sofio gorgoZe manana boWoriSvili

nino WiabriSvili qeTevan WiabriSvili

giorgi gaxelaZe

viswavloT da vaswavloT
kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi
azrovneba
 sofio gorgoZe manana boWoriSvili
nino WiabriSvili qeTevan WiabriSvili
giorgi gaxelaZe

viswavloT da vaswavloT
kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi
azrovneba

Tbilisi 2013
proeqti ,,axali SesaZleblobebi saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis mqone bavS-
vebs` dafinansebulia evrokavSirisa da Ria sazogadoebis institutis mier
da xorcieldeba samoqalaqo ganviTarebis institutis, asociacia zekarisa
da marneulis axalgazrduli centris mier.
publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SeiZleba ar gamoxatavdes evrokav-
Sirisa da Ria sazogadoebis institutis mosazrebebs.

Project `New Opportunities for Educationally Deprived Children~ was made pos-
sible by the support of European Union and Open Society Institute. Project is im-
plementing by the Civic development Institute, Association `Zekari~ and Marneuli
Youth Center.
The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of European
Union and Open Society Institute
avtorebi: sofio gorgoZe; manana boWoriSvili; nino WiabriSvili;
qeTevan WiabriSvili; giorgi gaxelaZe

recenzenti: simon janaSia

dizainer-damkabadonebeli: ekaterine wiqariSvili

sakonsultacio sabWo
anTaZe ia
boWoriSvili manana
gorgoZe sofio
mosiaSvili Tamar

wignis SeqmnaSi gansakuTebuli wvlili Seitanes samoqalaqo ganviTrebis

institutis TanamSromlebma, ganaTlebis eqspertebma, romlebmac Sei-
muSaves ganaTlebis meore Sansis qarTuli modeli.
ideis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen:
baqraZe maia
TofaZe qeTevan
kobalaZe qeTevan
korZaZe ekaterine
papava paata
samsonia irina
Wanturia Tamar

daibeWda gamomcemloba mwignobari

Tbilisi, 2013

© samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti, 2013

ISBN 978-9941-0-5319-1
 sarCevi

viswavloT da vaswavloT kritikuli azrovneba .....................5

(sofio gorgoZe)

Sesavali.....................................................................................................7
ratom aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba?..........................8
ras gulisxmobs kritikuli azrovneba?.............................10
kritikuli azrovneba rogorc damokidebuleba.............12
rodis aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba?........................13
ra aris argumenti.............................................................................. 14
rogoria kargi argumenti...............................................................17
deduqcia da induqcia......................................................................25
rogor icvleba maswavleblis roli........................................31
maswavleblebis Seqmnili aqtivobebi ......................................37
rogor SevqmnaT kritikulad moazrovne skola.................58
gamoyenebuli literatura...........................................................60

kreatiulobis oqros wesi ...................................................................63

(manana boWoriSvili)

praqtikuli samuSao..........................................................................67
gamoyenebuli literatura...........................................................84

interesis roli samoqalaqo ganaTlebis swavlebisas ............ 85

(nino WiabriSvili; qeTevan WiabriSvili; giorgi gaxelaZe)

gamoyenebuli literatura........................................................ 101

4
 viswavloT da vaswavloT kritikuli azrovneba
gzamkvlevi maswavleblebisaTvis

es gzamkvlevi gankuTvnilia im maswavlebelTaTvis,

romelTac surT moswavleebSi ganaviTaron XXI saukunis um-
niSvnelovanesi unari-kritikuli azrovneba. misi gamoyeneba
aseve SeuZliaT maswavlebelTa trenerebs da im mkiTxvelebs,
romlebic dainteresebuli arian Tanamedrove swavla-swav-
lebis meTodebiT.
gzamkvlevi miznad isaxavs viswavloT da vaswavloT, Tu
rogor CamovayaliboT da davasabuToT sakuTari azrebi, ra
saSualebebi gamoviyenoT, raTa SevZloT ukeT gavaanalizoT
sakuTari, Tanamosaubrisa Tu media-saSualebebSi mosmeni-
li/wakiTxuli argumentebi  da jerovnad SevafasoT isini,
ar Segviyvanos SecdomaSi  mizanmimarTulad gayalbebulma
Tu sustma argumentebma, gadavWraT problemebi da miviRoT
gadawyvetilebebi.
kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis daufleba saSualebas
mogvcems SevigrZnoT inteleqtualuri Tavisufleba . es Ta-
visufleba dagvexmareba miviRoT ukeTesi akademiuri Sede-
gebi,  siamovnebiT viswavloT, ukeT davgegmoT Cveni cxovreba
da ukeT vemsaxuroT sazogadoebas.  kritikuli azrovneba
mogvcems saSualebas, rom vebrZoloT sazogadoebaSi arse-
bul usamarTlobas. xSirad adamianebi, romlebsac ar aqvT
Sesabamisi ganaTleba da kritikuli azrovnebis unari, gen-
derul, socialur Tu sxva saxis uTanasworobas cxovrebis
ucvlel nawilad aRiqvamen imis nacvlad, rom dafiqrden,
ratom aris sazogadoeba amgvarad mowyobili da xom ar Sei-
Zleba misi Secvla, gaumjobeseba. moswavleebSi kritikuli
azrovnebis unaris ganviTareba aris erT-erTi piroba imisa,
rom vicxovroT ufro samarTlian da demokratiul sazoga-
doebaSi.
 

5
6
 Sesavali

2011 wels londonSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso orator-

uli xelovnebis konkursSi, romelsac Tavadac veswrebodi,
70-ze meti qveynis warmomadgenlebs Soris gaimarjva Cinel-
ma moswavlem. Semfasebelma komisiam finalur konkursSi
misi gamosvla yvelaze aqtualurad CaTvala.
16-20 wlis axalgazrdebi farTo auditoriis winaSe unda
gamosuliyvnen sityviT Temaze: ,,mxolod sityvebi ar kma-
ra”. es gaxldaT zogadi Tema, gamomsvlelebs igi sxvadasx-
va mimarTulebiT gaeSalaT, zogi konkretuli magaliTis
safuZvelze gvarwmunebda, ramdenad mniSvnelovania saqme
saubarTan SedarebiT, zogic SezRuduli SesaZleblobis
bavSvebze da maTi gamoxatvis saSualebebze saubrobda, sx-
vebi usityvo xelovnebis mniSvnelobaze.
gamarjvebuli moswavlis sityva erTi SexedviT sakmaod
banaluri iyo. gamosvla imis moyoliT daiwyo, Tu rogor
uCiCinebdnen mas pataraobidan, rom maswavlebeli unda
gamosuliyo ojaxuri tradiciebidan gamomdinare. Cineli
studentis mTavari saTqmeli ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
misi mSoblebis sityvebis ukan myari argumenti ar iyo.
igi win aRudga ojaxur tradicias da karieris sxva gziT
warmarTva gadawyvita. am axalgazrdam gaaanaliza da Sea-
fasa is faqti, rom mSoblebis argumenti, ojaxuri tradi-
ciis gamo aerCia profesia, gaumarTlebeli iyo.
Tema warmoadgenda kritikuli azrovnebis martiv maga­
liTs: Svilma gaaanaliza rom maswavlebloba ar iyo misi
mowodeba da mSoblebi daarwmuna, ratom ar unda mieRo es
gadawyvetileba. warudgina maT Sesabamisi argumentebi da
miuxedavad winaaRmdegobisa, miiRo Sesabamisi gadawyvetile-
ba.
XXI saukuneSi, konkursSi, sadac 70-mde qveynis warmo-
madgeneli monawileobda, am erTi SexedviT martivi Sinaar-
7
sis gamosvlis didi upiratesoba kritikuli azrovnebis da
misi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis aSkara gamovlinebis Sedegi
iyo. amis Sesaxeb konkursis bolos Jiuris Tavmjdomaremac
miuTiTa.

***
ramdenime wlis win ganaTlebis erTma saerTaSoriso
eqspertma miTxra: ,,dRes, Tanamedrove msoflioSi, ingli-
suri ena ar aris ucxo ena am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT,
aramed igi aris aucilebeli unar-Cveva, iseve rogorc wera-
kiTxva da angariSi. Tu es unar-Cveva ar gagaCnia, SedarebiT
naklebad konkurentunariani xar.” amiT man xazi gausva imas,
Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania ara mxolod saqarTveloSi,
aramed mTels msoflioSi moswavleebisaTvis inglisuri
enis saTanado swavleba skolaSi, raTa isini warmatebulebi
iyvnen ara marto qveynis, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabiT.
vfiqrob, kritikuli azrovneba kidev erTi unar-Cvevaa,
romelic iseTive aucilebelia, rogorc wera-kiTxva, anga-
riSi da mis ganviTarebas iseTive yuradReba unda mieqces,
rogorc sabazo unarebis ganviTarebas, romlis gareSe
SeuZlebelia nebismieri samuSaos Sesruleba da warmatebis
miRweva. kritikuli azrovneba adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs
cxovrebaSi sakuTari Tavis realizeba moaxdinon da Tavisi
wvlili Seitanon ukeTesi sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi.

ratom aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba?

kaliforniaSi arsebulma momavlis institutma (IFTF),
romelic 1968 wels daarsda da rand korporaciis(Rand Cor-
poration) Svilobils warmoadgens, gamoaqveyna 10 yvelaze
mniSvnelovani unaris sia, romelic aucilebelia 21-e sau-
kuneSi warmatebis misaRwevad.
am unarebs Soris moxvda socialuri inteleqti, origi-
naluri azrovneba, interkulturuli kompetencia, maTema-
8
tikuri azrovneba, media wigniereba d.a.S.
pirvel adgils ki ikavebs ,,SesaZlebloba Cawvde si-
tyvierad, an sxvagvarad gamoxatuli Sinaarsis siRrmiseul
mniSvnelobas“(The Atlantic 2011, p.1), rac, rogorc Semdegaa
ganmartebuli, Tavis TavSi moicavs kritikul azrovnebas.
iseT pirobebSi, roca yvelaferi avtomatizirebuli
xdeba da kompiuteruli teqnologiebi sul ufro swrafi
tempiT anacvleben adamianis Sromas da saqmianobas, wina
planze modis is unarebi, rasac kompiuteri ver anacvlebs.
swored aseTia kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba. Se-
sabamisad, saskolo dawesebulebebis mTavari amocana am un-
arebis ganviTareba unda iyos.
mxolod informaciis damaxsovreba, codnis miReba da
gadacema ar aris sakmarisi, rom warmatebas miaRwio Taname-
drove demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. im fonze, roca in-
formaciis raodenoba sul ufro izrdeba da codna da
informacia mudmivad ganaxlebadia, mniSvnelovania Sege-
Zlos kompleqsuri da abstraqti? ideebisa da azrovnebis
sistemebis gageba, informaciis daxarisxeba, mniSvnelovanis
gamorCeva, gaanalizeba, Sesabamisi daskvnebis gakeTeba da
sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba.
kritikuli azrovnebis saSualebiT vzrdiT Cvens codnas
da ufro Semwynareblebi vxdebiT gansxvavebuli azris mimarT.
kritikuli azrovneba gvexmareba gadavwyvitoT ra gavakeToT
da ra ara, zrdis Cvens inteleqtualur damoukideblobas da
gvexmareba viyoT avtonomiurebi (Hunter 2009).
avtonomiurobaSi ar igulisxmeba sakuTari neba-survi-
lis daufiqreblad miyola. magaliTad, sigaretis mweveli,
SesaZloa avtonomiurobas grZnobs, radgan survilis Sem-
TxvevaSi moswevs sigarets, magram mas SeiZleba erCivnos, ar
gauCndes es survili. is ar aris avtonomiuri, Tu surs da
ar SeuZlia akontrolos sigaretis mowevis survili (Mur-
ray and Kujundzic 2005).

9
 ras gulisxmobs kritikuli azrovneba?
kritikuli azrovnebis araerTi ganmarteba arsebobs.
yvela ganmartebas erTi saerTo aqvs, mecnierebis umrav-
lesoba kritikul azrovnebaze saubrisas xazs usvams mt-
kicebulebisa da misi ganmamtkicebeli argumentis safuZv-
lian gamokvlevasa da Sefasebas.
kritikuli azrovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli
ganmarteba aseTia: ,,kritikuli azrovneba aris sakuTari
da sxvebis mosazrebebis argumentirebuli Sefaseba“ (Bick-
enbach and Davies 1996, p.6). anu, aseTi azrovnebis dros
mTavaria is, rom Sefasebisas Cven gagvaCnia raRacis mxar-
damWeri, an sawinaaRmdego argumenti.
sxva ganmartebiT, kritikuli azrovneba moicavs ,,argu-
mentirebul da gonivrul azrovnebas, romelic adamians
exmareba gaarkvios, ra unda irwmunos, an ra unda gaakeTos”
(Ennis 2011, p.1).
kritikuli azrovneba moicavs ,,ideebisa da informaciis
obieqtur Sefasebas da Semdeg mis Semowmebas Cveni saku-
Tari faseulobebis, damokidebulebebisa da personaluri
filosofiis gaTvaliswinebiT “(Judge, Jones and McCreery
2009, p.2).
xSirad kritikul azrovnebas SecdomiT kritikasTan aigi­­
ve­ben. sinamdvileSi, kritikul azrovnebas ar aqvs uaryo­ -
­fiTi konotacia. kritikuli ar niSnavs cuds, cinikurad
an sarkastulad ganwyobils. kritikuli azrovneba am Sem-
TxvevaSi ar niSnavs mizanmimarTulad mxolod uaryofiTis
Ziebas.
sainteresoa amerikaSi sakmaod popularuli gamocemis
Washington Post-is Jurnalistis azri kritikul azrovnebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT, romelic mis warmatebul karieras isto-
riis maswavlebels umadlida. Jurnalisti Tvlida, rom mas-
wavlebeli kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis ganviTarebaSi
daexmara, radgan moswavleebs esseebis weraSi avarjiSebda,
10
romlebic ZiriTadad saxelmZRvaneloebis kritikas Seexe-
boda. ,,is aris adamiani, romelmac maswavla rogor unda
gavxde opozicioneri mesvete”, werda vaSington postis Ju-
rnalisti. sinamdvileSi istoriis maswavlebeli amgvari es-
seebis weris waxalisebiT ar uviTarebda maT kritikul az-
rovnebas. es ubralod tradiciuli avtoritetebis kiTxvis
niSnis qveS dayeneba iyo, rac aucileblad ar gulisxmobs
im saazrovno unarebs, rac kritikuli azrovnebisTvisaa
saWiro (McMahon 2011).
kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia argumen-
tireba, rac ar axasiaTebs zogadad yvela tipis azrovnebas.
kritikuli azrovneba ar aris daufiqrebeli qeba da kri-
tika, igi mosazrebebis Tu mtkicebulebebis kargad argu-
mentirebuli Sefasebaa. ganmartebebidan isic Cans, rom kri-
tikul azrovnebas garkveuli Sedegi aqvs. aseTi azrovnebis
Sedegad raime unda daijero, an raime uaryo, an irwmuno da
Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegma dasaxo.
vinaidan kritikuli azrovneba moicavs sxvebis saubris,
namuSevris, rwmenebisa Tu Sexedulebebis gansjas da Se-
fasebas, xom ar dgeba kiTxvis niSnis qveS demokratiuli
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ,,yvela mosazrebas aqvs
arsebobis ufleba” ?
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, jerom bikenbaxi (1996 p.6) svams
aseT kiTxvas: ,,aris Tu ara kritikuli azrovnebis adgili
liberalur–demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, romelic tol-
erantobas, pluralizms, sityvisa da sindisis Tavisufle-
bas qadagebs?“ am kiTxvaze Tavad scems dadebiT pasuxs da
ambobs: „kritikuli azrovneba ara mxolod mniSvnelovani,
aramed aucilebelicaa, vinaidan SefasebiTi gancxadebebisa
da gansjis gareSe aseTi sazogadoebis arseboba SeuZle-
belia. Tu ,,gonivrulobis standartiT” ar vixelmZR-
vanelebT, is azrebi wamoiwevs win, romlebsac yvelaze
aqtiuri gamxmovaneblebi hyavs da yvelaze kargi ,,market-

11
ingi” aqvs, amitom liberalur demokratias yvelaze metad
kritikuli azrovneba Seefereba.“(P. 6)

kritikuli azrovneba, rogorc damokidebuleba

ganaTlebis eqspertebi xSirad saubroben, rom kritiku-
li azrovneba moicavs ara marto swavlad unarebs, aramed
damokidebulebas, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia adamiani
kritikulad moazrovned CaiTvalos. sakmarisi ar aris vas-
wavloT moswavleebs ra aris argumenti, rogor unda ava-
goT igi da rogor gamovicnoT rodis cdiloben adamianebi
susti argumentiT SecdomaSi Segviyvanon, Tu moswavleebs
ar CamouyalibdebaT Sesabamisi damokidebulebebi.
eduard glaseri(1941) miiCnevs, rom kritikuli azrovne-
ba moicavs Semdeg komponentebs:
1. damokidebuleba/survili gonivrulad gansajo saku-
Tari gamocdilebis arealSi arsebuli problemebi
2. logikuri CakiTxvisa da msjelobis meTodebis codna
3. am codnis gamoyenebis unari
rogorc vxedavT, mxolod meTodebis codna da unarebis
floba ar aris sakmarisi, mTavaria arsebobdes kritikuli
azrovnebis gamoyenebis praqtika da am praqtikis Sede-
gebis miRebis mzaoba.
moswavleebi ar unda fiqrobdnen, rom kritikuli az-
rovneba mxolod zogierTi aqtivobis aucilebeli Semad-
geneli nawilia. kritikulad moazrovne an xar an ara, mo-
swavles unda hqondes ganwyoba, rom movlenebs Sexedos
kritikulad gansakuTrebuli Txovnis gareSe da Sesabam-
isad iazrovnos kritikulad. kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis
isini Tavad unda iyvnen ganwyobili.
glaseri aseve amtkicebs, rom zogierT adamians gaaCnia
rogorc kritikuli azrovnebis unari, aseve ganwyobilia
maT gamosayeneblad, arian iseTebic, romlebsac aqvT gan-

12
wyoba, magram ar gaaCniaT unarebi, an unarebi gaaCniaT da
ar aqvT ganwyoba, an arc erTi aqvT da arc meore. maswav-
leblis amocanaa ganuviTaros moswavles es unarebi da ga-
nawyos isini maT gamosayeneblad.
robert enisi (1987) gvTavazobs kritikuli azrovnebis
damaxasiaTebel midrekilebebsa da ganwyobebis CamonaTvals:
naTlad Camoyalibebuli kiTxvis, an mtkicebulebis
moZieba;
mizezebis/axsna-ganmartebis moZieba;
mcdeloba kargad iyo informirebuli;
damajerebeli wyaroebis gamoyeneba;
mTliani situaciis mxedvelobaSi miReba;
mTavar sakiTxze koncentrireba;
alternativebis Zieba;
sxvebis mosazrebebis mimarT gaxsniloba.
poziciis dakaveba (an poziciis Secvla) rodesac amisaT-
vis sakmarisi mizezi da mtkicebulebebi gagvaCnia;
rac SeiZleba meti sizustis Zieba, ramdenadac sakiTxi
amis saSualebas iZleva;
kompleqsuri mTlianobis Semadgeneli nawilebis Tanmim-
devruli ganxilva;
sxvebis grZnobebisa da codnis donisadmi mgrZnobeloba.

rodis aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba

yovelTvis ar aris saWiro kritikuli azrovneba. kri-
tikuli azrovnebis nawilia mixvde rodisaa saWiro argu-
mentebis sandoobis gadamowmeba. magaliTad Tu megobari
gveubneba, rom dRes samsaxurSi gvian mivida, radgan diliT
CaeZina, ar vamowmebT argumentebs.
zemoT mocemuli kritikuli azrovnebis erT-erTi
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es unari gvexmareba gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi, Tu ra unda virwmunoT, risi unda gvjerodes da/
an ra unda gavakeToT.

13
 gadawyvetilebis miReba ori safexurisgan Sedgeba, jer
unda gavarkvioT ra aris Rirebuli anu saiTken unda vis-
wrafodeT, Semdeg unda ganvsazRvroT, rogor mivaRwioT
imas, rac Rirebulia (Hunter, 2009). kritikuli azrovneba
gvWirdeba iseT kiTxvebze sapasuxod rogorebicaa:
vaCuqoT Tu ara fuli quCis bavSvebs? namcxvari SevWamo Tu
xiliT davkmayofilde? qalaqis meri unda airCion Tu daniS-
non? romel politikur partias mivce xma arCevnebSi? inter-
netSi mopovebuli wyaroebidan romeli ufro sandoa? d.a.S.
xSirad zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis msgavs kiTxvebs
calsaxa pasuxebi ar aqvs. es imas niSnavs, rom imTaviTve
ar arsebobs masze calsaxa, WeSmariti pasuxi. msgavs prob-
lemebs nawilebad daSla da calke analizi sWirdeba, unda
ipovo saukeTeso meTodi maT gadasaWrelad da mere imazec
dafiqrde sworad iyeneb Tu ara am meTods.

ra aris argumenti?
kritikul azrovnebas sakuTari wesebi da meTodebi aqvs.
rogorc vnaxeT, zemoT mocemuli ganmartebebis Tanax-
mad, kritikuli azrovneba ,,argumentirebuli” msjelobaa.
Sesabamisad, kritikuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad, mo-
swavleebs unda vaswavloT, ra aris argumenti da ras gu-
lisxmobs argumentirebuli msjeloba.
argumenti saWiroa imisTvis, rom vicodeT, romeli mo-
sazrebaa ufro kargad dasabuTebuli da mtkicebulebebiT
gamyarebuli. Cven argumentebs sxvadasxva daskvnebis gasa-
myareblad viyenebT, Semdeg ki vafasebT namdvilad amyarebs
Cveni argumenti am daskvnas Tu ara.
argumenti mosazrebis Tu rwmenis gasamyareblad moce-
muli mtkicebulebaa. igi ar gulisxmobs mxolod garkveu-
li azrebis gamoxatvas, aramed moiTxovs mosazrebebis das-
abuTebas (Weston 2009).
magaliTad: bavSvis cema danaSaulia.

14
 es ar aris argumenti, radgan aq mxolod garkveuli mo-
sazreba/rwmenaa warmodgenili. argumenti mxolod maSin
iqneba, rodesac am mosazrebis gasamyareblad garkveul
mtkicebulebebs warmovadgenT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
rodesac davasabuTebT mosazrebas, rom bavSvis cema dana-
Saulia.
argumenti Sedgeba winapirobebisagan (winamZRvrebisagan)
da daskvnisagan (SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi an ramdenime
winapiroba). es winapirobebi realurad warmoadgenen ze-
moT naxseneb mtkicebulebebs, ris gamoc unda davijeroT
gamoTqmuli mosazreba/mtkicebuleba, xolo es mosazreba
am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens daskvnas. anu-argumeti dasab-
uTebuli daskvnaa. moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi:

winapiroba: nebismieri adamianis fizikuri Seuracxyofa

danaSaulia
winapiroba: bavSvi adamiania
daskvna: bavSvis fizikuri Seuracxyofa danaSaulia

es ukve argumentia, vinaidan gvaqvs winapirobebi da

daskvna, Tumca ramdenad myaria argumenti da ra ganapi-
robebs mis simyares amaze qvemoT visaubrebT.
moviyvanoT meore magaliTi:

ukve naxevari saaTia, meri da misi megobari manqaniT sacob-

Si dganan. meri ambobs: ,,dRes samsaxurSi damagviandeba”

aris Tu ara es argumenti?

meri warmogvidgens Tavis mosazrebas, rom daagviandeba, Tum-
ca es mosazreba aris daskvna, romelic gamomdinareobs konkre-
tuli garemoebidan (winapirobidan), rom is bevr dros kargavs
sacobSi. am SemTxvevaSi argumentTan gvaqvs saqme, miuxedavad
imisa, rom winapirobebi aq arapirdapiraa warmodgenili.
zogjer Znelia argumenti winadadebis grovisagan ga-
moarCio. erT-erTi ganmartebiT argumenti aris winadade-
15
bebis jgufi, sadac erTi winadadeba aris swori(daskvna) da
danarCen winadadebebi adasturebs am erTis(daskvnis) sis-
woresa da damajereblobas (Talbot, 2010). Tu winadadebebs
Soris aseTi mimarTeba ar arsebobs, maSin is arguments ar
warmoadgens.

dRes elene Rvezels moamzadebs

elene kviraobiT Rvezels amzadebs
dRes kviraa

aq mocemulia daskvna da ori winapiroba, romlebmac

daskvna unda daasabuTos.
winapiroba: dRes kviraa
winapiroba: elene kviraobiT Rvezels amzadebs
daskvna: dRes elene Rvezels moamzadebs

Tu meore winapirobas, ,kviraobiT elene Rvezels amza-

debs”, gamovtovebT, mainc argumentTan gvaqvs saqme, ma-
gram am winapirobis gareSe mtkicebuleba, rom ,,dRes elene
Rvezels moamzadebs” sustia. yvelam rom vicodeT, rom
elene kviraobiT Rvezels amzadebs, maSin am arguments ar
eqneboda meore winapiroba.
ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
wvima wamovida, imitom, rom ca moiqufra da Rrublebi er-
Tad mogrovda
aris Tu ara es argumenti? wvimis wamosvlis mizezi
SeiZleba iyos is, romc ca moiqufra da caze Rrublebi
erTad Segrovda, magram es winadadeba ar ambobs, rom es
ori ram (cis moqufrva da Rrublebis Sekreba) gvibiZgebs
virwmunoT, rom wvima wamovida.
Tu winadadebebebs Soris aris racionaluri, an kazua-
luri kavSiri, ar niSnavs, rom argumentTan gvaqvs saqme.
Tu wamovayenebT raRac mtkicebulebas, daskvnas da vam-

16
bobT, rom is unda virwmunoT danarCeni winapirobebidan
gamomdinare, maSin argumentze vsaubrobT, Tu ara - maSin
es ar aris argumenti.
ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi:
Tu bavSvebi saRamos adre daiZineben, gogi portretze
muSaobas gaagrZelebs.
aris Tu ara es argumenti ?
rogorc vxedavT, aq mxolod erTi winadadebaa, ara
gvaqvs daskvna da winapiroba/ebi. ar vamtkicebT rom bavS-
vebi adre daiZineben, arc imas, rom gogi suraTze muSaobas
am saRamos daasrulebs.
miuxedavad amisa, es mtkicebuleba gavs arguments, vi-
naidan mtkicebuleba xSirad SeiZleba gavdes arguments.
meore mxriv msgavsi mtkicebuleba SeiZleba gadavake-
ToT argumentad

gogi portretze muSaobs, roca saRamos bavSvebi adre

iZineben
dRes saRamos bavSvebi adre iZineben
gogi dRes saRamos portretze muSaobas gaagrZelebs

rogorc vxedavT, winadadebebis jgufi argumentia mx-

olod maSin, rodesac daskvna da winapirobebi erTmaneTTan
saTanadodaa dakavSirebuli.

rogoria kargi argumenti?

rogorc vxedavT argumentis amocnoba mniSvnelovania,
magram kritikuli azrovneba moicavs maT Sefasebasac.
rogoria kargi/myari argumenti? kargi argumenti gamar-
Tulia rogorc formiT, aseve SinaarsiT. igi akmayofilebs
Semdeg kriteriumebs:1. validuria 2. deduqciurad Zlieri
argumentia 3. swori winapirobebi aqvs. 4. argumentis wina-
pirobebi da daskvna erTmaneTs ar imeorebs 5. winapiro-

17
bebi damajerebelia da daskvnisaTvis relevanturia(Lau and
Chan, 2004) . 1

validuri argumenti
validuri argumenti gulisxmobs, rom argumentis for-
ma gamarTulia. argumentis formas (da ara konkretuli ar-
gumentis Sinaarss) swavlobs logika. logikuri argumen-
ti validuri argumentia. logikur arguments aqvs Tavisi
struqtura, Tu winapirobebi sworia maSin daskvnac sworia.
logikuri/validuri argumenti gulisxmobs, rom Tu Cveni
winapirobebi WeSmaritia, Cveni daskvna ar unda iyos mcdari.
logikis sagani swavlobs aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, rom ar-
gumentSi winapirobebi iyos swori magram daskvna ara.

winapiroba: magniti izidavs rkinas

winapiroba: es nivTi rkinisaa
daskvna: magniti izidavs am nivTs

es argumenti validuria, igi logikuricaa.

xSirad SeiZleba argumentis daskvna Sinaarsobrivad
iyos swori, magram ar iyos logikuri. Tuki argumentis
forma ar aris Sesabamisi, is ar aris logikuri/validuri,
imis miuxedavad, rom daskvna sworia. magaliTad:

winapiroba: mxolod mdidar adamianebs SeuZliaT SeiZi-

non avtomobili Porsche 911
winapiroba: bil geiTss yavs avtomobili Porsche 911
daskvna: bil geiTsi mdidaria.

am SemTxvevaSi daskvna sworia, bil geiTsi marTlac mdi-

dari adamiania, magram es daskvna ar gamomdinareobs wi-
napirobebidan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu winapiroba sworia.

1 ასევე გასათვალისწინებელია ფორმალური და არაფორმალური მცდარი

არგუმენტებიც, რომლებიც კლასიფიცირებულია და მათი გაცნობა შესაძლებელია
ლოგიკის სახელმძღვანელოებში.

18
SesaZlebelia igive manqana yavdes adamians vinc ar aris
mdidari (mag. SeiZleba latariaSi moigo).
ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi:

winapiroba: yvela efeqturi maswavlebeli gakveTilze 5

wuTiT adre Sedis.
winapiroba: marina maswavlebeli yovelTvis 5 wuTiT adre
Sedis gakveTilze.
daskvna: marina maswavlebeli efeqturi maswavlebelia.

warmovidginoT, rom orive winapiroba WeSmaritebaa.

validuria Tu ara es argumenti? ganmartebis mixedviT,
validurobis SemTxvevaSi Tu winapirobebi sworia, maSin
daskvna aucileblad swori unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi ki ase
ar aris, radgan pirveli winapiroba sworic rom iyos, mainc
ver gamoricxav, rom zogi araefeqturi maswavlebelic Se-
dis 5 wuTiT adre klasSi. SeiZleba marina maswavlebeli
swored aseTi maswavlebelia. amitom es argumenti ar aris
validuri.
aravalidur argumentze msjelobisas unda gvaxsovdes
erTi ram: Cven ar vakvirdebiT winapirobis Sinaarsis sis-
wores. Cven viRebT winapirobas rogorc swors, magram
vikvlevT am winapirobebis SemTxvevaSi aris Tu ara raime
SesaZlebloba, rom daskvna ar iyos swori! anu araswori wi-
napiroba ar miCvenebs imas, rom argumenti ar aris validuri.
aristotele pirvelad Seecada warmoedgina validuri
da aravaliduri argumentebis sistematuri taqsonomia.
aristoteles azriT, yvela argumentis klasificireba
saWiroa maTi formis mixedviT.
xSirad argumenti SeiZleba Zalian gavdes validurs, ma-
gram sinamdvileSi iyos Zalian susti. magaliTad SeiZleba
argumenti agebuli iyos iseT winapirobebze, romlebic gaz-
viadebuli, araswori da aramyaria, an fokusi sxva sakiTxze
gadaaqvs:
19
 magaliTad:
winapiroba: ybayura iwvevs avad gaxdomas
winapiroba: ybayuras vaqcina Seicavs ybayuras viruss
winapiroba: Sesabamisad ybayuras vaqcina iwvevs avad gaxdomas
es argumenti Cans logikuri, Tumca misi winapirobebi
swori ar aris.
aq saWiroa vaCvenoT, rom ybayuras virusi iseTi formi-
Taa mocemuli vaqcinaSi, romelic ar gamoiwvevs daavadebas.
sinamdvileSi vaqcina moicavs komponents romlis repro-
ducreba nela xdeba da adamiani avad ar xdeba.
cxadia, Znelia erTi SexedviT mixvde aseT gansxvave-
bas, magram saboloo jamSi am tipis gansxvavebebis aRmoCena
swori daskvnis SemuSavebaSi gvexmareba.
imisaTvis, rom gaarCioT validuri da aravaliduri argu-
menti, moifiqreT imave formis sxva argumenti, romelsac aqvs
swori winapirobebi da araswori daskvna. gaxsovdeT: vali-
duri argumentis SemTxvevaSi arasdros gveqneba swori wina-
pirobebi da araswori daskvna. moviyvanoT aseTi magaliTi:
winapiroba: Tu sokrate filosofosi iyo, maSin is ar iqne-
boda istorikosi
winapiroba: sokrate ar iyo istorikosi
daskvna: sokrate iyo filosofosi
aq daskvna sworia, magram argumenti ar aris validuri. amis
dasadastureblad moviyvanoT amave formis sxva argumenti:
winapiroba: Tu sokrate iyo lomi, maSin is ar iqneboda
kurdReli
winapiroba: sokrate ar iyo kurdReli
daskvna: sokrate iyo lomi

aseve gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom validuri argumentis

SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi winapirobebis warmodgenam ar Sei-

20
Zleba Secvalos daskvna. aravalidur argumentSi, axali wi-
napirobebis warmodgenam SeiZleba daasustos an ganamtki-
cos mocemuli daskvna.

Zlieri induqciuri argumenti

aris Tu ara imis Sansi, rom aravaliduri argumenti iyos
kargi? aris! Tu argumenti Zlieria, SeiZleba is ar iyos
validuri, magram mainc CaiTvalos karg/myar argumentad.
magaliTad
winapiroba: Cemi bebia ocdaaTi welia gemriel sadils max-
vedrebs saRamoobiT
winapiroba: dRes saRamosac bebia mis momzadebul sadils
damaxvedrebs
daskvna: bebias momzadebuli sadili gemrieli iqneba
es argumenti ar aris validuri. logikurad is daskvna,
rom bebo dRes gemriel sadils moamzadebs, ar gamomdin-
areobs im winapirobidan, rom bebo yovelTvis gemrielad
amzadebs. logikurad SeuZlebeli sulac ar aris, rom
dRes bebom cudi sadili moamzados. SeiZleba aseTi ram
Zalian naklebadaa savaraudo, magram gamoricxuli ar aris.
Tumca imis gamo, rom aseTi albaToba Zalian naklebia, Cven
vambobT, rom aseTi ram TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da miviCnevT,
rom mtkicebuleba/daskvna myaria.
anu SeiZleba kargi argumenti ar iyos validuri, magram
iyos induqciurad myari (ix. nawili induqciaze amave Tav-
Si). Tu argumenti induqciurad sustia maSin ar aris kargi
argumenti((Lau and Chan, 2004).

winapirobebis siswore
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, pirvel rigSi kargi argumen-
ti aris logikuri anu validuri argumenti, magram mxolod
logikuroba/validuroba ar miuTiTebs, rom argumenti

21
aris kargi da gonivruli.
logika swavlobs informaciis, argumentis formas da
ara konkretuli argumentis Sinaarss. Sesabamisad, argumen-
tis Sesafaseblad unda gavcdeT logikis farglebs.
argumentis uaryofisTvis or sakiTxSi unda davrwmun-
deT: 1. argumenti aralogikuria da daskvna ar gamomdin-
areobs winapirobebidan. 2. romelime winapiroba arasworia,
an gamotovebulia.
ganvixiloT magaliTi, roca argumenti formiT sakma-
od gamarTuli anu logikuria, magram daskvna arasworia,
radgan arasworadaa dakavSirebuli winapirobebTan.

winapiroba: yvelaferi rac bunebrivia, sasargebloa

janmrTelobisTvis
winapiroba: marixuana bunebrivia
daskvna: marixuana sasargebloa janmrTelobisTvis

es argumenti validuria, magram kargi argumenti ar aris,

radgan misi erT-erTi winapiroba ar aris swori. yvelaferi, rac
bunebrivia, ar aris sasargeblo jamrTelobisTvis (magaliTad so-
kos garkveuli saxeobebi), Seabamisad es ar aris kargi argumenti.
Tu winapirobebi araa swori, am TvalsazrisiT maTi mom-
cveli argumenti araa kargi argumenti, magram Tu winapi-
robebidan daskvna gamomdinareobs, igi logikuria.
magaliTad:
winapiroba: dRes paraskevia
winapiroba: paraskevobiT gogonebi kafeSi vikribebiT
daskvna: dRes gogonebi kafeSi SevikribebiT.

Tu dRes arc paraskevia, da arc isaa swori, rom yovel

paraskevs gogonebi kafeSi vikribebiT, es aris logikuri,
magram ara kargi/myari argumenti.
rodesac winapirobebi sworia, magram daskvna ara, argu-
menti ar SeiZleba iyos kargi:
22
 orSabaTobiT leqcia mTavrdeba 4 saaTze
dRes leqcia 4 saaTze damTavrda
dRes orSabaTia.

es cudi argumentia, igi mcdar daskvnas warmogvidgens,

vinaidan daskvna ar gamomdinareobs winapirobebidan, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom winapirobebi sworia.

winapirobebi da daskvna ar imeorebs erTmaneTs

zogjer argumentSi daskvnis gasamyareblad iseTi wina-
pirobebia, romlebic sinamdvileSi imeorebs daskvnas. saqme
gvaqvs wriul argumentTan, rac yovelTvis ar aris martivi
gamosacnobi.
,,mizezi ratomaa am speqtaklis bileTebze aseTi didi
moTxovna, isaa rom yvelas unda misi naxva”. anu aq realu-
rad avtori ambobs, rom ,,bileTebze imitom aris moTxovna,
rom didi moTxovnaa maTze”. realurad es argumenti for-
miT gamarTuli anu validuria, meore mxriv winapirobac
SesaZloa sworia, Tumca, rogorc vxedavT, es ar aris sakma-
risi imisaTvis, rom Zlier argumentad miviCnioT.
moviyvanoT kidev erTi magaliTi:
,,radgan meri saukeTeso megobars ar moatyuebda, da meris
CemTvis naTqvami aqvs, rom misi saukeTeso megobari var, gamodis
marTlac meris saukeTeso megobari var” (Lau and Chan 2004, p.2).
am magaliTSi daskvna da winapiroba zustad ar meor-
deba, magram mainc SeiZleba wriul da Sesabamisad sust ar-
gumentad CaiTvalos.

winapirobebis damajerebloba da daskvnisTvis relevan-

turoba
Teoriulad SesaZlebelia arsebobdes WeSmariti gancxa­
debebi da Teoriebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom aravis SeuZlia

23
amis dasabuTeba. Tuki winapirobebi sworia, magram ver va-
sabuTebT siswores, argumenti ver iqneba damajerebeli da
kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi ver miiReben daskvnas
rogorc WeSmaritebas. argumenti kargia, rodesac gonieri
adamiani mas miiRebs rogorc karg arguments. aseve mniS-
vnelovania, rom winapirobebi daskvnis relevanturi iyos.
axla ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic Seicavs daskvnisT-
vis ararelevantur, magram damajerebel winapirobebs.

winapiroba: Zalian samwuxaroa, rom anis parkinsonis daa-

vadeba aRmoaCnda
winapiroba: ani vegetarianelia
daskvna : xorcis miReba organizmisTvis aucilebelia

aq winapirobebi damajerebelia, magram daskvna, romelic

anis daavadebas vegetarianelobasTan akavSirebs ar gamom-
dinareobs winapirobebidan. arsad ar Cans am daavadebisa da
vegetarianelobis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri. Sesabamisad
daskvna ararelevanturia. kidev erTi magaliTi
winapiroba: liToni atarebs eleqtrobas
winapiroba: kauCuki ar aris liToni
daskvna: kauCuki ar atarebs eleqtrobas (baqraZe, 1955, gv. 63 gv)

aq azrTa kavSiri ar aris swori. daskvna ar aris rel-

evanturi. es Tanmimdevruloba ar aris Cvenze damokide-
buli, SeuZlebelia mocemuli winapirobebidan nebismieri
daskvna gamovitanoT.

winapiroba: am kviraSi jek-poti milion laramde gaizarda

winapiroba: vinc latarias ar TamaSobs, ver moigebs
daskvna: am kviraSi aucileblad iTamaSeT lataria

am SemTxvevaSi winapirobebi damajerebelia, Tumca

daskvna ara. daskvna gamomdinareobs gazrdili jekpotidan

24
da im faqtidan, rom Tu ar iTamaSeb ver moigeb, magram
es argumenti ar aris myari, vinaidan gamotovebulia erTi
mniSvnelovani winapiroba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris
mogebis albaToba.
SeiZleba eTanxmebodeT winapirobebs, magram mainc Sei-
Zleba daskvnis ugulvebelyofa, radgan igi ar gamomdin-
areobs winapirobebidan.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom argumenti ar SeiZleba iyos swori
an mcdari. swori an mcdari SeiZleba iyos winapirobebi. ar-
gumenti SeiZleba iyos kargi/myari an cudi, validuri da
aravaliduri.
kargi argumenti aseve gulisxmobs, rom is martivi da
gasagebi eniTaa Camoyalibebuli. rac Seexeba emocias, Tu
kritikulad moazrovnes sxvisi darwmuneba Zalian surs,
SesaZlebelia arguments emociac Tan axldes, magram emo-
ciebiT gadafaruli susti argumenti ar gamoepareba kri-
tikulad moazrovne auditorias (Murray and Kujundzic 2005).

deduqcia da induqcia
argumenti SeiZleba iyos deduqciuri da induqciuri.
deduqciur argumentSi daskvnis siswore logikurad
gamomdinareobs swori winapirobebisagan. Tu deduqciur
argumentSi winapirobebi sworia, mag. Tu ,,magniti izidavs
rkinas” da ,,es nivTi rkinisaa”, maSin daskvna, rom ,,magniti
izidavs am nivTs” aucileblad sworia.
Tumca imisaTvis, rom argumenti iyos deduqciuri, ar
aris aucilebeli, winapirobebi swori iyos.

winapiroba: bondi aris ZaRli

winapiroba: yvela ZaRls aqvs yavisferi bewvi
daskvna: bonds aqvs yavisferi bewvi

25
 es deduqciuri argumentia araswori winapirobebiT.
deduqciuri argumenti validuria im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
mas aqvs logikuri forma. zogierT SemTxvevaSi arguments
SeiZleba hqondes mcdari winapirobebi da avtori mcdar
daskvnas akeTebdes, magram formiT igi validuri iqneba
(iseve, rogorc bondis magaliTis SemTxvevaSi). magram, Tu
deduqciuri argumenti validuria, xolo misi winapirobebi
swori, maSin daskvna aucileblad sworia.
deduqciur argumentSi daskvna aucileblad unda
gamomdinareobdes winapirobebidan. anu daskvna ar SeiZleba
gascdes im farglebs rasac winapirobebi amtkicebs.

Cemi saxlis samzareuloSi aTi TefSi devs magidaze. samza-

reulos karadaSi ki eqvsi TefSia. samzareuloSi magidisa
da karadis garda arsad ar aris TefSebi. maSasadame samza-
reuloSi sul Teqsvmeti TefSia.

es deduqciuri argumentia da daskvna gamomdinareobs

winapirobebidan. Tumca Tu daskvnas aseTi saxe eqneboda
,,maSasadame Cems saxlSi mxolod samzareuloSia TefSebi”,
maSin igi scdeba winapirobebis farglebs da ver CaiTvleba
deduqciur argumentad.
induqciur argumentSi, Tu winapirobebi sworia, sa-
varaudod daskvnac swori iqneba (yuradReba miaqcieT si-
tyvas ,,savaraudod”).
induqciur argumentSi Tu winapirobebi sworia daskvna
nakleb savaraudoa rom swori ar iyos, Tumca es garantire-
buli ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, karg induqciur argument-
Si, swori winapirobebi karg safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT,
rom daskvna sworia. mag.:

winapiroba: mTeli dRis Zebnis Semdeg, am tyeSi aryis xe

ver vipoveT
daskvna: savaraudod am tyeSi aryis xe ar izrdeba

26
 kidev erTi magaliTi:
winapiroba: stresi sicocxles amoklebs
winapiroba: bevri mweveli moweviT stress amarcxebs
daskvna: mwevelebi mowevis saSualebiT sicocxles ixan-
grZliveben

Tu mocemuli winapirobebi sworia, maSin didi Sansia (ma-

gram ara asprocentiani) imisa, rom daskvna swori iyos. Ses-
aZloa moweviT adamiani marTlac amarcxebs stress, magram
aq naxsenebi ar aris mizezebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia
mowevis janmrTelobisTvis mavne mxareebTan.
xSirad induqciuri da deduqciuri argumentebis gasarCev-
ad iyeneben zogadisa da konkretulis cnebas. deduqciur ar-
gumentSi daskvnis gakeTebisas zogadi debulebidan gavdivarT
konkretulze, xolo induqciurSi konkretulidan mivdivarT
zogadisken (mag. yvela ZaRls aqvs yavisferi bewvi - es zogadi
debulebaa, masze dayrdnobiT gakeTdeba daskvna konkretuli
ZaRli bonos bewvze; induqciurSi, kerZo faqtidan, rom tyeSi
konkretuli aryis xe ver vipoveT, vakeTebT zogad daskvnas,
rom am tyeSi aryis xe ar izrdeba).
Tumca es midgoma yovelTvis ar gamogvadgeba, yvela ar-
guments ase ver gavarCevT. magaliTad, analogiis Semcveli
argumentebi konkretuli winapirobidan konkretul daskv-
nas akeTebs:
me ukve ormocdaaTi vaSli davaTvaliere am yuTSi da yve-
la winwklebiania. danarCeni aTi vaSlic winwklebiani iqneba.

rogorc vnaxeT, deduqciurSi gvaqvs rwmunebuleba, rom

raRac sworia, induqciurSi ki mxolod sisworis albaToba.
induqciur argumentSi Tu winapiroba sworia, daskvnis mar-
Tebulobis albaToba metia.
induqciur arguments mravali forma SeiZleba hqondes,
magaliTad statistikuri monacemebis Sefaseba (1989 wels

27
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5.4 milioni iyo, 2005 wels ki mi-
graciis Sedegad mosaxleobis raodenoba aris 4.4 milioni,
Tu migracia Sesustda, uaxloes 20 welSi saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba gaizrdeba), warsuli gamocdilebidan ganzo-
gadeba (mag. rac Tavi maxsovs, ianvarSi TbilisSi yovelT-
vis Tovda, Semdeg ianvarSic iTovebs), niSnebidan daskvnis
gamotana (ca varskvlavebiTaa moWedili, xval ar iwvimebs)
mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebulebebi d.a.S.
waikiTxeT da gaaanalizeT qvemoT moyvanili argu-
mentebi: induqciuria Tu deduqciuri, validuria Tu
ara, myaria Tu ara?
1. me yovelTvis mersedesis markis manqanebi myavda da
yovelTvis kmayofili viyavi. momavalSic mersedesis
markis manqanas viyidi.
2. Tu demetre kacia, maSin demetre mokvdavia. demetre
kacia. amdenad, demetre mokvdavia.
3. Tu sanCo pansa cxenia, maSin mas oTxi fexi aqvs. sanCo
pansa cxenia. amdenad sanCo pansas aqvs oTxi fexi.
4. an RmerTi arsebobs an 2+2=5
2+2=4 RmerTi arsebobs
5. yvela inJiners uyvars opera. Sesabamisad, zogierT
mamakacs uyvars opera
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, argumenti yovelTvis
gviCvenebs damokidebulebas erT an met winapirobasa da
daskvnas Soris. Tu aseTi damokidebuleba ar gvxvdeba ese
igi ar aris argumenti. Tumca, ar aris aucilebeli, winapi-
robebi da daskvna pirdapir iyos gamoxatuli. miuxedavad
amisa, SesaZlebeli unda iyos maTi gamocnoba. anu ,,daemor-
CileT moZraobis wesebs“ ver iqneba argumenti, radgan aq
arc pirdapiraa miTiTebuli da gamocnobac rTulia imisa,
Tu romelia winapirobebi da ra damokidebulebaa winapi-
28
robebsa da daskvnas Soris (Bickenbach and Davies 1996, p.45).
argumenti moswavleebs SeiZleba SexvdeT sxvadasxva
Janris literaturul nawarmoebebSi magram is SeiZleba
ar iyos pirdapir naTqvami. SegiZliaT asakis mixedviT mis-
ceT moswavleebs nawyveti salamuras Tavgadasavlidan an
xorxe lui borxesis esse wasakiTxad.
nawarmoebis wakiTxvis Semdeg, moswavleebs sTxoveT
dafiqrdnen 1. aris Tu ara aq argumenti warmodgenili 2.
rogor argumentTan gvaqvs saqme 3. Camoayalibon daskvna,
Sesabamisi winapirobebi da Seafason isini.

salamuras Tavgadasavali2
nawili pirveli

gansacdeli
ufliswulis ucnauri sazmari
erTxel qondareTis xelmwifis vaJma ucnau-
ri sizmari naxa... es sizmari imdenad saintereso
meCveneba, rom ambis moyola aqedan davapire, ma-
gram mere gadavifiqre. marTlac, ra dros xelm-
wifis vaJis sizmaria, roca Tqven isic ki ar iciT,
ra qveyanaa qondareTi, anda vin aris misi xelmwife.
simarTle Tu gindaT gaigoT, aseT qveyanas, saxel-
ganTqmuli mogzauric rom iyoT, axla versad aRmoa-
CenT. me ki sarwmuno wyaroebidan vici: qondareTi namd-
vilad arsebobda. maSin sxva dro gaxldaT, maSin mTeli
dedamiwa mxolod mSvenieri zRapruli qveynebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli da am mSvenier qveynebSi cxovrobdnen
TqvenTvis cnobili da sayvareli zRapris gmirebi.
yvela zRapari, romelic Tqven gagigoniaT an
wagikiTxavT, ra Tqma unda, imdroindelia.

2 ორივე ლიტერატურული ნაწარმოები აღებულია ვებგვერდიდან: www.lib.ge

29
 ambavi ori kacisa, romelTac sizmari ixiles
xorxe luis borxesi
mTargmneli nino fifia

arabi istorikosi, iqsaki, mogviTxrobs am ambavs:

kacni Rirseulni ndobis ambavs yvebian (Tumca mx-
olod alahia yovlismomcveli da yovlisSemZle da
gulmowyale da fxizlobs igi), rom yofila qairoSi
kaci erTi, yovelgvar simdidreTa mflobeli, magram
iseTi didsulovani da Semwynarebeli, rom daukargavs
yvelaferi da iZulebuli gamxdara, eSroma lukma-puris
saSovnelad. erTxelac imdeni imuSava Tavis leRvis baR-
Si, rom Zilma dajabna da ixila sizmrad kaci, romel-
mac piridan gamoiRo oqros moneta da uTxra: “simdi-
dre Seni sparseTSi ars, ispahanSi, wadi mis mosaZebnad”.
momdevno alionze gaiRviZa kacma da gaudga grZel
gzas. daupirispirda xifaTebs, movlenils udabnoTa,
xomaldTa, mekobreTa, kerpTayvanismcemelTa, mdina-
reTa, mxecTa da kacTagan. bolos da bolos, miaRwia
ispahanamde, magram gaaoca igi qalaqis Ramem da miiZina
meCeTis ezoSi.
meCeTTan axlos saxli idga da yovlisSemZle
uflis nebiT qurdbacacebis jgufma gadaWra meCeTi da
saxlSi Seipara. saxlSi myofebs xmaurze gaeRviZaT da
Svela iTxoves. mezoblebmac gaiRviZes. male im ubnis
guSagTa kapitani Tavis kacebTan erTad gamoCnda, ya-
CaRebi ki saxlis saxuravidan gaiparnen. ufrosma meCe-
Tis gaCxreka brZana da swored masSi waawydnen kacs
qairodan da ise garozges, rom lamis sikvdilis piras
miiyvanes. ori dRis Semdeg kaci gons sapyrobileSi
moego. kapitanma moixmo igi da da hkiTxa mas: “vina xar
da saidan mosulxar?”.
sxvam ganacxada: “me cnobili qalaqidan _ ispahani-
dan var da mohamed el maRrebia saxeli Cemi”. kapitan-
ma hkiTxa: “aq ram mogiyvana mere?” meorem simarTlis

30
 Tqma amjobina da uTxra mas: “sizmrad nanaxma kacma
mibrZana ispahans movsuliyavi, radgan aq iyo simdi-
dre Cemi, aw ukve vxedav, rom es simdidre albaT is
rozgebia, romelic ase didsulovnad miviRe Sengan”
am sityvebis gagonebaze kapitanma gulianad gadaix-
arxara da upasuxa: “uazro da miamito kaco,samjer
mezmana qalaq qairos siRrmeSi baRi, baRSi mzis saa-
Ti da mzis saaTis Semdgom leRvis xilnari, leRvis
baRs iqeT wyaro, wyaros qveS ki ganZi. am tyuilisTvis
aranairi mniSvneloba ar miminiWebia, Sen ki, ra Tqma
unda, wyeul jorze amxedrebulma ixetiale qalaqi-
dan qalaqSi martooden Seni sizmris rwmenis amara.
ispahanSi aRar daginaxo, aiRe es monetebi da wadi”.
»kacma aiRo monetebi da samSobloSi dabrunda. Tavisi
baRis wyaros qveS (es is baRia, kapitanma sizmrad rom
naxa) ganZi amoTxara. ase daloca ufalma, aunazRaura
zarali da STaagona igi. ufali didsulovania, idumali.»

rogor icvleba maswavleblis roli

rodesac maswavlebeli mizanmimarTulad aswavlis kri-
tikul azrovnebas, igi aucileblad iyenebs aqtiuri swav-
lebis meTodebs. aqtiuri swavleba moicavs nebismieri tipis
aqtivobas saklaso oTaxSi, romelic tradiciuli swavlebi-
sagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom saswavlo procesSi moswavle-
Ta maqsimalur CarTulobas da maT aqtiurobas gulisxmobs.
maswavlebeli irgebs fasilitatoris rols, igi aZlevs
moswavleebs masalas, razec unda ifiqron, Semdeg axorcie-
lebs aqtivobebs, sadac moswavleebi arian wamyvan rolSi da
maswavlebeli mxolod gzis mimcemia. maswavleblis CarTu-
loba unda iyos minimaluri, magram amasTanave Zalian kar-
gad dagegmili, raTa sworad warmarTos moswavleTa saqmi-
anoba da aqtiuri swavleba moswavleTa nebaze miSvebasa da
qaosSi ar gadaizardos.
aqtiuri swavlebis konkretul strategiebs miekuTvneba
31
problemaze dafuZnebuli swavleba, proeqti, sokratuli
swavleba, jgufuri muSaoba, TanamSromlobiTi swavleba,
erT wuTiani esse (maswavlebeli gakveTilis msvlelobi-
sas moswavleebs awerinebs TavianT mosazrebas konkretul
sakiTxze) d.a.S.
maswavleblebma moswavleebs Tavad unda aCvenon kri-
tikuli azrovnebis magaliTi swavlebis procesSi da mo-
swavleebisaTvis misabaZ magaliTad iqcnen. Semdeg maT mo-
swavleebs kritikuli azrovnebis saSualeba unda miscen
Sesabamisi masalebis da aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT.
rodis iZleva maswavlebeli kritikuli azrovnebis mag-
aliTs? maSin, rodesac igi upirobod ar iRebs avtoritetebis
mosazrebebs; maSin, rodesac moswavleebis mxridan gansx-
vavebuli azris gamoxatvisas cdilobs sxva moswavleebTan
erTad gaarkvios misi mosazrebebis relevanturoba da naC-
qarevad ar gadadis sxva sakiTxebze; maSin, rodesac mas Seu-
Zlia sakuTari Secdomis aRiareba, rodesac moswavleebis
mosazrebebsa da gamoxmaurebebs uyuradRebod ar tovebs,
rodesac axalisebs moswavleebis urTierT Sefasebasa da
maT komentarebs, rodesac klasSi qmnis usafrTxo klimats
(garemos), sadac yvelanair azrs aqvs arsebobis ufleba,
Tumca mas Sesabamisi dasabuTeba an dasabuTebis mcdeloba
mainc unda moyves.
imisaTvis, rom moswavleebs vaswavloT kritikuli az-
rovneba, maswavlebelma yovlismcodnis imiji unda moiSo-
ros. adamiani, romelsac aqvs yvela kiTxvaze mza pasuxi,
yovelTvis icis ra da rogor SeiZleba gakeTdes, naklebad
tovebs kritikulad moazrovnis STabeWdilebas. moswav-
leebma Tavad unda ifiqron problemebze da maTi gadaWris
gzebze, unda icodnen ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli saWiro cod-
nis SeZena. maT unda dasvan kiTxvebi.
umniSvnelovanesia moswavleebma icodnen ris mixedviT
afasebs maT maswavlebeli, ramdenad mniSvnelovania Se-

32
fasebis procesSi gakveTilze gamovlenili kritikuli az-
rovnebis unarebi. maswavlebelma Tavis wliur gegmaSi unda
asaxos ara mxolod Sinaarsis Seswavla, aramed moswavlis
maRali donis saazrovno unarebis ganviTareba. Sesabamis-
ad es unda aisaxos mis SefasebaSic. rodesac moswavleebma
ician, rom maswavlebeli maT afasebs ara mxolod konkre-
tuli faqtebis codnis gamo, aramed maRali saazrovno un-
arebis ganviTarebis mixedviT, maTi motivacia, meti dro
dauTmon kritikul azrovnebas, gaizrdeba.
Tu moswavleebi naxaven, rom maswavlebeli maRal Se-
fasebas wers, rodesac moswavlem leqsi zepirad iswavla,
magram ar ainteresebs im moswavlis azri, vinc leqsi ar
icis zepirad, magram SeuZlia misi safuZvliani analizi, sa-
kuTari azrebis Tanmimdevrulad gadmocema da maTi dasab-
uTeba, maSin isini ecdebian didi dro dazepirebas dauTmon
da naklebi dro leqsSi mocemuli problemebis gaazrebas.
Tu istoriis maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom mo-
swavlem icodes ra gadmogvca ama Tu im istorikosma is-
toriuli movlenis Sesaxeb da nakleb mniSvnelovania Tavad
moswavle ras fiqrobs konkretul wyaroze, maSin moswav-
leebi Tavs ar Seiwuxeben fiqriT da mxolod zedapirulad
informacias Seisrutaven.
maswavlebelma moswavleebs unda misces sakmarisi dro
da saSualeba, rom TviTon amoxsnan, gaarkvion, gza gaikva-
lon. nebismieri gakveTili, romelic am process gverds au-
vlis da moswavleebs mzamzareul informaciasa da pasuxebs
miawodebs, swavlis iluziaa.
maswavleblis mTavari amocanaa Seqmnas iseTi garemo,
dagegmos iseTi gakveTili, gamoiyenos is saswavlo aqtivo-
bebi, romlebic moswavleebs azrovnebis saSualebas aZlevs.
sxva SemTxvevaSi rTulia moswavleebSi ganaviTaro kriti-
kuli azrovneba. sxva SemTxvevaSi maT SeiZleba icodnen mag-
aliTad is, rom dedamiwa brunavs, magram ar icodnen ratom.

33
 maswavleblebma didi dro unda dauTmon problebe-
mze dafuZnebul swavlebas, rac gulisxmobs realuri
cxovrebiseuli problemebis analizis safuZvelze sas-
wavlo miznebze gasvlas. magaliTad, SeiZleba moswavleebs
aswavloT zRvis wylis Semadgenloba da is Tu ra zegavle-
nas axdens igi adamianis Sinagan organoebze, magram am gziT
warmarTuli saswavlo procesi ver miscems moswavleebis
azrovnebas gasaqans. problemaze dafuZnebuli swavlebis
dros, maswavlebeli moswavles problemas warudgens: zR-
vaSi avdarma gemi CaZira, erTi kaci xis nafots CaeWida da
gadarCa, man xmeleTamde miaRwia. gadarCenil kacs wyali
moswyurda. ras urCevdiT: dalios Tu ara zRvis wyali?
(Critical Thinking Community).
damatebiT gTavazobT konkretul rekomendaciebs,
romelTa didi nawili erT-erT kritikuli azrovnebis
gzamkvlevSia mocemuli (Paul and Elder 2000):
• naklebi isaubreT, moswavleebs mieciT meti saubris sa-
Sualeba.
• moswavleebs warudgineT cnebebi da maTi gamoyenebis
konteqsti, waaxaliseT maTi azrovneba realuri proble-
mebis gadasaWrelad.
• kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba unda moxdes yvela
ZiriTadi aqtivobis dros: weris, kiTxvis, saubrisa da
mosmenis procesSi. gamoiyeneT kritikuli kiTxvis, weris,
saubrisa da mosmenis specifiuri strategiebi.
• SeecadeT moswavleebs aCvenoT xmamaRla fiqris magali-
Ti. amasTanave ecadeT ifiqroT ara Zalian swrafad, ro-
gorc zog profesionals sCvevia, aramed ise, rogorc
ifiqrebda kargi moswavle.
• xSirad gamoiZaxeT moswavleebi, romlebic ar weven xels,
sTxoveT sxva moswavles Seajamos, Tu ra upasuxa kiTx-
vaze moswavlem (amiT aqtiur mosmenas SeamowmebT).
• regularulad awerineT bavSvebs, gaacaniT Sefasebis

34
 standartebi, sTxoveT Seafason sakuTari namuSevari am
standartebis gamoyenebiT.
• xSirad CaatareT jgufuri muSaoba, samuSaos das-
rulebis Semdeg sTxoveT moswavleebs warmoadginon mc-
ire moxseneba jgufuri samuSaos Sesaxeb (vin ra nawili
Seasrula, ra problema wamoiWra da rogor gadaWres).
• auxseniT moswavleebs Tqveni meTodebis Sesaxeb, ratom
aswavliT ase, ratom ar aZlevT mza pasuxebs, uTxariT,
Tu ratom ar muSaobs dazepireba, ra strategiebi gaqvT
imisTvis, rom xeli SeuSaloT sagnis zedapirulad Ses-
wavlas.
• Tqveni moswavleebi Secdomebs dauSveben, SeuqmeniT maT
komfortuli garemo, sadac Secdomebis gamo Tavs ux-
erxulad aravin igrZnobs da Secdomis daSvebis ar SeeSi-
ndebaT. Sedegad ufro Tamamad gamoTqvamen mosazrebebs,
ufro gabedulebi iqnebian da Secdomebzec iswavlian.
• kritikuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad mniSvnelova-
nia zepiri saubrebi. werisa da mosmenis dros ar aris
aucilebeli informaciis swrafad gadamuSaveba da masze
pasuxis gacema, zepiri saubrisas ki es aucileblobas
warmoadgens. am dros ar gvaqvs saSualeba bevri vi-
fiqroT, wavSaloT Cveni teqsti da sxvagvarad Camovay-
aliboT (Zwiers and Crawford 2011) saubrebi moswavleebs
saSualebas aZlevs swrafad upasuxon moulodnel kiTx-
vebs, Camoayalibon TavianTi ideebi, xmamaRla gamoTqvan
da miiRon kritika, kontrargumenti Tu Sefaseba.
• Tu rogor afasebT moswavleebs, mniSvnelovnad imoqmedebs
imaze, ramdenad saWirod CaTvlian bavSvebi meti dro
dauTmon kritikul msjelobasa da azrovnebas. amitom mo-
swavles xSirad SesTavazeT iseTi amocanebi, razec muSaoba
kritikul azrovnebas moiTxovs, Sefasebis rubrikebSi yov-
elTvis asaxeT kritikuli azrovneba da misi konkretuli
gamovlinebebi (kargi argumentis moZieba, kontrargumen-

35
 tis moyvana, problemis mravalmxrivi ganxilva/Sefaseba da
misi gadaWris gzis dasaxva, poziciis dasabuTeba, avto-
ritetebis azrebis ar miReba gansjis gareSe, d.a.S.)

imisaTvis, rom daexmaroT moswavleebs iazrovnon kri-

tikulad, SeamowmeT Sedgeba Tu ara maTi azrovnebis pro-
cesi Semdegi elementebisgan.
1. mizani - risi miRweva minda?
2. problema - ra problema unda gadavWra?
3. informacia - ra informacia mWirdeba da saidan Sei-
Zleba movipovo?
4. idea da cneba - ra ZiriTadi cnebebi unda vicode da
rogor gamoviyeno?
5. daskvna da interpretacia-ra daskvnis gakeTeba
SemiZlia?
6. argumentebi - ra argumentebi maqvs Cemi daskvnis gasa-
myareblad?
7. kontrargumentebi - ra kontrargumenti SeiZleba moi-
yvanon Cemi daskvnis gasabaTileblad?
8. arakritikuloba - xom ar viReb cnebis, faqtisa da
movlenis mxolod zedapirul mniSvnelobas? xom ar
aris rame, sadac kiTxvebi unda damesva, magram abso-
lutur WeSmaritebad miviCnie?
9. Sedegi - ra Sedegamde mivyavar Cems azrebs?
10. ra mosazrebidan gamovdivar? sxva mosazrebazec xom
ar unda davfiqrde?

ena
kritikuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad mniSvnelovani
yuradReba unda mivaqcioT, rogor flobs moswavle sasau-
bro enas, ramdenad naTlad SeuZlia Tavisi azris gamoTqma,
36
sxvisi azrebisa da argumentebis gageba da Sejameba. xSiria
SemTxvevebi, rodesac gvxvdeba damabneveli, orazrovani
terminebi da frazebi, rac arTulebs argumentis gaazre-
basa da Sesabamisad mis Sefasebas (Thomson, 2002). zogjer
es specialurad SeiZleba xdebodes, raTa orazrovnebiT
gamyardes aramyari argumenti. zogjer ki imis gamo, rom
avtorebi ver amCneven am orazrovnebas.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tuki winadadebas orazrovani mniSvn-
eloba aqvs, saWiroa teqstSi vipovoT sxva mimaniSneblebi,
romlebic dagvexmareba gavarkvioT, ra mniSvnelobiT iqna
esa Tu is sityva an fraza naxmari, meore varianti ki aris
is, rom argumentSi SevafasoT frazis orive mniSvneloba
cal calke.
rac Seexeba sxvisi argumentis Sejamebas, mniSvnelovania
moswavleebs vaswavloT rogor gamoicnon ZiriTadi daskv-
na da Semdeg is ZiriTadi mtkicebulebebi, riTac avtori
amyarebs am daskvnas. es mtkicebulebebi SeiZleba iyos an
Cveulebrivi winapiroba, an sxva winapirobebisagan miReb-
uli meoradi daskvna. mniSvnelovania, rom pirvel etapze
ar daviwyoT imis gamoZieba, ramdenad myaria es meoradi
daskvna.

maswavleblebis mier Seqmnili aqtivobebi

miuxedavad imisa rom ganaTlebis specialistebi da
sferos mcodneebi amboben, rom kritikuli azrovneba mniS-
vnelovania da unda vaswavloT, xSirad praqtikosi maswav-
leblisaTvis Znelia gaarkvios, rogor ganaviTaros moswav-
leebSi es unari, saidan unda daiwyos da ra konkretuli
gzebi unda dasaxos.
msgavsi problemis winaSe dadga ori biologiis maswav-
lebeli kaliforniidan (Bissell and Lemons 2006).

37
 isini, iseve rogorc maswavleblebis umetesoba, saswav-
lo gegmebSi werdnen, rom kritikuli azrovneba erT-erTi
maTi saswavlo mizani iyo, Tumca realurad ar aswavlidnen
moswavleebs kritikul azrovnebas.
maTi azriT, amis erTi mizezi kritikuli azrovnebis
SeuTanxmebeli ganmarteba iyo, meore ki kritikuli az-
rovnebis Sefasebis sirTule. imis miuxedavad, rom dRes
arsebobs kritikuli azrovnebis Sesafasebeli testebi,
isini ar arian konkretul saganze morgebuli, maswavleb-
lebs ki ar aqvT imis fufuneba, rom sxva teqstebi Seitanon
klasSi, radgan saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sinaarsi
unda aswavlon.
am maswavleblebma gadawyvites es problema Tavad
moegvarebinaT. maT gamoiyenes blumis taqsonomia.
maswavleblebi yvebian, rom dasxdnen da ifiqres, ra iyo
maTi mizani, ras unda mieRwiaT sagnis Sinaarsisa da kriti-
kuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Semdeg kargad
auxsnes moswavleebs ra unda gaekeTebinaT, rom warmatebi-
sTvis mieRwiaT. maT gadaxedes gakveTilze maT mier dasmul
kiTxvebs, Sefasebis rubrikas. SeimuSaves axali kiTxvebi da
Sefasebis rubrikebi da gaacnes moswavleebs. moswavleebma
ukeTesad gaiges, ra tipis kiTxvebs dausvamda maT maswavle-
beli da rogori unda yofiliyo kargi pasuxi. Sromam nayo­
fi gamoiRo, maT gaiumjobeses fiqrisa da metakogniciis
unarebi. bevri moswavle ambobda, rom manamde ar esmoda
ras niSnavs kritikulad fiqri, maSinac ki, Tu maswavlebeli
amas iTxovda, radgan arasdros unaxavT Tu ras niSnavs ase
azrovneba. gTavazobT amocanas, romelic am maswavleblebma
maTi ganaxlebuli gakveTilisaTvis gamoiyenes:

38
 bunebismetyveleba
rogor xdeba informaciuli ribonukleinis mJavas (i-
rnm) gadaadgileba birTvul membranaSi?
Sefasebis rubrika: maswavlebelma unda Seafasos, ro-
gor ician moswavleebma informaciuli ribonukleinis mJa-
va (i-rnm) da citoplazmaSi misi gadaadgilebis meqanizmi.
aseve unda Sefasdes maTi kritikuli azrovnebis unari,
rac gulisxmobs am codnis Sesabamis gamoyenebas, davale-
baSi mocemuli ori sqemis/scenaris Semowmebas da i-rnm-s
birTvidan citoplazmisken gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb daskvnis
SemuSavebas.
moswavleTa srulyofili pasuxebi unda Seicavdes
sakiTxis Sesaxeb Semdeg codnas:
• ribonukleinis mJava aris molekula, romelic Seicavs
fosfatebis jgufs;
• orSriani lipidebi hidrofoburi nivTierebebi arian
(lipidebis hidrofoburi jgufebis miTiTeba saWiro
ar aris)
• orSriani lipidi difuziiT ver gaatarebs i-rnm-is
molekulas.

eukariotebSi informaciuli rnm(i-rnm) gaivlis birTvis membranaSi,

romelic aris ormagi lipiduri Sre. Semdeg gadadis citoplazmaSi, raTa
moaxdinos translacia cilis sinTezisTvis. gaixsene ra ici i-rnm-s struq-
turisa da birTvis ormagi lipiduri Sris Sesaxeb, airCie suraTi,romelic
Seesabameba i-rnm-s moZraobas da daasabuTe Seni arCevani.

membrana
irnm irnm
membrana

birTvi citoplazma

birTvi citoplazma

39
 moswavlem unda miiRos oridan erTi gadawyvetileba:
a) i-rnm-s mier birTvis membranis difuzuri gavla.
b) i-rnm-s gavla birTvis membranis cilovan arxebSi.
swori pasuxia b)

1. wyaro: A new Method in Assessing Critical Thinking in the

Classroom. BioScience. January 1,2006. Bissell, Ahrash N; Lemons,
Paula P.

maTematika
avtori: maikl dispenzio
samzareulos Wiqebi
warmoidgineT, rom gsurT gazomoT ramdeni wyali Cadis
erT WiqaSi. samzareuloSi ki gaqvT ori WurWeli, erTi itevs
sam Wiqa wyals, meore ki 5 Wiqas. rogor gamoiyenebT am or
Wiqas imisaTvis rom gazomoT zustad erTi Wiqa wyali?

pasuxi
aavseT sam Wiqiani konteineri wyliT. gadaasxiT xuT
Wiqian konteinerSi. isev aavseT sam Wiqiani konteineri
da aavseT xuT Wiqiani konteineri. am SemTxvevaSi sam
Wiqian WurWelSi zustad erTi Wiqa wyali darCeba.

40
 davfiqrdeT Semdegze:
ratom aviTarebs es amocana kritikul azrovnebas?
iqneboda Tu ara es amocana kritikuli azrovnebis
ganmaviTarebeli, Tuki xuT da sam Wiqian konteinerebis
nacvlad gveqneboda xuT da or Wiqiani konteineri da isev
erTi Wiqa wylis gazomva iqneboda saWiro? ratom?

maTematikis klasikuri amocana

warmoidgineT, rom oTaxSi 4 adamiania. Tuki yvela erT-
maneTs erTxel CamoarTmevs xels, ramdeni xelis CamorTme-
va SeiZleba davTvaloT? asi kaci rom iyos oTxis nacvlad?
(Faculty and Staff Voices 2010)

pasuxi: Tu oTaxSi 4 adamiania, TiToeuli xels CamoarT-

mevs danarCen 3 adamians. amitom oTxs vamravlebT samze.
Tumca aq CaiTvleba xelis CamorTmeva yvela wyvils Soris
orjer, amitom oTxisa da samis namravli unda gavyoT orze.
aseve SeiZleba pasuxi gamovsaxoT sqematurad TiToeuli
adamianis mier CamorTmeuli xelis raodenobis daTvliT.
a. adamiani arTmevs xels 3 adamians.
b. adamiani arTmevs or adamians, radgan man ukve Camo-
arTva xeli a-s
g. adamiani mxolod erT adamians arTmevs xels
es formula ramdenimenairad SeiZleba gamovsaxoT
4×3/2 an, 3 + 2 + 1 = 6 an, n (n-1)/2

41
 maTematika
avtori: neli nasyidaSvili
gaanawileT Tanabrad
1) 5 erTnairi vaSli Tanabrad unda gavunawiloT rva bavSvs.
gaWrebis ra umciresi raodenobiT SeiZleba movaxerxoT
es ?
2) 13 erTnairi zomis sazamTro unda gavyo 42 Tanabar por-
ciad. rogor gavakeToT es, Tu arcerT sazamTros ar
gavWriT 7-ze met nawilad ?
SesaZloa orive amocana aseTive TanamimdevrobiT iyos
ganxiluli moswavleebTan. amocanebis amoxsnis Semdeg ki
movaxdinoT am ori amocanis erTmaneTTan Sedareba:
• ra aqvT msgavsi
• ra aqvT gansxvavebuli
• SesaZlebelia Tu ara raime daskvnebis gakeTeba?
• analogiuri amocanebis amoxsnisas SemiZlia Tu ara aq
miRebuli gamocdilebis gamoyeneba ?
• aucilebelia vaSlebisa da sazamTros motana, maTi
daWra, Tu modelirebiTac SegviZlia am amocanebis
amoxsna?
da a. S. yoveli samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg mniSvnelova-
nia garkveuli Semajamebeli procesis ganxorcieleba, rom-
lis drosac xdeba gavlili saazrovno etapebis gaxseneba,
Tanamimdevruli aRdgena, kontr situaciebis motana.

2. pasuxi
• 4 vaSlidan TiToeuli gaiWras Suaze, miiReba - 8
naWeri (TiToeul moswavleze 1 naWeri), es 4 gaWraa
• 1) darCenili 1 vaSli gaiWras Suaze, Semdeg TiToeuli
naWeri kidev 2-jer Suaze, sul 7 gaWra da 2) darCe-
nili 1 vaSlis 3-jer gaWriT (vaSls Tu warmovidgenT
42
 wris saxiT da diametrze ganvaxorcielebT gaWrebs:
Suaze, kidev Suaze da kidev Suaze). orive SemTx-
vevaSi miiReba vaSlis mervedi, magram: 1 SemTxvevaSi
gaWrebis raodenobaa 7, xolo me-2 SemTxvevaSi - 3.
• erT SemTxvevaSi gaWrebis minimaluri raodenobaa -
11, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - 7.
• TiToeul bavSvs Sexvdeba vaSlis naxevari da kidev
vaSlis mervedi.
• Tu SekiTxvaa : ramdeni vaSli Sexvdeba TiToeul mo-
swavles ?
maSin pasuxi calsaxaa: TiToeuls Sexvdeba vaSlis nax-
evari da kidev vaSlis mervedi.
xolo Tu SekiTxvaa: gaWrebis ra umciresi raodenobaa
saWiro 5 vaSli rom Tanabrad gavunawiloT 8 bavSvs? pa-
suxebi SesaZloa iyos sxvadasxva (am SemTxvevaSi ornairi)
gamomdinare bavSvebis midgomebidan da warmodgenebidan,
erT SemTxvevaSi is tolia - 11-is, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
-7-is.
am ori SesaZlo pasuxidan erT-erTis amorCeva SesaZle-
beli iqneba pirobaSi garkveuli SezRudvis/arSezRudvis
SemoRebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, radgan SezRudva ar gvaqvs, ami-
tom gamarTlebuli iqneba gaWrebis mcire raodenobis pa-
suxad CaTvla
SeniSvna: Tumca moswavleebi naklebad iyeneben analo-
giebs da pasuxad CaTvlian xolme 11-s.

2. pasuxi
1) 6 sazamTrodan TiToeuli gavWraT 7 nawilad, xolo da-
narCeni 7 sazamTro gavWraT 6 nawilad, miiReba erTnairi
moculobis 42 nawili da 42 nawili meore moculobis
2) TiToeuli moswavle miiRebs am ornairi naWrebidan Ti-

43
 To-TiTo naWers (13/42 = 1/7 + 1/6 -- cameti ormocdameo-
redi tolia erT meSvideds damatebuli erTi meeqvsedi).

Semdegi kiTxvebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos maTmatika-

Si kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis gasaviTareblad (Teach-
ing Science and Maths 2011).
• ra damatebiTi informaciiaa saWiro am amocanis amo-
saxsnelad?
• rogr ukavSirdeba monacemebi Sens mier mopovebul pa-
suxebs/aRmoCenebs?
• rogor amyarebs mtkicebulebas, daskvnebs
• rogor unda darwmundeT, rom amocana sworad amox-
seniT?
• rogor SeadarebdiT am amocans sxva amocanebs?
• arsebobs Tu ara amoxsnis alternatuli gzebi? rom-
eli?
• Tu es sworia, kidev ra SeiZleba iyos swori?
• ras gulisxmobT am gancxadebaSi?

****
• am kiTxvas sxvanairad rogor dasvamdi?
• am amocanis amoxsnisas ra axali informacia gaige?
• aris Tu ara es yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva am prob-
lemis gadaWrisas?
• ra kiTxvas unda gasceT pasuxi manam, sanam am kiTxvas
gascemT?
• es ras gulisxmobs?

aseTi kiTxvebiT exmarebiT moswavleebs pasiuri fiqri-

dan aqtiur fiqris procesze gadavidnen.
maswavlebli unda ecados iseTi kiTxvebi dausvas moswav-

44
 leebs, rom pasuxebi martivad ver ipovon internetSi:
• mocemuli monacemebis gamoyebiT aageT grafiki ro-
melic gamosaxavs Sedarebas sam konkurent mobiluri
telefonebis kompaniebs Soris.
• gamoikvlieT, rom gaarkvioT, ra aris saukeTeso masa-
la iseTi saxlis asagebad, romelic gauZlebs qariSx-
als.
• romelime geometriul figurebis gamoyenebiT Seqme-
niT TamaSi.
(Teaching Science and Maths 2011)

ekologia
hkiTxeT moswavleebs dafiqrdnen, maTi azriT ra gav-
lenas moaxdens sigaretis reklamis akrZalva sigaretis mw-
evelTa raodenobaze. Semdeg warudgineT varaudi, romlis
mixedviTac, Tu aikrZaleba sigaretis reklama, sigaretis
mwevelTa ricxvi gaizrdeba. moswavleebs sTxoveT varau-
dis Sefaseba:
,,Tu sigaretis reklama aikrZaleba, sigaretis mwar-
moeblebi dazogaven im Tanxebs, rasac sxva SemTxvevaSi
reklamisTvis gamoiyenebdnen. amrigad, imisaTvis, rom erT-
maneTTan konkurencia hqondeT, sigaretis fass daagdeben.
Sesabamisad, sigaretis reklamis akrZalva gamoiwvevs siga-
retis mwevelTa momravlebas (Thomson 2002, p.90).
kiTxvebi, romlebic SegiZliaT damatebiT dausvaT mo-
swavleebs: uSlis Tu ara xels sigaretis amJamindeli fasi
adamianebis umravlesobas moswion sigareti? im adamianebs
Soris visac arasdros mouwevia, ZiriTadad ra SeiZleba
iyos amis mizezi (janmrTeloba, Tu sigaretis fasi?) siga-
retis fasi rom daeces, es ubiZgebs Tu ara mwevelebs ufro
meti moswion?

45
 istoria
avtori: robert Svarci, azrovnebis swavlebis naciona-
luri centris direqtori.

maswavlebeli me-9 klaselebs aswavlis revoluciur

oms, kerZod, rogor iwyeba revoluciebi. moswavleebi
wignSi kiTxuloben: britanel jariskacebi, masaCusetSi
midiodnen, maT kolonistebisTvis dagrovili iaraRi unda
waerTmiaT. leqsingtonSi maT kolonistebis jgufi Sexvda.
britanelebma ubrZanes daSliliyvnen, magram kolonistebi
ar daiSalnen. britanelebma cecxli gaxsnes, rasac ramden-
ime kolonisti emsxverpla, danarCenebi gaiqcnen.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs eubneba, rom naxa sxva wigni,
sadac weria, rom cecxli pirvelad kolonistebma gaxsnes
da britanelebma Tavdasacavad sapasuxo cecxli gauxsnes.
moswavleebma unda moifiqron, rogor gamoiZion, ro-
melia marTali, romel wyaros unda endon. erT-erTi gza
aris, rom moiZion romeli ufro sando wyaroa. maswavle-
belma moswavleebs unda auxsnas, rom saWiroa Seiswavlon
rogorc pirveladi (am SemTxvevaSi TviTmxilvelebi) aseve
meoradi wyaroebi. Seqmnan orive wyarosTvis kiTxvebis
CamonaTvali. am kiTxvebSi Sedis iseTi kiTxvebic, rogori-
caa: ra gamocdileba aqvs avtors? rogori reputacia aqvs
gamomcemlobas? rogor iyo informacia mopovebuli? rasac
avtori ambobs vinme sxvac adasturebs? arian Tu ara TviT-
mxilvelebi?
roca moswavleebi amas akeTeben, aRmoaCenen, rom zo-
gierT kiTxvas SeuZliaT pasuxi gascen, magram samxilebi
seriozulad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. isini askvnian, rom
am informaciaze dayrdnobiT, SeuZlebelia vTqvaT, Tu vin
isrola pirvelma, amitom sjobda wignis avtorebs es scena
46
ase aReweraT ,,dRemde aravin icis vin isrola pirvelad”
da ar SeelamazebinaT TavianTi monayoli daudasturebeli
mtkicebulebebiT. am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi Tanxmdebian,
rom saukeTeso gamosavalia Tqva ,,ar vici.”

qarTuli ena da literatura

situacia mogvawoda nino buTuriSvilma
me-10 klasSi, vefxistyaosnis Seswavlisas, erT-erTma
moswavlem gamoTqva sakuTari azri :“am poemis gmirebs
iseTi axlo urTierToba aqvT, SeuZlebelia seqsic ar
hqonodaTo“(igulisxmeba tarieli da nestan-darejani,
avTandili da TinaTini).
klasSi siCume Camovarda; aSkara iyo saSiSroeba, Tu mas-
wavlebeli kiTxvas upasuxod datovebs, sxva drosac igives
unda elodes misgan, Tanac moswavleebi CaTvlian, rom mas-
wavlebeli ubralod ver flobs situacias; Tu datuqsavs,
es bavSvi albaT aRarasodes moisurvebs sakuTari azris
gamoTqmas; klass gadaxeda, ramdenime moswavles saxeze
Seatyo, TiTqmis eTanxmebodnen Tanaklasels, amitom CaT-
vala saWirod qvemoT moyvanili aqtivobis dagegmva;
man moswavleebs daavala daeweraT argumentirebuli
esse? „ eqnebodaT Tu ara vefxistyaosnis gmirebs intimuri
urTierTobebi“. sTxova TviTon aerCiaT romeli poziciis
dacva surdaT da amis mixedviT CarTuliyvnen Sesabamis
jgufSi. ori kviris Semdeg gaimarTeboda diskusia; kon-
sultaciisTvis, damxmare masalebisTvis, SeeZloT miemar-
TaT maswavleblisTvis.
Sedegad araaqtiuri moswavleebic gaaqtiurdnen,
waikiTxes garkveuli Tavebi poemidan, moiZies argumentebi,
kritikosTa werilebi. diskusiaSi CaerTnen.
yvelaze metad kiTxvis avtorma iaqtiura da sabolood

47
jgufTan erTad gamoitana daskvna; mosazreba darCa mosaz-
rebad, xolo argumentebi ar aRmoaCndaT am azris gasa-
myareblad.
Cemi azriT, es kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis
erT-erTi magaliTia. am dros arsebiTia argumentebis da
kontrargumentebis moZieba, situaciis gaanalizeba da
mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze mosazrebis dasabuTeba an
Secvla, axlis miReba (situaciis avtori).

xelovneba da musika
pablo pikasos avinionis diacebi (Les Demoiselles d’Avignon)
fokusi: am tilos bevri miiCnevs kubizmis mimdinareobis
pirvel naxatad. zogisTvis erTi SexedviT naxati Sokis-
momgvrelia. qalebis figurebi Cateulia kuTxovan da uxeS
formebSi.
aRmoCena, romelic moswavleebma unda gaakeTon: rogor
gamoavlina pikasom kubizmis maxasiaTeblebi am naxatSi?
formebis dayofa geometriul nawilebad da Semdeg maTi
,,arabunebrivi” awyoba. sagnebis mravalmxriv formebad da
figurebad warmodgena romelic gafiqrebinebs, rom veras-
dros xedav yvelafers rac unda dainaxo.
damatebiTi SeTavazeba: SeadareT pikasos kubizmis mim-
dinareobis naxatebi misi Tanamedrovis jorj brakis nax-
atebs. ra msgavsebas da gansxvavebas amCnevT? Tqveni azriT,
ratom ukavSireben pikasos ase xSirad kompozitor igor
stravinskis (Oslon 2000, p. 99)?

musika
moswavleebs moasmenineT biTlzis ,,hei jud” (Hey Jude) da
,,guSin” (Yesterday) fransua glories (Francois Glorieux) Ses-
rulebiT.3 biTlzis es ori Zalian popularuli melodia
3 მელოდიები შეგიძლიათ ნახოთ ვებგვერდზე www. youtube.com საძიებო ფრაზით
Francois Glorieux Plays the Beatles.

48
SesaniSnavad gadaawyo da Seasrula fransua gloriem.
a. ,,guSin” Sopenis stilSia
b. ,,hei jud” aris baxis stilSi

aRmoCena, romelic moswavleebma unda gaakeTon: am ori

melodiis mosmenis Semdeg, SeiswavleT baxis da Sopenis sx-
vadasxva melodiebi.
a. SeafaseT da daasabuTeT namdvilad aris Tu ara glo-
ries melodiaSi Sopenis stili?
b. baxis stili?
g. am formiT ra formiTac melodiebi fransua gloriem
warmoadgina, biTlzis melodiebi isev da isev mxolod pop
melodiebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos?
d. es ,,seriozuli” musikaa? SeiZleba igi ufro did
formebSi gadaizardos? igive mouvides, rac daemarTa
xalxur melodiebs saukuneebis manZilze (Oslon 2000, p. 102)?

49
 samoqalaqo ganaTleba
avtori: qalin rusi

masala mogvawoda g. gaxelaZem, igi momzadda TbilisSi

skolebis direqtorebis, maswavleblebisa da mwvrTnelebis
erTobliv saerTaSoriso samuSao Sexvedraze „vicxovroT
erTad” - saganmanaTleblo intervenciis zomebi skolebSi
interkulturuli Tanacxovrebis mxardasaWerad krizisis
dros”

mizani analizis, Sefasebisa kritikuli

azrovnebis da TanamSromlobis
unarebis ganviTreba; adamianis
damokidebulebebze mSvidobis/omis
gavlenis gaazreba; sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis kulturul safuZvleb-
Si komunikaciis rolis gansazRvra;
negatiuri stereotipebis daZleva
Tema viswavloT Tu ara rusuli ena? *
(Tema ganpirobebuli iyo saqarT-
velos saskolo sistemaSi am konkre-
tul etapze arsebuli aqtualobiT)
auditoria 12 welze meti nebismieri asakis mo-
swavleebi, studentebi, msmenelebi
xangrZlivoba 15-20 wuTi

saWiro resursebi didi zomis furclebi, dafa, fanqre-

bi / markerebi
meTodebi jgufebSi muSaoba, diskusia
ganxorcielebis
instruqciebi

50
 aqtivoba 1 - jgufebSi muSaoba
maswavlebeli SemTxveviTi principiT yofs auditorias
2 jgufad da warudgens situacias: ”warmoidgineT, rom
saswavlo wlis dasawyisia da moswavleebma klasSi unda
gadawyviton, romeli ucxo ena/enebi Seiswavlon. skolis
gamocdileba da ucxo enebis maswavlebelTa SesaZleblo-
bebi dRis wesrigSi ayenebs rusuli enis Seswavlis sakiTxs.
moswavleTa naxevars kategoriulad ar surs rusuli enis
swavla, xolo meore naxevars dabejiTebiT surs.” maswavle-
beli erT jgufs arqmevs ”momxreebs”, xolo meore jgufs
”mowinaaRmdegebs”.
maswavlebeli TiToeul jgufs sTavazobs 5-7 wuTis gan-
mavlobaSi erToblivad Camoayalibon sakuTari poziciis
dasabuTebisTvis araumetes 10 argumenti da SeTanxmdnen,
vin iqneba mTeli jgufis warmomadgeneli.

aqtivoba 2 - diskusia
1-li aqtivobis drois gasvlis Semdeg maswavlebeli
mTeli auditoriisTvis TvalsaCino adgilas moixmobs
jgufebis arCeul warmomadgenlebs. igi sTavazobs maT 2-2
wuTis ganmavlobaSi warmoadginon Camoyalibebuli argu-
mentebi. maswavlebeli akontrolebs, rom warmomadgenleb-
ma srulad da bolomde moisminon erTmaneTis mosazrebebi,
xolo maTi jgufis wevrebma sapirispiro mxaris warmo-
madgenels ar Seawyvetinon saubari. amisaTvis jgufebis
wevrebs sTavazobs, T-diagramis saxiT Camoweron sakuTar
furclebze TiToeuli mxaris argumentebi.

aqtivoba 3 - jgufebSi muSaoba

axla maswavlebels ”momxreebis” jgufis naxevari wevrebi

gadahyavs ”mowinaaRmdegeebis” jgufSi, xolo am ukanaskne-
lis wevrTa naxevari - ”momxreebSi”. or jgufs igi sTxovs
51
kargad gaanalizon mosmenili argumentebi da 5-7 wuTiani
ganxilvis Sedegad Camoayalibon Seqmnili problemis mogva-
rebis gzebi. amasTan, maT unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom skolis
wesebi daculi iyos da am wesebiT arsebuli SesaZleblobe-
biT ki dakmayofildes klasis moswavleTa interesebi ru-
suli enis swavlasTan dakavSirebiT.

aqtivoba 4 - diskusia

maswavlebeli sTxovs TiToeuli jgufis warmomad-

genels, 2-3 wuTis ganmavlobaSi gaacnos auditorias maT
mier moZebnili problemis gadaWris gzebi. warmodgenil
variantebs igi wers dafaze an didi formatis furcelze.
Semdeg ekiTxeba klass, romeli varianti miaCniaT yvelaze
misaRebad, optimalurad.
klasisaTvis misaRebi gamosavalis gamovlenis Semdeg mas-
wavlebeli sTavazobs monawileebs 3-5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
erTmaneTs gauziaron daskvnebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaxda
saboloo jamSi miRweuli saerTo SeTanxmebis safuZveli.
maswavlebeli ajamebs diskusias da xazs usvams mS-
vidobiani Tanacxovrebis ZiriTad safuZvels - intere-
sebis dacvisas molaparakebasa da SeTanxmebas. amave dros
miuTiTebs, rom am procesis efeqtianoba damokidebulia
negatiuri stereotipebisgan gaTavisuflebaze.

geografia
avtori: manana ratiani
aqtivoba gaTvlilia saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis,
romlebic gadian msoflios geografias.
aqtivobis mizania moswavleebSi ganaviTaros kritikuli
azrovnebis unari da iseTi specifiuri unarebi rogoricaa
rukis gamoyeneba/gaanalizeba da konturuli rukis Sevseba.

52
igi saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs daakavSiron erTmaneTs
sxvadasxva monacemebi da gaakeTon daskvnebi. amavdroulad,
maT ganuviTardebaT jgufSi muSaobisa da diskusiis unari,
rac erTi gakveTilisTvis warmatebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

imisTvis, rom mizani miRweuli iyos, Cven dagvWirdeba

ramodenime resursi.
(1) cxrilebi, romlebSic mocemulia udidesi da
umciresi qveynebi farTobebis mixedviT (nax.1 da nax.2),
aseve (2) konturuli ruka individualurad yvela mo-
swavlisTvis, (3) qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis
mixedviT (nax.3, nax.4) da ruka, qveynebi mSp-s mixedviT
(nax.5), msoflio politikuri ruka kedelzea gamokru-
li, Tuki maT daWirdebaT gamoyeneba. konturuli ruka
jgufebis raodenobidan gamomdinare.
amis Semdeg klass vyofT jgufebad klasis zomidan
gamomdinare. davaleba aris 2 Sinaarsis. erTidaigive Si-
naarsis davaleba eZleva 2-3 jgufs, raTa Semdgomi ganxilva
saintereso iyos.
davaleba 1 - mocemuli qveynebi (nax.1 da nax.2), rogorc
udidesi, aseve umciresi farTobis mixedviT, jgufebma
unda gamosaxon konturul rukaze Sesabamisi teqnikis gam-
oyenebiT, raTa udidesebii da umciresebi ar iyvnen erT-
gvarovnad asaxulebi. amis Semdeg Seadaron es qveynebi
mSp-s mixedviT qveynebs (nax.5) da imsjelon kavSirze am or
maCvenebels Soris. aris Tu ara pirdapiri kavSiri qveynebis
teritoriis sididesa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris.
daskvna SeuZliaT warmoadginon sasurveli formiT.
davaleba 2 - mocemuli qveynebi (nax.3 da nax.4), rogorc
udidesi, aseve umciresi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT,
jgufebma unda gamosaxon konturul rukaze Sesabamisi te-
qnikis gamoyenebiT, raTa udidesi da umciresebi ar iyvnen
erTgvarovnad asaxulebi. amis Semdeg Seadaron es qveynebi

53
mSp-s mixedviT qveynebs (nax.5) da imsjelon kavSirze am or
maCvenebels Soris. aris Tu ara pirdapiri kavSiri mosaxle-
obis raodenobasa da mSp-s Soris. daskvna SeuZliaT war-
moadginon sasurveli formiT.
15 wuTis gasvlis Semdeg jgufebi warmoadgenen Tavi-
anT mosazrebebs da amis Semdeg mimdinareobs ganxilva, a)
ramdenad axdens gavlenas qveynis sidide ekonomikur ganvi-
Tarebaze; b) ramdenad axdens gavlenas mosaxleobis raode-
noba qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze

nax.1 msoflios udidesi qveynebi farTobis mixedviT

qveyana farTobi (mln.kv.km)

ruseTi 17,0
kanada 9,9
CineTi 9,6
aSS 9,6
brazilia 8,5
avstralia

7,6
indoeTi 3,2
argentina 2,7
yazaxeTi 2,7
alJiri 2,3
kongos demokratiuli re- 2,3
spublika
meqsika 2,0
saudis arabeTi 2,0
indonezia 1,9
sudani 1,9
libia 1,8

54
irani 1,6
monRoleTi 1,6
peru 1,3
Cadi 1,3

nax. 2 msoflios umciresi qveynebi farTobis mixedviT

qveyana farTobi (kv.km)

vatikani 0,44
monako 1,96
nauru 21
tuvalu 26
san-marino 61
lixtenSteini 160
marSalis k-ebi 180
seiSelis k-ebi 217
sent-kitsi da nevisi 269
maldivis k-ebi 298
malta 316
grenada 344
sent vinsenti da grenadini 389
barbadosi 430
antigua da barbuda 442
palau 459
andora 468
sent lusia 539
singapuri 699

55
nax.3 umsxvilesi qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixed-
viT
qveynebi mosaxleobis
ricxovneba (mln)
CineTi 1,3 (mlrd)
indoeTi 1,2 (mlrd)
aSS 313,2
indonezia 237,6
brazilia 192,4
pakistani 178,9
nigeria 162,5
ruseTi 143,0
bangladeSi 142,3
iaponia 127,7
meqsika 112,3
filipinebi 94,1
vietnami 87,8
eTiopia 84,3
germania 81,8
egvipte 81,6
irani 76,2
TurqeTi 74,7
kongos demokratiuli respublika 67,7
tailandi 65,9

nax.4 umciresi qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT

qveynebi mosaxleoba
vatikani 800
tuvalu 10000
nauru 10000
palau 21000

56
gibraltari 29400
san marino 32252
monako 35881
lixtenSteini 36157
sent-kritsi da nevisi 51970
marSalis kunZulebi 54305
andora 85015
antigua da barbuda 89138
seiSelis k-ebi 90945
sent vinsenti da grenadini 100892

nax.5 qveynebi mSp-s mixedviT erT sul mosaxleze

(msoflio banki 2010 wlis monacemebi)

57
 rogor SevqmnaT kritikulad moazrovne skola

msoflios warmatebul skolebsa Tu umaRles dawesebule-

bebSi arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari praqtika. zogan kritikul
azrovnebas aswavlian rogorc calke disciplinas, Tumca
umetesad miiCneven, rom misi calke swavleba nakleb efeq-
turia, vinaidan moswavleebma unda iswavlon ,,raRacaze” kri-
tikulad azrovneba. anu maSin, roca kritikuli azrovnebis
swavleba konkretul konteqsts aris mibmuli, moswavleebs
kritikul azrovnebaze ufro naTeli warmodgena eqmnebaT
(Cress and Donahue 2011).
skolaSi yvela maswavlebelma unda dasaxos misi sagnis
saboloo Sedegad moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis gan-
viTareba. cxadia maswavleblis roli umniSvnelovanesia mo-
swavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis gaRvivebisaTvis,
Tumca maswavleblis codnisa da mondomebis miuxedavad,
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi ufro farTo konteqstic. mTavari
ram, rac maswavleblebs xels uSlis kritikuli azrovnebis
danergvaSi, ukavSirdeba skolas da moicavs iseT faqtorebs,
rogoricaa skolis kultura, saswavlo masalebi, kurikulu-
mis dayofa disciplinebad (Kraft 2000).
skolis administraciam skolis miznebi kritikul az-
rovnebasTan dakavSirebiT naTeli unda gaxados maswavle-
blebis, moswavleebisa da skolis TemisaTvis. maswavleblebs
unda hqondeT saSualeba, gamoiCinon iniciativa, moiZion ax-
ali masalebi, waxalisebuli unda iqnes pozitiuri riskebi.
aseve mniSvnelovania skolis bazaze maswavleblebis Sefaseba,
romelic aucileblad unda moicavdes kritikuli azrovnebis
ganviTarebis komponents.
skolaSi kritikuli azrovnebis gasaviTareblad mniS-
vnelovania TemSi CarTulobis swavleba (Service Learning).
TemSi CarTulobis swavleba gulisxmobs moswavleebis mier
TemisaTvis usasyidlod raime mniSvnelovani saqmianobis ganx-
orcielebas, magaliTad es SeiZleba iyos umcrosklaseli
moswavleebisTvis repetitoroba, Raribi ojaxebisTvis dax-

58
marebis Segroveba, TemisTvis aqtualuri ekologiuri prob-
lemis gadaWraze muSaoba.
TemSi CarTulobis swavlebas win uZRvis refleqsiis pro-
cesi, Semdeg konkretuli qmedeba da Semdeg isev refleqsia.
magaliTad, sabazo skolis moswavleebi SeiZleba CaerTon
proeqtSi, romelic usaxlkarobas da siRaribes exeba. maswav-
lebeli dasawyisisaTvis maT acnobs masalebs da moswavleebi
akeTeben refleqsias usaxlkarobasa da siRaribesTan dakav-
SirebiT, maT gamomwvev mizezebze, imaze, Tu ra socialur-
ekonomikuri Tu politikuri ziani SeiZleba moutanos aman
saxelmwifos, rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan acileba d.a.S. mo-
swavleebi maswavlebelTan erTad ikvleven, kritikulad msj-
eloben im sakiTxebze, rac mniSvnelovania maTTvis da sazoga-
doebisaTvis. moswavleebi fiqroben arsebul rwmenebze,
Rirebulebebze, varaudebze, akeTeben TavianT daskvnebs.
Semdeg isini erTvebian konkretul aqtivobaSi, romelic Sei-
Zleba gulisxmobdes adgilobriv moxucTa TavSesafarSi muS-
aobas moxalised an TemSi am sakiTxisadmi codnis gazrdaze
ganxorcielebul RonisZiebebs.
moswavleebi aseTi proeqtebis mimdinareobis dros sva-
men kiTxvebs, romlebic sakmaod rTuli sapasuxoa, proeqtebi
warmoqmnian dilemebs, romlebic moswavleebma unda gadaWran,
ZiriTadad am kiTxvebs ar gaaCnia erTi swori pasuxi da mo-
swavleebma unda daaxarisxon da Seafason arsebuli mtkiceb-
ulebebi, gaarCion faqti da mosazreba da kargad unda gaiaz-
ron mravali, zogjer urTierTgamomricxavi mosazreba.
daskvnis saxiT unda avRniSnoT, rom nebismieri cvlileba,
romlebic unda ganaxorcielos skolam, moiTxovs dros, gam-
Zleobas da Secdomebze swavlas. amitom mniSvnelovania, rom am
cvlilebis Sesaxeb skolis administraciam kargad moamzados
safuZveli, kargad auxsnas yvelas, ratom aris igi mniSvnelovani,
raTa nakleb problemebs wavawydeT misi ganxorcielebis pro-
cesSi. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos Cveni mcdeloba,
SevcvaloT raRac ukeTesobisken – warmatebuli.

59
 gamoyenebuli literatura

1. baqraZe, kote. 1955. logika. Tbilisi: Tbilisis saxelm-

wifo universitetis gamomcemloba
2. Crawford Allan, Wendi E. Saul, Samual Mathews and James
Makinster. 2005. Teaching and Learning Strategies for the Thinking
Classroom. New York: The international Debate Educational Asso-
ciation.
3. The Atlantic. 10 Skills for the Future Workforce. June 16, 2011. http://
www.theatlantic.com/21stCenturyEducation/archive/2011/06/10-
skills-for-the-future-workforce-part-1-of-5/240601/ (10.12.12)
4. Hunter, David A. 2009. Practical Guide to Critical Thinking: Decid-
ing What to do and Believe. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
5. Bickenbach Jerome and Jacqueline M. Davies. 1996. Good Reasons
for Better Arguments: An introduction to the Skills and Values of Crit-
ical Thinking. Toronto: Broadview Press.
6. Murray, Robert M and Nebojsa Kujundzic. 2005. Critical Reflection:
A Textbook for Critical Thinking. Quebec:McGill-Queen’s University
Press.
7. Weston Anthony. 2009. A Rulebook for Arguments. Indianapolis:
Hackett Publishing Company.
8. Ennis, Robert H. 1987. A Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Disposi-
tions and Abilities. In Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice;
eds. Joan Boykoff Baron and Robert J. Sternberg. Freeman.
9. Ennis, Robert H. 2011. The Nature of Critical Thinking: An Out-
line of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities. http://faculty.
education.illinois.edu/rhennis/documents/TheNatureofCriticalThink-
ing_51711_001.pdf (10.12.12)
10. Judge, Brenda, Elaine McCreery and Patrick Jones. 2009. Critical

60
 Thinking Skills for Education Students. Padstow: TJ International
LTD.
11. McMahon Daniel. September 27, 2011. Getting Specific about Criti-
cal Thinking. Education Week. (15.12.12.)
12. Edward M. Glaser . 1941. An Experiment in the Development of Criti-
cal Thinking. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College,
Columbia University. 
13. Ennis, Robert. 1987. Dispositions for Critical Thinking. http://aca-
demic.pg.cc.md.us/~wpeirce/MCCCTR/dispos~1.html (09.11.12)
14. Talbot, Marianne. 2010. The Nature of Arguments. http://www.you-
tube.com/watch?v=kBlQj5uiOXc&feature=g-vrec (27.10.12)
15. Lau Joe and Jonathan Chan.2004. Good Arguments. Opencourseware
on Critical Thinking Logic and Creativity. http://philosophy.hku.hk/
think/arg/goodarg.php. (12.12.12)
16. Critical thinkng Community. The Art of Redesining Instruction.
http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/the-art-of-redesigning-instruc-
tion/520 (08.010.12)
17. Paul Richard W. and Linda Elder. 1999. Critical Thinking. Basic The-
ory and Instructional Structures Handbook. Foundation for Critical
Thinking.
18. Thomson Anne. 2002. A Practical Introduction. London: Routledge.
19. Michael Dispenzio. 1996. Critical Thiking Puzzles. http://mathforum.
org/k12/k12puzzles/critical.thinking/puzz5.html (05.09.12)
20. Highbeem Business. 2006. A new Method in Assessing Critical
Thinking in the Classroom. BioScience. January 1,2006. Bissell,
Ahrash N; Lemons, Paula P. http://business.highbeam.com/411908/
article-1G1-140955004/new-method-assessing-critical-thinking-
classroom (20.12.12)
21. Faculty and Staff Voices. 2010. Critical Thinking in Mathematics.
61
 http://enews.sfds.net/critical-thinking-in-mathematics-2/ (20.12.12)
22. Teaching Science and Maths. Resources and Strategies for Science
and Math for K-12 Teachers. How To Encourage Critical Thinking in
Science.http://www.teachscienceandmath.com/2011/09/14/how-to-
encourage-critical-thinking-in-science-and-math/ (20.12.12.)
23. Cress M. Christine and DAvid M. Donahue. 2011. Democratic Di-
lemmas of Teaching Service-Learning: Curricular Strategies for Suc-
cess: Sterling: Stylus
24. Kraft Nancy. 2000. In Perspectives in Critical Thinking: Essays by
Teachers in Theory and Practice. New York: Peter Lang.
25. Oslon, Ivan. 2000. The Arts and Critical Thinking in American Edu-
cation. Ed. Ralph A. Smith. Bergin & Garvey: Westport, CT.
26. Zwiers jeff and Marie Crawford. 2011. Academic Conversations that
Fosters Critical Thinking and Content Understandings. Stenhouse
Publishers

62
 kreatiulobis oqros wesi
manana boWoriSvili

momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgilidan

davZrav… arqimedes es sityvebi yvela kreatiuli ada-
mianisaTvis dRemde seriozul gamowvevad rCeba. arqimedem
dedamiwis daZvris SesaZlebloba xom maSin dauSva, rodesac
berketis wonasworobis pirobas miagno. rogorc amboben, aR-
moCenis Semdeg arqimedem miswera sirakuZis mefe hierons: Tu
sxva dedamiwa meqneba, iq gadaval sacxovreblad da am dedami-
was adgilidan davZravo. arqimedes ar hqonda sxva dedamiwa,
amitom ver moaxerxa mamaci ideis ganxorcieleba. Tumca
masze ukeT berketis wonasworobis pirobis metaforulad
gadmocema veravin SeZlo. saukuneebi gavida magram arqi-
medes es sityvebi yvela kreatiuli adamianisaTvis dRemde
seriozul gamowvevad rCeba.

_ ra aris kreatuloba?
_ ramdenad aisaxeba am unaris floba adamianis qcevaze?
_ ra meqanizmebi uwyobs xels mis ganviTarebas?
fsiqologebs Soris ar arsebobs kreatulobis ter-
minis erTnairi ganmarteba. magram arsebobs debuleba,
romlsac yvela maTgani iziarebs - kreatuloba Sablonuri
azrovnebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebad iTvleba. is Ta-
vidan gvacilebs banalur da martiv ideebs, xels uwyobs
originaluri gadawyvetilebebis Ziebasa da dabadebas.
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb literaturis mimoxilvisas aRmoa-
CenT, rom:

• fsiqologiaSi kreatuloba xSirad SemoqmedebiTi az-

rovnebis sinonimad ixmareba;
• am cnebaSi igulisxmeba azrovnebis procesis Sedegad
miRebuli iseTi produqti, romelic sruliad axalia
63
 pirovnebis individualuri gamocdilebisaTvis an
sazogado codnis donisTvis;
• termini kreatuloba momdinareobs laTinuri sityvi-
dan creation, rac niSnavs „raimes Seqmnas“;
• kreatuloba gulisxmobs adamianis SesaZleblobas, Se-
qmnas axali, originaluri produqti Tavisi saqmiano-
bis sxvadasxva sferoSi;
• es aris araSablonuri azrovneba, romlis wyalobiTac
pirovnebas SeuZlia TiTqos Cveulebrivsa da gasageb
samyaros movlenebSi raRac uCveulo dainaxos.
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, kreatuloba rom ara, ar
iarsebebda uamravi mecnieris genialuri aRmoCena. maT Se-
Zles, rom arsebul codnaSi naklovanebebi da disharmonia
daenaxaT da, aqedan gamomdinare, dasves umniSvnelovanesi
kiTxva:

ratom?..

kreatuloba Semdgom ganviTarebas swored am kiTxve-

bze pasuxis gacemisas povebs. SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis
saSualebiT procesi Zalian sainteresod mimdinareobs
da sxvadasxva mkvlevari misi fazebis gansxvavebul kla-
sifikacias gvTavazobs. zogadad SeiZleba gamovyoT
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis procesis Semdegi etapebi:
1. momzadebis etapi _ gansakuTrebiT gonebrivi aqtivobis
mdgomareoba, romelic axali ideis gaCenis winapirobas
warmoadgens;
2. momwifebis etapi _ problemaze aracnobieri muSaobis pe-
riodi, warmmarTavi ideis inkubacia;
3. STagonebis etapi _ inkubaciis Sedegad cnobierdeba aR-
moCena (axali mimarTebebis uecari wvdoma);
4. ideis ganviTareba _ ideis saboloo formulireba da
Semowmeba;
ra gansazRvravs adamianis kreatiulobas? ratomaa, rom
64
zogierTi adamiani ufro metad kreatiulia, zogi ki nak-
lebad? Cven xSirad vfiqrobT, rom kreatiuli adamianebi
raRac iSviaTi da sxvebisTvis miuwvdomeli SesaZleblobe-
biT arian dajildoebulni, magram es ase ar aris.
pedagogikasTan, swavlebis meTodikasTan mimarTebaSi,
kreatiulobaze saubrisas sainteresoa ganvixiloT is ko-
relacia, rac arsebobs maswavleblis kreatulobasa da
swavlebis meTodikas Soris; anu sakiTxi ganvixiloT praq-
tikul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT.
minda Cemi praqtikis Sesaxeb giamboT. universitetis
damTavrebis Semdeg saqarTvelos maRalmTian regionSi
qimias vaswavlidi. Zalian miyvars Cemi sagani, yovelT-
vis vcdilob moswavleebs saintereso formiT mivawodo
sakiTxebi. magram aris iseTi Temebi, romlis swavlebaSi
pozitiuri muxtebis Cadeba miWirda. yovel wels xsnarebis
swavlebis Semdeg ukmarisobis grZnoba mqonda. Tavs vii-
medebdi, momavali wels mainc SevZlebdi am Temis swavle-
baSi pozitivis Cadebas. moxda ise, rom saocrad motivire-
buli da cnobismoyvare klasi Semxvda,… xsnarebis swavleba
interaqtiuri da eqsperimentuli midgomebiT davgegme,
magram raRac siaxle mainc mWirdeboda.. zari daireka,
gakveTili daiwyo, ramdenime aqtivobis dasrulebis Sem-
deg axali masalis axsna unda damewyo, dafisken gaveSure
da uceb Cems magidaze larnakSi Calagebul yoCivardebs
rom Sevxede, mivxvdi - vipove... vipove is, rasac wlebis
manZilze veZebdi...
moswavleebs mivmarTe kiTxviT:
- ratom ar iyinebian TovlSi yoCivardebi?
SekiTxvam saocari interesi gamoiwvia.. mcire ganmarte-

65
bebisa da diskursis Semdeg xsnaris da gamxsnelis fizikuri
Tvisebebis SedarebiTi analizi da ganxilva daviwyeT, Cava-
tareT eqsperimentebi...
Semdeg gakveTilze moswavleebi Tamamad msjelobdnen:
• im movlenaze, rom mcenareebs, romelTac aqvT Saqrebis
sinTezis unari, TovlSi ar ,,iyinebian”.
• rac metia mcenaris ujredis wvenSi Saqris koncentra-
cia, xsnari miT ufro dabal temperaturaze iyineba...
• yoCivardas, enZelas da sxva adremoyvavile mcenareebis
yinvagamZleoba am mcenareebis ujredebSi arsebuli xsna­
rebis koncentraciiTaa ganpirobebuli..
• saubrobdnen “antifrizebze” nivTierebebze _ romlebic
gayinvis temperaturis dawevas iwvevs.
yvelaze STambeWdavi ki is faqti iyo, rom erT-erTma
arcTu ise warmatebulma moswavlem mis mier dagegmili da
Cartarebuli saSinao kvlevis Sedegebi warmoadgina _ is
daakvirda sxvadasxva koncentraciis mqone Saqriani wyl-
is gayinvis procesebs, warmoadgina Sedegebi da gaakeTa
daskvnebi.
wlebi gadioda, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavle-
baSi seriozuli gamocdileba damigrovda. sagakveTilo
procesSi ZiriTadi aqcenti bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
“modelirebaze” gavakeTe. am yvelafers ki kargi kabinet-
laboratoria sWirdeboda. gadavwyvite proeqti damewera
da sagranto konkursSi miviRe monawileoba. Sedegmac ar
daayovna. Cemi skolis qimia-biologiis kabineti saTanadod
aRiWurva; bevri STambeWdavi gakveTilis Catareba SevZeli.
am wlebSi dagrovil gamocdilebas ukvalod ar Cauvlia.
2008 wels meoTxe klasis bunebismetyvelebis saxelmZR-
vaneloze daviwye muSaoba. saxelmZRvanelom warmatebiT
gaiara grifirebis procesi. Cems mier gakveTilze gamoy-
enebuli ,,yoCivardebis aqtivoba” saxelmZRvaneloSi ase
transformirda:

66
 praqtikuli samuSao

fotoze Cans, rom yo-

Civardas Tovli da sicive
xels ar uSlis rom iy-
vavilos.
ratom?
rogorc mecnierebma
daadgi­nes es mcenare Tovl-
Si yvavilobas Seegua, radgan
misi foTlebis, yvavilebis,
Rerosa da bolqvebis wvenSi
Saqrismagvari nivTierebaa
gaxsnili.
Caatare mcire kvleva.
aiRe ori erTjeradi Wiqa. erTSi Caasxi Cveulebrivi sa-
smeli wyali, meoreSi Saqriani wyali. Sedgi macivarSi.
Yyovel 5 wuTSi daakvirdi da qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi
aRniSne ramden xanSi gaiyineba TiToeul WiqaSi wyali.

5 wT 10 wT 15 wT 20 wT 25 wT
wyali
Saqriani wyali

eqsperimentis Sedegebi daukavSire yoCivardas TovlSi

yvavilobas. gaakeTe daskvna Semoxaze swori pasuxi.
1. radgan yoCivardas wveni Seicavs Saqrismagvar niv-
Tierebas, amitom is ar iyineba TovlSi.
2. yoCivardas wveni Saqrismagvar nivTierebas rom ar
Seicavdes, mainc ar gaiyineboda.

67
 dRes, rogorc ganaTlebis specialists, Tavisuflad
SemiZlia Tvali mivadevno am narativSi Cemi, rogorc peda-
gogis azrovnebis process: rogorc vxedavT, aq Zalian
sainteresoa problemaze aracnobieri muSaobis procesi.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi imdenad mawuxebda bunebismetyvelebis
Seswavla Cemi moswavleebisTvis saintereso yofiliyo, rom
Cemi goneba sul muSaobda am problemis gadasaWrelad.
Ggarkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg ki moulodnel situa-
ciaSi movida STagoneba im swavlebis meTodikis saxiT, rac
zemoT giambeT.
da mainc, ra moxda?
daviwyoT Tavidan:
1. yvelaferi problemaze aracnobieri muSaobis pro-
cesiT daiwyo (momzadebis etapi – gansakuTrebiT gonebri-
vi aqtivobis mdgomareoba, romelic axali ideis gaCenis wi-
napirobas warmoadgens);
2. Semdeg daiwyo problemis garSemo uzarmazari Ziebi-
Ti muSaoba; Sedegad pirovnebaSi ganwyobis saxiT formu-
lirda iseTi Sinagani mdgomareoba, romliTac yvela gare-
gani STabeWdileba problemis gadaWris garSemo Semoikriba
(momwifebis etapi – problemaze aracnobieri muSaobis pe-
riodi, warmmarTavi ideis inkubacia);
3. Semdeg pedagogma Seicvala amocanisadmi xedva da
problemur situacias struqtura Seucvala, radgan prob-
lemis gadawyvetisaTvis mTavari funqciuri niSani ipova
(STagonebis etapi – inkubaciis Sedegad cnobierdeba aR-
moCena - axali mimarTebebis uecari wvdoma);
4. Semdeg pedagogma idea ganaxorciela anu moxda ideis
ganviTareba – ideis saboloo formulireba, misi xorc-
Sesxma, ganxorcieleba da Semowmeba;
axla ki Tvali mivadevnoT process: ram ganapiroba, rom
68
pedagogebma kreatiulad imuSaves?
mTavari mizezi isaa, rom pedagogebma SeZles analiti-
kuri, sinTezuri da praqtikuli unarebis gamoyeneba da
wonasworobis dacva. kreatiuli muSaoba ki analitikuri,
sinTezuri da praqtikuli unarebis gamoyenebiTa da maT So-
ris wonasworobis dacviT miiRweva (Sternberg, 1985; Stern-
berg, lubart, 1995; Sternberg Williams 1996).
SevecadoT Tanmimdevrulad ganvmartoT TiToeuli maT-
gani: sinTezuri, analitikuri da praqtikuli azrovneba.
sinTezuri azrovnebis unari isaa, rasac Cven, Cveu-
lebriv, kreatiulobas vuwodebT. es axali da saintereso
ideebis warmoSobis unaria. xSirad adamiani, romelsac
kreatiuls vuwodebT, gansakuTrebiT kargi sinTezuri az-
rovnebis unaris mqone pirovnebaa, romelic sagnebs Soris
iseT kavSirebs aRmoaCens, romlebsac sxva adamianebi spon-
tanurad ver xedaven.
analitikuri azrovnebis unars, Cveulebriv, kritikuli
azrovnebis unarad Tvlian. adamiani, romelsac es SeuZlia,
ideebis analizsa da Sefasebas axdens. yvelas, TviT Tqvens
nacnob yvelaze kreatiul adamiansac ki, aqvs ukeTesi da
uaresi ideebi. kargad ganviTarebuli analitikuri az-
rovnebis gareSe, kreatiul adamians cudi da kargi idee-
bis damuSavebis Tanabari Sansi eqneboda. is analitikuri
azrovnebis unars imisTvis iyenebs, rom kreatiuli ideis
mniSvneloba Seafasos.
praqtikuli azrovnebis unari adamians aZlevs saSuale-
bas, Teoria praqtikad, abstraqtuli ideebi ki praqtikul
miRwevebad gardaqmnas. praqtikuli unari potenciuri au-
ditoriis mqone ideebis gamosacnobadac gamoiyeneba.
mocemuli ganmartebebis interpretaciis Sedegad Sesa-
Zloa Semdegi realoba miviRoT - pirovnebam, romelsac
69
mxolod sinTezuri azrovneba SeuZlia, SeiZleba inovaci-
uri ideebi gamoimuSaos, magram isini ver icnos, an ver
moaxerxos misTvis axali struqturis micema. adamiani,
romelsac mxolod analitikuri unarebi aqvs, SeiZleba sxva
adamianebis ideebis ZalianKkargi kritikosi iyos, magram,
savaraudod, kreatiul ideebs Tavad ver warmoSobs. mx-
olod praqtikuli unaris mqone adamiani, SesaZloa, sxvisi
ideebis araCveulebrivi realizatori iyos.
rogorc vxedavT, kreatiulobis oqros wesi imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom - analitikuri, sinTezuri da praqtikuli un-
arebi gamoviyenoT da davicvaT maT Soris wonasworoba
aqedan gamomdinare niSandoblivia miviRoT pasuxi kiTx-
vaze rogor SevuwyoT xeli moswavleebSi kreatulobis gan-
viTarebas?
maswavlebelTa umravlesobas surs, Tavis moswavleebSi
kreatiulobis ganviTarebas Seuwyos xeli, magram maswavle-
belTa umravlesoba ar aris darwmunebuli, rom mis mier
SerCeuli strategia sworia. gTavazobT oTxi sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis ramdenime praqtikul rCevas, romelTa gamo-
yeneba SeuZliaT maswavleblebs.
rCevebi Seicavs strategiebs, romlebic aviTarebs mas-
wavleblebis da moswavleebis kreatulobas.

70
 rCevebi maswavleblebs

maswavleblis maswavleblis maswavleblis risi daSvebaa

pozicia qmedeba Sefaseba aucilebeli?
misabaZi eWviT aswavleT dauSviT
magaliTi moepyariT da SeafaseT orazrovneba
varaudebs kreatiulad

efeqturoba CamoayalibeT dadebiTad SeafaseT dauSviT

problemebi kreatiuli Secdomebi
da xelaxla ideebi
gansazRvreT da produqtebi
isini

gansxvavebuli xeli waaxaliseT xeli

Sexedulebebi
SeuwyveT gonivruli SeuwyeT
ideebis riski TviTmowesrigebas
warmoSobas

kreatiuli daakavSireT cota xans gadadeT aRiareT

kreatuli ideebis
TanamSromlobis erTmaneTTan Sefaseba moswavlisa
xelSewyoba ideebi
da saklaso
da axali garemos
sicocxle
STabereT urTierTkavSiri

kreatiulobis dauTmeT gamoumuSaveT xeli ar

zrdis xelSewyoba SeuSaloT
dro kreatiul moswavleebs moswavleTa
azrovnebas pasuxismgeblobis azarts
grZnoba

kreatiulobis daadgineT aqcenti gaakeTeT SeqmeniT

uwyveti
SenarCuneba da gadalaxeT Zlier mxareze stimulis
winaaRmdegobebi gamomwvevi
garemo

71
 ganvixiloT TiToeuli rekomendacia

misabaZi magaliTi

SesTavazeT moswavleebs misabaZi magaliTi. kreatiulo-

bis ganviTareba yvelaze efeqturi maSinaa, rodesac krea-
tiuli maswavlebeli moswavleebisTvis misabaZi magaliTad
iqceva. zrdasrulTa gamokiTxvebi cxadyofs, rom maT is
maswavleblebi axsovT, romelTa azrebi da qcevebi maTTvis
sanimuSo iyo.
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes - bavSvebi kreatiulobas ma-
Sin ki ar iviTareben, roca maT amis Sesaxeb uyvebiT, ar-
amed maSin, roca maT amas aCvenebT. albaT, yvelaze metad
am drosaa SenarCunebuli wonasworoba saswavlo masalasa
da mis swavlebas Soris.

• eWviT moepyariT varaudebs

maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, moswavleebs varaudebis
eWvqveS dayenebis magaliTi uCvenon. maswavlebels SeuZlia
moswavleebs aCvenos, rom is, ris codnasac varaudoben,
sinamdvileSi, ar ician. ra Tqma unda, moswavleebma eWvqveS
yvela varaudi ar unda daayenon. zogierjer adamiani im-
den ideas ayenebs eWvqveS da Tanac xSirad, rom sxvebi mas
seriozulad ubralod aRar aRiqvamen. Yyvelam unda iswav-
los, romeli varaudis eWvqveS dayeneba Rirs da romel
ideas an sakiTxs unda davupirispirdeT.

• aswavleT da SeafaseT kreatiulad

moswavleebs Tu mxolod mravali pasuxis Semcvel te-
qstebs miscemT, isini maleve Seityoben im azrovnebis ti-
pis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tqven afasebT. Tu gsurT, kreati-
ulobas SeuwyoT xeli, davalebebsa da testebSi kreatiuli
azrovnebis ganmaviTarebeli kiTxvebi da savarjiSoebi
unda CarToT. dasviT iseTi SekiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxis
gacemasac faqtebis codna, analitikuri da kreatiuli az-
rovnebis gamoyeneba sWirdeba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT mo-
72
swavleebs sTxovoT kanonebis Seswavla, maTi analizi da
Semdeg maTi gaumjobesebis gzebze fiqri.

• dauSviT orazrovneba
adamianebs uyvarT Sav-TeTri ambebi. mogvwons vifiqroT,
rom qveyana kargia an cudi, mokavSirea an mteri, mocemuli
idea ganaTlebis sferoSi gamogvadgeba, an ar gamogvadgeba.
problema isaa, rom kreatiuli muSaobis samyaroSi bevri
nacrisferi zonaa. xelovanebi, romlebic axal naxatze muS-
aoben, an mwerlebi, rolebic axal wigns weren, xSirad ambo-
ben, rom dabneulebi arian, an Tavisi ideebis sisworeSi eWvi
eparebaT. maT unda gaarkvion, swor gzas adganan Tu ara.

efeqturoba

ganaviTareT moswavleTa efeqturoba - faqtia, rom yve-

la moswavles aqvs unari, raime Seqmnas da is sixaruli
gamoscados, romelic axlis SeqmnasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
moswavleebs aqvT mcdari warmodgenebi sakuTari SesaZle-
blobebis Sesaxeb. kreatulobis zrdaSi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs maswavlebelis wamaxlisebeli da gamamxnevebeli
gzavnilebi. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi uneblied zRudav-
en moswavlis kreatulobas, Tu maT pesimizmis Semcvel gza-
vnilebs awvdian.

• CamoayalibeT problemebi da xelaxla gansazRvreT isini

kreatiul saqmianobas imiT SeuwyveT xeli, rom Tqvens
moswavleebs problemebis gansazRvrasa da proeqtebis gan-
viTarebaSi. waaxaliseT kreatiuli azrovneba da mieciT mo-
swavleebs saSualeba, Tavad airCion moxsenebis an prezent-
aciis sakiTxebi; gadawyviton, problemis gadaWris romeli
gza sjobs da xandaxan xelaxali arCevani gaakeTon, Tu aR-
moaCenen, rom maTi wina arCevani Secdoma iyo. xandaxan yvela
Cvengani uSvebs Secdomebs proeqtis an misi ganxorcielebis
gzebis arCevisas. ubralod gaxsovdeT, rom kreatiulobis
mniSvnelovani nawili analizTan da Secdomis aRmoCenis

73
swavlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mieciT Tqvens moswavleebs
arCevanis xelaxla gansazRvris Sansi da SesaZlebloba..

• dadebiTad SeafaseT kreatiuli ideebi da produqtebi

mxolod kreatiulobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saubari
sakmarisi ar aris. moswavleebi miCveulni arian, rom Zalau-
flebis mqone adamianebi erTs amboben da meores akeTeben.
isini Zalian kargad grZnoben maswavleblis naTqvams, roca
saqme Sefasebas an niSans exeba.
Tu moswavleebi kreatiulad muSaoben, isini holistu-
rad unda SevafasoT. aseTi Sefaseba ufro efeqturia, vi-
dre moswavleebis arakreatiuli naSromebis gasworeba da
niSnebis dawera. gaafrTxileT Tqveni moswavleebi imis Ses-
axeb, rom kreatiulobis Sefasebis absoluturad obieqtu-
ri gza ar arsebobs.

• dauSviT Secdomebi
iafad yidva da Zvirad gayidva sarisko saqmea. bevri
idea ubralod imis gamoa arapopularuli, rom isini kar-
gi ideebi araa. skolebi moswavleebs xSirad Secdomebs ar
patioben. davalebebSi aRmoCenili Secdomebi xSirad cudi
niSnebiT fasdeba. rodesac Tqveni moswavleebi Secdomebs
dauSveben, sTxoveT maT, gaanalizon da ganixilon saku-
Tari Secdomebi. xSirad Secdomebi an susti ideebi karg
ideebs an swori pasuxebis Canasaxebs Seicavs. iaponiaSi mas-
wavleblebi mTeli gakveTilis manZilze ekiTxebian bavSvebs
maTematikur azrovnebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebis Sesaxeb.
moswavleTa Secdomebisa da misi gamomwvevi mizezebis kv-
leva maswavleblisTvis profesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobaa.

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi
sxva adamianebTan erTad muSaobidan da TanamSromlo-
bidan maqsimaluri Sedegis miReba SesaZlebelia, Tu Tavs
am adamianebis adgilas warmovidgenT. Cvens Tvalsawiers
imiT vafarToebT, rom samyaros sxva xedvis wertilidan
danaxvas vswavlobT. es gamocdileba zrdis Cvens kreatiul
74
azrovnebasa da wvlils. xeli SeuwyeT Tqvens moswavleebs
sxva adamianebis Tvalsazrisis gaazrebasa da pativiscemaSi.

• xeli SeuwyveT ideebis warmoSobas

dgeba dro, roca moswavleebma unda moifiqron axali
ideebi, moiZion problemebi axal ideebSi da maTi gadaWris
gzebze ifiqron. ideebis warmoSobis garemo kritikisgan
Tavisufali unda iyos. SesaZloa, moswavleebma zogi idea
ukeTesad, zoki ki uaresad miiCnion, magram Tqven ar unda
iyoT mkacri an kritikuli maT mimarT. miznad daisaxeT
warmodgenili ideebis kreatiuli aspeqtebis gansazRvra,
maTi xelis Sewyoba. moswavleebs arakreatiuli ideebis
mimarT axali midgomebis gamomuSaveba SesTavazeT. SeaqeT
isini bevri ideis CamoyalibebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom
zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba Temisgan daSorebuli iyos.
mouwodeT maT, TavianTi saukeTeso ideebi maRali xarisxis
proeqtebad Camoayalibon.

• waaxaliseT gonivruli riski

kreatiuli adamianebi riskze midian, isini sazoga-
doebas ideebis iafad yidviTa da Zvirad gayidviT iwveven.
zogjer am gamowvevis gamo kreatiuli adamiani sazoga-
doebis guliswyromis sababi xdeba xolme. magram arsebobs
sazogadoebis gamowvevis gonivruli da naklebad gonivru-
li mizezebi. kreatiuli adamianebi gonivrul riskze mid-
ian. maTi ideebi sxvebs moswonT da maT, rogorc axali
tendenciis damfuZneblebs, pativs scemen. mieciT moswav-
leebs saSualeba daicvan sakuTari ideebi, daasabuTon maTi
marTebuloba. es SesaZlebelia, Tu saswavlo procesSi aq-
tiurad CarTavT saskolo proeqtebs da moswavleebs saSu-
alebas miscemT daasabuTon wamoWrili problemis gadaWris
gzis marTebuloba.

• xeli SeuwyveT TviTmowesrigebas

moswavles yvela kreatiuli procesis dros ver daex-
marebiT. Tqvenma moswavleebma procesze kontroli Tavad

75
unda ganaxorcielon. mas Semdeg, rac kreatiul produqtebs
Seqmnian, igrZnoben kreatiulobis sixaruls, moswavleebs
TviTmowesrigebis strategiebic gaacaniT. ai, ramdenime
rCeva, romlebic moswavleebs TviTmowesrigebis procesSi
daexmarebaT.

maswavleblis rCevebi moswavleebs:

1. CamowereT davalebis ramdenime idea;
2. SeafaseT da ganaxorcieleT kreatiuli ideebi;
3. daicaviT Tqveni arCevani;
4. SeimuSaveT davalebis Sesrulebis gegma, gaiTvaliswineT,
sad da rogoraa SesaZlebeli informaciis mopoveba, ro-
gor daasrulebT proeqts;
5. aRricxeT informacia yoveldRiuri progresisa da wi-
naaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb;
6. ganixileT dasrulebul proeqtebze maswavleblebis mier
mowodebuli SeniSvnebi;
7. SeafaseT Tanaklaselebis proeqtebi.

kreatiul TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba

kreatiuli muSaoba xSirad individualur saqmianobad
ganixileba. sinamdvileSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi adamianebi jgu-
furad muSaoben. TanamSromlobam SeiZleba kreatiulobis
stimulireba moaxdinos. mouwodeT Tqvens moswavleebs,
erTad imuSaon. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kreatiul
adamianebTan erTad muSaoba. moswavleebi sargebels im te-
qnikis, strategiisa da midgomebis gacnobiT iReben, rom-
lebsac sxvebi kreatiuli procesis dros iyeneben. isini
isrutaven im enTuziazmsa da sixaruls, romelsac adami-
ani axlis keTebis procesSi asxivebs. moswavleebTan mniS-
vnelovania jgufebSi muSaobis kreatiuli meTodebis povna,
radgan SeuZlebelia mudmivad TiTo - TiTo moswavlesTan
erTad muSaoba. imis gamo, rom cxovreba sxvebTan erTad
muSaobas iTvaliswinebs, Rirs moswavleebisTvis erToblivi
76
kreatiuli muSaobis da TanamSromlobis swavleba.

• daakavSireT erTmaneTTan ideebi da axali sicocxle

STabereT
moswavleebis kreatiulobis stimulireba sxvadasxva
sagansa da disciplinaze erTdrouli fiqris saSualebiT
moaxdineT. tradiciul saskolo garemoSi sxvadasxva sa-
gans sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxSi swavloben. SesaZloa, mo-
swavleebi fiqroben, rom maT Soris kavSiri SeuZlebelia.
ra kavSiri SeiZleba hqondes maTematikasa da, socialuri
mecnierebebs.? magram kreatiuli ideebi warmoiSveba ara
sxvadasxva sagnis masalis damaxsovrebasa da dazepirebaSi,
aramed maTi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis Sedegad. moswav-
leebs unda vaswavloT sxvadasxva saganSi miRebuli codniT
ideebis gamdidreba. ideebis gamdidrebis procesSi erTveba
moswavlis unarebi, interesebi da SesaZleblobebi. sagans
am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ar aqvs. magaliTad, Tu Tqvens
moswavleebs maTematikis swavla uWirT, SegiZliaT, sTxo-
voT kiTxvebi im sakiTxebze, rac ainteresebT. fexburTis
moyvarulebs sTxoveT, geometriis problemebi TamaSze
dayrdnobiT gaiazron. konteqstma SesaZloa xeli Seuwyo-
sKkreatiuli ideebis warmoSobas, radgan moswavleebi Temas
sasiamovnod miiCneven da aman SeiZleba geometriis Seswav-
liT gamowveuli uaryofiTi emociebi gaabaTilos.
sxvadasxva sagnis masaliT swavlebis procesis gamdi-
dreba motivacias im moswavleebs umaRlebs, romlebsac
abstraqtuli sagnebis swavla ar ainteresebT. ideebis gam-
didrebis erT-erTi gzaa gaigoT, ra aris bavSvis yvelaze
,,kargi” da ,,cudi” sagani. amis Semdeg daavaleT, moifiqron
proeqtis ideebi im sagnebSi, romlebic uWirT da amisTvis
Zlieri sferoebidan aRebuli ideebi gamoiyenon.

• cota xans gadadeT kreatuli ideebis Sefaseba

kreatiuli saqmianobis dros moswavle proeqtsa an
davalebaze xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ise muSao-

77
bas, rom garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi jildos ver
iRebs. moswavleebma unda iswavlon, rom dajildoebis
gadavadebas Tavisi dadebiTi mxare aqvs. raime davalebis
Sesrulebaze xangrZlivi muSaobis dros moswavle xari-
sianad Sesrulebuli davalebaze daxarjuli Zalisxmevis
fass swavlobs. proeqtebi am miznis misaRwevi saukeTeso
saSualebaa, magram rTulia bavSvebs saxlSi Sesasruleblad
proeqtis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebuli davaleba misceT,
Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT mSoblebis daxmarebasa da maT
CarTulobaSi.

• aRiareT moswavlisa da saklaso garemos urTierTka-

vSiri
kreatiuli saklaso garemos Seqmnisa da misi mniSvn-
elobis mudmivi xazgasmiT Tqven moswavleebs kreatiul
warmatebaSi exmarebiT. daexmareT maT Tavisi unarebis Ses-
aferisi Ggaremocvis SerCevaSi.

kreatiulobis zrdis xelSewyoba

adamianebi xSirad Relaven, rom Semdegi idea, SesaZloa,
iseTi kreatuli ar iyos, rogorc wina, an mopovebuli
warmateba axal ideasTan erTad gaqres.… iyo kreatiuli
aris adamianis unari gaarRvios es CarCoebi da win iaros.

• dauTmeT dro kreatiul azrovnebas

Cvens sazogadoebas cota dro aqvs. Tu testSi Zalian
bevrs SekiTxvas CawerT, an moswavleebs imden saSinao
davalebas miscemT, ramdenis Sesrulebac maT ar SeuZli-
aT, gamova, rom isini kreatiulad fiqrisTvis verasodes
moiclian

• gamoumuSaveT moswavleebs pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba

moswavleebisTvis kreatiulobis swavleba pasuxismge-
blobis ganviTarebasac gulisxmobs, radgan:

78
 (1) moswavleebi iazreben kreatiul process,
(2) iviTareben TviTkritikis unars,
(3) amayoben sakuTari kreatiuli naSromebiT.
samwuxarod, warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, bevri maswav-
lebeli da mSobeli Sedegebze pasuxismgebel gareSe ,,mters”
eZebs. isini moswavleebsac ,,nebas rTaven” warumateblobis
mizezi gare mterSi eZebon. SeiZleba banalurad mogeCvenoT
is azri, rom moswavleebs sakuTar namuSevarze pasuxismge-
blobis aReba unda vaswavloT. magram albaT sakuTari
an sxva adamianis gamocdilebidan iciT, ramxela naprali
Cndeba xolme, rodesac xdeba codnisa da azrebis qmede-
bebad gardaqmna. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
im pasuxismgeblobebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebsac qmede-
bebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze iReben. kreatiul adamianebs
sakuTar Tavsa da Tavis ideebze pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba
sWirdebaT.
• xeli ar SeuSaloT moswavleTa azartulobas
Tqveni moswavleebis saukeTeso kreatiuli unarebis
gamosaaSkaraveblad maT imis povnaSi unda daexmaroT, rac
maT ainteresebT. am dros izrdeba azartuloba da kreati-
uli produqtis Seqmnis survili.

kreatiulobis uwyveti SenarCuneba

mas Semdeg, rac kreatiulobis ganmaviTarebel meTo-
debs ganaviTrebT da maT yoveldRiuri swavlebis nawilad
aqcevT, daiwyeT axali midgomebi ganxilva kolegebTan.
gaxdiT cvlilebebis iniciatori. mouyeviT kreatulobis
Sesaxeb Tqvens kolegebs, megobrebs, administratorebs,
skolis direqtors. uTxariT ramdenad mniSvnelovania mo-
swavleebSi kreatiulobis ganviTareba. aCveneT kreatiuli
moswavleebis namuSevrebi (gansakuTrebiT im moswavleebis
naSromebi, romlebsac ar aqvT maRali akademiuri moswre-
ba), kolegebs esaubreT kreatiuli swavlebiT gamowveuli
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.

79
 • daadgineT da gadalaxeT winaaRmdegobebi
kreatiulad moazrovne adamiani xSirad xvdeba winaaR-
mdegobebs. mTavaria, aqvs Tu ara kreatiulad moazrovne
adamians winaaRmdegobebTan gamklavebis unari. sad midis
amdeni imedismomcemi kreatiulad moazrovne axalgazrda.
adre Tu Ggvian isini iwyeben fiqrs, rom kreatiuloba wi-
naaRmdegoba da rig SemTxvevebSi dasjacaa. magram xdeba
isic, rom kreatiuli adamianebi garkveul fass ixdian,
radgan xvdebian, maT ideebs cvlilebebis gamowveva Seu-
ZliaT.

• aqcenti gaakeTeT Zlier mxareze

moswavllebma unda iswavlon sakuTari Zlieri mxaree-
bis Sefaseba. unda icodnen maTi gamoiyeneba. aRuwereT maT
Tqveni Zlieri mxareebi da sTxoveT, Tavisi siZlieris Ses-
axeb mogiyvnen. CaatareT Ggonebrivi ieriSi maTgan maqsim-
aluri sargebelis miRebis Sesaxeb. uTxariT Tqvens moswav-
leebs, rom maTi niWisa da SesaZleblobebis gaerTianebiT
isini sakuTar kreatulobas aviTareben.

• SeqmeniT stimulis gamomwvevi garemo

imisTvis, rom moswavleebis kreatiuloba gaizardos,
saswavlo procesi dagegmeT Sesabamis garemoSi. kargi gare-
mo kreatiulobis stimulirebas axdens. dagegmeT eqskursia
axlomdebare muzeumSi, istoriul SenobaSi, meriaSi an sxva
iseT adgilas, sadac saintereso eqspoziciis naxvaa Sesa-
Zlebeli.

me, rogorc ganaTlebis specialisti, wlebis ganmavloba-

Si uamrav maswavlebels Sevxvdi, yovelTvis gulisyuriT
vusmendi im narativebs, romlebic erTgvari reportaJebi
iyo maTi gakveTilebidan da vcdilobdi mxari dameWira
kreatiuli ideebisaTvis.
gTavazobT italiuri skolis pedagogis inga TeTraZis
80
naambobs kreatiuli ideis ganxorcielebis istoriis Sesaxeb
- dawyebiT klasebSi i. gogebaSvilis moTxrobebis swavle-
ba yovelTvis did siamovnebas maniWebda, wlebi gadioda,
erTi Zalian aqtiuri klasi myavda, iolad uRebden alRos
yvelafers; siaxleebs da originalur midgomebs iTxovdnen
Cemgan. gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi iswavles, Tavisufali
Temebi daweres, literaturuli speqtaklic davdgiT, ma-
gram raRac ar masvenebda... Cemi moswavleebic aTasgvar
kiTxvebiT im Rirebulebebs ukirkitebdnen, rac gogebaSvi-
lis moTxrobebs Zlier xazad gasdevs... maxsovs erT-erT-
ma moswavlem kiTxva damisva – maswavlebelo, ramdenad
saintereso iqneboda iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi masSi
uaryofiTi gmirebi rom ar iyvnen? da uceb mivxvdi rac
unda gamekeTebina.. zari daireka da moswavleebs Sevpirdi,
rom am sakiTxs isev davubrundebodiT... ase gaCnda proeqti
“gogebaSvilis moTxrobebi uaryofiTi personaJebis gareSe”
moswavleebi wyvilebSi muSaobdnen. moswavleTa wyvilebma
SearCies TiTo moTxroba da Seecaden daeweraT moTxrobis
alternatiuli varianti uaryofiTi parsonaJebis gareSe.
moswavleebma aRniSnes, rom moTxrobebi uintereso gaxda.
Semdeg maTve vTxove - Tavi im uaryofiTi personaJebis
adgilas warmoedginaT da daeweraT sakuTari gancda, rac
moTxrobidan gamoZevebis Sedegad daeuflaT. moswavleebma
saocrad emociuri komentarebi warmoadgines. am komen-
tarebis safuZvelze naxati filmis scenari davwereT, mo-
swavleebma daxates scenaris siuJetebi da erT-erTi stu-
diis daxmarebiT SevqmeniT naxati filmi, romlis finali
aseTi iyo - moTxrobebidan gamoZevebuli personaJebi gza-
jvaredinze xvdebian iakob gogebaSvils, romelic TiToeul
maTgans abrunebs TavianT moTxrobebSi.
gTavazobT mcire eqskurss am kreatiuli saswavlo pro-
eqtidan:

81
 personaJTa dardi rac moTxrobidan gamoZevebis Semdeg
daeuflaT:

mkvexara qoTani - oqro-

sZiriani maRali qoTani ki
var, magram rogori mkvexara
da baqia var?!

… muqTamWamela - rogori
muqTamWamela, zarmaci da
pativmoyvare var?!

mtredi _ Cemi nakli isaa, rom

damcinavi, ironiuli, Tavda-
jerebuli var..

dedaberi _ aseTi xarbi da

gaumaZRari ratom var?!

82
 gogebaSvilis pasuxi personaJTa dardebze:

mkvexara qoTans – xom

gagigonia”glaxa amparta-
vanio, arc RmerTs uyvars,
arc kacsao “ an es: “ vaJkaci
wynari sjobia, Calad ara
Rirs mkvexari”

muqTamWamelas - garegnu-
li ieris SecvliT cdilob
daimsaxuro pativiscema.
daimaxsovre “tanisamoss ki nu
icvli xasiaTi gamoicvale da
pativic dagedebao”

mtreds _ daimaxsovre: nu
uTxri sxvas ormos, Torem
TviTonve Cavardebio; xom ga-
gigonia “nu dascini sxvasao
gadagxdeba Tavsao”.

dedabers – xom gagigonia

“metis mdomi cotasac dakar-
gavso” an es andaza “xarbis
Tvali ar gaZRao”

finali _ gogebaSvili sTxovs uaryofiT personaJebs

moTxrobebSi dabrundnen. 83
 momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgilidan davZ-
rav… gasakviri ar aris, rom arqimedes es sityvebi yvela
kreatiuli adamianisaTvis dRemde seriozul gamowvevad
rCeba. marTlac sayrdeni wertilis povna kreatiuli mas-
wavleblisaTvis gakveTilis gasaRebia… xolo moswavlisaT-
vis aseTi gakveTili warmatebaSi varjiSia.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba- kiran igani,

mihai Ciqsentmihai, robert Sternbergi da uendi m. vil-
iamsi - samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti, 2012
2. erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri.
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 2007w.
3. swavleba da Sefaseba, maswavlebelTa profesiuli
ganviTarebis centri . Tbilisi 2008w
4. erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri.
erovnuli saswavlo gema 2011-2016w
5. «Вопросы психологии». Москва 2000 г.

84
interesis roli samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
swavlebisas
nino WiabriSvili, qeTevan WiabriSvili, giorgi gaxelaZe

“interesi codnis survilia”

Tomas aqvineli

Sesavali

rogor vaswavloT ukeT? kiTxvaze pasuxi kidev ufro

rTuldeba gardamaval periodebSi, roca sazogadoeba axal
politikur, socialur, ekonomikur da sxvagvar cvlile-
bebTan Seguebas cdilobs. saqarTvelo gardamaval ekono-
mikaSi cxovrobs da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aSenebs. am
rTul procesSi aucileblad gvWirdeba samoqalaqo kom-
petencia, romelic codnas, unar-Cvevebsa da Sesabamis
damokidebulebebs daefuZneba. gamorCeuli interesis
mqone axali yaidis moqalaqis aRzrda xelsayreli sawyi-
si wertili da kargi damxmare instrumenti iqneba samoqa-
laqo ganaTlebaSi. interesis mqone moqalaqeebi yovelTvis
ecdebian “ra” kiTxvidan “ratom” kiTxvaze gadasvlas, mud-
mivad ganiviTareben cnobismoyvareobas da SeeZlebaT gaaz-
rebulad da uwyvetad CaerTon samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaSi.
qarTul sazogadoebaSi am cvlilebaTa konteqstis aR-
weris Semdeg SemogTavazebT sanimuSo gakveTils, romelic
gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba gavaRviZoT interesi da cno-
bismoyvareoba dawyebiT klasebSi samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
elementebis swavlebisas.

85
 qarTuli sazogadoeba _ samoqalaqo ganaTlebis saWiroeba

cnobilia, rom ganaTleba adamianuri saqmianobis ganuy-

ofeli da arsebiTi nawilia. ganaTlebis sistema miiCneva
faqtorad, romelic ayalibebs nebismier civilizebul
sazogadoebas _ sazogadoeba da mis xelT arsebuli gana-
Tlebis instrumentebi urTierTgadajaWvulia.
sazogadoebis winaSe mudmivad dgas kiTxva: rogori ga-
naTlebaa saukeTeso? rogor mivceT axalgazrdebs iseTi
ganaTleba, romelic mSvidobis, keTildReobisa da soli-
darobisken gagviZRveba? raSia 21-e saukunis ganaTlebis
saidumlo? rogor movZebnoT is gasaRebi, romelic Segva-
Zlebinebs, Tanabar pirobebSi yvelas undodes da SeeZlos
sakuTari wvlilis Setana mdgrad ganviTarebaSi, mSvido-
bisa da TanasworobisaTvis brZolaSi? rogor avagoT ga-
naTlebis sistema, rom axalgazrdebma SeZlon Zveli mod-
elebis SezRudulobaTa daZleva? rogor SevuwyoT xeli
iseT ganaTlebas, romelic axalgazrdebs globaliza-
ciis gamowvevebis Rirseulad gadalaxvas SeaZlebinebs?”
(Braslavsky, 2004, gv.1).
gardamaval periodebSi Seguebis kriziss isic arTulebs,
rom politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri realoba ra-
dikalurad icvleba, xolo qcevis modelebi praqtikulad
ucvleli rCeba. rogorc rubinova aRniSnavs, “Rirebulebe-
bi da kulturuli gamocdileba gacilebiT swrafad icvle-
ba, vidre “zefaseulobebi” da pirovnuli Taviseburebebi”
(Rubinova 2010, gv. 1).
gardamaval periodSi sazogadoebam garkveulwilad
unda Secvalos Zveli wesebi an Tanacxovrebis, urTierTq-
medebis sruliad axali wesebi SeimuSaos. ukanasknel aT-
wleulSi saqarTvelo warmatebiT cdilobs demokratiuli
sazogadoebis wesebis damkvidrebas; am procesSi samoqa-
laqo ganaTleba sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. pirveli
86
nabiji am mimarTulebiT 2006-2007 wlebSi gadaidga, roca
samoqalaqo ganaTleba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixed-
viT savaldebulo sagani gaxda (erovnuli saswavlo gegmisa
da Sefasebis centri, 2011). am procesis mniSvnelobas da
aucileblobas jer kidev 1917 wels xazi gausva dimitri
uznaZem:
“demokratiulad organizebuli saxelmwifo eswrafvis
aRzardos ara marto pirovneba, aramed, upirveles yovlisa,
moqalaqe, amitom axalgazrda Taobis moqalaqeobrivi aRz-
rdis sakiTxi saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis umniSvnelova-
nesi sakiTxia. udavoa, rom demokratia dainteresebulia
Segnebul moqalaqeTa aRzrdiT, romlebsac unari eqnebaT,
SemoqmedebiTad Caerion saxelmwifos cxovrebis ganviTa-
rebis procesSi. …pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia, mivceT
bavSvebs codnis garkveuli raodenoba, magram es ar aris
mTavari. arsebiTia, ara SexedulebaTa wris SeTviseba, ar-
amed xasiaTisa da nebisyofis samoqalaqo wrToba” (uznaZe,
2005, gv. 387).
broSuraSi “uwyveti ganaTlebis sakvanZo kompetenciebis
evropuli CarCo” aRniSnulia, rom “samoqalaqo kompeten-
cia efuZneba ra individebis mier socialuri da politi-
kuri koncefciebisa da struqturebis codnas da aqtiuri
da demokratiuli monawileobisadmi erTgulebas, samoqa-
laqo cxovrebaSi srulyofil CarTulobas uwyobs xels”
(Key Competences for Lifelong Learning European Reference Frame-
work’, 2007, gv. 9) monawileoba da CarTuloba gulisxmobs
moqmedebaze orientirebas, romelic Tanamedrove moqa-
laqis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa; Tumca is unda efuZnebodes
interess, cnobismoyvareobas, kritikul azrovnebas, argu-
mentebisa da kontrargumentebis frTxil awon-dawonvas,
gadawyvetilebis miRebas.
warmatebuli CarTuloba emyareba codnis, unar–Cve-
vebisa da damokidebulebebis triadas. SesaZloa gvqondes

87
saWiro codna da unarebi, magram monawileobac unda gv-
surdes, CarTulobisadmi Sesabamisi damokidebuleba unda
gvqondes. es kavSiri pirobiTad ase SeiZleba gamovxatoT:
codna+unarebi+ganwyoba=CarTuloba

ratom da rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT interesi am rTul

realobaSi?
axali Taobis moqalaqis TaviseburebaTa daxasiaTebisas
veyrdnobiT momavali moqalaqisaTvis aucilebel Rirse-
bebs da demokratiuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad principebs,
romlebic “ufro srulyofilad xorcieldeba, roca poli-
tikuri sazogadoebis yoveli wevri monawileobs mmarTve-
lobaSi. politikuri sazogadoebis wevrebi misi moqalaqee-
bi arian, Sesabamisad, moqalaqeoba demokratiaSi politikis
wevrobaa. wevroba gulisxmobs monawileobas, magram ara
formalur monawileobas. moqalaqis monawileoba demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi unda emyarebodes informirebul, kri-
tikul refleqsias da wevrobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebe-
bisa da pasuxismgeblobebis codnasa da aRiarebas“ (Branson
& Quigley, 1998, gv. 4).
naSromis “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis roli” avtorebi aR-
niSnaven, rom “demokratia ar aris TviTmavali manqana, sa-
Wiroa misi gaazrebuli reproduqcia erTi Taobidan meore-
Si” (Branson & Quigley, 1998, gv. 3). isini iSvelieben aleqsis
de tokvilis mosazrebas, rom „yoveli axali Taoba axali
adamianebisagan Sedgeba, romlebmac unda SeiZinon codna,
unar-Cvevebi da CamouyalibdeT kerZo da sazogado xasi-
aTis ganwyobebi, romlebic ganamtkicebs sakonstitucio
demokratias“ (Branson & Quigley, 1998, gv. 3). Cveni azriT,
cnobismoyvareobas gadamwyveti rolis TamaSi SeuZlia
„demokratiuli manqanis“ gaazrebul da uwyvet reprodu-
qciaSi. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, cnobismoyvareoba
swavlis ZiriTadi stimulia. cnobismoyvareoba pirovnebis

88
Camoyalibebaze zegavlenisas pirovnebis mimarTulebas da
xasiaTsac gansazRvravs.
dekarte (dekarte, 1989, gv. 507) xsnis aristoteles mo-
sazrebas Semecnebis Sesaxeb, romelic cnobismoyvareobis
safuZvelze Cndeba. eqvs ZiriTad „grZnobas“ Soris cnobis-
moyvareobis grZnobas pirvel adgils uCens da amtkicebs,
rom mas ara aqvs sapirispiro grZnoba, radgan Tu sagani uC-
veulo ar aris, „is ar gvaRelvebs da mas gatacebis gareSe
vumzerT“. misi azriT, cnobismoyvareobis mizezi moulod-
nelobaa: „cnobismoyvareoba maSin Cndeba Cvens sulSi, roca
raRac moulodneli gvaiZulebs yuradRebiT davakvirdeT
iSviaT da uCveulo sagnebs“ (Decart, 1989, gv. 511).
kanti (1999, gv. 340-341) cnobismoyvareobas aRwers ro-
gorc Secbunebas, dabneulobis gancdas raRac moulodne-
lis winaSe. cnobismoyvareobis rogorc emociis ganviTa-
rebaSi is or fazas mijnavs: “Tavdapirvelad is anelebs
fiqrs, radgan SesaZloa Sedegi (obieqti) usiamovno iyos,
magram Semdeg xels uwyobs fiqrisa da uCveulo xatebis
dinebas da sasiamovno xdeba”.
uSinskis azriT, ara moulodneli movlena an xati axdens
mZafr STabeWdilebas, aramed maTi gavlena Cvens Sexedu-
lebebsa da fiqrebze da amis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli mo-
lodinebi. am SemTxvevaSi cnobismoyvareoba axali movlenis
winaswari codnaa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens arsebul
Sexedulebebs. “CvenSi gaocebas iwvevs moulodneli mxo-
lod im mizeziT, rom gviZneldeba misi “SeTanxmeba” Cvens
warmosaxvasTan. rogorc ki amgvar SeTanxmebas vaRwevT,
cnobismoyvareoba qreba…” (Ushinsky, 1974, gv. 435)
raki cnobismoyvareobis gaCena moulodnel faqtsa da
situacias ukavSirdeba, is didxans ar grZeldeba da sxva
emociur mdgomareobad gardaiqmneba:
- Tu moulodneli situacia stresuli da saxifaToa,
cnobismoyvareoba SesaZloa SiSSi gadaizardos.

89
 _ Tu moulodneli situacia usafrTxoa, cnobismoyva-
reoba SesaZloa interesSi gadaizardos.
_ Tu moulodneli situacia sasiamovnoa, cnobismoyva-
reoba SesaZloa sixarulad iqces (ilini, 2001, gv. 130).
Sesabamisad, maswavleblis mizani unda iyos, radac unda
daujdes, ecados moswavleebis cnobismoyvareoba interes-
ad gadaaqcios, xolo idealur SemTxvevaSi _ sixaruladac.
ratom migvaCnia aseTi gardaqmna mniSvnelovnad? dimitri
uznaZe aRniSnavs, “saswavlo procesi imaze unda iyos ori-
entirebuli, rom moswavles adamianis erT-erTi damaxa-
siaTebeli moTxovnileba, inteleqtualuri moTxovnileba
(cnobismoyvareoba), e.w. swavlis wyurvilSi gadaezardos”
(uznaZe, 2010, gv. 193). swored swavlis wyurvili aris is
mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic adamians mudmiv maZieblad
aqcevs da mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axlis swavlas ubi-
Zgebs.
am gardaqmnis Sedegi iqneba e.w. cnobismoyvare adamiani,
romelic mudam ecdeba “ra” kiTxva “rogor” kiTxvamde ga-
navrcos da gaazrebulad CaerTos samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis ganviTarebaSi.

rogor SeiZleba samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebi

saintereso gavxadoT?
pasuxi erTi SexedviT martivia _ unda SevTavazoT is-
eTi aqtivobebi, romelic moswavleTa cnobismoyvareobas
aRZravs da aviTarebs. konfuciseuli “mesmis da maviwydeba,
vxedavda vimaxsovreb, vakeTeb da vigeb” warmatebuli swav-
lis uZvelesi formulaa. “dRes Tu Tanamedrove skola, misi
xelmZRvanelebi droisa da Zalebis udides nawils xarjaven
saskolo programebisa da swavlebis meTodebis damuSaveba-
ze, momavlis skola, romlis mizani moqalaqeobrivad ganwy-
obili xasiaTis aRzrda iqneba, aucileblad bevrs ifiqrebs
saskolo cxovrebaSi mCqefare praqtikul saqmianobaze, ro-

90
melic dReniadag aRZravs bavSvebSi TviTmoqmedebas, ini-
ciativas, Seupovrobas” (d. uznaZe, 2005, gv. 388). keTeba,
praqtikuli saqmianoba, aqtiuroba is socialuri fenome-
nia, romelic gulisxmobs miznebis dasaxvas, miRwevisTvis
saWiro saSualebebze fiqrs, sasurveli Sedegebis winaswar
xedvas da TviT am miznebis misaRwevi Zalisxmevis process.
yuradRebiT dagegmil formalur da araformalur aq-
tivobebs SeuZlia “cnobismoyvareobis inteleqtualuri
moTxovnileba” swavlis wyurvilad aqcios. (SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom mxolod aseTi TviTmswavleli, mudmivi maZieblebi
da ara arsebulis pasiuri momxmareblebi SeZleben moma-
valSi warmatebul moqalaqeebad Camoyalibebas.)
miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo ganaTleba tradici-
ulad skolas ukavSirdeba, is mxolod skolis funqcia ver
iqneba. samoqalaqo ganaTlebam unda moicvas formaluri
garemoc (skola) da araformaluric (ojaxi, sazogadoeba,
biblioTeka, samuSao adgili, samoqalaqo organizaciebi,
kavSirebi, sportuli gundebi, masmedia da sxv.). metic,
gonivruli iqneba Tu vityviT, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
warmatebisTvis saWiroa am formalur da araformalur
garemoTa integrireba Tu ara, koordinireba mainc (Critten-
den, J., 2007, gv. 1)
gTavazobT samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebze cno-
bismoyvareobis grZnobis gaRviZebis ramdenime strategias:
– cnobismoyvareoba unda ganvixiloT erTobliv sas-
wavlo aqtivobebSi moswavleTa CarTvis kognitur agentad;
– moswavleebTan erTad unda SevqmnaT proeqtis gegma
(teqstis, cxrilis da sxva saxiT), romelic pasuxs gascems
Semdeg kiTxvebs: ras vakeTebT? rogor vapirebT amis ga-
keTebas? ratom vakeTebT amas? risTvis vakeTebT amas?
– unda wavaxalisoT moswavleebis mier varaudebis
gamoTqma, movusminoT yuradRebiT da Semdeg vkiTxoT: ro-
gor SeZleb amis damtkicebas?

91
 – vaCvenoT, rogor SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaTa gadalax-
va (saxelmZRvanelos, damatebiTi literaturis, vebgverdis
da sxvaTa daxmarebiT);
– TandaTanobiT unda gavarTuloT moswavleTa aq-
tivobebis Sinaarsi;
– frTxilad gamoviyenoT stimulebi (Sefaseba, jil-
do), raTa Sedegebi xelSesaxebi gavxadoT;
– vaswavloT moswavleebs sakuTar Tavs dausvan kiTx-
vebi: rogor mivaRwie warmatebas? ratom gamiZnelda?
– Tavi unda avaridoT pasuxebis, daskvnebis,
“produqtebis” swavlebas: moswavleebisaTvis ufro sasarge-
bloa codnisa da unar-Cvevebis damoukideblad daufleba,
individualurad an jgufSi muSaoba;
– frTxilad unda movekidoT moswavleTa daxasiaTe-
bas, romelsac ZiriTadad mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao
unda gansazRvravdes;
– SeZlebisdagvarad unda gamoviyenoT realuri
cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi da situaciebi.
es CamonaTvali usasrulo SeiZleba iyos da icvle-
bodes maswavleblisa da klasis mixedviT. mTavaria, mudam
gvaxsovdes da efeqturad gamoviyenoT cnobismoyvareobis
grZnobis usazRvro potenciali swavla/swavlebis proces-
Si.
qvemoT gTavazobT sanimuSo gakveTils imis saCveneblad,
Tu rogor SeiZleba cnobismoyvareobis grZnobas xeli
SevuwyoT dawyebiT klasebSi samoqalaqo ganaTlebis integ-
rirebuli swavlebisas kursiT “Cveni saqarTvelo”.
gakveTilSi gamoyenebulia qarTuli xalxuri zRapari
“rwyili da WianWvela”. moswavleebi Tavdapirvelad zRa-
pris arsebul versias gaiTamaSeben, xolo Semdeg – saxecv-
lils, rac saSualebas miscems maT nacnobi zRapari uCveu-
lo kuTxiT ganixilon, erTmaneTs Seadaron gasaWirSi myofi
megobris daxsnis alternatiuli xerxebi da imsjelon fu-

92
lis, rogorc sxva adamianis daxmarebis saSualebis mniSvn-
elobaze.

gakveTilis saTauri: ra moxda 3 aTasi wlis win?

gakveTilis aRwera: gakveTilze moswavleebi gaecno-
bian barters da naxaven rogor aadvilebs fuli gacvlas.
Tavdapirvelad isini zRapris “rwyili da WianWvela” origi-
nalur versias gaiTamaSeben, xolo Semdeg zRapris saxecv-
lil versias, romelSic rwyili lars iyenebs megobris ga-
dasarCenad.
koncefciebi: gacvla, barteri, vaWroba, fuli, saqone-
li, momsaxureba.
monaTesave sagnebi: mSobliuri ena
gakveTilis miznebi: moswavleebi SeZleben:
1. axsnan vaWrobis mizezebi;
2. gansazRvron barteri;
3. Seadaron erTmaneTs vaWroba fuliT da ufulod da
axsnan ratom aadvilebs fuli vaWrobas;
4. daasaxelon fulis gamoyenebis sxva formebi (vaWroba,
dazogva, daxarjva da sxv.);
5. daasaxelon, gansazRvron da erTmaneTisagan gamijnon
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis magaliTebi.
klasi: me-5
saWiro dro: 60 wuTi
saWiro masalebi:
• savarjiSo # 1-Tvis saWiro resursebi
11 monawile;
kiserze Camosakidi muyaos patara dafebi zRapris Sem-
degi gmirebisa da sagnebis gamosaxulebiT _ rwyili, Wian-
Wvela, Rori, muxa, yvavi, qaTami, ormo, Tagvi, kata, Zroxa,
aseve ru, rko, jagari, wiwila, fetvi, rZe, balaxi, Toki.

93
 • savarjiSo # 2-Tvis saWiro resursebi
4 monawile;
kiserze Camosakidi muyaos patara dafebi zRapris Sem-
degi gmirebisa da sagnebis gamosaxulebiT _ rwyili, Wian-
Wvela, Rori, aseve ru, jagari.

gakveTilis msvleloba:
aqtivoba # 1
erT-erTi moswavle Tavis magidaze poulobs dedamiwaze
SemTxveviT moxvedrili ucxoplanetelis werils. (ucxo-
planetels moswavleebi TviTon urCeven saxels.) ucxo-
planeteli iwereba, rom ipova ucnobi nivTi, romelsac
gamoyeneba ver mouZebna. igi aseT miniSnebebs sTavazobs da
daxmarebas iTxovs:
– mrgvalia;
– liTonisaa;
– zed amotvifrulia naxatebi da warwerebi.
moswavleebi gonebrivi ieriSis gziT cdiloben gamoic-
non is sagani, romelic samive miniSnebas akmayofilebs.
logikuri deduqciis gziT gvTavazoben swor daskvnas, rom
es SeiZleba fuli iyos. moswavleebi pasuxs weren ucxo-
planetels TavianTi varaudis Sesaxeb.
meore dRes kidev erTi werili xvdeba erT-erT moswav-
les magidaze. ucxoplaneteli enciklopediidan an sxva wy-
aroebidan damatebiTi informaciis miwodebas sTxovs fu-
lis Sesaxeb. moswavleebi Tavs uyrian saWiro informacias
da pasuxoben ucxoplanetels.
maswavlebelma SesaZloa gaagrZelos moswavleebisa da
ucxoplanetelis aseTi komunikacia axali Tavsatexebis Se-
TavazebiT, romelic moswavleTa interesis gaRvivebas em-
saxureba. aqtivoba SesaZloa dasruldes ucxoplanetelis
madlobis weriliT. aqtivobis bolos maswavlebeli dafaze
xatavs wrisebr gonebriv rukas (ix. qvemoT), wers SuagulSi

94
sityva “fuls” da sTxovs moswavleebs, gonebrivi ieriSis
gziT gaixsenon fulis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebuli
zedsarTavebi, frazebi, sityvebi.

ojaxi

95
 aqtivoba # 2
1. maswavlebeli eubneba moswavleebs, rom isini monawileobas
miiReben speqtaklSi da naxaven, rogor vaWrobdnen adamian-
ebi Zvelad.
2. moswavleebs unawilebs rolebs, dafebsa da baraTebs Se-
sabamisi teqstiT. iniSnavs dros da moswavleebi iwyeben
speqtaklis TamaSs, mis 1 nawils # 1 savarjiSos Sesabamisad.
3. speqtaklis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli svams kiTxvebs:
– ratom ver SeZlo rwyilma Wianvelas gadasarCenad
saWiro jagris swrafad mopoveba? (Rorma uari uTxra jag-
ris micemaze, Tuki sanacvlod rkos ar miiRebda, aseve uari
miiRo zRapris sxva gmirebisgan, Tuki sanacvlod rac maT
undodaT imas ar miutanda).
– maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs gaixsenon saku-
Tari cxovrebidan gacvlis magaliTebi da gacvlis mizezebi
(pasuxebi sxvadasxvagvari iqneba, Tumca arsebiTia is, rom
adamianebi, rogorc wesi, mobezrebul, arasaWiro sagans cv-
lian axal, sasurvel, saintereso saganze).
– am zRaparSi gmirebi erTmaneTs zogjer saqonels
ucvlian, zogjer ki, momsaxurebas. modiT, movifiqroT da
dafaze CamovweroT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis magaliTebi.
(dafaze erT svetSi iwereba saqonlis magaliTebi: bawari,
jagari, rko, rZe, fetvi, wiwila, xolo meore svetSi mom-
saxurebis magaliTebi: bawris dagrexva, balaxis moTibva,
Zroxis mowvela).
– ra gansxvavebaa saqonelsa da momsaxurebas Soris? (Tu
moswavleebi ver pasuxoben, maswavlebeli azustebs - saqonel-
ic da momsaxurebac akmayofilebs adamianTa moTxovnilebas,
Tumca, saqoneli xelSesaxebi sagnebia, xolo momsaxureba is-
eTi ram, rasac xeliT ver Seexebi).
– rogor fiqrobT, es zRapari ukavSirdeba Tu ara vaWro-
bas? rogor? (ukavSirdeba, radgan rwyili ramdenjerme cvlis
erT sagans meoreze wyalSi Cavardnili megobris saSvelad).
96
 – ras niSnavs gacvla? (gacvla niSnavs arasaWiro nivTis
sanacvlod saWiro, sasurveli nivTis miRebas).
4. maswavlebeli uxsnis, rom sagnis saganze amgvar pirdapir
gacvlas barteri ewodeba da Cveni winaprebi Zvelad swored
vaWrobis am formas iyenebdnen. Tumca, es garkveul sir-
Tuleebs uqmnidaT. modiT, movifiqroT, rogori SeiZle-
boda yofiliyo es sirTuleebi! (pasuxebi sxvadasxvagvari
iqneba, magram maswavlebelma unda gamoyos arsebiTi, ker-
Zod: romelime sagani SeiZleba Zalze patara yofiliyo
da adamianebs uWirdaT SeTanxmeba, ramdeni patara sagani
moeTxovaT erTi didi sagnis sanacvlod. aseve bevri dro
da Zalisxmeva sWirdeboda Sesabamisi adamianebis Sexve-
dras _ erTs unda hqonoda is, rac meores sWirdeboda,
xolo meores, is, rac pirvels sWirdeboda). adamianebi
Zalian wvalobdnen, manam, sanam erT dRes raRac ar moxda
da samudamod ar Seicvala vaWrobis sistema.
5. moswavleebs unawilebs rolebs, dafebsa da baraTebs Se-
sabamisi teqstiT. iniSnavs dros da moswavleebi iwyeben
speqtaklis TamaSs, mis me-2 nawils # 2 savarjiSos Sesa-
bamisad.
6. speqtaklis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli svams kiTx-
vebs:
– ra Seicvala? (rwyili isev erTgulad daexmara
megobars, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, man fuli gadauxada Rors
da pirvelive mcdelobiT swrafad da uwvaleblad moipo-
va sasurveli jagari da gadaarCina megobari. Rori fulis
sanacvlod daTanxmda jagris micemas.)
– ra gansxvavebaa gacvlasa da vaWrobas Soris? (gacv-
la niSnavs arasasurveli, mobezrebuli sagnis nacvlad sa-
surveli sagnis miRebas fulis gamouyeneblad, xolo vaW-
roba sasrveli sagnis yidvas fulis gamoyenebiT).
– zRapris romel versiaSi dasWirda ufro naklebi
dro da Zalisxmeva rwyils megobris gadasarCenad? (meore

97
versiaSi, radgan man pirvelive mcdelobisas iolad gadaar-
Cina megobari).
– ratom aris fuli mniSvnelovani gamogoneba? (is
amartivebda gacvlis process, advili iyo, misi gadatana
erTi adgilidan meoreze, zogavda saWiro sagnis mosapove-
blad saWiro dros da sxv.)
– risTvis gamoiyena Rorma fuli? (megobris gadasarCenad)
– risTvis viyenebT fuls? (pasuxebi sxvadasxvagvari
iqneba _ vyidulobT saWiro saqonels da momsaxurebas, vzo-
gavT samomavlo miznebisTvis, da sxv., Tumca, mniSvnelova-
nia imis xazgasma, rom fuliT mravali sikeTis gakeTeba
aris SesaZlebeli.)
daskvniTi nawili:
moswavleebi iyofian or jgufad. erTi jgufi gonebrivi
rukis (ormagi buStisebri ruka) saSualebiT adarebs erT-
maneTs bartersa da fuliT vaWrobas, gamoyofs saerTo da
ganmasxvavebel Taviseburebebs.

barteri da fuli
meore jgufi gonebrivi rukis (xisebri ruka) gamoyenebiT
Camowers saqonlisa da momsaxurebis magaliTebs. sakuTar
namuSevrebs erTmaneTs acnoben.

gansxvavebuli saerTo gansxvavebuli

gansxvavebuli barteri saerTo fuli gansxvavebuli

gansxvavebuli saerTo gansxvavebuli

98
 saqoneli da momsaxureba

gacvla

saqoneli momsaxureba

ganvrcoba/dakavSireba:
gTavazobT ramdenime variants:
1. moswavleebs vTxovT daweron gacvlis sakuTari ga-
mocdilebis Sesaxeb da daasuraTon namuSevari.
2. daxaton saqonlis 3 da momsaxurebis 3 magaliTi.
3. davurigoT nivTebi (mag., fanqari, saSleli, qaRald-
isagan damzadebuli saTamaSoebi da sxv.) da vTxovoT
sasurveli nivTis “mopoveba” barteris saSualebiT.
vTxovoT Caweron garigebaTa raodenoba.

danarTi:
savarjiSo # 1. zRapari rwyili da WianWvela original-
uri versia.

savarjiSo # 2 zRapari rwyili da WianWvela Secvlili

versia.
mTxrobeli: rwyili da WianWvela daZmobildnen. daadgnen
gzasa. gzaze erTi ru SexvdaT. rwyilma uTxra WianWvelas:
rwyili: me gadavxtebi da Sen ra geSvelebao.
mTxrobeli: WianWvelam upasuxa:
WianWvela: gana me ver gadavxtebio.
mTxrobeli: rwyilma iskupa da gadaxta, WianWvelam isk-
upa da wyalSi Cavarda. maSin ki sTxova megobars:
WianWvela: nu damaxrCob, miSveleo.
99
 mTxrobeli: rwyili axta daxta, mivida RorTan da sTxo-
va:
rwyili: Roro, momec jagari, davgrex Toksa-bawarsa, Ca-
vugdeb da amoviyvan Cems Zmobil WianWvelasa.
mTxrobeli: Rorma upasuxa:
Rori: Cemi jagari 5 lari Rirs, gadamixade es Tanxa da
mogcem Seni megobrisTvis saWiro jagars.
mTxrobeli: rwyilma misca Rors 5 lari, iyida jagari,
dagrixa Toki, Caugdo megobars ruSi da gadaarCina Wian-
Wvela.

amrigad, SesaZlebelia nacnobi masala Sesaswavli Temis-

admi moswavleTa interesis gasaRviZeblad gamoviyenoT. in-
teresi is stimuli iqneba, romelic swavlas TviT moswav-
lisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovans gaxdis. is momaval
saswavlo saqmianobaSi maT mudmiv gaazrebul CarTulobas
Seuwyobs xels. interesi SemecnebiTi saqmianobis gamovle-
nis is forma iqneba, romelic uzrunvelyofs moswavlis
mier saqmianobis miznis gacnobierebas da amiT xels Seuwy-
obs sinamdvilis ufro srulyofil aRqmas.
moswavleebi emociurad (Sefaseba) da gonebrivad (racio-
naluri) mxolod im informacias gadaamuSaveben, romelic
maT moTxovnilebebs pasuxobs. amis Sedegad bavSvs Semdgo-
mi saqmianobis impulsi uCndeba. interesi erT-erTi aseTi
mudmivi moTxovnilebaa, romlis dakmayofilebaze zrunva
warmatebuli swavleba/swavlis erT-erTi winapiroba Sei-
Zleba gaxdes.

100
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Branson, M. S., Quigley, C. N., (1998) The role of civic education, mop-
ovebulia 2012 wlis 25 maiss veb-gverdidan http://aladinrc.wrlc.
org/bitstream/1961/581/1/branson-role-199809.pdf
2. Braslavsky, C., (2004) Educational challenges in the 21st century, 47th
International Conference on Education, UNESCO, Geneva.
3. dekarte, r., (1989) rCeuli naSromebi (rusul enaze), t. 1.
4. Ganina, M., (1989), While alive I hope, Essay collection, ‘Sovremenik’
(in Russian).
5. Ilin, E., (2001), Emotions and feeling, ‘Piter’, (in Russian).
6. Kant, I., (1999) Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view, (in Rus-
sian), Nauka.
7. Mahovskaya, O., In the article of Rubinova E., (2010) Evolu-
tion of the Homo Sovieticus retrieved from http://en.rian.ru/analy-
sis/20100706/159709502.html
8. Rubinova, E., (2010) Evolution of the Homo Sovieticus, mop-
ovebulia 2012 wlis 5 aprils veb-gverdidan http://en.rian.ru/analy-
sis/20100706/159709502.html.
9. uznaZe, d., (2005) pedagogiuri Txzulebani, Tb., 2005.
10. uznaZe, d., ganwyobis fsiqologia, Tb. 2009.
11. Ushinsky K., (1990) Pedagogical essays, V. 5, Moscow, ‘Pedagogy’.
12. Crittenden, J., Civic education, (December 27, 2007) Stanford Encyclo-
pedia of Philosophy, mopovebulia 2012 wlis 20 marts veb-gverdidan
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/civic-education/#GooCit
13. Key competences for lifelong learning European reference framework,
European Communities, (2007), mopovebulia 2012 wlis 25 maiss veb-
gverdidan http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/publ/pdf/ll-learn-
ing/keycomp_en.pdf
14. National Curriculum and Assessment Centre, (2011) mopovebulia
2012 wlis 17 ianvars veb-gverdidan http://www.ncac.ge/index.
php?m=854

101
 sofio gorgoZe manana boWoriSvili
nino WiabriSvili qeTevan WiabriSvili
giorgi gaxelaZe

viswavloT da vaswavloT
kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi
azrovneba