Tavi 35

partia, rogorc ideebis matarebeli

franCeska vasalo da klaid vilkoqsi

Francesca Vassallo and Clyde Wilcox

Sesavali

2002 wels aSS-Si respublikelebis partiam erovnul mTavrobaze mTliani kontrolimoipova.

amis Semdeg, partiis liderebma maleve, daiwyes iseTi politikis mxardaWera, rac mTavrobis
programebTan kerZo konkurencias Seuwyobda xels – skolis vauCerebi, romelic
gaaZlierebda kerZo skolebis zrdas; jandacvis gegma, rac daexmareboda kerZo sadazRveo
kompaniebs, konkurencia gaewiaT saxelmwifo dazRvevis programisTvis (Medicare); federaluri
daxmareba ndobaze dafuZnebuli qvelmoqmedebisTvis, rac savaraudod, maT saSualebas
miscemda, Sejibrebodnen erovnuli keTildReobis programebs; bolos gegma, romelic
savaraudod, nebas rTavda kerZo, saerTo fondis kompaniebs, konkurencia gaewiaT erovnuli,
sapensio sistemisTvis. respublikelebi irwmunebodnen, rom es iyo sruliad axali ideebi,
rac gaaumjobesebda momsaxurebis xarisxs, maSin, roca demokratebma brali dasdes, rom es
gaxldaT moZvelebuli mcdeloba mimarTuli saxelmwifos keTildReobis aRmosafxvrelad.

miuxedavad imisa, axali iyo Tu araes ideebi, isini mizanSewonili gaxldaT saarCevno
politikisTvis. saskolo vauCerebma, romelic mimarTulia afroamerikelebisa da
laTinoamerikelebisadmi, xafangSi Seityua Raribi qalaqis Sida skolebi da tradiciuli
kaTolikeebi, romlebic zogadad, demokratiul saarCevno olqebad iTvleboda.
respublikelebis jandacvis gegma afarToebda medikamentTa gacemis receptebs ufrosi asakis
adamianebisTvis, kidev erTi tradiciuli demokratiuli blokis amomrCevlebisTvis. TiToeuli
es programa mimarTuli iyo ara mxolod demokratTa amomrCevlebisadmi, aramed aseve,
politikuri sferos centrSimyofi moqalaqeebisTvis, sadac didi xania, miCneulia, rom
demokratebi dominireben.

saskolo vauCerebi ara mxolod politikurad Sesaferisi xerxia demokratiuli koaliciis

dasayofad, aramed Tavsebadia respublikelTa grZelvadian preferenciebTan saxelmwifos
mcire rolsa da konkurenciasTandakavSirebiT. amis sapirispirod, medikamentTa receptebis
sasargeblo gegma Seesabameba partiis grZelvadian valdebulebas konkurenciis mimarT da
winaaRmdegobaSi modis opoziciis saxelmwifos keTildReobis uflebis programebTan. bevri
respublikeli kanonmdebeli wuxda, rom misma partiam sakuTari ideologia xanSiSesuli
xalxisgan xmebis miRebis sanacvlodgayida.

politikuri partiebi fuTaven da xels uwyoben ideebs politikuri sistemisTvis. maTi

platformebi ideologiuri sacavis funqciasasrulebs. erTi arCevnebidan meoremde, partiaTa
ideologiasa da programebSimniSvnelovanwilad SenarCunebulia memkvidreobiToba. Tumca,

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miuxedavad amisa, partiuli poziciebi ar aris gayinuli. ufro metic, mravali politikuri
partia icavs msgavs ideebs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi: magaliTisTvis, qristian-demokratiuli,
socialisturi da mwvaneTa partiebi xSirad iziareben platformis elementebs da SeuZliaT,
saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareTaciTanamSromlon. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, politikuri partiebi
sakuTari partiebis daxmarebas sxvadasxva ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, manifestaciebis mowyobisa
da politikuri winadadebebis SeTavazebiTuzrunvelyofen.

partiuli ideologiebi da ideebi

politikur partiaTa adreuli angariSebi xSirad aRwerda individebs, rogorc saerTo ideis
garSemo gaerTianebul sazogadoebas. edmund berki partias gansazRvravda, rogorc
adamianebisgan Semdgar organos `gaerTianebuls imisTvis, rom sakuTari erToblivi
mcdelobebiT, xeli Seuwyon erovnul interess, im garkveul principebze dayrdnobiT,
razedac yvelani SeTanxmebulni arian.~ (Burke, 1889). saxelmZRvaneloebis umravlesoba
amtkicebs, rom partiebi politikis ideebis dacvisTvisiqmneba. kerneli da iakobsoni (Kernell
and Jacobson, 2003), amerikuli SemTxvevis analizisas, amtkiceben, rom pirveli partiebi
Seiqmna, rogorc droebiTi xerxi imisTvis, rom msgavsi ideebis mqone moqalaqeebs, sakuTari
xedvis gaziarebiT, xeli SeewyoT saerTo sargeblisTvis.

am koncefciis Tanaxmad, politikuri kursi da ideologiebi partiebis arsebobis mizezia.

bevri mkvlevari ideologiebs aRwers, rogorc partiebisTvismTavar komponents. partiis
ideologia SesaZlebelia aRviqvaT, rogorc `RirebulebaTa sistemis maxasiaTebeli, romelic
partiis identobis gulSi devs.~ (Mair and Mudde, 1998: 220). karveris (Carver, 2004: 9)
mixedviT, ideologiebi aris `gansaxilveli sakiTxebis dRis wesrigi _ kiTxvebi, romelic
unda daisvas, hipoTezebi, romelic unda Seiqmnas.~ meirisa da mudis Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,
politikuri ideologiebi aRwers partiebis WeSmarit arss, ise `rogorebic arian isini~
(Mair and Mudde, 1998: 220) da ara imis mixedviT, Tu realurad ras akeTeben. ideologiis
gareSe politikur partias arsebobis safuZveliar eqneba da verc erTi amocanis Sesrulebas
ver SeZlebs politikur konteqstSi manam, sanam `ideologiebi partiaTa identobis birTvs ar
warmoadgens da sazogadoebis mimdinare problemebis alternatiuli gadawyvetis detalur
programebsar mogvawvdian.~ (Volkens and Klingemann, 2002: 144).

jer kidev sxva mkvlevarebi amtkicebdnen, rom partiebi, ubralod, individTa koaliciebia,
romlebic cdiloben, mTavrobis gakontrolebas miaRwion (Downs, 1957). am koncefciis
Tanaxmad, politikuri ideologia `xmis miRebis saSualebaa~ da partiebi ideebsa da
ideologiebs irCeven, raTa maqsimalurad gazardon sakuTari wili sayovelTao arCevnebSi, an
Seqmnan umciresobis momgebi partiaTa koalicia. daunsis nayofieri analizi cdilobda,
saarCevno sistemaze dafuZnebuli optimaluri partiis ideologiebi da amomrCevelTa
preferenciebis ganawileba gamoecno.

maSinac ki, Tu partiebs ideologiebi mxolod xmebis misaRebad sWirdebaT, SesaZloa, mainc
hqondeT motivi, mudmivad SeinarCunon sakiTxebis jgufi arCevnebis dros. daunsi gvTavazobs,

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rom partiebma SesaZloa, Tanmimdevruli platformebi amomrCevelTa sakuTar simtkiceSi
dasarwmuneblad miiRon (Budge, 2003). volkensi da klingemani amboben, rom partiebi
amomrCevelsdakargaven, Tu radikalurad Secvlian manifests. ideologiebi partiebs
fundamenturi uwyvetobis ZaliTuzrunvelyofs. ufro metic, ideologiebi instrumentia,
romelic SesaZloa, partiebma gamoiyenon ara mxolod amomrCevelTa mizidvis, aramed
aqtivistTa motivirebisa da arapartiul organizaciebTan kavSiris damyarebis mizniT.
ideologia ayalibebs partiuli liderebisTvis, aqtivistebisa da amomrCevlebisTvis
politikis konceptualur rukas, raTa kampaniebisa da sakiTxebis interpretaciamoaxerxon.
isini amcireben informaciis Rirebulebebs, romelic ukavSirdeba partiis poziciebis
garkvevas da klasifikacias mraval konkretul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi (Budge, 1994).

yvela am mizezidan gamomdinare, politikuri partiebis umravlesoba SesaZloa, rogorc

minimum, ideologiur elementebTangaigivdes, ufro xSirad ki _ zogad ideologiasTan. es
ideologiebi icvleba specifikurobidan gamomdinare da SesaZloa, TandaTan ganviTardes.
magram, partiebi, rogorc wesi, umetesad poziciebs ar icvlian memarcxene-memarjvene
ganzomilebis rukaze (Budge, 2003). Tumca, partiebs Soris ideologiuri gansxvavebebis
xangrZlivi ganzomilebebi Zalian bevri kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxia (Lijphart, 1990).

partiebi SesaZloa, ideologiebis sawyobad aRviqvaT, magram aseve, isini ideebis moklevadiani
gamgrZelebeliarian. partiebis mier ganxiluli garkveuli politikuri kursis ideebi
gansxvavebulia qveynebs Soris saarCevno ciklebis periodSi. aSS-sa da evropaSi dRes
partiebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTodebzekamaToben, sakiTxze, romelic SesaZloa,
5 wlis win saerTod ar idga erovnul dRis wesrigSi. radgan dasavleTis qveynebis
umravlesoba mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani segmentis pensiaze gasvlasganicdis, rac samuSao
Zalis Semcirebas iwvevs, isini kamaToben dafinansebis im saukeTeso gzebze, pensionerTa
ricxvis matebas rom ukavSirdeba zogierT, magram ara yvela qveyanaSi. partiis sakiTxebis
mimarT poziciebi unda Seicvalos, radgan sazogadoeba axali problemebis winaSe dgas.

calkeuli ideebi, romelsac partiebi sakuTari ideologiis ganxorcielebisa da

amomrCevelTa mizidvisTvisirCeven, sxvadasxva wyarodan iRebs saTaves. socialur moZraobebs
da interesTa jgufebs SeuZliaT, ganaviTaron politikuri kursis winadadebebi da isini
politikur dialogSiCarTon. kvleviT institutebs, kvleviT centrebs, akademias SeuZliaT,
politikuri kursis rekomendacia. bevr politikur partias sakuTari kvleviTi instituti
aqvs, romelic maT ufro safuZvlianad exmareba, Seqmnan sakuTari dRis wesrigi (magaliTad,
konrad adenaueris fondi qristian-demokratebisTvis germaniaSi).

mimdinare wlebSi, politikurma konsultantebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes imaSi, rom

politikur partiebs garkveuli politikuri ideebis arCevaSi daxmarebodnen. 1994 wels,
aSS-Si respublikelTa partiam amomrCevlebs SesTavaza programa `kontraqti amerikasTan~,
romelic aT specifikur politikur valdebulebasmoicavda. maTgan ki, zogierTi nawili
(magram ara sruli) mas Semdeg Sesrulda, rac partiam kongresze kontroli moipova.
calkeuli punqtebi SeirCa fokus-jgufebisa da frTxili gamokiTxvebis Catarebis Sedegad.
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konsultantebi daexmarnen, rom britaneTis leiboristul partias 1990-ian wlebSi, sakuTari
dRis wesrigi ganeviTarebina. isini aseve, muSaoben axal demokratiebSi, raTa politikur
partiebsa da kandidatebs dRis wesrigis SeqmnaSidaexmaron.

miuxedavad amisa, politikuri ideebis warmoSoba, dakavSirebulia arCevnebis dros

politikuri partiebis mier politikuri dRis wesrigis SeqmnasTan. roca qveynebi rTuli
gadawyvetilebis winaSe dganan, politikurma partiebma unda ganixilon da Seajeron
alternatiuli gadawyvetis gzebi da Semdgom, arCevnebi Tavad miva socialur
gadawyvetilebamde. politikuri partiebi, rogorc wesi, am ideebs ramdenime saarCevno ciklis
periodSi atareben. Tumca, partiebisTvis uCveuli arc sxva partiebis mier SemoTavazebuli
garkveuli ideebis CarTvaa sakuTar dRis wesrigSi imisTvis, rom es sakiTxi kampaniis
msvlelobisasgamoricxon.

ganxeTqilebebi partiul sistemaSi

zogadad miCneulia, rom partiuli ideologiis wyaroebi socialur ganxeTqilebebSi unda

veZioT. politikuri partiebi xSirad is jgufebia, romlebic aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegebian
sxvebs materialuri faseulobebisa da Rirebulebebis ganawilebis sakiTxSi. es
ganxeTqilebebi icvleba sazogadoebebis mixedviT, Tumca mkvlevrebi eZeben gzebs, rom
yvelasTvis saerTo maxasiaTeblebidaadginon. martinseimur lipsetsa da stein rokans
(Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, 1967) ekuTvniT erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli da
gavleniani tipologia. avtorebma daadgines oTxi ZiriTadi ganxeTqileba, romlis garSemoc
axdenen mobilizacias jgufebi da partiebi: cetri _ periferia, saxelmwifo _ eklesia, miwa
_ industria da mflobeli _ muSa. isini amtkiceben, rom es ganxeTqilebebi im konfliqtebis
ganmtkicebazeaisaxeba, romelic 40 wlis winaTTariRdeba. ganxeTqilebebi `gayinulia~
partiul sistemebSi da Sesabamisad, SemorCenilia, socialuri cvlilebismiuxedavad.
mogvianebiT, kvlevam ganmeorebiT daadastura am ganxeTqilebebis uwyvetoba: knutseni
(Knutsen, 1988: 349) askvnis, rom `Zvel struqturul ganxeTqilebebs lipset-rokanis
modelSi, kvlavac yvelaze Zlieri gavlena aqvs umravles dasavlur demokratiaSi.~

sxva mkvlevrebma partiuli sistemebis mTavari ideologiuri ganzomilebebis gansxvavebuli

sia SemogvTavazes (Taylor and Laver, 1973; Dodd, 1976; Harmel and Janda, 1976). lipharti
(Lijphart, 1990) gansazRvravs rva ganzomilebas partiuli sistemis SigniT, romelic moicavs
social-ekonomikur, religiur, kulturul-eTnikur, urbanuli da soflis reJimis
mxardaWeris, sagareo politikisa da postmaterializmis ganzomilebebs. es ganzomilebebi,
zogadad, dadgenilia araraodenobrivi analiziT da ZiriTadad, dasavleT evropis partiul
sistemebsefuZneba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es ganxeTqilebebi SesaZloa, gayinuli yofiliyo, am aTwleulebSi

socialurma cvlilebam mniSvnelovnad daaTbo ganxeTqilebebis struqtura lipsetisa da
rokanis analizSi, Seqmna axali ganxeTqilebebi da win wamoswia zogierTi maTganis
mniSvneloba, maSin, roca sxvebis _ sagrZnoblad Semcirda. dasavleT evropaSi religiuri

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ganxeTqilebebis mniSvneloba dakninda, radgan sazogadoeba ufro sekularuli gaxda.
qristian-demokratiuli partiis platforma Seicvala, raTa am sekularizaciasSewyoboda.
religia jer kidev rCeba mniSvnelovan gamyofad. knutseni norvegiis magaliTze gviCvenebs,
rom 1980-iani wlebis norvegiaSi religia meore udidesi faqtori iyo partiaTa identobis
dadgenisas. kanadaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1980 wels, xmis micemis dros, religia
mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxldaT, is ar yofila gadamwyveti amomrCevelTa erTgulebis
prognozirebisas (Irvine and Gold, 1980). Tumca, aSS-Si bevrma damkvirvebelma aRwera 1990-ian
wlebSi, axali ganxeTqilebis faqti, romelic religiurobas efuZneboda (ganxilvisTvis
naxeT, Wilcox and Larson, 2004).

1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi, aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi aRmoCnda, rom klasobrivi

ganxeTqilebebi naklebad iyo win wamoweuli, xolo kulturuli ganxeTqilebebi ufro
mniSvnelovani gaxda. materialistur-postmaterialisturi ganzomileba, dadgenili
inglehartis mier (Inglehart, 1977, 1990), umravles dasavlur demokratiebSi gamoCnda.
ingleharti amtkicebda, radgan amomrCevlebi materialuri keTildReobis misaRebad modian,
politika gamoxatuli Rirebulebebis konfliqtze gaxdeba damokidebulio. klingemani da
sxvebi (Klingemann et al.,1994) saxes ucvlian lipsetisa da rokanis Tavdapirvel tipologias
da amateben am ganzomilebasac. postmaterialisturi Rirebulebebi saukeTesod aris asaxuli
memarcxene-libertarianuli da mwvaneTa partiebis gamoCeniT, genderuli sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas, seqsualuri identobis, samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebisa da garemos dacvis
sakiTxebze msjelobisas bevri arsebuli partiis mier. umravles SemTxvevaSi,
postmaterializmma ki ar warmoSva axali partiebi, aramed arsebuli partiebis platforma
gardaqmna. ase gaakeTa demokratiulma partiam aSS-Si, rodesac Sromis sakiTxebidan aqcenti
gadaitana garemos, qalTa Tanasworobis sakiTxebze da amJamad aqvs libertarianuli pozicia
abortsa da homoseqsualTa uflebebze.

ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela ganxeTqileba ar aisaxeba politikur partiebze

da zogierTi sakiTxi ufro depolitizebulia, vidre partiaTa _ ideologiebSiSerwymuli.
saarCevno sistemebma SesaZloa, im politikuri partiebis raodenobaSezRudos, romelTac
efeqturi konkurenciis gawevaSeuZliaT. amiT ki SezRudos ganxeTqilebaTa raodenobac,
romelic SesaZloa, partiebis mierve iyoinspirirebuli. zelinski (Zielinski, 2002) amtkicebs,
rom aRmosavleT evropis axal demokratiebSi, partiebi, romlebic adreul arCevnebs
gadaitanen, imis gansazRvraSi gvexmareba, Tu romeli ganxeTqilebebia politizebuli. is
ganixilavs, rom klasobrivi konfliqti SesaZloa, Tavidan aicilos partiaTa pleadam, Tu
Tavdapirveli ryevis SemdeggaerTiandebian. ganxeTqilebebi SesaZloa, politizebuli gaxdes
maSin, roca axali partiebi Cndeba, an _ depolitizebuli maSin, roca Zveli partiebi qreba.
partiebis garda, sxva saxis organizaciebma SesaZloa, sakiTxebi win wamowion partiul
sistemaSi (Lawson and Merkl, 1988).

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 partiuli manifestebi da ideologiebi

umravlesi politikuri partiisTvis, ideologiebi da ideebi partiul platformebSi,

manifestebsa da programebSi formirdeba. partiis es oficialuri gancxadebebi Seicavs
ideologiur mtkicebebs, abstraqtul principebs, farTo miznebsa da calkeuli politikuri
kursis winadadebebs. partiuli manifestebi mkvlevrebs uzrunvelyofs rogorc partiis
abstraqtuli principebis miniSnebiT, aseve, ufro viwro, konkretuli, politikuri
winadadebebiT, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes es ideologia. manifestebi SesaZloa, ucvleli
darCes ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca periodulad ganaxldeba, arCevnebis wina an
mimdinare kampaniis dros. zogadad, manifestebi xazs usvams sxvadasxva politikuri sferos
mniSvnelobas da zogjer, aseve, Seicavs dapirebebs potenciuri amomrCevlebisadmi im
politikuri kursis Sesaxeb, romelsac partia gaatarebs, Tuki xelisuflebaSi mova.
dapirebebi konkretulia da warmoadgens ideologiuri principebis farTo speqtrs, razedac
partiebi dganan (aRsaniSnavi gamonaklisia aSS, sadac platformebi araferze ar aris mibmuli.
1996 wels, mas Semdeg, rac respublikelTa platformis komitetma programaSi uaryo punqti
abortis mimarT tolerantuli midgomis Sesaxeb, partiis kandidatma bob doulim ganacxada,
rom mas ar waukiTxavs platforma da arc apirebda amis gakeTebas).

aseve, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom partiebis SigniT xSiria ideologiuri ganxeTqilebebi.

amitom manifestebi xSirad gamoxatavs mopaeqre partiul elementebs Soris kompromiss. es
SesaZloa, gansakuTrebiT, yovlismomcvel partiebsexebodes, romlebic amomrCevelTa farTo
mxardaWeras eZieben sxvadasxva socialuri jgufidan. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela partiuli
fraqcia ideologiaze ar aris dafuZnebuli, umravlesobas namdvilad ideologiuri
safuZveli aqvs.

partiuli manifestebis umravlesoba iyenebs erTsa da imave zogad principebs garkveuli

drois ganmavlobaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac partiebi icvlian saxelebsa da organizaciul
struqturebs. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg dasavleTevropulma komunisturma partiebma
saxeli Secvales, Tumca maTi zogadi ideologiuri pozicia didad ar Secvlila (Mair and
Mudde, 1998: 221).

amave dros, xmebis miRebaze orientirebuliracionaluri partiebi, sakuTar poziciebs

amomrCevelTa preferenciebis cvlilebas uTavseben da imavdroulad, sxva partiaTa poziciebs
pasuxoben. ufro metic, radgan garemoebebi icvleba, moulodnelad, axali sakiTxebi dgeba
politikur dRis wesrigSi. brZolam terorizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic 2001 wlis 11
seqtembris Semdeg aSS-ze TavdasxmiT daiwyo, didi britaneTis, espaneTis, poloneTis,
germaniisa da sxva qveynebis politikur partiaTa winaSe axali sakiTxi daayena, romelic arc
Tu zustad ergeboda maT mier manamde gakeTebul gancxadebebs.

zogjer, es axali sakiTxebi Zalian Znelad ergeba manamde arsebul ideologiur

ganxeTqilebebs. aSS-Si, 2004 wels masaCusestis uzenaesma sasamarTlom saxelmwifos
mosTxova daeSva gei da lesboseli wyvilebis qorwineba, rasac respublikuri partia

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ewinaaRmdegeboda, saxelmwifos uflebebis Sesaxeb sakuTari abstraqtuli ideologiuri
valdebulebebisa da aseve, bundovani konservatoruli qristianul-socialuri politikis
Rirebulebebidangamomdinare. samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis (PACS) Sesaxeb msgavsi sakiTxi
partiuli xaziT erTmaneTs kveTs da aerTianebs golist prezident Jak Siraqsa da
socialist premier-ministr Jospins.

ufro grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, partiaTa zogadi principebic ki icvleba. 1950-ian wlebSi,

aSS-Si respublikuri partia daeTanxma saxelmwifos keTildReobas, magram 1980-iani wlebidan
mis ZiriTad programas Seutia (Shafer, 2003). im dros partiebma sakuTari zogadi principebi
uaryves da ufro metad centristul politikas atarebdnen, rasac Sedegad, yovlismomcveli
partiebi mohyva (Kirchheimer, 1966). evropaSi es ufro metad yofil socialistur
partiebsexeba, romlebsac adre muSaTa klasTanhqondaTkavSirebi, axla ki amomrCevlebs
saSualo klasidanmimarTaven. britaneTis leiboristuli partia aRsaniSnavia imiT, rom
xelisuflebaSi dabrunebis Semdeg, man sakuTari platfromaSecvala, raTa saSualo klasis
sakiTxebsac iseSexebodnen, muSaTa klasTan kavSirebi da fesvebiar daekargaT. Zalian xSirad
amtkiceben, rom laTinuri amerikis partiul sistemaTa umravlesobaSi centraluri roli
farTo, yovlismomcvel partiebs uWiravT (Dix, 1989; aseve, ixileT Coppedge, 1998).

sxva SemTxvevebSi,SesaZloa, partiebma siRrmiseuli cvlilebebiganicadon, TusakuTari

manifestebidan ZiriTad ideologiur elementebs, an ufro metsamoiReben. sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg, aRmosavleT evropis Zalian bevri komunisturi partia mZime wnexis qveS
aRmoCnda, romelic, mravalTa prognozirebis miuxedavad, jerac ar gamqrala. CexeTis
respublikaSi partiam mcire cvlilebebi Seitana sakuTar ideologiasa da politikur
kursSi, dakarga Zliereba da patara marginalizebul gaerTianebad gadaiqca. slovakeTSi SDL-
ma (slovakeTis memarcxene demokratiuli partia) restruqturireba moaxerxa, Secvala
ideologiuri midgoma, ramac Ria datova SeuTanxmeblobis sakiTxebi. poloneTSi komunisturi
partiebi xelaxla gamoCndnen rogorc poloneTis social-demokratiuli partia da mxars
uWerdnen ekonomikuri reformebis gagrZelebas, magram ufro kompetentur
administraciashpirdebodnen. bolos ki, ungruli socialisturi partia gamoCnda, rogorc
socialuri usafrTxoebis qselis damcveli (Grzymala-Busse, 2002).

federalur qveynebSi, rogoricaa aSS an kanada, SeiZleba, erTsa da imave politikur partias
gansxvavebuli pozicia hqondes sxvadasxva Statsa Tu provinciaSi (ufro gansxvavebuli
magaliTisTvis, ixileT Chhibber and Petrocik, 1990). aSS-Si zogierTi Statis partiuli
platforma sakmaod eqstremalur da ucnaur punqtebsac kimoicavs. 1988 wels vaSingtonis
respublikuri partiis platforma skolebSi `azrovnebis Secvlis meTodebis~ dasrulebas
moiTxovda da opoziciurad iyo ganwyobili `axali epoqis moZraobis filosofiis mimarT,
rac moicavda reinkarnacias, mistikur Zalauflebas, satanistur kults... da es
warmodgenili iyo Cveni ganaTlebis sistemis saxelmZRvaneloebSi~ (Hertzke, 1993: 167-8).
virjiniaSi 1994 wels platforma sargeblobda ra saxelmwifos `koloniuri,
konfederaciuli da amerikuli memkvidreobiT~, acxadebda, `imis dasarwmuneblad, rom

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miliciisTvis Sesaferisi samxedro cecxlsasroli iaraRi mzad aris me-20 saukunis miliciis
Sesaqmnelad virjiniaSi... naxevrad avtomatizebuli iaraRebi me-20 saukunis miliciis
cecxlsasroli iaraRi iqneba~ (Rozell and Wilcox, 1996).

dasavleTevropuli politikuri partiebis manifestTa sistematuri gaanalizeba xdeba

manifestis kvlevis jgufis mier. maTi analizi kodirebas ukeTebs programaSi arsebul
gancxadebebs da calkeul 54 politikur kurss gamoyofs. Semdeg ki, yvela im gancxadebis
procentul maCvenebels gamoTvlis, romelic fokusirebuli am politikur kursze iyo.
aseTma analizma aCvena daaxloebiT, 20-mde politikis ganzomileba, rac yvelaze didi
warmosaxvis mqone mkvlevrisTvisac ki arTulebs partiaTa adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras
(Budge et al., 1987).

Tumca, bujma (2001) sabolood, airCia, rom es kompleqsuri suraTi mxolod memarcxene-
memarjvene ganzomilebamde daeyvana. gansxvavebuli meTodologiebi amtkicebs, rom memarcxene-
memarjvene ganzomileba damakmayofilebelia im sivrcis warmosadgenad, sadac partiebi
erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven da amas, ufro metad partiuli elita da amomrCevlebi igeben
(SejamebisaTvis ixileT, buji am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi).

ufro metic, Cans, rom gansxvavebuli meTodologiebi partiaTa adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb,

msgavs daskvnebamde midis da erT ganmsazRvrel ganzomilebaze akeTebs arCevans (Gabel and
huber, 2000). Tumca, haberi da ingleharti (1995) aT specifikur koncefcias abaTileben, raTa
memarcxene-memarjvene ganzomilebaSeqmnan. i isini faraven, magram ar arian identurni im aT
cnebasTan mimarTebaSi, rac Tomasma gamoiyena (1980). ii

arsebobs eWvi imis Sesaxeb, rom mxolod erTi ganzomileba amartivebs realobas –
Tanamedrove demokratiebis umravlesobas aqvs orive, ekonomikuri da RirebulebaTa
konfliqtebi, rac erTmaneTTan kargad ar aris dakavSirebuli. rogorc haberi da ingleharti
(1995: 90) aRniSnaven: `es aris amorfuli konteineri, romlis mniSvnelobac mocemul
sazogadoebaSi sistematurad icvleba politikuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis gansazRvrisas.~
daltoni (1996) ambobs, rom dasavlur demokratiebSiamomrCevlismikuTvneba memarcxene-
memarjveneobisadmi sxvadasxva qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva jgufis sakiTxebsukavSirdeba.
bevr qveyanaSi, norvegiis, SvedeTis, niderlandebis, fineTisa da safrangeTis CaTvliT, es
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli ekonomikur sakiTxebze. espaneTSi, dasavleT germaniaSi,
niderlandebsa da aSS-Si damokidebuleba abortisadmi aseve, mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia.
umravles saxelmwifoSi postmaterialisturi Rirebulebebia aseve memarcxene-memarjvene
poziciis dadgeniswyaro.

laTinuri amerikis SemTxvevaSi, kopiji (1998) amtkicebs, rom saWiroa, gaerTiandes

memarcxene-memarjvene da religiur-sekularuli ganzomilebebi, raTa sxvadasxva partiis
klasificireba moxdes. magram,mkvlevarTa umravlesobas, erTganzomilebiani xedva miaCnia
analitikur gamosavlad, romelic misive araxelsayrelobasgadawonis. damatebiT, bevri

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statistikuri problemis gasamartiveblad, erTi memarcxene-memarjvene ganzomileba aadvilebs
partiuli sivrcis aRqmas.

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom yvela partia uTmobs yuradRebas ideologias. laTinur

amerikasa da afrikaSi bevri partia calkeul liderebs (pirovnuli partiebi) eyrdnoba,
sxvebi ki klientelisturniarian. personalizmi da klientelizmi SeuTavsebeli ar aris
ideologiasTan da marTlac, zogierTi partia, romelic Zlieri lideris warmmarTveli
manqanaa, sakmaod ideologizebulia. Tumca,Cans, laTinuri amerikis rig qveynebs, Tu ufro
metad ideologiuri partiebi hyavT, sxvebs da es, umravles SemTxvevaSia, ZiriTadad,
araideologiuri, individualisturi da klientelisturi partiebi hyavT (Coppedge, 1998).

politikur partiaTa ojaxebi

xSirad politikuri partiebis kategorizacia maTi ideologiuri ojaxebis mixedviT xdeba

(Seiler, 1980; Beyme, 1985), miuxedavad imisa, rom es yovelTvis pirdapiri procedura ar aris
(Mair and Mudde, 1998; Volkens and Klingermann, 2002: 158; Beyme, 1985). tipologiis
umravlesoba evropuli partiuli sistemis istoriuli analizidan modis (Mair and Mudde,
1998). Tumca, aseve iyo mcdeloba, partiebi sxva politikuri sistemebidanac moecvaT (Seiler,
1980; Ware, 1996; Alexander, 1973). partiebi aseve, SeiZleba, dajgufdes maTi saerTaSoriso
federaciaTa wevrobis mixedviT, federaciis moTxovnebisa da ganaxlebuli siis
gaTvalswinebiT. Tumca, zogierTi partia SesaZloa, erTze met federaciasekuTvnodes, roca
erTze met gansakuTrebul ideologiur poziciasiziarebs.

tipologiebi, romelic partiaTa ojaxebzeadafuZnebuli, zustad ver aRwers ideoligiur

klasifikaciebs, radgan ideologiur ojaxebSic ki arsebobs gamyofi sakiTxebis speqtri da
sxvadasxva pozicia. ojaxebs SigniT gansxvavebul partiebs sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli
orientacia aqvT (Volkens and Klingermann, 2002). qvemoT, CamonaTvali gamoyofs partiaTa
ZiriTad ojaxebs, romelic zogadad dadgenilia.

komunisturi partiebi

ideologiur speqtrze ukidures memarcxene pozicias komunisturi partiebiikaveben,

romlebic zogadad cdiloben, gaafarToon saxelmwifos kontroli produqciis saSualebebze
da gazardon sargebeli muSaTa klasisTvis. am partiebis ideologiuri fesvebi karl marqsis
1848 wlis komunisturi manifestidanmodis _ XX saukunis dasawyisSi bevri maTgani
kapitalisturi sistemis dangrevas cdilobda. isini mxars uWerdnen revoluciuri gziT
mTavrobis gadagdebas da proletariatis diqtaturis damyarebas.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi Zalian bevri komunisturi partia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sakuTar Tavs
sabWoTa kavSirsukavSirebda, magram Semdeg, isini ukve akritikebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo
politikas da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, stalinis saSinao politikasac ki. amis pasuxad, bevri
komunisturi partia daeTanxma liberaluri demokratiis wesebs da sajaro politikasa da
gavlenis moxdenaze gaakeTa aqcenti. Tu samTavrobo koaliciebze vimsjelebT, komunisturi
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partiebi Seecadnen, gaezardaT saxelmwifo sakuTreba ekonomikis ZiriTad seqtorebSi da
ganeviTarebinaT saxelmwifo keTildReobis socialuri programa ganaTlebisa da jandacvis
sferoSi. zogadad, isini, aseve, mxars uWerdnen mSvidobasa da ganiaraRebas, aRiarebdnen ra,
kapitalizms uamravi konfliqtis wyarod.

dResdReobiT, im partiaTa ideebi, romlebic komunistur ojaxsmiekuTvnebian, ZiriTadad,

sazogadoebaSi socialur, ekonomikur da politikur Tanasworobas exeba: saboloo mizani ki,
rogorc amas vinsenti (Vincent, 1995: 86) aRniSnavs, aris `adamianebis mier moxmarebis
regulireba Tanasworobis safuZvelze.~ radgan muSaTa klasis cxovrebis pirobebi evropaSic
da yvelgan, gaumjobesda. komunisturma partiebma saxeli Seicvales da xSir SemTxvevaSi,
sakuTari organizaciuli platformebicganaaxles. maT, memarcxeneTa mxridan, konkurencias
mwvaneebi da socialistebiuweven. ase rom, maTi mxardaWera msoflioSi mcirdeba.

socialisturi partiebi

umravles demokratiul sistemaSisocialisturi partiebi udidesi memarcxene partiebia.

socializmi iziarebs komunisturi partiis saerTo ideologiur safuZvels, Tumca bevri
socialisturi partia sakuTar Tavs komunisturi partiebisganacalkevebs. socialistur
partiebs ufro didi survili aqvT, daeTanxmon demokratias da sabazro ekonomikis
elementebs. socialisturi partiebis tipuri manifestebi moicavs `moTxovnas demokratiuli
uflebebis gafarToebs Sesaxeb, profkavSiruli gaerTianebebis uflebebs, saparlamento
reformas da socialur samarTals mosamsaxureebisTvis.~ (Vincent, 1995: 89).

socialisturi programebi aqcents akeTebs: ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis zrdaze,

saxelmwifos socialur keTildReobaze, progresul sagadasaxado sistemaze, mSvidobasa da
ganiaraRebaze (Beyme, 1985). bevr evropul qveyanaSi – safrangeTi, espaneTi, italia,
saberZneTi da zogierT skandinaviur saxelmwifoSic _ socialisturma partiebma sakuTari
ideologiuri profili imdenadSecvales, rom zogierTi mimomxilveli maT `axal memarcxene~
Zalad miiCnevs. axlaxan did britaneTsa (toni bleris administraciis dros) da germaniaSi
(gerhard Sroderis dros) socialisturma partiebma mkveTrad gadainacvles centrisken, rac
zogierT aspeqtSi aSS-is demokratiuli partiis analogia da sxva qveynebSi met-naklebad
socialisturi partiis partnior organizaciadmiiCneva.

memarcxene-libertarianuli partiebi

memarcxene-libertarianul partiebs postmaterialisturi pozicia uWiravT ekonomikur da

socialur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. isini ewinaaRmdegebian uflebis xazgasmas da memarcxene
partiebs iseTi Rirebulebebis xarjze, rogoric garemos dacva da ekonomikuri zrdis
miRwevis sakiTxia. isini mxars ufro egalitarulpolitikur kurssuWeren, magram akritikeben
biurokratiul saxelmwifokeTildReobas, romelic miaCniaT, rom monawileobasa da
avtonomias axSobs. isini uaryofen sabazro ekonomikis momxmarebelTa Rirebulebebs da amis
nacvlad, yuradRebas amaxvileben sazogadoebriv Temebze, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da sxva
(Kitschelt, 1988).
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memarcxene-libertarianuli mxardaWera modis axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli, memarcxene
Rirebulebebis mqone amomrCevlebidan, romlebic saSualo klass warmoadgenen.maTi mimdevrebi
da Tayvanismcemlebi agreTve, emxrobian samSvidobo, garemos dacviT, feministur da
homoseqsualTa uflebebis damcvel moZraobebs. es is sakiTxebia, memarcxene-
libertarianelebis mxardamWerTa motivacias rom amaRlebs, radgan aseTi tipis moZraobebi
maT ufro uwyoben xels, vidre tradiciuli ekonomikuri sakiTxebis wamowevas.

SeTanxmebuli ekonomikuri dRis wesrigis uqonlobis gamo, memarcxene-libertarianuli

partiebi mowyvladni arian, radganac arsebul partiaTa (gansakuTrebiT socialisturi
partiebi) manifestebi zogierT postmaterialistur principebsa da miznebs moicavs.
memarcxene-libertarianuli partiebisTvis sakamaToa aseve, sakuTari rolis gansazRvra
oficialur partiul sistemasTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca, maT aqvT socialuri moZraobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi, rac gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia maTi wevrebisTvis. miuxedavad
amisa, rogorc partia, isini kvlav cdiloben, arCevnebis dros mandatebis mopovebas.

mwvaneTa partiebi

mwvaneTa partiebi SesaZloa, memarcxene-libertarianul partiaTa qvejgufadmiviCnioT. Tumca,

radgan isini yuradRebas garemos dacvis problemebze amaxvileben, es maT calke, gansxvavebul
partiul ojaxad Camoayalibebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. mwvaneTa partiebi xSirad moqmedeben,
ara SeTanxmebuli ideologiiT, aramed memarcxene da postmaterialisturi midgomebidan
gamomdinare, rac RirebulebaTa mTel qsels moicavs. mwvaneTa moZraobebi da partiebi
asparezze garemos ganadgurebisa da safrTxeebis sapasuxod gamovidnen. mwvaneTa mxardamWerebi
umTavresad, iseT sakiTxebsuwyobenxels, rac janmrTelobasa da garemosukavSirdeba, rogorc
es aRniSnulia individsa da mis irgvliv arsebul garemosTan urTierTobebzexazgasmiT.

Tavdapirvelad, mwvaneTa partiebs ufro viwro fokusi hqondaT garemos dacvis politikaze,
imedovnebdnen ra, rom garemosadmi pativiscema, an safrTxis qveS myof saxeobebTan
mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba, male gansjis axali sakiTxi gaxdeboda politikur asparezze.
ufro naTeli rom gaxdes maTi midgoma _ `xalxze orientirebuli sakiTxebis~ ganviTareba
sWirdebodaT (Beyme, 1985: 131). sabolood, mwvaneTa partiebma gadawyvites, uareyoT
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri sistemis ZiriTadi midgomebi, rac garemos gauaresebis
mizezadiyomiCneuli. bevr qveyanaSi isini aseve, ewinaaRmdegebian simdidris, Zalauflebis
araTanabar gadanawilebas da socialur statuss, rogorc araTanasworobis safuZvels
(Kitschelt, 1988: 225).

mwvaneTa moZraobebma sirTuleebi ganicades politikuri moZraobidan politikur partiad

gardaqmnis periodSi. zogierTma aqtivistma mxari dauWira gardaqmnas, amtkicebdnen ra, rom
politikuri partiebi arsebiTad mniSvnelovania politikur gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis
mosapoveblado. magram, sxvebi miiCnevdnen, rom politikuri partiebi safuZvelSive gaixrwnen
da socialuri struqturis iseT elementebs Seicaven, rac mwvaneTa idealebTanSeuTavsebelia.
maSin, roca, Tu mwvaneTa moZraobebi partiuli sistemis gareTdarCeba, isini SeZleben

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sistemis kritikas. magram, Tu ki sistemis politikur partiaTa rigs SeuerTdebian, aseTi
kritika problemuri gaxdeba (ixileT, fundisa da realos Soris uTanxmoeba germaniis
mwvaneTa partiaSi).

sxva SemTxvevebSi, mwvaneTa ideebis dasusteba 1990-ian wlebSi, daaxloebiT, ori aTwleulis
Semdeg maTi Seqmnidan, `Taobis cvlilebis moaxloebisa da politikuri ekonomikis
dasustebis~ (Kitschelt, 1988: 226) saboloo Sedegi iyo. pirobebi, romelmac am moZraobis
warmateba da ganviTareba ganapiroba, TandaTan gaqra da is konteqsticaRmofxvra, sadac
mwvaneTa ideebi vrceldeboda. dRemde bevri evropuli saxelmwifos partiul sistemaSi
mwvaneTa partiebi imis mixedviTiyofian, SeuZliaT Tu ara sakuTari idealebisa da
ekonomikuri realobis Serwyma, rac kidev erTi axali gamowvevaa maTi momavali saarCevno
kampaniisTvis.

2000 wels aSS-Si axlad warmoqmnil mwvaneTa partiisTvis ukusvla iyo is, rom kandidatma,
ralf naderma floridaSi aTiaTasobiT xma respublikelTa kandidatis, jorj buSis
dasaxmareblad miiRo. buSi cxadia, naklebad `mwvane~ iyo, vidre misi mowinaaRmdege _
demokratebis kandidati el gori, romlis wignic `dedamiwa wonasworobaSi~ (Earth in the
Balance) garemos dacvis mtkice poziciasicavda. saarCevno sistemam aSS-Si, romelic
nulovanjamiani TamaSia (gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs), saintereso anomalia gamoiwvia _
mwvane interesebis ZiriTadma jgufebma, rogoric siera klubi (Sierra Club) _ dedamiwis
megobrebia, milionebidaxarjes sakuTari wevrebis wasaxaliseblad, raTa maT xma mwvaneTa
partiisa da demokratTa kandidatis winaaRmdegmiecaT.

liberaluri partiebi

liberaluri partiebi, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT centrSi, memarcxene-memarjvene speqtrze

dganan da amomrCevlebi rom miizidon, SeuZliaT, nebismieri mimarTulebiT Seicvalon pozicia.
es potenciuri sargebeli Seicavs riskebs, radganac partiebi memarcxene da memarjvene
poziciebidan, xSirad adanaSauleben liberalur partiebs, ZiriTadi principebis naklebobisa
da manifestTa cvlilebis gamo, rac mxolod xmebis miRebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-Si `liberalizmi~ dakavSirebulia Zlier mmarTvelobasa da
ekonomikur regulaciebTan, evropul liberalur partiaTa ojaxebi xels uwyoben mcire
saxelmwifos, anu ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos naklebad Carevas da Tavisufal sabazro
ekonomikas.

dResdReobiT, tradiciuli liberaluri partiebis umTavresi pricipebia: `religiuri

tolerantoba, Tavisufali ganaTleba, TviTmmarTveloba da sabazro ekonomika.~ (Kirchner,
1988: 3). mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom am elementebis mniSvneloba damokidebulia calkeul
saxelmwifoze. liberaluri ideologiis birTvia rwmena imisa, rom individebs aqvT uflebebi
da saWiroebebi, rac sazogadoebisagan didad gansxvavdeba, magram pativiscemis Rirsia. es idea
mxars uWers SezRudul mmarTvelobas, romelic mcire saxelmwifo keTildReobas moicavs.
progresis, tolerantobisa da Tavisufali bazris mxardaWerisas (Vincent, 1995),

85
liberaluri partiebi ibrZvian Tanasworobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. es gansakuTrebiT
rTuli sakiTxia germaneli liberalebisTvis koaliciuri gadawyvetilebebis dros.

qristian-demokratiuli partiebi

qristian-demokratiuli partiebi, rogorc wesi, udidesi memarjvene-centristuli partiebia,

romlebic XIX_XX saukuneebis mijnaze evropaSi warmoiSvnen, rogorc reaqcia liberalizmsa
da sekularizaciaze (Beyme, 1985). Tavdapirvelad, yvela qristian-demokratiul partias
hqonda kavSirebi arsebul eklesiebTan, romelic maT mniSvnelovani infrastruqturiT
uzrunvelyofda. umravles qveyanaSi, qristian-demokratiuli partiebi momdinareobdnen
rogorc kaTolikuri, ise protestantuli amomrCevlebisgan. Tumca, zogjer maTi konkurenti
partiebi iRebdnen xmebs am amomrCevelTa orive religiuri jgufidan.

tradiciulad, qristian-demokratiuli partiebi mxars uWeren kapitalistur ekonomikur

sistemas, magram aseve, biznesis regulirebisa da gadasaxadebis momrxeni arian. religiuri
safuZvlidan gamomdinare, isini aseve, mxars uWeren Zlieri saxelmwifos keTildReobas da
misi Raribebis dacvas. es partiebi socialuri ganxeTqilebebis dros xazs usvamen kanonsa da
wesrigis damcav programebs, yuradRebas amaxvileben moraluri tradiciebis mniSvnelobasa da
saxelmwifo institutebis pativiscemaze. petroCiki (Petrocik, 1998) amtkicebs, rom aSS-is
respublikelTa partiam qristian-demokratiuli partiis zogierTi niSan-Tviseba SeiZina,
socialuri keTildReobis mxardaWerisa da biznesis regulaciis gamoklebiT.

axali memarjvene partiebi

ukidures memarjvene speqtrze arian axali memarjvene partiebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad
axali memarjvene partiebi istoriulad faSistur an nacistur partiebsukavSirdebian, maTi
umravlesoba am memkvidreobasar aRiarebs. axali memarjvene partiebi agrZeleben
nacionalizmsa da erovnul identobaze xazgasmas, rac Zalian xSirad axal imigrantTa
Rirebulebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. axali memarjvene partiebi ukeTesad moqmedeben iseT
sazogadoebaSi, romelic mkveTradaa dayofili Rirebulebebis mixedviT da polarizebuli
partiuli sistema aqvs (Volkens and Klingemann, 2002: 153), sadac bevri moqalaqea
konservatori, romelTa ndobis maCvenebeli adamianebis mimarT Zalian dabalia (Wilcox et al.,
2003).

axali memarjvene partiebi sakuTar sakiTxTa dRis wesrigis gafarToebas cdiloben. maTi
programebi axla moicavs ekonomikuri liberalizmis mxardaWerasa da Tavisufal sabazro
ekonomikas. bevri ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos socialuri keTildReobis ZiriTad elementebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom wina memarjvene partiebi saxelmwifos centralizacias moiTxovdnen,
axla ukve ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos kontrolis Semcirebaze saubroben.

axali memarjvene partiebis mxardamWerebi, Cveulebriv, kargi ganaTlebis mqone moqalaqeebi

arian, romlebic sakuTar qveyanaSi konservatoruli partiebisgan imedgacruebulni darCnen
(Kitschelt and Cann, 1995: 14). axali memarjvene partiebimxars uWeren religiur Rirebulebebs
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da religiuri moqalaqeebis mxridanacaqvT mxardaWera. radganac evropaSi axali imigraciuli
talRaa, es partiebi cdiloben, axali mxardamWerebis povnas `gavrcelebuli sajaro
SeSfoTebis sentimentebis gamoyenebiT~ (Betz, 1994: 4) SesaZlo arastabilurobis winaaRmdeg.

daskvnebi

politikuri partiebi, rogorc ideologiebisa da ideologiuri fragmentebis sacavi, ise

muSaoben, inarCuneben ra msgavs tendenciebsa da manifestebis elementebs mravali saarCevno
ciklis periodSi. partiuli manifestebi gansxvavdeba mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT, magram
es gansxvavebebi, rogorc wesi, memarcxene-memarjvene ganzomilebaSi im gziTaisxeba, rac
mniSvnelovani Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva. miuxedavad imisa, rom partiebi ideologiurad
marTlac icvlebian arCvenebs Soris periodSi, isini mainc inarCuneben zogad ideologiur
tendenciebs.

partiebi aseve, muSaoben, rogorc ufro viwro, politikuri kursis ideebis gamtareblad.
radganac sazogadoeba axali problemebis winaSe dgas, partiebi gvTavazoben TavianT
gadawyvetas, iReben sxvebis mier SeTavazebul gadawyvetilebebs da ganixilaven am
gadawyvetilebebs saarCevno kampaniis dros. am gagebiT, arCevnebi SesaZloa, funqcionirebdes,
rogorc ideebis arCevani. partiebi xSirad ramdenime weliwadiatareben ideebs, magram isini
ufro advilad icvleba, vidre ideologiebi.

partiaTa ojaxebi SesaZloa, iziarebdnen saerTo ideologiur elementebsa da politikis

winadadebebs. es simarTlea, radganac partiebi erovnul sazRvrebs gareT amyareben
kontaqtebs da aseve, msgavsi tipis ganxeTqilebebi Cndeba bevr sazogadoebaSi, rac erTnairi
partiebis Seqmnas uwyobs xels. msgavseba politikur ideebs Soris, romelsac partiebi
warmoadgenen sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi, sabolood amtkicebs ideebze dafuZnebuli
tipologiis sizustes calkeuli qveynebis miRma, saarCevno sistemebSi.

SeniSvnebi

i
ekonomikuri an klasobrivi konfliqti, Zalauflebis centralizacia, avtoritarizmi demokratiis winaaRmdeg,
izolacia internacionalizaciis winaaRmdeg, axali kultura tradiciulis winaaRmdeg, qsenofobia,
konservatizmi cvlilebis winaaRmdeg, sakuTrebis uflebebi, konstituciuri reforma da erovnuli Tavdacva
(Huber and Inglehart, 1995: 78, Table 1).
ii
nacionalizacia da produqciis saSualebebis kontroli, mTavrobis roli ekonomikis dagegmvaSi, simdidris
ganawilebaSi, socialuri keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaSi, sazogadoebis sekularizaciaSi, samarTliani arCevnebis
CatarebaSi, saarCevno sistemaSi, partiul mmarTvelobaSi, mTavrobis centralizaciaSi da reforma
revoluciasTan winaaRmdegobaSi (Thomas, 1980: 350-3).

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