First Edition

"#$%&'( )*+#
,$&'(
Georgian Verbs
Comprehensive

Written by Liam Campbell

Edited by Revaz Shavladze
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f!t
 ,#$-./(
Table of Contents
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How to Use 3
The Georgian Alphabet 5
The Transliterated Alphabet 6
The Basics 7
Overview of Verb Types 10
Overview of Series and Screeves 12
Overview of Conjugations 20
Type One Conjugation Instructions 32
Type Two Conjugation Instructions 34
Type Three Conjugation Instructions 36
Type Four Conjugation Instructions 38
List of Verbs 40
Index of Verbs: Georgian 225
Index of Verbs: English 239
Appendix: Case Declensions, Postpositions 270
Objects Diagrams 274

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How to Use
In this book, each entry in the List of Verbs is in alphabetical
order by English infinitive, written in block capitals. Where
synonyms are applicable, these are listed next to the English
infinitive but not in block capitals. A full index of synonyms is at the
back of this book in the Index of Verbs: English section.
Following that is the Index of Verbs: Georgian section, showing
Georgian masdars / infinitives in alphabetical order.

While this book assumes that the reader already has some
understanding of Georgian, an overview of the Georgian verb
types, screeves and conjugations will be discussed. It is
recommended that this book be used in conjunction with the
partnering manual, Georgian Language Comprehensive. There
you will find more detailed explanations on Georgian verbs as well
as other grammar topics and vocabulary lists.

Prior to the List of Verbs are explanatory sections for:

Understanding Georgian Verb Types, i.e. Type 1, 2, 3, or 4; for
Understanding Georgian Verb Screeves, i.e. what each
Georgian verb screeve conveys; and for Understanding
Georgian Verb Conjugations, i.e. how to form each screeve. At
the end of the book, there is an Appendix, where you will find a
chart of case declensions, common postpositions, etc.

! 3!
In the List of Verbs, only the full versions of the Present screeve
(on the left) and Aorist screeve (on the right) are shown for each
entry. Because the other screeves can be derived predictably from
these two forms, only the affixes used are for other screeves are
provided. These affixes are listed in the normal subject pronoun
order (I, You, He/She/It, We, You, They). If the other screeve forms
are irregular, however, then the full versions are provided.

Next to the Georgian masdar / nominal form (similar to the idea of

an infinitive), in parentheses, is the verb type (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4). Note
that often a verb can be altered to conjugate in the style of another
verb type; however generally the type of the most typical usage for
the verb is given here. The preverb is indicated in the row marked
‘Fut’ (because the Future is formed generally by the prefixing of
this preverb). Where a verb can use multiple preverbs or there is a
Thematic Suffix (PFSF) alteration required, this will be indicated.
More information on conjugating verbs is provided in the following
sections.

Before we begin, the next pages give the Georgian alphabet and
corresponding transliteration (based on the 1981 “Romanization
System” from the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names
for British Official Use (PCGN).

! 4!
!"#$%&
'()*+,
-./012
3456789
:;<=>?@
! 5!
a b g d e v t’ i
k l m n o p zh
r s t u p’ k’ gh
q sh ch’ ts’ dz
ts ch kh j h
! 6!
The Basics
For those who wish to skip straight on to the List of Verbs, here are
the basics… As mentioned, the full forms of the Present screeve
are provided on the left; the Aorist (Past Simple) screeve forms
are on the right. To form the Future Simple screeve, add the ‘Fut’
affix to the beginning of the Present forms. To form the Imperfect,
add the appropriate affix from the row marked ‘Imp+Cond’ to the
end of the Present form. To form the Optative, replace the Aorist
endings (usually % / % / ! / %' / %' / %1) with the forms from the
row marked ‘Opt’. To form the Conditional, add the ‘Fut’ affix to
the beginning of the Present form plus add the ‘Imp+Cond’ affix to
the end. To form the Present Subjunctive, add an affix from the
row marked ‘Subj’ to the Present form. To form the Future
Subjunctive, add the ‘Fut’ affix to the beginning of the Present
form plus add the ‘Subj’ affix to the end.

Note that In some cases the Thematic Suffix (aka PFSF – Past
Future Stem Formant) will be different in the Future Tense. The
most common Thematic Suffixes are ‘-+’, ‘%"’, and ‘!&’. When the
Future requires a Thematic Suffix alteration, this will be indicated.

Furthermore, sometimes the verb root is different in the Present

and Future screeves. When this happens (you will know because
the full Future forms will be shown), use the Future forms as the

! 7!
basis for forming the Conditional and the Present as the basis for
forming the Imperect.

Also shown for most entries in the List of Verbs is the past
participle (indicated as ‘P.P.’). This is the adjectival form of the
verb. While it may be possible to derive a past participle from any
verb, obscure or otherwise unusual-sounding examples are not
provided here - and just because a past participle may sound fine
in English, its Georgian counterpart may not.

Finally, when using the personal pronouns (e.g. me, you, him, her,
it, us, you, them) as objects, the general procedure is to place an
affix between any Person Marker (and/or preverb) and the verb
root. A few verbs in this book are shown with a full complement of
Object Markers under the heading ‘Objects Diagram’. The usual
Direct Object Markers are as follows:

Direct Object Markers

Singular Plural
1st Pers (me) *- 1st Pers (us) 0/-
2nd Pers (you) 0- 2nd Pers (you) 0-
3rd Pers (him / 3rd Pers (them)
her / it)

! 8!
The usual Indirect Object Markers are as follows:

Indirect Object Markers

Singular Plural
1st Pers (to *(- 1st Pers (to us) 0/(-
me)
2nd Pers (to 0(- 2nd Pers (to 0-
you) you)
3rd Pers (to &- 3rd Pers (to &-
him / to her / to them)
it)

! 9!
Overview of Verb Types
In Georgian as in English, verbs are required to be conjugated in
order to convey different times (e.g. past, present, future) or
different subjects (e.g. I, you, he, we, they). The process of
conjugation involves changing the spelling of the verb variously. In
English for example one would conjugate the verb ‘to speak’ in the
Present as “I speak”, “you speak”, “he speaks”, etc. – here the ‘s’
on the latter form is added to convey that the subject is third
person singular. To use another English example… “I speak”, “I
spoke” – here the spelling is changed in the latter to indicate that
the action occurred in the past.

If you are familiar with French, you will be aware that there are
three main types of verbs, i.e. ‘ER’, ‘IR’ and ‘RE’ verbs, plus
irregulars. These types are based on how they are conjugated. In
Georgian there are four verb types (irregular verbs are scattered
within any of the four types). These types are differentiatable by
how they are conjugated but the primary division between types is
based on their function.

1. Type One verbs are transitive. They have a direct object,

i.e. someone or something that receives the action.

! 10!
 2. Type Two verbs are intransitive. There is no direct object.
They are often passive (e.g. “the game has started”, “the
house was built”). Many other Type Two verbs are verbs of
motion, e.g. ‘to go’ and ‘to run’ belong to this type.

3. Type Three verbs are medial. Many verbs that describe

weather, light, sound, work and play belong to this group.
Although mostly intransitive, a few do take a direct object.

4. Type Four verbs are indirect. Their most striking feature is

that they take the Dative/Accusative case for the subject
and the Nominative for the object. This is a reversal of the
normal subject-object case relationship used with the other
three verb types. In addition, word order when using a Type
Four verb is generally SVO (Subject -> Verb -> Object).
Verbs such as ‘to love’, ‘to like’, ‘to want’, and ‘to prefer’
belong to this type.

Note that often a verb can be changed from one type to another by
altering its conjugation pattern, thereby changing its function. This
is most common when changing transitive (Type One) verbs to the
passive voice (using Type Two).

! 11!
Overview of Series and Screeves
In English grammar we use the word tense to describe the time
(e.g. past, present, future) of a verb. In Georgian we refer to these
as screeves, based on the Georgian term ‘+<)0(&(’. The term
‘tense’ is not used for Georgian since each conjugation pattern
affects not only time but also mood and aspect.In Georgian there
are eleven screeves, but some are archaic or very infrequently
used. Only contemporary screeves are shown in this book
(although arguably the subjunctive, which is included here, is not
so commonly used).

Each screeve belongs to a series. There are three series of

Georgian Verbs. Each designates a particular type-case-screeve
paradigm, meaning that the cases used for the subject and object
nouns will vary depending on the series and the verb type. For
example, in the Present series for Type One verbs, the subject
goes into the Nominative case and the direct object goes into the
Dat/Acc case. In the Aorist series for Type One verbs, the subject
goes into the Ergative case and the direct object goes into the
Nominative case. Screeves of the third series are effectively
archaic so you need not worry about them here, although some
mention of the Pluperfect screeve will be provided because it is
used today with the verb ‘to be’ (‘7-4,!’).

! 12!
 Georgian Verb Paradigm
Series Subseries Screeve
Present Present Present
Imperfect (Past Continuous)
Present Subjunctive (Conjunctive)
Future Future Simple
Conditional
Future Subjunctive
Aorist Aorist (Past Simple)
Optative
Perfect Present Perfect (First Evidential)
Pluperfect (Second Evidential)
Perfect Subjunctive (Third Evidential)

Verb Type-Case-Screeve Paradigm

Type Type Type Type
One Two Three Four
Present Subject Nom Nom Nom Dat/Acc
Series
Object Dat/Acc -- Dat/Acc Nom

Aorist Subject Erg Nom Erg Dat/Acc

Series
Object Nom -- Nom Nom

! 13!
 THE PRESENT SERIES

1. The Present Screeve

The Present screeve encompasses what in English are separately

the Present Simple and Present Continuous tenses. Thus ‘+%
/*&1#23’ means ‘I work’ (simple) or ‘I am working’ (continuous).

2. The Imperfect Screeve

The Imperfect, also known in some languages as the Past

Continous, is designated for past actions that were ongoing,
continuous, habitual or not completed. Thus ‘+% /*&1#234(’
means ‘I was working’ or ‘I used to work’ or even ‘I worked’ (if
the sentence contains information showing it as habitual, e.g. ‘I
worked every day during the summer’).

3. The Future Simple Screeve

The Future Simple screeve (known forthwith as the Future

screeve) is used for actions that will occur in the future. Thus ‘+%
/(*&1#/.3’ means ‘I will work’.

4. The Conditional Screeve

The Conditional is used for potential or possible actions that are

contingent upon some other event. In English they are proceeded
! 14!
by the word ‘would’. Thus ‘+% /(*&1#/.34(’ means ‘I would
work’.

5. The Present Subjunctive Screeve

The Present Subjunctive does not relate so much to tense / time

but to mood. It refers to actions that are uncertain or hypothetical
and are often used in a clause preceeding another clause that
contains a verb in the Conditional screeve. Additionally, they are
typically preceded by the word ‘0-+’, in this case meaning ‘if’.
Thus ‘+% 0-+ 1!6!+-1 &*&1#234., >&!* 8%, (+38!&%"$(?’
means ‘If I were to work tonight, would you work tomorrow?’ In
contemporary usage, the Aorist or Optative is typically used
instead of the Present Subjunctive.

6. The Future Subjunctive Screeve

The Future Subjunctive is the same as the Present Subjunctive

except that it refers to potential / hypothetical actions in the more
distant future. When the Future Subjunctive is used, the verb in the
second clause will generally be in the Future rather than
Conditional screeve. Thus ‘+%0-+ 1!6!+-1 /(*&1#/2, >&!*
8%, (+38!&%"?’ means ‘If I will work tonight, will you work
tomorrow?’ Note that, as shown in the example, the Future
Subjunctive and Present Subjunctive are often translated in the
same way in English. Furthermore, it would be much more
! 15!
common to use the Present Subjunctive instead of the Future
Subjuctive, with roughly the same meaning conveyed. As
mentioned regarding the Present Subjunctive, however, neither
screeve is much used in everyday Georgian.

THE AORIST SERIES

7. The Aorist Screeve

The Aorist is known in English as the Past Simple tense, in French

as the Passé Composé, in Spanish as the Preterite. It refers to
completed actions in the past. Thus ‘+% /(*&1#/.’ means ‘I
worked’.

8. The Optative Screeve

The Optative has no direct equivalent in English nor in most other

Western languages. The Optative screeve is used to convey some
sense of modality such a desire, obligation, or possibility. If a verb
in the Optative is placed after a verb in the Present or Future
screeve, it will correspond roughly to the English infinitive (indeed
often the nominal form of a Georgian verb can be used in place of
the Optative). Thus ‘>&!* +% 3,$! /(*&1#/2’ means ‘I need to
work tomorrow’.

! 16!
Used alone (not directly following another verb) it can be found in
subordinate clauses introduced by the word ‘0-+’, which conveys
the modalities prescribed above. Thus ‘1!=(0-!, $2* *.
"%?('!$ /(*&1#/2’ means ‘It is necessary that I work
dilligently’.

The Optative is also used directly following the word ‘0-+’ to

mean ‘in order to’. Thus ‘+% .!0(A8(+(&$( &!0, $2*
/(,5#/'2’ means ‘I am going to Paris in order to work’.

Finally, the Optative is used in questions to convey the idea

“supposed to”. Thus ‘$6%1 +% /(*&1#/2?’ means ‘Am I
supposed to work today?’

THE PERFECT SERIES

9. The Present Perfect Screeve

The Present Perfect is not commonly used contemporarily. Instead

most prefer to use other “simpler” screeves to convey the same
idea. In English, it refers to past actions that are still ongoing, e.g.
“I have been working here for five years”, ‘I have been waiting
here for five hours’. Just use the Aorist and achieve the nuanced
meaning via context.

! 17!
10. The Pluperfect Screeve

The Pluperfect screeve is used to express completed past actions

that occurred before another stated past action. In English it is
formed using the Past Simple conjugation of ‘to have’ plus a verb
in the past participle, e.g. “I had worked”, “I had seen”, etc. For
example, an English sentence using the Pluperfect (with the
Pluperfect underlined) would be “I had seen the film already when
she invited me to the cinema”.

In contemporary Georgian it usually suffices to use the Aorist or

Imperfect screeves for this purpose, with the temporal condition
expressed using adverbs such as ‘already’ (‘3)&%’), ‘before’
(‘!$0%’), etc. Sometimes the Pluperfect can be used in place of
the Subjunctive screeves or Optative screeve when it is necessary
to highlight those verbs in the past.

However, the Pluperfect is used in contemporary Georgian with the

verb ‘to be’ (‘7-4,!’).

11. The Perfect Subjunctive Screeve

The Perfect Subjunctive is also not used in contemporary

Georgian. It refers to unlikely or hypothetical actions in the past
that have ongoing present consequences.

! 18!
Note that for brevity none of the forms of the Perfect Series
screeves will be provided in this book (apart from ‘7-4,!’ in the
Pluperfect). Due to their lack of contemporaneous usage, this
should hopefully be no great loss for readers.

! 19!
Overview of Conjugations
Conjugating verbs in Georgian involves adding markers. These are
letters or groups of letters that are prefixed (placed at the
beginning), suffixed (placed at the end), infixed (inserted within a
word) or circumfixed (some letters are placed at the beginning and
some at the end) to the verb root.

The first type of marker is a Person Marker, which indicates who is

performing the verb, i.e. first person, second person or third
person. Next is a Time & Number Marker (TN Marker). This
indicates the time of a verb, e.g. present, past, future, etc. and also
the number of the subject performing the verb, i.e. singular or
plural. In general the Person Markers do not change across
screeves, but the TN Markers do. Most markers may have some
variance however depending on verb type as well, with Type 4
verbs being most unlike the others.

In English and in many Western languages, the most basic form of

the verb is the infinitive. This is the form that you find in a
dictionary before any conjugations are made. In English, ‘to speak’
is the infinitive; in French this is ‘parler’. ‘He spoke’ is a conjugated
form derived from the infinitive. In Georgian there is no infinitive as
such. Instead the form most akin is called the masdar. It is also

! 20!
referred to as the nominal form because in essence this is a form
of a verb that can be used as a noun, kind of like a gerund.

Unfortunately, there is no way to predictably know how to

conjugate a verb based on the form of the masdar. Therefore, for
each verb it is necessary to learn the second person singular
Present screeve form, known henceforth as the neutral form.
Because this form bears no Person or TN Markers, the
conjugations for other persons and screeves can be derived more
or less systematically by adding markers. For Type Four verbs, the
second person is not strictly neutral (because it does bear
markers). For Type Four verbs, the third person singular Present
screeve form is the key form to remember, although it is not strictly
neutral either.

Note also that there the second person singular Present screeve
form of Type Two verbs is also not strictly neutral because there is
a TN Marker present. Therefore, in order to derive a “true” neutral
form, it is best to remove the final ‘(’ from the 2nd person singular
Present screeve form and then adapt the Markers for other
screeves and persons. In addition, Type Two verbs are also known
for having an infix ‘-(-’ or ‘-$-’ (or occasionally neither). When the
infix ‘-$-’ is prescribed, it is placed immediately before the
Thematic Suffix (usually ‘-%"’ for Type Two verbs). When the infix

! 21!
‘-(-‘ is prescribed, it is placed immediately before the verb root
(and after any Preverb or Person Marker).

In the below charts showing the Person and Time Markers, use the
neutral form as your starting point and then add the marker affixes
to form the other conjugations.

! 22!
Person Markers

The Person Markers are constant across screeves but vary

somewhat between verb types. Generally, the Person Markers for
Type 1, 2, and 3 verbs are the same and only exist for the first
person, for which they take the form of the prefix ‘&-’.

Note that although the –' suffix in the first and second person
plural forms are often considered by linguists to be part of the
Person Marker, I find it more helpful for consistency or conjugation
pattern to consider them as part of TN Markers.

Person Markers: Type 1, 2, 3

Singular Plural
1st Pers (+%) /- 1st Pers (9&%,) /-

2nd Pers (8%,) N/A 2nd Pers ('5&%,) N/A

3rd Pers ((1) N/A 3rd Pers ((1(,() N/A

! 23!
 Person Markers: Type 4
Singular Plural
st st
1 Pers (+%) *- 1 Pers 0/-
(9&%,)
2nd Pers (8%,) 0- 2nd Pers 0-
('5&%,)
3rd Pers (+!1) N/A* 3rd Pers N/A*
(+!')

* Note that for Type Four verbs there is sometimes no third person
Person Marker, but sometimes there is. When a Person Marker
exists, it is the same for singular and plural. Usually it will be ‘1-’ or
‘@-’. In the latter case, in modern spoken Georgian, the ‘@-’ is
almost always dropped (meaning there is essentially no Person
Marker), and sometimes it is also dropped in writing.

TN Markers

The TN Markers (Time and Number Markers) vary both across

screeves and verb types. In addition, there are sometimes
irregularities within some mostly-regular verbs. Any irregularities
are shown for each entry in the List of Verbs.
! 24!
 1. The Present Screeve

To form the Present screeve, use the neutral form, add the
Person Markers and then add the following Present Time
Markers. If the Thematic Suffix for Type One verbs is -(,
then the 3rd person plural time marker will be -(!,.

Present Screeve Time Markers

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
1st Pers S -( -!
2nd Pers S -( -!
3rd Pers S -1 -! -1 -!
1st Pers P -' -(' -' -!
2nd Pers P -' -(' -' -!'
3rd Pers P -%, -(!, -%, -!'

2. The Imperfect Screeve

To form the Imperfect screeve, use the neutral form

(second person singular Present screeve), add the Person
Markers and then suffix the following Imperfect Time
Markers.

! 25!
 Imperfect Screeve Time Markers
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
1st Pers S -$( --$( -$( --$!
2nd Pers S -$( --$( -$( --$!
3rd Pers S -$! --$! -$! --$!
1st Pers P -$(' --$(' -$(' --$!
2nd Pers P -$(' --$(' -$(' --$!'
3rd Pers P -$,%, --$,%, -$,%, --$!'

3. The Future Simple Screeve

To form the Future, use the neutral form, prefix it with a

preverb (shown in the charts as ‘Pv-'), follow that directly
with a Person Marker, and then add the Future suffix to the
end. For Type 1, 2, and 4 verbs, the preverb is derived from
the first few letters of the masdar before the root begins.
Sometimes other preverbs can be used to convey altered
meanings. Common preverbs are $!-, #!-, !-. 9!-, #!+--,
+--, +(-, <!-, etc.

For Type 3 verbs, the “preverb” (although not technically a

preverb) is usually always the letter ‘(’ but occasionally is
‘3’. Another anomaly of Type 3 verbs is that conjugation to
the Future screeve also requires a change to the Thematic
Suffix. For Type 3 verbs in the Future screeve, the

! 26!
 Thematic Suffix (usually --") must be dropped and then
replaced with -%".

Future Simple Screeve Time Markers

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
1st Pers S Pv- Pv- -( (- -!" Pv- -%"!
2nd Pers S Pv- Pv- -( (- -!" Pv- -%"!
rd
3 Pers S Pv- -1 Pv- -! (- -!"# Pv- -%"!
st
1 Pers P Pv- -' Pv- -(' (- -!"$ Pv- -%"!
2nd Pers P Pv- -' Pv- -(' (- -!"$ Pv- -%"!'
rd
3 Pers P Pv- -%, Pv- -(!, (- -!"!% Pv- -%"!'

4. The Conditional Screeve

The form of the Conditional is basically a combination of

the Imperfect and Future markers. Essentially, a preverb is
used as the prefix and the Imperfect Time Markers are
used as the suffix.

For Type Three verbs, the ‘--"’ PFSF will drop and you will
add ‘-%"’. The Person Markers are the same.

! 27!
 Conditional Screeve Time Markers
Type 1 Type 2
1st Pers S Pv- -$( Pv- --$(
2nd Pers S Pv- -$( Pv- --$(
3rd Pers S Pv- -$! Pv- --$!
1st Pers P Pv- -$(' Pv- --$('
2nd Pers P Pv- -$(' Pv- --$('
3rd Pers P Pv- -$,%, Pv- --$,%,
Type 3 Type 4
1st Pers S Pv- -%"$( Pv- --$!
2nd Pers S Pv- -%"$( Pv- --$!
3rd Pers S Pv- -%"$! Pv- --$!
1st Pers P Pv- -%"$(' Pv- --$!
2nd Pers P Pv- -%"$(' Pv- --$!'
3rd Pers P Pv- -%"$,%, Pv- --$!'

5. The Present Subjunctive Screeve

The Present Subjunctive is formed like the Imperfect,

except that the Time Markers are different.

! 28!
 Present Subjunctive Screeve Time Markers
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
1st Pers S -$% -$% -$% -$%1
nd
2 Pers S -$% -$% -$% -$%1
rd
3 Pers S -$%1 -$%1 -$%1 -$%1
st
1 Pers P -$%' -$%' -$%' -$%1
2nd Pers P -$%' -$%' -$%' -$%'
3rd Pers P -$,%, -$,%, -$,%, -$%'

6. The Future Subjunctive Screeve

The Future Subjunctive is formed like the Present

Subjunctive, except that a Preverb is also added. As per
usual with Type Three verbs, ‘--"’ will be removed and ‘-
%"’ will be added.

Future Subjunctive Screeve Time Markers

Type 1 Type 2
1st Pers S Pv- -$% Pv- -$%
2nd Pers S Pv- -$% Pv- -$%
rd
3 Pers S Pv- -$%1 Pv- -$%1
st
1 Pers P Pv- -$%' Pv- -$%'
2nd Pers P Pv- -$%' Pv- -$%'
rd
3 Pers P Pv- -$,%, Pv- -$,%,

! 29!
 Future Subjunctive Screeve Time Markers
Type 3 Type 4
1st Pers S Pv- -%"$% Pv- -$%1
2nd Pers S Pv- -%"$% Pv- -$%1
rd
3 Pers S Pv- -%"$! Pv- -$%1
st
1 Pers P Pv- -%"$(' Pv- -$%1
2nd Pers P Pv- -%"$(' Pv- -$%'
rd
3 Pers P Pv- -%"$,%, Pv- -$%'

7. The Aorist Screeve

The Aorist Screeve is formed first by adding a preverb, then

any applicable Person Marker, then the Thematic Suffix is
removed entirely, and then the Aorist Time Markers are
suffixed. Note that Type 4 verbs are often irregular in the
Aorist screeve. Often in fact the Imperfect forms are used
when no separate Aorist forms exist, or vice versa.

Aorist Screeve Time Markers

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
1st Pers S Pv- -% Pv- -( Pv- -% Pv- -!
2nd Pers S Pv- -% Pv- -( Pv- -% Pv- -!
3rd Pers S Pv- -! Pv- -! Pv- -! Pv- -!
1st Pers P Pv- -%' Pv- -(' Pv- -%' Pv- -!
2nd Pers P Pv- -%' Pv- -(' Pv- -%' Pv- -!'
3rd Pers P Pv- -%1 Pv- -,%, Pv- -%1 Pv- -!'

! 30!
 8. The Optative Screeve

The Optative Screeve is formed like the Aorist but with

different Time Markers.

Optative Screeve Time Markers

Type 1 Type 2* Type 3 Type 4
1st Pers S Pv- -- Pv- -% Pv- -- Pv- -%1
2nd Pers S Pv- -- Pv- -% Pv- -- Pv- -%1
3rd Pers S Pv- --1 Pv- -%1 Pv- --1 Pv- -%1
1st Pers P Pv- --' Pv- -%' Pv- --' Pv- -%1
2nd Pers P Pv- --' Pv- -%' Pv- --' Pv- -%'
3rd Pers P Pv- --, Pv- -,%, Pv- --, Pv- -%'

* Note that sometimes the Aorist Time Markers for Type

Two verbs are -% / -% / -! / -%' / -%' / -,%,. When this is
the case, the Optative Markers will be -- / -- / --1 / --' /
--' / --,.

! 31!
 Type ONE Verb Conjugation Instructions

Here is the type one verb ‘#!)%'%"!’ taken from the List of Verbs
section. The full forms of the Present screeve are shown on the left
and the full forms of the Aorist screeve are shown on the right.

to DO / to make / to fix / to prepare

0#6.%.3# (1)

+% &!)%'%" +% #!&!)%'%
8%, !)%'%" 8%, #!!)%'%
Present

Aorist
(1 !)%'%"1 +!, #!!)%'!
9&%, &!)%'%"' 9&%, #!&!)%'%'
'5&%, !)%'%"' '5&%, #!!)%'%'
(1(,( !)%'%"%, +!' #!!)%'%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!)%'%"3*(

To form the Future screeve, add ‘#!’ to the beginning of the

Present forms. To form the Imperfect, remove the final one or two
letters (after the Thematic Suffix) of the Present forms and add the
endings ‘$( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,’ to the ends of the Present
forms. To form the Conditional, add ‘#!’ to the beginning AND

remove the final one or two letters (after the Thematic Suffix) of the
Present forms and add the endings ‘$( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' /
$,%,’ to the ends of the Present forms. To form the Optative screeve,

! 32!
remove the final one or two letters from the Aorist forms and replace with
‘- / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,’. To form the Present Subjunctive screeve,
remove the final one or two letters (after the Thematic Suffix) from the

Present forms and add ‘$% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,’ to the
Present forms. This is how conjugation for Type One verbs works
throughout this book. Where there are irregularities, they are indicated.

For example, here are the derived forms for the first person singular using
this verb:

Present: +% &!)%'%" I make / I am making

Future: +% #!&!)%'%" I will make
Imperfect: +% &!)%'%"$( I was making
Conditional: +% #!&!)%'%"$( I would make
Aorist: +% #!&!)%'% I made
Optative: +% #!&!)%'- (e.g.) I am supposed to make
Subjunctive: +% &!)%'%"$% If I were to make

! 33!
 Type TWO Verb Conjugation Instructions

Here is the type two verb ‘#!"0!A%"!’ taken from the List of Verbs
section.

to get ANGRY
0#3$#).3# (2)

+% &"0!A$%"( +% #!&"0!A$(
8%, "0!A$%"( 8%, #!"0!A$(
Present

Aorist
(1 "0!A$%"! (1 #!"0!A$!
9&%, &"0!A$%"(' 9&%, #!&"0!A$('
'5&%, "0!A$%"(' '5&%, #!"0!A$('
(1(,( "0!A$%"(!, (1(,( #!"0!A$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: #!"0!A%"3*(

To form the Future screeve, add ‘#!’ to the beginning of the

Present forms. To form the Imperfect, remove the final one or two
letters (after the Thematic Suffix) from the Present forms and
replace with the endings ‘-$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' /
-$,%,’. To form the Conditional, add ‘#!’ to the beginning AND

remove the final one or two letters (after the Thematic Suffix) from
the Present forms and replace with the endings ‘-$( / -$( / -$!
/ -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,’. To form the Optative screeve, remove the
final one or two letters from the Aorist forms and replace with ‘% / % / %1 /
! 34!
%' / %' / ,%,’. To form the Present Subjunctive screeve, remove the

final one or two letters (after the Thematic Suffix) from the Present
forms and replace with the endings ‘-$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' /
-$%' / -$,%,’.

For example, here are the derived forms for the first person singular using
this verb:

Present: +% &"0!A$%"( I get angry / I am getting angry

Future: +% #!&"0!A$%"( I will get angry
Imperfect: +% &"0!A$%"-$( I was getting angry
Conditional: +% #!&"0!A$%"-$( I would get angry
Aorist: +% #!&"0!A$( I got angry
Optative: +% #!&"0!A$% I am supposed to get angry
Subjunctive: +% &"0!A$%"-$% If I were to get angry

! 35!
 Type THREE Verb Conjugation Instructions

Here is the type three verb ‘%=&(’ taken from the List of Verbs
section.

to DOUBT
.7/( (3)

+% &%=&-" +% &(%=&%
8%, %=&-" 8%, (%=&%
Present

Aorist
(1 %=&-"1 +!, (%=&!
9&%, &%=&-"' 9&%, &(%=&%'
'5&%, %=&-"' '5&%, (%=&%'
(1(,( %=&-"%, +!' (%=&%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!%=&%"3*(

To form the Future screeve, insert ‘(’ between the Person Marker
and the verb root of the Present forms AND change the Thematic
Suffix ‘-"’ to ‘%"’. To form the Imperfect, remove the final one or
two letters (after the Thematic Suffix) from the Present forms and
replace with the endings ‘$( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,’. To
form the Conditional, insert ‘(’ between the Person Marker and the

verb root of the Present forms AND change the Thematic Suffix
‘-"’ to ‘%"’ AND remove the final one or two letters (after the
Thematic Suffix) and replace with the endings ‘$( / $( / $! / $('

! 36!
/ $(' / $,%,’. To form the Optative screeve, remove the final one or
two letters from the Aorist forms and replace with ‘- / - / -1 / -' / -'
/ -,’. To form the Present Subjunctive screeve, remove the final one

or two letters (after the Thematic Suffix) from the Present forms
and replace with the endings ‘$% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,’.

For example, here are the derived forms for the first person singular using
this verb:

Present: +% &%=&-" I doubt / I am doubting

Future: +% &(%=&%" I will doubt
Imperfect: +% &%=&-"$( I was doubting
Conditional: +% &(%=&%"$( I would doubt
Aorist: +% &(%=&% I doubted
Optative: +% &(%=&- (e.g.) I am supposed to doubt
Subjunctive: +% &%=&-"$% If I were to doubt

! 37!
 Type FOUR Verb Conjugation Instructions

Many Type Four verbs are somewhat irregular, so the full forms
will be shown in this book. A more regular verb, outlined here, is
the verb ‘1(:>%’ taken from the List of Verbs section.

to be HOT
,(!8. (4)

+% +:>%*! +% $!+:>!
8%, #:>%*! 8%, $!#:>!
Present

Aorist
+!1 1:>%*! +!1 $!1:>!
9&%, #&:>%*! 9&%, $!#&:>!
'5&%, #:>%*!' '5&%, $!#:>!'
(1(,( 1:>%*!' +!' $!1:>!'

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'

To form the Future screeve, add the preverb ‘$!’ to the beginning
of the Present forms AND change the endings from ‘%*! / %*! /
%*! / %*!' / %*!'’ to ‘%"! / %"! / %"! / %"! / %"!' / %"!'’. To
form the Imperfect, remove the final one or two letters from the
Present forms and add ‘-$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' /
-$,%,’. To form the Conditional, add the preverb ‘$!’ to the

beginning of the Present forms AND change the endings from

‘%*! / %*! / %*! / %*!' / %*!'’ to ‘%"-$( / %"-$( / %"-$! /

! 38!
%"-$(' / %"-$(' / %"-$,%,’. To form the Optative screeve,
remove the final one or two letters from the Aorist forms and replace with
‘%1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'’. To form the Present Subjunctive screeve,
remove the final one or two letters from the Present forms and
replace with the endings ‘-$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' /
-$%'’. Note that often it makes more sense to use the Aorist instead of
the Imperfect with Type Four verbs.

For example, here are the derived forms for the first person singular using
this verb:

Present: +% +:>%*! I am hot

Future: +% $!+:>%"! I will be hot
Imperfect: +% +:>%*-$( I was hot
Conditional: +% $!+:>%*%"-$( I would doubt
Aorist: +% $!+:>! I was hot
Optative: +% $!+:>%1 (e.g.) I am supposed to be hot
Subjunctive: +% +:>%*-$%1 If I were to be hot

! 39!
 )*+.3(, ,(#
List of Verbs
!

! 40!
 to be ABLE / “can”
1.(9'.3# (4)

+% 8%+(;*(! +% 8%+%;*-
8%, 8%#(;*(! 8%, 8%#%;*-
Present

Aorist
+!1 8%3;*(! +!1 8%%;*-
9&%, 8%#&(;*(! 9&%, 8%#&%;*-
'5&%, 8%#(;*(!' '5&%, 8%#%;*-'
+!' 8%3;*(!' +!' 8%%;*-'

+% 8%+%;*%"!
Future

8%, 8%#%;*%"!
+!1 8%%;*%"!
9&%, 8%#&%;*%"!
'5&%, 8%#%;*%"!'
+!' 8%%;*%"!'

Cond: 8%&;*%"$( / 8%;*%"$( / 8%;*%"$! /

8%&;*%"$(' / 8%;*%"$(' / 8%;*%"$,%,
Opt: -1 / -1 / -1 / -1 / -' / -'
Subj: 8%&;*%"$%1 / 8%;*%"$%1 / 8%;*%"$%1 /
8%&;*%"$%1 / 8%;*%"$%' / 8%;*%"$%'
Notes: It is very common to use the ‘infinitive’ form instead of
conjugated forms, e.g. “8%(;*%"! &('!+!8-” (“Is it
possible that I play?”) instead of “8%+(;*(! &('!+!8-”
(“Can I play?”). While both are correct, and the latter
sounds more typical in English, the former is more typical
in Georgian

! 41!
 to ABOLISH / to do away with / to eliminate / to eradicate
0#&"*.3# (1)

+% &!35+%" +% #!&!35+%
8%, !35+%" 8%, #!!35+%
Present

Aorist
(1 !35+%"1 +!, #!!35+!
9&%, &!35+%"' 9&%, #!&!35+%'
'5&%, !35+%"' '5&%, #!!35+%'
(1(,( !35+%"%, +!' #!!35+%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!35+%"3*(

to get ACCUSTOMED to / to get used to

1.-/./# (1)

+% &%9&%&( +% 8%&%9&(%
8%, %9&%&( 8%, 8%%9&(%
Present

(1 %9&%&! (, 8%%9&(!
Aorist
9&%, &%9&%&(' 9&%, 8%&%9&(%'
'5&%, %9&%&(' '5&%, 8%%9&(%'
(1(,( %9&%&(!, (1(,( 8%%9&(%,

Fut: 8%- / +(-

Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%9&%3*(
Notes: It is also common to use +(- instead of 8%- as a preverb
which conveys a sense of having learned or made some
amount of effort in order to get used to something

! 42!
 to ADD
4#*#:.3# (1)

+% &!+!2%" +% $!&!+!2%
8%, !+!2%" 8%, $!!+!2%
Present

Aorist
(1 !+!2%"1 +!, $!!+!2!
9&%, &!+!2%"' 9&%, $!&!+!2%'
'5&%, !+!2%"' '5&%, $!!+!2%'
(1(,( !+!2%"%, +!' $!!+!2%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!+!2%"3*(

to be AFRAID / to fear
1(1( (4)

+% +%8(,(! +% 8%+%8(,$!
8%, #%8(,(! 8%, 8%#%8(,$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 %8(,(! +!1 8%%8(,$!
9&%, #&%8(,(! 9&%, 8%#&%8(,$!
'5&%, #%8(,(!' '5&%, 8%#%8(,$!'
+!' %8(,(!' +!' 8%%8(,$!'

+% 8%+%8(,$%"! +% 8%+%8(,$%1
Future

Optative

8%, 8%#%8(,$%"! 8%, 8%#%8(,$%1

+!1 8%%8(,$%"! +!1 8%%8(,$%1
9&%, 8%#&%8(,$%"! 9&%, 8%#&%8(,$%1
'5&%, 8%#%8(,$%"!' '5&%, 8%#%8(,$%'
+!' 8%%8(,$%"!' +!' 8%%8(,$%'

Imp: Use Aorist forms.

Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'
Opt: -1 / -1 / -1 / -1 / -' / -'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'

! 43!
 to make AFRAID / to scare
1(1( (1)

+% &!8(,%" +% $!&!8(,%
8%, !8(,%" 8%, $!!8(,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !8(,%"1 +!, $!!8(,!
9&%, &!8(,%"' 9&%, $!&!8(,%'
'5&%, !8(,%"' '5&%, $!!8(,%'
(1(,( !8(,%"%, +!' $!!8(,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to AGREE
%#+8*23# (1)

+% &%'!,>+%"( +% $!&%'!,>+%
8%, %'!,>+%"( 8%, $!%'!,>+%
Present

Aorist
(1 %'!,>+%"! (1 $!%'!,>+!
9&%, &%'!,>+%"(' 9&%, $!&%'!,>+%'
'5&%, %'!,>+%"(' '5&%, $!%'!,>+%'
(1(,( %'!,>+%"(!, (1(,( $!%'!,>+,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%'!,>+%"3*(

! 44!
 to ALLOT / to partition / to apportion out / to divvy up / to
divide out
0#;2<# (1)

+% &7-4 +% #!&7!&(
8%, 7-4 8%, #!7!&(
Present

Aorist
(1 7-41 +!, #!7-
9&%, &7-4' 9&%, #!&7!&('
'5&%, 7-4' '5&%, #!7!&('
(1(,( 7-4%, +!' #!7&%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 /-' / -' / -'
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: Try not to confuse with the similar verb ‘$!7-4!’
(‘to separate’ / ‘to divide’). Present forms for both are the
same however.

to get ANGRY
0#3$#).3# (2)

+% &"0!A$%"( +% #!&"0!A$(
8%, "0!A$%"( 8%, #!"0!A$(
Present

Aorist
(1 "0!A$%"! (1 #!"0!A$!
9&%, &"0!A$%"(' 9&%, #!&"0!A$('
'5&%, "0!A$%"(' '5&%, #!"0!A$('
(1(,( "0!A$%"(!, (1(,( #!"0!A$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: #!"0!A%"3*(

! 45!
 to ANNIHILATE / to slaughter / to exterminate
0#='.:# (1)

+% &/*%2 +% #!&/*(2%
8%, /*%2 8%, #!/*(2%
Present

Aorist
(1 /*%21 +!, #!/*(2!
9&%, &/*%2' 9&%, #!&/*(2%'
'5&%, /*%2' '5&%, #!/*(2%'
(1(,( /*%2%, +!' #!/*(2%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!/*%2(*(

to ANSWER / to reply / to respond

>#,&8( (3)

+% &.!13>-" +% &3.!13>%
8%, .!13>-" 8%, 3.!13>%
Present

Aorist
(1 .!13>-"1 +!, 3.!13>!
9&%, &.!13>-"' 9&%, &3.!13>%'
'5&%, .!13>-"' '5&%, 3.!13>%'
(1(,( .!13>-"%, +!' 3.!13>%1

Fut: 3-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: .!13>#!:%+3*(

! 46!
 to APPEAR / to show up / to turn up
0#*2-.+# (2)

+% &9,$%"( +% #!+-&9,$(
8%, 9,$%"( 8%, #!+-9,$(
Present

Aorist
(1 9,$%"! (1 #!+-9,$!
9&%, &9,$%"(' 9&%, #!+-&9,$('
'5&%, 9,$%"(' '5&%, #!+-9,$('
(1(,( 9,$%"(!, (1(,( #!+-9,$,%,

Fut: #!+--
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,

to APPLAUD / to clap
:#1(, 4#6/$# (1)

+% 2!81 &3)0!& +% 2!8( $!&3)!0(

8%, 2!81 3)0!& 8%, 2!8( $!3)!0(
Present

Aorist
(1 2!81 3)0!&1 +!, 2!8( $!3)0!
9&%, 2!81 &3)0!&' 9&%, 2!8( $!&3)!0('
'5&%, 2!81 3)0!&' '5&%, 2!8( $!3)!0('
(1(,( 2!81 3)0!&%, +!' 2!8( $!3)0%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 47!
 to APPOINT / to grant / to nominate
4#+(1/+# (1)

+% &,(8,!& +% $!&,(8,%
8%, ,(8,!& 8%, $!,(8,%
Present

Aorist
(1 ,(8,!&1 +!, $!,(8,!
9&%, &,(8,!&' 9&%, $!&,(8,%'
'5&%, ,(8,!&' '5&%, $!,(8,%'
(1(,( ,(8,!&%, +!' $!,(8,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!,(8,3*(

to APPRECIATE / to value / to give a price to

4#<#,.3# (1)

+% &!4!1%" +% $!&!4!1%
8%, !4!1%" 8%, $!!4!1%
Present

Aorist
(1 !4!1%"1 +!, $!!4!1!
9&%, &!4!1%"' 9&%, $!&!4!1%'
'5&%, !4!1%"' '5&%, $!!4!1%'
(1(,( !4!1%"%, +!' $!!4!1%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 4!1%3*( (valued)

! 48!
 to APPROACH / to come close to / to get near to
*(#8'2.3# (2)

+% &3!>*-&$%"( +% +(&3!>*-&$(
8%, 3!>*-&$%"( 8%, +(3!>*-&$(
Present

Aorist
(1 3!>*-&$%"! (1 +(3!>*-&$!
9&%, &3!>*-&$%"(' 9&%, +(&3!>*-&$('
'5&%, 3!>*-&$%"(' '5&%, +(3!>*-&$('
(1(,( 3!>*-&$%"(!, (1(,( +(3!>*-&$,%,

Fut: +(-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
Notes: This verb is for physical location only. See also
‘$!!>*-%"!’ (‘to become close’)

to ARGUE / to debate
6#*#%( (3)

+% &)!+!'-" +% &()!+!'%
8%, )!+!'-" 8%, ()!+!'%
Present

(1 )!+!'-"1 +!, ()!+!'! Aorist

9&%, &)!+!'-"' 9&%, &()!+!'%'
'5&%, )!+!'-"' '5&%, ()!+!'%'
(1(,( )!+!'-"%, +!' ()!+!'%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 49!
 to ASK / to query / to question
6(%8/# (1)

+% &)('>3*-" +% &()('>%
Present

Aorist
8%, )('>3*-" 8%, ()('>%
(1 )('>3*-"1 +!, ()('>!
9&%, &)('>3*-"' 9&%, &()('>%'
'5&%, )('>3*-"' '5&%, ()('>%'
(1(,( )('>3*-"%, +!' ()('>%1

+% &()('>!& +% &()('>-

Optative
Future

8%, ()('>!& 8%, ()('>-

(1 ()('>!&1 +!, ()('>-1
9&%, &()('>!&' 9&%, &()('>-'
'5&%, ()('>!&' '5&%, ()('>-'
(1(,( ()('>!&%, +!' ()('>-,

Imp+Cond** $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to ATTACH / to affix / to fasten / to secure

4#*#0$.3# / *(*#0$.3# (1)

+% &!+!#0%" +% $!&!+!#0%
8%, !+!#0%" 8%, $!!+!#0%
Present

Aorist

(1 !+!#0%"1 +!, $!!+!#0!

9&%, &!+!#0%"' 9&%, $!&!+!#0%'
'5&%, !+!#0%"' '5&%, $!!+!#0%'
(1(,( !+!#0%"%, +!' $!!+!#0%1

Fut: +(- / $!-

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!+!#0%"(*(
Notes: Use of the preverb -$! implies that what you are
attaching is at waist-level or below; using +(- implies that
you need to reach up to attach the item
! 50!
 to BAKE
0#*2!823# (1)

+% &!:>-" +% #!+-&!:>%
8%, !:>-" 8%, #!+-!:>%
Present

Aorist
(1 !:>-"1 +!, #!+-!:>-
9&%, &!:>-"' 9&%, #!+-&!:>%'
'5&%, !:>-"' '5&%, #!+-!:>%'
(1(,( !:>-"%, +!' #!+-!:>%1

Fut: #!+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!+-:>&!0(

to BARK
;.<# (3)

+% &7%4 +% &(7%4%
8%, 7%4 8%, (7%4%
Present

Aorist
(1 7%41 +!, (7%4!
9&%, &7%4' 9&%, &(7%4%'
'5&%, 7%4' '5&%, (7%4%'
(1(,( 7%4%, +!' (7%4%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 51!
 to take a BATH / to bathe (oneself)
3#+#23# (3)

+% &"!,!-" +% &("!,!&%
8%, "!,!-" 8%, ("!,!&%
Present

Aorist
(1 "!,!-"1 +!, ("!,!&!
9&%, &"!,!-"' 9&%, &("!,!&%'
'5&%, "!,!-"' '5&%, ("!,!&%'
(1(,( "!,!-"%, +!' ("!,!&%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to BATHE (someone) / to give a bath to / to wash

4#3#+/# (1)

+% &!"!,!&%" / &"!, +% &!"!,!&% / $!&"!,%

8%, !"!,!&%" / "!, 8%, !"!,!&% / $!"!,%
Present

(1 !"!,!&%"1 / "!,1 +!, !"!,!&! / $!"!,!

Aorist
9&%, &!"!,!&%"' / &"!,' 9&%, &!"!,!&%' / $!&"!,%'
'5&%, !"!,!&%"' / "!,' '5&%, !"!,!&%' / $!"!,%'
(1(,( !"!,!&%"%, / "!,%, +!' !"!,!&%1 / $!"!,%1

Fut: !- / $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: The first versions shown are more comprehensive. The
second versions are used for the washing of specific
parts, e.g. to wash hands, feet, etc.

! 52!
 to BE
;2<+# (2)

+% &!0 +% &(7!&(
8%, >!0 8%, (7!&(

Aorist
Present

(1 !0(1 (1 (7-
9&%, &!0' 9&%, &(7!&('
'5&%, >!0' '5&%, (7!&('
(1(,( !0(!, (1(,( (7&,%,

+% &(5,%"( +% &(7-
Future

Optative
8%, (5,%"( 8%, (7-
(1 (5,%"! (1 (7-1
9&%, &(5,%"(' 9&%, &(7-'
'5&%, (5,%"(' '5&%, (7-'
(1(,( (5,%"(!, (1(,( (7&,%,

+% &(5,%"-$( +% &(5,%"-$%
Conditional

Subjunctive
8%, (5,%"-$( 8%, (5,%"-$%
(1 &(5,%"-$! (1 (5,%"-$%1
9&%, &(5,%"-$(' 9&%, &(5,%"-$%'
'5&%, (5,%"-$(' '5&%, (5,%"-$%'
(1(,( (5,%"-$,%, (1(,( (5,%"-$,%,

+% &7-4(*&!0
Pluperfect

8%, 7-4(*>!0
(1 7-4(*!
9&%, &7-4(*&!0'
'5&%, 7-4(*>!0'
(1(,( 7-4(*!,

Imp: Use Aorist forms

! 53!
 to BEAR / to give birth to
4#3#4.3# (1)

+% &"!$%" +% $!&"!$%
8%, "!$%" 8%, $!"!$%
Present

Aorist
(1 "!$%"1 +!, $!"!$!
9&%, &"!$%"' 9&%, $!&"!$%'
'5&%, "!$%"' '5&%, $!"!$%'
(1(,( "!$%"%, +!' $!"!$%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!"!$%"3*(

to BECOME / to convert / to transform

0#842*# / 0#84.3# (2)

+% &>$%"( +% #!&>$(
8%, >$%"( 8%, #!>$(
Present

(1 >$%"! (1 #!>$! Aorist

9&%, &>$%"(' 9&%, #!&>$('
'5&%, >$%"(' '5&%, #!>$('
(1(,( >$%"(!, (1(,( #!>$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
Notes: The masdar ‘#!>$%"!’ is used only for ‘to become’

! 54!
 to BEGIN / to start
4#5;.3# (1)

+% &(<7%" +% $!&(<7%
8%, (<7%" 8%, $!(<7%
Present

Aorist
(1 (<7%"1 +!, $!(<7-
9&%, &(<7%"' 9&%, $!&(<7%'
'5&%, (<7%"' '5&%, $!(<7%'
(1(,( (<7%"%, +!' $!(<7%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!<7%"3*(

to BEHAVE like / to act like / to imitate

*2"!./# (2)

+% &(5:%&( +% +-&(5%:(
8%, (5:%&( 8%, +-(5%:(
Present

Aorist
(1 (5:%&! (1 +-(5:!
9&%, &(5:%&(' 9&%, +-&(5%:('
'5&%, (5:%&(' '5&%, +-(5%:('
(1(,( (5:%&(!, (1(,( +-(5:,%,

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
Notes: In the Present, the forms are the same as ‘to fall’.
The ‘object’, i.e. what one is behaving like should be in
the instr. case.

! 55!
 to BELIEVE
4#?.$.3# (4/3)

+% +?%0! +% +?%0-$!
8%, #?%0! 8%, #?%0-$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 1?%0! +!1 1?%0-$!
9&%, #&?%0! 9&%, #&?%0-$!
'5&%, #?%0!' '5&%, #?%0-$!'
+!' 1?%0!' +!' ,?%0-$!'

+% $!&(?%0%"
Future

8%, $!(?%0%"
(1 $!(?%0%"1
9&%, $!&(?%0%"'
'5&%, $!(?%0%"'
(1(,( $!(?%0%"%,

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 56!
 to BELIEVE in / to have faith in
$5*.+# (4/3)

+% +<!+1 +% +<!+$!
8%, #<!+1 8%, #<!+$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 1<!+1 +!1 1<!+$!
9&%, #&<!+1 9&%, #&<!+$!
'5&%, #<!+' '5&%, #<!+$!'
+!' 1<!+' +!' 1<!+$!'

+% &(<!+%"
Future

8%, (<!+%"
(1 (<!+%"1
9&%, &(<!+%"'
'5&%, (<!+%"'
+!' (<!+%"%,

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to BLESS / to give one’s blessing to

4#'2!/# (1)

+% &*-:!& +% $!&*-:%
8%, *-:!& 8%, $!*-:%
Present

Aorist

(1 *-:!&1 +!, $!*-:!

9&%, &*-:!&' 9&%, $!&*-:%'
'5&%, *-:!&' '5&%, $!*-:%'
(1(,( *-:!&%, +!' $!*-:%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!*-:&(*(

! 57!
 to BLUSH / to become blushed
0#5(%'.3# (2)

+% &<('*$%"( +% #!&<('*$(
8%, <('*$%"( 8%, #!<('*$(
Present

Aorist
(1 <('*$%"! (1 #!<('*$!
9&%, &<('*$%"(' 9&%, #!&<('*$('
'5&%, <('*$%"(' '5&%, #!<('*$('
(1(,( <('*$%"(!, (1(,( #!<('*$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,

to BOIL
4&@('( (1)

+% &!$36%" +% !&!$36%
8%, !$36%" 8%, !!$36%
Present

Aorist
(1 !$36%"1 +!, !!$36!
9&%, &!$36%"' 9&%, !&!$36%'
'5&%, !$36%"' '5&%, !!$36%'
(1(,( !$36%"%, +!' !!$36%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !$36%"3*(

! 58!
 to be BORN
4#3#4.3# (2)

+% &("!$%"( +% $!&("!$%
8%, ("!$%"( 8%, $!("!$%
Present

Aorist
(1 ("!$%"! (1 $!("!$!
9&%, &("!$%"(' 9&%, $!&("!$%'
'5&%, ("!$%"(' '5&%, $!("!$%'
(1(,( ("!$%"(!, (1(,( $!("!$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
Notes: It is also common to use the Type 2 verb ‘#!9%,!’ (‘to be
created’) to mean ‘to be born’. See that separate entry

to BORROW
,.,8.3# (3)

+% &1%1>3*-" +% &(1%1>%
8%, 1%1>3*-" 8%, (1%1>%
Present

Aorist
(1 1%1>3*-"1 +!, (1%1>!
9&%, &1%1>3*-"' 9&%, &(1%1>%'
'5&%, 1%1>3*-"' '5&%, (1%1>%'
(1(,( 1%1>3*-"%, +!' (1%1>%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 59!
 to BOTHER / to annoy / to disturb
1.5&8.3# (1)

+% &!<3>%" +% 8%&!<3>%
8%, !<3>%" 8%, 8%!<3>%
Present

Aorist
(1 !<3>%"1 +!, 8%!<3>!
9&%, &!<3>%"' 9&%, 8%&!<3>%'
'5&%, !<3>%"' '5&%, 8%!<3>%'
(1(,( !<3>%"%, +!' 8%!<3>%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to BREAK
0#:.8/# (1)

+% &2%>!& +% #!&2%>%
8%, 2%>!& 8%, #!2%>%
Present

(1 2%>!&1 +!, #!2%>! Aorist

9&%, &2%>!&' 9&%, #!&2%>%'
'5&%, 2%>!&' '5&%, #!2%>%'
(1(,( 2%>!&%, +!' #!2%>%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!2%>(*(

! 60!
 to BRING (someone) / to take (someone)
*(;/#+# (4)

+% +(+7!&1 +% +(+(7&!,%
8%, +(#7!&1 8%, +(#(7&!,%
Present

Aorist
+!1 +(@7!&1 +!, +((7&!,!
9&%, +(#&7!&1 9&%, +(#&(7&!,%
'5&%, +(#7!&' '5&%, +(#(7&!,%'
+!' +(@7!&' +!' +((7&!,%1

+% +(+(7&!, +% +(+7!&$!
Future

Imperfect
8%, +(#(7&!, 8%, +(#7!&$!
+!1 +((7&!, +!1 +(@7!&$!
9&%, +(#&(7&!, 9&%, +(#&7!&$!
'5&%, +(#(7&!,' '5&%, +(#7!&$!'
+!' +((7&!,%, +!' +(@7!&$!'

Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'

Opt: -1 / -1 / -1 / -1 / -' / -'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'
Notes: Use of the preverb <!- will convey ‘to withdraw / to take
someone away from’; the preverb +-- will convey ‘to
bring someone to’ / ‘to take someone to’

! 61!
 to BRING (something) / to take (something)
*2:#+# (4)

+% +-+!5&1 +% +-&(2!,%
8%, +-#!5&1 8%, +-(2!,%
Present

Aorist
+!1 +-!5&1 +!, +-(2!,!
9&%, +-#&!5&1 9&%, +-&(2!,%'
'5&%, +-#!5&' '5&%, +-(2!,%'
+!' +-!5&' +!' +-(2!,%1

+% +-&(2!, +% +-+5-,$!
Future

Imperfect
8%, +-(2!, 8%, +-#5-,$!
(1 +-(2!,1 +!1 +-@5-,$!
9&%, +-&(2!,' 9&%, +-#&5-,$!
'5&%, +-(2!,' '5&%, +-#5-,$!'
(1(,( +-(2!,%, +!' +-@5-,$!'

Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'

Opt: -1 / -1 / -1 / -1 / -' / -'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'

to BROWSE / to look around / to take a look

4#%/#'(.$.3# (1)

+% &!'&!*(%0%" +% $!&!'&!*(%0%
8%, !'&!*(%0%" 8%, $!!'&!*(%0%
Present

Aorist

(1 !'&!*(%0%"1 +!, $!!'&!*(%0!

9&%, &!'&!*(%0%"' 9&%, $!&!'&!*(%0%'
'5&%, !'&!*(%0%"' '5&%, $!!'&!*(%0%'
(1(,( !'&!*(%0%"%, +!' $!!'&!*(%0%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 62!
 to BUILD / to construct
#1.+.3# (1)

+% &!8%,%" +% !&!8%,%
8%, !8%,%" 8%, !!8%,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !8%,%"1 +!, !!8%,!
9&%, &!8%,%"' 9&%, !&!8%,%'
'5&%, !8%,%"' '5&%, !!8%,%'
(1(,( !8%,%"%, +!' !!8%,%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !8%,%"3*( / 9!8%,%"3*( (built-in / integrated)

to be BUILT / to be constructed (passive voice)

#1.+.3# (2)

+% N/A +% N/A
8%, N/A 8%, N/A
Present

Aorist
(1 8%,$%"! (1 !8%,$!
9&%, N/A 9&%, N/A
'5&%, N/A '5&%, N/A
(1(,( 8%,$%"(!, (1(,( !8%,$,%,

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: -$! / -$,%,
Opt: -1 / -,
Subj: -$%1 / -$,%,

! 63!
 to BURN
5/# (1)

+% &<&!& +% $!&<&(
8%, <&!& 8%, $!<&(
Present

Aorist
(1 <&!&1 +!, $!<&!
9&%, &<&!&' 9&%, $!&<&('
'5&%, <&!&' '5&%, $!<&('
(1(,( <&!&%, +!' $!<&%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!+<&!0(

to BURY (something) / to put something into the ground

-#<'23# (1)

+% &4*!& +% 9!&4!*(
8%, 4*!& 8%, 9!4!*(
Present

(1 4*!&1 +!, 9!4*! Aorist

9&%, &4*!&' 9&%, 9!&4!*('
'5&%, 4*!&' '5&%, 9!4!*('
(1(,( 4*!&%, +!' 9!4*%1

Fut: 9!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 9!4*3*(

! 64!
 to BUY / to purchase
;(4/# (1)

+% &7($3*-" +% &(7($%
8%, 7($3*-" 8%, (7($%
Present

Aorist
(1 7($3*-"1 +!, (7($!
9&%, &7($3*-"' 9&%, &(7($%'
'5&%, 7($3*-"' '5&%, (7($%'
(1(,( 7($3*-"%, +!' (7($%1

+% &(7($(
Future

8%, (7($(
(1 (7($(1
9&%, &(7($('
'5&%, (7($('
(1(,( (7($(!,

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to CALL / to ring / to telephone

$.6/# (1)

+% &0%)!& +% $!&0%)%
8%, 0%)!& 8%, $!0%)%
Present

Aorist

(1 0%)!&1 +!, $!0%)!

9&%, &0%)!&' 9&%, $!&0%)%'
'5&%, 0%)!&' '5&%, $!0%)%'
(1(,( 0%)!&%, +!' $!0%)%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 65!
 to CALM down / to become calm
4#*1/(4.3# (2)

+% &+8&($$%"( +% $!&+8&($$(
8%, +8&($$%"( 8%, $!+8&($$(
Present

Aorist
(1 +8&($$%"! (1 $!+8&($$!
9&%, &+8&($$%"(' 9&%, $!&+8&($$('
'5&%, +8&($$%"(' '5&%, $!+8&($$('
(1(,( +8&($$%"(!, (1(,( $!+8&($$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: $!+8&($%"3*(

to CARE for / to take care of / to look after / to nurse to

health / to tend (to)
*2/'# (1)

+% &3&*( +% +-&3!0%
8%, 3&*( 8%, +-3!0%
Present

Aorist

(1 3&*(1 +!, +-3!0!

9&%, &3&*(' 9&%, +-&3!0%'
'5&%, 3&*(' '5&%, +-3!0%'
(1(,( 3&*(!, +!' +-3!0%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +-&*(*(

! 66!
 to CARRY / to take away
5#@.3# (1/4)

+% +(+!5&1 +% <!&(6%
8%, +(#!5&1 8%, <!(6%
Present

Aorist
+!1 +(!5&1 +!, <!(6-
9&%, +(#&!5&1 9&%, <!&(6%'
'5&%, +(#!5&' '5&%, <!(6%'
+!' +(!5&' +!' <!(6%1

+% <!&(6%" +% +(+5-,$!
8%, <!(6%" 8%, +(#5-,$!
Present

Imperfect
(1 <!(6%"1 +!1 +(@5-,$!
9&%, <!&(6%"' 9&%, +(#&5-,$!
'5&%, <!(6%"' '5&%, +(#5-,$!'
(1(,( <!(6%"%, +!' +(@5-,$!'

Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: <!6%"3*(

to CATCH / to capture / to arrest

4#7.$# (1)

+% &(=%0 +% $!&(=(0%
8%, (=%0 8%, $!(=(0%
Present

Aorist

(1 (=%01 +!, $!(=(0!

9&%, &(=%0' 9&%, $!&(=(0%'
'5&%, (=%0' '5&%, $!(=(0%'
(1(,( (=%0%, +!' $!(=(0%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!=%0(*(

! 67!
 to CAUSE / to provoke / to bring about / to give rise to
0#*25/./# (1)

+% &(<&%& +% #!+-&(<&(%
8%, (<&%& 8%, #!+-(<&(%
Present

Aorist
(1 (<&%&1 +!, #!+-(<&(!
9&%, &(<&%&' 9&%, #!+-&(<&(%'
'5&%, (<&%&' '5&%, #!+-(<&(%'
(1(,( (<&%&%, +!' #!+-(<&(%1

Fut: #!+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!+-<&%3*(

to CELEBRATE / to rejoice / to triumph

).(*23# (3)

+% &A%(+-" +% &(A%(+%
8%, A%(+-" 8%, (A%(+%
Present

Aorist
(1 A%(+-"1 +!, (A%(+!
9&%, &A%(+-"' 9&%, &(A%(+%'
'5&%, A%(+-"' '5&%, (A%(+%'
(1(,( A%(+-"%, +!' (A%(+%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!A%(+%"(

! 68!
 to CHANGE / to alter
1.!/'# (1)

+% &:&*( +% 8%&:&!*%
8%, :&*( 8%, 8%:&!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 :&*(1 +!, 8%:&!*!
9&%, &:&*(' 9&%, 8%&:&!*%'
'5&%, :&*(' '5&%, 8%:&!*%'
(1(,( :&*(!, +!' 8%:&!*%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%:&*(*(

to CHOOSE / to elect / to decide

#$-./# (1)

+% &(09%& +% !&(09(%
8%, (09%& 8%, !(09(%
Present

(1 (09%&1 +!, !(09(!

Aorist
9&%, &(09%&' 9&%, !&(09(%'
'5&%, (09%&' '5&%, !(09(%'
(1(,( (09%&%, +!' !(09(%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !09%3*(

! 69!
 to CLOSE / to shut
4#8&$/# (1)

+% &>30!& +% $!&>30%
8%, >30!& 8%, $!>30%
Present

Aorist
(1 >30!&1 +!, $!>30!
9&%, &>30!&' 9&%, $!&>30%'
'5&%, >30!&' '5&%, $!>30%'
(1(,( >30!&%, +!' $!>30%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!>303*(

to get (become) CLOSE / to become intimate / to become

friends
4##8'2.3# (2)

+% &3!>*-&$%"( +% $!&3!>*-&$(
8%, 3!>*-&$%"( 8%, $!3!>*-&$(
Present

Aorist
(1 3!>*-&$%"! (1 $!3!>*-&$!
9&%, &3!>*-&$%"(' 9&%, $!&3!>*-&$('
'5&%, 3!>*-&$%"(' '5&%, $!3!>*-&$('
(1(,( 3!>*-&$%"(!, (1(,( $!3!>*-&$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: $!!>*-%"3*(
Notes: This verb is for emotional situations only. See also
‘+(!>*-%"!’ (‘to approach’)

! 70!
 to be (feel) COLD
1.!(/.3# (4)

+% +:(&! +% 8%+:(&$!
8%, #:(&! 8%, 8%#:(&$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 1:(&! +!1 8%1:(&$!
9&%, #&:(&! 9&%, 8%#&:(&$!
'5&%, #:(&!' '5&%, 8%#:(&$!'
+!' 1:(&!' +!' 8%1:(&$!'

+% 8%+:(&$%"! +% +:(-$!
Future

Imperfect
8%, 8%#:(&$%"! 8%, #:(-$!
+!1 8%1:(&$%"! +!1 1:(-$!
9&%, 8%#&:(&$%"! 9&%, #&:(-$!
'5&%, 8%#:(&$%"!' '5&%, #:(-$!'
+!' 8%1:(&$%"!' +!' 1:(-$!'

Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'

Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'
P.P.: #!:(%"3*( / 8%:(%"3*(

! 71!
 to COME
*2,/'# (2)

+% +-&$(&!0 +% +-&%$(
8%, +-$(>!0 8%, +->&%$(
Present

Aorist
(1 +-$(1 (1 +-&($!
9&%, +-&$(&!0' 9&%, +-&%$('
'5&%, +-$(>!0' '5&%, +->&%$('
(1(,( +-$(!, (1(,( +-&($,%,

+% +-&!* +% +-&$(-$(
Future

Imperfect
8%, +->&!* 8%, +-$(-$(
(1 +-&! (1 +-$(-$!
9&%, +-&!*' 9&%, +-&$(-$('
'5&%, +->&!*' '5&%, +-$(-$('
(1(,( +-&*%, (1(,( +-$(-$,%,

Cond: +-&($-$( / +->&($-$( / +-&($-$! /

+-&($-$(' / +->&($-$(' / +-&($-$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: +-13*(
Notes: Additional preverbs include: !+-- (to come up), 9!- (to
come down) 9!+--
(to arrive / to come down), 8%+-- (to come in), #!+--
(to come out), #!$+-- (to come across)
Imperatives for this verb are irregular: +-$( / +-$(' /
+-&($%'

! 72!
 to COMMAND / to order
3$9#+.3# (1)

+% &"0;!,%" +% &"0;!,%
8%, "0;!,%" 8%, "0;!,%
Present

Aorist
(1 "0;!,%"1 +!, "0;!,!
9&%, &"0;!,%"' 9&%, &"0;!,%'
'5&%, "0;!,%"' '5&%, "0;!,%'
(1(,( "0;!,%"%, +!' "0;!,%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!"0;!,%"(

to COMPARE
1.4#$.3# (1)

+% &!$!0%" +% 8%&!$!0%
8%, !$!0%" 8%, 8%!$!0%
Present

Aorist
(1 !$!0%"1 +!, 8%!$!0!
9&%, &!$!0%"' 9&%, 8%&!$!0%'
'5&%, !$!0%"' '5&%, 8%!$!0%'
(1(,( !$!0%"%, +!' 8%!$!0%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%$!0%"3*(

! 73!
 to COMPLAIN
-(/('( (3)

+% &9(&( +% &(9(&*%
8%, 9(&( 8%, (9(&*%
Present

Aorist
(1 9(&(1 +!, (9(&*!
9&%, &9(&(' 9&%, &(9(&*%'
'5&%, 9(&(' '5&%, (9(&*%'
(1(,( 9(&(!, +!' (9(&*%1

+% &(9(&*%" +% &9(-$(
Future

Imperfect
8%, (9(&*%" 8%, 9(-$(
(1 (9(&*%"1 (1 9(-$!
9&%, &(9(&*%"' 9&%, &9(-$('
'5&%, (9(&*%"' '5&%, 9(-$('
(1(,( (9(&*%"%, (1(,( 9(-$,%,

Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to CONFESS / to admit / to give testimony of / to

acknowledge / to recognise
#@(#$.3# (1)

+% &!6(!0%" +% &!6(!0%
8%, !6(!0%" 8%, !6(!0%
Present

Aorist

(1 !6(!0%"1 +!, !6(!0!

9&%, &!6(!0%"' 9&%, &!6(!0%'
'5&%, !6(!0%"' '5&%, !6(!0%'
(1(,( !6(!0%"%, +!' !6(!0%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !6(!0%"3*(

! 74!
 to CONGRATULATE / to wish (s.o.)
*('2!/# (1)

+% &3*-:!: +% +(&3*-:%
8%, 3*-:!& 8%, +(3*-:%
Present

Aorist
(1 3*-:!&1 +!, +(3*-:!
9&%, &3*-:!&' 9&%, +(&3*-:%'
'5&%, 3*-:!&' '5&%, +(3*-:%'
(1(,( 3*-:!&%, +!' +(3*-:%1

Fut: +(-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to CONNECT / to tie (together) / to bind / to sew / to

button up
1.6/$# (1)

+% &()0!& +% 8%&()!0(
8%, ()0!& 8%, 8%()!0(
Present

(1 ()0!&1 +!, 8%()0! Aorist

9&%, &()0!&' 9&%, 8%&()!0('
'5&%, ()0!&' '5&%, 8%()!0('
(1(,( ()0!&%, +!' 8%()!0%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%)03*(

! 75!
 to CONSIDER / to pass an examination
-#%/'# (1)

+% &'&*( +% 9!&'&!*%
8%, '&*( 8%, 9!'&!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 '&*(1 +!, 9!'&!*!
9&%, &'&*(' 9&%, 9!&'&!*%'
'5&%, '&*(' '5&%, 9!'&!*%'
(1(,( '&*(!, +!' 9!'&!*%1

Fut: 9!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 9!'&*(*(
Notes: Use adv. case for “to consider as”

to CONTINUE (doing something)

0#0$9.'.3# (1)

+% &!#0;%*%" +% #!&!#0;%*%
8%, !#0;%*%" 8%, #!!#0;%*%
Present

Aorist
(1 !#0;%*%"1 +!, #!!#0;%*!
9&%, &!#0;%*%"' 9&%, #!&!#0;%*%'
'5&%, !#0;%*%"' '5&%, #!!#0;%*%'
(1(,( !#0;%*%"%, +!' #!!#0;%*%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!#0;%*%"3*(

! 76!
 to COPY / to photocopy / to survey
0#4#@.3# (1)

+% &(6%" +% #!$!&(6%
8%, (6%" 8%, #!$!(6%
Present

Aorist
(1 (6%"1 +!, #!$!(6-
9&%, &(6%"' 9&%, #!$!&(6%'
'5&%, (6%"' '5&%, #!$!(6%'
(1(,( (6%"%, +!' #!$!(6%1

Fut: #!$!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!$!6%"3*(
Notes: The present forms can be confused with the verbs
‘<!6%"!’ (‘to carry’), ‘!6%"!’ (‘to take / to accept’),
‘+(6%"!’ (‘to get / to receive’), etc.

to CORRECT / to amend / to rectify / to put right / to

mend / to straighten
0#,52$.3# (1)

+% &!1<-0%" +% #!&!1<-0%
8%, !1<-0%" 8%, #!!1<-0%
Present

Aorist
(1 !1<-0%"1 +!, #!!1<-0!
9&%, &!1<-0%"' 9&%, #!&!1<-0%'
'5&%, !1<-0%"' '5&%, #!!1<-0%'
(1(,( !1<-0%"%, +!' #!!1<-0%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!1<-0%"3*(
Notes: Use the preverb 8%- to convey ‘to touch up’ / ‘to trim’

! 77!
 to COST
@($.3&'.3# (2)

+% &6(0&!0 +% &6(0$(
8%, 6(0>!0 8%, 6(0$(
Present

Aorist
(1 6(01 (1 6(0$!
9&%, &6(0&!0' 9&%, &6(0$('
'5&%, 6(0>!0' '5&%, 6(0$('
(1(,( 6(0!, (1(,( 6(0$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: % / % / % / %' / %' / $,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,

to COUGH
8/.'.3# (1)

+% &!>&%*%" +% $!&!>&%*%
8%, !>&%*%" 8%, $!!>&%*%
Present

(1 !>&%*%"1 +!, $!!>&%*! Aorist

9&%, &!>&%*%"' 9&%, $!&!>&%*%'
'5&%, !>&%*%"' '5&%, $!!>&%*%'
(1(,( !>&%*%"%, +!' $!!>&%*%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: Use the preverb !+-- to mean ‘to cough up’

! 78!
 to COVER
4#<#$.3# (1)

+% &!4!0%" +% $!&!4!0%
8%, !4!0%" 8%, $!!4!0%
Present

Aorist
(1 !4!0%"1 +!, $!!4!0!
9&%, &!4!0%"' 9&%, $!&!4!0%'
'5&%, !4!0%"' '5&%, $!!4!0%'
(1(,( !4!0%"%, +!' $!!4!0%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!4!0%"3*(

to go CRAZY / to go mad
0#0(=.3# (2)

+% &#(/$%"( +% #!&#(/$(
8%, #(/$%"( 8%, #!#(/$(
Present

Aorist
(1 #(/$%"! (1 #!#(/$!
9&%, &#(/$%"(' 9&%, #!&#(/$('
'5&%, #(/$%"(' '5&%, #!#(/$('
(1(,( #(/$%"(!, (1(,( #!#(/$,%,

Fut: #!-
Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: #!#(/%"3*(

! 79!
 to be CREATED / to be made / to be born
0#-.+# (2)

+% &9,$%"( +% #!&9,$(
8%, 9,$%"( 8%, #!9,$(
Present

Aorist
(1 9,$%"! (1 #!9,$!
9&%, &9,$%"(' 9&%, #!&9,$('
'5&%, 9,$%"(' '5&%, #!9,$('
(1(,( 9,$%"(!, (1(,( #!9,$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: #!9%,(*(
Notes: See also the verb ‘$!"!$%"!’ (‘to be born’)

to CROWD / to jam / to get stuck

0#7.4/# (2)

+% &(=%$%"( +% #!&(=%$%
8%, (=%$%"( 8%, #!(=%$%
Present

Aorist
(1 (=%$%"! (1 #!(=%$!
9&%, &(=%$%"(' 9&%, #!&(=%$%'
'5&%, (=%$%"(' '5&%, #!(=%$%'
(1(,( (=%$%"(!, (1(,( #!(=%$,%,

Fut: #!-
Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: #!=%$(*(

! 80!
 to CRY / to weep
:($('( (3)

+% &2(0( +% &(2(0%
8%, 2(0( 8%, (2(0%
Present

Aorist
(1 2(0(1 +!, (2(0!
9&%, &2(0(' 9&%, &(2(0%'
'5&%, 2(0(' '5&%, (2(0%'
(1(,( 2(0(!, +!' (2(0%1

+% &(2(0%" +% &2(0-$(
Future

Imperfect
8%, (2(0%" 8%, 2(0-$(
(1 (2(0%"1 (1 2(0-$!
9&%, &(2(0%"' 9&%, &2(0-$('
'5&%, (2(0%"' '5&%, 2(0-$('
(1(,( (2(0%"%, (1(,( 2(0-$,%,

Cond: $( / $( / $( / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to CUT / to section / to slit

0#7$# (1)

+% &(=0( +% #!&(=%0(
8%, (=0( 8%, #!(=%0(
Present

Aorist

(1 (=0(1 +!, #!(=0!

9&%, &(=0(' 9&%, #!&(=%0('
'5&%, (=0(' '5&%, #!(=%0('
(1(,( (=0(!, +!' #!(=0%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!=0(*(
Notes: Use the preverb 8%- to convey ‘to get cut’ / to ‘to get a
haircut’
! 81!
 to CUT down / to chop off / to cut off / to snip off
*27$# (1)

+% &=0( +% +-&=%0(
8%, =0( 8%, +-=%0(
Present

Aorist
(1 =0(1 +!, +-=0!
9&%, &=0(' 9&%, +-&=%0('
'5&%, =0(' '5&%, +-=%0('
(1(,( =0(!, +!' +-=0%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +-=0(*(

to DAMAGE / to harm
4#)(#+.3# (1)

+% &!A(!,%" +% $!&!A(!,%
8%, !A(!,%" 8%, $!!A(!,%
Present

(1 !A(!,%"1 +!, $!!A(!,! Aorist

9&%, &!A(!,%"' 9&%, $!&!A(!,%'
'5&%, !A(!,%"' '5&%, $!!A(!,%'
(1(,( !A(!,%"%, +!' $!!A(!,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!A(!,%"3*(

! 82!
 to DANCE
!.6/# (3)

+% &:%)&!& +% &(:%)&%
8%, :%)&!& 8%, (:%)&%
Present

Aorist
(1 :%)&!&1 +!, (:%)&!
9&%, &:%)&!&' 9&%, &(:%)&%'
'5&%, :%)&!&' '5&%, (:%)&%'
(1(,( :%)&!&%, +!' (:%)&%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to get DARK / to turn to night

4#@#*.3# (2)

+% N/A +% N/A
8%, N/A 8%, N/A
Present

Aorist
(1 6!+$%"! (1 $!6!+$!
9&%, N/A 9&%, N/A
'5&%, N/A '5&%, N/A
(1(,( 6!+$%"(!, (1(,( $!6!+$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$! / -$,%,
Opt: -1 / -,
Subj: -$%1 / -$,%,
P.P.: $!6!+%"3*(

! 83!
 to DESCRIBE / to depict / to portray
#@5.$# (1)

+% !6&<%0 +% !6&<%0%
8%, !6<%0 8%, !6<%0%
Present

Aorist
(1 !6<%01 +!, !6<%0!
9&%, !6&<%0' 9&%, !6&<%0%'
'5&%, !6<%0' '5&%, !6<%0%'
(1(,( !6<%0%, +!' !6<%0%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !6<%0(*(

to DESTROY / to lay waste / to ravage / to destruct

#28$.3# (1)

+% &!->0%" +% !&!->0%
8%, !->0%" 8%, !!->0%
Present

(1 !->0%"1 +!, !!->0! Aorist

9&%, &!->0%"' 9&%, !&!->0%'
'5&%, !->0%"' '5&%, !!->0%'
(1(,( !->0%"%, +!' !!->0%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !->0%"3*(

! 84!
 to DIE
,(6/4('( (2)

+% &)&$%"( +% +-&)&$(
8%, )&$%"( 8%, +-)&$(
Present

Aorist
(1 )&$%"! (1 +-)&$!
9&%, &)&$%"(' 9&%, +-&)&$('
'5&%, )&$%"(' '5&%, +-)&$('
(1(,( )&$%"(!, (1(,( +-)&$,%,

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P. +0&$!0( (dead)

to get (become) DIFFICULT

0#9+.'.3# (2)

+% N/A +% N/A
8%, N/A 8%, N/A
Present

Aorist

(1 ;,%*$%"! (1 #!;,%*$!
9&%, N/A 9&%, N/A
'5&%, N/A '5&%, N/A
(1(,( ;,%*$%"(!, (1(,( #!;,%*$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$! / -$,%,
Opt: -1 / -,
Subj: $%1 / $,%,
P.P.: ;,%*( (difficult)

! 85!
 to have DINNER / to dine
,#4('23# (3)

+% &1!$(*-" +% &(1!$(*%
8%, 1!$(*-" 8%, (1!$(*%
Present

Aorist
(1 1!$(*-"1 +!, (1!$(*!
9&%, &1!$(*-"' 9&%, &(1!$(*%'
'5&%, 1!$(*-"' '5&%, (1!$(*%'
(1(,( 1!$(*-"%, +!' (1!$(*%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to DISAPPEAR / to vanish
0#&-(+#$.3# (2)

+% &39(,!0$%"( +% #!&39(,!0$(
8%, 39(,!0$%"( 8%, #!39(,!0$(
Present

(1 39(,!0$%"! (1 #!39(,!0$! Aorist

9&%, &39(,!0$%"(' 9&%, #!&39(,!0$('
'5&%, 39(,!0$%"(' '5&%, #!39(,!0$('
(1(,( 39(,!0$%"(!, (1(,( #!39(,!0$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: 39(,!0( (invisible)

! 86!
 to DISCUSS / to examine / to put under scrutiny / to
deliberate over
0#+8('/# (1)

+% &(>(*!& +% #!,&(>(*%
8%, (>(*!& 8%, #!,(>(*%
Present

Aorist
(1 (>(*!&1 +!, #!,(>(*!
9&%, &(>(*&' 9&%, #!,&(>(*%'
'5&%, (>(*!&' '5&%, #!,(>(*%'
(1(,( (>(*!&%, +!' #!,(>(*%1

Fut: #!,-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!,>(*3*(

to DIVE / to plunge into

;/(+%/# (1)

+% &7&(,'!& +% 9!&7&(,'%
8%, 7&(,'!& 8%, 9!7&(,'%
Present

(1 7&(,'!&1 +!, 9!7&(,'! Aorist

9&%, &7&(,'!&' 9&%, 9!&7&(,'%'
'5&%, 7&(,'!&' '5&%, 9!7&(,'%'
(1(,( 7&(,'!&%, +!' 9!7&(,'%1

Fut: 9!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 87!
 to DO / to make / to prepare / to cook
0#6.%.3# (1)

+% &!)%'%" +% #!&!)%'%
8%, !)%'%" 8%, #!!)%'%
Present

Aorist
(1 !)%'%"1 +!, #!!)%'!
9&%, &!)%'%"' 9&%, #!&!)%'%'
'5&%, !)%'%"' '5&%, #!!)%'%'
(1(,( !)%'%"%, +!' #!!)%'%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!)%'%"3*(

to DOUBT
.7/( (3)

+% &%=&-" +% &(%=&%
8%, %=&-" 8%, (%=&%
Present

Aorist

(1 %=&-"1 +!, (%=&!

9&%, &%=&-"' 9&%, &(%=&%'
'5&%, %=&-"' '5&%, (%=&%'
(1(,( %=&-"%, +!' (%=&%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!%=&%"3*(

! 88!
 to DOWNLOAD
-#*2:/($%/# (1)

+% &2&(0'!& +% 9!+-&2&(0'%
8%, 2&(0'!& 8%, 9!+-2&(0'%
Present

Aorist
(1 2&(0'!&1 +!, 9!+-2&(0'!
9&%, &2&(0'!&' 9&%, 9!+-&2&(0'%'
'5&%, 2&(0'!&' '5&%, 9!+-2&(0'%'
(1(,( 2&(0'!&%, +!' 9!+-2&(0'%1

Fut: 9!+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 9!+-2&(0'3*(

to DRAW / to paint
8#:/# (1)

+% &>!2!& +% $!&>!2%
8%, >!2!& 8%, $!>!2%
Present

(1 >!2!&1 +!, $!>!2! Aorist

9&%, &>!2!&' 9&%, $!&>!2%'
'5&%, >!2!&' '5&%, $!>!2%'
(1(,( >!2!&%, +!' $!>!2%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 89!
 to DREAM
,()*#$(, +#8/# (1)

+% 1(A+!01 &>%$!& +% 1(A+!0( &,!>%

8%, 1(A+!01 >%$!& 8%, 1(A+!0( ,!>%
Present

Aorist
(1 1(A+!01 >%$!&1 +!, 1(A+!0( ,!>!
9&%, 1(A+!01 &>%$!&' 9&%, 1(A+!0( &,!>%'
'5&%, 1(A+!01 >%$!&' '5&%, 1(A+!0( ,!>%'
(1(,( 1(A+!01 >%$!&%, +!' 1(A+!0( ,!>%1

+% 1(A+!01 &,!>!&
8%, 1(A+!01 ,!>!&
Future

(1 1(A+!01 ,!>!&1
9&%, 1(A+!01 &,!>!&'
'5&%, 1(A+!01 ,!>!&'
(1(,( 1(A+!01 ,!>!&%,

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: This verb should not be condused with ‘-:,%"!’ (‘to
fantasise’ / ‘to daydream’)

! 90!
 to DRINK
4#'./# (1)

+% &1&!+ +% $!&*(%
8%, 1&!+ 8%, $!*(%
Present

Aorist
(1 1&!+1 +!, $!*(!
9&%, &1&!+' 9&%, $!&*(%'
'5&%, 1&!+' '5&%, $!*(%'
(1(,( 1&!+%, +!' $!*(%1

+% $!&*%& +% &1&!+$(
Future

Imperfect
8%, $!*%& 8%, 1&!+$(
(1 $!*%&1 (1 1&!+$!
9&%, $!&*%&' 9&%, &1&!+$('
'5&%, $!*%&' '5&%, 1&!+$('
(1(,( $!*%&%, (1(,( 1&!+$,%,

Cond: $( / $( / $( / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!*%3*(

to DRIVE / to ride
*#+"#+(, :#$.3# (1)

+% +!,5!,!1 &!2!0%" +% +!,5!,! #!&!2!0%

8%, +!,5!,!1 !2!0%" 8%, +!,5!,! #!!2!0%
Present

Aorist

(1 +!,5!,!1 !2!0%"1 +!, +!,5!,! #!!2!0!

9&%, +!,5!,!1 &!2!0%"' 9&%, +!,5!,! #!&!2!0%'
'5&%, +!,5!,!1 !2!0%"' '5&%, +!,5!,! #!!2!0%'
(1(,( +!,5!,!1 !2!0%"%, +!' +!,5!,! #!!2!0%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: This verb can be used with vehicles besides cars – but
change the word ‘+!,5!,(1’ to the other vehicle name.
! 91!
 to DYE / to colour
1.@.3/# (1)

+% &(6%"!& +% 8%&(6%"%
8%, (6%"!& 8%, 8%(6%"%
Present

Aorist
(1 (6%"!&1 +!, 8%(6%"!
9&%, &(6%"!&' 9&%, 8%&(6%"%'
'5&%, (6%"!&' '5&%, 8%(6%"%'
(1(,( (6%"!&%, +!' 8%(6%"%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%6%"(*(
Notes: Remove the ‘(’ from the verb root to speak of dyeing /
colouring in general; not for doing this to a person or
object

to EAT
7#*# (1)

+% &=!+ +% 8%&=!+%
8%, =!+ 8%, 8%=!+%
Present

Aorist

(1 =!+1 +!, 8%=!+!

9&%, &=!+' 9&%, 8%&=!+%'
'5&%, =!+' '5&%, 8%=!+%'
(1(,( =!+%, +!' 8%=!+%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%=+3*(

! 92!
 to EMERGE / to surface / to dive ‘out’ of
#*2;/(+%/# (1)

+% !+-&7&(,'!& +% !+-&7&(,'%
8%, !+-7&(,'!& 8%, !+-7&(,'%
Present

Aorist
(1 !+-7&(,'!&1 +!, !+-7&(,'!
9&%, !+-&7&(,'!&' 9&%, !+-&7&(,'%'
'5&%, !+-7&(,'!&' '5&%, !+-7&(,'%'
(1(,( !+-7&(,'!&%, +!' !+-7&(,'%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to EMPTY / to discharge / to exile / to unload / to let off /

to evacuate / to offload
4#!'# (1)

+% &:*( +% $!&:!*%
8%, :*( 8%, $!:!*%
Present

(1 :*(1 +!, $!:#*! Aorist

9&%, &:*(' 9&%, $!&:!*%'
'5&%, :*(' '5&%, $!:!*%'
(1(,( :*(!, +!' $!:!*%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!:*(*(

! 93!
 to ENCOURAGE / to reassure / to cheer up
0#*8+./.3# (1)

+% &!+>,%&%" +% #!&!+>,%&%
8%, !+>,%&%" 8%, #!!+>,%&%
Present

Aorist
(1 !+>,%&%"1 +!, #!!+>,%&!
9&%, &!+>,%&%"' 9&%, #!&!+>,%&%'
'5&%, !+>,%&%"' '5&%, #!!+>,%&%'
(1(,( !+>,%&%"%, +!' #!!+>,%&%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!+>,%&%"3*(

to END / to finish / to complete / to terminate / to

graduate
4#*%#/$.3# (1)

+% &!+'!&0%" +% $!&!+'!&0%
8%, !+'!&0%" 8%, $!!+'!&0%
Present

Aorist
(1 !+'!&0%"1 +!, $!!+'!&0!
9&%, &!+'!&0%"' 9&%, $!&!+'!&0%'
'5&%, !+'!&0%"' '5&%, $!!+'!&0%'
(1(,( !+'!&0%"%, +!' $!!+'!&0%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!+'!&0%"3*(

! 94!
 to be ENDED / to be finished / to be done / to be
completed / to be terminated / to be over / to stay*
*2$-.3# (2)

+% &09%"( +% +-&09(
8%, 09%"( 8%, +-09(
Present

Aorist
(1 09%"! (1 +-09!
9&%, &09%"(' 9&%, +-&09('
'5&%, 09%"(' '5&%, +-09('
(1(,( 09%"(!, (1(,( +-09,%,

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: $!+'!&0%"3*(
Notes: This verb can mean ‘to stay’ only in the Present screeve.

to ENJOY / to take pleasure in

4#:6323# (2)

+% &2)"%"( +% $!&2)"(
8%, 2)"%"( 8%, $!2)"(
Present

Aorist
(1 2)"%"! (1 $!2)"!
9&%, &2)"%"(' 9&%, $!&2)"('
'5&%, 2)"%"(' '5&%, $!2)"('
(1(,( 2)"%"(!, (1(,( $!2)"$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: $!+2)"!0(
Notes: The object of this verb should be in the instr. case.

! 95!
 to ERASE / to delete / to rub out / to cross out / to strike
out
5#1'# (1)

+% &8*( +% <!&!8*%
8%, 8*( 8%, <!8!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 8*(1 +!, <!8!*!
9&%, &8*(' 9&%, <!&8!*%'
'5&%, 8*(' '5&%, <!8!*%'
(1(,( 8*(!, +!' <!8!*%1

Fut: <!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: <!8*(*(

to EXCLAIM / to cry out / to ejaculate

5#*29#8.3# (1)

+% <!+-&(;!>%" +% <!+-&(;!>%
8%, <!+-(;!>%" 8%, <!+-(;!>%
Present

Aorist
(1 <!+-(;!>%"1 +!, <!+-(;!>!
9&%, <!+-&(;!>%"' 9&%, <!+-&(;!>%'
'5&%, <!+-(;!>%"' '5&%, <!+-(;!>%'
(1(,( <!+-(;!>%"%, +!' <!+-(;!>%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: <!+-;!>%"3*(

! 96!
 to EXECUTE / to put to death
,(6/4('(% 4#,?# (1)

+% 1()&$(*(' &1?( +% 1()&$(*(' $!&1#?%

8%, 1()&$(*(' 1?( 8%, 1()&$(*(' $!1#?%
Present

Aorist
(1 1()&$(*(' 1?(1 +!, 1()&$(*(' $!1#?!
9&%, 1()&$(*(' &1?(' 9&%, 1()&$(*(' $!&1#?%'
'5&%, 1()&$(*(' 1?(' '5&%, 1()&$(*(' $!1#?%'
(1(,( 1()&$(*(' 1?(!, +!' 1()&$(*(' $!1#?%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 1()&$(*(' $!1?(*(

to FALL / to fall down

5#"!./# (2)

+% &(5:%&( +% <!&(5%:(
8%, (5:%&( 8%, <!(5%:(
Present

Aorist
(1 (5:%&! (1 <!(5:!
9&%, &(5:%&(' 9&%, <!&(5%:('
'5&%, (5:%&(' '5&%, <!(5%:('
(1(,( (5:%&(!, (1(,( <!(5:,%,

Fut: <!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % /% / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: <!5:%3*(
Notes: In the Present, the forms are the same as ‘to behave like’

! 97!
 to FANTASISE / to daydream
2!+.3# (3)

+% &-:,%"-" +% &(-:,%"%
8%, -:,%"-" 8%, (-:,%"%
Present

Aorist
(1 -:,%"-"1 +!, (-:,%"!
9&%, &-:,%"-"' 9&%, &(-:,%"%'
'5&%, -:,%"-"' '5&%, (-:,%"%'
(1(,( -:,%"-"%, +!' (-:,%"%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to FEEL / to sense
0$9+23# (3)

+% &#0;,-" +% &(#0;,%
8%, #0;,-" 8%, (#0;,%
Present

Aorist
(1 #0;,-"1 +!, (#0;,-
9&%, &#0;,-"' 9&%, &(#0;,%'
'5&%, #0;,-"' '5&%, (#0;,%'
(1(,( #0;,-"%, +!' (#0;,%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 98!
 to FIGHT / to quarrel
-8&3( (3)

+% &9>3"-" +% &(9>3"%
8%, 9>3"-" 8%, (9>3"%
Present

Aorist
(1 9>3"-"1 +!, (9>3"!
9&%, &9>3"-"' 9&%, &(9>3"%'
'5&%, 9>3"-"' '5&%, (9>3"%'
(1(,( 9>3"-"%, +!' (9>3"%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to FIND / to disover
>2/+# (3)

+% &.-3*-" +% &(.-&,%
8%, .-3*-" 8%, (.-&,%
Present

Aorist
(1 .-3*-"1 +!, (.-&,!
9&%, &.-3*-"' 9&%, &(.-&,%'
'5&%, .-3*-"' '5&%, (.-&,%'
(1(,( .-3*-"%, +!' (.-&,%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!.-&,(

! 99!
 to FISH / to go fishing
%./)#23# (3)

+% &'%&A!-" +% &('%&A!&%
8%, '%&A!-" 8%, ('%&A!&%
Present

Aorist
(1 '%&A!-"1 +!, ('%&A!&!
9&%, &'%&A!-"' 9&%, &('%&A!&%'
'5&%, '%&A!-"' '5&%, ('%&A!&%'
(1(,( '%&A!-"%, +!' ('%&A!&%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to FLIRT
6.6'&!23# (3)

+% &)%)*3:-" +% &()%)*3:%
8%, )%)*3:-" 8%, ()%)*3:%
Present

Aorist
(1 )%)*3:-"1 +!, ()%)*3:!
9&%, &)%)*3:-"' 9&%, &()%)*3:%'
'5&%, )%)*3:-"' '5&%, ()%)*3:%'
(1(,( )%)*3:-"%, +!' ()%)*3:%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 100!
 to FLY (something [as a pilot])
0#<$.+# (1)

+% &!40%, / &40(,!& +% #!&40(,$(

8%, !40%, / 40(,!& 8%, #!40(,$(
Present

Aorist
(1 !40%,1 / 40(,!&1 (1 #!40(,$!
9&%, &!40%,' / &40(,!&' 9&%, #!&40(,$('
'5&%, !40%,' / 40(,!&' '5&%, #!40(,$('
(1(,( !40%,%, / 40(,!&%, (1(,( #!40(,$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!40%,(*(
Notes: The preverb +-- can convey ‘to fly to’ (i.e. outbound).
The preverb +(- can convey ‘to fly back to’ (i.e. inbound).

to FLY [as a passenger]

0#<$.+# (2)

+% &40(,$%"( +% #!&40(,$(
8%, 40(,$%"( 8%, #!40(,$(
Present

Aorist
(1 40(,$%"! (1 #!40(,$!
9&%, &40(,$%"(' 9&%, #!&40(,$('
'5&%, 40(,$%"(' '5&%, #!40(,$('
(1(,( 40(,$%"(!, (1(,( #!40(,$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
Notes: The preverb +-- can convey ‘to fly to’ (i.e. outbound).
The preverb +(- can convey ‘to fly back to’ (i.e. inbound).

! 101!
 to FOLLOW / to go after
*(;2'# (2)

+% +(&7&%"( +% +(&7%&(
8%, +(7&%"( 8%, +(7%&(
Present

Aorist
(1 +(7&%"! (1 +(7&!
9&%, +(&7&%"(' 9&%, +(&7%&('
'5&%, +(7&%"(' '5&%, +(7%&('
(1(,( +(7&%"(!, (1(,( +(7&,%,

Fut: +(-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: -$% / -$% / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%' / -$,%,
P.P.: +-7-*(*(

to FORBID / to prohibit / to interdict / to bar / to ban

#6$9#'/# (1)

+% &)0;!*!& +% !&)0;!*%
8%, )0;!*!& 8%, !)0;!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 )0;!*!&1 +!, !)0;!*!
9&%, &)0;!*!&' 9&%, !&)0;!*%'
'5&%, )0;!*!&' '5&%, !)0;!*%'
(1(,( )0;!*!&%, +!' !)0;!*%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !)0;!*3*(

! 102!
 to FORGET
4#/(5;.3# (1)

+% &(&(<7%" +% $!&(&(<7%
8%, (&(<7%" 8%, $!(&(<7%
Present

Aorist
(1 (&(<7%"1 +!, $!(&(<7!
9&%, &(&(<7%"' 9&%, $!&(&(<7%'
'5&%, (&(<7%"' '5&%, $!(&(<7%'
(1(,( (&(<7%"%, +!' $!(&(<7%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!&(<7%"3*(

! 103!
 to FORGIVE / to pardon
1.+423# (1)

+% 8%&3,$-" +% 8%&3,$%
8%, 8%3,$-" 8%, 8%3,$%
Present

Aorist
(1 8%3,$-"1 +!, 8%3,$-
9&%, 8%&3,$-"' 9&%, 8%&3,$%'
'5&%, 8%3,$-"' '5&%, 8%3,$%'
(1(,( 8%3,$-"%, +!' 8%3,$%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%,$-"(*(

! 104!
 to FREEZE
;(+/# (1)

+% &7(,!& +% #!&7(,%
8%, 7(,!& 8%, #!7(,%
Present

Aorist
(1 7(,!&1 +!, #!7(,!
9&%, &7(,!&' 9&%, #!&7(,%'
'5&%, 7(,!&' '5&%, #!7(,%'
(1(,( 7(,!&%, +!' #!7(,%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!7(,3*(

! 105!
 to FRY / to roast
1.5/# (1)

+% &<&!& +% 8%&<&(
8%, <&!& 8%, 8%<&(
Present

Aorist
(1 <&!&1 +!, 8%<&!
9&%, &<&!&' 9&%, 8%&<&('
'5&%, <&!&' '5&%, 8%<&('
(1(,( <&!&%, +!' 8%<&%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%<&!0(
Notes: The Present forms can be confused with ‘to burn’ (‘<&!’)
so you may wish to use the Future for clarity.

! 106!
 to GATHER / to collect / to pick (e.g. fruits) / to pick up
1.0$2/.3# (1)

+% &!#0-&%" +% 8%&!#0-&%
8%, !#0-&%" 8%, 8%!#0-&%
Present

Aorist
(1 !#0-&%"1 +!, 8%!#0-&!
9&%, &!#0-&%"' 9&%, 8%&!#0-&%'
'5&%, !#0-&%"' '5&%, 8%!#0-&%'
(1(,( !#0-&%"%, +!' 8%!#0-&%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%#0-&%"3*(

to GET / to receive / to reach (e.g. a decision)

*(@.3# (1)

+% &(6%" +% +(&(6%
8%, (6%" 8%, +((6%
Present

Aorist
(1 (6%"1 +!, +((6-
9&%, &(6%"' 9&%, +(&(6%'
'5&%, (6%"' '5&%, +((6%'
(1(,( (6%"%, +!' +((6%1

Fut: +(-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +(6%"3*(
Notes: The present forms can be confused with the verbs
‘<!6%"!’ (‘to carry’), ‘!6%"!’ (‘to take / to accept’) /
‘!+-6%"!’ (‘to remove from / to withdraw / to take out of’)

! 107!
 to GIVE
*(!.*# (1)

+% &!;*%& +% +(&%:(
Present

Aorist
8%, !;*%& 8%, +(%:(
(1 !;*%&1 +!, +(1:!
9&%, &!;*%&' 9&%, +(&%:('
'5&%, !;*%&' '5&%, +(%:('
(1(,( !;*%&%, +!' +(1:%1

+% +(&:%+ +% +(&:%

Optative
Future

8%, +(1:%+ 8%, +(1:%

(1 +(1:%+1 +!, +(1:%1
9&%, +(&:%+' 9&%, +(&:%'
'5&%, +(1:%+' '5&%, +(1:%'
(1(,( +(1:%+%, +!' +(1:%,

Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
st nd
Notes: +-- (used with 1 or 2 person indirect objects; +(- used
rd
with 3 person objects)

! 108!
 to GIVE a gift
-&".3# (1)

+% &935,( +% &!935%
8%, 935,( 8%, !935%
Present

Aorist
(1 935,(1 +!, !935!
9&%, &935,(' 9&%, &!935%'
'5&%, 935,(' '5&%, !935%'
(1(,( 935,(!, +!' !935%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!935!0(

! 109!
 to be GLAD
0#8#$.3# (4)

+% +(>!0(! +% #!+(>!0$!
Present

Aorist
8%, #(>!0(! 8%, #!#(>!0$!
+!1 3>!0(! +!1 #!3>!0$!
9&%, #&(>!0(! 9&%, #!#&(>!0$!
'5&%, #(>!0(!' '5&%, #!#(>!0$!'
+!' 3>!0(!' +!' #!3>!0$!'

+% #!+(>!0$%"! +% +(>!0-$!

Imperfect
Future

8%, #!#(>!0$%"! 8%, #(>!0-$!

+!1 #!3>!0$%"! +!1 3>!0-$!
9&%, #!#&(>!0$%"! 9&%, #&(>!0-$!
'5&%, #!#(>!0$%"!' '5&%, #(>!0-$!'
+!' #!3>!0$%"!' +!' 3>!0-$!'

Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,

Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'
P.P.: #!>!0%"3*(

! 110!
 to GO
5#,/'# (2)

+% +(&$(&!0 +% <!&%$(
8%, +($(>!0 8%, <!>&%$(
Present

Aorist
(1 +($(1 (1 <!&($!
9&%, +(&$(&!0' 9&%, <!&%$('
'5&%, +($(>!0' '5&%, <!>&%$('
(1(,( +($(!, (1(,( <!&($,%,

+% <!&!* +% +(&$(-$(
Future

Imperfect
8%, <!>&!* 8%, +($(-$(
(1 <!&! (1 +($(-$!
9&%, <!&!*' 9&%, +(&$(-$('
'5&%, <!>&!*' '5&%, +($(-$('
(1(,( <!&*%, (1(,( +($(-$,%,

+% <!&($-$( +% <!&($%
Conditional

Subjunctive
8%, <!>&($-$( 8%, <!>&($%
(1 <!&($-$! (1 <!&($%1
9&%, <!&($-$(' 9&%, <!&($%'
'5&%, <!>&($-$(' '5&%, <!>&($%'
(1(,( <!&!-($-$,%, (1(,( <!&($,%,

Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'

P.P.: <!13*(
Notes: Additional preverbs include: !+-- (to come up), 9!+--
(to arrive / to come down), 8%+-- (to come in), #!+--
(to come out), #!$+-- (to come across)
Imperatives for this verb are irregular: <!$( / <!$(' /
<!&($%'

! 111!
 to GOSSIP
7#$#23# (3)

+% &=-0!-" +% &(=-0!&%
8%, =-0!-" 8%, (=-0!&%
Present

Aorist
(1 =-0!-"1 +!, (=-0!&!
9&%, &=-0!-"' 9&%, &(=-0!&%'
'5&%, =-0!-"' '5&%, (=-0!&%'
(1(,( =-0!-"%, +!' (=-0!&%1

Fut: (-...-&%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to GRATE (e.g. cheese) / to wipe (dry)

0#8.8/# (1)

+% &>%>!& +% #!&>%>%
8%, >%>!& 8%, #!>%>%
Present

Aorist
(1 >%>!&1 +!, #!>%>!
9&%, &>%>!&' 9&%, #!&>%>%'
'5&%, >%>!&' '5&%, #!>%>%'
(1(,( >%>!&%, +!' #!>%>%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!>%>(*(

! 112!
 to GREASE / to oil / to lubricate / to spread on / to apply
5#,*# (1)

+% &(1&!+ +% <!&(1&(
8%, (1&!+ 8%, <!(1&(
Present

Aorist
(1 (1&!+1 +!, <!(1&!
9&%, &(1&!+' 9&%, <!&(1&('
'5&%, (1&!+' '5&%, <!(1&('
(1(,( (1&!+%, +!' <!(1&%1

Fut: <!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. <!1+3*(

to GROW / to rise / to develop / to increase

0#)$4# (2)

+% &(A0$%"( +% #!&(A!0$%
8%, (A0$%"( 8%, #!(A!0$%
Present

(1 (A0$%"! (1 #!(A!0$!
Aorist
9&%, &(A0$%"(' 9&%, #!&(A!0$%'
'5&%, (A0$%"(' '5&%, #!(A!0$%('
(1(,( (A0$%"(!, (1(,( #!(A!0$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!A0$(*(

! 113!
 to GROW (something) / to develop (something) / to
cultivate
)$4# (1)

+% &A0$( +% #!&A!0$%
8%, A0$( 8%, #!A!0$%
Present

Aorist
(1 A0$(1 +!, #!A!0$!
9&%, &A0$(' 9&%, #!&A!0$%'
'5&%, A0$(' '5&%, #!A!0$%'
(1(,( A0$(!, +!' #!A!0$%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!A0$(*(

to HANG / to put up / to hang up / to suspend

-#*26(4.3# (1)

+% &)($%" +% 9!+-&)($%
8%, )($%" 8%, 9!+-)($%
Present

(1 )($%"1 +!, 9!+-)($! Aorist

9&%, &)($%"' 9&%, 9!+-&)($%'
'5&%, )($%"' '5&%, 9!+-)($%'
(1(,( )($%"%, +!' 9!+-)($%1

Fut: 9!+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 9!+-)($%"3*(

! 114!
 to HAPPEN / to take place / to occur
-#:#$.3# (2)

+% N/A +% N/A
8%, N/A 8%, N/A
Present

Aorist
(1 2!0$%"! (1 9!2!0$!
9&%, N/A 9&%, N/A
'5&%, N/A '5&%, N/A
(1(,( 2!0$%"(!, (1(,( 9!2!0$,%,

Fut: 9!-
Imp+Cond: -$! / -$,%,
Opt: -1 / ,%,
Subj: $%1 / $,%,
P.P. 9!2!0%"3*(

to HATE / to destest / to despise / to abhor / to loathe

,(9&'/('( (4/1)

+% +;3*1 +% +;3*$!
8%, #;3*1 8%, #;3*$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 1;3*1 +!, 1;3*$!
9&%, #&;3*1 9&%, #&;3*$!
'5&%, #;3*' '5&%, #;3*$!'
+!' 1;3*' +!' 1;3*$!'

+% 8%&(;3*%"
8%, 8%(;3*%"
Future

(1 8%(;3*%"1
9&%, 8%&(;3*%"'
'5&%, 8%(;3*%"'
(1(,( 8%(;3*%"%,

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: % / % / % / % / %' / %'
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%;3*%"3*(
! 115!
 to HAVE (someone [animate])
;2'# (4)

+% +7!&1 +% +7!&$!
Present

Aorist
8%, #7!&1 8%, #7!&$!
+!1 @7!&1 +!1 @7!&$!
9&%, #&7!&1 9&%, #&7!&$!
'5&%, #7!&' '5&%, #7!&$!'
+!' @7!&' +!' @7!&$!'

+% +%7-*%"!
Future

8%, #%7-*%"!
+!1 %7-*%"!
9&%, #&%7-*%"!
'5&%, #%7-*%"!'
+!' %7-*%"!'

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'

! 116!
 to HAVE (something [inanimate])
"2+# (4)

+% +!5&1 +% +5-,$!
Present

Aorist
8%, #!5&1 8%, #5-,$!
+!1 !5&1 +!1 @5-,$!
9&%, #&!5&1 9&%, #&5-,$!
'5&%, #!5&' '5&%, #5-,$!'
+!' !5&' +!' @5-,$!'

+% +%5,%"!
Future

8%, #%5,%"!
+!1 %5,%"!
9&%, #&%5,%"!
'5&%, #%5,%"!'
+!' %5,%"!'

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'

! 117!
 to HEAR
*2,*.+# (4)

+% +%1+(1 +% +-+%1+!
8%, #%1+(1 8%, +-#%1+!
Present

Aorist
+!1 %1+(1 +!1 +-%1+!
9&%, #&%1+(1 9&%, +-#&%1+!
'5&%, #%1+(' '5&%, +-#%1+!'
+!' %1+(' +!' +-%1+!'

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( /$( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'
P.P. +-1+%,(*(

! 118!
 to HELP / to assist / to aid
4#8*#$.3# (1)

+% &%>+!0%"( +% $!&%>+!0%
8%, %>+!0%"( 8%, $!%>+!0%
Present

Aorist
(1 %>+!0%"! (1 $!%>+!0!
9&%, &%>+!0%"(' 9&%, $!&%>+!0%'
'5&%, %>+!0%"(' '5&%, $!%>+!0%'
(1(,( %>+!0%"(!, (1(,( $!%>+!0,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 119!
 to HIDE (oneself) / to be hidden / to be hiding
4#*#'/# (2)

+% &(+!*%"( +% $!&(+!*%
8%, (+!*%"( 8%, $!(+!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 (+!*%"! (1 $!(+!*!
9&%, &(+!*%"(' 9&%, $!&(+!*%'
'5&%, (+!*%"(' '5&%, $!(+!*%'
(1(,( (+!*%"(!, (1(,( $!(+!*,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!+!*3*(

to HIDE (something)
4#*#'/# (1)

+% &+!*!& +% $!&+!*%
8%, +!*!& 8%, $!+!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 +!*!&1 +!, $!+!*!
9&%, &+!*!&' 9&%, $!&+!*%'
'5&%, +!*!&' '5&%, $!+!*%'
(1(,( +!*!&%, +!' $!+!*%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!+!*3*(

! 120!
 to be HOT
,(!8. (4)

+% +:>%*! +% $!+:>!
8%, #:>%*! 8%, $!#:>!
Present

Aorist
+!1 1:>%*! +!1 $!1:>!
9&%, #&:>%*! 9&%, $!#&:>!
'5&%, #:>%*!' '5&%, $!#:>!'
(1(,( 1:>%*!' +!' $!1:>!'

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'

to HUG / to embrace
-#8&:.3# (1)

+% &(>32%" +% 9!&(>32%
8%, (>32%" 8%, 9!(>32%
Present

Aorist
(1 (>32%"1 +!, 9!(>32!
9&%, &(>32%"' 9&%, 9!&(>32%'
'5&%, (>32%"' '5&%, 9!(>32%'
(1(,( (>32%"%, +!' 9!(>32%1

Fut: 9!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 9!>32%"3*(

! 121!
 to be HUNGRY
1(*1('( (4)

+% +8(! +% +8(-$!
8%, #8(! 8%, #8(-$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 8(! +!1 8(-$!
9&%, #&8(! 9&%, #&8(-$!
'5&%, #8(!' '5&%, #8(-$!'
(1(,( 8(!' +!' 8(-$!'

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: Use Aorist forms
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'
P.P.: +8(%0(

to HUNT
+#4($23# (3)

+% &,!$(0-" +% &(,!$(0%
8%, ,!$(0-" 8%, (,!$(0%
Present

Aorist
(1 ,!$(0-"1 +!, (,!$(0!
9&%, &,!$(0-"' 9&%, &(,!$(0%'
'5&%, ,!$(0-"' '5&%, (,!$(0%'
(1(,( ,!$(0-"%, +!' (,!$(0%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 122!
 to HURRY (someone) along
#-"#$.3# (3)

+% &95!0-" +% &(95!0%
8%, 95!0-" 8%, (95!0%
Present

Aorist
(1 95!0-"1 +!, (95!0!
9&%, &95!0-"' 9&%, &(95!0%'
'5&%, 95!0-"' '5&%, (95!0%'
(1(,( 95!0-"%, +!' (95!0%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.

to HURRY / to hurry up / to be in a hurry / to rush

#-"#$.3# (4)

+% +%95!0%"! +% +%95!0%"-$!
8%, #%95!0%"! 8%, #%95!0%"-$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 %95!0%"! +!1 %95!0%"-$!
9&%, #&%95!0%"! 9&%, #&%95!0%"-$!
'5&%, #%95!0%"!' '5&%, #%95!0%"-$!'
(1(,( %95!0%"!' +!' %95!0%"-$!'

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: Use Aorist forms
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'
P.P. !95!0%"3*(

! 123!
 to HURT / to have pain / to ache
:6(/('( (4)

+% +2)(&! +% !+2)(&$!
Present

Aorist
8%, #2)(&! 8%, !#2)(&$!
+!1 12)(&! +!1 !12)(&$!
9&%, #&2)(&! 9&%, !#&2)(&$!
'5&%, #2)(&!' '5&%, !#2)(&$!'
+!' 12)(&!' +!' !12)(&$!'

+% !+2)(&$%"!
Future

8%, !#2)(&$%"!
+!1 !12)(&$%"!
9&%, !#&2)(&$%"!
'5&%, !#2)(&$%"!'
+!' !12)(&$%"!'

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'
P.P.: !2)(&%"3*(

to IMPROVE / to make better / to ameliorate

0#&*?23.,.3# (1)

+% &!3+?-"%1%" +% #!&!3+?-"%1%
8%, !3+?-"%1%" 8%, #!!3+?-"%1%
Present

Aorist

(1 !3+?-"%1%"1 +!, #!!3+?-"%1!

9&%, &!3+?-"%1%"' 9&%, #!&!3+?-"%1%'
'5&%, !3+?-"%1%"' '5&%, #!!3+?-"%1%'
(1(,( !3+?-"%1%"%, +!' #!!3+?-"%1%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!3+?-"%1%"3*(

! 124!
 to INDICATE / to point out / to designate / to mark out
#@+(1/+# (1)

+% !6&,(8,!& +% !6&,(8,%
8%, !6,(8,!& 8%, !6,(8,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !6,(8,!&1 +!, !6,(8,!
9&%, !6&,(8,!&' 9&%, !6&,(8,%'
'5&%, !6,(8,!&' '5&%, !6,(8,%'
(1(,( !6,(8,!&%, +!' !6,(8,%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to INFORM / to let know / to report / to communicate / to

impart
1.:;23(+.3# (1)

+% &!27-"(,%" +% 8%&!27-"(,%
8%, !27-"(,%" 8%, 8%!27-"(,%
Present

(1 !27-"(,%"1 +!, 8%!27-"(,! Aorist

9&%, &!27-"(,%"' 9&%, 8%&!27-"(,%'
'5&%, !27-"(,%"' '5&%, 8%!27-"(,%'
(1(,( !27-"(,%"%, +!' 8%!27-"(,%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 125!
 to INTEND to / to plan / to promise / “going to”
4#>($.3# (1)

+% &!.(0%" +% $!&!.(0%
8%, !.(0%" 8%, $!!.(0%
Present

Aorist
(1 !.(0%"1 +!, $!!.(0!
9&%, &!.(0%"' 9&%, $!&!.(0%'
'5&%, !.(0%"' '5&%, $!!.(0%'
(1(,( !.(0%"%, +!' $!!.(0%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!.(0%"3*(
Notes: When followed by another verb, ‘$!.(0%"!’ can
approximate the ‘Simple Future’ tense, e.g. “I am going to
study”. The second verb should be either in the Optative
or should be the Dat/Acc declension of the masdar.

to be INTERESTED in
4#(+:.$.,.3# (4)

+% +!(,2%0%1%"1 +% $!+!(,2%0%1!
Present

Aorist

8%, #!(,2%0%1%"1 8%, $!#!(,2%0%1!

+!1 !(,2%0%1%"1 +!1 $!!(,2%0%1!
9&%, #&!(,2%0%1%"1 9&%, $!#&!(,2%0%1!
'5&%, #!(,2%0%1%"' '5&%, $!#!(,2%0%1!'
+!' !(,2%0%1%"' +!' $!!(,2%0%1!'

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'
P.P.: $!(,2%0%1%"3*( / 1!(,2%0%1- (interesting)

! 126!
 to INTERRUPT
1.5;/.:(+.3# (1)

+% &!<7&%2(,%" +% 8%&!<7&%2(,%
8%, !<7&%2(,%" 8%, 8%!<7&%2(,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !<7&%2(,%"1 +!, 8%!<7&%2(,!
9&%, &!<7&%2(,%"' 9&%, 8%&!<7&%2(,%'
'5&%, !<7&%2(,%"' '5&%, 8%!<7&%2(,%'
(1(,( !<7&%2(,%"%, +!' 8%!<7&%2(,%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to INTRODUCE / to acquaint with / to familiarise with

0#!+23# (1)

+% &!:,-" +% #!&!:,%
8%, !:,-" 8%, #!!:,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !:,-"1 +!, #!!:,-
9&%, &!:,-"' 9&%, #!&!:,%'
'5&%, !:,-"' '5&%, #!!:,%'
(1(,( !:,-"%, +!' #!!:,%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!:,-"(*(

! 127!
 to INVESTIGATE / to analyse / to research
0#*26/'./# (1)

+% &()&*%& +% #!+-&()&*(%
8%, ()&*%& 8%, #!+-()&*(%
Present

Aorist
(1 ()&*%&1 +!, #!+-()&*(!
9&%, &()&*%&' 9&%, #!+-&()&*(%'
'5&%, ()&*%&' '5&%, #!+-()&*(%'
(1(,( ()&*%&%, +!' #!+-()&*(%1

Fut: #!+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!+-)&*%3*(

to INVITE
4#>#:(=.3# (1)

+% &.!2(/%" +% $!&.!2(/%
8%, .!2(/%" 8%, $!.!2(/%
Present

Aorist
(1 .!2(/%"1 +!, $!.!2(/!
9&%, &.!2(/%"' 9&%, $!&.!2(/%'
'5&%, .!2(/%"' '5&%, $!.!2(/%'
(1(,( .!2(/%"%, +!' $!.!2(/%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!.!2(/%"3*(

! 128!
 to IRON
4#&%2.3# (1)

+% &!3'-%" +% $!&!3'-&%
8%, !3'-%" 8%, $!!3'-&%
Present

Aorist
(1 !3'-%"1 +!, $!!3'-&!
9&%, &!3'-%"' 9&%, $!&!3'-&%'
'5&%, !3'-%"' '5&%, $!!3'-&%'
(1(,( !3'-%"%, +!' $!!3'-&%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!3'-%"3*(

to be JEALOUS
.7/(#+23# (3)

+% &%=&(!,-" +% &(%=&(!,%
8%, %=&(!,-" 8%, (%=&(!,%
Present

Aorist
(1 %=&(!,-"1 +!, (%=&(!,!
9&%, &%=&(!,-"' 9&%, &(%=&(!,%'
'5&%, %=&(!,-"' '5&%, (%=&(!,%'
(1(,( %=&(!,-"%, +!' (%=&(!,%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. %=&,%3*( / %=&(!,(

! 129!
 to JOKE / to kid
8&*$23# (3)

+% &>3+0-" +% &(>3+0%
8%, >3+0-" 8%, (>3+0%
Present

Aorist
(1 >3+0-"1 +!, (>3+0!
9&%, &>3+0-"' 9&%, &(>3+0%'
'5&%, >3+0-"' '5&%, (>3+0%'
(1(,( >3+0-"%, +!' (>3+0%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to JUMP / to leap / to spring

8:2*# (2)

+% &>2%"( +% #!$!&>2(
8%, >2%"( 8%, #!$!>2(
Present

Aorist
(1 >2%"! (1 #!$!>2!
9&%, &>2%"(' 9&%, #!$!&>2('
'5&%, >2%"(' '5&%, #!$!>2('
(1(,( >2%"(!, (1(,( #!$!>2,%,

Fut: #!$!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!$!+>2!0(

! 130!
 to KEEP / to preserve / to save
1.+#8/# (1)

+% &(,!>!& +% 8%&(,!>%
8%, (,!>!& 8%, 8%(,!>%
Present

Aorist
(1 (,!>!&1 +!, 8%(,!>!
9&%, &(,!>!&' 9&%, 8%&(,!>%'
'5&%, (,!>!&' '5&%, 8%(,!>%'
(1(,( (,!>!&%, +!' 8%(,!>%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. 8%,!>3*(

to KILL
*26/'# (1)

+% &)*!& +% +-&)!*(
8%, )*!& 8%, +-)!*(
Present

Aorist
(1 )*!&1 +!, +-)*!
9&%, &)*!&' 9&%, +-&)!*('
'5&%, )*!&' '5&%, +-)!*('
(1(,( )*!&%, +!' +-)*%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. +-)*3*(

! 131!
 to KISS
62!+# (1)

+% &)-:,( +% &!)-:%
8%, )-:,( 8%, !)-:%
Present

Aorist
(1 )-:,(1 +!, !)-:!
9&%, &)-:,(' 9&%, &!)-:%'
'5&%, )-:,(' '5&%, !)-:%'
(1(,( )-:,(!, +!' !)-:%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: ($( / ($( / ($! / ($(' / ($(' / ($,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: Use of the preverb +-- adds emphasis, i.e. ‘to
cover with kisses’

to KNOCK / to tap
4#6#6&+.3# (1)

+% &!)!)3,%" +% $!&!)!)3,%
8%, !)!)3,%" 8%, $!!)!)3,%
Present

Aorist

(1 !)!)3,%"1 +!, $!!)!)3,!

9&%, &!)!)3,%"' 9&%, $!&!)!)3,%'
'5&%, !)!)3,%"' '5&%, $!!)!)3,%'
(1(,( !)!)3,%"%, +!' $!!)!)3,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!)!)3,%"3*(

! 132!
 to KNOW (someone)
0#!+23# (1)

+% &(:,-" +% #!&(:!,(
8%, (:,-" 8%, #!(:!,(
Present

Aorist
(1 (:,-"1 +!, #!(:,-
9&%, &(:,-"' 9&%, #!&(:!,('
'5&%, (:,-"' '5&%, #!(:!,('
(1(,( (:,-"%, +!' #!(:,%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!:,-"(*(

! 133!
 to KNOW (something / a fact)
!24+# (1)

+% &(:( +% &(:-$(
8%, (:( 8%, (:-$(
Present

Aorist
(1 (:(1 +!, (:-$!
9&%, &(:(' 9&%, &(:-$('
'5&%, (:(' '5&%, (:-$('
(1(,( (:(!, +!' (:-$,%,

+% +%:-$(,%"!
Future

8%, #%:-$(,%"!
+!1 %:-$(,%"!
9&%, #&%:-$(,%"!
'5&%, #%:-$(,%"!'
(1(,( %:-$(,%"!'

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. ,!:,-"(
Notes: In the future, a type 4 version of the verb must be used,
e.g. literally “(something) will be known to me”.

! 134!
 to be LATE
4#0/(#+.3# (1)

+% &!#&(!,%" +% $!&!#&(!,%
8%, !#&(!,%" 8%, $!!#&(!,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !#&(!,%"1 +!, $!!#&(!,!
9&%, &!#&(!,%"' 9&%, $!&!#&(!,%'
'5&%, !#&(!,%"' '5&%, $!!#&(!,%'
(1(,( !#&(!,%"%, +!' $!!#&(!,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!#&(!,%"3*( / #&(!,(

to LAUGH
0#!(+.3# (3)

+% &(:(,( +% &(:(,%
8%, (:(,( 8%, (:(,%
Present

(1 (:(,(1 +!, (:(,! Aorist

9&%, &(:(,(' 9&%, &(:(,%'
'5&%, (:(,(' '5&%, (:(,%'
(1(,( (:(,(!, +!' (:(,%1

+% &(:(,%"
Future

8%, (:(,%"
(1 (:(,%"1
9&%, &(:(,%"'
'5&%, (:(,%"'
(1(,( (:(,%"%,

Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
! 135!
 to LAY DOWN (active) / to lie down
4#52'# (2)

+% &<%&!0 +% $!&<%5(
Present

Aorist
8%, <%&>!0 8%, $!<%5(
(1 <%&1 (1 $!<&!
9&%, &<%&!0' 9&%, $!&<%5('
'5&%, <%&>!0' '5&%, $!<%5('
(1(,( <&!,!, (1(,( $!<&,%,

+% $!&<&%"( +% $!&<&%
Future

Optative
8%, $!<&%"( 8%, $!<&%
(1 $!<&%"! (1 $!<&%1
9&%, $!&<&%"(' 9&%, $!&<&%'
'5&%, $!<&%"(' '5&%, $!<&%'
(1(,( $!<&%"(!, (1(,( $!<&,%,

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!<-*(*(

to LEAVE / to abandon
4#:2/.3# (1)

+% &2-&%" +% $!&2-&%
8%, 2-&%" 8%, $!2-&%
Present

Aorist

(1 2-&%"1 +!, $!2-&!

9&%, &2-&%"' 9&%, $!&2-&%'
'5&%, 2-&%"' '5&%, $!2-&%'
(1(,( 2-&%"%, +!' $!2-&%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!2-&%"3*(

! 136!
 to LET GO / to release / to set free
0#1/.3# (1)

+% &38&%" +% #!&38&(
8%, 38&%" 8%, #!38&(
Present

Aorist
(1 38&%"1 +!, #!38&!
9&%, &38&%"' 9&%, #!&38&('
'5&%, 38&%"' '5&%, #!38&('
(1(,( 38&%"%, +!' #!38&%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!8&%"3*(

! 137!
 to LIE / to tell a lie
*2:;&.3# (2)

+% &(273%"( +% +-&(273%
8%, (273%"( 8%, +-(273%
Present

Aorist
(1 (273%"! +!, +-(273!
9&%, &(273%"(' 9&%, +-&(273%'
'5&%, (273%"(' '5&%, +-(273%'
(1(,( (273%"(!, +!' +-(273%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +-273%"3*(

! 138!
 to LIFT / to raise / to turn up (e.g. one’s nose)
#5./# (1)

+% &<%& +% !&<(%
8%, <%& 8%, !<(%
Present

Aorist
(1 <%&1 +!, !<(!
9&%, &<%&' 9&%, !&<(%'
'5&%, <%&' '5&%, !<(%'
(1(,( <%&%, +!' !<(%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. !<%3*(
Notes: :>&(0(1 !<%&! (to turn up one’s nose); >+(1 !<%&! (to
raise one’s voice)

to LIKE
*252+.3# (4)

+% +-+<-,1 +% +-+%<-,!
8%, +-#<-,1 8%, +-#%<-,!
Present

Aorist
+!1 +-1<-,1 +!1 +-%<-,!
9&%, +-#&<-,1 9&%, +-#&%<-,!
'5&%, +-#<-,' '5&%, +-#%<-,!'
+!' +-1<-,' +!' +-%<-,!'

+% +-+%<-,%"! +% +-+<-,$!
Future

Imperfect

8%, +-#%<-,%"! 8%, +-#<-,$!

+!1 +-%<-,%"! +!1 +-1<-,$!
9&%, +-#&%<-,%"! 9&%, +-#&<-,$!
'5&%, +-#%<-,%"!' '5&%, +-#<-,$!'
+!' +-%<-,%"!' +!' +-1<-,$!'

Cond: -$! / -$! / -$! / -$! / -$!' / -$!'

Opt: -1 / -1 / -1 / -1 / -' / -'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'
P.P.: +-<-,%"3*(
! 139!
 to LISTEN to
*2,*.+# (1)

+% &31+%, +% +-&31+(,%
8%, 31+%, 8%, +-31+(,%
Present

Aorist
(1 31+%,1 +!, +-31+(,!
9&%, &31+%,' 9&%, +-&31+(,%'
'5&%, 31+%,' '5&%, +-31+(,%'
(1(,( 31+%,%, +!' +-31+(,%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. +-1+%,(*(

to LIVE / to be alive / to exist

,(!2!8'. (3)

+% &:-:>*-" +% &(:-:>*%
8%, :-:>*-" 8%, (:-:>*%
Present

(1 :-:>*-"1 +!, (:-:>*! Aorist

9&%, &:-:>*-"' 9&%, &(:-:>*%'
'5&%, :-:>*-"' '5&%, (:-:>*%'
(1(,( :-:>*-"%, +!' (:-:>*%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 140!
 to LIVE in (a place)
!82/$.3# (3)

+% &:>-&0-" +% &(:>-&0%
8%, :>-&0-" 8%, (:>-&0%
Present

Aorist
(1 :>-&0-"1 +!, (:>-&0!
9&%, &:>-"0-"' 9&%, &(:>-&0%'
'5&%, :>-&0-"' '5&%, (:>-&0%'
(1(,( :>-&0-"%, +!' (:>-&0%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: Although this verb is used with places only, the place still
needs to go with a postposition, e.g. -8(

to LOCK
4#6.:/# (1)

+% &)%2!& +% $!&)%2%
8%, )%2!& 8%, $!)%2%
Present

(1 )%2!&1 +!, $!)%2! Aorist

9&%, &)%2!&' 9&%, $!&)%2%'
'5&%, )%2!&' '5&%, $!)%2%'
(1(,( )%2!&%, +!' $!)%2%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!)%2(*(

! 141!
 to LOOK FOR / to search for
9.3+# (1)

+% &%;%" +% +-&;%",%
8%, %;%" 8%, +-;%",%
Present

Aorist
(1 %;%"1 +!, +-;%",!
9&%, &%;%"' 9&%, +-&;%",%'
'5&%, %;%"' '5&%, +-;%",%'
(1(,( %;%"%, +!' +-;%",%1

+% +-&;%",(
8%, +-;%",(
Future

(1 +-;%",(1
9&%, +-&;%",('
'5&%, +-;%",('
(1(,( +-;%",(!,

Imp: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Imp: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 142!
 to LOOK LIKE / to resemble
*,0#/,.3# (4)

+% +#!&1 +% +#!&$!
8%, ##!&1 8%, ##!&$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 @#!&1 +!1 @#!&$!
9&%, #&#!&1 9&%, #&#!&$!
'5&%, +#!&' '5&%, ##!&$!'
(1(,( @#!&' +!' @#!&$!'

+% $!+%+#!&,%"!
8%, $!#%+#!&,%"!
Future

+!1 $!%+#!&,%"!
9&%, $!#&%+#!&,%"!
'5&%, $!#%+#!&,%"!'
(1(,( $!%+#!&,%"!'

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: -1 / -1 / -1 / -1 / -' / -'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'

to LOSE
4#6#$0/# (1)

+% &)!0#!& +% $!&)!0#%
8%, )!0#!& 8%, $!)!0#%
Present

Aorist

(1 )!0#!&1 +!, $!)!0#!

9&%, &)!0#!&' 9&%, $!&)!0#%'
'5&%, )!0#!&' '5&%, $!)!0#%'
(1(,( )!0#!&%, +!' $!)!0#%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!)!0#3*(

! 143!
 to LOVE
,(;/#$&'( (4)

+% +(7&!01 +% 8%+(7&!0$!
8%, #(7&!01 8%, 8%#(7&!0$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 37&!01 +!1 8%37&!0$!
9&%, #&(7&!01 9&%, 8%#&(7&!0$!
'5&%, #(7&!0' '5&%, 8%#(7&!0$!'
+!' 37&!0' +!' 8%37&!0$!'

+% 8%+(7&!0$%"! +% +(7&!0$!
Future

Imperfect
8%, 8%#(7&!0$%"! 8%, #(7&!0$!
+!1 8%37&!0$%"! +!1 37&!0$!
9&%, 8%#&(7&!0$%"! 9&%, #&(7&!0$!
'5&%, 8%#(7&!0$%"!' '5&%, #(7&!0$!'
+!' 8%37&!0$%"!' +!' 37&!0$!'

Cond: -$! / -$! / -$! / -$! / -$!' / -$!'

Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'
P.P.: 8%7&!0%"3*(

to get LUCKY
0#&*#$%'# (4)

+% +(+!0'*%"1 +% #!+(+!0'*%
8%, #(+!0'*%"1 8%, #!#(+!0'*%
Present

Aorist

+!1 3+!0'*%"1 +!1 #!3+!0'*%

9&%, #&(+!0'*%&1 9&%, #!#&(+!0'*%
'5&%, #(+!0'*%"' '5&%, #!#(+!0'*%'
+!' 3+!0'*%"' +!' #!3+!0'*%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'
P.P.: (6"*(!,(

! 144!
 to MANAGE / to govern / to rule
*#$%/# (1)

+% &+!0'!& +% &+!0'%
8%, +!0'!& 8%, +!0'%
Present

Aorist
(1 +!0'!&1 +!, +!0'!
9&%, &+!0'!&' 9&%, &&+!0'%'
'5&%, +!0'!&' '5&%, +!0'%'
(1(,( +!0'!&%, +!' +!0'%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. +!0'3*(

to MANAGE (to do something) / to be skilled at (doing

something) / to be dexterous at (doing something)
*28.$8.3# (1)

+% &!>%0>%" +% +-&!>%0>%
8%, !>%0>%" 8%, +-!>%0>%
Present

(1 !>%0>%"1 +!, +-!>%0>! Aorist

9&%, &!>%0>%"' 9&%, +-&!>%0>%'
'5&%, !>%0>%"' '5&%, +-!>%0>%'
(1(,( !>%0>%"%, +!' +-!>%0>%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. +->%0>%"3*(

! 145!
 to MEAN / to signify
+(1/+# (1)

+% N/A +% N/A
8%, N/A 8%, N/A
Present

Aorist
(1 ,(8,!&1 +!, ,(8,!&$!
9&%, N/A 9&%, N/A
'5&%, N/A '5&%, N/A
(1(,( N/A +!' N/A

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: Use Aorist forms
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to MEASURE
0#)2*/# (1)

+% &A-+!& +% #!&A-+%
8%, A-+!& 8%, #!A-+%
Present

(1 A-+!&1 +!, #!A-+! Aorist

9&%, &A-+!&' 9&%, #!&A-+%'
'5&%, A-+!&' '5&%, #!A-+%'
(1(,( A-+!&%, +!' #!A-+%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 146!
 to MEET / to meet up with
1.8/.4$# (2)

+% &>&$%"( +% 8%&>&$(
8%, >&$%"( 8%, 8%>&$(
Present

Aorist
(1 >&$%"! +!, 8%>&$!
9&%, &>&$%"(' 9&%, 8%&>&$('
'5&%, >&$%"(' '5&%, 8%>&$('
(1(,( >&$%"(!, (1(,( 8%>&$,%,

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to MELT / to fuse
4+23# (1)

+% &!$,-" +% $!&!$,%
8%, !$,-" 8%, $!!$,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !$,-"1 +!, $!!$,-
9&%, &!$,-"' 9&%, $!&!$,%'
'5&%, !$,-"' '5&%, $!!$,%'
(1(,( !$,-"%, +!' $!!$,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!+$,!0(

! 147!
 to MISS (emotion) / to long for / to want for / to thirst for
*2+#:$.3# (4)

+% +%,!20%"! +% +-+%,!20!
8%, #%,!20%"! 8%, +-#%,!20!
Present

Aorist
+!1 %,!20%"! +!1 +-%,!20!
9&%, #&%,!20%"! 9&%, +-#&%,!20!
'5&%, #%,!20%"!' '5&%, +-#%,!20!'
+!' %,!20%"!' +!' +-%,!20!'

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'
P.P.: +-,!20%"3*(

to MOAN / to groan
6/+.,# (3)

+% &)&,%1( +% &()&,%1%
8%, )&,%1( 8%, ()&,%1%
Present

(1 )&,%1(1 +!, ()&,%1! Aorist

9&%, &)&,%1(' 9&%, &()&,%1%'
'5&%, )&,%1(' '5&%, ()&,%1%'
(1(,( )&,%1(!, +!' ()&,%1%1

Fut: (-…-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: Can be use figuratively to mean ‘to suffer’

! 148!
 to be NAMED / to be called
4#$"*./# (4)

+% +5&(! +% +%05&!
8%, #5&(! 8%, #%05&!
Present

Aorist
+!1 @5&(! +!1 %05&!
9&%, #&5&(! 9&%, #&%05&!
'5&%, #5&(!' '5&%, #%05&!'
+!' @5&(!' +!' %05&!'

+% +%05+%&!
Future

8%, #%05+%&!
+!1 %05+%&!
9&%, #&%05+%&!
'5&%, #%05+%&!'
+!' %05+%&!'

Imp+Cond: -$! / -$! / -$! / -$! / -$!' / -$!'

Opt: !1 / !1 / !1 / !1 / !' / !'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'
P.P.: $!05+%3*(

to NARROW / to become narrow

1./(5$2.3# (2)

+% N/A +% N/A
8%, N/A 8%, N/A
Present

Aorist

(1 (<0-&$%"! (1 8%(<0-&$!
9&%, N/A 9&%, N/A
'5&%, N/A '5&%, N/A
(1(,( (<0-&$%"(!, (1(,( 8%(<0-&$,%,

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: -$! / -$,%,
Opt: -1 / -,
Subj: $%1 / $,%,
P.P.: 8%&(<0-%"3*(

! 149!
 to NEED
,#7($2.3# (4)

+% +=(0$%"! +% +=(0$%"-$!
8%, #=(0$%"! 8%, #=(0$%"-$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 =(0$%"! +!1 =(0$%"-$!
9&%, #&=(0$%"! 9&%, #&=(0$%"-$!
'5&%,#=(0$%"!' '5&%, #=(0$%"-$!'
+!' =(0$%"!' +!' =(0$%"-$!!'

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp: Use Aorist forms
Cond: -$! / -$! / -$! / -$! / -$!' / -$!'
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'

to be NERVOUS
+.$/(&'23# (3)

+% &,%0&(3*-" +% &(,%0&(3*%
8%, ,%0&(3*-" 8%, (,%0&(3*%
Present

(1 ,%0&(3*-"1 +!, (,%0&(3*!

Aorist
9&%, &,%0&(3*-"' 9&%, &(,%0&(3*%'
'5&%, ,%0&(3*-"' '5&%, (,%0&(3*%'
(1(,( ,%0&(3*-"%, +!' (,%0&(3*%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 150!
 to NOD (one’s head)
%#/(, 4#"+./# (1)

+% '!&1 &!5,%& +% '!&( $!&(5,(%

8%, '!&1 !5,%& 8%, '!&( $!(5,(%
Present

Aorist
(1 '!&1 !5,%&1 +!, '!&( $!(5,(!
9&%, '!&1 &!5,%&' 9&%, '!&( $!&(5,(%'
'5&%, '!&1 !5,%&' '5&%, '!&( $!(5,(%'
(1(,( '!&1 !5,%&%, +!' '!&( $!(5,(%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to OPEN
0#@.3# (1)

+% &!6%" +% #!&!6%
8%, !6%" 8%, #!!6%
Present

Aorist
(1 !6%"1 +!, #!!6-
9&%, &!6%"' 9&%, #!&!6%'
'5&%, !6%"' '5&%, #!!6%'
(1(,( !6%"%, +!' #!!6%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 6(!

! 151!
 to ORDER (something, e.g. from a shop)
1.6/.%# (1)

+% &3)&%'!& +% 8%&3)&%'%
8%, 3)&%'!& 8%, 8%3)&%'%
Present

Aorist
(1 3)&%'!&1 +!, 8%3)&%'!
9&%, &3)&%'!&' 9&%, 8%3)&%'%'
'5&%, 3)&%'!&' '5&%, 8%3)&%'%'
(1(,( 3)&%'!&%, +!' 8%3)&%'%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%)&%'(*(

to ORGANISE / to arrange / to set up

0#$(0.3# (1)

+% &!0(#%" +% #!&!0(#%
8%, !0(#%" 8%, #!!0(#%
Present

(1 !0(#%"1 +!, #!!0(#! Aorist

9&%, &!0(#%"' 9&%, #!&!0(#%'
'5&%, !0(#%"' '5&%, #!!0(#%'
(1(,( !0(#%"%, +!' #!!0(#%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!0(#%"3*(

! 152!
 to PAY
0#4#84# (1)

+% &(>$( +% #!$!&(>$%
8%, (>$( 8%, #!$!(>$%
Present

Aorist
(1 (>$(1 +!, #!$!(>$!
9&%, &(>$(' 9&%, #!$!&(>$%'
'5&%, (>$(' '5&%, #!$!(>$%'
(1(,( (>$(!, +!' #!$!(>$%1

+% &(>$($( +% #!$!&(>$($(
8%, (>$($( 8%, #!$!(>$($(
Imperfect

Conditional
(1 (>$($! (1 #!$!(>$($!
9&%, &(>$($(' 9&%, #!$!&(>$($('
'5&%, (>$($(' '5&%, #!$!(>$($('
(1(,( (>$($,%, (1(,( #!$!(>$($,%,

Fut: #!$!-
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!$!>$(*(

to PERFORM / to present
5#$*240.+# (1)

+% <!0+-&!$#%, +% <!0+-&!$#(,%
8%, <!0+-!$#%, 8%, <!0+-$#(,%
Present

Aorist

(1 <!0+-!$#%,1 +!, <!0+-$#(,!

9&%, <!0+-&!$#%,' 9&%, <!0+-&!$#(,%'
'5&%, <!0+-!$#%,' '5&%, <!0+-$#(,%'
(1(,( <!0+-!$#,%, +!' <!0+-$#(,%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: <!0,-$#%,(*(

! 153!
 to PERSUADE / to convince / to coax
4#$5*&+.3# (1)

+% &!0<+3,%" +% $!&!0<+3,%
8%, !0<+3,%" 8%, $!!0<+3,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !0<+3,%"1 +!, $!!0<+3,!
9&%, &!0<+3,%"' 9&%, $!&!0<+3,%'
'5&%, !0<+3,%"' '5&% ,$!!0<+3,%'
(1(,( !0<+3,%"%, +!' $!!0<+3,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!0<+3,%"3*(

to PHOTO / to take a photo / to take a picture

,&$#%(, 0#4#@.3# (1)

+% 130!'(1 &(6%" +% 130!'(1 !+-&(6%

8%, 130!'(1 (6%" 8%, 130!'(1 !+-(6%
Present

Aorist
(1 130!'(1 (6%"1 +!, 130!'(1 !+-(6!
9&%, 130!'(1 &(6%"' 9&%, 130!'(1 !+-&(6%'
'5&%, 130!'(1 (6%"' '5&%, 130!'(1 !+-(6%'
(1(,( 130!'(1 (6%"%, +!' 130!'(1 !+-(6%1

Fut: #!$!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: The present forms can be confused with the verbs
‘<!6%"!’ (‘to carry’), ‘!6%"!’ (‘to take / to accept’),
‘+(6%"!’ (‘to get / to receive’), etc.

! 154!
 to PLAN / to lay out
0#0.0*/# (1)

+% &#%#+!& +% $!&#%#+%
8%, #%#+!& 8%, $!#%#+%
Present

Aorist
(1 #%#+!&1 +!, $!#%#+!
9&%, &#%#+!&' 9&%, $!&#%#+%'
'5&%, #%#+!&' '5&%, $!#%#+%'
(1(,( #%#+!&%, +!' $!#%#+%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!#%#+(*(

to PLAY (a game)
%#*#1( (3)

+% &'!+!8-" +% &('!+!8%
8%, '!+!8-" 8%, ('!+!8%
Present

Aorist
(1 '!+!8-"1 +!, ('!+!8!
9&%, &'!+!8-"' 9&%, &('!+!8%'
'5&%, '!+!8-"' '5&%, ('!+!8%'
(1(,( '!+!8-"%, +!' ('!+!8%1

Fut: (-…-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 155!
 to PLAY (a musical instrument) / to strike / to hit
4#6/$# (1)

+% &3)0!& +% $!&3)!0(
8%, 3)0!& 8%, $!3)!0(
Present

Aorist
(1 3)0!&1 +!, $!3)0!
9&%, &3)0!&' 9&%, $!&3)!0('
'5&%, 3)0!&' '5&%, $!3)!0('
(1(,( 3)0!&%, +!' $!3)0%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to become POOR
0#@#$(3.3# (2)

+% &6!0("$%"( +% #!&6!0("$(
8%, 6!0("$%"( 8%, #!6!0("$(
Present

Aorist
(1 6!0("$%"! (1 #!6!0("$!
9&%, &6!0("$%"(' 9&%, #!&6!0("$('
'5&%, 6!0("$%"(' '5&%, #!6!0("$('
(1(,( 6!0("$%"(!, (1(,( #!6!0("$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!6!0("%"3*( (impoverished)

! 156!
 to POUR (out) / to fill with
4#,8*# (1)

+% &!1>!+ +% $!&!1>(
8%, !1>!+ 8%, $!!1>(
Present

Aorist
(1 !1>!+1 +!, $!!1>!
9&%, &!1>!+' 9&%, $!&!1>('
'5&%, !1>!+' '5&%, $!!1>('
(1(,( !1>!+%, +!' $!!1>%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!1>+3*(

to PRAY
'2!/# (3)

+% &*-:3*-" +% &(*-:%
8%, *-:3*-" 8%, (*-:%
Present

Aorist
(1 *-:3*-"1 +!, (*-:!
9&%, &*-:3*-"' 9&%, &(*-:%'
'5&%, *-:3*-"' '5&%, (*-:%'
(1(,( *-:3*-"%, +!' (*-:%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 157!
 to PREFER
#$-./# / &>($#:.,23(, *(+(7.3# (4)

+% +(09%&,(! +% +%09(&,!
8%, #(09%&,(! 8%, #+%09(&,!
Present

Aorist
+!1 309%&,(! +!1 %09(&,!
9&%, #&(09%&,(! 9&%, #&%09(&,!
'5&%, #(09%&,(!' '5&%, #%09(&,!'
+!' 309%&,(!' +!' %09(&,!'

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp: Use Aorist forms
Cond: -$! / -$! / -$! / -$! / -$!' / -$!'
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'

to PRESS / to push in (e.g. a button)

%(%(, 4#7.$# (1)

+% '('1 &!=%0 +% '('( $!&!=(0%

8%, '('1 !=%0 8%, '('( $!!=(0%
Present

(1 '('1 !=%01 +!, '('( $!!=(0!

Aorist
9&%, '('1 &!=%0' 9&%, '('( $!&!=(0%'
'5&%, '('1 !=%0' '5&%, '('( $!!=(0%'
(1(,( '('1 !=%0%, +!' '('( $!!=(0%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 158!
 to PRINT (something)
4#3.74/# (1)

+% &"%=$!& +% $!&"%=$%
8%, "%=$!& 8%, $!"%=$%
Present

Aorist
(1 "%=$!&1 +!, $!"%=$!
9&%, &"%=$!&' 9&%, $!&"%=$%'
'5&%, "%=$!&' '5&%, $!"%=$%'
(1(,( "%=$!&%, +!' $!"%=$%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!"%=$(*(

to be PRINTING
4#3.74/# (1)

+% N/A +% N/A
8%, N/A 8%, N/A
Present

Aorist
(1 ("%=$%"! (1 $!("%=$!
9&%, N/A 9&%, N/A
'5&%, N/A '5&%, N/A
(1(,( ("%=$%"(!, +!' $!("%=$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$! / -$!'
Opt: -' / ,%,
Subj: $%1 / $,%,
P.P.: $!"%=$(*(

! 159!
 to PROCEED with / to continue / to go on
0#0$9.'.3# (2)

+% &!#0;%*%" +% #!&!#0;%*%
8%, !#0;%*%" 8%, #!!#0;%*%
Present

Aorist
(1 !#0;%*%"1 +!, #!!#0;%*!
9&%, &!#0;%*%"' 9&%, #!&!#0;%*%'
'5&%, !#0;%*%"' '5&%, #!!#0;%*%'
(1(,( !#0;%*%"%, +!' #!!#0;%*%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!#0;%*%"3*(

to PROVE / to affirm / to assert / to maintain

4#*:6(!.3# (1)

+% &!+2)(:%" +% $!&!+2)(:%
8%, !+2)(:%" 8%, $!!+2)(:%
Present

Aorist
(1 !+2)(:%"1 +!, $!!+2)(:!
9&%, &!+2)(:%"' 9&%, $!&!+2)(:%'
'5&%, !+2)(:%"' '5&%, $!!+2)(:%'
(1(,( !+2)(:%"%, +!' $!!+2)(:%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!+2)(:%"3*(

! 160!
 to PUBLISH / to promulgate / to make public
0#*2"/.;+.3# (1)

+% &!5&%7,%" +% #!+-&5&%7,%
8%, !5&%7,%" 8%, #!+-5&%7,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !5&%7,%"1 +!, #!+-5&%7,!
9&%, &!5&%7,%"' 9&%, #!+-&5&%7,%'
'5&%, !5&%7,%"' '5&%, #!+-5&%7,%'
(1(,( !5&%7,%"%, +!' #!+-5&%7,%1

Fut: #!+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!+-5&%7,%"3*(

to PULL
*2"#-/# (1)

+% &5!9!& +% +-&5!9%
8%, 5!9!& 8%, +-5!9%
Present

Aorist
(1 5!9!&1 +!, +-5!9!
9&%, &5!9!&' 9&%, +-&5!9%'
'5&%, 5!9!&' '5&%, +-5!9%'
(1(,( 5!9!&%, +!' +-5!9%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 161!
 to PUNISH
4#,?# (1)

+% &1?( +% $!&1!?%
8%, 1?( 8%, $!1!?%
Present

Aorist
(1 1?(1 +!, $!1!?!
9&%, &1?(' 9&%, $!&1!?%'
'5&%, 1?(' '5&%, $!1!?%'
(1(,( 1?(!, +!' $!1!?%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!1?(*(

to PUSH / to put pressure on

*(52'# (1)

+% &!<&%"( +% +(&!<%5(
8%, !<&%"( 8%, +(!<%5(
Present

(1 !<&%"! (1 +(!<&! Aorist

9&%, &!<&%"(' 9&%, +(&!<%5('
'5&%, !<&%"(' '5&%, +(!<%5('
(1(,( !<&%"(!, (1(,( +(!<&,%,

Fut: +(-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 162!
 to PUT / to place
4#40*# (1)

+% &$#!+ +% $!&$#(
8%, $#!+ 8%, $!$#(
Present

Aorist
(1 $#!+1 +!, $!$#!
9&%, &$#!+' 9&%, $!&$#('
'5&%, $#!+' '5&%, $!$#('
(1(,( $#!+%, +!' $!$#%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to PUT down / to lay

4#4.3# (1)

+% &$%" +% $!&$%
8%, $%" 8%, $!$%
Present

Aorist
(1 $%"1 +!, $!$-
9&%, &$#!+' 9&%, $!&$%'
'5&%, &$%"' '5&%, $!$%'
(1(,( $%"%, +!' $!$%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!$%"3*(

! 163!
 to PUT on / to dress
-#!*# (1)

+% &(:&!+ +% 9!&(:&(
8%, (:&!+ 8%, 9!(:&(
Present

Aorist
(1 (:&!+1 +!, 9!(:&!
9&%, &(:&!+' 9&%, 9!&(:&('
'5&%, (:&!+' '5&%, 9!(:&('
(1(,( (:&!+%, +!' 9!(:&%1

Fut: 9!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 9!:+3*(

to RAIN
5/(*# (2)

+% N/A +% N/A
8%, N/A 8%, N/A
Present

(1 <&(+1 +!, <&(+$! Aorist

9&%, N/A 9&%, N/A
'5&%, N/A '5&%, N/A
(1(,( N/A +!' N/A

Fut: !<&(+$%"!
Imp+Cond: <&(+$!
Opt: <&(+$!
Subj: <&(+$%1

! 164!
 to READ
5#6(%8/# (1)

+% &)('>3*-" +% <!&()('>%
Present

Aorist
8%, )('>3*-" 8%, <!()('>%
(1 )('>3*-"1 +!, <!()('>!
9&%, &)('>3*-"' 9&%, <!&()('>%'
'5&%, )('>3*-"' '5&%, <!()('>%'
(1(,( )('>3*-"%, +!' <!()('>%1

+% <!&()('>!& +% <!&()('>-

Optative
Future

8%, <!()('>!& 8%, <!()('>-

(1 <!()('>!&1 +!, <!()('>-1
9&%, <!&()('>!&' 9&%, <!&()('>-'
'5&%, <!()('>!&' '5&%, <!()('>-'
(1(,( <!()('>!&%, +!' <!()('>-,

Imp+Cond**: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: <!)('>3*(

to make READY / to prepare for / to train for

*2*)#4.3# (1)

+% &!+A!$%" +% +-&!+A!$%
8%, !+A!$%" 8%, +-!+A!$%
Present

Aorist

(1 !+A!$%"1 +!, +-!+A!$!

9&%, &!+A!$%"' 9&%, +-&!+A!$%'
'5&%, !+A!$%"' '5&%, +-!+A!$%'
(1(,( !+A!$%"%, +!' +-!+A!$%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +-+A!$%"3*(

! 165!
 to REALISE / to become aware / to be conscious of
!+23(.$.3# (1)

+% &!:,-"(%0%" +% #!&!:,-"(%0%
8%, !:,-"(%0%" 8%, #!!:,-"(%0%
Present

Aorist
(1 !:,-"(%0%"1 +!, #!!:,-"(%0!
9&%, &!:,-"(%0%"' 9&%, #!&!:,-"(%0%'
'5&%, !:,-"(%0%"' '5&%, #!!:,-"(%0%'
(1(,( !:,("3%0%"%, +!' #!!:,-"(%0%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!:,-"(%0%"3*(
Notes: It is also common to use the verb ‘+-1+%,!’ + the adverb
‘)!0#!$’ to convey ‘to realise’

! 166!
 to RECOMMEND
$-./# (1)

+% &309%& +% &309%&$(
8%, 309%& 8%, 309%&$(
Present

Aorist
(1 309%&1 (1 309%&$!
9&%, &309%&' 9&%, &309%&$('
'5&%, 309%&' '5&%, 309%&$('
(1(,( 309%&%, (1(,( 309%&$,%,

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 167!
 to REDUCE / to lessen / to diminish / to abate
4#6'.3# (1)

+% &!)*%" +% $!&!)%*(
8%, !)*%" 8%, $!!)%*(
Present

Aorist
(1 !)*%"1 +!, $!!)*-
9&%, &!)*%"' 9&%, $!&!)%*('
'5&%, !)*%"' '5&%, $!!)%*('
(1(,( !)*%"%, +!' $!!)*%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!)*%"3*(

to REFRESH (e.g. an internet page)

0#+#8'.3# (1)

+% &!,!>*%" +% #!,&!!>*%
8%, !,!>*%" 8%, #!,!!>*%
Present

Aorist
(1 !,!>*%"1 +!, #!,!!>*!
9&%, &!,!>*%"' 9&%, #!,&!!>*%'
'5&%, !,!>*%"' '5&%, #!,!!>*%'
(1(,( !,!>*%"%, +!' #!,!!>*%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!,!>*%"3*(

! 168!
 to REFUSE
&#$(, %"*# (2)

+% 3!01 &%3",%"( +% 3!0( &3'>!0(

8%, 3!01 %3",%"( 8%, 3!0( 3'>!0(
Present

Aorist
(1 3!01 %3",%"! +!, 3!0( 3'>0!
9&%, 3!01 &%3",%"(' 9&%, 3!0( &3'>!0('
'5&%, 3!01 %3",%"(' '5&%, 3!0( 3'>!0('
(1(,( 3!01 %3",%"(!, +!' 3!0( 3'>0%1

+% 3!01 &%27&(
8%, 3!01 %27&(
Present

(1 3!01 %27&(1
9&%, 3!01 &%27&('
'5&%, 3!01 %27&('
(1(,( 3!01 %27&(!,

Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to REGRET
,(+#+&'( (3)

+% &,!,-" +% &(,!,%
8%, ,!,-" 8%, (,!,%
Present

Aorist

(1 ,!,-"1 +!, (,!,!

9&%, &,!,-"' 9&%, &(,!,%'
'5&%, ,!,-"' '5&%, (,!,%'
(1(,( ,!,-"%, +!' (,!,%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.

! 169!
 to REIMBURSE / to compensate
#+#)@#&$.3# (1)

+% &!,!A6!30%" +% !&!,!A6!30%
8%, !,!A6!30%" 8%, !!,!A6!30%
Present

Aorist
(1 !,!A6!30%"1 +!, !!,!A6!30!
9&%, &!,!A6!30%"' 9&%, !&!,!A6!30%'
'5&%, !,!A6!30%"' '5&%, !!,!A6!30%'
(1(,( !,!A6!30%"%, +!' !!,!A6!30%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !,!A6!30%"3*(

to REMEMBER
8,2/+# (4)

+% +!>1-&1 +% +!>1-&$!
8%, #!>1-&1 8%, #!>1-&$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 !>1-&1 +!1 !>1-&$!
9&%, #&!>1-&1 9&%, #&!>1-&$!
'5&%, #!>1-&' '5&%, #!>1-&$!'
+!' !>1-&' +!' !>1-&$!'

+% +%>1-+%"!
8%, #%>1-+%"!
Present

+!1 %>1-+%"!
9&%, #&%>1-+%"!
'5&%, #%>1-+%"!'
+!' %>1-+%"!'

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Cond: -$! / -$! / -$! / -$! / -$!' / -$!'
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'

! 170!
 to REMOVE from / to withdraw / to take out of
#*2@.3# (1)

+% &(6%" +% !+-&(6%
8%, (6%" 8%, !+-(6%
Present

Aorist
(1 (6%"1 +!, !+-(6-
9&%, &(6%"' 9&%, !+-&(6%'
'5&%, (6%"' '5&%, !+-(6%'
(1(,( (6%"%, +!' !+-(6%1

Fut: !+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !+-6%"3*(
Notes: The present forms can be confused with the verbs
‘<!6%"!’ (‘to carry’), ‘!6%"!’ (‘to take / to accept’) /
‘+(6%"!’ (‘to get / to receive’)

to RENT (for oneself, as a tenant)

4#"($./.3# (3)

+% &5(0!-" +% &(5(0!&%
8%, 5(0!-" 8%, (5(0!&%
Present

Aorist
(1 5(0!-"1 +!, (5(0!&!
9&%, &5(0!-"' 9&%, &(5(0!&%'
'5&%, 5(0!-"' '5&%, (5(0!&%'
(1(,( 5(0!-"%, +!' (5(0!&%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!5(0!&%"3*(

! 171!
 to RENT out / to let (as an owner)
0#"($#/.3# (1)

+% &!5(0!&%" +% #!&!5(0!&%
8%, !5(0!&%" 8%, #!!5(0!&%
Present

Aorist
(1 !5(0!&%"1 +!, #!!5(0!&!
9&%, &!5(0!&%"' 9&%, #!&!5(0!&%
'5&%, !5(0!&%"' '5&%, #!!5(0!&%'
(1(,( !5(0!&%"%, +!' #!!5(0!&%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!5(0!&%"3*(

to REPEAT
0#*.2$.3# (1)

+% &(+%-0%" +% #!&(+%-0%
8%, (+%-0%" 8%, #!(+%-0%
Present

(1 (+%-0%"1 +!, #!(+%-0! Aorist

9&%, &(+%-0%"' 9&%, #!&(+%-0%'
'5&%, (+%-0%"' '5&%, #!(+%-0%'
(1(,( (+%-0%"%, +!' #!(+%-0%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 172!
 to REQUEST / to ask for
%82/+# (1)

+% &'>-& +% &'>-&%
8%, '>-& 8%, '>-&%
Present

Aorist
(1 '>-&1 +!, '>-&!
9&%, &'>-&' 9&%, &'>-&%'
'5&%, '>-&' '5&%, '>-&%'
(1(,( '>-&%, +!' '>-&%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to RESERVE / to book / to have set aside

4#?#/1+# (1)

+% &?!&8,( +% $!&?!&8,%
8%, ?!&8,( 8%, $!?!&8,%
Present

Aorist
(1 ?!&8,(1 +!, $!?!&8,!
9&%, &?!&8,(' 9&%, $!&?!&8,%'
'5&%, ?!&8,(' '5&%, $!?!&8,%'
(1(,( ?!&8,(!, +!' $!?!&8,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!?!&8,(*(

! 173!
 to REST / to take a break
4#,/.+.3# (1)

+% &(1&%,%" +% $!&(1&%,%
8%, (1&%,%" 8%, $!(1&%,%
Present

Aorist
(1 (1&%,%"1 +!, $!(1&%,!
9&%, &(1&%,%"' 9&%, $!&(1&%,%'
'5&%, (1&%,%"' '5&%, $!(1&%,%'
(1(,( (1&%,%"%, +!' $!(1&%,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. $!1&%,%"3*(

to RETURN to
4#3$&+.3# (2)

+% &"03,$%"( +% $!&"03,$(
8%, "03,$%"( 8%, $!"03,$(
Present

Aorist
(1 "03,$%"! (1 $!"03,$!
9&%, &"03,$%"(' 9&%, $!&"03,$('
'5&%, "03,$%"(' '5&%, $!"03,(%'
(1(,( "03,$%"(!, (1(,( $!"03,$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!"03,%"3*(

! 174!
 to become RICH / to get rich
0#*4(4$.3# (2)

+% &+$($0$%"( +% #!&+$($0$(
8%, +$($0$%"( 8%, #!+$($0$(
Present

Aorist
(1 +$($0$%"! (1 #!+$($0$!
9&%, &+$($0$%"(' 9&%, #!&+$($0$('
'5&%, +$($0$%"(' '5&%, #!+$($0$('
(1(,( +$($0$%"(!, (1(,( $!+$($0$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +$($!0(

to RUN
,($3('( (2)

+% $!&0"(&!0 +% &(0"(,%
8%, $!0"(>!0 8%, (0"(,%
Present

Aorist
(1 $!0"(1 +!, (0"(,!
9&%, $!&0"(&!0' 9&%, &(0"(,%'
'5&%, $!0"(>!0' '5&%, (0"(,%'
(1(,( $!0"(!, +!' (0"(,%1

+% $!&0"-$( +% &(0"%,$(
Conditional

8%, $!0"-$( 8%, (0"%,$(

Imperfect

(1 $!0"-$! (1 (0"%,$!
9&%, $!&0"-$(' 9&%, &(0"%,$('
'5&%, $!0"-$(' '5&%, (0"%,$('
(1(,( $!0"-$,%, (1(,( (0"%,$,%,

Fut: Use Present forms

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: The usual motion preverbs can be used here, e.g. +--
(to run out to), +(- (to run in to), etc.
! 175!
 to SATISFY / to satiate / to make content
4#6*#;2<('.3# (1)

+% &!)+!7-4(*%" +% $!&!)+!7-4(*%
8%, !)+!7-4(*%" 8%, $!!)+!7-4(*%
Present

Aorist
(1 !)+!7-4(*%"1 +!, $!!)+!7-4(*!
9&%, &!)+!7-4(*%"' 9&%, $!&!)+!7-4(*%'
'5&%, !)+!7-4(*%"' '5&%, $!!)+!7-4(*%'
(1(,( !)+!7-4(*%"%, +!' $!!)+!7-4(*%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!)+!7-4(*%"3*(

to SAVE (the life of) / to rescue

0#4#$-.+# (1)

+% &!09%, +% #!$!&!09(,%
8%, !09%, 8%, #!$!!09(,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !09%,1 +!, #!$!!09(,!
9&%, &!09%,' 9&%, #!$!&!09(,%'
'5&%, !09%,' '5&%, #!$!!09(,%'
(1(,( !09%,%, +!' #!$!!09(,%1

Fut: #!$!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!$!09%,(*(

! 176!
 to SAW / to saw off
*28.$8/# (1)

+% &>%0>!& +% +-&!>%0>%
8%, >%0>!& 8%, +-!>%0>%
Present

Aorist
(1 >%0>!&1 +!, +-!>%0>!
9&%, &>%0>!&' 9&%, +-&!>%0>%'
'5&%, >%0>!&' '5&%, +-!>%0>%'
(1(,( >%0>!&%, +!' +-!>%0>%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. +->%0>(*(

to SAY
%"*# (1)

+% &!+"-" +% &'5&(
8%, !+"-" 8%, '5&(
Present

Aorist
(1 !+"-"1 +!, '5&!
9&%, &!+"-"' 9&%, &'5&('
'5&%, !+"-"' '5&%, '5&('
(1(,( !+"-"%, +!' '5&%1

+% &(27&( +% &(27-$(
8%, (27&( 8%, (27-$(
Future

Conditional

(1 (27&(1 (1 (27-$!
9&%, &(27&(' 9&%, &(27-$('
'5&%, (27&(' '5&%, (27-$('
(1(,( (27&(!, (1(,( (27-$,%,

Imp: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!'5&!+(

! 177!
 to SCRUB / to brush
0#8.8/# (1)

+% &(>%>!& +% #!&(>%>%
8%, (>%>!& 8%, #!(>%>%
Present

Aorist
(1 (>%>!&1 +!, #!(>%>!
9&%, &(>%>!&' 9&%, #!&(>%>%'
'5&%, (>%>!&' '5&%, #!(>%>%'
(1(,( (>%>!&%, +!' #!(>%>%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!>%>(*(

to SEE
+#8/# (1)

+% &>%$!& +% &,!>%
8%, >%$!& 8%, ,!>%
Present

Aorist
(1 >%$!&1 +!, ,!>!
9&%, &>%$!&' 9&%, &,!>%'
'5&%, >%$!&' '5&%, ,!>%'
(1(,( >%$!&%, +!' ,!>%1

+% &,!>!&
8%, ,!>!&
Future

(1 ,!>!&1
9&%, &,!>!&'
'5&%, ,!>!&'
(1(,( ,!>!&%,

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: Use of the preverb ‘$!&(’ adds a sense of intensity / or
extra distance.

! 178!
 to SEEM that / to think that / to have the impression that
02+.3# (4)

+% +#-,(! +% +%#-,!
8%, ##-,(! 8%, #%#-,!
Present

Aorist
+!1 @#-,(! +!1 %#-,!
9&%, #&#-,(! 9&%, #&%#-,!
'5&%, ##-,(!' '5&%, #%#-,!'
+!' @#-,(!' +!' %#-,!'

+% +%#-,%"! +% +%#-,!
8%, #%#-,%"! 8%, #%#-,!
Future

Imperfect
+!1 %#-,%"! +!1 %#-,!
9&%, #&%#-,%"! 9&%, #&%#-,!
'5&%, #%#-,%"!' '5&%, #%#-,!'
(1(,( %#-,%"!' +!' %#-,!'

Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: -1 / -1 / -1 / -1 / -' / -'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'

to SELL
0#;(4/# (1)

+% &7($( +% #!&7($%
8%, 7($( 8%, #!7($%
Present

Aorist

(1 7($(1 +!, #!7($!

9&%, &7($(' 9&%, #!&7($%'
'5&%, 7($(' '5&%, #!7($%'
(1(,( 7($(!, +!' #!7($%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!7($3*(

! 179!
 to SEND / to post / to mail
0#0)#/+# (1)

+% &#A!&,( +% #!&#A!&,%
8%, #A!&,( 8%, #!#A!&,%
Present

Aorist
(1 #A!&,(1 +!, #!#A!&,!
9&%, &#A!&,(' 9&%, #!&#A!&,%2
'5&%, #A!&,(' '5&%, #!#A!&,%'
(1(,( #A!&,(!, +!' #!#A!&,%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!#A!&,(*(

to SEPARATE / to divide / to break up / to split

4#;2<# (1)

+% &7-4 +% $!&7!&(
8%, 7-4 8%, $!7!&(
Present

Aorist

(1 7-41 +!, $!7-

9&%, &7-4' 9&%, $!&7!&('
'5&%, 7-4' '5&%, $!7!&('
(1(,( 7-4%, +!' $!7&%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: ! / ! / !1 / !' / !' / !,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!7-4(*(
Notes: Try not to confuse with the similar verb ‘#!7-4!’
(‘to allot’ / ‘to partition’ / ‘to divide up’). Present forms
for both are the same however.

! 180!
 to SERVE / to attend to / to be of service to
*2*,#8&$.3# (2)

+% &%+1!>30%"( +% +-&%+1!>30%
8%, %+1!>30%"( 8%, +-%+1!>30%
Present

Aorist
(1 %+1!>30%"! (1 +-%+1!>30!
9&%, &%+1!>30%"(' 9&%, +-&%+1!>30%'
'5&%, %+1!>30%"(' '5&%, +-%+1!>30%'
(1(,( %+1!>30%"(!, (1(,( +-%+1!>30,%,

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to SET a table
0#5;23# (1)

+% &!<7-" +% #!&!<7%
8%, !<7-" 8%, #!!<7%
Present

Aorist

(1 !<7-"1 +!, #!!<7-

9&%, &!<7-"' 9&%, #!&!<7%'
'5&%, !<7-"' '5&%, #!!<7%'
(1(,( !<7-"%, +!' #!!<7%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 181!
 to SHAKE one’s head
%#/(, 0#"+./# (1)

+% '!&1 &(5,%& +% '!&( #!&(5,(%

8%, '!&1 (5,%& 8%, '!&( #!(5,(%
Present

Aorist
(1 '!&1 (5,%&1 +!, '!&( #!(5,(!
9&%, '!&1 &(5,%&' 9&%, '!&( #!&(5,(%'
'5&%, '!&1 (5,%&' '5&%, '!&( #!(5,(%'
(1(,( '!&1 (5,%&%, +!' '!&( #!(5,(%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to SHARE
0#)(#$.3# (1)

+% &(A(!0%" +% #!&(A(!0%
8%, (A(!0%" 8%, #!(A(!0%
Present

Aorist
(1 (A(!0%"1 +!, #!(A(!0!
9&%, &(A(!0%"' 9&%, #!&(A(!0%'
'5&%, (A(!0%"' '5&%, #!(A(!0%'
(1(,( (A(!0%"%, +!' #!(A(!0%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!A(!0%"3*(

! 182!
 to SHAVE
0#>#$,/# (1)

+% &(.!01!& +% #!&(.!01%
8%, (.!01!& 8%, #!(.!01%
Present

Aorist
(1 (.!01!&1 +!, #!(.!01!
9&%, &(.!01!&' 9&%, #!&(.!01%'
'5&%, (.!01!&' '5&%, #!(.!01%'
(1(,( (.!01!&%, +!' #!(.!01%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!.!013*(

to SHOOT / to cast / to throw

,$2'# (1)

+% &(1&0( +% &(10-*%
8%, (1&0( 8%, (10-*%
Present

Aorist
(1 (1&0! +!, (10-*!
9&%, &(1&0(' 9&%, &(10-*%'
'5&%, (1&0(' '5&%, (10-*%'
(1(,( (1&0(!, +!' (10-*%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: ($( / ($( / ($! / ($(' / ($(' / ($,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!10-*(

! 183!
 to SHOOT at / to throw to (someone)
,$2'# (1)

+% &%1&0( +% &%10-*%
8%, %1&0( 8%, %10-*%
Present

Aorist
(1 %1&0(1 +!, %10-*!
9&%, &%1&0(' 9&%, &%10-*%'
'5&%, %1&0(' '5&%, %10-*%'
(1(,( %1&0(!, +!' %10-*%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: ($( / ($( / ($! / ($(' / ($(' / ($,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to SHORTEN / to abbreviate
1.*26'.3# (1)

+% &(+-)*%" +% 8%&(+-)*%
8%, (+-)*%" 8%, 8%(+-)*%
Present

(1 (+-)*%"1 +!, 8%(+-)*! Aorist

9&%, &(+-)*%"' 9&%, 8%&(+-)*%'
'5&%, (+-)*%"' '5&%, 8%(+-)*%'
(1(,( (+-)*%"%, +!' 8%(+-)*%1

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 8%+-)*%"3*(

! 184!
 to SHOUT / to scream / to yell
;/($('( (3)

+% &7&(0( +% &(7(0%
8%, 7&(0( 8%, (7&(0%
Present

Aorist
(1 7&(0(1 +!, (7&(0!
9&%, &7&(0(' 9&%, &(7&(0%'
'5&%, 7&(0(' '5&%, (7&(0%'
(1(,( 7&(0(!, +!' (7&(0%1

+% &(7&(0%"
8%, (7&(0%"
Future

(1 (7&(0%"1
9&%, &(7&(0%"'
'5&%, (7&(0%"'
(1(,( (7&(0%"%,

Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to SHOW / to testify / to give evidence

-/.+.3# (1)

+% &!9&%,%" +% &!9&%,%
8%, !9&%,%" 8%, !9&%,%
Present

Aorist

(1 !9&%,%"1 +!, !9&%,!

9&%, &!9&%,%"' 9&%, &!9&%,%'
'5&%, !9&%,%"' '5&%, !9&%,%'
(1(,( !9&%,%"%, +!' !9&%,%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!9&%,%"(

! 185!
 to SIGN / to provide a signature
*25.$# (1)

+% &!<%0 >%*1 +% +-&!<%0% >%*(

8%, !<%0 >%*1 8%, +-!<%0% >%*(
Present

Aorist
(1 !<%01 >%*1 +!, +-!<%0! >%*(
9%, &!<%0' >%*1 9&%, +-&!<%0%' >%*(
'5&%, !<%0' >%*1 '5&%, +-!<%0%' >%*(
(1(,( !<%0%, >%*1 +!' +-!<%0%1 >%*(

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: >%*+-<%0(*(

to SING
,(*@.$# (3)

+% &+6%0( +% &(+6%0%
8%, +6%0( 8%, (+6%0%
Present

Aorist
(1 +6%0(1 +!, (+6%0!
9&%, &+6%0(' 9&%, &(+6%0%'
'5&%, +6%0(' '5&%, (+6%0%'
(1(,( +6%0(!, +!' (+6%0%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 186!
 to SIT / to sit down (active)
4#?42*# (2)

+% &?$%"( +% $!&?%5(
8%, ?$%"( 8%, $!?%5(
Present

Aorist
(1 ?$%"! (1 $!?$!
9&%, &?$%"(' 9&%, $!&?%5('
'5&%, ?$%"(' '5&%, $!?%5('
(1(,( ?$%"(!, (1(,( $!?$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: The Imperative forms are irregular: $!?%)((')

to SLEEP
9('( (3)

+% +;(,!&1 +% &(;(,%
8%, #;(,!&1 8%, (;(,%
Present

Aorist
+!1 1;(,!&1 +!, (;(,!
9&%, #&;(,!&1 9&%, &(;(,%'
'5&%, #;(,!&' '5&%, (;(,%'
+!' 1;(,!&' +!' (;(,%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 187!
 to send to SLEEP / to lull to sleep / to hypnotise / to be
sleepy
4#9(+.3# (1)

+% &(;(,%" +% $!&(;(,%
8%, (;(,%" 8%, $!(;(,%
Present

Aorist
(1 (;(,%"1 +!, $!(;(,!
9&%, &(;(,%"' 9&%, $!&(;(,%'
'5&%, (;(,%"' '5&%, $!(;(,%'
(1(,( (;(,%"%, +!' $!(;(,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to SMILE
0#@(*.3# (1/3)

+% &(6(+( +% #!&(6(+%
8%, (6(+( 8%, #!(6(+%
Present

Aorist
(1 (6(+(1 +!, #!(6(+!
9&%, &(6(+(' 9&%, #!&(6(+%'
'5&%, (6(+(' '5&%, #!(6(+%'
(1(,( (6(+(!, +!' #!(6(+%1

+% #!&(6(+%"
8%, #!(6(+%"
Present

(1 #!(6(+%"1
9&%, #!&(6(+%"'
'5&%, #!(6(+%"'
(1(,( #!(6(+%"%,

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. #!6(+%"3*(

! 188!
 to SMOKE
*25./# (1)

+% &%<%&( +% +-&<(%
8%, %<%&( 8%, +-<(%
Present

Aorist
(1 %<%&! +!, +-<(!
9&%, &%<%&(' 9&%, +-&<(%'
'5&%, %<%&(' '5&%, +-<(%'
(1(,( %<%&(!, +!' +-<(%1
Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to SNEEZE
4#!.*(+.3# (1)

+% &!:%+(,%" +% $!&!:%+(,%
8%, !:%+(,%" 8%, $!!:%+(,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !:%+(,%"1 +!, $!!:%+(,!
9&%, &!:%+(,%"' 9&%, $!&!:%+(,%'
'5&%, !:%+(,%"' '5&%, $!!:%+(,%'
(1(,( !:%+(,%"%, +!' $!!:%+(,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 189!
 to SPEAK
'#>#$#6( (3)

+% &*!.!0!)-" +% &(*!.!0!)%
8%, *!.!0!)-" 8%, (*!.!0!)%
Present

Aorist
(1 *!.!0!)-"1 +!, (*!.!0!)!
9&%, &*!.!0!)-"' 9&%, &(*!.!0!)%'
'5&%, *!.!0!)-"' '5&%, (*!.!0!)%'
(1(,( *!.!0!)-"%, +!' (*!.!0!)%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to SPEAK (in gen.) / to be speaking / to be talking

'#>#$#6( (2)

+% &%*!.!0!)%"( +% &%*!.!0!)%
8%, %*!.!0!)%"( 8%, %*!.!0!)%
Present

Aorist
(1 %*!.!0!)%"! (1 %*!.!0!)!
9&%, &%*!.!0!)%"(' 9&%, &%*!.!0!)%'
'5&%, %*!.!0!)%"(' '5&%, %*!.!0!)%'
(1(,( %*!.!0!)%"(!, (1(,( %*!.!0!),%,

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 190!
 to SPELL / to divide into syllables
4#*#$!/'# (1)

+% &+!0:&*!& +% $!&+!0:&*%
8%, +!0:&*!& 8%, $!+!0:&*%
Present

Aorist
(1 +!0:&*!&1 +!, $!+!0:&*!
9&%, &+!0:&*!&' 9&%, $!&+!0:&*%'
'5&%, +!0:&*!&' '5&%, $!+!0:&*%'
(1(,( +!0:&*!&%, +!' $!+!0:&*%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!+!0:&*3*(

to SPEND (money)
4#8#$?/# (1)

+% &>!0?!& +% $!&>!0?%
8%, >!0?!& 8%, $!>!0?%
Present

Aorist
(1 >!0?!&1 +!, $!>!0?!
9&%, &>!0?!&' 9&%, $!&>!0?%'
'5&%, >!0?!&' '5&%, $!>!0?%'
(1(,( >!0?!&%, +!' $!>!0?%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!>!0?3*(

! 191!
 to SPEND (time) / to pass time
4$2, 0#:#$.3# (1)

+% &!2!0%" +% #!&!2!0%
8%, !2!0%" 8%, #!!2!0%
Present

Aorist
(1 !2!0%"1 +!, #!!2!0!
9&%, &!2!0%"' 9&%, #!&!2!0%'
'5&%, !2!0%"' '5&%, #!!2!0%'
(1(,( !2!0%"%, +!' #!!2!0%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!2!0%"3*(

to be SPOILED / to be ruined / to be out of order / to be

out of service / to be corrupted / to be broken (down)
0#<&7.3# (2)

+% &43=$%"( +% #!&43=$(
8%, 43=$%"( 8%, #!43=$(
Present

(1 43=$%"! (1 #!43=$! Aorist

9&%, &43=$%"(' 9&%, #!&43=$('
'5&%, 43=$%"(' '5&%, #!43=$('
(1(,( 43=$%"(!, (1(,( #!43=$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!43=%"3*(

! 192!
 to STAND (active) / to stand up / to get up / to rise
#402*# (2)

+% &$#%"( +% !&$%5(
8%, $#%"( 8%, !$%5(
Present

Aorist
(1 $#%"! (1 !$#!
9&%, &$#%"(' 9&%, !&$%5('
'5&%, $#%"(' '5&%, !&$%5('
(1(,( $#%"(!, (1(,( !$#,%,

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to STAND (static) / to be STANDING

402*# (2)

+% &$#!&!0 +% &($%5(
8%, $#!>!0 8%, ($%5(
Present

Aorist
(1 $#!1 (1 ($#!
9&%, &$#!&!0' 9&%, &($%5('
'5&%, $#!>!0' '5&%, ($%5('
(1(,( $#!,!, (1(,( ($#,%, Conditional

+% &($#%"( +% &($#%"-$(
8%, ($#%"( 8%, ($#%"-$(
Future

(1 ($#%"! (1 ($#%"-$!
9&%, &($#%"(' 9&%, &($#%"-$('
'5&%, ($#%"(' '5&%, ($#%"-$('
(1(,( ($#%"(!, (1(,( ($#%"-$,%,

Imp: Use Aorist forms

Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 193!
 to STEAL / to pilfer / to rob
*2>#$/# (1)

+% &(.!0!& +% +-&(.!0%
8%, (.!0!& 8%, +-(.!0%
Present

Aorist
(1 (.!0!&1 +!, +-(.!0!
9&%, &(.!0!&' 9&%, +-&(.!0%'
'5&%, (.!0!&' '5&%, +-(.!0%'
(1(,( (.!0!&%, +!' +-(.!0%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +-.!03*(

to STOP / to halt / to bring to a stop

0#-.$.3# (1)

+% &!9%0%" +% #!&!9%0%
8%, !9%0%" 8%, #!!9%0%
Present

Aorist

(1 !9%0%"1 +!, #!!9%0!

9&%, &!9%0%"' 9&%, #!&!9%0%'
'5&%, !9%0%"' '5&%, #!!9%0%'
(1(,( !9%0%"%, +!' #!!9%0%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!9%0%"3*(

! 194!
 to STUDY / to learn
(3)

+% &1<!&*-" +% &(1<!&*%
8%, 1<!&*-" 8%, (1<!&*%
Present

Aorist
(1 1<!&*-"1 +!, (1<!&*!
9&%, &1<!&*-"' 9&%, &(1<!&*%'
'5&%, 1<!&*-"' '5&%, (1<!&*%'
(1(,( 1<!&*-"%, +!' (1<!&*%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to STYLE / to dress up / do (s.o.’s) hair

4#/#$!8+# (1)

+% &(&!0:>,( +% $!&(&!0:>,%
8%, (&!0:>,( 8%, $!(&!0:>,%
Present

Aorist
(1 (&!0:>,(1 +!, $!(&!0:>,!
9&%, &(&!0:>,(' 9&%, $!&(&!0:>,%'
'5&%, (&!0:>,(' '5&%, $!(&!0:>,%'
(1(,( (&!0:>,(!, +!' $!(&!0:>,%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!&!0:>,(*(
Notes: Add the word ‘?!#0(1('’ to mean ‘to brush s.o.’s hair’.
Add ‘1!&!0:>*('’ to mean ‘to comb s.o.’s hair’.

! 195!
 to SUBSCRIBE
0#*25.$# (1)

+% &(<%0 +% #!+-&(<%0%
8%, (<%0 8%, #!+-(<%0%
Present

Aorist
(1 (<%01 +!, #!+-<%0!
9&%, &(<%0' 9&%, #!+-&(<%0%'
'5&%, (<%0' '5&%, #!+-<%0%'
(1(,( (<%0%, +!' #!+-(<%0%1

Fut: #!+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!+-<%0(*(

to SUCK
52/# (1)

+% &<-& +% +-&<-&%
8%, <-& 8%, +-<-&%
Present

Aorist
(1 <-&1 +!, +-<-&!
9&%, &<-&' 9&%, +-&<-&%'
'5&%, <-&' '5&%, +-<-&%'
(1(,( <-&%, +!' +-<-&%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 196!
 to SUFFER
5/#'.3# (3)

+% &<&!*-" +% &(<&!*%
8%, <&!*-" 8%, (<&!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 <&!*-"1 +!, (<&!*!
9&%, &<&!*-"' 9&%, &(<&!*%'
'5&%, <&!*-"' '5&%, (<&!*%'
(1(,( <&!*-"%, +!' (<&!*%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to SUPPOSE / to assume / to presume

/#$#&4( (3)

+% &&!0!3$-" +% &(&!0!3$%
8%, &!0!3$-" 8%, (&!0!3$%
Present

Aorist
(1 &!0!3$-"1 +!, (&!0!3$!
9&%, &&!0!3$-"' 9&%, &(&!0!3$%'
'5&%, &!0!3$-"' '5&%, (&!0!3$%'
(1(,( &!0!3$-"%, +!' (&!0!3$%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P. &!0!3$(' (supposedly / presumably / assumedly)

! 197!
 to be SURPRISED / to be amazed / to be astonished / to
be in wonder
0#6/($/.3# (4)

+% +()&(01 +% #!+()&(0$!
8%, #()&(01 8%, #!#()&(0$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 3)&(01 +!1 #!3)&(0$!
9&%, #&()&(01 9&%, #!#&()&(0$!
'5&%, #()&(0' '5&%, #!#()&(0$!'
+!' 3)&(0' +!' #!3)&(0$!'

Fut: $!-
Imp: Use Aorist forms
Cond: $! / $! / $! / $! / $!' / $!'
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%1 / $%' / $%'
P.P. #!)&(0&%"3*(

to SWALLOW
;'#>/# (1)

+% &7*!.!& +% #!$!&7*!.%
8%, 7*!.!& 8%, #!$!7*!.%
Present

Aorist

(1 7*!.!&1 +!, #!$!7*!.!

9&%, &7*!.!&' 9&%, #!$!&7*!.%'
'5&%, 7*!.!&' '5&%, #!$!7*!.%'
(1(,( 7*!.!&%, +!' #!$!7*!.%1

Fut: #!$!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 198!
 to SWAY / to shake
+9$./# (1)

+% &!,;0%& +% $!&!,;0(%
8%, !,;0%& 8%, $!!,;0(%
Present

Aorist
(1 !,;0%&1 +!, $!!,;0(!
9&%, &!,;0%&' 9&%, $!&!,;0(%'
'5&%, !,;0%&' '5&%, $!!,;0(%'
(1(,( !,;0%&%, +!' $!!,;0(%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: Be cautious as this verb is also used to mean ‘to
masturbate’

to SWIM
!&$/# (3)

+% &:30!& +% &(:30!&%
8%, :30!& 8%, (:30!&%
Present

Aorist

(1 :30!&1 +!, (:30!&!

9&%, &:30!&' 9&%, &(:30!&%'
'5&%, :30!&' '5&%, (:30!&%'
(1(,( :30!&%, +!' (:30!&%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: The Aorist variants &(:30% / (:30% / (:30! are
occasionally seen but the longer forms are more widely
used.

! 199!
 to TAKE / to accept
#@.3# (1)

+% &(6%" +% !&(6%
8%, (6%" 8%, !(6%
Present

Aorist
(1 (6%"1 +!, !(6-
9&%, &(6%"' 9&%, !&(6%'
'5&%, (6%"' '5&%, !(6%'
(1(,( (6%"%, +!' !(6%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
Notes: The present forms can be confused with the verbs
‘<!6%"!’ (‘to carry’), ‘+(6%"!’ (‘to get / to receive’) /
‘!+-6%"!’ (‘to remove from / to withdraw / to take out of’)

to TAKE off / to undress

0#84# (1)

+% &(>$( +% #!&(>$%
8%, (>$( 8%, #!(>$%
Present

(1 (>$(1 +!, #!(>!$! Aorist

9&%, &(>$(' 9&%, #!&(>$%'
'5&%, (>$(' '5&%, #!(>$%'
(1(,( (>$(!, +!' #!(>!$%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!>$(*(

! 200!
 to TALK / to chat / to converse
,#&3#$( (3)

+% &1!3"0-" +% &(1!3"0%
8%, 1!3"0-" 8%, (1!3"0%
Present

Aorist
(1 1!3"0-"1 +!, (1!3"0!
9&%, &1!3"0-"' 9&%, &(1!3"0%'
'5&%, 1!3"0-"' '5&%, (1!3"0%'
(1(,( 1!3"0-"%, +!' (1!3"0%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to TASTE / to try (e.g. food, drink)

0#,(+?/# (1)

+% &1(,?!& +% #!&1(,?%
8%, 1(,?!& 8%, #!1(,?%
Present

Aorist
(1 1(,?!&1 +!, #!1(,?!
9&%, &1(,?!&' 9&%, #!&1(,?%'
'5&%, 1(,?!&' '5&%, #!1(,?%'
(1(,( 1(,?!&%, +!' #!1(,?%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!1(,?3*(

! 201!
 to TEACH / to train / to instruct
,5#/'.3# (1)

+% &!1<!&*( +% &!1<!&*%
8%, !1<!&*( 8%, !1<!&*%
Present

Aorist
(1 !1<!&*(1 +!, !1<!&*!
9&%, &!1<!&*(' 9&%, &!1<!&*%'
'5&%, !1<!&*(' '5&%, !1<!&*%'
(1(,( !1<!&*(!, +!' !1<!&*%1

Fut: Use Present Forms

Imp+Cond: ($( / ($( / ($! / ($(' / ($(' / ($,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to TELL
%"*# (1)

+% &%3",%"( +% &3'>!0(
8%, %3",%"( 8%, 3'>!0(
Present

Aorist
(1 %3",%"! +!, 3'>0!
9&%, &%3",%"(' 9&%, &3'>!0('
'5&%, %3",%"(' '5&%, 3'>!0('
(1(,( %3",%"(!, +!' 3'>0%1

+% &%27&( +% &%27-$(
8%, %27&( 8%, %27-$(
Future

Aorist

(1 %27&(1 +!, %27-$!

9&%, &%27&(' 9&%, &%27-$('
'5&%, %27(' '5&%, %27-$('
(1(,( %27&(!, (1(,( %27-$,%,

Imp: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 202!
 to TEMPT
!4&+.3# (1)

+% &!:$3,%" +% &!:$3,%
8%, !:$3,%" 8%, !:$3,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !:$3,%"1 +!, !:$3,!
9&%, &!:$3,%"' 9&%, &!:$3,%'
'5&%, !:$3,%"' '5&%, !:$3,%'
(1(,( !:$3,%"%, +!' !:$3,%1

+% 8%&!:$%,
8%, 8%!:$%,
Future

(1 8%!:$%,1
9&%, 8%&!:$%,'
'5&%, 8%!:$%,'
(1(,( 8%!:$%,%,

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to THINK
<("$( (3)

+% &4(50-" +% &(4(50%
8%, 4(50-" 8%, (4(50%
Present

Aorist

(1 4(50-"1 +!, (4(50!

9&%, &4(50-"' 9&%, &(4(50%'
'5&%, 4(50-"' '5&%, (4(50%'
(1(,( 4(50-"%, +!' (4(50%1

Fut: (-…-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 203!
 to THREATEN / to menace / to imtimidate / to bully
4#*&"$.3# (1)

+% &%+350%"( +% $!&%+350%
8%, %+350%"( 8%, $!%+350%
Present

Aorist
(1 %+350%"! (1 $!%+350!
9&%, &%+350%"(' 9&%, $!&%+350%'
'5&%, %+350%"(' '5&%, $!%+350%'
(1(,( %+350%"(!, (1(,( $!%+350,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to THROW away / to discard / to drop / to get rid of

0#4#04.3# (1)

+% &!#$%" +% #!$!&!#$%
8%, !#$%" 8%, #!$!!#$%
Present

(1 !#$%"1 +!, #!$!!#$- Aorist

9&%, &!#$%"' 9&%, #!$!&!#$%'
'5&%, !#$%"' '5&%, #!$!!#$%'
(1(,( !#$%"%, +!' #!$!!#$%1

Fut: #!$!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!$!#$%"3*(

! 204!
 to TIDY / to put in order / to clean up
4#'#0.3# (1)

+% &!*!#%" +% $!&!*!#%
8%, !*!#%" 8%, $!!*!#%
Present

Aorist
(1 !*!#%"1 +!, $!!*!#!
9&%, &!*!#%"' 9&%, $!&!*!#%'
'5&%, !*!#%"' '5&%, $!!*!#%'
(1(,( !*!#%"%, +!' $!!*!#%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!*!#%"3*(

to TIGHTEN / to screw in
*27.$# (1)

+% &3=%0 +% +-&3=(0%
8%, 3=%0 8%, +-3=(0%
Present

Aorist
(1 3=%01 +!, +-3=(0!
9&%, &3=%0' 9&%, +-&3=(0%'
'5&%, 3=%0' '5&%, +-3=(0%'
(1(,( 3=%0%, +!' +-3=(0%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +-=%0(*(

! 205!
 to be TIRED / to get tired
4#@'# (2)

+% &(6*%"( +% $!&(6!*%
8%, (6*%"( 8%, $!(6!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 (6*%"! (1 $!(6!*!
9&%, &(6*%"(' 9&%, $!&(6!*%'
'5&%, (6*%"(' '5&%, $!(6!*%'
(1(,( (6*%"(!, (1(,( $!(6!*,%,

Fut: Use P.P. + Fut forms of 7-4,!

Imp+Cond: Use P.P. + Imp/Cond forms of 7-4,!
Opt: Use P.P. + Opt forms of 7-4,!
Subj: Use P.P. + Subj forms of 7-4,!
P.P.: $!6*(*(

to (make a) TOAST
4@.0$9.'23# (1)

+% &!$6%#0;%*%" +% &!$6%#0;%*%
8%, !$6%#0;%*%" 8%, !$6%#0;%*%
Present

Aorist
(1 !$6%#0;%*%"1 +!, !$6%#0;%*!
9&%, &!$6%#0;%*%"' 9&%, &!$6%#0;%*%'
'5&%, !$6%#0;%*%"' '5&%, !$6%#0;%*%'
(1(,( !$6%#;%*%"%, +!' !$6%#0;%*%1

Fut: Use Present Forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 206!
 to TOUCH
1.8.3# (1)

+% &%>%"( +% 8%&%>%
8%, %>%"( 8%, 8%%>%
Present

Aorist
(1 %>%"! (1 8%%>-
9&%, &%>%"(' 9&%, 8%&%>%'
'5&%, %>%"(' '5&%,8%%>%'
(1(,( %>%"(!, (1(,( 8%%>%,

Fut: 8%-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 207!
 to TRANSLATE
0#4#%#$0*+# (1)

+% &'!0#+,( +% #!$!&'!0#+,%
8%, '!0#+,( 8%, #!$!'!0#+,%
Present

Aorist
(1 '!0#+,(1 +!, #!$!'!0#+,!
9&%, &'!0#+,(' 9&%, #!$!&'!0#+,%'
'5&%, '!0#+,(' '5&%, #!$!'!0#+,%'
(1(,( '!0#+,(!, +!' #!$!'!0#+,%1

Fut: #!$!-
Imp+Cond: ($( / ($( / ($! / ($(' / ($(' / ($,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!$!'!0#+,(*(

! 208!
 to TRAVEL / to take a trip / to (take a) journey
*0)#/$23# (1)

+% &+#A!&0-" +% &(+#A!&0%
8%, +#A!&0-" 8%, (+#A!&0%
Present

Aorist
(1 +#A!&0-"1 +!, (+#A!&0!
9&%, &+#A!&0-"' 9&%, &(+#A!&0%'
'5&%, +#A!&0-"' '5&%, (+#A!&0%'
(1(,( +#A!&0-"%, +!' (+#A!&0%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to TREAT (medical) / to cure

*6&$+#'23# (1)

+% &)30,!& +% #!,&)30,%
8%, )30,!& 8%, #!,)30,%
Present

Aorist
(1 )30,!&1 +!, #!,)30,!
9&%, &)30,!&' 9&%, #!,&)30,%'
'5&%, )30,!&' '5&%, #!,)30,%'
(1(,( )30,!&%, +!' #!,)30,%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!,)30,%"3*(

! 209!
 to be undergoing TREATMENT / to be being treated
*6&$+#'23# (3)

+% &+)30,!*-" +% &(+)30,!*%
8%, +)30,!*-" 8%, (+)30,!*%
Present

Aorist
(1 +)30,!*-"1 +!, (+)30,!*!
9&%, &+)30,!*-"' 9&%, &(+)30,!*%'
'5&%, +)30,!*-"' '5&%, (+)30,!*%'
(1(,( +)30,!*-"%, +!' (+)30,!*%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 210!
 to TRUST
+423# (1)

+% &%,$-"( +% &%,$%
8%, %,$-"( 8%, %,$%
Present

Aorist
(1 %,$-"! +!, %,$-
9&%, &%,$-"(' 9&%, &%,$%'
'5&%, %,$-"(' '5&%, %,$%'
(1(,( %,$-"(!, (1(,( %,$,%,

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 211!
 to TRY / to test / to trial / to attempt / to experiment
!4# (3)

+% &:$(*-" +% &:!$%
8%, :$(*-" 8%, 1:!$%
Present

Aorist
(1 :$(*-"1 +!, 1:!$!
9&%, &:$(*-"' 9&%, &:!$%'
'5&%, :$(*-"' '5&%, 1:!$%'
(1(,( :$(*-"%, +!' 1:!$%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!:!$(

to TRY on (e.g. clothing, shoes

*2)2*/# (1)

+% &(A-+!& +% +-&(A-+%
8%, (A-+!& 8%, +-(A-+%
Present

Aorist
(1 (A-+!&1 +!, +-(A-+!
9&%, &(A-+!&' 9&%, +-&(A-+%'
'5&%, (A-+!&' '5&%, +-(A-+%'
(1(,( (A-+!&%, +!' +-(A-+%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +-A-+(*(
Notes: In the Present, the meaning is more ‘to measure’, so it
is best to use the preverb to convey ‘to try on’ for both the
Present and Future screeves

! 212!
 to TURN OFF
0#*2$%/# (1)

+% &0'!& +% #!+-&0'%
8%, 0'!& 8%, #!+-0'%
Present

Aorist
(1 0'!&1 +!, #!+-0'-
9&%, &0'!&' 9&%, #!+-&0'%'
'5&%, 0'!&' '5&%, #!+-0'%'
(1(,( 0'!&%, +!' #!+-0'%1

Fut: #!+--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!+-0'3*(
Notes: The present forms are indeed the same as the verb ‘to
turn on’ so it is best to use the preverb for Present and
Future screeves.

to TURN ON
-#$%/# (1)

+% &0'!& +% 9!&0'%
8%, 0'!& 8%, 9!0'%
Present

Aorist

(1 0'!&1 +!, 9!0'-

9&%, &0'!&' 9&%, 9!&0'%'
'5&%, 0'!&' '5&%, 9!0'%'
(1(,( 0'!&%, +!' 9!0'%1

Fut: 9!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: 9!0'3*(
Notes: The present forms are indeed the same as the verb ‘to
turn off’ so it is best to use the preverb for Present and
Future screeves.

! 213!
 to TWIST / to spin / to roll
0$.8# / 4#0$.8# (1)

+% &#0%> +% $!&#0(>%
8%, #0%> 8%, $!#0(>%
Present

Aorist
(1 #0%>1 +!, $!#0(>!
9&%, &#0%>' 9&%, $!&#0(>%'
'5&%, #0%>' '5&%, $!#0(>%'
(1(,( #0%>%, +!' $!#0(>%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!#0%>(*(

to UNDERSTAND / to comprehend
0#0.3# (1)

+% &(#%" +% #!&(#%
8%, (#%" 8%, #!(#%
Present

Aorist
(1 (#%"1 +!, #!(#-
9&%, &(#%"' 9&%, #!&(#%'
'5&%, (#%"' '5&%, #!(#%'
(1(,( (#%"%, +!' #!(#%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!#%"3*(

! 214!
 to be UNENTHUSIASTIC about / to be disinterested in /
“can’t be bothered to” / to be apathetic toward
4#*.)#$.3# (4)

+% +%A!0%"! +% $!+%A!0!
8%, #%A!0%"! 8%, $!#%A!0!
Present

Aorist
+!1 %A!0%"! +!1 $!%A!0!
9&%, #&%A!0%"! 9&%, $!#&%A!0!
'5&%, #%A!0%"!' '5&%, $!#%A!0!'
(1(,( %A!0%"!' +!' $!%A!0!'

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'
Notes: e.g. “+% +%A!0%"! !5 <!1&*!“ (“I can’t be bothered to go
there”)

to UNITE / to join / to combine / to consolidate

0#.$%(#+.3# (1)

+% &!%0'(!,%" +% #!&!%0'(!,%
8%, !%0'(!,%" 8%, #!!%0'(!,%
Present

Aorist
(1 !%0'(!,%"1 +!, #!!%0'(!,!
9&%, &!%0'(!,%"' 9&%, #!&!%0'(!,%'
'5&%, !%0'(!,%"' '5&%, #!!%0'(!,%'
(1(,( !%0'(!,%"%, +!' #!!%0'(!,%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!%0'(!,%"3*(

! 215!
 to USE
8*#$.3# (3)

+% &>+!0-" +% &(>+!0%
8%, >+!0-" 8%, (>+!0%
Present

Aorist
(1 >+!0-"1 +!, (>+!0!
9&%, &>+!0-"' 9&%, &(>+!0%'
'5&%, >+!0-"' '5&%, (>+!0%'
(1(,( >+!0-"%, +!' (>+!0%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: ,!>+!0(

to WAIT
!4# (1)

+% &(:$( +% +-&(:!$%
8%, (:$( 8%, +-(:!$%
Present

Aorist
(1 (:$(1 +!, +-(:!$!
9&%, &(:$(' 9&%, +-&(:!$%'
'5&%, (:$(' '5&%, +-(:!$%'
(1(,( (:($!, +!' +-(:!$%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: ($( / ($( / ($! / ($(' / ($(' / ($,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 216!
 to WAIT for
'24(+( (2)

+% &%*-$%"( +% $!&%*-$%
8%, %*-$%"( 8%, $!%*-$%
Present

Aorist
(1 %*-$%"! (1 $!%*-$!
9&%, &%*-$%"(' 9&%, $!&%*-$%'
'5&%, %*-$%"(' '5&%, $!%*-$%'
(1(,( %*-$%"(!, (1(,( $!%*-$,%,

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to WAKE up / to arouse / to stimulate / to awaken

0#@/(9.3# (1)

+% &(6&(;%" +% #!&(6&(;%
8%, (6&(;%" 8%, #!(6&(;%
Present

Aorist
(1 (6&(;%"1 +!, #!(6&(;!
9&%, &(6&(;%"' 9&%, #!&(6&(;%'
'5&%,(6&(;%"' '5&%,#!(6&(;%'
(1(,( (6&(;%"%, +!' #!(6&(;%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!6&(;%"3*(

! 217!
 to take a WALK / to promenade / to stroll
,.($+23# (3)

+% &1%(0,-" +% &(1%(0,%
8%, 1%(0,-" 8%, (1%(0,%
Present

Aorist
(1 1%(0,-"1 +!, (1%(0,!
9&%, &1%(0,-"' 9&%, &(1%(0,%'
'5&%, 1%(0,-"' '5&%, (1%(0,%'
(1(,( 1%(0,-"%, +!' (1%(0,%1

Fut: (-...-%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to WANT / to desire / to wish for

+42*# (4)

+% +(,$! +% +-+(,$!
8%, #(,$! 8%, +-#(,$!
Present

Aorist
+!1 3,$! +!1 +-3,$!
9&%, #&(,$! 9&%, +-#&(,$!
'5&%, #(,$!' '5&%, +-#(,$!'
+!' 3,$!' +!' +-3,$!'

+% +-+(,$%"! +% +(,$-$!
Future

Imperfect

8%, +-#(,$%"! 8%, #(,$-$!

+!1 +-3,$%"! +!1 3,$-$!
9&%, +-#&(,$%"! 9&%, #&(,$-$!
'5&%, +-#(,$%"!' '5&%, #(,$-$!'
+!' +-3,$%"!' +!' 3,$-$!'

Cond: -$! / -$! / -$! / -$! / -$!' / -$!'

Opt: %1 / %1 / %1 / %1 / %' / %'
Subj: -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%1 / -$%' / -$%'

! 218!
 to WARM / to heat
0#%323# (2)

+% &'"%"( +% #!&'"(
8%, '"%"( 8%, #!'"(
Present

Aorist
(1 '"%"! (1 #!'"!
9&%, &'"%"(' 9&%, #!&'"('
'5&%, '"%"(' '5&%, #!'"('
(1(,( '"%"(!, (1(,( #!'",%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / ,%,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!+'"!0(

to WARN / to notify / to alert / to caution

0#<$%8('.3# (1)

+% &!40'>(*%" +% #!&!40'>(*%
8%, !40'>(*%" 8%, #!!40'>(*%
Present

(1 !40'>(*%"1 +!, #!!40'>(*! Aorist

9&%, &!40'>(*%"' 9&%, #!&!40'>(*%'
'5&%, !40'>(*%"' '5&%, #!!40'>(*%'
(1(,( !40'>(*%"%, +!' #!!40'>(*%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!40'>(*%"3*(

! 219!
 to WASH (clothes) / to launder
0#$.!8/# (1)

+% &0%:>!& +% #!&0%:>%
8%, 0%:>!& 8%, #!0%:>%
Present

Aorist
(1 0%:>!&1 +!, #!0%:>!
9&%, &0%:>!&' 9&%, #!&0%:>%'
'5&%, 0%:>!&' '5&%, #!0%:>%'
(1(,( 0%:>!&%, +!' #!0%:>%1

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: #!0%:>(*(

to WATCH / to look at / to contemplate

;&$.3# (1)

+% &3730%" +% &3730%
8%, 3730%" 8%, 3730%
Present

Aorist

(1 3730%"1 +!, 3730!

9&%, &3730%"' 9&%, &3730%'
'5&%, 3730%"' '5&%, 3730%'
(1(,( 3730%"%, +!' 3730%1

Fut: Use Present forms

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

! 220!
 to WEAR / to be dressed in
:#$.3# (1)

+% &!2!0%" +% &!2!0%"$(
8%, !2!0%" 8%, !2!0%"$(
Present

Aorist
(1 !2!0%"1 +!, !2!0%"$!
9&%, &!2!0%"' 9&%, &!2!0%"$('
'5&%, !2!0%"' '5&%, !2!0%"$('
(1(,( !2!0%"%, (1(,( !2!0%"$,%,

Fut: #!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to WEIGH (someone / something) (active)

#52+# (1)

+% &<-,( +% !&<-,%
8%, <-,( 8%, !<-,%
Present

Aorist
(1 <-,(1 +!, !<-,!
9&%, &<-,(' 9&%, !&<-,%'
'5&%, <-,(' '5&%, !<-,%'
(1(,( <-,(!, +!' !<-,%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: ($( / ($( / ($! / ($(' / ($(' / ($,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !<-,(*(

! 221!
 to WEIGH (indicating one’s weight) (static)
#52+# (2)

+% &(<-,%"( +% !&(<-,%
8%, (<-,%"( 8%, !(<-,%
Present

Aorist
(1 (<-,%"! +!, !(<-,!
9&%, &(<-,%"(' 9&%, !&(<-,%'
'5&%, (<-,%"(' '5&%, !(<-,%'
(1(,( (<-,%"(!, +!' !(<-,%1

Fut: !-
Imp+Cond: -$( / -$( / -$! / -$(' / -$(' / -$,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to WIN / to gain
*20.3# (1)

+% &(#%" +% +-&(#%
8%, (#%" 8%, +-(#%
Present

Aorist
(1 (#%"1 +!, +-(#-
9&%, &(#%"' 9&%, +-&(#%'
'5&%, (#%"' '5&%, +-(#%'
(1(,( (#%"%, +!' +-(#%1

Fut: +--
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: +-#%"3*(

! 222!
 to WORK
*&1#23# (3)

+% &+38!-" +% &(+38!&%
8%, +38!-" 8%, (+38!&%
Present

Aorist
(1 +38!-"1 +!, (+38!&!
9&%, &+38!-"' 9&%, &(+38!&%'
'5&%, +38!-"' '5&%, (+38!&%'
(1(,( +38!-"%, +!' (+38!&%1

Fut: (-...-&%"
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,

to WORRY / to be concerned
#@.'/.3# (1)

+% &6%*!& +% !&6%*$(
8%, 6%*!& 8%, !6%*$(
Present

Aorist
(1 6%*!&1 (1 !6%*$!
9&%, &6%*!&' 9&%, !&6%*$('
'5&%, 6%*!&' '5&%, !6%*$('
(1(,( 6%*!&%, (1(,( !6%*$,%,

+% !&6%*$%"(
8%, !6%*$%"(
Future

(1 !6%*$%"!
9&%, !&6%*$%"('
'5&%, !6%*$%"('
(1(,( !6%*$%"(!,

Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,

Opt: % / % / %1 / %' / %' / %,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: !6%*&%"3*(

! 223!
 to WRITE
4#5.$# (1)

+% &<%0 +% $!&<%0%
8%, <%0 8%, $!<%0%
Present

Aorist
(1 <%01 +!, $!<%0!
9&%, &<%0' 9&%, $!&<%0%'
'5&%, <%0' '5&%, $!<%0%'
(1(,( <%0%, +!' $!<%0%1

Fut: $!-
Imp+Cond: $( / $( / $! / $(' / $(' / $,%,
Opt: - / - / -1 / -' / -' / -,
Subj: $% / $% / $%1 / $%' / $%' / $,%,
P.P.: $!<%0(*(
Notes: Use the preverb #!$!- to convey ‘to re-write’ / ‘to copy’
Use the preverb 9!- to convey ‘to jot down’ / ‘to note’

! 224!
 (+4.",(
Index
!

Index of Verbs: Georgian

!$#-+! 193
!)0;!*&! 103
!+-6%"! 171
!+-7&(,'&! 94
!,!A6!30%"! 170
!->0%"! 85
!09%&! 70
!6%"! 200
!6%*&%"! 223
!6(!0%"! 75
!6,(8&,! 125
!6<%0! 85
!8%,%"! 64
!95!0%"! 123
!<%&! 139
! 225!
!<-,! 222
"!,!-"! 53
"0;!,%"! 74
#!"0!A%"! 46
#!#%"! 214
#!#%#+&! 155
#!#A!&,! 180
#!#(/%"! 80
#!#0;%*%"! 77; 160
#!$!#$%"! 204
#!$!'!0#+,! 207-08
#!$!09%,! 176
#!$!6%"! 78
#!$!>$! 153
#!%0'(!,%"! 215
#!A(!0%"! 182
#!A-+&! 146
#!A0$! 113
#!'"-"! 219
#!)%'%"! 89
#!)&(0&%"! 198
#!+$($0%"! 175
#!+%-0%"! 172
#!+-)&*%&! 128

! 226!
#!+-0'&! 213
#!+-5&%7,%"! 161
#!+-9%,! 48
#!+-:>-"! 52
#!+-<%0! 196
#!+-<&%&! 69
#!+>,%&%"! 95
#!,!>*%"! 168
#!,>(*&! 87-88
#!.!01&! 183
#!/*%2! 47
#!0%:>&! 220
#!0(#%"! 152
#!1(,?&! 201
#!1<-0%"! 78
#!2%>&! 61
#!3+!0'*! 144
#!3+?-"%1%"! 124
#!35+%"! 42
#!39(,!0%"! 87
#!40%,! 102
#!40'>(*%"! 219
#!43=%"! 192
#!5(0!&%"! 172

! 227!
#!6!0("%"! 156
#!6%"! 151
#!6&(;%"! 217
#!6(+%"! 188
#!7($&! 179
#!7-4! 46
#!8&%"! 137
#!9%,! 81
#!9%0%"! 194
#!:(,%"! 135
#!:,-"! 127; 132
#!;,%*%"! 86
#!<('*%"! 59
#!<7-"! 181
#!=%$&! 81
#!=0! 82
#!>!0%"! 110
#!>$! 200
#!>$-+! 55
#!>%>&! 112; 178
#-,%"! 179
#0;,-"! 99
$!!>*-%"! 71
$!"!$%"! 55; 60

! 228!
$!"!,&! 53
$!"%=$&! 159
$!"03,%"! 174
$!#&(!,%"! 134
$!#0%>! 214
$!$%"! 163
$!&(<7%"! 104
$!A(!,%"! 83
$!'&!*(%0%"! 63
$!(,2%0%1%"! 126
$!)!)3,%"! 131
$!)!0#&! 143
$!)%2&! 141
$!)&0! 156
$!)*%"! 168
$!)+!7-4(*%"! 176
$!*!#%"! 205
$!*%&! 92
$!*-:&! 58
$!+!#0%"! 51
$!+!*&! 120
$!+!0:&*! 191
$!+!2%"! 43
$!+%A!0%"! 215

! 229!
$!+'!&0%"! 95
$!+2)(:%"! 160
$!+350%"! 204
$!+8&($%"! 67
$!,(8&,! 49
$!.!2(/%"! 128
$!.(0%"! 126
$!05+%&! 149
$!0<+3,%"! 154
$!1&%,%"! 174
$!1>+! 157
$!1?! 162
$!2)"-"! 96
$!2-&%"! 136
$!3'-%"! 129
$!4!0%"! 80
$!4!1%"! 49
$!5(0%&%"! 171
$!6!+%"! 84
$!6*! 206
$!7-4! 180
$!:%+(,%"! 189
$!:*! 94
$!;(,%"! 188

! 230!
$!<%0! 224
$!<-*! 136
$!<7%"! 56
$!=%0! 68
$!>!0?&! 191
$!>+!0%"! 118-19
$!>30&! 71
$!?!&8,! 173
$!?$-+! 187
$!?%0%"! 57
$#-+! 193
$,-"! 147
$0-1 #!2!0%"! 192
$36(*( 59
$6%#0;%*-"! 206
%=&( 89
%=&(!,-"! 129
&!0!3$( 197
A%(+-"! 69
A0$! 114
'!&(1 #!5,%&! 182
'!&(1 $!5,%&! 151
'!+!8( 155
'!,>+-"! 45

! 231!
'%&A!-"! 101
'('(1 $!=%0! 158
'5+! 177
'>-&,! 173
)!+!'( 50
)%)*3:-"! 101
)&,%1! 148
)('>&! 51
)-:,! 131
*!.!0!)( 190
*-$(,( 217
*-:&! 157
+!,5!,(1 2!0%"! 92
+!0'&! 145
+#A!&0-"! 209
+(!>*-%"! 50
+(*-:&! 76
+(6%"! 107
+(7&!,! 62
+(7-*! 103
+(:%+! 108
+(<-*! 162
+)30,!*-"! 209
+-#%"! 222

! 232!
+-&*! 67
+-A-+&! 212
+-)&*! 131
+-+A!$%"! 165
+-+1!>30%"! 181
+-,!20%"! 148
+-.!0&! 194
+-09%"! 96
+-1&*! 73
+-1+%,! 118
+-2!,! 63
+-273%"! 137-38
+-5!9&! 161
+-5:%&! 56
+-<%&! 189
+-<%0! 186
+-<-,%"! 139
+-=%0! 205
+-=0! 83
+->%0>%"! 145
+->%0>&! 177
+1#!&1%"! 143
+38!-"! 223
,!$(0-"! 122

! 233!
,!>&! 178
,$-+! 218
,%0&(3*-"! 150
,(8&,! 146
,;0%&! 199
-:,%"! 99
.!13>( 47
.-&,! 100
0%)&! 66
09%&! 167
0<+%,! 58
1!$(*-"! 87
1!3"!0( 201
1!=(0-%"! 150
1%(0,-"! 218
1%1>%"! 60
1(A+!0(1 ,!>&! 91
1()&$(*( 86
1()&$(*(' $!1?! 98
1(+6%0! 186
1(,!,3*( 169
1(0"(*( 175
1(7&!03*( 144
1(:-:>*% 140

! 234!
1(:>% 121
1(;3*&(*( 115
10-*! 183-84
130!'(1 #!$!6%"! 154
1<!&*! 195
1<!&*%"! 202
2!0%"! 221
2!8(1 $!)&0! 48
2(0(*( 82
2)(&(*( 124
3!0(1 '5+! 169
4(50( 203
5-,! 117
6(0%"3*%"! 79
7%4! 52
7&(,'&! 88
7&(0(*( 185
7($&! 66
7(,&! 106
7*!.&! 198
7-*! 116
7-4,! 54
730%"! 220
8%#0-&%"! 107

! 235!
8%$!0%"! 74
8%&(<0-%"! 149
8%(;*%"! 41
8%)&%'! 152
8%)&0! 76
8%+-)*%"! 184
8%,!>&! 131
8%,$-"! 104
8%27-"(,%"! 125
8%6%"&! 93
8%9&%&! 42
8%:&*! 70
8%:(&%"! 72
8%<&! 106
8%<3>%"! 61
8%<7&%2(,%"! 127
8%>%"! 207
8%>&%$0! 147
8(+8(*( 122
8(8( 43
9!'&*! 77
9!+-)($%"! 114
9!+-2&(0'&! 90
9!0'&! 213

! 236!
9!2!0%"! 115
9!4*-"! 65
9!:+! 164
9!<%0! 224
9!>32%"! 121
9&%,%"! 185
9(&(*( 75
935%"! 108
9>3"( 100
:$! 212
:$3,%"! 203
:%)&! 84
:,-"(%0%"! 166
:-$,! 133
:30&! 199
:>&(0(1 !<%&! 139
:>-&0%"! 141
;%",! 142
;(*( 187
<!)('>&! 165
<!+-;!>%"! 97
<!0+-$#%,! 153
<!1&*! 111
<!1+! 113

! 237!
<!5:%&! 98
<!6%"! 68
<!8*! 97
<&! 65
<&!*%"! 197
<&(+! 164
<-&! 196
=!+! 93
=!0!-"! 112
>!2&! 90
>&%*%"! 79
>+!0%"! 216
>+(1 !<%&! 139
>1-&,! 170
>2-+! 130
>3+0-"! 130

! 238!
Index of Verbs: English

• Asterisks (*) indicate that more than one masdar is used,

particularly when more than one preverb is possible. See
the full entry for alternate masdars.
• (s.o.s.t) refers to ‘someone’ or ‘something’, i.e. the verb is
transitive;
• (o.s.) refers to ‘oneself’, i.e. the verb is intransitive
• (s.o.) refers to ‘someone’, i.e. the verb is transitive and
used for animate nouns only
• (s.t) refers to ‘something’, i.e. the verb is transitive and
used for inanimate nouns only

ABANDON, to $!2-&%"! 136

ABATE, to $!)*%"! 168
ABBREVIATE, to 8%+-)*%"! 184
ABHOR, to 1(;3*&(*( 115
ABLE, to be 8%(;*%"! 41
ABOLISH, to #!35+%"! 42
ACHE, to 2)(&(*( 124
ACCEPT, to !6%"! 200
ACCUSTOMED to, to get 8%9&%&! 42
ACKNOWLEDGE, to !6(!0%"! 75
ACQUAINT with, to #!:,-"! 127
ACT like, to +-5:%&! 56
ADD, to $!+!2%"! 43

! 239!
ADMIT, to !6(!0%"! 75
ADVISE, to 09%&! 280
AFFIX, to $!+!#0%"!* 51
AFRAID, to be 8(8( 43
AFRAID, to make 8(8( 44
AFFIRM, to $!+2)(:%"! 160
AGREE, to '!,>+-"! 44
AGREE with, to '!,>+-"! 275
AID, to $!>+!0%"! 119
AID (s.o.), to $!>+!0%"! 278
ALERT, to #!40'>(*%"! 219
ALIVE, to be 1(:-:>*% 140
ALLOT, to #!7-4! 46
ALTER, to 8%:&*! 70
AMAZED, to be #!)&(0&%"! 198
AMELIORATE, to #!3+?-"%1%"! 124
AMEND, to #!1<-0%"! 78
ANALYSE, to #!+-)&*%&! 128
ANGRY, to get #!"0!A%"! 46
ANNIHILATE, to #!/*%2! 47
ANNOY, to 8%<3>%"! 61
ANSWER, to .!13>( 47
APATHETIC toward, to be $!+%A!0%"! 215
APPEAR, to #!+-9%,! 48

! 240!
APPLAUD, to 2!8(1 $!)&0! 48
APPLY (on), to <!1+! 113
APPOINT, to $!,(8&,! 49
APPORTION, to #!7-4! 46
APPRECIATE, to $!4!1%"! 49
APPROACH, to +(!>*-%"! 50
ARGUE, to )!+!'( 50
AROUSE, to #!6&(;%"! 217
ARRANGE, to #!0(#%"! 152
ARREST, to $!=%0! 68
ASK, to )('>&! 51
ASK for, to '>-&,! 173
ASSERT, to $!+2)(:%"! 160
ASSIST, to $!>+!0%"! 119
ASSIST (s.o.), to $!>+!0%"! 278
ASSUME, to &!0!3$( 197
ASTONISHED, to be #!)&(0&%"! 198
ATTACH, to $!+!#0%"!* 51
ATTEMPT, to :$! 212
ATTEND to, to +-+1!>30%"! 181
AWAKEN, to #!6&(;%"! 217
AWARE, to make :,-"(%0%"! 166
BAKE, to #!+-:>-"! 52
BAN, to !)0;!*&! 103

! 241!
BAR, to !)0;!*&! 103
BARK, to 7%4! 52
BATH, to take a "!,!-"! 53
BATHE (o.s.), to "!,!-"! 53
BATHE (s.o.s.t.), to $!"!,&! 53
BE, to 7-4,! 54
BEAR, to $!"!$%"! 55
BECOME, to #!>$%"! 55
BEGIN, to $!<7%"! 56
BEHAVE like, to +-5:%&! 56
BELIEVE, to $!?%0%"! 57
BELIEVE in, to 0<+%,! 58
BETTER, to make #!3+?-"%1%"! 124
BIND, to 8%)&0! 76
BIRTH, to give $!"!$%"! 55
BLESS, to $!*-:&! 58
BLUSH, to #!<('*%"! 59
BOIL, to $36(*( 59
BOOK, to $!?!&8,! 173
BORN, to be $!"!$%"! 60
BORROW, to 1%1>%"! 60
BOTHER, to 8%<3>%"! 61
BREAK, to #!2%>&! 61
BREAK, to take a $!1&%,%"! 174

! 242!
BREAK apart, to $!7-4! 180
BRING (s.o.), to +(7&!,! 62
BRING (s.t.), to +-2!,! 63
BRING about, to #!+-<&%&! 69
BROKEN (down), to be #!43=%"! 192
BROWSE, to $!'&!*(%0%"! 63
BRUSH, to #!>%>&! 178
BUILD, to !8%,%"! 64
BUILT, to be !8%,%"! 64
BULLY, to $!+350%"! 204
BURN, to <&! 65
BURY (s.t.), to 9!4*-"! 65
BUTTON up, to 8%)&0! 76
BUY, to 7($&! 66
CALL, to 0%)&! 66
CALLED, to be $!05+%&! 149
CALM down, to $!+8&($%"! 67
“CAN” 8%(;*%"! 41
CAPTURE, to $!=%0! 68
CARE for, to +-&*! 67
CARRY, to <!6%"! 68
CAST, to 10-*! 183
CATCH, to $!=%0! 68
CAUSE, to #!+-<&%&! 69

! 243!
CAUTION, to #!40'>(*%"! 219
CELEBRATE, to A%(+-"! 69
CHANGE, to 8%:&*! 70
CHAT, to 1!3"!0( 201
CHEER up, to #!+>,%&%"! 95
CHOOSE, to !09%&! 70
CHOP off, to +-=0! 83
CLAP, to 2!8(1 $!)&0! 48
CLEAN up, to $!*!#%"! 205
CLOSE, to $!>30&! 71
CLOSE, to come +(!>*-%"! 50
CLOSE, to get (become) $!!>*-%"! 71
COAX, to $!0<+3,%"! 154
COLD, to be (feel) 8%:(&%"! 72
COLLECT, to 8%#0-&%"! 107
COLOUR, to 8%6%"&! 93
COMBINE, to #!%0'(!,%"! 215
COME, to +-1&*! 73
COMMAND, to "0;!,%"! 74
COMMUNICATE, to 8%27-"(,%"! 125
COMPARE (to / with), to 8%$!0%"! 74
COMPENSATE, to !,!A6!30%"! 170
COMPLAIN, to 9(&(*( 75
COMPLETE, to $!+'!&0%"! 95

! 244!
COMPLETED, to be +-09%"! 96
COMPREHEND, to #!#%"! 214
CONCERNED, to be !6%*&%"! 223
CONFESS, to !6(!0%"! 75
CONGRATULATE, to +(*-:&! 76
CONNECT, to 8%)&0! 76
CONSCIOUS of, to be :,-"(%0%"! 166
CONSIDER, to 9!'&*! 77
CONSOLIDATE, to #!%0'(!,%"! 215
CONSTRUCT, to !8%,%"! 64
CONSTRUCTED, to be !8%,%"! 64
CONTEMPLATE, to 730%"! 220
CONTENT, to make $!)+!7-4(*%"! 176
CONTINUE, to #!#0;%*%"! 77
CONTINUE (with), to #!#0;%*%"! 160
CONVERSE, to 1!3"!0( 201
CONVERT, to #!>$-+! 55
CONVINCE, to $!0<+3,%"! 154
COOK, to #!)%'%"! 89
COPY, to #!$!6%"! 78
CORRECT, to #!1<-0%"! 78
COST, to 6(0%"3*%"! 79
COUGH, to >&%*%"! 79
COVER, to $!4!0%"! 80

! 245!
CRAZY, to go #!#(/%"! 80
CREATED, to be #!9%,! 81
CROSS out, to <!8*! 97
CROWD, to #!=%$&! 81
CRY, to 2(0(*( 82
CRY OUT, to <!+-;!>%"! 97
CULTIVATE, to A0$! 114
CURE, to +)30,!*-"! 209
CUT, to #!=0! 82
CUT down / off, to +-=0! 83
DAMAGE, to $!A(!,%"! 83
DANCE, to :%)&! 84
DARK, to get (become) $!6!+%"! 84
DAYDREAM, to -:,%"! 99
DEBATE )!+!'( 50
DECIDE, to !09%&! 70
DECREASE, to $!)*%"! 168
DELETE, to <!8*! 97
DELIBERATE (over), to #!,>(*&! 88
DEPICT, to !6<%0! 85
DESCRIBE, to !6<%0! 85
DESIGNATE, to !6,(8&,! 125
DESIRE, to ,$-+! 218
DESPISE, to 1(;3*&(*( 115

! 246!
DESTROY, to !->0%"! 85
DESTRUCT, to !->0%"! 85
DETEST, to 1(;3*&(*( 115
DEVELOP, to #!A0$! 113
DEVELOP (s.t.), to A0$! 114
DIE, to 1()&$(*( 86
DIFFICULT, to get (become) #!;,%*%"! 86
DIMINISH, to $!)*%"! 168
DINE, to 1!$(*-"! 87
DINNER, to have 1!$(*-"! 87
DISAPPEAR, to #!39(,!0%"! 87
DISCARD, to #!$!#$%"! 204
DISCHARGE, to $!:*! 94
DISCOVER, to .-&,! 100
DISCUSS, to #!,>(*&! 88
DISTURB, to 8%<3>%"! 61
DIVE (into), to 7&(,'&! 88
DIVE (out of), to !+-7&(,'&! 94
DIVIDE, to $!7-4! 180
DIVIDE up, to #!7-4! 46
DIVVY up, to #!7-4! 46
DO, to #!)%'%"! 89
DO AWAY WITH, to #!35+%"! 42
DONE, to be +-09%"! 96

! 247!
DOUBT, to %=&( 89
DOWNLOAD, to 9!+-2&(0'&! 90
DRAW, to >!2&! 90
DREAM, to 1(A+!0(1 ,!>&! 91
DRESS, to 9!:+! 164
DRINK, to $!*%&! 92
DRIVE, to +!,5!,(1 2!0%"! 92
DROP, to #!$!#$%"! 204
DYE, to 8%6%"&! 93
EAT, to =!+! 93
EJACULATE, to <!+-;!>%"! 97
ELECT, to !09%&! 70
ELIMINATE, to #!35+%"! 42
EMBRACE, to 9!>32%"! 121
EMERGE, to !+-7&(,'&! 94
EMPTY, to $!:*! 94
ENCOURAGE, to #!+>,%&%"! 95
END, to $!+'!&0%"! 95
ENDED, to be +-09%"! 96
ENJOY, to $!2)"-"! 96
ERADICATE, to #!35+%"! 42
ERASE, to <!8*! 97
EVACUATE, to $!:*! 94
EVIDENCE of, to give 9&%,%"! 185

! 248!
EXAMINE, to #!,>(*&! 87
EXCLAIM, to <!+-;!>%"! 97
EXECUTE, to 1()&$(*(' $!1?! 98
EXILE, to $!:*! 94
EXIST, to 1(:-:>*% 140
EXPERIMENT, to :$! 212
EXTERMINATE, to #!/*%2! 47
FAITH in, to have 0<+%,! 58
FAITH in (s.o.), to have 0<+%,! 282
FALL (down), to <!5:%&! 98
FAMILIARISE with, to #!:,-"! 127
FANTASISE, to -:,%"! 99
FASTEN, to $!+!#0%"!* 51
FEAR, to 8(8( 43
FEEL, to #0;,-"! 99
FIGHT, to 9>3"( 100
FILL (with), to $!1>+! 157
FIND, to .-&,! 100
FINISH, to $!+'!&0%"! 95
FINISHED, to be +-09%"! 96
FISH, to '%&A!-"! 101
FLIRT, to )%)*3:-"! 101
FLY (as a passenger), to #!40%,! 102
FLY (s.t.), to #!40%,! 102

! 249!
FOLLOW, to +(7-*! 103
FORBID, to !)0;!*&! 103
FORGET, to $!&(<7%"! 104
FORGIVE, to 8%,$-"! 104
FORGIVE (s.o.), to 8%,$-"! 276
FREEZE, to 7(,&! 105
FRIENDS, to become $!!>*-%"! 71
FRY, to 8%<&! 106
FUSE, to $,-"! 147
GAIN, to +-#%"! 222
GATHER, to 8%#0-&%"! 107
GET, to +(6%"! 107
GET up, to !$#-+! 193
GIVE, to +(:%+! 108
GIVE a gift, to 935%"! 109
GIVE a gift (to s.o.), to 935%"! 277
GLAD, to be #!>!0%"! 110
GO, to <!1&*! 111
GO on, to #!#0;%*%"! 160
“GOING TO” $!.(0%"! 126
GOSSIP, to =!0!-"! 112
GOVERN, to +!0'&! 145
GRADUATE, to $!+'!&0%"! 95
GRANT, to $!,(8&,! 49

! 250!
GRATE, to #!>%>&! 112
GREASE, to <!1+! 113
GROAN, to )&,%1! 148
GROW, to #!A0$! 113
GROW (s.t.), to A0$! 114
HAIR, to do s.o.’s $!&!0:>,! 195
HALT, to #!9%0%"! 194
HANG, to 9!+-)($%"! 114
HAPPEN, to 9!2!0%"! 115
HARM, to $!A(!,%"! 83
HATE, to 1(;3*&(*( 115
HAVE (s.o.), to 7-*! 116
HAVE (s.t.), to 5-,! 117
HEAR, to +-1+%,! 118
HEAT, to #!'"-"! 219
HELP, to $!>+!0%"! 119
HELP (s.o.), to $!>+!0%"! 278
HIDDEN, to be $!+!*&! 120
HIDE (o.s.), to $!+!*&! 120
HIDE (s.o.s.t.), to $!+!*&! 120
HIDING, to be $!+!*&! 120
HIT, to $!)&0! 156
HOT, to be 1(:>% 121
HUG, to 9!>32%"! 121

! 251!
HUNGRY, to be 8(+8(*( 122
HUNT, to ,!$(0-"! 122
HURRY (s.o.s.t.) (along), to !95!0%"! 123
HURRY, to be in a !95!0%"! 123
HURT, to 2)(&(*( 124
HYPNOTISE, to $!;(,%"! 188
IMITATE, to +-5:%&! 56
IMPART, to 8%27-"(,%"! 125
IMPROVE, to #!3+?-"%1%"! 124
INCREASE, to #!A0$! 113
INDICATE, to !6,(8&,! 125
INFORM, to 8%27-"(,%"! 125
INSTRUCT, to 1<!&*%"! 202
INTEND, to $!.(0%"! 126
INTERDICT, to !)0;!*&! 103
INTERESTED in, to be $!(,2%0%1%"! 126
INTERRUPT, to 8%<7&%2(,%"! 127
INTIMATE, to get $!!>*-%"! 71
INTIMIDATE, to $!+350%"! 204
INTRODUCE, to #!:,-"! 127
INVESTIGATE, to #!+-)&*%&! 128
INVITE, to $!.!2(/%"! 128
IRON, to $!3'-%"! 129
JAM, to #!=%$&! 81

! 252!
JEALOUS, to be %=&(!,-"! 129
JOIN, to #!%0'(!,%"! 215
JOKE, to >3+0-"! 130
JOURNEY, to (take a) +#A!&0-"! 209
JOT (down), to 9!<%0! 224
JUMP, to >2-+! 130
KEEP, to 8%,!>&! 131
KID, to >3+0-"! 130
KILL, to +-)&*! 131
KISS, to )-:,! 131
KNOCK, to $!)!)3,%"! 131
KNOW (s.o.), to #!:,-"! 132
KNOW (s.t. / a fact), to :-$,! 133
LATE, to be $!#&(!,%"! 134
LAUGH, to #!:(,%"! 135
LAUNDER, to #!0%:>&! 220
LAY, to $!$%"! 163
LAY down, to $!<-*! 136
LAY out, to #!#%#+&! 155
LEAP, to >2-+! 130
LEARN, to 1<!&*! 195
LEAVE, to $!2-&%"! 136
LESSEN, to $!)*%"! 168
LET (a property), to #!5(0!&%"! 172

! 253!
LET go of, to #!8&%"! 137
LET know, to 8%27-"(,%"! 125
LET off, to $!:*! 94
LIE, to (tell a) +-273%"! 138
LIE to (s.o.), to +-273%"! 279
LIE down, to $!<-*! 136
LIFT, to !<%&! 139
LIKE, to +-<-,%"! 139
LISTEN to, to +-1+%,! 140
LIVE, to 1(:-:>*% 140
LIVE in (a place), to :>-&0%"! 141
LOATHE, to 1(;3*&(*( 115
LOCK, to $!)%2&! 141
LONG for, to +-,!20%"! 148
LOOK after, to +-&*! 67
LOOK around, to $!'&!*(%0%"! 63
LOOK at, to 730%"! 220
LOOK for, to ;%",! 142
LOOK like, to +1#!&1%"! 143
LOOK, to take a $!'&!*(%0%"! 63
LOSE, to $!)!0#&! 143
LOVE, to 1(7&!03*( 144
LUBRICATE, to <!1+! 113
LUCKY, to get #!3+!0'*! 144

! 254!
LULL to sleep, to $!;(,%"! 188
MAD, to go #!#(/%"! 80
MADE, to be #!9%,! 81
MAIL, to #!#A!&,! 180
MAKE, to #!)%'%"! 89
MANAGE, to +!0'&! 145
MANAGE (to do s.t), to +->%0>%"! 145
MARK out, to !6,(8&,! 125
MEAN, to ,(8&,! 146
MEASURE, to #!A-+&! 146
MEET, to 8%>&%$0! 147
MEET up with, to 8%>&%$0! 147
MELT, to $,-"! 147
MENACE, to $!+350%"! 204
MEND, to #!1<-0%"! 78
MISS (emotion), to +-,!20%"! 148
MOAN, to )&,%1! 148
NAMED, to be $!05+%&! 149
NARROW, to (become) 8%&(<0-%"! 149
NEAR, to get +(!>*-%"! 50
NEED, to 1!=(0-%"! 150
NERVOUS, to be ,%0&(3*-"! 150
NOD (one’s head), to '!&(1 $!5,%&! 151
NOMINATE, to $!,(8&,! 49

! 255!
NOTE (down), to 9!<%0! 224
NOTIFY, to #!40'>(*%"! 219
NURSE to health, to +-&*! 67
OCCUR, to 9!2!0%"! 115
OFFLOAD, to $!:*! 94
OIL, to <!1+! 113
OPEN, to #!6%"! 151
ORDER (s.t.), to 8%)&%'! 152
ORDER, to (place an) "0;!,%"! 74
ORDER, to put in $!*!#%"! 205
ORGANISE, to #!0(#%"! 152
OUT (of service), to be #!43=%"! 192
OVER, to be +-09%"! 96
PAIN, to have (to be in) 2)(&(*( 124
PAINT, to >!2&! 90
PARDON, to 8%,$-"! 104
PARDON (s.o.), to 8%,$-"! 276
PARTITION, to #!7-4! 46
PASS (an examination), to 9!'&*! 77
PASS (time), to $0-1 #!2!0%"! 192
PAY, to #!$!>$! 153
PERFORM, to <!0+-$#%,! 153
PERSUADE, to $!0<+3,%"! 154
PHONE, to 0%)&! 66

! 256!
PHOTO, to take a 130!'(1 #!$!6%"! 154
PHOTOCOPY, to #!$!6%"! 78
PHOTOGRAPH, to 130!'(1 #!$!6%"! 154
PICK, to 8%#0-&%"! 107
PICK up, to 8%#0-&%"! 107
PICTURE, to take a 130!'(1 #!$!6%"! 154
PILFER, to +-.!0&! 194
PLACE, to $!$#+! 163
PLAN (to do s.t.), to $!.(0%"! 126
PLAN (s.t.), to #!#%#+&! 155
PLAY (a game), to '!+!8( 155
PLAY (an instrument), to $!)&0! 156
PLAY (a part / role), to <!0+-$#%,! 153
PLEASURE in, to take $!2)"-"! 96
PLUNGE into, to 7&(,'&! 88
POINT out, to !6,(8&,! 125
POOR, to become #!6!0("%"! 156
PORTRAY, to !6<%0! 85
POST, to #!#A!&,! 180
POUR (out), to $!1>+! 157
PRAY, to *-:&! 157
PREFER, to !09%&! 158
PREPARE, to #!)%'%"! 89
PREPARE for, to +-+A!$%"! 165

! 257!
PRESENT, to <!0+-$#%,! 153
PRESERVE, to 8%,!>&! 131
PRESS, to '('(1 $!=%0! 158
PRESUME, to &!0!3$( 197
PRESSURE on, to put +(<-*! 162
PRICE, to give a $!4!1%"! 49
PRINT, to $!"%=$&! 159
PRINTING, to be $!"%=$&! 159
PROCEED (with), to #!#0;%*%"! 160
PROHIBIT, to !)0;!*&! 103
PROMENADE, to 1%(0,-"! 218
PROMISE, to $!.(0%"! 126
PROMULGATE, to #!+-5&%7,%"! 161
PROVE, to $!+2)(:%"! 160
PROVOKE, to #!+-<&%&! 69
PUBLIC, to make #!+-5&%7,%"! 161
PUBLISH, to #!+-5&%7,%"! 161
PULL, to +-5!9&! 161
PUNISH, to $!1?! 162
PURCHASE, to 7($&! 66
PUSH, to +(<-*! 162
PUSH (in), to '('(1 $!=%0! 158
PUT, to $!$#+! 163
PUT down, to $!$%"! 163

! 258!
PUT on, to 9!:+! 164
PUT up, to 9!+-)($%"! 114
QUARREL, to 9>3"( 100
QUERY, to )('>&! 51
QUESTION, to )('>&! 51
RAIN, to <&(+! 164
RAISE, to !<%&! 139
RAISE one’s voice, to >+(1 !<%&! 139
RAVAGE, to !->0%"! 85
READ, to <!)('>&! 165
READY, to make +-+A!$%"! 165
REALISE, to :,-"(%0%"! 166
REASSURE, to #!+>,%&%"! 95
RECEIVE, to +(6%"! 107
RECOGNISE, to !6(!0%"! 75
RECOMMEND, to 09%&! 167
RECOMMEND to, to 09%&! 280
RECTIFY, to #!1<-0%"! 78
REDUCE, to $!)*%"! 168
REFRESH (e.g. an app), to #!,!>*%"! 168
REFUSE, to 3!0(1 '5+! 169
REGRET, to 1(,!,3*( 169
REIMBURSE, to !,!A6!30%"! 170
REJOICE, to A%(+-"! 69

! 259!
RELEASE, to #!8&%"! 137
REMEMBER, to >1-&,! 170
REMOVE, to !+-6%"! 171
RENT (s.t.), to $!5(0%&%"! 171
RENT out, to #!5(0!&%"! 172
REPEAT, to #!+%-0%"! 172
REPLY, to .!13>( 47
REPORT, to 8%27-"(,%"! 125
REQUEST, to '>-&,! 173
RESCUE, to #!$!09%,! 176
RESEARCH, to #!+-)&*%&! 128
RESEMBLE, to +1#!&1%"! 143
RESERVE, to $!?!&8,! 173
RESPOND, to .!13>( 47
REST, to $!1&%,%"! 174
RETURN to, to $!"03,%"! 174
RICH, to get #!+$($0%"! 175
RID of, to get #!$!#$%"! 204
RIDE, to +!,5!,(1 2!0%"! 92
RING, to 0%)&! 66
RISE, to #!A0$! 113
ROAST, to 8%<&! 106
ROB, to +-.!0&! 194
ROLL, to $!#0%>!* 214

! 260!
RUINED, to be #!43=%"! 192
RULE, to +!0'&! 145
RUN, to 1(0"(*( 175
RUSH, to !95!0%"! 123
SATIATE, to $!)+!7-4(*%"! 176
SATISFY, to $!)+!7-4(*%"! 176
SAVE, to 8%,!>&! 131
SAVE (the life of), to #!$!09%,! 176
SAW, to +->%0>&! 177
SAY, to '5+! 177
SCARE, to 8(8( 44
SCREW in, to +-=%0! 205
SCRUB, to #!>%>&! 178
SCRUTINISE, to #!,>(*&! 88
SEARCH for, to ;%",! 142
SCREAM, to 7&(0(*( 185
SECTION, to #!=0! 82
SECURE, to $!+!#0%"!* 51
SEE, to ,!>&! 178
SEEM that, to #-,%"! 179
SELL, to #!7($&! 179
SEND, to #!#A!&,! 180
SENSE, to #0;,-"! 99
SEPARATE, to $!7-4! 180

! 261!
SERVE, to +-+1!>30%"! 181
SERVICE to, to be of +-+1!>30%"! 181
SET (a table), to #!<7-"! 181
SET free, to #!8&%"! 137
SET up, to #!0(#%"! 152
SEW, to 8%)&0! 76
SHAKE, to ,;0%&! 199
SHAKE (one’s head), to '!&(1 #!5,%&! 182
SHARE, to #!A(!0%"! 182
SHAVE, to #!.!01&! 183
SHOOT, to 10-*! 183
SHOOT at, to 10-*! 184
SHORTEN, to 8%+-)*%"! 184
SHOUT, to 7&(0(*( 185
SHOW, to 9&%,%"! 185
SHOW up, to #!+-9%,! 48
SHUT, to $!>30&! 71
SIGN, to +-<%0! 186
SIGNIFY, to ,(8&,! 146
SING, to 1(+6%0! 186
SIT (down), to $!?$-+! 187
SKILLED at (doing s.t), to be +->%0>%"! 145
SLAUGHTER, to #!/*%2! 47
SLEEP, to ;(*( 187

! 262!
SLEEP, to send to $!;(,%"! 188
SLIT, to #!=0! 82
SMILE, to #!6(+%"! 188
SMOKE, to +-<%&! 189
SNEEZE, to $!:%+(,%"! 189
SNIP off, to +-=0! 83
SPEAK, to *!.!0!)( 190
SPELL, to $!+!0:&*! 191
SPEND (money), to $!>!0?&! 191
SPEND (time), to $0-1 #!2!0%"! 192
SPIN, to $!#0%>!* 214
SPLIT, to $!7-4! 180
SPOILED, to be #!43=%"! 192
SPREAD on, to <!1+! 113
SPRING, to >2-+! 130
STAND up, to !$#-+! 193
STANDING, to be $#-+! 193
START, to $!<7%"! 56
STAY, to +-09%"! 96
STEAL, to +-.!0&! 194
STIMULATE, to #!6&(;%"! 217
STOP, to #!9%0%"! 194
STRAIGHTEN, to #!1<-0%"! 78
STRIKE, to $!)&0! 156

! 263!
STRIKE out, to <!8*! 97
STROLL, to 1%(0,-"! 218
STUCK, to get #!=%$&! 81
STUDY, to 1<!&*! 195
STYLE, to $!&!0:>,! 195
SUBSCRIBE, to #!+-<%0! 196
SUCK, to <-&! 196
SUFFER, to <&!*%"! 197
SUPPOSE, to &!0!3$( 197
SURFACE, to !+-7&(,'&! 94
SURPRISED, to be #!)&(0&%"! 198
SURVEY, to #!$!6%"! 78
SUSPEND, to 9!+-)($%"! 114
SWALLOW, to 7*!.&! 198
SWAY, to ,;0%&! 199
SWIM, to :30&! 199
TAKE, to !6%"! 200
TAKE (s.o.), to +(7&!,! 62
TAKE (s.t.), to +-2!,! 63
TAKE away, to <!6%"! 68
TAKE place, to 9!2!0%"! 115
TAKE off, to #!>$! 200
TAKE out of, to !+-6%"! 171
TALK, to 1!3"!0( 201

! 264!
TAP, to $!)!)3,%"! 131
TASTE, to #!1(,?&! 201
TEACH, to 1<!&*%"! 202
TELEPHONE, to 0%)&! 66
TELL, to '5+! 202
TEMPT, to :$3,%"! 203
TEND (to), to +-&*! 67
TERMINATE, to $!+'!&0%"! 95
TERMINATED, to be +-09%"! 96
TEST (out), to :$! 212
TESTIFY, to 9&%,%"! 185
TESTIMONY of, to give !6(!0%"! 75
THINK, to 4(50( 203
THINK that, to #-,%"! 179
THIRST for, to +-,!20%"! 148
THREATEN, to $!+350%"! 204
THROW, to 10-*! 183
THROW away, to #!$!#$%"! 204
THROW to (s.o.), to 10-*! 184
TIDY, to $!*!#%"! 205
TIE (together), to 8%)&0! 76
TIGHTEN, to +-=%0! 205
TIRED, to be $!6*! 206
TOAST, to (make a) $6%#0;%*-"! 206

! 265!
TOUCH, to 8%>%"! 207
TRAIN, to 1<!&*%"! 202
TRAIN for, to +-+A!$%"! 165
TRANSFORM, to #!>$-+! 55
TRANSLATE, to #!$!'!0#+,! 208
TRANSLATE for, to #!$!'!0#+,! 279
TRAVEL, to +#A!&0-"! 209
TREAT (medical), to +)30,!*-"! 209
TREATMENT, to be in +)30,!*-"! 210
TRIAL, to :$! 212
TRIP, to take a +#A!&0-"! 209
TRIUMPH, to A%(+-"! 69
TRUST, to ,$-"! 211
TRUST (s.o.), to ,$-+! 282
TRY, to :$! 212
TRY (food / drink), to #!1(,?&! 201
TRY on, to +-A-+&! 212
TURN off, to #!+-0'&! 213
TURN on, to 9!0'&! 213
TURN up, to #!+-9%,! 48
TURN up one’s nose, to :>&(0(1 !<%&! 139
TWIST, to $!#0%>!* 214
UNDERSTAND, to #!#%"! 214
UNDRESS, to #!>$! 200

! 266!
UNENTHUSIASTIC, to be $!+%A!0%"! 215
UNITE, to #!%0'(!,%"! 215
UNLOAD, to $!:*! 94
USE, to >+!0%"! 216
USED to, to get 8%9&%&! 42
VALUE, to $!4!1%"! 49
VANISH, to #!39(,!0%"! 87
WAIT, to :$! 216
WAIT for, to *-$(,( 217
WAKE (s.o.), to #!6&(;%"! 217
WALK, to 1%(0,-"! 218
WANT, to ,$-+! 218
WANT for, to +-,!20%"! 148
WARM, to #!'"-"! 219
WARN, to #!40'>(*%"! 219
WASH, to $!"!,&! 53
WASH (clothes), to #!0%:>&! 220
WATCH, to 730%"! 220
WEAR, to 2!0%"! 221
WEIGH, to !<-,! 222
WEIGH (s.o.s.t.), to !<-,! 221
WEEP, to 2(0(*( 82
WIN, to +-#%"! 222
WIPE (dry), to #!>%>&! 112

! 267!
WISH (s.o.), to +(*-:&! 76
WISH for, to ,$-+! 218
WITHDRAW, to !+-6%"! 171
WORK, to +38!-"! 223
WORRY, to !6%*&%"! 223
WRITE, to $!<%0! 224
YELL, to 7&(0(*( 185

! 268!
 ,%.%/(0(0"
Appendices
!

Common Postpositions
Meaning Formation Example
-!"# / -$%!"# like / as Nom, w/ ending !"#$%&'(')
-&" in / at / to Dat/Acc, w/o ending )*'&'+,'
-'( on / to / about Dat/Acc, w/o ending -./'0.1%
&)*"$ between Dat/Acc, w/ ending $2 -0'3.2%+ ,$2'+
-#%- %12)$ near Gen, w/o ending +.0/!2).3 .#&$+
-#!"$ for / by (time) Gen, w/ ending *.(,('+)('+
-"%-" “à la” Gen, w/o ending 5.2.6'.3' 7!2'
-3(- toward Gen, w/ ending -$%0.3'+5%3
-+%- from (s.o) / made of Gen, w/ ending 6.8.&0'+/.3
-,%- from (s.w) Gen, w/ ending (final -+ removed) '3/&'+'0.3
&(.,(+ after / since Gen, w/ ending /.5(%)'&'+ ,%-0%/
4"- ago / before Gen, w/ ending $2' 08'+ 4'3
+%.) because of Gen, w/ ending .-'30'+ /.-$
%5(# on this side of Gen, w/ ending -)'+ .6%)
"5(# on that side of Gen, w/ ending -)'+ '6%)
63%- behind Gen, w/ ending +.#&'+ !5.3
5!(!"# / 5!(& under / below Gen, w/ ending -./'0'+ 6(%(')
'(.)# over / above Gen, w/ ending +.#!2.('+ 1%-$)
+%*(&( without Gen, w/ ending &%6+'5$3'+ /.2%,%
+%*(&(.) around Gen, w/ ending 9*'+ /.2%,%-$

! 270!
+%$4!*"! along Gen, w/ ending 6!:'+ /.+4(2'(
&)*"$ among Gen, w/ ending #.&#'+ ,$2'+
#5."# / according to Gen, w/ ending 0%7!9.9'+ )6-')
."1(,!"#
."61(,%!%, despite Gen, w/ ending 4('-'+ -'!#%0.(.0
+!(*,"# next to / beside Gen, w/ ending +.#&'+ /(%20')
7"*,%7"* opposite Gen, w/ ending %5&%+''+ 7'20.7'2
-.,( up to / in front of / Adv, w/ ending (final -0 removed) +.18(2.-0%
until
&($%1(0 about Gen, w/ ending -).(2$*'+ ,%+.#%*

* Note that the postposition is to be attached if there is a hyphen placed before it in the first column above.

! 271!
 Standard Case Declensions
-" -% -( -) -6
Nominative 6.&' ;-. -%<% $62$ 5!

Ergative 6.&-. ;-.- -%<%- $62$- 5!-

Dative / 6.&+ ;-.+ -%<%+ $62$+ 5!+

Accusative
Genetive 6.&'+ ;-'+ -%<'+ $62$+ 5!+

Instrumental 6.&') ;-') -%<') $62$)' 5!)'

Adverbial 6.&.0 ;-.0 -%<.0 $62$0 5!0

Vocative 6.&$ ;-.$ -%<%$ $62$( 5!(

Plural 6.&%*' ;-%*' -%<%%*' $62$%*' 5!%*'

! 272!
 Verb Type-Case-Screeve Paradigm

Type One Type Two Type Three Type Four

Present Series Subject Nom Nom Nom Dat/Acc

Object Dat/Acc -- Dat/Acc Nom

Aorist Series Subject Erg Nom Erg Dat/Acc

Object Nom -- Nom Nom

! 273!
 Objects Diagrams
!

The!following!pages!show!a!few!verbs!with!all!their!direct!or!indirect!object!affixes.

! 274!
 to AGREE with
#%-1.)0%
(Objects Diagram)

Present
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /%).3#-%*' (%).3#-%*' -- /%).3#-%*')
&(- -%).3#-%*' -- %).3#-%*' /(%).3#-%*' --
"$ -%).3#-%*. /%).3#-%*. %).3#-%*. /(%).3#-%*. /%).3#-%*.)
8!(- -- /%).3#-%*') (%).3#-%*') -- /%).3#-%*')
#5!(- -%).3#-%*') -- %).3#-%*') /(%).3#-%*') --
"$"-" -%).3#-%*'.3 /%).3#-%*'.3 %).3#-%*'.3 /(%).3#-%*'.3 /%).3#-%*'.3

Aorist
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- 0./%).3#-% 0.(%).3#-% -- 0./%).3#-%)
&(- 0.-%).3#-% -- 0.%).3#-% 0./(%).3#-% --
"$ 0.-%).3#-. 0./%).3#-. 0.%).3#-. 0./(%).3#-. 0./%).3#-.)
8!(- -- 0./%).3#-%) 0.(%).3#-%) -- 0./%).3#-%)
#5!(- 0.-%).3#-%) -- 0.%).3#-%) 0./(%).3#-%) --
"$"-" 0.-%).3#-3%3 0./%).3#-3%3 0.%).3#-3%3 0./(%).3#-3%3 0./%).3#-3%3

! 275!
 to FORGIVE (someone) / to pardon (someone)
&(-,)0%
(Objects Diagram)

Present
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- ,%/'30$* ,%(!30$* ,%/('30$* ,%/'30$*)
&(- ,%-'30$* -- ,%!30$* ,%/('30$* --
"$ ,%-'30$*+ ,%/'30$*+ ,%!30$*+ ,%/('30$*+ ,%/'30$*)
8!(- -- ,%/'30$*) ,%(!30$*) -- ,%/'30$*)
#5!(- ,%-'30$*) -- ,%!30$*) ,%/('30$*) --
"$"-" ,%-'30$*%3 ,%/'30$*%3 ,%!30$*%3 ,%/('30$*%3 ,%/'30$*%3

Aorist
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- ,%/'30% ,%(!30% -- ,%/'30%)
&(- ,%-'30% -- ,%!30% ,%/('30% --
"$ / .%- ,%-'30$ ,%/'30$ ,%/'30$ ,%/('30$ ,%/'30$)
8!(- -- ,%/'30%) ,%(!30%) -- ,%/'30%)
#5!(- ,%-'30%) -- ,%!30%) ,%/('30%) --
"$"-" / .%# ,%-'30%+ ,%/'30%+ ,%!30%+ ,%/('30%+ ,%/'30%+

! 276!
 to GIVE a gift
865(0%
(Objects Diagram)

Present
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /:!63' (:!63' /(:!63' /:!63')
&(- -:!63' -- :!63' /(:!63' --
"$ -:!63'+ /:!63'+ :!63'+ /(:!63'+ /:!63')
8!(- -- /:!63') (:!63') -- /:!63')
#5!(- -:!63') -- :!63') /(:!63') --
"$"-" -:!63'.3 /:!63'.3 :!63'.3 /(:!63'.3 /:!63'.3

Aorist
-% ,%3 -.+ + -.) :(%3 )6(%3
.( -- /.:!6% (.:!6% -- /.:!6%)
&(- -.:!6% -- .:!6% ./(:!6% --
"$ / .%- -.:!6. /.:!6. .:!6. /(.:!6. /.:!6.)
8!(- -- ./:!6%) .(:!6%) -- ./:!6%)
#5!(- -.:!6%) -- .:!6%) /(.:!6%) --
"$"-" / .%# -.:!6%+ /.:!6%+ .:!6%+ /(.:!6%+ /.:!6%+

! 277!
 to HELP (someone) / to assist (someone) / to aid (someone)
,%1.%*(0%
(Objects Diagram)

Present
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /%#-.2%*' (%#-.2%*' -- /%#-.2%*')
&(- -%#-.2%*' -- %#-.2%*' /(%#-.2%*' --
"$ -%#-.2%*. /%#-.2%*. %#-.2%*. /(%#-.2%*. /%#-.2%*.)
8!(- -- /%#-.2%*') (%#-.2%*') -- /%#-.2%*')
#5!(- -%#-.2%*') -- %#-.2%*') /(%#-.2%*') --
"$"-" -%#-.2%*'.3 /%#-.2%*'.3 %#-.2%*'.3 /(%#-.2%*'.3 /%#-.2%*'.3

Aorist
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- 0./%#-.2% 0.(%#-.2% -- 0./%#-.2%)
&(- 0.-%#-.2% -- 0.%#-.2% 0./(%#-.2% --
"$ 0.-%#-.2. 0./%#-.2. 0.%#-.2. 0./(%#-.2. 0./%#-.2.)
8!(- -- 0./%#-.2%) 0.(%#-.2%) -- 0./%#-.2%)
#5!(- 0.-%#-.2%) -- 0.%#-.2%) 0./(%#-.2%) --
"$"-" 0.-%#-.2%3 0./%#-.2%3 0.%#-.2%3 0./(%#-.2%3 0./%#-.2%3

! 278!
 to LIE to / to tell a lie to
.)/96(0%
(Objects Diagram)

Present
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /.9=!%* (.9=!%* /(.9=!%* /.9=!%*)
&(- -.9=!%* -- .9=!%* /(.9=!%* --
"$ -.9=!%*+ /.9=!%*+ .9=!%*+ /(.9=!%*+ /.9=!%*)
8!(- -- /.9=!%*) (.9=!%*) -- /.9=!%*)
#5!(- -.9=!%*) -- .9=!%*) /(.9=!%*) --
"$"-" -.9=!%*%3 /.9=!%*%3 .9=!%*%3 /(.9=!%*%3 /.9=!%*%3

Aorist
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- -$/.9=!% -$(.9=!% -- -$/.9=!%)
&(- -$-.9=!% -- -$.9=!% -$/(.9=!% --
"$ / .%- -$-.9=!. -$/.9=!. -$.9=!. -$/(.9=!. -$/.9=!%)
8!(- -- -$/.9=!%) -$(.9=!%) -- -$/.9=!%)
#5!(- -$-.9=!%) -- -$.9=!%) -$/(.9=!%) --
"$"-" / .%# -$-.9=!%+ -$/.9=!%+ -$.9=!%+ -$/(.9=!%+ -$/.9=!%+

! 279!
 to RECOMMEND to / to advise
*8(!%
(Objects Diagram)

Present
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /'2:%( (!2:%( -- /'2:%()
&(- -'2:%( -- !2:%( /('2:%( --
"$ -'2:%(+ /'2:%(+ !2:%(+ /('2:%(+ /'2:%()
8!(- -- /'2:%() (!2:%() -- /'2:%()
#5!(- -'2:%() -- !2:%() /('2:%() --
"$"-" -'2:%(%3 /'2:%(%3 !2:%(%3 /('2:%(%3 /'2:%(%3

Aorist
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /'2:%(0' (!2:%(0' -- /'2:%(0')
&(- -'2:%(0' -- !2:%(0' /('2:%(0' --
"$ -'2:%(0. /'2:%(0. !2:%(0. /('2:%(0. /'2:%(0')
8!(- -- /'2:%(0') (!2:%(0') -- /'2:%(0')
#5!(- -'2:%(0') -- !2:%(0') /('2:%(0') --
"$"-" -'2:%(03%3 /'2:%(03%3 !2:%(03%3 /('2:%(03%3 /'2:%(03%3

! 280!
 to TRANSLATE for
+%,%#%*+.-%
(Objects Diagram)

Present
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /').2/-3' (!).2/-3' -- /').2/-3')
&(- -').2/-3' -- !).2/-3' /(').2/-3' --
"$ -').2/-3'+ /').2/-3'+ !).2/-3'+ /(').2/-3'+ /').2/-3')
8!(- -- /').2/-3') (!).2/-3') -- /').2/-3')
#5!(- -').2/-3') -- !).2/-3') /(').2/-3') --
"$"-" -').2/-3'.3 /').2/-3'.3 !).2/-3'.3 /(').2/-3'.3 /').2/-3'.3

Aorist
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /.0./!).2/-3% /.0.(!).2/-3% -- /.0./').2/-3.
)
&(- /.0.-').2/-3% -- /.0.!).2/-3% /.0./(').2/-3% --
"$ / /.0.-').2/-3. /.0./').2/-3. /.0.!).2/-3. /.0./(').2/-3. /.0./').2/-3.
.%- )
8!(- -- /.0./').2/-3%) /.0.(!).2/-3% -- /.0./').2/-3%
) )
#5!(- /.0.-').2/-3%) -- /.0.!).2/-3%) /.0./(').2/-3% --
)
"$"-" /.0.-').2/-3%+ /.0./').2/-3%+ /.0.!).2/-3%+ /.0./(').2/-3% /.0./').2/-3%+
/ .%# +
! 281!
 to TRUST (someone) / to have confidence in / to have faith in
-,)0%
(Objects Diagram)

Present
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /%30$*' (%30$*' -- /%30$*')
&(- -%30$*' -- %30$*' /(%30$*' --
"$ -%30$*. /%30$*. %30$*. /(%30$*. /%30$*.
8!(- -- /%30$*') (%30$*') -- /%30$*')
#5!(- -%30$*') -- %30$*') /(%30$*') --
"$"-" -%30$*'.3 /%30$*'.3 %30$*'.3 /(%30$*'.3 /%30$*'.3

Aorist
.( &(- .%$ + .%# 8!(- #5!(-
.( -- /%30% (%30% -- /%30%)
&(- -%30% -- %30% /(%30% --
"$ -%30$ /%30$ %30$ /(%30$ /%30$
8!(- -- /%30%) (%30%) -- /%30%)
#5!(- -%30%) -- %30%) /(%30%) --
"$"-" -%303%3 /%303%3 %303%3 /(%303%3 /%303%3

! 282!