GEORGIAN

A READING GRAMMAR
Corrected Edition

Howard I. Aronson
University of Chicago

Siavica Publishers, Inc.

ISBN

0893572071

Tlti.. work " 'M dl'v~IUJWd under a con t r~ct wnlt tlte U,S, omc~ 01 Educ~tiun under the proy;~jQn' 01 Tille VI. NDEA The onginal book "'as publ i ~hcd in Jul\ 1981: lite corrected IllJ IU on WII' publlSltcd In January 1990. Add,.ion. II)
o;orr~~led

edil;on COp}ugltllO 1989 by

H o"'~rd

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PB n'AC E TO T ilt C QRHECfI' P fQ!TION '

~ prt,;erU .\ilion 0( G..".,;"" "RmdJ"t Crommw- is ~Iy unchinEcd from me oneina) odJOOI>. ""epI for ..... comaian 0( cmn lind I additioN II) VOCIbJ~ and vamrn;otkal upLuwions. Si~ ;, ... u DOlI p<$.bIe In rel)'JlC I/Ie o::nlin:: boot, .oddu ionll\;ove adcIal .. ben:.".,., was l vaibbk. SlItllllddirlons are .ndicaItd by lbc lymboIs . ...d .: The s)'!llto! ..tl"ionf III OCUIJlanes. wloch are u... u&lly 10 b.. f<JU "Il II Ihe end m the vox. bulary If ,""'" is II<! room the", for addition !he Ioc. ,k>n of ~nonl i~ IndlCllcd II ..... ""ad of llIe vocabulary. Tho: .ymbol . lnd,cateJ oOdiDotu 10 ~oJ uplanlJiools. TlIe Iocanon 0( IlIc: addition is pm ,lIIITIflIh>uJy af1er!he symbol New iliu$In.lIonl h~vc been.oddcd JO!he baal. Whcno;>cr p<>Ulb/(, u.:,y Mve boi:n ~"-R 10 ilIusnlC: marcill frnrn lilt .~*. and !he . . in, pawces. I .... nllO C~P"'55 <lly , n linde 10 tIlOIe hove poinltd out nrors, borh 1)'J'IOgfap" 1caJ and "'~1"'~ indkalCd leC,itwlllacklnlin c1ar1ty nd IlII1JCslCld improvement . FIf$I aftd fCll'elD:l\I, J milS tIwU: my JUllkDtl.1J the U ni\l1:nlly of CbM;agO. ThIn .... fR also d ue 10 f'rc!(cuon Dodon.I Klziria ol lndialll Un ....... uy aDd ViclOr A Fncdman of Ibe Unly.roily of Sonh c....lln.... ho scn! me Md _ lionl wocc! on Ihe .. elu"""," ulot of !he leJllboot. l am IISO pald "l", ,110:: m 'iewcn d !be OfllinaJ ~tion of !he te~(book r..- .....;, f;(Irm:IiQm. and lugge.lionl. I would like ,<I partkularly Ih.;m ~ B. 0 Ik .... in of IluD I,;ni v~Olily for his del l Hed ",.ic .. in UJ.glJiII. I loop: 1IYI1Ius_lI:dedmon ..111 btlp 1<11mke 1he"""'~ndJao(~ cultun: llId c/1I1nt1on ......., an:r.ssibk 1<1 soudcftlJ oI1hc GcotpIn 1.oiI~

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(/II(/Cj)tng~"'" 1<1

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n:l1co.:lCd in thr ~Hm 1U.1. Nonc!heIQ I,;1 is my hope 1h.:Il1he ~.escnl dillon tat! hclp 10 inttOdUC'c ~ud.rs of ~ ,lilh 10 lhe Ilorioully rkh pll'l of the Georgian "",Ion "lid allow th~m 10 follow ",hat " -e pny wi ll be lII.q ually &loriou. (U1\l"',
CItictl",. IUi~r

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ACKNOW U OGMENTS
[ Ihould llk~ to express my qratitude to th~ U.S . effie,,- of Educ""r i on for th", "ra nt that .. ade th .. wri t in" of thi& bOok po&&ible and in par t icular t o Mr . Julia A. Pet r ov for he r pationce and help durjn~ the project . My thanks qo. t oo. to Cha r les E. Gribble of Slavica Pub l ishara t or his .ncour.~~nt and Idvico . My task in putt!nq toqether this book ~as grea tly facili t a t ed by the he lp and cooperation cf Gi"i ~obahldz~ Coby, Michael LaGaly, and ~e Ann Hcli s ky. To Prof. lIolis ky I am ... p~cially lnd .. h t .. d for .. e" .. n.! gr"",",,,tical "'lilly .. ". of t he Georgian materi .. l. 1 ha"e been ~.t fortunate ''1 having received corr~c t .on suggoBtions. and criticisms from many specialiBtB in and Btuden l " of th .. field. In p"rlicular I s hould like to acknowledge the as"tatanee of Victor Prledman. Or in Gensler. ~lice ~a r riR. and Yakov K h.nu~ovlch in the Un t ted ~tat .." and of Nia ~esaje and A. A. ~lon~i in Tbil l si. Geor9ia . My gra t itude goes. t oe, to AnthOny Bruc~. ~ho t yp&d t he fire t varaiona of t hia book and to Dllvid Birnbaum an~ pamela Sue Worner. ~ho typed the English o f the ftnal """,,,ion ... nd to'!'''''' Gally. ~ho typed the (leorqian. 1 Mus t e x pre"s ~y ,,1nceres l than~5 to my students in Georgian classes at the Un iversity at Chicaqo. Who ~~r ~ed through chi" mater i al in i t" various forms a n d ... ho~" reacHons "r.d cr itici"lll~ ......r .. invaluable. Fina lly. I mu~t 91"& very '?Mclal t hank. t o Ac~~. ~homa s G arnkreli~1e of t he G.. orqian Academy at Science .. in TbiLlai, to DOCent Suk~a Apridonlje of th .. D part.. nent of GDorgian Lanquagn. Thill.i Stat.. Univer aity. "nd to Prof. Dodona I{iziria of Indiana uni" .. ui t~ for h a v~ng p a instakingly ion .. ovur t he cnt.re mane5Cr~pt and for the i.r insights i n to the w"dcrs of Geor gi " n 'lrllmlllar. It i & i:npo8 8i b le for m.. to fully " " pren t h ~ deb t I owe them. I d~di~ a ,;:e thi" bock tu th.:. memory of my fathe r , Abe Aronaon.

CONTENTS

P r eface and
Lesson 1.

Ac~nowledqments

15

Abbreviations and Symbols 8 Introduction 11 Phonology . 1 . Stops. 2 . Continuants. 3. q . 4. Nasals . 5. v . 6 . Liquids and glides. 7. Vowels. 8 . Stress. 9 . Assimilation . 10 . The Georgian alphabet.

11 . Alternations .
Lesson 2. 40

Notes .

Appendix

(Geo r-

gian alphabets). Exercises . Verb . O. Conjugation . 1. Subject person and number . 2 . First conjugation. Pres-

ent,

future,

imperect and conditional .

Less on 3 .

61

Lesson

4 .

86

Lesson

5 .

11 0

Lesson 6 .
142

Lesson 7 .

169

Lesson 8.

3. Nominal system . Nominative and dative. Adjectives . 4 . Word order. 5. Wordbuilding. Verbal nouns . 6 . Expression of 'and' . Notes . Exercises. 1 . Second conjugation. 'Be'. 2 . Noun . Geni t ive, instrumental, and adverbial . 3 . Functions of the cases . 4 . Adjectives . 5 . Wordbuilding : Denorninatives. Notes . Exercises. O. Series . 1. Conjunctive . 2 . Plural of nouns . 3. " Extended" case forms. 4. Postpositions . 5. Verb of motion . 6. Wordbuilding : Formation of adjectives from nouns . Notes . Exercises. O. Regular verbs . 1 . Aorist series. 2. Ergative . 3 . Aorist. 4 . Aorist of ir regular verbs . 5 . Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives . 6. Nouns . Stylistically marked plural. 7. Wordbuilding : Formation of nomina agen~~B . Notes . Exer cises. 8 . General note to the reading passages . Hints on reading Georgian . Reading : ~on~"bn. 1 . Opta t ive of regular v erbs . 2 . Function of op t ative. 3. Imperative . 4. Negation . S . Vocative . 6 . Numerals and other quantifiers . 7. Wordbuilding: Abstract suffixes . Notes . Exercises . Reading: 3~33~bn~An ~6~6n . 1 . Object markers . 2 . Indirect object markers. 3 . Absolute and relative verbs. 4 . Reflexive possessives . Possessives. Reflexive pronouns . 5 . Relative and in terrogative pronouns. 6 . wordbuilding: Derivatives in SQ- . Notes. Exercises . Reading: j~~~nbn. 1 . Third conjugation . 2. Relative forms

203

Lesson 9 . 239

of third conjugation verbs . 3 . Wordbuild ing: Derived III. conjugation forms and derivatives of III . conjugation verbs . 4 . Irregular verb ' say' . 5 . Indirect speech. 6. Derivative declension. 7. Wordbuilding: Adjectives derived from ex pressions of time . Notes . Exercises. Reading: a~bJ3JJ3nb b~"X~bM HMS~' 1 . Irregularities in conjugation . 2 . Per sonal pronouns. 3 . Comparison of adjec tives and adverbs. 4 . Wordbuilding : Circumfixes forming adjectives . Notes . Exercises. Reading: b~d~~~3J~Mb bb~
aMb~b~JM6~.

Lesson 10 . 267

Lesson 11. 299

1. Perfect series of I. and III. conjuga tion verbs . 2 . Summary of case markings for I. and III . conjugation verbs . 3. Numerals . 4 . Wordbui1ding: Derivatives from numerals. Notes . Exercises. Reading : a~d~~n~ 5~~n~a3n~n . 1. The perfect participle . 2. Perfec t series of II . conjugation verbs . 3 . Periphrastic passive. 4 . Causative of I . conjugation verbs. 5 . Wordbuilding: Par ticiples . Reference chart for participles. Notes . Exercises. Reading: ~o3M~m~~n

Lesson 12 . 332

1 . IV . conjugation. 2 . Have plus future participle . 3 . Wordbuilding: Verb forms related to IV. conjugation verbs . 4. Summary chart of subject and object cases; summary of vocabulary entry forms for verbs . Notes . Exercises . Reading : 1 . Reflexive indirect objects . 2 . Sequences o object marker plus i . 3 . Superessive. 4 . Passive of state . 5 . Re sultative . 6 . Review: Functions of the preradical vowels . Notes. Exercises . Reading: 6n 4 M sn~Mba~6na3n~n . O . Peculiar~ties in the verbal system . 1. Semanti c peculiarities: verbs of politeness; personal and nonpersonal verbs ; singular and plural verbs; conjugation and voice . 2. wordbuilding : Suffixed pronouns and adjectives . Notes . Exer cises . Reading: ~~6~~o8nb ~~O 1 . Forma! peculiarities. 2. Wordbuilding : Special functions of preverbs. Notes. Reading: ~~6~~J6nb ~~J (continuation) .
d30~n J~~~~~n ~~~n~J8n .

b~d~~~30~M~~6.

Lesson 13. 370

Lesson 14 . 403

Lesson 15 . 433

Appendixes:
A. B. Noun suffixes 460 Verbal affixes 462

C. D.

Summary of screeve endings 470 Irregular verbs be ~ go ~ come 472

E. Common phrases and expressions 474 F. Bibliography 476 G. Source of Readings 478 Georgian-English vocabulary 479 Indexes : 1. Grammatical terms 516 2. Affixes 521 3. Georgian words 522

ABBREVIATIONS

abs .
arch.

adv.
aar . conj. D.

absolute archaic adverbia l. case aorist

conjugation dative case

d .c .
dat _

direct object
dative case

E. erg.

f .

ergative case ergative case woman's proper name

woman ' s future proper name

f . pr on .

fut . G.

genitive case
genitive case Georgian instrumental. case indirect object imperfect instrumental case intransitive irregular literally man ' s proper name man ' s proper name

gen. Geo .

r.

id . o .
imperf . instr . intrans _ irr . Ii t .

m.
m . pr . n . N.
nom . OGee .
opt .
0.5.

perf . P/PSF pl. plup. pp .

nominative case nominative case Old Georgian optative oneself perfect present and future stern formant plural pluperfect
postposition (without further specifica tion, takes gen . ) present present present stem formant preverb reflexive relative resultative Russian section singular singular someone something

pr o pres. PSF pvb. refl . reI . result . Russ _ sec . 5g . sing .

5 . 0 .

sthg .

sup .
vb.

superessive
verb

V.N. w. o .

verbal noun without

10

SYMBOLS
(A) (E)

E
H

n(0)

vowe1 a syncopates (See sec. 3.2.1.1.) vowel e syncopates (See sec. 3 . 2 . 1.1 . ) e in present series of root L conj. verbs alternates with i in the aorist series (See sec . 5.3.1 . c, Lesson 6, vocabulary.) H-series indirect object markers (See sec. 7 . 2.4, Lesson 7, vocabulary.) indicates non truncating vocalic stem nouns ending in i (See Lesson 6, vocabulary.) vowel 0 syncopates (See sec . 3 . 2.1.1 . ) (a) indi cates the absence of a personmarker prefix or suffix (See sec. 2.2.1.) (b) indicates absence of a case ending in adjectives (See sec. 2.3.2.)

indicates I,and II. conjugation verbs which

+

have no pre verb in the future series (See Lesson 8, vocabulary . ) indicates that the preverb is not dropped to form the present series forms (See sec. 2. 2 . 2. ) ~ndicates that the preverb is dropped to form the present series forms (See sec. 2 . 2 . 2.) indicates addenda to vocabularies; the missing words are generally found at the end 6f the vocabulary--i not, the page where they can be found is indicated at the beginning of the vocabulary. indicates additions to grammar sections; the page the additions can be found on is indicated after this symbol.

11

INTROOUCTION
Georgian, the only written member of the non-Indoeuro pean Kartvelian (South Caucasian) linguistic family,
is the official language of the Georgian Soviet Social ist Republic . ~V'ritten Georgian goes back to the fifth

century, and there is a rich and varied medieval Georgian literature . An extensive and significant scholarly literature exists in modern Georgian, covering all areas of knowledge from anatomy to zoology. Of particular importance is Georgian scholarly literature dealing with the Caucasus . No one can hope to be ex pert in fields such as the history, prehistory, ethnology, art, music, linguistics, folklore, etc. of the Caucasus without consulting the extensive scholarly literature on these topics written in Georgian. It is the purpose of this textbook to facilitate the acquisition of a reading knowledge of modern Georgian to enable the student to read such scholarly texts. The textbook is designed to be used either for self - instruction or in a regular classroom . It is assumed that the student has already studied a foreign language (for instance French, spanish, German, Russian , Greek, Latin) and is acquainted with the basic elementary terms of grammar . No other b~ckground ic assumed. The course is organized into fifteen lessons. The first lesson introduces the sound system and the Georgian alphabet. The exercises in this lesson should be repeated until the learner feels somewhat comfortable with the Georgian alphabet . (All Georgian forms in the grammar sections of Lessons 2 through 5 are given both in the Georgian alphabet and in transliteration to facilitate the learning of the alphabet . ) The remaining fourteen lessons contain grammar sections, Georgian sentences for translation into English , a vocabulary to these sentences , an English translation of the sentences, and, beginning with Lesson 5 , a reading passage taken from Georgian sources and a vocabulary for that passage . The grammar 8ee~ion8 do not attempt to be exhaus tive but rather are designed to cover the material of the exercises and the reading passages. Their main goal is to facilitate reading and therefore they are designed more for passive than for active mastery. In the 1ast few lessons some grammatical material is in troduced that is not dril1ed in the exercises or readings . This is to prepare the learner should he en counter simi1ar forms in his later reading and also to give a better overview of Georgian grammar. In several instances the presentation of the gra.m-

12

INTRODUCTION

mar in this textbook differs from the standard analyses of Georgian . Although I believe that the presen tation in this book is linguistically justifiable, the purpose of such analyses here is purely pedagogical . So, for example . the grammatical category of version found in almost all analyses of Georgian will not be found here; instead the notions of indirect object and reflexive indirect object will be used . The Georgian Ben~ences for translation into Eng lish have a twofold purpose: t o drill the material presented in the grammar sections and to present the student with s ome brief bits of informati on about Georgian life , culture, and history . Note that a given sentence may not contain any of the grammatical ma terial from the lesson in which i t occurs, but may rather drill material from earlier lessons. This is to prevent the student from automatically anticipating that in a given sentence a given form will occur simply because i t was introduced in that particular le5 son . Every effort has been made t o insure that the Georgian sentences are good, grammatical , and stylistically acceptable . At times, however, s omewhat awkward sentences have been allowed if the grammatical constructions necessary for a stylistically more acceptable sentence had not been previously introduced . Th e vocabulary to the lessons may appear to be overwhelming in size. But i t must be remembered that the goal is passive rather than active mastery of the vocabulary . Further, the goal of this course is the acquisition of reading ability in Georgian, and this cannot be achieved without exposure to a large and varied vocabulary. It is recommended that the student repeat the exercises enough times (both from Georgian to English and from English to Georgian) for the vo cabulary items to become familiar . A very large number of Georgian proper names are included in the exercises and the vocabulary since the absence of capital letters in Georgian makes i t difficult to distinguish between common and proper nouns . The vocabulary as a rule does not contain words occur ring in the exercises that are derived from o ther words using affixes discussed in the wordbuilding sections of the grammar . The vocabulary to the Georgian sentences is cumulative. i.e., words introduced in the vocabulary of one lesson are not repeated in the vocabularies to following lessons . In Lessons 2 through 4 , verbs are listed separately in the vocabularies from all other words, whereas ~ the following lessons proper nouns are listed separately in addition . Proper nouns are not given in the Georgian-English vocabu -

INTRODUCTION

l3

lary at the end of the textbook . The Eng~~sh ~pansla~ion of the Georgian sentences should be used for translating from English into Geor gian . These English translations are as literal as poss ib le a n d reflect the structure of the corresponding Georgian sentence . As a result, the English is often awkward or even ungrammatical! The stude.nt should pay special attention to those instances when the English of the translati on differs from standard English usage; in such instances he should note how the Georgians express a comparable notion. Material in parentheses gives additional grammatical or lexical information. The material in square brackets gives, for the most part, a literal translation of the Georgian or indicates words present i n English that are lacking in the Georgian. The rea ding passages begin in Lesson 5 . With the exception of the passages in Lessons 14 and 15, which are taken from a contemporary Georgian novel, they cover cultural or historical material . The vocabular ies to the readin g passages do not contain words that have already appeared in the vocabularies to the exer cises . They also do not contain " international" words , found both in English and Georgian and common t o most European languages. The vocabularies to the reading passages are not cumulative; words occurring in a g iven reading will be found in the vocabulary even i f the words had occurred in earlier reading passages . Words from the reading passages are not included in the Georgian - English vocabulary at the end of the textbook . En tries in the vocabularies t o the readings in square brackets are grammatical forms that have not yet been introduced in the grammar sections . With the exception of these, the student should be able to identify all grammatical forms occurring in the reading passages . The reading passages should not present the student with too much difficulty if he remembers not to try to force a translation onto the grammar of the sent ence . For a translation t o be correct the sentence must make sense g~a m ma~tca2~y; one cannot simply rely o n the meanings of the words and hope willy - nilly t o string them t ogether in some coherent manner . Having completed this course, the student should be able t o read most contemporary Georgian nonfiction with the aid of a good dictionary and a reference grammar . A selected listing of such works can be f ound in the appendixes. The author would greatly appreciate any comments, criticisms, corrections, and suggestions for improve-

14

INTRODUCTION

ments . Please send these to me at the following address : Howard I . Aronson, Department of Linguistics. Un i versity of Chicago, Chicago. Illinois 60637.

15

LESSON

1:

Phonology

1.0 . In the following sections the sounds of Georgian and the corresponding letters used to denote these sounds will be given. When learning the sounds one should also learn the corresponding letters. Formation of the letters ~an be found in section 1.9. For practice in the pronunciation of Georgian the student is advised to read exercises 1,3,5,6,7, and 8 in the Key to the Exercises. 1.1. Stops. The major difficulty in Georgian pronunciation lies in the stop::.. Georgi.an SLOps, unlike English, have a three-way opposition, between voiced, voiceless aspirate, and voiceless glottalized (abrup tive). The voiced stops are pronounced generally as the corresponding English voiced stops in initia~ position (i . e . , the degree of voicing is relatively weak) . The stops are labial, dental. alveolar. alveopalatal, and velar. TranslitApproximate Engeration Georgian lish equivalent (1) (2)
(3 )

b d
j

3
~

box

d ot

IPA Phonetic symbol [b] [d]

['" ] (4) j [dol X [g] (5 ) g g ot a In word-final position voiced stops are generally pronounced as the corresponding aspirates. Extremely common are the so - called harmonic cZusters consisting here of a prevelar stop followed immediately by [9] and with only one release for the whole cluster: bg ( 68 ) ' dg (~a). jg (da). Jg (xa) (exercise 5). The aspirated stops are pronounced quite similarly to the corresponding English voiceless stops in absolute initial position: (6 ) po t [p'] P ~
(7)

dz jot

t
c

(8)

t ot ts ar

[t' ] [ts']

cho p (9) C ~ [tJ'] (10) k cot [k'] d The harmonic clusters here consist of a prevelar stop with following [k'] and with only one release: pk (5~)' 1;k (<n~), ok (B~)' ek (i=;:J1 (exercise 5).

16

LESSON 1.

The glotta~ized voiceless stops have no equivalent in English . (In fact , the acoustic impression one often gets from these stops is that o a voiced stop!) These sounds are produced by simultaneously pronouncing a glottal stopl [1J and the corresponding stop : (11 ) .1 [p' J IC ( 12 ) t [t' J ~
(13) (14)
(15 )

'?

P
~
J ( 3 J) ,

[ts 1

\'
~

[tf, J [k'J

Harmonic clusters here are : l?~

i'~
( ~ J) .

(WJ ) ,

ql!- ( PJ)

1. 2 . Continuants (fricatives) . Of the voiceless continuants, only z ( b) might cause difficulty: b (16) s s ob [sJ
(17) (18)
~

a
b

s h ot

[n
[ xl

The Georgian x (b) is similar to the German aah -L aut (as in Bach ) or the oft-cited Scottish ch in toch , or the initial sound in some American pronunciations of chutzpah . It differs from the latter , however, in being further back in the mouth, being a postvelar rather than vela r fricative . X ( b) a1so occurs as the second member of harmonic clusters the first member of which is a prevelar voiceless aspirated stop : p x (Sb), t x ( mb), ex (ab), a x ( ~h) . The voiced fricati.ves correspond to the voice1ess, differing from them on1y by the addition of voice. The g is postvelar. 1 (19) z 8 zoo [zl measure (20)' ~ hJ

[yJ G occurs as the sec o nd member of harmonic clusters , the first member of which is a voiced prevelar stop :
( 21 )

bg

(c~),

dil

(~~),

jg

(a~),

3il

( X~)

1 . 3 . (22) q (1::1) . This sound is postvelar (pronounced in the same area as ::r:: and f1 ) and glottalized . ] It varies in pronunciation from a postvelar, glottalized stop [q'] , through an affricate [q X'], to a postvelar glottalized fricative [ X ] . Q (1::1) serves as the second member of harmonic clusters , the first member of

LESSON 1

17
pq (3~) ,

which is a voiceless glottalized prevelar stop: pq (~8)' q q ('8)' , . ( ~8) . 1.4 . Nasals. ( 23) m

as in English

[m]

[n] (24) n 6 as in English Before velars k (d) , ~( J) ' g( a ) , n( 6) is p ronounced as [ D] as in English si ng .

1.5 (25) v 3. Georgian v (3) shows fluctuation in its pronunclation from [w] to [v], i.e . , from the sound of English w in wan to English v in van . [v] occurs most commonly initially and intervocalically, [w] after consonants and at the end of syllables. It can also be realized as a bilabial voiced fricative [ a ] and, before voiceless consonants, as [fJ, e . g., v q e r (3P8~) 'I write' [fC;: ErJ. Georgian v ( 3 ) in native words as a general rule does not occur before or after labial consonants [ p ( ~ ) , p ( 3) , b ( 3 ) , m (a)] or before rounded vowels [ u ( ~ ) , 0 (~ ) ; see 1.11.1]. It does occur quite commonly after simple stops, postvelars, and after harmonic clusters : Single stop +

,"

dv jv
JV
v

~3

:l3 ~v gv ~3 xv b3 qv Harmonic cluster + v ,

jgvdS3

gv

a3 X3 83

tv cv cv kv

~3

83
~3

tv qv
c;v

m3

'h3.

33 83

J gv

XS3

dgv ~~3 tkv ~:l3 txv ~b3 t~v ~33 t-qv !i~3 jgv a~3 ckv ad3 cxv a b 3 c;:~v P33 c;:qv P83 ckv ~ :l3 cxv ~b3 9~V ~33 <;;qv ~83

1 . 6 . Liquids and glides. (26) r ~ Georg i an r ( ~) is generally formed by a single flap of the tip of the tongue to the alve olar ridge [ r ]. It is very similar to the r in spanish pe/ r /o ' but ' or the Russian r in nepep~ 'break' . Between vo~celess consonants i t may become voiceless or drop completely . (27) 1 ~ . Georgian t ( ~) is pronounced as the l of French , German, or span i sh before the front vowels i ~ e [1]. In other positions i t is pronounced somewhat velarized (dark ) , simi1ar to the American Eng-

18

LESSON 1

lish l before back vowels [lJ . Between voiceless consonants i t may become voiceless or drop completely. (28) h 3 . As in English; occurs i nitially only in l oanwords . ~

1 . 7 . Vowels .
(29 )

Georgian has f i ve vowels: Neutral :

a

low, open , slightly fronted raJ (cf . French patte [pat) . Front unrounded :
i
n

(30)

front, spread lips high, between close and half close [1] (cf . English bit). front , spread lips , between half close and half open [] (cf. English get) . same height as i [ u ] (cf . book with marked lip rounding).
same height as e
Ge r man G Locken )

(31)

Back rounded:
(32) (33)

[::l)

(cf .

1 . B Stress and intonation. Stress in Georgian is ex tremely weak and has no effect on vowel quality . The stress i s so weak that linguists have not been able to agree on exactly where i t falls . In words of four or fewer syl l ables, the stress falls on either the in itial sy~lable or the antepenultimate syllable (third from the end) . In longer words, there is a double stress: on the initial syllable and on the antepenul timate. Note that a Georgian word has as many sylla bles as i t has vowels ; m (a) , n (6), 1 (~), and r (~) never form syllables . Examples : S&kartvelo or b~3~~m3J~~ Georgia Sakartvelo
a~a~a~~J~6~ a~a3~~n a~dJ~n

situation round long linguistics

mdgOmareoba mrgvali

grj tdi enatmecnie.reba or J6~~aJe6nJAJ6~ enatmecniereba There is no difference in quality between stressed and unstressed vowels . Georgian intonation is relatively even , without sharp rises or drops in tone , except in yes -no questions , where there is a sharp rise in into-

LESSON 1

19

nation at the end of the sentence. Tn such yes-no questions the sentence-final vowel is often lengthened. 1.9. Assimilation . Georgian is characterized by rather long and complex consonant clusters, generally in (morpheme-) initial position . As a rule there is little or no assimilation for voicing, glottalization, or aspiration in such clusters. Harmonic clusters will have only one release, while nenharmonic clusters will have more than o ne release; cf. bgera (~aJM O ) 'sound' , where there is only one release for the harmonic clus ter bg , and Tbilisi (~on~nbn) 'Tbilisi' (Tiflis , capital of Georgia), which has an aspirated release for the initial ~ and a voiced release fer the b : [t'b I llSI] . Examples of nonharmonic clusters: 30n~n ~bili tooth
~~d0~Mn ~o~ dok~ori

tba
cda
qba

doctor (e.g., of philosophy) lake attempt, wait jaw

See table 1.1 on the following page, depicting the sound system of Georgian .
1 . 10 . The Georgian alphabet . The contemporary Georgian alphabet does not distinguish upper and lowercase letters; for every letter there is only one form . In distinguishing the thirty-three letters i t is important to nete the position of the letter with respect to the base lines. In print the following letters oc cur completely within the base lines:

5
a

m
t
~

0
i
n

d
0
~

The following letters rise above the upper base line :

b %a 5
b

j
p
3

b b
r

~
~

hd b
~

~
h

z
~

s
b

x
b

Table 1.1

Sound System of Georgian Dental Alveolar

d j

" o
PalatoAlveolar
1 j
~

Velar

StOPS and

affricat.es:

II! d (d] ~ t. (t')

[dt]

[d ]

B c (t.a]
~

~ [t.'] Fricatives:

c;: [t.a']
1:

t [LI'J ~ [,I']

[q) ~ k [k']
J~ (k']

a 9'

3 b
\; n en]

[d
(8]

:I :! [~]

a,

[jl

Na.sals:

E
c:! 1 [I:, 1 ]

lv,

'oil
. _._vels. Vcd. Stop Affricllte Fricative
c:!!} [~]

,;;
Glot.t..

[rJ
VOCALISM
fro nt h i gh unr,., l[ d back rounded

....

Vcl.s.

1I q

[q '] [qX'J

III u]

mid unr .:I6[t.J

10...

.., 0 ['] m.i d ro unded

t. z. {x]

(X')

.. <-I[a]

LESSON 1

21

The following letters descend below the lower base line :

~ ~ ~ X :J 3 3 ~ ~ ~ B The following letters both rise above and descend below the base lines:

6 re J 3 \3 e "' a
9

1':(
1

d l9
Z
u

~ Q
p

ij

3
q

()
c

X
'j

0J ~
k

( In titles and headings it is common for all letters to be the same height; i . e . , all fall between the same base lines . ) Variant shapes of letters: In some typefaces and in stylized writing, variant forms of letters are encountered :
1
L

o
r

For the older Georgian alphabets see the Appendix to this chapter , page 30. 1 . 10 . 1 . Handwriting. To form the Georgia n handwrit ten letters , see figure 1 . 1 . Fig . 1.1.
a
,
~

Georgian Handwritten Letters.

,I
I

--

--

i !

22

LESSON 1

Fig . 1 . 1 con tin ued :

I ,

I '

; I

or

or

LESSON 1

23

Fig .

1 . 1 continued:

"j I!j II lilt 1M I~ E-,[:n_''-;L_ri.~.. J

.' r-HJ--~- I I ~ ~_ --l-,! .1
rI...,

or

ffiff m

...-

~
r

II11

~ 1111111 RI ~
or

~~~
!.

. ; !"

Gr.---rt :.:.w. :;111 --,

- " - ." ~

f!
-

1111 1111

rn IIII(~ "rn Irn I

fJ j 1111 fl til f!

if fl j

24

LESSON 1

Fig.

1 . 1 continued:

g ~~

~ 1 liB I~ I~ r~]
! 4+++-H+++-H+t++-H+t-t-tttt-

II 11l~IIIII(tlll [~II [~I

ITrtlllllllll! [1
'

~ IIII ~ IIIII~ Il~ I~

x

'I ' \" 6 "'[ l~'6 ":l' t I. :J--l--j I-I ,

, . , . 1

'1'" ;

1111

~ IIIII~ Il~ I~

LESSON 1

25

Fig . !. 2 . Example of connected handwriting . page for transliteration .

See next

26 Codna sinatlea

LESSON 1

Codna simdidrea , mere imistana madliani simdidrea , rom , r ae unda bevrs daurigo , bevrs 9auna~ilo, sen ara daga~ldeba ra, tu ar mogemat eba . Am semtxvevasi codna antebul santels hgavs : ert santelze rom atas sxva san tels mou~ido , santels imit arc ali daa~ldeba, arc sinatle , arc sicxovele, pirikit , ima~ebs ~idecl radganac ertis magier atasi sxva sante I i imastan ertad dai9qebs
la~lal?s .

hgavs eodna, rom tundac eotad kurds , mparavs, mters ' aprtxobs : ik sinatlea -- cans, gvijavto, dagvianebul moqvares ~i imi t axarebs, rom ik mgvijarebi darnxvdebi b~utavdes sors sadme bnelasi,

Santels kidev

ima~i

ana .

The order of the Georgian alphabet . The or der of letters of the Georgian alphabet follows in gen eral that of Greek for the first twenty - two letters: l. 0 17 . P a A r 2. 3 b B 18. s r b
1.10 . 2 .

"
Ii
~

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . 1l. 12 .
13 .

a
~

r
E

d e
v

Z*
1

19. 20 . 2l. 22 . 23. 24 . 25. 26. 27. 28. 29 . 30. 3l. 32 . 33 .

H

t
u

T
Y
~

3
~
~

:l
~

P k
~

t
i

e
K

a
~

0
~

~ 1
m

C
c
j

A
M

a
M

a
~

6
J
~

n
0

N**
0

P
b

14. 15 . 16 .

9
x
j

X
~

*no equivalent of Greek

**no equivalent of Greek Notes. Note that foreign f

is often transcribed by Geor -

LESSON 1

27

gian 5 F~reign th is often transcribed by Georgian ~ . Greek ch is generally transcribed by Georgian 0 In general, voiceless stops from European languages are transcribed in Georgian by the corresponding g1otta1ized stops. Examples: captain J.:> 3n W .:>6n 1$.aE? i t ani physics s ngnJ.:> pilosopia philosophy s ne:! ,.. b,..s n.:> teoria theory cnonfln.:> arithmetic .:>flnOlaO(J nJ':> aritme~iJ:ca architect .:> flj n l& o dl3 n ,:in arki~ek~ori kimia chemistry dna n ~ d,:i,..6,..aOlJ"'n kronometri chronometer po1itika policy 3,..~ n ll n J~ .. kapitalizmi capitalism . . Note that foreign ch (as in English cherry) and ~s (as in Tsa r~ ~ se t 8e ) are taken over into Georgian as ~ and e respectively: ~ o bn cexi Czech ceki (bank ) check ~ O Jn
pizi~a

cem~ioni

ci t.ata procesi nacia

champion ci tation trial nation

" Oa3nn6n
Bnll~II':>

3t'1"' Bo bn
6~B n ~

Foreign e t is generally taken over as JIi subiekti subject b~on:JJlin ~nt'lo:jlJ,..,:in direk~ori director
1.11.

Alternations

1.11.1. v-loss. V (3) is generally lost when it occurs before or after a labial consonant [i.e., b (0), P (S), l! (3), m (a ) ] as a result of vowel loss . V ( 3) is also generally lost when it wo uld o therwise occur before rounded vowels, i . e., 0 (,.. ) , u ( ~ ) . 1.11.2. Metathesis. sequences involvin~ a stop or fricative followed by a nasal or liquid l m ( a), n (6), .1' (,:i) , t (~)] followed by v (3) will generally have the v (3) shift its position to before the nasal or liquid.

28

LESSON 1

Examples : t ' 10 ' + rva ' 8 ' gives in the word for eighteen
t t'Z"ame

ti ( G\3M '"' a0 1 rJ instead of the expected 4- tl"vame ~i . In t he formation of the verbal noun of the verb kl.-av - s (J~>:l3b) ' ki l ls ' , the vowel a is lost , which would normally result in *~ l - v - a [cf . ~er - av -8 (JO M'"'3 b ) ' sews', verbal noun ker - v - a ]; but, as a result of this metathesis, we get the form ~vZa (J3~'"')' This alternation can be formalized as follows :
C

( C represents a stop or fricative consonant.) Note that application of this rule can result in v (3) occurring before m (a), in which case i t will be lost by the v - loss rule above . Examples of the operation of these rules will be given in the following lessons .

LESSON 1

29

LESSON 1; Notes
1. Most speakers of American English will have a glottal stop [1] in such words as cotton ~ button ~ mit t e n ~ where instead of a t -sound the glottal stop is heard . Some speakers will have a vague approximation of the Georgian glotta1ized stops in such words as p um/p/kin ~ c at (with released t ), pi/ok/po c ket . 2. A somewhat similar sound , although not pronounced as far back , is encountered in Spanish la/g/o 'lake ', modern Greek a ya nn [ayapi] 'love'. 3. Since there is no contrast in modern literary Georgian between a glottalized [q'] and an aspirated [q ~ ], for the sake of simplicity the dot under the letter marking glottalization will not be placed on this letter in transliterations in this textbook; i.e. , we shall write q , not l '
h (3) occurs in spelling before p ( 3), k (;9), If. q (M)' 9 (a) in certain grammatical forms (gener ally marking a third person dative object), but is gen erally not pronounced except in very careful speech. See below , section 7.2.4. 4. (3) '

30

LESSON 1

APPENDIX: The Georgian Alphabets

The contemporary Georgian alphabet, cal1edmxedru('mil i tary ' , from mx eda r i ~ ' knight', ' warrior') came into use in the eleventh century . It replaced the earlier x ucuri alphabet ('ecclesiastic', from x uce 8i , 'elder', 'priest ' ) which. unlike the mx edr uti , dis -

ti

tinguished upper case

( ' majuscule', Georgian aaomt:av r u Xucu r .z. is first

ti ,

'capital ' ) and lower case ('miniscule', Georgian

from n U8xa ..
cursive hand') .

nU 8x u l" i

attested in the fifth century (inscriptions from the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem, Israel and from the Sioni cathedral in Balnisi, Georgia ) . The Geor gian alphabet as shown by the distinguished Georgian linguist Thomas Gamkrelidze (Tamaz Gamqrelije) is derived in its basic system from the Greek alphabet al though the exact details of its creation are still unclear . Most scholars link the creation of this Georgian alphabet with the christianization of Georgia (approximately 330 ) . The accompanying chart , adapted from N. Marr and M. Briere, La langue geor gienne (Paris, 1931, p . 594), illustrates all three forms of Georgian alphabets along with the names of the letters and their numerical values . In order to show the close correspondance between the system of the Georgian alphabets and that of Greek , the corresponding Greek letters are also giv en . Note the identity of numerical values between the two languages. The contemporary Georgian alphabet of thirty - three letters lacks the he ( 8 ) , hie ( 15), vie (22 ) , qar (35), hoe (38), and Ii (39). Note that the Old Georgian ~ ( q ) , then, as now, a post - velar glo ttalized voiceless consonant was opposed to ~ (q ), a p o st-velar aspirated voiceless stop . (This sound is still found in some Georgian dialects . ) As a result , for Old Georgian, the transcription of ~ must contain an indication of glottalization , i.e., q with a dot underneath; the as pirated ~ is for Old Georgian simply transcribed q . Tab l e 1.2 gives the following: 1 . Order of letters; 2 . Mx edruli ; 3 . Xucu r i : a . A8omtavruli , b . NU8 XUp i ; 4. Names of the letters; 5. Transliteration; 6. Greek alphabet: 7. Numerical value (f o r both Georgian and Greek alphabets ) .

LESSON 1

31

Table 1 . 2 .

The Georgian Alphabets

I
I

---A--a .
b.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.
S. 9. 10.
, I.

, , , a '" 8
m

;; 'I.

'"
'I

"5

. ... " ",

~
'J

6
A B

7
1
2

12 . 13. i 4. 15. 1 6. 17. i 8. 19.

20 .

'"
6
0

"
;" ~

... '"

'b

(f> ) ~

:;;
m

,.
0

an ban gan en yin ,en be

tan

tQ('16 don

a b g d e

E
(1

." >,
06

'

,
l ey) t i ~ I
m

Z
H

(J)~6

a
I
K

9
iO 20 30 40 50
60

3 4 5 6

~
~

'"
R

.,.
o~6

in
~an

""b

lu
Innn

A
M

a
b

"
t?

0.,

'=>

"u
{,

" w
~

21.
22.

23. 24.
:15.

., "

0 ,

'"
I! <I 0-

"I

J. b
e
~

,,' po. .'" ,,' .ae

on

6,,(.) nn lo, hie

[,I
0

-ZOan

.."
3il

""a

,
,
p k

" n
0

12 I
p Z
T

70 80 90 100
200

.. n

!a r

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

2000

26.

D
I:!

+ n
'I

<p

"'l 'I'

.p
~

", e"C:;
D
~6

vie
un
par

[vi] T u [OT]
X

--

27.
28.
'l9 .

30. 31. 3 2. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39 .

,
l<.
l

3
S

a " ,

:-J
G, J,

l>

6 kan ~ ... 6 gan tP(I'; g ar 005 ' S:tn

g "0
j
~

l!in

<

I'-

S.
["

J;:

g
~

J:

Y ;p 'L
I

'r'

J,.
2!.... 6
J~

d~jil Vo~ <;1.1. JM;; ~ar

8')6 can

3000

,ooe

x an

5000

6"(1'; qar

'Zl

Jan
h.e hoe fi

[q J

'!
J

l. 2.

Older G;-eek Older G:reek

F
~

'""
(digarnma)

[ oy [r ]

8000 7000 8000 9000 10000

(koppa)

32

LESSON 1:

Exerci ses

1. Cities in Georgia . Copy in Georgian , pronounce , and transliterate the following. Identify harmonic c l usters .
cn6nr:!nbn
a(3b:JO'l.::o
ofY'l~6nbn O~cn;!Jan

Bbn63;::>(~n

!n':>U'I:9M~

Bb'::'J.::.n.::> bfOlb;!Jan
,:::,1~l.';>~Bnb:J ~;!)dJcnn

a:J a:J! Y '\M n

a.::.b,::,M.::.d:J
e3l"1cnn
cn;)CI.!>3 n

:j;!JI11,:,nbn

M:!Jbcn'::'3 n
l!I!::Ino~t.:!n
a.';>M~bO.,6n

8 n l'l" 8.::o3 Mb
!::I 3 ;:::1I4:J c:! n

b .:.t!i b J,,:i J !:Jb13 b fF",6n 2. World cities . Copy, pronounce, transliterate, and identify the fo l lowing cities.
8.:!lAx",.::.6n

OnJ b 8fY'1
c:!1"16~fY'I6n

b.::.6 - ~A.::.6anbJI"1

~J13Ml"1n~n
6:9~.::.3Jo~n

8~.::.~al"l

M 3n M
6n!) - nMMJn

a.::.aO;!JMan
X.'::'J,:)Mlb
~n~'::'~Jc:!9n.::1

afOlb J

JT1

3n

Mn,.-, - ~:r ~.,6 :JnMt'I

a:Jt.:! bn6 3"

~J6n6aMb~n

3. Famous Georgian writers . transliterate . Identify any harmonic clusters .

3:)3n6n .::.cn:J6n Copy, pronounce, a n d

6~~bm~a3n~n

Ol"1 cn .: >
bJ~3n
n~n~ bJ~3~ ~~3nm

M;!Jbcn'::'3:J~n

6nJ~~~~

~~M~mo~n
!b3!~3bdO 3c:!~n~o3n~n 3~M~ana3n~n

J~6b~b6wn60 3bab~b~~~nb
6~~bM (!I~a6~d8 MM6J~nbGn b~~bb6 _ bb6~

3~:1~ - Sa~30~b anb8n~ X~3~bna3n~n

6nJM ~MM~jn~b6ndo 3bl:P3tjnMG li~ondJ

b~J8bb6~MJ ~~~6Jan

4. Famous European and American writers . nounce . transliterate , and identify.

Copy . pro-

0J8b3nnn
~ M btjMJ3bJn
[BMt:! b l3t'1'1n

an~JMn ~b6WJ

a~n3 - ~3J6n ~Jan68~Jn

~n3J6bn

~M6a5J~~ ~n~8M

8 M J01J
~M~b

nobJGn bJM3b613Jbn
aM~nJMn

~~MOJMn

bhn bjiMSb6 J b3 n Siin

3~a3n6n

O1 JJJMJn

LESSON 1.

33

5. Harmonic clusters . literate . a . voiced :

oa::Jt'i~

Copy, pronounce, and transb . aspirated:

sound stands group day dedication

!!:Ib n~ ::J~n
!9d3n~n IFIb~36~

sober flour request you (pl. ) he said life looking clear nose fast fight

[!Ia~b

X8:!lSn
[!I~::J
and~36;:;,

~3J6
IFId3~ !3b"'3~::Jl~ B~J~o
Bb~t!'n

Bb 3 nfln
!';d~~n

!,;b,'!)6n
c .
~HJ

glottalized: conquered forest word sweet pain, ache water solution series, row reason, intelligence

3~M~ln~n

bnlH3~

l36nc:!n l33 n 3 n c:!n

VH~~n a~[!I~V~3::Jta~

~"J60
!3~o
!J3n~6n

6.

intelligent Copy , pronounce , and transliterate.

b~d~MIFI3::J~'"
3::J!9bnbtBH~~b~6n

Georgia
The Knight in the l'ige?'
(greatest ~ work
'8

Skin

of Georgian literature, by Sot a Rustaveli, ca . 1200)

b~6::J"'d60IF1n
b~!9M~6a3IF1n
b3~MbJlFln b~ahJlFln

Greece France Persia (Iran) Armenia

34
n61~nt::lf"l:JlTln

LESSON 1

north s o uth east

b,::,8br:l;Jcnn
~ar'lb'::'3~:JO'I n

~.::.b;::'3l::!0D1n

a.::. 8 .::.t'lx,M6,::,cn a.::.a n8 .:> tol xl"l0'l

6.::.b3.::. 8 Qlnb
al73'~n

(polite or plural ) hello (response to a;::.8.:>MxM6.::.m, polite or plural ) good - bye

west hello

shish-kabob (shashlik )
wine
bread water
head

(13"6 ....
3:!)Mn

PH.:>~n
0'l3

b:J~n

hand, arm
foot, leg

s;)bn
a~r::!n

heart

3nMn

8.::.8.::.
QlJ~'::'

mouth father [sic!]

8 M 8 M6 .::.

mother [sic!] girl

boy

On!n

7. Copy in Georgian, pronounce, and transliterate the following. (These are the first three stanzas of Sota Rustavel i ' s Vepxi8pqaosani The Knight in the T i ge r- ' s Ski n) .

aaJab. ..an,<"i", a.~om. aom a~na<"iom., "'a~.<"i~a", .<"i.bo .<J~om. aab. "'atl0m a",b,Oa6;o,n., g b, sa a"'03tl rlaaa,b., 03'rla. <Jma.~'ao '336;om., ~. aO.O,b .<"i. iJ"'3~0 ba~i0'33 bom> ao. aoa<"iom . 2 Aa. \:?a.,<I';m", 'a<"iO>('), aa b aa.lrlaab ".a a"'3~0" 6->bo, aa b ~.ao'jjo<"ia. a~a3. a3(l ~.m6;(.,.. h.~ aa 6.bo , 3",aatl aO)ib<J6;m. b<J<"i30~o, .003~0~a~a 00 0, ~. ~s."'" aa.<J0<JJao a<Jb m.b. V.b.(').bO. .,
..:Ja~.b

."W'.'

LESSON 1.

35

30b !d3J&ob. -I!!?<,>db,. -bd,P;a~' d~~ob,. 'lI,P;-dod.~P;ob" - da':l0u, d'bnb ""d,P;oU" I:1'V3-~'~,b., ",d'-ilodaP;ou,,d,b, _~, 30(l0' d33!J'~';;'" "abbd , b"'6~ob" "a' P;ob" ~, do"",' d~3';;a6al!!?"" :J'&~nb, do';;"", b,du a,p;"" do, .~P;nU"

8. Copy, pronoun ce, and transliterate the following opening lines of Longfellow ' s Song of Hiawatha in Geor gian translation.

faJ

a 0)'0 adoo)!;"Jo6", u"O(?,,6" a,.,~ol..

au c::'oMII~DoO (?" uoat:::'o"'ooo,

o"jc::'oliO)0c::'lJoo 0::1:)0')" U'::)M!iOC'Oo) (?" a~OIi"Mo u>" L>o6(')000:)0)0, 'V':J Ii"h o t."'~c::'Oool" u"bO"i)" d3"a\:!,0u> to" f,,,Ii~JOMDofll,, ",~M'b,,~,4,Oo).,.

80 o~.)"t.'::J ll ao) Mna 6:;1aoOo~~,

.)MO<'lO,:)OO(?..6 t?'" aolitt'3M:J0to"fj, ",~oo;:n:lonl" O)ooc::''' aflVo~1i to" ~,4,~Ot':'M:Jo)flL ~"'toO OOnOO(?"fj, 0:J0o(!',,6 tt'''' 6o li (?MDoo!;,?"Ii, oj l,,"'to"O :J..b"", I:!''' :J",6f."u f.Mto0c::''' o",b1bto00'OC'0 -.p(l,.lol, c::'oh'Vaoou CI(O)(' mu.

aD..,a LOa~MooL ounao aac::'o<'m, 3(0) 6""'J"-.p~'" .a_~o~t? ,) ~Mo t?'" -0 oJoO)b",oO), 0)000) 1i"3,,(!!...J ..a L~~" n.)(O)3'" 01" l"oaC?3MoOO: oLa 0),)J600" CE''' 8C13<) 600ho. ao an.)"l"obo0O), ,4,....a 6"'3')CE'-.j.. a 01,,060 fj"t>" 1IoO ot. 0'Ot?OClo, nk>6o 6.,b" (!,,)(7l30t. oo6"'aClo (!' .. 00'b(O)6;]001" 6,,~;]b'O"":Jo'<ln.

a.....

9. Copy , pronounce, and transliterate the f o llowing, t a ken from Romeo and Jutiet ~ act 2, scene 2 in the translation of Vax~ang Celije and beginning with "But soft! wh at light througn yonder window breaks?" up to "01 that I were a glove upon that hand , that I might touch that cheek."
hI:> 61:>0)oeo 1:>1I~3i:J(4,1!'1:> oaob bl:>(4,Jaoe'807 ,,~a(O).uo3ell(PI0 l:>(4,ou 0&0, a~O - 1.'O~ooOo . ",3Mt!0. a~lI"" ~oo60~D a",'8!) M6 n 8"'3"'MD' ouO\?OO 8J"'o;rl"'~" t?'" b6~eo 8$~bi>"'D~1I0!, ", .. t?0",6 8"'" dae'~cb OC3i>b~ aDO" &"'331.> '010/0.(0'\ 6'O~~ 8Ui>bt'I"'ob 08 '~"'~6u; a.eVi!lCO'I Lo8",utI 8i306n'" anO"'t! . i!lCZJD"'~co-b'2t....oll !I""b..l!'fI'\ (tIi> &~t!""3t?"', - .,1,. a~"'bi>"'Ool.> 0OOQ"'O'I 8b"'e,.,t?

a'"

36

LESSON 1
r'I, flaBM Odbot:'t"!. ~Dt!'I"\'6~I:'M. r'I, l.Io~3,)~~fO)l a<l6 MM3 nOf"lt?DlI, /oU"3fO\M aO~1,)MUI ' nL ~,)l,)M,)J("!.!.U. '"tlClO" OM", ll4;!I'08b. unl:' DMcnn.l, anLn 0'13,)1:'()~ aD6t13De'D~D6. a.:om :r.:)3"U:JbOb.

(I"2>(.,,)a

MoL 330(?.)3! &.)6" 1I1l80').:o6 <=:'~,)~D61

M[.. 6')I1ID~ 3,)Ml!J3~,)3t.

3,,6n\M.>b"3u 'bOoo~6 V,)u3t:'..:., ~,) olbt:'" ucnb"'3116 2t'Oeoo~1J '"3"e03t. obo6nnonClunCloVl"'" 11306\.1 ,)~&Oe\D I ~3M'06D3,)a~o (.,,, nd603~ .... 0'" cn3,)~OZla "O(j-.)u ,)aJP>3~606,
br'lCr'L 3"lo.uJ3(!!'''36n lI,)arl3~6D6 0'I3"eoOnu 6,)03C',)~! naollo u"balt Ot:'3')MD3... ~o360eo3(!.1'" 3olMlJJ3e"aC1)'> (lft80nat.., anen t!'~ot. 11'030 A.x.JMrWU

~~J,)"'t..

0'>30e6o JO ~t. t?.w~M3~606 ouo'" Ln6.xneoL , MtoUI IlJMo6:wt:'D3o t!',)fJi~60~ ,~o~ou boatW~L . ,,!.... O':'M~6~ l.Iobocn bOC'O&tl 60~3 &JoDolo boem.)cnB.. SOa..:.t? 08 boen3\o , MM3 ~M'60 (!'I>V3D3L 'lI030bM 800601

10. convert the transliterations in the Key to exercises 7 . 8, and 9 into the Georgian alphabet . Check yourself against the Georgian in the exercises .

LESSON 1

37

Key to the Exercises

1.

Tbilisi Mcxeta Bolnisi RUstavi Tqibuli Gardabani

ei~ago

Baturni C:c akaia Soxumi Axalcixe Dueti

Gur~aani

C:cinvali
Gege~~ori

Maxaraje Poti Telavi

Zes~aponi

C::iatura Kutaisi Gari Gagra Qvareli Sacxere Glazgo (Glasgow) Hamburgi jakarta Piiadelpia Ateni (Athens)

2.

Londoni Parizi Serlini

To~io

San-Prancisko Romi . Niu-Iorl$.i Rio-de - 2aneiro Helsinl$i

Detroiti

BudaJ?eS:~i

MOSJs.ovi (Moscow) Leningradi Pekini . (Peking)

3.

Sota Rustaveli Akaki Cereteli

Mixe il Javaxi~vili Sergo ~ldiavili Davit Guramivili

4.

Va!a-P~avela Ilia Cav~avaje

Nikoloz Barata!vili Konstantine Gamsaxurdia Paolo Iavili Nodar Dumbaje Sulxan- Saba Orbeliani NiJs.o Lor~ k ipanije Gala~~ion Tabije Aleksandre Qazbegi Longpelo Hiugo Aristopane SViPt i (Swift)
.t'u~l$:ini

Sekspiri
Dos~6evs15i

Tolstoi Goete (Goethe) Zola

5.

sileri Mar~-rveni (Schiller ) Heminguei Dante Di~ensi Ibseni Ploberi Servantesi (Flaubert) Molieri Tekerei (Thackeray)
b. pxizeli pkvili txovna tkven tkva cxovreba ckera cxadi cxviri ckari <!:xubi

a. bgera dgas
'j9 U p1

c.
~qrobili

dqe
mij~vna

tqe sitqva tkbili t~ivili o;::qali

gadac;qve~a

~I$:ua

cqeba
~~viani

6. Sakartvelo , Vepxistqaosani, Saberjneti, Saprangeti, Sparseti, Somxeti, Sab90ta I$:avsiri, <!:rdiloeti,

38

LESSON 1

sarnxreti , a~mosav l eti. dasavleti, gamarjobat , gagirnar Jo t , nax vamdis, ffi9vadi, gvino, ~uri, 9Qali, tavi, xe l i , pe xi, gu l i . ~iri , mama , deda, gogona , bi~i.
7.

Rornelma n sekmna samqaro jalita mit jlierita . zega r dmo arsni sulita qvna, zecit monaberita, ~ven , ~acta , mogvca kveqana , gvakvs utvalavi perita ,
misgan ars qovli x elmcipe saxita mis mierita.

He , Gmerto erto, ~en sehkmen saxe qovlisa tanisa, sen damipare , jleva mee datrgunvad me Satanisa , mornec rniJnurta survi l i, sikvdidrnde gasatanisa,
codvata sesubukeba, mun ta~a ~asa~anisa :
~a<;v-badaxs,

vis hsvenis , -- lomsa, -- xmareba subisa, par-simserisa,

-- me p i sa mzis Tamarisa,
tma-giserisa, --

mas , ara vic i , sevh~adro sesxma xotbisa, 5e. risa, mista mVre t elta qandisa mirtma xarns mart, mi ~erisa .
He who created the firmament, by that mighty power made be i ngs inspired from on high with souls celestial; to us men He has give n the world, inf i nite in variety we possess i t; from 8im is every monarch in His likeness . Thou didst create the f ace of every form ! o one God ! Shield me, give me mastery to trample on Satan, give me t he longing of lovers lasting even unto death, ligh teni n g th e s ins I must bear thither with me. Of that l ion whom the use of lance , shield, and sword ador ns , of the king, the sun Tamar, the ruby-cheeked, the jet- haired , of her I know not how I shall da r e to sing the ma nifold praise; they who look upon her cannot but taste choice sweets. (From the translation by Marjory Scott wardrop) 8. Sesavali Me tu ~itxaven, saidan modis es legendebi da simgerebi , ga ~ ~entilebi f qet a surnelit da mdinareta sinotiveti 9qnari soplebis caxcaxa ~vamlit d a ~anekerebis aurzaurit . .. Me vu~asuxeb, rom f qeebidan ~reriebidan da mindvrebidan , ojibuebis tbili mi9idan da e r diloet i s didi tbeb i dan, caobebidan da tundrebidan, l k sadac qan~a ' da qancis crdili

LESSON 1

39

garindebuli dgas lercmebs ~oris . Me am s im~erebs iseve vmgeri, vi t Navad a ha mgeroda adre . Da tu i ~itx avt , tvit Navadaham sad~a i~ova es sim~erebi : ase tavneba da mvenieri . Me gi~asu x ebt , rom Navadaham isini naxa ~itis budesi , isini naxa datvis bunagsi, da bizonebis napexurebsi . Henri Longpelo, Sim~era Haiavataze , Targmani inglisuridan Otar Cilajisa 9. Es ra nateli aelvarda imis sar~meli? Agmosavlet i aris igi , mze Julieta . Amodi , mzeo , daabnele mosurne mtvare, isedac m ~ rtali da sneuLi m~uxarebisgan , radgan mis kalyuls elvareba me~i gakvs upro . Nu~ar msa x ureb 1m urians; kal~ult samosi m~vanea me~ad , uperuli - sjobs gaixado da gadaagdo, - - is masxarebs aeviat mxolod . 0 , ~emo t~bilo dedopalo , 0 , siqvarulo! l>lan rom icodes , rogor miqvars! Is la~ara ~ obs. Tumea ara , sdums. SuI ertia, Misi tvalebi metqveleben, mat vupasuxeb . Magram ras vbed a v! Gana ~emtan la~arakoben ! Or natel vars~v l avs ganuzrax avs zecidan 9asvla, da axla stxoven Julietas tvalebs isini -ieimeimeto ~vens adgilze, dabrunebamde . Ra iknebod a , es tvalebi zeeas am~obdnen, xolo vars~vlavni ~amovidnen tvalebis naevlad! Imisi saxis elvareba ~aabnelebda vars~vlavta cimcims, vit dgis suki ~aakrobs lampars, tvalni ~i zeeas daaprkvevdnen iset sinat!es, rom prinvelebi dai~qebdnen dilis simgeras . Aha , eqrdnoba saxit xe!ebs! Netav makcia xeltatman e bad 1m xelebze . rom turpa ~a9vebs sevex o maine ! Romeo da julie~a, II.2

40

LESSON 2: A General Introduction to The Georgian Verb

2 . 0. Conjugation . In Georgian there are four major patterns according to which the various tense and mood forms of a given verb are conj ugated. These four pat terns will be called conjugations . Unlike the conjugations of Latin, Russian . or French , verbs belonging to the same conjugation in Georgian usually also share certain grammatical or semantic features in common . Furthermore , i t is often possible to d erive forms of one conjugation from a verb belonging to another con jugation (e . g . , see Lesson 3). Series . Wi t hin each conj ugation we find sets of ten se and mood forms which are based o n the same stem and share certain syntactic features in common . These will be c al led s e ri es . There are three series . The f i rst consis t s of two subseri e s, the future and the presen~ . The second series is called the a o rist se ries, and the third is called the perfect series . Parts of the verbal form . A Geo rgian verbal form may consist of a relatively large number of constitu ent parts . All verbal fo r ms will have a root , which may be fol l owed by a pre s ent/future 8~em for ma nt
(P/FSF) :

c;:er xed-avtargmn-isv-amJ:cl- av -

write see translate drink kill

(no P / FSF )
(P/ (P / (P/ (P / FSF FSF FSF FSF
- aI') - i) - am )

- av)

The root may be immediately preceded by the preradicaZ vo ~ et (PV ) which may have various functions depending upon the form with which i t is found . The preradical vowels are a, e , i , u . a -k et- eb i - cq-eb a -tb - obmake begin warm (PV a - , P / FSF - eb) (PV i -, P / FSF - eb ) (PV a -, P / FSF - ob )

The preradical vowel ( if present ) or the root ( if there is no preradical vowel) may be immediately preceded by the person mar kers . In this lesson we shall learn the 1st person subject marker V - . The above forms, with the first person marker, would be v - qe r ( 3~O~) ' I write'; v -x ed- av (3b J (!l~3 ) ' I see ' ; v - targmn ... (3f7\"";aa6n) ' I tr anslate' ; V - 8V - am ( 3b3"a) ' I drink' ; v - -!<l -a v (3~~~3) ' I kill'; v - a -~ et - eb ( 3"'.3:J17I:)~ 'I make'; V - 1- -qq - eb (3nVH:)6) ' I begin' . The person marker (or, if there is none, the pre radical vowel or the root ) may be preceded by the p re-

LESSON 2

41

ve r b (Pvb). These preverbs, which function somewhat similarly to the prefixes of German or Russian verbs, are listed in sec . 2 . 2 . 1 . Examples of the verbs with preverbs will be found below. Following the root and/or present/ future stem formant may be (in addition to other markers ) markers of the particular tense or mood forms (Bc r eeveB ~ see below), the subject markers of the third person, and the markers of the plurality of subjects and ob j ects. All of these will be discussed during the course of the lessons. A final term must be intro duced here, the Bcreeue (coined by the Georgian linguist ~a~i Sanije fr o m the Georgian word makrivi 'row' ) . A screeve is what is traditionally catled a tense, i . e., a set of six forms of a given verb differing only in person and number, as in Latin amo ~ ama8 ~ amat ~ amamUB ~ amati B~ amant . But since the various "tenses" do not always have temporal meaning, but may have modal or aspectual meanings in stead, we prefer the more unusual but less misleading term of Bcreeve .
2.1. Subject person and number . The Georgian verb generally marks sub j ect person in the first person by means of the prefix v - (3-) ' Seco nd person is gener ally marked by the absence of both prefix and suffix; we shall note it here by a zero-prefix, ~- . Plurality of both the first and second person is marked by a fi nal suffix - t ( - ~) . Third person singular and plural are both marked by suffixes which will vary from screeve to screeve and conjugation to conjugation . Subject person prefixes occur immediately after the preverb (see sec. 2.0. ) or, if there is no preverb , in absolute initial position . Subject Markers Singular
1. 2.
v-

Plural
v- . .

-t

- . . .. .. - t

3.

-suffix

-suffix

2.2. First conjugation . Verbs of the first conjugation are generally transitive, and by themselves mark both the subject and object persons. Thus a single Georgian verbal form, such as xed- av - t , means not simply ' you all see' but rather 'you all see him, her, it, or them '. A third person direct object , independent of gender or number, i . e . , corresponding to English him ~ he r~ it ~ the m~ is marked in Georgian by the absense of any affix.

42

LESSON

2.2 . 1 . Future tense of first conjugation verbs. The forms of verbs given in the vocabulary will be third person singular future tense. Most first conjugation verbs are characterized in the future tense by the presence of a p l"eve r b . Among the functions of the preverb is to distinguish between the / utu l"e and p r e s e nt 8 u bse1"ie s . The preverbs can be divided into two groups, those ending in - mo - and those without - mo -. The preverbs are : ( - mo - group ) a- ~- (a- ~~ - ) 'up' a - mo- .:>8M- (ag-mo- ~~aM - )
ga8~-

(gan- 8.:>6-)

ga - mo-

8.!1a",-

' out, away '

gada- a~~~ - (gardaa.:>~~.:> - ) 'across'

da- ~~ - (without specific direc -

gad-mo- a~~aM-

tion , or sometimes 'down ')

mi- 8n- 'away from speaker'

~e -

mo -

a",-

'toward speaker'

o;:r 'in, into'

F;,,(~ta-

l:a-

00'1" - )

se-mo- 0 Oal"l ca - mo - Fi~8Mca - mo- p~a . . (c;ar- mo-

'down' c;a- ~~' away ' (c;ar- p~h-)

V",:;a . . -)

mimo - an 8Pl- ' back and forth' The directional meanings given for the preverbs occur almost exclusively with verbs of motion (see sec. 4.5. ) The forms with - mo - generally indicate that the action is performed in the direction of the speaker or his addressee; forms without - mo - denote the direction of the action away from the speaker or his addressee . The forms in parentheses are variants of the preverbs found in " higher style" words t words somewhat equivalent to the latinate vocabulary in English. Each screeve is marked by its characteristic set of s u ffix e B~ which serve to mark the screeve in the first and second persons and to mark the sereave, per son, and number of the third subject person. The markers of the futUre tense are:
1. , 2.
-5

3.

-en
(pL )

( S9 )

LESSON 2

43

We give the characteristic suffixes of each screeve in the form of a tr i angle , the top of which represents the suffi x of the fi r st and second persons (both singular a nd p l ural ) and the bottom of which denotes the suf fixes of the third person singular and the third perso n p l ur al. In the given instance, there is no suffix for the first and second persons, while the third per son singular has the suffix - 8 ( - b) and the third per son plural has the suffix - en (_~6) [- an ( - ~6) after P/ FSF - i ( -n ) ] . Verbs whose P/ FSF formant ends in - i have - an in the third per son plural future . These endings are added after the presen t / future stem formant (or, if there is none , after the root) Th ey may be followed by the plural mar ker - t ( - m). Examples:

da = -qer - s

' he

(she ) will write it (them) ' will write it/ them

~03~0" ~o~ 0"

Singular 1 . da,::,v- c:er-Si' 2 . da=Si'- r:er - $Z) 3 . da,:" - ger - s P l u r al 1. da=v- c;er - 0 - t 2. da=0- c:er-0-t

You will write it/ them He ( she, it) will write it/ them

~ollo"b

We will write it / them You all will write it/ them They will write it / them 3 . da= - c;er-en gada = -ta r gmn - i -s 'he will translate it, them ' gada=v- targmn- i - 0 a~~~3m~~aa6n
gada=~ - targmn - i-~ a~~~m~~aa6 n

g a d a = - targmn- i-s a~~~m~Maa6nb gada=v-targmn - i - Si'- t a~ ~ ~3m~Maa6nm gada =- targmn- i - - t a~ ~ ~~~Maa6 n m gada= -targmn-i-an a~ ~ ~m~M8a6n~6 mo= - o!cl. - av - s 'he (she, it) will ki.ll him (her, it, them) '
mo= v- ~l - av - ~ a~3J~~3 mo=v - ~l - av - ~ - t
mo=~ - kl - av - .0 afO\J~~3

a~3J~~3m

mo= - kl - av-0- t a('lJ~~3cro mo"" - k l -av-s a~J~~3b rno= - kl - av- en ap\J~~3~6 As ca n be seen from the above examples , the first per-

44

LESSO N 2

son plural differs from the first person singular only by the presence of the plural suffix - ~ . Similarly the second person plural differs from the second person singular only by the presence of the same suffix. Note also that Georgian distinguishes neither gender nor natural sex so that a third person singular subject person can correspond to English he 3 she J or it . The third person object person not only does not distinguish gender, i t also does not distinguish number, so that i t can be translated (depending on context) by English him ~ her .. it .. them . Henceforth in the examples we shall indicate the first person singular and plural and the second person singular and plural as follows: Vocabulary entry form: a=a-sen-eb-s 'he will build i t '
12.

a=v-a-sen-eb-a=0-a-sen-eb-s9 .

(t) (t )
3 . pl. a= -a-sen-eb-en

3.

a=

-a-~en-eb-s

2.2 . 2 . Present tense. The present tense of first conjugation verbs is normally formed by dropping the preverb. Examples:

da=v-g er -!2I-t v-c;:er-0-t a=-a-sen-eb -a-sen- eb

we will write i t we are writing it you will build i t you are building it

The difference between the future and present tenses of I. conjugation verbs, as well as that between the remaining screeves of the future and present subseries, is basically aspectual: the future subseries is perfective and the present is imperfective. Cf. Georgian daqeps (~~PJMb) and q ers (~O~b ) with Russian HanHweT and nHWeT. Certain verbs which are inherently perfective in meaning, i . e., which by their very nature denote completed acts, do not have separate present tenses . Either one uses the future tense with present meaning or a paraphrase is used. In the vocabularies such verbs will be noted by a plus (+) afte r the preverb; verbs distinguishing future and present will have the preverb separated from the rest of the verb by an =; e . g., he will make something he will describe something The above implies that to say 'he is making something' one must drop the preverb : a - ~et - eb - s (~J~~~ob) . But ga=a-l;c.et-eb-s ag+c;er-s

LESSON 2

45

to say 'he describes i t ' one uses the same form as the future: a g+q e r-s ( ~~ ~Jhb) . In a few instances the future and present differ by a feature other than the presence versus absence of a preverb . In such instances the vocabulary will give both the future and present forms, e.g .: nax-av-s he will see it pres . xed-av - s
i - s~avl-i - s

he will study i t

pres . scavl-ob- s

2.2.3 . Conditional and imperfect. The Georgian conditional is used to express what wouZd happen as a consequence of some other hypothetical action ( the Eng l.ish condi tional; see Lesson 4 ) . The imperfect denotes ongoing (progressive) past actions, usually corre sponding to English constructions of the type 'he was writing', 'he was studying', 'he was making something ' , etc . The imperfect is also used to express past iee rativity ~ i.e . habitual actions in the past, corre sponding to English 'used to' or 'would' , In this use the im~erfect can be accompanied by the adverb x oLme (b"~aJ ) which emphasizes the iterative use of the imperfect . Inherently perfective verbs (i.e., those which do not lose the preverb in the present tense ) use the form of the conditional for the imperfect as well . The conditional is formed from the same stem as the future and the imperfect is formed from the same stem as the present . The subject markers of the first and second persons are the same as for the future and present tenses; the suffixes are: - di-da Examples : da=v - c:=er- di( - t) da=9J- c:=er-di (-t ) da= -cer- da da= - cer-dnen - dnen

46

LESSON 2

The Lmperfect ~s generally formed by dropping t h e preverb from the conditional:

(we) was writing i t 0-q e r- d l ( - t) PJ~~n(m) you (all) we r e writing it ce r- da he was writing i t PJ~~o qer - dnen they were wr i ting i t PJ~~6J6 Note th~t i f the present tense is formed oLher than by just dropping a preverb, the conditional is formed f rom the future s tem (i . e . , the 3 59. future minus t he subject person ending - 8) and the imperfect i s formed from the present stem ( i.e . , the 3 sq . present minus the subject person - 8) : i - ~itx - av - s he will read it; pres . : ~itxulob - s This implies the following:
I

v - g er- d 1 (-t) 3PJ~~n(m)

Con ditional
v - i-~itx - av- di ~- i - ~itx - av - di

(- t )

3nJn~b~3~n(m) nJnm~~3~n(m)

( - t)

Imperfect

v - kit x ulob - di ( - t)
- ~itxu1ob - d i
~i txu l ob - da Jnmb~~~6~~

3Jnmb~~ ~ 6~n(m )
Jnmb~~~ 6 ~n(m)
Jnmb~~~6~6J6

( - t)

~itxu10b - dnen

(It should be noted that verbs of the type of naxaV8 (6~b~3b) , pres . xedavs (bJ~~3b) ; i8~avlis (nbV~3~nb) , pres . scavlobs (b~~3~~6b) ; i~it x avB (n3nmh~3b) , pres . ~itxulobs ( Jnmb~~~6~ are quite atypical . ) 2.3 . Nominal system

2 . 3.1 . Nominative and dative cases of nouns. The subjp-ct of a first conjugation verb in the Bereeves based on t h e future and present tenses is in the nominat i ve case , i . e. , the vocabulary entry form. The nominative case has the ending - i if the stem of the nou n ends in a consonant . If the stem ends in a vowel there is no ending . The objects in these screeves, both direct and indirect , are in the dative case, which has the ending - 8 . This -8 replaces the nominative ending - i of nouns whose s t ems end in a consonant .

N. D.

e n aena - s

J6~
J6~b

language

cign - i cign - s

~na6 n
~na6b

book

LESSON 2

47

N.
D.

ceril- i ceril-s

p,J~n~n

letter

p,JMn~b

Ex pressions of time and measure such as ' every year ' , ' all day ' , 'three weeks', 'three miles', etc . can be in both the nominative and dative cases.~
2. 3.2. Adjectives. Adjectives whose stems end in a vowel are always uninflected when they precede the noun they modify , no matter what case or number the noun is in . Adjectives whose stems end in a consonant have the ending - i for the nominative and no ending (~) for the dative when they precede the noun they mOdify: N. kartul - i ena d~AO'I!I~n :J6~ Georgian D . kartul- ena - s d~I'\C7I:!le! ,J6~b language
N.

axal- i mepe D. axal - mepe-s saintereso <;:ign - i D. saintereso <;ign - s

~arg-i

.::>b~e!n

~b~e!

a,J!S,J a,J!s,Jb

new king

N.

b~ n 61i ,J ':;,Jb,.,

b ~ n 613:JM:Jb,.,

J1ngGn interesting book J1 n 8 Gb

good professor

N. D.

~arg -

propesor-i 3~M8n 3MPlS,JbPlMn propesor- s 3':'{<\8 3':;"'S,JbMAb

When an adjective is not followed by a noun i t is declined as if i t were a noun: N. axal - i the new one D. axal- s
N . lJ.:arg-i D. ~arg-s N . sa i ntereso
3~Ma n

the good one the interesting one

.j,:,M8 b
b~n6(1j,JMob,.,

D . saintereso- s

b.:.n6(i,JM:Jbl"'lb

2.4. Word order . Although Georgian word order tends to be qui te " free," in normal word order the verb is in sentence final position . The subject generally precedes the objects. Negatives and interrogative words and phrases mus~ immediately precede the verb .

2.5 . Word building . The verbal noun (masdar) : The verbal noun in Georgian generally corresponds in meaning to English deverbal nouns ( gerunds ) in - ng , e . g., Georgian d aa e p Q (~~P:JM~ ) , English ' ( the ) writing'. It

48

LESSON 2

is important to note that the Georgian verbal noun is basically a nominal form and, unlike English, cannot take a direct object, so that constructions such as English 'reading the book (is difficult)' are impossible in Georgian and only the equivalent of English ' the reading of the book' (genitive case in Georgian, see Lesson 3) is possible in this construction.
The verbal noun of first conjugation verbs is usu-

ally formed from both the future and the present stems.

To form the verbal noun all person and number markers

are dropped as well as the preradical vowel. The P/FSFs -a v - (-~3-) and - am - (-~a-) lose the vowel a (~) , a loss which we shall call syncope . 5 The P/FSF - i is

dropped. To the resulting stems the mas dar ending -a (~) is added . Future/ Verbal Verbal noun noun stem Present da=cer-s <;er-s da=xat-av-s da=cer<;erda=xa~-,;!I'v-

da""cer-a
(~'PJ'" ) <;er-a

writing writing 6 painting

(p:r')
da=xat-v-a
(~~b~133~)

(Similarly xay - v - a b~!J3~ [from xa~ - av - s] 'painting'.) a=a-sen-eh-s a= -sen-eba=sen-eb-a building

(,a J 6 J o,)
i-~itx-av-s

I$itx-v-a
(Jnl1lb3~)

reading

Note that no mas dar is formed from the present stem kitxulob - 8 (Jnmb~~~6b). gada= gada=targmn- gada= trans latargmn-i-s targmn-a ting
(a~~'::'l1li::lMaa6~)
mo=~l-av - s

mo""~l-,;!I'v

mo-J:c.vl-a
( a~33~'::')

killing

mo-kvl(1.11.2)

"*

gamo+tkv-am-s

gamo+tkv;im-

gamo+tk-m-a pronunciation

gamo+ tk)l-m-+-

(1.11.1)

LESSON 2

49

ag+nisn-av-s

ag+nisn-~v - -+

ag+nisvn-a

ag+nisn - v - -+
a9'+ni~vn -

meaning , ( ':;'(l6nd36,:;,) definition

( 1.11.2)

da=i- 9q - eb-s

da=cq-eb-

da;cq-eb-a
( ~':;'P~ 3 c;,:;,)

beginning , commence-

ment The verbal noun is declined just as any other regular noun ending in a (,:;, ) , althoug h it o ften d o es not have plural forms . It should be noted that although the verbal noun is basically a n ominal form, most Georg i an dictionaries regard it a s the equivalent of the inf i nitive of European languages and list verbs under the form of the verbal noun . This is , unfortu nately , the equivalent of an English dictionary not giving the verb ' pronounce ' but only the noun ' pronunciation ' . 2 . 6. Expressions of ' and' in Georgian . The Georgian conjunction da ( ~,:;,) means 'and' in most env ironments. But when two contrastive clauses are j oined, the conjunction ~i (3 n) must be used . ~i ( I n) is always the second element in the clause . Example: ota cerils gers , Ivane ~i 9igns ~itxulobs .
a~~~ ~ota P3~n~b P 3 ~b , n 3 ~ 6J

I n v na6b

Jn~~J~~6b .

is writing a letter and J o hn is reading a book .

In the exercises this use of ~i ( In ) g enerally will be translated as ' however', e . g . , the sentence above would read ' ~ota is writin g a letter; John, however , is reading a book '.

50

LESSON 2

LESSON 2;

Notes

1. For the sake of distinguishing between 2d person singular and plural, we shall consistently translate the 2d singular by Engl i sh 'you' and the 2d plural by English ' you all '. Note that the use of 2d singu l ar and plural in Georgian parallels their use in French or Russian , the s i ngular form being familiar and the plural form being the polite form to one person in ad dition to being used to address more than one person . Note that the i - with which i -s cavZ - i -s begins is 2. not a preverb but a preradical vowel : and thus the fi r st person will be v - i - Bq avZ - i 'I shall study' .

3. XoZme (b~~a~ is also used with other screeves as we ll to indicatelhabitual actions; see, e . g . , sentence 31 in the exercises .
According to the norm, these expressions should 4. be in the dative when the grammatical subject of the sente n ces is nominative and in the nominative when the grammat ical subject is in a case other than nominative . But the tendency now is to use the nominative in both i nstances . As a result of this syncope, both the V- lO BB r u l e 5. (1 . 11 . 1.) and t he metatheBis r ule ( 1 . 11.2.) may become operative . See the examples of mo =~ Z - av - B (a~J~~3b) 'k i l l ' , verbal noun mo =~ vl - a ( aI"\J31:!~) and gamo +tku - a m-s (8~al"llrl::l3bab) ' pronounce', verbal noun gamo +tk - m- a (8bal"llt!:Ja~) below . The difference in meaning between ~ e r a (6J~~) and 6. d agera (~bVJMb) is one of aspect, the former being im perfective and the latter perfective .

51

LESSON 2: Exercises
1.
2.
~~b ~J8mJa?

n6a~nb~M
~~3n~n

pnaGb 3Jn~b~~~6.

Mbb bJJmJob? dbMm~~ vna6b Jnmb~~n6b .

~O~"~b Jo~?

3.
4.
5.

bMb ,

~M

3PJM .
bJ~b3?

a~bpb3~JoJ~b

6.

Mob oJJmJoJ6 ~b3nmn ~b J~nbb6J~n? pnaGb 3nmb~~noJ6 . Mob oJJmJ6~o oJ6n a080 8~on6? a~an6 bon6 WJ M bM fna6b Jnmb~~MO~b. J
~O~"~b ~O~b . b30~ ~Oa"
~oPJMb )

dao

~o~"~b

7.

b3b~

Mob aooJJmJOm?

b3b~

ab~Jmb

p03nJnmbo3m .
~J~bb

~J~b PJMn~b
nbpb3~nb .

8 o MnOan 3n

MJbJ~

8. 9.

Mob bpo3~M6? dbMmJ~ 8MbaOmnJob Mbb bJ~b3? abbpb3~J6J~b 3bJ~b3 '

aJ3Jmn~b b3~ a~bmbMaa6nb .
bpb3~Mo~n?

3bpb3~M6 .

aMpbSOb

bJ~b3?

10.

8JonG Mb J6bb
3bpb3~M6~n .
b~ jbMmJ~

8Jon6

MJbJ~

J6bb
b3~'

n6a~nbJM abJ3Jmn~b

ab~b3PJM
bnW~3bb

8030mb
oJa~Ja

3JnmbJ~M6.
bpb3~M6b .

11 .

abMnan
ab~PJMb
3~Ma~~

JbMmJ~

060066

~b

p~~a~md3~ab .
na~a~"?

d~~m~~

bnm~3~b

p~Aa~md3~ab.
bnm~3~ naba~" ~~6na6~3b

12 .

M~b

~~6na6~3b

nfather"-b. nmother"-b.
13.
h30~

d~Mm~~n

bnm~3~

rl~JEo" E~

o~6na603b

aOMn~ab 36~h~3

a~Mn~an

J~nb~6JEn

b~d~~m3J~~b
r~n3nmb~3J6 .

~~PJMJ&

aJaEJ8

dbMm~~

abJ3J m n~b

52
b~~~a"b

=_2
3n6~Bn~ab 36~b~3~1 bJ~~3m?
a~an6?

aOa~0a

3"

a~33J~n~b a~an6

3nbp~3~nm.

15 .
16 . 17.

a~b~~3~J60~b b~n6~JMJb"
~~b ~JJmJ6~nm

~b~~

PJ~n~b PJ~b.

bi~~n~b

Jn~b~~"o~~.
d~Mm~~ ~J~bb 3nbn~~3~nm.

a~an6
~~b

vnmJ~

pna6b

3Jnmb~~"o~n.
d~Mm~~ " 3JM~b

3~6"

3n

mJm~b
b3~~

Jnmb~~"6~b.

18.

nh8J6m? ~b~~ M~b~~b a"3nb8J6m.

8~M~on

3nb8JGm .

19 .

M~~n"a~~~a Ja~b

Jnmb~~"6b.

a"m~

~~

nb8J6b? ~M~. ~ ~M6~~b a~~3~ nb8J6J6 M~~n"a~~~nbn~~3b? obo~ ~n~bJ

6Ja,b .
20 .
a~bp~3~J6J~n b~3~Mlna"b ao6nbn~o3b. b~3~Mxna"b nbn~o3b. b30~

b030Mxnc"b

21 .

~~Jb ~Jjbb a~an6

d~Mm~~ 3a6ob

bV03~"oJ6,

b30~

3"

~n~

joAm~~ jOMm~~

ponJnmbo306 .
JOMm~e aMoao~nJob bVo3~M3~nm?
A~b~~

22 .

OMO ,

aAoaomnJob OM
3moMaa6n~nm.

3bpo3eM6~nm.

3nJbob
p~3nJn
n6a~nb~ ~

23 . 2 4. 25 . 26 .
27 .
28.

b3~~ ~~b

a~3~J~~~6~?

d~~~~~
~~ a~~3~?

b~~~n~b
aM~b

~b~3~'
~~b

aJa~Ja

In

a~63nbn~~3~ '
ab~3b

~on~nbb ~~3PJ~~'

~JJ~J6~6J6

a~~~

pna6b
~~b

Jn~b~~MO~b,

In

3~~~~~b. JbMJ6n6~b" 3nbn~b3~n . aMPb~J

nbn~b3~n

a~an6? ~~np~Job

"~6~

a~bpb3~JoJ~n abbaMdJ~Job.

~~Maa6~b ,

In

b3b~ J~nbboJ~n
a~~b~~Maa6n~6 .

~b ab~3~

a6na36J~M3~6
~M~ ,

b~~~n~b

aJa~Ja d~M~~~ J6~b a~6nbn~~3J6.

Jnmb~~Ma~n? n6a~nb~Mb

dbMm~~ b~~~n~b
3Jnmb~~Mo~n.

29 . 30 .

b3~~ M~b~~

b~3bMxnaMb a~~~PJM~? aM~b ~b ab~3b

bMb ,

3bM~~~b aM~~ ~~

ab~~3PJM~ .

Mbb

bJJ~J6~6J6

a~an6?

LESSON 2
a~~3~ b~~nJM J~~~~~ a~8~~b Jn~b~~M6~636. a~~~p~~b. a~bp~3~~6~~n 8~~~on
b3~~

53
~~

a~~n~an

In

~n6a3nbnJ~b

b~~3~M6~6~6 .

J~~~~~ ~66~6b 3~6M ~~

31 .

~MB~

J~~~~~

~6~b 3b~~3eM6~, a~MnJM

bn~~3~b 3~6M

~~~~Ab bM~aJ, a~bV~3~~6~~n a~na~MMJob .

In

a~~~p~MJ6. ~~ aJa~~a

bn~~3~b V~MaM~J3~ab, b3~~ 3~6M ~~

a~MnJM a~6nbn~~3J6
b~3~~xnaMb

J~M~~~ ~Ma~6b .

32 . 33 . 34 .

3n3~M~n

~O~bb

nba J 6b.

aJa~Ja

a~~~poMb .

~MB~

a~a~

~OM~b ~~np~o6b ,
a~8J~b

~O~~

Jn~b3~b

~~np~J6b ,

a~MnjM

In

p~nJn~b~3b .

3ndWMMn J~~bnJ~M a~bnJ~b nbaJ6~~ bM~aJ' ~~~~ 3n , MMB~ J~M~~~ aM~a~~nJ~b bV~3~M6b, 3~Mm~~ b~~b~M a~bnJ~b nbaJ6b .
~MB~ d~Mm~~ aM~a~8nJ~b 3bV~3~M6~nm, bM~a~ bnW~3b vMaMmj3~a~~ bM~a~. a~b~~3~060~n ~M30~ a~a~~a ban~~~ ~~VJM~~ ~b~ j~Mm~~
MMB~

35 .

3~M~~~ ~~MaMmjabb. bM~aO ' 3na~MMJo~n a~an6

bn~~3~b a~~~3VJM~n
3Jn~b~~Mo~n

b M ~aO' J3~MWOWb

j~Mm~~

aM~a~wnJ~b .

36 . 37 . 38 . 39 . 40 .

~~Jb
MMB~

3ndWMMn
3~6M ~~

bna~M6n~b

nbaJ6b.

nba~6~~. m~aMn M~b~~ J6~b bp3~M6~6~6,

M~b~~ ~Odbb banM~~ ~n8nJ~b MM~nb 3nb?~3~n~ .

m~Maa6n~6~6

bM~aJ ' b3~~ ~Jab

a~an6

nbV~3~nm?

~n8nJ~b

b~~~aMb a,~.~~

oJ6b
~Jabb

a,~.~~ ~Jabb ~"~nb ~'PJ~? b,~,a"b ~'3PJ~.

a~an6 b~~aMb? JJ~Oa~nm

Mb

b~aMb

d~MmJ~ a~J3J~n~b 3PJM~n~ ~~ ~n6a3nb.n3~b

3bV~3~Ma~nm.
aM3nbaJ6~ .

~~Jb

b~~~aMb

R306b

~b~~ M3JM~b
~b~~b ~~Jb

41 .

b~~

b3~MxnaMb

MM~nb

a~~~Maa6n?

b~~aMb

a~~~3m~Maa6n ,

aJa~oa

3n

3nb?~3~n

jnan~b.

54

LESSON 2
M~e~
pnmo~

42.

a~b~~3~J6J~n

bn~83~b
~Ma J

~~PJMb J
ab~~~~

a~~~3PJ~m .
3bJ~a3 '

oJa~Ja ?~~a~3mJ3~am .

43.
44.

pna6b

bJ~a3?

mJmAb

~ b a~ d3J~b

8a338mn~b 3nmb3~b a~an6

b3a~

a~~~m~Maa6n~6? a~Mnaan

~Aa,

b3a~

aa~ama~aa6na6. b~a3~ ~ ob J

45 . 46 .
47 . 48 .

3nd~~Mn ~~Jb
d3J~ MMB~

In

P8~ab .

o~nbaoo~n

bV~3~~o~~ J~~m~~ p~~aMmJa~b , 3aMa~~

~MaJ 3~6~

In

3a~m~~ ~Jdbb
~a a~Maon PJMn~b

ra~aMmJ3~ab .
nbpa3~na 6. b~~nJ~ ~ba~b . ~~

3nd~ MM n

jaMm~~ VJ~~~ '

aa6~b

jaMm~~b a~m~

bp~3~ M om?

49 .

mah a a6ab

npHJ3~6J6 .

" I ' m pee linq i t "- b ~~6na6~3b .

p~MaM3mj3aa l

JaMa~~

LESSON 2

55

Vocabulary alphabet n ot [has the form .;:.,:\.;:. whe n not inunediately before the verb] no new now newspaper lesson grammar yesterday
and

[f.pr . n . ) translat i on
[i . e. , book , article ,

1It6nr;:tnbn
Ino ~ ~n

etc . ] Tbilisi white your, yours** English [adj.]* well [adverb] movie , cinema film quartet h o wevE"r, and [see sec . 2 . 6) classical concert p o em linguistics father Mary [f . pr . n . J Mary [dimin .

.;:.":;.;:.

.;:.b.;:.C!n
.;:.b~~
a~~J m n
a';:'J3Jmn~n

~a3:J6n
n6a~nb~":;n

a~.;:.a~tanJ';:'
a~an6
1,liI';:'

David [m . pr . n . ) mother
yes

In
3l::1.;:.bnJ;!)~n

31"16 e O":;l8n
~:Ja bn
r;:t n6 83 nb "nJ ';:'

great , big, large

I,liI~Jb

today [D . of QI~ J day ' ] Elizabeth l anguage Va n o [ m. pr . n . from n3 .;:.6 ~ ' John ' ]

a.;:. a.;:.
a.;:.':; n .;:.a n

~~nb';:' 6 J~n
~6.;:.

3.;:.61"1

of
8.;:.b~';:'3~J6~!::!n
a6na360~1"13.;:.6n

a';:'M n ~an

a~l705:J

teacher important pupil music only opera [theater] p l ay magazine

3ndil"lAn
~a6.;:.

Victor verb zurab [m . pr . n . ] Tamar

8!JbnJ';:' abl"le:!MI,liI
roI3:JM';:'

3n:Jb.;:.
~:!lM6.;:.~ n

56
M~ ~~~nMa~~~e~a~

LESSON 2

what? [interr.] radio broadcast when? [interr . ] novel when [relative]

dnan~
HI'I3J~n

Chemistry every

":;M~nb
Ml'la~6

":;I"1B~

or

MM~~b~B

Salva [m . pr.n.] aJa~Ja then [=afterwards] your, yours

a'::'~3~

~~b~~n
b~3~":;xnaM
b~n6~JMJbl"1

Russian* [adj . ] exercise interesting Georgia in the evening [D. of b~~~al"1 evening I ] symphony word article Suliku [f . or m.pr.n.]

[sg . ]** sota [m . pr . n.]

n Jan
~3J6 n

b~d~Mm3J~~
b~~~al"1b

my , mine** our, ours ** old [of things] brother letter; article book red [adj . ] [indicates iterativity; see sec . 2 . 2 . 3] tomorrow often

dao

d3Jt:I"

p J":;n~n

bnaS M 6n~

pn a 6n
pnO'\J~n bM~aJ

bnl&B3'::'
bta'::'l3 n .::.

b~~b~Mnfolk

snanJ'"
~ n t::Jan d'::'MO'1~t:ln

physics film Georgian* [adj . ]

b3'::'~ banM'::'~

Verbs . Verbs will be listed alphabetically by root . (Roo ts will be italicized . ) If several verbs have the same root , they will be alphabetized by prefix. continue a.::..::.aMdJt:!:J0b ga=a-groje l. -eb-s translate g a da=targmn - i-s a~~,:)lnbMaa6nb pronounce 9armo+tk v -arn-s:pL=fut pOMaM_d3o ab
[VN pOMaM_dao (1.11.1)J

a'::''::'JJI1l;)6b ( p.::.)n3 nl1lb '::'3 b :

3nO'\b~t:l1"l6b

ga=a-~ et - eb-s

do , make

(~a+)i - ~it= -av-s:

~itxulob - s

pr o read [both forms repeat

of future used]

ga=i-meol" - eb- s

LESSON 2
6~b':'3b : b ::){~':'3b
na ~ - av - s ;

57

pL zed- av - s

.")t:;l6nl36.")3 b

ag~ / ag+ ni s n - av - s

see mean listen to study, learn describe copy write begin discuss, examine

[VN aMn baJ6 b

nb~~3t::!nb ;

':>t::'6na36~

( l.ll.2)]

mo=i- smen - s i- saavZ -i-s: pro

s~avlob - s a~+~ e r - s

br.")3C:: M6b
o~PJ;;b

8o~oli J",b
~oPJ;;b

gada+qe r-s da = q er - s
da~i - qq -eb-s

~~n~'dJ6b
bJ ~ .")3b

81;)6 nbn~':>3 b

[see 6 .::. bI:l3b] gan=i - xil - a v - s

*Not used of persons; see sec . 4 . 6 . 3. **The possessive adjectives c emi ( Fi J an) 'my ' , eveni (Fi306n) 'our', s en i. (oJ6n) 'yo ur ', and 1;kveni (01::13:)6n) ' you all's' generally t ake the dative ending - 8 when modifying a noun in the dative . f./a1;i ( a,')O'In) ' their ' (sec. 7 .4. ) also takes this dative ending.

"
Key to the Exer c ises
1. 2. 3. What are you doing?

I am reading an English book.

What is David doing? He is reading a Georgian book. Are you writing a letter?

4.

5. 6.

DO you see the teacher] Yes, 1 aee him . He is writing an article. What are David and Elirabe~ doing?

No, r am not writing .

They are reading a book . What was your father doing yesterday? Yesterday he was reading an interesting book. Today, however, he is writing a letter . Tomorrow my brother will write a letter.
~hat

7. B.
9.

read

will you all do tomorrow? Tomorrow we will ~~c newspaper. Mother will write a letter.
gr~ar.

Mary however will learn a Russian ' poem.

What are you studying?

I am studying Georgian
What do you see?
Do

10.

11. 12. 13. 14.

IS. 16. 17. 18.

I see the teacher. you see tho pupil? Yes, he 1s translating the Georgian le~son. Elizabeth will translate the lesson tomoorow. What language were you studying yesterday? Yesterday I was studying the Russian language. 1 ",ill copy the English lesso n tomon:olo'. Now 1 am reading a Georgian newspaper . Mary is studying the Georgian alphabet . She will copy a word and then will pronounce it . She will pronounce the Georgian word well. What does the word M~n a mean? Nama means 'father '. The Georgian word dlld a means ' mother'. 1 shall see Mary tomorrow. Mary and Elizabeth will deacribe Georgia. Then they will read the Georgian lesson. Are you all listening to the concert? NO, we are writing the Georgian exercises. In the evening we will see a film, then however we will learn the lesson. 00 you all see the teacher? NOw he is writing a letter. Yesterday he was reading an interesting article. ~~a t were you all doing yesterday? We were discussing a Georgian poem. Yesterday I was reading a red book. Vano, however, was reading a white one. What are you all listening to?

LESSON 2

59

19. 20 _ 21. 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27. 28 . 29. 30 .

31 .

32. 33 .

34 .
35 .

Now we are listening to a Georgian opera_ Tomorrow we will listen to a Russian one_ Is Zurab listening to the radio broadcast? No, he is reading a magazine _ Sota and Salva are listening to the radio broadcast. Is the teacher discussing the exercise? Yes, he is discussing the exercise _ Tomorrow he will discuss the new exercise. Today they are studying the Georgian verb; tomor row, however, they will read a great Georgian poem . Were you all studying Georgian grammar yesterday? No, we were not studying Georgian grammar . We were translating a Russian play . What will we do tomorrow? We will read a Georgian article; then , however, we will discuss i t . We will describe Tbilisi. What were ~ota and Salva doing? Sota was reading an English book; Salva, however , a Georgian one . What were you discussing yesterday? I was discussing Anna Karenina . The teacher will start the translating [verbal noun]; the student, however, will continue i t . Tomorrow Elizabeth and Salva will translate an important article . Then they will discuss the Georgian language . Were you reading a Georgian article? No, I was reading an English one . will you all copy the Russian exercise tomorrow? No, we will copy the Georgian one . What were Sota and Salva doing yesterday? Sota and Salva were reading a Georgian newspaper . Zurab and Mary , however , were stUdying linguis tics . Tomorrow Suliko will copy the Georgian alphabet . . When we study Georgian the teacher writes [use bM~a0 ] a word; Vano and Mari~o, however , will copy it. The teacher will pronounce the word, and then Vano will repeat i t . Tomorrow Vano and Mariko will discuss a Georgian novel. Victor is listening to the poem. Then he will copy the exercise. When f3ther will begin the writing, mother will begin the reading; Mari~o, however, will read the newspaper. Victor used to listen to classica1 music. Now, however , when he studies Georgian grammar he listens to Georgian folk music. When we were studying Georgian grammar, the teach er of t en would describe the Georgian pronuncia -

60

LESSON 2

36 .
37.

3B .
39.
40.

41.

42 .
43 .
44 .

45 .

46 .
47 .
49 .

4B.
50 .

tion. He would pronounce every new Georgian word . Then I would copy the word. I would repeat i t when I was reading a Georgian grammar. Today Victor is listening to a symphony. Yesterday he was listening to a quartet . When Vano and Tamar were studying the Russian language, they would often translate a Russian poem . When will you all study physics? \V'e will study physics tomorrow evening . When will you write your Georgian poem? I will write my Georgian poem in the evening. What were you all doing yesterday in the evening? Yesterday in the evening we were writing the Geor gian lesson and studying linguistics . Today in the evening we will listen to our new opera. When will you translate the new exercise? Today I will translate the new one in the evening; then , however , I will study chemistry . When the teacher will write the word, we will copy it. Then we will pronounce it . Do you see the red book? No , I see only the whi te one . Will they translate the new lesson tomorrow? No, tomorrow they will translate the old one . Victor is studying reading, Mary , howeVer , writing . Elizabeth was studying Georgian pronunciatio n yesterday; today, however, she will pronounce the Georgian poem well . Victor and Zurab will study the Georgian verb . Are you all studying old Georgian? No, new! When ~ota was writing a letter, Vano and Suliko were beginning the translating [use verbal noun]. Now I will pronounce 3~~Bd36n . 35~Bd36n means ' I am peeling i t ' . I will pronounce it well!

61

LESSON 3
3.1. S e cond conjugation . The second conjugation, generally derived rrom verbs of the f i rst conjugation, is usua lly (though not a l ways) intransitive in meani n g with respect to the meaning of the first conjugation forms . This intransitivity can be manifested as a simple intransitive , e . g ., v - mat. - av (3a.:lol:!l;:'3) ' I hide something ' , II. conjugation form v - i - mal - eh - i (3 n a~~
am hiding ' (Le ., myself ) , cf. French je me Most commonly II. conjugation forms correspond to English passives, e . g . , da9B'P8 (QI~ p ~ Mb) 'he will write i t ' , II . conjugation form dai~ereba (~~npJ~Ja~) ' i t will be written', or to inceptiv8S or inchoatives,
' I
o~n)

cache .

)he wi l l beautify it, II . conjugation form gal amazdeba (a>:l~-ba>:lS~OO,,::.) ' i t will become beautiful'.
a~aJab
I

forms ind i cati n g ' becomi ng ', e . g . , gaaZama 2 ebs

( abb~b

3. 1.1. The endings of the future and present screeves of II . conjugation verbs are :
-i

-a

- ian

There are two productive ways of deriving IL conjugation forms from I . conjugation forms, depending on the present stem formant of the I . con j ugation terms . ILconj . in d (l!I) (~1'"I6n>:l6n 3600ntJIn) . I. conjugation verbs that have the following three features: (1) Preradical vowel - a - ( - >:l- ) , someti.mes - i (-n-) (2) Syllabic root ( i.e ., root contains a vowel), (3) Present/ future stem formant - eb - ( - 00 - ) form their II. conjugation forms in - d - ( - l!I- ) ' This is a highly productive class consisting largely of verbs derived from nouns or adjectives ( see wordbuilding, this lesson) . II. conjugation forms in d most commonly have the inceptive or inehoa~ive meanings mentioned above, i . e . , they denote a change of state , a " becoming . " The II. conjugation stem of these verbs is formed by dropping the preradical vowel [- a- ( - ~-) or - i ( - n - )] and the suffixes of the present or future screeve and adding the II. conjugation marker - d - ( - l!I- ) immediately before the present/future stem marker - eb ( - 00 - ) . The personal endings of the second conjuga tion (see above) are then added to this stem. Examp l es :
3 . 1.2 .

62

LESSON 3

Vocabulary entry form: ga=a - citl- eb-s 'he will make s . o . blush ' (I. conjugation)
(a) (b) (c)

drop preradical vowel: ga= -citl-ebinsert -d-: ga= -citl-d-eb- . add suffixes:
ga=v - ~itl - d-eb-i

I/we shall blush ga= -9itl-d-eb-i (- t) you (all) will blush ga= - ~itl-d-eb-a a"~no:n~l!'~6" ga= -~itl - d-eb-ian a"~nln~~~6n,,6 The present tense is formed by dropping the preverb .
( - t)

Vocabulary entry form: a=a-~en-eb-s (~~aJ6J6b) 'he will build it' (I . conjugation) (a) drop preradical vowel: a= -~en-eb (b) insert - d- : a= - ~en - d-eb (c) add suffixes : "a~6~~3~ a=sen-d- eb- a it will be built "a~6~~3n,,6 a=sen-d-eb-ian they will be built a~6~~3~ ~en - d - eb-a i t is being built aJ6~~3n~6 ~en - d-eb-ian they are being built

3.1.3 . II . conj . in - i (- n) (1"'I6n~6n 36~3no:nn) . Most remaining I. conjugation forms form their II. conjugation with - i - ( - n- ) as preradical vowel, replacing any other preradical vowel that there may be in the I. conjugation form. The present/future stem formant is dropped and replaced by - eb - ( - ~6 - ) . The personal suffixes are then added . Examples: da=xat-av - s (I) 'he will paint it' . ~"3nh"Ii~3n ( - o:n) da=v -i-x a~-eb-1. ( - t ) I/we shall be painted da= -i-xat-eb-i ( - t ) you (all) will l!"'nh"'Ii~6n be painted he will be da= -i-xat-eb-a ~"'nb"'1!i~3~ painted they will be da= -i-xat-eb-i-an ~"'nb"'IIJ3n",6 painted I. conjugation verbs with F/PSF - o b with a root n o t containing a vowel, and with a preradical vowel (gen erally - a - or -i-) form the II. conjugation irregular-

LESSON 3

63

ly;

s e e sec . 9 . 1.2 . 1 . Other types oi irregularities are discussed below or will be given in the vocabularies to the exercisAs or the reading passages.

3 . 1.4 .

Irregularities.

3 . 1.4 . 1. Root verbs with vowel e . A root ve r b is a verb which has no present/ future stem formant . In some of the root verbs which have the root vowel e , this e changes to i in the II. conjugation. These will be indicated in the vocabularies . Examples : 1. conj.
da=i - ~er-s

l!'",n!Jflb

se=kret: _s mo=i- smen - s II . conj . da=i-Ci:ir- eb- a Se=i- krib - eb- a

a 03"'0. b
al"lnbaJ6 b

catch collect, gather listen to

mo=i-smin - eb-a Note that some root verbs with e do not have this alternation : da=ger - s [!' ''' ~JMb (I . ), II . conjug ation da =i q er - e b- a (~"'n~:JM:J6",) . 3. 1. 4. 2. Root verbs ending in - ev . Such verbs tend to be irregular in the formation of the II . conjugation forms . See sec . 15 . 1 . 4 .
3.1.4 . 3 . Verbs in - a m. The small number of verbs in - am (all of which are members of an irregular class) can form their II . conjugation forms with the preradical vowel - i - , and with the loss of the a from the P/FSF - am . The endings in the present/ future ~ are :

[!,,,, n!nI'iJ6::' a:JnJfln6:J6<:1 a,., n ban6:J6<:1

-is

-ian

Example: 9armo+tkv- am- s (~<:IMa"'~J3 ", ab ) 'pronounce ' U<:lMa,.,n~Janb 3 sg. carrno+i - tk - m- is 3 pl. 9armo+i-tk - m- ian p<:lMal"l n ~dan~61

64

LESSON 3

Norrna" lly, though , they take the regular endings added to the stem ending in m: carmo +i - tk - m- eb - a (3 sg . ) q~:,:),:;al'lncnda06'::')

3.1. 4. 4. verbs in - av with no root vowel and ending in l ~ r~ n. These verbs keep the present/future stem formant - au in II . conjugation forms , but with loss of the vowel u . The syncopated - v - (from - au) precedes the II . conjugational - eb -. These forms generally undergo metathesis ( 1.11.2) mo=1f.L - av -s (a .... 3~.::.3b) 'kill'.
II .

conj . :
~

mo=i-kl - ~v - eb - a

mo=i-kl-v - eb- a mo=i -kvl - eb- a

al'lnJ3~o6'::'

3 . 1 . 4 . 4.1 . One may occasionally encounter an older form o f the II. conjugation of verbs in -av which is formed analogously to sec. 3.1 . 4.3. The preradical vowel is -i-, and the P/FSF loses the vowel - a . Example : da=mal-av-s ( ~;:.a;:'~;:'3b) 'hide ' II . conj. forms : Regular
~;::'3na;::'C:!:l6n C?;:.na;:.~;)3n ~"na;::,~;)3"
~;:.na;::'~J3n,,6

( - l1l )

da=v - i - mal-eb-i

( -t)

( - (11)

da= - i- rnal - eb- i {-t } da= -i-mal-eb-a da= -i-mal - eb-ian da=v-i-mal-v-i da= -i- mal - v - i da= -i- rnal - v-is da= -i-mal-v- ian ( -t ) (-t)

Old
~;:'3na;:'~3n (?"na"~3nb

( - (11) ~;:.na;:'~3n ( - cn)

(?;:.na"1!!3 n ;:.6

3 . 1 .4. 5. Verbs in - eb with nonsyllabic roots. The small number of verbs in - eb with roots that do not contain any vowel form the II . conjugation forms as in 3 . 1 . 3 ., i . e ., with the II. conjugation in - i -. Examples : ga=i - g-eb-a 8";:'~03b ga=a-g - eb-s open
~~np~o3b da=i-~q-eb - s

begin

da=i - yq - eb -a

3.1.4.6. Verbs in - ob . Most verbs in - ob without preradical vowel form the II. con jugation by adding the preradical vowel i - and the II. conjugation endings to the stem; e.g ., mo=sl? - ob -s <al"lb31"l6b) 'destroy', II .

LESSON 3

65

conjugation mo =i-8p- o b- a (aMnb3,.,o.!) 'be destroyed ' . I . conjugation verbs in - o b which have a preradical vowel form the II . conjugation irregularly; see sec. 9 . 1 . 2 . Conditional and imperfect of II . conj. verbs . The conditional and the imperfect of II . conjugation verbs are formed basically the same way as the corresponding screeves of the I. conjugation. The endings of these screeves are the same as for the I . con jugation except that the II . conjugation forms begin with - o d instead of just - d :
3.1.5.

- odi - oda - odnen

Examples: Imperfect II . conj. of da=mal-av-s (!.!)a'!)~;::'3b 'hide': I I . conj . future ( 3 sg) da=i-mal- eb- a ~;::, n a.!)~~o;::, 3na'!)~~OM{liln (-VI) v - i - mal - eb- odi (- t) 12. - i - mal - eb- odi ( - t) na;::,~~ont!n ( _ m) - i-mal-eb- oda na.!)~~o,.,t!.!) 3. -i - mal-eb-odnen na.!)~~on~6~6 (The corresponding conditional would have the preverb da= in all forms . ) Imperfect II . conj. of a=a - Sen- eb-s ;::,.!)a~6~ob 'build ' II . conj . future (3sg) a=sen- d-eb- a ;::,aJ6~Jo'!) 1. v - ien-d-eb- odi (- t) 3a~6~JoM~n ( - m) 2. - sen-d-eb-odi (- t) a J6 ~~on~n (-m ) 3. - sen- d-eb-oda a J6 t!JOMtP.!) - sen-d-eb- odnen a~6tP~o,.,~6~6 (The corresponding conditional would have the preverb a = in all forms . ) 3.1 . 6 . The verbal noun of II . conj. verbs . The verbal noun of II. conjugation verbs is the same as the verbal noun of the corresponding I. conjugation verb . The verb 'to be ' [verbal noun qop n- a (~MS6 ;::, ) 3 . 1 . 7. ' being ' ]. As in many other languages, the Georg~an verb ' to be ' is q ui te irregu l ar . In this lesson we

66

LESSON 3

shall learn the present tense,

the future,

and the con -

ditional . This verb does not have any imperfect forms . Present : sg . pl. l. v-ar I am v-ar-t we are 3~Acn 3'''; 2 x - ar b~t'icn you are x-ar-t you all are b,')1'\ l:It'l.nb 1:1 ,:. n .:0 6 3 ar-i - s is ar - i - an they are Note that ~n this verb the marker of the second person is x -.
The marker of the third person singular of ' to be'

can also be the enclitic -a which can be added to another word in the sentence. If such a word ends in a consonant the enclitic is -Qa. Examples: Bavvebi ik arian . 61:13a3~6n nj l:I"'nl:l6. The children are there. ~igni ik aris (ikaa) . The book is there. Daviti kartveli aris . ~,')3ncnn jl:lf"\cn30~n .:ot'l.nb . Oavitl kartvelia . ~,')3ncnn d,')f"\cn30~nl:l . David is a Georgian. Elisabedi ak aris. Elisabedi akaa .
oenb~6J~n ~3 ~Mnb .

J~nb~6J~n

~d~~ .

Elizabeth is here . Future: The future tense of ' to be' is a second conjugation verb i - kn - eb - a : v-i-kn-eb-i ( - t) 3nd6J6n ( - en) i-kn-eb-i (-t) nd6J6n ( - en) i-kn-eb - a i-kn-eb- i - an Conditional : This is formed regularly from the future: v - i - kn-eb-odi ( - t) 3n:J60o~~n ( -~ ) i-kn - eb-odi (-t) n:J60o~~n ( - ~ ) i-kn-eb- oda nd6J6"'~~ i -kn-eb- odnen n:J6 Oo~~6 06
3.2.0 . 3 . 2 . 1.

Noun . Genitive, instrumental, and adverbial cases.

LESSON 3

67

Note the following examples : man writer

N. G.
I.

street
d~~'
;l~~nb ;l~~n~

A.
N. G.
I.

A.

mc;:eral-i ap J~~~n ku~a J:c ac - isJ~(3nb mc;.er l- is af?:JM~nb ku~ - is Js.ac-itJ"6 ncn mc::erl- it a~Or:;~ncn ku~ - it ku~-ad J:cac - adJ~a~~ mc;.erl - ad a~ Or:;~~~ window month Peru panjara- !;!3.::.6x. o l'l '::' tve - ~ 30 ~eru pan)r-is ~~6x':;n b tv-is cn3 nb Peru-s pan!r - i t s~6xl'ln CJI tv- it CJl3n al J?eru - ti panj'r-ad ~~6Xl'l~~ tve - d a130~ ~eru - d Georgia kac - i J,:)(3n

d~~'~

3:JI'l:!J 30l'l.!Jb 30l'l;!)a1n 30t"l.;!)t'?

N. Sakartvelob~~OMcn30~ ~ G. Sakartvelo- s b~~o':;cn30eMb I. Sakar t ve l o-ti b'::'~OM al 3J~M." n A. Sakartvelo- d b.::.~ol'l cn 30~M~ The endings of the genitive - is and the instrumenta l - i t are added to (a ) the stem of nouns ending in a consonant , (b) t h e t r uncated 8~em of nouns endings in - a and - e . The truncated stem is the stem minus the vowe l in absolute final position; see Ku c a (~:.!lFi,,), panJ a l"a (S.::.6X~";~)' tve (0'1 30) above . The endings genitive - s and instrumental - t i are added to the stems of nouns ending in 0 and u . These are nontruncating stems; see Saka r tveZo b':)~OMcn3:J~ M a nd p eru 30M:!) above . (Note that with nontruncating stems , the dative and genitive forms are identical : N. Sa ka l" tveZo ~ D . Saka r tveZo - s ~ G . Saka l" tveZo -si N . Pe r u , . D. Pe r u -s, G . Pel"U - s . . The e n ding of the adverbial case is - ad after con sona n ta l stems and stems in - a (with truncation of stem- fina l a ) . Stems in e and nontruncating stems (in OJ u ) take the ending - d .

3.2 . 1.1. Syncope. In many words the last vowel in the stem of a noun is lost before the endings of the ge n itive , instrumental, and adverbial . This is par ticularly common before stem- final consonants 1", Z ~ n, and m. This syncope is most common in consonantal stems and the larger the resulting consonant cluster would be, the more likely is syncopation to occur . The vowels affected by syncopation are a ~ e J and , less commonly , 0 . 3 Note , in addition to m ~ eraZi af?~M.::.~n and

68

LESSON 3
(5~6X~M~)

panjara
N. D.
G.
I.

above, the following examples: mgvdEl - i a(l3~:Jt:'n generAl- i a06JM~~n mgvdEl-s a~3~J~b generAl - s a36J~~~b
aJ6JM~nb
aJ6JM~n~ aJ6JM~~~

generl- is generl- i t
generl - ad general

m<Jvdl- is a~3~~nb mgvdl- i t a~3~t::I nm mqvdl- ad a~3~C!'>~

A. N. D. G.
I.

priest

A.

ohOI-i obOl-s ohl- is obl- i t obl - ad orphan

~vt-is

""ol"l~n

I"Ial'lC!b

I'I0C!nb
l"I0t:l ncn

""oC!<:I~

Note also the irregular noun l:mErti (la:)~unn ) God ' , which, in the singular has the syncopated stem Gvt - ~

e . g., G. regular .
3 . 3.
3.3.1.

~3mnb I . tvt - it (l3mnm: the plural is In the vocabularies, alternating vowels will be indicated by capital letters A~ E, O.

Functions of the cases. Genitive . The Georgian genitive case functions

similarly to the genitive of Greek, Latin, or Russian . It is used to indicate possession as well as in gener al corresponding to the English preposition of . Eng lish constructions of two nouns like stone house , university p r ofes s or , etc., correspond to Georgian constructions , the first member of which is a genitive, e . g . kvis saxli 'stone (gen . ) house', univer8ipe~is ppopesori ' university professor'. Left branching: Georgian is a so-called "left branching" language . This means that modifying words precede the word modified . More speciically, both adjectives and genitives precede the nouns that they modify. Note the following :

Amerikis

~eertebuli

s~a~ebi

~a3~nJnb a3~~~J6~~n
Sab~ota ~aviri8

ai~iJ6n

America's United States (USA)

~omunis~uri

partiis
3~~=nnb

cen~raluri

b~6~n~~ J~3an~ nb JnaB6nbl~~n

BJo~~~~~~n

Soviet

Union's

Communist

Party ' s Central

LESSON .3
~omit:eI-i

69

03 ,., an Ii :~Ha n
committee
(= Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; ~ av s r 8 and pa r tis are geni tives . ) Ci ~ ago 8 unive rs iPe~i s is ~ o rii s katedris gamocema

hno3a,.,b ~6n3~~bn;o.nb nb~M~nnb JmJ~~nb 8a"'a~a Chicago ' s University's History Department's publ ication {= A publication of the Department of History of the University of Chicag o ; all genitives are ita l icized. }
3. 3. 1. 2. Genitive with verbal nouns . The genitive, ~ case with a verbal noun marks the direc t o bj ect o f ~he corresponding I . conj. verb and the subject o f the corresponding II . conj . verb . Examples : Viktori cerils dagers .
3nj~~~ n PJ~ n ~b ~'PO~b .

Vi ctor will write the letter. moulodnel- i

p~An~nb

' unexpected ':

aM~~ ,., ~60~n .

geril - is dagera moulodnelia .

~ P O A

The writing o f the letter is unexpected . Instrumental . The most c o mmon f u nction of 3 . 2 . 2. the i n strumental is to indicate the instrument with which an action is performed, e . g ., kalmit vcepdi (J~anm 300t:lQln ) ' I was writing with it. pen ' , aanit pu ps Sil'ian (QI bncn 3 ~Ab ~M n 6 ) ' with a knife they are cutting the bread , etc. The instrumental is not n o rmall y used to e x press accompan i ment as in ' I went there with my friend ' ; i t often corresponds to the Russian instrumental case without preposition. 3. 3. 3. Adverbial . The adverbial case is the least common of the Georgian cases . Its main unction is to form adverbs from adjectives . Adverbs in Georgian are derived rom ad j ectives by putti n g the adjective into

70

LESSON 3

t h e adverbial case, declining the adjective as a noun : grma deep grmad deeply C!t'\a,,~ askara clear
~a3 "' ~"~ as~arad

clearly frequently

xsiri

frequent
ban':\..,~

-+-

xSi..rad
-+-

n03n"(nn iviati rare

rarely Th e adverbial case is also used with certain verbs . These uses will be indicated in the vocabular~ An example is the verb c a = tv1. - i - a (~"(n3~nb) ' consider s . o .... s thg . (D . ) as sthg. (adv . ) ' : Dav ir;s 1$. a r g megob"'t'ad t v1.idi t (~"3ncnb 3""'a a::Ja"'6"'''~ cn3C!n~ncn) ' You a11 used to consider Davia (d . ) a good friend (adv . ) '.
3. 4. Adjectives . As was mentioned above (2.3 . 2 ) , adjectives ending in a vowel are uninflected in all cases when they precede the noun they modify . Conso-

na3n"0'1"'~ iviatad~

nantal s t em adjectives have the ending - i

in the geni -

tive and instrumental ( i . e . in those cases which have an i in the ending) and have no ending in the adverbial . Ex amples: N. saintereso teoria amindi
b"n61i~~Jb,., O'I~M~n"

D. G.
1.

saintereso teorias
b " n6 11::JI"\::J b ,., cn~,.,l"\n"b

I;carg-

aminds
.:::.an6~b

J"f'i a
~arg - i

saintereso teoriis
b" n 6 11 ;)1"\;) bM O'l;),.,':;nnb

amindis
an6~nb

J""'an
~arg-i

saintereso teor iit

amindit
.:::.a n 6~ncn

b" n6 1101"\::J b ,., O'l::J I'l ,:\nn(n

A.

J""'an
~ arg -

saintereso teor i ad

amindad
.:::.an6~.,~

b" n6"::Jt'\:J b,.,

N. D.

O'l ::JI'l':;n..,~

3""'a

interesting theory axAl-i Sakartvelo

good weather

.:::.b.:::.C!n
axAl .,b,,~

b"j.:::.f'i0'l3:JC!'"
Sakartvelos
b.:::.j.:::."; cn 3::J~ ,., b

LESSON 3

71

G.
I.

axAl.-i
~b~~n

Sakartvelos
b.::.~~AI1l3:J~l"Ib

axAl - i
~b;::'t:!n

Sakartveloti

A.

axAl '::>b~c::'

b,::,:1.::.t'i cn 3:Jc::'l"Il1ln Sakartvelod

b.::>d.::>t'\cn3:J~I"I~

new Georgia When the adjective is not fol.lowed by a noun, i t is declined as i i t were a noun . Adjectives so declined can have syncope . Examples : N. ma~Al - i citEl- i m9vane partoa~c:-~~n

D. G.
I.

magAl-s
a~c:-~C!b

p nl1l :Je:!n citEl.-s

~ncno~b

!;9~t'icnl"l

mcvane-s
3P3 06 :Jb

parto-s

magl.a~(lC!nb

is it ad

citl- is
~ncn~nb

m<;van mcvan -

is it

!;9.::>t'\lJ'Il"Ib parto - s !9.::>l"icnf"lb parto - ti !;9o':)l"icnl"ll1ln parto-d

!;9'::>I"iIn.""~

3P3 06nb
ap3~6nlJ'l

magl a'::>c::'~ncn

citl-

it

vncn~ncn

A.

magl a~c:'~~~

citl- ad
pncn~~~

m<;vane- d
3P306:J~

the high one

3.5.

the red one

the green one

the wide one

wordbuilding .

3.5. 1. Denominatives: I . conjugation verb forms can be ormed from most nouns . adjectives, and adverbs with the preradical vowel a - and the P/F stem formant _eb. s Such verbs generally have the meaning 'to make something X ', where X stands for the noun or adjective from which the verb is derived . The preverb with denominatives is usually ga=, less frequentl.y. da= . These verbs all orm their second conjugation forms with d - ; these forms have the meaning 'to become X '. Examples : Nominal form I . conj. II. conj .

grjeli
al"ic3J~n

ga=a-grjel-eb- s
a.:>~al"id:J~:J6b

ga=grjel.-d-eb-a
a.::.al"ia:J~~:J6~

long

lengthen , contin- become longer .

72

LESSON 3

ue mzad
a~~~

be continued da=mzad-d-eb- a
~~a~~~~Jo~

da=a- mzad-eb-s
~.:..:.a~':'~::J6b

ready (adverb) lamazi

~~a~~n

prepare ga=a - lamaz-eb- s

a.:..:.~.:.a.:.aJ6b

be (come) prepared ga=lamaz - d-eb-a

a.:.~.:.a.:.8~Jo,:,

beautiful rigi

beautify ga=a-rig - eb-s

a~.:.""na::J6b

become beautiful ga=rig-d-eb- a

a\)Mna(tl:JO~

Mna n
order Gmerti

put into order. arrange ga=a - gmert-eb-s

a\)~C'a:JMcn:Job

become arranged ga=g-mert-d-eb-a

a~C'aOAcn~:JOi:)

C'a:JAcnn
God
in ~eresi

deify s . o.

become deified
da=in~eres - d - eb-a

da=a-interes-eh-s
(tl~~n6~:J~:Jb:Job

n6lj::JM:Jbn
interest

~\)n6W::JMJb~::J6~

to interest s.o .

to become inter-

ested In the following lessons. denominative verbs which are formed regularly from nouns or adjectives and the mean ings of which are predictable in terms of the nouns or adjectives from which they are derived will not be listed in the vocabularies. Rather , only the relevant noun or adjective will be given. 3 . 5.2. Syncope and truncation in wordbuilding. As a general rule, those nouns and adjectives which have truncation or syncope in their declension (see sees. 3 . 2 . 1 . and 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 . ) also have truncation or syncope before derivational suffixes beginning with a vowel . So , for example, the following denominatives:'
pncn::J~n

(El red
(A)
(Al

a.:;,~pncn~::J6b

.:.b"'~n
a~a~':;n ap3~6J
SMFla~

new ai:).:;,.:;,b~::J6b strong a.:;,.:;,a.:;,aM::J6b green form

a.:;,,,,a~3,,,6:)6b
ai:)~l9MAa:J6b

make red make new make strong make green form, give form to

LESSON 3

73

Examples of syncope and truncation before other suf fixes will be seen in the wordbuilding sections of the remaining lessons.

J.~~Glli:..rotiC GJ.'C~'l:)J"o-Nt:~ <Jl7f.l>;'hh~)

Old Georgian astronomy treatise

74

LESSON 3

LESSON 3:

Notes

1.

For the loss of the v , see v - loss rule, sec .

1. 11. 1.

2. First names and last names (except for last names ending in s vi~ - i ~ - je, or an adjectival ending, which are declined regularly) ending in a vowel are declined according to the nontruncating pattern; e.g., a~~3~ Salva , D. a~~3~b Salva - s , G. a~~3~b Sa2va - $ , etc . ; 3~3~Jfavle (Paul), D . , G . 3~ 3~JD paule - so In certain names the final i is not the N. ending but part of the
stem . Such names are also declined without truncation: (George ) , D . , G . anl"leo;;anb Giorgi - a , t. anMt'lanm Gi o r gi - t , A . ~n"""'an~ Giorgi - d . (Note that with
an"'':;an Giorgi-

such names the I. end~ng is - t and not -ti . ) When a first name and last name are used together, the first name is not declined; e . g . , N. ~nBn~6 ,~~ n do Tician- TabijeD. 8nBn~6 .~~ndJb Tician- Tabije-s G . ~nBn~6 ~~~ndnb Tician- Tabij-is etc.

N. J~6bl,6~n6~ a,ab,b~"'~n'
Konstantine Gamsaxurdia .
D. 3~6bm~6~ n6J a~ab~b~~~n~b
~ons~antine

. .

Gamsaxurdia - s Gamsaxurdia - s etc.

G . 3M6bm~6~n6J a~ab~b~~~n~b
~onstantine

Combinations of names with titles are treated similarly; o nly the last member of the name is declined. So, in the following combinations of names only the last word is declined: Queen Tamara Tamar mepe

aJ50
~~3n~

~~Jdb~6~F1J

aJb~aJ aJ~~bJ

Mepe Aleksandre Tsar Alexander mesame III

Davit meotxe David IV, the ~l:;Ia~aJ6J~:J~n a(}masenebeli Rebuilder The words a~a~ (mama) 'father' and [!IJ[!I~ (deda) 'mother' are generally declined without truncation when used to refer to one's own parents . Mono sy ttabic nontruncating stems can take in the genitive and instrumental cases either the endings - is

LESSON

75

and - i.t or the endings -6 a nd - t;i ; e.g ., dz'o - (Q'fIll'l) 'time ' , Gen . d r o - is ~~I'lnb or dro-s Q'Ml'lh; Instr . dro - i t ~fIll'l n~ or dpo - ~i ~~I'l ~ n. 3. Syncopation of 0 often results in an environment allowing a v lost due to the labialized vowel to reap pear; e . g ., N . mindOl'i (3n6l!'I'lM.n) ' field', G . mindvri$ (a n 6l!'3M.nb); pamidOri (3~anC!'I"'IMn) 'tomato', G. TlamidvrifJ (3,:,anC!'3M n b) ; N . nigOzi (6na I'l 8n) ' walnut' , G. nigvzis (6na38nb) . Forms in which this v reappears will be ind ~ cated in the vocabularies.
4. Some adverbs are formed from adjective~ by the addition of only - a (instead of - ad) to the stem . Such forms will be i n dicated i n the vocabulary , e . g . ckari Ui6,:,";n) ' fast , rapid', adverb : ckara (1'\3';''';':') 'quickly , rap i dly '. No t e that akal'a (J'\3,:,M.~) is the adverb de rived from ZEka1:'i (J'\d,:,t'in) ; i t is not the adverbial case, which i s still e karad (J'\6,:,M b~ .

5. I n a few instances the denominative is formed with a preradical vowel other than - a -; e . g., from meore (aOI'lMO) 'second' (2nd) the denominative has the prera dical vowel - i -: ga=i - meol'-eb - s (a,:, naOI"'lM.O~b) 'repeat ' . The II conju9~tion forms are regular : ga=m QoP _ d - eb - a (3,:,aOMt'i.C!'O~':') 'be repeated ' .
Although truncation of final a is usual before 6. mos t derivationa l suffixes, such truncation often does not occur in the formation of denominatives; e . g. , b~5~':' ' clean' but 3,:,,:,b~5~':'38~b ' make clean', ~~a,:, ' deep ' but a,:,,:,~~a':'3J~b ' make deep ' .

7.
LESSON 3: Exercises

1.

~~~In ~3J~~n
f7ncnJ~n.::.

~~~~I

~n~J~n
bObJ~nb bp'::'3~.::.b

In nd~~
bp'::'3~.::.b a'::'ba~dJ~J8b .

"'Jan.
3.::.~cn~~n

2.
3 .

b3'::'~

3~.::.bn d.::.hcn~~n

30a

aa6nb
bp'::'3~o

~'::'3np~J6cn . d'::'MO'I!l~n

d'::'Mcn:!1~n

bntl~30

.::.t!'3n~.::.(!

npJMJo,::,.

4.
5.

In banM'::'~ d6J~n.::.. 3.::.6~b j.::.~.::.an ap3,::,60o, ~Jan 3" I1lOI1lMno . bO~'::'3? --oMo, ITIJI1lMb 3bJ~o3' b3'::'~ ~'::'3np~o6cn n306n a~cnbMM3nb PJ~.::.b. o~O.::.cn 8opncn~~J6.::. , MMa,::, bMbMb .::.b.::.~n aMcnbMM60 8MOaOtanJnb

8,,(?,::,ncnoMaa6J0,::, .
6.
J.::.~anO\

3PJM o

3.::>6M s.::.6df"incn pJ,.:\b .

b~~nJM J" ~!lMxncn .

3,::,6 .... cL:>3 n

-- b3~

aJ~6ncn

pJMb,

7 .

MMt!'nb t!'08cn'::'3Mt!'Oo,::, 3MMsobMMnb ~odan.::.?

~.::.acn'::'3M~06o b3'::'~ ~JdBn.::. . 6.::.Vn~n .::.b~.::.

aOMMO

6opn~b

V;)Mb,
~JdBn.::.b

3"

aJ bo8 J
t!'t:'Jb
0

~onpJMJ3.::. .

aoa

ponJnmbo3b.
8 . 31'\ PI!!30bl"lt'ln (!Inl!;! bnob

.::.a&"t!'oob.

bn.:. b3"'1:!:'
o~PJf1nb

n3600.::. 9. 10 .

a8.::. t!'

8:J8 bn.::. a'::I\~n~~:Jllo. -- 003a3 n

bo:3.:::.l'i.cnJ::J~Mb

!'lob V:J':'b 60303n?

3nA30~ 6opn~b 3f1M~JbM':'n
~.:::.ficn::!J~ B61"111n~n

POAb .
"l'i. x"6nJnd 0 pnaGb ~,:::,PO':'b.
pna6n a.:::.on6 3l'i.I"ISJb l"l!'l n M!'lXM6nJndJ a8Mf10 ~':::'3nb PO':'.:::. d60~n n:3606.:::. ,
':::'~3n~n.

6nJM~M3 ~.:::.

bn6!B.:::.jbb a.:::.al"lnJ3~03b. n:j6Jll.:::..

a~oa.:::.wn3nb

a.:::.aM33:J~6~Jo,:::,

11 . 12 .

f1::!Jb::!J~n

aOboa O cn03 nb PJMo In -h3ol11~':::'3

3n3606n.

-- b3':::'~

03 nj606ncn?

-- oM':::',

boJ':::'!!! abMI!:!M~ 3.:::.6M nj6Jll.:::.

oJ .

en6 3n:j6011n.
3':::'3~O

aoa

oj 3nj600n .
13 . 14 . n3.:::.60 3':::'''''0''I:!J~n 06nb p!'lnb V03r'in.:::.,
aOIJlOa.:::.~nJnb

In
a':::'J3JlJln~n

pMnb V03fino .
a':::'330cnn~b.

b3':::'~

aMp,:::,SO h::J~n~ aO~':::'PJ':'b

.ESSON l

77

63~~ ~~ !~mbn~~~ a~~~n~O~30~ .

15 .

!nG~n~~ an..':'a~cl3 ~b~~ a~a"'J3~J3~b ~J~b . J~~m:!l~n

cl:D~n

!aG"b

a"'':'S'''~'''an~b nJ3~J3b .

a~~J

bJ~G~~J':'n

a~b~"'~~J3~ , aJa~Ja
--en~b,

In

~~n33~~J3~.

16.

n3~GJ ~a3':'nJnb ~J3':'n~?

b~O!Mb ~J3An~ .

b~J6~maJa6nJ':'''' b~!~a~~~Jonb n3~ 6 J bo!~a~~"'J3nb a~~3~An a~bp~3~J3J~n ~b~~n

17.

':'Ma~ ~~n~~J3~ J~~bnb J':'J3~ , J~~bnb J':'Jo~ e~am~3':'eJo~ .

a~J3Jmn~nb a~6bn~3~b ~bn~~Job .

A"'B~ ~~o6J~~Jo~ ,
b~an6~~

lB .

':''''B~ ':':!lb:!l~n J~~bnb JAJo~ e~a~~3':'~J3~, e~3~~Jonb aJeaJ6~b ~~3n~~Jo.

b~an6~~ l!!~3b~Jo~b ':'MB~ b~3~':'lnaMb

b~3~':'lnaMb

e~3~am~3':'Jo ,
a~bpM':'J3~

oJdl!!Ja In

a~bp~3~JoJ~n a:!lan6eJ~n
b3~~n6eJ~

b~3~~lna ~ b a~b~M ':' J3~b e~n~~Job .

e~am~3':'eJ3b ,

e~3~a!~~Jo~.

19. 20 .

~MB~ ~3'M~n bb~~n

blblnnb

PJA~b np~Jo~~ ,

AJ~~d'M':'n

:!lJ3J

~a~~3':'Joe~ cl3J~nb 3bb~"'':'JObb .

a~bpb3~JoJ~n ~JJ~Jb B:!l~

mJJ~J a:!l~oa oJln~b~ a~J3Jmn~b. bJ~Jn

bl:!ll!!J6Ibl!!

~3~nb , ~:!laBo

b~~3~,..ob JJM6~anJnb d~~n~6 J~':'a bi~l!!J6.~~ -- en~b ,

In

nO'l3l:!Joo. 21.
a~bp~3~JoJ~n Ja~~Msn~n~ 3~6Mmn?

a~bp~3~JoJ~n Jao~~sn~no 306"~n . aOJ3Jmn~b

3 06M

J~':'~:!l~

22. 23 .

a:!leoa 3Jln"'~e b~03~"6b e~ J~':'~:!l~ bn'~3~b a:!ll!!oa J~':'3~l!! p~,:,aMmJ3~db . ::I~Fim:!l~n bnU3~ . 33S':'aJ36nb" d 6 J~~e p~':'d M n "'JaJOb/ ~ bFia""''''J an b. a~mJao.nJnb J~~bnb JAJo~ AMe nb e~a"'~3':'eJo~? -- J~~bnb J':'Jo~ a~~J l!!~a~~3':'eOo~ . 00aeJ3 sn!nJnb
J~ obnb J':'Jo~ e~np~Jo~ .

24. 25.

':'b,,..a
d~~n~6

~':'nb ~Je~ 3~':'b e~6n"'?

3:!l':'nb

~A ~

JM3!nm

b~O~Mb

d6 J~n~. bbl!!"'db a3n~6

dM3':'~Jo"I(~~ .

"
2.
a~~o 3nd.~~~b b~~I~~ a~a~j30~6~Oa~.
~6nJJ~~ n.o;~b ~b~~n nb.~~nnb
~3nl:lnbnb

~~A6~~nb ~J~ ~d. "'~ n

bl"I".:.1> 3"a",,e,:lJ:J\f601.b.

2?

3.:.1'10'" (!.:.360Clt?Oo .. , anG 3"j603" ... j;;.A".'Jt:! 3I11o;"I"Job 3nb~"Jl!!n., . b 3 ,)t:! .3"a"'Bt!') nj60';'" nj '1j 6 06,,"? - (!!n;:.b, /'1"'13" 3"a"'BIl'::O l!'.:.nhIJ0,:" "::I 3 n j6Ja" ...
~.'JbJt:!

~"'a.:.

28 .
29 .

Fi.:.b "JJ"'OOl!'n?

-- ~.'JbJt:!

anG

~n!nJ"b

3b~"3t:! ... aC!'r.

lE'C'Ju 8"a"'BIl!" nj6Jo""

D3"!!! ao"'f'io 3"'J30",,,(!nb J".,b3" 3"al'1dJt:!t!oO", Boal!'03 1:,"3"1'11,,8,,, a"b~ ... FiIl'Ja" Ill" 3"j,,,,I'1 ,, Ill.!> an",,:, .:.b"t:!" a':>J3J",,,(!nb ~JA"b l!'.:.n~~JaJ6.
"3,,60 b.:.1!' "a<:>I:IOo,,? - "'3.:.60.:.j na"t:!J'L.. 3bO!l!':'3' -":1 e.:.a"I:I"3b . - n3,,6;) ~"a6b b"c: l!'"a"t::!"3b?

30.
31.

1'1"' 6" JOt3!!!::! !jnsc;ndJ b b.:o!!!

p"a6b 8""" "3:)ob ,

0Jal!:Ja b.:.j"tIi"'3 Jt:!", b

li nG.:.,, !!!.:>

bJt:!6"~:JAb o,:,,:,bp ,,,'<; Job .

"J"I!'Oa""b b,<:>a<l.:. ~na 6 b t!"aO !I!' ''3b Il''' " J" l!' o3n.:.

pna6b 32 .

a"a",,,j3J~6J3b.

~3J6n ~6n3J~b n~J.nb a~a~aB Oa~ ~3 ~ ab~~~~ aOB6nJ ~ n ~ a~b~~~b 3 J S ~~3~~ b~~aJ, a~3 ~ ~a
3~a~~j3jH6J3b ~ n~~ 3~~~~ ~a3n~n b ~ b ~~ ~nao6b,

~ nB~ ~na~ 6 n ao~~n~~~3a6J3~.

33.

n3~6J

.a~ n~6 ~o::.aJb I!!n~ ~",a", 6~!! "'3~nb.

3nn3A~snnb ~JA o::.b ~o::.oa~~3 ~J3 b . ~na6n

a~ t:! J
~nB~

~3~~~~b

bJt:!6 ~PJ ~ nb 3~b~~~J3~b 3~o::.~o::.3j3b,

a",a"'~3J::I6 !!.:Ja ~ .

34 .

~ ... ~nb 3",a~~3.:J~6!!J3o aP J~~nb 3 n"'3~~! n~?

~na6n ~~n3JS~.:J3", .

~"'B~

~31"'~n 3n~3Jt:!n "'~3nb 3",b~ "'~J 3 ~b ~~~a"'~3~J3b ,

35. 36. 3?

ancn6 , ~"'B~ 36 J~ !! J 3 ", !!~ , dnan nb 3~J3J "'n~b

3bfi~3t:!",3{!1n"' .

b",b ",

~~Ob a",~b~",3ob PJ~b.

-- A~ o~n p J ~J3 ~?

-- oj

b~d~~"'3Jt:!~ o::. ~ n pJ~J3~. ~"' e~ ~~b~~n ~ n'J ~ o::. .~~nb J~ o::.bnb J~J3~ !!~nV::lJ 3 ~ ,

LESSON 3
" 6 ~ ~nb n~n~ a~~~6M3nb" Jn~b3~ a~aMd~~~~6~ . ~~aa~~~J6~? a~a~~a

79

~~3A~3~dnb

~J3bnb

a~~~v~M~b

a~3~m~3J6m .

38 . 39 . 40 .

b 3~~n6~J~n
b~~~ b~~

8~33~mn~n

M~~nb

-- b3~~n6~J~n
060~~J6~ . d~ Mm ~~n
nbp~3~n .
~66~6nb

a~33Jmn~n
-- ~b~~

~~Jb
a~~om

~~aa~~~J6~ .
3~~) a~MJ~

~b~~?

~66~6nb
6Jxn~n
Jnmb3~b .

Jn~b3~
bV~3~~

a~~~3n~~J6~,
8~~~~3n~J6b

~~

6Jxn~~~

3~M~~~n

41 .

M M B~
~M

~~66J~~J6~ J

3~Q~3n a~~~a~a~06~ . v~MaM~ja~ ~n~an a~d6J~~J6~, m~ banM~~

42 .
43 .

3~Mm~~n

bnm83nb

a~naJ M MJ6 .

a~an6~J~n p~Mn~b
a~~J

j~~~~~n

b3~~ PJMn~n
n3~6J

a~aJ~M~Ja~ . a~an6 nV~MJ6M~~ .

~~a~8~~

44 . 45.
46 .

M~~nb

VJM~6J6?
~3~n?

~~66J~~J6~ . ~~a~a~~ an6~n~~b

an6~n~~b

m3~nb .

Street in the Old City of Tbilisi

80

LESSON 3

Vo cabu l ary
"Ql3 n r:!n [Vb.

easy

a",'),') Ql3 n f!lo6 bJ

;:;'3111"lt'\n
.:>.,3,')QI,Jan;:;.

day after tomorrow

Zinaida [.pr . n.]

author

'::'j.:>Jn

academy Akaki. [m . pr . n . ] (dat .

'"',3 \).,3 nb)

head,

chapter

TeJ::le ['pr . n . ]
~~

,')1::!6ocn

;::,a:JMnJ'::'
~:J

probably America
here
(A)

if

l1'I:!Jaa,')
nbli,.,An.::.

;:,b'::'f!ln

new

n:J
baby
3,')C!I;:;.an J;::.t'\a n

3'::'3 CJ 3 n

chi.ld ,

oxnO'ln
on M a~"5n" o68~n [Vb . ~~~o68~8ob] ofl'lMnb
3I"lQl;!J6 1"1 3
n

di..ligent

although history there (A) pen good

reading(VN) ques t ion class

bi.ography dark
Boris Godunov publishing house examination outside late (adverb) Giorgaje

JnVlb 3 ,,[c.
nJncnbb3b]
Jt::I.-::>bn

Ja"!:1"'sn~n

satisied [+instr . ] spoon meeting, gathering beautiful lecture Lida [Lpr . n . ] literature blue but
mathematics

a.,a,.,aB:Ja~,...3,')

a..,aI"\B(!I,')

a;::.r:lotrl 83 n .::. 6
anMMa'::'d,J

~.,a.,an[Vb . a.,.,~.::.a.,a.J6b]

r:!:ds n .::.
~ncp"

[surname]
(E)

yesr:!nlJ 0';;::' !B;!Jt:l.,

~;!J':;xn

terday! s
(adj . )

[ef.
cp;::.6;::.
QlnQln

a~lln61

a;:, 0"';:;. a
a~~Ja~~n3~ a~~J a~b~~~

knife

[Vb .

large ,

great

a;:;..:;.cpnQl.J6b]
.JJM6I"'l

soon material
(E) teacher

an 3'"

economics

a..,b~~3~:JOJe:!n

LESSON 3

81

aOb~aJ

aOB6nJ~~~n

then, at that time (A) ink second third scientific

[aJB6no~n

before monosyllables]
bOJ6~cnaJa6n0f4~linguistic(c .

:J6oO'laoa 6n o f4n 'linguist' ) society

=

boan60M

homework name, noun (A) famous list syntax [m.pr.n. from

acn~3~f4n
al'"\cnb~l'"\o~

al'"\f4Sl'"\t::IMan~

'scientist'] ~o30~OoO ready b~bo~n sunny [cf . bobO~1'"I3~6n aa 0 ' sun'] [cf. b~b:J!:!In] (A) main bno story morphology always (Al writer green bm~aoo part, section b13~~o6!1n slow (adverb=

a~~~a

aVO",,,,n aV3,6:l
6~pnC)n

nl"'lbJon 'Joseph'] printing house [universityJ student [VN] learning session, meeting
~J30

6J~n

60"")
Nicholas [m.pr . n.] I'"IMXI'"I6njndo
OrJoni~ije

bp'3""

[surname] Paul

!l6n30~bnIiOlin
s~6:3.::>~n

already university pencil careful

(A)

[m . pr . n . )
3n~3JC)n

S Ml1lbn t!'n

3MI'"Isobl'"lMn
3~Mn M.~l1l'"\a

first professor bread why? editor notebook council where?

:1'",':1 n
~nsondJ

city
Qip~ije

[surname] night black [VN] composing,

M.J~o~.I'"I~n
M.30~~n boo~1'"\

b~~

[bo~o

11 n6

composition [adverb) in,

82

LESSON 3

(at) home
86M3n~n

make blush ' ]

well-known , famous bad very difficult member (E) red [Vb.

PMJ
V:!lbJ~

circle, club yesterday evening Ilia Cavcavaje (Geo . writer .

1837 - 1907)

8:!l('''
d~~n~6

~~3!~3~dJ
n~n~

d6J~n

[Vb.

8ood6J~J301

hand ~nmJ~n hJ~6~PJr:i. " manuscript h3~~n6~Jt::!n (E) tomorrow ' s a~~~nm~J6b ' make red , [adj. 1 Verbs . Verbs will be listed alphabetically by root . (Roots will be italicized . ) If several verbs have the same root , they will be alphabe t ized by prefi x , etc . N. B. For denominative verbs (sec . 3 . 5 ) not listed be l ow , see the relevant nominal form in the vocabulary above . da= be ;3 d -av- s print ~,:,3:::J!~':'3b
8':'':>0'1~3J6b
l1 ~m3c:tnb

pJ3r:i.n

b:J~ n

ga=a - tav -eb - s t!a=t vl. -i- s

gamo=.i - ~vl.ev - s

finish consider

(as = adv . )

a,:,al'1n33~J3b
~,:,a,:,t::!'::'3b
~,:,,:,a8'::'(,::J0b

da=mal. - av - s da =a-m;;ad- eb- s da=a - m't"av.l' - eb- s

ga = a - s~or - eb - s

inves t igate hide prepare finish , end

~~~aO'l'::'3r:i.:J3 b
8~,:,b~I'1M::J3b

8~a fOl ':>J3::J85J6b

8M,5Mnb

correct gamo=a - kveqn- eb- s publish mo=~ r - .i-s cut, cut off

LESSON 3

83

Key to the Exercises

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The blue notebook is here , the red one however is there . Only the red one is mine. Tomorrow the class will continue the studying of the Georgian noun . The day after tomorrow we will begin the studying of the Georgian verb. A Georgian word is easily written. The studying of Georgian grammar, however, is often difficult. Vano's pen is green, mine however is white . Do you see the green one? No, I see the white one . Tomorrow we will begin the writing of our story . Suli~o probably will blush when Soso's new story will be translated. I am writing with a pen. Vano is writing with a pencil. Va no is writing with black ink; Suli~o, however , [is writing] with blUe. When will the professor ' s lecture be finished? The lecture will be finished tomorrow . Now he is writing the second part; tomorrow, however , the third part will be written. The day after tomorrow he will read the lecture . The professor is preparing a big list today. The list will be ready tomorrow. The day after tomorrow the list will be enlarged. What is the child writing? The child is writing the first part of a description of Georgia. Professor Ni~oloz OrJoni~ije will write a book. He will investigate Georgian syntax. The book will be published and then Professor OrJonikije will be famous . . The writing of the second chapter of the Russian grammar will be difficult; the writing of the third chapter , however, [will be] easy . I will be here tomorrow . will you all be here tomorrow? No , only Vano will be here tomorrow . I will be here the day after I will be at home . tomorrow . John is a member of the Georgian Language Circle; Paul , however, is a member of the Mathematics Circle . Tomorrow the pupil will copy the lesson by hand . The lesson will be copied slowly and carefully . Zinaida Giorgadze is writing a new investigation . She is investigating the morphology of the Old Georgian verb . Soon the manuscript will be corrected; the n, however , i t will be printed. Is John a member of the Linguistic Society of America? Yes, John is a member of the Society ' s main council. When the class meeting [gathering] will begin,

8. 9. 10.

11 . 12 .

13 . 14 . 15 .

16. 17 .

84

LESSON 3

18 .

19 . 20.

21 .

22 . 23 . 24. 25. 26 . 27 .

28 . 29 .

30. 31.

the teacher will begin the discussion of the new lesson . When i t will get dark , the class meeting wi l l end. When the Russian class meeting will end , I will begin the composition of the homework . I will fin i sh the homework , and then the teacher will begin the correction of yesterday's exercise. When the correcting of the exercise will be fin ished, we will prepare tomorrow's exercise . When the author was beginning the writing of the new article, the editor was already fin.i shing the corr ecting of the old one . The teacher considers Tekle a poor student although Te~le always studies the economics lesson diligently . Ata~i , however, is considered a very good student . Is the teacher satisfied with Vano? Yes, the teacher is satisfied with Vano. Vano studies the Geor gian lesson a l ways diligently, and he always pronounces the Georgian word well . The Georgian word g vp r ckv n i s ['He is peeling us ' ] is difficult to pronounce [= is pronounced difficultly] . When will the mathematics class meeting be fin ished? The class meeting will be finished soon . Then the physics class meeting will begin . Why does mother cut bread with a knife? The cutting of bread with a spoon is very difficult . The council session was ending late . Soon Victor's article will be published . The Tbilisi university ' s Journal of Modern [= new] History ' s editor will publish the article. When i t will get dark outside we will be at home . We will study Georgian grammar. There will be an examination tomorrow . Will you all be there? Yes , when the examination will begin , we will be there. What were you doing yesterday evening? Yesterday e v e n ing I was studying physics at horne . Today there will be a test . Tomorrow the reading of the second lesson will be continued . Then the exercise will be corrected, and Victor and ~ota will begin the writing of the new lesson . Where is John hiding? John is hiding here . I see him . Where will John hide the book? He will hide it here . When Paul Oip~ije will finish the new book, Zina ida will correct the manuscript . Then the Georgian Academy [= Geor gia's Academy] printing house wi l l print the book and the Academy will publish

LESSON 3

85

32.

33 .

34 .

35 .
36 .

37 .

38 . 39.

40 .

41 .

42 .
43.

44. 45. 46 .

the book . Our university publishing house used to print on ly scientific material, but i t will publish Lida Baratashvili's new novel when the novel will be translated . John considers Sun ny Nig ht a great novel. Soon he will finish the writing of the author's biography. When he will finish the correcting of the manuscript, the book will be published . When will the author ' s biography be published? When the author will finish the correcting of the first chapter, the book will be printed . Yesterday when i t was getting dark, we were stud ying the chemistry lesson . So so is writing a story today . What will be described? Georgia will be described there. When the Russia n literature class meeting will begin, the reading of Boris Godunov will [be] con tinue[d] . Then we will finish the copying of Ilia ~av~avaje's poem . When will tomorrow ' s less o n be prepared? Tomor row ' s lesson will be prepared t o d ay . Where are you now? I am outside now. I t is getting dark outside . The reading of the Georgian alphabet will become easy if you will study i t diligently . Diligent study will make the reading of the Georgian alphabet easy . When i t becomes dark , the city will become beautiful. The pronunciation of a Georgian word will become difficult if you don't repeat i t often . Yesterday ' s Georgian film will be repeated tomor row . When were they writing the letter? The letter was being written yesterday. It will soon become dark . Do you consider Zinaida beautiful? John considers Zinaida beautiful .

96

LESSON 4

The sereeves of the Georgian verb are divided i nto a number of se r ies .. groups of sereeves
bui l t upon the same stem . For L . conjugation verbs the

4. 0.

Series .

first series consists of two subseries, the futu r e (pe rf ect~ve) Bubseriea and the present (imper f eative) Bubaeries . Of the sereeves covered thus far , the future and the conditional belong to the future subseries a n d the present and imperfect bel o ng to the present subseries .
4 . 1. The conjunctive. The conjunctive is the fi nal Bereeve of the future and present series. Conjunctives formed from the future stem are perfective in meaning, i.e . , they denote completed actions while conjunctives formed from the present stem do not focus on the completion of the action . 1
4.1.1. The conjunctive is formed from the future or present stems of I. and II. conjugation verbs . The endings are : 2 I . Conj . II . Conj _

- de
- des -dnen - odes

-ode -odnen

Note that the 3 pl. of the conjunctive is formally i dentical to the 3 pl . of the corresponding imperfect Examples of the conjunctive : or conditional . Vocabulary entry form: l1;I.::.a'::'~'::'3b da=mal-av- s conjunctive
l1;I'::'3a'::'~'::'3l1;1~ ~.::.a'::'~'::'3l1;1~
~.::.a'::'~'::'3~~b

'hide '

(I .

conj.)

(perfective) :
( -~) ( - ~)

da=v- mal-av-d-e da= -mal-av-d-e

(-t) ( - t)

II .

da= -mal-av-d-es da= - mal-av-d-nen Conjugation future: da=i - mal - eb-a (perfective) :
(-~)

conjunctive

~'::'3na.::.~~O"~~

da=v - i - mal - eb-od - e

( - t)

LESSON 4

87

~~na~~03M~0
~~na~~~ 3 M~Jb

( - ~)

da= - i - mal-eb- od - e ( - t) da= -i- mal-eb-od - es

da= - i-mal - eb-od-ne n To form the corresponding conjunctive imperfectivesimply drop the preverb da= . Vocabulary entry form: a~naJ~~Job ga=i - meor-eb-s 'repeat' (I . ) Conjunctive (perfective): a~3naOM~03~O ( - ~) ga=v-i-meor-eb-d-e ( - t) ga= -i - meor - eb- d - e (-t) ga= i-meor-eb - d-es 8~naOM~J3~Ob ga= i - meor-eb-d-nen anaJM~Oo~606 II . Conjugation future ga=meor - d - eb- a Conjunctive (perfective):
8~3aOM~~03M~O
aaOM~~J3~~O
aaJM~~03~

~~na~~~3 M ~6J6

8naJM~03~J

( - ~)

( - m) ga=v - meor - d-eb- od - e ( - t)

(- m)

8aOM~~o aM ~Jb a~aJM~~03M~6J6

ga= - meor-d-eb-od-e (-t) ga= meor-d - eb-od-es ga= meor- d - eb-od - nen

Again, the conjunctive imperfective is formed by dropping the preverb . 4.1 . 2. Function of the conjunctive . The Georgian conjunctive is a modal screeve very similar in its function to the French subjunctive present. It is most commonly used with the conditional in sentences containing a condition counter to fact and what the result would be if the counterfactual were or were to be realized, e , g. ,

If Victor pronounced the Georgian word ~eLl [counterfactual condition: he doesn ' t; Georgian conjunctive]~ ELi2abe~h would understand [result; Georgian conditional) .
In Georgian : 3ndlM~n ~Ma ~~m~~ bnmH3b J~a~ ~~~aMmd3a~Ob [conj . 1 o~n63J~n anaJa~ [con ditional] Vik t ori rom kartul sitqvas kargad 9armo+tkv-am-des , ' Elisabedi ga=i - g - eb- d - a :

88

LESSON 4

Gzas rom be good. '

a=a-~en - eb-d-nen,

~argi

ikneboda .

If

they were to build a road [they won't], i t would

blB"'l.no:> ~I'la
p.::.n3nlnb'::'3~'::' S~a~ia

l?.::.np:JAooM~:Jb

[conj.],

[cond~tional]

6Jb WI"'IAn

rom daigerebodes, Nes t ori 9ai~itxavda . 'I f the article were to be written, Nestor would read i t . '

The conjunctive den otes counter factual conditions which are valid either at the present moment or for the future . For conditions valid in the past, see sec. 10 . 1 . 3 . 2. Note that 'if' in such constructions is ~I'la r o m , which occurs immediately before the verb, gen erally as the second element in the clause . Potential condit i ons . If a condition is po telltia~.> but not cQunterfactual, both the condition and the result are often expressed by the future tense; English ' if ' is expressed by Georgian ~J t U which may occupy first or second position in its clause . Example :
J

Tariels tu v -nax-av , mo-v-kl-av. see Tariel, I ' l l kill him.;

'If I

[will]

4.2. Plural of nouns. The marker of the p l ural is - eb - , whi ch comes immediately after the stem and immediately before the case endings . The case endings are the same in the plural as in the singular. In vocalic stems, a truncates before the -eb-; e OJ and u do not . If there is syncope in the G., I., and A . o f the singular there will be syncope throughout the plural. Examples:
J

yign-i
~na6n

mc;:erAl -i
ap3MO~n

mu~a

m09ape
aMpo~3

a!la~

book N . <;ign- eb-i

~na6:l6n

writer mc;:erl - eb- i

worker
mu~-eb - i

pupil mo<;ape -eb- i

aMp~!9:l:l6n

all 3M~33n
mgerl-eb-s
ahM~36b

a~a33n
mu~ - eb-s

D. 9ign- eb- s

mo<;ape-eb -s
aMpo~336b

p n a03 6b

a~a36b

LESSON 4

89

G.
I.

<?ign - eb - is mcerl-eb-is

mu~ - eb - is

m01?ape-eb - is
8~V"5.J:Jonb
a~~'::'~;].Jo n cn

pna6.J0nb p n a 6 .J 0n O"l
IIna6:Jo,~

8h"'<lJo nb
8p.J~f!I:Joncn

a.:!)0.J 0nb d.:!)O.J6I'1cn 8;!)O:)6'::'1!;I

<;:ign-eb-it mcerl - eb - i t mUS - eb-it m0 9ape - eb-it

A . 9ign - eb - ad mcerl-eb-ad mus-eb-ad m0 9ape-eb- ad

8h"''':Jo,~

anp"s.JOo,,(!'

savarji~o

b'::>3'::>Mxna~ exercise b" 3" ~x n an.Jon

b"3.::o~xna~.J0b
b"3.:>"::;xna~:Jonb

N. savar,iSo - eb - i D. savarji~o - eb-s

G.
savarji~o-eb - is

I. savarJi~o - eb-it A. savar,iSo - eb-ad

b.::>3.::>MxnonJoncn b.:>3"";X.nClI"l:)o.::>(,!I

Adjectives which precede the n o un they modify do not change for number . Adjectives used independently are declined in the plural exactly as no u ns: J.::>Man 8;!)o:Jon (;:: argi mu " ebi ) 'good wo rkers', g en. J.::>"'an d;!) oJ6nb (k a l"g i mU 11 eb-i s ) , dat . J"r:\a a;!)ClJob ( ~arg mu s ebs ), etc.; 6.:>n6IJMJbl"l p n a6J6n (sainpereso <;ignebi. ) ' inter esting books ' , gen . &.:>n6l:)h :Jb ~ p na6 :) o n b (sain t e r eso q ignebi s), etc . Number agreement with v erbs. When the subject of a third person verb is a pLural noun den o tin g inanimate things (or two o r more singular inanimate nouns) the verb is generally 3d person singuLa r; when the subject is a plural noun (or mo re than o ne singular noun) denoting persons or anima ls, the verb is ~ener ally 3d person plural. Ex a mples : b3~~:J6~:J6n \~':>3ncnn
~.::;. a.::;.~n"an )

pna6nb p J M"b b 3"~ ~"nV~:J0:J6 .

Studentebi (Davidi da Mari a mi ) cignis ceras xval da=i - ~q - eb - en . ' The students ( Da v id and Mary) will begin the writing of the boo k tomorrow . '
a"J3:)cnn~06n
Ga~vetilebi

a'::>~:J a~ao,,~~.J0'"

male mo =mzad-d- eb - a . ' The lessons will SJon be ready . '

4 . 3. "Extended" case forms . The vowel a can be added to the endings of the dati v e, genitive, instru mental, and adverbial cases . These extended case forms are used befo re certain postpositio ns ( see be low, sec . 4 . 4 . ), before the short f o rm of "r:\nb J - .::;. a r i s, - a (sec . 3 . 1 . 7 . ) and immediately before~.::;. da ' and ' (and other conjunctions) when two or more nouns

90

LESSON 4

are conjoined by the co njuncti on , e . g ., b l"'lsnf"lb , ,,6ljI"'l6b..,

au)
3bO~"'3 (Sopio - s ~ An~on-s-a da Etens - s u -xed ' r see sophie , Anthony, and Helen,' When a gen itive is not followed by the noun t o which i t refers , i t takes the extended ending , e.g . : b~~"'~~3~~Mb ~J~~ J"'~"'J n ~o n~nbn.., ~~ ..,aO~nJnb.., -- 3..,an6a~f"I6n (S4 kart velo - s dedal<.a"lak-i Tbitis -i- a da Ame.l"i~ - t.s - a -- Valfing ~.., O~~60b

'ton - i . )

-"-

l~ashingt on .

' Georgia's capital is Tbilisi and America ' s I For other conditions for this use of

the extended form o the genitive , see sec . 8 . 6.

4. 4. Postpositions . Instead of the prepositions of English a nd many o ther European la n guages , Georgian has postpositions, i . e . , forms which follow (ra ther than precede) the noun phrase . As in other ~anguages the Georgian postpositions can gove rn various cases . A few postpositions are written t og ether with the noun that they follow :
4.4.l . Postpositions with the dative case . - i 'into ' , 'to ', 'in'. This postposition is attached to the bare stem of the noun . This is , h o we ver , a variant form of the dative case, and adjec ti val agreement , etc . , is as with the da tive . Examp les : ~~~~3n (kalaki) ' city'; 3~~~3an (kalak~i) ' to, in the city ; b~3bM0'l30~1"l (Sakar tve Lo) 'Georgia ' ; bb ;jbfi0'l3 OC! l"la n (Sakartve Lo!i) ' in , to Georgia ' ; bbbtln b;::,b~n (axaLi saxLi) 'new house' ; ;::,b~~ b;::,bC!(3n (axal 8ax'L11'i) '~n, to the new h ouse '. When two nouns conjoined by ~;::, (da) 'an d ' are both governed by the same postposition - si , the first n o un takes the extended da tive ending : a~bJ~3b~ ~~ ~~6n6a~~~an (MOB kov -s - a da Leningrad-si) ' in, t o Moscow and Leningrad ' . . - 2e ' on , onto ' . As with - si , this postposition is added on to the bare stem variant of the dative case: aba,nl!':' (magida) ' table ' ; a,:,ant!,l;::,15;> (magidaze ) ' o n , onto the table'; JOl!oC!n (~edEli) 'wal l ; JO~OC!aO (;:edElae) ' on the wall '. Note also n':'ta':'Jb,:, I!':' JOI!OC!150 (iatak - s - a da kedEl-ze) ' o n, onto the floor and wall ': ;jb l'i~ .!l~ 06.:.l5:J (t<al"tu z. ena - ze) 'into Georgian [language] ' . As in English, -z e can mean ' on ' in the sense of ' about ': abI"l3MOa.:.~O (cxovreba - ze) ' on [ = about] life '. - tan 'near, at ' . This is the equivalent of French cheB , German be'i , Russian y or K . It is added to the bare stem of consonantal stem n ouns and to the dative o f v oca lic stem nouns . As with -~ i and -8e, the noun is syntactically dative . Examples : ~~6X~I'i,:, (panJAra) ' windo w'; S,:,6X" I'i ~bO'l.:.6 (panJara - s - tan) 'near the window '; (!'':'3n O'ln (Davit - i) ' David'; ~;::'3nO'lO'l~6 (Davit - tan) 'at David's ' ; 3,:,61"1 (Vano) ' Jack ' ; 3.:. 6I"l bO'l,:,6 (Vano - a - tan) ' at Jack 's '. Note the forms nJa~;::,6 (~em-tan) 'at my place ' ;

LESSON 4
n3~6m~6

91

(~ven -t an) ' at our place' . Similarly : B~6~~6 (en - tan) ' at your place'; ~~3;)6~~6 Ctkven -tan) 'at your (pl.) place'. - vi~ 'like' . This postposition is attached to the extended ending of the dative case : J~Bb~3n~ (~aa s - a-vi t ) 'like a man ' ; a~a~b~3(l~ (musa - s - a - vi.t ) 'like a worker'; b~3~~xna"b~3(l~ (savarJi..o-s - a - uit) 'like an exercise' . 3

4.4 . 2 . Postpositions with the genitive. - tvis ' for' . This is added either directly to the genitive o r to the extended genitive form . Examples : 3 ~"SOb"~ nb~3(lb (~r opesor - i. B-t vis) or 3~"~ob"~nb~~3nb (propeBor- ia - a-tvia) ' for the professor'; apOr::i~06(lb~3nb (m~erl - eb-is-tvis) or a~O~~J6nb~~3nb (mqerZ-eb - is -atvia) 'for the writers'; a~anb(~)~3nb (mu~ - is( - a) tvi s) 'for the worker' ( from a~a~ musa 'worker '), b~j~r::i0'l3Jf:I,...b(~)0'l3nb (Sakartl>elo - a(-a) - tuis) 'for Georgia ' . - gan 'from'. This postpositio n has the meaning of ' made from', ' made out of ' , or 'for' ( a given rea son) . I t is also used to mark ' from ' or 'by' whom, i.e ., with personal nouns, but does not denote 'from where '. This postposition is added to the genitive or to the extended ~enitive form. Examples: ~Jn6~ (r~in a ) ' iron'; ~Jn6 (lb (~)a~6 (r~in - ia( - a) - gan) ' made out of iron ' i bl:.!)~~6l&n (s p uderrti) ' student'; bli~~~61j~o"b(~)a~6 (spu den t- eb - is( - a) - gan ) 'from the students'. - ken 'toward' . Added t o the genitive or extended genitive. Examples: b3M~~ (~kola) 'schOOl ' ; bJ"~nb (, ) 3J6 (6~o Z. - is( - a) -~ en) 'toward the school'; 3~~Jt::In (If. edEl -i> 'wall'; J:J~t:I"b(.:o ) J:J6 (~edZ. - i s- ( - a) -~ en) ' toward the wall ' - dan 'fr om ' . This is in answer to the question ' from where ' . It is added to the unextended genitive with l oss of the final s of the genitive ending.* Examples: (Jlont:lnbn~~6 (Tbi-Zis - i li- dan ~ TbiZi s- i. - dan ) ' from Tbilisi'; b~~.:o~0'l3Jt::I"~~6 (Saka r tveZo -~- dan ~ Sa kartvelo - -da n) ' f rom Georgia'. 4.4.2.1. When two nouns joined by a conjunction, such as ~~ (da) 'and ' , are both governed by the same postposition, either the postposition is repeated on both nouns or else the first noun is placed in the proper case with the extended case form and the second noun takes the postposition regularly; e.g., 'in Europe and America ' can be expressed either :J3M"3~an ~~ ~a:JM"J~an *Historical1y this postposition is derived from - gan added to the ending of the instrumental: Tbilis - i t - gan -+- Tbilis - idan .

92

LESSON 4

Evpopai da Amer i~a i or ~3~"3~b~ ~~ ~aOAn3~an EvropaBa da Ameri~ani.

4.4. 3. Postposition with the adverbial. - mdis o r - mde ' up to ' , until '. This is added to the adverbial wi t h loss of the final d of the case ending, e . g . , b~ h ~~a~O (sax Z- a d-m de ~ BaxZ - a-mde ) 'up to t h e house ' ~H~~ " a~nb (9qapo-d - mdis ~ ~qaro- - mdis) ' up to the spring '; a~~~~Oa~nb (suadge--mdiB ~ uadge- - mdiB) ' until nooo ' . 4.4. 4. The rema i ning postpositions are written separately after the noun that forms the head of the p o stpositional p h rase . With the exception of a~~ ( ua) ' between ' and aM~nb (aoris) ' between ' , 'among ' , which take t h e dative, all remaining POBtpoBitionB take the geni~ive. These ' independent' postpositions wi l l be listed in the vocabularies of the various lessons . Circumfix ~ - ... . . - 0 . This circumfix corre 4. 4. 5. sponds to the English suffix -leBs but also to the English preposition ~ithout . ~ Examples : J6n~ n tooth ~J6n~" toothless, without teeth kbili
bnl~3~

uJ::.bilo word sign

~bn~~3"

word less, without a word signle s s . without a sign

sitqva
6na~6n

usi t qvo
~6na6"

niAni

unino

4.4 . 6 . Suffi x - ian - . This suffix corresponds to t h e English preposition ~ith in the meaning of having as a possession , attribute , or characteristic. s Examples : b~~~mo6n pictures b~A~~06n~6n with pictures , suratebiani illustrated suratebi having a child child a3n~ n a3n~n~6n svili sviliani wife h orse suffix
8 "l:!- n~6n

13"t:!n
coli 6"0 60 cxeni

coli ani
8b~6n~6n

having a wife, married (of a man) having a horse, with a horse having a suffix. suffixed

cxeniani
b;,sndbn~6n

b;,snd bn
supiksi

5upiksiani

LESSON 4
b3~~ '

93

4. 5 .

Verb of motion 8vla

4. 5. 1 . 'come ' . Present mo+v-di - var( - t) mo+ - di-xar( - t) mo+ - di-s mo+ -di-an Imperfect mo+v-di-od- i( -t ) mo+ - di - od-i(-t)

(verbal noun

a. . . 3t'?"3~M(I11) a. . . ~nb~n(J\)
a. . . t!:nb

a. . . ~n~6
a. . . 3C!?" ..... ~n(l11)
a . . . C!?f'1 . . . {!If'1(J\)

mo+ -di-od-a a. . . C!?n ..... C!?~ mo+ - di - od-nen a. . . {!Inf9\~6:J6 Future mo+v - val(-t) + mo+ -val (-t) mo+x-val(-t) af9\b3~~(I11) mo+va mo+vl - en

a. . . 3~~(J\)

Conditional mo+v-vid-od-i (-t) ~ mo+ - vid- od - i( - t) a. . . 3nC!? . . . {!If'1(I11) mo+x-vid-od-i(-t) a. . . b3n{!l ..... ~n(l11) mo+ - vid-od-a af9\3"{!I . . . C!?~ mo+ - vid- od -n an aM3n~M~636 The conjunctives are formed s~ilarly from the imperfect and conditional. Note that the present screeve has as endings in the 1st and 2d persons forms of the verb 'to be' . In the future screeve and the screeves formed from i t the v of the first person is dropped before the v begin ning the root of the verb. Note also that a2l forms based on the future screeve have as marker of 2d person the prefix X-i 8v~a b3~~ and xar b~M (2d person present of qopna ~""'S6~ 'be') are the only verbs with this person prefix. 4.5.2. go. The verb 'go' is conjugated exactly as the verb 'come' above, except that Lhe preverl..l in th~ screeves based on the present is 8n - mi- and-the pre verb in the future series of screeves is ~~ - . ca- . Pres. 3sg. mi+di - s 8n{!lnb, Fut. 3sg. qa+va V~3~ . ' 4.5.3. The remaining verbs of motion are also con -

94

LESSON 4

jugated as the verb 'come', differing only in preverb . These are (forms given are 3 59 . present and future) a+di-s I a+va a-mo+di-s I a-mo+va
"'(!Inb

3
ga+va

.::.a"'(!Inb

", aM 3'"
I ga -mo+va
8.::. I'l3'::'

go up ga+di -s I
a.::o~nb

come up
ga - mo+di - s
a;:. al'll!'nb

8'::'3'::'

go away
gada+di -s I a,,(!,.::.C!nb gada+va

come out
gad - mo+di - s
a.::. (!Iol"'I[!l nb

I gad -mo +va

a.::.~a"'3'::'

a "'QI'::'3'::'

go across
15e+di-s I e+va 13 03 ,::, oJ(!Inb

come across
Jie - mo+t'li-~

I i!!ie - mo+va
0 ;)a "'3'::'

oJ8M(!Inb

go in ca+di-s I
Fi.::.~nb

ca+va
Fi'::'3'::'

come in ca-mo+di-s I
ri.::.8M(!Inb

ca-mo+va
l').::.a"'3'::'

go down

come down, arrive

4. 5. 4. The verbal nouns of these verbs are formed by adding the relevant preverb to - But - a , e.g ., mi+ 8vl. - a anb3~'::" mo+svl. - a a..,b3t::!.:"> ' a +s vz.-a .::.b3~'::', G-mo +
Bvl.-a
4 6

.::.8 I"1 b3t1" ,

etc.

Wordbui.lding:

formation o f

adjectives f r om

n ouns.
4.6.1.

Examp les: Circumix sa- . . . . . - o . interesi sain~ereso

n6130~0bn
b.:.n6t60~Jb,...

in terest
qurad~eba

interesting
saqurad~eb o

!;L!) fl.:. t!t:' :J l> .::0

b.::o~.:!)M.::o~~Jl>,...

attenti o n
l.i.t-e.Ld~Ura

important (worthy of attention)

sal.it:.cr.:l.~uro

c:! n Ii Jr'i.::o Ii .:!)fl.:.

b.:.~nla:J~.::oIl.:!)flp\

literature

literary

LESSON 4

95

enatmecnieri
:J 6 '::'O'Ia:JB 6n OMn

saenatmecniero
b.::. J6.::.0'I :}136 n :JMI"'I

linguist
s~ola

linguistic sasl$o10
b.::. b.3''' C:::!'"

bjl"'lt:::l'::'

school
I?a~ivi
3'::'ln3 n

schoolsal?atio (see sec . 1 . 11 . 1)

b.::.3'::'[3n'"
honor respected, h onorable

respect,

4 . 6 . 2. Suffix - u~-/ - uz -. The variant form -uZ- oc curs when the stem of the noun contains an p . kimia chemistry xalxi
b.::.~bn

kimiuri chemical xalxuri

b.::.~b;!lMn

people, olk komunisti . .

popular, olk J:;;.omunisturi 3 1"'1 a;!I 6 n b[i;!lM n communist (adj.) jagluri

d'::'~~;!lr:;n

3l"'1a:!) 6nb ta n
communist
ja~li

d'::'c::'~n

dog

canine gmiruli
aanr:;;!l~n

gmiri
aanMn

hero literatura

heroic literaturuli .

~nl1.JM'::'IB:!)M'::'

~ n! JI'"l'::' ta:!)l'"l:!) ~ n

literature gramatilJ-a
8 M .::.

literary gramatikuli
ar:;.::.a'::'lin3:!)~n

a.::.ta n J'::'

grammar

grammatical

96

LESSON 4

mxatvAri

abt>1!l3.::of'ln artist

mxatvruli ab':::'1!l3 t4 :!)c:)n artistic

4. 6. 3. Formation of adjectives from place names. The names of many countries end in - e ~-; this suffix is dropped in the formation of adjectives. Two distinct types of adjectives can be formed from the names of countries , cities, and other place names. Thefirs t takes the suffix - u p- / - u~ - (distribution as above, sec . 4.6 . 2 . ) and refers to nonpersonal nouns. The second takes the suffix - et - and refers to persons . The ad jective in - e! - also forms the noun of nationa lity.
Poloneti
3 .... ~1"I6JO'l n

Poland Bulgaria Spain

poloneli
31"1t::!1"16Jt::! n

J?olonuri 3M ~M6:!IM n

Bulgareti
6.!l~8.;)fi.,Jl7ln
Es~aneti

bulgareli
0.!le:!8 t>flJt:! "

bulgaruli
o:!J~8':)M:!lt:!n

espaneli
Jb3,,6:J~ n

eSJ?anuri

Ob3t>6,Jcnn Ungreti

:Jb3,,6:,)Mn
ungruli
~6aM!lt:ln

Hungary .India China America Germany Italy Europe England Tbilisi

ungreli

;,)68 M:JO'ln
Indoeti

:')6 aM :J ~n
indoeli
n6~1'1:J~n

induri

n6(!:lM:Jo",,,
Cineti

n6 ~:rJMn
cinuri

i::ineli
Iin6J~n

Ii n 6 :)11'1 n
Ameril$a
~oJMn.3~

Iin6:!)Mn
ameril5-uli
~aJnnJ:!)~n

ameriteli

>:loo:Jr'in.3Jl!!!n
germane I i
a ::t;a~6

Germania
aJMa~6n>:lo

germanuli
a3o<ta~6;!)~n

3(1n

It-alia
nlB~~n~

italieli
nl'::>l::!nJ~n

italiuri
n!j~t:Jn;!)Mn

Evro~a

:J3 M I'13"
Inglisi

evrof?eli J3 r4 1'1 3 :JL::In ingliseli

n6at:lnb:J~n

evro,?uli

J3 MM3 ;!)l::I n
inglisuri
n68~nb;!)Mn

n6 a t:t nbn
Tbilisi

tbiliseli
l7lont:JnbJ~n

tbilisuri
17l3n~nb:!l';;n

l7loot:Jobn

LESSON 4

97
mos~oveli mos~ovuri

Moskovi aMb3M3n Note also : ucxoeti

;!)(3hM~l1ln

Moscow

aMb3M3~"n

aMb3"'3:!l~n

abroad, foreign countries

an alien, foreigner

or

ucxouri :!Jab"":!J"'n foreign

In many instances the (personal)

noun/adjective

of nationality serves as the starting point from which

the name of the country (or region) and the impersonal adjective are derived . Such formations are common for locations in the Caucasus. Examples : rusi Russian Ruseti Russia rusuli

f4:!Jbn somExi bMa,:)hn osi

MOO

Armenian Ossetian Svan

t'I;!)b':)O'In Sornxeti

t'I.!1b:!J~n

Armenia Ossetia Svanetia

svani

bMab,:)l1ln Oseti Mb Ol1ln Svaneti

b3~6Ja'ln

somxuri bMab,'!)t'ln osuri

Mb:!Jf4n svanuri

Irregular formations include : kartveli Georgian

Sakartvelo Georgia

kartuli
d~f4O'1.!1C':1n

:j.::.f4a'130C':ln b"3"~tn30f!!M prangi French(mari Saprangeti France

!Sf4,,6a n berj E ni
o~t'!d,:)6n

pranguli
!9f4.::.6a:!J~n

megre l i
aJ8t'1J~n

b,,!St'!,,6 a~a'ln Greek Saberjneti Greece b,,60 f4d6 0O'ln Mingrelian Samegrelo Mingrelia
b"aJaf40C':lf"l
.?oe~i

berjnuli
O~d6~~o

megruli
aJ8 M:!lC':ln

Examples : kartveli

a Georgian poet

~"f40'13J~n 31"\OIBn

98

LESSON 4

kartUli :e>0ezia
:j~'::Hn :!lon

Georgian poetry English novelist English novel

(Amer ilJ:eli var)
'I

3fTl:Ji!Sn<b

ing1ise1i romanisti
n6a~nbo~n ~Ma~6nb~n

inglisuri romani
n6a~nb~~n hfTla~6n

Note also : American' .

am

(an)

Sioni Cathedral in Tbilisi

LESSON 4

99

LESSON 4:

Notes

1. In general the distinction between the future and present stem forms in Georgian is anal o gous to the distinction between the perfective and imperfective forms of the Russian verb; ~O~b ge r- 8 is t o Russian nKWeT as ~~~O~b da -~ e r- 8 is t o Russian Han~eT. 2. It should be clear that the suffix - d - ( I. conj . ) or - od - (II . conj . ) serves to distinguish the conjunctive, imperfect, and conditi o nal from the present and future . Thus, the actual screeve suffixes f o r the imperfect or c o nditional would be :
-i

-a

-nen

and those f o r

~he

conjunctive would be:

-e

-es

-nen

We shall henceforth mark them this way.

3. -v it can also occur with the nominative case, but onZ y with consonantal stems; e.g., ~aa - i - vit J~an3n~ alongside ~ aa -8-a- vit J~ab~3n~, va r d - i - vi~ ( 3~~~n3n~) ' like a rose' alongside va r d - s - a - v i ~ 3~~~b~3n~.
4. Note that this circumfix can be used with phrases as well as with individual wo rds; e . 9. ~~a~~ndb~ (uam - apik s - o ) 'without this (am ) affix (~~ndbn apik s- i ),' ~~~3Jn~~~6ao~M~ (u - tav~idu r=b ger - o - d) 'w~thout the in1tial (11I~3Jn~~~n tav ~ idu r i) s o und' ( 6ao~~ bgera ) (adverbial case) . Truncation and syncope g enerally occur with this circumfix . 5. "With" in the sense of acc o mpani.ment is expressed by the postposition - ~~6 - tan f o llowed immediately by O~~~~ (e l"t ad ) 'together'; e. g .,
~6n~ n ban 3nd6 ~ on~ a~~n~a~~6 3~~~~.

Tbilissi. viknebit l1ariamtan ertad _ We shall be in Tbilisi [to gether] with Mary.

100

LESSON 4

6. Forms with the preverb mi+ (i .e., mi+va) also oc cur, though less frequently. The preverb ca+ usually conveys here the meaning of setting out for a given destination, whil e the pre verb mi+ usually underlines the actual reachin g of the destination .

Courtyard in Old TbiJisi (Artist: A. Cimakurije)

101

LESSON 4: Exercises

1.
2.
3.

J~~an

n36J6M~~ .
3n~3J~n

~~a 3Jn~b~~Ma~J~
~~~aa~6n d3J~

pna6:Job

8~M~~~n

BbM3~J6nb 6no~nnb ~':'3na'ln

aJb~bJ6 . d~~~~~~J

oJfid6.!l~n~,:,6~,:, . ar'lbJn3J~n.::>?

':'M'::'

:9JM.::>n6nt!l,')6,:,;:, .
5~o6a~~n

4.

~Jab

do~m~~

pna6J3b
,')6.::>~n8n,') .

a~~nb

mJobmnb

~M6J~nJ.!lAn

.!l6n3JMbniJ~an Aria

3Jnmb.!l~M0t!lJ I

s~.::>6a.!l~ 080 M Job .!lSMM bpnMOt!l

V.::or'iaI"'l3cn~3,:,a~n .

5.

8.!JM.::>on en,!) abM~Mt!I d'::>M~.!l~' Jb36.!JM ~.::> n~.::>~n.!lM MMa.::.6Job Jncnb.!l~Mob, aJMa,')6.!l~ ~.::> ~M~.::>6t!1n.!lM MMa.::.6Job 8.::>an(!l'::>!o M'::>3Ma 3bJ~'::>3? - nan3Ma, Mrla b3'::>~ .::>d 8.!JM.::>onb t!I,') bMsnJM aM3.::> ' o.::>ln,!)anb b.::>a.!l'::>~M
bJM~.::>an

3Mo.::>6(!1n,!)M

~.::>

aJMa.::>6.!l~

~n~JM,')I.!lM.::>b

.::>b~':>3r:::!nb .

6.

b"'(!1 an(!lnbl:lMcn?

- :Jt:lnb,:,00l~lIn::.6

an3(!:1n3,')MO'I.

Jncnb3.::>b

MMa

3'::> acn.::>3M JO(!:IJ,

p'::>3n~M~n,

8.::> 8M'::> a b3'::>t:I

~6aan

3.::>6Mbm.:>6

f?'::>3'::>~.

7.
8.

a.::>bf?o3~JaJt:ln a~J30~n~b

en,!)

Mcn.::>bn~.::>6

8'::>3'::>,

~n6~~

~~ 3nbpa3~n~ .
~~:dbnJM6n

ao6n

bl"1ab~~ - ~.!)b:!J~n

bal!'
a~

.::.~nb?

- aaal1l!'~8Q~

!9.::.6X~~~b~~6 .

- n~

9. 10 . 11 .

aM. ~M.nb , '!)xM.aan ~Jan Ja~aJ3nb~ ~a n06 J 3o . ~.::.a'::'M.nb~a.::.6 3.::.b.!)bb M.l"1a an3 n ~Q6~J '
da.::.b~.::.6 JM.~,::,I!' ~J'::'iM.an p'::'3n~l"1~n . ~,::,

- n j ~~ sa6~M.Q6nb .!J3.::.6 ,::,M.nb.

~,::,a,::,M.nb ~a~nb.

aaJ

.::.~al"1b'::'3~J~n~,::,6

aaM~nb

l!',::,b'::'3~J~n~

5,::,M.~.!)~n a'::'~'::'3~J6

J6nb
~,::,

bp~3~nb .::.6WI"16~,::,6

aJa~Ja P'::'3~J6 .

6n31"1

~.::.

M~~a

d.!)~~aJ

aJ8M6M.J6nb,::,a,::,6 annC::OJ6b .
~2 . ~.!) 3,::,M.nan~,::,6

3~,::,bn3.!)M.n

JM.J36nl!'a6 a.!)bnJnb ,::,b,::,~ !9nM.sn3Q3b

aQ6~.::.6 aI"13 ~~'
al"lb3'::'~.

a6~1"l6n

~JM.n~b
~.!)

an3n~J6 ,
ann~J3,

13.

pnaGb 3'::'IMbaaa6

~3JG~.::.6

1I

.
) )

, , , on '" " '" '" """ "" '" '" "' , u , '" '" , '" , , , , u" "'" , '" W , " '" u. er er", '" U " , '" '" , " U '" u. er "'" '" " , " , , '" , " '" '" , , er '" '" '" '" , '" , '" '" , , '" '" " '" '", ... " , '" , '" '" '" , '" '"3\'" , , '"3\ , , '" , " '" , , "" '" , '" '" '" '" '" , , er '" '" '" , er " '" , , '" '" , u. '" '" '" , '" " '" " '" u'" u '" er '" " 3\ " '" , " '" '" '" " '"
) I]

'" '" '" '" '" ... '" '" " '"
0>
01

.. ..
)

0> 0 '" U
)

0
)

U '" 0

0 <T1I
)

01

I]

I] ",

0 0

"'0>
)

W '" 0 "'U ~ <T

CT

... .. ..
0

0>

U
)

.... . .. ..
0 <T
CT O'

CO U U

0>
)

.
)

..
)

I]

0>

<TO;

0>

0>

CT

<T

..

CB

U OU.U
CT

0> '"
CT

I]

..

.
0

0>

CB
)

.
'"

..
0

<T

'"
)

I]

0> 0>

...
0>

3
)

..

CT

.. . .. . ..
U U
0 0
)

CT

""

'"

... ... ... '" " '" , , , , " ' " u. , 3\ .. '" '" , '" , '" " , '" '" u. u" u '" '" '" '" v o '" u "'''' '" '" '" " '" v'" '" '" '" , '" v'" "'''' 3\ '" '" " 3\ " "''" , '", , , "'U "'" , w " v ." ) , '" , '"er", "'''' "'" '" '" "'''' '" '" " , , , '" , , '" '" , ..'" , " , '" '" '" , er '" 3\0 , '" "''''. '" Wu. '" '" ero> '" '" " , " '" 3\ '" u. ... , , '" u. '" , , "'U , '" , '" " '" , 3\ , .. '" '" '"er , 3\ '" '" "'" u. .. '" '" er " " '" '" '" , . , 3\", , "" "" , '" '" "" " '" '" , , " 3\ , 3\ .. '" '" 3\1] , "' '" '" '" .. u. , "''' " " '" '" , '" '" cr , , , , '" '" " '" "''' '" u. , "0 , "'" '" '" " "''', on'" ... '" W '" '" , " ,,'" , '" "'''' " " , " '" '" '" '" 3\ '" '" , "'" '" " '" , '" , '" "''' , , '" " , '" "' , '" "'''' '" er ... , '" '" .. , '" '" '" , '" '" er , " , , 3\ , , "'''' , '" " er", " 3\ '" '" '" '" ... " '" "'u.", '" u. , er "" "'U on " oo .. , '" , '" , '" , , "'''' '" , " '" '" " '", '" '" '" , " '" '" '" '" " o " , '" , u. '" " '" " er 3\ '" , '" "''' , '" 3\ '" , , '" er'" , '" '" " " , '" '" '" " '" '" " '" ," ' '" , '" "

... '"
<T
)

... "'

... Ol
0 0

...
)

... 0>
)

'" '" 0> ) 0 0

CT

.. .. .. .. ..
0 0

. ..
)

OOU

I]

'" <T )

'"

U
)

"'U
0>

0>

WU U U

..

OO . .
)

<T

. ..
0
)

<TO> 0

) I]

'" '" U U

CT

CT -

.. . ..
CO
0
<T

<T

.. U

Q)

CT'

<C
)

U U

CT

U
)

..
0

CT

<T W

", .

I]

CT"

t.L

.
<T

<C
)

CT

"'I]

CT

I]

0 0

I]

... ..
0 CT
)

.
0 0

U. " U

,,0>
)

W W

0>

V U.
0

Q.

CT

'" U

I]

I]

) I]

CTI]

..

'" I]

.. ..
U
)

"

"'U
CT

CT U.

"'. ... .
) )

W W

M
~

~
~

I]

0 Z
A

W ,

<T

0;

0> T.l

U U.
CT

I]

. .
U
) )

I]

U U

U.

CT"

CO "U
CT

0 0

0>

00 '" I 0> U 0> U] U

. .
0

I]

.
<T
)

CT

CT"')

..

CT

LESSON 4
-- m6n~nbn ~~~~ d3~~n d~~~dn~. ~~ ~~MJ J~~an H3~~n d~~n~6 ~MM~J

103

28 . 29 . 30 . 31. 32. 33 . 34 . 35 .

j~Bnb~m3nb j~~bnb

J~Man ~~a

~3n6~ ~5M~

a6na36~~~3~6n~ . J~~6~ npHJo~~Jb, a~3n~~~n .

b~d~Mm3J~~b ~~~~~~n

~3~~Janv

ava~~~3JH6Job

bb~~ ~na6b

~n~J~~~~M~~n

J6nb

nb~~Mnnb aJb~bJ3 . p~~a~m~3~ab .

an3n

n6a~nb~M

bn~~3Job

~~aBJ6~~~

dvMm~~n mJdb~nb
d6~~nv . ~n~ ~~ d~M~~~ 6vm~an .

3nmh3v

~~Jabnj~6~~
~Mnb

d~~n~6
d~m~nbn

3~~~dJob

a~Mnb

mon~nbnJ

~na6b ~~

m~

6M~Ma~~

p~3nJnmbv3 J

H3~~~S~Mb

a~3na~o .

b~~nM Mv~n~av~vBJavb ~bn~~3M~

aJ~J~ aMnbaJ6~6J6J
nd6J6M~Jb?! ~~ aBbJ~~b bvn6~JMJbM

nba J 6b . 3J6JM~ 3M~aMvav MMa ~5MM dMMnb

d3J~n b~n6mJMJbM abM~M~

36. 3? 38.

ag~3J

~on~nbb~

JJ~JbnJon~ .
J~M~3J~~M
~Mmnv

J6Job OMMnb

VJMn~MOnmn

J6

-- J~Mm~~n v~MJ MMa vM ~~66J~~J6M~JbJ MJbmMM6on p~3n~M~nm .

~~Jb

b~~vaMb

104

LESSON 4

Vocabu1ary
~~AJ

~an6~n

.::.6':'l!!Ina n

early weathe r analysis Anthony

time; (!Ir:lM8 J on time

during [pp.]
(cf .

[!1M"

[m . pr . n . ]
but rather(cf.

time)

l!!Ia3dJ 6MC!,:,An (contemporary Ger. Bondern., Soviet GeorRuss.

a)

vacation [pl .] J 3 "11"1 3 ,:, accent ::),3 c:! J b n o:lB:J6~n ~aMb3t::!JlI'1n east(ern) :J~:J6:J
3,:,cn!la n

~ M~~~JaJ3n

gian writer) Europe church Belen

[ f . pr . n .

(city in

J*

Georgia)
sound (E) Greek

(A)

Yerevan

(capital of

(person )
B.ible

Armenia) together ( see note 5)

one
doctor (M . D . )

end, cancl-usion

because of , o n aeccun t of

Venera, Venus [ f . pr . n. ] *
3J5hnbi~~b6n

[pp.] clear, ex plicit, (a)

certain

(A) The Hero in the Tiger Skin , poem of sota Rustaveli; tiger lit. (30 Sb -

road, way Givi

~o

[m.pr . n . ]* sister
west (ern) capital city
( l i t . 'mother city') 3n6

(3}"")

skin

(!i!:j,')3N wear-

~b3~JO'In ~J~a~jn

ing-one ( -l"Ib,')6,..,)

who? [Oat. and Gen. 3,..,b?]

LESSON 4
3n5~n~,':)6 O'1 J.:>~~n
m~

105

because theater (a) i f [with fut . ; see sec .

4 . l.2 . ]

Nick [m . pr . n . ;
from 6nJP1~ P1 gn]

room Olga ['pr . n . ]*

3.:>~n~n

(b)
n3~nbn
nan~~a

or [in ques-

tions]
July

3.:>b.!Jbn
3n~3:Je:!n

war Paris answer first

nanl/"la , ~/"la n6 b(j nl;!Iln

.3':>l~

for that reason because insti t ute Kate [f . pr . n . ;

from J.3':>lJ~n6J] Kremlin

poet MOblBP1M~6n (A) restaurant (also without

3P1:Jln

syncope)

if [in condi tionals; see

sec. 4.1. 2.]

~J6n6n

~:)JbnJM6n
a.:>an~.:> a':>3~ M !::IJ:!Jan a.:>n':>3~3b.3n *

Lenin dictionary
t a ble

M,P1a Ol:!f'I
M..!Jbm':>3:J~n

(E)

which? what?

mausoleum Mayakovsky (20th

writer)

0P10'1':>

(Georgia's greatest poet,

ca.
1172-1216)

century Russian M.!Jbn

b.:>a~:!Jb.:>M.P1
a~n~.:>~n

Russian (person)

unIortunate
middle, average;

aJa",,6.:>~n

aJ~:)~

88J 8mb

rich b.:>o.!J':>~"" (A) friend Medea [f.pr.n . ]* sun

(A)
mountain{s)

b':>0.!J':>t::!P1 bJI"lt::);;' middle school (equivalent of U.S. high

school)

aO'1:)t::)n
an:J~ a P1 :J~.:>6

whole . entire by [ pp . ] (A) (public)

square

Moscow Mtskheta (first capital of

Georgia)

bM80bn bl"l5nl"l

food (cf. ,5.:>86 eat ' ) house (E) Armenian (person)

(E)

Sophia [ f . pr . n .J

diminutive of

106

LESSON 4

[f.pr . n . ] ~30~~so~n
b13J'\~dlB;!)';;i:l

(E)

everything

structure
(A) guest

~30~n

bte:!)<L::'Mn

~M3J~m3nb

cheese always

bpMMn ,
bpl"'lMJ

precise, cor-

aJa~Ja

after [pp.J;
then (adverb)

bb3,')
w::dbljn .!l3.::. 6
.!l3 M.c>n6.::.
;!) I"'I M~';; M 3n

rect (an) other

tex t
b e hind [pp . ]

c J b;)bJ6
dMMnb

about [pp . ]
among [pp. with
Oat . ; sec .
4.4.3. ]

t he Ukraine
Marjorie Wardrop CI.!l,')

between [pp.
withDat. ; sec . 4 . 4 . 3.]

a.,Mx..,r:ln
;!) S':IM

(1869-1909)

more

.!lBbl'l ,
;!)(jb f"l ;!)An

foreign
drawer
(A) window

- 13 (- "8 after
con sonants)

(wri tten togeth er with the

preceding word)

.!lX M,') !9 ",6 X,')';,')

alsoi "l3 "

,!!.:::. - O

snMsnta>:l
S M6:)tjnJo!)

(phonograph)

both . . . and

record phone t ics

French (per s on) front (here : military)
VJMn~ M 6nmn

wife
little [qua n t i fier]

s M.::.6a n
!9 MM6 I1 n
j~~~3~~~Mn

life written (of a

language) in front of, b e fore [pp . ]; be fore
X~MnbJ~en

Kartvelian

(the

l i n guistic family to which Georg ian belongs)

J~cn~nbn

pn6

(adverb) (cf.

thanks to [pp . ] soldier

X~Mn

(city in Georgia) street wi n e Gen . [ Gen. and Instr . irreg .:

d~"O
~3n6 1"1

army , man)

J~an

prize

(l3 n6nb Instr . l:'3n6 ncn]

* Non t runcating

LESSON 4

107

Verb s . ga=i - g -eb- s understand, learn , find out; hear

a.::..::.a[!ln[!lt:iJ6b see a(!ln[!l.:;.t:in

.:;.bp':;'3~nb

a - s9avZ - i - s (presen t = future) ga=a- umJobes - eb- s

mi-i - g-eb~s

teach improve
receive. get

a.::..::.:!)a x M6JbJ 6 b
ann~J 2. b

.'

<-

. ,

..
' -=::;-

...

-lvari Cathedral (Mc:reLa: end ofVI - beei.a..oine ofVlI centuries) $3,6,0

108

LESSON 4

Key to the Exercises 1. 2.

3.

It would be good if we read books about Georgian life . The first translation of the Bible into Old Georgian is from Greek.
Is David a 11oscovite? No . he is fro m the Ukraine .

4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

12 . 13 _ 14 _

15. 16. 17.

Among my Georgian books is a phonetic analysis of a French text . ~]ere I to read i t in the university , I would pronounce French sounds more accurately. If Zurab reads only Georgian, Spanish, and Italian novels, why do I see German and Dutch novels on the table? Because Zurab's sister Sopiko will come here tomorrow . She teaches Dutch and ' German literature in a Batumi high school ( literally ' middle school',. Where are you all going? We are going to Elizabeth ' s. If I were finishing the reading, I would go. But tomorrow I shall go to Vano's. If the teacher will go out from the room, we will not study the lesson in the Chinese language. ~vhere is your Armenian - Russian [Armenian has no case ending ; only R u ss ian is declined] dictionary? It is on the table near the window. It isn ' t there. If i t isn ' t there. i t will be in the drawer behind my pens and pencils . Were I to receive an answer from Tamar, I would go to the theatre with Tamar ' s brother_ The sun rises from the east and sets in t he west (instr . ) . After stUdying Georgian Nick and Olga will go a cross on the street and go to Anthony's _ Anthony will receive new records of classical music from friends from Erevan _ If I receive a letter from Paris, I will come to your place. If you receive a book from Kate, yoU will come to our place . Who is the author of the first English translation of Sota Rustaveli' s T he Kni.gh t in the T ige r ' 8 S k i n (3J~bnb~~~Mb~6n ) ? It is Marjorie wardop. In Georgia now The Kni.ght in the Tiger ' s ski n is be ing translated into other languages also. If the members of the linguistic circle read [onJ Georgian. I would describe the structure of the Georgian verb _ In front of the Kremlin on Red Square in Moscow is Lenin's mausoleum _ Because of the war the soldiers are on the front and unfortunately there is little food in the capital city _ During the war life in the big cities

LESSON 4

109

18 .

19.
20. 21 . 22 .
23 .

24 .
25 .

26 .
27. 28 .
29 .

30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . 34 . 35 . 36. 37 .
38 .

is very difficult but after the war everything will improve . I always go up to the mountains [= in mountain] during vacation . I will go up there in July also when my wife will go to Europe with my sister. If Zurab would finish the new French - Georgian dictionary before Sopi~o's coming, you all would translate the whole story. Nodar Oumbaje is a well- known Georgian writer . Mayakovsky is from Georgia . Mayakovsky, however, is not a Georgian but is a Russian poet. The teachers of the Institute of Foreign Languages are writing a grammar of ancient Greek for Georgian students . Anthony will receive a prize for [his] new novel . Thanks to the prize he will become rich . We were entering into the house when the doctor was coming out. Because of the bad weather we will not visit Givi today (= go to Givi ' s as guest) . If our professor's books were being written more clearly , the students would understand them more easily . Because of the examination we are reading books about Georgia ' s history. Which city is older (= more old), Tbilisi or Moscow? Tbilisi is the older city . For a man , good wine and good cheese are very important . If the class meeting began [use conjunctive imperfective] earlier (= more early) I would come on time. The Georgian Academy will publish a new book about the history of the Georgian literary language . Givi pronounces English words without an accent . Reading a Georgian text is very difficult without a dictionary. Among the large Georgian cities are Tbilisi, Kutaisi , and Batumi . If I read the book up to the end , I will under stand everything . Sophie is listening t o the radio broadcast without a word . Would Venera and Medea listen if the program were more interesting? On the road between Tbilisi and Mtskheta there are interesting old churches . Among the Kartvelian languages there is only one written language -- Georgian . IE i t didn't become dark [soJ early, we would go to the restaurant this evening (= tOday in the eve n ing) .

11 0

LESSON 5
5 . O. Regular verbs . In this course v erbs are con sidered regular i f the _ root in. the p r e s ent 01"' fut u.r e "t;en 8 8 S contains a vowel . Verbs such as ~'::'~:JAb (da = -q e r- B ) [root C? er ] ' write'; 8,:)l!';:)(Il<:>haa6 .... b (gada = -ta rg mn- i -s) [ r oot t"argmn ] 'translate'; ,::,,::,o:J6:J2.b (a =a ~ en - eb -s) [root ~ en ] 'build'; .::. ~6 .... a6'::'3b (a~ + - n i ~n- av -

[root ni Bn ] ' mean ' ; etc . are regular . Verbs such as a~3~a3b (mo = - ~l - av - B ) ' kill ' ; ~.::.Aa~(Ild3.::.ab ( ~a r mo + t k v - am- s ) ' pronounce '; ~ ,:n"3~nb ( ZE a = -tvt. - i - s) 'consider ' ; a l"\ b31"16b ( mo== sp- ob -s ) ' destroy'; etc . are considered irregular since their r oots ( - ~l -, - tkv -, - t vl -~ - sp -)
8) contain no vowels in the future o r present series.

S. l . The aorist series . The sec o nd series of Georgian verbs is the aorist series . Whereas the fu ture and present s u bseries consist o f three screeves each ( future subseries: future , c o nditional, c o njunctive perfective; present subseries : present , imperfect, conjunctive imperfective), the aorist series consists of only two screeves , the aorist and the optative . In general, the a o rist screeves are formed mo st frequently from future ( i . e., perfective) series stems . I . conjugation f o rms have a special case for the subject of aorist series screeves. This case could well be called the I~c o njugation - a o rist-series - subject case , but i t is traditionally called the ergative case (aMalbhM6nl7ln [ mot x"I' o b i-ti ] 'narrative c ase' ) . The direct object is in the nominative case ( the same case which marks the subject in the present and uture series). Indirect objects continue to be marked by the dative case . II . conjug ati o n verbs have the same subject marker in the aorist series as in the present and future series , i . e . , the n o minative case . This can be summari zed by the following table :

r. Co nj .
Subject D. O . Id . 0.

Conj . Subject
II .

Future and Present Nominative Dative Nominative Series Aorist Ergati v e Nominative Dative Nominative Ser i es Please note that the choice o f sub j ect c a se f o r I . c o njugation verbs is purely mechanical. I f the screeve is present, future, imperfect, c o nditio nal or conjunctive , the sub j ect will be in the n o minative case (and the direct and indirect o b j ects in the da -

LESSON 5

111

tive); if the screeve is aorist or optative, the subject will be in the ergative, the direct o bject in the nominative, and the indirect object in the dative. l 5.2 . The ergative case. The ergative case has the ending -ma which is added to consonantal stem nouns and the ending -m which is added to vocalic stem nouns (i . e., nouns ending in a ~ e ~ o ~ i ~ U ) . 2 Examples : N.
~ac-i

generAl-i
a:J6 :J .4o~n

mindOr-i
a n 6~I'lr;n

Joan
E.
kac - ma

generAl-rna
aJ6:J.4.:>~a.:>

mind Or - rna
a n 6~I'l.4a.:>

3.:>aa.:>
man N. E. gramatika

general m09ape
aM~O~:J

f ield g o go

aMoa0lnJ.:>
gramat:i~a-m

a fYI 8t"1
g ogo-m

mo c;ape-m
aM~O~:Ja

8M .:>a\:llJnJ.:>a
grammar

al'l 81'l a
girl

pupil

Plural forms are regular: .3':>8:)oa.:>

g r a ma t i 1f.-- e b- ma ~

a.:>

g ene r l -e b -m a ~

~ aa - eb - ma ~ aJ6:J.4t:,1:J6an6~3M:JOO.:> ml,.ndv r- eb - ma ~ aM.:>a.:>lJnJ:J3ao

gogo - eb - ma . Note that there is no syncope ~n the singular ergative forms. The ergative case o f 3n6 (vin) 'who '? is excep tional in that i t is ident1cal to the n o minative, i.e., nom. and erg. ~ 306.

aI"lV':>!9:J:J3a.:>

moqape - eb - ma ~

8I"1an:Jo8.:>

5. 2.1. As noted in sec. 2.3.2 and sec. 3.4, adjec tives ending in a vowel have no endings when preceding the noun they modify . Adjectives who se stems end in a consonant have the same endings as nouns in the ergative case when they precede the n o un they modify: N. E. kartu1i ena
d':>MOl:!l~ n d.:>.4Ol:!l~a\)

meore

ga~vetili

06.:> :J6.:>a
rnta

a:Jnfi:J
meore

3\)J3:JlJl n ~n
ga~veti1-ma

kartul-ma ena-m Georgian language

aon.4 J

3\)J3:JlJl n t:,la~

second lesson

N.

rna~Al-i

a\) ~ \)t::!n

alJl\)

112

LESSON 5

E.

magal-ma mta-rn
high mountain

5.3 . The aorist. The Georgian aorist of I. and II . conjugation verbs is almost always formed from the future (perfective) stem . 3 I t is a past tense which lacks the durative, ongoing meaning of the imperfect . Nor is i t generally iterative in meaning, unlike the imperfect or the conditional with x oZme b~~aO' A vague notion of its meaning can be gotten from approx imate counterparts in other languages:
Georgian

Imperfect da-cer-a da-mal-a

~~na~~~ PO~~~

cer-da npJ~Oo~~~ i-ger-eb-od-a mal-av-d-a

da-i-mal-a
Past progressive was writin g

English

Simple past wrote

was written hid something hid (oneself ) French pa sse compo s e or pa l:Jae de f i.ni. i1 a ecrit, i1 ecrivit

was being written was hiding (something) was hiding

impa:z f a i. 't

(oneself)

i l ecrivait i l a ete ecrit, i1 fut ecrit i l s'ecrivait i l l'a cach~, i1 1e cacha i l 1e cachait

i l s'est cache, i l se cacha i1 se cachait Russian past perfective past imperfective

OH OH OH OH HaOHcan (5bUl HanHcaH OH OH
OM

nHcan
nHcanCfI
CKpblBan
CKPhfBaJICH

CKPbUl

CKPblJlCfI

OH
o~

5.3.1.

Aorist

regular verbs:

I. conjugation.

LESSON 5

113

Regular verbs of the I . conjugation form the aorist from the future stem by : a. dropping the future stem formant, ifany, and b. adding the aorist endings :
-e

-a

-es

c. Some, though not all, root verbs (i.e ., verbs without a present /fu ture stem formant) having root vowe1 e alternate that vowel with i in the aorist series . Root verbs ending in - ev have the alternation but also lose the root- final v throughout the aorist . (Note the similar alternation in forming II . conjugation forms of these root verbs [sec . 3 . 1 . 4 . 1) . For examples, see sec . 5 . 3 . 2 . 2 below . 5.3.2 . Aorist of regular verbs: II . conjugation . Remember that the subject of II . conjugation verbs in the aorist series is in the nominative.
5.3.2 . 1 . II . conjugation in -i- . The aorist of II. conjugation verbs with - i - derived from regular I. con jugation verbs is formed in exactly the same manner as for I. conjugation verbs , except that the 3pl . ending differs :

-e
-a -nen

The only differences between I . conjugation aorists and the corresponding II. conjugation in - i - aorist will be in the ending of the 3pl . (I. conjugation -es , II . conjugation -nen) and the presence of the preradical vowel - i - in the II . conjugation form . The I . conjugation aorists usually do not have the preradical vowel -i- . ~ Root verbs in - ev form the II. conjuga tion aorist irregularly (see sec. 15.1 . 4) . For examples see sec . 5 . 3.2.2 below. 5 . 3 . 2 . 2. Examples :

114

LESSON 5

I. conj. Root verbs:

II.

conj.

in 1. -

da= - grex- s

' twist '

da= -i- grix-eb-a ' bec ome twisted' da=v-i - grix -e (-t) da= -i - grix -e C t) da= -i- grix- a da= -i-grix -nen

da=v - grix-e( - t) da= -grix- e(-t) da= -grix- a da=grix - es

~'3a,"nbJ(~)

l!.::>3 n at'inbJ{ITi)
l!.:::.nat'i nb o(l7I)
~.::.n8":;nb~

~'a"'nbJ(~)
~.:::.ar'lnb.:::.

a=a-rcev- s

'choose '
(see sec.
15 . 1.4)

a=v- a-r~i - e ( -t)

a= -a- rci - e( - t) a= -a-rci- a a= - a - rei-es

.;)3.:::.1'41:;":)(171)
.:::..:::.t'iF;no(tn)
.:::..:::.",,1';0'::'

da= - ger-s ' write'

da=v- c;:er- e ( -t) da= - c;er - e , - t) da= -crer- a da= - c;:er- es

da= -i- ger-eb-a ' be written '

da= -i-c;:er-a

da= -i-cer-nen

~03IiJ'"J(~)

~'IiJ'"J(~) ~'PJ""
a= - 90n- i - s

~'IiJ"'Jb
'weigh ' a= -i-90n-eb-a 'be wei g hed'
a=v-i-<;on- e(-t) a= - i-yon - e ( - t) a= - i-Con - a a= -i-con-nen
'3nIiM6J(~) onp~6J(~)

a=v - con-e(-t) a= - 900- e ( - t)

a= -con - a a=

'3p~6J(~)
olin6J(~)

"pf9l6"

,:,npf9l6.:o

LESSON 5

115

da= - mal- av - s ' hide ( someth ing)

da=v - ma~ - e( - t)

da= - i - mal-eb- a

hide onese l f

da= - mal - e( - t) da= - ma ~- a da= -ma l-es

da=v - i - mal-e( - t) da= - i-mal - e( - t) da= -i- mal - a da= - i - mal - nen
~.,')3na,')~J(0'I) ~,')na,')~:J(I7'I)
~.:lna.:ll::l"

~'3a''':J(m) ~,a''':J( m )
~"a.:l~,')

5. 3. 2. 3. II . conjugation in - d - . The aorist of II . conjugation verbs in - d - is ~ormed from ehe IUeur~ stem by: a. dropping the future stem formant b. adding the aorist endings :
- i

-a

-nen

(No t e that t h ese are the same endings as for the imperfect and conditional; these two screeves differ from the aorist in having both the P/FSF (-eb) and the suffix - cd- . ) Example : I. con j . ga= - a - 9itl- eb- s ga=v9a= 9a= ga= aaaayitl 9 it l cr i t l citle( - t) e (-t) a es ' make red' II . conj . in - d ga= - yitl - d - eb- a
ga=v - ~itl - d - i( - t)

' blush '

ga= -critl- d - i( - t) ga= - critl- d - a ga= -critl-d- nen

a,')3pnO'lt:!~n(cn)

a .:l 3.,')i7n O'l ~J( 0'I ) a.:..:.pn lJl ~J( IJI )

a,').,')pn cn t:! ,')

a.:..:.~ncn~Jb

8,') Vn cn~ [E'6 06

a,')vnO'lI:!l~n(lJ\) a.:.~ncnc:!~.:.

Othe r exampl es (all forms are third person singular) : Noun I . conj . fut . II . conj . fut . Aor . II . conj . meore ga=i - meor- eb- s ga=meor- d - eb-a ga=meor - d - a

8JI"'I MJ
second

8.:l n8 0l"lM;)3b
repeat

a,')aJI"'I~~J 3 .,')

a,')aOl"lM~':'

be repeated

116

LESSON 5

tavi

ga=a-tav- eb-s
a~~m~3~6b

ga=tav-d-eb- a
a~m~3~~6~

ga=tav-d-a
a~m~3~~

end
a=a-~en-eb-s

end

( intr.)

a=~en-d-eb-a

a=sen-d - a
~aJ6~~

~~a~6Job

~aJ6~Jo~

build

be built

5.3.3.
I.

Examples:
~opO"b

write

,,~a~"~06b

discover

~o3PoMo(m)

'>1::1 a1'l3"Fin6 J( ,')c::! al"'l,::d~n6;::,

en)
'::'(lal"'l.::d~n6

~opo"o(m)
~~PJ~~ ~opO';Ob

,,~al'l.::.Fin6:J(m)

Ob

6.:;.b':>3 b

see

3 6oo 0(m) 6oo o (m)

6.:>bJb

""d:)6Qob 3 od o6 0(m)

build

oooo60(m)
.:;..::.a:)6..,
a,,~"m"Maa6nb

dJM03b

mix

translate

03 Mn o(m) OMno(m)
aJMn~

a'::'~':>3IJ\i::IMaa6J(Jl)

8'::'~'::'(Jl"Maa6:J(IJ'I)

dJMnJb
l!!.:;.a'::'~;::'3b
~.:;.na':;'~Jo;::,

a.::.~.::.m,::,Maa6.::.

a"~'::'(JlMaa6Jb

II.

- i- -.

II.

- d -.
a;:,"l7nf11~:Job
a.::.pnm~~Jo"

hide

blush

~"'3na':'c:!:J(!Jl)

a'::'3P:n(T\~l!'n(lJI)

~"na"C!,IO(I1l)
5. 4.

a.::.v n17l~{~)f'

0'1)

Aorist of irregular verbs.

5.4.1. Verbs in -e b and - o b with nonsyllabic roots form the aorist of both the I. and II. conjugation forms from the future stem in the normal manner, i . e., by dropping any future stem formant and by adding the aorist endings. These aorist endings, however, are irregular in the 3sg . in that they take - 0 instead of
- a ;

i .e .

LESSON 5

117

I . conj . -e
- 0

II. c o nj .

- es

- 0

-nen

Examples ; Fut . I . ga=a - g - eb-s

a':'':'~:J6

Ao rist I . ga=a-g- o

Fut. II. ga=i - g - eb - a

a~nt::l:J6~

Aorist II . ga=i-g-o

a':'':'t:;If"I
da=i -~ q - o

a,:,nt::lf"l
d
a-~ - c;:q - o

open da=i -9 Q- eb - s
QI,:,n~~Job

da=i - c;:q - eb- a

QI~n~!;i:J6~

'

QI,:,n~!;if"l

QI,:,np !;if"l
mi=i-g-0 5
3nn~1"I

begin mi=i-g - eb- s

mi=i-g - o

mi=i-g-eb-a

annt:;l:J ob

annt::'f"I
o~

3nnt::':J6':'
~1"I~6~.

receive Aorist/Iwperfect 5. 4.2.

Subj . is nom . v - i - qav - i ( - t) i - oav - i ( - t) i - q- o i - qv - nen

5. 4. 3. Aorist of b3~':' 5vla. ( Subjec t; in n ominat i ve ) [ pvb+v-ved-i(-t) -J 1 . Pvb +ved - i(-t ) 2. Pv b+x - ved - i( - t) 3sg. p vb +vid- a 3pl . Pvb +vid-nen Pvb stands for the preverb found in the future series of screeves . So, from pres . 3nQlnb mi +di - s , fut . P~3':' 9a +v a we get aorist 35g . p':'3nQl~ 9 a +vid- a . Note that as in the future screeves , the 2d person has the mark er x -. Note als o the vowel alternati o n between the 1st and 2d person and the 3d person forms . Example : 8MQl n b comes aI"l3:JQln( - ~)

3I"1 b 3:JQln(-m )
5. 5 . Demonstrative pronouns and
a njectiv~~.

5 . 5.1. The demo nstrative adjectives N. ( e s) ' this', 'these ' and nb (i 8 ) ' that ' , 'tho se have o ne form for all the remaining cases . Note that these forms modify both singular and plural n o uns .

yb

118

LESSON 5

N. E . D. G.I.A .

es

:Jb

am

08
or

is i m

"b na

5.5 . 2 .
' this

The demonstrative pronoun s N. sg. Jb

(one) ' and nb (i s )

(e s )

nan (igi) 'that (one)' form all remaining singular case forms fr o m the stems ama and im a - respectively . These are declined like a reg ular noun stem in Q , except for the E . , which takes the ending _ n : 6 that: this:

Nom . Erg.
Oat.

es
ama - s

Jb

is nb

or

i gi

nan

ama-n .::.a.::o6
.::.o.:.b am- is .::.a nb

i ma-n

n a.::.6
n a.::.b

Gen .
Inst.

ima-s im- is

nan b
n ancn

amam-

i t .::.ancn
ad.::.a,:, ~

im-

it

Adv .

im- ad

n a,:,~

In the plural only two forms are found, a nominative and an ergative- dative- genitive : these: those:
Nom. E.D.G.
ese- ni J b ;)6 n ama- t '::'0'::'01

isi-ni nbn 6 n

or

n a n 6 n igini

ima - t

"a.::.0'1

5.6. Nouns : the stylistically marked plural . In addition to the plural formati o n described in sec . 4 . 2 there is a less frequent plural formation o f nouns (which was typical of the older Geo rgian literary language) . This system opposes a nominative to an ergative - dative-genitive plural, much as in the plural of the demonstrative pronoun . In the stylistically marked plural there is neither syncope n o r truncation; the endings are added directly to the stem of the noun . These endings are:
Nom. E.D.G. Examples:
bbb~~n

- ni - t (a ) saxel-i

d80

jma jrna-ni jrna- t(a) brother

N. pI. E.D . G.pI.

b.::.bo~6 n

bobJ~~(o)

da.::.6n saxel-ni saxel-t(a ) da.::.0'1('::')

name

LESSON 5
J':'1~.::>an

ll9

N .pl . E . D.G . pl .

j.::>~.::>a6n

kalArn- i kalAm- ni J:;:alAm-t ( a)

.3.::>~.::>aln('::

j'::>B " j':> {3 6 n j.:> a m ( .:

kac- i kac - ni J:;:ac-t(a )

pen

man

It should be noted that the ending - ta is c o mmonly used t o form adjectives from n o uns; cf . b .::>o!~ (sab q o) 'council , Soviet ' (noun ) , b,:>o~~In'::> (eabqota) councils ', S o viets ' (g . pl . ), and ' Soviet ' ( adj. ) as in b .:>o~~In'::> .3'::>38n~n ( Sab q o t a ~ av ~ ~ p i) s ov iets' Uni o n, i.e . , Soviet Un~on . 7 Wordbuilding : formati o n o f nomina agentis . 5 . 7. Nouns generally denotin g persons in terms o f pro fession or actions they perform can be d erived from nouns and from verbs . 5. 7.1.

o.::><:Jn 3:!JMfl

Denominals with circumix me - . . . . . - e . garden me- bag - e g ardener ba?Ji aJo.::><:J:J

a:J3~"':J a:J.~:l6:J
me - ~ur - e

bread J?uri ~:!J~.::>6n dukAni shop b':>':>In(\ saa t i watch, clock a b 3'::' Mn cxvAri sheep

me- dukn-e me- saat- e

baker shopowner watchmaker

8Jb':'.::>C7l J

a:JB b 3'''' :J

me- cxvar - e shepherd

5 . 7 .2. Deverbals with prefix m- . No mina agentis are generally f o rmed fro m the p p esent stem o f verbs , minus a ny preradical vowel . Often there is a suffix - eZ - (- El - ), or, less commonly, - A p- ( - Al - when the verbal root contains an pl . The present stem f o rmants - a v - and - am - undergo syncope before these suffixes, and P!:;k' - i is dropped. Examples : Ca) with - el gada=targmn-i - s
a'::'~'::>(Il.::>~aa6nb

m-targmn - el - i
aC7l.::>~aa6Jt::!fl

translate mo=kl - av-s

trans l ato r m- kv1-el - i

a.33~Jt::! n killer ( see sec .

aMjc:!':'3 b
ki l l ,0'=mart-av-s 8

1 . 11.2)

m- mart- v - el - i

a.::.f.a>':> 3 b
manage

aa.:>f.a>3::lc:! fl
manager

120

LESSON 5

mo=i-smen-s aMnba06b listen

a=a - sen- eb-s
~i:)a:J6:J6b

m-smen-el-i
aba06:J~n

listener m- sen-eb-El - i
aaJ6J3J~n

build

builder

Note the following formed from the future stem:

i-~itx-av-s m -~ itx - v - el -i

n3 nl7lb "'3 b

a3nO'lb3:J~n

read
e=a-pas- eb-s

reader

se-m-pas-eb-El-i

o:Ji:>!;9.::.b:J6b a:Ja!:9....,b:J6:J~n estimate estimator (Note that the prefix m- folZows any preverb.)
(b) with no suffix. (This group 15 less common than the group with - el - . ) e=ker-av-s m-ker-av-i a30 l'l.::o3 n o0301'l'::'3 b

sew
ag-mo+a-cen-s

tailor,

sewer

ag-mo+m- cen-i
.:>(laMah:J6n

-"(la"''::'h:J6b
discover

discoverer
ppesen~ ac~ive

These forms are also known as the par-ticipte (see sec . 11.5).

LESSON 5

121

LESSON 5:

Notes

1. If one noun is the subject of two or more verbs governing different subject cases, the noun takes the case demanded by the neapest verb to i t . Example :

6nJM

3~~~~6 3~~n

an3n~~ a~~~~ ~

~~

a~~~~ .

Nick went up to the door and opened it.

6nJMa

a3n~~ .

Nick opened the door and went out . In the first sentence the subject, 6nJ~' is ~n the nominative because the nearest verb, an3n~~, always takes a nominative subject, this despite the fact that a~~~M demands a subject in the ergative , being a I . conjugation verb in the aorist. In the second sen tence , the situation is reversed . The ending - m also occurs with proper names with 2. stems e n ding in i (see Lesson 3, note 3) ; e . g . anM~ana an3na . The ending - m also occurs with the small number of loanwords with stems ending in i such as hn tea , ~~~a3~n streetcar, ~~dbn taxicab. Such nouns are declined the same as names like 8nl"l~an . Note also that t h e erg. of 306 who? is irregular, being identical to the nom . The full declension of this interrogative pronoun is nom . , erg . 3n6; dat., gen . 3nb . 3. Much less common is the imperfective aorist, formed from the present stem (i . e . , generally without preverb) . It can indicate that the action ended without achieving the desired result : 3~~n 3~~~ I tried to open the door (unsuccessfu~ly) as opposed to J~o a~3~~~ I opened t he door (perfective aorist) . Note that the use o the imperfect, ,jt'ib 3.:o~82>1!,n I was opening the door generally imp~ies that the door will be opened . The imperfective aorist (of ten repeated) can also indicate a series of such unsuccessful attempts: 3~An 3~~8 3~~8 ~ d~n3b a~3~~J I tried and tried to open the door and just barely (d~n3b) o pened (perfective aorist) it. 4. For an example of a I . conjugation verb with pre radical vowe l - i -, see the examples of ~~np~J3b (da =i qq-eb - s) 'begin ' , below . Note that for these particular verbs the aorist 5. forms of the I . and II. conjug atio n are f ormally iden tical , particularly in the 3sg . , where both are da=i qq - o ~~np~~. The semantic distinction between the two

122

LESSON 5

conjugations can be determined by either context or by the case of the subject in the third person; cf . aO~~Oa ~~n~~n (m eorem (E . ) dai~qo ) ' the sec~nd (one ) began
l.t';

and

aOI"'lM;)

l!.::.n~!::J1'\

(meore
The

(N . )

da1,..qqo)

'the second
(with the N. )

In the first example (with the Eo) the verb is transitive. cf . French Ze deuxi~me Z. ' a commenae~
Russian BTOpO:A: Ha1.lan. second example

(one)

began' .

has an intransitive verb; cf. French Ze deu xieme s'est oommence~ Russian BTOpoA Ha1.lanCR. (There is a differ ence in endings in the 3pl .: I. conjugation -e8, II . conjugation - nen~ but sLnce the subjects of II . conju gation verbs are generally inanimate. this latter end ing is rather raxe in occurrence (see sec . 4 . 2). 6. Georgian has a third, less common demonstrative : adjective N . eg ~a. E . O . G . I.Adv . mag a~a and pronoun N. eg :J3' stem of other cases maga -. pl. N . egeni :J8;)6n E.D . G . magat a~a ~m . Eg:J3 indicates a distance intermediate between that of es ;)b and i s nb, somewhat similar to Latin iste~ ista ~ istud . It should be noted that before the particle - 0 ' also' the nominative forms es Ob and is nb add e and i respectively: esec (oboe) 'thl..S too', ieie ( nbne ) r tha t too' . 7. Consonantal stem adjectives modifying nouns in the stylistically marked plural generally take - i in the nominative and no ending in the E . D . G . Adjectives ending in a vowel take no ending in either form . Compare the adjective endings in the stylistically marked plural of $xva 8a xetovan-i kac-i 'another famous man ': N. sxva- saxelovan-i ~ac-ni bb3~ bbb;)~M3~6n J~e6n E.D . G. sxva- saxelovan ~ac-t(a) bb3~ b~b:J~M3~6 J~em~ 8. This verb has no preverb in the future series; as a result there is no formal difference between i t and the present series.

123

LESSON 5 : Exercises
1. 2.
3.

3nG
aM~~

~~aM~nn6~

~a~~n3~? ~n~n

-- j~nb@O~M~J JM~~a6a~ . n63~nb~M~~ 3nM30~~~

~MM~MM3a~.
3MMaM~a~ 3nbaJ6~n~, ab~3b

M~b~~3~~nb
a~~~ ~ ~~aa6~?
M~~nMmn

3MOa~

306

-- a~MXMMn
,

a~an6

b~~b~Mn

a~bn3nb MM~Jb~B

8M3nb8n6Jm . n8 ~MMb 80aJmb Jnmb~~M3~b .

4.

a~an6

aJ~Jb

bb~

V03n~o?
~b
~bnV8M.

-- a~an6
aJa~J8

ao~oo

~6n3JMbnmJian
b~bmnnb

Pb3n~b

a6na36J~M3b6n

3nmh3b

5.
6.

In b03bMlnoMJ6n ~obagb~b ~b aJa~Ja aOMno8mo6 Pb3n~b . XMMX 3ban6a~M6n bb~ ~bn6b~b? -- 3oan6a~M6n 3nMxn6noon ~on6b~b . -- bb~ ~bn6b~J? -- nnJb8Mon
~b3n6b~J '

ab~3ba

7.

aShJmo bbdbMm3J~Mb 3nM3J~n ~J~bJb~bdn n~M . 8JOd3bJ bb~3~6Jan ~J~bdb~bdn aBbJmn~b6 m6n~nban
8b~b3n~b .

8. 9. 10 . 11 . 12 .
13 .

"306J8 3MM50bMMnb bn~~3J3n aMnb8n6o ~b Pb3n~b . MMBo ~an ~~np~~ 1 a~Bb3~A~~on am~an ~~na~~606 .
~anb aoa~oa 6~~an n~aM3n~606 .

b~n6~oAob~

PJMn~n

an3n~o

30~Mob~a~6 ,
~~Mm~~

~oaa~
06~~O

da~a
n~~

3n 6~m~an~~6 ann~~ 3~30~n . oojb3nMnb 3nM30~n am~Maa60~n

~nan~~n ~n~n~6n .

~30~~~OAb M~a

nbp~3~n,

~3J~~5JMb M~B

3~Ma~~

a~nao6 . ~a~6 B~W~b

-- bMa 3nbp~3~O ~3J~~50Mn! n8 3~B8~ ~3J~~50Mn a~na~ ,

p~n3nm~~ . d~~n~5

3"
14 . 15 .

ab~~~~
~a

B~~~
a~a~

p~n3nmb~
~anb

~~

~b~~

a~naJ6b aJ~~d6nb

b~jaJo6nb

oOb~bJ6 . a~a~n~M~~ .

Vn6

" 3J5bnb~~~~b~6n"

3nMSJ~~~ 1712 (~m~b a3n~~b

m~MaJ~)

PJ~b a~a~J3086~~ .

a~naJ?

a0 5 0 3~b~~6a

VI (80JJ3bJ8)

" 3J5bnb~~~~b~6n "

1712 (~m~b o3n~~b

124

LESSON 5

~M~ao~)

PO~b

a,aM'~30~6,.
n~M . a~8J~nb Jn~b30 ~~~a~~3~~' ~~nV~M . j~~~3J~n a~a~ n~M . anMa~~5nnb Jn~b3~

a~aMaj3~~6J6J~n

16 .

~"e~ n3~6J

~~~Ma

3~~ng~~n

X~3~bna3n~nb X~3~bna3n~n ~~ e6Man~n

-- n3~6J ~~~JM~

3n6

n~M? J~nb

--~n~n

nb~M~nJMbn

~an~nbnb ~6n3JMbn.J~nb "d~~m3J~n ~ ~aM3~n6J'

nbIMMn~ .'1 a3a~n~M~n .

17 . 18 .

AMBo

~a

3n~b38J 3b~bn

bdMm3J~M,

bMabJmn

o8JM6onxo6n oanJMJo3Jo -

19.

bnnb bo6!Mmo MJb3~a~nJJan. bdoMm3J~Mb ~J~d~dn man~nbn , bMabJmnb ~J~d~dn JMJ306no, o8JM6onxo6nbo 3n 60JMO. a~an6 nb bl~~J6~n 6obJ? -- OMO, Jb 36obJ o b30~ 36obo3 o

naob

20.
21 . 22 .

3MM50bMMaO
a~an6B

~Jdeno

~~Jb

~MJ

~n~~M.

~Jd8no
.

O~MJ

~onp~M .

MM80

mOaOMaO JOMn aO~M ~o aJaM3n~ VJMn~n an3n~J~ do6n danb~a~6~B ~~ ~6~M6nb ~nb~a~6~B . ~6IM6a~ In po~n~n nOan ~nb~a~6
ann~M .

a03~nM~nJ

23 .

Manb
b~~n

dJa~Oa

BbM3~J~~

~a

d30~~6~an
a~aMa~~JMO~ d~~~~

~n~~~
a~~n jM~~~ nd6Jo~ . aM~

a~~aXMoJb~~.

b~~3~6nb
~~np~Jo,

OM~Ma~J ~aXMoJb~J~M~ .
JJ~Jbnan

Man
~n6~~

~~

24 .

a~b

nJ~~b~~nanb b~~~~n 60~~~ n~M.

~~b~~3J~nb aM6b~J~an

~aM~nn6Jb .

nb

25 .

MJ3~a

aMnban6, oJa~Ja 3" Ob d3J~n b3MxnoMJOn anaJMM . ~JdanJ6b ~~ aMnbaJ6~ 0Ja~Ja a b3MxnoMJob anaJMMJO~, MJ3~n3n~
( = MJ3&b3n~)

~Jdan~

~~

~3J~~JMb a~"aJo~ .
~n~a j~M~3J~a~ 3MJla~, ~JJn

26. 27 .

ab~~n dM~~~n

b~J~6nb

VJMJ~J~a J

~~PJM~

a6Mon~n

~Jjbn

"b~~nJM .ft

J6nb

3nM3J~n

aM~aln3

3n6

~VJM?

-- 3nM3J~n aM~a,nJ MMaan aaMj3J~6~ (1643) .

LESSON 5
~3~Mhn n~M n~~~na~n

cann

a~x~.

~G~M6

3n~30~a~

aGnb 3nM30~n 3~Mm~~n 8M~a~~n3~ ~~~O~~ (1753). -- ~6~~6 3n~30~n 3n6 n~M? -- b~j~M~30~Mb
j~m~~n3Mbn n~~ . -- 3~m~~nj~bn ~~b 6no6~3b?

~a

03~obnnb

aO~~~Mb

6na6~3b.

28.

n309bn b~8~~b~6n n b~bJ~M3~6n M~bn

M~b~~ 3MJ~n

J6~30 3nM30~~~ o~~aM6~n. nm~M8a6~ , *

8~an6

8~b~~

29 .

nb

~naGoon

0J~d6~~n~~6

JboGn jn,
~a~b

d30~n

b Mab ~Mn~~6 .

nb
8~an6

~~3njnmbJ'

jn,

~b~~

33nmb~~MO . moanb~a~6 an3n~om .

30 .

3~b~bn

na

~OMn~on

31 .

moa n a ~~POM~ 8bn3MOO~ 3~3j~bn~on . nanb oOa~J8 moan ~~ ~~~~ b~~~J6mJ6n n~3606 mOn~nbon. na ~MMb nOdn ~oonB mon~nbon nH36J6 . na ~MMb , MM~Ob~8 nOan a0 8 nOMoon 3MOa~b 3nmb~~Mo~606, ~03~3a ~~ ~~~Ma jAn a~~~Jb ~~
oJaM3n~6J6 . a~on6 -- ~~2 MM~nb 8~b3J~nm? -- a~on6 83n~6 a~3J~nm ,

32 .

3n6~n~~6

n3J6m6 d~~n~6 a3n~6 aMb3J~nm . n a3n~60m J 3n6~n~~6 ~od8noon 83n6 3n6

8~aM~BbM? a~aM~Bb30m? -- a03~MOa . -- ~n~b, 3~Mn 8~aM3~ aOb~mJ d~M~~~"
"b~B~Mnn nabJ~M~~n."

~~a ~ ~3M~~ .

33 .

Jb

3~Mn

3~Mb

~8bM6~~ .

34 .

a~on6

3~Mn

Bb 30 m .
35 .
3nM3J~n
~66~6n~

~aMpaJ6~~n ~~npoM~.
~~npoM~ .

dMm~~n

~Jdb$oon
bbo~n b~bJ~n vnmJ~

b~~3~60on

Ob a

~odb~o6n

3nM30~n

~666nb ~66~6nb

"8M . 36 .
MMB~

~b~~n

JMm~~n

dMb3M30n 3n~~3n, pnma~n 36bJ . aMbjM30n m~ pb3~~m ,

6b~3m .

aMJ~6n

~~ jMJa~n
~

aMJ~6b

jMOa~b

37.

126
n3~6~B 3a~~n5n~n

LESSON 5
nH~ '
~~

38 .

fna6ne ~M8~ m8aM

a~J~~~m~ o~~m~

~b

p~3n3n~b~ a~aM3n~~ J~3an~nb

obne.
h~~?

na~b

33n~b~~~o~n, a~bp~3~J

b~b~an .

39 . 40 . 41 .

PJ3An

-- ~~~ ,

3~3an~nb

PJ3~n

3~~ '

~~~M

~a

~~~xn
~M

J~~anm
~Mnb,

~~PJ~b J
pn m J~n~ .

MJ3~8n

3n -- nanm .
pnmJ~n~ .

-- nb

~~Mxn

nJane
3JMnM~n

b~j~Mm3J~Mb M~bJmm~6
b~j~Mm3J~Mb nb.MMn~an

OJJMMJonb
~h~~n

aJa~Ja

(1801)

~~npHM .

42.

Jb fna6Jon
3nM3J~n b~~aa~an
Q3~MMaO

3MM5JbMMnb~m3nb~~,

nbnGn In -3~b~~6a aJJJ3bnb

b~~~J6~J6nb~m3nb .

43.
44 .

J~Mm~~n

pna6Jon aJ5J
5Mmbn~o~

~~n6J!~~'
bJ~6oPJMn aO~bpMMO .

MMBo

bJ~6oPJMn

aObpMM~O ,

MJ~o3~MMJ6n

Jao~M5n~6n aOO~M ~o

45.

"H3 6 J6 . MMBo ~3J~o5JMn

boh~an

~oa8o~~o,

aoaoa JOMn

aJaM3n~o .

46 . 4?

M~bn

3MJ0" aonoJM3bJn
b~~J~60an

bodoMm30~~an

~~na~~~.

a~b~~ ab"~~~

mOn~nbn

n~~

3~~~~~nb

eo6~~n

~~~

d~~~30~o6nb~~3nbJ

~~~ao~

bMabo6nb~~3nb~e .

b~d ~ ~~30~"b

~~~~~06an

48.

~Me~

~~3n6~~OJ

aAd0~~06M~~ . 3bp~3~M6~n.

b"abOab ~~ob~e 3bO~~3~ ~~aMb~3~0~an "an lOA Jn~J3 Man a~~~3~~ na ~AMbJ MMe~ bJM~~an
~~ ~3n6M ~~ ~~~n~ ~~ ~~ ~~Jb

49.

p~bO~ d~~n~6

a~~,.a, ~3~~~~ '

~~~~n

~3n6Mb~

~A~Hb ~a

~~~03b J a~J30~n~b

3~b~~6ane

~3~~
~~

n~6J."
3bp~3~M6~JJ b~~O~~A

50 .

bJ"~~an ~Ma ~~

3nbV~3~n~n!

*Note the use of the imperfective (nonprefixed) form of the aorist here to mark a series of independent past completed actions .

LESSON 5

127

Vocabul ary
~3~QI

_ 131 sick recently Transcaucasia

a:l50
a:lab3~t'l0

king shepherd (cf .

~a~b

pn6~cn

~an:lt'lJ~3J~bn~

,,;

not ~~~~n vodka (A) acn~t'laa60I:!!n a~Mn valley (no pl.) al"l6~blloJCin aOMn monk 3~JOtan a~aMa330~6:1aO~n publisher (E) 30t'ln1"lQln a~b~~n las t 31"l:la~ (previous) 3t'll"lat'l~a~ attested ~~Qlnl"l people, nation M~e n a QlMI"l b , while
t'lI"lQlOb~B (r'll"la~)
MOb3~a~ nJ~

nbtal"lMnJl"lbn
J~3anMn

J~Mn
J~Bn

Jncnb3~

J~~Ii~""~
a~al"la~M:ll"la~

aJ~~~6J

historian union catholicos (Georgian patriarch) door, gate man question culture situation shopowner (cf .
~~~,6n

b~~J~60
b~3aO

b~bO~1"l3~6n

b~M~cnn

j3:l~~6~

[A]

shop) sixth (cf . :l33bn six) baker (cf . 3~r'ln bread) fifth (cf . b:!)cnn five)

aOJncnb3~ aJ6~';n

l7J~n "~a

a"3,';n CAl sheep) translator monastery (E) package period [longer] poem program radio what, which, that (rel .) republic century matter , affair, job famous (A) (only of persons) school silly (non person) picture country , world CA) unification, union question center year (E) but, however (German

128

LESSON 5

doch ,
X~~ Jn~03

Rus-

sian Be.r:tb)

still , yet
da=bad-eb- s bear, bring into the world ( [II] b o rn )
~~"O~~~6~

Verbs _

be

~b "' a3n~6:Job da= i - gvian - eb-s Q''::>~J3b

da+ l.etJ - s : pr o b31:>8b sv- am- s

see {!l':> t!I 03 b mo=i- a me n-s ga=a - g - eb - s

be late ( intransitive) drink (a o r . ~~~n~)

b3.::>ab

listen to (aor . a l"l nban 6 , o pen a'::'l:>t:Jo 6b disc o ver ( aar. ~~al"l~~"6~) .::.~aM.::.I)J6b agmo+a-c en - s 8.::. 8 I"1 b Ob ,.,o b gamo=a - c x v -ob-s bake *Although the root of this verb is cxv , the v disappears before a foll o wing 0 ( see sec . 1 . 11 . 1 ) . As a reappears Ln the aor1st: 808M300b30' 8.::.al"lbBb30b (but 35g . 30aMbBbM). Proper nouns . .::.80A6onx.::.6n Azerbaijan O.:.jM Baku Germany ao~a->6n.::.
3n~xn6nb no~~b.::.~nan

a,.. nb a o6b

conseguenc 7 the futu 7e, a.::.aMbBbM6b.

lacks the v , which

8baM1:>8b30' 3pl .

Italy The Caucasus Rome chicago

(1867 - 1942)

Virginia ( state) Jerusalem

XM~xn

OI:>~aM6~n

3 M 6bm1:>6~n60

3l:>an6a~M6n

Konstantin Bal ' mant George Washington

J I"I~~a6 n

dAnb~OSM~J

a.::. X'" ao:lb3n"n

~n!!lnl:>6n

Christopher Columbus Maggio (Francesco Mario) Shakespeare

(1814-1887 ) (1840-1915 )

Qln8nllf'ln

~ OMOIl1:J~n ."::I.F'3"

[m . l
from

301"0
cn~na:!)f\,>an]

[m . ] Peter
~'>~I"I

em.

A03~an

[m . ]

from 3~~~na:)f\n]

LESSON 5

129

Key to the EXercises

1. 2. 3 .

4 5.

6.
7 B.
9.

10.
11.

12. 13.
14 .

15.

16.

17 .

lB .

Who discovered America? Christopher Columbus. Who first translated Shota Rustaveli's great poem into English (adv.)? Marjory wardrop. Yesterday we listened to the program of folk music on the radio (instr.). While we were listening, ~alva was reading the newspaper. Where did Medea go yesterday? Yesterday Medea went to the university and then began the reading of an important article. ~alva however prepared the exercises and then went to Hary's ( place ) . Where was George washington born? Washington was born in Virginia. Where were you born? I was born in Chicago. Mcxeta was the first capital of Georgia . In the sixth century the capital moved [went across] from Mcxeta to Tbilisi. John listened to the professor's words and went away. When the war began shepherds hid in the mountains . After the war they came down into the valley(s). I received an interesting letter from Peter; my brother however received a package from Batumi. The first translator of Shakespeare into Georgian was Dimitri Qipiani . If you will study everthing you will understand everything well. But lhowever] I studied everything! That man understood everything that he read. This (one), however, read only a little and now will understand very little about these .matters . The shopowner's father became rich before the war. "The Knight in the Tiger Skin" was first published in l7l2 (~ ~~b a3n~~b ~~~a~~ f~~b). Did you understand? King Vax ~ ang v:r published "The Knight in the Tiger Skin" in .1 112 . He (that o ne 1 was the first publisher of this poem . When Lado finished the reading of the Paris news paper he began the reading of Ivane Javaxisvili's biography . Who was Ivane Javaxi~vili? He was a great Georgian historian and the father of Tbilisi University~ He ""rate the famous H~8~ory of ~he Georg~an PeopZe (JMn). When I discovered the answer to [on] th~s question I became rich. Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaidjan are the Transcaucasus ' s Soviet republics . Georgia's capital is Tbilisi, Armenia ' s capital is Yerevan, and Azerbaid -

130

LESSON 5

19. 20. 21 .
22 .

23 .

24 . 25 .

26 . 27 .

28 . 29 . 30 .

31 . 32 .

33 . 34 .

jan ' s is Baku. Did you see that student yesterday? No, I saw this (one) . That one I shall see tomorrow . The professor began the lecture early today . Yesterday the lecture began early too . When I was going out, Tamar opened the door and came in. ~le received a letter from both your brother and from Anthony's sister. Anthony, howeVer, received a letter from my sister. After the war life in this country greatly improved. It was improving until the end of the century . If a new war will begin, the situation will be bad . Recently they discovered Shota Rustaveli ' s pic ture in Jerusalem ' s Georgian church . He [that one} was a monk (adv . ) in the Georgian monastery. Revaz listened to the lecture , then, howeVer , r epea t ed these old exercises . If you all listen to the lectures and then repeat these exercises , like Revaz you all will understand everything. The great Georgian poet of the last century, Akaki Cereteli , wrote the famous poem "Suliko" . Who ' wrote the first grammar of the Georgian ' language? The first grammar was published in Rome (1643) . The author was the Italian monk Maggio . Anthony I wrote the first Georgian grammar of this language (l753) . Who was Anthony I? He was the Catholicos (Patriarch) of Georgia . What does " catholicos" mean? It me an s head of the church . " The Hero in the Tiger Skin" was first translated into Russian in the last century . The translator was a famous Russian poet, Balmont . Those books were translated from Greek , these, however, from Old Armenian . I read that one yes terday and I am now reading this one . We received an answer from Temo yesterday. In that let t er Temo described life in the Caucasus . Temo and Lado were students in Tbilisi afte.r the war . At t h at time (dat . without preposition) my sisters too were in Tbilisi . While my friends were reading the ( longer) poem, Revaz anQ Lade opened the door and came in . When did you all go out yesterday? Yesterday we went out late because you all came to our place very late . We were late because the lectures ended late . Who baked this bread? The baker . The baker was baking bread yesterday. Did you all bake bread yesterday? Yes, we baked bread .

LESSON 5

131

35.

36 .

37 .
38.

39.

40 . 41 .
42 .

43 .
44 . 45 .
46. 47 .

48 . 49 .

50 .

The first attested Georgian texts were written in the ifth century. These texts were written with the first Georgian alphabet. The name of this alphabet was xucuri . The name aT the new Georgian alphabet is mxedruLi . ~vhen I was in Moscow I saw Red Square and the Kremlin. If you all go to Moscow, you all will see Red Square and the Kremlin . We were very satsified with the material . John , too, was satisfied with that material . I read both this book and that one . I was reading that one when Temo came into the house . Are you a member of the writers' union? No, I am a member of the teachers' union. Lado will write with this blue pen, Revaz, however, will write with that one . That one is not blue; i t is red . Mine, too, is red. After the union of Georgia with (-~~6) Russia (1801) a new period in Georgia's history began. These books are for the professor, those , however , for the students. The first Georgian books were printed in King Vax tang VI's printing house . The ' author carefully corrected the manuscript . When the manuscript was corrected, the editors were satisfied (use stylistically marked plural) When everything was prepared, father opened the door and came i n to the house . The Russian poet Mayakovsky was born in Georgia. In the past century Tbilisi was the center of culture not only for the Georgians but for the Arme nians also. Today , too , we see Armenians Ln Georgia ' s cities . When I was born, the war was still continuing in the east . The war ended at that time, when I was studying in schoo~ . Last night Zurab drank vodka and wine and tOday he is very sick . If he drinks wine and vodka , Vak h tang , too , will be sick . If I weren ' t studying in school, I wouldn ' t study this silly lesson .

- ADDENDA TO VOCABULARY

na

~"' Mb

a:) ~,:):.? ", n

at that time head (of an organization)

132

LESSON 5

5.8.0. General Note to the Reading Passages . Beginning with this lesson, each lesson will contain an unedited reading passage taken from Georgian sources . The vocabularies to these reading passages, as a general rule, will contain all words except (a) those which have previously occurred in the vocabularies to the exercises, (b) derivatives of words which have al ready occurred in the exercises and whose formation and meaning should be easily predictable, (e) easily recognizable proper names (bo th of persons and places), and (d) internationalisms and other words which are identical or similar in both English and Georgian . constructions which have n ot yet been introduced in the grammar sections of the lessons will be enclosed in square brackets . Except for such forms, all other grammatical constructions occurri ng in the reading passages should be identifiable .

Hints on reading Georgian. Reading Georgian 5. 8.1. texts presents the learner with some problems n o t usually encountered in most other European languages . Many of these problems are due to left branching (see sec. 3 . 3 . 1 and below) and to the variation in the case marking of the subject and dir ect object, both of which characterize Georgian . A phenomenon found in other European languages, embedding of participial phrases (see below) can also cause difficulty, especially when combined with left-branching. The following hints should facilitate the reading of Georgian texts . Breaking the sentence down into phrases. In 5 . 8 . 1 . 1. reading Georgian i t is very important to be able to break a sentence down int o its constituent phrases. The ends of noun phrases are usually marked by nouns in the nominative ~ dative~ or epgative cases . The end of a phrase can also be marked by nouns in the instrumental or adverbial cases or nouns followed by postpo sitions, although these can form a part of a larger phrase (see embedding, below) . As a rule, nouns in the genitive case or nouns with "extended" case forms (sec . 4 . 3), which usually occur before ~~ or another conjunction do not mark the end of a phrase . Adjectives , of course, except when declined as nouns, usually do not mark the end of a phrase . Note the following example of an analysis of a sentence into constituent phrases :
1
0'l6n~nbnb

2
8na6~~nnb

3
l!'~aO"l~3AJ6nb

a ;)al!'J8

Tbilisi G.

gy,?nasium G.

finishing G .

after (pp . )

LESSON 5

l33

5
n3~6~

6
X~3~bna3n~n

Ivane
7

Javaxisvili

(nom . )

3 om :J'''~ ~"'a b St . Petersburg

(dat . )
9

verb : II . conj . aor . ' he travelled to '

10
;!}a~<:!~:Jbn

(+dat . )

and

11
a~6~cne:J6~

higher (adj . )

education
13

(nom . )

12
30.o"'~~"'anb

~6n3~~bnIJJllan

St . Petersburg
14
ann<:! 1"l

(G . )

university + pp .

in

verb: I . cenj. aero

' he received'

Af t er finishing the Tbilisi gymnasium Ivane JavaxiSvili travelled to St . Petersburg and received (his) higher education in St . Petersburg University . 5.8.1 . 2. Left- branching . In Georgian, word order wi thin a phrase will often be the reverse of that found in En glish . We have already seen how strings of geni tives i n Georgian precede the noun they reerto , while in Engli s h strings of prepositional phrases with ' of ' follow t h e noun (sec . 3.3.1) Other examples of this reverse order include :
2
b~~n~ .... (~~nb)

(it is) necessary for us

2
2 1

(re)turning back raised in - Tbilisi

l34

LESSON 5

5.8 . 1 . 3 . Embedding. In English we can often replace a relati ve clause by a participial construction, wh i ch wi l l Jottow the noun phrase i t refers to; e . g . : ReZative cZause : Have you seen Tbilisi Universit~ whioh waB founded by Ivane Javaxi14vili in 19187 Participial construction: Have you seen Tbilisi Universi t y , founded by Ivane Javaxisvili in 1918? In Georgian , such participial constructions often precede the noun phrase they modify; they are said to be embedded within the sentence. Embe dded participial constructions are also found in German and Russian. Examples:
Ger man : Die noah heute im Gottesdienst ve r wandte altgeorg i sche BibelUbersetzung ist schwer ver stHndlich . ' The Old Georgian Bible transla t ion st~Zl 1~8 ~d today in ohl4peh s~pvie~9 ~s difficult to understand ' ( l i t .: The still-today-used- inchurch - services Old Geo rgian Bible translation)

Russian : HapR;rIY c HSBeCTIdJIMH 0 npUXOBa:'t~OM ~Op:'t~M eepWUHGM OpoMeTee X O~HnH nereH~~ H 0 Heo6~aAHOM MHo r ORS~1d KaBKa3CKHX rop . ' Alongside reports ab o ut Prometheus (who was) chained to the mountain peaks there circulated also leg e n ds a bout the unusual polyglossy of the Caucasus mountains ' (l i t . : Alongside reports about - the fet ~ eped - to - ~he-mountain-peak6 Prometheus ) .
x

Georgian has similar participial constructions . The formation of Georgian participles will be discussed in grea t er de t ail in Lesson 11 ( particUlarly sec. 11 . 1) . For purposes of reading at this stage , howeve~ i t is sufficient to mention that the Georgian perfect pa r tic~ple, corresponding Ln general to the English past participle , consists of the preverb, the verba l root , usually (though not always ) the P/FSF followed by a suffix, most commonly - i1 - ( r oo t v erbs and verbs with P / FSF - i) or - ut - (with most o ther verbs) . (For examples, see sec . 11 . 1 . ) The preseut active participle, usually corresponding t o English participles in - ing also occurs in embedded constructions. Its for mation was described in sec . 5 . 7.2 . No te t h at if the verb from which the participle is f ormed has a preverb, that preverb will occur in the participle before the formant m- . In the vocabularies to the reading passages in Lessons 5 through 10 participles will be listed . Georgian wor ds translated by Engli sh participles ( i.e . in - ed ~ - en ~ - ing ~ etc . , e . g . , ' br o ken, built, pre pared , living , writing, I etc . ) give warning of poten-

LESSON 5

135

tial embedded participial constructions. embedded constructions are:

1 2
3

Examples of

ali Anb anOl"1 enemy by captured

4
3
2

territory
1 by the enemy

territory captured

(Note the left - branching within the embedded participial construction.)

By this system is
3

dated
doa~30an)

d30~ b~nbli~I"1n~

in old historical monuments

5

described

(3031"1n b~n6lio";ob~ a~3~06~) many interesting phenomenon

5 r.lany interesting phenomena 4 described

3 in old historical monuments

1

2 are dated

by

(means of)

this system .

Note that the participle ~~Po";n~n modifies the noun a~3~J6~ and agrees with i t in case and that the pre ceding phrase d30~ b~nbli~':;nl"'\ dJa~J3dn forms part of t.he embedded construction and is left-branching in com parison with the English order . 5.8.1.4. Verbal nouns. The reader should be reminded that although the Georgian verbal noun is very often translatable by an English infinitive, i t differs from the latter in that i t cannot take a direct object, taking rather a noun in the genitive case. Compare English with Georgian:

136

LESSON 5

John began to read

n3~ 6 0a

~he

book.
(lit . : John began

~~n~H ~ ~na6nb Jn~b3~

the reading of the book . )

5 . B. 1 . S . Word order and case . As in many other languages with relatively free word order, in reading Georgian one cannot rely on word order to determine the subject and objects of the verb . But unlike many other languages with case systems (e . g . , Latin, Rus sian), in Georgian one cannot rely sOlely on case to determine what is subject, what is direct object, and what is indirect object . This is because in Georgian the subject can be marked by the nominative or erga tive case, as well as the dative (see Lessons 10 and 12), and the direct object can be marked by the dative or nominative . To find the subject and objec ts of a Georgian sentence , i t is necessary first to determine the structure of the verb (i.e., what conjugation i t belongs to, and , if it is I . conjugation,then what series i t is) . The structure of the verb should allow determination of the proper cases for subject and ob jects . Example:
Verb is I. conjugation aorist . Therefore the nominative case marks the dirsct object . He hid the child . Verb is II. conjugation (aorist). Therefore the nominative marks the subject. The child hid.

.... ,~CM:I ,.t-

~C& S6L I r>...:l.Ce""I' '~ldtt

'1""""- - D,' t-dI . e (. -~....... r ': " I

.~c~

............ -c..r ".:leA 91 91

n.e:JCew ... ....,.coe ...:lc,e~"f'c...011 ~CC""f'r"'l 'C1liCt ~""""'-"~""1"e; . ",,!~y ....Ot "t.~ "~~ p ..,.o~co ~""",. (~t,:)C3) - 0 ~ C.:l C 1'1'. t ~
cc, "'lc.,t... ~
"CH;)

"'I!."'" ..c.e. ....

9tl

c.....,. -o".",cQ

c'7

'l""'~,"e "~c,.~ "~~cr,c

..;)c.lI9...:J,c -" ~ c,;;:, ...

"e'l......t~ -

.. ~ C';;:' C e 'I. .,.. ~,

oJ, . . e

~".ewe ~

,.e.....

~cc....,,P ~cA ESII D.J.:lc!!,",,!, .~~....., 'M.c':':'~"'e - .. C '" .::. c ~ rqW<'<' ~orvO<r\ ~ c~E~"~ ~..,,;;:,tt"'.,...f"'l

.... ~1 "e.~~.!. \I -

. .'0

F.,.

...

e,':':'.,

n.e.::lce<-"I'

.,.re.":::'
e

'"';;:"~'1"1

c.;;,,"","e c'OI..:Jcpsc.r.,.ol:Cq'g

~ .... C~, .... - C .,. R g. t.,. C ~~C~.,.. - . ~ Ci ' 'I ,

~C.:::lC'l'7~ <'rl:

,wP'-i'2G Q)c:."'t'to)Ce u!jj":'''''.j ... ;:;'CC"''i'F '<'<>"'2'."",J:::, e II ,,\ug<'qQl'Bf<:'1 -('~ ~C~Ce ",01 Fl......f~f~a. '"!C'X - 'lC..,qwc<' It <'e'tG~C'1'?1<'f'1 Co.:.Ge 'V')'J.:::l~ 'lC.:::lru,," q('E'~C~,-,..:Jg'-'e CQ)EGe, ~C.:::lCe'lt,<''''t('q
NlG

'I)CC!Jl'O) C'!il

l>~t'.:::ltf~CO)

lIU:Igo:'ULl'1D '}C.:::lcl)c-w

"'INC .:::lCCu::...,tf' -Cq,'1"'~""2<.O SC9Q)uCwe~S Gl' .:::l(.r 'l.:::lC ~ l z:z I "'S""l"~l' ..... oa.e '",>!C .:::lCE\<',,:<,Cq r;CsCCws<'~ <'E~C ..::lCS""'i<'F ~G wece .,,,..::l ~ UIlI-,.C UI1... .::I"qlll .,CWu<' <'so:cC..::lCeq,<',;,<,Cq '-'ttcscrc.<""j cQc<,oce
.gc''&>'1,-,qc-,Qe ~Ql~~C.ius<.,.,.,tll ue,cscrcN] cQCf<jWlC Qlw~wq~ <,0) to)wo:ccx -5t9 ... r~t'll:CvO) U2."::'Cq "1"o:cC~~w'7~n~ '-'~Cwq~C "'l"'~,,<D ',-Q,,;';'(;t'll uO<-f "'1('>(' 0<3 <'ci) ""'1"'::::''><Q tCA~c1 "Ef.,.cu: ~:::Q .,~c~ SSg w'1~fl.'<"W <''-''ltrC<:-f ",~c)e ~ru W~CLIlI"f<'F -N] ~'7qt-~~ ~ ee,;!: s--cl.jce ~e'::::'t~'7t'tJ <.'(.O~<' 'SCSellq<''i! '1iiDt-'-jct <:-'7'l~e ''Wc~<t<' sC9wl:9<1-"X:c<, ~C'::::'CC<.IJ'--ri "'e,c9crc<"l (''C.,.ce .,cw ... <:- 0",\ .... .::::."<D <:-ell '-'.::::.~ .,c'7~~w I <,~Cq<:-'7" "'e.cserc<,'1 c..wcePs

<:-.::::.cc" ''l'l<''::::'~ <".ilC~"f <><7COe """'iCCq <.I:cq,'il W<7t~C<l<"j ~O) w~c~<,., <'O>w<..oox.'i f<:- ....::.Cq t.I,,~cca. k1?<'~wC'-jl'QCwe <'B'1'le f)t'ru<,l't fJOflU'::::'~ ll<-><2c.;) .C<D\J <"<.<>Cqne O><{('.:l<'f(-QlCw ur "\<Jwe<'9<1-e '<'Ofuc-Qk.'Il aX-r<:-.::.<:-f<:-QlCG'l "\<J.::::.~r ""1<''::::'<.1:<.0 "e.cgcrc"'1 C.,cFcce ue,qCCgcrc<"l ~<.aCqCe-cq.. -wCe <:-Ql..,.,c.c.s...A<:-c1 9('u'::;:'~P "fi <-<i'<,.:J<'F uqC'::::'ccpC ~~ _'::'Cq
O'U~UfllO

')Oe

.,<:-~CQl'-~ <"dl~w'::::'uOlO

os.

a5psSPd

5u~peal::l

S NOSS3'l

'"
Vocllbuhry
,!]d3.:Jl!!ol>n

U:SSC.I :.

very o ld, oldest (cE.

d3:)~n old)

"b
dl>l:!n:.6 el> .. ~n6:':!l~(!,J,h

here: it
here: very much

progress (II. conj. - d-)

3:J",cnb J
JI>~OIt!n

fourth (e! . ,",,,,I,,, four) Kartli (province in central Georgia) hecame (3sg . aorist

[31>(!''''~njal>]

+ .ulv.)

G:.61>8(!,no
ji!':;(!'1>

until then
growth his; her; its (not referring to the
subJect)

anbn

8(!,oJ;",'<'on31>
[aJJ~!jI'.,j~b

location
lend (s.o. [dat.]) II hand, help (s.o.

bOc:!bJ
b" ab J C!'' ' '" b1>31>!1'11'1

[dat.]l
military

(se-=u-~q-ob-s)

(10331'\"
~30c:!1>

commercial (cf. 31>!I>l'1n (A) merchant) much I many (followed by singular)

all. everybody (non-truncating)

aIiJ"'''
[3!:1"3~" 1

enemy

IE)

he (d at.) had S . D.
ettempt; try to r.::aptuce
(VN)

(nom.)

(imperf. Jag . )

[ B(!' n e'" aC!''')

[bJc:!i1n
Fi" (!' :1'3,,]
aJa3n~J
;:'';\;:'0"
(!' ;:,- ... J 1:1";"0 b

seventh icE.

a3 n~n

seven)

Arab (pe rson)

"n~::J3b

conquer iaor. lrreg.} take, capture (a=i-g-eb-s)

eighth (e!. jCiJ" eight)
cevolt against
3sg~

aJ"'3 J
[".'lX 1>6 !:Il?::J3,:,]

s.o. [daL]

(II. eonj.)

[3JI'\1>5::J"'b
3"b(!,6.:J6]

they couldn't accomplish anything (aor. general (A) deaf

,<,

b;:,o<il!!I>I!:l"

LESSOH 5
~~~b~~ob

lay waste: oestroy

(~=a-oxT-eb-sJ

853 ~~~b ."'3~~b ",f!; al'l6 ~;> B~ a ~I

~~~b
a":)~,, ";!l~~n
~~-P3~3b

whole, entire Turk (person) burn (aor. irr . ) thousand (fo110...eo by singuhr)
mon

50 - .. jC\0"6(!~~"""

annihilate: slaughter (aorist root:

!!~a3~", .. ao~"
b:J~n

-Hit.-) conqueror (E)

(cf.

~<>nJ~~1'I6b

conquer)

!!n~b~6b

hand: ~I1l'I for ~ long time caUlile to suffer

~"'1~61~3b

a::J"'''''':;OIO
"'':'3 nb J!j':'c:'n
aJB;>a~IJ
b3;>,.:;~~an

twelfth (cf ...... ,:;aJln twelve)

free (A) thl.rteenth (cf. B.:>301n thirteen) Khorczm (khanate in day U:l:bekistan)
wh~t

is present-

a~6-~J36nb

drive out; exile

1227 .. ;> .. ~b

... jC\~b
J3~~3

"'B!!!~a3n~

again come (fut. of a,,!!nb, sec. 4.5.3) here: against evacuate their own destroy (aor. irr.) then: later:
after~ards

p~a"'3~

-'J

!!~a~"b

"'':>3"<>6","
<>"JC!Oob

an"-:)
b3~jC\i.lJC'n

lJ<
a::J"~1)A ... a~

Persian (person) at first leadership, command

aOl!!a.:.":"" (:JM cl"'I!!':']

steadfast, res o lute (A) he was fighting s.o. (dat . )

limpe r'

fect 3ag. J
Voc~bul~ry

to

footnote~

6.:.b:J30"'J;!)6cl;!)C!" a ... bobC)O b0C!bn ",... aO~"B (erg . A... a:J~a:'B ) 736-8. a3"l!!ob

penwsula (cf. 6ob030":"" half, J;!)6d.!JC)" island)

inhabit~nt;

living; inhabiting IE)

people, folk

which, that, who (re !. pronoun)

... ee ..... J~bba:JI

"'(JI!!"'3"'oaJI aoa ... -,,~.::.adAJab
~,,6:''::'l:'al!!oa

fight
against (pp . ) cruel, merciless

b.:.bl"Jn
a,.,6~"'C!n

[1!!'::'Obb.::. "':'3bJ

M Ongol (person) he overran s.o.

(dat .)

(aor. J8g . )

'.-

b.::.bOC)a~n!!l'"

[national] Itate herc: middle; centraL (adJ.) Asia present-day (c f. J bl:!'::', .. be:!':' now) territory inhabitant; liv1ng; inhabiting
nomad; nomadic

:.!".:.
Jb ~.:.61!' J(I"

IE)

IJA"I"An.::. aeb"3 AOofl

a. . aO'l':'o"",O .",a"
"":" .. 6,,

tribe
Iran central
king

a 06 I"''' ~:!II'i"
8:J!!:J i!!'::' !I cl,,6 J a Oe:!" 1616" "O'I .. b

unsleeping; sleepless eEl

Kakhetia (province 1n Eastern Georgia)

LESSON

1795,.
a3"l!~b

~ .. .. b

"' .. ba ... BI! .... b~ .. a:J.

142

LESSON 6
6 . 1. Optative of regular verbs. The op tative of

regular verbs is formed from the same stem as the ao rist. It takes the same cases as the corresponding aorist . The sere eve endings are:
Regular I. conjugation verbs and regular II. conjugation verbs in i - :
- 0

-as

-on

Regular II. conjugation verbs in -d - : 1

-e
-es
Examples:
2.

-nen

I. conjugation

~.(3)~~~M(.), ~.~~~"b, ~.~~~M6 8~(3)~JO~~(~) ' a~~JO~~b, a~~JO~M6

a~(3)~~M(~) , a~~~Mb, a~~~M6

write
make

open be born be painted

II. conjugation in i- :
~o(3)n~o~M(~) . ~onao~Mb J ~onlo~M6

~o(3)nbo.M(~)J ~onbo.MbJ ~onbo'M6

II . conjugation in -d-:
3o(3)pn~o~o(~) . 8opn~~~JbJ
8.;,~oaoa~6J6

aopnm~~6J6 blush

aO(3)~oaoa~J(m), 8o~oao~~Jb,

become beautiful

The optative forms of the verbs 'be' and 'go' are:

~Pl96o:)

b 3 f:1o:)

be (3 )n~PI ( II,), n~l"'Ib, n~Pl6 go 1 . pvb+3n!!:)(I7I), 2. PVb+b3n!!.:J(III) 3sg. Pvb ' +3n!!.:Jb 3p1 . Pvb ' +3n~606

(e . g . 1. ~.30~~(.)' 2. p.b30~~(.)' 38g . ~.3n~~b , 3p1.

LESSON 6

143

Verbs in the optative have the subject and objects in the same cases as in the aorist (see sec. 5.0).
6.2 . Function of the optative. The optative, like the conjunctive, is modal . It is used after presentor future-tense-form verbs indicating desire, intention, necessity, possibility, and in such uses often cor responds to the English infinitive (and to the French subjunctive or the Russian conditional).~ Examples of the Georgian optative corresponding to such English infinitives are:
3~3n~J6
I

Jb pna6n
~ead

b3~~ 3nJn~b~ .

intend to

this book tomorrow.

J~n 8~~~b .

a~Jd~~~ ~6~d~6J6b e~~3~b,

Mzekala will order ~alva to open the door (lit . : Mzekala will order to ~alva that he open the door) .
086~.O oAd~6J6b PJ~n~Jon ~~npJ~~b.

Egnate will order the letters to be

w~itten.

The Georgian optative also corresponds to English subord inate clauses introduced by that and indicating the same modal notions as mentioned above; in both English and Georgian the subordinating conjunction (h~a in Georgian) can be omitted :
aJb~d~J6J~n~ (A~a ) GnJ~ 83n~6 a~3n~Jb .

It is probable
b~!nA~~ lA~a )

~ha~

Nick might come late.

p~3nJn~b~~ .

Jb pna6n
that
p~3n~J~ '

It is necessary
~hM~ (~~a)

we read this book . s

enG

It is time (that ) we went home .

aJ~deJ6J~n~ (A~a)3nJbnb Jn~b3~ ~~M3J ~~~a~~3~MG .

It is impossible (that ) they'll finish the reading of the play in time . The optative is regularly used after the following forms:
~6~~

have to, must, should (not conjugated; cf .

144

LESSON 6

Russian

~o~eH,

Ha~o)

8 6 0 3 (,)
Examples :

be possible, can, may (has only 3S9. forms in the present, imperfect , ClJnd~oof'1C!:'':> and conjunctive , aondl:!:J6M~ Ob; cf . Russian MO;i(HO . ) perhaps

~Jan ~h.:>~n Jnb~n~an ~6~.:> 6~bf'1~.

You all have to see my new suit .

aJnd~JO':> aJaM3n~3?

May I come in?

:Jb MM

~~:Jan 8Jnd~Jo,:> a':>J:J~~Jb.

This can be done in two days .

"0603(.:

3nd~f'1~n h3':>~ aM3n~Jb .

Perhaps Victor will come tomorrow.

The optative with the conjunction Mf'l8 can be used

to form a purpose clause, translatable by English ' in order to':
~3n~nban an3~n3':>MI

Mf'l8

d~Mm~~n

06.:>

3nbp~3~M .

I am going to Tbilisi in order to study Georgian.

(Mf'la can introduce most other subordinate clauses containing an optative, but it is generally omitted . )

The optative is used in questions where i t cor responds to English ' to be to ' , 'to be supposed to'; e.g ., b3'::'e!'::'J al"l3nl!!J? Am I to come here tomorrow? The o~tative can often be replaced by the verbal noun. In such uses the Georgian verbal noun corresponds to the use of infinitive in English . Examples :
3.::.3n~J6

.::.a
.::.a

~n86nb 3n~b3.::.b .

I intend to read this book (lit. , the reading of this book).

b.::.~n~A'::' ~n86nb ~'::'3n~b3'::'

It is necessary to read this book (lit . : the reading of this book is necessary).

LESSON 6

145

6.3. Impera t ive . The Georgian positive impera tive (2d person) is identical in form to the second person aorist; e.g. (?op:::JFi:){m) write!; ~~oFi.!)6Itln(m) return!; nH03n(m) be!; ooCl:)6::J(m) build!, etc. The imperative of b3t:10 is irregular: dl'l(?n(O'I) , po~n(O'd, ao~n(m) etc. Any direct objects will be in the nomi na t ive (i . e., the syntax is as for the aorist) . The "imperative" of other persons is formed with the optative. Most common is the use of the Ipl. optative with the meaning of ' let's'; e . g., p03 n (?::Jm! let ' s go!; ::Jb pnab:::Jon p~3nJnmb~m! let's read these books!; ao63nbn~~m! let ' s discuss it. Examples of the third person " imperative" use of the optative are: n3~b::Ja ~ooam~3Fil'lb! let John finish it!; aOJ3J~n~n 8onaJI'I~1'I6 let them repeat the lesson!, etc. Negative imperatives are generally formed with the negative particle 6 J 'don ' t' plus the present or future tense . 6:!) can occur with all persons (most commonly, of course, with the second person). Examples are 6~ p~Fia~mj3~d(0'I) don't pronounce it!; 6~ Jnmb:!)~l'Io(m) don't read it!; 6.!) (~o)p:)Fi(cn) don't write itl; 6:!) a063nbn~o30'1 let's not discuss it!; 6~ 60b03b he is not to see it!; 6;) boFi(m} don't be!; 6~ an~nbo Fi(m)don't go ! ; etc . A less polite form of the negative imperative is formed with oFi anc the optative: o~ nJnmbl'l d on't read it. The use of cases with the imperative is the same as for the corresponding screeve, i . e . , aorist, present or future, optative. 6.4. Negation . Georgian has three negating particles, 6.!), 3:::J,:1 , and 0':;' The use of 6:!) ' don't' has been explained above, sec . 6.3. 3::J,:1 is the equivalent of English can't and is followed by a personal form of the verb : 30Fi 3P::J,:1I can't write; 30,:1 ~03P0,:1 I won't be able to wr i te; 30Fi 8~~0~~Fi8a63 you caulcn't translate; 30,:1 ~oO~~6~06n~o they won ' t be able to return, etc . In all other instances 0,:1 is used . s Corresponding to ",:10 ' no' is the form 3J,:1o 'no ' , (I, you, etc. can't): b06~Fi!"\ b30~ m::JolBFi8n P~30'? 30,:10, 3::JFi p030 . ~ont:ll"lb8n 0,:1 n:jEi:J60. Will Sandro go to the theater tomorrow? No, he won't be able to go . He won't be in Tbilisi . 6.4.1. With the addition of the affix -~ a (p)- we get o~ 0,:1 'no longer', 'no more'; 3 J~ oFi 'can't any longer', ' can't any more'; and 6:!)~0,:1 'don't ... any longer' , ' don ' t . . . any more '. Examples :
303~0 8J~a~6~~ :J60b 0~0,:1 bp"3~l'Iob.

Paul no longer studies German.

146

LESSON 6

~~3n~n Bo~~~~ bnW~30ob ~~JB06W~~ 30~o~

p.::.l'laI"lCIIJ3.::. ab

David no longer can pronounce the Georgian words without an accent.

6~~~M

naOI"lM;)6 .::.a

bn~3J6b!

Don ' t repeat these words any more !

6. 4. 2. With the same three negators the following
no one (de clined as negative pronouns and adverbs are forned:

31'16, Lesson
2 , note 5)
;)M;)5JMn (E)

30M'='53"" (E)
30~b.~
3:lM,')bl"l~3b

6;!}M,')5JMn (E)

nothing

.::.t'ib.::.i,!'
;)M;)bl'l~Ob

6~~b.~

nowhere
never

6;!}M.::.bI"lI.!'Ob

"Double negatives " can occur but this is not obl igatory unless a form containing a negator is not immediately before the verb. Examples:

0';,')3n6

,')M,')50~b

(oM) 0JJCII061.!',')'

6~~.~O~b (6~)

!.a!

Nobody was doing anything . Don ' t eat any-

thing.
Don ' t send i t

anywhere.
I couldn ' t see

your book anywhere.

The infix - ga(r) - (sec . 6 . 4 . 1 above) can be added to these forms ; e.g. , >:I~.:> fii':>!9Jfiin nothing . . . any more; 6~~.:>fiib.:>~ don't .. . anywhere any more; etc. 6.5.
n~nJM!

vocative form.

The vocative form of proper

names is identical to the bare stem without any end-

ings; e . g ., ~':>3nQ"! from ~':>3nlJln i OMqJ>:I! from OMqJ>:I; from n~nJM; anMfiian! from anMfiian (the i is not the nominative ending but part of the stem; cf. dat . anMfiianb, erg. snMfiian8). Consonantal stem common nouns and adjectives form the vocative with the ending - 0 , e . g ., 1>:1~aJQn'Geer gian ' voc . j.:>fiiqJ3:J~M; O>:lll1"l6n 'Mr.' vee. 6>:1l1t"161"1; d3n -

LESSON 6
M~~Dn ~ab~5~8n

147

' dear comrade ' voc . d3n~s~b~ ~ab~ -

5;:)8~ '

Polysyllabic vocal i c stems form the vocative in conmon nouns with either the end i ng - v or with no end i ng wh a tsoever , e.g . , the bare stem. Examples : D~ J ~ M Ill3JI:! ~ ' Georgia ' voc . b~1~MIll30r::t"'3 or b~ ~ ~~1ll33~ "' ; 3",~a:J!l M b:J ' kolkhoznik ' (co11ectlve farmerl voc . JI"I~aJ ~ M 5J3 or 3~~aO~M6:J; a~a~ 'father ' voc . a~a~ or a~a~~ r1onosyllab~c vocalic sterns form the vocative in cornman nouns with either the ending - 0 o r with the ending -v . Examples : ~~ 'sister ' voc. QI~ P'I or QI~3 i d3 ' son ' voc . dJ~ or d:J3 . (I t should be noted that in the plural all cornman nouns take the vocative ending - 0, since the plural declension is always a consonan tal sten declension . ) Vocalic stem adjectives do not take any endings when modifying a noun . T1hen used independently they follow the same rules as f or nouns . In t he s t ylistically marked plural (sec . 5 . 6) the vocat ive form has the ending -no: J~MIll3J~6P'1I 6~WM5bP'l I
~a b ~6~8b"' , 3"'~O:J~M5J5""

a;:)a;:)6""

QI~6""

dJb",.

6. 6 Numerals and other quant i fiers . In Georgian nume rals and other quantifiers are always followed by t h e singular form of the noun and , in verb agreement , by s i ngular forms of the verb . Such forms include : 'd3:J ~ ;:) all; 0--J 3Mn , OM;:) 3;:) I:!In much , manYi aM , a "' 8n an :JMllln, M.:>aQlJ6-na :J some, several; BM!!}~ few, a few ; ~~aQl:J5n how much?, how many? ; and all cardinal numbers . In this lesson we shall learn the numerals from o n e to twenty - nine . Numerals are declined just like any other adjectives .

1.

Jl"1.llln
M ~n

1l.

III

:J r:; III a:J lS n

2
3.

12 .
13 .
14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 .

Illf'1MoJ~n

2l. f'1B!!!~:Jr:;llln 22 . f'1B!!!~f'1";n 23 . M8[!l~b~an 24 . "'Bl!'~"'lllbn 25. ~B[!l~b;!Jllln 26 . "'8 [!l<'):JJ3Dn 27 . M8Q1;:)8 3 (1{?n 28 . MB[!l~r:;3" 29 . MBQI~BbM~

b~an

4.

Mlllbn
b~Ill'l

5.

6 . 8J3 bn 7 . 8 3 nQln
8.

G;:)a:JW n IllMlllboJlin Illb;!JlllaJlln IllJ:bba:JIBn Fi.3 n[!lo:Jlln

1n3M~aJlBn
8b,,;~o.Jljn

~3'
GbM~
'M

9.
10 .

MBn

The initial t - in the teens is from <')Illn 10; a:Jlin means 1more ' .

148

LESSON 6

t-sam -met - i is simplified in spelling to cameti

, 13' .

t-suid-met - i is simplified in spelling to cUidmeti ' 17 ' :

For ~3~~a~wn '18' fr om t -p va - me~ - i , see sec. 1.11.2 .

t - axpa - mep-i is simplified in spelling to mepi ' 19' .

Examples:
~Jan b~an da~ d~~m~~ J6~b b~~3~~ob .

CXPQ-

My three brothers are studying Georgian .

~~~b]~an OJ3~n ~]bn bl~a~~~ ~~a~~nb b~j~~fl3J~~a~

Many Russians visit (come as guestl Georgia in the sununer .

~~a~J6n n6a~nb]~n ~~a~6n ]6~~ ~~nJn~b~?

Ho\"! many English novels do you have to read? 6. 6.1. Ordinals are formed with the circumfix me - .. . - e which is added to the truncated stem of the cardinal for 2 to 20 and to the unit in numerals from 21 t o 29. First is 3n~3J~n. Examples: 2d a::)I"":;O; 8th aJ~3J; lath 3:pmo; 15th aJll'lb.!)m30IjJ; 20th aY'BJ; 21st ~B~~3n~3J~" or ~B~~aJJ":;mJ; 25th
~e~~aJb]II'IJi 29th ~B~~aJeb~J '

6.7
6. 7.1 tives.

wordbuilding: abstract suffixes . Derivation of (abstract) nouns from adjecExamples :

Circumfix si- . .... - e .

ban":;n
a~t:!~~n
~~a~gn ~b~~n

frequent high , tall (AI beautiful

bnban":;J
bna~t:!~J
bn~~a~~J bn,)b~J bn6~a6J

frequency height beauty newness wisdom light bigness, size

new (A I
wise (EI light, clear (E I big , large

Md 060

6 ~flJ~n
~n~n

G,,6~m~o

bn~n~J

LESSON 6

149

Suffix - ob-a / -eb-a.

b.!)ClZI.!)~'"

Examples:
b.!)aZl.!)~"''''o'!)
n~.!)t::t,.,o.!)

,:; ~ .!) t:I:!) Mro 0'I.!)3.!)aro.!)6ro n6 ~M13!J~n bJMro,.,a:'l:!n

0l.:J3nb~S.!)t::'n

mediocre real courteous inert se rious free (AI

happy (EI

mediocrity reality courtesy inertia seriousness

0l.!)3.:Ja ro.:J6,.,o.!)
nG~~Ii!JI:;I",6.:J b~Mn"'~J~Mo'!)

t'1.!)3nb:!JS~~o'!)

6J(!I6nJ,:\n

l?,!)a"':~)J n ~~6 J~n independent

freedom oJ(!I6nJM;).!) happiness I!'.!) aM~)J n l'2~o~"'6,!) independence

6. 7.2. Derivation of abstract nouns from nouns (de noting human agents ). Suffix -ob-a / -eb-a. Examoles: Mbte.:J131"16.!) artisan, skill , craftsman craftsma nship dd>
a~81"16'!)Mn

brother friend (AI child farmer thief scientist writer (AI

daMa'!) aJ3M6MM6.!)
o,!)~C:V"l6.!) aO~M6~MO'!) j~':q!lMO'!)

fraternity friendship childhood farm , farming theft science Ii terature

6'!)3 C1 3 n
dJ~~6J
j~~~o

a0(36nJMn

aOSSnJMJO.!)
dPO~~"3.

aF:fi~

6 . 7 . 3. Derivation of abstract nouns from verbs . The verbal noun (or masdar) with the suffix -a is the deverbal abstract noun; for rules of formatio n see sec . 2 .5. Examples: comparison aJ'!)~.:JMJ6b compare 80[!l'!)MJ O'!)
~'!)MaM,!)1!'806b

oMd.!)Eoob

perform command return

p'!)MaM[!l80 .!) oMd.!)606.!) [!l.!)or'i!JGo o .!)

performance command return

150

LESSON 6

LESSON 6: Notes

1.

Note that these are the same endings as those of

the conjunctive screeves of the present and future series.

2. Henceforth examples will be abbreviated so that

the 1st and 2d persons, singular and plural, will be indicated by one form, e . g ., ~~(3)PJ~M(~), which is to
be interpreted as: 15 9 . ~,:)3P J~I"I
25g . ~~PJfil"l The fo=m$ of the 3S9 .
~nd

Ipl. 11!.:l3P J~MIJI

2pl. c:!.:lp;)firHn lpl . are given separately.

3. As is true in general of irregular verbs (see Lesson 9), the optative is based on the 35g . of the aorist, n~n, and Pvb + 3nl!':' respectively. The -opta'~--- tive 0: 'be ' f o llows the pattern of a II. conjugation verb in i - and that of 'g o ', ' come' resembles a II. conjugation verb in - d -. No te that the latter shares two features of other screeves of this verb : ( 1 ) in the 1st person Pvb+v-vid-e(-t) is simplified to Pvb+ vid- e( - t) and (2) the 2d person has the subject person marker x-. If the verb in the principal clause is a past tense, the optative is generally not used but rather is replaced by the pluperfect (see Lesson 10).
5. Note that many of these constructions can be paraphrased with 'for' plus infinitive: I t is necessary for us to read this book . It is time for us to go home.

4.

6. a8nd~J6~ does not denote physical ability (for which the verb aJand~n~ is used; see sec . 11.1.2 . 3). It corresponds to Russian MO~HO, B03MO~HO and expres ses possibility or permission . In the spoken language it is usually pronounced aJn~J6~ .
7. No te that the form n d6J6~ is homophonous with the 3sg . future of !:I""66~ be: nd6,J6~ he will be.

8. A less convnon synonym of ~,; is 1'Il,.., ~ n which is somewhat less categorical in meaning. Note , too, that ~,; and 3JI'Il can be replaced by ~1'Il,:) and 3JI'Il,:) in some circumstances, particularly before monosyllabic verbal forms. 9. The nouns 6~li1'\6n 'Mr.' and d,:)t:!6,:)!1,..,6n 'Ms.', 'Miss ' ,

LESSON 6

151

'Mrs .' followed by the first (given) narne is the usual formal way of addressing people in Georgian, corresponding to the English Mp . ~ Ms. plus last name or to the Russian use of first narne and patronymic. So , a Georgi an named In.~ ~M~nd3 would be addressed formally as o~~M6M Jn~~ , corresponding t o the formal English Mr. Dotidze . Remember , too, that the second person plurat is used to address one person formally . o~ ~M6n and J~~o~IM6n used with proper names behave somewhat differently from other titles (Lesson 3 , note 2) . They behave like regular adjectives in the nominative, ergative, and vocative: o~WM6n ~~3n ~ n ,
A':'(lIM6a.:.
~':'3n~a.:.,

o':'liMEM

~':'3n~1

In the remaining caoo~~M6 ~~3nmb ,

es they generally have no ending; [!Ii:l3ncnnb, etc .

152

LESSO N 6: Exe r cises

1. 8,,63nbnl::!l'Il7l b~J~fial3::J~l'Ib nbll'll"in~ I
31)6bn~3nb'::'17l3nb X1)31)bna3n~nb

- .::.bOlnn

b.::.!nl"il'l1) p'::'3nJnlnhl'll7l 03.::.60

3nI"i3:J~n

nhII'lMn.::. . !'IMn
Jf"I~b:JO'In -

2.

aJJJ3 bJ b'~J~68ao "38 6b J~,a~J '

J.::.~m~~n b~bO~apn~1'I h 1)aI'l81)~no~.::. :

~.::.b'::'3~::J17l b.::.d'::'Mal3:J~l'Ian ~1) nOJMn.::. .::.~al'lb1)3~:J17l8n .

ob:J6n
3,

O:JMd6~~n b.::.b:J~:J6n.::. ~.::. d'::'MInJ~

06.::.80
J,::,MI7l~n .

a:Jnd~:J6'::'

.::.bJ

a1)~.::.nl7l1)Maa6I'1b : b1)bJ~J6n!

J3Mnbn~.::.

ai)na~)I'I MJ Jb

- 08Mnbn~.::. J,::,MIIlt!n .

JMt!hJl7lnb 8:Jb.::.bJo 8Jdn6

i)~an~n J6~.::. n~l'Ib ,
p.:o3n~1) .

3Jnl7lbJ~1'I6~n .

b1)~'::'6

Ob nb OJMdo6n 88nMn n.::.bM6n

4.
5.

3ebJI7lo8n
e6l'1on~n

J6~o ~'::'30MJ6~:J .

MI'I3 3JI7lJMI7l30lO

bi)JJ~ 6 nb

JJt!obn1) , b3:JlnehI'l3:Jt!n, J3t!"3 3 6 .::. bl'l . 6J ~i)n3np~:JOI7l 1 M H3J~1) J1)MI7lJ ~ n ~JMn~I'IMn1) M8 ai):JMl7lno6~i) 8017ll'lM8010 b'::'JJJ6nb l'Ie~i)aJI'IM:J PJt!b ,
MI'I~Jbi)B aJ~J n~1'I ~1)3nl7l i)Qa~a~6J6~~n .
b~~~~~3J~~b a~JM~n~60o~ d~~n~6
~~Mn~n~

a6na36J~~3~6n aJ~J~~aJWJ ~~

~anOMJ~3J~bnnb nbl~Mn~an.

6. 7.

~On~nb~n ~ond~Jo~ 6~b~ aJ~~J I aond~oo~ 6~b~ m~a~M b~~~Mm30~~b

aO~~~aJiJ b~~J~60Jonb ~~a~Sn ~~M~~~n b~WJ O n .

~~n~Jbn aa~Mm3J~nb , m~a~Mn an~Man aOb~anb j~ M m~~n 33~ aJ~nb 3~nWMOIJ6n8'

~~~na3n~n n!:l~ '

8.

b~j~M m 30 ~ ~b P!:l~M~oon ~~

nb~~Mnnb 8~aJonb~m3nb d30~n bJ~6~PJM36n ~6~~ d30~ p~nJnmb~~ . j~M~~~ ~66~6b ,

-- b~ap~b~M~~,

b~B~~b ,

3Jnmb~~~6j

ab~~~~ ~b~eb ,

abO~M~~b,

3Jnmb~~~o . 8~~~P3M~b!

9.

bl~~06i06~ ,
J~~.:>an

j~nm30~~M 36~~~ b~b3~06n 8~~~P3~3~! r:!~~~a b~bO~30n

~Mnb ~b~~b . - ~M ~':>3n3np!:l~~

- ~j J~~~an ~M ~~nb.
~.:>~~b~~6

Ob

3600n:

b3~6~Mn ,

aoaM~en,

~~S~Mn ~6~ !~6~Mn ~~ ,

M~b':>J3nM30~n~ ,

j~Mm~~n.

LESSON 6

153

10.

J~~0~i~6~ a~~n~a, ~~a~J6n b~o!~m~ MJb3~0~nJ~~? -- 0~W~6~

an3n,

mb~maJ~n.

b~J~Mm3J~~b b~o!~m~

bMBn~~nb~nn M~b3n3~n30an ~~ ~!~Mnb ~bbM .

MMn

~3ij~6MannMn b~05Mmo

bMen~~nb~~Mn Mob3~3~nJ~~ (~bbM):

~~b~~omnb ~bb~

OMmn

~3~M6~an~Mn M~Jna~~ :

b~abMom ~bo~nb ~3~~6~dn~~n ~~Jn.

11.

~~3nmJ

on3~nnb d30~ J~Mm~~ M~Maa~603b Jnmb~~~o?

-- 30M~, 3~1~6~

a n3 n , 3JM

3Jnmb~~Mo .

b~d~~b~MM~ ,

~336b J~.ban 33~.3n6 (30~) In . b~~n3b.

-- ~M~ , 0~i~6~

-- nj633

J~nb~oJ~a~ ~~nJnmb~b d3J~n d~MM~~n ~Jdbwo3n.

an3n, 30M

3JnMbn~M3.

12 .

b~~~06W03~ ,

aJa3n~o a~J30mn~b 6~ aM~a~~~oomi

a JJ J3 bJ a~~a~~~om! 13 .

-- aOJJ3bO aOJ30mn~ne 060

dJnbvo3~~ '

aM3~a~~~~m ~~ aJa3n~Je! b~!nM~~ ~3J~~ 3~33~bn~Mn dO~~~M~ .

MMd

o03Mn ~n6a3nbn ~aiJneo3bJ MMa aJ~d~ooJ~n~ a060lnJ]Mn ]~mnJ~m~30 J~~m3J~~~ 0600bo ~~ ~M~n~M J~33~bnnb 06 0 0b dMMnb . bb3~ ~n6a3nb~oon In oa~Jn60006, MMa n6~~ n~Mb ~bomn ]MmnOMmM3~ ~a 06J06 d~Mnb . a~8M~a mnmJanb ~30~ ~
~n6a3n6.nb anbO~3nM I O~bJ~M J6~b~ ~~ J~Mm]~b

14 . 15 .

OMMnb 8060wnJJMn J~mno~m~3nb ~~a~ai3nBooJ~ boo]mb 3J~~3n6 (3JM) p~Ma~~~ao6b . J~~0~~~6~ ~n~n , 6]MO~OMb 6] pJMm ~b~~ . PJMn~n
~~POMJm Jo~oo'M6
oO~M6M M~a~8,

J~nbo3J~nb a~b3~nb oOa~oa .

~~~J~Jm b~J~Mm30~M M~a~Mnb

aJSMonb

~MM6 .

-- b~aV]b~MM~ ,

30M

~~3VOM J

3n6on~o6 m~a~Mn

aJSJ~ n~M aomMMaJ~O bO~J]60an,

3Jnmb]~~o~ n bOJ~~m30~~b aOb~bJo

a~an6

In dJMMnb Jh "~nen

an~Man

aOSMonb
~~MbMJb .

~M~b .

~M

]6eo
n~M ,

~~n3n~~Mm, M~d
M~B~

mJ~J~onb"

3J ~nM~n

mJMJJOaO

b~J~Mm3J~M

16 .

anMMan aJMMnb 3o~na3n~n n~~ ~~3nm aJMMJ I J.n. <Jb J nan) ~o3nm ~~aoaJ6Joo~n , ~~a~~ a3Snb 3~3nb

154
a~a~.

LESSON 6

1?

J~~o~I~6~ ~n~6~1
--8~ 8nb anbJ~3nm ,

~~a~J6n J~M~3~~]~n J6~~?

M~bn~ : J~~~~~n, b3~6~~n ,

~~g]~n (~6~ 3~6~An) ~~ aJaM~~n .

!Man ~n6a3nbmn

3"

MMa abM~M~ b~an J6~~ : J~Mm]~n , b3~6]Mn ~~ 86JMn . a ~n6a3nb'Jonb anbJ~3nm, g6~Mn JAmn J6; 86 J Mnb MMn 8m30Mn Jn~M
bdMm3J~M

~a~3nBJ6b ,

aJaMJ~n ~ ~8JMn .

18.

aOsnb MJbomm6

MMaJ~

bOJJ J 6 J 8n

aJMmn6~?

J~O3M6M ~ n~n ,

Jb n~M

aoebMaO WJ

b'~3~6ob 3o~3J~ PJ~b .

19 .

osb8Jon
aM3~n

jMm3J~JMn
~b8n

JMn M .

jMm3J~oob3nm

20 .
21.

jMnb i no6n onnb, aa~a J80iObn aJb~na6Jon onno6 . !M~oon jMmJ~ J608J aM~3MJJ6n oAno6, 80 8MOa aJb~na6J6n oAno6. ~J~ , aM~n 6obO jMmJ~n b~bJMn bJ~M36J6nb Ob
bn6iJ~JbM

808MS06o!
~a3nb~Man

bo6!Mmo

J3anMn~6 6nJ - nM~Jan

~~30~n6~Jon .

~Oan ~~o~~60onb aJa~Ja 3~3n~oa

~~a~o6naO bi~~n~ ~~3~O~M b~O!M~~ b~j~~~30~Mb

BbM3~O~~aJ'

22 .

b3~~bn~n 06~ ~6~~ a03nb~~3~M , bn~H3J6b o03~n " 3~~~n ",

3n6~n~~6

oJ3~n bn~~3Jon

j~~~ge1 bn~~3~ b3~~b~~n~~6 aM~nb .

J~M~3JeOon

9 BbM

06n~~6

bobbneMOo6 .
"o~~n"

"~ab~6~an",

"~~a~an",

J~M~30~J6a~ b~an~eM b3~~b~en~~6

nbJbbob .

23 . 24 .

~a

86M606nb ~~~MM n6~~ ~~aM3~~n6M~ . a3n~~~bM a08MOMJOM, Ob ~n86Jon ~~3~O~96M~ OnO~nM~JJ~an! nbn6n M~a~J6naO J3n~nb ~n6~~
an3n~o~ 6nOenM~OJn~~6 .
p~3nJn~bM~ .

~be~ a06bM~aJiJ

b~~J96nb

J~~~3J~n a~J~eJonb ~~a~J6naO ~na6n ~6~~

25 .

~ab~6~aJ6M ,

b~~~J6WJOn ~OJ6n~80 aM3n~6J6 ,

MMa

LESSON 6

155

aJ~BJ b~~3~6nb J~M~~~n bJ~~3603nb 3~6bn~3~

a~nban61'16.

26 .

b~J6~~aJ86nJMI'1 b~aI'18~~MJ6nb bb~l'1a~aJ a~bbJ6Jo~

~6~~ p~MaI'13~~8 n 6~. ~a al'1bbJ6J6~an p~MaI'13~~8J6

oJ3 M S~J~b
27.
28.

J~M~~~n 3n~~J6nb aJb~bJ3.

~~a~b~3~~Mn ~~ ~~b~3~~Mn 3n~~J3n ~6~~ aJ3~~~M~.

eln6
M3~

6~ ~~3M~6~::l0n
b~..,~nb oJa~J3!
p~nb

JJ3b

b..,..,~..,a~J!

on6

~~6";~6~n
p~nb

M~a~J6 n

pn63m

~3n6~~J?

-- I'1B~~M3~

pn6~~ ~"3n3"~J '

a~~J MB~~BbM" p~nb"

al'1(~p3~t\~JO?

3nJ6J6n.

29 .

M~a~:J6n~

::1~fi~.!J::! J6~aO

-- ~n~Janb

I'Imbn
30 .

an~nl'l6n .

oOb~d~o60~n" ,

MMa

b3~~ ~..,a..,an 3n6~nM~J3..,on

~"6M~6~Ob,
SM~3~ MM nb

MMO ~..,~om"'3";Mb oOb..,bJ6 .

3n6"n~~6

b~~~n~ ::1~M~~~n

31.

SM~68~~ 06~b ~~~M 3bp~3~MO.

3bp~3~1'10 , o~bp~3~JOJ~n ~n3~8Meln b~~M

sM~6a~~b 3J~~ M

~Jon SM~68~~n

J6nb MMa
brn~~06WJon

"Anb .

32 .

6b~M61'1

8n3n, 3MMSObl'lMab

6Mdb6~,

~6n3JMbnmJ~eln b3"'~ ~n~n~ b~MO aM3n~6J6? 3n6..,n~b6 "'~MJ ~6~" 3nBM~ ~6n3JMbnwowon , ~b3b~JO'"

b..,on6bl'1
MMa~

..,a

b,,~..,al'1b .!J6~" 8~3b30~1'1. oo~n b30wnBbM3~nb J3~Jbn~on .

33 .

aBbJ~~ n::16J~n

bbJ~M~3J~Mb ~O~~J~~~Jn ~~~Mb~ . aBbJ~~an,

::1~M~~~n b~J3~Jbnl'1 ~M::1n3J::1m~Mnb a6no36J~1'13~6n

6na~onb.

34 .

~3J6b .!J6n3JMbn~J~on
b~~mlJ np~J6'" ~..,

bp~3~~ ~3J~~ o6Mn3 ~n~nb BbM~

a~~3M~JO~ .

bb~baMb b~~ bb~~aJ

35.

~3J6 n ~6n3JMbnWJwnb PJMJ~~nb

mObWMn

p~Mal'1b~aJ6b ~3b3n

36.

aJ8MOMJOM, al'1~n~ p~Mal'1~ao6baO ba b~~~aMb Jj3b bb~(Il30' aJal'1~n(ll , 6~WM6M nl'1b o o! al'13nb8n61'1(1l ~(Iln bbbmnb Mb~n,.,3Ml'1aMbab, 1'13JM~ w~~ nbn ". --Jb M3 J Mb 3n6 JAm
~~PJ~~? Cl3n~ab. JbM~30~d~ JMa3~8nWM~8~ a~J~Mn~ s~~n~ *See sec: . B. 6 . 1.

3nob~m~8b6b .*

156

LESSON 6

Vocabulary
~a3(\bl3l'\ ~~an~n ~3~~6I'\an~~n

August place
autonomous

3..,~na3nl:!n
3;)II\(!n

son
rose

8,')6~~n

~ab~6~8n
~6~

comrade or (in other

words)

aMan
111':'

Zan some
game

a.,CI n

1I'I"l'Iint';ln

date

~~jnWJji~~~

architecture
so

cnncn:janb

almost
a Turk perhaps (+opt . )
week; Sunday

.:ob O
~bo~n .:o5b.:o~n

such (a) an Abkhaz

re(E)

O'\!)t'\jn 00 6 0 3 (0)
33"1'..::0

::>~a"aJ6J6:J~n builder:

storer
build)

33(1"3 J ni!:l"

again dialect

(cf. ;).:oCl06Job

a Laz
linguist
a"8"l!:In~n

an Adjar (El
near (adverb) , (cf. .:.bC',., near)

example Mingrelian

aOaA!len

a.:obJn
0.::0111"16 n
o.:)~n

a Basque
Mr .
garden

aOS:) : aOsnb tsarist (gen .

used as ad jective) reign million according to
(pp . )

::J3 fin

much; many
library

a::H9

1"1

0 .:.

onOl!:lnl"!lf1J3'> 8 \) :)"1111 n 1)6 JO;)

8.:o I'l5:)6" 80 6 0lJI"IJ"

an~nM&n

unification
exhibit{ion)

anbO~3ncr,

aant:\n
~.:>.:>b(l "' :Joncn

genetics hero
approximately (adverb)
aM~.:.3':'~~J::l

al'lbbJ6Jo,:,
a~b~na.:.6n

morning era (1i 3::l6b

a~O B.C . )

:::J~':' -

6na~an M~dn
3~3~

ruler; admi nistra t or speaker report a Muslim model ; speci men

i.e.

region grandfather

LESSON 6

157

portrait ~Mt::tJt::tM"'n how many? how jbt::t0bIl M 6n much?

"'ba~.J6naJ
,., b

folklore Ms . ; Mrs . ; Miss daughter a Christian all; everybody (nontruncating) union be permitted, be possible , may (+opt . )

b.:l 33 n ~ 3 ::)I~:! nb

several of course that (conjunct. ) houri watch; clock ; o ' clock documen t ; proof

dbr::tn a 3n~n

~"a

df'lnblinb6n !:i30t::t b

a:JoFi ~ 06b aond~:Job

!?~a:JalS3n

evidence

a~b~d~~o~t::'n~
aO!ldt::'o6Jt::'n~

it is proba ble (+opt . ) it is impos sible (+opt . ) usual , ordi nary (adverb :
"3J~~J3~n3) north(ern)

BJoJr::t n
b.:l6;!J~n

bb~bB

where (re!.) pron. ) it is necessary (+op t. ) state (na tional)

Fi3J!lt::'o6"n3n

information
(pl. )
d3n"'~bbn

b3.::o 6n bM a nbt::tnbllln
b30~b(J~)n

a Svan

a socialis t
a Persian territory greatest (cf .
~n~n)

dear performance; representation (see - dgen - )

Pb,.,aM~ao6b

lio":\nli;""'nb
;!J~n~.Jbn

most (greatest number) must (+opt . ) (sec. 6 . 2)

pn6~~

ago (pp . ) source; spring (water)

3b6n

a Chan (Laz)
icon art

relationship bbln fact bJt::t M3 6 :J Ob

158

LESSON 6

Verbs.
t:!!.::.~oFi:!l60ob

da=a - bl"un-eh-s

return sthg . (II. conj.

~~o~:!l6~Oo~

return , go

back)

bl'jan - eb- s
~e=a-dal' - eb - s

order, command (pres .

= fut.)

compare sthg . (d. o . ) to sthg . (id . o . )

perform; present (ac r .

<;:armo+a- dgen - s
a.::..::.oFi~n.::.600b

E .,. I)

ga=a - el'tian - eb-s

da=i-vi~q-eb-s

unite; join

~.::.n3np~oob
aM.::.a!'::'~06b

forget
prepare (= ~~~a!'::'~Oob)

mo=a- maad- eb - s

~.::..::.a~3nBJob

da=a- mtkic -eb-s

a=a - oxl' - eb-s
da=a - ~il" - eb-s

maintain) prove
overrun; ravage; devas-

'::''::'MhFiOob
~",,,,3nFioob

tate

intend (to)
borrow

nbObboob:
b:Jbb:!l~M6b ClJnbp"'3~nb
~",aM"'~"'en006b

i-se.sx-eh-s;

pres. sesxulob - s se+i - s9QvL-i-s learn eamo=a-qalib-eh-s form

Adjaria Colchis (West Georgia)

Proper nouns .
.::.!.::.';.::.
oa~nbn

Iberia (Eas t Georgia) the Caucasus (region of USSR; the Caucasus mountain chain itself is called J.:l3J.:lbn JMf::Iho",n

1"'16n in Georgian) Colchis

New York 6n:!)-nl"'lh3" b.:labh;)0'1 .... b;)O'I" South Ossetia

b301a"Bb .... 301!l"

XI . cent . church in Mcxeta (lit . :

' Liv-

ing column ' from b30en column, GbI"'l30~" living) (E)

LESSON 6

159

Kartli
n.:lbM6n Jason (!In.:l6.:l 8.:l .:ll4n.:l 19~f!ln.:l(93nf!ln composer, 1871-1933

Diana (f. ) nMbJon al .:la.:l8n (m . ) t:!nC!n - z Note s to the vocabulary.

Joseph (m . ) Lily (f.)

1. The notation (aor . E -+ I) will indicate root verbs which al t erna t e the vowel e in the present series and the vowel i in the aorist series (see sec . 5 . 3 . 1). Such I . conjugation verbs will also have i in the II . conjuga t ion forms (see sec . 3.1.4 . 1). 2. A hyphen after a proper name ending in i indicates t hat t he i is a part of the stem and not the nomina tive case ending . So, the dative of ~nf!ln will be f!lnt:'Jnb and the ergative t:!nC!na .

~-

'I,:........

Sveticl oveli
( M cxeta)

160

LESSON 6

Key to the Exercises

1. Let ' s discuss Georgia's history ! For such a dis-

2.

cussion it is necessary that we read Ivane Javaxivili's history . In the sixth century B . C. [up to ou r era] the first two Georgian states were formed : Colchis in Western Georgia and Iberia in Eastern . These are Greek names and they can be so translated into Georgian: Egrisi and Kartli.
Repeat these names! Egrisi and Kartli . I was reading about Colchis yesterday. This must be

3. 4.

that place where the Greek hero Jason went.

I must return to Mcxeta in order to again see the famous church of the eleventh century, sve~i

cxoveli [living pillar] .

5. Don ' t forget (pl.) that all the Georgian territo-

6. 7. S.

9.

10 .

11 .

12 . 13 .

ries were united in the twenty-second year of the t welfth century, when the king was David the Builder. The unification of Georgia is a very important date in Transcaucasia's history . In Tbilisi you can see beautiful Georgian icons of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries. You can also see portraits of Georgia's greatest ruler, Queen Tamara [Tamara King] . Tamara was the daughter of George III. For an understanding of Georgia's history you all must read the old Georgian sources and manuscripts. Unfortunately I cannot read the old Georgian alphabet, the xucuri; I only read the new one, the mzedrul,i. Students, copy the names of the Kartvelian languages! There is no pen here. Let Lado copy the names . There is a pen near to Lado (+ - tan) . Let ' s no t fo~get these languages: Svan, Mingre lian, Laz or ~an , and, of course, Georgian . Ms. Mary , how many Soviet Republics are there? Mr. Givi, fifteen. In the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic there are two Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSR): the Abkhaz ASSR and the Adjar ASSR. There is also one autonomous region, the South Ossetian Autonomous Region . David, do you read the old Georgian Bible translations? No , Mr . Givi, I cannot read them . Unfortunately no one can read them in our class . Perhaps Elizabeth reads old Georgian texts. No, Mr . Givi, I cannot read them. Students, don ' t prepare the seventh lesson; prepare the sixth! Let's prepare both the sixth lesson and the seventh also! It is necessary that you learn all the Caucasian

LESSON 6

161

languages in order to compare them [that you (may) compare them] . Many linguists maintain that a

genetic relationship between the Kartvelian languages and the languages of the North Caucasus is impossible . Other linguists however maintain that there must be such a relationship between these languages . But according to almost all linguists no one can present evidence of a genetic relationship between the Basque language and

14 .
15 .

Georgian . Ms . Lily, don ' t write anything now .

Write the

letter after Ms. Elizabeth comes (use VN) .

Mr . Tamaz , describe Georgia during Tamara's reign! Unfortunately, I cannot describe it because Tamar was queen (adv.) in the twelfth century, and yes -

16.

17 .

lB.

19.

20 .
21.

22.

23 .

terday I was reading about Georgia during the reign of George II (1072 - 1089) . You must not for 2et that this was the period of the Didi Tupkoba LGreat Turkish Conquests] , when the Turks overran Georgia. George II ' s son was David II, i . e . , David the Builder, Tamara King ' s great-grandfather [grandfather ' s father] . Ms . Diana . how many Kartvelian languages are there? According to some, there are four : Georgian, Svan, Laz (or ~an), and Mingrelian. Some linguists, however, maintain that there are only three languages : Georgian, Svan, and Zan . Zan, according to these linguists, is one language; Zan ' s t wo main dialects are Mingrelian and Laz (or tan) . In which centur was Georgia united with ( - tan) Tsarist [King ' sJ Russia? Ms . Lily, this union was in the first year (dat . ) of the nineteenth century (1801). The Abkhaz are not a Kartvelian people. Like the Georgians, many Abkha zians are Christians, but most are Muslims. The Adjarians are speakers of [on] the Geor9ian language, but they are Muslims . Mother, come land] see this interesting exhibit of Georgian folk art! I shall return to New York from the soviet union in August . After my return I intend to write several articles on life in Soviet Georgia [Sovi et Georgia's life] . I must learn Persian, because many Georg i an words come from Persian. Georgians borro w words from many foreign languages. The Georgians borrowed the words vapdi ' rose', amxanagi ' comrade' , tama~i ' game', bagi ' garden ' from Middle Persian. We must discover the source of this information.

162

LESSON 6

24.

25 .
26.

27 .

28 .

29.
30 .
31.

32 .

33 .

34 .
35 .

36 .

Dear friends, let us return these books to the l ibraryl Several weeks ago we got those from t he l ibrary. Now we must read several books of nineteenth century Georgian writers . Comrades, let the students come to the lecture in order that they may listen to the discussion of twentieth century Georgian art! I have to present a report at the session of the linguisti c society. In this report I shall present many facts about Georgian dialects . I must compare the eastern and western dialects . Don 't return home until six o'clock! Return home after eight o ' clock! How many years ago were you born? I was born twenty-eig ht years ago . Soon I shall be twentynine years old [of 29 year (gen . )] . How many speakers of [on] the Georgian language are there? Almost four million. It is probable that Tamaz may return to the li brary tomorrow in order t o finish the article about Georgian folklore . I am not studying French any more . I can no long er study French because my French teacher is no longer in Chicago . Mr . Givi , did the professor order the students to come to the university early tomorrow morning [instr.]? Because we must be at the university early, I must do the homework this evening. The capital of Georgia is no longer Mcxeta. When you will be in Mcxeta go into the Svet i cxovel i church. It is an important model of Georgian ecclesiastic architect ure . In our university , learning usually begins at [on] 9 o ' clock in the morning (gen . ) and ends at five o ' clock in the evening (gen. ) . Our university theatre will perform one of the playS"" of A~a~i l;ereteli . Friends, corne to the performance, this evening at six o ' clock . Corne in, Mr . Joseph ! Let's listen to the ten o ' clock radio program, the opera "Daisi. " Who wro te this opera? The Georgian composer, Zachary
Palia~vili .

*See sec . 8.6.1.

Read i ng Pa ssage

LESSON

163

6.)&I.)~O':).O 06D&O. ~JD n6~ ~~Il"' o

.J'll"

J.t.+ 060&'0.' ""0 V~ rfoo~ V~' "'~'nO::~U .a".a.<l' J~"Bo 3~~ ~ .....a!l<:::"'. a..6o~~'IO 060/>- ~a.6 """"d30L ... ~"'!ol>o<:::,. J'3J'~"Bo M~ _\O.<.aOOlt-~, Ir.:]3oJ~t ~, 3o~n, ~j

boM<litf'!!,no, a"aNa

~,,6

~o ..,;.", ;:f.ot:O""-'<:::oo:f>o ~ltbo(,

OJ.6.t.J6o<:::o ~bo 06<r"03~ 06~ OJ'3"Bo"'ll'o&o &060'<:::"'&2 3 4

...,.,30<::: lta:l'1l~ OJ:l"'a6oL ,

o"'oe-

~ 06-, ~ JO aa b3I!'Da. J'3J-~"Bo, ~ o;"'<l?o&- .J~'; .J'3J"""""o"OV"'<l?o&o J'3J'''o~ 0600>0 &-.<.......bo ltaO'O" oo""'03" .",.~ ....~D'OI.o U-::mn,

=II.

~=V~' J03JOIMo'" o~'"

C7)~ U'::J~,
~ IV. _.~ .......

06-

I. ..""....",.. rfo~ III ...... "olto U:JCll"' "i!n<l'wa.; ~Ii'"

xaO'O'"

I ..........",.. 060~ ltaO'O"

o..a..

;~_6

1. ~.,..",., ~anbn J~oOOm (~I"'IMn~~: 3o~~, J<lbooMn ,

,lo"':r.:!"'o, 06a"<:::"':ro, "'Oo, '1J&0""',

boal>o"'o~o,

<:::0); 2. ~... .60 ,. ........O.~II!- J"<:::"'~; ~ J"<:::"'J-ooOOo' ...60.... 3O;0"''''''~ ~ "'"'1J0"'0; 'na1ooe'"
J~~' 'oa~~\-~o<:::o <l" ~rfoo.rv- ; 3. ~,':).... ... ~ &6.<101> Jeot.o'lJOJOU""'" "",,100 J~...Loa,6 ~D<l'aoa';

8zJl-lt~~. 030/'00::0 "'3:I<:'"eo~.

a....,,:."'O">o, ao"'oo::o. '3""0-

d>rf-'
5

a.<:::,>.\~ .... &oeI>-.l3lia..O"', 0::''!Ibo'''' ~ <:::rfoOD'o"'" 30[0,aoeo MI-oo 06ao"'n~ ~1oo, ~Ao6o MI-oo-o'o6o~i~"Bo_

":3-60"'"

6(Ot,~. a~~~CJ),)t!', btI311oc'tZl~o t?~ a'O~~; ~a(Ot,~ Oll

3.60'" ~ 9oa"'0<:::" G"!'JD 060~ 9A6..... .....a... 3.60"'" ~ 9oa"'0<:::" o":J 'b<::"~ <l'&'~ o",..a.6o~.6,
b1o<'>,<!,

~ou",~.

&.6ou .J.6o"'o~" W~~ ;.MlI~'<l'ao64). 6 0:f>3.1>0 .a"..~3DeO"'o 060&0" ~O~O&O<:::'"

7

i.J""!bo""'" ......0'0::0"'" od60&"'<!", .0::'\0"'0' obtl"'bo<:::<>"

OMro~ ob"m3oo6nD~lI !OSf') 'B~t."MOOnll an"M . II . '8b"'tI".~~O'O" 2ta'Oq)'8n 'BD<!'roll: 0) 18 b ~

Mn 'OJ->30&"'00::" 6""/>0<:::0 M'" ~aeoao ~JD 060&'<l'. o":J ~ mn3D CO'IMn Jne""~ lftcnn 06n\J,), MfOlIa~ ~ (?o) a"o~~ nll" ~<:::o ~ ao l d'''''''O<:::<> 06.~ J'O::"- ~.~ ~oOo<:::'<l' a.6o"'o~' ~ Bo&1 =oLo~3oL 30M0>&~ o;.,oa.... M'~ \. 6 0 '"

3.6""'"

=".

""<1'-

U6~&"<:::"

'aU-

n lib ~, '0 nb'O,",o 06" (?o) ~t?n~lI~p(.l."' (~oM~a\'O~ro)33D1.O~n-,:j~ao)M t?'Oeoll. In.:lt.'OMnllo) (<l6'O &oa,.,.~tlc:'D':""nt..) ~ a~1I~o60'::l~

0" (.,

"'. ~ ~a.i!'ao6e...a.... ~~'="&~o<:::<> '3~...a..o"'" ",~r,.. ~'JnL 0060..... 6~.J ~oo... '30~6. ~d~' - d 9"J...3. (1936 V) obobo"'o .90.a.<l' J.:1J....~o .M'II3~3<l'0a., &~. l>oOJO60ll aDlI~~ V~D~'Bn aD<DnlI ~lIDm3" ""~ t?.:In3,!jMf'O"I J~J"OOnb amno)6/lcnn, 'Obnbo~n &"t?o)lJ,)bc::.ot?oO ~M~D17I'Bn; nJ a"ma aML~ortaolJ aO),)aOMn a~lI.:1 3"~, n\3n(?Ob a~oa'Bn,,

164

LESSON 6

Vocabulary
(See note at end of vocabulary . )
1.
e.":l~J:J

a:J"~:J":Job

individual(ly); separate (ly) stop ( for a moment) + -z e = on so- called

be called sthg . (II . conj .,

:J . p.

+ adv . )

(only present series)

P~:Jo, tIlM8:Jc:!I71.::oa

group, series
which (erg., dat., gen . pI.) at present; now (cf . 8b, time)
~a

(rela tive) this ,

~~an

"a~"a,,~
[3b3~:Jon"]
,o;;Ma:J~I7l'"

we encounter s . o . , sthg. (dat . )( II. conj..) which (relative) related; cognate elsewhere
here : barely

(he re'" gen. pi.)

8",6i:lI71;Jb"3J
bb3"a.::. 6

III rllndanb ;::'M

[ ~' ''~ :J6n~,] [a3 b 3 ~:Jo,]

.:)3:Jflo:JIlX.::. 6n
~~anJ~";n

it (nom . ) has remained; survived

we (dat . ) find ; come across s . o . , sthg .

(nom. )

now:

i:)~:::lI'l1(L~nI"Gn

Kumyk

Mbn
J!lM01I'l

an Ossetian (person)
a Kurd (person) of them

[a' " a,6]

.:!),;"c::!:!)t'i - "c::!!Bo!l.!lMn

Ural - Altaic
family group

I'I I"bn

S . O"
sthg.

sthg .

(nom . ) belongs to s . o . ,

(dat.)

~J"6,,bJ6J~n
n6 Q'M - :J3,:jM3 .:!)c::!n
~J"30n';~:Jo::, ]

last
Indo- European

it (nom . ) is linked, connected to s . o .,

LESSON 6

165

sthg . (dat.)
aJ6:J~~~an~~n

(II. conj . )

genealogical (here: genetically) for this reason; therefore (cf. ~~~Ma) which (relative); ~Ma3~nB In: here: even though in no way; not at all it (dat.) is called sthg. (a) certain an Adyghe (person) distinguish (II. conj. irr., 3sg . 8~nr:i!!i~)
=

2.
~an~ M a

~Ma:J~nB "'M~n

[ JP"~J6'1
a,)"'J3J~~n
3

(nom . )

ai:lnr:i!!iJ3~ '

aor.

~~1i~6n

a Chechen (person) Daghestan (A)

{Al

~~~nbtB~6n

(now: 1!~(lJbli~6n)

4.

[aJ + ~8J6'1
cn~3nbn

consist (II. conj.) (only present series) its (own) (See sec . 7.4 . ) (Note use of instr . with meaning of ' with ' . ) such as adj . from gia;
J~r:iOl~n

Jn~MJonO'\
~MaMr:inB j,)r:iOl~~r:in

province of East GeorJ~r:ia'l~!)r:in

(distinguish

Kartlian

Jne!MJ~3n

from J~r:icn!)~n Georgian) sub- dialect with (pp. + instr.)

- ~r:i0l

S 3r:i M ' ih6ndJ

3r:iM!9JDMr:in
J~Jn

leading Georgian linguist (1887-) classification Ingur (river) remaining Cxenisc::qali CAl (lit.: Horsewater) (river in W. Gerogia; BbJ6nb~!:I~nb~Cln""BbJ6nb~!:If:!nb
(Je~bn!9nJ~Bnncn

Je!~bnsn,PBn~

according

to the classification)

n68!)r:in b:JMO,)
~i:l6~r:i!!iJ6n

(now: J6a~r:in)

mountain valley

BbJ6nb~!:Ii:l~n

..
,:11"18"'':;8 '"

LESSON

I)

they (dat.) consider sthg.

sthg . (adv.)

(nom . ) as

ClOecn,..a,) '" aOB~,..a,) mistake; error

nbO o as , as

[~a,)bJ a,)a,)~ncnn

stand(s)

(irr.)

each other
'; "' 01'11'4(3 nbO '" nbocnn3:J
f4MaM~B '

example: a,)8,)~ncn,)~ for example . e.g . as .. . , so ...

just as much .. . as .. .

Jf4O'1n J6nh,)

(Note the long form of the gen. when i t is postposed.)

common; general

arbitrary; 3 n ll1,.,21ncn candi tionally

[6;:.ba.)lI\n 83"13b]
J,..~bJMn

used sthg . (nom . ) colchidian (from Colchis)

we(dat.) have

')M')MO.)t:lJl"in
!)bJfibJ~n
tIl,)~a,)6,)B

unreal; unrealistic awkward for: since; because synonym

bn6M6nan
~')Mal"'1 + ,)l!aJ6b

represent (aar . E
term introduced
Austria linguist

I)

laOManGn

80a"'Cl06!1l::)n
.":l3 blal"ln')
:J6 ,)0'\ a:J B6 n OM n
a]b.)t'il!lJ n ":!J8 M 7.
~:J~J:J~n

Hugo Schuchardt (1842-1928) a Circassian (person) subgroup (j3J = under, sub) lower composition (aJa~~aJ6~ "o n~ with a

J3:J aM

J3na~sn

a:Ja,)Qlao6~l'Io')

LESSON 6

167

6"t:'~n3n ~313 1'l6.

composition, i . e., composed of ) Nalchik (city)

~31D1'l6I'lan~l4n I'l~Jnb eo6~nn;

I'll!:lJnb"

see sec. 8.6 .

J.
a"n31'l3n
1936
o~o

Jo~oJn

Maikop (city)
~~~b ebl4~~b I'lB~ ~ mJJ3baOi ~J~b
o~

r.

sixtieth; here: the 60s here: when; c:~n3~"l'Iab conquer

a~n,,6J~n

mountain region (cf . a~n,,6n mounta i nous)

8"Q1" = "b,,b~Oobmove; exile; 8"Q1i)b':'b~~J6 = 8"Q1.:.b.:.b~~6::J6 their population al'lbi)b~Jl'lo,:,

a.:.b"
Jo~ .
an~i)al'l

mass
J,,~i)Jn

environs, neighborhood; suburb

No t e: Place names and derivatives of place names generally are not given in the vocabulary if there are no special equivalents in English . Locations of some o f the regions of Georgia mentioned in the reading can be fou nd on the attached map (fig . 6 . 1) .
.Al'la J~~i)

aI'l6"nJb"3J J6 J 6n languages related to which

16B

LESSON 6

.,

" ] " a
~
~

0 " ., " " a g t; " ~ " " , ., " .~ ".~0 .~" ~ ~ "oN
~
~

>. . ".
!-< I.<

Sl'lu .... u
I
I I I I

<II:l..c: . ....

. .... Q) ....

n
~

'" " .,
n
~,

n "' no

"' '" "'

,
no
ro

" v ro '" "

~

~,

n "

ro ,

'" " n
~

.~
<

~ I""
I .

I .'"

,0

,,0

ro
~

" '"
~

~.

, n '" ," n ,ro "

~

.
~

~,

" ", ., n " " n ro ,

n ro

~ ~

.
~

s
" " "
~

, ,
~

ro,

ro,
~
~, ~,

"

~,

., ., "

,n " n '"
~

"

ro

" u " '"

M
~
~

., "'.'"
"'"'
~

169

LESSON 7
7.1. Object markers . The Geo r g ian verb , in addi tion to marking the subject of the sentence also marks the d ir ect and indirect objects. These are marked by prefixes which occu~ immediately befo re the preradical vowel, or , if there is none, immediately bef o re the root of the ve.rh. Number is distinguished for o bjects of the first and second persons; number is not dis tinguished or th i rd person objects (but see p. 34S - ) . I t must be noted that , in general, indirect objects denote human beings (a n d therefore can be first, second, and third persons) while direct objects tend to denote things (and therefore are most commonly t hi rd person only). Although the concept of the indirec t object in Georgian is broader than .in Eng"1~i~S~h '___ ___ :,, nonetheless not all verbs can take indirect objec ts . As a rule, indirect objects are found more commonly with I . conjugation verbs than with II . conjugation verbs . In fact, there are many I . conjugation verbs that occur with indirect objects while their corresponding II . conjugation forms do not . In normal word order the indirect object precedes the direct object , n3.::.6;Ja ;J3nab VQMnt::!n a':>:!Ja8'::'36.::. John sent the doc e .g . tor (id . o . ) a letter (d.o . ) .
7.1 .1 . Direct object markers. markers are:

The direct object Plural gvg - ..... - t

1st 2d 3d

Singular mg-

Note that t he plural marker of the second perso n is the same as the plural marker of the first and second perso n subject markers and i t occupies the same position .
7 .1 . 2 .

Rules for the object marker.

A

Ru.le .1

first person object cannot occur with a first person subject . nor can a second person object occur with a second person subject (see sec .
7 . 4 . 3) .

Rule 2

The v - marking first person subject is always dropped before the g - marking second person object. {The pre s ence of a second person ob j e c~ marker g and the ab s en c e of a th ird per son 8 u b jec~ marker suffix is generally suffi cient to indicate a first person subject; e.g., abQ~~3 I see you; 86~bQ I saw you . In both

170

LESSON 7

forms the presence of the prefix g- indicates that the subject cannot be second person; the absence of a suffix -8 or - en in the first form, - Q or - eB in the second~ indicates that the subject cannot be third person . Therefore ,

the subjec t must be first person , and this de spite the absence of the subject prefix v - . )
Rule 3
When t h e subject of a verb is first person plural and the object is second person plural , only one plural marker - t can occur; e . g . , a~an806~ ga=g - ~ - g - eb - t can mean: a. I ( v -; rule 2) will understand you all (g - . . . . . - t) .

Rule 4

We (v- . . . . . - t ; r u le 2 ) will understand y o u (g-) c . We (v - . .. . . - t ; rule 2 ) will under stand you all (g - . . . . . - t) . The determination of the meaning of such a form is ei ther t hrough context or by the use of personal pronouns ( see section 9.2 ) . When a 3sg . subject marker ending in 8 occurs with a second person plural object (g ) b.
the - s is lost. Thus the form
8~8"8aO~

above

can also have the meaning : He ( - 8) will understand you all d.

. . . - t:)

(g- .

Rule 5

Again , context or pr o nouns will eliminate ambiguity . When a third pl. subject ending occurs with a second pl . object (g - .. .. . - ~) , the o bject plu ral marker -t: is dropped . Thus, a form such as a':)ana08.16 can mean: a . ~hey ( - en) will understand y ou (g-) b. They ( - en) will understand you all (g - . . . . . - <) . A similar l o ss of the plural marker - t o f the second person object marker occ urs in the third person plural o the remaining screeves: imper-ect, conditional , conjunctive ( e nding - nen) , aorist ( endin~ - ee) , and opt a tive (ending - on ) ~ e . g . , ( a~)a"aJa~6:J6 (ga =)gi - g - eb - d -n en can refer to a plural object as well as a singular . a~ana .1 b ga=g - i - g - es the aorist , can als o refer ~o both sing ular and plural second person objects. Similarly, in the optative , a ~a na M6 ga=g - i - g - o n .
J

7.1.3 .

Examples:

LESSON 7

171

Fu-ture/Pre sen 't : Subject IS9 . obj .

1S9 2S9 3sg.
1pl.

259. obj .
(a~)aJ~03

(a~)aJ~03 (a~)aJ~03b
(a~)aJ~03~

2pl .
3pl.

(a~)aJ~0386 Ipl. obj .

(a~)aJ~0386C 2pl . obj.

1s9 2sg . 3sg.

Ipl. 2pl.

(a "" )aJ ~P3cna

(a~)a3J~03 (a~ )a3J~o3b (a l""l)a3J~'::'3cn (a~)a3J~o386

(a"")aJt::I'::'3 cn

(a"")aJ~':'3cna

3pL

Imperfect/Conditional : 1 S9 . obj .
1S9 2S9 3S9 Ipl. 2pl. 3pl. lS9 25 9.

2sg. o bj .
(a~)aJ,,03~n

(a~)aJ~o3~n (a~)aJ"03~O
(a..,)aJt:''::'3~ncn

(a~)aJ"03~O

(aM)aJ~':'3~ncna
(a~) aJ,,03~6J6 Ipl . obj . (a~)a3J~o3~n (a~)a3J,,03~o (aM)a33~'::'3~n cn (a ~ ) a3J,,03~686 (a~) aJ~o3~6J6 2pl. obj . a (a,...) a3~':'3(E'ncn

3 S 9
Ipl. 2pl.

3pl.

The conjunctive patterns analogously to the imperfect/ iterative- conditional and presents special patterns only with a 359 . subject and 2pl. object , e . g . (a,... - ) aJ~~3~~cn (rule 4 ) .

172

LESSON 7

G.:>h':'3 b
AO.l"i s 't :

(nax-av-s )

see ' .
Ipl . o bj . 2pl . obj.

1sg. obj . 25g . o bj .

1sg. 25 g . 3sg. Ipl .

2pl.

a 6 .::. b J
a6.::.1> :l 86'":)1>.:. 83 6 .':>1>0

a 6 .:>b:>D'la
83 6 <:)1>.::.
83 6 ,:,b:J11l

8 6 .:::. 1>.:::.

a 6 .::. b :JO'la
a6...,b:J 11l
a6.:d':J D

a 6 .::. b .::. a 6 .:::. b :JC7la

C7l

3pl.
Opt;a"ti.ve .-

a 6 .::. b :Jbc
8 6 .-:>1> ....

83 6 ,::, b:Jb

a 6 .::. b ::Jb a 6 .:::.

bfTlO1

c
a

1sg.
2sg.
3S9

a6.::.1>,...
86 ;:"bfTIb

83 6 .:::.1>1"'1 3 6 ..::>1> .... 01a

a6 .::. b .... b

83 6 ,:,b .... b

8 6 .::.1>1"'10'1

Ipl .
2pl .

a 6 .::. b ....
83 6 .::.1>1"101 83 6 .::.1> .... 6

1n

86.-::>bMa'I a6.::.1>1"'I6 86.::.bM6c

3pl .

86 "b .... 6

a . b. c.

See sec . See sec. See sec.

7.1.2, 7.1.2 , 7.1.2,

rule 3. rule 4 . rule 5.

(Forms with direct object in the third person were already presented in secti o n 2 . 2 . ) As a general rule, o nly I . conjugation verbs may take both direct and indirect object markers; II . conjugation verbs as a rule can take only indirect Object markers. 7. 2. Indirect object markers . Both I . and II . conjugation verbs may take an indirect o bject . The notion of indirect object" in Geo rgian is significantly broader than the same notion in English ( see 7 . 2 . 3, below) , particularly for II . conjugation verbs . It should be noted that certain verbs (bo th T . and II . conjugati o n) occur only with indirect object markers; absolute (i.e., objectless ) forms o f such verbs do not occur. For all verbs, nominal and pronominal indirect objects are always in the dative case.
II

7. 2.1 . Indirect Object markers with I. conjugation verbs . I . c o njugation verbs can mark an indirect object in two ways , either with the special preradical vowels - /u - or without the addition o f special pre-

LESSON 7

173

radical vowe~s . Although one must learn which verb takes which type of indirect object marking, by far the more common type of marking is that with the preradical vowels i-/u - . 7 . 2.2 . The u -series of indirect object markers. We shall call the series of indirect o bject markers with preradical vowels i-/u- the u - series . 1 Before adding these markers to a glv~n ~~Leeve form, any preradical vowel (a - or i - ) must be dropped . Then the u - series markers are inserted immediately before the root . These markers are : Singular Plural 1st . mi gvi 2d. 9i gi - .. . . . - t 3d . u[See also . , p . 345 . 1 No t e tha t the u -serisa marksPB in the first and second persons consist SLmply of the (direct) object markers plus the preradical vowel i- . In the third person (both sg. and pl.) we find the vowel u_. 2 No~e also that the p uLes fop objeat markers (sec. . 7 . 1 , 2) apply also to u - series markers, The first person marker u is kept before the third person o bject marker - u - .

7.2.3. Meanings of indirect objects . As mentioned above , the notion of indirect object in Geor gian is broader than in English . The indirect object of a I . conjugation verb can correspond to the English indirect object (with or without the preposition to), to the English preposition for , and to English possessives. Examples are: He will send (his) aa~b ~J~n~b a~~aa~36nb brother a letter . He bought a gift for ( his) brother. She combed (her) child ' s hair . ] The meanings of the indirect object can cover an even greater ra_ nge w.ith II. conjug.:ltion verb::.. These meanings wi l l be pointed out in the vocabularies . 7. 2. 4. Less common is the h -s e~ies of indirect ob ject markers . This series is identical in the first and second persons to the direct object markers (sec . 7 . 1 . 1) ; in the third person the marker can be h-~ or s-~ or n o thing , depending on the following sound : h - before 9, k, k, q, p s - before d, t , i , j , t , c , 5, ~ , e (- ) before all remaining'consonan t s and all vow-

----

174

LESSON 7

e1s . 4 8- and h- are added immediately before the verbal root . The markers 8 - and h - do not cause the loss of the first person marker v - : a n3bpJM I shall write him;
33jnO'lb':>31 (shall) ask him ( sthg . ) .

Just as at! o t her object markers ~ the h -s e r ie s markers are subject to the rules in 7 . 1 . 2 . The h-series indirect object markers occur most commonly with verbs with the preverbs mi - (with third person id.a.) and mo - (with first and second person i d . 0,'5) , i . e . , when the focus is on the direction of the ac t ion, toward the speaker and adressee or toward the
person spoken about . example will be Also,
h - 881"i-(JS

markers occur with

An

causatives of transitive verbs

( see section 11 . 4) _ forms:

mi= 8-oars and mo=m - cers

both meaning

' write someone'. Note' the foll o wing' (aorist) He wro te me af'laf? 0":;'"

af'l8PO":;'"

anbpo"o

He wro te you He wrote him/ them

Verbs taking the h -series markers will be indicated in the vocabularies. 7.2 . 5. A number of verbs with preverbs no~ of the ma- group (see sec. 2.2 . 1) add mo - when the id . o . is fi r st or second person. Note the following : a.:>o,.,anaa.:>36.:> He sent i t to me

8.:>af'l8 n a a '::'3 6 .:>

a':>~8a':>36.:)

He sent i t to you Be sent i t to him/ them

Verbs which add mo - to the preverb when there is a first or second person object will be indicated in the vocabularies . s 7.3. Absolute an d relative verbs . Verbs having an i n direct object marker will be called petatiue verbs while verbs without such an indirect object marking will be called ab s otu~e . In the relative form of II. conjugation verbs the id . o . markers diTfer depend i ng on how the II. conjugation forms are derived from base T. conjugation forms. 7 . 3 . 1. Relative forms of the II. conjugation in i - . II . conjugation forms in i - become relative by (a) changing the preradical vowel from i - to e - ; (b) adding the h - 8epies markers before the new preradical vowel e- . (Note that since the markers always precede the vowel e - the marker o f a third person id . o . is always ~ , and therefore the h - series markers become identical

LESSON 7

>75

to the direct object markers.) These object per s on markers are subject to the ruLes ~n 7 .1 . 2 . Examples : ao::.na3o::.36:)6.:> be sent 80::.:)83.:>36;)6.:> be sent to 5 . 0 hide (0. s. ) from s . o .
7.3 . 2 . Relative forms of the II . conjugation in- d -. II . conjugation forms in - d - become relative by the ad dition of the u - series of indirect objec t markers . These u - series markers are subject t o the rules in 7 .1.2. Examples are :

a",aa':>(!I(!I;)60::.
be prepared
o::.a:J6~:Joo::.

a",:!)a3':>~(!I:J6o::.

be prepared for s . o.
.:>~a:J6(!1:Jo,:>

be built
a:J:JMcn~:J6o::.

be built for s.o.

a:)~:JMcn(!:)6i;)

be united

be united to sthg .

(In some instances one enc ounters relative II . conju gation in - d - forms with h - series markers or with a series markers [the superessive; see sec . 13 . 3]. Mos t commonly such forms have no absolute [i.e . non-relative] forms . ) It must be noted that in general II. conjuga tion in - d - forms with indirect objects are quite infrequent. In place of such forms . Ge o rgians tend to prefer the corresponding I. conjugation form in the third person plural (without personal pronoun; see sec . 9.2) or the II. conjugation absolute form with a postpositional phrase with - tvs ' for ' . So in the followin g examples instead of a one would prefer b or c .
(a) :Jb b.:>b~n n3o::.6:)b ;::,~a:J6~o::. . This house was built for John

( indirect object)

(b) :Jb bo::.bc:,ln n3.:>60b .:>!JC'l:J6:Jb.

They (French on , German man) built this house for John ( indirect object) .

(c) :Jb

b.:>b~n

n3o::.6:Jb.:>cn3nb

.:>a06~.:> .

This h o use was built for John phrase) .

(postpositional

7.3.3. Meaning of relative II . c o njugation forms . Relative II . conjugation forms have an indirect object which can correspond to a number of constructions in

176

LESSON 7

English , most commonly to constructions with ' to ' or ' for ' . When the II. form is derived from a relative I . conjugation form with id.a., i t generally preserves the meaning of the I . conjugation id . o . (although i t s h ould be noted that a very large number of verbs cannot form relative II . conjugation forms) . Examples : ~~~a~~~3b da=u - mal - av - s hide something from someone ~~Ja~~Jo~ da=e- mal - eb-a hide (onese lf) from someone Se=a-dar- eb - s compare s . o . /s thg_ to s . o . /st hg. (h -series) be compared to s . o . /st hg . There are a number of relative II . conjugation verbs which are not derived from corresponding I. conjuga tion verbs and which do not have absolute (i . e. , ob jectless) II. conjugation forms. Such verbs and their meanings wi~~ be given in the vocabu~ary . 6 Examp~es are : ~~Jba~MJ6~ da=e - xmar - eb - a belp someone se=e-x-eb-a concern s . o . /sthg . a~~bJ6~ =e-lod- eb-a wait for s . o . /sthg . O~~~J6~ The irregu~ar verb anBJa~ ' give sthg. to 7 . 3 .4. s . o . '. The stem of this verb changes depending upon the series . In the present series . forms are based o n 359 . present ~d~J3b a - jlev - s ( with h -series indirect object markers). In the future series the forms are based on 3sg . future anbBOab mi+s - cem - s . With first or second person indirect objects the preverb is mo+ . e . g ., a~aBJa ' you will give i t to me' . In tfie aorist the screeve endings are:
-iaJJ~~~Jo~ ~e=e - dar - eb - a

- a

- es

The root varies according to the person of the Bubject. If the subject is third person, the root is -c-; if the subject is first or second person, the root is -ec-. The preverb is mi+ with a third person indirect object and mo+ with a first or second person :

LESSON 7

177

Subject : Object: lS9

lpL 2s9

3 singular

3 plural

2p1 . 3d. Subject: Object : 1S9 1p1 . 2S9 2pl . 3d .

al"la B" aM83S'" a1"l8B" anaB"cn anb a "

lS9 1pl .

8M8BOb 8M83BOb 8M8BOb an8BJb anbBJb

259
2pl.

a,.,aJS n al'"\83Je n aM8Jan aM8JSncn an3JBn af"l3Ja ncn af"l8JBncn an3:18ncn

aMaJsncn al"l83JBncn

anJe n

an:Js ncn

The optative has the endings in the following figure, which are added to the stem of the 3S9 . aorist (-c-) .

-en
As in other screeves , the optative takes the h -series id . o . markers and has the preverb mi+ with a 3d per son id . c . and mo+ with 1st and 2d. Example: anbBJb let him give i t to her .
Summar-y

Present Imperfect Conjunctive

"dt::!J3 b
"dt!J3~" "d~J3~Jb

Object
3d.

lS9

Future Conditional Conjunctive Aorist Optative

8nb Bo8b
anbB.Ja~.::> 8nbBo8~ob

8M8 B08b al'laBJat!'"

8M8B08~Ob

anb s " anbSJ b

aMa S " af"laSJb

7.4. Reflexive possessives . The third person possessives may be distinguished according to whether

179

LESSON 7

the possessive ' s antecedent is the subject of the sentence (reflexive possessive) or whether i t is not : 3d . singular 3d . plural
re[l.exive
OH)

3" b '" his own, her own its own

heres) , it(s)

1n'::'31"1.::.61Jl1"I
their own

nonrefl. e:r:i ve

8 1"1 bl"l
his,

8'::'lnn
their(s)

1n"31"1bn and 1n"3n,,6Inn are similar to Russian CBaPI (3d person) or Latin suus; anbl"l and a'::'lnn are the equivalents of Russian ero, ee, ax or Latin eius ~ eorum . Examples:
b~b~a

1n"3nb ~"b b,,~~a"~n a"~a3"36" . So so sent his sister a gift.

b,,~~j"MI"I

a",b ja"Mb'::'B

a"~a3'::'36".

He also sent her husband a gift. 7 . 4. 1 . The emphatic pronoun, corresponding to Rus sian caM or Latin ipse is 1n.31"11Jl1'l6; e . g ., J~J60a 1n3"'1n1'l6 ~"p: J~" P OMnt::Jn Helen herselY wrote the letter. 1n3nln 1'l 6 is no t declined . 7. 4.2 . Possessives . These are declined like adjec tives when used attributively (adjectivally) and like nouns when used pronominally . Note however that when used adjectivally, the datives of the first and second person possessives take the full dative ending - 8 as does the third person plural : ~ Ja b I "'306 b , CI 06 b J Ulj30 6 b , a"Ulb . Singular Plural 1st .
~Oan

2d.
3d.

CloGn

n30En Ulj3J6n

Reflexive 7.4.3. Reflexive pronouns . When the subject and ob ject of a sentence are one and the same person, the ob ject is marked by a reflexive pronoun . 7 These are: Singular Plural 1st .
2d .
~o8n CI~61"1

m'::'3n '""3n

n3061"1 1n"3 n
ourselves

myself yourself

InJ3:J6n 1n"3 n
yourselves

LESSON 7

179

3d.

cn.;)3nbn cn"3n himself (herself, itself)

'""3n.;)60'1n cn"3 n themselves

These are all declined regularly; note that grammati cally these are all third person forms consisting of the possessive pronoun + '""3n head ' and therefore take third person object markers . Examples:
O~8~X~a m~3nbn m~3n b~AJOan 6~h~ .

EIguJa saw himself in the mirror .

~Oab '"~3b 6JXnO'l b~~~J61"~ 3cn3~n.

I consider myself a diligent student. Reflexive indirect objects can be paraphrased by the pronoun plus postposition -tvi s; e.g., ~Ja'"3nb 3n~n~J I bought i t for myself . See also sec . 13.1 .
7.4. 4. Reciprocal pronoun . The reciprocal pronoun, meaning ' each other ' (Russian OPY2 oPY2a , French !'un Z ' a ut~ e , German e in a n de ~) is JA,"a,,6J,"n, which is regularly declined . 7.5. Relative and interrogative pr o n o uns. Relative pronouns are derived from interrogatives by adding the particle -c to the interrogative . The - c is added to the extended case forms (sec. 4 . 3), if the relative is declined. In nondeclinable forms ending in a con sonant, the vowel -a- is usually inserted before the -c {but note 3n6e and AM8MMsl. Examples: Interrogative Relative
"" M aJ~n? (El

3 n6 ? A,,?
b,,~?

which who what where how? how many?

l'iMaJe'Jna8 3n669 M"B

b"~"B

MMOMA?
M"a~J6n?

MMoMMa
M"a~J6nB
MM~Jb"B

as

as many , so many

or AMB" when. is by far the most common, corresponding to Engl~sh ~h o , whiah J Examples of MMaJ~ne : wh a t J tha t .
Of the first three relatives,
MMa~l:!!nB

Note

MM~nb?

when?; but relative

J"Bn , MMaJ~nB 36~bJ The man whom (that) I saw

180
~ M aJ~b~B
~ M aJ~a~B

LESSON 7

pna6n,

33n~b~~M6~n

The book that

(wh ich)
a6~b~

was reading

JJnan ,

The doctor who saw you

When the relative pronoun is used with a postposition , the - c is added to the postposition . If the postpos i tion ends in a consonant, - a - is added before the -c . Examples:
~"aJ~anB ~ M aJ~~JB
MMa~nb

(also

~MaJ~an~~B)

in which
on which about which

(also ~ M aJ~~J~~8)

aJb~bJ6~B

7.6 .

Wordbuilding : derivatives in sa - .

7.6.1 . Denominal derivatives in sa- . . ... - 0 . In sec . 4 . 6 . 1 the use of the circumix 8Q- . . . . . - 0 in forming
adjectives was presented . The same circumfix is also used to form nouns derived from other nouns . The mean ing of such derivatives can be "place where": custom house customs duty b.::.3'::' tl l"l 6.::.~n
'::'o~6mn
J~';n
a~ '::'MJ:!) ~ n

agent ambassador cook grave

b'::'''o:)61M b'::':)l:!lfiM
b..,a~.::.,:;:):!)~Pl b.::.b.::.!'}~.::.,.,

agency embassy kitchen cemetery (sec .

1.11.1)

b'::'5~'::'3n

'::'3.:l~a~"'5n patient,

person

sick b"'.:l3.:l~a\:!"'5M hospital

b(i:!)a.:lMn

7. 6.2. .. -e can mean 'to be used for ' , ' designated for': ~:)O'ln oil b.::.~:)O'l:) oiler, lubricator

b.::.b[!l:!)a,:;,., hotel, inn Other denominatives in sa- . . . . - 0 and sa- .

guest

(A)

0'l3"c:!n eye O'l"a..,an game , playing

growth

b.:l0'l3'::'~J

eyeglasses b.:ll7l.:la.::.a,., toy

food

7.6.3. Deverbal derivatives in sa-. These forms , traditionally called the future passive participle , generally have a meaning paraphrasable as 'for .. . ing' , ' to be + past participle' Examples : typewriter 6:)!~'::'3b print (lit . , machine

LESSON 7

181

POMb
3:1t:lO:>3 b 8""I::I:1 ob
~':'~:13b

write

b'POMn

ao:>an~~

for printing) writing table (lit " table for writing) sewing machine ( l i t., machine for sewing) key ( lit . , something for opening)

sew open

b'Jt'~n

ao:> ;3" "

a"b"~Jon

(ut . ) ~"b"~J3n beverage o:>~6na6':'3bdenote, mark ,,~b,,6na6"3n notable drink ne3o:>ab dress s . o . S:1 bb "Sa:1t:1 n shoes (sec . 1 . 11 . 1; !9:1bn =foot) clothes ( 1I,,6n= body )

food eat Note that the prefix sa- follows the preverb (if any) a nd any preradical vowel is dropped . Some of t h ese derivatives take the suffix - el - before which the P/FSFS - am ~ - av undergo syncope (cf . b,,!aO~n) . The P/FSF - i is dropped. The suffix - et - is part~cularly common with verbs in P/FSF - eb - . Note too that verbs in - au in certain instances lose the P/FSF (e . g . , oJ!~"3b ~ b,,6~_~n print) . Since th~~e derivatives are nominal they can~e take objects in the dative or nominative but instead take the genitive . Compare : pna6Jonb b"6J ! ~n ~,,88" a press for printing books
"3,,~a~ " SJonb anbO:>~J o n "~"bn

a room for receiving patients The deverbal derivatives in sa- in the adverbial case correspond to the English use of the infinitive with ' .in order to'. Examples: in order to write a letter ~JAn~nb ~ "b"~:1~"~ in order to open the door 3"Anb 8"b"~J6"~

182

LESSON 7

LESSON

7 :

Notes

1.

More traditionally these markers are calle d

the

ve rs ion ma r ke rs ( Tschenk~li : OVZ -- Per s onat ze i chen de r O b jek~iven Ve rsion ; vog t: prafi x e de VO ( v e rs a n o b jeo~ve) ; Rudenk o : pokaza~et t r et ' ej pa The term objeotive version c om es from ~anije; r ody) .
who regards these markers as denoting the person (other than the subject) for whose benefit the action is perf ormed, b~bbynbM dBJ3~ 'the desig nated-for-someone else version . 2. Note that the sequences m -~ gvi -~ gi - do not necessarily indicate the u - series o f indirect object markers . In rare instances they may represent direct object markers followed by the preradical vowel i - . Compare the f o l l o wing ( examples are with third person singular subje c t ) : Direct Object Obj. u -series indirect ob j ect P ers o n 'he will receive
s. o . '

o b deo~ ve

'he will build i t f o r s.o. ' 1st. 2d .

~ana J 6 J ob

andnClJo b
mi=m- i - g-eb-s

a=mi-sen-eb-s
~ 8 n a J 6 J ob
a= g i-~en-eb-s

3nanClJob
mi=g-i-~-eb-s

dnnClJ ob

3d .

o~a:J6 :J 3 b

mi= - i -~-eb-s a= u -~en-eb-s No te the differences between third pers o n direct and indirect objects. 3 . Note that these c o rrespond t o datives in o ther 1anguages: cf . Russian OH Kynu~ 6pamy nodapOK 'He bought a gift f o r his br o ther'; French It lui a lave le v s age (a son fZB) ~ German Sie hat ~hrem Sohne das Haa r geka mmt ' She c o mbed her s o n's hair'. 4 . These are the normati v e rules. In actual practice, however, many modern Georg ian writers have no marker or the third person indirect o bject marker; for them the h -series has merged c o mpletely with the direct object markers and the student should be aware that a form without h - o r s - where the g rammar ca11s for them can s t i l l refer to a third pers o n i ndirect object , even when there is n o indirect o bject noun or pronoun in the sentence. F o r mo st writers s - o r h - are

LESSON 7

183
33n~b~3

dropped after the v - of the first person, e.g. for 333n~b~3 'I sha~l ask him '.

5. The addition of the prefix - mo- is possible also with a third person id.o . in circumstances such as the following , where the speaker and the recipient are both together in Tbilisi : ~aJ~njn~~6 ~o n~nban 8~a~~83~36Jb. 'They sent i t to him [here from America to Tbilisi' .

The verb aO~~~MOob is irregular in that its reII. conJugat~on form has - e - rather than - d as an id.o. marker : aJJ(!I~MJO~. Some relative II. conjugation verbs are not derived either from correspond ing I . conjugation verbs or II. conjugation absolute verbs, but are themselves base forms. Examples include : t!'~:Jba~f'i:Jo~ 'help 5_0_'. t!'~:J0'l~6ba:::)l3~ 'agree with s .o. ' Such verbs form the verbal noun in - eb-a :
6.
lat~ve

t!'~ba~f'i03~,

~~~~6baJ6~ .

7. In some cases when one might expect an indirect object reflexive in the datiVe, e.g . , ~Jab ~~3b, a special construction of the verb , the (dative) reflexive, is used . See section 13 . 1 .

B. With the genitive , the -c is not added to M~a~nb~ but rat her to the noun which forms the head of the phrase or to the end of a following postposition tak ing the genitive, for example:
b~j~Mm3J~M ,
b~O~M~~

MMa~nb

~Jt!'~3~~~jne

O'lon~nbn~,

J~3anf'ian~.

Georgia, the capital of which is Tbilisi, is in the soviet Un ion .

3~6~a 8~~~~~~8a6~

pna6n,

M~a~nb

aJb~bJa~B

a~8P:Jt'i:Jm .

Va no translated the book about which I wrote you all . In both instances, the noun phrase can also occur without - c; ~~a~nb ~J~~j~~~Jn ... , ~Ma~nb aJb~bJa ...
9. The declension is as for 3n6 : nom., erg. 3n6B' gen ., dat. 3nb~B '

184

LESSON

7:

Exerci ses

1. 2 .

b3"~ ;!)6n3~Mbnll~lian
~0I7103.,6n

a6.,b"3 - ~n.:.b
J

ane6",,&b?

ch.c:!n.:.6 JOMa"~

3. 4.
5. 6.

ane61"1ob . ~n,,",,a a.,b~~ POc:!b b,",,~an 0'::>83"e6"" oMC7Ia.,60CJln . anh",,! b.,~., hOM? .,a b.,~ban 30M abo~"3 ' ~306a., 3Mr"lSobI"lMa., 0083"3"" ) 3n6.,n~.,6 d"c:!n.:.6
3 M60c:!n POMn~n an3b~oM0I71

8""83POM;)171 ~SM " banM"~ ~., OM ~"an3n~~Jgl71!

d"~6"li"6" M~b~~.,6J
6~

aJa"~nm!
~3J6n

ananc:-oolJI .
7. 8.
9. 10 .

0033061"1 ,

~.,n3nVHool71

33JH6nb I"lanb
~3J6b n6ac:!nb~Mn

aanMJob!

.,a

.,boc:!n Mr"la.,6nb 3""Jc:!J

MJeJ6~n.,

~nliJM"~~Mnb

3MI"lSObl"lMb
~.,aoba"MOI71 .

~6~.,

a"3~a!"36Mm .

3081"161"\0 6 1"1.

8171b1"l3171!
a"'t:!.:>3n.,an ~'"
anHn~J '
~3J6n

36;)6nl71
S;!)~b

~"8Jba"MJ6nm . p.,~n

a"afOlanaCS"36n .

3IJlb"'3,

M.,a~J6naJ

oh"c:!n 3JM.,6an
d.,~n.,6

11 .

MMe.:> jOMIJl;!)c:! 06.:.b 3bp"3c:!,.,OIJl,

30M3n jOM1Jl30c:!n
~6~~ 3~~n~M f

a0 8""o"';)on
12.
13 .
a~a~b
~"'a

a3Jba~~~on~6 .

~~~m~~ - n6a~nb~Mn a~~ ~o n6a~nban

nd60o~ , ~M6~"",6;Jn

~~~bnjM6n bw~aM~~
~306b

3n6~n~~6 anb~n~b~

P3 ' .J~Ma aoartOMoob 8D'1b M 1 . 3D' n.:Jab

Brt~b

3~Mb

~6~

~~M03rtb .

14 .

a~ndt::!.:Jo~

~8.:JbaOM r'lln ? 3~Hn~rt .

!o~b~~jn

- ~nb ,
anHn~~ .

JOOO
15 . 16 . 17 .
~8 .

~6~0

~oaao

BM~aO

bOMJJan 3nb b.:J~03? -- R,:)ab m03b 3bJ~03 ! n306,:) ID 03nb JOMa a.:J8MooMb JM.:J306an b n ~~oMb
~a~36nb . J~M~.:J6b 5~~n ~~~a~~o !

d~M~06b

~ooa~~o!

19.

JBn,

MMaJ~boB

PJAn~n

8~3~8~~360 J

bO~8~Man

aJ~M~J6rt~0.

LESSON 7

185

20 .
21. 22 .

J~Ba~ ,

~MaJ~a~6

b~~a~~on b~be::tn

a6~b~ ,

a~an6 ~~o06~ .

~~an~~3~ ' b~bc::!n ,

J~Bn ,

~Ma~~nB

b~~a~~~~

6~bo ,

b3~~

~~an~~J~3b .

3~3~~Jaa~ *

0l.::>3"bn

0l3nOlM6

b'::>~~6

~~3no~~J ,

0l~3 nb 3.::>~na3n~b

.::>~aJ6~.

23 .

~3068~ :~L!lfi6~~n 3fi6J~n

aaMO~JOa~ ~.::>a~J6n8~ ~J~n~n ~6~.::>

b.::>n6wo~ob~ 0l~b~6b

fna6n

~.::>

a~al""la3na~'::>36~b . --a~an6 8nbfJ~~0l .

aal"'o~~ob

24 . 25 . 26 .

3nb J~M~J6nOl? - Jl::la~l~b~ I!'~ ~~b:!l~~6b 3J~I"~..JonOl .

b~~ ~M8~ n~'::>3nOl? b~~a:!l~an ao~~~oo~~nOl! 0l~3b ~MI!'Jb.::>a ~~anfi~J'::>3 ' ~Jab

nbO

~anro~, 3'::>~ .

~M8 ,

bo~a:!J~~o a6~b~3 '

ane6MO ,

3n68~

[When

i t occurs before a monosy llabic word , the pronoun 3n6a usually adds -a: 3,,6 8 ,::> . ]

27 .

nJa8~ afo~ n j6 Jo~

~~8

a~aMana3~36.::> ~6~0 1!''::>60~Jo"b

Ob
~~J '

~:!l~xn

J~~oan ,

fiMa~nOl~a a~~J

bO~:!ljo~n

a~3:!la3'::>361""l,

3n60n~06

8nbn

28. 29.

30 . 31 .
32 .

33.

3Jb80fiJon . bb 30 0n :!J6~0 e'::>Jba'::>~ M6 naob, 3,,6 a m03nb m03b 3JM Ob80 fi ooo . n3.::>608 ~'::>:!lr:iJJo a103nb aaOob? - .::.~.::> , 8'::>O'Ib 8~g~60~b !!,O:!JMJJ'::> t 3n6~nl!'06 bob~an or:i n~36~6 . aJ6J~0~ao m03nb X.::>r:ib b'::>~~3ofi3~ a0l!'0b3~0 ~ohd06o . ~boal30~~~ 3~M abJ~03tn , nJ8~ d 3 nr:isobM aJa~6MJOM . ~M80 bOO!~OlO 3~3anMnb bOJ~nMan 3n803n , ~~~b boj8 J ao63~aor:iWJ ' m03nb 80l03MMoob anb~JMo aO~n a6 Mo Jonb anbo~06o~ . :JM0l806JOlb na5MOOl? - Mobo.33nfi3J~no, 306Mb 3nB6 ~o ~o 3 06M 8na6MOb. do~,,06 J~Ma n a Ja M 6M~o n 30Mm eo JA~.b60tn~b6 ba"'~b ~ 3b~m b;~aMb~.
d3J~n jor:iOl:!l~n
al"l~ 6.::.. a~b.::.d~ooo~n.::. bO~a~M~:J

n0 8b

0l~3b

3J ~

34. 35. 36 .

~ojbwoonb

fob03nOlb030~

bo!nMM~
:!l6.::.~~~ n.::.So~

b:!lBlIr:inb
:!l~ n~M

'::'~~M31"1~~an m6n~nbnb

oOGb

o3n~no3n~J6b do~n.::.6

bO~:!ljMo6n . a~'::'3'::'~ 3.::.3n~~bJ6n

o~nd~~6'::>

n8n~M .

l86

LESSON 7

3~~b~~Jnb

b~~n~~~~ . M~a ~BJo ~~ban aJa~3n~ .

~MSJMn

38 .
39 .

a~6a~
aa~a

J~Wa a~aan6,
b~

3oonGJob.
b8~3M8J aa3~JM,

M~~JbB

aJb~~3MJa b~BMn

~~MdJ~nb n~~.

Jb

~3J6m3nb

dMm~~n

bn~~3

a6anaMi~b .

80 3 MOa

~Bb~o~n

41 . 42 .

bnlH30b 30M 8068oMlo3b . 3030 ~ 6Jonb ~a8 dMm~~ GMbb 808Mana8o36no6 . bn~~3 " 3030" a6anaM~J! -- "3030 " 808nb ao8ob 06 ~o~nb ao8b 6n06036 .

43 .

ooGn

bh~n

anpo~o!

3~~~ bb~n ,

M~aO~anB

bpM~n

Mmobn.

44 .

6~M6ao

303na

bb~n

30b

~ao6?

m03nb

a3n~o6b

~ao6 .

45 . 46 .

83n6Mdo6o , MM3 b8~3M8J ~anm a~3n~Jm , MMa a,Mnb XOMb aM~~M~6J~~ a03~~nMm. 06 ~OMn~n poanJnmhJ J amhM3 ' --~n~n bnOaM36Jonm poan3nmbo3'
Ma~o6n

ao6JM~a

47 . 48 . 49 .

pna6n

aaMana836~

ao6a~

ond~a?

OJ3bn
.

pna6n 8~aMana8~36~ . ~b~~ ~6~~ an3b~o~~ ~oMn~n Manb ~M~b aOBb3~Moo6n a'OMb a~~an ~~oa~~636 .
3~M~ob~Mn :
a ~ ana8~~~m. b~3~MxnaMOob

aob~ao

a~J30~n~nb

b~3~~xna~o6n
6~~~6MJ ~a

~6~~

b~~~o6ijo6n : aMana8~~oo~ .

~n~b J

50.

~a

b~Jn~bnb
POMn~n

a~b~ao6~~ ~Oan
a~oa8~3606~?

~b~~n

~na6n

~6~~
b~65Mb

~~nJn~bM~ .

51 . 52 . 53 .

Ob Ob

3nb

Ob

d~~~Jnb

a~oa8~3606~ . b~b~b~O a3n~b ao~ob ~~aJ6~~ . b3~~ ~~6~6b , ~~Ob a~a~

3nMb

In 3nMn

~o~~a

~~6~6~ .

LESSON 7

187

54 . 55 .

3n6 a~~j~? m~3nbn J3nb3~3~bn ~j~ . J3nb3M3~ba~ 3n a~3~J~b 3~~na3n~Jon ~j~. Jb o~m~n ~~~~n 3nb ~~n~J? nJam3nb 3n~n~J '
an3~n~~ .

a~3~J~a~

56 .

~~~b ~b~~

m~

aMaBJam,
a~bn3nb

d~~m~~n

b~Jb~~~~~ 6~

a~bnJnb

~a

sn~~n.~b

BnHn~nm. ~n~sn~~b 8nHn~nm.

5?

b~Jbi~~~~

8MBBJ8mj
an~n~Jm!
a~8~n~nb .

d~~m~~n

b~~b~~n

a~bn3nb
b~~b~~~~M

5n~sn~~
~~ b~~b~~n

-- 8~a~n~3J~n sn~5n~J6b 6~

~n~n

bn~a~36Jonm

anb a~~~~n~an
Hn~n~6. a~d~J3m.

a~bn3nb

58 .

5~~b

~b~~

~~a~

sn~5nm~b

a~aaJ8m,

59 .

8n3nb anJBnm 5~~n! -- mb~maJ.n a~6Jmn ~33J 8n30sn! -- ~~a~J6n?! -- mb~maJ.n a~6Jmn ~~
3~3n3n! ~a b~p~~~ b~~bb 5~~n

~Bn

60 .

an3bSJml

-- ~~a~J6n?

61 .
62 .

anbsJm na~J6n, M~a~J6nB aJnd~~6~ . 3~6~a n8 b~~~J6~b BbM~ a~6Jmn ~~ ~mn J~3n3n anbB~ ' ~a b~~~J6mb~B 5~~n ~6~~ 8nb sJ ! a~a~nJ8b ~6~~ ~~3Jba~~Mj anbpJ~b m~3nb ondb , M~aJ~a~B ~J6n6aM~~n~~6 ~n~n 33Jln
aa~a3na8~36~ . bd~Mm3J~M

-- ~6~~

63 .
64 .

a05nb
b3~~

M~bJmb

1801

(m~b

M3b J~m)
J~Jo~8J?

p~~b

o~~~~~~o .
JMJo~8J 36~b3m . ~~aJ~

JMma~6J m b

na
65 .
66 .

3~~3og0 .

~Ma~nb

oObob03 (oobobo3oa)

aMap~~o .

d o 6n a~M3~~n a~wnbaJ~~~ aMJ~J~;

~anaMdJ~~~1
ab~~o6~on, MMa~JonB ~J~~aJ6a~

aM8B ' a~a3J6n ,

ambM 3!
6?
Jb b~5M~ 3nbm3nb aMa8~~?
3MMSJbM~b aM~a8~Jb .

188

LESSON 7

68 .

*For certain kinship terms the most common form in Georgian is with the possessive adjective fo l lowing the kinship term and the possessive adjective alone being declined . Such forms are written as one word. Examples: ~J~~~Jan , Erg . ~J~~~Jaa~, Gen. ~J~~~Janb etc . ' my mother'; ~ J ~~aJ6n ' your mother ' ; ~J~~anbn 'h is/her mother,' etc .

Georgian national costumes

LESSON 7

189

Vocabulary
~:J':;M3M~lBn ~6

airport or (noninterrogative; cf .

store neighbor, neighboring (E)

a:Jb~i!!ic::'3"':J

!7l::!l)
~t:l~':;~5:l"'n

border guard (cf.

b~i!!ic::'3~"'n)

nothing any more (see sec . a:J13n

6.4.2) IE)

young; youth (person)

6~:1n 6:Jon~
6nd~

more aJmnbaJlB~~ too (overly) alTl~3MMO~ government short aMJt::!:J

aM.!I~M~6:Jr::!n unexpected

[ customs] duty grandmother

alB J'" n
at:l3~J~n

enemy

(El

uncle bottle 6M!7l~n 8~a~n~3:Jc:tn salesperson

Hn~nb)

aOMOI!:I:J6'1 ( c . 6Mbn
Mb\j~lIn

priest (E) parents (pl . ) carpet; rug master; crafts man cigarette small; little (non truncating) shirt face; mouth as much (reI . ) review; critique station embassy
JI:!!r::;n)

8~b~t:l:Jon 8J6:JM~~n

key (cf . a~~".Job) general (military) (A) please (with - r. = polite or 3:Jhb6 a n 3nMn plural) ambassador
fO\ba~:J6na t'lJa:J6i!!in~

:J"'lTIa~6:J!7ln

3fO\S:Jc::!n i!!i .... an:J"'lTIn

n~!9n

each other bb~a!J"'n long (extensive) b~:Jr::!~1"'I several cheap; inexpensive that much dress copeck
cat ruble
bbJb13h~~1"'I

(cf .

pertaining to the stage

( :Jbll"'b~':;')

na(!!J6n
3~6~ 3~3nJn
3~\~

a~6:J1J1 n

"popular" border; fron tier; lirni t (Al [eye]glasses

190
b~Jnmbn bbaabMJ~~M
bbM8b';\,.,

LESSON 7

question
kitchen

a3n~na3n~n

n306m3nb
(A)
81"1l!6,::, bbr:t bn

grandchild for us
knowledge

surprising
mirror

b'::'f'\JO
bbb'::'l!;In~:i bO':jn~Jt:ln,
bb':jn(!ln

dining room
(E),

(ef.

qid-

' buy ' and sec .

7.6 . 3)

people; folk army Xbt'in necktie !.::.C'b 16 ;!}3" England n6a~nbn ~J6,.,6 a"; .::>(~n Leningrad
~1"I6 t!,'1"16 n
b,.,~n

palace
gift (A)

London

Sochi

(popular

bed; bedroom poor (pitiable)

(A)

Black Sea re -

sort in the
RSFSR)

bn,::,aM3GJO'::' pleasure chair

from

t!.'nan13";n

t able; table cloth; banquet

:J~a:!}l'::'

Dmitri [m.] [m. )

Vera [ f . ]

301'\.::.
anbonc:!n 3nbM
M:!jb:!}l!.:>6n

~803 !9 Ob n
~:!}f:!n

suddenly foot; leg money

Michael [m . ]
from
anbJn~n

Mike [m.]
[f.) [f.)
CA)

:l~';~n
'L:)M3.::.~n

thief
trousers

::1017'03,::,6n

verbs
(EI.::.6;::,6 b

l!bo.::.6b

3';d ,603b
~ - 3';d,6-03 - b

da=ban-s wash sthg. wash s . o . 's sthg. da=(H-)ban - s* brjan-eb- s : pr . =fut . order order s . o. (to do ::;;umeLhing)
ga=gaaun - i - s send send s . o . sthg . (see sec . 7 . 2.5)
lengthen

a~aa~36nb

a ,(a~)~ a a~36nb

~.:>~af\d:J~:Job aJ':>:J~cn:J6b

da=a-grj e~ - eb-s

e=a- ert -eb-s see - cem u-~ it:c -avs :

unite
(rel. form of n.,3ncnb -

- (e)c -

:!).,3ncnh.:>3 b

pr . =fut .

LESSON 7

"3 b . pI:. J<'I ... bii~ ... ab) read 11 . 0. st g . e-'/:cd-eb-a: pr . -tut . wait (foe iii o/sthg.), expec t. (s.o./sthg .)
~l>;'!) a .:,,,::!l> 3 b

da;u -"II:: L-a v-

iii

hi de from

5 . 0.

21,,6 a'''<'1'' 3b
~"I'\,3J " 3b
~,,;'!)I'\,3J"3b

gan-,"G1"~ - av - s

b"I~3"b a,,6a"~1"3b

explain define (a word) ring

t.ele phone 9.0. (id.o . ) INB: this verb occurs W,l thout. a direc t object..)

a,,6 b"!~31'\"3 b
1lJ~I:J3b

qan+~a"gl,lr-aV -1iI

define attack (only id . o .; no d . o . )

":bilb olI-k-eb-s: pr.-fut.

praise.
~j,3ob
6.0.

(fut.

1lJ"' ''j,3i1b also used)

a :J"'~j:Job

pI:.-fut.

(fut.

o!Ilso used)

praise

's Idat.) .

n!;!"I!'<'Ib: '::Inl!1~C!' .... ob i-qid-i-s: qidulob-s buy (cond itional

<'I!;!<'I~(!I" or n'::ln(!l"l!'''; conjunc ti ve n!j<'lI!'t!',3b or

n '::I <'I t!' <'I t!' .:p) J'::I<'It!'"b {reI. form of n~nt!'"b, pro !;Int!'.!IC!'",ilbj u-'1id-i -s (p r.st ut.) buy sthg. for s . o .

8<'13!:1n(!nb !D..l.-h-qid-i-s (mo-: see sec. 7.2.4) sell to

5.0.

(impf. /cond . (a,,)j!;!n!!!~" or ( a")J !:I nt!'nt!''';

conj.

can)!;j"I!'I!Jb or (8n).!!;In!!n!!,3b) Ca")!;!"!!!!" o r

a.'>!;In!!nb ga-qid-i - s sell (impf./cond.

(a") !;!n!!nt!'''; conj . (a:: !;I"!!!!:!!:. or Ca") !;!n!!nl!',3b) ga=a- cel"- eb-s s top a""Ro"oilb ""a06Jilb 1I;)"lIn6,301:.

a"'a-ll""r. - eb- s ie=l'I - ifiOl - eb-s see sec . 7 .3.4.

~-i-cll-ob-a

build

frighten
give 1: know, be ac-

qu ain te d with, fe . CCOlllattl'e Get. icom:," . (Pr. serl.CS only) 2: recO<;jnixe (aor. (3)"8,,6 .. ( ... ) ,

ne 6 ", , n8 ( 3)60b)

192

LESSO N

a~~B6r.u3b ga=a - an - ob-s introduce s. o .

t o s . o.

(make ac -

quainted)

(aer .

irr . a~(3)~B~6n(m).

a~~B6~t

a oo B(3 ) 6Jb ) .
a- jlev - s
a n b~ J "'b : a~ b ~J"'b

see - cem -

o~~J"'b
~.::.~ba.:)':;:)6.::.

mi=s- ce r-s ( mo -: write to s. o . see sec . 7 . 2 . 4) a+u-q e r - s** describe to s . o .

da=e-xma r-eb-a

help s. o . (dat . ); relative II . conj . o nly .

*Henceforth (H- ) will indicate that indirect objects are marked by the h -series o f markers. **Note that with u-series markers the preverb is a +, n o t ag +. ----~~~

LESSON 7

193

Key to the Exercises

1. 2.
3.

4
5.

6. 7.
8

9.

lO .
11. 12.
1.3 1.4

l5 . 16. 17 .
l8 .

19 .
20 . 21. 22 . 23.

24.
25 .

I shall see you tomorrow at the university . Does Ketevan know you? Yes, she knows me very well . Dito introduced us (to) each other (d . c . ) last year ' in Sochi . Mike, where are YOU? I can't see you among [in] these people . Our professor praised us because we wrote him a very 10n9 letter . [You allJ write us more often and we won't forget you! Ms . Rusudan, come in . The doctor will receive you now . Children , don ' t forget our country's war heroes! We have to send a short review of this new novel to our professor of English literature . Friends, help me , please! We shall help you with great pleasure . I will send you money. Go to the store and please buy me several new shirts. When we study Georgian lan9uage Ol'r good Georgian friends help us very [muchJ. I have to buy father a Georgian-English dictionary, because he soon will go to visit England . When he will be in London he must telephone our good friends Michael and Vera . Can I help you all? Yes, please. I have to buy a dress for my wife. My wife hought me a necktie . Whom do you see in the mirror? I see myself! John is sending a gift to his good friend in Yerevan. Hide the money from the thieves ! Hide [yourself] from the thieves. The man to whom I sent the letter was waiting for me at [in] the station. The man who saw you at the station telephoned me yes t erday . The man whom you saw at the station will telephone you tomorrow . My grandfather himseLf built his own house . He built the house where I was born for his son (id. o.). Our parents sent us several interesting books and magazines . Then you must write your parents a long letter. For whom are you all waiting? We are waiting for ElguJa and Rusudan . Where were you all? I was waiting for you all at the station .

~94

LESSON 7

26 . 27 . 28. 29. 30 . 31 . 32.

33 .

34. 35 . 36 . 37 . 38 . 39 . 40.
41.

When you will telephone me I shall describe myself to you so that when you see me at the station you will know [will know me) who I am. My sister sent me this blue pen with which I am writing you . I must send her a gift, because soon i t will be her birthday [bLrth's day). I cannot help myself . Others must help that one who cannot help himself. Did John telephone his brothers? No, he telephoned their neighbor, because they were not at home. The general ordered his army to cross [go across) (use VN) the border (+ -z e) . I cannot see you all without glasses, my dear friends . When I was at the embassy of the Soviet Union, I explained the matter to the ambassador. He wrote to his government in order t o get more informa tion . Do you know each o ther? Of course, I know Vano and Vano knows me l We are very good friends and we often visit each other (are often at each other ' s place as guest (adv . )1 . In order to read old Georgian texts knowledge of
:ru.e-uri i s Jlt:ct:!l:>Scu::y .

42 . 43 .

44 .

At the airport it is possible for you to buy presents for y our grandch ildren without duty. At Tbilisi main station you can buy cigarettes very cheaply . Don ' t wait for us any longer! I must go to the city in order to buy a new necktie. Your cat frightened me when i t suddenly entered the room . But now , nothing astonishes me any more . When a border guard stopped us at the Turkish border [Turkey's borderJ, this was surprising for us. I shall stop this young man on the street. Perhaps he might define this Georgian word for me. But he is a foreigner and can ' t define the word. Grandfather anu yranuJllother will send you all a beautiful Georgian rug. (Note that there is no formal distinction between they ~itl send you and they will send you all . ) Define the word grandfather for me ! Grandfather means father's father or mother's father. Describe your house to me! It is a small house in which there are four rooms: a kitchen, a living room (l i t . , guest, adj . form with sa- . . . . . - 0) , a dining room and a bedroom . For whom did Mr. A~a~i build a house? He built

LESSON 7

195

i t for his children .

45 .
46 .

The general ordered us to cross the border at

night in order t o unexpectedly attack the enemy's army. Read this letter to me please. I shall read i t to you with g reat pleasure . How many boo ks did your uncle send you? He sent me six books . I must write him a letter now. The shepherds hid from the enemy in the mountains during the war . Professor : You all must prepare the third lesson' s exercises for me . Students : Yes, sir [mister] we shall prepare these exercises for you. In order to understand this questio n, y o u all must read my new book. To whom will this letter be sent? This one will
be sent to the city council. This palace was built for the king . Father will wash the child's (id . o .) face tomorrow, today however mother washed his [t o him] {1d.o.' face. Whom did the priest praise? He praised his bishop . The bishop h o wever praised the priest's (id . 0 . ) sons. For whom did you buy this bottle [of] v o dka? I bought it for myself . The salesman sold it to me . He also sold John a [one] bottle [of] vodka . ( In this construction 2.MIJl~n is treated like an ad jective modifying .:>fl':>!::In . The construction i s somewhat reminiscent of German eine F Zasche Sc hna pp s . ) If you all will give me money, I shall bUY{OU all this new record of Georgian popular [stage music . Don't buy (pl . ) me the record of popular music . I will give you all the money; buy me a record of Georgian folk music . The salesman will sell it to me with great pleasure . In his store they sell p o pular and folk music records . Don't give me the money now . h'hen I give you all the record, then sive me the money . So i t will be easier [more easyJ. Give Givi (dat . ) the money! I already gave him 15 rubles. How much? Fifteen rubles and 20 copecks. Let's give these poor people money! How much? You must give them as much as [that much as much] is possible. Vano gave that student 9 rubles and 10 copecks . You must give this student money, t o o. I must help my father; he will write his uncle,

47 . 48. 49 .

50 .
51.

52 . 53 .
54. 55 .

56 .
57 .

58.

59 .
60. 61.

62 .

196

~sWN7

63.

64 . 65 . 66 .
67 .

who sent us a large package from Leningrad . Georgia was united to tsarist Russia (id . o . ) in 1801 . We shall see each other at the meeting tomorrow . At which meeting? At that meeting about which I wrote you . Your trousers are too short; your legs have become lon ger . The keys which your mother gave you . give to us please . For whom ~nb~3nb) was this banquet prepared? The students prepared i t for their professor .

68 .

This chair was made for my grandmother in London .

LESSON 7

197

Reading Passage
1 L..J .. Am33C'ML LL h.:lWO~C'oJot. 3aMha oli~LlL~C" (l,)liOhL V.::.MaM'::'~ MliL J ..C'.. jo 3'00)" I.. o. 02,0 aMen3hmr. 'Od33C"3Lo J"C""Jf).,) ..h.:o a.::.M6M ."a03hJ"3J"l..n,,<:Io, ~.. a3~ a0'>3C' 3LM'9C:-1"'000, J ..C'..J ou v..haMO ... ~nL oLO...hooL "6M2,Oaf.crm dJ3t::'a3 .. h oL ..'bhoO), 11>..(i.>Cl3~hM33 300'>"oLnL .13;)0 3500 vC'nL vnli.:ocn "hU3~'OC' j .. C'..3t.. Ldoli"3L. 3Ac-ahC1)(t 'Od33C"3Lr> V.:lho~O')Q'>() 06M~oJ J;jO'>.:ooLnL 'dDt.. .. b3~ 3Moo3nc!: .::.J3L ~o",,60oDC' nVor>hOJMl.. 3hMJM'{IO &ll..~nnC'to "b. V VI to. '3'OoJ vC"a0'3.... . VII--VIII t..L, j::JO'>..oL<:In a ...cm.3Ln&'OC'0 ~M'90t:''' 33'5:)0'>" a,,6dO'>L"O'::'30' XI L. ~"lo"v<JoLo~,,6 3011>"olm L..3"hcr.3:l C""'1.. L..3a'{lM J ..C'.:.jL ,4,3.......,~MIi~ ... JOo;n,)()lo('J t!',,6 L,,3a'{lM O"bOo J.lC""J l1>&nC'0LC!o ~"3nQ) "C'a"0363&OC'a,, a.::.~aMoo"6,,. L"a,l'{I'"' O"bOnL O'>~oC'olo'3o 2,,,~3MO,,Ii,, 2,,,a <")'9~ ... 'OC'O n~ ... naOC'), h-.3 ,,3 'O,J.:.6.:.loJ6,:n:::"t. "b.:.t:'O 30I1>.:.h3&oL.:ocnanL LJJ:lO'>OLo LoA.:.Oa2,'OC'o 36"o'Ci31i:lC"(OO&':' lj(OOG~.:., 30 t!' h 3 3'00'>"nLL. X I - X I I Llo. ~33C' a:lMl1>bD~;;n 3'OI1>,)oOLn V~a(OO .. t!'M6~ .. adc::'-'3hn w ........ C!'.C 'Oh-t wboC'av"'Oc->lo 3~o.mh-OJM6M3nJ'Oh ~ J:U::'O;:)""ot:" OOliOhL. ~a Ja~'3o '33oj3lioJ I>j 3~c-n J~nJ;:)Mo -.M300:l3o'Oholo 0'>3.:.t:'i'-.MaO.:.o :'l d3&t::'" - a..,&h.:.OnL O.::.docC,o, &"3:lC'"0 .:.3::t.:.3~ 6.:.Oaha3:l&ot. L.:.&OC') -.ML30Mo&L; 33~ a(")6.:oLoa Mo , ~oc-no .....333 3~C'" ~3n63Jo'Ohnl..:. ~.:. b:lt:'M3 6a&.,1,,0 ;:)'3aL"oo'<:l6"3aloo daltC'O". 33C"l<"nL I>J.:.(!a3f).,) ~.:. lob3 waa'{l(") O.:.bOoL J'00'.x.l.o\p,,6 cn3~ L'<:Io 2o"\p.:.o.:.OoL 'aaa~32o"0' 3.:.3, ~"" ' o<;. -_ _ _ ";:::;; L ; ~ 'aC'(OOL6(")&<>lo Z..:063~&OL ~nL a~a(!3t)(n, 3'O~0 a.:.oGo 'OOn~ l'Io a 3~nlo 3~Df.o., na60'336D~3.:063L 3~.::.3~ h"3~,). 3 3;:)~olo a6o'3363~"L {WMClJ"C"Oho L.:.3-.McnaD~,)Q)3oL .,dt:'"aha&~, lah Dhmn, anLo 'Dc:L'::'<JhaC'" a~:l&'""a~ ~"w3t:'aO'> L"3.:.hO'>33c:'1">lo O"C'JD'OC'n J'Ol1>baa&nL.:.~ao ~.:., 3a~,lo, nL, &..3 J;:)Q'),)()loo 'CIa~'""'D&OC') 'OJ:)l1>aL.:.\p O~(OO \P"<.roC'0 ~c->lo"3C'OO>Ot!"6 '<:Ia3~ LD'OC"o 30Ma&oL'::'2o,,6. XV L. 70 vC'a~'3o 3,l&300oL Oc:'''o "a~'bn JnliO.::.Mo(io i'aM~ ' .. 9 o3c-nLL a033~ 3.:.o...l?. a"c:-",3 300:n.:0oLL. .:.3 30'*'a a(9)A.:o~o ,:,AoL oobO lone 330C')JohnL". 'CIo~ onbo'3o DJc:':)loo.:. .:.MoL, Mna~o 30~"'Qo>, dC'"OM d33<::"f>'" ...a Jahon~L.-,3oL 3'OCT>.::.oLo auoha J.::.t:"'3L 9'.:oMa("W\PMG~, ~2,,,G 0ao dOMOM.L 3.::.&oo~3D&'Oea" 'a:la~D33M.::.. 2o.:.6L"J'O~D~()O') JO CT>3300 h C'a b&nV ::J~3&a .., (!'.:-j33nO?aooL 2o'b,,1>D ~""';jab3L. hoL30'>oL 3C'''aQoL L. O(9)~.:06n3nL .. ~.:. \p. 033C'33oL 30:lM 3ni'n(!'a&-oC'.l ob(")&a~, XVI I L. 3aMoMD 6..1133.:oh'3("1 3'OO'>.)t)L'30 1000 Jn3C'" Ob(003MO~,:,. 30'0ba<?,,3"~ ("IaoL", Mna ..a ~nL 3'Oc.:;.nLo OJ~f'"I4 0J'OM':'~ \P,,33:lt>Cno3'OC'("I n;jM, ..t!'3nt:'nQM03n 3.:.';h:l0o 3J..dir>CJoSOh ;:)/o,O>O:lhcnMO..t.. " h V~330~6ali L..3~33~lt ~~"a6 1o"a..."3M33cn.:.6 \P" aD~M&Ot:" 333;j63~"O JO. 1668 ven~,,6 (!',:,V;j3o.,t:"0 1770 v~t?a 3'00'>.)t)1..nL aMom Ii.:.Vot:'o - oaAaO'> 'M(!I'a~'OC'o .. ~o~o 3'Ocn.::.ol..o" ( .. \P"t?("I 3ncn.::.nLo" aV'n~,l~~ a~"C' anh.:o~a, a(!'. ~6"L a.:.M13,1b" ab-.M:l'bO. a,,'3a6"a&:::1C' 3"t:>"3L, 1I~ .. ~.:oo-.M" 3:::1m.x-oLo" ~~ 3':'JD'b3, a~. hon(i"L 3.:.Mobali" 6~'b3' a.:06C'''aa&nt:"' J"C"'jL) I1>"LJMjaML &.:.on6nooL aJoCIa 'O~t:"'oL 333'3 aaob"3~' 3.:KD 2o.w&~a'OhaL 3.::.t:"'JoL a~,,~ t:"DM&.:., DJ<")bnaO,j'" o . .::.. 330t:>\paIi'OOaOnL U6~()(J), 1772 '9. 3'OI1>.)t)lo'ao so Jn3:J~1rI0nt>n

v..

~ ot:tn3"'<")&~

198

LESSON 7

Vocabuldry
1

J."!lO'l.:>nbn

Kutaisi

(city in Western Georgia)

bb
V'::;'Mal"\+b~a:l6b

b.::;.o!I"1O'l':> bMBn.::;.~nbtB."!lMn

:JMIJl- :l;G\n ,!)d3:Jl::!:J bn a.:.t4lf"1

aal:J~n

a bl"\::9t::!n
,:,g":;nO'l

1"1

be; represent (present series only) one (0 several) (+ sing.) very old; ancient; oldest only whole; entire {usually (E)] world
origin
investigator
(Al

r",.:;aM(JMO,::,
aj3t::1:J3 bMn

in the opinion of

(pp)

(c f .

.::;.3Mn

1TI.:>6.:::.a:J(!l MfOI 3:J

thought, idea, opinion) contemporary

d38"
3500
"t4bJ0."!lt::!"

under

(pp)

b.::.an .:>cn.:>b b,'!)O'l.:>bn

existing; here: 'a city which existed 3500 years ago'

it

[bdn603b]
2

(dat.)

sleeps

[8 6M3o ]
[aMB8a~~n od3b]
3n3.::;.6tBn:J~n 3MMJI"\~n

here : report he (dat . ) has given something

(nom . )

J:Jb'::'Mn:J~n

Byzantine Procopius from Caesaria

~b~~n PQ~~~~~nBb3n~,A.D.
b~:!)J:!)6nb

ob .
b

p.

"~o
VII-VIII bb.

middle
a~~3n~~ - a~~3~ b~:!)J:!)6~~onb

[aMlJlb3b:J0."!l~n 8M~n~.:>]

a.::.6dmb.:>B"3n

had been located treasury

LESSON 7

199

~"b"p!:lnbn

b"aJ!9 M li"blll"
8,,~aMn\3,,6b

beginning royal (cf . a0!90 king) throne move; transfer (present tense irregular; see 12 . 1.3) caused here: by the fact that last; here: the latter circumstance better strategic significance it (dat.) had it (nom . ) than Kutaisi (j~O'l"nbb is in the dative because the verb !jM6!!!" [see above] is understood)

8"aMP3J~~n

nancn "'M8
~3"6,,b36Jr:!n

3 ncn "FlJ O"

~30cnOb"

b[aFl"ta08":!lr:!n
a6"Cl360~M3"

[~j"6 ~o 1
3,,~FiO

j:!lO'l"nbb

3
aOMO'lbo~"
ad~"3Fin

quarter powerful feudal create (aor.

!90M~"I::!~Fln

oO=ja6nb

aO(3)j 8 06n(0'l), aoja6" ,

o:da60b , opt. 00(3)ja6o(m), ooja6ob , oja606 )

a'l3"~p"Fiali"Bn

beautiful, charming monument (a king of Georgia) cathedral at present ruins [pl.] in the form of [pp . ] exists (town in Georgia) just such (a) most notable

d081::!n 0"8"'''lI n ta"d,,"'n

"a tP8"1!!
6,,6a Fi 030 6n
b"b,,0'1
[o~b03"3b

801::!"cnn

"b030 !)aob"6,,a6"30 bn

200
(!I~

LESSON 7

bb3 ' ;;:

~~

bb3~etc .

transfer [VN] a Oa ~ Ja \) a trade 3~!';"'O~ bJI::I",b6",o.:l craf t {s) developmen t a~63M'~';J3~ level ~ ", 6J still a~n6f3 epoch J3I'lJ~ ~a6na36J~"'3~6Jbn most important [~~:J0o 1 remains (+ adv.)
8~(!I~li~6 ~

even after

J.
a6na36:ll::ll'lo~b

Jo~oj
~dl:;lnJ';J3b

8.:1:

here : : d . o. of ~dl::lnJ"'Jo~\) strengthen (Note: subjects follow this verb; see below.) in the first place advantageous situation (NB: subject of ~d~nOMJ3Ql':') Western Georgia (C!.:Ib~3~JI7I is not de clined) separate , isolated; various (i . e . , various other) regien; district ; corner with relation to [pp . ] here : the fact that (NB: subject of
~d~no~ooC!\)

XJA ::I"'l7In
bJt::Ib~~"'Jl::'n
a(!lJ3~A:l1'l3~

(!I~b~3~JI7I
b~J~"'17I3J~1'I
B~t:lJJ~~n

aJC!~AJ3nl7l
c!~B~~n

aJa l'l bJ~~n

comparat i vely defended invading

b~a"'B~~~I7I(n.:.6)

70

3J6::JBM
J~I7I~nbb 3~1II~"'\)

Venice
J~I7I~nban

af3nA o

little (nontruncating) small

LESSON 7

201

al'lFt,::, 13 nb J
b~~

hill fortress here : entirely; completely stone-and-mortar inside to all appearances very because it; here"" d . o. of ~'::''::'~J60b constant invasion [VN] particularly Tamerlane horde decline [VN] here: bring to communicated (an:)':; by) half (A)

:bnlnJnl'ln

ana
~I'lal'll'le JI3~l"Io,::,]
d~nJ':;

':;,::, I!! a,::,6

nan
a,::,8,!J1!!8::Jo,!J~n

O:J81'1 b;)3'::' a.::. 6b '::'J:!)InM J onln

InJ8~':;~:J6an

,!Jr'i\!!1"1 \!!'::'J3:J nIn J 0 '::'

\!!'::'='::'~J6Job

5
8I"1pl"l\!!:Jo,!J~n

6.::.b J 3,::,':;n 1000

Jl"la~n

'::' In .::.bn
household; farm was/were living in spite of this (Note that an,!Jb J I!!'::' 3'::' I!! 'in spite of occurs as both prepI

[a bl"l3r'il"lo I!!'::']
an~b:JI!!'::'3'::'1!! ,::,8nb,::,

osition and postposition.)

oa I!!,:; ... b
o(!l8n~ ... o':;n3n

at this time local merchant (A) relation interrupt; break off (aor . E remaining principality neighbor (ing) (E)
-+

[\!!'::'J3JnInJo~~n n~l'l] had declined

3.::.!.::.l'ln ,!Jl'l ln n:J':;InI'lO'::'

8'::' '' P~3:),b

I)

(!Io6.:.':;';:J6n b.:.aln':'3':;1'l a:J 8 1'1 0 J l::!n

202

LESSON 7

-6 3 n
6

even
.:::ocn~b

...

too
G,:,a l"l e~1)Fi3.:::o

1668

.. - n~,:,6
1770

re.::o~!:l;)O ;!It:!!'1 from

on .:::om.:::ob 3 n re.:::o b b () a1'1 are.:> ,::1111

.. .

Jd3 b,b

Jalll:J1n ~l'lre:J6~~n
[Jve~Jo,J
a':;'I:;Ii:lt!n

so called

s . o . /sthg . (dat . ) is named/called sthg . (nom . ) (only present series)

high; tall CA)
a[!,'n6.:::oIll J river

a~ .

Fi"f'l6n
a.::.AX3:J 6 ;:,
ab'~J
a;:,a:J6:Jo:!J~n

(river in West Georgia)

righ t

{El

(as opposed to left)

side
built

bl'ltll'l

but; while; and

this clause)

(JP"'I!':Jor'l[!,.:::o [see

above] is the understood verb in

(!I.:::o

01::1 1'1 6 n

lowland

3.:::03,) 8.:::o Fi ab :::J6,:,

plain left (as opposed to right)

shore; bank

6.::.3nFio

a,:, 6 ~.:::o a;)6 ;~)l~n 3.::.raI"l61'10,::,

8dna J
:!lQJ~n

laid out; placed

domination heavy ; harsh
yoke

eEl

[aan6'3 bJ

groan
they; them (erg . , dat . , gen . pl . )

a,.

a.::. = .:::o6'::'1!!8:!lM.Job

destroy
popUlation
JJM6 I"1 anJ" economy

al'\b.::>bt:lJl"lo.:::o

n . .::. . a3n~1!'068~0~nJ.A. Gilldenstadt (1745 - 1781) by means of a report B6MOnO'l

1772 50

p.

~01~b 83n~~b b~aMB~~O'lM~a0W ~J~b

M~aI"1B~~~O'ln

only

LESSON 8

S. l . Third conjugation . The third conjuga tion l contains mainly intransitive verbs (although a not insignificant number can take di r ect objects) which de note ongoing a o tivities . l Since the focus is on the activity itsel f and no t on its start , end , or results , III. conjuryation verbs do not distinguiQh aspec t a6 d o I . and II . conjugation verbs . III . conjugation verbs most commonly deno t e denominal activities (see sec . S . 3.1) , motion , emission of light or noise, and phenomena of weather. In t heir formation and in their syntax III . conjugation verbs pattern almost identically to I. conjugation verbs except that t hey do not form their future ser ies sereeves (and, consequently, their aorist se ries screeves, based, as in the I. and II . conjugations, on t he future stem) by means o f preverbs . They use rather a ci r cumf ix i _ . . . . . - eb -. 8.1 . 1. f'ormation of III . conjugation screcves . Unlike I . and II. conjugation verbs, where our dictiona r y entry form is the 3sg . fut ure (from which the present series screeves are derived by dropping the preverb) , the dictionary entry form for III . conjugation forms will be the 3s~ preee n t tense, III . conjugat i on verbs can have no present stem formant (root verbs) or can have the PSFs - i , - av , - eb , or - ob (the last mentioned , - ob , is the most common: see sec . 8 . 3 . 1) .
8 . 1.2 . Present series perfect, and conjunctive f ormed identically to I. conjugation v!;!rbs !;!xcept that the screeve endings

screeves . The present, impresent series screeves are conjugation verbs for all III. those with PSF - i . This means are : Conjunctive Present

Present

Imperfect

-eo

- d - ne

Verbs with PSF _'/. take the 3pl . ending - an in t he present (just as in I . conjugati on ve rbs) . In the i mpe rfect and conjunctive present these verbs ( untike I . conjugation verbs in - i ) lose the PSF - i and take the II. conjugati on screeve endings , i . e ., with - od- instead of - d - . For examples, see sec . 8 . 1 . 6 .

'"
(a) (b)

LESSON 8

8.1.3. Future aeries Bereeves. The futu~e, conditional, and conjunctive future are formed by :
dropping any PSF, adding the circumfix i- ... .. -lib,

endings. The futuro Bereave series of III. conj ugati o n verbs are conjugated exactly as regula r I . conjugation
verbs in - /lb . For examples. sec below, sec . 8.1.6 , '

(e)

adding tho regular I. conjugation Be reeve

8 .1.4. Aorist series Bereeves. The aoris t and optative of I l l . conjugation verbs are formed from the f~turs litem according to exact l! the same rules as for the formation of the aorist ser es Bereeves of regular
1. conjugation verbs ( '~ith PjFSF wer e given in sec . 5 . 3 . 1 .
- <!O b) ;

these rules

8.1.5. The sub ject caBO of Ill . conjugation verbs is the same as for I. conjugation verbs. In the pressent and future series the subject is in the nominative (and any direct object is in the dative); in the aorist series the subject is in the eJgativB (and any dir ect objects are in the nominative).
8.1.6.
(a)

Examples.

1 - 2 sing . and pI. ,

Forms g iven tor each screeve are: (b) 3 sing ., and (c) 3 I'll.

Present Imperfect Conj. Pres Future COnditional Conj. Fut. Aori st Optative

(3 h:105("') !:I05b !:I:)i!I:)6 (3) !:I05~n ( .. )

(3)a",I'i"3(") 3",I'i"Ob a ",I'i"30 6 (3)a"'I'i"3~n( .. ) 3",1'i"31!" 3,.,1'i"3~606 (3)a",I'i"3 l!O (")

a",I'i"3~Jb na "'~ocb 3"'~"31!606 na"'~oco6

(3)!:IJ5~O(") !:I l! b !:I l!6 6 (3)n!:10506( .. )

n!:lo~o6b n!:lJ~Jco6

!:IJ~~"

!:IJS~606

(ojna",I'iJ6 ..

(3) n !:I0506l!"(") (3) na",l'iocl!n ( .. ) n!:lo!!!ocl!" n!:lOglo c ~606 na"'~oc~" na "' ~oc ~ f.06
(3)n!:lO~Oc~O(") (3)na"'~Oc~o(") "'!:IOSJc~606 na"'~06I!Ob n3"'~JcI!606 (o)n!:lO~O(") ( 3)na "'I'iO(.,) na "'~" na"~ob h)"'I'.",~",( .. j

n!:lOi!locl!O b

n!:lJ!J" n!:lO,;)b (oj"'!:IJ!'!"'(")

L&SSON 8

'"
"a ... " ... b

"~:)!!,,,b

,,~;)!! ... 6

"'a",,,,,,6

qep- s ' bar k ' -.b (3)' o'i ",,~;)i!.( .. )

qor-av -s , roll ' intrans,

_i

Present

.i'1""I!!;)i!.b
.l'in.:ol:!~i!. ~6

I mperfect

(3)11'\"I>I:!Ji!. ~ ... ( .. )
.1'\"'I>~;) 0l.!I>

11'11\1> I!! ~o ~ 6 ';).6

Conj, Pre s ,

(3)IM"I>~:Jal.!;)(")

Future

.o'i""I:!:)0I,!:)b .o'in.:o I:!:)o (!I6 :)6 (3) "1o'in.:oI!!Ji!. ( .. )

n.o'i"I>~Ji!.b

"1 ",-" I> I:! Jo:)6

conditional

(3) ... , "' nl>I:!Jo(!',, ( .. ) .... M ""I:!J0(,!" "',"'''I>l:!oo(!l606

(3)"' M"I>I:!Oa~ O ( " )

Conj, Fut,

Aorist

Optative

"."' ... I>I!!J0l.!Jb "''';''''I:!J01,!6J6 (3)",o'i"I>I:!O(") "."'nl>l:!I> ".M ""I:!;)b (3)"1i'1 "I>1:! "'(")
"I M ""~,,,b

"1"'''I>1:!",6
frial - e b- s 'tu r n' intran., Present

(3) .... 1'i ... ( .. ) ."o'i "b 1"1'\ ,,,,6 (3)."1'\",1,!"(") l"r<I"'l,!I> ,nl'i",(!,6J6 (3)'''o'i",~;)( .. ) ."o'i",!.!;)b ,nl'i"'(!16 06 (3) "1" "'06( .. ) ....... I'i 0 i!.b ".""' JoJ6 (3) "I ,,1'i:J0 ~n ( .. ) .... "M i!. l.!" J n''''''JOI,!6J6 (3)"I""'Jl.!;)(") "1"M J0I,!Jb "1""' J(,!6;)6 (3)"I "MJ(") "1""''' "I"M ;)b (3)"1"";"'(") "1"M" b "1"M",6
tir-i- s " cry '

- ,b ( 3)e b"3"'''i!. ( .. )

LESSON 8

Imperfect Conj . Pres. Future Condi tiona 1 Conj . Fut. Aorist Optative

(a)e bl'la",,,,O\1'n(,,) e bl'l a"'I'I0!l'~ ebl'la"'I'I0!l'6J6 (a)e b"'a",,,,3!l'J(0I)

e b I'l3~1'I0!l'Jb e bI'l 3~",3!l'6J6

(3) n ebI'l3~JO(0I)

neb"'3"'Job na b"'3"'JoJ6 (a)na b "'3"'J\1'n(OIj n(3 '10"3'" JO \1''' 1'1 e b1'13'" J O 6 ;)6 \1' (J)nabI'lJ"'Jo!l'J("j neb"'3"';)o!l'Jb ne b"'3"'J 3!l'6 J 6 (a)ne bI'l3"'J(0I) nab"J"''' ne b"3"'Jb (a)nSb"'3"''''(0I)
cxovr- ob-s 'live'

8.1 . 7. Verbal nouns of Ill. conjugation verbs. As a rule, most Ill. conjugation verbs in -Q U, - ob, and root verba torm the verbal noun regularly, as in sec . 2.S . But verbs of these classes may have irregular verbal nouns. Such irregclar formations wi ll be indicated in the vocabular i es. Examples ,
e!l"'~ab

!:IJ!l b 3!l0"",3b oJ!",3b

eJj3~3b

swim bark work reign dance

S!l"'a.:> !lJ!" a!l0",.,3"

3J!I",3~

swimming barking wo rk reign dance; dancing (ace . 1.11.1)

eJJJ':>

stand watcl-. !I"",,,,,~,,,3,) watch irregular forrr,ations are:

boil
speak play

!l"t:!n~n

~~3~"'~jn

ebI'l3"'",3b

live

",,3,,01'1 , 0I.:>a.:>0,.,3.:> e b"'3"'J 3 " life

Ill . conjugation verbs with PSF -i are often irregular although there is a tendency t o form the ver-

LESSON 8

'"

bal noun with the suffix -il-i (or , less commonly, _ ol _a) . Some such verbs will take an _ l_ in the fu t ure ; such verbs will be indicated in the vocabulary. Examples :

Ino'inb !l3 no'i"b <lCOJ"'nb nsn6nb "6o'id3"b

fut . "Md"'!:!J6b

"Y
shout sing laugh figh t crow

IIno'in!:!n ':;j3""'''!:!'' aco Jo'i '" 3<>B,,6J3<> bnSn!!ln Md",!:!", !ln3"!:!"

crying shouting
0'

singing laughing battle; fi ghti ng crowing

!ln3 nb
fut . "!l"3!!1J H

III . conjugation verbs with PSF - eb (which usual ly denote movement or noises) generally form the ver bal noun by dropping the PSF - eb and simply adding the regular case endings t o the resultant s t em. Examples are :

1o'i" t>!:!J6b !,')!,')6J6b b"b,,6 J H

turn, whirl hum, buzz speak hoarsely

''''''''!:! '' !;,!,')6n bnb"6,,

8 . 2. Relative forms of III . conjugation verbs . Just as I . and II. conjugation verbs, so I ll . conjugation verbs can take indirect objects . such will be called l'elati"e II I . ao n jugation verbs . Generally, if the relative form is derived from an absolute (i . e ., objectless) III . conjugation verb , the u-series object markers are used . Examples :

<lJ81'16!!1nb dt>CO!:!"

!l "' 3J!:!~3nb

!lJSb .

The neighbor ' s dog always barks . The neighbor's dog often barks at me . The soprano s i ngs beautifully. Mothe r was singing to her daughter .

In the fu ture and aorist series the pre radical vowel i - of the absolute forms is replaced by u- series object markers : <I"!llSJOb , <I"!lJSt> ; .'l<lCOJ"'06b, ,'J<lCOJo'i'" , Another, smal er g r oup of III . conJugat~on verbs

'"

LESSONS

takes the h-serics objec t markors in the p r esent series and the u -scries in t he future and aorist aeries . Suc h verbs by their very meaning generally imply the presence or someone in addition to the subject and as

a rule occur only rarely as absolute III. conjugation verbs (and then only in the present series) . Examples,
a",a"Fi03b !j"'3JC!"3"b ""3,,!n ,,6,,1l' 33"b"b .. .3 . "'3nt. aoa"2.,,fib "J<>b,') b".
an3" BnbJb 3!l""''''.!lC!,",Z,b .

1 always answer my father

poli t ely .

He answered his friend .

Givi is guardin,:! the for tress .
eivi will guard the for _

tress .

8 . 3.0.

Wordbuilding _

Derived II I . conjugation foems

and derivatives of III. conjugation ve rb s .

8.3.1. III. conjugation denominatives . Just as t . conj ugat ion verbs can be der i ved from nouns and adjec tives by means of the c i rcumfix Q- - 6b (sec . 3 . 5) , SO III . conjugat i on ve r bs can be deriv e d from nominal forms by means of the suffix (PSf) -ob. Such denomi natives generally have the meaning of ' doing the activities of the noun' , 'be doi ng the things that such a person normally does', ' be behaving like such a per son ' , etc. In certain instances the meaning can be ' pretending to be such a parson '. Ex a mples arc :
';J~nb ... "n

director doctor (med ical) obnoxious

":l~"b",';..,3b

work as a direc t or work as a doctor be acting o bnox iously be careful (derogatory)

Jd nan aJI"Fi""',,
5..... 1."""
!I"~l'Ibl'l!l ... b"

::ld"a ... 3b

'M aJI"h" ... 3b

!I ..... b"" ... 3b

careful philosopher
boy

!I,,~ ... bl'l!ll'lbI'l 3b philosophize

3n!n

6"!"'6b

b e a t omboy

8.3 . 2 . Causa ti ves formed from III . conjugation verbs . Transitive J . conjugation verbs can be derived from Ill. conjugation verbs by changing the preradical vowel i _ of the f~t~re tense of the Ill . conjugation to a -. This change will result in the pr66 6 ~t a~d fu ture tenses of the I . eonjugution ver b, which does no t normally have a preverb in the fu ture . " These I . con-

LESSON

'"

jugation forms arc conjugated exactly as regular I . conjugation verbs with circumfix a _ ..... - s b; i.e., they pat t ern exactly as de nominatives (sec . 1.5). Examples, III. conj. I. conj . (Fut. and pres . )
a~o~nb :

sing speak boil

c<y

~a~OAOob

have s.o . sing have, Ie< s . 0 speak bo il s thg . make s . o. c<y

.

na~JI'iOob

a-mger-eb- s
~~",3~I'i~JJob

!!!!:.3 :.I'i:. J"'o b :

"{I~3~"'~Joob
~:!ll::'b :

~(!:!ll::'oob
~,nl'ioob

n(!:!lI::'J ob ,n"'nb :
n,n~oob

8.1 . 3 . Causatives of I . conjugation verbs prefixed with a+ (see note 4 above) can have II. conjugation derivatives (II. conjugation in - d -; see 3 . 1 .2 ) which have the meaning of II chango of s t ate, normally equivalent t o Engl i sh 'begin to .. ,' , 'start ".- ing '. The regular II, conjugation in - d- forms corresponding to the transitive I. conjugation torms above (8 . 3 . 2) are , will oogin co sing (a+m{jer- d - eb- a) ~a~y;.(!JO~ will start speaking "'C!~ 3 ",I'i ~ J (! 00 '" will start boi ling "(!:!lI::'(!J o ", will start co cry : burst into tears "lI nl'i(!:Jo"

The comitative . A number of II I . conjugation verbs have relati ve II . con jugat ion torms in s (see sec . 7 . 3 . 1) , where the indirect Object generally corresponds to English prepositional phrases with ' with '. To form such comitatives, 1. Change the preradical vowel of the rk t k~ 8 of the III . conjugation verb from i _ to a -; 2. Add the endings of the II. con jugation to the future stem of the III . conjugation ver b; 3. Add the h-seric s indi r ect object markers . Such derived r elative II . conjugati on forms have ident ical future lind present se r ies ( i . e . , they dO not form the future from the prescnt by means of a p r everb) . " The aorist series is formed trom the f uture (-present) by the same rules as for any other II . conjugation verbs . Examples are ,
8 . 3 .4. !!!!;:o3;:O':;;:OJ,",ob :
n~"3,,I'i~JOob

speak

J~~3~I'i~JJo~

speak to s.o .

LESSON 8

",a",ab; ",,,,aOab .,:.a:.!,..ab; n.,:.a:'!Oab a"b:.n!!l ... ab; na"b:.n!!lOab b:."U.,..ab ; nb:':!IaI".Jab

play converse Ja"b:.n!!lJa:. converse

Ob~:!IaI".Ja~

war with (against) s.o play with (against) s.o. converse with s. o. converse with
S . 0.

8.4 . Irregular verb say (verbal noun,) .,ja:. . The Georgian verb meaning say has different stems depend 1.1I<j "'!->VII l.h", ..erie. Lhe verb i . in .

f'rc3cnt .ocrie::

forms arc based on the present tense form ~aa",ab. Future series forms are based on the future n'~3",b . (nl~3",b is conjugated like ,nl".nb; in the condi tional the form is n.~",~:. and in the conjunctive, n'~"'~Jb[see sec. 1.11 . 1]) . The aorist series is based on the aorist form .,j3:" The aorist endings , however, are (3) .. j3 n (.,) i. e. ,

-,

-e,

"j3'"

flj30 b

The op tlltive hlls the endings (3) .. j3"'(0I) .. j3:. b flj3:. 6

i. e . ,

-.,

-'"

Relative forms of this ver b, with t he meaning of ' say t o someone', ' tell someone ' also show irregularit ies. In addition to the expected :!I",aa,..ab there ia a present series based on the form O"a60o", (I I . conjugation with e-series markers): the future aeries is based on O'~3nb (conjugated as n'~3nb above, with e- series markers) . The aorist is, The optative is, (3)"OIb",I".,,(0I ) .!JOIbjli,:, .!JflbjliOb (3).!JOIbjli",( .. )

(The aorist series forns take w-series markers; note

L ESSON S

the syncope in the third person ao r ist forms and throughout the optative . ) The subject of ao ri st series forms of these verbs is in the ergative, the direct object in the nominative , and (for ~~b~~ t he indirect o b ject in the dative . I p. 215] Summary of forms; say tell someone; someone "Y Present series ,,33 ... 3b J~36J3" , ~"33 ,,, 3b

'0

Future series Aor i st series

"1"'13" b

JI!l3" b
~",b"':.

"':13:.

8. 5. Indi r ect speech . When someone's words are being reported in Georgian the tense of the original words is preserved Q $ w eZ ~ ao t he pe~8 c n marki nga , Thus , if John says "I will come tomorrow" in English both the tense and the person are changed ; John said that he would come tomorrow , In Georgian , however, the tense and person remain unchanged ; John said that I will come tomorrow (I referring to John). The last word of the reported speech has the particle ... attached to it . So, if John says b3"~ a"'3"~ ' then t he reported sentence would be; "3"GJa ., 33", bl"~ 3"'3"~"" - ... is used with all persons except the irst person singular, which uses the marker aJ"'3", attached with a hyphen to the end of the reported sentence. Ex amples :
"~"J ... a
11i~o

"'33'"

b... b... a

!l3J~"~J"'''

8""8"'''' '

said that Soso understood everything .

b3"~ ~J"'''~''

b",a a"",b"",,, ,

8"a ... j3J!lG~J3"",?

You told me , didn't you, that the letter will be published tomorrow?
3~j3'"

"l!"'J

a"'30~~Gl!J3" - aJ",j,,. "~'" "b~" b"'5J~a"

I said t hat I would return early .

j"~"ja,, a"l!nb,,~-aJ"'jn?

a"3l!"3:''''''' '
Are you going to town? (said I); NO , now I ' m goi ng to the country (said he) . The particle -", is also used with prin t ed reports , thoughts, and espec i ally commonly, at the end o f proverbs (and sections of proverbs) . Examples :

LESSON 8

sJB"a",.,.
Al l affairs are arra n ged on earth , marriage , however , in heaven .

bb3" aSJone ""bJo",ob,., .

Other ways als o exist (li ter al) , i.e . , There ' s mare than onQ way to ~ k in a cat. The conjunction ~,.,3 is usually not used with - c . When it is used after verbs of speak ing . there is often, as in En gl i sh , both a change in pronouns a nd a change in t ense (sequ.ence cf tenses ) . (Sen tences without sequence of tenses ar e also found . ) Ex amples : Direc t speech :

nb 3"!::' 3 n6 .."'1,, ~"3"~ " He said, "l shall go to the movies t omorrow ." Ind irect speech :
a. with- o

a"G

~:13,:"

~ :b,:" b3"!::' 3 nG ... an ~"3"!::' '''' He said he (1st person) wou l d go (fu tu re) to the movies tomorrow .

a"G

b.

wi th ':;",3

'"

~d3'" He said that he (3d person) wou l d go (cond i tional) to the movies on the following day .

",.,a

- 0 can also be used to aSk about o r relate a t hi rd person's words . In such instances, the verb of saying (usually ~d3") is deleted but its subject (in the ergative) remai n s in the sentence . So , for example :

1I.!I!::, ,,,, a ,:;" a"G~",.,?

What did Gulia [say] she wants? [Did] Rezo [say] we shouldn ' t take this book from here? Manana (said) you should give her her [SiC!] book .

Note that in the above sentences the verb of saying is de l e t ed but its subject in the ergat i ve rema i ns . Note tha t here, t oo , the pron ouns tha t would occur in di pect soeech are used.

LESSON 8

9 .6 . Dorivative declension . Note the following: Givi painted Ar~il ' s picture and Zurab painted Vano ' s picture 3"3"a ':'''~''r::!"b b.:oJ",:,,,,, ~",b",.", ~.:. !.:oJ"",3a", 3.:.6",b b,,,,,,,,,, ~",b"",:, . But both in English and in Georgian it would be more natural to say ' Givi painted Ar~il's picture and Zurab (painted) Vano's '. In the latter sentence the form Vano'B servea a double function: it is both a possessive (Geo . gen. 3.:.6",b) and the direct object of the verb painted (which in Georgian would be in the nomi native, 3",6",) . I In auch instances Georgian uses a declined form of the genit i ve , the so-called derivative declension. In the example above, the nom inati ve of the genitive would be used : 3"j"a ~"~"r::!"b b.~"~ " " ~~b~.~, !I.!I"~3a~ j" 3~6",b" (I'!"'b",,,,, The derrvative declension of the geni tive varies according to whether the genitive is added to a truncating stem (e nding -is) or a nontruneating stem (ending -B). The following cases are found: nontruneating truncating stems Genitive derived: nominative ergative dative

3"5"b

aJ!3" b

S",61" "b

M3",b 3"3 ... b,, 3"3 ... ba,,, 3"3 ... b,,b 3,,3,.,
mob

3J""b 3J"",b" 3Y'",ba", 3J""b"b 3J""

Vera

3"5"b.:. aJ5"b", 5",6 1""b", a"!"b,,,a aJ~"b",a ~",61""b",a 3n~"b"b aJ5"b"b !3"61"nb,,,b !3"6 1 ",,,,,, a"!,, aJ!3J
boy

king

window

Examples:

~3J6a",

3""'SJb ... "a" b"J"""3Jr::!",b "b . ...",,'" a"6,,b"r::!'" , ~"3n""b",a j" 3"'r::!"IJj",6,.,a"", a"6"b,,~,,.

Our professor discussed Georgia ' s history and David's discussed political economy .

b"'J"'''''3J~,.,b I'!J\'!"'J"'~"'J"
j"

.. 3"r::!"b"", , ",!lJ~a "' ''1",6"b",

3"'J""

Georgia ' s capital is Tbilisi and Azerbaidjan ' s (is) Baku .

Vna6J3" 3"b aa ... 3~J3b anJBn? a",,,,,,,,a,,b,,,b"a a"3Jan.

a"3"b",b",

\'!'"

TO whose parents did you give the books ? them to Givi 's and M ary ' s ~lso .

1 gave

'"
aJb3~" :

LESSOtl 8

With verbal nouns the der i vative declension dative has the meaning of ' dur ing ', ' while '. ' Examples are :

<33 b 3C!'"b;:.b

while entering
"'hi Ie painting

1:>" 13':' : 1:>" 13"I:> "b

8.6. 1. In a sentence such as 'Tbilisi is one of the oldest cities in Europe ', Ol1e of the olde8t citie8 wil l be expressed by the stylistically marked gen . pI. (sec. S. 6) with the postposition - gal1 ; 1"C!'"j~"a.,6 . One , as the subject of the sentence, should be in the nomina tive, but, as an adjective it should be in agreorne nt with the phrase it modifies . This dil emma is simply resolved by declining the wh ole Pogtposi t ional phrase, in this instance by making i t nominative : ~o"~,, bn J~~" .!ld 3 JC!'Jbn 1"C!'''j''''3::. 6n" . Such phrases as 8"' .. n j"C!'"j"'''3~Gn are aeclined li~e any regular consonantal stem adjective plus noun . Ex amples :
o~~ ~1306b a03MO~~~~3~6b 3~3~3~~3GO'

I sent it to o ne of you r frie nds .

~~a~ a nb a~ da~~~3~6a~

nb

aa306no~n

eo1bn

~~~O~~

TwO of his brothers wrote that beautiful poem. 8.7. Wordbuilding .

8.7 . 1 . Deriva tion of adjectives from expressions of time . The suffixes - i"de~- , - (ev)a"de~ - . or (if the time expression en d s in in or an) - del - are added t o expressions of time (adverbs and nouns) to form adjectives . Examples :
b3~!!

tomorrow

b3~en6~;)~n tomorrow ' s

c:'~aJ

'"
~n~~

night ~~an6~o~n day after tomor- ~;)3n6~J~n

<Ow

nocturnal perta i ning after Ch" tomorrow

d.,

'0 '0

morning Sunday today (ef .

~c:'O

~n!!~6l'?;)en

morning 's

J3M'~

J3nA~6~o!!n pertaining

l'? c:'Ob

d.,

Sunday !!,c:'03~6~;)~ ... today ' s

~~;)1) "b this year

(ef.

~~03~6l'?;)e'" this year's

~o~n year)

LESSON B

o.!lan6 yesterday o3;:,,:;a,,6 last year

a.!lo3n6~:J~n
a;:,':;o3,,6~:J~n

yesterday's last year ' s

Derivation of adverbs from expressions of 8. 7 . 2 . time . The suffix - o b it added to nouns denoting peri ods of time forms adverbs . If the suffix is added to the days of the week, the resultant meaning is equiva lent to English ' on Sundays ', ' on Mondays', etc . Ex amples : on Sundays 8 Sunday J3 nl'l;:' ",':;(I;:,O".,n Monday onda ys on M b;:,aa,:, o;:,.,,,,O n., on Tuesdays b"a(l"o;:,.,n Tuesday ", .. b(l;:, 0':'",,,,0 n., on Wednesdays ",.,ba"o;:,.,n Wednesday b .!l.,a"o;:,.,n Thursday b .!l."h ""''''0 n., on Thursdays 3"':;,,bJ:J3 n Friday 3,:,':;;:,bJ:J",on .. on fridays Satu rday ':I.:.O;:,.,,,,On., on Saturdays o3"o".,n With other nouns denoting periods of time the meaning of the suffix - o bi t is similar, denoting a plurality of that period of time . Examples : S;:'Sb!l~",On .. in summer, summers !"sb!l~n summer month for months "'3:J",on", b"c:o"a", evenl.ng b;:,c:o"a",,,,on,,, in the evening , every evening for years , year af ter year I E) ~~"'on'" ~ :J~n year

-"
'OJ

day

for days, several days

(From p . 211) The II. conjugation form of this ve rb is : present and future n.. ~aJo" or n",~anb ' it is said ,' aorist "":13;:,

'"
LESSON 8: Notes

1.

Il l . conjugation verba are traditionally called

middle verbs (Geo . b"a""I:''' !a60~") or (Vog t l ~neuter verbs. R

2. It should be noted that 46 a result of this basic meani ng . l i t . conjugation verbs most commonly occur in the Bereeves of the present series; screeves of the

future and aorist series occur less commonly.

J.

Root III . conjugation verbs ending in

. n have a

d i ffe rent pattern; these form the future scries without the FSF b,taking only the preradical vowel i ( lI in relative forms). In the aorist series the It of the root alternates with i . Examples,

Present
~JZ.:J6b

Future

Aorist
ZlJZ,,,6,, 1'I!l";,,6,,

bite B.O., sthg .

.'IJ 06b

SI'l:J6b

fly
futu~e

n5~o6b

(S";06b also has the present series based on the to rm

The 60 ) !I"':J b13:J6b
!l~n6"3b .

and aorist series are as for

hurt 8.0.

::'13:J6b

::'13,,6 ..
a -.)

(s-~~en-.)

(Future and aorist series take the preradical vowel Note .11.0:
fl~

have a good t ime Irregular is the verb 'to run' which patterns in the present series similarly to the ver b ' to go ' ; like the verb ' to go ' , it occurs with the direction,l prefixes : present: 1. -3"'~ "3::.",( - .. ) , 2. - "'0,,0::'''( - ''' , 3sg . -"o nb , 3pl. -1110" .. 6; imperfect: - 1113,,!!!::.. etc. The future is - ,,"3:J6b and the aorilt -,,1113,,6::.. The verbal noun is 1113:J6::. or b"1113,,~,,. Examples include: a ...1II3"b 'run here'. a,,1II3no 'run there ' . a:JlIIl."b ' run into ', 3.:>~.:>1II1o"b ' run aero.!>s' , ~::.lIIl."b 'run around', etc .

4. causatives of III. conjugation verbs often may take a preverb (usually a +) in the fu ture and in screeves derived from the future to mark the meaning of ' cause someone/something to begin t o . . . '. Examples are : ::.a~:JIII:Jl.b have s . o . sing (pr . a~:JIII"b: sing
"a~:J1II :JOb

and fut . )

LESSON 8

217

have s.o. start singa+a- m{ler- eb-s ing boil

o:.~~~03b boil sthg .
o:.o:.~~~03b

o:.o:.a~OIl;Oob

bring sthg. to a boil

a+a- du{l -eb-s (See also sec . 8 . 3 . 3) 5. In a few instances the comi tative present series is formed by adding the preradical vowel B- to t he presen t tense of the III . conjugati on ver b; the future and aorist series of the comitative are derived from the future of the Ill . con jugation verb : pro noll;cl3nb fut. noll;cl l'll:! o3b fight fig ht with S . o . 6. Note how other languages cope with this problem : French: Guivi a peint Ie tableau d 'Artchil et Zourab (a peint) c Blui de Vano . Ger~n: Giwi hat Artschils Sild gemalt und Surab (hat) d a B vo n W ano (gemalt) .

7. These forms are to be interpreted as resul ti ng from the dele tion of the postposition ~II; I'I~ ' during' which is the da t. case of (!!II;I'I 'time'. So aOb31:!nbo:.b 'while entering ' can be explained as coming fromd;)b3!!! nb ~II;I'I.!! with delet i on of ~lI; l'I b . It should be noted that adjectives modifying a noun in the der i va ti ve declension are treated as in agreement with a genitive ; e . g . ~3;)6n C!!o:.3o:.lI;o:.J"bo:.b a"3" aOa"'3n~o:. : 'While we were talking Civi entered . ' 8. J3"1I;,:,, (whi ch comes from the Greek kyr io8 'lo r d ' ) also means 'week '. With t h is meaning the deriva ti ve J3 ,,11;:0 1'10 "'" mea n s ' for week s ', 'week after week'.

LESSON 8:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

E~ercises

n,nMo. A~Bo 3~~boAn , A~a ~~ 306n 30~nd3n~n lOMan ~6~o ~03n~ob - 30~~n . MO ~~3n? -- oAosoAn . 03 obo~3o~A~0 ~o~b
30~o30MOJOa~~n .
b30~

aMb~Bao

oA

3na~d030a~ .

3n6on~06 ~~Obob~o~~no .

bo~ Bb~3M~~?

-- ~o~~3an 3Bb~3Mna~n .

30aM03

ob~~

a~Mdn 3Bb~3A~6 . bo~~~ ~~oban dob3~nbob do~~ao

~n~b06b ,nA M ~o , Mo~ao6o B

603d3n oWnAo . ~O~oanbn bo b~ an In OM

~BOa o.nM~o .

n~~.

OMOaO~ 30~08noan a~aOMO~O .

6. 7.

M~Bo do~~n ~on6obo , ~~o~n oo~~~O~ .

o03d3n

a~b~3~'

an~boMn~, M~~OboB ~~o~n

o~~~~ooo ~o ~onb 3n303!o~06 .

B.
9.

~~o~n ~~~b?

~no b, Moa~o6naO p~~nb ~n6 o~J~~o .

-- ~oA~~~o~

oSbo8J~an jOM~~~O~ ~6~o n~0 3oAoJn.

10.

11 . 12. 13 . 14 . 15 .

30030MoJnO . 30aM03 o!bo!JAo~ 30A 30030AOJno . -- 0!b08~A 060b ~~ 00ln~o~ nbpo30n , ~aOB~ ~3n~ nOo30AoJOo . Aneo bodoA ~3~~~a n ~o30An aJ9"6~0 , n6aonbnb aO!ooon n~3606 A n~oA~ 3nM30~n ~o 1"6n , bosA06ao~nbo In -- sn~n30 aJnMJ . bojOM~30~nb ~J060bJ60~n 30so 3n6 n~M? annMan ao~nMaO'O , M~aO~aoB 30M," b03 PJOb n30So .
bo~oA~300nan A~3 3Bb~3Mn6~O I
JOMaO~ 3noo30MOJJO~n. Mo~a06oB

jOM~~OO~ ~SMM
3~JO ~~Jb JOOo~oJM~b

b300

~~Obobpo~~no ,

3n~oaoaOo. so b O~M~n 3n ~ oao an~!

-- 3nb

30~oaoa n~ ?

M~80 !o~MoJ nb ~~aoan ~o3n~~J~ , a03~oa ~~80 3~Oaoa"3~n~

Z~anoA~n ~o3oAoJ"O~o.

~300o ~Ja~o .

(. ~306n ~oaoanbob) ,
ao~o~n a~o
--h ~~n~n

16.

~A~noao an~bAo ,
nO"3~ ~non .

03An3nb ~30~08J -- bo~ oAnb ,b a~o?

J~3J~bn~an.

17 .

PIJ~n J6~3n~6 ~~ d~"C!J~n ~J5J6.

I"i~ ~e6",~l"in

nJ6J~ ~~""

J"'I'" ~~a ~J9~Jb ~'" d"'~C!n J6"'"~Jb (sec . 1.11.1)!

~"'3a3n "'.n~~",. ~J~",b 3J'~3n ,

18. 19. 20.

I"i~e'" d"'~C!n "'~J!~""

,nl"inb- 3J"Jn. I"i~e" b"53JC!" ",~",I"i nJ6J~""

~J~""
I"i~e'" ~~an6 aJC!",3",I"i"'JJ~"~n,

J"'I" ba"a","C!" "J6"'3C! 3n"b",l"in, "",3",1"i3", n3 ~I"inb t 1"i~~Jb"'a

na~"'abl"i", VJC!nv",~b naJ!.~'

.. ",3",l"in
~"'bl"i",

3J~n~~"' ,

an""

l"i~b""'3JC!3" .3J5b n b,~"'nb",6n

21.

22.

23.

6" nan6n", I"i"a'" J"'I"i .. ~C!"'~ 3C!",3"I"i"J~~ ' aJ~dC!J~J C!n" 3nC!",a",I"i"'J". I"ina'" nen6n" . -- ",C!",1"i 3nen6J~'" bn6",a~3nC!Jan d",C!n,,6 J",l"ia"'~ C!",3",I"i"'Jn~! 3nB"I'\", ~,,! -- b",a~.!Ib~l"in\!'"j 3:J1"i 3na.!lI"i"'3J~"' "'J a.!l1"i3" "'Jl"idoC!"C!""" 3"6",n\!,,,,6 Jb 3\!,n6",I"iJ d",C!n",6 b",anan", . n"'c!~.!Ian J31"i~3nb ~3JC!oaJ a",C!",C!n a"",,,,. b~J",I"i"3J C!nbn I"in3JC!n",? b"'J",I"i"3JC!nb ~3JC!",aJ aoC!",C!n a"",
~",a~Jan"'.

24. 25 .

26 .

0"333J03", nan6Jb \!'''' n~3n "'J b , "'''a'' a"bo"''''J~n 6",oJb. 6",b J b \!''''"'3Jona , I"inaC!Jona aJJ3"'3~6J6. SJ"'.!IC!b" ne6~~ .. ? --I n , ,,3 sononC! Jo"'''.!IC! SJJ3",b 3ns6 " ~ . JO"'''3JC!Jon , ",~aC!J~n 8 a .. ~3n e bn3"'no J6 , eJI"i.!lC!b 8JJ3"'3J6 . b",an J""'""C!n ",6~",!",: 3n66 .06n" "J30 , n306 .006nS" ~6~", "J3",b". do,"C!n ~J!b . J"I"i"306n 3n~nbn. JOlnb"3nb .. ~a",ano",,,, , ""'33nb"3nb b.!lC!"'"
~I'\d,.,t'''''''''''

27 . 28.

",bJ 6.!1

~3n"'n .. !

",bJ"~ n~3n"'Jo""

.!I"~n~ ~"'3a3b

a",a"''''C!3ndJ~'''
~,"Jb J~68J""!J a~6~n

J"''''''.!IC! b",C!b .!l'" bnaC!O"'O~b

120

nat'O"' OOb. J ",6 I)J"',3J

~~6

b~a~~ b~A"' ~ 1
~6~~ ~~3n~J:

30'" P~3~~ 1 A~~a~6~e bb3~

na~OA O o06 ~Anoob
. ~ oob~~~a ~~ o~o"'n

~~~n~B3nt'nb e6 ~on~ n ~30A~

.'
bn'!I3~ . 1)0 A~~ n A~ b 6na6~3b?

29 .

an~ b ~An ,

- a~6a na~ A''''3 '

Ob bn'!l3~ . I)J "' n - ~",6 a .. ~"b . 080"''' " ",~~an",6nb b o ~ nb~ ~~ 50bnb 3n A3 0 ~ n ,
eoA~~n b3~6~An b~~b ,A n

!I30~~aO abb3n~n ~n~n",.

I) OJ3"'''' 50bnb eo"'0030' eOJ3 "'30 6 . 30.

31.
aJnd~oo~

a~A.n a~a~J~80 0 n

,e 6",~A n~ 1 A "'~a~6~e o ~~Olan

50bnb

~"~0030

nSOJ3",6

a~A .... j"'~ooa~ .

b~an ;"''''~~~ n ",6~", 3 ~ ; ~O~A" d~t' ~ n ~~ a~3n d~t'~n !In3n~n ~Oan

... An30

d~ t'~"~ ",,

a~a~~a", ~;3"' : a~~ 06 JO~ - t'3~n b~ ....

b~;ao'" ~ ~

J~Aa n ~o~'"

32 . 33 . 34 . 35. 36. 37 . 38 . 39. 40 . 41 .

n3 ",6 0
~A~,, ~ b

~~

a ... aos""' , J "''''a n a",a",s 3 n ;6 00n... . aJn~b"'3b , b~~ a "~,, b"'''' ... , 3J 3~b~ b O o ,
J~"'3"' A"'J Jo ... ~"'1 -- AJb~~"'6b 3!Jn~b"'31

~"'b",~ ~ '" an3~n3"' A- aJ~;n .

3n6

A~~a",6~e A ~bJ~~6n J"'Aa ~~

"'JbJ~ ",6a",

"e 6",ob .
- an3",b~b""

A",

a"3,,,bJ b ~?

.. Aa ", o ~ ~b
a~b,~~

~"'a" A OJ"'3 ""

A... aJ~n

b~"'~n~?

- A"' e~ a~An ~ ~JA n"' ~~ J o""

b~a" b",~ ~ n ,,;6Jo~ . b"'06",~aOs6noA ... ~"'nb b b~ ... a~

- an ~ b"'Jb ,

.. ~ba",o~~b ... ~b "'33nb.... an J3"A", .. on~ ~a a~n6~AO an ba " A"'~ 3I)J A~3~' '5A... 0Jln~"'~ A... a a,a~ ", o~O I ao. 5J~b annt'JO~ " . A'"a"Ae bb3~ ;3J!l60oa n I b"' O!"'M J"'3BnABne a~o~~", 3 n ~ ~~ J3nA~ ... 3 n ~ ~A aJa~ ... 006 . 6Jt'~A I!lJ'" aJ~",a b"a", A~~ J J6 ~", ~j 3~ ' J~3J~bn~an 0J3A n ~Ja06~~ ~ AbJo ... ob ~anA~6 n b BO bJo. ~ao",306 , oJAd 06n C!JaJ6~ ", A J ~ n aanA n b",

A... ~nb n;6Jo",1 b~",~30 ,, ;6 0 o~ .. .

LESSON 8

3~~ao~o J~3J~bnJ~n ~~~anan3 ... b~~ ~~

3~ " .n.n3n ~an~~Ei ... ~n .

anbn

42. 43. 44. 45.

1921 p. (~~~b eb"'~~b " el!~O"'~ ~O~b) 6n~a03"J:J6a~

b~J~"'~3:J~no ... b~6 ~n~~ b:J~ "bJ~~:J 6~ l!~~a~~~Ob . "''''e~

,"'Jn Ei,:, 3"EinJ"n '~J"b , eb3""''' Jo"'dJ~l!:J6~ . nel!~bJ ... n a~Eio ... n ana:Jen~, o... bn3 ... -~ n nBl!,:,bJ~n a,:,Ei J ... n. oO':'l!~n6"', "'n e~ ~a6n30Ei , J~"''''30~J6n b~3;" ... ~ J')3onMnb ~3J~,)!0 ~,)a,:,s M:Jb3J6~nJ,)an ebn3Mn6JEin , ~M
'~;!JMEi!

46.

ann"'an l!,) O~JEiJ 3,)3,)a3n~o3b necn3? - l!n')b, 3neEin3. ,)0 0~OM~030,) l!~~JMJb nJa ... "'nb';!J~ n ~na~Ein
"Anything Can Happen."
~nan'" ~,)a"'3nl!,)
~0:J"'nJ~an l!~

an""'an 3,)3')03n~n b,)1~"''''3J~nl!~6 anb ~~3a~l!~b~3~~b aJJ"'~OoJ~

a'~'J3i3n.

47 .

48 . 49.

50.
51 .

52. 53 . 54 . 55. 56 .

annMan l!,) O~OEiO 3~3~a3n~03n b~1~M~3:J~nan l!,)3M;!JEil!606. ~na6an "Home and Home. Again" Jb ... "'n ~3 .... "'n a3n~a3 ... 6b "',)3n~Ei~ ~~33~l!~ b,)3,)~b an "''''a nb b,)oa ",3~ ... an . l!t:':J3,:,6l!:J~ a~3J ... an "'~ p,)nJn~b:J? - ~,)3nJn ~b:J' "'3 0", 3n... n1603,) ~~~nb 6,)J~03",o,) .... b 3~~n6l!J~n ~anEil!n "''''a"'''n n1606~? - ,:,a3 ... 60Ei, b3,)~ J3~~3 nbnoJ3b... . 3;!JonEi~nEi l!~ 3!1i3nEi o~Ot:' l!~Jb ~3nal!~' ~~Jb,)~ b~~"'!J !Ieoo 3~P3n0l!~ . "''''e~ ~3nab , bo n"'~l! :J~,)3b l!~ 1!1bb. o,)"'o,)Ei !,)o",,)Mon !l"'30~~~0 ... n3l!,)' ~Mn63J~J6nb !Ia"'~3~:Jb"3 ,) ~M ... 6,)3b , bn"'~ 1~:Ja,:, I n
~"'~ .

,)a~b ~nEi~ ...

a ... bJn3nl!~Ei

",3n~nbo n b3~~ 3~3~~n6l!Jon .... b~a b"' J ... nb,)JJ6

~";n630~o3n ~";"'o3n ... ~";nEi~3J6 .

a"'~3,)~n ~~n63J~n !~O"'')Mon 3,)~"',,6I!J3,).

;:Ib

"'3n",a~M"Ei,)3_n b,)~ a_,)~"'nEil!,)?

~Jcnc3"',)l!nb,)J_Jc

222
a~~~nG~~ .

LESSON 8

57.
58.
59.

na

J~aa~ ~~.~a an~3n~~?

nb

an~n ~3J~~b ~~3n~nb.

~Jan aJ8"oJ~n ~"3J~~3nb d~~n~G ba~a~~~~ a~J~nb. ~a a~J~~b ~~ a~~a~dJ~Job an~nBn~an 3~~n3~JO . ~n~G~ . J~~~~~n bna~J~~ ana~J~J' a~b"3! PJ~J~~nb .b~~nJ"b ana~J~Jo .
~"~Jb~B b~J~~n3J~"an 3n~~3n~ ,

~J~Jn

60.

b~J~ ~n 3J~"b

aJBGnJ~Jo~n~ ~J~~Jan~a a3na~b3 n Gd~~. ~6n3J~bn'J.n ~a~b3n6d~Job .

3~ "~Jb"~b 3a~b3n6d~"O~.

~"6~

J~~~3J~n ~J~~JanJ"bJon ~aJ~ nJ~an ~~a"3~JG . ~3J6n ~b~~ ~n ~~b

In this construction , ~ 3J~~ is declined like an adjective . In a t itle , such as ~oJb~~"a ~~ JnJ~n , only the final member is declined .

LESSON 8

Voc ~ blllary

human being; person here/there is/are (cf . Fr . voici ,

!",I'i"

bell ex a ct mouse

""'33",~",b"'3"!!l" adventure

(A) their own ( r efle x ive; see sec . 7 . 4 . 2 . )

voila ; Rus.
BOT)

"'J"'(!,03"J"b"

academician [member of an academy] forbidden

"3n.,3~l'inG"3"

airplane finger
(~Ob"b

"Jl'id"'I::'~!!l n

" ~a l'i,,b'~!!l"

...

"""" toe) humorous basketball yes ; however;

,,3,,1:> p n G" ..

a short time J"'!!l", .. 6~I'i.,n ago; recent l y 3n

name of the letter " proverb aria ballet name of the letter 6 Bolshevik struggle; ba t tle 3",3",C)" 3",1'i, ... 3",bb",l'i", 3",<.< "'I:!" 3(!'nG",l'io 3n!!l nsn" 3 ... b ~sn
C) 03 0 6 ~ ",I'i!l C)"

"0'
legendary legend man (male human be i ng) roos t er clown high ; tall (A) river
sc~ence

c);)3;)G~",

3",3"'3"'8"

(A)

only ; alone

(1;:'''0 6 0 6 ;:,
3n~n

dawn(ing) (VN) 30sGn01'i03", crazy

police old man

t eam : choir 3!16(!'n 3!1<lnGpn6 day before ...._ _ _ _ _"-oe.steJ:;.da;t l',._

~ "'''3 ''

31'i"'3"l::'n many (A) .i!3bb.3aC! ~q_ _..l hic"-_ _..... t 6"JI::'03 .. 3" ... .,1:>0"'6"' .. n lack; shortage Wednesday ( ....,b/l"3,, .. 1:. on Wednesday) both
(+

1!!,,(!,b;:,6b
~ ~Ob"'bp,,:!lr!n

bear f or a long time holiday winter (A)

~ "a .. "l'in

sing .J

LESSON B

M onday

(~o",o",,,,b

o n Mon day)

5"'''''''
!!I"' n6 J 01::1" :j"'!!I" :j"' ''' '''3 ",6 "

leg; i!. .!1"'", ,,ball) wing b ird woman caravan (A) God ( i rr ., see s e c . 3 . 2 . l.l)

3"'''11'''1"3,,
"' '''1!'a<>6'''6

prototype for ; be cause how? of wha t k ind? how? (adjec_ tive) hour; wa t ch ("'''' b",,,,,,,!O a t 2 o ' cloc k; "'''' b",,,,,,,b for two hours) homeland (ef .
all",z,~oz,n

"''' a'''''' ? "''''a'' '''''?

::I301::1",IIJ ::I"'3J!!II!'C!J
a", ~ a",6

most (see sec . 9 . 3 . 2) every day last year mi stake stat e (in USA) t ea (da t .- I\",,,bj s e e Lesson 5 , note 2 )

oJJ"''''Oi!..!I ~ '' u nit ed

OOel!'''' d'''

par-

en t s) south; southern dangerous truth (ef .

h"'t!'''~'''

north (ern) thumb ; big t oe Georgian fol k dance n ose dog o r igin year (A)(French

d"'''' ''' '''~''

true [A J ) b"dC!O"''''
b"6,,,a~3"~0

13 J"''' [lJ"':!l!!l"
eb3" "' '' cl"C!!!I" V",,,,a ,,, ll ,,, z,,,,
VJ!!In~"'t!'''

song reality ':ef . 6"'dI!'3"l::In r e al ; true)

bn"' ",:jI::lJa", b.!ll::ln mn Jn6",

os t r i ch soul puppet ; doll

~~"'!!I" ~ "'I!' ''' '''Jn

annlie cf . ~ O!!l" [French a n]) mi nute

water (A) chess

dou b tless ; sure .!I"'.!I'" .!IJ",6",b J 6J!!I" las t; t he l att er .!Ia"''''3!!10b", Z,,,, majori ty .!IB6",.!I"''' 5Jb Z, :!l"'''' '' s t range ; un k nown soccer; football (ef . "I:1 b" foot,

b J !!I "b .!l5!!1 Ji!.;:p ower (politi-

0. 1
b d",a"C!"'!!In l oud (A) (cf. b a", voiee);ad-

ver b _ bc::03::Ol:11:1::O c ity i n Eastern Georgia Mt. Elbrus

Mt.

::03"";::06" 3,,6 "J " " 3,,; .. aO" ,) ,,; ,, ~ ::0"; I! "
~" 1:I ,,3,)

[m . ]
P i nocchi o

[m . 1

"::Ol:la!)l!" l:I::ol!a')8"
Ve rb s

Prome t heus [m . ] Ri chard ( m. ] P hilip [m . ]

Kaz bek da"'lI - al's - eb- s a l'sllib - ob-s

mi",bl'~n - d-eb- a

1!::o::o::ol'lbJ ab ::01'1 b,)al'lo b a "a ... ,,61!')o::o

e s tablish
bel e x ist

return (intrans . )

(II. conj . )

camo+d-i - s

(irr .!

arr ive : come down;

come(from a distllnce)
b o il (VN 1!!l1:1"l:Irf b e s ile n t (VN 1!!l3"1:I" )

sec . 4. 5 , 5 .4. 3)

d ui1-s dum - s (irr . l.

31!,,33::O"' { - .. ) . 2. l!!)ab~I'1{ ':' .. ) . 3pl. (!,,a::06~ only present ,eries forms) ,)CP3b : "O!!l3Job ,,~ - av- s: fut. i - III z,, - eb-s
tamalJ - ob- s
.. .. 3 b
(be)

lightning

pla y [games; roles)

(VN

" ::03::00" . .. ::oa::oa .. a::o)

",

t"v-s
sce Pqv
se c
~l'v

,n ~

t.r
3J" .. t."3t. J6::03"b : "J6::031:1,)ab 1:I::03::O'''::OJl'lob

!ZI;h - ~i

t:o: - av- II

as k s . o . sthg .
meow (VN J6::03"1:1")

~nav-i-s :

fut . i - knavl - eb-s

lal?al'a~ - ob- s

speak
(+

(VN

1:I::03::O''::OJ'''

adv . )

(H-) I!II:Jdt-ob-s used only in :

a 3::OI!!I:I .. a( - .. ) maovil1.jl - o b- s

thank you a c t as h os t

LESSON S

(H - ) a.:.b3n6d!!l ", Z,b :

fut. !lc.:.b3,,6d!!lJZ,b

act as host to S.o .

(sec . 8 .2 ) see ~qv mep -ob- s reign

mIj Ba(v) - ob-s ,

fut. nd!J0':'3::JZ,b

at:' J"'n b
:!)dC1::JMnb t!!.:.,:,a!j"M;Jz,b t!!"n6"b"3 b .!I3"b"b ... 3b : !J3"b!Jb::J3b ."Mob nll':!3 nb

mger-i-s
da-a-mqar-eb-s da+i-nax-av-s u - easux-eb- s pir - i - s
i - ~qv - i - s

sing sing s . o . sthg . establish ; found ca t ch sight of ; see

5 .0 .

h-easljx - ob- s : fut . answer cry (irr . ; say

(da t. )

sec . 8 . 4 ) pres .

"az, ... z,b

5),

(a - mb -oh-

aor. ( tkv -a)

"33"
say sthg . to
5 .0 .

e- tqv -i-s (irl:. ; sec . 8.4) pres .

::l!JZ,6::J3.:. (e - ubn -

eb-a) , aor. !J .. b",.:. (u - txr -a) ** tqu(l') -i-s see

s"'n6"3b , n!9"'::J6b ,
~qv

lie ( t ell untruths)

pr1-n -av- s (irr . ) : fly fu t. i-pren-s

aOr . i - prin- a (pres. also !9"'::J6 b [sec no t e J])

3"sl'in6~::JZ,,,, ""sl'in6~::JZ,,,

ga+prin - d - e b-a ca+prin - d-eh-a

fly off fly down; fly t o

LESSON

e
thundur (VN :hl b n~n) wake 5 . 0 . up bark shout (VN !:I3n";n~n) scream at 5 . 0 . crow
(VN !:In3n~n)

k ux-s
8~a ~ ~~3ndJobgam0 5 a - g vij - eb-s

~JSb

qep -s

!:I3 nhnb
J~3n';;nb

!:In3 n b :
n':ln3~J6b
aJ~t';J"' J o b

qiv -i-s: fut .

i - qiv~ - eb - s

t';"3"b :
nhn3~J6b

se-a- ae l"-eb-s (:! iv -i-s : fut. i - IH vZ - eb- s

stop (for a moment) make a complaint , complain (VN hn3n!!'n) compla in about 5 . 0 . dance laugh s\'[im swim around
(VN
(3 b"' 3 ';; J 3 ~)

Jh"3 nb :
Jt';n3~J6b

GJJ3"3 D n(3 n6nb

(3J';;~3b BJ"'~..,3b : "(3J';;~3Job Bb "' 3 "'~o b ~3nab

ce kv-av-s i- ain-i-s a Ul"- av- s c ura(v) -ob-s: i-cul"av- eb-s

cx ovr- ob- s live qvim -s (II. conj . rain derivative [sec. 8 . 3 . 3J has preverb ga+: 3" +
~3nal!'J3,:,)
r;~ l"ial -eb-s

r i ng (o f bell)
~J";n,:,~")

(VN

*1 . and II . con juga tion verbs which do not have a preverb in t he future series will be marked with ~ = . This symbol indicates t hat the re is no preverb in the future and that consequently the prese nt series forms are identical to those of the futur e series. **Alongside t hese forms , the III. conj . verb ~ =u - afflb -ob- s 'tell s . o . sthg . ' is al so f ound. aorist ~ J"a 3....

LESSON 8

Key t o the Exe r Cises

1. The old man c ri ed when I t o l d him tha t his son had to enter the army [that your son ha s to enter th e army] . What did you say? No thi ng . I wa s speaking with this young woman. We shall not work t omorrow, because it is a holiday . Where do you live? T waa living in Baturni but now I live in GorL While enter ing into the bedroom the dog caused the baby t o cry . It c ri ed fo r a l ong time because its mother wasn ' t at home [in the house] butrather was wor king in the store .

2.
3.
4.

5.

6.
7.

When it caug ht sight of the dog. the baby suddenly began to cry . Boil the water please . Tell me when the water will begin boiling and I wi ll prepare tea. I s the water boili ng? Yea , it belan boiling a few minutes ago [before a few minu tes . In Abkhazia you must speak Georg ian (adv . case) . I speak Goorg ian b u t I cannot speak Abkhaz . If you will study the Abkhaz language diligently you will speak it without mi stake . When Tamar was reigning in Georgia England' s kin g s were Richard [the] first and John; Fra nce's , however -- Philli p [the] second . Who was Georgia's last king? Ge o r ge XII, who reigned only three years (1798 - l800) . I f I were livi ng in Georgia , I wou l d apeak Geor g i an better [more well] . Because tomorrow is a holiday , I shall play bas ketball the wh ole day. Let's play football! With wh om are we to play (o pt. )? When we began playing (use verbal noun) chess e ver ybody was silent but when we were playing [during ou r Playing] seve r al [people] were speaking. Ar~il told me Europe's hig hest [most high ] moun t ain is Elbrus . Where is this mountain? In the North Caucas us. Ca t a meow and dogB bark . How [what?] s t range it would be i f a cat ba rked a nd a dog meowed . When tho d og began t o bark, the ba by began to cry. I wi ll tell [his] mother he i s crying. When there wil l no lonqer be food the cat will loudl y begin to meow . When I wa s speaki n g wi th you yesterday you t old me Tama r reigned twenty-nine yea rs. In thnt time

9.
10 .
11.

12 .
13 .

1 4.

15 .

16 .

11.

".
19. 20.

LESSON S

21.

22 .
23 .

(dat.) while Tamar was reigning ~ota Rus t aveli wrote "The Hero in the Tiger ' s Skin." Don ' t [you all] laugh when I speak Georgian . It is impossible that 1 speak when you all l a ugh . We won ' t laugh any more . In fact [in reality] you speak very well! Let's swim! Unfortunately here we can ' t swim . Swimming here is forbidden because this river is very dangerous . Elbrus is Europe ' s highest [most high] mountain . What is Georgia ' s? Kazbek is Georgia ' s highest

moun t ain.
24 . The children laughed and shouted when they saw the clowns . They also saw bears which were danc-

inq .
25.
Are you acquainted with the c e l' uli ? Yes, I amacd~ n ce

qua in ted with this well - known Georgian dance.

Georgians who live in the mountains the ce -

p uZi .
26 .

27 . 28 .

30.

31 .

32 .
]]

34 .

Three Georgian proverbs , Who said A , that one must say B alsa . The dog barks but t he caravan goes (on anyway] For the cat it is play, for the mouse it is a struggle of souls (old gen . pl) . Don ' t shout so {pl.)! If you will shout so you all will surely wake the baby . Today at the concert a choir will sing Georgian folk songs. Unfortunately I cannot go because I must go to another concert; t hey will sing arias from Paliasvili's well known opera Ab e Ba ~o m an d Etep (",3;)";", is declined adjectivally here ; ",oJb",~",an has no ending and is not declined) . Tell me: what does the word c 6 Pu t i mean? 1 shall explain i t to you . This word comes from ce vi . Ce pi i s the first, most thick finger/toe of a hu man being ' s hand or foot . The c 6 1'u Zi is a Svan folk dance on t he (big) toes. Only men dance it . It is strange, because in balle t only women can dance on toes. Three Georgian proverbs : A white do~ and a black dog ~re both dogs . The rooster said : Crowing is my business and d~ybrea~ is God ' s . Give me a qood mother, I will also be a good father. If John will ask me where I ' m go i n~. I ' l l ans wer him [that) I ' m not going anywhere. Who was speakin~ with Arcil? I shall as k Rusudan , because Rusudan knows him well . What did Rusudan answer you? She answered me

2)0

!..ESSON 8

35 . 36. 37 . 38 . 39 . 40. 41 . 42 . 43. 44 . 45 . 46.

47 .

48 . 49 .

50 . 51 . 52 . 53. 5 4. 55 . 56 .

[that] she will call me Monday (dat . ) . What time [which hour) is it? wh en the bell bc~ins to rin~ it will be exactly three o ' clock l three hour J . When will the session of the linguistic circle be? They told me [th"t] it will be Wednesd"y (d"t.) at (+ postposition -.11/1) 4 o ' clock . In August on Sundays we often sw i m in this rive r. If you were working more diligen t ly, you would receive more money . As in other coun t r i es , in the Soviet Un i on , too , they don ' t work on Saturdays and Sundays. Don ' t lie anymo r e . You must alwa ys t ell the truth. In the Caucasus many legends exist about Arnir"ni. They B"y the Greek legendary hero Prometheus is of C"ucasian origin and hi. prototype is ~irani . In 1921 the Bolsheviks established Soviet power in Georgia. When the puppet Pinocchio lies , his (id . o . ) nose becomes longer . Give me 25 rubles , please . Here are 25 rubles. Thank you. When they say Georgians live in the mos t beautiful republic of the Soviot Union , they are not lying . Do you know George and nelen Papashvily (pl . )? Yes, I know them. These writers wrote the humorous novel Anvthing Can Happ ll n . In this novel they describe how George Pap"shvil y came from Georgia to Amer i ca and his adventure(s) in the United States . A short time ago George and nelen Papashvily returned to Georgia . I n the book HOMII and Homll Again these two autho rs tell us their adven ture (s) in Geo r ge ' s native l"nd . What did you read in today's paper? I read[thatj for months the r e will be " sho rtage of water. How (of what kind] wi ll t omorrow' s weather be? They say tomorrow it will rain aga~n. The day before yesterday and yesterday it was rainin g all day long . Today at 10 o ' clOC k it suddenly began raining . When it rains it o ften lightnings and thunde rs . Last year in win t er it snowed every day. M ost birds (the majority of birds] fly; the ostri Ch however (does] not (~~~) . We sh"ll fly from M OSCOW t o Tbilisi t omorrow . Birds fly with wing s (instr . ) . Many birds fly off toward the south in winter . Where did this airplan e fly of f t o? If flew off

LESSON 8

231

57 . 58 . 59 . 60 .

to (-k e n) Leningrad. Why did that man scream at me? That crazy [man] screams at everyone. My neighbor always sings very loud . If he continues this singing, I shall complain about him to the police (pp. -iH). Diana, sing me a Georgian song, please . I shall sing you AJsaJsi <;ereteli ' s (E) ' SuliJs o '. When we were in Georgia, the Georgian Academy of Sciences hosted us. When the Georgian academicians will arrive in America, our university will host them . Now we are hosting ten Russian professors.

Georgian Folk Dancer

eC,."",q 9~~C~C't ~"Ollt;e. ,,~~C~ uGluol) <D\I'O!C'jI<OCJ"~~9 "f.~C~!~Ce. 'l"qw<Jr..., e<' ,.,i~CC~t'I'e <'<D<.>t'l"'l ~q 'IIQC",,,!:: .:J.: ~C~ ~c~F <.>O>uOl ~'t\.Wco "f.CC~ .,.Q)'O!W9Ou 'l~ (,\~CCI: 'l"1Owl: wqd......, 'l~Cc:cCqwe ,.,~~ 'l"9c.rc..., XI X ew<i '<DW3e,1I'l CWCO ""'911~ "I"!'l"9"! '~C""'l"'I:! ...:::Ic.,.CO<-<,o~ C'\!"Cq,....w..Cq'l .,.Q) ~CeCf><.9'-'e ..."cr<>QrruO<oQta ''l~ XIX-IIIAX ~t:.:l"'1"e ~c...~.,.,'l""9.oC ...::"l"'lC.,.,rce. IIe.CCq .,.,C"e 'lCC.. UlC9CI:"Cwe -..'l ~I:A ~p 'l"~C~!'lCe. '1I11OWI: w~dW<'~ '1"'O!CCCCqwe !7

..o..r

.... P.'''e "'l.....,.wc '1"~"JW ~~~I!C'l",~'l ~C'O!~toC ....::!C.,.C,)~...'1C,.,'l 4!.~CC....,...ee ,,~ C\<-f/:C9wF 'l";)ew'7' ,.,i"'1u~lw ....,.CQuMCc\) u.::

..Cq'l ......,..C"i~ .,.Q) 1I'O!W,oC """,,, roll _I: ~~ct""""F ~cC\)c~Cq'l9"'l ~c~ d~ ..,1:" "'l"'iC!lct o.:l -c...,..Gl~ 09" ....;:)cu~r..,eC<i') ,,~'w.,.ooQ) "",dccqwe '<D\It4)c'l"e ~C'le.1I9 e~ '''eCQta'''l '1"'O!'"'~ct~~ee u.:JC"",<i')II~"''l .,.Q) 'iC~e~e "",c...OFC;)wr ~~cwQ) '~,,00>'"!lcJ;!'jW 'l"e""ie. "",c...o~r ''''o! -C"I"'crl'f) ~C,,'1 c''''lC9wF '~'lc.,.,CwqO ~c ~cI:A "'!I<'bfwF -<'fJ <'il "')IHl........ Ceu9CQle<"l' :"'lC09c~wr ~ ""'fe... W<f"w '""'l u.::w9C """e C o<'e.,.,...G "",c..oe.,,~Q o.:lu9C'l~J ..:"....,.;) .. e. 40"'1 "",ctoCu.:lC.,. be.~lw cOOQl ",CCCqwe .~CCQ ~Iw ~ 09"' '')O'Ielw <><,I~C6IuCuOl", - 'l"e<f"'to ...:::!Cl<;!C~i ~jw H:I~Q"!I~Q ~C'l'f" Ou.:)C~ '~jw uGk.Ql C9" '''fe... "'qd... -<'fJ ~'lC'iQl~we"l"! ~CC...."C 't~ ",Ctt<' """,C-<I>I7C ~C'N"'e -Ceo <D\I~l'f) 'l<><Ot."!"'eax.'l Cctle~c.HOl 'l"9 Cf'C.<'<J XI X ''"ie...I!..,...~Q 'MC CO<>OrJ9" ""'~ ~C'O!~ Ql~c.x,.wo.,u ...:lc,.,...eCe. O 10.11" 'l~QlIICi:I ~ 'IICCq ~Cq<llc.r "";!~Cl:l'f) """f1l~C .,....=l
-CQC-II'l"~~ 't"C<lIC't)O~q -~F"'l <O\I~~c... quo:::.C~A'lCe. ~~C wq<""'")
(

ofllF" ""''lC~9c...cr ~i~ ~i..." ~ 'l'lCo:)i~'" '1"""fJC'l'ttr ~~Q Ct:"9""H1'"iC'tC.C~'l "'1" ~'l"e '1 C ''l''C~L'f''''e''i I) '1<'~<><,IC~ ~c....to<'<t'l",!",c -.,(ky> wcl)C...il Ok-.:lCpCtor'l 0<0'11 'e~,::)"'l"e "eC~OF~to ~uOle ,~~ .... !tWeee. C\)~C~P't'l9~q f" ~'lw""'t<',.,'l "'lC.,.,C~" lIOluOl 9CctlwI)C """",C -t..:3Cf'e 0eO)co'1"',::)Ct!'1Ce. 't"'lCe'f"'''' 'l"'ldw .f<'a....1: wq"l-, ~ '::)C"'l'"J'Cer ~C.::.~.,.,Cr: <'><)'<'CC~tre tuOF""f ~c( ~ c: .... r:
c\)<-~~ct1

.....,c...90Ce<''1

~~Cci)",rc...~

""""COl,""
_1Oo-.,Rw,...c oe.<OC'l

.~ .,.Q) "'l'O!C9I:CCF '11XDtl.:)C~<J<iI ~c~ '~""'CC~9 c.,...aC:t ~c.r ~ XI X wl:~ ctI""""C 9"~c't""r~'l ""'"""""p ~Cq<J '10Qw~ ot...,. -flCwO)co'l~"'l ~.;;l&~!'lcl!. u.:Jc.,.C"~Ce '1"'o!w....."c""",,c w~d"*l

~ S Wh wg~Xw~q qu ~ CCC gw e
8 troSSTI

a6e ss ed

6u~pea~

'"

LESSON 8

233

1960-1961 WC'a0'iln M'OL'Ot:, a6~~a ...,;., Vnoli~~ o~aMj3a:J6a~C' 3....liMoN'l3rh>'iln _ .j~~ LoX">l')~M 0'l:l3n", 1-., ~.::.hxI33, t..:.j'*-3:)~ L~3~ J'O~3:l~1i 3~' 3<">03t1" ~:l 3'i1n o~~aMIi~'ilO)(IL t..:.~ 'ilaaM6 ~~'Oc::-n ~t~~M '"aanL ~~~o>t..n,)(rl:lo..(J. anI" a"a'"' o"a~:l'OM:l. 0nc::-n a~L~ .::.L~~~L X I X L~nlinL ~~ ~ X X L~6r!L t!kV::rnlmL 3~ao~L, t'>M~:lLo>o ~:l3'i1n 3:l0~3~:lMO" 'OJ3a 3:l'OMJ"'. boL V"a::l3~1i ~~ol" w~a~aa61!1O> ~~, ~a~:l6.)(!>,,,L _::1<"> t""...,~ 0'l33nL dnM()Q').)(!>n 3JM6Miln<:JN. 1,,~'!I'Od3:lC'n, "anI" a~aM M ~o>~nt. , aLtaC'Moo> :lb:lo') naO'l~3Mal"o>~ 3aO~3~aMo,,'b:l .... ..,)3::1~aO"'t::'n ~~. bM ma3nL loOM'O.iO<:JM~lo, anlo 1,,330n'l3nJ~lo,
3cnr;~N'On;:Ic-n &naboL 'ilaI!l3oO>~ b33'i1o (t>o>~'OMC!.'O ~ btl3')" M,..bnlo 0fi~30"'O,,; X IX t..:.-oJ'OlioL o... t:""'~ .,Ii1!I'"'3n~"C'<:JM ('I1"bnL &3aMl!I'n(l') "ALao~~" LoX">,,,b('l '"3 30 fJ:)"'"
~3~ ~nL

I!I''' J0>3oo.::.C'O'banL b"Ii,,'iln ('I1"bnl" alo 'OMI-.a" &o>~~) O'l3nLaOMna 03t::'f1t::'aoaoL I!I''' anlon b3:l~nO'ln V'MIi" M~~MOncrt 3onMl!I'a0<">I!I'O>, bMt::'M a.-cnn At:>3a30lo o,,\,,'ba o'bl-.l!lao<">~" nlil!l'"'3<'1(!'O,).. c::"OM ('I,,,baonL Mnobao, X X lo"'OJ'OGnl" J.x'>n03aloM L"o!'lCo('WI')~ ~Lb3M" LoX">'~<"> (l')aaoL 'OJ"6,,LJliaC'n 1i,,'ilO'laon 1.:l3'd" (!to> Lhot:'" 3M1i...3<">t:""o> a('lo3M3" <1I~"aa~3a OnlnL n6I!1'"'a~"t'::ra,) Pl>,,,b3.:.. 7 aL ~t.1'I &-.a '"3"C'1i.xnc-n3 V"Aa<">3n~3nli('l(l') (!to> ('If~ .:.f.t.. L3&ot::' onla3L '3MMnL 30>6Lba"3ao" 1!I'''3n!i"bM<1I, t.,)3~ 3~\!'30'l, MMa~ n;jM M/olbnL 'daa"lPaa'C'MO", ant.n :lJ('IliMiln'OMn w~cl3t::'a On, aa~3:)C'~nlo LnLo:l3 .., 'dI->M3nL MA3.>6o'b"<J"'l ~ l~aOnL

~n\anloo>

...........

LESSON 8

Vocab ulary
Mokheve (s . o . from N. Georgian mountain valleys)

"X"b" : b""'X,,b ...

!:I"'5"

family : domest i c life(style) (Russ . I!ihlT) relation (ship) social fundamental half (Al independent
(E)

;:1,.;., "0,.; .. .. 6"

b,,8"'8"~"':)~";"3"

d ",.; """!!" 6"b03"";"

!!"a"','JJ"!!J~OI!:!"

"a"30

(this) same; nom . 003030 ' oblique (attributive) "a"30 (used as N . Ob . oblique see sec . 5 . 5 . )

,:,a .

[a""Ja03 b
!:I.!l";" ~~ O~ "

draw (lit . turn) attention to one-

b1

aJ31:!03"";" b "l!:!b" 5 .. ,.;a"

~a"

self investigator (A) people form; such inte r est condi t ion ; cause (cf . 3""; ... ~,, condition) 5 .. ,.;a"., in t he form of [pp . ] to (wards) here : in

:J b "'!!05 "61:)";Ob,,

b,,6a";dl:!"3" "Oa ... 5"b,'JI!:!" 5"J .... 6,.;"3" ";"B b"!'I.!ld30I:!n

long (of time) preserved factual here : which basis ; founda t ion (E)

[!!"J!!''' b"5.!ld31:!"QI] served as the basis for (dat . ) "";"0";"" more than one; many a
"~Po";n~ ~"

...

descrip t ion elucidation

a"a ... a~O!.l";:)~"

LESSON 8

-",,6"3J ra"bGl!" ]

s""'a"~/\
8"a"l!/\ JIl"3 6n I!!JO"

[pp.] simultaneously with went beyono s t hg . (oa t . ) border {Al general possession , property became {.'lor . } (II . conj . + adv . ) (pp . J from the point of vie w of one (of several)

He" ]
J
"3,,~b,,3"'/\b/\ ..

J"''' -J''''' ''

b"'::I.'J"'''l!!CJo ... importa nt JIl"bJ corner; here : region bJ3n region Of N. Georgia ( see map. Lesson 6. fig . 6 . 1)
::o"'bJa1J~"

/\6b." .'J'" o"l!a ... 6"a,,/\ b"b""

aJa"''''~J6''1!!''

existing institution: institute remnant [pp.] in the form of remain ing uni t clan extended family

J"'''J1Jr:!'' "Ja" l!/\l!/\ "X::obn

a::0 6+''a'''d ... ab continue o"o" .... 6Jolll!!" {pre}dominant small: little (nont runcating ); here: nuclear o3J"'!!"" I'\Jtl n JSIl"''' bna b" l!J [pp . ] alongs ide vivid: graphic (cf . "'JtI"JS" relief) clarity ge ner ation married I wedding (adj . ) pair; couple together (Note that VNs can be modified

~"l'\a "' l!oJ6nl!!n re p resented

b":1 ..."' ~n6 ...

~1I3ntln

J"''''' !!

by adverbs ; J"'''''l! e b"'3"'Jo ". livi ng t o-

LESSON

ge t her)

j ... 60o",
b"'Ofi" ... b"'J:!)""Oo",

property : esta t e common o wner s h i p col l ective work wealth

u
( - ~O

of) . prope r t y

J "' ~Oj'''3'' il" ... a",

~"3~"'''''

a .. ba",,,OO,,,
b",~"~",fi:!)~,,

solidary governmen t system sign : feature (A) nature essential dis tingu i sh (a lso a::.6.) unknown to characteristic (- " 3"b of) despo t unlimited power (+inst . ) profit from ; mak e use of ; take advantage o f: enjoy elder ; chi ef use by us gathered da t um of various sorts first (of all) we (dat . ) want note : remark know s . o . (p r . ser ies only) raised : educated (E)

aa"'''0l3J~'''O'''

bnblOa", 6 nil",6 " o:!)6 0 o", ",fibJo""" a",6+",b b 3"'3Job - "'3"b .. .'l66 .. 0;"
~::.a::.b::.b""'''OoJ~'' ~Jb3 ", .n

(1,,6 :!)bll~3"'or::on
.'li'l ~ 0 0; "
b"'''aJo;~ ... ob
:!)~"Mb"

a"a"'. "!l060ob "3J6 a"O"

aOJ "' Jo"~,,

01 ,.,6"'6001"
bb3"~"bb3"(l3",fi,, ~"6,,b~"fi

[a3,,6~,,]

"CJ .. 6nil6"3b

"66",ob
::'MII"~"",,,

LESSON 8

b"'I!1'"

whi le ; however [pp . ] here : by particular ly contr ibut i on bring in (pres . series irr.; see sec .

- a.:. 6
a .:. 5 b" J 11","\)0 ""'

~ 31!1"1!I" .:i 0+ "1 .6 b

5

12 . 1.3) 1960-1961
~,,; ~ " a5,,~

.:..,.:.1, ab~.:. .:. b b.:.a ~8-".,,,b b"a"'81!"O";.,,,

in two volumes published monograph characterize

Bb~.:. .:.b

a "a"'::b:)~5:)0 111!1"

a .. 6"'a"'':'5''''
~.:.~.:.b"b".:..,:)ob

8"a .. at:)11"':)011I!1" " +b,,b':'30

l!'"b"~lI"b"

exposed ; brought to light represent ; port r ay beginning circumstance; case sheepherding already agriculture leading branch to this extent discuss ; cons i der concern (+ dat . ) {VN 1I 0 b00,:"l chief (A) based specific charac t er investigati on resul t (1I:)1!'03" I!'[PP . ] as a result of) confir m different

3" .. ,,"':)0':'

a:)!.I b3""' :)"'0", 11J30 a:)111'15:)",0"

~",a1l3",6n

1!'''''''3 n

"al!':)5,,1!' ab U I!I",6b 8:)_:)1,:)0 '"

a""3""'''
I!''' a '::1""; 03111!1"

b30B"!I"J'"
6

d":)o,,
.:iOI!'03" I!''' .'' I!''' 1,1111'1:)0 b bb3" I!'''' bb 3 "

236

LESSON 8

1"3,,
SJ,.,~:.~,,!an

ty pe f e uda lis m period undergo (aor . irr .; see sec . 9 . 1 . 1) quali t ative change

... :.6,,:."'bJ~"'~:' coexistence b:.6:.

3"6 + "e~,,b

"'3 "bJ6";"3"
83~" !!!J ~:'

specific weigh t; relative impO l."t a nce 0'1:.6 ~:.., "6,,~,,., gradually

b 3J~"''' '' ''

V"6,,

<le""'J
"'~ 3J3:'

little disintegrat i on base grow ; raise sthg . ; a,,=,, 15"' ~J~:' (in trans it i ve) number
th rPAhn 1 c1
(II . )

6,,! "
a"-!";~,,b

grow

b:.~ ... ~ ,., ,.,

fina l destroy : II . conj . irr .: ~" . "ab b3"' J3'" aor. ~"(3)nabb3J"'n( -., ) , ~""ab b3"' '' . last remnant entire ; comple t e ach ie ve con te mporary process here : in order to
(+

~" . "abb3"'J3b ~J,,6 .. bJ6J~"

6 "a ... "

b"'J~"
a,., . ,,3"'3J~b

,0'1,,6 ..

aJ~ "'''' 3J

op t . )

"'3,,~6 .. .,~n3 ~"",a ... =n~aJ6b a,,6bb3"3J~"

clearly concei ve of ; imag ine d i fference here : to kn o w (see sec . 9 .1.4 ) pres . _ opt . ) (of) what kin d? (conj .

[ 3"6"~J"]

"'''a'''''''

aJa"~aJ6~ "'6 " composi t ion character b"bn"O'1"

lESSOH 9

9 . 1.

Irregul"riUea in conjugation.

9 . 1.1. Irreqularitiea In T. conjugatiOn ve rba. The nUlllbcr of ':rr~g~";:,, ~. conjug~tio" "'.rb ~ I" quite li", ited bu t aOlll4l auch rOots are extr"",ely common. ( l rregular ve rba are those verbs whose roots .~e vow"l_ lesAI s e e lIec. 5.0 . ) Most 'rr~gular 1. oonjugatl0n verbs take the so ca l led strong & or1st serieD endings:'

Acnat

Optative

taking the strong "oriat endings 4r6 those wi t h ate;!! f """,,nt .""', _,,~. and ."""" in _i.' Ve rbs in -ar.. Thera a r e about nine such root s . TheRe form the aoriat as fo r regUlar 1. conju9ation vor b A, ~xccp t th~t they take the s t rong ending.. ~x ampl ... ,
pre R~nt/fut u re

Verb~

Future
a""~,,al>
~3~a~a~
eub~ ,,~b

Aorist
a"(3)"~~()
3~~h

Optauve

dn(J)"a" , .. l
<I~"iI~l>

.~~a.ob

2"oil~6 ~3!!~36

"0
'"'
pour dre .... o.B .

~ "(3)~~nl .. )
~ ~ ~~" ~o"b~o

~o(J)~a"(") ~"~a"b
e~"bb~b

~~!!a:lb

~"(3}obb~( .. ) ~"ob b Ob ~"na3Jb

e"C31 ob b ,,( .. )
~,,( 3) "63" (,,)
~~nB3"b

~""b b b6 ~~nB36

~"~a3"ab

hb)n63 n ( .. j
~~nHJ"

Verbs 1 n _au . Thoro are ~bout t welve ~u~h root The majori t y o f the .. f orm the aor i st by dropping the pre8ent/ru t u~e stem formant and inserting _a_ 1n the first and Oecand pot'sons Of t he .. or~ ~t. Strong end ~ in'l" ar .. addOKI. Thll op t a t iv .. 1. tOIl1lec! (with strong endingll) troll t he at~ .. o f th~ ]'9. aorist (vhi~h does not hav .. th" ina .. r t~d "o><e l ). E"""'p les,
Aori~t

Op t ahve

a" (3)J<> -.:: n\"j

~ .. bJ.!Il"( .j

kill

240

LESSON 9
a"'j~.;)
r;':;'!9~':'

al"lJ~Ob
Fi~l9~Ob

al"lj~,)b

al'lJI:l.::t6

~0(3)~0.n(.)

~0(3)~.0(.)

bury

Verbs in - i .

There are about fifteen irregular

roots in - i t all but about tbree of which end in n ,

which take the 8trong endings in the aorist series.

The aorist is formed by dropping the P/FSF and inserting -e- before the root final consonant in the first and second persons only . The optative is formed from the 359. aorist (which does not have the inserted - e-) . Examples: Future Aorist Optative

aoj86nb
a,.,~':;nb

0(3):1 806n (.) oj860 ooj 86 0b

8o(3)'0~n(.)

0(3)j860(.) 00j860b 0:1 8606

8o(3)'~0(.)

create cut

a,.,!I'i\:lb 8o,~06 8o'~Ob (Note that the only common root following this pattern which does not end in n . )
There are about twenty roots with present/future stem formant - i which take the regular aorist and optative endings. These forms are irregular in that the vowel -a- is inserted after the initial consonant, harmonic cluster, or consonant + v in all forms of both the aorist and the opta tive. An example would be: Future Opta tive Aorist ~0(3)30.o(.) con,l\i:)~3~nb ~0(3)3.0() 1ii:)1M3i:)~':' 1i;)~3i:)t::I:Jb 1ii:)1M3i:)~~b 1i~~3i:)~~6 sider edu0~(3)~0~~"(.) 0~(3)~0~~0 ( ) ~~/$fIlll!"b ~CJ/$i:)~Il!;) ;)CJ/$;)MIl!:J b ;)CJ/$;)MIl!~b ;)~/$i:)~Il!M6 cate, raise Similarly, punish Il!~bxnb ai:)a~nb unwrap; spread out test a;)a~Bll!nb change a;)a"'B3~nb pay a;)ll!~nbll!nb 9.1 . 2. Irregularities in II . conjugation verbs . II . conjugation verbs derived from ir~egular I . conjugation verbs. II. conjugation verbs derived from

a,.,!,:) ,) a,.,!,:inb is

LESSON 9

241

irregular I. conjugation verbs form their aorist series screeves exactly as the corresponding I. conjugation verbs , except that they have the II. conjugation marker i - and in the 3pl . aorist have the ending - nen instead of - e8 (cf. sec . 5 . 4.1). Examples:
1. conj .

Aorist
~'(3),On(.)

Optative ~'(3),O,(.)

tie

~""o"

QI",,03b
~"(3)(II3"~I'\(II)
~"(113"~Mb ~"(II3"~1'\6

1i"(3)(II3"~J(II'1) ~"(II3"~"
II . conj.

consider

~"(113"~Jb

Aorist
~'(3)non(.)

Optative ~'(3)nO,(.)

tie

QI"nO"

~"n66J6

QI"no"b

QI"no;)6
consider

~"(3)n(ll3"~J(II)
~"n(ll3"~"

~"(3)n(ll3"~I'\(II)

~"n(ll3,,~6J6 ~"n(ll3"~l'\b

~;)nIl'13"~1'\6

(The optative may also take the e-endings shown below.)

9 . 1 . 2 . 1 . "Root" II . coni . verbs . Thi~ clas!'!: of. t't . conjugation verbs is called "root" because in the aorist series there are no affixes marking the form as II. conjugation; i.e . , there is neither a preradical vowel i - (see sec. 3.1.3) nor a suffix - d- (sec. 3 . 1 . 2). Most (a little over twenty) root II . conjugation verbs have no corresponding I . conjugation forms . Their vocabulary entry forms will be the 3sg . future . They are conjugated like all other II . conjugation verbs in all the screeves of the future and present series . In the aorist series they take the same endings as the II. conjugation verbs in - d- :

Aorist

Optative

-a

- nen

-es

-nen

24'

LESSON 9

Examples of such verbs are: anJ3~o6~ (mo=~vd -eb-a )J die; a:JB~J6.:l (se=cd- eb- a) err, be mistaken; aOb3~JOi) (Se=xvd- eb- a) encounter, meet; 8i)b~Joi) (ga=xd-eb- a)
become;
~.:lMI'i:J(,'::' (da=rc-eb- a)

remain.

An example of

the conjugation in the aorist and optative :

Aorist Optative

aM(3)33~n(.) anJ3~i) a~J3~606

aM(3)33~8(.) anJ3~Jb anJ3~606

Such verbs usually form the verbal noun by adding -oma

to the aorist stern :

~i)MI'i06i)1 aJb30~Mi) .

anJ3~nai), 008~nai), ai)b~Mai) J

but

To this class also belong the II . conjugation Iorms derived from some I. conjugation verbs with preradical vowel a- and P/FSF - ob . Examples: 1. conj.
8i),::lIlIO l'I ob
-+ -+

II. conj.
Future (35g . ) Aorist (35g . )

8i)1J'I6:)O.::.

a~qjO~ a~ClM~

heat, warm dry bake (root c:cv [sec . 1.11.11)

8i)"a':;l"\ob

8"OM00'"

8"C1M.:lBbf"lob-t- 8"C1I"1Bb3:J0':'

a~aJ'lBb3~

Relative forms of root II . conjugat i on verbs. Relative forms of root II. conjugation verbs are in fr equent and are generally formed from the absolute forms by means of the u-series indirect object markers. The meaning of such indirect objects often corresponds to the use of possessive ad jectives in English . Examples :
a~b~~ PJ~b oJ6n~ aJ'lJ3~~'

Last year grandmother died.

a~b~~ PJ~b 6J6n~ aJ'lanJ3~~'

Last year my grandmother died (lit . : grandmother died t%n me) Verbs denoting change of position. Four verbs denoting change of position follow the root II. conjugation in all forms except for the first and second persons in the aorist . These are stand up ~~~8JO~ da=dg -eb-a
~~P3J6~ ~~:x.~J6~
~~bb~J6n~6

da=cv- eb- a da=jd-eb-a da"=sxd - eb-i an

lie down sit down (sg. ) sit down (pi. )

LESSON 9

243

1, 2 aorist
(!I':'(3)C!:::d"(<n)~

aorist 3sg.

optative 3sg .

(!I':'(!Ia.:.
~oP30

(!I':' (!I30 b

~oP30b C?':'(3hojn (!I':'XC?':' (!I':' X. (!I 0 b C?':'(3)bbJ~"~ (!I.:.bb~6J6 (pl . ) Note that the verb ~':'X~Jo,:, normally takes only a singular subject referring to only one person . when the subject of the verb is plural, (!I.:.bb(!!JOn.:.6 m".lst be used. 5 When a granmatically singular third person subject re fers to more than one being ( i . e., the subject noun is a collective or is modified by a quantifier) then a special th~rd person singular fo rm (!I.:.bb(!lJ0,:, is used. Examples:

~o(3)fojn(.)

"3.:. 6 J

aJa~3n~':' ~.:. ~':'X(!l':'

a.:.~".:.a" aJa~3"(!I6J6 aJa~3n~6J6

John came in and sat down.

"3.:.6J (!I':'

(!I':' (!!.:.bb(!l6 J 6.

John and Mary came in and sat down.

~Ja" aa~o~JOn ~Ja"

(!I':' (!I.:.bb(!l6 J 6 .
t!!':'

My parents came in and sat down .

b.:.a"

aJaMO.:.~n

aJa~3"(!I':'

(!I.:.bbt!!':'.

My three friends came in and sat down .

.:.b.:.~a.:.a~(!!.:. P~3"~"

0oan3"t!!.:. t!!.:. ~.:.bbt!!':'.

1.11.1) .

The young couple came in and sat down . These four verbs form the verbal noun in - oma (':'C?8Ma.:., t!!':'XC?~a':'l t!!.:.bbC?~a.:.) or - o1.a ( ~':'P~~':'i sec .

9.1 .3. Verbs denoting position . Corresponding to the four verbs denoting ~hange of position there are four verbs denoting position . These verbs show considerable irregularity . In the present tense the endings o f the first and second persons are the corre sponding forms of the verb ' be'i in the third plural present the ending is - an or - anan . These verbs lack both the inperfect and the present stem conjunctive, substituting the aorist and optative for these. The present tense forms are: be standing
1.

be lying down
3Po30~(.) '03bo~(.)

3~a'30~(.)
~8':'b':'~(cn)

2.

244

LESSON 9

3.

~8~b 1tl8,::,G.::.6

be sitting' sing .
1. 2. 3. 331"13'::''''
~nb.-:.";

pl.
3bbJ~3.::.fi~

bhOQlh.::.llim
bb:Jl!!.::.6
~onjugation

8nb

(bbJ~b )

In the future and aorist series these verbs are conju-

gated like root II .

forms except that they

do not take any preverbs and they have the preradical vowel i- . In the aorist screeve they have the same alte rn ations as the verbs of change of position . Ex ample s : 7 Future Aorist Future
1"Il!!8Jo'::'

n~3J'::'

(3)n~J~n(.)

nt:!a"
Aoris t

n~a6 J6

(3lnPJH) nb6 J6 1"1173'::'

nbbQlJ on ..,6

nx.l!!Jo,::,
(3)nXJ~n
!"IX!!!':'
(nbb~,)

(3) nbbO(l!ncn
n bb (I! 6 06

These verbs pattern syntactically as II. conjugation forms; i.e., the grammatical subject is always in the nominative case. The verba l nouns are the same as for the corresponding verbs of change of position . 9 . 1. 4. Irregular verb l"Ienb. The verb nanb, verbal noun 8~~6~, means 'know something', ' know how ' . It corresponds in meaning to French savoir or German wiesen . In the present series nanb is conjugated like mn~nb (see sec . 8 . 1 . 6). This verb ' s irregularity lies in the fact that the subject is in the ergative case in the present series and any direct o bject is in the nominative . This is the only verb in modern Georgian with such syntax in the present series . For the fu t ure series of this verb , see sec . 12 . 1 . 3e . This verb has no aorist series ; in place of the aorist the imperfect (ne ~ ~~) is used and in place o f the optati ve the conjunctive present (n8~~Jb) is used .

9.2. Personal pronouns. As a general rule personal pronouns are used in Georgian only for emphasis or con t rast; o t herwise the verbal form itself is generally capable of marking person. The pronouns o f the first and second persons are: Ipl. we, us N.E.D. 8 J } Isg. It me
G.
~Ja

LESSON 9

245

2S9. you' Note that with the exception of the personal pronoun of t he first person singular, these are not declined ; ins t r . and adv . forms do not occur. In the t hird person singular and plural the demonstrative pronoun no or nan, pl . non6n is used (see sec . 5 . 5 . 2) . In cases other than the nominative t he initial i- is lost: 35 9 . he , she , i t 3pl. they

N. E. D.
G.
I-

nb , nan a,6
8,b

N.
E . D. G .

"bn6" , na n6 n

a,.

anb an.

When the postpositions - 8i and - ~e are added to the dative form of the personal pronoun the final 8 of a~b is not lost; i.e . , the rule given in sec . 4.4 . 1 does not apply to a~b . Compare the personal pronouns a~ bd n ' i n it ' , a~b ~ J ' on it ' with t h e demonstrative pronouns na~ d n ' in that' , na;)~~ ' on that '. Other examples of personal pronouns with postpositions are:
- tvis
fi~aIll3nb ,

d:J6cn3nb, anblll3nb j IIIJ306cn3nb , a~cnlll3nb

aJ6a ~ 6 , anba~6i
j

fi306cn3nb ,

-gan
-tan

fiJa8~6 ,

fi3J63;)6 ,
fi306cn.;)6 , cnJ306 cn;)6 ,

cnJ306a.;)6 I a~cna~6 fi~acn~6 , dJ6cn.;)6, a.;)b cn ~6

a;)IIII11~6

etc . [ . p . 247) As in Russian, the third person plurallJithout pe1'6onal pronoun is often used to give an indefinite meaning , e . g ., ~a6~6J6 'they (without an t ecedent) say' . This func t ion is similar to that of French on or German man. 9.3. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs .

Comparative . The comparative is formed 9 . 3 . 1. either (a) wi t h ~e~~ ' more ' followed by the adjective or adverb; t han is expressed by the conj unction 3n~ ~ y or (b) a noun + postposition -ae, corresponding to En glish ' than' clauses, followed by the adjective or adverb in the positive degree . Examples: The Georg ian alphabet is older than the Slavic .
I

(a)

d.;) ~ m~~n ~6&;)6" ~eA~ d3~~n~,

3n~~o b~~3~~" '

246

LESSON 9

9 . 3.2.

formed by ::I3.J~~aO ' most '

The superlative is generally (:'!:l3.:J~~ 'all' + -13 8 , i.e . , ' than all ' ) followed by the positive degree of the adjective or adverb:
~3.:J~~aO ~n~n am~ .:J3~~3~an n~~o~an~ .

Superlative .

The highest mountain in Europe is Elbrus.

A few adjectives and adverbs can also have simple forms for the comparative and superlative . These 1nelude: Positive Comparative
(a) (b) (e) (d)

J~':;8n
13.:J~n

good
bad a

.:Jj:JCrlJbn .:J.::oFi:Jb n

6f1'1l .::0
6J3~n

little

6.:o J I:!I:Jon
a:Jln

much, many
b.::o.!JJ:JG'I:Jb M

better worse less more

Superlative
(a)

(b)
(e) (d)

~3JO~J B.!J~n , H3:Jt:!.:o8;) .!J"AJbn ~3JO~J 131"113'::' , !:l3J~1)a:J 6,)J~Jon H3Jf:I.::o SO 0;)3.0'\'1 , \:!3JI::!.::o8J aJ!!I n

best .....orst

least most

9. 4 .

Wordbuilding .

9.4 . 1. The intensive circumfix u -, .... -e s . The circumfix u - ..... - e 8 added to adjectives gives the meaning ' very', 'exceedingly', 'a most'. In addition, it can serve to form a simple superlative ('the most ' ) . Examples;
~~a~an

~t!:l~a~Sobn
b~~.::.O'lI'1

beautiful

~~~a~gobn

an very exceedingly } beautiful picture a/the most

d30~n
~b~~n

old
new (A I short
deep wide

~d30~obn
;9~bl::!obn

aM JI::!J
~,:;a~ !9~AII'1M

~aMJI::!Jbn
~~~aJbn
~!9~':;II'1Mobn

9. 4 .2. The circumf i x mo- . . ... - 0 . This circumfix is added to adjectives and corresponds in meaning to the

LESSON 9

247

English suffix - ish :

~:!l';X n
!!;n!!;n

blue

bluish

large largish Many adjectives endin g in -el- or - iZ - drop the - e'L - .. - i'L - when adding the circumfix mo - ..... - 0 , Examples:
a';dJ~n ~Jon~n

long sweet

longish sweetish

Irregular forms are: pn!l1:J~n red (E)

~3n!l1:J~n

aMp n!l1~t::IM
aM!:l3nC'l~~M

reddish yellowish

yellow (E)

- (to sec . 9.2, p . 245 . ) with masdars (sec . 3.3 . 1.2) (and the present active participle; see sec . 5 . 7 . 2; 11 . 5) the possessive adjective replaces the genitive of the personal pronouns:
!I1J3:J6 a6.)bJ !I1 n b 6.)bJ

'I saw you'

>

g) J 3J 6n 6"b 3 "

'seeing you '

' you saw her '

>

an bn 6"b3 .)

'seeing her'

248

LESSON 9

LESSON 9: Notes

1. Note that these endings are the same as thos~ of the aorist series screeves of IJlja~ 'say, tell' (sec. 8 . 4) and the aorist endings of B:)a.:) ' give ' (sec. 7.4 J .

This latter verb is the only I. conjugation verb in Georgian which takes the - e ~ -es, - en endings in the
optative . Note too, that the strong aorist endings

are identical to the endings of the aorist of the II. co njugation in - d- except for the 3pl .
Two irregular verbs in - av form the aorist series 2. with the strong aorist endings, but without the insertion of a vowel: ~~~j3~3b ' mill, grind', aor ~<)(3)

SJJn(lJl) , ~<)9j3~lana ~<)~3<)3b . 'burn', aero ~~(3)V3n(IJl) ,

(!I<)~3<)

Note also that the verb ~~nB<)3b 'defend' which has c as its root in the present and future series (da=i - e - av-s) but has the .coot. cav (alLernatin<,lwith,- - au) in the aorist: ~~(3)na~3n(~) j ~~na3~ '
3. Note that although many o f these verbs have a d before the P/FSF , this is part of the root and not a marker of the II . conjugation . 4. Originally the strong aorist had no ending in the first and second persons and thus the aorist 2sg. of ~~~aJ6~ was ~~~~a . The final 9 was devoiced to k resulti ng in ~~~J ' to which the ending - i was added. ~~(3)~JJn(m) an ~~(3)1~Jn have been explained as due to analogy with ~~(3)~Jjn(m). 5. A formal imperative t o
o~e

person uses the form

(lI~l::dn~

6. The distribution of 8nb and bbJ~~6 is the same as for ~~1~J6~ and (lI~bb~J6n~6; see sec . 9 . 1.2. above. With a quantified singular subject or with a collective subject the 3sg . forms present bb:)~b, future nbb~:)6i;), aorist nbb~~ are ound. There is a strong tendency in the spoken language to use 8nb in the plural also: 3an3~':lln, 8nb~':;~, 8n~6, etc. 7. Note that the verbs o f position differ from the corresponding verbs of change of position in the fu ture and aorist sereeves only by the absence of a pre verb and by the presence of the preradical vowel i- . a. ~36 Flnri "'~b::l6 normally serve also in a vocative function. Nhen followed immediately by a noun or ad-

LESSON 9

249

jective in the vocative, however, the special forms aO and ~130 occur; e . g., aO an~~! 'you lunatic yOU!', ~J3:J t;rJ~:J~:JOI'll 'you fools you! '. Remember that ITlJ3:J6 is used speaking t o more than one person or to a single person with whom one is on formal terms. Cl06 is used speaking to a single -'person with whom one is on familiar terms . ~J33G and o:J6 pattern analogously to French VOU8 and tu or Russian
Bb!

and

Tbl .

Illustration from Veplistqaosani

(Artist: lrailiToiie)

250

LESSON 9: Exercises
1. 3"6 "enb,
~MaM~ a~b~~ ~on~nbn
n~nJMa

b~o~~m3~~Mb

~J~odo~~jn?

2.

d3J~n ~JaJ6~b ~on6obo ~o

nanG . a3nmbo~n , n~nJM I oAbJOMOb , AMa~nb anbJ~3nmo8 aJ~J

JAm ~~Jb 6o~nAM3~o. nAJan

3ob~o68 8MAaobo~n

bBo~o anbn aMJ3~o.

3.

806 "AOan 30A aMJ~O , oAoaJ~ aOA~M ~o!Ao. nA J 880 ~~Jan 8 J nAon6o . na w8J8n nAJaao n3M30 mon~n P80MM ~o aMMna. nd P80MMb m3n~ao PH~J3ao

no

4.

nMOan 8MoAnn6o . MMBo 30bWo6a 8MM8obo~ao 6obo, MMd

Jn~J3 6MBbo~no ,

nMoan rOM

5.

806 Jb bobpo~~o~ nom30~o ~o 8o~oP83nwo m03nbn obo~n ~J~ojo~ojnb nj 00J6 J oo. m~aBo 08303" nAanb oJbobJo o~3om ~JaJ6~oo , 3obWo6a 8MM8obo~n 6oa~3n~o~ oMbJoM6~o (446 - 510) ~o ~6~o n03m30~Mm bn~830 "m3 n~nbn" nmoMoo" B86 n b 60pOMaMJ60~.

6.

nanb

aJa~Ja,

MMB~ ~6a~~nan a~~~3nb~~~ml ~JbmM

~6n~~6 8~3~~n~ ~~ j~n~aJ

aJ8b3~nm.

a J5

aM~~M~5J~~~

7.

~jmMaoMnb MJ3~~~Bnnb aJa~J8 (1917) ~~a~Jbna~

m3Jan

mon~nban

aJnja5~ ~anJMJ~3J~bn~Mn

b~nan

(~6~ 3~M~~aJ6wn).

a~ban j~Mm3J~n,

~aJMo~nx~-

6J~n ~~ b~aJbn V~Ma~a~~8J5~Jon a~6~pn~JMo~5J6.

8.

28 ~3~n~b 1918 p. (~m~b BbM~~b m3~~aJW ~J~b)

bJnaa~ ~anJ~J~3J~bnnb ~Ja~JM~~n~~n SJ~JM~Bn~~n

MJb3~o~nJ~ 8~aM~8b~~~ ,

a~8M~a

Jhmn m3nb oJa~Ja

Jb 9.

~anJMJ~3Jobn~hn J~3anMn

~~na~~~.

b~o!~m~ bJ~nb~S~Jo~ b~j~Mm3J~~on 1921 (~m~b BbM~~b ~B~~JMm) PJ~b ~~a~~M~~.

MJb3~o~nJnb 6~~n~n 3~b~~.

b~j~Mm3J~~
b~Bn~~nbW~Mn ~a SJ~JM~Bn~~

~anJMJ~3J~bnnb b~O!Mm~ S~~JM~8n~~n

nb

MJb3~o~nJ~dn

~~Mn~

1936 (~m~b BbM~~b

~6~~mJJ3baJ~) p~~a~J' M~e~ b~J~M m 3J~ ~ b b~o~~m~

LESSON 9

251

b~Bn~~nbi~~n ~Jb3~o~nJ~ dJnda6~.

10 .

a~~~ A~b~~3J~n nJA~b~~nadn ~~6~~ noA~b~~nanb

3~60~~ ~~~a~JOa

a~~~~n83~~~'

nb

X3~nb a~6~b.JAan ~~a~~bOb.

.30~b~bSu~ ~ b~6nn

11.

d~~~ ~~b~~30~nb

n6a~nb~A~~ 3~~~m~~aa6~
a~AXMAn ~~~~AM3nb

~~ m~3nbn m~Aaa~6n
an~d~36~ .

bbM36~b

12 .

b3~~ b~~MdI&Mr:iM ~n b J";IJ~en~ ~6~~

3~MSJbMAo6nb

1!'~3nB3~

jManbnnb oJ3An

pn6~aJ n6~~ p~A3~3J I!'~ ~a ap3~6n~n na~I!'Oo~ . JM~aJ~A6JMOOOan

ap3~ 6J ~MonMb

3f'\ M SJbM~J6a~ ~61!'~ a~aMae~I!'~6.

13 .

b~J~f'\m3J~Mdn b~d~Am3J~Mb
~~~d6nb,

bn~n ~~

3~3~ nbJ~n~ , p~~aI!'J

3MaOMbWMb~

f'\Ma
~~

aJnd~Jo~ p~nl!'~6
~~nb ,

3~na~~~Mb Bn~~~bJonb ,

aMb~3'-:'l::In.

14. 15 . 16 .

dJGn

J~~na3n~n

I!'~

3~~na3n~n

nbO

~6~~ ~~a~A~M,

A~a ~~3~an.-:.6Jon a~aM3n~6J6.

3MaOMb.M
~d3J~Jbn

~~ ~MOnM ~O a~an~~gJ ~~~3n ~~ ~~XJdn!

J~Am~~n P~ApoAJon aMn3M3Jo~ :~~~~~
oJ~~Janb ~b~Mb nbA~J~an.

a~6~b~JAan

nbnGn

17.

18. 19 . 20 .

poApJAJOa J d3J~no . JM6BJA~gJ b~~ nbbJ~nm? aJ bBo 6nb ob~~b , aJb.-:.aJ ~naan 3nXJJ", bM~M an3n ~~ anbn BM~n .-:.n36nb ~3.-:.6.-:.bJGJ~ Anaon nbb~6J6 . ~ 3Jn~JoA"3 ' ~Jdhda>:laJ ~l!~J 3P3Jon , aooA.-:.a a~dn6 a.-:.ba J a3 n >:l6 ~>:I3PJJn . 8~an6 MAn Js6MOn j>:ls n ~Jab J~6'MA~a" aJdM3n~.-:. ~.-:. l!.-:.bbt!0' J~~n aJMAJgJ bJJ~n ~.-:. a.-:.~~~n nHM .
b~b.-:.a~A m~Md n ~~Jb nH~3nm? l!n~b , bob.-:.c.-:.";m~ Md n

oM~6nbnb w~d";nb

3nbbJt!nm ,
OAo~t!Jo~~n

~MB'-:'

aMb.-:.a.-:.A~~Oa

oAd~60,

~MO

bn33~n~n~ ~>:Inb~XMb.

21 . 22.

Jb .-:.6aoAndn b.-:.(!
bO~O~Man .

aO~~3nb'-:'~M?

- nJ

a.-:.~.-:.nb'-:'t!J'
- oA~

mJ3J6 AJ3.-:. g x.-:.s~";ndJ J6~.-:. nHMm! d.-:.b ~~ 3ne6MO . - oMl!nob 3ob(!o!

OOllM6M ,
A03~g

d03S!!" I

252

LESSON 9

1~!~MndJb a~M~~ OM~bJ~ aJ3b3~nt

~~ ~J3J6 ~~ a~b

onMnb
23 .

~n~n

aba~3bJo~~.

b~8Ma~~M~oMn3n

3nMMOJon

b~J~M~3JeMan

3600360b~8~6n

eM36~~ aJnB3~~~ JM~JJ.n3n~~Bnnb aJa~Ja.

24.
25 .

3M~n~nJ~8J ~~ n~~3~M~JJoJ6 .

dJ6

b~~oMnb

~6~~ aJB3~eM.
b~j~A~3J~M JM~ - JM~n ~d3JOJbn b~bJ~apnSM~~a~6n~ .

jMnb.n~6~on

J~M~3Jen aJ~J anMn~6n

330

~.

(b,a,b
26.
27. 28 .
~3J~~a p~~on

eB~"" PO~b) a~JMnbWn~6~~, J on.,

dMnb~n~6n a~b~~.

"Bnb , AMa

M~bJonb~

~~

oJMd6Jonb
~Mn~6.

aba~3b~~,
aMm6M~ ,

d~Mm3JeJonB a~M~~a~~n~J30JOn

~3J6n j~o~dnb a~n6~MJan a~3~~b]OMOnm

aJaM~aMaMonm

Moaan

M~~Ma

~3~b~M?

3" aMBn3M~ . Moadn 3~a~3~M

bn~nb

bnob oj 6~ ~n~~OMO! bOJM~aJ]M6J M oatoAon ~n~no6. 29 . 30 . 31 .

m] J6~o aM3J3~Jm ,
3~M~JbM~a~ b~ar~bo~~~ ,

b~~n~oo~ .

bOJJJmJhn bnob

b~a~~a~~b~m3nb a~3J3~Jm l
b~ma~
!~3!~3odJ ~M~nb 30b~bn O~

~JJJa~J~an ~nbJ~.~en~ ~~3"e03".

a~aMae~~~. ~MB~

aJnmbJb,

n~n~

~onoo~o ~o ~M~nb 8~~~one30~OM ,

3nBM~n .

32.

ob~o ~6~o ~~3nB30' aM3~J6 .

~~~ao6o B

b~~a~J6n aO~J ~3n6M ~~~bbnl

M~O~,~] aJnd~J6o,

~3J6b b]~~oaJ ~3J~oa OJ3~n ~6~o ~o~nMb .

33.
34 .

"J30ob
3nb~n ,

b~~n'~o ",a,~,
3J~

3,6 ,J60 ?

-- .e~,8b

35.

a03n3J "m~a~~o" Mob 6na603b? b~SMnb m~a~~o nboo, 3n6e b~~~Ja~dJ~MJon ~6~o ~~Ma~mJ3ob . nb oMnb b~BMnb bJ~ad~3~6J~n, a03MOa nb aob3n6dJ~n 8M3J~m3nb o~ oMnb. nanm, bon~o6 aM~nb bn'~30 "b~~~J8MdJ~M"? -- ~n~b , Jb bn~~30 a~~nb b~~3n~n~~6 , MM8 mj306n
~~JJ6n 8MdJ~n n~Mb.

LESSON 9

253

36.

Jb

J~~~ ) ~n ~nG~~~~Jo~ ~~~a~~J3n!

n

"o~~~~n ~~~~an
a~a~~a 3J~

~nHn60ob .

38~n~~o, ~~a p~~an3~J3~1

~~~a~3~j3~a .

3?

m~a~~ ,

8~bn3 1

~j ~~xojn!
a~b3~~~ '

3~3~J ~~ aJ~J~

~j

~~bb~o6n~G,

~a ~n8an,

b~~~e

h306
aJb)~J

3bbO~3~M~.

38 .

MM8~ ~J~~~an 3nbb~J6n~ .

h306

Anaon
~~oM)6~n .

39 .
40 .

aO

~~o~~

3npOJn , 6MJ .

~M~Jb~8

oJ6 en6

~Jan aJ8~6MJ6n ~n3~6~J bbJ~~6, b~~ ~"b

a~a~~a ~M

3"8" ,

Portrait of Queen Tamar I . Toije

254

LESSON 9

Vocabulary
balcony (Al story, news; information;
thing;
1. 11. 1)

at Georgian
banquet)

(gen .

warm month
en;!) 0onJC!oo", if possible
(= please)

;:.aonb; sec .

billiaccount; calculation
(A)
1:>3~nen 1:>b~Mb

deer (El

so, thus; nb J ... Ml"la J1:>6IjMFi;::, JI"'lr:!OJ13 n 3 n -

April
near [pp . ]
market (A)

01:>8",fln
ai)~1:>~n
ol"l~nan

frog

8.::Ja n ;:,
J"~aJ~"6J
3nbQln

so ... that office collectivization

collective
farmer (ko!-

excuse; apology
(oM~nab

excuse me)

khoznik)

a~O~QI;)O~e'n

accused

3Mt:!83JMGO"'Oi)

collective
farm (ko! khoz)
cabbag~

81>81:>sbJe n

a"d;)e n

spring long CadY .

irr . : af'ldr::!,')(?)
December eEl

3M8ol"lbWI"I

commission
beans (collec -

QlJ8MJr:i1:>wnJf:!n democratic

(!nbo"'ta1:>Bn1:>
(!IMJlGMf'ln
;) . n . =

dissertation
doctor (Ph . D . ) i.e., that is
a;::.nbn a;::.nGe

tive) still; howev er; at least

Ob O

nan

May
Orthodox (person) (cf .
a;::'':IIJ1;::.~n (A)

JFi01-J,:icnn

one (of several) (see sec . 10.4 . 3)

a;::."IIJ1 ~a ;::. ~n~:JaJ~n

JMcnbJt:!
11'11:>31:>8 no:>6 n
In'::'

one time; once polite toastmaster (especially

a;::.b3n6oJl!!ln

true and
~n~Jo;::,

glory , (E)

a1:>

(!l1:>

praise) host (E)

LESSON 9

255

aMu.:)3.:)C!ln aMb.:)a':)MIl'le:!O CJba.:)3bn

harvest . yield judge similar ; aba.:)3bo::.QI [pp.] similar to, like; aba.:)3b06.:) similarity, resemblance greens (veg etables) real; actual derivative; work October (E) parliament condition politics revolution row; order; series; line subject; object (= Ger.

b.:)b~a.:)FiIl'l~M

b.:)bV.:).:!)~n

b.:).:!)o.:)Mn bonan

court miracle conversation

(A)

bnJ3Q1nC!ln
bJM3n~n

bO:J~n

be:J 6 ,
1i':)lbFln

a~3o::.6"~,,

II H:J
J13 GMO "
50Ql;)M.:)B"~~n

G.:)aIl!3 nC!l" 6.:)p':)MaM;)O"

H~Md06"

-OIl- a6 :J"n
3M'ie:!.:)a06 8 " 3,,1'1 (1\ 0.:)
3M~n~"J.:) ":;J31'\~~BM

aOal"l~al"la;:,

13 n 3" B"I1":;:!lbn
pn6.:)~;:,~;)0.:)

Mna n b.:)a.:)6n

13l"1e b ;:'l::In

Gegons tand~ Russ. npe,Q- ~;:,,.:;a(l\a;:'QlaoGoe:!" representaMeT) (A) tive ( E) inscription toast b>:)Qlt::IOaMdJe:!M P'~V:JM' [pp.] in b;:'~(I\a;:'~(I\;)oMn3nsocial ~,,6.:)a;) whence front of ; b;:,n~.:)6 cashier ' s opposite b;:'t:!.:)!li n leader [booth] bO!!:!ad~3;:,GJI::I"

diet (= parliament) ; seim death wish fat stage cathedral; temple (A) forest unknown federated grape(s) (col lective) (E) autumn cold (adj .) ci trus frui t sentence ; clause living; alive, lively (A)

256

LESSON 9

b"t::!"
b"'I!:1'"

fruit

3~blib58 8"'~8bbbt:!n

[m.] [L]

and; but; however (ef. Russ. a)

bb"'3 5 t>

memory

3;:)5 0';" ;r)'; 1I CL:. a:J

n~n31'1

cross {A} X3"";'" climate 5'::'3" 2. :Ja1~:Ja n Bethlehem ol'lt::\5nhn

nbill,:,;)!'!]" Israel

Em. ;
[m.] [m.]

from n t:!n 0::.]

8ntlln.,6n
'00
I'l 0'1 .,,;

Noah [m.]
n

Xb 19" iIlnd :J

(surname)

Verbs
n(!!8:J6":~8"b

i-dg-eb-a: pro
dga-s da=dg-eb-a 9ar+dg-eb-a

be standing (see sec.

9.1.3) stand up (sec. 9.1.2) appear before (+pnS;::.Clo)

~b(!!806b

P.,';(!!80;:.

(!!b(!!8.:. 8b

(sec. 9.1.2)

dga-, dekzib~M~nb

da=dg-am-s see dgsee 'jd-

put down

ag=z1"d-i-s
ga"'2!'d-i-s
mo=~vd-eb-a

raise; bring (S.D.) up

80 M!.'?" b
8"'33l'?:JOb

raise (s.o., sthg.); grow (sthg.) die

kill

(VN a"'J3~ .... a!:

8Mj!'!Jb3b

mo=p-av-s
da=marx-avs mona9ile-ob-s

l'!"a.,iIlb"3b

bury participate (only pres, series)

a",s"pnt:!;JMob
6:''l~nl''ll'lob

"3"'3(5),,b:
31'l;r)!'!JI'I2.b

hunt nadir-ob-s i=pov(nJ-i-s; pres. find t'0ulobs (VN 31"13 5 ~) mo+i-pov-eb-a be found (only pres. series) i!:ie+rb-i-s: fut. i!:ie+i-l"ben-s

a",,,3"'3J':'
dJillonb:
CI:Jn,<,o:J6b

run into (see Lesson

8 , note 3)

LESSON 9
{!I.:> ~ f):JO,:>

257

da=rc - eb- a

(VN

remain
be healed

a Mfl f):J 0 .:> aM M Gb tl f):J {!I.::..:>bb.:>ab nbb[!!:J6n.:>6: bb:Jl!!.::.6

t!'.)bb~:Jon.:>6

(!I .:>Mf):J6.: me=l'C:; - eb-a (VN aMfl f):J 6 .: me=a- reen - s (aer . E ->- I) da=a - Bx - am- s i- sxd- eb- ian : pr . sxed- an da=sxd- eb- ian

heal, cure pour be sitting (of more than one) (see sec . 9.1.3) s i t down (of more than one) (for aorist see sec . 9.1.2) punish ; condemn create c r oak dissolve; take apart ;
di s sect know (sthg . )
9 . 1.4)

sxed~.:>GxnG

see sxdda=sJ - i-s se+kmn - i - s

qiqin - eb - s (VN
~n~n6n)
da=~~ - i - s

d:jJ86nb
~n~n6:Job

i - a- i - s

(see sec .

da=i - a- av- s(aor . defend ; protect l!!" b )nS.)3 n (U1 ) I l! .::.nB 3 .: a .::.aMBt!'nb
~ :JSt!'Oo"

gamo=ad - i-s
s e ~ cd - eb - a

Gt!'nt:l M ob

cdit - ob- s:

test , e xamine (s . o . ) err, make a mista ke (al imperfective : f ut . :JBl!!:Jotl

I

e - ad- e b - a, aorist (3) :Ja'::'{!I:J(m)

:JS'::'{!I'::' ; (b.) perfec -

tive : fut. (b)aC?nb (s - )ad- i - s , aor. bHb)a"t?:J ( m) , (b)e.::.t!''::' (may take id . o . marker s - without any t ry id.o . ) (get) dress (ed) ; dress ~.) na3.::.ab ca= i- cv - am- s
~e=cvZ-i - s

(o.s.) change pass away (=die)

8t1 f1 {!1.:>na3~:J0.:>garda+i - avZ - eb - a

258

LESSON 9

aer o
- ('\B3"~'>

a~a~~Bb"~J6bgamo=a - cxad - eb - s
an~dt:'36nb

proclaim
dedicate sthg . to s . o. /

mi - u - jgvn - i - s
see
(fu -

sthq.
t;!ev

(fek n~3J3" : ~J3b

see 91' -

i - c;v - eba : pr o r;ev -s

da""~v-eb - a

be lying down (see sec .

9 . 1.3)

[ll"P300.l
a~t!!~p i:l30~b

lie down; go t o bed (see

gada=qqvQt - s (aer . E + I)
da=~1' - i - 5

sec . 9.1.2) decide

wound; cut (bread, etc . )

t!!~5r:.nb

(aer . irr .: see sec .

9 . 1.1 )

ga=zd- eb- a
a;:'t!!,:,n b Qlnb
8 J b 3I!'JO':'
nx.t!! J0 ., : ~nb

become (+ Nom . ) ; be
transfo r med into ( + Adv . )

g ada:::i- xd- i - s e=(H- )xvd-eh- a i- Jd- eb- a:

pr . zi- s

pay
encounter, meet ( s . o . )
be sitting (o f o ne) (see

sec . 9 . 1.3 )
sit down (of one]
_ ~_ see

da=j d - eb- a

sec . 9.1.2 )

jek -

see jd -

LESSON 9

259

Key to the Exercises

1.
2.

Who knows how Tbilisi became Georgia 's capital?

Ili~o knows. Tell us, Iliko! An old legend exists, according to which King Vax tang Gorgasali was hunting one day. He saw a deer and tried to kill it [its killing] . He couldn ' t kill the deer, but rather only wound ed it . The deer ran into the forest . In that forest the deer found a warm spring , and there it was healed. The warm waters of that spring cured the deer . When Vaxtang Gorgasali saw that the deer still is alive, he considered it a miracle and decided to build (VN) his new capital there . Although the story about the deer probably is a legend , Vax tang Gorgasali really existed, and we must consider the word 'Tbilisi' as d derivative of the verb tboba . After (after that, when] we paid the bill we went out of the restaurant and we unexpectedly encountered you on the street . [In] several months after the October Revoluation (1917), the Transcaucasian Diet [seim] (or Parliament) was created in Tbilisi. In it Georgian , Azerbaijani, and Armenian representatives participated . On 28 April 1918 the Diet eroclaimed the Transcaucasian [Transcaucasus'sJ Democratic Federative Republic , but after one month this Transcaucasian union was dissolved. Soviet power was established in Georgia in 1921. Georgia became a part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic . It remained in this federated republic until 1936 when the Georgian SSR was created . Sota Rustaveli passed away in Jerusalem. They probably buried him there in Jerusalem ' s Monastery of the Cross . Venera Uru~aje translated ~ota Rustaveli ' s Vepxistqaosani into English (adv.), and she dedi cated her translation to Marjory Wardrop ' s memory . I must defend (my) doctoral dissertation tomorrow. I must appear before a commission of professors and these professors must examine me . In Georgia many fruits and greens grow . Georgia's climate is such that in collective farms the harvest of citrus fruits, grapes , tea, cabbage and green beans can grow from year to year (-mde) . You must raise your daughter and son so that they grow up [come out] polite (nom . ).

3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

10.
11.

12 .
13 .

14 .

260

LESSON 9

15. 16 .

17.

18 . 19. 20 . 21. 22.

23 . 24. 25 . 26. 27 . 28 .

29 . 30 . 31. 32 . 33 . 34.

Put down the cabbage and beans on this table and sit down . The oldest Georgian inscriptions are found in a Georgian monastery in Israel near Bethlehem . They are older than the inscriptions of the Bolnisi cathedral. Where were you sitting at (-z e ) the concert? r was sitting near the stage, in the third row, and Givi and his wife were sitting in the last row of the balcony. Ordinarily I go to bed earlier than my brother , but yesterday I went to bed later than he . Yesterday two unknown men came into my office and sat down. One was fatter and taller than the other [the second]. Were you all in the court today? Yes, we were sitting i n court when the judge ordered that the accused be executed [punished by death]. Where am I to pay this bill? Pay it there , at the cashier ' s . You must be Revaz japarije ! -No , sir, I don't know him . - Excuse me! I erred! I met Revaz Japarije only once , and between you and him there is a great resemblance . Social conditions in Georgia significantly changed after col l ectivization . If they will speak about (-z e) politics , you must change the subject of the conversation. Georgia is one of the oldes t Christian states . The Georgian king Mirian was Christianized, i.e . , became a Christian, in 330. Everybody knows that , similar to the Russftn's-an-dd- - - ' the Greeks, the Georgians, too, are Orthodox. The water in our city ' s river is warmish in the spring; in the autumn, however, it is coldish. Why are you standing in line? I am standing in line to buy [some] fruit. Don't buy fruit here ! They sell the best fruit at the collective farmers ' market . If we must die, let us die for (our) native land ! In December I defended my dissertation. Five professors examined me . Unfortunately, when they asked me when Ilia ~av ~avaje was born and when he passed away , I didn ' t know the answer. I must get dressed now, because the guests will soon come . Otar, if possible, pour the wine. At (-z e ) our banquet everyone must drink a l o t . Who will be tamada at y o ur banquet? Excuse me, I couldn ' t understand . What does tamada mean? The tamada [toastmaster] o f a banquet is that one

~SWN 9

261

35.

36.

37.

38 .
39 .
40.

who must propose [pronounce] the toasts . He is the leader of the banquet, but he is not always the host. Do you know whence the word Badge grj eLo [toast] comes? Yes, this word comes from the wish that your days may be long . Pronounce this Georgian sentence! ' The frog croaks in the water . ' I am trying to pronounce it [that I pronounce it], but I can ' t pronounce it. Tamara, please sit down here . Paul and Medea will sit down here in this row where we are sitting. When you will come to the theater, we will be sitting in the fifth row . I probably was in bed [was lying down] when you return ed home . My friends are sitting in (- ze) the balcony, but I do not know where Noah is sitting .

262

LESSON 9

Reading Passage

LI.)j.>MmJDc:'MU lou Mnu3n2>eoJ" ~'}u,)3~Dcnf)(7) '3"3 ~3olL Du.:a\c:'3M3 ~t ~~o~DO')(')(7J ~'OLDO'IoL Lenu MDu3nbt:'flJ.)1" <J~,)L6'M~~nL abo>An, ~~,)"~~DMjD"D(7)nL ,). r'l., ~~M~~~~D(7)olt ~M. ~M~ro

<::'(")30 MunomL .;,l,~. r..)r.Saln-ori3'Odocnnl.. ~~ ~,) ~~nLO&M.t ')uL), ~aML.:.3t:'DO')C'KI') <!',) ~aMl.o,)3t:'Dm-k3~3crnKn .:.'bDMO.)('lI,,60L LLA, ~(,,)<:'M L-XI&MD(7)ocn - LMab;)Ulot.. LuA \!',) (n'::lMJDoW. 2 iJ,)J~3Dt:'MU LLM ODMnO~oL cn~I1lMOO 1911 (),)63c'mL.xna nL 70 n. J3. Jnt:'Ma3~i'lL 'Ot!'MC'l(!l,)' 3 L.:.a,)~33~L u~ ODMn6MMooL tN\c:'3MDoOO a3b'00')3~~t!'D '3"31') 'bC?3oL 6.,3oMD01o &.:lut?D3u. bMc:'M MOOt. a3b'00)3t!'.,a~3 - b30t:'Dcnu. 4 L,)a~3Dt:'ML M'C)UOO')O').:lj '3D3~3o.,at?3 "'3360 a3D~()('IL 30MD001i L33MO<::",t")U (!I,,3M'\:lJot?D0c::'MOnL.xD3oL 9~(O)D0'Ot:'(1 m,)3\!'~3o'O<:::'f' OMd~<::'()1>o .""'"a3<::' ~'~'o <!,o<!, aL~33.<.3c:'> oV333<!" <!', ~3t.~>o ah>3~obM3,)6o aMu.. 6t:'Df"'o') 0),)6t!'.)O),)6 aOnM\!'30Mt?,) b"t:'tlOtJ b'3~ t,?.>h033oL, 3.>lh,bt:'DonL,) t!'o,) u..b:lt:'3i()IllMU ODAnoM~ Ii.:oV()t:'(lu aoMoL an3'" anO>03 bnL '3<!'33><1" 5 X I I I u.:o'OJ~lioL 3nA3De::' 6.:o~D3~'3n u.:o3~3Dt:"MIJ aMIJ.:obt:'DM~ an<:'<lMliM~)oO'l ('IO)3<:'I'l(!lliDIi, bMCM X I X L.:o'OJ'OlinL ~.:oa(!lD3L,:). I'l. L.>j~0')3Dt:'ML ~'OLDmO').:o1i '(IDDA.:"D~nu 3M3DbOnL.)O')3nu, (l3n DJ3~Ln .)O').:ou u'O~ M(!Ib.:o3 ~Da~Oi'>M(!I.:o. - - - - -- 6 L.:o3.:.Mm3Dt:'MIJ A'OIJDmm.:o6 '3DDMO')Di'>.:o3 n~L6.:o 3.:.Mm3Dt:'n ~<:,bn Ill~ ~nJ'Oc'm 3Mu.3ni'>nL.:o3.:o6, ~'t~630t:'l:In 30MnL 3nOM anO.:oQD0'Ot:'f' 00MooMMnD0nL Ii.)Vnc::nL 'OJ.:o1i (!I~liO~. bOC::;O 'aD'OV~(9) OJMliM31'lJnw ~ .r.:It:'O'OMoU a.:oli3~D0..L. 3ML.:obc:'DMOnU MOO~3nL \~.)L . 7 IJ.:o03MO bDt:'nL'OcncoooL (!I~l:I~Oool. '3D3(!103 33Dl:IlinL DJMIiM3o'OMn (!I.:o .r.:Ic:'O'OMrit:'o ~a.:o3c::"Mo.:o LVM.:ocn.:o(!l 3.)clcnDM(!I.:o (!I.) 3ML.:obt:'DMOOU M.:oMt?OIiMO.:oO a61'l'336"OCM36~ 3.:on\~.:o . B L.)3~0'l30CMIJ ut..A aMu.:obt:'OMO.:oIJ L.:o03MO'l.) bOc::nL'OcnC::DonL ~.:oal:l'>"'nM <!''''..., 2.4 iIot:"""60 l.-o~ ""~36Mb"", ,63""",~636, ~~~ J9599t:'OU 15 n')li3Mnu.:o0')3oL 4 anc;:-ot"'lli u'OC't. ~Oa,)OD o MG' ,). O. " . 67% 2o')0\,)M~,) . 3(9)L,)bt:"OMooL 'bM~') 3Mb~.:o MM3MMO 3nLn 0'ObooMoa'" a~O~IJ, oLO aoJ')linJ'OMn 'bM(!InU '3D(!I03.:o(!l 9 3MJ,)31nAO MDL.}'00t::'()JD&IJ 'aMAnL L.:o3~O'lao~ OMen-DMmn 1:133<:'.:0a3 n(!lMM(!I (!I.:oIJ,)bt:'D0'Ot:'o 3301:l.:o b.:o.:o. oc'.m JJ~M.:oOn c:' JI'lC'l"l aOOM\ 3 L.:oJ.:oMm30t:"I"l"ao u,)'3'::P<:'M(!! 6"13M aJOn aUbl"l3MOOn arl(!l"1,. (58 u'O<:,o). 3n(?M3 I",I",M J.:o3'3nM'3n aO')t:'I'l.)6~ .

"D

LESSON 9

263

Vocabulary
1
b b';
8I"1G~b!!:!JI"I3~
f!!.:;,G':;'3~Jcnncn

~ G.:;,3~l"Icn.:;,

bI"lBn.:;,~nb~~t:1 n t:1Jb3D6~n3nb (cf .f!!.:;, b':;'3~J<nn

population on the west

'west')

3('3':;'
JG.:;,3(,3t:1J6~
ht:1f!!n~I"IJ<nn<n

sea (sthg.) adjoins/borders on (sthg .)

(dat.) on the north (cf . Krasnodar

nt:1f!!n~I"IJcnn

'north ' )

bSb Jt:1.:;,G61"1f!!.:;,t:1n 8b.:;,t:1J nJt:1:b 3 Jcnn

= b.:;,6~l"Icn.:;, ~Jf!!Jt:1':;'BnD~n bI"lBn.:;,~nb~~t:1n

region, area; side (A) (Russ. krai) Circassia

= ':;'3~1"161"18n ~t:1n

I"I~Jn

8.:;,3.:;,t:1f!!I"I - o':;'~8':;'~JcnnKabardo-Balkaria

.:;,bbM
n.:;,n6Jcn-n6a~ClJC"ln

= ':;'3WI"l6I"1an~t:1n b.:;,o!l"Icn.:;, bI"lBn.:;,~"n~b~i~]~; nC-______ '"

t:1Jb3Do~n3':;'

f!!.:;,C!nb w .:;,6n b.:;,8bt:1Jcnn

2
~':;'M01l"1on

land of Chechens and Ingush Daghestan (A); .:;,bb, misprint, =.:;,bbM south area = ':;'01.:;,b Bbt:1.:;,.:;,b O1Jt:1018 Jw n

1911

p.

p~nb

n.:;,63.:;,t:1n

70 .:;,cn.

January (A) = b.:;,8I"1Bf!!':;'':;'cn .:;,cn.:;,b (70,000)

~ J3':;'f!!M':;'WD~n

33
Df!!Mn b

imperf.

square is equal to (dat.) (Pres . ser. only)

Df!!t:1nf!!':;'

3
8Jb~01Jf!!n

6.:;,3nt:1n

fifth (fraction) shore follow ; run along (sthg . ) (da t.) (only pres.) dry land

a.:;,bl!!J3 b [ga+s- dev -s]

baJ~Jcnn

264

LESSON 9

4
al~Oo~~6

struggles

with the enemies

o~d "' t::!oon

~~a"')Jn~oo~",o~ p~r'iaI'lJo)~n

independence
here : undertaken

al"3 C!''' t:'::J 0 !l~n

bi)~bn

self - sacrif icing

people
sacrifice
evoke; cause

abb301'13t::1n
a.:.al"l "" n~3:J3b
l'It:'ob~i)a

at one time; once

(cf . a";"3;:,~n ' many', ' numbe r ')
r'ineb3n

a"'''3i)~ ~ nab ''''' 3.:l6nnumerous

cn,,61!.lcn,,6

gradually; by degrees small

ae n ';;)
bClnAn
(!li) D"':;003 b

frequent destroy; devastate

expel

B\:I=.::ob.:obCl:::J b

a"-"'la"I3Jo b
aJ~Jo'~ [pp .
5

capture

as a result (et. CiJI!'.:Jan 'result , conse quence ' )

XIII
6 ",b::J3':'I'1"
a"t:lnMGI'IOnln
~,, "' naI3t::!n b

half

(A)

in millions
count
=

XIX
{?.:l8 Cl'::Ja"

beginni ng (of a t i me- period) ; Cl'"al!::J8b at the beginning

moment [ 600,000] soul (here : person; cf. Russian hardly; scarcely

8Ma:J6.n ::d3b"bn i)O'I"b"

b!lc:!"
1'I (?6.::t3

~ywa)

"(!! +Oa"IJJi)

surpass; excede [reI . II . conj . J

LESSON 9

265

=nbb6nb

al'l=b3 l"'1ob
~~fIi!l63;)C!~M

set free: save annihilate; destroy

[secured (3sg. aor.)] (see sec . 15.1.6)

8ntIJ<:>(3J 6 !lc:!n
~,:~o~~60ob

captured
return (sthg . ) to (s . o . ) (!lJ.:J6 QI.:.ol"\~6J6.:::o
' return' VN)
(s . o . ) (daL ); give (s . o . ) a hand

i9Jm,ryV~l'lob b;)~bhelp

a.:.63nm.:.fliJo,:,
flinab3n
7
.)~a.:::o3c:!1'I0,:,

development

number; amount; quantity

rise; progress
fast; quick

bp,:;.,sn
a.:. =.:.dc:!nJI"lJob
fIi.!l 1'1 QI 06 1'1 0'") 8
~tIl l'\ b

make strong; increase

quantity; amount

86n836JC!M36':'QI considerably
here: at the t i me (of)
8nc:!n1"'l6 n

2,4

-=

I"IMn anC!nl"l6n I'lcnb.::.bn .:IcrI.:. bn

';':'f"lQ';)61'10 nln

here: at (a quantity)

.,68.::.I"1n oI"l0 0
i)~-Ja':"JO,')

angari s- ob - s count ; here: reckon

= .,~ .:. b

abM.).::ob

~~ a ~a~~Bb~~a JI "

exceed
b~a~B~~83n~n 3~~Bo6i"m

67% 81"1=bQl:J6.::o

f'11'l8 Ml'ie
n

. ,

occur (root II . conj . ) both ... and .. natural addition; increase mechanical here : Union (i.e ., of the Soviet Union) o ne (among a number) compact ; dense

b:J .. .

6!J6Joflin3n

80)10 0 ':'

a::d.:. 6n J!Jflin
9

8MJ .)3 8 nfli O

JMf'I - 3':IIJI n
a!nQlt'.1'l

266

LESSON 9

~ .., b .::.b ~30:!J~n

b..,a~,')C!..,

settled mean; average 6 times inhab i tant; dweller

here : the re are

:Jj3 b X:JI'i

8e br'l3""oon
a M ~nb

58

r'I,; ar'lB~b ~ 3,;..,aJ~n

3 n l!MO 8cn C!n;:. 6 n

t han ent i re , a cn C!n..,6.., ~ as a whole

REGIONS OF TIlE GEORGIAN SSR

I. j,)~a:u;:::::o 2. J,)~ J O)n 3. aJ~tJam-.1,)J,)~J(J)n 4. naJ6!Joon
6/ fra . G!0(in J.)3J.:I~nrrl6n 7. .)C7jt.)Cb)cnn

8, .)~.),.) 9. L,)a~~Jcn-CI1LJaln

S.

o~6m.) -L,)aJo6JJ~(T1

M]6:Jcnnb b,-,O!ncnb ~:J~:J '; "'B n ~C! n

b r'l o n..,C!n b~ ~';n M :Jb 3 ~ 3C!nJ '"

(l'ib Sbl'i )
7 6
.-./

....... 6"

267

LESSON 10

10 . 1 The perfect seri e s of J . and III. conjuga tion verbs. The third ser i es of Georgian verbs is tradit i onally called the perfect series in Western grammatical literature . This name, unfortunately. is not very appropriate since there is not much equiva lence between the Georgian perfect series sereeves and English forms with similar names, such as the present perfect and pluperfect (or past perfect). As will be seen below (sec . 10 . 1 . 3) , the main nuance of the pres ent perfect is the inference of an event having occurred in the past, while the pluperfect is used mainly to de-

no t e unreal (counter- factual) events in the past. The perfect series of I . and III . conjugation verbs is characterized by a phenomenon called inversion, in which the grammatical subject is in the dative case (and marked in the verb by formants which mark in direct objects in the other series of the verb) . Di rect objects (mainly with I . conjugation verbs) are in the nominative case . Unlike the present-future and aorist series, the verb by itself cannot mark an indi rect object: indirect objects are paraphrased , generally by a noun in the genitive plus the postposition - tviB . In contemporary Georgian only two screeves are generally e n countered in t he perfect series . These are called the present perfect and the pluperfect . I The present perfect is based upon a stem generally de rived from the future stem , while the stem of the pluperfect is identical to the stem of the aorist . since perfect series forms occur most commonly with a third person direct object, we shall present t he conjugation of perfect series forms first with such an Object (or , as in the case of most III. conjugation verbs , with no direct object at all) .
10 . 1 . 1 . Perfect series with third person direct object or wi th no direct object. The subject markers of the present perfect are:
12. 3

sing . migi -

u-

pl. gvig1- . . . . . - t u- . . . . . - t

Note that these are identical to the u-series indirect object markers of present , future, and aorist series forms, except that there is a formal difference be tween the third person singular (u - ) and the third person plural (u - . . . . . -t), a distinction not found in the

268

LESSON 1 0

u-series indirect oh;ect markers ( cf . sec . 7 . 2 . 2). If the 8ubj e at in the dati vB shows number agreement in the 3d person, the direct obj ect in the n o minativB does not show 3d person number agreement . The marker of a~'rd person di r e ct o bject (singular or plural) is: - i-a ,consisting of a suffix - -

and the short form

cially

the 35g. of the verb 'be': - a .

( e. g. ,

With verbs with P/ FSF - a m or - av , the marker is offiwith loss of P / FSF and object ending - i - a ) are also found . The ending - i - a also occurs with all III . con jugation verbs in the present perfect; i.e ., all t . and III . conjugation verbs have such a marker if there is no direct object or if there is a third person direct object. 10 . 1 . 1 . 1 . The present perfect stem. The stem of the present perfect is based on the future stem or both I. and III. conjugation verbs . All preradical vowels and all person and number markers are dropped . The P/ FSF is dropped in the foll o wing verb types: a. All III. c o nj . verbs 2 b. Verbs with both P / FSF - e b or - ob and !I Q:!!n,,,SCl,!,;; _ _~ n,!; ; l -;... labic ( vowel less) r o ots c. Verbs with P / FSF - ~ . The direct object marker -8 is added to I. conjugation ve rb s with P / FSF -a v or - am. To all other verbs the ending - i- a (-n- i - a wi th some III . conjuga t ion verbs l ) is added . The subject markers appear immediately beore the root . Examples: I . conj . Fu t ure Present perfect ( subj. = 1sg . ) write discover
cut

aI-though colloquially o ther forms

.ob';b oQal'lofi.J6b al"l 3Mnb aoaS"36nb 8o:. n3 :JI'"'IM:J6b

.on~~:J3b

t!'.::.anV:J ftn .::. '::' l::I a...,a n fi:J6n.::. a..., an 3Mn .::.
a~anaa"36n3

send repeat begin o pen see paint

put

o.::.a n a:JI'lM:J3 n o
t!'.:o a n ~~n.::. a.::.an ~n .:o

a'::''::'1::I:J 6b 6 ob 03 b t!'obi::>\i 0 3 b t!'ot!'a.::.ab

fi'::'1J13~nb

an 6.:obo3b , an6.:obno
~.:oanb.:ol.:o3b

(!!Oant!'8.::.3b
fi.::.anc:n3~n.::.

consider

LESSON 10

269

prepare
III .

conj . Future (3sg . ) bark scream r oll.

n~:J~:Jab
nJn3~oob

Present
~:J~b J n 3 nb

Present Perfect (subj . = IS9 . )

an~:J~(6)no
anJn3~n,')

aMM ,')3 b
O'I~a"Cll"\ob

play 8An,')~o~b turn n8~n,')~oob an.Mn,')~(6)n,') Note : The irregular verb anbOOab 'give' (sec . 7 . 4) forms the perfect with the root (! instead of the future stem in aem :

nal"lMoob nlrl,')a,')aOob

anal"'lMn,') anlrl"a"CI(6)n,')

1.

ananBn~

2 . ananen,')

3.

an~an,')

Examples of the conjugation of present perfect forms with third person direct object: I . conj .

,')and0606n"
I

an6,')h,')3 b a n6 .::. h '::'3 b

have built, seen i t/ them

,')8na0600n,')

You have built, seen it/them ,'):!)c J 6 J on,') :!)6.::.h"3 b He, she, i t has built, seen it/them

'::'83nClJ6Jon,')
We have built,

83 n6 "h,')3 b
seen it/them

.::.anClJ60on,')1rI
You
all
.::.~aJ6Jon,')1r\

a n6 .::. b '::'3 1r1

~6.::.b,')31r\

have built . seen it/them

They have built, seen i t/ them III . conj .

anenMn.::. anll nMn ,') :!lllnMn.::. 83 n 18 nMn "

anll nAn ::,."
~lInMn'::'lr\

have cried You have cried

I

He, she, i t has cried We have cried You all have cried They have cried

270

LESSON 10

10.1 . 1.2. The pluperfect with third person direct object or without direct object . All III . conjugation verbs and all I. conjugation verbs (except those with preradical vowel Q- and P/FSF -eb) have as the stem of the pluperfect the 3sg. a o r~s~ minus any preradical vowel and/or person markers. When the direct Object is third person or when there is no direct object , the marker is the same as the 3S9 . Bubjec ~ marker of the

(corresponding) aorist. Some III . conjugation verbs (in general, those inserting -n- in the perfect) in sert - n - before the - a . ~
I. conjugation verbs with preradical vowel Q - and P/FSF _ eb 5 form the pluperfect stem from the future stern by dropping the preradical vowel and any person markers, but keeping the P/FSF -eb and adding - in - to the stem before the object marker:

I-in-al
The 8ubjec~ markers of the pluperfect are the eseries markers; note the contrast between 3sg _ and
3pl . :
l.

ge -_. _ .. - t 2. e - _ .... -t 3. eExamples: (Objects in all. forms are third person.) I. conj .

Singular me ge-

Plural gve 6

Future (subject 3 S 9 _ )
~~?JMb
~~a""'.':lhJ6b a""~Mnb ~.':lnp~::J6b

Aorist ( subject 3S9 . ) write

Pluperfect (subject 1sg . )

~.::.aJ~J~'::'

(!.':lP::JM.':l

discover .':l~a"".::.l'in6.::. cut a,.,!fi.':l

begin
~.::.np~ .....

.':l(tal"la J lin6.':l

a . . . a:J!fl.:,

~.':laJ(?~ .....

8.':l.':l~::J6b
6~b~3b
~~h.':lI!l.':l3b

open
see paint put consider

8.':l..::J(t1"l
6.::.b.::.
~.':lb.':lll.':l
~'::'1!8'::'

8.::. a ::Jt:;l ..... a::Jo.':lb.':l

~.::.a:Jb'::'13'::'

~.':l~8.':lab

~.':la:J1!'8'::'
li.':la00'l3.':l~.':l

h.':l0'l3[!1nb
8~,::,a8'::'~J3b

l'i~al3.':l~.':l

prepare

(8.::..::.aa.::.~.':l)

8.::. O a8 '::'I!'Jon6.::.

8.':l'::'8 Md JI:)::J3b continue(8'::''::'8~dJ~.':l)

8.':la0 8 Md J I:) J 3n6,::,

LESSON 10

271

conj . Present (3 5 9 .)
III .

Future (3sg . ) bark scream roll play

nHJ~Job

Ao rist ( 3 S 9 )

Pluperfect (lsg . )
aJHJ~(6), a:JJ"3~0:>

HJ~b

"H:J!9"

turn niM n':::'t:!~ aJ~"'n,~(6J, "li':'""~:J6b Examples of the conjugation of pluperfect forms with third person direct objects : I . conj. had sent i t/ them
1.

J"3 nb a MM 0:>3 b lI'lo:>ao:>orl6b I3Mn"t:!J6b

"J"3c:!J3b "3 Mt:lJ3b "l7lo:>aO:>O:J 6b

" j "3c:!0:> " a""':''' nl7l"ao:>oo:>

a:Ja rlM "

aJ~,a,a(6),

had prepared i t / them

2.
3 .
1.

3"a:J3 a 0:>3 6 0:> 3"3J3 a 0:>3 6 .: :. 3"J3 a ':::'3 6 .: :.

a':::'33Ja~':::'36"
ao:>aJ3~0:>360:>1JI

1.
2. 3.

a"aJa~"~:J6n60:>
ao:>aJa~0:>~Jon60:>

3":Jd~0:>l?:J3n6"

1.

a0:>33Jaa"~J3n6"
3"3JaaO:>~J6"6,,\I'1

2.
3

2.
3.

30:>J a a0:>3 6 0:>1JI

had played

a"Jaa~~:J6"6"1TI

III. conj.
1.

a:JlI'lo:>do:>cb
aJII'l~a"o.:::.

1.
2.
3.

2. 3.

Jl1'Io:>a,,(3o:>

33 Jm.:::. d 0:>0 " 3JII'l"a"o"cn ;yn.::.a "O.::.cn

10.1.2. Perfect series with first or second person direct object. 10 . 1 . 2.1. Present perfect with direct object in the first or second person . The number of verbs which can normally take a direct object in the first or second person is limited. In these forms the direct objec t is marked by the vowel - i - following the perfect stem and followed by the appropriate present tense form of the verb ' be' marking the direct objec t . In the firs t person the form of the verb 'be', - var , occurs with the first person prefix, v -. According to the norm, verbs with P / FSF - au and - am add the forms of the verb 'be ' directly to the perfect stem . But one also finds the perfect screeve of such verbs form e d with either complete loss of the P /FSF or wi th syncope of the P /FSF and with regular formation ( i.e., with the vowel - -

272

LESSON 1 0

following the perfect stem).

Examples :

anjnb.:::.,<;; ( cn )
1
(m i -)

mi - k-i - xar (- t)

have praised y o u

(-x Qr) / you all (-xap t )

(- va p ~ )

an:1n3.::1'I")(cn)7 gi - k - i - var(-t ) You (gi - ) have praised me ( - va r )/us 3~3 n 3':::'~(cn ) v-u-k -i- var (-t )
He
( u -)

has praised me

(v - . . . . . - pap)

I us

( 0 - - va l" 't )

u - k - i - xar ( - t ) He ( u - ) has praised you (-x a l" )/You all ( -xa r t ) a3njnb.:::.~(cn) gvi-k - i-xar ( -t) We ( gvi -) have praised you (-xa l") / You all (-X Gl" t )
8n:jn3'::'''; (1'1 7 gi-k-i - var- t

~1nb':::'h(cn)

You all ( gi - . . ... - t ) have praised me (- va r) / us (- ua r t ) When the subject is third person plur al and the direct object is first or second person s ing u l ar the verb takes no plural marker: 3~:jn3.:::.A They Cu-) have praised me (v - .. .. - va r) (= also ' He has praised me.')
They ( u - ) have praised you ( -x a r) (= also 'He has praised you .' ) When both the subject and the direct object are plural the plural marker - t occurs : They
.. . - va l"-t )

:!):jnb.::.i'l

(u - . . . . . - t ) have praised us ( v - . . ( = also ' He ( u - ) has praised

us . ' ) They ( u - ... . . - t ) have praised you all (-x ar - t" ) (= als o 'He (u - ) has praised you alL' ) Examples with a verb in - au : n a x- av - s ' see' Standard Nonstandard
an6~b~3b'::'i'l( - ~) an6.::.b(3)nb~i'l( - m)

I have seen you / you all

an6,::,b~33.::.~( - m)7 an6 ~ b(3 ) n3~~( -m )7

You have seen me/ us

3;!)6.::.b'::'33~( - m )

He has seen me/ us

LESSON

10

2 73

~60b03bo"'( - ~)

~ 60b(3) n bo"'(-~)

He has seen you/ y o u all

a3n6~b~3b~~( - m ) We have seen you/ you all a3n6~b(3) n b~M( - m )

an6...,b ~33~r:;( - en ) 7
You have seen me / us
3 ~ 6...,b ~3 3 ~ M

a n6 ..., b (3 ) n3 .-:J M. ( -en)7

3 ~ 60b(3 )n3 0'" ( see above )

They have seen me

3:,)6.::ob.-:J33.::o Men
They have seen us
;96~b""3b.;)r:;

3:!J6...,b (3 ) n3...,flen
~ 60b(3) n bo"

They have seen you

( see abov e )
:!J 6~b ( 3 )n b""M.en

:!J 6...,b""3 b ,::,M.en

They have seen you all

10 . 1 . 2 . 2 . Pluperfect with direc t object in the first or second persons. In the f o rmatio n o f the pluperfect the direct object markers are identical to the s ubjeaz markers of the aorist of the verb . If the a o rist takes the regular ending - ~ in the first and second persons, so does the pluperfect; if the aorist takes the strong ending - i , s o does the pluperfect . Examples: (a) regUlar ending s
I

had seen you/ y o u all Yo u had seen me / us

a06 0 b O( - ~ )
8060bO( - ~ )'

He had seen me/ us He had seen you/ y o u all We had seen you/ you all You all had seen me / us
They had seen me They had seen us They had seen you They had seen you all
( b) I

306 o bO ( - ~ )

060bO( - ) 8 33 600 0 ( - . ) a:J 6 ...,b 0 m7 30 6 ob 0

3:J 6 ...,b:J m
J6~b:J

J 6 ...,bJcn al'laJ3.::oc:!n( - cn) al"la :)J~t:ln ( - m)

strong end ings had killed y o u / you all

You had killed me / us

274

LESSON 10

Be bad killed me/us He had killed you/you all We had killed you/you all You all had killed me/us They had killed me

aI"l3::J.3.::>t:!n( - ITI)
aMJ.3.,~n( - O'l )

aM83J.3.:Jl::ln( - ITI)
aMa:JJ.::.~n a'l7
aI"\3:JJ.:)~n

They had killed us

They had killed you They had killed you all
10.1.3 .

aI"13JJi)(!Inf1'
aMJ.3,')~n

aM:JJo"::Ic- n lJl
8

Function of the perfect series screeves .

10 . 1.3 . 1 . Present perfect . Of the present perfect's wide range of meanings, perhaps the two most important are its use to mark "inferred actions" and its use in negation . a. Inferred action . The speaker may deduce or infer the occurrence in the past of a given action on the basis of its results. In such uses the Georgian present perfect of ten can be paraphrased in English by constructions containing must; have or apparentl y {cn~,:;aJ in Georgian; this adverb occurs commonly with the pres ent perfect) 9. Compare the following two sentences:
3~6~a ~J~n~n ann~n .

Vano received the letter.

3~6~b anb~~303n o~~~cnn

( simple statement)
~03Bn~8J an3n~~ .
invitat"i~~n ~---o ~.

an~~n~;

Vano received [must have received] the he came to the lecture. Note also:

Jb b~~cnn 3 n a6 ,.,o .

~~~bI3b

~~~n

a~~n~a3n~b;

anb

b~n~b

Lado Gudiasvili painted [i.e . , must have painted] this picture; I recognize his style.
cn~ ~M 3a~Jon J

a J cnd3J6

b~~B

an6~b~3bncn.

If I am not mistaken , I have seen [i . e., must have, apparently have] seen y o u all somewhere. The use of the aorist in such sentences might imply that the speaker actually saw the event being narrated; e.g . , f!!~~n a:!l~na3n~a~ Jb b~fl~cnn ~b~II ; see c . below . Most commonly, though, the aorist in af firmative sentences simply states a fact while the present perfect will have the nuance of supposition, deduction , in ference .

LESSON 10

275

Fig.

10.1. Formation of the Perfect and the Pluperfect Perfect Subject

Direct Object
(nominative)
~

(dative)

lsg
mi - . . . - xar

lsg 2sg lpl 2pl sg 3 pl lsg 2sg lpl 2pl

3 pl
eg

2sg gi- . . . -var

gi- ... -var-t

3sg v-U- .. . -var

u- .. . -xar
V-U- . . .
U- . . .

-var-t -xar-t
-a'"

mi- . . . -xar-t mi- . . . -a*

gi- . . . -a*

U- .

lpl
gvi - . . - xar gvi- .. -xar-t gvi- .. . -a*

3pl gi- . . . -var-t v-u- . . . -var(l)

u- .. . -xar(!)

2pl

gi- . . . - var -t v-u- . . -var-t

U- . .

-xar-t

gi- . .. -a*-t

u- .
U- .

. -a-t . -t

Pluperfect

15g lsg 2sg lpl 2pl

3 sg pl
me- . .. -e**
me- . . . -e**-t
me - . . . - a***

2sg
ge- . . . -e**

35g

v - e - ... - e** e - . . - e**

e -. . - e* *-t

ge- . . . -e**-t v-e- . . -e**-t

ge- . . . -a***

e- . . . -a***

lpl lsg 2sg lpl 2pl

gve- .. -e* *
gve- .. -e**-t

2pl

3pl
e - . . -e** (!)

ge - . . . - e**-t v - e- . .. - e**( l ) ge- . .. -e**-t v-e- . . -e**-t

e- . . . -e**-t
e- . .. -a**""-t

gve- . . . -a*** ge- . . . -a***-t 3 sg pl ""Or - 8 with verbs with P / FSF - av , - a m. ""* Or - 1. (sec . 9 . 1 . 1) . ***Or - 0 (sec. 5 .4. 1) .

276

LESSON 10

past.1 o

h. The perfect with negation. The use of the perfect is particularly common with negation in the

The negated present perfect differs in meancompare :

ing from the negated aorist in that the latter gener-

ally connotes an unwillingness to perform the action

while the former does not;

Perfect : nb 38~~68n ~~ an~n~n~. I didn ' t buy that shirt.

Aorist:

nb
I

3J~~6an

~~

3n~n~J '

didn ' t buy that shirt [because I didn ' t feel l.ike it] .

c . Reported action. The present perfect is of ten used instead of the aorist when the action described was not witnessed by the speaker but rather the speaker learned of i t from someone else ' s words. Ex amples:
3n~6~a

a 05 J

a~j~!

J~nan

3n~OJn

~~

36~bJ'

Someone killed [aorist] the king! in the street and saw it!
3n~~e~b
anlJlb~~ .

was standing

aJSJ a~~3~~3b!

"Someone killed [present perfect] the king!" "From where do you know?" "Someone told me . " d . The present perfect with present meaning . In a 1imited number of instances, the present perfect can have a present meaning .

Ob

~~ aond~O~~J

a~~~~.n~6)

~~ aond~O~~J

0061Jl3nb . This isn't possible, Ga1aktion~ i t isn't possible ~ I teZZ you. . e. Questions in the present perfect. Some ques tions referring to the past can be put in the present perfect; the response can be in the perfect or in the aorist . Examples: Have you seen this fLlm? Ob 5n~an an6~b~3b? I have seen i t . 36~bJ ' Didn't Violet send the n~b b~a ~~ a~a~~ag~36n~ letter to you? 1Jl~3J61Jl3nb ~J~n~n? She sent i t to us . (pres (a) (1'\3J61Jl3nb) a.::>a~,'!)ag~36n.::> ent perfect)

anlJl~3~ab

LESSON 10

277

She sent i t to us . (aorist) (For the difference in meaning between the present perfect and t he aorist in the reply, see a. and c. above . ) 10 . 1 . 3 . 2 . Pluperfect . The major function of the plu perfect is to denote past modality . ll It serves as a pa8~ tense to both the conjunctive {present and future} and the optative. In conditional sentences the past condition is pluperfect, the result clause conditiona1. Compare : Conjunctive present :
~h~~ M~a b~d~M~3J~~an
3n~~3~M~J06~n.

3Bb~3M~~~0 '

d~M~~~~~

~SM~

3~Ma~~

If I were living in Georgia now, I would speak Georgian better . Pluperfect :

b~d~M~30~~an ~n~b~6b M~a aoeb~3M~ , d~M~~~~~ ~SM~

3~Ma~~ 3n~~3~M~30~~n.

If I had lived in Georgia for a long time, I would speak Georgian better. Optative :
a~a~8~~ J~~an~ D6~ ~rJMM, s~6dMn~

J"

~M~ !

You must write the examination with a pen , not wi t h pencil ! Pluperfect:
a~aMB~~ J~~a"~ ~6~~ ~~aJPOM~ , ~~ ~M~ ~6dMn~!

You should have written the examination with a pen, not with pencil! As can be seen from the examples, the pluperfect is used to express past conditions which are counter to fact. Ex p ressions of past anteriority in Georgian _ The English past perfect is often used to denote an action which occurred prior to another past action, e . g _ , 'John had (already) sp o ken to his lawyer when he sent me the letter . ' In Georgian, such past anteriority is usually expressed not by the pluperfect but rather by the aorist or present perfect , often with the adverb ~J30 ' already ' . Examples:
n3~6Jb ~JMn~n ~~3nb ~~3M3~~~6 ~J30 ~~~3~~~Jn~ , ~~B~ a~a~ana8~36~ .

278

LESSON 10

John [apparently] had already spoken to his lawyer when he sent me the letter.
~d306 ~J30 a6~b3~ 1 ~~a ~3~J~~n aM3n~ .

I had already seen you all when the lawyer came . (The resultative past can also be used in this function; see sec . 13 . 5 . )

10.1.4. Expression of indirect objects in the per ect series . Since a I. or III . conjugation verb in

the perfect series cannot express an indirect object

by itself, what were indirect objects (i n the dative) in the present, future, and aorist series are usually marked in the perfect series with the postposition - tvis (+ genitive). Examples :

Future;
Pres. per . :

~n~b

an3bp3~ anan?JMn~

I I Aorist: Pluperfect : Future : Pres. perf. :

shall write t o Lida. have written to Lida .

3aMana~36

~n~b~3nb 5~en

He sent me money .
5~~n ~Ja~3nb 3~a~Ja3~36~
~anoJ6030'l

He had sent me money.

b'::>b!!!b
b~b!!!n

We will build you a house .

oJ60'l3nb

~a3na36J6n~

We have built you a house. The absence of marking for indirect objects in the perfect series means that there is no contrast be tween verbs which in other series have a formal distinction between absolute and relative forms : absolute: .:>.:>OJ6J6b he will build i t relative:
~anoJ6J6b

perfect :
,:>~oJ6J3n~

he will build i t for me Verbs which take mo- with first and second person in direct objects keep this mo - in the perfect series: absolute : relative :

8.:>a3.:>36nb
He will send i t
3~;9a3~36nb

t 3.:>.!)a 3 ':>3 fin .:>

perfect ,

LESSON 10

27.

He will send i t to him relative : relative :

a"al"'lanaiS~36nb

I
Perfect:

He will send i t to me

a"al"'lana3"36nb
He will send it to you

8" an .:J8(5;"3 6n ;:,

Note that verbs which regularly have markings for indirect objects in the future l present, and aorist series lose that marking in the perfect series: a ~ allo;;b he will write me perfect : an~PJ~n" you will give him Since there is no marking of indirect objects in the perfect series, there is no opposition between relative and absolute forms of the verb ' say ', 'tell' in that series . Note that the perfect is irregular , based on the absolute aorist stem: Absolute Relative "a61"1l>b Pres. O~3603o Fut . JIi~3nb nlB!:l3 nb ~lJ1bJ'i;:, Aor . 111;j3" Perfect 10.2 . summary of case markings for I. and III. conjugation verbs : Subject Series Present , Future Aorist Perfect Nominative
Er~ative

anbBJ a

Direct Object

Indirect Object

Dative Nominative Nominative Dative

Dative

---

10 . 3 . Numerals . From 30 to 99 Georgian numerals are based on the vigesimal system, i.e. , a system to base 20, unlike our decimal system to base 10. This system is similar to the French system from 80 to 99. Compare : Georgian French quatre - vingts 80 otx-m- oc-i
4 X 20

20 ' s

280

LESSON 1 0

81

otx- m-oc-da-ert- i
4 X 20
&

2
2

82 90 99
Examples:
30
31 32 33
34 35

otx - m- ac - da - or - i
4 X 20
&

otx-m- oc-da - at - i
4
4

quatre-vingt-et-un 4 20 1 quatre-vingt-deux 4 20 2 quatre- vingt-dix 20 10 quatre - vingt-dix-neuf

4 4

X 20
X 20

&

10

atx - m-ac- da- cxramet- i

&

29
20

20

19

1"'I13~"'.::.cnn

(=

+ 10)

MBl!.:Jcn,Jr:UJlaJlln
M6l!"'O'l M,:;a~:lIan
I'"IB~"'B.::.a:Jlln

MBI!'"cnrolcnb8:Jlin 1"18 (!l'::>!JIb:!101

The hundreds are : 100 ,bn 200 ~I'l~bn 300 b~a~bn, etc . The thousands are :
1000 2000
;;)m~bn

a :::111 n

36

I'tBI!'.::.cn~::d3ba:::H.n

37

MBl!.:>"'3"l!801ln

~'" n '::'cn;;)bn 3000 b.::.an .::.cn.::.bn ,

etc .

38

'"'Bl!'::'1JI3",..,a:::llln

39
40

I"IBl!.::>eb,;..,a::Hln
fOlM8""Bn
(=

2 X

20)

50
60

I"IM8I"1Bl!.::t1:lInn
b.::.8f'lBn sam-m- oc-i)

70
80

b.::.8I"\Bl!;::o.::.cnn
Mcnb81'1Bn

90

r'"nb8MBI!'".::.cnn

the last number is declined. So : 1979 = .":Icn"b ab';..,..,b b"aMBl!.::.abM.::.8Jln . In the thousands and millions any numeral modifying the words .,cn..,bn or 8nenM6n is declined, for examp1e, 25,657 = MB~~bnmn ~m~b ~~3b~b
~~a~6~~~3 n~a~mn .

1, 000 I 000 is :Jt'un n 8nc:!n I'\ 6n.

In numbers below 2000 only

10 . 3 . 1 . Ordinals. The ordinal circumfix me - ..... - e is added immediately after the -da- in numerals con taining this form, for example: 1347th, 347th, 47th :

(.::.cn.::.b)

(b.::.a~b)

M~aM6~.::.aJa3n~J

LESSON 10

281

1357th, 357th , 57th :

(~ 0'1 .::.b)

( b~a.::.b)

MMaMB~.::.8~~3n~a~~J

Note : 61st : b.::.a""B~.::.a:J:Jf\0'13 (rare: b~a""!3~.::.3"M3:Jr::!n) 101st: .::.ba~:JMal:J or .::.b 3n M 3:J ~ " Elsewhere the circumfix is placed around the last full numeral, for example, 40th a:J,..,~affle:J; 84Qth M3.::..::.b a3,..,~aM!3~); 100th a;).::.b:J; lOOOth a;)'::'al.::.b~. 10 . 4. Wordbuilding: Derivatives fr om numerals.

10 .4 .1 . Fractions . Fractional numerals are derived from the adverbial case of the ordinals. This adverbial form is the base to which case endings are added , for example, 1/3 a;)b.::.a;)~n , 1 / 4 80f'lalb;)l!In , 1 / 5 a~b;:)O'1Jl!'n, 1/10 aJ'::'I1l:Jl!'n , etc . 1 / 2 is 6.::.b:J3,::,M n (A). 10 . 4 . 2 . Approximatives . The suffix - iode is added to the stem of numerals . These derivatives have the mean i ng ' approximately ' ; for example, MMnf'l~~ ' approxi mately two ', b.::.anMI!!:J ' about three ' , '::'alnMl!I~ ' about ten', .::.bnMl!I:J ' about one hundred ' , etc . Note that the fina l e is non t runcating : MB n M~:J 'about twenty ' , gen . MenM ~:Jb . 10 . 4 . 3 . Distributives . When the stem of a numeral is reduplicated, the resultant meaning is equivalent to English ' apiece ' , for example, MM - f'lMn ' two apiece ', :J~bb - ~Jd3b" 'six apiece' . Compare cn'::'3nb Cl3nt::l:Job .::.b -o:. bn a.::.6;)aln 8'::'~83'::'36.::. . 'He sent his children one hundred rubles apiece; he sent each of his children one hundred rubles .' Note however the adjective :JAm-oAl1ln ' one of two ' , 'one of many' ; compare 3M:Jbnb m'::'3nbyS~~6'::''::' :JMal OM mn ~Jo6n dnMnm'::'l!In ~'::'3nb ~S ~ J 6~~86n . F r eedom of the press is one of our basic f r eedoms . ' 10 .4. 4 . Derivatives with - ive . Note the following : rl Mn3,J ' both ', b.::.an3:J 'all three ' , .::.mn3:J ' all ten ' , etc . Note that the final e of this suffix is nontrunea t ing , for exampleM Bn 3:J 'all twenty ' , gen . ffl(3n3;)b . 12. 10 .4. 5 . Derivatives with - eu~ - . The suffix - eul added to numerals results in the meaning ' a unit composed of t h e given number of individual members '. Ex amples: b~aO~~n ' a commission consisting of three mem bers ' ; ~alb,J~~n 'a team of four members' , etc . In many instances these forms take on an unpredictable meaning, for example , rlMJ~~n 'double ( someone resembling some -

282

LESSON l O

o n e else completely)',

A3:J;,~n

' notebook '

(originally

co n sisting of eight pages) , etc . 0":1171 ::L!J c:t n ' un i t ' .

Note particular l y

10 . 4 .6 . Suffix -J er . This suffix added t o the stem of the numeral c o rrespo nds t o English ' times ' (French f oi s , German - maL , Russian pa3 ); f o r example, " ~I:JA t wice ', b\>a XO':' three times', .:Jln XJ ';' ten times '. ' Once ' is normally J A cnb:J~ ' The suffix -x eZ can also be found from time t o time with the meaning o f - J e p.

.~>

."

...

Monumenl to Vaxtang Gorgasali OJ and Metexi fortress (r .) in Tbilisi

LESSON 1 0

283

LESSON 1 0:
1.

Notes

The functions of a third screeve of the perfect series , the conjunctive perfect, obsolescent in the contemporary language , have been taken over by the pluperfect . For the forms of the conjunctive perfect , see below, note 11 . Since the present perfect of III . conjugation 2. verbs is based on the future stem, the FSF that is dropped is always -eb . 3. There is much oscillation as to which III. conju gation verbs take - n - i - a instead of - i - a in the perfect . So , from ~O~b ' bark' the present perfect is according t o some sources ~~o~6n~ while other sources give the form ~~o~n~ without n . The 1970 ~~6~aO~~~30 d~~~~~n b~~n~o~~e~~~ 06nb 6~~aOan, vol. I [Norms of the contemporary Georg1an literary language, vol. I] recognizes only the forms without n . Nonetheless, the student should be prepared to recognize forms with n encountered in contemporary Georgian texts . In the exercises , forms with and without n will be given . 4. Verbs of the III . conjugation taking - n - in the perfect tend also to take infixed -n- before the final - a of the pluperfect . Thus, both ::Jal~a~a~ and Oal~a~a6~ can be found . The ~~6~aO~t'\""30 j~';O'I~~n D~~n~o~~~~~~ 06nb 6~~a06n, vol I, 1970, recognizes only tbe forms without n . Nonetheless, the student should be prepared to encounter the forms with n in contemporary Georgian writing. 5. This is the productive group of denominatives (see sec. 3 . 5), verbs which form the II. conjugation in -d- (sec . 3.1 . 2). 6. For many I . conjugation verbs the pluperfect is formally identical to the corresponding II . conjugation relative aorist forms , although, generally speak ing, the pluperfect is encountered more commonly than relative II. conjugation aorists. Compare:
n3~60b vo~n~n ~6~~ a~oag~36~ .

John should have sent the letter. (I . conj . pluperfect)

vo~n~n

n360b

a~Oa~~36~ .

The letter was sent to John. (re lative II . conj . aorist)

284

LESSON

~O

Note the differences in person marked by the various verbal affixes: I. conj. pluperfect:
ga=

Subjectr-'(~3~d~p-e-r-s~on)

lfJ

- gzavn -

dir~e-c-t~o~b~j-e-c't (3d person)

Relative I I . conj . aorist:

~_ _g a_~-'~:Je -gza vn - ~t:=--_____-, _

indirect object (3d person)
7. For the loss of the - u not * v - gi - k-i - v a r {- t) , etc . ,

subject (3 sing.)

(i . e . , why the form is see sec . 7.1.2, rule 2 .

8. The various descriptions of the functions of the Georgian perfect series do not fully explain why in o ne given context a Georgian speaker will use a perfect series form while in a superficially analogous context he will choose an aorist or other form . Un fortunately, our presentation must share this shortcoming .

9.

~6nm~ cn!l~aJ

The Georgian name of the perfect series , m ~ ~aJ comes from the common occurrence of the adverb with these forms .

10 . Note that some instances of the use of the aorist with negati on in the exercises to past lessons wo uld have indicated an unwillingness by the subject t o perform the action . In such instances the use of the present perfect would often have been more appropriate . 11. In its modal uses, the pluperfect replaces the now obsolescent c o njunctive perfect . a screeve f ormed on the same s t em as the pluperfect. As in the pluperfect , the grammatical subject is marked by e - series markers, but the direct object is marked by the end ings of the optative of the given verb . Examples (subject Isg ., object 3d person) corresponding t o the pluperfect forms given in sec . 10 . 1.1.2 :
~ba0PJ~ ~ b , ~~aJP~~b, ~~aJ~a~b, bQa~aJ~n6 ~bJ a~aJ~nb , ~~aJcn3~~Mb a~aJ!~~b , 8~aJa~~3b~b , a ~ aJJ~~b , ~~aJb~8Mb ,

a~aJa8~~J6n6Mb ,

8~aJa~dJ~J6n6MbJ

aJ~J~Mb ,

aJJn3~~b J

aJaM~ M bJ

LESSON 1 0

285

Impoptant! The pluperfect in its modal use replaces the optative after a main verb that is in a past screeve (imperfect, conditional, aorist). This is because LIe optative cannot occur after such screeves; i t occurs after non-past screeves (present , future)
The eight volume 3~M~~~n J6nb a~6a~M~on~n not attest such forms for M3~ ' eight ' and abM~ 'nine' . In older styles, the case endings can precede the - ve : N . ~M n 3~' E . ~Ma~3~, D. ~hb~3J, G . MM n b~3JI etc. 12 .
~OdbnJ~6ndoes

286

LESSON 10: Exercises

1. 3 0 "",;)
In:!)

an6.:.b'::'3b ~~Jb?

-~ n.::. b,

36o::.bO _

2.

d'::'MIrl:!)~n

06.::.

m~,.;aJ

a";'::'3.::.~n J~bbn

~~nb a.::.6a3~~6.::.an :!)aOB~"aM~ ~:J~n

anb~'::'3~n'::'j ~i:)3;::''';'::'Jf''I6.

M.:.~a.::.6'::'B

O'::'MIrl:!)~~
b':'~J:!)6nb

t!'n.:.b ,

3bp':'3f:!f916l!'n .
d;::'MIrl:!)~n

3.

3Mf"I50bfOlMb

a oa bM080llJ

~n~JM':":!)Mnb

a.:.6:!)bn~':'3b.
a'I.:.a;::,~a.:.

ao63n m,:,M J6.::. a.:.6:!)bn~':'3b? - l!'n.:.b , 8J JM .:oM 3n~':'3n J~.:.ban, a.:.aM.:.a

.::>1'1.::> ,

anmb"".::. .
a.:.ana~':'36n .
JBn~':' J

4.
5.

an3nb.:.m3nb .::.6a':'Mnon bfOla .:oM a.:.ana!':'36n.:.?

XOM J n l!'03 i:)M

30lJMJb.:.m3nb mJ306n "JMfOIb b.:.omn .:oM anan~nl!'n.:.m?

OM':' , 3n6.:.nl!'.:.6 a.::.b b.:..:. mn :!)J30

anan!:fnl!'n.:..

anbm3nb .::>M

6.

50b6:!)Mmn 8:!)on6 .:o M anm.::.a.,o6n.:. (anm.:.8.,ono)?

"',.; 3nm.::.a,::,o::)J
becomes .:oM.!>

.:.,.;.:.,
(.:oM

3n6.::.n(!>::16

b3""''';l8baJ6n .,r::i,:;, 3'='':\'

before monosyllables.)

7.

Ca)
A~a

.:.b~;::, M~a aJbp~3~~,

b.:.d,:,MIn30~Man 3BbM3Mf"I6t!O ,

d':'MIn:!)~':'t!

:!)5~~ J~~a~~ 3"~~3~~~ JJ3~" .

3rot::!~3~A~JJo~""

(b)

b~d~~~3J~~a"

~b~~ ~~~m~~~~ ~5~~ J~~a~~

8.

(a) (b ) (c)

b3~t::! ~~ ~~
~b~~ ~~a
~SM ~

roP3roaJob , b~SJ~an P~3~!::!cn .

P3na~Jbt
M~a

~M

b~5J~an

p~3n~~~nm .
~~~cn~~~~,
~n~b , b~n~~6

a~an6 M~a ~M JP3na~ ,

J~Ma~~
~M

b~SJ~an p~3n~~~nm .
aJ~~3~~~J~
M~B

9. 10.
1~ .

cn~3J6cn~6
n3~6Jb
anO'\bM~ .

a~anaJ6~"0'\!
0'\~3J60'\3nb ~b~~n
anba~

~m~3~ab ,

a~b~~?

~cn~Mb

b~b~n
da~a

0'\~3nbcn3nb
anO'\bM~.

~~aJ6Jon~ . ~n~b,

nBn? 12 . 13. 14 .

Jdnanb~0'\3nb

s~~n

~~

anan6n~?

an3JBn.

s~~n M~a

~Ja0'\3nb

a~aJB~ '

pna6b

an~n~~n.

(a)

n3~6Jb cn~ 6~b~3'

~cnb~~n , M~a

PJMn~b a~~J PJ~n~b

a~3~a8~36n.

(b)

n3~6J M~a

aJ6~b~ ,

LESSON 10

287

a':::'3.!laa':::'36,...~n.

15 .

16 .
1?

:Jb ~na6n ;,6[?" p"n.jncnbM , d,,~n,,6 b"n61i:JA.:Jbl"l" . ~b ~na6n .:::.~o"cn p.:::.anJncnh"3b , 3n6.:::.n[?.:::.6 acn:J~n a"b"~,, .!lJ3:J nan . t4Ma" .!l6n3:Jt4bnIOI8n bi.!l~o61:J6n 3n~':::'3ncn,
( a) (b)
3M~n~~JI"I6Man.:::. .!l6~"
cn.:::.a,,~ aO~Oa

8Ja30bp"3~~ '
Po~n na~~.:::., ~na" ~cn.:::.b

.!lJ30 Ma[?':::'':::'cnn

18 . 19 .
20 .

21 .

22 .

23 . 24 .
25.

26 .

27 .

Mt4"b a.:::.aOI PO~b a"M[?.:::.nB3':::'~~ d.:::.~~b.:::.1'\ .!l~o~6n.:::.? ~n~b, a.:::.6 n~:JS':::" 8:J cn3ncnl"l6 aM3nban6J anbn ~OS~ ' ~1"I6nl"lb ~l"Ia b':::'J8.:::.t4nb.:::.[? J~.!l~6~ , b~~n~b ~"3.:::.a~L::'~J6~ncn . 8.:::.cn bnan6[?n ~.:::. aMn6 X n .:::.8 ~:JOb .:::.A ~':::'.!lcnJb':::'3cn? .:::.1'\.:::., .:::.t4e bn8n6~n C?" "Ma oMn6 xn ~A [?':::'.!lcnJb':::'3cn . .:::.a PJ~b abM~M~ bMMo.:::.~n ~.:::.cnJbJb . b.:::.j.:::.t4cn3J~M8n anehM3Mn.:::.cn? b.:::.8nMC?:J ~:J~n cnon~nban 3nBbM3A~ (3BbM3MM6~n); M~~t4b jn nj ~A~bM~~b .:::>A .!lB bM 3t'in.:::. . (a) 3n6.:::.n[?.:::.6 aJlnbaJ~':::'~ 3J3Mn 35.:::.a:J b.:::.C?n~M3nb.:::.b , 3"b8a~C? .:::.A':::'SJAb (.:::.1'\) 35.:::.a. (b) MMS':::' M:Jb~MM.:::.68n an3:JC?ncn , .!lj3J C?.:::.b.!lM.!l~n n81"1 [?.:::. .:::.8nmM8 ':::'M':::'SJMn (.:::.A) an5.:::.8n". h:Jacn3nb MMa .!lSMM ':::'~MJ 8MaJPOM"cn, aO cn~3:J6 b':::'C?8.!lMon ~.:::.ah3~:J6M~ncn . 8b.:::.bnM0:J0b MMa 3nOb.:::. .!lSMM h8nA.:::.[? a':::'JaJI"IMJon6.:::.cn, p.:::.t48MC?aJ6.:::. .!lSMM j~Man n~6JoM[?':::' . M.!lh.!lC?.:::.6b XOM Jn~:J3 ':::'M .!J3.:::.b.!Jb6n.:::. o:J6cn3nb? ~n.:::.b, 8.:::.6 an3.:::.b.!Jb.:::. . o06cn3nb .!l6~.:::. 03.:::. b.!JbG.:::., AMB~ onG .:::.", 3 n 8':::'3 n (a) MMaM~a h.:::.6b , a33~O~b cn':::'3nbn 8bh3:JA3~n [?.:::.6ncn aM.!l3~':::'3b . (b) aM~8006a.:::. cn~30b, MMa aJ3~:J~a.:::. cn':::'3nbn abb3JM3~n [?.:::.6ncn aI"l3~':::' 8.:::.cn 86Mo~On .!lJ3:J an:J~Mcn , MMe.:::. 8.:::.cn PJMn~n 8':::'J3 8 ':::'3 6 .: :. .

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290

LESSON 10

Vocabul a ry
~ 3 .::I(~

a H r"1!9 n

patient; person

sick

aM b.::.bt:,I::JMO'::'
a~paJ

population
witness

~a"t3,.,a

,:,';"b"'QI:J b
o~B
~AB ~b

therefore never neither . . .

nor . . .

8b.::.bn,.,on
abb3J~J~n ap~Jabn

actor victim shepherd half (A) November (E) gold park

political economy

. ..

6.::.b::J3.::.,.:in
61'1:)

b6.::. -

explanation
rice

ao o';n
::)3 1"'16 Man.::.

8.:)6a'::'';1i;)6.::.

. . dMf'I
3.::.':;.3"
3rlt~ n(8

oftn6xn
U;~63

case (grammatical)

a ..,63 n01.:)"'J0,')

development ; education

M 1'1 3 1"1':' 6
b'::'Q'nl:ln
b.::.~nt:'Mo,::, b.::.~nt:'M6nb.::.b

8.::.68"3C!I'"IO.::.cn in the course

of; during
(pp . )
~"b;:)";:.'Jt:'n ~M,...a:J

as dinner dinnertime during. at dinnertime

genera~

3;)bc.::.a"
C1l'::'3 nh ;!lS'::'t:,In
~~

closed on time supper

free

b~8~a~~~

b~bO~3d~3~6~~ntextbook
(A)

(A)

interrogative particle that here intensifies a question;somewhat equivalent to Eng . 'by any
chance .
I

SUfficient , satisfac tory September

(E)

bigness; s1.ze corn (maize) vi~~age (E)

b~!9:Jr:'an :

cn;:)M8::J "3 6nbn

jon~n

apparently June tooth mUrderer;killer (e' 3~~3b)

b3MM8b306n
~~b8n

aJ3t:'::J~n

~n6~al

to, in the country sportsman throne beforeipre-

.w::SSON

~O

291

sentence, the anviously ; ago swer I yes' (cf. interrogative partiFrench n ' est- ae cle that with a negpas) ative sentence expects the answer 'no' , b""';'O"r=:n wheat (A) with an affirmative M,...bta,...an (m.] da=a - bnel) - s (see sec. 5 . 3 . 2 . 2 ) (irr ., sec . 4 . 5 . , 5 . 4 . 3) c;:armo+a - dgen- s (only pres . series) da=te8 - av- s mo=h-pat> - av - s
(H-)gaZap - ob - s;

confuse arrive ; go ; come down represents; is ( = Russian a:anfl"eTca) sow steal (sthg . from s .0 . ) betray (s . o . ) alternate present series form of an=nt;lJOb ; see sec . 15.1.5 seem; appear

~.::ocnJb'-:'3b

a,...33.::o';'.::o3 b
t;l.::o~.::ol,.,Ob

: ;'Jt;l.::oC)"IaJo b

(lJo;'J~,...ob

fut . u - gal.at- eh - s gehul - oh- s (only presen t series)

aan - s (only pres .

series) (ores . 3~53"'(~") , /i.::o6b.::o';'(0'l), n.::o6b, 1i.:>6.-:.6 (impf . reg .) ga+s - cem- s (conju betray (to s . n .) gated as c:em ; aorist:. sec . 7 . 3 . 4. L perf. 8":!.IB n .: o , plup . 8"JB.':I e - jeb- s : fut . irr . look for s . n . / sthg. = pres. (III. reI. with e - series id . o. markers) (VN dJo6.::o)
~.ab

!2S=Q:am-s
da=a - rasiat-eb- s mo=xd- eh - a da=H- :::vd- eh-a

eat

1!'.::o.::ob.::obn':>O'IJob
a,...b~:10.::o

~.::ob3~Jo"

characterize happen; occur meet (s . o . ) (e . g ., at a station)

292

LESSON 1 0

Key to the Exercises

1. 2. Have you seen Peter t oday? Yes, I saw him . You apparently have s t udied Georg ian in the course of many years, because you speak Georgian without mistake . Yes , I was studying i t six years . Has the professor discussed the development of

3.

nineteenth century Georgian literature? Yes, he has discussed i t. I , however, wasn ' t in class, but Tamaz told me .
4. Haven ' t haven' t No, you sent the bill to Givi? sen t it.. No, I still

5.
6.

Haven ' t you sold your

(pl . ) gold watch to Peter?

because he had already bought a watch, I haven I t sold i t to bim . Didn I t you play soccer yesterday? No 1 I didn ' t play because I am not a sportsman. ( I.e . I didn't want to play.)

7. 8.

Ca) If I were living in Georgia now, I would spe a k Georgian better . (b) If I had studied in Georgia, now I would speak Georgian better . (a) If i t doesn ' t rain tomorrow, we will go to the village. (b) If i t weren't raining now , we would go to the village . (c) If i t hadn ' t rained yes -

terday, we would have gone to the village .

9. 10 . 11 . 12. 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19. 20 . If I had spoken Georgian with (-~an) you better , you would have understood me . Hasn ' t John told you what happened? Yes , he told me . Otar has built a new house for himself. From where do you know? His brother told me. Haven ' t you given the money to the doctor? Yes , I gave i t [to himJ . If you had given me the money , I would have bought you the book . (a) If you [willJ see John, te l l h i m that I will send him the letter soon. fb) If I had seen John , I would have sent him the letter. (a) You must read this book, i t is very interest ing . (b) You probably have read th i s book , be cause you already know the whole material. When we were students in the university we had to study political economy . Queen Tamara h a d already reigned thirty years when in 1213 she passed away . Hasn ' t the dog barked? Yes , i t barked . I myself listened to its barking . If the beans had boiled sufficiently, we would have prepared dinner . Haven ' t they planted [sown] corn and rice this year? No , they have sown neither corn ( and) nor

LESSON 10

293

21. 22 .

23 .
24.
25 .

26 .

27 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 31. 32. 33 . 34. 35. 36 . 37 . 38 .

39. 40 .

rice; this year they sowed only wheat . Have you all lived in Georgia? I lived in Tbilisi about three years (nom . ); Otar, however, never has lived there. (a) Because I ate too much at dinner (t ime) I will eat nothing for supper (adv . ) . (b) \'lhen we went to the restaurant it was already closed, and therefore I didn ' t eat anything . If you all had written me earlier, I would have met you all at the station. If the actors had rehearsed [repeated] the play more often, the performance would have been better. Hasn't Rusudan answered you yet? Yes, she answered me . She must have answered you when I was n ot at home. (a) As it appears, the murderer must have [has] killed his victim with a knife. (b) The witnesses said that the murderer killed his victim with a knife . They had already received the information when the letter was sent to them . If the doctor had received me earlier , I would have met you on time . I didn ' t see you at the theater yesterday . If I had seen you there I would have talked with you on this matter. If he had killed you, I would have killed him. Rostom had already stopped me in the street when I caught sight of you . If I hadn't seen you at the meeting, I WOUldn't have told you about the banquet . Did the shepherds hide you during the war? Yes, they hid me . Did the dentist [tooth doctor] receive you today? No, he didn't receive me today because in general on Wednesdays he doesn't receive patients. If you had described [characterized] me better to Peter, he would have given me the money on time. As I see, Ilito must have [has] sent you, because you came here with his brother. If you had n ot defended me from the enemy, I would have died . Hasn't the professor's explanation confused you all? No, i t hasn't confused us. We understand everything because before the beginning of learning we read the textbook. If your friend hadn't confused me so, I would have found the place earlier. Hasn't your sister found you? She was looking for you in the park a little while ago .

294

LESSON 10

41. 42 . 4 3.

44 .

45 . 46 . 47 . 48 . 49. 50 . 51 . 52 . 53 . 54. 55. 56 .

From your words I see that you all have betrayed me; you all have betrayed me to the enemy . If the doctor had not received me then , I would have died . David III the Builder ascended [went up onJ the throne in 1089 when he was 16 years old [was of 16 yearJ. He reigned thirty-six years . In 1125 he died . After his death his son Dimitri I as cended the throne and reigned until 1156 . Two thirds of the population of the Georgian SSR are Georgians . Approximately one ninth are Armenians . Russians too represent approximately one ninth of the popUlation . In 1970 Tbilisi's population was 889,000 [soulsJ. I t is the thirteenth biggest [bigness (instr . )] city of the OSSR. In the German and Greek languages we find four cases apiece; in Georgian and Russian, however, six apiece . In September, November, April, and June there are thirty days apiece . In a year there are 365 days . Haven ' t they condemned the accused to death (instr . )? No , sir , I was in court when the judge freed him . They apparently have freed the accused . I read this in the newspaper. Have we drunk the whole bottle [of] wine? No , we only drank a half bottle. Didn ' t you all send me the letter? Yes, sir, I sent a letter to you . Have you seen me before? Yes, I saw you yester day . (a) If you had hidden your money, no one could have stolen i t from you . (b) Why did Otar hide from you? (aorist) Have you lived in the Soviet Union? Yes , twice, once in 19 4 9 and secondly in 1968. Have you seen this movie? Yes, I saw i t three times.

Reading Passage
1

\.

3.

~~~n~1I3n~n

295

300 M:)t.. d:J ~,)C'n ..'33"C'" ~.:.o3,)~,) 1871 \,C'ClU .; (16) "2.31'1~OM~ 3'00')')I'lL,(b. ni!." n'bA~JoM~')~') 3.:.b3ocn.>MD0,:,1.o
~O~'OC'MO~') anLnJ.lC"'OM MJ1 .:.b'an. ana.)3,)C'nl(01a3("'j.\"~)f"~'IOu

\ "3'*'''.:.

lnM3:lC'o ,)C!.'a'b""~nC''' ~.) ~.)aMn3:Jo:H:o O~M aoun 'OcnAM:"o d3 .. , 1:Ja~O~"o &~~,.O&'ca ~nMt'l;jrJ~ "3.)6a 300M-a'" cit) t),)c::'",). 'aaDe:""- 6M1.o 3'OltnJrWnu a.)631WJ~06" IJVM,)'n.):!" ana<:.?n'~a M2I~,). Mo3.:) it:'DU ,w.>,j'3n non 'OJ30 OJC'olonnL a'OIi~'an 3C?OMM~.", l.lO~~,)S30 'aooLV.:a3C',) MM~6'tIO ~.)J3M"O. 1887 io~ ~,)t::'"..'33nt:'n a.)~.)~nt. mAn~ot..'an ~.) '3a~"t.. J~'OC!' &~6<:.?'8n. hMa:J~ I'I.J3M.)::J.)C'no') b..~:;'An 3'l:JLnJnL 06cn':;J\n.."'03 .. C'. o. ~6n,)'33nC'a,). M~<:.?DSc,aO VC'oL 'CI03<:.?D3 .)b.)C'a,)~~ ~.) 3-::JilnJc-Wo 'a3<:.?oU cnooC'ot.ml. 3'l:)UCJ')c:"'OM u..t..V.)3C'oooC''3n3')C'OMM6nt. J~'3n. nJaD Li'.)3C'(')~ JM33rl1,""onnL cnO(')MO.w.
~.>L"3o:':l~D<:''3n ~M'!l&'~ <!'''''''~ '!l,<:,no~30.<:'o '3M~ ~M6'O'~

roMMOO.x...6MU,)OJ30U, 30u.w, ~3.)6U:')bu ~.) .)3.)00 ~/o,(,)u .)V~ 3(')OM. b"~nMO U03C?OMO~U a,,~,,3n'3"3:)o.w. 1900-1903 i't:':')o'3o "210 Ui'03t:'M'0U 3(')uJ(')30U J~6U:')M3.:aOM/o,Oo)'3n u...... 00>GOO~G. .,a lO~~'3o ~"t:'f'.)'3aoc:'O 33o~/o,(')C! nJ"a'3oM(!IOO" MoUnt:' atJunJ"C"::IM Jnt:'OnM"L, M(')3C'::'"u OM.)(!I000:')oa.) (!Io~o a"at:'oGo d(').:.b~nGou J,,/o,maot:'o J(,)d3(')~noMMnI." '3od(')3ao(!lOo,)~:').

u"J..Am3Dt:'(')'3o (!IollMnli"ooolJ '30a(!loa 18,)t:tn')a3nt:'ao aM6.... i'0t:'Orlo,) aone,- '?3~(') dMdM<>MO,,'aO, MM30t:'oO 3n'b6o(!l nu .... boa~o :')~a6nt:'f' bot:'M360onu aaJ36,)u (!I,) M(')3ot:''300 FI~3n t:'" o~~ 8M03,)t:'" b:')t:'(')360oou 3MC?30VO ~ot:OOo'3a"t:'" n~M u.... J..AmaoC'MU ,?)Ot:;OMdM6"'Ot:'o t..O~Ma,)(!IMoO"U nMo,-OMmn ~nct03~Dont:'O''o306o ~,) 8"L",,,6 oMuD~C &nO~ou.)~,) ~ JouOMoL bnt:'3dc:'306D~ 0210 003'"' <!IMMoL 'O"'dMO~O .)aMD"'3l) 3at?0aMan'OM 8MC?3,)Va Mo"l.J,)o 1910 V~I.J (!Iw.)v:t"UOrf (!I,,8"'''3Mt?o 'Bot:'"o'3a"t:'nL '3a3MdaO<!lOboL "~Mo6t?OC'" 33MOM~". t?"(!I" o'b'"'O~ O~M a~ o'::)t::'" JM33(')~06M/o,n, "an 8Moa.)t:'o Vc:-nL 306C1nC'\o gnCi "M4(!Io "oo;Ju.)t:'Md t?,) ocnDM'ba'" (1918), MM3a~o 8naJ'O<TI36al>.l ~,)~C'(') 3'OLoJoli '08~C'Dt. ant::'VD3.)u. L.)~,,/o,m3DC'M'3n L,)~ 3(')"''' bDt:'ou,::)'Bt:ood.. ~.)a~oMDonu '3Da~Da 1ll')<;::,""o3nt:'nu L"JMa3M'bnOM~ C!" L ,)'b(')aO~ MaOMo3n dMc:'3,)WaMO" n'B~ aDon 6"~M'?)o3Ma2>ncn b,)l..oo)tn~Do'). 'B"t:'",,'330t:0 (!In~n boot. a,,&ao3t:'MOo'an b3 c:-adC?3 "&3 t:'MM. ",:x,C'nlmu JM liLaM3"O(')Mn,)1,.. LoO(')Obt:'ot, nJ,,60UJbDt:' .xnVC'o'Ot:''3n '3nJ8Go 8,,& M30MDoo: .,\!',)()t,o (1923) ~" "t:'.:.o.)3M')'" (1927), U,,'bOn3M J.)6~,), Bode:--

3~ codo..al><Yo MD3M=0""~ 10 '~~3n (1927), ~"""'J3t.o""" t.o'O', &-o6<!'D"" <!" """a'~3"'" '!l"l:'O''il3''t:'" &~"'03't:" 1933 V~ 6 M~ML ~
~~

296

LESSON l O

Vocabulary
1

dJ
4 (16)

son

(used in formation of patronymics)

date according to Julian ca lendar ( 4 ) and corresponding Gregorian

date (16) (such dates are cardinals)
(Al

Mx.'~bn

family
:future

ana'::'3'::'l~n
.::.~a~M~o~n

tutor; educator adviser

elder
later (adv.) outstand in g

~;:;.aMn886Je:!n

(E)

:.!l&Mf'lbn

o:)8[!?:la dn
8.::.a ..... ~J6nc:t,.,
ct'nr:in~I"1";n

6MMnn
a;!)bnJMbn
b~M;:;'5n

conductor (orchestral) tender; young

mus i c i.an

quick; proceed
age

rapid (only present series)

a n+d C!! n6.::>M ::),,''16 b

;:;,b"3 n
3;:;'1."";'::'M6n~.::.63:J

from childhood on
organ

MMCl.:'>6n
~" = :'~)3M.:l3b bobI703~JoJ~n
3'::'~I3MM6\)

play (a musical instrument) id.c., no d.c.) school; college French horn (E)

(only

n:J3J
8 0 6.::.
.::.8'::'33 [nom .

there in the same place;

ibid.

mass (Catholic)
the same

Jb J3;Jl
~+,::,p"Ma~~6b

(aor .

carry out revise; rework; adapt Sergei Taneyev (1856 -191 5) Russian composer

~+'::'~'::'MaI"l3'::') 8.::.~.::.+.::.a.:!Ja'::'3~ob

lJ!.::.6:J:)3 n

LESSON 10

297

a!n(!l";,..
(!I"""" J" 3 a nM 03 b
a"3~06" a,..="b[!l05b
aDa"da:J~:Joo 2
aI"l6,,~nl!':l::JI"IO"
~"I'iInM

close; compact; tight connect; link influence make; effect (E

a"3~::J6"b
-+

I);

a. . "bt!06b

have influence creation; creative work participa tion; aM6 " f' n~ 01"l3 "b a n nt:.',J3 b participate broad; wide movement aim; goal
CA)

aMdM':'M3.:::l an3,:,6n
~.:::l = nb.:::lb.:::l3b

an86,, 1!'

:Jr:l1"l36;,!)t:!n ;;"aaJt:!n
b.:J~1"I36,J3nb

to set as one's goal national involved al'lt:.'3':'~8figure in the world of art founder (E) existing (a"bln,:,6 = as a part of i t , i . e . , the Philharmonic Society; ol'iboo;,!)~n would be expected . ) give over too , also activity beginning early
idea; upiniun; LhoughL

~;,!)d,Ja[!l::Jo::Jt:!n

~"=l1la

. . ob

"8 fl OIn 3.:J

al'l~3.:::l~,Jl"lo" 3
~,:,b,,~~nbn

':'t!";n6~0t:!n

,,(SMn 8.:::l1i':'13 J0:!)t:!n

inspired (here = predicate nominative; does not modify Jl"la3M3nm .... l'in) in the course of (pp.)

t!" OlnoAn Abesalom and Ether an + :J3~11l3603,:, belong to Ja:::'I:!t:!Jbn highest; supreme a n (' ~ 03':' achievemen t

.:::loJb"~l'la

298
~.';I =.:)

LESSON 10

a !:!.:;,"';)6 b

es t ablish

;!)Sfll"l a:JlI"

6,';!!:j",sno"'o6.::.
1),,6 n
b .... OMBbt::lO

even more fruitfulness time (Al

life
decade
(f . pr.

.::Imp ~:J.!lt::!n .';IO'In 17 :JC!n)

~.';Inbn, 1::.1 '::> 11.':13":) .,

names)

15:Jnan
and;;:)3 6n Cln
l7~nb(Jl':'3n - ~an

festival dedicated anniversary

to
(pp . )

Z. Paliasviti Theatre of Opera and Ballet

(TbiJisi)

299

LESSON 11

11 . 1.

The perfect participle.

The Georgian per -

fect participle generally corresponds in meaning to the English past participle and is formed from I . and II . conjugation verbs. The normal markers of the partici-

ple are:
- i~ -

This suffix occurs with: a. root verbs (except those in ev ); b . verbs with P/FSF -i, which is lost
before this suffix;

c.
d.
m- ... - ap-

verbs with root vowel e or

and
1

P/FSF - au , which is lost before this suffix; certain verbs with P/ FSF in _ ob .

This circumfix occurs with: a. roo t II. conj . verbs which have no regularly corresponding t . conj .

forms;
b. verbs with P/ FSF - ob which have
root II. conj . forms 9.1.2) . (see sec.

In verbs whose roots contain an

. - aZ -.

1"

the circumfix is m-

Any P/ FSF is lost with this marker.

-u

z-

This suffix occurs with all remaining verb classes : a. I . conj . verbs in - eb ; b. remaining verbs with P/FSF - av whi ch is lost before this suffix;2 c. verbs with P / FSF - am , which undergoes syncope before this suffix, losing the a ; d. root verbs in 6V i the v of the P/FSF is lost before the u of the suffix ( sec. 1 .11.1 ) .

In the formation of the perfect participles all preradical vowels and person / number markers are dropped from the I . conjugation future. The suffixes are added to the resulting stem . with root II. conjugat ion verbs the prefix m- follows the preverb, coming imme diately before the root . The perfect participle , bei ng a nominal form, has regular nominal declension . Examples:

300
I.

LESSON 11

conj .

II .

conj .

Perfect
particip~e

-i t -

~'D:J"b
~.:.n~J~b

r:.:." r :J1'i J (;.:.

~.;)n!nMJo.;)

~.;)p OMrq:::!n

C!''''!:::lMn~n
a.:;,a~;::'36n~n
aM~Mnc,n

written caught

a.:.aciL::'36nh Clt"I!Mnb

a.;) n 815 ':>36 :)~L,

8Mn!M:);;"
C!.'.:.nc;O!~:J6,:;,

sent cut off printed measured

destroyed pronounced
painted killed

~'6:J!~'3b
a.::l~,...a':;'3b

Ql':;'6::d~n~n

a:;,on8,...a06<:>
afTlnb3Mo,:,

Clr-lb3,..,3b

a.:;,8I"la ... ~n3 a,...b3 ... 6n~n

8:)0.::>

-ul-

p,,,an~d ,ab { ~,,,ann~~anb

3
of,at"ln~
i?,:,b';)~':'3b

p':'M.a ... '"aa;!J~n

(1.11.1)
(ll,:,b':'Ii;!)~n

~.::.nb':'I6Jo,:,

aI"13~;::'3b

a... nJ3~:J6,:,
8nnC';)6o::.

aMJ~!lf!ln
8nCJ:J6;!)f!ln

8n"CI::J b

a,:,,:,aMdJ~06ba,:,aMdJ~eJo';)

received a.::.aMdJ~o6.!1~n continued

a.:. 8alo ,:,';n
a.:;,aaf4.::o~n

m- ..

- ar>-~

m- . . . - a 1. -

a,:,.:;,moMob

a':::' UIo Jo ..
a,::,oAJo.:>

warmed dried mistaken

a,:,,::,of'"lt"lob

a:Ja13~':>Mn a:JB~:J6' Note the following irregular formation of a perfect participle from a root II . conjugation verb. (Other irregular formations of this participle can be found in dictionaries . ) remained

The perfect participles of the irregular verbs are: Verbal Present Future Perfect noun participle stood up (!!8J"'1a.:. ~8:J0':' ~.:.al!'a.::.r'in ~'::'(!l30':' been; former ~"'56.:. .;;..t=\nb n:J6:J6, H..,~n(ln al"'lb;!)t:!n (and similarly for all prefixed forms of
a1"'l3'::'
X~l"'Ia.:.
~I"lt:!':'

afYlb3t:!':' ar"l(!nb
X~:Jo,:,

come
b3~'::'.)

~':'I~Jo,:,

l!.:.aX~':'Mn

bb(!,Ma.:. bbl!:J6n.:.6 l!.:.bb(!:Jon.:.6 l!.:.abb(!':'Mn

P3:Jo.::. [!?':'P3:Jo,:, l!'::'VI'lt:!n&:\n

sat down sat down

lain down The perfect participle is used similarly to the

LESSON 11

30~

English past participle, for example :

~b~ ~~nb ~~vo~n~n
oao~nb~ .

(~6

~~o05~n~n)

6na~6n

A letter is a written (or printed) sound .

M~bo~nb ~MMb J~~oonb

sign of a

anOn
~~~bn

aMV~~oo~~n 3Ma~n

6 6~ooon~,

na

j n ~~nba n

8hM3A~6~~ .

According to information communicated by the Russian ambassadors, at that time in Kutaisi 1000 households lived . 11.2 . Perfect series of II . conjugation verbs . II . conjugation verbs have the subject in the nomina tive case in all series . Indirect objects, if present, will be in the dative case in all series . (Note that unlike I. and III . conjugation verbs, II . conjugation verbs can mark an indirect object in the perfect se ries.) The perfect series forms of II. conjugation verbs vary widely between absolute forms (i .e., with out indirect object) and relative orms (with indirect obj ect) . 11.2.1. Perfect series of absolute II. conjugation verbs. The present perfect is formed by adding the auxiliary verb 'be' to the stem of the perfect participle . In the first person the fLrst person marker v occurs immediately before the root . The 3sg . ending is - a , the 3pl . is - an . (Since most II . conjugation verbs are passive in meaning, the third person is the most common . ) Examples: 2. L

~o3!~"n~30"( -~ ) aM3!"n~3O"(-~ )
a~33Qnt::l3~M( - I7l ) aJ3aB~'''30''( - ~ )

catch cut kill err

~o!:I~JMn~b~A\-~) aM3fint::lb~M( -C7l )

aMJO)~~bO"'( - ~ ) a~aB~'''bO''( - ~)
~o!:I M;;J6nClb.::.fi\-I7l )

~~3MhJ6n~3o!:1fi(-I7l) remain be 3!:::1M5n~3~M( -I7l ) a~3bnt::.l3~M( - I7l) 35g .

~o!:I~Jnn~o!:I aM~';nQ" aM3C1!)CI~

HM5n~bo!:lM( - I7l)
a~b:!l~b~M( - I7l )

come

3pl.
~.::.AJMn~.::.6
a ~!Mn~~6

aI"lJt::'.:!}~.::.6

302
a:Jaa~.:::>fl,:)

LESSON 11

a JaB [!l,::,M.::.6
~':::>Mn 06 n~.::.6

[!'.:::>Mn,J6"<::I.:::>
~1"I!9ni::'':::>

~1"I3n~~6
aMb.!l~.::.6

a..,b!lO"

The pluperfect is formed by adding t he aorist of ' be ' (sec . 5 . 4.2) to the perfect participle stem _ ~ In the first person the marker is - V - . . . - iqavi( - ~). Ex amples : 1 _ , 2. 3pl . 35 9 _
~'(3)!J~n~n~'3n( - ~)
a..,t3)!Mn~n8'::'3nl - ~)
~':::>~JMn~n!:fM

~':::>~JMn~nl:l36J6
aM~Mnc:!nl:l36J6

a"'~Mnon81'l aM3c:!~~n!:fr"l
a:Jaa~.::.nnl:lM
~.')M.Fi:J6n~n!:f1"l

aM(3)J~~~n~'3n\ - ~) a:J(3)aB~'::'Mn~':::>3n( - m)
~':::>(3)MnJ6n~n~'::'3n~ - ~)

aI'"lJ~.!)c::!nl:l36J6

aJae~''''n~36J6
~':::>MnJ6n~nl:l36J6
!:jI"'I S n (I n

(3)~Msn~n8'::'3n( - m) aM(3)b~~n~'3n( - ~)

l;j",snt::l"l:I M

l:I3 6 :J 6

al"lb:!)c::tnl:lt"l

a. . . b!lt:' n l:l3 6 0 6

11.2.2 . Perfect series of relative II . conjugation verbs . The stem of the perfect series (both present perfect a n d pluperfect) of relative II . conjugation verbs bears little resemblance to the s t em of the correspo n din g absolute forms ; i t is the same as the s t em of t h e corresponding verbaZ noun minus t he fina l -a of such verbal nouns . s The indirect objec t is marked both in the present perfect and in t he p l uperfect by the h - series Object markers (see sec . 7 . 2 . 4 and t h e rules in 7 . 1 . 2) . {; Remember that the subject of these verbs is in the nominative case and the indirect object is in the dative ! The present perfect is marked by the suffix - i followed by the present tense of the verb 'be ' which marks the grammatical subject:
l.

2. 359

- v- . . . . - i - var( - t) . . . . - i - xar( - t) . . . .- i-a

3pl

. . . . -i-an

Examples

(only singular objects are illustrated) (VN :

~~a~~3~)

~~Ja~~J6~

he will hide from someone I/we hid from you I/we hid from him

~~aa~~3n3,')M( - (Jl) c:'~3a,')~3n3,')A(-,")

LESSON

~l

303

l!'.;)aa.;)c:!3n~.;)":;(-cn) l!',:)a,:)~3nb,:)":;(-cn)
l!'.::.aa'::'~3n.;)

you/you aU hid from me you/you aU hid from him he/they hid from me he/they hid from you he/they hid from him

l?,:)aa.;)~3n6

l!'.;)aa~3n.;) l!'.;)a.;)~3n,:)

l!'.;)aa.;)C!3 n .;)6
l!',:)a,:)~3n.;)6

Similarly: Verbal noun ReI . II . conj. Rel . II . conj . Future Present perfect write
ask

l!'V;)Fl
aJJnl7\b3~
l!'~ba.;)":;J6

l!',:);)V:JI'lJ0,:)

l!'.::.bp:Jnn,:)

oJ3JnlTlb3 n

.::.

l!'ba.;)"1;J6n.::. help l!'Jba~FiJo~ .;)i9J6Jon build ~aJ6C?Jo ~OJ6J6~ unite aJ~J":;I7\l!'Jo~ 0JJt'lcnJo n aJJ":;I7\J6~ concern dJJbJo.;) aJbJon~ "ObOilo The relative pluperfect has the II . conjugation i mperfect/cond i tional marker - od- followed by t h e subject markers of the imperfect/cond i tional:
- i -

-a Example

-nen

(only singular objects are illustrated) : he will hide from someone I/we bad hidden from you I/we had hidden from him you/you aU had hidden from me you/you aU had hidden from him

l!.::.oa,:)"Jo
l!'.::.aa~f'lC?n( - cn)7
1!3a~f'll!'n( - In) ~~aa~t'Jf'll!'n{ - In)

<!?aa~.:)I"l(!;l~

l1!,:)aa~t)I"l~
l2,:)aQMl?~

he/they had hidden f rom me C?.;) a a ~ t:)1"l C?6 JG he/they had hidde n from you l!'.;) a.::. ~f'l (!?6 J6 he/they had hidden from him
C?~aa~f'll!'6;)6

Similarly :

30'
~~bpJI'\t''1:!!:'
aJ~Jn~bM~O

LESSON 11

(sec . l . ll . l)

~oba"fiJo",~"

Od;)6 :)Ol'l~;:'

dJJ':;''''JOMt!!'''
d;)bJOMI:',}
Note:

The relative forms of II . con jugati on perfects and pluperfects can be easily distinguished from the corresponding II. conjugation futures and conditionals (a) (b) (e) the absence of the II. conjugation markers i - or - d -; the absence of the P/FSF -eb- in ver bs derived from I . conj . forms ~n - am , - a v, -~ and root verbs; in the present perfect by the 3S9 . ending - i - a instead of - a alone .

by:

11.3.

The periphrastic passive.

The perfect par-

ticiple (in the nominative singular) is used with the present, aorist, and optative of the ver b 'be' to denote a passive of state, i . e ., a passive which can correspond to the English simple passive (as opposed to the progressive passive of action , which genera lly corresponds t o the Georgian II. conjugation) . Examples are:
Simple
npJ~J3~
pass~ve

Periphrast ic passive
~~PJ~n~n~

it is being written
npJ~J3 ,., ~ .-.

it is written
~~PJ"'n~n

n\:j ....

it was being written it was written it should be written it should have been written 8 Examples :
~3n~nbn a~6~~aJ3D~n.-. a~n6~~J a~J3~~nb
6.-.3n~J3!1J '

Tbilisi is located on t he banks of the

r~ver

Kura

LESSON 11.

305

Ob

a~~a~ x~s~~ndnb

an~~

n8~

~~p~Mn~n.

This work was written by Japarije. A second type of periphrastic passive is formed with the perfect participle and the auxiliary n36J6~/ nj6~ ' become', 'be' . This passive form is used basically with those I . conjugation verbs which cannot form a II. conjugation (pass ive) paradigm,9 but its use is being extended to other verbs which do have their own II . conjugation forms. When the participle precedes the auxiliary, the participle has no case ending; if the auxiliary comes first, the participle is in the nom . sg . The auxiliary nj6J6~ is identical in form to the future tense of ~Mnb ' be', while the past tense (aorist) has the following conjugation : 1. 3nj86n( - m) 2 . nj:J6n( - m) 3sg . n;j6~ 3pl. nj6 0 6 The optative is either the expected (3)nd6~( - 0Jl)j nj6~b , n;j6~6 or the preferred <3}nj6J( - m)j n5Gob , n566J6. Examples of this construction are :
an~J6~~ n36~ ~b~~n 6Md~6J6~ .

A new order was received

(cf .

ann~J6b)

Ob

~G~~

a~~nJ~~

nj6Jb

a~~~n3n

36J6nmnb~8~6 .

This must be distingu i shed from the simple passive .

b~~nM~ !~a06n

n36J60

an~J6~~n.

Necessary measures will be taken .

6M~~~J6~~n nj6~ ~~bxn~n .

The accused was sentenced . The periphrastic passive with the verb 'be' is by far more common in Georgian than the periphrastic pas sive with n::16J6~ /n::16~ , which is literary . l1 .4. Causative o I . conjugation verbs. Regular I . conjugation (transitive) verbs and irregular verbs in -eb~ -ob can take on a causative meaning by the addit i on of a circumfix a- .. . in - eb - which is added to the present or future stem minus any preradical vowels and with loss of P/FSF - i - and syncope o f the P/FSF -av-. T hese causatives can have a variety of translations into English , including : t o cause/have someone do something, to let/permit someone do something , to make/help someone do 30mething , etc. In these con -

306

LESSON 11

structions, the causer (permitter , forcer, etc . ) is the grammatical subject and the person caused (permitted , forced, etc . ) to perform the given action is the indirect object and marked by the h -series of object markers (see sec . 7 . 2.4 and the rules Ln 7 . 1 . 2) . Causatives of I . conjugation verbs are themselves I . conjugation verbs and are conju~ated as any regular I. conjugation verb with P/FSF -eb 0 , with the same case syntax. i.e . , with the subject, direct and indi rect objects marked as in sec. 10 . 2 . Examples of formation of the causative are: afTlnba 8 6b a 1"1':> b a;)6 06 00 b
listen to

have s . o.

listen to

oopO"b
write

g>;::';:'~:JMn6:Job

have 5 . 0. write
a.-::.;::.a~;::'36n6Job

a.::.a 8 ':>3 6nb

send
[!l.::>b.::.te'::>3 b

have 5 . 0 . have 5 . 0 . make 5 . 0 . have 5 . 0.

3b

send paint understand repeat

~.::..::.b '::'1B 3n6:J6b

paint

a.::>nao 6b
understand

a.::..::.a:Jon6:J6b 8.::..::. a.Jr'lfi:J6 n 6.Job 8".::.rn6r'10n6;J6b

a.::. n8 .J,.,';:Job
repeat

a ,:,

.:)lJ1 ;; M

have s . o . warm warm Irregu1ar verbs (those with no root vowel) with P/FSF - i ~ - av ~ -am take the circumfix - Q - . . . -evin-eb. The P/FSF - i is lost and the P/FSFs - QV and - am undergo syncope . Examples are :
~.::.bxnb

punish kill pronounce

~.::..::.b:x.J3n6J6b

a"''::'.33~J3n6:)ob

(see sec . 1 . 11 . 2)

a.::.a"''::'O'lda:J3n6:J0b
(see sec. 1.11.1)
up

~.::.~a.::.ab

stand

(sthg.)

(da=dg-am-s) The verbs =~.::.ab ' eat' and ~'::'~J3b ' drink' have irregular causatives : (pr . b3"ab)

LESSON II

307

Future
~,ab

Present

Causative future

Causative present
.:l

"a"3 b
D3.::. 8b
~'::''::'C::J3n6Job

!!'::'QJ3 b

ba J3 b

Causative a or ist

Causative perfect

.::. .::.abj" "aJD

(~)'b3n( - ~)

(~H,a!( - ~)

JJ!a J 3 n .::.
~ba:J3n"

b 3 .: 1 ; :>h3:Jh

~b~J3D also forms the aorist and perfect series regularly: aorist : ~'::''::'~J3no.::l; perfect: ~b~~J3n6Jon.::. . Note the translations of these causatives , including for .-:lo~aJ3D ' feed', and for (!Ib.-:lot:lJ3n6:)OD ' water ' ( e . g . , animals) Examples of the use of causative forms:

3nm.-:lob .-:loa

PJ~n~b

anb

~ ~~6.-:lo~an

8.-:loa~3.::.d3J~6Jon6Jo .

I wi l l have -t<ita (da t . ) publish this letter in his magazine . (Fu ture)
~J!!bdW~Ma.::.

(dat .)

3nm.::.b Jb PJ ~n~ n ~"3nb ~~ M6'::'Qan

8.::.a~bj3:J86Jon6b .

The edito r ( erg . ) had ~ita (da t . ) publish this letter ( nom . ) in his magazine . (Ao rist )
MJ!!.::.d~~Mb ~~M6'::'~dn jn~bbb~3nb

Jb

PJMn~n

~JJMaJ

~'::'3nb

a<::la~JJj3J~6Jon6Jon<::l .

The editor (dat.) has apparently had ~i t a (postpositional phrase with - tvis) publish this lett er in his magazine. (Present perfect)

11 . 5 .

Wordbuilding : participles . Georgian has four so- called participles: the (present ) a c tive, the (future) passive, the negative , and the perfect. The perfec t participle has been discussed above in secti o n

11.1 . 11 . 5 . 1 . The ( present) active participle . The (pres ent) active participle of I. conjugation verbs was discussed in section 5 . 7 . 2 . III . conjugation verbs form this participle with the prefix m- and no suffix or t h e suff i xes - are or - ar - { - a!e or - a~ -respectively if the root cont ains r) , or wi t h the circumfix mo - ... _ e . ll Examples : ( . see p . 31 4.1
swim

308

LESSON 11 5 Mn6 ':>3 b

t:I.::>3;::,1')<:> ..F 'I 6 b

f1y speak
work boil

a5t'1n6"3'" 8"'1::)",3",,;,,.,3,:)
af'l8:!)8'::' 3 0
at?;!)~"':;;)

a;!)o"f'lob
~~~b
Ijn~nb

cry aljn"'.;)~n The active participles of the irregular verbs are: Active participle
a~~5n

cf. verbal noun

~f'l56"

com e
I!'a.::o b stand
6nb
sit (sg . )
bbJ~,,6

sit (pl . )
~ 03 b lie down

11 . 5 . 2. The future (pa ssi ve) participle of I . conjugation verbs was discussed above in section 7 . 6 . 3. 12 As a rule , III. conjugation verbs do not form this participle. 1) The fu ture (passi ve) participles of the irregular verbs a re: also me ans :
",:inl>
~a.,b

be
stand

(af9'l )~nbcome

dwelling; b.-::.8!:1 f"1 sn (a .... ) b':>3.::>c:!n harvest

su.fficient

b'::'Ela,..,an

d welling , abode

~,::JoX~J~" sit down ~.:>b:)x.~,.,an lie down b,::,pI'lC n 1>03 b

bed

11 . 5 . 3 . The ne gative participle . I . conjugation verbs form this participle with either the prefix u or the circurnfix u- . . . - s l - . (The latter of ten, though not always, has syncope . ) The prefix u - alone is mo st commonly foun d with regular verbs with P/PSF -av ; elsewhere the circumfix is found. The markers of the

LESSON ~~

309

negative participle are added t o the future stem (minus person/number markers and preradical vowels); the P/FSP - i is dropped and the P/PSPs -am and -au undergo syncope before the suffix -e Z . Examples;
~~~OMb aPl~Mnb

write cut

~~~POMJ~n aPl:!lbM::}C~n p~~aPl:!lmJaO~~

unwritten uncut unpronounced unseen u npainted not killed

p~haPlmJ3~abp ron ounce

(sec . 1.11 . 1) see paint kill

,,6~b;::'3n

~~;9bbta.::t3n

aPl!JJ3~Jt:ln

(sec . 1.11.2 ) or dPl,'!)Jt::Ib3n repeat a,.,b3,.,ob destroy a.::t!ldol"'lMoOJl::ln

(E)

unrepeated undestroyed

aM;!]b3Plo:JC,'In
( E)

Verbs which form the perfect participle with the circumfix ffl - -a I' - (m- . -aZ-) can form the negative participle by prefixing the m- of the perfect partici ple with u - or with the circumfix u - ... - eZ -. Examples: a~.::tm6PlOb heat
a;::,aITlO~Mn

a".:')acnO':::>Mn
a".!ImoM6:J~n (E)

heated unheated be mistaken mistaken unmistaken

;aOa~33~

o:)dB!.l.::.,.:in
CI:)~af3~;::'Mn CI:).!.lB~MaO~n (E)

are

The negative participles of the irregular verbs (less common forms are given in parentheses) : come aPl~nb having not come aPl,'!)b3e::,10~n
~':::>~8:)3.:::>
1E'~~~8PlaJC!!n

stand having not stood sit down (sg . )

~~~!Ia~a~fln)
IE'.::tX~86.::t

310

LESSON 11
~;:':!.lxt!'r'laJ~n (E)

having not sat down

(sg . )

(~.~aX~o"'n)
~.:>bb~J6n;::,6 [!I;:'!lbb~f'1aJC!'n (E)

sit down (pl . ) having not sat down

lie down

(pl . )

(~.::.!)abb~;:,':;n)

12,,173::1 6 .::.
12".:!Jpl'1t::l::>J:ln

having not lain down As can be seen from the above glosses, the nega tive participle can be translated into English as a negative past (passive) participle . They also ofte n have the meaning 'unable to be', for example , ~.:>,:;af'1.:!J~JaJt::ln 'unpronounceable' . The negative participle in the adverbial case corresponds to English ' without having . . . ' . Example:

dnhn

~J~n~nb

r;:'!lJn~b':>3':>~

a:) OJ6 30M an3.-::.b!JbJo .

Without having read his letter I will not be able to answer you .

11.5 . 4. Perfect participle in na- . In addition t o the formation described in sec . 11 . 1 above, the perfect participle ca n be formed by adding the prefix nato the future stem immediately before the roo t . l~ The P/FSF - i is dropped and the P/FSF -av is dropped in regular verbs. Examples (glosses as in sec . 11 . 1):
~~6~PJ~n ~~6~~JMn a~6"'a3':>36n
afY'l6':>~JMn

an6~~Jon 0~6~oMdJ~J6n
a..,6~0l6fT16n

0.:>6.:>0":;,.,01"1
etc .

~~6~6J!~n
a~6~3fY'1an
afY'l6~b3fY'16n

a'" a,.., 6 .::>11\ d3'" a n

~..,6..,b"'t"

afT16':>3c:!':>3"
This participle in na- is typical of the older Georgian literary language and is less common in the modern language than the suffixed perfect participle. It is not used to form the perfect series of II. con juga tion verbs. 11.5 . 5 . Many Georgian participial forms are used

LESSON 11

311

both as nouns and as part1ciples . Examples have been given in sections 5 . 7.2 and 7 . 6 . 3. Here we s h all give a fe w examples of such u s es of na- per f ect participles and the p art iciples derived from III . co n jugation verbs . 6~!:In6n ice cream freeze !:In6~3b ,p,;;aM:J6b produce , work 6~p~~aMJan product, work
n

be; b

B6MOb

know s.o . write play complain speak fly

6~66Mon

bJClS~POMn

acquaintance manuscript ( bJ~n ' hand ' ) toy player complaint pilot

cn.::>a~aM6b

b;::,m,:,a;::,ClM
aMcn~a~a::l
b.::.nn3~Mn

nn3 nb
t:!~3,:,M':'.3M6b

aM~.::.3'::''';''.3J speaker

!It'in6'::'3 b

a!9t'inS"3 n

Reference Chart for Participle s Prefix Present act i ve mmmmosa sa saSu f fix - e1
- ar (e)

(-al(e

-e - el
- 0

Future passive

Perfect

Nega t ive

mna uuu-

- il

- ul - ar ( - al)
- el - ar

312

LESSON 11

LESSON 11: Notes

1. Verbs in - ob which form their II. conjugation forms with prefixed i - (and not with root II . conjugation forms) also form their perfect participle in - i t -; e . 9 .: a,..,b3,..,ob 'destroy ', passive a,., n b3,., 0.::., perfect participle a,.,b3,.,on~n . 2. More accurately, the P / FSF - av undergoes syncope, losing the a , and the v is then lost before the u of the suffix . 3. Some verbs with root vowel 0 syncopate the P / FSF before the suffix , keeping the v ; e . g. , I. conj. ~'::'~"'8'::'3b , perf . part . ~'::'~""B3n~n . 4. In older texts one might find examples of the per fect conjunctive, which is formed similarly to theplu perfect, except that the endings are the corresponding optative forms of the verb 'be' (sec . 6.1). 5. It should be remembered that I. and II. conjuga tion verbs have the same verbal nouns and that there is no difference in verbal nouns between those derived from absolute and those derived from relative verbs . It should also be noted that the perfect series is almost always form ed from the perfective, i . e., prefixed, stem . 6. There is a tendency in these forms to use the indirect object marker h- before many consonants which according t o the norm (see sec. 7.2 . 4> should have no such marker . This h- is found before such conson ants as p , 8 , ~ , etc. So, alongside such forms as aObJon.::. . ~.::. ba,::,~oOn.::. we can find forms such as aO~b o on.::., ~.::. ~ba.::.n J on.::.. A similar phenomenon is found in IV. conju gation verbs ( sec . 12 . 1) and passives of state (sec . 13.4) . 7. In accord with rule 1 . 11 . 1, the final u of the verbal noun da-ma Z- u - a is lost before the 0 of the suffix - od- . 8. T h ere is very little difference in meaning between the II. conjugation aorist series forms and the periphrastic passive forms. So, both ~.::.npJ ~'::' and ~ '::'& ;l ';n ~ n n!:l'" correspond to English ' i t is written ' . 5im11arly, there is little difference in meaning between the optatives ~'::'/"IVJ';,.,b and ~.::o~o';nc:!n n~ ,.,b . 9. Many I . conjugation verbs with preradical vowel

LESSON 11

313

conjugation forms and so use the periphrastic passive with nd606~/nd6~ . Examples of such verbs are:
a~~~~~b~~b a~~~"b~nb .

i- cannot form derived II.

He will pay the tax. Passive: The tax will be paid .

b~6~~m~ X~~36a~ 6J~~n6n ~n~Jb.

The Soviet armies took Berlin. Passive: 6J~~n6n ~~J6~~ "d6~ . Berlin was taken. See also Lesson 12, note 7 . 10 . As a consequence of this, these verbs have in the pluperfect two occurrences of the suffix - in-: first as the marker of the causative and second as a marker of the pluperfect of regular verbs in - eb; cf . se-a~er-v-in-eb-8 'she will have him sew something', plu perfect : ~e-e-ker-v-in-eb-in-a. With causatives de rived from verbs in -cb both the -cb- ~nd - in- ~rc

repeated; e.g . , da - a - grjeZ - eb-s 'he will lengthen something ' , pluperfect da - e - grjeZ - eb - in - a ; causative: da - a - grjeZ - eb-in - eb - s ' he will have someone lengthen i t ' , pluperfect da - e-grje~ - eb-in - eb - in-a . 11 . With the exception of the perfect participle, there is a great deal of variation in the formation of the various participles . Some verbs have more than one possible form accepted for a given participle, whereas from other verbs (particularly III . conjugation verbs) certain participles cannot be formed at all . The examples given here are meant to be illus trative and do not permit the prediction of how other, similar verbs might form their participles . 12_ This participle (generally from verbs of motion) can also be used to indicate someone (or something) that is to do something, that should or ought to do something . Examples :
b~b~ao n~~3n , 6~3a3n bJM~n~~6 ~~nb a"b~b3~o~n.

Be at home, the child should be coming from schoo1_

M~ b~~m~J Jdnam~6 3~~ V~b~b3~J~n .

I am [supposed] to go to the doctor ' s at two

3>4

LESSON 11

o 'clock .
nhdoh ~ 1 ~M~&~

30Mm

~obob3~0~n!

Hurry up, we should leave on time!

13. So, accord~ng to A . San~je, dOhm~~~ aAoao~nJnb boS~d3~o~n (Tbilisi , 1973) . p . 579 . Other sources

recognize such forms,

including Tschenkeli's Einfuhl"ung and the eight volume 3oAm~~n ~6nb ao6aoA~o6nmn ~JjbnJ~6n _ For these latter, the future participle of III . conjugation verbs always has the prefix sa - with no suffix or with the suffixes - 0 (mainly with verbs in - ob , with loss of this PSF), - al" (mainly with verbs in - i , which lose this PSF; the suffix is - al - i f the root contains an 1') , or - et - (mainly with verbs in - eb) . Examples are : moaoa~6b play bomOaOOM

(pp .

549-52)

3o~xnaM6b

exercise

b030MxnoM

14. In some verbs this particp1e can also be formed from the present stem; e . g . , 6~~~~n 'written', 6~b~~n 'drawn', ' drawing' 6~oJ!~n ' printed '.
I

( . to sec . 11 . 5 . 1, p . 307 . ) With the present a c tive participle, the object of the cor r esponding t. conj . verb is marked by ~he genitive of nouns and by the possessive adjective of personal pronouns ; e . g .: nb Fib ~ob !I!:L!JI'i J ob ' He sees the quarrel . ' > nb~onb a~~:!Jl'iooo~n ' [the one] seeing the quarrel '

31"10lln

'The poet paints you .' > oJ6n ab.:> .:>3n 31"10lln ' the poet painting you '
ab~II':>3b.

315

LESSON 11:

Exercises
~SM~ ~~MJ o~aMa8~36n~nBM , a~an6

1.
2.
3.

5JMn~n M~a
a~an6

an3n~J6~n~. ~~MaJ ~OabaOMOanom .

"3Q60

3"B", MMa oa

b03oAxnoMb mJ306 m3 nmM6 30M aooJJmOa~nm. 303Mn jOMm30~n oOB6nJMn oaonob, Ana
11 3J5bnb~~oMbo6nrl ~6~o

4. 5.
6.

j8Anb ~03nm bMb~o6nb amab MMOb a3n~ PJ~b aMaJ3~OMO. 3ob~o68n 8 ~ on6 bMa OM an6obo3b? ono, OM 8n6obo3b. nb m~MaJ ~oa3ao~3no. b~SMobmo6 MO~Ma OM ~oax~oMboM? nan~Ma, Mna aMboP3J3" 60Momn OM anan~no. 3MM50bMMOO oanMo6oa3n~ao p0830jnmbo 6nJM 5nMMbao6na3n~nb (1860 - 1918) oJbobJo . 306 n~M snMMbao6na3n~n? Jb n~M bobJ~M306n 30Mm3J~n
abo~30Mn; ~oMn3n 8~Jbnb Mxobn~o6 ~~ n~M
~~

mOaOM aosnb bnJ3~n~oa~JM. nb m~MaJ

~o~JMn~n~M

aoaMbD~n .
an~~n~ .

aOD oMo3nmonn
7.
a~6 ~~ nGM~~ ~MB ~Ma p~Mb~~ ,

3MM5Jbn~Qn

806omQJ6~

SO~~J~nb mJd6nJ~ ' ab~~3~M~ na6M6~~

bb3~

na6MO~~

~~a

anb ~~6~aO~~M30 d~M~~~ bJ~~3606~b .

abM~M~ J~bO~b~ ~~
~b ~M J~mbOJ6d~

8.

B6~6n~n~ ,
~3n~nbb .
~~~n~~ .

b~J~Mm3J~Mb

9.
10.
11 .

~n~Mba~6nd3n~n
b~a ~M

5~~6an

ab~~3~~b~~3nb

M~bMb~3nb

aO~~~MJ6n~m?

3n,

aJ~~~~Jb!

3~M50bMMa~

~~a3~~JMn6~

aMJ~O

mb3~~oo~

snMMba~6no3n~nb

anOM ~~b~~~~n b~~~ m Jo~b aDb~bJo.

Jb PJMn~n n3~60bm3nb M~~Ma ~M a~ana~~35n60on~? anb~3nb MMa a~aJa~~36n60on6~, ~n~~ a~b ~M ~8 J ~M

ann~Jo~~ .

12 .
13 .

noab 3MM~MJ~b ~~3~b~~3n 600. 3J~Mob 3MM~Mo~nB m~MaO anb anDM ~~b~~~~~ . c 0 6 ~6~~ aJaB~~Mn~~3n , MMG~ mJ3n , ~n~ ~Ja
aM3~M .

~a

~b~~a~aM~~

ab~~3~Mb

316

LESSON 11
J~~~~~n
~bMm~

14.
15 .

~6a~6n

~~A~3J~m~
~~6b ,

an3SJ3nb
d~~m~~n

aJa~Ja

~6~~

aJda6n~nHM . ~nan~~6

Ana
~Ma

~66~6n

oJ~d6~~b ~6oo6n

~6~o

~~~~d6J3M~~ .
~a~3nBJOJ6J bMab~An j~Am3J~J6nb~m3nb

16 .

bMabJon
aO~Ja6no

06006nb aJaJa6J~b ,

aoa,M6 b
17 .

a J bhM3

18 .

19.
20 .

bM8bJmnb JAm - JAm d3J~ nb~MAnoan ~o~oAn~no, a J bAM3 aOa.MSaO bMabJob , J0330bnnb o~606J~Jobo ~o doAm3J~J6b 06006000 aJ~da6oM. bMdbomnb Jb nb~MMno ~oVJAn~no aJb~mJ bO~3~6Jan bM8Jbn nblMAnJMbn JMMn~6nb anOM. anbn m03~o 3nM3J~n MJ~ojBno OM a Ja M6 o b ~~ o. oAbOOMOb abM~M~ aMa~J36 M bO~J~6JJoan aO~05JMn~n
~o ao~oJomJa~~n
aJb~mJ

MJ~od~

J
6~

aoaMoa

bO~3~6nbo3
abM~M~

nb~MMnJMbnb aoa~M6ao A~a~~B ~~6b J

mb8~~Oooan e6~3~3n

~OaVJM~M60 ~66~6J6nb

3oano, Ana dJbMM3 bMdbOob a~~Ja6~~.

~~ J~33~bnnb o~b~b~6 3~MnD6nb

21 .

~~M~D~n

~~3~6DMn

a~a~3~QJOnb

22 .

bb3nbn b3en~ ~oao~~an~ . Bb~~n~1 M~a aJbMM3 a~a ' i~ d~M~D~n o66~6n OM aJ~Ja6n~ . Ob ~66~6n D6~0 aJJa6n~n~~ bOJOMm30CMon aJM~bO 06 a~bD~O bOD3D6Jan.
aoaMa3M6J6~~n JOM~3J~n D6~~ ~M5n~n~M.
b~bJ~apn~M 3~330bnnb 0~606J~n JMnb~n~6D~n

nb~~Mnnb ~Jdb~b

23 .

nyM

~~aMb~3~Jm

oanJM3~330bno; ,
ao6eoaJoJ~n .

b~~~e B~~o

ob~06~J~n

o3JM6onxo6no 2 4.
~Q6~6nMn a ~.60bn~o o~606DMn

~oa~JM~~onb

d~~n06

6nanon o J -

. .

oMbJo~ab

JM~o~JM~n

aoao~n~n

25 .

o6oo6nbo , MMaJ~nB aO~O~~Mn~o aDO bo D3n 6 0 Jonb bMabnM bJ~6o~JMan. Jb bJ~6o~JMn 80aM33QJn~ nj60 3M~5Jb~Mn ~303n

LESSON 11

26.

"a

;:.63;:.6/1 .. ;:.b",,,,;:.

';"(jbJ~~,,6

1;;:.6b,

1"' .. 3 <>c:!6,,6~"'~

J6" 1i~~~c:!",-"~J,,,b"3~J~"b J"3J;:.b,,~b OGJa,,~ a",6"~Jb"3J H", snc:!".

2?

A"Gb, "' ... <1 "c:!t."G.!l"'~ 06" ;:.bc:!;:.G~Jt:ln D~~"'n JEinb

~n6,,3,,"'n ~"'S"c:!'"

28. 29 . 30. 31.

a""a J "''''J6,,6J'' J".1" .....,b 3"' ... '01.> ... ,0;"" 6""'.1J"a,,] ,0;"6" c:!".'l""'''J ... al!'' , "I" 3:!)ba06~". 6 J b.""',, ""<:'c:!J3t. 61Jc:!"':' ,,~aJ3~! 01 0 IlJ3J 3"!,,aa ' ab e6 .. 3" 3nC'J3~c:! nj6.:. 3""1"6a,,b a"b3~nb 3:Ja~:)a. "!laS" j""'O\.;I~n :)6nb 0'".;153""" finan .fIi"~"BnnO\'"" ~"~aJ5nc:!" . Jb O~.!l53JOn "' J "'; ".!lC:!"~ 3Jndc:!aO"
bbJ"~,,bb3"

."i"a"'" nj6Jb

l!oc:!"aJo~cn .

32. 33 . 34. 35.

a .. jaac:!n "':i<l.!lt:la" aJ~"a" .... j"F;"'!lC" J6"b l!!"a~J/\Ci",a"a/'l ~"",a,..~ .. jaJc::n .:.b"'JO" ,,/\ "";0Jo",oo. A"bJ!l"'n J6nb d:J!lb~"3c:!OCo~ 3J'" aJI!;I3 n , 0"';""0" !!" iI,,,bJ!l"''' J f,,; ,,6J .. b ,)6" "' 0""3 0il, ,, OlD ;:.f-". SO"!!"" In , ",,,,a "b:)"" i):)6:)llinJ J I'i" 6"0I0b",.,3.:. I:J'" J"1!!03 ~"JaIl3/'1S06011"':" ObO "an , Jb aJ601"J'!)"''' 6""'ob"",iI, .:. ".:l,,<I!!nb .:.f. (!O.:.<11.1 3 n SJiI,JI.:" b/Jal'"b"';,,,!? , ","~/JaJt:r'i " 3:J j.:.I'\":!)Il" c:!nl:JI'i/JI!l"'!Jc:!n 5"~"l'ia"'03J<S,,b :!)a"'''3t1lt> ... 0" ,,6a~nb;:J1'i a6<>~:J Xl'" J"I!'Oj a " (!O':'J"'':'''a, a6 :J1:'''1> , :J,n ., "b"6" I:J'" J " ~:J3 ;:.'"
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J6.

5? 36. 39.

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aJ~31>I'iJ3.!1~"'"

c:!Ja:J6~nb an b J I!'3"'"

40.

318

LESSON 11

Vocabul ary

,6
rogative ;
,:)f!>:I3 nl1lv .'in
cf . II'I;!)

invitation

,b"
i:)ji:)a~nb

i:)b~,')6c?:l~n

ac:.l:Jb n
cei:)ap:J~c::!M6,')

conversion no (kind of) aa3Q6n~~n [G . beautiful aa3J6n3Mnb] letter up to new ab,')~3,')An artist; present(-day) painter (A) 6.')O'lOb':'M6.:> (E) relations hip invention family Mx"bn professional 3~MS:Jb";:}e:!n education; edition M:l~,')<lan,') instruction I'l n a b 3 n number peasant famous (A) b,;,bOc:! M 3>:16n writin g sysdifferent bb3,;;,(!!.::obb3" tern ; writing bb3nbn someone only one ; the o nly; a sin 91e; unique same (parti lIJd 6n J'
IIM.')(!Ina n .:>

else ' s
bb3~)

(cf .

cle indicat- .!I~!JMn ing identity)

cn"3i?,')3n";3:J~n

original;

io-

CJl>:l6;::,aOi? MM 3:J
ITIJM":; n.!)~n

itial; first SJ";~JM,') contemporary ja>:lMn theoretical ~,')MnOn corner; angle; region
rig ht (as opposed to
a:J~3,')MJ0.!lc:!n
a~,')

technique tradition Udi (NE Cau casian lan guage) painting husband (A) poor (= not rich) creator beloved (person) Middle Ages
clear past

J!)a1b:J

a l"laQl :J3 6 ,.,

a,...6.'>"":J b .')30

left): right hand following related

b,').!IJ!J600on

LESSON 11

319

ancestor (A) executioner Albania (bo th Caucasus and Balkan) Kak.hetia (provi nce in East Geor gia) .::.anfi..::.6"o3 n C)n (surname) (XI. cent . ) '::'Mb:!JJndO
J 1"16 bt ,,61.3 nG.:J

3'::':1'::'

(m .
(V .

pro

n . )

31"1Mn!)6n
a3~:lob3.3Jo

cent . ) Melchizedek

a ObM",3 a'::' Il I"1[3n (361 - 440) 6.:Jbta",fi.n Nestor fi.;:?b,., Rousseau

sn~l"1ba.::.6na3n~n

(1860 - 1918) ( 1887 (f.

6n3P'1

o.::.6ndJ "3'::'3n o Mfi.:J6.::.

pr o n . )

Verbs
~"'::'l!'8J6 b

da=a-dgen - s
E -+ I)

(aor. fix; determine remake; alter

8"l!'''''JJalOob

gada+a-~et - eb - s

cause to read (causa tive of (p.::.)n3n~b'::'3b I read ' ) a.::.(6)"~"a:J0b ga(n)=a- Lag - eb- s locate da=a - "Lag - eb- s arrange, order (?.::..::.~.::.aoob da=u - mat - eb - s II. add (st hg . ) to (sthg . ) l!''::':.!la'::'II:J b conj. = ~'::'.:Ja'::'tiJo.::o 0=H-a-mJobin - eb- s prefer (sthg . /s . o.) to

(p')'Jomb30b

(c~=) a - ~i

tx - eb- s

(sthg . / s . o . ) (?.::oJG.::om J b.::o3Jo.::.da=e - natesav - eb-a be related to a Ja ~ n 6 .::.b"3b semo=i - nax - av- s preserve; keep, save (e . g ' r money) da=e - pujn - eb- a be based on (st hg . ) II. conj. se+qam - s eat up, consume 0=a - ~mev - s aor . = feed (animals ; children)

LESSON l~ 320

da=:c ay-av- S a=x 8n. - i- S

draw; paint so~ve; explain _ l ,:;:_~_ :._~_~_::::_ -.

/.

- - - ---- .. -=-.-

Sola. RustaveLi (from an XVII. Cenlury mS . of Ve~"1i5\Qaosani ) '8('10).) 61'SI"g).}3:lc;:n

.L ESSON

~l

32l

Key to the Exercises

~ .

2.
3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8.
9 .

10 . 11 . 12 .
13 . 14 . 15 .
~6.

17 .

If the letter had been sent ear~ier, then we would have received i t yesterday . John apparently bas helped you all . I know that you weren't able to do this exercise (by) yourselves. Many Georgian scientists say that The Knight in the Tiger 's Skin must have been written before (= up to) the death of King Tamara ' s husband David 50s1ani. He apparently died in 1207. Didn't you see Vax tang yesterday? No, I didn ' t see him . He apparently was hiding from us . Why didn ' t you go to ( = sit down at) the banquet? Because I didn ' t receive an invitation. Professor Amiranasvili had us read about Ni~o Pirosmanivili (1860 - 1918). Who was Pirosmani ~vili? This was a famous Georgian painter . He had (= was) come [out] from a poor peasant's fam ily . He received no (kind of) professional education . He did not know the technique of painting, was not acquainted with either past or contemporary to him (= his contemporary) Georgian art . It is known that the artist was acquainted wi th only Kakhetia and Tbilisi . Be was not in other regions of Georgia . Haven ' t they compared Pirosmanisvi1i to the French artist Rousseau? Yes, they compared him to him . The professor had us write a short composition about the pictures painted by Pirosmanisvili . Why didn't you have John send this letter? If I had had him send i t , Lida wouldn ' t have received i t in time. I shall h ave this young artist paint my portrait. Peter's portrait too has apparently been painted by him . You must have been mistaken wh en you said Lida was coming (= will come) t he day after tomorrow . The Georgian alphabet must have been created af ter the co n version of the Georgians . From the order of letters i t appears that the Georgian alphabet must have been based upon the Greek. T h e Armenians maintain that the creator of t h e Armenian alphabet, Mesrop Mastoc, created the alphabet for the Georgians (id . o . ). In one old history of Armenia i t is written that Mesrop Matoc created alphabets for the Armenians , the Albanians of the Caucasus, and the Georgians .

322

LESSON 11

18 .

19 .

20 .

21 .

22 .

23 . 24.

25 . 26. 27. 2B . 29 . 30 . 31 .

This history of Armenia was (= is) written in the fifth cen tury by the Armenian historian (d eclined adjectivally) ~oriun . His original redaction has not been preserved. There exist only redactions copied and altered in following centuries. But in the [literary] work of another Armenian historian of the [same] fifth century i t is said that Mesro~ Mastoc created a writing system only for the Armenians . As i t appears# the information about the inven tion of the Georgian and Caucasus Albanian alpha bets was added to the text o f ~oriun ' s history by someone else's hand . I t is clear that Mesrop Mas~oc did not create the Georgian alphabet . This alphabet must have been created in Georgia in the fourth or fifth century . Its inventor must have been a Georgian. Caucasus Albania was a Christian state in the Eastern Transcaucasus, where present day Azerbaijan is located . Very few examples of the Albanian writing system have been preserved. There exists on l y one example of the Albanian alphabet. which has been copied into a medieval ( = of the middle centuries) Armenian manuscript . This manuscript was investigated by Professor (declines like 6~~~6n , see Lesson 6, note 9) A15:at.i ~anije. From the number of letters in this alphabet i t appears that the Albanian language was related to the languages (gen . ) of the northeast Caucasus. I t appears that the Albanian languag e was the an cestor of the contemporary Udi l anguage . Have Victor repeat what the professor said (= the prof e ssor ' s said; use prefixed participle) . When he was speaking , I wasn ' t listening to him. Don ' t let Nestor feed the dogs any more ! I alr eady fed them. This news was received after Vaxtang left (use
VN)

32 . 33 . 3 4.

Al though the order of the cases of the Georgian language is fixed by tradition, these cases can theoretically be arranged in (use instr . ) a dif erent order . Proverb : [That which was] spoken consumed [ate up] the spea k er of the unspoken . In the writing system of the Georgian language , unpronounced letters do not exist . Without learning Basque I will not be able t o tell you [whether] Georqian ann Basque ~re relat -

LESSON 11

323

35 .

36 .

37 .

38.

39.

40.

ed to each other or not . It is clear, however , that such a genetic rela t ionship still is unproven. I.e., this geretic relationship has not been ?roven up to now. unfortunately, most (= the majority of) contempo rary Georgian literary works still are untranslated into English, i . e ., these works have not yet been translated. Hasn't the money been sent yet? I don ' t know; i t was supposed to have been sen t to Va~a . He, however, apparently hasn't received i t . The catholicos Melkizedek [Melkizedek Catholicos] had the master Konstantine Arsukije build Mtskheta ' s Cathedral the Living Piilar [SveticxovEli1 (1010) . It seems that they cut off this master ' s right hand . According to legend , King George I had his executioner cut off Arsukije ' s ( - tvis) * right hand . . This apparently happened for that reason that King (not declined) George ' s beloved , the beauti xul ~orena, preferred ~onstantine Arsu~ije to the king .

of

* As a rule in Georgian the relationship between a pe rson and a part of that person ' s body is marked by an indirect object (and not by a possessive cons truction as in English); e.g.,: ~a ~bm~b c ~MX3J6~ a~~~MJb ' They cut off this master ' s right hand (da t . , id.o . ) '. In this sente n ce with the causative verb (a ~~;~83n6~) there is already an indirect object (x~~~m~ so , as in the perfect series, wha t else where would be an i ndirect object in the dative case is changed to a postpo sitional phrase with - tvis .

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326

LESSON 11

Vocabulary
1
o;!)M:!J6n

fog;

mist

3~~b3J3 b
~" =1j.,')6 X.')3b dn ~ '::'X'::'!3':;'3b -

wrap up; envelope torment; torture

fetter; (dat . , chain (s thg. ) onto (sthg . ) H- series markers). N.B.

rule 1 . 11 . 1 doesn ' t apply in forming the perfect participle.

J~~J

rock
Zeus

~:)3 Dn

::::8:)hO'lJob

8"aM=b - l':::'BJob

( see sec . 3 . 2 . 1 . 1) tear (sthg . ) away from

(s.o.)

(dat . ,

B::lB t'l~!! n
I'i ~ a1'1+ n 1B.-,6 b

H- series marker s ) fire bring down (pre s. series irregular) border ; edge; bank
land
(from a boat)

6.:::.3nhn
b.::.3nFib

a""=.,')r:'8:Jo.;::,

~n6.,')adc:' Mt:J n

leader

3Q3.')
b.:::.6.:::.3n"';M

sea coastline; borderland

wander around
gale; storm

{!;l'::' + J-bJlJ6.:>
~.,')"';nab .. c:!n

(no id . o.)

(A)

a 8.,') (!I':' J.::.Fi a;~:It~:,1n

P1(:?

nb :J3 bn

having los~ one 's way Odysseus; Ulysses ship; boat bronze

aJan
ot4n6 X .:ln
b~~J~6J

b'::'S(I.::J3 n
:13~
~r"'Ic:::!a:J6n

dJa~n

here : age gravestone . stone dolmen oral traditi on ;

(d~8~n

= monument)

!J3nMn
8.:::.~al'\lJ:Ja,:,

legend

b.::.8,::,Mhn

burial place

LESSON 11

327

al'l=::.a 6 ,J0b

discover (aor.

- (3)~806,, (-C1l ) ,

- ~861'1)

a ,') ''''q!l,') b ~ ~ "

abl'l~~"1"1

6"30'1"

material. which have passed by world

natural here : resource b~~al'l pleasant situation; position al!!,Jo~r:1JI'IO~ from the v ery beginning on C1l,')3n~~63J a n=/a 1'1 ""n IS n I!!,') 3 b attract conquer (aor . irr. - (3)n3H~Mn( -0'I ) J 1!!,')=,,3!;:1r:1l'1ob

o;!)6,Jot'i"3" b"al!!I'lI!!MJ

- n3~r:11"l

[J!"r:1,')0'1 0'I3~~"] they (dat . ) directed their gaze

a":;nbb~6:)

1!!,')=X. n X8 6 "b
bJ~X~JJon
al'l + I'l~~(!I,,6:)6b al'lx6~

wrathful tear to pieces

Seljuks (Turkish dyna sty, XI-Xlllcc . )

wish; desire border there : on the border between) times invade (II . conj . , + - si) Tamer}.aine lay wa s te; devastate destroy kill; crush (E I) countless (+ sing . ) dark; evil; unbearable time; :1~ab at . in .. . time appear general; common; unive rs al destruction lay waste; devastate depict

- XJ"
a,Jal'l + n!M:)o~

O'I,Jd;!)":; - 1:':)68 n 8,') = ,')3:)M,')6:)06

~o ~ o~BJ3b

8 ~ ~~J~b
:!l0'l3~~,')3n

a~306:)t:ln :1~an

a,') ="6 (!1oo~

(ga=~n - d - eb-a)

b':>!;:I 1'I 3:)~0'I,')1"I

68MJ3':>
8,')=.:>3::.fi!i::.bOob
a::.al"l + b::'~::'3b

328

LESSON 11

name

03"
,,~a

bad; evil

~.:l=.::.6 .::ocnt:}:)o

here: which (= b.::.b:J~pl'1l!J6:J6n) present; give (l it. s.o. gives s . o .

an~:;'-P8"~n

being baptized some gift) territory

60- " ' - J3 " } 6.:. - .. -.::.r; "

3"M13.,')~n

circumfix indicating the ruins or

former site of sthg .

forsaken; destitute (here: name of a village)

granary Geo .
(El

(These forms in na- are the names of

villages.)
3

a.::.=.::. - .::.scnn:J6b
pn6'::''::'c::'aC?:J3 fTlo .::o

infuriate; enrage opposition

a'=~h3b
~n6'::''::'(la~:J8M3,:,b
I"lba.::.~n .:!l';~fTl
Fl....,afTl,;h:J6n~n

offer resistance to (s . o .)
Ottoman horde backward principality cut up; splinter productive (E)
equal

b.::.acn'::'3~1'1

~"'=.:l~.'!lBa""BJ3b

(here : Adv . = in t o)

8{7'::'Ma"',J0:)t::I"
d.::.~.::.

energy; force; power

break; destroy
a'::'=p !::l3::lIgb; gia)

cn,:,5"bpMfln
ao=!7~~:J30

(II . conj .

form of
(G eor(Sub-

(ga=c;.:qd- eb- a)
ri.:.
a,:)!IV:J3~':'

VN a,:,V!::l(!!I'la.::.) (dat . ) . . . ?

?n6.:,.:.~a~,Jaf'lo,;:,b here:

what opposition could show against

=

ject
a;)=.:, - n,:,M,:::,~:)6b

the two phrases ending in above . )

b'::'3':'';1113;)~1''I

arm
fanatic (al)

s.:.6.:,m n JI'lbn

LESSON 11

329

a~~~a~no~n

foreigner
~~X~~ aM~3~~~nebM3~6n

a~~3~~~nBbM3~6nnumerous; aMd~~06~
pn6~a0 b~bl3njn

ten

times more numerous attack before (pp . ) cruel put; place; set (d.o . in sing.) choice; election tA) either ... or . .. yoke (E) under (pp. with Oat . without -8) bend down (E ~ I) ask s . o . (id . o . ) for sthg . someone of the same r eligion Kiev convincing (E) speak (III. conj . ) style architecture mention chronicle queen CA) (i.e., ~~a~M aJ!3J) (Russian name: Jurij , Yuri) prince (of a principality) (A) An drej Bogoljubskij (ca . lIll - l17 4 ) child; son thread break; rupture (E ~ I) invasion here : connection; link later [onJ
(d . 0 . )

~~=b3~ab ~~n03~6n
~6

... ~6 .

.!I~o~n

- d3:J
aM=~MOjb
~=b - ~bM3b

:J"'ma~"q;a~6:J

jn03n
~~a~XO~ooJ~n
a0I3~3J~Job
b~n~n b~MM~aMd~3MOO~

bbJ6Jo~
a~lan~60
~J~M!'l~tln

n~~n a~~3~Mn ~6(!lMn~

3M a Mt::I~Objn
a3n~n

5
d~~n

ao~~ ~3~~ b

aJa ..... !M~

j~3anMn

aMa3n~6Jon~

330

LESSON 11

a:J=e3~nb 6
a~pn6~3~ a~6~~~~6~o~
bb6~

change; replace progressive

retention; preservation

~~a~~Jn~~o~~6~independence

here: de1iverance;
famous; outstanding
commander (A)

salvation

a,')al"\F;o6n~n
b,')~~,')f:ln

3M(:!nll"Jl"lbn 3.::ol.:.A,;:. J",bn

::]j.:>tiot:in60
na3JF\n,:;,
a~"M3:lt:l,.,o,')
II

pOlitical figure

" The Little Kakhetian , " ni.ckname of

II Catherine the Great empire
Ere~le

80 M l'ia n ;)3 b J
lM':;'~I3':;'\3n

protection Georgievsk

(town)

bJ~aMf7Jl'int:!n

J3:J O
~,') =111.::06

x.,') 3 b

!:jPl!:ja.::o6tT1ob
,1Ji::>c::A:Jb.:>~
PI ':;

signed treaty joy; solace; relie torment; torture hesitate ; waver extremely ambiguous; unclear treacherous; disloyal publish save endless raid help land; earth; ground native womb hearth ( n o id . a .; sec . 7 . 4) (E)

! M S :'!P:' n

3J':;,')a.!l~n

a.::oaM+ba Oab
=nbb6nb
C?,');!)bM~I::IJo:Jl::,ln

m.:::.I'iJon
8

a :Jabooo

anp.::!
aClMtq::!n,1JMn
pn'::'t;ln

.30':;':;'

LESSON 11

331

a~~r"'5J"n
a~t!;I~nOflo6':>

a fld6 1"lOb
a,')ab!3'::'~.!I(ln

sincere gratitude feeling; sense filled

toward; to
(pp.)

ana.:>",,,,
aJ-,b"'~"J.b

fulfill; accomplish

- ADDENDUM TO VOCABULARY
1

Caucasian folk hero ; similar to the Greek P r ometheus i n many respects

Tbilisj University <Original Buildina l

.,~nt=nLnL ~6n336>Lne3en

332

LESSON

12

12 . 1 The IV. conjugation , indirect verbs. The IV. conjugation consists of the so-called indireet verbs ,

primarily verba sentiendi , i.e., verbs denoting emotions or sensations felt or experienced by a person . In many languages such verbs take "dative construc tions. " Compare :

English:

seems to me (archaic : ) Methinks Something pleases me,

It

is pleasing to me

French: German: Russian :

11 me plait 11 me faut

I I I I

like
need

Mix ge f.M.llt Mir ist kalt

like
am cold

MHe MHe MHe

HpaBHTCJl XOJlOnHO HY)i(HO

11He KaJKeTCSi

I like I am cold I need I t seems to

me

The Georgian IV .

conjugation verbs pattern some -

what similarly to the above constructions . In the IV . conjugation the grammatical subject is in the dative case and denotes the person affeated by the emotion or
sensation, while the source of the emotion or sensa tion is in the nominative case. Compare the following : German : Georgian : German : Georgian : Mir ist Hannah lieb. } I Me Ana mi - qvar - s.
I

love Ann

Mir sipd Hanpah ~nd Ed,,-;ard lieb .} I love Ann and Edward Me Ana da Eduardi mi - qvar - s.
, I '

l'

Note that in German, the source of the emotion (Hannah or Hannah and Edward) is the grammatical subject and the verb agrees in number wi th that source . ( 'I love Hannah' can be viewed as meaning something like 'Hannah turns me on '. ) In Georgian the source of the emotion (Anna or Anna and Edward) usually does not have number agree ment with the verb; in this respect i t patterns some what similarly to the objects of I . conjugation verbs , which do not have number agreement in the third per son . In t he Geo rgian IV . con jugation the number agree -

LESSON 12

333

ment is for the experiencer of the sensation . German: Georgian : German: Georgian: German : Georgian : German: Georgian :
Ihm ist Hannah lieb . }
~
I

Compare:

He loves Ann

Mis A?a

,-qvar-~ .

Ihm sind Hannah und Edw,ard lieb .} He loves t I . Ann and Mas Ana da Eduardi u qvar-s . Edward
[ "
i~t

'
u~qvar-t .
~

l'

Ihnen

Hanpah lieb . }
___
I

Mat Ana I

They love Ann

Ihnen sind Hannah und Edward lieb . } They t love A & E Mat Ana da Eduard-i I

~ar-t .
~_

As can be seen from the examples, the gramma tical subject (t he experiencer of the feeling) is in the da tive case while the source of the emotion is treated as an object in the nominative case . The IV. conjugation, like the perfect series of I. and III. conjugation verbs. is characterized by this inversion . Unlike the I . and III . conjugation verbs , h oweve r, IV . conjugati o n verbs have the subject in the dative and the object in the nominative in alZ three series . It should be noted that, like III . conjugation verbs, IV. conjugation verbs occur most commonly in the present series . The majority of IV. conjugation verbs denote states . As a general rule, they do not occur in the imperative, either affirmative or negative, since commands generally imply a change of state, rather than a state . But a meaning similar to that of the impera tive can be conveyed by the use of l~~)~6~~ + optative. IV . conjugation verbs also generally do not take the negation 3JM ; they generally take o nly ~M . To denote changes of state , rather than the states themselves, II. conjugation verbs in - d- can be de rived from IV . conjugation verbs . For examples , see sec. 12 . 3 . 3 .
12.1 . 2. Formation of IV. conjugation verbs . The vocabulary entry form for IV. conjugation verbs will be the present ~ense with lsg . subjec~ and third person object. 12 . 1.2.1. Present series. In the present series the grammatical subjec~ (i n the dative case) is marked in the verb by e i ther:

334

LESSON 12

the u -series of (object) markers; or the h -series of object markers with : i. no preradical vowel, ii . preradical vowel a-, or ~1~. preradical vowel e -. In the present tense a third person g r a mm a ~ica t o b ject 1 (in the nominative case) is normally marked in the verb by the suffix -8 or - a . Grammatical objects of the first and second persons are marked by the cor responding suffixed forms of the verb ' be' ,
Subject markers (Present series) sing. m- , mi -, rna-, me 1. 2. g - , gi - , ga -, geJ .

a . b.

pI. l . gv- , gvi -, gva -, gvege- . . . - t 2 . g -, gi -, ga - ,

~-I , h5-

U- ,

a -, e-

~3. h5-

U-,

a -,

e- . . . . - t

Object markers
(Present tense)

1. 2.

V -

- var

- xar
3.

1. 2.

V -

-vart

-xart

-s or -a

In the imperfect and c o n ju nc tiv e present the subject markers are as above while the object markers are the corresponding subject markers o the imperfect and conjunctive present of I. or II. conjugation verbs . The PSF - i is dropped before these endings.
Object markers Imperfect 1. 2. 3. Object markers conjunctive present

v - . .. - ( o)d - i(-t)
-(o)d- i(-t) - (o)d - a

1. v - . . . . - (o)d - e(-t) 2. -(o)d - e( - t) 3. - (o)d - e - s

TV. conjugation verbs which have the third person object marker - a in the prese nt take the object markers - od- while those with - 8 in the present take the object markers with - d -. The subject and object markers generally combine according to the rules given in sec. 7 . 1.2, but see Lesson 11 , note 6 . When the subject is third person p~ ura L and the object is first or second person s i nguZar , the plurality of the subject might not be marked; compare the similar pat te rn found in the perfect se ries of I . and III. conjugation verbs . In general,

LESSON 12

335

though, the tendency is to mark the plurality of the subject with the marker - t o Examples: Present:
an~3'::'Mb'::'M( - I1l)

83 .... ~3.::.Mb.::.f1( - CTl)

We love you (all)
33 ..... ~3.;:,~b

I
I

love you

(all)

a . . !:;I3o,;b
love her/them
an~3'::'M3.::.f1( - D'l)

We love her/them
an~3,::,M3.::.f111l

You love me
an~3'::'Mb

(us)

You all love me/us

an~3'::'';D'I

You love her/them

You all love her/them

3~~3'::'M3'::'M

3;!J!j3,::, M fi (-ITl) 3.::.

He

loves me

(us)

They love me
3~'d3'::'M3'::'MIJl

They love us
;!)~3l:>':;b,:,':;( - 0"I)
He

;!)~3.::.Ab.::.A(I1'I)

loves you

(all)

They love you

:'J ~3'::'Mh'::''::lIn They love you (all)

:'J~3'::'Mb
;!J~3'::'MIJl

He loves her/ t hem

They love her/them

Imperfect :

an83.::.f1C!?n(-ITI)
I

loved you

(all)

a3n~3'::'Mt!' .... ( - 0'1) We loved you (all)

a3n~3'::'MC!?'::' We loved her/them

an~3'::'Mt!''::'
I

loved her/them

a .... ~3.::.Mt!' . . . ( - 0l)

You loved me
8n~3'::'MC!?'::'

a n !:f3'::' M C!?1"I1Jl
(us) You all loved me/us
an~3.::.A~'::'1TI

You love her/them

3;!J~3;:'Mt!'n( - 0'1)
He loved me

You all loved her/them

3:9~3'::'Mt!'n

(us)

They loved me

336

LESSON 12
3!1!::J3'::''';~''g'J

They loved us
!I!::130)':;~n(-cn)
!I !::I 3 .:> r:Ij!l n

He loved you

(all)

They loved you

!I!::13.::.f'l~ncn

They loved you

.!I1;:I3,:;,M~,::,

(all)

.!I!::13,")M(!!,::,cn

He loved her/them

They loved her/them

The conjunctive present is formed similarly . 12.1.2.2. Future, aorist, and perfect series . In the uture series IV . conjugation verbs are conjugated according to the pattern of relative II. conjugation verbs with object marker e- (sec. 7.3 . 1). To form the future, any PSF is dropped and the suffix -eb is added to the root . An example of the conjugation of a IV . conjugation verb in the future :
aJ~30~J6n( - ~)
d:::ll:~3.::.ftJ0,')

I shall love you (all) I shall love her/~hem You will love me (us) You will love her/them He will love me (us) He will love you (all) He will love her/them We shall love you (all) We shall love her/them You all will love me/us You all will love her/them They will love me They will love us They will love you They will love you (all) They will love her/them

aJ~30~J6n(-~)

8083.::.':;;)21.-::.

3J!::I3.:>f\l;)on(-cn)
J~30~J6n(-~)

:JB3.::. M:J 0 .:l-

a3J~30"'J6n(-~)
83:J!:I3M:J O'::'

80!::!3.:;JM;)Oncn
a~H:!3.::.r:;:J6,:>cn

3J~3"'M,:)6n 3J~3..,Ao;;n!1l
J~3;;,':;,:)6n J~3;;,':;,:)6nl1l

J~3.::oMJ6;:, 0'I

The following are similarly conjugated; future

LESSON 12

337

forms in parentheses are rare. Present a603'3b (would) l.ike t Future (a Oo0 3 0 3.)

at:'3 nd '-::'3 b
be awake

ad.-::.a b
be disgusted by

adn6i:)3 b
sleep
ad~~b

hate
ap~n6b

find unpleasant

aat"l6ni:)
think

aCIni:)
be hungry (imperfect: aanMl!'i::I) (imperfect :
(aOp'~03,)
aOan6M~b)

a:JCln6n.:l
fear; desire be afraid of
a(1i:)~ni::l

(imperfect:

a~;::'~l!'b)

o:Jande:!ni::l

OaOd"'03,

be able With some IV . conjugation verbs a slightly different root is used in the formation of the future: Present Future

a b~Fi b o;::,bbt"l3 b aZj n 3 b

an6~;::,"

wish remember hurt want

( aob~Fi303,) a:Jbbt"la 0 3b aO li j n6 03;::, a06(!1Ma.Jai::l

In the following verb the future may take the preverb mo- :

(ra...] aObanb) The remaining screeves of the future series, the

aObanb5

hear

at"l a Oba 06b,

338

LESSON l2

aorist and optative (aorist series), and the screeves of the perfect series of IV . conjugation verbs are formed generally as for other relative II. conjugation forms with preradical vowel e- . The rules for combination of person markers are as for the present series and future tense of IV. conjugation verbs . (For t h e missing aorist series of anH3~Mb , the aorist series o f adn6~3b 'sleep' has been substituted . ) Conditional : a~H3~M~6~~~ Conjunctive future:
Aorist : 8 J dn6,::,
aH3~~06fOl~~

aJ~3~AJ6~~Jb

Optative:

80dn6fOlb
sec . 11 . 2 . 2)

Present perfect:

8 l:I3'::>MOOn.::.

(cf .

Pluperfect :
ant ',

(cf .

sec . 11 . 2 . 2)

aV~J6n~ ,

\a~)aJbaJ6~) have the vowe ~

The verbs 8 pH n6b (fut . aJptjn6Jo,::,) ' find unpleas 8163"'-3" (fut. a:JlB.3n6J6;:.) ' hurt' , anda:)b8nb(fut .

am.3J6n~)

(a~)aba::J6n~.

e in the perfect series :

Many IV . conjugation v e rbs are defective, i ~ e~ , they ~ack one or more series of screeves. Of the verbs listed above , the following lack the aorist series of screeves:
ad~8b, ad~~b, an6~~

In such verbs , the missing aorist and optative are re placed by the imperfect and conjunctive respectively ~ The following verbs lack both the aorist and per fect series of screeves :
a~bb~3b) aCln~

Some IV . conjugation verbs lack in addition the future series. These verbs have only present series screeves . Examples are aBn3~ 'be cold ' , a~~~~n~ ' be t hirsty ' , a~nMn~ ' need'~ (This last verb is synony mous with the present series of~~b~nM~J6~; see below, sec . 12 . 1. 2.4 . )
12 . 1 . 2 . 3 . Expression of 'can ' in Georgian . One must distinguish between the IV. conjugation verbaJand~n~ ' can', ' be able' , Russian MOqb and ClJnd~Jo~ 'be per mitted ' , ' possible ' , Russian (E03) MO)!(HO . Compare the following :
aJnd~Jo~ dJa~3n~J?

Can I
~d

(=

Is it permitted that I)
a~VJ3~
(=

come in? smoke.

~~a6~3~b

8Jnd~J6~ .

Here one can

it is permit t ed to)

LESSON 12
dJndQJ6~

339

Ob

a~3~JO~~~?

Can we But:

(= are we allowed
n6a~nb~A~~ ~anb

to) do this?

aJand~n~
I

~~3~~~Jn .

can speak English.

dJand~n~ a~JJmJ6~ .

can
~M

(am able to) do this .

~~aJba~M~~ .

aJand~n~

cannot help you . The negative of aJand~n~ can often be expressed simply by 30~; so the last sentence above can also be ex pressed: 30M ~~aJba~Ao6nm . In impersonal constructions aJnd~J6~ can be used to denote physical ability . Example:
I

Jb

~M

~~Jdn

dJnd~J6~

8~JJm~Jb .

This can be done in two days . 12 .1. 2 . 4. There is a strong tendency for the subjects of II. conjugation verbs to be inanimate, i.e . , third person . Many such verbs occur with indirect objects referring to animate beings. Examples are:

a.

II.

conj.

in

IZ- :

888:la68o
a"J8g~36J6~ a~JM8J6~

(sthg . ) is created for him (st hg. ) is sent to him (sthg . ) fits (5 . 0 . ) (dat . ); cf.
aM~~8J6b

fit

(5.0 . )

b.

II. conj. in
1!l"+" - 3np~~J6~

- d- ,
(sthg . ) is forgotten by him; i . e ., he orgets (sthg.) (st hg . ) becomes hard(er) him for

af'\;!)a3~~~J6~

1!l.')=b-3nM~J6.')

(sthg . ) is prepared for him (s thg . ) is necessary for him;

i . e ., he needs something Such verbal forms are said to have objec~ive conjuga tion in that the grammatical subject can only be third person while the person of the (indirect) object changes in conjugation . Examples are:

340

LESSON ~2

obj .

1..

[!I"a~n";~J0':'
lP..::oa!n~IPJ6.:.

I will. need

(sthg . )
(sthg . )

obj .

2.

You will need

He wi11 need (sthg.) obj . 3 . lP"b5n';;~Ja.::. Note that such forms pattern similarly to indirect
verbs, but are distinct from them because they have in
the present (and future and aorist) series the II. con jugation markers e- or - d - . [ . p. 345]

Very often a II . conjugation verb with objective conjugation contrasts in meaning with a corresponding I. conjugation verb . In such contrasts the I. conjugation verb often denotes a voZun~a~y ~ deZibera~e action whi1e the II. conjugation form denotes an involuntary , even accidental action. Compare the following :
a.
b .

~~~n

I
I

Q'''3J''''''a:llost the money.

lP"aJJo~a".

5~~n

lost the money.

a.
b.

anbn anb~a~~~n ~~ ~~n3np~"! Don't forget his address! anb n anb.::.a'::'~lI'ln ~.::.a~3n[7~~.:.. I forgot his address .

a.
b .

,5nd.:. !nd.:.

a~IIJb.:..

He broke the glass .

a~:!)IBH~'::'

The glass broke on him; i . e ., he broke the glass . (a':'(:!J)Ii!;:l~Jo~ is the II . conj . form of a~liJb b . ) In each of the pairs above the b sentence indicates that the action was not vO.luntary , while the a sentence can indicate a deliberate action or (as in the first sentence above) be neutral in meaning . Irregular IV . conjugation verbs. ' have something' (the thing possessed [in the n omi n ative case] is inanimate, i.e. , neither a person nor an animal) . Present Imperfect ad"6~.:. Conj . pres . adM6~Jb
12 . 1 . 3 .

a .

a~J3b

LESSON 12

341

Perfect a3~6n~ Pluperfect a3~6~~~ This verb has no aorist or optative; for these the imperfect and conjunctive present are used. The verbal noun is -i1"16~ or d~606~. b . a~~3b 'have someone' (the possessed [in the nominative] is a person or an animal) . Present series: a~~3b7 Future series: aO~~!!:I06~ ~ remaining series are formed regularly from the fu ture. The verbal noun is H~~~ ' c . Verbs meaning 'to carry something', 'bring, take something' . The thing carried . brought, or taken is inanjmate. Tn the present series of screeves these are IV. conjugation verbs, consisting of a preverb of direction (see sec . 2 . 2.1) plus the verb a~33b. Examples: a~a~33b I am bringing it, carrying it here .
ana~:bb
aOal"la~33b

I am taking it, carrying it there . I am bringing it, carrying it in (here) .

I am taking it, c~rrying it in (there) , etc. In the future. aorist. and perfect series, these are regular I . conjugation verbs with the root - tan and in the future and aorist series the preradical vowel i- . The future forms are: aM3n~~6 I shall bring, carry it here. 3sg. subj. a~n.~6b

a,Ja~:hb

{ (l703n~:Ji!)
an3ntD~6

I shall take, cd....Cry i t Lhere

3nnlo6b }

aOaM3nl~6

3sg . subj . (~~n~06b) I shall bring, carry it in (here) . 3sg . subj . aOaMn~~6b I shall take. carry it in (there) .

3sg. subj . aJne~6b In the future series the subject is in the nominative and the direc t object in the dative; in the aori st series the subject is ergative and the direct objec t, nominative; and in the perfect series, the subject is dative and the direct object nominative. The ve rbal nouns of these verbs are formed with the root -tan-, for example. a~@~6~, anm~6~, a,JaM,~6~, aJe~6~, etc .

342

LESSON 12

d . Verbs meaning 'to lead someone' ,

' bring, take

someone' . The object of these verbs is animate, i . e ., human or animal . In the present series these are IV . conjugation verbs, consisting of a prever b of direc tion (see sec . 2 . 2 . 1) plus the verb a~o3b . In the fu ture, aorist, a n d perfect series these are regular I . conjugation verbs with the root - qvan- and, in the fu ture and aorist series, the preradical vowel i-A Ex amples: Present (subject 1S9 )
aMal::lo3b

lead ,

bring

{s . o . >

Future (subject 359 . ) al"lnl::l3o':)6b

lead , take (s . o . ) annl::l306b lead, bring (s . o.) in CI,Ja,,,nl:l30 6b ClO31'1 3 1::103 b lead , take (s . o. ) in CI,Jnl::l3 06b a:Ja~'3b The case syntax of these verbs is as in e above . 9 The verbal noun of these verbs is formed with the root -qvan-: a~~3~6~ J anB3~6~ J aJa~H3~6~ J aJ~3~6~. e . Future series of the verb n~nb ' know '. Th e future and perfect series of the irregular verb naob (sec . 9 . 1 . 4) are formed according to the IV . conjuga tion : Future: I shall know a Je~t?n6 JO~ Perfect : I have known aB~~6n~
3n3!;:lo3 b

12 . 2 . Have plus future participle. The verb ' have ' plus t h e future participle (sec . 11 . 5 . 2) is used to expres s Obliga t io n, the equivalent of the English have ~o con struction . Examples :
PJ~n~n ~j3b ~~b~PJMn .

He has to write a letter .

Jb v n a6n Jb
I

p~b~Jn~b~3n a~b~aa~36n

a~j3~ ' a~j3b .

You have to read this book .

VJ~n~n

have to send this letter . (Passive versions of this construction can be formed wit h t h e verb ~~nb :
PJ~n~n VJ~n~n ~~b~PJ~n~; a~b~a~~36n~ .

Jb vna6n

p~b~Jn~b~3no;

Jb

12.3.

Wordbuilding .

LESSON 12

343

12 . 3 . 1 . NomLnal forms of IV. conjugation verbs. The verbal nouns of IV. conjugat~on verbs tend to be irregular in formation and not all such verbs have verbal nouns . The participles, when they can be formed , generally have the usual prefixes : m- (or mo-) for the present participle and aa - for the future par ticiple, although there is great variation in the suffixes . Examples are: Future IV . conj. Verbal Present part . part . noun
a~~3~Mb adn6~3b
ab~Mb

b~~3~A~~n dn~n

al"l~3':)M~~n

b'::'~3.:)1"i.J~n (E)

aCn6.:.An adn6;::,M.J

b.:.dnl!;!.J
b.:)b.!l";3J~n

b.!)M3nt:!n
bnd~~3n~n

ab~M3.J~n

ad.!l~b

am3n3~

~Jn3nt:!n

arld!lC!l.J a133 n 3.:)6n

b~d.!Jt:l3.J~n

b':'13 n 3.:. An
Verbal noun
~

(A)

Other examples of verbal nouns are : IV . conj. Verbal IV . conj. noun

a6.J1I.::. 3 b aan.:)
ap:.:)~n.::.

6.J6.:.
anaan~n

a~ !::I.!}M('I.:) a~bbJY13b an6~.:)

!1.!JM3 n~n bb1"'l3 6 .:) ba J 6.:)

a~3nd.:)3b ~3ndnt:!n
~.:)~nl::!~

6c:'l"'Ia~

aObanb

The nominal forms of the irregular verbs are : a~~6J J b~d~6J~n (E)IO 3"6(0 3 )0 a3"6030~n(E) a ~~3 b ~,.,~~ ---b~ ~"'~n 12 . 3 . 2. ' Modal ' II. conjugation forms in e -. There is a special category of II . conjugation verbs, usual ly derived from III. and IV. conjugation verbs, which take t h e preradical. vowel e- with h-series object mark ers . These verbs (which usually occur only in the present series) have objective conjugation (see above, 12 . 1 . 2 . 4 ) and are modal in meaning . They denote an urge on the part of a person (marked by the dative) to perform a given action . This urge is often involuntary . The usual. English translation is ' feel like doing something ' . 11 Examples: Base form Modal II . conj . feel like sleeping, be tired

3
a ~~ ":;nb
cn~aba",3b

LESSON

~2

nBnGnb
B::JJ3 b 3 b

feel like singing (III) :)C7lba"O:)6b feel. like playing (III) laugh Jsn6:)6" feel like laughing (III) dance OBOJ30 6O feel like dancing
(III)
sing play

Oa~O"'060

12 . 3.3. Derivatives o f IV. conjugation verbs denoting change of state . To denote changes of 8~ate . rather than the states themselves, II . conjugation
verbs can be derived from IV . conjuga t ion verbs. Ex -

amples include:

3(7 ~n6 b
I

3M3(7 ~n6"ooo
aMaan3~::J~"

fi.nd unpleasant Sthg. will become unpleasant to me

aonb
I am hungry
3v~~"'no I am thirsty

I will become hungry

3M3p~~"'''060 I will become thirsty o:J 8 an 3l!':)6b

8en3"

I am cold
a\l3"3'::' Sthg . hurts me an!::l3':;'r'\b

I will become cold

"a Ii3 n 3l!':J 6 .:>

Sthg . will begin to hurt me
a~an~3'::''';(!,1~6.::.

I love a:Jon6n.:> I am afraid of

at:'3 nd .-:l3 b I am awake
ap';;'(!Inb

I
I

will fall in love will become afraid

a~a:::lan6(!,1~6~

a.::.a:::l~3nd30~

I wi 11 wak I? up

a ..... aJV.::.(!,I:::l6~
I

I desire
12 . 4. CONJUGATION SERIES Present, Aorist FutUre Nom

will come to desire

Cases .

Summary Chart of Subject and Objec t

I.

Subj .

III. D . O . Id . O . Oat Nom Oat Oat

IV. Subj . Obj . Subj . Obj .

II.

Erg

Nom

Oat

Oat

Nom

Perfect Oat Nom *Postpositiona1 phrase with - tvis.

LESSON 12

345

Summary of Vocabulary Entry forms for verbs : In this textbook the particular conjugation that a given verb belo n gs to should be readily recognizable on the basis of the form of that verb given in the vocabulary : Conj . 3sg . 3d person I I . conj. 3S9 3d person I I I . Conj . 3sg . 3d person IV . Conj. Isg . person .
I.

subject, id . 0 . subject,
id
. 0 .

future; future;

relative forms : relative forms ;

subject, present; relative forms : id.o. subject, present; object in 3d

(to 12.1.2.4. p. 340,) There is a strong tendency for such verbs

to have number agreement with a third - person dative indirect object and no number agreement with a nominative third-person subject. This is the same pattern as found with third -person dative SUb/eCI.r

and nominative

OIJjecls in

the perfect series of 1. conjugation verbs

He will need it/them .
They will need it/them .

and in aU series of IV . conjugation verbs . Example:

30L oL/oLoGa \1101010\1100001. 3001 aLI aL05a \11oralO\11JooOl.

with the du-ectobject of some L conjugation verbs; cr.

IUnder similar circu mstances. a similar phenomenon can be found

JL 0l0,,,1000 II JL 0l0,,,100000 aoL 006l!iolOoLooL.
This theory II these theories interest him.

oL 0l0,,,1000 II oL "'0",100000 aOOl 0061!i01OoLooO).

This theory II these theories interest them.]

346

LESSON 12

CHAPTER 12 :

Notes

1. The 3d person grammatical object marker is also used in impersonal constructions , where it often cor responds t o English ' i t ' , as in 8aPl6n.::l ' i t (-a) .l::>t!enl.l::> to me (m-) " as well as constructions which in English have no object, e.g.adn6.::13b ' I (m - ) am sleeping ' , where the final -8 serves much the same function as the 3d person suffix in the perfect series of III. conj . verbs, cf . mi- ~il~ - i-a ' I have cried'.
2. This "verb of politeness" is generally not used in the first person . It is commonly used in expressions such as M.::I a6::J6~31Jl? "What would you like?" i . e. , " What can I do for you?" , ";.::Ia~::J6ne a606~31Jl "as much as you ' d like " , etc . There is a I . conj . derivat i ve of this verb .. n6000('") ' please ' , which is used wh e n of fering someone something. It is similar in usage to the Russian nO)XanyAcTa .
3. The person or thing feared is in the extended form of the genitive case (see sec . 4 . 3) . If the person or thing feared is represented in the sentence by a personal pronou n .. the possessive (adjective) form is used in the nominative case . These genitive or possessive "object s " are treated as third person in terms of verb agreement . Examples : a::J d~~~nb~ a Oan6n.::l . I am afraid of the dog .

o.J6 "'Oan 80an6,..~. You are afraid of me . a.,b aQ6n :JCln6PlI!I~ ' He was afraid of you . (The same is true of at'! B h 3.J6 n.::l ' be ashamed '. )
4. The third person of this verb , ~61!1~ ' he wants', is homonymous with th~ modal form ~61!1.::1 ' must '. With the modal however . the subject is always in the case determined by the syntax of the main verb (which is usually in the optative) . With the IV . conj . form ~6~., (from an61!1~) the subject is in the dative. Com par e: n3.,6Ja Jb ~na6n ~6~., v.,nJn~b~b . John has to read this book.
n3~60 ~6~.::I
n3~60b ~61!1.::1

~"M"'Jb.

John has to remain . Jb ~na6n ~.,nJnmbMb. John wants to read this book.

LSSON 12
n3~6Jb ~6~~ ~~~nJb .

347

John wants to remain . 5. The verb 3Jbanb is historically a relative II . conjugation form with objective conjugation (see below, sec . 12 . 1 . 2.3) . Consequently the imperfect and conjunctive present are formed with the suffix - od-: a1bal"llV~. a;'JbaM(Q.1b . In the aorist series , alongside aorist al"l aJba~ . opt. a l"l aJ ba :J b J additionally forms of the verb a~naJ6b are used: aor1st a~nal"l, optative 8~n8I"1b. The present perfect is abaJ6n~. 6. Note that the future series screeves of this verb are formally the relative forms of the future series screeves of ~~nb ' be' . Compare nd6J3~ ' i t will be ' , aJ~bJO~ ' i t will be to me ', i . e ., ' I shall have'.
7. This verb has a special form for the third p z.ul"a Z. object : a~3~6~6 ' I have them' . The imperfect and conjunctive present can also be formed from this root :
a~3~6~~ 1 a~3~6~Jb.
F~n~~6b

v ,')nClJ8b with root - g- .

8.

The expected

is usually replaced by

9. These verbs do not form II . conj . passives . Rather, they form their passives periphrastically with n~6,') 1 e . g . , al"l~,')6n~ n~6~ ' was brought ' ; see sec . 11 . 3 . 10 . More commonly this word has the meanings ' cattle ' , ' goods ' .
11. A close correspondence is the Russian dative + reflexive construction : MHe cnHTCR 'I am tired', MHe He nHWeTCff ' I don ' t feel like writing' , MHe He paOOTaeTCR ' I don ' t feel like working' .

,..
<D

,..

" " '" '" '" '" '" '" 3' w :n , " "u.. "'" '" u.. '" '" "'"' '" " '" '" '" " " '" " '" '" '" u.. , u'" , " , , , " "'''' " " '" " " to , " '" '" , " '" " , , '" 3'u " "'" , '" " to "' " '" '" " " " " <>'" " '" '" " " , '", "'"' "' " " "'" " '" "'" "''' " " , , '" '" , "'''' , 3' " '" , " , '" v v '" u.. u" , " " " , " " '" '" '" , to " , , , w " u.. '" '" , u.. , - , " '" " '" '" , " " "I) " ", , "'co , , , '" " , " '" u.. '" '" " " , " " " "'" cr '" , "' v , , v , '" '" " " '-'", " '" " "'" " " ", w w " , " cr " '" " u.. cr -, '" '" " '" , " , on '" '", , '" '" '" '" '" '" '" , , '" , w , '" , , " '- , '" "", u.. , "' '" " " "'''' '" , co , " '" '" cr " onw " va , w '" '" u'" " " u '" , " " '" '" , " '" " co '" v :no> " " "'" , " " '" "'" '" " " , '" , "'" '" " '" , , , " '" "'" " " '" '" '" " " "- crao '" , w " " '" " " co " " " , " "'u" w , ," u" , u.. w '" " " co'" "'cr cr 3' co u.. " , " " u.. " , '" "' u, u '"" , '" , , "" , '" , , " " " , w co '" " "'''' '" "' ,,'" , " '" " , '" " u" '" co"- U'" "'" " " U'" '" " " '" " u u.. '" " 3' '" " "" "v ,'" v "', " w"," " U " w , .... , " '" " "' , u.. ', '" '" " , '" vU " w " " , , " , " " , " " " "' , , U " ""cr " u.. '" '" U U cr " co " on w " " co , , " U , , u , , '" co cr " " '" '" " " , " '" ", ,'" , ", co , '" , " " " "' " '" cr '" '" :n v " , " , '" " , w " " u.. '" " u , , on " "' <, , , '" " " " """, " " "''''" co '" " U , "'" '" 3' , , " v " '" " co ,'" " """>C,, " w'" " " <T", " <T " ,v" , " , "" , '" , , , v '" , " "' u " " , , " , co a> u.. '" " " , cr" " " '" , '" cru " " '" '" " " " '" '" " . ' '" '" '" " u'" '" " on '" v " " " , , w '" " , '" , u.. '" " '" '" , , , '" '" " " '" " , " " '" " , w " "w "'" '" , 3' w u " '" 3' cr " " U " U " " , " a> " "u " , " , '" '" U " u, " '"
0
<D
0jll
Q)

en

r'

,.. ,.. ,.. '" '" ...

r~

,..
0-

,..

,.. ,..

f-'

en

...

,..

t:l

0>

CL U

I)

0>

0>
CO

0-

<P

0-'"
(T

IJ 0> WU

"'0>

(S

"W

'" W <C <C

0-

CO

"'I)

<TU U

(TW

0>

"'U

0>

0>

(T (T

'"
'" x
n
~ ~
~.

'" '" 0 z

00

(T

W '"W

(S

0>

0>
W

CO

0>

'0

U <T

"'U

(T

"

(T

(T

.
.

<T

~
~

0>

0>

0;

0>

"'I)

(T

tB U

I)

<T

I)

' 0 "'

0>

"'.
(T

I)

0>

'0

W f.J

0>

0>
'0

0-

0>

0-

0-

<C

(T

0-

.
U

0-

..
fJ

(S

IJ

0>

U 0-

0-

fJ

.
I]

'->.

0-

'0

IJ

(T

(T

<C

fJ

(T

IJ

IJ

LESSON l2

349

3nB~~nJ ~;)

~~a

a~6

da~

a~~3b!

a~;)3b .

20 .
21.

~~

~~a;)3n~~~Jb

;)a

6;)~J3J3nb
Jn~b3~? Jn~b3;) ~;)

OM

~;)a~3n~~~Jo~,
o~and~n~~ a;)~~~~;)~
nan~ ~~

a~bb~aJo~ . "';)b;)J3n':;3J~n~ J
b..,ab~~~(!,I;)a

3~~~~~;)~ aJand~n~
~Ma

22 . 23.
24 .

25 .
26 .

J;)3J;)bn;)b ff:J6;)~;) am;)ff 333n;)? aa..,6n,:Jb m33;) ;)':;;)03;) aJ"'aM~5a~ n06 - b~~J,:)~a~. ~"'B~ b~d;)':;m3J~Man 3n~;)3n~ J a3n6(!,1M~;) b3;)6 J mon p;)3b3~n~;)3nm, a;)8M;)d, b;)dP~b;)M"'(!,I J ~~.., ;)M 83 a..,6~;). ;),:; a~bbM3mJ ,:;,.,a a;)b~~3~JoJ~n b~~(!,IJ6~Job a~8J~dan
p;)n~3,:)6b?

;)"'~J

2?

28. 29. 30.

Jb 3;)J::::1Ian b;)lll dna;):j3b? 5Mbl8':)on an3~d3b 8"b"a 8 ;)3 6 ':)(!,I' ~~ aJnd~Jo;) n~d3;)b , ,:;,.,a b;)d;)':;m3J~..,b o~6JoMn3n bna(!,ln(!,lMOnOn ,:)J~n" . d':)b "33b 6"bonMn ~,:) 6;)3mMOn (!,I;) a~6b;)J~mMJonm a(!,ln(!,l;)Mn~ d,:)Ma,:)6Jsnm . a~an6 ~M dJdn6;). a~J~n Q~aJ aJQ3nd" J (!,I" ~an~..,a "b~" aJdn6:Jo;). 3n~6n6M8J ~JM"3? - "M" , M"'a~ 35M.., "b;)~a~8M(!,I~
3n~~3n , ~d3J6 cJaJd~"" b;)bJ~n ad3n~ . a"a~,:)a m~MaJ "b~" 3J~;)M 3~jM~3 ' b;)bJ~n ~Jan ~~a3n~~J6n;)m .

JM6bta;)61Jn6J
(!,I;)d3np~Jon".

- ,,1'\'"

C7l ,:i3J6n

;)M

~3J~"5JMn
b~~a':)Mb

a~bb"'3b .
b~5M"b

j"':;an

oJbbnJMJoo ood3b .
31 . h3J6b
n6aQnbJ~ 3~a8;)(!,IJom.
';oB

32 . 33. 34 .

3n6 a..,ni~6b? - ,:;" ~6(!,1;) aM3n1j,:)6,.,? an6~;) , nb aMn1j,:)6 J . - 003,:1 Q3n6P1b 3"'3 nil ,,6 I 3n6;)n(!,l;)6 ~3J~;)b d,,~n;)6 bp~3Mn;). aJdn6Jo;) I ;)Q;),:1 dJm"a;)C:)o,:) . oJ6 m~l'\aJ ~I'\ 8SM1ll6n", M,.,a b"d;)MC7l3J~..,an n;)n
cJa..,~,,6n~n aJBbM,:)aJ~J b"~J~6nb dJ~MJ

b"3aJ~b

n~,.,

dJ..,mbJ~an . 8,:)5b!~on

aMbjM30n (!,I"

~J6n6aM"(!,Ian

8"dm;)MOn 6n3,:) '

350

LESSON 12

~on~nban

d~~n~6

BbJ~~ '

n~e~

a~b~~ a~!~sb~~!J BbJ~M~~ . ~~J~n

~o6n6an~~cn 3n~~3n J

~M30~~~J aBnM~~.
a~an6~a n3J6~~6

35 .

~a6MOJ6J

b3~~ 3BbJ~Jo~M . n~~a~6~B

ao

In 36 .

~n

aabJ~M~~,

~M3J~~3nb
~~3~nb ~~ann~eb

a~nen~ .

~~b~~3J~nb ~n~oo~nb ~~nJX~6n .

"33sbnbw~~~b~6" - on ~n6~~n6n , b~eM

~3~~6~n~b n6~MJ~nb

aoso ,

(~anno~nb)

~~nnoeb ~~3~nb

aC306nonn 60bW.~6 ~~

3? 38 .

aOSJ ~~3~n~~ aOSo ~n6~~n6nb 3nMWMin3n m~a~M aOSJ ~Msne~ M. 3n~6n6MaJ ~~J3n~ cJ8nden~m? -- In , aJandon~J
a~aM~a ~bO~ ~M aJndeJo~ ~n~b , ~~J3M~ 3n6~n~~6

~aoMoJ6 ,

~3nmM6 n~b~~3Jeb ~~a~n

a3n~6~~ ~d

~~

aoaMo~oob

o~~n6Jo~m ,

MMa

~~3~Jn~.
a~an~a

39. 40 .
41 .

B~M3~

aJanden~m?

oJanden~ ,

B~M3~
n~B

~n aondeJo~,
nbV~3~n,

~Jnd~~~en~ .

an m aomn aJBM~n606~1 ~~ nBM~n , MMa monenbnb ~6n30nbn.o~nb lnM30en nOd~Mnn lOiMJ aOonjno3nen nH~?! -- ~n aBM~6n~ . aMBb306n~ , nMa ~M 3nBM~n . ao n3~60 X~3~bna3n~n
a03M6~ .

a~~b

42. 43.

ao nMa
a~n3Jm ,

aBM~6M~~1
M~b

n~B

an6~M~~ ,

~be~30 aM3BOa~ n.

e~3~n~JM6b

3nMsobMnn? -- ~n~b , nb b~d~n~30~Mb Odb3MMlnb aob~bo6 .

a~~d3~ n~n ,
ao~j3b

~aoMob

b~d~n~300M~~6
a~Je

a~n3~608n ~~ ~3n6 M.
6~~~nan . BnWn~bo6n :

abMsenMb
a~~~~ ,
~~

b~d~M~33eMb

44.

n~nb
M~B

b~d~~m30e~b a~~j3b

~na~6n

SMMmMb~en . 3Jnmb~eM6 ~~ b~d~Mm30eMaO , a~~~~ 1

45.

ao.b

anm

~SMM 36~bM

ap~~n~

nj 46.

~~3n~o .

b~d~M~30~Mb

an6~~

bMabo~nB

~aO~6~nx~6nB'

~6~~

aMBb306 M~ ob ,

~~a

d~~~~~~~ ~S~M

nj~M~

30M

~~3~M~J~6 .

bn~~3~

-- Ob naniMa , nMa 603~n d~~~~~n a~J~n~ 1 ao6 nOa!O nj~~~ aoand~n~

LESSON 12

n~~3~~"JI"t.

47.

a~O~b

Jon6M~b

~"~m30~o~nb oJJ~~JO~~n

d"~nb" .

48.
49.

oJ6n"~

aOon6n". 3Jw~obn~" ~"3n~nb" aJ on6n" . ~Jan b~"3nb ,,~ oon6n" ~" b~"3nb b~ 3(b)d~~3"Mj
~30~"b 3~~3"~3b~ .

50.

Mosaic inscription from Jerusalem

352

LESSON 12

Vocabu l ary _ 356

~~an";~c:)n

.:::. an':; 2> .::"';;: n

admiral (older word

a~p~6n

(G .

yogurt

a0>36nb)
(see sec. 8 . 5) memory m.ineral world
museum shish-kebab ; shash l ik oil; petroleum essay ; study (= Russ .
O'-IepK)

for admi~aZ) - a3~dn Arab aObbnJM38.:::. certainly; an6J";.:::.~n without fail abM~~nM
nature natural
3.:::.6 b.:::. ..L'~IJ1M;]O nO'1 particular ly ;
a~gJ~an
ap3.:::.~n

especially
in addition to; except

for;

besides

(also used 6,:::,p':::'Mdn as a prepo 6.:::.banAn sition , with 3n.:::.6 n 6 M

the gen i tive or dative)
8Ja fT!
aJM8M.:::.~n aMn~n

produc t coal piano

.

,.;.::. a a':lt!l n

dnC1l aJtan

the more .. . the more rector (= h e ad of a univer sity) love younger; junior elder orange (A) post - office ; mail throat fast; quick quick.ly monument martyrdom; tor ment; torture

taste geographer
cool

M:::dta . . . fin
bn~3.:::.";~~n

and6M6.:>
~;::, - da.:::.

feeling; sense

brot her(s) and sis ter (s)

~aBMMbn
~S";Mbn ~M~lInMb':::'t::!n

sib -

lings
3::] b3MM l"
g1;)sb;!l~n
1J13nO'll"'l6

5 Mb 12':::'
!:t:J~n

export summer

[oneJself
(grape)
dy ;

Fij;:,';n
~d':::'M':' -

3 M6n ':::'Jn

bran -

cogn ac

d08c:!"

lemon
manganese

l7 oa :JoO

LESSON 12

353

!.!I Qt:l n
'::'30'1.::.6~n~('\

O'In6'::'O'In6n
n66-b.!l~3.::.~n

(Geo . soup made with mutton , rice, and sour plums) air m . pr o n. f . pr o n .

~.!IMnQ~n

o~o.!l6n3n

m . pr o n . f. pro n. (V century Geo . saint) flourished second half of the V century

town in Inner

(X century)
Kart1i

3,.,6 b m .:::.61 n6 0 Constantine 60bi.::.6f. pro n .

~.:::.':;ox..:::.6n

Verbs (Note that IV . conj . verbs wi l l be listed in the pres ent tense with subject in first person singular and object , if any, in the third person.) aaf"'l6n.:::. m- gon- i - a [1 . 59 . pres . think; seem also = aal"l6n] forget ~'::''::'3('\V8~03.::. da~a - v9q - d - eb - a (with H- series id . o . markers; see sec . 12 . 1 . 2 . 4) m - a - ~l - i - a, fut. lack a':::'3~n.:::. , m- a - kZ - d-eb - a perfect a':::'3~~03.!1 m-kZ-eb- i - a play (a musical da=u - ~r - av - s (always takes u - series id . o . instrument) markers but has no id . o . ) mi - nd- a, fut . m- e - ndom want an6~.::. , eb- a (no aorist series) a06~l"Ia:l3.:::. m- neb - av - s (polite . see (would) like 3G:Jo'3 b note 2)

ant:l~:l36n.!l )

mi - p~evn - i - a,

aOt:lFin36:l0'::'
at:l~b306n,:::"

O:laM(3b3:lo.::o

fut . m- e - rcivn-eb- a m-rcxven-i- a , fut . se+m-l"cxv - eb - a {see

prefer be ashamed

354

LESSON 12

dJb8nb ,
a ~a JbaJ3,

note 3 ; no perfect) m-e-sm - i - s (imperf . hear; understand m-e-sm - od-a ) , fut .

mo+m- e - sm-eb -a: for

aorist 8~na M is also used, see note 6.

a 6;!)~ b ,
aMaJD~M3~6~

rn- 8uP - S,

fut .

wish

mo=m-e- auPv -eb-a

m - F~iv -a,

alS3n3~ ' JO~ '

8:::1133n6 813.30611'::'

fut .
perf .

s. o .s
sthg . hurts

(d at . )

m - e-p~.'in -e b-a ,
m - F~en - i-a

( nom . )

a~3n" ,

dJM38J3" , m- kv -i- a, fut.

m-e- rkmeu - a, aer o m-e - rkv - a , perf.

aJM13"

be named; called; s. o . 's name is

m-r kmev -l.- a m- a - kv -s, irr .

sec. 12.1.3.a .

see

have sthg .
carry

3 o(a~) a'~3b ,

9a (rno) +m-a- kv -s

fut. bring;

a.::.(81"'l)nlB,,6b

ga(mo } +i-p an -s,

irr., see sec .
12 .l . 3.c .

sthg . out,
port take,

ex -

8n8"33b ,

8Ma"33bmi+/mo+m-a- kv -s, irr. see sec . 12.1 . 3 . c .

se (mo) +m-a - kv -s,

bRing

sth~ .

irr . , see sec . l2.l.3 . c .

m- gvi.j - av- s

at'la~,:)3b,

ann!::l3.::.6b

m- qav - s, irr., see sec. l2.l.3.b . mi+m- qav -s, fut. mi+i - qvan -s, irr., see sec . 12 . l . 3 . d . mi-qvar - s
m-s i. -a , imperf.

bring; carry sthg. in; import; introduce be awake have s.o . lead s.o.

love be hungry

LESSON 12

355

m-s ~ -od-a

( no aor . or perf . series ) (sec . become hungry

mo+B-s iv -d-eb-a 12 . 1 . 2.4 . ) m- e - s in- i - a series) *

a :J 6M~n6::J6~,

(only present be afraid of ; fear

fut . m- e- eodi n - eb -a, perf . know m- eodn - i-a (from i- e - i -s ); see sec. 12.1.3.e.

e iv -a , imperf . ci -od-a
(only pres . series) m- c iv -a, imperf. m- ai - od-a (only pres. series) exe Z- a (only present se ries) m- c x eZ - a series)
adn6~3b

i.t is cold

s .o .

is cold

i t is hot s .o . sleep can, be (physi cally) able hate desire like be annoyed; find unpleasant be thirsty become thirsty need remember is hot

(only present

m- j in- av- s
se+mi- j t -i-a ( aor. se +m- e - j t - o)

o :J and c:! n':;'J

d:Ja::Jdc:t,..,
ad~~b
a ~ ~~n.:>
a ,..,a~,..,6b

m- j u Z-s (no aor. series ) m-qa d - i - a , imperf . m- q ad-d-a

mo+m- c o n-s
m-~q in -s,perf.m - ~ qe n-i-a

aVHn6b,
a~8:J6n'
a~8!Jl'in~ a,..,b~ !::I!JM~80 ~
ce~b~nM~80~

m-q q ur- i-a series)

(only present

mo+s - q q ur- d - eb - a da=s - Qil'- d - eb-a (sec . 12 . 1 .4. )

rn- a-XB OP -S,

a.:>bb""3b , a::Jbb,..,aJ0.:>

fut. m- e-xB o m-eb- a (no aor . or perf. ser ies)

356

LESSON 12

*The object of this verb is in the genitive with derived declension nominative ending: see derivative declension, sec. 8.6 .
_ADDENDA TO VOCABULARY
a3~f\n
d~~'::'

nO'l~anbt

nO'lJa:Ja~

last name , family name force, strength i-tkm-i-s, i-tkm-eb-a (II . conjugation of see note to p . 211.)

LESSON 12

357

Key to the Exercises

1.

2.

3.
4.

5. 6.
7

B.
9.
10 . 11.

12 . 13 .
14 .

15. 16. 17 . lB . 19 .

20 .
21.

22 .

23 .
2 4.

My student doesn ' t want to study mathematics, but he must study it! How many brothers and sisters (lit . sisterbrother) do you have? I have one older sister and one younger brother . Haven ' t you heard that we shall soon have a new professor in Old Georgian literature? I have already heard i t . Here, here I have his new essays about the "Martyrdom of Susani)s: . " I don ' t remember who wrote this monument of Old Georgian language . It seems to me, its author is Jacob Curtaveli . Yes , i f I had learned his (last) name, I would have remembered i t . When I shall be in Georgia I shall want to dr i nk [VN] Geor~ian wine everyday! When we w~ll become hungry we will eat shashlik, xarco (soup), and yogurt . When we'll become thirsty we ' l l drink good Kakhet i an wines . Would you (pl.) like (pres . tense) (some) Georgian wine? Of course, everyone likes i t . If you are thirsty, drink (some) good Georgian mineral water . This mineral water is called "Borjomi" . It seems to me so that those I don ' t like vodka . who like vodka don ' t taste in the mouth . They lack the love of wine . In winter , however, when 1 am cold I prefer brandy. Did you tell the doctor what was hurting you? Yes , I told him that my throat hurts . At our banquet no one is ever hungry or thirsty . What do you need? We don ' t need anything . We have everything that (= what) is necessary . Do you have a good Georgian - English dictionary? No , I had one, but I gave i t to my older broth er. -- I didn ' t know that you had (= have) a brother . - - Yes, I have two brothers and a sister. Don t forget to read (= the reading of) this essay . I shall not forget, I shall remember . Can you read (VN) Georgian? -- Of course, I can read (VN) Georgian and Armenian, too. Do you know or not that the Caucasus is called the " mountain of languages"? It seems to me the Arab geographer Ibn-~aw~al said t h is . W hen we were in Georgia we wanted to go to Svane1

358

LESSON 12

25 . 26.

27.

28.
29.

3 0.

31 .

32 . 33 . 34.

35. 36.

37. 38 .

39 . 40. 41.

tia, but, unfortunately, we didn't have time. Don't you all remember that the teacher will take ( = lead) the students to the museum? Where are y o u carrying this package? I am carrying i t t o the post office to mail (=send) it. It is impossible to say ( = to be said, opt.) that Georgia lacks natural resources ( = richnesses). It has coal and oil and is particularly rich in manganese (instr . ) . Yesterday I didn't sleep. I was awake all night ( nom. ) and therefore now I am sleepy ( = I feel like sleeping) . Do you play on the piano ? -- No , when I was younger I could, but n o w I can no l o nger play it. You apparently have f o rgotten my name . My name is Constantine . --No, I haven't forgotten your name. I remember everything . I have a good memory . We are preparing a banquet f o r our English guest . Who will bring the food? --What should I bring? --Bring what (= that, what ) y o u want . --I shall bring a lot o f wine because everyone is very thirsty. I am sleepy, I no longer feel like playing . You apparently didn ' t know that tea was intro duced into Georgia in the sec o nd quarter of the nineteenth century. In Moscow and Leningrad in winter i t is cold . In Tbilisi in the summer i t is very hot . When I was in Leningrad last spring ( - ae ) I was c o ld every day. They say i t will be hot tomorrow . Yesterday, too, i t was hot . I, h o wever, wasn't hot because the air is always cool at our place . In Rustaveli's Knight ~ n th e T ~ge r Skin Avtandi1 loves the Queen (= king ) of Arabia Tinatin, and the admiral (amirbari ) of India Tariel loves the beautiful Nes~an-Dare'an. . They say that Rustaveli himself loved Queen Tamara and that Queen Tamara was the mode1 of Queen Tinatin. Can you all play (VN) on the pian o ? Yes, I can, but now I cannot play (VN ) because i t is late and the neighbors will be annoyed if I were to play ( opt . ) . Can you swim? --Yes, I can, but here o ne cannot swim ( use VN ) ; i t is forbidden . The more you study, the more y o u will know . Didn't you know that Peter Melikisvili was Tbilisi university's first recto r? --I didn't know. I am ashamed that I did n't know. I

LESSON 12

359

42. 43.

44.

45.
46 .

47 . 48.
49 .
50 .

thought that [ i t was] Ivane Javaxivili. If I knew what you wanted, I would have given i t to you immediately. Did you understand what the professor is saying? Yes, he is talking about Georgia's export[sJ. From Georgia they export tea , manganese, and wine. The whole world imports Georgia ' s product[s]. In addition to tea, Georgia exports citrus (prod ucts): lemon and orange (use sLog.). The more I read about (= on) Georgia, the more I desire to go there. In addition to Georgia, I want to see both Armenia and Azerbaijan. You should be ashamed that ou cannot speak Georgian more rapidly . - - This lis] for the reason that I lack many geG~~ran words, you can speak better than (-2e) I. The enemy was afraid of the united force of the Georgians . I am not afraid of you (= aJ6n) I am afraid of Peter and David. No one is afraid of me (= nOan) and no one hates me; everyone loves me . Were you afraid of me when you were ~ittle? No , I wasn ' t afraid of you; I loved you .

c,.. .,. r..,..."'r

, '(0()()('.:)

-...i),wfr uc.., j..C....1 U'luC~ 1 ....."'0) ,..eCO")U"'l .....:l ~ .... qC"' .. e .... f)c.eC9<l..... (",:)C~...) ""'C, ..... ..... ere .,.CI9.... , ' (""?lC ....;:) .. IIt"') ........ cA ...;Jc,.....o-,,,,,,,,r .. Q) ....... , ... ....;)C ....,... f ,~ .. ~ '1..,tctf O) .. ~ ..... Q) .. c,.n""'.;)., ... .:;)c~ ___ tu ""':)C9C':) co",c... ~ O).-QCe c,.. ..":let( ue.... ~cc...'-r"f...'1 .::Jet,

-etc.

,c,..
r

t>

' (000'0 1)

'(()()I"l6)

-(0009)

'(ocot) (' '()()OQ) \

' )()Oo;")

f f

'(o(xn')
.()()!;)

' (00011,.

, ... .,c..a.O,.._

! (.

'COOCK:) : (006)

'(oocl 0 ' (00;:0)., '(001) '1 ,tC..c.c,.. ('l :(06) C- '(oe) f ' (OL) W ' (QQ) '(X) , Co. ) e 'Cot) .;:) '(oz) r ' (01) .. , tC.-at;.c_ (9 '(6) ... '(e) D ' (t) ,
' (9) C '(\0)
_~

e.

'(ooe) '

'(001 ~ ' (QC9)

1O '(00.) (i)C

'(.) ~

' Ce) 9

'(z)

.(t) .. ,.u.,c.-a

.. .,o (.. :........ C.....

.,c...,.~,.n....,.

-"'e

... ..n .. s. (1UClC"'''')

n",...9 ...",

.. 9 ....:lC'Ce.

"","'l,..- ..;)c...."..f

(:

...,,:)c'lc..,. ... 2oc.. r~ .... Q) ... ..,..i:lu 'e

, ........ c,.. e<-/C ... ' .. 'i..... e UClCeco"..., :lC.!'i .C_lCO.."C..9 Q)e-.....)ctp .,.,C~....,.~Ci ur 9C"') - eee. ~i ... ,,:;)C'C2o",e ...C...,.'l ... ,.n.......,. h""'lCu'1") '1u'J'""l _9"" .., cc,. .,CO)C... .,,..~ ...i:l!C ""lu..:lCw( .,C..,..,ujC "'l:C~...,...... .:...;3CCp ...... ",lOue,C..'l f'"'''' ',,"'C"'--,"e u

ct...,....

c::

.,..:;) ... ,cq .Q)"'!'7'''j - .. eCO.,..... ve"'1' .. ...,.... ""'lc~...,. ..... n.. ''''e.'lC,:)e'''", 'C''lC.:l'lCp eu ...Q) "'1'lC'iC';:)C,~ .-.oC, -.....Q<-.ece .:lc"ce. .u''''ic.,.c... ,n 1.,..:;)"'","f' ., ... er...... "t.'l....,. ":;)CC,,,uf .,C Q)e-'i~"""'~ '1uC.-.,...:;)ctJ. ....,""'l -c,cc .. c ..,..". .........e ""'lcor..lO ..Q) ""ic,C,,:)Cwe ...;J . ""'C.!~ "e.'iC'lC.:lC,,,,,, ..., .... C.-.o ..... 0:''''\C..9 Q)"ewQ) - Cj.." .. ~Cq '1... C.--~CCr: ,C"Q)'l"'.;:)"O:.O "'iC"''''OC.. e ....,. .. ....:3C'iC,CC .... e "ve" n...,. '.... ~..:;)C,Ce...,e ..... .,.C ....,;)c,e...,~ ...,..:)""'..... ...,. ....,e"''l ,...,.... .,... ",<i) CC"eo .-.il "''}CoO'?'C i)'-","e.t ue.'iC.,.Ci.. ~Cq ':>CQ)""", .&:>.. e-->'" 'n..,Ce.",~ 'lueu ..... elil'l...;JC'i..1 f,OuCi)Ct ...e ~Cf' '1...,.CQ.:;)cr ""'lcuOuC:I.,.,.O '""-O"e 1C, ..9 -Q).,..i) <"0) ""'lCeCO'1u'l ....:;)C:'lC~C~ 'iC "C~C"i'1uCe, ret') ..0) C,...,..e, .. ' c~crcr r ....,;) ..c2o_I:: ...... C ....;:;)oC2o..,..c..; c... '-e'lc.,..c..,nCe .~..,(O .... , ..,. '"Cf"t'9 *,)ilW)Q) O"""'.... vW<f .. C""~C,A .....;;) _ c.q~ o)~CCwl::",., ...,"'......,.C .. 0) ....:3C~c~ .. e ... 1:: .. ~C...... e"''l "COM.,Q).-Ct'l 'l"'"''''~ "e.~c.,.o,co ~ccr..:;)d) 'l""'l~"'~'J'lu.ie ,C,i)VC,C'u '1"eCO -1'" Ce~C~t'".,. '1 .. C>...,,~..:)C! ue,..,";;)CC.o..y"r"'1 ;:)ccp ew.,. ''lCQ)C... '1'''cq ~,c '"VCQ)",ewe ~"i -.,.., ..,A i"'1 '1.. c...... ......"mue..'i ~ ...!" '1~C~ ......,..... ....;)c.qce,... ,..-G) "u(;.;;l'lCp .;:;)c..o."..f ~ct, T

....,...e .,)

c-w.,....

U'2 Ci:l U\JI" ", uQG:"'\JI"~ uQCp a6~ sS ~d

C::T NOSS::n

6u~pea~

09

1. ~~..a .. ~ .. , '.1~~"'''u'3'' lI:::1C"'~3 ... M., 1-0 .....b3::f"'1. lI"".:1'n~ ..' ..b"C'" .:1""'1.0 (!''' J.:1a..aIY'Iu lI"u'Ot:"" .. 5.60" ;.:1t:'" (..t..3 ~1I .. "'!)'3",O~;3' all ... . c:''''(!' J""'-3:lt:':l~. .:131.33'1 J,.:1 .....""'at:ont. 3nl1.:1t!3""" J'" (!,w.. b..a"t!'.., A .. t:'" ;:)~~~u'3"t. (!I";::f()o..3~t. &..t..'OC""''' 5 198 V3C"'. J"'",t!' ... ,,,.:1 "~ojt..>, (!I~.:1C"'t.. "'a"""''3.."" - 5.492 ; ., ""''''3 .. ~.:1jt..,,' 'I''''''3et>o t!?.. noc:""Ot. "'l"""J:1c:'nt.. a..a"'''''3C''''''' 5.500 , ., b<I""'on-o"'" . . . . 1.0033'1"" 5 .508 V.). ..a a..a-..3c::<)~t. ...... ~ 3"'.>"3 & ~..,u""3"'ot!' ..... .. "'.... (!IoL..a...in(!'''' a..t.."O~ file'''''' ,..at.. a.......3 .. Jc:'- ~~..an(!l'" "33&" tI-'>nt. <!?";:1a ka t!?"t.. 0"l.:::IC"'"' r~~t.. ,..an eJ'""""OC'O" 5 .60(4) (!I" 3"'3"'~tN.. "33'"3''''' "'"3,,"',,, -"'''c:ot. (!'ea3..'t!.:1t:"" ",.

361

a-

a~'a"..

04i\") j"'''''''''''J'''''' 3:1"'a"'Aoa3,w O"J~3lK. (!''', "' ...,.,J,O o'...6.nC""'... t."'O0Il13CO"<!? ~3M. 3'\"t. 28 i~""" ~ a.....3'"'""'" 19 'r:""'..i i ...Juoa..L, ....... "'" ""'U ~,3<>L U"-.Jt:"" (21 X 19) l.f..."':t(!' ~2 r3~ ~..J_ c::':I3i., 532 ;at:"";"<!?" J" la"'"''""(!>"O~~ 3.:1"''''~'-. a n . j"'3:Jt:"" SJ2 ic-'- '3!)i<!?.:13 a3-"(!'a'"- ~-

Il"~. 532

2.

J""''''OC'''''

fc:""'*'

J"''''''''J''''''

..... <!?"" O>la.....

. . . b..a'--ac:"""'" (!'..t.... o..an~' ;J"<!?~ 1844 ;~(!'nu. 532 ie""'" O"JC"'''' '3.:1 t....o..anu .. <!?, a"u'Ot::"> 14 3 ...3wa", 184S V3~t.. t!?"i ja0"Ot;'" 3a-IS 3 ...3003" (!"'. 3.>'3 ....... (!'..aa, ..a~..3 .. 1."!' aa....&"O...a30.:1 3"'300a"t. 133-a vaC"" tva"t... "aa\::" 3 .."'-'OC'" d3laC'3On, ",...a:)~ <!?~""""t':)o .. t.. 3:)UGna"'ao" ..&3Maot... '3333"'C""'.. a3 .......c.a!)0.:1 (t!?'", n;j'" 248 i .), 33o->'13~ Vj ... 780 V <!?" 3.:1) ....... '"'3300 (I,? .... Vj ... 1312 'i.) 3...Jooa""'" '3"O"C'at!?a0'3n. X X It ... t.. da3c:"ao..t. :::I(!""'(!'al. ,o3a03t.. ... ~"o "a3:::1c:'30,!,na "c:",,'3'::lC""' ,,'" ..""'l. 01 ...3033'" ~t!?a.:o' .....anI.Vt ..3.. t? O&iJC""~a3~ aau..aJOJ a ...j0.:13" ..3<>0...3 ..." aa""I!''''' d33t:::"" ",.. nne'" a"1!'3 ...anO.:o' ....... ..b"C' 3"'''''3, aaU..a303 a ...,3U33 n l. 'C'a0t. "OEi~ .. 3n3:::1a.-o"'''' ..a a"'Jua3"U I!'"l.",)nl.n (780). 3. J"'n'-'O" ..'ot:'" V3c:" ......:::.' ...... o,Jba" "336'3n V II J t.. (!'l.(")"::l"'~ao", .:13"''''')'''l. 333 J Ii.3 0'3,. ..I" 3"a"'uac:"~ S2S 't:'"<!?.:oEi. anl." '3a3'"'<:;'3b.. ~ ...'"l.3t.. I,..".&:)C' ....... ,,,., I!'''J''a'3'''''3o:;,C'''_ J. JJJ:Jc:""dnl. 0' ... 0,-...... nan ~ .... 'nno" .. C'o'" ~ ...J":)a3'033-a" .l"''''a:Jc:''''l';' 742 V3c:-l. ",,'to, a:::l1!'3"ato lI.>"'''''''''1.. ..I" all ... C',",\!' "3"''''3 "'''"OJ:::I1i.3'3... C'30"OC' ...M.- . anto I!' .. t."v, ... t...o;.<> \. .... 3" "'30...."'" _3"-"t.oat.. ~~"l!'aO~" ....3""l... \. .... 3... _a 'i033.>1... ~3""'lJa ..l... t!? .. "<:'{Oa...a .. to-. \. ... 3... U _.:oa"t', C'a3..L- 01 ..... "'.:131.0 v3C''''''c-';''''uba''t. "..a .......3{"""'c::''' l.,.,l..0::a33" 3::(")3"3"'U.:11:-3~";"" C''' .. ., .... J,3JI)";)""U, ,,<1 ' ""'JC'::c,,1!' l,t"Il.03i30"....... ~""''''''''C'30-:Jt::''' .1330:- l._l..0'"""" ....

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-<. ~ ~"''J '~'''~ ''~

Ii!.,..

.. ~c"""t"f 1~'1 "19..,r"""'''tf ''l'l'"''le''" "Oe.core 'lCol~"<' 9 "~ "'<D.," ....... r~" 9CQ""C,. .,""?'-' ... fp .....l .....,... c ., ..G. Cp ... "'.,...... ' .....:.l ....... c~"O) ,,~ .... "..:le~ .99 .....;l'lCp <D~C9CC 'l1 1". .h .. ...,.<'> CC.......... ~ 1<99 = 08L " 9 ,;at' u'J... r ..., .... .,.f "CC":'t'''~ ' h .....,.... .., CC<'e"' ~ 1<99 1..:!""'<'<D .,......,.C!.. ,.k~ ,....:=!'lCp '"''l C,:)uC''e ''ci) "'99 = " 09 '<; 99" q ) ~ t CN <; ""') C'l"''l 'l"ri) n CJ:!..a) 'l"""C ..., CC 'l1 'lcol..:Jr ...... e<'~ "a),c "I"' e~"~ 99,,' 9 = 8~ <D ueo'l -<-.,,,61 ' (oer: ." ' 6S'6! "~C'f 'l"P""'!' ~ ~, t"9t ut'_ .:l .. c~! ..."C'''1) ..... w J: .. ..,.... r.. ., ........ f a ...
..... 11... '
'It

c~..)

.. )

~ "' ''1- '''C.

01

...... ..3C .,..t <o..t"t~61 ..,t"'A C ... O) ... U ...,.0.1_0)'" A 'l0

, ,,,,",,~c;:,Ourt

"U't'Coi),..

1uC.... ~ .. C...,.!

"'fe.,

- "''1

"

'l....:l'ilCp ... c",e.... , .."Ice.

"I..,..';)C~f "";;"O'Cp

co.ce

~'i",

e"

,C ' ( .. 10 1 -CWL

+ Kr:)

',6 .. 101

"';)"";;)COCOO)'f"V ~cA ... ,c,:)",c"'!

..0) (...:lCA u.Z)c,c,ct':ll"e 1"'l.. j;;A"~ " ... cCflfwe CQce

"O),c Oo'l""f 'Kf; - ..... U<O<tC ""'::)c,t.:lc,...., -.. <il fit- -(esc . ~ 'ecru) ..-..a, ..." ... r..,... ",r Q<-<,;''''l c'lc ...,;:;) "m....,.ci) .,. I>~... ,'!;Ocr.....' tC....,ce. 'l"t~ocn -<'Ii).,.o~ .,uO<'..J,I>t<'<fc r o.-."'l,,, ue.... .,.j:;! cteu
~..oce) OSL

.., ... r u, ... <t>f

...... Oo>ecc"e

:...:l"'f<'<D

....:;,...,.-. ......,.c -.;;)

-c , ce.!"'f!<'Q) (... u,..,r..,....,.r .,G) ",uM~) ",ueC9 -'lU'l cc..." ... 'u ' C ~CA 9 Z:S cc.. 1!'" -vc.:;)uCU!.,Q)
(== 9 ..

+ 09 L )
~

.,uccor"'e
.....:::.c~ce.!

...:l CA (9'-) C, ...:lC'l"'i ,oGl...,..J::!....,.Gl ......Q..ecc.. e 1>61"c 'A otL - . "I., ...'

-,4.. .,<'Ii) " ..crof"'e

CQcrOce

... ~ cCfl> A 9ze - 1,:)""'.....

ocr Owe.'" ....:lc'l"'e

'N c", CQ,,"61~

Ni)

o..t.""f<'t,o c."..,ce
",:)...,.......
ct'0 e<'
,,~~t<"1 -oc,,'9) t 09'<;

"utC..:JI>COo.'f"t
<.-09 '<;
~c

""'iC':)"C"e

.,u<il e" 1"r..4"~

..,ct''I1

, ~.i)u,c 'I1"'i

p ~c.,.c... ~ "........3 ....,. .. f -) .. c, " 9" e. ".,.;lc.cor"'e OlCQ -c!"'n...... Ce ..1,.... r ...'l ... .,.f .oaf . ..... .::.C1. , ..'l ..... e"~'1"'ci: uQ .. .:l~C r' Owe." c'le ..,:)r'....... e .....:Jc,e.~.:lo<..il..... ~<'e<'e ..... e."'f ...' .... ..,.r " . p 'l.......t .. .i'\ Ot-, eC'l .
w , ..

...,. . . r..

" ..,J:ccf "cG:l..:Jr <'Ye"'l ..61, C 0 <"""", "A OC" 9 = ~ - C~ .oaf. , .. 61 . . t"'~" 'l"'<i) ,..,c.,.(2, . . e._9 c., .. n..." ...,.,:) -...,...... ct' ....'l.. ..<i) ........,.c .... .:lC~ C t~..,~ ",ueCQ.,u'l ' (Lt C C'l "<;61 <il C...,. ,," ,:)"Ce. u 'l1 QC'" ." "

ue. ...,. ..e

- 9" ....:lC9 C~ .... e ""'-'eCO'l'"

-"'e"''l ...C..

,e.",.

.,..,..,.-'i)

.... 8"'1 9<' ....".... .... ,:)C'C9 C.

CiJet ... ",a) ".,,,,,',..C .,. c ~ <;>",,\ .. , c..:J l:.... e 'lce..,.,....:l "",C C'l .....l...,. c.!..:!.. "e.tc..:l'lCp
Z1 NOSS:;['1

19E

LESSON 12 11

363

12

J .,IIod'3on\'~;) IJ''''~O'>' 0"''''''''0'' t."'j.. tio;J j"""t"'"" o..Clr.n CI;)301.."".. o3"'... , ... J ..... ,t... ".f.Ja J .."'''''oc''' ~ (, 0 ..""'<1,,0'> 0." ."033;)' a.1 590).. ......u ..l.J 3AM"O'>J' C"Oo.. : 'JJa= Ib23. 0 .... =3 11 + 1..1 1. - 10"13 V o " o"~o" \,""J..dOt. ~",,,.. C'o..<lr.n 1 623 f ctJ:"l 301.."'->al. ~"'a...a""f3:;Jo . o.... c:-.... t.. 6l ..... , ~J C" .... x V I" t."OJ:t

"'1.0. tiJoC''''\'
M .......

"''''''-'c-t.''U

O,,,...L JM r....t. -

L::l~""-I. ..o.. ..."'oJC'..... ' ...L J"'cn '::J "'I10~ .IIo("""" JL G',,!'...3;:-O"'''1..

~:;J"'" ""~Ohtl" ,

J .."''"'"::Ic-I- o3 ..."' ... "'J ... ,t...

'0,1....

"'....1.

I.f ....oL , 6""3~"'~"" JI.. (!>'iaN. "" \'~.

f"o''''

"" "'01>

~ ..

..'t...~

-.JC'"'3"'l. l.a3,,'..<'w>nl.
'i0l>"""""300~ l.on~~..

13

3'3~"'''0'>. "'.i ~LnO"3"'1.. J .... I>"l. - 3"'t?.. '0'-'3"1. ~<:""' "ot..o->-~ 3,., ........."oOC"'" '0 ..... =

"''''0''''''0

411, ..3..lt O'('><t

~",I..",V'Oc::"'"'1.

1783 ~. (411

+ 1312= 1783).

3 ...303000 ..."" 33~JOJ 3<->JWJ"1. ..oc:-3GnClJ'at.- 1312 i t?'" 3"J.. \:'Jo ....

14

ilC'''''"''C''''''u'J''' ~,..o..an<.!''''' I,?"" .5", ... G" J""'" ~.w"'t!' ~"" nIlo3"""':1~ U"J"c:-n"300C' o333.,'JO '3,., t."<"'~ ' ..Gn.. ~J3"'C!''''30'OC''''' ..IIo"C"" 0"'" ~",, ''Ol.oooOc::'''"' "' .. C'" 1..6nt:"'01 <d.L.nl.6<-..'Oc;-<' 'le'" --<:"""'~3") ' "<->o"'J"'- JJ,:)., ..Io .."3n 3 ...o3 3l <.!'O ol. i3C"'"'"<:.''''''~3''"' ~3" ~a<l(J. 3.. J3 .. t?'"""'0"'" 1....3,... "'.... 301>o"'t:"'_(!. ~lc::--<:''''''~3 ''''' ""'3r<'L J.-.t"' ........ n .... 30WJ l,!"1.. 3:lJ"'~'" ' ......3C"'L t?C'............. U
622

15

i't:"'u 16 1977 'at:""

"'JC""'LL 3...a\ <.!'........

1113JC"'"
I,? ........

~"",';I, ",,, ..)

o...a......

Lnl..6:l3J~cn '3 J ""'C'Jo.... t...; 1 . 581 f. (5004+ 1917):

') J"'''''''J'"'''''''

III

i"

4c'a
~c:'. ~o:'l'l'60.

* Note : This reading deals with the methods by which dates were indic ated in Old Georgian manuscripts . Reference to the numerical values of the letter s of the Georgian alphabets (given Ln the Appendix to Lesson one) should be helpful .

364

LESSON 1.2

Vocabulary
monument (note that adverbs can modify ver-

bal nouns)

8,,-<3n5t'1'::'3 b
~,,6,')bp,')':;n

decipher

83.:::. bb I"l3C!!:)b

preliminary (Since this verb has no aorist series, the conjunctive is used to replace the lacking optative)
chronology use literature; erudition

~:JI::!I7l'::'(lMn13b3'::'

8'::'d l'l'l= n!::f:J6:J6b

a{lna 6 I'"loF;1'I'I3;:,
B'::'~3J~~n a.::.aM=17l3~nb
an(l:J6~~n

individual calculate here : accepted

single; standard

:JMl7ln.::.6n
b':::'H I'I'I3 :J~I7l'::'1'I'I
j25~-(ln'::>M:J6b

general recognize
conuna)

(disregard following

I!?" .J8

bb3_ = !!'.::. bb3:Jo n etc . (nom . ); this

(adj . )

E-D-G-I-Adv =
~.::.=.::>b,')b:Jt::!:J6b

a.::.a
name, mention hearth; here : place of origin important; noteworthy that;
QTO )

.3 OM'::'
b,')a(J~nbbal"l

"b ,

MfTla

the fact that

(c f.

Russ . TO,
'::'(l=6na6~3b

(VN) here: to note, cf.

note
-6~nM n

=o n30 6 0 ob

of . .. . kinds show; Lndicate (H-series ) indicative

(sthg.)

to

(s .o.)

LESSON 12
B~nt:'1Tl6b: 0t3~:J3.::.,

365

fut: aor:

try (+ opt~tXve past screeves)

[pluperect after

(3)JB'~J(m).
b:JC!lanb.::.r3~lTlan a'::'=b~nb

accessible; available make (s thg . sthg.) (adv . ) phenomenon; appearance first of all be said; here: can be said

81Tl3t'):J6.::.
3nM3:J~

Mnaan n~Janb (II . conj . ) 1I~'::'M~~nb BbITl3M:J3.::.11 a08.::.mn.::.6:J

= Georgian historical chronicles

chronicler first of all numerical spread; a'::'3MB:J~:J6n~n widespread tight; compact, close tie up; connect

:!Ipn6.::.r:l:Jb ~1Tl3~nb.':> Mn(3bM6Mn3n

a'::' ='::' 3MB:J~:J6b
a~n~MITl

~'::'=.':>j.':>3anM:J6b

3
:JM~:J:!It')n,

8,

60,

units; tens, etc. 7000, 10,000 (see alphabet table, appendix to Lesson 1 . ) beginning; origin (i . e . , creation

'::'~:J:!I~n

:l3JH,6,

of the universe) here : world creation = a cycle of 532 years used in a perpetual calendar for the determination of the date of Easter law; custom; usage cording to ... ) (ins tr. = ac-

a.':>hJ6.':> JMM6njM6n = JITlMITl6njlTl6n

3MaXJM a.':>3a.::.C!?n.':>6n 17l.':>I7l.::.Mn (Al nba,::,MJ6;:.

sometimes M ohammedan Tatar; Mo ngol; Persian; Arab; Muslim be used (only pres . series)

366
b':)D13'::'~'::>3n

LESSON 12

reckoning; mean

counting

a:'J~nbbal"lob

,,6a,,";nOfTlOb.
a'::'I~at"'l+n!::l3.::>6 b

reckon; count
translate;
sum

transfer

(sec .

12.1 . 3)

X,,8 n
a.::>al"'l="J~:J6b
~'::>='::>~M~6MOb

subtract
(sthg.)

(sthg.)
(id . c.)

(d.a.)

from

a"'dS:J3"
b'::>S;!ld3:Jc:!n (E)

base; lean (sthg . ) on (sthg . ) here : mo kee v a, cycle (technical

term)
base

aaH)3.::oMnb misprint,
=

from dcn3'::>M;) moon

a!J13'::>Mnb

6.::>aM'::'3~n

product (multiplication) here; the [same sequence of] count ing

5
3n{!'M,:) - 8{!'nb

Cl:Jb.::.o.::.anb.::>1!' (pp . )

up until; up to corresponding to consequently now (= 1977) here: i t is contrive; manage interval; majority space; timespan

a...,o " b.::> I!' " dJ

.::>a~o::>a.::.~

I!'a.::. b aM=.::>bo t4h oob

a :9 .::. c:! ::)I~ n

!laOIR:Jb,.,o,;,
M'::>1!'8.::.6
=

M'::>\!'8.::. 6

.::>e
by itself

D'l'::>3nbcn'::>3"{!'
na~~nbba:J3.::.

pres .

(only series)

be understood
add (sthg . ) to (sthg . )

dn::::;::Ja.:. IBJ ob
I!'.:.b.::>~ !;fnhn

beginning among us; in our country attest ; confirm introduce

h30 6C1n

c: '::'='::>(:~'::> bIB ~M:J 2> b

aJa,., + n~Job

LESSON 12

367

6 6 1"'10nal
a~.an3b
b~bl')~l7ln

a~.an3

here: accordi n g to information permanent character Christ passion crucifixion resurrection; Easter Ascension enumerate more or leS"s

(from a,!ll!'an3n)
d~nb~:J
36::Jo~

X3~"'6a~

-.')c:'1!'3I"'1a
~a~I::II!:I::J6

6
,;~al"'l=1Jl3~nb

a :HB - 6 J C!!::J 6 ~ I!'

~n"'boJb6I')a3n

notable;

remarkable

d:J
~MI"'I6nJ~

son (used to form patronymics) chronicle

Old Georgian: "Thi s Asot the Kuropalates [Byzantine title used by old Georgian kings and princesJ was killed 6430 years from the beginning, the 46th year in t he 13th koroni.kon cycle . " "'JI!' . = M::JI!'~JBl')n~ under the editorship of

33 '
8

33J"'I!'"

page con firm = :Jb ibid . note; notice sinai (here : Mt . Sinai) collection of lives of saints and martyrs signature, date and location at the end of a will or other document ; colophon "This holy book was written in the year

1!' = ~I!'~bli;'MJ6b

::Jb J (archaic)

nd3:J
9
aJ=6no6~3b
bn6~

a"'3C!!0'I~31')

Old Georgian :

368

LESSON 12

6468 from the beginning; the ko r onikon was 84."

a.,')aM=.,') - .3~~:)O,::,

sthg . is subtracted from sthg .

war, {military) campaign

10
~ ~ 0 dfll"l 2>.:.

.,')8,':)Mn"b n
pn6'::'.::>(laQl:)o (pp.)

(arChaic)

Arab; Moslem

3.,')b ~ a w n
b'::'d:)SM
II

( O'::'8M.::.mnMGn)

against Georgian historian (1695 -1772)

in the kingdom
the same
koroni~on

~nM6nJ...,6b.,')

-3 J
~n8nC!l6.,')an

Persian

(0 the XVI - XVIII censmash

turies)
a3=a~br;"3b

destroy ;

12

QI.::.=ndMpdoob
OMC!lMb
b~C!lb.,')6 - b.,')3.::. MMo:)~n.,')6n

bring in as evidence finally Georgian writer and lexicographer (1658 -1725 )

bundle
dictionary (archaic)
has sthg. (nom . )

,31"'16.::.
bnW~3nb

,31"'16.::.

G~bbn

list
S . D .

L::.bc:!.,')3 b ]

(da t. )

bXMOb . .. : It is proper that I declare when this book was written or where; in the Georgian koronikon uni ~ oni, an~ (names o f the letters nl ~, ~) in Telavi Seminary ' s ou tstanding style. 13
a~(!l.::.6nbb3'::'

an=!]O'1f1D'l J ob
(!;I':'

compila ti on i.ndica.te ( sLhy

end

. )

Lo

( 5.0.)

b.:. b';n~n

14

nba'::'MJ0':' (only pres .

series)
Il'nll'n 1'>,:,6n,:,

be used

for a long time

LESSON 12
~~=~aJ3n~Mo~b
aMdaO~J6b

369

introduce; install; consolidate be active; work; function; be operat ive world Hegira (flig ht of Mohammed from Mecca
(i1~:J~) in 622)

(III. conj.)
b~a!j",r:;M

flC7l3C!'flb = C7l3~flb

note; denote; mark

OA')Or:NDA TO VOCABULARY
4 a",b~t!ln~ 5 an-nfi6:J3b
6 Ot'iC7lb", C!'''' na"3J C!'t'i~b
8 na"'3J

10 ",a"'33

have, has passed cons ider at one and the same time the (that) same the lthis) same

Museu m of the Arts of Georgia . Tbilisi

370

LESSON

13

13 . 1 . Reflexive indi r ect objects . In sec . 7 . 1 . 2 , the marking of indirect objects for I. conjugation verbs was discussed. It was pointed out t h a t such indirect objects cannot refer to the sUbject of the verb. When the indirect object r e fers to the same person as the subject of a I. conjugation verb, a special marker is used in the present , fu t ure, a n d aorist series . This marker is the preradical vowel i-, which i s added to the base form immediately before the root, replac ing the preradical vowel a - if present . The meaning of this form is similar to some of the meanings of the indirect objects marked by the u- or h-series of ob ject markers and can generally be translated into Eng lish ' for one ' s ... or by a possessive pronoun . We shall call this use of t he preradical vowel i - the re ftexive indireot object or simply the reflexive; tra ditionally it is known as the subjective ve rsion. Ex amples : Base form Reflexive 1
~bn!Mnb

slice sthg .

slice one ' s sthg.

ab !i'ln b
cut sthg .

3 bn ,!Anb
cut sthg . for o . s .
bnM~:J3b

bbfljSi:J3 b
e l ect 5 . 0 .

elect s . o . for 0 . 5 elect one ' s s . o . ~bn~b6 b wash one ' s sthg . face)

.;

wash s . o . ; wash part of body

(e . g .,

bbO:J6:Job
bu i ld sthg .
"~~~J6b bring sthg . to a boil

, na J6 J6 b
build 5th g . for 0 . 5 .
'n~~~J6b bri n g 5th~ for 0 . 5 .
.

to a boil

Unlike the nonreflexive indirect object markers , the reflexive indirect object cannot be correlated with any pronoun . Compare : id . o . 3:Ja'I:J3;:.6a;:. b;:'!I~a:J a;:'!Ia3;:.~;:. .
d:J~:J3;:.6ab

aba'l

bb~3a:J

3b!lagb~b .

Ketevan prepared breakfast for

LESSON 13

371

them . reflexive id . o .
3~~J3~6a~ b~~3aO a~na3~~o .

Ketevan prepared breakfast for herself . Examples of the use of the reflexive indirect object :
3~303dO bJ~n aon ~M~.

The child cut his

(own) hand .

3nMn

~6~o

~~no~6~!

You must wash your face .

ao6 Jb
~bo~n

bob~n

ono06o .
a03nJJA~ .

He built this house fop himsetf.

Jo3~ ~6~o

I must sew myself a new dress . The reflexive indirect object is often used when an action directly affects the subject of the sentence or when the direct object is a reflexive form with Compare: alB:JMn a~Jt::I~. He killed the enemy. ~~3n a~nJ~o . He killed himself ; committed suicide. He praised the king . ~03n n3~' He praised himself . In th is course a form wi l l be judged as reflexive on ly if i t is derived from a nonreflexive form with the same pr e verb and with t he same basic lexical meaning . So ~on~~nb ' cut sth~ . for 0 . 5 . ' will be regarded as t h e re f lexive of ~~~Mnb ' cut sthg . ' , but ann~J3b ' re ceive ' will not be regarded as a reflexive of aoo~ o ob ' open ', and ~on6obo3b ' catch sight of ' will not be re garded a s the reflexive of 6obo3b (fut . ) 'see '. Rather the forms with preradical vowel i - will be regarded as base forms , i . e ., vocabulary entry forms . ] Though rare , a t times one might encounter 13 . 2. sequences of t he type mi -, gi - , gvi - which represent not t h e u - series of indirect object markers , but rath er ve r bs with the preradical vowel i -, marking the base form . Examples of such forms are : receive : annc:':J0b

aOS:J

o3~'

odnan dOt::lO

anan~:Job .

The doc t or will re c eive you soon .

372

LESSON 13

~~~3~~Job

forget:
~M ~~an3nV~o6 .

d 06

~~~bM~Jb

I shall never forget you .

dJaMn~3~6b ~a M~~ban

(pres.

aJaMaH~3b)

bring, lead into:

aJaMan~3~6~.

He led me into this room. It must be emphasized that instances are quite rare when mi-, g~-, gvi - represent a direa~ object marker plus a preradical vowel; the overwheLming majori ty of such sequences are u-series indirect object markers .
13 . 3 . The superessive. The 8upepe88ive~ is a special verbal marker indicating the surface upon which the action of the verb occurs . The marker of the superessive in the verb is the preradical vowel a -. The noun denoting the surface on which the action occurs is either an indirect object in the dative case or is followed by the postpositLon -ze ' on ' . The superessive most commonly occurs with I_ conjugation verbs_ 5 Examples :

paint sthg. paint sthg . on sthg _

Ob

ab~~3~~n

~Oab

3M~~~O~b

b~~~3b

This artist is painting my portrait.

3n~30~~M~n~n
JO~~J6b

~~~an~6n

banA~~

a~aM~3~o~~nb
~he

6~~nAJ6b

~b~~~3~~'

Primitive man often painted wild animals on wa~ZB o f a cave _ write sthg . write sthg_ on sthg _

Jb

~Ma~6n

3 n6

~~~O~~?

Who wrote this novel?

3~M~JbM~a~ ~b~Qn bn~~3J6n ~~~~b ~~~PJ~~'

The professor wrote the new words on the btackboar'd _

Since the a- of the superessive is a preradical vowel, i t is not found in the perfect series and the

LESSON 13

J7J

indirect object generally is replaced by a postpositional phrase with - z e for inanimate objects and by a postpositional phrase with - tvi s for animates, for examp1.e,
3MM~JbMMb ~b~~n bn~~3J3n ~~S~aJ ~~~~JMn~ .

The professor has [apparently] written the word s on the b~ackboard . In some verbs with the preradical vowel a - this vowel can function as both the marker of the base form and the superessive . (The semantics of such verbs is often such that the action denoted by the verb implies some surface for its occurrence . ) Examples : tie, bind ( base form; absolute, no id . o . ) Tie the horse there! (3b J 6n nd an~3n! an~6\)ab tie, bind sthg . on sthg . (superessive; relative, has id . o.) They tied the horse (on ) to the tree {id . o . } . 13.4. Passive of state. A Zimited number of verbs can form a special passive of state , a simple form corresponding in meaning to the periphrastic passive (sec . 11.3) . The passive of state is formed from only about eighty verbal roots . All passives o f state share the following peculiarities : a. passives of state never have preverbs; b. passives of state may have an indirect ob ject marker even when there i s no indi r ect obdect . 6 In the present series of sereeves only the pres ent scr eeye occurs . It can be : a. without indirect object ; in this case the verb may take the h-series 3d person object marker (h -, 8 -~ -) ; see also Lesson 11, note 6. b. with indirect object ; in this case the verb will take the u -series object markers (m - ,
gi -., gvi -.> u- ) .

in the superessive, with the superessive marker, the preradical vowel a - (with id . o . markers) . The stem of the present tense is the root of the verb to which is added the third person subject marker _ i _ a. 7 Examples :
8\)~J6b . ~\)5J6bsp read

c.

out;

layout

374

LESSON 13

!S ~6 n.::. !I 9 :J 6n .:>
.:;, 5:J6 n;;.
~'::'I7l:Jb'::'3b

i t is spread out

his

is spread out

i t is spread out on i t
SOW;

p1ant
is planted
(sthg. on sthg . )

a'I:Jb n ;:, ;!)C71:Jbn.,

U''::''::'J:J'';:J6b

i t is planted
his
sew

i:).3 3':\11'::'

i t is sewn on sthg .

!Jj :Jl".n.::.
c:';:'Jn~Job
3J1..,~n.::l

i t is sewn on his sthg .

;!)JnQln.::>

hang i t is hanging is hanging; his

in his house
write
i t is written

i t is hanging

.obMG
b{7:JMn.::. !J{7JMn.::.
.::.{7JI"ln,:,

i t is written in his sthg .

i t is written on i t

a .::l(~;:''::'S ;:,,:1:J6 b
"!B,:;,r:1n.::.

spread

( e.g . ,

tablecloth)

i t is spread on sthg.

The future series screeves are, in form, II. con jugation verbs with e -series o bject markers, i.e. with the preradical vowel fl'- and FSF - e b- . 8 There is never any preverb and there is always an indirect ob ject marker ( 8 - ) , whether or not there is an id.o . in the sentence. This indirect object marker corresponds in function to the h - series, u - ser i es, and superessive markers of the present tense . Examples : Future Present i t will be spread his will be spread
i t will be spread on i t The aorist series is formed regularly according to the rules for relative II . conjugation verbs. The perfect series, too, is ormed according to the rules or II. conjugation Verbs; i f there is no ind~re c~ o bjec t in the sentence, according to the rules for abso~ 5 06 n ~

LESSON 13

375

lute II . conjugation verbs in sec. 11 . 2 . 1; if there is an indirect objec t ( u- series or superessive in the present tense), then according t o the rules for rela tive II. conjugation verbs, se c . 11.2.2. Examples are : Present Future Aoris t Perfect ( abs . ) S 0 6 , , ' : ' } .JS,,60(;.::> 0[9,,6.::. {s 06n~.::. (re1. ) ~506".::> , .::>5:J 6 ".::. 50 6 ",:, (abs . ) DCTlOb".::., ;!)CTIJbn.::. OVtOb Oo", OIn:Jb.::.

'::'.3:::1";"'::"
.3J"~"'::>
~3n~" '"

;!lJo";n,:,

OJ:)";00'"

::13:::1";'" ':IJ"!!''::>

~.3:::1FioOn..,

(reI ; )
(abs . )

(r eI. ) (abs . ) bpJ" n, p J"'n~' :JP :J":J 6 , :JPJ'" { b I'\ 6n, (reI . ) } pJ J ~P:::1 M "'::> , , PJ"no An example of the use o f the passive of state would be:
a"'8n~6Wo b~[9Fi,:, ..,h..,~n b~5 ";':'

f :)In!!':J 6 .: >

Jn~J6~~'
3jn~oon.::>

[9.J6 n

..,.

A new tablecloth is spread on the table .

a'::>8n~..,oo .::>h.::>~n

83nB:::16n.., .
b~[9M'::>

The table cloth is spread on our table.

':'506n.::. . A new tablecloth is spread on the a"'8n~..,~ 0 ,::,b,::,~" b~[9";':' .J5,,6.::> .

b~5M':' a'::'8n~.::>~.J
.::>b.::>~n

a'::'8n~..,b

~able .

A new tablecloth was spread on the table.

8305,,6.., .
ou~

The new tablecloth was spread on

a.::>an~.::>b b~[9M'::>

table .

09n6.., .

A new tablecl oth was spread on the table . Note : Although most grammars and dicti o naries list perfect screeve forms or passives of state, in actual usage such forms do not occur and are generally re placed by the corresponding aorist of the passive of state . (The pluperfect, however, does occur in past counterfactual clauses . ) 13 . 5 . The Resultative . The Georgian resultative is ormed from transitive verbs with the auxiliary verbs a'::'-13b (with inanimate objects) and a~':"3b (with animate objects ) plus the perfect participle . Both the perect participle with suffix (s ec. 11 . 1 ) and the participle with prefix na - ( sec . 11.5.4 ) are used .

376

LESSON 1.3

tion . For example, ~~~n~n ~J3b ~~~OMn~n is somewhat equivalent to Engli.sh "He got the letter written. " Compare this with the present perfect po~n~n ~~npOMn~ which does not focus on the result of the action so
much as deduce the occurrence of the action from its result, for example, [I see the letter, so] he must have written i t . In general the Georgian resultative sereeves can often be translated by the corresponding English perfect tenses . Th e past resultative corresponds to the English past perfect in denoting an event that occurred in the past before another event. The orms are:

The resultative can occur in all the sereeve forms of the auxiliary verbs . Since the auxiliary verbs are IV. conjugation, the subject of the auxiliary is al ways in the dative while the object is in the nominative . The resultative emphasizes the pesult of an ac-

Pres . result . Pas t result . con j . result .

Fut .

~.:::o~J"'n~n
~':>VJ"'n~n
(!I.:::o~:J";n~n

aod3b a .:)1"16 (!I.:::o

ad~6~Ob

6.:::o6.:::obn al::l':>3 b 6.:>6.:::obn a~':>3~':> 6.:::o6.:::obn a~:P3~:Jb 6.:>6.:::obn a3~l"It:I:Jo" 6.:::o6"bn a:J!::II"If!!:J0I"I(!l':> 6.:::o6"bn a J!::II"I ~ J 0 1"1 (!I Ob 6 ,,6.:::obn a!::ll"l~n" 6.:::o6"bn a!::lI"\~I"\t!'"

result . Cond o resul.t .

~.:::o~ 3MnC!n (!I.:::o~J"'nt::'n (!I.:::o~:J"'n~n ~.:::o~o"'n~n

aod 6 o ilo
aOd60il~~o

Conj . resul.t . Perf. result . Pluperf . result .

a odS Oil~~Ob
a:31"16n.:>

1!'''!7o'''n~n adM61"1~':>

(The above can be translated ' I got i t written ', ' I have written i t ' ; 'I had written it' ; ' Were I to have written i t ' ; etc . ) Exampl.es :

a.:::ob po"'n~n ~J30 a.:::oaa"36n~n ".:J3 b .

He has already sent the letter.

t!'O(!l.:>b

a3n~n

a,,~.:::oBn.:::oan

~!::I':>3b

a.:::oaB.:::o36n~n.

Mother has sent (her]

son to the store .

8b pnaGn V'Jnmb~~n ~~a aj~G~8b . a83d~oil~n m.:J306m.:::o6 ,,8 b.:>Jnmba:J b.:>~o.:>~b .

If I had read this book, I could have talked (VN) with you about this question. A small. number of 'intrans'itive verbs (mainly verbs of motion and some root II . conjugation verbs) can

LESSON 13

377

form a resulta t ive series with the auxiliary ~hnb . (Th e subject is in the nominative case . ) Examples:

nb a",b.::Jt:ln.::. .
He has come.

nbn6n

aMb.::J~n

nd6~6n.::.6.

They will have come .

b.::.bp'::'.::J~n a",ah~.::.~n.::. .

A miracle has occurr ed

13 . 6 . Review : Functions of the preradical vowels. The preradical vowels in Georgian (a-~ i-~ [u-].> and e-) have various functions depending upon the type of verb wi t h whic h they occur and the particular series (present, future, aorist , perfect) that a given verb is i n . These functions will be presented below, be gi n ning wi t h the mos t common functions of each vowel and proceeding to the lea s t common. 13 . 6 . 1.1 .

The preradical vowel i-

(without object

marker ) a .

absolute forms of II. conj. verbs derived from I. conj . verbs (other than those regu lar verbs with circumfix a- . .. . -eb) See sec . 3 . 1 . 3 . Examples : ~.::.n~~~~o~ from ~'::'~Jnb write
~~nb.::.~~6.::.
8~n8g~36~6~

from ~~b'::'~~3b paint from a.::.a3'::'36nb send

b.

(wit h out preverb) fu t ure and aorist series of absolute III . conj . verbs . 9 See secs . 8.1. 4- 5 . Examples: Pres . ~.::JCJb Fut. n~.::JCJJ6b boil
n~3~JJob

Pres . In.::.a.::.aMob c. d.

Fut.

nlna~aJ6b

speak play

t h e reflexive ind i rect object form of a I . con j . verb. See above , sec. 13 . 1 . the base form ( i. e . , the vocabulary entry form from which the other forms are de r ived) of a I . conj . verb . 10 Examples :
~n~BJ6b
8~na.J",MJob

begin nbr~3~nb learn receive

(cf .

13 . 6 . 1 . 2 .

repeat The p r eradical vowe l

i - with object marker .

378

LESSON 13

The preradical vowel i - can occur with the first and second person object markers in the u -s eries of mark ers: migviu[u- . . . . -tl The function of these markers will be discussed below in the section dealing with the preradieal vowel U- . See also sec. 13.2 above .
':Jiyi- . . . . - L

13.6.2 . a.

The preradical vowel U - . indirect objects in I., II., III. conjugation verbs . See secs . 7.2 . 2, 7.3.2, B . 2 . Examples : send build

I .

conj .

a.::.a 3 '::'3 6nb '::''::'d:t 6 :t 0b

II . conj .
.::.a:Jo~:J3.::.

a.::.naa'::'30nb
.::.~a:J6:t0b

send to s.o. build for s.o .

(i n - d - or root II. conj.) be built ,::,~o:J0I!!:t0'::' be built for s . o . die sing bark
aM~J3~:J3.::.

3M331!!:t'::'
III . conj .

one ' s

. . . die

ac::tl'ln b

~J~b It can also mark the indirect object in the present tense of pass i ves of state ; see above , sec. 13 . 4 . b. the gramma t i cal subject in the presen t perfect of I. and III . conj . verbs. See sees . 10 . 1 . 1, 10 . 1 . 2 . Examples : I . conj .

sing to 5.0 . bark at s . o .

a.::.aa'::'3 0nb
.::..::.Cl:J6:Jab
III. conj .

pres. perf . pres . perf . pres. perf .

a'::':!Ja 3 '::'3 6n .::. .:>:!Jo:J6 0 on.::. !J3C:Ol'ln,::,

send build sing

n 3C::JI'l n b
~J5b

c .

bark pres. perf. :!.J!::IJsn.::. the grammatical subject in the present se ries of a few IV . conjugation verbs . See sec. 12 . 1 . 2 . Examples : 3n!::l3.::.':;b 3sg . !J!::I3.::.l'ib love
3S9

want

13 . 6 . 3 . a.

The preradical vowel a- . The most common function of the preradical

LESSON 13

379

vowel a - is to mark (in all series but the perfect) I. conjugation denominal verbs (see sec. 3 . 5) and causatives, derived both from III. conjugation verbs (sec . 8 . 3 . 2) a nd from other I . conjugation verbs (sec . 11 . 4) . It is also found with many I . conjugation verbs with P/FSF -ob and with many I . conjugation root verbs ending in - ev. II Examples: 3"",":),"~:)ob cf. 1n:)InMn white whiten cf. n61j:JM:)bn ~"" n61B;)~;) b:)o b interest
:'~J~:J6b

interest cf. ~J~b boil (intr.)

cf .
I3n~nb

boil sthg .
f2l='::'lin~:J0b

make s . o . cry

cry cf. ~,p:J~b write cf. ""a:J60ob build cf. 31).)(I'Iol"lob heat sthg . cf. QI".::.6a"':J3 b

[!l""p:JMn6:)ob
have s . o . write

""a06:J on6 0ob

have s . o. build

o""1n01"l0n6:;ob

have s . o . heat ~.::..)6 3~03 n6 00 b have s . o . destroy destroy The preradical vowel with I. conjugation verbs has as its major function the marking of such verbs as transitive, especially as opposed to the preradical vowel i-. Compare the following aorist forms :

a.::.6 p~.::.~n "[!l~~'"

He boiled (trans . ) the water (for a long time) .
p~"t::Ja.::. n[!l~CI'::'

The water boiled (intrans . ).

(1)3d3a" nb "lnM,::, .
The child made him cry (trans . ) .

0"3d3a.::. nllnM,::, .
The child cried (intrans . ).

380

LESSON 13

b.

c.

a- is also the marker of the superessive; see above, sec . 13.3. a- occurs in the present series of a few IV.
conjugation verbs.
a~J3b

Examples:

have remember

13.6 .4.

a.

The pre radical vowel e-. marks the grammatical 8ubjeat in the pluperfect of I . and III. conjugation verbs; see sec . 10.1.1.2. Examples: I . conj. pluperf. send a'::'3aa~36" 8.::.a Si:l3 6nb
i:)..,o;)6;)ob
III.

pluperf.
pluperf.

;:,;)0:)6;)on6.::.

build

conj .
Ja~:J,:i,::,

a~J~nb

sing

b.

pluperf. bark ~J~b J!:l:JS" marks the indirect object in relative II.

conjugation verbs derived from II. conjugation verbs i n i -; see sec. 7.3.1. Examples:

~"a"~"3b : ~"Ja"~Jo" hide from s . o . , cf . ~"na"~Jo" hide 0 .5.

~"!~nb : ~"J!~JO"

S . D. 's sthg. is wounded, cf. ~"n!~JO" be

wounded
aoaa~36~b: 8~J88~36J3~

c.

be sent to s.o., cf . a~na8~36~o~ be sen t marks the subject of IV . conjugation verbs in the future and aorist series. See sec. 12.1 . 1.2. Examples :
aaM6n~ adn6~3b an~3~flb

fut. fut.

a:JaM6:J3~ a:)dn6J3~

seem; think sleep

d.

fut. a::)!:~3~":)o~ love marks passives of state in the future and aorist series; see above, sec . 13 .4.

LESSON 13

3.,

LESSON 13: Notes

1 . Compare these forms with id.o . markers: ~~n!~nb 'cut sthg . for s . o. ' , ~~MhJ3b ' elect 5 . 0. for s . o . ', ~~o~6b (with h-series markers) 'wash 5 . 0. ' s sthg. (e . g., face) ' , ~:!lClJ6Job ' build sthg. for 5 . 0 . ' , ':'~Ql~C!Job ' boil sthg. for s . o.'.
2 . As a rule the marking of reflexive indirect objects with denominal verbs (verbs with preradical vowel a- and P/FSF - eb) is relatively rare; without preverb such forms would be homonymous with the future and aorist series of III. conjugation verbs.

At times a given verb can occur with both prerad ical vowel a- and preradical vowel i - with the differ ence being lexical rather than the difference between the base form and the reflexive derived from it . Examples include: p~Ma~~QlaJ6bpresen t , represent, perform p~Ma~nQlaJ6b imagine (cf . German vO~8tetten and sich vO~8tetlen, Russian npe~CTaBnHTh and npencTaBnRTh ceOe . )
3.

4.

From Latin super 'on top of' and esse ' to be ' .

S . The superessive is a lso found with a few II . conjugat ion verbs (both in - d - and root) and with some irre gular verbs of change of position and of position . II . conj .
~b.Jo,:,

~"bI8Jo"

jump up (no absolute form) Irregular

Ql~x.(!IJo~

jump up onto sthg .

(!I~~J3nM(!IJo~

stare at [on] 5 . 0 . Ql,),)XQlJ,) sit down on sthg . Ql')')bb(!lJon')6 sit down on sthg. Qlo.'),)Ql8J,) stand up on sthg .

sit down (sing . ) QlbbQlJon"G s i t down (pI.) Ql"Ql8J,) stand up

382

LESSON 13
~~~P300~

lie down on sthg.

~~a~b

be standing be standing on sthg . In the rood ern language t he superessive now tends to occur more commonly with the postposition - ae rather t han with the dative .
Remember that in the h- series of object markers the third person marker has the shape h- before k~ ~ . g. q. and and the shape 8 before t. F, d, c, ~J d. C. 9. j (sec . 7 . 2 . 4) but many writers will omit h or 6.

in these contexts so that the passive of state may not, in such writers, have any such marker . 7. The subject of a passive of state is in the ma jority of instances inanimate and hence third person. I n those instances when the subject is a hurnan bein g ,

first and second person forms can also occur .

These

are marked by the suffix - i- followed by the appropri ate form of the verb ' be' : 1 . v- .... - i-var(-tJ; 2 . - i-xar(-tJ . With a third person plural subject the ending is - i - an . The future stem is identical to the stem of the 8. corresponding relative II. conj . verb in the present tense if the relative form is formed with e-. If the alternation e ~ i occurs in the formation of the-LLI______ conj . from the I . conj . , this same alternation will occur in the formation of the future of the passive of state . Examples :

I. conj.
~opO~b ~~~J6b

II. conj . absolute

~~npJ~J6~ ~~n~~6~o~

II . conj. relative
~oOPO~03o
~~J~n60o~

Passive of 8tate: present future

bVJAn~

OPO~03o JS~6Jo~

s~6n~

9 . A limited number of II! . conj . verbs have the preradical vowel i- in the present series also. Examples are : na~J~nb 'sing', nBn6nb ' laugh ' .
Very often such verbs will contain in their mean ing the notion that the action is performed for the benefit of the grammatical subject or otherwise di rectly affects him . Compare for example the follow i ng:
=n~n~nb a~~n~nb
buy

10 .

sell

LESSON 13

383

~!!.bp~3~t'lb
~:::~bp~3r:!t'lb

learn; study teach borrow lend

~:!'.b:Jbb:J3 a~"'~bJbbJo

Verbs with base form in i - with such meaning include: ~~n~.:JtIlb ' catch', at'lt'lCl.:Job 'receive ' , n3f"136ob 'find', aJnb~b~3b ' keep ' , etc .

11. a- is also found with other I. conj. verbs whose mean ings are either (a) causative or (bl strongly imply the presence of a surface upon which the verbal action takes place . Examples of the first type include : an~!9';.J6b ' have someone fly', a",,~';1i.J6b ' cure ', ' heal' (i . e. , cause to recover). An examp le of the second type is ~~~bb~ab ' pour'; see also sec. 13 . 3 above .

364

LESSON 13: Exercises

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. aO 3D
~a

bJ~J6n ~~ 3n~n

nJ30

~~3no~6J;

~b~~

806

~6~~

~~ao~6~ 3n~n.

J~en JJ~J~G ~~b ~~J~b?

J~~b A~ ~PJ~n~? ~VJAn~

~~a~68b ~~J~b .
"aOb~3~~n~.

3nA3J~ ~M3~nb~ ~a b~~~aMb A~

80

.~6~ ~~3nB3~a ,

aOa~J8

3n

3~~~A~ a3n~b h~3~B3~a. 30ea03~?

-- nb
~~An !

aJBaJ3~ 1

A~8 ~b~~

a~e3n~ .
~a~J6 a~Mn~6 bM~Bb

6J

a~a~~j3J6b -- ~n~b ,

3b

b~b~n m~3nbm3nb

6M3

~M

~JaJ6Jon~?

OD

b~ b ~n a~a~~Jaa~ ~naJ6~ , MMB~

MB~~bJmn p~nb~ n~M .

8.

h306n m3nma~Mn6~3J6n~~6 aiJMb onaooon ~~3~~~MJ m . JSMM ~~MJ Ana ~~83J~~M~ onaooon a~mm3nb , Ma ne

J5MM
9. 10 . 11 . 12 .
13 .
b3~~

~~MJ ~~am~3M~ J6M ~ ~ .

3JM06a oon J6~o a03nMJsbn. no aMb~o? Mowna OOH3nMJ? mnmn a03n!oMn . nb , 3n6S m03nb a3n~J3b oJJob , m03b njJobM . no6h , ~Ma 30~na~Mb m03n a ~ ~J~~3b . ~n~b c_a . 6 . _~________~
~~3n a~nJ~~ ' BJBb~n ~~~6~J!
~MB~ M~~ban

-- B3ab~n ~33J ~6~n~ ,

bn6~~~3 J6~ ~ .

o~WM6M .

14 .
15 .

8J33~n~ ,

16 .
17 .
18.

Vna6Jon a~an~~~J o~~a~ . pna6 Jon oj ~~ J~~a~ , b~~~B aO

~nM~n.~ a~an~~!J ~~eMa b~J3b:
~~3~~J3n .

~~3~J3n.

aO 3 n

~ M 6~a~~~b

(a )
(b )

a~an ~o~~~n

33JM S boob ~n~b~6b ~anb.

-- b3~~ anan~oob . a~~~~~~MO ! -- b~~M~ ~J30
-- a~~ 1~6~

J~W~ a M a~6~b a~b~SJ ~l~Oo~ .

19 .
20.

Jjnan M~~nb anan~Job ? Ob ~b~~n b~~~~ a~an~~b

~~~Mn~ a~an~~aO '
a3n~oonb~~3nb M~~Ma

21 .

~M n~anaaJ3n~:

~J3J ~83n~~ .

~b~~

aJ

.~6~ 3nB3~a.

LESSON 13

385

22 .

b~J~M~3J~~b
b~~~~Jon

~3J~~~J

b~bJ~~3~6n ab~83~Jonb
bb~ bJ~~360onb b~bO~apn5n

b~J~~~3J~~b

a~~O~aan 33n~n~ .

nj 6n3n 83nM83n6n

~nn~ba~&na3n~nb , ~~~~80b .

~~3n~

J~J~o~dnb~ ~~ ~~~n 8~~n~83n~nb b~M~~OOn ~Jn~n~.

23 . 24 . 25. 26 . 27 .
28 .

1184

PO~b ~~a~~b

b~J~n~30~~b ~~n~obn 3~~~~n~~n an~3~POOOn

a~~pan6~nb 3~6~on68n a~Mbn~6 .

~J30 ~n~n M~bn apon~~n ~ .

an~bMob,

b.

8Mno~O~~3na a~Mbn~ .
808n8n~no.

nna 806n

b~oJ~~n

ao&j~60

3nb an~~n~J?
a~jn~a

~6n30nbniJ.nb b.~~J6ia~ nHn~o.

b~~ nbp~3~O? - - j~~oo~n6ao - - ~MO,

J~M~~~~~ ~~3~M~3n a~bp~3~~ ,

MnaO

~on~nban 3bV03~no~n .

"~n3naMin3a~" 5Jho~M~nb a~.~n ann8~? b~apnb~M~~ ~008~; II ~n6~ana"

29 .

30.

31 . 32 .

annan. H03~b aM3na~0~Jo. ~~ 8n6,0, d06 e an8na~~~Oo. - - ~MO, OM ap~~Mn~. H030b 6~ anana~~,Oo. o03d3b bdn6~3b . d06 ~~ ~bO baoaoO~~ n~o30M~3Jo , a~b ~~.nMJo . -- 3n~o3~M~30o bao,~o~o, MMa ~M n8 nMM b. j~n~~~ nM~MaMosnob 5M60inJJMn 3Mn6 e n3n J'J3b
b05~d3~o~ .

anono
~306

a~opan6~nb Mob~nM06an

030~nm.

am~pan6,n~~6

,o3n6obo~ a~O~n ~on~nbn, MnaJ~nB

33 . 34. 35 . 36.

pn6 n,n. anbn bni8300n a~,oa 8dn80' 8o'03 b a~~~o . am~3MMOOa adn8J a~,ob~bo'Jon ,oa3~'~ ' do~~b pn6 bnnan ~o~'30b. MMBo 1~Mnb30Bb Ob bn~~3Jon aM J b8o , a06 bo61~~~O
~On,M bo~n .

m.
38.

3~b806aao

an~bMo ,

bnbna

bo~n

bJ~n

OM

an~~Jbno.

50boJM~nb
bo~nb ~n~n

aMnmob~ . 30~nao~a~

aOMl306o

8nnWJbo, MnBo

bo30~naM~,06

aOMOM,O.

386

LESSON 13

39.

b~PJ~n a~8n~~ a~an~~~~. ~b~~b 8~3nJJ~Jo .

5n~~ba~6no3n~nb 3~Mn b~~3JmJb~ b~~~mm~3~6

-- o~o

40 .
41.
42.

aM~3~~n

m6n~nbnb b~an3nm6~J6nb JJ~~J6aJ Jb~m~'

aMn!J~nm ~~ ~3n6M ~~nbbn ~ ! m~3J6b BM~boB
~o:!Jbbnal

o,.1t~nClb 3r'1b~n!

a.

f'iJaao 8M8M6od P!::Io,=!" nowoJb

~oobbo.

b . noab 8M8Moob no~oJ3J p~o~n ~oJbbo .

~~Jb3J :!J6~o
~o3~J3~n.

-- o~oSJMno ,

a0 3 M JBbM

nOWb3" '

43. 44.
45.

MMBo aJ3J~nm , ~3n6M 10M 3n~J3 .'1M Jobo .

MMd
bba:!J~n~M, ~3n6M ~3J~ob

~3n6 M

JGbo

aOM~O

8ob3n6dQnboj dob OM

dob MMa bbar'l(!lil, ~"t::l.J3(!1i:J . bJ~J3n MOWMa OM ~on306J ! b0608 aoan~ob Jobo.

46 .
47.

-- (!Io3n306J ! Cl3n~M, 3n6 (!Ioa306o? doaod ~oa306o. (!Io:!Joo6nboM? oMo, CIob OM (!,o3:!Joo6n3oM.
dWOo<i8o 3l11 d l'l ~o 8MnaM, Man 3" P,:>o8f'1

aM:!JX~J3M(!In?

~ob

bMd OM

11386 Ana

3Md~~~ ~n P~3308~ ' aWJMn ~ab ~SM~ a~~O P~~8Jo~~ .

48.

30M a~3naJ , M~ ~PJMn~ ~~S~b . -- ~~s~b ~ A oSJ A n 0PoMno. --M~ 80 aJ30~nj ~o80~J Moa~J6naO bn~~30 OPOMO , a03MOa 30M 303"30 '
JI1J~' .

Jb b"~~3Jo" b~B~MO~
M~aO oMbo~ ~moba " aJb3J~"m?

49.
50. 51.

30"aJ~,
~oSo~o

oMoSJMn JpJMol ~Mo3nb 80~8no, noW~a a~n3~o ~03n 3o w naonao. 3~8n6 3n6~an Mna OM p03b~~n~o3nj Jb PJMn~"
~Oamo3MJo~~n aJJ6Jo~~o.

MOB OPOMO ~oso~J, OMOSJMn oM JPOMO.

52 . a~ao3o~n p~nbm3nb Ob bo~~n ~Oamo3MJo~~" 83JJ6Joo . 53. obJmn 30M3n a~~030M03J oMob~~Jb aB~~no 6060bn! 54. b.:::o60a snM~ba06"a3"~n aO M ~on83e:!Jon~0, a~b
man~nbn6 oboa~J b~Momn 3Jn6~o ~ob~w~~n .

55 .

b~~aMJon

~o30wn~Jo~~n M~a a3~n~M~0 ,

30M3

bo~n~b

3 b 3':) J;)01 ;)Zl(~ n01

LESSON 13

387

56 . 57 . 58. 59. 60 .

b~6~a
sn~an

oJ6

~~a~b3~~'
!jM6n~ .

Jjnan

6~6~bn aJ~M~J6~ . a~b

~~~M ~~ V~a~3n~~ ~3J6~~6 J~m~~ Jn6~on ,

6~6~bn

3D

a~bV~3~JoJ~a~
aj ~ 6n~

anmb~~ , ~Ma

oJ6

~QOb a~J3J~n~n ~~ ~JJ~Jb

~a6~3n ~M

a~a8~~Ja~~n.

3D

a~~m~~n~?

~5M~

aOin

59~n M~a ajM6~e~ oJ6~b~en,

~~M~~~~ 6~6~bn ,

b~aJ!~ a~6j~6~b 3nHne~n. a~b J~~na~Mn ~Ma

Jb

aMb~JOM~~.

,..
VOCdlllllary
"a~:J6n

chi, much, many! .0 much, many

no ona tdGClined

_pellinq

Pantheon: cetl>O!!tery where taIl101,18 people are

bu.ri~

like 3n6, I.e'oon 5. note ])

~~"!l~l'in

~"'b,,~
~.,ah

a"I!'"Il"b"I!'''
a3"'''.J3,.,&n

.....
tax

noehlnq (1

J~ilna"",,,

prhoner (A)

nQlo{here

3""'J.:lr::!
~"3t~b ..
~ .... "68,,3,,

rirat of .. U
principle

crown~

wreath:

b"i:J~:!"

typewdte .. nit.
1II",,,h1n8 for

9 .. r ~ 4nd

<I,,1i J";;"

(little) 91:r1
(non truncat..!ng) b,,6 .. a

print.ingl
I1lltil: be!et ..

heart
blackbcard
heM tem:.l .. (o!

(conjunc tion)

I .. condi tional
(or rYIql.i&h
p ... t)

"'n1mob)

(Al

of build!n,!!)

10 .. 3" .... 0;,.; ...

bO.:U:J"Jb ..
b"!!03;)l;'n

prllon hilais; lM.s,,:

(oundat!on (E)

JOI!'Jl::n
JJJI'iJt.n C! ... &,~Ga" iI "f.~ "Cl"

w411 (El

."

"00<

.I0<;I4n

truo tAl

(advltrb

bO~:J~~

for writing:

writing ... It.

(.porti ng l lIIatch;

bob"
b~6 ....

fae,: iJa&']a ;
(orll

gillllle (pUblic) Hqure {- Ru.aian

neJIITel1l1o l

C!"

1[9 hc

10&"
~~6 .. el'i"~n

body I,oe -<1"". balo .... , in verbal

phonograph
co ffee

:kneel la.p heavy

!P3 iI"b3"'C:O" il3nc:o"

IUltrance

(Al

child \ .. .. on or

LI':SSOO 13

'"
meat soft,
(AI;
l~

daughter)
e::lBb~"
b,,6I"~"

b",,,,S"

fire dagger (A)

ba" t!''' l." ~"

(1795-1829) (1896-1980)

(of voice)

ba"~"oC!,,

softly

,.

b. a':;" a ... ,)t!'''' 3"

a;:Je""a3"~"

~"e"

(1889-1952 J"J"o"d,) 6,,3" ~n", .. bao6 "a3"~" (1860-1918: also

t!'''3''''

5n':;",ba,,6~a3"~n)

(!,,,(i,,,a ..
~"J .. a"'''3''

-Oynamo- (name of a sports team) -LocOrnOtlove- (name of a sports teaml

(f.

B!)j""
a""p,,6l!"
verbs a""'8Jab

pro n.)

lit. -Holy Mountain. looking Tbilisi)

(mountain over-

~""aJl.b l:"l:Jl. b

mo-i-g-eb-s "lon IO"'''''''--g-eb-s 10"e da_d _ob_ 8 ",or., l:"(3){!J3"("), put (down)

3S9.

e"e'"

or ~"~3"; perf.

~".:l~3~"

(irr. passive of "tate) fut. be lying neJa", aor. ,,~'" or "1:'3", perfect t!'Ja.:lC!,,;relative, pres. "t!'03b, fut.

JeJ o"
hanq
be arranged

l'i"a"'J"l!Job

I!amo-~id-eb-s

Passive of state of
a,,6,,~oaJob

t!'",,6"J Ob I!"J"' '':lJ ab <I "',:;~'" b

de_a_ .. t_eb_s da_padii_eb_s ga+l'l, - i - s; fut. 8""':;006b (see Lesson 8, note 3)

ga- re "o;-av- s

light (a tirel invite run away wa$h "thg. (not s.o.!)

a"':; JS b "3 b

break (into pieces)

""

U:SSON 13

mo .. ~e;::-6

break (off)

ga"':qd- eb- a (II. conj. break lintr.)

form of 8~'J~b) perfect (absolute)

a;,all~~:''''~ (relative:

a:.bIlO b " ... )

gacia"=lI-pa2'- eb- s
!itl! +'1' vi 1'- eb- s
da;;ql' - i - s

spread (e.g., tablecloth)

shout out scatter, throw

down (d.D. is

plurlll or a
M::I"B:3",ab,
ca-i-c!.>-am-s

collective) put 5thg . on,

r; <:>nS3:'(! b ('1",6 .. )
Passive of state:

dress 0 . 5 .
S . D. tN-se r Ies
pres. ld.c.) is dressed

:'S3'"'' fut. OSa03"" aor. 083::1, pe r f. baa"" ~a=H -a - a~u,, - s (aorist !'i'::'':'6 d::l3 b , I'i ;,:.e a;)3 b (, i>6t:. , irr.: 1l"'(3)"'33 n ( .. ),

put 5thg. on
S.D.: dress

,:.6&;))

Fi:..:. B3 :.)

Passive of

s.o.

state as for Fi:.ne3",ab above.

qa~i-?r-i-s

ou, one's (e . g .

Cl"1l1t!:,jC'" (a", - , see sec . 7.2.4)

(for forms see sec. 9 . 1.2)

",
sit

finge!;.")

near
do~'n

an~1~J6':' a"'an~.:.b

e ". tab l "

U:SSOlI lJ

key to the Exercises

1.
2.

1.
4.

S.
6. 1.
8.

9. 10 . i1. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19.

20.
21.

22.

23. 2 4.

25 .

J a1rl!! .. dy va shed Illy (re:!'!.) hands .. nd face (_ mouth): now I must wash your face. Whnt is this lllall writing on the walt? He Is writing a slogan on it. Wlult.La vntten on this Qoor? En~i""'"<1. 1S written on it. Pirst. of all i shall drl!!SII myself , and then 1 shall dre.s the small child. What will you b@ wearing this evening? 1 shall be wearing .... hat. (- that, .... hat) I' .. _aring now. oon ' t pOur (- &catter) so much salt on the ~at. Didn 't your father build this house for himsolf? Yes, my father built this house when he was twenty-five years old (_ of tWenty- five years). ream our airplane& v. scattered bambs on the enemy. I:!' we had scattered bombs on them earlier, the war, tOO, would have ended earlier. ! ",ust wash the shirts for myself tomorrow. What happenod? Why dl.d you .hout out? I cut my finger. He who praises his own children pr.h himself. (proverbJ It appears t.hat the prisoner killed himself. Yes , he killed h1mself. Liqht the (l.re! The fire i. "lnlluly lit, 8ir. When we entered into the rODln the light was lit. The books wlI!rll! IIrranged on the table. The book& ..... re not arranged where 1 sat the~ up. Why is the record lying on t.he table? I (howII!ver) put. it On the phonog raph . (,,) SOO!e (- &everal) hens sit on eggs for II. long time. (b) The cat will sit on the qirl's lap (. knell!). When will the doc t or receive you? Jle .... ill receive me tomorrow. Spread thl.s new tab1ec10Lh on the table. The tablecloth l.S a1rl!!"dy spread on the table. Why h.!lvent you dressed the children? They are 1l1ready dresaed. Now I am dressing myselt. The pictures of Georq1a's most famous ""rtist.s are hanging in thll! Suta MuseW,l of Art ot the Gwor qian SSR. There the pictures of Nl.ko PlrosmanilviIi, David ~a~abaje, and Lado Gudlalv11i are hanging. In 1184 they crowned (- set the crown on) Tamllra. Georqia'" greatest cultu ral fiqures are buried in the Mtacminda P<lnthcon. Rllnt too ( __ d 1. buried the great. Russian writer A.S. Griboyedov also.

26.

27.
28. 29. 30.

3J..
32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

38.
39.
41).

41.
42.

~j.

U .

45.
~6 .

They told. me that you sold. your typewrit.er. To who- did you Bell It? A ~iVer$lty student bought it. Where did you learn to speak Georg1an (. Georgian [adv.] speaking)? Ms. ~ukia taught ~e when I was stully1nq in Tbiliai. Did LocolJlOtive~ win the football (soccer! match? No, unfortunately it lost; -DynalllO won. I will prepare coffee for !!lyself. If you want . 1 will prepare "some) for you too . No , I am not. thirsty. Don't. prepare eoff@e for me. The child is !lleeping . If you '01111 apeak 80 loullly, you'll make him start to cry. I will speak softly (&0) that he will not cry. The phonetic principle lies at the ba$ia (- as the baa .. " [a<lv.]) of GeorgJ.an orthography (id.o.). Yesterday we went up to the Mta~inda restaurant. From Mtaominda we caught sight of all of (- the whole) Tbilisi, Which was lying before us. His words always lie heavily on my (ld.o . ) heart. The government imposed (- set) heavy taxes on u . They put hiOl:le) lIIeat in front of the dog (iCl.o.). When the soldier heard these words he put his hand on his dagger. Vaxtang told me that Soso broke h .. 8 hand . No. ho di13. not break (his) hand. While playinq football jsoccer) he broke his foot. The p r isoner broke (his) right hand finger when lie was rl,lnning a"'ay from the prison. My lid.o.) writinq table broke. Will you buy 01 new one? NO, I ... 111 make a new one for lIlyllelf. Of PirO!lJllaniivili'. best pictures many WElre painted (i.e., were to be found paintf!d) on the walla of Tbilisi taverns. Cut (slice) yourself (some) bread and pour yourself (sOllIe) wine. Pour your wife (some), tOO! ~cus"'!!lel My q1rl poured water on the floor [(a) . dehb6rately; (b), accJ.dentally]. - - It Is nothinq. this very day 1 'today' + -vel I have to .... a$h the floor. When we entered, the .... ine had not yet been poured. If the wine had been poured, I would have drunk le . The wi ne wall poured for everyone except the hOflt; for him i t was not poured. If it had been poure13. for him he would have drunk it. Why didn't you wash your (id.o.l hands before you sat down (eono.) at the table? I did WIUlh. Child, who washed you? Pather washed fr_e. Oidn't sister \oIash you? No, ahe didn't wash lIIe.

LESSON 13

47. 48.

49.

50. 51 . 52 . 53 . 54. 55 . 56 . 57. 58. 59. 60 .

The enemy won the battle; the war, however, it lost. If we hadn't lost the battle, the enemy would have lost the war sooner. I couldn't understand what is wr i tten on the blackboard. Noth i ng is written on t he blackboard. When I entered, several words were written on the blackboard, but I couldn't understand them. These warda were written in %~c~~i (adv.). Did you understand what was written on the blackboard when you all entered the room? Nothing was written on the blackboard. Nothing was written anywhere (- nowhere)! No one understood why the prisoner killed himself. If I hadn ' t gone to the movies yesterday, I would have finiShed the letter (i.e . , got the letter finished) . By next year (- for the coming [pres. part.] year) we will have finished this house . I have neVer seen such a good speaker! Before Pirosmanivili died, he had painted up to a hundred pictures of Tbilisi. If we had invited guests, we would have made a good dinner. Before you wi l l arrive I will have seen the doctor. Lado did not come with us to the movies; he (probably) has seen this film. The teacher told me that you haven't prepared the lesson today . Is this true? If I had saved more (lit., more more) money . I would have bought a better typewriter. If he had seen the prisoner . this thing wou l dn't have happened.

LESSON 13

Read ing Passage

1 G"IJn 'fj""-n!.a..6.'"''J''C''' C;,"'~~~ 6ab.,." 1J~t::"" <>::In. ~h:!" 1&60 ~:lc'o J,/)J"''''''. 3'<1N1I:':1~o ~ l!>ab'"'O"; 3~ ~ ""'.1::tA. ~J "':JJJt.aa6 ~JC"'~"I:!'I.. :Iat, ... b::lM. a~ """"11", L.r:.3'~o'~,

6",.

a"~JJnt:'J~" a~a 3nL~ a1~ t:':1~~ ~"6.,,, '0 1.."bJ.,k>Ii~ o~3GDG, AM3 '3J~' ~nL "'.oil3 L.:f.::nM, ,,'!!"o'" ~. (,<>nt:'" ~"'.>O>t:':I~' a":lO>O'l, o'h \J '!)nJM~ (!"

6o J n!"

b..OanL

':It.

J~DJ ~J"J"'~O D &>d"'O~-

a"",

"'00,,1>..0 \a\;!aOO~ ,,!:I .... 6'-3- ~'''t:1!''"'0' ~c"'. IInJ...a Io!'JJlJ,,(' rla-",o~, ""'J~ nJ.oV.>:i~ i:lh>-J"""'~~ .>1-.. a"",,~ ... J~c, t'>'OL::IC :I6'\:!(!(J, !!:u J"''''~.Q, ~->t:"'>Ii ~...... 6000 t:"'ODM"O::IMc.L J<'IOIb3.d, "..zo'o..3 3dn3:1 ~n"'J'O,I,iI~ ~a~ , ~J~I5'JC !!,~J\J ~a'nL ::IJ""~.a 0\' ~,:!,~c;"'~, 033",. a...3~ "'J~"'?J>liJ~"""":I~"L. ~p tr.!':I::IMrG"OJ' C'JJO'::J.t:"O">n ~J:l" ~'J'3Jno,.,(!"O:JJ '!)".t.i,t. ~(, ~" &"'V~~C'o II" J '" a::l~..a "'3'C:1'O"'" "t?a:p~~. ~. ~::JC't!oloa-.~ J"">\?:I~n\?, ""0 AMo""" a::l1~",lia' ~:I3"J~' a>lilooJ~~"'" ':r.J6avJ"'''~' Ma. C':I~O .:M.JM. V~31i, "'aLoo"'''''J21nl !!', L",c,\;!~~L J"\?I:'~ ~..L. oi"""''''' D~!!,o:l6. n(,V.31:'. ~ "'3,.,..".,6, Lb3:l~"L !!''''Ot.a",c,J0C'''I;!' .x.M~ VJM ....a... ~J., "'J'" il a'O t.?o. 03J3J"'''''' a'~:I~::JI:::' 1".<1::10.....:1&0, d"t:'3 "'3"."...0 lioloV'31:" fl;raV:r &"0'"' \.\n'.J~(", ",06 :I"'''''''''' L.,3t':I~""(,.)'!);:fw3Ii J"'C""' 1".100' ~5no In !!'*-",I... (1882 v) J a->aAoa V..a"":lJ~I.t'r::It:'" "",c,Ubo a.>6~u>!!" {?' '!l"M La.6,oa"C-" "-"I..:I11M (,..111". ... "':lor{. L.6r.J""!!:' J~.6(, 1.J"6--.a\.\J a". <!~ 3..y-..a nJ L..3L~"'::l~ -<!'. oL L33ii:l, ~J~ "0" ~~"'3~, L:!C'n~""'~ 33'"

..a

.Ja~~"''llnl:::'a~~ ,. ~La.6.<l3"c-L, ..a"6na a"OO<">J~ "'Jn6no~\J L...%""'::t"'o ~ """,~. 6~. _Jot. L..:l3*'J{':' L..3a~L - ~3""VOM, M...aJ~"O L"JJI:?"c-.a:!':1 .t-. ar>'3'"*'J~. I!O

"'~JoL t.t.~o In at.b3:lhlt:'''I<' <I~;,.

LESSON 13

3""

OJ~"'~t...~ l,'::IC'~.-h"''''~nC''', Ot.'b1::'3M "a"\!,3~,,,U':'l"'" ""3a.-.:I3...4a"'~- 'ilal:rI .o.'C" 6n.r ~"k ,1,3.&.'3:!<>C'" """'O<'>b:lC" J"O"'" J~'&lO"C' ot><->a"':J M a'a<">\!'" ..t...4 :I~D~"'~. ~1o.iI''''a~f'lt. &>3r>L~a"'" ~ J~' "'030. a.o~ ~a av'a'J:) 003""ao~01.0 '~no~~.

O"'I.t1...a,

c:o..I.."oIi

'!:lnMt.a;;li.<lJ"~ a",h~a

&>6Q>3."nt:<I.

~ .,,~a~"'a~c03

n...ab~...a. ~J:)

Joonl>

~ ...:t"

bn<'o.>f:l llnL Q>' ~3t:""I.o;;li-'il"'.a.4a'3:JC'3~t. ,"':I.'. ~ "~36a' a..t.n <la3J3:I"'3c"'D I!'"" 3oL" Q><>3l..ot>3~'3,:)11- ~ ":JO"'~L LoI.~~~ L.:..'o~'3n, Q>'OJ'~.6 ~od.6'"an. "'at.0"""6~.6 "',:)~ .3<., 'li3"'1..0 1..0:")"'' ' :1&1..0 ~ ..a"'oMl, b... t':"" ""11,,:)f.. J3(!'C,:)"'t...O b"('-3t.. t.."""Q>'~-"'3t.o ..."",:)u..t.a1l3~

O"""oc:::'D~~' 01..0 n~ ...

"'o~' ~~ .... o~a"""" 'Ii"':I, ~ ".,,"

a"J<>o'aMl..o.
(!>.

"&"

'll'O',all"",

"'ani.

!w.L 3,:)3->o"'''''aa~n Q>'

a...." 3-0(,?3n3" I..On3-

oJw~ 'O;a3~,:)6 "'3na06.Vi.a<::' 3b>6a..M" of, naOOoa' to"" L..ahMC""'1..o '33~ C':I~t:."'" t...3;,'3....t."""anlo, '-"'313'" In 3M... .}n.!. 1::'31>6"... lo ;;Ii a"'- "'3<a'3 &loYL ~D6 ~,:).
5
~at.3 ~ ~a

"':J?x> t...t.o"J

....a.......3o.a

'!:l.,(.,...l.il06.,1.,

6nl":I"':IiIor.(, '3:1 lo "'3& .!""'-3:JC' 3b..6a"""" V~I?:IO a..~_ 01. a \? 1912 90cl.o. ..... 6 l""':iJl:." b"&a"''3n ~j..n ... 6ot:'" 3PN3"':J?x> ~"':J{o~':I' ,. 'll"",etI.oa.&.'il3"c-ncn ~ ''''OC' ~.'iI" a"", 'iI:1LotI:I~ ,a"'nt:'~ (!'. 3n1.o" 3'"""o"':lOno In (!'....&a3~ ... 6,0..,,"0 J~ &~a' 3<>l-.1n1.o 6n3"""""'~ ~ba..ha~\; ~...LJ,3'",(!, 3.o&h>a ..a J3"'"t:."'" lI~otIanl..o Y&~3C'a~lo 6.~""5" 60 J ", 'll0~" "y'cI.o aDl::'of, D~'; lnh".!,""", M'3D &'\;J""
il . 0"'0' 106"" , ,,'_ 6n3"" 1o.3:J~ '""",,C'" 3~ ... otiC" a..!.n 003 .... ~"'~&:lt:."'" J*"'J->O'O"''' ~~(!'~. ......3"lo~ L..t..>loOt>J"'" ..a :")c-3"'&,:)t:'a~ ~63..a I::"'>a~ '3:I~b:l"''1l'' (!>"~n 1o-:::lI::"'J"''' ef><>a3~ lin.... ~J'. 6. 'll""""loa..&.'3J',~. ..an!. (I~aQ>oa

"'.-.3ac:3"O

a"""

" ... ~ ,,~~ ,,;., ~~J""":la", Q>~ lo"'-:::lt:""'~ ~.a .... 'iI~ Jo<'-33t:' ab.06~ lo..~;r(I~
':JJ"(!';l"'3t...~ a..a6.~1Int:."'" 3nlon "'~3an:l3'" "'J...o.. ~... """~ ,,1 'll"'303., ""->3 a~-'Oa"'a'

'"
7

LESSOl< 13
~. il",,~~ G"~3"C'" n60!l"''''''~ ~"'iiL . .,J, ~'-3.>C':lt. nlln "'0J',t,

;"......3"" (><1M

.,;, ~.a,..o.. ",,,GoL?'M

J ... t::':la.~
Laa'~13nC' ..

"3ill!'a...a'3n S. '6n", ...

::t"'3~ c:""3.,L l>->::I"'~ ~'!l,J""'''''>C' 3~.oO-

a_a"'""'""'. ~. 1918 i'at:L ""'&.6 a"'JJhd"'a~~ r.~-oJ>t:'> a...c.o..,..,p','an.

~3cn3:l

3~2otn..' ":lb3:l~'

"""'iI"

'O"-':l~
~3:lt:'>"

~C'

Prince! at sup.-.. N. pirosmani&hvili

'n ......
~oc.bl.ll."y

II

~O"~"e03 ~" .. :)b""0'\" ~"'\.!lJ' a .... "a!l"':J,\b

~ ..

kill Id.o. 18 plural) s . o. . . are killed. d:ie, periah (aub)ect 1a alwaya pl~~ll youth (young person) hurry) run owoy (here) IS - series

;Jabob.!l",;)a"

id.o.l no d.o.! aerve a.o . athq. {id.a. I some (indefinite pronoun, adjective reterr1nq to persons I ; not declined when mocHfyinq nouna; when used as a pronoun: Erg. 3~~"eQ6, Oat. 3"t'''e"b , Gen. 3"~"6nb or 3n~"e"bl") .

3,,('oe{0)

b.. l"iln
b"'3~"a:."'n 2
e"a"'.Q~5~:l3"

wine-~rehilnt

wholl!aaler (AI come to liqhtJ emerge in s . o. , appear (S-series id.o. I (qill!loxa - ~>1-d-eb-a) bent: tendency ro.ouree. (I<) (trunc;lItinq or nontrunc:atin'l) somethin'll some, any general: common all the more; particularly: let alone

bobb .."'n 1"i .. "a J (_ l'ioa J )

", ... a
!I"jl"in

;n;)6""

here: to qive (Ut . that they give [pluperf. ]J thol.lsht dre4lll; vision sl.lperfluous tail!nt; qi ft

"'6 6 :)200
~J~a;).n
5n~n

~"-"lne~"'(3)Jab J;eward; enoSow himself; by himself - II:)

~

-8

'"
:I"'''b~6t. aon.~eo"'b

for a time
inspire; inspire
~abor

anthuai~SE

in .. . 0 .

a";"(I,,

I"ip a06 ..

beHef; faith lack

a~"bb"r

(-~.

In)

collea .. a.. "'3 ""a" G:3 "" o"'Jo"

"~JJ.c,n
-~an (pp.j

1I:l ,,6 1:''' ~" aOtl!"'"'""''''''Sb

the way

fo llowing. con t inuing

self-education
(fram n~:J") to; towar(l
dl~POlled;

a,,6~~ i"l:!n

..

predisposed
follow

'"S"!l!::l1l"'n I'- O tl!:J3 6 :)"'b

attention
PII:,' attention t o! ob",.,rver

"3 !l~;g"'b a"l:!(!'ob3" ..

II.tteotively; IIssiduously

!!"- !lJ3"I'iI!!O"'''

l ook

li t ;

o bse rver consider sthg.

.,
a:J-~:JO"3b

(ld . a. )

(in t er r oga tive pronouns in indi rect

ques ti ons and introduetflg lIubordin .. t e clD.uIIl!ij Ilre often preceded by ";:I') p a int

!!IJ",ab,.;"

painter (;uds t )
51gl\l signboard

"a",,,
11'''''&:)'''1.

co"'>!!"!"
a", "b"I"3 b
~ 0& 0,0;

hecs: point "ell"". (he" e: ... i ne-cell"'~l paint le.g., houlle; ...",110: etc. I (i1! all - ,,"""'G (V) -eb- sl ca ~ry out
having
learne~

a",:)o b
,,;'"

nb~"3(!"

himself

"'3 M ''';

aJ" :~H!a :)O"

CO-1lJ3:J"b

beg in (see s e c. 9 . 1.2 . fLI o rder : commiss i o n wor k (be re declined

painter (A)
Ildjec tl v~lly)

boa,!)""..,

6o"'b'"

a~:J,bl'in

~"bJ!l ... b6 ..

workshop (d . b:l"",bo6" (A) craftsman)

3
.6~a"'~ilSJ~b
bA n~n

begin:
clefeat:

und~rtake

complete
failure

a~6 +" el!'nb ~ ~ <>,".1;, JOI'\

a""'e Ln

experience; undergo vital: necessary for existence in order to fi nd

b .. a"3";"1!

':;J"6"a ll ,,

r0l11ro"d fcf . "'an&" ' 1.I'on',

'roarl')

63"

b"ab"b,,,,,,
b 1l1:!" :)fI''''

service; position: work; workin9 spirl.tual ","risfy

~"-"Ja"S"9n~J2.b

leave; abandon 3""''''3:Ji!.b distanc .. o. s. from sthg. (it:l . o . ) a.... a...AI!' Oll" abb3J"'.3~ .. 1!' a"a";:l3b " ..ctl.fice ( lit. bring ,,!< a saeri fiee)

!lJ"~.'l"Jbn

extreme
reserved; reticent unhealthy; sickly self-respoct; ambit i on

~.'l ~ ~"'" b"' .. (, n I:!"

;:'J"~a~"'i!l.'lf\,,

"":3 a", ~ :p'" ::1",0" o:r-"3s";,,,2.b

"ei~e. captu"e (aor., oJ1,3) nJ~;:,An(.,) ,

o:J n3 SA ... )
sing-le; unmarried; soli tary (nontr uno;.) isolated lead sthg. rid.a.) (II. c:anj.; on l y present series) come into contact with 5.0., here :
a"a~ n",b"'3b a.!l~"a ~:::!;)

J ,,'" F;" .J 01 "~,,

:Jb3<>

..

t\lrn t o 5 . 0 . req\lest sthg. from s.o. every d;'Jy b\lrning; sharp: acute nced; poverty hennit; &.0. living .in iaolation

ab"3J
il"~no'i3J6"
a,,6~Jan!!,n

."
8~(6) . ~a~~a~(3)~6b

LESSON l3

</'" b;)11 n of!! J

11'i""t:':>olb

exclude f~om society vagabona; vagrant

isola~~:

turn; circ ulate

ilnjnll,,in
b:>!!!l'Ib;:.in

a" [> ,,3':' J~ 3JC!n

B J il J3 :l"'JC!"

inkeeper; bartender (Al craf tsman; artisan (A) home worker

cl.IstOll\er (E)

t!" -"5" b:lol b

.!l~6In

value: evaluate; appreciate

brush

b"~J3"3n
l!''' + b .:)11" "Cl"'1. h

paint
wander around (III . conj.J

l!':!lJ"fj ..

(priva te) shop (A)

8"'81;)01;

a;).3 "11",,.,6 J
d!lf!! 3n 3"

b"b'''J'' Jj IlJ IlM ... en .. b

sometimes o.... oer constant; continual; here: rcqular cruel (here translate as eruell~)
exploit 11.0.
..elf - caught;

(id.c.)

8"-<lPJ:>b "3" .. 6 "bV "3C)"

a.... "<I:l.:lolb
8"b"U;IJC!'"
BJ-"b':"Cl:J 3b

part with; give up recompense; raward

J"'''

3n j ..

1:)3"6,,,b

"';)Sa ..

J 5

J'" cln

tulfill: e~ecute a 91ass of wine (dat _l: note that in t his construction ; ... ~e 'glII.!'IS ' is treated aG an adjective plate (see note abova) food; course; portion; pa rt rumour(s)
gOllsi p;
~
t ... lent;

baJon
an"~a",-a"'"'di3,,

(plural of t>:;! .. ' voice')

t ... lk

~n"'"b<b6n
6n~nJ"'Ja ..

5 ... ~~ba .. 6 ... a3"'~~' S... ~~ba .. 6 .. a3 ... ~n

iI"""t:'PJ3 b

creativity reach (no d.o.)

,
JnI'i3J~ b;)fi>O~an

."
at. lha start

r;"a"l"
6"Z.~lb

step;

paC!!

8" ~"I!'a" ilb

&"3"'011."
JJ .. n~n

.trid.; &";;"1" .a,)~"-"~aaJi!", (aor. ol"t""U") fll. con}.J steps aT .... taka" _ter1al
here, find

"c:a ... .,,~J&b

kind; nice a,,6B~"bJ" plan; intention; dea1qn a"6 . ,,I>,,"[ n:>(!Jib reaLue (.. I"JlJte rea l l fruit
11.0. (dat.)
~II

considered worthy or

ath.. _ ( n om.)

3"I<"d","
n 3"'3:>
1> .. 6"

on the contrary (ob lique form of

tDne ( A )

na"~3l

tile 8ame

b .. ~~O,,"'n

3"""""3 1:.:1 1> 8"""a ""U"Oi b

Ma"":>::!,,
~"an63"
~f'\a

of praiael praiseworthy, laudable (A) locate; here: publl$h dis honor: besmirch - [see not.eJ ruthl... (A) der~.ion: mockery
deep

..

ilJ!"'''IlI> '1I''1 S''

insult: offenae

''''''3<1"
"b~"

trauma
dOl cause 5th.. _ to &.0.

iln"'!jObJob

near; nearby

(~d) .

and adverb)

3"J""'Oo"" (.
8"';jo";02o,, .. )
b"'!lC!n"~

~"" ...... (I"',.: Oi!. b " .. acI .. soO\:]z, ~t''' a ..... ::-,,8n .. 6:lib -I!"an (pp .j

ped. at j3l>:lJ""':la,,; Cg~ into contac t. wit.h s . o. o;O'tpletely distance, separate s.o. tr ~ s.o. stubborn; embIttered
irrl.tate: prOVOke; I nCite; excite to . toward (used with person/Il OrO nouns instead of -

"a,,)

"
a.. 3 ., -n~J6 0
~ti.J"'Jl>b

IE

JI pay .. ttentlon, .how intere.t t in l

""3"b~

here: ...... 3 ..".1ii.,,,

.q .... t

., "Ii" bli """,,

.::!,-"b"
J ... ~Ja 7

wortlly
col1ell9 u8

II Jil!'a .. ;;a"
1I;;~;jJ~"
fo .. ~aJ

later
. . . tln91 ."count...
any 'nontrwu;:.)
,lOGe;

..... aJC!"a!) .... 01,,1> .... 6

a"G." J 7>d"J&b

any <indefinite

pro~oun

lind

ad, I 9"n ... ,., .. a JC!n3 Jb or ...... ae! n b"a Jo eee ,I.e. 8.6.1
i.1ohtll

ADDeNDA TO VOCABUU,RY

"a(!J'''e
b"~3""'JC!n b"e"UbCOJ

to ...eh
Llfa

an extent

beloved. favorite (E)

even

-II J"

anb" aoiha .... a"'!lJaJ C' ''

J''''J''I''''.:

'a ca .. icature diB-

honorin9 h ,,,,' ; with partie!ole. {iU ... 1th l!\.II;,dara ) the p<.>lIsessive

adjective repl.cas the corr.ap<.>nd1n9 direct objec t o f iI tran.itiYI!

verb.

403

LESSON

14

14.0.

Peculiarities in the verbal system.

A lim-

ited number of common Georgian verbs show peculiarities (from the point o view of English and many other West-

ern European languages) either in meaning (semantic) or conjugation (formal) . In this and the following lesson a limited number of such "peculiar" verbs will be discussed so that we might gain an idea of how they behave. 14 . 1 .

Semantic peculiarities.

14.1.1. Verbs of politeness . In polite speech cer tain verbs are replaced by others that are fel t to be more
polite. Such verbs are most cornmon in the second person (including imperative) . As a rule they are not used in the first person . In the third person, the subject is often a respected figure .

brjan -

14 . 1 . 1 . 1 . Prei.xed II. conjugation verbs with the root ' command' are used as respectful, polite counterparts of the correspondingly prefixed forms of the verb b3~'::> go ' Normal Respectful
aQ(aM)6~do5~Q60
80(aM)6~do5~Q60

aQ(8M)3
3.::>(a"")3.::> ,,(a"")3"

go/come in go/come out go/come up

.:::.(aM)OMd'::>OQl:)O.::>

and similarly with o ther prefixed forms of b3~" 1 The same verb is used with the preverb a+ also to mean ' stand up':
.::>~a:J6,::>

stand up i t can have sit down sit on that side sit on this side

With the pre verbs da + and gada+ (gadmo+) the meaning of ' sit' :
Ql.::>x.~:J6,::>
[?.::>bb~:Jon.::>o

a.::>~.::>x.[?:J6,::>
8.::>~.::>bb(!l:J6n.::>o

[?.::>oMd,,61!':)0,:::, [?.::> OM d.::>6 [?:Jo n.:::.6 8'::> [?.::>oMd.:::.6[?:Jo,:,

a.::> [?" OM d.::>6 (!I:JO n.:::.6 8.::>[?dMXC?:J0..: > a.:::. Qla,...OM d.::> 0 Ql00.::> 3"(!Id,...bb[?.:J on .:::. 6 a.::>[?a""oMd.:::.6Qloon,,6

Note also the ollowing idiomatic uses o this verb

404

LESSON 14

without preverb :

MM3I"lM':) b.:>I'i(cn)? 3n6.:. b.:.';(cn)?

How are you?

With whom do I have the

honor of As can be seen, as a replacement of h.:.'; , ':)Mnb

14 . 1.1.2) .

speaking? in these uses the verb 6Md.:)6~:J6.:) serves

(see below, sec .

The I. conjugation form of this verb is used ",-i th

the meaning
say ' , tell' :

n18\:13 nb
:J1lI~3nb

(pres.
(pres .

Uido60ilb
~iIr'ido6Jilb

say
tell s . o.

1 4 .1 . 1 . 2 .

The root xL-/xeL- occurs with the meaning

of 'be '. In these uses the verb always contains a marker of a second person plural indirect object, al though there is no indirect object in the sentence. Unlike the forms discussed above, this verb has forms or the first and third persons, but no second person forms . with the meani n g of ' be' the conjugation is as follows :
3o~(m)
a.-:>b~'-:>3'-:>Mtn

am/we are

.-:>Mnb .-:>Mn.-:>6 3 n \::l.-:>3 n (rn)

n~~

8.-:>bc:''-:>3 tn
a.-:>b~'-:>3.-:>6
a.-:>b~~ntn

He is they are
I

a.-:>bt:l~'-:>tn

was/ we were He was

n\::l3 6 ::J6

a.-:>b~(!I6::J6

They were

(The conjunctive forms of the polite verb correspond to the optative of \::I~S6.-:> . ) The future tense (first person) is aJ.-:>b~:J8ncn (g - e - axl. -eb-i- t ) . For the miss ing secon d person of this verb (in the meaning ' you [ all] are ' ) the second person forms pres . 8Mcl.-:>6~03n(tJl) , past o,:jcl.-:>6~::Jol"1~n(0'I), etc . are used . The third person of t his verb can also be used . As a result there are three possible forms for the third person: .-:>,:jnb,

3'-:> b t:I'-:> 3 0'1

o~d.-:>6~:Jo,-:> . 2

The polite form corresponding to 'come' has no present series. There are no forms for the second p erson . aI"13.-:>~(tJl) ao.-:>b~:Jon(tJl) g - e - axl. - eb- i I / we will come

a1"13'-:>

a 0'-:> b t:!:J 6 .-:>

He will come

LESSON 14
aI"'l3~:J6 8J,:)b~:J6n,:)6

405

They will come

The aorist is irregular: first person: 8:J,:)b:J~n(~) g-e-axet-i{-t). Third pe r son sg . 8J~b~,:) , pl . 8:J~b~6:J6 . This II . conjugation verb can also be used with the meanings of 'eat' and ' drink ' , although the preradical vowel - i - is found too: an,:)b~:J6nO'l. 14 . 1 . 1.3 . The root rtmev - /rtv - is used as a polite replacement in the second {and at tDmes third) persons in the fallowing instances: Normal Respectful

!.:.3b

3nnr:l1n3:J3b
3no~O'Ia:J3b

eat bring, give sthg. to S.o.

an~606b}
~,:)~~:J6b

anbCJab
This verb is irregular in the aorist series : second person - rl0'l3n (~) , third person 59 . - fi0'l30 ' third person
pi.

-r'HI'I3:Jb .

14 . 1.2 . Personal vs. nonpersonal verbs . A limited number of Georgian verbs occur in pairs, one member of which is used to refer to human beings (personal) , the other to nonhuman beings (animals, things ; i . e . , nonpersonal) . As a rule, if the verb is transitive (ge nerally I. conjugation), the direct object of the per sonal verb must be personal, while if the verb is in transitive , the subject of the personal verb must be personal (i.e., in the II. and III. conjugation verbs) . With IV. conjugation verbs, i t is the noun in the nominative case that must be personal if the verb is personal. An example of a nonpersonal verb would be the IV. conjuga t ion verb aO~3b ' have sthg . ', while aH03b ' have s . o . ' is an example of a personal verb (see sec . l2 . l . 3 . a. , b . ) . Verbs such as aMn~06b ' bring ' ,'carry sthq . ' are non-personal Ann vp.rbs such as dMnY306b 'bring ' , ' lead s . o .' are personal (sec . 12 . l . 3 . c . ,d . ). ExaJrtples : Transi tive wash s . o . know s . o., be acquainted with s . 0 . I n transitive s.o. is lying (down)
~:J3b

nBnb

know st.hg.

sthg . is lying

406

LESSON 14

14 . 1.3.

"Singular" and "plural" verbs .

A small

number of verbs occur in pairs, one member of which is used with plural referents, the oth er with singular referents . With I . conjugation verbs , o n e verb form is used when the direc~ object is either plural or de n otes more than one person or object (e . g . , a collective noun or a nOlln modified by a numeral or quantifi er) and the other is used with a singular o bject . With other verbs the "plural" verb is used with a plu ral grammaticaL 8ubject or when the grammatical subject denotes more than one person or object while the "singular" verb is used with a singular subject denoting on ly one person or object . We have already seen examples of such verbs in: singular ~~~~~6~ j nx~~6~ (pres . 8nb); plural ~~bh~~6n~6 j nbh~6::l6 (pres . bb~~.::.6) (sec . 9 . 1.2 . 2, 9.1 . 3) . Examples of I . conjugation pairs are : Singular object Plural object
a.::.~.::.~a~::l6b
~.::.b3.::.ab

throw sthg .

a~~.::.~~nb

set, put down QI.::.bh.::.ab sthg. slaughter ~~b""B'::'3b (e . g ., a chicken) put sthg . down QI~.::.17 ~ .... o b

throw , scatter things set things down slaughter (e . g ., chick ens) put thing s
down

~'::'J~'::'3b

QI'::'QI~6b

break sthg . ~~ ~aIl3';::l3 b break (e . g . , (e . g . , dish) dishes) Examples of II . conjugation pairs are: Singular subject Plural subject
8~l~hb

Fl.::.(a .... )3~,:;~~6~

~~~B~a~ aI"'lJ3Q1~6~ cn~3b

sthg . falls down attack s .o .

~O(a")B3n3(~06)O
QI.::.~bba~O,::, ~'::'3b

things fall
down

attack they die

QI.::.nhMB~on.::.6

dies

The II . conjugation forms of I . conjugation verbs show a similar pattern . Note , for example, the II . conjugation forms of ~~JI:!I'::'3b , QI~hI"'lB~3b :
QI.::.nJ3~~o~ QI.::.nhI"'lB~6.::.

s.o . is killed some are killed; some die Many verbs with preverbs o ther than da- can change the preverb to da - when an objec t, direct or indirect ,

LESSON 14

407

depending on the verb, is plural or collective. Some examples from verbs already introduced are : aJ~~ab eat sthg . up ~~~~ab eat things up 8~~S";J6 b have sthg . fly ~~':>SMJ6 b have things fly 8~:'Jag':>36nb send sthg. to ~~;:)88':>36nb send sthg . to s .o . people ( id .oj wash things ~':>";Jl3ho3b a':>rl:Je b ':>3 b wash sthg . a':>~17161"16b ~~~17l61"16b warm sthg . warm things 8':> a1"1':> 13 b 1"10 b bake sthg . ~':>':>l3bI"l6b bake things 14 . 1 . 4 . Conjugation and voice. The vast majority of I . conjugation verbs are transitive , that is, they have direct objects . Nonetheless, there is a small number of I. conjugation verbs which are intransitive, i . e . they occur without a direct object . In some in stances such verbs may have an i n direct object corresponding to a direct object in other languages . Exam ples of such verbs include : ~.:>na3no6J6b be late
~o,:>b3JC:):Job
~':>':>S!l":;l7lb:Job

cough spit hit 5.0. (id . o.) telephone s . o . (id . o . ) look at sthg . , s . o . (id . o . ) reach S . O ' I sthg . Cid . o . , H- series) hurry someplace (i . do . , H- series) look at s . o . (id . o . , H- series)

0= b - BJdb
~':>!l":;0..3':>3b

0= ~~~"'J1>b
8noC:~:J3b
an.:>CI~MJob

~.:>b:J~':>3b

Simi larly, there are some verbs which always will have an indirect object marker of the third person (h - ~ s- ~ u-~ e-) but which may have no indirect object . (!l':>:!:I..3M':>3b play (musical instrument) ao~a3J6b let sthg. out , release s.o ., sthg .

a 0;) a a g.:> 3M;)0,:> travel

a o J 8ul"ilnJo.:>

(.in trans.

move , make one's way

8.:>:Joa:J0,;" Q:l.:>:J13:J8.:>
~.::.;)bJIfi.:Jo,:>

become entangled (in sthg . ) fall (down) wander around

408

LESSON 14

14 . 1.5. II. conjugation verbs with two indirect objects . A limited number of II. conjugation verbs can take two indirect objects . One of these indirect ob jects generally corresponds to a direct object in Eng lish . Such verbs often have only present series forms; when they do have other series, both indirect objects remain in the dative case. 3 Examples: tell s . o . sthg. J~66J6~ promise s . o . sthg . ~,:)33n';I!':)~~ (also (3:,) - ) tell . s . o . sthg . a"";!)~3J3.::.
~~Ja~aMJ6~

threaten s.o . with sthg .

b,::,h~d.::.';b aJ~3n';I!''::' ' ~~.::.3.::.';b

Examples:
~:)3~6n

hJab I!'.::.b

Levan promised my sister a gift .

a.::.bp'::'3~J3J~n

6'::>3(33:)00

b.::.n6~J';Jb,..,

!l~3Jol"'Il!''::'

The teacher was telling the children an interesting fairy tale .

In some inotancco , the present series forms of

II. conjugation verbs can be used with a transitive meaning , taking , at times , an object in the dative. Example : a~8J~oon O~~ nanb~~6~ ~ao~3b npJMoon~6 , M,..,aJl:!b~B ;:)~.:>an;:)6n a30~~b 30M .:>:!da03b . ' The newspapers are wr i ting such a s t ory that a man can ' t avoid i t ' (lit .: turn one ' s side a way from it) . Note . It is important to keep in mind the 1 4. 1 . 6 . fact that irregularities of the types described above are relatively rare in Georgian . Further, in many in sta n ces such distinctions as outlined above are no longer observed by many speakers and writers of Georgian a n d are more typical of an older stage of the language . 14.2. tives . wordbuilding : Suff i xed pronouns and adjec-

14 . 2 . 1 . The suffix -gac (a) . The suffix -ga c(a) added to pronominal or adverbial forms yields the mean ing of a certain specific but unspecified person, place, time, etc . , that is usually, though not necessarily , known to the speaker . It often corresponds in meaning to Russian - TO as in KTO - TO , qTO - TO , rDe-TO , KaK - TO , etc . Examples include : 3n~~I3C) C3n6C'':>(3) someone (specif i c)

LESSON

~4

409

fi '::>t:! .:. e ( i: > ) ':;i::>1j/Tl81:;1"S

bi::>(!I~':'B
M/Tla/TlM~i::>B

something for some reason somewhere somehow, in some way

14 . 2 . 2. The suffix -me . Contrasting with -gac(a) is the suffix -me, which, when added to pronominal forms, gives the meaning of an indefinite, nonspecific , unknown person , place, time, etc . It is close in mean ing to Russian - HHOY~h, as in KTO- HH6Ynh, ~TO-H H 6Y~b, rAe - HHOY~h, KaK - HHOY~h, etc . Examples include: 3n680 anyone, someone (indefinite) Mi::>80 anything , something M/Tl80~n80 any, some t4i::>8~J6n80 some (indefinite quantity) anytime , at sometime in some manner (or other) Compare the following examples, which contrast the suffixes -gac(aJ and - me :

3nCJ"B a/Tl3 n (!l'"

Someone (a known person) came .
a/Tl3n~ob .

nj6J6 3nG80

Perhaps someone

(not known who) will come .

Mi::>(I"S a"an8n~J '

I sold something (known, specific) for you . fi.,aO nHn~o! Buy something (anything) for yourself! b"~~"8 3 6 .:. b J . I saw him somewhere (specific) .
b3"~

b':'(!IaJ p':'3n(!lJ~!

Let ' s go somewhere (not specific) tomorrow . Note that the suffix -me tends to occur most commonly with modal forms of the verb such as imperatives, optatives, conditionals; it is also extremely common i n questions and with the future screeve . Pronouns ending in - gac(aJ in the nominative have the stem -gaca- in all remaining cases and are declined regularly . Pronouns in - me are nontruncating, but otherwise are declLned regular1y . ~ Examples : N. 3n~':'B '

410

LESSON 14

E . 3 "t::,l" B"a 1 D . 3"CJ"B"b t G . 3 n (l"Bnb 3,,6000, o . 3n6aJb , G . 3n 6a :JD . etc.

etc.

E.

14 . 2.3. The suffix - ve . The suffix - ve added to pronouns and adverbs generally denotes identity. with the pronoun n 8 n i t has the meaning I the same'. When modifying a noun i t has the N . nan3J and in all other cases the form n(3"30 ( see sec. 5 . 5 . 1). Used pronominally the cases other than the nominative have the non-

truncating stem ima - ve -: E. nO"300 , D. na"30b , G. na"30b, etc. Similar to nan3:J is N . Oh:J3J I adjectival form "a"3;)' pronominal stem ama - ve - ( n o ntruncating)
speaker. s include :

'the same' referring to antecedents closer to the

Other forms with the nontruncating stem -u e
"bo~n30

such an
at

( identical,

like this)
ibid .

nbomn30 n;j3J
~d3J

slich an (identical , like that)

(that) same place; at (this) same place at this moment; right now

With other f orms - ve can often be translated into Eng lish by 'very', that is, ~~Jb3J 'this very day ' , anbn3:l bnW83Jon~ 'in his very own words', p~~~~n3J 'in the very water', 'in the water itself' . A close equiva lent of Georgian - ve is the Russian particle xte . For the use of - (i)ve with numerals, see sec . 10 . 4 . 4 . 14 . 2 . 4 . The suffix -ga o The nontruncating suffix - ga can be added to interrogative pronouns and adverbs, thereby strengthenins or intensifying these interroga tives . Examples: 3n(6)~~? 'who then?' ' who in the world? ' M~~~? 'what in the world? ' b~~~~? 'where the deuce? ' ~~a~~ ~~ ? 'how in the world?' etc .

LESSON 14

411

LESSON 14:

Notes

1. The corresponding I . conj . form, e.g., aJ~3Md.::.6J6b functions as a respectful or polite replacement for verbs in -qvan-s, e.g., pres . aJa~~3b , fut . a~nH3~6b 'lead , bring in '.

2. The form a~be:ti:>3cn 'he is' shows respect to the person spoken to (2d person) while 6Md~6~~6~ 'he is' is used to show respect to the person spoken about (3d person) . From the same root are the verbs ~b~'::'3b 'is, there is' (only third person) and the IV. conj . verb (with H- series markers) a"bc:'':>3b (m-a-,rl -av-s ) , 3sg . ~bl:!!~3b 'have sthg . '. An example of the latter is: ~a ~bi:>l:!!n
a~oJ~nb 3nM3J~ 6Ma~~b 6J3~n 6J!~3ncnn aOB~Ma~ ~b~~3b .

'The first issue of this new newspaper has many typographical (~ printing) errors . '

3. This is the normative rule . There is also a tendency to use the nominative case for what corresponds in other languages to the direc t object when the verb is in the aoxist or perfect series .
4. Older forms of declension are also found in which the case endings are added before these suxfixes; e . g . , D . 3nbaJJ Mi:>baJi G . 3nbn8J J ~nb.::.aJ' etc. Similar patterns are found with the suffixes -VB and -ga (see below, sees . 14.2 . 3 and 14.2.4). 5. There is a third form, J8J3J ' adjectival form ai:>8~3J; see Lesson 5, note 7 .

412

LESSON 14:

Exerci ses

Note : Due to the length and difficulty of the reading passages in this and the following les son, the exercises in this lesson are restricted in number and cover chiefly the suffixed pronouns and adjectives and polite replacement for ' be '. (Lesson 15 has no exercises . ) The grammatical material in this lesson and the following o ne are
primarily for reference, a1though examples of some of the material will be found in the reading passages .

1. 2. 3.
4.

A~an~

b~da~?

-- aJn~b~

3n~~B~a.

8J

M~~~B

3ne" nanG
anBbM3Mn~~

oJb~bJ6 .

~~~nba~

bM5Jocn?

b.;,~aJ

~;::'t';::,dan 3nb..,~nl:!!:J6cn .

5.

hJ8n ja;::,~n b~~~~6 ~;::'3n~.."

3n

a;::,ani::>8

b~MM;::'~

;::,M

en -

( 1)QI -

6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . 11 . 12 .
13 . 14 . 15 .

BOG M;::'~;::'Bncn ~3a;::'BMsn~M b;::'M? 3nGaJ a;::,aa"'368 Jjnacn;::,6! QI;::'3~d;::,bMcn 3nb80 ; 3n6a~ o~Bn~oo~o~ ~oa3~ba~M~OO .
ob~~n M~a a~ana~6n~?

nMB~

na

a~~o!n~an
~JQn~.

nd6~6n,

o06b

B~~b M~aJ

~~n~o !

3n~oB
~j

j~BaO

anjn~bO~

~~ M~~~B

pna6n ~~an~~3~~ '

AO~~B~

dO~~J3b M~aJ ~~oaO~!

nb

Jd~ob M~naO

boa~a~~b .

~d306
~b ~M~

3n~o b~M~?
aob~o3~

a OI ~d306n ~nMnaJI ~~~M

3030a3n~n

a~b~o3~Mm . !~sb~~n.

16 . 17 . 18.
19.

20 .

Ob oaao3n 3n~~a an~bM~? ~M 3nan, b~~~~ p~3n~om. ~3J6 OMmb~ ~~ nao30 b~bQan nd3::J BbM3M~6b . aO na030 3nJb~b 3jnmb~QMO,
JnfTIb~t:lM6~~ .

21 .

aMmO M~bm~3Jeb nbomn3::J a6na360~MO~ ~d3b

LESSON 14
b~~~~m3~~~b~m3nb, ~~aM~B ~6n~nban -- 30~ aJjb3n~b ~~56~ ,

413
n6a~nbnb~m3nb . A~a~~a ~j306n 8~on6 . aJ~~60~n

22. 23 . 24 . 25.

~~~b

nbJ3~

ab~Ab

3n6
b~~

6Ad~6~~6nm? 6~d~6~o6~~nm

anB~6n~?

8~b~~3~Am . ~~~a~nb? a~a~ . --b~~~~an 8~b~~nm ~J~nb ~3~~a~M5~6nb

aV~Jabn

X~~

Jn~03

J~mb~

~~

na~3J

~~an~~b

~a~b .

Woman with a Deer N. Pirosmanishvili

414

LESSON .14

Vocabul ary
~~an~~b

~~an~g~

"'3o')~a~l"1!9rlo",

in a/the place illness; disease

on~

JMO'ln

~..,

na n 3J

and

the

~a..IIle;

as ddj.

dat.

J-"l7Ib.::l
dat.

I!''' na"'3J,
= ;)fil7lb;:,
~..,

etc.; as pronoun

na..,b3J,

etc .

3 06a :J
3"C.t>

3"(I;:)S("')

someone; anyone who (in the world)? someone (pronoun) ; some [person] (adjective) (the) same (for declension, sec .
14.1.2)

n6a~nbn

nhJ3J nbJ01n
nbJO'ln3J

England just as;

such (a)

just so just such a

just the same;

0:138

a6no35:Jt:!1"I6.':1
~..,naJ

(nontrunc . )
fi..,a

M.':laJI

':',')(I"B('::')

there (in the same place); ibid . importance; significance = ,:;..,aJ thing; something; some (ki nd of) something (pronoun); some [thing]
(adjective)

at some/any time somep1ace; somewhere; anyplace; anywhere where (in the world)? somewhere; someplace b~aJa~~ job; work fl o6n (cn:bo6n) !nMna:J my good friend (affectionate form of address; literally: [may] your misfortune [come] to me) . brjan -d-eb-i (-t) see sec. 14.1.1.2 Mdo6~860(m) ga=i - gon - eb- s hear a~naM606b (perfec t = a~~a~6n~)

LESSON

~4

415

nJnl1lb.:J3b , pres . JtlO'1b!lI::!M3b

b~~nt:,lfYl6b

ask for s . o . : ask to see 5 . 0 .

!I~!S"'3:J3b
.!Jd ~bnb ,

lJadiZ - ob- s da=totJ - eb- s

fut .

dine ; have dinn er leave s thg . (behind)

call s . o . (id . o . )

(!I.:J .!I d .:J b :J 6 b

a.::.b~'::'3b

u - jax- i - s, fut . da+u- jax - eb-s

g-a - xl - av- s or g - axl- av- s

see sec . 14 . 1 . 1 . 2

Two Deer N . Pirosma nishvili

416

LESSON 14

Key to the Exercises

1. "What is the matter?" (l.it . : in what is the matter) someone asked me . I know something about that . Have you ever (= a t any time) lived in the coun try? We shall have dinner (dine) someplace in the city. My husband went somewhere, but I don't precisely know where . Are you dissatisfied with something? Send someone to the doctor ' s! Let ' s call someone; someone certainly will help us . Have you heard such a thing? When you will be in that store, buy something for

2. 3.
4. 5.

6. 7. B.
9.
10 .

your wife.
11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . Some man asked for you and left you some book. Something is lacking here . Feed the dogs something . He is looking for some (kind of) work . Who in the world are you? I, my dear friend, am (poli te) Lado Papa ~ vili . This season (= ' time) is (polite) summer. Who in ehe wor1d to1d you this new s ? I don ' t know where in the wor1d we are to go . We live in one and the same house . Akaki also lives there (i . e . , in the same place) : . I am reading the same play that [= What] Zurab was reading yesterday. Sota Ruseaveli has just the same significance for Georgia as Shakespeare for England. Today I wish to be (use VN) in Tbilisi just as (much) as yesterday. Who are you (poli te )? Couldn ' t you recognize me? I am your neighbor (polite) . Where were you (polite) up to now (= up to here)? I was (polite) in the country because of my mother ' s illness . The shepherd is still standing in o ne and the same place .

16 . 17 . lB . 19. 20 . 21 . 22. 23 . 24 . 25 .

LESSON 14

4 17

Readin g Pass a g e

.;,U.3a'33o~a ~~06MMno)'3o dMnhoat.. O~~ ~&o). 3Mt:""OaJM6M30oL (n3nl;7)M.b 3~C')3003'OC'" 3MM~aLMlMo, J~0o)6a &M3Mo)n'330t:'" OO"M:J2>~o. a'u 0)32>0)30 3rl'::)~~6at:'O J-J ott" ~3a6O),30L ~ o J-Jo aMm ~3abcno)a.,6L ~nU ~J-J~o JdM6(0)0, 3"aMo}3 ~:Ju')O .)'::)~nOMI~')Oo~ .. 6 ~::t:J~~MJ0t:'" ~2>,) 6M~0" 31)dMJO~ ~o) 3aocn~M", ::taa~OIl)DMO D::t'OM02>.><"), 3.)3'3Mocn_ 306 0~n3MD2>~... hM3 ..a L.xn6M02>ncn lJ"3IJO,::tM-o JocjJ. M(O)a~lJ <ro30L,)O 3.:t3rlO(!).:t'ba aaMJ,,600~'b3 oL 6,)03<::'~ orl6,oL ~a'-'3<ro,) Lm..Oaa" MMa aMM::tMt:',), a,,060 b'::)om,,6U vnM~", t..V~n(!) VO~' Lo)3,,'b.:xn~'::)t:"M Latmo2>'hn. ~,,'OoM'OS~;)3M~" LaaS). ,,3 .::.33C')L '3aa~03 3o~~ ~;)aCD30'-' 3.>3M~" ~.:.acrn0:3M03'Ot:'0 t:~M, a"aM03 oSMOoLarl::t3o>MaMo..a v..ad~" ~"t:'r)3..L a"l0 3~~0. """"0<:"'0 3"<1' oa V '1)30::1<:'" 60 U 3"300> o>:t3no><::':Jl>-::J~::tC") \P" a~J'O'=''3o ~..v;)M~ MMo.,6L ~,,'30;)MD 3M~".

*'

~ &M&M' -

0M.. - JO a"a M ....M no~" &a (")1.:Jbl?,)63MD'O~'" .,3 a~:'!_ J":)(.:~''3o ~o MMa ....M 0VOM;)O .., - .}Jf~') 3'Oh>3a0)0. - 30cnb~ l:I" .:.LtJ 303..L'Ob", .:.00)0, M.:> anon, 3(")&C'105n. I.aaL LtJt"JobC'O'30 30M33~ 3V'.1M ~o.:.6LM. m 336.. o>bC:o)o aa'! __ oL03 nJ~o)o t:"'Oo..a l?o)o 0)3~;)OO t)MOa~ o).13L(") . 3.>060 M.:. '3;)ab3l?'" JJocnbo) &'Ob,,03o), - 30"'30<::"'. u.a~6<::,ou v"'0~63" ao~"'o , '!J::1<::"'t, 06'1l~" 30uoao. '>C!!~ a"u~al> ... - 30"'>'1)0"'0 30'" ::13""::1'01
l?"3oVl:ta! I?,,? 3 - MM3MM O '3.>M'3,,6, .Xl 'tI.:xnbnc:>L L~DC::"'Bo 3r>t1"3". oo&o.:d.. 3;)bdO)OMa OM{?O omOboL l?oo'O'3.:.a;)oo)o'ao-3amjo, 3noo.:JJnan d~,)6 Jacnocn j "C'() .... aacn,i o... Jt"Jl?~ oaoo.:.'ao6o t?" 3oVaML 60'ao>6LM. -

/r).) 3'O::t(") ~3"<:':JOO a..a,,1I0

3.1OO')b;) ~o.:.lJ \p" '-'~;)~ aM3ci~o. .l&~ ..aoL' - '"d3.) ~~ \P" 'O')~M

oL~ aocnh&. - t!l~cn"3MO) ~'Oo.,a \p" a~J'Oc::"'bD t!l""ab(O). 4 o)nl?no~ooL J..MO a"~M ~o) ~3D6o '3'O'noL a.,a.:tIJ~t:""t.3"
Lt),) VoX)JOO'lb.):

o~oandn. 3 0306><10. 1I0a,",<!,00>!

o-u ao"'n

3-"

~ooa60"'>o~1 -

Jd""'" a::1",oaa, .

;gliifi~~~~~

{:~~:d'l,~~] ~dl'
i;LD 6
to

'" ~ ~ t ~ ~ '" e 9~~n!);etetet

)

1 ~.., P;R~ i'~~ ~cft cf ~ 1!C"J~ I ~ ~ ~ . :> -6 "'" -c ~ ~ J If ll..:> ~ '1, ~ ~ ~ j (:) c ~ ~ 0-i ~2 f L ~ ~ ti " ..: 1 ~i -t
<71

~l.f~t~~j;!~ .t ~ f'J ~ ~ti~~ r~,gi rtl~ g ~ c n ~

.:J <0

~2..,2
cO

1 e-~~~i ~.it~ ~t -t ~ f, ~ 1j~t ~ ~ f?~~ C ~t~ ~ 7,[J

Q

~j~{ i

~ft~s
P

~t~JJ
.

j?

f'

c.
.JD

.,
EPc:I
,." "

lrn ..~ i
.2l~
<0 <0

,~i,~~

~.; tJ(J

~CtI<ID

1.D;t[j~
I)

C?

e-

('0

(1)

!tt1 ~
.oJ ~
i5"
(tI '::

if
..,

P1 '"

J2i,~ ~'bco ~ <O~ ~ p ... ~ .c <o't'r 8 <0 ~ ~

~~~~~ ;:!s ~~ ""

I)..,

fn
6

il

~ {'
j q a~
'lj:

tf)

~ ~t'f11'.f~~c ~I)p.~ r 0 J <'5 .0 ~ .:J ~ e.t ~ 1> ~ .P~'" rJs-ti~ f5f,g '2
SJ"i.:J c..r ~ ~ r1' ~ ~ ~ i () ~ i.1 ~~ ~ S g~ ~ C"J~ e.t am ~

-t

6 ~ "~ c . W ~(O
C .0

g If.;; ()p ..,(0 0

T.I

"'r.r ~ .,~ ~ e- g ..~.g i\> iIi' ~ g a:t ~ ~ ~I ::> ~ f ' ." ~ -t T J;,j ~ ~ ~l ~ {t 't ~.l P}~: 0 pr t W~ ~~ et ~7 s ,? g ~ c~ ~ :i ~ T .5 11 a' C .~" i! 1;'15 P7, l:liS? I ~~~i'1~~'te;$~" "rl I -trt':~ igil", d,i,~]~-tl\",~?~:li < . g ~ ~
'"T.l\.D
C 0..:) C
C')
T,)

" f '3'~.oll~~1,'l c o u-t: c., \.0 0 i5" M C C ., I.CI .0 to ~ cO ~

co

et

to

tJP~I"'~ c ~-p nEb.o.f ~ co..!) ~ EJ U (') . fJ M ., ~,g 00..0 O~ S

"'C.

~~~~ o~~~ I g~rJ~~~&~1!2 U~.c 0 e .. ~ ~ (") .... I ~"8 g ~ ~.. 8 P ~~i~ ~c~?i { 101)~~s1.;l~~ t ~ 1" e et &.0 et ~ ~j fp.Ji I (po C":I.. di ! P &O~ cO~ ~ Ii c:l-t ~~ (J P as i I ~ ~ 6 i c"i i t'bi:t~ J i ~ I 1 e ~ _. A 2 et't s s t etEt t cg c c -l 0 n ~ C ~-,)
I)

tv

~J
I).:J

, ...

eO

e.ti

~.o ~ ~

(0

C?

C?

to 0.0 ~ co (0 #J

"'.0

I" "

6.,
C"l

flc;!i7,e2rp~1 !;]cl, C ~'r'!i . C..!) 0[0 to.,...,:) ..!) fJ ., Po..!) -g..-)" ~ C co is A~ et ., C 0" c 0 %' 0 J ~'"6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c; ., ;> ~ i 1. E1~ l!' "'t g..,,, '" ~ "", '" et:)

to

et M

~ B' S

~c ~

co M n

(0

e"

-o..t

..!)

Met.;,

,.>j

f")

00 '"T.l ..-)

cO

'"
.... '"
~

'"

"

'"

'"

o ....

LESSON 14 ~. ~,)nv::laO)! 3~~~~,) ~cnO\"M.ML.

419

11

30voL "'0.0. 30V. J.3<>o><:"'Lo-::J'" 330~.00~0 n~O(!>oh

Lola~(")~. e~ ::I30t:'~0~ 0::l~Oa",. \"('6~01.JOO JO, Ln&~o. M') 0)~3,) t}&~.:., Oolcn~ M[j&o'> ~oL a0V-nL '')~olL.)~.)(!In. J.:J~.:. O-::J'" d30~.00~n a.~.L,,~oon <:'00. 3"<?-,<:",,,, a<:,ob~~o

&301iol30 6 L~bO~(") 3.)(!1.>L.lb~[j~oL 3.,3("), M~3,)6 J.:.300.>t:'O!r 00 00 ~L "<IC'''<'-::J.OoO.' ~00"<'>C'0O.L ~o~o b"<'fn -::J.~.. ~O(!> b"<,,L - 003"'n '1J-::J<:,n, 003'" '1l-::J~ 'a M 3 -::J.~.' Lon~>6? aaaJOO)baaol 3M3c:'ali,)(nol ~anJ'" M') 0)~3,) ~Ii~,). 3~~.)b~0
~&06.

12

- Mol a.ia0.lO) 0)~306", "b.lc:'a,)~,)3' - '303"'::1300(6) lMMcnoUMM3ol. --o')03M, ~.>O(")6(")! FtOaL C'aJoooMt O"I':J oUVMoa~OO"l' ~aMM 3DJ.:t(?MO~.>O"I. ~.>003~t:'M! 30V::I06" ao - M'>oMaC?"O ~ a.:.bLM3b.>M0?, (J),bo6 JO, L~~Mt!>, ~ ano6M2>m! - an"O~~6~,) 0ao a';JM.XJ~.
Q)~306

13

~3a6 3oo6~ '3oL,)6o'a6"aol~, 3')6 0300 a ':Jc:'M c:'.:l30(9)M~,

3Ma0Ft.m'330<:'0 i':It4xl,)6~DOoO?, ::I3D~L.>Q)31lJ L~3o>MDC'0 ~MM~D\.t(')MO... 0)3306 Ft3060 uo.l3"::IO ~~, O')J306"t. C'llJu0...L .1"6 3.>.)O~OIiL. cn3306L <:'oJU"ohlJ J" .>M 30VoMO'J, 3t1C.:J')30'J! Ft<>3"~.:t oJL6,)'b'an 3';JM..an. 14 .;00'), oMO'JO aMoClotj0300l. M"L !:I~'>3O'J'! 'aO.>Ft;)M,> 3MMM 3.>a3'>3~,)o. aOMO Vl:I<:,o(,?.>b .)aML~c:'o C!JDL~". a~M~O 10 d.l{!!t:'0300') 0'1"30 3.>OOOM~.> t?.> ao 'aoabo~.> aa a6.>'bo 30Jao6o. MrXI oJ., 3..ao06DoM~"'. .:.t:.~.:t 3M(').'BDLMML '3nbn(p'"> 3~M.,3a.">. - .:.a'). - '33~Ln6 ... 3MMcnaL~.:.. o.)M~odoL a.)aMJnO"l~3'" cp".>30"1.:t3MDcn, 3.>Onaoaa';J~' t!l.mb.)'b') bel.) 3';JM...aa.:t ~.:. L.>O"I6MO&00"l lh)JLa c:'030C'n a.:t"~J,). 15 3~,XIodJ 30rlMD Jl'IQ)b3"\.t aMOcnoJMJ&L! - 03...LO~,) ~MrlcnoLrlMa,). 3;:)10,.>33.) J0(PJ3 ahnbDc::' (p<tbat?.> &~cnL. aOMa Q)3,)C'a&0 ,)aM.>O~)o')t:',) (p,) lh)(Pc:',)O. (I':)~t:''boaMcn. 'a03 030liCln (p.mVl:IM M~.)ooL JocnbJ'>. aoM:). :)6l:1Ma.>, 30M,)'D:)~)O ,)3MOJ0O')b<l ('?ol bMMa<l~M a~anao>MDM&.:oL t?~3MO&('?,). JolL..o,)60
16 (lDndCD&-:', O~6M , oo~O?o o.:taM303<lc:"M' .l~,) 'OUoo 3"'M~OLMhL. - '3andc:'D0,.)! ';J~.:.L':Jbo,.) ~~ M'DDLM~a,.) ~,.) .>3r)oMboM.). 3'OhlaoL ,.)J.)6J,)C'a0'OC'n t:.Dc::'n ~nt:'DcnD&'bD (p<l();:)~,)o aaMa ~OD& oMen-a MenL (P.).)(J3(P,.) <!',) ~D ~~",.) <!'ncpbo.>EiL.

17

3030 0,

md30.~

a-""<l>. JO(!>03 3~.3L a.<iML"O<!'o<:'o

'wC~uue

"''7

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'jt:

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('50('~9CCf"' ur Ce 'O,)~~

u"'~Co!qC u.::>C! ~Cq "'''''' ur Ceo"' u.::>C"'e '''';;'uC!oe~ o~e<'>'C~ oC~Qu~ ('~(,~o<;<,ec''1C

Cu!oCCe, -

IU>O<il<.!"";;'C<~C ~C

CeoOl o.::>C"'e '~c!coo> ",-/w 'I'~oe eW'l' gCC,,,, ..:lqo lCg,u uO>uOl w~.,CtDw'i(, ~CeCOCuO<'(' 61
'('eec''7C~ ('o')CqeweQX.~ 'wC~CCe.ue '("e~'1CtDw~

('gCwqw o'l'WCeCoe - ;u.::>cr",-/Que ugCC,,,, u>oOCewe 'Cp<gu~u{' o~eo",ce u.::>c~ oo>~c~co ,~",cO> -c~c ('Q)ucc.we (''7 ' (.O('u.:Jt.l~ o..:;:,c~c,x'r('O,) O('o')C.,u u~('e j~Co.:;)l.olJ::C('~ "I<' Ue.C~UKo'l ec'''I~('e '~('rc('Ql u~~Ce uCt-q<'gC .,o.:lS uOw '('''1<' of' <'UOlsc~O'1 usccF"' -i("qc~rcwQ] ('u0,)9CtoO'l 't.l9wO<'q '(DW('c.~ec'Ql '7(' 81 ('O,)&:,Ot.le 0B"''7c.~ '(,~wI)COw'7(, ~~Gq ~'7uCe.C~~ iu~crU~e ogCCFCD (O()()Cewe'eDUeq u.:lC~q.q('~ ue(''7c.~ ('qtDUf'CCe. - ,w.:lCe _COCuQr:(' ''1Cf~e ~qt..:lwC '1o.:;)COwB"'~ '1UCDC'::'oq u9Co')~ Cq.('Q)u~e

o9cror('('G)

~coc<,lc9

... qCc.ouCD

~Q)

('e'7'w'lCWI.ol'7t '('O,)wq:wJ::QC

('Cf(O -

,c.ouCf:Qo '7
f]qC~CO
('C~f(' !:I~(D

t('C(,<'oO>e~Ceu
ue<'~CCj!

f)qc~(OUr(''1
'.;-Q)e. Ce.('Cj!

'('G)~C9C>c:.e(k.

9('(OQC.::kCU) f]ue('''1CCj! ('ell ()(.(IG.:;}uq:

f]C'e '('03C('''1

-pwe<' tiko'7cru9"fCe o.::JCq 'C'e'7'w'1CGw"l(, C'9C'Iqc'Ce. trt NOSS:!I'1

juq.:J('q

oz.

LESSON 14

42>

Note : In the section above, from 6~~~~ ~~ao~dO ' s novel a~n~6n ~~aO (first appearing in the Tbilisi journal a6~~~on ' Star ', ' Constellation' in 1966), a group of students at Tbilisi University are taking their (oral) examination in political economy , a course which used to be considered a "snap" since the deaf professor was unable to hear the students' answers . As a consequence the students would answer his questions with any totally irrelevant thought that entered their minds . But, this year, disaster strikes : Professor ~asiane Gogi~aivili has a brand - new hearing aid! Dumbaje, who is from Guria in West Georgia, often uses West Georgian features in his writing, especially in dialogues . A few of these are pointed out in the vocabularies N.B . It is extremely important to be aware of instances of indirect speech, usually marked by - 0 (see sec . 8 . 5) .

422

LESSON 1.4

VOCABULARY
1

jt'inb(ajb mnhn!!:,n
n~a;:)

loud wailing here: was

administer

(lit ., Christ ' s crying)

3~ln3BJa~c:!n
~.:;.no.::d;:J(;b

respected; honored - [see note)

( an exam); here : political
~':;' h ~nconcern

(8.,aI"lB~bb)
~':;'~I!?n
t::!M~'::>

economy
care ~

(examination)is the d . D .

concern ; .::.anb

~.:;.nbl"l.3'::>3b ~;:Jo,:;,

cheek scratch
(woman ' s name)

about this

6fTlC?nb

aMJ!::L~!)hJO':;'

hear; be able to hear

12.1.2 . 4)

(see sec .

dry
~njhl"lob

(up)

(i ntrans.);

here:

freeze in

terror think
virtue; full
(+

bbm6"-':J 0 .::>

charity; instr . )
(pp _ )

kindness

b'3 b 3

8"J
6'::'03c:'''1!?
nFl6

deaf instead of
clover

x..::.

~:J b3 n
d"'''!:P"''c::!:J b
b;r)Uln.::.6n

root
tell s . o .
5
~
(=

sthg.

(about)
"A " )

university grade, U.S .

~ 3~b

b3:JG.::.
3nM"I!?.!>1!I
86Monbal"l~3'::'MJI"l6'::'
Pb=b - d~~3b

03 h~b hearing

personally

curiosity sthg. overcomes 5.0. r un to (H - series id . o . marker) (sub -

ject only singular; sec . 14.1.3); with plural subject, the form
an + b - B3n3(~J6)n~6

is used)

overripe

LESSON 14

423

60b3 n
~3ncno~n

a;:'13,<inJ!J~n

melon yellow (El "grade book," booklet in which course grades are written inscribe; enter 2 (= university grade . U.S.
"0" )

stare at sthg. (H -series id . o.) (here : pluperf . )

2

3 M 3'"

b;:,b:lQM
al"'l:l~n~3b
,:i;:,

i . e ., "What [did the professor] say?" See sec . 8 . 5 . girl sleeve

tug

3!J~PI

;:'d;:,b?

cn3;:,~n

an:/dM:;:'dl:In:l0b

cn3;:'~:I3b

PIX ~b QI.:.6 8M:::l:!I{ln

[what am I to do (opt . ) with/ about thisl stunned ( ~8~n idea, opinion) eye stare at s.o . (H -series id.o . ) this; that (cf. ,)b:':'d, nb : na [West Georgian]) good-far - nothing (derogatory) (qrade , = U. S . "0" 1 - [note] well (interjection) irr . vocative of life
aM81"'16~

l"It'ln

(=

l"'IM.n~6n)

,3,
81"13M6 n
bna"'Bbt::l:J

3:l 6 ,

BA:Ja~n
~':'3b06b

n.:. o08b3Q1'::'?

[opt. of a3n:l0~' fut . n~~ab do; make; see sec. 15.1.1] tear(s) fill sthg . what happened to you? what did you encounter? here in sense of : "What questi.on did

424

LESSON 14

b .... :J1'16,J~n

you get? " goods; merchandise; commodities

circulation; distrihntinn
(Al

(E)

17'" 0 3 ,",6 3'

3

01'1 b\i .... 6n

~ ........ a~ab3,J6b
- a,J!n~n

vegetable garden cUltivate

see sec . B. S . nice; kind

well (interjection used to continue an interrupted conversation)

6 no . . 6 n

6,,0 .... 6b
4

Q'.:>~p:Jhb

here: (passing) g r ade give s.o . a grade (one ' s head)

(A) (no id . a .)

QI .... ,J8 b 1'10.:>

falls down

xa;,sn

a.:.a"b . . bQf'lbn
3- b
a:J'":J
~

g r oup monitor;

proctor

3,6b

(name of the letter 6) here : after <'pp . }

(name of the letter degenerate; idiot

3-0 = ~ . . f'ln ....

~,J8,J6:J,:; .... (n

+ -a)

:l3:l3 n Q',,6 .
.:l!9 MJan

from the bottom

(m . pr o n.)

8 .... Q'aMB3:J6n~n
8n;'JlJlnOl:)ob

downcast

show s . o .
s .o .

sthg.;

point sthg. out t o

3 nlJl ,...8Q1'" o,.; . . e:!n

1'i:J8n fi .... 6fi .... t:!n .... ?

as if (to say) guilt; ault how is i t my fault? such (a) d1sease; illness spring up (subj . sing . ) here : tongue belly; stomach (E)

nb:Jmn
.... 3 .... ~at:lf"l!;l.FT\6 ....

.... 8n 3 .... M[!I:J 0 .:>

:J6,

a~:JO :J I:) n

LESSON 14

425

h'::>3.::>fl(~:16,::> a~6~n

I"Isc:!n
a~:133:1m~6'::> a~b~n 3,,63~~:16b
a.::>~.::>bJC?~3b

fall down forehead sweat

(subject sing.)

o 's knees buckle shake; quiver glance at; leak over at (no d . e . ; H-series id . a . marker) colossal; Lnmense handkerchief dry dry sthg . out (see sec . 11 . 1) lip
lick

30.:)60r:lmJt:!" e b 3 n r:lb.::>bfl"le n aC3M.::>t:)n 8b.::>b a 1'"16 b

~:!Jhn

=t:l M ,3'::>3 b

a n=h 3QlJ.::> 8.::>[!l.::>aQl:J6n 6 SJ b'::> jMJS nlTl ClO::>:!JQln 8'::>!.?"O::>!9bMJO b a o::>n(lnCJ6o::>

recognize; notice; guess (mi=xvd-eb - a) contagious on tiptoe cloth cover smile

NB . : What follows is a description of a hearing aid built into Prof . Gogicaisvili's eyeglasses .

3.::>Mb!:JnbGn
b;b~n

gilt here; s .o. both ear

thick (dat . ) is wearing (pass . of s ta tel

d!)Ob :)JJITlJ6.::> I'lMITl'::>3J = I"IMn3:1

~!)Mn

gla ss; here : lens

oJ>33JbJ6b
(!I.::>(I!)3 b3 b
~3J6b Ql~a.:::'!)33:Jc:! .

stick sthg . in destroy here: which would destroy us see sec. 1 4. 1 .1 . 1 invite 5 . 0 . (d . a.)

(!Io::>oMd.::>6Qlnm

in

426

LESSON 14

(!1"dM1:I3 b

OMOfld,,6 (!1M'
nb:J3

move sthg . see sec . 14 . 1 . 1 . 1

again
invite s.o . (d . a.) in

annp3:J3 b
a,')6':'~:J6n

-3 nlJl

verdict; sentence (in court of law) like (pp . with nom . here)
palm
bn9,')~IJ1M3J

bJ~nba:!l~n bnS':'';IJ1J =

(cf. S':''''IJIM

'broad',

'wide ')

breadth; width; here, declined

as an adj . modifying onC)JIJ1:Jon
x:J~

still
unused

:!lba.:.t'in
On~:Jl7ln

.:::.n(loob

ticket; here : examination question take

af"lnsndt:l:)Ob
= b - O'lbM3 b

consider; think over (o's answer) ask S.D. for s t hg .

here : before

8 3 n (!lF1:)

a '::I(!'o,...."::1 OM:!)G JO b
sndt'in

turn sthg . over thought; thinking

S.D . (H - series id . o . ) tires of

oMOoaflC!'o':'

sthg . , loses patience with

look at sthg. Cid . a . , H-series; no d . D. , see sec. 14.1.4)

mountain near Tbilisi with a church where people used to bring animals

d:Jb"pnt'i.:>3 n
ol"l3 3 :J"'n
an.,3~I'iMob 0'I3;::,~b

for sacrifice sacriice young bull direct a glance at/on s . o . /sthg . worried eye (here = glance) last name (When the family name

b:J3C!'n;,6n
01

3"1:)"

9
83",f'\n

LESSON 14

427

precedes the given name both are declined. )

nZnb
10

~na6;:'Jn

notebook
write down; note

~'::'V~Mb

;:'D:J33

just as; equally; brave it, too

(=

see sec. 14.2.3 'she', ' it ' +

nb ' he',

anQJZ!J~n

' also') accepted; bere: as was the custom at a distance (apart) according to the literary norm, the form QI.:">3 bb Jl!'na. should be used here; sec . 9 . 1.2, 14 .1. 6

-e

3,.,ClM';;:J 0nal (l''-:'3X:J:jncn

a;!}r!'aMn~,.,o"
an~.:">

indifference earth; land rent yes!, of course (lit. , why not) astonishment here: =':''''(IJZb 5.0. becomes happy (here: with Teimuraz's answer) (see sec . 12 . 1.2 .4 ) (II . conj . form of in general conscience
a.:">~nQlnb)

';;:J6[e.:">
flb~Ma.:">B

.::oM.:">! 8.:">.33 nM 3J6;:, t:?.:">.:">c:'Job

8'::'.!Jl>~r:;~:J6"

11

a.bn!:jnI!'J0.::> b.:">JMO'lM(.:! bn6Q1nbn Mb g'lja.:"> !J6(l1b 8 8n6 .:">3 b bba b JCl'MI'1 M"t:?8 b6

even

i t goes without saying; of course moan military

M'::I{~a.:>6.:">B

nbM"'t::'n
="~t::'':>M.n6JZb
oJ="-n"M.,~ - ;)ob
;!) 6 I!'.:">

arms; weapon (s) rattle (cf . English saber - rattling) arm sthg. sthg. (dat.) requires sthg. (nom . )

428

LESSON 14

b<bMX n
~n~ b~~Xb

-- 003hn

~~~n

(with verbal n ouns) expense; expenditure i . e . , great expenditure [requires] much money
pres . of 3Jnmb'::'3b ask sa. sthg.

finding; effort to find, be found, acquire, get

aM3t::!:J6~

to

phenomenon; interrupt

event

12
aJop~3J~n6J/'b
1Il

0 afTl

diminutive of
(aar.

a1:Jna~M.::.3n

m~

here : marks a question

- (3}Jb p.::.t:ln ,
-b~~lI'1)
be

~'-:>8bt7M06'"

present at, attend sthg . Cid . a . )

(only pres. series; see sec . 12.1 . 2 . 4 ) be proper, suitable; here: h o w could yon
th.i.nk such a thing?
r:;"'lMa~"'B

for some reason here: remarkably well lecturer, i . e " professor

see sec .
14. 1 . 1

13
aOb.::.6nC!6'::'3':::'~

~o.1Ij..,hn

oMd..,5tE'JonDl
;:,a.::.~n

proud

a':>.':>BtE':J6 b
a'::'{?'::'!:II:!.::o3.::. 3 b

cut (c lass); play hookey

(E -r I )

h'::'3'::' M (!I,Jo,::,

swallow fall (subj .

14.1.3)

sing . ; see sec .

14
(with imperative : ) just (aor . - (3)~~~3n, - ~~3~j perf. aM~~M~n~) tell s . o .

LESSON 14

429

X J'"

sthg. here: first stone petrify then shake look at s . o . (H -s eries, no d . o .) bite a 's t ongue be overcome with laughter
12 . 1.2 . 4)

:13 0
a.:J.:Jd3.:J3~ob

8 J MJ
a~o~fll3~:P3b
aJbJ~03b
~nJ3J6b

J6,,3 J

a~JBn6:::Jo~

(see sec.

8~af"'l3nO"lb3~
~~n6~3:::J6b

remind 5 . 0 . (H-seri es) of sthg. questioning; examination

ba.::.b
b~3bJ

lower o ' s voice, make o's voice soft, tender full of virtue give s.o. a gift of; sthg . favor s . o . with

b~0'I61'l~onO"l

15

a. . n!9 n jMJob
Jn~:::J3

consider ; think over once more, once again look at (H -series, no d . o . ) turn up forehead above (pp . with dat.; cf. -ze) inside brain apparently; i t seems

:J M (7lb;)t:::I

~~b:::J~~3b

~af"'l~tMn'::'~J6b a;!)O~n

- 8:Jaf"'lO"l
ana
133 n6n

:::JlHI 1'1 0 ~
~a,..,nJn(7lb~3b

read; decipher exchange (i.e., Guram wants to try a (III . conj . )

16
8~aI'lB3~nb

different question)

.:Jal'lnf"'lbM;JOb
~3~63~e!I:J::l~n

begin t o sigh, groan shaking

430

LESSON 14

~,':)e:!)fO)~JO'" (!I"'::'(3n3~03.., 17

slip down
freeze on sthg . remi nd s . o . move sthg . (H-series) of sthg.

a:p"b J 6 J 3b

,:,=.., -drold'; "'3Job ..,.3!:l330':' 1n.::.6

follow s.o./sthg.; here: stick to

(i . e . , an exam question became attached to his hand)

a.:..:. C3 J8J2d,)

stiffen;

freeze

lB;:Jnn

lip ~~hJ6n Ba"'e~61"l6b . (o ' s) lips move slightly nervously 6:J~3n;!)c;J"~

(!i"'::'J".3;!}6 J ob
;!J!9t:'0 0 ..,

rap; tap right; power ask s.o. (a question)

i3:J:Jjnll'lb:Jo.:> a,,38..,Fi.!Jl::!n
,,30
h:Jc:t D

cracked voice
stretch out o 's hand (E
+

a" nc 3:J"';b

I)

al"lL3~~:J6'"

break; here : grow weak (II . conj . form of dMIi:Jbb 'break sthg . ' )

ruin; destroy
a
b~n3:J6~n..,

(note : ..,,,.; + opt . ex-

presses a negative command more as

request)

(!I"':J3"'~a:J3..,

fellowship; scholarship see sec . 12 . 1 .2.4 [note]

.::>n.')

blBn3:J6(!1n.., 3n

here: don ' t talk to me about your f e llowship

MBn

p~nb

~6~b~3n

a friend I hadn ' t seen for twenty

years grave (aar .
- 3~~3nJ - .3~3~ ,

a~a~6~~n

perf .

- 3~~~n~)

follow s.o . down (here in sense: i t d i dn ' t kill me) (note that the ex -

LESSON l4

431

pected h- is absent) that one (i . e., the professor's dead friend) in any case; anyhow

happen to 5 . 0 . ; fut . arl~3'::' , aor . arl~3n~.::. (conjugated as a relative

.!)oJ~;!)Mn

form of arlb 3 l:1'::') unfortunate; i l l - fated touch 5.0.'5 request help 5. 0 .

:!Ja3:J~n b)

'~~~88ob a~~b

(dat . )

heart (fut .

cnbrl3 6 .::.
a3J~nb
a.::.~arlbJ~'::'3b

(dat ., H-series)
5 . 0 .

l ook over at

(dat . )

(no d.o.)

19

;ryb.::.8,::,MOll!:lrlO,::, a.::.a.::. b
JMcn.::.~

injustice that one (i .e., Guram)

(dat . of Ja) (H - series)

80.::.l'03b bnli!:l3.::.b

together put in a good word for s.o .

!:Ia'::'P3nl!:ln

young man; child not . . . but; i . e., not a whole night but .. . Chamberlain (Neville)

I';JaoJM~J6n lTI~bJ6nblTl.::.6.::.

such as you
here : clear clear; bright retreat imagine
(E

a.::.b.::.a:J n

6'::'alJe:!n
:!JJ.::.6 20
~.::.nb:J3b

(E)

l'.::.narln~a:J6b

..... I )

b.:. a n.::.6 n

a.::.cnbrl3,::, Mn
a.::.n~:J0b

(grade) beggar (A)

"e"

(=

"3")

a rl l'!:I'::>e:!:J 0 ':'
a.:.:!}d~:Job

give (usually money) charity ; mercy

grant

here : stand, bear sthg . (aor . - :!}d:J~n , - :!}d~rl) (no d . o . )

432

LESSON 14

awkward person; rogue; here:

3n~aO bO~~~~~06~~n

rascal; (on e ' s)

indigent person; beggar (on e's) face wi th

cover i n g

a,(a ~ )3'''~:J&'
~oI"l0e3",6n

hands rush eu t (subj.

corridor (A)

sing..

sec.

1 4. 1 3)

a:J:J3:J:J'
,;,
"'''' "!)3 ncnb "'3 b

mee t

s .o .

(= ~~"'3nb "'~ ~Jn~b"'3b ,

perfect)

i .e., what grade?

ADDENDA TO VOCABULARY
TITLE
!l!~O~!l!JO~:

birth

aJao6,~6~: membrane aJ ' ~Jt\,O'l!l!JO~: stbg. becomes

connected to sthg.

I.
~~aJ'il30IllJ : (No.) 107 a~~03(J3a~t'!10: polite term of address to a professor.

7.

a~jt'!10~ y~6,~: liL 'I lack ear:

i.e., I am deaf: uY~ou: sup. passiv of state from

~y6,o~.

~3~0~:

a"'~t'!1"'1!!6Jt'!10: unezpeeled

teacher

14.
t\,~~:

enm period (2-3 week period of elaminations

",6,0~60:

bere: wby?

17.

(administered orally)

0'l3306L 3~6,!l!~: I n the I st and

2. ",6,0,

(Any grade below 4 results in a student losing his stipend) 0~J3: again 4. 'lI3301!!~6: from the top
I!!~~~~~a~ ''''!It'!10: s.o. Od.o.)

2nd person. postpositions take the possessive

adjective rather than the

personal pronoun. With pronouns o..l~mLl takes the

dative. jOI!!33: still 3~~"'O~: it seems; apparently

5.

(verb)
1!!~=Oj~6,3JO~: s.o., .thg. is lo.t to

becomes drenched in sweat (no d.o.)

18.

6.
6,,,,at'!10~: tbe head of this

s.o. (here: dies); cr. I!!~= j~6,3~3~ lose

phrase is O"'t'!1"'300

433

LESSON

15

15 . 1 . Formal peculiarities . Unlike the peculiar ities discussed in Lesson 14, these peculiarities are
not so much connected with the meaning of -the verbs as

with their forms . IS.1.l. Suppletion. Verbs which form different series with different stems are said to have Buppletion. In some such verbs, the present stem differs from the stem used in all remaining series, for example, present series b:J~i:)3bJ fut . 6;:.b"3b, aor . 6;:.b.:!J perfect J6",b"'3D 'see'. with other verbs, the present, future, and aorist series may each have a different stem , for
example , pres .

.:::.aofT1ob,

fut.

nl!i~3nb,

aor.

0'133'-::'

' say' .

Most of the common verbs with suppletion have already been presented . Two highly suppletive verbs should be noted : Verbal noun : :1(3)00' ' do, make' Pres . Fut . Aor. Perf.
8 3 4;)6;:'

(root

II .

conj. )

n1!i;:,ab

(I. conj . )

(3l:lJO n (m)
3:)6n;:,

300
(I. conj . )

(I. conj . )

The verb ~;:,~nb meaning 'go ' (in no particular di rection, to and fro), 'wander around', ' go (regular ly) , 2 is conjugated in the present series like other forms of the verb b3~;:' (sec. 4.5) . The remaining series , however, are formed from different stems: Verbal noun: bn~M~~n
Pres . Fut . Aor. Perf .
~;:,~nb

n3t::'nb

(3)no';J(m)
33~n;:,

Pluperf. :J31!:J1"l In terms of the grammatical case of the subject, this verb behaves as a III. conjugation verb, with the subject in the nominative in the present and future series, in the ergative in the aorist series, and in the dative in the perfect series. Note the contrast between 8n(!lnb and ~,l(!lnb:
a~~;:'S:J bJI"l~;:,dn an~nb.

The pupil is going to the school.

434

LESSON lS

a~~~~~

bJM~~aO

~b~nb.

The pupil goes to school .

15.1.2. Changes in the preradical vowel. The following verbs have no preradical vowel in the present series and have the preradical vowel a - in the future and aorist series: Pres . Fut . harm S.D. 3600 b o3 6 0 3b
(H-series id. o . )
~a00b b-~

.::.~a:Job

use sthg . /s . o .
(E
~

(H-series id . 0. )

sthg. harms s.o. b - Xrrlo6nb surpass '::>XI'"l:J b The following verbs have no preradical vowel in the present series and have the preradical vowel i - in the future and aorist series : feel , sense sthg.

8:J6 b

o~806b

I)

recognize
A few verbs have H- series id.c . markers in the present series and u - series markers in the future and aorist series : bite sthg. ~ - Jo:J6b ~J006b (E -+ I)
~ - 3p ~

J06 b

~3~J:J6b ~~ :l:l6 b

(E

-+

I)

:l:J6 b

(E

-+

I)

pinch gore

15.1.3. Verbs conjugated with forms of ~Mnb/~~~6~ 'be'. A small number of III . conjugation and irregular verbs form the present tense (screeve) with the present tense of the verb ' be' as auxiliary: 1. - vap(t)~ 2 . - xar(tJ , 3sg . -s, 3pl. -(n)an. Some of these verbs have already been presented : b3~~ ' go ', ' come ' , etc. (sec . 4.5 ), [!la~b ' be standing ' , 3nb, bbJ(!I.::.6 'be sitting ' , rJ3b 'be lying ' (all sec . 9 . 1 . 3); ~~":;3nb ' run ' (Lesso n 8, note 3), n.:.6b 'a ppear ' , ' seem ' (Lesson 10, vocabulary). Other verbs following this pattern are :

1a~3dr;n3"''':;(IJl) come fast 3~8'::'33"":;( ud resemble s.o.

2.
a~dMnb':''':;(IJl)

3sg.
a~d":;nb

3pl.
a~jMn.::.6

3a"3 b .::. Fl (0'1)

~a':'3b

383.:. 6 .:. 65

LESSON 15

435
.~ab
p~bb ~~~nb

3.~a3"'()
be silent

.~abo"'(.)

~~a~6
p~bo6 ~C!~n,:)6

p~bbo"'(.) 3P~b30"'(.) be troubled, bothered ~."'nb,"'(.) 3~!!,~n3~~("') be similar to, equal

d~nb and ~~bb have other series based on the future screeve forms n:j~I"'I~Job and np;!)bJob respectively. One verb following this pattern has the 3sg. ending - a and occurs only in negative sentences :

~~ 33~~an3~Fi("')

~~ 3~~an -

~~ 3~~a~
n3~MaJ3b.

~~ 3~Ma~6

b ,:)M(I7l)

not be worth The future is based on the form

15 . 1 . 3 . 1 . A limited number of verbs (traditio nally viewed as III . conj . ) have the ending - a in the 3sg . present screeve (instead of - 8) . These are: 1116nt:!~ i t is warm
afln~~

i t is cool i t is hot

8b:J~~
Bn3~

o6J~~
Ja~,.;~

i t is cold i t is dark'
b~.3a~flnbn,:) .

i t is enough The last form is generally replaced by Note also ~M 3~fla above, sec. 15 . 1.3 .

15 . 1 . 4 . II . conjugation forms of root verbs in -eu. Root verbs in -eu (see sec. ).1.4.2) form the future and present series of the II . conjugation in i - without adding the suffix -eb-. Examples:
I.

conj . J'';"J3 b
a~~b303b a~~MJ3:J3b

II .

conj.

choose; select wrap clarify mix send away, make run away

aJnFiIiJ3~
a,:)Jb3:J3~

a~:JMJ3:J3~

,:,=fl:J3 b
a,:,~:jB:J3b

,:) nM 03;::'
a~n:jB:J3~

nm away

There is great variation in the forma tion o the II .

436

LESSON ].5

conjugation aorist series sereeves of such verbs. For some II. conjugation forms of verbs in -ev the forma -

tion of the aorist series is as in sec.

S.l . 3.e.

a~(3)~b3n~(~) .:::.n,,:1:J3':::' : o(3)n"n~(~) For others, the first and second persons are regular, but the third person loses the - i - (whi ch comes from

a.:::.o b 3:J3":

-ev.

sec .

5 . 3 . 2 . 2)

0;)n":'1'\03':> :

a~(3)n"hnJ(~)

a~O"33030:

aO(3)O"33no(~)

A third (and much smaller) group loses the -ev completely in all persons; the vowel e is inserted before the final consonant of the root in the first and sec ond persons; the endings are strong. The most common root following this pattern is kaev-:
aond8J3~ : aO(3)nd~8n(~) aond8~

15 . 1 . 5 . Irregular verbs in -eb. -ob with inserted vowel in the aorist . A very limited number of verbs in - eb a n d - oh which have no root vowel insert the vowel e or a in the first and second persons of the aorist . (In general, a is inserted before rand e elsewhere , but no t e nB6M3~ below . ) Such verbs t ake strong endin gs in the first and second persons, but tend to take - 0 in the third person singular . Examples : Fut ure 3sg . Aor i st 2sg. Aorist 3sg .
a;:'~86:Job 8~..'>a:J6n

".3~:Jo b
(lS . l . 7 )
a~obfiMOob aJd~Job
~=.:>hc:,JJob

n.3:Jt'J"

8..'>;:,a 6 ,., "31::11"1

3f'\.;) 0rt:;,..,

find t h e way diminish precede support touch feel conquer pi.erce lean on stop sthg . up

a. . i:lbv"r:;n
CI:Jd8e:)n ;:,h:)(:!n naMd;)6 n f!I.:: n3 8;:,Mn
f!I~;:.bJ3n

a;)d~,.,
.:>b~1"l

nat'id6Mob
(lS . l.2)
~;:,n38MM6b
~;:,;:,bI"l6b

na Md6 1"1 {l'..'>.,38 MM

~;:..::.bl"l

(root sv - )
~";:'~MI261"l6b

(!I.::o"~M~;)6n

(!I':>':> !;M (!I6,.,

~':>!)BM

(!!"~Bl"lob

(!I"!l6:J3 n

LESSON 15

437

(root cv-)

n B6M(;b

(15.1.2)

know, recog nize

Note also the following II. conjugation verb : become drunk ~~11'131'1:)(;~ ~~1113:)~n
15.1.6. "compound" verbs with - !:jM!9b . The verb !:;lM!9bB occurs with a limited number of adjectives and parti ciple forms, which behave as if they were preverbs. Such "compound" verbs have no future series screeves, although the screeves of the present, aorist, and perfect series are found . Such verbs include the follow ~ng (forms are 3sg . present) :

~8A~63J~~MSb

guarantee, secure
~33~~3~M!9b

cf . ~aA~63J~n unworried, unconcerned

~J3~~3n

immortalize
6~1I'1:)~!::!MSb

immortal
6~II'1Jt:::In

clarify
Bl:.b~l::I ""!9b

clear; bright
{3b,,~n

prove
~~M!::!I"I!9b

negate
bM~l::!l::Il"I!9b

clear !l,!)Mn refusal

bM:9t::1" complete
]36J6J~n

complete, perfect
]36J6J~~M~b

render harmless
a:J:!)A~ab~""!9b

safe; unharmed
aJ~M~BI:."

humiliate
;!)8!l~:J(;;:)~!::!M!9b

(Old Geo. : worthless; rabble)

neglect; disregard Since the first element of the verb functions as a preverb, the v - marking the first person (as well as object markers and preradical vowels) occur after i t , for example: Bb,!)~3l::1MS . Present series forms are regular . Note aorist series forms :

438

LESSON 15

ab "f!lH30 b
Optative: Bb"CE'(3)l;;IM(0"I), 3S9 . eb<\)~H ..... b The presen1 perfect has the form Bb"~~H3n" and the pluperfect Bb~JH~ '

IS . l . 7 . Present series in -ul ob -, - Zob-. A small number of I . conjugation verbs have present series forms in - ulob - or _ ilob _ 9 but form the future series not by means of a preverb but rather with the preradical vowel i- and usually a future stem formant ( - eb,

- av , - i) .

Some of these verbs have occurred in previ3"';!lc:)",3b ' find';

nHn~nG , pres . l:P"'~;!l~ ..... 6b

ous lessons, for example, fut. n3nmb"3h , pres. JnO"lh~~I"I2Ib 'read'; nbJbb:Job pres . b:Jbb;!l~('13b 'borrow ' ;
n31"13nb , pres .

'buy'.

Other verbs of this type are: Future Present

nmbf"l3 b

O"IbMDc:!MOb
Jnb';:!J~"'6b JI:::I:J3~l:::Il"1ob
t:l M B.!Ic:!M6b

nJnbflJob
n3~:J3b n~I"IB:J3b

na'::'IiJob

a .::. II .!I 1:::11'"1 6 b

borrow take on; shoulder lessen; diminish pray increase

long for s . 0 . ind take on o . s . (e . g ., responsibility) get ; obtain In addition, a few verbs may have forms in -ut ab in the present series alongside regular formations. These verbs are:

n6'::'lI'1J6b n6.::.b.::. 3 b nIB3 nfl O'l;J3b

6'::'18r:i;!]c:t1"l6b 6.::.b.!lc:!I'"IOb 113 n r:i0'l.!lc::!1"I6b

Future a.::. n aJ6b

Present

8nnt:;J:Job

~OnsnB:J6b ~.::.nsna'::'3b

nao3b or 806.!1c::!1"'I3b n~06b or t:;J06.!1~M6b nsnB:J 6b

understand get; receive swear on o . s .

!1S~ n~:J6

{ n~nl3'::'3b n~:J6b CFI'::'3b or

~J3.!1~1"I6btake

0'I'::'3 b

For some authorities, the two present forms ara equivalent in meaning , whereas for others , the forms in -ulob are iterative in meaning, that is, denote regular , repeated events, while the regular formations de -

LESSON 15

439

note one-time actions . Yet others prefer the regular forms. Compare the following:
~b a~p~~:J J~~a~~ b~~3~~6b ~~ banM~~ ~~6~~~6b
b.:!)01n~6:J6b

.
J~M:J3m~6 n~J3~~ b~~aMJ6b.

This pupil studies well and often receives A's .

a~aaJ ~~Mo~anb

The manager was receiving the guests at the door of the hall .

15 . 1 . 8 .

"Truncated" imperatives. In the colloquial language a number of verbs have shortened imperatives alongside the regular formations . In general, in the truncated imperative the final syllable of the regularly formed imperative is dropped . Examples are: Verb
~~a:J3~

Regular imperative
~1::':J;jn!

Truncated imperative

~"'X~83o."lo
aObO~'3b
U!~b~It'~3b
a~aB~ab

~"'X:J;jn! aObO~O!
U!~b:JU!:J!

o."lo1::'8! l!:"'X:J'
O.Jb:J!

stand up sit down look look give me give him catch wait come

3nb s o3b
~'n,o';b
aMnB~nb Po."lodl"13~

al"la:JBn! dn:JBn! (!Io."lon!nFi.J!

a~nB;:'~~! ~ ~a"'l(~n!

(!I.::.b:J! aMa:J ! an:J! t:'.::.n!n! dMnB;:'! V.:. a l"1!

15 . 1 . 9 . Apparently irregular II . conjugation verbs . Most II . conjugation verbs in i - are derived from cor responding I . conjugation verbs . Since the roots of I . conjugation verbs and the corresponding II. conjugation verbs are generally identical in the aorist, if the I. conjugation verb is irregular in any way, the corresponding II . conjugation verb will almost always show the same irregularity. At times, however , the I. conjugation verb from which the II . conjugation form is derived is no 10nger in use or has acquired a dif ferent or more specific meaning so that the II. conjuga tion form is either the only form or the more common one . Such a II . conjugation verb may then show irreg ularities that are not predictable from its dictionary entry form . An example is the II . conjugation verb a~~~.:.nB3~~6~ ' pass away' , whicq has a i~serted in all persons of the aorist : a,:,M~~(3)nB3':'t:1.J(IJl) t a~f1~.:.nB3.:J~~ .

440

LESSON 15

This verb has the same root as the verb aJB3~nb ' change ' , from which the II . conjugation form exists , however , so that the prediction of the vowel insertion is not possible for a""M~...,ne3~:J6"" .
a :J"e3~:J6.::.
is derived .

A form *a...,""~.:.e3C!ln b

no lo n ger

15 . 2 . wordbuilding: Special functions of preverbs . Preverbs generally have a clear directional meaning when they occur with verbs of mo t ion . In most other circumstances they usually serve to perfectivize and often change the meaning of the nonprefixed verb . In such instances i t is difficult, if not impossible, to predict the meaning that a given preverb will give to a verb . There are some instances, however, when the preverb a given verb normally takes is replaced by an other preverb, and the resultant meaning is predictable . We have seen an example of this in the use of da - to indicate a plural object with I . conjugation verbs and a plural subject with II . conjugation verbs (sec.14 . l . 3) . Other such preverbs which add a specific nuance include: a . gada- : This preverb can correspond to Engl i s h ~e (in the sense of do ing something again) Ex amples :
~'68;~'3b print a,~o6J;~o3b repr in t
a'::'~.::ln~nJ3b

.::lnr'll'i:::J3 b elect 8.::l.::lJOO'lOob make

reelect
a.::l~.:J'::'J:Jcn06b

remake

a.::lt!'.::lvor'lb rewrite b . se -: This preverb can convey a nuance of ' a Examlittle', 'a bit', 'not quite', 'incompletely '. pIes:
a.::l~nO'l~~:::J6.::l

aovnlJl~t!'06'::'

blush
~.::l11l3r'1:::JO.::l

ge t drunk a":'';:'l1lor'l6b warm sthg .

~.;:, n 83n.;:,6:::Job

blush a bit ClOcn3 M;J6'::' become tipsy O.::ll1loI"l6b warm sthg. a little

be late

O-on a3 n .;:,6:J6b be somewhat late

LESSON 15

441

Similar meanings can be conveyed by Examples : a:Jb3oa b drink ar'lb3':)ab I!',:)OJM~J6,:) grow old ar'l~JM~J~,:) c . 9a-: This preverb can have a to that of !e- above:

the preverb mo -. drink a bit . some age slightly similar meaning

help 5 . 0 . a bit It can also denote an action that is performed superficially. hurriedly . Examples :

(p,:)n6,:)6b
f,:)n~,:)6b

b:J~b

wash o's hands

b:J~b

wash a ' s hands carelessly b,:):!.laaM6b (fut.) nb,:)~aa:J~b have breakfast f,:)nb~~aa:J3b (fut . ) have a quick breakfast It can also denote (similarly to the Russian prefix no- ) an action performed for a short time. With III. conjugation verbs the prefixed forms occur only in the future series and those series derived from it, not in the present series . Examples: naCl:JM:J~b (fut . ) sing
li n a~:J';:JiIb

sing a little bit n~,:)3,:)~,:)3:Job (fut . ) talk

p,:)nt;l,:)3,:)M'::'J:J 0b
talk for a while

\!,,:)ndnGJ6b
go to sleep
p.::.ndn6:J~b

sleep for a bit

442

LESSON

~5

LESSON 15:
1.

No t es

The nouns OMI"'I8.:) 'labor' and ga6.:) 'verb' are his torically verbal nouns from a3~03.:) and n8~ab respectively . 2. This verb is somewhat similar in its usage to Russian XO~HTb; i t tends to be translated into English as ' goes' rather than as 'is going'. 3. For the aorist series of this verb, see sec . 15.1.5. The perfect is also irregular: :!)3Fid36n~ . Note also the reflexive aFid61"'13b 1JI.:)3b 'feel', i . e . , Fil"'l3MFi aFid61"'13~ ~~3b? ' How do you feel? '
4. A present n B61"'13b also exists. forms, see Lesson 7 , Vocabulary.

For the aorist

5. In addition to ~a3~6.:)6J the fOllowing verbs also have - ( a ) nan in the 3pl. of the present screeve : a~'::'3b: a~3~6.:)6 have s.o. (sec . l2.l.3 . b)
~3.:)b :

~a.:)6.::.6

P:J3 b :

173.:)6.::.6
al"'la~f"I6~6

be standing (sec . 9 . 1.3) be lying down (sec . 9.1 . 3) like

aMapM6 b :

6. These forms, which are derived from the corresponding adjectives 1J13n~n, a~n~n, ab0~n , Bn3n , 36J~n and refer to weather, cannot be replaced by sequences of these adjectives + ':)Mnb; i . e . , ' i t is cold ' can only be Gn3~ . never *an3n.:). Compare IV . conj . forms such as aGn3~ ' I am cold' , 3ab0t1.:> ' you are hot', ba16n~.:) ' he is warm ' , but 17H.:)~n Bn3n.::. 'the water is cold ' .

7a . No t e the formation of tbe 3pl . aorist of these verbs : a .::. ~b3 n36 ~ 6, .::. nM n36 ~6 . 7 b. Th ere is much varia t ion in the 3rd person sing . of the aorists of these verbs : t h ey can be conj u gated r egular ly : a.:)( 3)~~ J3 nJ(~ ) ' a'::'JMJ 3 n.::. or the i can be lost in the 3~d person ~ a '::'(3)J~J 3 " O (~ ) ' a '::' J~J3'::'.
:::I ... ~b i s the only verb in Georryian with a It occurs most commonly with the preverb g a - : 3~~"'5b ' divide'. with the preradical vowel 1.4- i t used to mean ' do', 'make ' , and this meaning is pre served in a few fixed expressions, such as:

U.

The verb

F/PSF - op.

M~

:!)~ ...

a.:)6 a.:)b?

What did he do to him?

17th century illustration Vepxistqaosani

444

LESSON 15

Read; n 9 Pa ssage
1

rr 88nv6n C,lv8eJ"

(Contin ua tion )

a....r:""~ &'O<:'OJM a.a..,a~3" <l'0"'0'll6oL &M~~D. 01.0 0 'O~a"'l!'> ao"'o .c,...a ~"'" aM3~0~0. ~06~6 ~.a..,a",~ .. JoI>o~ ~.3~030 .... r:"" L"'1lDt.-" Mbo ",..,a ~"3o<l'n, 3n&"'d06n,ao~'O"'o&<!' .
\:l3tJCn "3nbn~a. a'O~JC') Jn2ltJL cn'Y,]~:l ~a~ bn,::,n~n linJ';")n4,. j3tJ',(1 ~C'):l~M, ~o)::I3a~()O) 3(').)1"hL t?,)::t~1)P'l2I~~ 0')0.)6 0't3.)c:'o

LJ.:n.3 ~.aloJ o. ~oa L linl'l2:.nm aoV'.>IJ (7)bt4n~,) ~,) ~ob:l~i:l

a.aM30~0 ~.

Ao>u 3n::fOMnM - 3JncnbO &'OcnJ(') a~.:J,o,.:.. 'O~::tMcn :)L ' Eio'36~ 0)0>30 &0)03600) ~,) &o>&ho&(!>", a '::) 6n3D~no:lO~ ~~'3n o
-

"'" a>o"<:'O&<l'.

vn6 ~ .o'OoJ'O<::'" aMaM!io

,)::t~,) 3.,L'b:l 3->o.:M')

~n3'06.:.L, MrJ.3Dt:"OO arl~~n~ "I.?&'> ~,)~.,Ma'O~ 6D~n3 " Q')

t!>,) ~na:la~,). &(0)&(")6.) b'3oM-b'3~~ .xl~Dt?~t!>,) bM~n. ~.l,

0')'0 a.,)O"~t?,)o("I, t?o) a,')M-D nUDa ~ nt03 cnbM0t!>,) t?" ,)::I~':' cn~ tab":) 3oV.w, bn,3n JO 0t!>&o) &i)'06df,a3c:'~, aM"n~, t!>i) i)~ &.)(77 01.100 a.i)~nl.J a(")~t!>n6"3 n ~na:l aP'lC!"i) t!>,) nc!?naD~I.!' .:o a.~'3n 3.:.ol,.nL av3~O I.!',) mOnc-n t!>~ n\.?&,). 3 ltV~1.!' .:.a a.)nlmtJ ~ 0)&.'<.:" C?c:.'OL "'aan (")Mn.>6nL V::l,)~on~ lJ,:,bac:-avOlfiM &OOMOnL o~~,)cn 2iS 3o>EiOOX'lO'l') t!") 40 J.:..)nJn'71

'll::l<::",L na a.6L"OJ"'1l"'0&0t:' J>Oo&M"'o.L oJ'O~36oL. "'M3O<::"'O 0"<l'.6 ~.aM3~6nc-L &.3 L. aa. "'M&M"'o 3"00ML.6 J<><:P. a'O<l'.a a OJ3""'~. L.ao &a M>o..,a a.d<::':l3l?606 L0'>306~0.L . "'>o..,a aoJ3~''3~606 L.'lIoanL.:t3<:"Mt. .,a C!?3cnon1" S,)~'O~.:.c',n ~'OC'<"~~ ~,) ~'ao a .,) ~~0305J ~
~0"0""'<l'. L00306<l'0.
~6D 6 "'V"3~ ~n~ aoo::Jbn ~"3,)~ .:.a.olu.,

an

oJ., aD&tJ\:"D2.(')~.:.

J30~.6"0 LO'O<l'060n. <'>M3oc-L>o ~oa'l>o ::I'll""" L30"'<l'O~M~. t,on3D&:~~ ,)fi Fl03'b:) 'Ocni?M LOM~6~,); 3nl.m cn.4Jo. .l("l~<>t .:J.t:",) 20. '01.0 030 6""",,. 3o,oJo '060ao""'0000oL &><:>~o ~. 3'OoJo"'<l'" 3>0""''' ~"'1l_.6 a Ma M6.L, ",..,a0~0 1>o3'06.L "'&3. ~>O"~"3MD~nli., ~h)

aot..

a~~3,)'bD ;)~,)L'Ot:'n~(O).

~~'O~,) ~oj3,)

'303n3bO<!'.)

(!)'>

&..>30006"...

At) M3n.>, &030' - - 3JnO')bo. 3"3.:.L c:"'Ci.::. l~30->t aD Ml - ao~~'Oh,) 3C")a("lb~ ~.;: 30 L a3"a""'o> - "0"'0. V~.c-L ",..,a .L~.a 'llo~o&"o. "'" ao~o6n> .c,...a a>O"3~oL'

&::)1 (7)~3.16btJt:';) ~ 3o::t03~. &03"'" a3.a~0. ~. bMa ~"3"" """aM<'> &"3o"~o- - &"3..1>00,

'O6"<!',) &,)('j~MlII DaMD In J., n'b~a2.o~.

LESSON 15

44 5

LO'O I'IOao 2:10>3(13('1)2:10> 0('1)&(")60>3 033no'1 ~ilIO')3~Oh-"0>3~o)"<::"'0"" 5 - hoL 3~""" - aJ"""'. ::Jon~ a.6. - J,*,o>Jo0>6 3'O~L. ~dau, ~')c1:pL, 6~O~3~L_ .. - (!~30V~J enat:"o> oaJo(!0>6; OO~'\O ~~ a030~o, 60~V~30 aO>(!~lj~~ ~,)
&>a~a"""o.

aJocnb.:. a('l)a(016~ . Irto>, ~~, - 3JomhO 3a - .b"" hoL 3.3m' o>~t:"o> JO(!)03 ~o> ao~ (!.:. dqn ~~ (10330>3, aL ~M aoon! - 0~'Oon60 a~(")6.,L . ~, aJ"""'. &"'<1....3. - ,<",oMa (!? l>On3a 6(!?0> (!?3J""'an' .- /-'.:0' - l,0n30 6(!>>0..! - L>(!? (!?J""'anm? - - h. L,,\!? (!?>aJ""'an' - .:on, ~3 m33(')O), Irt .. (!)"J~m' ~3aMcnM, M...3t?OIin (lOJno"Jh3a2:l0 C'(Jo.l6 2:I':'3'3aaMJ ... ""'.~lDhn "'" (!?.anJ""'a>aL. onh::Jaho - cnJao ~~ do.., ~ .. (!)O>J'*'aa' - lOhlOO::J::Ja-aM&n<:,o - h~' .- lac',....)a-Oo-'03-3rl-on-t:":)! ~..3,o3.:.c'>OOt:'O aa. C7).,):; 3nb~~o>, MM3 0>3 L~a~ 3.:J~""" a"OaOrlM.:J~~" (!).. CJ'),)Ju t?.:.3MiaoOO(!)o>, a"ah,3 3Mb~.. l, ..LV,:,'O~. ---..lO M30 6(!)'OOrlont:"O' - 3J(')O)b.. '0002:1 2:10330>. >-oj. hM&""" &.~nc-b""'. an~M'!l .yn .aMI!?" a./) 0>t:'~"<l'06' .o::J&(!?a L<>o~o. ~.~a ",,1I.L. - "'" .aM'OO(!?O. O><'>haa &~aa~n' - &~hmho"" 0>3. &o3n 06dhO::J<:' "'" & - o,,~ '30' ~M'nDlrtn b*,' - aJn<.Db.:. ~'3.,a. - oLa. 01- n1lo:ll>! - .:.a.:., bot:'" a~'060! - 30 3rl3~60 hO<.:'D (.?O> J'01i<n1 (?0>300MO- on3n L~306aoDt:'" O')()O'Jno'I ~':'->V3':' r.03L J06cnL, (It'">V(')6!)2:lnL 6n'36~ ~~t:'t'">Jn6.:. ~ .. 3Jrxnb.:.:
-

.:o~~'

3m ..'\!)
~,)

~(')600MO

b..M,

M.. !

JO! -

~,)(7)a'\o! ~~'\':}.') o'O~n.

446

LESSON 15
- dn") ltO.,)t:'n6"tJ 3MDMt)3n' L'Ohob a(")~06"3n 3.>n6"~.,). 3Jr"Jo<b,) ~.,)3'33a.,) 'OU3~ ~,) 3")

3n ",inmn,iocn a.,)3ftbn~n 3(")aMI)"u 4anl)~ ntl M .ionn~ ~.,) n~" ~tJ 3nOtlM~n, an ba.:JJ .,m 3~nb~n. dn" l.o6.;.C'n6L aM<)M<)aO' - 3Jromb" .. b~ &~z.....fi....a. 10 - n3.,L M") a(Yl:)Mn3~ ~ndn"! - 3m,i31"1 3n ~.,) ->3t?D';""

""3"300.3. 'd30&~ .aMoL::I6mJo~

MtI(")'tl.:., 'OJ33 t?nt?n fI.>M!-3'Omb..An an t: .."a.:.IJ, 3h~b'3n h:lc:n aM3Jn~n, "3v n n ~I).>J (?.,) aoV'ft(?,)6 "aM3mh~ . 2>1"13 3 .,) 'Bnbo2>n "3:),)(7,,)3,)0,), aOMn nMcn3"l)om~:l 3o~"J':J6" \P" anv" F!.xJM.
<")b:l~'"

l,,')bC''31''1 MMoa 3nb3.)C'. dnt:'n4 vo6 J~,).3n"on 3'OMn 3.>3n ~.) (?nt:'.:.L 4'OC' (?n(?n, (?~o O>t?a.o 2ln . - 3"JM(JO \p.,) 3~.:.'b:l (?.)aI,,3 D. a~nb,)M, d n .)' aJl"lmb" a'Q~,)v::t3nOnc::-a.::. C'.;::a.:.a . d03\Pn3.::.M ")3.), '3 n i)n J':Ji)mo a"F!anl)n! C'.)'3.)d V3M!lC'''' aJC".:.an aM~'06.), Jnl"MoIJ d"Mt:'aDbo t!'.::.';o3.), I,,';jQm,i3'" 'd~nJM" C::'"

l)"b3"a~()I".

a...a ..aOO"'(!>
12

an mnmo t!''''3.)'; nMO J'06m'b0 - .>-o!' '30 6 a n6 ~M'tl0c;:>b~, J.)(jM! - &.XJoJ30M(?,,) aO. ~'3,) a')oO~M,) (?'::' n.)1" a,)t?~n(?->. - b3->C' 'O'!IMM ~rlboOMn 3o,ji)t)bn, J")M.:.jn.)6 30MI" '3333,,31~.)a.:.MO(?,) C'->'3.>3. - ->0.), "anS nun, mn d3') b.>M, ,)1-, t!'.,3.)(!?,)C'o:.OC""l!. - 3cnhC""l30 30 t!'.) b~~0>6 a.>3M3Dt?n .

13

F!na n (O)O),::,bn, 3.>M"'bnl,, bD30L a~136n3 Mrla It.:.bc:-n t?3.,L, nan\"

aOMO>bO ~""""::I<:>nL "::I>a::l<::>'do,. ~MU"3C'omom (!>, (!>"j,"3C':;3MCnMDO t:'<' 6"'::'&')31"1, u.::.ab~O?n(?.)b 'Dbn30MlloOOOO rlO?.,bnlt '!I~(")~n 3.:.a"'.,3 lt~06.,)(') tJ.::.aa~OC'rl'3o 31"11)1"11" ';nMnlt '3::JC?->3,)O')().>6" 'tl~n3(Jn 3.::.t?~t!"OL JOO?nC''3~t:''OMo an'b600'). (")O?"bnL .>JOIn MMO It.::.VM~. aMmn tJ.:.VOMn a.:.an~, L.xJo LJ..3oO?", ~.., aMen<"> J~om &.)6nlt.)~C?3MOa.,). J'*'~"'''ao It.:.a6",)boa,)~)O cnn'tlCln (,!).) 4 31"13.::. ~~Jn .) m.::.a nLn J(")a'b03nO?.) t!',) F..:.Ga~02H)O'. "'.:.0 '300boo.) o.::.6t.,->03o~. anOn L,)J~n an (1)anm(")6 3.:.M, M')U a.:3.,)F!l)n.,). 'hO(,!)JO mom JDO?()C'n an'b("'J.21C:-DOo 3.::.M.)'bnoL bDanlt .::.a(")L->3 u 02l~ In, 1:.xl'b.:MD'OC'rl'bn a"at:'Om, 26 J3~"'->O'OC'" 306Mn.>, 3->o.::.Mn30C'"') MM3MMO 20,
aDL"'~3MD3n.::.6, F!~OC'Mn~.)&

CRt,uC.Ol
.....:1u"""'O
('Q) .... CflDC

-it.)9w~~F

'CD<''i!w~~e<'~-

."CC Ce

uCZu e~ 'uQ)C~Cue 0e w.:JuCe, 'qs('qOluQ) 'co.:JQcCRAC.g<'cz err:'

:u:::Jc.~",c.~

eo."l!.e -

'.OlCol

"'i"'i.".eo~
'(,~t.:Il~e"'cz
('Ii)

"';;'CpCCe. 'qqC')"( .Ol...:JC

'~<"qQ}uQl

g<'u..:Jo;op
51

~uce.

'<'czwic.y<"e"'cz -

et)ue u.9C~czuC

Ce

vec'aI

'tol~uce. '<'czwi~et'cz CgwCZuc<"cz ('0) C~~qe 'leC'aI UCIXO eo.,,~.e 'uC.R"';;'CCOf'C.~

('Q)t

cc.yce "('Q)wqCQ)qwe <'''J oQ)~CC <"Gl uczc..::kc(Q

~eCqc.Ol Ol~C

Ce 'w'::>pcece. .".
'9cree'al
Ce
('Q)

('0) uc('~u~C.CZc9c'7CZcce.

('Q}wQ),9ue ...... CFlD,SC'1 U'lue ('Qk.)e'1ce

cere

'wulu'lC'9

u~C9 g<'~p '~c9

.IbGlwe uCZu

'('Q)czll;;)

..o()c.~ uluM Ue"'I) u.Zl~COwec'CZ

.:::lcI'} 'l""e

('.;:;)qoc:"

'('Q)CQ)

uec'II
('0)

wRu .,C

<,G:l9WFr Uluq:c.;:;)uczr

~qoc.ycc u~(' ('0) ('Q)wczceu~

ufO ~ce "<'0l9(''aI ~cCZc9ue.ce. u~c g<'~~ce~

('e~ ('9C'c~U('A u'ilu

. . . efK.f'C'e<'e
C:'q<'f1eC'OXOCZ

cc.yce

'('Owr<'e

cq.,Ok,Icre
<,~cIkE'

uyCi'i"( "puc""'eo~ cq._q q""" queo"' 'su~ q"';;'~ ~I ue,q<>w eo o.e.::>cew." 'q.::>oF eo .Olc~r ""'."o-q o~u .. ~a.;;,.rs.rc.
uczG''alcQ
('0,)

uczc.:JCq '1('e '('CZax-

u..::l<'F

sue,coe Q)<'9e.u~

<,ogf'C<'Ol uCc-U) ewru.::lC 'I'}wr"":)c ''1.:)c~ce 'luc.y<,r '1ec'J ('OlCqCe. CDU'i!:C~Cc.o u.:lCqCsue.ce. 9<"e CtrCe 1('>Q)~c;:IC,""'('>e 11('>
q.::>oc~

'1UCZW~9('(,O

,.::>oF

t)uE('>r'l quk.i.i)oC "'<'fco'lu.:lC~ uec~ Q)~wqe o('>wet)ce ce ' <"O)~c -~'~~ CaC~oq l' 'Y~CI)U~~'1 ue.~('>ww 9cs~",u~ece. 9 cr
4~a.".r ~c'::>'i""\ce "oFc.~ sar.qu~c'::>~wq.ce ~a.;;,.c~

""'""' .,.,.CID.". ..oce '''';;'.u.,,

."..,.

u~c"'eoA<l"';;'Cq

a."ce

o:ou"csu~O) ...0) OkCu.;:)p<Y"9<"q w<ytoc. ('>~~ '('>~cfOt'~O) CC.,u

<ol

uQuCR~Ce. u.".~c.q ~coc .e.::>oF ~ru~cf. SCsol -ccsfu 'l~cCo w~c9('>9c,;1 u~c~<i!w<4ce 'u~<i!e('> wP'1'i?<.'g<'ii! CC'l'"

c."ce ..."CRue 'lS"q oQ..,o '.OlCqece, Ol.iiluCe.e .e.::>oF .".""'

...uccoFcwe qoc <.'<i!cwQx.<tc~ t)ucwec~ ''r''(k.ux.~ <,ci)w<lcc~ (,O"'~ uQ.)Cq ('>0) o('><uwQ:ceui,;)o c('>9Cilow c<"s~ ul2() '<,,<ui,u ~<"F
~Q)~e"'~ 'qu~1'} ()~CtO u~u.:JUk-Q) Ok~Ow<"'l '<"~~f '1"'9~ce. oCq..::>cew." 'q.::>w.!\<'q sCsox..cc'!"'ece. 'l'>"'~ usuqu ~~c.;,~wq.ce
~C::u cq.C<"'l uqc:"<lXo) uec~ '<.'wccrcewe ~c.:JqCe ,<,'-!<'ue<'Q) o('>e.:JcQ _g<~c

c.'e.9<"Q 'uQ)c<"cFC<-"

c<4.:Ju~<" 0) CUkCCe. . ut.J<"r quq<'UXoJ

.... OlCq~ ('()W ,r 'lustoc,?,cO) 'oOlwoQ)C<" Q)w'lu.;::)<"qC c,\c~or

~ccwQc

to1

OXoow Q)w~c('1) q'i<"r 9<" ' ~CCwQCC ~c~wq,Ce <tQ)CCqeC'e. CC<"r1

-'::>CC."U(
I. to to

~C""'')"~

qW'l'Ol

qu.::>C'1"'eo~

S.iiluqo""" ewOueo

~uco.e

51 NOSS:I'T

448

LE SSON 15

Vocabulary

accompany s.o.
~:Jt'.::J !9 ~6n
;!)baM~

(aor . irr .:

- (3) !:f::J3n, - :3!:f3'::' perf. -38M~n,:,) corridor CA); n b nB "" n6 + -(3

silently (h8.::.
=

voice}

MMa
al"1b::J~':'3b
1J1.::.6~'::'1Jl.::.6

here : when

look at

(no d.c., H-series id . c.

markers)

h,(aM)MhJO'

gradually remain behind; here: fall behind

stairs; staircase
( see go down sthg.

Jn6J
.ei.::.3!:13J6.':1
6n~n

a'::'';'!::I3::J3.::. above

for forms )

here:

last

b.':lS8 b :!}M.n

step here: when

I felt (that) she was looking at me ( note that there is no conjunction here) .

"Ma
3 .... ofi.d:)6 .... .
an8:9tciJo~,::,

a",d6MOb
8:J3 n01
0~~~~" J ob
.::.ob:J~'::'3b

eel(see sec. 15 , 1.5) up, upward(s), upstairs

look at s . o . , sthg. ( no d.c . )

6 0 ,3.::.30

look up chin
under
(pp . )

d3 JO
;::,8M(!l:Job
n~.::.tl3n

put; place sthg . under sthg. Lesson 13, vocabulary)

elbow

(see

8M.::.x ntcin
l!'::''::'8 Ml!6I"1ob

banister
lean sthg. on sthg .
=

(sup . )

(here

relative II. conj . , pluper fect )

while, at the same time

LESSON 15

449

aP'l':>8n~Job

tear sthg .

away from s.o.

Mob
8,:)na~~013':)

;o)~f\8P'15~

here; why straighten 0.5 . negation

up

8;)n:j603b a;:,;:,of\:!)GOob
f1~B:!)8:j;o)~n

0'l~3b

shake o 's head turn sthg . around, back crouched; squatting down shovel (A) earth dig smaller than she l i ttle boy {nontrunc.l submissive; humble; newly planted young plant; smile sapling obedient

6nhoon
an~~

l25=cnbMnb
d;)b~O 3~I.;)Mb

on!;o)6;:.
ar1Mf1n~n ;:.bbc:!~':>Mall~n

6 oMan
8bnC,1ndo6~
banM - ban~;)~

o(a~)b:J~o3b ~6;),

very often look up at s.o., sthg.

(H - series)

O'l:!) 8;)n~~M~bM

well, has he grown (yet)? (presented as the thought of the little girl, note the particle - 0 at the end, = as if to say)

nb.J3
a~!l6dM.J3.JC)n
aMC!lM~n6n
a~nbn

again mot i onless

(E)

~~Mn

n(,8':>
3

(VN) waiting; expectation May (good) weather here; i t , there was budget
~b

on;!)XJln
a;)b~3;:.C!n

275 db6.
J~3 .

40

expense (pre - 1961 currency;

in post-1961 54 copecks)

currency = 27 rubles,

450

LESSON 15

B:J~

aaof! 02d,)

reduce

a.:. 6b ':'63 n !JMJ3Jt::l n

.J-.3~cn36nb

remarkable; astonishing tE) belong to (III . conj . only pres. series) sky (sthg . ) fallen down (participle from

~,(a~)3'''~J') be similar to (s ee sec. 15.1 . 3) (note deletion of h-)

3.:lnMb.::.6n

an-33 nMb
r:l.::.a
(nom . )

h o nest; honorable be astonished (IV . conj . )

=

a.::.:j3 ncn ':'3 b

b.:.aJaMb'::'3~1'I

M.:la:J thing fine; tax; exact

(a fine,

tax, etc . )

income

(tax)

(a':'l!'.:.b.:.b.~:>(~n)

6~1i:~d':'Mn
I'\.:.an
a'::'l!'.:>nh~nb bV':'3~nb ~:!J~n
an;!)hO~.:)3'::'QI

gift; given as a gift why (lit . , in what?)

pay (see sec. 11.4) tuition in spite of (pp . ) (here used as a preposition , so long endings)
imagine; know where to find (only pres . series; sec . 12 . 1 . 2 . 4)

b B 1"1[~6
~.:.bn

'"'I!'''

see sec . 12 . 1 . 3 price; well ribbon plant water sthg . value

.3,., [!' .:) 3 .:.~pn.:.

[!'.:fla b 3 b

aPlf1plj':'3 b
4

[note]
(i . e . , in 5.0.'5 direc-

a':::':!)(3n6:Job

laugh at s . o .
=
6n~f'1!

tion, not mock ;

III. conj . )

this one; that o ne (dat . )

LESSON 15

451

(m . pr.n . )
no
Pl~01~3:l

Violet

(f.pr .n. )
= Plfln38)

(oblique of PlFt6n3:J

a""8n3M'::'~

instead of; here:

catch (a) cold SO; in that way

f or (pp . )

a,;,:ce n 3t!'o6'::'
hM a

Ja"'J

I11d38 6b oCl'::>

a.::o nbb o6 :J6b

J!3 n '::''::'al3"c:!nJ';;:J6b
~.:. ':)(11 3""~ n :)1'106 b

here: when as big, old as you (nontrunc.) remember something (deliberately)

doubt; suspicion (from down up) (from up down) (Note how look at s.o. look at s.o.

Georgian can compound two verbs having similar meaning [here differ ing only in preverb]. The fi rst verb is given up to the P/FSF and the second

is conjugated ully.)
butter milk
!'J"!'J'"

6...,8[3b3,,';;n
603 n
';;1'18

porridge; (hot breakfast) cookie (A)

cereal

l i t t l e fi nger This use of M 8 should Pl here: when.

be noted; i t will no longer be given

in the vocabulary .
6:J~~~3n
a~~~~~~3~3b

spittle
swallow
(M~ )

~M~

ana~3b

~~(n)

I ' m OK, not bad (IV . conj.) now; from now on (west Georgian)
laugh at 5 . 0 .
(id . o . )

a~~:lBn6:J0b

6
M~lBl"la ~,::,

d:J.3nO'lb3:J on

why? because . note the unusual use of the plural

452

LESSON 15

after a quantifier
joke uncle

(nontrunc . )

term of address

used by children when talking t o a n adult

30~30m~~a - aMOn~o

perpetual motion (machine) ( Latin) i . e., sthg . keeping Baramije going ,

a"''''B3.::oe::t n
(!I;:;.a",fl83~':;'3b

a source of constant energy syllable (A)

pronounce syllable by syllable (the Georgian equivalent o spelli n g a

wo r d)
while ;

at

the same time

(nom . ) conj . ) makes happy (IV .

be happy; rejoice; sthg. s. o. (d at . )

(!l.:>.:;.6:J0Job cn"'3 b
3 0,:13;)6 ~ ,'!Jig"";; n~:J

leave s.o.
I

in peace, alone
attempt t o say perpet;uum

(the child s

mobiZe)
(interjection expressing surprise)

enough! basta !
(oblique form of demonstrative adjec rn.::.~.::.bn

tive Ja) mud bnW!:I3.::>b tion) roof )

this,

that

"'''o?Job
606~:J

change the s ubject (of the conversa(lit. throw the w ord up on t h e

O'l Mr'lJ8

a.::..:;.baMOb
oi::>..,s':unbnt::lJob 8"..,6d':;;]3 b

or else; lest; dry sthg . out

o therwise

warn s . o . move (II. conj. = - ,,6dJf'in , - n6dfi.:;. ) strong

a~n6dMJ3~,

aor .

LESSON 15

453

nb:J

;)jCi~

:!lC;)3 b

aM~:!J6;)3b

J:!J6mn
~;)o:JM;)3b
g"";)~3:J6:Job

b;)~306000~n
~~;)V3Jo~

~n~n

so- so bend muscle flex show index finger press sthg. (superessive; sec.
9.1.2)

a1'lVM6::Jo~
6nc~6n

approval sign (A) 5 . 0 . (dat . , H- series) has the hic cups; hiccups (impersonal , no d . o . )

~=.::>b~M.3n6::Job

9
~o~ n~!

~noa:!}:Job

1J:!l~:Job

of course! purse o's lips overcome; best; defeat; here : can you beat? (rel. II. conj . of "':J3b; aor .
- ::J"'n;) ,
- ::JMn~)

aP13M:J3~

al'l~MC?nGn

. . 6~3::Jo~ .::>.:j:JO'I - .... .1J m

a~

waiting (VN) stand stock still; not move here and there; around
be all ears

ba:J6~C?

nd8::)3~

J - t::I nb
ba~b ~aMn~:Job

wait for (only pres. series) say; speak lit . uncle (also ond~); used by children to address an older man and, as here, by an older man to address a child affectionately relief exhale enough ! basta! shoulder (A) touch 5 . 0 . (with o's hand) (h- de-

10
ondn~

30 3 ,
~aP1nb:!l6cnd;)3b

aO~M~' ( .)
ab~jCi,...

bO"b

454
aM::!.3n~Job

LESSON 15

leted here)

o~b-P03b
M~6<:)3

lit up

(8- deleted here)

anp.::>
~af"l!7lb~nb

slightly ; hardly earth; ground

dig out

aJ~!J'1~a"dJ6b

move; cause to hop, skip, caper

stamp
shake off

an.:::oO" .LI)6Job
11.:::0 aM.-:>3 JMm!::J "3 b 1l
6,':)b3.:::oa~nb

good - bye

(= 6<:1b3" + -a~nb) sleep (VN o adn6"3b d;'c:!n butter JbhbJn in the morning . (!In~.:::.b

.0="3 M BJOb
~,')b3.:::oab

kiss

(H- series id . a.,

no d . a .)

put down
regretful

8;;Jt';I(!I.:::op83Jw n l!:ln
)!~on3060ob

P3Mn~n

show thin
arm
bend neck (E)

ajc:!"3 n
aMt:;I,'!J6.":>3 b

jnbJr;n
d.:::oMt::'3n
(!I.:::o~na.:::o3b

vein

strain tightly

b,'!J6!7lJ3.::.b dJnJM.:::o3b hold a's breath stare at s . o . (H - series id . c . ) an/aM.:::oOlJM(!I:J61:1

l2
(!Ibb!:JMb (E
-+

I)

push;

press

on sthg.

(superessive)

d:J6 3n6

8M~n~b.:::oM!

you ' re really something !

(Note the

use of the perfect here with a present tense meaning used to express surprise, astonishment . ) s.o . (d at . ) becomes astonished
12.1.2 .4 )

(sec .

LESSON 15

455

8.:>nO':>[E'MQ0.:>
~.:>.:>na3~Qob

here: beam encourage (cf . n8 J !E'n hope) please (lit . 'if you 'r e a brother ' ) let 5 . 0 . down ask s.o. for sthg . of 8 - after v - ) Varazi ravine (note the omission

0'1:9 d8.:> b.:>r:l

~':>~~':>~':>lBQob
9}=

b - O'IbM3 b

(section of Tbilisi near (pp .)

a.:>r:lX3 6n 3 MMa b.:>b!::ln, . nanb

the University) to, on the right of

= na
b.:>b~nb(.::

J MMa:J~nB 3\:>M.:>~nb bJ3nb (Note that M,.,8 can

function as a replacement f or other relatives such as fiM8JC!na J 3n6a , M.:>a, b\:>[!l.:>a . nanb refers to b\:.>bc:!n , which has been moved from the main clause
b':>MO'I:!l~n

into the subordinate clause.) story; floor (in a building) center; midd le good; nice border o n north (only pres. series)

:9':>8:9t::!n 3QO'Inc:!n
J-b':>~~3fi:J6':>
hfi~n~M:Jaln

.:>al"l':>3 b 3 6b an/aM\:> ITIM 33 b 6 ':>8~3n a;::'3C1nal 5':>MITIMOn 33':> !E'r:l.:> 13 n on6.:>

b.:>8a.::.fiITl3J~'"

fill up drag; bring; carry rUbbish; garbage (A) by going through; passing (through) area square apartment, housing administration; administrator's office here: enter into books; register rent; here = for the rent lowered price; cost ;
S~b:Joan

8.:>.:>Ij.:>fi:Job ::JnM.:>
i33~~3':>lJ'In.::>6n

s,.::>bn

at a cost

456

LESSON 15

JJ010C]a,.,OnC)n an3.:.6 n
'::>30Xn
3~M~~~

noble aim; goal;

an36nlJ'l with the aim ,

goal

(A)

furniture wardrobe; chest

( f or clothes) , armoire

8~6 + b~3~3~~3b

lLmit to (+ instr . )
three and one half

b..,86.::.b03.:JMn
U1:J~an

plate
glass (for drink1ng) (root = qqv - ) (d . c . set up; arrange
plural)

;n:Jo
t!:''::''''~~l'1ob

(fut .
h.:>6a..,~n

:JP~MO"')

passive of state in super -

essive
O:J:Jh;)O'::'
!j..,6b'::'Ba::J~n
bi:)Jn~n

fork CA) concern

clothes clothes hanger, clothes hook

have {IV . conj.; only pres . on (adverb) (here: on me)
aJ~MoJ~b )

a.::.a..,fi6n.::.
~J~ 3nh30~b"'3J
a;)ab3;)~Mn

series}

the very first (dat ., agrees with

passing (by) passer - by

t!:'''lBM3Jo b b .., ;) ':UTl (Ol [!l

~no

leave in general
open

14

..3 n6;) b..,c::!nbn

t!:' .:)I"<)!9 .., 6 n

stairs;

staircase

joy , cheer corridor CA) encounter; bump into (H - series. sec. 12.1.2.4); here: find open halfway,
a':'':'C':J b ) stone shiver (E)

(!?.::.b3t!:':J,:::,

a bit

(sec .

l5 . 2 . b, cf .

LESSON 15

.57

see sec . 15.1 . 1 id . 0 . )

a~b~n
b~3bJ a~aMJb3::l3~
a.:!l~b6

(here with u -series

aM~J3~~~6~
a.:.~b

o's knees buckle (sec . 12 . 1.2.4) full (+ instr . ) surround (plup . ) 15 . 1 . 4 )

( II . conj., see sec .

nb

!;::.~~~.:.

middle - aged (gen . ) white-haired tire s . o. out become thin (root II. conj . , root slightly smile weak tell, say sthg . (-h- omitted
-:r:d-)

I!.:.~~nb a~bl!::l6'::' M~6~3

a~n~na::l6b

b.:!l ble n
aM3~3::l6'::'
~.:!l~'::'I!~::l6~b

an-I

(aor . -3 803n, -3~3'::'; perf. pay attention to (H- series) peaceful; quiet

3MjB03 b
aa3n~n

is perfective in meaning, i . e . , glance; take a look at; ~=.!I~.:!lM:J6b is used as an imperfective or durative , note a MI'::' b.::.6b 'a short time' . then again n b:J3 a.::.6.::.a~d M 6b continue bn6;::.6:!l~n compassion; pity shake a ' s head (in agreement), nod 1T1~3b l!~n16:J3b aOf~30~b (E ~ I ) interrupt; stop for a bit look at (B -series ) 1!~~B~:JM~:J6'::' for a long time b~6aMd~n3(~C!') persistently C!'~~n6J3nl7l run away ; rapidly turn away (see sec. a~n~aJ3~
15 . 1.4)
aJ(aM).~n'::'~~J6,::,

0Jab:Jl!''::':

an~.:!lfl'::'

a:Jb:J~~3b

turn back

458

LESSON 15

b::.8'") Mnb oo,!)t'in

/1.::. 8"'3 "M C!':)o,')

8.!1f!! nb aOa..,
b~~nbp,a~J6n
!An..,~n

sepulchral fall down (subject singular) heartbeat nerve - wracking creaking tear a's eyes away from s.o .
frightened next - door neighbor
(f . pr . n . )

0'13'::I(::!b a"""ant:'oob
aJCln6J6:!J~n

J.:lMnb aJ!",oJ~n
J~nJ'"

111"3 6 ~"''''d6J3b
1Jl.")6ba Pl O'")

shake a's head, nod

agreement sign (A)

6no.::.6n
1B!ll'in

:!JJ,:,6J,')f:!Job
3 0 "3 6
a"'''~3ndoob 3no<lX3'::'I"1n

lip o's (e .g., hand) shakes (only pres .

series)

resemble

(see sec . 1S . 1 . 3) CA)

wake s . o . up

sign of the cross

(H - series)

3"'':'X3.::.l'lb
a..,~..,b..,b"'3b

make the sign of the cross on s . o . chesti bosom kiss (only id.o . ) frightened here) (Note :
o~~n

aJJM(!In

S2\=':'JI"IBOob

CI:Jon6:J0.!1t:::1 n
3JMab~n
a..,a""IiJ6n~n

is subject

silver filled step separate breathing turn around run away simple (see sec. 15.1.4)

6.::.onx n
C!'''''B n f:!06b
b.!161n~b'"
aJU,~6~J6'

8'dBJ3'
."!l6f'i"'~M

~.::.b.!1~"'3b

O- E::!"b

close (eyes) wait for (only pres . series)

LESSON 15

459

3"d6 ~ ob

feel hear

(see sec . (A)

15 . 1 . 2 and note J)

abot'\n

shoulder whisper

8.-:>na J"1 6J o b
~ :?';h.:!JC!ln

15
a.::.ao~X",6o

victory; Ge orgian equivalent of heZlo. Note : whe n u sed to more than one person or politely to one person takes t h e verb plural ma rker
-~ : a.::.aO';XMOO ~.

ao6~V~3J~~n3

repeatedly ; over and over; said over a n d over (root = - xv d - ) notice ;

bring s . o . t o; be able (aar .

here : she

anb3~:J3.::.

see; guess
- dJ~n , - d~ l"'I )

aOd~O o b

a.::.aof'lX f"l o",m

(note the formal , poli t e

plural)

-ADDENDA TO VOCABULARY
2. 0010: boy

'go and reach.' With the rut. (70.)3") it means 'set out
for.'

3.

"'~lO,,60: "D" (grade)

.10\1103: here - 'really'

6. !!1".1"t03"3L: lose It. L~~: quite "1113~0": get up, stand up (sec.9 . t.2.I )
14.
Lo~~ao: silence L~~: just, only (cf. German /f1lT)

3. !!!3.lOL: Gen. of !!!aotO.,o; see sec.

3 .2.1.1
0-~8aOtOL: look at s.o./sthg.

(dat.J (no d.o.) a",tOI7Y"3L: aoL a",tOI7Y3"'I>~ 'to watering him: The possessive adjective is used to mark the direct
object in a masdar

construction 5.aO"'30!!10: The verb aO!!1oL, fut. a03,,), aor. a030m..:. means

~~a

~~3n~,

~~

~~J~~aoM?
lost~

'wh at you sa id you

460

APPENDIX A
Table A.I. Cases :
Noun Suffixes

Consonant stem:

Truncating

vocalic
stems :

Nontruncating vocalic stems : - u,

-~
-0

-a
Nominative

I -e
- rn
- s

-i

Ergative
Dative before
-8 i ~

-rna

-~

-ze :

before - tan :

- s

-~

Genitive
Instrwnental

- is
- it

-s

-ti

Adverbial

- ad
- 0

I
- o/ - v/-~

-d
(sec .
-~

!vocative form

6 . 5)

Proper names:

IPlural:

- eb-

(+ consonantal stem endings above)

nom .
erg .

Stylistically marked plural :

-ni

gen .
dat . vae .

- t,

-ta

-no
4.3.
8 .6 .

Extended case endings in -a:

see sec.

Derivative declension:

see sec .

APPENDIX A

461

Postpositions written together with the noun: with nominative : with dative: with genitive: with adverbial: with instrumental: - vit (only with consonan t stems) - ze, - i, -tan; -vit - tvis, -gan, - ~en; -dan (fi nal 8 of gen . lost) - mdis, - mde (f inal d of ad verbial is lost) - urt (e . g. , l3 1"1 I:!! n en :!) ':lIn 'with [his] wife ' )

Other particles written together with the noun: - ve -c

-a

-0

sec . 14.2 . 3 (added t o extended case ending) see Lesson 4, vocabulary} (= .::oAnb) sec. 3.1 . 7 (iqd irect speech, 2d and 3d persons and 1st person plural) sec . B . 5

rable A2. Adjective Declension

Adjectives not im mediately preceding their heads are declined as nouns. Adjectives with stems ending in a consonants and immediately preceding their heads are inflected tor case, not number. Adjectives with stems ending in a vowel are not inflected at all when occurring immediately betore their heads. I--:C"'",s",eo-_-l-_"En=d,,,ing _+--,Coo"",,,,s,,o,,o,,ao=t,-s,,,te m declension ' ""-_
NOM ERG
-1

-m.

"Is,,{")-o

"1s"II!!-d,,

~ (00) 0 o36-(~0) -d"

462
ADDENDA TO APP END IX B. VERB SUMMARY OF CON~ATIONS MOST COMMON MEANINGS

CONJUGATION I. II. III. IV.

transitive verbs intransitive: passives in i-. cbange of state in d(become stmi.)

intransitive act.ivities verbs of fe~ emotion. states of, beillR . . (It 15 lmportant to note that there are many e:z:ceptlODS to the above meanings in each conjugation.)

I.. III. CON]. =>

SERIES l}

SUMMARY OF CASH MARING Direct Object Indirect (normally only Object Subject
l. coni.)

Present/Future* NOM Aorist ERG

Perfect DAT

-The Irregular verb oeoL know takes the ergatrve m the present series and the dative in the future series; see sees. 9.1.4, 12. 1.3.e.
III. CON]. I SUbject NOM I Subject DAT I Indirect Object DAT I Object NOM

OAT NOM NOM

DAT DAT (postposition -tvis)

IIV. CONJ.

SERIES => NON-PAST PAST MODAL

SUMMARY OF SCRI!EVI!S PRESENT FUTURE AORIST

PERFECT

. The POSItIve . Imperative IS generally IdentIcal to the 2nd person aorist; see sec. 6.3.

..

present imperfect conjunctive present

future
conditional aorist-

I present perfect
pluperfect

conjunctive optative
future

APPENDIX B

463

Hint. (or Looking Up Verbs in Dictionaries

1. Remember that most bilingual Georgian dictionaries list verbs only under the verbal noun (masdar).

2. Consider the possibility of a change from e to j in the aorist and pluperfect of root I. conjugation verbs and in II. oonjugation verbs in j- derived from them. (See sec. 5.3.l.c')
3. a. Remember that v regularly is dropped before 0 (sec. 1.11.1). Example: 30a",o(Jb",oL 'balce: but aorist 30a"'30(Jb30, 3oa"'O(J~30, 30a",oGb"" perfect 3oa"'~(J~3no. b. Consider the possibility of the metathesis of v (sec. 1.11.2); e.g .. a"'Oj3!,"l000 'be killed' from a"'j!,"l'3L 'kill.'

4. Remember that a number of irregular verbs insert the vowels e or a in all persons of the aorist or in the first and second persons of the aorist. For details. see sec. 9.1. 5. Remember that a sequence such as gll - can be the preverb gJl-. the 2nd person object marker K- plus the preradical YQweJa-, or the beginning of the root. Compare the following:
300 !!l00L 30bL"'3 L 3o!,"l",oL

he will open it you remember it he is singing

3")- = preverb 3-")- :: person marker plus preradicaJ vowel 30!,"l- : root

6. Remember that some verbal roots (usually denominat) can begin with the vowels 4 e. ;; u, and that, similarly, roots can end in IV. t!b. am. etc. Examples:
oaoy",oL he is proud root 06J0)1Jl0oo be united root 306oo6Jo!!lIJlOoo he will arm himself root ~al'",oOLIJlOoo it will improve root ~O!!lOOO he painted it (aor.) root -

oaoy06J0)oo6Jo!!l'i')al'",ooL"00- ~0!!l0003L)

464
APPENDIX 8: Verbal Affixes

The following charts l i s t the affixes that can occur in individual verb forms . I t is important to remember that not all the affixes listed can co-occur and that, except for the root, all of the o ther "slots" can be empty; for instance in a present tense root verb such as p~~ 'you are writing' only the root is found. This absence of a marker is very often significant, for example. in determining when the subject o f
a given verb orm is second person (object in IV . conj.

and perfect series References in tailed information The marker of ten found added to

verbs) . the charts indicate where more decan be found . indirect speech - 0 (sec 8 . 5) is of the end of a verb form .

APPENDIX B

465

o
o

,....

"'
!"'f"!"~ :-':-:-~
...,:-:.~ ~

.- - .
~.!..-;'"

..

<

> o

~.

"

.. '"
'"

Table B.2. I. and III. Conjugations. Perfeci Series

3-4. I. 2. 5. PRE OBJ. SUBJECT PERSON VERBS PERS. PREFIX -mo PREP. Perf Plup.

7.
P/F~

8.

CAUS-

9. NASAL INFIXES

10.

A11VE
MARKER

SCREEVE MARKERS

1. as above

I.sg. mi- meI pI. gvi- gve2. gi- geuu3.

R 0 0
T

-any-m -av/-v
-eb
10.1.1.1

as above

n in sane III. conj. + JVfIX:t -j- pluperfect 2. -xar verbs in both perf. and plupf. <StrOOSl 3. -a; 3. -a 10.1.1.12 -e- plu(X:rfecl -s -<J -in- in plupf. or regular I. conj. verbs in -tb, 10. 1.1.2.

II. 12. OBJECT PLURAL MARKER MARKER Plup. Perf. 1. var -I

~
H

" Z " " OJ

l>l

7. 1 .2.

<weak)

rules 35;
10 .1.2.1

Table B.3 .

II . Conjugation Perfect Series: Absolute (see Lesson 11)

1. 2. 3-4 . 5. 7. Preverb Subject Participle Root P/PSP prefix prefb: as above

v- 1st

8-9. 10-11. Participle Subject person/ suffix screeve markers

-il-ul-ar-al-

12. Plural marker

m- (11.11

-m - am) - eb - ob-

perfect pluperf . -t

(11.11
Table B. 4.

1st 2d Jsg. Jp1.

- var -xar -a -an

-iqavi -iqo -iqvnen

~
~

II . Conjugation Perfect Series : Relative (see Lesson 11)

5. 7. Root P/FSF

~
~

2. 3. l. Preverb Subject Id . o. prefix prefix as above

v- 1st

9. 10 . Pluperfect Screeve marker markers

-i

ll. Subject markers

perfect 1st -var 2d - xar 3S9 . - a 3p1. -an

12. Plural marker -t

00

lsg . 2d -5 3d -h- 3d -gv- Ip1.

-m-g-

-e b- od -v- -av) -m- - am) -ob-

(perf . and pluperf. I

pluperf. 3s9. -a 3pl . -nen

.'"
"

.. '"
'"
Table B.5. IV. Conjugation: Present, Future, and Aorist Series (See sec. 12.1.2)
1. PRE
VERBS

3.

4.
PV

5.

1.
P/FST

9.

to.

tl.
OBJECT MARKER

I~

(rare)

OBJ. SUBJECf !'!:RS. PREFIX PREF. I. v- Isg. m

Prestnt

Presen t

Ipl. gv. series: g- j-/U2. h- ~ 3.

s
Remainin g s eries:
~

R -BY 0 -, Future 0 series: T -eb

series:

IMPERFECT. SCREEVE CONO.. CONJ. MARKERS MARKER .j. imperf., Present series: cond" -dfuture -00-e- conjunc.

PLU RAL MARKER

1
,

Present: I. -var
2. -xar

~
H

3.

-5 , -8

12.1.2_ 1

aorist Future series:

-od-0-

"' o
X

'Z "

o ptative

a im perr.
aor,

-s conj.
opl.

bl

The perfect series is fonned according 10 Ihe pallern of relative II. conj. verbs, e,cepl Ihat inversion occurs; i.e., what marks Ihe indirect object in Ihe relative II. conj. verb marks the subjeci in Ihe IV. conj. verb, and what marks Ihe subjeci in the relative II. conj. verb marks the objeci in the IV. conj. verb.

Table B. 6 .

Passives of State : Present Te nse j Future and Aorist Series (see sec . 13.4)
4.

2.
Subject prefix v- 1st

3.

5.
Root

7.

9.

10 .
Screeve markers - i - pres ., future -e- con j . , aorist
-0-

ll.

12 .
Plural marker
-t

Object prefix forms

as

Preradi cal vowel as above

P/FSF

Cond . , conj . marker Fu t ure series:

- od-

Subject suffixes as above

present: none Future series: -eb-

above

~
~

opt .

Perfect series forms t i ve .

a~e

conjugated like II. conj . perfect series , absolute or rela-

'" '"

470

APPENDIX C: Summary of Screeve Endings

Present, Future:
- i

-s
I-

-en
III.

- an'
conj .

a -i-s 2
II .

-i - an
conj .

Imperfect , Conditional ,
1. ,
II.
III .

conjunctive" .

conj .

,
(in -i-)

-d-

III.

conj.

,
h .

plus:

-odConjunctive

a.

Imperfect,Conditional
-i.
-a
-nen

-e - es
-nen

Aorist:
a .
I . III .

Conj.

-e

-i

- 0'
b. II . Conj .

-a

-es

-a

-es

"weak " endings

tlstrong-" endings

-e

-i.
-nen

-0
II .

-a

- a
II.

-nen
conj. in -d-,

conj.

in i--

root II .

conj.

APPENDIX C

471

Optative: a . I. Con] ., III., Co nj., II. Co n] . in i -:

-a
- a- s "weak" endings b. II. Conj . in - d - and Roo t -a - n

"stro n g " endings II. Co nj. :

-e
-e- s -nen

(The verb 8 n[3:18 " (8I"'1 B:)8.::. ) 'give ' also takes these e n dings, " e x cept 3pl . 8n:)s:)6 . )
1.

2. 3. 4.

With P / FSF - i . See sees . 3 . 1 . 4 . 3, 3.1.4.4. With I . conj . verbs with n o root v o wel and P / FSF - eb , - ob . In II. conj . verbs deri v ed from verbs described in note 3 , ab o ve .

472

APPENDIX D
Summary of the forms of H~S6~
Present subseries: Present: L
(on~y

' be'
present tense)
3S9 . .:::.i'1nb

2. Future subseries:
Future: 1- 2 .

3pl . 35 9 3pl .

(Remaining sereeves of the fu t ure subseries are regu lar II . conj. verbs in i -. )
Aorist series :

Aor i st:
Optat i ve:

1- 2 .

(3)n~o3n(~) (3)n~~(~)

3sg . 3pl.
35g .

n~~

!:l36 J6 !:J36 ,:)6 , f1!:l 1'1 6

1- 2 .

n!:jMb
n

3pl . Perfect series :

Perfect :
Plu p erfect:

3~f'l5n!!:l3'::'M(D'1)

3S9

BIT\~n!:::.::.

Hf9'Isnt:,lb.:::.r:1(cn) 2. 1 - 2 . (3) ~:~jI"'!9n~n!:l':::'3n(lTl)

3pl.
3S9
3pl.

!:JM5n~.::.6

1::f1''1 !9 n

('I

!:l M

!:l1"'l!9,nl!:ln!:l3 6 ,J6
etc _
(b3~':::'

Summary of the forms of

b31!:1.:::o go ' ,

' come ' ,

wi ll be exemplified with the pre verb mo - =

Present subseries :

come ' . >

an~nb

Presen t:
Imperfect : Conju n ctive :

81"13(?n3':::'r::.(cn)
af'l~nb':::'M(cn)

35g .
3pl .

2.
1- 2 .

aM!ln.:::.6
aM~nMcp,::, aM~nr,~6
aM~nM~6

81'l (3) ~nr'll!ln (7l)

a~(3)~nn~:J(~)

35g .
3pl .

:)6
,:)6

1- 2 .

3sg .
3pl .

aM~nM~;)b

Future subseries : Future:

12.
aM3.,~(m)

ar1b3"~(0'I)

3sg . 3pl .

a .... 3"
aM3~J6

APPENDIX D

473

Conditional: conjunctive:

1-

aM3n~,.,~"(a'I) at"\b3n~M~"(0'l)

3sg. 3pl . 3sg . 3pl.

3sg.

aM3"~M~'::'

2.

aM3"~M~636 aM3"~t"I~3b
aM3" 1!'t"I(p6 ~6

1aM3n~M~J(a'I) 2. aMb3n(!lt"l~O \a'I ) Aorist series: 1-

Aorist : Optative:

aM3J!!,"(Jl)
a~b3J~n(~)

aM3"~'::' aM3n~6:J6

2.
12.

3pl . 3sg .
3p1 .

aI"'l3"QlO \0'I )
a~b3n~J(~)

al"'l3 n [!Jb

a 1"'13" !!,6 06
aMb:!)I!P
al"'lb:!l~'::'&

Imperative: aM~"(I1\) ! Perfect series : Perfect: Pluperfect:

1-

aM3 b::!) c:!3 A (0'1)

0':)

2.
1-2 .

af'lb3~b~r:;\0'l)

3sg . 3pl .

8 ""(3)b !J(!I"~ '::'3"{IJl ) 359 3pl .

aMb!Jc:'n~ M aMb.:!lt::!n~36J6

474

APPENDIX E:
He~lo!

Gommon Phrases and Expressions

a~a~~XM3~! a,:,a~MXM3':'11l!

Hello:

(rczponse)

3"'a na .::. h x..,bl

8.:.ana'::'~XM01!

Good morning! Good evening!

(!I('l~'::'

aa3n~l"'on6.:11

b~~.::.aM
(I.::.a:)

aa3n(!lMOnb.::. !
J,::,Ma.:l~ n~'::'3n(01)!

Good night! Goodby !

Farewell!

6:J6nb.::. !

6.::.b3.:1a~nb!;
aa3n~"'6nD1!

How are you?

I'm well, thank you.

MM8MM('::') b'::'M(O'l)?
aa'::'~~M611l , J,::,M3'::'~

How do you feel?

Pleased to meet you. Please

MM8MM aMd6Mc,(0'l) 11I'::'3 0 ? b.::.bn.::.3M36M'::' 8;)6n (O'lj3:J6n)

8'::'13 6 1"\0,::,!

8 01bM 3(01)j
aa~~tlMo(m)

8;)111'::'83'"
3M~nanl

Thank you Excuse me

Forgive me Happy birthday
Happy New Year

~3'::'BM'::'3'::'(!I! j

a,,3"lIn:)(ad
8n~MI3'::'3\01) ~.::.3'::'~:Jonb ~~:Jb !

an~MB'::'3(01) anb~M3:Jo(0'l)
( toast )

",b.::.~ ~:J~b! 6:J~6n:JM aa~'::'3MM3.::.b!

Bon voyage To your health

n8Ml3b~:J(0'l);
m~3~5
MMaJ~n ~lnn

n~~:JaMd:J~:J(m)!
~63~nb~A~~?

Do you speak English?

~~3~A~JMom
~~~mn~?

What time is it?

I t is 10 : 00 . I t is 10 : 20. I t is 10:15. I t is 10:30 . quarter t o At 6:00 p.m .
I t is a

b~~mn~.

~mn

b~~m~

~~

Man

~~mn~ .

m0~ma0~nb
mJ~maJ~nb

mb~ma0~n ~J~n~

~~lnn~.* ~~mn.

6~bJ3~Mn~ . *

ll.

InJ~maJ~b
b~~~aMb

mb~maJ~n

J33b

b~~In~J .

*Note that the following hour in the genitive is used in these expressions.

APPENDIX E

475

Days of the week: Sunday .33nf4~ ~Ma,::,6.::.all' Monday Tuesday b.:.aa,::,6.::o.alfl Wednesday
1'1111

On Sunday

b a;::. 2. ~1Jl n

Thursday
Friday

b:!)UlO.::.3'::'!7ln

3"f4...,bJ:J3 n Saturday d,::,O.:>mn Months of the year:

January n.::.63;::.";n (A)

February
March April

IJl06:J";3o~n

CA)

a':>Mlan
;::.3Mn~n

May June July

a.-::.nbn

"3 6nbn
bn "83 nb lBr'l
bo:l~oa30r;n
PI ~h,'"

n3~ .....

August
September

October November
December

a;; oJ':; n

(E) (E)
(E)

6 ..... oa 0 0";"
~OJOaoO"'n
g;::.~b~~n

(E)

Seasons: Summer In summer

Autumn
In the autumn
Wi.nter

8;::'Sb~~an

a:JaM~ar'la;::.

00aI"l1!3Ma.:::.8:> a .::.aOl.:)f4" (A)

In winter
Spring
In spring

8..., am.::.f4dn
a.::.8'::'5b~~n a.::.a'::'5b~~aJ

Money copeck 5 copecks

20 copecks

3.::. 3n .3" C3':'!lAn

Ruble 10 rubles

.::.608n

476

APPENDIX F: Bibliography
Grammars. B . T. rpaMMamUKa 2PY3U~CK020 R3~Ka. Moscow, Leningrad, 1940 . Reprint, 's-G ravenhage, 1972. [A brief survey of Georgian grammar concentrating main lyon inflection rather than on meaning and uses of forms .] Tschenkeli, Kita . Einfuhrung in die georgisC!he SvZ'ache . 2 vols _ Zurich, 1958 . [A superlative work, rich in detail, covering almost all aspects of the language . A combination gr ammar-textbook . Volume 2 consists of graded exercises and a chrestomathy o f Georgian literary selections . Indispensible for the serious
Py~eHKo,

student . ]

Vogt, Hans . Grammai~e de la langue georgienne . Oslo, 1971 . [A thorough, solid, linguistically sophisticated analysis of Georgian by an outstanding linguist . Has excellent examples taken from Georgian literature . ]
Dictionaries .

Georgian -EngZish Dictionary . Oxford , Cherkesi, E . 1950 . [Good selection of v o cabulary, though no grammatical information is given . Verbs are listed under verbal noun . ] Gvarjaladze, Isido re, and Gvarjaladze , Tamar. EngZish Geo r gian and Georgian - English Diotionary . Tbilisi, 1974. [A pocket - sized two - way dictionary . No grammatical information given; verbs are listed under verbal noun . ] Gvardjaladze, Isidore, and Lebanidze, E. Dictionnai r e georgien -francais . Tbilisi, 1971 . [Large selection of vocabulary but no grammatical information. Verbs are listed under verbal noun . ] Gvarjaladze, Isid or , and Gvarjaladze, Thamar . Geor gian - EngZish Dictionary. Tbilisi, 1979 . [Large se lection of vocabulary but no grammatical information . Verbs are listed under verbal noun . ] KaHKaBa, M. B. HpamKuu 2PY3UhCKO - PYCCKUU CAoeapo. Tbilisi , 1965 . [NO grammatical information . Verbs are listed under verbal noun.] Meckelein, Richard . Geo r gisch - deutaches Worterbuch . Berlin, Leipzig, 1928. [Good, large selection of vocabulary . No grammatical information; verbs listed under verbal noun.] Tschenkeli , Kita . Geo r gisch - deutsches Worterbuch. 3 vols. Zurich, 1965-74 . [ The indispensible diction ary. It is in essence a translation of the a - volume

APPENDIX G: Sources of Illustrations

Gamkrelidze, AI. The Grea t Treasury of the Georgian People. Tbilisi (Khelovneba), 19 74, front cover. 79, 141 Tsitsishvili, Irakli. Tbilisi : Architectural Landmarks and Art Museums, an Illustrated Guide. Leningrad (Aurora), 1985, p. 70, 17 . 98, 282,298,331 , 369 Khutsishvili, G. Tbilisi cherez veka i gody . Tbi1isi (SabCota Sakartvelo ) , 1983, p. 68, 47, 123, 149, 89. 100 Beridze, V.V. Iskusstvo Gruzinskoi SSR. Leningrad (Avrora), 1972, plate 15. 107 Amiranashvili, Sh . Vklad Gruzii v sokrovishchu khudozhestvennoi kul'tury . Tbilisi (AN GSSR), 1963, plate 8 . 141 Loladze, M.V. On the High ....ays of Georgia . Tbi1isi (sabota Sakartvelo), 19 75 , p. 2. 159 Javakhishvili , A. and G. Gvelesiani, eds . Soviet Georgia, Its Geography, History and Economy. Moscow (Progress), n.d., facing p. 41. 168, 231 Oavitaj a , F . F . , ed . Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. Moscow (Novosti), n.d. 188, 266 Davitaja, F.F., ed . Sovetskii soiuz : Gruziia . Moscow (Mysl') , 1967, facing p . 80, p. 131. 249 Oavitaja, F.F., ed . Iraklii Moiseevich Toidze. MoscowLeningra d (Sovetskii khudozhnik), 1950. 253 Meskhia, Sh . A. An outline of Georgian History. Tbilisi (Tbilisi university Press), 1968, facing p . 33 . Khutsishvili, G. Science, education, culture. Tbilisi 320 (Edition de la Chambr e de commerce et d'industrie de 1a R.S.S. de Geor gie), 1975 . 301 Beridze, V. V. , ed . Georgian Manuscripts. Tbilisi (Khelovneba), 1970, plate 3. 396, 413,415 Konecny, Dus.an . Niko Pirosmanisvili. Prague (Statni nakladatelstvi krasne literatury a umeni) , 1965, p. 23, 25,
15 .

73

443

Rust'haveli , Shot'ha . The Man in the Panther's Skin. Tbilisi (Literat ur da khe1ovneba), 1966, p . 321 .

478

APPENDIX G: Sources of Readings

Lesson 5 .
"lI'1on~nbn.
I'

a.
11'1.

cn.;)6!l3.;)a3n~n

3 .
d';)~II'1!l~n

~.;)ana3n~n,

~J~d33na3n~n,

06.;:., III
lI'1on~nbn,

J~.;)bnb

b.;)bJ~ad~3.;)6J~M,

195?, 83-

90.
1I'16n~nbn, aMJ~J

Lesson 6.
aMa.;)~n

J6all'1aoB6nJMooa, I .,

Lesson 7.

1939, 83. 116-117 . n3!lIl'1.;)nbn." b.;)d,;)MII'13J~Mb bbM ,

n b~MMn!l~ - J3M6ManJ!l~n
1I'16n~nbn ,

6MJ3J3" ,

Lesson 8 .

Lesson 9.

1970, 83- 264-265. naMbJ3Jo6nb b';)MXabM ~M5.;)" 3.;)~JMn.;)6 nIl'1M6na3n~n, 8Mb03JJonb b';)MXbM ~M5.;), lI'1on~nbn, 1970, 83- 3 - 4. Il b.;)d,;)MII'13J~Mb bbA aMbab~JM6.;) . n ~_
J.;)M6J~.;)a3n~n ,

aJb~a.;)6n,
lI'1an~nbn,

b.;)JaMII'13J~Mb ~ J~abnb

bbA JJM6M8n!lMn 8J"8M.;)sna ,

~.;)bJ~ad~3.;)6J~M,

Lesson 10 .

1961 , 83 - 3 -4. naaJaMna 5.;)~n.;)a3n~n .n 50 M30M';) , lI'1 on~nbn , 1966, 83 - 329-331 .

~a3nll'1.;)a3n~n,
mon~nbn,

Lesson 11.
MJ3~Mm~~n Hd3~~n
~

b~~~Mm3~~~~~6 , m~Mn~JOn ,H

1971, 33 ' 11 - 13 .
3~Mm~~n

Lesson

12 .

~~ .

~~~6wn,

~A"a~ ,

1977 ,

12 , 83 . 10 .
i3;::'eJ3~

Lesson

13.

tr6nJM

!9nMMba~6na3nC!ln . "

~anM~6~a3n~n,
nb~MMn~ ,

~;::'Mm~~n

b~~M36Jonb

1971 , 83' 494-495 . Lessons 14-l5 . "(!:I~o~~Jonb (!:I(1J . " 6M~~M ~~ao::.dJ' a~n~6n ~ ~a~, mon~ n bn, 1967, 83 ' 5 - 14 .

m6n~nbn,

47 9

GEORGIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
This vocabulary contains all the words in the exercises to the lessons except for proper names. Names of countries and of historical provinces of Georgia are included in the main vocabulary; other geographic names are listed separately after the main vocabulary.
words occurring only in the reading selections and per-

sonal names are not given here . Verbs are listed and alphabetized by root . Preverbs, pre radical vowels and object markers follow the root, present or future stem formant and person markers except for IV . conjugation verbs, wh o se entries (although alphabetized according to root) begin with the 1st person subject marker . Examples : I. conjugation root = Bll op - bpM~03b, 8 bbb V""';06b root = Bc avt - ; present - bV~3~nb , bb~~3~nb and future are identical II . conjugation root = rc(!'bM~J6'::' - (33~06~ I o~'::I(~~+n root = C' vL ab""(!'bn83~J6b II. conjugation root = mg B l"root = c i n-, i - = pre radical vowel IV . conjugation root qv ar-, listed under l:J root = sm-, listed under b Grammatical information about irregular forms is not given in this vocabulary but can be found in the vocabularies to the exercises of the. individual les sons . Words in this vocabulary marked with an asterisk (*) show such Lrregularities and should be checked in the lesson . For verbs of motion , see sec . 4.5 . The symbol II represents the entry word, so that under the entry for -a"""ljb3b, 0,,6 = the listing ~bn 1Il:J3"b represents ob6abMI!j"3b bntal:J3bb. Other symbols, etc . are as used in the vocabularies to the individual lessons . - Addenda, p. 526 .
- ~~J6~J ~~=

460

VOCABULARY

~a3nbLfjM
~(!I.,an~6n
.!>~an~n

6 August
8

human being # 6 place in a,

easy

person

"'~ant:!.!>b
'::'C?3n~n

l4

the place

.:J
.!>

(!lant"l"~n

C?"'.:J

12 admiral 4 early

., .:J ~1I'1 3 ,., r:l1. "

"3.:JC?
"3.,C?a~,.,~n
"3.,C?a~M5M3.,

7 airport 5 sick
10 patient,

14

d~sease.

sick person illness

':>3tBI'16f'1an:!)f9\,.,
0.':1

3tB I"Ifln

6 autonomous 3 author

.::.g:J~a.::.nx.,6n

,n
'::'1"13.::.6 neAl
'::>3'::'

5 Azerbaijan 8 here is , are; there is, are 9 balcony 3 academy 8 academician 8 forbidden
3 probably 11 Albania (both in Caucasus and Balkans)

C?;)

a n.::.

"J.::>c?.:JonJMbn
" .3 M d .::q:::! !Il:! n
.::.~3.::>0"I 1;:I~6.::.6Jcnn

.::.a.::.b

~n6'::>0"1

., 360 3 n
..,a~J6n

(A)

5 recently, a short time ago 9 story, information, news; thing 13 so much. this much
4 America

.::.aJ~nJ"

.::.anJMJ.!>3J.::.hn.::. .::.on6(!1n
.;:.anM6.::.l4n
.::>anlf'la

5 Transcaucasia (lit . , Cis-Caucasia) 4 weather 12 (archaic term or ' admiral ' ) 10 therefore
6 comrade 7 or [non - interrogative]
4 analysis 2 alphabet

.,ab.::.6.::. a n

,6
~6'::'t:,InZn

.::.66.::.6n

VOCABULARY

481

.;)6 a",r:i.ncn
.;)6~",(S.;)

06n
06~

", 3Mn t::l n

",M, ",M.;)

9 bill, account; calculation 8 proverb 8 name of the letter ' 0 ' 6 or, in other words 9 April
2 not 2 no 12 an Arab
4 but rather

0';0
,:,';.;)3n
",,;.;)a:J~

",r:i..;)3 ncn .:;)';n

':'':;.;)3 n6 *
';)M,:,bl"l~:Jb

11 no (kind of) 13 no one 10 never 13 nothing (pl . )

5 vodka , brandy 4 vacation
8 aria
~.;)=,:,

(adj . )

':'';':'5:J':;n

(E)

",':;':'l:jn (A)

"'';~'''~:Ja:J6n
",Mn",

- ':'hb:Job,
,:,':;b",~

8 establish 13 nowhere, not ... anywhere 9 exist, be 6 architecture 10 neither ... nor 6 so 6 such (a) 6 daughter 12 certainly , without fail 6 3 11 4 an Abkhaz here up to now accent

", Mb :J 0 1"l6b
o';jnlojlJ~';o

"''''e . ",Me
obO ",b:JO'ln _
",b!l~n

"'!lBn!:!:J6c:;!",~

",sb",8n oj
",j",a(!lnb

"'8B:J 6 18" "'Cl",M.:;)S:JMn (E) "'CJa,:,C3:J6:JO:Jt::!n (E)

",c: 3 I"'1b"'3eJ:J cnn
",~,:,r:i.",

7 nothing any more (see sec. 6 . 4.2) 6 builder, restorer 4 east (ern) 6 Adjaria 6 an Adjarian

"'~':'':;:JC!n (E)

482

VOCABULARY

"~"~abS"'~;::,

7 young; 2 new

youth

(person)

"b"c,n
-.:::.be:!
"b~;:,

(A)

"b~,,6 ~J~n

(E)

see - be:! 2 now 11 present( - day)

6, 9 adverb , pp. near 10 explanation

.:::.bc:!l"lb
"bb6"-8,,6a"~~J6"

1>
- 6"~:J6bJ ~.::.=

C!?.::. n .3 .:I(~ :J 3 "

3"3 8 3 n
3"~"Mn

5 bear, bring into the world 5 be born 3 child, baby

9 market 8 ballet 7 wash 8 name of the letter 7 (customs) 6 a Basque
6 Mr.
9

(A)

3"~:Jln

- 3.::.6b,

f!I"=

3,,6"
3"::1" o.:)b.3" 0"131'16 n
6.::>t::Jn

'3'

duty
note 9)

(see lesson 6 ,

6 garden

0.;) !:!" !::fn

080';'::'

frog 4 sound
many

oJ6"'';'
o:J3 An o:JAn
6~;;d~6n

7 gra ndmother 6 much, 5 monk 4 a Greek

[!!.::.=

(El

- 3:J~1!'''3b,

3 ::n:. nmn
6n6t:'n'::'
3n3~n("lO'l:JJ"

3 print 3 diligent 4 Bible 6 library 3 biography 7 uncle 10 confuse 4 dark

OnI"l8,,",.::>sn.::.

Ond.::.
- 36::>3 6 ,
o6:Jl:!ln
OI'\[E'non

C!!"=.::>

9 excuse,

apology

VOCABULARY

483

6M~nab
6MO'\~n

3nb~n

6M~M 6,.,~a:J3nJn

61'136.:>
ofl.:>t::I~:16:!)~n

6fln6x.n -ofl:!)6:J6b,
-ofl:!)6~:Jo,:>,

~.:>=.:>

an=
=

0";:!)6 3 .:> -Ofld.:>6:J 0b , ofld,.,t::I..:>

.~60'

U;d,6~on(~)

0.!)6:J 0fln 3 n

9 excuse me! 7 bottle 4 end, conclusion 8 Bolshevik 13 bomb 9 accused 10 rice 6 return 8 return 10 (grammatical) case 6 order, command 14 (see sec. 14 . 1.1 . 2) 8 struggle, battle 12 nature 12 natural
4

understand;
hear

learn,

find out;

- 8:10b , aM""n -a:1 b , p.:>-~

a~~.:>b~b~~n

13 win 13 lose

13 tax
6 unification
9 spring

8..:>:J';O'\n.:>6:1 0 .:> a.:>8.:>sb.!)t::In a.:>8:Jlnn

8~InJ6:)o,')
a':>J3:JlJ1n~n

2 newspaper

a.:> a,., a"a"'a,.,6:J 0 "

a.:>aMaa,.,6Jo:J~n

8 dawn, dawning 2 lesson 4 (pp . ) because of, on account of

11 invention

(E)
(E)

11 inventor
5 publisher 3 publishing house 6

3,aMad30~60.0'ln
a"aMaB:Ja~,.,o.:>

8.:>31'15:)6.:>
a.:>aMB~':> a.:>a~n~3:Jt:.'In

exhibit 3 examination 7 salesperson

'"
3"6"0'I~J3,,

VOCABULAR:i

11 education, instruction 10 developmen t, education 10 (pp . ) in the course of , during 12 particularly, especially 12 (pp . ) ~n add i tion to , except for , besides

.3 ,,6 3"0'1 ",:; JO;)

a'!>6a"3!!!,",z,,,an
.3;:,6 b;:, J ~O'1':;Jon'"
a')':; I!' "

3""0 01

3 outside

3 ""J3:J:!l l:l n
a<:>b':'C':)on
3 "b:!l!!!n

4 clear , explicit;
7 key 5 last, previous

(al certain

3Ja ...
3J6:J"",c:!n (A)

1 2 taste
7 general (military rank )

6 genetics 3::1 6 ::1111'13" 12 geographer 3:J Ma':;"'i!l n 5 Germany 3:)1'18;:,6".:. -33n.:.6J6b, I!'::.=n ~ be late ( ~ntr a ns.)

33",:,6

J late 13 crown, wreath, garland

4 road , way
8 crazy

an~n

31:1Jt.n ad,,':;n

11 peasant

6 hero
13 little girl

0'"'0..,6" " a-aM6 "", - a",6 J ob , 3::' =1'1

12 think , seem

14 hear

a",,,,a"'linJ'"
a"'nc:!n

2 grammar 1 2 cool
2 continue 7 lengthen 9 long 1 2 feeling, sense

- a" dJ!!!Job , 3':'-" - al'id J l:!o3b , I!'''.':'

aMdOc:!n * a"d6M6,:,
oJ!!!"
c

13 heart

VOCABULARY.

485

8;!)i9n6
8;!)an6~:Jc:!n

(E)

2 yesterday 3 yesterday's
10 day before yesterday

8;:)Cln6pn6
Il!

- (!IOob, ~,,=*
~, ~,

13 put down 2 and

4 sister 6 approximately
8 bear

~""bc:!l"\ooncn
~" 0'I3 n

QI"al"\~a:J6.!lc:tn

5 attested
11 writing system, writing 3 knife

~"a~:JMc:t I"\O"
(!I" 6

"
J

~"MOO b

a :J=':::'

~"b"3":Jcnn (!I"5"

6 compare 4 west(ern)
13 blackboard 12 brother(s) and sister(s),

I!'" - da,,
l!'"b.!lM:!l~n
-~8:Jo",

siblings

n-*

10 closed 9 be standing

9 stand up -Ql8:Jo", ~,,=* 9 appear (be fore ) - Ql80o" , p,,~+* 9 put down - Ql8"ab , ~,see - 1!'8:J0" Ql8" 11 fix, determine - Ql8:J 6b , C!'''." - Ql8:J6 b, ~"Mal"\=" 6 present; perform -~a:J6 b , p",.:;aM +" 10 represent , be [only present series]
~:J~"

2 mother

1!':J1!'"c:!n(A)
~:J1!'''3''~''3n
~:J3 b*
~:JJ:Ja3:J';n

13 hen; female (of animals) 4 capital city

13 be lying 9 December

(El

~:JaI"\JM"lin:!l~n -~:J:l -~3 -

9 democratic

see -1!' 8JoO see I!'J3 b 2 yes

Qln"b

4S6

VOCABUIARY

~n~n

2 big,
8 for a

large;

great

~nl!'b,:,6b
~nt:!':'

l.ong time 6 morning

name of a sports team
(Ph.D . )

~n6.;:,a,...

13 dynamo;
9 doctor

~nb:Jf1jj':;'(3n.::.

9 dissertation
4 time
4 on time

~l"'Ialel"'l';;n

.'"~

~t'i,...a:J

~M,...b

(pp . )

during

~;!)ab'" .~~ b
.~O

8 be silent 8 boil
2
day

.~Ob
('t.:l:Jb,::,bp.::.~~n

2 today
8 holiday 6 Colchis

8
Ja~n

bn

(West Georgia)
nan

J3~1I"l3.;:,

4 Europe

:J n

see

ObO

OJt::!:J bn .::.
:::)31'16I"1a".,3"

4 church
3 economics 8 7
(be)

ot:! '" 3 b*
:J~l'i.n

lightning tongue

ambassador

0 60

2 language; 7 bishop

:J3nb.JM3Mbn
8'"0
~386b

6 era
0,"00.8
6 B . C.

- :Jf10'l:J6b, d:J='::'
:JMal'::'(I

7 unite

4 together [see Lesson 4, note 5J

11 only one, the only, a single I unique

:JM"" " (,OMITI'l

;)Ma'I - ;)M!1In

9 one
4 one
nan3:J*

(of several)

J"'m n
:J~lI;nn
(!I'::'

14 one and the same

6

- :J M a'ln.;:,6:J 0b ,

a"='::'

unite

:J M!Jla.::.6:J!7ln

7 each other

VOCABULARY

487

;)I'\cnb;)~

9 once, one time

5 people,

J"o ;)b;) nan ;)d nan

J:lb3""~0

nation i.e. medicine) (o f

9 that is,

4 doctor
12 export

3
3"~na3 .... ~n 3"I'\~n

6 son 6 rose 10 supper 1 1 (particle indicating identity ; same ) 4 The Knigh~ in ~he Tigep Skin (poem by ~ota Rustaveli)
9

3" ha"a ....

-3:)

(A )

3 n ~I'\;)
3 n6 "" 3 n6a

than 4 who?

;:t
* *
~"=n

3n6"n~,,6

14 s o meone, anyone 5 because 14 who ( in the world )? 1 4 s ome one; some (perso n)
~="

3n~" ?

3n~"B(")

- 3np~;)ob J

- 3np~~;)6" ,
3MB;)~n

forget 12 forget
6

( see sec . l o ng

12 . 1 . 2.4)

7 ex tensive,

Bo~"aO'\"Mn
~i)6;!)l'\n

(A)

see - X~ 8 winter 6 Zan

8 bell 12 summer
3 day after

(= Mingrelian and Laz )

~"Mn

8"!9b;!)~n

B:)3

tomorro w

BaG 0

2 verb
6

8M3n

s ome several raise, bring up raise, exact grow

ZMan;)Mcnn
- 8':'~nb , ,,~=

-ZM ~nb ,

3"=

8::9 b Wn

7 9 9 8

488

VOCABULARY

m.::a3f'1
-11'>':>3Q6b,
f1I':>3.:::.~n;::,5n

8 mouse
a.:::.""',:>

3 CA)

finish

9 polite
B adventure

aH3a.::.~.,b':::'3'::'t:.l"

m.:;)3(!l.::.3"r;3Jc:!n
0'\'::'3

11 original,
3 head;

initial,

first

chapter

0l'::'3 n .::. 6I11n

8
(A)

their own
(at Georgian

11I':::'3 n b;!J!9,:,~n
O'I.:>a.::.(!?.::.

10 free

9 toastmaster
banquet )

m.::.a,::,OI"lOD

8 play
6 game

(games.

roles)

l11.:;.d.,i9n
u\.:> 6.::.

a J~';1"I3 J
a;:'QI'::'=

11 contemporary

17l.:>t:laa.::.6n
- 11'>,::,~aa6nb ,

2 translation art i cle)

2 translate

(i . e . ,

book,

O'l.:>l'inc:: n

6 date
9 warm
40

1116n"n
171
0'1

0;:) 13':; n

theater

:J 0'1 ,., n J M Fin;!)C!ln

QI':>=

2 white 11 theoretical

O'1

- 0'1,:)b'::'3 b ,
~3J

!113n!11a!9fln6'::'3n
1Jl3n O"l M6

- 0'I3~n
OlnlJ'ln

b,

1'\.::.=
O'Inl7ln

10 9 8 12 3

sow month
airp l ane (one)self

consider

(as + Adv . )

8 inger

!9:Jbnb

8 toe
6 almost
B

Dlnmdanb
cnrrl3 b
~~

to snow
i f (sec . 4 . 1 . 2), (in questions), c .

3,

4,

10 a .

b . or inten-

sifies a question 9 i f possible

VQCABOLARY

489

U1.:!}aB~

3 although

U1;!Jr:,.a:J
Ol"fl~n
-0"1~3~a b . p~,.,aM+

10 apparently
6 a

Turk 2 pronounce
see

- m33O"1d3:J 6n
-mbfln
n~!~Jn

-m83 yours
(p l . )

YUUL,

mb(S:!l~:JO~

3 composition,
see

(li terary )

work

13 floor
7 cheap ,

(a s

opposed to ceiling)

n~!i9n

n3:Jfln~

inexpensive 6 Iberia ( East Georgia) (see sec. 14.1 . 3)

na n 3:J
n3t':'J nbn n3 6 n bn n8(!1:J6n n8

14 the same 4 July

~I"IBb

10 June 7 that much

n8 ~flMb. ~M~:Jb~B ;
(!I~Mb ,

5 while

nan!i1"18 nan\iMa ,
n6at':'Jnbn

';l"'Ia

for

that reason because (adj.)

n6a~nb:!l';n
nb~I"'I:JUln

14 England 2 EngLish

n6bln!i:!l!n nM:Jan (E)

nb J

1Z India 4 institute
9 deer 9 so, 9

thus

nb:J . . . , MMa

so

...

that

nb:J3:J nb J O"1n nb:JO"1n3:J

nb':;<:>.::J~n

1. just so, just as

14 such (a) just the same,

"

just such

(a)

nbl$MMnb

9 Israel 3 history

nblaMMn3f'1bn
n\i~l::In"

5 historian 5 Italy

490

VOCABULARY

":!laf"lr:inblB!ll:ln

nj nj30
n:)6 0 0(o)

8 humorous 3 there 14 there (in the same place),

(+ opt . )

ibid .

6 perhaps
7 dress 6 Caucasus

J
J-=-6~

J':>3J~bn~

(region)

j;:)3 Clnhn
j.:>Ol"e:JnjMbn
.3':::'~"O'lO;!)";lJln

5 union 5 catholicos
church)
8

(patriarch of the

basketball

j"l:!"an (A)

.3 .., 6 I!P"":;.:>
,3;)3",3"

3 pen 9 office
7

copeck

,pAa n
J.:>r:18()1!'
j.:>r:l"

3 good
2 well
5 door;

gate

3"13" J':>Bn
J.::>b:JOln

7 cat
5 man 11 Kakhetia

(province in East Geor -

gia)

10 tooth
- 3 J Ifl:Jo b I
8':::'='::'
a.:>~.:;. + '"

13 waLl 2 do , make
I I remake ,
2 quartet
8

- 30!Jl:)ob,
33 "r:iIa:JIV'
- J3~Jo,::"

alter

al'l =

die Sunday

33:::J Ft Bbn 33" ":; '"

13 egg
6 week; 6

J3t:!"3
- 33C!1:J3 b ,

again (see sec .

2 . 6) ;

a,:,aPl=n
2,

3n - .,3n!!1:J 0D ,
- ,3nO'd'':>3 b , - ,3nlJ'lb"3 b ,

investigate 8 however, and

yes

Fi.::.afT1=
i1S~~

13 hang 8 ask s . o . sthg . 14 ask for

S

n- *

o. , ask to see s . o .

VOCABULARY
-JnO"lb~3bJ - JnO"lbo~bt

491

2 read 11 cause s . o . to read, have s.o . read

3 reading;

J n O"lb3"

question

Jnc:t'"' Jn6rl5 n l!;lan

-Jf:!~3bt

6 dialect 2 movie, 9 kill 12 lack 3 class film

a",:::

a-" - Jt::'n~*

JI!I"hn Jc:t"bnJ!lf'I1n
Ja"\::IP1!9n~n

2 classical 3 satisfied (+ Instr . )

8 meow
3 spoon

J6"3 nb

It

J'"'3 Xn J'"'t::'odl n 3 n8 "e n .::.

J~~aJ~"6J
J rI~ aO!lf'l16:Jf9\0~

9 collectivization 10 collective farmer

9 collective farm

(kolkhoznik)

JI'1C!lb:JO"In J l'1 aorlb ll'1

J rl anhn~
J,",a3",~nll","'n

6 Colchis (West 9 cabbage 9 commission

(kolkhoz) Georgia)

J",6n"Jn
JI'"\6{3:J~tan

6 composer 12 (grape) brandy, cognac

2 concert

- J Mb 3 h t

~~=!1

J'(:'<)O " 3M :Jat:!n J!lO"lb:J

J!lc:!lJ!lM~

12 play (mu sical instrument; no id . o . ) 3 meeting , gathering 4 Kremlin 11 corner; angle; region 5 culture

t:! - c:t"aooh , 8"(6)=,, -1::! "aJ ob J ~" = ,,

"'~"an"

11 locate
order 13 be arranged (passive of state) 6 a Laz 3 pretty , beautiful, good-looking
8 speak 11 arrange ,

e::t,,8n
~.:)a,,8n c:t,,3~M'::'Jl'1ob

~JaJ6~,

8 legend

492

VOCABULARY

~:Ja:J6(!l.::.t'i!l~n
-~:J3b,

legendary

I!'<::>+*

~:Jd bn
~:::dbnJI""I6n

5 drink 2 poem 4 dictionary 3 lecture 12 lemon 6 linguist

~~:dBn.::.

t:l na l'16n

c:!n6 8 3 nb IB n
~n6a3nblBnj':>
~n

2 linguistics
3 literature

13 :J':;':'!J ;!},:; .:>

=:J

~1""I;;nl'l

-t::'I""I~:Ja.::.
~l'1g;!J68n

9 beans (co llective) 7 wait for, expect 13 slogan

13 locomotive; name of a sports team

~l""Ijl""lal""llJjn3n

~:.!lr'ixn

3 blue

a~a~t::'nO'\n

aoanl!'O::>

6 example 4 table
8 thank

a - a'~~M3(~)

you

a.-:J3 3 1'1t::!J:!lan
8'::'CT1;)a'::'l!I n 3

4 mausoleum
3 mathematics 9 however , at least,
~':::'::!l

an6 B
-a,::,~o3bJ ~o=

still

-8"t:I':>3 b ,

3 hide 7 hide from s . o .

3 soon

8.')t::':J

8;::'C/\:l
ao8'::'3.::.e n
aa;;.~n

2 father
(A)

8 man (male human being) 8 rooster

7 ruble

a,,6 :Jl1In
a"''''a,:,6:Js n
8,:,ft01'::'l::!n
a,:,r'i ln ~

12 manganese

(A)

13 true
13 truly

ao"' cn ~a~n~:J6Jt:ln

(E)

a"r:in~n

9 an Orthodox 13 salt
7 explain

(Christian)

- a.:>r:it':>3 b ,

a~6=

VOCABULARY

493

II

bn~83ob
1'\

7 define
~;)=

a"t'itl

a;)~b"3b,

8 only, alone 9 bury

11 right 9 host (not left); right hand

a;:.,:iX3J6"

a...,b"f!I"
8"b3n6 dOt:'n (El
a;)b3n6d~Ml!b

3 material 8 act as host 2 teacher 8 clown

11 add sthg . 11 (II . conj . to sthg. form)

aobpo3~J6J~n

(E)

8"bb>:lFi"

- a"lJ:J ab , I!.'''=;.!J - a"IBJ0;:', I!.'''=:J

a;:.w~n

a"~,,ii5n"
a.:">(I'::'I:\" (A)

13 (sporting) match . game 7 store

8 high, tall 3 at that time, 12 yogur t then

a".3,,6
a"~ 1'l 6n*

-ao81!.'3 M8 "P\JMO;) a(!!ncp"f"\n (A)

8cpn6;:'r;\O 803 Pl 2.,:;,t'in (A)

see
5

- 1a~3 -

situation 4 rich

8 river 4 friend

aJa';~~n

aJ~~d6J

6 Mingrelian 5 shopkeeper
5 sixth

aJJd3 b J
aJ~ M oJ~n (El

8:JCfI;:.;!)t'in

-8:JO'Id n

7 neighbor; neighboring 5 head (of an organization) 8 (see sec . 8 . 5) 3 ink

2 repeat

aJr::!,,6 n
a:J Mt'iJ
aJ3~';J

(A)

- aJMt'iJob , a.::.=n

3 second 5 baker

aJbo~~3';J

7 border guard
3 thi r d
7 more

aJboa J
aOllln

494

VQCABULP-R,Y

a::llBnbaOIi"~
aJ~Milb

7 too, 8
6

overly

aJ~J

reign 5 king
(gen . )

a 05 nb
aOSf9lo,:;,

tsarist

6 reign

8 JB 6nJtclJo,::,

8 science 3 scientific
5
5
~"=,,

a ::)(36 not:i;,t:.tn aJ Bb 3o"'J

aJb~cnJ

shepherd
fifth

aJbbnJI"lJo
- a~'::>[~:J6b,
a(5.:>~

- a3"I!!Job , a. . . =.::.
aa J
83,.,.::.6"

12 memory 3 prepare 6 prepare 3 ready

4 sun 3 sunny

amo
a111"31:1,:1,., (A)

4 mountain
3 main
~,':)="

-aO'l"3r:ioob ,

0'1

"3':;,.,0'::'

3 finish. end 7 government

5 translator 13 l i t . , ' holy mountain , overlooking Tbilisi
I

aO'1"";aa6J~n

atn"17an6~.::.

mountain

alrlJ'=Jn

4 whole , entire
4
(pp.)

an :Jtcl
ant::ln,...6n
an~nBn" an6Jt"\"~n
anbJ~3
nO'1

by

6 million 8 police

12 mineral 6 (pp . ) according to

10 murderer, killer 6 ruler
14 importance, significance 2 important, significant 4 (public) 7 short square

aa"r:;

aJ3c:!Jc::!n cn 3:Jt:::!n

a6nd36JtlMO'::'
a6nCl36J~1'"I3.::.6n

a "' J~,,6n (Al

aM 3 !::!:)

VOCABULARY

495

aM~~3~":;;)J:J

al"la~J36M a I"l6;)IJl Jb~3J

al"l6~btaJAn

(E)

a,..6~p:,.,t:':JMOb

aP1MeM~Man~ a,.,b~3~l::!n af"lb;)a~":;cne!:J

al"lb;)P3:J3n
aMb.::.b~Jl"lo,::,

O~M~lJln

al"l:!)t:'M~6:Jt:'n

a~jB:J3' al"l~3'::'PJ

al"lp.::.eJ
a~lia:J

aMbb J 6:Jo,::, al"lb:!)sn aM;)3~~n (A) ab.::.bnPl3n aba'::'3bn

aba;)3b;)~

aba'::'3bJ6'::' abM!!3c::!nl"l
abb3:J"'3~n
abb3n~n

6 speaker 11 following 11 related 5 monastery 9 participate (only present series) 3 morphology 9 harvest, yield 9 judge 11 invitation 10 population 7 unexpected 11 conversion 13 (public) figure, leader 2 pupil 10 witness 6 report 8 old man 8 many 10 actor 9 similar 9 (pp . ) like , similar to 9 sim.ilar.ity, resemblance
12 world

alaJ';n
d:!)~'::'d

(E)
l!'::'='::'

- dliJns 0 0b,
a:!)8 J :!)dn d:!)bnJ'::'
d:!)b~nd.::.6n

10 victim 8 thick 7 enemy 6 maintain, prove

3 always

a;!Jo'::'Plab a:!)'bl::ln
d~JMnb

12 2 6 8 13

museum music Moslem

work

knee, lap 8 sing

496

VOCABULARY

a~3~J<!n (E)

7 priest
~.;)=.;)

-aH.:>";:J b ,

a03:J6nJfln*
aaM0t!lJOn adna:J

8 establish, 11. beauti.ful

7 (pl.)
13 heavy

found

parents

al7 J"o<!n
a~3':>l!'n

(A)

3 writer

12 shish-kebab,
3 green

shashlik

all3 06 J
ap3.::.6n~n

9 vegetable
(A)

al7~Jabn

ab1i3.:>f\n
abf"l~1"\1!'

10 shepherd 11 artist, painter 2 only 11 prefer sthg . ,

9 hunt
\!,.:::.=O I I be related

-ax,...an6Job
6
6>::'Qlnflt"'lab

12'=,:,

S . o . to sthg .,

s.o .

-6 ':>0'l:J bo 3:J 6 .::.,

6'::'0'I:Jb",,.,o.::.
6'-'3 ln l"lon

to I I relationship

6'-:'31::.'0 6 1"10'::'
6.::.aI!'3n~n

l2 oil, petroleum 8 lack, shortage

actual l2 essay, study
9 real,

6>:1";..:33:::13 n

6.::.17,::,t'l.an

6.::.p",r'iat"'lJon
6.::.pn~n

l2 product 9 derivative, work

3 part,

section

6.::.b'::'3 b *
- 6.::.b'::'3 b ,
(!l.::.+n

2 see

-6 ;::,b'::'3 b ,

o:)a ,..,,,,,,,n
(A)

8 catch sight of , see I I keep, preserve; save (e . g., money)

6.:>b:J3.::.t'.n

6 "ban':;" an - 6I!''::'*
a - 6Jo.:>3 b *

lO half l2 coal 12 want 12 (would)

3 3
sl.ow s1owl.y l.ight l.i.ke (pol.i. te)

6 ~C:!n
6~~o
- 60l~ob t
C!?~=~

13

(a fire)

VOCABULARY

497

6na.!lon
- 6no6~3b, ~~+

or

~~=

6M:JaO:JI'ln (E) 61'\bn

MI7I~bn

6 model, specimen 2 mean 7 November 7 carpet, rug

4 room
8 Wednesday
8

Ml7lbo~o~l7In Ml7lbo~o~l7Ib

on Wednesday

ME:!d n
Man
1'\3:JI'l~

1"'II'lI7l .... al'l~~n~ 1"'11"1 n 3:J

l"'I,:;a~6~l7In

6 region 4 war 2 opera 13 spelling, orthography 8 both 8 Monday

8 on Monday

l'\,;a~o~l7Ib

I"\blJ~tln

f'ljl'lM ,.,jlSl"'lao:Jf1n (E) - ,.,bf1:Job, ~=.:Jo

Mx.~bn

7 master; craftsman 10 gold

9 October

6 overrun, ravage, devastate 11 family

5 package

3 3 ~.3:JIB n 3.:Jo 61Jl :J,.,6n

3~3~ 3~3n':'Mbn

13 pantheon; cemetary in Tbilisi

6 7

- 3.:Jo"'.:Jo3b 3.:Jo":\.3 0

al'\=!

10 10
9

3~",~~a:J6l0

3,;,b.!lbMOb* 3.:Job.!lbn
- 3.:Jolln~:J6b,
3,;,w,~I'l,;,*

8
~';''''

13 7

3~lJna,;,f1n

(A)

13

where famous people are buried grandfather cigarette steal from s . o. park parliament answer s.o. answer invite small, little prisoner

498

VOCABUIARY

3:JM.:>6a n
3JMnt'l~n
3n~6n6M

7 shirt

5 period
12 piano
~,')=.::.

3nJo,:,

- 3nMJob
3nM3:J~n

2 ( theater ) 6 intend
3

play

first
f i r s t of a l l

3nM3:Jet 3nAn

!::ft'l3c:!n b.-, 13

7 face;

mouth

3nM1"l0,::, 3f"1:)a"

9 condition 5 (longer) 4 poet poem

.3 M ,::lll n -3M3no ,
-31"'1 3:)0>:) ,
3t'lt:::Jnl.n3'::'

n -*
aP'l+n

9 ind
9 be found (only present ser i es)
10 political economy

.3 M c:!n I!I ;:)3f'l6 f9l a n b

3t'lMF.:Jln

3""1"16(31"131"1
3MM8M.-.a.::.

9 politics 6 portrait 13 principle

5 program

3MI"ILt'lln3n

8 prototype
11 professional

3MMsobn:9t::!n
3M .... !::I:J b fO'lr:\n
.3~':; n

professor

3 bread

>1
::~L!)M6 .::len

2 magazine
2 what? 8 for, because
5
14

,;
f4!:J?
M,')~8.::.6'::"B

M'::>l!lnf"l
M.::.~n" a'::'~'::'(3:Ja.::.

radio

2 radio program

M.::.naJ

M.-:>a ,

r'l.::.aJ

,;.,3;) 14 thing; something,

(=

some kind o f

F\.::.a~:J6n?

6 how

much?~

how many?

M.::.a~:J6na:J
M,')a~J6nB

6 several 7 as much

VOCABULARY

499

fi,::,0'::'.33nfi3J~n,::,

fl':I3 Ma fi,::,t:;''::'S(.:) t'iB fi':B + comparative . . .

an~

6 of course 3 why? 14 something;

some (thing) that (rel .) the more

5 what, which, 12 the more . . .

13 run away
9 run in (to)

+ comparative

-M6 no, a.::>+* - flono, 0:)+* -t'i3 J 6fi:)~.:dI3MMn

fi:)~':3sn,::, MJ3fT1~.:!len.::>

see -MO3 editor 11 redaction, edition

9

-fl:)J.::>3 b , ~~=.:!l * MJb3:!J0t:'nJ'::' MJoIJJMr:i,:,6n ( A)

revolution 7 telephone s.o . S republic 4 restaurant (also without syncope) critique (inanimate )

M::dl3,..,f\n MJS:)6an'::' -MJe b '::'3 0 , a,::, = M3J:!Jr=)n Mna n ';""al"1fl? fl""al"1fln?

1'4""3,..,1'4 13
MM~:)o'::'B MM~no? MM~nbaJ
,,~a

12 rector (head of a university)

7 review,
3 notebook 9 row ,

13 wash something

order,

series

8 how?

8 of what kind?, how? 10 as

2 when 2 when?
14 at some time,

4,

at any time 6 a . in (in conditionals , sec . 4 . 1 . 2), b. that

2 novel 4 which?

';Ma.::>6n MI"18Je!n fiMB'::' M:!)bn M:!)b:!)r=)n -t'id3-

(E)

2 when 4 a Russian
2 Russian

(adj . )

see -

d3-

500

VOCABULARY

- ,;j a03 - "';~:J6'> J

-Mfi:J6~
J

~~""

see - ::139 remain

9 be healed 12 prefer 9 beal 12 be ashamed

1"'1

a",-flnJ3 6n .::.*
- ":':1:;:)6 b
J

31"1='::'

a- fle b 3:J 6n .::.*

b

6,
bo30~~n

8 houri watch. clock

13 typewriter 6 document, proof

ao6jo6o

b"'6~ cn n

l!'"ai:laIiJnBJ0:)I!:!"
bo3~~

II

6 evidence
3 council
5 Soviet (adj . )

b,::,o!I"'I In '::'
b'::'8.::.60 (A)

9 subject , object 3 where 6 where

b.::.l!'?

b'::'I!''::'B
b'::'(!la~l"\n
b,')~nt;l M 3b

7 station 14 dine, have dinner

10 dinner 10 dinnertime

b,')l!'n~ n

b.::.l!'nc:! .... o.-::.

b,') I!' n~M6 n b.::. b

bo~aO

10 during , at dinnertime 14 someplace , somewhere, anywhere 14 where (in the world)? 14 someplace, somewhere
9 toast 7 embassy

b,') I!'t:!.::.?
b.;)I!'t:!.::.e.::. b,') I!'t::' :J a"'; d:J t::Il"'I

b.::.oc: nl"l
b,') 06,')m

a ~:JB 6 n OMI"l

b.:. 0 b\eM,') I!It'I

b'::'3.::.t'\X. nOM
b,') 8 M a.::. I!'M

3 linguis t ic 7 pertaining to the stage; popular

2 exercise 10 genera~

b.::. 8M 8'::' I!' ''' 00.::. b.::. 8 M8'::'1!'1"I:)3r'1 n 3 n

b.::.8t:!3.') Mn CA)
b,')(J\3'::'t:!;)

society 9 social
3

7 border, frontier, 7 (eye)glasses

limit

VOCABULARY

501

b.":>n(!l.":>6 b.":> n6 IBO"'Obl'l b,':)Jncnbn b.":>Ja.":>Mnbn

bb~bMM

b.":>a(5.":>MO;!l~1'I

bb8nJn,61"l b.":>a:!labl"l
b.":>aal"l6~1"1 b.":>a~!IbbMI"I

bb8bMOlJln b.":>8b"'::J1n I'IbOalll b.::.6.::.a b.!lM(3bMn (A) bb3'::'lnai'l1'1 b"MJO bb b.!l (!Inc::!1"1
bbb.":>ab"'O"I~1"l

9 whence 2 interesting 7 question 10 sufficient, satisfactory 9 cashier ' s (booth) 7 k.itchen 1.3 inn, tavern 14 job, work. 8 homeland 4 unfortunate 8 south (ern) 6 South Ossetia 13 (conjunction) until. before 7 surprising 1.3 prison 7 mirror 7 dining room
9 court (judicial) 7 palace 9 miracle 9 conversa tion
13 best 5 century 13 base , basis, 2 Georgia

bbbbb(!O b"bp.":>!Ic::!" b"!Jo'::'M n (Al b";!IJO cn Obl"l b.":>o!lJ!l 6 :) b.":>5!1d30e!n (E)

b"j"Mcn3:J~1'1

foundation

b':lao
b.":>l:''' 81'1 b.":>ol:'.":>al'1b
b.":>o~n(!l:J ~n IE)

5 affai r, matter, job 2 evening

or

in the evening 7 (in o rder ) to buy

2

b.":>~n~n

h.":>i3n6bM (!I.":>3"c::!Oo" b"i3ntln

b.":>a!l.":>~1'1

b.":>a!J"~ 1'"'O

bJI'"'O~"

3 8 4 4

homework dangerous middle, average middle school (roughly, high school)

502

VOCABULARY

b '" Fi .:!:d .::>1';:; n

b~p Jr::in
bbopf'l~n

(A)

7 gift
13 for writing,

writing -

7 bed,
(A)

bedroom (+ opt . )

b.;;.I7t1.::>c:: n
b.::. ~nMfY'I'::'

7 pitiable, poor
6

i t is necessary

b'3 a oO)n
b.::.bJ
b.::.bJ~n

(E)

b,:,bJ~ad(l3.::.6J~M

4 food 13 face; image; 3 name; noun 10 textbook

(national) 11 famous 6

form

b.::. b JQ 3p-n!9 M
b.::.bJC::M3",6n (A)

state

b.:;:.bc:: n
t:>Jn8n
- bJbb J 6b ,

4 house
9

"seiro",
borrow

i.e . ,

parliament

n -*
(E)

bodwoa30" n
b3.::. 3b b3.::. 6n

10 September
6
see - t::!J3 a Svan

b3JlnBbPl3:J~n

(E)

6
3

" Church of the Living Pillar " in

Mcxeta
list

bn,
bn.::.a "' 3 6 J6.::.
bn~n~:J
bn.33~nt:.ln
bna.::.fill'l~:J bnan6~n

7 pleasure 10 bigness; size

9 death

8 truth

bn8 S l'16n.."l

10 corn (maize) 2 symphony

bna(l:Jrl ";'
bn6'::' II'It::!J
bn6.::.a~3nt::!J

B song
13 light

bn6(3.::.jbn

B real i ty 3 syntax

bnM",dt::!J8.::.
bn13t13'::'
bn!:::l3:::>I':;~t::!n

8 ostrich 2 word 12 l ove

7 chair

b j ,,8n

VOCABULARY

503

bJ M ~~

5 school

a:J - banb*
- ba~6b ,
bMa~bn

aM=n (E)

12 hear 2 , 5 listen to 4 an Armenian

10 village 10 to ,

bf"l5J~n (E)
bM5~Qan

in the country

bMan~~nb~~~n

b3~~bn ,

b3~~b:J~n

6 socialist 6 a Persian
10 sportsman

b3M~~ba:J6n
blj~ao~

3 printing house

blj~lBn~ bW~D81B~~~

2 ar t icle

bli:9~J6I3n

bIjDa,:,t'tn CA)
bD~J~~t'tn

4 structure 3 (university) 4 guest

5 silly
8

student

(of things)

b;:)Qn
a - b~Mb
b~ t't ~D'ln

soul

12 wish 5 picture 9 wish 7 banquet ; cloth 9 fat 9 s t age

~ ~

b~r:\3nt:!n
b.:')5M~

(dining)

table; table -

bjJ~n
ba~6 ~ - b~~3~nb ,

- b~"'3"nb ,
- b~~3 ~ "b ,

n- *

4 teach 2 study,
6 3

learn

oJ + n
3"' = ':'

learn

b~~3~'"
- b~M~Job , b~M~n , b~MM,J
(!I"' = ':'

4 learning

correct 4 precise , exact

- b b ",ab, -

- b b ~,Jon,:,6 ,

n -*

9 pour 9 be s i tting 9 sit down 3 sess i o n , meeting see - bb(!l -

bb~,Jon,:,6

bbl!'Ma~

- bbJ~ -

504

VOCABUlARY

01::.3'-:>

bb3':>I!.::.bb3.::t
bb3 nbn

4 (an)other 11 different

- bAnb,
III - 13,,6 13.::.6 n

~.::.=

11 someone else's 9 punish

see 13 body

:b -

lB .., c:);:),,; n ( A)

9 cathedral 10 throne
7 attack
6

l.::.b13 n
- ~03G, aO~~

(no d.a . )

lBOr:lnllfO\"';n.::.
~Oa6nJ~

territory .11 technique

4 text 13 bLeak into
p~eces

~::db~n
- lBO bb ,

a.::.=

- 11I:Jbb,
(nJn6.:.
In':;nb

a,.,=

13 break off

8 doll,
cry see 12 sthg .
8
~.::.=

puppet

- ~J06a - 1I3'""3'::''''

hurts s . o .

-1i .3 n6 - 131'130 00 ,
1i!it'\'::'(lilnBn.::.

14

- te!:!~:Jo,::,
~~O

a.::.=

11 13
9
8

see leave sthg . behind tradition break (intrans . ) rorest

say

- m~3nb,

,,- '"

- I1!:13

no ,

:J-

'"

8 tell s . o., B lie ( tell a

say to S . o. lie)

iB!:I!l nb
~ - ~36-

see - mH3 greatest 11 Udi (NW Caucasian langudye)

6

;!:J(~ n ~ :J b n
;!J{~:!)M n

::!l0'l:!l1"\
.!).,j,;,6

!)J<::.6.::.bJ6:J~n

8 doubtless, sure 4 (pp . ) behind 8 last; (the) latter

VOCABULARY

505

~J30

3 already
4

.!JJ~;::,n6;::,

the Ukraine (greatest number) junior

;!la:HBobn
:!)a~;::'3~Ob",o;::,

6 most

8 majority

12 .!JBr:i,.,bn - ::!JaXPl0:JhOob, 8':'=" 4 6 :!J 6 1!l"* 3 :!J6 n3 0'; b nm :::HB n 6 .!l MVI n 0 r:i IJU., 0 .::0 4 :!J!':Ir:i,., 12 :,)!9 M f'1bn

younger,

improve must (+ opt . ) university relationship more elder

~603 :!J 13 6.::o.!lMn

suddenly 8 strange , unknown

4

:98 6 ,.,on :!)l3 b "" :!Jab",:!)r:in :9x.r:i.::o

9 unknown

foreign

4 drawer

i'l !9.-::.63.-::.I'4n !'J.::o6 X ;;:,M.:>

(A)
(A)

3 pencil 4 window 13 spread 6 fact

9

- !'J.:>r'iOob , S"3ln

a"t!'''=''

(e . g . ,

tablecloth)

!':IJI!'O"'''an.!l~n

so"ro"o
!':Iobn !':IobO:!JMVln sn8nJ"
sn~an

federative 11 painting foot, leg 8 soccer (football)

7
2 physics 2

film record

!':I nM !':I "tJ "

SMI:!J~"'Mn

(phonograph) 6 folklore
4 4 phonetics

S",60IB n J"

!9M6"'a M.:>sn
!9",MVlf'1b.:>~n

13 phonograph

(A)

!9'" b tJ "

12 orange 12 post- office; mail

4

sM,,6a n

Frenchman, Frenchwoman

50G

VOCABULARY

- ~'"J6S~IIJ1 ;:.

see - 5';06 8 wing

3 careful 8 fly
t

SMcnbnt:ln

s':\n6'::'31>*
-sfln6!!'Oa..::. 8;:' =
f;.:;.=

- s";n6cp:Jo,::"
s';n63J~n

8 fly off 8 fly down 8 bird

4

5,:\,..6\1"
S~t::In

front

-!'J;!) d6

00.::.,

~.::.=O

7 money 11 be based on 7 praise

3 city 6 Ms . , Miss , Mrs _ 8 woman

:l

- 3:J0b, 9'=.::. or

- :b ob ,
j'::'I:).::.::I n
j'::'c:' n

aJ=~

d.:.~6'::'111"\6n
j':::>I~~na3n~n
:j':'';;:'3.::.6 n (A)

6 daughter 8 caravan
4 4

3.:;.Ficn3:J~n
j;:.r;;1J13:J~:9';n

Georgian

Kartve~:ian

:j.::>I'lI7l(!ln

:j ':;'~lIn.!l ~ n

6 Kartli 2 Georgian

a- ::13n.::..
a~ - j3b *

12 be named, be called, s. 0 .' s name is 12 have sthg _

a~(a~}+

a~ -j3 b ,

12 bring, carry out; export

12 bring , take sthg .

a;:. - :"bb , an + *
a.::. - j3b , a,., + *

a, - j3b ,

OJ(a~) .. *

12 bring sthg . 12 bring , carry in; import; introduce

j3J~,6, (A)-

- j308 6 0 ob , a.::.a,..=.::.

5 country, world 3 pub l i sh

2 chemistry
11 husband
9

:jnan;) ja,';n (A) - ja6nb , oJ= - j6-

create

VOCABULARY

507

-d~6d~nb\Jn.::.6n

d~"~n
d~~o
d~bb

see a.::. - ~b - b 6 a Christian 7 thief

4 street
8

thunder

0 -t:;J:J6b, a'::'=" - t:;J:J6b, an=n l':;I.::tI::J.::tliM6 b *

~"a:J
c:'''~n6n C,l:J6.!1~M6

5 open 4 receive ,

get

10 betray
3 night
11 poor

(not rich)

10 gets, receives (i terati ve, only present series)

4 wine

c:'3 n6M* a - t:,l3 n (3.~3 b - C,l3 nd :J6b, a",a,.,=",

C,l

12 be awake
8 wake s.o. 8 God
up

a :J~O'I n *

(E)

8
a-Y"'3 b * - a -\:I "'3 b , a n +*
~"'3"
- l:I.::.~n6:J6b J
~:J~n

12 have some o ne 12 lead someone

13 coffee

f) ;l)a l"l='::'

form

12 throa t
8 bark

8:J~b - 83 a n- \:I3.::oroi b
-!:t 3.::. 6 -

see - \:1"'3 12 love

!;t3:JI::J.":l* !::I3:J"",3:J l:I3:Jt::I'::'S:J roin (E) H3:Jl1::!n H3 nroi nb - Y3 n"':J ob , il :J + - !;tn(!lnb, n-*

see - !;t"3 6 all ; everyone, everybody 8 most 4 everything 4 cheese 8 shout 13 shout out
7 buy

508

VOCABULARY

-~nl!nb,

a;:,=
an-~

sell

-~nl!nb,

7 sell to s . o .

~n3nb*
~n!:Jn6Jllb

B crow
9

croak

l::II"I3:J~CTI3nb
!::f1"\3:J~n

4 always
2 every

(E)

H~30~~<:10

8 every day

!:jI" ~-

- !:::1":\l1b,
H~';d06

I!;:'=

see - !::I'::'313 scatter, throw down

(plural d . c . )

n (E)

9 grapes 3 black 7 trousers

8 last year 3 composition;

8
cl.::. 3 n

a ""'3 Of!!n
cL:) fl a ;:, 6
"o~ao6, -a:J6:J3b
J

(A)

composing

.:>=;:,

a JO';\CTlJ0;:,

7 build 6 union
8 united 6 be able,
5 question

a00'" CTI:J3:!J ~ n
aond~:J6':> ClJJ ncnb 3

can

(+opt . ; see sec .

(pp . ) after

6 . 2)

" oa~oa
a Ja"'1!8Ma;:,

2,

4 then,

after that ;
fall

9 autumn,
11 creator

"Oa:l a6 oO!n
a:)6 n
a:Jb'::'3.::.~n

(A)

a :J b.::. d ~:)3:Jc:! n.::.

"Ob,b 0 8
"O~d",o80",n

yours (5g . ) 13 entrance 6 i t is probable, possible (+ opt . )

4 your,

4 ( pp. ) about
6 impossible 11 beloved (person) 8 mistake 13 child (son ; daughter) 7 grandchild 12 be hungry
12 become hungry

a J!:I3 .::.":;:)6 :!)f!!n

JBI!M8.,
a3n~n a3n~na3n~n

a - 8n.::.'"

... a. n31!:J0'::' , 8M+

VOCABULARY

509

aJ-an6n~

*
C'lJ=~

-Cln6 J2tb,
11 n6

-cc:!n b , a""Mnb cl3.-:>\in

1I~o

~~=

a::!l~

b~~J~6,JJ2tn

12 be afraid of, fear 7 frighten 3 (adverb) home, at home 9 dissolve , take apart, dissect 4 (pp. with dat. ) among, between 8 state (in U.S.A . ) 4 (pp . with dat . ) between, among 11 Middle ages 8 tea 10 appear, seem (only present series) 4 my, mine 5 discover 7 stop 8 stop for a bit, briefly 4 our, ours 7 for us 6 usual, ordina ry 6 usually, ordinarily 8 complain 6 north(ern) 12 fast, rapid, quick 12 quickly, rapidly
9, 12 know (sthg . ) 12 . 1.3.e)

R
1i.-:>6b* li:Jan - IiJ6b, .-:>(la .... +.-:>* -Fi :)M02tb , a.-:>=.-:> -Ii;)M,J2tb, c,J""~ 1i 3J 6n 1i 3J 60'13 nb
1i3:J~~o2tMn3n

~3J~~JMn3

Fin3nb* IiM~nt:! .... I;;j'::'Mn I;;j.-:>M.-:>

-Bnb, n-*
-B-

(see sees.

9.1.4,

- R ( - ~B after eonsonants)

- R'-:>3b ,

~;:,=n*

see - SJa4 also (written together with the preceding word) 4 bath ... and (written together with the preceding words) 9 defend see - e69 test, examine 9 err, make a mistake

- a.::>6 - B~nb J

a.-:>a .... = - B'E'J.::>, CI:J=

510

VOCABULARY

- B~

a~nt::! "' 6b*

see e~ne:! ... ob 9 try

8 dance

e~J3~3b
- B~ab ,

an+, aM+*
d,,~,, + b*

- eJab,
BJ6~"n
B :J~n
B:J~.!I~n

(see sec . 7 . 3 . 4) 10 transmit. give over to s . o . S center 8 thumb ; big toe

7 give 8

(Georgian folk dance)

dress
0 . 5 .

B:JShl:!!" - S3::.ab ,

13 fi.re
~.::.= n*

9 get dressed, 9

II

~6~'
.:;.

13 dress 0 . 5 .
13
s .o~

'::>83 n

(d . )

- 63 - B3~:J6" , a"~~.::. + n *

- B3~nb ,

a:J=

see also - 6a;)3 9 pass away (die) 9 change

12 S . o .
9

is wearing (pass . of state )

e n 3" a- en 3.!> en 3 n - e n6nb ,

enVS";;!)bn

12 i t is cold (only present series) is cold

cold

(on ly presen t se -

rie s )
(adj.)
nF;;:. = ,, *

8 laugh
9 citrus fruit 13 put sthg. on s . o .

- e a:J3 b

1I~,6b .

lj.::.6 3 :J

- e6 .., ob , iF n '
- e Grlob , 3"='::'*
(36"'00n
a 6 l"'1onc:!n

13 dress s . o . 7 know s . o . ; recognize s . o .

7 i n troduce s . o . to S . o . 6 (pl . ) information
3

famous, well - known

- SMQln6 - ,
e "' (!I6.:.
S"' l:!!n

- BI"I~6 -

see n - enb 7 knowledge 4 wife

4 Cal
Little

S"'Ii"
BMBb':'l:!!n
a;!)~n

(A)

9 living , alive
3 bad 8 swim

B;!)"'''3 b

VOCABULARY

511

B~"'-~ .... 6b

-ab .... ab,

Bb~~n

a~a,...=~

- 6b~~0~b,

a~aM=~

abo~~ a - Bho~o

a b 3 n r:\n
BbM3':;",~b

8 swim around 5 bake 9 proc~aim 1~ clear ~2 sthg. is hot 12 s . 0 . is hot 8 nose

8
~ive
~ife

6bI"'l31"\0~~

a
d~~n~6 d~c:'~n
- d~b06b, ~~=~*

3 very

-d06b, 0-*
doa~n
d30~n
d3nt'\!!I~bn

8 14 10 12 2 6

dog call s.o . ~ook. for monument old dear

a-on60 3 b -d~n~, oo+an*

-d~03-

12 sleep
12 can, be able (see sec. 12.1 . 2 . 3) 2 3 12 9 12 12 6 9 8 11 9 see -60abrother difficult hate dedicate to S . o . desire torment, torture; martyrdom performance; representation representative o rigin past inscription

dao
d60~n
a - d~~b -d~36nb a-p: ~~n~
I

an"":!)

II oa030
p:~l"\a"'~a06~ p:~t'\a .... a~~a060~n
p:~t'\aMaM6.::o

(E)

p:.::ot'\b~~n

1I0~1I0"0

-P03II 03" n

see 3 member

- P3-

-11 oj II o~n

(E)

512

VOCABULARY

p:J~npb~n CA) - p:J~b,

.::>(1+

8 year

2 describe 7 describe to S . D . 2 copy

a~-(b)

- P.1 Mb ,
- p::JMb,

.::.+;!)

a.::.(!!.::.+

- l1o"b,
-11~"b. V:Jl"\n~n

~~-

an-b,

2 write 7 write to S . D. 2 1etter ; article

4 written (of a language)

p:JMntl .... 3ncnn - P3J6.::. , n -*

- P30 6 .::. ,
~.::.::.

113 nab

9 be lying down 9 lie down; go to bed 8 rain

2 book

p n a 6n
pnln:J~n
(E)

2 red
a.::.=.::.

-p ncn~:J6b ,

2 make blush, make red

11 n6
6,

4
9

(pp . )

in front of, before;

before

(adverb)

10
11
9

p n6.::.3.:>Mn
pn6.::.ClJ

(A)

I1J"n~Cl~Ob a- pf'l6b, a Pl+

12
3 8 3

11"~
p,!)cnn

l1~b~01

- PH:J6b,

C!!,,""n

2
8
4

P!::J'::'t:!n
P!::J...,MPl

(A)

p:!::Io~"'6ncn

6
a.-::t(!l'::'=*

- P!::I3:Jllb ,

a-I1Hn6b *
a - p!::J.!lMn..::Jo

12 12 12

sentence , clause (pp . ) ago; (adverb) before, previously ancestor (pp . ) in front of , opposite tinkle, ring like circle; club minute . moment yesterday evening begin water (pp . ) thanks to source . spring decide be annoyed; find unpleasant be thirsty (only present series) become thirsty

VOCABULARY

513

- !,ab,
-~.:.ab,

~~~"'''.3n

!1>-

8 chess 10 eat
11 eat up,
6

aJ=

consume
12. 1. 2 .4)

~6n

a \=an

(Laz)

- !nr:ll!':!l>.:., ~.:::.=b !n':'na~b aJ6n

12 need

(see sec.

14 my good friend
of address)

(affectionate form

- !a:)3 b , =.::.* -!Mnb, 8,,=n

-!Mnb,
(!Ib=

11 feed (animals) 13 cut one's (e.g.,

9 wound, cut 3 cut, cut off

finger)

-!Mnb, al'l=
-!f1J3 n6 Job, b
b;:,~bn

a,.,="

11 cause to cut off

b '::'l~ b :!J 1'\ n h.::.6X"c::'n b.::.,.;Fl,., (A)

7 people, folk 2 (adj . ) folk 13 dagger 12

~.::. = "

(Gee . soup made with mutton, rice , pIwns)

paint

- b.::.bn.::.mJob ,
- b'::'I"3b,
(!Ii:)=

10 characterize
11 draw,
6

icon

9 become (+ nom.); be transformed into (+ adverbial) -b(!l:)6",

- h !! n b J

1"1 =

10 happen, occur
9 pay
see

a" (!I"::: n

- bo~ bJ~n

- 6"b power

3 hand 8 (political) 9 leader

3 manuscript
6

hJ~nb:!JS~J6"
bJ~adc:'3..,6J~n

bO",6,PO"'"
'bJe} M 3 6 J6
h:JMO'::'
b3"~
b 3 ~n6 (!IJ~n (E)

art valley

5
3

(mountain) 2 tomorrow tomorrow ' s

514

VOCABULARY

10 meet s.o.
- b3~~;;i:) ,

o:J=
8.::. 6 =n

(e . g., at railroad sta tion) 9 encounter, meet

-bnc:)i:)3b,
h n C!!n
a-.::. - b~i:)3b

bai:)(E1;:,o.::l~n
bai:)~;::'o~;::,

(A)

2 discuss, examine , investigate 9 fruit 14 (see sec . 14 . 1.1.2) 13 low, soft (of voice)
13 softly (of voice)
8 loud

ba"a':'~i:)C!!n
ba.::.a;::,~c::!.::.

(A)

-b8""':J 0 .;:o
bM~a:J

~.::.=:)

8 loudly 7 help 2 (indicates iterativity;

2 . 2 . 3)

se e

sec .

9 and , but , 5,

however

b M,.;lO.::.c=:tn (A)

10 but, however; interrogative particle , in a f firmat i ve sentences expects the ans wer ' ye~', i n negat ive sentences, 'no ' 10 wheat
13 meat 11 solve ,
9 memory

hl"lf\a n

- bb6nb ,
bbM36.::.

0:>=

explain

8 - ;::, - bbM 3 b *

12 remember

- bbM8 banM;::'~

see - b b 1"\3 2 often

11 executioner

X
Xi:>c:!.-::.cnn

x "''':;0
X i:>MnbJ'::'Bn
- X~:)3;::"

7 army 4 soldier
9 9

n- *
~,,= *

be sitting (see sec.

sit down (see sec .

9.1.3)

- x!!':J 3.::. ,
- x !!':J 0;::' ,
- X(!IM8-

9.1.2)

8r-1=:!J *

13 s i t down near, next to

see see
9

- X~ -

X:J'" 3 n (!l:J3

5 still,

ye t

- 0:1 X3.':lMn (A)

-X ~ -

cross

VOCABULARY

515

XnL:;lL!'"'

prize

3
.!;::':J~n

!;::'3,:)

.!;::,t::!bl.!lJn
.!rl~;::,6~".!IMn

12 air 9 climate 7 necktie

4

Dutch

GEOGRAPHIC NAMES

In the following the names of cities, states, provinces, etc . are given . Names of countries are to be found in the general vocabulary . Glosses are not given for locations within Georgia .
6':'(Fl.!lan
6:J(F1~Jan

Bethlehem

ol'lt::!6nbn
&1"I~Xl"lan

3':':]1"1
3f"lfln
:JM:J3;::,6n (A)

Baku

(Azerbaijan)

3nMxn6n;::,
G'lon~nbn

Yerevan (Armenia) Virginia Mt. Elbrus

n;::,~0.!l8n n:Jr'I.!lb;::,~nan

Jerusalem
Leningrad

~:J6n6a":;;::'l!n
C!",6~1"I6n

a,...bJ"'3 n

London Moscow New York

Paris

aabocn.::.
6n.!l - nl'lMJn
3i::1M n 3 n
t'inan
b,.,~n

Rome Sochi (Russia)

Mt . Kazbek Chicago

d.!llTl.:>nbn

\:1,,80;)3 n

Fi" 3':' 3'"

516

INDEX
The index is divided into three parts: 1 . an index of grammatical terms, 2. an index of affixes (lis ted in English alphabetical order, and an index of Georgian words ( in Georgian alphabetical order) . ReferenceD are to lesson and section . L . = Lesson, n. = note, App. = appendix.

1.

Index of grammatical terms.

7.3 L . 6, n.9 2.3.2

A. absolute verbs address, forms of adjectives declension negative suffixed adverb.i.al case alphabet, Georgian order alternations 'and', expression of aori s t imperfective irregular , - eb , - ob aorist series approximatiVe aspect assimilation B. ' be' C. 'can ' ,

3.4
6.4.2 14 . 2 3 . 2 . 1, 3.3 . 3 1 . 10 1.10 . 2 1.11 2.6 5.3 L . S, n . 3 5 . 4.1 5.l 10.4.2 2.2.2 lo9 3 . 1 . 7, 5. 4 . 2, 6.1, App . D .

expression of
'be able', ex-

12 . 1.2.3 12 . 1.3c - d 5.l 11.4 8.3 . 2 3 . 1 . 2, 12 . 3 . 3 8.3.4 9 . 3 . 19.3 15.1.6 2.2.3 2.0

pression of
' carry ' , expression of cases, in aorist series causative: o I. conj . verbs of III . conj. verbs change of state , verbs nenotinC] comitative comparative comparison of adjectives and adverbs compound verbs conditional conjugation, definition

INDEX

5n
4.1 L . I0, n . l, n.ll
4 .1 2 lO.1.3 . 2a

conjunctive ( I . conj . ) conjunctive perfect counteractual conditions : present , future past

D. datl..ve case defective verbs

demon strative pronouns and

2.3.1 12 . 1.2 . 2 5.5 3.5.1 B. 3 . 1 8.6 8.6

7.1 .1

adjectives denominatives : I. conj . III. conj. derivative declension dative with verbal nouns direct object markers third person

2.2
5 . 1. . 3 . B 7.4 5.2 4.3

E.
embeddi n g emphatic pronoun ergative case ' extended ' case forms

F. first con jugation in t ran si t ive verbs fourt h con jugation nomi n al forms fractions future , I . conj . future subseries futUre par t iciple

2.2 1 4. 1 . 4 1.2.1 12 . 3 . 1 10 . 4 . 1 2.2 . 1 2.2 . 1

7.6 . 3 ,

11 . 5 . 2 3.3.1

G. genitive case ' give ' , e xpression of ' go ', ' come ', expression

3 . 2.1, 7.3.4

or

4.5

H. h armo n ic clusters ' have ', expression of h - series id . o . markers

I.

1.1

12.1 . 3a- b 7.2.4 4.1.2 6.3 15 . 1 . B

2.2.3

' if ' , e x pression of imperative trun cat ed imperfec t

518

INDEX

indirect object markers in sentence without indirect object indirect objects: sentences with 2

7.2 14 . 1 . 4

reflexive
indirect speech indirect verbs
instrumenta~ case interrogative pronouns inversion irregular verbs

14.1 . 5 13 . 1 8.5 12.1

3.2.1 , 3.3 . 2

7 .5 9 . 1, 12.1 5.0 9.1

5 . 4.1. 15 . 1.4 12 .1.3e

definition conjugation in -eb, -ob

K.

' know'

expression of

9 . 1 . 4.

L. 'lead'; expression of left-branching

12 . 1 . 3d 3 . 3 . 1, 5.8 . 1 . 2

M.
masdar

metathesis
'modal' II . conj. forms in emo - group preverbs with indirect object mxedrul (alphabet) N. nationality, nouns of negation negative adjectives and

2.5, B . l.7 , 1 . 11 . 2 12 . 3 . 2
2. 2 . 1 7.2.4, 7 .2 .5

9 . 1.2 . 2,

11 . 2 . 2

L . 1, App.
4.6.3 6.4 6 . 4.2

pronouns

negative imperative
negative participle
nominative case number agreement (with

6.3 11 . 5.3
2 . 3.1

4.2

verb)
numerals: 1-29 (cardinal)

6.6
10 . 3

29+ de.rivatives
ordinal

10 . 4 6.6 . 1
12.1.2.4 7.1

o.
objective conjugation

object markers

INDEX

519

rules optative
P. participial clauses participles passive, expression of passive of state perfect participle perfect perfect series meaning II. conj . periphrastic passive periphrastic perfect personal pronouns persona 1 and nonpersonal verbs phonology pluperfect plural, nouns polite ness, verbs of possessive pronouns and adjecti ves postposi ti ons preradic a 1 vowels changes in functions of, summary present active participle present/future stem forman t (P/FSF) present subseries present tense , I . conj . preverbs list special functions pronouns , suffixed proper names, declension Q. quantifiers

7.1 . 2
6 . 1, 6.2

5.8 . 1.3 5 . 8 . 1 . 3, 11 . 1 , 11 . 5 3.1 13 .4 11 . 1, 11 . 5 . 4 10 . 1 . 1 . 1, 10 . 1 . 2 . 1 10.1 10 . 1 . 3 11 . 2 11 . 3 12 . 2 9.2 l2.l.3c-d . , 14 . 1 . 2 L.1 10.1 . 1 . 2 , 10 . 1 . 2.2 4.2, 5 . 6 14 . 1 . 1 7.4 4.4 2.0 15.1 . 2 13.5 5 . 7 . 2, 11 . 5 . 1 2. 0
2. 2.1

2.2.2 2.0 2.2.1 14 . 1.3, 15.2 14 . 2

L . 3, n.3

6.6
7 4 4

R. reciprocal pronoun reflexive (id . o . ) reflexive pronouns regular verbs, definition relative pronouns relative verbs root root II . conj. verbs

13 . 1

7.4 5.0 7.5 7.3 2.0 9.1 .2.2

520

INDEX

'run', expressi on of
S. screeve second conjugation in - d in future and present subseries irregular marks change of state verbal noun verbs in - ev series, definition singular and plural verbs stress strong endings (aorist) stylistically marked plural subject markers subject , object case superessive superlative suppletion syncope in wordbu11d1ng T. third conjugation relative forms transliteration truncated stem (noun) truncation in wordbuilding

L.S, n.3
2.0 3.1 3 . 1. 2 3.1.3 3 . 1 . 1, 3 . 1.5 15 . 1.9 3.1.2 3.1.6 15.1.4 2 . 0, 4 . 0 9.1.2 . 2, 9 . 1.3, 14 .1. 3 1.8 9 . 1.1 . 1 5.6 2.1 2.3 . 1, 5 .1 , 8.1.5 , 10 . 2, 12 .4 13 . 3 9 . 3 . 2, 9 . 4.1 15 . 1 . l 3 . 2.1 .1 ] .5.2

8.1
8 .2 L. 1 3 . 2.1 3.5.2 7.2.2 2.5, 5.8.1.5, 6.7 . 3 3 . 3 . 1.2, 5.8.1 . 5 9 . 1 . 2.2 9.1.3 4 .5, 5.4.3, 6.1 , 6 . 3, App . 0 1 . 11 . 1 12 . 4 6.5 12 . 1 . 2 .4

u.
u - ser ies id.o. markers

V. verbal noun use of the genitive with verbs of position Change of position verbs of motion
v- loss vocabulary entry form vocative form voluntary vs. involuntary action
W. word order

2 .4, 5 . 8 . 1 . 6,

7.1

INDEX

521

x.
xucur~

(alphabet)

L . l, App. Note: for most verbal affixes see Appendixes A, B and C . 3 . 1.7
15 . 1.3

2. Index of affixes . and for case markers,

A.
-a
(=

.:;.,:tnb)

-a

(359_

present)

c.
-c (also . too)

-c
D.

(relative pronoun)

L.4, 7.5

vocabulary;

LoS . n.?

da- (plural object in I. conj . verbs)

-dan
(pp . )

14.1 . 3 4.4.2

-del E. e-

(adjectives)

8.7.l
7 .3 .1
6.7.1, 6.7.2

(id . o. marker)

- eb - a (abstract noun) -e1 - (nationality) - eul - (with numerals)

G, G. - gan (pp . )

4.6. 3 10 . 4 . 5 4.4 . 2 14.2 . 4 6.4 14 . 2 . 1 4 . 4.6 15 . 1 . 7

- ga

(intensifier)
(no longer)

-ga (r)

- gac(a)
I.

(indefinite)

- ian -ilob-

(with , adj.)
(as PSF)

-indel - (adjectives) -ive (with numerals)

- jer

8.7.1
.10 . 4 . 4 10 . 4 . 6
44.2

- .iode (with nu merals) 10 . 4 . 2

J.
\< .

(with numerals)
(pp.)

- teen

M. m- (nomen agentis) - mdis, - mde (pp.)

- me (indefinite) me - . -e

5.7 . 2 4.4 . 3 14 . 2.2

5.7 .1

- metki (indirect speech) mo- (with 1st and 2d per-

8.5 7.2.5

522

INDEX

son objects)
mo- . . .
- 0

9 . 4.2 11 . 5.4
8.5 6.7.1, 8 . 7.2

N. na-

(perf. participle)

-0 (indirect speech) -ob - a (abstract noun)

o.

6.7 . 2

-obit
-op
(F/PSF)

L . IS , n.B
7 4 7 6 4 . . . . . 6 6.1 6 7.1 4.1

s, oS.
sa(adjective)
(adj . ) sa- . . . - 0

sa- . .. -o , sa- .. . - e (noun) si- ... -e (abstract) - iii (pp . ) T. -tagan

- tan (pp . ) - tan ertad - tvis (pp . ) marks id.o.

B6 1

4 4 .1

L . 4,
44 .2
in perf .
10 . 1,

n.S
10 . 1 . 4

series

u.
u - ... -es - u! -

(superlative)

9 .4. 1
4 . 6 . 2, 4 . 6 . 3 15 . 1.7
445

(adj . )

- ulob
U - ...
U -

(PSF) - o (without)
(adj . )

( - el) (negative participle)

11.5 . 3
4 . 6 . 2, 4.6 . 3

-ur -

v.
- ve (identity) - vit (pp . )

14.2.3 4.4.1
4.4 . 1, 9.3

z.
- ze
(pp.)

3. Index of Georgian words . Note: Verbs of motion which t ake a great variety of pre verbs are listed under the preverb mi- .
o .

8.'
6.4

INDEX

523 5 . 4 . 2, 6 . 1, App .
D.

.::.':"nb

3. 1. . 7 ,

'::'1::'.::.':"
.::.d~:J3b

6.4.1 7 . 3 . 4,

l.0 . 1 . 1 . 1

iI .
;;'::'1I1"I6n or'id,,6:J 0 '::'

L. 6 , n .8 1.4 .1. 1

L . 3,
~

n .S

.
2.6
9 . 1. .2.2 15 .1. 1 9.1.2.2 9 . 1 .2 . 2 9 .1.2.2
9 . 1. :3
L.l, n.3

~o

~.::.~a:Jo,::,
~'::'(:Inb t:!.::.bb~;)6n.::.6

~oI130il. ~.::.x.~:Jo,::,
~a.::.b
~:JQI~

~Jf!'''''':Jan

L . 7 , exercises

o
03 (a3) :Jfi en a" 6 JI7I n
L. S ,
7 4 .4

n .7

ob (.a)
:J1i~3nb

5.5 8. 4

;);::106;)0'::' 3.

8 .4 6 .4
6.4.1 9.3.1 L . 4, vocabulary ; 7.5 5.2

30"
3:J~'::'r'i

3 n (:lM:J
3 n6

3 n6 B

a.
anb
9 . 1.3

524
~.

INDEX

cn'::'3"
<n~3n.,6If!n
0'1':::>3
~~

7 .4. 3 7.4 7.4

4.1.2

n l::,n

1fI:!),.;aJ
~d306

lO.1 . 3 . 1h 9.2

(!'Ida.:.
n .

B. 4

na" , na nGn
nb (na) nbn6n
nUHf3"b
nd603(~)

5 . 5 . 2, 5 . 5.1,

9.2
5 . 5.2.

9.2

9.2

B.4
(aor .

1"1:)6;)6':::'

11::]6.:.,

6.2 11 . 3
9.1 . 4, 12 . 1 . 3e

aux.illiary)

nanD

2.6

a.
a'::'O'In

7 .4. 2
L . 3, n . 3 12 . 1 . 3a

a.:. a.:::.
a~d3b

ao
an~nb

9.2
4.5, 5. 4 . 3, 6.1,
App _ 0 _

annm;:,6b
ann~3.::.6 b ana~d3b ana~'::'3b

12 . 1 . 3c 12 . 1 . 3d
12 . 1 . 3c

12.1.3d
7 .4. 2

anbn

anA6nb
anbB:J ab

L . S. n . 3

7 . 3.4
12.1. 3b

a!:J'::'3 b

INDEX

525

6.
6~
6~(I~fl

6.3 6 .4. 1

"'.

1'\6:J6~

L . B,

n.3

",~a

6.2

b.
b3~~

bnl'\ 6n l::!n
bbO~,6
~

4 . 5, 5 . 4 . 3 L.B, n . 3
9 .1. 3

6.1, 6 . 3 , App . D .

.
6.2 , L.12, n . 3 9.3.1

.!I 6 ~~
.!ISl"\ M

:J .
:j"~6;:)taM6n

L . 6,

n.8

:J(a)6,

15 . 1.1

3.2 . 1.1

9.3.2 3 . 2.7,

5 .4 . 2,

6 .1

a.
O:Jnd~~6~

o:Jand!!:ln;:)

6.2 12 . 1 . 2.3 9 .2 4.4 . 4

4.4.4

a06
OMl'\nb
a~,

h.
h30 6

9.2

e.

B:J a"

7.3 . 4

526

INOEX

9.1.3

2.2.3
_ADDENDA TO VOCABULARY 11 letter
33..:>r'i.n

(of the alphabet)

30"l hM 3(cn)

-cn:janb

n-*

na

~"',""b

12 last name, family name 7 please 12 be said 5 at that time

3 but

a:J; 3"'.t> a
r'i.nB h 3 n
-b!)~-

11 number 11 (perfect participle root of

b3~~

see sec.

11 . 1 . )

(see ~a:)"'lI"In)

12 force,

strength

ADDENDA & CORRIGENDA

l P. = 'page: No. = ' exercise number ... .' l. = 'line'; i

'replace with .. .' ]

= 'from the bottom'; ~ =

P. 51 . No. 10. I. 2. Change word order to: ba,:)~ o(;3~ahll~ d~J3aOlo~l> P. I [2, add to end of 5.3: In genem1. a negated aorist conveys the nuance that Lhe action was not performed because one ctidn'l want to perform it; e.g., C'lOl.,bdo ;'1Il aa3a~()0) 'we didn't go into the room [because we didn't want to).' To express negation without this nuance of volition. see IO.I .3. t.b.

h'~'aVa"'

P. 185, No. 26: Change text in square brackets to read: [Whan a word occurs before a monosyUabic verb. it often adds -a, as here. 3066".1 P. 186. No. 40.1. 1: j<Jr,,'I>a --> j<Jr.,aa.
P. 186. No. 45. 1. 2: o"I?"30~a(J). f)('}a ---io 3"~"3tJl?aO) I!" P. 194, No. 40, I. 1: on the Street -+ on (lil.. 'i n') the street P. 195., No. 45 ,l. 2: in oroer to -+ and to. P. 217. Note 5. I. 6: fuc ab"'d~<:!ab~ --> fut. aaab"'d~<:!ab~ P . 237, 1. 8 i: Add to a(n~3~~o entry: 7Jam~3(1)a~o mainly

P. 250, No. 2: d3J~o ~a3a6~~ ~6.0hao(')o1J. ~.I<'la~n~ aoba~3()(I)~G ""'~ab~b~ daa<:!a <:!aoa6~,. "'~3<:!a~ 3oba~3am'(J P. 250, No.3: aa'" 3~d<:!" ,,"',3a~ --> ,,'" 3aJ<:!'"

-7

,,"',3 afi1

P. 259. No.3.: He couldn't kill -7 He didn ' I kill. P. 291. to entry ~~~o1J . ~~aMl!:0b : arrive -7 arrive (from a distance. by traveUing) P. 297.1. 17, to entry 'B7Jdaal!:aoa~o: add to translation: (see 8.6.1) P. 304. I. 10 r: it is written -+ it is/has been written P. 304." 8 f: it was written -+ it was/had been been written P. 314, bottom line: ab::'O::'30 -+ ~~ab~O~30 P. 315. No. 6.1. 3: ah 03(') -+ oh "l)t'J. P . 315. No. 12, 1.. 2: aoh aoaf? ~::.b::.O()~::' -+ aoh aoaf?::.,:,. ~~b~(rll~o.

P. 316, No. 24, I. 3: 3"~'Va"'a<:!, --> o"~"Va"'o<:!a' P. 317. No. 38. 1. 2: u3ama(lb~3J<:!a --> ~3J00(lb~3a<:!a. P. 318. col. I. I. 6, to entry ::'~('): letter -+ letter (of the alphabet) P. 319. col. 2.1. 10. to a,6ada entry: (1887) --> (18871987)
P. 321, No.6. I. 3: This was
-'J>

He was.

NOlF.. I. 4: 3~<J~"'a~ --> 3~'~"'a~. P.355, to entry a' V ()o6b add: be offended

P. 323.

P. 375. L 15: bb,,~o b(J!flf',:;:. 'BJbOb --+ "b:;:.~o 6(JCS~'::' ::'lijal>o::. P . 390, I. 10 t. to entry r,""Ga():}6: The first and second columns should read: g"bG8aa6 or ~"1;)C33.::.a6 (O,,{;6, c::.l;~a) ca=H-a-cmev-s or ca=H -a-cv-am-s (aorist r,"(a)"G3o(m), f)'::'::'G3b; perfect: g"()08 a3<lb) Passive of state as from

f)::'0G3"a6 above.

P. 401. L 17. to entry 6::.ja0;::.(.)o: of praise; prn..isewonhy; laudable (A) praising. to praise (A)

--40

of prni~ ;

P. 451, 5. L 11 i. add entry: (J)a~" counting, (to) count P. 452, 7. 1. 17 add entry: JiJt?"(.j here = never P . 455. I. 3, add entry: aa6 aGQ mind you!

ADDITIONS TO VOCABULARY
P . 510: add -03"a6. f).::,~. see Oa(l36, P . 512. to: a-Vno~ add: be offended

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Michael
Heim~

Contemporary Czech, 271 p., 1982 (ISBN: 0-89357-098-2)

(UCLA Slavic Studies, Volume 3).

Michael Heinl, Zlata Meyerstein, and Dean Worth: Readings in Czech, 147 p., 1985 (ISBN,0-89357-154-7). (UCLA v. 13). Warren H. Held, Jr.. William R. $chmalstieg, and Janet E. Gertz: Beginning Hittite, ix + 218 p., 1988 (ISBN, 0-89357-184-9). M. Hubenova & others: A Course in Modem Bulgarian, Part 1, viii + 303 p., 1983 (ISBN' 0-89357-104-0); Pan 2, ix + 303 p., 1983 (ISBN,
0-89357-105-9).

Martin E. Huld: Basic Albanian Etymologies, x + 213 p., 1984 (ISBN:

0-89357-135-0).

Charles [sen berg: Substantial Proofs of Being: Osp Mande/slam 's Luerary Prose, 179 p., 1987 (ISBN, 0-89357-169-5)_ Roman Jakobson. with the assistance of Kalhy Santilli: Brain and Language Cerebral Hemispheres and Linguistic Slmclure in Mutual
Light, 48 p., 1980 (ISBN: 0-893,S7-Q68.0). (New York University Shtvic Paj.J~.rs. Interdisciplinary Series. Volume IV)

Donald K. Jarvis and Elena D. Ufshhz: Viewpoints: A Listening and Conversation Course in Russian, Third Edilion, iv + 66 p., 1985 (ISBN: 0-89357-152-0); instructor's Manual, v + 37 p., (ISBN: 0-89357-153-9). Leslie A. Johnson: The Experience of Time in Crime and Punifhment, 146 p., 1985 (ISBN, 0-89357-142-3). Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, ed.: East European History: Selected Papers of the Third World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies, 183 p., 1989 (ISBN, 0-89357-193-8). Emily R. Klema: Animacy in Russian: A New Interpretation, 139 p ., 1983
(ISBN: 0-89357-115-6). (UCLA Slavic Studies, Volume 6)

Andrej Kodjak, Krystyna Pomorska, and Kiril Taranovsky, eds.: Alexander Pu.Ikin Symposium II, 131 p ., 1980 (ISBN: 0..89357-067-2) (New York University Slavic Papers, Volume m). Andrej Kodjak. Krystyna Pomorska, Stephen Rudy. eds.: Myth in Literature,207 p., 1985 (ISBN: 0-89357-137-7) (New York University Slavic
Papers, Volume V). Andrej Kodjak: Pushkin's I. P. Belkin, 112

p. , 1979 (ISBN, 0-89357-057-5).

Andrej Kodjak, Michael J. Connolly, Krystyna Pomorska, eds.: Structural Analysis of Narrative TexIS (Conference Papers), 203 p., 1980 (ISBN:
0-89357-071-0) (New York University Slavic Papers, Volume II).

Demetrius J. Koubourlis, ed.: Topics in Slavic Phonology, vii + 270 p., 1974 (ISBN, 0-89357-017-6). Ronald D. LeBlanc: The Russianization of Gil Bias: A Study in Lilerary Approprio.tion, 292 p. 1986 (ISBN, 0-89357-159-8).

OTHER BOOKS FROM SLAVICA

Richard and Alice S. Nakhimovsky: Beginning Russian, VoL 1, xiv + 426 p., 1981 ( ISBN : 0-89357-077-X); Vol. 2. viii + 339 p., 1982 ( ISBN: 0-89357-078-8); Teacher's Manual, 45 p., 1981 (ISBN,089357-079-6). L Leed, Alexander D. Nakhimovsky,

Richard L. Leed and Slava Paperno: 5000 Russian Wo rds With All Their Inflected Fonns: A Russian-English Dictionary, xiv + 322 p. , 1987
(ISBN, ().89357-I7().9).

Edgar H . Lehrman; A Handbook 10 Eighty-Six of Chekhov's Stones in Russian, 327 p., 1985 ( ISBN, ().89357-151 -2). Lauren Leighton, ed.: Studies in H onor of Xenia Gqsiorowska, 191 p., 1983
( ISBN: 0-89357-102-4).

R. L Lencek: Th e Strncture and HislOry of the Slo"-ene Language, 365 p_,

1982 ( ISBN , 0.89357-099-0).

Jules F. Levin and Peter D . Haikalis. with Anatole A . Forostenko: Reading Modem Russian, vi + 321 p., 1979 ( ISBN: 0-89357- 059-1). Maurice I. Levin: Russian Declension alld Conjugation: A Structural D escriptio n with E xercises, x + 159 p., "1978 ( ISBN: ()"S9357.048-6). Alexander Lipson: A Russian Course. Part 1, ix + 338 p., 198.1 ( ISBN: 0-89357Q80-X); Purt 2, 343 p., 1981 (ISBN: 0-S9357-0SI-8); Pan 3, iv + 105 p. , 1981 ( ISBN: 0-89357-082-6); Teach er's Manual by Stephen J . Molinsky (who also assis ted in the writing of Parts land 2), 222 p. ~
1981 (ISBN, ().89357-O83-4).

Yvonne R. Lockwood: Text and Context Folksong in a B osnian Muslim ViIJage, 220 p. , 1983 (ISBN, 0-89357-12().2). Sophia Lubensky & Donald K. Jarvis, eds.: Teaching, Learning, Acquiring Russian, viii + 4 '15 p., 1984 ( ISBN: 0-89357-134-2). Horace G. Lum: Fundamelllals of Russian, xiv + 402 p., reprint, 1982
(ISBN, ().89357-097-4).

Paul Macura: Russian-English Botanical Dictionary, 678 p., 1982 ( ISBN:

0-89357-092-3) .

Thomas G . Magner, ed.: Slavic Linguislics and Language Teaching, x +

309 p., 1976 ( ISBN, 0-89357-037-0).

Amy Mandelker and Roberta Reeder, eds.: The Supernatural in Slavic and Baltic Literature: Essays in Honor of ViclOr Terras, Imro du ction by J. Thomas Shaw, xxi + 402 p. , 1989 (ISBN: 0-89357-192-X). Vladimir Markov and Dean S. Worth, eds.: From Los Angeles to Kiev Pa.pers on the O ccasion of the Ninth International Congress of Siavisls, 250 p . 1983 {lSBN: 0-89357-119-9) (UCLA Slavic Studies, Volume 7). Mateja Matejic and Dragan Milivojevic: An Anthology of Medieval Serbian Literature in English, 205 p., 1978 (ISBN: 0-89357-055-9).

OTHER BOOKS FROM SLA VICA Peter J. Mayo: The Morphology of Aspect in Sevemcenlh-Century Russian (Based on Texts of the Smurnoe Vremja), xi + 234 p., 1985 (ISBN:
0-89357-145-8).

Arnold McMillin, ed.: Aspects of Modern Russian and Czech Literature Selected Papers of the Third World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies, 239 p., 1989 (ISBN: 0-89357- 194-6). Gordon M. Messing: A Glossary of Greek Romany As Spoken in Agio Van-ara (Athens), 175 p., 1988 (ISBN' 0-89357-187-3). Vasa D. Mihailovich and Mateja Marejic: A Comprehensive Bibliography of Yugoslav Literature in Eng/ish, 1593-1980, xii + 586 p., 1984 (ISBN:
0-89357-136-9).

Vasa D. Mih ailovich: First Supplement to A Comprehensive Bibliography Q[ Yugoslav Literature in. English 1981-1985, 338 p., 1989 ( ISBN:
0.89357-188-1).

Edward - ozejka, ed. : Vasiliy Pavlovich Aksenov: A Writer in Quest of M Himself, 272 p ., 1986 (ISBN, 0-89357- 141-5) . Edwa rd Mozejko: Yordan Yovkov, 117 p., 1984 (ISBN: 0-89357-117-2). Alexander D. Nakhimovsky and Richard L. Leed: Advanced Russian, Second Edition, Revised, vii + 262 p. , 1987 ( ISBN: 0-89357-178-4). The Comprehensive Russian Grammar of A. A . Borsov/ 06CTOHTeJTbHaR rpaMMaTRKa A. A. 6apcoB3, Critical Edition by Lawrence W . Newman, Ixxxvi + 382 p., 1980 (ISBN, 0-89357-072-9). Felix J . Oinas: Essays on Russian Folklore and Mythology, 183 p., 1985,
(ISBN,0-89357-148-2).

Hongor Ou lanoff: The Prose Fiction of Veniamin Kaverin, v + 203 p ., 1976

(ISBN,0-89357-032-X).

Tem ira Pachmuss: Russian Litermure in the Baltic between rhe World Wars, 448 p., 1988 (ISBN, 0-89357-181 -4). Lora Paperno; Getting Around Town in Russian: SilUationai Dialogs, Englisb translation and photographs by Richard D. Sylvester, 123 p., 1987 (ISBN, 0-89357-171-7). Siava Paperno, Alexander D . Nakhimovsky, Alice S. Nakhimovsky, and Richard L Leed: Intermediate Russian: The Twelve Chairs, 326 p., 1985, (ISBN, 0-89357-I44-X). Ruth L Pearce: Russian For Expository Prose, Vol. 1 IntroduclO'Y Course, 413 p., 1983 (ISBN: 0-89357121 -0); Vol. 2 Advanced Course, 255 p., 1983 (ISBN, 0-89357-122-9). Jan L. Perkowski: The Darkling A Treatise on Slavic Vampirism , 169 p., 1989 (ISBN, 0-89357-200-4). Gera ld Pirog: Aleksandr B{ok 's .11TaJIbHHCKJ.1e Cnu(J.1 Confrontation and Disillusionment, 219 p., 1983 (ISBN: 0.89357-095.8).

OTHER BOOKS FROM SLA VICA

Stanley 1. Rabinowitz: Sologub's Literary Children: Keys to a Symbolist's Prose, 176 p., 1980 (ISBN, 0-89357-069-9). Gilbert C. Rappaport: Grammatical Function and Syntactic Structure: The Adverbial Participle of Russian, 218 p" 1984 (ISBN: 0-89357.133-4) (UCLA
Slavic Studies, Volume 9).

David F. Robinson: Lithuanian Reverse Dictionary, ix + 209 p., 1976

(ISBN, 0-89357-034-6).

DOD K. Rowney & G. Edward Orchard, eds.: Russian and Slavic History, viii + 303 p ., 1977 (ISBN : 0-89357-036-2) . Catherine Rudin: Aspects of Bulgarian Syntax: Complementizers and WH Consrntcliol1S, iv + 232 p., 1986, (ISBN: 0-89357.156-3). Gerald J. Sabo, S.J.~ ed.: Valaska Skola, by Hugolin Gavlovic, with a linguistic sketch by L. Durovic, 730 p., 1988 (ISBN: 0-89357.179-2). Ernest A Scatton: Bulgarian Phonology, xii + 224 p. , 1975 (reprint: 1983)
(ISBN,0-89357-103-2).

Emest A. Scatton: A Reference Grammar of Modern Bulgarian, 448 p.,

1984 (ISBN, 0-89357-123-7).

Barry P. Scherr and Dean S. Worth , eds.: Russian Verse Theory Proceedings of the 1987 Conference at UCLA, 514 p. 1989 (ISBN: 0-89357-1989). William R. Schmalstieg: Introduction to Old Church SlaviC, second edition,
314 p., 1983 (ISBN,0-89357-107-5). William R. Schmalstieg: A Lithuanian Historical Syntax. xi ( ISBN, 0-89357-185-7).

412 p., 1988

R. D. Schupbach: Lexical Specialization in Russian, 102 p., 1984 (ISBN:

0-89357-128-8) (UCLA Slavic Studies. Volume 8). Peter Seyffert: Soviet Literary SrrnclUralism: Background Debate Issues. 378 p., 1985 (ISBN, 0-89357-140-7). Koi K Shangriladze and Erica W. Townsend, eds.: Papers for the 1'-: Congress of Southeast European Stadies (Belgrade, September 1984).
382 p., 1984 (ISBN, 0-89357-138-5) .

Michael Shapiro: Aspects of Russian Morphology, A Semiotic Investigation. 62 p. (7 x 10" format) , 1969 (ISBN' 0-89357-004-4). J. Thomas Shaw: Pushkin A Concordance to Ihe Poetry, 2 volumes, 1310 pages total, 1985 (ISBN: 0-89357-13O-X for the set). Efraim Sieher: Style and Strncture in the Prose of Isaak Babel', 169 p., 1986
(ISBN,0-89357-163-6).

Mark S. Simpson: The Russian Gothic Novel and its British Antecedellls.
112 p., 1986 (ISBN, 0-89357-162-8).

David A. Sloane: Aleksalldr Blok and the Dynamics of the Lyric Cycle, 384 p., 1988 (ISBN, 0-89357-182-2).

OTHER BOOKS FROM SLA VlCA Greta N. Siobin, ed.: Aleksej Remizov: Approaches to a Protean Writer. 286 p., 1987 (ISBN, ()..89357-l679). Theofanis G. Stavrou and Peter R. Weisensel: Russian Travelers to the Christian East from. the Twelfth 10 the Twentieth Century, L + 925 p., 1985, (ISBN' ()..89357.157.1) . Gerald Stone and Dean S. Worth, eds.: The Formation of the Slavonic Literary Languages, Proceedings of a Conference Held in Memory oj Raben Auty and Anne Pennington at Oxford 6-1 I JuLy 1981, 269 p"
1985 (ISBN: 0-89357-143-1) (UClA Slavic Studies, Volume 11). Roland Sussex and 1. C. Eade, eds.: Culture and Nationalism in NineteenthCentury Easlern Europe, 158 p., 1985 (ISBN: 0--89357-146-6).

Oscar E. Swan: First Year PoLish, second edition, revised and e.J.panded, 354 p., 1983 (ISBN, 0.89357108-3) . Oscar E . Swan: In.termediate Polish, 370 p., 1986 (ISBN: 0-89357-165-2). Jane A. Taubman: A Life Through Verse Marina Tsve/oeva 's Lyric Diary, 296 p., 1989 (ISBN, ()..89357.197-0). Charles E. Townsend: COlltinuing Wuh Russian, xxi + 426 p., 198] (ISBN:
()"89357OS50).

Char les E. Townsend and Veronica N. Dolenko: Instructor's Manual 10 Accompany Continuing With Russian, 39 p., 1987 (ISBN: 0-89357.l77-6). Charles E. Townsend: Czech Through Russian, viii + 263 p., 1981 ( ISBN:
()..89357OS9.3).

Charles E_ Townsend: The Memoirs of Princess Natal'ja Borisovna Dolgorukaja, viii + 146 p., 1977 (ISBN: 0-89357-044-3). Charles E. Townsend: Russian Word Formation, con-ected reprint, viii + 272 p., 1975 ( ISBN, 0.S9357.023.0). Janet G. Tucker: Innokenlij Annenskij and the Acmeisl Doctrine, 154 p., 1987 (ISBN, ()..89357.164-4). Boryana Velcbeva: Proto-Slavic alld Old Bulgarian Sound Changes, Translarion of che original by Ernest A . Scatton, 187 p., 1988 (ISBN:
0.S9357.189.X).

Walter N. Vickery, ed.: Aleksandr Blok Centennial Conference, 403 p., 1984, (ISBN, 0-89357-111.3). Essays in Honor of A. A. Zimi,~ ed. D. C . Waugh. xiv + 416 p., 1985
(ISBN, G.89357.l47.4).

Danie l C. Waugh: The Greal Turkes Defiance On the History of the Apocryphal Correspondence of the Onoman Sulton in its Muscovite and Russian Variants, ix + 354 p., 1978 (ISBN: 0-89357-056-7). Susa n W obSl: R ussian Readings and Grammatical Terminology. 88 p., 1978
(ISBN , ()"89357.049-4).

OTHER BOOKS FROM SLA VTCA

James B. Woodward: The Symbolic Art of Gogol: Essays on His Short Fiction, 131 p., 1982 (ISBN: 0-89351-093-1). Dean S. Worth: Origins of Russian Grammar NOles on the Slale of Russian philology before the advent of printed grammars~ 176 p., 1983 (ISBN: 0-89357-110-5). (UCLA Slavic Studies, Volume 5) '-ITO $I BIiI.llen What I Saw by Boris Zhirkov, Annotated and Edited by

Richard L Leed and Lora Paperno, 128 p. (8.5 x 11" format), 1988
(ISBN,0-89357-183-O).