Vegetation Analysis of ShivShankar community forest of Kailali District, Nepal

Gunanand Pant and Khagendra Joshi

Department of Botany, Kailali Multiple Campus, Far-Western University, Dhangadhi, Nepal
Department of Botany, Kailali Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal

*Corresponding author: Gunanand Pant (Email: gdpant2000@gmail.com)

Abstract

A total of 28 species were recorded in the study area belonging to 15 families and
24 genera. Of the recorded species family Moraceae (5sp.) is most dominant
followed by Combretacea (4sp.), Fabaceae (3sp.) and Euphorbiaceae (3sp.).
Family Anacardiaceae consists of 2 species. Family Myrtacea, Rutaceae,
Malvacea, Poaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Rhamnaceae, Lecythidaceae, Sapindaceae,
Lamiaceae and Primulaceae consist 1 species respectively…….

Keywords:Community forest,Vegetation, Density, tree

INTRODUCTION

In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting

branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may
be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are
usable as lumber or plants above a specified height. In wider definitions, the
taller palms, tree ferns, bananas, and bamboos are also trees. Trees are not
a taxonomic group but include a variety of plant species that have independently
evolved a trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants to compete for

1
sunlight. Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old.
Trees have been in existence for 370 million years. It is estimated that there are
some three trillion mature trees in the world. A tree typically has many secondary
branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk. This trunk typically
contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one
part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which
serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out
widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the
soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The
shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into sugars
by photosynthesis, providing the food for the tree's growth and development.

Trees usually reproduce using seeds. Flowers and fruit may be present, but
some trees, such as conifers, instead have pollen cones and seed cones. Palms,
bananas, and bamboos also produce seeds, but tree ferns
produce spores instead.

Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate.

They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities
of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species
of animals and plants. Tropical rainforests are among the
most biodiverse habitats in the world. Trees provide shade and shelter, timber
for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as
having many other uses. In parts of the world, forests are shrinking as trees are
cleared to increase the amount of land available for agriculture. Because of
their longevity and usefulness, trees have always been revered, with sacred
groves in various cultures, and they play a role in many of the
world's mythologies (Crowther et.al, 2015).

2
 According to forest act (1993) plants above 30cm diameter are considered as
tree (Bhattrai and Adhikari 2015). Tree is the perennial plant with an elongated
stem or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. Normally tree is
woody plant with secondary growth, plant above a specific height. In wider
definition the taller palm tree, banana tree, and bamboos are also trees. Trees
are not a taxonomic group but include a variety of plant species that have
independently evolved a trunk and branches as a way to lower above other
plants to compete for sunlight. Trees tend to be long lived, some reaching
several thousand years old. Trees have been in existence for 370 million years.
It is estimated that there are just over 3 trillion mature trees in the world
(Crowther et.al 2015). Although tree is a term of common speech there is no
universally recognized precise definition of what tree is either botanically or in
common language. In broad sense a tree is any plant with the general form of
an elongated trunk which supports the photosynthetic leaves or branches at
same distance above the ground (Tokisha 2013).

Material and Methodology

Study Area

Kailali district is situated in Seti zone of Sududrpaschim province. It is roughly

rectangular in shape and spread latitude from 28 o 22ꞌ N to 29o 5ꞌ and longitude from
80o 30ꞌ E to 81o 18ꞌ E covering an area of 3235 sq. km. It is surrounded by Bardiya
and Surkhet in east, Kanchanpur and Dadeldhura in west, Doti,Dadeldhura and
surkhet in north and uttar Pradesh(India) in south. Altitude varies from 109 to 1950
m above sea level and climate varies from tropical to subtropical. Average annual
rainfall of the district is 1840 mm. Based on topography 59.7% and 40.3% area of
the district lies in terai and chure hill respectively. Based on land use pattern, forest

3
and shrub area covers 66.76%, agricultural area covers 27.815% and remaining
5.43% area is covered by others. The district has 1 sub- metropolitan city, 6
municipalities and 6 rural municipalities.Dhangadhi is headquarter of the district
and commercial hub of sudur-paschim province.

Study site

The study will be carried in the Shivashankar community forest. The total area
of this forest is 232.44 hectare. The forest area is 60 km far from the district
headquarter. This forest is bordered by Mahendra highway in south, Kandra River
and Jhiraukha and Aamkhoiya village in east, Sunpal community forest in north
and Shankarpur and Bhagwanpur village in west. The community is a typical rural
settlement with diversified and expanded economy and source of income. The
climate is varies with its topography. It has a daily average summer temperature
exceed and winter temperature as well. Rainfall receives during June and
September. The study area can be easily reached within two hour of bus ride. It has
daily average summer temperature and winter temperature as well. The community
lies in hot and humid climate.

Site selection

Study area had select on the basis of majority of the available species. Before the
final visit many other area are selected but finally Shivashankar area ward no.9 has
selected for the study.
Climatic condition
The climatic condition of Gauriganga Municipality has a tropical monsoon climate
with 4 different seasons: winter, spring, summer and monsoon. Climatic data
obtained from the nearest Hydrology and Metrology station, Attariya, Kailali from
July 2018 to 2019 showed that the monthly minimum temperature is 7.5 degree

4
Celsius in January and maximum 38.4 degree Celsius in April (fig3) during the
pre-monsoon period this part of the country receives less rainfall than eastern
Nepal and the relative humidity remains fairly throughout the year expect in dry
months of the pre-monsoon period. The rainfall is maximum in July (693.4mm)
and minimum in November (2.5mm). The climatic data from 2017 July to 2018
July shows that December of 2017 and January of 2018 has no rainfall. These two
months have 0mm rainfall. (fig4). The maximum temperature is 43 degree Celsius
whereas the average minimum temperature is 3degree Celsius. Low temperature
occurs from Dec- Feb and high temperature from May- Aug during the month of
summer. It receives rainfall varying between 1775mm precipitation falls annually.

Method of data collection

The survey will be carried out during Falgun to Chaitra, 2076 B.S. The present
work will be carried out by systematic visits of the study site at regular interval of
time. During visits density, frequency, coverage and important value index also
observed by different methodology. During study period primary as well as
secondary data will be collected from related for analysis.

Sampling techniques

For sampling quadrate method will be used. Quadrates of 10×10 meter size are
kept randomly in the study area and listed plant inside it.

Density and Relative Density

Density is the numerical strength of a species in the study area. Density is an

average number of individuals of a given species over the total number if samples
studied in an area. Density and relative density are calculated as per Mishra 1968.

5
 Total no. of individual of the species
Density=
Total no. of quadrate studied
Relative Density=No. of individual of species/no. of individual of all
species×100%

Frequency and Relative Frequency

Frequency is the number of sampling unit (as %) in which a particular species

occurs. Frequency and relative frequency are calculated as per Misra 1968

No. of sampling unit in which the species occurred

Frequency=
Total no. of sampling unit

Relative Frequency= Frequency of the species/total frequency of all the

species×100%

Coverage and Relative coverage

Coverage is generally used in general sense for the area occupied by a plant; it is
generally used for above ground parts. Thus coverage signifies primarily the area
of ground occupied by the above ground parts of the plant, such as leaves, stems
and inflorescence as viewed from above. It was calculated as per Misra 1968.

Coverage= Total no. of individual of the species/total no. of quadrate in which

species occurred.
6
Relative Coverage= Total coverage of the study/total no. of quadrate
studied×100%

Important Value Index (IVI)

The complete or ecological picture of ecological importance of species in

a community is called important value index. IVI has three different
characteristics; Relative Density, Relative Frequency and Relative
Coverage. IVI is calculated as sum these three characteristics.

IVI= R.D+R.F+R.C
where
R.D= Relative Density
R.F= Relative Frequency
R.C= Relative Coverage

Herbarium Preparation and Plants Identification

The plants specimen will be collected for herbarium and their taxonomic
characters, phenology, habitat, local names etc. will be noted. The herbaria of the
specimen will be prepared according to Jain and Rao (1977).

7
 Photography

Photography will be used as complementary method to capture all the moments of

field activities and plant species. This will be helpful for identifying species.

Data storage, transformation and analysis

Data collected from the field will be noted in field note book and finally
transferred to the computer where they are analyzed in the basis of project

Result

Enumeration and Analysis of Tree Species

Total 28 species were recorded in the study area belonging to 15 families and 24
genera. Of the recorded species family Moraceae (5sp.) is most dominant followed
by Combretacea (4sp.), Fabaceae (3sp.) and Euphorbiaceae (3sp.). Family
Anacardiaceae consists of 2 species. Family Myrtacea, Rutaceae, Malvacea,
Poaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Rhamnaceae, Lecythidaceae, Sapindaceae, Lamiaceae
and Primulaceae consist 1 species respectively.

Composition of Tree Species

Altogether 28 species were recorded from study site. The composition of different
Tree species is given below in the table.
Relative
Relative Relative Coverag
S.N Scientific name local name Density Density Frequency Frequency Coverage e IVI

8
1 Shorea robusta Sal 46.875 44.35245 1 15.41426 46.875 58.59375 118.3605
Terminalia
2 tomentosa Saj 24.2125 22.90952 0.9875 15.22158 24.51899 30.64873 68.77984
3 Scyzigium cumini Jamun 16.375 15.49379 0.9625 14.83622 17.01299 21.26623 51.59625
4 Dalbergia sisoo Sisam 0.85 0.804258 0.175 2.697495 4.857143 6.071429 9.573182
5 Bombax ceiba Shimal 0.2125 0.201064 0.1125 1.734104 1.888889 2.361111 4.29628
6 Acacia catechu Khayar 0.45 0.425784 0.0875 1.348748 5.142857 6.428571 8.203103
7 Adina cordifolia Haldu 0.65 0.615021 0.1 1.541426 6.5 8.125 10.28145
8 Euphorbia hirta Dudhi 5.1 4.825547 0.5125 7.899807 9.95122 12.43902 25.16438
Ficus
9 semicordata Khanyu 0.775 0.733294 0.1375 2.119461 5.636364 7.045455 9.898209
10 Ficus racemosa Gular 0.2625 0.248374 0.125 1.926782 2.1 2.625 4.800156
Terminalia
11 chebula Harro 0.3 0.283856 0.125 1.926782 2.4 3 5.210638
Terminalia
12 bellirica Barro 0.4625 0.437611 0.2 3.082852 2.3125 2.890625 6.411088
Mallotus
13 philipineu Sindure/Ruino 4.575 4.3288 0.65 10.01927 7.038462 8.798077 23.14614
Albizia
14 adiantifolia Mado 0.5125 0.48492 0.075 1.156069 6.833333 8.541667 10.18266
15 Trewia nudiflora Gutel/Bhelar 0.625 0.591366 0.125 1.926782 5 6.25 8.768148
Schleichera
16 oleosa Kusum 0.275 0.260201 0.15 2.312139 1.833333 2.291667 4.864006
17 Careya arborea Kumbhi 0.1875 0.17741 0.1 1.541426 1.875 2.34375 4.062586
Zizipus
18 mauritiana Bayar 0.675 0.638675 0.2 3.082852 3.375 4.21875 7.940277
Artocarpus
19 lakoocha Badahar 0.1125 0.106446 0.0875 1.348748 1.285714 1.607143 3.062336
20 Aegle marmelous Bel 0.1125 0.106446 0.0875 1.348748 1.285714 1.607143 3.062336
Dendrocalamus
21 sp. Bans 0.0875 0.082791 0.0375 0.578035 2.333333 2.916667 3.577493
22 Magnifera indica Aanp 0.2625 0.248374 0.1 1.541426 2.625 3.28125 5.07105
23 Psidium guajava Amba 0.325 0.30751 0.1 1.541426 3.25 4.0625 5.911436
24 Spondias pinnata Amata 0.175 0.165582 0.05 0.770713 3.5 4.375 5.311295
25 Tectona grandis Shagun 0.3125 0.295683 0.0875 1.348748 3.571429 4.464286 6.108716
Ficus
26 benghalensis Bar 0.0125 0.011827 0.0125 0.192678 1 1.25 1.454506
27 Ficus rumphii Gajahar/Gajinno 0.125 0.118273 0.0875 1.348748 1.428571 1.785714 3.252735
Ardisia
28 solanacea Kholikafal 0.1 0.094619 0.0125 0.192678 8 10 10.2873

Table 2: Composition of tree species

9
Density of the Tree species

Density
50
45
40
35
30
25
20 Density
15
10
5
0
ta i a lia ta la a a a . a s ii
us in eib eu or re ch sp jav di ph
b um c ifo r da ebu p in ifl o o u s a an m
o c x rd ico h li d rb o gu r u
ear um ba co m liac phi nu aa s lak a lam m n a g us r
i m a e a y c u
or ig Bo in ss in
a us wi re pu o i to Fic
Sh yz Ad Ficu m lot re Ca ar dr sid T ec
Sc r a l T to
c n P
Te M Ar De

Fg 4: Bar diagram showing the density of tree species

From the above table it was found that among recorded tree species highest density
occurred by Shorea robusta i.e. 46.875 and the lowest density is occurred by Ficus
benghalensis with 0.0125.

10
 5.4 Frequency of Tree species

Total of 28 species the highest frequency was occurred by Shorea robusta with
value 1 was followed Termanalia tomentosa(0.9875) and Scyzigium
cumini(0.9625) whereas the lowest frequency was occuered by Ficus benghalensis
and Ardisia solanaceae with frequency 0.125 respectively.

Frequency
Fg 5: Bar diagram showing frequency of the tree species
1.2

0.8

0.6

Frequency
0.4

0.2

0
ta sa ni o a u lia ta ta sa la ca u lia ra sa ea a a us p. ca va ta is is ii ea
bus nto umi siso ceib tech ifo hir rda mo ebu lliri pine tifo iflo leo bor itian och elo us s indi aja nna and lens mph nac
a ro me m c rgia bax a ca cord rbia ico race a ch a be hili ian nud ra o ar aur lako arm lam ra gu s pi a gr gha s ru ola
e to iu e ci o m s li li p d a e ya m s a ife m ia n n u s
h or alia zig alb Bom Aca dina uph s se icu ina ina tus zia a ewi eich are us rpu gle m roc agn idiu nd ecto s be Fic isia
S in Scy D A E Ficu F erm erm allo lbi Tr chl C izip ca e nd M Ps po T cu
A De S Ar
d
r m T T M A S Z rto Fi
Te A

11
Coverage of Tree species

Shorea robusta has highest coverage with value 46.875 and lowest coverage is of
Ficus benghalensis with value 1.

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15
Coverage
10

0
ta i
us in a ia
o b
cum
c eib fol at
a la
a r x d i d bu eu a
r e iu m b a o r cor e in or re
a a .
o ig m c i ch il ip ifl o ch sp a is
Sh yz Bo ina e m lia h u d r b o o s jav nd
ii
Sc
A d u s s
in a
us p
ia n
y a a
lak
am
u
gu a
r a ph
t s l g m
Fic rm
all
o ew re pu ca m na sr
u
Te Tr Ca ar ro i d iu to cu
M c d c Fi
to n Ps Te
Ar De

Fg 6: Bar diagram showing the coverage of tree species

12
5.6 IVI of Tree Species

Shorea robusta was the most dominant species in term of IVI with value 118.3625
and least important species in term of IVI was 1.454506.

120

100

80

60

40

20 IVI

u sta in
i a ia
o b um ceib ol data ula u
r c if a
a m ax r d o r eb ine or ea a .
or e iu b co ic ch il ip ifl or o ch sp ava is i
Sh cyz ig m
Bo din a
se m lia p h nu d
ar
b
k o us aj nd p hi
a s a a m u a
S A us in tu ia ey sl la g gr um
Fic erm allo Trew Car r pu roca ium ona us r
T ca d id ect Fic
M
r to Den Ps T
A

Fg 7: Bar diagram showing the IVI of tree species

13
5.7 Family wise composition of Tree

Total 28 species were recorded in the study area belonging to 15 families and 24
genera. Of the recorded species family Moraceae (5sp.) is most dominant followed
by Combretacea (4sp.), Fabaceae (3sp.) and Euphorbiaceae (3sp.). Family
Anacardiaceae consists of 2 species. Family myrtacea, Rutaceae, Malvacea,
Poaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Rhamnaceae, Lecythidaceae, Sapindaceae, Lamiaceae
and Primulaceae consist 1 species respectively.

0
ae a ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae
ce eae ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce
a c a ia ia a a a a a a ia a ia la
et ba or b rd yr
t
Ru
t
alv Po rp n id nd m u
br Fa M hor ca M M o ca ham yth api La r im
m p a er R c S P
Co Eu An pt Le
Di

Fg 8 Frequency wise distribution of tree

14
Discussion and conclusion

Discussion

Shiva Shankar forest area is tropical area containing high diversity of tree. This
area receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and thus is more important for tree
species. However this area is under the pressure of rapid urbanization, intense
grazing, illegal trading of tree species and heavy deforestation which cause severe
adverse impact on tree diversity.

Altogether 28 species were recorded in the study area belonging to 15 families and
24 genera. Among the families, the dominant are Moraceae (5sp), Combretacea
(4sp.), Fabaceae (3sp.), Euphorbiaceae (3sp.) and Anacardiaceae (2 sp). Whereas
the least dominant families are myrtacea, Rutaceae, Malvacea, Poaceae,
Dipterocarpaceae, Rhamnaceae, Lecythidaceae, Sapindaceae and Lamiaceae
consists 1 species respectively.

A total of 62 species belonging to 51 genera were recorded among which. Shorea

robusta was dominant in lower elevation while Quercus forest, Alnus-
Rhododendron, Quercus-symplocos forest at higher elevation.Similarly Shorea
robusta, Largerstroemia parviflora, Trichia connaroide, Scyzigium jamboos,
Castanopsis indica and Schima walichii (Bhattrai et.al, 2018). However 4218
individual of tree were recorded belonging to 53 species, 47 genera and 47 families
in roadside of Gwalior metropolitan city. This area was mostly dominant by
Azadirachta indica, Prosopis juliflora,Holoptelean integrifolia, Dalbergia sisoo
and Cassia simea.

15
The most dominant tree families in two different community forest of Dolpa were
Pinus wallichiana, Abies spectabilis, Quercus semecarpifolia and Cedrus deodara.
Total of 419 individual trees were recorded representing 16 species, 16 genera and
11 families (Kunwar and Sharma, 2004). Total 9 species of tree were recorded in
Namuna community forest, Jhapa and this area is extremely dominated by Shorea
robusta with IVI 130.63 and the area is monotonous for Shorea robusta.

Altogether 28 plant species were recorded from the study location. Among total
species Shorea robusta was most dominant species having IVI value 118.3605.
Termanalia tomentosa was second and Syzigium cumini was third most dominant
species having IVI value 68.77984 and 51.59625 respectively.

CONCLUSION

28 species were recorded in the study area belonging to 15 families and 24 genera.
This paper conducted a species diversity analysis of tree and described that the
study area has more species diversity. Most of the tree species in the study area are
valuable and socio-economic importance. Therefore, there is a need for necessary
action towards sustainability of forest and conservation of tree species at large. The
most important conservation measure is environment education, explaining the
importance of forest ecosystem to the villagers. The implementation of the
conservation activities leads to a natural regeneration, climate change mitigation
and to protect the biodiversity for future generations.

16
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