-
Ses filosofiis interpretaciis Sesaxeb, aseve Semdgom
gamocemuli ori wignis SesavalSi afiqsirebs Tavis mo-
sazrebas nicSes filosofiaze. T. buaCiZe cdilobs, zu-
rab kakabaZisa da guram TevzaZisagan gansxvavebiT axa-
li sawyisi mouZebnos fridrix nicSes. T. buaCiZe mar-
tin haidegeris gavlenas ganicdis, roca maradiuli
mobrunebis or aspeqts gamoyofs: es aris ontologiu-
ri aspeqti da zneobrivi aspeqti. ontologiuri aspeq-
ti gveubneba imas, rom warmavali, amqveyniuri aris ma-
radiuli ara imitom, rom igi maradisobis nawilia, ara-
med imitom, rom igi maradiulad meordeba.
zneobrivi aspeqti hgavs kantis kategoriul impe-
rativs. icxovre da imoqmede ise, TiTqos gindodes Seni
saqcielis maradiulad gameoreba. rodesac adamiani
warmoidgens, rom misi yoveli qceva, yoveli moqmedeba
meordeba maradiulad, es ukve mas zneobis sferoSi ga-
daiyvans.
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg qarTul nic-
SelogiaSi axali era iwyeba, cenzura sruliad ixsneba
da nicSe farTo masebSi vrceldeba.
qarTuli msoflaRqma da nicSes filosofia
ra akavSirebs qarTul msoflaRqmas nicSes filo-

sofiasTan, maT Soris xom udidesi gansxvavebaa? ara! es
ase ar aris. vin aris xogais mindia Tu ara samyaros sa-
SinelebiT SeZrwunebuli adamiani, romelmac samyaros
`me-sTan~ SeerTebiT miiRo sruli aprioruli codna da
rac ufro didia mindias tanjva cxovrebiseuli usa-
403
marTlobiT, miT ufro didia misgan gaTavisuflebis
neba. xolo vin aris zaratustra? rac ufro Zlieria
zaratustras cxovrebaSi amqveyniuri usiamovnebiT mi-
Rebuli tanjva, miT ufro Zlieria misi neba amboxebisa
samyaros amdagvari wyobis mimarT, miT ufro Zlieria
Zalauflebis neba. Zalauflebis neba es aris survili
zrdis, winsvlis, siamovnebis, sxvisi dapyrobis, saku-
Tari individualuri arsebobisken, swored aqedan ga-
momdinareobs evoluciis kanoni, sadac didia Zalauf-
lebis neba, swored is imarjvebs am brZolaSi. aseTi ti-
tanuri nebisa da dausrulebeli amboxis gamoxatule-
baa nikoloz baraTaSvilis `merani~. ai, aseTi msoflaR-
qma, mudmivi SemoqmedebiTi amboxi, titanuri nebis ga-
movlena aris qarTuli sulis gamoxatuleba da swored
es akavSirebs mas nicSes filosofiis ZiriTad princi-
pebTan.
404
Izolda Bukhuleishvili — graduated from philosophy-psychology faculty
of Tbilisi State University. She is Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences,
Associate Professor of Sokhumi State University. She is author of two
monographs and up to 70 scientific articles. Her published works are
related to the fields of pshychology and pedagogy, especially in the field
of educational psychology.
Maia Geliashvili — graduated from GoriPedagogycal Institute named
after NikolozBaratashvili; postgraduate study of Academy of Sciences of
Georgia, Doctorate of Sokhumi State University. She has published up to
20 scientific articles.
NIETZSCHE AND SOVIET GEORGIA
ABSTRACT
Friedrich Nietzsche, famous German philosopher, is suppo-

sed one of the most powerful thinker of modernity. His creations
have had a great impact on Georgian scientific circles of 20-th
century. The topic discusses the history of Georgian Nietzs-
cheology, which can be divided into several parts. Studies on
Nietzsche belong to many Georgian scientists: Akaki Chkhenkeli,
Grigol Robaqidze, SergiDanelia, Zurab Kakabadze, Guram
Tevzadze, Tazo Buachidze, Irakli Brachuli, Vazha Ioseliani,
Tengiz Iremadze… Their thought is important for Georgian
worldview. The topic is interesting to discuss the history of the
translation of Friederich Nietzsche’s excellent work `This is what
Zarathustra would say~. In the 1920’s a Georgian thinker, an
erudite, professor ErekleTatishvili turned this magnificent work
into Georgian national costume. His work has been waiting for
70 years to be published as a book, only in 1993 Georgian
readers will see for the first time the thought of a great
philosopher.
405
The topic also discusses what should connect the Georgian
worldview with Nietzshe’s philosophy.

Ta akademiis qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis is-
toriis ganyofilebam.
406
filosofiuri anTropologia
PHILOSOPHYCAL ANTROPOLOGY
irakli gogiCaZe — filosofiis magistri, avtori mraval-
ricxovani statiebisa Teoriuli filosofiis sferoSi fi-
losofiuri anTropologiis ganxriT; administrirebas uwevs
pirvel qarTul filosofiur internet saits —
www.philosophya.ge-s.
anTroposis bedkrulobis obieqturoba

da metafizikis Zireuli sakiTxi
`mcireodenma gansacdelma SeiZleba gagxadoT

sruliad ubeduri, maSin roca sruliad bednierad
ver gaqcevT amqveynad veraferi~.
a. Sopenhaueri
àr arsebobs araviTari sando wyaro, araviTari

sando sazomi, garda rwmenisa, roca saqme exeba
sakiTxs: vin Seqmna adamiani — keTilma RmerTma,
borotma demonma Tu SemTxveviTobam~.
b. paskali
1.
bednierebis cnebis Teoriuli gansazRvra urTu-
les filosofiur sakiTxTa rigs ganekuTvneba. metafi-
zikuri Tematika rTulad sawvdomi bunebis sagnebs exe-
ba da gasakviric araa, rom bednierebis raoba dRemde
daudgenelia. bedniereba araa iseTi obieqti, romelsac
eqsperimentulad davakvirdebodiT an maTematikurad
gamovTvlidiT. gaurkvelobac, am sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT, misi metafizikurobis gamoZaxilia. Tumca, garkve-
uli aspeqtebi SeiZleba dadgenilad CaiTvalos, ro-
gorc obivateluri ise filosofiur-msoflmxedve-
lobrivi SegnebisTvis.
qrTul enaSi, sityva `bedniereba~ kavSirSia sit-
yvasTan — `bedi~, ris gamoc ise Cans, TiTqos bedniere-
bis raobis dadgena problemas ar warmoadgens:bednieri
408
aris is, visac miwyiv swyalobs bedi da, maSasadame, bed-
niereba yofila araferi sxva, Tu ara wyaloba bedisa.
amgvari lakonuri axsna erTob simpaTiurad gamoiyure-
ba, magram is SecdomaSi Semyvania. bedi iseTi fenomenia,
romelic droul modalobaTagan kavSirSia momaval-
Tan, xolo bedniereba — awmyosTan. es rom asea, amaze
metyvelebs is, rom bedis gagebisTvis uZvelesi droi-
dan arsebobda misanTa Tu mkiTxavTa, winaswarmetyvel-
Ta Tu astrologTa institutebi. mavani Tavisi momava-
li bedis gasagebad mimarTavda am ukanasknelT. mkiTxa-
visTvis aravis miumarTavs imis gasagebad — var Tu ara
me bednieri? Tu mavani Tavs bednierad grZnobs, es mas-
ze ukeT aravin uwyis. bedniereba iseTi fenomenia, ro-
melsac yvela eSureba dRes, exla da amJamad. xar Tu ara
bednieri? am kiTxvaze absurdulia pasuxebi: a) iciT ra,
exla, am wuTas raRac vera, magram zogadad bednieri
var; b) exla ara, magram adre bednieri viyavi; g) exla
ara, magaram bednieri viqnebi da a.S. Tu awmyoSi ar xar
bednieri e.i. bednieri ar xar da morCa. viqnebi Tu ara
bednieri aravin uwyis, imitom, rom aravin uwyis saer-
Tod viqnebi Tu ara, rameTu yoveli momdevno wuTi sa-
sikvdilo SeiZleba aRmoCndes. miuxedavad amisa, xalxi
odiTganve mimarTavda mkiTxavebs Tavisi momavali be-
dis gasagebad da es xdeboda imitom, rom yvela aforia-
qebulia Tavisi momavlis gamo, rac awmyoSi bednierad
yofnas gamoricxavs; rogor SeiZleba iyoT bednieri am-
Jamad, Tu miwyiv momavali gaRelvebT da gaforiaqebT?
daaxloebiT igive mdgomareobas hqonda adgili
Zvel saberZneTSic, sadac aseve arsebobda misanTa da
winaswarmxedTa institutebi, romelnic xalxis beds
winaswarmetyvelebdnen. bediswerisa, moirasi albaT
arsad eSinodaT (xalxsac da RmerTebsac) ise, rogorc
eladaSi. moiras Zalmosileba absoluturad Seucvle-
lia, miuxedavad imisa, iciT Tu ara, ras gimzadebT is
samomavlod. amis naTeli magaliTia sofokles òidi-
409
pos mefe~. berZnuli filosofiis warmoSobac, savarau-
doa, rom am SiSs ukavSirdebodes. amas im gagebiT vam-
bob, rom eladelebma sabolood zurgi aqcies delfoss
(anu gonebisTvis miuwvdomel, gaucnobierebeli SiSis
momgvrel moiras) da orientacia aiRes filosofiur-
mecnierulad dafuZnebul kulturul-saganmanaTleb-
lo, socialur-politikur progresze. goneba, logiku-
ri azrovneba aq iqna ayvanili umaRles RirebulebiT
rangSi, xolo delfos misanTagan aRmomxdari RaRadi
gamocxadebul iqna bodvad. berZnul filosofiaSive
iwyeba ganazreba bednierebaze. oRond, platoni da
aristotele msjeloben ara imaze, Tu ra bedi elis
xalxs momavalSi (aristotelem SesaZlo momavali xdo-
milebebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli debulebani ver daakva-
lificira rogorc WeSmariti an mcdari, anu ver Sekra
Tavisi logikis kanonTa artaxebiT), aramed imaze, Tu-
rogori saxelmwifos aSenebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
iyos xalxi bednieri.
SeiZleba gamovyoT sami epoqalur-msoflmxedve-
lobrivi paradigma, romlis konteqstSic dgindeba bed-
nierebis (Tu misi wuTisofluri arsebobis daSveba sa-
erTod SeiZleba) parametrebi, anu sazRvrebi, romlis
Sigan SeiZleba miRweul iqnes bedniereba. pirveli aris
antikuri paradigma, romelic bednierebis parametrebs
e.w. idealuri saxelmwifos farglebSi xedavs. saxel-
mwifo idealurad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu is samar-
Tlianad funqcionirebs, miagebs yvelas kuTvnils, miu-
Cens Tavis adgils, damsaxurebuls sakuTari SesaZleb-
lobebis mixedviT da xels uwyobs adamianis zneobriv
srulyofas, rac unda xorcieldebodes mTeli cxovre-
bis ganmavlobaSi. erTi xelis mosmiT verc saxelmwifo
gaxdeba samarTliani da verc moqalaqe — zneobrivad
srulyofili. anu am amocanisTvis Tavis garTmeva mud-
miv moqmedebasa da moZraobas gulisxmobs yoveli Tavi-
sufali moqalaqisgan.amgvar poziciaze Tanxmoba Seim-
410
Cneva platonTan da aristotelesTan (am ukanasknelTan
`kuTvnili adgilis miCena~ warmoadgens saerTod moZ-
ravi samyaros arsebobis sazriss, masSi mdgomareobs
moZraobis mizani). am gagebiT antikur paradigmas SeiZ-
leba vuwodoT `bednierebis dinamiuri paradigma~;
meore aris qristianuli paradigma, romelic anti-
kur parametrebs bednierebis miRwevisTvis SezRudu-
lad miiCnevs. arc calkeul adamians da arc sazogadoe-
bas ar Seswevs Zala saxelmwifoSi sayovelTao bednie-
rebis damkvidrebisa: vinc mova da amqveyniur bedniere-
bas dagpirdebaT iqneba cru mesia, gveubneba wminda we-
rili. bednierebasTan ziareba maradiulTan ziarebas
gulisxmobs. maradiuli gamoricxavs moZraobas. moZra-
oba gulisxmobs bednierebis momtani erTi obieqtidan,
meore obieqtisken ltolvas, rac am wuTisoflur obi-
eqtTa relatiurobiTaa pirobadebuli. amitom erTi
obieqtidan meoresken ltolva ver ganapirobebs srul-
fasovan dakmayofilebas, anu bednierebas. garda amisa,
moZravi, dinamiuri obieqtebi - maT Soris, saxelmwifo-
ca da calkeuli individebic, droulad gansazRvru-
lia — sikvdilis Svilia, amitomaa rom wuTisofluri
`bedniereba~ imTaviTve ganwirulia. namdvili bednie-
reba gamoricxulia RvTaebrivTan, maradiulTan ziare-
bis gareSe. bednierebis am paradigmas SeiZleba vuwo-
doT `bednierebis statikuri paradigma~, romlis Tana-
xmadac, bednierebis miRweva erTxeladad xdeba srul-
fasovnad da maradiullad, narCundeba. is damokidebu-
li yofila anTroposis sulier-goniT, religiur kav-
Sirze RmerTTan.
mesame paradigma, romelic dRes yvelaze gavrce-
lebulad gvevlineba, emyareba liberalistul-ganma-
naTleblur idealebs da mokled SeiZleba gamovxatoT
nicSes sxartuli gamonaTqvamiT — Tu adamianisTvis
bedniereba gsurs, maSin daanebe mas Tavi. am paradigmis
mixedviT, vinc ras CaTvlis bednierebad bednierebac is
411
aris. sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo da RmerTi ar unda gae-
rios individis bednierebaSi, es ukanaskneli yvelas pi-
radi saqmea. amgvari midgoma SeiniSneba kantTanac, ro-
melic miiCnevda, utilitarizmis sawinaaRmdegod, rom
dauSvebelia umravlesobis keTildReobisTvis umci-
resobis gawirva (rameTu, amiT irRveva e.w. `kategoriu-
li imperativi~), rom individis uflebebis darRveva
yovelTvis borotebaa. liberalistebis kvalad ki is
acxadebda, rom arc saxelmwifo da arc Zalauflebis
sxva formebi ar unda wyvetdes individis magivrad imas,
Tu ra aris misTvis bednierebis momtani.
rac Seexeba hegels, is am pozicias Tavis `gonis
filosofiaSi~ ase gamoTqvams — Tu ra miiCneva bednie-
rebad aq pirveli sityva subieqtur grZnobasa da subi-
eqtur arCevans ekuTvniso.
meore momenti, rac viTom cxadi Cans, mdgomare-
obs imaSi, rom bedniereba gansaxierebas poulobs ori
mimarTulebiT (ix. den heibronis statia — `bedniere-
ba~): 1. fsiqologiuri, Sinagani gancdisa da 2. garemo
pirobebis keTildReobrivad mowyobis mimarTulebiT.
pirveli mkveTrad individulistur-solifsistur xa-
siaTis matarebelia, meore — gvareobiT-koleqtiuris.
Tumca am ukanasknelis legitimuroba, Cemis azriT,
kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, vinaidan miRweul iqna Tu ara
garemo-pirobebis imdenad sakeTildReo mowyoba, rom
aman daamkvidra sayovelTao bedniereba, es unda gair-
kves individualurad, anu sakiTxi mainc dayvanil iqne-
ba imis gamokiTxva-garkvevaze — ganicdis Tu ara Sinaga-
nad esa Tu is piri bednierebas garemo pirobebis ke-
Tilmowyobis safuZvelze. xolo roca gavarkvevT, rom
mag., `C... ganicdian bednierebas, verafriT movaxerxebT
maTi `bednierebebis~ erTmaneTTan Sedarebas. garda
imisa, rom es pirebi solifsisturad daxurulni arian,
amgvar Sedarebas xels uSlis e.w. `sazrisis~ faqtoric,
romelsac SevexebiT qvemoT.
412
2.
bednierebis cnebis burusiT moculoba antikuro-
bidanve iRebs dasabams dais dakavSirebulia mag., aris-
totelTan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sami-oTxi debuleba
aristotelis filosofiuri memkvidreobidan, romel-
nic sakmaod farTodaa cnobili: 1. adamiani bunebiT Se-
mecnebas eswrafvis; 2. adamains yvelaferi unda bednie-
rebisTvis; 3. filosofosoba aucileblobiT gulis-
xmobs mocaleobas; 4. metafizikuri Semecneba yvelaze
usargeblo, magram yvelaze amaRlebuli, didebuli ra-
maa.
aristotele Tavis `metafizikaSi~ ambobs — adami-
ani bunebiT Semecnebas eswrafviso — magram, eTikur da
socio-politikur naSromebSi aRniSnavs, — adamianis
miswrafebis upirvelesi sagani bednierebaao, rom yo-
velgvari saTnoeba: janmrTeloba, samarTlianoba, zo-
miereba da sxva, mas bednierebisTvis swadia. aq SeiZleba
gagviCndes kiTxva — Semecneba xom ar gamoricxavs bed-
nierebas, xom ar arian isini gansxvavebuli rangisa da
ganzomilebis movlenebi?, an— Semecnebas calke, Tvis-
Tavad SeuZlia moutanos adamians bedniereba Tu jan-
mrTelobasTan, samarTlianobasTan, zomierebasTan...
erTad? pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqmis viTareba absurduli
Cans, rameTu sakiTxi bednierebisa da Semecnebis urTi-
erTmimarTebis Taobaze Tavadaa Semecnebis gadasawyve-
ti. anu Semecnebas SeuZlia daaskvnas (garkveul wanam-
ZRvrebze dayrdnobiT) isic, rom Semecneba gamoricxavs
bednierebas, rom isini gansxvavebuli rangisa da ganzo-
milebis movlenebia da piriqiTac, rom Semecneba ar ga-
moricxavs bednierebas da rom isini erTi rangisa da
ganzomilebis movlenaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. ratom?
ratom da imitom, rom aq sakiTxi ar exeba iseT fizikur
movlenebs, romelnic empiriul dakvirvebaSi gveZlevi-
an. isini rom empiriulad dakvirvebadi fizikuri mov-
lenebi iyvnen, maSin sakiTxs gadawyvetda eqperimenti
413
da ara logikuri an dialeqtikuri Semecneba, romelic
antikurobaSi namdvil Semecnebad iwodeboda. Semecne-
ba da bedniereba metafizikis kompetenciaa (anu maradi-
uli problemaa) da ara fizikisa. metafizikuri òbieq-
tebis~ — mag., RmerTis arseboba-ararseboba, sulis mok-
vdaoba-ukvdaoba an samyaros dasabamieroba-dausabamo-
ba — Semecnebisas ki, rogorc kanti aRniSnavda, adgili
aqvs sawinaaRmdegoTa logikurad tolZalovan dasabu-
Tebas.
Zneli warmosadgenia, rom es viTareba mxedveloba-
Si ar mieRo aristoteles. amitom sakiTxi TiTqos meo-
re formiT unda damdgariyo — Semecneba erT-erTia
saTnoebaTa Soris, mas mxolod janmrTelobasTan, sa-
marTlianobasTan, zomierebasTan... erTad SeuZlia ada-
mianis gabedniereba. ki, magaram, gana aqac sakiTxi Se-
mecnebis gadasawyveti ar aris? saidan SeiZleba dadgena
imisa, rom Semecneba erT-erTia saTnoebaTa Soris, rom
mas mxolod janmrTelobasTan, samarTlianobasTan,
zomierebasTan... erTad SeuZlia adamianis gabedniere-
ba? aq, sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi asparezze unda Semovides
praqtikis fenomeni. anu SeuZlia Tu ara Semecnebas, Te-
oriul moRvaweobas sxva saTnoebebTan erTad adamia-
nisTvis bednierebis motana es unda dadgindes praqti-
kulad. praqtikis dasawyissa da dasasruls aristote-
lisTvis, iseve rogorc platonisTvis, warmoadgens so-
cio-politikur cxovrebaSi monawileoba da eTikuri
idealis ganxorcieleba. Tu saxelmwifos politikur,
socialur, ekonomikur, iuridiul, samrewvelo, sam-
xedro, SemoqmedebiT, saganmanaTleblo... yofaSi xorci
esxmeba adamianis zneobriv srulqmnas, maSin adamiani
bednierad unda CaiTvalos. e.i. praqtikuli moRvaweo-
biT miRweuli zneobrivi srulqmna da ara filosofi-
ur-Teoriuli Semecneba yofila upirvelesi miswrafe-
bis sagani, rameTu bedniereba swored mas moaqvs adamia-
nisTvis. aseT moments Seicavs aristoteles pozicia.
414
sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta, Cvenis azriT, gulis-
xmobs imasac, rom Semecnebas TavisTavad, ar SeuZlia
adamianis gabedniereba. metic, gulisxmobs imasac, rom
Semecneba, Tu amas praqtika gviCvenebs, SeiZleba sulac
amovardes saTnoebaTa sayovelTaod miRebuli sii-
dan.istoriam aCvena, rom Semecnebis `guruebidan~ sok-
rate sikvdiliT dsajes, platoni siciliaSi monad ga-
yides, aristotele aTenidan devnilobaSi wavida evbea-
Si da iq dalia suli, demokrite ki, romelmac mamamisis
qoneba ganaTlebisaTvis mogzaurobaSi daxarja, jer ki-
naRam `Temidan mokveTes~, xolo Semdeg giJad Seracxes
da hipokrate miuCines samkurnalod imis gamo, rom gai-
Zaxoda — erTi mizezisa da kanonis dadgena mefis taxts
mirCevniao... ai SemecnebiT motanili `bedniereba~.
gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegic; aristotele am-
bobs — 1) filosofosoba imis saqmea, visac mocaleobis
fufuneba gaaCniao. anu Semecneba gulisxmobs fizikuri
muSaobis amogdebas dRis wesrigidan, maSin, roca 2)
praqtikuli socio-politikuri saqmianobani pirdapi-
ri aucileblobiT moiTxoven ganaTlebasac da fizikur
aqtivobasac. maSasadame, bednierebis mosapoveblad au-
cilebeli yofila garkveuli Sromac.
meore mxriv, aristotele amarTlebs monis insti-
tutis arsebobas. monuri Sroma aTavisuflebs erTis
mxriv filosofoss, e.i. Semmecnebel subieqts da, meo-
res mxriv, politikoss, iurists, samxedro pirs... e.i.
praqtikul subieqts. es pozicia Sors dgas qristianu-
li sayovelTao, mtrisa Tu moyvasis siyvarulis pozi-
ciisgan, romelic gmobs e.w. `sxvisi codviT gaxarebas~.
aristotele, piriqiT, gonivruli msjelobiT amtki-
cebs, rom `sxvisi codviT unda gaixaros~, mag., filoso-
fosma da politikosma. marTalia, praqtikulad Sro-
mobs samxedroc, iuristic, politikosic... da monac,
magram, maTi Sromis Sedegi, bednierebis motanis Tval-
sazrisiT, gansxvavebulia. monuri Sromis Sedegi waru-
415
matebeli, damamcirebeli da, maSasadame, ubedurebis
momtania, xolo politikosis, samxedros, oratoris...
saqmianoba, umiznebs ra warmatebis miRwevas da aRwevs
am mizans, moaqvs sayovelTao bedniereba saxelmwifos-
Tvis. erTaderTi, vinc praqtikuli Sromis (rogorc po-
litikosis ise monis) TvalsazrisiT `TamaSgare mdgoma-
reobaSi~ imyofeba, aris filosofos-Semmecnebeli. es
ukanaskneli `Sromobs~, oRond mxolod inteleqtua-
lurad. yvelaze didi sazogadoebriv-politikuri xa-
siaTis Sroma, romelic SeiZleba odesme Seasrulos fi-
losofosma, es iqneba maSin, Tu daarsdeba platoniseu-
li idealuri saxelmwifo, sadac filosofosebi imefe-
ben ramdenime aTeulwliani ganaTlebis miRebis Sem-
dgom.
inteleqtualur Sromas moaqvs Tu ara bedniereba,
amis Tqma mxolod konkretul filosofoss SeuZlia,
vinaidan amis praqtikuli gamocdileba piradad mas ga-
aCnia: iyo sokrate an platoni bednieri roca erTs sik-
vdiliT sjidnen, xolo meores monad yiddnen?
unda vivaraudoT, rom radgan aristotele 1) ar
erTveboda politikur saqmianobaSi, 2) daJinebiT moiT-
xovda monis institutis SenarCunebas, 3) aucileblad
miiCnevda mocaleobas, raTa filosofoss ekeTebina
yvelaze usargeblo, magram amaRlebuli saqme metafi-
zikuri Semecnebisa, da 4) am ukanasknels, Semecnebas,
adamianis arsebiT niSnad saxavda, is swored am sferoSi
naxulobda bednierebas. xolo is mimarTuleba, romel-
sac stagireli usaxavda umravlesobas — praqtikul po-
litikur-sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi zneobrivi
srulyofis miRweviT bednierebis mopoveba — iyo er-
Tgvari fandi, satyuara umravlesobisTvis. amiT is fi-
losofosad Semdgari individisTvis qmnida mocaleo-
bis asparezss.
3.
416
modernuli epoqis anTroposis dominanti anTro-
potipi,romelsac Cven, winamorbed statiebSi Camoyali-
bebul anTropologiur suraTSi movixseniebT `sakuT-
riv adamianad~ an racionalur subieqt-obieqtad, qmnis
axali drois mecnierebas da masSi agebs Tavis Tavs —
adamianis scientistur suraTs. is midis dadgenilebam-
de, rom àdamiani aris iseTi Semmecnebeli anTropoti-
pi, romelic sakuTari Tavisa da samyaros Sesaxeb cod-
nas moipovebs eqsperimentulad dakvirvebadi monaceme-
bis logikuri analizisa da maTematikuri formulire-
bis safuZvelze~. endoba amgvar Semecnebas da mxolod
amgvar suraTs miiCnevs WeSmaritad.mecnierulobis
kriteriumi erTia, obieqturi da sayovelTao. am gziT
imecnebs is sakuTar Tavsac da geremomcvelobasac da
amitomaa is subieqt-obieqti. rogorc Sememecnebeli
subieqti is TiTqos samyaroze maRla dgas, magaram sa-
kuTar Tavsac ganixilavs ra obieqturi WeSmaritebis
dadgenis poziciidan, e.i. obieqturad, is xdeba kidec
obieqtTagan erT-erTi.
amgvari anTropotipi, kerZod `sakuTriv adamiani~,
ar SeiZleba iyos bednieri. misi bedniereba ewinaaRmde-
geba yofierebis modernul gagebas. yofierebis moder-
nuli gageba gveubneba — `yofiereba aris is obieqtur-
fizikuri garemomcveloba, romelic sayovelTaod
dakvirvebadi da eqsperimentirebadia~. albaT ar arse-
bula epoqa, romelSic ase calsaxa sizustiT yofiliyo
dadgenili is, Tu ra aris `yofiereba~, rogorc amas ad-
gili aqvs modernizmis epoqaSi. ara da yofierebis rao-
ba mudmivi filosofiuri problema iyo. e.i. modernuli
epoqa erTTavad arafilosofiuria. nicSe gaocebulia
Tavis `sikeTisa da borotebis miRma~-Si, rom kacobrio-
ba ver aformulirebda yofierebis martiv gagebas da
igonebda fiqciebs ideaTa samyaros, caTa sasufevlis
da a.S. saxiT. samyaro aris is, raSic adamiani cocxlobs
Tavisi grZnobebiTa da instiqtebiT. samyaro da adamia-
417
ni — sul esaa. araferia gareT (transcendenti) an Sig-
niT (imanenti), rac maT sakuTari Rirebulebisa da ara-
sebobis gamarTlebisTvis dasWirdeboda. samyaroSi
mCqefare sicocxle TavisitanjviT Tavadaa umaRlesi
Rirebuleba. SeiZleba nicSe marTalia, roca ùmaRles,
TavisTavad Rirebulebad~ asaRebs am yvelafers, mag-
ram, bedniereba?...
antikuroba gveobneboda, rom arsebobs sikeTe
`Tavis Tavad~. adamians, romelsac bednierebisTvis
surs yvelaferi, SeiZleba ewios bednierebas mxolod
sazogadoebriv-politikur yofa-cxovrebaSi saTnoe-
bis, `keTilqmedebaTa~ danergviT. es niSnavs, rom `sike-
Te TavisTavad~anTroposma jer racionalurad unda
`ganWvritos~ da mere praqtikulad `Semoiyvanos~wuTi-
soflur TanacxovrebaSi. rac ufro meti srulyofile-
biT ganaxorcielebs amas, miT ufro bednieri iqneba is.
qritianul-Suasaukuneobrivi pozicia arc ise
Sors dgas bednierebis antikur gagebisgan, rogorc
amis danaxvisken istoriul-epoqaluri ìarliyebi~ gvi-
biZgeben. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom ganxilvis konteqsti
religiur-Teologiuria, Tumca iaraRad aqac filoso-
fia, ufro zustad logika gamoiyeneba. yovladsikeTe,
yovladsiyvaruli, yovladsasoeba aris RmerTi. is go-
nebiT miuwvdomelia — miuwvdomelia zraxvani RvTisa.
masTanmimarTeba aqvs rwmenas — netar arian morwmuneni
— anu bednierni miuxedavad amqveyniuri tanjvisa. wu-
TisofluriT yofiereba arc iwyeba da arc mTavrdeba.
yofierebis gzas, rwmenas miyavs adamiani yofierebis
umaRles instanciasTan — RmerTTan da maSin aRwevs
adamianis suli, maradiul bednierebas, netarebas.
anu antikur da Suasaukuneobriv modelebSi adami-
anuri bednierebis miRweva damokidebulia raRac zed-
roulTan, maradiulTan, idealurTan mimarTebaze, ub-
ralod mimarTebis stilia gansxvavebuli — racio da
rwmena. am mimarTebis analizisda kvalad yalibdeba yo-
418
fierebis iseTi gageba, romelsac SeiZleba da unda vu-
wodoT metafizikuri. arsebobs yofierebis metafizi-
kuri gagebis antikur-Suasaukuneobrivi variaciebi.
mTavari aris yvela maTganSi swored is, rac, nicSes az-
riT warmoadgens gamogonebuls, avadmyofuri, deka-
danturi cnobierebis nabodvars — TiTqos im garemom-
cveli samayaros garda, romelSic adamiani cocxlobs,
arsebobs kidev marTlac namdvili, WeSmariti samyaro.
Tu samyaro da masSi droebiTi sicocxle aris er-
TaderTi sinamdvile, maSin rogor SeiZleba iyos adami-
ani bednieri? es xom `sikvdilisken yofnaa~? gana cde-
boda haidegeri, an jer kidev buda, romelic ambobda,
rom cxovreba aris avadmyofoba, sibere da sikvdili —
anu tanjva? gana nicSe, romelmac TiTqosda amden mo-
azrovneTa Semdgom gadaafasa yvelaferi saTanadod da
`daadgina~ yofierebis WeSmariti raoba, iyo bednieri
amiT? gana yovelive imis gacnobierebam, rasac is Tavis
naSromebSi gadmogvcems, ar miiyvana is SeSlilobamde?
esaa bedniereba?
sibere, avadmyofoba da sabolood `sikvdilisken
yofna~ erT-erTia im obieqtur mizezTagan, romelnic
anTroposisgan damoukidebelia. `bednierebis~ droSi
SezRuduli, fsiqologiur-imanenturi gancdisas am
obieqtur mizezTagan romelimeze CvenSi SemoWrili
fiqri myisierad afermkTalebs da akninebs bednierebas,
xdis mas fasis ar mqoned.
anTroposis bedkrulobisTvis erTi obieqturi mi-
zezic sakmarisia, magram, vai, rom isini sakmaod mravla-
daa. SeiZleba CamovTvaloT da davaxasiaToT ramodeni-
me maTgani, raTa Semdgom mkafiod gamoxatoT statiis
mTavari amocana — bednierebis SesaZlebloba-SeuZleb-
lobis mimarTeba im sakiTxTan, romelsac, filosofi-
ur-msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT, vercerTi
sxva sakiTxi ver gautoldeba — ratom, risTvis main-
cdamainc arsebobs samyaro da ara piriqiT?... an, ratom,
419
risTvis maincdamainc Seqmna samyaro RmerTma?...aris-
toteleseuli tendenciiT ise Cans, rom Tu filosofo-
si moiZiebs pasuxs am kiTxvaze, bednierebasac eziareba.
qvemoT CamoTvlil iqneba mxolod is obieqturi
mizezebi bedkrulobisa, romelnic principulad gamo-
usworebelia, romlis sapirispirodac veravin gamosWe-
davs sakuTar beds. anu am mizezebSi ver naxavT siRari-
bis, xelmokleobis, ufulobis, gamarTleba-gaumar-
Tleblobis msgavs subieqtur mizezebs, romelnic
principulad gamosworebad faqtorTa rigs ganekuT-
vneba. terminebi — principuli, obieqturi, subieqturi
— aq sruliad garkveuli azriTaa moxmobili. viRacas
SeiZleba gaumarTla, fuli iSova da Tavi bednieri hgo-
nia, magram es `bednierebis~ subieqturi, warmavali,
aramyari gancdaa da meti araferi. dRes gagimarTla,
xval aRar gagimarTlebs, dRes gaqvs fuli, xval raRac
mizezis gamo (inflacia, gabankroteba, gaZarcva...) aRar
geqneba da a.S.obieqturi mizezebi ubedurebisa yvelas
Tanmdevi da myaria. maTze ver vityviT, rom gamimar-
Tlebs, fuls viSovi da isinic aRmoifxvreba. maTi arse-
boba da ragvaroba subieqtze araa damokidebuli, isini
obieqturia:
1) anTroposi aris arseba, romelsac dahyolia,
sxvaTa gverdiT, erTi svedavsili unaric — sakuTari
Tavis, sakuTari cxovrebis danaxva momavlSi. mas es una-
ri ubiZgebs sakuTari momavlis bedis gagebisaken — ra
melis me, ra moxdeba Cems Tavs, ra eliT Cems axloblebs
da a.S. saubedurod es unari mxolod kiTxvebs warmo-
Sobs, magram dazustebiT verafers gvatyobinebs imis
Taobaze, rasac kiTxvebi exeba.
Cven gvaqvs savaraudo variantebis nusxa — opti-
mistebs imediani, pesimistebs ki uimedo. am nusxidan ra-
Rac albaT naRdad moxdeba Cvens Tavs (cxadia, Tu am
wamsve ar amogvarTmevs suls sikvdili), magram konkre-
tulad ra da rodis es arc Tavad vuwyiT da verc vera-
420
vin gvaswavlis. esaa gaurkvevlobaSi yofna, xolo mTe-
li cxovreba gaurkvevlobaSi yofna adamianuri cxov-
rebis tanjulobisa da ubedurebis mizezad gvesaxeba.
ase mimaCnia imitom, rom adamiani Tavisi gonebiTi aRma-
tebulobiT iwonebs Tavs sxva cocxal arsebaTa Soris,
magram, daxeT ubedurebas — gonebas SeuZlia ciur sxe-
ulTa saidumloebani axsnas da astro-fizikis urTu-
lesi sakiTxebi gamoarkvios, Tumca adamianis cxovrebi-
seuli bedis, misi sulis pirovnuli arseboba-ararse-
bobis, mokvdaoba-ukvdaobis da a.S. sakiTxTa winaSe is
uZluria. rogorc alber kamiu ambobda — me maintere-
sebs da maRelvebs Cemi bedi am samyaroSi da ara is, mze
brunavs dedamiwis garSemo Tu piriqiT. radgan mecnie-
reba ver pasuxobs sikvdil-sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan
kiTxvebs, bevri odiTganve mimarTavda mkiTxavebs. anu
riTac Tavs viwonebT, goneba, swored is gvimuxTlebs
da es ubedureba Tu araa aba raa?
yovela Cvenganma, optimistma Tu pesimistma, erTi
ram uwyis naRdad: Tu am dasaqcevar qvyanaze bolomde
icxovreb, aucileblad gelis avadmyofoba, sibere da
sikvdili (Tu ara da — sikvdili mainc). es sakmarisze me-
ti mizezia ubedurebisTvis, rac optimistis pozicias,
rom yvelaferi kargad iqneba, absurdulsa da aranor-
malurs xdis. aranormaluri amgvari midgoma SeiZleba
iyos ori raRacis gamo: a) mavani ZaliT ìbrmavebs Tva-
lebs~, anu zemoxsenebuli momavlis xedvis unars iC-
lungebs, angariSs ar uwevs; b) mavans raime bio-fsiqiu-
ri daavadeba sWirs. ase rom, optimistis ubedurebis-
Tvis am or momentze — TvalTmaqcobaze da avadmyofo-
baze — miTiTebac kmara. rogorc paskali ambobda — ra
bednierebi arian es ubedurebi, rom ver xvdebian, ube-
durebi rom ariano. codna imisa, rom sibere, avadmyo-
foba an sikvdili uciloblad momelis erTia, meore da
ufro amaforiaqebeli sakiTxia — rodis. es aravin icis.
421
aqac gaurkvevloba, mizezTa mizezi ubedurebisa da
tanjvisa.
2) cxovrebis azris obieqturad ararseboba kidev
erTi mizezia ubedurebisa. am mxrivac danamdvilebiT
aravin araferi uwyis. 2+2=4, es rom asea arc Cemzea da-
mokidebuli da arc sxvaze, anu ariTmetikuli debule-
bis WeSmariteba obieqturi WeSmaritebaa. rac Seexeba
cxovrebis azrs, romelic obieqturad ar arsebobs,
Tumca ki yvelas SeiZleba hqondes Tavisi azri, aq saqme
gvaqvs `subieqtur WeSmaritebasTan~. subieqturi WeSma-
riteba nonsensia. WeSmariteba maSinaa WeSmariteba, ro-
ca yvelas aiZulebs misi WeSmaritobis aRiarebas. 2+2=4
WeSmaritia imitom, rom yvelani iZulebulni varT misi
WeSmariteba vaRiaroT.
warmoidgineT sawinaaRmdego viTraeba, rom 2+2=4
obieqturad ki ar iyos WeSmariti, aramed viRacisTvis
7-ia, viRacisTvis 0,0001-ia, viRacisTvis wiTeli, viRa-
cisTvis mware... vin ityvis danamdvilebiT romelia WeS-
mariti? veravin. swori iqneba vinc ityvis, arcerTi ara-
ao WeSmariti.
msgavsia viTareba cxovrebis azrTan dakavSirebiT:
kapitalisti geubneba, cxovrebis azri fuladi mogeba,
kapitalis gazrdaao, komunisti fanatikosi geubneba,
cxovrebis azri mdidrebis eqspropriaciaao, beri get-
yvis, cxovrebis azri gandegilobaSi RmerTTan sauba-
riao, Tumca ver dagisabuTebT arsebobs Tu ara is, ra-
tomaa masTan saubari bedniereba, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
roca RmerTi dums. aman xom Tavad jvarze gakrul qris-
tes warkveTa saso, aTqmevina ra — ufalo ratom mimato-
ve me. igive paskali werda, me mTrgunavs ukidegano kos-
mosis mdumarebao. es mdumareba sxva araferia Tu ara
uazroba cxovrebisa, amaoeba amaoTa, rac ukve sakmari-
sia imisTvis, rom ubralo mokvdavi ubeduri iyos.
maSasadame, aqac ismis kiTxva: vin, kapitalisti, ko-
munisti, beri, romelime filosofosi, mama, babua...,
422
aris marTali cxovrebis sazrisTan dakavSirebiT? swo-
ri iqneba imis pasuxi, vinc, zemoTmoyvanili 2+2-is maga-
liTisa ar iyos, ityvis — arcerTi ar ariso swori. e.i.
variantebi bevria cxovrebis azrisa, magram WeSmariti
arcerTi, rac aseve gvmosavs gaurkvevlobis burusiT,
ubedurebis am myarad naqsovi mosasxamiT.
3) yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mdinarebis saukuno
erTnairoba, erTi da igives maradiuli ganmeoreba ki-
dev erTi obieqturi mizezia adamianuri cxovrebis ube-
durebisa, ganaskuTrebiT maSin, roca gaacnobiereb,
rom cxovrebas obieqturad dadgenili WeSmariti azri
ar gaaCnia. Tu aseTi myari, erTi da WeSmariti azri
cxovrebisa ar arsebobs, maSin gamodis, rom kacobrio-
bis istoriis dausrulebeli, momabezrebeli, erTi da
igiveobrivi mimdinareoba calkeuli pirebis xuSturTa
maskaradia da meti araferi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar Cans
pasuxi kiTxvaze, risTvisaa saWiro es erTi da igives da-
usrulebeli, obieqturi azris ar mqone ganmeoreba. ar-
sebobs mxolod subieqturi `bednierebani~, xuSturebi,
romlis SesaniSnav metaforasac ilia WavWavaZis `Zirga-
vardnili qvevri~ warmoadgens. adamiani survilebis mo-
naa. TiToeuli survilis asrulebiT is garkveul sixa-
ruls grZnobs, magram es didxans ar gastans xolme, ami-
tom unda aRisrulos meore survili, mere mesame, meoT-
xe da ase usasrulod. amas ewireba mTeli saplaneto re-
sursebi, cxovreba dedamiwaze gausaZlisi, SeuZlebeli
xdeba, magram dRevandeli anTroposi amaze ar fiqrobs,
mTavaria misi xuSturebi dakmayofildes da Tavi kom-
fortulad igrZnos — momaval Taobebs ki `kinCxi da ki-
seri~ utexia. mecnierebi, romelTa damsaxurebiTac
ekologiuri katastrofa erTob daCqarda, ukve karga
xania fiqroben kosmosur kolonizaciaze, anu eZeben
kosmosSi sacxovreblad vargis adgilebs, raTa anTro-
posma Tavisi parazituli mtacebloba ganagrZos. Rmer-
Tis mier Seqmnili saxlidan, dedamiwidan saqme gasaqce-
423
vad gavixadeT da amas veZaxiT bednierebas? gamodis ise,
rom survilTa asrulebiT bedniereba ar miiRweva, ra-
meTu `qvevri Zirgavardnilia~. sabolood adamiani ber-
deba, uZlurdeba da survilebis `Sagrenis tyavi~ ise
ganileva, rom bednierebas ver eziareba.
bedniereba mxolod iseTi ram unda iyos, rac mara-
diulTanaada dakavSirebuli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
mxolod wamierad grZnobT kmayofilebas, rasac Secdo-
miT uwodebT bednierebas, xolo mTel rig danarCen
cxovrebiseul momentebSi ubeduri xarT.
4) namdvili bedniereba, garda imisa, rom maradiu-
li unda iyos, aseve unda iyos sayovelTao, kosmiuri
mniSvnelobis, anu bednieri unda iyos yvela da yvela-
feri, bednierebiT unda iyos aRsavse irgvliv yoveli,
rom calkeuli Cvenganic bednieri iyos. amas vambob ub-
ralo azr-gagebiT — Tu vinme erTi maincaa ubeduri
Sens gverdiT, ubeduri unda iyo Senc, imitom, rom, jer
erTi, Sens gverdiT viRaca itanjeba da imis codviT
rogor unda gaixaro, da mere meore, is, ramac Sens
gverdze myofi gaaubedura (mag., Svilis sikvdili...), Se-
ni gaubedurebis mizezic SeiZleba gaxdes, piradad Senc
Segexos. am gasaWiridan ujigro adamiani martiv gamosa-
vals poulobs, sxvisi Wiri Robis Cxirio, ambobs da su-
lac ar fiqrobs arc Tavis momaval SesaZlo ubedure-
baze, da miTumetes gverdiT myofis vaebaze, risi Zali-
Tac Tavs `bednierad~ grZnobs es ubeduri.
5) axla ukanac movixedoT, anu gavxedoT Cvens war-
suls, saidan movediT, saidan gaCnda es samyaro da masSi
es ubeduri adamiani?: a) samyaro Seqmna RmerTma arara-
dan, b) samyaro marad arsebobda TavisTavad, anu araf-
ridan araferi ar warmoiqmneba, g) samayaro Seiqmna di-
di afeTqebis Sedegad, d) samayaro RmerTma Seqmna saku-
Tari Tavidan (es ukanaskneli hegelis amosavali debu-
lebaa, romlis Tanaxmadac samyaro RmerTis sxvadyof-
naa, anu Cven vcxovrobT RmerTSi da rogor vepyrobiT
424
mas, raSic vcxovrobT). ai variantebi Cveni amqveynad
movlinebisa, romelTac usasrulo warsulisaken mivya-
varT. pasuxebi am mimarTulebiTac araerTgvarovania,
anu aris mravali pasuxi, romelTagan an arcerTi araa
swori an romelia swori eSmakma uwyis. ar arsebobs amis
Sefasebis araviTari myari kriteriumi. e.i. ukanac ga-
urkvevlobis burusia da es adaminis tanjulobasa da
ubedurebas kidev ufro amZafrebs.
6) maSasadame, ar viciT rani varT, saidan movsul-
varT, ra aris Cveni cxovrebis azri, ra bedi gvelis, ro-
dis da rogor CavZaRldebiT... gamomdinare iqedan, rom
es problemebi principulad gadauWrelia am wuTiso-
felSi da yvela drois xalxebs, erebs Tu calkeul in-
dividebs iqvemdebarebs, me zneobrivi ufleba ar maqvs
Tavi bednierad CavTavalo da TviTkmayofili saxiT
viRriWo, viTom yvelaferi kargadaa da safiqralic
araferia. safiqrals rom gamoilevs an daiviwyebs kaci
— aRarc gardacvlili megobari axsendeba da enatreba,
aRac uamravi avadmyofi, beberi da SeWirvebuli axsovs
mis irgvliv, aRarc Tavisi warmomavaloba da warmava-
loba adardebs (aRarafers vambob im filosofiur Tav-
satexebze, rasac zemoT Sevexe, maTze fiqriT rava Sei-
wuxebs Tavs `bednieri~ kaci) — da mxolod Tavis patara-
kacur, egoistur, amqveyniur xuSturebze zrunavs, ma-
Sin hgonia swred Tavi `bednieri~ am ubedurs.
4.
bednierebis fenomenis biologiuri, neirofizio-
logiuri, fsiqologiuri, sociologiuri, ekonomiku-
ri... kvleva erTob popularuli gaxda Tanamedrove
etapze. miCneul iqna, rom bednierebis fenomeni, rome-
lic filosofiam da religiam, xelovnebam da mwerlo-
bam... garkveviT ver axsna, Semecnebadia kerZomecnieru-
lad (f. ejvorti meoce saukunis dasawyisSi muSaobda
e.w. `hedonometris~ Seqmnaze). Tumca, monacemebi, ro-
425
melTac es kvlevebi deben, naklebad mecnieruli, anu
simkacresa da sizustes moklebuli sinamdvilis amsax-
velia. sociologiuri kvleva gulisxmobs mosaxleobis
gamokiTxvas; rac ufro meti respondenti ityvis rom
bednieria, miT maRali yofila bednierebis maCvenebeli
ama Tu im qveyanaSi. ekonomikuri midgomiT, qveynis eko-
nomikuri mdgomareobis zrda gansazRvravs mis bednie-
rebis maCvenebels. neiro-fiziologiis Tanaxmad, Tu
adamianis tvinSi gamoiyofa garkveuli qimiuri nivTie-
rebebi, e.i. adamianic bednieria da a.S.
ekonomistebi da sociologebi (gaecaniT, mag., e.w.
`r. esterlinis paradoqss~) Tavadac aRiareben ukve,
rom im qveynebSi, sadac ekonomikuri miRwevebi SeiniSne-
ba, an cxovrobs bevri mdidari piri, arc Tu didi rao-
denoba respondentebisa grZnobs Tavs bednierad. yve-
laze meti, gamokiTxulTagan, Tavs bednierad grZnobs
ara mag., a.S.S.-i, aramed kosta-rikaSi, rom ekonomiku-
rad Zlier qveynebSi TviTmkvlelobis raodenoba matu-
lobs ekonomikuri dovlaTis zrdis kvalad da a.S.
rac Seexeba neiro-fiziologiasa da tvinSi `bedni-
eri nivTierebebis~ qimias, aq me gamovyofdi sam mo-
ments, an cnebas — mizezi(ramac gamoiwvia am nivTireebe-
bis tvinSi gamomuSaveba), Sedegi(am nivTierebebis saxe-
ze yofna, anu e.w. `bedniereba~) da sazrisi(mizezis in-
dividualur-subieqturi da racionalur-emocionalu-
ri kvalifikacia).
ratom vuwode zemoT pozitiur-mecnieruli kvle-
vis monacemebiT asaxul sinamdviles simkacresa da si-
zustes moklebuli? imitom, rom am monacemTa mier asa-
xuli zemoxsenebuli mizezi da Sedegi, icvleba, modi-
ficirdeba sazrisis pirobiT an ZaliT. mag., arsebobs
mizezi — burTis karSi gasvla, romelic iwvevs mavanis
tvinSi `bednierebis qimiur reaqcias~, anu Sedegs. Tu
mecnieruli Semecneba marTlac mecnierulobaze debs
Tavs, is unda exebodes iseT sagan-movlenebs, romelTa
426
mizez-Sedegobriv mimarTebebze dakvirvebebis Sedegad
mopovebuli monacemebic mogvcems erT da imave suraTs
erT da imave dakvirvebad garemo-pirobebSi. Cvens mier
moyvanili magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom erTi da igive mize-
zi (goli), erT da imave garemo pirobebSi (gulSematkiv-
rebiT savse tribunebi da mowinaaRmdege gundis wevre-
bi moedanze) iZleva gansxvavebul Sedegs (gansxvavebul
qimiur reaqcias mowinaaRmdege gundis wevrebisa da Se-
sabamisi gulSematkivrebis, Tu sxva statusis damswre-
Ta tvinSi), erTi mxare `bednieria~, meore — piriqiT. ra-
tom? imitom rom aq saxeze gvaqvs ara martivi kauzalu-
ri kavSiri, romelic gamarTlebulia aragonieri mate-
rialuri obieqtebis Semecnebisas, aramed sazrisobri-
vad gansazRvreuli urTierTdamokidebuleba, rac eg-
zom gasaTvaliswinebelia anTropuli sinamdvilis Se-
mecnebisas. sazrisi radikalurad cvlis kauzaluri
kavSir-mimarTebebis xasiaTs, da sadac amgavari ram ad-
gilis mqonea, iq mkacri mecnieruli midgomisTvis ada-
gili naklebad moiZebneba.
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom sazrisobrivi gansaz-
Rvrulobis mqone kauzaluri urTierTmimarTebebi gu-
lisxmobs ara mxolod pozitiur, anu bednier poluss
an mxolod negatiur, anu ubedur poluss (e.i. golis
gamtan, gamarjvebul mxares an golis gamSveb, wagebul
mxares), aramed neitralursac, romelsac ubralod uy-
vars fexburTis cqera, magaram araa arc erTi, moTamaSe
gundis wevri an gulSematkivari.aseve is pirebic, ro-
melnic matCs Tvals adevneben ubralod imitom, rom
fsoni aqvT dadebuli e.w. totalizatorSi da mxolod
sakuTari fuladi mogeba aRelvebT. am ukanasknelTa
tvinSi, gansxvavebiT golis gamtan-mogebulisgan (da
maTi gulwrfeli gulSematkivrebisgan), romelic `bed-
nieria~ an golis gamSveb-wagebulisgan (da maTi gul-
wrfeli gulSematkivrebisgan), romelic ubeduria, an
sulac ar gamoiyofa araviTari nivTiereba, arc gama-
427
bednierebeli da arc gamaubedurebeli an, Tu gamoiyo-
fa, maSin maTeuli kvalificireba golis gatanis faqti-
sa, anu sazrisi sruliad gansxvavebulia: a) arnaxuli
silamaze golisa; b) momgebiani bileTis swori progno-
zireba. e.i. gamodis, rom erTi da igive mizezi, golis
karSi gatana, erT da igive garemo pirobebSi iwvevs ara
erT, aramed, sul mcire sam-oTxgvar radikalurad gan-
sxvavebul Sedegs. maS sadaa aq mecnieruli simkacris
maCvenebeli? ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, aq saqme gvaqvs mona-
cemebis statistikur aRicxvasTan: Tu stadionze myof
50 000 pirs gamovkiTxavT, an `CavixedavT maT tvinebSi~
davadgenT, rom 20 000 adamians golis gatanam moutana
`bedniereba~, 20 000 ubedureba, xolo 10 000 arc erTi
da arc meore... magram, sakiTxi: ra aris bedniereba amiT
ar axsnila. ufro metic, Tu sazrisis cnebas gavauq-
mebT,pozitiur-mecnieruli midgomisas imasac ki ver
gavarkvevT romelia am pirTagan gol-gatanili, gamar-
jvebuli gundis mxares, romeli — sawinaaRmdego banak-
Si da romeli — neitraluri mayurebeli.
sakiTxavia kidev erTi ram: maSin, roca ama Tu im
enaSi damkvidrda sityva — bedniereba — gana Cvenma wi-
naprebma is SemoiRes tvinSi mimdinare qimiuri reaqciis
aRsaniSnad? maT saerTod araferi uwyodnen arc qimia-
ze da arc reaqciaze. isini xelmZRvanelobdnen swored
sazrisobrivi konstruqtebiT. garda amisa, dauSvaT,
rom sityva bedniereba damkvidrda qimiuri reaqciis
aRsaniSnavad, sakiTxavia, rogor moaxerxes winaprebma
am treminisa da garkveuli qimiuri reaqciis identifi-
kacia? iqneb es qimiuri reaqcia bednierebis ki ara, mag.,
gaocebis reprezentatoria? da yvelaze mTavari: bed-
niereba, aRmafrena, netareba... warmoadgens sazrisob-
rivad gansazRvrul cnebas, xolo cneba `qimiuri reaq-
ciisa~, materialurad gansazRvruli, materialuri Si-
naarsis mqone cnebaa, rac maT identificirebis SesaZ-
leblobas gamoricxavs.amdenad, debuleba — `bedniere-
428
ba aris ama da am nivTierebis tvinSi gamoyofa~ — miuxe-
davad misi `mecnierulobisa~, mecnierul garkveuloba-
sa da sizustes moklebulia.
gasakviria, saidan modis amxela kerZomecnieruli
SemecnebiTi enTuziazmi da rwmena wmindad metafiziku-
ri `fenomenebis~ axsnis mimarTulebiT? gana mecnerul-
pozitivisturma Jinianobam ar moisrola mousvleleT-
Si klasikuri, laibnic-volfianuri metafizikis cen-
traluri sakiTxebi, rogorc usazriso, calsaxad gada-
uwyvetadi, anu aramecnieruli? gana mxolod raciona-
luri Teologiis sagani — RmerTi, racionaluri fsiqo-
logiis sagani — suli da racionaluri kosmologiis sa-
gani — samyaros sasruloba-usasrulobaa(romelsac me-
oce saukunis astro-fizikam aRudgina kosmologiuri
legitimurobis statusi) metafizikuri bunebisa da me-
ti araferi? cxadia, rom ara da es SesaniSnavad aCvena
egzistencialurma filosofiam, romelmac iseTi wmin-
dad anTropul-imananeturi movlenebi, rogoricaa: sa-
sowarkveTa, Zrwola, gadagdebuloba samyaroSi, sindi-
sis qenjna... samarTlianad Caricxa im metafizikur `fe-
nomenTa~ nusxaSi, romelTa gavlenac anTroposs imanen-
turad agrZnobinebs da akavSirebs raRac absolutur-
metafizikurTan? romelTa axsnac calsaxad, poziti-
vistur-scientisturad SeuZlebelia swored imitom,
rom maTi metafizikuri buneba sruliad sawinaaRmde-
goa pozitivistur-scientisturi Semecnebis kompeten-
ciaSi myofi fizikuri sagan-movlenebis bunebisagan. am
ukanasknelTa bunebis axsnaSi ar monawileobs sazrisis
cneba, anu maTi subieqturad kvalificireba. fizikuri,
aragoniTi fenomenebis buneba ar saWiroebs sazrisis
cnebis moSveliebas. aq, Tu maindamainc sazrisis cneba-
ze midgeba saqme, arsebobs erTi, sayovelTaod miRe-
bul-gaziarebuli, akademiuri standarti Semecnebis
sagnisa, Semecnebis meTodologiisa da miRebuli cod-
nis kvalificireba-gaziarebisa.
429
5.
Cveni statiis erT-erT amocanas warmoadgens Cve-
neba imisa, Tu ras gvaZlevs anTroposis ubedobis obi-
eqturobisa da metafizikis umTavresi sakiTxis urTi-
erTkavSiri. ratom (an risTvis) arsebobs maincdamainc
es samyaro da ratom ara piriqiT... am kiTxvaze mopove-
buli pasuxi gvaZlevs anTroposis bednierebis gasa-
Rebs? amis gasacnobiereblad mokled unda moixazos im
metafizikur modelTa konturebi, romelnic filoso-
fiis istoriidan sakmaod aris cnobili:
1) àrafridan araferi warmoiSoba~, anu samyaro
maradiulad arsebobs, is arc iwyeba da arc mTavrdeba.
rac arsebobs arsebobs mxolod samyaros Sigan. absur-
dulia kiTxva — ra arsebobs samyaros miRma? miRma gu-
lisxmobs zRvars, samyaros ki zRvari ar gaaCnia, is
usasruloa, maradiulia. Tu davuSvebdiT samyaros sas-
rulobas, maSin is SeiZleboda warmogvedgina RmerTis
Seqmnilad, magram es sakiTxis gadaweva gamodis da ara
gadaWra. marTlac, Cvens winaSe ukve wamoiwevs sakiTxi —
RmerTma Seqmna samyaro, magram, vin Seqmna RmerTi? is an
arafrisgan Seqmnila (rac zemoxsenebuli principis Ta-
naxmad SeuZlebelia) an Seuqmnia ufro Zlier RmerTs
da a.S. (es sakiTxis gadawevaa. yvelaze didi, rac am gziT
miiRweva `poliTeisturi ierarqizmia~). `transcenden-
turi Semoqmedi RmerTis~ idea elinuri gonebisTvis ab-
surdulia. rogorc aristotele warmogvidgens logi-
kis Zireul kanonebs msjelobaSi usasrulo regresis
pirobiTi SeCerebis meqanizmad, raTa codnis Senobis
agebisTvis sawyisi, saZirkveli movipovoT, aseve xsene-
buli `Semoqmedi RmerTis~ idea aCerebs usasrulo reg-
ress samyaros ontologiuri mizezis Ziebisas. RmerTi
igulisxmeba samayaros mizezad, magram pirvelmizezis
sakiTxi amiT ar wydeba da Cerdeba. aristoteles ùZra-
vi mamoZravebeli~ igive `Seuqmneli Semoqmedia~. Rmer-
Ti qmnis da amoZravebs yovelives, Tumca Tavad is ara-
430
vis Seuqmnia da aumoZravebia. sakiTxis amgvari gadaw-
yveta, romelic miiRo qristianulma Teologiam, vera-
feri upiratesobis mqonea sakiTxis im gadawyvetasTan
SedarebiT, rom àrafridan araferi warmoiSoba~, rom
samyaro TavisTavad arsebobs maradiulad. arc erTi
maTgani ar pasuxobs naTlad imas, Tu risTvis arsebobs
samayaro an TavisTavad an RmerTis ZaliT, ratom main-
cdamainc arsebobs (an Seiqmna) samyaro da ratom ara pi-
riqiT?..
2) iudo-qristianuli ontologia gveubneba, rom
maradiulad arsebobs ara samyaro, anu Seqmnili (amoZ-
ravebuli), aramed RmerTi (Semoqmedi, mamoZravebeli).
RmerTi aris erTi da ara mravali. RmerTi aris yovlad-
Zlieri. yovladZliereba SeuZlebelia mogvces mrava-
li RmerTis poliTeisturma gaerTianebam. yovladsiZ-
liere imTaviTve Zevs erT RmerTSi da is erTi xelis
mosmiT arafridan qmnis yvelafers samyaroSi: fizi-
kurs, qimiurs, biologiurs, suliers Tu gonebrivs:
àrafridan yvelaferi warmoiSoba~. aseTia neba im yov-
ladZlieri RmerTisa, romelic aravis Seuqmnia. is rom
vinmes Seeqmna, maSin is arc yovladZlieri iqneboda da
arc Rm-erTi, am sityvis `wminda yofierebiseuli~ gage-
biT. ramdenadac RmerTis WeSmariti gageba gulisxmobs
`wminda yofierebas~, amdenad SeuZlebelia, rom is àr
iyos~ da raRac momentSi Seqmnas vinmem, am SemTxvevaSi
is ar iqneboda RmerTi, RmerTis Seqmnilad moazreba
gulisxmobs ara-RmerTs. RmerTi imis RmerTia, rom ma-
radiulad arsebobs, xolo samyaro misi nebiT iqmneba
droSi, anu warmavalia, aramaradiulia. aq umwvaves
formas iZens ukve sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ratom ineba
RmerTma samyaros Seqmna da ara piriqiT... amaze iudo-
qristianuli Teologia mokled gvpasuxobs, rom `miuw-
vdomelia zraxvani uflisani~. amdenad, sakiTxis `ga-
dawyvetis~ pirveli variantis burusi aq ubralod fers
icvlis — saqme gvaqvs RvTiuri ganzraxvis amouxsnel
431
saidumlosTan, romelsac adamianis goneba sakuTari
ZalebiT ver Caswvdeba.
3) sakvirvelia, magram, Tanamedrove bunebismet-
yvelebis kosmologia, ufro axlos dgas ara antikur
filosofiur-metafizikur modelTan, aramed Suasau-
kuneobriv Teologiur-metafizikurTan. amas im gage-
biT vabobT, rom is, rac afeTqda, ukiduresi simkvrivi-
sa, udidesi masisa da umciresi moculobis e.w. `singu-
laroba~ da romlis gafarToebis Sedegadac gvevlineba
samyaro, àrara~ ufroa, vidre `raime~. am afeTqebamde
ar arsebobs fizikuri dro da sivrce, anu is, rac afeT-
qda ar arsebobda drosa da sivrceSi, mas ar miewerebo-
da mTeli rigi kategorialuri garkveulobebisa, ro-
melTa Sinaarsis dadgenasac miliardobiT wlebis Sem-
dgom Seecdebodnen filosofosebi da mecnierebi da
romelTa Sinaarsic icvleboda, icvleba da Seicvleba
mecnieruli codnis gafarToebis kvalad. anu mTavari
metafizikuri sakiTxi aq iRebs Semdeg formulirebas —
`ratom, risTvis afeTqda maincdamainc sadRac ToTxme-
ti Tu TxuTmeti miliardi wlis win is, risi gafarToe-
bis Sedegadac warmoiqmna samayaro da ara piriqiT, ra-
tom ar ganagrZo afeTqebamdel mdgomareobaSi yofna
kvlavac, sad iyo manam, sanam afeTqdeboda, ramdenjer
afeTqebula, gafarToebula da SekumSula, Tu pirve-
lad afeTqda maSin, roca dRevandeli samyaro Seiq-
mna?... amgvar kiTxvebs, maTi metafizikuri bunebis gamo,
mecniereba ar pasuxobs an ver pasuxobs. is uSvebs am-
gvar afeTqebas da ubralod gvixatavas savaraudo sce-
nars movlenebis imgvari ganviTarebisa, romelsac SeeZ-
lo dRevandeli samyaros msgavsi warmonaqmnis kon-
struireba. anu anTroposisTvis yvelaze mtkivneuli
sakiTxebi aq pasuxgaucemelia, arada kamius Tqmisa ar
iyos, me swored es mainteresebs yvelaze metad da ara
is — mze brunavs dedamiwis garSemo Tu, piriqiT.
432
4) kidev erT variantad gvesaxeba `hegelianuri
modeli~, romelic miiCnevda, rom religiuri msof-
lmxedveloba, RmerTis adeqvaturi `moazreba~ umaR-
les safexurs aRwevs qristianobaSi, rom Tavad (hege-
li) filosofiur-mecnierulad axorcielebs ùflis
im zraxvaTa~ demonstrirebas, rac religiuradaa war-
modgenili qristianul TeologiaSi. hegelis sistema
rom urTulesi `nagebobaa~ amaze metyvelebs, mag., b.
rasselis aRiareba Tavis `dasavluri filosofiis is-
toriaSi~: did filosofosebad wodebulTa Soris hege-
lis filosofia yvelaze urTulesia Casawvdomado.
Tumca, iqve dasZens (sxva cinikur pasaJebTan erTad),
rom misi sistema sruliad mcdariao, rom mTeli is nak-
lovanebani, rac hegelis filosofias axasiaTebs, mom-
dinareobs iqedan, rom is axalgazrdobaSi didad iyo
gatacebuli mistikur-religiuri msoflmxedvelobi-
To...
Cven viTvaliswinebT im sapirispiro Tvalsazris-
Ta mravalferovnebas, rac hegelis filosofiis Taoba-
ze arsebobs da qvemoT xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT mxolod
hegelis ZiriTad pozitiur-metafizikur debulebas.
mavans SesaZloa sasacilod ar eyos hegelis debuleba-
Ta `pozitiuroba~, magaram metafizikur sakiTxebTan
mimarTebaSi pozitiurobis Tamasa arc SeiZleba avwioT
Zalze maRla.
vinc m. haidegeris naSroms, `Sesavali metafizika-
Si~, gacnobia ecodineba, rom Zireuli metafizikuri sa-
kiTxis — ratom maindamainc arsebobs is, rac arsebobs,
da ara piriqiT (romelis amgvarad formulirebac, sxva-
Ta Soris, laibnics ekuTvnis) — ase `waRma-ukuRma tria-
li~ marTlac iSviaTia filosofiis istoriaSi, magram
hegelze meti, pozitiuri TvalsazrisiT mas, me mgonia,
rom araferi uTqvams. Tu haidegeri midis daskvnamde,
rom `fiuzis~-i (romelic SecdomiT iTargmna laTinu-
ris gavleniT, rogorc buneba), anu arsebulis yofiere-
433
ba, ar gulisxmobs mxolod arsebobas da, maSasadame, Zi-
reuli kiTxva ar miemarTeba mxolod arsebulis arse-
bobas, aramed misi ararsebobis SesaZleblobasac, e.i.
araras-ac exeba, hegeli acxadebs, rom pirvelsawyisi an
RmerTi, rogorc wminda yofiereba, romelsac TavisTa-
vad araviTari predikati, gansazRvruloba ar miewere-
ba, aris arara. Tu raimeSi marTalia haidegeri, marTa-
lia ara imaSi, rom Toma aqvinelma an hegelma `daiviwya
yofiereba~ da gaaigiva is arsebulis mxolod arsebo-
basTan (dakarges ra TvalTaxedvidan araras is uZiro
ufskruli, romelis Tavzec arsebuli usustesi ZafiT
hkidia...), aramed, albaT imaSi, rom igive hegelma Tavis
naSromebs uwoda, mag., `logika~ da `filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa enciklopedia~. logika (marTalia dialeqti-
kuri, magram mainc) da mecniereba principulad ar SeiZ-
leba miemarTebodes araras da ixdides mas gansjisa da
Semecnebis saganad. araras moazreba an gulisxmoba gan-
sjis saganSi logikurad da mecnierulad nonsensia. sa-
varaudod, haidegeri Tavis braldebaSi yofierebis da-
viwyebis Sesaxeb, gulisxmobda imas, rom Tu Tqven agebT
logikasa da mecnierebas, maSin araradan raimes axsna
gamoricxulia. maT Soris Zireuli metafizikuri sa-
kiTxis mecnieruli axsnac. am kiTxvaze `pasuxi~, SeiZle-
ba ubralod ganvicadoT da am amocanas mecnierebaze da
logikaze ukeTesad Tavs arTmevs, mag, poezia, romelic
filosofiis gverdiT erTi mTis meore tol-swor
mwvervalad warmogvidgeba. ratom maincdamainc arse-
bobs arsebuli, da ara — piriqiT, haidegiris konteq-
stSi gulisxmobs: ra `Zafi~aCerebs da risTvis aCerebs
araras ufskrulis Tavze arsebulis arsebobas? maSin
roca hegeli gviCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeba da risTvis
xdeba àrara~ `ra~. raoden zedmeti da absurdulic ar
unda iyos hegelis pretenzia `mecnierul-enciklope-
diur~ codnaze, is mainc iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze — ris-
434
Tvis? ratom? da albaT, es pasuxi yvelaze `pozitiu-
ria~ filosofiisa da msoflmxedvelobis istoriaSi.
hegelis pozitiuri pasuxi aseTia — RmerTma, abso-
luturma gonma, samyaro Seqmna imitom, rom Seemecnebi-
na sakuTari Tavi.
am pasuxis mocemis paralelurad, is akritikebda,
im droisTvis or yvelaze popularul Teorias — emana-
ciisa da evoluciis Teoriebs. orive maTgani, hegelis
azriT, cdilobs upasuxos kiTxvas — rogor? da ara
kiTxvas — risTvis? ra mizniT?gansxvaveba maT Soris
imaSia, rom emanaciis Teoria mdabal safexurze mdgom
arsebulebs warmogvidgens rogorc ufro maRali safe-
xurebidan `Camo~-mdinares, xolo evoluciis Teoria,
piriqiT — ganviTarebis mdabal safexurTagan ufro
ganviTarebulisken `ze~-mimdinares. raoden marTalia
es Teoriebi mimarTebaSi kiTxvasTan — rogor? da ra
xarvezebs Seicaven isini am TvalsazrisiT, es calke sa-
kiTxia, magram, umTavresi, hegelisTvis aris is, rom isi-
ni ar pasuxoben kiTxvas — risTvis? ki batono, met-nak-
lebad gagvagebineT, Tu rogor xdeba ama Tu im arse-
bulTa warmoSoba, magram ra saWiroa yovelive es, erTi
da igives milionobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi waRma-
ukuRma triali — warmoSoba nairnairi organuli da
araorganuli formebisa, maTi zrda, xrwna, kvdoma,
afeTqeba?... ai am kiTxvebze, hegelis azriT, es Teorie-
bi ver iZlevian pozitiur pasuxs.
rac Seexeba hegels, misi azriT, ueWvelia, gansxva-
vebiT maSindeli moduri materialistebisgan, rom fi-
zikur samyaros Tavisi arsebobis safuZveli ar gaaCnia
Tavis TavSi, rom am samyaroSi yovelive fizikuri aris
droebiTi da warmavali da, rom mxolod azri, idea aris
maradiuli, namdvili. yvelaferi droebiTi, moCvenebi-
Ti TandaTanobiT amdidrebs sami goniTi mocemulobis
— Wvretis (xelovnebis), warmodgenis (religiis) da Se-
mecnebis (filosofiis) — Sinaarss. absoluturi goni
435
`Tavis sxvaSi~ — samyaroSi, istoriaSi da a.S. — am sami sa-
fexuris gavliT, anu xelovnebis (mag., antikuri trage-
diisa da eposis saxiT), religiis (mag., qristianobis) da
filosofiis zeaRmavli gadalaxviT `cbierad~ aRwevs
sakuTari Tavis srul Tvisebriv Semecnebas. amaSi mdgo-
mareobs, hegelis mixedviT, samyarosa da masSi iner-
tul-araorganulis, organul-sulieris Tu anTro-
pul-goniTis arsebobis sazrisi. yofiereba aris mTli-
anoba, mxolod es mTlianoba, uzogadesoba anu absolu-
ti aris namdvili. misi arseba mdgomareobs xorcSesxma-
Si, e.i. `wminda arsebobidan~ ìndividualur arsebobad~
realizaciaSi. yoveli individualuri aris kerZo, anu
araWeSmariti, gadasalaxavi. es gadalaxva kerZoobisa,
igive filosofiis istoriaSi, TandaTanobiT avsebs ab-
soluturi gonis Sinaarss da dasrulebul TviTSemec-
nebas aRwevs hegelis filosofiaSi.
SeiZleba mavans gaukvirdes, magram, ar SemiZlia
aqve ar vaxseno paskalis saxeli, romelic sruliad gan-
sxvavebuli stilis moazrovnea vidre hegeli, Tumca mi-
si àzrebis~ ara erTi fragmenti (mag., 57-e, 367-e, 369-
e,371-e, 372-e da sxva) gviCvenebs hegelis msgavs msof-
laRqmiT suraTs, imitom, rom orive qristianuli meta-
fizikis `haeriT sunTqavs~. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia,
rom paskali SeuZleblad miiCnevs adamianuri gonebis
mier `RvTis zraxvaTa~ wvdomas, maSin, roca hegelTan
RmerTi swored rom am ukanasknelis saSualebiT, `cbie-
rad~, TandaTanobiT wvdeba Tavis predikaciul garkve-
ulobebs. xazgasasmelia isic, rom paskali calkeul in-
dividTa garduval ubedurebisTvis ganwirulobas mia-
wers swored am umTavresis — `RvTis zraxvaTa~, arsebo-
bis sazrisis — Semecnebis SeuZleblobas. Tumca, hege-
lis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac swams gonis da gasca pasuxi
Zireul metafizikur sakiTxebs, calkeuli individi ma-
inc ubeduria amqveynad. miuxedavad amisa, orives miaC-
nia, rom bedniereba mTlianobaSia, RvTaebrivTan indi-
436
vidualuris dabruneba-gaerTianebaSia. paskali 367-e
fragmentSi pirdapir acxadebs, rom `bedniereba arc
CvenSia da arc Cvens gareT; is RmerTSia~...
maSasadame, aristoteleseuli debuleba, rom bed-
niereba Semecnebas moaqvs, ar marTldeba, Tu Semecneba-
Si vdebT viwro, anTropologiur-epistemologiur Si-
naarss. hegelis mixedviT, es debuleba marTldeba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu Semecnebas gavigebT Teo-ontologiu-
ri SinaarsiT. Semecneba am azriT warmogvidgeba ara
kerZomecnierul epistemed, aramed RvTaebriv Sesaqme-
TviTSemecnebad.
rac Seexeba igive paskaliseul RvTaebrivTan dab-
runebiT, ga-erT-mTlianebiT mopovebul maradiul ne-
tarebas, bednierebas amis miRweva xelewifeba mxolod
pirovnebas. Tu ra Sinaarss vdebT pirovnebis cnebaSi,
warmodgenilia Cveni winamorbedi statiebis ciklSi.
Irakli Gogichadze – Master of Philosophy, the author of numerous articles

in theoretical philosophy field, mostly on philosophical anthropology. He
also manages first Georgian philosophical website www.philosophya.ge.
OBJECTIVITY OF ANTHROPOS MISFORTUNE

AND THE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUE OF METAPHYSICS
ABSTRACT
Our main purpose in this article is emphasizing objective

factors, that are independent from Anthropos, which cause his
unhappiness. We also tried to demonstrate how determination of the
essence of happiness is connected to the issues of philosophy of
morale, social philosophy and above all, to the fundamental
metaphysical issue – why exists exactly what exists and not on the
437
contrary? It seemed that Anthropos is an unhappy creature because
he can not answer such questions. The course of our thinking led us
to the understanding that, despite `resolving~ ethical, social or
metaphysical issues, determination of the essence of happiness still
remains a problem. Even the very existence of happiness is the
matter of dispute. Despite all the diligence by certain sciences
(sociological, economical, neurosurgical, etc), who started to study
the phenomenon of happiness from the beginning of the 20th century
(they even tried to invent `hedonometer~), not a shed of light has
been cast on this issue yet. Moreover, they quite dogmatically
established that: 1. Happiness exists; and 2. It is stipulated by not
only one, but multiple factors (like money, social welfare, chemical
substances generated in human brain, etc). These scientific studies
caused even more vagueness around this matter and some scientists
finally realized this. The Èasterlin Paradox~ would be a sufficient
example to that end. We believe that most distinct answer to the
fundamental metaphysical question is given by Hegel, that provides
the following results about the issue of happiness: 1. The god
(absolute idea) created the universe with the purpose of self-
cognition; 2. The absolute mind, `cunningly~ moves towards its
purpose of self-cognition through particular individuals, such as
Anaximander, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Plato, etc. It’s impossible for
the `subjective mind~ to achieve happiness separately only because,
the `subjective mind~ is used by someone, it is the means, the
method, not the objective. 3. Happiness is in wholeness, entirety.
Happiness cannot exist fragmentally, disassembled. Thus, happiness
is in the divine, in the absolute..; 4. Therefore, happiness exists, but
not in this world, where everything in space and time moves towards
fragmentation and separation. This fragmentation is a fact and it is
proved by the Rule of Entropy; 5. Approximately similar formulation
of the essence of happiness, considering absolute, whole versus
separate, particular happiness, is favored by other scientists, such as
Pascal. Those familiar with our previous articles, should remember
438
that Anthropos is a four-strata entity. 1. Empirical subject-object, i.e
animal. 2. Rational subject-object, i.e human being. 3. Individual, i.e
creatively thinking person and 4. Person whose conscious mind acts
can govern all the acts and processes in all the strata of anthropic
existence. If we recall the definition of each stratum, it will be clear
that, based on Hegelian interpretation, only the person is able to
achieve happiness.

Ta akademiis filosofiuri anTropologiis ganyo-
filebam.
439
studenturi Ziebani
STUDENT'S INVESTIGATIONS

tradiciulad `filosofiuri Ziebanis~ erT-erTi nawili
studentTa naSromebs eTmoba, romlebic pirvel nabijebs dga-
men mecnierebaSi, amitom saintereso unda iyos maTi naazrevis
gacnoba. mTeli Cveni saqmianoba momavalze — axali Taobis aR-
zrdazea orientirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar un-
da iyos bakalvritisa da magistraturis programebis studen-
tTa mier warmodgenili statiebis dabeWdva, romelTac mkacr
mecnierul moTxovnebs, ra Tqma unda, ver wavuyenebT. yvelaze
kritikulad ganwyobilma mkiTxvelma ki maT unda Sexedos, ro-
gorc mecnierebis sxvadasxva problemis mkvlevarTa pirvel
naSromebs, romelTagan samomavlod mniSvnelovan warmatebebs
unda velodeT (saredaqcio kolegia).
440
nikoloz meqvabiSvili — Tavisufali universitetis
bakalavriatis programis studenti. dainteresebulia
filosofiuri problemebiT.
samaradJamo sakiTxi
cnobieris TviTarsis wvdoma umaRlesi mizania mi-

zanTa Soris, Tumca mTavari SekiTxvaa ramdenad miRwe-
vadia igi? ramdenad axlos mividnen am miznamde samya-
ros didi moazrovneebi? Tavdapirvelad ganvmartoT,
Tu ras vgulisxmobT `cnobierSi~. cnobieri, rogorc aq
iqneba ganxiluli, aris is, rac axorcielebs mWvrete-
lobas, agenerirebs fiqrs, axorcielebs azrovnebis
aqts. ra aris mWvreteloba? SesaZlebelia obieqturi
iyos igi? subieqts, romelic mWvretelobas axorcie-
lebs, obieqti mocemuli da gaazrebuli aqvs Tavisive
mWvretelobis farglebSi konstruirebul fenomenad.
problemuria am obieqtis wvdomis xarisxi da aspeqtebi,
kerZod, mTavari SekiTxvaa SesaZlebelia Tu ara obieq-
tis wvdoma im TvalTaxedvaSi, romelSic igi Tavisi Ta-
visTavadi arsiTaa mocemuli. Wvretis am etapze subieq-
ti exeba `TavisTavad nivTebs~, da gadadis transcen-
dentaluri azris operirebis sferoSi -azris romlis
sistemuri konstantacia imanuel kantma moaxdina. kan-
tis `kopernikuri revolucia~ epistemologiaSi WeSma-
rit gardatexas warmoadgens, `kritikulma filosofi-
am~ faqtobrivad gansazRvra da asparezi gauxsna fi-
losofiuri azris axal mimarTulebas, axali suli Ca-
bera idealizms da gaxda, mravali azriT, filosofiu-
ri azrovnebis umaRlesi mimarTulebis, germanuli ide-
alizmis sawyisi wertili. rogorc hegeli ambobs: `Cven
yvelani kantis mowafeebi varTo~. kantma Tavis kriti-
441
kul filosofiaSi, faqtobrivad, metafizika daRupvis-
ken mimavali gzisgan ixsna da SemogvTavaza misi axali,
mecnieruli kuTxiT gaSlili gadaazreba. yvelaze
TvalsaCinod es mimarTeba Cans devid hiumsa da kants
Soris. devid hiumis mkacrad empiristuli naSromi, ro-
melic garkveul wilad kantis STagonebis wyaroc gax-
da imisaTvis, rom `wminda gonebis kritika~ Seeqmna, me-
tafizikas arc ki Tvlis seriozulad gansaxilvel sag-
nad, igi masTan da sxva filosofosebTan ganxilulia
rogorc ubralo crurwmeniTi sistema. kantTan ki
Cndeba axali metafizika, romelmac spekulaturi az-
rovneba xelaxal aRmaval gzaze daayena, TumcaRa ki
aRsaniSnavia, rom kantamdeli metafizika arc mkacrad
idealist filosofosebSi sargeblobs avtoritetiT,
magaliTad hegelTan, `logikis mecnierebaSi~ igi sa-
fuZvlianad ganixilavs da gvTavazobs zogadad meta-
fizikis filosofiuri gagebis evolucias, kantis naaz-
revs Zvelidan axlisken udides naxtomad Tvlis da Ta-
vis mxriv, misive kritikis safuZvelze igi metafizikas
axal formulirebaSi svams da cdilobs, mkacrad mecni-
erul-sistemuri saxiT warmogvidginos. kantis episte-
mologiuri Teorias, Tuki istoriuli da garkveulwi-
lad arapopularuli azriT SevxedavT, bundovani kon-
turebs jer kidev Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi kveTavs.
platonis `saxelmwifo~, gamoqvabulis alegoria: ga-
moqvabulSi myofni uyureben Crdilebs, obieqtebs ise,
rogorc maT mWvretelobaSi eZlevaT, xolo maTi rea-
luri buneba, maTTvis miuwvdomelia, gamoqvabulSi
myofTa zurgsukan `noumenuri~ samyaroa, xolo mTava-
ri kiTxva isaa, SesaZlebelia Tu ara is, rac platonTan
xdeba, imecnebs Tu ara adamiani obieqturobas da Tavs
aRwevs gamoqvabuls? am SekiTxvaze kantis mixedviT, pa-
suxi uaryofiTia. es midgoma, garda filosofiuri az-
risa, Cemi azriT, did emociur aspeqts atarebs, kon-
442
kretulad, sasowarmkveTels, damabnevels: magaliTad,
noumenad ganvixiloT RmerTis sakiTxi. noumenuri sam-
yaros wvdoma adamianis gonebiT SeuZlebelia, TumcaRa
Tu ki vaRiarebT am Seumecnebeli raimes arsebobas, ese-
igi vaRiarebT mas, rogorc TavisTavad subieqts, ro-
melsac konkretuli mniSvneloba da arsi gaaCnia. arse-
bobs albaToba, rom adamianma mWvretelobaSi moaxdi-
nos RmerTis cnebis konstruireba, da es misi mWvrete-
loba marTlac gamodges is, rac RmerTis cnebis obieq-
turobaa. TumcaRa adamiani amas verasodes Seityobs,
verasodes eqneba empiriuli dasturi imisa, rom man
sworedac rom SeZlo obieqtis arsis wvdoma. rwmena
swored imis rwmenaa, rom adamianma icis is, risi gamoc-
dac SeuZlebelia. hegeli swored amgvar mimarTebaze
saubrobs, misTvis subieqturi idealizmi, fiqri imisa,
rom zogad-obieqturoba miuwvdomelia, aris maprovo-
cirebeli adamianis `filosofiuri gazarmacebis~, mec-
niurul filosofiaze xelis aRebis. amgvarad moaz-
rovne adamiani, hegelis TqmiT, sakuTar Tavs komfor-
tis zonaSi aqcevs da Tavisi TaviT kmayofili rCeba,
aRar afarToebs azrs, radgan swams, rom obieqturobis
Secnoba SeuZlebelia. garda kantianuri `TavisTavadi`-
s cnebisa, platonuri `TavisTavadi~ ideebis cnebis
kritikuli analizi mniSvnelovania cnobierebis Tvi-
Tarsis Ziebis gzaze. sikeTe TavisTavad, mSveniereba
TavisTavad... ras gveubnebian cnebebi? TavisTavadi si-
keTe, romelic ideebis samyaroSi arsebobs, romelic
sruliad damoukidebelia yvelaferi sxvisgan, rome-
lic asxivebs samyaroSi yvelanair `sikeTis~ gamovline-
bas da Tanac ar sWirdeba empiriuli vlena arsebobis-
Tvis. cnobierebisTvis TavisTavadi cnebebi bundova-
nia, vinaidan cnobierebis Camoyalibeba Tavdapirveli
stadiebidanve, damyarebulia kerZoze da ara zogadze,
individualurze da ara saerToze. adamiani, romelsac
443
saerTod esmis sityvebi `sikeTe TavisTavad~, warmoid-
gens imas, rac misi azriT, misTvisaa sikeTe(ebi) da moax-
dens amis ganzogadebas: yvelaze srulyofilad da kon-
struqciulad amgvari midgoma Camoyalibebuli aqvs
devid hiums, romelicuaryofs racionalizacias, zo-
gadobis codnas, da srulad empiriul mWvretelobas
usadagebs adamianis gonebas. samyaros materialuri ga-
movlineba ki araa ideaTa anarekli, aramed piriqiT. (am
SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ideebi ara rogorc àrxe'', ma-
terialuri formebi, romelTa anareklicaa samyaro,
aramed idea rogorc racionalizaciis Sedegi) garkve-
uli azriT, platonisa da hiumis Teorebi SesaZloa
srul antipodebad ganvixiloT. swored esaa sakiTxi,
platonia marTali, hiumi Tu arcerTi, iqneb arc kanti,
romelmac maTi morigebis brwyinvale mcdeloba gana-
xorciela. adamiani midrekilia sakuTari Sexedulebe-
bis zogad WrilSi gavrcelebisaken, ase rom, rogor un-
da moxdes, rom yoveli cocxali gonebis damoukidebel
mWvretelobebSi iyos raRac saerTo, is, rac yvelasaT-
vis Tanabari mniSvnelobis matarebelia, orientiri da
cxovrebiseuli nabijebis ganmsazRvrelia? Tuki es Se-
saZlebelia, SeuZlebelia rom es miRwevadi iyos a
posteriori gamocdilebaTagan, es unda iyos a priori, Tanda-
yolili. swored amas ambobs platoni, rodesac codna-
ze saubrobs. axali codnis SeZena, gaxsenebaa imisa, rac
adamianma ukve icis, rasac igi dabadebamde ideebis sam-
yaroSi eziara, xolo Tuki adamiani `sokratulad~ ic-
xovrebs, igi sicocxleSive gaixsenebs, ase vTqvaT a
posteriori-s daamTxvevs a priori-s. `sokrates apologia~ Se-
mecnebisken mswrafveli adamianis brwyinvale mxatvru-
li gamoxatulebaa. sokrate brZenia imitom, rom icis,
rom brZeni araa. igi imitom araa brZeni, rom icis, rom
TavisTavadis wvdoma SeuZlebelia, TumcaRa misi gamar-
444
Tuli dialogebi swored rom TavisTavadobis garSemo
trialebs. Semecnebis idealisturi TviTwvdomis mcde-
loba platonis Semdgom ori saxiT ganagrZnobda arse-
bobda platonzedve zednaSeni dialeqtikiT: religia
(qristianoba) da filosofia (neoplatonikosebi, Sem-
dgom germaneli idealistebi). amaT sapirwoned frid-
rix nicSe TviTSemecnebis process sruliad Zarcvavs
idealisturi midrekilebebisgan. Tuki hegeli sakuTar
idealizms absoluturi gonis TviTSemecnebis teleo-
logiur procesze agebs, nicSe gamoricxavs yovelgvar
`ze~-s da warmarTvel faqtorad Zalauflebis nebaze
saubrobs, cnobierebis TviTarsSi budobs swrafva Za-
lauflebisaken, yovelgvari nakarnaxevi moralis uar-
yofa, `lomis~ stadiaSi yofnas da Semdeg zekacad gax-
domis misia. Tuki fixte absolutur `me~-ze saubrobs,
nicSe wers maradiul dabrunebaze da zaratustrasze,
rogorc `pirvel imoralistze~, romelic TiTqosda
WeSmaritebis maZiebelis modeli unda iyos, Tumca ama-
ve modelze miyola Tavis arsSive aranicSeanuria. nic-
Se gveubneba, rom RmerTi mokvda, am frazas imave mniS-
vneloba eqneboda Tu vityodiT: platoni mokvda, meta-
fizika mokvda, idealizmi mokvda. materializmis da
idealizmis konfliqti antikurobidanve, demokritesa
da platonis antonomiiT iwyeba da dRemde grZeldeba,
Tumca realurad yvela naxsenebi erT mizans emsaxure-
ba, gansxvavebuli gzebiT. aris Tu ara TviTSemecneba
imis gacnobiereba, rom Zalauflebisken nebaa mTavari
warmmarTveli, adamianuri instiqtebia is, risi gamona-
Tebac, maqsimalurad realizeba, `zekacad~ gaxdomaa am
procesis dasasruli? Tu unda gavxdeT rwmenis raindi,
maradiuli TviTaRkvecis masxivosnebeli nimuSi, rasac
kirgegori gvTavazobs? swored cnobieria is, rac am va-
riantebs Soris irCevs imas, rac WeSmaritad miaCnia (Tu
arafers irCevs esec arCevania), xolo is kriteriumi,
445
riTac cnobiereba romelimes airCevs, aris Tu ara cno-
bieris TviTarsi? Tuki mocemuli gvaqvs ori Teoria,
romelSic arc erTi winadadeba Tavis TavTan winaaR-
mdegobaSi ar modis, msjeloba viTardeba uwyveti mi-
zez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebiT da iqmneba erTi SexedviT
uxarvezo sistemebi, ris mixedviT mianiWebs goneba ro-
melimes upiratesobas, Tu ara garkveuli emocuri bmiT
arCeulTan? Tavis mxriv emociebis genealogia sinTe-
zia grZnobadi organoebidan miRebuli impulsebisa da
am impulsebis wminda racionaluri gadamuSavebisa. ra-
cionaluri gadaazreba Sedegia mizezisa, romelsac
grZnobadi organo iwvevs, Tumca am mizezis pirveloba
ar iZleva imis safuZvels, rom upiratesad CavTvaloT,
vinaidan esaa imgvari mizezi, romelic egzistencias Se-
degis dadgomis gareSe ver SeiZens. amitom, TviTSemec-
nebisken mswrafveli adamianis mizania maqsimalurad
daaxlovos erTmaneTTan, harmoniaSi moiyvanos Seg-
rZnobili da gaazrebuli, vinaidan cnobierSi am oris
mijnaze arsebuli damoukidebeli `mdgeneli~ midreki-
lia isini konformistul urTierTSeTanxmebaSi moiyva-
nos, es ori mijna mudmiv dialeqtikaSia erTmaneTTan,
maTi radikaluri gansxvavebuloba qmnis cvalebadobis
impulss, imasac rac azri ganviTarebisken, progresis-
ken miyavs, am dialeqtikur procesSi azri TavisTavadi
elementebs iRebs da ixsnis, moxsnils Tavis TavSi ito-
vebs da xelaxal antonims amave procesSi rTavs, am pro-
cesze uaris Tqma damRupvelia moazrovne adamianisaT-
vis. swored isaa cnobierebis Semecnebis gzaze mavali
adamianis mTavari misia, rom ar misces `mdgenels~ gau-
azrebeli, yalbi balansis damyarebis saSualeba, esaa
mTlianad arseboba, samaradJamo sakiTxi...
446
Nikoloz Mekvabishvili – Student of Free University of Tbilisi, Bussiness —
School, First Course.
Eternal issue
ABSTRACT
In this article, some of philosophical ideas and movements are

briefly discussed, connected with each other in particular ways and
concentrated on problem of acknowledging objective sense.
Thoughts of different philosophers are emphasized and combined in
relation with the subject of essence of consciousness. Contrast of
different thoughts are shown, developing throughout history and the
most important moments are briefly rewied.
447
nikoloz meqvabiSvili — Tavisufali universitetis baka-
lavriatis programis studenti. dainteresebulia filoso-
fiuri problemebiT.
hegeli cnebis Sesaxeb
Cvens mier ganxiluli iqneba cnebis, rogorc fi-

losofiuri Semecnebis iaraRis, bunebis rigi maxasia-
Teblebi, iseve, rogorc es gvxvdeba hegelis filoso-
fiur mecnierebaTa enciklopediis pirvel nawilSi —
`logikis mecnierebaSi~. `logikis mecniereba~ Tavis
mxriv dayofilia sam ganyofilebad: `moZRvreba arsis
Sesaxeb~, `moZRvreba arsebis Sesaxeb~ da `moZRvreba
cnebis Sesaxeb~. teqsti Seexeba mesame nawils, sadac he-
geli ganmartavs cnebis, rogorc saerTod obieqturi
idealizmis amosavali wertilis, bunebas.
cnebis gansazRvreba spekulatur logikaSi
`cnebis Tvalsazrisi saerTod absoluturi idea-

lizmis Tvalsazrisia, da filosofia aris cnebebis sa-
SualebiT Semecneba~1. yvelaferi is, rac gansjiT (aras-
pekulatur) SemecnebaSi miiCneva TavisTavad da damou-
kideblad arsebulad, spekulatur logikaSi ganxilu-
lia cnebis, rogorc mTelis, Semadgenel idealur mo-
mentad. gansjiTi logika cnebas ganixilavs, rogorc
zogad warmodgenas, romelic warmomdgaria raime sag-
nis/movlenis Sesaxeb dafiqrebisgan. aqedan gamomdina-
reobs Sexeduleba, rom TiTqos cneba carielia, ab-
straqtulia da ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi konkretuloba.
1
hegeli, ,,logikis mecniereba~, §160.
448
Sinaarsis da formis dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT, he-
gelis filosofiaSi cneba aris usasrulo, Semoqmede-
biTi forma, romelic Seicavs yovelgvar Sinaarss da
amave dros awarmoebs mas. da vinaidan, forma da Sinaar-
si erTi mTelis momentebi arian, erTmaneTSi gadadian
(dialeqtikuri gadasvla) da Seicaven erTmaneTs mox-
snili saxiT, da cneba aris mTelis gansazRvruloba,
cneba Tavis Tavidan awarmoebs Tavis Tavs. zemoT ga-
moTqmuli gansjiTi logikis Sexedulebis sapirispi-
rod cnebis konkretulobis Sesaxeb, unda iTqvas, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom cneba, konkretulobis uSualod
aRqmadobisa da grZnobiTi Semecnebis kriteriumis sa-
fuZvelze damyarebuli gagebiT, ar gveZleva uSualo-
baSi, igi (cneba) konkretulia imdenad, ramdenadac Ta-
vis TavSi Seicavs arsisa da arsebis erTianobas. cnebis
gansjiTi gageba Tavis TavTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis,
vinaidan imas, rasac ubralod zogad warmodgenas eZa-
xis (cnebas), iyenebs fundamentad, romelzec agebs sa-
kuTar principebs, romelsac afuZvnebs empiriul mo-
cemulobebSi. magaliTad, sakuTrebis Sesaxeb ufleba-
kanonebis gansazRvrebaTa gamoyvana sakuTrebis cnebi-
dan da piriqiT. amiT isini scnoben, rom cneba aris ara
uSinaarso da carieli, aramed konkretuli.
cnebis uzogadesi buneba
cnebis winsvla aris winsvla ara dialeqtikuri ga-

dasvliT sxvaSi, aramed Tavis Tavis ganviTareba Tavi-
sive TaviT. cneba aris absoluti, vinaidan misi winsvla
aRaraa misi, rogorc mTelis, Semadgeneli momentis —
arsis gadasvla sxvaSi. cnebis ganviTareba aris mxolod
dadgineba imisi, rac cnebaSi iyo Tavdapirvelad da ga-
uSualeblad. dialeqtikuri procesi exeba ara cnebas
TavisTavad, aramed mimdinareobs mis momentebSi. sxvaSi
449
gadasvla dialeqtikuri uaryofis safuZvelze mimdi-
nareobs arsSi, arsis Cena, sxvaSi refleqtirebis dia-
leqtikuri procesi mimdinareobs arsebaSi. cneba aris
absoluturi totaloba, ramdenadac misi momentebis,
arsebis da arsis dialeqtikuri gadasvlebis farglebi
Tavidanve dadginilia cnebaSi. cneba Tavisufalia,
radgan winsvlisTvis ar saWiroebs raime sxvas, cnebis
moZraobaSi dadgindeba araferi garda imisa, rac cne-
baSi ukve arsebobda TavisTavad. bunebaSi cnebis Sesa-
bamis safexurad gvevlineba organuli sicocxle. he-
gels amis magaliTad mcenare mohyavs. igivea adamianic.
adamianis Canasaxi Tavis TavSi ukve moicavs imas, rasac
Semdgari, zrdasruli adamiani warmoadgens. Canasaxis
cnebaSi TavisTavad arsebobs yvelaferi rac adamians
gaaCnia, Tumca ara materialurad, aramed idealuri sa-
xiT. xolo es idealuri potenciali cnebis moZraobis
pararelurad gadadis materialur xorcSesxmaSi, cne-
ba daidgens sakuTar Tavs da yalibdeba zrdasruli
adamiani.
cnebis Sesaxeb subieqturi msjelobis problema
gansjiTi cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT formaluri

logikisTvis azrovnebis formebi mxolod carieli
formebia, romelic mis WeSmaritebas idasturebs mis-
Tvis mxolod Sinaarsis miniWebiT. msjeloba logikis
formebs iyenebs rogorc uzogades kategoriebs, rome-
lic amowmebs Sinaarsobriv siswores da ar amaxvilebs
yuradRebas Tavad formebis rolze WeSmaritebis nam-
dvilobaSi. `namdvilad ki isini, rogorc cnebis forme-
bi, piriqiT, namdvilis cocxali sulia, xolo namdvil-
Si WeSmaritia mxolod is, rac WeSmaritia am formebis
450
ZaliT, maTi saSualebiT da maTSi.~1 logikis forma da
Sinaarsi erTi mTelis nawilebi arian, romelic Tana-
barzomierad iZlevian WeSmaritebas maT erTobaSi. gar-
da amisa, gansjiT logikaSi, msjeloba cnebaze mimdina-
reobs rogorc subieqtisaTvis predikatis miwera.
TiTqosda subieqts gare SemakavSirebeli usadagebs
predikats da or erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad myof
raimes azrovnebis ZaliT aerTebs. sinamdvileSi, wina-
dadebaSi `subieqti aris predikati~, makavSirebeli
àris~ TavisTavad moicavs subieqtSi predikatis Tavis
TavTan igiveobas. subieqti, predikati da gansazRvru-
li Sinaarsi msjelobis mier dadgenilni arian, rogorc
erTmaneTis mimarT damoukidebeli, erTmaneTisgan ga-
TiSulni. magram cnebis mixedviT, isini erTmaneTis igi-
vurni arian. ès vardi aris wiTeli~: vardis cnebaSi Ta-
visTavad Zevs wiTeli, msjeloba ki am analizurad ga-
moyvanils xSirad asaRebs sinTezur SeerTebad: vardis
cnebas TavisTavadobaSi calke usadagebs wiTlis cne-
bas. realurad, sagnebisaTvis predikatebis miwera ar
xdeba Cveni subieqturi moqmedebiT, aramed Cven sagnebs
ubralod ganvixilavT maTi cnebiT dadgenil gansaz-
RvrulobiT obieqturobaSi.
pirobiTi siswore da cnebiTi WeSmariteba
yofiT, uSualo aRqmadobaSi xSiria aRreva ori

gansxvavebuli mocemulobisa, romlebicaa siswore da
WeSmariteba da miaCniaT isini TanabarmniSvnelovnad.
marTalia raime WeSmariti Tavis TavSi moicavs am rai-
mis siswores, TumcaRa spekulatur logikaSi arsebobs
faqtori, romelic konkretul siswores akldeba im pi-
robebSi, romelTa meoxebiTac igi unda amaRldes WeS-
1
hegeli, ,,logikis mecniereba~, §162.
451
maritebis safexuramde. aRniSnuli faqtori aris ur-
TierTmimarTeba subieqtsa da predikats Soris, rome-
lic unda iyos igivuri urTierTmimarTebisa realoba-
sa da cnebas Soris — vinaidan WeSmariteba aris konkre-
tuli movlenisa an sagnis Tanxmoba Tavis cnebasTan,
radgan cnebaa fenomenis realurad arsobrivi wyaro,
romelic Tavis Tavidan awarmoebs Tavis Tavs. uSualod
aRqmadi siswore ubralo formaluri Tanxmobaa war-
modgenisa SinaarsTan. magaliTad, àdamiani avadaa~, mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom Sinaarsi sworia, es Sinaarsi araa
WeSmariti, vinaidan avadmyofoba ar modis TanxmobaSi
sicocxlis cnebasTan. hegelis filosofiaSi, WeSmari-
ti aris mxolod is, romelic garda uSualo Sinaarsob-
rivi sisworisa, cnebis donezea Tavisi Tavis igivuri.
Nikoloz Mekvabishvili – Student of Free University of Tbilisi,

Bussiness — School, First Course.
HEGEL’S DOCTRINE OF THE CONCEPT
ABSTRACT
In this article, the topic of review is the concept, as it is

discussed in Hegel’s Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences,
part one, `The Science of Logic~ is divided into three parts: The
doctrine of being, the doctrine of essence and the doctrine of the
concept. This article discusses the third part of the book, where
Hegel writes about the concept, as a main tool for philosophical
thinking.
452
gamosaTxovari
FAREWELL
emanuil dvaliSvili
(1927-2020)
2020 wlis oqtomberSi gar-

daicvala saqarTvelos filoso-
fiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
akademikosi, cnobili eqimi, mec-
nieri, pedagogi da moazrovne
emanuil dvaliSvili.
emanuil dvaliSvili 1927
wels vanis raionis sofel su-
lorSi daibada. 1953 wels daam-
Tvara Tbilisis saxelmwifo sa-
medicino instituti. wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda
medicinis Teoriul da praqtikul sakiTxebze, ikvlev-
da medicinis filosofiur problemebs. medicina, misi
azriT, samyaros universaluri kanonzomierebis cod-
nas unda emyarebodes, sxvagvarad misi ganviTarebis
uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia. man Seiswavla agreTve
bioenergoinformaciis marTvisa da TviTmarTvis ka-
nonzomierebani da asabuTebda biologiurisa da soci-
aluris erTianobas adamianis organizmSi, rac safuZ-
vlad unda daedos samedicino dargSi praqtikul
moRvaweobas. garegan samyaros, romlis Semadgenel
nawils adamianis organizmi warmoadgens, arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs pirovnebis TaviseburebaTa Camoya-
libebis procesSi, romelic gansakuTrebiT socialur
sferoSi gamovlindeba. biologiuri da socialuri
Taviseburebebis urTierTkavSiri ganapirobebs indi-
vidis evoluciis process. amasTanave, misi azriT, bi-
ologiuri procesebis urTierTganpirobebuloba so-
cialuri kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi safuZveli unda
gaxdes, rac sazogadoebis fsiqofizikuri janmrTe-
454
lobis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. misi Teoru-
li kvlevisa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis ZiriTad sfe-
ros mainc medicina warmoadgenda. am mimarTulebiT
mas gamoqveynebuli aqvs mravali naSromi qarTulsa
da rusul enebze. misi mtkicebiT, azrovnebs yvela
cocxali arseba: adamiani, cxoveli, mcenare, virusic
ki. am yvelafris harmonia sicocxlis unikaluri Tvise-
baa. igi iyo samedicino dargis organizatori da, same-
dicino TvalsazrisiT, gamokvlevis mravali axali me-
Todis damnergavi likanis (borjomis) misdami daqvem-
debarebul sanatoriumSi. iyo medicinis mecnierebaTa
doqtori (1983), profesori (1986).
`likanel mindias~ (rogorc mas megobrebi moixse-
nieben) uyvarda poezia, musika, filosofia, saerTod
xelovneba. uSualo iyo adamianebTan urTierTobaSi:
iqneba es axloblebi, naTesavebi, kolegebi Tu pacien-
tebi.
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akdemiis
garda igi iyo: niu-iorkis mecnierebaTa akademiis nam-
dvili wevri, moskovis mediko-teqnikuri akademiis nam-
dvili wevri. dajildoebuli iyo ruseTis mediko-teq-
nikuri akademiis umaRlesi jildoTi — oqris medliT.
gaxldaT borjomis sapatio moqalaqe.
saqarTvelos filosfiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
prezidiumi da mTeli misi Semadgenloba did mwuxare-
bas gamoTqvams Tavisi erT-erTi TvalsaCino wevris
gardacvalebis gamo.
saqarTvelos filosfiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis prezidiumi
455
sarCevi
mTavari redaqtoris winasityvaoba ............................... 3
nawili pirveli
saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis
cnobari ..................................................................... 9
nawili meore
filosofiuri Ziebani
ontologia, gnoseologia
zurab xasaia — ekzistencialis cneba da

`heraklites ena~ ..................................................... 16
eTeri ormocaZe — aristoteles relativizmi ......... 36
mecnierebis filosofia
ramaz gaxokiZe — musika, rogorc kulturuli
fenomeni .................................................................... 45
sociologia da socialuri fsiqologia
kaxa qecbaia — ganaTlebis momavali XXI saukuneSi —

`Txevadi ganaTleba~ .............................................. 76
amiran berZeniSvili — georg zimeli — didi
qalaqis, rogorc obieqturi kulturis
zrdis da individualuri kulturis
Semcirebis `namdvili arenis~ Sesaxeb............... 96
manana gagoSiZe — maqs veberis ekonomikuri
koncefciis mniSvnelovani detalebis
Sesaxeb........................................................................ 114
fiqria didebaSvili — `socialuri arsebis~ bedi
`cifrul epoqaSi~ (socialuri jgufidan
`klasteramde~) .......................................................... 122
456
lia metreveli — distanciuri ganaTleba, rogorc
swavlebis erT-erTi meTodi ................................ 139
irma Somaxia — bulingis gamovlenis saxeebi.............. 147
irma Cartia — Zaladobis prevencia da
sazogadoebis CarTuloba .................................... 154
Tamar silagava — arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis
Sesaxeb........................................................................ 161
naTia maisuraZe — socialurad daucvel da SSm
pirTa ganaTleba saqarTveloSi ......................... 167
miranda borcvaZe — qalTa uflebebis qronikebi
saqarTveloSi .......................................................... 178
levan leveraSvili — meritokratiuli
organizacia ............................................................. 186
baqar liparteliani — saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
sistema da eTnikur umciresobaTa
integraciis sakiTxebi .......................................... 195
politikis filosofia
guram abesaZe — dominanti instituciuri

aqtorebi qarTul politikaSi da
demokratiis stabiluroba .................................. 210
nodar abesaZe — erovnuli identoba da
Tanamedrove qarTuli politikur-
kulturuli sivrcis demokratiuli
tranzicia ................................................................. 220
religiis filosofia da religiaTmcodneoba
kaxa qecbaia — marTlmadideblobis socialuri

habitusis calkeuli Taviseburebebis
Sesaxeb .......................................................................... 230
maia kiknaZe — religiuri rwmenis zogierTi
paradigma .................................................................. 247
457
manana CiteiSvili — poliTeistur religiaTa
xelovnebis filosofiuri safuZvlebi............ 258
kulturis filosofia
manana gagoSiZe — kulturis filosofiuri

aspeqtebis gaazreba erovnul msofl-
xedvasTan mimarTebaSi .......................................... 268
vaJa SatberaSvili — kulturis politikis
filosofiis arsi da morfologiuri
mdgenelebi ............................................................... 275
esTetika
marine lomiZe — oTar WilaZis dialogebis

gaazrebis sakiTxisaTvis ...................................... 301
nana guliaSvili — zogierTi paraleli: arCil
jorjaZe — konstantine kapaneli ....................... 317
eTika
mixeil xalvaSi — zneobrivi qcevis kanonzomieri

Sedegebis Sesaxeb .................................................... 330
badri forCxiZe — bedisweris amaoeba Tu amaoebis
bediswera? ................................................................... 346
Teimuraz faCulia — Tavisufleba da eTika .............. 368
qarTuli da ucxouri filosofiis istoria
arsen burjaliani, lia metreveli — iuridiuli

sociologiis da filosofiis Sesaxeb .............. 386
izolda buxuleiSvili, maia geliaSvili — nicSe
da sabWoTa saqarTvelo ........................................ 397
458
filosofiuri anTropologia
irakli gogiCaZe — anTroposis bedkrulobis

obieqturoba da metafizikis Zireuli
sakiTxi ....................................................................... 408
studenturi Ziebani
nikoloz meqvabiSvili — samaradJamo sakiTxi .......... 441

nikoloz meqvabiSvili — hegeli cnebis Sesaxeb ...... 448
gamosaTxovari
emanuil dvaliSvili ....................................................... 454
459
CONTENTS
Preface – Irakli Kalandia............................................................ 3

FIRST PART
Reference Book of the Academy of PhilosophicalSciences of
Georgia ............................................................................ 13
SECOND PART
PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ONTOLOGY, GNOSEOLOGY
Zurab Khasaia — The concept of èxistential~ and the
`language of Heraclitus~................................................ 35
Eter Ormocadze — Aristotle’s Relativism ................................. 43
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Ramaz Gakhokidze — Music as a Cultural Phenomenon ........... 74
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Kakha Ketsbaia – The future of education in the 21st century –
`liquid education~ ......................................................... 95
Amiran berdzenishvili – Georg Simmel on metropolis as a
`proper arena~ of growth of objective culture and
regression of individual culture ....................................... 112
Manana Gagoshidze – About the important economic
concepts of Marc Weber .................................................. 121
Piqria Didebashvili — The fate of social beings in the digital
age (From social group to cluster) ................................... 138
Lia Metrevli — Distance learning, as one of the methods of
teaching ........................................................................... 146
Irma Shomakhia — Types of bullying detection ......................... 159
460
Irma Shartia – Violence Prevention and Community
Involvement ..................................................................... 153
Tamar Silagava – On juvenile delinquency ................................ 165
Natia Maisuradze — Education of socially disadvantaged
individuals and people with disabilities in Georgia......... 177
Miranda Borcvadze — The chronicles of women’s rights
in Georgia ........................................................................ 185
Levan Leverashvili — Meritocratic organization ........................ 194
Bakhar Liparteliani — ............................................................. 208
PHILOSOPHY OF POLITICS
Guram Abesadze — Dominant institutional actors in Georgian
politics and the stability of democracy ............................ 219
Nodar Abesadze – National identity and the democratic
transition of the modern Georgian political-cultural
space ................................................................................ 228
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES
Kakha Ketsbaia – On some peculiarities of social habitus of

orthodoxy......................................................................... 246
Maia Kiknadze — Some Paradigms of Religious belief .............. 257
Manana Chiteishvili – Philosophical foundacions of the Art of
Philosopic Religions ....................................................... 265
PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE
Manana Gagoshidze – Understanding the philosophical aspects

of culture in relation to the national worldview .............. 274
Vazha Shatberashvili — Philosophy of Cultural Policy — Its
Essence and Morphological Elements ............................. 298
461
AESTHETICS
Marine Lomidze – The Analysis of Otar Chiladze’s
Dialogues ......................................................................... 315
Nana Guliashvili – Some parallels: Archil Jorjadze —
Konstantine Kapaneli ...................................................... 327
ETHICS
Mikheil Khalvashi – About the regular rezalts of Moral
behavior .......................................................................... 345
Badri Porchkidze – The Vanity of Destiny or Destiny
of Vanity? ........................................................................ 366
Teimurax Pashulia — Freedom and Ethics ................................. 384
GEORGIAN AND FOREIGN HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Arsen Burdjaliani, Lia Metrevli — On Legal Sociology and
Philosophy ....................................................................... 396
Izolda Bukhuleishvili, Maia Geliashvili — Nietzsche and
Soviet Georgia ................................................................. 405
PHILOSOPHYCAL ANTROPLOGY
Irakli Gogichadze – Objectivity of Anthropos misfortune
and the fundamental issue of metaphysics ...................... 438
STUDENTS’ INVESTIGATIONS
Nikoloz Mekvabishvili — Eternal issue ....................................... 447
Nikoloz Mekvabishvili — Hegel’s doctrine of the concept.......... 452
FAREWELL
Emanule Dvalishvili ................................................................... 454
462
avtorTa sayuradRebod!
1. `filosofiur ZiebanSi~ ibeWdeba mxolod mecnieruli ga-

mokvlevis Sedegebi, originaluri Sinaarsis mqone stati-
ebi, romlebic warmoadgens mecnierulad dasabuTebul
siaxles qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi. popularu-
li, ganmanaTlebluri xasiaTis statiebi dasabeWdad ar
miiReba.
2. aucilebelia statiis warmodgena eleqtronul format-
Si da miTiTebul el.fostaze gamogzavna.
3. statiis moculoba ar unda aRematebodes or Tabaxs {80
000 sastambo niSani}.
4. `filosofiuri Ziebani~ sameurneo angariSze ibeWdeba;
statiis avtori ixdis dabeWdvis Rirebulebas. Tu sare-
daqcio kolegia statias ar miiRebs, maSin Tanxa avtors
daubrundeba statiasTan erTad.
5. stamburi wesiT awyobil statiaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis
cvlilebebis Setana miuRebelia.
6. statias Tan unda axldes avtoris mokle biografiuli
cnobebi araumetes naxevari gverdisa (qarTul da ingli-
sur enebze).
7. statias agreTve Tan unda axldes reziume ucxo {sasur-
velia inglisur} enaze daaxloebiT 1600 sastambo niSnis
{krebulis erTi gverdi} moculobiT, romelSic naCvene-
bi iqneba gamokvlevis Sedegebi.
8. literatura erTvis bolos, teqstSi miTiTebuli cifre-
bis mixedviT.
9. statiis warmodgenis bolo vadaa 25 dekemberi. am vadis
gasvlis Semdeg statia ar miiReba.
10. statia gamogzavnili {an motanili} unda iyos akademiis
prezidentis, vice-prezidentis an akademikosi-mdivnis
saxelze.
`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ saredaqcio kolegia
tel: 595-79-56-56,
599-39-31-07
el/fosta: ketsbaiak@mail.ru
kalandiai@mail.ru
463
gamomcemloba ùniversali~
Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias №4. : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal505@ymail.com; gamomcemlobauniversali@gmail.com
464

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saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

ACADEMY OF PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES OF GEORGIA

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

`filosofiuri Ziebanis~ ocdamexuTe krebuli tradici-

mTavari redaqtori: irakli kalandia

recenzentebi: anzor bregaZe,

saredaqcio kolegia EDITORIAL BOARD

lit. redaqtorebi: marine ambokaZe LIt. Editor – Marine Ambokadze

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2019

21-e saukuneSi, rodesac xdeba politikis, ekono-

1. prezidenti — irakli kalandia

1. PRESIDENT — KALANDIA IRAKLI

ekzistencialis cneba da `heraklites ena~

miuxedavad filosofiuri azrovnebis Tavbrudam-

ai aqedan unda SevxedoT dekartis debulebis

heraklite da parmenide erT droSi, magram antiu-

THE CONCEPT OF `EXISTENTIAL~ AND THE

The main subject of philosophy is existence (to be).

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

mravali saukunis manZilze — antikuri epoqidan

1. avaliani s. bunebismecnierebis filosofia, Tb; 1974

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

musika rogorc kulturuli fenomeni

`musikas SeuZlia garkveuli zegavle-

musika zneobrivi kanonia. igi samya-

uZvelesi droidan aris cnobili, rom musikaluri

MUSIC AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON

Music exerts a powerful influence on human beings. We have

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL

ganaTlebis momavali XXI saukuneSi —

ganaTlebis sociologiis leqciebs daskvnis sa-

`futurSoki~ (1971w.), `mesame talRa~ (1980 w.) da `Zalaufle-

uwyobs xels inovaciur garemos Seqmnas. adhokrati lideri

THE FUTURE OF EDUCATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY –

In the article the future of education is discussed against the

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

georg zimeli — didi qalaqis, rogorc

zimelis istoriuli da filosofiuri sociolo-

rogorc vxedavT, zimelma didi qalaqis cxovrebis

1. Георг Зиммель. Избранное. Том 1. Философия культуры –

GEORG SIMMEL ON METROPOLIS AS A

G. Simmel was one of the first sociologists who in his essay

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriisa da perio-

1. biblia, Tb., 1989;

ABOUT THE IMPORTANT ECONOMIC CONCEPTS OF

By the Veber, Capitalism was born from Moral orders, which

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

`socialuri arsebis~ bedi `cifrul epoqaSi~

sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs adamiani, romelic ar

1. georg zimelis sociologia: socialuri geometria

THE FATE OF SOCIAL BEINGS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

There is no human in society, who is not or was not involved

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

distanciuri ganaTleba, rogorc swavlebis

distanciuri swavleba axal pedagogiur teqnolo-

1. CaCaniZe g., sarTania v., internet-ganaTlebis teqno-

DISTANCE LEARNING, AS ONE OF THE METHODS OF

Based on the studying and analyzing modern and current

warmoadgina saqarTvelos filosofiur mecniereba-

bulingis gamovlenis saxeebi

termini `bulingi~ inglisuri sityvaa (bully — moZa-