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Can Eye tracking identify prognostic markers for learning disabilities? A

preliminary study

Conference Paper · November 2021

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8 authors, including:

Eugenia I Toki Giorgos Tatsis

University of Ioannina University of Ioannina
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Konstantinos Plachouras Pavlos Christodoulides

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Can Eye tracking identify prognostic markers for learn-

ing disabilities? A preliminary study
Eugenia I. Toki1,2[0000-0001-7995-8745], George Tatsis1[0000-0003-2113-0421], Jenny Pange3[0000-
0002-1834-3306]
, Konstantinos Plachouras1[0000-0002-2769-1556], Pavlos Christodoulides1[0000-
0003-4826-303X]
, Evangelia I. Kosma1[0000-0003-3754-4645], Spyridon K. Chronopoulos1[0000-
0003-0132-2338]
, and Victoria Zakopoulou1[0000-0002-5464-8721]
1 Department of Speech & Language Therapy, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45500, Greece
2 Laboratory of New Technologies and Distance Learning, School of Education, University of
Ioannina (UoI), Ioannina, Greece

toki@uoi.gr, gtatsis@uoi.gr, jpagge@uoi.gr, kplachouras@uoi.gr,

pchristo@uoi.gr, e.kosma@uoi.gr, spychro@uoi.gr, vzakop@uoi.gr

Abstract

Eye tracking is a promising technology offering objective metrics quantifying

visual attention in various application fields. The employment in people with spe-
cific learning disabilities (SLDs), who reportedly manifest long-term functional
social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties, provided well understandings of
their visual attention, detecting cognitive processing mechanisms regarding spe-
cific SLD patterns. This study focuses on investigating and reporting the potential
of eye tracking technology to identify multifaceted prognostic markers for SLDs.
30 adults (M: 16, F: 14) aged 29.8 ±13.35 years old were presented with audio-
visual stimuli in ordered digital tasks targeted to take real time metrics on (i)
emotions, (ii) body scheme perception, and (iii) digital reading out loud. All dig-
ital visual stimuli consisted of still images accompanied by audio instructions.
Cluster analysis indicated the presence of a variation between groups according
to metrics and tasks. Descriptive statistics, gaze heatmaps and cluster diagrams
give insights of this study, indicating that reading fixations provide the potential
of promising metrics in the current classification. The development of eye track-
ing digital innovative systems may prove to be a valuable tool for early identifi-
cation of SLDs, employing learning mobile technology to (i) reduce screening
and diagnostic costs and (ii) enhance clinician’s efficiency.

Keywords: Eye Tracking, Prognostic Markers, Specific Learning Disabilities.

1 Introduction

Eye tracking is a technology that helps to identify accurately where, when and what an
individual is looking at, when presented with certain stimuli. It can provide an index of
visual attention and, it is a promising technology for revealing prognostic markers [1].
Current research focuses on investigating the role of attentional processes through eye

IMCL2021 – 14th International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication, Technologies and Learning
4–5 November, Virtual Conference (Thessaloniki, Greece)
Page 405

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