3უუ

Tavi 3
Zalis politikis alternativa

liberalizmi
ramdenad srulyofilad da efeqturad gansazRvravs realizmis postulati Tu ra aris
mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi? sad iCens Tavs problemebi realistur dis-
kursSi _ garemoSi, sadac abstraqcia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis realobis CarCoebs mniS-
vnelovnad scildeba, sadac realizmi Tavisi arsiT àrarealisturia~.1
winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia realizmsa da idealizms Soris mimdinare debatebi, saer-
TaSoriso usafrTxoebis sferoSi arsebuli Tanamedrove liberaluri midgomebi, da agreTve
realisturi Sexedulebebis ramdenime ufro vrceli da interdisciplinaruli alternativa,
rogoricaa _ fenimizmi, konstruqtivizmi, postmodernizmi da mSvidobis kvlevebi. TiToeul
sferoSi mimdinare kvlevebma SesaZloa radikalurad Secvalon is Sexedulebebi, romelTa
WrilSic ganixileba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sfero.
tradiciuli liberaluri kritika

Zveli CineTis mo tisa da sun cus epoqidan moyolebuli idealizmi realizmis kontrTe-
oriad Camoyalibda. idealizmis doqtrinis mixedviT, morali, kanoni da saerTaSoriso or-
ganizacia qmnian saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis safuZvels; adamianis bunebaSi ar aris
boroti sawyisebi; sruliad SesaZlebelia saxelmwifoTa Soris Camoyalibdes mSvidobiani da
TanamSromluri urTierTobebi; da SesaZloa saxelmwifoebma TavianTi saqmianoba warmarTon
ara rogorc avtonomiurma da sakuTar interesebze orientirebulma agentebma, aramed ro-
gorc ama Tu im gaerTianebis wevrebma.2
realizmis ZiriTadi arsis mixedviT saxelmwifoebi (saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis cen-
traluri aqtorebi) iyeneben Zalas, raTa TavianTi interesebi daicvan centraluri mmarTv-
elobiTi meqanizmis armqone _ anarqiul _ sistemaSi. Zalis gamoyenebis saWiroeba Tavs iCens
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad mosagvarebelia sxva saxelmwifosTan
arsebuli konfliqti. Zalis gamoyenebis meqanizmi orgvaria _ dadebiTi (rac gulisxmobs
garkveul kompensacias/jildos) an uaryofiTi (sadamsjelo); orive SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoy-
enebis mizania meore saxelmwifos racionalur gadawyvetilebebsa da qmedebebze zegavlenis
moxdena, raTa pirvelma maTganma miaRwios sasurvel Sedegs. sam xedro Zlierebas, rac zemo-
qmedebis moxdenis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani berketia, realistebi sxva saSualebebTan Sedar-
ebiT upiratesobas aniWeben _ vinaidan anarqiuli samyaro TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom arse-
buli garemo ar aris usafrTxo.3
liberalebi realizmis zemoaRniSnul Teorias sxvagvarad ganmartaven. liberalebi
saerTaSoriso anarqiis arsebobas nawilobriv aRiareben. maTi azriT, saerTaSoriso sistema
formirdeba ZalTa gadanawilebis safuZvelze, magram wesrigi yalibdeba normebisa da urT-
ierTTanamSromlobis principebze damyarebuli marTvadi institutebis saSualebiT, da, ra
Tqma unda, kanonis ZaliT. meore mxriv, liberalebi akritikeben realistebis ideas imis Sesaxeb,
2 Tavi 3 Z a l i s p o l i t i k i s a l t e r n a t i va
rom saxelmwifoebi arian unitaruli aqtorebi da rom TiToeuli maTgani erTi gamokveTili
interesTa jgufis farglebSi moqmedebs. sagareo politikis kvlevebidan naTlad Cans, rom (ix.
me-4 Tavi) saxelmwifoebis qmedebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ar asabuTebs mxolod erTi idividual-
uri interesebis erTobas. ufro metic, saxelmwifos `qcevas~ ganapirobebs is Sida garigebebi,
romlebic arsebobs biurokratiul struqturebSi, interesTa jgufebsa da sxva aqtorebSi.
xolo Tu ganvixilavT arasaxelmwifoebriv aqtorebs (nonstate actors) _ individualuri pirebi,
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi (IGOs) da eTnikuri
jgufebi _ maTi azriT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sfero ar Semoifargleba mxolod im
urTierTobebiT, rac Camoyalibebulia mcire raodenobis saxelmwifoebriv aqtorebs Soris,
romelnic erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedeben.
racionalurobis cnebac Tavis mxriv sakmaod problematuria. Tu saxelmwifoebi individu-
aluri aqtorebi arian da gamokveTili interesebi gaaCniaT, am interesebis maqsimizaciiT isini
xSir SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa arcTu ise sasurvel saqmianobas eweodnen. ra Tqma unda, rTulia
aqtoris qcevidan gansazRvro, esa Tu is qmedeba iyo iracionaluri Tu mxolod sakuTari in-
teresebiT ganpirobebuli, da agreTve rTulia Seafaso, produqtiuli da misaRbi iyo Tu ara
igi. aqtoris qmedebebisa da qcevis racionalurobis Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania upiratesoba-
Ta miniWebis gaTvaliswineba. realistebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom saxelwifoebi iswrafvian
Zalauflebisaken. kritikosTa azriT, ar aris saWiro yuradRebis koncentrireba aqtorebis
miswrafebebze, ufro mniSvnelovania maTi qmedebebis gansazRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebSi.
liberalebis azriT, samxedro Zala, rogorc miznis miRwevis saSualeba, ar unda ganixile-
bodes umniSvnelovanes faqtorad ( Tu aqtorad )rogorc amas realizmi gvTavazobs. samxedro
Zalis gamoyeneba aris aqtorze zegavlenis moxdenis ZviradRirebuli gza (ix. me-6 Tavi) diplo-
matiasTan, konfliqtis dialogis gziT mogvarebasTan, samSvidobo operaciebTan SedarebiT.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, kanonebi da normebi qmnis stabilur platformas molaparake-
bebisaTvis da saerTaSoriso struqturis ganviTarebisa da masStabebis gazrdasTan erTad iz-
rdeba konfliqtebis arasamxedro gziT mogvarebis SesaZleblobebi (ixileT me-7 Tavi). aRsaniS-
navia, rom realizmis kritikosebis amgvari Sexeduleba usafrTxoebis sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi
ufro metad miesadageba saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis sferos. (Tavi 8-13).
realizmis zemoaRniSnul zogad kritikul mosazrebebTan erTad zogierTi liberali
dasZens, rom realisturi ideebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi mimdinare cvlile-
bebis fonze SeiZleba atrofirebulad CaiTvalos. realizmi SesaZloa erT dros realisturi
iyo _ albaT im epoqaSi, rodesac evropeli mefeebi da dedoflebi awarmoebdnen omebs da teri-
toriebiT, rogorc sakuTari qonebiT, ise vaWrobdnen. magram dReisaTvis saxelmwifoebi urT-
ierTdamokidebulni arian da es realoba ewinaaRmdegeba avtonomiisa da suverenitetis cne-
bebs. sazRvrebi mudmivad icvleba, rac teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs Zirs uTxris. Zalis
gamoyenebis normebma evolucia ganicada, ramac mniSvnelovnad Secvala samxedro faqtoris
roli saerTaSoriso wesrigTan mimarTebaSi. 1970-iani wlebidan moyolebuli saerTaSoriso
urTierTobaTa sferoSi liberaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoriis Camoyalibebis pro-
cesSi zemoaRniSnuli argumentebi friad mniSvnelovania.
ra aris racionaloba?
liberaluri midgomis qvakuTxeds racionalobis cneba warmoadgens, rac radikalurad gan-
sxvavdeba realistebis koncefciisgan. realistebi racionalistur Sexedulebebs ganixilaven
rogorc erTi aqtoris mcdelobas sakuTar, awmyoze orientirebul interesebs mianiWos maqim-
aluri yuradReba. liberalebis azriT, racionalur aqtorebs TavianTi sazogadoebis keTil-
dReobis donis asamaRleblad ZaluZs gverdi auaros msgavs individualur interesebs. amgvari
qmedebebi racionaluria, vinaidan isini gavlenas axdenen aqtoris pirad keTildReobazec da
es ar aris mxolod awmyoze orientirebuli. 200 wlis win germaneli filosofosi emanuel kanti
amtkicebda, rom saxelmwifoebs, miuxedavad imisa rom avtonomia gaaCniaT, SeuZliaT gaerTi-
andnen msoflio federaciaSi (rogoric dRevandeli gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaa) da
aRiaron am gaerTianebis principebi, Tundac zogierTi moklevadiani erovnuli interesebis
ignorirebis xarjze. kantis azriT, saxelmwifoebisaTvis ufro racionaluria saerTaSoriso
TanamSromloba da ara omi. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom realistebis raciona-
l i be r a l i z m i 3
lobis cnebis mixedviT omi da Zaladoba racional- es ubralod ????????????

uria (radgan maTi wyalobiT saxelmwifos moklevadi-
ani interesebis ganxircielebs uwyoben xels), magram
liberalebis azriT, omi da Zaladoba araefeqtur mo-
tivebze dafuZnebuli iracionaluri qmedebaa, rac,
Tavis mxriv, zians ayenebs saxelmwifoebis (saerTo,
xangrZliv) keTildReobas.4
liberalebis mtkicebiT, vaWrobis saSualebiT
viTardeba TanamSrobloba, izrdeba simdidre da
msoflio keTildReoba _ es yvelaferi ki SeuZlebe-
lia konfliqtis dros da swored amitom mTavrobebis
interesebSi ar Sedis iseTi saqmianoba, rac xels SeuS-
lis qveynis simdidris gazrdas. realistebi ufro
skeptikurad arian ganwyobilni da amtkiecben, rom im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erTi saxelmwifo damokidebu-
lia meoreze, es qmnis daZabulobas, vinaidan saxelmwi-
foebi ver urigdebian im realobas, rom maTze zegav-
lenis moxdenis saSualeba aqvs sxva aqtors.5
ZalasTan dakavSirebiT liberalur da realistur
TeoriebSi naTladaa asaxuli gansxvaveba viwro, sa-
kuTar interesebze dafuZnebul racionalurobis cne-
basa da xangrZliv, saerTo sargebelis motanaze orien-
tirebul racionalurobis cnebas Soris. realistebis
azriT, Zala/Zliereba aris unari an unarebis erTo-
blioba, risi saSualebiTac SegiZlia moaxdino gavlena
aqtorze (ix. gv. 57-58). am ganmartebis mixedviT, sxvebze
ganxorcielebuli Zalaufleba is cnebaa, romelsac
liberalebi despoturs, sxva xalxze kontrolis mop-
ovebisa da dominirebisaken mimarTuls uwodeben. ma-
gram ismis kiTxva _ gana moZaladeebi realurad Zlieri
aqtorebi arian? axerxeben Tu ara isini saukeTeso Sedegebis miRwevas? im samyaroSi, sadac Cven
vcxovrobT, mravlad arian Tu ara despotebi?
Zalis alternatiuli ganmartebis mixedviT _ Zalauflebis mizani aris sasurveli Sedegis
miRweva da ara sxvaTa dajabna. aseTi saxis Zala sargebels iRebs saerTo interesebidan da ara
interesTa konfliqtis Sedegad. aseTi saxis urTierTndobis safuZvelze iqmneba koaliciebi
da yalibdeba partnioroba, an xdeba sxvadasxva aqtoris resursebis mobilizacia saerTo miz-
nis misaRwevad. liberalTa umravlesobisaTvis es aris Zalis/Zalauflebis yvelaze WeSmariti
da misaRebi koncefcia.
neoliberalizmi
realizmis axali liberaluri mimarTuleba _ neoliberalizmi _ 1980-iani wlebidan iRebs
saTaves. neoliberalizmis Teoriis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso institutebi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben konfliqtebis Semcirebis procesSi. koncefcia dafuZnebulia liberalur ideaze,
rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xangrZlivi ormxrivi sargeblis misaRebad muSa oba, individual-
uri moklevadiani sargebelis maqsimizaciasTan SedarebiT, ufro racionaluria. es midgoma
cnobili gaxda rogorc `neolibe raluri institucionalizmi~ an, mokled rom vTqvaT, neolib-
eralizmi.
neoliberaluri midgoma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba ufro adreuli periodis liberal-

uri Teoriebisagan imiT, rom misTvis misaRebia realizmis ramdenime postulati _ maT Soris
koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi unitaruli aqtorebi arian da racionalurad
emsaxurebian TavianT interesebs arsebul anarqiul sistemaSi. neoliberalebis saTqmeli
realistebis mimarT Semdegnairad JRers: ìm SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Cven Tqvens Sexedulebebs
saxelmwifos arsisa da misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis Sesaxeb dasaSvebad miviCnevT, Tqveni pesi-
misturi daskvnebi CvenTvis sruliad miuRebelia~. saxelmwifoebi TanamSromlobisaken ilt-
vian, vinaidan es maTive interesebSi Sedis, da aqvT imis unari, rom gamoiyenon Sesabamisi orga-
nizaciebi, raTa gaiadvilon ormxrivi sargebelis miRebis procesi da amiT Tavi daizRvion sxva
saxelmwifos mxridan SesaZlo yalbi urTierTobebis damyarebisagan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi konfliqtebis warmoSobis
mravali mizezi arsebobs, saxelmwifoebi mainc TanamSromlobas aniWeben upiratesobas. neo-
liberaluri ideis mimdevrebi dainteresebulni arian _ ra ganapirobebs saxelmwifoTa Soris
aseT damokidebulebas anarqiul msoflioSi.6isini cdiloben dagvanaxon, rom unitaruli ra-
cionaluri saxelmwifoebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki neorealistebis pesimizmi saerTaSor-
iso TanamSromlobasTan mimarTebaSi usafuZvloa. saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT SeimuSaon saerTo
wesebi, erToblivad dagegmon momavlis perspeqtivebi da Camoayalibon institutebi, rac xels
Seuwyobs am qveynebs Soris Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebas saerTo sargebelis
miRebis mizniT.
neoliberalebi iyeneben TamaSis _ patimris dilema (Prisoner’s Dimemma (PD) principebs,
raTa naTlad daasabuTon TavianTi argumenti, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TanamSromloba
yovelTvis SesaZlebelia. TiToeul aqtors SeuZlia miiRos sargebeli, rodesac individu-
alurad tovebs TamaSs, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive ixevs ukan, orive wagebulia. TiToeu-
li moTamaSis viwro, sakuTar interesebze orientirebul qcevas orive moTamaSisaTvis cudi
Sedegi moaqvs, magram TanamSromlobis wyalobiT maT SeuZliaT Sedegebis gaumjobeseba. ms-
gavsad amisa SeiZleba ganvixiloT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sfero _ xSir SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebSi ormxrivi interesebis garda Tavs iCens konfliqturi
situaciebic. dilemidan gamosavalia TamaSis ramdenjerme gadaTamaSeba _ saerTaSoriso urT-
ierTobebis zusti modeli _ saxelmwifoebi araerTxel cvlian urTierTobis stils.
TanamSromlobis sawyisi etapis (romelsac metwilad ixsenieben rogorc urTierTobebs _
`kbili kbilis wil~ _ principiT) Semdgom urTierTobebis strategia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
TiToeul saxelmwifo, rogorc patimris dilemis TamaSis TiToeuli moTamaSe, acnobierebs,
rom nebismieri ukandaxeva meore saxelmwifos mxridan sapasuxo qmedebas gamoiwvevs.7 strate-
gia omis principis msgavsia, romelic mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, arasodes daiwyon omi da sao-
mar moqmedebebs mimarTon mxolod omis sapasuxod. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis strategiis mixed-
viT, bazari yvelasaTvis gaxsnili unda iyos da unda daixuros im qveynisaTvis, romelic Tavis
bazars xuravs.
ormxriv urTierTobebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, rac
xels uwyobs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis Camoyalibebas, miuxedavad centraluri mmarTv-
elobis ararsebobisa. swored ormxrivi urTierTobebis da ara msoflio mTavrobis moqmedebis
safuZvelze xorcieldeba dadgenili normebisa da wesebis implimentacia. saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebis sferoSi ormxriv urTierTobebs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samSvidobo mis-
iebisa da SeiaraRebis kontrolis Sesaxeb xelmowerili SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze dawyebuli
procesebis etapobrivi ganxorcielebisaTvis. saerTaSoriso politikur ekonomikaSi (IPE), sa-
dac vaWrobis sferoSi TanamSromlobiT didi mogeba miiRweva, SiSi imisa, rom yovelgvarma dar-
Rvevam da normidan gadaxvevam SeiZleba gamoiwvios vaWrobis SezRudva, didi stimulia samar-
Tliani urTierTobebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. msoflio savaWro organizaciisa (WTO) da misi
winamorbedis _ (GATT) (generaluri SeTanxmeba vaWrobisa da tarifebis Sesaxeb) principebis

mixedviT, saxelmwifoebi, romelnic TavianT valdebulebebs saTanadod ver asruleben da zrd-
ian tarifebs imsaxureben dasjas, rac sxva saxelmwifoebis mier am saxelmwifos saqonelze ta-
rifebis dawesebaSi gamoixateba.
ormxrivi urTierTobebi mniSvnelovan normas warmoadgens, magram is ar aris saxelmwi-
foebs Soris urTierTobebis ganmsazRvreli erTaderTi winapiroba. magaliTad, diplomati-
uri saqmianoba da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis saqmianobaSi monawileobis miReba mkacradaa
gansazRvruli erToblivad dadgenili koleqtiuri qcevis wesebiT. vinaidan zemoTaRniSnuli
`patimris dilema~ Tavs iCens saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, saxelmwifoebi eyrdnobian wesebs,
normebs, tradiciebsa da im institutebs, romelnic yvela mxares keTilgonivruli qmedebebi-
saken mouwodeben, afrTxileben ra maT, rom viwro, pirad interesebze damyarebuli qmedebebi
marcxiT mTavrdeba. neoliberalebi safuZvlianad swavloben saerTaSoriso urTierobebis is-
toriul da Tanamedrove faqtebs, raTa daadginon Tu ra gavlenas axdenen saerTaSoriso or-
ganizaciebi da normebi dilemebidan gamosvlisa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis damyarebis
procesze. amrigad, neoliberalebisaTvis saerTaSoriso institutebis Seqmnis aucilebloba
naTelyofs, Tu rogor aRweven saxelmwifoebi saukeTeso racionalur Sedegebs, sadac gaTval-
iswinebulia grZelvadiani da ara mxolod awmyoze orientirebuli saxelmwifo interesebi.
koleqtiuri sakuTreba
usafrTxoebis dilema (ix. gv. 75), rac efeqtu-
rad gvexmareba avxsnaT ZviradRirebuli gamale-
buli SeiaraRebis problema, msgavsia e.w. `patimris
es ubralod ????????????
dilemisa~ saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sferoSi.
aseTi magaliTebi ufro damaxasiaTebelia saerTa-
Soriso politikuri ekonomikis sferosaTvis, sadac
proteqcionizmisa da ekonomikuri nacionalizmis
sxva formebis wyalobiT xdeba erovnuli simdidris
zrda (ix. me-8 Tavi). Sedegad msoflio ekonomikis
sruli qmediTunarianoba mcirdeba, magram vaWrobi-
dan miRebuli mogebis gadanawilebisas meti sarge-
belis miRebis albaToba izrdeba. problema is aris,
rom Tu sxva saxelmwifoebi msgavs qmedebebs mimar-
Taven, globaluri efeqturoba ecema da mogebis
gadanawileba TiTqmis ar icvleba. Sedegad yvela
saxelmwifos saboloo rezultati mosalodnelTan
SedarebiT uaresia.
zemoCamoTvlili situaciebi koleqtiuri sa-
kuTrebis problemis magaliTebs warmoadgens.
koleqtiuri sakuTreba aris materialuri an ara-
materialuri faseuloba, rac xelmisawvdomia jgu-
fis yvela wevrisaTvis, miuxedavad maTi individu-
aluri wvlilisa, da TiToeuli maTgani Tanabrad
sargeblobs koleqtiuri sakuTrebiT usafrTxoebis
dilemis an patimris dilemis msgavsad. monawileebi
mogebas iReben koleqtiuri sakuTrebidan TavianTi
wvlilis Semcirebis wyalobiT, magram Tu am xerxs
yvela monawile mimarTavs, keTildReoba miuRweve-
li gaxdeba.
magaliTad, iseTi manqanis qona, rac ekolo-
giur safrTxes uqmnis garemos, ufro iafia, vidre atmosferos dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg me-
brZoli saagentos mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebis dafarva, Tumca manqanis mflobeli Caisaun-
Tqavs Tavisive manqanis gamonabolqviT Zlier dabinZurebul haers. haeris dabinZurebisgan
dacvis problema saerTo sakuTrebis Semadgeneli nawilia. Tu mZRolTa umravlesoba haers
abinZurebs, isini Tavadve zaraldebian amiT. magram Tu aseT manqanaTa raodenoba Semcirdeba,
mZRolebic Sesabamisad sruliad sufTa haers SeisunTqaven; mZRolTa is mcire jgufi, vinc
abinZurebs haers, gadasaxadebis argadamxdeli e.w ùbileTo mgzavrebi~ arian, vinaidan isini
sargebloben saerTo sakuTrebaSi sxvaTa mier Setanili wvliliT. Cven, ra Tqma unda, ver vai-
ZulebT aseT mZRolebs CaisunTqon dabinZurebuli haeri, maSin rodesac sxva mZRolebi sufTa
haeriT sunTqaven. saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis es umniSvnelovanesi principebi wi-
namdebare saxelmZRvanelos momdevno TavebSia ganxiluli. (globaluri ekologia (Tavi 11) da
saerTaSoriso mowyobisa da kanonebis sakiTxebi (Tavi 7).
qveynis SigniT sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogva-
reba mTavrobaTa gadasawyvetia. mTavrobas SeuZlia dasajos kanonis damrRvevni, romelnic
ar iReben monawileobas saerTo keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi da mudmivad arRveven
dawesebul normebsa da wesebs. mTavrobas aqvs ufleba SemoiRos kanoni, romelic uzrunve-
lyofs mxolod ekologiurad usafrTxo satransporto saSualebebis moZraobas, an moqalaqee-
bs dauwesos gadasaxadebi, rac moxmardeba saerTo sakuTrebis: erovnuli Tavdacvis, magis-
tralebis, skolebis gaumjobesebas. anarqiul saerTSoriso sistemaSi centraluri mTavrobis
ararseboba amwvavebs im problemebs, rac gamowveulia erovnuli sakuTrebis gaumjobesebaze
zrunviT. rTulia mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis SenarCuneba, rodesac TiToeuli mTavroba
sxvaTa xarjze cdilobs aaSenos sakuTari keTildReoba.
ZiriTadad, koleqtiuri sakuTrebis/keTildReobis sakiTxis mogvareba iolia ufro mcire
jgufebSi.8 mcire jgufSi wevris mier wesebis darRveva (gadasaxadebis argadaxda, normebidan
gadaxveva) ufro advili SesamCnevia, vinaidan nebismieri darRveva did gavlenas axdens saerTo
sakuTrebaze/sazogadoebriv keTildReobaze, da, aqedan gamomdinare, wevris aseTi qmedeba
sakmaod advilad dasjadia. mcire aliansebi xsnian uZlieresi saxelmwifoebis mier Camoyale-
bebuli sistemis mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sferoSi. swored es aris erT-
erTi im mizezTagani, ramac ganapiroba didi Svideulis G7 industriuli qveynebis. kavSiris Se-
qmna maTi ekonomikuri politikis ukeT regulirebis mizniT. aRniSnuli gaerTianebis qveynebi
ar eyrdnobian mxolod iseT organizaciebs, rogoricaa msoflio banki an msoflio savaWro
organizacia (TiToeuli maTgani daaxloebiT 100 wevrs aerTianebs). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom
mcire jgufebi amomwuravad ver wyveten problemas. faqtia im pirobebSi, rodesac ar arsebobs
msoflio mTavroba, romelic qveynebs daavaldebulebs wvlili Seitanon sazogadoebrivi sa-
kuTrebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebaSi, saxelmwifoebma gamosavali Tavad unda ipovon.
saerTaSoriso reJimi
konfliqtSi monawile mxareebis urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebis gamo, rTulia kon-
fliqtis mogvareba mesame mxaris gareSe, romelic moiazreba arbitrad an orive mxaris intere-
sebis gaTvaliswinebiT saerTo miznebis ganmsazRvrelad.
swored es faqtorebi ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (IOs) Seqmnis aucile-
blobas saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sistemaSi (ix. me-7 Tavi). qcevis normebs (norms of behavior)
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sferoSi,
vinaidan swored aRniSnuli ori sferos stabiluroba uzrunvelyofs farTomasStabiani eko-
nomikur warmatebebs.
saerTaSoriso reJimi aris wesebis, normebisa da procedurebis erToblioba, ris safuZ-
velzec xdeba aqtorebis miswrafebebis Tanxvedra konkretul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi (magali-

Tad, SeiaraRebaze kontroli, saerTaSoriso vaWroba, antarqtidis kontinentze mimdinare kv-
levebi).9 molodinTa Tanxvedra niSnavs, rom saerTaSoriso sistemaSi CarTul mxareebs aqvT
identuri mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra wesebiT SeiZleba daregulirdes maTi erToblivi
qmedebebi: TiToeuli maTgani darwmunebulia, rom monawileebi msgavsi saerTo wesebiT moq-
medeben (reJimi am SemTxvevaSi ar aris mTavrobis, gansakuTrebiT aralegitimuri an mokle va-
diT xelisuflebaSi myofi mTavrobis mier qveynis marTvis sistema).
reJimis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba koleqtiuri sakuTrebis problemebis mogvareba,
rasac gamWvirvaleobis principis danergva uwyobs xels _ yvelam icis ras akeTeben sxvebi, si-
yalbe Zvirad fasobs. am mxriv did rols asrulebs sainformacio-teqnologiuri revolucia,
rac, Tavis mxriv, Zlier safuZvels uqmnis saerTaSoriso reJims.
swored am sistemis saSualebiT, gaumjobesebuli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis fonze,
saxelmwifoebi efeqturad adgenen konfliqtis mizezebs da pouloben urTierTmisaReb gamo-
savals.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi reJimi cnobili da amavdroulad mniSvnelovani
fenomenia. reJimis tipebi ganxiluli iqneba saxelmZRvanelos momdevno TavebSi. magaliTad,
balistikuri raketebis teqnologiebis makontrolebeli reJimi gansazRvravs saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis wesebs aRniSnuli saxis iaraRTan mimarTebaSi. saerTaSoriso politikur ekonomikaSi
reJims centraluri adgili uWiravs. kanonTa sistema, ris farglebSic saxelmwifoebi warmar-
Taven TanamSromlobas vaWrobisa da finansur, aseve komunikaciisa da ekologiis dargSi, mniS-
vnelovania aRniSnul sferoebSi urTierTTanamSromlobisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqspertebis azriT, saerTaSoriso reJimis cneba sakmaod
bundovania. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom reJimis yvelaze gavrcelebuli cneba moicavs rogorc
realizmis, aseve liberalizmis elementebs. saxelmwifoebs ganixileven, rogorc mniSvnelovan
aqtorebs da avtonomiur gaerTianebebs, romelnic anarqiis pirobebSi eswrafvian sakuTari
interesebis maqsimalur ganxorcielebas. saerTaSoriso reJimi kargavs funqcias, rodesac
saxelmwifo sakuTar interesebs axorcielebs erTpirovnulad, sakuTari ZalisxmeviT. magram
reJimis aucilebloba Tavs iCens koleqtiuri sakuTrebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli prob-
lemebis mogvarebisas, vinaidan reJimi aregulirebs TiToeuli saxelmwifos qmedebas. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom saxelmwifoebi sakuTar interesebis ganxorielebaze arian orientirebulni,
isini qmnian TanamSromlobis erTian CarCos. amrigad, reJimi sruliad SesaZlebels xdis Tanam-
Sromlobas, Tundac anarqiul garemoSi _ swored am mosazrebas eyrdnobian neoliberalebi.
reJimi axal SesaZleblobebs sTavazobs saxelmwifoebs, rac qveynebis Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis Tanafardobis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobas qmnis, magram reJimi ar unda miviCnioT
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri aRmavlobis safuZvlad. reJimi aranair SezRudvebs ar uwesebs sax-
elmwifoebs, Tumca gamonaklisis garda, piriqiT, reJimis saSualebiT saxelmwifoebi advilad
agvareben sazogadoebriv sakuTrebasa da sxva sakiTxebis koordinaciasTan dakavSirebul mra-
val problemas. reJimi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc Sualeduri cvladi saerTaSoriso urT-
ierTobebis kauzatiur Zalebsa da Sedegebs Soris. reJimi ar uaryofs Zalis gavlenis faqts:
umetes SemTxvevaSi mas sistemaSi mohyavs da aregulirebs Zalaze damyarebul urTierTobebs.
magaliTad, balistikuri raketebis reJimi uzrunvelyofs status qvos da Sedegad mxolod
ramdenime saxelmwifos gaaCnia aseTi saxis iaraRi. reJimis efeqturi muSaobis pirobebSi nak-
lebad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi ver axerxeben zegavlenis meqanizmebis xelSi Cagdebas da maTze
ufro Zlieri saxelmwifoebis winaRmdeg galaSqrebas.
hegemonuri stabiluroba
iqidan gamomdinare, rom reJimis stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs Zlieri saxelmwifoebis
mier Zalauflebis marTebulad ganxorcieleba, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqspertebi

amtkiceben, rom reJimi gacilebiT efeqturad muSaobs, rodesac saerTaSoriso sistema ufro
Sekrulia _ rac SesaZlebelia mxolod wesrigis uzrunvelmyofi hegemonis arsebobis piro-
bebSi. (ix. `hegemonia~). es Teoria cnobilia, rogorc hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria.10
rodesac erTi saxelmwifos Zlevamosileba aRemateba sxva saxelmwifoebis Zalauflebas mas,
koleqtiuri sakuTrebis problemis gverdis avliT SeuZlia erTpirovnulad daawesos normebi
da wesebi. kerZod, aRniSnuli Teoriis mixedviT, globaluri masStabiT Tavisufali vaWrobisa
da msoflio ekonomikuri keTildReobis zrdis uzrunvelyofa hegemonTa xelSia.
Teoriis mixedviT, meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi mSvidobis damyareba da ekonomi-
kuri winsvla ganapiroba aSS-s hegemonobam, ramac ganapiroba ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa
da usafrTxoebis globaluri qselis Seqmna, yovelive aman ki Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo Tavisu-
fali saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebas da Seamcira saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebi.
xolo rac Seexeba 1930-iani wlebis cnobili didi depresiis periods da meore msoflio oms,
aRniSnuli Teoriis mixedviT, es gaxldaT mizezi im periodSi saerTaSoriso sistemaSi arse-
buli Zalauflebis vakuumisa _ britaneTs ukve dakarguli hqonda hegemonis statusi, xolo
aSS-s jer gadaewyvita ver wyvetda mieRo Tu ara es statusi.11
ratom unda izrunos hegemonma saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi im wesebis danergvasa da ganxor-
cielebaze, rac saerTo sakuTrebas ukavSirdeba? hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mixed-
viT, hegemonebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWrobis umsxvilesi aqtorebi, uSualod dainterese-
bulni arian msoflio bazris ganviTarebiT (sadac hegemonebs dominanturi adgili uWiravT).
teqnologiebisa da warmoebis sferoSi upiratesobis mqone hegemonur saxelmwifos konkuren-
ciis ar eSinia. hegemonebi mxars uWeren Tavisufal vaWrobas da mTel Zalissxmevas mimarTaven
am sistemis ganviTarebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, hegemoni qmnis motivaciasa da SesaZle-
blobebs sistemisaTvis, romelic, hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mixedviT, orientirebu-
lia Tavisufali saerTaSoriso vaWrobis stabiluri politikuri CarCoebis Seqmnaze. Tumca
aRsaniSnavia, rom es Teoria saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sferos yvela eqspertisaTvis mis-
aRebi rodia.12
ra mosdis reJims rodesac hegemonebi kargaven Zalauflebas da TavianT statuss? hege-
monis statusis dakargviT ar icvleba am ukanasknelis mier Seqmnili reJimi. piriqiT, reJimi
ufro efeqturad agrZelebs muSaobas. reJimis CamoyalibebaSi hegemoniam SesaZloa gadamwyve-
ti roli Seasrulos, Tumca hegemoniis arseboboba ar aris aucilebeli reJimis SesanarCune-
blad.13 mas Semdeg, rac reJimis farglebSi arsebuli wesebis safuZvelze moxdeba, aqtorebis
interesebis Tanxvedra, isini xvdebian, rom reJimi maTive interesebs emsaxureba. reJimis farg-
lebSi TanamSromloba tradiciad iqceva da saxelmwifoebis liderebi ar xedaven imis saWiroe-
bas, rom dadgenili wesebze uari Tqvan.
reJimisadmi erTguleba dadasturda 1970-ian wlebSi, mas Semdeg rac 1945 wlidan moyole-
buli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi hegemonis statusis mqone aSS-is Zalaufleba Sesustda.
saerTaSoriso eqspertebis erTi nawili SiSobda, amas ar gamoewvia meore msoflio omis Semd-
gom Camoyalibebuli saerTaSoriso savaWro da savaluto urTierTobaTa kolafsi. aSS-s ukve
ar SeeZlo reJimis farglebSi moqmedi wesebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa. magram eqspertTa
prognozi ar gamarTlda. saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma reJimma ar dakarga Tavisi forma da is,

SeiZleba iTqvas, gadarCa.
nawilobriv es `gadarCena~ SeiZleba mivaweroT im garemoebas, rom reJimi mWidrod iyo
fesvgadgmuli iseT organizaciebSi, rogoricaa gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, nato da
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. TamaSis wesebi droTa ganmavlobaSi ar icvleba, paralelu-
rad ki am wesebze dayrdnobiT iqmneba erToblivi interesebis gamomxatveli formaluri insti-
tutebi. rac Seexeba konfliqtis daregulirebis sakiTxs, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia
da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi stabiluri CarCoebis farglebSi muSaoben. (ix. Tavi 7).
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika ufro institucionaluria, kvlav da kvlav Tavisi dat-
virTuli saqmianobidan da TanamSromlobis Sedegad qveynebis mier miRebuli sargebelidan
gamomdinare.14
saerTaSoriso institutebi, arainstituciur reJimebTan SedarebiT, ufro inarCuneben
stabilurobas da meti wona aqvT. Tavisi Stabbinisa da personalis saSualebiT isini efeqturad
uzrunvelyofen normebisa da wesebis ganxorcielebas politikur an ekonomikur sferoSi.
saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani institutebi da saerTaSoriso politikuri
ekonomikis sakiTxebi detaluradaa aRwerili saxelmZRvanelos me-7 da me-8 TavSi.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis cneba miesadageba saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sferoSi arse-
bul liberaluri koncefciis ZiriTad debulebas. koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba aris saerTaSor-
iso sistemis mTavari monawileebis mier Camoyalibebuli farTo aliansi SesaZlo agresiis er-
Toblivad Tavidan acilebis mizniT. aRniSnuli Teoriis mecnieruli dasabuTeba emanuel kants
ekuTvnis. vinaidan uZlieres saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidoba myari arasodes yofila, kantma
wamoayena idea saxelmwifoebis federaciis (ligis) Seqmnis Sesaxeb. kantis azriT, federaciis
farglebSi saxelmwifoebis umravlesobas eqneboda saSualeba daesaja agresori saxelmwifo da
amiT daecva erebis sazogadoebrivi interesebi, amavdoulad xeli Seewyo mcire erebis TviT-
gamorkvevis procesisaTvis.15
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebisTanave Seiqmna erTa liga, Tumca is Tavidanve or
mimarTulebad iyo dayofili. erTa ligaSi ar gawevrianebula yvela didi saxelmwifo (maT
Soris uZlieresi aSS-c), da misi wevrebi did enTuziazms ar anJRavnebdnen erTiani ZalebiT
agresoris winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad, rac dadasturda 1930-ian wlebSi, italiasa da iaponi-
asTan mimarTebaSi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna erTa ligis memkvidre _ koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis garanti _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia. (ix. Tavi 7)
dReisaTvis koleqtiuri usafrToebis (agresoris SeCerebis), iseve rogorc ekonomikur
da kulturul sferoSi TanamSromlobis xelSemwyobis misia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso org-
nizacias akisria. laTinur amerikasa da SeerTebul StatebSi funqcionirebs amerikuli sax-
elmwifoebis organizacia (Organization of American States _ OAS). axlo aRmosavleTSi moqmedebs
arabTa liga. (Arab League). afrikaSi _ afrikis kavSiri (African Union).
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis warmateba or pirobazea damokidebuli. maT Soris pirveli aris
is, rom wevrebi unda iyvnen aliansis interesebis erTgulni (maT sxva wevrebis msgavsad, monaw-
ileoba unda miiRon da Tavi ar aaridon pasuxismgeblobas, ar unda gamoiyenon sxva wevrebis upi-
ratesobani TavianT sasargeblod).
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis meore aucilebeli rekvizitis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
wevrTa garkveulma raodenobam unda daadginos, Tu ra aris agresiis mizezi da ra saxis agre-
sias aqvs adgili. gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo ise aris struqturirebuli, rom agresiis gansaz-
Rvra evaleba xuT mudmiv wevrs da damatebiT aranakleb oTx saxelmwifos darCenili aTi qveyn-
idan. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis aRniSnuli sistema ver ewinaaRmdegeba Zlieri saxelmwifos
mier gamovlenil agresias. gaero uZluri aRmoCnda, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirma avRaneTis ter-
itoria daipyro, an rodesac SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis davalebiT dainaRma nikaraguas
navsadgomebi, an rodesac safrangeTma aafeTqa grinfisis xomaldi. mizezi gaeros uZlurebi-
sa gaxldaT is faqti, rom aRniSnul saxelmwifoebs uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebze vetos
dadebis ufleba hqondaT miniWebuli.16
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis meqanizmi amoqmedda 1990 wlis erayis cnobil movlenebTan da-
kavSirebiT. quveitis dapyrobis Semdeg yvela didma saxelmwifom gamoxata mzadyofna monaw-
ileoba mieRo erayis kampaniaSi. gaeros daarsebis dRidan es pirveli SemTxveva iyo, rodesac
organizaciis wevri qveyana SeiWra, daipyro da moaxdina sxva qveynis aneqsia. dairRva quveitis
suvereniteti da teritoriuli mTlianoba da yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe uSiSroebis
sabWom es qmedeba agresiad Seafasa. sabWos gankargulebiT gaica sanqcia regionSi multina-
cionaluri koaliciis Zalebis gamoye nebis Sesaxeb.17
bosniis SemTxvevaSi agresiis faqti naklebad damajerebeli iyo, radgan mas mohyva erTiani
saxelmwifos _ iugoslaviis _ daSla. qveynis Sida problemam saerTaSoriso masStabebi miiRo,
rodesac xorvatia da bosnia serbeTisagan damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad aRiares. Tumca,
gaeros wevri qveynebi didi enTuziazmiT ar moekidnen agresiis SeCerebis sakiTxs, vinaidan maT
sasicocxlo erovnul interesebs safrTxe ar emuqreboda. maT miiRes gadawyvetileba saerTa-
Soriso reagirebis Sesaxeb da amiT konfliqtis mogvarebis xarjebi minimumamde daiyvanes.
2002-2003 wlebSi uSiSroebis sabWos ganuwyveteli polemikis sakiTxi erayis marcxi gaxl-
daT. sparseTis yureSi omis dasrulebis Semdeg dadebuli SeTanxmebebi masiuri ganadgurebis
iaraRis aRmoCenisa da ganadgurebis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebis pirobas
axsenebda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas. 2002 wlis bolos, gaeros damkvirveblebi kvlav gag-
zavnes eraySi da erays mieca ganiaraRebis SesaZlebloba. didi saxelmwifoebis azri momavali
gegmebis Sesaxeb gaiyo. 2003 wlis dasawyisSi safrangeTma mxari ar dauWira amerikul-britan-
uli Zalebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb miRweul konsensuss. omTan dakavSirebiT TavianTi opozici-
uri azri daafiqsires ruseTma, germaniam da CineTma. sazogadoebrivi azri gaerTianda omis
winaRmdeg mTels msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki musulmanur qveynebSi, gaeros umoqmedobis
Sedegad aSS-m, britaneTma da avstraliam daamxes sadam huseinis reJimi. gaeros ki brali das-
des ùkbilo~ erTa ligis msgavsad umoqmedobaSi.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis masStabebi ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda. magaliTad, arSemdgar saxelmwifoebs ar gaaCniaT sruli kontroli TavianT teri-
toriaze da, aqedan gamomdinare, aseTi qveynebis teritoriaze xelsayreli garemo iqmneba
narkotikebiT vaWrobis, fulis gaTeTrebisa da teroristuli bazebisaTvis. aseT SemTxveva-
Si saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba movalea Caerios saxelmwifoTa saqmeebSi kanonisa da wesrigis
aRsadgenad, rac saboloo jamSi saerTaSoriso sistemis koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis saqmes em-
saxureba.18
feminizmi
feministuri swavleba akademiur disciplinaTa farTo speqtrs moicavs, literaturidan
dawyebuli fsiqologiisa da istoriis CaTvliT. ukanasknel periodSi ki feminizmi iseT sfer-
oebSic ki SeiWra, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. es ukanaskneli feministur Teor-
iebTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze mtkice da uryevi poziciebiT gamoirCeoda. ukanaskneli ori aT-
wleulis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi feministur swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT
arsebuli masalis moculoba swrafi tempiT izrdeba.19
ratomaa mniSvnelovani genderul sakiTxe- es ubralod ????????????

bi?
feministur swavlebas mravali mimarTuleba
gaaCnia, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferosTan
mimarTebaSi romlebic erTi saerTo ideiT SeiZleba
gavaerTianoT _ sqesi ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis sistemis muSaobis xarisxs _ gan-
sakuTrebiT omisa da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoe-
basTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi. feministuri
swav leba sxvadasxva disciplinaSi ikvlevs sqesTan
dakavSirebiT arsebul cnebebsa da Teoriebs, sadac
universalurad aRiarebuli midgomebi da cnebebi
tradiciulad mxolod mamakacTaTvis morgebul
WeSmaritebad gvevlineba.
feministTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom realiz-
mis ZiriTadi principebi _ gansakuTrebiT anarqiasa
da suverenitetTan dakavSirebiT _ aRwers, rogor
urTierToben mamakacebi erTmaneTTan da ra Sexed-
ulebebi gaaCniaT maT msoflioSi mimdinare movle-
nebTan dakavSirebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, real-
isturi midgoma faqtobrivad mxolod mamrobiTi
sqesis monawileebis azrisa da ideebis gamomxatve-
lia, rodesac saqme exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa
sagareo politikasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetile-
bebis miReba an samxedro Zalebis gamoyeneba. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom saxelmwifo li-
derebis, diplomatebisa da samxedro pirebis did nawils mamakacebi Seadgenen, ufro realis-
turi iqneba maTi, rogorc mamakacebis, qmedebebis ganxilva. feminist kritikosTa SeSfoTebas
iwvevs is garemoeba, rom specialistebi aSkarad aRiareben problemis genderul xasiaTs (da ar
aanalizeben, rom yvela aqtori mamrobiTi sqesisaa). aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vimsjeloT,
Tu ra gavlenas axdens sqesi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mamrobiTi sqesis aqtorebis Sexed-
ulebebis Camoyalibebasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze. aRsaniSnavia qalebis gavlena
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoze (isini mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro metad iy-
eneben arasaxelmwifoebriv arxebs/saSualebebs), rac xSirad ignorirebulia realizmis mier.
feministuri swavlebis Teoretikosebi Tvlian, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis arsSi ukeT
da ufro Rrmad Cawvdoma mxolod qalTa rolisa da gavlenis gaTva liswinebis fonzea SesaZle-
beli.20
sqesTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli dafaruli mosazrebebis kvlevis paralelurad feministe-
bi xSir SemTxvevaSi tradiciul cnebebTan mimarTebaSic ki gamoTqvamen TavianT mosazrebebs.
cnobili mosazrebis mixedviT, mamakacebi wamarTaven omebs da marTaven saxelmwifoebs, xolo
qalebi ZiriTadad ar dominireben saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi. maskulinuroba
ufro sazogado da politikur sferoebTan asocirdeba, maSin rodesac feminuroba ufor pi-
rad da saSinao sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. aRniSnuli genderuli Teoriis naTeli magaliTia TeTri
saxlis xelmZRvanelis donald reiganis mier 1985 wels reigan-gorbaCovis Sexvedraze gakeTe-
buli komentari imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebisaTvis sulerTia interkontinentaluri balistikuri
raketebis mniSvneloba, radgan maT urCevniaT nensi reiganis yureba. mogvianebiT man ganacxa-
da, rom briliantis dakargvis SiSiT amerikeli qalebi ar dauWerdnen mxars TeTrkanianTa
mmarTvelobaSi myofi samxreT afrikis winaaRmdeg gacemul sanqcias (es Zvirfasi qva amerikaSi
samxreT afrikidan SemohqondaT). feministebi aprotesteben qalebis Sesaxeb Camoyalibebul
stereotipebs, ris mixedviT, qali ufro metad zrunavs modasa da samkaulebze, vidre Seiara-
Rebaze kontrolis dawesebasa Tu aparteidis reJimze.

sqesi mniSvnelovania, magram am fundamenturi cnebis garda arsebobs saerTaSoriso urT-
ierTobebis sferoSi feminizmTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime sxva Teoriuli da praqtikuli
mimarTulebac. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Teoriebi erTmaneTTan mWirdo kavSirSia (yvela maTgani
ganixilavs sqesis sakiTxs da qalebis statuss), isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT aviTareben arse-
bul mosazrebebs. ramdenime ZiriTad sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT feminizmis sxvadasxva ganStoebas
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazreba gaaCnia, rac feminizmis wiaRSi saintereso debatebis winapi-
robas qmnis.
aRniSnuli mimarTulebebidan erT-erTi _ ganmasxvavebeli feminizmia (difference femi-
nism) _ romelic yuradRebis koncentrirebas axdens qalis statusis aRiarebaze _ qalTa, ro-
gorc sazogadoebis mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa, gamorCeuli wvlilis Sefasebaze.
ganmasxvavebeli feministebis azriT, qalebi kacebs ver cvlian da piriqiT. qalebs didi ga-
mocdileba aqvT aRzrdisa da adamianuri urTierTobebis sakiTxebSi da aqedan gamomdinare,
potenciurad, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, konfliqtis mogvarebisa Tu jgufur muSaobaSi gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebis procesze mamakacebTan SedarebiT meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. gan-
masxvavebeli feministuri mimarTulebis momxreTa mtkicebiT, sinamdvileSi arsebobs didi
genderuli gansxvavebebi, rac ar aris gamowveuli socialuri garemo faqtorebiTa da kul-
turuli tradiciebiT (Tumca isini did gavlenas axdenen genderul rolze). ganmasxvavebeli
feministebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom mamakacad da qalad yofnas ganapirobebs biologiuri
arsi (rasac zogjer essencializmi ewodeba), magram umravlesobis mtkicebiT qalTa genderul
gansxvavebas ufro metad kulturuli da ara biologiuri arsi ganapirobebs. orive SemTxveva-
Si feministuri perspeqtiva qmnis im TvalTaxedvas, riTac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebTan
mimarTebaSi feminizmis tradiciuli perspeqtivebis analizi da ganxilva mimdinareobs.21
feminizmis meore mimarTulebisaTvis _ liberaluri feminizmisaTvis _ miuRebelia ze-
moaRniSnuli ideebi, vinaidan igi eyrdnoba stereotipul Teorias genderuli rolebis Ses-
axeb. liberali feministebis azriT, mamakacebi da qalebi Tanasworni arian, ar arsebobs ara-
nairi sxvaoba maT SesaZleblobebs Soris. liberali feministebi gmoben im azrs, rom qalebi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi ver floben saTanado poziciebs, magram amavdrou-
lad Tvlian, rom qalebis CarTvam SesaZloa ar Secvalos saerTaSoriso sistemaze. liberali
feministebi qalis rols saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistemaSi moiazreben iseTi statusiT,
rogoricaa _ saxelmwifos liderebi, samxedro samsaxurSi myofi pirebi da agreTve tradici-
ulad am sqesisaTvis aradamaxasiaTebel poziciaSi.
mesame Teoriis mixedviT feminizmis idea gaerTianebulia postmodernizmTan (am Temas da-
vubrundebiT mogvianebiT amave TavSi). postmodernisti feministebi uaryofen zemoaRniSnul
Teoriebs. Tu diferencialisti (ganmasxvavebeli) feministebis azriT aucilebelia sqesTa
Soris gansxvavebis dadgena da dafiqsireba, xolo liberali feministebisaTvis ar arsebobs
sxvaoba sqesTa Soris, postmodernisti feministebisTvis sqesTa Soris sxvaoba mniSvnelovani,
magram amavdroulad pirobiTia da es damokidebuleba SeiZleba mudmivad icvlebodes.
garkveul etapze feminizmis mimarTulebebi da hipoTezebi nawi lobriv emTxveva konser-
vatiuli, liberaluri da revoluciuri Sexedulebebis zogad principebs. magram es para-
lelebi metwilad dausabuTebelia.
realizmis maskulinuroba
diferencialuri (ganmasxvavebeli) feminizmis mixedviT, xdeba realizmis ZiriTadi Sexed-

ulebebis xelaxali Sefaseba _ gansakuTrebiT iseTi cnebis, rogoricaa avtonomia, saidanac
momdinareobs suvrenitetisa da anarqiis realisturi koncefciis ZiriTadi arsi. realiste-
bisaTvis saerTaSoriso sistema Sedgeba avtonomiuri aqtorebisagan (saxelmwifoebisagan),
romelnic akontroleben TavianT teritorias da ara aqvT sxva qveynis teritoriis xelyofis
ufleba. eyrdnoba Tu ara es koncefcia msoflios

`maskulinur~ Sexedulebebs? Tu eyrdnoba, maSin ra es ubralod ????????????
saxiTaa warmodgenili feminuri midgoma saerTaSor-
iso urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT? diferencialisti
feministiebis erTi jgufis azriT, realizmi aqcents
akeTebs avtonomiasa da separaciaze (gancalkevebaze),
radgan mamakacebisaTvis gaerTanebasTan SedarebiT
gancalkeveba ufro advilia.
aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi eyrdnoba arsebul
fsiqologiur Teorias imis Sesaxeb, rom siyrmis asakSi
gogonebsa da vaJebs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvT
separaciasa da erTobasTan dakavSirebiT.22 am Teoriis
mixedviT, vinaidan bavSvis aRmzrdeli TiTqmis yovelT-
vis mdedrobiTi sqesisaa, gogonebi TavianT genderul
individualurobas ageben aRmzrdelTan msgavsebis
aRqmis safuZvelze, vaJebi ki viTardebian aRmzrdel-
isagan gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebis gacnobierebiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, vaJebi socialur urTierTobebs
individualuri avtonomiaze ageben, maSin roca go-
gonebis urTierTobebi damyarebulia kavSirebze. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, vaJebs naklebad aqvT martoobis SiSi
gogonebisagan gansxvavebiT, magram samagierod, ufro
eridebian sxvebTan urTierTobebs.
am sakiTxs moralis TvalsazrisiT Tu ganvixilavT,
aRniSnuli kvlevis mixedviT, vaJebi ufro metad iyene-
ben abstraqtul, individualur wesebs, gogonebi ki met
yuradRebas aniWeben sxvadasxva situaciis konkretul
konteqsts da jgufis wevrTa erTmaneTisadmi pasux-
ismgeblobas. TamaSis dros warmoqmnil uTanxmoebas vaJebi kamaTis saSualebiT wyveten da
agrZeleben TamaSs, gogonebi ki xSir SemTxvevaSi toveben TamaSs, vinaidan ar surT ikamaTon we-
sebTan dakavSirebiT da riskis qveS daayenon jgufTan damyarebuli socialuri erTianoba. so-
cialuri urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT vaJebi, gogonebTan SedarebiT, ufro advilad amyare-
ben megobrul kavSirs da aseve advilad wyveten megobrobas, xolo gogonebi ufro erTgulni
arian. aRniSnuli genderuli sxvaobebi bavSvebSi gamoxatavs im ZiriTad koncefcias, romlis
mixedviTac, gogonebisaTvis urTierTobas da kavSirebs ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre
damoukideblobas, rac ar iTqmis vaJebTan mimarTebaSi.
realizmi, ra Tqma unda, emyareba ideas, romlis mixedviT saxelmwifoebi gancalkevebuli,
avtonomiuri aqtorebi arian, romelnic qmnian aliansebs da TavianTi interesebidan gamomdi-
nare, Tavisuflad iReben gadawyvetilebas kavSiridan gamosvlis Sesaxeb (magram am dros isini
ar erevian sxva saxelmwifos Sida saqmeebSi). SeiZleba paraleli gavavloT avtonomiis amgvar
koncefciasa da maskulinurobas Soris. feministTa erTi nawili realizmSi poulobs masku-
linurobis farul arss. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom realistebis mier xazgasmuli mkveTri gansxvave-
ba saerTaSoriso (anarqiul) da saSinao (mowesrigebul) politikas Soris analogiuria sazoga-
doebrivi (maskuline) da piradi (feminine) sferoebis genderul rolebs Soris gansxvavebisa.
amgvarad, realizmi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs ganixilavs, rogorc mamakacTa samyaros.
am ideis sapirispirod feminur principebze dafuZnebulma saerTaSoriso sistemam, Sesa-
Zloa saxelmwifoTa avtonomiasTan SedarebiT meti upiratesoba mianiWos maT urTierT-
damokidebulebas.amiT aqcenti keTdeba imaze, rom adamianebi unda zrunavdnen erTmaneTis
keTildReobaze da naklebi yuradReba miaqcion saxelmwifos interesebsa da mis sazRvrebs.
adamianTa uflebebisa da suverenitetis principebs Soris mimdinare dapirispirebaSi, femi-
nistebis azriT, pirveli maTgani aSkara upiratesobiT sargeblobs. saxelmwifoTa Soris kon-
fliqtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebas naklebad prioritetulad ganixilaven.
erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia emyareba saerTo usafrTxoebis principebs da ara viwro
viazrovnoT Teoriulad
mamrobiTi sqesis fenomeni da gadawyvetileba omis
dawyebaTan dakavSirebiT
f eministi Teoretikosebis ganmartebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia rogorc realisturi, aseve

liberaluri Teoriebisagan. agresiis winaaRmdeg sapasuxo qmedebebis ganxilvisas (magaliTad, 1990-ian
wlebSi quveitisa da bosniis magaliTi) feministebi miiCneven, rom agresoris mimarT sapasuxo qmedebebis
dagegmva ganpirobebulia genderuli rolis dafiqsirebis aucileblobiT _ saxelmwifos liderebi is-
wrafvian agresors aCvenon TavianTi Zala. es uSualo kavSirSia mamrobiTi sqesis funqciasTan _ daicvas
sakuTari fuZe (kera, ojaxi, samSoblo) saSiSi da anarqiuli gare samyarosagan.
quveitis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavidan buSis pozicia aramyari iyo, Sedegad buSs kritikis qar-
cecxli daatyda Tavs (mas mSiSara uwodes, riTac misi maskulinuri Rirseba Seilaxa) da amis Semdeg man
miiRo gadawyvetileba omi gamoecxadebina sadam huseinisaTvis. mniSvnelovani roli gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas Seasrula margaret tetCerma, romelmac prezidents mosTxova ufro mtkice nabijis gadadgma.
bosniis omis dros tetCeri ukve ar iyo britaneTis premier-ministris Tanamdebobaze da buSs (sparseTis
yureSi omis Semdeg) ukve ar sWirdeboda Tavisi `vaJkacobis~ damtkiceba.
pirad interesebs.
saxelmwifoTaSorisi analizis donesTan realistebis damokidebulebidan Tu vimsjelebT,
omi TavisTavad avtonomiuri xasiaTisaa da is SeiZleba ganvacalkevoT iseTi socialuri aq-
torebisagan, rogoricaa ekonomika, saSiano politika, genderuli diskriminacia da rasizmi.
diferencialurma feminizmma daadgina kavSirebi omsa da CamoTvlil fenomenebs Soris, ganix-
ila ra omi saSinao da individualuri analizis doneebis WrilSia.
ganmasxvavebeli feministuri perspeqtivis mixedviT, neoliberalizmi tradiciul liber-
alizmis principebs gverds uvlis da misTvis misaRebi xdeba realisturi koncefcia, romlis
mixedviTac avtonomiuri unitaruli saxelmwifoebi mniSvnelovani aqtorebia, xolo Sidasax-
elmwifoebrivi da transnacionaluri aqtorebis, maT Soris qalebis roli mxolod meorexa-
risxovania.
neoliberaluri koncefcia ganixilavs avtonomiur aqtorebs Soris garkveul wesebze da-
myarebul urTierTobebs, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs maskulinuri postulatis arsebobas.
genderuli sakiTxebi omisa da mSvidobis periodSi

realizmi avtonomiasa da anarqiaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tumca amavdroulad aqcents
akeTebs samxedro Zalebis _ rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi miznis misaRwevad aucile-
beli berketis _ mniSvnelobaze. am SemTxvevaSic, ganmasxvavebeli Teoriis feministebis did
nawils realizmis mier mamrobiTi sqesisadmi miniWebuli dafaruli upiratesobebi gamoaqvs
saaSkaraoze. maTi azriT, omi ara mxolod mamrobiTi sqesis saqmea, aramed am sqesisaTvis
yvelaze metad tipuri da arsebiTi saqmianobaa. aRniSnuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, mamakacebi
ufro meomari sqesia, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesi mSvidobas aniWebs upiratesobas. amrigad, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom realizmi naTlad asaxavs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi omisa da samxedro
Zalebis mniSvnelobas, es, upirveles yovlisa, aris Sedegi dReisaTvis saerTaSoriso sferoSi
mamrobiTi sqesis dominirebisa _ rac ar niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis sti-
li ucvleli, samudamo, da Seuqcevadia.
ganmasxvavebeli feministebis azriT, mravali magaliTi arsebobs imis dasadastureblad,
rom omi mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli miswrafebaa. anTropologebis masalebSi
naTlad Cans, rom yvela cnobil kulturaSi, miuxedavad maTi mravalferovani ganviTarebisa,
mamrobiTi sqesis individebis upirvelesi funqcia iyo

omSi monawileobis miReba. (ra Tqma unda, xmis micemis es ubralod ????????????
ufleba da politikuri lideroba agreTve mamrobiTi
sqesisaTvis iyo odiTganve mikuTvnebuli, magram femi-
nistebi am funqciebs ar miaweren mamrobiTi sqesis
Tvisebebs).
omsa da mamrobiT sqess Soris pirdapiri kavSiri
SeiZleba davasabuToT mamrobiTi sqesis hormonis tes-
tosteronis (da agreTve sxva msgavsi hormonebis) ganx-
ilviT. biologTa erTi jgufis mtkicebiT, swored es
hormoni ganapirobebs cxovelebSi agresiul qcevas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom testosteroni ar aris agresiis
gamomwvevi mizezi. socialuri integraciis pirobebSi
icvleba testosteronis done (gamarjvebulis testos-
teronis done maRalia, xolo damarcxebul arsebaSi
mkveTrad ecema). amrigad, testosteroni aris dakav-
Sirebuli im rTuli urTierTobebis sistemisa, rac or-
ganizmsa da socialur garemos Soris arsebobs. iseTi
rTuli qceva, rogoricaa agresia da omi, ar SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc biologiuri mizezebiT ganpiro-
bebuli an winaswar dadgenili, radgan adamianis umniS-
vnelovanesi biologiuri Tviseba imaSi mdogmareobs,
rom mas aqvs unari Seeguos garemos.
im feministebisTvisac ki, romelnic genderul sx-
vaobebs mxolod kulturul da ara biologiur WrilSi
ganixilaven, omi mamrobiTi konstruqciis mqone mov-
lenaa. erT-erTi Teoriis mixedviT ki omi mamakacur qm-
nilebaSi arsebul sicarieles, rac warmoSobilia misi uunarobiT _ Svas adamiani, erTgvarad
avsebs; omi sicocxles mniSvnelobas aniWebs da aZlevs mamakacebs SesaZleblobas gmirobisa da
mamacobis saSualebiT TavianTi pirovnuli izolacia gadalaxon da daZlion maTSi arsebuli
sikvdilis SiSi. es tolfasia TiToeuli mSobiare qalis mdgomareobisa, romelic ìgives gan-
icdis, rasac mamakaci omSi yofnisas~. aqve davZenT, rom brZolis velze gamoCenili gmiroba,
gansakuTrebiT ki im epoqaSi, rodesac jer kidev ar arsebobda Tanamedrove saomari saSuale-
bebi, iyo erTgvari garanti saxelis ukvdavyofisa.24
ganmasxvavebeli feministebis TvalsazrisiT qalebi, mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro
mSvidobismoyvare qmnilebebi arian _ rasac ganapirobebs rogorc biologiuri, aseve kul-
turuli garemoebani. feministTa es jgufi aqcents akeTebs qalis unikalur unarze Seasru-
los mSvidobismyofelis misia. isini yuradRebas amaxvileben qalis, rogorc dedis an poten-
ciuri dedis rolze. swored am TvisebaTa gamo, konkretulad ki mzrunvelobiTi Tvisebebidan
gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qals mamakacTan SedarebiT meti unari Seswevs moZebnos omis mSvi-
dobiani mogvarebis SesaZleblobebi da omis Tavidan acilebis gzebi.25
biologiurad, iseve rogorc anTropologiurad, ar arsebobs zusti mtkicebuleba, ris
safuZvelzec SeiZleba davakavSiroT qalis mzrunvelobiTi funqciebi (fexmZimobisa da aRzr-
dis) iseT qcevasTan, rogoricaa Semrigebloba da Zaladobis meTodebze uaris Tqma. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom mamrobiTi sqesis Tvisebebi ufro detaluradaa Seswavlili. qalis funqcia
sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli iyo. Tumca yuradsaRebia, rom qali iSviaTad gvev-
lineboda meomris rolSi, qali erTgvar `materialur-teqnikur~ mxares ufro agvarebda _ misi
STagonebiT mamakacebi mzad iyvnen Serkinebodnen mters, Sin darCenili mamakaci ki ver gada-
urCeboda dacinvas sazogadoebis mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebisagan. zogierT kul-
turaSi qali gvevlineba, rogorc mediatori meomar mxareebs Soris.
qalis, rogorc mSvidobismyofelis misiis mqone arsebis, Sesaxeb uZvelesi istoriuli masa-
lebi mogviTxrobs. aristofane, Zveli berZeni dramaturgi, Tavis qmnilebebSi aRwerda ra fun-
qcia unda Seesrulebina qals, rom dasrulebuliyo peloponesis omi. (misi piesa `lisistrata~
gaJRerda 56 qveynis aTasamde scenaze 2003 wlis 3 marts, riTac msofliom gamoxata protesti
eraySi mosalodnel omTan dakavSirebiT). piesaSi axalgazrda qali _ lisistrata _ romelic
omis winaaRmdegia, daiTanxmebs aTenel da spartel qalebs protestis niSnad uari Tqvan sqeso-
briv kavSirze TavianT mamakacebTan (piesis mixedviT, qalebi agreTve gadawyveten gadamalon
nadavli). Sedegma ar daayovna, mamakacebi gons movidnen, rasac mSvidoba mohyva.26
samSvidobo misiis Sesrulebis mizniT qalebi qmnidnen organizaciebs. 1852 wels qalTa
samSvidobo sazogadoebebisaTvis gamoqveynda _ `Systerly Voices~. berta fon zutnerma 1892
wels daarwmuna alfred nobeli Seeqmna nobelis premia mSvidobis dargSi (romelic zutnerma
daimsaxura 1905 wels). pirveli msoflio omis dros, 1915 wels, jein adamsma da sxva femin-
istebma qalTa saerTaSoriso samSvidobo konferencia moawyves haagaSi. maT Camoayalibes qa-
lTa mSvidobis partia (dReisaTvis cnobilia rogorc qalTa saerTaSoriso liga mSvidobisa da
TavisuflebisaTvis).27
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg qalebma moipoves arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. gan-
masxvavebeli Teoriis feministebi Rrmad iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom qalebi mxolod mSvido-
bas dauWerdnen mxars da amiT Seicvleboda sagareo politikis buneba, magram feministebis
molodini ar gamarTlda _ qalebi TavianTi qmrebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas uWerdnen
mxars. msgavsad amisa, mogvianebiT, rodesac qalebi monawileobas iRebdnen samxreTSi mimdi-
nare antikoloniur-gamaTavisuflebel brZolaSi, feministebi kvlav imedovnebdnen, rom es
Zireulad Secvlida axali damoukidebeli qveynebis sagareo politikas, Tumca am SemTxveva-
Sic maT imedebs axdena ar ewera (nawilobriv amis mizezi is gaxldaT, rom revoluciis Semdeg
qalebi saxelisuflebo arenasTan ar miuSves).
aSS-is sazogadoebrivi azri sagareo politikasTan dakavSirebiT 1930-iani wlebidan nawilo-
briv mxars uWers ganmasxvavebeli Teoriis feministebis ideebs. samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT, mamakacebTan SedarebiT 10 %-ze
ufro dabali maCvenebeli qalTa xmebze modioda. Tumca es sxvaoba mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba,
rodesac saqme samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadod miRweul konsesusTan
gvaqvs, magaliTad aSS-is Zalebis mier terorisTa dajgufebaze ieriSis mitana avRaneTSi 2001
wlis bolos.
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi izrdeba feministebis mier daarsebuli qalTa
samSvidobo organizaciebis ricxvi.28 1980-ian wlebSi atomuri iaraRis warmoebis masStabebis
gazrdis winaaRmdeg gamovida organizacia Women’s Action for Nuclear Disarmament (WAND),
(qalTa qmedebebi birTvuli ganiaraRebisTvis) da wlebis ganmavlobaSi marTavda saprotesto
aqciebs britaneTis Greenham Common-is sahaero bazebis SemogarenSi. 1995 wlis gaeros mier
organizebul pekinis konferenciaze msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxis aqtivisti qali Seikriba
raTa emsjelaT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa urTierTobebi CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris.
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 2000 wlis 1325-e rezoluciaSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, Tu raoden
didi mniSvneloba aqvs qalebis CarTvas gaeros samSvidobo misiaSi am organizaciis mier kon-
fliqtis zonaSi socialuri reabilitaciis programebis efeqturi warmarTvisaTvis. bahre-
inSi qalebma moipoves arCevnebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba da 2002 wels TavianTi kandi-
daturebi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis arCevnebic ki wamoayenes, Tumca uSedegod.
aRniSnul qmedebebze dayrdnobiT ganmasxvavebeli feministebi ayalibeben saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis feministur praqtikas, romelic mamrobiTi sqesis prioritetulobaze agebu-
li realizmis principebis erTgvar alternativas warmoadgens. am mxriv saintereso Sinaarsisaa
gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organizaciis (iuneskos) devizi _ òmis mizeze-
bi mamakacebis gonebaSi unda veZeboT da iqvea mSvidobis damyarebis gzebic~. diferencialisti
feministebis azriT, omis iniciatorebi mamakacebi arian, magram mSvidobis damyarebis udidesi
potenciali qalebs gaaCniaT.
qalis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis es ubralod ????????????

sferoSi
liberali feministebi diferencialisti femin-
istebis Sexedulebebs realizmTan dakavSirebiT skep-
tikurad uyureben. maTi azriT, qalebi monawileoben
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi; maTi TamaSis wesebi ma-
makacebis TamaSis wesebisagan arafriT gansxvavdeba da,
amavdroulad, msgavsi Sedegebis mqonea. maTi mtkice-
biT, qalebs mamakacebis msgavsad SeuZliaT cxovrebaSi
gaataron realizmis principebi, romelic eyrdnoba
iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa avtonomia, suvereniteti,
anarqia, teritoria, samxedro Zalebi da ase Semdeg.
aqedan gamomdinare, liberali feministebi uaryofen
ideas realizmis, rogorc mamrobiTi sqesis niSan-
Tvisebebis matarebeli koncefciis Sesaxeb. (praqtikaSi
feministebis umravlesoba sxvadasxva TanafardobiT
iziarebs rogorc ganmasxvavebeli Teoriis, aseve lib-
erali feministebis Sexedulebebs).29
liberaluri feminizmisaTvis mTavaria qalTa integ-
racia iseT sferoebSi, sadac dominireben mamakacebi _
sagareo politika da samxedro sfero. saxelmwifoTa
udides nawilSi aRniSnuli sferos personalis 90 pro-
centi mamrobiTi sqesisaa. magaliTisaTvis, 1995 wels
gaeros generalur ansambleaSi msoflios diplomati-
uri delegaciebis Semadgenlobis 80 procents mamakace-
bi, xolo delegaciebis meTaurebis 97 procents qalebi
Seadgendnen. aSS-s samxedro Zalebis rigebSi, romelSic
msoflios yvela sxva qveyanasTan SedarebiT yvelaze
meti mdedrobiTi sqesis personalia, 85% mamakacebs uWiravT.30
liberali feministebis azriT, saerTaSoriso urTi erTobebis sferoSi am sqesis (qalTa)
disbalansis Sedegad ikargeba mravali SesaZlebloba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT liberali femi-
nistebis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebs mamakacebis msgavsi unarebi gaaCniaT, qalebis
CarTva mamaka cebisaTvis tradiciul profesiebSi gamoiwvevs mravali niWieri pirovnebis ga-
moCenas aRniSnul sferoebSi (saxelmwifos liderebidan dawyebuli Cveulebrivi samxedroebis
CaTvliT). amrigad, genderuli Tanasworobis Sedegad izrdeba saxelmwifos diplomatiuri po-
tenciali da mraval niWier adamians miecema SesaZlebloba saxelmwifos emsaxuros generlis,
politikosisa Tu samxedros rangSi.
liberal feministebs mravlad aqvT TavianTi doqtrinis dasadasturebeli magaliTe-
bi imisa Sesaxeb, rom qalebs, mamakacebis msgavsad, SeuZliaT ZalauflebiT manipulireba.
liberalebis mtkicebiT, qali liderebi arafriT gansxvavdebian mamakaci kolegebisagan da
samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis dros ar amJRavneben TavianT qalur Tvisebebs. ra
Tqma unda, tradiciuli mamakacuri rolis Semsrulebli qalebis SerCeva SeiZleba imis mixed-
viT, aris Tu ara Sesaferisi esa Tu is roli qalisaTvis: isini SesaZloa ver moqmedebdnen `ro-
gorc Cveulebrivi qalebi~. Tumca liberali feministebi mainc myarad dganan poziciaze, rom
individualuri pirebis Sefaseba ar unda xdebobdes mxolod im jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebis safuZvelze.
saxelmwifos lideris rolSi qalebs mamakacebis msgavsi pozicia aqvT iseT sakiTxebTan
mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa suvereniteti, teritoriuli mTlianoba da mSvidobis damyarebis gze-
bi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom Zalauflebis mflobel qalSi Warbobs meomari suli, rac TiTqos
erTgvari kompensaciaa imisa, rom is imyofeba mamakacTaTvis tradiciad qceul ampluaSi.
britaneTis premier-ministri margaret tetCeri istoriaSi Sevi da, rogorc meoce sau-
kunis erTaderTi uZlieresi qalbatoni. misi gadawyvetilebiT daiwyo omi folklendis kun-
Zulebis dasabruneblad, romelic argentinis iurisdiqciis qveS iyo (konfliqtis mizezebi _
su ve renitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva). agreTve aRsaniSnavia indira gandis
pirovnebac, romelmac 1971 wels omi gamoucxada pakistans da israelis premier-ministri gol-
da meiri, romlis politika 1973 wels mimarTuli iyo egviptisa da siriis winaaRmdeg. CamoTv-
lil liderTagan gansxvavebulia pakistaneli benazir bhuto da filipineli korazon akuino,
romelnic sakuTari samxedro Zalebis damorCilebisaTvis ibrZodnen 1980-ian wlebSi. Turqe-
Tis lideris tansu Cileris qmedebebi qurTi amboxebulebis winaaRmdeg meoce saukunis 90-iani
wlebis meore naxevarSi gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda. sainteresoa nikaraguas
lideris violeta Camoros pirovnebac, romelic samoqalaqo omSi dapirispirebul mxareebs
Soris mSvidobis damyarebis saqmes emsaxureboda. imave saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Sri-lankas
prezidenti da dedamisi, romelic amavdroulad qveynis premier-ministris Tanamdebobas ika-
vebda, yvelafers akeTebdnen separatist meamboxeTa dasaSoSmineblad, magram maTi mcdeloba
uSedego aRmoCnda da sabolood maTi politika mainc omisaken gadaixara.
indoneziis prezidenti magavai sukarnopurti bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi Zalas ar iSureb-
da indoneziaSi mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad. fineTs, norvegiasa da islandias mdedrobiTi sqe-
sis warmomadgenlebi iseT periodSi marTavdnen, rodesac omi da mSvidoba ar idga saxelmwifos
mniSvnelovani politikuri sakiTxebis dRis wesrigSi. sabo loo jamSi SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
qalebi saxelmwifos saTaveSi, mamakacebis msgavsad, ise warmarTaven saqmianobas, rogorc amas
arsebuli garemoebebi moiTxovs.31
aSS-is politikur istebliSmentSic (gavlenian wreebSi) mmarTvel poziciaze myofi qale-
bi arafriT gansxvavdebian sawianaRmdego sqesis kolegebisagan. madelen olbraiti, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis pirveli mdedrobiTi sqesis saxelmwifo mdivani, klintonis administra-
ciaSi iTvleboda erT-erT ukompromiso pirovnebad. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT kondoliza raisisa
(mrCeveli erovnuli uSiSroebis sakiTxebSi da jorj buSis prezidentobis periodSi saxelm-
wifo mdivani) da jean kirkpatrikis Sesaxeb (gaeros elCi reiganis administraciaSi). Tumca
respublikeli senatori nensi kasebaumi gaxldaT TanagrZnobis magaliTi da postze yofnis
periodSi, 1990-ian wlebSi misi saqmianoba afrikaSi humanitaruli daxmarebis moculobis gaz-
rdisaken iyo mimarTuli.
1992 wlamde aSS-is kongresis Semadgenloba metwilad (98-99%) mamakacebiT iyo dakom-
pleqtebuli, Tumca 2005 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba 86%-mde Semcirda. amerikis mTavrobis sen-
atsa da TemTa palatis sagareo politikis mniSvnelovani sferoebis (sagareo urTierTobebi da
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi) komitetebis saTaveSi qalis kandidatura arasodes ganxilula _ Tumca
unda aRvniSnoT, rom patricia Sroderi 1993-1994 wlebSi TemTa palatis samxedro samsaxuris
komitetis `meore rangis~ wevri gaxldaT, romelmac mniSvnelovani (wminda feministuri) gav-
lena moaxdina kongresis gadawyvetilebaze samxedro politikis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
liberali feministebis azriT, qalebis saqmianoba samxedro samsaxurSi, iseve rogorc
politikaSi, savsebiT SesaZlebelia SevadaroT mamakacebis saqmianoba; amavdroulad, qalebis
monawileobis Sedegad samxedro Zalebis muSaobis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad amaRldeba.32 ameri-
kis SeerTebuli Statebs 1 milionze meti veterani qali hyavs da samxedro ZalebSi daaxloebiT
200 000 qali msaxurobs (sruli raodenobis daaxloebiT 15%). qalebi samxedro sferoSi muSao-
ben rogorc materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis, aseve samedicino daxmarebis, samxedro
wvrTnebis mimarTulebiT, xelmZRvaneloben samxedro operaciebs. sxva qveynebis samxedro
sferoSi moRvawe qalebic gamoirCeodnen TavianTi warmatebuli saqmianobiT.
miuxedavad warmatebebisa, qalebi arasodes iReben monawileobas saomar moqmedebebSi.
(gavrcelebuli informacia imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos israelis armiaSi qalebi fexosani jaris
mier warmoebul saomar operaciebSi iReben monawileobas, miTs ufro hgavs da realobasTan
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs). zogierT qveyanaSi samxedro sferoSi momuSave qalebi asrule-
ben mxo lod tradiciulad feministur _ meddisa da mdivnis _ funqciebs. im qveynebSic ki,
mag. aSS-Si, sadac qalebi iseT aratradiciul saqmianobasac ewevian, rogoricaa meqanikosoba
da TviTmfrinavis marTva, ZiriTadad mainc am sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTebel profesias irCeven.
zigierTi saqmianoba kvlav miuwvdomelia maTTvis: magaliTad, qalebis miReba dauSvebelia aSS-
is wyalqveSa gemebisa da saxmeleTo jarebis rigebSi.

swored amitom ver SevafasebT Tu rogori brZolis un- es ubralod ????????????
ari gaaCniaT qalebs.
istoriaSi iSviaTia magaliTebi qalebisa, romelnic
mamakacebis msgavsad iRebdnen monawileobas sabrZolo
moqmedebebSi (isini umeteswilad mamakacis tansacmel-
Si gadacmuli ibrZodnen). meTxuTmete saukuneSi Jana
d’arkma inglisis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaaerTiana
frangebi da amiT aswliani omis msvlelobaze didi gav-
lena moaxdina. (ingliselebma is Seipyres da cecxlze
dawves iseve, rogorc jadoqrebs umklavdebodnen im epo-
qaSi). ukanasknel aTwleulSi amerikeli qalebi samxedro
operaciebSi monawileebis rolSi gamoCndnen. (rTulia
ganasxvavo, samxedro formaSi gamowyobili qali brZo-
lis velze ibrZvis Tu damxmare samuSaoebs asrulebs).
qali pilotebi 1991 wlis sparseTis omis dros dagegmil
operaciebSi iRebdnen monawileobas. (informaciisaT-
vis: sparseTis yureSi omis dros samxedro samsaxurSi
aTasobiT amerikeli iricxeboda, maTgan 13 daiRupa da
2 Cavarda tyved). 1990-iani wlebidan qalebi msaxuroben
aSS-is samxedro gemebze da sabrZolo TviTmfrinavebze,
magram saxmeleTo sajariso formirebebSi ar iricxebian.
2003 wels, erayis omis dros, qalebi yvela saxis TviTm-
frinavebsa da vertmfrenebs marTavdnen. omis dasawyiSi
ayvanil amerikel samxedro tyveebs Soris erTi qalic
aRmoCnda. qalebi monawileobas iRebdnen partizanebis
winaRmdeg dagegmil operaciebSi vietnamsa da nikara-
guaSi, agreTve aqtiurad ewerebodnen teroristul da
gasamxedroebul dagjufebebSi iseT qveynebSi, rogori-
caa peru, germania, italia da palestina. eritreas partizanul brZolebSi monawile qalebma mas
Semdeg, rac qveyanam damoukidebloba moipova, regularul armiaSi gaagrZeles samsaxuri. isini
eritreasa da eTiopiis omis dros, 1990-ian wlebSi, wina xazze ibrZodnen. yvela zemoCamoTv-
lili magaliTidan Cans, rom qalebs (Tumca amas ver vityviT yvela qalze) aqvT unari sabrZolo
operaciebSi Seasrulon maTze dakisrebuli movaleobani.
zogierTebis azriT, qali ufro daucvelia, vinaidan tyved ayvanis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
Zaladobis msxverpli gaxdes. Tumca liberali feministebi ar eTanxmebian am mosazrebas. maTi
azriT, yvela tyve daucvelia da mamakacebi, qalebis msgavsad, SeiZleba seqsualuri Zaladobis
msxverplni aRmoCndnen.
ZiriTadi mizezi qalis samxedro Zalebidan gariyvisa aris SiSi imisa, rom qali moaxdens
gavlenas mamrobiTi sqesis samxedro pirebze, am ukanasknelTa disciplinaze. qalTa oponen-
tebs mravlad aqvT magaliTebi 1990-iani wlebis aSS-is samxedro samsaxuris sistemaSi arsebu-
li viTarebidan imis dasasabuTeblad, Tu ra safrTxis winaSe SeiZleba dadges qali samxedro
samsaxurSi _ maT Sorisaa seqsualuri diskriminacia, Zaladoba, gaupatiureba. samxedro rang-
Si qalTa mosvla moralisa da disciplinis dacemas iwvevda, _ aRniSnaven oponentebi. liberali
feministebi uaryofen aRniSnul Sexedulebebs da amtkiceben, rom samxedro SenaerTebSi samx-
edroTa erTianoba ar aris genderul segregaciaze damokidebuli. (sxva rom araferi vTqvaT,
msgavsi logikuri dasabuTeba jer kidev aSS-is jarSi arsebul rasobriv segregaciasTan daka-
vSirebiTac gamoiTqva).33
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ra gavlenas axdens omi im qalebze,
romlebic uSualod ar monawileoben sabrZolo operaciebSi34. qalebis winaaRmdeg organize-
bulma Tavdasxmebma iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa: alJiri, ruanda, bosnia, avRaneTi, demokrati-
uli kongo da sudani warmoaCina axali tendencia _ qalebs saomari operaciebis dros erTgvar
samizned iyenebs mowinaRmdege mxare. bosniasa da ruandaSi sistematiurma gaupatiurebam ter-
oristuli operaciebis saxe miiRo, xolo meore msoflio omis dros iaponiis armia ostaturad
marTavda seqsis tyveebis saerTaSoriso qsels, romelic cnobili iyo `women of comfort~ (damx-
mare qalebis) saxeliT. gaupatiurebas, Cveulebriv, omis Tanmdev movlenad miiCneven, Tumca
bolo periodSi gaupatiurebis konkretuli SemTxvevebi samxedro danaSaulad aRiares yofil
iugoslaviasTan dakavSirebiT gamarTul saerTaSoriso tribunalze (war crimes).
dabolos, liberali feministebi uaryofen Sexedulebas, TiT qos qalebi pirdapiri Tu ra-
pirdapiri gziT feminur zegavlenas axdenen sagareo da samxedro sferoze. isini ar akritike-
ben realizms, rogorc sakuTriv maskulinuri bunebis mqone mimdinareobas, Tumca liberali
feministebis kritikis obieqtad kvlav rCeba saxelmwifoebis praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli ten-
dencia, rac gamoixateba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da omis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli
movlenebidan qalebis srul izolaciasa da ignorirebaSi.
feministuri argumentebis dabalanseba

didia zRvari ganmasxvavebeli Teoriisa da liberali feministebis SexedulebebSi. ganmasx-
vavebeli Teoriis feministebis azriT, realizmi asaxavs socialuri urTierTobebis masku-
linur midgomas, xolo liberali feministebis mixedviT, qalebi iseTive realistebi SeiZleba
iyvnen, rogorc mamakacebi. liberali feministebis mtkicebiT, sagareo politikaSi da samx-
edro sferoSi qalebis TanamonawileobiT saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebi gaizrdeba, Tumca
diferencialisti feministebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom qalebis unikaluri SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebis mizani ara `mamakacebis rolis Sesruleba~, aramed saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
mTeli sistemis transformacia (feminizacia) unda gaxdes.
orive TeoriisaTvis saerTo amosavali wertili, rogorc amas arsebuli faqtebi adas-
turebs, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom metwilad mamakacebisa Tu qalebis individualuri Tvisebebi
da SesaZleblobebi gansazRvravs konkretul viTarebaSi romeli maTgani sargeblobs upirate-
sobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, bevri adamiani, romelic sasurvel kriteriumebs mxolod saSualo
doneze akmayofilebs.
ganmasxvavebeli feministebis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mi xedviT, sxvaoba mamakaceb-
sa da qalebs Soris sakmaod didia, magram zogierT SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis ar SeiniSneba (ixileT
cxrili 3.1). magaliTisaTvis, mcirea ricxvi qalebisa, romlebic fizikuri aRnagobiT SeiZle-
ba mamakacebs SevadaroT da aseve mcirea raodenoba mamakacebisa, romelnic qalebs SeiZleba
SevadaroT amave kriteriumebiT (igulisxmeba sxeulis zoma). saSualod mamakacebi qalebTan
SedarebiT ufro didi zomisani arian. SesaZleblobebis grafikuli maCvenebeli qalebisaT-
vis mamakacebTan SedarebiT dabalia, zog SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, mag ram unda aRiniSnos, rom
sqema 2.1 msoflios ???????????????????????

mravladaa Tanxvedris SemTxvevebic.

liberali feministebi sruliad gansxvavebul xedvas gvTavazoben. maTi azriT, qalebi sak-
maod kargad ergebian mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis miniWebul standartebs da; aqedan gamomdinare,
mamakacTa msgavsad moqmedeben. ra Tqma unda, aratradiciuli genderuli rolis Sesrulebi-
sas qalebi TavianT funqcias mamrobiTi sqesis partniorisagan gansxvavebiT, SesaZloa, ukeT
asrulebdnen radgan isini am rols TavianTi arCevaniT ergebian (magaliTad, samxedro samsax-
urSi iricxebian qalebi). zemoaRniSnul grafikSi qalTa sqesis indeqsis zeda zRvarTan axlos
dganan, maSin rodesac es mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis es saSualo maCvenebelia
(vinaidan mamakacTa umravlesoba msaxurobs samxedro sferoSi). msgavsad amisa, rodesac qale-
bi saxelmwifos sadaveebs iReben xelSi, ufro kargad warmarTaven sagareo politikas, vidre
sxva samsaxurSi myof qalTa (an mamakacTa) umravlesoba. politikuri procesebis zegavleniT
Tu ramdenad arian isini realizmis politikis mimdevarni, adasturebs lider qalTa zRvruli
maCveneblebis maRali done.
ganmasxvavebel feministebs ainteresebT ara maCveneblebis Tanxvedris wertilis, aramed
sxvaobebis dadgena. am perspeqtivis mixedviT, saSualod qalebi, mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs ufro sxva WrilSi ganixilaven. amrigad, sagareo politikasa da
samxedro sferoSi moRvaweobisaTvis SesaZloa ar gansxvavdebodnen TavianTi mamrobiTi sqesis
partniorebisagan; qalebi, rogorc jgufi, gansxvavdebian individualuri warmomadgenlebiT.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi qalebi mamakacebisagan gansxvavebul problemebs xedaven (amas
adasturebs sociologiuri gamokiTxvebisa da arCevnebis Sedegad dafiqsirebuli genderuli
sxvaobebi).
aRniSnuli logikis mixedviT, genderuli gansxvaveba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
TvalSisacemi gaxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavar poziciebze saerTaSoriso politikis
sferoSi ufro meti qali miiRebs monawileobas. mrigad, mdedrobiTi sqesis politikosTa
Tu samxedroTa faqtori ar cvlis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis maskulinur safuZvlebs.
sagareo politikaSi maRali rangis Tanamdebobaze moRvawe qalebis garemocvas umTavresad
mamakacebi Seadgenen (mrCevlebi, samxedro maRalCinosnebi, politikuri liderebi da sxva
saxelmwifoebis liderebi). samyaro sruliad sxvag vari iqneboda, yvelaferi piriqiT rom iyos.
maSin ar iqneboda saWiro qalebis SerCeva `mamakacTa TamaSSi~ monawileobis misaRebad, TviT
TamaSis wesebis mixedviT qalebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mTavari aqtorebis rolSi
mogvevlinebodnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom diferencialisti feministebis aRniSnuli koncefciebi
arasodes gamoucdiaT, radgan qalebi jer arsad yofilan saxelmwifos sagareo politikis
maRal eSelonebSi umravlesobiT warmodgenilni, miT umetes, ar gamoirCevian simravliT
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi.
amrigad, ganmasxvavebeli feministebis mier realizmis kritika STambeWdavia, magram
moklebulia empiriulobas. Se iZleba iTqvas, rom realizmi, neoliberalizmis msgavsad,
zedmetad did yuradRebas uTmobs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis iseT aspeqtebs, rogori-
caa avtonomia, suvereniteti da anarqia, maSin, rodesac realizmi da neoliberalizmi
ignorirebas ukeTebs mraval mniSvnelovan aspeqts, romelTa gaTvaliswineba SesaZleblobas
mogvcemda gagveca pasuxi SekiTxvaze _ ra ganapirobebs sa erTaSoriso sistemaSi mimdinare
movlenebis ganviTarebas.
liberalur da ganmasxvavebel koncefciaze dafuZnebuli feminizmis garda, socialur
mecnierebebSi postmodernizmis wina planze wamowevasTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSva feminizmis
mesame mimarTuleba _ postmodernistuli feminizmi.
konstruqtivizmi
bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplinaSi kidev erTma
alternatiulma midgomam _ konstruqtivizmma swrafad moipova popularoba. konstruqtiv-
izms ver davarqmevT Teorias, is Tavisi arsiT ufro problemasTan dakavSirebul (problemis
Tanmdev) Teoriul midgomad SeiZleba warmovidginoT. Tavisi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, kon-

struqtivizmi TiTqos aranair kavSirSi ar aris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferosTan, ma-
gram Tu ganvixilavT konstruqtivizmis WrilSi dadgenil normaTa bunebas, identurobasa da
socialur interaqciebs, es savaraudod migviyvans daskvnamde, rom konstruqtivizmi Rrmadaa
SeWrili saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis samyaroSi.
konstruqtivizmi ikvlevs, Tu rogor adgenen aqtorebi erovnul interesebs da am intere-
sebis ganxorcielebis dros wamoWril safrTxeebs, agreTve interesTa da dadgenil safrTxeTa
Soris arsebul kavSirebs. realistebis (iseve, rogorc neoliberalebis) kvlevis sfero mxo-
lod saxelmwifos interesebia, aqedan gamomdinare, konstruqtivizmi ufro vrceli social-
uri urTierTobebis konteqstSia moqceuli.35
konstruqtivistuli kvleva mravali mimarTulebiT SeiZleba warimarTos. erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili mimarTuleba ikvlevs, rogoraa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifoebis intere-
sebi da faseulobebi, agreTve Tu ra formiT xdeba saxelmwifos maxasiaTeblebis fonze sxva
saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba.36 magaliTad, ratom iwvevs SeSfoTebas aSS-Si
CrdiloeT koreis, da ara didi britaneTis mier, birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnis sakiTxi? realistebi
swrafad axsnian mizezs _ CrdiloeT korea ufro did safrTxes uqmnis aSS-s miuxedavad imisa,
rom CrdiloeT korea did britaneTTan SedarebiT ufro mcire SeiaraRebis mqone saxelmwifoa.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom veravin ityvis, rom didi britaneTi safrTxes uqmnis aSS-s, miuxedavad
qveyanaSi warmoebuli birTvuli iaraRis masStabebisa. konstruqtivisti eqspertebi ganmartaven
_ am or qveyanas Soris arsebuli mWidro istoriuli kavSirebi da saerTo normebi adasturebs,
rom miuxedavad samxedro Zlierebisa amerika da britaneTi erTmaneTisaTvis safrTxes ar war-
moadgenen. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania potenciuri metoqeebis ara samxedro SesaZle-
blobebisa da interesebis faqtori, aramed sakuTriv metoqeebis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi
(identuroba). amiT calsaxad uaryofilia realistebis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwi-
foebi yovelTvis ufro meti Zalauflebisa da simdidrisaken iswrafvian, da rom maTi intere-
sebi ar aris damokidebuli saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebze.37
konstruqtivistebis mtkicebiT, saxelmwifos TviTmyofadoba rTuli da cvalebadia, da
sxva saxelmwifoebTan interaqciis _ xSirad ki, socializaciis procesis Sedegia. konstruq-
tivisti eqspertebis erTi jgufis mtkicebiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifoebi axdenen
erTmaneTis konceptualizacias da Sedegad qreba usafrTxoebis dilema, ar arsebobs gamale-
buli SeiaraRebisa Tu anarqiuli sistemis sxva faqtorebis zegavlenis saSiSroeba. konstruq-
tivist eqspertebs evropis magaliTi mohyavT, rogorc kontinentisa, romelmac meoce sauku-
nis pirvel naxevarSi iwvnia ori msoflio omis mZime Sedegebi. gasuli saukunis miwuruls omis
saSiSroebaze evropaSi ukve ar fiqrobdnen. evropuli identuroba amJamad mWidrodaa Serwy-
muli evro gaerTianebasTan, da ara ulmobel nacionalizmTan, romelic mZvinvarebda evropaSi
orive msoflio omis dros. konstruqtivizmi Zalis politikis, anarqiisa da samxedro Zalebis
sferoSi ar eZebs aRniSnuli cvlilebebis axsnas, misTvis ufro misaRebia movlenebis ganxilva
uwyebebis, saxelmwifo wyobisa da normebis farglebSi mimdinare cvlilebebis fonze. (38)
saxelmwifoebi iswrafvian moipovon maTTvis sasurveli statusi da reputacia, rac Tavis
mxriv socialuri da aramaterialuria. magaliTisaTvis, Sveicariam airCia neitraluri sax-
elmwifos statusi da ar gawevrianebula evrokavSirsa da natoSi, gaeroSi ki mxolod 2002
wels Sevida. neitraluri qveynis statusi Sveicarias ar aniWebs materialur siZlieres, magram
aZlevs saerTaSoriso sakiTxebSi Carevis normatiul uflebamosilebas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
kanadazec. kanadis sagareo politikas, gansazRvravs interesebis imperatiuloba da qmedebaTa
sazRvrebi.
konstruqtivistuli kvlevis kidev erTi sferoa saerTaSoriso nor mebi da maTi gavlena
saxelmwifos qmedebebze. realistebi da neoliberalebi Tvlian, rom saxelmwifoebis gadaw-
yvetilebebi Sedegebze orientirebuli logikidan gamomdinareobs, xolo konstruqtivisti
eqspertebi adekvaturi qcevis postulatiT xelmZRvaneloben.39 magaliTad, humanitaruli
intervencia _ anu saxelmwifos an saxelwifoebis mier ganxorcielebuli samxedro interven-
cia, romelic mimarTulia sxva qveynis moqalaqeebisa da sakuTrebis dacvisaken _ rTulia avx-
snaT realisturi an Tundac liberaluri normebis mixedviT. konstruqtivistuli midgomis
mixedviT, humanitarul intervencias ganapirobebs normebi, romlis mixedviT, aucilebelia

safrTxeSi myofi xalxis dacva. me-19 s-Si evropis saxelmwifoebi drodadro gamodiodnen im
qristianebis dasacavad, romelTac TurqeTis imperiis mier warmoebuli politikis Sedegad
umowyalod Jletdnen. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom im konkretul situaciaSi evropis qvey-
nebs araqristian msxverplTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba hqonda. dekoloniza-
ciis procesis dawyebasTan erTad TviTgamorkvevisa da adamianTa uflebebis dacvis princi-
pebma wina planze wamoiwia da humanitaruli intervenciis masStabebic Sesabamisad gaizarda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis gamoxmaureba humanitaruli krizisis dros
yovelTvis ar aris efeqturi da adekvaturi, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ar aris gamarTlebuli
mxolod qristianTa dacvaze zrunva.40
msgavsi magaliTebi mravladaa ganviTarebad qveynebSic. konstruqtivistebis erTi nawili
Tvlis, rom laTinuri amerikis, afrikisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebma saerTaSoriso
normebis gaTvaliswinebiT miiRes, an Secvales arsebuli politika ara imitom, rom amiT did
sargebels miiRebdnen, _ maTi qmedeba gamomdinareobda arsebuli situaciidan. konstruq-
tivistebis az riT, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebis mizania isini aRiaron saerTaSor-
iso sistemis `Ta na medroved~ da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar iSureben TavianT mwir biujets,
vTqvaT, mecnierebisa da samxedro Zalebis ganviTarebisaTvis. cnobilia, rom `Tanamedrove~
saxelmwifoebs gaaCniaT biurokratiuli samecniero institutebi da Tanamedrove teqnol-
ogiebiT aRWurvili samxedro Zalebi. paradoqsulia, magram faqtia, rom is qveynebi, sadac
biurokratiuli samecniero institutebi yalibdeba, mecnierTa simravliT ar gamoirCeva da
maRalteqnologiuri saSualebebiT aRWurvili samxedro Zalebis mqone qveynebs mtrebi TiTqmis
ar hyavs. 41 konst ruqtivistebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom normebisa da individualuri maxa-
siaTeblebis sa SualebiTaa SesaZlebeli am paradoqsis axsna.
rogor aris aRniSnuli saerTaSoriso normebi gavrcelebuli mTel msoflioSi? konstruqtiv-
istebis azriT, normebs awesebs aqtorebis sxvadasxva jgufi. erTni amtkiceben, rom individua-
luri pirebi, e.w. normebis mesveurebi, mogzaurobis, werilobiTi naSromebisa da sazogadoebis
elitarul warmomadgenleban Sexvedris gziT axdenen ideebis Secvlas da konkretuli saxis
normebis damkvidrebisaTvis Sesaferis garemos Seqmnas. agreTve aRsaniSnavia farTomasStabi-
ani socialuri moZraobebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis roli saerTaSoriso normebis
gavrcelebaSi. sxvaTa mtkicebiT, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, gaero da nato, avrceleben
misaRebi da miuRebeli qcevebis ganmsazRvrel normebs. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos
qcevas mimarTulebas aZlevs axali ideebi da normebi da ara mxolod Zalisa da sakuTari in-
tresebis ganxorcielebis mizani.42
konstruqtivizmis midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebTan mimar TebaSi kvlav mraval sa-
diskusio kiTxvas badebs, amitom misi ignorireba SeuZlebelia. eqspertTa mtkicebiT, real-
izmze da konstruqtivizmze orientirebuli mecnierebebis momavali naTelia, rasac ver vity-
viT sxva mecnierebebTan mimarTebaSi.43
postmodernizmi
feminizmisa da konstruqtivizmis msgavsad, postmodernizmi aris mecnieruli kvlevebis
mravalmxrivi midgoma, romelmac kvali daaCnia sxvadasxva akademiur disciplinas, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki literaturis kvlevebs. Tavisi literaturuli arsidan gamomdinare, postmod-
ernistebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aniWeben TviT masalas (teqsts) da diskusias _ Tu
rogor weren da saubroben adamianebi ama Tu im problemis garSemo.44 realizmis postmodern-
istuli Teoriis WrilSi analizisas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS eqceva realistebis mier
gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da maTi msjeloba.45
dekonstruirebuli realizmi
postmodernizmis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ar arsebobs erTaderTi, obieqturi realo-
ba, aramed arsebobs gamocdilebebisa da perspeqtivebis mravalferovneba, rac gansazRvravs
da aadvilebs kategorizacias. swored amitom rTulia postmodernizmis martivad da mxolod
ama Tu im kategoriis konteqstSi ganxilva.
postmodernizmis Teoriis mixedviT, realizmi ver amtkicebs Tavisive principebis safuZ-
velze Camoyalibebul Teorias imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
sferoSi centraluri aqtorebi arian, da rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben rogorc unitaruli
aqtorebi, romelTac logikurad Tanmimdevruli obieqturi interesebi gaaCniaT (da am in-
teresebis ganxorcielebisaTvis iRwvian isini saerTaSoriso Zalis politikis saSualebiT).
postmodernizmis eqspertebi realizmis ganxilvisas aRniSnaven, rom saxelmwifo intereseb-
Tan dakavSirebiT realizmSi araferia obieqturi da universaluri.
ufro Rrma analizisas postmdernizmi saerTod eWvis qveS ayenebs saxelmwifoebis, ro-
gorc aqtorebis cnebas. saxelmwifoebs ar gaaCniaT materialuri realoba; isini `fantaziis
nayofia~, rasac Cven (moqalaqeebi da eqspertebi) vqmniT, raTa avxsnaT individualuri pirebis
qmedebebi. postmodernizmis Teoriis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebisa da politikis istoria sxva
araferia, Tu ara adamianTa fantaziis `Sedevri~. aRniSnuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare, sru-
liad gaumarTlebeli da SeiZleba iTqvas, uxeSi gadarCevis Sedegia, rom mxatvruli liter-
aturisaTvis gankuTvnil Taroze saidumlo agentebze daweril wignebTan erTad ar devs bio-
grafiebi da istoriuli Janris nawarmoebebi. es ar aris obieqturi realoba da amis damtkiceba
SeiZleba faqtebis interpretaciis procesSi, rac arRvevs da amaxinjebs am saqmeSi CarTuli
pirebis realur gamocdilebas.46
realizmis mier SemoTavazebuli cnebis sapirispirod (saxelmwifoebi unitaruli aqtorebi
arian), postmodernistebi gamoyofen rTuli struqturis mqone realobasa da gamocdilebas,
rac realistebis mier `SeTxzuli~ obieqtebis (saxelmwifoebis) miRma imaleba. magaliTad, sab-
WoTa kavSiri, realistebis azriT, iyo aqtori, romelsac Tavisi obieturi interesebi gaaCnda.
amavdroulad, ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa kavSiri msoflioSi meore mniSvnelovan aqtorad iTvle-
boda. realistebi friad gaakvirva sabWoTa kavSiris TxuTmet nawilad daSlam, ramac naTelyo,
rom ùnitarul saxelmwifos~ _ sabWoTa kavSirs _ Tavisi niRbis qveS marwuxebSi hyavda moq-
ceuli Semadgeneli respublikebis gansxvavebuli gamocdilebebi, eTnikuri jgufebi da indi-
vidualuri pirebi.
postmodernistebi cdiloben ganixilon iseTi konstruqciebi, rogoricaa saxelmwifoebi
da saerTaSoriso sistema, agreTve realistebis mier saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesaxeb Se-
qmnili Teoriebi da diskusiebi, raTa warmoaCinon aRniSnuli kostruqciebis mravalferovneba
da maTSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi. teqstis dekonstruqcia/axsna _ aris literaturuli kri-
tikis sferodan aRebuli termini, rac niSnavs sityvaSi dafaruli mniSvnelobisa da Seusabamo-
bebis, agreTve ama Tu im terminSi mxolod azrobrivad/arapirdapir CarTuli an gamotovebuli
Sinaarsis dadgenisas. teqstSi arsebul dafarul _ implicitur _ informacias qveteqsts uwo-
deben.47
ra aris realistebis mier saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesaxeb gadmocemuli istoriis
qveteqsti? ras arideben Tavs realistebi saerTaSoriso urTeirTobebis TemasTan dakavSire-
biT gamoTqmul mosazrebebSi? Cven ukve ganvixileT realistebis mier ignorirebulia erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Tema _ qalebi da genderi. amaxvilebs ra yuradRebas saxelmwifoebze, rogorc
unitarul aqtorebze, realizmis yuradRebis miRma rCeba agreTve individualuri pirebis, sa-
Sinao politikis, ekonomikuri klasebis, multinacionaluri korporaciebisa da sxva arasax-
elmwifo aqtorebis roli. realizmis yuradRebis centrSia mxolod udidesi saxelmwifoebi da
sruliad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli e.w. samxreT naxevarsferos qveynebis gamocdileba. saxel-
mwifos interesebis ganxorcielebaSi realistebi upiratesobas aniWeben Zalis meqanizmebis gam-
oyenebas da arafers amboben araZalismieri zegavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobebze.
realizmis TvalTaxedva Zalin viwroa, radgan misi mizania daakninos saerTaSoriso urT-
ierTobebis mniSvneloba da is warmoaCinos igi martiv, harmoniuli struqturis mqone mode-
lad, rac sruliad miuRebelia postmodernistuli Teoriis eqspertebisaTvis. maTi azriT es
modeli tendenciuria da faqtebs calmxrivad, viwro masStabiT ganixilavs, raTa wina planze
wamoswios Zlieri aqtorebis interesebi. postmodernistebis mizania daangrion aRniSnuli
da sxva msgavsi modelebi (neoloberalizmis CaTvliT), romelnic saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebs martiv obieqtur kategoriad warmoaCenen. postmodernistebis mtkicebiT, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebs qmnis gamocdilebaTa mravalferovneba rac ar saWiroebs gamartivebasa da kate-
gorizacias. 48
postmodernistuli feminizmi
realizmis axsnaze orientirebuli erT-erTi Teoria aerTianebs feminizmsa da postmod-
ernizms.49 postmodernistuli feminizmis mizania moaxdinos realizmis dekonstruqcia, raTa
warmoaCinos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi arsebuli genderuli zegavlena da genderuli
rolebis konstruirebis pirobiTi xasiaTi. feministi postmodernistebi iziareben ganmasx-
vavebeli Teoriis feministebis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom realizms Tavis arsSi farulad
aqvs gansazRvruli genderuli rolebi, magram amasTanave uaryofen mamrobiT Tu mdedrobiT
sqesTan dakavSirebul raime konkretul mniSvnelobas. postmodernisti feministebi akvird-
ebian genderisa da Zalis interaqcias da aRniSnaven, rom am procesSi ar arsebobs dadgenili
CarCoebi. postmodernisti feministebi akritikeben liberal feministebs, romelnic cdilo-
ben qalis integracias omisa da sagareo politikis tradiciul struqturaSi. isini agreTve
akritikeben diferencialist feministebs tradiciuli feminuri Rirsebebisa da upirateso-
bebis propagandisaTvis.
omis sakiTxis kvlevisas postmodernistma feministebma Seiswavles mxolod `meomari sulis
mqone~ (mamakacis) _ da `mSvenieri sulis mqone~ arsebis (qalis) prototipebi. maTi mtkicebiT,
qalebi ar arian omis pasiuri TviTmxilvelni an msxverpli, isini aqtiurad monawileoben omis
sistemaSi. qalebi ara marto meddebad da Jurnalistebad muSaoben frontis `wina xazze~, ar-
amed `zurgSic~ sadac isini gvevlinebian rogorc dedebi, meuRleebi da megobari gogonebi.50
eqspertTa erTi jgufi amtkicebs, rom samxedro SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb arsebul informaciaSi ar
unda iyos gamotovebuli samxedro bazebSi arsebuli meZavi qalebis rolic, da diplomatiis
istoriaSi unda iyos Setanili informacia diplomatebis meuRleTa Sesaxeb.51
postmodernisti feministebi uaryofen ara marto realizms, aramed ramdenime alterna-
tiul mimarTulebasac, romelic iTvaliswinebs qalebisa da sxva àrameomari pirebis~ dacvis
sakiTxebs. samarTliani omis doqtrina ukiduresad abstraqtuladaa warmoCenili _is aris kon-
cefciebisa da wesebis erToblioba, romelSic calkeuli istoriuli konteqsti Tu pirovneba
(qalebi da mamakacebi) sruliad iRimRamod gamoiyureba.52
postmodernisti feministebi agreTve cdiloben moaxdinon realizmis enis dekonstruqcia,
gansakuTrebiT im nawilSi, sadac realizmi exeba genderisa da sqesis zegavlenas. magaliTad,
pirveli atomuri bombebis genderi mamrobiTi sqesis Tvisebebis matarebeli iyo. (maT daarqves
`Fat Man~ da `Little Boy~); vaSingtonSi gadagzavnili daSifruli telegramis teqstSi pirveli
wyalbadis bombis warmatebuli amoqmedebis Sesaxeb ewera: ìs biWia~ (teqstSi rom yofiliyo si-
tyvebi ìs gogoa,~ adresati eqsperiments warumatebelad aRiqvamda). aRsaniSnavia, rom TviTm-
frinavi, romelmac hirosimaSi atomuri bombi Camoagdo, saxelidan gamomdinare _ Èlona Gay~
_ qalis genderis matarebeli iyo; TviTmfrinavs pilotis dedis saxeli daarqves. sainteresoa
is faqtic, rom wynari okeanis samxreTSi arsebul safrangeTis atomuri iaraRis sacdel bazebs
qalis saxelebi daarqves.53 msgavsad amisa saomari moqmedebebis dros Cveulebriv sabrZolo
Wurvebze pilotebi SiSveli qalis fotoebs akravdnen. zemoaRwerili faqtebidan gamomdin-
are, postodernisti feministebi aRniSnaven, rom transportis saxeobebis, samizneeebisa da
Tundac dekoraciebis (iaraRze mikruli fotoebis) feminuri genderi aZlierebs sakuTriv
iaraRis maskulinurobas.
es ubralod ???????????? amrigad, sqesi da genderi realizmis qvete-
qstis ganuyofeli nawilia. magaliTad, termi-
nebi Zala/Zliereba (power) da potencia/qme-
diTunarianoba (potency) miesadageba rogorc
saxelmwifos potencials, aseve mamakacur gam-
Zleobas. samxedro Zliereba damokidebulia
`falosur~ obieqtebze _ iaraRi, romelsac
iyeneben asafeTqeblad, mizanSi SesaRwevad,
afeTqebebisaTvis. Cveulebrivi samxedro wvrT-
nis dros samxedroebis simReris teqsti Semde-
gnairad JRers: ès Cemi avtomatia (maT uWiravT
avtomati), es Cemi iaraRia (da miuTiTeben fexebs
Soris adgils); erTs mosaklavad viyenebT,
meores ki _ gasarTobad~.54 birTvul iaraRs
sqesis Tvisebebs miaweren, albaT maTi Zlieri
`potenciidan~ gamomdinare. samxedro iara-
Ris gamofena-gayidvis dros specialur SouSi
monawileobis misaRebad Cveulebrivi movlenaa
qali modelebis mowveva.55
realizmi da liberalizmi SeiaraRebis e.w.
sqesobriv aspeqtebs ignorirebas ukeTeben da
yuradRebas amaxvileben iseT sakiTxebze, ro-
goricaa iaraRis simZlavre, moqmedebis radiusi
da sxva teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi. Tumca, real-
izmi da liberalizmi ver xsnis sqesis zegavle-
niT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis mizezs _
rodesac sqesis elementebi, nebiT Tu uneblieT,
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze axdens zegavlenas.56 postmodernizmi am SemTxvevas mamak-
aci politikosebisa da samxedro pirebis seqsualuri dakmayofilebiT xsnis _ rac erTgvarad
ewinaaRmdegeba realizmisa da neoliberalizmis postulatebs, sadac aqcenti keTdeba erovnu-
li interesebis maqsimizaciis procesze. postmodernistebis azriT, saerTaSoriso urTier-
Tobebis Teoriis midgomebisa da aqcentebis radikaluri SecvliT gaizrdeba codna sakuTriv
racionalurobis arsisa da zogadad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.
mSvidobis kvlevebi
mSvidobis kvlevebi kidev erTi mimarTulebaa, romelic realizmisa da liberalizmis
fundamentur cnebebs sxvagvarad ganmartavs. sxvadasxva saswavleblis saswavlo programaSi
CarTulia mSvidobis kvlevebis interdisciplinaruli programebi, romlis farglebSic stu-
dentebi da Teoretikosebi awyoben diskusiebs da atareben kursebs mSvidobis kvlevebTan
dakavSirebiT.57 Cveulebriv, msgavs programebSi CarTuli arian ara mxolod politolo-
gebi, aramed fsiqologebi, fizikosebi, religiis Teoretikosebi da a.S. mSvidobis kvlevebis
Teoretikosebi ufro ekleqturebi arian politologebTan SedarebiT, da saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas saganTa ufro farTo speqtrs sTavazoben studentebs.
mSvidobis kvlevebi individualuri pasuxismgeblobis, ekonomikuri uTanasworobis, gender-
uli urTierTobebis, kulturaTa gadakveTis Sedegad miRebuli codnisa da socialuri urT-
ierTobebis sxva aspeqtebis WrilSi ganixilavs da adgens kavSirebs omsa da mSvidobas Soris.
mSvidobis kvlevebi mSvidobis potencials xedavs ara saxelmwifoebis liderebs Soris dade-
bul garigebebSi, aramed sazogadoebis transformaciaSi (socialuri revoluciebis Sedegad)

da transnacionalur organizaciebSi (saxelmwifoebisa da sazRvrebis gverdis avliT adamian-
ebisa da xalxTa jgufebis dakavSireba msoflios masStabiT).58
problemis arsis ufro vrclad gaSuqebisaTvis mSvidobis kvlevebSi uaryofilia tradici-
uli midgomebis (igulisxmeba realisturi da liberaluri midgomebi) warmosaxviTi obieq-
turoba. mSvidobis kvlevebis TeoretikosTa didi nawilis azriT, codnas adamiani iZens ara
obieqturi dakvirvebis, aramed ama Tu im movlenaSi aqtiuri monawileobiT. obieqturobis ele-
mentis ugulebelyofa ganmartes rogorc normatiuli gadaxra, vinaidan Teoretikosebi msj-
elobis sagans individualur normebsa da Rirebulebebs miaweren. amis sapasuxod mSvidobis
kvlevebis Teoretikosebi acxadeben, rom TviT realizms aqvs normatiuli gadaxra da iZleva
direqtivebs politikaSi.
konfliqtis mogvareba
konfliqtis mogvareba aris zogadi cneba, rac aRniSnavs konf liqtebis mSvidobiani,
araZalismieri meTodebiT daregulirebis strategiebis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebas. kon-
fliqtis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebis meTodebs dReisaTvis xSirad mimarTaven da igi ufro da
ufro daxvewil formebs iZens.59
konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebisas mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba mesame mxares _
romelic mediatoris rols asrulebs.60 Cveni epoqis saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis umravle-
sobaSi CarTulia erTi an meti mediatori. ar arsebobs gansazRvruli wesi imis dasadgenad, ro-
gori saxis mesame mxarem unda Seasrulos mediatoris roli sxvadasxva xasiaTis konfliqtSi.
dReisaTvis msoflioSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi umniSvnelovanesi mediatoris
rolSi warmodgenilia gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia. zogierT regionalur konfliqtSi
mediatoris funqciebs regionaluri organizaciebi, zogjer ki kerZo pirebic ki asruleben.
magaliTad, kosta rikis yofili prezidenti oskar ariasi 1987 wels nobelis premiis laureati
gaxda centraluri amerikis qveynebis prezidentebs Soris dadebuli mravalmxrivi xelSek-
rulebis momzadebisa da dadebis procesSi mediatoris rolis SesrulebisaTvis. aRniSnuli
xelSekrulebis Sedegad wertili daesva regionSi arsebul sisxlismRvrel konfliqtebs.61
mediatoris monawileoba konfliqtis mogvarebis saqmeSi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba gan-
isazRvros. zogjer mediatoroba mkacrad gansazRvruli teqnikuri xasiaTisaa _ mediators
SeuZlia iTamaSos aqtiuri, magram mkacrad neitraluri roli or mxares Soris urTierTobebis
Camoyalibebis saqmeSi (rodesac TiTqmis ar arsebobs urTierToba or konfliqtur mxares So-
ris).62 magaliTad, pakistani saidumlod asrulebda informatoris rols CineTsa da amerikas
Soris da, sabolood, 1971 wels am or qveyanas Soris SesaZlebeli gaxda urTierTobebis da-
myareba. amgvari qmedeba SeiZleba SevafasoT, rogorc pozitiuri efeqtis mqone, rac dadebi-
Tad moqmedebs or mxares Soris molaparakebis procesze. mxareebs Soris komunikaciis dasa-
myareblad mediatori TiToeuli mxaris mosazrebebis Sesaxeb srul informcias iRebs da am
informaciis prezentacias axdens meore mxarisaTvis misaRebi formiT. mediatori cdilobs
Secvalos mxareebis Sexedulebebi konfliqtur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. amgvari rolis Ses-
rulebisas mediatori `Tarjimnis~ an `mkurnalis~ funqcias asrulebs da exmareba mxareebs
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis procesis Tanmxlebi fsiqologiuri problemebis daZlevaSi.63
process, romelic miuTiTebs, rom orive mxares Soris miRweulia SeTanxmeba, rac iT-
valiswinebs mediatoris mier SeTavazebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas, ewodeba ar bit-
raJi. am SemTxvevaSi orive mxare warudgens Tavis arguments mosamarTles, `samarTliani
gadawyvetilebis~ miReba ki am ukanasknelis kompetenciaa. magaliTad, rodesac molapa ra -
kebebis procesSi serbi da bosnieli mxareebi ver SeTanxmdnen, vis unda gadascemoda qalaqi
brko, maT 1995 wlis deitonis xelSekrulebis gverdis avliT es sakiTxi gansaxilvelad
warudgines arbitraJs. arbitraJis/sasamarTlos Semadgenloba Cveulebriv warmodgenilia
sami adamianisagan _ TiTo warmomadgeneli mowinaaRmdege mxareTagan da erTi kandidatura,
romelic orive mxarisaTvis misaRebia. 2002 wels, xangrZlivi omis Semdeg, zemoaRniSnuli
struqturis mixedviT Semdgarma sabWom (gaero warmodgenili iyo rogorc mesame wevri)
es ubralod ???????????? daawesa sazRvari eTiopiasa da eriTreas

Soris.
ratom unda gadaWras saxelmwifom konfliq-
ti uomrad, Tu am konf liqtis gadaWra Zalis-
mieri meTodebiTaa SesaZlebeli? saxelmwifo
unda darwmundes, rom araZaladobrivi gziT
gadaWrili konfliqti misTvis ufro misaRebia.
saxelmwifos liderebis aseT gadawyvetile-
bamde misayvanad didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro _
kerZod, unda Seiqmnas iseTi pirobebi, romelic
gaiTvaliswinebs orive mxaris ukve arsebul in-
teresebs, an unda Camoyalibdes sruliad axali
interesebi, rac orive mxarisaTvis misaRebi
iqneba.
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi mxareebisaTvis kon-
fliqtis mSvidobiani gziT mogvareba ufro
misaRebia, magram urTierTndobisa da komuni-
kaciis ararsebobis gamo ver iReben aseT gadaw-
yvetilebas.64 neitra luri mxaris Suamdgom-
lobiT SesaZloa orive konfliqturi mxaris
saerTo interesebis dadgena. magaliTad, egvip-
tis da israelis saerTo mizani 1970-ian wlebSi
mSvidobis damyareba iyo, magram imavdroulad
maT Soris urTierTndoba minmumamde iyo day-
vanili. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezi-
dentma jimi karterma miiwvia ori saxelmwifos
lideri kerZo myud ro rezidenciaSi _ kemp de-
ividSi, da molaparakebebis procesi sruliad
araformalur garemoSi warmarTa.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos liderebis
interesTa Tanxvedra ver xerxdeba, ormxrivi
interesebis dadgena mxolod orive mxaris moqa-
laqeebis ZalisxmeviT xdeba SesaZlebeli. am mizniT kerZo pirebisa da jgufebis mier dagegmil
mogzaurobebsa da diskusiebs samoqalaqo diplomatias uwodeben. samoqalaqo diplomatias
saicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac or konfqliqtur mxa res Soris urTier-
Tobebi CixSia Sesuli.65 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac individualuri pirebis mier dagegmili
araoficialuri turistuli turne istoriul mniSvnelobas iZens. amis magaliTia aSS-is Ziu-
doistebis Casvla iranSi 1998 wels.
konfliqturi mxareebi (da mediatorebi) iswrafvian ise Secvalon molaparakebebis pi-
robebi, rom miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad moxdes erTi an orive mxaris interesebis
gaTvaliswineba (sruli an nawilobrivi). xSir SemTxvevaSi mediatoris meSveobiT miRweuli Se-
Tanxmebis Sedegad orive mxare mogebuli rCeba.66 amgvar situaciaSi xdeba saxelmwifoebis sx-
vadasxva prioritetebis mqone ori sakamaTo sakiTxis mogvareba: TiToeuli mxare warmatebas
aRwevs misTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxis mogvarebaSi da yuradRebis miRma rCeba sxva, naklebad
prioritetuli problemebi.
ormxrivi interesebi SeiZleba moiZebnos agreTve konfliqtis na wilebad dayofis Sedega-
dac. am SemTxvevaSi konfliqturi sakiTxis sxvadasxva problemasTan mimarTebaSi mimarTebaSi
saerTo interesebis gansazRvrisa da rentabeluri gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi
izrdeba. amg vari urTierTobebis pirveli etapi SeZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc ndobis Cam-
oyalibebis faza, rasac movlenaTa swrafi ganviTareba mohyveba. urTierTndobis etapobrivi
zrdis saSualebiT mcirdeba konfliqtis Zalismieri gziT mogvarebis riski da CixSi Sesuli
problemis araZalismieri gziT mogvarebis imedi realur saxes iZens.
mediators, romelic manipulirebs zegavlenis moxdenis meqanizmebiT, SeuZlia gamoiy-
eneos mis xelT arsebuli saSualebebi da konfliqtur mxareebs daexmaros saerTo interesebis
moZebnaSi. magaliTad, amerikis SerTebuli Statebis mier egviptisa da israelisadmi micemuli
piroba (momavalSi aSS-is daxmarebis programaSi am ori qveynis CarTva) gaxda or qveyanas Soris
urTierTobebis `daTbobis~ safuZveli, rac kemp deividSi xelSekrulebis dadebiT dagvirgvin-
da. zemoaRniSnulis msgavsad, 1991-2000 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ukma yofileba,
arabeT-israelis konfliqtSi CarTuli mxareebi samSvidobo molaparakebebis magidas miusxd-
nen 1991-2000 wlebSi.
omi da militarizmi
mSvidobis kvlevebi rezonirebs benJamen franklinis mosazrebasTan, rom àrasodes yo-
fila kargi omi an cudi mSvidoba.~67 mSvidobis kvlevebis Teoretikosebis azriT, omi ar aris
Zalis mxolod bunebrivi gamoxatva, zogierT kulturaSi masSi gamoxatulia mWidro kavSiri
militarizmTan.68 militarizmi aris omis, samxedro Zlierebisa da Zaladobis propaganda
telegadacemebis, filmebis, wignebis, politikuri gancxadebebis, saTamaSoebis, TamaSebis,
sportisa da sxva msgavsi saSualebebiT. militarizmi agreTve pirdapiri kavSirSia omis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebrivi azris CamoyalibebasTan _ magaliTad, rodesac saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi samx-
edro-samrewvelo kompleqsdominanturi roli akisria, an erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi
dominirebs saSinao politikaSi, da a.S. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom militarizmi ganapirobebs poli-
tikuri liderebis midrekilebebs _ gamoiyenon samxedro Zala ama Tu im sakiTxis mosagvare-
blad. istorias Tu gadavxedavT, davrwmundebiT, rom militarizmma didi zegavlena iqonia
sazogadoebis evoluciiaze. omi yovelTvis (gansakuTrebiT pirvel msoflio omamde, mas Sem-
deg es damokidebuleba Seicvala) ganixileboda rogorc `maskulinuri xasiaTis qmedeba, rac
akeTilSobilebs adamianis suls~. oms mravali ubedureba axlavs, Tumca SeiZleba visaubroT
omis dadebiT mxareebzec rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom omis dros adamianebi ufro zrunaven
sazogadoebaze, Tavs swiraven saerTo keTildReobas, avlenen udides mamacobasa da erTgule-
bas.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis kulturuli doqtrinis Sesabamisad, samxedroebis mier omis
dros gamovlenili zemoaRniSnuli Tvisebebi qebas imsaxurebs. msgavsi damokidebuleba iyo pre-
istoriuli monadire-Semgrovebluri kulturebis epoqaSic, rac gamoixateboda saomar qmede-
bebSi monawile pirebis xotba-didebiT. aseTive damokidebuleba gvaqvs Cven dResac _ vajil-
doebT omis veteranebs, omSi gmirulad dacemul jariskacebis saxelebs vaTavsebT specialur
memorialur dafaze da a.S.
vinaidan militarizmi mravlismomcveli da saxelmwifosTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli cne-
baa, mSvidobis kvlevebis Teoretikoseb kvlav msjeloben: saWiroa Tu ara Seicvalos saxel-
mwifoebis `buneba~ (xasiaTi) mSvidobis saboloo damyarebamde. aRniSnuli mosazrebebidan da
arsebuli Teoriebidan gamomdinare, mSvidobis kvlevebi sruliad gansxvavebulia realizmisa
da neoliberalizmisagan.
naklebad militarizebuli kulturebis ganxilvisas naTlad Cans, rom realizmis Sexedule-
bebis gaziareba samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT ar aris universaluri an Tun-
dac savaldebulo. kosta-rikas sakuTari armia (igulisxmeba Zlieri SeiaraRebis regularuli
armia) ar hyavda 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi, miT umetes 1980-ian wlebSi, maSin rodesac konfliqti
gaCaRda mezobel nikaraguasa da panamaSi. iaponiis kulturaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg Cam-
oyalibda mkacri normebi omisa da Zaladobis winaaRmdeg. dReisaTvis sazogadoebrivi azri,
iaponiis konstituciasTan SedarebiT ufro did zegavlenas axdens politikur liderebze da
mouwodebs maT ar ganixilon samxedro Zala, rogorc sagareo politikis warmatebiT warmarT-
vis ualternativo instrumenti.
anTropologebi cdiloben moZebnon kavSiri monadire-Semgrovebluri epoqis sazogadoe-
bis `Sida~ Taviseburebebsa da am sazogadoebis adamianebis `gare~ (external) midrekilebebs
Soris da daadginon, Tu ra ganapirobebda maT swrafvas saomari moqmedebisaken. arsebuli ma-
salebidan Cans, rom omisadmi midrekileba ufro metad Cndeba iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac mkve-
Trada gamoxatuli Sida (gansakuTrebiT ki genderuli) uTanasworoba da sadac mamakaci (mama)
ar iRebs monawileobas bavSis movlasa da aRzrdaSi. SedarebiT `mSvidobian sazogadoebebSi~

ki, sadac sruliad gansxvavebulia omTan damokidebuleba, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi
ufro Riaa, agreTve, SedarebiT naklebadaa gamoxatuli genderuli uTanasworoba da didi yu-
radReba eqceva bavSvis aRzrdas.69 Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom aRwerili socialuri atributebis
mqone sazogadoebebidan nebismieri SeiZleba gamovides saomar asparezze. aqedan gamomdinare
ver vityviT romeli sazogadoebaa ufro midrekili omisaken. amrigad, cneba òmisaken midreki-
li~ (warlike) mxolod pirobiTia.
pozitiuri mSvidoba
mSvidobis kvlevebSi omi ganixileba, rogorc sazogadoebis yvela sferos momcveli mov-
lena. msgavsad amisa, SeiZleba movaxdinoT mSvidobis koncefciis ufro farTo masStabiani
da mravalmxrivi gaazreba.70 mSvidobis mkvlevarTa azriT, cnebaSi `mSvidoba~ ar unda vigu-
lisxmoT omis ararseboba, vinaidan es ukanaskneli sulac ar gamoricxavs mis nebismier momen-
tSi dawyebas. sainteresoa kantis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom me-16-18 saukuneebSi dadebuli
samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi (romlebmac daasrules evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinare
omebi da amavdroulad Seicavdnen momdevno samxedro konfliqtis sawyisebs) omis erTgvar
sawyis etaps warmoadgenda. civi omis periodSi uZlieres saxelmwifoebs Soris realuri omis
ararseboba ar SeiZleba miviCnioT absoluturi mSvidobis periodad: sxvisi xeliT warmoebuli
omebis ganmavlobaSi milionobiT adamiani daiRupa, maSin rodesac umowyalo, gamalebuli Sei-
araRebis epoqam uTvalavi resursi Seiwira. realizmisaTvis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi Cveu-
lebrivi movlenaa, xolo mSvidobis negatiur mxared warmodgenilia (negative kind of peace) omis
droebiT arqona.
cneba _ pozitiuri mSvidoba _ sruliad gansxvavebulia zemoaRniSnuli cnebisagan. kerZod,
am SemTxvevaSi mSvidoba ar niSnavs mxolod mxareebs Soris cecxlis Sewyvetas, aramed urTier-
TobaTa transformacias. pozitiuri mSvidobis pirobebSi saxelmwifos jari wyvets sabrZolo
moqmedebebs, Cerdeba SeiaraRebis procesi, ar iqmneba Sida mRelvarebis CasaxSobi sadamsjelo
jgufebi, adgili ar aqvs ekonomikur eqsploataciasa da politikur zewolas. pozitiuri mSvi-
dobis mkvlevarTa azriT, aRniSnuli faqtorebi iwvevs socialur konfliqtebs, rac sabolood
omis dawyebis safuZvels qmnis.
aRniSnuli Teoriis mxardamWerTa azriT, mravlismomcveli socialuri da ekonomikuri
sakiTxebi _ rasac realistebi SedarebiT umniSvnelod miiCneven _ mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
pozitiur mSvidobasTan. TeoretikosTa erTi jgufi siRaribes, SimSilsa da zewolas, rogorc
Zaladobis saxesxvaobebs _ struqturul Zaladobas uwodebs, vinaidan Zaladobis ZiriTadi
gamomwvevi mizezi socialur urTierTobaTa struqtura da ara urTierTdapirispirebuli
mxareebis saomari qmedebebia. struqturuli Zaladobis msxverpli bevrad ufro metia omi-
sa da sxva pirdapiri politikuri Zaladobis msxverplTan SedarebiT. pozitiuri mSvidoba,
Cveulebriv, gulisxmobs struqturuli Zaladobis aRmofxvras, vinaidan es ukanaskneli kon-
fliqtisa da omis wyarod iTvleba.
pozitiuri mSvidobis propagandistebi agreTve akritikeben militaristul kulturas.
òmis socialuri wyoba~ _ wesebisa da urTierTobebis rTuli sistema, romelic adasturebs
omis arsebobas _ sxvadasxva formiT kvals tovebs Cvens cxovrebaze: bavSvebis saTamaSoebidan
dawyebuli skolaSi patriotuli suliskveTebis danergvis CaTvliT; siymawvilis asakSi gen-
deruli rolis SeZeniT, rac Semdgom gamoixateba adreul asakSi samxedro wvrTnis gavliT.
pozitiuri mSvidobis midgomis mizania Secvalos mTeli sistema da ara mxolod misi garkveuli
nawili.
pozitiuri mSvidoba moicavs mraval Teorias, rac socialur cvlilebebTanaa dakavSirebu-
li. maTSi igulisxmeba: konfliqtis mogvarebis alternatiuli meqnizmebi; Zaladobis winaaRm-
deg normebis efeqturi gamoyeneba (araZaladobis filosofiis gamoyenebis CaTvliT); interna-
cionaluri an globaluri identurobis transcendenturi erovnuli, eTnikuri da religiuri
mimarTulebebis Seqmna; ekonomikur, socialur da politikur sferoebSi egalitaruli urT-
politikis perspeqtivebi l i be r a l i z m i 31
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

prezidenti, jorj buSi
kanonmdeblobiT gaT-
sadiskusio Tema_ ra proporciiT gansaz-
valiswinebul sam-
RvravT qveynis usafrTxoebisa da Sida problemebis
xedro samsaxuris
mogvarebis sakiTxs?
ga davadebis siste-
maSi, raTa ùmaR-
arsebuli situacia _ warmoidgineT Tqveni lesi ga naTleba~ ar
Tavi amerikis SeerTebuli Sta tebis prezidentis gamxdariyo samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevisgan Tavis
Tanamdebobaze. terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolam asaridebeli erTgvari `TavSesafari~. Sedegad, ax-
mravali amerikeli samxedro piri imsxverpla. 2005 ali kanonis mixedviT, samxedro samsaxuridan Tavs
wlis dasawyisSi 150 aTasze meti amerikeli eraySi, ver daaRwevdnen studentebi. amgvari cvlilebebi,
xolo kidev ramdenime aTasi _ avRaneTSi gaigzavna. ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebrivi azris mxar daWeras
daaxloebiT 10 aTasamde jariskaci agrZelebs samar daimsaxurebda. SesaZloa, samxedro samsaxurSi
saxurs vadis amowurvis Semdegac. miuxedavad imisa, gawveva aSS-Si qalebsac Seexeos, an Seiqmnas sxva ti-
rom gaizarda finansuri daintereseba, sagrZnoblad pis axali kanonproeqti, romelic mxolod mamakace-
iklo wvevamdelTa ricxvma. saxelmwifo Tavdacvis bze gavrceldeba, rogorc miRebuli iyo samxedro
sistemaSi arsebuli informaciis mixedviT, samxedro praqtikaSi.
samsaxurSi registraciis msurvelTa ricxvma 30%-iT
iklo, rac bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze da-
bali maCvenebelia. aRniSnuli faqtorebidan gamom-
moqmedebis gegma _ wamoidgineT, rom eraysa da
avRanTSi mudmiv arastabilur situacias emateba axa-
dinare naTelia, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
li krizisi. CrdiloeT korea emzadeba ieriSi miitanos
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi problemebia.
demilitarizebul zonaze. yoveldRiurad amerikis
amerikisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgens CrdiloeT
dazvervis sainformacio arxebidan vrceldeba infor-
korea, romelsac CrdiloeTsa da samxreT koreis 90
macia demilitarizebul zonaSi farTomasStabiani
kilometrian demilitarizebul zonaSi 700 aTasi
darRvevebis Sesaxeb. cxadia, rom dRis wesrigSi dgeba
jariskaci hyavs ganTavsebuli. amasTanave unda aRi-
saxmeleTo jarebis mobilizaciis sakiTxi CrdiloeT
niSnos, rom CrdiloeT koreis rezervistebis ra-
koreisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, metadre Tu
odenoba 7 milionze metia. aRmosavleT aziis/wynari
saWiro gaxdeba dakarguli teritoriis dabruneba.
okeanis regionSi (East Asia/Pasific region) ganlage-
buli aSS-is 100 aTasiani armia saomari moqmedebebis
pirvel etapze efeqturad gaumklavdeba mowinaaR- airCie politika _ rogorc amerikis SeerTe-
mdeges, magram jariskacebis es raodenoba ar iqneba buli Staebis prezidenti, mxars dauWer axal kanons
sakmarisi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu omi gaWianurdeba. savaldebuli samxedro samsaxuris Sesaxeb Tu ara?
2004 wlis saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis dros (gaiTvaliswine, axali kanonis mixedviT samxedro
aqcenti keTdeboda samxedro samsaxurSi gawvevis samsaxurSi gaiwveven studentebs da, SesaZloa, qa-
sakiTxze. samxedro eqspertebis azriT, savaldebulo lebsac). konfliqtebi eraySi, avRaneTsa da Crdilo-
samxedro samsaxurSi gawveviT ver moxdeba swrafi re- eT koreasTan Wianurdeba _ axali kanoniT armia mniS-
agireba warmoqmnil problemaze, vinaidan Sesabamisi vnelovan fizikur Zalas miiRebs.
gancxadebis gamoqveynebidan samxedro samsaxuris im SemTxvevaSi, Tu savaldebuli samxedro gawve-
msurvelTa pirveli ganacxadi SeiZleba mxolod eqvs vas ar dauWerT mxars, rogor aRmofxvriT arsebul
TveSi gakeTdes. profesionali samxedroebi upirate- problemas _ samxedro Zalis (igulisxmeba samxedro
sobas aniWeben arsebuli, moxaliseebiT dakompleqte- personali) simcires? mimarTavT Tu ara sxva qvey-
buli, jaris marTvas. Tumca profesionalebis TqmiT nebs daxmarebisaTvis? rogor fiqrobT, Tanxmobis
ìm SemTxvevaSi, Tu prezidenti gadawyvets erayis SemTxvevaSi SeZleben Tu ara isini uzrunvelyon sa-
garda kidev sxva qveyanaSi ganalagos jari, rigiTi Tanado raodenobis samxedro Zalis gagzavna Tqvens
moqalaqeebic ki mixvdebian, rom Cven fizikurad ara mxardasaWerad?
gvyavs Sesabamisi kontingenti.~ rogor daarwmunebT sazogadoebas, rom qveynis
kanoni savaldebulo samxedro gawvevis Sesa- usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT Tqven mier miRebuli
xeb aRr moqmedebs 1973 wlidan (mas Semdeg rac qve- gadawyvetileba sworia?
ya nam warumatebloba iwvnia vietnamis omSi). amis
Sem deg, amerikis kongresma Seitana cvlilebebi
ierTobebis Camoyalibeba (genderuli rolebis Secvlis CaTvliT). realistebi ar miiCneven

saWirod aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kvlevas, magram mSvidobis mkvlevarTaTvis es yvelaferi sadis-
kusio masalas warmoadgens.
adamianebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom pozitiuri mSvidoba savaraudod damokidebulia
eTnikur konfliqtze, rasizmze, qsenofobiasa da sxvadasxva enis, kulturisa da religiuri
mrwamsis mqone jgufebs Soris arsebul daZabulobis wyaroze _ im daZabulobaze, rac Sesa-
Zloa gaxdes Zaladobisa da omis mizezi. (ix. èTnikuri konfliqti~).71 erT-erTi Teoriis
mixedviT, jgufebs Soris arsebuli konfliqtebis daZlevis saSualebaa mogzauroba, turizmi,
kulturuli gacvla (koncertebi, filmebi) da samoqalaqo diplomatia.
ramdenime aTeuli wlis win msoflio ena _ esperanto Seqmnes msoflio masStabiT komuni-
kaciisa da globaluri integraciis xelSewyobis mizniT, Tumca Sedegebi mTlianobaSi ar iyo
STambeWdavi.
jgufebs Soris arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmeSi mimarTebaSi arsebobs kidev
erTi midgoma, romelic iTvaliswinebs reformebs saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi. magaliTad,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleT evropis qveynebis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mezobeli qvey-
nebis mimarT pativiscemis grZnobis Camoyalibebis mizniT Seicvala saxelmZRvaneloebis Si-
naarsi _ amoRebul iqna nacionaluri upiratesobis Semcveli masala. koreasa da CineTTan
mimarTebaSi daZabulobas amZafrebs is faqti, rom iaponiaSi saxelmZRvaneloebSi ar aris Set-
anili am qveynis mier meore msoflio omSi Setanili `wvlili~.
pozitiuri mSvidoba agreTve moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa politikuri Tanasworo-
ba da adamianTa uflebebi. mTavrobis mier daSvebuli Secdomebisa da darRvevebisa kontroli
ufro demokratiuli institutebis mqone qveynebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, radgan im saxelm-
wifoebSi, sadac Zalaufleba mcire mmarTveli jgufis an diqtatoris xelSia, es sruliad Seu-
Zlebelia. (ix. gv. 160-163). ufro metic, rodesac legitimuri politikuri Tanamonawileobis
speqtri Zalian didia, moqalaqeebi naklebad arian Zaladobisaken midrekilni.
pozitiuri mSvidobisaTvis savaldebulo doqtrina _ saWiroa Tu ara saxelmwifoTa
erovnuli mTavrobebis msoflio mTavrobis daqvemdebarebis qveS yofna (subordinacia) _ gax-
lavT sakiTxi, romelic dRemde rCeba mSvidobis kvlevebis polemikis saganad.72 Teoretikose-
bi agrZeleben debatebs msoflio mTavrobis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. mravali aqtivisti
cdilobs xorci Seasxas arsebul ideas; mravali gegma daiwera, Tumca jer arc erTi ar ganxor-
cielebula. zogierTi Teoretikosis Rrma rwmeniT, movlenaTa ganviTareba (raSic didi wvli-
li gaeros ekuTvnis) cxadyofs, rom sabolood gardauvali iqneba msoflio mTavrobis Seqmna.
zogierTi eqspertis azriT, aRniSnuli idea arapragmatuli da sulac arasasurvelia (vinaidan
gamoiwvevs kidev erTi centralizebuli kontrolis sistemis warmoqmnas, maSin rodesac mSvi-
dobis doqtrina decentralizaciisa da Tavisuflebis propagandaa).
moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis
mSvidobis kvlevebis eqspertebi agreTve swavloben pozitiuri mSvidobis miRwevis gzebs.
TeoretikosTa umravlesoba erTgvari skepticizmiT aris gamsWvaluli. maTi azriT, poziti-
uri mSvidoba mxolod saxelmwifos liderebis saqmianobi ver miiRweva. saerTaSoriso urTier-
Tobebis normebis Secvla mxolod individualuri pirebisa da jgufebis aqtiuri zewoliTaa
SesaZlebeli.
zegavlenis moxdenis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis, rac gu-
lisxmobs xalxTa masebis quCebSi gamosvlas, raTa daafiqsiron TavianTi uaryofiTi damokide-
buleba omsa da militarizmTan mimarTebaSi.73 saprotesto aqciis msgavs formas mimarTaven
TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi, romelic monawileobas iRebs omSi. mSvidobis kvlevebis sferoSi
miaCniaT, rom mTavrobebTan SedarebiT, msoflios mosaxleoba ufro metad uWers mxars mSvi-
dobas. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis, eizenhaueris,
sityvebs: `xalxs ise swadia mSvidoba, rom umjobesia mTavrobebi Camoecalon maT gzidan da
miscen sawadelis miRwevis saSualeba~.74

masobrivi demonstraciebis garda samSvidobo moZraobis gavrcelebul taqtikaTa Sori-
saa mediis saSualebebiT omis sawinaaRmdego gancxadebebis gaJRereba, samoqalaqo daumor-
Cileblobis aqciebSi monawileoba (kanonis daRveva araZaladobrivi meTodebiT da sakuTari
mrwamsis gamosaxatavad `SekveTili dapatimrebebis~ procesis dawyeba), agreTve dro da dro
sazogadoebrivi boikotis mowyoba. aRniSnuli moZraobis e.w. `xelsayrel samiznes~ warmoad-
gens samxedro savaldebulo gawveva, mTavrobis Semadgenlobis dagegmareba, gadasaxadebi da
birTveuli iaraRis gamocdisTvis saWiro teritoriebi. sxva interesTa jgufis msgavsad moZ-
raoba mSvidobisaTvis aqtiurad monawileobs agreTve arCevnebsa da lobirebis politikaSi.
moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis miznad isaxavs sazogadoebis ganaTlebas omisa da gamalebuli Sei-
araRebis sakiTxebSi. am sakiTxebze mTavroba zogjer naklebad amaxvilebs yuradRebas, an su-
lac xelovnurad Tavs ikavebs axsna-ganmartebebisagan.
mSvidobis aqtivistTa Soris xSirad uTanxmoebaa miznebTan dakavSirebiT. amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis `moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis~ internacionalisturma frTam pirveli msoflio
omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso organizaciebi (dRevandeli gaero) miiCnia mSvidobis miRwevis
saukeTeso meqanizmebad da mxari dauWira ideas agresiis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. moZrao-
bis pacifisturi frTa yovelgvari mqone omis winaaRmdeg gamodis da ar uWers mxars saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebs, romelTa wevrebi saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebia. pacifisturi frTis
warmomadgenlebis azriT, pozitiuri mSvidoba ufro radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebiT
miiRweva.75 moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva amocanis ganxorcielebas
isaxavs miznad da gansxvavebuli xasiaTis politikis matarebelia. magaliTad, `moZraoba mSvi-
dobisaTvis~ iaponiaSi gamoirCeva saxalxo mxardaWeris didi masStabiT da pacifisturi ori-
entaciisaa (es gaxlavT pirveli da meore msoflio omebis wina da momdevno periodis Semdeg
militarizmis mimarT Camoyalibebuli damokidebulebis Sedegi). samSvidobo moZraobis ms-
gavsi urTierTsawinaaRmdego tendenciebi kritikul periodSi, (magaliTad, 2003 wels eraySi
omis dawyebamde), erTi ideis qveS erTiandeba konkretuli omebisa an gamalebuli SeiaraRebis
winaaRmdeg. Tumca msgavsi reaqciuli politikis fonze moZraobis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis
grZelvadiani miznebisa da gegmebis Sedgena did sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. mSvidobis
kvlevebis TeoretikosebisaTvis sainteresoa, ra ganapirobebs moZraobis warmatebasa Tu
warumateblobas, raTa daadginon, sazogadoebrivi azris gavlena sagareo politikis sferoSi
saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebebze. (2003 wlis demonstraciebs erayTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis
aranairi gavlena ar mouxdenia aSS-is politikaze).
araZaladoba
pacifizmisa da araZaladobis (Zaladobis aRkveTis) filosofiis safuZvels warmoadgens
molaparakebebis dros zewolis nebismieri meqanizmis gamoyenebisagan TavSekaveba. dReisaTvis
arc erTi saxelmwifo ar iyenebs aRniSnul strategias. dRevandel msoflioSi aravin davobs
imaze, rom araZaladobis filosofiis matarebeli saxelmwifo SesaZloa eqsploataciisa da
dapyrobis obieqtad iqces.76
pacifizmis miuxedavad, zemoaRniSnuli Teoria konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebisa
da pozitiuri mSvidobis miRwevis aucileblobis propagandas eweva. msoflios mraval qveyanSi
arian moqalaqeebi, romelnic erTiandebian erTi ideis garSemo da am ideis arsi mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom mxolod pacifizms _ Zaladobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul moZraobas _ ZaluZs saerTaSor-
iso urTierTobebis Secvla imgvarad, rom aviciloT omebi. pacifisturi moZraobis masStabebi
iaponiaSi sakmaod didia, pacifistebs mSvidobisaTvis moZraobis sakmaod farTomasStabiani da
Zlieri organizaciebi aqvT agreTve amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi.
TviT termini _ pacifizmi _ simpatiiT ar sargeblobs, vinaidan agresiasTan mimarTebaSi
mas garkveuli inertuloba miaweres (aseTi interpretacia aSS-is izolacionistebis mimarT
gamoiyenes 1930-ian wlebSi). ufro popularuli termini _ araZaladoba (nonviolence) _ uSualod
aRwers mahaTma gandis filosofiasa da praqtikas. mahaTma gandi 1948 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda
britaneTis imperiidan Tavis dasaRwevad gaCaRebul damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas indoeT-
Si. gandis azriT, araZaladoba aqtiurad unda eZebdes Zaladobis prevenciis gzebs, raTa mox-
des konfliqtebis mogvareba Zaladobis gareSe. gandis meTaurobiT indoeTis mosaxleoba dai-
razma britaneTis koloniuri reJimis winaaRmdeg, Tumca Zaladobis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis
gareSe. maSinac ki, rodesac britaneTis samxedroebma SeuiaraRebel indoel demonstrantebs
cecxli gauxsnes, britanelTa gamowvevas indoeTis mosaxleobam agresiiT ar upasuxa.
araZaladobis filosofiis momxreni yuradRebas amaxvileben araZaladobis moralur, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki praqtikul mxareze. molaparakebebis dros misTvis zewolis meqanizms mxolod
moraluri normebis gamoyeneba warmoadens. meore mxaris darwmunebis Semdeg (igulisxmeba is,
rom ar iqneba gamoyenebeuli Zaladobis meqanizmi) usafrTxoebis dilema aRmoifxvreba. Zl-
ieri mxaris mier Zaladobis argamoyeneba usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg friad momgebiania _ vi-
naidan Zaladobis meqanizmebis gamoyenebas yovelTvis uaryofiTi konotacia axlavs.77 ameri-
kis SeerTebul StatebSi araZaladobis filosofiis gavrceleba 1960-iani wlebidan daiwyo da
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moZraobiT gamovlinda, gansakuTrebiT martin luTer qingis
aqtiuri monawileobiT. araZaladobis dilema aRwers, rogor unda vupasuxoT Zaladobas.78
gandis Rrma rwmeniT, yovelTvis arsebobs gza _ mesame alternativa inertulobasTan mimarTe-
baSi. araZaladobrivi midgoma yovelTvis rodia warmatebuli ZaladobasTan dapirispirebi-
sas, magram zogjer moZaladec igive beds iziarebs. rodesac politikuri liderebi, Zalado-
bas mimarTaven da maT qmedebas arasasurveli Sedegi mohyveba, isini mainc Tvlian, rom vali
moixades, magram sxvagvarad msjeloben, rodesac araZaladobis meqanizmebis gamoyenebis Sede-
gad iwvneven warumateblobas. mSvidobis kvlevebis farglebSi Teoretikosebi ganixilaven
mSvidobis sxvadasxva aspeqts da mSvidobis miRwevis gansxvavebul gzebs. aRniSnuli gansx-
vavebebi mSvidobis kvlevebis multidisciplinuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, Rrma da kompleqs-
uria da sxvadasxva disciplinis kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens (sociologiis, politologiis,
fsiqologiis, anropologiis da a.S).
mSvidobis kvlevebi erTi SexedviT inkluziuri da tolerantulia, saimisod, rom sxvadasx-
va dargis eqspertebi SeTanxmdnen mSvidobis cnebaze. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom am toler-
antobam SesaZloa niRabi moargos mSvidobis kvlevebis sferoSi arsebul SeuTavseblobebs.
winamdebare TavSi warmodgenili iyo Teoriuli safuZvlebi, xolo saxelmZRvanelos momdev-
no oTx TavSi detalurad iqneba aRwerili saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis kvlevebis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi.
viazrovnoT kritikulad
1. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da kanadis urTierTobebi realizmTan SedarebiT lib-
eralizmis WrilSi ufro advilad aixseneba. sxva ra saxis saxelmwifoTaSoris urTier-
TobebTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba paralelebis gavleba? imsjeleT realizmisa da lib-
eralizmis urTierTsapirispiro dogmatebze; yuradReba gaamaxvileT urTierTobebis
Camoyalibebis dros realizmisa da liberalizmis doqtrinebis gavlenaze.
2. moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoze is faqti, Tu saxelm-
wifos liderebis umravlesobaSi qalebs moviazrebT? raSi gamoixateba es gansxvaveba?
genderuli stereotipebis garda, riTi daasabuTebT Tqvens pasuxs?
3. rogor Seicvleba movlenebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, Tu qalebs wamyvan pirebad
ganvixilavT? rogor qalebs da ra rolSi miiCnevT mniSvnelovnad?
4. wignSi mocemuli informaciidan gamoyaviT implicituri Temebi, aRniSneT is sakiTxebi,
romelic ar ganxilula da moxazeT Tu ra qveteqstebis saxiT aris mocemuli isini.
5. mSvidobis kvlevebis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebis Sida maxasiaTeblebi (analizis saSinao

doneze) Zlier gavlenas axdenen omis mimarT Camoyalibebul damokidebulebaze, iseve
rogorc mSvidobis xangrZlivobaze. erTi sazogadoebis magaliTze gviCveneT rogor
zegavlenas axdens Sida maxasiaTeblebi _ socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli _
sazogadoebis qcevaze qveynis farglebs gareT.
daskvnebi
sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganxiluli iyo realizmis mTavari doqtrina anarqiasTan, saxelm-
wifo aqtorebTan, racionalurobasTan da samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebasTan/rentab-
elobasTan dakavSirebiT.
liberalebi eWvqveS ayeneben realistebis ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom viwro interesebi saer-
To sargebelze orientirebul TanamSromlobasTan SedarebiT ufro racionaluria.
neoliberalizmis mixedviT, avtonomiuri racionaluri saxelmwifoebis anarqiul
sistemaSic ki SesaZlebelia TanamSromlobis damyareba, rac gamoixateba erToblivi
normebis, reJimebisa da institutebis SeqmniT.
koleqtiuri sakuTreba, aris individualuri wvlilis miuxedavad, jgufis yvela wevris
mier miRebuli sargebeli. koleqtiuri sakuTrebis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia, wevrebma
imoqmedon saerTo normebisa da wesebis mixedviT.
saerTaSoriso reJimi _ is wesebi da molodini, rasac iziareben saxelmwifoebis li-
derebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferos ZiriTad mimarTulebebTan dakavSirebiT
_ msoflio mTavrobis ararsebobis fonze stabilurobis erTgvari garantia.
hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoriis mixedviT, dominanturi Zalis mqonea erTi saxelm-
wifo qmnis stabiluribas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi da es xels uwyobs re-
Jimebis Seqmnas.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis principebis mixedviT, saxelmwifoTa jgufi Tanxmdeba
daupirispirdes agresias nebismieri monawile saxelmwifos saSualebiT; am funqcias as-
ruleben gaero da saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis feministi eqspertebis azriT, genderis faqtori saer-
TaSoriso urTierTobebis arsis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania, magram amavdroulad isi-
ni genderuli rolebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva koncefcias gvTavazoben.
gansxvavebis Teoriis feministebi Tvlian, rom mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris arsebobs
realuri (da ara SemTxveviTi) gansxvaveba. mamakacebi (iseve rogorc realistebi) so-
cialur urTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi ufro avtonomiis principebze dayrdnobiT msj-
eloben maSin, rodesac qalebi socialur urTierTobebs ganixilaven kavSirebis Wril-
Si.
ganmasxvavebeli Teoriis feministebis mtkicebiT, qalebTan SedarebiT, saSualod mama-
kacebs ufro aqvT meomari suli. maTi azriT, saxelmwifoSi, sadac mmarTveli qalia,
naklebad SeimCneva gansxvaveba, Tumca dasZenen, rom qveynis mmarTvelobiT organoebSi
qalTa raodenobis gazrdis Sedegad SesaZloa Seicvalos saerTaSoriso sistemis xasi-
aTi _ rac am sistemis ufro mSvidobian sistemad gardaqmnaSi gamoixateba.
liberali feministebi ar eTanxmebian azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebis sferoSi qalebs, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi an mizne-
bi gaaCniaT. maTi azriT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi qalebs sapirispiro
sqesis warmomadgenlebis msgavsad SeuZliaT monawileobis miReba Tanabari uflebebiTa
da SesaZleblobebiT. Teoriis dasasabuTebad liberal feministebs magaliTad mohyavT
istoriuli da dRevandeli qali liderebi da samxedro sferoSi moRvawe mandilosnebi.
konstruqtivistebi uaryofen realistebis ideebs saxelmwifo interesebTan dakav-
SirebiT da saxelmwifo interesebs ganixilaven, rogorc socialuri interaqciebisa da
normebis Semadgenel nawils.
postmodernisti kritikosebisaTvis realistebis ena da dadgenili CarCoebi, unitaruli
saxelmwifo aqtorebis CaTvliT, miuRebelia. postmodernistebis azriT, SeuZlebelia

kategoriebad dayofa im mravalmxrivi da mravalferovani realiebisa, rasac yoveldRi-
urad exebian saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi CarTuli pirebi TavianTi saqmianobis peri-
odSi.
postmodernisti feministebi cdiloben realistebTan diskusiis procesSi realiste-
bis TeoriaSi genderTan dakavSirebuli qveteqstebis gamoaSkaravebas. qveteqstebSi
igulisxmeba agreTve Zalis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli sqesis Tvisebebis Tematika.
mSvidobis kvlevebis programebi interdisciplinuria maTi mizania saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebis disciplinis masStabebis gazrda da masSi socialuri da ekonomikuri
faqtorebis CarTva, rac ignorirebulia realizmis mier.
mSvidobis kvlevebis Teoretikosebis azriT, arsebobs normatiuli doqtrina _ mSvi-
doba kargia, xolo omi _ cudi. amasTanave, isini iswrafvian politikaSi monawileobis
gziT arsebuli Teoria praqtikulad ganaxorcielon.
Suamdgomloba da konfliqtis mogvarebis sxva formebi warmoadgens molaparakebebis
procesis monawile mxareebze zewolis alternatiul meqanizmebs. aRniSnuli saSuale-
bebis gamoyenebiT izrdeba konfliqtis araZalismieri gzebiT mogvarebis SesaZleblo-
bebi.
mSvidobis kvlevebis eqspertebis azriT, mraval kulturaSi militarizmi ganapirobebs
saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebas _ gamoiyenos Zala saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis pro-
cesSi.
pozitiuri mSvidoba ar niSnavs mxolod omis ararsebobas. masSi moiazreba is garemoe-
bani (gansakuTrebiT usamarTloba da siRaribe), romelsac mSvidobis mkvlevarebi ukav-
Sireben Zaladobas.
`moZraoba mSvidobisaTvis~ miznad isaxavs zegavlena moaxdinos samxedro ZalebTan
mimarTebaSi arsebul sagareo politikaze; msgavsi moZraobebi mSvidobis kvlevebis gan-
sakuTrebuli interesTa jgufs Seadgens.
araZaladoba _ Zalis gamoyenebis uaryofa _ efeqturi saSualebaa gansakuTrebiT Rari-
bi an diskriminirebuli xalxisaTvis, visac ar gaaCnia sxva saxis `Tavdacvis~ saSualeba.
aq aklia KEY TERMS??????
debatebi sakiTxis garSemo

arabeT-israelis konfliqti: ra uSlis xels
mSvidobis damyarebas regionSi?
avtori: mir zoa huseini
mimoxilva _ ebraelebi da palestineli arabebi ukve as welze metia ibrZvian mcire geo-
grafiuli teritoriisaTvis, radgan es miwa am orive erisaTvis ganusazRvreli religiuri
mniSvnelobisaa. 1948 wels israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg konfliqti arabeTsa da is-
raels Soris ufro gaZlierda da msoflio yuradReba miipyro. ZiriTad problemas warmoad-
gens israelis mier Tavisi sazRvrebis sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare dadgena da israe-
lis mier okupirebuli teritoriebi _ gansakuTrebiT palestinis dasavleT sanapiro zoli,
romelic ekuTvnoda iordanias, agreTve palestinis Razis seqtori, romelic ekuTvnoda eg-
viptes da golanis simaRleebi (Golan Heights), rac siriis teritoriis nawils Seadgenda. 1993
wlidan daiwyo palestina-israelis samSvidobo molaparakebebi da palestinis farTomasSta-
biani avtonomia dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris mimarTulebiT gaizarda, Tumca pre-
zident bil qlintonis mcdeloba, sabolood moegvarebina konfliqti 2000 wels kemp deividis
me-2 samitis procesSi, uSedego aRmoCnda. mxareebma ver miaRwies konsensuss ZiriTad sakiTxeb-
ze.
kemp deividis me-2 samitis uSedegod dasrulebis Semdeg, 2000 wlis 28 seqtembers, israe-
lis Likud-is partiis lideri ariel Saroni ewvia al-aqsas meCeTs, romelic musulmanuri sa-
myaros udides siwminded iTvleba. am faqtma palestinelTa mRelvarebis axali talRa warmo-
qmna. Saronis aRniSnuli vizitis Sedegad gamwvavda dapirispireba TviTmkvlel kamikaZeebisa
da israelis samxedro Zalebs Soris, xolo 2001 wlis Tebervlis arCevnebSi Saronis gamarjve-
bas Seewira 3000 palestineli da 1000 israelis moqalaqis sicocxle.
ukanaskneli periodis samSvidobo winadadeba, prezident jorj buSis `mSvidobis miRwevis
grafiki~ warmoadgens mSvidobis damyarebis samwlian gegmas, sadac mocemulia is konkretuli
nabijebi, romelic orive mxarisaTvisaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. moqmedebis gegmis kulminacia
unda yofiliyo 2005 wels damoukidebeli palestinis Seqmna. Tumca ariel Saronisa da buSis
administraciam ver gamonaxa saerTo ena prezident iaser arafatTan, palestinis erovnuli
mTavrobis liderTan; agreTve, israelma palestineli TviTmkvleli kamikaZeebis winaaRmdeg
usafrTxoebis damatebiTi zomebi miiRo, ramac Zaladobis masStabebi regionSi ukiduresad
gazarda; amas daemata isic, rom arafatis gardacvalebis Semdeg, (2004 wlis 11 noemberi)
2005 wlis 9 ianvars, palestinis erovnuli mTavrobis liderad mahmud abasi (abu mazeni) air-
Cies; 2005 wlis ivlisis bolos Saroni kvlav ubrundeba Razas seqtorSi arsebuli ebraelTa
dasaxlebebis daSlis gegmis ganxorcielebas; palestinis samSvidobo procesi axal stadiaSi
Sedis buSis administraciis axali oTxwliani gegmis damtkicebis Semdeg. sainteresoa, amJa-
mindeli dabrkolebebi SeuSlis Tu ara xels regionSi mSvidobis saboloo damyarebas?
argumenti 1. palestinis perspeqtivebi

dRevandeli intifadas mizezia palestinelebis imedis gacrueba, damcireba da israelis mier
qveynis okupaciisa da militarizmis winaaRmdeg arsebuli protesti. palestinis meore intifada
2000 wlis oqtomberSi daiwyo, rasac Tan axlda TviTmkvleli kamikaZeebisa da israelis samxedro
Zalebis moqmedebebi. israelis mier aRmarTuli kedeli dasavleT sanapiroze kidev erT dabrkole-
bas uqmnis mSvidobis saboloo damyarebas regionSi. palestinelebma da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam
gaeros rezoluciaSi mkacrad gaakritikes israelis mier kedlis aSenebis faqti.
gaeros angariSSi aRniSnulia: `kedeli dasavleT sanapiros 14,5 %-s israelis teritoriis farg-
lebSi moaqcevs; es miwa erT-erTi yvelaze uxvmosavliania dasavleT sanapiroze da amJamad iq 274 000
palestineli cxovrobs~.
gaeros moxsenebis mixedviT, damatebiT 400 000 palestineli dazaraldeba. zogjer aRniSnu-
li barieri kveTs palestinelTa soflebsa da sasoflo-sameurneo miwis nakveTebs. palestinele-
biT dasaxlebuli raionebidan qalaqSi saswavleblad an samuSaod mimaval studentebsa da qalaqSi
dasaqmebul mosaxleobas barieris gadalaxva mouwevT (Greg Myre. ÙN Estimates israeli Barrier Will Dis-
rupt Lives of 600000~. Yhe New York Times, November 12, 2003).
abasma unda moagvaros palestinel eqstremistebTan arsebuli problemebi. palestinis in-

teresebs safrTxes umnian ara marto gareSe mtrebi, aramed palestineli eqstremistebi (rogoricaa
hamasisa da islamuri jihadis revolucioneri islamistebi), romelnic xels uSlian samSvidobo pro-
cess, romelic gulisxmobs konkretul kompromiss palestinis mxridan. swored aRniSnuli jgufebi
qmnian dabrkolebas da xels uSlian molaparakebaTa procesis efeqtur warmarTvas.
`me Rrmada var darwmunebuli, rom es meamboxe mesianistebi ver gaimarjveben eraySi, israelsa
da palestinaSi, magram isini xels SeuSlian axali pragmatuli, tolerantuli qmedebebis ganxor-
cielebas, rac ukavSirdeba israelsa da palestinas Soris axali sazRvrebis dadgenas~. (Thomas l.
Friedman. `Remapping the Middle East, Maybe.~ The New York Times, January 9, 2005)
38 T av
avi 3 Zal
Z a l i s p o l i t i k i s al
a l t e r nat
n a t i va
argumenti 2. israelis perspeqtivebi

palestinelTa intifadisa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg israelis samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba.
`netanias sastumroSi 27 marts teroristi kamikaZis afeTqebis faqtma kidev erTxel daadastura
terorizmis winaaRmdeg israelis mier gamocxadebuli omis aucilebloba. teroristebis `wyalobiT~
martis TveSi israelis 130 moqalaqe daiRupa, rac israelis mosaxleobis masStabebidan gamomdinare,
proporciulad amerikaSi 11 seqtembris msxverplis raodenobasTan SedarebiT orjer metia. teror-
istuli aqtebi ar Sewyvetila miuxedavad imisa, rom israeli asrulebda aSS-is emisaris, winadadebas
cecxlis SewyvetasTan dakavSirebiT.
ar arsebobs iluzia imisa, rom SesaZloa arsebobdes israel-palestinis konfliqtis mxolod da
mxolod samxedro gziT gadaWris alternativa. Tumca ukanasknel periodSi Catarebulma operacieb-
ma cxadyo, Tu rogor SeiZleba teroristebis gegmebis CaSla da mSvidobiani mosaxleobis gadarCena
israelSi. (Nitsan Alon. `Why Israel’s mission Must Continue. ~ The New York Times, April 12, 2002).
dasavleT sanapiroze arsebuli usafrTxoebis kedelis mizania daicvas israelis mosaxleoba.
palestinelTa intifadis samma weliwadma ganapiroba usafrTxoebis kedelis aSeneba. bariers gaaCnia
eleqtronuli damcavi saSualebebi, betonis kedeli, sangrebi da sxva dabrkolebebi, rac xels SeuS-
lis palestinelebs Tavs daesxan israelis mosaxleobas. barieri ar warmoadgens politikur sazR-
vars.
`gaeros rezoluciaSi warmodgenilia mosazreba imis Sesa xeb, TiTqos barieri xels SeuSlis
palestinel mosaxleobas (daaxloebiT 600 000 adamians) imoZraos aRniSnul teritoriaze, amasTan
dakavSirebiT israelis Tavdacvis saministros warmomadgenelma ganacxada: `Cven vzrunavT 6,5 mil-
ionian israelis mosaxleobis usafrTxoebaze, rac miiRweva mxolod kedlis aSenebiT... Cven agreTve
viTvaliswinebT specialuri gasasvlelebis gaxsnas, raTa maqsimalurad SevuwyoT xeli adamianTa
gadaadgilebas. aqedan gamomdinare, aramarTebulia imis mtkiceba, TiTqos Cven ar viTvaliswinebT
adamianTa interesebs.~ (Greg Myre. ÙN Estimatioes israeli Barrier Will Disrupt Lives of 600 000.~ The New
York Times, November 12, 2003.)
Saroni win unda aRudges israelis eqstremistebs. Tavisi kolegis msgavsad, Saroni, romelmac
saxeli gaiTqva rogorc israelis dasaxlebebis gadaadgilebebis arqiteqtorma da meurvem, did wi-
naaRmdegobas waawyda aRniSnul teritoriaze arsebuli dasaxlebuli punqtebidan ebraelebis gamo-
yvanis sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayenebis Semdeg.
ìsraelSi Teokratiul-nacionalisturi moZraoba aqtiurdeba. gasul xuTSabaTs dasavleT sana-
piros ebrauli dasaxlebis mcxovrebTagan batalionis oTxma meTaurma da 30-mde sxva samxedro Cinis
oficerma gaakeTa gancxadeba israelis yoveldRiur gazeTSi Yediot Aharonoti, sadac isini xazgasmiT
aRniSnaven, rom ar daemorCielebian Razas seqtoridan da dasavleT sanapirodan ebraelebis evakua-
ciis brZanebas. es aris Ria dapirispireba premier-ministr ariel Saronis kabinetis mier damtkice-
buli gegmasTan, rac iTvaliswinebs israelis samxedro Zalebisa da mosaxleobis srul evakuacias
Razas seqtoridan da dasavleT sanapiros erT-erTi nawilidan.~ (Thomas L. Friedman. `Remapping the
Middle East, Maybe.~ The New York Times, January 9, 2005.)~
SekiTxvebi
1. miuxedavad urTierTsawinaaRmdego, xangrZlivi da rTuli problemebisa ierusalimSi,
dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris ebraelTa dasaxlebaSi, da im gadauWreli prob-
lemebisa, rac arsebobs palestinel ltolvilebis dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT, arsebul
dabrkolebaTagan: intifada, israelis usafrToebis kedeli, eqstremistebis arseboba
konflistis orive mxares _ romeli ufro uqmnis dabrkolebas konfliqtis mSvidobian
gadaWras? ratom?
2. arabeT-israelis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi ra roli unda iTamaSon amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma, evrogaerTianebam da evrokavSirma? moitans Tu ara mSvidobas `konfliqtis mSvi-
dobiani mogvarebis gegma~? ratom?
l i be ral
ralizmi 39
Key Terms?????????

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Tavi 3

Zalis politikis alternativa

tradiciuli liberaluri kritika

lobis cnebis mixedviT omi da Zaladoba racional- es ubralod ????????????

neoliberaluri midgoma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba ufro adreuli periodis liberal-

winamorbedis _ (GATT) (generaluri SeTanxmeba vaWrobisa da tarifebis Sesaxeb) principebis

velzec xdeba aqtorebis miswrafebebis Tanxvedra konkretul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi (magali-

mier Zalauflebis marTebulad ganxorcieleba, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqspertebi

prognozi ar gamarTlda. saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma reJimma ar dakarga Tavisi forma da is,

ratomaa mniSvnelovani genderul sakiTxe- es ubralod ????????????

Rebaze kontrolis dawesebasa Tu aparteidis reJimze.

diferencialuri (ganmasxvavebeli) feminizmis mixedviT, xdeba realizmis ZiriTadi Sexed-

ufleba. eyrdnoba Tu ara es koncefcia msoflios

f eministi Teoretikosebis ganmartebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia rogorc realisturi, aseve

genderuli sakiTxebi omisa da mSvidobis periodSi

mamrobiTi sqesis individebis upirvelesi funqcia iyo

qalis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis es ubralod ????????????

is wyalqveSa gemebisa da saxmeleTo jarebis rigebSi.

feministuri argumentebis dabalanseba

sqema 2.1 msoflios ???????????????????????

mravladaa Tanxvedris SemTxvevebic.

Tanmdev) Teoriul midgomad SeiZleba warmovidginoT. Tavisi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, kon-

mixedviT, humanitarul intervencias ganapirobebs normebi, romlis mixedviT, aucilebelia

bul garigebebSi, aramed sazogadoebis transformaciaSi (socialuri revoluciebis Sedegad)

es ubralod ???????????? daawesa sazRvari eTiopiasa da eriTreas

ar iRebs monawileobas bavSis movlasa da aRzrdaSi. SedarebiT `mSvidobian sazogadoebebSi~

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

ierTobebis Camoyalibeba (genderuli rolebis Secvlis CaTvliT). realistebi ar miiCneven

miscen sawadelis miRwevis saSualeba~.74

5. mSvidobis kvlevebis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebis Sida maxasiaTeblebi (analizis saSinao

saxelmwifo aqtorebis CaTvliT, miuRebelia. postmodernistebis azriT, SeuZlebelia

aq aklia KEY TERMS??????

debatebi sakiTxis garSemo

argumenti 1. palestinis perspeqtivebi

abasma unda moagvaros palestinel eqstremistebTan arsebuli problemebi. palestinis in-

argumenti 2. israelis perspeqtivebi

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