prof.

tariel futkaraZe

Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis brunvebi 1

(manqanuri Targmanis programisaTvis)

qarTul samwignobro enaSi, zogadad, qarTvelur enobriv sivrceSi

kargadaa Camoyalibebuli brunvis kategoria 2. qarTuli enis brunvebi didi
xania aris mecnierTa kvlevis obieqti, miuxedavad amisa, specielistebi
dRemde ver SeTanxmebulan iseT ZiriTad sakiTxze, rogoricaa: "brunvaTa
raodenoba qarTulSi". azrTa sxvadasxvaobas qmnis brunvis cnebis
gansxvavebuli gaazrebani, diaqroniuli da sinqroniuli faqtebis
gaudiferencirebuli analizi da sxva faqtorebi.
mag., Sdr., brunvaTa ganmartebani:
anton kaTalikosi: "brunva aris cvaleba mimoxriTi sxvisa da sxvisa mimarT
mdgmoebisa erTisa da misive saxelisa”; e.i. brunva aris saxelis erTisa da imave fuZis
sxvadasxvanairad mimoxriTi cvla.
a. SaniZe: brunva aris gramatikuli kategoria, romelic aerTianebs bgeriTi
Sedgenilobisa da funqciis mixedviT gansxvavebul saxelur formebs.
arn. Ciqobava: brunva gabmul metyvelebaSi saxels akavSirebs saxelTan an
zmnasTan (saTanado Sinaarsis gadmosacemad).
v.Tofuria: brunva aris saxelis forma, romelic miiReba misi sxva sityvebTan
sintaqsuri urTierTobis Sedegad 3...
ZiriTadad, sakamaToa wodebiTi da e.w. adgilobiTi brunvebis sakiTxi.
wodebiTi brunva qarTulSi Semoitana anton kaTalikosma. mas brunvad
Tvlidnen sxva Zveli gramatikosebic. pirvelad arn. Ciqobavam Seitana eWvi
wodebiTis arsebobaSi. amis Semdeg qarTul lingvistikaSi erTmaneTs
daupirispirda mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ori Tvalsazrisi:

1 naSromis mokle varianti saTauriT: "bruneba, rogorc saxelis formaTwarmoebis erT-

erTi aspeqti (saxelis sinTezisa da analizis formalizebuli modelebisaTvis)" daibeWda
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arn. Ciqobavas saxlobis enaTmecnierebis institutisa
da zugdidis damoukidebeli universitetis erTobliv saiubileo krebulSi, romelic
mieZRvna giorgi rogavas; Tb., 1997, gv. 157-170; gamomcemloba "qarTuli ena”.
2 morfologiuri kategoriaa brunva da ara - bruneba.
3 msjelobisaTvis ix.: SaniZe, 1980, 34; Ciqobava, 1952, 267; naida, 1949, 32; esperseni, 1958,
214; kuriloviCi, 1958, 214; bondarko, 1976...

1
 zogi mkvlevari wodebiTs brunvad miiCnevs, zogi - ara; kerZod:
arn.Ciqobavasa da v.Tofurias msjelobis momxreni wodebiTs brunvad ar
miiCneven, radganac, maTi azriT, es forma ver amyarebs sintaqsur kavSirs
zmnasTan da brunvis niSanic axali warmoSobisaa - Sorisdebulidanaa
miRebuli 4. wodebiTs damoukidebel brunvad ar miiCnevs g. nebieriZec. misi
azriT, igi unda iyos brunvaTa sistemaSi, magram saxelobiTTan erTad,
radgan wodebiTi saxelobiTis "funqciuri variantia" (aqve aRsaniSnavia,
rom g.nebieriZe moTxrobiTsac saxelobiTis variantad miiCnevs da ara
damoukidebel brunvad).
a.SaniZes wodebiTi Seaqvs brunvaTa paradigmaSi, magram mas boloSi
aTavsebs. mis azrs iziareben: l.kvaWaZe, al.oniani, T.uTurgaiZe, l.nozaZe...
samecniero literaturaSi diskusiis sagania e.w. Tandebulian brunvaTa
sakiTxic. jer kidev m. brosem Tandebulian formebs rTuli brunvebi
uwoda da gamoyo lokaluri anu adgilobiTi brunvebi (bagasa-Sina, bagasa-
zeda). m. brosesa da zogi sxva Zveli gramatikosis kvalad, ZiriTad
brunvaTa gverdiT, a.SaniZec gamoyofs ramdenime lokalur brunvas.
dRes roca aqtualuria manqanuri Targmanis kompiuteruli programis
Seqmna, didi mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli enis saxelis formebis logikuri
paradigmis agebas sinqroniuli monacemebis mixedviT (brunvis formaTa
Camoyalibebis gzis kvleva sainteresoa enobrivi movlenebis ganviTarebis
istoriiis TvalsazrisiT) 5.
kompiuteruli modelireba gulisxmobs iseTi konceptualuri modelis
winaswar Seqmnas, enobriv monacemTa mimarT iseTi formalizebuli wesebis
Camoyalibebas, romlebic ugamonaklisod ganmartaven leqsikur fondebSi
registrirebul sityva-formebs da SeZlebisdagvarad iwinaswarmetyveleben
virtualur enobriv erTeulebsac (kvaracxelia, CxaiZe, 1996, 30) da

4 Sdr.: svanur da zog sxva qarTul kiloebSic mimarTvis dros dResac o Sorisdebuli
gamoiyeneba: o, RerbeT (o, RmerTo).
5 fomalizebuli wesebis Camoyalibeba unda efuZnebodes myar logikur Teoriul
debulebebsa da enis sinqroniul monacemebs; istoriuli (diaqroniuli) aspeqti
informaciis saxiT unda Sevides TiToeuli morfologiuri elementis `pasportSi".

2
romlebic maqsimaluri sizustiT da naklebi operaciebiT SeZleben enobriv
formaTa sinTezsa da analizs.
warmodgenil statiaSi Cveni mizania saxelTa brunebis amsaxveli iseTi
normalizebuli wesebis SemuSaveba, romlebic martivad da zustad
moaxdenen Tanamedrove qarTuli enis saxelis sityvaformaTa sinTezsa da
analizs.
meti sicxadisaTvis, postulatebis saxiT warmovadgenT Cveni Semdgomi
msjelobisaTvis amosaval debulebebs:
1. gramatikuli kategoria aris urTierTdapirispirebul gramatikul
formaTa sistema. erTgvarovani gramatikuli kategoriis aucilebeli niSania
mniSvnelobisa da formis erTianoba, rogorc bilateraluri enobrivi
niSnisa; sxvanairad Tu vityviT: Tuki urTierTdapirispirebul gramatikul
mniSvnelobaTa ganyenebuli erToba simetriuladaa asaxuli erTi sityvis
formaTa rigiT, saqme gvaqvs gramatikul kategoriasTan (morfemaSi formisa
da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve benvenisti, 1974, 136; jorbenaZe, 1980,
92; oniani, 1989, 40 da sxva).
2. brunva aris morfologiuri kategoria, romelic sxvadasxva gramaTa
saSualebiT asaxavs sagnis (movlenis) mimarTebas sxva saganTan (movlenasTan),
an raime moqmedebasTan: mimarTeba SeiZleba iyos sintaqsuri an semantikuri
(posesiuri, lokaluri); sxvanairad: brunva iseTi morfologiuri
kategoriaa, romelic gramatikul da semantikur mimarTebebs gamoxatavs
(nebieriZe, 1991, 186).
3. konkretuli brunva (gramema) aris morfologiuri yalibi,
romelic konteqstis mixedviT gamoxatavs konkretul sintaqsur Tu
semantikur funqcias;
sxvanairad: brunva aris saxelis myari formawarmoebiTi yalibi (fuZe
+ brunv. niSani), romelsac erTi lqsikuri erTeulis farglebSi aqvs
sintaqsur da semantikur funqciaTa sakuTari speqtri.
Sdr. iarceva, 1991: `Конкретный падеж представляет собой специфическое для
данного языка соответствие между набором синтаксич. (или семантич.) функций
существительного и набором морфологич. показателей;". Sdr. Smidtis (1960)

3
ganmarteba: "bruneba ewodeba gramatikuli formis cvlilebis sistemas
nominaciur sazRvrebSi"... Sdr. vinogradovi (1972, 139): `Падеж - это форма

имени, выражающая его отношение к другим словам в речи".

4. morfemis zusti ganmarteba SeuZlebelia (glisoni, 1959, 93);
kvlevis am etapze Cven safuZvlad viRebT h. glisonis Sexedulebebis
safuZvelze SemuSavebul Semdeg ganmartebas: morfema aris mniSvnelobis
mqone iseTi umciresi morfologiuri elementi (erTeuli), romlis
Semdgomi danawevrebiT Zireulad Seicvleba (daiSleba) misi
mniSvneloba (Sdr. iarceva, 1991). formis mixedviT morfema aris martivi
(-ma, -s, -iT, -o...) da rTuli 6 anu Sedgenili; Tu gramatikul
mniSvnelobasac gaviTvaliswinebT, sasurvelia gairCes Sedgenili morfema
da rTuli morfema:
Sedgenilia morfema, Tuki misi elementebi avtonomiurad inarCuneben
sakuTar semebs, magram maTi erTianoba qmnis Tvisobrivad axal gramatikul
mniSvnelobas (-iviT, T-idan, -isTvis...);
rTulia morfema, Tuki mis elementTagan erT-erTs dakarguli aqvs
semantika (-nar-, -evin-, -ebin-...) 7.
Semdgomi msjelobis gasaadvileblad zogadi StrixebiT kidev erTxel
SevexebiT zmnisarTTa, TandebulTa da formamawarmoebel afiqsTa gamijvnis
sakiTxs (vrclad ix. futkaraZe, 1986):
Cveni azriT, samecniero literaturaSi Tandebulebis saxeliT
(b.jorbenaZis mixedviT - `Tandebuli-morfemoidi" - jorbenaZe, kobaiZe,
beriZe, 1988) cnobili elementebi aerTianebs Tvisobrivad (rangobrivad)
gansxvavebul sam jgufs:
a) morfema, romelic msazRvrelis gareSec gvxvdeba winadadebaSi,
Tandebulad ver CaiTvleba; Sdr.:

6
`rTuli morfemis" Sesaxeb ix. kuriloviCi, 1962, 180; Sdr. esperseni, 1958, gv. 214.
7
T. uTurgaiZis azriT, funqciadakarguli sufiqsi fuZeSi gadairicxeba (uTurgaiZe, 1983,
1-8); Cveni azriT, funqciadakarguli sufiqsi erwymis misive msgavs axal sufiqss
(dawvrilebiT ix. futkaraZe, 1986, 138); Serwymis Sedegia analogiac: mag. gurulSi -neb-
(danebi, Zmanebi) analogiiT gadadis nasesxeb sityvebSic: badiS-neb-i, angeloz-nebi... -n
fuZeSi rom iyos Sesuli, am tipis magaliTebi ar gveqneboda... asevea kauzativis niSnebic

4
 saxlTan axlos dgas; axlos dgas;
saxlis win midis; win midis...
vfiqrob, am tipis SesityvebaSic "axlos", "win" formebi ufro
damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebia, vidre - leqsikuri semantikis
armqone Tandebulebi. ramdenadac, "zmnisarTi" SezRudulad
brunvacvalebadi saxelia (jorbenaZe, 1995, 24), ufro logikuria, saxlis
win tipis wyvili sintqatur wyvilad - msazRvrel-sazRvrulad ganvixiloT
da ara - Tandebulian saxelad. Sdr.: Tandebulebs ara aqvs
sityvawarmoebis unari, dasaxelebul sityva-formebs ki aqvT: win, winidan,
winamde (saxli - saxlidan - saxlamde...) 8;
b) morfema, romelmac dakarga damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvneloba,
formaTwarmoebis unari, ar dasturdeba arsebiTi saxelis gareSe, magram
SenarCunebuli aqvs sakuTari maxvili, misaCnevia sakuTriv Tandebulad; mag.:
kacis mier gakeTda; mier" tipis morfemebi (garda, Sua, gamo...)
Tandebulebia.
g) morfema, romelmac dakarga damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvnelobac,
formawarmoebis unaric, maxvilic da sabolood miuerTda romelime erTi
brunvis niSans, CasaTvlelia formamawarmoebel afiqsad; mag., Sdr.:
”vfiqrob mSvenier qalze”; aq -ze elements ukve aRara aqvs leqsikuri
mniSvneloba - dakarguli aqvs zeda/zed formis semantika da faqtiurad,
micemiTis -s msgavsi funqciiT realizdeba.
-ze Tandebulian brunvis formas qarTulSi mravali funqcia
udasturdeba, kerZod: sintaqsuri: ubralo damateba, adgilis garemoeba,
miznis garemoeba, drois garemoeba, zomisa da odenobis garemoeba,
viTarebis garemoeba, gansazRvreba.
semantikurad ”-ze darTulma micemiTma" SeiZleba gamoxatos: interesi,
adresati, Tanaoba, daniSnuleba, instrumentalisi, msgavseba, miwevniToba,

da sxv. fuZeSi moiazreba, ZiriTadad, saderivacio afiqsebi (gul-ad-i, x-is, gul-iT-ad-i da

sxv.)...
8 ver gaviziarebT T. uTurgaiZis mosazrebas, rom win, winidan, winamde... sami sxvadasxva
damoukidebeli zmnisarTia.

5
gamosavlianoba, mimarTuleba, lokalizacia, adgilmyofoba sagnis zedapirze,
saganTan siaxlove, fardobiTi dro da sxva.
xSir SemTxvevaSi leqsikuri mniSvneloba sruliad nivelirebulia sxva
amgvar ”TandebulebTanac" (dawvrilebiT ix. futkaraZe, 1986).
vfiqrob, aSenebul-a (< aSenebul ars) tipis zmnaTa bolokiduri ”a"-s
msgavsad, -ze tipis morfemebi relatiur afiqsebad ufro CaiTvlebian,
vidre damxmare sityvebad (-iyo, -arian, -na zmnuri morfemebis Sesaxeb
msgavsi msjelobisaTis ix., foCxua, 1974, 130, Sdr. jorbenaZe, kobaiZe,
beriZe, 1988, 18, 45-46) 9.
brunvis niSani da masTan Serwymuli Tandebuli erTi mTlianobaa
mniSvnelobis aspeqtiTac: arc mxolod brunvis niSans da arc mxolod am
e.w. umaxvilo Tandebuls calcalke ar SeuZlia mag., daniSnulebis
gamoxatva, mag., kac-isTvis formaSi. Sesabamisad, Cven -isTvis segmentian
yalibs: fuZe+isTvis ganvixilavT rogorc damoukidebeli brunvis formas.
am brunvis formis ZiriTadi funqciaa daniSnulebis gamoxatva:
-is- warmoSobiT kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli afiqsi rom aris, xolo -
Tvis "Tavis"/Tavi saxelis istoriuli transformaciiT miRebuli, es xels
ver SegviSlis, rom sinqroniul doneze -isTvis erTiani morfema
daniSnulebis gamomxatav formaTmawarmoebel elementad CavTvaloT.
zogi mecnieri Tvlis, rom am rigis "Tandebulebs" SenarCunebuli aqvT
leqsikuri mniSvneloba, vinaidan, Tandebuli mTlian Sesityvebas aformebs
(cocaniZe, 1992, 191 da cocaniZe, 1982, 25); Sdr., a. onianis kritikuli
msjeloba: amgvar msjelobas Tu bolomde mivyvebiT, "maRali mTebiT"
SesityvebaSi -iT Tandebuli gamova (oniani, 1989, 76). g. cocaniZis azriT,
-idan, -ze tipis morfologiuri erTeulebi leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone
formebad unda miviCnioT imitomac, rom SesaZlebelia, mag, "-ken
Tandebulis mniSvneloba gadmoices `mxares" zmnisarTiT" (g.cocaniZe, 1992,
191).

9
Tu mxolod formaluri principidan amovalT, gveqneba ori jgufi: brunvis niSanTan
Serwymuli da calke mdgomi Tandebuli...

6
 vfiqrobT, brunvis niSanTan Serwymuli "Tandebulis" (agreTve, Cveni
terminologiiT, "sakuTriv Tandebulis”) "leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone
elementad" CaTvlisaTvis ver gamodgeba "avtonomiuri sityviT" misi
Canaclebis SesaZleblobis arseboba. brunvis martivi niSanic SeiZleba
Canacvldes; Sdr.: ded-isTvis//ded-isad//ded-iza; qalaq-s//qalaq-Si//qalaqis
mimarTulebiT... Tu rangobrivi dajgufebebis wess moviSveliebT,
aucileblad sxvadasxva rangSi moxvdeba, mag., Sdr: `Tan" da "erTad": kac-
Tan erTad mivdivarT; brunvis niSans Serwymuli Tandebuli (-Tan) da
cakle mdgom Tandebulad warmodgenili "zmnisarTi" aSkarad sxvadasxva
rangSia.
aqve aRvniSnavT imasac, rom morfemebis arsebuli klasifikaciis
wesebiT, brunvis niSans Serwymuli Tandebulebi ver ganixileba verc
leqsikur morfemebad, verc saderivacio morfemebad da verc nawilakTa
msgavsad, damazustebel morfemebad (Sdr. jorbenaZe, 1995, 10): brunvis
niSani+"Tandebuli" erTianad amyareben sintaqsur Tu semantikur
mimarTebebs, amitomac maTi rogorc rTuli, Serwymuli morfemebis, adgili
isev da isev mimarTebiT afiqsebSia 10.
nawilakebis erTi jgufic (-c, -Ra, -ve) saxelis formas awarmoebs:
daerTvis brunvis formas, ara aqvs Tavisi maxvili, sityvaSi Seaqvs Tavisi
semantika... magram maT ara aqvT brunvaTa sistemaSi erTi myari adgili, ver
asaxaven mimarTebebs da rangiTac gansxvavdebian brunvis niSnebTan
Serwymuli Tandebulebisagan.
amgvarad, brunvis niSanTan Serwymulma Tandebulebma ganviTarebis
rTuli gza gaiares: zmnisarTi→ calke mdgomi Tandebuli (romelic jer

naTesaobiTi brunvis formas daerTvoda sazRvrulis saxiT)→ konkretuli

semantikis mqone morfema→ brunvis niSanTan Serwymuli morfologiuri

10
b.foCxua Soris, Sua, garda, gamo... damxmare sityvebisagan acalkevebs -ken, -Si, -Tvis,
-mdis, -ze... elementebs da maT morfemebad ganixilavs (e.w. funqcionaluri leqsikisa da
morfemebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb ix. foCxua, 1974, 127). zmniswinebi da -ken, -Si, -Tvis, -mdis,
-ze... elementebi da erTgvaradaa gansaxilveli: isini ar arian damoukidebeli
mniSvnelobis mqone leqsikuri erTeulebi, arc saderivacio morfemebi da arc
damazustebeli afiqsebi (nawilakebi); sinqroniul doneze maT aqvT formaTmawarmoebeli

7
elementi, romelsac garkveuli semantikuri informacia 11 aqvs, magram
konteqstis mixedviT sxva ganyenebuli mniSvnelobebic aRmoaCndeba; mag.,
`bunebaze Seyvareba" SesityvebaSi -ze mxolod gramatikuli mniSvnelobis
mqonea (dawvrilebiT ix. futkaraZe, 1986, 84-86, 108; Sdr. WaniSvili, 1981,
39; sagnobrivi mniSvnelobisagan `dacarielebis procesis" Sesaxeb ix.
foCxua, 1979, 128-129) 12.
e.w. lokaluri brunvebis niSanTa zmnisarTuli warmomavloba ucxo ar
aris arc sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTvis (ix. cercvaZe, 1965, 166).
yovelive zemoTqmuli, vfiqrobT, saSualebas iZleva, sinqroniul
doneze erTian, Serwymul (rTul) morfemebad gaviazroT ara mxolod
a.SaniZis mier lokalur brunvebad miCneuli formebis niSnebi (SaniZe, 1980,
73; oniani, 1989, 79; Sdr. Ciqobava, 1961, uTurgaiZe, 1979...), aramed
"brunvis niSanTan TandebulmierTebuli (enklitikuri) sxva formebic 13;
isini SeiZleba gavaerTianoT "rTuli brunvebis" saxeliT.
Sdr., martivi brunvebi:
fuZe+Ø/i 14: miwa, kaci;
fuZe+m/ma/n: miwa-m, kac-ma, vi-n/aman;
fuZe+s: miwa-s, kac-s;
fuZe+s(i)/is/ Ø: wyaro-si, kac-is, Cemi;
SeniSvna: ”uTandebulo" -is brunvis niSania mxolod e.w. genetikur zmnebTan
(ix. uTurgaiZe, 1986, 140; Sdr.: WaniSvili, 1984, 238; ix. agreTve, futkaraZe,
1986, 39)... Cem-Tvis formaSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis semantika `Cem"
15
fuZeSia moazrebuli .

elementisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani: forma, myari adgili sityvaSi da

gramatikuli Tu lokaluri (araleqsikuri) semantika.
11
morfemaTa semantikuri informaciulobis Sesaxeb ix. jorbenaZe, 1995, 18-19.
12
Sdr., zmniswinebi: aqvT konkretuli semantikac, magram mag., wera-dawera; wers-dawers
mimarTebebSi ukve SeZenili aqvT oden gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis unari.
13
Sdr. g.cocaniZis pozicia: igi -idan segments arc erTian rTul morfemad ganixilavs,
magram Tandebulad Tvlis. Cveni azriT, zmnisarTidan momdinare Tandebuli ar SeiZleba
saxelis fuZes uSualod erTvodes; -idan erTiani Serwymuli formaTmawarmoebeli
sufiqsia - brunvis niSania.
14
warmovadgenT mxolod saliteraturo qarTuli enis alomorfebs ("alomorfebs"
viyenebT i.naidas mixedviT. msjeloba ix. t.futkaraZe, 1986, 32).
15
samecniero literaturaSi warmodgenili msjelobis mixedviT (T.uTurgaiZe, 1886),
msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli naTesaobiTis yalibSi -is formanti sityvamawarmoebeli
sufiqsia da ara brunvis niSani; e.i. am SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTi brunvas ar warmoadgens;

8
 fuZe+Ti/iT: wyaroTi, kac-iT;
fuZe+d/ad: wyaro-d, kac-ad;
fuZe+ Ø/v/o: deda, miwa-v, kac-o.
Sdr.:
rTuli brunvebi:
myofobiTi: fuZe+sas/isas: margo-sas, mezobl-isas (dawvrilebiT ix.
futkaraZe, 1986, 63-64; ix. agreTve, jorbenaZe,
kobaiZe, beriZe, 1988, 246) Cem-sas 16 Sdr. misas;
daniSnulebiTi: fuZe+sad/isad/dami: wyaro-sad, kaci-sad; Cem-dami;
fuZe+s(a)Tvis/is(a)Tvis/Tvis 17: wyaro-sTvis, kaci-sTvis,
Cem-Tvis.
msgavsebiTi: fuZe+saviT/iviT: miwa-saviT, Cem-saviT, kac-iviT; aqve SeiZleba
ganvixiloT fuZe+ebr/isebr (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis
ix. futkaraZe, 1986, 93);
sazedao: fuZe+ze/sze: kac-ze, mas-ze;
saSidao: fuZe+Si/sSi: saxl-Si, ma-sSi;
TanaobiTi: fuZe+sTan/Tan: deda-sTan, kac-Tan mas-Tan 18, Cem-Tan;
mimarTulebiTi: fuZe+s(a)ken/is(a)ken: Cem-sken 19, kac-isken;
TanabrobiTi: fuZe+isTana/Tana: kac-isTana, Cem-isTana (Sdr., dialeqturi
CemTana~);

marTlac, naTesaobiTi brunvis gamoyofis safuZveli gvaqvs mxolod TandebulTa win (kacis
mier, kacisken...) da "ZaRls eSinia kacisa" tipis SesityvebaSi, xolo fuZe-is tipis yalibi
warmoqmnis zedsarTavs. Tvisobrivad amave rigisaa fuZe+Tana da fuZe+Tanave (drois
"zmnisarTis" warmomqmneli) yalibebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo or SemTxvevaSic
sagnobrivi mimarTeba icvleba, tradiciuli naTesaobiTi formis msgavsad, am etapze maT
mainc brunvebis rigSi SemovitanT.
16
Cem-sas formaSi -sas analogiTaa gadmosuli arsebiTi saxelebidan.
17
sad/isad/dami/Tvis/isTvis/Tvis/iza/izda... elementebis alomorfebad miCneva SesaZlebelia
morfemaTa identifikaciis wesebidan gamomdinare: `ori elementi erTi morfemis
alomorfebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive maTgani
erTnair mimarTebaSi imyofeba Sinaarsis struqturis erTsa da imave wertilTan"
(glisoni, 1954, 124, oniani, 1989, 46). alomorfebad CaTvlisken isic gvibiZgebs, rom
qarTuli enis Tanamedrove qvesistemebSi ukve romelime maTgania gabatonebuli.
18
Sdr.: masze, masSi, masTan da miwaze, miwaSi, miwasTan/miwaTan... nacvalsaxelis `s"
garkveulwilad fuZis struqturis SenarCunebasac unda apirobebdes: aseT SemTxvevaSi
gaWirdeba -sze, -sSi, -sTan alomorfebis gamoyofa; Sdr. damoukideblad arsad dasturdeba
fuZe: "ma-" fuZe (!): man, mas, mis.

9
 TanamdeviTi: fuZe+isTanave: Wam-isTanave (sawyisis brunva);
dawyebiTi: fuZe+dan/idan: wyaro-dan, saxli-dan (Sdr. Cem-gan da
dialeqturi Cem-idan);
TanxlebiTi: fuZe+(Ti)TurT/iTurT: sandroTiTurT/sandroTurT,
kaciTurT 20;
miwevniTi: fuZe+mde/amde: wyaro-mde, saxl-amde, Cem-amde;
Tanamedrove qarTuli enis saxelis brunebis modelireba gacilebiT
martivad (naklebi operaciebiT) da zustad SeiZleba warmodgenili
yalibebis mixedviT, vidre tradiciuli Sexedulebebis safuZvelzea
SesaZlebeli; TandebulTa istoria, Tandebulisa da brunvis niSanTa
mimarTebis rTuli meqanizmi bevrad gaadidebs kompiuterisaTvis
dasamuSavebel wesebs da manqanas gauzrdis operaciebis raodenobas.
dasaxelebuli brunvebi garkveuli pirobiTobiT SeiZleba daiyos srul da
periferiul (i.iakobsoni), an abstraqtul da konkretul (e.kuriloviCi)
brunvebad, magram vinaidan qarTulSi principulad ver gaimijneba
aqtantebisa da garemoebis brunvebi, aseT dayofas arsebiT mniSvnelobas ar
vaniWebT 21.
Cveni azriT, ara mxolod kompiuteri, aramed qarTuli enis
Semswavleli ucxoelic da Tundac qarTveli mowafec warmodgenili
yalibebiT ufro martivad iswavlis Tanamedrove samwignobro qarTuls,
vidre e.w. Tandebulebisa da brunvis niSnebis rTuli urTierTobis
istoriis gaazrebiT. brunvis martivi da rTuli niSnebis warmomavloba
codnis SeZenis ufro maRal safexurze (magistraturaSi, doqtoranturaSi)
unda miewodos dainteresebul pirs.
gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev ramdenime garemoeba:

19
-sken, -mde erTian formantebad rom aris enaSi gaazrebuli, Cans iqidanac, rom Cem-
fuZesTan analogiTaa gadmosuli: Sdr. agreTve: mSia - mSiasaviT da sxv.
20 kvlevis am etapze am zog sxva brunvasac pirobiTad gamovyofT; sakiTxi sistemur
analizs saWiroebs.
21
brunvaTa rTuli sistema damaxasiaTebelia kavkasiuri enebisTvisac; ix. magaliTad,
deSerievi, 1963, 415-449.

10
 1. lokalur da posesiur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli msgavsi
warmomavlobis brunvebi ara mxolod qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi,
aramed sxva iberiul-kavkasiur da indoevropul enebSic gamoiyofa;
2. yvela enaSi brunvaTa saxelwodebani ZiriTadad semantikuri
motivaciebidan momdinareobs da ara sintaqsuridan; e.i. faqtobrivad,
brunva yvela SemTxvevaSi miCneulia sintaqsur-semantikur monacemad;
3. Tu Tanamedrove qarTulSi warmoSobiT nawevars - man elements -
moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnad vTvliT (Tanamedrove qarTulSi is ukve
brunvis niSnadaa Camoyalibebuli), warmoSobiT `Tandebuloba" Tu
zmnisarToba ratom uSlis xels -ze, -Si, -mden, -dan... elementebis brunvis
niSnebad miCnevas? sinqroniul doneze segmentaciis dros gaumarTlebelia
istoriul faqtebze operireba (Sdr. uTurgaiZe, 1979, 118-122); brunvaTa
SemTxvevaSic ufro logikuria Sedgenil morfemaTa erTian odenobad
gaazreba; miT umetes, qarTulSi gvaqvs sxva msgavsi aRnagobis morfemebic (-
nar-, -neb-... morfemebis sesaxeb ix.: futkaraZe, 1986);
4. brunvis niSani + "Tandebuli" qarTulad metyvelisTvis erTian
morfemad romaa gaazrebuli, Cans analogiiTac; Sdr.: mSia - mSia-saviT; Cem-
- Cem-amde; aq-idan, aq-amde... Sdr.: aWaruli: ig-ze, iq-Si... veravin ityvis,
rom am tipis masalaSi -s an -a daerTvis fuZes da Semdeg Tandebuli;
5. brunvis niSani + "Tandebuli" erTiani morfema rom aris, Cans
mocemul segmentSi ganxorcielebuli fonetikuri procesis xasiaTiTac:
Cveulebriv, morfemaTa zRvarze izRudeba fonetikuri procesebi; Cvens
SemTxvevaSi, naTesaobiTi brunvis enklitikebis gamoklebiT (gasagebi
mizezebis gamo) fonetikuri procesebi imgvaradve xdeba, rogorc erTi
morfemis farglebSi: d+mde→ mde, T+gan→dgan→dan (Sdr. uTurgaiZe, 1979,
116-124).
6. e.w. Tandebulian brunvebSi brunvis niSani aramdgradia:
fuZeukumSvel saxelebTan an saerTod aRar Cans brunvisniSniseuli
elementi, an kargavs Tavis Tvisebebs: wyaro-mde, wayro-dan; kac-iviT... e.w.
iribi brunvis povnierebaze migviTiTebs mxolod msazRvreli nacvalsaxeli:
am wyaromde, am kaciviT.

11
 7. rTuli brunvebi ara mxolod garemoebebad, aramed aqtantebadac
gvevlinebian ("siyvarulze saubrobs"), Sesabamisad, maTi brunvaTa rigidan
gamoricxva "mkacri" stratifikaciuli midgomis SemTxvevaSic ki
SeuZlebelia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom meTodologiuradac SeuZlebelia yvela
garemoeba (pavlemde, margomde, petredan...) zmnisarTad CavTvaloT (Sdr.
uTurgaiZe, 1984, 91-92) 22. Cemi azriT, "petremde" tipis formebi
paradigmidan amovardnili ar aris; Sdr., "dRe" saxelis paradigmidan
amovardnilia zmnisarTi dRes: dRes Camovida da dRes Rame uTenebia;
zmnisarTs Tavisi paradgma aqvs: dRes, dReidan, dRemde (jorbenaZe, 1995,
46).
vfiqrob, manqanuri TargmanisaTvis formalizebuli wesebis SemuSavebas
STambeWdavad gaaadvilebs saxelis formaTwarmoebis procesisadmi Cveneuli
midgoma; kerZod, mag., Caiwereba Semdegi wesi:
qarTulSi daniSnuleba gamoixateba:
a) Tanxmovanze an kvecad xmovanze damTavrebuli sityvis SemTxvevaSi -
fuZe+isTvis yalibiT (gaiTvaliswineba kumSvis niuansic);
b) ukvecel xmovanze daboloebuli sityvis SemTxvevaSi fuZe+sTvis
yalibiT;
g) I da II piris nacvalsaxelTan: fuZe+Tvis yalibiT da a.S.

bevri sxva enisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTulSi saxelTa brunebis erTi

tipi gvaqvs, magram specialistebi am erTi tipis farglebSi ganarCeven
brunebis ramdenime saxeobas; kerZod:
a. SaniZe gamoyofs brunebis sam saxeobas:
1. TanxmovanfuZiani saxelebi;
2. xmovanfuZiani kvecadi saxelebi;
3. fuZeukveceli saxelebi.
TanxmovanfuZian saxelebSi yvela brunvis niSani srulia (saxl-i, saxl-
ma, saxl-s, saxl-is, saxl-iT, saxl-ad, saxl-o).

22aseve ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac dRes, kargad tipis gaqvavebul
formebSi -s, -ad CaTvlilia brunvis moqmed niSnebad (gabunia, 1993).

12
 kvecad saxelebSi mokvecili an arasrulia (Zma, Zma-m, Zma-s, Zm-is, Zm-iT,
Zma-d, Zma-o).
fuZeukveceli saxelebis brunebisas icvleba brunvis niSani
naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi: ezo-s-i, ezo-T-i.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelTa brunebis tipebis a.SaniZiseuli klasifikacia
indoevropuli enebis mixedviTaa SemuSavebuli, magram am enebisTvis aseTi
klasifikaciis safuZvelia sqesis kategoria, rac qarTulSi ar gvaqvs.
amdenad, es dayofa TavisTavad logikurad sworia, magram ar aris
qarTulisaTvis adekvaturi.
arn. CiqobavasTvis amosavalia fuZesa da brunvis niSanSi momxdari
cvlilebebi; amis mixedviT igi ganasxvavebs saxelTa brunebis sam tips:
1. ukumSveli saxelebi;
2. kumSvadi da kvecadi saxelebi;
3. ukveceli saxelebi.
TanxmovanfuZian ukumSvel saxelebSi arc brunvis niSani iwvevs
cvlilebas fuZeSi da arc fuZis daboloeba moqmedebs brunvis niSanze
(saxl-i, saxl-ma..).
meore tipis anu kumSvad da kvecad saxelebSi xmovniT dawyebuli
brunvis niSani iwvevs cvlilebas fuZeSi (megobr-is, megobr-iT, megobr-ad;
mT-is, mT-iT; kld-is, kld-iT).
mesame tipis saxelebSi fuZis bolokiduri xmovani moqmedebs brunvis
niSanze, ikveceba brunvis niSniseuli xmovani (wyaro-s-i, wyaro-T-i).
am kvalifikaciaSi winaaRmdegobrivia meore jgufis gamoyofa, vinaidan
kvecadi saxelebis saxelobiT, moTxrobiT brunvaTa niSnebi fuZis gavleniT
fonetikur cvlilebas ganicdian da am mxriv mesame tipis saxelebis jgufs
miekuTvnebian; amis gaTvaliswinebiT, v.Tofuria qarTul enaSi gamoyofs
saxelTa brunebis 4 ZiriTad saxeobas: ukumSveli, kumSvadi, ukveceli da
kvecadi.
b.jorbenaZe saxelTa brunebaSi ori morfologiur tips asaxelebs:
erTfuZians (1) da orfuZians (2): erTfuZianSi igulisxmeba sami qvetipi:
1.1. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT yvela brunvis forma (kaci, qali; siyvaruli,
bedniereba...);

13
 1.2. saxelebi, romelTac aqvT mxolod ori forma (-n da -T formantebiT nawarmoebi
mravlobiTis formebi: kac-n-i _ kac-T-a);
1.3. saxelebi, romelTac axasiaTebT nakluli bruneba: Sen, Tqven, Cven...
orfuZianSi warmodgenilia ori qvetipi:
2.1. saxelebi, romelTac saerTo forma aqvs saxelobiTis, moTxrobiTisa da
micemiTisaTvis, erTi mxriv, naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTisaTvis, meore mxriv: me, Cem-ze
(Cem-Tan, Cem-Si), Cem- (TandebulebiT), Cem-iT;
2.2. saxelebi, romelTac gansxvavebuli fuZeebi aqvT saxelobiTsa da yvela sxva
brunvaSi (is, es, igi...).
Cemi azriT, brunebis Taviseburebis mixedviT qarTul enaSi saxelTa
(arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, ricxviTi saxeli,
zmnisarTi) ramdenime jgufi unda gamoiyos:
I. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTSi dairTavs -i-s; brunebisas arc
saxelis fuZe icvleba, arc brunvis niSani: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s, kac-is...
II. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiT brunvas aformebs -i; naTesaobiT,
moqmedebiT da viTarebiT brunvebSi fuZis bolo marcvlis Semqmneli a, e, o xmovnebi
ikumSeba: dedali, dedalma, dedals, dedlis...
III. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis forma ar dairTavs i-s
(fuZe boloxmovniania); moTxrobiT, naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT
brunvebSi brunvis niSani reducirebulia (ma→m, is→s; iT→T, ad→d, o→v): wyaro,
wyarom, wyaros...
IV. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi brunvis forma ar dairTavs
saxelobiTis i-s; brunebisas brunvis niSani ikveceba moqmedebiT, viTarebiT da wodebiT
brunvebSi, xolo fuZe ikveceba naTesaobiT da moqmedebiT brunvebSi: kibe, kibem, kibes,
kibis...
V. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma; saxelobiTi ar dairTavs brunvis niSans;
saxelobiT, moTxrobiT da wodebiT brunvebSi ikveceba brunvis niSani., naTesaobiT da
moqmedebiT brunvebSi fuZe kargavs or bolo xmovans: fanjara, fanjaram, fanjris...
VI. saxels aqvs yvela brunvis forma, magram naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT
brunvebSi uCveulo (/arqauli) formiT warmosdgeba: RmerTi - RvTis, ambavi - ambis, Rvino
- Rvinis...
VII. saxels ara aqvs yvela brunvis forma (SezRuduli brunebis saxelebi): Sen,
SeniT, Senamde; dRes, dReidan, dRemde; aq - aqedan - aqamde...
VIII. brunebisas saxeli avlens or fuZes: es - aman, amas; me - Cem-iT, Cem-Tvis...

samecniero literaturaSi qarTuli enis saxelis morfologiur

analizs araerTi naSromi mieZRvna, magram yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili

14
brunvaTa semantikuri mxare. am naklis Sevsebas warmoadgens b. jorbenaZis
naSromi “”brunvaTa semantikuri analizis principisaTvis qarTulSi”.
avtoris azriT, aucilebelia, gansxvavdes brunvaTa morfologiuri,
sintaqsuri da semantikuri aspeqtebi; mag., micemiTi brunva formis
mixedviT gulisxmobs fuZisa da -s niSnis erTianobas (qalaq-s), sintaqsurad
igi SeiZleba iyos iribi obieqti, pirdapiri obieqti, garemoeba;
semantikurad ki miuTiTebs adresatze (amxanags dauwera), samoqmedo sagans
(saxls iSenebs), moqmedebis iaraRs (CaquCs urtyams), mimarTulebas (qalaqs
miemgzavreba), miwevniTobas (qalaqs Cavida).

daskvnis nacvlad:
specialistTa Soris azrTa mkveTri sxvadasxvaobaa qarTuli enis
rogorc brunvaTa raodenobis, aseve brunebis qvetipebis Sesaxeb.
warmodgenil Tu sxva axal TvalsazrisTa Soris upiratesoba unda mieniWos
im konceptualur models, romlis mixedviTac daiwereba manqanuri
TargmanebisaTvis saWiro warmatebuli programa.

damowmebuli literatura

e. benvenisti, 1974 _ Э. Бенвенист, Общая лингвистика, М., 1974

bondarko, 1976 - А.О. Бондарько, Теория морфологической категории, Л.,
1976
gabunia, 1993 - k. gabunia, zmnisarTis warmoeba da funqciebi
qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., 1993
glisoni, 1959-Г. Глисон, Введение в дескриптивную лингвистику, М., 1959
deSerievi, 1963 - Ю.Д. Дешериев, Сравнительно-историческая грамматика
нахскиx языков. Грозный, 1963
esperseni, 1958 - О.Есперсен, Философия грамматики. М., 1958
vinogradovi, 1972 - В.В.Виноградов, Русский язык, М., 1072
iarceva, 1990 - Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (под ред.
В.Н.Ярцевой), М., 1990
kvaracxelia, CxaiZe, 1996 - g.kvaracxelia, l. CxaiZe, qarTuli enis
kompiuterizaciis amocanebi. modeli-96, Tb., 1996
kuriloviCi, 1958 - E. Курилович, Философия грамматики, М., 1958

15
kuriloviCi, 1962 - E. Курилович, Очерки по лингвистике (сборник статей),
М., 1962
naida, 1949 - И.Наида, морфология, М., 1949
nebieriZe, 1991 - g.nebieriZe, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1991
oniani, 1989 - a. oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1989
uTurgaiZe, 1979 - T. uTurgaiZe, Tandebulian saxelTa bruneba
qarTulSi, kreb. `arnold Ciqobavas", Tb., 1979
uTurgaiZe, 1983 - T. uTurgaiZe, saxelis fuZisaTvis qarTvelur
enebSi, saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1983
uTurgaiZe, 1986 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis
morfonologiuri analizi, Tb., 1986
foCxua, 1974 - b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia, Tb., 1974
futkaraZe, 1986 - t. futkaraZe, saxelis formawarmoebis
Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi.
sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis
xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1986.
futkaraZe, 1986 - t. futkaraZe, saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis
warmoeba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtTa mixedviT,
macne, enisa da literaturis sesia, 1986, #3
SaniZe, 1953 - a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb.,
1953
Smidti, 1960 - Wilhelm Schmidt, Deutsche Sprachkunele, Berlin, 1960
Ciqobava, 1961 - arn. Ciqobava, Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxisaTvis
qarTulSi: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, t. 2., Tb.,
1961
Ciqobava, 1952 - arn. Ciqobava, enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952
cercvaZe, 1965 - il. cercvaZe, andiuri ena, Tb., 1965
cocaniZe, 1982 - g. cocaniZe, `gan" Tandebuliani moqmedebiTis
sakiTxisaTvis Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi, qarTvelur
enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, 1982
cocaniZe, 1992 - g. cocaniZe, saleqsikono masalis SerCevis
principisaTvis erTenovani leqsikonis Sedgenisas, ike, XXXI, Tb.,
1992
WaniSvili, 1984 - Н.В. Чанишвили, Падеж и глагольные категории в
грузинском предложении, М., 1981
WaniSvili, 1984 - n. WaniSvili, qarTuli genitivis semantika: Tsu
samecniero krebuli, I, Tb., 1984
jorbenaZe, 1980 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da
funqciuri analizis principebi, Tb., 1980
jorbenaZe, kobaiZe, beriZe, 1988 - b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe,
qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni,
Tb., 1988
jorbenaZe, 1995 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli enis morflogia, Tb., 1995.

16
 Tariel Putkaradze
Case as one the aspects of noun formation
So-called local as well as other forms with a prepositional (enclited) case-marker are
considered in the paper to be fused (complex) morphemes. They can be united under the
name of "complex cases".

17