WMSU COLLEGE OF LAW-IIA

ASSIGNMENT: RULES 110, 111, 112

KADU, NADIAH L.
DEC. 5, 2022

1. What is meant by inquest? What happens during inquest?

Inquest proceeding is an informal or summary investigation conducted by a public prosecutor in a
criminal case involving a person arrested and detained without the benefit of a warrant of arrest for
the purpose of determining whether he should remain in custody and correspondingly be charged in
court.

Sec. 6, Rule 112. When accused lawfully arrested without warrant. --- When a person is lawfully arrested
without a warrant involving an offense which requires a preliminary investigation, the complaint or
information may be filed by a prosecutor without need of such investigation provided an inquest has
been conducted in accordance with existing rules. In the absence or unavailability of an inquest
prosecutor, the complaint may be filed by the offended party or a peace officer directly with the proper
court on the basis of the affidavit of the offended party or arresting officer or person.

Before the complaint or information is filed, the person arrested may ask for a preliminary
investigation in accordance with this Rule, but he must sign a waiver of the provision of Article 125 of
the Revised Penal Code, as amended, in the presence of his counsel. Notwithstanding the waiver, he
may apply for bail and the investigation must be terminated within fifteen (15) days from its inception.

After the filing of the complaint or information in court without a preliminary investigation, the accused
may, within five (5) days from the time he learns of its filing, ask for a preliminary investigation with the
same right to adduce evidence in his defense as provided in this Rule. (7a; Sec. 2, RA No. 7438)

(This rule applies only in cases where the accused was lawfully arrested but without warrant of arrest
under Sec. 5, Rule 113)

Procedure in inquest proceeding.

The inquest prosecutor shall first determine if the arrest of the detained person was made in accordance
with Section 5, Rule 113 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure. For this purpose, the inquest
prosecutor may summarily examine the arresting officers on the circumstances surrounding the arrest
or apprehension of the detained person. Should the inquest prosecutor find that the arrest was properly
effected, the detained person shall be asked if he desires to avail himself of a preliminary investigation
and, if he does, the consequences thereof must be explained to him. The detained person, assisted by
his lawyer, shall then be required to execute a waiver of the provisions of Article 125 of the RPC.

Should the inquest prosecutor find that the arrest was not in accordance with Sec. 5, Rule 113, he shall:
1) Recommend the release of the person arrested or detained;
2) Prepare a resolution indicating the reasons for the action taken; and
3) Forward the same, together with record of the case, to the Prosecutor General or Province/City
Prosecutor for appropriate action.
If the recommendation is approved, but the evidence on hand warrants the conduct of a regular
preliminary investigation, he shall serve the order of release on the law enforcement officer having
custody of the detained person and direct said officer to serve upon such detainee the subpoena or
notice of preliminary investigation, together with copies of the complaint, affidavits of complainant and
witnesses, and other supporting evidence.

If the detained person does not opt for preliminary investigation or otherwise refuses to execute the
required waiver, the inquest prosecutor shall proceed with the conduct of the inquest investigation by
examining the affidavits or sworn statements of the complainant and the witnesses and other
supporting evidence submitted. If he finds that probable cause exists, he shall forthwith prepare the
resolution with the corresponding complaint or information with the recommendation that the same be
filed in court. Thereafter, the record of the case, together with the resolution and complaint or
information, shall be forwarded to the prosecutor General or Provincial/City Prosecutor for appropriate
action.

If the inquest prosecutor finds no probable cause to indict the arrested person, he shall recommend the
release of the detained person, prepare a resolution of dismissal off indicating therein the reasons for
the action taken and forward the record of the case to the Prosecutor General or Provincial/City
Prosecutor for appropriate action.

The presence of the detained person shall be ensured during the proceedings except:
a) If he is confined in a hospital; or
b) If he is detained in a place under maximum security
The inquest prosecutor shall reflect the absence of the detained person in the record of the case.

2. May a person arrested without warrant avail of preliminary investigation?

Yes. Under Sec. 6, Rule 112 (paragraph 2) --- Before the complaint or information is filed, the person
arrested may ask for a preliminary investigation in accordance with this Rule, but he must sign a
waiver of the provision of Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, in the presence of his
counsel. Notwithstanding the waiver, he may apply for bail and the investigation must be terminated
within fifteen (15) days from its inception.

3. What if the complaint or information has been filed, may a person arrested without warrant ask
for a preliminary investigation?
Yes. Under Sec. 6, Rule 112 (paragraph 3) --- After the filing of the complaint or information in court
without a preliminary investigation, the accused may, within five (5) days from the time he learns of its
filing, ask for a preliminary investigation with the same right to adduce evidence in his defense as
provided in this Rule. (7a; Sec. 2, RA No. 7438)

4. What is the procedure to be followed in prosecuting offenses not requiring preliminary

investigation:
a) When filed with the prosecutor
b) When filed with the MTC, MTCT, MTCC

Sec 8, Rule 112. Cases not requiring a preliminary investigation nor covered by the Rule on Summary
Procedure.
a) If filed with the prosecutor. --- If the complaint is filed directly with the prosecutor involving an
offense punishable by imprisonment of less than four (4) years, two (2) months and one (1) day, the
procedure outlined in section3(a) of this Rule shall be observed. The prosecutor shall act on the
complaint based on the affidavits and other supporting documents submitted by the complainant within
10 days from filing.

(b) If filed with the Municipal Trial Court. --- If the complaint or information is filed with the Municipal
Trial Court or Municipal Circuit Trial Court for an offense covered by this section, the procedure in
section 3 (a) of this Rule shall be observed. If within ten (10) days after the filing of the complaint or
information, the judge finds no probable cause after personally evaluating the evidence, or after
personally examining in writing and under oath the complainant and his witnesses in the form of
searching questions and answers, he shall dismiss the same. He may, however, require the submission
of additional evidence, within ten (10) days from notice, to determine further the existence of probable
cause. If the judge still finds no probable cause despite the additional evidence, he shall, within ten (10)
days from its submission or expiration of said period, dismiss the case. When he finds probable cause,
he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order if the accused had already been arrested, and
hold him for trial. However, if the judge is satisfied that there is no necessity for placing the accused
under custody, he may issue summons instead of a warrant of arrest. (9a)

Notes:
1) When a complaint involving a “direct filing case” is filed with the prosecutor, the latter may take any
of the following action, viz:
a) He may dismiss the case for want of probable cause;
b) He may file the corresponding information upon a finding of the existence of a probable cause;
or
c) He may require the complainant to submit additional evidence.
The prosecutor shall act on the complaint within 10 days from its filing. However, where the accused
person is lawfully arrested without warrant, the 10-day period does not apply. The prosecutor shall
either dismiss the complaint or file the information to the MTC within 18 hours (Art. 125, RPC) from the
time of the arrest.

2) When a complaint or information involving a “direct filing case” is filed with the MTC either by the
offended party, peace officer, or prosecutor, the trial judge may take any of the following actions, viz;
a) If filed by the offended party or peace officer, he shall follow the procedure outlined in Section
3(a) of Rule 112. Within 10 days after the filing of the complaint or information, he may dismiss
the complaint if he finds no probable cause after personally examining in writing and under oath
the complainant and his witnesses in the form of searching questions and answers;
b) If filed by the prosecutor, he may dismiss the case within 10 days from the filing of the
complaint or information if he finds no probable cause after personally evaluating the evidence;
c) He may require the offended party or the prosecutor, as the case may be, to submit additional
evidence within 10 days to determine further the existence of probable cause, and thereafter
dismiss the same within 10 days from submission thereof if he still finds no probable cause; or
d) If he finds probable cause, and the accused person is not under custody of the law, he shall issue
a warrant of arrest, or if the accused is under custody, issue a commitment order.
 5. How do you distinguish the complaint mentioned in paragraph (a) with the complaint
mentioned in paragraph (b) of Rule 110, Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure?
The distinction between the two is that the judge may issue a warrant of arrest or commitment order if
he finds probable cause. Whereas the prosecutor cannot issue warrant of arrest or commitment order.

6. What are the elements of a valid complaint or information?

Sec. 6, Rule 110. Sufficiency of complaint or information. – A complaint or information is sufficient if it
states the name of the accused; the designation of the offense given by the statute; the acts or
omissions complained of as constituting the offense; the name of the offended party; the approximate
date of the commission of the offense; and the place where the offense was committed.

When an offense is committed by more than one person, all of them shall be included in the complaint
or information.

7. What is meant by duplicity of offenses?

Sec. 13, Rule 110. Duplicity of the offense. – A complaint or information must charge only one offense,
except when the law prescribes a single punishment for various offenses.

A complaint or information that charges more than one offense is called duplicitous complaint or
information.

8. What is the effect if the Information charges more than one offense?
Rationale:
The rule that prohibits the charging of two or more offenses in a single information has for its aim to
give the defendant the necessary knowledge of the charge to enable him to prepare his defense. The
State should not heap upon the defendant 2 or more charges which might confuse him in his defense.
(People vs. Manalili)

Failure to object to duplicitous information.

It is well-settled that when 2 or more offenses are charged in a single complaint or information but the
accused fails to object to it before trial, the court may convict him of as many offenses as are charged
and proved, and impose on him the penalty for each offense, setting out separately the findings of fact
and law in each offense

9. How do you distinguish amendment from substitution; formal amendment from substantial
amendments; amendment without and with leave of court?
Distinction between substitution and amendment (Bar 1994)
The pronouncements in Pacoy v. Cajigal, G.R. No. 157472, September 28, 2007 citing Teehankee v.
Madayag, G.R. No. 103102, March 6, 1992, 207 SCRA 134, which distinguish between amendment and
substitution under Sec. 14 of Rule 110, are illuminating: "The first paragraph provides the rules for
amendment of the information or complaint, while the second paragraph refers to the substitution of
the information or complaint. It may accordingly be posited that both amendment and substitution of
the information may be made before or after the defendant pleads, but they differ in the following
respects:
1. Amendment may involve either formal or substantial changes, while substitution necessarily involves
a substantial change from the original charge;
2. Amendment before plea has been entered can be effected without leave of court, but substitution of
information must be with leave of court as the original information has to be dismissed;
3. Where the amendment is only as to form, there is no need for another preliminary investigation and
the retaking of the plea of the accused; in substitution of information, another preliminary investigation
is entailed and the accused has to plead anew to the new information; and
4. An amended information refers to the same offense charged in the original information or to an
offense which necessarily includes or is necessarily included in the original charge, hence substantial
amendments to the information after the plea has been taken cannot be made over the objection of the
accused, for if the original information would be withdrawn, the accused could invoke double jeopardy.
On the other hand, substitution requires or presupposes that the new information involves a different
offense which does not include or is not necessarily included in the original charge, hence the accused
cannot claim double jeopardy.
In determining, therefore, whether there should be an amendment under the first paragraph of Section
14, Rule 110, or a substitution of information under the second paragraph thereof, the rule is that where
the second information involves the same offense, or an offense which necessarily includes or is
necessarily included in the first information, an amendment of the information is sufficient; otherwise,
where the new information charges an offense which is distinct and different from that initially
charged, a substitution is in order.
There is identity between the two offenses when the evidence to support a conviction for one offense
would be sufficient to warrant a conviction for the other, or when the second offense is exactly the same
as the first, or when the second offense is an attempt to commit or a frustration of, or when it
necessarily includes or is necessarily included in, the offense charged in the first information. In this
connection, an offense may be said to necessarily include another when some of the essential elements
or ingredients of the former, as this is alleged in the information, constitute the latter. And, vice-versa,
an offense may be said to be necessarily included in another when the essential ingredients of the
former constitute or form a part of those constituting the latter."

Formal vs Substantial Amendment

Amendment is the correction of an error committed in any process, pleading or proceeding at law, or in
equity, and which is done either as of course, or by the consent of the parties, or upon motion to the
court in which the proceeding is pending.
An amendment is only in form where it neither affects nor alters the nature of the offense charged or
where it does not involve a change in the basic theory of the prosecution. An amendment which
merely states with additional precision something which is already contained in the original information,
and which, therefore, adds nothing essential for conviction for the crime charged is an amendment to
form that can be made at any time.
An amendment is substantial when it is prejudicial to the rights of the accused. A substantial
amendment consists of the recital of the facts constituting the offense charged and determinative of the
jurisdiction of the court.

Amendment without and with leave of court

Leave of Court --- Permission obtained from a court to take some action which, without such permission,
would not be allowable; as, to sue a receiver, to file an amended pleading, to plead several pleas.
Amendment of the information or complaint before plea; no need for leave (Bar 2001; 2002)
If the amendment is made before the accused enters his plea, the complaint or information may be
amended in form or in substance, without the need for leave of court (Sec. 14, Rule 110, Rules of
Court).

When leave of court is required even if the amendment is made before plea
1. Leave of court is required even if made before plea if:
(a) the amendment downgrades the nature of the offense charged, or
(b) the amendment excludes any accused from the complaint or information (Sec. 14, Rule 110, Rules of
Court)
2. Aside from leave of court, the above amendments, require a motion by the prosecutor, with notice to
the offended party (Sec. 14, Rule 110, Rules of Court).
3. The court is mandated by the rule to state its reasons in resolving the motion of the prosecutor and to
furnish all parties, especially the offended party, of copies of its order (Sec. 14, Rule 110, Rules of Court).

Rule as to amendment made after the plea of the accused

1. If the amendment is made after the plea of the accused and during the trial, any formal amendment
may only be made under two conditions, namely:
(a) leave of court must be secured; and
(b) the amendment does not cause prejudice to the rights of the accused (Sec. 14, Rule 110, Rules of
Court).
Since the rule makes reference only to a formal amendment after the plea, the phraseology of the rule
seems to indicate that an amendment in substance is, as a rule, clearly not allowed at this stage.
2. In a case, however, the Court held that before the accused enters his plea, a formal or substantial
amendment of the complaint or information may be made without leave of court. After the entry of
plea, only a formal amendment may be made but with leave of court and if it does not prejudice the
rights of the accused. After arraignment, a substantial amendment is proscribed except if the same is
beneficial to the accused (Ricarze v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 160451, February 9,2007 citing Matalam
v. Sandiganbayan, 455 SCRA 736).

Notes:
Sec. 14, Rule 112. Amendment or substitution. – A complaint or information may be amended, in form
or in substance, without leave of court at any time before the accused enters his plea. After the plea
and during trial, a formal amendment may only be made with leave of court and when it can be done
without causing prejudice to the rights of the accused.

However, any amendment before plea, which downgrades the nature of the offense charged in or
excludes any accused from the complaint or information, can be made only upon motion by the
prosecutor, with notice to the offended party and with leave of court. The court shall state its reasons in
resolving the motion and copies of its order shall be furnished all parties, especially the offended party.
(n)

If it appears at any time before judgment that a mistake has been made in charging the proper offense,
the court shall dismiss the original complaint or information upon the filing of a new one charging the
proper offense in accordance with section 19, Rule 119, provided the accused shall not be placed in
double jeopardy. The court may require the witnesses to give bail for their appearance at the trial. (14a)
 10. When is the civil action for recovery of civil liability not deemed instituted in the criminal action?
The civil action is not deemed instituted in the criminal action under the following instances.
a) When the offended party waives the civil action;
b) When he reserves the right to institute the civil action separately;
c) When he institutes the civil action prior to the criminal action;
d) When the civil action is based on Articles 32, 33, 34 and 2176 of the Civil Code

11. What are the sources of obligation?

Art. 1157 of the Civil Code. Obligations arise from:
a) Law --- Obligations arise when imposed by the law itself and cannot be presumed. For example,
an obligation arising from law is the payment of taxes. (Art. 1158, Civil Code)
b) Contracts --- Obligations arise from the stipulation of the parties; it has the force of law and
should be complied with in good faith. For example, a contract of sale between a buyer and a
seller in which the obligation arises. (Art. 1159, Civil Code)
c) Quasi-Contracts --- Certain lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts give rise to the juridical relation
of quasi-contract to the end that no one shall be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense
of another. For example, X owed Y Php1,000. By mistake, X paid Y Php2,000. Y now has the
obligation to return the excess payment because there was a mistake in the payment. This is
called solutio indebiti. (Art. 2142, Civil Code)
d) Acts or omission punished by law --- Responsibility for fault or negligence under a quasi-delict
(Art. 2176, CC) is entirely separate and distinct from the civil liability arising from negligence
under the penal code. But the plaintiff cannot recover damages twice for the same act or
omission of the defendant. For example, under the Revised Penal Code murder and theft are
prohibited. If you commit any of them, you will have the obligation to pay damages and fines or
be put in jail. (Art. 2177, Civil Code)
e) Quasi-delict --- Obligations arise from damages caused to another through an act or omission,
there being fault or negligence but no contractual relations exist between the parties. For
example, X broke the car window of Y while playing basketball. In this case, X now has the
obligation to pay the damage caused to Y due to X's act. (Art. 2176, Civil Code)

12. What is an independent civil action?

INDEPENDENT CIVIL ACTIONS
Sec. 3, Rule 111. When civil action may proceed independently. – In the cases provided in Articles 32,
33, 34 and 2176 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, the independent civil action may be brought by the
offended party. It shall proceed independently of the criminal action and shall require only a
preponderance of evidence. In no case, however, may the offended party recover damages twice for
the same act or omission charged in the criminal action.

WHAT ARE THE INDEPENDENT CIVIL ACTIONS?

The independent civil actions are those provided in Articles 32, 33, 34 and 2176 of the Civil Code.
They may proceed independently of the criminal action and shall require only a preponderance of
evidence.
This is the principle of independent civil actions—it can proceed independently from the criminal action.
Nonetheless, the offended party may not have double recovery. The offended party only gets the bigger
award.
 13. When is separate civil action deemed suspended?
Sec. 2, Rule 111. When separate civil action is suspended. – After the criminal action has been
commenced, the separate civil action arising therefrom cannot be instituted until final judgment has
been entered in the criminal action.

If the criminal action is filed after the said civil action has already been instituted, the latter shall be
suspended in whatever state it may be found before judgment on the merits. The suspension shall last
until final judgment is rendered in the criminal action. Nevertheless, before judgment on the merits
rendered in the civil action, the same may, upon motion of the offended party, be consolidated with the
criminal action in the court trying the criminal action. In case of consolidation, the evidence already
adduced in the civil action shall be deemed automatically reproduced in the criminal action without
prejudice to the right of the prosecution to cross-examine the witness presented by the offended party
in the criminal case and of the parties to present additional evidence. The consolidated criminal and civil
actions shall be tried and decided jointly.

During the pendency of the criminal action, the running period of prescription of the civil action which
cannot be instituted separately or whose proceeding has been suspended shall be tolled.

The extinction of the penal action does not carry with it extinction of the civil action. However, the civil
action based on delict shall be deemed extinguished if there is a finding in a final judgment in the
criminal action that the act or omission from which the civil liability may arise did not exist.

Notes:
When the criminal action is instituted, the separate civil action arising from the offense or ex delicto
cannot be instituted until final judgment in the criminal action is entered. If the separate civil action was
filed before the commencement of the criminal action, the civil action, if still pending, is suspended
upon the filing of the criminal action until final judgment is rendered in the criminal action. This rule
applies only to the separate civil actions based on Articles 32, 33, 34, 2176 of the Civil Code.

14. What are the instances when a civil action may proceed independently of the criminal action?
Sec. 3, Rule 111. When civil action may proceed independently. – In the cases provided in Articles 32, 33,
34 and 2176 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, the independent civil action may be brought by the
offended party. It shall proceed independently of the criminal action and shall require only a
preponderance of evidence. In no case, however, may the offended party recover damages twice for the
same act or omission charged in the criminal action.

Notes:
Article 32. Any public officer or employee, or any private individual, who directly or indirectly obstructs,
defeats, violates or in any manner impedes or impairs any of the following rights and liberties of another
person shall be liable to the latter for damages:
(1) Freedom of religion;
(2) Freedom of speech;
(3) Freedom to write for the press or to maintain a periodical publication;
(4) Freedom from arbitrary or illegal detention;
(5) Freedom of suffrage;
(6) The right against deprivation of property without due process of law;
(7) The right to a just compensation when private property is taken for public use;
(8) The right to the equal protection of the laws;
(9) The right to be secure in one's person, house, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and
seizures;
(10) The liberty of abode and of changing the same;
(11) The privacy of communication and correspondence;
(12) The right to become a member of associations or societies for purposes not contrary to law;
(13) The right to take part in a peaceable assembly to petition the Government for redress of grievances;
(14) The right to be a free from involuntary servitude in any form;
(15) The right of the accused against excessive bail;
(16) The right of the accused to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause
of the accusation against him, to have a speedy and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and
to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witness in his behalf;
(17) Freedom from being compelled to be a witness against one's self, or from being forced to confess
guilt, or from being induced by a promise of immunity or reward to make such confession, except when
the person confessing becomes a State witness;
(18) Freedom from excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment, unless the same is imposed or
inflicted in accordance with a statute which has not been judicially declared unconstitutional; and
(19) Freedom of access to the courts.
In any of the cases referred to in this article, whether or not the defendant's act or omission constitutes
a criminal offense, the aggrieved party has a right to commence an entirely separate and distinct civil
action for damages, and for other relief. Such civil action shall proceed independently of any criminal
prosecution (if the latter be instituted), and may be proved by a preponderance of evidence.
The indemnity shall include moral damages. Exemplary damages may also be adjudicated.
The responsibility herein set forth is not demandable from a judge unless his act or omission constitutes
a violation of the Penal Code or other penal statute.
Article 33. In cases of defamation, fraud, and physical injuries a civil action for damages, entirely
separate and distinct from the criminal action, may be brought by the injured party. Such civil action
shall proceed independently of the criminal prosecution, and shall require only a preponderance of
evidence.
Article 34. When a member of a city or municipal police force refuses or fails to render aid or protection
to any person in case of danger to life or property, such peace officer shall be primarily liable for
damages, and the city or municipality shall be subsidiarily responsible therefor. The civil action herein
recognized shall be independent of any criminal proceedings, and a preponderance of evidence shall
suffice to support such action.
Art. 2176. Whoever by act or omission causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence, is
obliged to pay for the damage done. Such fault or negligence, if there is no pre-existing contractual
relation between the parties, is called a quasi-delict and is governed by the provisions of this Chapter.
(1902a)

15. What is the effect of death of the accused in the criminal action?
If the accused dies before arraignment, the case shall be dismissed without prejudice to any civil action
the offended party may file against the estate of the deceased.
In People vs. Abungan: Death of the accused pending appeal of his conviction extinguishes his criminal
liability as well as the civil liability. The death of the accused prior to final judgment terminates his
criminal liability.

16. What is the effect of the acquittal of the accused as to his civil liability?
Sec. 5, Rule 111. Judgment in civil action not a bar. – A final judgment rendered in a civil action absolving
the defendant from civil liability is not a bar to a criminal action against the defendant for the same act
or omission subject of the civil action.

17. What is a prejudicial question? What are the elements of a prejudicial question?
A prejudicial question is one which arises in a case the resolution of which is a logical antecedent of the
issue involved therein. It is a question based on fact distinct and separate from the crime but so
intimately connected with it that it determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.

Sec. 7, Rule 111. Elements of prejudicial question. – The elements of a prejudicial questions are: (a) the
previously instituted civil action involves an issue similar or intimately related to the issue raised in the
subsequent criminal action, and (b) the resolution of such issue determines whether or not the criminal
action may proceed.

Notes:
The essential elements of prejudicial question are:
a) There must be a previously instituted civil action;
b) The civil action involves an issue similar or intimately related to the issue raised in the criminal
action;
c) The resolution of such issue determines whether or not the criminal action may proceed.

Cases:
1. People of the Phil. vs. Emmanuel Rocha, et al., G. R. No. 173797, August 31, 2007.

2. People vs. Daganio, 374 SCRA 369

3. People vs. Villarama, 397 SCRA 312

4. People vs. Cajara, 341 SCRA

5. People vs Guevarra, 179 SCRA 740

6. Buhat vs. Court of Appeals, 265 SCRA 721

7. People vs. Danilo Feliciano, et al., G. R. No. 196735, May 5, 2014

8. Lito Corpuz vs. People of the Phil., G. R. No. 180016, April 29, 2014

9. Anita Cheng vs. Spouses William and Tessie Sy, G. R. No. 174238, July 7, 2009

10. Cristina Castillo vs. Phillip Salvador, G. R. No. 191240, July 30, 2014

11. Dr. Antonio P. Cabugao vs. People and Spouse Rodolfo Palma and Rosario Palma, G. R. No. 163,
3879, July 30, 2014

12. Joselito R. Pimentel vs. Maria Chrysantine Pimentel and People, G. R. No. 172060, September
13, 2010.