Tavi 30

gammijnavi xazebi

piter meiri (Peter Mair)

TiTqmis, 50 wlis win politikuri sociologiis aw ukve klasikur nawarmoebSi s. m.
lipsetma (S.M. Lipset, 1960: 220) SeniSna, rom `yvela Tanamedrove demokratiaSi konfliqti
sxvadasxva jgufs Soris politikuri partiebis meSveobiT gamoixateba~, rac, faqtobrivad,
warmoadgens `klasobrivi brZolis demokratiul Sesatyviss... msoflio masStabiT,
ZiriTadi ganzogadeba, romelic SeiZleba, gakeTdes aris is, rom partiebi, faqtobrivad,
dabal an saSualo klass, an kidev, maRal fenas efuZnebian.~ klasobrivi brZolis
demokratiuli Sesatyvisis politikaSi Zieba did interess aRZravs da lipsetis
damsaxurebiT, kvlav disciplinis CarCoSi rCeba. 1 Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es ar iyo
erTaderTi socialuri brZola, romelic gardaiqmna. rogorc lipseti aRniSnavda
politikur adamianSi (Lipset, 1960: 221) da mogvianebiT, detalurad aRwera kidec
evropuli politikis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb stain rokanTan erTad daweril inovaciur
naSromSi (Lipset and Rokkan, 1967), religiuri, kulturuli da regionuli brZolebic
gardaiqmneboda politikur gammijnav xazebad. Tumca, ufro naklebad sworxazovnad da
naklebad xSirad, vidre klasobrivi brZolaa. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom
socialuri konfliqtebis sxvadasxva saxeobidan klasobrivi konfliqti yvelaze xSirad
gadaizrdeboda politikur sferoSi, is damkvidrebul demokratiebSic ki ar iyo
universaluri da gardaiqmneboda mniSvnelobisa da intensiurobis sxvadasxva doneze.
irlandiis respublikaSi, magaliTad, partiuli politikis doneze, iSviaTad xdeboda
msgavsi ram, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq xandaxan xazs usvamdnen klasobriv identobas. Tumca,
mcdelobebi, rom klasobrivi dapirispirebis politizireba momxdariyo, rogorc wesi,
warumateblad mTavrdeboda, radgan mTeli yuradReba erovnul sakiTxebs eTmoboda (Mair,
1992). 1918 wlis irlandiis gadamwyvet formaciul arCevnebSi leiboristuli partia
ganze gadga da saSualeba misca axalgafarToebul eleqtorats, Tavisuflad gamoexata
Tavisi mxardaWera erovnuli moZraobisadmi. mas Semdeg partiam veRarasodes SeZlo
sistemis sazRvrebisgan Tavis daRweva. igive ganmeorda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic –
aqac ar gadazrdila dapirispireba partiuli politikis sferoSi, miuxedavad arsebuli
socialuri mxardaWerisa. muSaTa klasis mxardaWera, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti yofiliyo
omisSemdgomi demokratiuli koaliciis mSeneblobisa da SenarCunebisTvis (Hout et al.,
1999), magram evropuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT, saqme arasodes
misula ZiriTadi socialisturi, an social-demokratiuli partiis mobilizaciamde (Lipset
and Marks, 2000). iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa niderlandebi da Sveicaria, sadac klasobrivi
konfliqti warmatebiT gardaiqmna axal alternativebad partiul politikaSi, es
arasdros gamxdara polarizebis umTavresi kriteriumi da yovelTvis mowyvladi iyo sxva
dayofebis saxiT arsebuli gamowvevis mimarT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTsa da
italiaSi klasobrivi konfliqti ara marto politikuri dapirispirebis umTavresi wyaro
iyo, aramed yvelaze metad radikalizebul da intensiur dapirispirebas warmoadgenda,
sadac komunisturi partia swrafad iZenda popularobas, raTa organizebuli muSaTa
klasis interesebi warmoedgina.

Tumca, praqtikaSi is, rac SeiZleba, sakmaod martiv da calmxriv procesad Candes –
socialuri konfliqtis politikur da partiul alternativebad gardaqmna – aRmoCnda,
rom daZabuli da kompleqsuria. avtomaturad araferi muSaobs da miuxedavad imisa, rom
konfliqtebi zogjer gardaiqmneba partiul dapirispirebebSi, SesaZlebelia, sxva dros an
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sxva adgilas ase ar moxdes an mxolod nawilobriv moxdes. klasobrivi gansxvavebebi,
rogorc wesi, politikaSi gadaizrdeba, magram, rogorc viciT, es yovelTvis ar aris ase
da yovelTvis ar aris msgavsi procesi. zogjer religiuri gansxvavebebic gardaiqmneba,
magram ara yovelTvis erTi da imave intensivobiT. Tumca, genderuli gansxvavebebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebriv doneze Zalian mniSvnelovania, iSviaTad gadaizrdeba
politikis sferoSi.

riT SeiZleba, aixsnas aseTi variaciebi? didwilad, rogorc sartori (Sartori, 1990)
aRniSnavs, amomrCevlis mikuTvnebisadmi lipsetisa da (Lipset and Rokka) rokanis midgomis
Sefasebisas, es damokidebulia uSualo `gardamqmnelze~ anu, rogorc man SemdgomSi
uwoda, `damrwmunebelze~. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is socialuri mdgomareobebi, rac
sabolood, partiul politikaSi gadaizrdeba, ganxiluli unda iyos, rogorc aucilebeli
piroba maSin, roca procesSi CarTuli umTavresi uwyeba partiaa – an raime sxva
organizacia – romelic intervencias axdens aRniSnuli mdgomareobebis
politizirebisTvis. `uxeSad rom iTqvas~, _ amtkicebs sartori (Sartori, 1990: 169), _
`obieqturi klasi (klasobrivi mdgomareoba) ar qmnis partias, piriqiT, swored partia
qmnis `subieqtur~ klass (klasobriv cnobierebas) ... roca partiebi asaxaven socialur
klasebs, es mniSvnelobas sZens interaqciis ara klasobriv, aramed partiul mizans.~
nawilobriv, es gaxlavT miwodeba, romelic ganapirobebs moTxovnas. ra Tqma unda, igive
SeiZleba, iTqvas sxva gammijnav xazebzec. magaliTad, swored eklesiam da masTan
daaxloebulma organizaciebma Seuwyves xeli religiuri gansxvavebebis saarCevno
mikuTvnebad gardaqmnas, miuxedavad imisa, rom im politikurma partiebma, romlebmac
Zalaufleba SeiZines mobilizaciis am procesis ganmavlobaSi, maleve ganiviTares sakuTari
mamoZravebeli Zala da gadaaWarbes maTive damfuZneblebis miznebs. rogorc kalivasi
(Kalyvas, 1996: 257) askvnis: `konfesiuri partiebi ar iyo istoriulad winaswar
gansazRvruli da manamde arsebuli identobebisa da konfliqtebis avtomaturi Sedegi.
isini arc struqturuli, ekonomikuri, an politikuri modernizaciis nayofi iyvnen. amis
nacvlad, konfesiuri partiebi gaxldaT mkacr pirobebSi myofi da mravali gamowvevis
winaSe mdgomi sxvadasxva organizaciis dapirispirebisa da brZolis mosalodneli Sedegi.~
mokled, rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebidan politikaze gadasvla ganpirobebulia, nawilobriv
mainc, politikuri Zalebis mier sazogadoebaSi aqtiuri CareviT. 2

gammijnavi xazebis Sesaxeb arsebul naSromebSi imisgan damoukideblad, socialurad

ganixileba, politikurad Tu kulturulad, SeiniSneba am dinamikuri perspeqtivis
uaryofis tendencia. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gammijnavi xazebi ise ganixileba, TiTqos,
socialuri stratifikaciis met-naklebad bunebrivi Sedegi yofiliyos. Tu sazogadoebaSi
arsebobs dayofa, zustad es dayofebi miiCneva imis amxsnel faqtorad, Tu ratom
arseboben partiebi da politika; Tu es dayofebi Seicvleba, rogorc stratifikaciis
SemTxvevaSi, qreba Zveli ganmacalkevebeli xazebi da maT adgils axlebi Cndeba. amis
gardauvali Sedegi iqneba, partiebis erTi kategoriis mier Zalauflebisa da mniSvnelobis
dakargva, sxvebis ki _ gamoCena da gaZliereba. aqedan gamomdinare, politikuri cvlileba
unda aixsnas socialuri cvlilebis meSveobiT da amgvarad, Cven viZenT imas, rasac
sartori (1990) deterministuli `politikis sociologias~ uwodebs. sxva da ufro
Tanamedrove midgomebSi gammijnavi xazebi ganixileba, rogorc rwmena-warmodgenebis
sistema, romelsac Tan axlavs tradiciuli socialur-struqturuli dayofebi,
rogoricaa klasi an religia. es ki, Tavis mxriv, miiCneva, rom Zveldeba, erozias ganicdis
da Canacvldeba mxolod iseTi ramiT, romelic, TiTqmis, eqskluziurad efuZneba
prioritetebs, mentalitets an `faseulobebs~ (ixileT, gansakuTrebiT, Flanagan, 1987;
Inglehart, 1990; Kriesi, 1998) da romelsac aqvs (Tu aqvs saerTod) Zalian cota socialuri

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korelati (TanafardobiTi cneba). erT-erTi midgomis mixedviT, normebi da rwmenebi ar
miiCneva mniSvnelovnad; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki, socialuri struqturaa naklebmniSvnelovani
faqtori.

naTelia, rom arc erTi am ori alternatividan ar aris sakmarisi. magaliTad,

faseulobebisgan gancalkevebuli religiuri mobilizaciis cneba aSkarad terminologiuri
winaaRmdegobaa. aseve, rTulia warmovidginoT faseulobisgan Tavisufali klasobrivi
konfliqtic. yvelaze ufro gamousworebeli muSaTa moZraobac ki, romelic masobrivi
politikis adreul wlebSi iqna mobilizebuli, SeuZlebelia, amgvarad ganvixiloT.
marTlac, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, misi moTxovnebi muSaTa uflebebisa Tu socialuri
samarTlianobis saWiroebis gamo Camoyalibda, Tu ara; arc isaa gadamwyveti, ganixileboda
Tu ara iseTi sazogadoebis dasawyisad, romelsac klasi ar gaaCnia; am konkretuli
socialuri struqturis dayofis politika arsebobda koleqtiuri solidarobis Zlieri
SegrZnebisa da met-naklebad gaziarebuli ideologiisadmi mtkice erTgulebis gamo. meore
mxriv, rTulia, gavixsenoT iseTi gammijnavi xazebi, romelic mxolod faseulobebs
efuZneba. maSinac ki, magaliTad, Tu materialistebsa da postmaterialistebs Soris
arsebul dapirispirebas realur gammijnav xazebad SevafasebT, gverds ver avuqcevT im
faqts, rom es ukanaskneli yvelaze xSirad warmoadgenda axalgazrda, kargad ganaTlebul
da gonivrulad perspeqtiul moqalaqeebs: mwvane partiebi nakleb xmebs iReben yvelaze
qveda klasebis getoebSi.

realurad, yvelanair gammijnav xazebSi garkveul rols asrulebs rogorc socialuri

struqtura, ise faseulobebi maSinac ki, Tu erT SemTxvevaSi, faseulobebs ufro meti
wona aqvs, xolo meoreSi – socialur struqturas. am daskvnamde mividnen knutseni da
skarbrouc (Knutsen and Scarbrough, 1995: 519) TavianT avtoritetul mimoxilvaSi,
romelic exeba rogorc empiriul mtkicebulebebs, ise Teoriul literaturas:
`politikuri konfliqtis struqturuli safuZveli nacvlad imisa, rom moZveldes, Tavis
mniSvnelobas ibrunebs... imavdroulad, unda aRiniSnos, rom struqturuli cvladebis
gavlena ufro naklebmniSvnelovania, xolo faseulobebis gavlena – ufro Zlieri, vidre
gammijnavi xazebis modeli gulisxmobs.~ es, ra Tqma unda, aseve, damokidebulia imaze, Tu
rogor da ra sizustiT izomeba sxvadasxva elementi. knutseni da skarbrou (1995: 519)
aseve, aRniSnaven, rom `faseulobebis mniSvneloba gaizarda 1973-1990 wlebSi~, _ magram,
akldaT ra saWiro instrumentebi, verc maT SeZles da arc sxva vinmes SeuZlia,
faseulobebis WeSmariti Sefaseba, roca masobrivi politika privelad iqna mobilizebuli
XX saukunis dasawyisSi da gaZlierda 1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi. is faqti, rom
mxolod socialuri struqtura SeiZleba gaizomos adreul periodSi, ar niSnavs, rom es
aris erTaderTi mniSvnelovani socialuri struqtura.

ramdenad mniSvnelovanic unda iyos socialuri struqturebi, gammijnavi xazebis gasagebad,

raRac damatebiTia CarTuli am procesSi da es aris organizacia. sazogadoebis SigniT
SeiZleba, arsebobdes dayofa, rac, Tavis mxriv, asocirdeba konkretul faseulobebTan an
identobasTan. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom isini aucileblad gaxdebian politikuri
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani cvladebi. es aris ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelsac sartori
(Sartori, 1990) xazs usvams, rodesac gardaqmnasa da darwmunebaze saubrobs. amas
yuradRebas aqcevs SatSnaideric (Schattshneider, 1983: 69), rodesac garkveul sakiTxebze
wers – SesaZloa, Cven davumatoT identoba da faseulobebi – romlebic organizebulia
(CarTulia) politikaSi, xolo sxvebi sferodan gamoricxulia. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, sazogadoebidan politikaze gadasvla xdeba maSin, roca garkveuli socialuri
dayofa asocirdeba identobasa da zog faseulobaTa nakrebTan. es yvelaferi ki Semdeg
politikur samyaroSi gadadis da xdeba politikisTvis Sesabamisi, organizebuli partiisa
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Tu jgufis meSveobiT. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom es sami elementi iolad SeiZleba,
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan analitikur doneze, praqtikaSi Zlieradaa
urTierTdamokidebuli. swored gaziarebuli socialuri gamocdileba iZleva imis
saSualebas, rom Camoyalibdes identobis koleqtiuri SegrZneba da saerTo faseulobebis
sistema; swored organizebuli intervenciis an darwmunebis Sedegia is, rac identobis
gaZlierebas uwyobs xels da mas politikasTan Sesaferis sakiTxad aqcevs. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, saerTod ar aris aucilebeli formaluri politikuri organizacia, Tu
socialuri jgufi ukve sakmaod erTiani da Sekrulia sxva arapolitikuri organizaciebis
qseliT; sxva SemTxvevebSi ki, identoba sustadaa gamoxatuli, vidre es ar moxdeba
politikur liderTa jgufis daxmarebiT. 3

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rogorc evropuli eleqtoratis analizis dros aRvniSneT
(ixileT: Bartolini and Mair, 1990: 212-49; agreTve, Bartolini, 2000: 15-24, da Gallagher et al.,
2005: 264-72), gammijnav xazebs sami gansxvavebuli maxasiaTebeli aqvs. upirvelesad,
gammijnavi xazebi moicavs socialur dayofas, romelic adamianTa jgufebs ganasxvavebs
ZiriTadi socialur-struqturuli maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa: statusi, religia an
eTnikuri warmomavloba. Sesabamisad, gammijnavi xazebi arsebobs gansxvavebul socialur
realobaSi. meore, aucilebelia, CarTuli iyos koleqtiuri identoba im kuTxiT, rom
jgufebi, romlebic gammijnavi xazebis monawileni arian, unda acnobierebdnen TavianT
gaziarebul identobasa da interesebs rogorc fermerebi, muSebi, kaTolikebi da sxva.
qalebs Soris, magaliTad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar arsebobda msgavsi koleqtiuri
identoba, rac xels uSlida maT warmatebul politikur mobilizacias. mesame, gammijnavma
xazebma unda SeiZinos organizaciuli gamoxatuleba – ar aqvs mniSvneloba, iqneba es
politikuri partiis, profkavSirebis, eklesiisa Tu sxva raime erTeulis meSveobiT.
TiToeuli es elementi gammijnavi xazebis arsebiTi nawilia da swored aq scildeba
bartolinisa da meiris Sexedulebebi (Bartolini and Mair, 1990: 211-20) am sferoSi arsebul
sxva tradiciul naSromebs. magaliTad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gammijnavi xazebis cneba isea
kvalificirebuli, rom ukavSirdeba `politikur gammijnav xazebs~, `socialur gammijnav
xazebs~ `faseulobaTa gammijnav xazebs~ da a.S. rac migvaniSnebs, TiTqos, SesaZlebelia,
erTmaneTisgan ganvacalkevoT sxvadasxva elementi da gamoviyenoT sxvadasxva gammijnavi
xazis gansasazRvravad. realurad ki, am elementebis gancalkevebis msgavs mcdelobebs
konceptualur gaurkvevlobamde mivyavarT, radgan e.w. politikur gammijnav xazebSi
araferia politikuri konfliqtisa Tu politikuri dapirispirebisgan gansxvavebuli.
Sesabamisad, araferi moiTxovs termin `gammijnavi xazebis~ gamoyenebas. zustad aseve,
SeuZlebelia, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT e.w. `socialuri gammijnavi xazebi~ da
`socialuri stratifikaciis~ cneba. amgvarad, aqac termin `gammijnavi xazebis~ gamoyenebas
araviTari damatebiTi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. amisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac gammijnavi
xazebis cneba SezRudulad vrceldeba mxolod im movlenebze, romlebSic socialuri
realoba, identoba da organizacia erTiandeba da erTmaneTTan interaqciaSi Sedis, swored
amis Semdeg vubrundebiT im fundamenturi dayofebis ganxilvas, romlebmac Tanamedrove
evropis partiebi da partiuli sistemebi Camoayaliba. Ees ki, sakmaod kargad aris
Teorizebuli lipsetisa da rokanis mier (Lipset and Rokkan, 1967; agreTve ixileT Rokkan,
1970, 1999).

es yvelaferi xazs usvams gammijnavi xazebis kidev erT damatebiT Tvisebas: gammijnavi
xazebi Rrma struqturuli dayofaa, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gadaecema Taobebs.
is arsebobs sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. upirvelesad ki, imitom, rom misi gamomwvevi
interesi aqtualuri rCeba, xolo masSi CarTuli jgufebi koleqtiuri identobis
SegrZnebas inarCuneben. meore, is ganagrZobs arsebobas, radgan alternatiuli politikuri

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identobebis mobilizeba maSinaa mosalodneli, roca politikur sistemaSi didi
raodenobiT axali xmebi Cndeba da es procesi xmis micemis sayovelTao uflebiT
sruldeba. mesame, TamaSis wesebi – saarCevno sistemis forma, saparlamento sistemis
struqtura, zogadad, instituciuri mowyoba – rogorc wesi, upiratesobas im partiebis
arsebobas aniWebs, romlebmac Tavad Seqmnes es wesebi. Sesabamisad, isini aseve, xels
uwyoben im gammijnavi xazebis arsebobas, romlebmac mocemuli partiebi warmoSva.
sabolood, gammijnavi xazebi agrZelebs arsebobas imis gamo, rom misi organizeba
partiebis mier kvlav xdeba politikis SigniT. gadarCenas ki isini politikuri
konfliqtis TamaSis wesebis gakontrolebiTa da maTi saarCevno bazris Semcirebis
meSveobiT cdiloben: rogorc SatSnaideri (Schattschneider, 1983: 66) aRniSnavs,
`alternativebis gansazRvra Zalauflebis umaRlesi instrumentia~.

am konteqstSi imis gaxsenebac saWiroa, rom lipsetisa da rokanis SedarebiT analizSi,

romelic evropis politikuri ganviTarebis oTx saukunes moicavs, mocemulia mxolod
oTxi ZiriTadi tipis gammijnavi xazebi: eklesia _ saxelmwifos; centri _ periferiis;
pirveladi da meoradi ekonomikis da mesakuTre _ muSis gammijnavi xazebi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom es xangrZlivi periodi xasiaTdeba politikuri aqtorebisa da partiebis uamravi sxva
dayofiTac. magram, es ar niSnavs, rom gammijnavi xazebic amdenive iyo. piriqiT, rogorc
flora (Flora, 1999: 7) aRniSnavs, rokanis zogadi Teoriis Sefasebisas, esenia
`fundamenturi dapirispirebebi... da gamoirCeva sxva konfliqtebisgan, rac fesvebs
socialuri struqturidan iRebs~. Sesabamisad, gammijnav xazebze saubrisas, Cven
ganvixilavT elementarul blokebs, romlisganac Sedgeba Tanamedrove demokratiuli
ganviTareba. arsebobs uamravi sxvadasxva termini, romelic SeiZleba, gamoyenebul iqnes
sxva ufro metad xelSesaxebi, periferiuli an moklevadiani dayofisTvis, romlebic Tavis
rols asruleben Tanamedrove politikaSi.

Tumca, msgavsi Semadgeneli blokebic ki SeiZleba, gaufasurdes, radgan gammijnavi xazebi

sami komponentisgan Sedgeba, rac SeiZleba, zewolis qveS aRmoCndes sxvadasxva mizezis
gamo. erT SemTxvevaSi, socialurma cvlilebam SeiZleba, Sedegad socialuri realobis
erozia moitanos, rac safuZvels udebs gammijnav xazebs. magaliTad, roca modernizaciam
da urbanizaciam TandaTan gaanadgura skandinaviuri agraruli partiebis tradiciuli
socialuri safuZveli, partiebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, yovlismomcveli centristuli
pozicia daekavebinaT, raTa SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi mdgomareoba partiul sistemaSi. sxva
SemTxvevaSi, gammijnavi xazebi SeiZleba, Sesustdes, Tu koleqtiuri identobis
fragmentacia xdeba da interesebi aRar aris gaziarebuli. kidev sxva SemTxvevebSi,
gammijnavi xazebi SeiZleba, imis gamo Sesustdes, rom im organizaciebs, romlebic mas
ayalibeben, ufro eqspansiuri politikuri strategiebi uCndebaT da xels aRar uwyoben
tradiciul harTlendze damokidebulebas. Tumca, is, rac Tanamedrove politikaSi ufro
iSviaTad xdeba, aris gammijnavi xazebis srulad Canacvleba: gaqrobis piras myofi erTi
mikuTvnebis sxva, amomavali dayofiT Secvla. yvelaze xSirad, mtkicebulebebi mikuTvnebis
Sesustebaze migviTiTebs, romelSic susti gammijnavi xazebi gzas uTmobs
arastruqturirebul eleqtorats; masSi socialuri stratifikaciis Zlieri da
mastabilirebeli kombinacia, koleqtiuri identoba da organizaciuli gamoxatuleba
warmoSobs prioritetebis ufro metad meryev individualizebul, an partikularizebul
nakrebs. amisgan gansxvavebiT, iq, sadac axali politika, TiTqos, Zalas ikrebs, erTi
mxriv, mwvaneTa partiebis, xolo meore mxriv, memarjvene populisturi partiebis
SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi, rogorc Cans, adaptaciis unars flobs. sabolood, mniSvnelovania
imis aRniSvnac, Tu xandaxan axali sakiTxebi da axali problemebi rogor aZlevs
Sesustebul gammijnav xazebs axal sicocxles. rogorc es moxda, magaliTad, norvegiaSi,

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rodesac evropulma sakiTxma axali energia SesZina odesRac umniSvnelovanes centri-
periferiis gammijnav xazebs.

roca gammijnavi xazebi qreba, rogorc wesi, es saerTo doneze eleqtoratis mzardi
arastabilurobis maCvenebelia – amomrCevlebs ufro metad uCndebaT survili, Seicvalon
partia da gadakveTon gammijnavi xazebis sazRvrebi. Sesabamisad, maTi qcevis winaswar
gansazRvrac ufro rTuli xdeba da ufro metad SemTxveviTia. Tumca, rogorc amtkiceben
(Bartolini and Mari, 1990; Mair, 2001), eleqtoratis cvalebadoba da meryeoba SeiZleba,
gammijnavi xazebis Sesustebaze ar mianiSnebdes. Tumca, aRniSvnas moiTxovs meryeobis tipi
da misi mdebareoba partiul sistemaSi. xmis micemis cvlileba megobrebs, anu gammijnavi
xazebis mokavSireebs Soris naklebmniSvnelovania, vidre xmebis mowinaaRmdegis mxareze
gadanacvleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive es cvlileba konkretuli partiuli
organizaciis gavlenis Sesustebaze miuTiTebs, mxolod mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris xmaTa
cvlilebam SeiZleba, migvaniSnos gammijnavi xazebis Sesustebaze. cvlilebebi, romlis
drosac xmaTa raodenoba XX saukunis dasawyisSi social-demokratiuli partiebidan
komunisturi partiebis sasargeblod Seicvala, xolo saukunis bolos kvlav social-
demokratiul partiebs daubrunda, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovania partiuli sistemebisa da
maTi cvlilebis gasagebad. Tumca, msgavsi cvlilebebi nalebad metyvelebs gammijnavi
xazebis gaqrobaze. amis msgavsad, cvlileba erTi protestantuli partiidan meoris
sasargeblod _ niderlandebSi, an erTi burJuaziuli partiidan meoris sasargeblod _P
safrangeTSi, nakleb gavlenas axdens gammijnavi xazebis struqturaze. Tumca, SesaZloa, es
umTavresi faqtori iyos imis gasagebad, Tu rogoria partiebs Soris konkurencia. am
yvelafris gamo, mniSvnelovania ganvasxvaoT, erTi mxriv, saerTo arastabiluroba
sistemaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, sferoebSorisi an blokebSorisi meryeoba, rogorc es
sxvadasxva gammijnavi xazebis struqturebis mieraa mocemuli (Mair, 1983: 408-14; Bartolini
and Mair, 1990: 41-6). rogorc masobrivi politikis saukuneze meti gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
amomrCevlebi ufro iolad kveTen konkretuli politikuri partiebis ganmasxvavebel
xazebs, vidre gammijnavi xazebis wyalgamyof sazRvrebs. Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
partiebi Cndebodnen da qrebodnen, gammijnavi xazebi kvlav rCeboda. swored amitom aris
mniSvnelovani gammijnavi xazebi. 4

1 rogorc lipseti (Lipset, 1960: 220, n.1) ambobs, am terminis adaptireba moxda devi
andersonisa da persi davidsonis (Dewey Anderson and Percy Davidson) wignis saTauris
mixedviT `kenWisyrebi da demokratiuli klasobrivi brZola ~(1943), romelsac lipseti
axasiaTebs, rogorc erT-erT `pirvel politikuri qcevis sferos amerikul klasikaSi~.
2 organizaciis rolze aseTi xazgasma damaxasiaTebelia demokratizaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli

Tanamedrove literaturisTvisac (Kitschelt, 1992; Doorenspleet, 2005: 2-8). es ki sferoa,

romelic cdilobs, gacdes lipsetis (1959) mier Tavdapirvelad gamoyofil socialur-
struqturul determinantebs.
3 ixileT, magaliTad, makalisteris (McAllister, 1981) mier SeniSnuli saintereso

gansxvaveba, nacionalisturi politikuri mobilizaciis TvalsazrisiT, CrdiloeT

irlandiasa da SotlandiaSi.
4

gamoyenebuli literatura

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