Respiratory System of Frog Organs, which help in the of carbon dioxide, form the respiratory system. Respiration can be defined as a biochemical ake and supply of oxygen to the tissues (body) and get rid of excess process by which fi release energy. The energy liberated during respiration is utilised by the organisms for various ing beings obtain oxygen to oxidise their reserve digested food in order to bodily activities. In the course of respiration carbon dioxide is also formed which is removed regularly from the body. ‘Types of Respiration in Frog a. Gills Respiration: The larval form of frog, tadpole lives completely in water and respires through gil frog bears 4-5 pairs of gills, which are richly supplied with blood capillaries. During gills Tadpole of respiration dissolved oxygen in water diffuses into blood of blood capillaries of gills and carbon dioxide diffuses out from blood to surrounding water. Gills respiration is also known as branchial respiration b. Cutaneous Respiration: The skin of frog is an important organ of respifition. Frog respires through skin when itis in water and in hibernation and aestivation, ‘The skin of frog is very much suited for the respiratory function as it is very thin, moist atffrichly supplied with blood capillaries. During gaseous exchange, the oxygen first dissolves iffthe moisture present over the body and then diffuses into the blood circulating in the blood capillaries, while the resultant carbon dioxide passes out from the blood into the moisture (water) by diffusion, c. Bucco- pharyngeal respiration in frog: on land and when there Frog respires through inner lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity when is more demand of oxygen in the body. The inner lining of bucco- pharyngeal cavity is composed of thin mucus membrane. Inner lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity is highly supplied with blood capillaries, through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. During buccal respiration, air is drawn in and forced out by the lowering and rising of floor of buccal cavity. The floor of the buccal cavity is alternately raised and lowered.Process of buccal respiration: 1. mouth and glottis remains closed 2. Contraction of sternohyal muscles 3. Lowering of floor of buceal cavity 4. Volume of buccal cavity increases and air pressure decreases below the atmospheric pressure. 5. Air rushes into buccal cavity through nostrils. 4, Pulmonary Respiration: Respiration on land in air with the help of lungs is the pulmonary respira 6. The mucus epithelial lining of buccal cavity absoriys O> and gives out CO> Petrohyal muscles contract Rising of floor of buccal cavity 9. Volume of buccal cavity decreases and air pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure. 10. Air is expelled out through the nostrils, n. In frog, lungs are poorly developed. The intake of oxygen by lungs is not sufficient.o the body. Therefore, oxygen intake through moist skin and buccal cavity is needed. tat ung ‘pening ee Fig. Frog, Diagrammatic L.S. of respiratory system. Organs of pulmonary respiration: 1. Respiratory tract: It consists of following parts. ‘Shang open) Fig. Frog. Respiratory organs in dorsal view. Right lung partly cut open to show inner parttions and alveoli, a. External nostrils: These are one pair of small openings, which lie between the eyes and snout. Trough the external nostrils air enters and leaves. 2Nasal chamber :xternal nostrils lead into nasal chambers on the upper jaws. ¢. Internal nostrils: the nasal chambers open into bucco-pharyngeal cavity through internal nostrils, It lies on the upper jaw. 4. Bucco-pharyngeal cavity: It is the space between upper jaw and lower jaw. In pulmonary respiration, it simply acts as conducting organs. It opens into laryngo-tracheal chamber through glottis. d. Laryngo-tracheal chamber: It performs the function of both larynx and trachea in the absence of neck. Its walls are supported by two arytenoid and one cricoid cartilages. Its internal lining forms a pair of elastic horizontal bands, vocal cords. Vibration on vocal cords causes production of sound. The laryno-tracheal chamber opens behind into a pair of very small tubes, the bronchi, which lead to corresponding lung. Fig. Frog. Laryngo-tracheal chamber ‘opened to show vocal cords. €. Bronchi: These are short tubular structure arise from laryngo- tracheal chamber and lead into lung of respective side. 2. Lungs: ‘A pair of lungs is found in the anterior part of the body cavity, one on the either side of the heart, They are ovoid, thin-walled, elastic sacs with shallow internal folds or septa that increase the inner surface to form many chambers called alveoli. These are separated from each other through septa. The inner surface of the aveoli is covered with a single layer of epithelial cells, which are very thin and flattened except on the edges of the septa where they are ciliated and cylindrical. On the inner side of the epithelium, there is aerolar type of connective tissue 3comprising blood and lymph vessels and unstriped muscle fibres, which give remarkable power of contraction and expansion to the lungs. The outer surface of the lung is coated with coelomic epithelium called peritoneum. Mechanism of Pulmonary ventilation/ breat The incoming and outgoing of the air from the lung is brought about by the action of the floor of the buccal cavity, which actually acts as, ip. The actions of the floor of the buccal cavity are brought by two sets of muscles, the sternhyal and the petrohyal muscles, (i) Sternohyal muscles arise from sternum and attached to the lower surface of the hyoid apparatus located in the floor of the buccal cavity. (ii) Petrohyal muscles are attached on one end with the squamosal bone above and on the other side with the upper surface of hyoid apparatus. ‘The respiratory mechanism involves two phases: (a) Inspiration and (b) Expiration(a) Inspiration: The process of inhalation of fresh atmospheric air into the lungs is called inspiration. Different events occur in inspiration are given below. > During inspiration, the frog closes the glottis and mouth, and the nostrils remain open. > On the contraction of the sterohyal muscles, the floor of the buce: lowered. savity along with hyoid is > Volume of buccal cavity increases and air pressure inside the buccal cavity decreases below the atmospheric pressure, > Fresh atmospheric air rushes into the buccal cavity through the nostrils. > Now the glottis opens and the Mentomeckelian bones of lower jaw push the premaxillae bones of the upper jaw upwards closing the nostrils. > The petrohyal muscles contract, this results in lifting the hyoid apparatus along with the floor of the buccal cavity forcing the air to enter into the lung through the glottis. (b)Expiration: The process of expelling of foul air from lungs into external atmosphere is known as expiration, Before expiration, when lungs are filled with air, the glottis closes and the air is kept in the Jungs for a short time. During this period buccal respiratiGn-occurs. Soon the glottis becomes opened and the air from the lungs is expelled into the buccal cavity by th€ contraction of the lungs and the abdominal muscles and by lowering the floor of th€\buccal eavity. Now the buccal floor is raised by contraction of petrohyal muscles, the glottis closes and external nares are open, forcing the air out through the external nares. petrohyals relax enlarged buccal cavity petrohyals contract buccal cavity sternum Fig. Frog. Diagrammatic representation of respiratory mechanism involving two sets of muscles. The two stages bring respiration. Reverse sequence will result in expiration,