kritikuli azrovneba

kritikuli azrovneba Tanamedrove biznes sistemis ganuyreli

nawilia. kritikuli azrovneba gamoiyeneba rogorc meTodi nebismieri
Temis Tu sagnis Sesaswavlad. ara aqvs mniSvneloba es sagani miekuTvneba
humanitarul, teqnikur Tu socialur mecnierebaTa jgufs. imisaTvis rom
ukeT gaverkvioT Tu ras warmoadgens es meTodi, (TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom mecnierTa garkveuli nawili kritikul azrovnebas calke
mimarTulebad da samecniero dargad miiCnevs) mokled mimovixiloT misi
ganviTarebis istoria saukuneebis manZilze.
inteleqtualuri fesvebi kritikul azrovnebas gadgmuli aqvs
Soreul warsulSi. misi warmoSoba sokrates saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sokratem Tavis swavlebaSi am mimarTulebas zondirebis(kiTxvaTa dasma)
forma misca. sokratiseuli anu sokratuli meTodi warmoadgens swored
im gzas, romelic iTvaliswinebs kiTxvebis dasmis safuZvelze aRmoCenil
iqnas WeSmariti pasuxi da ganisazRvros codnis is xarisxi rac
pirovnebas gaaCnia. sokratem pirvelma aRmoaCina adamianis codnis
samyaroSi wvdomis principi da Seqmna swori azrovnebisa da
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis moZRvreba. sokratuli meTodis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia diskusiiT, debatebiT, problemuri kiTxvebis dasmiT da
sxva.
sokratem pirvelma daafuZna WeSmaritebisadmi Ziebis swori procesi.
ara marto is, Tu sad da rogor SeiZleba misi povna, aramed gaukeTa
vrceli analizi da Sefaseba mTel procesebs. Tanamedrove
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi TiTqmis yvela maswavlebeli iyenebs
“sokratul meTods”, romelic swavlebis erT-erTi saukeTeso strategiaa.
swavlebis dros sokratuli meTodis gamoyenebisas maswavlebeli svams
mxolod problemur kiTxvebs. ar awodebs aranair informacias
moswavleebs. am dros maswavlebeli ganixilavs gamonaklisebs da martiv
ideas eWvqveS ayenebs. zogjer maswavlebels mohyavs faqtebi moswavleTa
mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, magram ar afiqsirebs
sakuTar pozicias., xels uwyobs im pasuxebis eWvqveS dayenebas, romelTac
gvaZleven sxvadasxva avtoritetebi. moswavleebi Tavisuflad gamoTqvamen
sakuTar mosazrebebs dasmul problemasTan dakavSirebiT, Tamamad
Txzaven hipoTezebs da versiebs, aanalizeben erTmaneTis argumentebs.
sokrates mimdevrebma kidev ufro gaaRrmaves misi dawyebuli gza da
Seqmnes sruli koncefcia kritikuli azrovnebisa. Tanamimdevrebad
gvevlinebian platoni, aristotele, berZeni skeptikosebi. yvela maTgani
aRiarebda imas, rom raRacis Sesaswavlad ar aris sakmarisi mxolod
zedapiruli dakvirveba. aucilebelia masSi CaRrmaveba sistemuri
midgomis SefasebiT.
Sua saukuneebSi kritikuli azrovnebis tradicia gagrZelda da
hpova gamovlineba iseTi moazrovnis naSromSi, rogoricaa Toma
aqvitaneli (Sumna Theological).
aRorZinebis epoqaSi (me-15. me-16s.s) evropaSi fexi moikida
kritikulma azrovnebam TiTqmis yvela wamyvan dargsa da disciplinaSi,
rogoric iyo religia, xelovneba, sazogadoeba, samarTali, Tavisufleba.
am swavlulTa rigebSi mniSvnelovania erazmusis, koletisa da muris
naSromebi.
frensis bekonma inglisSi wina planze wamoswia ganaTlebisa da
codnis sakiTxi da kritikis qveS daayena codnis miRebisadmi araswori
midgoma. man pirvelma daayena sakiTxi samecniero dargis empiriulad
Seswavlisa. frensis bekonis wignebi da naSromebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
Tanamedrove kritikuli azrovnebis adreul nimuSebad.
aseTive nawarmoebadaa cnobili tomas muris “utopia”. sadac avtori
nawarmoebis TiToeul pirs, domens, aRiarebs Tanamedrove msoflios
kritikis obieqtad. misi xedviT, mTeli maSindeli socialuri sistema
imsaxurebs radikalur gardaqmnasa da analizs. utopia aris pirveli
naSromi msoflio istoriaSi, sadac formulirebulia mecnierebis,
demokratiis, Tavisuflebisadmi ltolvis Canasaxebi.
Semgom periodSi kritikulma azrovnebam gaiara ganviTarebis
grZeli gza. TavianTi wvlili Seitanes iseTma moazrovneebma da
mecnierebma rogorebic arian loki, hobsi, makiaveli, niutoni.
aRsaniSnavia frangi ganmanaTleblebis midgoma kritikuli
azrovnebisadmi. monteskie, volteri, didro. isini aRiarebdnen im faqts,
rom rodesac adamianis goneba mimarTulia raRaca miznisaken, miT
ukeTesad Camoyalibdeba xasiaTisa da politikuri samyarosadmi xedva.
swored siRrmidan unda momdinareobdes mizezi, rac gaxdis pirovnebas
dainteresebuls, rom ukeT Caixedos da gansazRvros swori analizi. es
swori xedva ki aucileblad unda Camoyalibdes kritikuli kiTxvebis
dasmis safuZvelze.
mecxramete saukuneSi kritikuli azrovnebis Camoyalibebis
procesma kidev ufro win waiwia. spenserisa da komtes naSromebma
erTgvari niadagi Seumzada C. darvinis evoluciur Teorias, romelic
adamianis warmoSobis Teoriis saxeliTaa cnobili (darvinizmi).
meoce saukunidan kritikuli azrovneba sruliad ganaxlebuli da
gansxvavebuli saxiT warmogvidga. 1906 wels uiliam samnerma gamoaqveyna
xedvebi mTeli maSindeli sistemisadmi. es exeboda ganaTlebas, genderul
problemebsa da socialur sakiTxebs. man wamoayena idea kritikuli
fakultetis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, sadac ganaTlebas miiRebdnen is pirebi,
visac surdaT yofiliyvnen amerikis sruluflebiani moqalaqeni.
Tanamerdove kritikuli azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli
Seasrula jon diuim. mis naSromebSi warmodgenilia grZnobebi, romlebic
dafuZnebulia pragmatizms(instrumentalur xasiaTs). aseve mniSvnelovania
realuri adamianuri miznebi da amocanebi. diuis ideebiT Cven gavzardeT
warmodgena da Sexedulebebi adamianis azrovnebis analizis koncefciisa
da Sefasebis mimarT.
dRevandel cxovrebaSi kritikuli azrovneba sul ufro da ufro
popularuli xdeba. vinaidan igi gvexmareba ukeTesad SevicnoT da
aRviqvaT esa Tu is Sesaswavli obieqti da gamovitanoT swori daskvnebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
kacobriobis istoriaSi adamianis gadarCena da misi keTildReoba
pirdapirproporciuli iyo individis Setanil wvlilTan socilur
jgufSi. am saSiS brZolaSi imarjvebdnen is individebi, romelTa gonebac
momarTuli iyo da muSaobda sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmisaTvis.
TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Cvens winaparTa azrovneba ufro metad
iyo damokidebuli raRacis rwmenaze, vidre informaciis sisworeze.
dResdReisobiT sruliad gansxvavebul samyaroSi vcxovrobT.
kacobrioba midis win Tavisi ganviTarebis istoriiT. mecnierul-
teqnikuri progresi didadaa damokidebuli informaciis sisworesa da
utyuarobaze. imisaTvis, rom iyos zusti gadawyvetilebis miReba da
winsvla. mTeli globaluri samyaro kacobriobis samsaxurSia medicinis,
mecnierebis, finansebis ukeT marTvisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. anu
mniSvnelovania ama Tu im wyarosi Tu informaciis sandooba da sizuste.
erTi sityviT sasargeblo informacia, romelic warmatebis sawindaria
TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis da sazogadoebisaTvis.

kompiuteruli teqnologiebisa saukuneSi Zalian Znelia

informaciuli sandoobis dadgena. aswavlo adamianebs konteqstis ukeT
Secnoba da swori gadawyvetilebis miReba, warmoadgens umTavres
amocanas dRevandeli progresirebadi sazogadoebisa.

swori informaciis moZieba, aRmoCena, inovaciuri meTodebi exmareba

adamians gauZlos axali globaluri samyaros gamowvevebs da Tavisi
roli daimkvidros sazogadoebaSi.

kritikuli azrovneba gaxlavT is atributi Tu meTodi, romelic

exmareba Tanamedrove adamians, ukeT Seicnos Sesaswavli Tu sakvlevi
obieqti, sagani da gaakeTos swori da marTebuli daskvnebi ama Tu im
sakiTxis irgvliv.

CavuRrmavdeT kritikul azrovnebas da detalebSi warmovadginoT

misi analizi da Semadgeneli komponentebi.
da mainc ra aris saerTod azrovneba da ratom unda iyos
kritikuli? da arsebobs Tu ara azrovnebis sxvadasxva formebi,
romlebTac aqvTan ara aqvT saerTo kritikul SemecnebasTan? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad daviwyoT pirveli kiTxvidan – ra aris
azrovneba? am definiciis gansamartavad arsebobs uamravi ganmarteba.

azrovneba es aris mizanmimarTuli, Camoyalibebuli SemecnebiTi

procesi, romliTac Cven aRviqvavT samyaros. (d. klusteri. Online Education
World )

azrovneba aris gza gansjisa da Sefasebisaken. (Thefreedictionary )

am ganmartebebis safuZvelze Cven erTgvari warmodgena gveqmneba

azrovnebasa da fiqrze. azrovnebis sxvadasxva saxeobebi arsebobs.
mecnierebi ukeTeben sistemur analizs azrovnebis fenomens da amasTanave
ar aris erTgvari SeTanxmeba maT klasifikaciasa da raodenobaSi.

miuxedavad mravali mosazrebisa, TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari aRiarebs

moments, rodesac xdeba e.w. gadawyvetilebis miReba, aq CarTulia
upirveles yovlisa kritikuli da kreatiuli azrovneba.
 P roblemis gadaWra
p
Ggadawyvetilebis miReba

gadavideT uSualod kritikul azrovnebaze, romelic Cveni Temis

sakvlevi obieqtia. iseve rogorc yvela sxva definiciebze,aqac uamravi
ganmarteba gvxvdeba.
kritikuli azrovneba es aris erToblioba faseulobebisa da
SemecnebiTi strategiisa, romelic racionalurad afasebs informacias
mis sizustesa da vargisianobaze. (Criticalthinking Education Group)
kritikuli azrovneba aris inteleqtualurad disciplinirebuli
procesi, romelic saerTo warmodgenas gviqmnis analizze, sinTezze,
informaciis Sefasebaze, romelic mopovebulia an Sekrebilia
dakvirvebis, eqsperimentis, argumentaciis, msjelobis, urTierTobis
Sedegad. (m.skriveni, r.poli)

kritikulad azrovnebisaTvis saWiroa sami ZiriTadi principis

gamoyeneba, romelic dafuZnebulia:

 personalur faseulobebze, logikaze, msjelobaze,

obieqturobasa da informaciis Semcvelobaze.
 daxelovnebasa da SemecnebiT xelmisawvdomobaze,
romelic saSualebas iZleva informaciis mopovebaze
sxvadasxva wyaroebidan.
 Sefasebasa da mopovebuli informaciis sworad
gamoyenebaze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.

kritikuli azrovneba ar aris skepticizmis (skepsis.berZ. kritikuli

arasando damokidebuleba, daeWveba risame sisworeSi an
SesaZleblobebSi) sinonimi. Cveni sakvlevi obieqti warmoadgens
mizanmimarTul,strategiul axali informaciis mopovebis SefasebiT
TavmoyriT disciplinas. mas safuZvlad udevs epistomologiuri (
filosofiuri xedva, romelic swavlobs codnis xedvis bunebas) Sefaseba.
kritikuli azrovneba gamomdinareobs skeptikuri filosofiidan, romlis
mTavari Sedegia – codna es aris kritikuli azrovnebis Sedegi, romelic
icvleba axali informaciis moZiebisas. ( Thecriticalthinking Education Group)
daskvniT nawilSi kritikuli azrovneba SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc uwyveti procesi, sadac xdeba axali informaciis Sejereba
ZvelTan kriteriumebis meSveobiT. sadac axali informacia amcirebs
Zvelis mimarT rwmenas da codnas, ukeTebs reformirebas. Sedegi
yvelafrisa ki aris didi albaTobiT winaswari daskvnis, rezultatis
gansazRvra.
arsebobs radenime xerxi Sedegis misaRwevad. Sedegis misaRwevad
aucilebelia im standartebis dacvac, rac kritikuli azrovnebis mTavari
moTxovnaa.
kritikuli azrovnebis standartebia:

 mkafiooba da sicxade
 maqsimaluri sizuste
 garkveuloba
 Sesabamisoba
 siRrme
 zedmiwevnoba
 logika
 miukerZoebloba

kritikuli azrovnebis SemTxvevaSi srulad unda davemorCiloT am

standartebs.
mkafiooba da sicxade aris yvelaze mTavari standarti. Tu kiTxvis
formulireba ar aris naTeli, Cven ver ganvsazRvravT mis sizustesa da
marTebulobas. faqtia, rom Cven ver SevZlebT verafris Tqmas, Tu ar
viciT Tu razea saubari. am standartis ZiriTadi kiTxvebia:
 SegiZlia meti gulmodginebiT gagrZeleba muSaobis?
 SegiZlia damisaxelo magaliTi?
 SegiZlia amixsna ra igulisxme?
maqsimaluri sizuste Sors aris faqtebis damaxinjebisa da
cTomilebisagan. misi kiTxvebia:
 rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT?
 rogor SegviZlia gavarkvioT rom es simarTlea?
 rogor SegviZlia davadasturoT?
garkveuloba zedmiwevniTi garkveva aucilebeli donis. misi
kiTxvebia:
 SegiZlia iyo metad specifiuri am sakiTxisadmi?
 SegiZlia momawodo meti detalebi?
 SegiZlia iyo ufro metad zusti?
Sesabamisoba sazRvravs kavSirs problemasTan. masTan
SesabamisobaSi modis Semdegi kiTxvebi:
  rogor kavSirSia es sakiTxi problemasTan?
 rogoria gavlena kiTxvaze?
 rogor dagvexmareba es problemis gadaWraSi?
siRrme moicavs kompleqsur da mravaljerad kavSirebs.
siRrmiseuli standartis kiTxvebia:
 ra faqtori aqcevs mas aseTi sirTulis problemad?
 raSi mdgomareobs misi sirTule?
 ra aris is sirTuleebi romelTa gadaWrac gvaqvs dasaxuli?
zedmiwevnoba asaxavs sxvadasxva TvalTaxedvas. misi umTavresi
kiTxvebia:
gvWirdeba rom SevxedoT Cven am sakiTxs gansxvavebuli
perspeqtividan?
 gvWirdeba Cven mxedvelobaSi miviRoT sxva mosazreba?
 gvWirdeba Cven sxva gzebidan Sexedva?
logika yvela nawili erTobliobaSi qmnis grZnobas da ara cal-
calke. logikasTan mimarTebaSi ismeba kiTxvebi:
 qmnis yvela erTad grZnobas?
 Seesabameba pirveli paragrafi bolos?
 rac Sen Tqvi es Sesabamisi mtkicebulebaa?
miukerZoebloba sazRvravs yvela mxarisaTvis neitralur Sedegebs.
ar aris orientirebuli erT mxareze. misi kiTxvebia:
 maqvs me namdvilad WeSmariti interesebi am sakiTxisadmi?
 warmovadgen, viziareb da viTvaliswineb me sxvaTa azrebs?
kritikuli azrovnebis sxva standartebic arsebobs, esenia:
motivacia, Tanmimdevruloba, ueWveloba. yvela es standarti
damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli gWirdeba da romel maTgans gamoiyeneb
Tanmimdevrulad wamoyenebuli masalis dasamuSaveblad.
kritikuli azrovnebis upiratesobani:
 akademiuri warmodgena

1. sxvaTa argumentebisa da mosazrebis gageba

2. am argumentebisa da mosazrebis kritikuli Sefaseba
3. vinmes mier kargad Camoyalibebul argumentsa da
mosazrebaze daTanxmeba Semdgomi ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT.
 samuSao adgili

1. gvexmareba rom ukeT SevicnoT Cveni da sxvaTa

gadawyvetilebani.
2. axalisebs im pirebs, romlebic naklebad arian
dainteresebulni saqmiT.
3. gvexmareba rom viyoT metad analitikurebi da
kritikulni.

 yoveldRiuri cxovreba

1. Tavidan gvacilebs personalur gadawyvetilebebs.

2. gvexmareba miviRoT swori gadawyvetilebebi iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa politika, ekonomika.
 3. daxmarebas uwevs im moazrovneT, romlebic ar arian
darwmunebulni sakuTar TavSi.

kritikuli azrovnebis barierebi

kritikuli azrovnebis xelisSemSleli uamravi barieri arsebobs.

gavecnoT TiToeul maTgans da gamovarCioT maTSi 5 ZiriTadi komponenti.

1. egocentrizmi ( laT. ego me da centrum centri egoizmisa da

individualizmis gamovlenis ukiduresi forma; sakuTari pirovnebiT
gataceba, warmodgena, rom igi qveynierebis centria) rogorc Tavad
ganmartebidan Cans, es aris pirad interesebze, egoizmze
dafuZnebuli azrovneba, romelic mxolod sakuTar Tavs emsaxureba.

2. sociocentrizmi (individis mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac

socialuri jgufi, romlis wevradac Tavad gvevlineba, idealuria
mTeli misi standartebiTa da qceviT. danarCen socialur jgufebs
afasebs gamomdinare Tavisi sociumis standartebidan.) aq moiazreba
konformizmi (laT. conformis msgavsi, erTgvari. erTgvaroba, uZraoba,
SemTanxmebloba)

3. dauSvebeli Tavdajerebuloba mosazreba, romlis mtkicebulebac

moklebulia faqtebis sisrulesa da adeqvaturobas.

4. sasurvelis aRqma sinamdviled Sexeduleba, romelic dayrdnobilia

mxolod ocnebebze.

5. relativisturi azrovneba, sadac simarTle sadavo sakiTxia.

Kkritikulad moazrovne Aarakritikulad moazrovne
Aaqvs gansakuTrebuli miswrafeba Pproblemis gadasaWrelad irCevs
sicxadis, sizustis, garkveulobis, arazust da arasrul gzebs.
siRrmis, logikisa da
miukerZoeblobisaken.
Aaris metad mgrZnobiare im xSirad xdeba egocentrizmis,
gzebisaken, romelTac irCevs sociocentrizmisa da
egocentrizmi da sociocentrizmi. ararealuri azrovnebis
msxverpli.
Aaris inteleqtualurad gulwrfeli aqvs pretenzia codnis imaze
da yovelTvis sworad acnobierebs metis flobisa, vidre
imas Tu codnis ra xarisxs flobs. sinamdvileSi gaaCnia.
gulRiad usmens sawinaaRmdego Adaundobelia kritikisa da
mosazrebas da kritikas. logikis mimarT.
Aamyarebs Sexedulebebs faqtebsa da xSirad misi daskvnebi mxolod
mtkicebulebebze. piradi Sexedulebebidan
momdinareobs.
sworad acnobierebs samyaros aRqmis Aaklia Sinagani da garegani
Sinagan da garegan faqtorebs. samyaros aRqmis faqtorebi
Ffiqrobs damoukideblad da ar tendenciuria da iolad
eSinia jgufis gansxvavebuli eTanxmeba jgufis mosazrebas.
mosazrebis.
mTeli gulisyuriT swavlobs Aadvilad efanteba goneba da ar
problemas.. . swavlobs problemas
siRrmiseulad.
Aaqvs inteleqtualuri gambedaoba Aaqvs SiSi da winaaRmdegobis
rom miiRos gamowveva da siZneleebi grZnoba gamowvevebis mimarT.
daZlios.
Uuyvars simarTle da aris Aaris indeferentuli codnisa
codnismoyvare. da simarTlisadmi.
Aaqvs inteleqtualuri Seupovroba Aaris tendenciuri, rodesac
winaRobebisa da siZneleebisadmi. awydeba inteleqtualur
winaaRmdegobasa da siZneles.
gamoyenebuli literatura:

G Bassham, W Irwin, H Nardone, J M Wallace, Critical Thinking: A Student's Introduction,

McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2007
John Chaffee, Thinking Critically, 6th Edition, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2000

Dewey J. How We Think. Heath. Boston, 1910.

Ruminski H.J., Hanks W.E. Critical Thinking Lacks Definition and Uniform Evaluation Criteria
// Journalism and Mass Communication Education.1995. N 50/34, p. 4-11.
Paul R.W. Critical Thinking. Sonoma State University, 1990
online resourses:
www.criticalthinking.org
www.criticalteaching.org
www.teach-nology.com
www.freedictionary.com